ENGLISH COMPOSITION

i

/·
i·
A:<D

RHETOR IC ~

1fANU AL.

ny

ALEXANDER BAIN, M. A.,
J>ROFEBSOB 01'

LOGIC

IN

TDE

U~ TY P:R6 1TT

or

A DY.RDKEN.

A.lfElll C AN EDIT I ON, JlKVIS K !!.

:NEW 'f OllK:
D.

APPLETO N A ND COMPANY,
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J S R ~.

bTREET.

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PREF AC E .
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.E l'Tr.l:F.Jl, :1.C<''lnllng lo Ar t or Con ~('M , In th e y C'n r l f\lj f;, hy

D. A T'PLETON' ,,_ CO.,
In tlt e Cl 1·rk'::1 Office or tl1l' Dl:-tt ric t O:~u rt of th e Uu!Li! d Stat.rs for tho

!3oullH: ru D is lri ct of New York..

K DfEJcoi::s attempt;; kwc 1)ccn maJc, :-trnl :: re still
rnal<ing, to mc thoc1izc instrnction in Engli,-h Co111pns itio11 . In tl1csc atte111pt.'", two cli:;tinet efforts arc rnadc
for tlic benefi t of tl1c p11pil:i; tu c1tl ti \·atc in t11cin a C<•p io11s fowl of expre,;,,ion, :cn<l to rcn<lcr murc <lc:li,·:11c
thei r Ji,;criniination of goo<l an<l ill cffcet,;.
A;i rcgar<li> in crcn.::iing t.110 p1111il,;' fund of cx11 r1>;.;i ,1JJ,
the English teacher can do cornpa.rativcly littl e. Tlic
rc:1~m is ol1vious.
Tl1c c·o11 1n1a1H1 of hngu:tgc is :l gra11<l
tut;tl, rc ~ nl t ing f'rum the l'ra.etice of a life; tt :.;1n:dl fra<·t.ion of that total i:-; all tl1 nt can grow up 11·itl1i11 tl1c
limit.;; of a. Cu11r,;c of E ngli,;h Compooi tion.
\V i th r co.pcct to the other ai in-tl1c disni ;n i 11at i .. n
l)et1\·ccn goocl an<l batl in cxprc;.;sion-tltc ('a;;c i" dif'',,rCllt. i.[ud1 of tl 1c ncccs>;ary in ;;t rnetion c·:cn lie (· .. ;1dc11 :'cd int o prin<:iplc!', ::nil may lie i1nprc,;~c<l 1,_\. !':m·fo ll )· d10;.;cn cx:rn1plc:-'. T li c te:1(·lter is here a tr:i inc r,
autl c:i.11 i11 1part in a f;]1o r t cn111pa;:s, 1d1 :tt, 11·it l10u t ]1i:11 ,
11·otild he :l<'<J11irc<l ~1\)1rly, if' :it al l. It is tlii~, :H.:cortlingl_\-, tliat I :lC('01 Jll t l1i t> princip:d Yucation.

4

5

PREFACE.

f'HEFACF..

A 11 tl1c i•rineiplcs anJ rules of coinpo:;ition that P-Cc11 1
to me ca11al1le of aff,1rd ing aitl or di r<'diun i11 the art, I
lw.Yo ondeavnrc<1 t o11ri1w
ttwctl1cr
omitti1w
the xwtic-e
0
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t"I
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of stwh te(:l 1ni cal te rlll s as arc of little pr:w tical u,;e.
Tlto f\1ll iln 1c11t of t1 1is UL':'.ign 11:Ls ernkd in a work 11 1oro

Exposition l>Clongr:; to Seicnce, and to all ill fo rmatiou
in the guise of general p ri nciples. Tlie mctl1<·1d:; t o he
obscr\'Cd i ll rendering expo;.;itnry style a;; c:1sy a,; tlie

d1>scly all ic<l to C:unphcll':; l'liil()"opl1y of l\.lietoric,
})lair\; Lectures, am] V\'hatcly\; Rlwtvric, than to tlic
majority of reccHt 1rnrks on E11gli::;h Co mposition.
I h:t \'C diYitlcJ the subject of Composition into t \YO
Parts : fir;;t., wl1at pertain:> to Composition in f..."'nernl ;
and sccllndly, wha t is s11ccial t o ead1 of tlie five lwHlirw
.
K in ds ofC.J111110,;itio11,-namch Dcscri1)ti on Nnrra tiou
J~xpl):-<ition, Ora1ury, art<l I\Jct ry.

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U mler Part l'i1-,.:t, tl1e F igures of Spcec11 arc di:;cussed. Tl1c leading Qualities of Style are 11ext exp hiued, and the conditions that they dC'pern1 on stated.
U nder tl10 i;:uHc P:1rt, I l 1avc faid down the principle;,
gove rning- tltc ~trnctnre of tl1e Scntenrc a 11d the Parn-

grnph . I attacl 1 g reat. importan ce to tl1 esc p1in<·iplc:-.
The Sceun<l l'art com prises th e Kinds of Composition.

or

The s1i11ject
Desc riptim1 is. pe rktp;, tl1c OJIC that
most signally atte:;ts the utility of l~heto rical precepts.
In delineating any co1npl icatcd oliject., there .i,; a wclldefined methud ; wl1id1 l • e in~ attended tn, the most onlinary minJ m:iy att:tin s m·ce;.;~ , and being neglected . the
greatest f;en ins 11 i I! fail.
N:uTati1· e ind11dc:-; tl1e la\1·s of l1i:-<tl•ri eal Cumpo:-;it io1 1, aml tlic::;c l lt:t\'C Jwdt up<-m ·,1·ith so111e m iuutene::;s.

subjects will allow, are worthy of a full <·<•n;.;i<krati •• n.
Oratory, or Pcn;11asion, is the original snl •j c<:t of tl10
Rhetorical art, an1l it;; rules were h iglily daboratc<l i11 n:1cient timc-'i. It pro,cents great difficulties to tlie te:1d1l' r.
Besides the wide range of the matters im·ul n.!d in persuasive ad<lrcs:<, there is a compl ication with tlie art 1.>f
Proot~

or Logic, that coul<l not be relieved, unt il Logic
itself was put on the more cum prehensive basis gi \"\_'ll tu

it in tho system of .J o1rn Stnart J\f ill
Poetry clcmanJ,; a full ;;hare of atten ti"n , l!Olh 011 it~
own accoun t , a nd abo as !'11pplcmc11tary to the ot l1er
departments, all wl1i ch d1 c ri ,;l1, a,; a i'Cc11;1rhr,\' :1i 1n,
matters of interest to human feeling, \\'Li le these are a
p ri mary aim in poetry.
In conclusion, I may state what I consitlcr t he 1ci't
mode of employing such a work :is the prc~e.llt in
tuition .
The rules :i.1 Hl p ri11 eij>les arc accolnJ>il.llicii wi th C'X amplcs; tl1e Illl!llhc r
t.1 10:-;c j,.; t;till fart lier i11nl':t:'L'<l l1y

or

the Analyzed Extra cts in tho Appendix. It i:-; rc< ·u1:1rnended that, in t1 1c corn·se of tho p upi l\; rc:adin!!. tl1c
. principles sho nld lie appl ied to po int ont t l1e lllcrih a nd
A reading bouk lllay l•e
/used fu r t.l1e purpose.
I1
To olit:till ;;11ital.le l.'Xl'r1·i ;.;<·~ f'.,r 1•ra<:li<'e in writi11.-~
;Englisl 1, i:i a pri11 1c ('•>i"'idcr:tl ion \\·itl1 tlic kadwr.
?.fony kimb ,,f cxL'rL'i~e,; l1a1·e 11ecn i;ui!·g('~tc d ; a111l

\demerits of ,.;eJeet passage:>.

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G

J'REFACE.

tl1ere must a1wan; be n. difference of opi ni on as to tl10
rn ost snitnl l1c.
The \ui t ing of Themes in ,·uh·e,; tho
1urdcn of fimling matter as well as language; a11<l Lclongs rather to dasscs in scientific or otl 1cr <.lcp:1rtn 1ent,-,
t11an to a class in Engli:-;h composition.

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The niattcr

'.rABLE OF CO.NTE.NTS.

I know of n o better

method than to prescril>c passnges containing good mat-

Definition am! Divi8ions of Hhctoric . . . . . . . .. . . . . • • . • . . • .. . . . • • . •

ter, hat in E-Ornc rc:=;pcct:=; i111per fcctly wor1letl, to 1Jc

:u1J tl1i:; wight h e cuupled w ith the opp<»' itc e x cn;i~e of
fill ing 11p nnd cxrnn<ling hricf ;:kctd1r;;.
Tl 1e s11~tainc(l J•r:tctice of Rhetorical }Jarsing, or tlic

CITArTER I.
FIG URES OF SPEECH .

1. Th e Fi~nrc of SpN·ch <lefitwd, ... .. .. _. ..... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Fib111rc.:; ]1a\·in g rt:fc rencc to th (• t_lpL-rat1011.-1 ul the Hmn:i.n Gnder·
standing, ... .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

'.'. I)
~1 1

J'[Gt;l:ES ro u ::.;DICD o:s- SD!ILAl:lTY.

:l. The intellectual power of Simibrity expl ained,.. . .. ....... . ...

[1.p pl yi11g- of tl 1e Jcsignntionf'<, prin cip1cs, nricl rules uf
Hl1cturi c, to •rnt1wn; f'tnu iC'<l, 'Yl1 ether in English or in
o!l1cr l:111g11:i~ r;;: , wonlcl CYcntn:tlly form, in the mincl of
tl1c r1 11iil, :111 nl 1 idin~ i<h·al (>f' goo<l co n1po~ition.

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STYLE JN C: R.VERAL.

Our o1<.1er write rs rni!.'.'l1t
be extensi,·eh-,
'-'
., alt.Lowrl
n 1

n ot cxdnsivc ly, dnl.\rn 11pon fo r tL is pnrpose. ;\ nuth<.·r
exc rei~e is the COl l\'Cr~i11n c1f l'uct r}' in to }'rose. 1'fut:l1
\·:1lnc i;-; al;-;o attad1e(l to J\ l.rid~i11 g or Sl!lnrnn ri zi ng;

l~

PART I.

:trn e ndeil ncconling to t11e h ws and tl1e proprieties of
st..;de.

.,_,
-~· ~....

~;l 1onld in some way or ot11er he supplied, an<l tl1c pupi l

disciplin ed in g iving it expre:':;ion.

.

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01" SUIJLlT'CDES ( ; f::\EHALLL

4 . Th e trncin;; of Rc:-:emhhtTICf"S an nvoea tinn or the human n iind:. . .
5. Co rnp ari~o u s addn·~:-::ed to tli c c: n c kr~L l lldin~. . ..... .. .. . ..... .
6. The tl1i n~.;; conipn.rcd rn u:.;t lie <lifft•ri·nl in ki1 1tl 1 • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • •
7. Comp ari~on s 1Hhire:.:.sctl to 1,\11 ~ F t•1· li1 1 ~:-.i. 1 • •••....•• • • • .• •• . . • • .
8. Com parh1nnH with 1l mi x. eel 1· ff1·tt., .. . . ... . . . . . • .. • . . . . • . . . . . . .
9 . Pi c tnre~.qo e Conqmri~o11 :-i , . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .
10. Co mpari :-iOJ\ :-1 1:a 11 :-1in~ ag;rcc:a li \1: :O-:;irpri~1 · , . .. ...... .. .... .. . ...
H 1..•qui ~itl'R of (:ompari~ on .~ 1() aid !lie l i 11 d 1·r..:tandin~,.'. . . . . . . . .
J ~. Hcq11i .'4 i t( ·~ of I.hos•• llddn~:-:sc:d to t.li1.~ l·'t·din g~,.. ........... .. ..

11.

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'2 .·,
'..!:.
'L 1i
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13. Ncn·'"i ty of )\'o ,·el ty, . .. ... ....... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N 1,; ct:s~ity of lla r1non y
J ·1. Fi~urc'• of ~i milari l y Jia ,·ing no ~il" ·d., . . . .... .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
J ~. Fi::; urc;; of Hc:;e1u\ilancc to · c~tcn'i,· c wit Ii J11u nan k nvwlcdgc, . . ..

27
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16. Sirnil c ddined rmd t xcmplific·d 1••

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••

•

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•

•

• •

•

•

. .•

• •

•

•

• •

•

•

• •

•

•

• .

. • . • • . • • • • . • • • • • • •• • • . •

Mf>'.TAT'JIOIL
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18. l'crsonif'yinu; ~fdnphor:-: , . . ..... . . . . .. , .... . ..... . ..... . . . .
l <J . Metaph '>rs in ('n ·n:-:.c tli•' n:1111c:-i nf a la11;.:11:t;!,•', . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~O. Metuphorr.i exi11'~~i:1 tile iuorc biJJl'n 0p cr.ltiu11~ uf tlie rnin<l ,. . . . .

~

l 7. Mctn phrw <ll'fined

~nd

cxcmplified

1

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•

•

• •

•

•

• • •

•

• • •

•

• • •

•

•

• •

•

•

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..,:.:·

9

CONTEN'TS.

C0NTE:S TS.

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J"A llJ:

21. ;\:ctuphorR mn~ lose lhrir figu rn li ,·c character, .... ........ . .. . .
: -( 1) The n1i xcd Metaphor ; (l ) Tbe
Str:uJJmg of a Metaph or; (:l ) Excc;.s of Mctapliur~, . . ... . ... .

;i 2

t'..! . }au! t.' sp.cc ial ~o ~lclaphor

INTERROGATION.

r.o.

J ntcrrogation dcfwcd and (·xcmplitied, ......•. . .... . .. . · · · · · •

32
J::XCLA~!ATl0S.

PEH SO ~IFI C ATION .

Ill. Use of Exclamation, • .•.. ......... ... . . .... • •• ... · ·

llighcRt dc;.;r e of I'crso ni fica liun, ................ .
ln fe rior d1·~l'<.'l',.. . . . . . ...... . ... . . . . . . . . . .
· · ·· · · ·· · ·
.Advn11ta gt·~ of ou 1· lang11a•~r in J' e r~onilicat iun . · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Interes t a tlachino to l'l~rs~1ificatiun . . ...... . '.·::::::·.:: :: ~:::
A 1.1.EGOnY-

11 1

3 1. Ccr~ain kiml • of Syn ccdoclw, . . . ........... . ......... . .... •
ExcrcldC ou figures of 8irnilarity, ... . ... .. . .. ........... .

~yrwcdt>l' ht·,.

3ti

r1:! . Fom18 of th e A po~trophe, .. . . . . ... . . . ..... • • • · • · · · · · · ·
53. Vision , .. .• .. .. ...... ..... .. . ...... .. . . ..... .. ••.... · . · . ·

:17
:18

frl . Meaning of Innul'ndo, . .. . ... ... .. . ...... ·. · · · • · · · · · · · · · · · ·

INl'i li ENDO, OR l N'4lNl1 AT10 N.

3~

38
3!)

. . . . .. . . .. . • •. . . . . . . .

('.l

11!0'.'Y.

no. Expr<'~:-:0<'8

tl 1c <'nntrory of what ~~ .rn<·ant.-:--~ar~a~m <1 ·fin1· l,. · ·: ."
:>ti. Other Fi~Hrt.:S or tltc old HIH.: lnr11·1au :; :-1'_.lllp::=iS , A:-: yw.h:t oll, l1:pcrl1aton, . ......... ..... . ... - ...... . · · . . · . · · · · · · · - · ·
1

1

4\)

Excrdsc ou

41

FXEl• C ! SE O K J'lG l,; l!E f\ . - :'i U ~l llF. 11. nF "·,11 :P~ .

Fi t; nn.·~

0F CONTIG C"ITY.

...... . . . .. .... ... .. . .... .... .. -... .
CIL\l'Tf.R II.

Ticsolvnhlr prirwipally into M~ lonymy nncl Sy ncnlod1r, ... . .... .
Mt:Louymtc:.i. d1L"t1ifi1·d, . ....... . ... . . .. . . .... . . . . . . . . . .
.
Funn!"4 of

:rn

F'J GUHES OF SBfIL .\fllTY ,

FlGGHF.S

A POf\TJ:()l'!I E .

3 ,;

f'"' ULE-rA RAU LE.

27. f', 1lcg ~ry defined arnl exempl ified, .... .. . .. ... ... .. . . .. . . • .•
~8.
1e ·able, ....... ........ ... .. . .
2n. The fictitiou• Example, . . .... . . . . .. · · ··· · ····· ·· ·· · · · ···· · ·
The
l ' urabicB of the l>il,Ic ,. ······ .....
· · · ·.· ..· .· ...
· · · ...
· · · ·..........
· · · · · · · · · .·
30.
RE~CA IXI ?\G

34

··

42

· ·

4:1

The Tran"ferrcd EjJithct, . ... . .... . .. . .. . • .• : . : : : : ·. ·. ::::::: :

46

FIGUUF.S OF CONTHAST.

117. Fir.,'l>rcg of Srcrclr, . . . . . ....................... · · ..

Hrc vity a vi rtrn: of lan g Ha ~l' , ....... . . .. ... .. . ... . . . ... . ... .
N>nrccs of B rc\' it", . . . ...... . .......... . .. . .... ...... .. . . .
t) O. F.ff1..•c t ~ f!;a incd hy ~lifl'u ~c11 c:-i :.:, . .. . . . . . ... . ..... . ..... . . . . ... .
Violntions o f .Urcvity.-I. Tautolo;.;y, .... ... •.. •.•... .. .• . •..

uR.

(,, ·,

f) \) .

f.7

t•l.

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;,onlra•t n Fundamrntrtl Lnw of the Min<l, ....•• .• .. ..... .....
:17. }. Ire Antil h• ·'b !'r<lf't'r, . . ... •.. .. . ... . .•..... . .....•.. ...•
:J:l. ~ccoudary fo rm ~ of A nti lh1·~i ~ 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
. n. Prope r employment of Antithe"is, ........... .. . ... .... . .... .
Exercise on Figures of Contiguity and Co ulra ~ t, . ......... . . .

II.

. . .. . ....................... . ... . . . ...... .
0:1. Jll. Circuuilocu tion.-Tbc l'ar:iphra sc, ......•.. .. ......••.. ..

6:.!.

H e dundnn~ y,

'il

crrwn:r:. m.
A lt l ~ A ~ G E ~I E N T () J'

E l'IGJ!A.\!.

w

(1

r: n s .

The grammatical order frcq nen1ly .Jcpa rl.~d from . ...... ..... . . .
Q1mli fy ing w o rd~ Hlio11l1l pn:c 1•J c the ohjl'-t: t q111dlfi P<l, . .. . . .. .. .
()5.
Wonb ncurly rclal<:d in tl1011g l1t 1<houl<l be placed togetli~r, . • . . .
Ol>•

M.

10. Dcfin<'<i a ~, in mo~t in~tanrC'~. Appnrcnt Contradict ion, .. . .. . .. .
11. Ep i ~ram of t h <~ ltlC'nti cal .A ~~c rlion , . . ..... . . .. . . ... . . . ..... .
4:l. 'J'lic ~t' t'm in g- IrrclPvan<'C, .. . .. . . .............. .. .......... .
1:l. .A fami liai' ~ayin~ turned into n. nrw form, .. .. .. . . ....... .... .
·H . Th(· arrc:-iti \'C co nj11 ueti onf:I nrc cpi~rain111atit· , ....•..• . . .. . •...
15. rl'bc l'un ) . . ..... .... . ........ ...... ... . ............... .. .

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CIT .\ PTER 1\'.
THE QU ALITI ES vF f'TYLE.

rr Yr r-: 1t no 1.E.

·

,~,7. f,numer:\tion of

1 fl. Orii(in of thr tcn<ll'ncy to F.xai(~Cml i o n, ... . . . . ...••... . .... ..

the lc:i clinp;

qnaliti1·~, ... . ... ........... .. .

~ t \lPU CIT Y.

47 . Limit" of llyp rrholP,. . .... . .. . ... .. ...... .... ... .. .. . . ... .
48. The Extrcwc Cn,;c in expositi on, ... ...... . .. . . . . . . . .••. .. . .
('LJ~!AX.

19. Climax cldiut'<l und cxcrnpliG cd, . . . .... . . .. . . .. .... . • .. .. . .. .

r..~

";n

Ci7

r.8. Simpl i1·ity clf'fitl('tl, ... . .
. .. . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . .
titJ. ~irn p li t: it y i11 Tenn!-! :-;\a111t..·s n f 1·011111111t1 th111~8, .• . .. .• .
}\arn1·1" of tliin i-::~ palpal1le an.f t·ou1..·t·iqil1h>, . ...... .. . . . . .
'Ilic Indiridu:Ll au<l Conc rctt·, a:-i oppo~c<l lu the c;e n•·ral JH \•l
Ai.J,trnct., • •...•.... ... .... .. . . •• ... . ...... . .. . .. . . . .

l*

S•)

....

•

l' ,\!. !'"

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7A f; ~

f;
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t'
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f'
t~
I

t'.

';O. Tltr Ah;;trnrt l\onn, .. . .......... .'.. .. ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71. ~ 1-il' t'ie:"\ of A h:-:t ract. Te r11 1~ dillicult, . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7'!.. Lxrcptwns,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . .
:--;in1plit·iry uf ~lruct urP, .. . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . .

l'\~
H~
H:~

Tlic aYuiJing of a cu111pl i1.: ation of l\e~ativcs, .. . ;..... . . . . . . .

8:1

Kl

CLE AT: :> ESS.

':r. OpposcJ tu Obscurity anti Ya;::n<' nc••,. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . .

RI

7U. MA1mgt•mcnt of :Ullhiguonl"I word:-i,... . ...... .. . . . . . • . . • . . . . .
7 7. The ~an w wo rd 11ot tu recur iri two scu:-'cs, .... ........ . . .....

fi f

7~ . J •ar:lllcl iti m in dra wing- c(\mpnriRon~ ,. .. . . . . . .... . ... . . .. .. ..
7 ! ~. UHC of wurJ s iJJ th c·ir wdl -u11 dc r s loo d ll1L·a 11 i11 g~,. . . ... . . . . . . . .

~!\
[-(1~

8t;

1 1~. Wit 1kfi ne1l,. .. . .... .... . . • .... .. . . ..... . . . .. ·· · · .. · · · · · ll>H
11;;. Wit cumbincJ T>·ith th e l.udic : ouo, . . ... . . .. . . . ... ·• ·• · .. · · ·

1 ~ 1)
JH. Jn,·oh· cs the ,·o icc a rnl tl1e c ar, . .. .. .. .. .. . ....... _. ._. .. · ·. • · ]1• •
J 15. J.. ett erS of the rt lphahl'l iii tl1t• orth:r ~, f_ \.' :l ~Y JH'O lli.111 C l i1.li<lll • •• · • •

JIG. .Abrupt con:-1una u t:-; ~llonh~ ~ \ ti' r n at e with_ v owel:-:, ... .. . .. ... ·.
J 17. A J.iarp uud a llaL 111ut c ddhcult to co rub1or, . .. . . ... . . · · · . ·
118. Cu mulat io n of con:-;ona11t:; llar:-:h, .. ...... ... .. .. . . ... .. . . · · ·
11 \J. Altcr11 ation uf Yuw cl and cn11;-11)na11t in :-; uc.· ce~:-;ivc \\'Ord -.:., . . .
1~0. Cla:-:h of Yowc l ~ :;ho u\d lit~ a ,·vidcd, ....... •• ..... . .. .. . · · ·
J~L Long: vowdH on L c) f at:n:ut, . . .... .. ... . . . ....... · ·. · · · · · · ·
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Compo~iti o11 :-( )rig i11a lity, .. . . . ..•..
Jl;irm ony Dr h.('l'plllµ ... .. ..... . .. .. . . . .. ...... . ... .. .... .
Ya riPt y, or AItern :1t in11 of .Effect:-: ... . ... . .. ...• ..•... . . . .. .
·v :1ril'ly iu Cnmpo~ i t irm ~r n rrally , . ... . . . . .. . .. . ........ .. .. .
,hoid in i:; t he r q1<:tition of tlir 'ame won !. . . . .... . ......•....

\ ··ori1·ty in :L 1 011~ eornpo:-; i tinn, . . .. . .. ...... . .... . . . . . • .. .. .
cxtrt•111 e C:'\:-IC

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Varil'f_v in the h: n ~tl1 :i nd f'.lrueturc of ~cnh:w ·l·H, ... . .. .. .... .
C<mlra"'\t th(•

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130. Exprc:-i:-:!on ui' t li~ Fcl'ling:; or r a~-""wn::l , . .. . · ... · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

S·l. 'l'crro r in it:-1 rela ti ons to ~ t re n ht h , or th e ~ 11 1Jli1111..• , .. . ...• .•• . .
Con trm p la 1i o 11 of l"owc r in 1\"1Hurc, • • •.. • •.•..... • • • . • • •. •..
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1 ~·1 . The f'h>~ i n ~ syll :d1h..":-; (1f a :-;.(·11tt·1h:C\ . . . . . . . . . .
1 ~5. V :1riL'ly o1 so11rHl in cnr1 q•11:-;itif1 n µ; t•ncr<t1 1:·, ... ..... · · · · · • · · · · · i1:.
Ex:un p! <:s uf th e rules of' rnclotly, . . . ... .. .

St r 0ng- 1J 1 t!1r r111alitv t h at ~ i n•8 the rbti ri n of P o "·r r , ...
i-:~~ cntia l pit'a !'l.11rc of l'nwt• r, a. n:l1ou1 Hl frnrn \\"euknl'~:-1,
~yrnpathy wit h P o\,·cr in otl11"1':'l;, .• . .. ..• .. . . .••..• . • . . .• •• •

A11 gt< r <>r J ndi:.:rnLtion alli<'rl to tlic ~1ilJ li 11 11· 1

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~n: L<1l1Y.

13 i. M t';lni11~;, of T:i~ te ... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. · · ·' . . . . . . . . .
Tl1c l'cnuan enl ;.w d Llw \'a ri:1LiJ.: jn 'Ta~te, . . . . .. · · · · · · · · · · · ·

or VariPt)', ... ....... • ... . .. • .• . ..

Exeitin ~ t· fli·<'I~ 1".lirnild !Jr r1·lh·Ycd , ... . .. . .. .• . ..... . . . . ....
The ~ pc•: ili c and Conrn"tc n mc:\ns of :--:tn.:11 g th 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~tn\ri g-th from Oiijl'ctivit y ....... . . . ..... . . .. . . ... . . .... . .
1mp1>r fan t·e nf tw in~ f'a:-: ily unJc rstood , .. ... . .. ..... . . .• . ....
:'oarin~. or taking a fli ~.d1t. .......... ... ............ .. .... .
~Lrcn ~ tl 1 i11 ~cit•ntilic Compo..:ition , . . . . ..... . . . ....•. .• . . .. .
H1•Hot11T1·:-t for c:rn~in~ ~trl't1 ~ rl1 . .. . ... ... .......• •. • ... • • . ..
Tile tmbli 111t• uf 1\' nture cxlcndetl by th e J' o i'f, ..... . • . . . . . .. . .

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Of tl\f• ~ l'llh'lh'P, · · · • · • · • ·. · • • · · • • • • • • • · ' :
1:s :s. Hliet nl'i c1\l di\·i:-:iun u f :--:il·lltl'll Cl':-1.-Tlic J •cr1t11 l :111d tlw Lnn:-··

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N:11 t(' ll ('•', . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . . . • .· • • .• • •• • . • . • •. . . . . . . . . ..

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Th e Part ici l'ial con~tr11l·1ion iu 1.h1~ I\·ri o<l1 . · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · ·

J 03. T1·nder F~'C' li n ~ nlli1·d to innetiYity or r"ro~<\. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . • n:i
10·1. .Modi · ~ of uwak~n in g T1•nd4·r .Fccl inf! . ...... . ... . .. .. . . . .... . ~ HI
Y o.·ah11l11ry of Tendr·rnr""· · . . ...... . ..... . ..... ..... .. . . 1111
l fi n. Con dit io 11 R Himil nr to th'l~C of ::'tr e n ~ th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . Jo I
106. :l\""atural objt"cts som e t i m e~ R u~gf'fl t Tcrn} (' t· n1 ·~~ , • • • • . •. . • . . ..•• 1n ~
J n7 . Exani p k~ of l'nt ho:-\ 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • J 11:.!

The pc ri odi\! form ftt vorahlc tu l,11 1l y, . . .. · · · · · · · ·•· ·• · · ·• · · ·
:-::.1iort and L o n ~ ~ \..·nten c t· :-1, ...... .... · · · • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

Tll 1 -~ u · nir 1:01'S--fl1· ~101: - W IT .

l f\8. Th0 Lu dicrous <il'fi 1wd . . . ... .. ... . .. . .. . . ... . ... . . .. .
}c19. H:l:-:ed on the r]pg-radatim1 of fl 1n11 c- (1itjcl't pO:"!'l;t:~~ in~ diJ.;11ity, •..
] 10. l.a11g hk r haR tw' ' f' Xtri ·mr...; :-Dcri ~ ion, ...... . . .... . . .... . . .
111. Th<' genial cxfr<'m c i~ l111r11or, ... .. .... .. . .... ... ... . .. . . . .

Jli I

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~n t \'nrr,. .. ... .. .. . . . .. · · · · · · • · · · · · · · · · ·
H1d an c-:! ni<I R the Mt•mnry,. . ....... · ·. · · · · · · · · • · ·• · · · · · · ·
Balance ~iYCA nn ag:ri'.!-f•al1l1• :-:.11q1ri:-.c, • •...• . • •.. • . · ... • • • • · ·
Extre m e for m o f the Hala 1H'r', .. • .• · • · • • · · · • • · · · · · · · • · · · ·
Balaw·e t'O nibln(·d witl1 ;\ 11t i tl1t· ~ i ~ , .....• • · • • • • · · · · · · · • · · ·
J~alancc witlt Ol1\·cr :-1c lt.i.: rn tion •.... . · .. · .. . · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

1:17. Th e Bal:rnccd

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H:dancc with Epi~ram, . ..... . . .... . · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · · · ·
Poi nt l'd cxpr1•H:-iiOll o r diffl'rclln\ . .. ....... . ... . . . •. . . . . . . ..
l\ 1·cpin~ up 1lw ~an1C l1·adin~ t€~ rrn, .... . .. · . . · · · · • · · · · · · · · · ·
J:! '.I
Tbc Cu n tlt.: 11 ~cd ~ t· 11tcnt: ", .... .. . ..... • .... · .. · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

12

CON T E NTS.

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1-17. T h e Coudl·n!{r·d ~<'1 1f. l·n ec u:-:l•rl for Cornie t•fT1..·d , . .. .. ... . ... . ... 1ao
l 18. Th e Poi 11ted :-' t.y lc, .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . ... ... .. . . . .. ... . ..... 1:Ht
] -l !l. HL' qni:.:itc:i of th e :'c11 t.1: 11 <·1.. · J.! t'11c r:d ly, • . .. . • • • . . . . • .• • ••• ••• • J3U
l .'iU. A CUll' J)i,·uou:'I p la-:e lo li 1e l 'rinci pal Sul•j t·d :--{ 1.) Ju the lie·
g, u i 1 11 n~, .•. .. .... . . . .. . • .•. .. ..••• •• • •••• • • • • • ••••••• 13 1
( 2.) A ft er a11 adv crliia l phrase or cla t:se, . . • •.. • • ••••••• • ••••• 1;3'.,!
('!. ) A t lhe <'1111 , .. .... . .... . ...... .. . . . . ...... . .. . .... . .. 1:1:l
T he l'rcdi ca l;.· i" a l"' a pri 111·ipal part, . .. . . . . . .•••.•••• . • • •• 1;i:s
Tiu ~ plat:l':-1 of l'! Hpli a :-: i.~ t(>r iill pOrlant word:-i, . ••• •• . • . • • •• ••• 1 :~ :t
U11 ity o f the ~t' IH l" lh '<-'. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . } ;tr.
C L t1 1s 1 ·~ 1111i tt'd i1 1 a :'e11ll' ll\' C w it lrnut h r e ;1c li o f uni ty, .• • . . • .• . L H}

1L i:-; o f'r 1•1 1 n ·q u i:-:i ft' to ind11de in n. :--:t·1 1! 1· 1u.·u ::;c vc ra l d i!'i li n t.: t
fa ct ::1.-l::.xiu ni11 a t iu n o f a .:\an at i\'C E xtra ct, . • ••••••••. •• • •• J 3U

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Jro 8. Pa 1·a ~:T:tp li <fdll10·1l, . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . • . . . . .. . . . .•. •• • •• •• •••
l fl~ I . H..,~ 1 11i ~ irl'~ in \;0111 pn:-it ion f! l'IH ' l'ally, .. • .. • . . . . •• . . ...• . •• .••
}' ir.4 rt·quis ite. E xp li t" it Ht·fcrclln\ .. . . ... . .. . ... . . ... . ....
11irt. lf:-;c of t he proper Co 11j 11nct io n ~, . . . . . ... ....... . .... . ..... .. ...

l -12

l li L C m n11 la ti\'e ( 'nnjtu h.:tion...: . . . .. . ..... .. . ... . .... .. .. . .. . . ... .. ..
H i:!. A dvi.:r~a t i vc Co 11j 1111cti o n ~ 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
w :i . lll a t il·c Co11j 11 11etio n ~,. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . •
l :1-1. l' l ll":t "(· ~ or rdi.:rell ve . . •. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . • . ••••• • • . •• • •••
1/i !). ~ 11hord i na tin~ Uonj u1u:tio11:-i. . . .. . ... . . . . . .... . . . .. .. . . .... . ...
11;U- l 71>. C; 1 :-:~ i11 whkh c· o 111 a·c t i 11~ wo r d:-i arc 11 111H.: t.:l•:.;:- a 1·y, • • • • • •• •
1 71. l k ni o 11 !'\ l r a l i\'{! l ' hra....;i.·:i nf n· f..: r l' n c c , .. . ............. . . .. . .......
l ~i2. l ~epet it i u n in ~ul ,~l an l'c of wh a t h as b c c 11 to.a id, . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .
17:J. ln\'1.: r~io n with a \·i e w to rcferr n cr . . . . . . . . . . . • . .• . . . . . • .• • •
l'i ·l. D(' <l11 i11 1·r:y re1 11ark 11'1h! for ex p licit rcfl' rt •n c ..·. . ... . . . .. . . . . . ..
l 7/'l. tie cvn d l{l'q cii :-i ite o f the ra r:q.~raph . -Tlie r ul e CJf 1,a ral h: l C o 11fl tr11 t'ri o n, . ...... .. ... . . .. .. . . . . ... . ... . . . . .. ... . ... . .. . .
I 7G. Thi rd lt'"1 11 io ile.- The opc11 i11 g ~c u tc nce tu i11 d i,-.1tc th e • 11 l•jcct
of t lw Para.trrn p h,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . • . . . . . . •
177. Fo1 wth l teq 1 1 i 1"1 ite. -Frt~Pdo 1 H frorn d i ~ l oca t i on, .. ... . .... . ...... .
t 7 ~ . Yit't li lh:qn i:-;ite.- l.i nity of th ~ Para~ ra p li .. . .. . .. . .. ... .. . ...
17\l. !;;ixt h H<·•1u i,i 1e.-A due proportion betwee n l'ri11 eip;d a n d ~uburditHttc s ~ 1 lc 1 11 c11 t o, .. . . . . . . . . . . . • .•• . . .. . .... . . .. . •. • •

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7. S.l'cond. -The D c!'\criplinn J11l l)' ht· pa 11 o r :lfHt1..· , . .. . . . . . . .. · · · · • · • 1:.-;

8. T hirtl .- D cscriptio n aid ed hy l11d ivi.!l '. alilv, .. ... . . .. · · ·· · · · · · ·
\J. }'ourth.- Dc;-;cripti on hy .A !3:-tot:ia.tc1 l ~ , 1r~· 11m ~t a 1 u. ·t::-i, .• • . . • .• • • • •
11). A ~sociat c<l h um an 1'\·c·llng-:-i in lh·;-- ~· r 1 puo 11 , . . .. . . .. 1. .1 · : · · · · · ·
1 l. T h e p arti cul a r~ o f a. Di.':-l tTipt io n m ay l ie 111 ut11al ly :.;u 1 p n ~tlll ;.! , . • . ·
J" DL·St:r iptiun o f ~t i111l. -Yir~ t 1 the pn.> J!l' r ''.t'l'a~': il a r ~· . <~ I. · '1~ttd .. · · · ·
l:\. l n t ellec t na\ Pr1H' l'!'\:->l'~.-hxa 11 1 pl 1·:-< of :-;11liJ t'l'.tn e d . ..:-- ~ 1 1~1 t 11111 , . • · · •
f:(·c on c l. - Feclin ~:-i. 11 1;n l,\• ~H ~;.!:· · ~t 1 •d l 1y t!lt' ir ~·\ r-:!"<~ 1·.1a t 1 1111 ~ , .. . •. •
H.
lf). D~rte ri p tion in vulve1l i ~ 1 1d \ u tl 1t'1' k ind ~ o f C c ) m1, 0~ 1 t 1 0 1 1 , . . . . . . · · •
1 (\. Jn Expos ili on or :--it ·i f' IH't\ . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . • ·· • • ·- · · · • · · · • •
Ju l'octry. " ·ha t Dc:-:H: ripti u11:; 111ay lJc \\l l\.k rta k cn l,y t iil~ p u d 1.

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18. N n.rrnt ivc irn r lics ~c· tncn cc o r sli ifti11 ~ o f t.l1 c i::. rcn<' ·' ·

Co n 1l itio11~ 1• ~ ~.

t o l )c o l 1:-it•r \·l-.rl , . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . ... . ... .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. 11', 'j
E \· c.: n t~ , .. ...... - · . · · · · · · · ·
l !l. li'irst ru lc.-To follow t he Or1k r
1Ii7

ur

20. ]rnpor t.i m cc of Chro11 oloµ- .v1 . . .

1.. s
:I I. A ba c k w;trd re fl'n.·nn · m ay h t~ n Pt· t•:-:-=.ar.v, . '. • . • • •. . · . · · · · · · · • • • I •·, ~ l
~om e tiiu eR wl u tL i ~ rl'cc n t i:-1 }1(1 ~ l to ~tu r t h-0 10 , . : . . . . . .. . . · · -,: •
Sc ~ow l.-Th • 11n.rrali\·e o f l' 0 1H: 11 rri 11 c; ~t r .;a 11 1 ~ u t t..· \·1.·11t:-1.- .. \ p; Ill·
:! J .
i l ~ ~l
ci pal acti on a nd :.: 111J o r <li natf~ ~ •. : .• • ... : . ... - . .. · · · · · · · · · ·
171 >
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

2·L A COJl)prc h c 11:-1ivc ~dwmc po ~~ i hl"'~ an n a. rra. tn·c, . . . . . . · · · . · ·· · · ·
2 !5 . Co ncurrin g :; t r1~a m s of cq11al 11 11 p n rt :u w l" , . .. . '.. : . . · .. • · · • · · · · ·
2!\. Co nten d ing par til':-t.-Dan;;cr ot :-; t eal th y tra n s 1t1 o n ~ .... • .. . · . • ·
'l.7. I'lnrality of d e part m r nt s, . .. . .. . ·. • . . • · ·: · · • · · ··· · · · · · · · • · · · · ·
Th i rrl . - Rclic vin ~ tlic Uct ai l hy ~u mman cs , .... · . · · · · · · · · · · · • ·
2\1. Art of A liri d~ m cnt, . .. . . .. .. . . • . . . - . • . · · · · · · • · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
:~ o . Fonrth .-Th c Ex pl:u rnt ory ~ a rr;\~ i Yt\ . .... • • . · • • · - · · ·. · · · · · · · · •
:i l. F iftli .-Th c ('n d:i vf 1J istqrical C o mp_~:-.i t~ o n. -l11 ~ tn1c ti o n , · - · · · ·
:t:i . J n t c re~t, or t h e gratificat ion of th o i· cel 111 g!-I , .. . . · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

:t:i. ~i x th. - li i :- tor y h aHl'd 0 11 1 : 1· o ~ rnphy , . .... .. · : · ·: · · · · · · ,- · · · · .· :
:1.t. ~ev e n tl1.- I li :-:. t ory a i-; 1:ril' t-1 o f d 1·li11 l' a l i1m s '' 1th 111 te n1wd 1:llt' 11. 11 ·
r ati\·c, . . .. . .. • . - . .. . . . · : · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
.A n a.tiun' :-\ c xi:.:.trII C'l' nn :i l,,· zl·tl 11ito d ep art11w 1 1t~, . . . .. . · . .
] Ii : < to r y involve:; tl1 e: a r t:-i. of Expo ~ i ti 1 JH a11d .o t P 1 w t ~· ·' " . . · · ·. . .
M u ch of what, ha~ hl'f'n ~:1 id o n l li~ to ry 1111pll\·:i to H1 1 1~ rapli ~ 1 . .
37.
T liP E 11 vironmrnt :-: honlrl l>P dei int'!l t{'rl ,, . .• .. · . . · · · • • · · · · · ·
'llie form of N' a. rra ti vc iu !-5ci"'· ucT, and m l'o('try1 . · · • · · • · • · · · · •

PA TtT IT .
J( I.\'

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17.

T in: J'.\ 1!.\ <;t:Al' ll.

I

rL Some object.-; may hp v i l'W ('1l a~ l·1·a ~· 1 1 ·h i n ~ rrom ~ f\--. 1.1~r.(".' • . •.·. • ~
6 . .Any fe n.t.11 re nn.1y b e cl w :-:. cn :-i11 ~gt:-; l111 ~ a t·o11q 1n ·1wtl:-.l ' c .t:-.p1 't.
· E x11 m ph•s o r th e µ;e 11e r;ll r11h·, . .. . .. . . . : . .. .. . · · · · · · · · • - · •

C II .If/' 0 S l T I 0 N .

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CITAT'TF.l! TIT.

D F.SCI\ l P T l ll~.

l. Co m piit-ation

d ~ man• l"

nn Ari of n,,,, .,.ip tion . .. . . . . ... . . .. • . .

l o~

Z. _F in<1 t.-To l:01nl i n c wi t h th e Ern11 nl' rn 1i un of t l1l' p : 1 rt~ 1L l' la ll o f
0

~

"'·

;

t

I·
l•

i;

@

11 11' wliol<', . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • l r.4
:l. Th e F orni , or Outline, may lt(• the l'u111 prel w 11 ..:i r1 • plan , . . ... . . . .

I :, l
4. The Ma g nit ude tu lie abo :; lated , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . l :, l

JL'l:T' Of\J TJO N .

40. Appli cR to know lcdµ:e in t h e for m nf Scien ce, . · .. . · · · •·•· · · ·· ·
~ 1. Clii.- f 1<ttrilrnl.1• of Sci e nce. Uencr,1h ty , . . ..... . · · · · · • · · · · • · · · · ·
·1 ~ - G v n~t i tu en ts of ~ci cn cc, . .. ... .. . . · . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · ·

}"; I )

l "il
17 I
I ~~

l -; : ~
1 7 .;

17 l
J ";l t
17~

...."Jt:.

CONTEJST:>.

Cl>::\'TF.XTS.
l'A r.JI

l

i:
I

4~ . \\'h rnc ,.r1· tr11 l h is rxprr••1•1l g:cnernll_r, we h tn-c ~ i (' n C,', • . •.• •• JR7
1·1 . Cl(·ar ne~~
Rta f-L-11 1(.' llt pre:-;uppo f'<c<l , .. . . . . . . ••. • • • ••••• ' ,. •• . ] t"i7
4fi . lnd ivi d11 al li1ct K, l1y tlH·m :-:~ ·h·c~. not p ec uliar to ::4e ic111.. 't\ . . . .... •. I H~
4H . Fi r~ t gen1'rnlizl'd dt· 111 tnl, 1hc !\oTION, . . . . . . . . . ••• . ••...•••.• ! KS
4 7. ]lEFl~IT J{) N, .. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • • . • ..• • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • . . • I ·'K
48. l k lini n~ hy P.trti c11lar:-1 ..... . ........ .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . ..... J.-..s
'1~l. lJpfining b~· J\ 11tithl'~i:; tir t\m t rn~. t., ... ... . .... ... ... .. . ...•.. l

'"'! '

00. 'l'lic t wo mct li• Hls cmnh i rwd, .• . ... .• ... •...• . ........ . .. . . • 1:11 1
lil. The Co rn pkx Xorinn D1• fi 1wd hy Anal y:-zi1'.-Th c \~ c rhul Odi11ition , l~ •q
f. ~. The Rehola:-'t ic deli nit ion a fnr m of Analy;i~, ... . . . ... . ........ 1~ '~

o:L The otiwr n1f•thods s11 pt_")radde<l to Analy;.;is, .. . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . ] H:!.
f1 ·f . The Pnor-0~ 1T1 n:--; , cir Pri 11cipl11, .. . .....• • ... . . . .. . .... . . . •..• I!1:>
f1!5 . M1·tliod~ of 1 · x pnn11din~ thl· Propn~ ition.- Itr•ration, ... .. • . . . . .. J ~ 1 ;)
r11 i. Tl!Prt• t-l1in11ld alway:i be (J il l' chil'f ~t.atcm c ut, . . . ... ......... ... . } '.l l
f)7. 011\"Cr:-<c l k rali nn,. .. . . . . .. ... . .........•••.....• . . . . . .•. .
0~ . ,\ dvanLl~'':-1 of the (H,n.' 1"'1' :--:t:llt'llll' llt . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .
f1!•. Tiu,, pri11t· ipal 111t'dium of' Exp4 1;-:ition i ~ E xamplt. •:-c, •• . .. . ••••.. •
Iii\ Ci 1oicc of i-:,arnpl•'R, .. . .. . ... .. ........ . .. ....... . . . .. . . ..
fil. ThL' partic1dar:-i rnny jll'f'L' t.:dl · tl1t• /!(' ll(• r:dit :". .. . ................
fi:!. The E x:1.inplo in tlu' li1r111 of the Exln\11 1c l'a:-'t.', • • •• . . . ...•...
f,;t_ J'ri1wi plr•Q <· 11il 1c. )di 1·d in Ex11 111p l1·~ 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
!'1·L l 1 n:-;cil·nti!ic J.:'l'TW raliti l'~ .-T lip p{lpula r E=--:-:ay, ... • ...... . •• • ••
fj;, _ neli IH'H I ion of ( 'lt a1':"\ t'! er, 11 nd Cri t ir i:4m,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ii fl . lll11::;trat ion!"l :\:-\ d i!"ti11f,!11i:-:hed from Exa111pll'I", ....•• ..... .. . • . •
(~/. The im pa r t in~
l'XtC'ndl·d hnmnn intcre1't to :0-:l·it •Jl('('.-Pluto, •.•
G~. Tlw d1CJicc or Ex:rn1plc:s and Illustrati on:-\ wi 1h tlii" ,·ic.: \\' ...... . .. ..
G(). TLC' concl i tiu n" uf the ClllJ •loy111 cnL of Jllu,-1ratiu11s lv r cxpo~ilury

or

!

I
/'

,...
• ni ' ". fr nm. n11!'nitof the fa .il ure of gr~at e1>11rt8
o f ~c
.
1·
86. E ·xamplcs
•ability t.o the m1ml~
.
l 11·t :<1·t ory, o r tl1 ~· 11l•11l1t1011
o
a J (l r • · :-.S~l-:tlie Ccn ~ o rli liip of th\'.' prt.· :.::-; rn l-.11;..;lan d, .
. . .• . • . ..•

nr

1 :1-1
l'.l:i

1 ~ii i
J \1 7
]~17
]~Ji
I:1~
1 ~'t<

l \11)
l ~I~)
20 1
40~

rnd,, . . . . ..... . . .... . .. . . . ... . ... ... ... .. ... . .. . .. .. 2n:i
7 0 . C'alli n~ nltent ion to Dillk1ilri(·~, .. ..... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z(t!)
.., , , Tl1i.: l'rnr,f of 11 pri nci ple <·01il r ili11fl•:-\ to it~ r·xpo . . it inn, .. ...... . . ~or;
72. ]111t •rC' TJ Cl'S and 1\pplil'11l il'11:4 ~crn.! to dnL"idatc print·ipl t• - 1 , . •.•. .. :.'.117

7a. Tlw E,;pn1-1 it1u·y l' a ru ~rn ph, ....... .. . . ...... . ........ .. .. . .. . ~118
'i·t. Yario 11 ~ form:; o f 1..lic J';na~rnph, . . . . . ...... . . .. . . ... . ....... 210
7r1. ~1a11a .!.:'.l'llli...' lll of nn,•c;l t1•rJ11"' •..... . ..•. . ....... • ..•.......•• :.! l l
'il\. Mlt2--illl uf pn>CCL·dill;.! fro11 1 t l1e knuwn to th e un kuow11 1 • • • • • • • • • 1 J I
Cll.\ l'TJ.: ll l\".
1' J: 1: S IT A S I 0 :N' .

88, A thoro1wli knowlcd µ;c ol

'~
J

RO.
00.
\) I.
Ht.

~

f

•·

\):\ .

!J.I.
95.

&

t

:r· -.-.:

~ J·i~i~~ ~Ji~:.
t!H: :-<ul1.)('t:L a. c J l\.; _ 1 ~ I
.
so urce; of ln.n g- u :q:;e an J i!l11~trat1011 a lso rc'lUl:--\LP,. · · · . · · · ·
Different a.~')CC LO of l' c r~uasion, ..... : . .. ·: .. . . · · ~ ·: . ·.: ·. . ....
l ' t•rsrnl.sion ~:-1 ba~cU (,n De8cription , ~ arrat101~, or },xpo:--1twn, ..
l'~r5u:i.,ion a id ed by :\1\ th e a rt~ !hat nnprcH; iJc :i;>, . . . . . . . . . ..
Pcr s ua.:-.ion hy Ar~um cnt, or Proof, . .. . . · · . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
An Ar1rum l'n t. tldln cd, .. .. . · ·. · · · · · ·· ·.· " j · · ~ · ·:; ·.· · ·· · · · ·
}' i1·~ t r~qui :-i i te in .Ari;u1 ncnt, Cl'r1;ti ~1 a~l m1 Lt i..;<., p r1nc1p.C':-i.,._,- . ·,,],·...:
Second r c1l11i:-:i tc, nn :tdu1itlt·t~ sir11t\an t. y Uctw1...•c:n t.hl..! p1111ll1 .
and the pnint Lo he cstabh sh c. l, .... .. • . . . ..... . . . .. .. ...

)h:ANS Or' P En:-O:U Ali JO'.'\, • •• . : • • •••• · : • •••• ".1':

87.

2~n

~~ t
~::.1
~~!·,

!10. D ed uctive .Arp;umcn ts, . ... ... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. · · ·
n7 . In duc th·c .A r~umcnt~, ... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · • · · · · · · · · ·
\JS . .J\ rguments from Au nlogy, . . . .. . . · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · ·
\)\). Proha\Jle Argumc nt8 . .. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
) ()II. Dev ices for Btifli nµ; Arg mn en t:-1 ,_. • • · · • • · • • • •· :.:· ··: · • · j ·.. · · · ~ : 1~
JUI. How to a1Til.n ~c a PlunLlity o l A ri:.:;11m c11l$.- •. taLw.~ t • tn . 'i

:.::.:s
:: ~~
'2:.'.'.I
~:..'.'.'
'..::.'.'.f
~""

~:)!

.2 :·.:;

·_'.;q

'.~:;1;

'!::1;

n1:1 lt•l Y, . . . . . • • • • • • • · • • • · · · • · · · •.....
10 ~. :!\urnhr. r i~nU Order or Arg:u1 11e nt:-:, . ... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · :! ::/

111:i. Jt 1·~ >'UTAT JON or ltl•:l'l.Y, • •. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .... ... . . . . . . . . . . .
ltH·. Sctti n ~ forth all t.ha t i:-; aJniittc.·t1 oil t. he_~'LIH.: r :-;1dl',. · · · • · · • · · ·
]t)r'i. Scpa ra~ tin~ the argu m ent~ on the otli:r .!" 1 tl~: · .... · · · · · · · · · · · ·
J lHl. Rcfutrition fo llows all tlrn me t. hod" o l I roo t, .• · .. .• • • · · · · · · · · ·
] U7 . K.inJ ol'Rc('u t:dion call eJ Ary1.1,111.r1dw n rvl lwm,,u·m, .. . .. . ... ·
1ns. Exposure o f 1lcft'!C:tiv c Arµ;11 11_1 l'nt ~ from ;'\1 ~1i.l o~y , . · · ...
·
10U. J>cha.tc often t11rn ~ o n oppo ....:111µ; J' robalnlitu. ~i\ : .. .. ... ........
1 JO. Throw inµ; th e BurJcn of l'ru uf on the other S1J c, . . ·
J 1 I. Taetic~ of Dehal~, · · • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·: · · · · · · · · · · · ·
11 'l. Oratory of tlic FEE LI N w-1. - Cla.~..-c~ of lnunnn rno t1v<:~ • . : ". ·· · :.. ·. ~ ·
1 1~3 . .A J.d r cS:3 to the }'edin~~ c<n1 s 1dl'rc.I ~1 rnl1'1' tbn'l' h1·a•1:-- .-J 11~t.

-··'

-.:: : ~
'.2 :,-.;
~.;,,
~;J

~-l~
'.-'I~

~ -\'.\
~ ~ ·I

?. ; .·1
onr ow n Ph-n.~urcH a ntl j' ,ti 118 ro n :-:t d\.'r e1l a:-' . n' m<~t1 \ . ..• .. • • ~\ 1i

1-1 . ~ cc on i lly Svmp:tt.hy w ith th" l'h·a, 11rc" anJ l'a111 e ol n1 l 11:r, , . . . .
1
1l 5. :1 hir<lh. 'tli C E111ot.ion:; ;tnd 1•a:-c~i1 ) J1~ : -F 1·:tr , J,o \' 1;, \ u111 l :". n11 '. I
I'ridc, An::cr, Hitli cu lc, Fine Ar t E 111 otwn, th e "M11 ral ~r 11t1'2 i ~·
mcnt, .. .... '...... ... · · · · · · ··· · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
l)

1i .

~lan:t1rc111L' ll t. o f' th e :F eel in ~:-\ he nera ll y , .. .... · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

1 J 7. The Demea nor of th e Spea k er, . .. . . . . . .... . . · · · · · • · · · · ·

77.

J'cr'1iosinn dcrinrrl, ..... . ... ... .. ... .. ..... , , . , ... . . . .... . 212
Tl1c Exn~ of ()rat or,·, . .. . . . ... . ... . . . ... .......... . ... .•. . . ~I:!
';'~l. Oraton1 of th e Lnw· ('omt:-:i .. . .. ....... ... .... .. . .. ...... . . . :! l :~
R•l. J'ol i: ic.;il Oratnn'. -i\rl:(1n nf·11l nnd E'horta t ino, ... . ...... ... .. . :ll:I
s1 . l'11l1>it Or't"rv .:.....Cultin1tion
th o llcl il:(i<>11 s Feclin~>< ..•. . . .. .. 21~
>-!:!.. '{nr;il ~11a ... io11 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21~
~ ;L K s 11 \\"l .t-:1Ha: or Tl\~: r1rn~or-;:; A l>11 1tJ-:~~ En.-~O i 1rc1 ·:-1 and f•xtenl o f
tht• k11owh-d;.!l' r1..:q uin:d.-t'<11 1:-- iJcraliu11 (1 fn1 l.'ll'~ o rdinary r11 ax i111:-: 111\d l'l.'\'•·i\'t·d opi11 iOll-l, .• .. . , . . . .. , .. ..•• •• .• , , ... . • • ~} [J
,t.; .j . .All (lf'fl fOI" Jia ~ 10 O\' t• riwar )lll'I)· ~ :-l jll'l'i al V i l.'W!'\ l1y lll t' Hfl :<\ (Jf larg-t•J'
pri1:1·i pl e~ of :t•·I iu ll.. . . .. . . . . . . .. .
. . ...... . . . , .... . ~H l
f\!J. K111..1wlt..·dbe uf a da:-.:..; ur a :-1:-:;c u 1 hlu~1· 1 ..... .. . .•• .• • . . ••. . _ . .• 2 ] \I
7~ .

or

CIL\PTER Y.
l'OETJ: Y.
)111. PreYiOllS r ~ re rc n ccs to P 1wt r y . ... . ... . . ... .. ........
1

J\G.

1 '20.
I~

Poetr y n. Fine Art, worki r1 ;.; hy l.an g: n ahe. -P ll'asur ·~
A ;.t "t'nc·roil h· ....... . . . . .. . · .... · .. · · · ·
Suh}ect sn.ilHl ).' 01111

ptt·11 li. 11

to 1'11111, -

I. Ext~·in.d i\.tt111-c fur 11 1... Jit~ 1111!1 •11 ,i\~ to r

1 :l~. Our 1 ntcn·~t 111 J l 11111.u111.' " llh I"' 111tq

·,J

Fi 11•_,

l'111c .111 d 1111 x· ·l l\ 111d""

Pn t ll'\) .. .. . .. . . .. · · ·

P·•··ti: ._..: . . ,

I ~ 3 . Cunt;rotc 1a;~~ a nd Cvrnl1i1n1tio11 a rc d 1:-lrar t1..:n:-:1u; of l ucLr.\·, . . ..

16

CONTENTS.
OONT I':.NTS.

17
l" A O n

130. E:rnmplc• of th e ditfcr1' nt M~:rnnr~H, . ....... . ... ... .•.••••..
Dissyll ::tbie Meas ur e~ ('l'ro(:l1 ui<.:, lanil1 ie'. . . . ... . .. . .. .. . . .
rI'risyllaUie .M easucei:.; (Dactylic 1 .:\111pl iil> ra d1ic, .\11 :q1a(·~t h: ), . .

~kt\
~."\t)
~Hi'

Allitaalion .
140. Alli teration i• of th e na t ure of Metre, ... . ... . . . ...... .. . . .. . 2s."
Alliteration in later Eag li• b p0<;try, .. .. ... ... . ....... .. .. ~~!•

SPECIES OF POLTr:Y.

1:JO. Spc·ci cs d a ;;siGetl , .... .. ... .

· ···· ·· .. ... . ···· ··· ··· ···· ··

141. Rhyme is also mcti-i cal in the witlc "ense, . . •.... .•.• . . . .. .. . 2hfl
The three Condition:; of ]>ei·fect Hhyrne, • • •• . ... .. .. .. . ... 2!•• 1

l SR JC J'Ot:THY.

131. LY rie no('f q r :-tn •IT .·
l .. . ,
. . ( us1on 0 1r

13 ~.

-') l'I (' f>Ot•lfJ:;

d 1J;-1,..,jlii._·d · -

~Orne

feel in,.,.

e.fron(r
,.,

,-,, ' ' ' '' • • • • • · • • , 274

(!. )T h.,"'""" . . .. . . . ... . · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · . . .
~7 - t
1. T f1(' ~~~·~;1 ;i ·;;l T~;·: ~ ::: ....... .... ....... ..... . . 275
') 1.f. T lw ~ceitlar ~(lllg-i ts ~-~~ 1 :i ~·~i ~~ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ... . :no

(;;-) 'lhc Ode,.... .. .........
( •>.) The Eie"v

. ' .. "

, . · · ··· · · ·· · . ... . . 27 1)
· · · · · · . . . .• 27H

(-t. ) The ;.:n,.:,;·,:; ... . . .. ...... · · · · · · .. . · · · · · · . . .... .
(0 .) Tl1c ~irn JJie'~~ ·Jl·~ 1 ; ,j ::;·l:l';f; ( f,~. ;.jt.': : :~

.

~1 ·1c

)

· · · · · · ·· · · · · · ...
.......... ··· · ··

~77

277

277

r oF.THL

1 :~:1 . TJ.c pcrul:ari l ie;; of rh c F ·
J 3·1. Epic poems d a""i fi l'd ._:_ ·l"C, · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . . .. . . . ... .
( !. )
µ rl'at Eri;;__:.i, ~;, ;,; ;,~~ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
( :.!.) J lie Ho111;1ncu .
,. · · ·· · · ·· · · · · · · · ·· · · · · . .

1

7·1rc

(:>.) Th., TaJ,,
' .. ... . . ..... · · · · · • ·· · · · · · · · · ... .
( J. ) The
(:-• .) Tlic MPtri c;:J . l.li.;t~ ;.; . · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · .. · · ·· · · · · ·
(~ . ) The ~l ix (• d Epir, . .. .' .': ~ · .· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · ·
( '. ·) Th e T'a ,lnr;il l dy ll, &c. , . . .". : · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
(·~ .J The l'ros e Yict iv 11
• • • •• • • • • • • • • • •

llall;,;,· .. . · · ·· · · .. · · ·· · · ·· · · ·· · · ... · · ·· · · ... .
,. .. .. ..... . .. ...... .. ... . ···· · ··

! '

• •

••.•• ••. .••••• •

•

• •

•

( J. ) Trn;:1•dv,. .. ... .
· · · · · · · · ·· · · ··· · · · · · · ·
(i.) c:om e d.~---rr~ vari;,l·l; f<'ll: l';l~ : : ........ .. .. ... ... ... .
Didactic I'oct ri·
'-'· t' · l '
·················
• . - ... ~t 1r1c o etry
1 ••

• • •

•••• •• •• •••

I ET:~IF ! C,lT TO:V.

J:J7. The mctl'i r:nl fca t urcs o f E ng Ji,h pol'try, . ..... . . .

······ ... ..

~~HJ

K:i :\DS 01'' \"Kil.SE .

14.2. The Elements that m:1ke up the kinds of V erse, .. . . . .. . . . . .. . 2!11
Ill :urk o r Unrhyrned Vcr«e, .. . . .......... ..... .. . . . . ... . ~Hi
143. Rhym ed Verse,. .... . . . .... . ... .. ... . . ... .. . ... ..... . .. .. ~!• 2
Iambic Octosyllabics,. . . .. .... . . . . ...... . . . .. . ... .... . ~ ~ ~
Heroic Couplet, .... . . . . ... ...... . ........ ... .. . . . ... . '..!! l ~
Elegiac Metre, . ............... . ........ . . . .. . ... . . . ... ~!1'2
Rhyn1c Hoyal, . . ..... ..... .. . ... ... ..... .. . .. . . .. . ... . ~H~

Ottava Ryma 1 • • •

• • • • • • ••• • • • • •

• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

~\!:~

So nnet, . . .... . . ...... . . . . .... . . ... . . .... . .. . . . .. .. .. :.'.'.'a
SpenscrL\n Stanza, . .. . ... . .. .. .......... . ........... .. .. ~ g :)

Uallatl , Metre, .. . . ... .. ... ....... . .. .. .. .. .... . . .. .... ~ fl-1
Trochaic Combination , ... . ••••...... .. .. . . . .. ...... . .. 2M

A PPE NDIX .
AN ,\I, YZED.

I. Forbes on the G1'tcic r.-Alkgory, Compa ri"one, Strcn,,th,

The Dr:.w1n. cons.trnd f'd for aC'r in~ on tl1»
. . . 1\~1 t1 ~ n~ ut tlic d r am at ir int't.'.re;-;t '"' stng<\ ... •.. . . . .. .•.
D l \'1!-'IO n of lhe Drania, .. . . .

As8onance, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E XTHACTS

o n.\ .\ f,\T I C P O l~ THY.

1an.

Rliyme.

271

2S5

Cli m1tx, Laws of tl1 c Sentence and th e l '•.r:tgrnph, .. . . . ~ . .
II. Locke on Mcmory.- Fii:i11reA of Similitu de, Exposition reli eved by appeal to J<'ecl iuµ:, the ScntenC•', . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .
UL Dr. Camplicll's all egorical compa rison of P robability an.I
Phusibilit y.- Laws of the !:;cntcnee and the 1'1traµ:ra1 •h, . ..
IV. Cowl ey on Cromwe!L- lnterrog1ttion, Strength, &c. , ... ... ...
V Ad dison on the Pl easures of the Imagin1ttion.- Mcl odv, th e
Sentence and th e Paragraph, Climax, &e., . . ....... .. . .. .
V I. Robert Hall 's Reflections on War.- Thc Scntcucc, Pathos,
Strength, Clinrnx , &c., . . . . .. .. .... .. . .. ... . . . . . ... .. .
VII. Gibbon's Desc1·i ption uf An1bia.-Scntcnce, l'arag rnph, De·

2%
2() 7
20(•
:J•.1:)
~tH

300

scription , . ........ ..... ... .. ...... ... . . ....... . .... :{ 1:{

VTIT. Exam pit's of DeHcripti on fro m ;.:ir W • ltcr Scott, . ...... . . . . . . :1 i •i

or ~i l cs ia, . . . .... . ........ .... . . . ... :11n
X. Narrative Extract from Ho!Jcrtson's Charl e~ V., .. .......... 8:.! l

JX . Carl yk·'s Dc,crirtion

IS

CONTENTS.

XL
XIL

XIII.

x rv.
XV.

RHETORIC.

XVI.
\\'If.
x1 · 11r.

xrx-.
xx.
XXL
XXlL

~

'

G
@

I·

I
@

•

R1rnTORIO discusses t11e means wlicn:1Jy hn g1 i :1.c.'\',
spoken or written, rnuy l1c rendered effedi ,-c.
There are three principal ends in spcaki11;..;,- t• • :nform, to persuade, to rlcasc. They correspond tu 1I1.-:
three departments of tile human mind, the U ndcr~tarn1ing, the 'Nill, and the Feelings. The mcai:R 11('in~ t •)
some extent different fo r each, they arc <:omick red unrkr
separate heads.
But as there arc vario11::i mattcrn pcrtaiui11;..; t 11 all
modes of aJclrcss, it is <:unvcnicnt to diYillc th~ ent in'.
suliject into the two following parts:Part First, which relates to Style generally, crnliran·~
the following topics :-I. Tl 10 Figures <1' , _"j_;eecll. IL
Tlie NwnTF!r qf T!'ords. UL The A1·r1m:;r1111:11t 1;t'
TVords. IV. Tile Qaali.tics of Sty7c. V . Tit<: S c11 tcncc and t he Paragraph.
Part Second treats ur tlic different 1\ind ;-; of (',1111 1'('i:;ition.
Those that lws c fur tl icir ol•ject to iJJ form th e l~ s,
DEJ{S'!'A.c'iimrn, fall under tlirce licads-De.scrlptirm, 1Y;n·ration, and Ea.pos1:t£on. T11c means of influencing tl;e
"'\\TILL are given under one he::i.d, Pers1trt.~ion. The employing of langnagc to e"'<:itc pleasuralJle Fn~u.N n s , i::;
une of the chief cl1aradcrist ics of P oetry.
The \ Vill can lJc rnoYc<l only through th e Gridcrstanding or through th0 }\~cl ings. Hence there arc
really but two Rhetorical crn],..,,

22

FIGnms OF SPEECH.

FlGUHES FOu~·m:n ON" SD!fLU!TTY.

. 3. The intellectnal rower named Sim ilarity, or J<\~d­
rn?° of Agrc_cm~nt~ ~s the chief inYcn t i1·c po\\·cr of the
rn;nd. By it srnulitudcs nrc lirou~l1t 11p to tl 1c view.
When 1»0 look ou t npon n sc:c nc of nature we arc rcminrlcd of other simil:tr scenes t11:ct we lin~·c fv n ncrly
known.
., ..'~'.l1i." p 011:cr of lih t.o rC' ea ll like (tl1C'rc l1\'ifl,<:'. aJ.,o diversity)
1.u ie~ m d1flcrc11t llid1ndu:1h Ti1c fa ct is sh o wn by t lic crrcat
aln111d:UH'C of cotn pari "'lls tliat occur to so me men; for c:am1,'.lc, tho g roat poets. JT,,mer. ~pea],i11g of t he dl'sccn t of Ap ollo
fiorn Ol~mpus, .~ap, "He came like ni:;ltt." Tl1c eloquence of
Ulysses is described liy th e help of a similitude : ";~oft ns f!t.f

./1t<'('f'.'(

'~f d1 "."ifl'1u/;11_q -'= nmr.~,

I he l'OJHtlll~ ac<·t•nt:-; fall wi th Pa:-;y iHt..
Melting- they fa ll , :111J 'ink into tl;c he; rt I··

Tl1c

Y' ·

J'1gurrs of Silllib rity are tl1cf'c :-1. Simi!C', or Com9
3
1'
~. lllf l' t np l ior.
c • . c- rso11 ificati on.
4. , \ l!ccror}' · 5
(' t
I'
• ~
...,
•
. rr arn 1urm ~ of ·· y11cc<lnrl1c. \ V c sl1all first remark o n tlic
fcatnrc s crrn m1 on to t ltcm al I.

p arison
.
•

Oi·' SDI ! L!TL"DES GE!\F.f: .\ LL Y.

" , 4 . .'I'l.10 tr.:ccing of rc~cmblanecs am ong- tlic ohjcds
tlic 11·orld, is a constant :t voeatio n of tl ie

,u1(1 C\ cr , ~s ot

lrnman rnmd.

•
.
.

general no t i,ms :ire rlasscd t o ..·et li r r 011 foe ' · .·.
f I n Science,
r
.~
uas1~
o SulllC 1cature that they p11sse~s irt co r11111 o n. \\' c iden tify a
great JJ urnbc r of ol•jCds on t he property of ro nnJrt cs' ·i ll~!"
7
JH,iilg d iff1TC11 L.
•
'C
S o• m e scicricPs a rc cxpn ' ,.:sl;· stdc<l
C omr·•:tral in'., •l"..-.;, (··
•
_,. on1p:1ral 1Ye An:domy, C1>mp:u·:d i1·e Cr:m1111:1 r. Tll!' f"lrf>Os e oft],
f
.
.
. IC
unn e r r~ to h11 d 01 1t tlil' j><>i11ts ,,f 1·o mm11ni ty <>r like 11 c.• R j 11 t.!tc

sf.rn1:!11re of A11i111als: 1la~ h t!i- r sl1nws tl1c s i rnilari tic~ occurri iw
111 the 1ni.J,t t>f di1·crsilit'-' in L:u1g11 agcs.
"'

SlllrILITlIDES.

Reasoning is ofte n based on the similari ty or id ent ity of tw·.>
or more things. vVhcn we i11fcr tliat tlie m en now ali1·c wi ii
d ie, it is because of the ir l ikeness i n constitution to tho;;c that
wont before them. Thi;; is called reaso niug by Analog-y.
A comparison is ofte n intcndccl to serve fo r an arg11mcnt, as
well as for an illustration . The foll1)wing is an example:" Jt is romarl<et1 l1y A1iatorni,-ts, t.l1at t l10 nn triti1·0 'J'Hllit :· i-; not.
1110 (>1il y J"C<plisi to ill fo0<] ;-t.Ji:it. 11 Certain degro o of rh<l "llfi,111. uf
tlio Mtorn11ch is rcq 11 ired, t" 011: tblo it to :wt witl1 its f'ulJ pu 1n·rs ;-ll!Hl th:tt it is for th is ronson lmy or straw m ust be given t<J ho"'"'•
l1R w ell as corn, in or<1cr to supply tho necessary J;11Jk. ~011wt !ii11C!
mutloqou.s to this takes place wi t.Ji rcRpcct to the i:;enernlity ,,r
minds; whi ch arc incap:tl•le of tl10 1·onglily 1ligc~t i 11g and :issirnil:i ti ng what iR presented to t.hem, l1owcvcr dearly, in " s mail co111-

pnss."

(Whately.)

G. In a1l departments of compositivn ad(lrcs~c:t1 t1•
the UNDERST.A..'<DING - i n Description, N:uTat. iun , :tn< l
Exposition-Sirnj1i t ndcs arc rna<le u,;c of to n ;11dcr tl 1e
i:;uhjccts more inte1ligi1Jle.
If, from some cause or other, a subject is ln1t (li111ly conce ived, one m ode of assisting tlic mind, is to lJring f,_,rwar,!
~omcthing of the same kind that we al ready understand. Ollr
knowlcclg c of tho famiiiar tlirows light upon tlw n:ifomilinr ohjcct. Tb u~, tho action of I.lie l1 cart, wLich is con ceal ed froni
our view, may he made intclligiule by comparison to a fo rc epump for supplying water to a town. An event in ancient l1i;itory may be illustrated by :;;om ctl1in g that l1as happened in
more recen t times. A man's characte r is hrougl1t l10mc to ll' ,
w hen likened to that of some one that we alrca<ly know. \\'c
oft.en make subjects mutually illustrative through t heir co1nJ1J11nity of nature; thus I'ainting and Poetry, as Fine 1\rt:<,
elucid.atc each otlicr.

G. A Rcscm11anco i,,; not rt Figure of Spcec.:1 1, unks,.;
tho things compared ho difl'erent in kind .
The comparison of Napoli·on t.o Crcsar is litnal an d ll'•t.
fignrativc; tbc subj ects arc of tl ic sanw ki11d. Tl1 c cc•111p:1r i~un of a great conr1ucror to a d estructive e•J11fhgrati«n , or a

24:

SilJ:U,ITUDES.

FlO L'RES OF SPEECH.

tcmpr~t, is a fig nrc.

The tl1ings compnrrd 11rc difTe r<:'nt in na·

into painful prominence, when t1.c general licalt1. h.appcns to \,c

tllrc, altliongh s ufliciently simi la r tv ren,k r tlic oue illustrative

clisturb ed.
Extract I. (AP1'1':rnrx) may be n:ft:rrc-d to as exemplify i11g

uf tLe other.

7. In compo,;itions :l<ld rc;-;~cd h) tl1c }\:1·: r.rxcs-Oratory an~ \•e.try- r:scnilJlanee::; arc sv11~l 1 t v11t to give
greater l ntcn:;1 t .)' vr 1mpre,;si ,·cnc::;s to tli e mea 11 i1 w.

mix ed effects.
In not a fow iu ~t.auces, cvca in Expo~ i t.vry Cornpo;,it.iu11, t.l1e
understanding is saailicc<l to tLe feelings. (~ce Extrad 11.)

For th is pu1·pose, the comparison should 1e to sometl 1i 11 g
that exc i tr~ the feelings m o re strongly than the thing co tnTlills, Sir l'liilip Sidney, in endeavo ring- to g ive a
p:tre1.l.
lil'ely idea of tl1e rou,i ng cffl'ct of the Lallad of Chel'y C hase ,
says, "it. stirs tl 1c heart like the sound of a tr 1tnip ct."
Chauce r' s desc ripti on of the Squire, contains scl' cra: cumpari~ons fur rai , i11g 1.hc feeli ngs :-

9. Some Similitudes enable u:;; to picture an ol •jcd
vividly to the m ind , and are called, on tliat acco1111t,
p£cturesque j as in CLauccr\1 S<1uirc, ""\Vi th lvckes
crull, as they were ZaiJe in presse."

0

These comparison;, arc much w;c,J in Poetry, an<l m the
more poetical forms of Descripti\'c all<l Narrntivu colllpo~itiun .

10. Origi11al comparisons, licsiues having tlic effed..just stated, cau~c an agreeaule .sum•m:rn, and arc iHtroduced into composition with tliat view.

" Emhro11d1'1l wa A 111 ., n.~ ·il 1rr•r r a mrdt·,
.All/11// </frrshr jf,,,,,.,.., 1chil< and n•d c ;
~in µ:in.~ lie Wa:-\, or llnytinµ; all the day ;
lit tt'(fH a.'i .frr.-d11· m·' i." tlu monrtlL n./ Jln!f. "
1

So, tl1c folluwing si1nile fro m the O<lpscy is calculated to
~ivc a more liveiy f<C nsc uf the "rcakcr' s sentiment of YCncration :-"I follow b\•hi11d, as in the foots/rps of a God."
Again, "J 11stiec," ~;1ys .Aristotle, "is more glurio11s t h an the
Ea,.tcrn S tar o r th e ·\\· (•stern ;:.; tar."
An example of a si111ilc cle\·ating a cummcm ~uhj cet to a
poetic cl iaractcr, occurs in Te nny son 's description of the miller
in "Enoch Arden ."
"Tfiin. like tl1r u·nrki11(1 brr in. Mos,'iM11
Hl1<11chcd wi th lii H will, they fouuJ."

'·

@

\"
;

{

\!
@

e

~I

li
it

25

t/11.~1,

I

i.

Of tl1e examples of the Simile on page 20, tl1c 5th ap1wals to t he feelings nlmost excl usively ; tl1c 1st ltlld 6th are
addressed to the nndcrtanding; while the rc;;t fall und er a
cla.<s to l•e mentioned presently,§ 10 . .

8. J'lhny <:<)lll}':triHons liaYC a mixed effect, partl.r a.sthe nJ1d en;t:md i1w,
and 1):irt )y
o-ivirw
foclt"'
., b
,.-. ri '~e to
'

si~tin!!
•
. ,,
111g.

Demosthenes likrncrl tlie statPsmanship of such p<•l iticianH
us his rival .iEscliincs tu old sun·ti in the bod y, \\'lii ch come out

A comparison tl1at is new an <l lH•t ohvi ous, strike~ \IR wi :h
a pleasurable flash, cvea although co11trilrnti11g lilt.le, eith er to
c!U<.;idatc a snhjer.t, or to excite li velie r f,;eling>< in C<lll ll l'ction
with it. In the following instance, tl ic agreeable cffoet ari~cs,
partly from tlie ck\•ation of the s uhjcct (Ser~ Q uALJTrns OF
8TYLE, Strength), and partly fh,m the detection of a c1·rtai11
rescmLla11cc l,etwcen two tL i11gs lyi11 g remote in 11atun~ :-'· The
act.iv us of princes arc l i kc t hose h>Trat ri\"C•rs, w lio.<" <·•)J I r«!
eve ry one heliol ds, L11t tll('i r sp ri11gs liarn been ~·~c11 l1y l iut
fc,v."
vVhcn comparisons Lave no otl1cr effoct than th e plcasur<'
of su rprise, tlicy arc often krm(•tl frnc1f11l. Tlllf\ in<licatcs one
of tlic meanings of Fancy.
Luxuriant cnmposit ion, as the
poetry of Shelley or I\:catR, i~ nl't to abound in tLi s spec ies of
effect.

11. L "\Vhcn Fignrc;; of S i111i larity arc crnpl nycd to
give intell ig-ihility and dcarn<:,.;,.;-tl 1at i~, tv ai(l tlic

I
'

l

l

Un der~tan<ling-tliey

tions : 2

ll!U f; t

sati~i)' tlic following euuui-

2G.

FlG C Rl~S

CONDITIONS OF EFFECTIV E CO ~! P ,\ ltL~VN.

OF f:L ' EEC! L

27
tli in g~

(1.) Tlie r c,;em11::mce s1K•uh1 turn on !lie reJ e,·:Lllt c:ircw11sbrH'e.
(2.) Tlie eumpa rison shou111 Le more ill tc:lligi11e tu
t1 t0;,JC a <lclressL:u t k1 n tl 1e tl1 i11 g cu rn p :1rcd .
(:\.) Tl1e acc0111panyi11g cin·1 1 111~ ta11<.;e;-; ,.,] 1u111ll u0t Le
:mch at> tu t1i;.;trad the mi11t1 f rnr11 tli<) re:d po in t.

Sl':l,

Tli i!:I is th e llJOst com mon fa uil i11 the u,;c of 1ig-ure8 of Ri mi11111,t likely to o..:cu r w!te u t!t l'y arc most profu sely empl oyL' <l.

l1oc:tu,;o it is ple:1,'<lllt to bel 1olt! tl ie ilis otm't'lvc·,; a rc· frcT frn 111.
f;\1·l'et nlso iR it to look upu11 tl1e rn igl1t y <'nto1mter;; of 11·ar ' ]• n·:rd
ove r t lie pluin s, witlio11t. , /i a ring t lie <langc> r.
But 11ul lii11" ;,

(2.) There sh011Iu l>c a l1:u-i n o11 y 1 ctwccn tl1c
compared, and no d i ~ta,;t c f't il ae eo 111 pa 11 i111c 11 t ~.

Tlte fo ll owing wcll-k11ow n pa:is:1ge fr om L nc rl'\ i11~ N111tains a
fit1 e l1 arn1 ony, au1.l alsu a ,. ir1,;u1 ns1 a 11 ce tl1:1 t jam (li t tit<:: minr] :" S we et l t i::.i, w1 1(·n tl1e w irnl :-> :l re ngita ti nj.! t l 1e wat e r ~ 011 :1 wi d1•
to witnes.-: frorn the bnd tl 10 ~1 1 eclac-l0 of anutlil·I'\• di ...::n· ..·-..:;
not. Lecau~e it, is agr el'. al;l u to 11:-; tliat any one :·dnndd :-:nffl'r, l11iL

l:i:·ity, aud is

l::.? . JI. \\" itlt a n ew to l1cigli tc 11 tl 1c F eelings, t11c
con d it iu rn; a re these :( L) 'J' l1e Jfg m e c1nt .! "yed ,;l 1t >111\I Lo 111urc i1up n•::;::;i n .:
than th e plain J:1n11 vf e:·q• rcs,;iu 11 .
(2.) Tlic c1l'gTce of ck:Y:t1·i,11 1 s l 1<> 11 l1l lHJ wi th in tl1e
Lou nd,; tliat 1l1e hcnrcr can t"lL·rate. (~cc 1IY!' E1rno r.1-:.)
(:J .) Tli e :- in1 i1i t 11c1e ~l w11 ld Le 11 c:itlic r 0L ,·iv11:> nor
trite.
S"rne LlL•grcc 0 1· 11r1Yclty, orit;inaiity, or ra ri ty , is c~se n tial to
a 11 y l""rerf11 I L'fl(,ct.

s weeter tl1a n to occupy tlic w\·ll -girt

" Tii L' noli!1· :-:.i :-: 1r r of Poplicol:t ,
'!' lie 1111J1111 1~/ Hoi111.' ; r/uu~(r· as

lft P

it·i . ..',•

T liat':-: t·11rdl1·d hy tht• rr11 :-: I. f'rt \!1 1 pu rc.=- t ~llO W

wealth

11 p 0 !1

Ullll

to w in tlo111 iuiuu. "

T li e t wo comparisons '}n ote d arc iu full k1rm ony w itl1 tl1l'

f

f
l
'

f",.

1\ 11d liau ~:-; un Viau':; ll'lJJph.·."

13. Il T. T o r en de r cnmpa r ir;o JJ , a,; such, a f'O nrce ()f
p len,;nre, the follu\1·ing J'l• int:; rn 11 ~t lie att e r1dcd to :(1.) l\"m ·dJ,r, origi11:il ity, o r 1"1·c,;]111es,.;, i:i st ill m ore

situation to Le illustratcJ ; tl ir rc j , on e perYa.!ing <:n 1 11tiun~
the g rat eful feel ing of security from ,.i, il1k w vc>. J;ut it. j,,,,
on onr sympathies to n :prl'Sent t h e rnisc ry of 0ti1<·rs as r>1 1r
del ight ; aucl tlic clansc of explan :1t.inn, so <1\\'k ,c1nl i11 :t l" >l'lll ,
<.l ves not redeem t h e discorJ . Belte r to l1a1·c ~ i 1 n 1•l y culllj>:lr<' •l
tl1 e tl >rce situat ions, witl1out g ivi ng a ny 1i; une tu tlic fevlincc.
" L ik e a man witn essing from the lan d t l1e st n 1gp:les of t Ii<;
mar iner \rith the storm, or like oue vie \\'i ng tlw s!1uck uf w:1r
frc1m a s:lfe Lli~ta n ce , i;; l ie tl 1at occupics th e tc m]' k rai ,;c•l \_1y
wisdom , ancl louk s do wn up•m tl 1c c nin g crowd bc· 11 L"atl1."

1:1-. 1J:rny fi g ures vf :-;i111 i1a rity :i.re to l1e f. 11111.J rn
literature th at fail t o y i<:lcl :rny vf tl1c re,:11lts j 1 ~t
n:cm ed.
It would not lie <'~"}"to :1ttriln 1le l1ll )' L" ffc ct t u ~w:lt :is tlie
follo winp: frum H aeo11 :-" Cert a i11l y it is h l' a Vt'JJ 0 11 «a rt 11, t o
]i;L\'C a 111a 11 ' s mi nd !l1 0\' C i11 rl 1arily, n ·st. i11 1•rm·irlc'll!'1·, a 11d
tu rn 11 po 11 t lie pole ~ of t rn ll 1." Tl1t\ old \\' ritcrs al1 01 111 J in
c0t11 p ari sll 11s equ a lly u11m ca11 ing a nd i11,;ip id .

n'•111i s ill; tl1a11 in tl1c prc,·iu1 1 ~ (·:tSL' .
• T l1f' p1·nfn;.;l' <'mpl 11y11 11•11 I of i11tdl 1·d11al :-: i1nil it1ldc:J. wi rhou t r mot.ionaI
kcl'pi11;.:, i:-; tli c jHT Uiia ril _\· or t he d a:-- :-1 ur podcl d\·Rig"JHtf<.:d Ly .J o lm~o n HS
'' 111d.aj1liy:-:i<:al" ( l,ife of' ('owlc·.\') . For :1 pr1 •1·j .. p di ..i.\· 1·irni 11 a ti un of the
cllllruclcri;tic:; ul' t l1i; da" , -c·e ~ la"'" "' " Lii'e of ~li lt uu ( \' uL I. p . 44 1).

r ai~1..:d !1y t 11\ '
ti t J 1 vr~ :11t 1l
i11 tclk· ~·t, Hnd in tin ·

tm 1qil,•

<lU\\'11

sec th crn strnyiu g- an d \\·an d crin g-, rind :") in
p riJe of J, irt.11, ot.rlvin ;.; ni ~!t t, a 11<l d:ty liy wrpa" i11,; la liu r l,11 ri,;L· l •J

U .) j \ lil C'l"C i11tclleetn: 1l C•'>111pari ,;..11 sh ou ld n ut 11c
tende red fo r an c· 111ot ion al one::+
011 tl1e r1tli cr l1and, the ah~r11ce of intell ectua l s im ilarity 1,;
consi:;tent \\'itlt e11 1utillnal h('ping. llc nc.:e tl 1e m.h11 issiliili ty vf
tlrn fullu wi11g :-

~e 1·L·n e

] e a n 1i 11 g- O f tl10 W )SC1 \ \.· J1C. I H..'<..' W O fl tll y i<HJk

!

I

l G. Tli e ""urcc:; " f F ig11res (1 f H cse1 11 l1l:u1ee a re coexte11:;ive with l1n m:rn k11 uwled gc.
'\ An iJca rn :ty Le furm eJ of t l1e widc ran ge of !igura ti 1·c

23

2()

FIGURES OF SPEF.CJT.

SIMILE.

comp:1rison by ~lan ci ng at some of the ol•jccts to wl1ich it l1aa

R eligion : -Go<l, an gel, offe ri 11g, rncri fi cc, nt nn (•mp nt, 1w1;·cr,
yiPopit.iat.ion , in te n •cs:<ion, sa('l':llm' n l"., priu,;t, w o r:-liip, l1il.J e, n·Y l'lation inspirnti o n, 11i v i11u, l1eavl' n, lrell.

lll' '"t1 exten ded .
, N- t l 11/'rd Arrrn /., :-\. ra1· ity'. !Teat, L i;..:!1 t, El ect r icit y , 11fogn cti ~rn,
:dl11 11 ty, at t.rad1un, r ep1tl"u11, Ju r'-'c, sulu t.iu n, dif\'u :;ion , exp:1thi ou,
l!J at k r, 8ul 1d, h q 1rnl, /-'. 'L".
Cl'le8tial lJo:/;,.,, 111ul Oprm l ion" : - 81111, m oun, st.Im, (• rl ii t~,

<:dip:.-l'..;, e.Ydcs, :-:v:i~on::.i:, 1H.:ln1hc, gn.l:l Xi l'~ .
. 7 ;.,.,'<'.<!.r ial Ol~j1·l'i:< on n ymnd .~rtC/1• : - \\' iml<1, ~ton11 8, clo111J .. ,
r n1 1_1, tfu 1nd\.•r, .11~/ 1 t1~ 11.1g-, o<·v::n .. i , ~ l u 1rc'.'4 , Li<~L' :-1, wa\..,. t..·~ eo n tii1 e11 t ...;,

j> l: u1 is, 11101u1 ta11 1s, Y1l 1a;;eH, nvur;, Jl oud.", h.>rc·~tH 1 deHc rt.~, 8a11d,-,

sw:u!l p.-.:i, roek~, Hlrat:i.
. .1fi11a,i{.y rind ffi, •ir I'rf>/>crtif'.1 : - St o ne, g-r:ini te, flint, rn ct nl,

1l1an11>1Hl'. nthy, Ctnl'ra],J. gctld, sih·pr, iro n, b r :i:•H, cry stal, t rnn "p:ir u11 <'.1', lirill1: mc.1·, 111;.;tr.:, up:t<Jll<', l1 a rd, r o11gh, s11HJlJ tl1, ~y 111rn et r ic al.
Ve~jl'lll/ion :.- s c,·d. root, ,; tc1n, l.>rnn..! 1, flow e r, lrnd, fruit, lcuf;
grnwtl 1, ,;:1p, npcnc." . rl0,;ay, exc n·src 11 ce. 'l'liu rvs0, thorn, lily,
o~ lk, f11 1 1~ u ~, 11pa:4 -tr<·c.

A 11.im1d L(fc : -Orgnni11 p r or e,;.;c,, :rn<l nnm ('s of p nrt~, n• in
pl:111t; :.- Bir t.Ii, p rn<'rea ti o n, ltc:l lt h, di .'"'l"<', fo od, J1<H1 r i,; l1111"11t,
l 1c>1H \ su10 w , h'·:irt , l1f\acl, Cyt·.~. to ngnt\ foot, an n, brea tl1, digl ·~t i o n.
. ·"'f.11·1·irrl ..411imal8 :-Lion, ti .gcr, f'lcp li 1tnt., d, ·,g-, fox, c:agle, lark,
n1~l it1 1~g-:tlo, parrut, :-:e rpe nt, viper, 8i1ar k , wonu, g rub, oyster , Lico,
a 1J1., "i"<lor, butterl l y.
Or1eration.~ .~/' iiumrin b ull!stry : - (i\ gi·i cultn rc), sh cpl1 cnl,
floekH, li u1:1J,;, <1 1g, t.111, plo11~h, m nnn r c, w:i.t.cr, sow, r eap, hnrvc;; t",
~li rus li, . w11111ow, prtn 1e, i:cra lt . (Mi ni11g), ve in, ore. (il uilding),
1011111la.t.1011, stmie, co1n0nt, wall, root; donr, li •)ll~e, palace, t.ernplo,
p y ra1n1d.
(i'c·:11 11:1 n,;l 11 p), lan1wl1 , ~et ,;: iii , cl111 r t., "t<•e r, com paH8,
t:wk, hr 0czc, wreck, fo111 1'1 cr. ( \\';H'), a n11 .v, lll'l':n-, bnttl o, r o 11 qiH· "t,
dc:teat., sword, arn1s, shot., hroad~ 11l l', p:lr l'_v , "t rateg-y , g-cn<·r1dti l1ip.
(I r11dc•) , buy, ,;eJJ, ll ilJ!t>rt.. tra llic, ('il p it11l, in tl'rl·"t. borrow, cred it,

~ct · unLy, l ll:lrk~· t, g-ond~,

OX('h: t11 ge,

tll O!lt\J" ,

( ~ lJl'f'O fl <· y , wci g- l1t,

lll (\:t!-1-

ll l'U. . (Ma11 11 /;1\'f 1;1'c·s), ha 1n111 e r, fo r:.ie, ~ l1apc, c:u·\·c, c11t, jui 11 t,
1l o vc·la1l, "[> 111 , \\'l':l\'<', c1 11 b ru id ,-1., til h('I.
. OoNu-nm.ent : -:--lvvereig n, kin~, rull', rnnr t, n·~ n] nt o, 111i ni~t•: r
)1 1d :,:c', law.
'
;~·,,;·i 11.I fi',/oti•111.• :-F,1tl 1l' r m otli e r fri en tl n t i"0 l1ltor <'O:np1111io11
'
•
·
'
~oci t'l;y, <' 0 111 1111 u1\ 1) n , \vedl1n·k.'
'
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."i'fJ ciNt lntt!rcoll r,ye: - Hoatl , l1i !. d l\\~a.\~, (':-lrri 11 g-o, ('0nv0ynn ('c,
c:rn al , li:LJ: J11)1', li:LV•' lt. poRL letter, arts uf ll'rit.inl-( au<l printin g,
, . ,Jf, •.f1,·rnc :- l' lipi<', p ill, 11111-'.l!Cnt, sy rnp, pur~o. pl11><t.e r, l>ll'l'J1 ,
t>l:~~c' '. " .id'.""'~"e, sympto.n\ r e med!', frv(' r, in llnm111 ntion, pulll<l, sr:1r,

.

tiUI

e; ,· l.t .it .' '' u 1111 d, t k• /11 111111 ,, I11..·ar t- ln1rn , rlr·npsy, g-angronc.
l M ,d11 11 g :- \fa... tu r', pnpil , k >:<nn, ~clr ool.
,<.,~ · i1•11r,e :-S111 11. fral't ion, ("<J ll ~ti<>1 1 1 cq ni\'al ent tlrcorc m axi o m

post11l:ltt• 1 dt·finition, d\.'1 non -.:t rl\tl', iI1 d 11<'tion .

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' Ai

!"in c A rl« :-\[,·l o. I.-', h:1rt11•my, di>eord, <lan l'r , r l1y tl11\J , puiHt,

color, ~<.:ul p ture,

(' !l gr:11· <',

ca l'l'c·.

R ecreations :-Gan1c:4,

i-:pj

irt:-i, l':trd:;,

dice, c11es~ 1 co 11nt cr:-:, 1111rit,

s nnre, trap, ile<·oy, ang-h·, 110\)k, bai t.
Jfi.; l orirrd .A U11.<io118 :-Tl 1u ge<"'<l in t!te ('il J•it ol , 1.lt c g <1rdiai1
knot, crossi ng tho !{u u ic<•n, 111 ag 11 :1 t'h a r ta.
C11" lom.< r~f' J\'aliQoS : -1\ •: ata r, J 111-ig e rn a11t, pllla\·c·r. or<ka1.
F eut i11[J.< ruul Opcrr1 t io11s uf //1u M inJ : - :->\1'c;ef , ,r,tt , '""'''''· s•>UI',
cha rm, nj oico, kis:i, luugh, smil e, frown , angry, lu\' i og, r ek u t, distbiu .
SIMILE, or. cmrrARISON.

lG. Simile, or Compar ison, consists irr likening one
thing to another fo r m a lly or expre,;:;l y. "-L1 6' t l1c :-;tar ,;,
so sl1n.l l t l1y see<l h e." " T l1e condenrn ati on (Jf S nrrate:-i
took l1im away in l1i ;.; foll g ramlcur auJ glury, l:l<e t i1 e
settin g vf a trupi c:al sun."
Tl1e fo llowing are furth er examples : (1.) "Tru e case in wri ti n ~ corric~ from n~ not chru1cP,
A s those move ea :=;i 1.:st wh o !Ju.ve learnt to <l anL't·."
(2.) "We l 1av e o ften th oug ht t.l1at th e p~1ltl '.c. 11 1i n<l ~" n ur N>nntry r esembles that of tl 1e sea wh e n the tule is n s111:.i. l:."c.lt "11<"""'s ive wave rn ~h cs forward, lH·eakH, and roll~ l.>uck; !Jut t li o grc:iL
fiootl is str ~d il y corning on ."
.
(3.) " N othi ng is m ore d nngcr ouR to r ea.•?n th:~n the fl igh ts nf
i rn :winat ion, a nd n otliin!" hn " been th e occa~1 o n o t more rn1 "\ ak c,;
nrn o~1g philo,;opl1er s. M en of l1ri gl1 t fo.n ('ie" 11rny , in Lli is n ·"ped ,
/;e conq.>nreJ. to t,J,o"c nn g<:I " w11 o rn the :Scnptures r e prl' ~e u t '"' cu v·
eri ug their cycH witl1 t h eir win gs."
(4.)

"I ha,·c vf'nt11r cd 1
f. ikr little wanton boys tlwt "w im on l11iuhler;<,

Thi s many surn111crs in n. sea. of glory.n

"(5.) "Jt is on th e dc.~th-h e 1l , on the conch o f . ~o rrow nnd of
p ni11, t h nt t h o tl1 0111"lr t .o f o n e p nrely v 1.rtuou~ n.ct1on 1,; l 1 k~ t.li ?
s h:t<l ow of a lofty rock 111 the <le"c rt--hke t l1e hi.d1 t. foot., teps '.'t
tli at Jit tlo c!t ild 11'11 0 eon t inne1l to 1l :rn ee befor e thl' t l1ron e. of UiC'
nnjnst ki ng, wl 1rn l1is g-unr d " l 1n1l f1N1'. and lris people ltwl l< 1rs:ikl' 11
]1irn-li/.;1; t he ~in g l o t.lri11 st.rcarn <>f li g ht whi ch th ~ iud1 nppy c:i p t i\· c l1 n~ :1t la~t Jcar nc<l t o Jon - like the soft sig h l>l'l ur o tlr o b reeze
tli:1t wafts th e bcr alnw d vcssd ::i111l !ter fomi~la:d cre w tu tl 1u haven
wlt en: th ey woul<l lw."
( Ii.) "The illu~io n th a t. great men and ~e at. e ven ts <':nnc. ollcn0r
in curly t iwt'.ti tl1an n o w, is partl y duo to lllstun cal p e rHp ect1 vc. A i

30

}'IG URES OF Sf'EECll.

MET aPROli.

i11 a rango of rq11 itli,t:rnt rnln1nn ~, 111 0 fitrtlic~t oil' h<•k tltc do"c't ·
R~J tl1C' c ·1, l\!"'f> i c u1n1 ~ ,,h.i 1.:t't.:-: o t' tl1 e Ji :l:-i l.. tiut; 111 111ore tbil·kl y l'lu ~tt.· r1.:d:
tne 111ore l"\~ ?11ot(: tl 1l'y art..: ."

"C:rnst. thon m ini st~r unto a minJ i1;sruM·dl'lac/.._· from. tlie l1cal't a. r ontecl sonvw ~ n

'Ihc follow i11 g iA a p idu rcsq ne metapl 1or :-" 'I bey ~'~1.n k li1; c

Th e <' l<aract cri :<t ic <·ffor ts nf tl 1csc <·xamph·" l1a1·c l.c <> n gi1·cn

Ly anticip:1tiun (!'· 2-1).
Tlic tnms " "i11 1i lt• " an.J "com pari son" arc somcti11 H·s co1 ·
sidcrcd as slightl y d ill(·rcnt in nH' ani n_c;. \\' lien a lik l' nt·"s ii
f(,l l1> wcd ont in 1lt•t ai l, it is called a cv 11111arisun, iu Ute strid•:r
llH' a11in g vi' the term .

J 7. :r.fe1 :1p1inr

i ~ n. rom pari ~c.n irnpliec1

in 1l1e lan~ ua~·e u:-<ed : n ~, l ie !11•/1//c.v l 1is :rngt:r; li e: was a l io1i ill
<:0 111 \J:tt; tlie fad i,.; r;(,•ru '.
T!1is fig ure is in frf'•!'l( 'llt

ny

.Jispl'n sing witl1 tl1c
uf
i>eing- l.ri t• f a11 Ll of n" t d isturbin g tlt c strndurr uf tlic cv111p•1sitio11.
Lih sim ii it111lcs gr nr rall y, Mct:ipl 1nrs may (1) aid tlic
11n dt: r:<t andi11g-, ( ~) d C<']W ll t he impn:ss iun 0 11 the !\;dings, a11J
(:>) g·i1'l' :111 ac:rcc;:1blc R11rprisc.
Ex: 11 11pks :( I .) 'l\> ai.J tl1 c n11.Jcrst:rncli11!-( :- " Tlic wish is futli rr to
tl1 (' tl1 <>11.c:l1t ; " " t he l iy h!. of 1\"<t(ll ~ ;" " t l1 c geo logical rl!cord ;"
"n•:1sq11i11g 111 n. circle ;" "t he 111 or:di8t i~ a scout for co11 He·
<1 11,·11 c.: es."
"\
U SC'.

l'l1rn ~<·s ,,f co1npari s"11-like, a.•, &c.-it l1as tl1 e :1d va 11til.:_;es

'"
'

" A th<'ns, 1h t' ".'!<'o f Crccer,
Jf.,th.cr of'

tlrt :i

a11 d

cloq 111..:nee. ''

(::?.) To cl <.' r pcn tl1 c imprcRs inn on t li e f1·•·l i11!-(S :-" I ,qperc rcd
l1i 111 wi t !1 ~t jc·'t :" " the tow n w:is stormed; '' "tu k t ]u1JSC tllf'sc
l1orri LJc hn1111 rls nf 1rnr;" '' tl1c news w:1s a do.,1Jycr tn ]; is
l1vart : '' '' the puw vr of di rc·ct i11g- Hi e !oral di :< positio11 of tl 1e
:11111,r is tl 1e ruy:d pr,.rogativc, the mastcr-fcat/,er in the eagle ' .~
1ci11g." (Cl1at ha lll. )
" At kn ;!t h l :raf: mus

,..,.,,,,,,rn'd the\\ il d forrn 1/ of a l h tr!HlT'Oll R 11g~ 1
A11 J d ruvc lliosc holy 1'u1t•lal• ufr tlic •l.,yr."

.''

,

lea d in the J11iglit.y \l·atcrn."
.
. .
(:3.) Agrceal 1lc Rnrprisc: - Speal-ing ot tl 1e k lll .~ :> linn r•r,
· vanes
· t l 1c r.11g11rc u 1· Cl 1:1 t·l. 1am .· "'l'lit'. f c:.•·1tl1 "~ 1· tlnL
·1.J
.T11111ns
'
, - .,rn s
the rnvnl 1)in1 , snpports his fli ght. S trip ltirn of l1is pl u111a .~c .
and y~u fix him to the cartli." Again, "In th e sl1 ir1 wrcck (:f
fhc A\atc, trifl es float allll arc preserved; wl1ile e\'(:ry t hrng S1>l1•l
and val uable ~i nks to tl1 c botto m, an(l is l u~ t for evrr."
The conde nsation obtained hy tl 1c rn d aph •ff, :1s comp:m·tl
with the simile, m:-iy l.1e ~ 1i o w11 in tl1is instan ce. (Si111ile :) ""' "'
in p::i.%ing tl1rough the cryst al , l1cams vr \\·l1i tc liµ:l1 t ~11'\~ (\.-eomposcl1 into the c0lcws of t he rai nbow; so, in t ran·r:>1n:.; tlll'
i;oul 0 (' tl 1c poet, the colorless rays of trutl1 arc tran ~forn1l·•l
into briglitly-tintc.-1 poetry." Transform ed into mc·tapl1 ors :" T he white lig ht of trut h, in traversing the many-sidl!cl transparent soul of t he p oet, is refracted into iris-liucJ. poetry.''
(Spencer's E ssays-rhil osopl iy of Style.)

JS. Tl1c person ify ing l\fot.aphors arc el1iefly t;11b:;crvicnt to the pm11oscs of poetry.
The following are examples : "0

g~ntlc

sleep,

Nflturc's soft nurse."
"Full mnn y "µ:lm-io11R momin~ hnY C T Reen
Jl/a ltcr the moun tain-tops with Rovrre?,qu ".'/<!,
J{is:Jl'll,'J with golden fa ce the n1ca.Juws green."

"Hnt yonder comes th e powerful kiog of doy,
lt'fjo'icing in the eas t."

19. The coining of Mct:lpl1ors is a mc:1ns <1f rncr casing the names in a langnagc.
Metaphorical cxprcRsinns pcrv:-icle c1·cry l:rngn:tf:C. All tlic
simple prepositions-of, to,for, in, at, wi th-origin ali y referred
to place au cl motion ; but th ey have lJcC'n cxt<- ndcrl hy metaphor to other relations:-" ho11or lo the l1rarn."
The tecl1nical lanµ;11:1!-(e of Anatomy is in great part rnC'tnp liorical :-pons varolii, hippocwn11as major, true Hkin, la&yri1Lt!i

l'JGGRES OF SPEECH.

MIXED METAPHORS.

of t lie c:1r.
arts.

It is the :;amc with tl1 c la1ig11 agc of tlt c co 11 rnwH

20. :Metaphor is largdy employed in c xpn·s~ l11~ tl 1e
more h i<ld cn upcrations of tl1e min.cl. T llll,;, kno\1'll~dgQ
j 5 llr;!t.t, passion is fr.'re, depression of f'i'irits i10 gloom:
tlte thought ;;truck l1irn.
So we speak of a l"a!J of liop0, a sfwde of Jonht 11 jluiht
of fancy, a jlaslt. (.>f "it, coa l litio11s of ,·1111.tcr.
'II ti'lC llalll. CB
v
1\
of r.nc11tal Ppcrntains were origi11ally appli ed to 8011w tI 1j 11 .,
sen~1blc ;. as !icrcrption, apprehension, conception, reco liecti•ll;...,
ck.l wcratwn, 111 s1·) irnt ion, imarrinat
ion 1 s'lrr·ic
i.ty• ((>ll. •1
· ·k '
· j]
b
'
'""'b' ,, ,
g 1l:t y q111 1; ~ nls:; ,o.t !''.nell)? acutcnc·ss, pc-nc trati on, cltlotion, expressio n.
\, orit s ong1n ally applie•l to tile operations of tl ie sen se~
arc transf<'rTcd lo those of t.li e l.111de rst;1 11 Ji 1w.. . ., .· " [ ~11.l~
"" ,(ti J,.l t' •l :-t,'
· .
. • t
l11H I crsta]l(l) what }'O U rne1111 "
So
"t·i"tc
''
· · ··
1
•
•
•
•
•
'
( ·>
~ lll~lth.!
o s11r11Ity
0
d1;;cn1111nat1on in tl1c fi ne arts.
i

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..

