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ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
PA.RT I.
CONTA I NING

,-.;ft

THE PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS,
OR

ENGLISH P A RSI NG.
BY

R. G. PARKER, A. l\L
PRIN C I PA L

OF

THE FRANKLIN

GRAM MAR SC HOOL, AUTlJOR OF

"PROGRESSIVE EXERCISF:S JN ENGL I SH COM PO SITION,"
AND

CHARLES FOX, A . JH.
PRINCIPAL OF THE BOYLSTON GRAMM ..\.R SCHOO L .

" Breve est iter per cxcmpla."

Second Edition.
BOSTON:
PUBLI SHED BY CROCKER' & BREWSTER
17 \Vashing-ton Street.

NEW YORK: LEA VITT, LORD & CO.,
132 Broadway.

1835.

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PREFACE.
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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1834 .
BY CR OCKE R & BR E W STER,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.

ca= This

wo1·k is introduced into all tlte Public Grammar
Schools of the City of Boston, by a vote of the S chool Com-

mittee, D ec. 16, 1834.

STEREOTYPED AT TllE
UOSTON TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDR1'l.

THE object of Grammar is to furni sh rul es for th e prope r use
of language. The authors of this treati se, keepi ng th is obj ec t in
mind, have rej ected every thing wh ic h, in their view, is not ~tr i e t­
ly subservient to it. The formid able array of definitions and
"fine print," which encnmb ers th e pages of many of the treatises
on the subj ect, perplex ing the pnpil, and arresting his progress iu
the acquisition of kn owledge, forms no part of th eir plan. They
have purposely n eglected the elegances of diction , the ornaments
of style, and other graces of writing, in order that, by descending
to the level of the pupil, th ey may obtain an easy access to his
understanding. For this reason, abbreviations of all kind s have
been studiously avoid ed, repetition8 have been purposely made,
the colloquial style ad opted, and those expressions selected which
are most readily intelligible.
It will be seen, th at the authors have widely departed from th e
nsual arrangement of the different parts of th e subject. The pupil is first taught to an alyze words and phrases, dependen t on
th ose principles of Syntax which are most easily understood;
while th e Etymology, as well us th e Sy ntax, of th e more diffi cult
parts of speech are reserved for hi s attention when he sh all have
become familiar with th e constru ction of the simpler parts of a
sentence. The difficulties in the syntax of most lan guages, arise
from Ellipsis. This is p eculiarly th e case with the English language. In furnishing a system of rul es for th e constru ction or th e
an alysis of language, some writers have thou ght proper to introduce a variety of rules that will meet th e apparent anomalies

4

PREFACE.

occasionccl by this figure. This bas cau5€d n1uch m;n;;ccssa ry
expenditure of time and labou r, in committiug th e rul es to w en10ry, and practising th eir application. The authors of thi ~ work
have been convinced by experience, that n knowl edge of the
fun damental principles of construction, togeth er with sorne prr.ctice in supplying the elli pses in sentences, is al l that is 11eetlcc1 to
c!lablc the pupil to analyze the most com plicate1I aml d!iptical expressions. They have th erefore rejected every thin g 11rn iccessary,
and reduced the principles of analysis and construction to a few

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short rules.
In the several parts of the woTk, it is intern.led to prcsclll a
comprehensive treatise on English Grammar, pr(Jg ressivcly adapter] to th e wants of teachers and pupils of every grade. The plan
and the details of the work are based upon an experience of the
wunts of pupils, pursuing the stucly of this important branch of
education ; an experience gained by th e authors durin g scvernl
years, in th eir connection with two of the large institutions of this
city. The course which they reco mmend in teachin g the subj ect,
may be plainly stated in the words of :Mr. Locke:-" In learning
any thing, as little should be proposed to th e mind at once as is
possible ; and that being understood and fully mastered, to proceed
to the next adjoining part."

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Boston, .11-tigust, 1884.

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR.

I. GnAMMArt teaches us to speak properly and to write
correctly.
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2 . Grammar is di vided into fcour parts; OrthoQ:raphy,
E' tymo 1ogy, Syntax, and Prosody.
~
FIRST PART
3. Orthog raphy teach es the use of. letters and the
method of spelling words.
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SECOND PART.

. ~ Etymology teaches the origin of words the differ t
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t~lll
~' or Parts of. Specclt, into wh ich th ey ar~ divided aennd
ie

c 1anges made

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them to express our ideas correctly.
THIRD PART

5. Syntax te aches the agreement ~overnment a d

arrangemen t of words in a sentence'.

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proper

FOURTH PART.
6 . Prosody teaches the right pronunciation f
d
th e rules of poetry.
o wor s, and

7. Letters a re divided into vowels and consona t
. 8. The letters a, e, i, o, u, are vowels. All o~h~·r letters
alre consonant~ , except w an d!!; which are some tim es vowe s, and sometimes consonants.

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PARTS OF SPEECH.
. 9: There are nine kinds of words; Articles N 0
erbs, Adverbs,
Spee~li.
n erJect10ns. These are called th e Parts of

{f:~~ve~n~r~n~u~s, Y
I•

Prepositi~ns, ~~~ju~~

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ENGLISH GRAMMA!l.

6

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES

ARTICLES.
10. A, An, and The, are ARTICLES. A is used before
words beginnincr with a consonant; as, a top, a .marble.
An is used befo~e words beginning with a vowel, or a silent
It; as, an acorn, an hour.

Correct the errors in the articles in tlie following expres sions·
A end, a army, an heart, an horn, an bed, a hour, a adder,
a honour, an horse, an house, an pen, a ox, a eel, a ant, a
inch, a eye.

NOUNS.
11. The word Noun means a name. All words which
signify any thing which we can see, hear, feel; smell, ta~te,
or talk _a bout, are called NouNs; as, a top, a song, pride,
honour, John, America.
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12. Nouns have Person, Number, Gender, and Case.
PERSON.

,.

13. Nouns have· three persons; the first, the second, and
the third. Th'e first person is the speaker ; as, I, Andrew
Jackson President of the United States, &c.
The ~econd person is the one spoken to; as, Boys, give
your attention.
.
The third person is the one spoken of; 'as, vVashington
was the. first President of the United States.

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T ell the p erson of the nouns in the following sentences .
.· O virtue! how amiable thou art! John is an atte~tive
scholar. Harriet, bring me your book. I, James JJ!aclison.
We the people of these United States. Lovely art thou, 0
pea~e ! These are thy . gifts, 0 sickness! Lo! these are
what God has set before thee, child of reason, son of.woman:
unto which does thy heart incline 7
NUMBER.

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16. The. plural number expresses more than one object ;
as, boys, girls, !tours, the books.
17. The plural number of nouns is generally form ed by
adding s to the singular/' as,
Singular, Boy ;
Plural, Boy s.
Singular, Girl ;
Plural Girls.
Singular, Hour;
Pluml'. Hours .
Singular, Book;
Plural, Books.
Tell the number of the following nouns.
Books, hours, paper, pen, i~k, boy, girl, ~abl e , house, cart,
horse, cow, dogs, cats, sea, rivers, mountams, chair, pencil,
coat, eye, nose, mouth, chin, hairs wood desk school
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fathers, mothers, brother, sister.
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GENDER.

18. Gende1· means the kind, or sex.
There are four
genders; the Masculine, the Feminine the Neuter and-the
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Common Gender.
. 19. The masculine gender denotes animals of the male
kmd; ~s, man, brotlter,fatlter, son.
. 20. The feminine gender· denotes animals of the female
kmd ,; as, a womar:, a siste1·, a mother, a daug hter.
21. The word n~uter means neither. The neuter gender
denotes ob3ects which are neither males nor females · as a
field, a house, a gai·den.
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. 2~. The common gender is applied to those words which
sigmfy both males and females; as, parent, child, fri end,
p erson.

·Tell tlte g ender, nurn'ber; and person, of the following noun s.
. Father: si.ster, brother, mother, boy, girl, book, loaf, arms,
wife, hats, sisters, bottl?s, bru sh, goose, wmgs, echo, mou ~ e,
geese, queen_s, bread, nngs, shoe, candle, tongs, chair, house ,
boots, pens, 1?k, pap_er, table, tumbler, uncle, aunt, cousin,
parent, relation, neighbour, perso~, . cat, kitten, . squirrel,
rabbit, deer. John, tell JJI0;ry to bnng her boolc to me.

14 ..Nouns have two· numbers; the Singular, and the
Plural. ·
.
15. The singular number expresses but one object; as,
a boy, a girl, an hour, the book.

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f * F or the va'.io.us irrci;:olnrities. in the formatio.n of the plum.I number
JlOuns, and, m gcncrn.1 , for other irregularities , Sec the /lppend-ix.

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ENGLISH GRA~BfAR.

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

CASE.

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23. Nouns have three Cases; the Nominative, the Possessive, and the Objective.
24. The . nominative and objective cases of a noun are
always spelt alike ; as, nominative, boy; objective, boy.
25. The possessive case of a noun is form ed by adding an
apostrophe, and the letter s, to the nominative; as,
Nominative Case, Boy.
Possessive Case,
Boy's.
26. To decline a noun, means to tell its cases and numbers. Thus:
Plural Number.
Singular Number.
Nominative Case, Men.
Nominative Case, Man ;
Possessive Case,
Men's.
Possessive Case,
Man's;
Oqjective Case,
:Men.
Objective Case,
Man;

27. When the plural ends in s, the possessive is formed by
adding only an apostrophe; as,
Plural.
Singular.
Nom. Boys.
Nom. Boy;
Poss. Boys'.
Poss. Boy's;
Oqj. Boys.
Obj. Boy;
Tell the p erson, number, g ender, and case, of tlie following
nouns.
Father, brothers, mother's, boys, book, loaf, arms, wife,
hats, sisters', bride's, bottles, brush, goose, eagles' wings,
echo, ox's horn, mouse, kings, queens, bread, child's, glass,
tooth, tongs, candle, chair, Jane's boots, Robert's shoe,
horse.
FIRST

28. T1rn

ARTICLE

RULE OF SYNTAX.

A,

OR

AN,

AGREES

WITH NOUNs"1 oF

THE SINGULAR NUMR E R ONLY.
Tim ARTICLE THE AGREES WITH NOUNS OF THE SINGU-

ADJECTIVES.
29. An Adjective expre
th !. . d
of a noun;' as, a good bo;se: ba~ ~in ' number, or quality,
four boys.
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oy, a tall boy, one boy,
30. Adj ectives have three de
f
.
Positive, Comparative and S
lgr.ees o comparison; the
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uper at1ve.
3 I. The comparative derrree i r.
d b
.
s or~e
Y ad<lmg er to the
positive · and th
·"
to the p~sitive . :s super1ative degree Is formed by adding est

'

Great.
Greater.
Great.
Greatest.

h
32. If the adjective end ·
adding r only. and the s m ;' ~ e ~ornparative is formed by
as,
'
uper atlve is formed by adding st;

Positive,
Wise.
Comparative, Wiser.
Positive,
Wise.
Superlative,
Wisest.
33. Adj:~tives of one syllable are thus compared .
Positive.
Conm
. t'
·
Great
._,, ai a w e.
Supei·lative.
L a'
Greater,
Greatest.
Lonaer
L
on.,,
Short
S " '
ongest.
horter,
Shortest.
T II '
a '
Taller
T II
Thick
Th'1ck'er
Tha 1c
' est.
1{est.
Fine '
p·
'
. '
p·
Wise
,ymer,
·
mest.
Wisest
'
Iser,
34. Adjectives of more than
·
compared by placincr the ad
b one syllable are generally
adjective. Thus 5
ver s more and most before the

LAR OR PLURAL NUMBER.

To parse an article, means to tell what noun it agrees
with, and to give the rule of syntax which shows the agreement.
Parse tlte following articles.
A horse. A tree. The house. A man. The trees.
The houses. An altar . The Hudson.
A hunter. An
hour. An acorn . A lion ess. The truth. The virtu e~.
Th e justice.

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Positive,
Compai·ative,
Positive,
Superlative,

Positive.
Famous,
Favourable,
Prudent
Cruel, '

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Conmarative.
,
Su1nrlative.
More famous
More favour bl
Most famous.
M
d a e,
Most favourable
ore
pru
ent
""
M
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most prudent. ·
ore cruel,
Most cruel.
F .
Compare the following aqjectives.
air, grave, tall, bright Ion
h
.
strong, poor, rich, great ~mia~~ s or~ white, ~~cp, sweet,
'
, mo erate, d!"~!l~er~s:Cd,

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favourable, grateful, studious, attentive, negligent, industrious, perplexing.

Tell t!te comparative degree of t!te following.
Low, indifferent, ardent, cold, feeble, worthy, convenient,
cold, bare, strong, contented, diligent, insufferable.
T rll tlte s11pcrlatit•e degree nf tlie following .
Beautiful, sensible, hot, intelligent, precise, particular,
attentive, desirable, warm, clean, neat, sweet, nice.
35. Adjecti ves are sometimes used as nouns; as, The
good are happy. The learned are respected. The virtuous will be rewarded. Good comes out of evil.
36. Nouns are often used as adjectives; as, a gold rin g,
a silver cup.

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

Positive.
Many,
Late,
Near,
F ar,
Fore,
Old,

Comparative.
More,
Later,
Nearer,
Farther, or Furth er,
Former,
Older, or Elder,

Superlative.
Most.
Latest, or Last.
N earest, or N ext.
Farthest, or Furthest.
Foremost, or First.
Oldesi, or Eldest..

l'arsc t!tcfn1!01ri11cr
u·ortl<
0
. A .li_ttle boy.
A less child . T he l·~ast
d1spos1t1on. Worse conduct
Best bo)'S
scat Th
t b
l\
·
·
' · _. e nex
O_Y.
'lany reasons. The
~~ advice._ Better thrngs. Most persons. The
ore pup1 1s. Bad purposes. Later hours.

thin!!. Evil
Th ~
c nearest
latest news.
farthest trees.

SECOND RULE OF SYNTAX.

37.

EVERY

ADJECTIVE BELONGS TO

SOME NOUN OR PRO-

NOUN, EXPRESSED OR UNDERSTOOD.

To parse an adjective, is to compare it, to tell what degree
it is in, to what noun it belongs, and to give the rule of
syntax.
Parse the following adjectives.
An honest man. An excellent pen. An interesting young
lady. Great men. Outrageous behaviouf. A shady retreat.
Beautiful children.
Industrious boys.
Careless men.
White paper. Black ink . Long stories. Higher houses.
Taller trees.
Whiter clothes. More excellent reasons.
The highest house. The tallest man. The shortest boy.
The simplest tale. The most beautiful woman. Wonderful
stories. The straitest sect. Wider streets. Longer roads.
The most impudent conduct. The most persevering character.
Irregular Comparison.
38. The following adjectives are compared in an irregular
manner, as follows:
Superlative.
Comparative.
Positive.
Best.
Better,
Good,
Worst.
Worse,
Bad,
Worst.
Worse,
E vil,
Worst.
Wor$e,
Ill,
L east.
Less,
Little,
Most.
!\fore,
Much,

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PRONOUNS.
· a word used mstead
.
J 39 ·. AP ronoun is
of a noun ; as,
o~n is a good boy ; lte o~ey s !tis parents.

. , 0. Th ere. ar~ three kmd s of pronouns; P errnnal, Relatn e, and Adjective Pronouns.
41. The personal pronouns are, I , Thou, H e, Site, It.
42. P ersonal pronouns have person, number, gender, and
case.
43. The pronoun I is of the fir st person, and ,·s thus
declined:
Case.
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
I.
We.
Possess.
Mine.
Ours.
Obj.
Me.
Us.

44. The pronoun Tliou is of the
d
thus declin ed:
sccon person, and is

Nom.
Possess.
Obj.

Thou.
Thine.
Thee .

Ye, 01· You.
Yours.
You.

45. The pronoun Fie is of the third person, masculine
gender, and is thus declined :
He.
Nom.
They.
Possess.
His.
Th eirs.
Obj.
Him.
Them.

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!11

Nom.
Obj.

Thyself, or Yourself.
Thyself, or Yourself.

Yourselves.
Yourselves.

Nom.
Obj.

Himself.
Himself.

Themselves.
Themselves.

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Nom.
Obj.

Herself.
Herself.

Themselves.
Themselves.

Nom.
Obj.

Itself.
Itself.

Themselves.
Themselves.

Case.
Nom.
Possess.
Obj.

'! I

Nom. That.
.Nnm. Tl1a1.
Obj. That.
That.
Ubj.
52. The \~Ord wltat is called a componnd rclatire pronoun, when 1t means that 10hich, or those icli icli; as, Let
me sec wltat you have iu yum l" t11d ; th<LL i~, Ld ;;1 c :;ce
tliat wlticlt you have in yo ur hanrl .
. .53. The pronouns who, w!tic!t, and what, arc freqncn tly
JOmed to ever, and soever; as, 'Vl10cYer which c rcr whatever, wh osoever, whichsocvcr, whatsocrer.' These
ca l! crl
compound relati ve pron ouns.

T ell tlte p erson, number, gender, and case, of tlte following
pronouns.
I , thou, we, me, us, thine; he, him, she, hers, th~y, th~e,
them, its, theirs, you, her, ours, yours, mine, his, I, me,
them, us, it, we.
48. The words myself, thyself, himself, herself, and itself,
are called compound personal pronouns. . They are used
only in the nominative and objective cases, and are thus
declined:
.Plural.
Singular.
Ourselves.
Myself.
Nom.
Ourselves.
Myself.
Obj.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
49. The Relative Pronouns are, W!to, lf'lticll, and That.
50. The relative Who. is thus declined :

l1

51. The relative pronouns TV!iicli and Tli.at arc used m
the nominative and objectiYc cases only; ;:is,
Singulai·.
P luml.
Nom. Which .
Nom.. Which.
Obj. Which.
Ollj. Which.

46. The pronoun Slie is of the third person, feminine
gender, and is thus declined:
They .
Nom.
She.
Theirs.
Possess.
Hers.
Them.
Obj.
Her.
47. The pronoun It is of the third person, neuter gender,
and is thus <lecli11e<l :
They.
It.
Nom.
Theirs.
Its.
Possess.
Them .
It.
Obj.

r::

Singular.
Who.
Whose.
Whom.

13

EKGLl:O ll GTI\:ID!AR.

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

Plural.
Who.
Whose. ·
Whom

ar;

ADJECTIVE rn.ONOUNS.
54 .. The foll owi ng word~ are Adjective .Pronoun s : M:y,
thy, his, her, our, your, t heH, each, e1·ery, e ither, thi s, that,
these, those, former, latte r, some, other, another, any, one,
all, such.
Tell what kind of pronouns the following ore.
Myself, whoever, which, that, himself, themselves, whom,
ourselv.es, whose , those, form er, such, wh at, er ery, e ac h, this,
other, itself, yourselrns, thyself anothe r my his wh ateve r
whichsoever.
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SECOND

55.

RUJ,J~

OF

SYNTAX.

·EVERY ADJECTIYE, il N .D EVERY ADJECTIVE PRONO UN,

HELON(;S

'l'O

SO~IE

l\'OllN

OR

l'IWNO llN,

EXPHE SS .ED

on

UND.ERSTOOD.

·.:

E:i:crcisc in parsi11g Ar?jcrlive .Pronouns .
(To parse an aclj ccti vc pronoun, is to tell to what noun it belongs, and to gi,·e the rule of syntax.)
Parse tlw following adjective pronouns.
My horse . Thy horse . His book. Iler doll.
Our
home. Your gard en. Th ei r pens. Each bird . Every
Either person. Thi s road. T hat sort.
These
beast.
things. Those boys. Some persons. Other things. Any
man. One top. All children. Such concluct.
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PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES JN

15

PREPOSITIONS.

C O N J UNC TIO NS .

56. The following words are Prepositions, and are alway·s

, I

follow ed by a noun or pronoun, in th e o bjecti ve case :
01: to, for, by, with, in, into, within, without, ove r, und ct,
throug h, above, below, betw ee n, beneath, fr om, beyond, at,
near, up, down, before, be hind, off, on, upon, am oug, af'tc r,
about, against, athwart, save, along, around, except, <1.c ross.

l t
t:

THlRD

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57.

RULE OF SYNTAX.

PREPOSITIO NS GOVERN THE OllJECTIVE CASE .

[Parse th e f ollowiug words ; that is, tell wlt ot part of
speeclt eaclt is; mention tlw p ersun, mwif;cr, gender, case, 1if't/w
nouns; compare tlte acijeclivcs, and td l what degree uf comparison th ey are in; decline th e pronouns. R ecollect that tlte
noun or pronoun wlticlt follow s a prepositiun is in lite objective •
case, anrl is governed by the preposition according tu the
above rule.J
In the green-house. To the meeting-house in Roxbury.
With his excellent pen. By a good hot fir e, in th e great
stove, on the hea rth, in our school-house. On th eir blue coats
in the e ntr y. For her bonn e t of Italian silk. ·w ithin the
desk, over th e bureau. Unde r th e scat. Beyond th e most
di stant house. Behind th e green curtains, ;:i,bout th e windows. Through the dee p and dark Gothick archway. Betwee n th e uppe r and lowe r sc at s. vVith C imme rian darkn ess
on the pa rti!1 g so ul. 'W ith each light rod in th e stirring
breeze. In th e spacious cavern of some virgin mine.

5!). The following word s <1.re Conjun ctions; th ey arc used
to join 1rnrds an d se ntences togeth er: A nd, t h;:i,t, both, fo r,
th erefo re, if, then, sin ce, bec;:i, use, wh erefo re, but, th an,
though , e ith er, or, as, unl ess, neither, nor, les t, yet, notll' ithstanding.
l "JFTH RULE 01" §YN'l'AX.

60.

CONJU NCT I ONS CONNECT S lnIILAR
AND MEMTIF. IlS OP SENTENCES.

PARTS OP S PE EC H,

Tell wlrnt words tlte conjunctions in tlte following sentences
·
connect.
F or th e younger brothe r of J ohn and C harl es.
To a
t;:i,ll tree in th e gree n garde n, and a hig h post in the middle
of th e street. In th e car on the rail- road , betwee n Boston
;:i,n d vVorcester. Throug h th e croo ked st ref'ls of Bosto n,
a nd over th e bridge to Charl es town.
'Yh at stro nrre r
breastphte th;:i,n a heart untainted! On bic ke riJl(r
w h ..;-~ l s
0
and adam rm tin e car. In .IWa rc h, D ecember, and in .J uly.
At 111 g ht, at morning, and at noon. Or au tumn with his
m any fruits a nd woods.
'
Thy ste ps,
·
And the broad, arching portal s of the grove.
The spaciou s firmam e nt on hi rr h
vVith all th e blue e th ereal s k y~ '
And spangled heaven s, a s hining fr ame.
A wiser man than Socrates.
In ne ither J ohn's nor
George's desk. A straig ht and t all tr ee.

