The Middle Proterozoic Jacobsville Sandstone, located on the upper peninsula, Michigan, is the youngest rift- related sedimentary unit in the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift. Although outcrops of the Jacobsville Sandstone along the Lake Superior shoreline and in river gorges are well studied, these outcrops represent stratigraphically only the upper 300-400 feet of the estimated 9,000 feet thick Jacobsville Sandstone. I used drill cores and newly-studied outcrop samples; 1) to characterize stratigraphically continuous sections; 2) to compare the Jacobsville Sandstone in subsurface with the Jacobsville Sandstone in outcrop; 3) to identify lateral and vertical variations in texture and petrographic composition within the Jacobsville Sandstone; and 4) to determine petrographic provenance of the Jacobsville Sandstone.
Enriched concentrations of vanadium and nickel have been noted in a variety of naturally occurring organic substances including crude oils, asphalts, and organic matter in some sedimentary rocks. The objectives of this study are to understand the preference, source and proportionality of these.
Detailed mineralogic and chemical analyses of well cuttings of Tertiary sediments from two wells, Uruan-1 and Uda-1, on the eastern flank of the Niger delta, have been made in an attempt to investigate clay mineral burial diagenesis.
Cambrian sedimentation of the Rome trough in eastern Kentucky was studied using 85 wells supplemented by available cuttings and cores. Most conclusions are based on cross sections, isopach and structure maps, and the environmental interpretation of geophysical logs. Thin section petrology played a supplementary role.
Mapping of the Wayaro quadrangle (680 sq kms; scale 1:50,000) revealed that the Bela Ophiolites were thrust upon a sedimentary melange (Kanar Melange) which was deposited in the Paleocene on the Sembar Formation of Cretaceous age.
The principal objective of this study was to develop a battery of methodologies for the analysis of texture, grain packing and pore geometry in sands and sandstones. The methodologies developed include: (1) the 'roller micrometer', a machine which sizes grains by their smallest dimension, S; (2) plots of the joint I:S size and S/I form distributions (I is the intermediate grain dimension determined by sieving); (3) a sorting comparator for the visual estimation of sorting in thin sections; (4) 'packing efficiency', the ratio of minimum compactional to depositional porosity; (5) 'floating index', the proportion of grains lacking intergranular contacts; (6) correction of measurement errors in standard thin section packing analyses; (7) transformation, via digitization, of plain sections of samples into matrices of binary (rock vs pore) numbers; and (8) computer processing of the rock-pore matrices using the Fortran IV program PORESTAT which measures numerous parameters including porosity, specific pore surface area, pore size distribution, pore tortuosity, pore orientation, and periodic repetitions in the pore pattern.
It is recognized that the ecology of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages provides information about the chemical and physical properties of the water in which they live. Their areal and vertical distributions in the water column and in deep-sea sediments may be used to derive oceanographic and climatic models of Recent and past oceans.
The taxonomy, phylogeny, biostratigraphy, functional morphology, and paleoecology of Middle and Upper Ordovician (Blackriveran-Richmondian) Monoplacophora and bellerophontacean Gastropoda of the Cincinnati Arch region are discussed. Six genera and 29 species of monoplacophorans, and 13 genera and 56 species of bellerophontaceans are evaluated. The study is centered around new U.S. Geological Survey silicified collections.
I solve boundary-value problems for an idealized thrust block moving over a detachment surface and ramp, and produce theoretical bed-duplication folds in the thrust block that closely resemble the Powell Valley anticline in the southern Appalachian Mountains. The anticline is narrow and rounded if the translation is small, and broad and flat-topped if the translation is large. The limbs of the anticline are symmetric if drag is zero. Drag along the ramp part of the detachment surface can explain the asymmetry of dips of the two limbs of the Powell Valley anticline, particularly if drag between relatively competent rocks in opposition at the ramp causes an initial anticline to form as the thrust block begins to move, and then drag reduces markedly as relatively soft shales at the base of the block were thrust over competent rocks in the ramp.