~1. By frcc1nent use, metaphors may Iosc tl 1cir .fin·0
m ·ative chnracter.
As in the case of mchnclioly (Llaek bile), ed ify (build),

11~11t~::1css (gJwrp'.1css), 111·do: (11cat), express (to press out), CIJkrnc c (lift), p.rO\ tdc (sec l>ctorchand), detr.ct (itnr' '"f), &c.
In 1l1e>ie mst ances, t ltc ori no·inal mcruiino·
·,
< Jo. IJ1r(•f ~IF'"·
'.-. 1:--. 11 t
i:;cstc•l to tlie lllind. l n othe r cases, t li c wo rds are still,..,ii" . I C>
<} •
•. · ·
·
' ,
ol l l ll
"ic11· pnnul1 ve as IY CJl as in a fi.,·11 ra ti vc"'sc 11 o,, "tl(I l c
tL ey
~
1 ,nee
;011t11111c to .lia1'e a cc1i.am 1ll 11strat.i1·e force of s inrilar·ity. ns
Hi.;lit, colc•r, lire, fon nt.ain, iio 11 rcc~, root ]if(, tlllln•ler st·ir t'. ·IJ'
r .
1 I . .
'
,
' ·' , It. '
ciear, iarl, p1ererng, follow, ~helter, m;tsk, ruminate.
•

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•

!·:
'. •

;:

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.•

•

•

•

0

.,

.tll

• 22. n:s i~Jcs tJte fau1t R ar if'i11g in tlte cmplormcnt of
fi.g m.·cs of smii1arity in general, t h ere arc 80; 110 more
part1 c111n rl.r attacl1i11g to t l10 metaphor.
(T.) The M ixed Mctapl1rn·. Tl1is ari,;cs ~·hen in tlie
same. expression mctrtpl1orn frorn different subjects arc
coinhrn:~d; a::<, "to kindle a seed," "to take arm.8 ar•a.inst
a lielt of trunl1leti."
'-'
\Yc may sow a seed or kindle a flame; liut the mind

$

0

18

co11fuscd when incompatible operations arc requircrl to be
j oined.
,
The following example has often heen quotcJ from AdJison's poem on the victories of Marlborongh : " I br,idle in my struggli ng rnu se wilh pain,
'I'ha.t longs to launc/1, into a bolder ,o.;traln. n

Three different actions arc here conjoined in one.
"Tho noble lrnrl.Jor of the Golden Horn, five mile" in k11[.'.tli ,
crowded with 1111 t11c jfoga of E uro po lyin(! in its bosom."
The following line from Young:, although a mixed rnetapli•)r,
is considered elegant and expressive:"Iler voice is but th e slwdow of a sound."
In like manner, many of tl1 e mixed metaph or;; in Shake;;p(~are
arc redeemed by their effectiveness and originality.
The mixture of the mctapl1orical and the plain, or litrral,
is also objectiona1le. Dryden, speaking of tl1e aids he had in
h is translations, says, "I was sailing in a vast ocean wi1!1011t
other help than the pole-star of the ancients, and the rules rif
the Ji'renclt. stage among the moderns." " Boyle was the jalh cr
of Chemistry, and brother to the E:.irl of Co rk."
When words have lost th eir metaph orical meaning, the in congruity is no longer felt. Tlicrc are, l10wever, many words
th at have ceased to be metap11ors, but still so far sngge't th ei r
original mear1ing as to give tl1e sense of harmon y wh en the
figure is attended to. Tli 11 ~, to say "the ·i111pression was con1Jcyed" involves a ecrtain degree of inc o 11 s i ~k 11 c y, a1U1011 g h
quite intelligible. " Upo n tl 1c style it is tlmt these pc1'j,/1 ·.ritir-.~
depend for their illumination." l 'crplexity shoul1l Ge disr·ntan.r;led, and obscur·i ty illuminated.
Our language has many combinations of wort!s, inrliffe1<· 11t.
as regards the mctap11o r, Lut fixc·d by use, and the refore no t to
• be departed from. ·vv e say "use or employ mean~," and "t ake
steps," but not ·use steps. One may acquire knowledge, take
degrees, contract Labits, lay vp treasure, obtain r ewardR, win
prizes, gain celebrity, arrive at honors, conduct affairs, espouse
a side, infrrpose authority, pursue a course, turn to a ccou nt,
1erve for a warning, bear no malice, profess principles, cultivate

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.I

HGt;RES OF l' f'EE CIT.

:H:•piaintanci:, 71ass 01'1'1" in ~ilcn cc ; all wl1 ic h 0xprcssion 8 owe
the ir suit.nl1ility, not to t1 1c origi11:d st:11 sc of tl1e ,1·vnls, but to
tli.e cstal.ilisl1cJ u.,:igr:~ o f tlJc l:lllg1 1age.

.ii

PERSONIFICA.TION.

A s in Milton, on Eve's taJ,i ng the forhiJ.dcn fruit:" So sn.ying-, her ra:4h 11n.n tl in evil ho11r,
Forth re:wlilnp; tu the frui t., ~he pl11ck'(l sl 1c· ~th'!
Earth jdt the ·t1101wd; twA 1\r11.lurt fr_1>11i !tN: st it
1

1

(2.) Tiic strr1;11h1r; of a J\fotnpl 1or. Jh tl1is is meant
tlte p11rsui11g vf tho fig mc into details tl1at arc irn.:lcvant
or out of keeping.

y vnng, spc;i"ki11g-

or

01<1 age, ~:1ys i t sl1 ou 1.1

"\\.alk th 1H1g!1t.ful on l l1e l"\il'-·nt, Rolf'mn Fl 1orc
Of th:tt ,·a :-..:t fti..'(lan it 111u ....:t Hail :--o 8oon ·

.A nrl / ' "' .r1rmd 11•10·!.:s on '1nftrd ; rwd 11•a~·1 th" urin d
'l'hlff sli1J1·tl.r1 !1{v1r·s u.s intv ll'f>rld:s u nknown. n

.

Tn 111<: l:b t tw o line,, tl1e fe elings snggestcd an: 011t of kf'('f">1ng ~vith wlia~ !-(" L' S bcfurr. At first an f'lllnt ion of dl'('P sokrn111t.y is cxctll'd; tl 1c fig>ll"C then changes t,; tl1e p«vsaic a 11 J
cal c1il:it.i11g <>p1:ratiun s ul a sea- fi1ri11:-; ,·11tvrpri .-c.
'l'liis faul t is,. tl1C'rcforc, a case; uC discvrd, wliicl 1 j~ ci'cry\d1erc a 1krn1sh rn composi tion.
''

L.

(:).) El'!:ess of Mct:i.p liors.
'\\"lll' n mct apl w rs arc g reatly mnltiplicd, it becomes diffi ..

'• ,o
' prcs<·1Tc t l 1e1r
. COn!frn ity, a11d t.l1 c vari dy of subjects
Ctll1,
11eccss:irily distracts tl1c mi11d. There is :dso the evil attcndi 1w
prof'1 1sio11 of li;..:·un·s g-rnc r:illy; tlic rni11d is kl'pt too rn: 1cl 1 o~
th(• st r:1in.
)-

Tl 1c :u 1riP11t rriti ,·s r:11iic11hrly ad \' rrtcJ to this fault. 111
the <•pi11i'111 n( Lon;.;-i11m:, Dcmostl1cncs ol .scrved the just m ean
and l'lato of'tcn c: xcccdcod it.
8ul'.li cx c1·ss, ]1owel'l'I" is not
li ke ly tu Lio C<>11li11crl to m etaphors, hut extend~ to all kinds vf
fig1 1n~s, C•mst.it11ting tl1e ifo1·itl or fi~nrati1·e style-.
PEf:~ox

I FI C \ l'f 0:-1.

:n, J>crsullification <:011;;i,:ts in uttril111ti11g life and
mind to i11:u1i111:t1c t.l1i11g-;;. "Tito 1110nntai11s sing tu;;d!u'I', tl1e li il!:-; l'';jolcc a1J(l dap tllefr lwnd8."
J'erso1JiJi<,atiPn ici a tignrc uf Y;triow; def(recs.
1. Tl 10 l igli cst dei!Tl'C ascril1cs to inanimate olijcct~
lrnmun focl111g~ and Jlill'J>O"c~, a,- \\'ell as sex.

!

1

A'-:·i1;kiuq thro'U!Jh utl
'JJw t ,;tf wr"• lu•l."

lu~r 1rork~ yo.1•e "''fl't.V.

uj u:oc,

'

lt i8 iu this form that t l1 e figure appears rn tlie ],,)],].,,t
flj,,Jit." of poetry. In fi ,,·urath' c 1olJuess it i~ s11rp1•"sed u1ily
i,;~ the 1\ posiroplie. Shelley's " Clo ud " is pc:1-,;u11iti,'ati1111
throughout. The followi11g stanza is an example:"I bl'ing fre~h f.\i10wl'r8 for the thirsting flowers
From the sc.::ts n111l th e Ht.ream:;;;
I l.Jcar li µ;h t Hh:cdc for tl1c lca 1'cs when hill
l n tl_tl:ir noonda v <lrearn~ Ji'rorn my win~s :u:e ~h:1kcm the th.~\\'cl t11ut ·waken
The sweet lmd:-: every one)
'Vhen l'OCked to re.'!. on their rnotl1er";; hrcast,
AB 8lJC dance~ aliont the su n.
I wiPlrl th e fl ail vf the la:; J,inµ; hail,

A rnl whitc11 the g-t·<·en phtin::i und er;
tlu~n a.~a i n 1 dis::iolvc it. in rain,

A11 tl

And laugh a:-; I pa:-;s in. thullder. n

Besides tl10 actual ohjccts of N<tture, it 1s not unusual to personify al>citmdions of the min1l; u~, ti11tC',
1if'o, clcatli, trutl1, lorn, virtne, evil, sin , lwpc, wi:;Jum,
genius, fricm:bh.ip, plcn.surc, vengeance.
" C:tn
Tl1e

111i.'}r!01 n

pled ~e

knd, with a.ll her boaRted power,
of j v!j' .. ; anticipatcU hour'!

n

Dy a process short of personification, abstr:tctionR m~y 1.c
represented as r c~1l things, and thereby be rclldercd mnre ,,j, id.
Tlllls time is a river, a slwrr, a wave on the ocean of rlcrnit:;.
Life is a vapor, a dr eam, a shadow.
Ancient mythology g<l\'e personal exigknee \u all 1 111~ irnposing objects and appearances of Nature; tlic sun, moon, :111d
stars; the sky, cart h, ~e:is, rnom1tain8, rocks, hill~, valley~ ,
rivers, springs, t1oor!s; the wind'!, cloud;,, tl 111n dcr, hail; th1;
day, night, dawn, light, dark ; the season~ . L ikcwi:<e to tl1e
important productions of nnture, as co rn and \Ylil('.
T h e~e personifications arc retaineJ in the podry of ail languages, for the sake uf clothing the ol>jects with the iutcn:"t
that personality gives.

3G

FWurms 0[;' Sl'EECH.

TfIE ALLEGOitY.

I'.. ...:~ll(ltl1cr
:tnd i11forior <IP1rree
merely· 'ttt ··l .
.

2~:

t ion
L ·

c01rn1!'ts 111

·

'. ' · l l iutuw
0 some

erngs to things inanimate.

•

·

·~

nf

..

pe1:oontf1cal' t
.
<1 ia 1 Y of living
1

As, t1 1e tl1ir8t 11 rrro . l d .
]'
.
.. "'
Uli(' a
'/111.!J la mp tJ·
'
< t~astcr, tl_
1c smilin'I yc·ir ,,. :
ic a.npry sea, a cruel
1iornson dl'«cribi1· ' tl
_.
. fl
.
.
.
0 f tl 1c sun l.>cams upon tlie
. J' "
'b' ic ll1 ucncfJ
.
snow m tie valley, says,
.
R ( 1
"Perhaps th<• nle
s awhile to tile negl ec ted z-~y ',,
" Upon a rock wb o .c c 1.wur;ht1; Jirow. "
t: r1t

Tl 1c two form 0 f
.
·
;i
person ificat ion
Tl
. 1e scconJ is abo i ·J , l
1
.
·
Ile l.c cc a1no1w

one 8pcc1es
<•t' t'i·
· t f'1gurc.
.
· ~.t

')') Tl

t_

~

·

'

r

\

l\

mg

JCl1l <"'

() .

t o living beings, and fancifully enclowc·cl with will, purp•)~(', an•l
fccii ng, so as to be recommended to our human symp:1t!1ii"s.
11te highest m erits of' style arc expressed by the words animation, vh1aclty, live/i:nass, as i [' the co11ferri11g of life were tl1c
means of awakeniug our stru ngesi iutercst. (!::lee SnrnNGTH,
POETRY. )

Tlio l1ighcst form of pcrsouification shonld be used ~elJom,
aud only when justified by the prcscucc of strong frcling.

·

s) . l ·
.. l<H c 111to each other.
Met ·1 J .
.
"' • ·• P i ors, co11st1tuti11 ocr

i·
. -· ·
ic ·~ng 1sl1 langnn rre h , . ·~ . . _.
. .
1_<_m of f,.;eHt!t:r f)!" J' ..'· "1 '. .\ I ( . CJ\ Ing tJ1 e d1st111c.

37

t ] . .

.

.

especial seo]>e for I .. . ii·• . _· ,..,,, i.t , i.i,\ e :sex, g ives
)C rson1 cation.
In man y la11rr111w<>s
no G
. 1 I '1t1rl'
. .
.., ,.., ,,,.,Q
rec·
)(
.t:r·n, ler i;; attril1t;ll'd. t 0 · . . '• '· · i, - · rcne i, ;C'nnan, &c.

.
· ·
rn:11umatc olo1· ..• • ·
. '
. .
'
d('pi-1v0s it of all :1 .
·er.:", lll a ru:urn er tliat
,.
' ,~ mcamn"'
In En,~!'1 J tl
1c mi 11i r1c pronouirn ·Jl·
l .-, •
~ ,_ -' 1, JC lllascrrliuc aHd
')
' c reg11 ar1y anplil'd onl, t
t 10 more di :>t ino·ui~l 1e ·] , . .
l . _,
J .o persons_and to
1
•
"'
·
'
anunas
Hence tl
l
eiat.cd in our mind o "tl
.
.
,
icy
arc c osely asso,, " 1 · 1 r··rsonal 1t, ·
· I ,
plication to t hi n•rs wit) t 1:•r, ].
J , an c( t •cu· occa-.ional ar:.b
·
·1· ·
9(, T
. iou .ie ins '·1t once
' '·1 Jll'r.,{)fJI
ying effect.

- · lie spccral valne of
·~ "fi .
.
tl io i11tcrcs• 'tw·t1·cn . .
l pci::,oJl! !cation anses from
·· " '
' ' ' . C<1 Ill U!'t j.}r tJio 'lCf
, j" ] '
deportment of be·11 <r · . . _
· ' ' , ,wn:s, cc mg;;, an<l
,
\,,:; 111,c our:-:elves.
S o rnc of tJJc stron rr1•st foci i II rs of
to pPrsons · siic) . "' . . .U.·_ . our nature li:n·c n·fcrrn cc
,
, l .ire 101-0, adml!"'tt10
,
power, rcvcn•rc dcr' _,0 11
It _·.
• _n, vanity, _th e tltir'l:lt. fo r
1 ~ one cff ·e oC . / -·
·
"' '
·~·
•
· c1\tiliza· ..
hon to cnlar"c th · t
,
" ·•·
«1 1.1nc1ncr
"'
c rn cre~t tl1at we hl·c . .
, l
"'
Th e cornpositio ns that t 'l I
. ' , lll o11r Je low-creature~.
. .
.ouc i t ic dccr>cst , l J, f' I
.
d cal pm1c1pall)'
with , . .
·
· c ior s o t le rnmd
.
. per,on~ ris Puc' rv J{
tory. From tlic ea1·l1', t t.
, , . . . '· . '
ornancc, and H is' cs , 1m c~ th is t "
I
'
hy nscribirw Jn 1111 •1n ~ .
Ill .<'rest 1 a~ been cxteJided
1
.~
' .
IL' C lll(!S to tl1c 0 l . . . ..
f
'
OJI sonic pretext
f . , . ·:
, J.JC Cb 0 tltc outer world
Ti 111 . l
. o iunotc l'l'scrnb h11cc·
nature, as tl1e wiuds .111 <.l r
.
'
.. · · s t JC powers of
·
•
unnrn.-, s'rc·1111 - L
J
"' ' ' '' a\'e Jecn assin1ilateJ

ALLEGOiff-}'ABLE- I'A f!ABLE.

27. When, with a view to some moral or instruction,
subjects remote from one another arc l1rougl1t into ;;
compariRon sustained throughout the detail,;, tlie re~11 It
is an Allegory.
The Pilgrim' s Progress is a wcil-lrn<mn exnmple. fo it. tli-'
spiritual life or p rogress of tlw Christian is reprcsenU» l :it
length by the story of a pilgrim in search of a di~tant co1w t ry,
which he reaches aft.er many struggles and dillicul t ics.
Comparisons of such length as Extract l. (AP P EN nrx) are
allegories.
Examples occur in the Spectator-the Vision of l\firzn, 159;
Luxury and Avarice, 55; The Paradiso of Fools, 4.60. Jn tltc
A ppcndix, Extract III., is an allcgoricill contra.st of Prolialiility
and Plausibility, from Campbell's Philosophy of I\hetoric.
Chaucer' s Honse of F ame is an allegory, imitated l1y Pope
in h is Temple of Fame.
Spenser's Faery Queen is allegorical tl1rongl1011t; the yj ;.
t ues and vices being personified, and made to a,·t out !.l1cir
nature in a series of supposod aJvcntu rcs.
Thomson's Castle of fodolence is one of the many imitations of Spenser.
Swift's Tale of a Tub is an allc~ory, ·wherein the divisi•)n"
of Christianity (Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvini~tic) arc represented W'> th ree b rothers, ,1·hose adventure~ are related. So, in
tl1e Travels of Gulliver, the vices of politician~ arc ridi culed by
being exemplified in communities made up of imaginary Leings

38

,· f ·

·!';·

F1 r;cnES OF SPE ECH .

6YNECDOC11 E .

(Lilip11t.i:t11 s or dw a r f~ , r.rnl.di1 1g-11:1gi:rns or g iants, Houyl111l1nms,
Y:il1<H1s). J\rh11 t li11 r.,t's .John Bull is a11ot.licr cckuratcJ allego ry vf tl1c sam e a,!,(C'.
In 1lio Al kgo ry, fnr the moRt p:irt, a r.->111 pldl' story is t ol,J,
so {!tat th<'re is a doul.Jc mc:wi11g, the l•l1vit)11." and tl1e implicJ,
m allego rical. There must oft.en Le a ;,;rc:1t Jcal of strni11i11;,; tn
s11stai n t lie p:irallcl i,:m thro11 .~l1011t. a l1)11g cvn1posilio11. Tl1t;
rnost po,1· crfnl effects realizeJ in this style !Jaye lJccn comic.

~cntcd, setting forth Davi11's <Jfl",;ncc a~ cn rn111i ttc<l l.y :u1 ntl1N,
wi t h a clrnngc of circumst:rn cc,;-tlie object uulawi'ully t:Lk"n

2S. A Va1Jlc

j,;

being a ewe Jamb instead of a wif1,;.
P..Eo!AJNING FIGUTIES OF Silt!ILAlUTY .

31. The term" Syuecdochc " is app1ic<l to <1ifft·rc i1i
kind,; of F igures. The fvllowing furms of ,.;y1 1cctlnci1l:
arc :fip;urcs of similarity : .
tbc Species for the Gen us: n,.;, Ort'1tA lur
(1>; Puttino0
1
j'
•
the necessaries of life gcncra1iy; cut-tllroat ur rn unlerc r
or assassin; s~mi.s fur arithmetic.

a sh ort alleg< iry.

A cc.-,rdi ng lo L,·s,:i11g, the F:tl>lc cml10,Jil's a nHiral in a
special C':1.s1 ·; this i,.; illl·cstc'l with rcal ily an1l n:nrat. t' d as a
sto ry, wl1ic·h s11gµ:c,ts the mor:i.I at 011e1'. Thus tlic rn.t1TaliYC
o f " tho Man :rnd tl1e i;undlc of S ti«h" <·111l.vdi1 -~ :111 import:u1t trntl1-thc pnwc r of n11ion-i11 a p:1rt i1·11hr ca,:c, r r pn·scntcJ a :> r eal, and calctilatcd t.o s nggc;;t a1 11 l lJri11g h o m o tl1<~ m oral.
1Lrny f:tbl es arc rn a1.lc to tmn o n t.l1 n al'! ion s an1l tli:1rac1<'l'S of ccr1.ai 11 :rn imal,:, reg:i rdcu as r(·p r\'se1it :·it i 1·c·s of t J. c
qn aliti c:-; 1Jy \Y] 1icl1 t l1 <'y arc nwst di ,;t in g1 1i~l 1c .J .
T!1c fox
fiµ:urcs as the cnil>t)<li111cnt. of cunning, t11c lantl• <1f nicekncs;;,
tlic Jit)ll of' strengt h.

T he force of this fi~urc ,J cpcnus on the supe rior cff-:ct--a 0
regard s b otl 1 the un derstanding and tl1c fccl ings-.,f tlie ~t "·:·1 :1i
and the Cun cru t.e ov e r the General anJ t.hc Abt r:1d . h1u l
is general; bread is particnbr, a11d more r eadily ca lls 11p .:t di"tin~t ol>j cct to th o mind. Tlic principle i8 one ti1:tt will frc 0

qnc ntly 1·e-appcar.

f11r l11c
Species. "Every man is nut a ::Julumon;" "lie i,; a Cru's-us" (in wealtl1); a J ezeliel.

(2.) The Anto11ornasia p nts an

2:1 . ]\fora ! t:il f',.;, :i.n<l ot.ltcr cornpo;-;itiuns t11at <'ornhinc tlto intcrC',;t of' a ;;:tn1·.r \\·itlt t he ('\llll' C_Yi11~ of i11-

This mcrl'1V carri l's the s:im c <:ffcct a l'kp f:utl1cr. Sp 1' 1 ·i;tlity or Conc rct;ness re: leltcR tl1t: utm ost poi1 1t i'.1 tl1e l 111livi <h1al._,
Sec tlic ;;Lrnz:i. .in Gray's Ele;;y-" ~0111c village ffw n1ide1 1 ,

,.;t rn c1 i,1n or tl1c tra.cl1i11~ of f'omc prac tical lc:-;so n, arc

sorncti n 1cs c:1llcc1 J<'icti t ious Examp1cR.
The Jli:i1l a11<l tl1c Oclyss('Y of l[omc r were c0 11stantly appcalcJ to l>y t.110 ancien ts in th e way of enf;>rci11g important
m nral maxims.
Tlic morn! apolog11c c:1lk1l the "Cl1oi1·c of Herc ules''
(g i\'1' 11 in the J\[clfl1)1':1hili:1 of S )cr:1t ('>') is a fir,tit.i011s exampl e.
In tl1is case th r. rc is 11otl1ing tliat can he called figurative,
c xc C'pt th e Jouu lP. i11tention.

&c.

(3.) Pu tting the (h~1rn ::; fvr the Spec ies ; a~, a 1·c8·"'l
fur a ship, a creatl.lre for a man.

:JO. Tlie T'aral>lcs of t1 1e Di111e :i.rc, for the m i1s t part,
h tl1c para!,\,) wl1irh :iatl1an rela te ~ to T>avid, to mak e Lim
rcalizl: th•~ wil'k cd11 c-s ,,r lii~ c•> ndno: t, il ~11pp o ~ e d ea~u is pre-

To substitute tl 1c more g r nc r;i] fo r tlie 11':-;s j, n rari' :111 1 cxc c pt.iunal form . It c an impart force 011ly \l' h~n liy_ <'li :rn1~ e tlil'
« eneri c name has a p ec uliar c xpr<'~'ivcncs~. 1 hu~, 111 ,]!;,1µ; 11 :1t,
ing a dance as a mcarnre, tl10 ctli:wt lies in stating rn1e of Ui c
cl;aracteristic attril1ntc,, the nw:i~ured or rhytl1mi cal ste p.
This is a comm o11 form nf the figure called" Enph cmi:-;m ," •H
the indi cating of sornctLi11µ; th at delicacy forl,i<ls l1cing 'l" 'citi.
d ca tl t, \\ C l u lV C fo'lH'h
cally 11amcd. ThnR, to avo1,J 11am111g
1

0

fil'ti lil•llS eXH llljlJe,;.

Tn11ividn:il

....

1

.··~

'. .I

40

FlU lJRES OF SPEECH.

EXERCIRE.

ph rascs :rn rlecc(l.<ed, d,.•partcd, removed, fitllin.'1 asfrcp, _qone to
rest. C am pl>cll sn!:[gc~Js that the tr:rn slat ... rs of t!ic llil>le

Terrors :we t1 1rnc<l npon JJHl ; tlioy p11rn11c my soul :L~ t.lio wind,
aml my welfare J>:l>:'Cth away ''" a cloud .
Censu re i; Ow tax a man pay" 1., tl1e p11lil ic for 11l'ing c111in<'nt.
Thns snit Ii the J,orrl Guil; I will :ibu takl' of tlit.• l1i gl i.> t bra1ll'h
of the l1igli cc1lar, a1 1<l wiil Sl't it; I will aop off fro1n tlai top of
his young twig~ a tl'mler one', and will pl:rnt it 11 po11 a11 lii;.(h mountuin ill1U CIJ1ll1Cllt: i n ti10 llWLl!l tain of tJie lteig!tt of brad will f
plant it: an<l it sl1all briog forth bOufih", and I.ear fruit, and bu a
goodly cc11ar: and under it sl1a.ll dwell all fowl of '-''·cry win g ; i11
tho 8badnw uf t.lie 1rand1cs Ll1l'rcof ,;]1all t!tey tl well. An d all 11\(J
t ree ~ of tli o fi, .J,1 Hl111ll know tlirtt I Uiu Lvnl hav e !.ruugl1 t d""'"
tho l1igh l me, liavu 1.'X:tlt<:.d ll1e low trnc", l1ave dried up tli<J gr('Cll
tree, au<l lrnv c; mmfo t.lt..: cl ry tree to fluu ri ,] 1.
Destruction ant! Deatl1 B:ty, w0 l1:tv1i l1eanl tlicrc1>f wi t h onr
ears.

n 1ig-l1t 'have u soJ tliiti fig1irc in :Martha's cxprcs~ion respecting
I,azaru.s, "LorJ, J.,y this tin1e he smellcth," fur "lie sti11kctli."

(1.) l'11tting the Concrete fur tlic A1Jstract.
As in D ryden:"Nnr d11rRt hf'rrin

To Kpcak, but wi,-cly kept the J~I within."

Again:" ~·\ tyrant 's pow{'r in rig:or i~ cxprrRt,
The jflllu.·r Jl'an1:-; in the true prir1cc's br-enst."

Pool i.• pnt f,ir folly , :<nil fath er, tlic co11cretc, 1~ usc<l fo r
fatl101·ly affrl'tion.
The "f>JH>~ite c:i.s1! of putt in;:; the al1~t ract for the crmr. rcto
1~, like t he ge 11 eral fo r tl1e parti c nlar, an CX\'<'['lion. lrouth,
beauty, may so m et imes stand for t/,e ynu11:1, lite berwl1f11l; the
figurative effect lies in i~olat ini:;, ns it were, the main (jllality,
and !hth giving it 1:,•Tcatcr prominence.

Ki .s::ht

i~

thr

~11mm0r

wl H'n th e

:-;0111

grow:i ripe

'\V iLl1 Lil{;'" full loa.rvc,;t.

T\1('rC Honor come~, a. pil g rim ~ray,
']'o hl1·gs the turf th<ll wrap:-; tli1,.:ir day;
.AnJ Fn•cdom Rhnll awhile rep:tir,
To dwell n weep ing be:rn1it there.

A minor tig mn of simi larity is the application of nnmhcr-;<
to tl1ings that ca n not lie estimated with nmnerical prcc i~ion;
a~ wl1 e n, in drscril1i11g a puLlic man's patriot.i5 rn, we say, "He
g :11· c 01111 to l1is <·01111try a nJ two to hims\' IC" "]{inc-/entfuJ of
e very man's l1appi11rss," s:1y~] 'aky, "<ll'pcnds on tl1e rC<'i'pfion
Le nwcts ''itl1 in the wnr:d ." The a(h·a11ta.gcgaiucd is ol)\· iun~.

Correct the .folfo·1rin(! jiy11 re.~ :In the ferment. of ]'Oli t ical r c n1l11tion .", the <lrPgs of ~(l\'it·ty firfl
snrc to r ise to tl1c ~11rface, aral 011co tlicre asstw1c t l1 0 rl'1ns of
power with boltl un<l nn~eru pnl ous !tanr.l.
Many a youth launc!tcs forth on Ute journey of liftJ witli 110
fixed goal in view.
The fir e of j ca1ou ,;y will soo n ro ot all li:1ppin es,; 011t of th,, d•>-

EXJcRC!SE .

mestic ci relc.
Happy is it for tl1 0 co1mnuni:·y wl1<' n tl1cro f\r<' ~ome nn , ,·]fi,Ji
l1eurts ready to stt1p forwar1l, an.J phH;k tlie thvu:;l1tle:<s 1111'.l L·rri11c:,
like brands, from tho 1thyss of ,·ice.
Follower~ nn<l frie111b, nro11n •l t 110 dyi11i; hero's couch. liol il tl1eir
b r cnth, wliil u tho las t spnrk of life is eJ,bing an<l tlio soul is l'rq1ariu g to take its l1c1wen wnrd tliglit.

Point 011t and wnnc the fi[1111·"·' i'.n tire jullowing JhH..r1;1c.• :}\ ... ecoud D:rnil'I come to j1alg-ml'nt.
Tho stream of tim,•, w!1i"11 i:< C<•11t.in11ally wnsl1inp; tl 1e di,-s•1l11l1k fabric of other pod,;, Jl:l.'S<'s wi1bo11t i11jury hy tiio u1l111n1u1t uf
~liake~poaro.

The soul of man i:-' like the rolli1w w0rld
OnL' half i11 day, tl1t oliic r di!it i1;.... 11iglit.'

Galileo w as the Cvl11111lrn~ of t!tc l1cnn'n.<.
B un e,·., lcnr•e ,Je,c c·1h]:< i11 tc1 t l1 e cellars, wh ere Povt'rty li es on
tl11' damp fl,. o r, wl 1ik> ·i \ ·,tik11cc• ,;t1111<l ~ at tl1e do>or, liku th o c] 1C,rul1i111 at. (!1(• 0 11tr:tn('l) or Ed e n, f!ll'l 1id•li11g Scifb!tn os:! tu Cllt<;r.
Toachorn arc the

p:Lrl' 11tt'

of tJ,o winJ .

32. In t.lii::; d:~~:'l t>f F iµ:nre,;, a tl 1ing j,; n amed, t!itlw r
bv some rtt:companirrwnt (J\fct.unyrny), or by Rll!llC part

(Syncc<lot;he), tltat i:> peculi arly iiJrt;i]Jle or suggestive.

vwurrns OF S PEECll.

J\lF.TONYMY .

:1:1 . J\fETONt}tnEs
l1 aYc l1cc11 (' 1~1 ss i-fi c d a<·eortlin(r
to
I
. h
'
tl 1c 1lnturc of the necornpilnirnc1tt s in ~·led o 11 t-.
(1.) Tl 1c Si~·n, nr Sy:n1Jol, j,; 11sc·;l 1(.11· tltu tl1i11 " Si.,·~

11 i1led .

(4.) A n Effect for

]'li t for war, tl1 c on·an, wis1l11m, love.
'fl 1e i1Jl.1: rl'st att:wl 1ing 1o pc rsoni fieation, alrca1ly alluJvd 1o,
is what gives furee ll) tlit: figure iu the presen t t:a~u a bo.

arc

34:. (1.) Tlic chief form uf the SY~ECJ>OCl!E eu11sist,;
rn rnuni11g a tl 1ing by some l'art of it.

(:-3 .) The Co11tainer f.1r th e tl 1ing Cont::tin ell.

Tl1e whulc year stand,; t'vr all tl1 c YcgefaL,Jc produdiot'"' of
th e yea r.

::'

kt\'C JfoR(R

ln likf.' rna nne r, tl1e nallle ()f tli e i11v<"111or i ~ ilsl'.J fur lii,; in-

C.,wJt.y snys of Cn1:nwt·ll, "li e ;.d up I'arlinm en ts l•y tl1e
.• frol.:e of lii8 Jll'll , nnil sealtcrcd tl11'1n with tlic brwlli of !tis
mouth,'' the i11kntiun lil' illf:( t n substi tu te fu r t he h itlde n ~pc ra­
t ions of the mind, some oul\Yard alld cxpn.:;;,;iv c adion.
Jn like mann e r, we say t.he arLitration of tli e sword; a
tl w11 "'wd horse, :i l1und rl,1l lances; " t0 associate to our nrm s
t.lic luma/wn·/.; anJ tlie sca lping-1.:niJe o f tlie savage."

rbCl,

sl1 rule f1>r trees.

ven t io n ; :Lq wh e n the miller ~peaks uf liis Du1•y, 111\' anin~ l1is
safety l1unp (i11v c1J tccl l•y lJa\·y). The ntll'.les o f rnytlio lu~~i '.:al
crsonarres were simi larly 11:-;ed in olJ tune,.;; as, Ceres lvr
P
1 rcad, E11cclws f1 •r win e. So, 1lfars, Ncplu ni:, P allas, Venu s,

(:!.) Tl1c In ,.;t rnm cnt f,,r tl1e Agent.

Bln~.-:nm~. nnd fr11i1.-:, nnd 0 1 )\\" f• r ~. log-(·tlif'r
.And tl11.' wlt11fr _i1u tr in i.:ay i· onfu;"' ion lil';-;."

t11 c

er>.) An J\ 11 tl1 or fur l1i,, \\' urh: "they
and t l;c propl1r'fg ; ''"a copy uf' j )fi!toll .''

As tl1c rro11 ·n o r sr!'plrc f'n r rny ;dty; tli<' mill'f, th" [m,,11,
tl1c nff(l.r, tlll' /JU/On, t l1c sifk-;w1r11, 1},.. p11r1d1', 1)1., crmi1!1', tl1 e
l!l(/lol-60.r.. ],'.1 •d ta;1e is tl1 c rnuti11c uf oflier. J'r ace is sig11 ificcl, l,'y slica!l1in;; t/i.c sicord, sl1 utti11g tlir temple of J anus. .
I hesc s 1 g 1 1~ a111l c1 rcm n,t::uwcs arc usually m o re st riki n~
tL:u1 the n1ai11 s11l •j l'ct.; in rn:iny i11stan ccs, l1 0 wcv1: r, all that is
:;011 !-'.l 1t. or gai1 11•d is Yaridy nf expn·s,-in 11.

''

Can,;c ; ns,

effect and a ,; ig n.

~

" Tlwy ~mote tli e city .'' "Y c <](·\·our wido1V,;' !1.ouscs." So
.,...c say fa111iliarly, tlH' k ettle l1nik Tl1 c liullle i,; a powl'rf1 il
fig·nroJ {',,r in toxir :tl ing d rillk. "J fo keC'p;< a p:Ot>•l ta!Jlc." "]l e
drnnk tl1 t' ri1p." A mrpct '"'J, fiw 111,ggni:?;<'. Tl1e zm rse f11r
lll•)JJ('Y · F.-1)lll 111e crudfe t• ' thn :;rrr 1•c. Tl1 e palace and th e
coif age. " I shn1tld r ather Le ruled hy St. James '.~ (the residence of tl 1e C.rnrt ) t.lian by St. Gilcs's (peo pl ed l1y the lowest
J)()pnlat ion)." "France wn11 l'1 not co 11 sc11 t."
A p cri11d •,f ti me j , sonwt im cs 11 sf'd f«ir the productions or
C\·ents incl1 1<l ed i11 it. Ta track, we lic;l r of :i fluod season, a
successf ul 1'0 !(' 1.'/f.

t11e

\Vli c n yray hairs is put fo r age, we nrny call it ],.,\Ji ><n

1\ s, fifty sail; all hands at "· ork ; tbcy songlit his blood;
tl1c rnl c of tlirce.
In putting sail fo r sliip, the part iB selected on account of
its prornillc11ce or snggesti\·encss; the expression j,; thereby
rc ndcw·d more picturesque. So, when we !<peak o f t he redcoat.~, the greenback s, tlie 1orwc8.
fo t11e other instances, tlic p:i.rt eh•'>SCn is \I 11at most eo ncem s the elld in Yicw; a wurkm:tll's d lkicncy d1· pc1Fls ou l1is
/1 11ntl.~; i.lil' /;food i~ more partie 111arl y iil l' lltifleJ wi th lif1·.
"How l•eau tif11 l upoll t.lie Jll011ntaillB a rc tl11; f eet of l1i111 tl1at.
brill g-eth good tidings."
01l1e r cxampks :-A pa.•scngcr in a cab is call ed :i f1rr .
" I a1 1jure all r uofs." "Sh e l"ilYe her hand but not li er heart. "
" Sl 1c h ad seen six teen summers; his life l1acl rxtenrl«• l t 1
fiC r cnty winters." Parts arc here selected that will •'xprt'" tlic
cont.rast b etwee n youth 1rnd :ti:?;C. A colt i,; ~aid to be "three
years old next gra;'.~," tliat i~,-;iext sprillg. "Tl1 c 11w11wnl is at
l1alld ." " llc was u~rfnl in l1is day."
On th e same prin ciple, 11 person is named J ,y tl ic part <> f hi"
character :-;uiteJ to t he occa.-;ioll. "Thus '-poke 1be tempter."
1

r'.

I,

FIGURES OF SPEECTT.

"Tlic (Wf1'1 ,r;cr of bfood w:is on his track." '\Vlu.:n the D"ity is
Tlll'11 tio1J('d by one of l1is at.t r ib ute~, wlrnt is predicat ed of him
~l1 ould he {'O n~isten t tl1crcwit.h. "Tl1e J udye o f all tl1c earth
wi ll do riyht." "The Lord of Jlosls is on 011 r sid1'." Tt would
be an i111prop ri ety to say," tl1e Al111iyld!J 1.:110111:; 011r thou(!lits."
"Tliis sul1ject. rcrni1"b me of wlrnt. I was told at Calais from
a Yery guoJ lwncl." lt is not t he hand tli:it. t<·lls.
The de~ignation of a great man by l1is locality is a figu re
11seful 01ily for rntJinl-( tlie expression; as tlie t:lt.a girite, the
bard of M:u1tu:1, the tlistingnished Flo rentine.

is my son9, Ile i8 become my salrotion."
the Duke of Monmouth as
u

1orn."

A,; in the c:ise already mention ed uf putting the genus for
the Rpeeics, this mu st lie a r:irc fi~11rc, ~ in ce it runs eoutrary to
tl1c ge nera l principle l'l'g-ulating vi,·idlll'SS of impre~s i on .
lt
may R<.nndimes happen tliat there is so111etl1i11g in th e 1••pect
of a whole 111at arrests the :ittcnt i1)1l m ore forcil,Jy tLan tbe
part would <lo. The pl1ra;;c "tlic Roman world" is intended
to imprc;;s tl1 e milld with the vastncsH of the Roman empi re.

The ~liif'ting <)f an rpitl1 r t. fro111 its proper ;;uloj<·ct to ~'ll"'"
allied subject or circum;;tance i~ illu ~t ratcd in th e;;e exa m pl•·":
" Hence to his idle bed." "He plods his weary way." "Tire
ignormit furnes that mantle tl1cir dearer rcasou." "\Vith ea8!J
()ye thou mayest beLokL "
"The little fi< ·l1l;; mn<l•• grc0n

ny husuandry or

n1a11y t!triJl!f years."

Ki111lreJ ideas arc tlrns 1rnuµ:l 1t clo ~er tngl'tl1cr; a.•, idle a111l
bed. Thrifty years i8 vigorous l•y e(J uJ cn~ati11 11.
\ Ve h:n•e ea.5es i1t ordinary pro~e where t liis figure i~ nsPd,
for the sake of conciseness; a s, a crirninal court, tl1e condemned
cell.

The name of the m:itcrial is stronirly R11ggC'sti,·e of the visihlc aspect of tl1c th ing, and c;;pccially the color, which it is
more difficult to realize viyidly than tho form or outline.
Hence this is 011e of the pietnres1p1c figures.

e;m,-c,.; of t 110,;e fe elin gs.

dream."

35. The Transferred E1•itl1et. is a C(Jmmon fignre in
poetry.

(:1.) Tlie nam e of t1 1e l\fatcrial is g i~·cn for tlie tl1ing
1vLu1c : n,.;, tlic ~lit!C'ring steel (for tl 1e s" ·orc1); tlre 711(1rUe speak,;; tire cwffas glo"·s; wi 11e t en years in tl1e
wood.

(+.) Tlre name of a passion is som cti mes given for
tl.'e uhject tltat inspires it; as, my love, my juy, my de11glit, my admiration, my aversion, my horror, fur tl1e

The people's prnyr·r, thf' :.:lad Jid nc-r'R tl1cnH",
Ti1c yo1111g uu.m 1 r1 vi:~ifJ11, llHd tl1c ulJ men's

(2 .) Tlie r(;vcrse operat ion of llt'ing tl1e IV1101e for
rart ;,, a ~pecics ,,f "''·necJoche : :1!' t11e sn1ilirw
.;
'
b
year, for the >']Wing; "cursc<l be tlie da!J when a. manw:t:-1

Dryden intro<luceR

Sollg, salvation, p rayrr, vi,ion, <ln·am, arc uscJ instc:·1d of
their Revera! ol•jccts. "Tlie si:;h of Ler sacred soul," in Ossian,
designates him that is sighed fur.
The name of a person is occ:uiionally put for his fame or
renown. "Kant, the greatest 11ame in the philosophy of Germany." "The dreaded na11ie of Demogorgon."
Tl1e effoctiveness of the p resen t ,·ari ety of the Synccd .. cl 1•\
is explained on tbc general pri11 r iplc of sclcctiug t.Lc pr0rninc11t
or the pertinent portion of the tl1ing d esignated.
The Eupherni~m is sometimes a figure of contiguity; a~,
stopping payment, for liecoming Loankrupt.

[l.

el1ilJ

45

8\";';ECDOCHE.

FIGOUES OF CO:\Tl1AST.

...,
·

By tl 1is figure the Deity is !'t._vkrl ":he trrror of tl1c oppressor, an<l the rrfuge of tl1e oppressed.'' Again, "The Lord

1
l.

t,

3G. It is ::i. first principle of tlie human miml tkit
we arc affected only by change of impres;.;iun, a,; 11.v
pnssing fr0m 110t to culd, from hnngcr to rep1l't io11,
from so1mf1 to silence. Tl1i>:l applie::> to l>otli FediJJg
and Knowledge.

..

flGlJRES OF Sl'EECll .

'

" '

Every ontburst of foeling impli es 1hat w0 h:1rn pu.~scrl from
one cr>1idition to an "ll 1cr. In su1ue tl11()1 ions, as wonder, the
p roiniiH'nt, fact is a tc1ns ition froin :1 ]ll"''"i1•11s st :1te; 1lie sl iock
of Plian~c is th e cause of tlie feeling. 111 lih, "'" "' " ·r, a sense
of freedom prcsnpp<>scs rc~traint, :1:id tl1c s\'J1ti1ncnt uf power
Ro nic pn:,·iu11s st:it1• of impoten ce ur w<::d;nrss.
Knowledge, like\l'isc, implies traJJ,-< itioi1. \\\, lrnow light
J,.,. l1:t\'in ,c; passed ont. of the dark, licipht by compa 1·i so11 wi th
d1•;1tlt, 111trdn1•ss \Yit l1 snflncs,~. In sl1<Jrt, k11owl\·di;c is ll C \'C r
si11gle; it 111u ;;t ]i;i,·e :it least two ol•j<:« ls, so111eti1ncs more than
two. Our kno"·kdg-c of man, for i11st:lllC'l', t:th·s in all that we
C'H'r c011trast with man-God, ang-el, animal, &-e.
The ess<'ntial plnraiity of 1\no,Ykdge is 11ot. fully represented
in ordinary lang11:1ge ; "·c arc supposed to lie cnpa11c of recalling t11 c foil co 11 tr:tst innilvcd in caeh rasc-lil':tt as a;.:.:ai11Rt. colil,
rnan as op posed ti> brntc, &c. Still, it not u11f1wp1cntiy liappens that .. n r understand ing of a tliirig is ai,l<·d J.y th e express
lllCntion of cuntrasting ol1jccts ; tlii~ mention is Ll1c·rl'f11 rc a devin: uf W1l'tu ri c, ancl is called A11 t ithesis or (\! 11 t r::i.st.*
So it is iu tl1c\ pruduction of Feeling. A ~rr:akcr may con"'' Y a more' f<1rcil1i e impn::f:-;ion of Lil.ierty l1y c1;iijoi11ing, with
tl1e lan.c::11a.c:•: w;n :.lly '."IJ' pl icd to it, an exi.Ji,;it d1·snipti"n of the
opp<·si<c' t:» 11ditiu11 uf Hest rnint. Tli c n:f'c:rc·11cc 111 tl1 c <"•pp•1sitc
conlr:tsti11g ~l :tt c is almost nnan!idal1le in dcseri11tio11; l> nt by
the figure of A11ti1licsis this rcfrrcncu amonnb t o a f111J 1, drawn
parallel pictu re.
•

37. Antithc~i~, pr(lpcrly so call ct1, ( ·1msi,;t-,.; in tl1 c explic;it sLLte1ne11t of tlw eo ntrast i1111ilie<l in tlie meaairw
'
b
of any turn1 ur dcsc ri ptiun.
Tl1is is cxeniplific.J in :\ioli1>11 anJ I~est, H ut and Cold, Lioc1ty and l~c.<traint, I'ai11 and l'lcasnrc, Industry and ldl cncs;;.
Till'"'-' arc tlic cu11tr;1,ts tl1~1t ::;ire tlic contra,.;t.ed words tlicir
l'rirrci pal lll<':t11i11g. 'Ilic f,llJo wing- arc cxan1plcs :*It _i~ Jik ... . j11d~ in ~ rp1:·ditic~ hy placing tli Pn-1 lw~i1k· tli1 'i r t•ontrn:-:ts, in:-:t~ad ol _tni...;u1 1 ~. l~1r tlic :-: c~ {,) nit·rnory. Tl1u:-' a white !-!1 1r lilce appl'UI'~
l1i-1 ;..::l1t1- 1: 111 prox11n1ty to l.J:H·k ;, a wcigl1 t i:i ~1;111parcll with a pr,:scht, in-

wtt:aJ vi a r<.:1t 1~udJe l't...'d, 8ta 1ularu.

' I

.ANTITHEt:ilS.

"To hell blessing, a1lll not a cnr>e."

'· Two men l lwnor, and

no third."
notliin~ ::::.o lH.!enrn cs a man
miltl bt'liavior and lt11111a.1iity;
Hut wh e n the lJ!a :~L of 'lf'1tr b l 11w~ in our f'ars,
Let u:::; !Je ti ger;-; i11 our licrcc Jl · p~>1'ltu 1.._·ut."

"In pc.1•·e tl1ere' :-!
A~

Herc tl10 cliaracteritit ic attit11 de uf war is s1111ic·icntly gi,011
in the last t\\'O lines; h11t fur aJditional vivid11css tlrn puet prepares the "'"Y l>y an explicit rcforeuce to peace.
So i11 TcuHy~o11's Brook : " Men mn.y corne and rn cn 1nay go1

Hut I go on fur n·cr."

Tlic idea of' pcrpct.nity is more fully imprcssc<l l>y pntt.i11!~
beside it :.111 l'x:uni'Je of its nat11r:tl opposite, the transitory.
An appo.,itc example occurs in 1''roudc's Henry VlI!.: "Tli ('
petition cl aims c'pccial notice, Hot only 1ccausc it w:ts tl1c lirst
act.ire llll)\'vmc11t to\\'ards a s<'paration from Home, Lut l•ccausc
it origin:ited, 1,nt with //,e JCing, 11ot with the 1nrliumcul, nu l
with the p roplc, but \\·itl1 a section of the clergy tliemscln·s.''

the

38. There arc sc \·cr:1l forms of Ant ithesis, in wliich
contra~t is only of a :-;ccornhry kind.
(1.) Tlic contrast of the mcn-1bcrs uf a cornprcl1< ~ 11-

si \"C clas,;.
For example, ll cat an cl Ligli t ( c: las~ uf scnsati 1111", ,,r of
natural a;.(Cnh); Lil.ierty :u11l l'knt:y (ebss of \1·orl.Jly 11lessi1Jgs); [nd11stry :rnd Frngal ily (111c:11i~ to wealtL); Sulilimity
Ulld I :vauty (artistic effects); J.'ai11ting and I'"dry (fine arts).
Tliu pr<>ces~ of c·.l:L'i,ific:a(i,,1 1, whcreLy t. l 1i11~·s :.re l>r1J11glit.
toge tl1n 011 snrne point of rcsc111b!a1J ce, is acc:o mpa11 i•:d with
tl1c markillg ot' d ifferc 11ces. ·\\'e C<>1nc to know !teat, uvt rnerely
hy its fund:un elltal opposite cold , out by its diffcrc111;e frolll
light, another mcm!Jcr of tl1e cla~s of natnral agents. lTeat
tlllls a cqu ir e~ a 1rew rncr111ing, cons i ~t in g in the peculiarities
wl1nl'in it differs from ligl1t; and, to indicate t!t:.t n1canin;r expli cit ly, we ~hould mrntion light. So Liberty, besides luj11g
opposed to l~estrnint, is opposed to l'l cnty, to Health, t<J Hon\lr,
iu tlio class (,f \\'Orldly advanta:j"';; <·very one of th ose co11-

~

' I

;

.

4-S

FIGURES OF SPEECH.

ORA TORICAL ANTITHESIS.

trasb is sornctliinrr added to its nw·miiw ·1 a·i1l 'r>
l.. rn·ike~ ti·1a t
111t·a11rng certain, the contra;;t m:-iy be stated. Thi~ form of
Ar~tithc~i.s is frr<J!lCnt in lite rature. It is commo n to contrast
JlOrnts of cl 1:-iracter tli:-1t arc d iffo rent pl 1ascs of cxccllcncc or
<kfed, as Scn~c and Scn,;il1ility, Ce 11ius a1i-l Jndg-n 1e 11 t, th e
Irascililc and the Pusillanimo us; th ese nre lJOt furidarucntallr
<>1~pnscd, Ji.kc Sc11sc and Folly , wl1i"h arc merely the t wo ~idt::l
of the_ s:'.m c propc rt.1·. The h~l::rnccd dcscripti <J11A (•f florni·r
and VJr;;iI by D ryden, and of Dryden awl l'opc liy J olrnson,
are h\it scco11dary co~t:asts: The antitlH'si~ "f th e sycoplrn 11 t
anJ tuc lwncst politician, rn Drrnostlicnrs on 11 1c C rown is
more of a real contn~~t, and is highly dfoctivc Loth as exp~si­
tion 1rnd as orntory.
•

:'"")

-•

h

CI

'

f

The qualiti~s contrasted und er the forrg oing h ead may also
possess a certau1 agreeable effect wh en broug-l1 t together. Thus
the contrast of Don Q11ixote and Sancho Panza is the means
of pro_ducing situnti on~, sometimes harrno nivusly pleasing, at
uthcr tunes lncl1cronoly in congruous.
The Larmony of different <Jllal itics is l•rn1wht abo 11t when
tl'.cy mu~nally supply each other's defic ien eic~~ Tlius, a man
of 1<11·cll l.1 1· c f(P11ius and a nwn of practira l jndgnwr 1t may eo mLi11e with ad r:wtag<~ t•J Lutlt; and '11el 1 li:muo11 io us eo.nil>i!latiuns form an a::.,ri·rTahlr picttll'P.
As no one plca~urc can <'ndurc Inn,!:;. it. is 11snal to provide
fo r i·aricty of excitement.. Thus, a pr>em altc rn 11 te~ fr om snblilllity to tc11ilcrnc~.0 , from dc,;cription to illtcrcst of 11 armtivc
f'rnm the ornate to the plain . In ~o doing-, tl1e moods must no~
be incornp:it.iblc or mutually destmrti\'C, as would Le a coi ll liinat.iou
of •t he solemn and the ludi cro us·1 iu otli•·r
"n 'orJ c.1
•
....,
·~crtarn kceplllg must Le preserved,
0

~,

•

(2.) Anotl1cr fol"m f1f Anti t1 1c,;i,.; i,; s<'en wl 1cn tli iiw'l
c,011 tradi ctory arc bro11~l1 t pui n tell Iy togeth er to ill crca:e
tile oratorical effect.
As in ChatJ1 am: "\\'Jio 1,; tl1c: m:in tl1:1t Jiaq dared to call
into ci1•ilized alliallCC the wild alld i1d1urnan inliahitmit of tlic
woodti ?-to dclcgatu to ll1 e mrrclltss fodian tlie defence of

clisputed right.~, and to wage the horrors of l1i' harharo n;; war
against our bretlircn?"
So in tua speech of Brutus over tl1u l.10dy of Lucretia:H

Kow Jook

Ye

where F<hc li (•s,

That bc.u1teous flower, that. t'1rnocc ra sweet ruew:,
Turn up hy '1"1.ttlUtss violr·na."

"Is dust and ashes proud?" \Vant of intellect" mak0;; a
villape an Eden, a c/Jllege a sty_" The most conwwn cxamplu
<>f this kind of contra3t is Life auJ Death.
(3.) Oontradietory or eonfl iding statement;; arc sometimes made for the purpose of excitin g won<for.
See the commencement of Extract IV. "\Vhat <'.an lie
more cxtraordi11ary than thr1t a person o f mean l1irtli,' . &<'.
The contrast of g reat result~ flo wing from small agencies
excites woudcr in its l1ighcst form -tLc sentim ent of power, or
the sublime.

3!:l. The chief tlting to be consi<lercd in the employment of the true .Antithe::;i::; is the ncc<l ther e i::; fur it.
Assuming that the eo ntr:i' t is genuine, anJ n••t fanf'ifol, it.
is still possible to multiply antitheses unnecessarily. In rno~ t
cases, a single statement sul11ciently sug~csts the im plied oppos ite. \Vhen from obscurity or feebleness t h is is nut the r::tse,
t he expl icit mention of t h e contrast is a valuable aid.
The term An tithesis is :ilso ap pl ied to modes of c<>11Rl rn ction afterwards dcs1.:ribcd u11Jcr the lhl::mccd Sentence.
EX

int ers E .

Point out and name the figures in the followin(J

p~.lrrges :-

l''iwo rs to non e, to all she srniles cxtcncls.
Wisdom is g:roy hair to men.
I,et u~ pa~s frorn ilrn Stitgirito tu the philosoph er of

Jifoliue~ -

Lury.
Forgetfulness

\\"c h 111·y love ;
lik e gras8.

~rows ur~r it.,

All Switzerlan<l i" in tl1c Jlclcl.
Fuit.lif"nl are the wuund~ of u frie11<l, l>ut the kisses of un enemy
are dccoitful.

3

FlGCRES OF S l' EEC lf.

51

TUE El'IGRAM.

Before his honcst.y of purpose, calumny was dumlJ.
\ V. orn out. with angnitih, toil , onc1 <'old, Oll<l bm1gPr,
Dow n suuk the wawlere1·; slcrp had Reiz('d her t-5enscs.
Tliere did the traveller find l1t'r in tlie 111 vrn in g :

THE EPIGJL\.1f.

40. In the Epigram ·X· tlie mind JS roused hy a c0n fli ct or contradi ction hctwccn tlic furrn of tl1 e hng ;1:1;.;c
am1 the meaning really conveyed . '' Tl10 d1 il<l i,.; fatlwr
to the man" is an epigr:1m. The language con trail i ct.;
it::;cll~ lint the meaning iH app:iront.
'' Jkauty, ·wh en
unadorne1l, 's adornetl 1.11e mo:-;t," is nn cpigran1mati,;
form of H:tying t11:tt natural lJeaut.y itl ]Jotter \1·itlio11 t
artificial decoration .

Gou liaJ rck•ascd her.

. ·i
,1•'

Panop1icJ iu hras.3, Lhry mme fro111 (J.,, , J,il''' a n1! tent~.
Tlirre be sornc wi1 0, wi th c,·erythill " t.o makc1 t.!t cm l1nppy, plud
their tfacon tcn tcd :w11 m cl1rnch1>ly way tl11·(>11gh lif'c, less grntcful
t.h1rn t li c dog \\' Ltidt lil'k~ tl111l1aml that fc·1·1],; i t.
A l11111<lrc1l l1c:ul of c·att.ic somctirncs pa., ,;ed in :i d rove.
Jn ] >vrn1" t.l1cnc,; \\'O fin1l a fiery ene rgy , Lut 11 (1!. tl1at puli.-<h and
cl c::.;~u1 c o t !1:1t cli:ir: 1d l' rize

Cice ro.

lli,; r onf 11·:1 -< a t. ! lie ' c·n-icc of 1111' unl1 ·:1,t.; t.!10 nnfortnn.ato
ever fvlltHl :i w ck«mh' at hi.-; t!t re,; lt old.

This is a figure of fr crp1c11t occ urrence. It j,; naturaliv
eon!'onnded '"i th Antilhes is, from the prc~enc e of a n clc·mt·11t
of co11 trari ety . The intention, liowe1·er, is n o t to clucid:lt e :1
t. ruth otlierwi se than hy aw,1],eI1ing th e attcut.i•m tlm •uc::l1 t 11 .;
form g ive n t o it. Any contradictio n g i \'C'~ a shuck (•f surprise, which is a st.:it.e fm·oralile to receiving art in1prcssio11.
The foi!0\1"i11g arc examples uf tlic epigram in its lllOSt
u sual form, as n o w defined: " \Vhen you have nothing to say, say it."

Still in harmo nious in terronrsl' tl1f'\, Jin•d
'l'l1e !'Ural 11",r, allll t;dke<l the llowins heart.
Tale nt fO nYinces ; (-:cnius b ut e:«:cit1·~:
T h:lt la.< b ti ll' rc.twni ; this the ~0111 d('li µ: h t8.
Tal t' nt fr c1111 l" Ollc r j11dMmcnt Ld.: 1 ·~ it ~ l1irth ,
And n·eo11i: i l e~ th e p ini on t.o tlie earth;
G1.:ni1 1l'.I un;:..-tt lc:-1 with desire:; the 111 i11d ,
Co ntented not till earth !Jc h •ft l>chi n d.
Ta lent., the stm :.: hinc on a cult.ivatf·d soil,
liipt~ns the fru it by ~low dc~rccs for toil;
fit:'ni11 ~ , th(.~ ~nddt:n l ri8 of tlu! R kil!~,
On cloud i t ~ ( ·lf n'llect ~ its w o11drot1H dyf'Ft,

"Conspicuous for its absence."
Grote says of the legendary :ige, tliat "it \\'a" n p:<st tl1:1t
n ever w;1s p r esent." The sccrni11g 1:untra Ji<:ti11n ccrn\·\'ys a n ::d
and in1 port.ant rneani11g.
"\V e cannot se e the W•.· 1o<l f,,r trC<'",'' i..; an 1111 prC',sin: ii ii istration of the' cl i11i enlty of altai11ing- a g•:ncral ,·ie w, \\·l1..:11 r 11-

J\11d to tlH· L·arth i11 h•ar~ and glory ~ in· 11l

CJu .. p:-; i11

It.

j , ( 110

i t~

1lv1· 1·1·1· <•f'

airy nrtli the

1' 1· m·itl ~ ncc

p o 111p

of

lil'il\'l'll

!

tli:1 t 111a11 shall c:i rn I.is l1rcuJ hr

t l1c HWvat of l1i . .; Lruw.

1\·t ifim1 s h:w in µ: pt"C•1·v1l 11ns11ccc,sf'ul, it \\'as 111•:xt 1lderminc·tl to
app1·o[teli t lie' Li 1l'O!l O rn<>r,, J,., Jd ly.
C:ul<i ean 11 ot mak e :t 111:tn !Jappy ::ny rn urc f l1a11 ra;;8 C:J.n rcn<lc1r

grossed with t.Ltc d etails.

"V e rbosity is cured 11y a \l'i 1le vo cabulary ."

him rni ~ crahle.

Tlii" i11 (iJ:y tl 1c

rnates a trnth und er the g uirc of a self-c,m tradi d ion.
OTIJEI~

,.

Dll'Ol:TA\T J'!Gl! U:S.

~(I Epi~ram" :-:ihnifi l!d 0riginally an

i11 ~ vriptio11 on a. mon nrn Pnt.
IL
to mean a l"'ii nrt p ne111 1 con; :iining- ~ 0111 t! Hin:~ li· t!1lJll;..(l1 t. p11i11 ti-d !.r
e xprcR:-i.ed, the ~ u bjct· l~ l11..•i11g very \':irio!.t l"i -a11 •11 l1 n _\', c<J llYi\'inl, wora\ 1

came

[11 a.!.Jiti o11 t" t]11; tl1rce cb~ s1•s of Fig-me,; tl1:1t !t:w e b een
!'111111 1..,ralt·il , c" rr'' 'P" 11ili111': I" tlie tl1rcc grl'at J>Oll'l'r:i of tl1e
I 11tellr..t, '\\'1~ in:iy s ince·\, ~ <•lit,"" i1:l'<> ki1 1~ prineil'k·s 1,t' impo rt;u11·c-, t \1,: l·:pig-r:t111. l I _1·1·"rl1<>I,., ( 'li111 :1 x, ht.:1T<1:;~1tiuu 1 Exclanwti1111, Apo :-:. 1rPp1i•:, I1u1 u~·11d, , , :uid ln,r1 y.

lll' Xt.

eulugi:"' tic,

~ ati ri cal, l111111or1) \l;-{ 1

&c.

Of

t lrL· \ ';1ri c111 :.; lh.'\-il· t·s

f{lr

!Jre rit.~· 1111ol

point <•niployL~d i n :-nwli cornpo~it i un~, L':-\jlt'l'ially in J"n(H! e r n tirne R, tli1.~ 1111, ,..;t
freqlll!lll i ~ a pl ay 11pn11 word :-\.
l :udc ·r wli alt· \'1•r n anic ~ kscri: fl' d, thi:..; i:-1 ;l
well-111arked and di:.;ti11d. t·fl\.;d; ;11111 , n=-< a !I the vtl1l'r 1u11di ·:-'.
gi\·i11µ:: pui!! l
l1:t v 1..~ :-<~ · p ;1rn k d1...· :-' i;.:11 ;itiu 11.-o; ( 111t·l ;t phrJr, l>:dallCt', 1\ c. ), I har1.: n:c;;trik\l i L a:i

ur

tl.ti..• principal form uf epigrurn, an J lHu11eli it ai.:L'O rdin gly .

il

t

52

FIGURES OF SPEECH.

THE EPIGRA,1\I.

eo mm ::md of a \ride \' Ocahnl:iry, we can make so l1:1ppy a selcc·

formation, an d we arc snrprised tliat any one ;;lionl rl mah· s.1
unm eani ng an assertion . \V c tli en c:i,;t alio11t, a111l 1i11d tl1:1t
there arc two senses in tlic w .. rd ~, an d tliat t.hu s1 il•j <'l'L iakv>
vnc, and the prcdie;·,tc anvtlicr. "\Vli :1t l li:11·e wri ttc-11," 1n1 ·a11 s
sim ply tl1e i n~e ript ivn :t ~ ~d up l·y 1'ilak; 1.lii; sl·1· •>11J •·la1 1'c
"I /w.vc written" i~ i11tundeJ t•J i11 , i1111::tu tli· ~ fortl1n 11 1l·:11ii1 1.'.'.,
not necessarily co nveyed, t l1at t!ic i11srriptio11 is ''ritt.-11 ti11:1!!_1,
and is nvt
be ai;1cnd cd o r rceon~ i clcrcd. \ Vlic11 Joh nson
said "Sensatio n is scnsatiou,'' it \Y a.S h is way of cxprcs.,ing
that his uneasy fuelin g on t.lie occ:L~i • Jn mLs t oo groat tu lw
do ne away with 1y re:L50n i11g, or mastereJ by rn erc res"lu tion.
lkutlt:un made an <'lll j>l1al ic st.at.ernrnt uf tl1e princi[>h· of
tlic eq ual r ights of men, in tlic aJ>parent.ly iJcutieal pn1l"'"ition, "Everybo dy to cou 11t fvr one, a11<l. no\Jody tu cou11t fur
more tha11 vnc."
"IJis coming "·as an event ; " tl1at is, something nnnsual.

to giv e onr mc::mi11;.!' i11 f..;w word~ .
Jlusiod, illt1~l rati11•r tl1e dc;;iral1lenc ss of si111plil' ity (Jf li fe
r.xclai111 ~, "JJ.,w n1uel: is thl" half greate r t h:111 the wli;1lc ! " '
" -By indig11it. ies 1111._'n (·01ne to diglliti c:-;,'' is a cl 1aractcri stic
tiun

a~

~ayin g-

vf Haeo n.

"Tlic f:t\·orit e h:t~ no frir11.J."
"Some people arc too foolish to comm it foll ies."
"A son! of goodnc~s in tl 1inwi C\' il. "
" The lw ttc r is tl 1u enemy of good," is a German proverb,
int:en<lud t(J n·pro,·e aspirati1>ns after imprndicaldc irnpro vc111e11t~. It i ~ anal ogo us to th e l1 o ru cly 8aying, "Mo re haste,
wor~c spr.cd ."
"Hy merit raised to th:it ba<l. em inence."
" One sec ret in cducatio11 is to know how wisely to lose
time." (Tl urbu rt Spencer.)
"Xoth ing s" falla cious as facts, exce pt figur es." (Canning.)
"Every man desires to Ji,·e long; but no n1an woul<l. be
old ."
"La11!=(nag-c is tl10 nrt of conceal ing thon~l1 t.."
"'Ti ~ all t li y l.1 1s incss, business ho w to sh ull."
" Uc s nrp :lo;~e cl 11im$ull: "
~;

"Out- liNndi11~

'

i'

t;

4.2. Seeming Ir re1evaac:e, abo, lias tl1e effect (If an
cpig nnnm:i.tic i:;u rpri tie.
\ V11 cn Erncrson sap, " \ Vlierc snow fall~, tl1 crc is a fn·cdom," he puts togctl1er t.wo tbi11gs that li:we no oi.J ,·imrn ctJ11nec tion; tl1c proposit.iu11 appl'a1-s 11ot ""' mu<.:11 contrndid r.ry a~
i rrelevant anJ n vn~cm•ical. \\'11cn we reflect a littl1•, we ~ cc
th at he means to describe t11 c i11f1nenCl'R (•f t r(>pi cal l1(':1t in ·kb ilitat in g the cncrgi eH <•f 111en, and s0 p n·pari11g tlic111 f»,r p11li ti-

.llcroJ."

" Jiu is so gouJ tli :it he is good for notl1 ing-," is a play upon
1he word .r;ood; in tl 1e one clause it mean s mere amial.iilitv of
'
di ,,po,ilio11, in t.li<.: otl 1cr tl1e powc1· of 11ei11g uscf11l.
I 'ope i~ t'~p(·1-.ially fo rl il e in cpi .~ram:< : "And mo,,t coutemptil.Jlc to shun contempt."

cal slavery.

43 . W 11en a fami1iar Faying is nneXJ>CCtcd1y tnrne•l

"And n(lw the charel'e • ih·p r bell You hear
That summons you to all the pr i;f,. of pr~yer."

into a new form which completely c1 1anges th e mcani ng,
w e may d<lSS it as an ep ig ram.

" Xat.11rc, like liberty, i ~ hc:-:t r('~trninf\d 1

By t he satuc lawd wl1ieh first hcr,;clf orda ined."

As in the saying of Tforacc \\' alpolu : "Snmmcr li:l~ Rl'l in
wi th it.:; usn:tl sen·rity.'' \\' c mi.'.'.ht in vert S1wns1.·r's d e,igi1:ttion of tl1u u! d E11g] i,h, and ~•• y, "the well of English un;111rij ied." "Do unto otlil'r~, as yu wou ld not that tL(·y ,110ul •l dv
unto you ."
I n such a case as tliis Ja, t, it is lrnu wn th at the 'ru11"- r

4.1. The effcet of tl1 e Ep ig ram in ~ ivin;.; a shock o f
s nrpri ~e nrny he prndnce<l 11y tl1e Idrntic:i.l A ssert ion : a~,
(( J''ac t .1:-.; f'ae ..L; .' " '\CJ
. n; "
1 · 1a t I l 1ave wn.tten, I . l iave writte
" D read i:: bread."
To ,;iy tl111t

;t

tl 1i11g is wliat it

i,,,

cunt·0y~ 11 0 aJd itio nal iu-

I
L

5-l-

FTC nno:s OF SPEECIT.

dO<'S not me:rn to co11tradict t.110 11i.c;he"t maxim of morality,
nnd tl1cri'fore it. i,; ncc•''"ary t.1 look out fur liis n.: al drift, which
i,; pr<1l>al.Jy ironi cal.
Tl1c folluwin;.; exa mp k j, from Ki11glak ·'K Il is!ory of t] 1c
C~·i111ca 1'. \\':u:: '· f11 tlil' c._1· c·~ of the Cza r, Lord Stratford's way
o! h·q 1111g l1111i,;1· lt' c·l<' rnally in t he ri1-:h t and e!t-rnally morlL·rak w.-~~ !h t' men· co11!ri 1·a11 ce, tlir ill\·<'rh:tl J c·s11 ili,;rn, fa man
n·,;ol1·cd 1u do _qond tli at c1•il might comc- r"'olv"d to J.c forlwarii:g and j u:;!, for th e ~alw of doi 11t;" a l1ann to tl1 e clturclt."
'' J fo wc11 t to l1is imagination for l1is fact,;, a11tl to ]1i8
1111·m ory for lii s trnpcs,'' is rc11ow11ccl as a cu tting- insi1111ntion,
or s:irt·a,;m . Jt is an rp i.c:ramm:1t ic i111·cr,;ion of tl1 e prov in cu
of e:teh of the two facul t ies na mc«J.

-l+. Tl 1e use of tl 1e nrrc~t· i..-e cnnj11n('tiorn; gl\·c;;
t<<>1Hctl1inµ- of tl10 fo rce of the cpigra11 1. "\V <.: l1:1te tlie
,;i.1 1, &ut pity t.l1 e ;;_i1rn ?r·'_' "~'he \rvrkl will tulernt.e 111any
nee,;, but nut tl1c11· d1nt1nnt11"e:;."
"T!to11gl 1 dt'<' l\ yd clc:u; tl1011 gh gentle, yet not dull."
Tl1 e cpi .~ r:im i~ c:r i.J, •ntly < epenclc11t upr•n a plurality of
i11 111<1 ~:imc word. l\lnny 11·onh 1111\'C', hrsiil es
t lie ol\\-iou;; o r f:i111ili a r sr·nsr. some oth er acc!·ptation that rrc~ig-nitkatinns

..

,

01wil 1.· ~ t lie ~1·1•111in .~ 1· dnt r:ldi 1 · t i~)n, :\11 (1 g·i,·I'· ~ a r1.:al and val ua-

1.1,• n11·ani11;..;. \\"l 1e11 ".\!i \:"11 <J, .,,,.rihcs llil' l.. :icl cr of tl1c Satanic
h1)st, m1 '' liy rnl' rit rai~c,J to t hat batl rmi11rncc, " !lie do11lilc
!'pi;.;r:11n turn~ 11po11 1!1c "·nr1ls merit a11d cmin r. na; tl 1.. ~e, in
1l1ei r fir~ !. n11d nl•vi.1118 lll«aning, <' \press <p1:tli t ics tl1at we a.Jlllll'l! a11<l appr°'·c, but tl1cy arc also emplny"d to .J .. note un11,;11:il s11peri1Jrity of body or rni ncl, altli1111gl 1 exli il,itcd in way~
that we Jisappro1·e.
·

·1 :;_ Tli e P a rononwsia, or I'1rn, i,; " ·ell lrno~·n in or<l i llary C<lll Ye r;.;atioll, arnl in eomic writing-, 1111t rarely
cntl'rs illto ~eri!>11:-1 compositiun. It i:; a Y:tridy of tl1e
Ypigr:u11; l.H.: ing- a ph,Y <• n tlie varion;; m c:in ine:,; pf tl1e
5allle \\' vnl. It i" oc·r«L'-'inn:dly bro11gl 1t in wi th ' effeet.
Fcrricr, in l1is l'lii\o,ophy, tc nnf! our Faculty of Sense a

JT\TERilOL E.

Faculty of l{onscn:;c, arnilin~ l1i1n ,;l'l f of the d,rn\,lc rnr•:rni11).(
of tlic word to sngp:cst a cloctrinc.
The Conm11frl/1n pm•l1c·s t11 tlH· 11t 111 n't limits tlic ]'hyi11 g :li
cross pnrpusc:; with the mca11i11~ of 11·or.k

n 1rr.i:r:ou:.

4-G. IT.nwrl101c ronsish i11 rn:1gnifying ol1jcct;; 1lC')'<">ll<l
tl1eir nat11ra1 hom11l:-:, ;:;o as tu n1:1ke tlicm 11H>re i11111n·~­
sivc r1r intelligiLlc. "::3\\'ii't as tl1e \\'i11 1l;" "rin ~ rs ul'
Lloo<l aml hill:i of shin,'' are hypcruulical expn:,;~in n ,; .
So far as tl1 e f« cli11gs arc conrt: rn«.l, tl1c kll(lency tu l1ypcrlJt>lu or exaggcratiun rnay l•c rl'ft• rr«•l 111ai nly to two ca u"·s.
l. E\'cry stro n~ p:i.s:;ion in:i.c:11itiv,; wliat.<:1·,,r cn111«·rn s it.
JJovc, f1.·:tr, li:itrt~ •l, -t· .\:1g-g1·ratc tlit·ir ~1·,· c·ntl 1)l 1}~i·t.~ i11 prqpurt.ion tv th eir i 11t ens it y. T l1 e J ',;al111i,;t ex pn.: sscs Iii:; .!nu t i,,11

1y tl"' ,H.! nt.cncc, "A Jay i11 T l1y c· »11rt,; is l>dll! r tlia11 a t.l1uw-.a11.J."
AIT«1:lio11 ha:; alway:; ht·r n pcrn1i tt.-11 tu 1.:1 d1an cc its <•l•j t:ch Lr
ab ove th eir reality . F1•a r <•\:tg'..(•·ra!cs da11;.;L·r. Jlatre.\ intcnsitlc~, :lll tl cn· n crrah's, lia1l 1111al iti cs in tl1c person ur tlti11g

hatc1l.
Tl1is l1a~ t.o lJC :tltcnd<"1l t•J i11 JL>.picting: cl1:tra·~ 10r. /\11y
one 11n.J,·r ~tron~ !>''~"ion is rqwl'~C lli"tl a.~ ll\'. tg11ii'yi11g 1h 1 >.
olij ect ul' the pn..;si •lll . The tvrri\i1;i l ~t· r,u t. in Os,ian, is ma•lc
to •h:~i:ril•c t.lit' r·11<· 111 y tlll1s: "1 ~ :iw 1l11· ir cJ.i,,f 1:.1 1 a" a n ... k
of i1:e ; l1is ~p e ar t11 c blasl.L"l lir; Iii ~ s!ii .. l,J 1l1n ri , i11g mn»11;
li e R:tt on tl1e sh0n', like :t clo 111l of Jlli ,.; t on the hill." 8:1t :1r1 ' ~
despair i ~ portrayf'ii in tl1 c f:1mn11 s pas,;:1gr, "J\lc Jlli ;<1·rahl1"" &r.
Flattery :rn <i Arl nl:i.tion arc n a rne ~ fo r th e fignr,, in 011c
parti cular appli cation.
2. ] [uman rl c~ire i~ n:itmally ill imital1lc. llcnr<', ll'i1:tt1' 1·"r
pleases us in poetry, or in tl 1c tine :u1s gL•ncraliy, i:i rnag:nifi,· ,[
a.~ far 1.L~ can Le do11e wi thout offt• 11.\i 11.L\' our ~c 11 ~e of reali ty an·.!
truth.
\Vordswt)11h , in his praise uf Duty, cxelaims,
"And the most aneie nt heav en:;, tlirouc;li tlll'c, n.rc fresh nntl Htrong."

',i .

1·'

GG

nuurrns OF SPEECH.

It is n fonction of p0ctrr to plc:i.<c

11.' l.y (Jf1j .. cts of snrg rn11 clc 11r or lol'(·liness, tak en fr.,111 lr;t( ill'c' a11d from
h11m:u1ity. A ccurdi11g ly, it r:ii ..-cs aetu:d l11i11gs /,y tl1 e f(1rce uf
«lc \'a tcd <lcscript.ion, :md Ly all the arts of ad111 i.,sii1le cx:ig.'.!eration. Ou accou1 1t of t l1i.« fraturc o f tl1c poe ti c art., l'bto
l1an islicd p oets fr•>rn l1is RPpublic, and B e11tliain styled poetry
"rn isrcp rcsm1t.atio 11 in ve rse."

r~1s.,i r 1~·

to
compared the I c1ea o," C, ooJ
:
. tli c .S un
. . " l f11ra
" cc spcal,s of a
" t··k·ng tho ~hrs with l11s std>li 1111J ln.,1<!.
man ~ 11 I •
., ' .
1\l· .· i\11toi1wtte '" a l1 qwrl3urkc's famou s pasAage on ' .111 e ,
.
, ... ,,._
Lolc, rcucl crcd impressin.: l>y cliil'alrv11s dnulwn tllid 1') v11,,,1
nality in the langnagc.

The following e xam ple is from Sliclley : "There waR i-;uch :;:ilenec. tl1ro11µ;'. 1 t.l1:~ l10:-1t., a~-: "/ ~':~1
An c·n th11uak e trn111pl1 ng ou ~ orut populo~. (
'
Jr_ a~ ·~l'U S !;ed te1n t.lt~ u:-mnJ \\'illl Olli.! tread, aUl llll'Jl

As a familiar i111;t:in cc, we may qn ot.c from Milt.o n,
"So frownc1l the migh ty

con~IJ'1.lru1t.,, ti.tat hell

Expect th e seconJ.

U r cw darker at IAeir froUJn."

(

li·. ;.~ ·1
¢

i' ...

;·

~'. :
t Ji

l· ,,.
r.
i

The l1ypc r!mlcs of Shakespeare arc in kccpi11g with tlie
force an d p rof1 1., iou <•f his ge11 i11~. Tl1t7 minister to tlie in1.l!nsity of passion i11 !ii:; cl1aractc1>. ~cc, a::i aa ex:unplc, th e
li">lil(J(jll y or Macbet Ji bcfnn.: the lnill'l]L'l', Ace I., ~CC II (: 7.
Exagge 1-:i.1 inn is brgcly r es01tc ll to f<.1 r co111 ic efl(·ct.. Aii
tl 1e l11dierons re<Jnircs that a Cl' rt:lin ohjcct ~l1ould Iic dl'pr<'c iat ed i11 some mode or other, tl1is is not u11freq11c11tly l'lli:cted by
gr oss cxagp:cration. Voltaire, speaki ng of our lar11-,'1 1:ige, "<tid
"The English gain two hours a day by clipping wo rJ:i."

47. 1Iyperbulc mnst be Jrnpt witl1in tlic li ruits imposed upon tl10 lwldcr figures. i\.11 s11cli fi:;nrcs (1)
Hli oilld lt:we rc;.rard to 1d1:tt tlic l1earcr i,; cli,.;poscd to
arlniit in tlic '"<LY of departure frc>m t.I1c kJ1 o w11 reality,
(2) sli0nld lie s11ari11g-l,y u~ed, and c::) i:;Jwuld n ot lie tri te.

(1.) Tlic fcdin~ of tlinsc addre~scd must 7>c s11fficie11tly
$f.rong to come np to th e h;·pc rbol ical expression. Few were
p repa red, in this respect, for D ry de n's co:1 pkt on C harles II.:" TI1c stnr tl 1 ~t at your hi rlh shnnc 011 t RO hri;;ht,
I t s tai11cd tl1c d11/lcr sm1's meridian li;;ht."

The hype rboles of lnve an' admi.-sil,Jc only with the lover.
(2.) ,\ C<>nti1111ecl st.rain vf II ypcrlJolcs, as i11 the O,;sia11ic
poems, is condemned as too cxlia11sti11g-.

(:J.) Originali ty is i11dispcns:dile to l1ypc l'loo/r,. A HH'ro
c x:igg('ration is easy; tlie ki11d tliat yidds plcasural,)c 8u rpr ise
ruust l1ave nov elty, g rand eu r, o r j'Oi ut, lo r1:(:v111n1euJ iL l'lato

57

CLIMAX .

48. ·what is ca11cd p11tting. an E xtreme Case:, i:-1 :rn
important device of ex::iggcrat1vn Jvr the i1u1"1"',;c ()f
illm;tratirirr trnth.

'.
putt11Jg

"'
, c1lllg
•.
~ re n•nroac.h
a mn n for neg1c
s'Orne comm.rm dllh-,
. .liy.
"lu lt 0 JI 1' 111 \\'hat. . wo1 thl 111 ~ t.1I e eu 11 ,;c1v1 en
. c'CS 1f en:1y Oil(.
t ' c criually n·m1ss.
. .
I

I\

were .u u
1
. -1
tl1 c ho;h it. l.' n~11:1
'l'o slivw tlic i11 flnc11c c of tic Tlllll• on
. . 't· l . ' · .
o o a •Joki"
tG quo tc
, the c ·~tr('nJf•
, · , i 11~t.:u1cl' .-; . O•·r pcrsr.f ) I.·l " d)' lll1'

heart, or killed by a ~lwck o f gnct. o r '." J~Y - . r•oJ, ), . th e
Xcnophan cs illHstrat.es the ongrn vf tlie pngcU1 ]· .. ' , }t'H'I'
. . , . or lio n~ "'ere to Ll~Curne re 1g1n11~, i •
remark t hat, if oxen
1
d. of tl1e1r ow n
. 1·k,•
c r provido for tlicrnse vcs go ~
.
WOU ld lll
I ' In~1J11
'
shape and cLarncter.
CLDIAX:.

.
, ·t·f'
-. t'ie
1 'U' J"'lllf'lll"
0 f +1
,. .i e p,u
l l,•hrs nf ~
1
C
40 ,r.nrAx " · , ' ' ,.., ,..,
t< ri "\' i 11
.d.
or
otlier
1101·tiun
of
u
i;;eo11rse,
f;o
:l~
> . ,
pellO , strerwth to the l:ttit.

i~

""
.
le of th is ficrurc
from th e Or.1t10n oi'
Tl1c common cxamp
"'
·
· t l c i11 di· ··
.
\
T,
.
The
orator,
wisl1111rr
tu ra he I
0
Cicero acrarnst
er res. ·
.
.
· l rcfraim:il fn>m
;
.·
r . () th e hwhest
p1tc i,
11at 10n of th e ant rence .l
,_,
•
l Jed t.l1e way
_
.
f the 'tC<' llSl1d at 011 ce, am
specifying- the ern~e o
.. ;, l t :., ·rn ontr:wc t o '1inrl fl Roman
np to it l· y 8lH;ccss1v e Sk]b .
]. . .
. :'"' ('. l o p11 t !t.im lo
] iin j " ·m atrncio ns Cl 1111 , ,
..
c it.i zt'll; to SC01l1'!JC I . • . 'L
t .. UC'ffY him-wli<it sh al l l
drath is alm ost a parnude ; uut o v lt , .
eall it ?"
.

.

58

ll'ITERROGATION ·

FJGt.:RES OF SPEECIT.

. 1 - th' nam e a1 1<l ll). ,•1ic b est ri1.,.,r1 1ts of 11um:m
. t ('5)" The t11it'<1
I impcac11 l um ) · e
.
. J 11 11·r shhbl'd to t lie 1ic.ir . .

Climax owes its effect t o the pcr: nliar constituti on of the
rni nJ. A 8ligl1t st imulus is at first s11fli..:ient to affu rd gratificat iull ; as this palls, we mu:<t liavc sornctlii11g Ht ro nger; and so
Ly sncecssi1•c steps t he l1ighcst degree of Ht rc11gtli is calletl fo r,
an d the greatest ~ffl'l:t s ·cu red .
The p ri11 ciplc o f ri~i11g i n thi ~ w ay t.y 0 U C<'C s~ i1·c degrees
ap p lies to the sc11tc11cc fir period, to tl1 L' p:;r;1g rapli , and to tlic
entire composition. A play·, or n romance, in creases in excitem ent by degrees to the fin al catast rophe ; a 11J so ought au
o rati on.
\\'e do not h\· rc partic1ilarly inr111irc wlrnt co nstitutes degrees of strcn,!..(l h or imprc:<s il' enrs~ . \ Vha tc: vcr l•t' t he rcasong
wliy 0110 <:xprc ~:<iu n , (' irn1m st a11 cP, or sit n:tl i<>n, st irs np a morn
lil'cly fcc:lin~ than anotlt('r, t he lcAs lively ~ h"11ld prrcedc the
stronger. It l1 as J,cc1 1 t<cc n that tl 1c ~pC'c ia l ur f•() ncrete i ~ more
011 Uii~ gronnd,
i111 p ressi"c tl1a11 tlie ge neral or a\i,.:tract.
Campbell C t) lJ ~i, Jc r.-; tltat tltc follo win g p:issa!_(e in tlt c Sung of
Solom()n co nst.itutes a cli max: "F<)l' l<1, tlt c winkr i~ past, the
rai11 is over an, ] gon e ; the flowers ap pear on tl1r ca rtli; tlic
tin1c <1f tl1c singi11g of hi rrls is c1m1c, an.J tlic \' Uil'C of tltc
111rtlc is l1l'<tnl i11 our la11 d; the flg-t. rc:c p11t1 cth f<lrtl 1 her green
fl!..(,:, a11•l tit" ,- i11c~, wi t h the te 11 der grapr', gil'C·: a good smell."
The ·k snil'ti"n comllH'TH'Cs 1Yith tiil' g1·11,•r:ditil' .'< ," wintc-r," the
,e;1s<> n of "min;'' pr•'C\'Cds to ~1wcialize tin; "11 .iwers,'' tl 1e
"birds;" :u"l comPs rit last lo indi 1·id uals, "tlte t urt l..:," " tlt c
flg-tn·c:," an,l "t11c 1·i11 c."
Tl1 e 'li111:1x is cxclllpli fie •l in tltc J\p pPncl ix, Extracts T. , TV.,

nnt uro, wl 11c 1 e · ~ "
,
l. between t lt c tl 1ir,l a11<1
ul<l lnve been sccn11< '
'J'l
•
a n"tL .. ,J co1111cctio11.
i f'.
sent.once s110
lJ tl n 11avc 1•ecn · ~ 11 '
fourth there wou
ic
·" l't)• wl iile tl1 c iii'\11 r:lll
.
.· , its strcnni l1 from spcc1 .1 I '
fourth d Cl l\ CS .
~
. 1 . ·'J t l1 o f itR CO tllpn·l 1<·1l"10 ll ,
1
·
l
t l)laee 011ly h) l w '' 1
1
morit t 1e J1g ic ~
f 1
t ·eel "the ri" lits u!·
which redeems the abstractn ess o tie
su )j . '
o
l1urnan nature."
fr o111 th e order of ascend ing
Any great d cprirturc
is called an Anti-climax.

~trength

J;\Tl:ltlcOC,\ TION .

r:o

.

·c\·in " ·in ()1i i11 i, 1n

T110I,..rEnnoc ATw x :u m sa 1·. con'

J

l'

,._·

l

u
"' ,
•
··
" l·lt I
. : . nn·1 li '"'i v i1 w it the form o! a (p 1e,:,t l \l ll.
.
ino1c st.10 o .Y ) n
"'
.t
'
t
"
·i.1l1rrns
;;trun~l
y tl1at
1

he said it, ancl Flia1l 11c not lo
r} at is saiJ \Yi ll be dune.
"

I

.

i

.

'

1

.

V

,

f"

.

d~c·brat1011s,

1Jc \i ~Llcss wl1ilc one is mcn:.y ma dn,_.,
· . t,
\,~. ,r e,1 nia)'
.
., ol \i,,·v 1l to ,it l D'1.
. ,. 'l c·,\t;J lo b1· a q11 e~t 1nn \\'C :11 e
' .~ . • .
. .

bnt on OC1111:, < rr .
.f (" ·· ' . ' ·'ir4 Oration :l;.;; u n4 ( al1'J'l1c cornnwnccmcnt u ,1,·c1u s J .
t f t11 ·1,
. .
. .. · 1' . 1 a strikiwr a11.J \\' C11- t .un c•.1 c·r111 ' lo)· 111c11 " ' ,,
"' l'fi
. . J . . j'l'l SS 'l"CS of dC'llllilltnc JS COl\oll Cl e•
..
Do mo sthC'llC'~ CXCnlJ> l lt'S lL 111 Jlo
' .. ''=" ',
.
.
llµ:nr c.
l
·
. .
.
l . tl c Sj)C'ccl i on t 11 c ( r •>\I n.
.- .
. tl l'Juli]>JllCS :tll< ln 1 ' '
'
crnt1 on in lC
.' 1
t t
. c·h otlil' r :u 1•1 <bk, \\ lt:1 t s
.
t' c t n rro
a ,ou o c.l ,
· ,
" \ .Yill yon con 1n11
h
tl ·rn tlnl ·i rnan frnm
> ("rn anvtlii 11•r ],c more ll C' W . i ,
•
•
.
.
t he ne ws'
" . . . ,.,
. " ·1 10. l 'l1il ir• ,11·;1.J I :\ ., 111 lijll'''lk
(
•f(lCC
·
·
l
\
l
sn
Maccc1onia s 1<)tl" • · .~· ,
·
.
.
·i To )'<•11 wl1•>,
' .
h e i ~ ill. \ Vhat. rnattcr"R i t to.) O il .
'. . . , . , .
d eed' but
. f .. \ \ <\ll iCklv ~l't \'Oli l " J. (,
if he were t o come t o gnl· ' "Oil '
•
·..
another Phil ip 1"
l 'n d<> "\Yl1nistl1c
l
.
Chat1iam, i11 lti ~ rrr:1nl1cst ont Jur~ t, c ema · '
'\as d·irc<l t o authori ze :u1<l a~,.:ociatc tu
man that · · ·
·
.
.
[ l
Y:1''<' i "
aha1Yk and ~c:1ll'rn~-knLfc o ti c sn , "' , .
.
· .
.
our anns lll c toln · ·
<l .. h i . p·i.ss·wc m Add 1son . Pope co ne1u e' ' . . , ,., . . . . 1nan tlicr" i>c ?

&c.

Burke's p erorat ion in the impc·arhmc 11t of \\·arren ILL~ lr
seems in tended for a cli rn:n , hut th e gradation is
sca rC('iy ap parl'nt.
"I irnpc:1ch l1im in th e 11 :rn1c of the
{"'ll1n1011S of (;rc:1t I'.ritain in f'arl iamcnt assc111l,Jed, wh ose
vuliam(,ntary trnst 111· l1as al 111scd (1) . I impeach l1i m in t he
11:11nc of ou r 1t 11 ly rc·li:.!'i"n, wh ich l1L' l1 :L-; di,.:grac:eJ (:d). I i111pcach l1im in the 11:1111 e of tlic Engb'li co nstitut ion, 11 l1ich li e
lias Yiolatcd and bro>kcn (:l). I impeacl 1 ltim in t he name of
the I1 1dian millio 11 ~, \\l1om h e has ~acritice<l to inj ustice (4).
in g~,

lj

\\~h o would not lau gh, :f 0111. h a. '
_.1 n
\ \.ho wu11IJ uot. weep, if ;\ Ul ~ U:-5 Wl.'I"t! 1le .
.
. •
, 11 r.-rati1·e lll cUf·
tl 1c ·c ex·u n1)l c:~ tl la t tl· l l! n

.. be seen 1om
It will
' .. '
.
1ffirn1s ·ind the po~it i1·c dl' ll l l'R.
. t'
r ogn ion 1
L' '
·

t
i;:

GO

FfGUims OF SPEECH.

Cl

INNUENDO .

A certain pitch of excitcmc11t is rcr1uisi te to justify the
bol<l11css of th is figure.

T his figure i~ freqnc n,~l y cmployc1 l for comic cffc·ct. ; as
nurll "· '.s " Tam o' S hantcr
u

EXCLAMATIO'Y.

J:

,,

' ·•,

51. IVJ1cn from sudden and intense emotion, we give
11ttci-anec to some a bn1pt, irn·e1·tcJ, or eliiptical exp resi::ion, we are said to 11~0 :i n Excr.,ur,\TTON; as." liravo,"
"dread fol,"" tl1c frllo11·," '' what a pity!"
To cn1111ilr wi 1h the f1tl l 1imns of ordina ry ~pPrcl1 de mands
a ccrtai11 1;ou l11<'."s a nd d elibera1. io11, tl 1e opposite of a state of
"t1d.Jv11 ('X<·if!'lli ('llf.
T lic lnterj <'ction i" a "PC(' ic;; of cxclamat io n. Most inte rj cct i(m,; l1a1·c no 111 0 an i11g excep t as ind icating ~ndden cmot.ion; oli, l.iah, l111rrah. 1'bc cLecr", l1 isscs, a nd groa ns callod
furtl1 l1y a pu l.ilic speaker are of tl1is 11atu rc.

111c Exd mnati nn prnpcr usually

co11sist .~

" Ah Tam! Ah , Tam!

111

, ..
tl1011 'll get

thy fo.i rin 1
..

,

e'"'lltetl
Ohj"ecl~ a1 1<l f'\'!'SO{l~
<()
l., ' t t·tl ·c n W '•L
lv
·"
·
1
It is Ia ioer ·Y . ' . . .
l t i c result i:; de!_'.ra.J1 11!::' a1111
•' .
'ti fa nn lian t.v , ::till 1 '
-.
nddrcss t iem wt i
. . :
f C·u·lyJc al.i ou:1d w i. i cl11s
1
thence Iu d 1'crou".,. T L1c w nt1n g~ o
' '
fi•rn rc th us em ploy ed .

,..

'" . d V JSTO:-< is all icd tn A po,:t r0 pl_ll\
53. The fign'
c,'.lle
l · 1 ·cnt l>cfore the ini nd wit h
in hn?1 w
o 111 n•~ .t ic ,u:;
"
f i n·cscnt r eality.
th e !Orce O
·
.
.
Ch ·itham : " Fr"rn
fl.11(l COl1 S .lS ts
·

.
. . , ·l · JI' t] 11s occ urs m
'
.
Somctlllng a pp1o,1c i 11 ,..,
11. the imm o rtal a11ec,;l•lr nt
t' • . Jo r ns t l1c"c wa ' •
f I.
th e tapestry Llac ,, . .. · .1 . " er . l ion at the disg r:1,·c o its
. nou
" !"v lord froll"r i s \1 tt i rnu1_,11. 1
t Iits
conntrv."
.
to lie see n in tl1c J,o,J y, •m
] '•y•rou ' s· u''l ·1
' •1'1 ··1tor is ~n pi,)<)scd.

wn rds with
111ca11ing-. Rom eti 1n c>: a part of the cnmj> IC' k sentence i~
drnppcd : "A horse, a horse, my king-dom fur a l1orsc ! " "Oh,
the riclt cR bot h of the goodness and tl 1c merer of God!" At
other tirncs, it is the strong expression of a wi sh , as in Co wpe r's liucs :-

·t" 11 of the stat11c.
.
. ,
the mere suggcs
II>
.
• . I l Yision Of'<'11rs Ill 1l1 t' 1"-r"'
-1 ·
o<trophe ra 1" " 0 ·
'
·
•
.;rng
ap lT:.ill
. . s Serm
.. ·• . o n o n ti '". Tlirc ak11ctl [111·:is1 ••11 ut
. A stn
'-cit
ration
o fl'•Ou
'l-

"Oh fo r n lodge iu Borne rnst wil Jcrncss, " &c.

.
. t t ".. l\ l of hcincr
d,
"'Vl 1 a tl unrr
ms
,..., plainly ~t: itc
.
1
1c1 '
' met .e1.},. tl ic effect i:-1 ~11111rti1Hc:<
·}8. f-l.54.
rr •~cs
tccl
or i1nj>l ?
1cll
tl ~,,,
. · T
lo
~
t
Thi,; l i:i .1.11nu em .
mueh g rea er.
·
f n . ··!" <'ll t lii:1t "li f' rlid

<if

Arosrnorrm.

1803.
INNUENDO, OR l:\S!NUATIO:-<.

cons ists i n addrc.~sin~ r;om<'tliin{.;
ahscnt, aci if prei::c nt; as wli en an orat,1r ili\·okcs f'o me
hero of oth er tirn<'s, or a J>reaelier appea ls to nr1 ge h; an d
departed saint:o. It s11p1)osc;i great intensity of emotion.

.
. I 0 f a rnr·m hl' r <• ' .1, i.un .
vVlic n it \\":1s ,;a i•
.
l . ke f<>r it a11 d vo te-ti
I
,.
I . . ·1 in h rs f">wn, •<: "f'" .
h is party all t. IC i.u n .
. . ·s d c11 011l1 C'cd wi t Ii a pr•1· 11 11 ar
· t
. ,, l ·, irn <kilf1il orat.011 1.
fW:l.i
ii ..
o 11 s t i t . '
lit' ct ,Hl·1
• t<'
, , ITl t.'1lt rn :1kl', t 1IC 1,.,. '
0 !. ( l IC l ]'.
fo rce. The Ollll '4S H>ll
i a nd procce de,J on
.
.
seem so 110ton. , in,,- .ti i,::it it can he ass ume<

Tl1 is fig 11 r e is oft.en combin ed wi t h p crno nificatio n. "0
d eath, wl1 crc is tl 1y sting! " " 0 t hou S\\' ord of tlic Lo rd, l1ow
long will it bo crl! thou l>c qni ct ! "
So in Campl>cll's apostropl 1c : -

wit.li out that fo n ua lr ty.
' f . ·"h ie bv h t•i 11 r; merely
.
t 18
. . rcndcrc<l lll llrc fJ t c1
•
.
.
, ("lb t lie j\'al o n'V
·
•
A co m pluncn
'
.· . ' t of d 11 ct•t p r:ll HC <lr ,'
' .
,.
i1 1~i1111atcd. d1. l11.c, rc'.,
rp1cn 1 ti
. ' es<itv ,Jf 11r,•fl',;s111.!. '. g'l':u 1hid unr er . i c n u ; ... •
.
I"
'
•
• h . .. .. . , , l>;· t li c iud1rc cl euill i' •
of ot hers, an
1
tudc a nd 1rn m ·1·1
i 1 -)· ·' 'all wL1c b s. l\ Cu
rncnt.

52.

Aro,qTROPTTE

" Etcrnnl Hope, wl1cn yonder BJJ!Jcrc·:i bega11," &c.

•.

:-

G2

FIGURES OF SPEECIT.
IRONY.

' 'rli cn tlic I
J •
nnncn .. o is employed in "it n cnti o n . l
a.J,·anta~c bclnrwirw ir1 11• ·t' ll
P ,
' it ias an
,
•
"
,..,
s r " rcat<' r m cri ·
t o t. l1c next
fr.,urc · it b:rtn .
'Tl
'"'
'
~
urc
,..,
' , , es rep 1.1'.
. lC tl1inrr is sa id ·111d , ,
.
.
tliat tlic perso n rdiectcd 11p
.-,, l
' '
) et srud so
on can11 o t ·1y ] I I 0 f . .
of r efutation o r retort.
·
lO l
it JU tlic way

The ironical alld rcss gi vcs an opponent no handle, and is
thus an embarrassing instrument of vit.u pnat.i o n.
Carlyle, speaking of the mucli abused Cromwellian I'uritans, sar, " yet they were not altogeth er imbecil es, tl 1csc men.' '
The cloak of I rony was put on by Swift in his rnastcrpi CCl'R
of allegory- Gul liver, the Tale of a Tub, and the I.attic of t lie

A "i::ood example i's. f nrn1sJc
· I d· in Pope's I'
I
i\fayor's pagea nt : · 111 <' 8 on t 1c Lord
II

-~

\~

Books.
There is a deli cate stroke of irony in Sir G. C. Lcwi,_'s re·
mark o n tl1c p r ete nded an tiquity of the Babylonian ,\ stronon1y.
"The story of tb c a><tro11 ornical ouscrrntion;;, extend ing O \' t•r
:31 ,000 yea rs, ~cnt from Babylon t o Ari ,;totl e, would /,ea con-

.

~ ow .m:.!:h~ <lr!'=crn di n~, th~ ~n ,. ~<·rn (' i~ o'er .
Hul lll'e8 in S ci/le'• 11urul,n1·" o' . I
.
'
'-

1

..;,

/ti., < U.IJ l flU J" t!. n

J.ulle r s s:11'irw
nn C '·11ntl"1l
ti I C cl11
. t.Jf "ll 'lrt.·· n . .
•
"
'- ,
·
·
nu cr1tlo · "J le J . I
!;
,
.
J ' '' , 18 a wit ty m·
. l
.
LI• a nn m er of cums of the Homan Er11 '. ..
,in( a y ood 111a11!J 111orc o/ tltc la ter .P
l' 1. Ji''
l eror.,,
In tl 1c ir1 " ' . , . • : .J~
-~ ng ts' 'o1gs."
. .
f .,.,re .~ ~ of le1l!I C!liCllf, 1111111c11 do1 tak,~~ ll1 e ph ., f

.

<•pc.1 ,·1t 11pcra tiun.

·

clusive proof of th e antirp1if!J of tlw Chuldwan Aslronoin!J, if it
were true." Tltc irony co n,;ists in sccJ11i11g to acr cpt th e c11 orm om all egat io n, wi th merely the 8light rc,;crrntion, if it were trr1r.
SARCASM i,; vit11pcr;1tio11 soften ed in th e ou t w: ml c xpr c~' ion
J.y the arts and fi.C!;urc8 of di,;g ui sc-cpigram , i11 111H·111l11, iroriy
-an d cm bcll iKhc<l wi th tli c figure;; of illu»trativn. Th e Lelle rs
of J' uni ns come un de r thi s dcs.:: riplion.
Po pe's Atti cus is a m ix ture of direct "itupc ra tion, cpigram ,

'' e o

Tl1 e dc1·icc of ~11~~esti11 r» i ristc·1d f
I
.
mad e to ramifv ' l'i dcl; i r . "'' .
. o opc11 y rxprcssrng, i~
·11
.
•
} 1 J1tcr:1t.11rc :i11d tlic fi 11 0 art-<
'f l 1· II
1 ust ra twn of 't d
'
· ·
•C 11
J
ocs not 1uclonO" to lliis 11h1·c 'Tl 1
I l
ev·idcs
·
l
"'
' , ·
c ! Tl Ora tac
it~· J , , 0111 usdua rrpugll~ ncc to a moral lct:t11re, by CJ1 n1·r}· i1w
· csson Ull er the ,,. 11 1.
f
.
· ,..,
. t
,... · ,., sc o an a1 1111s111<r s t.o r v
Rut tl
h .
.
"
•·
1e
parn er rind tlic "'' t h .
. t
'
. I ' c rive ot er rnt cT1 t ions hcsideR tli is
Tlt c
in r~uucc partiru);;r: tbat i mply a g rc;1t deal m o re ti;an t.l1ry
;_xrrl c~.•, arid t.l111 s !.:'.I VC a st:i ri ing-puint to the U101wlit~ 1'J -_Y
h a 11··1 j·s rt , 0111... r f I
,., · ·
11s
, . , .
p Pas ur• to tlil' rnind i ·I . ·I 1·1.·
;; c ·t· .
.l r "d csl!'c
. ·rn I i·
' ' i1 c l I , e.~ to Jiavc
c1 a1T1 ~ cop e f(>
.
•
~

.

_

·

·

t

63

innu e ndo, and irony.

Th ere is iro11y a111 ounti11 g to sarcas m in Locke's rr rna rk
11pon t h e Aristotel ian Logic: "G od did not 111al; e man, an J
leave it to A ristotle to ma ke him ratio11al."

1na;1nat 1cJn .

. • i 1ggc~t1J• n 111:1y lie rrnployeJ with ad1·::rnta rr 1·l
, r
.lire "' st · t ,
.
',.,c ' 1<'11 · L 11111 or
le · " .unl'nt. won lol 111rolvc wl i·it 1· . l · ' I
.... 11•·11·c
.
·
·
·
~
1.tr~
1
or
ofl
. .·
l f>i<' I 11w ,·in!. L .
'•'
· l
.
v
·'
, .b 11 1
,..,
u1 .1n,i.;-11" I o r lJ()rrur anti c . . .
. l
n. ·1-, t .
'
\ l ll n1 M i c I Pxt rcrn .
i.1111 cs :itio11s of pleasure as tli • b·
. ,
.
. "
wi th.
c o scrvc1 c::u111 o t sympatl11zu

5fl. Of t11c fig 11roi< of the ol<l rl1 cto ri <;i:ms 0111y a
small ni m1l1cr Jia,·e l1er n i:;clcded i11 tl1 c f(1r e~oi11g e xposition . :M any a rc m ere ,·:ui c ti cs of t.110,.;e 110,1· gir cn ;
some will appear in otlicr conne<:tio 11 >'; while a con:-<ider aulc nrm1licr a rc so mi1111le or trivial t.hat t11ey Il l'(;
scarce \\'ort.h atte nd i 11g t o .
Ellipsis, or the omission of a word or words <'~>'cutial to

IRO.\'Y.

t>5 . I l'O:V
• • Y mqwe;;s('::; tl 1c

the constru cti on hut n o t t o tl 1c scnRc, is a figur e o~ both grammar and rl1 ct ori c. 1t co 11du r.c s to brevity, and is ~om c tinw~
a sign of ~trong fo e ling. It. is also a suggesti,·c figure; what
is u ncxp rcs~ed ucing left t o th e imagination t o !ill 1111.
Tli e single wo n.l '' hnpos~ible" is m ore cxprcssiYc than a
complete ~c nte 11ce uflirn 1ing impossiuility.

contr[tl'}' of ·I t ·
tl ier c JJe r· ng- som etl1i rw i the t · ' · . '' 1a 1i:; meant '
11
ti
l
.. .
,..,
one o1 mann e r to show
ic rca drdt ot tl1 c speal;cr . :i.s in Jo].
. .1 l
.
1 8 nut rci:;;> to 111,;
' '·
friends "1'1 ·~ 0 l 1 t
.'
n
( Oll i b 11t. ,.C 'u·e tJ 1 ,
J
.
·11 d.le. \ \' I. f l }'( !JI .'. '
· .; '
· 0 )>Cop c, and wi::i<lom
•l"l
1

T

l

G·1

FIGURES OF SPrmcn.

