I

LESSONS
IN

;

LANGUAGE.

~ '

BY /

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"

EDvV ARD GIDEON,
''

PRINCIPAL OF THE GEORGE G . MEADE GRAMMAR SCHOOL
PHILADELPHIA.

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PHILADELPHIA:

ELDREDGE & BROTHER,
No . 17 North Seventh Street.

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. """·

LESSONS
IN

LANGUAGE.
:

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....

"Lccirn to llo by d oing·."

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.'

EDvV ARD GIDEON
I I

J

PRINCIPAL OF THE GEORGE G . MEADE GRAMMAR SCHOOL
PH I LADELPH IA .

'. ..'
,·~

'

I

·.
PHILADELPHIA :

ELDREDGE & BROTHER,
No . 17 North Seventh Street.

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·•0¢'0•·---------- ~

Entered, according lo Act of Co11gress, iu the year 1888, liy
ELDREDGE & BRO'l'IIEl=t,
in tlie Ollice of th e Librarian of Congress, at Washington .
.. 0¢>0•·

*
I
*

WEST COTT "' THOMSON,

*I

ELEC'l'ROTYPERS 1 l'IIILADA .

**

I

~

A scliOOL-BOOK is bne of the tools of the teacher. As
such it is invaluable for its suggestions and its assistance
in supplementing work which even without it would be
recognized as master-craft.
No apology is offered for the publication of this little
book. It must stand or fall upon its own merit as an
assistant to the teacher of language.
Intended mainly for young pupils, its object is to train
them to use words of their own simple vocabulary not
only in properly-expressed sentences, but also in oral
and written stories and descriptions. It aims also to
increase that vocabulary by a gradual accession of new
wor<ls similarly used.
No claim is made to originality in the arrangement
of the matter. It has been made to conform to the
requirements generally prescribed for children beginning the formal study of language, by a careful reference to the most approved courses of study in the principal cities of the country. It is so arranged that it can
be used in part or as a whole, so that teachers in any
~

5

Preface.
locality can make it conform to their own <lcsires and
needs.
Much of the work is suggestive. The amount of practice that ca11 be obtained from th e use· of the several parts
of the book is almost unlimited. T eachers are a<l vised,
th erefore, not to follow too closely the printed arrangement, but wh erever possible to apply principles already

LESSONS IN LANGUAGE.
SECTION L

fidl~e:v~

to some extent been shorn
of th e quaintness of language so peculiar to th em, but it
was not deemed advisable to make a complete trn.nsformation, for the reason that the pupil will experience less
difficulty in substituting his own simple expressions for
those oddities than h e would if they were written to suit
his own vocabulary.
Finally, the book is not in any sense a grammar; what...
ever grammatical definition s or principles are given are
the inevitabl e results of the inductive method appli ed in
the numerous exercises. If" we learn to do by doing "an ap horism as old as teaching-then this book, as well
as all similar books, will be an aid to all who, loving,
teach, and, teaching, love.

E . G.

1. \Vhat do yon sec in this picture?
llow ol<l llo you think the girl is?
What do you think h er name is?
\\That h as she been doing?
vVhat is she waiti11g for?
\ \Tho 1vill come to h er?
\Vlrnt for?
·write a story a,bout th e picture, using all or a
iiart of your answers.
7

9

3. vVhat do you see in this pi cture?

2. \Vhat do you see

m this picture?

vVhat is th o Loy doing ?
How old do you think h e is?
How is be dressed?
\Vlrnt do you think his name is?
\Vhore do yon think h o is ?
\\That do you think h e is ·waiting for?
\\Trite a. story aJJout the picture, using all or a
part of your answers.

v\There a re they seated?
vVhat flo you think their names are'?
What are they <loing?
v\That is the puss doing?
How do you know that?
Give the puss a name.
\Vrite a story about the picture, using all or a
part of your answers.

· ~·-

10

Lessoiis

'Ul

Lm1guctge.

L essons in Language.

11

5. \Vhat <lo you soe m this picture?

4. \Vhat do you see in this picture?
vVhere are they?
How do you know this?
\Vhat do you think their nam es nro ?
\Vhat are thoy cloing?
\Vhat have they b eon doi11g?
\Vhat do you think they ·will llo n ext. ?

·write a story about the picture, using all or a
part of your answers.

\Vhat do you think her name is?
How old do you think she is?
vVhat has she been doing?
\Vhat has she clone?
Is she a good girl?
vVhy do you think so?

·write a story about the picture, using all or a
part of your answers.

12

L essons ,in Language.

Lessons in Langiiage.
-----

6. Fill the blanks

111

the following sen-

tences:
The elephant is a
animal.
Sugar is
The __ _ horse ran n:wn,y,
T'he cows give us __ _ ,
Dutter is made from
Leather is rna<le from the ___ of animals.
Tobacco in any shape is _ __
Our _ __ shoul<l Le kept clean.
Our hair shon1<l be ---- ·
Drie<l grass is call e<l - - ·
\Ve shonl<l ljstcn to our ------·
Our _ __ shoul<l be _ _ _
Two - - - · two make four.
Flowers please the ___
Playing in the open air makes us _ __
It is time to _ __
'fhe weather is very
to-day.
It was
yesterday.
I hope it will be
to-morrow.
At what
does school open?
\Vhen do you
. home ?
Is your
kind to you?
Are your ____ older than you?
\Vere __ __ at the flower-show?
\Vas ___ there?
Roses _ __ beautiful flO\vers.

- -

_ __________

A tul.ip --··- - gaudy.
I like trees; ·w hat docs she
I must
home.

____;_

_13_

?

7. \Vrite 8ltort sc11to11ccs, each containing
one of the following words:
1.

Coal, fire, SHOW, rain, stove, leaf, l;md,
stem, flower, seed fruit rose, apple, tulip,
'
potato, Leet, OlllOll, teeth,' alcohol, drunkard.

2:
Clean, good, wicked, bad, grass, hay, straw,
flour, oats, corn, tree, moon, sun, stars,
globe, ocean, sea, cape, river, bay.
3.
Gulf, mountain, strait, isthmus, ship, boat,
one, two, tl.uee~ nu:nber, shape, money, food,
hungry, thirsty,. this, these, that, those, were.
4.
1\!Ien, boys, gfrl, women, school, teacher,
books, slates, p.encil, black, red, rough, smooth,
tough, har<l, colfee, tea~ butter,_ beef~ mutton,
2

14

Lessons in L anguage.

L essons 'in L anguage.

5.
Bathing, add, subtract, tltonsancls, north,
west, maps, streets, fire, water, triangle,
square, circle, oblong, \\·cather, color, vowel,
spelling, interrogation, comma.

May, June, Jul y, August, September, October,
NovemLer, Dec:ombcr, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, vVilliam P enn, George
Washi11 gton, A11drow Jackson, General Grant,
Abraham Lincoln.

8. \Vrite three sentences about the plays
'vhieh you have at your school.
rite the words, ·My dear Brother, at the beginning of these sentences, on the line above
them, at Urn lcf'L.
\Vrite your own name at the end of these
sentences, 011 the line below them, at the right.
You have written a short letter to your
brother.
Now write a short letter to your father about
your studies at school.
·\Vri tc a sJiort letter to your mother about
your comparuons.

''r

l\1ak e sh ort selltcnces, ench containing one of
the followiu g wonhi :-Monday, 'I\wsday, vV cdn esclay, January, February, l\1arch, April.
J\Tako short sentences in the form of <inestions, eacl1 co ntai11i11g one of the following
words:.. St111dqy, 'l'linrscla:y, JTriday, Snturuay 1

15

vVritc sen tences or statements in the form of
comnrnrnl~, each c:o11taini11g one of the followi11g ".:onls :-dog, cat, Loy, girl, John, Susan,
brother, sister, Andrew, James, uncle, aunt.

9. vVrite the following sentences:
Th e father will bury his son.
A sparrow will eat a berry.
A bir(l sat on a bough.
J ohn mtule a Low to his fri end.
The fare on the cars ·was too high.
A fair young girl was present.
Ellen's hair is black.
,.rh c hare is a kin<l of rabbit.
,.1'110rnas broke a pane of glass.
H e ha(l a pain in his h ead.
A cru el man will beat his horse.
Th o heet is a garden vegetable.
Ile docs 110t flecm to nrnlerstan<l you.
'l'h e coat was mad e without a seam.

16

Lessons 'in Lccngna.,r;e.

A lady led the way to tho church.
Load is a heavy metal.
A girl carried a pail of water.
The boy was sick and pale.
'l'he church-bells ring out a joyous peal.
\,Ve should not throw the peel of any fruit
011 tho side-walk.
I cli<l not see the book which you named.
Ships sail on the great sea.
'I'he grass was wet with tbe dew.
He did not pay me the money which was
due to me.
Mary could not climb the hill.
'rl1ey sent the sick boy to a sunny clime.
Did you see him?
'"I'hey sang a hymn in Sunday-school.
"\Vlrnt words in these sentences are pronounced
alike, but spelled differently?
\Vlrn.t is tlie rn.eaning of tla~se words'?
· write other sentences containing the samo
words.
Change some of these sentences so that they
may be in the form of question s.
Change some of the sentences f:io that they may,
be in th e form of commands.

Le.ssons in Language.

17

10. Make problems of each of the following
arithmetical expressions, using concrete numbers instea<l of the abstract numbers:
1. 18 - 13 = ?*
2. 12 - G = ?
3. 1'1 ··- ? =-: li.
4.

a+ u=

11. 27 -7- ? = 9.
12. ? -7- 4 = 7.
13. G + 4 + 5 = ?
14. 1() + (j - 7 := ?
15. 12 + 24 - 6 = ?
16. 25 - (2 x 6) = ?
17.Jof12 = ?
18. k of 15 = ?
19.
of 20 = ?
20. i of 16 =?

'?

5. '? + 6 = 12.
Ci. 4 + '? = 16.
7. 8 X 8 = G4.
8. 8 X '? = 5G.
n. '? X 7 = G3.
10. 18 -7- 2 = ?

11. \Vrite sentences or statements, each containing all the words in the following line:
1. House,

gate,

steps,

door,

stove.