FOURTH RULE OF SYNTAX.

58.

THE

P OSSESS IVE CAS E OF A

NOUN,

ALWAYS GOVE RNED BY THE NEXT NO UN

OR PRONOUN, IS

INTERJECTIONS .

THAT FOLLO WS IT,

EXPRESSED OR UNDERSTOOD.

Parse tlte following wonls.
I n John's brother's book.
To the man on whose
hoary l1ead.
In a glass inkstand, on th e master's desk.
With Mr . Brown's compliments to his fair cousin. Beneath
a mo untain's brow.
To every pupil's seat. Through
thi s flee tin g life's 8ltort various day.
To Bethl ehem's
s hepherds in th e lonely Yale.
At th e vessel's sudden roll.
From Pyrrho's maze and Epic urus' sty .

~H. Th e fo llowing \\' Ord s a re Interjection s : 0 ! oh 1 pi sh !
heig h ! lo ! ah! tush! fi e ! hus h ! hai l ! ha! hu zza ! hurrah! pu g h ! humph! pslnw ! hey ! ch! foh ! ho ! holla !
ah a ! ha, ha, ha! hist! mum!
S J X 'l'JI

62.

T11 E

PR ONOUN ,

RULE
Wl!I C I!

OF SYNT AX.
!'Of.LOWS

AN

I NT F.lUE C'l'ION,

nru s·1· 13E I N 'J'IJF. J\"O~ ll NAT l\'E C AS E II, IT BE OF Tll E
J>rrn so:'I, AND I N TllE
[·' II! ::; T l 'Elt~ON,

OllJECT IVE

CASE I F

IT

SECON D

D E OF

'l' ll F.

16

I

fROGltE SS IVE ' EXER C IS ES JS

SEVENTH RULE

63.

EIGHTH

6'1.
NOUN,

1:,,

IL

!

( 1.
!
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s ..u1e

Oh, bliss ful days !

Ah me! how soon . ye pass!

Oh hea~· e n ! beneath th y dread expanse.

!I'

Lig hts of the world, and d emigods of fame.

I

Children of truth, and c hamp ions or her ca use.

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B efore th y mystic altar, heavenly Truth.

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Oh Switzerland! my country, nurse of liberty;
Home of the ga ll ant, great, an<l fr ee !
Oh winter ! rul er of the in verted year !

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On thy balcl, awful head, oh Chamouny !

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65. A Verb is a ll'or<l which e xp resses what is said or
afTirmc<l of persons or things ; as, H e sleeps.
J olm lu ves
Charles. Charles is loved by .John.

T ell t!te verbs in tlte fo llmving scnlmccs .
Th e child c ri es.
J ohn laug he<l.
Charl es spoke lo
H enry. Mary dresse <l a <loll. George rai se d hi s kite. The
cat ca ught a mouse. 'William kick e<l his footba ll. The ball
was kick ed by 'Villi am. David lored Jonathan. .Jon ath a n
was loved by David. The horse neigh ed. Th e c ow g ive s
milk. Th e be ll has toll e d. Th e dog barks. The carri age
has passed th e school-house. Iloys love to play.

6G. The noun or pronoun, whid1 is th e subject or th e verb,
is th e n om in ativ e case to th e verb, a11d may be g e nerally
known by asking th e qu esti on, \Vh o 'I o r \ Yhat? as, The
ch ild c ri es. Ily ask in g th e question, f.Y/w cr ies? the answer is, Th e child. The re fore the word c!tild is the 11 0111i native case to the verb cries .

Swee t-sce nted flower ! on January ' s front se vere.

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l'EH S UN OR

B efore th y glory, har vest moon.

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OR MOile NOUNS, Oil A NOU N AND

COME TOGETllEil, AND MEAN TIIE

All hail! · thou lovely queen of night !
Ilright emp ress of the starry sky!

l

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S YN'J.'AX.

rule,.
Hush! boys, in th<tt scat. Holla! maste r, with you r ca rt
full of app les. Hail, to your lor<lship. Alas ! poor country l

i

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N U,,IINATIVE

Pm·sc tlte following sentences, and apply tlte tltrec preceding

: !

!'

TWO

O J.'

VERTIS.

Sl'OICE:" TO, 13

IS CALI.ED 'l'IIF:

THING, THEY AHE SA U> TO llE JN Al'I'OSl'l' I ON, AND AGltEG I N
CASE.

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RUJ~l~

17

SYNTAX.

T1rn NOUN Oft l'flONOUN ADDH ES S ED Oil

OF THE SECOND l 'Ell. SON, AND
CASE I NJJEl'ENUEN'l'.

r

01~

ENGr,ISII GRAMMAR.

T ell t!te nominative case and t!tc vc1·bs in tli.c following
sentences.
The ch ild cr ies. John spoke. Th e fir e burns.
·we
should be indu strious. I !01•e. Thou art improv e d. The
bir<ls s in g. Horses n eig h. The dog bark s in the stree t.
Trees g row in th e ga rd en. The boys play in the fi e ld . The
g irls lirnghed in th e school- room. The maste r fr ow ned. A
liar wi ll be puni shed. The tru an t will not escap e. Sh arp
scissors will cut. Mi sc hi evous boys will be whipped . Idle
girls will be reproved by th eir teac he r. Th e ma ster's <les k
has bee n painted.
Mary's ad1·icc was foll owe<l by her
younger brother.

Ye eagles, playm ates of th e mountain blast!

• ···~ Ancl th ou, oh sil ent mountain , sole and bare !
1

Hail , ye migl11y maste rs ?ftl1e by!
Nat ur e' s tru e so 11~, th e fr1e11cl s of man and truth.
Oh! d ce p-e nclianting pr e l .11~lc of ~ c p ooc ,
The ua\\'ll of bJi ,~ , the t1r1 lig ht of Ollr wo es.

G7. The n oun or pronoun, which is th e obj ec t or th e ve rb,
is in th e objec tiv e case, and gove rn ed i>y ll1 e verb. It may
gene rally be kn own by aski ng th e question, \ Vhom? or ' Vhat 'I
By as kin g the q11 es 1i un,
as , .Joh n struc k C harl e:;.
l V/101!! cl1d John stri ke? the an s wer is, C/l(/rlr·s. Th e refor e C!t arlcs is the objectire case , a1Hl g o1·e rn ed by th e 1·e rb
<lruck.

2*

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PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

ENGLISH GRAMMAR .

Tell the nominative and ofdective cases in the following
sentences.
W e love him. James loves me. It amuses him . . ' Ve
shall conduct them. They will divide the spoil. Soldiers
should defend their country. Frien ds invite fri ends. She
c an read her lesson. Enemies pursue enemies. She may
play a tune. You might please her. Thou mayest ask him.
H e may have betrayed us. We mig ht have seen th e children .
John can deliver the message. Charlotte recited her lesson .
Thou hast obeyC'd my Yoice. I honour my fath er. He
supports me. l\ly mother took care of me.

78. When the present tense ends in e, the imperfect tense
and perfect participle are form ed by a<l<lin g d only ; as,
Present.
Imp erfect .
P erfect .Participle.
Love,
Loved,
Loved.
Approve,
Approved,
Approved.

18

US. There are three kinds of verbs ; Active Verbs, Passive Ve rbs, and N euter Verbs.
G9. Active verbs are those which are fo llowed by a noun
or pronoun in the obj.ective case ; as, William called me; I
obeyed William . John struck a ball.
70. Passive verbs express the receiving of an action, and
g enerally ha ve a nominative case which rece ives the action,
and are followed by an objectirn case expressed or understood, by which the action is performed; as, A Lall was
struck by John .
71. The word neuter means neither. A ll ve rbs which are
neitlm· active nor pas;<ive, are call ed neuter verbs.
72. Verbs have moods, tenses, numbers, and persons.
73. There are five moods ; the Indicative, Subjunctive,
Potential, Imperative, and Infinitive.
74. There are six tenses; the Present, the Imperfect, the
P erfect, the Pluperfect, the Future, and the Future P erfect
tenses.
75. The indicative and subjunctive moods have all the
six tenses. The potential has four ; namely, the present, the
imperfect, the perfect, and the pluperfect. The infinitive
has two; namely, the present, and the perfect; and the
imperative has none.
7G. Verbs have three participles; the Present Participle,
the Perfect Participle, and the Compound Perfect Participle.
77. There are two forms of verbs, called R egular and Irreg ular. The imperfect ten~ e and perfect participle of regubr vr.rbs are formed by addmg ed to the present tense ; as,
.Present.
Imperfect.
.Perfect Participle.
Favour,
Favoured,
Favoured.
Ill ess,
Blessed,
Illesse d.
Esteemed,
E steemed.
E stee m,

~love,

~lo ved,

~l ove d .

79. To conjugate a verb, is to n ame its presen t tense, imperfect tense, and perfec t participle.

Conjugate the followi11g regu lar verbs.
Love, approve, move, esteem, favour, admire, roll, walk,
dress, cease, seize, engage, dine, pass, bless, pray, remo ve,
inquire, crack, join, jump, believe, close , stren gt hen, continue, augment, enhance, look, espouse, resign, present,
watc h, punish, thrash, suggest, repose, toll, receive, share,
roar, pour.
80. The imperfect tense and perfect participle of irregular
verbs, are not formed by adding d or ed to the prese nt tense;
as,
Present.
Imperfect.
P erfect Participle.
Seen.
Saw,
S ee,
Run.
Run,
R an,
Went,
Gone.
Go,
Known.
Know,
Kn ew,
Write,
Written.
Wrote,
81

II:

LIST OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS.

The verbs marked r admit also the regular form .
Present.
Imperfect .
P c1fect Participle.
Abide,
Abode,
Abode.
Been.
Am,
Was,
Arisen.
Arise,
Arose,
Awake,
Awoke, r.
A waked.
Born .
Il ear, to bring fortli, Bare,
Borne.
IlP.nr, to carry,
Bore,
Beat,
Beat,
Ileaten, or Beat.
Begun.
Begin,
Began,
Dent,
Dent.
Ben<l,
Bereave,
Bereft, r .
Bereft, 1'.
Beseech,
Besought,
Besought.
Bid,
Bid, or Bade,
Bidden, or Ilid .
Bind,
Bound,
Bound.

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p,·cscnt.
Ilite,
Bleed,
Blow,
Break,
Breed,
Briug,
B L1ild,

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PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

I mperfect.
Bit,
Bice: ,
Blew,
Broke,
Bred,
Brought,
'Built,
Bur~t,
Burst,
Bny,
Bought,
Cast,
Cast,
Catch,
Caught r.
Chide,
Ch id,
Choose,
Chose,
Cleave, r. to stick, 01· arl!icre.
Cleave, to split,
Clove, or Cleft,
Cling,
Clung,
Clothe,
Clothed,
Come,
Came,
Cost,
Cost,
Crow,
Crew, r.
Creep,
Crept,
Cut,
Cut,
Dare, to venture,
Durst,
Dare, '" .to challenge.
Deal,
Dealt, r.
Dug, r.
Dig,
Did,
Do,
Draw,
Drew,
Drive,
Drove,
Drink,
Drank,
Dwelt, r.
Dwell,
l~at,
Eat, ur Ate,
Fell,
Fall,
Feed,
Fed,
Fer.I,
Felt,
Fight,
Fought,
Fin1l,
Found,
Flee,
Fled,
Fling,
Flung,
Fly,
Flew,
Forget,
Forgot,
Forsa ke,
Forsook,
Freeze,
Froze,

Perfect Participle.
Bitten, or Bit.
Bled,
Blown.
Broken.
Bred.
Brought.
Built.
Burst.
Bought.
Cast.
Caught, r.
Chiddcn, or Chid.
Chosen.
Cleft, or Cloven.
Clung.
Clad, r.
Come.
Cost.
Crowecl.
Crept.
Cut.
Dared
Dealt, r
Dug, r.
Done.
Drawn.
Driven.
Drunk.
Dwelt, 1·.
Eaten.
Fallen.
F ed.
Felt.
Fought.
Found.
Fled.
Flung.
Flown.
Forgotten, Forgol
Forsaken.
Frozen.

21

£:\GLfi3 H GI'. :\,DL\ll.

Present.
Get,
Gild,
Gird,
Give,
Go,
Grave,
(;rind,
Grow,
Have,
lfa11 g,

H ear,
Hew,
J.Cide,
lJ it,
Hohl,
Jlnrt ,
Keep,
Knit,
Know,
Lade,
Lay,
Lead,
Leave,
Lend,
Let,
Lie, to lie down,
Load,
Lose,
Make,
Meet,
l\1ow,
Pay,
Put,
Read,
Rend,
Rid,
Ride,
Ring,
Ri se ,
Rive,
R.un,
Saw,
Say,

lmpc1fer:t.
Got,
Gilt, r.
Girt, r.
Gave,
vVent,
Graved,
<iround ,
Grew,
Had,
Jlu11 g, r.
Heard,
H ewed,
]fol,
] lit,
H cl<l,
Hurt,
Kept,
Knit, r.
Kn e w,
Lad eel,
L aid,
Led,
Left,
L ent,
Let,
Lay,
Load ed ,
Lost,
Mad e,
Met,
Mowed,
Paid,
Put,
R ead,
R out,
Rid,
Rode,
Rang,
Rose,
H..ivccl,
Ra11,
Sawccl ,
Said,

Pc1fed Pm·ticiple.
Got.
Gilt, r.
Girt, r.
Given.
Gone.
Graven.
(; rn1111d.

Uru\\'11.

Had .
IJung, r.
] foard.

llcw 11 , r.
] fidd e n, or Ilicl.
] lit.
ll eld.
IInrt.
Kept.
Knit, r.
Known.
Lad en.
Laid.
L ed.
L eft.
L ent.
Let.
Lain.
Laden, r.
Lost.
Made.
Met.
Mown, r.
Pai cl.
Put.

Read .
Rent.
Rid.
ltode, or Ridden.
R11ng.
R ise n.
Jtil' ell.

Hun.
Sa1r11, r.
~<lid,

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22

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Present.
See,
Seek,
Sell,
Send,
Set,
Shake,
Shape,
Shave,
She ar,
Sh ed,
Shine,
Show,
Shoe,
Shoot,
Shrink,
Shred,
Shut,
Sing,
Sink,
Sit,
Slay,
Sleep ,
Slide ,
Sling,
Slink,
Slit,
Smite,
Sow,
Speak,
Speed,
Spend,
Spill,
Spin,
Spit,
Split,
Sprc:1•l,
Spring,
Stand,
Sten],
Stick,
St in!!,
Stinl(,
Stride,

ENGLISH Gll.AMMAR.

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES JN

Impe1fect.
P c1fcct Participle.
Saw,
Seen.
Sought,
Sought.
Sold,
Sold.
Sent,
Sent.
Set,
Set.
Shook,
S liak cu.
Shaped,
Shaped, or Shapen.
Shaved,
Shaven, r.
Sheared,
Shorn.
Shed,
Shed.
Shone, r.
Shone, r.
Showed,
Shown.
Shod ,
Shod.
Shot,
Shot.
Shrunk,
Shrunk.
Shred,
Shred.
Shut,
Shut.
Sung, or Sang,
Sung.
Sunk, or Sank,
Sunk.
Sat,
Sn.t.
Sle\v,
Slain.
Slept,
Slept.
Slid,
Slidden, r.
Slung,
Slung.
Slunk,
Slunk.
Slit, r.
Slit, r.
Smote,
Smitten.
Sowed,
Sown, r.
Spoke,
Spoken.
Sped,
Sped.
Spent,
Spent.
Spilt, r .
Spilt, r.
Spun,
Spun.
Spit, or Spat,
Spit, or Spitten,
Split,
Split.
Spread.
Spread
Sprung, or Sprang, Sprung.
Stood,
Stood.
Stole,
Stolen.
Stuck.
Stuck,
Stung,
S tung.
St unk,
Stunk.
Strode, or Strid,
S tridden .

Strike,
String,
Strive,
Strow, or Strew,
Swear,
Sweat,
Swell,
Swim,
Swing,
Take,
Te ac h,
Te ar,
T ell,
Think,
Thrive,
Throw,
Thrust,
Tread,
Vvax,
"\Vear,
'Veave,
Weep,
Win,
Wind,
~'o rk

Wring,
W rite,

Struck,
Struck, or Stricken .
Strung,
Sttung.
Strove,
Striven.
Strowed,or Strewed, Strown, Strowed,
or S trewed.
Sworn.
Swore,
Swet , r.
Swrt , r .
S11·ollcJ1, 1'.
S11ellcd ,
Swum, or Swam, Swum.
Sw ung.
Swung,
T aken.
Took,
Taught,
;i:aught.
Iorn.
Tore,
T old .
Told,
Thought. .
Thought,
Thriveu .
Throve, r .
Th rown.
Threw,
Thrust.
Thrust,
Trod,
Trodden.
Waxed,
Waxe n, r.
\Vore,
\Vorn.
\Voven.
Wo ve,
W ept.
Wept,
Won.
Won,
·wound .
Wound,
W rought,or\Vorked
Wrought,
Wrung,
Wrung.
\Vrote,
Written.

To decline a verb, is to mention its moods, tenses, numbers, and persons.
8~. Regular verbs are conjugated and declined in the fol·
lowmg manner :

Present.
Love.

TO LOVE.
Imperfect.
Loved.

Pe1:fect Participle.
Loved.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRF.SF.NT TF.NSF..

Singular.
• 1

FrnsT PERSON .

SECOND PEnsoN.
THIRD PERSON .

I love.
Thou lovcst.
He lov es, or loveth.

.-

I

24

PROGRESS IVE EXERCISES IN

ENGLIS H GRAMMAR.

Plural.

FUTURE TENSE.

vVe lo1Je.
Ye or you love.
They love.

FmsT l'EllSON.
SECOND PERSO N.
Tumn l>EnsoN.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

Its signs are shall or will.
Singular.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
T11mD PERSON.

I shall or will love.
Thou shalt or wilt love.
He shall or wilt love.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND P ERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

\Ve shall or will love.
Ye or you shall or will love.
They shall or will love.

Singular.

I loved.
Thou lovedst .
H e loved.

Fms·r PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
Tumn P ERSON.

Plural.

Plural.

FmsT PE!lSON.
SECOND l'EitSON.
T1nnD PERSON.

Ye 01· you loved.
Th ey loved.

PERFECT TENSE .

Its signs are have, hast, has, or hath.
Singular.

I have loved.
Thou hast loved.
H e hath or has loved.

FmsT P EnsoN.
SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

We loved

Its signs are shall have or will have."'

I

Singular.

I

Fms T P ERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
TmRD PERSON.

Plural.

FmsT PERSON.
S ECOND PERSON.
TnmD PERSON.

Plural.

We have loved.
Ye or you have loved.
They have loved.

FmsT P ERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
Tnmn P ERSON.

I shall or will have loved.
Thou shalt or wilt have loved.
H e shall or will have lov ed.

W e shall or will have lo ved.
Ye 01· you shall or will have loved.
They shall or will have lov ed.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD .

All the tenses of this mood have the c onjunction if, that,
though, unless, or except, &c., be for e the m, expressed °I
understood.

Its signs are had, hadst.
Singular.

FmsT P ERSON.
8ECOND PERSON.
T11mD PERSON.

I had loved.
Thou hadst loved.
H e had loved.
Plural.

FmsT l'1msoN.
SECONfl Pf:RS0"1 .
T11rnn PEr.so:-r.

\Ve had loved.
Ye or you had loved.
They had loved.

If I lov e.
If thou love.
If he love.

Plural.
FrnsT PE1tSON.

SECOND PERSON.
Tmnn P ERSON.

If we lot•e.
If ye or you lo ve.
If they love.

* For authority in the u se of shall and will, as represen ted in this
tense, sec 1 Corin thians, 15th chap. 24th verse; Luk e, 17th chap.
10th verse.

3

;,~ · -., _

... ''

11

i

I
I

Singular.

FrnsT PEnsoN
SECOND PEnsoN.
T1-1mD PEnsoN.

n
I
i

PRESENT TENSE.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.

I

<

..

~~

26

ENGLISH GR,\l\DIAil.

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

Plural.

IMPERFECT TENSE.
FmsT PErrsoN .

Singular.

S ECOND PER SON.

If I loved.
If thou lovedst.
If he loved.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

Plural.
FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
Tm1rn PERSON.

If we loved.
If ye or you loved.
If they loved.

Tuum PEnsoN.

Singular.

If I shall or will have loval
If thou shalt or wilt have loved.
If he shall or will have lov ed.

SECOND P1msoN.
TnmD PERSON.

Its signs are have, hast, has, or hath, with a conjunction.

Plural.

Singular.

Tm RD · PERSON.

TENSE.

Its signs arc shall have antl will lwu, slwlt lw vc antl wilt
have, with a con· unction.

PERFECT TENSE.

SECOND PERSON.

If we shall or will love.
If ye or you shall or will love.
If they shall or will lov e.

FUTURE PERFECT

FmsT PEnsoN.

FmsT PERSON.

27

FmsT PERSON.

If I have loved.
If thou hast loved.
If he hath or has loved.

SECOND PERSON.
T1nRD PEnsoN.

If we shall or will have loved.
If ye or you shall or will have loved.
If they shall or will have loved.

Plural.
FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
TmRD PERSON.

If we have loved.
If ye or you have loved.
If they have loved.

POTENTIAL MOOD .

This mood has but four tenses, and it is known by the
may, can, must, might, could, would, and should.

signs

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

PRESENT TENSE.

Its signs are liad and hadst, with a conjunction.

Its signs are may, can, or must.

Singular.
FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
TmRD PERSON.

If I had loved.
If thou hadst loved.
If he had loved.

Singular.

TnrnD PERSON.

I may, can, or must love.
Thou mayst, canst, or must love.
He may, can, or must love.

FmsT PERSON.

'\Ve may, can, or must love.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.

Plural.
FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

If we had loved.
If ye or you had loved.
If they had loved.

Plural.
SECOND PERSON.
TurnD PERSON .

Ye or you may, can, or must lol!e.
may, can, or must love.

Th ey

FUTURE TENSE .

IMPE RFECT TENSE.

Its sicrns
are sliall or will, with a conjunction.
0

Its signs are might, could, would, and should.

Singular.
FmsT

PensoN.

SEco;o.m P1msoN.
T11mn PmtsoN.

Sing111ar.

If I sltall or will love.

FmsT

If thou shalt or wilt love .
If he shall or will love.

SECOND PEr.so N.
T1rnw

P1m soN.
PEnsoN.

I 111iglit , rn11ld, wnulr7, or slin11lrl Tone.
Thnt1 might.<t, w11!1l.-l , 1ro11ld.--t, nr s/1011"1.<t
lo1:r. He mig!it, w11lrl, ico117rl, or should lu1.'l'.

,,.

~

~.

f

'!

~

ENGLISH GP.AMMAR.

PllOGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

·I
I

~

Plural.

r

r

~

.Fms1· PERSON .
SECOND P EllSON.

W e might, could, would, or should love.
Ye or you mig!tt, could, would, or should

THIRD PERSON.

They might, could, would, or should love.

love.

l

IMPERA TI VE MOOD.
This mood h as n o tense, and on ly one person , nam ely, t he

sr.cond.
Singular .

SECOND PEnsoN.

t

P lural.

I

PERFE CT TEN SE.

f

~

Love ye or you, or do ye or yo u love.

SECOND PERSON.

l

[

Its signs are may have, can have, or must have.

\I I

INFINITIVE MOOD.

I

!.

1;

Singular.

f

(i

I

[

I

!, .

.i:

IE

.,...

FmsT PERSON.
S ECON D PEHSON.
TnmD PEnsoN .

I may, can, or must have lo ved.
Tho u mayst, canst, o r must have lov ed.
He rnay, can, or must have loved.

Thi s mood is kn own by t he sig n lo .
ber no r person.
l~ltESEN'l'

Sr:coNn Pr.nsoN.

TumD P ERSO N.

f:I
•I

?~

PY.P.f'T: C T

;;

Its sig ns are might liavc, could ltave, would ltave, or sltould

liavc.

~;:

I:i1t
,if:::

r.:

i:\

\1n~:i:·''·

'1\

i\.I'

·ii

1111

1• 1

Tumn PERSON .

111·.

.·II,,

I mig ht, could, would, or slwuld lt ave loved.
Thou rniglltst, couldst, wouldst , or slwuldst
!tavc loved.
He mig ht, could, would, or should ltave
loved.

ili!
,,J
111111

.\,I

!::r.1·
:1 1..

:1

::::.·

J,d '

~1.., ,,.....
I

ij
..l

~

:

II

Loving.
Loved.
Having loved.

SYNOPSIS OF THE VERB

T O LOVB.

The word synopsis m ean s a general view.
INDICATIVE MOOD .

1

··'

83.

H\P! '

11\\

I

Singular.

Fms T PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.

:11 111::1:.
11

ii

PARTICIPLE S.
Present Participle,
P e rfect Participle,
Compound P er fect Part.iciple ,

~

I..

I

TE~ 5 E.

To lirr:·e loud.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

I\

tl

1:

\Ve rnav. can , or must have loved.
Ye or y~u mm/. r.an . o r must have luved.
They malt, can, or rnust have loved.

l,l
~I

TENSE.

To love.

Plural.

FmsT PEnsoN.

It has but two

te u :;c:;, namely , the presc1it and the p er fec t ; and no num-

?

r.
:::'.::'

Love thou, or do thou love.

Plural.

FmsT PERSON.

We miglit, could, would, o r sliould havtJ

SECOND P ERSON.

Y e or you mi'.gltt, could, would, or should

TmnD PEltSON.

They mig ht, could., would, or should have

loved.
ltavc loved.
fu ved.

Prese nt,
Impe r fec t,
P e rfect,
Pluperfoct,
Future ,
Future Perfect,

I
I
I
I
I
I

love.
loved.
have loved.
!tad loved.
shall o r will love.
shall o r will liave loved .

3*

,

I

30

t

tf

r

"

1~
I

!

l'

E NG LISH G Il A:HM1\ 11.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

If I
If I
If I
If I
If I
If I

Present,
Imperfect,
P erfect,
Pluperfect,
Future,
Future Perfect,

I
I

rl

love.
lo ved.
have lnved.
had luv cd.
shall or will love.
shall or will have loved.

This mood has all the six tenses.
PRESE NT TE NS E .

Sing ular.
P E1tsoN.
I am.
SECOND PEn soN. Thou
Tnurn PE 1tsoN.
H e is.

Frnsr

!

~

POTENTIAL MOOD.

1.'

11

,,

1'

j'r
1

,.

i

:;:

l.",,

Present,
Imperfect,
Perfect,
P luperfect,

,,

I
I
I
I

'
,; n;

Dll 'LIL\TI \ J:

Love thou.
1"msT l'ERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
T111r.D PEnsoN.

INF'INITIVE MOOD .

\i1

:.1

.'i
I!

. ~:

.'
,

I

1;· 11

'·

i

!i"'
1.:,,,

itll;
1\1

Ii\

Present,
Perfect,
Compound Perfect,

,I;,,,

l '1 .

Loving.
Loved.
I-laving loved.

PERFECT TENSE.

Its signs are ltave, hast, or ltas.

1:1.:
,\ , '

i!/ll ,!'

:1, '11,11 ,,
1!1'

Singular.
Frn sT Prrn5oN.
I fl(n.•r hem.
SE COND PERSON. Thou hast bern .
Turnu PERSON.
He ltatlt or ltas been.

I

lil!d

l\\
i \\ lii1i\ )1
H:l:i

·
Iii !!'iii
::!;1/
!l\

:II

!J('

1'1

•'

·.I

I

~

JI

''·

wast .
He was .

PARTICIPLES

i ~ \!:: !.:
\''IT
l:!:: !'

I,
I,,

l was.
Th ou

Plural.
Fm sT PERSON.
' ¥e were.
Sr.cOND PEn soN. Ye or you were .
T11rnD P ERSON.
Th ey were.

'I'o love.
'I'o have loved.

Present,
Perfect,

•'._;

are.

~!ClU! J

I.

1\I

art.

Plural.
Fm sT PER SON.
We arc.
SE COND PEil SON. Ye or you
Tumu P1m soN.
Th ey are.

may, can, or must love.
mig!tt, could, would, or should love.
rnay, cnn, or rnusl have lo ved.
might, could, would, or should have loved.

!·

31

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

84. The Irregular Neuter Verb 'I'O BE, sometimes called
the Auxiliary Verb, is thus conjugated and declined :
Prese nt .

Imperfect.

P erfec t Participle.

Am.

Was.

lJeen .

Plural.
FmsT PERSON.
'Ve have bcc11 .
S EC OND Pr.n soN. Ye or you hrwc been.
T11mD PEn soN.
Th ey have ba n.

'1'

.-

. .....-.. ·A.--.... ~-r;t
I

•

l.t~~)~:;

~

l

I

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

33

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

Its signs are liad and hadst.
Singular.
FIRST PERSON.

Si; cui'< v !'ER~ON .
THIRD PERSON.

I had been.
Thou !tttd:> t been.
He !tad been.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD .

All the six tenses of this mood h ave the conjunctions if,
th (l f, though, unless, or except, &c., before th em, expressed
or und erstood.
PHESENT TEN S E.

Sjngular.

Plural.
FIRST PERSON.

We !tad been.

SECOND PERSON.

Ye or you !tad been.
They had been.

THIRD PERSON.

If I be.
If thou be.
If he be.

FIR sT PERSO N .
SECOND P E R SON .
THIRD PERSON.

Plural.
FUTURE TENSE.

SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

Its signs are sliall, shalt ; will, wilt.
Singular.
FIRST PERSON.
SE C OND PERSON.
TumD PERSON.

IMPERFE CT TE NSE .

I shall or will be.
Thou shalt or wilt be.
H e sliall or will be.

Singul ar.
FIRST PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
TnmD PERS ON.

Plural.
FmsT PERSON.

We shall or will be.

SE C OND PERSON.

Ye or you sltall or will be.
They shall or will be.

TmRD PErtsoN.

If we be.
If ye or you be.
If th e y be.

FmsT PERSON .

If I wci·e.
If th o u wert.
If he were.

Plum!.
FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON .

If we were.
If ye or you were.
If they were.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
PERFECT TENSE.

Its signs are shall ltave, sltalt ltave, and will ltave, wilt have.
Singular.
FIRST PERSON.
SE C OND PERSON.
'!'HIRD l'ERSON.

I shall or will !tan been.
Thou shalt qr wilt·lwve ba n.
He shall or wiU have been.
Phirnl.

PmsT PF.11so:-1.
Sr. c o N n l'En s o N.
T11mD P 1: n s0:-> .

It~

signs are ltave, ltast, has, with a conjunction.
Singular.

FmsT PERSON.
S E COND PERSON.
T111RD PER50N.

·we shall or will have been.
Ye or you sltall or will have been.
They shall or will hove been.

Fm s T PERSON.
Sc c oNn PERSON.
Timm PEn s oN .

H I ha ve ba n.
If thou hast been.
If he J; a5 been,.
Plural.
I f we liav e been.

If ye or you ha ve been .
If they have been.

l:
I

I

I.

34

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

PLU PERFECT TE NSE .

Its signs are liad, hadst, with a conjunction.

35

POTENTIAL MOOD.

This mood has but four tenses.

Its signs are may, can,

11111.st, 11light, could, would, or sltould.

Singular.

FmsT PERSON .
SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

If Iliad been.
If thou ltadst been.
If he !tad been .

PRESENT TE NSE.

Singular.
Plural.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND P ERSON.
T11mn PEn soN.
FUTURE

If we had been.
If ye or you had been.
If they !tad been.
TENSE.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
TmRD PERSON.

I may, can, or must be.
Thou mayst, canst, or must be.
H e may, can, or must be.

FrnsT PERSON.
SE COND PERSON.
Tnmu PERSON.

We rnay, can, or mu st be.
Ye or you may, can, or must be.
They may, can, or must be.

Plural.
'

I
I

I
I

,

I ~

lts signs are sltall, sltalt, will, wilt, with a conjunction.
Singular.

FIRST PERSON.
SE corrn PERSON.
THIHD PERSON.

If I sltall or will be.
If thou shalt or wilt be.
If he sltalt or will be.
Plural.

FmsT PERSON.
S ECON D PER SON.
Tmrw PERSON.

If we shall or will be.
If ye or you shall or will be.
If they s!tall or will be.

IMPF.RFECT TENSE .

Its signs are might, could, would, or sltould.
Singular.

Fms·r PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.

I migltt, could, would, or should be.
Thou miglttst, couldst, wouldst, or slwu!dst

THIRD PERSON.

He migltt, could, would, or should be.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.

We rnigltt, could, would, or should be.
Ye or you might, could, would, or sltould

THIRD PERSON.

be.
They migltt, could, would or should be.

be.
Plural.

FUTURE PERF ECT TE NSE .

.l ls signs. are ~!tall have, sltalt have, will have, or wilt have,
with a conjunction.
Singular.

FmsT PERSON.
SEcoNn P r: n~oN.

THIRD l'eRsoN.

If I shall or will have br;m.
lf tho11 slw!t or ·1cift ltm:r, ban.
If he sltall or will ltavc been.
Plural.

FmsT PER SON.
S 1-:co:-.:1> P1mso:-1 .
T1111u.1 1' 1.:nso:v.

If we shall or will !1riN hrr'11..
H ye or you slwll or wilt !tavc been.
H they sltall or 1cift /l({ cc bcrn.

PERFECT TENSE.

I ts signs arc may have, can ltavc, or must lta1Jc.
Singular.

FmsT PER SON.
SE coN n PrmsoN.
Tnmo P1rn soN .

I ma.7J, ca11, or must have been.
Thou mayst, ca11 st, or rnu.<t have been.
He mny, can, or must lia vc been.

li
Ii

!I
I

·-

36

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

PROGRESSIVE EXERU!SES IN

PARTICIPLES.

Plural.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PmisoN.
Tmnu P EnsoN.

37

We may, can, or must have been.

Present,
Perfect,
Compound Perfect,

Ye or you may, can, or must have been.
They may, can, or must have been.

Being.
Been.
riaving been.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

Its signs are might have, could ltav e, would ltave, or s!tould
have.
Singular.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
TnmD PERSON.

I might, could, would, or should have been.
Thou miglttst, couldst, wouldst, or slwuldst
have been.
He might, could, would, or should have
been.
Plum.I.

'

r"

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.

j '.~;I: r. I
:,1 ..
0

l;

'd·'

.:

II
:,~r·•
H!i~\

·i
"!1

111!!;ff.

:,,/i:'
lil/-1

,,

,;,
';I
1/

Tn~RD PERSON.

IMPEilATIVE MOOD.

1

iJ I
1:1
~;

!'.'

, U••

u1:11:

W emigltt, could, would, or shouldliave been.
Ye or you migltt, could, would, or should
have been.
They might, could, would, or slwuld have
been.

This mood has no tense, and only one person, namely, the
aecond.
Singular.

SECOND PmtsoN.

f ·~~; '.;:

1

1

ii

SECOND PERSON.

Be ye or you, or do ye or you be.

'I !lli,1!i;'

INFINITIVE MOOD.

I

!1.1r1, ·

' 11~1 !:.

INDICATIVE MOOD .

Present,
Imperfect,
Perfect,
Pluperfect,
Future,
Future Perfect,

am.
was.
have been.
had been.
shall or will be.
shall or wilt have been.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD .

Present,
Imperfect,
Perfect,
Pluperfect,
Future,
Future Perfect,

If I
If I
If I
If I
If I
If I

be.
were.
have been.
had been.
shall or will be.
shall or will have been.

i

Il

~

I

I

POTENTIAL MOOD.

I
I
I
I

Present,
Imperfect,
Perfect,
Pluperfect,

This mood is known by the sign to. It has but two
tenses, namely, the present and the perfect, and neither
nurn]Jcr nor

I
I
I
I
I
I

Be thou, or do thou be.

1

]! 11 ~!I:;:

The word synopsis means a general view.

Plural.

!"i;J

i Ht:i::: ·
i:1 1111 1:1''
·1: '1!: l
"\\i i\ 1!1;y!
!ii{;1,'
i.'.

SYNOPSIS OF THE VERB TO BE.

11\IPERA '!'IVE MOOD.

pcr~ou .

PRESE NT

may or can be.
might, could, would, or should be.
may or can have been.
miglit, could, would, or should have been.

Be thou.

TENSE.

To be.
PERFE CT TENSE.

To ltave been.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present,
Perfect,

To be.
To have been.

4

I

""

1

.r·

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

t

E:\GL! Sll GRA)DL\ R,

PARTICIPLES.

t

Present,
Per fec t,
Compound Perfec t,

~

Its sig ns are was, wast, were, with the perfect participle.

EXERCISE ON TIIE VERBS TO LOVE AND TO BE.

rl

FmsT P E1~soN .
SECOND P E!lSON.

Tell the mood, tense, number, and p ei·son, of the f ollowing
vei·bs.

\
i

I,

i

,.

1'
)'

1:

t

!

Ii

.rl

'':.i
...

'.
ii

OF TH E PA SS IVE VEr.n .

Singular .

I

'

IMPERFECT TE NS E

B eing.
B een.
I-laving been.

':

'!

I .love him. H e loved John . :Mary. will love . her book.
Th ey !tad loved. You have loved. We might love. Thou
inig!ttst ltave lov ed. He may !tave loved. if George love
hi s book, I shall love him. if yo u !tad loved them, they
would have loved you. He would love. To love.

I am. He !tas been. They sltall be. You migltt have
been. Thou shoulrlst be. We could have been. I loved to be.
Love thou. Be ye. W e should Ii.ave been. He must liave
been .

TumD PEit SON .

I was lo ved.
Thou wast loved.
H e was lov ed.
l'lurn.I.

vV e

Fms T Pr.n s oN .
SEC OND Pr.rt SO N.
TmnD PER SON.

were loved.
Ye 01· you were loved.
Th ey were loved.

PERFECT TENSE OF THE PASS I VE VERD .

Its signs are have li l!Cn, hast brrn, hath or 11(7s '1ren , ' ' id1
the perfoc t par ticiple.

J

I

Sinrrular.

I., II
i1

l

;\ '
I

;.\

PASSIVE VERBS.

Fm sT Pr.RsoN .

85. A Passive Verb is composed of the perfec t par ticiple
of an acti ve verb, and some mood or tense of the verb to be.
Thu s : To be loved. I was loved. I have been loved.
BG. Passive verhs are conjugated and declined in the
following manner :
Present.

Imperfect.

Perfec t Participle.

Am loved.

Was loved.

Loved.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

I have been loved.
Thou !tast been lov ed.
H e hath or has been loved.
Plural.

Fms T PER SON.
Sr.COND P ERSON.
TumD PERSON.

' Ve liave been loved.
Ye or you have been lov ed.
They have been loved.

PLUPERFECT T ENSE OF THE PASSIVE VERD.

PRESENT T ENSE OF THE PA SSIVE VERB .

Its signs are am, art, is, and are, with the perfect participle.
Singular.
Fm sT

PEnso'-:.

SECOND PERSON .
T11rnD PERSON.

I am 1o1'rd.
Thou art loved.
H e is loved. ·

Its signs are had been, hadst been, with the perfect parti cirle.
Sin gular.
Frn~T PF:rtSO'I.

J lrarl lJ,.,·n 1r!1'n1.

:::i EC OND PERSON .

Th o u

Tnmn PERSON.

Plural.
Fm sT P F.nsoN .
SECOND P1m s oN.
T1111w Prrn soN .

'Ve arc loved.
Ye or you are loved.
They arc loved.

hadst been loved.
H e had been loved.

Plu r;il.

FrnsT P1.:ns oN.
S 1·:co:-.: u

P i-: nsn:; .

T11 11: u Pt:H ~o N .

" ' e lrnrl Tirrn [o,. , rl.
Ye or yn11 had fn ·111 foi·rd.
Th ey had bc1n !uN rl.

r

.,

. 'I

[
f

40

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

FUTURE TENSE OF THE PASSIVE VERB.

Its signs are sliall be, sltalt be, will be, wilt be, with the
perfect participle.

f

SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

Its signs are were, wei·t ; with a conjun ction.

t

Sinl"ular.
FmsT PERSON.
SECOND P 1msoN.
THIRD PEJtSON .

Plural.

We shall or will be loved.
Ye or vou sltall or will be loved .
They ;!tall or will be loved.

FIRST P1msoN.
SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

O~'

Singular.
SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PER SON .

I shall or will ltave been loved.
Thou slialt or wilt ltave been lov ed.
He shall or will have been loved.
Plural.

FmsT PERSON.
. SECOND PERSON.
TmRD P ERSON .

If I were lo ved.
If th ou wert loved.
If he were loi:ed.
Plural.

FmsT PERSON.
S ECOND PERSON.
Tunm P E RSON.

If we were loved.
If ye or you were lo ved.
If th ey were loved.

THE PASSIVE VERB.

Its signs are sltall liave been, sltalt ltave been, will ltavc been,
wilt ltave been, with the perfect participle.
FmsT PERSON.

We shall or will ltave been loved.
Ye or you sltall or will have been loved.
They shall or will have been loved.

PERFECT TENSE OF THE PASSIVE VERB.

Its signs are !tave been, hast been, ltatlt been, or ltas li rc:-1.,
\Vitl1 a coujuudiu11.
Singular.
Fms T PERSON.
SECOND PER SON.
TnmD P ERSON.

If I !tave been loved.
If th o u hast been loved.
If he ltath or has been loved.
Plural.

FmsT PEn soN.
S ECOND PEllSON.
TnmD PER SON.

If we have been loved.
If y e or you have been loved.
If they have been loved.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE OF THE PASSIVE VERB.

Its sign is be, with a conjunction.

PLUPERFECT TE N SE OF TI-IE PASSIVE YERD.

Its signs are had been , hadst been, with a conjunction.

Singular.

Sin g ular.

FIRST PERSON.

If I be loved.

FmsT P ERSON .

SECOND PERSON.

If thou be loved.
If he be lov ed.

Tmrrn

THIRD PERSON.

SECOND PERSON .
PERSON.

Plural.
FmsT PER.SON.
SECOND PEnsoN .

T11rnn

PEnsoN.

If
If
If

be loved.
ye or you be loved.
th ey be lnvrrl.
we

'

If 1 !tad been loved.
If thou hadst been lo1•ed.
If he !tad been loved.
Plural.

Fm s T P En soN .
SECOND P ERSON.

Turno

PEnsoN.

4*

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41

IMPERFECT TENSE OF THE PASSI\'E VEHB.

Singular.

I sltall or will be loved.
Thou sltalt or wilt be loved.
He sltall or will be loved.

FmsT PERSON.

l '"
Ii

EXGLlSJ: GRAi>DUR.

If we had been lov ed.
If ye or you had bmi loved.
If th ey !tad been loved.

~

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~

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42

FUTURE TENSE OF THE PAS SIVE VERB.

\r
r

I'.

Its signs are shall be, shalt be, will be, wilt be, with a
conjunction.

t

FmsT PERSON.

r
!

Turno P1-:RSON .

~

Ss r:o xo PERSON .

I
t•

Plural.

We may, can,

FmsT PEnsoN.
SECOND PERSON.
T11mD PERSON.

If I shall or will be loved.
If thou slialt or wilt be loved.
If he shall or will be loved.
Plural.

I

I

GilAM ~IAil.

or must be loved.
Ye or you may, can, or must be loved.
They may, can, or must be loved.

Singular.

I

l

ENGLISH

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

.,

Fms·r PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
TnmD PERSON.

If we shall or will be loved.
If ye or you shall or will be loved.
If they shall or will be loved.

IMPERFECT TENSE OF 'HIE PASS IVE VE i lll.

Its signs are might be, could be, would be, should be, mig!t.tst
be, couldst be, wouldst be, slwuldst ilc.
Singular.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE OF THE PAS SIVE V:EilB.

TnmD PERSON.

I might, could, would, or should be loved.
Thou rnig ht st, couldst, wouldst, or s!wuldst
be loved.
He might, could, would, or should be lo?Jcd.

Its signs are shall have been, shalt have been, wilt ltave been,
wilt have been, with a conjunction.

FmsT PERSON.

We might, could, would, or sl1011ld be lo11ed .

SE COND l'EltSON.

·y c or you 1nig·ht, could, would, or slu;uld
be loved.
They migltt, could, wuuld, or should be
loved.

Fm s T PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.

Singular.

THIRD P1msoN.

If I shall have been loved.
If thou shalt have been loved.
If he shall have been loved.

FrnsT PERSO N .

If we shall It.ave been loved.

FmsT PERSO N .
S EC OND PEit SON.

Plural. ·

TmRD PERSON.

Plural.
SECOND P E R SON.
T11mn PERSON.

If ye or you shall lwve been loved.
If they shall have been loi•ed.

PERFECT TENSE OF THE PASSIVE VERB.

Its ,signs are may have been, can lzave been, must lzave
been, mayst have been, canst have been.
Singular.

POTENTIAL MOOD.
FmsT PERSON.

I may, can, or mu st have been loved.

SECOND PERSON.

Thou

PRESENT TENSE OF THE PASSTVF. VF.RR .

FmsT PERSON.
S<;COND PERSON.
Tnmn P1msoN.

must have beer&

He may, can, or must have been loved.

FmsT PERSON.

We may, can, or must lta?Je been lover!.

SECOND PERSON.

Ye or you may, cnn, or must lt av c brm
loved.
They may, can, or mu st have been loved.

l'Jur<il.