Asyndcton, or tlie omission of COllnN:ti1·c~, is a fi rr11rc co nft) cncr~y.
"The winJ p:t•~ct!i O\'e r it -it -~, iro 11 c."
"Tlio11 scntcst forth thy wrath-it co11~1lml"d t h e m as st LJ•l>lc."
St:e also tlrc ~nnc; of Moses, and l '~alrn ci1·. '.!8-;JO. Great
stress wa" bid on tlri s fi;.;11re hy tire Creek rl 1 ctor i c ian~.
The lfypcrb .1/on (mud1 1 1 ~cd, it is said , l1y Dcmo~the11c~) is
p11 rpos<'d 111\·cr~t<>n a111l perplex ity , l><'forc a1111ou11 c in rr so mct l1i11 .~ of' f:'l"('at rrnpl1asis arnJ impori, thus giving to a m~Jitatcd
cxpn.:ssion the effect of an impromptu.

duri11~

.:-.··
I

~

:

I.'

EXERCISE.

cloud, O willl1 l that the Jaughtcr~ of niglrt m(ty look f'.•r.'1 1; that
tho ~Jrng~y rnount:Lins may Lri;;htc:n, and the on':ll • roll its w li1t.u
WtlV CS

in ligl1t .

rJ'be c10llll-cnpt to,,. cr~, th e ~oq.~<'011S pa1a('f·~ ,
'fltc :-;olc111n t·~mplc~ . the 1-'.;T'l"lt µ;lob e it.... df,
rca, all wliid1 it i11IH·rit 1 ~l 1 all Ji:-::-10.lve;
;\ntl li ke an inF-uh:-i tantial pdgeant 1.i<lc<l ,

0

EXERCISE.

Lca~·c not a rack lwhi nJ .
If I hml ru; many tongues 'l.!l thero nre "tnr~ in lrcaven, flR m:iny
wort1 s n::i there arc !;rains uf sand 011 t Ire ~11 orc, my lo11;:; uc·" wo11l 1l
bo tired , an<l my wo rds cxlumstc<l, kforo I conk! do jnMtico to yonr
irumonso merit.
'Ya.r nncl LoYC nrC'

J:

frame of :vl:imnnt, a •0111 of fir<',
1\o da11;.;-\·rs frig ht him, and 110 JaUors tire.

J\ rt ti 101t tir e first 111:m tlrat was born? or WtL~t t lion m:idc lie.
fore thu l1ilis? 1la~t thou lteanl the ~ccrct of Go1l? anJ <lo~t thou
rcsl rni11 wi"l1rn1 to t.li y~"lf?
Ile liYcd t.o die, and Ji ct1 to Ji,·c.
l [:1rn1011ious cli,.corrl c,·crywh ere.
Hut t.1 1orc aru en.:n ,,;ome, 0 Romnns, " ·lro sny thnt Catilio c Ji:is
11ee n cast into exile hy inc. That tim icl nnr1 very modest man no
' l
,
uo11 •t., wa~ nnahlc to endu re tho ,·oicc of the consnl; :1.:< t<OO n its }10
was orclncd t o i.:n int11 cxik he ohev<'d h e went
. O:i.•irT'.1's ..r~ 1Urr.•.• to
1lfoon ::_r)anghtc r ~f hca,·cn, fair nrt
t hou I 11ro :;rlcncc of thy faec i:; plcn8:int. Thou comest fnrt.h in
lu1·clincss. The star~ at tend I hy hluc cnnrsc in tho o:i."t. The <"hi11<1"
n:ioieu in tlry pr<'"c'tH·e, 0 Moon I They l>rii.:lrtcn t hc· ir dnrk -lirnw 11
side,.. Wl10 is lik e t. li oc in he:wcn, light of tire 8ilc11t ni:.d 1t? Tlic
".1:1rs 11rl' asl1:11n<'d i11 t.hy pre,oncc. Tl1cy l11r11 away tlH·ir Rpnr kl111g- ryes. \\ l11ti1l)r clo.<I. !Iron l"l"lire frm11 thy <'Onn<c', wlr c n t.h o
d:u·knc•ss of thy 1·111111ten:inL·e grows? llast tl 1u11 tl1y li:ill, lik o
()""'l:lll? J>welic~ t tlioll in tl1c ~ h at1o w of g rief? J la\' C th y sister>;
f:ilkn fro~1 l1cavvn? Arc t.l 1<"y wlio n'.ioieetl with thco at ni ght 11 0
111orc? ) c· ~, th<';- l1a,·e f:t!Jr.11, fai r liglitl :rnu tho u t1 ost oflcn retire
t<> monrn. Hut tl1u11 tliy,c· lf" shalt fail one nig-ht, ancl kt ,·c t l1y ]1Jne
J•alh in lrc·awn . Tire st:1rs 11·ill then lift their lre:1rls; th e'' w ho
w ere n~lin1n c<l in tl1y j'f1·s1·nrc wi ll r<'jOil'<'. Thon art ll'J "' (;lolhcd
wi t h tliy bright11cs:". r,.,,,k fr""' thy gall',. i11 t!Jc, ,ky. Burst tho

1/1;

f-l.lran~c

comprcrs.

\\..-ar Hhcd~ blood, a11d Lore ~hcU~ t~ars;
'\\f nr ha~ :-1-word:\ and LU\'C h a~ dart~ ;
""ar lH'CiLb bcaJ", l\IHJ LO\"C urcab heart.~.

P oint out anrl 1u1m c tli~ fiyurc~ in lite follrJ1~in[J passa[Ja :No li;;l rt, hut rntlrl'r 1larkne~~ ,·i~i lil e.

An<l ho,itlc tl 1is, µ;i\'i n;; all dilir;e1 1t:c, nd<l to your faith, 'l"irt.11c ;
and to vi rtue, knowlc<l::;e; aml to k nowledµ; c, tcrn1.crancL'; :u11! l n
tcmpernnco, pat ien c ; and to p:i t icncc, f;P<ll in c:<s; a 11<l to ;;0<lii11c.>-',
brotherly kinJn cO'~; :tn<l to brotbcrly kiut1ncss, cha rity.
liastcn slo \\' l_v.
Oh for "loJ o:;~ in ~omc '":"t wild0mcss !
N:>mc houndlc;-;s conti:-iri.1it.y of sh:tdc l

IIo w ar t thou fall en from l1ca\' cn, 0 Lucifer, son of t.1 10 mcm1·
in g!

A s the wat ers fail from tl1c ~r:i., :111<1 the flood 1lce:1}"l'th nncl
drieth up : so rnnn li<"tls do"'n, :rn<I ri til't h not : till tho hl':n·c11s h(I
no more, thL'Y sli:ill not :iw:ikc, nor he raised out of 1lreir ~k('p . 0
that t.lion " ·011l1k,;t l1 iilo me in tl1 c :;:rnvc, t hat l11 u11 wouldcst. krq•
me secret, until th y \\Tat.Ii !Jo past, tliat thou wou!,Jcst appoint 111 c
a set time, nn<l re1 11 l•mhc r me!
'
A Scotch mi;:t bc·come;; a fihowcr; an d a ;;Jwwcr, a floo<l ; n11 1l
a flood, u ~to rm ; tt111l a stori n, a I rm pest; and ti tempest. thund er
and lig htning; and tl1und er and light 11i11g, l1cavcn-qunk o and earth ·

quake.

For conlem phttion he an1l '' alor fnrmc<l:
For ~nft n c :-:~ :;hL' and :-;wl't't nttra('ti,·e gr~\Ce ;

lie f'or God only, sh e f'ur \;oJ in him.

Mc miserable! whi <"h wo y ~hall I fly
JnHnitc wrath , and infinite dc:-ipair 't
·which wav I fh i,; hell; nn;d f am hdl;
Allll in t.h~ loweRLfk·t'Jl " low er dc:t·p,
Bit ill thrta.le11in,!.! to devour nH", Opt·ns wi1le,
To whi!"l1 the hdl l 811llcr Rt~ 1u 8 a heav en.

...

".

~

·1·1·

..

GG

.1-."C~illER

SOt:; lWES OF TIRE\"!TY .

OF WORDS.

1:r
.·;.

CHA PT ER I T.
T II E

~

"G

~r lJ

E r:. 0 F \ \" 0

r. D s .

!"i7. Trrn Fig11rc~ c.f 8pcc<"l1 all co nd uce to t110 greater effectinmc:-;,; t>f" style ; they ei ther present fl tliu11gl1t
morn viYiJly to tl 1e i11 tellect, or ol'cratc m ur e i 1oworf"ully 11pon tlic feel iJJgs.
Jt is ll<•W l"l.'(111i ,; ite to cons id er t\1·0 othc•r de1·iee:;
li ;n·ing tl10 f':lrnn ohjcc-t;; in Yicw as Jlgnr<'s. Tl1c Olio
J"C'g:trd,, the N 1u111icr of" \\~ vrch emplt •yed, a11 cl tl 10 other
tlicir A rr:tnrremc11t..
'"'
5S. On tl10 l'r incij>lc of at t[lining e11ds at tlw small<'st t ost., Dre1· ity i::; a virtue of l:tng11age.
.E very word utterrd ta xes th e 11ttc11ti,ll1 and OC<'npics a ~race
JJ1 the thou ghts; l1e11cc wh en w0 nls arc nsc d only a.~ instrument;;, they sl1trnlcl 11c co mprcsscrl into 1he k ast compass co11Ristc nt with tJ. e adcc111:1te (~ spre,:s i o n of the mean ing-. The
tpitlH' h "lei·;;,.," ",·.,11ci s•-," " laco11 ic," imply st.rt:ngth fl'! t he
rr·,ult 0f brnity. Tl1 <.! r1•n i, ric!i, 1•ici of C:c.;ar is un s11rpasscd
:rnd illlm ort:il..
Of' th e ru1ri l' nt s, Tl111 rydidr~, J Torner, anJ
Tacitus were ('('l<'hr:iled fo r h rrrit_r. Danlc is liJ;e wi:;c a g reat
ex ample.. Tho ngh the grn irrn of th e Engli "h langu a.!!:e is not
S<) fnvorahle to c011densecl form s of e xpress ion as t ha t of t l1c
cla~s ical ton gncs, yet $nmc of our wri tc 1·s a rc rn odvls of an
clcg;rnt h rc,· ity; it is sufli cicnt to m entio n Shakcspc:irc and

l'<>p(•.

rin. The el1id Rnnrccs of I'.rcYity :i.ro ( 1) tl1c selcct i<ln of tl1c nptci-;t wonL.; ; (2) n ronrknsell gr::i.111111at ical
:-;1.rm:tnrc; arnl (3) t110 Cll1j•loyment of fic;m c;;, m o re ctipeciall.f Compari,;nn m1<l j\fct;qJltor, T ra n;:fCrrccl E1 •itl 1et,
J\ 11t itl10,;i,;, E1 ii gnu11 , and the m11J1 i,;sililo for ms uf Elli psi;; .
(l.) Fvr t!ie selecliu11 ul' wor,JH 110 p rrc i"t rules cau Le

G7

· 1' \\: 'I II ·:~1 I ow wl1·1t
answers tl1 1: nl mgiv cn. T l IC Cl'"l CC t ' O il t.ria
..
- ~ of con vey in .r mu ch mea11 1n rr Ill a Slllall comp:L"S.
p0 ' '"
"
..,
l
.
(:J.) Th e re are Ct; rtai n co nst.rn ct in us fa ,·.,r:tl1le to ire:·11y.
Th ese a re-tl1c use of th e J>:l rtici pi e f., r the cl: 11 1:-<c wit 11 a 11n1 t ·:
verb ; ap position , in ~tc ;icl of cu 111 1Pdi1·es; t.l1 c e'.npl•_>yn'. "nl ul
the al.istrac:t noun (S <.:e Snu•LJCITY) ; tlie nsc .,{ adjl't' l1,·.-s f, '.r
aJJ'eetive clau ses * uf' n•111ns fur adj c- ct i,·(·s (' ' knowled!JC q n:dd1'
r
.l .
,. t "
" " .,,·tu111
c~ l 1u 11,
. 11 o r:1to r'') , of the '11l 1rasc 111 adc . up u, !'rl'["'"l ion.,
an d noun , wit h or without an a•lj<·diYc (" action for ln•spo1s s,
" the r igl 1t of" th e sl rOl!:JCol "); tl1c ccrnlrm:te.J and t!w ci111 -

cle nsecl sen te nce.
(3.) As reganls tJ.c l' lllpl<>y1m·11 t of fi;,; 11 rc·~, it i~ app:tn•nt,
fr om t h e il111 stratioi1s alr1•:tdy gi\'cn, lh:tt t!te species 11:111w<l
conlrib ntc t o Dn•i·iti·. The follo1ying arc a few a 0 l,litional
examples : -P itt's d~fen cc of the roll.en bnrgh i:;_p tem ' 1." 'l..",
" Their arn putation won Id l'e 1kath " (lo) t lie C<>llll lry ). C urran's saying on Iri:-<h liberty is rc1ually terse : "I sa t at l1L· r
cradle, I followed he r h can:e."
· , ·1 ~.· "? rmHll'll"Ctl cxn
r c,sion of :\
The pron.-rh, o r ap l 1•Hl'm
1
·
t ru tli, g e ne,rally crn b •Ju1 yrng
an ep1• g1-;11n, 0 1· •a balanced st rn ct urc.

" Le:c-;t $aid, soonest 1ncndcJ."

GO. B revity ] 1as to b e srrn gl1t " ·ithout sacrificing
p er:;picnit,r and the proprict ic:-i uf 1~u1g11ag~ .
.
.
Thero arc oc(·a~i(>n;; wl 1c11 tlie 11c~1rc.\ etled.:-J ot r;tl lo
are gainc(l hy d i fi'11 ,;c1 1 c~8 .
Fo r c xrll l lj ,] 0 , a n ex pl:tn:tt ion m 11 ~t l,c ~u i tc<I. in l~n~t h t ••
th e sta te of rniJl(l of tli e perso ns adJ re~scJ; whil e t.l1111gs 1n·ll
]rnown arc r ecalled by brief allu sion. In WCJ rbng 11p th e fr<·lin!.!;$, a certain lcn r,rtl1 of t ime is r equ isite, 1Yh ich the ur~to r :u1d
p~·et k now h o w to ;1djn~t. Ag~in, in suiti1 1g the so11no t o t h~
!lCll Se, a p<)lysyllahic wort!, or :i kni:;t hrne<l chn~c, lll:t) he req uired . T hu s th e Jong ''"o rd Bl 11 1icndons hette r corrcspon •ls
wi t h a state of in tcntic a,:tu11 i,:hm ent than the m o nosyllable
- u The clouds . . . . l 1't all th Pi r moi:-;turc flo w,
Jn iill''' C CffllSiO ll, O'er the fi"f'S/lf'11 Nf W•)rld ."
Dy ron d P~c.:ri lJl':J '"'the lU1inc ca.;:ith:;; a~ •• a.ll ll.:ua.utk::;:-{, savi...: to tlie
11
n.;'!i11g w ind.

cr rz n-

GS

N UMBER OF WORDS.

TAUTOLOG l" .

vast ; . rn~,r;nificc11t is more powerful tl1an grand.
Th .
som 1dmg \l"uJ'(l amlm.~gr"lor suits a ,r"11ili I f
.
e 1ngh.
'
ft
.
.
. , '"
c1 i111• ~ t1on:try. wliilo
" 0 o .en cxprc:;s co ntempt [., .
.. .
.
'
fop, a sot, a thief, l1C1sli.
} a cwt app«lLi twn, a~ a fl irt, a
It is a .... eru.: ral rul e tlirit ,
f
J "'
an CX CC>.~ <Jf tl 1c ('<JflllCCti117 . is
o specc i -a!I pro1 1ou11s ;i11cl conju nctio ns ' f. l I . I !,, p.11
Yet cniphas is so rnet in ies l'l'l}ll irt!' tli . - ,en tl:c 'cs t ie style.
·
"
e1r 11111 t ip 1c·itwn .
·
t.l ie wortb of St l "rnl "F
I .
'
, as Ill
nor dcar.1 1, nor," '&c: '
or
am persuaded tlwt neither life,
So i u Milto u :"s
'>~' n:1.ton~ rctun 1, hut not to rnc returns
J ·•! . ur t ile ""'•'et a ppro~e/1 of "
Or sH t f
I
.
C\ n ur mom
() . it I"">.;. .o verna liloorn or sumnw r· t\ ro;-; t• '
' oe \.So r hcrJ;-;, or Luman fa ce divin e" •

f.

Gl. . The violat io11s of Brc\'it)-' a rc
tl
'I' n.uto,orry
1rce kincl ,,,
O
1
PcJ d •
tion.
. a ' . • un ancy, and Cin:urnlocu0

I . TA urnwoy mc:in s tltc repetition of t l
sense in Jifforcnt
10 same
' 1·on1" ; as wlicn Swift says, "In the
A t. tic eomm nrrn·ealtli it ,1··1s tl 10 . . ·z
.
rlr Id f
.
.· · '
«
pr rm, er;e and lnrtli:; , . o c' cry c1t1:;,'n a11tl poet to rail a1o . 1
J .
" "'
'
. .
.
'
J nrU1c
·
· ·
.1110 mc:m 1ncr i s tlic smnc ,
". .nu an u i
,.- .·1,
I'
.
'"'
"
.rn, 1t w as tl 1c
p.11 l llf:;C o, c,·cry e;1tizen to mil in pulilic."'
The following- Rcnte:l<'c from Tl! 0 t. .
.
"J>.' ·
' i. so,; c o ntain~ nnm <!r<J ll ~
. 1rt1cularh·
ns
to tl
.
fl'
·
·.
f
J
'
IC <l ,llJ S () tl 11.3 worl d i
q~nty iath many :ulvantn<rcs over al l tJ f' .
. :l
. ' .n' · ·
f d' ·
·
"
'
ic ine anr art1fic1·il
v.t} s o
isswmlat1on and deceit . it . .
l1 l
..
'
easier mn J n . -.
' is mu c t 1e ]>lamer and
world'; it
scl':''re wny of dcalin;; with tl1 c
·
· • • c iffirnlty o f CT/
l
p rrplcrity, of drm.1rr a11 J liawrd in it T' h ' '· 11ny ernent and
c11 n 111
·
l
·
·
c art.-< of deceit ·ind
n .1 l o CP 1:t 11 111ally rrro w . .. ]· ., , I
'
" " ' ll
,..,
" c ,1 ,er, •llll less fjfcctual . d
M rt rcta J e to t li ern tha t use th em "
,l!J
So in Addiso n :·
tau tok or ' ..
J,,.ics ·
t
. . J .

~1:'.s l~~s·1;~.1~r:'.:~'.1:.n:o11r1cl

The coupling of syuonym<J11S wunls an<l pl1 rascs is
admissib1e under the following circ11mstances : (1.) When one 'rnrd doc,; 11ot express the full t'Cnsc

intended.

O th er exce pt.io ns will appear in what tlillowo .
(·Jcr10 1·n 1rm1,C(
.. l

Throngb constantl _y aiming at a l.al:rnccd structure of senSpcakin~ of
tho style of Pryor, he say' : " If e l1a1l often infused into it
much knowledge and mu ch llwuglr.t; had often polished it i11l0
ele.1ance, .often diynijtd it ill to splendor, and ~omet i1!I CS J, ri;;h.tencd it to sublimil!J; an d cfol not d isco ver that it wan ted tlic
power of engaging attention and allu ring curiosity."
tence, ,Johnson sometimes apprc•acl1c' t.l 1is fault.

No two words arc exactly synonymous for ali purposes; one
bas a shade th at the ot.l1 cr wan t;;; :inrl it may t ake bo t h tu ~i Y c
the whol e meanin g. H ence we arc arcu stomcd to such plir:.tsl's
as" 'vays anJ nicans," '~ p:if-:.sing and trans itory," " su hjl'ct- inattcr." I n legal documents sy nonym1111s words are join Nl 1;,r tlic
sake of ex hausti,·c complct.c n c,; ~. \\'li en \ Vords"·orth eo11pks
"the visio n and th e facu!ty divin e:," lie in te nds that tlw t wo
p1rn1.ses, which arc nearly alike, ~h o u lrl nn fold betwee n tucm a
greater am o unt of meaning than eithl'r conveys.

(2.) :For the sake of putting g reater strcs>l on the
prominent. points of the exp osition .
Good exposition r ·qu ires tl1at the main sul,ject sJi . ,,i] ,J he
d isting ui shed from the 81il1onli11at1 : parl ~. T l1ifl is cff.. cfc'<l ,
among other way s, by dw el ling l on ~e r upo n it; and rq ... t.iti1.i1
by m eans of eq uivalent phrases may be occasionally r i:s.,rtl'd
t o. "Tl1e head a nd front of bis offending:" "the end an d de-

sign."

It is imp1i c<l in the fo rcf(oing principle that mmly
diffusen ess should be especially a\'oillcd in sn1ordillate

clauses and statemen ts.
I t is often better that a subo rd inat e clause ~l1011ld l• e fr' el>lc
or ol>sc 11rc, than tl 1at it ~l1onld l1e r:1i,;l:d out of its pl:1>:c l1y
amplificatio n.
Cil1hon, ~p":1b 11 g 11f tl1 u de ili cal iun o:' t l1r,
Homan Emperor,, s:1ys : " This !.-ga l, and, as it. should scc· 111 ,

70

inju<licio'.1s profanat.ion, so alihorrcnt to ou r ~!ri<'kr principles,
was rccc1vcd 11 !lit a ,·, ry fai1 1t murn1 ur by t!u1 easy na ture of
Polyth eism." 'l'l1i,; is l>ctlcr th:11 1, '' l1y l\.Jy th ci:rn1, which wa.s
0

of a natu re easy and acco111nwrlalin:;."

(3 .) In st rung pa,;,; ioll, wh en the lllin<l i;:; <l i;,poscLl to
<l,1·ell 11pon tl1c ol)j cd of tl 1c p:i:;sivn .
Cliath:rni's farn on~ add ress al1ot111d~ in tautolo~ i c· s referable
10 this prin r iplc. "I nm (I S/rm i shcd, I am sh oc>>rd , t o h ear
such p ri11 <: i pk~ crn~(esscrl ; to l1car the m u.11owed in tl1is l1ousc
a nJ iu tl1i>1 cou ntry." So, nulingl, rokc CXl' i a im ~ in an invccti\'C again ,.;t th e ti11ws : "J.:ut all is lillfr, a nd lull', and mean
among us."
Cicl'ro's cxultati.m o,·cr Cat ilinc'~ J iscomfi ture
w:L'l ~xprc ss c: <l .by the use of four wrb-; nea rly eq uiv alent 111
111 ean111g-" ..dbut, e.rccssit, e1·asit, er11pil."
Affedion :u1.l ad111irat ion lca,J to si 11 1i h r r<'petit ions.
It i-; de~irabl e to avoiJ suc h bntol ogit·s as the " first a ""g rcssor," t he " st andard pattern," the " ,:er<lant green," " ~on~e
fe w." S0, e x ecs~ of inflect.ion is olijcctional.ile ; as " cliicf<.:st,"
"ext remes!.," " wo rser," " most l1ighcst."

G2. If. J1 1·:11i:s D.1xcY, or I'lconasm, com; i,;t:; of aJJ it1on,; 1wt c,;;;e11t ial tu tltc sense.
.

As whl'11 '"111dl1i11!-!' ,nflicicntl y impli,··I in tlit: \rnrd~ aln·ad y 11scol i~ also> ~l' p:ir:ih ·l.r c xprcs;;cd . Tl1 • f.,ll<>winl.!:' is a n
c:drt.:111c i!lus! rati Pn : " Th ey rdnrncrl b"r!.: rJ r/ 11 in ( o t];,! same
city fru11 1 wh t• 1H;e tl11'y !':1111c f orth;" the fi,·~ words i 11 ital ics
a rc rl' d n11tla11t. "The diff, •rl' 11t Jcpn rt1 11 e11ts of ~l'i<· 11 c<: aut! of
ar t mu/11ul!y n•flc•('(. l i .~ l1t. on rocli. otli rr; " <' itl 1('r of tl 1e cxprcs~1011s 111 1tal1<:s c1 nbudi,·s tl1 ,• whnk icll':l.
A n· r r eo 11 11n on redtmcla1wy is exe:nplitlc<l in th e exprc~sion , '' tl tc i~niversal opinw n of all lllC11 ." I n t lic sclltc nce, " I wrote y•rn n letter
y1•stcrrl:"iy, " t he word.'l a. lcllrr rn :i.y loc 0111i l1l'd, Lr ing alreadv
i111p li1•il in " [ wrot e you ."
'
l \' hik Tan tnln~y ~ 1 dds a 'llP<Tf1 11 on~ \1· nr.J i11 the same gramrn:1tif'.:tl pl:we, l1cd1111da11 cy rPp1·at.• the mca11 ing in a <liiforeut
plat:c: •· I njoiccd at the :;far/ ,-i,;1 1t. ''

71

REDG :\DA.i."L:Y.

NlJMilER OF w01ms .

Campbell remarks t hat our hng nagc contai11s rn :my <'nm.-

pound words in whid i there is red un dancy: us,. uu t:l• u1.til, ~"lt­

samc, fvur-square, Jcvo"td, dc;;po1l, du;:urnul, oite11t 11t1es, 11u \\ a·
. Y" Jo wnf.tll
fu rtl1e
nn- orc t wlwrewilltal. Su 111 d i111es t•· 1·rni•
,
·
<l , L 1
llatio os are ad\led to \\' \n·Js wit huut a. c;pccifi c: hl l'< U 1 i 11 ~ : a",
mo untain, fountain , m eadow , Yali<-y , i,lan<l, climate; fur rn .. u11t ,
fuunt, &c. Al-(ai n, we fincl <lo uhle terminations of the ,.;un"
im port, as in ph ilosopl1icrd, tragirnl, pol i.lica l". Jn 111 :rn :• "" ' ·11
cases the cliffo rent wonh rrraJ ually ac<1u1rc <liffe rc11t "e n sc~~-,

'

b "

climate, clim e ; pol itie, political.

B.<..:Ju 111 h n('y i,; pcrmi>'sii1le, f._,r t11c

Rlln:r

c t111Y <·y:11wc'

of im portant meaning, fur cn1pl1asi:-1, aml in tl 1c langna;.::0
of pas::;ion a nd o f poetic cmuelfo;] imcnt.
In ~i 1·inµ: di rcc1 ionR an,l i n st rn c tio11~, it may 1,e riµ:ltt l <) :t l<l
0

an explic it s-t:itemcnt to wh at is al r<.! ad y iuiplicJ ; as ill 111 ilitary
dcspatchc~ aml o nlcial i nstructi o n~.
" \ Ye Ji,1,·e "cen \v ith ou r eyes,"" we l1a \" C hc·ar,l with 011r
ears," are n.: dundancies that gi,·e cm pl1 a,.; is tv t he acti .. n 1.:xprcsscd .

T l.ic epit lids and ampl ificat i• >ns of p0dry may atl 1l 11<•1 li i11L'.
t o tl 1c 1ncani ng , lmt tl 1cy fuHil th e end of t he art, \l"bi ch is t"

give plcasnrc.
h

The l,n.:c1.y c1lll uf i11t:t·nse-Lr1"all1i11 ::; mom. ,

):-; nn at' r~ 11 uutla ti u n of pi l·lnn·-.:.quc cireu 1n:--ta111..: c:; t11 \\ l1i··l 1 ti10

rn ll's or l·n· \ itv \\" totilo l 11ut. :lj'\'ly .
.Nc \' e rthcl ~"'• a~ tl10 lo:uli nl.'. of styk \\"itl 1 c·1, itlich h·: ul' t»
th e fau lt. called Tti r;.!itlity, it 1n11 ~t \, e kl' pl 1u 1clcr t li c rCo<tr i ·ti1)11s
lll:reafll' r st:itctl "i tli n ·ferea ee tu t li u cp 1ality of Ht re11hrt.lt i11
0

com posit.io n.

G3 . III. C m r n::.n.00UTTO:\" rnc :ms a. difi'u,;c rno<k of
exp rcs;;i,m, !'11 ch that tlic rc1 nccl y for it is, 11ot oin is,.: inn
of part~, lJut tl1c rc-e:i.;;ti nµ;
tl1c 11"1 1olc in tcr,.:c r l:rn-

ur

gnagc.
The fulJo ,..- in•' is an example- : " Pupc p rofcssc<l t <> li:i,·c
lc urn e<l hi~ poet r~· fr•111 1 D ryde 11, 111 1.. 111, wl 1e11e\"C: r all "l'l'"rtti-

72

NUi\fBF.R OF WOR DS.

ni ty wus pre~ c1 1 ted , h e praised throug h t he wl1olc period of J1is
e xi:;te nce wi th unrnr icd liberality ; a nd pr·rh a ps lr is character
rn:1y n:eci 1·c s< •mc ill ustration , i f a C•J11 q1ari ,«>11 l it ' i11 ~t it ut c<l be.
t wee n him · a11J tlic man wlr ose pup il lie wa~ ! " C o nden sed
t hus :-" l'ope professed himsel f t hl' pup il of l>rytl r n, wh o m li e
lo~t no opportu1Jity of p rni!- i11g- ; nnd l1i H ch aracter may be illuRt rateJ by a compar iso n with h is ma ste r."

A raraphrase, or Comm entary, wl1i eh p rofesses to
sorn cthi ng d ifllc ult or olJsc ure, is often a kind of
circm nlocution.
e xplai n

Tl 1e deY iccs of exposition will be fully sta te <l h ereafter.
\ Vh :1 t is called the paraphrase is u sually a d iffuse r\' nd(•ring of
the origi11 al. As applied to Scripture, Ca 111 pl1cll and \ Vh ately
Loth a ni madvert on t li c p racti..:e of exp andin g " c Ycry passage
h:irJ o r easy, n ·1nly to t he same d e7ree."
E xa mp les of t he d ilntion of a fo rciLlc o rig in al in a paraphr::i.se arc cited hy l\Iacanl a -r , from Pat rick :- " J11 th e Soiw
,., of
Solom on is an CX '} uisitcly bc:rnti ful verse.
'I ch ar g-e y ou, O
rl :iughtc rs of Jl'rnsak•m , if ye find my b el nved, th at ye tell him
t h at r am si ek of love.' Patri ck's ve rsio n J'llll S t hu s : ':::io I
t.urncJ myself to tlJ0sc of my n e i glili,Jr~ a1 1J famil iar acquuint:111 cc who we re a wakened hy my cries to co lll c and sec what
tl1e ma tte r waR ; an<l co11j11re<l th em, as t hey would an s wer it to
c; ,>d, t bat, if they m et with my b elo n ·d , tli cy would k t l1irn
know- '\\'hnt shall I say ?- \\ "k it sl1all I ck~ire y o11 to tell J1irn,
hut tli:1t I do lll>t enjoy rn ys c·lf now tlin t I w_a11t Iii,; company,
n or ca n be well t ill I recove r l1i s Joye acrain
1'"
0
The t erm paraphrastic h as com e to sig ni fy a style enfeebled
by ci rcnm locatio n.

CI RC UMLOCDTION.

!••

1
· ' t..11.es1
·1(I 1·wn, n anu . that
wl1ich
rrospcrous, one wou ll
( ' w 1t1wu
'
'
e lapsed from the d ea t h of D orn1tian to th e accessio n of Cu mmod us." The periphrasis h ere i,; ju , tili cd by the m omc ntou;i
uaturo of tho faet to be introduced.
Circumlocut io n m ay Le ernpl• >} l' <l witl1 p oetic cITcct, :.i.s 111

Milton:-

" J\ ' i nc ti111.r.~ tlw spaN'

t!wt m"Wflll'C-1'1 day a"£f 1;:i9 IU

with l1 is horri d l'rew
Lay vanqui"hcd rolling in the fi ery b'lll("
To r11or fo l mt'n , bt!

There is elegance in Cowl ey' s pc ri phr:1:;is--" set him ~elf up

above all that was ever called so11erei9n ·in EnglaruL"
The E uph e mism ofte n takes t h e fo rm of circum locut ion, a.~
in the fo llow in g-, com mended by Longinus : "The appoi nte d
journ ey," for death ; " Tl1e falle n arc liurue forth pul>lidy Ly
tho statc,"-that is, buried.

~

Prolixity expresses the ac cumulat io n of ci rcum stan ces a11 d
part ic rilars to tl1c extent of cnc11mhcc rin g t Ir e rn r.anin g-.
.There a rc kngth encJ fo rms 11sed for g-i1·i 11g e111pk1sis an<l
importance; a~, "H wo11 ld take a ~oo d d eal nf arg nm ent to
cn n\' incc m e of !lr:d ," i11 .o tC'ad of si m ply " I dr1u l1t that;" "If
one ?l'l:,.e called to Ji.r !h r P "rincl in the /,/story 1!f° !l1c 1corld d 11rin g
wJ,'.•;h tlic conditio n of tl1e 111111 1:<11 rac<: wa:i i11 r"t l1 appy an d

Ii:··,

C H A P TER II I.
.A.RRANGEMENT OF \\' OilDS .

(34. A s tl1e gramm at ical or<lcr of words is not always th e licst for effect, t l1i:-i onlcr is fre(p1c ntl _r departed from in poetry, and s01n etimcs in prose.
Grammatically, i11 En gli~ l1, t.li c R11Ljcct p rccc tl<· ~ lii c p redi cate; ;urd, in co nstrncti., 11s eonl:ti11i11g a tra11~i t iv c v,·rli, th1·
o rder is-s nhj C' r t~ verh, obj ect; but an altered order rn ~ty a dd
to th e force of th e ex press ion.
T h us th e predi cate may be placrd first, "Great is th ,~ mystery of ~n dli1H·Rs." "Ble.•sed is lie t h:lt cometh in th e nam e of
the L o rd." " S ilent t h ey lie." "The re <rppea red t o th em
Moses and Elias."
"Tl1C' ni~l1t-,.,· i n1l~ sigh , t1H· hrc·a kt:r~ rOfLr,
A nti Nliriek:; th e wi lJ ~t::H1 1t..•\\' . 11
" ~\Taf.,al

(fvol) is l1i:; n.1me, ancl full s

i~

wi tl1 h im.''

C am plicll oliscn-..:s tl 1at o ur translation of tlie 1 :i lik has

·1

i

~' '

•.

l

;

l'LA C F. OF Qll A L1 FY ING WORDS.

m issed the effect of t he originaJ in th e p a ~~ agc., "Ilabylon is
fa llen, is falle n, tl1at g reat city." J;y pl:l<'i11 g th e participle of
tl1c predicate first, t he fo rce is n.: store<l : '' Fallen, fal len, is
Bab ylo n, that g reat city."
The \·crbal w ot may be m a<lc t(J pn·r (; <le t he au xiliary iu
com pound te11 sc~ ; as, " 90 I mu, t," " d o it li e shall."
The o bject of tho ve rb is hroug ht forw:U"d to the place of
c m p has i ~ in t hc:sc c x:uu plcs : "Sil ccr a1 1d 9ohl h ave l 11oue."
' ' Surh hnn.fs o_f l1orritf tlun1d "r,
,1...;,, , .;,, ,l/ 1"01t1hi; of r(ur riny wi11 d a.1u f r ain , l l• t' \'Cr
H(·111 1.' ml 1t r to have hcard.n

" They <·nn l1l t:i ko 1l1l'i r rc~t., for tl1 «y ki1< •w I.o-r<l Stratfor<l
l /i1n tl"'Y fva n:d, l1in1 t li<:y trn ,t<:<l, J1irn tl1 uy ob eyed."

w a tc·h c~ I.

T he ad1·c rl>, "' he n unn~nall y empk1ti c, i~ c>c r:L,ion ally made
to p rc:cedc ; as, " Up g·oes my g rav o Impuden ce t o t he m aid."
Tiic JH;;;ati\'C a<l rl·rl• may t hus Le rnad l! c1npl1ati c.
" J\ Qt in the lc~ i 11 11 :-3
Of horri d l wll, can come a dt..:vil mo re darnn \l
J n i ll~ lo top Ma cl1cth. "

" 1Yot en·ry ono tl1: tt tini th un to me, Lor<l, Lord," &c.
T he pbcc irn 111 c<l iatc ly a fter a co11jnu ctio1 1, a<l\·crb, or ad\'crl> i:1i clau ~c , bc:g i1111ing a sentence, i:; emp!Jatic, a.s in Milto n:" .\ t l:uii /1;_,. so 1."l-l1rorc,[ ta1i."\

li e 1'p r1·mls fu r fli g-lil. "

11

l'owPn-1 and dom i n i on~ , d1•i l iP~ of l11 •n\· N1, .Afr-, tho' ju~t. r i ~ h t and th e lixt•d la wt: 1 ot' ln•a vt·n
lJ iJ tir:-it t.Tt'a lc yuu r leadcr,- 11

" A. n 1 011~ n1:iny T111l i on~ f.1101·0 ff :lH no k inµ- l ik e ~11lo 111 o n; ncvcrthdes~, C \ ' Cll him <l id 011tla11d i:;li wo111e11 cauo<t: to ~ i 11. "

T hirdly, tl 1c ph re nite r a call to altc nt i1H1; as, " Behold,
uow is t he acc1·ptc- d t i11 H'."
1n t l1c fu l!owi11.t! rx:rn1plC', tlie in verted :lJT:lll;!emen t h as to
l. 1,; ai 1kJ hy a pk o 11a ~11 1: " Yo ur fath ers, where: arc they 'I and
t 111 · j •l"P j .J w b, <.] ,) tl H' y !i n ' f11 r ever ?"
T he f» regn i11g- ar e ( '"m p he ll's cl1i,•f i lln~tra t ion s oftlie change
of orJl' r fo r d l(:d . \ \·c li:ivc 'ti ll to sc:e tli c reasons.

G5 . Th ere arc certain princi11l e"1 of arrangement tlrnt
enable us m o r e r ead ily t o apprcl1 e nd t l1 c rnc:rning of a
complex statement:'"
Tho :first is tlrnt q11 alifyi11g ' rnnls f'ho n ld J>rcecdc t11c
ohj eet t liat they r111 alil)' ; as, a Mack l wrnc, a dl·c it/(·r?ly
fi.worahl e nm;wer.
T l1 is p rin .. iplc is oth crwi 'e ex p rc~sc d tlms : " No co n•'l"<'I<'
imag e sh o uld he rn ggestcd u ntil tli e m atcrial H for it lmvc l.J(' f' n
presc 11tcd." Th e reas on is, t hat if t1e na111c of t h e concret e:
thin o- is gi ven fi rst, "h or; c," fo r exampl e, tlie image for ml'd liy
"" ~
the mind is likely to be wrong; pr ol1aLly a Lay hon,c, as th e
most co mm on, j, p ietureJ. l ll· ncc, wl1t11 the word " Ll a1·k" 1s
added, the mental image m ust be ll nmade ; t he l1iiy t:L·lor has
to Le su pp ressed and th e l1lal'k inserted, 11 11k ~s we h: l\ C h1·cn
ac cust o rne<l t o ~11sn c nd tl ic net of eo nc1.: ivii 1g until all tlic expected q11alilkatio;1s arc k nown . I t i-,, t he rcf ,re, . Ll'ttt:r tl iat
th e \\' Ord bfack , Ji utild pr.-· pa1\; t l1c way fur th e m e nti on of l/IJ r .<r .
The E ngli,h ni<ap:e o f p la e in ~ th e adjective b efo re the 1101111 is
tlrns justili ed oll pr i n·~ i p l c. S o wi th t he a<l\'crb a nd the. verl •-,
A s the p rc:tl icate of a p rn po ~ i t i <•n modifi (;S t he sub.Jcrt, like
an >Hlj<)Ctive imm ed iately qu rdif)·ing it., th er e is a g nrnn d fo r
n1al;i ng tli e predi cate precede tli c subject. The m r· n t icm of
" ~ r ent. , ~l I< rn l <l precede "t.lic rn y,t cry of godli ness," a~ it ~s
u nJc r th e cond it ion implied in " g reat" tl1a t tl1e m ys tny 1~
nw:rnt t» 1>e i1n:ig i11 cd . Th e fnlluwi ng ,·r. r,.;e fr om C(ll eridge"R
" 1\ rwi ent J\fari11 c~ 1 ·• alth o nc:;h ell ipt ical i n it~ ~tructurc , ill 118trates tli c g eneral principle :1

" .A !onr, nlonr, rd! o!l alonr,
.A lo1~e OJt, u. 111h/ r; u·i1lt' sNL I
A nu 1w1·cr a ' "i 11 t took !Jily on

My sou l in agony."

\Yh r. n the pred icate vcrli is ac co mpar1 iccl J,y some lim it or
qu alifi cati on as it s C<>1 11plc1111·11t, tli c li111i ti11 g circurn ,.; ta nces
oug ht to cnm c fi r, t. Tli c 1•r i11 rity of tlil! n :rl, , :ts \1·ell as uf
• Tak en from
( E,;say:!, p. 2 ~ 8).

Herbert Spencer·, E' '"'Y ou t.l1 c l'hi lo:«>11li y ,,('

~rylc

:.~

,__
AlmANGE~!ENT

OF w orm s .

tl1 e complc11w11t, i~ i llu~tratc d in tl 1e 0peni11 g of K eats's "Ilyperion" : " Dt>rp i11 tlo' :::ll(uly .v1rl11Ps.~ u_( a i·alr,
.lf'ar .~u..11/.·~' nftv111 tlu• lu·allli11 l11·t,1fh

of m o1· ,,
J•'arfrom l/t c./iery 11cwn a 11~l t>l'r'14 ')"~' ,'t,' or, '
Sat gray.Iin irt:d ~a turn, quiet as u 8 l0 11 C.,,

A condit io11 al clause prC'ccdeB th e ma in clause, from the
same co11sid c•rat.io11. 1f tli e m[li11 clause stand~ first, th e h earer
conceives it unco11dit ionally, ;rnrl th en l1as to rc-sliape J. i ~ co11eeptio11 . And g1'n vrally, ~ nl,o rdinate elan~cs arc prop0rly made
to C• >lll C before th e ir pri11 cipal. Containing, as tin.: ~ul>.1nl i natc
propnRit ion docs, so rn e •1nal ify i11i:; or CXJ>lanato ry iJ ·a, its priority pre1«:nts rni sc r111 cPpti o11 of the p rincipal one, and therefore
s:in's the 11 1e11tal effort 11 ec<kc1 to correct snd1 misco ncept ion.
The fo llo wing is an examp le of t he co nditional clau'e phccd
first: " lVcre the lw 1wr given to wcu{th a71.d lo ti tle beslowl'd excbtsivrly on liigh acllicvcmenls and intrinsic worth, how immense
wo11l <l 1c tltc stimulus t o p rog ress! "
In the next cxampk, t wo ~ 11bo rdi natc stat cmc11ts arc g tH ' n
rn atlrnncc, and the principal comes l1L~t.
, "Th~ ' ''<'rPey Otl <'C rnnin t:.1 in e<l in n·:<pcrt to t l1e pn rli:11ne nt nry
u.-li:1 tc~ •.1s ' til l t.1 101'.l!lit ll<'C<lt1 1l m <lq1!01 11 1H".Y ; nnd, in virt.ne of tl1i 8
'"~-rd dq>ln1na<'. y, L11gland ~1 1;1y m1.v d:1y be u 11 11w11re~ betrayed l1y
lh ln1111 . .; fi..:r-.; in t o :t war ro:-:tu 1g :t liuiuln..' d t hnu ~a ud Jivl':-t a 11 d liundrl'cls o f 111ill i1111' of t.r c·a, ure; yd tli u E11gli:<l1 1•iq11c· tlwa'us<.:IH:~ 011
Ul'll l 0 a Sc ll-gU YCrII CU jhJOjll C ! "

. GG . i\.. sec1.>lll1 princiJ>l e is, t1 1:tt !.li e \\·or<li-; and cxpres,; 1n11s i110:-;t 11early related in tlauu gl1t sl1011hl be plaec<l
(:loscst. togc!..l1e1:- Tliis corn;i(ler:d·ion i 11 ay prevent the
J,,rt'gorng-1 •rn1 e1p lc frum hci ng ca rr ied 011t tu tl ic full.

1··

:I .

, r ;:
f

Th·~ ln 11g .. r tl1 c: t i111 e tliat (·La pse;; h<"t11·et·n th e n1l' t1ti on of tl 1e
rl' 1:1 l i(~· i11g chu'c ancl th at wliic!i it r111alifil's, t he lo11g<" r m11st
t l1c rn 111d Le l>urdcne1 l with unemployed ideas ; a nd the: 1urclen
is ir><Tcas1·d :1('tr>rJing- to t1 1c m1111 l1er ,,f quali(ri 11 g clal!Sl's.
Ji e11 cf', otl 11· r r 1111sid erntiuns lwi ng NJn al, p rl'f1·r1:11 c" is tu be
g1,·t·11 tu till' ;irra11;;c1n ('11 t tl1at c1itails tl 1l' fi·w1 ·'t a 11 d t li e
,1 11)rt1·,.;t 'll'[ '' '""i1111s. Tl1c follo "· i 11~ ir "t a11cu "i ll illu~lrati.:
wha t is J11 C:t 11 t : -

ARRANGEMENT OF QUALIFYING CLA CSES .

''

"A modern n e w ~pape r-st.:ttemcnt , though prnb: tl• ly true,
would lie laughed at~ if qu otvd i11 a h ook a' (,·,-ti111•111 y; hit
the letter of a court gos,ip is thought good hi ~t.uri cal ,.,·j,Jc,1we,
if wri tten some cc11t11rie' ago." Jl c re t L1 c closely n: l:dr ·d cl:iu,es,
"n modern new$paper-statc 111c11t," and " if cpwtcJ i11 :l l•oc•k a:i
t estimony," arc t oo far apart. Th en, aga in, if l1·Jt l1 1lie ']t1:ilifying clauses to ":i 11 ewspaper-state wc 11 t" (" tl1uu gl 1 p1-.i1:al•ly
true," and "if q11 ok d in a book as testimony"), were i• .> prl'ccJ c, tl1e Sll 'JH.: n ~i u n would lie more t1 1an we arc acc1 1,.;to11H•,)
to. In snch a case, the l,est arr:u1gcmcnt is to pl:i cc tl1c ~u l•­
jcct between the two <1ualifyi11g mc111l>l' r:', t lius liri11gi111-( it clo.' c
to both. " Thou:;h l'rubably true, a m udc rn new:'pa pc r-;;Lltem cnt , quoted in a book as lc:;ti111ony, W(J ulJ be langlll'cl at.; l11 1t
the Jetter of a cnmt g-)ss ip, if written Rome cen turi es a:,;n, i ~
t h ough t gooJ histori cal cYidcnce."
T o give an oth er exam pk " \\rc came to om journey's cn.J ,
at last, " ·iLh n o sm:1l\ difli cul ty, aftl· r mu ch fatig1H', tlirouµ:h
deep ro;<d;;, an1l u:id weath er. " Tliis sente nce Yi ol ates t lw
prin ciple j n;;t Jail! do1n1, th e 'lllalifi cali ons u eiug all pbr .·d
after tl1 e statem ent 'lu:il iil erl. O n tl 1e othl'r l1a11 d, tlic ;;t rict
carryi11g out nf th:at principle "·01ald cau se t oo m:rny su"pcnsions : ".At la~t, wit.Ii no small ditllc,'Ulty, after mnd1 f:tt igur,
tl 1rough d1·cp roa11s, and bad weathe r, 11·c cam e to our jf>11rrH"y' s
end." Hy arrang i11!! the qH alify in g cbu;;cs on the j• l:i 11 .. f hc-gi nn i11 r• wi th th e lllO:'t aJ.straet, a111l l•v carryi ng l.:..-l;\\·;1ril tltc
~crh a~<l it~ ~nl1j ('~t we ca11u!, ~o a~ to .cnelo~e thl•m in t!i c middl e of the qu alifyin g clanscs, and th ereby shorten t l1 c suspenRio ns, we g-c·t th e J, cst a rrang-crn ent, a.~ follows: "A t last, with
no fitnal! d ifli culty, nnd aft.er mu ch fatigu e, we crrmc, tl mlugla
deep ro ar!~, anJ bad weather, to our j ourney's end ! "
Jn the con,ideration of th e Sente nce, th ere will be a farth er
refe rence to the pri nciples of arran ge ment.

7S

Q UALITIES OF 13TYLE.

SIMPLICITY OF TERMS.

7U

SJ:\l.PLf CTTY.

CTI.APTER IV.
TIJE Q l 1ALl1'1E S OP STYLE.

G7. Under tl 1c crrcat nu·=et . f <l
. .
ployed to denote tl1~ m eri t', • )l ol CHc n11t.11' c words em-·
8
1.
Juay c1;;cer11
a few J cn.1 1· 11 ~ an.t . t . w dcincnt
· ~ Of' sty Ie, we
-•u 0 q11a11tic;;.

In

.. .J
.
.. I
en s.i1 rc.-rardm,.,. ti p·
1 a11 d tlw 1\"u l
.~·
"' ic ·' 1•'llrcs of
•.
.'
Ill •er a111 1 tl1e Arra1 w
•
. ;~
pl,111at1u11 s l1 ·n·c Lr ·n r . . I cl •
,.,cnierit of \\ onb cxe •111111., ic- of m·m,· ·I
. .
' .
'
A <:omp1 ..,i:ion aLvunu·
.
. J c i;11·actcnst1cs of style.
I ii <l il\' O il( ! (>f tl1 c (j
<l csc n·1Jed by an Cj)itli ct Jn~
d , .·1... cl ".. .
ig11rc8 would be
. •
.
Cll ' fr uni t li e n
, f I
.
.is, i\fl'tarlwncal Anni , ... I
, .
amc o t iat fi i:;urc.
T .
'
.1 i1.t1 c.. 1, Lpwr·1mm· 1t'
II
'
l'Olll Cal, SarcaKtic Fili r
I
A
~ ' • ' IC, . ypcrhvlical
' ' l' ica · n prnf11s1)1 11 f fi
'
g1ia;.;-c g cn cr;illy wonld r ·c ,·
ti
'.
? 1:..;uratirc
hnl UVe
IC d(•QJotf] •1( 1
TY
J''l <>Wery Onntc fo . ·
· I
· "' ' v 11 ~-1' '''ll rativc
' .'
• ' i.1g inat11·e, . Jl 11,trati1·c. t 0 ·I . I . "'
'
t )10 J la111 l >rv p cl 1 1.1
'
\\ ll <.: l arc opposed
.
'
n
,,t<.
ic numhcrof . ·d
i11 111L'.•, ' '" tl1c on e l1 ·1nrl t i J)·f·I.
1101 s cinplvycd deter.
l
' ' ic '-' 1 use or• Ver!
of )i<\r, 111c 'rl'r:-:c or (\ i . ~
• Jo~c, anl ' on
the
. 1· 'I
ncisP. '"'' rtcc"rr!111..,- t 1 ti
" ' ic ll'"rd .~ \\'c \\ '01 Id 1· t.
.
.~ > t C arra11,,.cmc11t
I .
I
' b 111i.:-111,Ji the X·1t11 .. I
n .,.,
r ic l1'. 1·1·rtvd_ o r lrm ,il·l'<i 'ty !~.
, r,1 vr 'v 11·111g frolll
\ \ l t), r<-f e r Clll 'C ( J 'l'
.
'
i rnc1 ;1n or rn c
·
J
'Jllaliti cs-:-5i1n11li c ity ·1 . .1 ( 'I '
a11 J1 1g, t icrc arc two clii cf
' nu - carncss.
J\s r cw1rds FEE !
·
a n i111r1ort ·mt
• . ,,... . ' .!No, t) ierc IH
\\' J::10 is dcsicnrntcd l
tl
. contra~t Let wccn
Ji111A
d "'1 '
'Y ic 1.. crms Strcn"t/1 E uerrrJ· ti· S b
,,-an.
tic ou·1l'
t· • d
.
"'
' i11 ,., > ' ic 'u
, ' l ics
cno1mnated Fccl
.
Ri;anty (rn a narrow sc • ) .
g, 1 at.l.1os, an d
.·, ·
f
n. C' , a contrast. a11sweri
t I
s1L1011 o t11c A <:t i1·c and I'· .· . .
.
ng .o t ic opp<>"
•
.ts'" c sides of 0
t
' 11·0 tlassL·s of dfrc;ts we Ill ·t 11. I .
nr na 11rc. To these
l
I
'
11, .1 c r t ic pcculr· .
I' .
'Y t. 1c Lnrli r rn 11 s, Hn mnr aud \\''t
·
ai qu a 1t1 es d enoted
Jt is lll'<' L'SS·u· . f
.I •
. . . , .\' i1rtlil'r, to •·<>ns idl'r tl1<' ]\f ·I )
, l 01 y <•l l:i 11 .-,. 1111 .,"
a11d :dso .Exim ·ssii·c n , .. , 1 .
. ,
l~ ;-; ,
iat I" tl1 e R ·1·
1· I
:--. .-. .,
~(·n ·" ''.'
, Ill .111g· o t ic so 1111J t.o tl1c
~

\\']ia t l1as alrcacl.}' lie ,

• il (' ( ' <"

c

l

Fi11ally, a fe w vGs<?n·ati o11s arc
ll tl'de<l on tlic 111 eanrng.~
·
T,.1., .1.-..
"~
0f

GS. Simpl icity i;; tl1e quality of bei ng easily nrnlcrtood. It is opposed, 1wt so 11111cl1 t.o tl 1c co11111lcx, as to
tbe abstrnse.
The possiuility of being simple nrnst <lepcrHl , in tli c first i11st.ancc, on the subject as compareJ with tlic capa<.:i ty of the
porsons addrcssctl. But apart frvlll this, there m e cNta.iu gc11 crnl peculiarities that render style more or less inteiligilile.

ufJ. Simplicity may apply to tl1e Term s, or to the
Structure.
T erms arc s i111 pl e, as OJ'['Oscil to :tlJ:-;trn se arnl nnintclligible, on various gronrnls.
(1.) They may represc11t common :1.nJ. i':imili:tr objects ancl actions, in ste:t<l of sud1 at> arc rare and r cmute.
In the senten ce, "He tl1a.t doetl1 tliese sayin~s ill iike t.•J
a man that huildcth hi~ b ou:-;e upon a rod-:," cYery one
of tl1e terms lias tl1c simpli<;ity licloll g ing to things co111mon and farniliar.
Our nati ,•c Saxon t crllls, an1.I t11 uBc fnre ign term ~ t.11at l1n1·c
come in to u;~c among people generally, arc the most i11kllig iblc
of al l. Onr L:ttin d erivativ es arc le5s understood 11y tli c u ncdllcated. The plir;L~cn lo gy of scit·ncc a11d of special art ~ an<l profl',,...
s io ns, as Law, MeLli<.:in e, l'laviµ:alim1, &c., is i11k ll igil·le v11ly to
such as arc ac11ua i1J k <l with th e whjvcts co1JcerneJ. Many
terms bel o ng to scholarly erudition, and me 111 0rc o r lc"s un known to the rna.~s of men ; fvr cxnmple, all11 ,; ions to ancient
myth ology, and to the c u sto m~ o f r em ote nati ons.
\ Nh cn a suJ.jcct can h e treated in f:imiliar hn gu a~e, it i~
p1· c -emin c nt~y

popnlar an<l int.e lligil,lc. A m:in of great g-Pni ns
('<)llt.ri,·c to cxprr-s,; l1im sL,lf, e,·c n on a diflicult
sn bjcct, i11 popular phraseolo;.::y; hut tl1is power mu st soon find
itH limit.
Jolrnsn11 ' s n ·111:irks 011 S wift are i11 point l1l'r1' : "The
pr.rn sc r of Swift wa nts li ttle previuns k11owledg c ; it will l.c
sufficient tl1at h e is ac11uaiuted willi eo1 111u o n wor J:; aid cu1u·
will

~omdimr~

80

SIMPLI CITY OF W ORDS .

Qll ALITIES OF STYLE.

mon. tlii11
rrs ·' he lias 11e1t
· Iir r t o mount (;]r·,··11 ion . ,.,.
t
prolu11 d 1 tic~,"
&c.
·
s n• 1r o cxploro

(2.) Tl1e tC'rrns n.re simple when tit ... ·l·
.
lJ ll ,d e tc1 tl111ws
tlw.t ·t · · l ·
• J e i1 1
t
ieu·
llatu
rc
1)al1)able
n.
l
..
··
1
.
.
.
"
1
.
' IH c . ~ 1 } l'<J11 ce1val.Jlc.
RCll~c;<
-

._ 11at11r · -ti . ti·
··ire of t I118
c
t-i st c S
.i c. trnrrs
o
tions nn<l c11cruies- l
·; . ,. '. o ;ire ou r familiar cmo1
0
"
·
1 1• c, •car will dc:sirc & .
1 •
wo r!J contuins bc-si<lL·" th . b . '
. ' ·· ' c. v ut tbo
'
.
,
cse " nous tl11n '•
su utlc an<l iml · l bl
·
g . ' 11 g-rcat n u111l1cr of
f'cn~es ca n di$C<:·~.~~\1 ocr ~j[iCl'.ts, l'. iclJ~ n fo ri.:es, th at neither tltc
' ic 11nag 111atw 11 reali1.c 8·1 ti . t l ·1
ic sun ti . t·
1
.
•
'
1, l , w no
11
' ic s a rs, t .ic mou 11 ta1 11s ri n:r• fi ·l J, I .
l
wat.l· r, fire, are ~i111 ,].> - r• •
1'
. ' c '.. '. ious .. s, >read,
.. .. l .
. .l ' ,.Ji.' m o c-r.11l c, C' lect n c1t i· la ten t J •. t
' it.1 Jorcl',
.. ·1at 1nn of iJe:is frec- w·11 . . .
.'
ll,a'
scnrc. Tl .. , l· . l. .
'
J '.u c rni p :ilrial•lc a11d ob.
.
•< sC · •~t L I\ c to lie n11cl crstuo1l Ii, ~ . .-. I .
.
l ' hy , 1es, Chemist ry, f'itysi<1lo rq· tlic l!u11nn 111·II" c1. 1 stu dy Ill
the scil'BCCH the N'·, .. II . ..
·
t ' &c.
A111urw
'
,1 ,111,1 1 1~t<1ry rrronp-Z· )f) lO
• ' >
"
owe th e ir r-r"t
]· ·
'"' .
. .''
.f!:.i,J,ot:rny,&c.,... «I popu .mty alld rntcllw1uilit v to tl '
l . 'I
c ·w1ctcr of tl · 1 ·
"'
J
1e pa J'ilu c
b' ·
\ Ctr o •Jccts.
It is remarked that th e ancient j)Octo·' took tl ie .1r .1m:t" ' S f
r T
.arrn iar soun;es to a
J er•rce tl1·rn tl .
<l
. ,...L· . ro111
i11 g tlic uat ural
of,...tl1c··1r pnon
•. . ty.
ic mo c.rn s ; this b e.
Tlic OUJl'Cls of our

~me JI
,'. C' l . t'

t l 1at w o see ' he·ll"
• ' tou "·l '

as~c

~.'

\i·

~rcatcr
consc·~111cncc

.t _ (~ . ) Tl1 0 m.nre gcncr:ll :i. notion i>', the in orc difficnlt
l h fo C011CCL\'e
.
t Clll1
. S CXJll'CS:' .lll" gc·nenlit ies
.
)· j 1C'l 1te
n.nr
a
1,.;tr
rtct1ons
n.r
,
t
·
"
.
1·
.. ll l
c no so s1 rnp'I c as the na111c:;
t1f· in d·' JL ii,tls or concrete tl 11' nrr
h:"I.
l

c

.

• '

,

It. i!{ easy
; ·c a we ll .k·nown m on11t ai11 riYCr t '
. to . cone c11
stcam-c ngmc . o r . . ]' . 1 1 1111
. 11
'
' rec,
Nothinrr j
".., . '
an rnc i nt. ua "
:11, man, or soc ietv.
o s rcqtlll cd !mt t.o n·11H:ml1c r tli\' i11 Ji 1·i I · I I .
J
aet.ly aH we Ji ·iy b ,
·
uu •.1 o •jccts exLJ 11 t I
, c cc11 acc nsto 1111:d to ul o,;en ·e llit·rn
a w ]1ole class li :is to he Yi ·w l
. c l.1·, a>< n1on11la
· i11
· H riv
w wn
tret'• i
1
c r. n1 11 cet1r
prn

,

ll <)l!S(,

.'
lll Cu t

tl

n g<· 11 cra' w e 11a,·c t o 1n·i11• r to 11 11·111ur. .
'
. .'
·
.. ·
"'
.\ .it tli c salll c mo1· ' (Ir ·nt I1..· ' "·t' •.1 <'' 11 "1<. Il' ra blc po rtion 0 f
· 1 "' 111 '' 1ua'

·ill tlie

'

10i11L~ J "f''·
.,
\
fartl1\'r ·
·
1concc11
·c a qualit.v in tl

icrn, attc 111!1n g t o tl 1cir r., 111 mon

of

1

iaC'ncc.

"

~··e.' .' 11.l",. . .rn
.
d

IH'_"'lcd 111~
.

th eir

'k ]' rn t Iic sa. me <1·1rect .w11. iH to
ic aus
c11tircly separated from
1 1nul , M

:3 l

tho other qnnlitics accomp:rn yini:r it in rPal thin~s; as, ](• ngth,
utcnsion, wcig11t, flnidity, clasti cit.;·, ;1tt ra.cti o 11, i11 tcll ig<·11t''\
i.l'()(>dncs~, t crnpe ra11 ec. The mint! rnn ,;t :;till nrn on~r tl1 <' p;irticuh1r objects posse. sing tl ic qn:d ity, st • as t,) allinn 1wthi11g .,f
the nbstract i1ka that is not true of all t he con crd i: i11 ,t:u1r .. s
of it. Now it is a work of la\1or to re<' all tli c n ecessary exam·
pies ; nnd a spcal'er or writer shou lJ u:;c sm:h la11 ~11 agr a.~ t"
suggest these readily to th e Jlliml. llcn<"C th e ath-:111tag<' of
t he figures that snli~titntc the spec ial, i11 d i,·i1lual, an1l con c rete,
for the p;cncral and austr:1ct (~ :n ). l t is possi\,}(.! t n ex pres~ a
({encral trnt11 in terms that shall lie thenisdvcs hi gli ly connc\I'.
Compare t he t wo fullowin:.; 111(1<ll's of e xpressing the "ame pri11cip\o of 111unan n:1tnre. "ln p r oport io n :~ th e m:w m·r:<, c\istoms, and amusemen ts of ;i nati •rn arc crnc\ an1l \Jar\iarun •, t.!11:
rcgnlation of the ir penal co(ks wi ll lie sc1·crc." "/\c c Pr•\i1 1;.; as
m en del ight i11 bat.tie~, lon\l-liµ:l1ts, nnrl c1111.l •:1h "f ~la·iiat«r,;, "'
will they puHish by k111µ:i11µ:. \1ur11i11g, and criwify int;."
S uch t cr111s a.~ pn.in, f1 ·tliw1 , :1rn l1·ss c1111 cei,-.tl,k n11<1 \,. ,~
fo rcible t11an ache , p r11111·:;. (; 11fl'1' is n ·ry !!"11cral, circle i,; J..-;~
so, wheel :ipp roachc:< the p:lrl.11·ul:ir; -' trn, full mo1Jn, arc in .li -

vidna1 , an d tlic m•'st i11 telli.t;il1l c of all.
T he Rtyle (If J: isbop i;utle r is rc1 1t!NcJ diffi <.: ult \,y 1!1c <'Xccs.<iivc emp\,,yment of general nn<l al,;.;t ract tcr111s, nnn· liend
by such as arc spcr·itic an1 l c<>nert'\<'. Th e f,,\lowinµ: s<·t1lc11t :1·s
will g iv e a n i<lca of wh at is 1rn:ant :-" :irl/love :111<l i1t frrcs/ ('( /ness was st:itcrl to com•ist. in, or lw, :rn 11.ff1·r.lion \.t1 oun,cln·:<, a
rega rd l o onr o wn p rirnte fJO"'' · l ~nl t li :il /Ja11•!'0fr1ia j,; rl i,,
ti nct from, t h at is, not the sa1 11 e tli i"µ: with self-lr1vc, i,; 1w rr·:"•'ll
fur it:; b ring \• )Ok"•\ npon with a ny 1•<~1·u liar ~uspi .. io11, lw•· :111""
evrry 71riwi1ilc what<· n ·r, l·y ml':u1s r,f which sclf-lv1·c 1 ~ :.;rati·
fi eJ, is

1l i~ti11 ct

frvlll it," &c. (S e n n 11n xi.)

7 0. T11c Al1,; trn('t l\u ttn j,; t.1tc ft1rm tlrnt cn. rri l'!' a11,;t r:i.c:t na111in~ farthe st; a:<, in nt ion, whi tc nc>'s, eu111r,

]\ vuns denotin g; " ·holu ela,;sL',;
of vl 1j ect,;:, A<ljccti \'Ci', Y crbs, a11<l. A<l verb;;, t!.'ntl rather

vi rtne, c .. 111prchcnsio11.

to s u ggest tl 1c concrete.

QL.ALrrn::;;

or

AHSTRA.CT TERMS NOT SThffLT<'..

A Class Nnnn, as river trc" cit. I
:dth on-vlt rc-•111iri11cr " ·1 , I , ,!
~' c cno 1"S conc' r ete object_,,
'"'
.
~ " \ \ IP l' C '\<,; t o b 1 ]
wltieli cl : ~~ the ·in<l <·I • ·t
' ··
e . a 'C''.l rnt o account,
.,l cL. s one or two lfl Ji. I 1
111
Sl' llt .
An Ar . . . ...
.
.
l \ l ( na ~ to rcprc.
LJLd l H, -a~, lar·-' L' ".,.,. fn 'tf I
.J1~llOtin rr a wJt1)lc ch ·s ·] .
J_' ·: ll ll ,-~iipposcs a name
er · ' . .". ' "
. '· -, ".li t:' it 1111 1ts :llld r(' 11dcrs more c .
· cit:' .1s ,1 laro-c
. 'ti'11 l 11cll" Tl
on
::-. 1111110·· (• ' ' "" " t"1n1
l .
tl 1e rn cnti L•n of a sul ·J·, ,
I .
l •
IC · er >requi res
·
'"c 1, an. 1 l'I'\" olle n an oli · , ·t . l · . . "
comprcl1encls tlie rneanirw ., ,·J . ··l . .
JCC . .i Ml'
he
.
.
,..,, ' 111 i is m ore co rll'retc , I
g-cstivc t11a11 t11L:
rar t i1 011n " c
l
. . . . .rnt sugi11 t I ii~ rP":ml. rc~c1nbl •s tl . i · o~1prc 1c11 s1n11., The AJv erb,

1

r .'

~

v

.1~,

ali~t

'"'
c. JC ,1" JCCtl 1·c
"TlJn 1l1l' fo>llnwi 11 ,~ St•111C'11 cr ' . ,·1li~t1·"~t
. "' no1ms ·ire <' 1 d
i ( · ·1111dcrsla11di11r; uf tlii. lrutl
"II
l . '
mp oyc :
of hurn:rn 111isff!J' ;,rom 11~ .
' \\1 prcc 1111'- that .~rc•at so urce
' ,..,

l•

"~" c.rpl'clo / l(JJ1$ ''

T

l

11om1s i1 1t<) vc rlr..; aiHl ad·<.: ·i'.. l
·
<) C\111\'crt tiese
cl1:11wl'd tli11' . " . . J c I\'(~, tic scnkncu w1>11J. l h:we to be
·] , .~
s · ft \\ e cleariy urulcrs/rm.d t liat t j · . · I .
s 1ail be sn,·cd from wb·1t
oft'e ll mak·cs u• mi<i•
. raMr•1~ I~ iue,
<
l we
prcling
wh:1t
i~
nTorn1Lll"'',,
J
tl
"
··
f.
• •
. ' wm 1c y, ex1
.
,_.
' '"
ll
I Is <)!'Il l ti C
l
.
rcaJily com·p,· . ' t' .·l
• - '
, ll ca ts more
.
• ' "
n.l n 11 icn ('xprc~<l'd ·1 ~ ·d >o1·
I
SI Oll of ah,;tr:td 110\IW•.
' ' .. .
c, 'Y a succcs-

It will rf'·t\lil)·
he sr
. cn. 1-rmn tic
.
1 :1l>o1·c ·111J o th ·1· . ·t
.
·
• 111..; .ancc•
.
, ,1 c C' •>llljll'llS:tl 111•:; :t1h:1 nt :1•rcs
f .· . l
, ..,
1101111. Jn tl1 c fir·-·t 1 I
~t
.
f ~ . o 11>111g t IC abstract
.
. .
.. ·'. , ,we, l i;-; o ll'n iaorc t •111 t i s0 , 1. } . ·l
. . _.11 \ . .is an ol •j•·ct
\ilks 1t to ]'l'l'i••n·ll•:c \rli Pn 1,I<'
.
· 1- . ' • 11cb1 CH·
1.
Ba te claus"" " ·] i ·l
·
. · • ~' 111 R11 <.rn 11r

l

l'lt :ire· , 1
,

. - · 1

i•ri11cil':il clause.

I<

I

!i<>l

lllli >'l

]11· th •i•
•

L'

j

jj

j

«ng 1 un:rw 1el111 the

1u 1l1c ne .xt 11hc
· ·t
' .L'
I a II o1rs :t 1 1 a~s .11·c n.nd irn
Ir
·d \ ·! - ·] . '1
p<·l'Sl\ !llL 11) 1'1ll to
t
, c ' \ J IC l l S (), l'll (' <1n n•nient. . "1JTn l t'~" care lJe taken"

'

l •C l'llJ'lln1·

71. A :-;cries uf ab,.;t ract terms j,; difli,:1ilt. to fvlluw ..
Ea('li "(·parat e •·1h•tr·v·ti
· rr q 11 ·1 r c ~ a ref(' r»i 1 . 0 t
•
<
on
.
1
111 the enncT•'lt" ' '.11 1d 11"c c..m11ot~
..
. o11t J:-iJ.,, r ' . ··I·o cx:unp
w11h
l·
. cs
t' ll ce as rapid Ir . ~ ·ih ·tr· ·t _ l
' m,1,c t llS rckr" • , ' '
'"
\ I on s e:111 lie nt.tc red.

1

. of tl1c furC'~n in g prineiplo is modif • l'N)~- ]Tl~ e 0pc't_"ati~n
t<..:•

llTll Cl

<:erta 1n <..: I['('.llli1st;uwl',;.

~1.) -\Vl1 en the ah strnct.ion8 a rc Bim le and " ~ . .
. ~
motwn, warmth, strenr•1h ti· l·
P.
c.L.) ' as lcngth,
1
"'

'

1 <IC

83

STY LJr,.

" 10 ~~, pa111, 8\ ' CetncM~ love.

(2.) \ Vhen they lia\'C some natural connection, e>r have be1·11
:is, "light ant.l lil«lt," "t.i111 e an,1 ~p:1cc,''
• number aml iin portancc," "vir\.ue :i11J h appiness," "Jearnint;

~ftcn groupcll together ;

mid talents," "law, orJcr, a11 d morality."
(3.) vVltcn they a rc repc;1teJ in the C<>lll'. l'Ctc (Extract Y.).
(4.) vVhcu t.li cy arc JttCl'L'lY sy 1111>ub t •) co nnect th1111:..'.l11<,
and do not requi re attention d irectc•l up"n t.l 1c111scl\'l'S. Tl1i'
is the case wi t h the ab~tractions of 1n ntlii:1natiL·s, n11•l in sc1e11tific reaso ni ng generally.
(5.) vV he n t lt cy arc i11t c!ilkJ to ro\l SC t.11c feeling;.-.. Tl111s,
an e num erati on of tl1c virtues may 11:1\'c 11 0 ot11er 0l1jc:..:t t11a11 t•>
e xcite a g10w of approvi11~ Hc11Li111cn t : a,;," fail h, l11)pc, charity;"
"truth, justice, u cncYolence."

" fL\r, '"''illi Atron~ RpN'th 1 t ot'(' tl1 c v('il t\i:t t l1i11
N;1t.ure, anJ. Truth, unU Lib1..:rly awl Lo\"c.P
1

Among simple writers in Ent;l i,.11, " ·c m:ty rn:une f.lore,

lloubcs, Bunyan, Defoe, T illutson, Acluison, Swift, GnlJsrnitli,
Cowper, raley' Sonl1tey, r.lac:rn la;:) lr\'i 11µ:, 1'rl'>'('O t.1, nryaut.
As example" nf the m ore kar11("1 ;1111! al1,-1rn,;c sty!«. w.-:
l1avc Cl nlu1· er, Spen sPr, Sl1:d> C'"]' L':1rl', H:1«<>11, 11 Oc>ker, '.'.\'i\ton,
Darro w, Jcn·1ny Taylnr, Soutl1, 1;uth-r, («>wlry, ] '11pc, Jnl111s<1:t,
CiblJtln, 1knth:un, nob crt JJall, De Q11i11c•'.)» C:trl y lc, J;a11crun,
Emerso n, L r111gfellow.

73. Siinpli<..:ity of Stnl\'tHrC rnc:lll" an arnu1~cm c11\.
of cl ;niscs, scntcncc,.;, i\llL1 1•:1raµ;r:q1l1s, ,.;11itccl for ca~y
corn prchc11si1.111.
The prin til'les of g•'o'1

nrr:1 n~r.m«11t.

-v ertccl t o alrca•ly (sc:i, GG), a11.!

'1 ill

kt1' <' l1P1'n in ]':ut ;t -1 lrc 111ure fully co 11,id c n· d

unJ cr various suuscq1!l'nt hc:iJs.

.,·:,,

7-:l:. \r ith :.1 Yic\\' t<"> sirnpli('ity uf aJT:ll1~C!llCi1t, it 1::\
desirable to :i,·oi(1 :• cornplir,a\ ion of n cr;ati \· cs.

cxprl'~sion

cit' ],]nod destroy.• tl11:
positin•. form "Al1u11·
dance of bloorl p:i1·es st.rcn~tli." Compare "Indiffl'r('nce to
suffering is unfav vraLh~ to sym pa\l1y ," \Yilh "Hcin g alive t•1

Snch an
stren gth," is

1111t

:-.

as "Tlic

so i1 it ellig;il ok :is

{ osH

ti"~

Q fl,\ I.I T ! r·:s O F ST YLP:.
PRE VE NTION OF A;">lUIG UITY.

S5

~1iffl' ring- fa vors s rm 1J:itl11· .,

A "· . " I f l
· I· ,
· ·
··
· ,.,.uu,
t 1c v J o not ac ·
rn 11s Jndgmeiit wl ii ·l 1 11 . l·
J
< .qn1csco
twi ce at most "'. . l ' 1· •111 ~ u el'Cr iappe11ed aliove once or
'
·• , IS ll p nzz 1ncr 1f no t 0111
" 1. ·
" It ·.
. . ' "''
vigu o u~, construction
.. . is not t o be d cm cd tlwt a JJi 0<>'h d egree of h " t d
.
lie in sim ple for ms."
e.iu Y ocs not

"'~

Cl

. '.J .
c:in10,;s is op11oscd to olJ~C 111·1't \·
·•
\·ag Hencss, amu 1gn1 ty, or i ll -d t'f[11 ~d hvuudaries.
"'

i.

A . ~t 11 t c mr11 t is· cle:lr
. n o - r • ·1 T
' i1·'11 cn tl 1crc ts
f
fom: d 111 ~ it witl1 a11 vth inrr els ' Tl . . .
P '· ~ 1 •tit~ o con"
"
.
e.
i1s
is
nwrc·
t
ll'ln
rn
t
.
•
·
j 'J' 8lmplie'. it\'.
Sm ne o f ti ,
.
.
. . • '
, m ean
l >cc11

l L. l ll(' ,111 ~ n t a tLi 111 ;wr ('f,.. .
. I
'
urid , i:·· .. . (
.
>-<11 ncss 1ave
er w ur es e-<)Jec 1°ll t i
f c.. ·
"' . ·
:
" iii- iose 0 •rnn1larity and
o .. ic rs 11111 be g rn)n Ill tre·itin O'of F . " .

.·

d e~c n Lie<l

Co ntr; ·t).
lS , ,
,.. •

• J ... "

-

'

<=-

'

u

10

It is n ut 1111 con imori t 1 fi J
J
e in
\ \' Or e s 11scd in s uch co nn ect,
fl~ Sll;.(~l'st m ost l'<:ad ily tli c llll"mirw in t . t l J
. 1011s
·
I
'' '
'
,., ' 111 Cll l e1 . Fur ex.m rp e: " m:rn wlio l1a .~ lo•t j ·
. .- ·
l, .
. .
. •IS c.1 e-sr.! !li t 11:1.~ in o ne Sl'nse
t ss co n'('10 11 s11ess 1l1 an he li:l• l hf' fn ro"
• f'
J
·
T he word .lr // \ r J.l'incr
ll St"l a ter ti c rn ent i•m of ('1·0-si r, li t is n t ., II
'
,.,
..
·
"
"
•
a UT ,1 y s11 P!>OSl·d to
rn c·;in Oll e o f o nr fi1·e sen s •s ·l · ·I ·
.. \ 1
.
.
' " ' " ire 1 r~ not tl1 e c·:ist'. ,\,,·iin.
I Ile SN1 n.!/ d r<'!ll Yl S :tre C:lll s('d J,
t J1e J'.
.
. ,..., .
parts<>f' th e bo dy· "'] ... , ·1
Y . .<rsl r rn11cr11f tl1 e rnward
•
·
'
l~ llJ t 1c wo rd sccm .1, fo ll• nl'(~ d b , {
is apt. t o Sll g',L!'.<'st tlie act of i·i>ion, i11 sti:ad nf t l , . .. ) ~ rerlr.'.ns,
t h, . . l . ' I l
.
•e i11 c,mrni::- w i1ch
e 11 0 11 i e a1 }' i:rn, m.as11111c!1. !I s
"Tl , . , . .
.
t
l .
. .
.
l( re
IS S'lil l l'111111.t lllJ
na ura 111 p am/ 111:.1, ,,·Ji icl1 a sh ili'11 ! c 1·. 11"1II . " I. . . .~. . ·' . l'
· (.
C',ls t I c11 Sl' l' rt1 fro
r1.1t11 e 1r n11ty :i nd «o mpl c xi on."
Tr · ·· tl., fi .. :
rn
l ti
d
li e tc i1 st id ea HIJ •r<rc st' l
•y i c 11·0 1-- p rtintin!/ is tl1 e :irt of i1a intirw. wl1·1t. II'' f,' .-d....,t . ~l
0 '
•
e HI
o ue
( '11 c.• l nca11 ·rng i· s n painted f ace.
J\ t. oth er tim r;;, t l1c word is ,j 1w 1]\r " I"
·
·
· · 1 ... m .>l •'11 ous • t1ro rn r a
i ngs 1Je111i:; erp1 ally sil'"'l·sli·d
"IJ' ·
.~
'
'II,,,.., '
•
. IR fJ l'C8f ll CC ll'llS 'l i'''ti11, t I . "
m enns c itli er " t he fact of l i . 1 •
.
· • ,.,, · 11111
(

l

:-J

Ct' "I was myself struek with the" eire;11111sta11!'L'." Tl 1e word
common, from its tw o sig nitication s, "11s11:d" irncl "wi <.Jc.ly
sprcnd," is a freep1 cnt cause of ;unLi ~ uity.
The m ost effectual remedy for c•111 iv oc:t! l:u1 g-:1a'..'.e is t o IIH" r1t io n th e t erm oppose d to wli at is m eant. T hi:< 111et fi ,.c] , li.,wL"·n,
being cumbrou s, is rescrv cJ for e.a>'il:s of spc<'.i:il dillicult.y o r i111portanee : w e may say, "th e mor:d as op pose d t. v th e pli ys i«a l,"

or "as opposed to tli c i11tcllectual," o r "as opposed t•J tlie in r..
moral," accordin g t o tl 1e in te nd ed signi fi cat.i ,>11 of the wMd mo red.
To prev ent :u11 l>iµ;u it y, t:rnt o l n~y is sorndirnes all uwa lJ1".
"Sense an<l arel·ptat. irn 1" detcrm inrs one meanillg of :;en w· ;
"Ren se or s11sct•p1il.ility" g ives th e ut li er 111ca11i11g.

.. xp o:"-'1t1 o n.

,(,. Aml> iirn i·,. 0 •· 1
.
a '·
' <t11 gnage 1JC1n..,. on cel 1ief<l t I
to clcnrn <~s;.;, 11·ord>< "·i tlt :{ j >l 1;r·il it·5· o~·
.
'il,., ac c
1
1·
· · '
' Hl<':lll1rws R 1· u]<l
o u:uc 1ll 1'ucl1 e0nn cctio11s o n ly a s cxelud o ·1i'l .o tvtl

01 1e rn ten dcd .

his "d emeanor a ncl appear:1!11' c." " 1 rcma.rk rd t.lie circmnmigl1t i1 11 ply ci lli cr "l Illar.l e a r cr11:lrk ti) ~orn e (>1 1«,"

~l!tnn co"

>c11 1g- l'rcscnt. arid no t ab ~e 1lf, ' ' or

77. The r ce u rrc nco, at a R11ort interval, of tl1 e same
word, in two different se nse~ , is to lie avuid e<1.
Sneh c onstru«ti o ns as th e foll owin g t end to o li~c n rity, h<'·
Bides bein~ in elega11 t : -"If tli c sh ow of rmytl,ing lie !:(''"cl !'o r
anything, ~in cc:: rity i .~ lw tte r. " "It i ~ 111:rn y times aB tro11Lk some to mukc gorJll tl 1c pre t e r~ c<\ uf a ,r;ood qu:1lit.y, as t o k in:
it." "Ile tnrn c•l t o t he lef t of the lin11sc, and th en lift al•ruptly." "Tir e truth is that error and truth arc ble nd c.J in
their min tb." " l look upo 11 it as rn y d illy, so lo ng as I kcl'p
within tl1e J. ou11Js of truth, of d11ly, and of cl ecency."
The t wo sens es <1f tli e pron oun we, called th e editorial an d
tlic rc:prr.se11t:1tin', are al't to li e co nfu sed in thi s wny. " l Ve
(the writer) wi ll ll<>W procec•l t i> c11 q11ir«' llf)w we (rn Pn g \' 11 erally) fir,;t arri1·e at s1i ch noti ons." It is in d i~ r. 11ss in ,g l1111n a1 1
nature tl 1at tl1i ~ clash ari ses, an<! t h e m od e o f avoidi11 g it i8 t •J
use the si11g-11lar p ro no un for th e spea], e r" s self, o r else to make
the cm1 strudi 0n passi1·e or imp('rson al.
'\Vlt en a r ecnrring word has one m e~ nin g p rcvaili n~ tliron g h
the sam e disco u rne, it is wrong to Lri 11g it in unexpectedl y in
one o f its oth er m 1.' a11i11 gs.
T l1 c wc) rJ wit i~ said to be nsecl, m Pope'~ Es$ay on C riticism, in seven diffe re nt ncccptations.

SG

STRENGTH.

QU,\LITIES OF STYLE.

78. In dnnvinf( compar isons, d earness is greatly pro.
motcJ by using simil:tr eon::-trnetio11s in setting forth the
ngrccmcuts :rnJ diffcrcnees, and e.v:luJing all unnecessary matter.
"The wise man is happy when he gains l1is own approba,.
tion, the fool when li e recommends himself to the applause of
others j " :<ay rather " wl1 en lie gains other pcoplc'8."
1 (umc ~:1.ys of Sl1ak\'!"pcare :-" Th,•ro rnav n•111ai11 a stL~·
piciun tJwj. \\'C 0\'l'J'· !":l(C the gr< ·:t!.llC'SS of iJis ge 1;i11 ~, in the Sllln~
manr1cr :1s lwdi, ·~ app e:i r gi~: uitic on aceouut o f 11H·ir being dis]•!'O]H>rtionc:,J a111l lllis-sh:1pcn." The correspondence of tlic parts
w0ul •.l be in1pron·d thus :-" There may rcmain a ~11 ~pic ion that
the greo.!11.ess of liis g1"ni11s is oucr-ra(fd by us, in tl1c same manlier as bodies appear," &c.
This will IJ,~ illustrat cJ agai11 nnd,~ r t11e J~abnc,•d Sentence
'
r.n<l u11<ll'r tlie Paragrapl 1.

..

70. It is essential to clca111css tl1at e\·e1·y word be
rrnployml in one of its "·ell-nnderstoo<l mea nings, and
tl iat tlie aptc>-'t terms c:honld always be eliosen. But
tl1is c;innot. be cffcc1c<l by any rules of Ilhctoric; it belongs to the general culti vation of tlio mi nd. Some
l1clp 111:1y 1.c obtained from Dictionaries.
Tn c:le;inH''"• our lakr writer;; have va><tly impro\·e(I on those
ho prccc(kcl 1.ht:m. .Even in the grc;ttc"t author,; of the Eliza:1dli~u1 prric»l. <tll<l tl1c times imm ediately foli•>wiug, muJ, iguity
is a lre1pw11t lault. lioUJcs is perhaps tlie most rc 111arkable exC'< ·ption 1o the ge1wrnl rn lc ; yc:t. even in J; i~ worh aro found
ambi.:;u it.ic:; that 110 goo,] writer at tl 1c 1•n·sc11t , lay wu1tl,J tolerate.
It may bc doubted whether the an cient Greek a11d Roman
antl1ors atte11Jc1l llltH:h to this peculiar merit of ~t.yle. :Mru1y
of t11crn certainly Ol'Crlooke<l it.
\I

STHE:'\GT!l.

SO. Strcngtli is that 11nality of style that elates us
w.i th tlte plcm;urable 1\:cling called the senso or scnti·

ment of Power.

87

The highest form of strength i~ ihe

,Sul.llime.
Other names for th e same quality are Energy, Vigor, F"rcc,
. Nerve, Liveliness, Animation, Vivacity, Fervor, J,oftiues~, Hnllinncy. Several of tl1csc k\\'c specific shades of mcaniug. Tlllls,
J.ivclincss, or Animation, irnplic~ a certain rapidi1y i11 tl1e J\,m
or caJcuce of tl1c langu ag<), so as to rcndcr it more C\•·it "' /-'.·
The poems of Sir \Valtcr Scott exemp lify tl1i~ cli:1racl<'ri,ti,·.
}!"crvor suppo$CS great iutc11,;it.y of' p:ission in tlic writ. ·r, 1J1ad'-'
apparent in tl 1c langnage. Loftiness 8Carccly dilli,rs fr,>111 ~uJ.­
limity.
Brilliaucy irn)'lics an or11:ile or fignratin; 'tyk "ell
sustained.
Under the general term Yirneity, hcrc given :1s a 'Y11t•n\·11ic
for Strength, Ca111pbdl comprchcnch every cxcellenrc "f styk
ns far as the feelings arc eoncerncd, exclud ing only tlie int(·]Jcctual qnalitic~. \ Vhatcrcr can gi,·c effect to c0nlj1m•itio11, ''r
sti r np any of tl1c powerful or aµ:rccal.le emotiolls, is rc.u;:ird('d
by }Jim as a moJc of Vivacity. He di scussc~ tl1c cli<>1ce, n111nber, anrl arrangement of words, and \·arious ut!Jcr Jl"iut~, H'
bearing on tl1is gc:ncral attril>Ult'.
But tl1c effects so embrncc•l arc yarions, and some of tl1en1
etrongly contra,;ted. Tl 111s Sulilimit.y is very dith-rc•11t from
Pat.11os, and is often oppo~ed l'\'Cn to tlic con1prcl 1c11s11·c de,;i::nation, Dea nty; wl1ile so mct.hi11g ··l1arackris!ic and lwr·1 tl1ar i,;
si«nifi rd l1y ll urnor. It. is, tli c· rcf,·,re, an olijcct to arrir c at :rn
c:act definition of the se coutr:istcd qnalitic,;.
Lca,·i 11g the li1111111rous out of ricw for 1l1c prcst• 11t, wr JJ1ay
draw a distinct.ion a111ong tlie •·titer 1•ffecis, L•ascd on tl1c diffvrence 1ctwccu our Active an<l our :l'assivc 11 wdcs of plt·arnmhlc
excitement. The one i~ represented l1y the emotion of I'im<>rthe sense of Might po~scs;;ed or imagined ; the otl1cr, 1.y what
is variously called Tender Feeling, Pathetic Ernotinn, Lo'''\
Affection. The first wo propose to illnstrate under the present
hcacl -Stre11::.,'1.!1 and Sul.Ji 111ity; tl1c second will be f<>nrnl to
embrace a large circle of ol•jccts ge nerally characterized liy
Beauty as opposl'd to Sublimity, in which meaning it p oin ts
to the moro soothing and pas~ivc enjoyments of Fine Art.

88

QUALITIES OF STYLE.
SU IlLTh1ITY.

SL I . T1 1c essential pleasure of P(rn·er is an elation
01· rebuurnl from t;OlllC state of \\·cakn,~~s, illlpotcncc, cou~traiut, or drca<l; a11d, like tlic rc-al'ti1111 fr..im any dep1·c:-;s in g condition, it impart:; a gratcfol anll l1ilarious
glow to tl1c rn ind.
Tlin ['lcasure is fl'lt most ru· ut('l.\· in t],.,,e J111rn1cnLs wl1 en we
<>11 rs., k es pass front a lo\\·cr to a l1iglier f,'Tade of etlieiency ; M
i11 recovering from sickness, in h"fO\\'ing strvJJg<·r physically or
111e11blly, i11 W'<jltiring WL~alt!i, and in Lci11g raiscil to a higher
pnsitiu11 •.>f i11llu c11ce or con1111:lll<l. Jn a -·s tati onary condition,
ihc 11 ece,s:1ry contra~(. is 'nppli•.'•l hy the re collec tion of our own
fu rnwr i11fl.riorit y, anJ J.,y a comp:1ri:'o11 with tl10~e at prcse11t
onr inferiors.

S2. II. \V c deri rn a l dcas ttralJle elation from wit11cssi11g manifostalions of l'uwer i11 otl1cr being;;. Tlris
is :rn cifod of Sympatl iy.
.A 1hrill of pl eas11n~ rnay arise from tl 1e si.c:ht of g-rcat furcc
\\'u feel f,;r tl1e t ime as if ourselvc., raised
to a l1i .~·hcr pitch of cner~.1» \\'c enter (i n>pcrfc.ctly a11d c1Toll <'•)lls!y per/tap.") int<) 111<.) ti·elin~;; of tl1c act0 r, an.J an~ se11sil.Jy
<·laied l. •y t J, i, tr:111 ,;fcrr<·d or i1na.c:·i11c·d pnwer. 11 u1l<'l' t!t e i11t.<'re:.;t we take in s11pcri<>r f.,I' <' <', win·tlter l•odily nr mc11tal, in
<·111i11 <"11t. fvrt.111ws, an.I i11 lli 0 d i"J'iay of puL1lic aullwrit v and
l1iglt co rnnia11d.
•
exerted l•y otltcr:.;.

The same effect IS d11e to tl1e l'l'cit:d of .J.,·cds of Sllj•Pri11r
might. The mi11d is ki11dlcJ i11 tltis way hy tlic prowcii;.; uf i 11 div idnah and l1y tl1c force of 11111/ t.i( n,J cs, a;; po rtrayed in t.lie
:mr 1a], of the world. Tlic attitu de ul' Socratr.", 011 l1i,; trial a11d
Lidi>re ltis executio n, as set forth by I'lato, l1as alwayM /Jeou rcgardt.•d as su l1li111 e.

The produ ction of great cifccts of any kind is tltc ~ig11 of
energy; as, the mo\·ir1g of a hngc mass, or the stopping of a
ma~s in mot.ion. IVJ1 ,•n tlie agent :tppc·ftrs to w11rk witJwut
effo rt, the irnpn'ssion is [!Tcatly cnl1anccd.
It is a liworitc
stroke, iu literat.11re <'.'pccially, to sl w w great rc~ ults from s1J1all

be!ri.nninlJ'S and insignificant agencies; as when tl1~ son of
, a ;oor n~ucr revolutio nized tl1e wor/..l. _1~1is is a lll•ltl\'c/<'. .(:~­
aggcration or 11yperbolc,-tl1e cl1arn1 ui I.umance a11d 01 fau) ·

fond .

83. Tho display of Anger or Tmlig11ati0n, if apJ>rOYC<l

of by us, is sublime.
These passions arc modes of power ~r. energy, a'.Hl, u11les
they stir us up to disapprobation crnd liosttl1ty, tl_ie~. g1rc. 11s tho
!lf,l'fCeable elation of power. In po:try, bnrsts of 1IHl1g11at 1~n arc
hi«hly effective. The angry passwns and exalkd c11crg1cs vf
co~batants rouse tlie feeling of energy in the spcct1'.tor:
.
In Gray's \V elsh Bar,] we l1ave an expression of wd1gnat10n
raised to the sublime.

0•

84. An dfcet of Tcl'l'or sometimes mixes with tl 1e
Sublime, hut it detract,.; from, instead of hciglitening, the
pleasurable t'entiment.
Terror is, in its n:itnrr, a can,;c of weakness and prostra( i(ln .
So far as an object of mi ght. excites dread, it gi1·es pain and 11<>!
pleasure. o,,e of tJ.e tukens ()f powt·r is wide-spread de .'-'lrtrl'. n (_and "tii11
·' .'_1111l ' if we me ourseh·es exempted
fr011i . tlt e
t 10
'
. .
.
rniscry, " ·c m"y (•njny tl1e spectacle as a m:u1.1festatwn o.f e11ero·y. lf, ]t,,\1·.,rer, there is danger (,-, any id 01'.r own 11:teres~s, we arc o,·cnl'liclmed l>y foar, in [>lace of l;e111g elak LI Ly
sul.Jlimitv.
The "vast po\\·i•r exercised l.y tlie ~fong .. J C<HHJ11eror>1 wonl<l
be snlilime, if tlieir <lcst.rnctive fnry diLl 1111t excite horror and
indignation.
.
Mere poetic and undefined terrors h:n-c lit.tle dep'.''ss1ng
effect, and tl1e power tliat they sngg'>·st g 1ves. ns~ to tlic u11min"lcd snl•lirne. Tliere i~ no real terror lll sp1red by tl1e
spce:h in IIamkt :-" 'Tb now tlie very witching time of
night."
.
So, in Cowper, tl1c lrn es
"\Vhile God p{•rform~, npnn th e t.reml~lin~ Htage
Of hi8 own works, hi.; dreadful part alone,"

\JO

SUBLIMITY.

QUA LITI ES OF STY LE.

arc suLlime from tl 1c wcll-cl1o~rn r i re1 1rn ~tatw es fur suggesting
power,- " the t rembling ~t ag-"," the acting "al u11c," and tlw
" drcadfol" part; whi le t he dread i ~ t o o rn:.;uc t o bring liomo
1l1c tiCuse vf dange r eith er tu ourse h·c·s or tu an y Jc li11itc pcrSu JI S or intcrc:;ts.
Jn_ l\liJ~ .,11 '~, "Si11 and n .. atlt ., t i"· ~ u J , J irn c rl' poscs upon
rn ere 1rnag 111 eu krr" r.

85 . Ill. A tl1 in1 fvrm of tl1e fcelin()"
,,.., i:; that ar1 sm"
b
\d 1c n \\·e l' icw or contemplate tlie i •owcr::i of N ature.
'l 'hw•, i n \rntel1 inµ; tlte ot·can w an', tl 1e eu 1nmotion of
tl1c ten1p<'~t , tl1c Jlu\1· vf r il'crs anti tl1e fa ll cif cataracts
1110 111uu11tains a:; tl1 cy tuwcr aluf't, tl1e n >kano, anti the
J\ !p i11 e glacier, we aro ch.: Yatc(l aml pleased by t he fccli ng i1f superior migl1t.
)

H<·rc abo i:; a k i11 cl of ~y 111 p:1tl 1 y . \\"c look nt such <lispl:iys as if a ueill!; like 011r;;elv(';;, l111t y;i,.t.Jy mo re powerful,
ll'c·re at " ·ork. Tlt c personit~y i11 g imp ulse uf tJ. c mind lctl, in
for 111 cr tiJll c;;, to a b clil'f in nctual spi rits, of th e human type,
i11 \' csti11g Li te ~e a, tl1 c 1-iv<-r, antl the lrn rri eanc. The bclic.:f has
]•:isst'd :m:1_r, l• ut tl 1\; fid.i on i;; kept up, on account of th e g ratcf1il L'lati u11 at t .. 11d i11g it.
T l1e mere rn ag11it 11.\c and expan se of t he 011k r world-th e
out,_;prea1l l:111d!'eape as Ree n from n r o1nma1ulin ..,. hci•rl1t aud
I.li e ple11it ude or "J>aCc ,1-it 11 t li e sca1tercd or\,~ of h e:l~(·n'._fill
the m i ne! "·ith a R<' il "C of vas/n r.•.•, ll'Li ch is a vnri l'ty of th e focli11 g ,,f might.
E ,·en the rr;;u]ts of man ';; .indust ry may be on such a scale
as to i111p r<'s8 11 ~ wi t h tl1c st•11 tirn e11t of ~ u per i n r power ; as in
tlie rase of pnp1ilrnrn Piti r ~, ,·:1st hnilding", cxtc-11;;i 1·c machin ery,
rni gl tty tl cct;;, t li c.: im 1•kmc11ts of tn od,•rn warfare.

8G. Tl1 0 mental C'btion, :u-i:-in ~ on tlt c Yic w of p crf;011agc:-; arnl nhjcds of' ~1111c r i 1 l r 1)(1\1·cr rna v 1e irn1)arted
tl1nn1~lt t he 11 1L·re d v:"tript iwt of tli c n1.
..._

•

'

oJ

A wri tt' r may so .J.-;;cril>e a c»rnq11c ri11g- arm y, an l1eroi c
1>t rt1 ggl•', a g r:t1lll pt'<lSJ> l'et , a t~ rr i l i \: oLu n n, a.~ lu produce au

\) 1

ffcct little, if it all, 8l10rt of t.l1c n•ality. Jfo may make 11 p fv '.
tho infcrh>rity of imagin ed ~ee n es by a ski lful e1Hpluy111e11t c•I
\Vh e11, \,y such llh: I liuJ,, he ca11 cxtl1C d e' vices of lall "" ll:1<re.
0
.
I"
r
cite t he fccJi 11 g of rn attifcsit·d po\\'er, lie atla111 s th e q11a 1ly u
Strength, or the Subl im e, in con1 positio11 . _
_. ·' .
The \v ords that 1w111c po wL•ri11l, \"ast, and exe1t 111g ul.j t< ,,,
effects, and quaJiti e,, niake 11p th e .\'O\;aJ11_iJary of ot n·11gtJi.
Such arc break, crush , 1ned, , ckstruct1011, ru111 , stonn , tornado,
t orrent, ocean, m oun tai n, co 11ti11ent, de;;e rt, wo rl d , p lau ~t, sph ere,
rnrn1 ortal
s·t·al,. ga!··'.ixy , .n (,lltnrc, chaos. Yc:us, :1ges, centuries,
. .
. ,
eternal, 'prime\' al. ll eigl1t., loftiucss, 8uul11111 t y, rnstncss, '.mmensity, glo ry, cxp;rnsc, infin ite, ineffaule,. n lle n:at.c~. J\rnw•s,
[JccLs, war, baUlc~, com1ncrors, cities, 11:tt10ns, empires, states,
t hro neR d om inions, majesty, splen dor, illustrious, ,J ivi11c, gndlikc, h~ro, demigod, Dcity, mul ti tu de, th ous: utt!;;, rnill~on~.
Magnanimity, resolu t ion, <ldc rminat io n, energy, fo re• ·: migh t,
elat.ion, v-ill, freedom, gc niu ~, virt ue, h ope, fait h. \\ or<ls of
this class ski lfu lly combi ned arc sublime.
Sim p'y t o n :~me one or more olijeds of superi or might'. is
not cnou'.!h. A ch ilcl could get by heart and n ·pcat t he cks 1gnat io11s of: eve rytl1 i11 g suggestive of power on t lte \':tstcst srnl~­
the iutinitude of space, tL c galaxies, tlie st~1r~, th e rn ou11t.:1111s,
the catamcts, th e te mpests, tl1 e h eroes of th e past.. E\' cn after
mu\:h pains, composition8 aiming at th e s11b li1.11 c arc fr <:'1l1Pt'. t1y
·sti " matized as m od•-sulilimr, bolllh:1st., grandtlc'><pience, fnst1an,
fal;etto, pinch heck.
The foJ l,1 wing arc illu stn1li on ~ of ~ul,Jimi ty :0

"The ' t'N shall fo <lc nwav, th e sun himsel f
(j row dini wi l b age, nnd nature 8ink in yrars ;

Hut thou shal t fl uuri' h in imm ortal youth,
l'nhnrt ami•l t he war of clement s,
The wr~ek of mntte r, anJ the crn~h of worlJ•."

Hr.re we have im ages of n 1st po wer and gran de nr, n:nd crcd
etfo ct ive by cont rast aucl by d i111 ax.
N oth ing w :1s e,·cr ~o well :1Japtecl to suggest utter an d un iversal ruin ;_,g the fo llowing from S hakespeare:" Thou!fh tlu• lrfft·" " "C
Of 11at 1tre'·" ,rrr mJ11.<( '1!'"Mc 1J.ll lu.<1cilwr
11
};,.,en till tfr~trucl w u ::i'U.·k<·1t , nn ~ w e r 111 c to" ha.t.. I a ~k you.

D2

QUALITIES OF SITLE.

STRENGTH FROl\1 JI Am110N Y.

S ec also tlic Poetical extracts in tl 1c A ppenJix.

87.. Tltc dv:;criptiu11 of great and irllpo:-;ino- ol>jcct~
operati~i'.s, or e:·eut~, will Hut con;;t it1 1tc tl1c S~Llime ir:
<:0
un, 1nt!1ol!t ccrt·1i11
1··s, a ] l'(:a J y par ti v
. 1npos1t1
.
' co'1•l1.r1·u1
''

rndi cat ccl.

"

I . ~rigi n.a] ity . . KonJ compari~f~:~, m et :1pliors, and
otl1cr f1gurat11·c ellcets, api'licd tv wl iat j~ intr illiiically
great, arc a prirl('i l':tl lll C:l l\:O of :;trcrwt l1

" .

I1_1. t lie n:al . worl d, few tl:i ngs ha1·c tl 1c same eftt.•ct after
rl'~cUtl0'.1. :-io 111 language ; it is usually wl1 en fir st lll ct that a
Ht nk: r•g- 1m:i.:.:c o r tl1011p;l1t possc,scs the greatest cli:irrn. Novelty is l'S'c1Jt1al to 111a11y of our chief j)lc•as 11 r 1.,5•
Tl ..
. ic lllcr:1ry .works that: kwc fas1;inated. lll ai ikind, anr! carrlf'<l
tlie lofty title ot gl'ni11s, ali ound in stro kes of invention. wit1~ css li on:e r, .1E~chylu.<, l'lato, Virgil , Jr or;i c,-., Dante, Clt'.iucer
~pc·n scr, Sli:1 kc~pearc, J\!iiton, Dryden, De Foe p 01w Ad r '
('
(" , J
•
,
,
C lS On,
•
, •my,
_ . T«Jee •(', ticott., Dyron, Colcri drrr
.- , 1\-ordsworth , Slicll ey,
1\.cat ~, · !rya11t, Lo ng fd low. Ko cnm bir1ation of otbcr rncrit8
c oul~I place anr On () i11 the fi 1-.-t r;1nk of poe tic fam e.
11
, 8, 111 e c~_Planat inn i ~ rc•p ircd uf tl1 c fa ct that m:rny ol•jccts
an'.! < Oll1p(l~Jt1011 s l1aq; !lie po wer to pb 1sc aftn frcr 11e1it rcpc1
!1!1011.
l

•

~n

th e fi rst pl:tc<', wlrcn tlr C' rn is a J.i.::1 1 dC'~n·e of compl .-~1t.y :rn d cl:tl'.ornlion, the whole effect nf a s1·c1; c or work of
:'.rt.is not cxpencnecd on on e occasion. It is often ~ai1l 0 f tlic
Sw1 s~ mountains, tl1at 1hccy g irc new pleasure c1·cry tim e th e·
arc b<·h clrL
y

11

f;cc_o ndly, onr 01Yn state ofrnincl may alter. and ma 1· rend er ~
Tl · ·
· · II I
.
· .
• ,.
11M rn c~pce 1a y t 10
ca.se ~n th 1·cga~d to t he greatest cl:issical product ions of podry
and t! 1c 01l1 cr f11J C :irts.
~11s1'f•p1· 1hle to lwautics })l'l·1·io11s]y 111i~·lt

'l~l1ir'.l'.·'·, work s tl1a t arc l:1r rcmoYed from what i.~ h:il>itu:.J
an d farrn l1ar t<, ns rnay hL· ~aid to liavc a 'W renni:d 1101., lt.
Tl.
.
(
l
I .
11 ~ c01~,t1 l 11tcs part of th e cli:irm of the :w i; icnt cla:.;sies, ~f
forci~n ht.cralun', :ind of the a11ti•1uc in our own country.
I<ourtlily, a g reat p leasure 01 1cc frl t can be re 1·j 1·eJ in t!Hl

..tnemory in connection with tl iat wl1id1 excited it.