\\Trite similar sentences for each of the following:

2. House, baby, chair, clog, hall.
0. House,
hall, steps, man, book.
4. House, door, dog, street, horse.
~

* Thus: "If I have eigh teen cents and spend thirteen of
them, how many will I have left?"
2'H

B

18

L essons ·i·n Lang1w.ge.

5. llonsc,
6. House,
7. House

'

c1mreh, street., all ey, cJ1jJ<l.
wjndO\rs, door, g:mlcn, · Jlower.
<loor, wi11 dows, ynnl, stal>l c.

12. Fill tlw bla1drn rn U1e follo\\'j11g sv11te11ces :

A rose
a pretty flo\H'r.
Roses
pretty f-low ers.
Th o man
kill ed.
Tho men _ __ _ killed.
y Oll ___ la 11 er ti· Hlll
H e _ _ _ stronger than
\Vo
going to tl1 0 eounlry.
Tl1 cy _ __ Jrnppy.
I
ten years olr1 to-cfo y.
I
ten years o1c1 ycsLcnl:iy.
I
ten y ears oJd to-morrow.

13. Fj]J Ili c blanks j11 tl1 0 ((1Jl0\ri11 ,...,cr sentenccs, using thi8, that, those, or th ese jn Lh e lirst
column :
man _ _ 11011est.
soldi ers _ __ brave.
soldier _ ___ brave.

- - - -- ------- --·-----

19

boy
studious.
Loys _ __ studious.
bird _ __ sweetly.
birds
sweetly.
flower
beautiful.
flowers __ _ fragrant.
a noisy girl.
talkative girls.

14. The Boys and the Frogs.
Some boys playing near a pond saw a number of frogs in the wa ter, and began to pelt
them with stones. They killed several of them,
when one of the frogs, lifting his head out of
the water, cried out: "Please stop, my boys;
what is sport to you is d eath to us."
Chjlrlrcn, wh en seeking pleasnre for themselves, often cause great trouble to others.
Read this story.
Tell it, using your own words.
\Vhat is the meaning of the words, pelt, several,
lifting, sport, troiible?

Use these words in other sentences.
Write the story, using, as far as possible, other
words instead of these.

20

L essons in Language.
15. The Crab and its Mother.

A crab said to her son: "\Vhy do you walk
so one-sided, my child? It is far more becoming to go strajght forward." The young crab
replied : " Quite true, dear mother; arn.l if you
will show m o the straight way, I will promise
to walk in it." The mother tried, but found
herself unable to do so.
Never r equire others to do what you cn unot
do yo urself.
Read tl1is story.
Tell it, using your own words.
'Vl1at fr.; tlw meaning of' the word s, heonning,
straight forward, repl-£ed, promise, 1.1,nable ?
Use these words in other sentences.
'Vrite the story, using, as far as possible, other
words instead of these.

16. The Dog in the Manger.
A dog lny in a manger, and by his snapping
and gro wling prevented the ox en from eating
the hay which had been pl aced ·there for them.
"\Vh nt. a selfish dog!" said one of them to his
compamons. " He cannot eat the h ay himself,

21

and yet he refuses to allow those to eat who
cau."
vVe should n ot deprive others of bl essings
because we cannot enjoy them ourselves.
Read this story.
· Tell it, using your own words.
vVhat is tlte meaning of the vvorc.ls, rnanger,
prevented, selfish, companions, refuses, allow, deprive,
blessings, enjoy ?
Use th ese words in other sentences.
V\Trite th e story, using, as far as possible, other
words instead of these.

17. The Two Goats.
Two goats started at the same moment from
opposite ends to cross a rude bridge that was
wide enough for only one to cross at a time.
Meeting at the middle of the Lri<lge, neither
would make room for the other to pass. r-n1ey
locked horns and fought for the right of way,
until they both fell into the torrent below and
were drowned.
What lesson does this story teach?
What is the m eaning of the words, opposite, .
erwugh, meel,ing, n:ghl of way, torrent?

22

Lessons in Lmtgiwge.
------------------ --

Use tlicsc worch; i11 other sentences.
\Vritc the i::;tory, u ~ing, as far as possible, other
words or expressions i1rntead of these.

SECTION II.

18. The Hare Afraid of his Ears.
1'Jie lion, being badly hurt by the J10r11 s of a
goat, declared solemnly that every animal with
h orns sh ould be banisheJ from hi s kingdom.
A silly h are, seeing the shadow of h.is ea r . . . ,
was in great fear lest they shoulJ Le taken for
h orns, and scampered away.
\Vliat lesso n docs this story teach ?
\Vh at fr; tli e m eaning o[ tlio wonJs, <leclrirecl,
solemnly, banished, kingdmn, silly, f ear, scmn1Jered?
Use these ·words in other sentences.
\ Vrite the story, using, as far as possible, oth er
word s instead of these.

19. \ Vh at do you see in this picture?
vVhat are they <loiug?
What arc th eir names?
\Vhere are they?
\\There do you think they live ?
vVlia t may happen '?
·write a story about the picture, using all or a
part of your an s,rers.
23

- -- - - ---·-····---· - ------

.

--

- ---

-· --·----------- - - --

24

25

L essons ,i'n .Langnagc.
- - - - : --

--

20. \Yhat do you see

-

111

-

-

- --

--

------ - - --- -- - - - -

-

this picture?

\\There are they ?
\\That are the boys doing?
\Vhat do you think their names arc?
Do you think they arc in earn est, or arc
they playing?
\Vhat do you think will happen?
'Nrite a story al>out the picture, using a.ll or a.
part of' your :tllf'\\'Cl'f'.

21. \Vhnt do you see

1n

this picture?

\Vlmt do you think has happened?
vVhcre are they ?
\\That do you think the boy's name is?
\Vhat name will you give the dog?
\Vhat will the mother do?
\iVrite n, story n,hout the picture, using n.11 or a
pa.rt of your answers.
3

26

L essons

Lcsso?i8 in L ang1lage.

in Lan,c;uaqc.

22. \\That do you see in this picture?
\Vlmt <1o yo n think ]1a s lrnppcnet1 ?
\\/h ere do yo n tl1ink they arc?
\Vlwt do yon think th e names of the
chih1ren are ?
vVhat do you think th e mother 1s snying?
\Vhat '"ill happen next. ?
"\Vrite a storv
.; about th e I)icturc
,
'
part of your an swers.

0

llS l ll ocr "n]l
·. 0 1'

--

a

21

23. vVlrnt do you see here?
\\That sort of a place is it?
\\' hut have the chilurcn been <loing?
·\Vhat are they <loing now?
vVi11 you give names tO all the persons
yon see?
\Vhat may happen?
Write a story about the picture, using all or a
imrt of your aiiswers.

28

L essons in L anguage.

24. \Vrite short senten ces, each contai11i11g
one of the following wonls :

Le8sons in L anguage.

29

25. Copy th e following letter, first on your
slate, then on a sh eet of note-paper:

1.

.No. 110 Ch estnut St.,

Multiply, divide, sum, difference, exercise,
north, east, west, south, race, rapid, falls,
watershe<l, commerce, <lomestic, foreign, export, import, size, equator.

/

2.
Addition, poles, su btraction, climate, seasons, night, curve, enlarge, diminish, design,
fi gure, outline, square, circle, oblo11g, prev10us, triangle, simple, ·wheat, coru.
C)

0.

Apple, pear, ch erry, food, lungs, breath,
breathe, stirn ulan t, spelling, occasional, silent,
<lumb, whisper, talkative, correct, punctuation,
memorize, pupils, oLey, lwn cst.

4.
Truthful, life, am, are, was, were, has, have,
this, these, that, those, beeu, tru e, would, wood,
letter, en vclope, paper, a<l<lrcss.

Philadelphia, Pa.,

Dec.

~pt

c3G-l k-t ,·
cf aii~~-et:!
kie aa/-~ v~i a ,t,nf' ,t£de
-l k £,aid.
df)itZN?
- h ,/£ /_ed ,Uhtth 'IN/'

________

,.__

-------·---

decti

j
/£1-u l-tie71 cf/fl ·t tJ.1-£--te
a t· · £1-n-c-eJ

y£lu

-citi-e-ckd

~-ay hnrz u e

ueed!
-

24, 188 8 .

d

,ffl e/

a -1 n

/~al

aa/-

ad

yt:J-u
and

30

L essvns in Lunguagc.

cf ahcu:1'£(,l·t £k
aJi /

I

. -I
- l(J,f;,,/? td·t -J-n a. u1 anri

aya£:n

ri

-I /),jl
,jl,;;
-t c4 - t j/-- CZ'lt a££

·a d~u/ -Jn / /ll£~£1 fa //{e f!Ztt-a
- h-e?

C?J£ty/

cu -ti £a i1en ca~./

@f;.IJ' i~ tce i d m7 dea;,

.l~essuns in .l~a nqua.r;c .

31

On what street is the residen ce?
Nhat number ?
\Vhat city?
vVl1at State?
What three parts rn the elate?
vVhat inonth?
\Vhat clay of the month?
vVhat year?
On what part of tlio page do you write the
place aml the date?
\Vhat do you find on tlte upper left-hand corner?
1

Give the form of address you would use in
writing ·to yo ur m oth er, sister, brother, cousin,
friend, uncl e, arn1 t., a n acquaintan ce, a stranger.
Can yo u g ive any otl1 or forms of address ?

Notice the body of the letter.
Exnminc thi s ldtcr closely. Notice where
th e da te is placed; the address; tho s ign er's
nam e.
Notice the form of the address; U10 form of
the closing.
\Vhat is placed on the upper right-h:ind corn er ?
\\That fo ur parts in the place?

-·-

- - - - - -. ------------

·-.

J nto how many parts is it divid ed?
\\Th at js each part called'?
Does each part. contain a new thought?

Notice '.vher e the first word of the first paragraph begins.
Notice where the first words of the other
paragraphs begin.
·what rule or direction. can you give for the

32

L essons 1~n Lan,quagc.

Lessons in Language.
'The l!)nvclopc.

plaec of t l1 c firnt word of t l1 e first paragraph?
for the 1in;t word uf the other parngraphs '?