.

I may, can, or must be loved.
Thou mayst, canst, or mu st be loved.
He may, can, or mu st be loved.

or

'fmnD PERSON.

Its signs are may be, can be, must be, mayst be, canst be.
Singular.

inayst, canst,

loVt~ d.

Tmrrn

Pr:n soN.

I

44

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

45

E NG LISH GR A:>IMJ\R.

i

Eingular.

FmsT PERSON.·
SECOND PERSON.
TmRD PERSON.

_

I mig ht, could, would, or should ltave been
loved.
Thou miglttst. couldst, wouldst, or slwuldst
have been loved.
H e migltt, could, would, or should have
been loved.

T ell tlte mood and tense of the follo wiug verbs.
John was loved. Mary would hav e bee n loved. Thou
shalt be loved. To h ave bee n loved. Thou art love d. I
might have been loved. If thou wert loved. If th e boys
h ad been loved . Geo rge m ay be loved . H enry has been
loved . They are loved.

87. Irregular V erbs arc thus conjugated and declined :

TO WRITE.

Plural.

FmsT P ERSON.
S ECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

j

EXERCISE ON THE VERB PASSIVE.

PLUPERFECT T E NSE OF THE I'A SS IVE VERB.

Its sig ns are migld Ttave been , could have been , would Ttave
been, slinuld Ttave been, miglttst Ttavc been, couldst It.ave been,
wouldst have been, slwuldst ltave been.

I

We migltt, could, would, or should have

Present.

Imperfect.

P erfect Participle.

been loved.
Y e or you mig!tt, could, would, or should
ltave been loved.
They mig ftt, c• uld, would, or should ltave
been loved.

Write.

TVrote.

l'Vritten.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESE N T

TE NSE .

Sing ul ar.

IMPERATIVE MOOD OF THE PASSIVE VERB.
Singular.

SECOND PERSON.

Be th ou loved, or do thou be loved.

FmsT PERSON.
S ECON D PERSO N.
TumD PERS ON.

I write.
Thou writest.
H e writes.

Plural.
Plural.

SECOND PERSON.

B e ye or you loved, or do ye or you be loved.

INFINITIVE MOOD OF THE PASSIVE VF:RR

Present,
Perfect,

To be loved.
To lwv" b1·r·n lurer!.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
TnmD PERSON.

.'I
4
, I

f" i

W e w1·ite.
Ye or you write.
They write.

Dl l'EI'.FECT TE'.\'SE .

Singular.
F 11: ~T P 1:1:s<•S.

I 1rrntr.

SecoND I'ER~ON .
TnmD PERSON.

Thou w r 1;fpsf .
He wrote.

PARTICIPLES OF THE PASSIVE VERB.

Pl ural.

Prese nt,
P e rfect,
Compo11nu P cr foc t,

B eing loved.
Loved.
Ilaving been loved.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND I' ERSON.
Tnmo P ERSON.

vVe wrote.
Ye or you wrote.
They wrote.

I

46

47

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

FUTURE PERFE C T

TEN SE .

PEltl"ECT TENSE.

I ts signs are sltall have or will have.
Its signs arc ltave, hast, has.
Sinrrular .
.<//(/ !/ <1r

F 11{:-;T P 1- r:.'t •.'; .

F1Ht>l' l'EilSOC..
SECOND PERSON.
THmD PERSON.

l /we e writlw,,
Thou hast written.
He ltas written.

ii

if( fi ,11·1

/F l'l lf , II.

TnmD PERSON.

Tl1ou shalt or 11'i!t /u1rl' 1l'rillrn.
He s!tall or will have written.

.Frns 1· P E1tsoN.

ViT c

8i::coNJJ l'i::m;oN.

Plum!.
Plural.
FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
TnmD PERSON.

We ltavc written.
Ye or you ltave :written
They Ii.ave written.

SECOND PER';ON.
Tm1m PERSON.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

l'LUPEitFECT TENSE.

Its signs are had, ltadst.
Singular.
FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
TnmD PERSON.

I lwd written.
Thou ltadst written.
He !tad written.
Plural.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
T11mD PERSON.

We !tad written.
Ye or you had written.
They lwd written.

shall o r will lw vi: w rillu1.•
Ye or you shall or will have written.
They sltall or will !tave written.

All the tenses of this mood have the conjunctions if, that,
though, unless, or except, &c., before them, expre ssed or

i

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understood.
PRESENT TENSE .

Singular.
FmsT PERSON.
If I write.
SECOND PERSON. If thou write.
THIRD PERSON.
If he write.
Plural.
FmsT PERSON.
If we w»ite.
SECOND PERSON. If ye or you write.
THmD PERSON.
If they write.

FUTURE TENSE.

.~
.~
I

Its signs are shall or will.
Singular.
FmsT PEnsoN.
SECOND PERSON.
'1'11 lllD PERSON.

I shall or will w1·ite.
Thou sltalt or wilt write.
He sltall or will write.
l'lnrnl.

FmsT PrrnsoN.
S1-:c0Nn 1'1.:n ~o'I .
Tll IHIJ PE RSON.

W c s!tall or wifl writr..
Yc or you ~hall or mill write.
They slwll or icill 1crilc.

IMPERFECT TJ':NSE .

Singular.
FrnsT PERSON.
Ir I wrvfr .
SECOND PERSON. If thou wrvtcst.
THIRD PERSON.
If he wrule.
Plnrnl.
FrnsT PEnsoN.
H we wrote.
SEcoNn Pc11soN. If ye or you wrote.
T1111tD PERSON.
If they wrote.

48

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

E XGLISII GRAMi\IAR.

PERFECT TENSE.

Its signs are liavc, hast, has, with a conjunction.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

Its signs are shalt have, or will have, with a c0njun c tion.

Sin gufar.

THIRD PERSON.

] f l lwL'c 1crittr11.
If thou lwst written.
If he has written.

F msT P ERSON.

Plural.
If we have icrittcn.

FmsT l'E1tsoN.
S ECOND PERSON .

If ye or you have written.
If they have written.

S EC OND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

l f I s/1a/{ or 11·ill /lu1.•1· 1N i l f1 11.
If thou shalt or wilt lia cc 1uitfen.
If he shall or w ilt !wee 1r1·itten:

Fm s T 1'1::11so N.
SECONJ) P E RSON.
TmRD

P r-:nsoN.

Plnrnl.
FmsT PERSON.
SE<.:OND PEllSO:"<.
Tnmo PEitsoN.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

Its signs are had, hadst, with a conjunction.
Singular.
FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
TnmD Pr:ns oN.

POTENTIAL :MOOD.

This mood is known by the signs may, can, must, mi:r'!t,
could, uould, or should.

If I had written.
If thou hadst wi:itten.
If he had written.

S ECOND P ERSON.
T11mD PERSON.

If we !tad written.
If ye or you !tad written.
If they had written.

\'

PRE SENT TE NSg.

Its

~igns

Plural.
FmsT PERSON.

If we shall or will hat•c 1crittm.
If ye or you shall.or 1cill !1 o ~·e written.
If th ey shall or will have w ritten.

arc may, can, or must.
Sing ular.

I ma!J, can , or inust 1crite.
.
Thou mayst, canst, or 1111ts l 1cr1te.
He inay, can, or must write.

FmsT PE1ts oN.
SECO N D PERSON.

TnmD

PERSON.

Plural.
FUTURE TENSE.

Fms-r

SECOND PER SO N .

'Ve inay, can, or must write.
.
Ye 01· you may , can , or must wnte.

Its signs are shall or will, with a conjunction.

Tnnm

They may, can, or must write.

P.1rnsoN.
PERSON.

Singular.
FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

If I sliall or will write.
If thou shalt or wilt write.
If he shall or will write.

J;IIPERF ECT TEi\SE.

Its signs are might, could, would, or should.
Singular.

Plural.
FmsT PERSON.
SE C OND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

If we shall or will iorite.
If ye or you shall oi will write.
If they shall or will write.

FmsT Pt:nsuN.
SE<.:OND PER SON.
'l'11mn P ER:;o:.-J.

I might, wuld, icould, or slwald write.
Thou 111iglitst, couldst, wouldst , or slw11ld-t
1crite.
He mig l!l, could, would, or should write.
5

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50

PROGRESSIVE EXEltCJSES IN

51

GRAM~!AR .

ENGLTSH

Pl ural.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.

vVe might, could, would, or should wrile.

TIURD PERSON.

They migltt, could, would, or sltould writ e.

I

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Ye or you might, could, would, or sltould

write.

This mood has no tense, anc.l only one person, namely, th e

second.
Si11g11hr.

PERl'ECT TENSE.

S:c:coNv Pi:i:soN.

Its signs are may ltave, can liave, or must ltave.
Singular.

Fms-r PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
'I'mRD PERSON.

Plural.

Wi·itc ye or you, or do ye or you write.

SECOND PERSON.

I may, can, or must Ttave written.
Thou mayst, canst, or must ltave written.
He may, can, or must Ttave written.
Plural.

We may, can, or must Ttave written.
Ye or you may, can, or must ltave written.
They may, can, or must Ttave written.

I ts signs are migltt have, could l1ave, would Ttave, or should
Singular.

FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
THIRD PERSON.

mig ltt, could, would, or sltould have
written.
Thou miglttst, couldst, wouldst, or slwuldst
have written.
He rni·gltt, could, would, or should have
written.

This mood is known by the sign to. It has only two
tenses, nam ely, the present and the perfect, and neither
number nor person.
Present,
Perfect,

Fui.sT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
Tnmn PERSON.

We might, could, would, or should have

written.
Ye or you migltt, could, would, or slwuhl
ltavc written.
They migltt, could, would; or slwuld have
wrillrn.

I,
II

To write.
To have written.

' );

PARTICIPLES.

P resent,
Perfect,
Compound P erfect,

; i'

J!Vriting.
Wi·itten.
Ifaving written.

.'

'

t_

~1

I

P lural.

il

IN1<' INl1'IVE MOOD.

PLUPEilFECT TENSE.

Ttave.

l Vrile thou, or du thou u; rill.

i. r

.' ,1
I

88. SYNOPSIS OF THE IRREGULAR
VERB TO WRITE.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE MOOD

Present,
Impe rfect,
P erfect,
Plup8rfect,
F uture,
Future Pe rfect,

(
i:
:1:
~ '

I write.
I
I
I
I
I

wrote.
ltal!c wrillw.
!tad written.
shall or will write.
shall or will have written .

!

,:

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52

l'ROGRESSlVE EXERCISES IN

SUllJUNCTIVE MOOD.

If
If
If
ff
If
If

Present,
Imperfect,
Perfect,
P!11perf1·1: f,
Future,

Future Perfe ct,

INDICATIVE MOOD .

I write.
I wrot e.
I ltave written.

J

153

E:"IG L! SH Gll AA Dl 1\ll.

PHE S l~ N T

It s s ig ns

li o rl 1rrill111.

I slwll or zcitl 1crit c.
I slta(l or will ltave writtcu,

T ENS ?•:.

~HP nm , n1·f 1

is, or

n rr.

Si11g1 1br.
Fm s T PER oo:v.

S ecom> P1rn so N.
TnmD PERSON.

I mn 1rriltr11.
Th ou nrt wrillc11 .
H e is written.

POTENTIAL MOOD.

Present,
Imperfect,
P erfect,
Pluperfect,

I
I
I
I

Plural.

maJI, can, or must write.
mig ht, could, would, or should write.
may, can, or must have written.
migltt, could, would, or sltould have written.

vV e arc wr itten.
Ye or you arc written .
They are written.

F1n sT PEnsoN.
S llC OND PEll SO N.
TnmD PEusoN.

IMPERF ECT TE NSE .

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Its signs are was, wast, or were.

Writ e thou, or do thou write.

Si ngular .

INFINITIVE MOOD.

I was wrilten.

S EC OND PER SON.

Th o u

w as t written.
He was written.

TnmD PERSON.

To write.
To ltave written,

Present,
Perfect,

FmsT PERSO N .

Plu ral.

FmsT PiiRsoN.
SE COND P E R SON .

PARTICIPLES.

Present,
Perfect,
Compound Perfect,

THIRD PER SON.

Writing.
l'J7r i tt en.
1-Iaving wri tten.

We were written.
c 01· you wc1:c written.
I hey wei·e wntten.

X

PERF EC T TENSE.

Its sig ns are l1ave been, ltast been, lias been.
Singular.

Irregular Passive Verbs are thus conjugated and declined:

Fm s-r PERSON.

I lt ave been written.

SECOND PERSON.

Thou hast been written.
He has or hath been written.

TnmD PERSON.

TO BE TVRITTEX.

Plural.

Prese nt.

Imperfect.

l'crfect P nrticiple.

Am written.

lVas written.

lVrille11.

FmsT PERSO N .
S E COND P1-:n s oi\'.
'l'HmD PER SON .
s~

-- -

_ _ ...... .

- .,.· ··~ -

...

-

:

,,,..4 ,,

'Ve lw1Je been wriltcn.
Ye or you ltave been written.
Th e y ltave been written.

/.

;·

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11

l~

I
I

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.;
' ~

~

ENGLISH GRAMMAH .

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

PL U PERFECT TE NS E.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Its signs are had been, hadst been.
SinQ"nlnr.
F11:~T

J

1' 1:1:,0:--- .

/,11r/ /;u

11

55

dTif/111 .

Sr:CUi\"D l'!::HSON.

Thou !tad;t uccn written.

T11mn P ERSON.

He had been written.

A 11 the t enses of thi s mood hav e th e con jun c ti ons if, t!tat ,
t!i nug h, unless, or except, &c., be for e them, expres:;e u or
U fJ1J1·r..: i rJu d.

Its s ig n is be, 11·ith a co njunctio11.

I

;

Plural.

We !tad been written.
Ye or you !tad been written.
Th ey had been written.

FmsT l'ERSON.
S Eco1rn Pr.RsoN.
THmD P ERSON .

If I be written.
If th ou be written.
If he be written .

Fm sr PERSON.
SECO!\D PEHSON.
Tm1m P ERSON.

Plural.
FUTURE TENSE .

I ts sig ns are shall or will be.

If we be written.
If ye or yo u be written.
If th e y be written.

Fmsr PEn soN.
S ECOND P ERSON.
THmD P ERSON.

I shall o r will be written.
Tho u sltalt or wilt be written.
He shall or will be written.

F1m;;or P ERSON.

·we shall or will be written.

Sr. cor;D P r. nsoN.
T11mn Pr.nsoN.

Y c or you shall or will be written.

j

IM PERFECT T ENSE .

Its sign s are wei·e, we1·t, with a conjunction.

)!

I'lural.

They shall or will be written.

I

II

Singular.

Fmsr P ERSON.
S ECOND P EHSON .
T11mn P EnsoN.

j

ii

Singul ar.

Frn s T Pt~ n s oN.
SECOl\"D P EnsoN.
Tmr;D I' EnsoN.

If I were written.
If th o u wert writt en.
If he were written.
Plural.

FU T U JU~

l'E llFEC T TE NSE .

I ts signs a r e sltall have been, or will ltave been.

Fm sT P ERSON.
SEGOND PEH SON.
Tnmn P EnsoN.

If we we1·e written.
If ye or you were written.
If th ey were written.

Fm sT I'EnsoN.
S ECOND PERSON.
Tmnn PEnsoN.

I shall or wiil have been written.
Thou shalt or wilt ltave been written.
H e sltall or will have been written.

Fm sT P r. n soN.

"r
c
Yc

Sr. co:-; n PE1tSON.
THIRD PEl:SON.

PE RFECT TENSE .

Its s igns are have been, ltast been, lt as been, with a conjunc tion.

l'lnrnl.

shall or will ltave been written.
or yon shall or will have been written.
They shall or will lun•e been written .

-,-

·I

..I

Singular.

--

Frn s r PER SON.
SECON D PEH SON.
THIRD PE!l SON.

If I have been written.
If thou ltast been written.
If he has been written.

'

5G

ENr.L!SH

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES JN

57

CRAM~f..\H .

Plural.

Plural.
FmsT PERSON.
SE CON O PEHSON.
Tumv Pm1soN.

If we ltave been written.
If ye or you !tave been written.
If they ltai1e been written.

F1 rs r Pcn:::oN .
SECOND P ERSON.
Tuuw PE1lS UN .

If we shall OT will have '1 ccn u:ritf en.
If ye or you shalt ?r 11;i/l h11vc licw_wrill1:11.
If they shall or will have ban wntlcn.

J

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

POTENTIAL MOOD.

1

Its signs are !tad been, ltadst been, with a conjunction.
Singular.
FmsT PERSON.
SECOND PERSON .
TmnD PERSO N.

If I ltad been written.
If thou ltadst been written.
If he ltad been written.

This mood is known by th e sig ns 11wv bl', cm1 lit, inu st br,
m:g ht be, coulrl bc, would be, or should be.

If we had been written.
If ye or you !tad been written.
If they ltad been written.

Its sign s arc may b·c, can be, or umst Ix.

!:

Sin g ubr .

F m sT PcrrsoN.
FUTURE TENSE.

S i·: i; OND PER SOJ:\- .

Its signs are s!tall or will be, with a conjunction.

T urnn P1msoN.

I ma_y, can, or must be written . .
Thou may st, ranst, or 1ilnst be wntlen
He may, can , or must be written.

If I s!tall or will be written.
If thou shalt or wilt be written.
If he s!tall or will be written.

FrnsT PERSON.
SE CON o PcusoN.
T11mD PERSON.

If we shall or will be written.
If ye or you s!tall or will be 101·itten .
If they s!tall or will be written.

F1r: s'l' P1m so.'.'i .
S ECON D P1msoN.
THIRD PEllSa°X.

" ' e 111ay, can , oT mu st be written . .
Yc or vou may, ca11, or must be wn. lten.
They i;wy, can, or must be written.

Plural.
JMPl~ RFE C T

TENSE.

I•s sig ns arc might be, coultl be, would br , or slwulrl be.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE .

Its signs arc sltall or will ltave been, with a conjunction.
Singular.
Fmsi: PERSON.
S1:co:-;D Pcn:::oN .
T111n1J Pi:n s ox.

If I slwll or will ltave been written.
If I hou sl1nlt or wilt lia11e bren written.
If he sl/{/ll or will have been written.

-

Sin gular.

F1n sT PEnsoN.
S;.: r; o'.'I D PE1t ~O'.'i .

T11mo

P1msox.

I might, conlrl, wo11.lrl, or slwulrl lJ c writlm.
Thou m.ip,1itst., rouldst, woulrlst, or s!w111rlst
be wrillm .

He might, could, would,
written.

r
.I

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f:
'

Plural.

Singular.
FmsT P ERSON."
SECOND PER SON.
T111RD Pr:Rso:-<.

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I

P Rf.SENT TE NSJ: .

Plural.

FmsT PERSON.
Sc coN D PEnsoN .
TumD PERSON.

.

OT

should be

[;0

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

l'l:OGJtESSlVE EXERCISES IN

1
j

'

Plural.

Frn s·r

PERSON.

SECOND

T111no

PEnsoN.

PERSON.

We 111ig1tt, could, would, or sltould be
written.
Ye or you might, could, would, or slwuld
be written.
They might, could, would or should · be
1crifll'lt.

~

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

This mood has no tense, and only one person, namely, i. hc
second.
T1e tho11 wr-ittrn, or do thn11 '"' 11'/'iNrn.

J
,

'~

PERFECT TENSE.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Its ~igns arc may ltave been, can ltave been, or must ltave iun.

PRESF.NT TlcNSE .

Sing ular.
F11~sT

I may, can, or must ltave been written.

Tmn.D PERSON.

Thou mayst, canst, or 111ust ltave been
written.
He may, can, or must have been written.

PEn sox .
S1:coxo PEnsox.

To be written.

PEJlF ZC T

TE NSE .

To have been zm·itten.
Plural.
FrnsT PEH SO N .

S1:coND
Ti!l!ll)

PmrnoN.

PEH SON.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

PARTICIPLES.

Being written.
'fVritt en.
!laving been zcritt en.

SECOND PERSON.

T11mo

PERSON.

Plural.
FmsT P1msoN.
S ECOND

P En so!\'.

Tnmu Pr-: It SON.

We might , could, would, or should have
been written.
Y c or you miglit, could, would, or sltould
liavr. br.rn written.
They 111ig lit, could, would, or slwulrl liave
been 1critt cn.

I

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1.
i!

1
I

Singular.

I might, could, would, or should lwve been
written.
Thou miglttst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst
have been written.
He rnigltt, could, would, or should ha•;c
been written.

l

I•

Prese nt,
Perfect,
Compound Perfect,

It s sign s are mig ltt have been, could have been, would have
ban, or should ltavc been.
FmsT PEnsoN.

I

i

vVe m.ay, can , or must have been written.
Y c or you may, can, or must lwve been
written.
They may , can , or must have been Wl'itlen .

!I

SYNOPSIS OF THE IRREGULAR PASSIVE VERB
TO BE WRITTEN.
INDICATIVE MOOD.

;I ..

I
I

·, 1.
1:

Pr.e sent,
· Imperfect,
Perfect,
Plupe rfect,
Future,
Future Perfect,

I
I
I
I
I
I

am written.
was written.
ltave bttn written.
had been written.
shall or will be written.
shall or will lwue been 1crill .. :1 .

'f
I:

i

!

I

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60

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

If I be written.
If I were written.
lf I have been written.
If I had been written.
If I s!t aTl or 1l'i1l l1 ,, 1rriffrn .
If I shall or wit! !w ee bcm
written.

P resent,
I mperfect,
Perfect,
Pluperfect,
F uture,

Future Perfect,

61

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

PROGRESSI VE .EXERCISES JN

The horse rears. Trees live. Cats scratch. The wind
ceased. The girls played. The bov talked. The child
learned. Charles has played. The 'bells have tolled. A
lamb has bleated. Jane has studied. The carriage had
The dogs had growled.
passed. Monkeys will mimic.
Horses will neigh. A man will have dined. Money will
corrupt. Boys will play. -The man will have gone.
TENTH

RUI.E

01~

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1

j

SY XTA X .

~

:

j

POTENTIAL MOOD.

WHEN

TWO

OR

MORF.

NOMINA'l'IVF.S, IN '!'!IE

NUMBER, ARE JOINED TOGETHER BY THE

I
I
I
I

Present,
Imperfect,
Perfect,
Pluperfect,

may, can, or must be written.
might, could, would, or should be written.
may, can, or must have been 1;;ritten.
might, could, would, or should have been
written.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Be thou written, or do thou be written.
INFINITIVE MOOD. .

Present,
Perfect,

To be written.
To have been written.

SINGUI.AR

CONJUNCTION

and,

THE VERBS, NOUNS, AND PRONOUNS, AGREEING WITH THE:"\1 1
MUST BE I N THE PLURAL NUMBER .

Parse tlte following sentences, and apply tlte above rule.