!)3

It is by

, tliis memory or association of plc:1s11re, l liat we countcrwork
Urn dulling effects of repetition, a11d the inferior snsceptil>ility

<>r advanced iifo.

Affection is the n1l:rn11ry of pleasure.
}.iftl1ly, in art istic cltccts, it rn11 st nut I.Jc forgotten lio w
much dep c:11ds on the tempcram c11t l,f the i11<lil'icl11al. \\.h<'n
the n1i11d is in a l1igh degree d i,posc1l to sorr1c one emotion,
the repetition of t he sa me obj c•ds :rnJ the same forms of la11guage neither palls nor loses c ffL'Ct. As r<'~nrds tl1e lore of
nature, for example,'\\' orclsworth's foe ling;; were so copiou~ that
he could exclaim,
"To me tlic men.nest flow c·r that hlowR ean t:;ivc
'l'houghl.s that <lo oftcu lie too deep for tears."

The sam e effect could not Le \\'l'On~ht in men generally, except by some of the rarest aiv l grcat c:;t of scc,ni ." com\,inat ioas.
Johnson's patriotism could l111rn on the plain~ of Marathon , and
his piety wax warm er ami d tl 1c rnins of Iona ; and such wo uld
be tl1e experience 0f tl1e a,·erng0 man . '\\' ordswortl1·s heart
could fill o n much smaller occasions.

SS. IT. Harmony and Kccl'ing, or tho mutual sn pport of tlic language and tlw sul •j cet.

vVe ha1·c alrC'aLly remarked on the power nf an apposite
compari s0n (F 1 <~ U RF.s OF Srn11, Art1 T¥, ~ l:\). Tlie rnutual support of two effects dimiuishes tlic i11 tellcd.nal lal1ur of co11 c1.'i,·ing, and thus liciglitcn8 the pleasure. It is part of cn·ry fine
art, as will he aftcnvarcls S•'C n, t o accunrnlatc harmonics. la
aim in g at composition of a lofty killd, tl1e difl ieu lt.y is not ~u
much to fi11<l :.; t rong la n.l!:uagc as to adapt and l1armo11iw it.
An examination of ~lilton's dt·H:ripli•1n of tiin and Death
would diselose an liarmonin ns a<ljn ~ t m c nt of tlie similes, tl1c cireurnstauecs, and the fl ow of th e langung<\ to the 8111.ject a11•l
to one another. '\\' e l1a,·e in tl1is pa"agc all tl1e clements of
the sul ilirnc. 'Die q ~t power (Jf tli e (,l ,je<'ts dc,eribed, tlie !'Xp re~si o 1 1 b .. rrowed from ot her powerful o!.j<·cts, tJic ori.~i11ali:y,
the h' e pi 11 ~ of t lie parti culars, and the ri ch caJ ,:nce of the l:111g11ag<',-11ll contri bute tn the i1nprl·S' io11.

QliJ\LITIES OF STl"I.F: .

•

STRENGTH Fl:O:I! Y ARIETY.

S t rong 0pitl1C'ts arc fo rc ib le, 01Jly whl'11 hi:,fowcd o n suitable
olij l·r, ts. Tli c ,·ague co n1p:1 risons and il l-a.-<sor!c'd circuinstanccs
80 frcriuc11t in O ti,i:tn, a rc a ;;o urcc of frc lilc1w,;;.

O n this g r1>t 111 d, wri ting may lie po "'crf11! by t.lie variety
of its effoet~, al thuu!!'.h none arc absolutely H l 'll-. Co1muonplaco
i;; not at its l0 wcst, t ill it is n.'.l1Tow-r.'.l11gi11.'.!:, poor, monotonous.
A foll co111mn1Hl of th e ideas, imaµ:c~, and cn111h i11 atio11s of original rni11ds, wiJ J ma],o a second-rate pol't, a go(Jd 1ilay-wright, a
s11 ccessf11l novelist, or a n olur1uc11 t ora tor.

gnnt. In t.l1is sentence f rorn "f
11 :w.:w l:iy, w~ I'n1 1•I .l1n1 .l1 \'ari• ·t .\an d repetition :- " As tl 1erc is nu ~1ru 11 g" r >l;.(11 uf a _11111Jc! ·k-.11 tutc of t.lw poc•tical f'al!1ilt_y t.l 1a11 //u, lt:" '''"l'.'f_lo l1<rii. 1111:1:-'' '' 11d"
abstracti o n ;;- ~liner\'a, f,1r t' x:unplc, 11 11" \\ 1 s du111 -~"" 1_lr:·r1· h
no strong er sig n of a 1n i11 .J truly poc·_lical .tlian a d1spo.~ 1 l 11111 fo
reverse the process, allll lo iw; ke rn d1 1·1d11als out of g\'1w1alitics."
,
Ill in trodul'inrr svn on)'ll1C'S t o vary the lan g nag e, th .-·rc s1w 11 l·I ,
,-, "
.
.
If
if possi\Jlc, he some otl1e1· n'ason apparent in t lJ e seleC't.t<•ll. :· •
any one lake o r touch a pa1ticlc of tlie h oard, tlic 01l1crs .l""'
no-ainst him :n 1d hang him f.,r tl 1c //11:/1." l1 1·rc, lak1' or lri 11 f'f1.
d~scrilics tl1u 111l'l'e php ical :iction; 1/1~/I i~ USP1l 111 c• 1 llT1f'< ·tion witli it> rrn11 i,-Jrn1cnt as cri111i nal. "Views wi:.lt rcsp<'ct t"
human .i mpro,·cmc ut arc so co1nf.H-ting to en/erlam, ~hat. f'\'\•11 ,
alth0twh fo undc1l i11 d clasion, a wi :<c 10a11 woul d b e d 1sr"'".J 1<>
clteri0 tl1l'lll ; " en lcrtoin a nd cho-ish are synonym cs, l>ut l'a.:11
h as a cc rtai 11 pn1pridy in its own co nnection .

DO. Yaridy i,; songht after in :-11! i1arts of cvmpooi tiun.

02. Yarid_y i::; aLu sougl1t ill t11e 1cn;;il1 aiul 11 1 l hu
structure of sc 11 t c11ces.

Thu frc q11ent occwTvn cc vf tli c i:;an1c soirntl is rrn-

Some ,,Titl·rs affod a sncccssio 11 of curt sc11tl'1 ic : s, as < :Jm11 niiw a11,] l\Lic;aulay. In Jol rn son, we l1a,- c the cxco"'i1·c '.t•· J'a·
tioi~ of the J,al:in1 :cd J'l'l'iod , wl1icl1 is a l1 <::u1 ty wl1on spar111µ:ly
used. Jn Cilrl>on, tl 1e Jol111s<1ni:rn f,11·111 is a1lo 1~tc· .J 1 w1tliu11l
A ,_.' '" "'' l >1d<)
111tn 1.! 11 cc' 11y
l1C ·l!10' C:llTl· l ' J t)' tl1 •)· ·<-111
· 1c cxel''"
·
···
"
turn: ei·c ry type ._,f cff,.1; ti,·c 'c1 1t c11 r;e tlraL tits tl 1e 811lij .: l'1.

Tlic lllixtnrc of ~axon r111 d C l:L"s ica l clc·mc11 ts in E ngli~h has
oftc1t a discor,Lu1t clll-d, and is ad\'C·rse t.11 po et ry .

Sfl. III. -,{aricty, or the cl ue :-tlternation uf effects.
\ Vhat has b een for 80rn c t ir nc out of mi nd lias a certain
fre;;lrncss on lic) i11~ n'n cwcd. \Ve may d criH) considcrablo
].!easurc fro m \':ll} ing o r alternati ng cfl~:ct,; aln·ady expcricnce<l.
Ai"t1T an inf cn ·al, 11·c can rc,·isi t imp r(•s,-in· sc l'l1cs , a1 1d rc-pcrnse
gn·at c111 np1)si ti o11' , witl1 dl'ligl1t.

··,I,

Jilcasant. H c nec it i;; a h1w of n1 elu<h· to a1tcrn ato the
luttt> r,.; or tlto alpliahct. (::Sec MELODY ~)
!J 1. \\' c :n-uid 1'CJ)u:1ti 11;:; 1rorJ,; l>y tlie use of p ronouns.
Tl1u sa111c end i;; ,.;01wlit lry c1npl 01·in 1r rrc11eral \ru rJ:; and
:-;y111H1y111e:-;. TJ 1u fj ,JJ, >ll' i11:; i::; a11. cx:71 ~)'Ju :. "Tli e YOy:1 g-o i~ rero111111 r 11 r·c1l. Tl1 e>r Sil// l1,1· t 11 0 sni 11ly shore

tlie lui'ty

l' Ocva -nnt, t rc·l's fii:1t. " t :1 11 d r11·01· 0 111111\1111
]"'l'-'N I< f/1,•ir ?ro y :d o n;_! t/1;1t lic•a11ti f11l l'o:1 ,t, 1/nt irifl[J t/1 0 l 'iri t~

ot J\rnyn,

·"'C

pa /i n a t .\l a ra c:ip:-.ri a, l lr c·n
;.:loo11 1y

C1 df~ ) Tri ~ IL·,

; 111.'f ,'f

lro i:t r .<r,

t li c di liif'11]t

water~

of tl1c

t/11.-' pru\·iu cu of \ .. e; nc·zu ela, crtfc/J, a,

y11!i 111J'·" ' uf tlio 1d1i to '1111n ni t' of the 111011 ntain ..; al""' <: l')a 11ta Martha,

tl1 rG r co 11r:'(c to J)nri <: n, 11 nw 111 e 11ir11·:ihl._: for th e fiti iuro
111 a11 y- grt::t t CJJ tL·rprist.:s- and st ill no t1..·11Jplv, no great iUul, no
\'l."-i!d u creed, Uo cultu,". 11
r

11 l 1tt 111· 0 11

o!·:o

A ~t11 d i c d ,-ari atio 11 of terms is often carri u<l too far; and
there is see n in ,,mn c c111 inc•J1t writer' a rea.Ji 11 cs~ to i11 c11r repet iti on to a <.lc•g-rce tliat would ouce Jia,·e bee n reckon c<l incle-

•!

t

1

'.):3. Jn

a, 11>11~

l'unq1o;;iti1•ll, a" a

l~o111 : ul('e,

a 1'.hy, .. r

an O ratiun, m:u1-y J iffurent ki11d:; uf in t.ere:-;t or cHcd aru
p urpose] y ai lll c<l at.
.
.
.
04. 'l'lie extreme ease ot Yandy is Con trast ; as 111

Ugl1.t and sl1arlt.:, cold an<l lwt.

.

.

.

In style, Yari cty anw1111t.ing t<> c01rtr:1,;t ts seen rn pn~;in~
from th e ·Seie11t.ific or abstract, to tlrc Poetic or co ncrete ; lro111
the Trao·ic t o th e Comic; fro 1n 811L>li111ity to Pathos. In snc li
transifo~11s, Hot merely i~ one 8tatc uf frcli11g rcmiLted, lru t au
oppo~itc is indaccd.

!J ';

Q~ALITIES

OF 61'\"J. E.

STRENGT II.

05 . Tl10 n1 (J re slirrin;:; e:fTec:ts R11n11ld 110 reli eved by
alt crn: tti11g \\' itlt \\'l1 a t gi,·cs lit t lc c x(· it e111ent.
•II.. hnl1l fi.~· 11r<• , a strvn g ima~C', an i111prc·ss in.! 0 1,jr-d, exert
tl1 c: ir fu ll fo1'< ;c wlien tlic co111pusit io11 is i11 oili er rl'spcl:ts quiet
aml un CXl' lll ng-.
lu Gray's .G:ml , th (' couplet,
"r(~i \'c nmplt• room nn •I 'i'cq;e e n o u ~ h
l li e clrnr.ictlT~ of ltr!l to trace, 11

cxcrnpl ifi <'s th e dl"ect of a single ~trong word sC't mno ng others
of a 'Jlli l'l l'r t<-11 ur. l'11pc i" l.Jame<l for cxc.. ss of l'pigrams and
otli c·r ~tru11 g fig11 l't.' s. You ng's \"iglit Th ou!!l1ts al't..: too mu ch on
one k ey. Tli c Essays of ,\lacanlay want relief to their brilliancy.
Carly le's F rench I~ .. 1·ol ution is s:n· cu liy its 1-(rcat, originality
fr om palling upon t he attent ion: this is tl1 e prerogative of tlie
high est :reu ins.
Apart, frnm g reat original ity, t he streng th of a composition
mny Ge sustai11cd liy l'lll[>loy ing all th e fig1m•s i11 du e altcrnatinn; now a sirni lc or a llld:1 pl1o r, at anotli l' r ti111t' a 111 vto nyrny,
tlu.' n a co n t ra~ !-, a:!ain nn •' 11i<'rarn an l11·p\' rl 11 il e :i 11 in tc rrorr"t i1111, or a cl illla x ; and ll •l one figure ~ l1 0 11ld l'C<'ll l' dis]' rop orti,; natc:ly. Varidy llla_r al ~u li e attended to in th e m1rnl•er vf words,
a~ in alt ern at ing th e l c r~c with the c;l"gantly dilfos c ; :111<.l likc" ·1sc in tli c arra ngr 11H)nt, J. 1· w<' ll-ti n1!'cl ill\· c rs i o n~.
The effect of a u oc..::L~i .. 11:d sparkl e of i11ta!!inati on-as a
~imil e or an l'pig rarn-in a di~c1 111rsc 11.Jdresse.d to t l1 c , ober
l'l''"""l, is grate ful :m (l cxlii lar:it ing. \\' li e11 an t· 111 l'J.ati c ex]'l'Cs.-;iou c om(· ~ fro111 a man lt:1 l1i t11ally sol1er aud 111 ,·asured in
Iii., langu:1g c, th e elkct is do1il.!y tcl li111".
••

:-,

'

•

'

l""t"

nr, . Tho 1•11 lt illg of wl 1a t is Spc!'iiie and Co1l<'rctc for

what is GenL:rul or Al>stract, is a rceog 11izcJ. m eans of
stre11gtlt.
The 8npcri,1r f11n'e of co1w rd e a11.J sp .... ifi" terrns l1as l1ccn
nuder th e fi gurv~, an1l als1J i11 <'X[ .Jai1 1i11g Sin1pli ('ity. .Exam p l e~ arc ali unJ :rn t, in poet ry. Every stanza uf Gray'~ Elegy
is in poiut.
K<'< ·11

97. Tlic descr iption of tl 1e Ex tcrnal or Objc?t ~V or1 1 ~
i1:1 more cnmlucivc to strcn gtl1 thall the d csc n pt 1\Hl \'1
tnte:; of t li c 111 ind .
It is a law of our natu re tl 1at 111 11.·li alt .. 11li<>n direr. tc•l lil"' n
tho feelings of tlic rnin<l l1as a del,i ii1a ti 11g "ff"" t; w l1i l ~, on 1!11 •
contrary, to be tab: n (1ut uf self, a11 d llladc t<J rei:;ard C'\ ll'rn:tl
thincrs, is iusj>iriting. Jn n ·fer ri11g to l111!lla11 ity, the narn es 1111o
·
. 11
plying its 011twarcl and liod il y aspech an', as t_a r as pract1•'. :t '."'
to be chosen. Bc:t.ter say , " ],fe n (human bcrn~s, we) arc disposed to ov c: r-ratc distant g••«nl,' ' 1: 1:rn-" t1 1c mind iti Ji~pljsed,"
" our f eelings exaggerate," &c. (See DEsc 1u PTI ON.)

9S. Every aicl to t11 0 easy 11mlerst::rnJi11 g of w11:lt i,;
meant, contril> ntcs t o ot rcngth .
All J; in ds of difii<.:ulty an1l lalJo r, in ll'l lC'cti:al as well as bodi ly,
:ire depressing ; tl1c relief fn>m la~ur is ':heeri11g. Any tk "i"·~
that easily an•l vi,·id !y s11gg"st s a p1 d11 n·, is a mc·a'.1' of stre ngt~ 1.
An incoh erent crv\1-. l of i111ag"s npJ'ressc:s tli e mind ; o:d cr 111
t he array, rnutn:1l ]1:mnnny, au.J 11:u1<'ity 11f llllllll•l'I', g1\'e tl11:
ch eerful feel ing of i11 tclh:ct 11al rl'lil' f. The tirst stan zas "f . t 111;
Elerry of Gray are pe-rliaps overcr.. wdcd. llvheJJ!iJJde·n · 18 a
nca;er approach to perfect ion, in tlie proper ll um her ot id eas

and im ages.
Noti t:e Ji , L~ alrc:t•ly J,.•c,11 t:il; en of l~r t' Yi t y am! ll1e ,\rr:u1 ~c mcnt of \VorJ s, as suu 1-c •~ :i of Stn' 11gt!..

nn. Tlie pec uliar cff..:ct kn <•\1·n a,; !::'11:tri 11;.::, l' r t.aki1 '. g
n -ft iglit, cl crnan•ls kec]'iug in. tl'.c 1:u1g11agc, a climax. in
tLc thought, ;w <l a caclcn cc falllllg to tlte e\0,;c_
Sec p. 0 1, an d examples in ,\ ppl'n <lix.

100. Tho rpia1ity of t;t rcngth a n1l tl10 sublim e may
appcnr in ~eie nti fk compu,;it iu n, :tltho11g !t nut the J ircet
aim of 1;cic n cc.
Thc yast o I•jec ts an •l powv r" o f• ".-'··.tt111"'' a1-.; lia111lh·d in ~ <' i cnce as \r cll a' in pocl rL C e 1 l.~ r:1 p li y e111!.r:1c1'S tli c ~n l•l i n "'
features of th e p;utli , 1\ :;!ronomy Ilic li ean;ns. Hut the pc1.: ul1ar
5

•
TENDER FEELING.

QUALITIES OF STYL E .

force of s_cicncc consists in t he disc01·cry of' general Jaws, which
cm lJracc m a sho1t stateme nt a wide rnngc of knowled<'c. Snch
crilargc mcnh of llllma_n i11.' i.L;l1t and pow1· r may h ave ~he char;w lc r tliat \\' e arc eon~ 1 Jc r irr g. Th e l:1w ,,f urr i\·c r~a l gravity is
sul>limc.

101. ?'Ire lll Ollc;; a111l cffoct,: of st rcngt lr arc cornmcnsnratc \nth tlr c ~aricty of j>O\\·cr" in tire plrysical, tho
moral, a1 1(1 tlrc 1lltellect11 ;d wor1J, \rl1 etl ier cited on
their uwn acco nnt, or add uced in illu:-;tratiou of sometliin g e l ~e .
_Orin .f! n ·:tL ai r11 of co111 p11>il ior1 i> j.) li ci.L'. ld er1 <omc actual
s~: 'J <.:d 1>y tir e force of ~< •lllj•ari ,- " n', al!u,-ion~, ar rd irnprcssive
CJi c um s lan cc~ arid gruup1r r~'; :1, , a s1·1• 1r c of na turl', nn abode
~ ~ rn_anl~ rn.t, an event i 1~ hi,;ti; ry: l1 r ~o m o in ~ t a11 ces. a purely
frct.1t1ou' thPrrw is \1· qrl,rd up fri>1n l)()r rO \n·cl 1nat e rials, as in
J>ar,1d isc Lust.

FEELJKC:- PA'fl!OS.

103. In contrast to the sentim ent of rower, there is

n class of emotions a11ieJ to i11adiu11, r epose, and tl1c
p assive side of our n ature. Tl1ey may fto uri sl1 even
under the consciunsnesc; uf ·w eakness. The generic tit lc
of these emotions is Tender Feeling .
The word f eeling is so111 etimcs usc1l iu a n' stri cted scn st>, to
mean tend er feeling, or tenderness.

~!ons arc di splays of tender emotio1H

L ove a11d the warlll aff1· cl ' ath os and tLc l'athdic

arc other designations of tbc sam e quality.
ConsiderCJd as a large source of lwman plcasmc, tln·., e
emotions arc important.. They arc a b ond of mutual at t r:.ction, aml increase by ln:in g shared ; th ey m:urifest tl1 cms1·ln'H
as a sootl1i 11g and t:l1ecri11g i11!lueucc in tl1e dq,tlrs of 1111st·1-y

and depression .

104. Tl1c Tentl er Fed inµ: t\ a rc a\1·al,c11e1l J,y olij c"·t,.;
of special affection, lJy d i:;plays uf aetive goodne",;, uy
h uman e scnt.irncnh, l>y pain and rni,;c ry, and by 1 •lc:1..~­
ureci, cspe<.:ially 81H:l1 as arc gentle rntl1 c r t han a(" ll !C'. In
highly pathetic situations, se\·cral ,,f these mod e" arc
com bi ll ed.
vVc 11a\·c lr rrelo do wi th tlrcsc i11f1111·nees, not in the

ndn rt1 ,

b ut as e xp rcssc1l in l:lllg11:1gc ; :llld th e ill ustration uf thl'rn \\ ill

be dcter111i11e1l accorJi11gly.
(1.) As to what relates to tlrc l>tron~ spet:ial affectio11>' of
mankind. ltkht.cr i;ays, " U nh appy is the 1r1:1n whusc nwtltcr
d oes not mak e all m oth e rs in terest ing." I 1ra~muclr as tir e gen ·
erality of 1111n1an beings have expcricnc\'d s11mc of t.hc sp<"i:i al
attaclrm c11ts o f famil_\"i fr ien rbhip, ancl courrtry, any all 11 ,;io 11 tli:1t
strongly r emi11 ..J:; them of th ese relat.io11sliips has a t,en (li-r i1ililler1cc. S11ch al111sio11s fo nn a prim:ipal i11,[.(rcdient in all ki n d~
of poetry. The lu\ C tale is iudis1w 1r sa!.le tu tire drama a11d ti.Jc
Rom ance.
(2.) Acts o f gooclr1 e~s a\rnkl' n tl1<) tcr r11e r ~e11timcn t butlr ir1

·,\,'

100

QUALITIF8 OF STYLE:.

SOURCES OF l'ATHOS.

11·~~1t·~,'.~11t and

d1ar rn of narratives
and pl1ila11tlll'OJ'>)' 1'1spcetaelc ot d e r ot , I .. , J
.
•
10
. Ct ll C.'~ 1a.< lll eve n · :tgl' l'Xl'rt:i~cd a f"1or.' • t'
ov"r m en 's '. ·'.
0"
. .
~
.
, '·~ma ion
•. . .
I i11111s:
' tlie ideal p1<'!ur('s illll1ilgcd in Lr Joet
tl1h h tlic 1ll ost frl'<Jltent Tl
. I ·
f
· l s,
... . . . .
.
..
ic ll' a t 1on v p r otedor and rotcL.tul h dw elt 11pon l'l'l'li to excl'ss.
P
l:u rk c 's jli ·t 111 .. 0· f rr
.
.
,
,
·
c
'·
· oward Is tou c l 1i 1irr ·-"If-. J . .. ···t d
lid l~nropt•
,.., ·
e '"'' v1~1 c
1. . .
,
. ., . . . . ·. t,l C.r \· c !1 1(0 t lie <lt•ptlis of du 11.rcons. to
p i.n ngc rnto the lllfeetwn o f hospi tals; to sun·t'}' the"' , .'
of ~0 1Tow and pain . t< t·1l· tl 1, ,
. ·
. m.ms1ons
and J1111e11s1,,
11 "~ of i·n·IS·
C'l"\' d
"
d' J • , c c vi:.1 ugc
·
'
. • , Jr·prc~,1011, an C<l ntc rnpt ; to re mr·111 her the !'vr1rotl.c11 ~o
,1tt1• 11 c to the Il e•+ ·('! , I t
· · I r
'
'"'
'
. !'· , J
. .~ c , '"' ' ll n~1t tic ••> rsai,c n, and co mpare and
co J,t'.:c t :~ d 1stres.~es of all men in a ll c:o u11tri cs."
t;l1e

l

\!' .Ll ,I\ U

of
•

'

in 1]"'. Lel1<1ld cr. Tit>1we tlic
~0111)>·1 · 'I')
)
f'
,

• " '

11,

l

'L' ll (' l< ' l'!I C •',

. ·!(·!) Ilic rn crn cxp rcssio1 1 of ki11dly and humau e sen t iments
"ot .;:s 1n the same w·1v Tl
·
, . . . l . ·· .
'. ·
1esc sc11t1111011t.q :u·e t.J 1e echo and
a1 ip1 0\a ot active "Oo J .,
l l
·
i'" . d . .
.. "' 'ncs.<;, ant IJ SC their power only when
o • C ~c as a s11lis_t1tutc i;.. r the act ion s t. li cm sell·cs.*
\ 4.) Pain, misery, c:tl:uni ty -"all t lic ills ti. t fl . ·] . b .
t) "
, .
I
l
'
,
.
i.1
. , ., I is
cir
' -stir t ic t.epths of our tcndC' r n·1tt1rc ']'!
J
.
.. ·
.
.
··
·
. w wor s p1.l'lf
c~m;m~ s1on, l'.H·ar1 tenrlcrnc:"s at tl1c prompting ,,f distress. I~
l . 111Lht. J1,1l111:i] tliat tl1 c pa111s of th, . ff . . .
. /
tl 1e feeli111r "'! ' j'
•
.
e ,1 ectw ns s iuuld awaken
.~·
J . ic a te ot rnnrtalit}· comrnon to ·ti! .
I ·1 ·
( 1 '
·
j
' , <lll< LS lllJ·
111 01y arnva a11d lll1tnwa rd circ111r"t a11 c,·s in t lic c·1sc of ti
-' l'L'" t k r nu 1 1 I · . J .
·
'·1c
,. . · ·
: , •ct, .;:c·<·p u,i lll C<.l 11 sta 11t n :adi11e!>s fur tlie teudcr
1 J>nssi 11 ,,. "l .
<lltt1mrst.
l11e
f .
. ·
.. " . . . • . . : .~ ' '' n.y o gc ne ra l1011 after gc·ncrat iun the
~lli!,IJlg in to lurgr•tl11J11..,ss, t lt c long an <! last fare \rl'll ,-arc' tlic
. * .0:1c of tlie mo~t toud1ing- pnf:l."3:1.<rps in rrnf'i.
. . ·. .
Ill Ond ~ M1.·lnm orpl"'"<'S (Hook .\\' wl11· .• 1(1.'t poet1.\:'" tl1 at eo_nfamcd
tt•nd ...; of t he l ',·tln•r<11·c·t11" 1I
II
. '
I~ t 11.. poet, 111 d~·:-H~r il1 11w tho
•
••
· · ·.~
'
·'
11'l'd11pon111:·f · ·I·
f" }
"
:u11 :r1 al l!f"e. i\ flcr ·1dreri'111'rr t ·J
I
•'tr ~':mg o t 1C 1-la ered n cs~ of
.
.
'
'
0 l I C ( l."".:('l'H• d 11111 .,
' t
f I
.
Jo r h1 :-1 i·a "<ur~·s
·1w1 ..:111<l1··tt1' v
I
1'
.
ii:-. ini e11 . o
t
h!
wild
h1•ast
~ , ,
u ., . ,
II
i e <·xe ·1110 . "11·1
I
,.
lrt~atefI, ye g-1·ntle ~lieep m'td~ lo .)·. .'. l -~~
iat la\'e y e Jo ne to IJe ~o
t!J e fuJI feat, t!\;H rriv c II ~ \''1~Jlll' \\.' {)(/! If?\ ll e J111: llH.:11, }'C that h e ar DCCtllr in
life tlt:i11 i11 deatl: r:; \ \' ,! ."t l . . ' or <:Oi' L!l'l ll .~. and are more helpful ill

r

:

rnad t: lo e11d ur1· toil ? n

i.t

1,t:-;

t 11p ox: doll(' a

"l!111uil!df1Jl Jie ·11 d '

crops, who eould ki ll lh ,, till,,,· i· 1 . 1. •1'11
I
,
"" u ll~ i e ~

c1y o

(\.•d

j

p !Otl g' '.1

Wa~ l'Cl/10\' Cd ; wJ1 0 stn1eJ~' \~.:

with lal.1 or, wliwh J1;itl , 0 ot·t· 11

han't·i:;t:-;.!"

'
( 110-J:!U).

c

.
J
1 cllcWc

.

, ·1 ·l, .

·

g 1,11 e i.;:--H Huwceu t beust,

llOL " 0
·1..: ~o H

'· - t

:

rtliy to l>c repaid with
. . ti
. I
ct:i.

IC Welg- _It Of

the

itli the ax e that ueck worn

llic 1 , ·J 1· ·l l , j ·
htI
lt: \ .u..11 g1vcu 8u 1wrny

101

toncliing themes of relig ion , tlt e inspiration of tlic tragi c r><•('t.,
tho Ronl-engrossing actuality .
It is a strong tcstimo11y to tl1c po wer of t.liis (•111otion, not

~nercly to tranquillize, but to cause tlcli .~lit, tliat for tl1 e f<ake of
it we can bear with talcs an1l pictu res of distrc;;s. E1·«n rll'alh
ca n yield a powerful fasci11at iLH1. Hear wit11e~s Cnl\··~ Elcµ:y
nnd Bryant's T hanatopsis.
(5.) Though it app ears n co11 trad iction, the t.cnd «r f,·eling
is awakened by pleasure as well as l ,y pain; pa rtic ul arly l1y tl1e
gentle pleasures, as opposed to t!te iiery and c xc: it.ing-l1y s11d1
1.L~ arc compatil.ilc with rq><•sc.
The example most rele\·;111 t
to our prcseut object is tl1c Beautiful in the narrow sc 11S•»
as opposed t o tl1e Sulilime. The characteristic clcm ellb of
beauty, as will lJc seen, arc cntain sensuous ple:l..~nn~ s c•f tl 1e
sight and hcarin~, coupl ed " ·ith hannonies, and extc·ndccl l.y
associations. Tl 1c:;c iucline to, and adopt, tendcrucs8 as a ki 11·
drcd qnality.
Any ve ry i11t<-11 sc pleasure will dispose to tendc·r fot·ling.
Even tl1c elatio11 of power 111ay show itself in affectionate cnn·
dcsccnsiun; aml the scntimc11t of the s11l.ilimc may l>e mi ngll',J
with what pertains to beauty.
Tlic vocalJl1hry of Tenderness co rrespond~ to these variou~
sources of e m otion.
(1.) Motlier, fatl1cr, si;>tcr, l1 rotl1e r, "'rn, <1an,.d1tcr , cl1il<1, lover,
Jrnsl.i:md, wife, hon1 e, 11 cart.h, friernl, country, Uud, Saviour. (2, :1 .)
Gootl, kind, be ll C\' olcnt, prot.cct.i 111.;, 1-'.Cnerous, li11ma1 H', love, t ho
heart, fond, <kvot.cd , H1writi"c, uffc·cli on, Rympntl1y, J• it.,Y, C'onq.nssion, follow-feelin g-, disinte restt,d ii e,,8. (4.) Pain, a~<rny, torntl'nt,
awe, s:1<lnes,;, tear,;, distr e~s, mi sery, adve rsity, <•alam ity, tl i""'!"r,
trouble, trial, afllict.ion, bittern(',;~, Hillking, Je"oJat.ion, he rC:lV(llll<.'11\,
fi1tl1erles:;, wi<low, orphan, w rete h c-<lness, tr ib11lntirn1, "orrow, g-ri c'f~
iuoonsolablc, trilgi c, patl1ctic, (le,.p:tiring, doornc1l, <kvoted, accnr,-t«I,
<lcath , the grave, the tomb, t he <1 ep:ut.e<l . (5.) I'lcn sure, joy, rej oic i11 g, i!..:ligltt, c harm, !tappin es,; 1 fe licity, bliss, transport, ;;lad,
g rutdul, <:ordi:d, genial, hen rt-fdt.

] 05. \Vi th allowance for difference of suhjed, t11c
corn1itious of the employment <Jf lang'unge tu rai se p:t·
thctic emotion are tlte same as for strcHgth. (Seep, t'H .)
A mere profutiion of the pl1rascology and images of patl1us,

....

(~l'ALDTES

will 1ou t orig ina lity, krrpinf!". or alt\•niation nncl relief, will fail
to accom]'lis!1 tl1c e 11d i11 Yi ew. \\ ' ht•11 !li e la11 g-11ag-c cxcccch
t he occ:~~ i on , \re l1a1·e the rnau dli a a11d tli c se 11 tim e11tal, as in
tite rne's C'pi :.:r1dl' 011 t l1e /\:.:', a11.t not 1111frc1111c 1itly in the
$pet:c hc;; of l >ul 11 !"li t'rid a11 a11J Bur],c.
The llla11dii11 ic< r1 •:i(' het! !1y n11rk 1! in tl1 c full1ming 8C nt.cnce
on tlt n Hritic< h i'n11<1i111ti nn, a ~ulij1·ct whi ch 1wo ple in ge neral
a rc 11n:1l ilc t0 rvg-an! as ar\ ol •jcct of aff,_..,t i•J11ate fonJ ness : -" ln
tl1i~ c hoi.:c vf i1ilH'ri tanct• we l1an g-ivl'n to our fra111c of polity
tl1c irnagc of a rcfotion in blood; lii11ding- up th e conRtituti on
of onr cou1ttry wi th on r dmrest cl.01rtc8 /ic tit's; ad opti ng our
fuulhn1ental laws i11t o tl1 e bn>om of onr.fiunily r~(Tec l irms; k ecpi11g- i11 ~1 ·pa r:1Lll', and chc:ri:.:liin~ with the warr11t h of all their
co111J,i,,C'd a11d m11/ually r1jfecli:rl clw rities, on r sta te, our !teartlts,
ou r ,1·1'1J11lcltr<'s, awl our alta r;;.''
fn :Ext.m et \'1., pathos is ~! 10\\'n in f'<111trast to tragic
,j rc 11gth o n tl1c one l1:L11d, and to llJJl'<!<lc l' m ed l1 orrors on the
11tl1v r.
The 111ist·ry tl1at iw<pires tender feel in g rnw;t 11cit.licr
r <'pcl n u r O\· crwh l' hn o ur syinpatl1ics.

tofi. Tl1c in tc rc:-t of 11at.ural . ul1jcct;, i,i, i11 many inf'l: t1 1<·e,.;, d11e tu tlieir suggesting tli e tend e r emotio n_
Tl1c ,·a st11C'ss <if tl1c \l'orhl in spires 118 wit h a sense of tl1 c
s11 hli111 e, J,11 t tl1 c re arc many u l.j cets a111l sil11at iu 11 s that touch
11~ in otl 1"r wnys. The frai;ile ~l c m indicates W l'ak11c~s ; the
flow er 011 1lie rock is an image of protccti1>11 . Sec, am ong nurnl•e rkss i11 sl:rn e\·~, \Vnrdsworth 'R o<les to t he Da isy.
" J"!wu u11assum in,f!; common place
{) f" i\' 11t llr C, 1r·it/i lfta f /um11 /.'/ jltfl',
A uJ _r t·t with :-:m 11t'thing- of a g-rncc,

11 '/( ich /r11•t~ 111okr." fo r t/11'1' I n

107. Tl 1c fulJ.,w ing arc ad1litio11al cxamplcRofI'atho8.
"Ye s] 1all sc..:k nit· in tl1c· r111 •r11i11!.!, b ut I sl 1nll not J.c."

u

:-. \in 11 liow rr1..' nt l 1~ nnd how ki~11l
- 1.. •
~
l
Vl ' ' l '~C
\J }Jy VOil!' :-:.1w1:•:Ji :tll ( your :-.~/"'l "J
,, . ,
.. .
. urnrri :l "C !
T he Jay that rn.lk eJ \\ .b ou1
o
. .
0

!
(YOOlC

v

n,

-

'

be ref1·rrcd t o.

Th e ('J,·rk 's Tale 1.f Crise ld:1 in Cl1:111•· cr, witl1 it.-; i11ncdilik•
pi1·111ru uf 11H·<·i<1H·c<s :111.J , 1il >111 issir111, is n: pkt.e wit h pathos.

( :ris1· l da' ~ '!"'<'<'ii t o l1l'r li11s !.anJ, wli <: n alio ut to lie c a s t off;
cn1itaius these touclii1 w li11e~ : -

'°'

1

-.

J c s0une

.

.

f'<11
. . t] 1C O ]Jlll'C,''l'' 1• ' all< l 1.•
ul tlic n 1'1
. i111 s of i1 1JU"•
.
l
f \ of te 11 d 1•J'l l\'SS.
.
ticc, is a e<i nJ111 v11 urn
.
L
e f lo11d i11c-:•, iiln:-trat111g
There is deep pat.l i u~ Jli 1 c ."'..:"' '' . . . .
. ·
rt, l ·r em 0ti1m with w ca k1H' ~fl.. "
tJ10 allian c e o e ll<. "
. .11 ,n
Co ni1)::i, :-:,~

" Tinw C'ln 1 li1·c wi thout t.lt<'e ! Jlow ~orc~o. I
rfh V S\~t•et C011Yl'\'~C, a11d \tJ\'~ ~O d e1 u ;,Y jOlll I '
'fo,li vc in t hese iL·ild 11·oods Jorl<Jr" I

.1
Th e (l ec l .me o· f "··li·e1wtl
"' 1 "·n t

·l ' .· "
''' i .rnu n"'

.

)·car~ ,]J , I)OSl'S

(1\

the mdti11g rn on•l.

. , . . . l,c WL'll ,i-u.lil·d
. .
'] '11 ·' c 1· -1·ct1111 c<t :111 ccs a11,J : 1rt~ .,f p:t1 1io., lll.l} '
v
l.
'I ' <'T[l' e . '1 '1 ·1cke
r:1 y'; picture of E~1111>11d at i1s n 1vc IL'l s,., • , :
Hl

le ,

•

.

f

· 1n rr

iulll

. . ~ . t in one snnny e vt·ll1n~ fl "'l) ' ,... . ' ..
"E:·nn on tl <' :un e to tlil:'"' po ,
.. . · 1, th eir :·d1a,\<1W :-) :t(·rn-..~
l 11· ·I · <·rn-.:..-.;t':-' ' (l~ 1I 11,._.
.
I .
S'\W 'tJJti d a t.lio u:-:.nrn ' . tt ' . I.
'ne w l1it·h 111 .~rkl:1l L1:-0 i not i l' f:.;
. r;··1• ..~...:r., 1110111 111 ~, th: li 11n
r
t1.l~
llla
r
o
r ~1·· "1l lll' l'~ t l1:lt la\' t hl' r'~
t ,1 1•\..... 'r->
• • o t t H J:-4U p o o
... '-''
.
.
.. . l
rC:4t i11 ~- pla ee. ~t: 1 11y tnuJt,
.:ti \\l1i1 ·h i;iHTO\'-" l1ad n.· - l1np.t1 z . . · 1
.. I
I t • . t ,.,,·e
luttl :11 Ii1pla..·tl tl 1.1.. t "~·tnrn l l:llll c>l \\'
t I 'int tl1 0ir i11d1Yli
i 1a ...., ttl) "
l 1e l' nn•l w!ti 1· li fv11d ly cce1 11 c·1 t·" .' 11 d ihrk 11 ~'" klll'~lill :.: nl tliu
, . . Ir r ·i , l 1...,. "' "'11~ ' '
.
, . i s . , . 11,
:11111 ~ri d .
l~ a nt l l' . . ~'"L it ·lt li 1.. · r (': 1n':i W1..' l'l~ hll nl ·i . • u1 1.,_·1.\ ,'-'
j'
ou t of lier cro:4.-.i, 11111
· · 1 l'I I.. wn pr:tvcr tl &t ' rt '·, 11 \ •ti •\ ~nrruw F<o t11ltH .'ll

kn elt rlow11 , rt11<1 ~a • l . ih v
. . 1i:1d Jl<J r eeuiiel' tinn ol !1t•r) ""' in
a· i n awe (for l'Yc\ll In~ HJe llHJI ) • . 1 in li ft> h·tu b0,·11 111ad1· to
'ty 1:1r t.1 10 pa11t:s wlii ch tlie g'l' lll 1l ' l~un . r r tl 1 i ~ lt l'ave11ly J,ri11cI" ·
1 , 1.J ron"lit t 1c111, 10 ·
·t
;;1itr'c· r. T o tl1i:; cn1s:< s .1e l i " 1 " · ho h r1c1 wooe•l I""·, tliu tr:u nr
l
. l
' ·d tho ILI S 1mm
I
t tlll.l
··rvn111 s ...... cxc
lllll!;l'
. l • l 'll ot··k~ hv l' Ollll <l "·'""
.,
"'wl1 0 liacl lett' her. A tli 0 IJ ·>;'l!H
,
an•l <':t\' l 1 \J <':\!'·
' . l' ',"' ,l1.. 1,il, <W (·r' th• em,
irc11tJ e Jaisie~ sp ri 11µ:i 11 ~ Ollt ut ~ l l' f;I, ~.',.iJetl in l.J]a<:k, W:L' k11 eeJi11;.:
i1w its cros:< at1<l 1'<'111 U'8r'.11.. .1 1'"'1' ':1tl e (so fn· sh rn:uk, that tlic
n
·
I · • s1-t1·r ~ •el_,
·
.
l
I ti ' e'
Jianl l•y, at, a s i:Cj> ll• t: : · , , · ~ iin :t ,·nvc·rli1l f11r i t ) ; W)'l' 111
s prirw 1111<\ ~<·:11-ec l11Hl t 1111 c1· to .'. l . of life •1t11l the worl1l, :u1d t l1 c'
c emete ry walb you lt ad ~ ~lllJ»CA l. ·11 c'..111e l].,wn fro111 :i ru1.t'
H[iir es an•l µ;able•:< of tlic e1ty.
,";1 ·n· on t ltl' ;.:ra',; ltdow it.,
'-' :inc,
tt.:
I
I
l l .t f' t, on 0. ('f'll..,.
OJ >j •<J-i t e '"" ' . ,,.,
l . '.· l
I .. fin ii " 1!1011t. ' ; t "'" ··:1111c
~
I
.
.
I
re"c11
I
Y
"
11 ' a c .i
l
I
• ~ l· ' lofth l~ :-'i:-;ter~ li an 1y ; v II 11..1, .....
w l1 e 11 eu 1 t. t· e wn\\:~.: '. ·
·1 so 1111.J. :ts .,f \'l1 a11t 11 1:.: irlllll ti1 c\ '·'il'l
ir 'llhrv ).1:ul uk.inl' 011<·,· h:1il
,,
'
f' ll ]lii•J>h<'<.'\\"IH'ljlO< ·• J '
j
I'
l1 ·t1l l 111 P' ~ IIH'C I \'l
t.
'
,
·t· 11 ·11111 lu.:·u·ing- t Il l' ~ ;u ne l ~rrn L"'
t tl11· .,.,Ill<'
' ·'
•
•
.
1 ('01t:-:i tI;l t'1111 I .
11.1 ·n ~ W~ l'l't' I\.lll'l! ,.llln ·1
'
. . ·k
I
n·11·t
l1·1d
fu\1111
· " '
·
·] · ·] l >r ,(T l<.: c· ll le ,
'
illl !l pr:l)...! l'ti Ill ." >I ( l I C . ·IL · Ii ~ .. Jee p i11 J>l":l<'C ; Hil d \\'~, tO•',
Mi"l •t ,!ill slc•vj• 111 pe:11·(•-llll!.,' :' l vt:r I But tli<1 l:!:trtli J.; i.ltu
, ,..,
I
·111d 1.. 1111~ tll l '· v
.
l
.,
'v l1 <•11 ou r :-;t1 · u ~g e:-4 '·
'
.
l'k J1i:; c re atunJ~ ht :!"\'.'. a111 yo 1 l .
l ·~1 t
, •n i" . Wl\ ;ire a I u . ,
I 1I
Lord ';, 11~ t ' " ''."'" u · : . _ ff tho liill oek a11u ki;;s<:t 1t, "'" '' · '
der . . l t.1111k. " li ttle. 110"1~' ol .. 1 ;·u,t Ji1d1tcu on tli e cro:;o l •y w u,
..
o
my wa.Y Jike t!Je Ulf(l t 1at J.IU
I

(T

\\' olsl·1·' s f :11·c1H•ll m·1·oi 01,J y

103

EXAMPLES OF PAT HOS.

OF STYL E .

•

.

Tfl8 Lt::D!CIW US.

QUAL.n'IES OF SITU•:.

l)atk into the work] a g~1 in. Si lent
, . .
.
<kpt.lt of ealm, out of rl':11·h of tern ,;,rt~~;t1j'' 1 ~ ot tl cath .! tr:rnqn il
tr.,lil •k . I fdt as 0110
'" Ito l1ad liec 1t \\'"!kin, u Ii
tl r .
bone.~ of sl ii [JllTCt ks." ;; " iw rn Sl'a, '""] lt·c:;1di11;; alll ilbt tho

"'
Fro lll tli e n:ll.11rc1 of tlie ~ni.J· cct tl1c 1"' I 11 11
am plcs of 1" •l .
.
'
''"" " " nds with ex.
a. ws, grea tly a1Jed l1y the ~axn11 st)·le of i·1ttr
tra11slatwn .
Every 1tn·at po!'tic ).!' t nin ~ l1as been able to r• od • -t k
of J)athos. i, it · ...
. .
r nee s ro cs
.
. '
l
Ill some it Is a ma rker! fc·itnrc
J ll . 1" l
l'' tc, II tc r Is
· · pro 1>a l 'Y
I mr ~n rpa~;;cd SJ . 1- . ·. ' ·
' m au
.• .Jt J.
. .
. . . . ' ia ,1•,peare s tendcmc~s. is
<•1t1. 1 1 n 11s ~11!1l 11111t y . Chan cer occas iou:tlly ton c !tc ~ 1!1~ t • ., . .•' ]!
d l'l' c lords·
. ' Sp•
.
C ~ en
Cuetl1. r·
.. sl 1tse.l "'I.. <>flener.
.
.In .r« <.;·e rI t t.lllll'S
owpcr,
c, ,uri1', .. co t,.,\\ d ~on , \Vonl-;wortl1 Le i•d1 11
~·
Jt:,- hav e ,.,.· .
'
'"
nnt, o:>hclItis rs. s·c. Il t"l·l·k
, ·'J
l ,,. n,·nrnanyrxa1npks.
.
l , l .1 I c tot JIC nol'cl
:i.n to tic <lrama to prod uce sce ne~ of lo\'C a11J path')~.

rm:
.

i or

LlJDICftO lJS-IHi MOH- \ \°IT.

1_OS . Th e J,11 d iern11 s :rnd the :Lauirl
~ 1alJlc arc names
w l 1:1.t excites laughter.

we m ··w
· ·A1· I11 ong
. · : tli e r :H1srs of lan.-,htrr
,..
.. n·1m
' c ··11nmo·j an ee of•
. .
fnn1nuf ~p111ts, any
. Fu<ldcn a c .-. r,;.~
. ion of [' ICi1Sllre,
( IlC ~pec .t:t l c]al~n o power ~nd ~up.crio1-ity, or an un expected d iversion of tl:c
nnn<l wh en u110 1er cxe1t cmctit.
i· . 1·
. . 100
l . .. Tl1c J,mlicrous in compositio11
·
,, ur t l 1c rno:st
p ai t )a,,cd on tl1e• dcrrra<lation
dirc"t
. 11rect
·
0f
"'
'
v
or 1rn.
~om.c . p r.:·so'.1 or mter~;;t.-somet.h i11~ n>'>iuciatcd ~-ith
]1tl
l"'rantv
· f iut
. I icr r crp 11..
I \\ C 1,. <lwn1ty
".
' or ~
:
., . It i;;
s1tc that
: I C c1rculll stan ccs ot thi:s <lcgraclation 1-1l1011 hl 11ot be
,..uch a,.; to. p r0<lncc any other stronrr
" emotion, as J>ity,

anger, nr j car.

·

Corne<l.v t o .. 1' its. ri ' c, f ro m t I ic yc
· ri ng a11d ]•Cr~o nal Yitupcri n d11rin r1
·
. Jl tlllO r of. the goJ
~ tlic pr " (", l ,-><l\lllS
Ill
lllll) sus, o r B accliu >'.
In
the
n'
rruhr
er
.I. . I .
k ' f .
. .
. .
,.., .
J lllt c ' '
Ill every
II H.l u con1pn>'l11<Jll a1m111.r
. I 1<
. 1"' :1t tl1 e h1wl1·tli
· o · l'l , ti 1e e,;sc utia

ati .. n .iudul"r-d
u·
"'

.rn.

105

gi-cdicnt i;; t11c vil ifyi ng and 11egra•li11g of m en or i11~litutio11s
commanding som e cke;rN1 of "" ncrat i1 >ll (• r rc,.;1wct.
The plcasnrc tlrn;; affonl,.,\ is v"ry µ:n·at, a1lll lia~ ,-, s1 r0 n'..".
n!Tinity with that fccli11g of cx:dte.J e ne rgy ento·ri11 g i"t." tl11·
~nl.ilirne. To tl1row down anything fr11m a h<'i,c:;li: j ,; a >' it.: n: t!
m:mifcstat io11 of pmv«r, an rl , a;; ~i 1«k µ:r:1tili l·~ t\11 , :1g1·11t :u 1.J
thoRC that enter into hi s fc. eli11 gs. E\'l'll wl1 e rn tl1 e pr .. strati,, 11
is uot dcsig1H:d l1y :1 N>11 >'e i1n1~ aµ:1•1t1. ~'" wli cn any one t1111il• J.. ...
in the rnnd, or bke,; fri µ:l1t :tt an un (:X j'CC t«J appcarnnce, we
experie nce a d eµ:n·c of euj1,ym e11t cn rrespomling to tlie ;rrc:1t11css of the c!foct. \Y\1 l' n om R)' In pathy is with 111 0 ul•j<'1 ·t
thrown dow n, the t cnd cnr'.y t o 1au.~likr is arrc,..te.J, allll su tne
other feel in g tak es it.-; r·hce.
Th e fvllow in g arc cx:unpks of t11i ~ okg ra lhliun . \\'hen
Moliere iut.nJ1lt1ccs tl 10 Cl'k,-t i:il m es>'c1q..;cr of tli c µ: orlc<, ~1 ttmg
tired on a clo ud, :llld cnn 11•lai11i 11~ of the nnm btr ,,f ,Ju1•i tl'r·,;
errands, .Nigh t ex prr:'~cs surp ri,;e that a god ~h o nl•l lie weary ;
wh ereup on ~for«nry inolignantly a.<k;., "Arc the- p:l)d ,; nu.Jc <·f
iron!" Tl 1i s tk.~rn·.lati()J1 of olivin e' persona;r•:fl is l w l i crou~ and
ddigbtful to n1il1 el i," ·!'rs. /\ ccnnl i11gl~·, in t1 1c decl in e of ]':1.~nn­
isrn, t.l1c gnd>' r am e l11 lie :1 rnl•j1'et of mirth in su ch co mp·1~itions as the Dial1)gues of Luc ian.
A Frn nchman , dis:ippuin\.1:J with En f!;]j,..]i co oker:·, f'Xclaimcd, "lldH,J.l :1 la nd with si.cly rdiyion..~, a.1111 on lv o"e
sauce." Th e putting of rcl igi <>t1 :rnu i;an"e 1t pnn a k1·c·l 1•artly
degrades re ligi on, lint ~till 1norc ckgrau cfl t11 c ~prak<:r; au·i
t.herc i;; a C<'lll['lex cfl.. ,r,t nf th e !t11l icrous.
Th e lines of lindil.ra;<,
"An<l, li ke tl l oh:-\1t."r l 1oil ecl , the morn
Fro1n 1Jlac k to red he::;a a tu turn,"

contain an nl.vion~ degradation of a di g nifi ed sul1jl'('t, altl1ouµ:h
l>clong ing to the in:rnirnatc world. \\' hat.ever i11><pires n,.; with
lofty focli11g~ of admiration or a\\'C can h e a subject. of \n.J i.;rcHIR
prostration, if we are dispo~c<l to exult over th e fall. \\' (!
usuall y enjoy th e lauµ:l1 at ,.;otn ctliin g tl1at we oli~cn·c ntli cr
people rc~ p cct i11 g, hut do not oursd n :s rl''pcct..
Th e incid r nt of Quee n S ophi e C harlotte's taki11 g a pi1wh 11f

5*

...>

lOG

QUALITIES OF STYLE.
lllll'oIOR

107

snuff during the po111p<)t1s a11<l protracted coronation cercmouial of her hu,;oa11d FriL·.Jrich I., of l'rnssia, i.~ iutc11scly ludicro ns. Tl1e rule~ of d1:corn1n wu·c trl'at(;1l witl1 contempt, and
tlic Rp!Pndur of a pa~·cant ~llddenly <la,;]H,d hy an ad suggcstivo
uf c:111 111i.

The l1L1rl""Jlll', tl1 c M11ck-l1er1; ic, Parody, Travesty, Carica.t 11re, arc mod cR of C<• tnp ()s it i.,n answering to tl1c general charactrT of t.lic ludi('ro11s. Eit},L,r sumc elcn1tcd ol1jcet is treat.cd iu
a !1111· and nilgar style, o r a inean oLjcct iu tlic style of things
di;,;·11ifi1·d; iu butli cas«~, there is an effect of' dPgradation.

J 10. Tlie cin·1w1:;tanccs uf tl1c laugfotl;]e may vary
l1ctwccn tll"u cxtl'en1cs : Fur the 0110 extreme, wo h:ffe tlio pn ro pleasnre of
J>v11·er t;]iading into rna1ignits, as see n in tl1c laugh
ut' Yictvry, dcri:sion, ritlic11lc, scorn, c.:ontnmely, con1elll pt.
In Crimpositi())t, tl1i., i,; CX\' rnplifil,.J i1 1 IJ. e 1nitings of Swi~
and Voltair1', in tl1c letters of J11lli11s, a!l.J in the c11rncdies of
J\ ristopl1a11es. Unrnr.1.-nrl'd dc111111c iafi1m, al,usn, sarr,asrn , give
this plea~urc, prv1·ided tlil'_I' d" 11 ot I'•Jusc sympathy fuwa rds the
\'i..:lirn.
11 l. J\t tl1P Ptl11·r «11rl 11f'tlic s«al1', tl1n exultation of
]'"11·cr i:; ili".:C:lli~cd l1y Yarivw; art.~; a11d tl1u la11gh as:-;11mcs a i;enial aJJd kindly el1ara«tcr. Tl1is i:> llu11roR.
\Ve nf'te 11 l1<:a r of i1111 oee11t raillery nnd l1:1n11l\::.;,.; jests.
Since dt·g rad:ition mu st, :1.-; a rnlc, lie 1111ple:i., ant tu tl1c pcrso11 degr;tded, wl1i le it Cali1 1ot lie :1ccqJtahlc tn tl> e lwncHt sym-

pathie~ of lll <'ll f.\'L'lle 1·al1_1., there mnst be Sf1111l'fl1i11g to redeem
or nc ntr:dizc tlte clfoct.
(l.) It is l>11t railll'ry, wht'n the fll-g rada tio 11 aftacl1es t-0
·' Orn dliing that a man dn 1•s n"t pride hirnst:lf upon. \Ve may,
wit h•mt ofl\:11<·,., ridi1' 1d1: ti,,, l1ad liandwriti11.g r,f a11r one not
prdl'nding- t11 write 11'1.·ll.

(:?.) A j est may lie ln·nl;cn npnn a ]•Oi11t of el1aractcr so
llll fJllCstional1le aB to ]Jc b\'.1'<>nd tlic reacli of depreciation. A

·~-

108

Ql ' A Lrrrns OF RT\' LE.

WIT .

. HydBt·y S111i t li'~ r"111ark lo tl1 c Cl1apttr of Ht. Paul's, on tho
fJlOposaJ to by a \\' Oudr11 }'ll\-('llH' llt TOUllJ tJ 1e uuiJdi11g,-" jf
we lay oar l1t«'.ds togctlicr, the thing is don c,"-1\'as wi"tt.y and
lrnnwrons. • 1t a11y
one (>ut~i.J
.. 11"1! ·s·11
··-I " 1 !JOI
I
·I "~/
· - , . ••
·- ' ,
t ay your le<><m
togethe r," it ll' ould lia1·c ll'a11tcd the J111m or.

-r

(_G.)

.i ~ n·arlicd

uy

comLi11i11g effects of wit and
!'" ct:c licaut y with tlie lu Jit.:ro u~. Tlic plca~ ure tlrns arisinlY
ls ofter'. capalile ~f cfl'i.;ct.ua lly soothing th e wou nd ed pride of
the suflc rer and lns. s_r111patliizPrs. All tlw great productions
of con .1c ,[!C111
us 1111.,lit
lie ai notC'.J
- ar1 d sue
. li of
c- ·is
• · c,-.
..,,. 1111 I·t· ~,
llurnor

1

1

H:e 111 as l1an: scld11rn a11y of tl1e other rnfteni 11 g i 11 g redients
1
}ll'1 d 1110111p11tary !Lv•l1 c·~ nf _Q'('11iality fr om tl 1 is ca use.
It is
01Jly th us t hat. eith e r !S"ift or Yo ltairc can hr claim to hnmor·
it is al,o the pri11t.:ip:d SCJften ing ingredie11t i 11 .Ari-;topli:lll cs. '
C li :111ecr w:is 11 g-r .. at linrnori;:t, on se1·l'r:tl 1Jf tl 1c gro nnds
ll?\I' st :'.kd .. ll o d id not ofk n derng-atr frnm tlic dig-nity of
'.11 s sul>y('ts. 111 a Yt t>!e11t or ext reme form; he i111parted tlattcrll tg' an d lon11g- t1111 chcs 1o l1 is 111dinous d t'p rC'c iat ion; and he
co 11 ld dot he I.i s s l 1 a li~ 11·itl1 deli cntc \1·it a11d pod ic iinacrcry
1o a d l'hl'<'C u11s111'l"L"sl'd. His C:rntc:rl•nry Tait's a!.ourid in
l111rn«r. 11 is '' l.> i,-:1ppcara11l'c of tl1<' Fairil's" is a n example of
sart:as111 a nd i1111uc11d•1 i111·csted with ihe l1ig l1t>t beauties of
poetry.
, Addi,;o n'H l111111ur is reprcsente<l by T11ack1•ray (Ll'cturcs on
Lng-lisli liu111onst.'<) as depending chidly f in Ili c t ri1:ial nature
of the follies ridi c11lPd, a11d on the lightnes~ of t he !\COUr"'0
in!!
" hand. lt· \\"l'
·, ~ e1·
: sy t <> re(l e~ m :<ti g-cnt lc an application of
the rnd.

112. Wit m:-iy lie dr'fined
lll_tl1 c

:1:4 :i.

<·011il1in:l1i1>11 ot' ideas,

fil',-t p'.:v:c, 1tnf'.Y] J<'t:/trl; secondly, i11ge11io11s ; and

tli 1rd l.v, (·n11::; 1strng Ill a pl11y ?ipnn ·ic(lr1'8.
(l. ) As r<·~arJ~ J.ci11g- u no:pcctcd. Tl 1is is impli Pd in th e
t e rms l1~('1l in s peaking of " ·i t; as, ~t.rokes, :<all i t ·~, fla~l 1 e 8 . A
sli:irp, ], i1ing-, pn ng-c 11 t, r:Jl'}' effect, like tliat of wit , 11111st liu pro'.~11.ccd. hy so1 11t:tl11n,l! snd.dL·n atH.l 11 ew. Originality or novelty
IS rnd1spcn,.;:tlilc to tli1• li1g hcst l1t.t'r.1ry dli:ct~.

1 O!)

(2.) The uncx peck<l co mlii nat i<'n 11n1st .! i'1 •1:1y ingmu it:; <1r
skill, such ns ~ives somctl1ing- to n1llll ire. l ll'n ·.i11 '"'n~ i ,h wli:1 t.
may Le called the i11tcresti11g a1td g <:11ial ck111e:1L uf wit,-tln.:
pleasure of adn 1i ratiu11.
(:!.) It is a l)J O<le of ingenuity co11sisting l1l n plu!J uprm
words.
The epigram 1s tlie pnrcst repn·s(·11talil'e of wit. Nrxt ~t r<•
innuendo and iro ny . All tl1c l'arieties of effect pro<lnc:1·•l l 1y
douLle mean ings, i11<.:lu<ling puns an d con undrum s, if they possess the eo11Jitio11s uf uncxpectcd 11c,.;5 a11J ingenuity, :ire de~ig­

natcd wit.
A str iking metap11or is so111C'ti 1nt>s called witty, l1ecau~e uf
its possetisi11g the first two rerptitiitcs :" Bri ~h t li k1' the Rlln h('r (:\'(" the ~azr r• strike,
AwJ like th1; :-;uu they :shiue on all alikc. 11

So, an y grr:it i11 gcn 11ity in turning a figure is admire•l 1111tlvr
the name of 11·it. lt. i' remark<.:,] Ly 1 •ryd,;.11 th:it, w111 ·11 a)""' '
dcscrlbcs 11is nii~tn· s~· ~ Lnsrnn as wlii ie as s11nw, lac i:; :i t ti11~
utmost iwetical; but, wl ie11 he pr,,ceL'<l" to :td•l "and as c"{d
too," he Leco m<•s witty ! Like wi,c a don!.le :u1:t!oµy, as i11 tl 1e
retort of C.>lcrid ge, duri11g liis dc111r•natic lec tures at l~ri,.;h .i ,
to some rn:1rks of di,:ipprol1ation: "l am not at all s11rpris1·d
that, wh<'11 tl1e red-lin t pn·judiC('H <•f ari ,;tncrats art) s11dde11ly
plunged into the cool clement of reason , they sl1onld ~1> off witlt
a hiss."
Thus it is, tl 1:tt any f111e e!Ted, 1011 111! up mon: with tl:l•
language tl 1au with tl1 e mattn, 111:1y r!'('<'ive th e praise nf wi t,
Vvc may npply the 11:u11 e to a stroke of fc1ic iton8 l1re\'ity. ,\
fop, wh<i l"''"'SSL'<l fin e teeth, an<! wa" alw:iys grin11i11g in <•r,lcr
to show tl1 e111, was 1le~ig1ia\ ( •1l hy lluracc \Va lpole as" t.lii.; gt·1 1tl crnan with thcfoulioh teeth."
11~. \\Tit, altl1oug1t (1i~tinet from the 1lJ(licruns,
frcql1Cll11y fo11rnl in comhinatiun "·i t.Ji it.

h

\ Ye ]1;n-e :<ccn tl1at wit can cunn·rt the l11dicrou,; i11t n 1111mor. It l1ei11g- not always pcrn1iss ihle 11J tkgrade a 1wr~ 1.1 11 or
thin;; l1y ope n vit11pcration or dcprcei;1tory adjunct<', 811me dis-

...
''

'':.:-.

'·-;-

110
EASE OF 1'ltut; LINC ! ATl< •N .

g1:isc or r edeeming inge nuifl· is sowrl1t t t
l l
wit a rc well adwJtcJ I< r 1I .
,...
o I ' arn t ic fo rm~ of
1
I
.
H' purpo~c. An a11 ccrlott· n·l· t ·d 1.
'
1 ].

. ,or.. >al'o11 I .~ au apt iliti>•tral"i o n " \ . '
. . .1 c uy
Lor.J <._ '' ·f J . .
,
·
·Ir . l •>pliartJ , attcrwarus
JI.It
us t1cc l ")>l1a111, wl1c11 li e! was :-.; .. k .. .
Jlousl! of Com11Jo11s lnd .. t I
l
. pt.1 er, .n1d tho
.
,
>«t
o11g, a11t dune Ill clfo ·t
l.
corn 111g 0nc day to 0 . , Fl .. b
c not 1rng,
.
]\f . S .
' ucc n ' tza ctl1, site su1 d t.o l1im ' N
. r.. j><·akrr, wliat l1ath passed in the(.'
·' II
'
ow,
ans wcr,·d • 11· 1·t I
.<>1um •1118
<> u se 1' 11 !'
• J><'a~l) Yon r n1·· ·
'
t _l,· 8e1•c11 w1•rks.' " \.V 't]
'
·
·
.
.t)CS
11 llS play 11p,,ll wor I· t I
S
J
1 iout
pru:1t·l1 t Ji . l l . ' 1·' ~ · I H: pea >e r _co uld not lu1v c dared to ro,.
L u 11 sl o1 t ie1r procced1n• 'R
] lie witti,·i;;rns tli:it ('<> 111·l')' dl')'TC:~i;1ti,111
nurncr
tl
nr,, prnl1aLly more
. <>lls
Jan a 1I other' put to·····tlil'r J ·r·r· I I' .
.
1.,,, i. 11 · . ~.
·
,...
·
c ' " ~ ll1 ••enu1ty
"it~ <>I Ill lit al11Jo ;;t, l'\'ery i·1st ·111 c'
'l'l
I
,.., .
s·1i ! t f t
·
' · ' '·
Ills, w 1011 so me one
·· '
ia . a C1Jr t ~un 11111si c al air "ha.J
··t.
.
.·
.Jvrrold lool ·c l .
l J
<Jld l C•ll'nnl lum away"
' ' r •11 111< tic co 111pa1Jy and ·1 -;]·' J "I 1
'
lien.! that cau wJii:;t]l) it ?,,
' · 'e' '
:; t iere no one

MELODY.

.

"rc lo<Jr
' II an11011y
.ii
· of· lan_!:!'Ua£?:o
.'
" r_•r "f
,, 11'1<',
1otl1 tlic ac:tiPn vf tl 10
, . ,.
\ 'V ICf', and tlr c l'C 11:;c of

] 1-.1-. The
l

11 1\'< 1

I'(•,;

l1e:ui11.r

::-:- ·

l

.\\'Jiat i s ] l;ll'> l

t.,

J'l'»llOIJll{'('

j-;

11

it

I . )'

0

I

.

· '
11 1 < 1s:wn·r ·1 ,J, 111 tl
:J( ·t· " f pr»11n1111 .. iw• !, 1 t ·I · 1·
·
· -~ · L
. JC
.
,... ,
1 ·' N l l 1s:wrceal.Jl) t» lil"lr . ~ . ·
.t
J11g to Sjl(' i!<.:li \\" (' <"lll l l< t I I I
."'
• • " I Ill 1IS en.
'
•
'
t " O!i l'l ll .llli ! t. IJC \\'11.J
tli:.t II . . 'J.
. I( ' 11 l:l\" l lH'Pl'(''('ll[
~
~
IC \\()(I ~ \l"(IJl/d :dl1·1 ·t (lllf Ol'lf'lJIS j l' .• I I

011r.-;,•J\'('S F .. .
r
. ,., .. I " " l:t• tu lllt e r llicm
. '.
,1 l .11 111 rea< Ill.!.'. 'nll11111t 11ltt•r:ul<' c :d " 11d we have
a Sl' J1 ~n uf t lie art iculatc JJuw tu t l , . .
I•
'
IC \ Ol('C a11 ,

LO

!lit! c:1r.

l. 1:") , If \\'C l'C',!:;:ml tl1c S<> 11 n<J,, of tl rc· letter,, i11 r ' ]
lla11 _1-, \\·c sl1all find a ,; a rnl c tl. t tl
. l -.
. ' I V I< -

. tJ

a1c'

}

ic

'

'

l, L.

10 d

11 lljl t

<'Ull ti l!ll'tlltS

. 1arde;;t to }H'011c11rncc, and tlic Yowcb t:lic

~a:;Ic8~.

Tlie l(' iftT• fl t !.- 1. I
.
.
·'
• • '' :1 c t "' nrnst alirni•t of .111 .
.
1ill'1r asprr:ited f(I J' Jli< (,tit(· . . ti.. ) !.
·
• , next arc
.
_
,
.1-<111
t 111
' . t l1r·' ·
II!
J
n · I ··
Tl
.
' '
sc .ire ca re s 1·up
i u '"'·
. I L' <·orr,•;;po11d111.g flat m11tes :JI" l
" I !. ( '.
lftuu')-<
Tl . . 1
' · '• V--< , I 1. as 111
!/·
i csc• ast afl,. 11· a Cl' rtaiJJ r.:n ti
. . f I
.
.

'

llll , llJL.O <.J

t JC \' OI CC,

l Jl

1md arc pr on oun ced with lt·ss efi\1rt.. Th u ~, a&ove is u 1,ic· 1· tl i:111
zn~fl; go tlton than cu l.
T he li11uidR, r, l, m, n, ng, Hll\l t.l1c si l.ilant s, 8 1 .~/,, z, zh, ail
rep resent eonti111w11s s11uJt.J,, :q1proad1 ing iu tl1 i ~ rc,pcct to ti1L:
vow els ; whil e w ancl !! ar,• a 1,illd of co nsonant Yo wc·ls. Tl11·rc'
is no abrnptn css in ruin, loum, 8ing, sha.m e, lc-iRarc. Tl1 e ( :n.,·k
and Ruman lan;.!llages (p:trlit:ularly tl ie C:r.,cl ) ~how<·d a prt ·f,·r·
once fo r tl 1c flat rnull's, th e li•111id,, :wd tlic sibila11ls; a11<l, f,11·
t he m ost part, 8oft c 1u.:1l tl1 e slia rp rnntcs, espec ially p, t., k , 1.y
comliinati• lll ''i tl1 tl1c 111 0 rc flo\\·ing letters, as clepsydm, pn1ricnt. \Ve have th e lieudlt of t!ti, in E11gli:;h, O\\i11g l•J t !tc
g reat 1111ml1er of wunls aJuptl'cl l.y us fron1 tl1e cLJ.s,ics.

llCT. Tlio al1rnpt eons•">nant" ar c casi0st in al tcrnatiun
with vowel,.;, and cspcc:ially l(lng Yo we],,.; a,;, appN11',

'·"

Atticli, I gv to put a caUJoge apart, I tuvl.; a tickd
above.
In th ese ('a,;r~, 1l1c tranoiti<>n of ll1e vo ice from cnn"o11:i11I. (,J
vow el is ea"y: 1rith the ot.licr cla~s uf co nso nants, it. is l,.,, C:t")" ;
:.tR, clililin.uliun, drnn.miness , azure.
Hence tlicrc is a t:l1ar:1.-t1·risti c ligl 1t11 rss a11cl rapidiLy in tl"' alternation nf 11111tcs with
vowels, wliile tli c utlin co111liinati.>J1 y ields a s},,w :ind S<1f't
m cl11d y .
] 17. A

and a lht mute e:rnnut lie cac;il)· f'U\\ll(led
1lp , l1!J, el.·,,, go.
I n tl11J fl at 11111 l<'~, 1l1<·rn is an a CCf>tllp:rnyiu~ " "'·al so1111d
fro n1 !lie lary11x, " ·l1 iel 1 it ta kes a Cl' rta in ti1111J tu CL>lll llll'll'"C.
Even an i11tcrvl'ni1 1g- YOWL'!, it' slwrt, doc·s J J() t wflieOJ to 111a1'l)
th e pro11uu c iat io n cr~qy, a s ma y lie sc<· n i11 pab, k1•g, led. /I. J.,ng
vowel, o r a comLinccl li'luid o r sil 1ila11t , will r em ove tl1e dilliculty, as in load, po&r, trod.
t ogctlier;

,;]1arp

a.",

118. The c1mrnlation of cn nsona11t;.i m akes diffi r·nl ty
of p r on un ciation; \1·l1icl1 j,; ag~ravatcd wlicn tlwy do
not coalesce, a11cl \\'li en tl1c voll'cl s arc r;liort anrl c 11tp l1 at i('. Tlins tlic wonb pledged, ar(jndgcd, str11nlu.f,
sNatcl1cd, 1Jtrcngtl1 cneJ, di0rc8pect, fift!tiy, are lmn;l1.
i··

\

11 2

Q UALITIES OF STY L E.
:M E LODY .

Ti1c li•d 1t(·-t ·ind m . 1
,, . . .
o~ . n~rera 11
' c wnrd .-; :ire tl1 osc th 11t ·1llcr'r:::tc i·o 1r ds at11l ,';n11~011a nt.', or vo wds :Ill •l \':l'Y c.n1n·J ,;11a~ion~
l ( Oi1>;•)1Ja11 ts.
Such are cc/er ii''.11. fi ·rtil/f'J
i· I . · / I .
. , tl 11Jt 1,c r1 1un.

11~ . T_l.10 alt.c rnahori <•f

a1,.l (·0 11;;una11 t makes
Ille s 11ccc,.,s_1on ot ,,.li l'd::; m o re ·wrcc·tl 1l . . . .
t l 1 voy
7.
L , .1 ~ , rt ove ,y
.
.
•"'
·
d
' ,

a 9 00

YO\\'cl

v 1tc11t :u11 .

'

Tlie cl i:rn r'1' c,f' th) · J •' •
•
•
. ~.
. . 1111 c.1n 1fc nrfl<'J,~ 11 11 0 ,, l• c:furc a co nso
llflll t s" n 11 !1 Is 111 rtC•'ord·111c·t• w itlt t] ·
· · I
' .\\'
.
·
·
118 pn11•·q· r
l1"n 1l1e ,s .·11n t• '". >rb1>
. 11ar1 t S•' Ull f l ('1 1d,; on e ·wo rd •111:! b .

· ' e::;ms
t I1r li nt the ,tr t ·
I. . .
. 1.' . , ( ,... .is unp 1e:is:in t; as, k l'rjl J>coplr brirf fate

u rir r1:; ll, come 77/fJr~. r;onr

11011•

drc~~ 11co

I

I

\- '

,

·ir· I
.
,
.. ) " • a.r:, cr:rcs.
t is
' l r ic 11 t to make a p: 111se 'Ill •! er l l
If iii
.
. . . ' .
,.,o 1:1< : ' np 11n tlie sa lll c letter.
e co nsou:mts d1tl cr SPllll'wl1·1t t i ' ·fl· t .
.
.
. .
• '
H . c or Js easi e r. ris brief
}'Ct<l1on, let illl're, c11t do11•11. co111 cs .w/i
.\ 1·1 111·u . j '. ,
<>r twu li <1 11id ~ ( n t t i • .
'
· · ,
'1
,u " a muto,
, .
.
.. .
o . ie ~an1 (') , are pro 11 01111 cl'd with o ut difli cult.y .
1
" "
rrne <lum:;s, com e lo ck, calm rrlrcr1t.
'
:J20. J,t is cJc:-;iraJ1]t' !11 :m1 i <[ fo e r·Ja~J1 of \ ' 0 \l'e) H ]10th
111 the n1i d d.l c _<1f w11rd,.; a11d lichrcL· n one ,1·or(l
I
a n .. tl1cr . ·1 .
. 1,
!. .
n111
. I- .
' • "1 11 z, ((t, i u t/118, r c-ass1n11 t , ?JOit u nit e )'Jotato
.

M~

'

'll:uir
•

P(' I'"""' 111 ·1·,·r ·"'"'
·.I

· 1{'ft r
/rim· ,•, (,, J>l1,t 7<

o

f

, fo tl 1e cJa.,]1 ,,f r .. 11·,.J,, il i< J.;·lter that onr; ~ l1 0 11ld he ~l1 ort
.rn. l til e <i th cr '" ").:', or on e C' m pl 1afi c and tl1c othe; r nut . ..
011 lite car
\V i
' ,ts, !JO
11

'
.
It ' ll Ill' j11'('('('() ,. , :Lil llll ('IJ11 l . ,· .
·Ill I
,,J.Ji.,· lt
·l
.
.
i1.i . 1t".I ll• <', weare
.~ ' '
" l l l. t ,., it <'11 11il1af1 ,. , l /1r r11 d1 •111 •1Jr
11· ti 1 . . I
!'fl' · ·'
. .
·
ic 'Jll('~ are
' J l f ( 11t, t lH, 1•rn1111 11!'1:1t 1.. 11 i, •·:1:-;ic r. l i1·d1
lif1 ·1r or•i' r.
'
.'! IJl'oc/,, -.~, 71/ty us,

1'.Z 1. L•mg i·11'.1·('l:; P11 t pf a1·c c 11 t.
:ire
t,, J•nmoun"e ; rts , It 11 1 C(111tr iln1t<.', 0 10
1 ·1'j Jruoa

te.

l1anl
j'oIIow, a in

~ n 11)( :ll' l1at
1. 11

8nrn c worJ , a lluw lll orc ti11 1e f.,r tli cse
I
tain rer, usual.
i·o w" 8 ; a", moun-

nvoi<l the too frcrp1 cnt r cpc tit i1>11 (1f th e
whether consonan t::; or vowel:<.

f'~u 11 f'

lei t t ·r~,

Our lang 11agc may lie sai1l t.o c<>11tai11 2 :1 cu11 so 11:11 i1,;, and I;,
vo wels in acce nt , wi th u11a cce11tt-d ,..,11 ,·ls, a11d d i l' lt tll!l 11 g~ . /I.
writer ai111ing at rneloJy will eml c:n·o r, i11 sll' ad of rt·p cat i11g the
&'\me letters, wh etl1c r vo wels o r co 11 so11.'lll l", to ri11 g t li e l'hang1 · ~
tl1 roughout the e11t irc a lphabet. Jn tli " fi n•t. sL111za vf l : ra/s
Eicgy, n earl y all th e Ynw<· I,; nre i11trn d11c crl.
Th e C•J111Tne nci11 g of s11ce <·ssil'c \\·ords witl1 tl1 c sam e ktt··r,
o r syllab le, is called A ll itl'rati .. 11 , a11d is ol•j l'l: tiu11aL l1', 1111 lt·,;s
d one on a r<'g11lar pl:tn, :is in l•alan n:d ""1nposit iu 11 and in s<>11 1e
kinds of poetry. Lon!! lt1•e },1·11•is, romc con17urror, an: l1 ad
allitcratio 11s. It is ~til l \l' Ol'H'. wli e11 t l1 e si111ilarity exte nd ~ to
syllables, as com,rn i cn l contri ;·a11c1'. Tl1c ~: nn e n· 111:1rk appli"~
to iterati ons at. tlie 01111 o r in t l1 u m iddl e of won b . All su .. !1
ll8 th e fo llo wing arc i11l1a rm o11i,,11s: ind ulgent parent, ins/fad"/

a stea.d y, uniform f onnolity.
Eve n a s hort i11 t cn ·:d is no t. C'noug-h to allow tl 1n rl'pl'titiu1 1
of very 111 a rke;.J sonnd ~ ; as, " I ro nf,,,s wi tli ltumility, ti " ~ stt ·rility of my fan cy, an•l tl1 c d el1ilily uf my j11dgm1)11t." " \\ 'l i:it.
is of more importance, tl1 c prin<' ipl rs J,ci nt; p ru p<ll111 J,.J "it It
rcvcr('nce, had an ilifl111·nce nn tltr~ ~ u l1sc 11 11 c 11 t j uri~prnd e nrr."
The cndi11:-;s ion, in.r;, £ty , nee, an<l n l, nft.1·11 oec 11r too "]!),c
for m elody. ;\,; l' l'.~ a nb tl< c Yr rli -r 111l i11.!.; rd, tlie irreµ: 11 lar 1·" rJ,,
afford an important lll l'a ns .,f 1·:wict.y; " g i1·cn and rcc"ii·t:d; "
"I came, I saw, l cotHJHC'rccl.''

123. In tl1c s u cccs,;io n of ~yllal1l cs, tl1c sam e rcg:tnl
sl1oul<l 110 JWill t o ca1'C of' pron 1111 c· iation, an(l tlie a1·11i dance of mmlOtv n y .
(1.) A s th e \\'1)1., ]s of r•nr langua(!c m<nall y haY f' J, nt nnr a<"ccntcd syllal1lc, wo r.J s ,,f ma 11y ' ;ll:il1ks arc npt to hr· d ifli,.11 lt.
of prom rn cint ion.
li cncc "''' :t1·vid l" ng th "11i11µ: w .. r.i , '"itl 1
m 1111 crvu s prefixes or termi11ati .. 11 s; 1111s ucces.ifulness, pac111ptoriness, 10ronyheadcdm ss, arc ol•jl·cti"n :d.!e i11 th is n :spcd..
( 2.) vVorJs C< >l1taini11g a ~llC\'tss io11 of 1macc1•11te.J sli .. rt
YOwels arc a t ri a l to tlt c voi ce· ; as, prim,1rily, Cllr.wril!J, mm1

122. l t Colltril111 te::; to tl IC IJI CJV l l)' ol . laJl" ll 'lO'e to
b
( 0 ,,

,.·

1j4-

QCALITIES OF STYLE.
VARilcTY E;;SENTIAL TO MELODY .

Still ii ors(• i~ 11i c l""~ l'L't1"t1"0 11 " f ! l ' c same letter
01
'.1·11:1'.J c ; :i s in fiNii·ry, !oll'ldy.

115

m.iri!y.

(:!_) .A dill!, :dternat
in11 of' lo1w
·111d. .slti •r''' <' f .d;
" ..('.e 11 f,ccl
.
:- ,

I
:-lllL

1111accc 11tcd st· thblc. . .111
· I
..
.
"J
'
'• is '·
one . 1·t 0 r r 11 r 11
.L·s:;c·
. iit ''' <·.,11.I 111 ., n of rncl od)'. 'J'I. llti·.
1
a~ ... . ,. '.'.' '.
~ g b rcr"f~i·a:i•>n; a 11 d, altl1 1i11gh prose allows
. ,..,1c,1te1 I.1_!1l11d(·, yet tl11• pr11w1ple l1:1s tu be a!!< ·nd cd to. Th
~li.tk('S pt'ill' li!ll illl. "Tl '
l .
c
.. . " .
''
it. J>«inp a11t L·1rc11111 ,-L t11 cc: of glori ous
': .u, is _a pcrf~ct, alt.er11:it l< •n, LH•,idcs l.!l· i11 g 111cluJious tlirowrl1
fot L' vancty ut 1lic 1' 1·ttc·1···
·i · I ti
•
~ • 1•L
1c 11at11re ul• the J · "
syllaLl1·.
c os111g
1.

11.. is fr,Hn •the 11 a11t 1<f ti·11s LI t i c, a Il e rna! ·t<111 that a se ri es of
11101 1osyllal•les Jo< usn:tlly ol1j.tTlioll"d1le. ' t •· ("
l Lon l rqvc
.
..
. ' .. ,
, uu1
I
.
tis
•n::1d 11<111·;" wl1 (' l"l", excr pt us, Cl"l· ry ll" o rd is c111 :1,;tic
n·11dn111g- the pron1111c iati1•11 ltv:11T If lio1rc 1· ·r tl . JL
'
<
1e1c IC 1111
. . .
.
'
l 1stnl111t1on of lill<'Inj>li•1ti<: \l'1>rds ti , l. , 111· t I
c1·cn
<
.
..
,'
ll
•,H f e e(' . c_ o(·s not
:_ ll"l~C. " J]l l'ss tlie Lord of host', f;,r ]1.. 1·" !!•io,!
..
~ ~ ..
to u,-," is not
J1>lian11011iuus ·' en:ry ~e c m1 J IH>n
, . I ts
· u11acct·11ted. Su in Mac-

Letli : -

"~.t:1rs, l1id c your firr~ ,
not li .~h t Pre rn_v i>l:ll·k and deep d<·8in·:-e
The_ eye w111k al, tl1e hand. Yl't li·t tliat I.it• '
\\ /11c:/1 lli e t'}l' fear~, wht·n it i:-; do11 e, tu st:~."

.,.

1,f' t

T11 ordin:1ry i·:ist·s , lll L'l11dy arise'" t.l1mun·li ll1c ·dtc m · t · . f
l l
,...
'
1! 10/l I)
s !<>rt 11·o rds. A successio n l f l 11 , . ·J ·
111 l'l•11lious.
' " S '"JJ 8 l s tidJo m
l

.oiig- an,

{-L) E\"l'll .Jifficult :tll(l l1ar,-J1 con1l1i11atio11s uf ll'f(L'rs ma
J,e }q·,rng lit. '" r1s an a;.:TecaJ.k, Yari et)' af"t .. r a S il(' '<' " ".
Yf
tl
I ,. .
'
, L .,.,1011 0
smo''. ' a:l• ll•Jllld sonuJs. J\lon ot.ony in R w ed 1ws~ it1 the m t
pa111f11l uf al l.
08

12~. Tlie.("lo"i ng ;:yllal>h-:' uf' :t ~c ntenrc cl1uuhl allow
tlie

YL>1<.:o

tt> hll l1r
.. de"n~c,.;.
..,

( !.) This ll"il l l>:ipp1•11 if th e cn11cl 11di 1w orll· J l, · , I
.. I· · , . . .
,., ·. ,, 'L Is () fl~
( ric "'
1· 11 _1rt·I

VCJll' e

111 . . _ t

corit

111111 11g·

C1J11sp11a1 d; a :-:, Oj)j>Crlr,

dis11rur:c.

is :_1 d111i.'Sil,1t; \\'l1<•11 ili e c .. 11 s., 1i; 111 t, ,,.,,.:·.

t() die a w;1y;

a .' ,

<f,jf•111!,

A
r

d

;i.n
sliort

., ,... ~ s<'• •pc 1vr t.bu
'll'urld
close 1ritli
·
011e <> r lllt1l'C un cm·

1nisf'/1t11lff' ,

(:!.) The otl1cr rn <'fhud is j,)
p l iati.; syl lal.ilcs ; n-<, l ft-,,·., /11:;, liberty.

Very long- wor,Js do not make a rn el .. diow; cl•1se ; <L~, intimidatio n, irrroisliblc.
The worst kit1d (•f en1li 11g b a sy ll able slivrt, ernpl 1atic, an•l
aL ru pt; :1,;, "]le ca1rH.: up.'' A n1.,11osyll:tL!e is 1iut 11<..:l"l'>saril y
a bad close. It i11ay Le ull L'tllj>liat ic, as ufte11 l1a)'p1~ 1,,; witl1 tl 1c
prOllOllll a, <l.llil ll"itJi tUll j'l'C'posit itJ"llS of, fo,jor, ,\·c.; Or it lllay
have liquid ur otlter co11so11a11Ls tl1:1t l'rutract t11 c sullud; as,
ease, same, slti11c.
Even a11 aLrupt close 111ay Le }•leasing i11 alternation 'ritl1
otl 1ers.
The prcsc11t rul e :ipJ>lics ,1·itlt gwatcst fvrcc to tl1 c close <,f
a paragraph.

125. Tlic principle of ntricty, or alternation, applies
to Clau se:<, tu Sentences, :tnd to Cornpo,,;itiun tltrouglrrJllt.
Mclorly forh iJs a ~uccc~s i <m of c lau ~cs of o ne cadr•nl"e ur arTl1 c s1ructurc a11J length of s•;11tL·11 c•:s ,-l1·11il·l l1e
varied, snl•j cct to tl1 e more im111>rl:lllt co11siJeratio11s uf 1m·a11i11g
and fo rce in tli c matter.
Let us co nsider some farther examples of th e foregoing
princi pl cs.
Juhnsnn sap, "Tccliousne ss is the most fotal of all faulh."
The stiff1 1<·ss of tlti s 'entence is felt at 011 ce. On exa111 i11atin11,
we 11 ()\.c : 1st, Tl1c wa11t of lll l'],,.J y in tlie word tedio11.mfs.• , fr, ,rn
the crowd ot' co nsonants, ai1<l tl11~ iteration uf s. 21111, The additio11al l1i ssing co11 suna11 t i11 i~ (allliouglt tl1 e lia r1l si,1111il z).
3rd, The uce11rre11ce of four 1111 c111pliatic syllal1ks i11 s111·e,.ssio:1;
namely, the last two in tediousnc~s, and is the. Hit, The addit.io11al s in mo~l . 5th, The co ucurrcnce of consonants at tbe
end of most, and the hcg inning ,,f fatal; this can n•Jt always he
avoided. uth, The alliterations, fat.al all,fi1tal .f.'rn lt,, rrll fault.5 1
make the lust few wor1h 'ingnl:trly unmel•ldious.
"Th e m en tl1:1t ga r c tlll:ir co 1rnt ry liberty," 1s melodious
from the r:triety of th e vow els and conso11a11t s, a nd from the
snitalile fall, alth o ugh the cornl1i nation tha t _qrue is snmewl1at
h eavy, and there is an all iterat ion in the la.st two words.
"They often saYe, a11J alway8 ill ustrate, tl 1c age and natiou
ran~eme11t.

llG

langna"e (as well as other~) contain~ many examples of. imitat ive na~nes ; as, wl1izz, lJUzz, l>1 tr r, J,i,-,, <'r;<'h, rac~d, wlttstlc.
T he imitatio n can be exte11.Jl'd i:i a ~11 ccess1m.1 of worib.
H omer's line j 11 th e ln'1»inlli111-( ,,f tl1·~ llia1l, ill',;cnl1111g tli c "l':t,
,
'""
I
'I~ .
. ~ 1i \,r ~
is celeb rated as all i1"ta11 cc'. The " 1.. ar~t.l . r111acnall
.
is a similar att euipt , 011 e uf 111a11y iu i\ liltu n. The g ratrng 11 ulSC
<Jf the opening of bell's gate~ is lll',;.:ribcd thus:-

m wl1icl1 tli<·y appear," i ~ a good cx:1111ple of pro'r melody from
the alternativn of :H· c,~ ntcd a11J 111111r1·l· 11t• .. l H)'llaJ,Jc,;; it dcpartg
from the titrict rq,:1darity uf 1·er,c, anll y1·t ~"1 ·ur• ·s an t:asy rn ovcme11t. Tl1t·rc is aJ,.,1 !-'.l'l':tt Yar il'ty i11 tl1 l· '01111d,-, a11d all 111111s1ial
av oillillleC of tlie rla,-li uf co11,-u11a11 t wit Ii ''"""'J11:u1t, or of vo wel
wit.Ii Yfl\\'t •I , in till' HIJl'('l'"i1111 .,f tlte \\'IJl'lk
Tlil· foll<1wi11 ;.; " ' ' tl l l' ll"t' \" iv la\ Ps 11<·arly :di tlw rnlt·s :-"Proud
an<l Yai11-gltlr i•rn s, Sll't·llt-<l with lofty a11ti cipatio11s uf h is destiny, 110 danger CllnlJ appal :tnll no tuil cvuld tire him ."
There arc ma11y ad 1J1ireJ passage,;, ill wh ich a lm ost the
whole li"auty Ji ,., in tl1e mc!...l y of the w ort!~. This we may
sN>. in C;i111pl •ell"s opcnin;.; 't:l11za of tl1c Dattlc vf Cvpcnhagcn :"Of :il'l>on nn1! th e Xorth,

11

0 Ou 11 t-tull.lcn, np<'n fly,
,,~ith hnp ctuou~ rceoil , n11d ja r ~·i11 ~_ ~uund,
'I'h' informd duors; a11 J v n l bt.:ir hrngcs grate
ll:m;h thu 11 Ul'r. "

Contra.st tlic opening of hea,· cu's doors:" IIea.'·l·n npcne1l wide
Iler Ct'Cr-llurinµ; g-ate:-i, l1nr 111 on ious sound,
Uu p:oldcn hi11 c;e~ turn in~ . "

~in g- tltl' glnr i ou~ cl a.y's rcno~-n,
'\' lwn tn hattk· fit>l'l'C c:u1u• for1h
All tl1c J11ic;lit of Derunark's cruwn."

.
d · t ·o tlt t•b
' · ••trt.l cffrctin:ly- d"scriLcd in tl1e li111• "from
D 1scor all s
1·
,
"('r·1tc on t11eir scra11nrl J•ipes of wretched straw.
·
L ycH a:--,
1\
The sOUtllb of a liattlc ill fu nner tiwes arc rcprcsenteu 1Y
1

:)n.J1 pa, ,ag c~ , with 11otl1in!-( 'triki11gly original either in
thought nr in l:rngua~e, arc ~<>111dinH·s ,;puken o f as admiraLle iu
th e ir si111plicily; the t'.L('t Lein~ thnt tl1 e poet !tas b"eu aLlc to
l1ri ni: out a riL·lil.r llll'iudi•His dfcct l1y !tis m .. dc vf pntt i 11~

•

the bnguage t.l1us : -

"Arm~ 1111 armor chHl1in~. lirn;•'tl
f1orril1lc di:;cord ; um! thl' nuultli11g wh ed iil
Of Urazcu chu riot.~ ragl'J. "

t ugd lll·l' a i'l'w fa111i liar expr<'H"i1111~ . ?llilton's pli ras<', "the olu
111:111 1:l•"111P11t," is a hal'i'.\' st r,,ke of m1·re arrangement, and is
l1vtl. melud ion s and ori g i1i:d.

The following is from B yron :"I love the lnnr.; 11 a~c. that soft 1.aslnr<I Latin,

' \'hit.:h rnelt.:-i. lik e ki=-- :;c:; fnun ;~ frnrnle !nouth,
A1vl :otounJ:-' a:; if it slioultl hl' w~·1t un :-:at1~1,
\ \"ith "Ylllllib< tha t ,,,.,.,,t/1P ol the :"''f<'l bO Ulh,
An ci ~rntic liqui 1l:; ~\id i nµ; nil gu put lll,
That not u ri.i n~l c nct·(·11t st·.1·111.:-1 uncouth ..
Likt~ ou r Ji,ar ... h, 1HJrilu.T11, v1!11.v.tl1.11g, // runfing . ,'/ll~fur'~f'
\r\'lii ch we' re ublic;cJ to fi.j,.,,~, a11 d x; ttl , urn.I xpallo all.

HAlDIOXY OF SOC'iD ,\ XD Sf.:\Sf. .

J 2G. 1'!1 is ifl a spC'cial i 11:,;t:uwc nl' tl1c pffcct tl1 at more
tl1an any otl1l' r pC'rY<L<lcs eull1[•o:;iti 1111s of Fine A rt--the
ktrnll•ll.)' of tl1e differen t ]•art,;.
In lang11:1i!l', it i:; oeca,.: il111ally p o,.:siblc to make the
~·nu1tl an C'tl}\) to the Fcn"c, tl1creliy n"~ i ,.:ting t l1e meaning and lwiglitl'ning tl1c plca~11rc .
127. The l'ffed. i:; in .. ~t ol11·i 1>tb arHl ca:-;y, when sounds
arc tl1 c suhjed- 111 attl'r.
\Vvr.J", being 1ltcrn,«:ln·s ,;11nnd,, can imitate hLllllldH.

117

SOCND AND SENilE.

QUALITIES OF STYLE.

128. J\fotion, a1:-;o, can 1)e imit_ateJ .. H ere there jp. a
much wi<le r scope for tlie a<laptat10n of the ~onnd to tho
sense_
A series of Joni; Ryllal1lc8, •Jr
_

<:if

won.ls um:er aecl' nt, with

. , cc of the ,·.,i1·c·-prolo1wuHT co 11 ~on;111t, ,

the frequent occun en
.
"" ;
.
t l1 c debciiw ncccs~arily ,] ow tn prn11on1H'.L', I~ ap propn:tte
0
• t·
f slo w ·wJ h1 1 vr"d 11101·e111 l· 11ts. As 111 l'ope s t:ouplet
scrip
ion v
•
'

t'.'

Our

on the lliad : -

•

·,-'I,

118

l~ U ALT:-TES

SOU.ND A ND SENtiE .

OF STYLE.

'' ,'~~liet~ .J\ jnx :-;t ri\·t.·!'t some r oek ':-1 ,· n ~ t w ci ~l1 t to throw,
1 li L· h11 c lu11 lal •ur:-1, •lnd the word ;-; 1t111\· 1.: hlow ."

or · the tcu ~yil:tl.Jcs i11 the lir:<t li11 e' 0111 ,\' t wv ' wl' e11 , lo, can
1e r:.1p 1dly p1-..11 uu11 cl'd; all th e rt·>'l, f<>r ' "1 11 e reaso 11 or other
dd:n u tl1t\ r uit:c. 111 the Sl'l'••ll ll, tl1c b 1v th e'~ arc the 0 11 1'
:-l1 ort "Yll:1 l1k·s.
Y
Tl1c oppv,; itc urra ngL·11w11t, that is to 1<ay, a11 abundance of
,.,J, urt an d unacce.nted syllabics, and th e 111 vrc ahrupt conso11:111\s altc•rnatc,J with ro1r els, l1y making- t lie prouunciation rupid,
l.1gl1 t, :ind <:as_1-, co rrl'spoads t o qui c kness uf 11wtivn in tlie subject ; as i11 th e li11 L"',

1

14

.Tl 1e:-,.. li11e~ l·y no mca11s illu•t rat e tli e lllv' t rapid eombinat.1u11" of lvtk rs ; tli: re bc i 11~ a prc·po11dna 11 n~ of Jirpiids and
s1l1il:t11l ,;, wl11 d 1 deL1111 tli e 1·vicc n101\) than tli e ll!u tc eonso11:rnts.
. Th e li1l<'s in tli0 Ody~scy <l c:<« ril>i11g- F;isyphll~ are an a<l1111red ex a111pl c in the GrcL·k, ;111J tlic dkvt i:; ai 111 c-ll at Ly the
English tr:111slalu rs :-

l lu1 11dcr:-

1111 J1L'.lllu1 1...;

of pleasure.

120. IIw.:!:C unwi cldv oulk inq1lics s1ownC:'S of Jl\OY Cmcnt, an<l n~-ay uc exp1~c;;scJ by i;i milar language:" 0\'r nl\ th ~ 1lrcary CO l\S l~
11
So s trl' tchc d out , huge iu k ug tli, the o.n.:h-tic rn i lay .

~l.1 l sn .wli.._•n ~wift Camill a ~C" Ollrs r11t• 1•la i11,
} ILcs u 1.: r llie tt11 l1c11di ng curn , a1Hl ~ki111 ~ al on g the mai n."

" \Y itli 111a:1y a .'~·(·ary ~l<' J\ and ma ny n ~ roan,
,l , I' tJi .. li1 ;.:. il 111 !\ h l' l i L': l\'L'-4 a hugl' l'HU t1d :-'l OllC
,l.l1t• l1t1 :.! L' ~ 'Oll!Jd Stl)I\\", rt·~ulti n '.,! wi th n iHH lll d ,

ObstructcJ mov ement is read ily i111.1t.ate1l hy t111 · 111 :1n ·l1 ,,1
•'-o lan gnn•Ye as in tl 1c ~cco n < l ul' th e li nes vn !::'i"Yl'l 111<.
~ '
.
w
It is to l>e r e; u1ark ed, bvW<' l'l"r, that th e rl' pn:,;(•11tat 1»11 "f
pain a11d difri c ulty, 1 y u11 e01 11li :u1d hard eo111!.i11:tti011s l,f ll'tk r,;
and wonls, is an at.te m pt t hat i~ ex<.:q 1ti o11al, a11•! 1,n;..:;l 1t l " I,u
rarely rn :.tde. l'ain, as such , 111u st. lie a1·uidcJ i11 a rt.; c1·.- 11 i11 a
painful suLj cct, t.Le lu11Jli11g nrn,;t SllJ'l'IY a n.:J0c111i11 ~ :l111vuut

;

Juw11, and :-; 11 1ok1.·:-; :donµ; th e i,:rou nJ."

. l 'p t" d1 .. 111i tltlk of th e third lin e, we ],;t,.r th e R]o w Jahon 011s 1nut 1• >11 ; tl1rn tli · chan ge: to tl w rapi,I 11111! iillpctuous
desv .-11t.
Hcs i.J"s 11 1a rki1w
.-. the .Ji!ll- n·n ..:c of 11111"i·k 111 II ] HJc)W tl JC la.ng11ag«' 1nay illdi1:atc Yario11s 1 1101le~ "f 111• 1ti n11 "" j 11 u:c <'Xj)l"''·
..
,, 'l'
.
'
.
s1011
ruy s t1 11TL'ts t•it l\' n·d,'' whl'rC tli l· rlJ is a so rt .,f rcscmJ,Ja11l'L" tu tl 1" n !, r:tt1) ry ad io11 of a lillil.Ji 111" al i<!llt to tu mble.
In rn:in,· pas"1.~1·:<, tl1c· dli:d cn111l.i11«s s.-1llnd a 11 d moti on ;
a,;, " T11 1 1il1 l i 11.~ all 111-. ·ci 1•itatc d11wn da ., /i'd ."
i'o in J'npe's fa11 1<>1 1s linL'' :'-,.<.:

" 1 f ll:lfllrl' t!n twfrr~· l. in o ur OJH~ 11i ng- (' fl rH,
.And ,'1( 1rn11nl u-; w1 U1 the m u~i c o t' the ~ pl1cr('s. "

. Tl 1e. won 1 ~ l a111w!, l•y its sl1 ort c 111pl ia.-; i~, wuU exp resses the
dlect ut a st.u11 11111g L1luw.

"Hut ernlc<l f1>ul i11 111 a11y
l'vlwa inoit.lj and 'U11.,,;;t . " .

it scaly fulu

130. In t11c nat nra1 exprc::;:-;ivn of t11 e fcc1i11h'°" or pa"sions, then; :trc d1 aradc ri ::;tic sound,; anll 11 1 0 Y e111e11 t~, h>
which :.irtic 1ilatc 1:.inguagc can aJapt it::;c\1'.
T l1iA snital,ility i~ one uf tl1\' dl'ecb l> ro11gl1t out in ~li lt .. 11's
eonn tcrpart O •IL»' L' .'\ Jl e.,ro a11d l l l'enscrv.<o. Th e vlieerf11 l
cmo1ions 1.1a,·e a iin:ly m~Yem cnt , wliile rn claudi oly is sluw a11J
drawlin g.
1n poctr.1-, differen t 111 0 a ,.;\lrt '" are a1lapt .. ,) to dille r•·nt pa~~i o n s. This pnwcr uf 11 11 111!.ers is fll lly sl1 o wn in tl1lJ u ,h: on
/\l ex an< k r' ~ l ·\· : L~ t.
Th e Jall! Lie st rain in Ll:t11k 1·e rsl', tlll Ll i11 t11 c ten line ro upl et,
is Rui t.c J. to J.i g 11it.y :-uiJ gra111k ur, :t8 in t.lic Epi c. Tlic Truel1aic
m ca.:;11rc is fr ol icso me m11l gay. Tli c A 11 ap:.cst exp r e"""~• says
Campbell, o n the one l1 a11d , l'asc an Ll fam iliari ty, anJ , o n tl1 e
other, Lurry, cu11f'usio11 , and prec ipitati o n.
Th e t endL· r and pathetic: emotion is reprcsc11ttJ<l 1.y a ~low.
' gent.le m elocly. The la11g1 1 i s l 1i 1 1 ~ rel11 cta11 ce of tl 1c spirit ti)
qu it 111<' ear t h is fi 11 ely ex pre""'I int.li e man.: h of (;ray', stanza
beginn ing," F or wlio 1o cl 11111 l1 fo rg dfu lncss a pr1;y," &e.
IL is tli o ll~ht l 1y 111any tl1at, i11 th1: o rigin of 11 ord s, WL· may
\argcJy trace tJi e J'l"UCCSS uf imitaliv 11, vr the suiting of the S(JUIJJ

1:2 0

QrTALITIES OF 8'fYLE .

TASTE.

TA 'TE-ELEc; ,\.\' t'E -l'O Ll ~ll-HEF!XE.\fE\T.

F in 131.. Th e wor:l Ta~tc;', employed 'ritl1 r efenmce to
.C .il .I t,. m _c a11s, Ill tJic 11 r,;t iu~tancc, t he S il See >til1ili r
t1> J•lcu:-we 1rum worl· · of ·t
\
!
tJ
.
' t>
ai ·· 1 person d . · · I f l ·
c11J r;~· 1 nc 11t is said to lra\·c no taste.
e\ o1c o t us

a~:;~·;;~ i~ ~ .f~1/·.tl1~r ul,;c of'.] JC word, to d c 11 .. tc the kind

of

XU' . lll(e t. rat "l\'C8 tl1c ir re· t "t
.
.
'
11lcasmc to cnlti ,· nted lllin7k Sw.:l1i::- nJit11~i: .'1·11'.e11u~1.1tl· ott
lr·ffe
t .t.
'st e, .me
' ] ot l JC!':> to \l"Jllt it
,
Tl 10 · ' I :;,u( o
"'tll ('e " "
1·
l
"
..
'
·
W on s "ele,..,, · '
1' 0 18 1, " rc fi11cmc11t " d , 1·
t
i';t11 1c ti:inir.
Tlr, ]' . . . .
. '
c" :!.!:lla e ll early the
. ' "
c I J::,tl r1 ct1un is 80111ctrn1c:> C.:Xj•l'cs·ed b
tl IC CjJJtll
et "go l t
,, .
.
."
y
.
or a,;te, irn11h·i1w tl1 ·1t t·1·tc i ·
li r{(I, or cn1oymcnt
·
•
,..,
'
'
"
iiay be
mi"phccd iu ti - . J
,
tli·tt ·l · ·
·
'
'
ie JI!< gnicllt uf tl1ose
, c a1'.11 tu arlJJt rate liet wccJt tl1c two.
It IJC'llrg tlie end of Jllictn .· . ·J
.
tlic \'• .; .
. . ,
i1 c., n~ a \1 rol r, t.-, consider
,lJ ' 0118 purnti; ot e:-.:c:ell c1we i11 c
.· ·
J
k nf , .
.
<>1np0,r t 1011, tie at101 , tu these nrn,;t lie ~y11onymous with "vod t-J.:·te
T

ri

< :-,

•

. '1 rf'i::;ar,J to Taste, tl ie re is a
. . _
,·ar1:d11L, clern l,rrt.
pcrrnall CJrt de111ellt and 11

.. I. Tlw pcr111((nen t (·lelll<' JJt. C<l lfl/ •riscs al l tlr. I· . f
.
I d
e fll cs <• co mp0s1t10n rr 10
' ·~ urH e
on th e '·1dlllittc., I j aws 0 1· 011r ser ·1 ·1 ·1
d
f!1'1 Jl· rally followed b I ,
- · 1' 1.11 1 y, au
r.
y t IC !.l'st ~r<·:1k c r" and writ ,;rs T . 'd
< ls<.:1J rd s, to use h old HQ"nrl'S s ) a r in rr h · to
.
.
u <IVOJ
'l""(' l"t'i -- r t 0
I .
.
I
,.. . '
slt l>r1111Hb to ex, .- .' ' "I,
;o1 rrn t f':l l! rfnl elli·r·ts orrli· ~
f
.
.
.
·
1
l'l·d,·l'llJ <.:d -aru r<rl es o,. T· ·t . I .
. . ' .u .1s t lrl'y c:111 he
J
_ . L ~ (\ <l:-i H, 'lll,! ! r11 k:-' qf J{l1\'t11ril·
] ,l'f11r e11 11'>1t 111 L 1,.,tc <" <>rr.' i" t" >
:<rth· -1 . l
.
·
u1·,• ,f
·J·
.
I
. i r 'n ia rre J1 1g- tl10 picas. . '. Wul '" ot art, l1y tlr.e f<'llr<>r:tl of wli:1 t " .
•
arld 1t 11111 of wlrat please' ti,.
. . . ... _
) .uris, .ind the
.. I .
. .
' 1 )>I")" 1 ,lf(ht1t· se11sil.r!i t} . , d
P· 11 ( Y lit :H'\>1dwg tir e k11d1'11c·i<'s .,f . t
·.
' <Ill
frin ..·, . t. }
.
. .
.11 c11111pns1t1011s to in"'l u1, 111t l, 11,\'f1dr11.:"", l111111a111• ~ \'1rti11J(·11t ·111 I
l't
.