A 3rd order theory of folding of viscous multilayers indicates that forms of folds are controlled by the behavior of layer contacts or interbeds, the relative stiffnesses of the multilayer and confining media, and the scale of the folding. A 2nd order analysis shows that asymmetry of folds is determined largely by the behavior of layer contacts and the sense of layer-parallel shear during folding.
The present work is a stratigraphic, reservoir, and environmental analysis of the Itarare Group (Permo-Carboniferous) using the well data of the Parana Basin which covers about 1,000,000 Km$\sp{2}$ in Brazil alone. More than three thousand kilometers of cross sections were analysed, over 100 wells were studied, nearly 400 meters of cores were described, and 95 thin sections were analysed.
"The Molango manganese deposit is the only known large Mn deposit in North America. Mineralization involves Mn-carbonate exclusively in a finely laminated bed about 10 meters thick with a strike length $>$50 kilometers. The ore bed is the basal unit of the Chipoco facies (Taman Fm., Kimmeridgian) and underlain by laminated black shales of the Santiago formation (Oxfordian)."
Roots of white ash have a better configuration than roots of sugar maple for anchoring shallow colluvium against landsliding on hillslopes along the Ohio River and its tributaries in southwestern Ohio. The landslides are in a shallow layer of colluvium, about one meter thick, overlying shale and limestone bedrock. The sliding hillsides range in slope angle from 16 to 36 degrees and the roots which penetrate shear surfaces are anchored in the weathered bedrock and help to hold landmasses in place. The hillsides are covered by a mesophytic forest, locally known as a ravine community, dominated by white ash, sugar maple and sweet buckeye. Sugar maple is the most common species on the landslides; its roots do not penetrate the soil as deeply as the roots of the white ash.
A stratigraphic and paleontological analysis of 303 samples of Paleocene sediments of the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia provided the basis for a geochronologic, quantitative paleoecologic, and paleoceanographic model.
Slaty cleavage exposed in the fine-grained metasediments of western Ocoee Gorge, Tennessee is characterized by zones enriched in cleavage-parrallel white mica (P domains), alternating with zones enriched in quartz and feldspar and in which phyllosilicates are bedding-parallel (Q domains). This domainal fabric appears to develop by growth of new mica from mica components carried in a moving fluid. Solid state recrystallization of clays and mica may also have contributed to the development of the fabric, but little, if any, mechanical rotation or passive concentration of mica grains occurred. Both P domain morphology and mineralogical differences between P and Q domain phyllosilicate populations suggest that nucleation and growth of P domains may involve the expulsion of fluids, during diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism.
The Aspen Grove landslide, central Utah, occurred in older landslide debris. The debris is about 6-15 meters thick, and consists of medium- to high-plasticity clays and silty clays. Persistent landslide structures, including toes, hollows, and flank ridges, outline dimly preserved landslide masses in the older debris.
In east-central Utah, tide-, wind-, and wave-currents deposited the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Curtis and Summerville Formations and the Moab Member of the Entrada Sandstone along the southern and eastern coastal plain of an interior seaway. Four facies of the Curtis were deposited during maximum transgression and incipient regression. Interbedded, heterogeneous litharenite and sublitharenite microsequences in the sandstone-mudstone facies record the initial transgression and development of sedimentation on a nearshore shelf. Sand and mud were intermittently transported by tidal- and wave-currents at near wavebase depths. The composite sandstone facies contains amalgamated, crossbedded and parallel-bedded subarkosic microsequences which were deposited during late transgression, stillstand and incipient regression in a tidal channel, sand-shoal, berm system. Sand, silt and mud were transported in the form of ripples, sand waves and dunes in tidal channels controlled by spring and neap tidal current. At shallower intertidal depths, interchannel sand shoals and berms were constructed by plane- and cross-laminated strata. Contemporary crosslaminated and locally crossbedded sublitharenites in the rippled silty facies and the redbed facies were deposited by spring-tide and wind- or storm-enhanced tidal currents in higher intertidal and supratidal zones respectively.
A unified study of outcrop and subsurface Silurian rocks from the Brassfield Formation through the C unit in adjacent portions of Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia enhances our understanding of regional stratigraphy, paleogeography, and sea level variations.