John, J ames, and Joseph, have arrived. Ignorance and
negligence are not commendable.
Wisdom, virtue , and
happiness, dwell with the golden mediocrity. The learned
and the ignorant may be exposed to misfortunes. The time
and place for the conference were determined . Precept and
discipline are important to youth. Diligence, industry, and
proper improvement of time, are imperative on all. The boy
and the girl were present. His father, mother, brother, sister, and cousin, went into the country with him. Air and
exercise were found useful.

PARTICIPLES.

P resent,
Perfect,
Compound Perfect,

Being written.
Written.
!laving been written.

ELEVENTH RULE OF SYNTAX.

'fIIE VERB

AND ITS NOMINAT I VE !\!UST BE OF 'l'HE SAl\IE

PERSON AND NUMB.EH.

Parse the followiTlg smtences, and apply the above rule,
both to t11c verb and the nominative.

.John runs. Henry walked. Carol ine obeyed. The man
shall work. The boys will play. I walk. John moves.

I
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l,

I
1

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NEUTER AND PASSIVE VERBS l\!AY HAVE THE SAME CASE
AFTER THEM AS BEFORE THEM, WHEN BOTH WORDS REPRESENT
THE SAME THING.

NINTH R U LE OF SYNTAX.

• 1

'"

Parse tlie following sentences, and apply the above rnlc.

John is an industrious scholar. Wash ington was the first
president of the United States. Thomas Jefferson was the
author of the Declaration of Independence. Geography is a
description of the earth. Grammar is the art of speaking
and writing corrP-ctly. The man shall be called the protector of innocence. She was named Mary. Homer is styled
the prince of poets. James was created a duke. He died
6

1:

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~ .. £

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62

63

ENGLIS H GltAMMAlt.

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES I!-1

a martyr'· to the cause. He shall return the ornam ent of his
company. George appears the be8t scholar in his class.
Ifo was called CIBsar. Physiologists are th e stud ent s of na~ure's laws. Youth i ~ th e season of improvement. Diligence,
mdustry, and proper improvement of time, are materi al duties
of th e young .

Parse tlie following sentences, and apply t!te above rule.

r·

OR UNDERSTOOD .

I

,

II

•

T.n1·rr!.
1 /11ri 11g h1·1·11 f1111rrl.

THIRTEENTH RULE OF SYNTAX.

. T etz t!tc participles in tlte f ollowing sentences, and wlticlt of
tltem are used as ac[jectives.

The sun, vicegerent of his power,
Shall rend the veil of parting night.

They have
no number nor person; but, like verbs they have tenses and
like adjectives, they belong to some n~un, or pronoun. '
'
90. There a r ~ '.hree P:irticiples; the Prese nt Participle,
the Perfect Participle, and the Compound Perfect Partici·
pie; as,

B eing loved.

P r rfr rt ,

PAllTI CIPLE S BELONG TO NO UNS OR PRONOU NS , EX PRE SSE D

Fair star of eve, thy lucid ray
Directs my thoughts to realms on high.

89. Participles are words derived from verbs.

Present P ass ive,

!)J . Th e parti ciple is di s!i11rr11i ;d1e<l from th e adj <'c tin? by
expressing th e idea of tim e, aud g cucrally sis ui fy iug an action, whil e th e adj ective exprnsses on ly a cinality ; a s , A wh eel
moving rapidly. H ere th e word moving is a parti cipl e, because it signifi es an action . But in th e expression, A moving wh eel, the word mouing is an adj ective, bec au se it tells
th e kind of wheel.

ACTIVE VE RBS GOVERN THE OBJEC'rIVF. CASE.

PARTICIPLES.

Loving.
Lov ed.
I-laving loved.

Co111po1rn1l P erfec t ,

TWELFTH RULE OF SYNTAX.

John struck Charles. George follow ed Mary . Caroline
has c alled John. A robber had killed the travell er. The
lamp-lighter will light th e l ~mps . The carriage shall pass
the school-house. The children had desert ed th e mall.
John will have gathered th e appl es. The clock marks th e
h?urs. The ar tist has finished his painting. Earth comp1etes h~r yearly . course. _We descry Jupiter's orb. :Mars
makes his revol ut1on . J up1ter takes greater limits. Twelve
long years declare his bound s.

Prese nt A ctive,
P erfe ct,
Compound Perfect,

J

'

A boy reading his book.
A book read by the hoy.
George having read his book. The book bein g read. The
note having heen read. H enry mov ing in haste. A moving
carriage.
The lesson h av in g bee n rec ited, and th e boys
being di smissed. The note brought by th e boy . The ship
sailing in th e ri ve r. The c arri age drawn by fo ur horses.
Th e piece spoken by Charles. The garm ent made by the
tai lor. A walking image. A painted picture. A pi cture
painted by the artist. A runnin g fi ght. The boys were
running. A writing-book, and a g irl writing in it. A
speaking figur e, of which th e boy was speak in g.
FOURTEE N TH RULE OF SYNT AX .
THE

PRESENT AND COMPOUND PERFE C'r

PARTI CI PLES

OF

A CTIVE VERBS GO VE RN THE OBJE CT I VE CASE.

Pm·sr. tlir. follmoing sentences, and apply tlt e above rule.

J 9hn, havin g finished th e book, retu rn ed. it to George.
Mary was writin g a letter. Th e water was weari ng th e

64

E:\ GLfS !l Gll A:IDL\R.

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

Positive, Soon;
P ositi ve , Ojicn;
Positi ve , Pur ;
P o ~ iti v e , liVell;
Positive, iliuc!t;

ston es. The master was hea ring th e lesson . The boys,
having recited th eir lessons, were dism issed. The soldiers
were forming a line. The commander was watching th eir
m otions. The g irls were reading useful boo ks.
92 . Parti c iples are fr equen tly used as noun s. They are
then calle d Verbrtl, or Participial 1Y o 11n.< ; as, R rading is

Comp:irative, Sooner;
Com parat ive , O.fi cncr;
Com parat ive, P cfftlttr;
Com parativ e, B1:ll!:r;
Comparative, il.lurc ;

C:5

Supe rlativ e, Soonest.
Supc: rl a tiH\ U.fin1 cst.
S upcrl atir e , Fm·tlu st.
Superl at ire , B est.
S ul' crl at iv e, illvsl.

u ~eru L

Positi ve, lViscly;
C ornpara ti1·c , 11lvrc 1Fi.;dy;
Supe rlati ve , jJ[ust TVisdy.
FIFTEENTH RULE OF SYNTAX.

A

9G. An ad verb may be kn own by its answerin g the qu est.ion, How? How much? ·whe n ? or Where? as, S he
dances gracefully. N ow, if any one asks the qu estion, .flow
d oes she dance? th e an8wer is, G1·acrfully . The refo re th e
word gracefully is an adve rb.

PAl<TI CIPIAL NOUN, DERIVED FROM.AN ACTIVE VERB, lllAY

GOYERN TllE OllJECTIVE CASE.

Parse tlte follozoing sentences , and apply the above rule.
John was se nt to prepa re th e way, by preaching repe ntance.
H e is employed in writ ing letters. Good pupils take delig ht
in studying the ir lessons. The master is pleased with teac hing sue h pupils.
riting com position is not so diffi c ult as
m any are fond of rep rese nting it. P lay ing ball is a healthy
and agreeable exe rc ise. The commande r was watching
th e ir motions. \. The boys were employ ed in rec iting their
declamations. The g irls were occupied in dressing their
dolls. The cars on th e rail-road we re used for tra nsporting
m erch an d ise.
It is not on account of having killed the
L ernean se rpent, th at Cad mus boasted of hav ing benefited
Greece. You should honour them for presenting so noble a
r ecreation to heroes.

S I XTE EN TH R U LE

'V

OF SYNTAX .

ADVERBS QUALIFY VERns , PART I C IPLE S , ,\DJ EC Tl\. F.S, ADVERBS, AND SOMET I J\IES OTHER W O RDS.

[To parse an adverb is to co mp are it., to tell what word it
qualifi es, and to g ive th e rul e.]

Parse tlte adverbs in tltc folluwing sentences.

ADVERBS.
93. Adve rbs are word s joined to ve rb s, and som etim es to
other wo rd s, to express so me quality or circum stance of
tim e, place, or m ann e r, respecting th em; as, Ann speaks
distin ctly . J ohn ca me quickly . W!icncc comest tho u ?
!J-1 . Some adverbs, like adjectives, have three deg rees of
comparison, n amely , the Positive, Comparatire, and Superlative; as,

l

P ete r wept bitterly. S he went away yesterday. Th ey
c ame to-day. You shall kn ~ w here after. Sh e s un g m o~ t
sweetly . .Ma ry rose up hastil y.
Cai n wi c.kedlv sle w his
brother. H e is a very good man. Ile spea ks rno"r e corr ec tly. Ile was mos t a tte ntively med ita tin g . H e cond ucte d
very improperly. Ile is ne ar ly upon th e top of th e hill.
You re ad too lit tle. The ship 1rn s tlri rt' ll a ~ h or e . L et h11n
speak fr eely. The ofte ner you rea d alte nti1·e ly, th e more
you will improve . Th en th ey we re g lad . Th ey talk too
much. J ames acted wi~ e l y. All mu st <lie, soone r or lat.e r.
I saw him long ago. H e nry slee ps sounrll y. G oo r g c~ rnrn~in g
h astil y , fe ll down an<l hurt hi mse lf se ve rely. I ~c e hi m ofte n,
b.ut my brot he r secs him oft ener . Il e s wam quite across the
ri ver.

L

I

.... ..:..

-

....-;

!'li'i. J\ d \' crLs e ndin g in ly a rc c onqi:tri ·•l liy J>l:i c.i11g 111urr
a nd 111u.<l ill: l;nc t hc1n ; ;1s ,

,.,,.

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1

66

NINETEENTH RULE

THE INFINITIVE MOOD.
97. The Infinitive Mood of a verb has th e sign to before
it, expressed or understood.

67

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

J'!<OGRESSIVE EXEltCISES IN

OF

SYNTAX.

TIIE I NF INITIVE l\IOOD IS SOMETIMES USED A S THE NOMINATIVE TO A VERB, AND MAY HAVE AN ADJECTIVE AGREl::lNG
WITH IT.

SEVENTEENTH RULE OF SYNTAX.
THE INFINITIVE MOOD MAY BE GOVERNED BY A VERB, A
PARTICIPLE, A NOUN, OR AN ADJECTIVE.

Parse tlie following words in the infi11itive mood, and apply
the above rule.
They have a desire to learn. She had the wisdom to perform her duty. H e has no wish to contend. Children h ave
many opportunities to learn. It is a story easy to be told.
H e was ready to perform his duty. I am now ready to be
offered up, and the time to depart is at hand. The benevolent Howard loved to relieve the affiicted. H e might have
struggled to regain th e shore. I ex pected to share his fate.
You say that there is but one way to worship and serve the
Great Spirit. How do we know this to be true ? Pope was
not content to satisfy; he desired to excel ; and therefore always endeavour ed to do his best. H e directed his course to
the city of Pekin, impatient to enjoy the caresses of his wife,
his children, and his fri ends. He was preparing to go.
They were striving to excel. He was attempting to persuade them. John was learning to declaim. We should be
prepared to render an account of all our actions.
EIGHTEENTH RULE OF SYNTAX.

to, AF'l'ER
dare, need, make, see, !tear, f eel, let, AND A

Parse the following word.>, and apply the rule.
To see is pl easa nt. To live soberly, righteously, and
temperately, is th e duty of all. To obey our parents is a
solemn duty. To be ashamed of th e practice of virtue marks
a feeble and imperfect character. To steal is to break th e
eighth commandment. To promote the purity of our mind s
and bodies is enjoined by every moral law. To do good
constitutes the great principle of virtue. To will is present
with me. To tell falsehood is wicked. To endeavour to
promote the happiness of other_s is very commendable.
TWENTIETH RULE OF SYNTAX.
THE INFINITIVE MOOD IS SOMETIMES USED AS THE

on.rnc-

TIVE CASE, GOVERNED llY AN ACTIVE VF.Rll, OR A l'ltEl'OS lTIO N .

Parse tlwfollowing words, and apply the rule.
Boys love to play. To perform that which is good I find
not. .Mary dislikes to' read. John does not des ire to improve. The ship was about to sail. He was about to spring.
H e was able to do little, excepting to talk. She sought
nothing, save to free herself from reproach.

Tim INFINITIVE MOOD IS USED WITHOUT ITS SIGN
THE VERns bid,
FEW OTHERS.

Parse tlie words in tlte infinitive mood in tlte following sentences, and apply the above rule.
I bid him do it. He dares not venture out alone. You
need not trouble yourself. He made me turn my attention
to the subject. You shall see him return. John heard his
brother tell the story. I felt the building tremble, by the
viol ence of the gale. Lord, now lettest thou thy servant
depart in peace.

TWENTY-FIRST RULE OF

SYNTAX.

TuE INFINITIVE MOOD IS MADE ABSOLUTE WHEN IT SUPPLI ES THE PLACE OF THE CONJUNCTION

that,

WlTII Tim 1'0-

TENTIAL MOOD.

Parse tlie following sentences.
To confess th e truth , I was in fault. To conclude, I will
make the following remark. Earth shall claim thy growth,
to be resolved to earth again. Thou shalt go to mix forever
with the element s, to be a brother to the insensible rock and

...

..,

GS

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES 11';

to the sluR"gish clod. To speak of nothing else ,· the arrival of
the Engli: h ,.a ppeared portentous. To be plain, I cannot
pre1·cnt 1t. Io shvw you th e wa_v, I will precede you . To
convmce you of my since rity, I wi1i repea t the assertion . To
he correct in our conclusions, we mu st carefully examine
both sides of the question. To appear we ll in company, we
mu st study the happiness of others as well as our own.
TWENTY-SECOND

RULE OF SYNTAX.

Parse tlte foll>wing words, in tlir. infinitive mood.
.A 1\I~s suiman be li_eves Mahome t to be a true prophet. vVe
thmk l11m to be an impostor. They requ es tc:I him to come.
He direc ted me to go home. .The teacher requ es ted him to
t ake Ills s"at. The commander ordered the soldiers to march.
The oflicer commanded the troops to hy down th e ir arms.
v\' e .wi sh his ins tructions to be obeyed. He se nt hi s son, to
receive the papers.

TIIE

I NF INITIVE

JUNCTIONS

titan

OR

MOOD

RVLE OF SYNTAX.
SOMETIMES

FOLLOWS

THE

PHRASES.

98. A phrase consists of two or more words .
99. Phrases which perform the office of adverbs, are called
Adverbial Phrases; as, In fine, meaning finally; In general, meanincr generally; Eve1·y wlu;re; 1Vu wlwrc, &c.
100. Phr~ses which perform the office of prepositions, are
called .Prrpositional P !tr ascs , or compound prepositions; as,

Out of, .From before, Frum beltind.

THE INFINITIVE MOOD SOMETIMES FOLLOWS AN OBJECTIVE
CASE.

T'VENTY -THIRD

69

ENGLISH Gll!l.MMAR.

CON-

as.

Parse tlte following sentences.
They desired . nothing more than to receive their wages.*
He w1 ~ h c d 11otl1111g su much as to know th e truth. It was
so hi g h as to be illvisible. His explanation was so cl e<)r as
to astoni sh his hearers. The rema rk was so sinrruiar as to
su; prise us. It was a lesso n so difficult as to pe"'r plex I'nost
pupils. Nothing is more delightful than to see youth in the
di sc harge of their duty.

.

101. Phrases which perform the office of interjections, are
call ed Inte1jectional Phrases; as, Good lteav en ! JJ[crcy
on us !
102. Phrases which perform the office of nouns, are called
Substantive Phrases ; as, 1-Iis having been unfortunate is no
disgrace.
103. Adverbial phrases are parsed like ad1·erbs. Prcposition~l.~Qd;i'rases are parsed like prepositions. Inte rjectional
phrases · are parsed like interjections. Substantive phrases
are parsed like nou~.

Parse the following sentences, in wkiclt tltc above p!trascs
occur.
M ercy oa us ! the sun has burst from behind the clouds.
He placed the trees tos> far apart. His having studied his
lesson is the reason o( his appearing so well. Good heaven !
how eventful was .her life! Go to! you are not, Cassius.
Out upo"1T him ! }i-t -was a great hindrance to his be ing useful.
He was here a few days ago. His task was perform ed in th e
best manner possible. Their voluntarily contributmg their
most precio~s; jewels, saved the city from beillg burnt. And
from before.~e :lustre of her '.ace the white clouds break
away. By·and py, the moon Wiii appear from above those
clouds. ·... ,;·
·
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

" Tn sentcnc!'s of this kind, the infinitive is properly governed by
Ily ·supply ing the !'Jlipsis, it can easily be ascertain ed what th!' gov!'rning word i•. Thus, the sentence, " Th ey
1lrs1rcd notlun_f( more llwn, fo rcccirc their 1cct"cs," b!'oomcs with the
ellip sis s uppli f' d 111 cy dr·sirr:d 11othi11g more t/u;,t tlwy <lc sirccl' /n rtccivc
tluir 11·11.! frs; in wldc h ca,;e thP infinit ive is manifestly govern ed by the
verb d csuctl, accordrng lo the sc ve11tcc nth rule.
Home word undNstood .

1

104. The words liV/io, liVkich, liV?iat, and Tltat, arc called
Relative Pronouns, when th ey relate to some word or phrase
before or after them.
105. The word or phrase to which a relative pronoun relates, is called the antecedent, when it is placed before the
relativ e.

... - )..... ·

. . ••

\. '\,/ ,f

70

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

ENGLISH GRA)D!AR.

T ell tltc antecedents of tltc relatives in tltefollowi11g sC11tcnccs.

I have been to see the wild an im als that were im oo rt c d in the
sh ip which h as jus t arrive d. G ood c hildr e n will 'not associate
wit h "those whose conduc t is wick e d. Th e boy w ho:;c leioL:rn
is we ll employed, is happi e r tha11 he (i s ) who i11dul g rs vi c i r .i1 ~
inclination s which lead him astr ay. The pupil th a t s tudies
this lesso n atten tiv e ly, will und e rs tand th e co 11 ::lru c t io 11 of
th o ~ e word s which gra mmarian " c1d l relatil't' prnn n •t:: ~.
!'.luc h w ill be expec te d from th e rn lo 11110111 11111c l1 i., :_:i. , i i.
Fea r God and ke ep hi s commandm e nt s, \\ hi c h is t.he 'il'ho!c
duty of man. I, who spca !{ fr o m expe ri e nce, caut io n yo u ,
who m I esteem as (I estee m) my fri e nd, to avo id t.li e ex1:111 ple of him who tak es not wi sdom for hi s g uid e . '.l'o 1r\iom
sh all I send th e book? To my bro th e r. Th e h o urs in 11 l1id1
\\'e tak e active exe r cise a re not to be con s ider e d as th o ~' e ( a re
consid e re d) which a re lost. She that would be happy s hou ld
ue virtuou s. Avoid those thin gs which ar e injuriou s. The y
who see k wi sdom will certa inl y find it. Thi s is th E'- fri e n d
wh om I love. Th a t is the vice whi c h I h ate. Th e m oo n
wh ich rose last night was round as my s hie ld ( was round).
Thou, wh o w as t a witn ess of th e facl, canst g iv e an accoun t
Th e tiaer is a
o f it. The child that was lost is found.
beJ st of pr ey that destroys without pity. W e , who a;e h ere,
were present yesterday.

The m a n is happy who li ves virtuou sly. The boy who
lol'Cs lea rni11 g, will study. The thin g which yo u have in
yo ur hand, is the same (thing) that th e maste r took fr om th e
g irl that s at ir. th e seat which s tood n e ar th e window. Give
rnc one o f th e peac hes whi c h yo u bought o f th e re ta il e r who
i;its in th e mark et. H e is the per ~n n th at tnlrl me t hr s tnn.
This is th e hat that 1 bou g ht. There is th e pe n which h ;s
j •1:. t bee n m e nd e d. H e that acts wi sely de se rv es pr<tise .
Id .1 d :~3 ty is a qu a lity th <i.t hig hly adorns a woman.
The shi p
wlii c h brough t my brother hom e, likew ise brou rr ht th e me lo ns
·,r!i ic h I se nt you. Honour thy fath er and mo~he r, wh ich is
tl;e fi rs t comm andm e nt with promise.

lOG. When rel a tiv e pronouns are used in as king qu estion s,
they are call ed Interroga tive Pronoun s, an<l th e word or
p h ra se to which th ey relate is contain e d in the answer and
is calle d th e .rnbseqzrmt.
~· '
T ell tlie subsequents in the f ollowing sentences.
'Vho is that? It is J o hn. Wh at ha ve yo u in your h a nd?
A top . 'W hose boo ks are th ese ? Th ey arc Harri e t's. Of
whom did you buy them ? Of a bookse ll er . ' V l1i ch of the
t wo ll'll S guilty? The younger son. \ Vhat was hi s answer?
My fath e r se nt m e.
TWENTY-FOURTH RULE OF SYNTAX .
RELATIVE PflONOU NS ~JUST BE OF THE SAME PE!l~ON, NUMDEP., A ND GENDEH, A S TI! E IR ANTE Ct.D l·: NTS Ofl SUBSE QUENTS.

[To p:irsc a r elativ e pronoun, is to t e ll its.antecedent or
subsequ e nt, its p erso n, number, gender, case, and th e rule
or rul es of sy ntax whi c h apply to it.]
·

P arse tlte relative pronouns in the fultowin.;'sentences. i~
A m oth e r, who r cganls he r offspring, will endeavour to
correc t th e faults which she discove rs in th e m. The fath e r ,
who s in ce re ly studies the inte rest of hi s ch ildre n, will see
th e y arc ins tructed in th ose thin gs whi c h will be use ful to
t hem. P a re nts, wh o:<e c hildr e n arc too much in du lrred arc
f el rl o m happy in them. \Ve s ho uld do goo d not only
i'h osc
11·ho do goo d to us, but also to those who injur e us. Th e unfe e ling care not (w ho th e pe rsons ar c ) wh o m th e y oflc11cl.
Thi s i ~ th e 111a11 that bro ug ht th e mes>nge 11·l1i c h w as se nt.

to

~ I I '!t r ·1 tl1."

thnl g o1·er11s

rrlali1:r ]Jromum is i 11 the ohjeclfrc

ca.~·",

i! com ~s before the vcr j

'

L e t not the swee test blossom be e xposed,
That nature boasts, to night' s unkindly damp.
The breath of ni g ht's (night is ) d estructive to the hue
Of eve ry flower that blows.
Give to Repose the solemn hour (whic h) she claims.
Oh ! there is a charm
That morning hns, that gives (to) the brow of age
A smack of youth, and makes the lip of youth
Breathe perfumes exquisite. Expect it not,
Ye, who, till noon, upon a down-bed lie,
Indulging fe1•eri sh sleep, or, wak e fol, dr e am
Of h app in ess (which) no mor ta l heart has felt
But in the regions of romance.
The resolutio n was adopted without much d eliberntion,
whi c h caused g reat di ssatisfaction.