I

•

'

•

,.. :

• '

r ~·

'

llJOJ'a J )' .

121

II. The variable ulcmc nt i11 el11clcs tl1 c points on whi ch 1111·JJ
do n ot foe:! a lik e. Ages, C<Hrntri r,, a11Cl i11di 1·i,luals, differ in
their se nse of wlrat is excellent in C" lllp nsit.i or1.
Tlw ~, as re;;:uds age a111l co nn try :- Tire taste of tlie C recb,
revercHtiall y fH:cepted in ma11y tliing" l1y aftl'r ag<.'S , allo.Jw(; d ( c)
orators aud poeb a license of p l·n<<>11al vitup<' ration that Wl)ll i•l
now he eondcrn ucd. Again, nut!ti11g has varied so much i11
different t imes as th e mode of reprcser1 ting the paesion uf J,,ve;
allusions fo rlJillJeu liy the taste of our day \verc permitted in
form er times.
As an example (1 f cha nge of tast e, co mpare t111) anciL'lli
rnles of Tragr·dy (aJl1creJ to in the Fre11ch stag(•), wl1ich fnr l.i d
the introduct ion of com!c scen es, wi th the English pra<:ticc in
that resp ect. "It mis Dryden\; opi11ion, at least for some t.im l',
and he n1ai11tai11~ it in t!t e dedi cation to tliis play (The Spunish
Fryar), that tli e drama r ecp1in'd an all<'r11ati<>n of comic ar,,[
tragic sce nes; :rnJ tliat it is 11eccssary to mitigate liy alie,·iati ons of merriment tlre pn: s~u r c of pon1Jer,)11,; c1·c11 b , and t lie
fatigu e of toil,;•)Jl1C pas,;iu ns. ' '\\' lroc·1·cr,' '"Y~ he, ' ca1111 ut perform Loth parts, is but half a writer for the stage.' " (J ol111so11 ·~
Life of D ryden .)
Tas te is also a matte r of personal pec uliarity; vary ing wi tl1
the emotional const itut ion, tir e i11tdlcctual t.e n<lcn c il'~, a11J t Ire
education u f C'a.·11 in clil•iJ11al. A pc1'>'0 11 of strcHt).! te nde r f,· l· ling~ is u"t •·a , il y nlk111lc·J 1.y tl 1c iil'ratio11 ,,f path eti c i111:1;..;r·s;
tlre sense of 1lie 111.Jiere>us a11<l of li11111e>r is i11 many raso•s en ·
tirely wa11ti1>.;..;; and tli e st ren;..;th c,f l1u ma11 e aud m oral S\'llt irn ent may 111; s11<:l1 as t•> rc c<>il fru 111 i11fli cti11g lu1licro11s d(·g-radation. A mind lw11t on t!r ,' p nr>nit lJ f truth view s with di~­
ta8tc tl1c cx:1gg1'rat io11s ,,f tlt c poelic art. Each person is J.y
eel neat in n rnur.; ntla1;hcJ to <me scl1oul o r class uf writers li1;i:1
to anoth er.

6

•:

Tfl E SE:\TE:\"CE.
r1m1onB-U1(>SE f<E:-<T l·:Nc r.s .

OII A P TETI. V.
TII E SEXTEXCE A ~D TilE PAIL\r.HAPII .
Tf!E SF:i'iTEX CE.

122. Tm: nr ks of Syntax apply to tlic concord the
g oYcrnmcnt , alld t he arr~uwcm cn t. of ,1·o--(! · 111 ~c nte '
U ,
.,
ro
-• "
" ·
nces.
Hu ~~- _ 1he l1cad ot J\rrnngcmcn t, it i::; la ill down that
rp1:11d,.1·rng irnrrl,.: ~:1011ld he placed near tlic 11·ords they
<1n :tl 1ty, :t rule hanng <.: lcnnic:-:s CX J'f"l·,.::-: Jy in Yi c w.
•
. A S!'lltcnc·c. i•li any \l·:iy nn_i:;rarnm:itirnl i11 r 11rs tl1 c risk of
bcrn g oh;;c11 rc if n nt ·i p cn ·L•rsin11 of tl ·
·
'.
·
·
ic 111r:u n11 g ; more especially in cases _wh ere tl1e rul es of 'Ynta:x ar:) Yi olatcd, wl1 cre tl10
prononn ::, CO!ljt11ir:t1on,, mid prrp<lsi ti ons :ire nut co rrectly int roduced, and where tl1c ditft.rcnt rnrt ::; of ll .. ' .1
•
l 1; 11.: 1u arc m1sa1:>. l
·
pIlCC.
I n tlte prcsc·ut wo rk, und er th e N11nil1N of \\-1m ls (p. G7)
a n1.l
unJer
tl 1c ;\rrali. "o-c rn c nt of \\"ortl ·-'~ (p . a~)
.· . · I .
'
•.
•
'1 , p1 111c1p es were
l>1 ougl1t l\>r ward l1 a1· 111g rc:fc• rc11ce t•i ll1c ' trn d urc of tl1c scut cn cc.

1 0:J . .frt a 1·lit..:t11r ic.·t! 1·1·"11·
" ,
vario us c:la,.;,l's.

• t L' lll' L':-i a rc (1·11·iJeJ in to

~u1

I. .A di ~t indiPn i,i made 1Jcl.11·ct:n t!t c l'e riwl antl t.hc
I II a 1) Cl'I· OC1, t JIC 11 1eall i11g- i ~ >' l!Spcndcd
rmtil t lic cfo:oc.
Loo,.;e S e n te n cc.

Tl1c fi 1--t. S t'llt (•1 11;,; ,,( l '
1· r t ..
:1r:t• I'" ,. ,, ' ti "t"i'i•'·d at lf1!avc11ly
\l"< •1il1l Lr a ]•Pri n,J . ,/ 1o)rt ' t" ti.11t
. t
.. . · . . . . .
. .· ·
.'
· P" 111 , ni: <·r>1nplctc
i_n, . 1 o1 1.1 1.~ '~ g 11 I 'll . ( .-111t 1111 1col a' it. is f•) li11 r l G in ]!ruse or
i /1y1111 , ii ' " I" ""<' ; tlt t' rt' 1,«i 11, r '" 'l"('r·tl 1.!· 11·"0 11·!1 1· ti
.1
· ·I
·
.
.~
·
· "
1c rcaucr
\" e
1111.i.: it p:ll h l' ll" tl l11111t lflt"ll ll lj'l •·fl'111'".
Tl1 e ful l1111·i11•' i.; :111 ,.il .. ·r l'X"lf ll j >ic . " ;.; I.11ft I
.
l:i.i· ·
· "
··
.- ' ' "" •1 1rr s st rcnrrt.1 1
HI rt·.--1S•>11111 .~ :tlld S" itfi1111· 11t . 111 .. r.. tl1·1 11 ,· ,I I · ' .. ·l.
J,.,
, ...
.
.
.
•
' (' 1 l lJ' )q fl;
l U W( I l l n1w:lt l11 s •k s,·1111t1 .. 11.; l1a1·1• h<•t·1 1 •1d111irt' l I "
I tl.
'
' ·
II
ilS 8Cll·n111S1',

tcnce, we rnig11t stop (1) at rrason in;;, (:! ) at .~en ti ment, (:l) .1t
description, wh ere, at all rY c nts, we slt .. 11ld ex pect a final concluRion ; t o our sm p ri, e, a c•111 ditio r1 al clau se is st ill tn lie
ndd i.;d. On th e g1: nc·nd principle of placing q u ali(r i n .~ stat 1•mc1Jts b efo re tl1 c part ~ rp 1ali ti ed, t l1c se 11 t0 11 cc sli 1J11ld be inverted t hus : -" Ifoll"cvcr mu ch Sliaft.csL ury's descri ptio ns lta vo
u ccn admired, l1is stre ngth by ll•> t in descripti on, but in rca
soning and sent iment."
" I t cannot be t oo ckcply i111 prcss\1tl on the mind, th "t application is th e p rice to be pa id fo r rn c11 tal acri ui,iti <l11s, 1u1.J
that it is as absurd t o expect tl1crn witlt1.11t it as t o hope f<o r a
harvest wlic rc we ha1·e 11ot S(Jw n tlJC seed.'' A s1: nll·n1"1 ·. u:· ii1is
cJiaractcr j ;; l"C lltll'I\'Cl periodi c, hy rc,cn ·ing tJi c rir. ·d ic:ttC" cann ot be t oo d ee ply impressed 0 11 t lt c rni1"l "-to t lie h,t;
but there is ofte n an advan tage in a1·ail inc( ourscln·s oft be eun strncti on \1· ith "it is,'' to co mm ence with tlte pri•di r·at ». lf
the clause " that :ippl ication
acquisiti ons" 1\·(·rc
omitted, tlic sentence woul cl be a g ood specim en of a peri1>d;
the next cla u ~c bci11 g ke pt in susp1·n sc by th e use of tltc cc•rrcl ativ cs as-as, and liy the adverb w!tcre.
Tltc n ext exam pl e brings i11tu vi ew othrr co nm·ctin·~
wl1crcby lite meanin g iR sm,pcnd t·d :-"But o n tLis topic t hey
a!'c eitl1cr silent, or ~peak wit lt s11ch nn.:ertain 11tt<.: ra11ee tliat
th ey might liav c as well lict.: n J.111111>. A few slig ht cliang•·s
woul d rnab~ it J.,o,c ; "llwy am silent. j , or el se "i'""k wi th
unce rtain ult('ra1i.·c I, so t k 1t Ll11·y 111ig ht l1a vu licc 11 d1111tl• I
as well." Cnrnparn al so, "He spcab su clearly as t.o lie alway~
u.udcrstoocl ; " wi t!t, "lfo speaks ckarl y I , so cu; tu lie always
un de rst ood ."
Tu t:tkc an ot hr r insta nce. "On tl1 c wh ule, w/1ilc the Fs.wy
on Crit icism (1\ •pc's) m ay lie !«·a.li ly :1llo wl'd t<> lie supc ri 11r in
exccntion, a:-: it ce rtainly is in (;,1 npa.<;;, lo any " ·o1rk f•f a s illl ilar nature in E 11gl i, h poet ry , it f'a n ltar.Jlr l1e said 1:itl/l'I· to rcJ cc 111 1h c .-: b s:- of didaf' ti c l"'('lll s "n a.H l1 eti es fr .,111 tl1 1· m·gl('ct
into wltiel t they lta1·c falkn, o r h 11u1k e m; rl'gr,· t tltat tl 1c critical aliil ity of ~>ur <111·1 1 day ~ l11 •1tl. l pri.;fc· 1· t» f'11ll< •W tl11· p:1tli
ma rk ed vul, liy ])ryJ cn, whL·n ltl' 1:!.u.'e lo di :s•:<>1 1rse ,,f' ]'Oct ry

12-1:

Tl!E eENTENCE.

in liis own Yigo rons and tl0xilile prosr." TLe last clause, when
lie chose, &c., is nut c' sc11tial to the co mplctcncs~, and tl1e son.
tcn cc is th crd"v re loose.

Tl1c loose sentence nrnst lie of freq11 c11 t occu1Tcrr cc ; our language not pcn 11 itting t h e i11Y (' r,i ons r1:q uisitc fo r the constant ·
practi ce of suspending tl ie scn~e. E,·en wh en a meaning is
g-ramm atical ly co mpletr, we a rc ofte n a wa re t hat something ha,
yet. to Le add ed to cxplai11 or <juality what lias l>cen said, and
we still kct•p rr p tlie a ttit ndc of expectation . In the sentence,
"Tl1 e ma ture rn an, i11 tlic desire l• > get q11it of an early habi~
il ltl'mpts an illlibtio n j , i r1 wl 1icli he is j•rc ventccl from sucn :<:ding j Ly tir e h •ti11g con~<'•jfl l•nr.cs of tl1 c uni ntentional imibti o11 j into wliicl1 ]10 l1ad gl i<ll'd wl1 c• n a cl 1ild," tli cre nro
sc n Jral places " ·h ere we migh t Clo~c wit.Ii an i11tclligible sense,
but we foe! tliat the writer will still add so mctl1ing to make his
lll L':lning mo re <l cf1n itl' alid clear.

125

STIORT AND LONG SENT ENCES .

tAn e might prove a catl1c1 l ra l t ow(·1-, a cl ' 11r'.. h s1··in',
. . a pilc' oratory , or at 1cas t a w.i}
. ·--i
grim's
'Lle. e r<"'
. · , tlrl'se
.
. ,., ... cxwplorers m ust have oftc1'. s~. rai11 cd tlic1r '~ 1 ;.;l 1 t Ill urdc1 tu i u :• ~
nize some object of a sinnlar cliaract1.; r.

nd 1°,1011~

35 'The 11criodic furm , wliilc kel'ping 11 p tlic. ail '.
'
l
lt
t c ntion anll 11-e ing a eullateral ~ecurity for t ~c . ng _r
wurd ~ , i:i favu raLlc to L rnty lll
placing Of• q11alif\·i110"
.1
sen tences.
.. tcd '·1flc•rw '·wd~. Ta the rn ca1Jt irn c, tlie
Th .IS Wl·11 b e l·11 ll S·t l.l
.. pl
loo;.c
Si'11t
.
.
. .c11ci,, tl 1e a.J ex,un
_ eos qu oted will sh () w tliat, i11 tlic
tack ed on may readily lapse mto d1;.;rcss10118.
d ·1.·
I 10ns
.
t t] t
j l <'}'
It is cksiraLl t', in so m e rncas11n,, to co1 '.11tcrac ~ c en • ~ 1 .
of o11r language to tli c loose S(:11 tencL' , 1.y rntcrspcr:srn g 1••·11 .. ,b
on al l suita l1lc occasions.

J :a. Tli c parti eip.ial const rnc:tion i,; one of the l1ingcs
of tl1 0 period.

13G. II. Sc nt en<"cs :-tre <Ji,·i11etl in to Sl1 or t :mu L.. 11 ~ .
··t ·l.L'' l·s th e . lc·11"tl1
Am ong the pvints o f rn cr L' ,-:1n· 1.; t Y ·in ~)
.~ ..of
tl c sentence. Irrl'"flcd ive of this, each k1ml l1as its ath .rn " 11rr 08
The slio rt scnlt;nro is tl10 ras icr t o und erstall•l; th e
I"' o • be ·i l ·s a'l'orclin" m o ro n)om 10 cxpan J tl i e 8 c'l i.S (' ' rn·ty
•
ong,
s 'e. • '
.
,.,
I1
. l · t J t a clilllax.
ad mit of an or:iton•'al ca.-ll'n cc :ir1< •C g r.H u,1 c o
It is in th e l<>ng "<·n tcncc prin cipally that we enco unter tlr L~
faults of intric:w ,-, prolix ity, nml>i."11ity, and rng11 cness. .
• •S.'u o r t :-:.c 11 t Cl H'. l '~,. 1111 ,·~ 1· 1·,.,11>)' 1"1"" l1avc~ an aLrut •l l·l1e <'l Ill
Prose, an d arc "till mo re 11nsuite·I t" poetry.
]fo },olds t li1~
Jcor exam ple :- " Anto ny li :1s (l or1e ]i_'.s par.t
,
·t.
fee
J
l
..
h·ts
n
·,·c
rwt·•l
<.rass11s.
lfo
wil l make
I
o-orgco ns ~: i s w . .
v
• •
,
,..
•
.
'
'
"'.
l
l
b
c
He
is
:unnsin"
lrnn
self,
and
·.
.
"'
., • . 1,ume
.
krngs, th o11g 1 ie c non ·
, "uea r " ··ti
m11st
i l l i ·11
1 ' . ]l e hrts Iris .e:rr cfa as well as ( .1s. tr. L1t.
t bc sworJ settle tl1 cir d isp11 t<'s. J:ut h e is ~JO l o n ~ r the man
ttJ Jca,•c Cleopatra bc'l1ind. Sh o sails w1Ll1 L11n, a11J l11s eotlll·
t.ryrn cn p roclaim h ow lo w ~ t c has falle n."
..

Tlii s is one of the ad1·arrt:ig-cs ar,,' rning- from th e participle.
0
Tlic f 1llow i11~ p• ~ riu,J wo11l• l I"~ a wry J.. osc scntcucc, but fo r
the suspension ari sing Pnt of tlre parti .-i pi:d c la11~c. "Accustomed
t.o a lanJ at hv lil C where c1·cry l1l'ii;bt, seen dimly in the Jis-

137. III. T11c B ala11cc•l Sent ence. \ Vlicn tli_c '.liffcre nt claw,c,; \1f a en mp1>1111d ;.;c 11tc1wc arc made ~ 11111la r
in fo rm, they arc sa id to be Tia lanccJ .
-,
· t lu·; arrnngcm
· c ii t .·- " Con·
. The style of Johnson aboun J ~ rn
-

Jn th e 1(1l lowi11g-, tl ic 8topp~.!:;C miglrt occ ur at a g-rcat many

p0int~, y <·t th e Sl' llf Pnrc i~ not Yi cior"ly l oo~,., liec:1 11su t he addit io1rs, alt hough they co uld lie cfopenscd wi th, cl1i rn c in to adra11 t:r.~e with wlia t W<'nt hefnre : "Tire on ly ligl1t of every truth
is iis contrnsti n!4' crrpr / ; a nd, tl1crefo re, i11 th e Cf>11tcmplation
alld cxl1il1i t ion of truth, n pl1i].,~npher slronld Ltkc c•,puc ial care
JJl)t to keep l1imst:lf Inv l11ftily alonf frnrn th e cont<'rnplat io n and
cxliiLitio n of error J , as t lr l'~C prond ~pirit~ ]'Jato, Spi noz:~
L eil>1Jitz, ;l!I.] H ..gcl, rn nst un rl•iulit ,..Jly di d j , llJ11d1 to tlic
dl'lrim L'll t uf t heir own pr .. fr111n ,I disrJ1 1 i~i 1iu11s j, and to tl 1e loss
o l' llla1il<i11d j , wl 10, kid t hL·ir method l1L·cn difle rent, miglit
11an~ profit<'>! m ore l:tr,!.(«ly l>y tlrci r wi , <J.,111 ! " The last clause
ln1t ur 1t; "hacl tlr eir 111ctli o1l lH' en difl"vr<'nt" co rdd liavc been
placed at the r nJ, wl1 icl1 wuuld lia1·u adJeJ t.o tir e lnoscness.

•l

'"

,..... ,

l:W

'l'JI E TIA T.AN C ED fll cNTENCF..

TITE fl J.:l"TENCE.

te rn11t
, . i:; tl 1e Jl l'OJ •r r p1111 .1"1111w11t of afr1· ctatio n
l
.
tli e J ust. eo ~,·ciu"i"'"'-' ,, 1. 111. l <H ' l'J')'
.
,,
lI
, ·ant detestation
u
1
L111t rctai11s l1i s 111a«11itu.I >.! ·. ·11 l . ,·
c ren11ts lus splendor,
k ss."
c
.
, ' i1 I-' e<L,es more, tho11gh he dazzlct

11

ings can he cxprc~~cd i n l'Xactly tl ie same form of f,'Tam1nar,
with th e same sound P n t\1 e rar, we arc atrcct.cJ wi tl i fum e 1kgrcc of surpri:;c, wh il e al so cnjr•yi11g tlte pleasure vf liarn 11i11y .

1"10. \Y1 1en
J u1Ji11s
·
·lll"f;lll ('C'.~ · - " D
.
•qfford ' · i·i lllll('l"OllS
l .
I 11t, my lord, you
may q111ttl 1e livid uf J.11 ,i1 1c .. ti
·
"'' tull " l 1Jot t 1c licl I f I
Hii t I• t i 1011!.!;fi 1·011 1•a1111<> t] • .. . r
.
"
""")
,
•
H, . ~.lH', 'fl ll Ill 'l\' (' ("l"' ~ t
bl 0· 1· ( anrrcr•
0
I
I IP)' :ire still loasc ClllW ,
t •
·· ·e
C rl( 1culolll!."
•t, 11 o cnco11ra•'<' Lli e f II" , f
a s t I"'Y •JIH' l' d id Ll • .·. . . f
~
" ics o your age,
ie \li t ' o your H•u t lt" "F
l1· ll .1-.iu, t 11:1(, :is ) .. u liq·Ll wit ! l ·.. ·( .
,vc' n now they
(111 1. n·p.-11t:i11 •·L·."
IL>ll 111 lie y011 sl 1011kl d ie witb-

°

· tl11 ·' . l · I·
. Jt. IYilJ . J,,. Sl'l' ll tJ 1·1. t tJ I<' s a1111 • 1,.. s~ 111
l I
i .. ·t .
· L '" .1nr.cc e auses
Ii.-s p:1rt I.1· 111 t J, 1• ""r:lllllll'it
. , ,1 1'111et11n· and I art] .. ti
o r " Ill' f'llati 1m of e1n1l l1 ·1·i
1'1
'.'
. ,, ) 111 IC sound
I
. '"·
IC lllC'alllli r' l ~ d i l~· " t .
'
W1•r<.s arc 111ure or l..;;;s l'al'il'.J .
"' ·
c: l c:ll, and tho

1:;s. \\'lien a sm·cc>":>i•m of da11 "e~
r
i•lan , •·t <"'
·• .
.l .
.
. cl 1<llll a1< 1,; " Jl"Cll t
tii ,; , l l.ll'mc<l upon

t I ic ,.;allle

Tl . . ,

..

.

"

v

11.: 111 c1110ry.

J 11.

•c J(pl'!itwn 11 11p rl'~s1•s the m ind ~

\\' liat. is CO!ll lll <lt l t" tl ic , . . .. I . .
' ' ll
lien we have learnt
.('\ C l.I ~t. 1 k 11t l' llt S \ ' '
J I
111 tl1l! poi 11t s 11 f dilfrrl' nr c.
· ' i e nee ou y attend

1t

11 · • 1 -~

a ni lc: .1-"in· 11 und er
•

ClC'al"!lrss tJnt tJ . ·

st<'
" Id lian' C'l!fl'l's11011dir1.!..." J> I·, l ('(' S .Ill t l IC CO lllJ. < , · 1111gs
compared
·J
•
,
i ' a llll':lll~ .,f :'l'1·11rin" ti . "
Tl r
.
_> '· ll 11111 . Halance
1
•
'"'
1. •
1e 1nllow1n •' 1..
I
( 1iat l1alll :- '' l n I rl «·
T
.- ' a11 l'Xa111p c from
.
.
~ ttJ ' ,-.., 1r, as
co uld at first <' •
.
s1•111
l111g ou r ln >"]ls t.u Fl·. 1n r Ii .ls,
.. 1111 1L'SS i.t w·1s ··t" .f ie..1111I rca~on
.
. . for
1111
w11!1 '' prl't<: xt to I . l
.
l
··
" ' 1 1n1111s(Prs
1· . : .
.
. .
u.1t ll ~ w It 1l t ic ma int cn:ince of Hi 000 11· ,
' i 1.111:-, so I n o w SL·e n t > I•t...1 ~·,
. r 1 f 11r o 11r r ·t. 1111111
'J
ano· ·
u11k s:; it lie t11: ' 11·»I·Ll a. l'rL·text I.11
' ·
g t ll'tll Llterc'
.
.
· ·
r c~ 1 n t rnu1111r •Ji·\L J . J,,
] "f)
.~ l • ' ' " •

•), . 1t fii rtl1e r effect of tl '1. l·

<·au;;e an ag rCL':tl ile

f;t1

rpri sL'.

ie

i. 1

.t11 ce•l

:-'f rnd ure

is to

:-;;111 11·11 l·ss t•f' f11n11 i11 difl\• r1·1l<'c <• f m:i1t c .
.
plea;;11r:1l.le lll1J>n·ss io11
Tl . . . .
' . C< •n1111un1 catcs a
I
.
.
" ' ts p:1rt. <•fo ur l'ltj O\'I
t f
11 J>:iss111g fnn 11 011 e st:itcm(' J t t •
I
. t1t·11 u verse.

° .u1of 1vr w e .1r.
.
11"!1"• Js l>11t ' in 11' e' l'r<'pa rcd ·for
•.
\\"!
ie i::-ra11 1111at1cal
it·1 1 we 1111u tlrnt 8111'.Ccssi i·e mean'
1

a "i:uwe,
111•t ll H· n ·li· in tl
I

~truet.ure
,...

·

;111t!

ea.Jenn·

.

JI \

127

::i.

,.

new am1(1i:, lill<'I. 1nca11in;.!; ean lie <'< •11~<17!W ·1col'(f.<:, ulll" fccliu~ vf sur1 1 ri ~e

vcy c<l in 11earJy tl1c

is a1l t11e

greater.

In tlt c se ntence," tl 1is is tru e 1nt 11ot 11 cw, tli:Lt i~ n1·w lou t
not t ru e," there is a J011l1 le appli cat.i1)1 1 uf ll1e 1ab11c•'. Fir~t,
t lte sa1J 1e 11css of so un <1 iu the c011LraO'lt:U te rm s tru e a111l 'll l' tO ;
aud, s1'C•)1H1l)', tl1e cinpl uy m cnt uf th e i1lentical ti:: rni;;, wi t li a
m ere trnn ::;po s itinn, to eon 1·<·y a new llll' : u1i11~.
" \ \'hat is liecul >a lv lti111, or lt c tu Jl ecuba ?" 1~ nn .. xa111 plc to tltc same purpn::;e. "A j 11µ:.~k r is a wit in tl1 i11µ: ', a11 1l "
wi t a juggle r iu words," i~ an i11!..(t·11i1111~ 1·u1Jtl>inati»n uf -1111ik
and balance, to il\11~trate t.h c r eal nature <•f wit.
A goo•l rxa111pk, cont:1ini 11g a prnfunnJ tru th, is fnrni~Jt ,.,J
by Co lcriJgc :-"\\'hen we nH.: >' t :u1 npparc 11t crrt1 r in a ;.'.'""!
autl1or, we arc to prc,;11111e u11r~L·h cs ivnotant of !t is 1J111le rslrw d ing, until w e arc certain that we andcrstwid h is ignonnu·<·."
Senior says:-" Chari ty cn·atcs rnu c h of tlie 111 i ,;Cl') it relieves, l>ut doe'I n ut rc:lieve all the llli scry it ercates."
N:1polc on d e sc r ibed the ta ctics of ,rnr, as" tlie art •>f b1.:i11g
strougest on a gi1·cn point at a gi H' ll tim e."
l·H. The l1ahn ccll ~trn ctnre i:; frc<p1c11tl y rn1n11i11\·(l

wi th ant.itl1e:;i;;, or eontra:;t.
" T11 pcacC', chil.lrcn bury th ei r prr.rcnts; in war, pnrn1h
b11.ry t!trir r!tildn·n." J !C're the 11H'ml1crs are l.1ala11 c1·rl, :u1•l ar•·
also rna<le to cO!ll'l')' a11ti t hcti cal <>r <•PP"se•l 111t·:u 1i 11g• . Tl1i"
ndJiti>Jn cnlrn11•' C~ tl ic cff"i:t of th e l"tlanc<'.
"lf you wi:;h to cmi ch a p .. r~1111, study nnt. lo iuc rcosc Jt;s

stores, Lut to diminis h hi~ d esires." " \ \'or•ls ar.: tl1 e co1111l1·rs
of ·wise rn c n, an <l the mon ey of fouls ." "The la11µ:l1t1 ·r will J,.,
for those that ]ia1·c most ll'it, t lie ~e rious fur th use t hat hal'c:

most reason."

•. j

·1 2s
THr,; SE:.''1'E.'iCE.
TI!E CONDENSED SENTENC E.

i'ter~ti"on, in wl1itl1 cliaracter we ft

J•ar11e<l with balance.
In an ol_1 1·ersc propo~ilion tl

th e opposite s iJ e
"L' l
1g it cl1 cc rs ·
.,
'
I >aeon com liincs
"l'
.
rospcnty d<lth
discover virt11e "
.
t l1 e dearest."

o en

.
. "l . t . I' ic C!j111 1·alc-11t fact is st at ed fronj
,
i c. 1 J C axes tli e ")·st.
.
11
cl · ·!·
· · < nt ' co' lirac(•S it.",
.11 ,!JC'ss (1l'prcs~cs"
Tl
f, I
.
.
tl1is f,01 . .
:.
ic o low111g from
m of antitlic<is ,'tl
th
1
best dis" .
.
·
" 1
c balance.
"T i • ~~1 er vice, l•ut adversity doth he"'.
0 uu \' Ill t1
l
••
•
ic c icnpcst market, and oolJ in

The style of the I'r<n t' rhs of S ol
iteration (sr·c c11np ... . . )
omon ahonnd< i11 ol11•crso
.
'
. x11. x1 11. • nnd the itl'rated st·1t
'
· · cm1"11ts 11rc
more or lc~s l·:danced.

1~3. Son1 ct i1n cs tlic contra;;t
Gers. is· a ··s1 )e cics
. o1· epigram.
.
of tlic l.ialan c:ccl mcmA<, "wli cn rc:L~o n is ·w· · ·t
Tl·. ·
. · ' ...,.unH 11. mnn , li e will hen."··
ns Js t lie cl't"ram Cl) 0 I
.
.
,..,.u nst rca" lN Ot.' t )iat I lc)\··•cJ r·~s·
.-, i r l u l· ic ) V Crst•
1 lei t
I
· · ' 1 ii;a ]'l'uDo,;ition
' ' '--''" '
cs~ >llt th·3t I l
•
'
'
anothe r of the ''ime
" 11. '
" ''l' J I,0111e inure" is
fl 11ould co nsi l
·
.
'
·
'
·
c
c Iioosc but once" i
k. d .
\ l' r o;tcn, wLo can
'
s a iu ot epignmi t
.
sition of often :i nd once.
llflJJllg on ll1e oppo~on"

·

. TJ1c following 11ave th e f ll
with lialancc : u point of tl1c cpig ra111, tngcthcr

"r' rc1111 C" ntly

we nro und erstood least I
known n~ longc~t . " .. lI'O') .
'· ' •y tl10,c tlwt havo
.
i,., I 1ife be low Rhi rs" " H
· ·.
. u 1c c11.1111ot i.;:ii n, li e can l .1
c can buy
lie lJ11t lie cannot d ccc il'c." •n •C 1 ut lie i·am1 .. t Ht•d11 ce, lie can

1 t l

IIclps !JUotcs frorn Sout.l1 c tlic b·
nuendo , " as· i· f a numuer
.. o f woy l ll. .tla_nc('ll a11d ~nrc"1.stic
111'
r t nip; mad e a world."

1-t-f. The contrast mar ·1111om
.
CXJ
fl'
. '
it oiilr to tli c 1ioi11tc,d
· >Irc:s··1'on
··" . u t' t l'.
i ercnc:c , · t l
·
"
' r 1 iuut oppo~itiu n
n t 1_ 11~ case also, th e b:dance i>1 <1ftc 11 (.. . .·
•
.

tlal,orat 10 11 '\.~ in l' >J .,•.

•
.u 11 l'd 011t with !!J"C·it
CPlnf':tl'lso11 Of j [o
.
,., "
tl1e a11alog-<>t1S <"n11tr:1st f n .. '
lllt'r :rnd Virgi l, and
·
· o
"' 1 [
1 J <Jen :111d J •, 1., ,
J
orncr was tli c /.tr«atcr , , . , , .. .
1 '· 1'Y ohnso n.
11111,
ll«ri l tl" I tt
.
tl JC one, we most ad1nire th~g• 111
· '.
,..,
: " ' er :i rt1st: in
.lit ' 111 t lie utl1cr, tlic wvrk."
.

' '

' >c S

12G

"111ough deep yet clcnr, thour.;h i:;r·n tlc !f'I not dull ;
Calm willwnt rrlgc, w it!wul O\!dlowi11g f1ill."

145. Merely to keep up tl 1c :-;:unc kadin~ term,
under change of rncani11g, l1a;; tl1c cffc<·t of tl1c bahn«e;
ns, " BlcsseJ arc the m ercfu!, for tl1t·y t'l1all olitai11

rnercy."
"And Rom e nrn_v hcnr th e pride of him
Of whom h ersel f is proud."

Bentham's ccleLratecl cxprc:>sion of t he end of pt>liti c ~ a11d
~rC'atcst l1appine"s r1f the g-reat<'st numJ.er,"
- ·is Lab.meed in i'Ollnd, in gr:munar, :md in tl1e rccurreucc of
the word greatest.
"The ri ght m:-in in th e right phcr:."
The poet i~ "d o wered witl1 the hate of l1atc, tlic scorn <i f
scorn, t h e love of lo1·e." (Tennyso n.)
" Man desireR not 011ly t•) J,e lo,·ed, J.ut to be lon:ly."
"Man p ropo se ~, Goel di~P'' 'L' S ," is a balance in tlie knninat ion of the balauced word;. A J,,', "Clea nl iness is next to g<><llincss."
" Chronic di se a~ cs mnst ha,·e elironi c enres."

of morality,-" the

14G. IV. Tlic Cornlcnscr1 Sentence. Tl1i,; rn 11. scntevce abbreviate<l by a fu rccd arnl unu:mal constrnctiun .
Sometimes we find the R:11ne n•rh applied to incon~11011 ~
objects, as i11 the C'xprcssion "sc·par:ttc'd J.y mountains and l•y
mutual fear." "Brutus i11stit11t, ·d li/,aty and the con.•u /Rh ip."
An ordinary writ.e r W(111ld l1a1·e 11 ecd tw o verhs to s11it till'>'<:
different ol.>jccts; ''Brutus obtain ed freedom fu r tlie Stat<\ and
instituted the consulship."
Gibbon (who dtlights in tlJ('>' C cnndc nsati011') dl' ~cril "'~
Spain as" cxlianst e•l by the :.iln1sc nf her strength, by Ana·rica,
and by superstiti on." Agnin : "The sptcm of i\11 g11,t 11 ~ w;is
adopted 1y the fear~ and th e 1•iccs of l1is ~uccessors." "Tl1t~
Caledonians were ind el •led fo r tl 1cir independence to their
poverty 110 less tl1an to t.l 1eir va lor." " Of tl1e ninetee n tyrants
who starter! up 1111.Jcr tl1 e rcig-n of Gallienus, there wai; not one
who enjoyed a lit\: vf p eace or a nat nral death."
fi*

).·,

::t11 artifi ci·d co J
·
" .
,
n e11sat ion in tlic line of Po
.~ '
i\aturc anu IJomf'r WCI'<', he founu, the Same" pe,
:Snclt constrn ct.1011s as tl f J . .
•
sioually : '
ic u liJwing arc adm is~ililc occiv
There

i .;

" J\ Iler·

n·,

f\

•

f

·
·11 0 a 1in ut forty ye
rnai11t:1i11l·d liy tJ
. fir~, line1crtaken by 1lo
r11 ,>~t tirnid <• f all tli e c·in ',~r~1~1st d1.'s'.d11te, r1111.l terniinateci 'o ~~·i
(Bnti111J) 'Jdm1ittcd to •/ l, ]> rs, tl1l' lar l!rrat.cr part of tl10 I.YI ido
" Tl 1)
• •c <Ol11an yuke "
s nn
f ,
i\l.
n11c·,; app,•nre1l next . ' . i"
~ 1 , t~l1duu1g al people, who <jl,fl'.r~'i':/ttl t.l"' el:1~t«m coast, in hopes
( / Ill \'ilt '\
'L ' ··1·1
I
.
.
"TIJS(' I'<'' Ii)' ti ...
tli . ' " (Ir · ' '·'• 1an '• IIl.~tead of t I .·.
.·
Je ll mone11
c1.'.1:. .
u111t·.)
· lclr an11•, wliid1 re)Jell~d
/ Ji1~ <'<H1d11<"( of ti ,
.
.
'" li· 1,.j 1
'l <'Onrt 1d11('l1 in ll ·1 ·
·
:1nn1s, i111 pn 1d<:1Jt, f\ 111/ w :·11k I tI
II. I A <·1rc1m1Rt.nn ~oR is
"l ll 10.-;t gn"1·u11s cula1uiti(;s. ,, (JG.Ju '111r·n(, •t( u11d pro;;no>ticu'ted
~t 11
• •

·l
f"',

t' , .

1-i7.
Tlic
C- u111 J·Clhc
. ·Jo
.
.
ocntcncc

cffoet.

<:01111c

"Hl' rc fh t1t1 rrn•at Ann•t
1J1

"T

1'l

·t

J:->

' _,...

f
I
tak •
e, a11d

.

i~ 811111ct1rnc,,

' ' rr ioni t 11'<'<" rr ·dn

SO llJ t'lJU 1e.:; <'OllN.fJ(!f

o res t, the rns/1ion and .,, 'I

'./

4

q

used for

]

_· . L 0 H'J,
Hu 111 1.. · t 1111 et1 tea"

d c1111 .

_.

"

.

IJ I V J(l-

. ic follo1ri1ig- ~cnt e ncc fmm M· .
.
tl1c Creat fo ) Encrh11d . . . t 11· , ,1ra_11hy o11 tl1 c l' isit of P eter
l
.
.
"'
h a .1· llw ~atirc
"Tl 1 n .
' <'Ps 111 Lcindo 11 ca 11J c t.) tl , ,
~
:
<' llls~ 1a11 gran1e cou1" dru1•p11w ... ·I
l
.
'"
rn
•
"' pc:,iJ s <Ill( 1·ern un."
1.-r.:-. J lie J>rul11 ·
J
tcll( ·n'·

.
.,
el1m·1x

•

1i t

•

•

( "

·'_c cmp i1y111cllt of tlie ]' I

i, n.J11nct1011

\rit.li

a11t'tl

.-.

.>a :u1cccl Sen-

1 ic,,1~, q1i!;ni.1n, and
d t
·
, . ' c Cl'rt11ncs tlic Pui11tcd /:)tl'/c .

Tiii s cn111l.i11nti1)!t is see n in p,, 11". • .
.
_QT•·e lll ma11y •1t/1 cr~. It . , . !··
l 'J1r111 1 r ~, :111d 111 a less de... .J . r•
.
IS.J~<Jle r m c dtl•"
J •' '
1
· t_) '·
1. lie frcn ch c Xu
. . ·l ru
· cpwr·un
..
,pigr:munatic"
.11 1 l . "111
·
,.,
11 11.s •1 11 a l1tv
in T "t
I
"'
·
·
' Ji" t.. 1 lie excess of
"
·'
. 1< l 11~, ,11 Pa n, :111d Se11(•..
..
.
'I itlt tl1 c decl ine of tl1 . T. .
.
f. 1, is 11s11ally ident ified
. ...
e .. 1t111 la11~1t:w(' - I t · I
~1 t1fi c l · ~ tlia t l'a/I ·itt , t'
·. .- ·
Is 1 1c uat 11 re of ·di
•
.
' u1 ion t.J the lonn of t i /
1line
lo bl' come fat. .
ic :u1g-11a"r after a
ig-11 ir1 " · tl1c mo·
· ·- ' '
more· spa rincr ~1in 1Jld j , . ~ '. ·
~c pung~ nt a n cllcct is tlic
Jl! r t.~ J11trod111'( 1, 111 .
'
·"'
14!1. \\'liaten: r lie t·J1' .1 l · .
· · ·
.1
Jl o><1t1011,
tlrcrc nre tc1
. , ·t·. c " l1 .·>Jed., or tl ie k'
·1r1u
of cont.u n 1 1u 1,-,, t l
1
t ic strueturc of tl '
a" o uc attcn<lccl to i u
1c sc r1tcncc.

I'LaCE OF THE l'lnN CI P.UL SUl.JECT.

' Vlicn we come to

trr~tt

J;Jl

of the n1ri0ns kirnb of compo ~ i l i • >n,

wo slwll fi11cl their scn• r:tl 1w r·1 1li:1ritics occasi1111nlly 1111pn•,s111µn Rpccial char:ictcr on the ~t rn ct11re of th e se nten ce ; l.>11 Lwe arc·
now to consider tlic laws tl1 :1t a rc g-c ncrally Li11 din g-. Campht·ll,
in tl1c Philosopl1y of Hln;t.iric, olJ, cnc,, with r C;fl'rl' ll>' l~ t o 1lio•
sentence, "Tl1 c only rule whi cli ,1·ill never fail, is to lww a r·~ nf
prolixity aaJ of inlricncy."
Prolixity 111 ea11s onre ro11·dir1.: :;
intricacy ari,;es wh c· n it is not easy to ascertain 11 10 n ·lat inn ,,f
one member to anot l1 er, or wl11·n tl1cre iHa drgn·c uf ct> mplication am ounting t.0 tl1e 1111i1it (' lligil>le.

150. I. Tl1c J'ri11ei1•al S 11l1j c('t of' a :-;e11t(·1wL' c.l1o ul.J
occnpy a conspicuou:i J'•b 1tiun . This may l>c :(1.) In the beg inning. "Lt'arn:ng t:tkctl1 all'av t11 e
w il<lness, h:u·lJa ri ~ 111, a11(l ilcr\'cnc;-;s uf men'::> n1i11d :<."
This sc11tc11ec occurs in GulLJ,;milh : "Katurn, with 1 1111 ~t
beneficent intention, conciliate~ :rnol fu rms lhc min./ nf rna11 tu
his condition ."
Herc tl1e prin cipal suLject (a.~ th e cuntcxt
shows) is n ot unturc, Lut tli c l11 ind of mn n ; no·<'or.Jingly, tlic
preferable nr rangf•rncnt is, "Tlie 111i11 <l of rn :rn i..:, l•y ::\':ittm• 's
Lencficcnl intl:liti•rn, conc iliat1.,] :m. 1 fo rm c• l to its <· or,diti.,11. "
To 'l11otc another cxa111pl c :-'' H omer's bc: 1ntif11l J cscription of ti1c l1cavcns, as they appear in a eal 111 cn: ning liy tl1 c
light of the m oon ai11l sta rs, co nclu rlcs " ·it lt tl1 is e ircn111,tanec-'and the l11~a rt of tlie sheplicnl is i-;lad.' 1laolume ])a,·i cr, fro111
the turn she giH·s to th e passage in li er versi.,n, s1'e11i:; to think,
and Pope, in o rder t.o make ont l1i:i co11plel, insi1111:d1;s, Ilia\. t l1<>
gladness of t he sh1·pl1erd is uwing to !Jis sense of tl1t~ utility of
those l11111inari e:i." Now, i11 th e secund sentence, the pr•H11 ir 1cnce
is given, nol t.i the m a in theme of the i;entcneC', wliid1 is tl1c
gla.d 11 ess of tl1e shcpli c rd, L11t t o Madame Dacicr and l'opc.
The d c~irahlc order would lie: "The gladness of tlie shephrrd
seems to b e a t1ri1m tC'd l•y M:ulame Dacier, from tli c t11rn she
gi ves to tl1 c p:L~s:1.:.::<\ a11 .! liy ] 'ope, in orckr prrhap' to mnkc
out l1i' c011pl.:t, t.o th e ~1 · 11 :,e f1f the u tility of t h c~ e l1 u11in:.1.ri .,s."
"The 8tnte was made, undt' r t he pretence of serving it, in
reality, th e pri:r.c of th eir cvntention, to each of tl10~c opposite

132
T I CE SEl'\TEl\"CF..

parties, w ho profc~scrl in "P<'ciou" f<'rrll•
fo r moderate A ri,toc ra c v th
ti
- ". t lic one a prefcrenco
. ' c o tt• r a deq1 re of l . .
pcop Ie at Jar,,.c to an cq . 11.t , f . .
. ·
Ill m1tt1ng th,
"
u. i .) o c1n l p r11·ile" . " A
1'Y ~:v·
' ha te ].)·, t he scnt~11ce r
tl
.-..c".
s altlcndcd
·
'
uns 111" · " Tl
wh o proft•<;scd in qpc ·
t
· ·
•C t wo opposite partU!a
'
.
C l <'l!S (' rm • the on •
'
('rate Ari st oc rac.)· ti
l
'.
c , 1 p reference for mod' 1c ot l(' f a desi re f 1 · .
hrgc to an <'<Jualit r (•f ci1·il
. :., u a• m 1ti 111g- the people at
thry pretr·1td('d to ~;Tl'<' in i· .. 11)·r11~ i lcgc", _mndc the St:1tc, which

·
• ·r <a11t1
e pnz'oftl
1 ' ·Ir co ntenti on"
1'J1 e lmr>rov('mcnt
i.
•
.c
.
•
·
~ man11e.,t
Tlte i'rr o 0

made pnnn i1w 11t at tl 10 l . ·.
.
'JIJ>O.~t le p rirties is now
.
'"g 1nm11ft' ot t l1 c ~ • rt . . , . .
.
the lcad1Jw i d,'" tl1·1t t l
,...d
e i ~ n {( , as its subiect .
"
"
·
icy ma e ti. S
J
'
contention j, pl:iN·cl ·1t ti
d
te tale lite p rize ol' their
.
• .
IC en
'lS tli
. .
'.I
!Ca te ; a11d the st r11ct11 rc .
d. . le pr'.rlf'1p:tl p art of th e prcd.
I• rcn erc1 / >CnnJ · •

!\ rr·1111. " Tt .
.
, ,..., ·
is not w1tl1 n11t a c1 .. ,,rcc

I t.,

f

.

~reatc r than the rrc 11cr~ /1"ty .
.,·,.,...
0 p :t l 1c 11 t a ttention
,...
"
,ire w1 lnft' t 0 l
'
g reater t hr1n tlre ol;".ct d
,,..
•est,•w, tl1 ou1rh not

. .
'c
CSC!T C!<, that f!te lw b1., ..
"' .
o f cxnrn 11111w anJ ·11 I ·
f
( .111 be acn mred
,.., ,
J
·1
1 ' g;111g 0 Oll r 0 .
a ccur.'lcy and imparti~i i tv ·i• ti t
couc net. wi th t he same
I
\\"
•
c.
111
o
:rnot
lif-·
"
•
1
1
( )y
l111t.d1) : '· J'lte It 0 ·t f
. .
•
" te red thus
"'
a l o cxan1 11nnu· n .
a~c urat cly ns thn t of .
ti
.
,.., 11 1 own coudnct as
.
. .
an o icr, and Jlld<n iw f .
.
1111pa rllrihti· c:rnnot h
. d . ,... ,.., o 1t wi t h t he S..'l me
.
·'
c :H''ltllrc wi tho ut a l "
.
te nt1on , not ~rcatc r inrlce 1 t i
}
.
t e,.... rcc <1f patient at.
.
'
1
11n
t
1c
0
l11cct
de
.
,
.
,
fl ian t 1re ~cn c ra l if)·
,
sc i 1 l'~, 1•ut greater
11 rp " ··11·
1 • n~ to licsto
·
·
w" Tl
~1Rts Ill h<"ir i11ni11 cr w"tl 1 ti ' . .
.
ic change con•
. "
.-..
'
ic p ri ncipa l R11 h"
··
1 ~ 11nm·n1da/ 1/y Jn•>•e .
J<'<:t. Ti re 11e11t cncc
·
· ' :my 11tt1·111 pt to
tlrrn wing- the vrrh rt
. d
1111 spc nrl t lrc l'C IJ ~C h.)'
.
rq111rr f0 th e cnJ wo 1ii l
111
' J•rul. •ahl ...v cause'
t. h c s lia11c of . t ·1· · l .
.
,1r l l Cta
un· c r.~1 0 11
.
loosen es~.
' a " orsp cnJ tl 1t111 th e

"rn

151 · (0)
Aft er an ll! 11·crbial 1ili1"1s
~.
. l
stntemc nt eYidcntlv s L .· 1·
, . c, o1 t· a use, or so111e
" n :- i t 1an·

Tli c· pro m incncc uf the prine i. •~l Gtil .
•
y 1i:d1fy i11<" r1l1rasps 0 . I· .
1. . .lJCcL IS not affccteJ li)·
'"'
1 c .1t1scs t ll'lt a
the vacant space between p. ...
re m :1111 •:stly •11 ch. "1n
A
b
.
<.rs1.1, .) rm Ecr1·pt
dE l .
_,.,ra tan peninsula rn· . l
.
' ~,,.. _ · 'a n
t 110pia t lJc
.
.1\ •C COllCCJ 1·cJ a .
t .
'
l mt 1rrcg1J/:1
r di111cn< i o~~."
"' a n anglc of spacious
T l1e se utc·n cc . " !\. 1
•
• ( 07.t'll will rlo, f.,r i ll11~ tr:i ti• > n, a;i well as

s' ..

·c

133

P OS ITION OF IM PORTA NT W ORDS .

a mill ion," is m o re effccti1·c t!J11 s :- " F or iilust ratio n, a dozr n
will do as well a ~ a m illio n.' '
A passage a lready qu ot ed (~ 13·l ) as an cx:rn1ple 0f tlrc
period, "A cc ustom ed to a la ntl,' ' &c., s h o w ~ also that the pr incipal subject m ay follo w a partic ipia l clau se.

152. (3.) At the end . Tl 1c do;;c of :i. se ntence gi\"(':'
prominence no le>;8 th an tl 1e begi nning.
The subject of tlJC sente nce may Lo th rown t o t he end wi th
a special emphasif! :-"The wages of sin is dea th."
"On v•lrntc 1·cr side w e co ntemplat e H om e r, what principally
strikes u s is hi>1 wonde1ful im•enlion." This i" a n ar ranr::rmcnt
fo r m aintain ing t he intcr c;;t, by not disclosing t he m ain i· lca ti ll
the Yery encl .
" Ther e j,. n o t, a11 cl th er e n eYe r wa~ , o n tl1is carlh, a wo rk
of h u man policy so " ·ell clcse n· i i ~g of exa m in ati o n as 111.e Ro-

man Catholic CIm rc!t."
" O n seeking for some clue to the b w un<lo:rlying- thr;;e rnrre nt maxim s, we may •cc sl 1:iclo wed fo rth i11 m :rny of th••m. il1 e
importance of econorniz·in.'l lite reader's attention." Ill'rC', a~ nft,·n
lmppens, the prin cipal subject of J i,;conrse is not the i;rammatcal subject o f t li c verb. Th e wri ter intends to pu t it la,t, and
h e accor di ng ly mak es it a g-ra rnmat. i,,al ol•j ect, anrl.

an

~",

witltn nt

i11Y c r~ i o n , ~ec urc s

fo r it that p o~ i t i on .
"Arid to you r fa ith , virt ue."

153. IT. T ire I'rctlicat.c of the Rente111·c i;; al ,.;o a princip al p art , an<l sl1 uuld have a si t uation co1Tc><p•i1Hli11 g to

it8 i rn porta n<:c.
T h e close of tl 1e sente nce i,, in onr lang-uage, the u~tial phc"
of tlic predicat e, and the opposite or de r, alth ou!!h :igTCl'ahlc tn
t he ti rst principles of arrangemen t(§ 65 ), is considered an im-. ·r-

f.IOn.

"Blessed arc tl1 e m erciful."

15-1. '\V!tcn statements of some length ente r into tlic
subject, or the p redicate, tl1 c })laces of cmplta-:i:< arc t ..
lie r c;:;cn ·c<l for the most important wonk

TJJ E SENTENCE.

1:35

t:N !TY.

A suhnnl in:i tc pl1rn,oc sh•)uld not Of'"I 11 .• •
we natura lly kiol - 1;, r ,1 .· .
" 1} n pos 1t1on where
" ,
'
. · 111 111r1pa.1
.
l· \'('I'"
•ti t 1' 11 111 t 1" <J.l ' J'l'IJS <' wit/ . · · · . l
·' •
, ··· 1·· ·I '
· ·
' . .txw ni s 1:1s 11rove lI u nsur..
' Ps~ 11 ; "•nne wli l' re nr ot l . . .
ICI Ill t 1ll' jl l'U C( ' 'S ff, .1111. •d i)
Ji:11·e J.,•c11 fuu nd" I ti
.
· "·' u
1corems
I'.
.
11 ic 1att cr clau se tl1 c u11i1 l ·,.t t
.'
.1'n111d li as u.-; uri icd ti c 111, , ,
'/!'•
a11
wor.1
' ·
•.t Ce 0 1 pro1n11H·11 cc l I
·
s111ncd, 01 1 wl 1i" I' 1l1e n ·-·d force ( f tic . . I J .''-' <JJ 1g111g to a.1"s
'rI
t.cncc , J1 n11J J t•it l1 c r l1r·"' in O" ' l ..i .·, 1el n111i- '• 1111,1r.., t..
ic sen1l11•o rcm" J1 ·11· " 11\•1• 11 1· -.,.. l. ' ]Cl!< ''i t I as~ 11 ml'rl :- " A,;;11m c1l
'
··
"
1111,
Ill t l(' 11r nr· • . - .
]
or h ~
·1
t ....~ snnH·w icrc or otLwr.,,
' ·- o1nc11 ll' I'(' o r r•t li<' r 111 th e n . ' .. l .
. '
r c n1 s tli::t :i re ;1 ,,11m ed:'
J l •'Cc'~ t tc re a1 ·e fo und tlieo" ·1·1
. ·l .·
"at 01 1r (' f·l<'r 1rritl'rs. t)\] J e1cmy
.
1 ,ar 1.... Ill
t o excc·>'s it 11. 011IJ 110 tl
.
c 11>n· c rp1 oted
'f'
'
ic i·cr.1· l · lindn r~s of ·iarti·dit · t d
"
. rr111 sp1 1;<e tl1 c cla11 se, - "It . l l i
I
l
'
} o eny.
. .
· · ·
11 0111 uC I IC v e n · bJin) , ·f'
t1a 1it_y t o d eny t hat O lli' cld, . .-.
•
' ncss o par" ' ..
tr llll LCI':l qu oted lo e.rcu,,i."
- N (J r rntl 1c r r aso n wl1i ..-!1 lws leJ to th· . . .
.
tl11 s m oral hw d ifli cu lt t 1
c c~t..d.J1 ~ lmie11t of
- . .
o JC f11scc rn r d " Th , 11. 1
to be di.w·rrnrd "re ll<) t t '
) . ··
c ' ' 1'• ~ diJ!tc11lt
.
"
i1c <' mpntH· wo·l · ,. I
net1cr-" :;"""" j ~ it cli'n1. ·I t t 1·· ' . ,
l l b (J, t I C ~e 11tc ncc.
i < I t · '> • 1~ ce rn 11 1c
J .
1.•) l/11• cstublisl11i!mt of I~ ._
l { .
n•:t.s ,,11 t i.1t lias Jed
0

•'

•

118 117 () /' (l .

-

'

' lll'. , ,

.

,\nd t! 1" ('«11r crtil .j Jit y of tlt e o r.J i11 ,·11-.
.
} ni o d i, of dc;ocr11}11 « 11 w1t l ti · .
.
1 11., 11 r· 11 «1 11 • 111:iy l1c
s' I - I
. .
" ....:\r·11t 1· t ··
I
,
« I.I .) >< 10 11·11 111 :i 111·
Cft"c "
I S fl · ts \· 1 1) '.; I
.
..
·
· ··
· "w 111 an v <':l-'C t!t e r•m 1•1·rti&1'l' I
urd1'~'',''.'!J 11/Ur/io r!f' dcsrriptiu n u·it/,. l/1is nc10 UIU' "
'!I of lite
. ·
I l1e p r:1i .'e (If j 11 /., , t \ ' . .1 I
l1i1n ], • l . . . . '. ' ,.. 111u1 . irg-1 mq ,1 11s tl_1· c:- 0111.cstrd with
,
111.
i1s i11, 1· 11 t1 <ir1
n ·111:uns Yd 1111ri,·· II
.,
p lia tic tli 11 s :- " \' j .. ,- 1 l. . . I • ·
·1 «d.
More ('!1'1.
-.u r.is )11:.;f v cn11t1·st<·d , .·ti 1 · l
ol j11 d!..'.·rn c•11 t J.11 t l ltJ ow· I .· . - ', . ll . - 't ' r11n t IC praise
. " If . ti . ' .
. '_ t.1s .F'L nn1 ed l1is i11l'f•11lio11."
- . - c >.tt Jells a lie IS ll (Jt SC' nsildc h<J11· rr • · t
, ·k
dcrt;1h 's · f<>r li e must l - f
I
,_, rL.i n t.1s lie un.
'
·
>e orccr t o i11\·r nt t .
mu1n t11in oi i r. ,,
.\m end . l . " r
·
11 c11ty more, to
·
•
''- . - wr to m·1i11b' 11
l
inl'cnt t1a11ty m firc."
'
'
•'
O li o , IC rnnst
"l:utli C r1 •cks aiir] R
d
.
1.umnn s rc11· f>r 1··, n0-f ... c
.
,[!'1..:·s : that i·· t 0 8..1 _ f
' ·" ' lcs 1ro111 p1·od.1· .\ • ro m r:1rc nntur·d .1 , . •
.
"
_
wl1ll' h cr11 n(·fs. lll"t'·'"'" . 11 J 1•
I
'
• f p.r •.1r:i.11 ces; ainon!!
'
•
·
"
1111
"amon" th.
. · ' ' " < r e 1psc•
· · H·I ' J ·lll
p0rt.a11t place·".
,... e rn u~ t un po rta ut vf w!ticL ' 1. '..
'
eclipses."
Cle cumct.~, meteors, and
fl •

t

•J

•

In the fullowin g sc11tenee, tl1 c cmph::t.sis r ests nn t ]1,, crrn ,Ji .
tional clanscs, at1 \l tlH'Y a rc "·itl1 ob1·i o11s gnod 1• ff,·rt, gi1·1·n
last:-" Of 11·ii at C' OllS \''l ll r 11r c are all tl w qualiti ,·s of a d<>d ri1 11'.
if tl1at d octri11 c he nnt C1>111 11111I1i catc-d; :111d eu111111u11ica t.<- d il i."
not, if it be 1111t I111d e rstou d 1"
The foll..,wi11 <r is fr om Palev :- " Am ono·st tl 1c causrs :i ,cisigncd for t he co:1ti1111a!I CC a111l diffu :>ion uf tl :c sam e n11>r:tl " ' Ii·
timcnts am1111 g- manki11d, we lian: mention ed im i/{( f i on." T l1 is
is ns it ought. to be. H e co11ti11n0s, "Tl1c efll caey \ 1f tl 1i.' f' l'll•ciplc is must oh$c rv al1l c in children;" l1erc t no an i11q •orta11t.
wurd occupies th e cl (J ~ e.
A s, in an arm y o n tl1 c: m:1rcl1, tl 1c figl1 ti11 g colum 11s are
placed fr o nt all<l rear, an<.! tli c l•ag_g ng c in th e cc 11 t r0, so tl1 e
e1 uphatic parts of a tiC ntc nce ><li ould lie found eitlin i11 th e l·eg i1111in g or in tlic c11J, snb\lrdi11a1.c and malier-of-c our:;c ex pn·,;sions in th e middle.
It rnay sometimes be tlic naturr of the clau;;c t11 rc· fu"' ' emphasis to itself; so that, though placed at the end, it d oc;; 110!.
i nterfere with tl1 c importance uf a pr<' Cedi11g c l:1n :\<'. !11 t l1e
sentence, "Dissipation w:L' tl's b c·altl 1, a:; W\'I\ a" tirn ", " tl1 e lo<' ' ;'
addition, as m·ll a .~ timr, c:rnn1 •t. d epri1·e ltcalt/, uf t h« ~t r e ss that.
wo11\ d natnrnll_y 110 p ut upon it.
;:--.

...

.-i

ms. III. A S cntcnec j,.; rcq nirc<l to ro~;o( • Sfl Un it_\'.
Tl1is rnc:u1s tl1at e very p:1rt sl1 0Hkl be suhscn-icn t t o <JI \\;
pri ne i pal affirnirttio11.
Dlair';; rnks on tl1is p()i11t, tog-\·tlier wit1 1 \ii ~ <'X:i111 pl"'' li :n·,,
been cop ied. liy s11 Ct(·c.Ji11g 11Titc-rs. Tl 1c·y are tl1 l'"" :(I. ) Jn tli o course of tli o ""n e sc11 tcn ec 11 nt tn ~l1 i ll Ilic· ,0 1·1·11l'Af! ..:r we (·nn1c to at:d1 or, tl 1..._.y put '111 ~ f Ht ~ hPr (\ wl 1\"l 'l' I wa:"wc:k ontl'<l liy all 111 y friend s, wl10 rc•ceil'e<l rn e with tli.- J.!l'<·tdl·' t.
kindnl'ss." Herc th e pntlin µ: on sl1ore <"on1pkt«' •in" a d, and
\\'hat foll ows changes tho S('C n e , and sliould ha vu rnad u a 11 l·11· ~1· 11tenl' c.
(2.) To fl YOi<l cr01Ycl ing i11tr1 on e 8entcnce l1 ctcrngen co11' i<lt- ~ " ­
" Tillot., on <lied in tl.b J l·a r. Jl e w:b <:X<'e<' din;;ly l>eloveil l1ot.li l.Jy
J\ing 'Williarn am! Q t h.' \ '11 .lllary, >nho 11omi1.ated Dr. Taurf,,tJ/>1
Bhd11>p ({/' Li1t ro l11 , to J$1fl't' l'l'fl l1i1n . " T!1e la."':i t e1:111 ~e, h a Yi11 ~ 111)
11 at.ural ro11n erti on with th o leading propo"itiou, ought nut tu 1H11· e
1ccu iududcJ in tlic ~wnc sentence.
H

13G

T IIE SENTENCE.
TIJE SENTENCE nREAK.

J 37

1

" The ns11al ncrcptnt ion fak eq
fi
ent thi ng~ ; 1111cl not onJv C;1i'i, t /·, 0r;~] t l\~ rJ. p]:fl' ll re. fo r t.wo diffort li c 8C 1'eral n a1 11 c~ of bw'Y
I . ' O\l c i , 0 1 '' \>t11n es of th em J,y
faculti es of min d tli·tt .11. ' ftll < 1'11e rni·n i lJ11 t di,ti11 u: 11 b li os tliA
·
· • "' co n Y e r ~ ·rn c . 1 t I
··
• "
t10ns of t ho Ji rst, wisd om nnd
'u .i
t i c:111, c ;i l l!" :~ th e opl'rawoi:d , 11-;"d to l'XJ>re" w'1'.1t tl , '°. <>t icr, wi t : wlt1 cli i~ n Saxon
a nd t.h e F renl'l 1 e•1ir.i l 't ·J t~ c .':lpan1 a rd., nnd I ta lians cull inqenio
I .·
•
.
"
·, JO 1 1·11111 t lie J •it in. ti
rno re p ar l1e11hdy , ign ities ili at of >o , : '. . , , _1011 g 11 . tlHnk wit
111
0
1
.1
rJ, "·~ • .' <·<·ur rn r~marb
" " tl"' H u111 c l1rn''ll'W(·" Tl
al111ncl:u1 t m at tr r tu ;· ~ J; ,,c
•c·re J~ icre cro wdc·d iuto one sen~no~
(:J.) To tll'oi<l cxr ,,; · . ,
.
N t
c.. of p:i rentl1 ct 1cnl d au~r~.
( ·<)
·· • " to ll<ld 111embcr-< nf• , , f ll
says of Fo ri tc·11"/ J,. "H e f.. II .e r,\ u :rnr1 p e rfr<'t rl Me. Temple
ol.! poet n·, n11d P,.~fe r" n ~ , ·' /
(!To~,J,v rnto th o censure of tho
H. l.rai11 ~ wit l1<•11t iod i •"11 11 •1· ('",,~
; o : 1c ll', that I <'ould uot read lii~
t
,._ ' 1 • 7r fl/ C11 110 11 f't
.
fl/> ' to r rr isr in mr rr" .•f'ff~.• 11 1lir · •
"
' . '.rr I !! a 111 0 11r1 men iY so
tra neou $ a d d i1ion to t l1 0'
" i111 r y . . t Ii i• J;,,, t c:la1"n i• Ill\ exdi:;tl(i t ion .
semcnc\', w lnclt i8 naturall y closC'd at i~~ ,~ .1 h;·h. s up l· 1·arl 1lt·d rn cnihcrn :w.-.rm·ato
- , n,, '' l "eu1 e n cc~.
oo
tlio natural loose ness of

7" .

oi·

i

t

.

tro

I 1 1

1 GG. Clanscs of Co11 scq11cn
fE . 1
.
nt ion of E xcrn1>l ifi .. f
f Occ, o . . x1: ana t10I1, c1f Itcr.
CI . '
e.1 wn, o .,ual1 fic atwn and 01 .,
a u ~ e", are vftcn scp·u"ttccl b .
. l '
'erse
tl
·
· '
J a scm1 c0 on or eolon fro
. tC Jn arn statem en t o ut do not ne '' ., ·'] .
. 111
nf t ltc sen ten ce.
'
cc::.,,,au J mar tl1c unity
"No w snrclr tliis o u.,Ji t 11
. ,..k , . o/.t t 1l b~ :u•se rte d, unlrs.-; it can he
'
spw Wi f l C(l llftO 7I S
su b/1'ct" H , . tl
r rver<:ncc upnn such a
·
C l <~ .: c ~cr· o n d ehn se j
.
tl1 c n1;1i 11 Rtat ,·11 1c11t ·1 11cl . . . " I~ a. reaso n or J ll ~titi t.:ali o n of
, •
1s pro per y 1 J J l ·111 I
" A.rri" ultnrc j . ti f
• " C n C<
.
t "~ Rt· nt e n c~.
. ~ .
:-;
ic "un i1at 11Jn of tn :n1uf.· ·1 . ' . ,
l i ons o/'1w f 11r e o r1 ' 1'11 1•
I . {
' " · Ill <~, f ur. 7n·oduc• •
,
·
· m a /' /' !(/ x ef art."
Tl ·, I· . 1.
lie r 11•wc d t·il li cr '" A,· I· ,·
.
iis ·" t l:lll .-<O may
' . '··' l' dlla11<>n or 'I' J( c . t .
r
:di f.! 1e li c:tds i11di e-ited a rc ( f
's
r.l IO!J. ', X:impks under
0
'
•
rc•1ucn t ocr.n r rc n cc.
·1:"i7. In de,<'rii it 1
'c·
,
· narra t1.,·c ' t · , fr
. .
"
>n, .rnrl in
p rnv r d . we s/11;1/lrl

q 111,;1 te to bri ng t1 wctl icr i1 1

di ~t in ct f 1ct"

,,A : t . . .

n' .

)t '

0

J;,

ten rc-

io s.i.me sentence se 1:eral

. "e n cncc r tl
. ,
Tl
1
J
" icn .1 srna 1lcr P<ll"t•.,.r"lI)h
ic Oil Y n1 c tl1:tt can l _ 1·1, ,. , , ·
· .' r:i' ·
ing tl1c selltcr iee" i · t ·] ,)e -' :sui cd rn <lbtmg uioih1
. ' " .o <.: JOo~c t ic larger
l1rcakP
1'11 tl1e
S('II.-.; e .
.....,,
...
·

"·

Q

Tl ie se n te n ce~ -1 .

. ' ."

, .
i

·ll
c a:;

ut 1•er p art~

i1ointe1J off aliko

·f

(by tLe sernieo1on, tli c com ma, &c.), should, ns fa r

a~

may be, have a co-ord inate value.
If every distin ct 8tatcmcnt \\' e re ahrnys followc•l l,y a foll
stop, the style woul d Le d isagrccalil y l1 rn h11 up i11t o curt sr nt enccs. l\lorco\'cr, we shou]J lu;;c the a•ll'a11t11gc uf lial'i ng a
divis ion inte rmedia te l1etwccn a s i11 g lc affirrnat io 11 a11 d 11 p:1r:1g raph. Ea ch RCntcn (:e m as c o1itaia a plurality o f :.;\.;;tc mt·nt ~,
more closely allied than tlic mutt er of two su cce s1S ivc 8c·11tcnccR.
The fo 1Jo,1·ing is an cx:im plc o f wl 1at i.-i m eant. " Ry 11i.gl1t
i;wect odo rs, vary ing wi tl 1 ev ery l1 our of th e wateh, w ere w:,1 l't 1:d
from tl1c sl1 orc to tl1 e l' Cssc l ly i11g n ear; I and the fo n ·st t ree, ,
1rougl1 t t ogct li t·r hy the sr·rpc nt t rac ery of myria<fa of st rang•'
paras iti cal pla11ts, might " ":II ;;e1 ·m t o tl1 c fa11"y lik e so111< : grt':tl
design o f ln1il.Ji11g, I (>\"\:r wliicli th e lo fty pallll s, a fo rest 11pun
a fo rest, app!'arcJ t o prese nt a 11r· w orrler o f archit ect urc." J lt ·n'
three sr parntc facts a rc expresst'tl, a11d tl1 c incl uJi11g of t hem
in one sentence is j ustifi ed liy th t.: ir l•c iug more closely all ied
in meani ng to one anntl ic r t11 a11 to th e se ntence f,il \o wi ng- " Jn
the bac k-gronn d rose th e mi~t, lik e in ce nse." \Vli c r,, t he ' ulij cct -m atter consi, ts o f a gn·at nu111b cr uf detach ed sta tc•11H' n t >,
wc avail o urscli· es of nil t l1 c g r a de~ of pu nc tuatio11- <·.0 11111 1:1,
semi col o n, and fu ll stop - to m ar k, acro rd i11 g t o (ll!r l1e'L j 11J c'.·
mc:1t, t11c dl·g rccs o f co nne cti on or separnt ion.
A larg<·r ext ract fr om th e sr1111e wurk (ll<·lps' Spa11i , li C. i: 1qucst in A1n e rirn) \Y ill illu st rate tl1 e l'" r uliar itil's of tl 1c narr:ttive scnt.c11 ce. T l1c s 1tbj cct i' a n cx p1:Jit1011 of Oj e1h al. inc; t l«c
Am e ri can co a ' t near the river Tlaril'n . lJc c aptu1«: d a 1111111 lw r
of In d iairn and a <] Ua nl ily o f g«>l<l in th e cnursc of liis Yo_Y a.:;1"
and, d iscmliarkin g , fo11ud1· d S an S t: l• a-t inn.
"Ojeda se nt l1is ~t o l c n g nJ,J an d Indians h o m e t" Sai 11t
nomi ngo, in order that more m en a 11 1l s uppli c ~ rnig l1 t i11 rd 11rn
he d espatch ed t o l1i1t1; r1 11 d h e in:t11.!J:11rated the l1uild i11 g ,,f lii ,;
ncw to wn l>y a ft>ra y into t li c tc rri t<>ri cs of a nci.c:hl111ri11 :..: r,,, Jia11

chi ef, wlio was rqrn rtt"l to )' " "''' '~ 11111\' !t g o:d ." Il 1·n- twn
s.:paratc facts a rc stated iu one se utc u cc, tl1c au t hor ju .Jg i11 g it

'rl! R SE.\TE XCF..

i11cxpcdic11t to J .
c1 otc a sentence lo <"le;] 1 Tl f:
r.,;,.fl'd i11 tint<' ·inJ tl •
.
' ·
ic acts wcro clo h•
•
' <
IC !'11p:1r:it11) IJ uf 'L s,
.
I
.
~
" 11 •111 ..·li fur tl 1c1n
Tl .
.
· · c1111 c<> u11 is tliougl •
. . "'
.
ic cn1H'i 11 . l111"· chu "c 1. .. . I
•
' l' Xl' a11atorr but It
is a11 (·xpl:i11af i»1J tJ.
,.., ' '
11t,1,, 0 . .
·':t\
l'='
a
n·1n"1ti
r
•
I
·'
'
'
'
l p 11 rpo'c of th .. <'Xj · I·r ·
tic
. , _cc; a1rnc. It su"'""•~
..
. H< I '"ll 11'1111 ·lr tl
J
"o~
a t tl1e s: 1111e time :l<'C•>1111ts 1;>1.'it. ' . ' ic Sl':1 1'c i fo r golJ, And
.
' ' Tl1is 1;,ra,·, ]1,,wt•i'<· r 1. I · I
·
• ]' '" llC<: • ! IC tJ
f,
Q
lll (• IJ \\' el'c sn011 d rir 'I
u·
·l· l
J
llll ,!.:" l •l'
jc<la, and Iii
.
l i
. 11 . ,
, , . c;/,,ud~ of
.
/\. ga111 brn tli., tiiict /'. ·t.
. I ..
•
po1so11 ed arrows. ,
. . .
, 11 ~ fl I c
'f'Ull!,..!'11t. t ( Hft•l IH·.
'
·
t l 1e n1 1dt1pl1r at1<>l t uf ·I 1 .
,.., · i, 111 ercly to avoid
s ior st· ntc ·11<"<·s. I II . ] · '
rn c11 t.- ll<J11· "il'l'll 'l, .. ·
lll.i .i11g tl1e fo ur stato.
"'
' ' ic " 11tcr 1i:1~ t l111u•d 1t fi1•
.
• to rntroducc tho
se11tc11" e I,r,•:i k lid . .
.
..,
\\ l ('II t 1IC 'l'''" lld 'Il l I (I
ti . I .
111il'11ti.. 11 t•Jtl 1ccu11 11» " t·· I
. ' . •c 111·t. llutaniinut.o
ul
.
I :id;;, i11ig ltt H ll ['.rre~t ti .11,.1 . " Ie 'f '""l't'\·s
.'.
cP111Jcct1 011 of the four
1
0
IC
~
"
o
tl1
c
first
·
·
ti
·
1
t JJU scc011d tlJir<l . I f,
I
.
' · ~ JC greater break•
'.111c vurt i , Lt.:111.r all n.: hted
·I
'
.
'
ol tlic
fura1·
:w·iinst
ti.
I
d
.
"
.
to t ie one matter
r ,
J
t:-<UC fl I a ri ~.
•
I.he a11thor 11 ow commc 1J ccs
a r1 c1r jJ:1 r:i.:rraJ•Jl1,
to st11't the
' J"tr
, Jsl t 1•)11 t o a new s11l1jcc·t.
-·

"Ji~"" tl1cir pc<>plc 'hould lie fed s"'" < • .• ' " .
src•)11w1ry <·011--idc:nt i•>11 1·' ti ti
'
.11. .d11 .1;' t0 liave been
' "
J.
i11 d<·c·d " ti Iih' ( ·c· ,·'
.' I l I <''C
. lll .u.111o
111 .~ .i..:·01·crnors, and
• ..
7
" •
,.,_: ~t..... 1u11 s Jfl all peri ods
..
. '' '
:is it g •>ld \\' «re SIJ''jlO"l'd t, L
. ,.1_tl1c world, 1t appears
]1
·
> c meat , drn Jk .111 d I l.
d i<•\\'1c•.J"f' uf wl1· 1t it ·. · . · · .
' '
Cot ung tl10
. .
:•
Is 111 c11·Jl1w.J aud s ·ttl ·I .
. '
.itmg a l1x1•d idea f ·1_ . .
t
u co mm11111t1es ere.
0
l s lollll'l'r.;;· iJ fl•H l"(' l' 0 f
l . I
llot a l1lc t<i <lii· .. ,• •J
I
:·
'
11· 11 c 1 peOj)IO lll'O
~ . • ' J('Jllsc· \'t's. '
Tl
.,
1· .
JC st <'n11d lll t· mucr of tl1 i•
'"llff'll<'c is :t sort if
·
' J,:<'ller:i 1z·1 t 10 f I
~
t lie fir.~t, 11']Ji1·l1 j~ it . ·If' . .
..
n (• t HJ rt·111ark co ntained in
,
M
, ( " ('lll' J"tl 0l .
.
ll CXt p ·ut ( f' ti
.
,_,
.
lSl' ITa tJl)11 jJl'l·f:ttor}· to tl
•
.
'
' 1c narrat l\·c. r,., 11 ,, 'I" t 1 • ,
· IC
l•eJ ng a ' '<'nt•r:d 111 .1x· 1 .
JI., s•·•·<md 111 cmbcr is ·- ·:
. r
• . 1111 , ·111, 1··11 ... ! with. ·I·
.
.
,
t l ic llTJl<.:r did "d i to I·
.
,1' .t1L-e ut explanation ·I· 1
.
p ·l~C i t :H m1 ilj•f>C llth"' t 0
.'
l
· -'
c .· ll~t· ' to w/11"11 it. nu"1tf.)J.1•l··
t·
I . t lt c pre1·10us
1' JJI su H> r.Juiation. This
" ·ill ""~'"'II still lictt. :-f.
"
"
·~ -.
•
t I
J 1Hn f hf• r11 ·x t .c:i·n t •'fl<' C'
1 ·: 11 11 111 c lll' 11· lit"':111 to JJ n!·c ·1
If .
.
Tl1is sc· 11t <.' nce i•1i11 s o·~ J. t
11, •
I 'l' l1 ·lt, at !'an Schastian."
•
.
.
l.J II J'<t ,. t (I t Ii l' ti I' ·t
. t 1· J
mg, arid wv11ld n .. t li· . . . ·
· ·' · p.ir ' O t 10 fo rcrr0•
·1· I
.tic )dlllc'd \Ill'" \\' 11 t I
"'
1 t 1a t l1ad J. cc n mad. , ·
·
c " t. >C second par~
tl
.
c '' s1·p:i r:1t c scn!t:nrr Tl
io ug ht J;t to couti11c th i~
. .
ic au tl1or has
. Sl.:11tc11 cc t0 a s111g lc fact. Its brev·
..

.1
·

ity makes a not nnacct>ptal1k cu nlrast to th e lcngll1 of ti1c
prcccJi11f..(.
"J us{; at t.11is po i11 t of tin1<', l1m1·c1·('J', a ~ llJ>l'h· frn11 1 :< mn,t
nppropriate lJUartcr carnc ~11,J.!t·1d y l.o• t.ltc a icl uf tit•· h1111,!!ry i11hubi tants of tlie ne w tuw11." 1\ s i 11.~ll~ state 111 l'11t ocl'U)'ic·,; t!1i.-1
cntcn ce abo. It, migltt han:: licc 11 eu u11 ll'd " itl1 tlll' f,,r";.;"i"C'.·
nlthong-11 perhnps tlic prc~ c 11t arr:inµc' lll l'll t is prcf'c r;il. k .
"There cam e in siµli t a n :sscl, wlti cli ha.! !.cc•11 st"J, ·11 fr<>111
some Geno csc hy its c11111111a111l<-r J:c rnardi11 0 de Tab l'e r:t, '11i,,
W!Lil bringin g it tu the new 't:ttku 1l'nt 1 as hcing a place wl> crc
th e title to :rny po~scs~ in11s woul1 l 11<1t lie t oo curi v11sly lv•Jkt.:d
iuto." Tlu:: fi1"><t cla11~ «, "th<' rC c:u 11 e in sig-ltt a vcss<,1," c un tain~
tlic only fact esse ntial t•) the narra t il'c; Lut tlte a11 tlin r i11dul:.,: .. s
in n little digrcH:;ion or by-plut , l1y i11fvru1 ing- the rcad l'r l1<1W
the vessel cam e. S11d1 dig-rctisi•rns are m1a1·uiJablc, a11d often
proper in narrati 1·c ; anti unc moue .,f keeping tli c111 frvnl trl'llclti11g on the main stvry is to mak e tlu ·rn suLorJi11a te u1<·111 l.. ·r" .,f
a scntcucc whose pri11cipal i:s th e ma in story. To Crl'rt t lic111
into distinct sen tence,.,, on tl1e pka uf unity, would Lc ,11l•stituti11µ: a greate r evil fo r a less.
"TLc supplies \\'Li ch tliis n·ssel brought were }' tiro:l.asl'J liy
Ojeda, and 8('1'\'t·J to rcli el'e, for th e m omcut., l1is fa111i sl1in;.:
colony." Th i ~ J1ri11cipal :;11l 1jl'c.:t co n11 L· ·ts tl1is se 11k11<' <.: with the
principal mc111l1t·r of tl JC frn«'goi11µ:- " Then: ca111 c i11 si.C'.l1t a
l'l'sscl "-and the: digrcs, i.m al CX ]>h11ativn is nu 1111 >rc heard of.
T he scntc11 cc i t~"l f cu11tai 11s twv fact~ , so 11early allied 1!.:1t a
com ma is c11011gh to dil'iJe tlt l· m.
"llnt their ncccl'sit ics soon n ·c0rn111 enCl'1l, and , "i tlt tl1 l' ir
ncccssitic·s, th eir rnurrnuri11g-H." Tlie l•reak Ld.wec n tl 1is a11.J
the forcgo in~ i:s cnvu~h to make a distiuet Sl'lllctKl'. 11' t11·,,
co111ponent fa ct arc, a~ in tl 1l' t'om1 c r ca,.,c, 11 early rc:lat<:d, ancl
proper to lie .i(• tn cd i11 th e sa111c se 11tc1wc.
"Tlie I11dia11s also hara-sl'•l tll\•111 l1y perpdu:il atl:t('ks, l(•r
the fame uf Ojeda's tleeJs "'""rite in tl1c la11J , a11.J tl 1c 11at. i\'<·s
were 11atu rally l'l' l'}' u11wi lli11g- tu ltav e s11cl. a 11t·ig-Jd, .. r 111.: ;ir
then 1." The change of sul•jcct fl'•p1irc,; a 11c w s .. 11tc11 cc; the
main clause is fvllow cJ by two dau~es of reasu n vr cxpla-

''
'

HO

THE SENTENCE.

H1

UNITY.

ruition, so necessary as to be adckJ on with merely a comma
lircak.
"The Spanish Ccimmand<'r did what lie l'<Hlld to sootl1e his
people, by t elli ng them 1/iat
the prirtn.-,,. in liis cxpcditio11 and his alcaldc, was co rniul(; and, as f,,r the IndianR, Ojeda
r t'pelkd their atta cks with ltis usnal intrt'pidity." Two dii;.
1i net but co nnr cted facts arc l1crc .i::-i 1·en. The connectio n, how.
en· r, is no t of the clo~cRt kinJ; nnd two ~e1;tenccs would not
l11w c hccn irn p ropf' r.

Enei~o,

l.i~

Cll<'llli,·~,

".I
Ind ian
l1o wr vcr, lic,'.!"'1!1 to understand tl10
cha ract e r of tl1 c man tl1ey h:1d to deal with, and, resolving t-0
play upon
pcrso11al lm1\·cry, whid1 amounted to foolhardi.
1tcs~, tltcy laid an ambnscadc fo r ltim. " 'l'lti~ has three stntein e nts, Lut the last contains tlic ac tion, and tl1c two others are
merely preparatory.
A good cxarnpl e o f a n;1rrative sentence.
"Tlie Indians the n feigning 1111 attack, Ojeda rushed out
with his worrt ed iinpctuo,ity, 1111til lre came witl iin reach of
t.l1eir a111hllscarl e, wl1ic li conceal ed /i1ur howmrn." The circum.
s ta11 ces hei·c g-il'en all conc ur iu <lcsrril1ir rg a single action. TLo
urrity is perfect. The partieipial for111 of t.lic cornrnc ncing clauso
is ski Ifolly cliosc1 1, so as not t o interfere wit.Ji tl1 c prominence of
tli e priii c ip:d sl! l1jcct, qj cd:1.

l1i~

"Tltese di scltargi1Jg thC'ir po isoned a rrows, one of tlrem
pas.s cJ tlirn ug lr liis tl1igl1; a11d tlds ' '":t.> tl1e first time, 8trango
to say, ill l1i~ ad1·c11tllrous arrd ri~kfrd life, 1lrat lie lia<l bee n
W<it md cd." J\gnin we li:wc a rn1ity i11 tli e 11ct ion. Tlic par.
t i1;i]'i:d form co nim e nc cs, fo r tl 1c same r easo n rLs befo re; tl1c second 111,-.r11 L\'r is an explanatory claa:<e o ft11 c prriodie fo rm, riglttly
i1Jc:l11d,·d iu t he sarne scnlc ncc·.
"l'iu vc·tcran, lr o \l' crr r, e<Hdd l1n,·n "liown more i1Jdiffcrencc
t •> pain .in th e rem edy wli ic h !te i11sistc r! upon adoptiug." This
i.-< prript·rly lJJnde a n ew scntcr,ce; if s st.r11d11re, however, is not
fr .. ,. fro rn exrc·ptinn . Tlic place o f tl1c principal sul •jcct is oc
e upied Ly a std,ordinate 1rord 1·etcran; and tl1 crc is an awk·
11·ard11 css in tl1 e conncct iu n of tire part~. .H ettn tlrns: "But
th e remedy that he in s isted on adopti11g, showed him to surpass any rcterau in i11diftt.·ren1;c to pain."

f .
brought to a whi te heat to
"Ile ordered two plat.cs o ir~n tl
reluctant stmrcon to
.
J tl ·er] tlircatcnrng ic
0
be tied . on . to t d"d
1e 11,,, i,
. .
~
:I , " This al so co
nta1118
t .1 1ply tills r cmcq.
hnna h1m if he I no . I,
. . acc o rdauce with tlil' m ost
. o I' act"1on ' and
a smge
·
.thcre
. lore is m '

.
d m"n<ls o f umlL
••Ji'
ngorous c '" ·
. · .
onl • bnrnt. up the 1cg ano ' e
" It was so severe tl 1at it nlotl . )I ol' bod)· so tliat it bt•l t
ct rate< i 1s w 1 e
'
.
thirrh, but the 1Ca pen 1
.
f vinccrar in rn oistcnmg- th e
.,..,
.
'-'
"'
, . . to cx1)e111 a pipe o
came ncces~aiy
·
r J" Otb enl'l sc : -l ·• '""
1 · l , •re
aft erwards app ic ·
I
bandages w llC I ''e.
.
1
t
ly were the k·g an' t ' "
tl . )l 1c·1t wn t. iut no on
l ·
severe was ic ap1 ·
'
t ·d l is whole hody, an<• rn
1 t the lrnt penet ra e '
l l
t.li in-h
burnt
np,
rn
'
.
"'
.
tl b·md·igcs t l1at were a ft c•rwards applied, tit Py 1"'
moistemng ie .
. .- . . . . " 'fl c sentence is all expla11atnry
l
· l '
· j ·
. of VlllC•':ll.
to cxpen c a pipe
. "'
l llllg
. 1It lave
m:t1fo on e wi t i it,
. .
tJ , f J'(' ft0lll<'
Ulll
j
1•
aJd1t.10n t o ic " '"'
,..,
1· ··t. o f tb e resulti1 w,., compo•lll'.f
l I
th and tlll' pro ix1 \
but for t 1e cng
., l I
t. to accu mulate tli e l1 o rrors o
It
was also, perhaps, dc;.c1ra i e no . '
,,
· one unbroke n st ring;.
.
tl1e transact wn ltl
.
d
·d- ·°'hout o c in .... hrnrnr.
1
. t t . Ojeda en ure ''Jc
"
tlns
o r. tllC
. ~ot"t'
" the
·
Tho"All
irn pr c ~~1venc,s
o f the fact stat,• J JU
1 ie,
c

~c1.1ar;:\.::ne"s

of this_brief SCntenCC.
.
-! j)OWCf of \•ndurall CC
.
d 1 t t l . tcrnlile cncrrry ant
"vVoul t rn
lls ·
. "'
f them ! "-l\ ppropn..
t
car eer more worthy o
.
gn en
o a
'l'I , ]· t few sente11ccs d tgrc•ss from
l1ad been
J
tl 1c P 'tr·1rrr•1ph
ie as
l
l. f
' ' •,,'
ately coses
·
. . ·)
p ersmi al to t ic c Ill' ;
.
1 .. to rer ou nt tlte mcH en ·
the mam
s o1}'
.
. . d .. · .. Ll' to rc·sum c the narraan d , "·iftcr such a dig;re~~10n, it is e~ u a e

t~

·
· •a new para "rrrapli. ·u what limitations "·c :.ire to r cre i,·e
t1ve
rn
'
\ 11·uTt\1ir
Jt uny now be see n wt 1
. : ..
. •irardin •r tlie unity of the scntt-n<'.C. ' . • . : . • .
the pi ccept H "'
""
.
t
"S nnny· r•arti ruJ.u,
• J le 111 ·1 sen en cc "'
•
'
'
... •
] · {".
f 1'ri<J r
, oft1·n have to llic Ill ·
m
•
.ty
.
.
tl
follo1ri1w
from
H
Ac"
'
arc co11ta111ed tn
ic
. "'
. .

Jolrn~on

"~

. . · .. adduced as a vi olat w n of umty . which

l>S'

•

hv liis

fat}1(·r·~ dentl i, into t.h.;

"Ile is snppo,(·tl to lt rn·o fo11cn, ';I ar1:ng. Crus~ \\' lr o se11t 111111
·· tr ' er 't near
'-' 111 ~tc r. \,ut, uut.
'
hanlls of Jri;i uucle, a \·tll
\\' ..·tmi
i11 t\l11J"mg t o
for some t illl e to Dr._ Bu~l•y, 1111
a l l'I ~~ uf the s~lrool , tuuk l111n, wlrc· u

'v·t~

ivc him nnv educatto n '''.\' '
· '" fo lri • own lron .-<l'; wh cr·e t lici
lp; o·
well"advanrl'd in lit e ral urn,
' -,1· "c·nith f•nllld liirn J, y
i
• ..
I
I
t l f r 1•·tl ro11·1"e < "" .
ce
ir:i ,., read
" .u1·g· ll <».tee'
·.. ~ .. .tu
. J wa" bo weII I' leil8l'\I
" ·I u f ..Dor.
l.ll
"-<d.,.Ile.
·t el .c·lat.es
,
clrnnec,
as. .uu1
8

J;;

14:3
TJI E l'AT1AUR APH .

with lii., profi" iL'ncr t l1 ·1t l10
L.·' , '
u11rl c1took tho cnrc an J cost of Jiis
acadl'1J 1i l'"·d ,.,1
~- 11 ca 1t111.

Iu 11 0 ki ud of comro~itio 11 '
J . ' .
c:inie.J <>1'1
Ev 11 111
.
.
c,rn t IL' sr n d rule of unity lio

f
· ··
' "
"C Jen ce, wLerc tl 11.: . . . /'
·
< iv11'. i11g of separate
acts sco rn s ll1 <1st ol.j cc1ion ·d I tl
<' 1·cr is subord i1iat e is ., J . ·, 'c, . I(' L .lie ~ ulJo rJ 111aiion of w]Jat1 1g- u:r u ece ~s Jt v
!\. . .
'X)'lanat uri• or r 1 .111
1· 1· .-111.
.
- · • st.1tcn1cnt merely
•
I
"
5
!!', )'llt 111to a, . t
·
, J'"'gervus j>l'vllli11ence. •. c11 e11cc apart, acqu ires a

l

1

•

•

, c,

TTIF: PARACR .\PU.

ID .~. Tltc di, .., .: , t' 1·
" d>,J 0 c zscour-.: c
· J ·. l
f.:c nt cnce i:> tl1e 1'·11· l
J
. next ng icr tl1::m the
.
' ; "l'<lJ ! I . WJ1i<.J 1 j
/j
tcnccs witl1 u11ih· 1 · ~
.
s a co e<:tion of sen•

.1

I~ 1 ke

l'lll]lOSC.

V

.scours
c1·cry rli1· t.'ltln
· · o1· c11
cxl111uMs a distinct to . .. t l
. . c, a parn~rapli l1andlc.q and
pie
l CJ'C JS a "
t l.
paragr: wl1.~ Uian i, .. 1 , , ' ·J
• t,rca er vr1.:ak between the
'
c .11 ce n t ic >e ntcnccs.
i-1)
;), · 1') ierc a rc cc1·t·11'11
· ·
·
'
I)nn c:1111c., tl, u· t g o1·orn tlie
"·t 111et11re
)f· tl
,l
io }1ar:1grapli . fur all kill I . f
..
I. Tl1 e fir~t rcr111;-~ite o·f. tl
(::; o comJlos1t10n.
•
IC P'll"'i<"l"IJ J •
J
J>ca nner
of cwli ~c t '·
· • tc< ' > 1 1:-;, t 1at the
0

. . 1· ·"'
' . . ' I I ('!WO upon \\'ltat
L'l' 1c1 t al!d 11111111•:.,.11l. J'\,l)
..
1 10.

J>l'l'C

·J ... "] 1
e,, 0 1 a 1 Le

e

A1n[,j,.·11itv 0 f 1. ~
·
·
·" '
·
I
" 1.:reiic(' may arise w ·t) ·
IS st.ill Jll ul\., likely to
.. . .
.' 1111 tic SClll cnce but
•
lit l 111 111 a Sll('C1.:ss1v11 . f' . ' t
'
} ("0 '•
O '<II Cll l: l'8,
' . I lie C'1111il<>r111cnt of tl
j. .
1· .
.
•
.
"' OllC COl!( ii !\)It 0 f ' - i· .
. IC j> l"OJ> C'r ( ' (lllJllll<;
t10ns
.
ex1• rCit rcfcrcnr-c.
·
C'o nJ1111ct ini1 R 1·nirnect •C'nl" .
.
t·r n1,I"i'«d for t l1·1t !' . .
ll<'rs ~~ \\'t ·I J a.q rla11sPs. Those
•
•
1Jr pnsc :ire of th ,
.
.
o!l11·rs (subord /11111 · )
c co-ord1n a l1 1111 class
The
.) . .
"'!! are ll SL·d f,, <' "Ill . ·t .1 . l . . .
ll'll 1 a pr111ci1 1a) in t) 1c ..
ie1. ' su >ord1 11atc clause
· H,rni" ~<'11t c 11 cc
lCl T
..
.
• ·
li e i-;11bcli 1·i,;i,ln of ti re C , . . ...
.
! IC11l.~ ·rncl f
.
.
~ C-0 1cl111a1111•r C'OilJllilC
' '
o <'1 m1111wt11·c ·id r e ·l
l
"' .
. Cu1li r.An1·E fn.:11;1e11tl • . ' . I ls anc plll"a:;cs, called
c

:i

'

.)

ir ow statcmcut l1avi1w

ceded.

::i

< o1111cc: t

the .,,

:s<u11c

Tl
iey add
>carrng a:; 1rhat pre-

><onto . "
\
'.'{e::;.

EXPLICfT REFERENCE.

The head and rcprcscntati1·c of tlie list is J\ :-:u. Tl 11' ul llt'r'
arc-Also, yea, likewi,c, H>, ill like manm·r, tir:<t, sCl'•11 1d ly, ia. ,
ngain, bt·.sidcf', tln:n, to•) (f"llowi11 g a11otl1cr word), furtl1cr, 111111'« ovcr, fortlwrmorc, atld to tl1is (wlticlt ). Tlil·sc are all <1 11it«
common. Th e plira.<;t s, "Yd a11otlic r," "On cc lll<>re," fur adding to a cumulati on already 1-.·ry 11111ch ext.e11tled, arc f:rn1i li:.r
to the reade rs of Mr. Herl>ert Spcncl'r.

,·

1G2. C\·rtai11 of t.l1 e AunmflATIYE conjundiu11s arc
used to iHJieatc the mutual 1caring of consccuti ve ~en­
tcnccs.
Sorn<! uf tl1e m embers vf this

sn l>divi~ion

arc ternwJ E .rcl11of some ci rc11m sl:11wcs
that would otl1crw i ~e be allowable. "Else," "ot!t cr wise," arc
the c1Ji ef c·x:.unpl cs ; tl 1cy o cc a.~ i o nally illtroducc se11tencvs, !Jut
owillg to the i1J t i111acy of miion tl1at tl1cy express, tl1eir chid
use is to t111i te clauses.
Tliosc terrn<.:d Alternal;uc so metimes form a li nk lidw een
two sclllenc:es ; for C'xample, or and nor. \Vl1cn nor is usr· d
wi tho ut ntillirr 1~ rccedi11g, it is con1111011ly in th e ~cnsc of a11d
not: " JYor \\'Ould lw ha1·0 been 111i.:;takc11 ; " ".Aud 110 w0uld
not li:t,·c ],..f'n mistaken. "
\V e lllay lia\'e 011 0 S('ll \1'111 -c · r·o 111111 cnei11g with citlt cr ;u1<l tl1r~
next with or; and ~o \\·i th 1tl'i/li <'r and nor. l~ut, i11 .f..(<:lll'r:tl,
these inti11i:1k a closc111 ·sH of ('On11 ec1i on, sut ·h as rc <p1i n ·~ th e
rnc111bers to be kept "'itl 1i11 tlie sa111c s\'11\<-n te.
Th e irn>11p of J\dvrr, a\il'e C'011j1111dions r .. prcsl'nte.J Ly J:1 :T
( l·alkd J\ m .:st i\'e) very oft.e n i11 ~t it 11t c rda tiow; l>d \\'(• (' n C<'J1see11t ive se nten tes. They arc-H11t t.l1 cn, Rt ill, yet, orily, ncvl'rthekss, how<'wr, at the sarnc tim<', fo r al! that. Th ese may
operate on a g rr at ;.calc, C<>\'l'ring, not only th e Sl·nt cncc, bnt
'the paragraph . An l'ntire p:mq.~ral'!t is not nnfrrqnent.ly clc1·otcrl
to arrcsti11µ; or preve nting a s1Trni 11 g inference fr1 ) 111 one preceding, and i~ t l1 l'rl'fon~ appruprrati·ly opened by but, sti'll, &c.

s·ive, bccanse tlicy in dicate th e

c xclu~ion

:.,

;

.

:•"'

_,'·

] G'.';. J'IJa11y of tl1e conj 1111dilm;:; indi cati ng e>fTe<:t. or
eonsecprn11c0,.;, ral !ell l LLATJ 1· 1·: , vrt c u con n ect se ntences,
I\

·'·

•,

lH

TUE l'ARA GRAP H,

lwi 11g ap111icaLl" i
.. . ·
.
' l
•
n 1u1so111ng and arcrument
Tl
a i c- Tuereforc, "·Lcrcforc, heocc wl1 . :'
.
icy
ae<:ol'(lin "lj· tln1:; ~o ti
l '
encc, consequently.
u

o ' · · · , · , ll'll, SO t ! Cll.
.
/\ n effect or COlJ>'C<j ll e11 ce ll l' l ' 1 ' .
•
· ·
'} ue i.::n·cn in tlic 8 t
ta111 111g tLc cause o r reason
It ·. c . '
,
en cnce con.
.
I ~ C•ptady common t
I
a Aeparatc sentence . wli . . , tl
r
.
o ernp oy
'
u1cc ic iurl'go111 ' . . •
I
graph co njuncti ons.
·
g me r ec rnned Para-

1 f.J. BcsiJcs t lie r crrn lar
·
.
"' ' conjunctions, there are n
Yarict. 0 f . ·I ·
)
\I or u; an<l phr:1.:;c:; scrvi11 ·• t'
,.
!:::, o r rcrn rence
1.l1us tl1c cxp rc·"'ions ~ r ti .
.
·

opposition or neyat;.on i ~ll·ul. ic v~'.'Y nnportant ends of stating
-0 l
.
'
v IC a r e crencc to what went L>cf .
n t J C co ntrary, on tLe ot hr r l1a 11 d, co m·r r~(· l '
. , " ore'
these, the on ly one p rop<·rl}· sicrni f ..
.' } ; obi crscly. Of
H
f
.
c
} 1111; ncgatwn is t he first . th
o icrs arc requcntly misused fo r t hat .- .,,
.
' 0
tl
I
d"
81g 111u catwn
" 01 tl
o icr 1a11
prope rl y i1n1Jlics an , It '
..
.
J
ic
.
.
.
.
. • a ern at il'c. " Co nvers ·I " .
HJ stnct log ic, tra11 spo~ i nir tl1e t crn1 g of
. . c y is,
Enr:;li.,J1mc n a rc wi• c . <01;: "
.
a p r0pos1t1011 (Some
' .' . . "
.
.. ' .
e " isc m en arc Enr:;li~l1men) "0
\ ei ~( ly <l c1ucs th e or1iosi tc of ·i
. ·.
.
b·
' propoHtwn (All Ill
m o rta'l n o lll ell arc i111111vrtal) ·l . ·l .
.
en nro
{if li t· r ;;idc.
' '' u c i is to r e-atl 1nn it from tli o
.i\To!I is an olJ-fo~li i 1rneJ word
t' t
.·
~ .t l' ll t<' nt wit Ii Hnm e < ·m pha>< i~ .

f, r i'1 1tr J 1111
•
'
· 'Jl uc r an opp :
"'
os1to

Fvr ret11rniw; artcr
{" . . ·
. J ' ac1.r;1
e.v.,1011, we l'lllploy th e 1 .. ,
o rC'turn, t o procet,d, t o res um e.
P n ,1~esT11 summing 11n
wr
lia
i·c-I
·J
·t
.
n
II S J{l l
Il l a 11" 0 1'1) 0
tJ
J
to C••111;lt" _lc, iu co11cli 1oion, to Ru111 ll)J ~ • • i·ec· I 't '1 t11 ie 11· wle,
·
·
•
v
• ' IJ II a C
T ranntwn to ·i new r
f
l
·
.J
. •
u1 e o rvm a r" is iutroJuced b'
·TI it 1crto, formerly, so far, tl iu s far.
J-

'I'

tl tlr::i . The f;t;nonnr:-;-,1nxo conj nnctio ns (Becanse if
ia ., lll ord er tl iat, provided \\'li e n \::c) , ·. ·11 ' .' .' •
. ] 1·
j
'
l
. ll sll ,l J )Olll ' l
s11 Jo n mate <: a11sc to a prineir>· 1I 111
. ' 1l
.
,
' •
i c sai nc sentence.
Oeca,.;ionall . J . , " .
. ·l .
) , 10 11 C\ u , a f'lll1<mli11ate st;1tc1n c11t rises to
Sll<.: I rn1portancc as to Le Jdaccd 1'11 "•·c 11 tr·
. .
.. ·"
cnce apart
. Tl11;; happ cnR with fnr, wl1; ·11 introd111·inrr a
.
."
rr nson; also
' nth tl 1c pl1ras(' proci1frd ti t . \ . . .
w ' in

!

els uf Co ng ress and Par-

OllHSSIO::-r OF TUE OONJUNCTION.

145

ljAment especially ; and occasio1wlly with the conjun ctions of
· Mgative c o ndi t ion, un.lesR, &c.
~
S c:n cely any ot hers of tlii s cl :.is~ a re found conncding sente.nces. We may be satisfied of tlii s by observing t lic mann er
in which because, if, &c., arc uscJ. Th ese often be!Jin a scutcncc, but to ind icate sub o rdillation to a cla u ~ following.
Campbell r emarks o n the arbitrariness of usage in m aking
for a paragraph co njuncti vn, and refu sing the same latitude t1)

because.

lGG. In many i nstances, no eonn ccting words arc
used between eonsccu ti ve sentences.
C onnectives geu crnlly- pronouns and conjun ctions-l1avin::;
n tendency to load and cncnrnbc r the composition, arc <li ~pcnscJ
with as far as possil>le. Their absence b as a di~tin c t mranin g.