Organic carbon (C) and sulfide sulfur (S) contents of host rocks and ore bodies selected from four manganese carbonate deposits were tested and plots of carbon against sulfur of the type proposed by Berner were used to distinguish depositional environments.
The petrographic and compositional characteristics of detrital magnetite and ilmenite separated from 31 modern sand samples derived from 8 known igneous and metamorphic parent rocks indicates that magnetite is a useful provenance indicator. In contrast, detrital ilmenite shows no trends with variations in parent rock and its use in provenance research is suspect.
The hydrology of a thin colluvium hillside at the Delhi Pike landslide complex, approximately 15 km west of downtown Cincinnati, is controlled by infiltration and evapotranspiration. Pore water pressures approach $-$10 m H$\sb2$O during summer and autumn, but rise to $-$1 m H$\sb2$O or higher after several days of steady winter rains. This state of near saturation is maintained until large trees leaf out and pore pressures fall dramatically in late spring.
Petrographic study of the Deicke and Millbrig K-benonite beds (altered volcanic ash) of Rocklandian age has revealed that they can be distinguished by their non-clay mineralogy. The Deicke phenocryst assemblage is primarily labradorite, Fe-Ti oxides, apatite, and zircon, while the Millbrig assemblage is primarily andesine, quartz, biotite, apatite, and zircon. The Deicke is altered dacitic ash, while the Millbrig is altered rhyodacitic ash.
The effects of downward gravity wave reflection from atmospheric structure and horizontal winds; the geometry of the wave source and observation region; and the relative importance of the horizontal and vertical transport are being investigated for several different but often used gravity wave models. A quantitative study is also made on the relative importance of the purely gravitationally induced compression (G.I.C.) due to fluid particle altitude change and the actual wave compression which can occur at a fixed altitude in a gravity wave.
This dissertation is a contribution toward low pressure geochemistry and petrology of alkaline rocks. In order to analyze the phase equilibria in multiply saturated potassic alkaline systems, experiments were performed at one atmosphere pressure and under the $\rm f\sb{O2}\sim QFM$ buffer. Range of temperature covered in this study is 1060-1250$\sp\circ$C. In addition, temperature and composition dependency of low pressure mineral-melt equilibria involving olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase, nepheline, and leucite were modeled using empirical equations.
The nature of taphonomic overprint affecting the fossil records of the regular echinoid Families Cidaridae, Diadematidae, Toxopneustidae and Echinometridae is investigated using a synthesis of actualistic and literature-derived data. The actualistic portion of this study focuses on the following extant members of the four families: Eucidaris tribuloides, Diadema antillarum, Tripneustes ventricosus and Echinometra lucunter. Population censuses of these animals in tropical reef and near-reef environments demonstrate that the distribution of macro- and microscopic skeletal material does not reflect the distribution of the living fauna. Field experiments with freshly-killed carcasses of Eucidaris, Diadema and Echinometra indicate that loss of all organic tissue occurs within six days after death, reducing these echinoids to essentially bleached carcasses.
Investigation of the coronal plates of the regular echinoid Strongy-locentrotus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) shows that skeletal growth and chemistry may be interrelated.
The Brassfield Formation is a very thin, highly condensed carbonate unit that encompasses most of the Llandovery (8.5 MMYR) and covers much of the eastern midcontinent. Fifty-six Brassfield outcrops exposed around the flanks of the Cincinnati arch comprise three members, four facies tracts, and seven lithofacies. The three types of condensation recognized in the Brassfield (dynamic bypass, punctuated deposition, and sediment starvation) are related to sea level fluctuations, manifested as a hierarchy of sequence orders, that ultimately controlled the spatial and temporal distribution of facies.
Little is known about the hydraulic fracturing of soil, although the technique holds potential for several environmental engineering applications. The dissertation research consists of laboratory experiments, where hydraulic fractures were created by injecting dyed glycerin into colluvium contained in a triaxial pressure cell, and a field test, where hydraulic fractures were created by injecting guar gum gel at shallow depths in glacial drift. The laboratory tests showed that hydraulic fractures are readily created in clayey-silt colluvium. Furthermore, hydraulic fractures created in soil with positive pore pressure were filled with two fluids: one injected to create the fracture, and pore fluid that infiltrates into the fracture tip. The length of the infiltrated tip increases with increasing fracture length.