Notice tho closing part of tl10 lotter.
·what words are used?
'.\There arc thc~e words placed'?
'\\That other funus of closing arc uscll m letters?
\\That corn es last in the letter?
'Vhere is it placed'?

Write a letter to your mother about a journey which you have made.
'Vrite a letter to your cousin about a p1;osent
which you have received.
\ VrHe a letter to your sister ahont a book
which you lmve read.
\Vrite a letter to your friend about a story
which you have beard.
Suppose t hn t yon are Yisi t,ing n friend in tho
city or in tho country . \\'rite a letter to yo nr
brother, tolliug him what you have seen and
done,

33

- -- -- -··------ ·

I
of~ t . )'tfo~i (!}f: cff/o#t/aon/

d .

.2b

cl~a-t~i.

I_ """·

d/Ler_;,,{

cJ~ a /u:O.-;, i/

d-tan£ c@o./
~d.
Notice the direction on the face of the envelope.
Where is the st.amp placed?
'Vhere do you begin the address?
How are the other portions of the address
placed?
vVhat comes first? second? third? fourth ?
fifth?

Draw the shape of an envelope on your slate.
Mark the place for the starn p.
Direct the letter to some one you know.
Draw another envelope, and direct it to your
uncle in
ashington.

wr

c

3.:1

L essons in L anqllugc.

h essori8 ·in Lnri,_c;uage.

Draw and tlirect others to fri ends in diflcrc11 t places.

\Tritc ten noun s that are n am es of places. \Vrite
ten nouu s that are nam es of things.
Write short sentences, each containing one of
these n oun s.

26 . .J ohn , Charl es, Lncy, Clara, m oU1 er,
sister, boy, man, uncle.
Of what a re th ese words the n a m es?
\\rri te sh ort sentences, each contain ing on e uf
these nam e-w on.ls.

Boston, PJ1iln<l elplda, \Vnshjugton, Chj cngo,
New York, Uharleston.

\

35

1

l\foke a written list of all the Jrnme-words,
or nouns, in the sentences on pages 15 and lG.
Mnke a written list of all the name-words,
or nouns, in the stories on pages lD to 22.
Th e boy runs. 'rlie dog barks. The girl
laughs. Th e baby cries. The kitten plays.
The woman sews. The man hammers. 1'he
carpenter builds. The farmer ploughs.

Of wh at are t.li cse words th e names?
\\Trite short Rl'n tcn ccs, each co ntaining one o'

th ese w1.rn e-word ::;.
Stove, carpet, pencil, desk, paper, knife, ink,
wat er, money, cloLhcs.
()f" w]iat :ire til ('fiC WonlR tlJe 1l:Jlll CS?
\Vri te sh ort sentences, each containin g one of
these nam e-words.

A ll 11 amo-\Yonls are call ed Nouns.
A Noun is t li e nan1 e of nn y perso n, plnce, or

Nam e all the n oun s in th ese sentences.
\\That wonh; i11 th ese ::;cntcnccs ex press action
or mov em ent ?

All words that express action are called ac-

tion-"·onls, or Verbs.
\\Tri te t\\·o or more action-words after the following nouns :
boy
h orse
bird

bee
cat
mouse

girl
smoke
gardener

rain
wind
farmer

thing.
\\' rite ten nouns that are names of p ersons.

" Trite a nou n before each of the follO\ving
action-words:

36

Lessons
quarrel
play
break

Ul

sqn eul
Lu ild
ru u

L a11,r71wgc.
pin ch
strike
bend

L essons '~n I1anguage.
throw
JUmp

steal

\V rite n11 action-word in cacl1 of the followmg blanks:
Tli e boy ___ on a horse.
rrlJ e clouds - - - over our h eads.
'l'he man _ __ his dinner.
H enry _ __ to school.
Cows ___ in the meadow.
l\Inke n list of a 11 tli e action-won1s, or vcrLs,
in th e sentences 011 pages ] !) a.nd ] n.
l\fake a li st of all Ll1e action-words, or verLs,
in the stories on pages 18 to 22.
In th ese stories or sentences wliat words begin
with capital letters? " ' h ere do you find th e
capital letters? 'Vhere do you find th e period?
" ' here do you find the interrogation-point?

Show where tlie commas are used.
\\Trite short sentences containing capital letters, interrogation-points, commas nnd periods,
properly used.

27 . \Vrite the following sentences:
Dy e tlJC silk a beautiful brown.
They thought the boy would die.

--

- - ·· ·-- -

37

-·- -- - - - -- -- - - - -

James brui sed his h eel.
'l'he wouwl will heal in a short time.
vVasli i11gton was a great mau.
Coal is burn ed in a grate.
Susan bought a pair of shoes.
You can pare a pear with a knife.
'l'he way was long and rough.
How much <lo you weigh?
Will the farmer sow the seed?
Does the woman se\v a garment?
It is so cruel to rob a bird's n est!
A sail was seen on the bay.
rl'his liouse is for sale.
The problem was too difficult for the pupil.
Two men were seen to run from the buildmg.
rrhe seaman tol<l a sorrowful tale.
The cat has a loug tajJ.
Thou shalt not steal.
T Jiave a 11ew steel pen.
A lio1 1 is a beast of prey.
The BiLl e cornm::m ds all men to pray.
The lady had a gold ring on h er finger.
vVri11 g t l1e water from your dress.
Anna has a fur wrap.
T heard a rap at the door.
A coarse cloth was used by the tailor.
'I'he vessel sailed a westerly course.
4

38

L essons

1'n

Lan9ua..r;e.

\Vhat word s in these senten ces arc pronounced
alike, but spell ed differently'?
\Vhat is the meaning of th ese words?
\Vrite other sentences containing the same
worcls.
Change some of these sentences so that they
may be in the form of questions.
Change some of them so that th ey may be in
the form of commands.
Make a written list of the nouns 111 each sentence.
l\fake a written list of the verbs m each sentence.

28. Write sentences, each containing one
of tho following vcrLs:
Give, go, hang, work, love, contain, occur,
ivrite, read, spell, draw, cipher, 1nake, strive,
swear, swing, hurry, rise, tntiu, converse, exhibit.
Mark the nouns m each sentence.
Mark th e verbs in each sentence.

29. Fill th e blanks m the followi11g sentences with nouns:
___ may go out :uul play?
'rlie _ ______ was uurued this 111orui11g.

39
_ __ __ arc pl eased with music.
___ will ea ll and sec us to-day.
The _____ graze in Lite m cu<low.
___ bark at strangers.
____ bougl 1t a ll C W lJook.
A large __ . ____ foll across tlrn road.
Are ___ pretty?
Large ___ ·w ere caught.
Th e __ ___ of the oak was withered.
A
sat on a bush and sang for us.
may stay at home.
A _ __ en closes the garden.
The _ ___ burns in the stove.
can sew rapidly.
_ _ ___ tak es mm;ic lcssous.
will go with you.

30. Fill Ll10 Llanks m t110 following seutcu ces with verbs:
Farmers ___ corn, wheat and hay.
Dutehcrs
m eat.
Tailors
coats.
Dn k ers
breaLl.
A large Loar ___ - · _ _ _ Ly tl10 1m11tcrs.
Tl1c ca rs __ ___ . ... very fast.
'J'l 1is poor Least
food.

40

L essons

1'n

L an,qnage.

The carman ____ the furniture.
The ship ___ -·- - - ashore by the fierce
Willd.
The class
diligently.
Y0u
rerul good books.
A rose _ _ _ n pretty flower.
On a May dny we all _ __ for flowers
and green leaves. 'l'he sun ___ _ brighLly.
Not a cloud
to be seen.

..

31. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with nouns and verbs:
h er sister a n ew book.
_____ _ home in great haste.
_____ _ his lessons.
and
to see the menagene,
\Vhere · -_ __ going?
\Vhat _ _
saying?
sweetly.
a dollar on his way to sclioo1.
'I'he _ __ _ _ __ who
in thi s house
to the country.
on the express-train
this morning by a collision.
___ ___ a letter to hi s friend, a11cl
him that his
sielc

L e88ons in L anguage.

41

32. Make a problem of each of the following arithmetical expressions, using concrete
numbers instead of the abstract numbers:

+ G4 + 48.
+ 12 + 7.
[)() + 75 + 25.

ri2
45

180 - 108.
18 --- u.
11[) - 79.
[) x 11.
12 x 12.

n x 3.

78 x 8.
359 X G.
37 x 19.
25 x 48 x 40.
150 - (6
24).
2GO + 5.
(90 x 75) + 30.

x

3G + 4.
84 + 12.
350 + 2.
$20 - ($&.50 + $4.25 + $1.75).
50 - (lG + 8 + 9 + 3).
$5 - (2 x $2.25).
$10 - (3 x $3.75).
$50.GO - $35.70.

33. The Hare and the Hound.
A hound, having started a hare from his
hiding-place, after a long run gave up the
cliase. A shepl1enl, seeing l1im stop, mocked
l1im, sayiug, "'J'lie little one is the best runn er of the two." The 110und replied, "You
4*

42

L essons in Lm1,,qua,ge.

do not see the difference Lctwoen us: I wn s
only running for a dinner, Lut J1 c for his lil"e."
'l'he greater the prize, tho grouter the effort.
Read this story.
Tell it, using your own words.
\ Vhat is a hare? a houml '?
vVlrnt is tl1e meaning of the won1s, started,
hiding, shc11herd, mocked, <Nffc'l"ellce '?
Use these words in other sentences.
\Vrite the story, u s ing, as for as iwssiblc, other
words instead of these.

34. The Crow and the Serpent.
A crow in great want of food saw a serpent
asleep in a sunny nook, and, flyiug down, greedily seized 11im. The f3c rpcnt, turning about, l)it
the crow with a rnorbd wonnd. 'J'ltc crow in
the ago11y of death exclaimed , "0 unh appy
me! I have fouml the source of my own destru ction in that wl1ich I thought a piece of
good fortune."
\VJ mt seem to Le Llessings ar c not al ways so.
Read this story.
Tell it, u sin g your own words.