1l .

~- --~-----··-

72

73

PROGRESS IVE EXERCISES IN

E NGI.l Sll GIL\:l!M A R.

W ere any (person s) present who saw the tr~ns action !
Practise obedi en ce to your parents, to whose affection ate care
you owe your support and yo ur edu cation .

The children were very disorderly , whi ch caused the
teacher much pain.

O th ou, P arn assus, whom I n ow survey!
Happier in this than mightiest bards hav ~ been,
\Vl 1o ce f:tte to <li stant hnn: C'i co 11 fi 11c1] th e ir lot,
Sh :il l J , n 11 mnv cd, be hold t he hallo1n• tl sce ne
lVhich others rave of, though they know it not ·1
Who bade the sun
C lothe yo n with rainbows 1 ·who, wi th lovely flowers
Of li ving blue, spread g arl ands at your fee t 1
.
Goo ! Goo ! th e torrents, like (unto) a shout of nations,
Utter.
Y e drcadl css flowers, that frin ge the etern al fr ost!
Ye wild goats, bounding by the eag.le's nest!
Y e carries play mates of the mountnm blast!
Utter fo rt!; Goo , and fill th e hills with praise.
And thou, 0 silent form, alone and bare,
Whom as I lift arra in my head, bowed low
In sile1;t adoratio~, I again behold,
Aw ake ! thou mountain form .

[The relative pronoun sometimes has for i ts antecedent, .or
subsequent, a substantive phrase, o.r a part of .a sentence, .instead of a particular word; as will be seen in tlte following
examples. ]
This block of marbl e rests on two laye rs of stone, bound
together with lead, which, however, has not prevented the
Arabs from for c ing out several of th em.
The boys left their seats without permission, which was
highly improper.
I wish to see his book, which may convince me that he has
taken pains with his writing.
She rose very early, which gave her time to prepare herself for the duties of the morning.
How often we see virtue in distress! which should con\·in cc us that th ere is another world, in which the virtuous
will be rewarded.

Yo ur books arc no t well arranged, whic h shows th at yo u
a.re careless in your h abi ts.
Som et imes the antecedent of a relati1·e prono un is nnd er-·
1'.'lii<"l t c: 11t c'f' 'i c:1n ·l1· c''i "r i11 ;i ll<· J! t i1<' p11 1• il c 111u;; h

~ tn,, tl ,

pn jll• :x1t y .
I

Doi ng lo oth ers as we wish t hem to do to 11 s , ( 11·hiclc \rn
are expressly directed by Scripture to do,) constitutes th e
fomlamc ntal pri1\ ciplc ol' C hristi an char ity, whic h is t he
greatest of Christian virt ues.
W hose books arc tl1 csc ? They a rc .John's. Of whom did
he buy them 1 Of S mi th, th e book seller. T o whom was she
m ar ried 1 T o my fri end 's brother.

In tlte f olluwing sentences, tlt e a11 tcrw lc11 ls and subscquwts are
undcrst cod.
Who does the best hi s c ircumstance allows,
Does well , acts n obly ; angels could (d o)· no more.
W ho would in suc h a gloo my state remain
L onger th an n atu re cr aves 1
Who li ves to heaven, ra rely can be poor;
Who li ves to fan cy, n ever can be ri ch.
vVho brand s me on the fo rehead, breaks my sword ,
Or lays th e bloody scourge upo n my back ,
W rongs me not half so much as he (wrongs me) who shuts
Th e g ates of honour on me.
"Who's (who is) here so base that wo ul d be a bondm an?
vVho's here so rud e, th at would not be a R oman ?
" ' ho's here so vile, that will not lo1·e his country 1
The first thought of a Y ankee far mer, on coming to the years
of manhood, is to settle hi mself in th e wo rlcl ,-whi ch means
nothiu g more th an to begin his ram bles. H is whole fa mil y,
household furn iture, and farmin g utensils, arc ho isted into a
covered cart, his owr1 and wi fe' s wardrobe pac ked up in a
firkin , whi ch (be ing ) done , he should ers hi s axe , tak es sta ff
iu his hand , and trud ges off to th e woods.
. U c went to bed quite restless, and eve n forgot to put out
his candl e, whi ch , at other times, he neve r omitted.
7

/

.

74

75

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN

Oh, where are tl1ey, whose all that earth could give,
Beneath these senseless marbles disappeared?
'Vhcre (arc) even they, who taught these stones to grieve;
(Where arc) The hands that hewed th em, and th e hearts
that reared?
Such (are) the poor bounds of all that's (that is) hoped or fear ed,
Within the griefs and smil es of this short day.

107. The word That is sometimes an arlj cclivc pronoun ,
sometimes a rclatil'C pronoun, and sometim es a conjunction .
[S ec the list of the adjective pronouns, th e relativepronouns,
and the cmvunctions.]
108. The word T!tat is an adjective pronoun, when it is
followed immediately by a noun which it points out, and to
which it belongs; as, See that boy. Give me that book.
10\J. The word Th.at is a rdativ c pronoun, whe n it can be
changed into who or wltic!t, without alte rin g the me anin g ; as,
H e that (or who) acts wisely deserves prai se. From e very
thing th.at (whi c h) you sec , derive inst.ru c tion.
110. The word Th at is a conjunction, \\'he n it joins sentences together, and cannot be ch ang ed into who or which,
without destroying the sense; as, I read, that I may learn .
Take care that eve ry day be well employed.
T ell wltat tlie word

THAT

is in tlicfollowhig sentences.

He that does well, shall be rewarded. Promise nothing
that you cannot perform . Study well, that you may recite
correctly. Take care that you are not late at school. That
book must be carefully read . That girl is discreet. That
boy that is in that seat may rise, that I may see him. Modesty is a quality that highly adorns a woman. Be careful
that you offend no one.
The pupil that c :in und e rstand the sentence that foll ows,
is on e, that his teache r will commend for dilige ntly studying
his lesson :-That TJB T, that that boy said that he could parse,
is not that THAT, that that teacher, that sits in that des k, selected, that he might understand w~eth e r that boy could
ascertain when THAT is a relative pronoun, when it is an
adjecti\'c pronoun, and wh en it is a conjunction .
[Jn the above sentence, the word that in capital letters, is
a noun.]

I 1 I. The words T1'1iicli and

arc adj ectirc pronouns
when they arc immediately followed by a noun, which they
lfT/iat

-

point out, and to which they belong; as, T1Vliat cau se have
you to complain?
f-V!ticli book did he bring ?
1 !2. Th e word TV !iat is call ed a compo11 11d relativ e pro noun, including both th e antecede nt and the rel ati ve, wl1 cn
it can be c han ged into t!tat w!tidi, or those w!t ir!t; a nd it is
fr eriu ently used in two case:; at th e s:mic ti: ne; one ns th e
:u 111 :f-.1:dc 11t , :inil 1!11 ~ n t.h e r a:-i a r 1:l::i.i r 1: prt 111u1111: il :-= . ! li:1ve
J1ca rrl 1clu1t (t lwl 1rhirh) 11·a,; ,- ;1id. 11 1· li•rg"•l '"' " ' ' .. r tlw
lines, but repeated what (t!to .;c 11:/i.ich) he re111c rn be rcd.

I' arsc tlw folto wing scntcna s, in whid i lite words \ V111 :- ll "'u l
vVHAT are used according to th e principlts stated in iVos.
111 and 112.

What flo ods of spl endour, (what) burst::; of jocund diu,
s tart led the slumbering te nants of th ese shad es ! Wh at warlike pageants have ye see n! ' Vhic h book will yo u take ·? E e
r ck tccl what was see n. I neither kn e w what I 1r :is, 1rherc
I was, nor from whence I came. I ope ned my eyes; 11..ha t
an increase of sensation! Lo ! th ese arc what God has se t
befo re th ee. \Vh at his mind could s uppl y at call , was all that
he so ug ht. I cannot hear what you say. Show (to) me
what you have in your hand.
S ink, mean memorials of what cannot di e.
vVhat stronger breastplate (is there) than a heart untainted ·1
\Vh at is any human being, old or young, without virtu e ?
'Vh at sighs have bee n wafted afte r that ship! w ·hat
pray e rs have bee n offered up at the deserted fir esid e of
home!

•'

Vifhat god but enters yon forbidd e n field-Look to what the wate rs produ ce. These arc so happy
th ey know not what to do with th e msch·es. S11ppo,;e , tli e11,
wh at the re is no reason to doubt, each individual of this numbe r to be in a state of positive e njo yme nt; wh at a sum, col]ect ir cly, of gratification and pleasur e have we here be fore
our eyes !
Ama z in~ ! W'hat do I sec ! I ll'e nt to pa y what J hacl
vowed. 'Vhat makes you come ba ck '! To du what is ri g ht
arg ues suµ eriour taste as well as morals.

-.:

.:1 1""~

'i
lf

I!

IiJ!I
:1 ·

I ll

1'
l·

.rW
Iii
1 l1i
·•'
• Hl

76

l'ROGRESSIVE

EXERCISES

IN

ENGLrS ll

What warlike pageants have ye seen, what trains of captives , and what h eaps of spoil !
What (plural number) mak e you from Wittenberg, Horatio 1
This is what I call having taste and sentiment.
"\Yhi ch of t hese lessons do you li ke the best.
H o w dar 'st thou look on that prophetic sky,
.And seek to save what ;:]] thi ngs else conde mn?
·what is your affair in Ebiuore?

113. A noun of multitud e is a noun whi ch ex presses one
thin g consisting of several indi vidu als; as, A scltool, a fle et,
a n army.
TWENTY · FIFTII RULE OF SYNTAX.
' VHEN A NOUN OF MULTITUDE CONVEYS

unity

OF ID EA, THE

VERIJS AND l'RO N O UNS A GR EE I NG IVITII IT MUST DE OF TU E
singu lar NUMBER.

1\ fl nc.k of ~hrrp were driven to sLu1 g ht.er. Th r fl oc k
\Ye re rn1111i11 g in d1lforent di n..: ct1011 ,;. L il>l'rt.y ;d1011ld ri ·:!,. Ji
every indi vid ua l o f a peop le, as th ey al l ~ h are 01w co111111011
11at 1ire. A pa rt o f these colo11 ies th e n fel t th e fata l cal:11 11it1 c~
o!' fi re and swo rd . A pa rt of the se t01rn s had bee n i11 corperntcd . A p eople thu s e nlig hte n ed are always ca refu l to sec ure th e ir rig hts a nd privileges. A pa rt, who did no t respect
th e authority of th e ir officers, iu sult cd the m on th e parade .
The Romish c hur c h diffo rs much fr o m t he Protes ta nt.
Wh a t party is that wh ich despises th e co ns t itu ted authoriti es ,
and pretends to mak e Jaws for itsel f? Wh e n all hi s father's
hou se heard it, they we nt down to see him. A fir e was
kind led against Ja co b, and a nge r came up a lso aga ins t I srael,
beca use th ey beli eved n ot in God, though he h ad rained
down manna upon th e m.

plurality

'l'll E VERUS AND PRONO UNS AGREEING WITH

plural

~
. ·~

~

OF IDEA,

IT M US T

UUT I S PLA CED DEFO RE A PARTI C IPLE, IT I S CALLE D TllE

NOMINATIVj': CASE AD SOLU 'l'E .

BE IN

NUMBER.

[Plurality of id ea means tltat it expresses several tltings

separately considered.]

7'.....

TWENTY-SEVE N'I'H RULE OF SYNT A X.

rr,

TH E

77

WH EN A NOM I NATIVE CASE HAS NO VEllil TO A GREE IVITIT

T""\VE NTY - SIXTH RULE OF SYNTAX.
'VII EN A NOUN OF MULTITUDE CONVEYS

"U IL

th a t the judges with diffi c ulty mad e th e ir way throu g h it.
The British uati on is great au<l ge nero us. The co 111p cu1 y is
asse mbled; it is composed of pe rsons possessin g ve ry differe nt
se ntim e nts. A herd of cattle peace fully graz ing , affords a
pleasi ng sight.

[Unity of id e a means tltat it expresses several things united-

ly considered. J

GJL \ ~ I

·

Parse tlte following sentences, and apply the T went21-fiftli and
T wenty- sixtlt Rules of Syntax.
The council, wh ich m e t at th e state-ho use, were n ot una11imou s. The p<trl iament w as di ssolved. The fl eet was see n
sa ilin g up th e ri ve r. The ll cet h<1.v c all arrived. The reg im e 11t co n sists of a thou sa nd m e n. The reg im e nt did not
obey th e ord e rs of th e ir officers. The committee m e t at the
roo m . The co mlllittec we re divid ed in the ir se ntim e nts.
Th e fl oc k wa s tc 11rlcd by a hoy. The fl oc k we re all s heared.-.
Th e c h11r c h has 110 pn1r e r to infli c t corpo rea l puuishmcnt.
The charcl i refused to rccc ire him. The crow d ,ras so great,

· Parse tlt.c f~llowing sentences.
Sh am e be in g lost, all virtue is lost. The lesso ns havin g
bee n recited, th e pupils wer e di smissed . The c lo ud s ha vin g
been -<lispersed, th e moon diffu sed he r mild radi a nce. Tlw
. fir e havin g been n eglected, th e building was consum ed. The
wind blow ing in h e r favour, the sh ip soon re ached the sho re.
The tide being favourable, th e vessel was e n abled to come at
once. to the pie r. The book be in g los t, th e g irl n eg lected
h e r lesson . Order havin g bee n res tored , th e bu sin ess procee ded. Th e re be in g n o in s uran ce, tl1 e loss was g rea t.
Th e gu<1.rds w ai ting, he is led o ut. T!te mas te r ag ree in g ,
th e slave was €manc ipated . Honour <1.11C1 s ham e ri s i11 g from
no co11d.it ion, we s hould n ot be di sco ntc ut.ed wit.Ii o ur lot.
Th e rain and dew descending alik e on all, Pr01·irl c 11 cc: ' ho uld
be blessed by nil mankind. .John a ncl William b e ing th e re,
the asse rti on. was mad e .
Hop e predominating, fea r was
overcome.
7~

.. ~c-- ~ ·-p ..... ' .: ~ ....it.;(H.if.J'.\: Jl~

,,
I

,..

/

1

1 I:[

I1.1

78

11 11,1
Ii'

RECAPITULATION OF THE RULES OF SYNTAX.

P ·1

rliJL

,1
~

,
'

i
',

i! nil

lllln

j' I t
1

11i 11

I

iI
l

I
I

.

l

PTIOGTIESSTVE

EXETICISES

TN

RULE 1.
The article a, or an, ag rees with nouns of the sing ul ar
llt1 '"],(·r 011!1· .
Th e art id,; f ,~ , :i::rce.'> 1Yith nu UIE ( i f l11.: , (n ;:;11 hr or l'l~ral 11u11d1cr.
RULE

z.

Every adjective, and every adjective pronoun, belongs to
so:11e n oun or pro nou n, expressed or understood.

E .\G LI S il

GfL \ ;\l~J

ID

AIL

join ed tog eth e r liy th e conjun c ti on a::d, .th e rcrbs, nouns, and
pronouns, agree ing wit h th em , must Le 1! 1 t he plural nuni be r.
R :J? .E 11.

have th e same ca~ e art ~ r

N euter and pass ive l' crb s
1 :wii 1 ;1..,

l)( ·l~J r L:

t111...·1:1,

\\ iw1 1

l>11ti1 \ \t tit1 .... r1·i 1 ~,_·_..,

11•

i1:.·

·:r . .;

t lili t'.f .

n i; r.r.

1 ~~.

1\ c ti re l'Cr b go r ern th e C>iijcct ir e case.
Rut.E 13.

3.
Prepositions govern the objective case.
RULE

RULE

4.

The possessive case of a noun or pronoun is always gove rn ed by the nex t noun that fo llows it.
RULE

5.

Conjunctions connect si milar parts of speech, and members
of Sentences.
R ULE

6.

The pronoun whi ch fo ll ows a n interj ection mu st be in the
nomin a tiv e case, if it be of th e second pe rson, and in the objecti ve case, if it be of the first person.
RULE

7.

The noun or pronou n addressed or spok en to, is of th e
second pe rso n, and is called the nomin'a tive case independent.
R ur.t: 8.

When two or more nouns, or a noun and a pro noun, ca me
tog eth er, and mean th e same person or th ing, they are said
to be in appos ition, and ag ree iu case.
RULE

9.

The nom i11ati1·e case governs the verb. Th e verb and its
nominative must be of the ~a me person und number. ·
R ut.E 10.

·when two or more words, in the si ngu lar number, are

Partic iples belong to nouns or pronouns, expressed or un<l c rstoo<l.

R uu : 14.
The present and componnd perfect p;i.rt icipl es
ve rbs go 1·ern the objec tiv e case.

of ac tiv e

RuLE 15.
A parti cipial noun, derive d fr om an ac ti 1·e 1·erb, n: ay go1·e rn th e objective case.

RULE lG.
Adverbs qualify ve rbs, p<irtic iples, adjec tiv es, adve rbs, and
sometimes oth er words.
R ULE

17.

The infinitive mood may be govern ed by a verb, a parti ciple , 'll nou.n, or an adj ective.

Rut.E 18.
The infinitive mood is used without its sig n lo, ;i.ft e r the
verbs b'id, dare, need, make , see , hear, fix l, let, a11 d a few
others.
RuLE

rn.

The infiniti1•e niood is so111 etim es used as th e nominative
to a ve rb, and may have Ull aclj ccti1•e 11grce i11g with it.

R uu: '20.
Th e infinitive mood is sn m c ti111 c~ 11,ccl as th e ohj('<: li H'
case, go1;e rn ed by an activ e 1·e rli, or a p rr: po ~ iLi a ;1.

80

PROGRESSIVE EXERCIS ES JN

RuLE

E NG L TSH GllAMMAR.

21.

The infinitive_ mood is made absolute, when it supplies the
place of the conJlll1Ct.on tliat, with the potential mood.
RULE

22.

Tlie i11fi11iti rn 111 01Jd ~"111elirne~ DJl!ow~ au dijc;ctin; c.~ .<c.
RuLF.

2:3,

The infinitive mood sometimes follows the conjunctions
titan or as.
RuLE

24.

Relative prnnou.ns must be of the same per son, number,
and gender, as their autecedents and s ubsequ e nts.
RuLE

25.

Wh e n a noun of multitud e conveys unit!! of id ea the
ve rbs and pronouns agree in g with it mu st be in th e SING~LAR
number.
RULE

26.

·when a noun of multit~de conveys plurality of -idea, the
verbs and pronoun s agreemg with it mnst be in the I'LURAI.
number.
RuLE

27.

. Wh e n a n.?minative _case h.as_no verb to agree with it; but
JS placed bewre a partJc1ple, 1t JS called the nominative case
absolute.
·
. [The precedi~g twenty-seven Rul es of Syntax, it is believed,
111clude all that is n ecessary for the analvsis of Encrlish sent e nces. Oth e r rules will be found superfluou s by those who
can supply the words an_d phrases which are fr e qu e ntly omitted for th e s~lrn_ of brevity, or rhetorical beauty. Unde r the
head of Ellipsis will be found many sentences couta inin cr
e~amp l e~ , ~or the parsing of which, grammarians have
nis~1ed d1 stmct r~les. _The elliptical parts of tho se se ntences
which_ are_ peculiarly dJfficult, are supp li ed in Italic lett ers ;
W~llCb It Will be Seen, that those word s, which, in the
ed1pt·1-~al form of the sentence, do uot appe ar .s 11s ceptiblc of
ana l) >IS, are readily referred to oorue of the m ies <Tircn
above.]
"

fu;

or

81

ELLIPSIS.
] 14. The word Ellipsis mc:rn s an omiss ion .
"\iVhcn it is
sa id th e re is an e llips is in a sente nce, n ot hing mor e is in c ant
1ii:11 1 l h;1! :-•dill ~ \\"1:r1 l 11r \\11 r l1-, 11 1 , · l -,_ ,,._n l· i t ::1 · '..:-r;111.j11 :J!i1·;i1
c n11 :-: ! rile t ii 111, a r C' 0111 itIi ·cl , nr I;·i't 1111 t.
. ..
115. To avoid di ~ agrccalJle r e pet it ion ~ , anC: to C.\ l'r c,;,; 011r
idNs in few word s, an e llips is, o r 0111i s;:ion o f word~, i" allowabl e ; but when th e se ntence is an al y z e d, o r par:<c d , all the
word s which we re om itte d m11 ~ t. be s upp li e d. TIP1;:, ll"hcn
we say, Give u s thi s day our dai ly bre ad, th e re is an e llipsis,
or omission , of the preposition to befo re us, and of 011 before
this day. When the se words are s11pplie cl , the se nt e 11 cc is
r e ad thus: Give to u s on thi s day ou r daily bread.
116. Ellipsis occurs ,·cry fr e qu e ntl y in common co 11vers atio n, in poetry, and a ll kind s of writing, and occas io11 s most
of th e difficulties in Englis h sy ntax.

Parse the following" sentences , in which there is an ellip sis of
tlte preposition.
Give me a rud e and s tormy shore. Ilring me your book.
Mary bought Ann a book . You s peak like (unto) a boy .
H e at m e these irons hot. · You s hall not do min e ea r that vi. ole nce. H e rod e (by) thi s w ay . H e staid (durin g ) s ix
months. The ship saile d th e fir s t of Jun e. The stea m-boat
went fourteen mile s an hour . I s at an hour. H e went a voyage. · She rode a mil e. He la id a floor te n fe e t square ;. or,
(He laid a floor 011er or throug h the dista nce of a square of
te n· feet.) The book is (of th e ) worth (of) a d ollar. H is
horse is worth a hundre d dollars. )le bought a few (of)
yard s . [Th e art'icle A before FEW, convert s that word into ·

·I

a noun ; because this article is never Joined to nouns . .rif the
plural number.] This city is two mil es long and on e mil e
broad. Th at plank is thre e in c h es thi c k . S:tl e m li es fiftee n
mil es from Boston. "\iV ha t o'clock is it? It is tc11 o'clock.

Pai·se tlte following sentences, in which th ere i s an ellip sis of
the coujwic~ion:
Th ey confess the powe r, ·(arid) the wi sd om, (rr11d) tl1 e
love. of th e ir Creator . ·w e re we (if 11·e \\'er e ) iu Syria, I
mi g ht say (that) th e Nai:nl of th e fount rnjo icc cl in thrc.
H ad · he seen our vari ega tc1l w oo d ~, li e \\'Ould 1~111 <~ h a d mir e

~

l

- -.. 1

,- ....

i

ri

I

f .