Various geochemical parameters including type and abundance of organic matter (TOC), sulfide-sulfur quantities, fluctuations in bottom-water anoxicity (DOP), metal content differences, and sulfur isotope variations have been assessed in order to characterize Midcontinent Pennsylvanian black shales. Based on these geochemical parameters, the deposits can be grouped into three types: Mecca-type, Heebner-type, and Shanghai-type.
In this dissertation I present a tectonic, geochemical, and thermal history for the Witwatersrand basin, located on the Archean Kaapvaal craton, South Africa. The foreland basin tectonic setting of the Central Rand Group controls both the chemical and the thermal evolution of the basin, and unifies the basin evolution model presented here.
Rare occurences of coeval late Wisconsin glacigenic diamictons and ice-proximal sediments with a diverse faunal assemblage provided an opportunity to test the viability of the glacigenic sediments as proxy paleoclimate indicators.
Alkylammonium ion exchange, x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) have been used to study the chemistry and the physical properties of illite/smectite (I/S) clays from Paleozoic K-bentonites. The data have been used to evaluate current models of I/S interstratification and the mechanism of formation of illite during bentonite diagenesis.
The depositional style, biostratigraphy and burial history of the Late Early Pliocene, Moruga Group were studied in outcrop and the subsurface, along the south coast of Trinidad to determine its depositional environments, sediment sources, geologic age, and diagenetic history.
Stratigraphic, sedimentologic and petrographic studies of the Lower and Upper Cretaceous in northwest Sonora show that deposition of the Bisbee Group occurred at the northern margin of a back-arc marine basin, and of the El Chanate Group and El Charro volcanic complex in a closed continental foreland basin. This study also finds that the Proterozoic-Paleozoic formations in northwest Sonora (Caborca terrane) were not part of the Cretaceous landscape, thus raising doubts about the existence of the Mojave-Sonora megashear.
Stylolites in twelve stratigraphic sections of the Salem Limestone, distributed throughout the Illinois Basin, provide clues to their origin and development. Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that stylolite seam material contains organic matter and clay minerals too sparse or absent in the host limestone to be considered solely as insoluble residue. Stylolite distribution in various lithofacies suggests that stylolites develop along thin sedimentary layers rich in organic matter and clay minerals. Stylolite density (vertical distribution) mimics the distribution of organic-rich sedimentary layers: sparse but thick in grainstone, and abundant but thin in packstone and wackestone. Many stylolites grade laterally into organic-rich layers, or hummocky seams. Thicknesses of stylolite caps and hummocky seams are approximately equal in the same host rock, but hummocky seams tend to be more laterally continuous. Stylolite density in packstone increases with burial depth, whereas hummocky seam density decreases. Hummocky seam thickness does not change with depth. Stylolite column height in grainstone, which is sparse in hummocky seams, increases with depth, whereas stylolite density does not increase. This list of observations supports the hypothesis that stylolites develop along pre-existing, organic-rich layers, or hummocky seams, rather than nucleating in pure host rock and creating organic-rich seams as accumulations of insoluble residue. Volumetric calculations indicate that the contribution of stylolites to pore-filling cement is 5 to 25 percent throughout the Illinois Basin.
A sedimentological study of the Morrowan/Atokan age Corbin Sandstone Member (Lee Formation) of the central Appalachian Basin and the Mansfield Formation of the Illinois Basin was undertaken.
Filtration theory was developed by engineers to model the removal of particulate matter from industrial gases. Recently, it has been used by biologists and paleo-biologists to model the capture of food particles by filter feeding organisms. The purpose of this study was to test paleosynecologic (biofacies-level) and paleoautecologic (species-level) models of crinoid distribution utilizing filtration theory. These models were tested by analyzing the crinoid faunas of three transgressive-regressive sequences from the Upper Pennsylvanian Lansing Group of midcontinent North America.