L essons in Language.

43

'What is the meaning of the words,
nook,
greed,ily, mortal, ayonv, sonrce, <lestrnction, exclaim eel?
Use these wor<ls in other sentences.
vVrite the sto ry, using, us far as possible, other
wonls instea<l of these.

35. The Boy and the Nettle.
A boy ·was stu ng by a nettle. He ran home
and told hi s mother, saying, "Although it pains
me so much , I did but touch it ever so gently."
-"That was just what caused it to stiug you,"
said his mother. "'fhe next time you touch a
n ettle, grasp it Loklly; it will be as soft as silk
to your hand, and will not hurt you in the
least."
vVhatcvcr you do, do with all your might.
Read this story.
Tell it, uHing your own wor<ls.
vVhat is the meaning of the words, tuld, gently,
grci.~v, boldly, ccwsecl?
\Vhat is a nettle?
Use these words in other sentences.
vVrite the story, using, as fo,r as possible, other
wonls instead of these.

--=--ui 1111 Ut l

45

44
- - - - -- -- - -

--- ------- - -- --

36. The Shepherd and the Wolf.
A shepherd 011ce fouwl n youug wolf and
taught it to steal lamus from Llie ueighuori11 g
flocks. 'I'h e wolf, lmvi11g shown himself nn
apt pupil, sai<l to the sh ephen1, "Sin ce you
lutYc taught m o to steal, you must k eep a
sharp lookout, or you will lose some of your
own flock."
The ·wrong we tench others may be prn ctisetl
upon ourselves.
Road this story.
Tell it, using your own word s.
vVhat is th e rn enning of the followin g "·ords or
expressions?F01md, tmtght, neighboring, apt, sha?]J looko1lt.
Use them in oth er sentences.
'Vrite the story, using, ns far :.is possible, other
word s or expressions instead of th ese.

37. The Wolf and the Sheep.
A wolf, b eing sick and rnai med, call e<l to a
sheep who was passing, and aske<1 him to fetch
some water from the stream. "For," he said,
"if you will bring me drink, I will find moans
to proyid e rnyself with m eat." "Yes," said the

sheep; "if I shouh1 Lring you the draught, you
would doubtless make m e provide the meat
also."
Head this story.
Tell it, usi11 g your own words.
'\That is the rn e:111ing of th e words, maimed,
asked, f etch, means, prov'i<ie, dra1.1ght, cloubtle.ss?
Use these word s in otlier sentences.
\Vrite the story, using, as far as possible, other
words iHstead of th ese.
' Vlrnt lesson does the story teach?

..

,__
llililh

.~C880118

In 1 1({?1,_(JUCt.rJC.

47

SECTION III.

39. \\rltat clo you see in this picture?
38. \Vhat do you see m this picture?
Vh cr o arc t.liry ?
\Vha t is each on e doing?
\Vhat do you think th eir names arc ?
H ow o1c1 do yon think t.h c girls arc '?
\Yhat book c1 o you think they nro r ead\

1

.

\VIJat are th ey doing?

\\rh crc

<l re

tli u.Y?

\\rliat tlo you think their nam es are?

\\Thero are they going?
\\

7

?

hat won]d hnppen if the wh eel should

Lr<'n k '?

1ng.

\\That scnson of tho year is it?
\ \Trite a story about the picture, using all or a
part of your answers.
46

\~' rjte

a story abont the picture, using all or a
part of your answers.

48

Lessons in Lan9iiage.

Lesson8 ·1n Lan,giwgc.

40. \Vhat do you see in this picture?
\Vhat do you think the Loy's name is?
vVherc is ho?
vVhat has the boy been doing?
\Vhat is the fox going to do?
\Vhy will the fox try to do this?
\Vho will be to blame?
'V rite a story about the picture, using all or a
part of your answers.

4

t. What do you see

in

49

this picture?

\Vhere are they?
\Vhat do you think the boy's name is?
vVhat has he Leen <loing?
\Vhat is he going to do now?
\Vho do you think the lady is?
What is likely to happen if he goes too
near the water?
Write a story about the picture, using all or a
part of your answers.
!i

D

50

L essons ,in Lanqwtgc.

L essons 'i n Lan,q'Uage.
- ------ --- -

-

- - - --

51

- -- - -- -

43. vVrite five senten ces about plants, roots,
leaves, bulls, flow ers, see<ls.
Tell how plants grow.
T ell what plants arc used for food.
Tell what parts of these plants are used.
Toll wh at you know about the manner m
which these plants are cultivated.
'rell what you know about the necessity for
cleanliness, bathing, clothing, the care of the
teeth; the lungs, breathing; the advantages of
pure air, the effects of bad air.

42. \Vhat do you see m this picture '?
\Vhat do you think has happened'?
-\Vlrnt is the man standing up for'?
vVho will see him'?
1.Vhat ·will th e captain of the vessel do
if he sees him?
Suppose the captain should not see him,
what would th en happen'?
vVrite a story ahout the picture, using all or a
part of your auswcnt

T ell what you know about trees, shrubs,
forests; the different kinds of trees; the
different kinds of woods; the uses of the
different kinds of woods.
'rell what you know about the different domestic animals, their names, their movements,
their uses to man.
'roll what you know about the bones of the
body, tl1eir names, their compositionJ their
uses; the joints; the muscles awl their uses.

Lessons in Language.

52
Give a description of places in your city or
county which you have seen.
Give a description of the route you take m
coming to school.
Tell what you know about North America;
the United States; islands, rivers, capes, mountains, lakes, etc.
Tell what you know about commerce, exports, i1nports; river-systems, river-basins; races
of men; climate; size of the earth; the equator ; the rn.otions of the earth.

44. Cat, horse, chair, pen, bird, star, table,
apple, book, dog, rat, clock, pear, ruler, cow,
tree, sun, rose.
How many objects are meant when you use any
one of these names?
A word which shows that only one object is
meant is said to be of the Singular Number.
Cats, horses, chairs, pens, birds, stars.
How many objects arc meant when you use one
of these words?

A word which shows that more than one
object is meant is said to be of the Plural
Number.

vV ri tc ten nouns in the singular number.
\Vrite the same nouns in the plural number.
\Vhat letter. has been added to form the
plural?
In what number are the following nouns?
Fish, dish, brush, church, glass, compass,
box, tax, topaz, waltz.
"With ·what sound do they end?
"With what letters do they end?
Can you sound the plural if you add s, as m
other nouns? Try it.
\\That, then, must you add m order to sound
the plural of these nouns?
\Vrite the plural of each of these nouns.
vV rite other nouns that end in these sounds.
\Vrite the plural of the nouns you have just
written.
Nouns that end in sh, ch soft, z or x form
the plural by adding es.
5

'*

54

L essons in Language.

Lessons in L angnage.

55

H ero, potaLo, tomato, torpedo, calico, negro.

\Vrite ten nouns ending in f or fe.
\V rite their plurals.

In what number is each of th ese words?
·write th e plural of each of th em.
\Vhat is the difference ?

Jn what number are the following nouns?

'Grotto, solo, canto, quarto, duoc1 ecimo.
In what number is each of th ese wonls?
\Vrite the plural of each of th em.
\Vhat is th e <lifferenee?

Nouns ending in o generally form the plural by adding es, Lut some nouns ending In
o form the plural Ly adding s only.
\Vrite as many nouns

as

you can tl1at end

Ill O.

\Vrite the plural of these nouns.
In what number are the following words?
vVife, knife, calf, leaf, life, loaf.

Lady,
city.

baby,

army,

sky,

berry,

cherry,

In what letter do they end?
vVhat kind of a letter (vowel or consonant) is
before the last letter?
\~Trite th e plural of each of these nouns.
·what change has been mad e ?
\Vhat letter has been changed ?
\Vhat letter is used instead of it?
vVhat letters have been added?

Nouns endin g in y following a consonant
change y into i and add es in forming the
plural.
vVhat is the plural of-

In what sound do they end?
\Vrite the plural of each of th em.
What is th e difference? ·w hat change in the
sound? \Vhat change in the letters?

How do th ese words differ from the former list
of words ending in y?

Nouns ending i 11 f or fe change the f to v
and add s or es.
To this rule there are some exceptions.

Nouns ending in y following a vowel form
the plural by adding s.

Day, play, money, toy, turkey?

5G

L essons 'in Language.

L essons 'i°n Language.
--

In what number are the following Houns?
l\Iouse, goose, man, -..rnman, foot, tootli, ox,
louse, child.
"\Vrite the plurals of these nouns.
These nouns are said to have frregular plurals.
l\fake a list of other words that have irregular plurals.
'rake each of the words given as singnlnr
nouns in Section 44 (pages 52-SG), and use it
in a sentence.
Change the singular .name to th e plural form,
and use it in th e same sentence. \Vhat change
occurs in th e sentence?
Some nouns are alike in both numbers: as,
c~eer, sheep, trout; som e are used only in the
smgular number: as, gold, flour, milk; and
some are used only iu the plural: as, m easles,
scissors, cattle.

45. A book. A map. A pencil.
The book.

Th e map. The pencil.

A rose.
'l'he rose.

. \Vhat is th e difference between these cxpress10ns?
If I say, GiYe me a IJook, what Look do I
mean?

-

57

--- - -- - - -- -- - - --

If I say, Give me th e book, what book do I
mean?
-w hat words cause this Lliffercnce in meaning?

Tho -..ronls a and the are called Articles,
or Limiting Adjectives.
Show me a picture.
Tak e a peach.
Can you ri<lo a horse?
An eye for an eye.
Come and see an eagle.
Be an earnest pupil.
\Vhich of these words are articles?
Before what kind of a letter is a used?
Before what kind of a letter is an used?

Use a or an before each of the following
-..rords:
School, lesson, apple, Hight, ice, word, bee,
adjective, article, pupil, broom, adverb, army,
orange, acorn, week, gate, lily, egg, eagle,
plough, park, grove, onion, auger, hatchet,
joist, elm, chestnut, antelope, elephant, orchard, eclipse, errand, business, separation .
Use each of these words in a sentence.
Change each word to the plural form, and
then use it in a sentence.