1G7. ··w h en a sentence eith er iterates or explains
wh at goes befor e, a co nj unction is unnecessary .
T h ese arc perh aps tl1e cases wher e the connective is oftenest
omitted. In like manner, a rn cm h er of a se nte nce tliat iterates
or explainR generally Rt~rn ds witho ut a eo uj unction. T he nature
of the rcforun ce, in tl1 csc i11 s t<.l11c c~ is sup posed to he Rho wn J.y
th e context. \\' hen t h ere is any d oul>t, specific phrases may be
employed.
Thus, fo r iteration we say :- In oth er word~, It
comes to the ~a m c thi ng , Tl1is is equal t o sayin g , To va ry the
statem ent. F o r erplanalion :-Tlic explanation i~, 'Ne may acco nnt fo r tl1 e fact, &c.
The o m issiuu e xtend s tn ol• vl' rRe iterat io n likcwi Rc.

lGS. In cn rnu lati Yc statemen ts, th e orni:;siou of con·
junctions c xtcnsi Yely preva ils.
\ ¥hen a number of pa rti culars are g-ivcn in R11ccc~sion­
wh etli cr ck~c rip t i ve , narratin\ 0r exposit• •ry-thcy a rc presumed , in tli c abse nce of any co ntrary indi cati on, t o Lave a
comm on b ear ing.
As the orn is~ i o n "f l'011ncr.t.in·s is not rest ricted to tl1is case,
th e curnulati ,·c Co llj11 nctio11s lll llst be i11se rted, sh ould th ere ]Jc
any d anger that sornc ot her iuterp retation will b e put u p on
7

, •I

~

.·,

~

TH E PARA OIU.J•H.

tl1 cir abse nce . a.• fio . .
•
'
1 111sta11 cc wl ,
8 u ppo~<·d to iterat e or ex I· .
'
ien . .1ny sc·11tcncc might he
A .
. P <llll a pn •t:cdn· " one·
. . s 111 a sc11 te11cc, " ·hen 8e,·craJ w .. ,.l;~
ccsswn are cnmiih ti \· , t l
.
. " or members in uo.
t: , lC COllJlll 1ct lull i .
1 •
I .
.
on Iy ul· fv ro t lie Ja~t so . t l
.
s gc11 cru ly lllscrte<l
'
Ill
IC c~'C o t tJ
usage prevailR.
··
ie paragTaph the same

..

l::le 1·<· ral uf the cum ulat i1·c co n· . .'
.
mea11i11g of co mpa rison.
'.l'JJ tmd 1011 s i_n vu h ·c the additional
.
' as,
iu~ so Ji!· ". •
.
1'1HS
r c11 c.len; tl1 «111 less c .; · l",
' . '. •C111sc, accordingly.
.
· as.iy c 1, pensed wllh · t'll
occ:i~ 1 0 11ally 0111 ittl'C1. " l' . ..
f
.
• s 1 we find them
re 0 tl 1c 1 d e ~ . f l\I h
1)\.Oll1an :1u~·11r tu J11 Jius (' >C\1<1
•.
J;
. 0
arc 'Said tbo
· 1'. sar.
><: w·1rc of tJ
l
says 1l1 e I :ri t i ~Ii -" t•<'chtor t 0 l. . .'.
. ic mont 1 of May,
"
•
.
II :; la tr co 1111try 1 ·
lll <; re ta ct of ; 1i.xtapo,ition sl1ows 111at ti -. .
'oman.
Thu
1 11
Le tlrnu"li t uf to•'"( lic r
J
" t o se11tenecs arc ,h
"
-~
, an ·is tl
· d
"'
the rclati011, it i:s ie ft une xpre~s,~cJ. ie rn 111 cau readi ly pcrccivu

1 Cfl. J n tlic st:1tclll - t f .
.
Cll 0
a (' <l fl SC<JllCllCC tl
.
, lC con,.;nlllel irnc,; C\j•rc···. 1
•
' .
'>>-Ill'.)' !Jlll1tte d.
I\ l tl'll somd/1 i1w
is
stat
l
.
,... · · L'( n~ a C"1il'<' w , ..

"' . • •
n c<:t11e 1:<

t l ic 8! a1 •·111t·11t of t /1 e effect . . i . •
• . ' . e .ire prepared for
abrupt tr:u1~iti•J11 is 111 nr C .u'.~'.'1 ii ti,,, f<"l'liu~s arc ro used, the
·
e u r ci u l'. ' · T/ 1e res 11 I• f' l ·
· • u t us week
rn 11 ~ t cc1 111·i1t <'<· j' ( >ll . f . 1 ,
o t IC 1'''j1l' 1C'"lll'', Cf f tJ
.
ask fl1e S/IJ'/ '1 '111!1 · . r( .
. . . ~ ' ar •er resistance. I
I

':

.I/flt(

r (( /'Jll/j ."

"I ha 1·e J, L. <'11 l11 dlic.J .. ~·1i 1' tl ('
tl 1c Sl'c•m d\ ~ l'c rc t..rj·
·S~· t H! · lo1111t,·~s of f>o 1-,;et to CLarlrs
J1cr p oc l<et. ); 111·,.·J, . ,, I
J
"' '

'(,f °'

. t C, \I I H

.

SI J <•'<rl'

' l l'd ..

.- .- " ·

L ll

e 1'l'l•n lo 11IJ1. J J

1 TO. I t i,; rcn1 a rh d 1>\· C·un l ll
co nn cc:ti\'C•:; >'ll<·cceds 1 .~ ·t ~ . 11 ie t liat the ornission
tliougl1t,; is e ith(· r " 11.. ~ 1· ." ' I l1e11 tl 1c co1mc<:tio11 of the
.
) l 1"tan t or 1·e r.)· clu ·c
( 1f

~ ·
. " \I l ' en ti 10 ('(lf Jrlf'f'f icn 1 i 11 11
1 .
I:•t11·e
" !'f'l':ll'" 11h .. 11rd ·111<1 11·/ " 'llJ.: i t t.' i·c.: ry il ist:i11t., tli o coput1 r"t ( (' r /
'it' i ..• 11 " ' II ,·,.n·
•
i
" ' " " 1'<':1"" " "
I .. d o""
. c , ., llf><·1· I/ 111111~ For tho
!l>L"_ Bi/1)" ; :111d 1;,,. 11,'l. ; .. ,~:;,'d' ·1' 1" " . t1·'."r 11·c l »l'd wi1/i it,. exeept in
r ·1t1 \·L1· , \ ·I H.:I'L· t I ll' ( ·011ncvti1. 111.· . . '' · /1<··111
J •o11L" 111 i:undi
r
· ar n11r.· . .. utlj· 'r
1:... ~" u I \ 1011:; ' l ' t0
I .
I
1'l
.
·
' ~
rei"
er
1t useless."
1 ·
lL'l'e •·ire 1),..:., iiu1 1,.; t r :1t1· i·c jil1r·1 ·c. f ·
].
I

•

r

• " " ui ma nug a

...

_.....,

.......__

147

~pecial refe rence to a prccc<l in ~ sent ence :-In tliis ca-sc,
In that case, U ndcr t l 1csc ('ir<:umstanec;-;, Tn t11c m anner
now clcscribcJ, By su('lt prvcceJ ing,.; as luwe uccu detailed, U ndei· the foregoing arrangement, After \rl1at
has now b een saiJ, Nut that all men are so afTcctcJ.
A relative pro11oun refc:rs 011c clause to an other in tl1 c sam e
sentence, hut rarely connects two successive sentences. The
old English uflage of commenc ing a senten ce wi th wlw fur and
lie is now obsolete ; th e rc:L50n hci ng that th e relative expresses
a close connection b etween tl1e members joined.
The demomtrati vc pltra~c of refl'rcncc docs not always commence the scutcncc. It may Le the object of a \'C rh; as, " E\'cn
nlthough he h ad foresee n tliis consequence." Or it m ay sta11J
in othe r po sit i on~. "The general, in this emer f1ency, trusteJ to
liis cavalry." The article and a general word is c110 11glt for a
reference :-Tlie event cl ecci\'cd l1im; The case was not so bad.

172. Tlic r eference m ay l>c mad e liy repeating, citl1cr
literally or in ,.;nbstanec, tl1c matter refcrretl tu.
The repet itio n j, prnfaccJ liy such exp ressions a~, \ Ve ha\' C
n ow seen , \ Ve ha\' e already stated, It W <L~ funn c rl y laid Juw n,
It was r c: mark e.J al.ovc. This mod e Leco mes rn urc 11 cces,;ary
when w e rL" ft:r so me way Lack.

1.

.1 lll emucr fo r
•er H lH•gkdl'd liy a c .. 11rt Lu
"
''
'Y a11 . us11rper, I bavo
sul.i · ·t
[ 11 ill iwt be d1 elateJ to l
,c• .. 1 -ou r ·111 an sl11t .n't' stuL1"l."
iy a
J. .

MODES OF REFERENCE.

17:3. The r cfcrrn cc m:1y al,;n l>c in<li catc(l liy t he a"rangcmcnt of the sc nlcn ee. 111 vcr,;iurn; ol'tcn l1a\'e tl1i~
end in Yi cw.
"F.ntcrinp; th e ,:rnl f, li e <·n1knn1rc•1l t o fintl tl 10 ri Y•·r J)a ri.-n .
This ri'l'l:r li e cu u!J u»t Jiscuver, l>ut lie <li~ern lnLI"k cd 011 th e ca,krn

side of tho p:11lf."
The ft11l .. win~ passage co ul.1 be im pro \' cd o n tl1 e same p rin ciple:-" Early in tl1 c m o rni11 i.;, th e nnl.I es a111l g c11tl c111\'11, "'"' '
attended o n th e ki11b, a!'se111l1kd i11 tit..: g reat l1 a ll of tl 1c c:a .'t :,,_
and h ere they 6cgan to talk of wh at a dn·adful ~ton11 it l1:td
been th e nigl1 t Lcfun'. n11t ?if:ir l1etl1 ('()lJld Hc'Hl't'Cl y 1111d .. rsta11 1!
wltat tluy ~oid, fo r li e "·as tl.i11king of son1 e1lti11).( w11rse ! "
" What tltey said, MaclH:tl1 eo11 ld s<·u r<.:c ly u11 dnst:111J."

':j
"

P.A.R.Al,LEL CON ST!lt:CTION'.

148

THE PARAORAPII.

"';

will furni sli 'a sl
,. •'l11 e foll o wing
~ sentence
•
· 101·t examp·1c.
Tho
' ·'o1lib
J;i that
. . . ]'
.
b m ak e rete.rence to what
· precede•. ,mcm1ta1cs·
it
'' 1 c o servrd t h at th ey fonn a consiJcrablc Jlart of th '
t ence. S u c·l i pro f usc ncss is
. charncteristit of tl1c author. e sen"If we do

~n hrnit

I'1
!"fl ?n °.f s~yle,founded on
I ~:·1!. t 111 m1111~ter111 l [rcpctition ill
,:.];i ~l: :1,'.r ~!' o 11 /fi a t.lnm 'x, we Ei!g-

to t11is n a rrmo rrtl

t!ic ·i n lt' rt>.< t <!(th e , 11 /,jr•c't tn ir!iit ' .

r~ rerrc1l

t<

]j , Ji commit a cnpit a.l Lln n<k r,
('(·rcly eBcnpc•; for 0 ,..., 1miu l ,
c · rcn" .' earn estly nnd sin£11/rrt.•l, ~t,ill it n :u~t r11ak } .~i'(1\/''.e {~f.u;1lits ''.' ro/re th.e primary
~'li'Cl'B~ of t!IO.•(• tlw11111i t.<, wh:·tli c;· '~), ~ ~ e..n·u: e lll t~1 c wurld to tho
J1ttctl to C'x pel tli () ~lnul.Jt, 0 1, k C)..n. c tr eat l·<l m tl1c way best
t hem; an<l, ~L•rond ly in c~"c: "';1r. 11c;-~ that_ may _l1an1 settled on
Ji, h now con viot.iu11s, 'hut t o. c;1rrv1 ~rl3 t.1100
0 ~.11.;;111ess.
t~, not to. est~h­
1 1 11
m.1<l power, wh l'thor th ey nro tre·it , ~11 \ <! ~ ~ 111!0 opcrnt1ve lifo
k1ncllc in the miml a practicnl •, en'"
· . ~<o ~ t 1c1r
t _' C '' ny hc~t fitted to revalu e."

1

1 1

115. II · \\l1en SC\"C1· ...nl consccn ti· rn scn t c11ec;, iterate
. ·u
~:~·e1 1us~·a~c th e s.mn c idc~ , they sh ou1d, a!' far as possi, ., l)C o11ne<l a11kc . T l11ti may be called the rule of
1· ara !el Co11,;tru eti on.

expects l1is h earer to make out the m clo1 ly."
Take anoth er ex ampl e : -" !Icraclcitus of Epli cs11s, wl1 0 m ay
be pbcl'd in the line· of th e l vBic 1'hilosophcrs, is stat ed t •>
have ftvuri~h c.d ab• >Ut 50-i n. c . Th e activ e part of his life
probably b elonged t o th e las t part of t he sixth and th e first part
of tl1e fifth century. Ile may Le C•>nsidercJ as nearl y contclll ·
porary with .!E sch ylns. The ol>scnrit y of the written sty le in
whi ch he expressed his philo~nphical opini ons becam e provcr'Lial." The parallelism is prc ~1·n·nl in all t11cse sent<·n c•·s
but tl1 c b st. Say rath er, "Ile b cca11 1e proverbial for l1avi11;.;
writte n his pl1ilosopl1i cal opillions in a n obscure slylc." n('~i ,Jes
rl'sl.o rin~ tli e s11l ,jcct to it~ p lac·,., tl1i' arr:u1 ;_;Pm <' nl im prn \'t::s t.l 1•!
prcdic<1t c ; th e cm pl1at ic c:x prc>Sio11 l."i11f! pnt last.
It d oc:> n ot Yi olate the p:1ra1l d co nstructi on to place tlH~
main su\.ij ec t, for th e sak e of cmpha~i~, at th e end of t he fir, \
sc11tcn<'e. Su ch sente nces as I.hat already qnot.ed, "Tlicre is
n ot a wurk of human p oli cy so well cl"~" rvinf!; of exarni11ati"ll
a8 the Roman Catlwlic Clw.rch," arc to lie h eld as merel y P'"'poundi11~ the theme for co11sidt~ratici11; tl1<'y do not as yet atlinn
auy of its import.ant predicates. After the suhject i>:1 th t1 s p r-. >-

. . The _prin c.i 1'. al s11\.j1'Ct an rl the p ri ncipal prccl icatc should r
11 1c1r .
t hru1wli
· • Y rc(1111red
.
tarn.. ·d
,., nut. T'n e ' .aric,
on otl es liou!J i11tcrl'e 1·l'., ""S li'ttl c ns. may b· e ' .. tl licr
.
. ·
·
um fo rrmt y
\\"c
lt
, "1 1 t. 11s
. .
...
. ou ~ i nnt to seek variety by tlirowi1w tl
]'l'll•,c.1pal 1.11 to
place.
"' 1C
. COrrespond·
. . lli) e cl1
. ~po s 1ll 0 n of co rrcs11»nd i1 w
"' c x
. p 1·~·
c S,.·l>lll~. Ill
fn r tli <'· .~
~· en t <'ll Cn ( ~. J 18) · is r
.~ n ized
·
I1 11 ~ ·l' ac.c·s, alrea dy n~cor•
111 q iort:11d,
a lnt·:rn g ,,f in tl· Jl i,.il•i litr i 11 ti . . . ' . •O
f) f tl1e l'ara~rap li.
,..,
,'
w arr:rngerncut

po~1t1ons
con~1 rrat1011~,

~ ~nLurdinatc

t,.

l
'·
'

t

• ·~s

a~

l\Ji lton con hin8
·. para!.[rap 1t • wh ere tl , :
. .Ma<;aulay'~
I . .
, . tl '1'
c1pa ~nl.,1 cct , \'ari u u~h\\·o rd e<.
. l . .i~. r...:ta111e<l
..
'.m tlic 1 lie pr 111-t"
·'
promin e11 cc tli ro iwh out
) ace o

" Tlic m os ! t;/1~kiu9 .clwraclrriYlic of tl
t
the rxtn;rnc rem nte11ess nf t l
.:. . . . le poe ry of ,lfilton, is
•
, ,
> l~ a.~,u c 1at10n~ li r nl (' a11~ of . l . I
it arts 0 11 th e i-c·idn ., Tl . . 11 1
;
. •
·
w 11c 1
.
. '
·
l1'
"'' · 111 ac ct •r<.lan c'c with § 176 i 8
• l
1
t1.1c t 1c111c ot th e par:wra
iili • " 11
. r.ll'
,,,.,ct .1" proJ ncc<l,' not ' so
· ~
0

~

I
f.

t'f

.·

much by w11at it cxpressc~, as l >y wh:tl it stq.!'2;<'sts; not so mnrh
by the ideas wl1ich it directly conrcy~, as \1y other iJeas w\1i eh
·arc connected with tl1e m." A se11k11 ce ol' it e ral io n in \' :trieJ
phrase. "Ile electrifi es the mind thr•)t1 :.!h co 11ductn rs." U mll'r
tlte Expository art, this would b e cal k d an Illustration. '' Tlte
most unimag inative man must underst;rnd the Iliad ; 11 0 111<'!'
~ives him n o ch oice, Lut tak es tl1 c wh ole on himself, ;tn<.l Sl' ts
bis images in so clear a light that it is i111 possiL!e to Le l.> liu d to
them." A contra.~ting sentence, n ot 1111ite so well 111:u w;red ;
the Iliad or 1.Iomer shoulJ have had th e place of proni inc11 cc,
instead of "t11c unimaginati,·c m:rn." Out of the present co11ncetion, this member woulJ lrnvc an cmpha~is l.>y elo~i11g wit h
the lliad; lint l1erc it is prefcral,lc to ~ay, " The Iliad 1nu~t b u
und er~tood l1y the lc:Lst imaginatin.! of men;" with wl1 ic:l1 t.l<c
seconJ member corrc~po llJ,;. "Jfillon tloc~ 11ut paint :i fi nislie•l
picture, or play fur a mere passive 1istc11cr. If~ skctd1•:~, a11 1l
leavc:i oth er~ to fill up the ont\ i11c; he ~trikl's the k <'y-not r , an •l

17±. The wri t 1._ ngs of De Quincey deserve
rncutivn on ti 1e pulll t of' exp1icit reference.
especial

rn \.:; tan cu of what j ,

140

-··-·--

:i._:

I

."

·._

JGO

pounded, it mu~t take its proper position, and he m:1intainccl in
tl:at position th1«H1gii,\11L " The histo ry of that church joins
together t he tw o great ag~s of hum:rn ci1·iiiz:1tion. h'o other
i11~t-itn t iun is left ~ta11Ji11g wh id1 carri es tlie 111i11 d Lack to tho
times wlieu tl 1c smnke of sacrili··c· ro,;c fr"m th e Pantheon, and
wlicn camelo pards :111J tigns l)()unJcd in the fladan arnphithl'atrc. Tiu~ prrJlulest ro!J11l ho11 se.Y arc lrnt of yesterday, when
co111p:m:<l witl1 tlie line uf th e S upreme l 'on tiff.-;. Tltat line we
trace ba.l: k i11 au 1111li rokcn seri l's, from the 1'ope wh o crowned
Nap"lcon in the 11i11decntl1 century, to the Pope wb o crown ed
l'('pi11 in the eighth , &e." Tl1c second anJ tl1irJ sentences arc
c011trnsti11g or 0J,1·cr,;e sent ence~, and th eir s11l1jl'r ts take tlic
place corn:,; poll<li11!-{ to t. l1e main suliject ; l1y w Ji ich m ra ns the
para lleli sm is mai 11tai11cd.
Further cxnmpks occm in Ex tracts I., III. , V., &c.

;i;:;

CC\lTY OF TUE J'ARAORAP!I.

THE PARAORAPIT.

17G. ITT. Tl1c 0pcning sentence, irn1c,.:s ~o con;:; trn ct.ed
to l>c olffioush· preparatory, is expected to indicate

wi th l\J'Ofllinc11c:e the rnl1jed of tl1e paragrapli.
A parngra ph de,;niliing th e C(l11stituc11ts of tlic British Govrr11111c11t may lll'gin thus :- " The Government of Britain, ca lled
a in ixcd guvvrnmcnt, and som etimes a limi ted monarchy, is
fnrmed hy a cu111l!i11alio11 of the tlircc rl'g1ilar ~pr <' i es of govcrnm cu t."

The tw n full owi 11g ' ~c nt c nccs :1rc tl1e npc 11in,g <,f Grahm11's
rc l\'br:ited papt•r 011 JJ ialysis. "The propc.r f!J of 1'1>1ati!it!J poss<·s,;('d in rnrious deg rees l,y 80 111a11y sul•sta11 c1•s, all~1rds inval11:tl ile m ea ns of scparati\111 1 as i ~ ~Cl' l l in tl 1e c1·t•r-n·rurri11g proc1·sscs of (• 1·:tpi1raf inn and di,;t ill:ttinn. So si1 i'1ilar in cl1aracter
to v" latility is the Dijfasi1•c po1ccr po~,;l'Ssl' J l•y all liqniJ suli~tancrs, that we m:iy frti rly recl;o11 upo 11 a class of a11a logo us
a11alyti r al res(l lll'Cts arising fro m it." Now tl 1c first H1•11tc·nce is
prep:iratory to t l11' i11tr .. d11\'t in n of t he main ,.; ul.j<'d (l!ilh1 ti io11)
in the S<'\'011d; hu t, n~ it ' t:111 .J ,.;, it scr1 11s t.o prop•)1111J 110/at ilil!J
a,; Ili c ~ul•j(•d ,,(' tl1l' j•ara1,rr·al'l 1. Tli c a11tliur n1i gl1t. ha1·e saiJ : " Jt lias l"''·n fvu11rl wi th l'l'ganl to' the pn>j•t·rt.y of volatility,
possessl'J, tlcc." Tl1i s wuu ld have g iven to t he sentence it s truo

l ~. 1

character of a prcparntnry il!n,(rati•>ll. Then tl 1e next sc11te11t·c
woulJ h a,·e 1.Jce11 : -" Now, so "i111iLtr i11 character to vol:tti lity
is th e D iffm;i1·e power po,.;,es,;l·d \1y all liquiJ sul>,;t;u1c(·-;,'' t\T.,
thu s p rup()1rnJi11g th e rn ai1 1 s11hj •·c· L of t l1< · p:w:1grnpl 1 and of tl1c
paper.

177. IV. ,\ i•arn;..;r:\j'lt :,;]1u1ild lie C<Jll~e<· u tiH', ur fn P

from disloeatiun .
Each p:1 rn~ r:1pl 1 l1as a phn diclalcu Ly the na t nrc l•f the
eo 111 p0sitwn . A ccordin g to Sllclt pl:tn , every pnti11 cul. ~t.;it.:­
ment bas a.suitaule pl:.tcc; i11 th:1t place, it. contri\.L1te,.; to tlie
general cfkct; and, out f1f tl1at. pl:1<'<', it mak l's cn11fu,;i<>11 . F•Jr

~

examples sec Ext racts llL , ViL, XL
17S. V. The p:u:·1gr:1ph F11onl1l po;scss unity; wl 1i<.:lt
impli es a defin it e pnq, o~P, an;l foru i<1'; di p:re,;si1J11s :1.1111

irrclevan t m atter.
Thi s rule b elongs to cornp•J'< itinns tk1t a d.J rc,;,< tl1 c und,.rst.anding, and is not strictly e11f•1r.:cd i11 Pu<.:try. Thus in .\Iiiton:-

" Tic ~c:\ rec l1ad c1·a s\l, w11 cn t1 1c : -: npc·rii)r Fi cn•l
' Vi\A nJovin~ t..Qwtu·d~ the shore~ his pond' rous sliid1i,
Eth ereal h '. ulpcr 1 rn:t~:-'y. lnq~l', nnd ronncl,
Beh in d him ca:-;t; tl1e l1road ci n:uinfcrence
Jlnn g on hi s RhoulJcrs lik e th e n1oon, ir/tn.t'r. orl1
Throu~h optic µ:las:; th e Tu:-;l'n n artist, vi ews
At C \.'llill ~ from the top or Fc~olr-,
Or in \' il\d~t rno , to 1l e~e ry l WW land::;,
}li\Tl'~, or n 1<JH ll tain ~, on li l' r ~pu tt y t;l,Jl>c."

Tl1c lines Le.~innin g 10hosc or/) arc a pme 1li;.!;rcs,ir1 n ; l·11t.,
as t.hcy give an i11t crc~ting pi d nrc, th ey gc rvc th e ol>j •·d i1f 11.c
poet. Sec also the Ody~sey, VIIL 5~ 1 -30 .
Adaptin g an oJ,] lio111 cly mn,irn, we may ~ay, Ln .. k l•' t11c
T'arap:raphs a11d the D iscmm<e ''°ill lw•k to it~..Jf; f .. r. alth»11-:h
a dis<'Oll r'e :lS a \Yh o\1c has a nwilJo•l (I f r\an suit e•l t<> i t ~ ll:ltllr<',
yet tb c cc111 fi1 1in g: of ra ch par:1:.;:r:q 1\ 1 to a di sti 11 et t <>j•i r• avoid.<
some of t he worst fault,; of cni111 w,;it.iun; J_,e:~iclug wl1ii'li , 111: that
folly cnmp rch<·1 1<ls tlic rnctl1"tl <•fa par:.1gr<1J> h, will ab•J cu 111prehem1 th e rnl'lliod of an entire wu rk.

170. VI. As in tl 1e scnte111:e, su in tl1c iiara~r:q •li, a

I.

·".'

152

TTIE I'ARAGRAPH.

,.
""
·~

d no proportion P.lioul<l obtain 1el\1·cc11 pri nei pal and
snbord i Ila.to sta.tcmell ts.
It is a maxim of gty lc nnivcrnd ly, tJ,, 1t <·1·c rytl1 i11g sliou ld
have Lulk anJ p rorni11e11 cc acc o rJ i11~ to its i111 l'orta11cc. '\Ve
have formerly seen (p. 6D) that till, arts uf co 11densation are
especially r cl[u ircd fur this cnJ. Thus Gil•i.>011 says:-"Thc
forms of the olt! administ ration w e re n1aintai 11 Nl by those faithful eou nsd lu rs to whom ~larcus. r 1.:cu1t1rnenlkd his so n, and for
wh ose wisdom a11<l i11tcg ri ty Co mmud us sti ll elltertaiued a reb1 ctan t e~tccm ."
The full o wing SC'11knccs. Ol.'cur in De Q11i11cl'y's remarks on
Style :- " Darkness gath ers u po n man y a tli<·mc, sometimes
f rom pre1:io11 s mislrea lme11t, b11 t of/mer from original perplex·i.ties in vesting i ts very nature. U po n th e ~ tylc it i ~ , if we take
that w ord in its lar~; ·st scnsc-npo n tlie ~ kill and art of t he deVl'lc1pcr-tliat th ese peqil exitics <ll'p(·tHI for tl1 Pir ill11llli nation."
The rnain s ut.j ect l1ere is tlic " Darknc ~~ g-11 tl1eri11 g upon 11
th em e; " the canscR of tlie <hrkn css a rc of mi11or importance,
auJ R!1<)u lJ ha1·e liC'cn g i\'l' l1 m o re sho rt ly,-wh£'1her from. natural perplexity or fr om previoUJJ mistreatment.

\. :l:

..

PART II.

~. ~

.•..

KINDS

OP COMI'OSJT JON .
- -- - - -

.

.•.
. (kt'l11 tlie pceul i<tritic;-; of

WE must now c o11s l(1e r '.n.
" "V
1. 11 t'111s 11ri1w
.
•
· r ·
.l, f (j 0 Jll 10;;1!,10!1.
' C B t,l
"
.
,_,
0
the Five h . lllu b
l
. · 1 ... aml n1axirn ll 1•e:ir.
.
l,
f otl1cr lJrllll: lp Cb
to v1cw a numucr o
'I'l
·· 11 al ·o be rna ll\'
.
f ·t ,JP
iere v,,i , " · '
"
ing on cffeetiven~ss o ;; ~ ,. f" ·tiler the prece pts alre ad y
opportunities of iJlu,.;trating ,11

laid down.

---

........ -

-

en.APTER I.

ur:scr:.i PTION.
.
~ ,1 ' fl'rcc of cornp1ex ity
an o1 'Ject <>I ;-;onw \./<,.,
.
t l .
ht 1<'1l<l"e tl ie~ l' (', j,.;. ft l' l'l't :u Tl
is t<> be reprcscn Cl 1111 : ...., tl~t: wonl,.; there i~ an
rnetlioJ to be ohserv e< ; i11 o i
'

1.

.

~

H DEN

•

Art Or J)cs<;ri11ti1 1n .
.

\

f- rni\iar

· ·

J

.

tl1inl-(, 111 ib or 111a

f)" •1srn·t'\ ' . '.
• ..

To r ecall a ~nnp e o r a .
. I is e 11011"h. l·,,·c11 tl
wo t < .
'"'
\
l e sea., o r a ti e\rl ' - a
as the m oon, ti
. .
. .. the full m oon, t •C

\' r .
t nn in a ,\,1tt1on,- · •~,
i.ymµ: c
J ' • 'tinn is iwedcd, exce pt to
fi Id of wheat - no iro.:c
fi
1' 11 t
smooth sea, a c
.
'l
attriLntc rst .
'
11 '.1\if)' in.r
'nlC'l1t
t
\C
<1
o
l
. ' . . , - . . ' -the array of a ,;1 111 ·~ ,
give ' as far as convc
d . Le .1 , .. 1 ncu ,,ee11e,
.
'

there be a qua

wh e n we have to c~cn . , . '
. t ' . _r of a Lui\Jin:,;, a piece
' t tl1e exterior o r lll er10
..
a town, a prospcc ,

7•

'i:·
•'

1.H
DEscnrr·noN.

of lll ac l1 in0ry, tl1c gc<)grap liy of a cr11111trr, 111 0 stru ctm c of a
pla ut or an a11imal,-we mu st proceed accordi ng t o mctl1 ocl.

2. I. Tl1e ch ief rule in De:-;eri 1•tion is to i nclnde witl1
tl1e E111unemtiun of tli o part;; a cumprcl1 cnsivc statement,
or ge neral Plan, of the wJ10Je.

fir~t;

T lt c general pl:in may us11ally be g iH•n
a11J, if tl1 cre
Le Jangcr of its Jroppi ng 011t uf ,·ic w, it sli uu ld be rr·pcatcd.
Tlic part ic1tla ra arc to be enu merated in th e orde r that th ey
ocenpy in t he plan .

3. Th o .Form , or On tli nc, fnrni~l1c;:., in many inHtanccs, tl 1c com1H·cl 1cnsive ty po tl1at i,; ;;0 11gl1t.

~q11:1r1>,

\Ve clcscri/,c a fie ld as tria11g11l:i r,
<J11ong, scmicir1:11/ar, &c. A bui lding is rcprcscntl'd as l"n,t: and narrow, lufty,
circular, or quaJrangu /;ir. .A l1ill is co 11 ica/, d(lm c-sl1apcd, or
t rnncatc J. .A rnl/ cy .is stra ig ht o r wi11di11g. A city
r ound
nnd con1pact, or lung and straggl ing. i\ g 1.·0gr111,Jii cal tract is
descriGv<l in tlte lln<t ins t.1nce by its 1;,rn1.

i.~

4. In a <ldl ni tc de.~cTiJ 1tio11, tl1 0 Mag11it11de i;; stated
as well n,; t l1e Form : ns, a eil'r-lc on e lt1111dred feet in
din111dr·r; nn olili 111 g t ract of <"111 11try, l'v,·c ring two

li t111drvd F«1narc mii cs.

T l11 · 011 ili11 1.• 1111 •! Sizt· f.,p:l" ll1 <· r C'.,11 s li11111: tli,· fu11d111n e11tal
of th e Ul•j t'l't world,- Ex tc ns inn i11 Spa<«'. Tri t.11 e ord (: rly
1'lllllll r ratio11 of tlic c o11tc·1it s, it is Kl1 1-. w11 l1 o w tlte conta i11ing
wli ()le i ~ made np.
l: 1ct

~11fficicnt,

A11y well recog nized fo rlll is
alth011gl1 not one of
th e -'in 1J'IC ma tl 11:111atical fi,:.;11re.'. A tl1ing Hlit.)" !,t! hrart-sJ1apccl,
lt·:if-slinpecl, <'g"g--sl1:1pcd; it llla_r r1 •st·11ili/c a IJo.,I, lik e Italy, a
a sp icier. or a criJw n. T iic
1·xc1nplit)' g ronpi11gs
ac cord ing to ar l1 ilr;tt·y l!llt familiar s hapes. A star is tli cn
knuwn as in th e L1.·l t 1) f Ori on, or in the taii of th e Crcat Dea r.

con~tC'i/at. ions

r. . f1 11111c 11l1j1..:<·t.~ i11ay l1aYc tl 1eir part,; arr:mgcd a.-;
11r:uwlt c':-; fr1111r a <"l' lltl'e, 11r 111:1i11 tr11llk.
Tli c trcr i.' :\

~11 il;1 Ll1~

t.'.l" ' 1:,r a H1ril"ty 11f tl1 i116s ; as, tl10

:PLAN.

OJ''

1 ..

J-' -'
' ' f" :lrER
.~TI OX .
.

>.

.
·· 11 ., . ~ 'lll tl motrn tain r::ingPs. A p::ira]l,•l
tril1;1tarics of a n~·cr,l' ,11
J~ves"•ls
and n c rv cs uf
tl 11.: li nm:tn
f11rni .shc1l Jn l ic 'u1>
.. -

C;J.HC ·s
I

body .
.
of a l11w11 rn of\.en lo:1p11il y n11m H ll\' l1 l1
11 y.
The complicat.1 011
. ff r l tlii s 1iat11r:i )
1
11
tnw1rs l1igliw:ty
" "
Htarting fr llll l a rn .i.; trn11L
.
. Jlf:
a Lll)'
iri ncipal
; t lir:'stn·ets
. .
.
l
·u a ri\' cr, a Y:dlvy , a nil g <', or_ l' ]J "S th ey l1r:i11r-l1 off frnrn f j,,,
d
J lescl'I ,,. ,,,
l
·11·c th en arr:i 11~c all ' . l .
"11"' t )lOi1 it ... l 1111! , an i
11.•.1
1. . tl, hrrre r 1.u ta
'
'
·) · '
<C llli' II :<
•
f'
n c i c~
"'
. . , tlte ] " >!lit
tnrn'' ie . . "' .
. . • to t.l1ese. !11 some
.
·h·11
tlic smaller as tnl1ut.11}
.
t central ohjl'd, as an t
1 a Ycry pro111111 cn ,
Tl . ' ·f ·r
departure may .c '
. a rrrea t nbli c lrnilding.
its •c ' . t CL1 c·istl(·
o.r. c1taJcl
, otthe
' "'ut ii•' r;P an• I l 11> tl 1 m·1r
110 i·orn1rn l.J
va
•
.
'
,
l
with
'
.
cncc may h e J•>11 11'
'v 1-tJ 1 an outl i11e.
· ·o ao.pec·t
.

t.:.
I;

n '

c.hc~,

' C0111IWC11Cl1H \
'' 1l '""l'6l1Tl•' :,

G Any ie:a , u1 e ~ ,,."'' . ,., . 1 ' rt ·n ar.swcrs
o• ep il let o l
ln'lY .be dtl>SCl1 .
J \ fiir11ratl\
n
.
('

•

«.
. 1
desired 0 11 <. ·

.'

,

tl

"'

,

ic

Tl1us in j\fiJton .'·

l .

wi th all th eir l<1a l -

1
1 11
Th~r· _pliu·k ,,1! the
.• M ir• . " 1 "1' the"''"!!.?!! fo/ '-'
'Y
Hiwk~. wat ('r~, wood.... -.uu
iu th eir linnJ .s. "
l·p-lirti11g, bu rc t lcc m
'
J ·f·-" c;n c: h is tl1c
. ·] .'. <l . . -ri[llil)11 of Zorn u l ·
._
· · _
0 .
AJ ,_ Ill . C ail) e ~ oc
. z . J irl" Lit e centre uf 1t,
J
l)o
'L of co1mlry ' ,i >t ll '
·
l · re
o r JD•)0/1111 tr;1 <
1 . z i·11<l11rf :u 1d Cn\'trOns, a. 1. 1
l t II) l··- . ·,x
'"
\\·h ere t.h c Lallk .h /"k
l .(" )' " . .
te11sil' e uald crr;u•n (J f tl I L!

"

1 r1lH 'l.\ C \\ UO l~, e .
n
l llll•>1. ;...
· . .... , . r tlrw\l o ds all ro11 11 J.
.
.
t
·1tli
.l /1 l< Z C ll
h11il s1"apr, g 1r "
'
l L· ·1 to th e type JH'C<'S ><; 11"11)· '·11) ·
·· The st1 l11ird ·111a t"IUI
· 1 of th
e L ,. · " . · r
.
of :;;.,t;\J I• ~ l' a l a Ct", ti IL·
cksCl"I)' inn
• , '.
·1 .
l ilies tlir. 1.111g lll)u1. ln
.. · l "th e asc(•111.l111g 7' >
·
1 ·tcl nr;Wl CllZC•'
1
l.1. f'r
..
\\h ole llllil1 11 g is ' · ·
Jen·! pa vrmc111; · :1 1 tlH' li
. tc n. u r, "t1. 1C ..Sl)J01) l 1I fl.T l< 1
111
in the 111
<J ll'Ll!i-isll/Jul

~lilton'"

tl 1

,r,,
ro0
. .
Tlt e fo llilw tll g

r:, "arcl1' d

P

·

pa~~:l,,

... "<'

'

·

·

IC

in

•
ll l
of sc,·cral parn c.

0

f

tl ·i r ew,1.c rn por ion, .
. ·t ~..1ru n t
uircc t10n _;
'<l hy
t o c h·11n s < I\ iu u

"Tlie Alp s co ns1,..t, rn i' c .. t mHl w e;t
fl ~~111.:r;1 b 1:-1 ,
l
rrmp;r~, ru nu. -.~ in
1 ' .. arc ui 111 i11i~hl'< ~o
111

"Tlf'~ L

"I'
.
.11111g
th e Aliis ' 0x1·m1 •l 1.;es
d l·~c·n
·1· d t o Gco<rra p ln-.

111
· · er rnh·s as app

,.

art the wrrg" o

e.

w r1~ .~.;

t wl 1ero

') · ' vc

11 L'; and ~ti11 fln·~l.1 <:rc~'.; ;'.-, '~; axi : of el"0
mcr/'~:'~'
. 'ri\~~',:'';{itn
th c vnll l•.v
1 I . , furlll a 8111 g 1 o m.uti
1 'I ountry on
tlie Utit

w

8

1

they bc: rttl 8011 1lnr:m, ti c~ u" uff·«.: tB wh ich occ upy t ie.r: l.,re·ultl 1
c1 <~>,·t Wt' .-lc1:11 purt io n, tl1 e c1 1\ll o
'
citli cr 's ide. In tl 11~, n1,rn1
t i e 111 .
•

v ·i1ion t. l1011gli \n 1h

I

'

156

DESCWPTION.

of the monnt ·1r1
.
"' mn.•s 1•s nlio ut J()() ·1
.
.
porti on., th e brcadlli i" "or . 1 '
m1 <'S: 111 t.l1c1r. more C""tem
, ., 13 'n
.
.
.
l ~I< ern 11
' v r'r"•flt . 1111 I I
' ' l.O .
· " " er,
•ln<
· t. incrnlians i• f· 0111. 12
'
1Ctll' e<>n the nth
c ~ t 10
•
tl ·
., · i
· U to 130 mil ,
·1·1 1 A
;}
·
.leu· we,tern part whc•r 0 th · - _ ~ ·"·
<'
lps arc Jii., 0_
'•"e el 'V ' f
·
c , rre't
ol t he r •·111 /!0 Ii n.• an avcr"
'
·
; " • " .1 ·•vu vt 1•ctwec 11 8 IJO(I ir
.otl1cqt s11111rnit, is ]fi7:; o' ~·· i. 1c1 .1,0OOfcct; .Meo1111t Blanc tl1 ·r

TII E TRA \' ELL Ert's POTJ\'T OF VIEW.

0

I

1

t_! 1 e bord er cl1aiu of il[ 011 11 ~L~;,',',<'~:'.· ::ifinn, nr'..J i~ (if we ~xce~t
l.nropl'. Mauy otlil'r •111111111't 111
. . ti. L ) tl1<l l11 i: l 1.. st. iu on ntain i·n
· h<: ii:l it. .Thu rnor
·"
.I 2 ' oou 1·ce t i11
, "~• . I •ur t ~ f ti ·~ r11nge exceed
.in in·crag-o eh:vntio11 of I ·t .1 e/n. tern />< •rt1011 ot t!1 e Alps ha
thoir it·
,, ·" 'c·n • ono 1t11d 7 001 1 r 1 've
I l'I 11·0 cour•c nur11cro11.• s 11111 1;1i ts ' . 'j . l'l' . ; uut t.lirough
~n · rr~c nbo vo t li o Iimit 8 of
• · c.\CC'c< Io,noo fe et in heigl 1t,
rn hero Lot ween 8 000
I 9 perr~l'!ual .•11011-, lliti li11e of wb· ·I
de:<c ent of tlt o Alr•~ i• r~onc . ,O~OJ toet a!.oYc the sc11-lcvcl
1!J~ l
nortJ1, on w l11·cli ~ i <l u 'tliry ro
rnp1< t..>11·ard, 1r11 J1 J
•
e
~
l ··
' · . . ' t rl\n tnwar<ls the
VuJ/ ~1·s "
unn e c.vatc<l pla111~ and J1igl
. ·
-

•

It wi ll lie ohscn-ecl
ran~e

•

'

tl1at tl1 c 11
'

1

.

Ol"l7.<1!1hJ O ll(f"

('

•

mountuu1

C

is gi,·cn fi rst
Tl
l
.
. ,
rn <11 urm of the
. · .
· "
ie c C\'atr o n f11 llow" ·rnd tl
81ve h.-ure iti fiwdlr d etc
. d 1
. ',
ie cu1nprchcn"'
' .
nuu1c >y t!te de ·111
· ·· t.1
f
011 eac h sid e.
Tl ,
~
1' "11 o tlic slope
.
'
ie aut 1iur altrrwnrds jl .
l
I
t ie p asses wl1ich still f:
. · •occ,.. s to dcscri l1c
<1r 11 1cr cou tnhutc t 0 ti
fi
.
'
·
1l
. .
ic ig-urc, and
' 11m0 in wi t h, or Sll j)p•) rt t i
'
I
C
asR
1<rncd
e
fe1"
(°
f
f
II e the n n.J vcrts t o tl
"' .
" l<J 11 u t ic peaks.
,.
ic m ost pnJ1n111c11t o f ti 1
.
w:tturcs of tli c Alns-•J
I .
.
c r o 11~t1tne1Jt
• . 'ic g nc1cr;. whi ch J . 1
·1
same Rystcm of c
. I
.
'
ie ' r scn iC!I o u tl1e
.
um pr c 1cu s 1,·e tYJ>C a1rd J
.I
at1 o n.
·
·
da 1 ed cnum('rS cc al~o E xt ract s YJT. VIII

'

I,.

., -'-., A1·Pr. 1.;n1x

7. I L Tit o d c;:c ri1it io n may fol l, 11' I ' ·:
.
.A ,.;p ects ·d i,;c:J o,.;cd tn " , _
' _t.ic .Succcss1vn of
a , pcct.atur snn·cy 1ng- tlio who!
111 th o;i<, Cai<<'~ wlicrc

tJ

l.
o.
IC. ''. •JCct
! •e C1J n1prd1 end ed
· . <"•nnot
·

· o ue vi C' w or from
Ill
0 no pos1t1un it m·ii· i • I
,
'
.
oro.:r of actual prese ntat ion.
•>~ < i:~c ri 1•ed in th e
natural m e th od of ol . .·
y sn ch .1.Japtatrnn to tlie
·
>~ e n ll1Q", a strorw fi· ·!"
.
•
gt\'Cl1 t•J tL c r•i cturc
Tl .
,.., Ct lll[; 0 1 r<•al1ty is
·
ic panoran11c ,.
·
exam ple.
iew IS all obv ious

Jl , .:

This ni ay also Le called tl1c T , - ·ll •

.
' r.n < e r" p o int o f ·
and variety of tho worl l . .
vi e w, Out
oJJly what th o mi11d can <:ml ,
. ·r _1' it lltllls at presenting
. t fj' .
>r<lCC' I ll1a•fc'1Jll'lf
"t .
'
lll e 1g il1l c. A$ ti t , . 'I ,
·
' e, l is at h-;1st
i c r.11 C'r rr s r oute lllfly l
exhaust and c o mpre h end
t.
l .'
•c ~n co11J 11 c t<'d as to
an ('II ire ( I IJC'Ct or ~.'· rt"JC "'O l'k .
of ti

. l C va~tncss

'

'·

J

· cw 18e

may be the descripti o n. The prcrantion r<'qui"iLc in tl 1i s ra:-<c
is to shift the point o f view J ec ide.Jly am! avowctll;·, a111 l 11ot
to mingle succc~si v c aspects of th e panorarna..
Tl1c ad,·antagc~ of tl1c Travvllc-r\; l'oint of ,·i ew Jia,· e k <l to
its bt·ing adopted a~ a mo.le of fit"tion. Tl1 c g'"llin ~ of D l·f.,e
stands out disting11i ~h<' <l in tl1i~ !;i11d of r•·pre~e 111 : 1l.in11. Ifi ~
"Voyag e ronnol tlie \Vorl<l" ~ C h fvrt.h all t li c llSJ>l'd ~ a nd i nndonts of a scafarillg and tradi11g life exactly as thl'y wo11l.[
h1wo mot the eye of any 011e on sltip-J.oard . Artl1ur 1I l'l['s
constructs an imaginary voyai:rc to prcRont m ore vividly tl1<)
country and the customs of tlie Indians on tltc r ear! Co:iRt
(Spanish Conqu est in AmC'ri ca., vol. ii., p. 1 2~) . Coldsmith"s
Traveller is an example in p oe try. See also a sli u rt p.'l,.;sa::;-c
quoted on p. 04.
It is u seful to com1•i11e with (1ther modes of dr· scril1 i11g: a
town and its enviro11s, tli o pan.,rarnic prospc·d frnm so 1n o lo fty
position, as Athens fro m tltc Pnyx.

8. III. A <.1 cscrip t il)Jl i,; rnoro easily and fu lly r c:tlized wh en made -individual, that iR, presclltud un der all
tho co nditions of a particular moment of t im e.
J\s the mind, ev e n when snpposcd to entertain an nh "t rac·
tion, must have a concrete instance in vi ew, anything ti.at h elp,;
to sn;;geRt ou r co ncrete expe rie nce adds t o the for ce o f d escription.
A ll scen es whatRocrnr ;we l1 cl1el ,J u n <kr a cerl ain li.:.::l1 t, nnd
at a ce rl.ai 11 lwur uf th e day. Many thing!\ are lial.l c t .. c l1a1t ~­
iug n'pe cts in tltcm~c l\'es; the SC'a is srnooth, rippli: •1, o r pik,l
u p iu lir c aker~; the fae c of nature ~cnorally ha~ it,.; \'aritti cs :11;eo rcling to s c a ~•) tl ; the plant, as seen in the con c rctu, i~ at ~ ( 11 11c
definite stage of its growth; tli o animal is in som e p M t11rc, o r
pcrf.,rming S•lm C a c t, cl1aractc ristic of the 11101n cnt. N o w we
can m ore easily pictu r e to ourselves an 01.j ect wh en indi\'idualized to tho full , as it appears in a given instant of time, 1li;m
wh en the i11 div id11 alizing foatnrC's arc made an al1strndion.
As our mental conception o f the visihle work! is a f'.Ofllp o und uf fonu at1d color, th ese must be suffici ently g i,·c n in any

. '
'

l

·:,.•

' '

.
~--'

'·

'I

l[iS
DESCRIPTION.

dcBc rij)fi 1>n '1'1 , r
.
.
.
ic inrrn l.'< perlia s the l ' . .
.
cc· n·c ; h c11r.c
wli·it
.·
··1·
1 ~
to con•
,
. \l111 cs t1cp1
<"tur. , a,~t J,1borious
. .
<'Ol ur · as a " b
..
.
· e ls an 1n dieation of th
sk . "'"
c
ro1nn 'i sagr,' a "scarlet li ,, " 1
e
· }'
the am ber stre·w 1 ., ,,. 1
p,
t 1e deep blu
•
•
•
1cn l11· r t
is used for the tl1i1w r11·1 I
f . ' J nc onymy, tlic matcrinl
.
•l c 0
l t--·1• " tl
cl1cct of the fi.,urc is due to .t.
' . '.
ic cold steel "-tho
"'
l " su.rirc,t rn
r.
Next to C•ll11r i ~ poxt11rc or "'·~ tit.u g sur ace an<l color.
aspect of the il1irw dl•sc rib 'J. . . . J e, or the momentary
Odyssey:,.,
l ' ,1s in tl1 c foll owing froin tlio
11

Trr• Cf'\n:-:ctl ; the wh ole n~~
.
(.'li an11 l'd in to ~cs ta <.1 \· ,~· i·t·hC~/1ly .'~llru f vr!,
'1 lirou,e:ho ut tli c ftri/iyld lutf/. t.11,cuur, e,

,?

Rome :i cco rnp:tm·irFr ·iction · l ·
.
.
otl1cr pri11r·ipl..: is 111·~· :"' .' 1. • l t't "1 g_11·es rnrl i1·id11:ili ty. An, .
e 1111 IJ \~ I' >Cl<ill"lli<f ! 0 t/
"senpt.h>n -na1 nelj· •).' 1·
. ,.., ·"'
ic art of poetical
i
'
' ' i,tc .tn•'Uan·e I• •u"t
I t
uettcr tlia11 ~till lifl' Tl
· " ., c- . · · 1 C' t 0 express action
.
.
lllS, lll :::lucklu1g"s l:rid e : -

d

" n_i" r fl'cl ht'n rn th li er
Lik e littl
·

.

e Jtt1 <.·e, ,'ffolc

rctr"o.lt,
..

1'n

and

Olf f . • ,

J\ r11:(' r in mot ion is C'itl1C'r < ui C'k o

. .
.
rnptcu with rapid,
ll.
I
r slo" , n111form or int.err
• rnu, ' I or ckar · ar I ti
· 1· ·
" 'atu rcs m·1k""
. . . on '. 'j" . · '' . ic inr Ic:at' ll""
' '·' t lie <lCsc npt1
'°' of tl10•0
·,
.•lu.'1.? is/i Ousc."
llH 11·1d11:d or concrete: "the
An interi or JS lll0rt• \"i\•jdJ · . ( U
cl1osc11 , a11d tlic ) . .
. . j pi e 11re ' wl1t' 11 a rnomc t .
c i.11a,.!t' nst1 c att"t1 11 l
I
n is
pnintl'd 011t : ' c nn<
rn01·crncnts arc
u

F'. )r

t} l('Jn nn m nr1 • //,;• /,f11:i11r lu·11.

l11 t .'f1/ ll'J1L'tr v•1f•
I !.
J . ~Ill .it/11 ,// lun·n
cl1il,i,.,.,, r1111 i,J' 1,.:.'~ /~~- rw.10~1-,r1 rr-o·p :
'
Or d 1'1 6 /, ·. k
· I /1. ir ,,,,.,, ·" ret 11 r11
"
us llf'•'.'( lllr Cnt• icd kis.v /1; ....ku·,'. ,,

_.•\ , ,r
J\ .tJ

!J

1 \' . .-\ ,.;soe ial cd

. .
,.;c-r11>11nn.

r· 1r<:'.H rn"t:me c:'

.
arc n11 a1(. l t o Jc-

Tl111 s, altliou•.-!1
_., 1;,..111
' ""11 ' I ro lor arc ti
·
·
'
•<' pid onal l•:rnis of tlic
exte rn al world ti 10
. • ."
'
' mo, 1111cat1r• ns of tl
l'OJWrti
e
·
j.'
•
.
lCSe
Sl!()'fr('S
t man
ti
r
s.
or ex:11npl•', we liarc a . , ·- "lk_"
· Yo 1cr
(a<'('o1111t1•d J.1· ~"111 (' ·111 1·11 ·1· ·t ) l
'n rn~rpa ra1'fo a~sociation
.
.
' 1111
ict wrr
.t . . .
:1111·'"" :u1d tli 1· .f i,ta ncr" . l ·· J
. n cc·r ain n siJ,le appcar.
.
.
.111r
r1,1
llla.r111f11•lc•
ftl"
j
iJ l'C I L I.< l")"silill' (., ·1 1' J 11 .· ·1 J ,. ,
• II
llll!_:"S,
\ Vitcrc' '
i1• ' l'-iJ > e r
(' j'rt '<t· 11t:rtion l•y tl1 e mc11-

.ASSOCIATED CffiCUi\lSTA..'\CEB.

15!)

tion of these allied fact;; ; a.~, "tl 1c di~tanl hill:<," "the lamlscapc
shining near."
\Ve may also use more c a~ ual as8ot.: iatio11s; as," tho solit•rry
peaks,'' "a pbce where onl!J mountain sheep could be at home,"
"the town stands high anu wind!J."

10. Tl 1c m;soci:ite<l human feelings arc often ad<lt1t·ctl

in describ ing oujc<.:t.s, espc<:ially in poetry.
The fccl i11gs of common uti lity arc refl ected fr om ma ny
things, and help to de>'cribc th em ; as, a cheerful hom e, a com·
fortless den, a d ainl!J repast, a toilsome ascent, a p itiless stor111 .
The :'1.ssociations with the ,·arinus emotions of Fine Art arc
still more frcque11tly introduced to vi1,ify the pictori:Ll representation of nat urr. Ilcn cc such epithets a.~ granJ, im p0,in;.c,
solemn, :nv c-i11~pirin ~, snul -~uhduiui-i, Jn:ary, gloomy, ~ay , a ni mated, clicerfol, lil'autiful. \\'o ~pPak of a comical fa..:c, a 1u1'1le
pile, a terrible ahy,-~, a sublime prak.
The picture of DoYcr cliff is principally ma1lc up of :t "~o­
ciatcu fcclingR.
"f'omc on, ~ir, hcr.;':-1 thC' plaC'e--~tnnrl stil l.
.A nrl

dizzy 'ti.~ l u

Jl111c drr·nrlf1d

ra...;/. ou e'x ryl'.ft ·"" lu1r /"

"I 'll look no m ore,
L rsl 1n,11 f,rniu fnrn, rrnrl tlu d·Jicia tl. 11i:J!1.t

J iJpple duu'n. /11-a.dlony."

Tl1c i11tcrnn:t!iatr portit111-"Tlie cro·;;s a111l d1"nµ:li s, & r. .''aRsig11 R tli c n.~'0eiat<· d circnm,;lanr.t·s of diminish ed siz1', lo> •·xpress i:,'l·rat n·111111l'n es~.
A s cacl1 p <: r~on minµ:le~ sl'l t" with all outward n -,::ird -<, and
as the obj ect world ca1111ot, in tl1 c co1H:rrt<', li e ~t · p: 1rat"d frnm
a suhjcct rni11tl; tlie ad;:, focl i111-.-s, and tlio111!hts of an 011.« ·n·n,
real or s11 pp0scrl, ]rave an ind i1·id ualizi nµ: c·ffrc t in d1 ·:«·ri l ii j, >11 .
" Turning with eas!J l'yr, tlw1t mrty'~t behold-."

11. The par ticuhrn of n. <lc,-cri ptiun rnn.y so1n ct i111 e,;
sup port each other.
As mountains, ya\lr_,·s, and ri,·crs arc naturally in;:rpara1·k,
th ey arc th<'-n·l•y mut11ally ;:11g,i_:c·,ti,·c. Tlic tl .. snipti1o11 of a
valley implies tl1e sid l's of the e11chsing 1110Lrnlai11s ; 11 l1 ile t lic

lGO

161

si::nJECTIVE DESCllIPTlON .

DESCRIPTION .

!.ran ch ings an <! course of a ri,· cr d r,t<' rminc tl1 c vall eys. The
sqla rat.c dd a il of tlie three parts, tli l'l'efo n", th1n1g h appearing
c)J}ly to fill up th e descripti on, in reality repeats it from different points of d e w ; and each pa rt support:> a11d confirms the
ut hcrs.
Another ciL<e o f mu tual Fnppor t is tl1 c h:mn o 11i o us combination of the dilforcnt mctho1b of desc ription. T l1c mothod of
l'lan a nd E num eratio n (I) may he follow ed up by th e Travelle r's po int of view (If). H the t wo arc managed tiO as to fit well
to£;etlier, th e res1tlt is hi g-lily favoraulc to the CIL5C a nd vividness
o f the pi cture. In lik e manner, tl1e a~soc iated partic ulars contirrn the literal dc lincat in n.
1f suc h acl1liti o11al an d suppo rtin g particulars arc not ju~tific<l
hy th e diflir.ulty o r the importa nce of the subject, they fall under
the cens ure of red1111dan cy.
1~. The deseription of the fce1ings

and thoughts of
tl 1e rnim1-sometime:; calletl the Subject "IVorltl, as opposed to t11c 011,ject or ExtcnJe, \ "IV 0rlJ-l1a..", to acertaill extent, a m cthocl of its own .

I. Th e de"cri ption of the foc1ing:-; niay he effc<:ted by
o[' tJ1c prn pc r YOC·:tl rn1ary of JllillU; a~ , pleasul'e,

JllC:tlli\

Jo,·e, r age, fea r, 1mco11cc rn, trnst, l1ope.
En: ry la11g 11:1gc provid L· ~ tNm8 fo r dcscrili ing t he fee lings of
the mind; a11J the English 1:111c;nagc owns an cxt cnsiYe stock
or :;11 d1. To m ake k11o w11 a fcd ing, t h ert"fn re, WC', in the first
iustance, look fur the s ui ta ble name in tl1i ~ d c partmcut of our
vocabulary. \Ve can e xpre:;R a large nurnb cr of m ental states
by names a ppropriated to them . Hunge r, rl'plctio n, cold, exhibration, into .xi catio n, ennui, sw ectne~s, charm, pungency, bitte rn ess, wonde r, sorro w, dcsp:1ir, mclan clwly, d L'P(ession, are a
few additional exa m ples.
'
\Ve attain a m ore exact delin eati on o f tl1 c fee lini:rg by 118Higning a gcn u8 and a 8pcc ifi c difference ;
faint pleasure,"
u Htro 11g affec tion,''" un lJ lc rage,"" i11 ten ~c curi osity.n

:.p"

13. Intellectual i•roccssL·:> l1av c al:;o a language of

·) '\\ion re:\Si•:l.
. c ti1m n1 cm orv, ·1111ag11.
. '
·"
l
l
v
t11eir own; n~ , 1101 e P ' '
1
. 11. 1
, , ue (1(;:'Cl'l 1>Cl J ·i' n.J1:rcnee l•J
The rcsu1 t rn;; c:t~ rn.\)
_\l · ·t· r of mu:'8 Nuly
·
· · . . . . a°' " t 1ic rceu ee ,111 1
•
their se\·cr:tl ollJ CC:~"' '. · ' _ • ./'. ,1 -t,, "the 110 tiun u1 t\1e
1
,, "the irn:w 1nation v a J I! .ti! '

yem·s,

r ,./,· .t

o

"

1 t of nny lie m cnti onc1l in
The matters successiv ely th onlh it tl ' e~cning fan c ies of 1he
'fl
howc,·er \v erc 111 . ie
h 1
order :-" iese,
' .
.r. dl . l ·s rn-ind the wre. ut . c•
·
l
l
.
d
b 'fore ln rn / on !I w .i
l
mariner, w 10 1,t
c
_ ·
tl , tliousnnd-eolum n n
I d 1 f Dur.-r1,s or ie
ra o > :.1' cr~· ct fane of Seville."
l)illars of the cat ll'f Cordova
01 " JC r c
.
.
C liristirin rn0sque o ,
' d es coHstitnlcs a ,.; ul•j ccl1vc
Tb e w .:dorni11ance of tlic~e ~1 0
1
to be avo1d1>.d.
st ,]e :rnJ is an extr em e
Smith comes a]mo~t
) T' l1e f v.. \\ owi1 w.-.· • r•a~sa~c fr o m ~dam
f
Tl few ol•j cct'11 c r t.: crl'n c<·s
wholly Ull lk r t\1c pn:sc nt li1.:ad.
ic

.J.FIJ" ' u e.

arc marked in itali c~: f . ··t'1cn c·m rn·V1'r n··
1 laws o Jll' '• '
l
"Th o violator of t h e more snert'
mll't L:n{,;rtain with rc ;,!:1r1
fl oct o n thu se11till\cllt,; wh ich 111a11 II.' '." o f . «harne. nrnl h <>rrur, :11 111
cl.
' ithont feeling nll tl1e ag•'.111c . .fi , l • ll!ll\ h e \1t· "i11~ ,.,,. ,\ly
to u;~~ 1 ~~ti <>n . ·w h._,n h i; pn""ion _ 1 ~ gr~~i ~\: 0 ni•ne of tl1 e 111nti,·c,;
cton: 1,1,o<· t 1111 l1i" i1:1:0t ro1Hluct, lie ca11""er 1 '. t.,.;t·il·k to h i111 11• they
()I C
.
.
Tl 1 1 er
l· I
11 11 uwn••e v. •
whi c h illllnc nc c<l 1t.
'-'Y 11 '1; _ "Ylll >atliizini.; with th e l1at n ·1 '.'"'
<lid alwuvf' toot.her people. l) •nt\•rl'lin fur lii 111 , l ie l.c1·.,11 1c:j·1'11
nbhorrc1;n1 which otl 1 ~ r rn e~ fl~I> )\~' I,' l1a;.rc11 nn<l al>l11>rrvt1\'C' .
.1c
·orne mc>:l>'llre, the: uli.1c•(·t o it~.'. , 1 h hi" inju sti ce, now e:ill~ upon
s.t 1i 1•tio11 of th e p.:r,:on wl111 snlhlH• l~1 I° it'- rc"•reb tlic u11li:t1'\ '.\
"l · ' '
·
·
l · t th" l 11•\I
" ' u
' >
"'
·
tl t th .'"·v
l\c is gncn;( l·' t
. ~l
t t\1· ' ~·1 1ne tlll1 e '"
J11.., Jl't)·
• ·
v
• •
I · ·
1<1 kt· " n ·
effec t :-\ of 1 1 i~ own ron1 u1· ., n.1 I . .'1 . f tli u r e:·H.: JllllH'l\t an l. 11 1.1\\ ~ hnvo run1lcrc<l lti111 the p ro\.'":.1~ , Yt\~ ;;,e nat.urul con, c·qm· 11<T ."t r_c·
n·1tion of m:111k1n1l, unJ o! ' . I . r The thought of t.ln~ pc rs~1~trn c11t ven geance Hnd_ 7nm1., ""'·~h· tC'rror nn<l a1nazc01cnt. Ho
pct1u1lly l~aun t:l him, an~ tills. Iii~~·
\,nt imagine~ hi111 H1:lf ns
~fares n o longer look society ·int rie1;,'u,'~ atfoetions of all _111a nk1 111;
w er e r ejectcL\ o.ml thrown ou . o of< ' 111 ·1th y in t hi,; 1u,; ;_(rl'at• ·, .
Il e can ~ot h ope ~or t he <'0;1sol:~;:~• J'(·1;1~rnh~un;~c of ]ii:; (' ri111_c, lt:1•
and m o~t d r.:<Hltul <li~trc~H: . l l. n from tl1e hearts "f \11,; kllu" ·lint o ut all fr lluw -fceln1g "it.' . '.11 '1 . ' c ntNt:1i11 with r q.::1r',l . to
8
The sc11tll11(.•.nt,; " lmh • le)
f ·1 f
Fverv t1llll!L
creatur es.
. ,
.
, j . ·l lll' i ~ mo"t fl rail 1'.
. . . . I I:
11iin nro tho v ery t lirn µ:" '~\ '1 . . •l'.Hl to jl1; to • l"'W i11h o«J'' '"' <.
~ccn', s /i11.<lile, a11<l ho wou' '~, .j1<1ld 1i, , '[,1 re of ft l1 111n11n rrn1:
t •1n h ~r1• h ~ wi11h t nci:er 11101 c ".
. •. · ·1 tli·' .... n11e111nat1un .. t
, eo<T
" •
·
. o/ 1111lll• " " .· ~
ll'
tnre ;wr read ·i n th r_"""n~enn 1ue . . , dr~1 11H11\ th an ~ocidy .
i,;
l1i,; ~rimes. But ,ohtu1le .~till ·'~\~' \~utl 1in g unt what i,; \,\11c k, till·
own tl.iougbts ca u pn;;cut u111 w1

l

·t.

\t

'"},ri•

f

'z

v

il

•

'.'·""'

·'-:

1G2

DESC1U!'110N.

DESClUPTIO N 1N SCJ E};f'E.

,,~i
!

LI-. II. Tlic f('t:lillg,; i11ay lJc <l('scril;C'cJ or to s > ,
rn orn <·orn·dh·, sn~·o-e,;t<:d l_i ,- tl1' ·1·1· ,.. .· .' ' . ,rc,1k
· "'.
. ·
' J
"
.u 1u 11 ,, a::;soe1a t10ns
A. nu 1m;
t., 11y tl 1e1r Out\rnrd Ex11rc::::;iv11.
•
Tlic expression c1f th e fl'aturc<
tlic \··1r1·1·1
l
f l
,
... ,
•
11r uu ·:; o t ic c
t (' llan cc, tli e to11cs vi' tl1c , ..,i._,r., tl1 c rrcsti~ul ·~t i on · < f tl
oun.r
]
t · ·
·
""
·
" > JC bod.!\
" c c iarac .(· ristic ut t lie great lead in •r emo ti on s 1'' c -.·
!'.
l I(
·
,.,
··
u sirrns
o
0
) 'ilSlll'e, r•:lln, anger, ft':tl', wo11d cr, ll'11d cr f1·,· li 1w ·1 · ]
·111 .J r "tl ·
II t.
.
·
,.,, . 1c mown
'
e. ' I ll a .lllH·s a 11 1 l Ill all eountric 0
T l1 <l
· of
tl , ·
.
.,.
c ,•sc n·pt1on
l l-IJI il l Jang 11:tg(• JS al ,;o ~ ll!!f'l' ' ( i\' C,
1 f<'ll CC " ti •
·1 ·
tc ,
,, " I
,...
ic sm1 in 0rr coun·
n,111 cc,
I 1c <lark frowu of mw('r" " t lic ~t· .
t'
J1 I
·
,... '
· .u e o wonder "
<: P us t o rt'a lizc t he feel in"~.
Fc:ir ln . 1 • ,
('t
.
'
. . l'
\ .
,..
, " ueeu o en p1ct11re<l
i·11·1, 1y.
Ve nec<l on ly recall Jub ii'. 14, a ud t lic n ssa .
J Lunlet, "I coald 11 talc unfuld-."
l · · go m

Sec011dlr lJV t lici r kllo1n 1 0
.
· '
"
eca;;w n'1, Canscs, or
I >.l 0 1·(1cat l<. 111:-;.
Tl1e rn c11 t i.. n of a ];' ]
]
r
.
, · 111, 0 r •C'nv 11 ,.c11t ncti•lll s ng~cs ts to ns
tli c 1-!'l" i'<'fiil f· ·I' ., f I
.. ·..
•
H' JHliri rr
1· ' .'. . . '. l. .
t l J~ t~ u
t ie n· c: 11 Hi ·n t.
An irn1 . ,... < ,1111., u 111 . tL· ~ us C<)" "' 'tYe lli o tel'l'u r it <·:rn scR. 0
Jiearrng of tiO tn c g re:1t 1•rn1·ncati on, we r,·c.·111 t lJ c
fn
cuw t ion o
a11gcr.

1, ,. . . .·

.111 t 1upnt 1tJ11

Tl1inlly, l1y tl1 0 rc~ 1tlti11g Acti<111 ;; or Cv11d11d.
_Tl1c re i' a speci fi c: li11e uf co11dn1·t f.dlnwiwr our stronrrc
frd 11 _1gs, wd1 as t.o mark in orc ('.,pccially tl1ei r ·~ .J casnral1le "'o;
p.111 d'.il ehar:tctcr. Tl10 cJ...volio u to k:1ow ledo·e to , ·t
t
'
t.L O il~, sn c.rrc-sts 1it (' d C'· rrcc cf I '"' '
,11 , or 0
·sport 11·e re<Tea
l
ti l:i·er-tl I o· 1· ,. . .
""' .
'"'
J
p C:ts11 re t iat they
' Y n c ' llltense :wo1da11ec has tl 1l' eo nt 1..11. 1. JlJ (" l ·
\ \"} ·I · ..
· · ··
·' 11rn 0rr.
JJ c k e1rng and tl1 01wlit arc m<:.n: ·tl <>r "iil >
·J. ,. ct'
t·
•.
..
.
"'
"' L
~
• 1vc, ac ·10 11
is 111~t c1 ial or ob.J('efll'(', a11.J ca11 be so dL·sc rilH·d· \." ·! ·l
·1 ·t ·r ·t · . . • .
.
.
· '-'111 ,, 1 e 1ar' <. t IS I<·' <.h C'll Cl'<'(;( l l' J11•cJ.· <] · [ ' t
,, ..
.
-~
."
.. . o11, :wt 11 rn , ll1t co 11tl1, persistent
.l1•1ili, J. to lt1n11an l1C·111gs, :m• <>i•j,.ct i,·l' f,·aturl'~.
'
Fc1urtlily, J,y tl1u :~xll'rn:d Sl'c nc:::, Ol1j ect.-, anu Circ 11rnsta11('es, that are Ill l1ar1nv 11y wit.! 1 tlu.: 111.

~

Hi3

W e l1 ave already referred to tlll: k11dc:1wy of e xternal nature
· to raise cc rtai11 cni otio 11 ,;--tlic s11ldi11 11 ", tl 1c: tc rril.11·, tl 1e lwautifnl, tl1 c te nder, &c. (S 102)- 11 11<! l1a1·e , Ji ,>w 11 t.l1 c: tllli <> 11 tl 11i-;
arising to he m ade ll tiO of in <>l•j"'"t i1·e dc· tJni l'tio n (I'· i [):.J) .
We may employ it abo in sul •jc·din! d"s" rij'tiun. TIH1-<, tn
rep resent tho timid rna11 ' s fl' tl i11 g s, we u,;e tl 1e " l>jl'di\'l~ ill11 ,;tration, " h e saw a lion i11 !tis patli." Ot !t erexa111plc-s arc- " 111
the seventh l1ea vo1 1s; " "J•i w1 1 in t he Jl'pt lis;" "a s111111y
soul;" "the ouc 11·it.lt Rp ir it~ as of lll en l>e a t i 1 1 .~ , th e oth<"r with
spirits as of me n J. cakn ." Sec aJ,-,, t1 1u e\ j>rc·ssiu 11 g in italics,
in th e passage •11wll'd on page 1 (; l .

15. Dt:seri1 1tiu11 i:; i11 1·vh1,;d in all tlie vt1ll..: r kinds of
Composit ion.
T ho narrat io n nf e,·C'nL" or f•[><'ral i.ms m ust uftcn lie a sl'J'i .. s
of descriptio ns; as a battll', a ca111paign, a 1·oyage. J\ i11glakl'\
narrat ive of the l>attk vf the A l111a is in great part n1 ad e. up ,.f
descri ptions.
In d csc ril,in~ m ncl1inery and proeessc·s in t he a r t ~ , th e m:tin
or CtisC nt ial part of _t he 111 eclia11i ,; 1n i ~ to 1c carefully di ..;t ingnishcd from t l1 c accesso ries or de ta ils.
D r. Arn ott i11t.1-.hl 11ccs hi;; ac ,,o unt. of t l1e st,':11n-c11g ino tl1 11 s:
- " T l1c 11amc steam-engine tn lll •1st P'~ rso n s ·11ri ngs t lt e hka of
1-1 maclii ne of tl 1c n1 os t <"'lll l' lcx nat ur<', and !t e nl'l! to l•e 1111 ,1<-r~ t oo d 011 ly l1y tliose who will d1:v .1tc: 111 u<" h t im e tu tlt e study ul'
it; but lie tl 1at can n11 d, :r, tan .J a <·.. 1111 11011 p 11rnp, m ay t1 1«J..rstand a sk:un -cngi11 e. lt is, in fad, 011ly a p u mp i11 wl ,i(' h tl 1,:
flui LI passi11 _i. ; tl 1ro ugl1 it is made t•1 impel the pi ston i11 stcad uf
being impelled by it., that iB t o say, in which th e 1l ni d ac t~ as
the power instead of bci ng the resi~ tance."

lG. E xpositicrn, or Science, i~ fr0quc nt1y made up in
a g reat m casnrc of Deseri pt. ion . T he N atnral ~cienccs ,
Geog rapl 1y, All ato 1ny, Zmi1ogy, Botan y, &c., a rc cxa1Hplen.
Geograph y lt as l1ccn already refe rred to. 111 Anatomy, t here
is an elaLorato d esc riptive method . Th e larg(·r o rgans, as tl1e

,.

1G5
DESCRIPTION IN POETRY .

1G4

D ESCIUT'TION.

oi11t thi\t • how'n the vnlky, stretched
P
~ (\nil n ot d1~t n11t btr,
At \ cn gtl: l_1elore n 't ,. 'u. t·h111 l'h · tO" t.·r,
"A

vi,ccra, are r rp r<'sr1d1·d liy 011tlinr, I'l:m an<l En umeration
parts ; the blo.,tJ - ,·L·s~ds :rnd 11crY es a rc gi vcn on tl1c method ot
:Main T rn11 k au.I ll:u11illc:1tiL•lls. In tli c dc~c ription of the vag14
nerve, t h e fulluwing co111l'rd1<·11,i n ; ou tlin e is prcfacl·d :-"Th
vag 11s lia,i the lu11gl'~l course of any of th e rrunial nerves.
cxtc11cb tl1ro11yh t/, c neck and the cavity of the ch e.~t to lite upptr
11art of llte ul"lo111cn; a11J it supplies ncn·cs to th e orgam Qf
'/Joice aml ri>spirution, to the alim entary crwal as far 118 th
st•n nacli, and to the heart."

17. I'oetry pa rtake';; !io brgcly of D escri ption,
lll!W lai<l <lu\l 'Jl arc proper to UC incorp(lratcd i n tlic p1•ctic art.

tl1c rrin<:iplc,;

The C' nd of l'ul' t r_r, wl1ich is imnwd iat c pll'a. urc or emotionn!
C'ffcct, determine~ the snl>jects c h o~c n . Language being inad.
eq uate tn the ea~y prcse11tat i<111 of compli cated ~ccncs, the poet
refrains from at t.·mp t ing rn ch, and scJ.. cts the si mpler an<l moro
im p rc~si r c uhject~, wl1i,·h a fL,11' u<•kl to11ches will enable him to
dep ict. Jic a l~o di,1wnsrs wi th 11u111 cri('al exactn ess, and em·
pl1.ys largely tl 1c la11 :.:;11agc of as~u c ia ted cin;um stances, and,
rn o re especially, t he a s~or i;ttc d frclin~s.
:Milton·~ dcsc rip t i•Jll uf the scene from the Mount of Temptation fai rly represe nts th e dl'grcc of cumpliC'at i011 that 11 poet
may umkrtakc :" Il wns a mountain nt

who~c

Upo11 a 11slll~ ~rou1H. n l"">r ) , . · l l1 ) tult ('(\ trees.
\ ttlc 1c nt ?"'I \\ t; I C 0::.:.llt llH I
.I
\\lho:-,c m
11 .• . t t1 r11 c1 c t l hll l.l)' lJl'yun u
And t o war ds u. t:l y":'J , l
'is cnil1o~u 111 ed, tlo wcd
·t • p 111\b Ull t \\0111
Alu on~ l"i c~ "\•II\ \\\th hohlly-\\ irnh n r.; c~ uri:;e ;
.A cop1ou~ ,trlc'a thCr(• l11 J1lc n- tb c rc ag111n
flcr C t.r1tccu.\J C, ,.
, U r h ttcrin~ 111 the MUil .

To sig;ltt rcHtor,cdb~\~1k bi\.Ull cvt."ryw h cre, appea red
On t he str~·am ~~i1~1rlc ' or in 80~i .Ll knot.q ;
}'11il' uw clhn ~~. • ". ' '1 •. ·1 ot h cnl pcrch cu
,

. . . tl ' practice of poet;; is to give me r:
ic
l .th fi,,urcs of t<rn ll h.
l to on·rhy t it:lll w1
,...
•
11nntebes of views,
~he l:ui"na~c: of feeling. S cott"
tude nssociatccl part irnLu s, ,ind
- .... t towards EJinl.Jur~h ,
,
. M 11ion of tl1 c pru~p cc
111
description,
an . 'd .
, · 08 of poetic t ouches : from the top of 13lacktur ' I ~ a sen t: ...

U:mally, l1o" e' c1,

a'. ll . . .

"\\· h en sah' U with the mn.rti.11 show
l d . ll the plam lwlow,
That p eop l' ,l
\
, '"'f it t ro
'l'h;• wamlcrin ~ eye cuu '.1 o c •" '
A mi mark the di"tuut city f(lo w.
\\.. th ,,\oomy Hpk1Hl or re1\, _
1
,
I l _n.
kc-wrcutl1:i, ln1~1; u1lll sow,
l· or, on t 1c ~1110
.• · t~ flow
That rou nd her "ahlc tm l ( ' ' , " Hh~'<I,
'rhc rnonun g; hcan 1s "c1 c . l
.
t.l tlwni wi th a \u:-'tl'l: p1oul '
A nU \lll f!;C . ; ·h Ht rcnk~ a tlounokr·elOULI.
l.1kc tlmt '' h.c
cl o the•\ th e ht•i~bt,
\ l . \t ~ ~tatc
~ll ch dusky h'T(\B l'U l \
\\,here the \\ll ~C cas t t! 1iu l !'> • .'
'
And all the "tcep "l<•I'~ do" n .
·•n"
to
th
<
·
"kv
,
V."hose ,;J ~y loac k I '"" '
I \ · ·1
l'ilcd deep a11ll nrn!'l:-1.)' . _ \.·l o:\c,a1~ 1.. lib i,
Mine own r 01 nu11 _t1 e to\\H .• . .
. · l f., r w1Lh p11rc: 1 111.11.t',
flnt north"'at t .1 ,
011 Ochil mountain~ fall ~he. :u~:~~ ·d
~nd :•~ i:ad1 la.: ath,V lup dH ! k1.. i_ '
..
l l"\llc amethvl'\l,
It. ~\en.met1 a P'
~· ) .. ~ .. ··ou i;:.iiw •
~..
J cr tl1c ~hurcs u1 , l1l :
..
t
' Oll \",. t
.nn)' :rno\ Ticrwiek -f.>l W;
llcr<• 1 C" Oii
\I \
l l . l 1 ctWCl·n tl1t.•rn ro C' ,
A nt ' )f.°.'~1tl 'th e (')"t..' 111 i1rh t. n utc,
-. .
,..\
'fh<" p·a\litnt 1· n 1
•
r
. l
I" Oil l~ \.o~->11• l 1ufl1 1
\\rho:-i.e 1:-i aw '""
·
lJ
Like cmcruld~ drnscd in 1-!,U •

d .

nnlnnt ft><' t

A ~pnr ion g plain, 011t:-: trt:t d u;d in l'ir<-·uil ''\rid t\
La~· pll"n:-:unt; from ii~ :-id e tw o ri ,·t•r R flov.·'d,
0 11 e wi11 d i11g: 1 t he oth er t-ttra i;..::ht. nnd ll'ft Lctwccn
Fair d1a 1 11pni ~ ll with }P:-t:i riv 1 · r~ i11tf'n·ci n 'd 1
Tl11 ·11 111 c·4· ti 11µ; join'J11.(i11• ir tril1ntc to the f\4·,\ ;
\\'itlt lH•rd:-1 th e pa~t lllC:-( lhr<m;.::'d with flock~ th e hillr.1
1I11~t· l'iti1·H a nd high t.owcr' d. that well wig ht HCC:tr1
The ~l·ats of rni g h lil':-ot. nHmard>:i; nn d :-:o laq.~·c
The pro:-ipct·t wn:;, that here n 11 d there was r uon1
}'ur lwrr\.· u Jcsc r t , fuunta illlces and llry. ' 1

Tl11•

1

~
'\

Th e hws of Jc<niption arc well ol1~l· n·cJ in this pas8a~e;
an•I, wi tlwnt a lal>oriu11s C'!fort, t l1e wli ulc sce uc may lie coaCt:in' •l and 1t~ beauties enjoyed .
The f.,!lowing is one: of \\"o rJswurtl1' s m o8t complicated
descriptions:-

scattc1 ell o Cl t\ic C\ c , .

:so me 1'-11 .· 1<'• " dit'c riul quiet ~(·cne,
On th e i1 sH ~ ~
.
.
l"
Now in its murmu b purlt) an ,L:Ct.

._

J

•

•

11
· Jlerl De~<'fl
. - i'li"
. •
.
ron•ln rt 11{ an
~
· 011-...i . . , \ ~ Ill ~\l l llll llll ~ \ '
.
.
'
:Gut in "" far a~ d1L ' .
. cl" , icLit"' a1 1y vtlicr ol•J'""• '"
. d ..
· l or of a nntwn, or 111 l
o
1v1d ua,

.
.
f el1·trnf' IN
The dehneat1nn ° - ·
.
•

111

4 '

·..._

·

i ~ "''11H't 1111cs c,t
lj t\1<'

lGG

NARRATIVE.

ORDEl~

general nltrilrntc~, it is of the n·'t . . f .
.
" ure o sc1cncc ·
~triliirw
cmvt1011al cJfocts arc ai1ued at, it is ~
"'
poetry.

g the g round plan, ;"Ls well as the fatigue of distract inc: ]';,. .
vVhen one desc ription can, lJy sliglit c11rL,il11 1 "11t~ ur
· ditions, b e rna1le t o answer tltrung livut, t•1 d··l'art l°ro111 it. is a
·astc of mental force.

- --

(2.) Clear intimativn slwukl Le g ivl'll of any cl 1a11µ:e
of scene, or of tlic i11tro(ludiun or the disappeara11< :e ut'
> an important agent.

N,\JWATIVE.

NARRA"~J\"E compo,;ition

~;1~1'\~ ~;::·:t~·~~:/1~80 ~]~~ 1~~i;~~

ap11l ie.s to a succ

frwll

.•

·i··.'..

CH APTER II.
.· . 1~.

OF E VEN TS .

one phase

.

to:~:~:

..

Lan"l"l'W<' l.ci
·i, lf
.
.
ug l B(' s11 cccssl\·c, is l•cst n1ln •t. ·J .
. .·'""' , " "
of ~ ll l" Cl·ss 1,, 11 •
II. . .
l ct to inform
· · . e11 <.0, 111 c·t~c ' wh c . ti · I" .
or oLj ccL~ tha t pa,.:s l1cfor1· ti ," .. ," .
ic i c u1 c iv1dual phases
i::;il> lc nat 11rl' N ·1rnt i1·c i· . ic I ~c11) arc of a sunple and intcllJ.
' ' ·
" Ca;;icT uot 1 to co
prchcnd than J>c:~cr ipti on
Tl
. rnpo;;c and to com.
1· I i .
.
ic narrat11·c of incid ts l
. " "c is ~ u · ·li as tn d ispe nsc with . I .
.
en
na
sul.Ject is of wid er ~coil• ' ti ,
JU els of .irt.
E1·cn when the
. . ' iere may >c no more ti
.
t Iirc·ad to foll ow thl'
d 1·1 t'
ian a smgl
Hut e1· its of . '
. ,. i •C'ra ions :md dicbt1·s of one mind. .
•· ·
unport;iu"t' us11a llv im )I •
J· ·
of :irra1wcmcnt• n1 0 .,
J
•
I ! a mer ian1sm and a set
....
.'
i c or
css com plic·1t !
d
dcfi uite sp:icc . thus
.
· .
' l'( • an occupyinn- a
.
(·
'
. pre-.,nppo.'Hlfr the n . . 0 f' 1
011eh arc tl1 e
.
"
ic.i ns
)C'scnption
rn o 1c1n e11t.q of arn1i c' ·rnd tl
'
countries· the hrrr
·' '
ic occ upation of new
..
'
. ' .~vr procr·ssr·s of indu strv . ti b
.
cities; t lie workiu ..·s f J\· t·
• , '
ic usy life of
o J .I llrc 011 a f!;l"and , " 1,. I
. . .
t 11 cI es oJ. th e Sl'a.•o i~,,· d·
. 1 . I
·
si.. t e, t ie v1c1ss1.
'- ' .1y .1111 111.r it , f.,rn1 s t. l
d
o f ril"<' l':i; gcul o~ i c:d cl1a11 rrl's . t·'""'1 '' . . 1 ." ' .11 cs, :111 the flow
. I 1··
'
1<1nn1:i
lie. Xarration
tl ,..., ,r.' l C C. IOU(l•) fl of VC••"bJ
!-,Ci.it c and
f
.
, 1erc1ure, mav li:i\·e to
t \. . l
r• a S(' t'1c;i of d rRniptions
\\ "J
:
pn 'lfliil tie guise
ic11ce the necc:-;.si ty for the two
ft. lluwi11g 1•ree; u1fiu1Js : - .
ll R

. ( l.) 1II J\arratin·, tl1e f:('Cnc8 ·)
•
tu a great ~r extc 11t t.11· Ii iould not be slnfted
sary.
'
.rn is abs()l utely neces()f tc1H.: r,or

Tuc rca<lcr sl1o ul d lie ~rare:J tl1c work of 0 ft '

en re-construct·

Tliis cssc11tial of pe!"llpi cuons narrative is oflcn rli~reganl«d,
especially by tlic pods; th ey Leing unalJlc to gi1·e suc h iJ1timatio11s in p<>dic di ction. In tlic Faerie Queen, pcrsv11 ag1-.-<
appear and disa ppear wi t I.out 1Yarning; and tltc wl1ulc w·ti .. 11
is rend ered liazy !.y tl ic un certainty of tl1 e grou ndw o rk. :Stac;c
directions \Y ouid Le invaluaLll• i11 tli csc c1L~cs.

10. I. Tlic first prineiple of Xarrativc i::i tu fu1J,,ll"
tlie Order of Event;;. This implies plaeing tlie e 1·e11b
before u s as "·e i-:houl<l lrave witue,;sed them.
It is also tl1e mde r of d ependence, o r canse an<l eITcd,
a rebtio11s!t ip cim 1u1011 ly nH"tlle pr<>111 in c n t in n ru-rati \·c.
A l1istorian is rcriui rcd, not merely to relate c\·cnts, Lut to
explain or nccnu11t fur tliem . In vt!ter wordi, he l1as tn ,1,.. w
how tliey cnn f1m11 tu tl1e o rdi11:lry law.-< uf th e world. l [i s )'<'r·
sonages 11111st be seen to be :H.:t uall:•l by the usual mnti1-.·s of
mankind; lie mu 't fi11d, i11 tli " re<"ognizc:J modt.:s of wo rbn g
of things, :ide•111atc ca11 ses for wliakn·r lias liappl· nl'd .
Sucli explanatory :i('compa11i111 cnt s arc said to make a l1istory pl1ilos0phi cal. Tli crc i;;, ]1.-.wevcr, 110 history that is not
philosopli ieal in SO lll C deg ree. Tl1 c differen ce Lctw ec n one hi storian and a not l1Pr lias rcgarJ to tltc :icc uracy anJ penetration
that they sevl'rally di ~ play in acco unting for the transactions
, narrated hy tl1em .
20. To :i ;;;-; ign tJ ic (late of eYcry transac:tion i,; f<) g-i,·e

it a definite pJ:tcc, an.J tu i11,;tit ut e OJ1e Yi ta] OOlld of (;vllnecti o n 1ctwee11 it a nd 1>tlier tran s:wtioll:;.
Chronology i;; t.l1c shkto11, tl1e cli; ut, of history.

I t is 11· hat

l• , . -

NARR ATIVE.

orm1m OF E\"E1'TS .

I l o t~gitn <lc arr to g.c~grapl1y.

Every event is by
a <lefirute po~1t10n towards every other; any
~\\'CJ events arc e1 tlwr contemporary or ~uceessivc, with a fixed
nit.en-al bct. w.c,~ 1 1. l!c ncc th ere is no rule of l1i~torical cornpo·
s1t.10n rnor~ 1u1peratm; tlian tlw ca~ i ly obryed one of giving
dat es. It is l1arJ to comprvlte11d (J ilibon's motives in not supplying a rn argiual cl1rnnolvgy.
latitncl c

ai ..

t.h1~ mean s Ret

1.11

To fix upon a year and a~si gn the things transacting therein
t l1roughout all the countries historically known, is a favorit~
theme \1·ith J\lacanlay, aTJ<l wou ld constitute a good exercise for
p upils stndying history. Among cou ntri l's l1aving relations with
each othe r-in war, alliaTJCI', ! rade, &c.- tliese co11tcrnporancous
events will ofte n Le founJ eo1rnceird; and every sort of councc•
tiun Lotli irnparts int eres t :llld aids rn c11wry.

21. For tl10 better explanati on of eve nts, a 1ackward
r efer ence may be Hcccssary.

\Yk~cver

l1istor~an

~tarts

pcriorl an
Relects, he
with a certain
condition of th i11gs, whi t:h h e is de~irons to accou 11 t fc>r. He
t l1t·reforc gi ves a ~ !tort summa ry of previous transactions con1111i11g himsel f to s nch as bear on tliis special end.
'
Macaulay's I.Iiotory of Jam cH IL is pi·cfoced by a rnpid
snrvcy of tlJC H istory of England. An histo rian of th e battle
of \Vatcrloo "'.onld have to prepare his read er.; oy a sn rnrnary
like the follvwrng : Tlio g:n•:i t political l'\'l'llt of th e• rn1l of tJ, r li"t <'l' ntnry tli c
:i;: rv11clt _H"v nl11t i11 11 uf 17S!!, expt•lle.J the dy 11 a,ty tlt 11 t had ~nl ed
J 1:a11<·e ft'.r lll llllY nge;., r\111.l e't:1hli.<lie1l 11 11c-111ocrl1t ic 1-(0\" Cl'lllllent
.\\'11 1<'!t, alter a Sl'rH·~ of v1 .. 1s.- it1 11 ks, 1nnrkcd l iy i11tl'nsc pnrt.y foel'.
J11gs, ~a,- o wa}: to the 11 s11 ri'at.l<>11 o f .l\a1•olco11, who 11111! disting111.slt~·::.h 1 rns,..lr. fl,.. l•.. v:~·:orwns gl' '!l·r:tl in t!te wa rs or t!t e 'll(Tu i>l ic.
llh.g1t.•1t 111tl1t.iry 1 ,11~er, be.gu n rn Jt11ly, cxtend('1! overi·.urope
(·1~d 1t1g 111 t.1 1,, '1tl•.1ngn t1on of rl1l' Rp1111i,1t l'l'11ins11!:1, tl1 e Low Con n:
t1~1c-,, nntl 11 gr<"at part ofC:.er111a 11y . Tlt e Hr it.islt po\1·l· r, <'o-opcrat.ing
\.' 1tli. tho ;ul>.J1;1~atl'll 11 at10.n-<, tl1rnn g lt tlwt 111<·111urnlil e struggle
k1 101\ n lb th e I c•11111 s11 !: ~r \\ :11-, nt l:ist. s111 ·c-e,,.]ed i11 \ITt:sting from
1111n. 111 !4 conip 1 ~ ·:.:t~, n11 d 111 1nakin µ- l1i111 n. pr·i... oner and un exile in
tl1c 1 ~lilll d nt LI 1111. I le. 1 10 11· "~ ... ,._ co11tr ivvd tu bt':tj>l" from lii s conJ11.1c1:1e nt, to 111akc if"Od a l:1 11d1n". 111 I· rallt'l'. a11d, 1,y t lic att.ractiun
ot li1~ nauie, to rn uster t!te 11u ilt ary power of tl1c couutry, an<l

lGO

nin to thrcnt.cn t he n ation ~ t.h11t 111' hail p revi ou sly <'OlHJIWre1l.
e rest of E urop;o pr ~pa r <'<l to re'i"t hi11i, An army cornpos('1! of
uglish, Gennans, Belgian"' a111l l>~1t1:h, :1s:il'lll l;k<l un<l rnardicd by
10 Low Conn trn.:s to t!t e l' rencl t fronti er,

22. It i,; surncti 111 0,; 1e:ot 111 «<> r11111e11ce l;y dc~c riui11 ~
.,~recent sti1tc of tlii11gs rn•11·0 fallliliar to the p erso 11s a<l-

dressed, a.ml then to point out by \rliat previous ste ps
't11at state was arri vcd at.
. . In this case also, tl1c i nvc r~ion o f tl1e order of tim e has a
: ~iew to the cxplan:.ttio n of t he c \·c11t. lt corrc~pon<ls t o a rnlc
<, in t each ing science, rcquirini{ u s, lJefo rc, propounding :in expla-

nation or soluti on, to st ate ckarly tlic: poillt to !Jc explained, or

the problem to be soh-ed..
There c.,uJJ n .. t he a h ctt er p r•· p:1ratinn fnr stu clyi 11g tl1e

\ history of Great Britain than a full a.-< p1ai11ta11ce wi tl1 all iG
existing in:; t itu t ions. Knowing exactl y tl1e state (•f th ings to
be accounted for, we 811 011l<l be more ali\·e to the flow of events
that contributed to p rvduee it.
Th is method is not un ~u itcd to t he ca~c of nation~ that l t>.\\'C
ccnged to exist. A full ·acco unt ,,f tltc Roman world in the ngc
of Augustus might, not improperly, precede the early history
Qf Rome.
In Gcol c)gy, tl1is plan is followed wi th a<lvantagc. It mav
oe seen cxem plific<l ill Lyell's Elcml'11 ts, allll in his Anti r1ui ty
of Man.

':,~-

~·· -!

2B. II. It iH nevcs,.;:wy t o proYitlc for t he narratiun
of Conenrri1w 8trc:1111s of E\'cn t;;.
Tit er e ar; sc,·e ral di,;t.ind rn()(1c:-; of concurrence .
(1.) A p rinc ipal aetion, with :rnho rdinatcs; as in a
campa ign , in tl ic history of a 8in g lc coun try or of a col l ective int.crest, a nd in any «urnplcx proceeding wl1crc
detach c<l operat ions arc earrie1l on. In Ho111ance a11<l
the Drama, 1rnl>or<l i na to cvc11t;:; arc e~se n tial to tlic ploL
Here th e art cn n ~ i ,1 ,- in 11pl1oldi11;: tli c pro min ence of t he:
main stream of t l1 c narr:ll i\e. Iii r c lat i11 ~ tl1 c ~uhonlinatc trun ~ ­
actions, the historian l1as tu make appare nt their sub orJ ination.
8

,·.-.

'

l

TO

~AT{I{.\T!YE.

171

co;-;- c cJ:l!l.NG fiTltEAMS.

Tli(; fo rm s of lang11ng0 announci11g the tr:rn "i tion from tlic prio·
cipal :- urrcr'. t to t/1c 1111111ir strc:1111~, a11d bac·k a:;:ii11, sho uld
00
esplrc1t.
'1 lic scp:lrat ion i11to Ji~ ti11 ct cliapters co11triliutcs to
tlie san rc c1 1d.

·'!
·L

~ t I11 i1J1i tatio11 of the dc;-;(:ripti\·e art, it is possible
tu g1
a <:llllilH"u1 1 ~n~i \·e od1c111l\ vr 11lan, vf the events,
l'rt11 c1pal and t<ub,:1d1ary.

\:e

Many Tl:lrratin·s m:iy l>C uro11f.'.ltt nnrler tl1 c 'itnilitud c oftl1e
tree. Nllt nH;r,·ly tltc gcnealngy of farnilir,, hut tltc progress of
colo11iz:di•ltt, tlt c diff11,i11n of 1'acr' and the ~f>l'l':ld of hnoru·wno
'
... 0
(t'.> ... ..,,
arc :id:q.t•·· l (,l tl1i.; r1 ·p rl'."<'tt1a1i .. 11.
(':1 rl) I..: dr:m.< 11[":' ' !ti, 11.;11al ltol d11 rs' <•f rn c·f :ipl1or to Hllp·
}1ly tlil·.;c c11111prl'hen'11·c l1:trrat11·t· plan~. \\'c •Jtt<>le a few 8pcci·
rnc11 s :-Tlic: J{(l.r:ili't :tnJJy at \\'on·l'<(C' r, 1•re'>'l'd lir Cromwell
i~ a lion 111. Ili c folds f!( a '1oa; t li e confo,ed politic~ of Poland
111 t he t::1d 11( lli c• 171/i <'l'11t11r.1·, It..: ,f.l'lc-~ t!w I'ulis!t Donny·
'1roo/.: J111 r; C curg\) l l., di,-tr:tctcd l_,y <>ppositc :illianccs, is ti~
lli111tJ/•er l11n 11·1iitc li orxc ln·t 1rrr1t srrcn :slcre.< rf ln'1111 0.
.l lt•lps. a1r:1n• <>f tli c pc•·11liarly i111·11/n' tl natme of tl10 his·
tury of 1\111 ,·r ii:an di «'"l"l'l'J" l1y tlt c Spaniard.<, tri p~ various ck'ri ccs fin· .:.:ra ppli ng ll' it /1 it. lie rcr11arks, •Ht t!te <Jccasion of
11
p:L-;sing n·frn•11 cc to tlic t!tir<l Yo1·:wc
of ('.,lin111, 11 ,. ·
.. .::i
•
'' T l1 is '"11,.1·:1['.c II' ill hn1"t\ l1c rc:1ftc-r, t< • l·c· <':1rd'111J1' recounted
T :im ·"" ""ll 1·mn·d, lto\\·0 1·c·1" tl1:1t I lie 11<·.<t 1·)1:111,·c· f.,,. ilt e 1·cadcr t<;
n·111,. 11 il1v1·. any <>f tit <:' l'Jll :t ll ;,ded ltisl111'y of ti"· di" '" '"<·ry and settle.
flH·nr. ol ~p:1111 :-. h :\11H. .' rl('a ' "' to !111n.: it told lo /1 i
1u·rordinq f,()
111
7dr1r·,1·. a11d ,,,, /lo '.f,1/1·. tl1:1t I t'1Jli 1·1·l,r i'" ·'!f>""c' all farll 1c·r nllnsion
f ., ( <> lll1nl1 t1 s, u11t~l tl1at p:ll't <i f tl1c· ''""'! \\·l1ic:l1 11 " di :;covcrcu bc-

co11 1l'.'i Hnportant in tl10 g\· ll l'ral 11:1rrat i \-,._ ,,

2.1. (~ . ) C'unt·111Ting :-: frl·a111 ,; "{' 11earll' L'<~al irnporta1 l\'f' ; :1,.; j ll { J IC lli ~tU l'J' OJ' ( l l'(;('('C.

. Tn 1lri ,.; i11 st:rncc, ""' m:iy J,c " 11d f,, l1:t1·c a plurality of ] i~111r11· s, \·11.I•r;wl'd 111 llt., .':t lll e ll'1>rL. I 11 < ;rl'<' i:111 liistorv, for cx:1111/'l<·, A tl11·1,,.;, Spart:., !\r!!'" T J".J ,,., Curi1 1tl 1 r.,, tie. A···· 1·
•
'
'
' t \'.. ,. ,
I
~ta lC
t l1e l1al1all , :ind tl11.; Si c ilian ( :rl'l'k',-p11 r,;i 1e f;,r tlic most pat~
tl1 c1r 111dq1,· udl'nt carcl' r, J.q·.,ke 11 urd .1 · Ly t ltl'ir ru ut iial confli cts.

1

'l11e 11istorian of collecti1·e C rccce lt:1s to
n seri es of di stinct narralil'lc,.

cxccut ·~

l1is task Ly

2G. (0.) T l 10 <:;tse of h1·0 l•I' ltwre co nt cn<ling p11rtie,;.
Hostil e OJ!erat io11 ,:; i11t rutlnr-e :i ll (; W element tu perpkx
and COlll]>lieat.e tl1e 11arrative.
In depi ct ing warfare, o r a11y siweirs of contc>'t, tltc 11 i'torian
narrates S()lllCti1ncs fro111 one si.J,., a11cl sometimes from tltc
other. Now it i~ c5,cnt.ial to a ck:ir 1111dcrsta11rli11g o f the O]ll'ratio11s that !lie clian,!!e <•f P"sition sho111cl be ope11 and dcc larl'd.
Actual conflict, im·vln•s hot/1 !':trli1·s; :i11d tlte re is great da11.gc ·r
of bringing aL011t co11fu,i11n in tltc j'idnre, Ly passing in :\
stcaltl1v rnanJ1 cr l>chrccn tl1 c two sidl''· An cyc-witm·ss, lil>e
l\ in 0rrlaie at. tl1c Alrn:1, retai11 , j,j, 1·ni11t 0f ,.i<:w tl 1rn11g11n11t; :t
cornpil cr fnHn ,· :triP!l~ witn f".-s··..; di1 ) ~· 1 ·1•11tly ~t:1~iow· 1 l is l ial1~ e t 1)
those for t i1·e tra1rsiti1,11 s 11f ,,·e11<'. Tl1e rn11~t ,,1,\'i1o11q ro11~e
seems to Le to ck:.:crilic.: tli c pr<'p:1ratic>11s li rst 011 011c sid<· :111 d
then on tlt e othvr; and , d11ri11g tlie ~lt,.ck of l•attk, to adli t· rn
to one point ,,f 1·it·"-. This is the u 'u al metl101! of Carlyle. 1n
describing tlte battle · of Prag, ltc gi1· (' ~ a full accou nt of tlie
preparati~nH on tl 1" part of tlie J\11,tri:llls, nnd tl1e11 makes tl.10
transition t.h11s :-" \\'c will now rl'tnrn t o Friedri f' /1; and 1vill
slay on hi.~ siJe tl1ru11gl 1 the tc·1TilJle a•·ti un tl1at is c111 ni11g."
27. (·L ) Tlio plma1ity of dq):trtrnents ill tl10 rn111e
histo ri cal 1111ity.
A na ti<>ll j>l:ty~ lll:llty part;; at. Olll) time. lh r.Jrei!!n rch tions, wl1i cl1 a r1 ~ its war;;, diplc)llJary, an•l colo11iiati11 n, ti .!!llr<' i11
the l1i st1,ry of tlt c \\'oriel. EYc n w/11'.n lt1(·y do 11 .. t al>.«•rl> tl1c
]1i s toria11' ~ attc11tiu11, tl1 cy :ire 11:.:11ally rl' CUlllt1.l'd apart.
Tlte
Internal <>r l>olltt·stic ]ii,to ry is itsl'lf ••pc 11 tn stil>d ivi,.;ion. T l1 e
Rtl'lJ ~~
<Yl•'/eS 1.. dder111i11c tire Gv1·i; rr1tf1••1t1, .. r tllf• l'ulit ic·al c. 11.isli·
t11tio11, r:111k fir,;!. in prn1ni11c111·1•. Tl11·re n1a1· ].,, 1>fl1er •111cst1111 1s
that stir tlt e " ·lt, ,J,. lifo ,.f tl1e nati •>Jt , :111d alh>rd :111 <·x1·iti11,_;
th eme o l' 11:1rrati1·l'; >'!1<·l1 ar" tl1 e l:l'" " l11ti1111s i11 Reli~ion.
.A ftr.r tli es!', ('or1 1e the ~ul1jc·1· t' uf' •111i"1n itttc·r•·'t; Ad1ni uist r:\ti\·e i n1provcrnc11ts, a11d tlte progn·,, .,f Literature, A rt, and Sci-

I~

"'
1!I"
,,jl·
',{

Ii

,..

172

NARRATI\'E,

cncc. ~\~though the v:'.rious cn1Tcnts of cvcllts must often como
togctl1r1 , it is the practice of tl1c bc't l1ist.orians to follow them
sr·p.arately'. As 111 liattlcs, "o in all of. her c:L«cs of nction and re- ·
action, a new frorn liutli ,;ides is dcsi r:i Lle. Tile conduct of 3 .
war I~ all ectcJ by_ the \ iei,,itudcs of political paitics at home.
Hel1g1ous
Rc,·olut10ns arc c11t wined wi(l 1 I itc-·it
\~ · · '
1
111...
•
•
"
'
c, 1 unn111 ~
t'.·atn·c changes (Pulice, l'aupcri,m, Edtwation, Commercial
·
' IL·. mc1·cy o t' a II ot IH·r wtlu
cnces ; still, the
·.l olic,·)
. .:' . a rc '·it •I
sf'p.11,.f1un of t h e parts conduces to the understandinrr of th
\\'l1.ile.
o
c

S t;J\ DfAIUES.

173

nioro information than if tl1c w or<ls '~'1V'1f'•"',' ':11i,o1·i .r:irw'<,' 111·
.'copper-colored mc·n,' h:id J, vc· n 11.'< vd . ;\rid. i11•k<"d, ;;o "'"" " ;,
our knowledge of d iill·rc·11 I. tril .. ·s i11 t<· r 111i11;.:J ,., J a11d '"'"'." ' '"'· tl1:it
~ It

would. Ue

p re~urnptnou:-\ tu :-';ty wit 11 re ~ [ H:d, ilJ a 11y aeco1111t g-i\-l'l1 1

even after t'hc utmo't n'""'"T l1 , of tl1c' i1d1: 1 h ita11 1~ (•f n11y p:1rti .. 11l a r
pnrt of the const, tliat it \r :1s c·xa<·tly f:iitlit'ul. !:'till. sor11e :1tte111Jrt
nw st be Jll:ul l' : and, a."" tl1ere Wit~ a gv1 1,·ral n ·;-;,·11ilda11ce i11 tli t~
laug11rq..~es
.
spokl'll l)y tli t• ad,ia<'Crit, tril1c~, ev1..·n tl111u ~ h t lH:y ('(> tild
11ot Ull<kl'tita11d cacl1 <>tli l'r, so i11 tl1e lir'e of t l1t·se ,_,,.,.,.,ti tril'""
t li cro was a ge r1 ,·ral b:"i.-; of a,·cordar1 c .. , \\' l1i<",J 1 we 111u ;;t. l'll dca vor to hri11 g before our 111i11d -< 1 if \\' (1 \\'O uld take tl1 " f"ill i11 tcrest iu tl1cir ,;tu ry wlii clt itti i111portau re t,., tl1 0 \\'orlJ ck 111:11J< b

for it."