The Miamitown shale has been considered an enigmatic unit in the upper part of an Edenian-Maysvillian sequence. A new look at Cincinnatian sequences reveals that this unit is actually an integral part of a complex sequence architecture. Three fourth-order sequences at the base of the Upper Ordovician in the Cincinnati area are formally named in stratigraphic order: (1) the Brent Sequence, comprising the Edenian Kope Formation; (2) the Riedlin Sequence comprising the Maysvillian Fairview, Miamitown and Bellevue formations; and (3) the Stonelick Sequence comprising the Maysvillian Corryville and Mt Auburn formations. A detailed study of the Riedlin Sequence in outcrops, cores and well logs between Cincinnati, Ohio, Ft Wayne, Indiana, and Indianapolis, Indiana, (13,000 km$\sp2$), reveals stacking patterns within the Riedlin Sequence that are comparable to those of a type-2 sequence. This interpretation contrasts with previous interpretations wherein Cincinnatian third- and fourth-order cycles are dominated by highstand systems tracts with thin or absent lowstand and transgressive deposits, or where these cycles are interpreted as parasequences or parasequence sets rather than sequences. The Miamitown Shale provides a testing ground for a new integrated cyclic, lithologic, and quantitative faunal method of correlating meter-scale fifth-order cycles. This has been accomplished within the 12 m interval surrounding the Miamitown Shale in the upper part of the Riedlin Sequence. First, using lithologic criteria alone, six shale-to-limestone cycles bounded by flooding surfaces were delineated and correlated between seven 12 m outcrop sections within a 30 km radius. Unusual fossil occurrences constrained correlations of cycles 3 & 4, and the presence of a dalmanellid, Heterorthina fairmountensis, showed that the flooding surface above cycle 3 lay 10 cm below the lithologic contact. Quantitatively-defined faunal clusters constrained correlations between all cycles, and revealed a major transition at the top of cycle 2, again below the lithologic contact. Finally, depth gradient fluctuations interpreted from ordination of faunal data suggest that the major transition at the top of cycle 2 is a transgressive surface, and that the middle part of cycle 3 includes the interval of maximum depth.
The Coalinga, California region contains massive amounts of diapirically emplaced deposits of serpentinite. The largest deposit, the New Idria Formation, forms the core of the Joaquin Ridge Anticline and outcrops over an elliptically-shaped 48-square mile area in a mountainous area 17 miles northwest of Coalinga and 15 miles west of the California Aqueduct constructed along the western margin of the San Joaquin Valley. The serpentinite deposit is in faulted diapiric contact with Cretaceous-aged sandstones and shales and became emergent approximately 17 to 20 million years ago in the Miocene era. Eroded asbestos-bearing sediment from this ultramafic deposit has been incorporated in late-Miocene and younger sedimentary formations in the central San Joaquin Valley region.
The Richmond Group (Late Ordovician) in the tristate region of southwestern Ohio, north-central Kentucky, and southeastern Indiana consists of a succession of clastic and carbonate sediments deposited on a prograding intracratonic ramp and distal clastic fan. Six regional depositional facies have been delineated during a detailed examination of cores, outcrops, and geophysical logs across a 325 by 350 km study area. The facies, informally designated Facies A through F, are assigned to depositional environments consisting of: a shale-dominated shale distal intracratonic ramp; mixed carbonate and shale proximal intracratonic ramp; shallow subtidal to supratidal intracratonic ramp, and shallow-water, distal clastic wedge; based on their sedimentologic and paleontologic characteristics. Regional cross sections of these facies indicate that the distal clastic wedge prograded from the east and that the intracratonic ramp prograded from the south. In addition, isopach maps indicate that the depocenter of the basin was located southeastern Indiana and southwestern Ohio.
Metamorphism in the Ollo de Sapo Antiform, part of the Variscan Orogen in NW Spain, was controlled by local, complex interactions of deformation, granitoid intrusions, and regional low pressure metamorphic (LPM) gradient. Detailed analysis of mineral parageneses, in conjunction with geothermobarometry and one-dimensional thermal modeling, have been used to constrain pressure-temperature-deformation (P-T-D) paths for rocks in the antiform.