·----58

Lessons 'in Language.

L essons ·in Language.

46. A gootl maiL A lmd boy. A sweet
npple. A fi n e h ouse. A pretty bird. The
l1on est farm er. The Llack clouds.

dollars. 'J'li e wi sest, noblest man. Dear, patient,
gentle moth er! A fine, large tree had fallen over
the mudd y road.

In these expressions wlii eh words n,rc articles ?
\Vhi ch word s arc n ouns ?
\Vii ich word::; Llcscribc the nouns?

Prefix articles and adjectives to the following words by filling the blanks:

\ ,Vorcls that describe noun s are called Quality Words, or Adjectives.
Take each of the above nouns and place
before it fiv e different adjec:tives or q uality
·words.
Tell or m a rk th e adjedivc m each of the
following senten ces:
John is a g·ood son.
An obedient son is the Jclight of his
father.
Mary is a studious, intelligent girl.
Here com es a tall mau .
The dobo- is ha111 .1r bee a use hi •s 0 11
(.
has call et1 him.
Green fields are pleasant pictures.
Ta ll oaks from li ttle acorns grow.
Perfect lessons are expeded.
>.'
_

1
ll1t1.SL-Cr

The first m an. The second 'roman. A ]Jetter lesson. The best writing. 'rwo Lirds. Five

59

CO\VS.

sh eep.
trees.
flowers.
snow.
desert.
squeak.
- - - - - pnnce.
president.
trap.
streets.
houses.
ha il.
r 1ver.
mountain.
ans\ver.
- - - thorn.
king.
~--

___ f:>an<l .

·- .- ·-- horse.

l\Iakc scnlcn ccs of the completed cx1ircssio11 s.
vVrite five sentences containing articles.

l

60

L essons ·in Lang1wge.

\Vrite ten sentences containing adj ectives.
:Make lists of all the nouns, verbs and adjectives in the stories 011 pages 41 to 45.

Lr88()Jl8 'in

.

\.

'- -

L anguage.

'- ~ -

-...?

61

- - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -Use an ad verb in each of the following

sentences:

Did Mary see h er father?
Tho bird sang.

4 7. Tho boy plays hero.

Th o Loy plays

there.
vVhat words in th ese two sentences show in
what place th e boy pla.ys?

The girl came to-day. 'I'he girl cume yesterday.
\Vhat word s m these two senten ces show the
tim e wh en tli e girl cam e'?

The man ran quickly.

Charles received a letter.
Henry rmul to hi s mother.
'l'he thief was caught.
vV e arri ve<l from Trenton.
A lady called before you came.
W ore you in the city?
The cat caught a mouse.
·He studies his lessons.
In each sentence whi ch you have used, what
wonl dues the adverb modify'?

The man ran slowly.

\Vhat words in th ese two sentences tell how the
man ran?
Do the "·ords, h ere, th ere, then , yesterday,
quickly, slowly, describe a noun or modify a
verb?

"\Vords that show hO\v, when or wh ere an
adi on is done are eall ell Adverbs.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

48. Jn th e following sentences name tlie
a<ljcdi ves, the artielcs, th e ad verbs, the nouns
and th o vor\Js :

The <log ran there before he came here.
vVhcre are you going?
H ere comes the man 'v ho told me the news.
You must not look backward.
I promised yesterday to see you to-day.
The praise was honestly given.
Surely you are mistaken?
ij

'l-,

'

.. )

•
63

69

.:..J

L c8so·11 8 ·in L a:nyuagc.

Thero is a flock of wihl geese.
'rhe captain ·was gr eatl y mistak en if he
thought I would give him too mtwh praise.
Proln1.bl y yon (;:tll lcll th e cause.
The vi ctim was wh olly in his power.
H e spend s 11i:-:; time chiefl y in doing nothmg.
H e has \Joell very sick, and lately has \Jecom e totall y blind.
Th en you m usL go '?
I cannot v enture out.
The number of the stars ca11u ot bo lol<l.

49. Fill the bl ank s in th e follmdn g senten ces with a rticles, nclj ecti ves or adverbs :
The _ __ wind blew _ _ _
_ __ sta rs shin e - ---··
1Jinls sill g _ _ .
e:ig les soar
h ouses cost _ __
A - - - child acts _ __
dogs bark - - - - ·
'rh e doctor wns _ __ __ _
The soldier had a _ __ experi ence.
An
expeuse was incurred in huil<liu g the Lridge.

Th e m er chant was
busy. H e was
_ _____ C'ngagecl.
Tl1 c \r eatl1 cr is _ __ _ cold.
_ __ t..11 0 rain poured down.
boys will listen
to tl1 e lcad1C'r 's lliredi on .

50. I h eard n gro::m.
Ile Jrns g rown to Le a man.
H e prays for hi s brother.
'l'h c tcad1 er will prai se your efforts.
H e will wa it for "'YOU.
Your \rcight is greate r lh a n minf:.
Th e g entl e rain foll all through tho spnng
nig ht.
The reign of thi s king was a troublesome time.
The bridle-rein was brok en.
An l101wsL f"arrn< !r will sell puro li11Ucr.
A criminal will r each a prison-cell.
Th e wick ed boy threw a ston e at his gentle companion.
Dinls fl y through th e air.
A fir tree is a beautiful ohj ect.
The fur of tho white fox is valuable.
L ot u s hire a h orse an<l carriage a n<l driv e
into tho country.
A colon el is hig h er in rank th~n a major.

------------- 64

-I

Lessons ·in L ang'U,a_ge.

The fourth rna11 :111swerc<l, a.wl stepped forth
from the r:u 1ks.
If you choose, you 1.: an h elp m u vury 11111 cl1.
'rho cow ch ews the cml.
Pen.co was procla.i 1110<1 with grc:i t n ;joici11g.
A piece of bread was offered tu the beggar.
Have yo u been to sec the m cn ngcric '?
The wheat-bin 1vas the larges t. i 11 th e co11 n t.1..v.
Tlw t:1il of t11 e a11im:il wa~ tlm.'<' r<·<·t lrn1 g.
The stran ger luld a tule of rni :;ery awl su rforiug .
The nwil trni 11 ,,·:1:-; 1wlii1ul lillie.
The mal e bird had hi s wi11g broken.
The carter will haul the goods to the townhall.
In these sentences what words are pronounced
alike, but spelled differently?
~T hat does each of these words m en.n?
Use th em in other sentences.
Name the nouns, the verbs, the articles, the
adjectives, and the adverbs in each senten~e.
\ \Trite each of the foregoing sentences m the
form of a question.
Chancre
th e verb in some of th em to the plub
ral form, and change the subjed to agree.
Change some of the subj ects to t he plural form,
and see if any change will be rc<1uirc<1 in the verb.
Read the senicn<.;c wilh the verl> cliangcJ.

51. Jn t.h e l'al >lcs

pages 111 to 4G change
tho singular noun s to tho plural form, :111<..l
chn11gc t.li c verb tn agree when n occssnry.
011

w or n 11 >n ~ n <l.iu< ·t.i v <:s licf1>rn r:wli of
tho l!Oll ll S j ll ( ii l'SC fo hJ<.:-;.

Uso

01

Use one or more adv erbs rn Llie same fa])h·s
if

yo 11 C:lll.

52. Use each of the foll owing \Vorcls
sc11 lc11cc:

111

a

House, fiel d, fa.r111 er, gla(l, children, home,
play, come, shadows, trees, day, ni g ht., exceedingly, occurrence, n oticed, dog, unex pected,
working.
Use any t " ·o of them jn a sentence.
Use an y t hree of them in a senten ce.
Usn ~wy four of them in a sentence.
\Vritc a story about a visit to the country ,
and u se all of these ·w ords in it if you can.

53. Mako aritlnnctical qn estjons, each containing all or a part of the nnmbers and
express1om; in each of the followjng lines :
G-:;,

E

l

I
11

Lessons ·in Lang·uage.

L essons vi Language.
4 gall ons, quarts, pints, gill s.
8 Lush els, pecks, quarts, pints.
20 tons, hundreth,·cights, pounds, oun ces.
5 years, <lays, hours, minutes, seconds.
20 centurirs, years.
15 ycrrrs, m onth s.
:lO months, weeks, days.
400 gills, gallons, quarts, pints.
200 pints, bushels, pecks, quarts.
12,000 seconds, hours, minutes.
12 lbs. sugar, 7 ctR. a pound.
() lhs. soap, 8 cts. a pound.
4 lbs. coffee, 28 cts. a pound.
$2.17, sugar 7 cts. a pound.
.GO cents, soap 5 d.s. a pouml.
$1.25, coffee 25 cts. a pound.

54. In writin g letters, str:rn gcrs shoul<l he
ruldresseu
onel, etc. ;
Dear Sir,
acl<lressed

as Sir, :M adam, Ifoyereml Sir, Col:wrprnintnnrrs shonld be ndclrcssccl
Dear l\fadarn, etc.; fri ends sh ould be
fily (1ca r Si r, My cl ear Madam, clt;.

\\Tr ite a letter to a stranger abo ut business
or information .
\T ri te letters to a.eq uni 11 ta nccs about your
school, your residence, yo ur eity.
\ 1

67

Write letters to frien<ls or relatives about
your play, your books, your visits.
\ Vri to letters to your mother about yo ur
compa.mons, your studies.

55. The Fir Tree and the Bramble.
A fir tree said boasti11gly to the bramble,
"Yon nre useful fo r nothing at all, while I am
eYervwh ore used for roofs and houses." 'I'he
bram lJle made answer: "You poor creaLure ! if
you would only call to mind the axes and saws
whi eh arc about to h ew you down, you would
h aYc rca.son to wish that you had grown up a
br:unl>lc, and nol a fir Lrcc."
Poverty without care is better than rich es
\Yi th it.
•)

Rca<l th is story .
Tell it in yo ur own words.
\ Vlrn.t is th e m eaning of the words or exprP-Rsinns, horistingly, iu;e:fnl, rncuie mn.swer, creature,
ca ll to mind, hew~ rea son ?
Use t.IH'm in other R0nt.0nr0s nf yo ur own .

