"In 1954, the United States Supreme Court established the means for desegregating America's schools. In addition, the United States has become more pluralistic. Therefore, educational institutions have been charged with preparing students for a diverse school setting, work force and client base. As schools increase in diversity, the issue of teacher and student readiness to deal with diversity has been the topic of discussion. This research examined the readiness of 117 White Catholic High School students for such diversity to occur in their school. Cultural Diversity Instruction was provided for 117 White male and female high school students (attending an either all-male or all-female school) at grades 9 and 11 during regular class sessions 1 meeting time per week for 10 weeks. These students were compared to a group of students who did not receive cultural diversity instruction. A 2x2x2 ANOVA (instructional x comparison group; male x female; juniors x freshmen) and a linear regression model as calculated through a panel design were used to assess outcomes. Dependent measures included racial attitudes as measured by the Racial Attitude Survey (Byrnes & Kiger, 1987) and White Racial Identity Development (WRID) as measured by ratings of Journal Writings. Overall, it was found that females had statistically significant more positive racial attitudes when compared to males on the Racial Attitude Survey. Overall, there was no significant difference between ninth and eleventh graders on the Racial Attitude Survey. The within subjects analysis of variance of the Racial Attitude Survey indicated no statistically significant change for the 9th grade female or male instructional group or the 11th grade male instructional group after 10-weeks of cultural diversity instruction. The 11th grade female instructional group displayed a significant increase in positive racial attitudes after the instruction on the Racial Attitude Survey. When compared to the comparison groups, the 9th grade female or male instructional groups or the 11 th grade male instructional group did not display statistically significant change after 10-weeks of cultural diversity instruction. The 11th grade female instructional group displayed a statistically significant increase in racial attitude after 10-weeks of cultural diversity instruction when compared to the 11th grade female comparison group. The 11th grade male instructional group showed a more negative racial attitude when compared to all other instructional groups on the Racial Attitude Survey. However, as a function of grade level, 9th grade males showed significantly more positive racial attitudes than 11th grade males Finally, the 11th grade male instructional group showed the only statistically significant increase over the 10-week period in White Racial Identity Development."
The principal, as a key leadership person in the staff development program, must know how to facilitate staff development in the school, particularly in the areas of instruction, shared decision making and management of change. Most principals are not prepared for, nor do they understand their role in staff development for all school personnel. Effective staff development requires comprehensive training for principals in order to prepare them for leadership roles in the schools (Wood, 1980).
"Depolarization-dependent calcium influx is biphasic in synaptosomes (Nachshen and Blaustein, 1980, 1982). The fast and slow components of 45 Ca++ influx are proposed to occur through separate calcium channels. In this report the fast and slow components of depolarization-dependent 45Ca++ influx are resolved. The fast component is inactivated by predepolarization, inhibited by low concentrations of lanthanum and closely correlates with the rapid release of 3H-norepinephrine from synaptosomes. The properties of the fast component of influx suggest that it is mediated by calcium channels which inactivate during the first second of depolarization. The slow component is not sensitive of predepolarization and is partially dependent on the internal Na+ content of the synaptosomes. It is proposed that during depolarization a portion of the slow component of Ca++ influx in synaptosomes is mediated by a Na i/Cao exchange mechanism."
"The effects of various technical and economic parameters on LMFBR deployment plans have been studied to assess the best future mix of light water reactors and fast breeder reactors which will result in minimum cumulative nuclear generating costs discounted to the year 1985. Projected growth in domestic nuclear generating capacity was taken from various predictions [19, 20, 21], and the future domestic nuclear generating capacity was assumed to consist only of light water reactors and liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactors. Technical characteristics representing the two reactor types were taken as fixed, typical values for this study. The light water reactor characteristics represent a composite between PWRs and BWRs, whereas the most recent follow-on design was used as the reference for LMFBRs. Annual domestic power generation costs are calculated as a function of the installed capacity of both light water and fast breeder reactors in each particular year, the unit costs of each reactor type, the load factor, plutonium requirements, plutonium price and discount rate, and other factors. The cumulative nuclear generating costs are then computed as the sum of the discounted annual costs."