20. Tlic framing oC s n1r1111ariL·s- called al~o, al1ridging, al>,;tradi11p:,-i,; :111 i111portant art, and is collduded
in a variety of \mys. (See P.rnT I., cl1ap. ii.)
So1ncti111l'>i it cvtTl'"J>OHds to f;C-ic n titie gc 11 c raliz:1 ti,1n,
which i::; the only perfeet mode ot' :rn 111111 i11g up an array
of parti c ulars.
Tl1 c law of nrri1·r 1~1l g r:1,·i ty i~ a ~urnm:iry of the fill ,, f
bodies to th e ea rth , tl1e round fi ,:c:ure (l f tl1e earth, th e knd•·wy
of the pla11<:t~ to 1hc $11ll 1 .&c. Tl1e law tli:tL supply follow,; demand , is an alJl'idgrncnt of tl1c pl1cnvmt;11a of traJc.

In many case:;, the art of co11dcnsat.iun t11rns upnn
discriminating t he e~scnt i als; \\·liich is n0t pos~ilJ!e
wit11out a full knowled12:e of the fmh_i cct.
In hi ,;tori ca1 na1T:ttio11, tlic c-011dc11~c(l summary 1s
commonly made 11y passi!lg O\'Cr 111:rny of t11e eorn1ed.ing l ink s.
Tli e br:.;ir111ing and th e end of a lon g tran~a c ti(>D arc Lridly
given, \\·ith ')r with out a few selc-cted po1l!t,; in t.lic unfolding "r
the pl ot. "Gr('at Brit:1i11 imposc-d an olino xi o11s tax on l1 l·r
Am eri can c"lo ni cs ; th ey r esisted, fu11ght 1 and ma1lt· tli <· 111;; 1•h· t:~
indc•pe11d c1 1t "-is an c:1sy 111Jridgnw11t of' tl1 c ,.,·,·uh uf "'n·ral
year,.
It bc•i 11g uuachisal.lc to a11t icipate tl1 c plot, summaril's :ire
not given to strut with. Tlir-y arc u,;n:dly relrospee tiv <'. Tli"y
substitute fur the num erous \\'indi11gs of the narr;lti\'c tl1c largl' r

17-l

1:-;,;TRt;CTTO>I' F Rml 11 ISTO lff.

fl'at urc·s mid tl1c main rrs11lts; tl1 ry arc tl1c l1 eads, abiding in
tl1 c 111 e111o ry tli r 111s< ·h·1's, :u1d l1elp i11g th e co l1 c•s ion of the details.
A su11 1111ary uf tl1 c j' l'1·1·i uus C l'l'll(~ o pc11s a new elrnpter with
ach·:u1t:ig 1·; a1 1d is a !I tlie lil t!!\! calk-d ti1r1 \\'lu.: 11 tl1cre l1as been
a eU1 1sidl'ral.le lirl';ik in th e 1l1n:ad tu J,e rcs um<.:d. In merely.
l'l'•·urri11g to th e l''"t, in t l1e cu11 rse of th e narrati1·e, a hricf
st111111rn ry is tl 1e snrl'st m ode o f refi:rl'lh'e. (S L'<> p. 172.)

:rn. JV.

Expl:mnt<>ry K:1rratirn i,;, hy its natul'o,
11:1rrati u ll, iitrietly rn called, with general

Tl1 0

a 111ixtnro or
1•ri11 c: i j>l e,.;.

Th<' stat1· mc·11t of a pri11c·i1 •l<' m:iy c: it lH· r prcrrdc th e rccitnl
of the c1·<' 11 1s to l1u tl H· rt·l1y cka n·d HJ\ o r lo \' i11troduccd at the
..!\Is\• uf tlil' ll:lrratin·.

·~

.:,

NARRATTYE.

\\.l 1rn th e cxJ>laHati o n is of SOlll L' le n!.(tl1 1 orc upying one or
111<1re p:tr:1 .:~r:q .J 1s 1 tlw j•l'•J~T<'"-' of th e llarrat il'c i~ wholly susjoende.J . Tl1e ~l wrter l'xpl: 111ations take th e sl1apc of i11tcrpolat1•d '<'1d,· 11 c1•s a11d cla11s1·s. I'arl'11tl1<·tic l'lauscs arc otlen rc'"rll'd tu. (S\'e Pl'· 1:17-141, a11d Ex t ract X.)

01. V. J:,·furc nlk1 11 1'ti11~ tv define rnore narrowly
tl1e ll1 l'tl1od 11f lli,.;torirnl l'urnpo:;ition, we l1 :we to con-

,. ider it,; c·nd".

J\ 11d, iir,.f, in p ni11t nf T11 :;t nw tiun, Iri,;t,1ry furni til1es
an a rray .. r fad:; <>r ex pe rience in l111111an 11atnre, more

' '" ]'l'1 ·i 11lly i11 it" ""t·i :tl worki 11~"·
I t iK tl1 e inductive
l1:i ><i;;, :u1d tl1e ill11 ,;f rati 01 1 l1y t·x:u111'11·, of t.IH: doctri11cs
t lrnt. r eg-1ilatu 111:1n i11 ~"< : idy; a Jrnull'ledgu of whieh is
wl1at \l· c n1e:1n Ly pol it ic·al ll"i;;do111.
Jlistnr r is t 0 us the t rial <•f lii st it11ticms. ;fl1c Absolute
,\f.,n archi1's, Li1 11it"cl i\l nn:m·lii e~, I\r i,otoc ra.cies, '\>emocrae1cs,
r1·1•rese 111i·.J i11 •>p..rati on , arc• ~o rnan1· cxpe ri1u r uts as to the
Lest fon 11 nf f!•)1·1·rn111t·11t ; a 11 d we j ndg-e th em !.y tl1 eir fruif.'l,
\\·c ca n st 11dy :11,,I <:<>1111•:m.: 1·l' 1drali zati on a1id loealization of
a111l.ori1 y ; large :-fatl·s :111 d sr11all; ~h1·1·ry and free Jal,or; caste~
a iul l'•j!Ja lity; l'a.~ani~111 1 .\lal1onH:tani~1n, aJJd Cl 1ristian1ty;
Catlwlic isrn aJJd l'rot.csta11tism ; state-coutrul in education nuJ

] 73

ils absenc e. J~y i 1 1 l\'q• r<'li n~, "'i "c:ly . or u 1111·i,-1·l;, all t l1is •·.x• CC' , ,,ot ··il c:'"., ·'ll't', .'"li.J
ed i11 t J1c c J1 ulCC or th e ir 01\' ll i11 slitupcnc11
·

ti ons.
Tl1 c ful1 11wi11,:.; is a P" 1.il .lc':t 1 1""'" 11 .J ,.,] 11 ,., . .J J,_1. (;iJ.l" '" !'r.o1 11
th e Jli st•Jn · .,r ]1npe rial J{ u111 L' :•
·111"'
1 fl 11 11 11 11" ·r .. r in1k1 " n.kiil -:.it,,,
"T l 1 ',jj,·i,i
on ut. 1~urope
II
.
··r witl 1 e:wl 1 otl1c r loy ! ltL' )-'. t11er . .I '''' 111 ' 111 ' '
c0 n11 u1·Lud, ''."'~,"' '. , : a11d 111:11111 er, , j ,; i'r11d111 ·1i1·., .,f 1!1c ltJ• »l !.,·11··ol..rul1
;.: 1<1u , l.u1
~ u .1~"• I 1·I1it•t ·1 ' . u 1· 111 ·11J!
·i11d . A l ll•Hkl'll I ·.' r:111!,
1I 1h'l"i tu t l e
I
.
'
I.
l101n l'I''ll"t.'t
~ I ll 'i. Ill
· I I·1s• u wn Lrt•:i:-:1 o r 11 1 11....;
'
I Il ,."-' I • . . .,. .. . 'lilt' \) l'll
wi11J s ll•IJ'
llH ll<J l l" ·, '.: .
• . " •·11 1j,. 1·, ·,;i.rai 11I. fro111 ti"· · ·~:1111 1 "''

> ·,.

l' L~ople,

\\' 01ild :-:1111 11 CXJ• L l

o f l1is e1 111: d:-:, th( · d.rt·:td

nnd

I.ill;

c~1:api11 .!.(

tai n,

i11

lf.c fl~~- . . l ~

.11

.1'1

..

t·:-.1·11 _ ' .\

-.: nr . 1l 1i.' :1d\·i (·1• of Ii i:-; :tllic:-',
n ·1 ·1 c. I ·1,·,·t (•f' lii -.i di :-'Jdt·:1:-.11r1·,

11 ° '
·
:ti' !"''' 1t·11<1on" ''.' .. o i· j . . I 1t1i 1; ;.,11,, wou ld "" ' ily •-i 1frotu tlie llal'l'\!I\' l11111h ''
";. ' ," ., 111·w · t'orl 1111L· adl'• jll: tl•.•

}

I I

a l1appiel' C'li111ah·.

1· •11t·1·11 1·-.

:~ ~l_'('IJI"~ ~· ·..: ll~l', l

j

·rl1·1 . .;. tl i<:

1111.·:ll l"'-

nf

his lll ill'it. till• fr1·e;•l 111.11 ul ,·011lqol:1]1;i1, '.'1'n' . Jti~ l ·1i !~h e w orld ; an•!
" t tJ
c11 1111re uJ l 1e
1. 11 11.
:"'!
1 \.:
1·o v eng-o. .vu
io
.·
l t'
sin· rlc H,_.J"·•Oll i lie \\'t irld
wl1 en -t li at empire· f,,11 11111> th .: 1 '" ~ '' ii 0 . ,' \ :, ;~" I Tl. c ,.'1a \'1· oi' 11111
1
lli'l'Ull ur lb c 1 "
. ,q' Ii ! " ' I
Ueca111 0 a sa .e a11t I dr ' •·. tr)'
.
l
l . .t o .dr·1., 111:-1
.1
.
·)
t it ·r lie \\'' \:-\ <:Olll t• 1n11 t· 1
• ~
,.....
I
PCl'i:J l U<"'P'H
isrn
,
"
I L'
c
•.·
. .. .
t ·1 life ot' exile· Oil l ic
. . J,
I t l . 8l\ n· tt1..· o 1 ti• '' c .11 o11 ,
ch:un 'fl •0111e all·< . .: '1L . , . ~I . fru zc·ll li:11 1k; of tl w I J:u 11 d• L', "xLa1Tc·n J'tll'k ot .~c1 lj• Ill" j'I . '.~ T r ·<i "t 11· ·~- fa1,d and il was
u '· '
'
'
pect.:tl Ji is t'ak 111 ~1k111. <"'!'all.
imposs ilJl e to tly."
.
tells cof
1[ l , - ·o · - " Tlic l1isto r v of :ilruost evCrJ !lati<>n
c ps ~a\., ·
•
I·
j
I
e irrcat tran ,;acti o n peculiar to tl1at uati•m, som ct •lllg 11· 11<· i
· t'ics o I ti ic, pcn pl•·
aso m
tly ,....ill11 s tratc ~ tl1 c pal'licul:ir cli:tr:t('.tl'ns
. ' ,·111d
.
tl
.
r•
·ir
t
i11
hum:m
ll
:llllrt'
w!:1
o·lt. th.i
p
.
'
.
,
.
,. .t
r rochu111s, ns \\' C m:1y ~· 1 .\· 11 '
· :111 d 11.. ~1 1 J l 'I' 1·isil1
l<' • Tn' b w.., l1>h
:-to,
1•
'
. ' li:I'
t 'r
11ation \\'CIS to t'XJ• 1alll
l ' ·0 11 1c' ~L lo l'l \\' l'o' ll th e C rn\\'11 a111l thL~ I'arlt:t111 \' 1lL' Ill t i.1, u
ti
e c tl1c I·.re111·.J1 h' e1·., IIll .J\)ll .'. rn"
. II.' " t of 01·rin:ll1\',
tl11· 1'1'France,
•
li rr ious war.<,-arc such t r::rn~acllt)n s.
"' And a•rai11 :- " Jl i,-to ry RCC ms ofte n to be only I\ rrr onl •>l
"'
.cs m1s~t·1l
.
· - . . <l . Anrnl the t11n111 lt
. t o •1rnrt1111it1
or m1:-111.u111ge
«rC,l I
.
r
:1 l \\'l •wli
"'t·
. 11 thi11· ~ whi" h rcrp1irc in1med1alc atten 1011, , II•
,
o sm ,Lt I ·"t ,....fully 'ts lllll (' h 11po11 1wr"•ns .Ill g-ri·:1 t. ]> I; u '<:' ''"'' II]' ' "' '
p rc:~s a c, ..
.. .. .
t·.
_,, i t ·111
.
. ]' ,·Ii·
1 1 1J;:; tlic m ost i 1nporta11t. tram;:ic l•)lls an !1( ' ' pnvate lfll ll ' ' · '
.
.. , .: l , ._ ,j this is tin.:
t .1 in th l' ir trn c prnpor1wn.°' 1 ,, so c l'~ an
prcCl:l l'U
·
) · · f • · 'UIU
f: t· 11 ei rcnmstancc-wh cn ~rvat alLirs ar ,; rn t icu· rn a11 1·Y'.. '
" " m•>st tnwtalil u tn hnrn:in <' 11' 1l'il\'Or,.tl H!)' tl l\' n '.11l1i,· '.·ir nt t l.1c
are
smallest illl p o rt:tncc; and all co11.<;iJl' rat wu :il.JP11t them is k>;.t I u
Lu

1

1

11

' .~

,• i·

NARRATffE.

177

L."ITElrnST OF JIISTOltY.

:

;ii:

iii

;C

'.::,

l•l/

j'l I

11;;

.I
;
,;/

.

~-

''J

Mfl'11di11p; tn tlic f1dl -blnwn c1·c11t>i o f tl1<' 1·11rr(' T1t day, wliiclt,
1101,·l' v(• r, ar" r:lj'id ly lo"in~ t l1 l'ir s i.:.;11ili"'""'t'."
Tli e Jc~SOll ,,f (_; l'l'c ian ll1>tory i.' t l11 1s "' t fi,rtl1
" Tl11.: pot·b , l1i >toria11 s, ••rat0rs a11.J pliii"'"J•l1t'1.,.. of Greece, ha1'e
111! l•<'c' ll """' kl'c·d l1uth 1111 we 11 1tdligil1/e 1111d 111 ""'' instn1cti1·c t.l1u11
tl1c'Y we re to a st11d 1: 11t in tl a; liL' t. ('c·111111·y; a1 11 l 11,.. gc: 11 cral pi ct.uro
of t.!H: U recian world 11i:1y now he •' •111.-..,. i,·l'd witl 1 a !lq;rec ot'lidt:lily, ll'liid1, l't >11'itl l·rill ,: vur illl)!l'l'fi.:('t 111atv rial.., it j_, e 11rious to co11l«lllp lar ('_ It. i.-< tl 1at ;.!l'ftl' rit l 1•i<'tl1re \\'Jii,.J 1 a11 l1i....-1uri:111 ot' C recco
i" rl'lp :irctl fir .-<t to e11il1rnl_v in Iii~ 011·11 111i11d, n11d llext to loy out
J.l'forc Iii; rc·a1k-rs; a !•il'!llro riot flll'n.: ly s 11 .. l1 "" to deli i;lit
i111agi11atio11 J,y lirill ia11('y of eokw ir 1g :lfld depllt 11f sentio1eut, but
also "1;tgc'.-<l ive and ir11pru,·i ng t11 I lie r"'L' Oll. Not 0111i ttini.r the
pui11L-< of rt:>l'111l./:111(·e "-' 11·"1 1 a,; of '" >11t r;1.-<t witl1 t/i .., J,etter-k11 own
fon11s nf 1nu<krn S<•·it·ly . hL" \\'i ll l'spvl'i all y :;t1 1dy to ex lii l>it tho
~1,011(;111c·u11.- lli1J\'c· r11 c·r1t of (; l'(·('ian i11tc- lied, ·' •"11l'firr1cs airl t,d !Jilt
llt: \'\· r l1111 T<m·c, J frt>rn wi1l" 'lll, 1u1d liµ-litin~ up a Sfll:dl pori. io11of11
11·orld oll1en1·i"' <'ioudl'd and 'lati ori;1ry .
Il e will dc·1·dop tho
fl ('ti(l 11 of ! hat ""l'i:d ")'stem, whit'li, whi le e 11si1r·ir 1g- tu r/i e r11a.,s of
frrl' rll "fl a <kgrec of !'rotcr·( j(,11 ebe11·ii l·rc 1111 k11oll' r1 , aete1] HS a
><l i1J 11 d11s fo t/1., l' l"L'alil'l' i1n p11bes or i,'.l"l1i 11.s, 11111! i"lt (j,l' SllfiCrior
tllillds s11tii('i<· 11 t 1.1· ur1.-<ii :1r·kkd lo soar 1!11{!\'c· r 1·li;:101 1s and politirn l
ro11 ri11,._ 111
Jiusterity
.. , over:;lioot U11,;ir own age, :md tu uccu111 e L/ 1., tead 1erd of

th~

t<•ael1i ng-~

Tli c
nf IIi;rtnry arc nat crmfi11cd to tl1 e merits of
tlic i11.,tit111io11s tcRtc-d . Tl 1<-y cnfo n ,e, lwsidcs, tli c dc·p<!nd cncc
of S<)(' i1•ty on tl1 c Yir(11('~ of !li e i11d ivid11:J m e rnfi (·rs, governing

or governed: tl1 ey rea d moral k·"~''ll" Cl't' ll m .-i re 11r1c11rri~·ocally
than politi r:al.
lf Prwc refll'..ti nr1 R fJ f a rnr1r:d ki11d nre alrnnrl.:intly
01·rr tl11 · l1is t"riar1's
Fr"rr•l1-, :df11.!i11g to
tl1c 1·o cat io11 o f history, r11akcs thP;:c u/1;:1·n·at i1 •11s : -

~tn·wcd

,_
'

pa~<'.

"Th e liistor-,v of tl1i.•, 11.< of :ill 1Jfl101· n~1tiro11 s (.,r •o rnnrh of it ns
thr rp j_, """"' ion f(Jr :111y nf 11.' r" lrn""'), ;,, I l1L' J,i , r,ory of th e bnt,..
r1,._, ll'lii l'l 1 it. l1:1s fo11gli t nnd won ll'i l 11 p1·1f ; ri ot ll'ith pol itical e1•il
m,· r,•Jy,. r;r ·'J•iri111al t•1·iJ ; l>1 1t wi tl1 a/J r11 nnifc•,t:1~'fls ll'hn tsoc vcrof
t/1(' <k,·il ~ pow a. A rid to li :ivc lit•fl!c- n ''""k. or e~1 tv have fou ght
ngai nst and sterorned ir1 ever sr, srr11dl a d<"greo tl1 ose licsctti111-r baselll'~.-.es o r h11man natnrc. fl<l\\' hdd ~() in 1·ir1 r il,/l' tl 1a t tlie inffoenccs
o f tl 1L· 111nrl'11s.-<11rn1·d as tin· f11n•lmnt 11 t:d :ix inn" o!' <"('0111nnie sdencu;
tlii,; 11/l[>l':tl'.-< r.. lil t: /I gr·ea(l' r 1·ic1 ory !li:111 Aµ-in(·o 111·1., ll grander tl'inm pli •>f wi, do111 :md 1:-1irl1 :1n1l ro11r:ig.: tlia11 t;i·e11 llic Cnglbh constitution or the J:11g!i,J, li t11 ri.:y ."

32. Scco11Jly, as regard:; btt_:rest, or tlic gratifica.-

. · r tl

. .-rR
c fr·c]rn

· , ]"er]
In t ] i1"
i,_, i t ' lli ,;tnry
. partit·ip:it(•S

fJonthe
o nature
i
t_: () f ,. .P
, .·v·ct n., ·) o f' \\li
·!. t.:·l 1 it' ev1u111a 1H b llla11y
' of
elements.
( 1.) '1'l ic r(' .1" a I 11· : }\".
.J ~,

1· I (·1tt r"1•
1 J•<·r-< •n. 1i .. 11 in J.11111:u
.1
I

'l
• Ji U \\'C l ll

:,l "1 ty-111a11 '~ i111cn·' t rn lllan.

011 r ' ."'"l'"ti1y \\ii 1.I

(I C

r:_' "" I Ii· I

·r·tl an dv " i1li o ur own, or any <>I IIl•l', t.'1 1u11tn·
• 111 part 11·11
gc 11c • ,
, · · 1I (' l""t
•

"

'

• 'S us w ith h11rn:111 a l1a1ro Ill ' . , . .
. I . c»lk-1·( 11· ,.
cng.tg' . , ;
• ·t. ·I· o f g reat li c r11ie r11 e 11, a11.J ul t ic. .
" iisc
forcc(2.)
of rnit 10;;pced".tc
11 ~,
tsp a}.·rn,,,
. lf i11 war o r i11 p eace, 1.-; 111 11"''-

lh~

~

1

l
c
1
,.
ing Ulll s u ui tn.' ·
.
·
tli c st ir uf lll O\'l: li l" ·
(8.) lt. is 111 narr:1t10 11 tl1a t. i1·c C' l1J< •y
11

ri· d1tc-ou~

and tir e i11 tc rcst o f plot.
- ·r · l l . a
nwr:il rd i·i(4.) Sometimes we a rc grat1 llt '}
:. "
.
l Lv the ~ u cccss of worthy c 111lt-;11 " 1''.
but10n, a n ( J
•
,
t of 1ua11 kind
ress o r 111111rovc 111 c 11
i:-\ a n:d 11ral
( 5. ) 'l'l l c 1wnrr
"'
•.
f - . t.
.
1·
. t e rc· ~ t t <> t ht • C11\lr"SC (I CVl ?I :-\, Tl1c f1.Jlu11·aspirat ion, lcn • '"!-'. 111 . • • l .
t tlii; S[1Cc· ial ir1krl'st, :111.l
l'
~h(' flllhJ J l'lll"S U \I
.
.
0
i1w
p;Ls~ag"
ru ni n ' " •
.....!
c x·11n1, Jc u f Stn·n• rlJ ,, aud
•
n·1 ll '. •le<• . ,·1.,; an . -. · • '
"'
is also descn-i1 1!-( o f 1uc1ng

.
. . f l'uet ry Clllbo< li t: d 111 pro~c . ..
ol t h e .1rb O
.f t l
.
. · ·J i "fil'c"rd fvrtili1,v 11 \'<'l
1 1lit
lk·t
rivl'r~
'
·'
It
"Tl1 c !">OUr<·('~
_1 0 11 0 • ,··"' . I . ·t '. l
tl1 l' ~c:I lll'l' to lw ~Oil;.! i
l 0
0
'
·
t " i11 'c<HTec1ly
contin ent,:, an• I•car .-111,I' Jy .1h•
' t .,..n ·t>
laid
"""·11.111
r11 a1'"?
llnla_
'
.
}
:~-~-'
·
1·o
ueh
,
nict.
tli
c
l11
slo?
!
t
in wiltl nrul i>ruTen llH.
1
1
8
1
11
nn<l ran:ly 1~xplo.rct1 1 ) trin_" . \ itli <'l'll l ury rnay not. 1naptlv li e •: 1111our <'Oll!ltry d11nnf.! t li c tl 111 t el. . . I I . t ><•rtion o f <• 111· a1111al", it l~
r ed
Stc-ri lo a11d o\,,:e u re n" is '-" . I f our frc·c .. J.,111, o11 r l'"'"pa
. •
I· r •r t l1e Ol'lglll (I
•
,. J
I•
th ere that l we 11111st Sl't,;: . • . 11.. . I l1·1t lht: i.;rcat Lng is ' /'l'"J' u
'
I')'
I
l1
l'
ll
lt.
·
'-'
J
'
}
'
1
11
·
·
I,._
I
pcritv n111 our g u .
. . I ·l 1·1r"l!'kr bt·g;u1 to i.: x ' ' •l . "'." ,_
Wll'< 1. :rniutl; tl11tt tl1 c 11ar i.. n:1 .' ', ·rc•laill cd. ant] t l at. 1111r h1tl 1"r"
Cnl.iari ti.:;. which it has cvc- r " 1111 :1,; . d '"" \ . nwrely1 in g1·ngrnpl11110
l . ll , i ·l:rn1h•1» -r.- 1.111 '
l I .
,..
hcc·a111 e c rnp iatir.a ) '.'
1· : . . ti ·ir fct·ling~ n111 t. ll'lr rn:1 1J11<· ·' ·
.
.
1
t
Ill
tJl
l'll'
JW 1t1< ·' •
IC
.
ca] p0~ 1 11nn, Ill
" . . . . ·tf! C>':l fi i:it ('l l/l' ,.;t1t1.
1t'!On \\· i11I ·f1 "'!"'
.:;·
Tl1 c 11 fii»t nppe:in•tl II lilt d1:fl~H wc~ervcd it,; id eut1ty ; that cuns .. ron >tit11 tio ns in tli c \\'or ld :ire
cve r sin ce, thro 11gh nil ehan,..;:
tllt
ot],._:1 ,o;()l!H!
cc <1 c·t~' ·t·t·,
t·lc<erves
tu lie n·gard
etl
' ..,
..
.-. ·I
..11rn of wlii cli. ]·all. the
. 'toot
copi Ps, a nrl ll' lnc i , in "!JI .
•re·.tt 8ocicl y has c1·pr y et exHu
" tl 10 best und er wl11 cli a ny g ti. t tl1c 1·1 .. usc of Corlllnon-;, the
'"'
Tl
lt \\"IS I 'I
v
'tl
cln ri ng 111a11y ap: .. s.
. iell t· :~. , ~, .. rn Jilic-.; whiel1 now med <: i l<c~
archet.y pe of :di t he rc·1 •~('>L"fl"".1 )'·1~. i1eld it,; tir~t si ttinf(s-, Then.'
in I li e Ott! or m th e N c w
'. ' . ,, t Ihe di gn ity of a ,;1·1cr1l't', a .11!
wa~ t hat t.l 1e comm on law ;':.'~-;,-°i1 of !lie i1r1p erial ju ri ,-prntl1:nce.
J"tf>i tllv beea111e il riot llfl\\'11rt '·f ti . . . ·ailor~ who m a1rnctl tl1c rutle
1: 11.,0 lt wa~ t.hat tlw cuurni;<.: 0
'°~"
8*

'r/. •.

1

1

t ~.

178

N ARHATI\'E.

i·.

ITISTORY OF 1\ATIO:N AL 1·1:001n:ss .

k1rb of th e Cinrpic Ports r, 1., 1
tl1 c ><c;1 ~. Tl1cn it "'"" t.l int. I.I i~at1et 1JC f1 11 g of England terril,Jo 01)
<·x ist flt 1101.11 t. hc "'n ·at ll'1li o1H!I i'." '·: t n11c1c•nt '.">llegcs wlticlt Rtill
·1·1ll'll 11':1 '-I l(JJ·rn ctl tl"1at l:1n
· "' 1t·wc·1.1 I ,,
sea,,
'
j'
.. ol. lc"tl'!IJIW
' . " \'ere
uuntIUtL
g1111µ:cs of the $Oll tlt ln1 t ir" t.' '.'. '. .' · " _m11 , 1c1il,. r11d ecrl, than tli o hm·
. Iie't Jlll l'fH>scs o f, the poI ,( •I C<.:
Ill r1d111 t"" lll I11· 1 I
. nII 1ho
111g
" r .ui e tor
1 ti ·.. 1 . . · j ·
ft.ri or t<1 1hat of Grec:rc a l u~l~ ' .J.i P 11 10 " '1' 1t•r, :111d th e ur:atw, inda w n of 1l1at nol il u litt·r··1t11rc .the iu\ to<.l, "i;1'1::1rcd th e fi r:;t foinl .
lili.: of tli u 111any g-luri c·:; ~i .Eiigla uJ~ ~ 1"' "I' t:ll t i<l and tb o must dura-

' ::i~ .. Y~. A u'.~tory is a ]'p l'Pj'l' ia te ly eommence<l
tli e (, cugr:1 pl 1y tif tl1 e cu u11t ry.

with

rTt ,i, .1.1<>t. an. l.1i , tnri:11 1's pro:·incc t o tt•:l\'] 1 <: cog-rapliy. Stil'
i t \\ JL, t11Lr."' ,ire wc:ll v c~e d r11 the Cc
... l
f
i,
an J as th e wr i , ·
·~
·
' u;..:r .il' 1Y o a11y coun try,
a~

,j,
.' (

.
ll r ut a ll1,t.ory kn ows <'Xacl ly wh at arc tl1
grnpl11cal featun·s that conee rn tlic <·n·iit. t 1 I1
I t
' e<lgoo1 110 OCS
r
.
'
•
-~ '
'' l'l' a .C<
·k
·t ·] . I
.
'
we ll t o pre1acc l11s work wi t]
la s c .<.: l , L< :i pte.J to llls owu cuds.
Tl . I
'
.
e
ot icr _ n'. cthod_ of attaini ng t he olij l'd-to introduce tho
Ioul J c·srrrpt101" picc
J
I
.
cm c~ ' as t iey arl' wa1d1· d- is less· com. ·11, .·
p.tl i ' e "it!. a cornpn:lrcr1s11·c l'il'\\'
Jn a 11 . ,. ,
.
· .
.
·
• .' ' .L,l', a n acqnamt,.
, . , ·" !
.rnct " lt I 1l)C:d1 tie., r.-< cs.-<e11 t i:1I to rcalizin•' tl1e events rrra I .
. "' I' itc:dly, and g11·,., tliern an ·1Jd iti >nal l 1 I l ,..., I
1wel' ll <. , :, . 1 . ,
.' · ' · :' ' 011 t 1c memory. llo' . "o,.,r..1p 1) .. m.J I1 istory t lic rc is a mu ti ral support..
Jl1epl1nw.. d 1,. 1t ,.. 0 f t! 1
•
: '. '' irr.,
ic ··iunt ry co 11 ,t 1111 t.c tl1 e first pnrt
" I t 11c 11l l111 cat 1on - t he co · -i. l ·
.
'
. .1~ ,, I• a1ns, 1n •i111 1ta111;; ri 1·crs fe rtile
a 111 I It'llTl'Jl fl " l ('f"'
'
.
'
'
1
·
. : "• mines, ·c~<' ht1.in, an imal li ft. &c. T it ,11 r I
In 1r< w) t 1t
'
· l 111·
·
i:i . . · " 111" r U•rwl to c·dl
1 1 1~ J> 1·1· , I G
'
' ,, '' r .1c,1 c1wrn p 1iy- tlio
raep, ! l1 at i11ltal1it. !lie co 11n t.n tli 1•lr 1: ·t :1 t '
1"· .
I
-,
' ·' i 1 •11 ion, 1 u•1r i11Justry1
.
I 'l' t.o w11,- 1 tltc .~n '· "rnrr i c n t, &c.
In ' li el r a detail or1110 t 'f
l
. ,
. .
' .
r Ill/I H'S rnny '" fo und of disLurdl:n·
1111-, 111 0 lt1t.11re narrat 11 .,. 0 f . 11, . .1
cx1 .ui ,\f " 1" ll ~""sary to comprc·
l 1c• n1 I th1 · c·1·cnts
S l
·
. . ' i1 r I mattf•1-s-p<' rti11\·1i to all w1t.i ( , I
n 1 1. 1 \ ' t• n i i·rit"'-·t~ t1 18 . I
.
'
•11 ,t
111' 11.,t ry and n ·so1r rP1·s oi' the
· ··
t
I
i·li a racll' r :111d li·tl1 its nf ti 1
.'
.
co11n ry, t II"
.
' ·
c J'"p 11latin n, th1 : pulitical system 0 1. I1e 11·c rk11 1" of tl .
. . .
.
· , 1
. . .- .
ic g 111 r r_1111 H·11 t., a rc !11 Le i1nJ<'rstoo(l once fur
. II ,
,11 ' .,lll d .i11• 1111 •n ·ly t .. d1 ·1II '( • co11firrnalion frnrn t he pro•'t'CS.~ of
(. 1e 1l s t11 n-.
l:""'
0

:1 J. \ 'JI. Cu1 1 ~ id c red """ tlfl 1u
I") 1·
l lllJ: tl 1e prngl"C~S or
ci 1·il izativn vf a ])Cl']ill', :itt<l tl 1c1·el1}
· 1·1t1·n t·~ lung
. po 1·1ttca
. 1
,
•

and m oral lessom, a JTi,.:tn ry mi gh t lJc c:onrei1· c d a~ n
1Jeri.es qf dell11 ua t 1011s or f·r1Js.\' stct ;un .~ qf a 111!1;1!/1 ·8 c.cistencc, se!ech'11 j'i·u111 d '.f);'1'1 nt 1pocfi.,, w;t!i an ii1!11·111,•diate ncvrrat;ce to "/,0111 !10/IJ tl1c u11 e J!GSSctl / 11/u tk· off«?'.
1

i\lcrc c·xist c11ce do l's not pro1·idt: rn:itt er fu r l1i,l<J l'_I' ill t l1c
above sense. lf a people 111:ii1JL1i11 tl JC' l' rcc ise ro 111 inc: ,,f t.!1vir
fat hers in tli c lirn its of thl'i r al.oil ,., in tl 11 'ir i11.f11 , 1ry 1 t l1t· ir
usages, tli eir kn ow le.lg•! a11il l1eli1 ·f,, 11111 ! :ill tlll' ir i1i,-t it 11liPl1>',
tbc life o f su('l 1 a J' C<> plc is c.\ li:1 11 .-ll'J liy a single! <kl i1 1c:;1ti•111;
t hey li:t\' C :l g 1·ogr:qil1y , l1ut wi t a l1i sll•ry. Thi s stat" uf tl iir'.:..'. '
is com mon ly, ll 1" 11gli inc11 rn ·1·tiy , atl rih11 tc: il to tl 1e Cl 1i 11"' ''· it
i8 more t n w of ot li,·r Asia( ic 11 at i11 11 s, a nJ of the 1rib cs CH· rywh cre rcput.cJ s:tr:l;!"C. Iliglily drn rn :dit: irH.:idenh a11 d st nr ;.oi'ks,
11nd the lig li ts a11 rJ sl1aJe;; ut' l111111:m li t\., would st ill "l 'l" 'al', :ind
migh t Ge se ized lwlJ uf l1y a pnet -l1i:.:tt>rian, li nt tl11• 01il y 111 :ill'rial fo r the pnl itici:in o r t li c J>Ol itical p l1 i!usnplic r wo11J .l LC' tlie
fact that Cl'ru1i11 i11st ilntio11s cu 11l1 l e<>-l' Xist, a tlll m i,!..'.Lt p1issilily
l1av c t l1 c more intiniatc lirmd of c:ur-<c :111d cffr('t.

35. Tl1 e en.ti re m ode u f (: x i ~ te nce o f n pl'<•j•le a t any
one epoch \l'(>uhl rcr111i1·c !"n l >e cx l1ibi tc<1 11 mlcr welldefinctl l1e:td,;.

Dv d iffcrC" 11t. l1 istori :1J1s t lic i11st it11 tio11s of a co m pl1·lt' ~·)c idy
a rc diffe re ntly <:Ja,se<l. \\'c a pp1;11 d on e mode as a n cx :111 1pJ.. :It. b ci11g- :L~ s 111 rn ·d t l1at tl1 c p li ysic:al co 11stitu e11h, "r g1·1)g1·a.pl1icul fc·a1urcs, o f 1.l1 C' en untry are fu lly set f" rtl1 , a nd tl1 l'
natural char:wte ristics of th e P"J'lllat irrn 1111il l' rstnrnl , tl1c inst ituti on;; 111:1y l•c <k , nilie<l in o rJer as fo llo ws :(1. ) T lte 1:-.:m;ST lllA L A 1 rnANGg ~rnN T S . The TJJ.J 11str ial r1, nd iti•H1 no t. on l:· g-i1·e, thC" al'.! i11n of tlie peo ple on tl 1n 111au·ria ls
prese nted t o th l' rn Ly snrrn n11din g na t11rc, an d tli cir cffi 1rt" f., r
th e first nccess:uil'S of li fo, l111 t alrn rdl e<:ts lig ht up o n tl1 ri r intelligence and tl1 cir deg rpe of ad va11 c<·m cnt, aJJd j"(' netratcs a
good w ay ir 1t.1 t! wir sncial n· hti 1.o11s, ma11 y of wl1i•,J 1, a.-< nrn,tC' r
a 11 d scn:t11t, l111yn and snil l' r, gro w out of tli eir industry . A
full cJc,cr iption "f tl 1c ag ri cult11 ral, mini ng, com11w rr.ial, and

..

:

1, '.l

''·:;'

I SO

X ARHAT11·r-;.

CIVILIZE!> l:-<t-\TITlJTlONS.

ma rn1Gwt11ri 11 ,Y op<T:1t iono 111•1,_
l
I
"'
. · • • "l'" 11 ~ a rc·1dy
argc part of a 11ati<111's Ji lc It sl1·1 lo . r' l
of tlie p
l. ·
_.
· . · · ' " s urt 1
cope Ill l!lll ' " a11d i·r/h"f'" t l
cation, and a co11si J 1T:rl1lc ·r1i' ·(· • r "1· lie mci'.ns
commuili.
II 1•111 (J
t ll' Je"lt1ht1'
d ••
trat1r e, a11d jmlici·d ·1cts of tl ('
o
'
i c, a lll1U1&>

?f

.

'

•

•

ll'

1()\'l' l'll!Jl(-1Jt.

111 co11ncrtrn11 with the nntcri ·d i· I t
ii( llS rv we m·1y t· t
r
.
.
•
rn o rc 111tell<'l'twd . r .
" '
'
.iea O
· • p101cf's1n11s-tl 1e !H"ie ·t ti t I
pl1ysil' ia11, tlte '""al
ad"i'-l·1·-·, l II \\ ·)l i t ' lI ' I I'(' .j s'
ic ea·c.ier,
the
.~
(
- (
•
~cli· .. s, and s11~"\'S f i"c of 11 a . ti . . . , r1 t· res .rng 111 them.
i, "} (J H't lf11loorf:rr1t. poi11ts.
:! ) T l , . : ·~ . .
(
.
111cc... 1.il•c11o scw1ct • 1"tl
.
1· · I
·
.\ 11 •<>lit. a (.ov EHNMEN"r
Tl
IC l'" rt IC/I l1ead oft lil' •t·1 tr· \\'I l· tl
, .
"· l 1·ort'I lrt
. \'a ri"us rcl·11· . .. t , .' . i<·r o11 <·. person or more,
St.llit"
.
· 1u11s u utiJL•r st· 1 ., I · l
: ·' .<.' w r1 c ' rcbt1ons
l11stu ry st· i~c8 br prcferc11ce Tl
·
·
1c co11st 1t 11t ,., 11 uf fl G
mcut Ia·cds to lie frilly de - ··1 l r
.
, ic overn.
l 1as g reat.ly cJ. ·111 ., . I ·t . SCI I •C l ' " r C'acli l'j•o1· lr · '1\'!icn tlHs
0
..
' ,,_u l' "<'Cll lll'O l'{>oc li s ti 1 1. · l
f or 11111Tal ivc ·mll "'' j I
" " IS a ways scopo
·'
.... ., ) aria t'ion .
I ., ll!

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.,.

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.. Tlic rxt.l'11t of lif,l'rtv ,,..~lil ted
I
J ,, .
to t I ( ' inJi1·i.J11al citizen 1' s •"
' 1t ' 1I J>:i ii. <ii tli c p1.li til'al ~\· stem
"
Tl1e ope ra t ions of the ~ovcrn.in J 0 f . .
Lr•·i~ l:r ti 1· e or ti
..
!!; ' ' •1 l:all llf 11 kr tl1rec l1 cads:
"' . . ' .
ic pr 1 ma11c 11t rc~ 11lati11 11 s k 1111 w , .
Adm1111.,trat1 1·c or tl • <l· ·1.
l
.
11 .1s tire L1ws;
'
IC
·ll ) COill 11et of < ·/
fl' ·
a~<·d J.y tli c cc11t r·d a11tl o ··t,.
·J J '.Il l i a ;11rs as.arc inan•
'
l I J ) ' llill • 11rJ1r.;1· d < • t'
f
proccssl's "f distril111ti1w J· llst " . . ·1 .. ' '' uc urms and
.~
. I CC, lri Cl \' l fiUlt" ... I .
ll
.
1111 ·r1t of ni1n iwils 1' I1 L . I .
· • ·" in 1e punish.
• ..
c c•g 1 ~at 1 onca 11i,I · .. ·1 .
!!"lleral ma nner u11Jr,s it I c .
.
'<"<I l •l·d o1ily Hi a
i11 a11 1· of ·1 I •I,' ·1 . .
' . i cry s11n1./e t11d primitive. but
•
J -~ r e .11, 8 co111c o11 t lll tlie d<'li11 .. .
.
'
part ln l' ll ts <>f .~oc i«ty.
cat 1011 <1f t lie ol.11 er dc-

oi

Tl1e acco1111t
the Go,·crnmr·r t
t . I
itic·s, as \\' ell as the cen tml
c.l tl I . m11s inc nd c local a11thortn t li 1·<c - ·
- I . .
, ' an
•<'ext ent uf tl1 e Ap lt cre allottcJ
· '
Ill ot ll'l' \\'Ords tl
l
·
·
lit i"a l ["""Cr.
· ' ic l "~rrc nf ce1it ra liz11t.ion of po:n1e System ofRarrb i8 a politi cal i11stit11ti0 . C
rank is some times foi l t
n, or, althourrJ1
. ( lll ( 0 mea n onlv rm· .. l.
. '?
ti rst. fo1111dati o11s it lllt1~t be
.
l ..
l e< c11 cc, yet, m its
'
·
a~soc1at c c will 1 t
auth ority.
euip ora 1 or spiritual

(:J.) T he FAmLY.
Th<!" laws ai1t! usai::cs
~

cunncctcd with marriage, and the r()-

131

@
pectivc positi onR of man, woman, a11d elr il.J, iu tlrt' farnily 'Y'-

tom, arc points of Yilal iuterest. I 11 all S ul'idi e~ . tl1 e dvn1 .. , ti ~
'tifo covers a larf;C part of eaclr pcn-.11i's cx isk rH'•.: ; and i11 ~0111e,
a u11it uf tbe ~Lat<', co11tai11 i11µ:
within itself an aLsolute aut lt urity, n ·stc<l in tir e liea<l. The
Patriarclral family, wm;, like th e lturna:i, tlic fra1nL·ll'< •rk a11J
founJation of tltc pv litical systc111.
(4.) Tlic urts o f So c1A1. 1Nnrncou 1tSE.
Dy t.l iese we u11derstand, tirst, tl10 rnael1i11cry uf comn11111i cation,-roads, \' clriclcs, ~hippin g , &c.-n.: <1uisitc alike fur i11d11stry, for govern111 c11t, :lll•l for tl1e l'l ca~ ur cs vf soc i"ty; Hl'co ndly,
th e forms of soc ial co-opl'ratin11, or tlic rules f,,r fal'i litat i11g
collective actio11; a11J tliirdly, tlic cu urte8ies of soc ial life.
(5.) MonALJTY.
T he action;; cou11tcJ nroral or iru111oral by a co11rn111 11it y .lit~
fering ~ really i11 differc11t ages, it is expedi ent to c111bndy, lst,
the moral cod(', anJ 2nd, t he prc·vail ing degree uf strict11t's or
laxity in complyinl( wi t h it. Hutlt the u11e and tl1e "tlrcr an:
highly cl1araetc ri,;tic of 1iarticular \H'ri •Jds of hi ~ t.ory .
(G.) HELl.G ION.
Hcliginn c11111priscs a spt.cm uf doct.ri11es 1Tlati1 1g to tLc
nature and th e disp e11sati uu of a supernatural govcrn111e11 t ; anol
a ri tual, or thL' cerC' r11o nics observ ed ~L<; religions worship. There
b ci1 1g usually a class of 111 cn set apart to asl'.crt.ai n aml t<·ac:lt tl1c
doctrines, a nd to perform th e lcadinl-( part in th e r crc111 011i :tl
ohsc rva11 ccs, som e accnu11t of tl1i s b1,dy,-t11c l'ri c~ tly or ~t · iri t­
ual 110 11·.. r -slto1ild al"" lie give n.
(7.) Th., stat <· of Sc rE:-I CE, or t.l1 c l1igl1c't kinds <•f kn1ml "d;..'.'"
Tlic ,-ciertl ilic kn oll'il'dgc possessed in an y c1 11 c age a rid
co untry is 11 vt cxpcctecl to Le Ul'SC riued by tlt e political hi,-.
t orian.
All co untri !'s cnpablc of r"ceiving it, parti cipate i11
the existing science of the worlJ; and its diffcrc11 t stages are
traced in a h istory ap art, liaving an i11tcrc"t peculia r to it!<elt:
Sti ll, the posit ion anJ spread of sc ien ce or philosophy in a country at a g il'cn epoch , the appl ications it Ji a.5 gi1·c11 rise to, and
al>ol'c all, t l1c diffu sion of the scientific spirit or rncthvd s, are
of the highest sign ificance.

as in a ncient Ro111e, tlic fa111ily is

:;•

'

1Si

f

NARJL.\TJYE.

(R.)
TJ

LrTEr:AT Un E

.

E X A.ll1P L ES OF lIISTORICL\L AK,\ LYSTS.

:ind the Fr);'!'
. .
• • 1.·\ HfS

l .
.
·
cxtcr1ding and (•le\' 'tti·1 ' ti
en'' tic rnvcnbons for
·
' ig ic P1l'asnrc· f ti
·
worthy to Le l'Cf'orolcJ ·, ' ti ' I . . ~ o
ic comrn u111 ty, arc
''
1e 11,tun·m
] 11 ot!
l
prop;ress mad e in I' uc t ; p . . .
·., · ·
ll'l' wor( s, tl10
I')' · .u ntuw :-lcul11t11" ' A I ·
JJ l'c 1.> rat i1·c Art t lr c 1 11.. . ]' I" I .~•
·c,
r..: 11tect11re 1
'
.lllld,
0 IS ll' d l\h 1 • • • . S
'
- is a <li~ti11 ct tlm ·ad in the ll l't w,,rl· . I: .llllls llll ' ~ uc1.ety, Music
ic rclrr1cd and cle!.(rt11t accom1Jlislim, t ,

1

-. ·\ " .
·
' " ' l''"'l' es existence.
(!J · ) TI
· " ' , Hi 01· Lrvt:>u .
Af'tn d t'.s(; ril .i11or
ti ... . ·
.
,.., Ils e ian nus rc<o11n·•s 111
. "11·1 11 .
·
cun ty and Ii· ·, .. . 1.
'·
• a' e lnr the sc"!11''"' s' o a C1\n 11 111111i l · ti I·11 . ·
find SO ll H.: t l1iiw t i> ,. 1 . .
. ·' ' . " '
' lt•na11 \1'1>U)d still
,..,
· • \ ns tu 1lll'll' ·q•)>ll " t'1 11 11 l
.
u nder a ccrtai 11 j•hn 0 •1. ti , .
. . '.
c.i " : 1< :"1.i1 1s trncnt,
. .
'
1( 01\' ut 111·111or 'fJ , . ]'
.
ol m1xl'J oc cup ~ t i o 11. I I •
"'
" · o11 i1ull'y ro11t111c
ti . l
.
.til t J• l'a.<11 re, the Hn:t n•'<' n1 c11 ts of dwell'

i:

:irtcl out doo r :imuscnit' t1h :i11d r~ 1·. .. . . .
rngs,
l _1c.it 1011;;, tl 1c soc111J
11H' ar 1s rt ·:-i t)rtcd tu f11r <)"i\' i11tr ,
lllllJ:i.11 cx1 s tt•ii c t• _ , 1.011 id 1 tl
.
.
,.,
,., zc.,t to
.
'
I
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IC t.:Ulll!'iel 1u 11 of ti
f JI!''
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111 c:i.tiun now clia lkcol out.
"' 11 •· r1 c dc11 1< oor

C'llJOYm c11ts :i nd nil otl • ·
1
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. '
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It.I

'<lT~ lis not to lie snpp0s(·<l
nee tu t o C(lmp lete 1! 1c :ilmYe
i\I
I
1 il C:t11 ay rcgrd s t hat li e l .
I. ts
.
orJ lllary E11glish J•:irlnr <'lnd t.

<.,:

p•)s.,il.Jc t o oLt :i i11
s1·J
r
.
tl1 e mat.cri;ils
. . 1r n1 e ll l r 'l'I} h r l I
. <l
I'
, , ' •at·;: peno .
11 ot t ic ~1"111>1 of I . t .

l.

.. .
111· unng an
li1111d r c d '"
.
} vars 11go.
tlJ11ws 'll'C •
· d
o1r a 1dl dcl 11 1<'ati., 11 rill l l
,
,.,. ·
1Cqu1rc
.
·
.
' (
t
i o w l O il1Ta11g·c ndra11t·tn·. 0 ·l
I
"'er 1J1fonnat 1,, 11 i.s l'll'<> Cll!" l.,J • '!· · l .
. ·• ,.,'.- u_s Y w tat.
.
.1 c.
JI ·Ill\'
!J stt•J'l!' •d I t
b
·.
_, :w .>1 are o .
tam ed by a J> a i11 C1d in direct ' ' ., . .
to tltl'n_i bci11..,. 1l1 c sti1n 11l11 ·. ,] ·r ]Jettl. s, tl'. c rnip1, rl:uicc_ attacl1cd
,...
s' a111 , icrc i s no Tl" t ·01 t
t l i:it t li 1s lll C' tli .. d l1:1s r l'ad1t•d it . 1· ·r . .
' s i o suppose
. II I
.
~ IJl\J s 111 :1111· ( "18('
A
t
.
- .
• '· •
"
:1
t 1c in st. it 11tio 11 s of .1 .
survey
·
' comp 1etc 81 11 ·1·d shfp 1 ·ti
·
fi111.Jinr:· ou t tli eir rnntn· 1I .
J · . - ' • · ' "' 1 a view to
1
.
.
• ( l'pen1 C' ll CC IS ti
I .
. l'
11 1dir««t or ir f· '" t" l
• ' . ic •1l'parat1on ior this
I l-l< 11 t,1 md!wd of a-<l'crt·1 ini1"
·!
.
ad I Jal !'Ct" •f•I.
.
'
J,., 11 iat. ts not Oil

N
uc 1 room t11·
·c1·crt !1 ek "'· it. is d e,;iral,Jc to )·
. ·)'
.I
f
.
'1 1011 \\ 1,1t
j

•

As an C.\ a111p J, . 1Jf a <l c·t·,11-1Cl. l <1!1
, · l .. ·
•
.
, 1 } SIS Of ~ OC l ·t
'
rdvr to 1J1c :tN·n111!f if tJ . 11· f
f .
C _I', \I C may
IC
Jiii o)Q ll 'tJ( U( , .
l
, . .
·
Look of Mill' . JI' .10.1.
It•ns, m t. ic first
.
·
~
' ·'
Yof J;n/1:;ft I11di11 .A
I , .111 tl1 c <l ci int'ati11 11 of (' ... ·.
1· r_ . .
not icr II ill Le found
<l<CC l.lll
Ill' Ill tl1n Jl
· ·
( irot e ; who l1:1s [li st), in r!Pf ncli r ;l ·]· t cl
orn cn c t11ncs, liy
8 ' " c ics pre•entcd
·
'
care f 11 !I y :isc!' r1.:iincd i· ic ws f 0 . . !.
·:·
·- . . m any
. o
i ce' society in the best known
-•

..

,,,1,j
' r •,

;I

.i '~

:.~

~

,

I

• ••

1 8;)

epochs. The Fren ch l1ishHia11H, Gui zot, Tl1icrry, Mil' l1 rkt, nlTor<l
man y partial g li1np se~ of th e !lli,!Lll c 1\ g<'s. Jl0 Toc<p1 evi ll e '~
work on the state of France Ul'furc th e llcrnluti on <Jf 17 1:'!1,
contains a minntc a1Hl sr:1n·lti11g in <jltiry into th e l'a rt. ic11lars of
French life :ind soe idy in the last l:entury. Macaulay's inkr·
csting picture of the st ate of En!.!;l:rni.l in th e 17th 1'(·1Jtnry ;,
well known. l~ l't.: kur's C!wriclcs a nd 011llus g ive, tli" 0111; r.. ,.
Greece and the oth er l~1r P..om•', an analysi~ of the st ak uf ""«i 1· 1.'·
in an cient t.i111«s; t.l1l' fad s lic in ~ slatl'd both rn vtlio d ically a11d
in the form of a tak,-atkmph worthy of i111itatiun. M:u1_v
fictitio us narrati1·cs have Leen writ.ten, n•prod111~ i11 g more or l•. ·ss
a ccurate pid 11rcs of life in tLc past, the Ivan/toe of Scott l1aving given tlw lead.
The Jiist.ory of Tforocl11h1 s l1as tl1c ~r c at merit of pn• ,;r ntm~
nn array of trn s1\\'0rt.hy dd i11 l'ations 1.11' th e Yari c•l social 'Y'!c11 1s
<Jf th e 5th C(•11t nry, n. c. Tl1c C o mm cntari c~ (,f C:\:,;ar arc a
sturcl1ousc of si 111 i hr i 11 l~mnat i o n i11 rcgarcl t o 1l1 c cn n11t rics
wh ere h e carri ed hi,; :mns.
In narratiYcs tliat ha1·c lo recor.J a scri«s of i11t cll cctual
strnggll,s-as Chu rch lfi:.:t ory , tl1 c Hi~tory of 1'11ilosopliy, aw!
Cv 11titit11tio11al ll i ~tnry -i t is \\'Cll to provide <it the oubct a
summary 1·i cw of th e pni11ts in tli~pnte, or tli c vari,rns pri11 cil' les
contcndct! for at. d ifferent tim es.

3G. Ilistori<·al ;; t·yl c <lraws 11110~1 tl1 c art;; of Lotl1 Exp ositi on and Poetry.
U nd er tl 1c scientifi c aspect of History, ~f' n <'ral Yi,,ws arc constantly put fo rt.Ii n :g:ml ing men, 11 atio11s, i1 '"titu ti un s, mo.J es 11f
social ac:tinn . These arc tl1c subj ects of exposit.ion liy il.L'ratio11,
exa mpl «~ , an1l ill11st.ra1ions, accordin g to tl"·ir iu1po11 anc:c or
al,strus(·nc~s.

Under th e aspec t, of l1111nan i11t.eri•sl., N a,; a work of Fi11c
A1i., a IIi~tory i~ nrrangcd wi th a view lo in\'olution of the
p lot, dramatic situat ions, an d effective contrasts; and is 11<"co 1npanied bcsi,Jes with an cll'ga nt and elevated diction . G ibbon,
Macaulay, H elps, Fron.J c, a11d Carlyle, arc disti 11g11i8hcd fo r th e
_prominence they gi~· c to this aspect of historical composition .

'~ .

... ,,

J::Xl'OSrrION •

l S-1

. "'· 1lfm:l1 vf' what has been sai Ll on Il". . .
. .·
\\ 1tJi aJJu\' ..11\Cl'~ j 1 r ·
'
L"tOIJ applios,'.

,. ··
· , L 11ograp11y.
A l.111.cra1>l11·
... :--. t o gi\·l·
· tlt 0 t.'X[)e ri • 11 ~. f' .
:--.
"' 1wo f'·e:-;~e
r n '· "'
tl •H ~ r e I ore 111·111
· g- to view a111l illu ... t r; t ~ " :c e u, . ,L
J
rcspL·<.:trn~. r11an's 1>liHic·
tl . l
l . Le rn1p111t:u1t truths
.· . ,1111 rn 1·11ta wdur<' Tl
!'fl'Sl'
. ,·!"I v· f pr11111u11:11l
.
'111 e 11 '·ind wIC CXampl CS
. ld c.!. to \I S in th e, J"l\t..
". 'l'I ll')' may J11stn1<·t
.
omen may
11 , . I
I im e i·ar1<>11s J. earin ,..,'·
li<'alt.li (s,, ~ . · . .
,
·
· " •<> W to preserve
'
i.;c, <>l rnst.11wc, (,corgc ComLc's Lift' of
( <>111ln·), tn :dhin k11owkd«c and c111tnrc (ti L. '
Andrew
"l'l1ers, S<:lio lars p.,l'f, i:: c") t 0 · J
_i c ives of Philos'
. , ' · ·,
1•av ·1 p·1 rt11
Lr ff".
pr11~pl'r in li11si1 1 v~s ' t o re•,!11 I··' t c, our• 'ra111..di.e~ l cpu t . ic·j a airs,. to•
our :l!Crwrat i<> n.
u l •>good m

\>r

r

Mo., t ro rnrn o1ily Hi(l"Ta ·11 ,... "'
.
tingni,Jil•.J f>Cl'><<J Tl .'\II l •ti} 1y g 1,1!1fiCS <Jllr 111!t•res t in SOlllC dis.
' ' l
"
n: Ill O r e ·1cce1)t· 1LI' t'
·
111v este<l \\'i tli tli .. I . .
'
' c, uc wurc it is
e co cHS .rnd toud1cs of Puetrr.

."
'':· · Tl
. 10 Environment, or f'llrru1mdi1w
: ..
.
pl1_p;1
cal
a11d
,;iwial
11111"-'t i . . . . · 1
llC''C. .. . t
l
.
.
'
... uC l ( :.'.,ll \ ed ' l ' "'e11cnmst.anecs,
1e1ncat1vn
ul'a life.
",,,..,uy ot re
l l
''S

L

"I.

1S5

N il...Rl~ATIY E.

'"

Natural <'OTI St'it1 1t111
· 11 and o11twa1-.l
uur llll"ll lS < f . I · ·
i.
'
•
>
exp
a1111no·
Tl ' . . .
1·
.- u(\lh
. ,a man · ~
. ie ' '11.1n'.m ' 11 1g,; are nu k;;s dc111:rndt'<l
.it !'•l< ·t1c 111 tPrcst.

«ir"1 , ·t
.
lid' :rncr~ 11mtt•<l ·ire
l
'
c iaraete r and h18 career.
in
a picture aiming only

"fbis evades the difficn\ty of realizing a complicated Ji.;scriplion ,

, 11nd sets Lefore the reader the easier task of fol\owiu g a Jd<Lik•l
(Sec roEntY.)

---·-·.... -- CIIAPTEH III.
EXPOSITlO;-\.

40. ExroSITI0N is the mollc of handling arplicahle
knowled ge or inl'urmatiun in t.11e fonn of wliat is
called the ScIENCJ·:s, as 1\fatl1c1natic;:., :K atural J'l1ifo"ophy, Chemist I')', I'hysivlugy, N aturnl llistvry, the lI nm an Mind.

The sciences j1"t nnm c<l arc calkd 111eorcti cal or "Pure, l 1ei 11~
each arranged vn tl1 c \'Ian of ex hausting, in th e most ~y~tcm:itic:
array, all the i11 formatio11 respecting vnc departm ent vf natnre.
There are vtlicr sciencn<, in a p:rcat measure d.:riv cJ fr om ti ll:
for egoing, and \ia1·in:.'. n.:fcren cc to prad.ice, or s0111e end to 1.><'
·attained; a~, NaYi;.!:ali(ln, ]'rarti cal 111cc hanic,;, 1ll t·clic:i 1w, Lngi«,
Ethics, P1)l iti cs, J 11risprndc ncP.
The pri11 cipks of Expw;it ion an: in tl 1e. main th e "arnc· f,,r
Loth classes, ];cq1ing iu vi c:w tl1l'ir ditkrcnt ol•jl'd,;.

·r·

3U. The forn 1 v f' Jl'i arrati \·c
•·t1·.f.
][
·
1· •

. UC:

1·.

J,n:l
\l"l'
,
.

<><'«111· ·
"

i'11

c-

•

OCICIH:C ,"11<l

:t:-illl ,[i,;(uJ"\''lll] ('" 11
>1 ;.:;rapli Y.
, •
•
.; '
<

'

Tlw I li ys u:al ~v1c11ccs r< ·pr\'sc11t tl
. . "
n nd er 1hi' law of C·1 wc
I ]~ i· .
ic operations of th e world
.. '
,.
' ' an < ~ I l'CL It is l11H1. . . . .
.
ot 1wo lu t10 n tint we· l . · I
'
ci l l, m the scwuces
• 1" 1 c t ic mo't cl . .
· . exampl .8 f
11arrati ·e. Tl' •
·
l,lr,ictcnst1c
. ie growth of a plant <>r f
.
.
e o
1
n ·co1111tc'd 11ccordin r tr ti
I
'.
o an an1111:d , has to Le
J 1'
h ' ic rn c·~ of narr;iti\"!·
·
11 uctry , narrative j, . I
t ion 'fl . l·; . .
. mu c l more abundant ti
I
.
. . .'1 c .p1i.; poem :11>d tlic Dr:mia arc J.· s.
. ian <esc.nplllcs
•1r
'
f"
t·
h
.1.
ed
on
~tory.
Even
d csc npt1vc thc
.
' c 0 en audkd bv , . ·
..
. v11 1cr de~cnL•·s ti
-I· b .
.
·' n.1rr.1t.11'C Jcv1ccs.
I I.
ic c .1 •Jiate shield of \ l11·11
· m~et method of T . , . d l, ·
.
' "
,.s, 11ot Ly the
d
) pc ,111 . ~n 11mcnt 1on b 11 t 1
I
,
steps of it;; malln f.iC't
urc .
·
'
'Y
re at in~
tho
' '
' l1l 1.He 1llllld ·s v fit ~· u
.1·11··lll\J rml>ncatora.
·

41. \Vl1i1e l,ent on r c a1izinµ: tl1c pr(1pcrty tl1:1t aJ.,ne
gives valu e to :rn_ytl1inµ; C'alled k11u\1·lcdµ;c , or i11f.,ri11:1tion,-n:uncly, that it shall
trne, or eertain,-~cienv. c
is further characterized by tli c attriuute of Ucaernlity, vr

uc

Cornprcl1c11si \'CncsR.

Knowle•l[!;C lll:.lY be romro~r·1 .,f i111livicln:il farts ; as," llnme
was ~ackcd 1Jy the (;au ls,"' "The c:1rth'" cin:11111f'en·11ce is i11;:irly
3-Jr times it~ di:1111 ctcr,"' "Th e µ:n·at pyr:uni1l 1) f Eµ:ypt is a ,\:11ilc
structure:" or of stak 111 c 11t~ c11mpreh cn1li11~ 111any i111livi1l 11als;
as, " Co11quc ri11~ lwst.s prey upon their victirns," ''The ci r1·u111fcrcncc of a circle is a\Jont :1~ 1imcs the diameter," ''The funn
of the pyramids gi 1cs ~t.ahi\ ity."

···"
GENE!L\L TJWTllf'.

EXJ'OSITIO~.

Tl1 cse h -;t stalc'n1r11 ts :irn f/1'111·,.,1/; tl1<:~' l1:1vc tlic character
tliat is at 011 cc t!te gl11 ry :i nd the dilli .. 11ltr ,,f scien ce. The othl'r
altrilrnte, superiur l'< ' rtai11ty, <•r trn tli , d""s lll>t 11 ec e ~sarily make
~,:il~ 11tifi<; k11l•Wll'<l~ e less i11tcl!i g iLle ; :ilLl 1clt1gh it too so111cti111e!
i1"·olv cs c11111l•ro11s •111ali!it:iti •1 •s a111l tcd111irnl symbols. llut
i11fi1rrn ati .. n, \\'li L' ll uf :t l1iglily ~'." " " r:tli zed ~u r t, i,, in '1,1c vai-i
rnajnri ty of i11;;t:u1 cl·~, take11 i11t u tl 11· 111i11.l witli laLor, anJ'nccd4
all t li e: aids t l1at md !tod ean affur.J.
0

ur tl1e gcnCr•
tl1 crcf\lre cs::cntial tu the structure. And
a:> tlie gcnC'rnlizi n;; prl><'L'"' C':lll lJe sl1 v\1·n to yieltl thrco
di c'tind. prrnl11do<, \l'e l1a\'C, in all , fou r eu n~litncnt clc·
111e111:; or sc:ience, \\'l1 i<:l 1 arc :b 1'111!0\\':; :I . l :\llIYTI >U;\ r. ol>jreto<, fad ", or ol 1c'cn·ati \)llS.
IL Ohj ec-t:> claR8ijiu t :1<·c.. 11'<li11g- tv f'vrne common
prope rty, to 'rliiC'h n. r r 11 c }'I{/ 11t111 1f'. may lie applied, and
wliil'l1 ad111its of 11ei11g fHT\ll':tlL'ly d, j/11 cr/. Tl1is operati(•ll lllny be eallcd, fvr 011r prl',;e nt p11rpoo<c , DEFINITION.
J2. Jn tJj yj.J11 ;11 fad:> :HC tlie fo11J1.1at iv11

a1itie~, :111\1 nrc

All kn ow n tl1i11 .~ s :i.c:: ree in!.( i11 th e r.i u11.! f,1rm :we brougl1t
tngl' tl1('1' l'n tlic n1ind; a ~cne ral 1i:1111c- 1'<>1111J, or circle-is ap·
pl il'd tn th c111 ; and we :ire able fartli l' r to frame a dcfiuition for
111·e; r·i s"l y \' XJ'l't'""i n!.( !Iii,; prupnty. So with riv er, city, 111an,
l'irtuc, ,\'.c. Tlii; J'l'U C'CSS is ~··111ctillll'S ('allvd ge neralizing a
110!/on .

nr. Th e rcg-11]:11· c·OHC'lllTC!lC'e or t\\'\) 11at11ral properties, dise111scrl hy a CPmpari"nn of p rutic111ar concurrences, may lie e xprcsseJ in a< :e11eral Law, l'roposition,
or Ailirmation. Tl 1is i s I!>tH 'CT f< l :"<.
Ex po,-it i1>11 i ~ pri1wipally ort·u l'i1·d witli tl11·s<' ge neral laws,
prin ciple,;, or P"''l'"'itions. Tl1 e ,t;itC' 111 e11 t of individual focts,
and th e ddiniti .. 11, are in a 111a11n•' I' ,- u),, i.Ji :try l <> t.licrn.

I\r. A J'l'"J''>"iti <>11n·:< 11l ti11;,!;,11"t l'r(ll11 th e comparison
uf' l'artil·ular,.i, Lut t'rn111 apj>l_yi11g a 111ore geneml prop·
o;-;ition already e..;t:dili,;l1ed, is s:1 id to ari:;e by DEDUCTION.

'11

"•

1~7

As will be s.. c11 , tl1r d1.•d11 .. tin· statement fn•'llll'nt\y app1·ar:;
in argnrnc11ts, or rca~nns add11 ce 1l in 11ro»f' or i11 di sl'ruuf 11t'
some allegation.

4;3_ '\Vi th o r witl1u11 t t lic i1a111c, \re l1:t\' C H>111ctliiw.;
of the reality, of se ieu cc, \1·he11<..:\·er lrnu\\·ledge is ex-

.

prcsseJ generally.

i.«

\V c 1ta\'C ll1 c wl1ole r1.•alit y, wl1cn th e pain s n;\11al in ~ r i cll\'l'.
]1avc b een cxpemlcLl i11 tvsti11 g tl1c 1rnth of t li c ge neral J'r"p"sition. But there arc many generaliti es current in or.li11ary
conversation and l•n Hi ncss, tuo li ttle tested, and t oo l1lo>'ely
worded, to dcscn ·e th e name uf science. St ill, sn .. h as t J,..y
m e, the m ode of cxpun 11di11g thc1n j,, tl1c ;.; arn c as in t11c c:t >'C
of the more vi ,.«>rons\y cstal 1lisl1 c1.l pri11ciplc~. Tl: c partially
correct nrnxi111 ~~" l' rosperit.y 111akl'~ fri"1nl s, a11• I ao hns it y
tries th em,"" U nli111itc1l power vitiates th e l'haract cr," " 1\ ge
Llunts th e faculti es an<l the p•)wc·r» of e11joynwnt," "C on:rnmcnts r csti1w on fear alone arc t111 HtaLk,"-woul<l rece ive tho
same cxposi;;ry hanJling as th e nwst prcci~c d uct rin cs of the
physical or other sciences.
The strivings and e11cr::;i cs of men have always b<'ell t owards
rrcneral trnth,. Th e multitude \1f details prc,1.: nted in n:1turc
~vould O\'erwhclm the l111man facultic~, Lnt fur the si111ilarities
or rcpctiti\>11s tra ceable thru11 gh1111t, and the conscq11 l' 11t P"'Y er
of sum111i 11g up many fad s in a ~ingl e affirmation. Tl1 e rp,u\t.
in •Y adrnn\a~c~ are 1111Jcn ia\1le, l111t th e gcncraliti cR tl,. · m~c l \'C'
ar~ often nf an ahstru ~e na\ urC', and not tu Le 111111crst11od wi1 Ji.
out ditii cult y. The mind is adapted to comprel1 cnd tl1c i111liYidual and the concrete ; tl1c general necessarily partakes of tl1c
abstract.

4±. That en.eh in<fo·idn al fact and e ,·cry Gcn cr:tl
principle s110111d l>e cxprcssc<l dearly, and as sirnl'1Y a"
rnay be, i:; Jll) 111o re than is required in all the moues uf
comm1111i('ation by lanf;tu:tge.
45. In tl 1c statement of Indivillua1 fads l1y tl1 en15elYes there i:; n otliin1r 11ecu1iar to scie nce. Th ey take
'

n

"

i"\.'.

lSS
K'lPOSI110N,

tl1 c ir place in f'.C icn tific C\:

,· .

.

sta11di1111· of t l1 e "' <'r . 1· : p o. it 1u11, n,; aid,; tu
,...,
·
4U Tl
· '" 1c1a 1 t1c~.,.
.
IC 11 rst Gc110ralizcil t'l t' lll f'Jit . .
r
g eneral J>l'OlJCrh·
Tl . . .
- . i :; tlic :NOTION or
Jilanatiun .
., .
ii,, often ,.;fand:; in n eed of 'ex.
\
·
. llfa 11v
" lt'll "'<"1lil'fl t'd <' xpo•1•t1•o ns ·ire
cipl(·s " I' la ws li11t wit! . I . '
r.0 11 ce rn cd, not with rin.
'
' s1n r• c idr·1s r1 it'
'J118IJ <.:c, Hi.,Jit Cir il'tz"t.
I~
, ' ' ions, or abstracti ons·
•
·
·- '
"' ion ' uctn. ' Pl11·1osopl1y,
· i cw t'Xa 11 p ies.

1

4 7~ l\' ltatc1·c1· 1•
.
. ,; nc•rcssar.}· citl 1
I
.
rnca1111 1 r~ of a 11 ot1'
er to tcterm me tl1e
""'
'
on or to r ' J · •
i nc:l 11 dcd l! nrler .D J·s ;x rnox. Cllt er J t in tclligiLle, may bo
A s two 11 nt io ns ai. lt-, 1,t . I 1 1.. . .
.
· · ~1lc ]nop"s1·1·.ion , or t rut li J)t.fJ' . 1• · <l •1} ·~ c·ntl' r int o a pnnc1
1 '
.
'
11 1 1011 m11 st lie . ·I' .
vlllg :\JJd cxpo1111d i11 " of pri11 e·. I .. J]ll'c '. llllnary to the dctcrmin·
1
·'='
>l' furc 1 ·
d
·
·I
P 's.
\1ay wi t J t lic 1ir·qp,,siti on 11 . t " T ·1
i c can cal in any
I.I
I >
(•rt\' <'tli
t)
•
.
t
" 11a t111 ns," we m ust ('Jc.:irlr
••. .
•
• Ist•s
tc p rosperi ty
11
a11 d l'rnspcrity.
• - nd c1., ta11d tli e 11otions Lilicrty
4~

(I

W

.:
·)
c <it-fin e In· prodn<·i11·~ . 1. .
.
crc tc 1nstan c:l':> TJ · . . . ·
,.., m d ndna l or con,
.
11 ;; J:, t 1ic m e thod o f Pa rt icul a
A s ci·t· n, · ,_,C,l(
" , ,1.a 1 clrmr nt whe.1 l
rs.
_ .
g-rn 11·s o11t t ,f tr" c cornp:ins"
. n of
'
l(' r nnt111n or )lrOJ"O ··t·
. .
- s1 ion,
e11al1ling tli c m ind t 0 ".. . . . p.1rfH; ular~, tl1 c direc t mode of
.~1."'P ii, I' to Lnn" ~ .11. I l
"I' an ndc<111atu ' Cl .. ·
o ur ai\ tic particufa,.,,
.
•. ll 1 11111 o 1 t 1H.' ?l l.
··--,
Thus we may t·xpL1i11 tli c noti on 0f R
a numl1cr of n•1111 tl l - 1·
.
•Onndnt•ss, hy proJucirn'
HJ l l{'S \' :l f'\'JIJ fT 111
'
'
h
<'xpla i11 J.i•111i diti· w• ·I .
· "
srzc a 11 d mat erial. To
1

. .

. '

c ' 1011 or n •f,T t l
.
,, • c·
scr1<•s of li <j uids.
1 IJ (I 1IJ1.'l fl ?1 '\ . 11 '•a
· -·
.

;:11·e tli e 111,.:rni 11 .,
To
......
arc ('itcd. \\'u n1a1· l'X fJ (> I 1' 1' · s11 ic 1er1t i·an..ty of instances
i.
"
·
llil
.)('a11 t1· l · l 1 ·
0 f uea1rt if1d tl1i .. , . p
t
" ' ') Ill t uciug a 11uml1cr
11
Lo
) 1· .
.- · ' · uc ry, 1'Y lli enti t>riin " k 11 11
1
.. w, 'Y t 1t <'r1· 11 t. l'X'll 11 I " ·· l
"'
0 · 11 J)OCms •
.
· •
P <s ul :iws
'
] ' hysiea l sr·i r·n <'e lias to , . I" ..
.
.
txp
. 1111 tl1 e 111,)1
.
:.., i y gt' n<'rnlizcd 11rop·
ert ics, lnNtia ?-.fl1t1'011 \ ' l . .
·
'
cocJt1· E TL·
ity , Elcctri<: d y , Heat.'
.. , <]tll l num , E la~t i c ity, P 0la1'

DEFINING BY PA Kf! CC I.ARS .

180

Chcrni:;try has to deal wi lh one grand pr(•pcrty, among

others, known as A fli ni ty, or ( 'l1 <'mi cal U ni o n.
Ph ys iology <lcal s with Cells, Vi ta l F<>l'l'.l', As>irnilation, &~ .
In tlrn Il11 111 an 1\!ind, we lra1·e 11 1111ll' r11 11s I.i~h g c11l'rali ti._..,,
Feeli ng, Thoug ht, V11liti on, ('u11 sc ien "e, B~auty."
In tl1c l'vlitical Seic11cc;.; oce11r Go vernm ent, Law, S ocial
Order, Civi lization, Libe rty , Hight, De11wcracy, &c.
In the Natural Ili ~tory scic,nccs, wl1 crc classifi1:a tion pr<·1·ail;.;,
the properties of a class can Le 'hown by rcfc rri111-( to tlr e m em bers or species com p osing it. Th e c h~s Conifcrw is ddin ed J,y
what is comm on t o its members.
Barrow's fam ous J 1.: finit io11 of wit is an en um eration of the
subord in a te kind' o r species. Th e explanation by this rn<1de
would be carried to its utm ost l•y a selected array of wi t.lic i,ms,
sufli cicntly num erous a nd vari ous to represent evcrythi11g thal
comes fai rly uncler the nam e.

-·

'

,,

,\'.

Ml. (2.) By indi cat ing tl1e (prn1 ity op posed to, or exThis i8 tlic rn etliuJ of

cluded l1y, tl1c 011 c in ci11c,.; tiun .
Auti thes i,; or Ovntrast.

Anlithc, is h a~ Lee n already exempli fied arnonp; the F igure$.
Its fo rce p;rows ont of tli c essc11 tial douhlcncss uf all kn owl edge,
a doublun cs8 <lisg11isctl by tl1 c for ms of language. \ \'h en we
mention heat, it is u nnecessary to add, what onl y co mpletes tli c
stateme nt, the al iscnrc of cold. Th e fill ing up of th i' ellipsis is
oftion , lt o wc\·cr, an aid in tl 1c exposition of g en(' ral ur abstract
properti es, or n o ti o n ~.
Tims, we mi g ht complet e tl1 c definiti on of a Li•tnid , hy nwntioning its t"·o contrasts, tl1 c Solid and the G a ~. "Strnig-ht" is
defined J..,y it.s o pposi t e, b ent or crooked. "Rouu <l" would
hav e t o he opposed t o all tl1c other Rim ple fo rms, t o the ri g htlined fig ures, a 11d to t11 e Ctll' l' l's of varying curvat un'. "Transparent" is th e opposite of opa']11C. "Poetry" i ; somcti rn t·s
cont ras tcd wi th prose, but sti ll Lette r, acco rding to Colcridgc'8
anti th esis, with sc it·n 1·c.
In expl:1i11i11g su ch difll cnlt noti ons as " S1·lf " a nd "Di ~i1 1tcrl! :;tcd 11 es~, " we sli uulcl ti11J the ]'l'l'se 11t m etlr•>•l of great ralu e.

,,,

..· ; ...

... l

~

':,

BO

EX rosnrox.

DEFI1'11'0 llY AKALY SIS.

. 1111dur n. notion t b
. l50.. To
. t.J1p. i)·.irti ('l ll an; com111g
CX]> a11 1cd, 're n1n1· add tl 1c partil:tdars
o o
notion or-11otiol!:-;. •
of the opposed
IYc m·w
· · C'·"1 1 I·
:iiu 1' r:11 1 ~ p:1 r c nn· fir,t 11 •
.
•
fr:1n,;p:iren t hod ics- n"tl ,.1. •+ . . ; '
. . .1 r 11umerating tho
. 1
.
· , ,.., ·'' ' • di e 1«1n u11s f'rrst als air
.i11< i1 rxt by a11 ••1n11111·r:iti1 >n o''1 0 .
. l.
•
'
'
.,
·
• .
J'.l<J11c ·'ll •stan .. es · ti
d
ll1g the sep:1r:1 te rinli •ms both Liv ti c· . . . . _ I . . '
rns C J .
i1111t11:d Co ll t ra,; t.
. I 11 p.11 t icu ars, and by their

l. ·

It <l•>l'' corn p:1r:1tircly little rro ud 1,
. I ,
IJt' CYatiH' lll'l•l e 11 . I
I . "'
> J'l<1• 11 cc a mere formnl
.~
'
·
)'
•v
·1r111
1
·1rw
tie
·
• "" 1 ne ~a t n· ·e preIi xcs to tJ
l "'~I"t'i1·c : a,, strniglit, · 11vt-:;!Fai"l1t.
. J. .
. . . .. .
. JO
u11J11,;t. Tli.
.. . .
,., .' P111 l ll t, rn1p1 ud cnt; Just,
c Cull ti ,1.,t llW \ \' O l'lb u llj ll"t 11 . ·r .
on t.li c s11 , iosi• 1'
· . ."'
·
~' 'J ll ~ l( C, arc uf use only
l I · - 011 Ui.1t t hey ca n s1wrrest tc 1I , . · I
<> f tli c parti culars 0 l l•lSc•l
"''"' . . ' ie rn111 c a lllunbcr
'L" . . .
.
l I · : to tl1 o>'e cu111111g u11 dei· J iist Just',
. Ills 8 il""C~t llw n<l\\' Cr
..
j'J
'
lCC.
~ .~
"
'
i~ more ''el)' tu l1c c
t I ·1
11m11 c·s i11 d t· /•l' ndt>iitli· 1. )1. 1 •
:o irn ec cc wi t 1
1
.
.
l lll C( ' t lllS " S:l\':W • " "·
f .
\'l <:l' t/1;\11 " lllH:i1·iJi zed" .
j •f' .
( ' . . ,.. e. J~ o grcatc l' SC I'·
.
iu l l 111111g inl1zat10u Ly coI1trast.
t

I

I

!1 ~
~: .

I

•'

·~ I

I•
~. J,

II
i

lI

II

"

5
1
. 1. (:J.) In t ltc c n" c of!'
l'X ll.otinn, we ma.}'
1 [ n e ur CXJ•hi11 hv "t t. " c·oinp
<ci
I
'I'/ .
. .
" , a iw• t ic <·p11 ~ tit· nent notio11s.
i1: i:; t J1e i11ctli(lu of An aL~is .
Dclrn itiw1.
•
' it i:; aJ,u tl10 Verbal
Tl1 c n' ·irt· .;il)
. JIJ L' IJ1dH111~
·
nf. 'l. 1..:in 1 1, 1. l .
arc n csisf a 11 ct· (F< )i'(' (') ~I t' .. I. l' e ·: 11 (Jlll:itL: nature. Such
. .
. -- ' i u 1111 1 ; JJ1 C 1' vnn Q . t'
L 'l.:
I >J1krc
·11 c1" S1 1•:ccssinn 1I . ·l . .'.. , . ' .
'. i1.m ity, 1 ·cncss,
',
, ic c i.i. .1c1.cr1' t ic fl"i1 1 8 t' I
Jastcs 0.J" rs T
I
· · c 'g' " t JC ~Cll ~Cs. '
· '
<Jll (; l<: s , S<11rnd, Si«J1ts - ·I , "
.
- \\'u11d l' r h"ll' \
. I
' · ,., ·' 'i c s11 nple emotions
Old\·
, .. '
, ' .1 .11g-r1,
Jl >Y C, &c.
'J'li e~ t: we ra n
J
b) dd 11al l'Xpn1 c11 ce or i111 1' 1' .' I . I . .
co nceive
,
. I I< 11,J 11Jsh11<' ' "
Jj Y rcnnn
• d·.
111g us of tl1 c.sc /larti 'lJ i•t.1 .
.
' ' -es.
·
c ' cxpl·ncn ce-.: 'tn r
.
t u n· cng11 izc tlil'i r a1•1·ec1n c• t
·I . ·I .., ' • one n1ay enable ns
•
,,
.. 1 ' 11 ii c J in :ttter of :l ir.
. I
l1ul1011 , <•l' <'Cii('l"iiili· ]' . [ .
.
' ~ l (' C:IJlC JJt JS t lC
.
.~
' ..
'} •t·uw lartl1l'r rl'1ui1 I l f
.
111:,lan <'c.s (If tJ 1,. c 11 nt n "t' .
·-: .
· I( l'<. " pa rt1c11lar
.
.
. ' 111p: i1 <1t1n11 rn a11r <"1s . 1 . • J II b .
l wlln 111111rl'.
"·'"" ii·itli tl ,
. · · <, 1c s 1a
est.ill
" ·1· . i.=-- , • • 1, ~ .... • J
11., ·r on1111011 i'"" J":l'I)· i11 •1·11 ....... ,l.1'on. Rc~
s J;-, .1111 t·
1 1 · I I 1" liollllljH:dl'cl Cll Cr•')'
111 " I I •y cu11Hidcring
<.:x:1111J 1lcs .,f Lot Ii we athiJJ ti . t .
<:.'
'
.'
.
IC IJO 1011 of P:wl i
.
.D ut the rnst 111aj orit I' of our not ·o
.
l us are complex, Lcing
.
<

made np of s11 eh ~irnple r:l<- 111 0111.s a.s tl1c fon·;c:• •i "!.'.· \' .. 11" ''"
. the suppo, iti•JJJ nf our pcrkd. n1 ast1·ry of all ti"· cl l' ill l'lll :i ry
conception,, we on!,!lit to be capa!.le of 1.111der:;ta11di11!.! :iii ""111pou11<ls, wl1 en th eir cu1 11ponr·11t. p:1rh are 1n e11tio11l'd . \ \·ry 1•ft«n
we are a1lc tu du so. A11d ]1 (· 11 .:0 it is part uf tl1c l.11.-i1"'"" of
au expos itor, to dt.:li11 e ur ex1•lai11 J.y 1\11 alys is 1 o r t:1H111 1"r:11 i1111
of parts.
Tl111 s a Circle is defi11ed :L5 "a plane figure co 11 l;1inl'd by 1n1 c
line cvery\\'l1crc <''luidista1 1t from a poi11t culled tlie c1• 11t 1·c."
Here an appeal is ma<lc tu ou r k11owledge of certain cun8ti t 11 e11t
notions, as plane fi_r7 urr, line, c1piality of di:;tancc, point : tl11 ·,;,:
we are s11pposeJ prc,·iously to k11ow; an<l Ly putti11~ tl iem tugct.her as presc riLl'd, we attai11 tlie noti 1rn of the circl•.'.
This is tlie method of mothcmatic:al 1ldi11ili11n t l1rongl11 H1t.
Indeed, rnatl1cmaticians lun·c i11ea11t.io11 sly appli1:d it t o tli e si111plest 1111ti uns uf the scien ce, rL~ "p(li11t," 1 • li11e," in d e ti11i 1 1~
which t]u;y pcrf"rm th e i11 vt: rkd "Jl"n1tio11 uf cxplai11 i11!-( tl1<:
simpie Ly the: complex; poin t Lci 11g a sin1ple r idea th:i 11 position, OI' ma:;nitudl' ; a nd line, the eu ncretc, than len;; t!t, tl1 e
abstract.
So i11 l'l1y ~ i<' a l Scic1wc :-" Eh,ti .. it y" 1s "t.l1 c l'°'''l'f ,,f
b odies to l'l'Core r tl1 cir funn after co11 1prcssion ;" wc nre '1 1pposcd to undcn-tand tl1c more elementary notio11s of pon.,·r,

/,

i

...

"

"·-,.:'.
•,

bodies, rcco rcry , co m press io n.
A g:l i11 , in th e r.r,' n1al :ln•l ;\[ornl

s .. il'llCl"'· \\"hilC', in tl1 cm,
there a rc rr·rtain 11ltiniat c n"tio1ns, as Feeling,] lis<' ri111i11:i t io11 ,
&c., l1y f:ir tli c g rl'af c r 111m1hi:r arc C•'lllpkx, anll lll:1)' Le d,·li11< ·1 l
by a11aly si,-, nr YCrlJ:J!ly. Fur cxa111ph·, "l\forn ory is th e rl)\\'(' l'
of recal ling t11 the pres<:11t 1·icw of tl 1e mind past im pn> ,i <>11s
without th e renewal of tl1 cir o ri ginal ca use, or by mental for cl's
alone." "Yen<.:r:lt.ion is a fcel in :: drawn out to wanls b e in g~ of
superi or power, wisdom , a111l g .. o,J11 c ~~, :ind constitu ted l1y tl 1c
feelings of rn a11i fe,!e 1l pnwt•r, wo nil cr, fea r, and Ion'."
To rl'f1·r to ]\,Jitir:al S1 :i1·111·1: :-"Law is a g<'TH' r:tl command
by o ne i11t«lli,g e11t !t .. in!-( t o ;11101111· 1-, fnll owl'd hy tli e i1dli<'li<111
of pain in ca,;c of di so hPdi l' 1Jc1•." " l' r,.1wrty is the ret:<1g11ition
in each person (•f a ri~ht to t l1t· .. x.. L1'i'c disp•>,al of wliat lie

.

'·-

l'.IJ

1()3

EXPOSITION.

GENlmAL l'RINCT1'1.E, Oti l'R0l'USITION.

l1 :1s .1~1:0.d~1ccd hy ]:is own exert inn•, or r<'cciv 1,d l•y free gift or '
I,.\ fa11 .1.~1 cc mc11t from such as hav e prod11ccd it."

The concrete rnl'lhod is 11ot. e11t in·ly cxclu(led even frnm
Matliematit:s, tlie science of aLstrnct io11 uy pre-cwiuence. 111

.

5J. Tl1c selwbst ic mode of tleii11i1w l)v "tlie gern
' J t]. 1c.crJl"
· · '"' ''
.rn
1 e1·c 11 ~e " ( per q~n1ts et d~/ferentfom)
is only IS
n
rnoJ~ of cxpre;;~111g the deJlllitivn l)y Analysis.
\
I\ l'.cu we <ld111c ~fathrmatics a.< " the science of quantitv,"
we a.Q,,1gn die two Bimpli:r notion ~, snpposcd to be already ~n­
dcr,;too.d, science and q1w11.til!f; in other word~, we define by
.i:naly.-1s. Hut the old log i c ian~ rc111arkcd tliat in s~cb dcfinitw'.1s there arc ( l) some one term more general than the thing
~h:~lll~'.I.' .~rnJ (2) one or. more other terms of ~pecification apply·
rn,,, tx .1ctly to th e d1flercncc Lctwcen tli e t lrirw and tlre crcnnR.
1us '.' scienc~" is more comprehc11~in.! titan~. 1\Iatltcm:tic~,",,
111~,Jucl111g- as 1t docR ot l1 cr s11l1j1-ct~ al,;(1-( 'lrcmistry, Natural
lii~tory, &r.. Henc•', a(trr :1ssi_:;11ing tlie class or gc1111s, science,
we must sr1y wli cn·in i\Iat hcmati1·8 di Ile· rs fr om all otlicr meml•t:rs of the class, or all other sci<' n ee~ nam.·h· in li·ti·inD" 'or 1't•
!.
.
'
.'
b 11
...,
s11 •jCCt-matter Q11a11tity: tliis is the "Jit!l:rc:icc" a11d completes
t lie dl'finitio11.

:n

f

"A II flie fo.rc.~o in/! <'xampJ,>.q co11] .J l·e r• ·s.. ll'ed according to

tli1~,,mrtl,tod .-A .cm;]~ 1~ ".a. plane figure e .. 11taine<l by 0110
~: 11 e (gcnu.,), 'vl11 ch Jrnc Jdkrs from oth er lines in bei ng
1

e\·crywltere C•j111dista11t fro m a <"•·rtain p<•i11t" (difference).
.!):~. J\ltli1J11gl1 tlie 1n1·~l1od of' ..'\1i:il ysis, i:Jr complex
1iut1un;;, Ju:1y l>e all tlrat 1 ~ de111a11ded i11 ,.:trid ri cror yet
"·e oft-en r ec1n irc to snperaJtl a n cxp1anation bv tl7e dthcr
i11ctl1otls.
•

Hcing marle 11p of purcl.1· al.stract elements, the definition
Ly n1 1alysis i~ 1i ot :d"·a1·s 1·eadily co mprt·hcnded; wl1encc it has
t•• Ire aided 11y }':1rti\'11 l:11-." :uid l•y co1dr:1,.;f.. Tllll ~ '"Elasticity· "
l";".l· e1Ps l.l'ing scie11tifil'ally ddinc.I l>y analys is,) is rend ered
'
!':l,1er of understanding l•y a 'l'r i ··~ of l'Xarnpl(•s of elastic
l •od1 es.-:1 J'Ic'Ce ,,f l11dia rul.J•c·r, a "l'rin!.'., a11 i1·ory Lall, a bladdt:r of air, &(' .-a1iJ l
~ta11 ce ~,

a" chy.

1

y

cuu 1d.l'r rl'l'1 ·1\·11ce tu 11 0n-elastic

suL~

Arithmetic, the for111atio11of11u1ul1er,; is illustrated, on the Pes talozzian system, liy pculilc.~ aiTang'"d 111 rows.
So Property , or Law, or Ju ,.; ti cc, 1111.1y Ire defined Ly analysis
(or by genus and <litfrrcuc e), a1H.l cxpbineJ Ly particulan; and
by contrast.

54:. Tl1c second, and t he chief, scientific clement i;;
tl1e P1wPosrrro.'I, Principle, or General Aflirmatiou; as,
"Heat expand;; bodies,"" All matter gravitates," "Exercise strengthens the body and the mind."
Even the Notion is commonly expounded as it appears in
1l)me Proposition, that is, a.~ coupled with some second notion;
for example, "Gravity varil's i11vcr;;1·ly as the s<1uare of the distance." It is ra1"() altl1on~h it 111i!-(ht be ad 1'antai:;eon s, to separate the defining of the notion from the truth or falsehood of
the affirmations respecti ng it. The notion, rn fact, is of value
as preparatory to the proposition, wLicl1 alouc amouuts to
knowl edge.
1

!15. \Y c have now to consider t11e met.hods of cxpon11Ji11g the General Principle, or Proposition.
I. TI_y Iteration, or lJ_y repeating the statement of tlic
pri nci pie in tl 10 same or iu <l i ffercn t words.
It being the nat11rc of a princ iple to give i11formnt.10n rcspci't,..
i11g a wide range of particulars in a few w o rd~ a i:;ingle e11u11ciation of those words is not cnoug-h to impress th e mcauing
aclcqnatcly. Tlie oral expounder repeats the exact words of a
proposition several times; he may rnry the statement besides.
'.1.'hc writer confines himsl'lf to the last method.
Tli c fulluw 1ni.; is an example of it1·rat ion:"Bi as i~ not. a <lire<"t rnurc(· of \\"J"nn i.; co n cl 11~ion~; the intell ect
must tir,.;t be c.. 1T11pktl" [,;l 1ort. ,;1atc-11>L·11t of tl1c prin <'iple, f,.lJowcd
by a ~e ri c~ of \·aricd 1'xprc"·"i•>11" .,f ii j. " ·w e c11 1111ot. !i('litcvu a
prnpo., itinn oid y lJ_v wi,;Jii11;;:. or only liy dr1.:a1lin~, to helie\·c it (I).
The IJJ<"t violc·11t i11di11atio11 to ti11d a ,.;e.(. or ]H'•lJ>OSitio11,; trne.. will
not enable tl1 c \\"ecake~t vf 1ua11ki11J lu uelie\'" t!J"JU willwut av..,~.
\)

~

; '"
.,;· E:, ~· ;
',.>,.

., ·'

~

'

.. · .

104

KX !'OSITION
BY 013\" ERSE IT ElUTIOX.

\\"li: ii \'l y n· 111:1 rb tlia t t•f ( \\' O ex press io ns <if a principlo
d ilTl'r i11g i11 l.. 11g t l1, ll'e ur uk r,- taud th e d iffuse, a11cl rem ember
t he <'Oll c ise.

Th? itc rr1t1 011s sl1 01il d all l1a rm 011izc willi t l1c inain statement,
acco nli ng to ll 1.c Second law of tl1 c Pam.!!rapli.
Itern t1 on m1.g h t be apj)licd t.<1 tl1 c l l ..v f'1•.1 1't'1·•, 11 l'l
1 ' c;-.isc, when
very abst ru se o r 11 iglily ci•nce nt rate d.
.. . .In some \\'l:it e1-,.;, and in Rnm e sul1jcr ts, it erati on is the prc'·'.d ing fo rlll ol exp o, 1l lf•ll. i\ l11l' l1 of Ada m S 1nilli's Theory
pf Mural S .. 11 t 111w 11 t>1 is uf tl1is c l1 ar: 1l'l1•r. \\'i t ho nt actual:y
q11 ot111g (·x:1mp Jv, 111 tlrc cn ncrde, tir e mere l'< tria1ion of th e huguage is c:ilcuht l'd tu suggest tl 1em.

.. fi i. 1 L

ny Ob1·cr,.:e

I tcr:i.t ivn , or tl 1c Cv untcr-propo-

s 1tiun d c 1u cd.

fl ,,., fr 11 n1 t he nature of k no wk dgl'i e1·(' ry not inn l1as somo

o ther not 10 11 (o r 1101 ion s) op post.. J to it ( l i.~ h t---d ;irkn ess, straight
- Cn\oh•d)
so to t •H·ry l"'"i" "'ll
· 1·011 al1·1r111ed t h\' rc co rresponds
'
• ·
~0 11'." ot l1 1'J' p r.. positio n ("r p rn pn,: i tinn ~) dt" iii l'd. "Tliis roo
is' . . 1ig It
" "Tl .11·.s r1H1111 is unt d:u-1.: ." l< ~ 11<Tat0s was wise.m
i , ~
"
• s.>l' r :d t•.q \\' ;] S th e rCl'l' l'SC nf f,H.J i-<1 1"
" •(I. II ( Piii . I.·dl OWICJ ere '.lS
.
.
.
· ·
0
11 l
<.: i·. ,· " ''\\"u·I 1.t1
. .e no 111
· . L111' t'in: k·now Icd rre."
, , \l<1 it1 t•d
. lrn111
. CXJll'l'ICll
·
J li e :dlin11 at 11>n a nd t l11· dt•1Ji :il i11 tli t·sc cases arc not ditfo;ent
m <•a11 111;;s, l,!ll t tli c ,:;i111 u n1 l':11 1i11.Q" d ilkrl' ntly vi l'wt•cl and cxp,n:ssed. 'J ,, t he ~ 1 a t e 111,·11 t tk11 i" ,J 1d1t·11 a11yt lii1 w is aflinn cd
h :rn er li:is g 11·l' u th e name "l'ounte r-prvp o:;itio71 ; " aud t1 1 ~

105

denial of thi s, whi ch is erj11 i1·alc11t to tli c orig i11:1! :dTi nn at ion,
may be called Obverse Ttrrati on.
As ex:1111plc;; of Oln ·c rse Tt.t ra tion we may g i,·e t h1; f,,1Jo w·
ing :-"Ill' at e xpan ds bod i,•s;" "(_'.,] ,I co nt rad" ho<l il's." "l [":it
relaxes th e frame ;" .. C" lcl brac.:s it. " "Ex c rci"c i111p ro 1·r s tl 1c
power:> of bod y au<l uf rni ml ; " "In a,;ti o n or neg lec t dd eri ora ks
tlic same po wers." Th e"c dP11 l>le stat cml' nt s arc, st rict ly speaking, the con1pl<'mcn1 s of each o th er ; th e fir,:t im plies 1ltl' sceond; a11J t herefore tl 1e mentio n 11f th e seco nd is tl1 c r ''pdi t iun
of th e fi r~t fro m anot her Ri1l e, or from tl1 c o l.n·crsc a ~pe d.
" Socrat es d eelares j11sticc to li1: gnod, or a cau"c uf h app iness, to the ju"t agent , most. of a ll i11 ihclf--b ut. also, acldi ti.111ally, in its e ·rn ~cq u c n ccs ; an tl i11j 11stice ! 1\ be L:1d, or a c:u1"e uf
misery to tl1 e unju st age 11t, bot h in il ,:ulf :.incl also i11 its f'o ti-

.,

.

~

scqu e n c c~ ."

58. A11 th at ha:; lJcCll ath ·a n cc J r c;-;pcct ing tli c 11u11·c r

_.._,_

of ::rnti tl1c:<i:<, o r collt ra st , in 111ak i11g tliin gs d d i11itc and
clear, ap11li cs tn tl 10 Cuu11tcr-propo:0it iun aml t l1e Ou vcr:'C

statemc11t.
In th e (·nu 11i (' r-p r1) po,itio11 1 th e cont rast o r oppo, itc of tl 1c

prcd·icale i" ;::-ivcn . " This m an is a lJ rilun; " "This 111 1111 is a n
alien." Iii tli c ol1n :l'tie afli rm at ion, th e cmu1 tl' r-p ropos iti 1111 is
deni ed, \\'l 1ich gi1·cs an c·qu ivalcnt. of t he ori g i11al propn<: ili on;
"This man is not an alien ;" B riton a nd no t alil'n being th e t wu
obverse e xpression>' f,,r th e sa1n c at t ri J, ut l'.
In C:lS('S S\lt' h as "J r1•at expand s 1.... !i e,," " ( '. old N)11l r:11'(s
th em,'' l><•tli th e f<ulij ect a11d th e preJi cate are obn·rt.(' t!; lr l':1tcolcl1 cxpa 11 si J11 - co11lracti on.
vVh c n it is ~ ai d, " Th e p•wt 1., l. urn , tl1e 11ra t.11r is 111:.d,.,"
tlie oliversi u11 i ~ ('~ s .. nti :d to t he 111 c:L11i11 g ., f th e statenw 11 t.; \\' e
sl1 ould 110t kn o w in 11·hat se11 scs tli c " "'rd s p oet a 11 1! born \\' Cr e
inteudcd, liu t for the ~t.atc m C' nt of what th ey arc put in co ntrast
with.
Jnstcad of merely il t'r:d. in~ tli c p ri 1wipk, "Ev ery effl'et l i:io;
a cause,'' \l'C 111 ig li t m ore pr<>]' erl y o<· L down tl1 e cu1111ter-11r11 p•>sitions deni ed; fur tlr crc arc m ore t han 011 c. These a re, fir~t .

' .

0

..

IGG

EXPOSITION

BY EXAMPLES.

" E ve nt s '·1n sc WI·t} ion t; any cause," :rnd secondly, "The same
ca11 sc~ do nclt proJ nce, in tl1 e sam e c in~ um st·rn ccs tie
·tr , . . ,,
,
..
, · ' . . , 1 samo
< . ccts. . . Lo1l 1. t he,;(• prol" " lt1 ons arc i111plicitly denied in tho
L.1 w of Ca11~at1.'m ; }t'. t. tl1 cir expli cit sta tcn1c11 t g reatly adJs to
t.lw ckarn c~s ol th e prn)('iplt'.

Jt lia~ been urged wi th great. for ce liy Ferrier, in l1 is Institu~
of i\fotapnysics, t l.1at the statcJ11er1t of the cou nter-proposition i3
11 means of expo.sing erro rn, especially s11ch as arc ~h cltered un<lcr .vaguen ess of la11g 11 :1gc.

t;
!'fit.
·l.

It is smnetim cs said "l\li"ht is ri1rl1t." wlrnt d . th'
deny ? p. /. l
"".
"' '
ocs 18.
•ty '.t HL~ _111ar.1y mear1111gs, and as many OJ)posit•• .
lf t l1 c o
t
~"'
., .'
pp o~ 1 c meant .is 1cro11g, the oJ, 1·c rsc wou!J be "MigM .
is .sc ldorn or uc1·cr applied in support of wrong,"-a staterne:nt
that would not Le so readily haza rded.
Take again tlie p roposition-" Th e stan<lard of Ar .
Nature." vVliat is d . · ..1 b I . i
.
t 18
•
•
Cll l <.u
Y 1. iis · On cxamrniug the ll!!-0
mad e ot tlie rnaxirn , we find tlic o ill'('l"SC i ~ "Tl
t I d r
\ t ·.
'-T
. .
·
·,
JC s anc ar o
". '
J ~ 11ot ""1t.11rc badly un1tat cd." l n othl'r wor<ls the .•
ciplc is, whcu ,\rt illl ihtes :'li·it ure it - 1 IJ . . ,
pnn
wu l!Jlltate well and
not. ill.
<

•

'

·

'

:;

Th e style of tl1 c ho0k of Pro1·cr!Js a!.onn<ls in obverse itcr; sec chaps. xii., xiii ., &c.

1t ion

5D. III. ny Exam ple:~, oi· P a rtic-11lar Instances. This
mn,.,t alw
motl1od ot' exponn
".
d'mg "'CU·
. ays
. be tl1 c lcad11w
a
crn 1 pn n e1pl cs.
::>

To . qu ot~ fr om Physical

Sci c· ncc. Tl1 e statement of the First
'." 'w uf Mutwn,-tlie pcrscvrran ce of movement once bemm - ·
follow ed lljJ J
.
,,. , 18
>y a nun1 1.> er of cases nr exam1)les of this pe""~
\'(•j"IJH'C
" \ I
. .
. .,,,. ·.J , . . 1 . argc spmnmg t op, with a fine hard point set in
ra]'1 1not ion m a vac
I l
'
.
.
' ' unm , on a ian srnuotli surface will con·
1.nn1c tun11ncr for l1onrs" " 1\ , -]11 I11111
. . . '
l _
"'
··
pen<
1'wrn o- rn g 111 ·1 vacunrn
~1;t~ to o 1· creomc only. th e Hligl1t fri ction at its ~)Oint o~ sus en·
P "
, 1011 , m1rl, wl1 e11 once lll moti <•11, will vi b rate for ·1 d·1y o
" Tl . .. . I ,
·
. .
' ,.. r more.
ic C<11 t ' s rntat wn n1a111ta111s ihelt' wit.hout diu1iuutiou" &c.
Scc also E.\tnicts XUI., XVI.
'
T.

()0. Wlicn t lr c sole ulij cct is to rnake an ah:-etr11 :'•:
principle intelligible, as in p ure s<-i •·r1ti1i e cxl'osit i11 11 , t 11<:
examples m ust lw «ho;;cn on tl1e J;i!Jowi11g g-ru1111 ds : (1.) T hey rnn~t tlien1"cln·s he intl' lli gi lil c or f:ullili:u·
to the person s ad d n:ssetl .
(2.) Their number i,.; to l>e regulated liy tl1L' diilieulty
nnd tl 1e corn prcl 1cnsi vcnc,.;,.; of' the pri nci pie.
(3.) They should be at fi rst si lll l'le, and in tl1c c11 <l
compli cated, so :rn to sl10w t l1 c 1'orcc of tho prirn: i11lo in
expla ining matters of difficulty.
(4.) Tliey arc not to cunta in <li:;tracting accumpanirnents.
Tl1is l a~t 1~ t.] ,.·: l1ard .. st c<1nd iti•1n to Rali~fy, and yt·L (] ,. :
most iu1pl'nt1.iv c. To uL tai n a s ni" ~ uf exarnpks l"'a ring directly and c1·idc11tl y upc >n one princip1P, yd. not RH!:;f!:"'tintr :tll)
m:lttcr away fr om tlie purpose, co11 stitutes the clii cf lal>M of tl 1u
expositor.

Cl. The particulars arc som etime,.; mentioned firs t,
and the generali ty last, as in the order of discoYery.
This gives a st imulus to t11e learner to fiml out the principle for l1irn :;clf~ all(l creaLe:; a kind of suspense, or plot
interest.
Sec an example in Extract XL

G2. Tl 1e extreme ca;.;e io; :m example sho wi11~ the
principle, as it were, in an exaggerated fonn. (Sec

H YPEimOLE.)
Hum e, in maintai11ing that men possess gen uin ely disir1tcrested im pulses, and revolt fr om infli ct ing gratuitous paill, puts
an extreme instance thus:-" \V ould any man, in walking along,
tn'ad as willing-ly on t.lic gouty toes of another man that he lia s
no quarrel with, as on the hard flint and pa1'cmcnt ?"
P lato puts the question a;.i tcJ pleasure being tlic sole en<l of
life (unfairly) in tl1ii'I extreme form:-" You arc to be witho111.
thought, intelligence, reason, sight, memory ; you arc not tu

ms

EXPOSI'l10N

l1a1·c a ny op1111<ln as t1l prcsc rd, c11jnym cnt., any remembrnnco
pa~t, or :lllti,·i['a! inn .,f f11!t1rl'; you arc tu li11e the life of an
O.'J<!/Cr, 'll'iilt (/l'f'll/ present pleasnrc."
of

"]t' we wisli tv kno w t l1 e 11;i t11rc of tl 1c spcl' iCti ltard," say& •
I'lato :ig ai11, "ire sl1onl d lnuk to the /1 rtrdc:> t things."