\Vrit.o tho story, using, as far ns possihl e, ot.l1('r

words or exp ressions m place of these.

1.

L essons 'in Lan_q1la9e.
Lessons in
----·-

L(iJl!f llU!Je.

- - - - - - - - - -- --

56. The Fly and the Bull.
A f-ly tlwt liad L>ccn L>uzzing al>out the head
of a bull at length settled himself (lo'..vn upon
his horn, and Lcgge(l hi s panlon for i11commodi11g him. "But," said lie," if my weight iu convoniences you at nll , pray say so, :11Hl I ,.,•ill be
off in a m oment." "Oh, never trouble your
h ead about that," said the hull, "for 'tis all
one to me whether you go or stay; n11(1, to
tell th e truth, I did not know you were there."
The smaller the mind, th e greater tho conceit.

Read this story.
Tell it in your own words.
\Vhat is th e ·meaning of the words,
btizzi.ng,
settled, begged, pardon, 'inconven·ience, incommod,irig,
pray, tro1ible ?
Use these words in other sentences.
\Vritc th e story, using, as far as possiule, other
words in place of these.

57. The Crow and the Pitcher.
A crow perishing with thirst saw a pitcher,
and, hopin g to ·find water, flmv to it with great
delight. \\Th en li e reach ed, it he discovered, to

69

his grief, that it contained so little water that
h e could n ot possi bly get at it. He tried
every way h e could think of to reach the
water, but all his efforts were iu vai11. At last
h e collected as many stones as he could carry,
and clroppod th em , one Ly one, with his beak,
into the pitch er, t.mtil h e brought the water
·w ithin his roach, and thus saved his life.
N eccssi ty is the parent of invention.
R.en,d the story .
Tell it, using your own words.
\Vhat is the meaning of the words, perishing,
th-irst, hop ing, delight, discovered, griej~ cont.ainell,
possibly, ~ff'orts, at last, collected, beak ?
Use these words in other sentences.
\Vrite the story, using, as far as possible, other
words or expressions in place of th ese;

58. The Monkey and the Cat.
A monkey and a cat lived in the same family, and it was h ard to tell which was the
greatest thief. One day, as they were roaming
about together, they spied some chestnuts roasting in the ashes. "Come," said the cunning
monkey; "we shall not go ·w ithout our dinner
to-day. Your claws are better than mine for

•
70

7 · 77

L essons in Lan.r;ua.r;e.

-- - - ----

the purpose : you pull th em out of the hot
ash es, and you shall have half." Pussy pulled
them out one by Ollc, Lur11i11g h er claws very
much in doing so. \Vh eu she lw(l stolen them
all, sh e found that the monkey had eaten every
one.
A thi ef cannot be trusted even by another
thief.
Read the story.
Tell it, using your own wor<ls.
vVhat is th e meaning of the words,
fam:ily,

thief, roam:1ng, ·"'J)ied,
.<1tn1rn , fn7!wl ?
Use th ese words in otlwr Sf'ntcnccs.

1m1710'lf,

hard,

7i

L essons in Langiwge.

- - - - -- - - - -

rnnm ny,

/?11 11.

\V rite the story, using, as far as possibJc, other
words or expressions in place of th ese.

59. The Stag and the Fawn.
A stag, grown old aud mi schi evous, was
stamping with his foot and bellowing so terribly that the whole h erd quaked for fear
of him.
A little fawn, coming up, said to him, "Pray,
what is the reason that you, who are so formidable at all other times, should be ready to fly

--

-

-

- - --

ont of your skin for fear, if you only hear the
cry of the hounds?"
"\Vhat you say is true," replied the stng,
"though I know not how to account for it. I
am indeed vigorous and able, and often resolve
that nothing sha11 ever make me afraid ; but,
alas ! I 110 sooner h ear the voice of a hound
Lut my spirits fail m e, and I cannot help making off as fast as my legs can carry me."
The greatest Lraggers are the greatest cowards.
Hcn d this story.
Tell ii, u;:;iug yuur u\\"11 \rnrJ;:;.
\\'ha.tit; the meaning of th e 1rnnls, mi8chiernus,
stamping, bellowing, terribly, herd, quaked, reason ,
forn i'idable, ready, replied, account, vigoroils, resolve,
•
1.
sp1•rit8,
ma":ing
Qff?.
Use th ese word s in other sentences.
" Trite the story , using, as far as possible, other
words or expressions in place of these.

I

-

.--- -

......

•l.

Lessuns in Langnage.

73

SECTION IV .

I'

i

61. \Vhat do you see rn this picture?

60. \Vhat do you see in this picture?

vVhat names will you give them ?

\Vhat time of th e year is it?
\Vhy do you think so?
\Vhere h ave th ey been?
\Vhat are they looking for?
\Vha t time of the day is it?
\Vhy do you think so?

How old do you think they are ?

\Vrite a story about the picture, using all or a
part of your answers.
72

\\That do yon think they are doing?
\Vhy do you think so?
\Vhich one is the captain, or leader?
\Vho are the soldiers?
\Vrite a story about th e picture, using all or a
part of your answers.
7

74

Lessons 'Ln Language.

Lessons in Language.
-

-

-

------ -

62. 'Nhat do you see in this picture?
\Vhere arc they?
How do you know this?
\Vhat has happened?
\Vho are frightened?
\Vhere do you think the vessel is going?
\Vho do you think arc on board of the
vessel?
\V rite a story about the picture, using all or a

part of your answers.

75

------ - - --

63. vVhat do you see in this picture?
\Vhat are they doing?
Where are they?
Give a name to each of them.
vVhere do you think the boy with the
basket has been ?
\Vhat do you think he is waiting for?
vVhat might happen?
vV rite a story a.bout the picture, using all or a,
part of your a,nswers.

76

....

.....

---

L essons in L anguage.
-

-

L es8ons ·in Lcmgiicige.

77

- - - - - - ·--·--

-

65. G i vc an oral or writleu description of
t.h e following:
Th e river nearest your school-house.
The n eigh boring vil1ages or towns.
Th e churches that you have seen.
Th e places of interest near your resid ence.
The railroad n earest your home.
Give a similar description of a ~11otmtai11, a
nmge of mountains, a valley , an island, a
lak e, a cape, an ocean, a city.
Give a description of the surface of the country where you live, of its climate, of its productions, of its inhabitants.

64. What do you see in this picture ?
vVhat are they doing?
vVhat irnm cs will you give to the driver
and to th e passenaers?
I-Iow old do you th~1k they are?
\VJrnt do you think the girls are sa.y inO'?
\\That do you U1i11k the driv er is telli~o·
th em?

o

\\Till they go far?
vVrite a story about the picture, using all or a
part of your answers.

------ -

Tell or write what you know about beasts,
birds, reptiles, fish es, sh ell-fish, insects.
C:ive an example of each, and tell or write
what · you know about its structure and its
habits.
T ell or write what you know about the
senses, naming them and giving the organ
of each of them.
Tell or write how you would take care of
each of these organs; how you would strengthen
th em; how you could weaken or destroy them.
7*

L essons ·in

78

Lessons vi Language.

J~anguag c .

Tell or write wliat yon know about
fect of the use of tobacco on tlic lrnrnan
'rell or -..vrj tc wlint you know alJou t
fect of the use of alcohol 011 the human

Sincerely

the efsystem.
the efsystem.

70

yotM'S.

Your fri encl.
Ymu· obedient servant.
A jj'ectionately.
]''our affectionatc friend.
Ymir loving son.

66. Letter-Writing.

Lovingly.

Copy the following forms of ad<lrcss :
Sir.

.Madani.

Sirs.

Dem· Jliaclwn.

Dear Sir.

Ladies.

Jlfy dear Si.r.

Frienrl.

D ear Jlfother.

Dear Friend.

Dea1· Brother.

Jlfy dear Friend.

The form of address shollld accord with the
~haracter of the intimacy between the parties.
Copy the following forms of subscription :
Yoiirs .
YoiM'S trnly.
V ery tn.lllJ yonrs.
Respect fnlly.
Ymu·s respectfiilly.

Yoiu·s with esteen'IJ.
Yours as ever.

The form of subscription, like the form of
mldress, varies with the intimacy of the parties.
The onlinary titles-1\!Ir., Miss, Mrs., Master-should always be use<l, unless the party
has a more distinctive title.
Messrs. and Misses are plural forms of Mr.
an<l :Miss.
The title Esq., if used at all, should never be

used with ~fr.
I-Ion ., contraction for Honorable, is the .proper
title for Congressmen, Senators, mayors, Judges,
hca<ls of national departments of government.
Physicians have the titles Dr. and M. D.
Both should not be used in the same address.
Clergymen l1a.ve the title Rev. for rever~
enc1 or U,ev. Dr, for reverend doctor,
1

Lesson,8

SU

in Language.

81

L c0sons ·i n Langtlu!]e.

\Vrito lcLtors about the followit1g su\Jj ect.s :
\Vlrnre a rnl h ow you spe11t your s umm er
vaeaLion.
About yo ur Chri st.nw s l1o]ic1nys.
About yo ur SC Ii 001 ll ll Li C'S .
Abont yo ur sports.
About yo ur book s.
About yo ur visit to the rnu seurn.
About you r fri end s and acquaintances.

\Vh o own s the hat ?
\Vh o ow n s t he cl ref-is'?
\Vh o owns tl1 e horse?
C:rn yon write these ex pressions i11 anoth er
form, so that they will mean the same thing ?
Do you write .J olm hat, or .Joh n 's hat ?
Do yo u write Mary dress, or Mary's dress '?

Notice the difference between John hat and
John's h at.

A<ldress these letters to any
lowing parties :

0118

of the fol-

Your moth er, sister, und r, aunt,
fri en<l .

\Vii at letter h ave yo u added'?
\Vlrnt else is added?

teacher,

\\Trite a letter to a merchant asking him
for a situ ation .
\Vrite a letter to a grocer nsldng liim to
send goocl s.
\ Vri te a letter to a m ech an ic asking J1im
to come and see you on busiu ess.