82

P!~Ot;!tESS!VE

EXERCISES IN

th e m. Oh, had I the wings of a dove, I would soon fly
a\\'ay, an<l be at rest. vVere you to go up or down, cast or
west, 11 or th or south, you would find the same Almighty Power
rul111¥" all thmgs. vVould Chanti~lecr give thee a few lessons,
he might raise thy voice. Had hons only been de stroyed in
smgle co mb at, men would have had but a bad tim e of it.

117. ::he \1·ord .1ux.iliary mcau; w.;islont, or Ttc1pin~-.
1.lti. l he word; wl11d1 are the sign s of the sever a] tenses
(see page 24, &c.) are called AUXILIARY VERB S 0 because
!hey_ he lp_ or ass ist in conjugating other ve rbs. T he followmg is ~list of them :-Ttave, hast, !tas, !tad, hadst, sltall, sltalt,
wdl, wtlt, may, mayst, can, canst, m.ust, might, mig!ttst, could,
couldst, would, wouldst, should slwuldst be been do did
11 !). ·when seve ral Yerbs, o'f the sam~ m~od a~1d ;e nse. are
conn~cted togeth er_ by a conjunction, th e re is ge ne ral!; an
cll1ps1s.of the auxiliary verbs belonging to all excep t th e first.
Thu s, Ill the se nte nce, He had bee n born, bred , and educated _o_n ~ small moorla11<l form, &c., there is an ellips is of the
auxil1anes !tad and been before b1·cd and before educated·
which being supplied , the sentence' sta nds, H e had bee~
born, and he had bee n bred, and he had bee n edncated, &c.
Parse tlie following sentences, in wlticli tltere is an ellipsis of
tlte wniliary verb.
The attention of young pe rsons may be seduced by works
of fiction, a_nd their thoughts accu stom ed to dwell on the
past , th e distant, or. the futur.e._ The ocean ma.y rnll its
waves, th e w.arnng wrnd s may J0111 th eir forces, th e thund ers
s hake the sloes, and th e lightnin gs pa ss swiftly from cloud to
cloud. H e must go and take his books. I shall love, honour, an<l respect those, w_ho can as~e rt, and prove, th at th ey
have bee n m strum c ntal 111 th e reform whi ch has improved
and bl ~sse d the prcsP. nt agP.. If you ha ve feared God, and
k e pt h1.s com~andments, and served him faithfully, he will
~e e p his promi ses to you, and give you that inhe ritance which
1s o.r?ame~ and prepa red for the faithful. · [Sometim es tllC
aux.zlrnr!f 1.s expressed and t!te verb omitted.] Charles can
rec ite hi s .lesson, but John cannot. l\lary repeated more
th a n Carolme could. We can trav el more rapidly on a railroad than ll'e ca11 on a canal.
[Mr. l\Iurray has the following rema rk un<Jc.r the ni11etee 11th rule of ~yntax : "Almost all th e irrP.~1il : trities in the
con~truct1011 of any lang uage, h:nc ar i sr~ n i'rr>m the ellipsis of

Ei\GU~ll GRAM~IAR

some words, which were originally in se rted in th e se nte nce,
and mad e it reg ul ar." ln the following se nt ences , many
word s occur in a constru ction, for whi c h grammaria11 s ha,·e
endeavoured to provide, hy di stin c t rul es. It has bee a
deemed unn ecessa ry, in this work, to furnish a ny rul es to
meet those irregularities th at "have arisen fr om the ellips is
of words, whi ch we re originally inserted in th e se ntence, and
wad e it re g ular, .. bP.c au s" the p11p il \vho is ac'l1"1i11t1"l " ·i1h
th e 11,oc anrl appltcatiun o f tlic COlll !llOll ruil';; ol ,or 11t:ix, \1·ill
find little diffi c ulty in supplyin g t.h e 11 ords whi c h arc 0111itted
in se ntences of the most elliptica l form. It is on skill and
judg ment in supplying the e llipses in diflicult se nte nces, that
excellence in r eading or rh etor ica l delivery is mainly de-.
penden t. It must th erefore be confessed to be a usefu l e xe rci se, to give the pupil practice in th e analysis of suc h se ntences, under th e guidance of reaso n, judgmen t, an<l common
sense, with no other aid than a few plain rul es of syntax. In
some of th e sentences which fo llow , th e ellipsis is supplied
within brackets; but this is done in those se nte nces only
where th e analys is appears pec uliarly difli c ult..]

:...

....

Suppl!J the ellipsis , and parse the wo rds, in the jullo1ci11g
sentences.
Be ready to succour such perso ns as [tho se p ersons (arc )
wlto] need thy assistance . . Be favourable to such as dese rve
favour. As -many as [those are, who] were present saw the
· transaction. He is as good a scholar as ca11 be found. She
is as good , virtuous, and happy, as can be des1_re? · H e was
mor e beloved than Cynthio [wa s beloved.] H e 1s as tall as
his .bro~her [is. ] W e hav e as many advantages as they. I
would r ather be a good man than [be] a great one. He
gained 1nore than his brotl-.er (gained) by th e tran saction.
(If you will) Give me · a place to stan d on, and I \\'Ill s hake
the whole earth. [In this last sentence, the $1tbjn11cti:ve nwod
appears in the form of the imperative. ] Drink in tbe influe nce of religioh, a11d \ow-born ca re \vill cease to infiu ence
you. Take care of th e pence, and th e shillin gs will take
care of themselres. (From) The more (times) I sec him,
(in) th e .better (manne r) I lik e him .
[This last sent ence
could be more easily resolved, if it were consistent with rule to
allow the article to bejoined witlt an adverb. But th e ex pressions "the more" and "the better" ma)' be term ed adverbial
phrases, in which case no ellipsis n eed be supplied for th e
analysis of the sentence.] 'Winte r compe mates for th e wall!

~'J

·'

84

E:\GLI 3 11 G~•.\~D!AR.

PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES I N

of attract.ions (~vhich are ) abroad, by fire side deli ghts and
hom cfc lt .1oys. The e ffects of loreirrn travel have been often
rc111arkc<l in arousing the curiositJ of the trav eller whi le
abro ad: He was tin ed (his fine was) a dollar. [Tlic two
fc!wwmg sentences , and all otlters constructed l:'ice them,
arc bad grnm mar, and therefore tlte pupil sltould not attempt
to prn·s" th rm . f'ns.<i1•r, i•rrh s nrv r r ,t ;nl'rrn on nl1jrrti1'r
case. 'J'/i.~ corrected smfrnce is mmrud tn rnr h in ·lirnrkcts.] She was taug ht music. [She was ta1! g ht in mu sic.]
ffo was forg iven the offence.
[He was forgiven for the off~u ce. J ~fo was promised a reward . Thou art forgive11 thy
sins . . It 1s to be .expected that you should appear outwardly
such as you are rnwardly . The task was not a trifling one,
nor suc h as cou ld be speed il y executed. I le ft th e parce l at
Smith 's, (who is) the boobcl ler. I bought th e knives at
~?lm so n's, the cutler. I will not, for David' s sake, thy father.
l he silk was purchased at Brown's, the mer ce r and haberdash e r. This was a di sco very of S ir Isaac Newton's (gernu s.) He bought a hou se of my father 's. Thi s was my
fath er' s (ad~· ic e ), moth er's (advice), and un cle's advice.
[Sec 4th Rul e of Synt,n. J (You) Gr antin g thi s to be true
I. shall eas ily convince you. (I) Gen erall y spea kin g, (say }
h13 con~uct was very honourable. Speaking of bodily habitudes, 1s 1t true that your lordship swoon s wh e never the
moon is ecl ipsed? Th e .laws of God and man require us to
be just in our dealings. He went into th e abbeys, halls and
public buildings. I requested him to call at the book;tore,
and im1uirc the price of that volume . . Yesterday .he bounded
as th e roebuck, was glowing as the summe r fruit s. It iB
darker than midnight. 'Ve may di e; die colonists; die
slaves; die, it may be, ignominiou sly , and on th e scaffold .
Be it so. "Ve would kill them; challe nge twenty rnorekill them ; tw enty more-kill them. Your eye in Scotland
would create soldiers, make our women fi g ht to doff their dire
di stresses. Be it their comfort we are coming· thith er. Be
the combat our own. For I have busin ess (which) wou ld
employ an age. ''\Tho does the best his circumstance allows,
does well, acts nolily; angels could no more. Who steals
my purse, steals trash .
For why? There was but one great rule for all ;
To wit, that each should work his own desire,
And cat, d ri11 k, study, sleep as it may fa ll ,
Or me lt the tim e in love, or wak e the lyre ,
Anti carol what, unbid, the mu ses might in spire.

85

Afore mighty spots may rise-more glaring shine.
How! not condemn the sharpe r, but th e dice?
What! durst not t-empt him?
Ye states men, priests, of one reli gion all !
y-p trrH1f"~rnPn. vdP, ~n Hr111v <·n11rt- , nr lrn.11 ~
Ye rcven:n d athr:1"1s 1-:-:,,;11 1.J ;il I 11 :llllf' tl :i: in ,-·" ho?
' Vho sta.-red a sistc r,-11·lio lurs \1·orn a JcuL
I never n amed ; the to 1111 's i11'1 11i ri11 g yet .
The poiso ning dam e- You mean-.! don't- You do.
S ee , 11ow, I keep tlie se0ret, :11ul 11 ol you.
The bribing statesman-Hold! too high you go.
The bribed elector-There you stoop too low.
I fain would please you, if I k11ew with what;
T ell .m e, which knave is lawful game, which not.
1

•

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

What! always Peter? P ete r thinks you mad:You make mell desperate if th ey once are bad.
But why so few commendeJ ?-Not so fi erceYou find the virtu e, and I ' ll find the verse.
But random praise-the task can ne'er be done.
'Tis all a libel, Paxton, sir, will say:Not yet, my friend! t.o-morrow, faith it may.

Feign what I w:!l, and paint it e'er so strong,
Some rising genius sins up to my so ng.

The sky is changed ! ,and such a change! Oh night,
And stm-m, and darkness! ye are wondrous strong.

*

·*

*

•

•

•

*

And this is in the night.:-Most glorious night!
Thou wert not made for sluml>cr ! Let me be
A sharer in thy. fierc e and far dclight,A portion of the temp est and of the e !
How the lit lake shines,-a phosphoric sea.
Thus criticks, of l ~ss judgm ent th an caprice,
Curious; not knowing, not exact, but nice,
Form shor t ideas ; and offend in arts,
As mos t in manners, by a love to parts.
Oh glory ! g lory! mighty one on ea rth!
How justly imaged in this waterfall !

8

8G

PROGRESSIVE EXERCI SES.

Where now the rill, melodious, pure, and cool,
And meads, with lifo, and mirth, and beauty crowned 1
Ah ! see, th e unsightly slime and sluggish pool
Have all the solitary vale embrowned;
Fled each fair form, and mute each melting sound.

APPENDIX.

·where shall I seek thy presence 1 how, unb!amed,
l 111ukc tliy dr ea<l pc ·rli :c lion ?
OltTJlO C; I! .\l'lfY.•

Me miserable ! which way shall I fly
Infinite wrath and infinite despair 1

In the one, we must admire the man ; m the other, the
work.

RULES WHICH APPLY TO ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES.
1. The word

AS

l. T11F. le tte rs to an<l y arc con ~ o n:1111.::; , wh <' n HH·y l)f'g-in u \.VOrd or
syllable ; but whe n th ey do n ot beg in a word or 8yllable, they a rc
vow els . (Se c 1w."c 5th, No. 8. )
2. A s th a t part of Grnlllmnr c all ed Orthogrnphr , is suflic ir ntly explain e d in most of th e S pt.'lling Hooks in c rn11mon 11~<', it is dc1.. rn c d
unnecessary to repeat it in thi s .w ork. A ve ry judic iou s c ullt• ction of
Rules for Spellin g, containing, in a n abrid ged form , al l the rules of
Murra.y , will be found in the National Spdling 13ook, pagf's !(j7 and
l.Gtl. Exe rcises for the · correc ti on of' foi st' orlhogr;ip hy w ill be gi1·c11
in n s ubsequent part of this work.

is sometimes used as a relative pronoun.*

2. Nouns signifying time, space, distance, direction, or
dimension, are often governed by a preposition und erstood.
3. The pronouns eaclt, every, and eitlter, acrree
with nouns
0
and verbs in the sing ul ar number only.
4. When a conjunction connects two or more nouns which
refer to the same person or thing, the verb should be
singular.

./

Parse tlte following sentences.
Succour such persons as need thy assistance. A s manf
as attend will und e rstand. Call as many as you want. They
staid an hour. H e rode six miles. Mary went home
Each bird and each beast is blessed in degree. Every man
and every woman suffers th e consequences of indiscretion.
That able scholar and critic understands th e lang uage well.
Everf garment and every utensil must hang in its proper
place.
* Sec page 83, 23d line . . The 'cntcnrcs on that page, in which the word as
occurs, may be analyzed without supplying the ellipsis, if A S be allowed to be
a relativ e pronoun .

ETYMOLOGY.t
wor.Ds.

THE OlllGIN OF

3. ~'ord s, in r efe rence to the ir ori g in , arc d ivide d into four kinds;
namely, Primitive, D e rivati ve, Simple , and Compound.
4. A primitive w ord is a w urd wlu c h is n ot de rive d from any othe r
word ; a s, ?1wn ; goo d , r,onl c11l , lJoslon.
5. A derivative w ord is a wo rd whi c h is derive d from solllc other
w ord ; as, wa.nfnl : rroorlness, Gonlcnl11tc11l, Doslouian.
G. A simp le w ord is that whi ch is CO Ill posed of only one w ord ; as,

pious, sea,

ua.ltr .

7 . A compound word is that whirh is com pose d of tw o or m ore
w ord s, or of one w ord , and some sy llable added lo it; as , sea-water,
myself, impious, dou btful .

PARTS OF SPEECH.

ARTICLES.t
8. An article is a word placed before a n oun , to ' h ow w hethe r its
1nen. nin g is g e ne ral or p ::trti c ul ar. Th n s , w he n w e say, a, man , we
n1can n.ny 1nan in ge neral ; but wh e n w e say, th e m an. WC' m f' an so m e
particuhtr man. F'or thi s re aso n the arti cle " or an is callt-d inde finite
or general, and the article the, definite .
. !J. Tlw arlic]c fl,, ancl not nn , i::i u se d hC'fo rc the long Rnun cl o f u , nncl
br- fon" w and y,- as, a unit , a, £•upl1 o ny, n f•wr-, a \\'P~·k 1 f/, )''"ar , snr~ 1
a one.

* 8ec page 5, No. 3.

)

~ . Sec

page G. No. 10.

1lflr~i., ,.
Ip,!

II '.~I

rn

I•\. l1:1
j

llt .

r~

, ,,,, ;
Em

iiit; '~ii .

f i !! !11!
~.
~. ···,'.
•'!' ... . ~i

PltOGRESSIVE EXERCISES I N

,,.

10. /]n is use d before words beginning with h n ot silent , wlren the
acce nt is on the second sy li able ; as, an heroic action; '"' hi storical
account.
11. Nouns arc frequently use d without any ar ti cle. They tlJCn
stand fo r all of_ thei r kind; as, " .fl candid temper is 11ropcr f or man;"
tha t i..,, f ur all 1nr111 /i:ind .
12. Althoug h the a rticle is generally joi ned to a noun, some cases
occur i11 \\ h it;i 1 ii. is j uiueJ Lu aU verOs; as~ " Tile ojlt:1wr i !":P f:' him , lhc
helter f. likP him." (Sre pn![f' R ~, ?,?:th lin,,.)

NOUNS.*

r
!1

13. N oun s arc of two kinds; Proper Nouns and Common Nouns.
14. A prope r n oun is the name of a person, city, cou ntry, Jake , river ,
mountain, people, (.~C . ; as , J ohn, Buslun, England, (;/uiwpla in, Ohiu,
Jlnrl cs, t he Jlmcricrms, the Frmch, &c . ·
~
15. Comm on noun s are th e na mes of things of whi ch there are
'V a ri o u s kind s o r sorts ; a~, uniuur/ 1 man, bc11st,j/sh , tree, ('\&c .
16. Some 1rnuns of the ne ute r gender are frcqu~n ll y usc<l (by a
figure of rhe tori c called 7wrsonijicutwn or 71rosopopmia) as if they were
of the m asculine or femi nine gender. Thus we say , "The sun <liffusea
liis light; the moon sheds her mild radiance."

i1

[!

NUMTIER.t

j

r
l

,.

!

.i

I
j

ii

Numbe r is the di stinction of one from more.
17. Many n ouns fOrm their plurals in a n irrC'gular 1nanne r .
18. Nou ns which end in :r, ch soft , sh, ss or o, form the plural numbe r by add in g cs; as, 111iss, 1nisscs; brush , brushes; nutlch, matches ;
f ox,foxrs; !ttro, heroes .
ExcEP 'FI ONS.
N oons end ing in io, a nd the word s }unto, cnnlo, tyro,
grotto, portico, solo, quarto, form the plural r~gularly, by add in g sonly;
as, J olin, fol ios; ca nto, cnnlos.
l!J. Nou ns e nding with a sin g le j , or Jc, form th e plural by changing
f or f e in to vcs; as, leaf, lcnvcs; loaf, loaves ; life, lives; 10(fc, 1cius.
Ex c>: PTI O~s. The word s dwarf, scarf, wluirf, brirf, chirf,grir;f , kerchief, lw.ntlkc rchicf , mischfrf, gu.lj, l1irf, surf,.ft.fr, slr!fc,proof, hoof , roof,
and reproof , ha".c the rcg ul;cr plural, by adding s only; and the wo rd
str(ff has staus Ill the plural.
20. N ouns cmling w ith y, wi th a consonant be fore it , form the plural by chan g ing the y into ies; as, beauty , beauties; fly, jhcs.

21. The plural of some nouns is formed in an irregular manne r; as,
Sinj[ular .
A idc-dc-cam p,
B andi t,
Broth er,
Child,
if<

Plural.
A ides- de-camp.
Banditti.
5 Brethre n or
(.Brothers.
Children.

S ec p<1 g-c G1 No. 11.

I

Singular.
Court-martial ,
C ou si n-gPrma n ,
Cow ,
Die (in gaming),
Di e (in coin ing),

I

Plural.
Co1.1 rb- 111 a.rli a J.
C o u ~ i n s - gc rm a n

Cows or K ine.
Di ce.
Di es.

1 See pa ;;-c G, 'iu. J.I.

8!)

ENGLISH GRAMil!AR .
S~ .'i;;: r ?f: ~·.

F a U1c·r-iu -lr:.i.v,

F co t.,

Goose·,
lVfan,

Mouse,

l'lural.
Fatl; crs-in -bw.
Fee t.
G eese.
Men.
Mice.

'>; > l\l:ill\' 11 ;1un s
t•r i .~i11: tl 1il u.1· ;:\.

a(lopted

Stng u!ar .

l'lura/ ,

A nimalculum,

Anirna.lcula .

from

Anti theses.
Apiccs .
5Appen dices or
A ppe ntl:x,
(. Appendixes .
Arcana.
Arcanum ,
Automata.
Automaton ,
Axes.
Axj s,
B ases .
Basis,
Beaux 01· B eaus.
B eau,
Calces.
Co lx,
Cherubim.
Cherub ,
Crises.
Cri sis,.
Criteria.
Crite rion ,
Data.
D atu m,
D esiderata.
D esideratum,
Dia:>r 1eses.
Dimr'e s is,
Effluvia.
Effl uvium,
Ellipses.
E lli psis,
Emphases.
Emphasis,
5
Encorilia or
Encomiu in ,
{ E1~ comi um s.
Errata.
E rrntiJm,
Foci.
Focus,
Gene ra .
Genus,
Antithes is,
A pe x,

23 . . Some nouns are the
Singula r.
A ppar:itus,
Deer,
M e ~rns,

Series,

Plural.
Oxen .
P e n ce.
Sw ine.
T ee th.

Singula r.
Ox,
PP nny ,
Sow,
Tooth,
\\Toman,
fi·ri ·i '=r n

VVon1c n.
hll '.!tl ; \ ! ~i·~,

ri·! :l :1

t~ >

1!"

\ l~ c nii vr
( Gcniu sl'S ....

11 ypothesis,
Jgn is fa.t uns,
I ndcx,

H ypot hcs•' S.
J 1r ncs iUtui, ,\:-,c.

5 Jfidices or

(. Inde xes.
Laminm .
l\1ngi.
Med ia.
5 Me moran da or
Me morandum, I M emorandums.
M e tan1orphosis, .Metamorph oses.
Mo nsie ur,
M ess ie urs .
Pare nth esis,
P a re nth eses.
Phe nomenon,
Phe nom e na.
Hadius
lb dii.
'
5 Se ra. phim and
Sernp h,
( Se raphs.
Stame n ,
Stamina.
Stim ulu s ,
Stimuli.
Stratum,
Strata.
Thes is,
Theses.
V c rte x,
V crti ccs .
Virtuoso,
V irtuosi.
\T ortc x,
Vortices .
Lamina.,
l\Iagus,
Mcdimn ,

~am e in both nvmbers; as,

Plural.
Apparatus.
D eer.
M eans.
Series.

Siugular.
S heep,
Species,
Swine,

P lural.
Shee p .
Species.
Swi ne, &c.

24. Some nn 1111 8 are u ~(~tl ou1y in Ll1 t: ~.in~·u,lar numlJc r; 0 3 , 1ch r: nt,
pilch uold sloth. pride, ambition, r elief , b c.' 1~/, &c.
2;: / b So:ne n o'uns are u sed only in the p 1ll:ral nnrn b<'r; ns ~ bellows,
scissors, ashes, langs , ridus, spcclaclr.s (11 1ea111r:g gl ass~ s~, a.r~ns (1nc an·
in g warlike \veapons), (.~c. , anicnds, pwn s, et/ack:,-, opliclis, '-~c.
*" The plural of g enius .i s genii, when it 111 c a 11s ac rinl spirils ,- ge niuses, when
sig11i(ri ng· persons of gcrn us.

8*

!)O

PROGRESS IVE EXERCISES
GENDER.~

2G. The G e nder of Nouns is di stinguished in three different ways;F1nsT, By different words; as,
!ffascnlinc, Bachelor; F eminine, Maid ;S EcoN u, By a d iff~ re nc c of te rmination; as,
.Alu scu linc, l-Iost j P cm.ininc, 1-Io:;;tcss ;Tnrno, By a n oun , pronoun, or adjective, prefi xed to the noun; as,
.~l(tsculinc ,

Th C' fni! o,,·in rr is
krlllill L'd

t

I

I. l J
r

~r
l'.

i

1

I

'j
l

r

~

I

:i

f\l an-scrva.n t ;

list nf \Ynrrh•:

l'cmin:ine, :M aid-se rvant.
th~

gr nrkr nt'

,~.-h i r h

is thn:; dc-

r

Jtfalc.
Prior,
P rophet ,
Protector,
Shepherd,
S ougstcr,
S orce rer,
Suitor,
~

F emale.
Pri oress .
Proph etess.
Protectress .
S he pherdess .
Su 11 gslrcss.
Sorcc·rcss .
Sui tress.
f" nl! " nr,:e .

t :--=1d~

Sn! L111 ,

'ltt :t.