The ' that is arlded is call ed an :1postroph e,
a nd the ' and s together, or the ' alone, make
the possessiv e form.
Chan go the following ex pressions lo t.hc possessive form :
The
The
The
The
The

.,,
sh oe belon g ing to H enrv.
ring b elonging to Ellen.
tooth of th e dog.
book of the girl.
n est of th e bird.

67. The hat belon gin g to Jolin.

A hoy's sh oes.

The rlress b elonging to ]Vfary.
Th o h orse belonging to th e farmer.

A cat's claws.

Boys' shoes.
Cats' claws.
F

-

pill'IB!",..,._............_,,.....- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

q

82

I 1cssons
-

-

'Ul

Langnu.r;c.

- - -·

Girls' Ji ats.
l\fcn 's eon ts.
\V unrnn's work.
Children 's love.

A girl's hat.
A man 's coat.
A woman 's work.
A child'::; love.

the words

In what n111nhcr
,!.!:1°
. l'l '',~'·,

(Si)
Lc::s0uns 1,n Langnage.
- - - - -- -- ------- - - - --- - - - -

111,' I It '~·,
;::-

\\'Olll:lll ' s,

l>o)''s
"

I

'

<"1t· ~s·~
;(

J

)

'

child'f', in the l.ir:-;t ('.ol-

llllll1?

. In
l ' what number are the words hovs'
,/ ' c·its'
. , '· '
gir s, m.en 's, won1en's, chilclren's, in the second
column?
\Vlrnt is the di!fon~ n cc l>etwccn tltc fonw-; in tho

first column and the co rresponding forms in the

second column?
. Singular noun s and ~)lural nouns not ending
m s make the possessive form by f!dding the
' and s.
Plunil nonns enrling in s make th e possessive form by adding the ' only.
\Vr~te th~ poss~ssiv e form, singula r and plu-

sparro w
gentleman
ro1Jin
lion
soldier
sailor
d wurf
officer
girl
lawyer

school
lady
dunce
cup
policeman
calf
bont
farmer
lady
uncle

Use each one of the possessive forms of
these words m a senten ce.
\Vritc ten sentences, each containing a possessive noun in tho singttlnr numher.
Change the singular noun to the plural
form, and rew rite the sentence.

- -- - -·-- --

68. Yon have already read or made or written a great many sentences.
Can you tell what a sentence is?
A Sentence is a collection of words that

ral, of the followmg nouns :
dog
cat
scholar
teacher

eit.y
town
wife
mother
fox
chi l<l
ship
sh eep
nnnt
carpeu ter

l>lacksmitli

j udgc

l1orsc

ox

deer
woman

thief
house

make a finished or completed thought.
Th o Loy plays. 'l'he womn n si ngs.
The horse runs. The clog Lites.

L essons in Lang1lage.

L essons ·in Lanyuayc.
'Vhi ch word js the verb in each of these sentences ?
'Vhich word is the noun?
In a senteu ce the i10u11 that is spok en of i~
called th e Subject.

85

In the senten ces on pages 37, 63 and 64,
nam e the pre<l.icates and the subjects.
\\Trite a predicate after each of the followi11 g 11 ouns, used as subjects:
Horses, fi sh, dogs, kittens, boys, birds,
girls, w in<l., fire, water.

T o find th e s u.l~jcct, place who or ·what Lefore
the verb. Th e answer to the question s~
form ed will be th e 81.lbjcct. Thus: The horse
run s. \\That nrns? The horse. Horse, therefore, is the subj ect.

\\Trite a subj ect b efore each of the following
words, used as predicates :
Beats, drinks, cuts, builds, thinks, swim,
bark, attcncl, burns.

In a senten ce th e verb is callell the Predi-

vVrite ten sentences, and draw a line under
each subj ect and each predicate.

cate.

To 1_111 fl Ihe_ prcdimfc, ask \\'hat. I li e su,l?ject
l~oes, chd _or will do. The answer to tli e quest10n so formed ·will be the prcdicatc. Thus:
The horse run s. \Vhat does the h orse do ?
Runs. Rims, therefore, is th e predi cate.

69. With what kind of a letter did you begin the sentences which you have just written?
\\That mark was p1aced at the end of each of
them?

Every senten ce must contain a subj ect and
a predicate.
In th e sentences on pages JS and Hi, nam e
tlic noun wl1icl1 is spoken of.
Name the verb which tells som ething about
this noun.

All senten ces b egin with a capital letter.
A periou must be placed at the end of most
sentences.
\ \Trite senten ces, each containing one of the
following ·w ords:
8

----

f •.1111u111

fx:s8ons ·1·n l~a.ng 1w ye.

L essons 'in Language.

87

- - - - · - -- - --

Credit, compel, aLtrad, rnurmur, rejoice,
separate, deceive, relief, raim eu t, scissors.
l\1ark th e subj ect aud the predi cate in each.

1-,Jie boy runs. 'J'Ji e bird fii os.
Arc these express ions sentences ? \Vhy?

Does th e boy nm?

Does the Lin1 fly ?

Are these expressions sentences ? \Vh y '?
\ Vhat kind of a mark is used at th e end of
the last two senten ces?

Question-sentences must have the mark ?
instead of tbe period placed at th e end.
The mark ? is called the iuterrogationmark or point.
\ Vrite sentences in the form of questions,
each contai11i11 g one of th o foll owing words :
Sponge, 1vorlJ, river, 1vatch, bruise, plague,
voice, crowd, crown, scowl, quantity, quality,
rrgrot, reject, tropic, travel, offence, office,
absence, admfrc, decid e, declare, endure, justice, invad e, profuse, obtain, sacred.
\i\!hoat, corn, oats, poh1toes and appl es are
grown in the :Middl e Atlantic States.
1'he anirna 1s of the 'l'orrid Zon e are lions,

.
i11011k c .)' S, ele1)hants, leopa rds and hyt 1gers,
cnas.
Th e wil<l and <lomestic animals of the T emperate Zones are b ears, foxes, wolv e~, deer,
dogs, cab:;, horses, sh eep, cattle ancl swme.
\Vlmt kind of a mark is used after wheat,

corn, oats, etc.?

\V rite the three sentences again in such a
way that they must be followed by the interrogation-point.

70. The pretty bird fl ew away.
\Vhich word is th e predicate in this sentence?
\ Vltich word is th e subject?
\\Th at a<ljecti ve desc ribes the subj ect?
\\That article limits the subj ect?

Th e word s whieli describe or limit a subj ect, are ca11 e<l t11011ifl ers of I.lie subjed.
Look a.L th e senten ces on pages lG, 1 G, 37
and G3.
If
l 1a ve
If
more

any of Lhe subj ects in these senten ces
rn.o<lifiors, n a m e the mo<lifi ers.
th ey lrnve i10 mo<lifiers, ylace one or
uwdifier::; Lefore each suLj ed.

I
j

l

88

-

Lessons ·in Language.

Lessons 1:n Larlguage.

-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

- -

-

-

---- -

The subject by itself is called the Simple
Subject.

'l'he subject taken with its modifiers 1s
called the Complete Subject.

89

- - - ---

']'h o pro<1i cate taken with its modifiers is
called the Complete Predicate.
In the sentences you have just examined,
name the simple predicate and the complete
predicate.

In the sentences you have i'nst examined
'
'
name the simple su l>jects and tlie complete
sul>jccts.

\\Trite ten sentences, each containing a subject and a predicate.

The boy ran quickly.

Underscore the subject and the predicate in
the sentences you have just written.

In this sentence which word is tlie suLject?
vVhich word is the predicate?
Name the adverb in the sentence.

Place one or more modifiers before each of
tho subjects in these sentences.

\Vlrnt does it modify?

'rhe words which qualify a predicate are called modifiers of the predicate.
Look at the sentences on pages lG, lG, 37
and G3.

If
have
If
more
eate.

any of the predicates in these sentences
modifiers, mune the modifiers.
they have 110 modifiers, place one or
moL1ifiers Lefore or after en.eh predi-

The predicate Ly itself is called the Sim pie
Predicate.

Place one or rn.ore modifiers before or after
each of the predicates iu these sentences.

71. Fill the blanks in the following sentences:
The dog _ _
at the stranger.
'l'he cat ___ _ the mouse.
Horses ____ _ _ corn and oats.
__ _ __ cat grass.
'l'ho _ ____ sky is above us.
'l'he _____ wirnl blows from the north.
'l'hey sang a - -----·
8 -;;,

L essons 'l:n Lan.guage.
~l'h e broth er s call ed at tlic - -- , hut J

____ u ot ju.
The dog _____ tl1 e rah Lit.
'rlie fi er ce \\'i11d
_ t!J c sails to tatters.
Com e anLl _ __ _ the n ew liook.
In the ---·-- my l>rother wu,s l1urt.
The m crcliandi se of the West ______ h on:
in cars.
~I.v - _ m hi s r l1n ir bC' for c tl1L
nn rl
111t ' 111 <111,r .-::tr<.rngc ::; Luriu~
of th C' war.

I

72 .

T11

tllt' i'ullu11iug ::;c11tences

wliit:11 worde

nrP pronounced a like, LuL r:;pd lt :d difl<•rr•nthr ')
\Vlmt is the m eanin g of each of these 1r~nl s ?

\\:ri te th em in other sentences.
Un<l ersrorP th ~ sirnp1 r· ;111d t'11111pl;·i r· :-:til1_j1·d
and the l:!iw1Jlc aud com1JleLe predi cate in Pardi
:-:1· 11t1 ·1icc.
~\arn c fl H, 1111Jdj(i,, ,.'-' ,,(' t/11.: .'-'ul 1j r_ct .

S amt: HJ':- T! _• r ,,3;~'c .· ·~ ~ · r t! :'-

I

~-,_,3~ , ·~ ~ "-

rha n \r. 1.-:hington r1e\·er Ii \-ed.
A nutmeg - g rater is Yery useful jn the
kitch en.
.--\.. grt-<Ht-r D.l <Hl

1'110ug h h e slay m e, yet will I tru s t him.
Mary rod e to school in th e sleig1L
'l'he sun shone lwigJ1tly all th e mornrng.

91

L essons 'in Language.
-- - - - - -- - - -- --

-

-- -- - -

All the nmv books were shown gladly to
U10 stra11ger.
'ehe driv er seized the man e of the horse,
nnd h eld on by m a in strength.
'J'he vi sitor to the clnucl1 was told that tho
Lell toll eu 'rvhenever one of th e parish died.
Enter ye iu at tbo strait gate.
Moving with a steady gait, h e soon disappeared from vi e\v.
Lve is made from wood-ashes.
lL i;:; <.l rnu.rk of comuJice Lu lie.
After scaling the letters h e sent them to the
post-o1lice.
A. hornet spied a fiy on the eeili11g.
'l 'lir sn il o r src's th C' 11rrcssity o f hring wntrli ful Oil th e hi g h ~('fl~ .
\Ve shou.ld seize every opportunity of doing
g uud .

,\ strni g1d li 11c i:-: i11<'
t W <'C ll t WO J>ll j JI t S.
A ~ trait i ~ a 1iarro\r

~-d 101·1L-s t <fo.:[:111c<·

l H'-

b(Jdy of \ratr: r bet wceJJ

T h e b<urd of rl ou r n-t- ighie-d nv>rf" th em n,,-,
lnrn<lrell pounds.
\Ve cim w:ule across t11 e creek in summertim e.
V\T e should do all WC Call t o lcsSCll the
troubl e of oth ers.

02

L essons

'in

]~esso,ns

Langnage.

You should study your lesson until it is
thoroughly understood.
Bread is the staff of life.
A well-Lre<l rnan j s kllown by hi s eomlu ct.
Th e poor horse, tied to a post on the riv er's
bank, 'va.s drowned by the in-coming tide.
·~wilful " ·nste makes wofu 1 want.
The soldier wore a belt about hi s wa isL.

7 3 . \Vrite senten ces, ench containing on e of
the following " ·o rds:
trifie<l
crurn bled
changed
acre
lu stre
sceptre
scuffle
pickle
dwindle
prattle
gentle
purple
circle
title
brittle
terriLle
horrible
vehicle
scramble
destroy
visible
tran(1uil
distinct
feeble
cl1aracter
choir
extin guish
avalan ch e
century
architcd
admission
ferocious
1nsure
cau tio11
ign .ile
ll rnsieian

,:n

.Lanyuage.

93

7 4 . \Vrite sentences, each containing one of
th e following action-worLls:
(lischarge
change
switch
scratch
dislike
1lisgrnce
cause
Jll'a.lSC
march
lau gh
crow Ll
crown
jouni cy
"·orship
worry
wonder
\\·alk
talk
address
harness

revenge
patch
dismay
repose
cipher
scowl
comfort
copy
knock
should

vVrile other sentences, each containing one
:)f the same words usccl as a noun.

75. Rewrite the following sentences, using
;;omc otli er wonl or expression for the italicized word:
Drake circwnnavigated the globe.
A dai.11ty pbnt is t.he ivy green.
Six clays shalt thou labor.
Th e whole of his empire has noL been en~ ircly

wbdncd.
The fight will not be dangeroiis.
The result will not be doubtful.
He permits us to discover no useless truth.

Lessons in Lm1guayc.
Life is 1mcerlai'll.
l'oucrly rnay tnk c tl1c place of ccLsc and
]'>le11ly.

It is a sad Lliing to be pec11h;h arnl frc(ful .
Dn1.nken11css c.rpcls reason.
Tlt o nation has 111ado 'i1nmc11-'>c progrcBS.
.Avoid evil eornmu nieaLions.
The 'indiLstr1~o'lls girl was studying li er lesson.
The n ests of birds arc made with groat exactness.
L et us ·im1n·nnc ou rsel Yes.
\T c should have r:n11.c;iclcrcd tho ronsc21wncc8.
Th e staternc11t cann ot be cliRJnllccl.
\

1

$200 x 15
$3l + $7-} -i- $'2~ ---:
$20 - ($2t --\- $7! + $3i)
Bushels 18l3 - 7{ bushels.
(20 lbR. -\- 17 lbs. + 18 lbs.) (40 min. -\- 30 lllin. + 15 min.
111i11.) - - 3 hrs. - .

lovving:
4 miles
rods - yards - feet - in ch es·?
ROOO inch es - y:i nls -- feet?
10 square y;irds - sq uare feet square
in ch es'?
10,000 square in ches - t;quare feet? sq uare
yds. ?
4i yds. := ?
$-1-f- = ?
$3-k -,-::· ?
lbs. J-r;;8- =- ?
2 ID = '7
20
3
.
.
oz. J,-:i- ,-- '?
140!
oz.
:_'
?
gal. JY,1- - ?
12! marks =---= '?
h. 1717_ :_ - ?

5 cts. =
min.

+ 30

+

35

7 7. \Vhat word is exacLly opposite in meaning to each of the follovving words'?-

wn rm
had
rlcafl

76. l\Iake arithmetical questions of the fol-

95

Lessons 1:n Lu.ngnage.

soon
clear
old
m end
light,
shut
stout.

idl e
fast
flea r
sour
black
thin
gJVe
forget.
straight
narrow

short
weak
lose
hate
short
rough
shallow
soft
first
stand

Use in a sentence each word of the above
li st and each word of the opposite m eamng.

~)(j

Lessons

'Ul

Lo:ngiwgc.

78. The Hawk and the Nightingale.
A nightingale, sitting afar off upon an oak,
was seen by a. h ::nrk, who rnal1 e a S\\"OOp <low1l
awl seized J1im. TJ10 Hig!Jtinga1 c l':tl'IH~s tly lw sought the hawk to let him go, say ing that h e
was not big enough to satisfy tho Ii u ngcr of a
hawk, ·who ought to pursue the larger birds.
The h awk said, "I should indeed have lost
my senses if I should let go food ready to my
hand for th e sake of pursuing birds which are
not yet even within sight."
Read the story.
T ell jt, u sing ynllr own word s.
\Vhat is the m eaning of the word s and expressions, seen, 8Woop, ea'1"IW8lly, be8might, let, him go,
sali~fy, ought, p1.ir8uc, lost my sen8es, ready?
Use these words and expressions in sentences
of your own.
\Vrite the story, using other wor<ls and ex pressions in place of those given.

79. The Oak and the Reeds.

A very large oak was uprooted hy the winrl
and thrown across a stream. H fell among
some reeds, whom it thus addressed: "I won-

L essons 'in Language.

07

- -- -·-· -·--- - - ---· --- - - ·- -<lcr how yo11 , who aro so light a1ul weak , arc
110L entirely crnsli cd by these stro11g winds."
They repli ed, "You fight arnl cont('nd with
the wind, and co nsequ ently you are destroy ed;
while we, on L1w contrary, howl before the lrus t
breath of air, rwd therefore remain unbroken."
~

llead this story.
'l'ell it in your own words.
"\Vhat is the meaning of th e words and expressions,
'llprooted, stream, th'll8 addre88ed, wonder,
liglit, weak, entfrcly cr11.~h ccl, replied, fight, consequ ently, destroyed, on tlw co11tru.ry, least breath ~f
air, renia'in '?
Use th ese words and expressions in sentences
of your own.
\Vrite the story , using other words and expressions in place of those given.

80. :: rhe Countryman and the Snake.
A villager found a snak e under a h edge,
almost dead with cold. He could not h elp
having compassion for the poor creature, so
h e brought it home and lni<l it upon tho
h earth, near the fire. It 1uu1 not 1nin there
· long when, being revived by the heat, it began
to erect itself and fly at his wife and children.
9

G

99
98

Le.cvon8 'in Lan!7uage.

The countrymnn, h cnring fill outcry, ancl perceiving ·wl1at "·as the matter, caught up a nwttock an<l soon (1ispald1cd tl1c snake, nplm1idiug
it at the sa111e Urnc i11 these words: "Is this,
vile wretch, the reward you make to him that
saved your life?"
Read this story.
Tell it in your own words.
\ ,Yhat is th e meaning of the wonls, villager,
hedge, compassion, crcrif,ure, hearth, long, ?·evi1:e<l,
erect, fly, outcry, perceiving, ?natter, mattock, dispatched, iipbraid-ing, vile, reward?
.
Use these wonl s in other sentences of your own.
\Vrite the story, using other words and expressions in place of those given.

81. The Lark and her Young Ones.
A lark 11~ul rnn.de her ne~t. in Lite young
green whent. The brood had almost grown,
when the owner of the field, overlooking bis
crop, said, "I must send to all my neighbors
to h elp m e with my harvest." One of tl1 0
young larks h eard ]1im, and :isked its mother
to what place they shonlcl mov e for safety.
" ,.1..,1
. no occus10n
.
. 1ere is
to move yet,' ' she re·
plied. The owner of the field came a few

. -· ·

-------- -

days later, and said, " I will come myself tomorrow, au<l wi11 get in tbe harvest." Then
the lark saiJ to lrnr brood, "It is time now to
to be off : he no longer trusts to his friends, but
will reap the field himself."
Rc:u.1 the story.
Tell it, using your own words.
. \,Yhat is the meaning of the words, brood,
grown, owner, overlooking, neighbors, harvest, safety,
occris'ion, repliecl, later, to be off, trusts, reap?
Use these words in other sentences of your own.
vVrite the story, using other words and expressiom; in place of those given.

82. The Dog and the Hare.
A honncl, having started a hare on the hillsid e, pursued h er for some distance, at one time
biting hor 'vviLh lii s teeth ns if h o would Lake
h er life, and at another time fawning upon h er
as if in play with another dog. The hare said
to him, " I wish you would act sincerely by me,
and show yourself in your true colors. If you
are a. friend, why do yon bite me so hard? If
nn enemy, why rlo you fawn on me?"
Read th is story .
Tell it in your own words.

•
100

L cs:::;ons ·in L cmg?(,a,r;c.
-

rY?~-------·--

- - - - -- --

~

\Vhat is the m eaning of th e word s and expressions, started, p nrsuell, (listancc, j(rwn·i11y, sinccrelv,
your tr ue colors, friend, enemy, f awn '?
Use these words in sentences of your own
making.
V rite the story, using other words and expressions in place of the:;e.

.

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