F cnw.lc.
Queen.
L ass.
L ady .
W oman.
. Mistress.
Spawner .
Niece.
Ewe.
,
~ Songstress or
( Sin1;:er.
J\fad am .
D am.
S lut.
D aughter.
Hind.
Aunt.
Witch .

F cnw.lc .
T estatrix .

'l' igc·r,
Traitor,
Tutor,

1":ig:css .
1 r:utrcss.
Tutorcsi;;.
Tyra n nc.·ss .
V ietress .

Tyrant,
Victnr ,

V iseo untess.

Vi sco unt ,
V !if:!r-..·

y,.,,,,... ".

\\ "i · i···'.\ •' l";

\\"i1 ;.. \'.".

2. By a differe nce of termination ; as,
Abbess.
Actress.
Ad'Tlinistratrix .
Adulte ress .
Ambassadress.
A rbitrcss.
Ba.roncss.
B c nC'factrcss .
13cidc .
Canoness.
Cateress.
Cha n tress .
C o nductress.
Countess.
Czarina.
D eaconess .
De tractress.
Dutc hess .
Electress.
Emp1 ess.
Enchantress.

Exec utor,
G od,
Governor,
H eir,
H e ro,
H ost,
Hunte r,
Inheritor,
Instru ctcr,
J e w,
Landgrave,

Lion,
Marquis,
May or,
Patron,
Peer,
Poet,
Priest,
Prince ,

Executrix.
Goddess.
Gove rness.
H eiress .
H eroi ne.
H ostess .
Huntress .
5·Jnh rritress or
(Inh e ritrix .
Instructress.
J ewess.
Landg ravinc
Lioness.
Marc hioness
M ayoress. ·
Patro ness .

P eeress.
P oe tess .
Priestess.
Princess.

~ .>-~~~~~~~~~~~~·

A h e n-spa rrow .
A >he-bea r.
A s he-goat.
A fe male c hild.
A maid-se rvant.
F c1nale dcsce nd :tn ts.

A
A
A
A

cock-sparrow ,
he-bear,
he-goat,
male child ,
A 1nan-serv ant,
M ale descendants,
CASE.•·

27. Case e x ;>resses the relation of nouns an d pronouns to other
words in a senten ce .
28 . The Nominative Case simply e x presses the name of a thing , or

the subject of a verb .
2(). The Po~se s>i vc Case expresses the relation of property or possess ion i or th e possessor or owner of a th ing.
( For lh c rcgulttr 1nanncr of fonnin.g th e p osscssi1:c case, sec page 8th,
num.hcrs 2;) a11.d 2i. )
30. Some n ouns, which end in double s , form the possess irn case,
by add'-'.1g an apostrophe only; as," F or good ness' sake ; for rig hteo usness' sakP."
31. Othe r noun s, e nding w ith double s , form th e possessive regu larly;
ns,. u Th e w itness's tcstimopy. "
32 . Some no uns,' whi ch e nd in inzcc, also, form the p os~cs:s ivc. by
o.ddin,.!F an apostrophe only; as, "For conBc ience sak e; for patie nce:
sake .
33. In poetry, the ad diti onal s is freque ntly omitted, bu t the apostrophe is re tained ; as,
1

Oh! who 1l.1;it gallant spirit shall resume .
Lea p f~om Eu rotas' ba_nks, a11J call th ee from th e lomb 7

34. ~Vhc n term s sig nify in g a name and an office arc conn ected , I.he
apostrophe ands should he annexed lo the name of the perso n ; as , " 1
lc!l the volume at Smith 's, the bookse ller."
35. The Objective Case expresses the obj ec t of an ac ti ve vr rh, a p:i rti ciple, or a preposition .

AD,JECTIVES . t
3G. The word r.1(icctivc means j oined lo. F or this rcaoon , tho ~c
w ords whic h arc joined to noun s and pronouns, to cx prC'ss the ir kind,
number, or quality, arc ca lkd Jldj1clircs.
•Sec page 8, No . 23.

l

Nale.
'l'<'s lator,

:::i

1. By difie re nt words; as,
!ffnlc.
Jtfafc .
F cmlllc.
King ,
Bachelor,
Maid.
Lad,
Beau ,
Belle.
L ord,
Boar,
Sow.
Man ,
Boy,
Girl.
Master,
Brothe r,
Si ste r.
Milter,
Buck,
D oe :
Nephew,
Bull,
Cow.
Ram,
Bullock or Stee r, H eife r.
Cock,
H e n.
Singe r,
Dog,
Bitch.
Si r,
Drake ,
Duck.
Sire,
Earl,
Countess.
Slove n,
Father,
M other.
Son,
Friar,
Nun.
Stag,
G a nde r,
Goose.
Un cle,
Hart,
R oe.
Wizard,
Horse,
Mare.
Husband ,
Wi fe .
Abbot,
Actor,
Administrator,
Adulte re r,
Ambassador,
Arbiter,
Baron,
B e nefactor,
Bridegroom,
Canon,
Caterer,
Ch a nte r,
Conductor,
Count,
Czar,
D eacon,
D e tractor,
Duke,
Elec tor,
Emperor,
Enc han te r,

!J I

ENGLISH GiL\ MM ..IR.

IN

t Sec page 9, No. 09 .

''

PROGRESS IVE EXERCISES IN

37. C<:>mparison expresses the quantity or the deurec of the quality
expre!• ~ed by the adjective.
'
"'
33 . The Positive D cgr0c' exp resses the simple quality.
30. 'J,'he Com!':irative Degree increases the quality.
40. 1 he Superl'1t1ve D egree increases the qu ality to the greatest e xtent
41. Adjectives are somd1mes compared by decrcashur
the quality in
0
'
the following 1nanner; as,
Positive.
Comparative.
Superlative.
Favourable,
Less favourable.
Least favourable .
Prudent,
Le~" prudent, ·
L east prudent.
. 42. Some_ adjective~ do_ n ot a?mit of comparison; as, two, second,
right, true, l1nrnortal, infinite, pcrjcct, universal, &c .
43._ Some adjectives are u sed in only two degrees; namely, the comparative and the superlative; as,
Comparative
Exterior,
Prior,

Sup erlnth;e.
Extreme.
Prime.

Compa.rative.
Superior,
Ulterior,

Snpm·la.t ive.
Supreme.
Ultimate.

~4 . Som~ adject~ves _are_ of the ~ompa;atiYe degree; as, anterior, posterior, int1Jrzor, scnwr,JU1uor, rnaJor, nunor.
45 . Adjectives of two sy llables, ending in y, or silent e, are generally
compare d by tr and est; as ,
Positive.
Comparative .
Superlative.
Ample,
Ample r,
Amplest.
Happy,
H appier,
Happiest.
Noble ,
Nobler,
Noblest.
Polite,
Politer,
Politest.

PRONOUNS.*

·:

J'
j

I

'

46 . The word pronoun nwans for the noun. For this reason, those
words which stand for the nc>un, are called Pronouns; and they are used
to preven t the freque nt repe tition of the noun. Thus, in the sentences ,
"Gilbert .llinslie was a poor man and Gilbert .llinslie had been a poor
man all the days of Gilbert .!linslic's life; the days were not few, for
Gilbert .llinslic's thin hair was now waxing gray. Gilhcrt .llinslie had been
born and bre d on the small moorland farm. the form Gilbert J]iuslic now
occ upied; and Gilbert Jlinsi'ic hoped fo die the re , as Gilbert .llinslie's
father and grandfather had done before Gilbert .!linslie. " -The u se of the
pronoun will be seen, by em ploying it, instead of repeating the noun.
The above sentence wil1 then be as follows:-" Gilbert Ainslie was a
poor man, and lie had been a poor man all the days of !tis life , which
were not few, for !tis thin hair was now: waxing gray. He had been
born and bred on the small moorland farm wh-iclt he now occupied, and
lie hoped to die therc,as !tis father and grandfather had done before him."
47. Although, in th e previous parts of this book, a list of the several
kinds of pronouns has been given (sec page 11, .N'o. 41 ; page 12, Nos.
48 and 40; pago 13, .No. 54), it remain s to be observed, that any word
may be called u pronoun , "·hich stands instead of a n oun , and supplies
its place.
48. Personal Pronouns are t.hosc which show the pcrsnn of th e nouns
for which they stand; and tlll'_I' arc ncvc•r u se d in the same p'1rt of the
scnkn cc "·ith th e nn1111 which th•'y represen t.

••

49. REiative Pronouns arc those which stand for a noun or phrase,
which is expressed in somP me111ber of the same sentence. (Sec page
12, .No. 40; pa.gc W, Jv';,s. 104 and 105; pngc 70, J\o. l uG; and pages
72 and 74 , .No. 100.)
50 . The rel'1t.ive pronoun who stands for those n ouns only which
n1can persons ; -as," lie is a friend, w!to is faithful in a<lvcrsity.
51. The relative pronoun wh'ch stands for tllliinal s, alHl ol>jccts of
the n e ut.er gender; as, "Thi s is the bird which su ng; That is the tree
which produces no fruit. "
52. The pronoun ichich is u se d in stead of who, when c hildren arc
8pokPn of~ as~ "ThP child whir/, T saw; Thf' infont u·/1irli w~1 ~ hf'rP."
GJ . The {Jrunoun tlull s ta n d;:; cit!H_·r for JI L' J" ::iU !1.':, ;1; 1i:JJ ;Ll ,:; u 1 uhjccts
of the fH"utcr gpndcr; au<l it is use d to prevent llic too frcqiu·11l rt'JH'lition of whu or whi1:h ; as," lle lhnt act.s wi:·wly ~ dc.scrv(•s prai sf· ; J\1ode~­
ty is a quality lhr1l highly a<lurns a. W'Jman; Tlic hor se that l bought."
54. Adjective pronouns* arc those pronouns wh ic h arc 8ometimes
joined to nouns; and somPtirn cs sta nd by t.hc•rn sd \'l's; the noun to
which they bclon<r bc~in o· understood; a.s," TltJs man is rnure intclli1rcnt
0
than that ' ' (man)~ (Sc~puge J:l ,No. G- 1.)
55. The word own is freque ntly joined to some of the pronouns, for
the sflkc of emphasis. They then become compound adjective pronoun s; as, '' This is uiy own book." The fOllowiug is a li st of tht·m: 11u1
own, thy uwn, his men, lwr uwn, its own, our own, yuu r own, their
own.
5G. The adjective pronouns this and that have each a plural
number. These is th~ plural of this ; and those is the plum! of that.
This and th.nt are joined to nouns of the singular numl>er only; these
and those, only to plural nouns.
57. When the pronouns this and thut are both used in the same sentence, and each refers to so1ne noun be fore th em, th is m eans the Ja.ttcr,
or last-mentioned, and thnt the fonner,or first-mention ed; t.1s, " YV ealth
and poverty arc both te mptations; that (namely , wealth) tends to excite
pride; this (namely, pove rty) te nd s to excite discontent."
11

PRE PO~ ITION S. t
58. The word preposition means placcrl before. Prepositions arc those
words which are place d hcfore n ouns and pronouns, to show the re lation betwee n the m and othe r words in the se ntence.
Gn. A pre position must a.lwa.ys govern a. noun or pronoun in the objective case ; and whenever a word u sually included among the prepositions has no objective case, expressed or understood, it becornes an
adverb.
GO. Participles, a.nd sometimes other p o.rts of speech ·, are u sed as
prrp0sitions; as, c1;ccpting~ rc~pccting, toudting, concerning: according,
c.rrc,·1t, save, but, &c.

CONJUNCTIONS.t
61.· The word conjunction m cansjoininu tnrrcthcr. Co11junctions arc
those words which are used to join togetli:r tl~c several words and memhi'fs of a sentence.

* The adjective pronouns mny be thu s snhdi\·idcd

.The Possc:;si \' c; my, t/111, his , hf' r, our, 11our, t/11.:ir.
The ·1>i s tri li 11li\'C~; 1•1w/i . .,'l'cr11. r il.'11·r. ·
I k 111~1n.s ~rilti\·c; tltis, th«rt, tfi, ·s1• ,. tl1<1sr 1Ji 1rm t r , loffrr.
l he l11d cf111 1!1\'c; somr, utli t r, lutmh,,,-, lf111f.. ouP, all, sm:h.
Srr. p;1gc J.J., No . .'JG.
f ~( ~C p<16c l;:J, l\o. :.isi .

:J:hc

t

''

93

ENGLISH GRAMMAR .

-;

94

ENGLISH

l'llOGltESSIVE EXEltCISES IN

wa~ j11~t.}y

U5

75. The Potential M ood expresses ability, power, liberty, willingncsn ,
or n ecessity . It sometimes expresses a ques tion.
_
.
76. The potential mood m ay be know n by the fo ll ow in g signs , or
auxiliary verbs, some one of which is fo und in e very tense of this
inOod; name ly, 11w y, can , ·must: 1night, cvnld, 'lcou!d, slwuld .*
77. The Imperative M ood expresses u com mand , a req11est, a permi ssi on.
78 . The Infinitive i\food ex presses th e verb in a general or u!llimited
marn 1i•r . withnnf :rn·/ tli ~ tin('fiq n qf 11 t1! 1dwr nr p•·r;-; .. Jt .

. G2 .. Th ese words which nre connect~d or joined togcllwr ny a conJUDct1on , arc usually p~rscd ali ke; and 1t will be seen by the following
example, th<il conJuncl1?ns very olle n un ite se ntences , whe n they appear
toy111tc on ly words: 1 h us ,," I gave the book to J ollll or C harles :"
tlus fon n of e xpression CGnt:11ns two disti nct sen te nces; name ly," I ga v e
the book to J ullll , or, I gave t he book to C harles ." The words .loltn and
Charles, \~ hi c h ii.re conncct.ed together by th e conjunction in the firs t
s~ ntc n cc, it appears, are both gove rned by the preposition in the t wo
disllllcl se nten ces.
. G3. Tl~ e cu 11j uncliun lut i ~ irnpropcrly usc<l in connec tion with //i17l ,
in n c>g:tt1vc sentences; as, '' I cann ot deny IJ ul lliat J

GRA~ !MAR.

7 ~ 1. 'l'l w i nfi11i t iv ~ ~· 11111ud ;t\wa y~ l1a:--; tl11 : ~: i ~.~.- n tv \Jd ;1re it , 1 ·x pn·;-;:-;l·d or

und. · r.;to• 1d.

co n -

80 . Pa rticiplest arc worJs clcr ivcd from y0rhs , havin g part nf the
pro;Jl' rties of verbs , and part of the properti es of adj cc ti vc's.
.
tll. The prese nt participle of' an active verb is so i11eti11 H'> used m a
pass ive sense ; as, " The king of Spain \\'as imp roving at the las t <l atcs ;
"The house is building" (not being built) .

demned ." The word but means except: th e mea ninrr of the sen-le nee
therefore , is ," I can deny n othing except that I was unj~stly condemned~
but I can deny that."
·
'

11

INTERJECTIONS.'"
TENSES .

G4 . Interjecti ons arc words or sounds uttered to express some fee ling of the mind.
65 . The word interjection mean s thrown into · and those words
which arc " _thrown in to" ~he diffe rent parts of a ~entence, to express
sudd en emotion s, are th<'refore call ed lntcrj cctions. Many of them aro
mere sounds, and cannot be expressed by letters.

82. T ense shows the time which the verb expresses. ( Sec No. 71.)
83. The Present T ense represents prese nt time.
84. The Imper fect T e nse re presents past time, indefinitely.
85. The Perfect T ense expresses past time , definitely.
8G . Th e Pluperfect T ense expresses time which passed before some
o~h e r past time.
87 . Th e Future Tense ex presses future time.
88. The F uture Perfec t T ense expresses time w hich w ill be past at
some future time .
8D. Those tenses which have an auxiliary verbt in them are called
componnd tenses. The other tenses are called simple tenses.
DO. The Present and Imperfect T enses of the Indicative and
Subjunctive Moods of active au,d ne uter verbs, are sometimes formed by the auxiliary verbs do and did, in the foll owing man-

VERBS.t
G6. A P assive Verb can never govern an obj ec tive c;se. Such se n~ences as the fo ll owing, although sometimes used by good writers , are
m correct , and should be alte red. " Sh e was taught rnusick · He
was fo rgiven the offe nce; Il e was allowed his demand ; H e was ~. s ked
a qucstio_n. " It sh <;> uld be_," Musick was taught (to) her ; The oflence
wa~ fo rg1ven.(to) !urn ; His demand was allowed (to) him ," &.c.
G7. D efective Verbs arc th ose wluch are not u sed in all the moods
and te nses ; as, oughl, quoth , beware, &c.
GB. There are a few words which are c-illcd Jmperso no.1 Verbs because they havc:i. no n om!nati vc case, or,. if any , a pronoun w l1i c h mdrcly
cxprcss~s a. s ta~c of thu~ gs; as, 11~c tlu·1~1i.s ,. b c~va. r c, as _.fo/101cs, as appears, it rains, it STWws , itfrcc=es, it ltud~ , it hg lt.tens, i t thunders.

ner; as,

INDICATIVE MOOD.
PR ES ENT TE NS E .

Singular.
FIR ST P ERSON. I do love. '
SE CON D P En soN. Thou dost love.
THIRD PERSON. He docs love.

MOODS AN D T ENSES.t
6!l . Th ere arc two things which are to be particularly noti ced in a
verb ;-first , the manner in which it is used-and, second, the time
which it ex presses.
70. i\l ood shows the manner in which the verb is used.
71. T <'nse shows the lime which the verb ex presses .
72. The lndi cative l\Iood § e xpresses a n assertion or a qu estion :
7:3. The Subjunctive l\l ood expresses a conditi~n, supposition , or
doubt, & c ., and always has a conjuncti on before it, expressed or understood.
74 . A verb in the subj unctive mood never occurs al one . There must
always be anoth er verb in the sentence, expressed or understood before
or aller it.
'
*Sec p J,!!C Jfi , No. fi l .
! Sec p<1gC JS, Nos. 73 nml 7i.

t

~cc Jl <lg'C

17, No. f,,t;.

~

Sec

11, No. 75.

)'" !;"

Plural.
Fm sT P>:R SON. \Ve do l<o\' C.
SECON D PERSON. Ye or you do love.
THIRD PERSON. They do love,

I

IMPERFECT TENSE.

Siwrular.
0
FIR ST P ERSON . I did lovP..
SF. COND PERSON. Thou didst love.
THIRD PER SON. H e did love.

l

I

Plural.
Ftn sT PER SO N" . "We did love.
SECON D P F. RSON . Ye or you did love.
THIRD PER SON. They did love.

* See pa"e
27. The pote nti al mood is converte d into the suhjunctivc, by
0
placino- th o ronjnnrt.ion s if, thoug h, 11.n!Pss 1 &c . befo re it i as; " 1f I could deceive l1 im , I would not atte mpt it; Though lie shoul tl strikr., he cannot
harm ." The indicative mood is al so fr~qu e ntly used by goo J wr iters for the
snbjnnctivc ; as , " If he rises," &c. ·
,
t Sec page 62, Nos. 89 and 90, and page 63, No. 91.

t See

pa~e 82,

Nos. 117 and 118.

I
If

96

PROGRESS IVE EXERCISES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
SUBJUNCTIVE l\IOOD.
PR ESENT TENSE.

Singulltr.
FrnsT P E!lSoN. lfT do love.

F rnST

8 1-:c..oNv 1'1·:nso :lf . Ir tli ou dus t love.

I

Tnmo

I
.!

l'El< SON.

If he do or docs

love .

·:1

..

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I:'j 11:l

Tm 1tD

.\/11!_•·11/1.1r.
FtHST P u l SCJN. l f l did Ion~.
~.ECON D PEH. ~ oN . J ~, thot~ di<l_st Jove .

l 111 no

Pt:H SON.

P EHSON.

If they do love.

\
l .~ !l 'J< l~F E( :T

' "':! "' '

;.,.

Plural
Jfwe do love.

PF.liSON .

SECONn P ERSON. lfye or you <lo love .

II he did love.

l

TE ,1.;sr: .

P ll!rol .
l t'wc did ln\·f'.

F I B.ST P r:ns11'-; .

~.E GON u

Iurno

Pt<:nsuN. Hye or Y?u di<l love.
PutSON.

If they did love.

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i H
;

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It
ii

r

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f

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!J2. 'Vhen a q uestion is asked, the auxil iary verb precedes the nominative case; th us, " Do I love ? Dirl John write ' .Mriy he go? !lave
you learned the lesson ? "
!J3. The auxiliaries of the compound tenses arc frequ,<>Atly u se d alone,
to prevent th c.,rcp1, tition of the verb; as,. "He regitcls his word, but
thou dost n ot · (that is, dost not rcgarll, 1t).

ADVERBS.
!J4. Acfrcrbs may Le divided into the following cla sses :Of number ; as, Once, twice, thrice, &c.
Of order; as , First , secondly, thirdly, fourthly, fifthly, lastly, fin ally, &c.
Of place; as, Here, there, where, elsewhere, any where, somewhere,
nowhere, here in, wh ither, hither, thither , up ward , downward, forward, backward, whence, hence , thence , whithersoever , &c.
Of time prcsc11t ; as, Now, to-d ay, &c.
Of time post; as, A lready, before, lately , yesterday, heretofore , hithert o, long since, long ago, &c.
Of time to come; as, To-morrow, not yet, hereafter, henceforth, henceforward, by and by, instantly, presently, imm ediately, straightways, &c.
Of time iwl,;finite; as, Oft, often, ofttimes , oftentimes, some times,
soon, se ldom, daily, weekly, monthly , yearly, always , when , then,
ever , n eve r, again, &c.
Of qllnntity ; as, Much, litt.le, sufficiently, how mnch, how great,
e nough , abu ndantly , &e.
Of manner or quality; as, ·wi sely, foolishly, justly, unjustly, quickly~
s low ly , &c.
·
Of doubt ; as, Perhaps, peradve nture, possibly , perchance , &c.
Of o.Dirmtition; as , Verily , truly , undoubtedly , doubtless, certainly,
yea, yes, surely, indeed, really, &c ..
Of n egation; as, Nay, no, not, by no means, not at all , in no wise, &e.
Of interrog11.tion; as, How, why, wherefore , whither, &c.
Of comparison; as, More, most, better , best, worse, worst, less, least,
very, almost, little, alike, &c.
There are many adverbs , however, not included in the above list.
F.ND OF

PART I.

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