G:>. A prin ci11lu

exam ple.

j,;

Fomct im cs c n1lJotlicd in a concret~

:PaJc.1· sf al<'s tl1 c qu es tion "111ic111 cr tl1 c moral sentiment bo
i11nat e " hy rnc11fi, ,11in!.( a pa inful i11 cid1;11t i11 Homan History,
mid snpp(ising it p rnp oundc d to a CC' rt ain wild boy cauglJ t iu
tli c 1r<>ods of H a11 0n·r. In the same work, wli en i11 q11iri11g in to
tl1l! 1;,1111<.Ldio11s 11 f :\fpral Ol,lig:1fi o11, Ji ,. s1 ·kcts tl1 c special du ty
of Trntl1 to try tl1 c p11int 11 p11n :-" \\· l1y am I ohlig-cd to keep
111y 11·un l 1"
1\ wr itn <>11 t i1e l111morl:d ity ,,f tl1 c Snt1 l puts tl10
<J1wst.iu11 1rnd c r an i11 .Ji1·id11al case : -" Is s,,l' rnf cs alive now 1"
,\d arn S111 itli's ex posit io n of t l1c prinei1il c of l1ivisio11 of L1bor
is l.'111hod ic.J in tl1 l' n1a1111 facf11 rc of' a pi11. J

i! -1-. Tl1 c rc :nc n inny gcnoralitic,; tl1at arc wanting in
tlw <"l 1arac-.tcr:0 of !'eicn<.: c; t11c-y arc !Jut vague approxi111atiu11>< tn CL'rtai 11 ty, a nd their degree of generality
d <.1c·s not n1alrn tl1l'1 11 tccl 111i<"al or alJ.~t rn se. They sen·e
tl10 li te ra ry e11d:-; uf' pop ular interc,;t a:> 111u eh as, or more
t han, tlic 1'<"iL·11t ific emi <•f trut li.

•lj

/\ s w l~ pnss fr r1m ~c ic n'-·c in it s l1ig l1 est rigor of num erical
prel'i sio u and infallil1lc pred ict ion- tl1c trntl1s of nJathematics,
/\ strn1 w my, Meclianics, and Cl1cmistry-to t li c subj ects of Life,
Mi1 1d, nnd Socie:y, the incr(·:1sing cn11q.Ji(':1fi un an d the abRenoo
of' nrn 11rri cal cst i1natc rcn<lvr the pri11 " iplcs less dcfi11it<.' and
ce rtain, altli o ng-h thc-y arc still of t li e sf•i c·11tilic c la~s. In Phys.iolngy a nd tl1 c Katn r:d Hi."-t<>ry dqi:1rt 11wnt..", in th e Duman
J\Ii1 1d, in l'olitics, I\,Jit ie:d Ec.. 11<>111y, and Juri~prntl encc, wo.
f1wj11c1itly ti11.J l1i,!.(li .L:l'll l'f':i lit ic·s, eo11sidvralilc prccisi11n of lang 11 :1.:.;1:, a11 .J carl'f"11l 1·l'rilicatiun; so that. tli ese branclics still parbk<) of tli e cha rac te r~ of scie11 cc. B11t in Ethics, Criticism,
History , 1I11111an C liaractcr, :rnJ co nunonplacc l'olitics and

BY

lD~

JLLl'STl~AT!O;'; S .

.
r
Education 1 tli c crc11 cralit1es
nre 1<>r
t I 1c 111 0,,·(· JU. rl (Jr t li f''. ]q()S
i ('S Ll
. · rl·' for jluet
k"" -J 'lll<l ofte n"' S\'rn~ lll cn ·ly as ~1 1·r:1111l""
- Jl';1 :11 1>
UH ' ' illu stration .
I ,. l ia r a1 ·t,.r ' '·111.J "" ''·.
literary
Tl1e 111axi1us ot• 1111. :1,,
duct usual in poet ry, wu uld lid\ u1"l er tl11~ li_cad.
.
'
l.J -". " 1'
Tlw
]' •>piibr lit e rary e:;~ny , :1s " ·u f111< J 1t_ 111 Ihcu
" , n • _" \•
••
111• tlie rna:.;azin<
H .. l·r>';,
:llld
~ ·'! ,,
J oll 11 son, (_.-.' .t.) l 1l :-...·111"1tl1 ' ·1~l •·1 c·11ila)'
' ·
'
~
•
_.
,,·
., · , ,of o ~1rown Jav, isacom!J111at 1un0t g"<'l1 l' ra l_1•1111<I J•< . ,
JCVI CW,;
•.
,. ' l 1.-··11 p •wf1c 11111 ·n ·sL
ethi cal, nitiL·nl, l1iston cal, po it.H.:a , ' .•.., '' 1 1 ·
•
-•• ,
The !:;l>ll er:iliti<'B, 11·l1cn fl ljt i1 istig:1f1-.I l1y _urge11t l' rm·L1.-al ~1<1 c'.I. ,
nrc t.l1rown i11t11 tl1 c f"·1rn1 best a.l :<j1IL·d Jor d"gr111 ce a11J " ' •• 111 mc nt. Sc·c E xtract XIV.

,,J

G:-J. In ilel in c :i t ing d1:1 radu, _:rnd in1Cri~ic.i,cm, tl1e
~l1 11 }WUt1U lllllL ll I t ' arc
exp<h-·t
I 0 1.:. . 1ll"t
'- l1 o<l .~ ,
••tltl1u1wh
o
<rrc·tt-lv n111di fiell.
t:)

'

.J

• •

.
(JI~ c:h;1rach• r, t~) 1 )(~ s 1 ·i~11tlf ll' ,
Tlic methodical dcli11 cat1·H1
<l Oil a 'r:·cne r:1 \ scl1ci11e <Jf cli:1ra.-t
.
. . to l •<'' lns<·
W O Li l l I ll' C\ 1111 C ·
'
j
f ..' r,
n11i fo rm ly nppl ied to cad1 cas(-. J: ut und er a n_y 1:10.c e o o·::
lincat io n, it is an vL·1-io11s lr i:t xi rn tl1:1t tlic po111b sl 1011ld l"
cor11 H.·ct 111 11,
1. . ~ }iea•_ls, :i.c<;urJ
. , ing to natural
Xl L
0o-roupc<l und er c ist1uco
l . t scattcrcJ. ·it nnd,1111. 8 cc J~xtrncts U I., ~
am ll O · '
'
'
C·· ·
Ti re is a
T l1 c same rem,u· k;; arc ap pl icah lc to . n t1c 1sm. . - '" '.
. t"" 11 odc fou nd ed on the systcm :iti e appli cat i11n .. t .£::c'i l·
l
. I 1
. 111 .,,
SC l Cll Ill•: I
. .1p Ic-s,. anl·1 ,·t i1101'e
i11 cd by ti c w1 s ' "!'' '" ' ,
cral pnnl'
' <ldcn11
a worl; or art.

GG. IV. Dy Ill ust rati vn ; ,
ampl cs.

:b

.

l1 i"t i ng11 i,,l1ecl frorn Fx-.. . : . .

ia

l'.a.,

1;.; 1

,,

.

~

,.

I
seen tlwt tl1 c Fw1m·~ of ::-i111 11 1.111t . ) - · h 11, ,
I l
t ias icc n . .
. .. .
,...
< ·d for as;,i..>ti1 w tl 1c 1111. ·1• and the rn ctapl1 or-arc larg ely 11 .c
o
- .
f;:lurntl'
, 1·,>r m,1ki1w
c ers ·u1 u·Ill <"" 1.l 1~.., t ·1 .,,
:. . . . i1lai11 '' liat i_s natu rall .y d11Ji,
l ·1ilL
·
·l'
. "" T r o 1lii11 1.-.' in t.lwi r 11 :1t11 rc diffcn·nf, ma y y1·t ia1 c
or " ,~r; 11i c.
'
·- '
I II
·t 1· ·It 1

·hri "J tl 1;it t lie <in c s
sneh an a111 ou 11 t o f• '.·11111.

t,

0 1

tlw other.
1 \I · t J
] 11 t IIC ""C ·lt~. ll (;{':-o<. , ,,,. flH', fir-t ~<'r<lllj> .. i,.,
,. ,~ ci1 11m era1t:< ('- , .t I 1.
cmatic~, Astninorny, !llcc I ian1·cs, (J I' t. h " ~'. ClH·rn i, t,r), ""'"-1 ll'
iJlustratio118 priucipally ernp l <l)C< l arc u 1 ri scn :rc ty pe; Uwy

.. ,

20 1
IlY ILLU STitATIONS.

200

EXl'OSfrION

nrc
.
8
I ts11 cltJ Ins J ia·~r:1rns ' mo ' l'f
' ·l '·• l111 11 l scnstl
•
" ta c 11c cs t Li e SCll"r~
.· · •l e !'<' prcscntabon
o(
· t
· · · 11 at 1cnnt t<"t l
n1a1 c \' isil1lc tu tli e rl'I~ Tl
. . po111 s a11.J lines nro
l
·
{
• •
IC r:in; of lt"I I ti
'I
·
S•lllll\' a111] th e st ill r ''
I I '.
.- I ' It' \ ' I Jrat1 ons of
lllllllllill:lll'lll~Oftl
l
t ic s:uner1al1•'lhle f . . . l
.
.1c !'I ic r, arc ''ivcn in
I
..
o1 1111 ' Ill• ced t i
l I .
"'
SlllllCd ctl1eri-d 1 ' l '
l
' IC lllll" all•>llS of tl1c at·
.
'
Ile• iu111 t:l\' C l>Cl'll r' . '
. .
~.
Ill a mccha11ir.:al mod1'l
Tl . .
ep1es:11tcl[ Ly Whcatst'.llt... ll
•
I C !'ll!'posc<l ult
'" '
:ire st.1 ulicJ ur>on ],. Jl · .. l .
.
llllatc atoms of bodies
•
•1 " .111 l
circles of t·.rngiu
., 1c and v1siLlc
.
111 ens10rn;.
di~
( 'ompari,;on;; d1~1w11
A ],..,J:-, like 11itr.>«e11
1"n11<·d 1.,. 'L <·l1 A ~. t '
• • . c1111>'
stat ical :tll<l cl'flLlllliicul

fr•H11 one •cl,
.
.
.
ti. t l
. 'nee t•J anotl1erme frc•111cn t.
. ,,1 . < •><';. not readily en1J1ui11c will Le
111crt
Tl
.
'
"
'\I l ~I
. I~ 111ed1:1111t·al disti11ction
.
.
' ' ll
I C IJoll411l::; 4 >f ('(r '{ ' { ·
J''>Wcr, rcs1st 1111 n'.. ar" , 1.·II I ( ·I.\ l 1I. I1.ll"l'<l·
, "' lll'llltn,. rnovin11
".
J
I' t(·110111e;i a are l1 l 1t 11 · l .. l
.
in ~l ll't1er·s where the
1
Jf' l' 1:u1u:;a
appruaclt t~ fig-11rati,·c r11111pmi«11·1 1'0. rOllll
1
c1·1•11A I ~till
tl µ-realer
.
rl
" ' of
on e 11, t ic·~e n g iil sci1' ti<'es. T he mntTl:d C•>hc~i"n ~ot' atom•
. sn11s "'.ice, :is C'<'Pl"'r, tin, \lat.er ~•il . . . ·
,,
tile at.tr:1d1011 l1 ct w<'"ll tl
t
:
t, i- !.11ul1·ed attr,1ction.
1
•
c
ie a "ms of t ·0 !'tr
'
in an alloy ,.,f cop]l!' r. l t'
·
"
ere 11t s11hstanccg :l'
'
.
·
'111 ' 111. or it .,,1 11 1i
1· 1 .
'
a icn at tradiont. \\'l ic, n a b r,, Jr ts
. •t I . on l lsat . 111 waf,cr' is
l
opcrati<>ll of the <T j' , .
. . • I > lllll(C( C ll'llllcaJ }y to fro
'.
' ' 111.ir) te~t~, the ch em i,t < ' .. 1I· . 0 f'.
,
mcnt. J lie 1111111·1' ],-'" I. . 1,t1eJ1011se1rclil'·
·.
·I<
' '~
it:; deport· . 1
.•
11
1
1 1
( flllle oft l1on rrl1t
r1 .. · I
t II/, 1 t "' l>!';llll IS tho
1
·- · · '!' 1 ""~)',~:n·slr•1ller ·. 11·
·
·
In tlie ~r·il·nce" · ti
.
'ts m 1,,alcd anutorn)·
·' " 1 "' ~ceu11r1 r· ]- '\'
.
·
r:q.J1y, l'li p i,,[,,"1· i\li11d f . . '.1[ ~1 ',-:--:· atlll':d I I 1st o ry, Gcog·
·
,.... '
' .o;.;t1
u 1t1cs l' 1'1· I I'
1 11·1spruJ•~ tH:e
&c - t J •
•
' ·
•'
u l ll'a ~conomv
. '
·
J. ,
ic SC\ ere mctliods ar. 1. ·I' . . ·<l
''
I\ e co111 pan son~.
e " le:~ t: liy fign ra-

or

°

t

I'

.

.

'

·· ] lnf tl1e 1l 11111an i\lind ' mcf·' 11" IlO rt.(' a l .11l11~tr·11i) . b d
,rni <) fl'n mi~l l'ncliiw
,
.
· · l n is a un ant
.
;--· ,•, ,. U•r.!111~
to ore " ] .
ige11ce i" a tol!ulii raw ·]
, . l 'IL' ll" l 10 infant intcl]
11
'
' '1 ierc <'xpcrn·nce in · ·1
a1111t 11·r vil'W is c· . .. . . , l
·
' ·
'en .>CS C'V(·rytlti rr •
. .
""
. xp1 ~"l' u111la th•• s· Tt I
1.
P ale lll pholo,,r·1r1 h ,. ~ . ·1•
. 11111 l ll< c o t a prt:parcd
I ,
,... · . · · ce ·.xi ract TT.
.
·] lato
s doetri11
J.·11l'cl
h. I'
. I c tl. i.1. t ti le ,'""I)' ul·~trnch the !'on!, is con1:
) '>.:t11f, t iru11glt t l1" si111 il e 'f . l .
.
air, a111l s11p 11o"ing ll · t .
' . _1 '•>1e 1: lean1w the thin
1,1 llt a \'ac1111111 I t .
"'
m ure ral'id.
' rnu,·c: menis wuuld bo

\Vhatcly advises :m orator, wlien drep-rook•l 1•r•·.i11•\i .. ,-~ an"
to be ovcrc.ome, not to mak e a refutation J<tro11!,!Cr tl1an is \•;1rl'l y
snffi cieut, flllU adds t.J1is illustration: in dri\'illµ'. we<\i:(eS i11t<) ;I
block of wood t o spli t it, too ku·,\ a j,\,, w 11ill t\ 1row out th e
wedge.
l~olitical doctrines h:\ve always 1>el'll sul.j,·ch .. r i\\u~t r:11 i» c:
In J)urke's
they are sunwti111l·:< uuri•··l

comparison~.

hand~,

nuder a 1oac1 of similes and m etaphors; src Sio ;;.
In Political E conomy, t11e bw that demand f,.J]ows ' 11pp\y
is illustratc<l by say inf!, "th e two frnd their k\'cl.''
In sulijccts of the third cla~s al.Juve mcnti,.,n e•l-E tl1i<'f',
Criticism, Character, l'lii\oRophy of Jlistory-11·]1(·l'l'
ties arc ,ti\\ fouml, l>nt of a
clt:1 ract<'r, int.nP:;t is fl"ll;.i\•t
after, no ks;; th;m i11;;tr11ct.iun, :111 ll the i\lustrat.iuns arc still won:

~l'11erali­

\'a~nc

addrcsse•l tu ll1c feL·\in~'·
It has l> cca a constant cnill'aYor t•l co111 l1 i11 c ctili 1·" l i1 ,"1nw-

tion with th e intcrc;;\. of poetry . So criti1-.i:m1, in lilc rat11r<' :111•1
in art., in;;tea<l uf hei11~ a scv1:rc :rn•l culJ enunciation ,,f pri111: iples, is itsdf ;\l'c,,r:1t.1 :J witl1 tlte 1ii-(lll'l'S of ima;.::inati<>11. i ; .. 11 1
the one aw l t11c oth.:r l1av c li l" "n rl'(•l·;1tvdly c\".> ~1:11 as th e s11l •jccts of porlll'·
G7. A1tho11µ;h at t11c ri:'1' of rcpct1t1on, " ·c ,;ha1l 11 l·ro
rna1rn n. ~cncr:tl remark ap\•licable tn the expository u;;e
of both cx:u111>1e:-1 antl rn c tapl1or:-1 aJllrcs:>cJ tv t\1.,; fec1-

1ng:RIt
. i:-1 natnrnl1y <lc;;irc\l

to ;;often

tl1c

ri~<lr:' <>f sl'ic11tili1 ·.

CXJ.)Osition 1)y clements of :rcnnding lrnrna11 intere>'t.
The ;;ourccs of i11t.crc"t proper to science nrc chi<'fl y tl"'"":
the at.t ai11ni c11t of tru;;tworthy knowlcclgc for the purpo;;t;; .,r
lit'c; tho se nse of puwcr imparted liy tl1<) great irnd com111a11.li11;!; gencralitic~ ; 1111d tl1 e feeling' t onch cd l1y the "l'ccial o\1jc..t~
,.f ;;cil•11ce as o1>jceb of scn;;c·--tl1 e star;;, t h e geological np-buildi:i;.r <•f 1\1c ea rth, t11 c mineral t'or111s, anJ th e varirty uf vegetal1le
a11tl :111i111;1l life. There is also tl1e e:-.:eitement of narra\ il'e and
p\.. t i11 the l1i i'to ry of science, and in watching the conr:;e uf
di~covcry. Tl1e u11ittd cffri:t of tl1est: influences i;, 11 '1l s11fli,
O*

· •''

202

('ll'I
' ( ',l) (; lt' 1n''
j to
1 I t fj~ r U1
,., 1;-ll' Jl .l11 ,.,·nr·1"1
I
a •strusl' r :;c ic 11c1·s. 11 . . ~
un< rr~o tlic labor of tl1•
'
f
<; n u t 1ie endc·n· · · t
·
"
ti 1J1 1s l:y <'~hn ·I . . . . . urs o w1<lcn the sphcni
r"ionattra"
(;
l.ll ll h - tho ·c ti
tf
.
of Poetry.
·'
'
ta unn tho distino-

.1 'lato
mad e tlic fir"t
·
· •·ittr mpt on ·1 .,1.. 11 J
I
seventy of pl 1il osophieai T. . . . . "'.' ' sea e to relieve thn
.
t 1::.eu,;s1on wi th t
I
.
i11ma11 rnt crcsL II ' . J
c <If opterl the fv J
f I ouc ics
. of gen~! ·
tr•>•.l1u·.c tl1c a..t
.
"
· i.. 11 •·11 1':l n:-actton
rr fu o- . ti c Dialogue
..
' to 1",..
1lr:rn1a. J:,.Jin·c eo r
.
' p c1so 11 altt1cR, a.~ ia tho
f
·
·
· 111 11 t·J1cing th e di sc11~ .. ·
•rnrg~ t li e fi J' <':th;N 1:,rw .~rd Ill. a H. crw. w1._.-tlion
o a question, 114 ..1 I f .
1
..
. .
.·
ua" o tm 1c a .J I· .
l
'
minute circumsta&
11 1'.ice, Bile I as w e wi t '. .
.
L
.,s l'xa111plcs,
tl 1c Clta rm '1l c. , ti IC Cr·1h· l11~ on <lt cI stage. ('1,
"""!
1
t 1c \epul,li c.) T l . f II .·
ie u 0 11 1110- sl1urt' J~ · •· an "' t 10 npenin(l'
" o(· "'
1 1
l<••rtte c·dl c<l I'/ l
o
. pccim en, from tho Diw .:
. .~
•
W !< ru s, sc rY cs as the intro l
..
,
n1 to the truth of mytholo\!y :__:
l uctwn to an inquiry ..

I

~

''.. Pli ml ru.•.

,\;1··ruf,'.•.

r e::.~

Dost. tl11rn._sco tl . . .
~:~'rLli11ly
.1 d;i.
t .lt \CI Y

1 !irl'tl/' 118. j l1cl'L' is sli:1<h- tlii''
'Intl ~!Jere• is g ra 's (n sit, or if we 'i~k ~11~
Lvnd O i l fhl'lll
1'/i
ml ti.(,
r 11• HT c·II 111,.,' :->o(·r:1
. . tc,,
t!a'v
, .11·
· .' · - '"
u rc:t.' l':irri cd U\\"

l,

,.... 1Jr r ff f r'.'1 .

'''"'/'111,.,, ,

:-;,, tli t',\'

~"'"

203

LIMITS 01' ILI.U STRATIO"·

E:\ P0S lTJ0N.

t:d l plane-tree;?
l
\ "'

()

.

'1rn11l i,; not too

10 l

stron~

own.

it not frnrn
..
, o. · 1 .
so rn c plnco l1ere
")
I clt iy1a t ru 111 tl1 0 llii1sosV . ,
j,.

l'lw·dru.•. :-;1i,>11ld it . 111 t J f·
.
"' ''' "' s•> lu1·,·h·
>, tJ"t1
•C 'om
For
tli
.. . . t ills spot?
·
· o wnl-01$
• u111l l''' 1.0 ""'l
I' ." Yo n tl 1e lo:irrk.
' "l',u ent , nrid us if wad u fo r 'rbi
10 1
8urrrrtr.•. .l\o it i" t ..
gi
"YO 11 t ro~s o ver t.u ' I.lie T , II 0 , or . th l' L'C
. ·st.:i.'r1a f11rt.I1er dow n wh
a n al;:1r •if llon·as.
"1"l' 1'· ut .\ i;ra. ll1ere yo u fiuu

son;ewh~c

l /111•dr1 1.v.
:-;ucr11t.e~,
clusl

11mp1cs anJ sirnik,;, ,v},i.:h oft<·n cx~itc ollr cr Plllflli •rn" tl.:111
tho8e lJclo11gi11~ to scie11cc. The p ;1i11t'ul cil'ect of t li e n " ""qnestionin g vf ?ocratl':i, i,; eu111p:11-e<I t" tlic ;;l1ock uf t li e t"t'\ '",\ ...
Again, Svcratc,; rq>1-c,;eut~ l1i111,;df as sL·ekiu~ tl1e ~0·111 ,,f li i<
fellow-citizen", a nJ n ot c:1ptivatiug them J,y :;]J .. wy a rh; a1.. I
hence, if l iruugl1t to trial f.,r l1i~ c<>w lud, lie w,111!,I j,,. Ii\,,·
a physicilm arraigud by th e cr)l~fcctiuner b1jiHe a } '"'!/ u/

cltilJrcn.
The ass of J;urichn, h l'IJ in "'w•pl'nse lid\\'c'c' ll th•! C"q11al

:it -

tractions vf two l11111d ks ,, f l1:1y, i:< :rn irn11 1nrt"d illi1" t ratiu11 ,,(
the cquipoi,;e of 111 0\ i\' C'::l in tlic li 111na n will. The hurrwl'<>ll-'
representation of George IL, in 1 'i' ·il, qu o\l'•l frulll l'a1hl l! ""

p. 170, is an extension of thi:; li g nr<'.

raky':; f:un o us ;;i1uil e of the piµ:c011s, in i\\u,;\rati on of tl1 c
\1atUl'0 Of pri \'a\t; prnp<•rty , is (':tkll\:t\l'.I \ O ~ratify th e i11\'i,\i Pll!i
i;entim ent felt t o war<l:I the \t .. l.kr,; u l prope rty l1y th""c tliaL
have n v nt',-:111 em otion alV•!:;l'lli er exl r:u 1l'o:1s l• l ~,.i ('t1f'<'·Locke's affecting illust rat.ion of t lic fa•li11g of ou r rceolkct ions is gin' n in Extract IL
Tli c sc11timc·nt or won1 kr i" 11!'t "n ap pc ak•l 1. ...
Th e anti rp1arian irr t.crcstof (; ,,;1 .l .. µ:y is l1iglily , 1i111 1il ati11 µ: .
Sli:J1t c•cca~inns of pc rs"n al f..:e li11 g \\·ill ari:;e in tir e dri••,;t
cxpos1t1nn~. /\n allusion to a great ,]i,;co\' er('r, an expn·~~i .. 11
of es\cc' Tll or of co11tc mpt, of appr<1lia\illn or of .J i"'IJ']'l'•1\.:•\i"11,
of :;y mpat.l1 y wi t h the learn er's ,\i!licnllit·~, will i1111 " u'l u 11ct i .. ;i
allll g iv e '' pa,;.<;ing relief to tl1e t e nsi•>ll of tlie 111i1 .. l.

I 11.. • r t
tliua ·1li~li~~'.o ~~,·n.r c ''.fl tlris; l111t t"ll me, by Zeus, 0
.
.
l b lll) l ' to lie I.r ue '/ "
i . . . (;.. .l l. tlO! llC Dtalll .~" ll CS. , s. nJ11·lllll. f\', 1v1Lhos
. l
111111 01, .\I L'. proclnccd li t . . .. .
•
'
, poetic icaut.y,

en. Wi tlt rcganl to t11c Cll1\•1•))' Jl1('n t oi' i1\u ,;trnti <lll ,,
for c xpo:;itory cn<l,;, t11c ('oll11itiu 11,; an<l 1i111it:1ti•• ll,; already lwcscribet1, urn1cr Fi µ: urcs of Sirnil:Lri t y (I'· :!1 ; ),

.

arc fu11y ar1·1icaulc.
If the i\lu5\T:1\ ions arc F-•rng11t cxdnsively for tlic sake of
ckarnes", that is, if th e c111l~ <•f feel i11 g ancl fan cy are sel a!'id ,.,

l n tl1 • ".

.
Y 11111 s, a.~ 111 a p oeJJI. 11•] ·1 ] .
purpose 1s le) :b('N\ '"iit l p Ill. 1•l'O]i
'
11 ct icir avowed
. ·].
11c truth Tl
111g operat ion of :::lucr·(te:; i . ·l · 1. ·
•
ic
cross-question·
'
· ~ ex 11u1tcd llj"> Cn ,
.
oppo nents; an. I th e deb· t , . .
> , L g reat vunet.y of
• .
. .
.
,1 c ts 111tcrrupted li
l.. . . .
ot p(' r,;011 al t.: .., !irrg.
Y Ltamattc displays

Gs
•· . Tl ic <· l t ·1c f ~ c.· (1 p e fur c :\t l"lll
•
th<li <.:C uf C:\:llll}iles 'lll [ 'j] t. .' COUS rntcrcst
· •

Am v rr~
._ tl1 e

1'l, 1to•i. i· ~,

L 1 11s ra twn s
df t

j::;

in the

.so l' c xpos1·rwn we must include ex·

i~

there
little dang•)\' of a 11· r•>1•:;!; C'l t•ii ce ; the snilal,ility 111 ust \,e
evid ent to any un c \ 11at
to I.li e: matter. lL
11llil cr t.lie
prc;;sur() of the cxtr,111eou:; m.,ti1·c of general ltuniau i11ll'XL'"t,

attL·11d~

t11at clarkcning i\ln;;trations arc

i~

rl'~ort <'d

to.

·>

...... ,

;t

-

,:

204:

EXPOS!TI0N.

•

•

.,, .

p

Tir e fullowi11g sliort p:1ra«ra1)lr fro 111 Jlr ,,.l
JI J l
· l
.~
·
1ewc ms l
pra1s1.' t as a Fpl'l•irne11 of 1•liiluso11l1i,., sf)·!,
It i
.
,
. leen
·t·
, .
l.
UCf'JllS Wit
sll. tt (•1 nc 1rt, fo.>llvws up wit !1 au <'xa111 ple, a11.J clt"eS ,,;it h a 1" I a
1 ustra t1un .
1.ippy
."Tl It' fy pl'-' l''' " ic·s of r ,·en· g'(' lllJ< tl1 c fl·
ii.~·· rs, !lien. 01 1t, " ·lii <'i i J•O.'sc-.".:L'" all ·t.li t• .11 : 1l_'.<' : /.;' '.ll'l ~ of every forn.
.
' " "' ki" lllH! p1·opertira
Pt tli u genns i11 a 1n :1rked ,11 1 I
l:o~e t<unil)' li;i..; alt~· rn·tt·• ·,1 ·1'1• 1'1'1~1'r" "1111 l·nt. inallnl'r. Tl1e typ e of tlJ e
.
·
~
.
.
('
IJ
'll
l'S
t l 1.u 0 ~·111t-, not l'red. 1,.,q th , t. · '
· •. \\' " I 1I ' ti It\ a II >llllll·n, lw~
' , . i• l t" !-I ,1,:...r111at
·L !-(11111il1..: 11 1 I I
.l
I
I.\.1:1 t llrt1..", wl iif· l1 diHti1J1r11i··d1
l ' .
. ' H i e."i H e~ tJC:ro ·
I
. I
. "' .
L
I 0111 I It' CXl'('l•ll!!ll . 1
.
. . .
<·ass, rt 1;1 s th e f~· n t irre,; wliielr mak . .'t ·. .
. '" '·anet1cs Ill its
r..; on u uf rhos,· ll'hi..J1 J'OS."Css ci,·a~·/r j'.',o.' '. '.1ll<·11 .L 111 ifs f'li~s.;. 1t
:111d tllll~, 1Ji.,11~l1 we ca1mnt sav if. • . L Lr.ti k.1d111g 11 ttrtl1utcs;
fill' ty po u f t l1u fow ily t•r of. 11; 1 ' .rn: on ~ /!'" 111 s that it. m ust he
t.1· pe of t l1 u /!l'l/lls 11·c: '.1re 'ti ll 1/•f>ll·t!' slpJC<'ll-,; tl"1t it 11W8t UC LJio
I"
• .
11 tioI •Y to. ,' <'l'k
. tho t.ype m11st
' . "01111cetc1 I by , 111a11y
atli 11i t icsUL wi
. .
.

i.;r1111p; it mus t /Ju IH.:ar lhu cc1;t1:u uf t1'.
":"''t .'1'' t Ii i' •>t.l1 e1·s vf its
1
stragg ler:;."
" crow<, alld uut one oftlrn

n

Tl1 c next. e xtra ct is a pa r.1 " r:1plt fr o m Mr S·
I
·1
<·xpn11ncli11 g th e "T • t .· . "'
. ' .tn 1u c )al cy,
·
,., C'. i P11 nc1p le o f the re111iss io l! or . It
·
o f pl c a~ 11 n ·~
1t 11
. . , 1. 1 .
.
•' crnation
.
.
'.
P " l C('
'Y 1f c r:1t1 u n, cx1111 11' J, ·s, and illust.ra1101 1 ~, and will rewa rd. a card'1d study.
" 'Wit nncl hnrnor, it must lie nl/(l \\' , l
,
.
.
J•l:H'l', antl so111l'liint•.9 carri ·d 1 (' . ... ' ( ·, 1.lln.' 11<' ~nnwt1 1_n <'s out of
11ii" 110\\'(•\'('f . I' I.']
\;
.\ (' L·'' ·
,,
·I. J 1
_v" >/(' l I It'." >"ii:Jre wi t l1 otl 1cr ·, . . ·ll · . , .
' I" a lau1.
l1ru11g-l1t as a "J•l'<'i tk ol .ll' t 1.
LX( ' tllf. tln1 1i.;><, " ri d <:;11111ot. bo
•
•
' ., " 11 'l" 'JJ JI.; [ tl1 '/ I
It I
I .
ag-:11nst th u wor ks in " ·I 1· ·I ti . • , . .
c. i. ' " "'"/.; i rt. n111y be
..
I l I
I L'\ HJ•l>("I/'
f• I I '
t .
11111,;t , of ('011r ·'e, h·1n
i r·11tl' r1111"... ...: .1u 11 · , ri nd
. tl. '·e " ·' ine11 ot e1·cry
ki rul
•
· •
I' Iea.-.,ur0, tl 1e znorc is n 1.;11 .
..
, .
. , i 1uoro cxq utslte tlie
'J'l'
ll
S/l
ll
l
l't'
<Jllll'l'd
W
.
k
.
.
'
l'l' l "'.' I l r1;;1·io11 ."11c" ".· we Jo.r, ti 1e t I 10 111/\"irvnw
"
·ut sic ·cu at per•
"''t'lllL'< ! l'<Jt1111 ult l101w h ' . II \. I. l
' .. ,., ll lllOHp 1icre ot a
"/'I ie l ll'('af Ir ' of 1101,·c·r'
"' ' .rn . H
" I a. .Ha l 'l'l"1tlies'
f·c
..
.
.
.
'
J1
11
I't H rece8SC8. .
""""-' lt·1· in tl1 e Jir ·I ·' ·t '
ac 011 •l':lll ld 11 lly oJ.,,cn·cs 'is for
•
J
' "
it~ n ' , c·n11 1(•s nrnl '' O ·~ l'k
I
. ' .
11111.'l•', tl 111n i11 the hand, r .
I
.... .' . I 0 t IC warblt!JI{ of
~i'alf.l'1·s o,·cr the />'l •;c oi· fh : '""ft> (; nl'i1l rlf11, trn tion s which foncy
" otl .; fu;;
' ... t. In (']
c. (//':/ , 01,' nr. t ,,,,. .!" •LI· ; II 1:1y ue
I
011 eac:u
crow(l ed
1cr 00
uq11u1ce, HI i1 l't1un, r11 poetry, in every
(I

..-.'

205

C ALL! ;-.iC; ATTE:'>i'TIVN' TO 11!FFIC CLT!W>.

. In the bcRt Rcie11ti ri t: 11-ri ting", il/11~fratinn~ of a hi•>h] · ti
five na t ure ·a rc uro11 •d 1t . 01 1I
.
,.., .l gura.
· ·
.
.~
llr
Y at co n ~ 1<kral1l c i11tcrvals · ti
cxpos1t 1on J.c rnrr clii dly made up f ' t " .
' le
'fl d
,., .
o I u ,1t ion, exa mpl e &c
ic 11e m c<l 1u111 iR tli 011 ,,J 1t to Le r .. I" ' <l ..
'
·
Tli•tlo o-1
· • .
·-:
e.i rr.c 111 many of tho
- •
"'. IC'S of J lat o, altl roui..:;li Ill f\·r-ar.J t•) "(>1 11 c tl
~
1c en.t.1cs of hI
'~111·11· c o1l11Jdry, '''!rose ta~t c <) ll Fu c li a pni11t was con summate ha~
( r.ugc, 111n with t•xcess.
' ''

'

work intc111l c:I t.o )' it·ld hil{li nnil pern1n11,•11t 1.J1·:1-11rt'. tlil· J:.,,Jy o!'
t he work 11111 . <t. und•nil>tl·Jly ho s<> 111 ,· t l1i11 ;.: ."ol id, '"'"c·tl1i11 ;.: ad drcs:;ed to g 11rnl :-ien :·H..~ or ea r tlL':->L fe,·!i1 1g-. Tl1l~ l1~11rath·v d t.·l·oraw
tiOll.'l must appea r no Jlll)J'O t li;u1 eJt.;.::u1t. rt1li:i;!u, lll' l1l'a 11 tif11J n>ll\'<1] 11tious, su1Tvu 1Hli 11 .~ th e ~tl'ad t'a:-0t col1:111 ri--; ul' t / 11111 ~! 1 t and M'll t i1 111.: 11t.
Poct:i of 1uuru i11t:q~in:l ti v0 powe r , 110 \\. L'\·e r d:tzzlin;:, w 110 l1ave nnt

".

possu;;..ietl ('011 ,o;itl cr:1ulc stre11 1{tli uf i11 tdJ..ct., 1111\'1.: n1:n·r l1n·ll ab le
to keep il higli pL1ce in p11 l.J i,; e' f. i111 al i<111. For n while w o a ru
plen~ e <I to ri't1 a lH>V \J tl 1e .;art!., :111d ll'i11g- 011r 11·;1_v tl;ru11 1{l1 tlw a t 1no~ph e r u of fan cy ; l1u l.

we

i-'Ooll

J.!l'lJW weary of all

eX! ' llr~iuH

whi tih i>1 all J!iµ;l 1t. ln tk fia.nco (lf Hi,;lwp ikrkt:l.;y, \l'e rnu ,t. lta vu
a wvrltl ut' ~ul i d ma f.ll'r tu aligl1t an d r epose 011."

70. V. Hy call ing rittcntiun to tl1e "l'<'C' ial dillil'lllti ,·s
of tlic lll <llln cxpom1ded.
It may li e of the g rcat.c·,;t use to ;;how the prt'c isc ,Ji illt·11 1t i(·s
t.liat a11 exposition i~ i11to11d1)<l to ml't·t; :rn int erest is ar<> u s1.·d,
and tho i11genu ity i" put on the al l' rt to j11•lg c of the altai11rn»11t
of th e c11d prop1l, eJ. Pa!t-y, in th e ]'l't·face tu liis l\lural J 'l1ilosophy, remark s :" Cnn !'crnir1 ;:r t.l1 c pr i 11,· i;1l•J o f moral .' , it \\'011ld

ue p rt ·111 ;1 t111·r

"

I

~ ~

't

r11

to

•. i

~r cak ; lnJt <'on ne rnin;..; t l1c rn:UHll'r o l· u11fuldint; awl t·xpi:liuin~

that pritwipi l', I li;t\'I) sn111 e wh at wl1i<'h I wi:;h to l·e re n1:1rkl·d .
An cxp eri c1we of nin e )'L' ars i11 tl1c ofli cc o f 11 pnlolic tutor in 1111 c'
of tho uni ve r,;iti l'.'<, ft1 HI in that dl·rmrt1 ncnt uf tJ<!11 caLin11 to wlii .. h
t hese cl1apt.<- rs rel:1te, 11fl~1nleJ me fr cq11 c11t oCCil>'ions to ohsc·rvL-,
t.l1 at, in olisr omsi11g to younµ; milld~ upon topic' of 11 w1·ali1 y. it. rcq11ire1l mn .-11 11111 re pain" to mak u t hem pl'r('civc the difli<'11lty. !hall
to u nde rsta nd tl 10 sol nt inn; that, nnkss t he :;uh,iec·t was"" drawn
up to a poillt., a.~ to ex Iii hit t ho full for<'.C of :.11 ol1jcd iun , <•r th ,· exac t pl1tP.l' 11f a dou lit, IH: f'1>1'0 any (·xplan ation w11 ~ C'r1tl·n·d 1q11111 , in oth l' t' wnrd~, ttll ll'~~ :-101no e11riO!"ity wa~ ex(' ih·d ht·for1..•

it

,,- :i ...;

~l
''
;
:,"
:~.

at-

te111pt.l'd to Oil i'ati sfkol. t h,, laliu r of the tea('lier was l•"t. \\' ioc·1 1
i11t'onnation \I'll'! not desired, it w :1s Hc lolo111,] fo11 11<l, rl'l ai11 ool. l
hav e rnadu t/ii;.; 0l1't·rvat.ion my gui1l u i11 th e fi11low inl{ w r1rk: t i1Jd.
is, llJl•Jn c:ich ur<'a sio11 I ha,· o cndl':tYort:d, hc: foru I ,;ufl<.•r"d 111 y~..ir
tu p roL'd'd i11 th e: di'1'{Uisit io11 , to pu t the read er in c·om pkte i'""" '' ·
Bio11 of tl1 c •Jll c•stiun; and to do it in n w ny th at l t.lwug l1t lll•h L
likely to ~tir up lii 8 ow n doubts nnJ 8ol i<:it111lc ubuut it."

Th e Socratic c ro~s-q11 c sti0 ni11g opo ratiuu res ulted in a pa111f 1l se11~e of i~n ora 11 ec, whi ch wa~ th e l. e~ t preparation for t l1 0
at.tainrnc11t o f real kll o wl edgc.

71. VI. The Proof of a principl e iudircetly con·
tribn tc::> to its expositi on.

·,.

2()()

EXI'OS!TION.

A Pl'l.T (':,\T:Ol\::3 OF l'W:O:CJPL FS .

In tli e '.ir.'<t 1:Licc, tlic mere iteration or cxp;ins ion inciJont
to tl1e pro1·111g c0 t a clol'tr·i11c is a m ea11;; of ini p rt ssing it.

Iu tlie 11 ext ]'laer, l1y seeing what. tl1c pruof-i nrc abl e to
estal.lis!i we lnn~ ·• c l C'(' J· ·
tl
·

. _ •
J•l'lll ('l)Jle.

·

· ·'

, 11po a

1c lllL'a11111g a11d extent of tho

. '~liinll..r, it.. is an addi timr: d a.l1·:uitagc 11"li cn tl 1c proof \
ni.1clc :~ lll elu,Je tlic st:1 tcmc r1t and <li;;pruof of th e cou ntcrproposr tr \) Jl or prnposit inns ; as lr:1pp c1is in a well-co nducted
p oJ,.111 1cal rxp.-i, it iun.
Tir e met l1ods of T'rn nf f:ill 11111kr T orrj • 'l'I
·· ]
. . . .
.
•
• ~ c.
l•'.r :ire eJt.
1cr
lndu ct.l\'c or Dcd.u..:t 11·c; tl1c Oil(' is prouf fro m fiwt,.;, tlie other
from tl1 e applic-at1011 of ~(>Ille liigl1cr or m ore (.'.<'llcra l law. That
~-lo 1·cn~foofl'<l animals [1rc l1crl1i1·oro11s ca r1 Lil' j 1rol' <·d onlv by
J1J(l1 1c:t1u!l; tl1at the pntli uf a com(·!, i;; a con i..: ~ec tion ci:n be
pro1•c<l ..l cd11r·tin ·ly a;; well as ir1du cti1·ch·.

It would of't1· r1 en ntril mte to clearnl:ss of ,. , 1H,, itio 11 to nr- ·
rang-c the proof: · uf a f:i(' r or lfoetri11c :ir1·ordi1w 1., tlre ir Io"icnl
m:tlioJ. Tl1us unrl l' I' lrrdudion, it lias ].l'l' ll sl·~>wn by J\lr. S.
Mrll u_iat tlH~r(; :ire fou r m ode~ .of l1ri11gi11g fa cts to bear upon
the p'.ouf of a g(' 11 cral pr«1H·"1!10n ; lie calls tlr C'm tbe Foor
F.xper rrn c11l:il Metl 1ocls (Agrecnr ent, Dilli.-rc i1 !'(' Co ncorn'ta
t
1 11
Y·..111a
·· r1~11Js, •C's r(1llL·s ). It· there arc any facts lllldC'r
' .Agreemen
t,
t lu·y r111gl1t !J\: sta(('d firs t. :uul apart; 11 ext tliose under Diff,.rrnre, and so on. Tli Pse E xpPri111(•1 1t: d or I 11 .Jwtii·e Proofs
would ho foll ,'.ll'l'd !.y the D,•dll<'ti rc, or tliP. a.ss ig 11 i11 rr of tho
l11 p;i1l' r g'l' J11·r:d1ty tl1:1t i11 cl ndl:s 11r1d vr its sll'e•']' wl rat is to be
pro1·c·d . ~l' e J'1;i:su,1sro:-1.

J.

r ·

Th csP fu 11r rn cll1ods i rnply t ir e pos.sii>il ill· of cstau li sliin rr
11
puirit. :b e,· rt:i in . Jn a \'fist 111111Jl.<'r of in sta.ners, however, ;nd
rnan~· of t.l1e~n ()f tlic higl_1 r st importa nrr, t li e evidence is only
.r',rul..dil c. J 1l'I'«, ton, Lo.!!;11·al rn <"I hod wc!ll ld li C' of g reat se rvice.
I_ rul>al1le f·l'ld,·ncc 1s us1.1a lly a eoncnrrence of srp:trate probabilit1 (·:· (':l('h l1:1 \'t11i:; :lll n"srgnal.Je ralite ; the sllm11ri11g of them up
l1e r11 g- a m:ll-u11dcrst<>od arit Ji md ic;il pn>c('ss. Th e Lest order
\l'h l'th c r for l'ro"f o r for Kxposition, 11"01iid he first to set forth
tl1 c di .<tin('1 pr"ha bilitics, :u1d th en to C'omhille tlic su m into a
j.. int pr»Lal1i li1 :·.

Expositio n J,y rrn.,f is a p:i rt of l \· rs1 1a,-inn, a11.J '" 11an11··-1
Argum ent.

72. VIT. Infr~rcnP.f's, D ctl1wt ion s, Corollaric>', A j>plicn.ti011 s, Con~crp1c1H: l·s, may lie dra\\'11 from pri11c il'li:s,
and may ::;crvc fi till f"11rtlier to ducidatc tl1 c111 .
T o tnrn a pri11l'iple to i111 rn r·1liate ;wc111111t l1y <le.JuctiH· ''!'·
pli cat.i ons, iwcr·"'a rily c11g:1r.:t·s onr inten·"t i11 it, l><·,idcs l1:t\' in<.:
tl1e same l'tlicaey as t ir e pro1,f.; in ('Xpa11di11g it to tlic mi11d , arid
in d etc nni 11ing its p rc·r ise irnp•!l'L Th r eo r111lari cs of a ge .. 111..tri..:al prop<•sition tn11tril111te to \'kar llP and in rpn·"s tl1e prn1«•sition ; :ind th e like li nl.J,; all tl1rol!:::;h S•.' it'lrC(', and tlm>llgl1 tlrt•
less seic:ntifi c gene rali ties.
Tlins tl1c F ir·st Law "f ~fotiun is practic:illy :lj>j>licd to t] .,.
~eating out. uf dl! .st, an,] t.u tli c. dry i11 .~ 111' a Jll(•p; 1111 .l tlic"'' an:
g (10 cl as c xani pk" in 0xpo1111d i11 g tliL' prin .. iplr.
Tlie d1)C trinc of tlic E xp:111'i"n of Eu<lic.-< J.y licat ii:L' :t wid ..
range of appl icati.,11:', I.10th to tl1e 111 1ran·lli11g uf <liflinilt ]'l rl'no111 e11a, as tl1c wi1al,:, an d to pr•)L'CS.<Cs in tl1c arh.
Tl1e r0 11stituti on ..of ti re Cu un cil and tlie Agn<a i11 l'ar:.1·
Greece is expound ed J.y G rote 1rit.li refl' renec to its co 11.<cqn e11ces, in t lic f0ll o1ring p:ir::igrapl1 : " Tli r rc i.• Yct :motlier point of l'ic-11' in wl1i l'h it lJtlonv rs

11 ."

t<1

t:iko rw t i\'u 1>r°t11t· l'o1111 .:il :1111! t l 1c• :\ ;..'.Or:t :l~ int q ..~ral plorl ions of' t I 1e
]cg-r 11dnry goveninh.: nt <1 f th<.: (;rL'ci.an <·1~1 111111111 i~i ... . ~. \\'l, nre 11_. w"
cnal dt'd to trnf' ll tl1 0 t'111plnyr11c 1it ot pllhli €' ~ 11l':1k111 ~ n ~ !h e ~ tand 111;.:
eng-i no o f

g"O\'t•rfl!IH'llt . llll_ d

t iJ u yrox i111a lt• <':t.ll ~e of ol _)(_·d1t •flt 'l'_, IP ~Lr.

soeial intii nl'y of tl1e nat 1• 1n. 111(' po\\'"r of "Jl~ (· 1·li in ti "' d1r.·1·11""
of pul.Ji c itll'airs iiL'l'<Jlllt·" more n11d 11« •re ol;v10~1s, dl'n·lo1wd. '. ""!
irrc~ bt ible, :is

\\'C

ndv :irwc toward;-; tlw ('11 J11nnat1ng TH T J(id ol (,r\·-

cinn history-th e C'rntJJry preN·di11;! tli 0 hattll' of Cl11t·ro11 .. i:t. Tli:1t
it:-\ d e \·c l <1p1ne 11t wa :-; grc:ttf':..:t n111ong the tllost l:nl1µ:Ji1 ,·11n1 !-:1: <· !1fln:4
<•f tlit' Grc·ei:in nn11 1c·, an1l s1nalJl', t. :111~1.11 g t l1c 111 orc ul.t1b1: 111od ,;lat io11nrv j,; matter t•f notoriouR fact; n11d ii. i,; n11t le'' 11'11< ·, Jli:1l t he

prcvaf(·~cc of thiR l1nbit "·as on e of 1h o chi ef en·""' " of tl1~ i11t<·l lectual eminence of th e nation ge11l'rally . At. a trrue wl1<'11 all the
countri e" aroJJnd \\'ere p!111J!,!t'd \· ,,r11J >:11·riti \'l:ly in mc-11tal t .. rpnr,
tl1crc wn8 nu muti,·c s11fli 1·i e11t ly presc11I. a nd powerful to 1111ilt iply
f: O \Vonderi'i1lly tl1 t' JH'fHln.<'1.ive _u1irnl .. .; c ~ f Gr~l:rP, t' X{'<·pt'. ~~1~·h . a~

arMe frorn the J"L'\l':trd' ot p11J ,J1c 'i'"'"k111g. l li e: Sll "<'\'J•tr J,Ji 1t} ol
tlie lllll liitlll]e tu tJ,j , ""rt of g11i,!:111n-, tl 1ci r Jial 1it ot' l'<.:<Jlliri11 g Hiil[

: .. y'·

208

EXPOSI110N.

THE EXl'OSITOln'' J'ARAGRAl'II.

<'njoy irr,1:; t.! 10 .Gtirn11l11~ whi«li it <11 I' J
«orr1J,i 11irrg rq.~ular fon1" ·'ti 1< Pl' lc'r ' · nrr<l tl1c open discussion
. . I .
I. \\I
J I l'l' "l'i" l<JI I
J'
.
·!
l_"J I illea <ls. i1·ell a.-<_.1'111''"-•,ll&et11..•('i'L"tttv•(·
i ·i·1I . I
. o11, o JJl'iict1cal
Illntt.o,...
1·
. .,
' : a110<·s w 11 eh formed
~ 1 11· I1 co11sp1c11ons ad"J't' iu tli.
·t . 1. · '
I ,. .
l Ill (I
r•er-11·1
ion
N'
I '·o
"·"e' I oi·ator.; w/Jo WL· re tli11
-- 0 I
. .~ ..
or _was it ouJ"
rlll'llle< t l!I
· t 11e Lackgrw 111 c] · ·1 ti'~ J1r
< "''l'd
J !id· "" r·1c apt1tudo
·
•
,
.
.
·.
11'11!1
111 1 ic ')'l'<'1Jht1vl' ((> ]
Jl
I
·11
·
''
·
I) '" WI . I J11t e n·-ti1w J>lll'll<J I .•• t' . . '
..
.
II( l.lllC l CS were Sllf!i-.
lh..~lt. l Ul ol J..;('l'VUt J 111
[
.
a 1 a t 11ne wlie11 tir e tl'lllli. 1• 1 . · I '. ·
' a11< cornLiu~·nn·
.
• · -....
/I
]J'J
.
'op1y.,1ea.·«·i"t1
"t·\\ue
"' a 1most
t-'I ~ L'.
t, ie £1l'IH1fu·v t•tl'ect \\' • t.
. k
UlU
I 110 secondary l>iit 11'0 t I,."· ·'"t 0 qu"' <'ll t lie po_we_·rs of ex_iires•l6n
.
'
.
.
c~. l'er mn l'l'Sllil w
t
l
I
. l
., a::> o < eve op the hnbi•s
u I 'e1e11tilic tl"'twlit
~· t
.
p· c·n'
.1 1L'.' , :11l<l tlie" collnrpfrtl
"'
· ""' 011 1v t 11e or· 1to . 0. f D
rn ·;r,i. of s' r} . . emo::;tlienes und
"'J>l<i"al 8J>l'C 11/at.io11" of J'J. t
'~le I • ncratl'.• .. lnit also tlio phil~
• J I I
.
.
a o, !llll t JO 'Y't•• 111·1t1
1· .
:'" ug1 c ot .Ari ,tutle nrc tr·w("t/ I . . • · · • · c po 1tics, rhetori(\
11 1 tlJe r11i11ds of ti"' ( .'1.' c· · · · ·' ' c t.u t.lic i<alne g<·11cral tendencies
.
.
' e ian pi:op 1c. urr<l w . r l ti
exp :111,-11'(· forc,·s iu tho ~e11at, . . . , , ..
e. in< . JO germ of these
crnrncut."
.<: .ind at,ui ' 1 oJ tli;H· legendary gov·
j

.

Hcrr~ark in th e co uclutl irig sentence tlie
lntcrest111g Example.
c:mploymcut
Sec also Ex tract

of tho

XII f.

7:3. Tlie Expot'itory I'·1rarrr·1 il 1
.
liarit ie,; "l'Oii·iiw out . j· ti ' ',.., 'I 1 :as ccrtam pcc:;u,
,.
'o
o
v
ic J1at11Te of science I tl
uni111a n· l~1n11 L•f con 11l(Js1' t·i· or1 tl
. IIf · lti
•
.
·
l{'l'C 'l!'C I 1
d i<·ati ng- ;;u(·c·c.;,.,j I' • 1 .,,.. , .
'
· '. ' · 0 means o m·
I . . el c,.,1 Ct" of ,.;11 bunlmat ion. and we havo
. ::·<l
t o con,,1 e1· t 10 ]1e t 1 , I
.
'
"
li(Jt e,; •1 1 <n-en:oniing tl 1c defoct.
_Tn a sent,·11cc, tl1 crl' rnav lie ll/l/1an·11t a

ordu1atc ch u '(" . l t .
·
principal aud su~
. ' ~ ' •11 ' Ill a pttragrnph all t IJC Sf,11tc1·1ce" are, h
t IJC (')"C ' of cq ua I or ro-nrdi11atc \'al1
·
'
o
w
1c.
fn a fl'd1ni1·aJ SCil'11tiii<: ll'Ork <uJ · )'111 . . . . . ,
1
Ly i11d e1it.i11 g t.lic lcttcr·pr<'" (''' ~
• tiou1s 111d1cated, (1)
characters employed,-I..
.,'Y •t' forms of tlJe numerical
difl:·rcncc of type.
' " ' -, ( 1), (2), a, l>, &c., and (3) by

ri' ;)

•;;!(

\\'IJ011 su ch dcvi crs ·11·c rot
. t l
1
'
rc·>«> r ('r to we h'IVe t t t ·
a great m eas ure to tli ,
, f
'
··
o ru~ ., ltl
.
'
. c . c11~c o tl1e Jn <s•11.re f. d 'd '
l
.
· · · ',.., or ec1 mg w iat
1s co-n rdi1iate fll'd wli:-it . I.
' ·
' su •Or< 11nate
F urth,
·
assistance may
lw o!.t.ai11 ed, J,y attention to the r II . . · . .
(I ) Tl1
.
io O\\ rng porn ts:.
c tlH me of tlw prrr·11rra1 h t 0 l . I
mi11ist.(•rial, ~liould I.Jc C
'. t. ~' ' ' . w llC 1 all the rest is
<Jtlll< 1 ' 1 t.ie 1•(·1rrn111rw
at tl·1e en d , or m
·
lwt. l 1.
"'
b'

:r

(2.) Iteration gil'o~

]Jr1>1ni11c11c(•, and

l

t 1creforc superiority.

20()

The circnmstancc tl1at a tl1i11g is st at ed mauy tirn c,: <n·c r, lead:<
us to infer t.l1at it is more i111portant and prolial1ly mum c11111prehensivc than tlie tliings stated 011ly once.
(3.) \\Then fads arL~ plai11l y made k110\\'n as cxanipJ..s or
illustrat.io11s of a tl1cmc, they art' tl1cn·L>y di;clareJ to L" iu suJ.,_
ordination to that tlicrnc.
( 4.) Statements of the Sl'C011d tfogrec uf wl •ordi nat iu11
should, if possiolc, Le i11l'.l11d cd in tlie same scnteu!'e IL'< their

' immediate principal; it lwint.; inexpedient to constitute distiuct
· sentences of three diffcrc11t grad es in the paragraph.
(5.) An er descending to a "l'Cowl, or to a .still lower, degree
~ of subordination, we slwuld avoill rd.urui11g to the higlicr gra11e
in the same paragraph.
(6.) A separate parn.gr:1ph may lie dl'vot.Pd tu a ;;eri<'s ,.f
examples or slate111e11ti; of a lvw, 1111!. n11ii'nrn1, dt•grec of s11l"
ordi nat.io11. Tl1is is rn1H:l1 lietkr tl 1a11 mixing up the diffe n ·1 1t
degrees 11 it.ho11t clia ngc of paragraph.
(7.) It is possible to intimate l1y our pl1ra.scol ogy wlwn we
pass frnm one degree of generality to :motlier:-" The fullowi11g
facts come under thi,,-priuciplc;" " \Ve give examples, or case,:,
of the rule;" "The subo1«1i nat c laws are these," &c.
A su bordinatc st.at.emcnt may happen to be diflicnlt of undcrstan<l i11g, l111t Wl' arc 1wt al lil.icrty t.o c·xpand it hy itl'ntion
or otl 1cr wi,:c, so m; to rai~c it out of it s rank. To 8tn•.1y clearness in tli c expr",;si•>11, or to appL:ud sumc brief example or illl•s·
tration, is all tl1at t.lic case all"wR.
Mr. llerbert Spencer has i11trnduccJ. a divi,:ion iut.orrnedwt.c
between th e Sentence and the Para~r;1pl1, marked by a blank
of ahnnt half an inch between two sentences.
The arts of reli ef arc csscnt ial to Ex position tli ront:"hout.
Mo11otony can neither lieep up attention nor irnpw:.;s tiJc memory. Even whcu the sul1jcct i:; marlc np naturally of monotonou s
or co-ordi11ate partir·ulars, m ea ns rn11st be u~od t.o rai.<e some of
them i11to relief. Thus in the details uf Anatomy-the Illll":lcs,
blood-v essels, &c.-eertain leading tu1".:tions arc indieatcd, a.<,
in refcrcucc to the m11sclc~, the twu great facts of t11C' crccti11g
a.nd the bcuding of the body.

ExrosrnoY.

~

J., lcn.dinu. . , , f( •nn nf tlic 1:·
. ··',·1·>O:.I·· 1·.01.)' p ararrrar J
. l7±.f Tl1c
(.tnc
n · ~:q 1 0,.,1t10 11 g c iwnlh·)· i. 1l ·t t
'
. b ll
· ] {' J
'
··
" ie " a Clllc 11t of a p ·
cip c, o luwcd lJ.)' s 11d1 :i, ··l 11. . , I' .
.
, rin·
. .
• c 1< < c u 1kl':1t 1ons o1 ·'
"t.it.cu1c11t" c x·un jll - Tl
.
'
VCJ'S6
.
.' . .
c,., i ""t ra t1 .. 11 .~ J>roul s and . I'

(·atw 11 ,;,n,;tl 1cca,.,cn1:11· rc r111in·

Otl
-

·

.

"

'

app1·

., ,

.

ic r forn 1::; uf I'a r: 1gr:lj il1 nrc 1l 1c ] l
\.•o
Ill ttdi 1rc~Gl)

and Ilic ~\ rgmuc11tatiYl'. .

j . tl . l l .
·""' 1c ,1. 1 11c 1110· 0 f a rrcn c
• T)i,.
. ~im1
. • kst f<>l'lll ."f , \ 1v11111r1ot
.-.

.1

J1r111 c 11 11t) 111 s1 1pport ot' 'L Jl' ll'li. I· . . 11
.
.~
' b
l'l~
li1'111cdtlnttl 1·
- ' . · •ll.ll a •·g at 1" 11 · Tlie factisa(.
'
· ie recz 1rirr of w ·it ·r ·
I
I
l1u 1·-t . I
.· .
.-.,
, ' 111 a " •> ~c tu ic will make it
. • t ll' l" llWtj.lc addu c·l· d in pr .. of i~ ti .1t "
.
.
exp:111d~ wit Ii rrrl'·tt fo re<' T l1
. . · ': \1.it.er ll1 fre czmg
.~ '
·
<·r,· J:; in t~1 s nutl 1inrt d'lt
,
lr<11 ll tlu.:o rdiiiaryh·r.,cufF · , ··
· .
"1erco.
f'. Ct l ,'
.
•
, \j>U. lll<oll , (' XCl'j>f, llJJ JJJ\'Cl'tiiOn -the
,,
•t 111.g ~tatrd fii.,,t, and tl 1l' l•riri,:11·lc . 1·1
l
'
A A
.
" •' r\\':ln s.
.
. II . rgu n1 c11 t may conl;ii11 a suc n •,,i ,"1 of st·r
cluun of rca.-<o ni nc' ·ind i . tl
. .
ps, c,1llcd a
.. .
.
"'' ·
" irn lll<>re JdJ1, ·1ilt to folio 11, Tl
]"rca ut1 uns 10 bc ubsc rv'l' 1 .
·
10
.
l
f
,
( ( 111 t its ca'c a rc to r('d 11ce tl
•er (• ~tr p s to the f._. ,,.<',t p o.<s i[,)p a11d
y'. ,
ic num.
l'xprc·ssiu11 to each . t
. .
.
'
to g l\ e .in adcqnnt~
' ) .C so .1s to .tll"w t l1e wh ole to l1
d
tw,etli cr It · ·
l
e graspc
,..,tl . .
JS lll ~1H· i cnmplicilt.ed re:1so11 inor.<; tliat tlie rule•.
<) f
l(; S.·11t"l tf'· · . I l tl
. ' tit' · tl : ..~·
•
' · ~ " l<
I<.: J' ar:wrapl
1 JII
0
l'a l,• 1· s:ii·s ._
ic II im portan ce.
·
)
·'
..
"p
.
.
rnpc rly l lllfll' (l \' ('.< !Ji (' l'OJ1 \'('l1ic·nr1· of )'11.· 1
T
k 111<1 to dil'id,· 11i,. 111 .,.,11·(·s ii t l' ·r
· . H 1-'.· I enables mnn.
sil .J.:, 1111less a 11 1: 111 l " lll · C'~<· l 1" o < i, 1111..i J•r<l•tvs: 11111,., wl1icli i~ im posI t J
'
. lull"l' t It' f'l'O! II C'f I! II (' I .
w 1;1 tu w anf ."l fro rn (itl1er-.. · ·1 1~ 1 . , J
.
' ..... t1 i1 s own nrt for
n!' tfi c !!<ha11t:t"C of <'il'il·i; .'1 ~Xl' 1a11g<_1 1111p l1cs property. .Much
\\'11 .: 11 a n1 :rn ;, 1·~,., ,111 1·1'<
.,.u l .<ner '" 1·:1go ltfu d c· p•· nd.'l UJl OD tl11'•
'
• ' ' l ' " I ·J II; OWll [ ' I ·
'"
c:nuk, l111 ntsnwn, a11d fi, Ji ern11111 , it i , 1 :~1 "': ;e1;\-11 111ker, ca1·pon tcr,
1" "' '.u that lie will
l' Xf'e rt at, 11 11 y of fii., <·:tllin"" 1i'c·IJ•· : /"'.
.
1'
00
1·l 11tl1i111f. 1111 ,J i11 q,J ,. 111 ,. 111 ,:ot: , .. ",'. t 1.' 11 ;" '-' li:il:1lll!I01rn, fon1iture.,
11 1 1 1
wli id1 all tl1l·i r "f•l'ral i"''""' l'L' ; ·i',~;.~~~,'' "
c• lt·ol 1un:; kugtli oftimo

T1

I .

1

'

f
'.' e ,. talll '' . rca~o11ing l1< ·1·c i... }•<' l'J'l i•xl'd.
. ' .--J,;t lii.Jn·1d11·tl I .
t l1<sc
t
II
T li e steps aro
r·il1nhlt•" ,1.1.'11 ~ ll
· "''l'l' I' }' 1' 11 ". 'e' <Jll C 11111 11 to exchan~c
· ·
·'
, ., 1er n1t·11
·l
1
. .
. . .
. . . -1"' ,xc 1i1111g1; :tll1111·s division of
l·'. I •OI.. .l1J,
ll1r1
. .' 1"11 .,J ' ·... 111. lll:i l;l'S lll Cll ll lU l'U C.\jlCI't i11 tl ,
,
.
·
1c1r
,,.H:r:.d ·11· ,,.. t
'. .. . . , ' -·1 1o11,, a11<1 ~.-. lll<'l'' '" ' l'S t lt c produ ce of la[1or. Tit
l l .l.' Ulllliif wiotII J he :q·p:1 rl'1 1L either in tl ·
·c

r.

.... .,.

i 1:;

on.kr, or

lll

the

lU·

lI

vertc<l onlcr :-" Tl1 e pr.lil11 el in·1H·s,; of la11or l ~ 1·ny n1w l1
increased by th e Ji1·i,; i<)11 of hi.o r, o r [, y 1·a,:J1 rna11', d<• 1uti 11 g
himself t o :i. separa te a1·uc;a tion. ?-.;.,11· t l1i s i111·oh·,·s tli l· P"'' ibili ty of cxcl1angin:; t lo e ]'r"<l 11ct io11..; of la[,(!r; l111t tl1 l'rn <·:1 11 l.c
no exc hnngc wi t hout tl 1c rigl1t uf f'l'"f' l' rt y." 1':..ky's 1°w11 Li11 g uage might b e adapt cJ tl111 s :-" .\l11 cl1 (•f tli c ~llf'l'l' i .. rily uf
civil ized life d1~ p e 11t l s 11pn n t he tli1·i.- i.. 11 "f l:i! .. ,r. \Y l1< ·11 a 111 :111
is l1i s own tail"r, t c11t-111:1l er, •·ar pl' nl c· J', cool;, l11111t , :11:1n, a1 1d
fish ern1an, it is no t probalJIC t!tal. ]1< : will oe ex pe rt i11 :111y 1111c
of tli1 ·~c calli11g,;; :lll t<o n~ s:n·:i.'..!:l'S tl1 c ]i;tl 1ita li••11 s, f11 n1i t ure,
c:lut.hi 11g-, and i1111'le11H•1il ,; Ill'!! of tl1 c rud e:<t ki11d, a1 1d 1l1 e ,.,.11strndiu11 uf thl'rn i.-; n~ ry tc.J iv u:<. X "w this Ll i1·i 'i "n of J: d ,. ,r
cann ot take pl :l<'C tlllie s:; one ma n (· :111 cxl'l1 a11 ge tl 1e p r".J11di"11'
of ]1i s 0 1y11 art f11 r 1rl1al h e \\·:111b fro 111 ot l1 crs ; a11J l'~ cha11c;e
implies property ." S ee ai so Ext met XV .

75. One <:au~c of t li c <li flit ult y o f ll lll1l'r,; t :111<l i n~
i:;cicucc i~ tl1 c JJOn :lty o f man y uf th e t c rni,; c 1111.Iu.n·d .
Apart fwm \n e al'"trn,cncs' of th e ll ot.i o11s, th e min d is opprcsscJ loy tlr c iiit roduct ion of un fa mi liar te rm ,, '"lllPtirn c•s i11
great nu111 bcrs :i11 <l.i11 cl<JS C ~ucet·:<~ i t •n. Tlris s lr on l.J , :1.-; f:ir :is
p o$si!Jle, l> c con :<idcrcd in the ('xpos itio n; a ce rtain ti 111 c b" ingallo wi·d fnr one st range >Yor.J to b eco me f:nni lia r IJ l' f,,n.: bri11;;·
ing furward oth er".
l t i:; ,;(' al'Cl'ly neccs"trY l o ri·mark \ l1at 11 cw b11 ;.; n:i ~c is in
i.t:;elt' an <· iii.

7li. In sc ic 11 tific cxpos it io11, i t i;; i111pcr:it i\·c to oh,c rn~
the ;jC n cral m ax im o f i>rocccd ing frulll the k110\1·11 tu tl1c
11nk11 u \1·t1.

lii d c~c riLing- a n object of Nnt11ral Histo ry, or in 1·x p11 nn d ing
a g-rcat. p ri 11cip1", rl'fl'renc e sh ou ld be mad e, i11 tlr e first in sta11cr.,
t o tlic ex isti11i.: ln rl\l'le rlgc of tli 0>c add rC'ssccl ; :ill 11 lti cl1 sl1•1ul.f
l ie n•ndned :wailahl c in \" " lyi 11,L:; fnrtlr t lt e new rn :ttl 1·r.
J\iiJ <1ue l1;is Jllol"P a . . . si J 11ou~ l y l~ 11 d c a.\' o rcd tu a\·nid l l l!T H'('( ' SB:ll')' 1L·cl1nicaliti cs .,f l:lll~ na gr', and l•J tllrIJ to act:o1111t tli e j1l'l'vi o 11 s kn owle.J;.:·c \.•f tl1e gene ral rc.: aJ er, ll1an Dr. Arn olt i n Jiis
Ele men ts of l'l 1 .1 · ~ i l's.

·'

·'

'

214

l'ERSt: ASfO N.

p1·C'sent c:i."e, tl 1c f1dk~t rnnvictiu11 tl1at. t.l1 c Means rceommendc.f
\\'Uuld see11 re I heir i 11d q)C' lldl'n ,.,., w o1d d l1a 1·L' had 110 pnwtionl clfo~'· Pers11:hiP11, tli el'(:f1• 1'l', ""l'l'lld ..; ""· lir., t, .1rg11mcnt (to provi
the expedil'llc.v of tl1 l· Ml': lll:< /'""l'" ''"I), :111d ,.;er·11111lly, what is 11110•
ally e all ud Hr!iortut ion, i. ('.,th e l'X !'ifc'1111· 11 t. of 11Je11 to nu opt thOoli;
Me:111s, li y n:prc·s.:11ti11g ll1 e J-:11<1 :1..; s11 tii"iL,lllly d e..; in1J,Ie. It wilt
l1:1pp"11 , i11d"'".I, 11,,t u111'1·e111J e111ly , 1/1:1t
01· tl'.e
nli 1,·ct.-; will l1 avc) ilt'e ll alrl'ady, <:itl1e1· \\'lwll y or 1u part, ' CC-01'11•
; ·l isl 1e·d; ><o that. tl1e u tli c·r ><li:ill 111.: t. lie 011/y 0110 thnt if is re.
'Jll isite lo in sist 011; Yi /.., ><011ivti111t·~ tl1e ill·arer; will be sufliciently
i11 !l'11f un the pur.-11it of tli c End, :111d \\'ill [J,, in douht only as to
t l1e Me1111s111' a tta i11ing it; and """ll'tir11 c·s, ag-a iu, they will liave110

ti"·"'"'

215

ENDS OF ORaTORY.

olher'lrfth~

d1Ju/1t <HJ tl1at poi11 t, l.lllt will ho inditVi: renr., or not ~nlllcieotlr
al'tk•d, 1r irl1 r"s pec t to tli o prul'nsed J~nd, and will need to be
.-;ti 111ulal«·d 11,v Ex l11>rtatioos. Nut '''((iir1>1dl!J ;mlent, I huvo sall!
liecau.-<e it will Hot so o ften happen 1.li:1 t tli e ~1,iect in question ll'iil
be one to wJ1ieh tliey are tot<1ll11 i11di tfr r c11t, as that they will, pra-0tic11lly at le•H, 111it rcek1111 it, or not tl'l·I it, to be worth tho re.
qui,i tc pains. No one is Hbsol11tl'l y indillt,l'l'llt about the attain·
J1k u t of a lu1ppy i111m o1-ta lity ; nm! yet 11 {!l'l'at part of tlie Preacher's
ln1sin"·'·' cunsis l; in Ex! 1ort.aLi on, i. c'., <.'nd ca 1· 11rin g to induco men to
1ise t l1o'e l'-'" ''ti<J IJ S whir·l1 they tlie111 ,;eJves k11uw to be !l(1cossary
for Llil! al t11iuo ie11t uf it.' '

\\'li" n p eo ple arc indifferent t•) tl 1c end, \\'C liave to work
up on tl1eir feel i11g.-<. As rcg:nds tl1c clinit:c of means, wo nd.
dress ti re r t•:1s1>11 or 1111cll'rstanJi11g, 1rl1icl1 alu11e can judge of tLo
li t lll' "S of 111 ca11 s fl) 1·11 ,k

lt. is i11 1poss iJ. it', 11.1· nn y lll•>dc <1f ;1ddr<•ss, tn O\'C rcurnc a r~d·
i"al <lilJl.rl'r we of 1· i .. 11· a., lP tli c, 11pr .. 111 c S(•('i:d or ethical ends.
Jf u 11 l' ma11 l1 l'iil 'l'< 'S in the p :d c ro :d tli <• o1y .,f g-ovcrmncnt., and
a11u1Ji ., r in i11r/i1 id11al lil1cr ty :1' tli e lii;.Jit·.;f. e nd, tl1l're is scarcely
" " }' pus.s il,j,, w:1 y 111' l1ri11g i1Jg th e 0 11 c 0 1·l'l' to tl1c opinion of tho
o th,.r. As i11 arg·1111w11t, so i11 nr:1t.11ry g·<·11 crally, tl1ere must ho
sonic co 111111 011 g round to work 11pn11. 111 tl1c discussion of
tri1tlt and fo lse l,.,od, tli e c·ommo 11 g ro1111d is ccrb1in first priu ..
ci1il l·s ad111i l tl· d by l1otli parties; in rnol'ing to action, the com111•!11 gro1111d i., a11 ad m itt ed end.
)', , /ili cal o r:1tory C•J111priscs tlr c ~rccchcs in Congress, Parlia..
n1<·11t, a11d in all llit' t· f i11g·s for di .,rn~sing puL!ic affairs; articles
in tl1e 11 e 1Y.spapl'r a nd pcri• ldi <': d pr<·s~ rela ti11g to the policy of
guven 1i11g bl)dic•s ; sc·parate p11l>lieat.ions bcari11g on the sam11
81il1j<'ct; au<l di1.Juuwt i.: CO!Tespondcucc.

P 1 't Oratory.
81. III.
·
' n pif ,ti C Ol"lllll'\'

(!

f" tl1 c I) lll[)it rni: st alw ays l•r,

A lcachng allll o
i
. '
1",. f c. ·li11 .rs ur e11 1<11 io11 s, t l1<>S••
.
J "t''1.,·t li cn a Casso iec ,... . ,
I I,
to cultivate an s ic r "'
.
<l . Tli e \ ,.,stles, a1" t"
1
. .
l 0 t .1 11 ·u l of lll<) r:il 111).
.
.
l
1
·
• t
l ' l1ri,1 i1u111 I', '"'"'"
·of rclwwu
"' . s l l 'l' ' ·t " • Ti c rt, .. J tl 1c 11at1011
s " ·
· .
I
missionanes t ia c. 0 111
.
·] · , l . sud .J en cl1a11g <' 1 11 t llJ
.
, l" t • liJ' cct a11,J ' 1' 01 " · ' .i
,
" .
at all 1mme( i,1 c o
'
.
. f t li e• lleforn1crs. Lu t at" r
.
f
Tlie ~· irn e is tr1111 u
·
l r
ininds
o lllcn. . 1 is esta
. ' l ' 1·isl ie•.l .II l ·1, comrnu11ity, tlic Ipreac· ll'
• •
a' rcl1g1ous crceu .. , ·
I. .
Cl)nvcrts suJdc11 y.
. ·] . ll . hr o ftener t 1,m 110 .
.
·. .
ed ucatC's rrrit< u.1 Y •
.
, . t immediate ar t.1•>11,
"'
•
• , · 1 ct11nc·s urges mc 11 ,o
The pulpit o rato1 su11 . .
... f t ti l' I)l'Cacliirw ot tl1c
.
. . rn .·iy re er o 1 ·
as a well-kn ow r1 .lll :;tancc,
"e
0
Crusades.
. t '"1 l ' y act s of \H>nJiil' anJ
The reli g iuu s fcl' lin~s arc c. u It1rn
by the addn',;sc·s of tl1c preach er.

82. IV. J\Iura1 Snrt>;iun.
.
. cl e ndu l't 1'11i le it 1:11is witl1i11 tl1e prnv:
Exho rt ation tn goo ,u
' .. " . ot Jicr r.ll']Jtll'L111e11t~ of
I ·
torv '1lso :IJ'['C,ll ~ lll
incc of pu pit ora . ' ' .
. . :I
ore ('s1wcially to tli c
,
I 11 ·td .J rcsscs d Ireel.Cl m
. ,
.
.
compos1t.1011.
'
.
.
f
, l the cudcav or is to 11111
·1
• . tcrs ·uc 1111 un 11 cc '
.
.
)
•
J
, d tl1c ol1li.rat1011s
' OUlW w IOSC e l:ll•W
. I t I rn·1xiurn of pm c•ncc, an
"'
Press ""th em \\'It
J • ic
'·
·
. · I .• J' t ·raturc uf P"l' 1ar
. .· ·t. j\[ 11 ..Ji of t 1e l e ·
11
tl1ey arc u111lt'r to soc1c .\·
.'., ti •sc ksso11 s i11directly, :u11l
. I 1 ·J '0 ·is to e•1 ll H) ie.
I
l'
intercst1 s~" i'l t"· •(,.11 ·iJ\r • :-; 111 ·11 :I I.,L Jli ·storr• ' J-:j,.,,ral'
Y• .,_
1
:---.
thcrcf"H'C 11111re e '"" · • · ' .
.. 1 "'I I'< l I 11111e, 10
] " 11"
Al lrl'd (' Ill. 1cavo i c •' · · • ·
ct r)' :rnd H.<>lllarw•'.
\.I ·"'
. .. 11 ,
t.ori""• :u1 l
1
'
e :-;,
p.ll .l J l ·8' 8
convey
lll <J ral Jv ,;so11s J '.\' .• 1111 ,\o.r11
r
· ·l ed i 11 [> tJ l'ln'.
apotl1 c(!111~,
couc '
"
·
· I 1 ·t'ltio11 u111 sl

J I)' vi i·idly , l'['lCl11 '.~
'
•.
PruJ c11l1a ex W I ' ·
·
t ti e ' t<'(' llt's o w11 '"I·
.1
.
, ccs of action~ o · 1 ',.. •
. 1
the rro od or cv1 coiisc•111c.r 1
. · l . , ..1.. in rnc11';; minds 111·
,.,
.
ll'''·ll
u.~
The
decpc11rng
o f tl ie' "0(.;l'l
'' . '
0 ·
crc of appea l.
vo1ves a w1'J ..'-·1· l"lll
' w
.

]

·

·

J'l'<JCe<:
. . .. ..

. l e ra t'.I on in Oratory is
S3 Tl1c n ex t matter fur c1m:-;1l

I YNOWLEDGE
L

'

•
•
I'Fl'
ADDUESSED.
OF 'lllh
',,SOJ'.'S
.

alw.11 ~
. ..

i·k ·
il 1,·ere
t, J ex:w
, "
If all m en w e re c11 11 s·t't
l II n
. tlv
" a. J -e, :m
l
. . l 'C !rum
.
l • " ic·1k e r \\'<11ild n e!· d n n )' to J"' :-, .
.
in t he same JllOO l ' ,\ 'r '
I'
"l l.. the di~1·1anty of
himself Lo w to move o tl. i er"~.
'"t .sue 1 :;
\..

PER SC,\ SIO.'<.
K :>O\\'LEDG!c OF THOSE ADDRE:>SED.

lim11:rn c- li aract<•r,; tliat 110 <m ·tll ( 1111 .
.
, l . .
'
· '
C Is expe nd ed 11 1 rra· ·
.1 t t.'1l <J 11.!.!lt J..:11owledorc t•f ar11• con ' iJ , .. 11
l
• o ming

'1' \ .. , .
e-.
~
:--; '- Ll ' L~ un1n icr ot n1 c11 .
. li e <'.1 sc tl1.it most d1sp('1Jscs witlt cxpre,;s studv f ·I
tn, is )>1«·sc 11t cJ !.y a fratcri1itr whose rn ernl><·ro •1rc.sto c ilaruo.
· J on t I1c most illlj)ortaiit
·
0 y of
u11c 111111
q ii, .1· . · I~ · · · ·ro1w
l's l• ins.
n such '\ bod
J
e:ie l o11r, by ~peaking as li e frc l,; r"1rri <s ti
t ._..'
y,
< 'romwell could put for tli , "
· ' ·J . ·.
ic res ,,1th lii.rn.
1
I
.
• c•1111111a11 i11g oratory wh en I
d
c.rcs,;l'd l11s fl'll ow l'urit:ms.
•
tc a ·
En·ry spr akr•r has llCCefis •irih· llltl ' } .
l
l . 1
, .
" t in common wi th his
ll':J rvrs. . t i,-, JOW L'H•r, a natural W<'ak11 e;<s fur ns to s l .
otl1<'r pns .. 11s aduatl'd in ·di tlii1
1·1.. I
UJ poKo
r •
'
1g~ I "e f 1Urse \ 'CS •
.I li e )' •'1111g- do lit>[ cn111prl' li e111l tl1e f 1·
f l
. f
\'l! ll WS ()
t IC oJJ ' tl C
one sex is o ll'Tl at fau lt. in j utl .,irw of th e •>tl~T Tl
. 1' I
th e pour, th e noble ar id th e pl~l 1c:111, tl1 " Pdu~·:tcd . tcdr~~ t and
c<lucated, tl1e profr ssio11:t! wo1-l- cr ·111 l tJ . .
, I .i11
w un.
1.
'
•·
'
1c 111a11tia worker tl
l
.
' ie
me iuuers of distinct JWofc<s1·011 8 li"i·c
.,.
' ·•
c·w 1 I) 'c 11 l ·1 ·
read ily u11dcrstooJ G . th e r ,..
.,.,.
'
c · ian .ies nut
'
y
es t. l' at.11ral t<·mpl'ram ents d.lli
gn.:al lY ; tl1 c man of cnc rrrv , l
·I ·
.
l. er
.
. . .
.""• .irH p11s irng ent erprise is at a loAA
to ,1<hpt h11nselt to the n e ws of ti
.
·
1e ca1 1trn11s and eireum Apcct
rna11 ; t Iie al>undan cc of fee li11rr in ~Olll(• cl1· ,.. ·t
. ..
1
.
[
J
,...,
l ieusi 'c to tlwsc of a ditli.·rc11t 11r1iil .l • 'I.ti . L'rs. IS llJ COTJl
. pro1
.
' •
Ji orcovcr
cl ff t
k111pernmc11ts may perrndc ditl;.r. t . . . . . .
' . J crcn
I' r l
l' ll 11 1.ISS('s ' a11 Arnen c·m and
~rt ·,ng ts'· a French and a Gcnnan a11di e1""" are 11 0(, ii 1ll • •d
111 tli c same way .
uencc
An in1porh 11 t de
t
t
par men rc1 na11 1s : J1 nrn <' ly, th e intellectwtl
,
. .
. '
co11d rt run of tl 1u pnso11s aJdress('d , compri si 11' tl c
t
'd
exte nt of the ir a<'q 11ireJ lrnowl ed•'" ·u1d ti .. g ' . nal urc an
· t lic co ndu ct of · 1H~iir · A
-- 1
'
rn
,,., ' • . JCff pract 1ca 111·' 1"'ms
.·
.
..
. . , s.
maJJ s acq1urcd knowledg·c, eou lied
111th lus alnlity ot co11 1prel1 c11 s io11, n111st l'L'"llhte tl
. I
of ·1 ]d - . -- ·
l· r
'
1e manner
• ( 1css111g 11m ,.,,. all P"''P'""'~-for 111
. f ,..,111
. .
.
or plea<in ,
A. . .
.
" ung , pcrsuadrng,
.
. .~ ·
s 'cg.mis per.<11.1s1o n 111 orc c~pcc i·1 l l
tl
q111rl' d J..:nowkdgc ai1d CXJ"•ri<'n ce of a hnr!'r bcs1'd' ,y,b '.e uc<'hec k upon ti 10 a1·rnnrnts of ti • . ". , J..: '
• .· es crn 0cr a
.
.
·- ·
I(
~ pe.i e r, const itute tho found.,,it t•m
cirr11ni,l:rn cc of tl1 e /'li11 1·,;f,["'-' 1·1l l ltl t l l'l'S S
,
1'or oratorira! c11 d", kiiowJ, .. J.,·<• of cl. . t.
d
· t
·
.
·"' ·
i.uac er must csccnd
l
.
111.0 11111111te de-tails a nd f!,, w fro, 111 , . .
•
.
/lll">lia expc ru:ncc Au ac
quauitauce w1 tl1 l111111a11 ~1at11rc i11 ''<' llL·r·d 'l ' 't·. d. I
..
o
• , · ~ uu .un e
>y men·

21i

tal scienc e o r tli c maxims l:ticl ilown in l•ouk s, is g-nod ~o far;

but we ca 1111 ot. 0p,.rat c wi t h effect 0n i!ul i,·id11al m en "r rnassc>',
with out t he forth cr knowledge »C<J lli1'"'l liy actual illtc ·rc1>ursc
with th ese lll <' ll •>r with othl'rs like th,·111.
It. is wdl tu Jia,·e in th e ,·ic w a systuna tic licl 1c' 1n c of rnan':1
nature, -of th e mind's acti,·iti es, f""lings, and tl1i11ki11 g P•>wer')
- as desc rib cLl in a system of t.lic l1urnan mind or ('liaraek1;
such a systematic vie w instructs u s wl1at to Jo.Jk for, and ]lt!w
to arran g e t11c f:t ctH cnmiug t111d<.:r our ol1serva t io11. \\· c arr:
thereby taught the leading rn ot i1·cs co mmon to all 11 n' n, alth•illg h
d iifo ri11 g in dq.~n·e , ancl tlic 111a11 11 er of their opcmtin11,- tlie i11fluc11 cc of Ion:', of l1a t rc<l, of fear, wond er, th e scnt im e1 1t of
pow er, curio"ity, tl1c Fine Art rmutions, the moral a11 cl rel igious
scntime11ts. \V e arc practi sed in traciug cause a11d cffl'ct in the
regio n where p c r~ 11a,.;iun has t o w1 >rk .
But thi~ am ount of kn owledge co111l'S sliurt of t11 c orator's
rcqnircm cnti'.. Uc must sec t u " ·hat extent. tl1 c forc es and feelings common t o l1 uman hcin~.-s arc <lcn·l oprd iu tlt c particular
class that li e lias to d eal wi tl 1; wh ether they arc di"P'\'CJ principally for act il)J' or emotion, for !01·c or hatred, for ven erati o n
or sell~ esteem, for Fine Art or duty, for studious a cq uirem e nt~
or recreati1·c ~p o rts.
1\ o r is it enung h to oliscrYC liow far a class of pe rso n" arc
actualed l•y so me puw crful fel'liug,-lov c, religio11, f<:a r, hatrl'd,
-and to kuuw g<!l1 C<ally wl1at causes e xcite loY C, a11tl what
fear.
\\"e rnu.,t furtli•.:r learn wliat urc the ~pe<.:i li <.: loves and
' 'cncrations, fears a11<l hatred:'\, of t h u~c we ha1•e to persuad.,, 1t.
is u ot all lovely tl1i11~n tl1at the m ost !oY ing- pcr:<on loves, n<ir
all hateful th ings that a rc hated l>y tli c b est ha te r. Th e cxaf't
direct.ion gi ven by educati on and circumstances to th e variou:'I
feel ings of on r nature mu st be studi ed befo re app<'aling to th ese.
vVe have to find out a man's friend :; hip~ and l1is enmities, l1i;1
party tics an1l his ohjects of n"']ll'd and deference, with a view
to gaining him through l1i:; fc·('li11 .t::~ of love and hatred.
Th e practi cal rnaxin1 s ar-<]uired li_y mc11 in the co nrse of tli ci r
cd11 cat.io11 a11 1l 1·xp .. ri en c·,., are tlwir prin t iples of ac:ti on, or rnl c~
of procedure tnistc,l to f,, r ga ini11g their ends, i11di vi.! 11al o r
]l)

:? IS

K1\ 0WLI·:D<.:1·: OF Tll(JSE Al 1l> IU·:,;;; 1·:D.

]' rms L"ASH\\'".

,

~:·ci: d ; tli c~e. :l l'•! tl 1e Jatrr ."f . tl1P- 0rat11r, l1 is mcrl ia of pc .i_~
s1<1n, tl1 e i11o; or p rr1111s1·s .,f li i- re a ,oni n .-"~.
t:iiu 1 11:~ ·:i 111 s or npi ni11 11' a' tn tl 1e 1n: 11 1a~·· 1 11 e 11 t uf J,j ~ own prir ate a ll:t 11> t he '.':11·e."f hi!ll.-l'lf and l1is 1;rn 1ily; any l' icws prv- 1">1111".1·'.l 111 <'•11.t .. rn1il _1· 11 1111 t l11-,:i · 11ill c< i1 11111a nd l1is asscr1t.
111 }"'lit1<:>1 anJ li ll·_:11li1ir-< 0f s•w i!'li1·' ·
\\" e find i11 ci·cry frtg'
<'•ll.JH1111 11il y, :dlo11·111.r.; f1 ir part y 1lilli-r<,11Cl',, e1·rt:i in prcraili
OJll lllOJ1s n ·ial l\ L: ~() tiie lllllde of CU 1l1] 1ll'Linr_; p11!1Jic atfoil'l!, !UV!
tl1e. or:tt<>r, :1 "1 11111n .~ tl11 ·<r, tnrn" tl 1rn1 to li i ~ ow n ~ 1 1 <1 8 • Sot
ru·c. 11 1e E 11;..:·li ,! 1 opini .. 11 " and ~ c11 tirn c 11ts rcga rcliiig c on;Ai~
t11t1 .._11:_d 11 1•111:m·h1·, utli ,·ial n · , pon~il·ility, ]11,:al ~clf-govcrn m 'Ill
p11li l11·1 ty of j 111li ,·i:d a1 1d d <'l il•l'rnt in· lood ir·,, t li u libe rt.r of
0
,.j, ii e1p1: tli t_1·, 11:1ti11nal :1,.-·1•11den1·y.
to
..
11:1_1" and ol hlike 11 l :il "t lll< t. t l1 l' uri ,·,, · · " 1 1~1de r:it 1 u 11 uf l~~ll

:lii:wl 1 mc 11 ~

~1il j ,·1·t,

ti; ,

olff;·c._~~-~--~-~~~

CUllSl: jjll V llt' (! :" .

l. 11 Pu liL i1::tl l·:1·11 11 <1n1_1·, 11·,. l1:11·e free 1r:idl',
.
l
.
llll<l1 ('Plllil .~1·.

l 11 La"", },,:,id, •,; t h" r•ruf""' i<>llal , iu"·s .,f lawyers, there w
!-(<'llf'r'.tlly n· '. ·,·11Td 111axi111.< a~ tu a t: 1ir tri:il, alld pu nishm lil
l"\)JllloJJlcd \\"lll1 n·f;,l' lll:Jlio lll .
Tl icr: :ire lik" "·j, ,, }'f'rnl iar vi ew,; of M0r:tl ity c1r1-rcnti n eneh.,
r n rn 1 ~ 11 111 it.1· , " ·!:11·! 1_1" l'l'I'""(' i" d"fc:11, to ucnd to, vio.:tory. A
n·rtalll 1°!.-:tl nf .-l 111·:ilr•'ll " ,;('lf-,k n; ti o1 1 has 1111111 crou s foll ow 11·
tl1e Jlla xi11 1," 1:,. j11 't l .. ·1'11n· ynl! a r1' !-'. <' ll('ru 1J s," has also ad+
l1rn •11t'. ". ~ lan ll1ll "t. li\"l' f,,r sn rn l'lli in.'._( l1ig hl! l' t.l:all
l :::i

a

r t •t ·~•gr11 z l·1 l

vtl1 il'ai 1lo1·t ri1w.

"Ta lk ut' t Ill' l:iw <11' nal il)11 ,;,' ' <' .\cla i111 L'd t 'ha tl 111 1n · "]{atur1
rs the /; 1·s / ·1 rri/l'r-sl1c wili l!'a1·li 11 ,; t" J." ll l<' ll , and nut' to trnckl
tn l""""'' r"
Tl1 ··1t .·1 so
· nH· ti 11. n~ "" ll <'• J ,_,;,
. t11 re posscsses 11 umerQu
·
virt111·~, is a f:t~·u ri t ,• rn axin1 t l1:1t..:rn oratn r may usually appeal to.
. . " :-,ll<'C<'"S J.< tlr e tl'st uf rn eri t, " j , a p revail illg view alwa'
d11il('1rit to"]'!" " ''. "I t j, '"ldo 1n g- in ·n to m:m to do u nmix~
,.
. t u d ..:r iat .:; fro111 a r ul e, yo
. ,·,"
. ,,l. ., " \\"I 11 ·11 11 111·e you J11 •g1n
11" 1!1 tll' n ·r know " l11·r" f ., 'l" i" "
Tli" spe1·i:d • pi1 1iu11s of S!'1·t,;, p .. li1 i1·a l ur n· lig ions, aro ulso
tu OP ad r nt<-d t "·
I
T 1 1 <>.~ i ·· a l 111i11d ,;, :1 '·J'< ': d:1·r 111tht a,]Jrcs.-; logical argut)IC1tts ;
0

0

.

_;.

- with pe rso ns ,.f c1il1i1·:it<'•l (: ,.!<-, :i tll'11t i.. 11 lllll' t. I'" g i,·1: n to 1J,.,
nrt.s uf n·t ined l'•> ll l \ • o~ i 1 i n 11 .
\\·, . 11111 , \ 11 " \. ''i 'i' '·:d I•• tlw f1·:1rs
. of JTI C ll of \'O \lr:tgC a11d ~11i r it~ 11 1' to t J11· tk\"11t1·d 11 l·:-':--. ur t \1111·1111 ,:..:,J :
ee1f-sec ke r~.

(_)11 :-; 11JJ)l' 01·1·a ... i1111~, ;1..:. ill

of Dani el 0 '< "''""·!! f,, ,.

< 'L 1r•-,

lli 1·

11 H' l li4 t l':ili\ 1·

' ll'."""·' i-< g :1 i111 ·,l

1·l 1·1· !i11 ll

!.y 11,,. 11:i -

meas uru<l Yit1q ll' r:1ti<>11 of :111 "l'l'""'·11t. 111 a11u tl "·r at1 m"l ol 1v1°·,
jt is p ossi!. lc "ti> dallll l wi1l1 ra i11t pr:ti'<.: ;" a nd th e cirl"lllll·
stan ces a re not 11 11 fn~ ' l'".: 1 1t ''li er.:: a t ri11t11j>li lll :t )' Le g :1i1n·<l !,_r
~iuce ri ty a n•l ca111lo r.

Jn alld rl'%in .~ :1 j111lgl', tli <'rC 1:; n ·q11 ire1l a p ro fl'" i1111al ;:l' quain t.a nce with tli e l:. w, wl1i1 ·h l1 <' j , 111 l'n·ly a n in stn 1111<· 11L i11
carryin g 011t . ]11 • .{lii·i:d ;q1 1 1li 1 ·a t i~ , 11:-; t 1 <:• \t·n11 11 v1it , \\ :--.11
1
r.cc<l at ~( ' 1 >nli1 1 ~ ;1:-:. we 11 111 l t· r:-- f:t~i(L a 111 i :trc aLk td r 1 1t1f. 1n11 \ ! •
the nil, ·s o i' otli1·1'. .\ 11d ns a!l rq .,11b r d ciilw ra ti1e },,.,J ics a1 1·
bo und l1y ct: rl a in r11lc-:; uf 1·n .. ·c• ol m<', ;u,,l l•y law s am! 1lcTi" i' ' " ~
p11sscd l •y tl1l'ir pr,·cl1·r1'sS<• I'" o r liy tli1' 11 1,l'h • · ~, a 'P('ab·r 11 11al1k,
from iµ; 11< 1ra 11 cc t> I' wa11 t of ~ki l l, tu wlapt l1i111 :;clf to tlw,.;L', call
1

h ope fur no

1

1

1

•

· -

:-,ll<T<'~" -

8-1-. An <WalL1r

k 1,;

fn.,.p1c11t ly t•.> , ,,·<·1·l>c:tr tl 1e "l'cci:il

maxims an cl Yi e "·,; uf an :111d ic 11 !'<.', liy >' l1 0 11·ing th e"e t<>
b e at n i.ri a1 H.: e " ·ith tl rc final 011 .Js ,,r ad i<>11 , 1J :u11 ely, 1 h1~
atta in111 l' 11 t ,,f grnid a nLl tlr e a 1·1> id a 1t<·e v i' e1· il; i 11 1d1 i<·l1

is inr pli l' cl tl 1e prd 'c rellce ut' a g rcat« r g<><> <l t u a k""' a11• l
of a le:;,; e Yi l tu a g reate r.
An cxa111ple l~ fur 11i~li l' d ill l~1 · 11 t li : 11 1 1 ':-;. l ~11u l.. t•f Fal::11 ·i1·:--,
wh ere he cx:u11i 11t:s a 111111 il wr .,f t"}'i ,·s "l 'P"" l,·il t u l•y tl 1l' "i 'pon e 11 t~ l>f l' h:ui ge; a•, th e wi ~du1 11 of 11111' a.111 · <·,;l \ • r~, th •• 1• r1 -.-<ervatiu n <•t' t li c gl urious Const it11Li• >ll, ,\- ,._ Sec Sydn l'_I" S1 11i 1li's
sumn ia ry in lii s fam u u~ " ~ood l u's O rat io 11. "
;·

85. T l1e ], incl of ]'1 H•11·h·dgf' waiill'd is tl 1c s:un e. a,;
r egar d:> l 1otl t a 11 i ndi vi d1 1:1' a n d :t t·l:t c:-i \ >I' a,.;,.;e1nl1l:tg l' 11 f
:indivi tl u a l,; ; o n ly, i n t1 1i ,.; la ,;t, l'll.~(', \IT l1 a1·u to a ,.;n ·rta i n
wh at prin cip les vi' ac-tit>11, c.t' :11 1 l'fft·d i 1· c ~ k ind, are <·u 111mon t o all , 11r t o a pri·po111lNat i11 µ: 1111nt11L' I'.
]I. ,., we e:1 11nut rna ke a l"' l''u1 1al ~1 1 1 • 1 ) of ,. ,.<'l} n 1a1 1 111 a la rµ;"

L,~
~o;

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l

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220

l' EHSD AS!ON.

FAILCUE 01' EFFORTS OF GEJ'\ I CS.

d e lihe ra ti"c a~~~ mhly. ""'' learn tli c l1•111pc r of the whole, hyont
k1111wl<'t lge ot 1nd11·1d11als li cre and t!t"n', especially snch 1
t.a J,, . a lc: 11l :i1nw1g otl iL' I», and l>y tli c cu llcctirn cl ctcrminationt
t>f' tl1 c h1ld y. Tli c fitJal cr iterio n is, on ad ual trial, to Lave 8UO'
cccdcJ 0 1· fai led.

SG. Inattention to tlic diaradc r of tl1e perso\, ad·
clrcs:-;ed will rcudc r nug atory tltc (lratorical efforts of tlio
l1igl 1e:-;t ge nius.
?tli lto 11 's <l cfo11cc of the Li be rty of t!tc I'r0ll8 (A;·copagitiCll)

is 1n 1 11 ~ lll ost gnrgrn11s styh-; yd it liacl no <'ffcct. The motivcs
'. 1p1ka led tq an• not t.li r>'C vf ordi na ry Engli:<l1mrn, and are in som
111 sta1JL:es m ere podi c fan c ies.

Take tht.: following example : -

" I rl eny not hut tl 1at it i8 of tl1 e ~rc nt 0~ t. concc rnm ent in tho
el 11ll't·h 1111.! c·ommo nw calt h, to kn·o a " i~ ila11 t cyu lww books 00.
rn.ean thc 111sel 1·cs ns wcJ.1 ns m en ; 1111d tl1 erL•a t'te r to confine iru1" 1.-u 11, a11d do Hii ar pcst ,111 :< t1~c 011 tl1c111 as 111 alctitctors · for b~kt
are not aliso l11kl y de: td tl 1i11 ;.;.. , lrnt do c< ,.1tain a p1·ogcny of Jifo in
tl1 e.1 11. to !, l. tL'i aet1Ye f\3. tl1at

~'. 1 1 11 wa~ wh 11 su

progeny

they or •

""·'• t.hey du JH'l'."ern', ns lll 11 pl11al, tlte purest. cfll cncy all(! cxtrtto!
t.1 011 ol that lmn~ rntellcr t tltat hrL·d th em. 1 k 11 ow thev nro 61
l11·<'Jv, a11d :'l'. \' 1gor1l ;hly prod111·ti 1·c', n,. tl1nso fabul ous tlrugon's
tvl'll1; 1111d he111;.; sow11 up an d <J ,, wn , ma.v cli:mce to sprin <> u
a~11 1 c·d lllL'll. And .n·t. 011 tl1e other lta11d, nnl eR~ warinc·ss bo ~~
:h ~1){)d 11 !1110.-<t kill a 111:111 " " kill a ;.;nod liw• k. \\' 110 kills 11 mnn
kill-< a l'ea -<01111hlu <Teat 11 r,., (;",J',. i111:1;.;1· · li11t he who destroys a
;.;•iud linuk , ktlb re:1:<"11 it.:<t· lt; kill-< tli t.: i11 1::ge of ( ;od, as it wcrn, in
t liv 1·ye . . ~b11y a 111:111 . !1 1·es a ln11·de1 1 to th 1· eu1tli ; but a good
J,,,ok IS tJ 1u J'f'l'!'l<lll.-< l1fc- -Jilo111J Of' ll lll: l>' f1·r-s11 iri t C11 1baJmed lllld
lrt.::h1 1r,., J "!' 011 pu rJHJse t•J a lifo lieyu11d life.
1. is t.ruc no :l"O CJlll
r~·' t <>ru .'l 111 ", wl1 eren r: pt.: rltaps tl1l'rc i8 110 ;.; 1·eat JosB; and r~volot l.~JJI' of. age< d11 ll•>t oft . re1'01·l· r ti ll' ],,,,,. of a n~je .. ted truth, for the
" .u1 t. '.-'! 11111 !'!1 11·J 1nle 11at 1n1 1s fa re t l1c 1r cw-<e. We ~houlJ bo w11ry
tl 1L·n·ton', ll'liat pt·r:<er utio1 1 we rai -e n;:ainst th e ]ivin~ labors 0/
J> 1'.1d:1· 11wn. h•>w we :<pill t.l111t SL'flSu11c ol lifu uf 111 an, prescn •ed und

'lu1, d up 11 1 liuok"; .-u11n• ."'O "L't' :l kind of liw11i .. id e mny I.io tJrn~
""11 11111tto-d ,. s1>111,·111·"'"' a k1t1 d nr 1nartyrdorn; ll!lt! if it extend t

t:li t· ~v !i olu

.11 npre ..... ~1< 1 n,.

n ki11.d of 111;1.-..:-: :H ·rt.>, wl1 ereot' t11e execution

u i.J, 110L 111 tl1:i s l:i y 111g- <>I n1 1 t·k11 1C·11t:d li fe , b ut; strik es nt t1 1o
c-tl1vn·'.'I a11d ""It. <»."l'lll' l\ tli o l1rcatli o t' reason it.self · slays an lm111 v1·t al1ty l'i1ll1 er ti 1:1 11 a lire."
'
•· Tl 1at 1101.I e di .;, ·n11r-<1· ,~' ~ays .\ !: wa1ilay, "!tad Leen n eglected
l1y th e generat10 11 to 11 lii 1·l1 it was ;i d drL-ssed, had sunk into

'oblivion, atHl wa.q at tli e 11 1er•·y o f en•ry piJf, .r,. r." I I e lias !'l.<c:·
where n<l<leJ, tl1at in 11 0 s li:1l' e di ,! it L:o ntri lotJfi; i11 :lil y a s, i ~ 111tble <ll'g rec tu t l1 c t·rnancipati•m of tl 11~ ]•rc·.-s.
L o rd Ersk in e lia;i ll l'l'C r ln'l'll ~ 11r 11: 1 '"l' d as a pi l'<ll kr J,,. f,,n· a
jnry, allll we m ay COlll]'arc wi tl 1 tl 11) al .. )1'e l1is lll vde vf l1 :111dli11g
the 8lltllC '}llC~tion. A S]'Cc in1 e 11 is s11Ljo1 in cd :"From mi ml; tl1ns Rlllill ll ('t] liy tl 1e 1.l'rrors of p1111i.;J1111 P11t, tl1cr0
conk! i.-<,; ue 1111 work; of ge11i11s l11 (· xpa11cl t. 11 1.> i; 111pi re o f 1111111 :11 1 r<';lso n ll!Jr Hn y 1111lsk rl y co 111J><'"itions on t l1c g1rn(•ral 1111 Lu1·e of go ver11:ue11 t, ]Jy tlie lil'I p of II' Ii it:li tli e great C1J 111111011 wcalt.l1s o f 111a11 ki11d
]1ave fo1111Llcli their C:<t.abli >' l111H·11f,; ; 111n1·li le:is any of t.110'" 11s,.f11l
appli cat ion ; of llll:ln to rriti<' al ro 11.i1111d11rcs, liy wliicl1 ~ fr"1n . ti111c
to tin 1l', c1111· own <·urbl1t11 f' 11H1 ,

by t!1 e <.'Xl'rt 1011:-i of patr1ut

c 1t1 1:l· t1:-:,

lrns bee n hro11 ;.; l1 t lm"k t11 ii,; :<fa11da 1·cl. lJncll'r Sll (' l1 te r ror", all tl 1u
great li:.d1H o f ;wic11 !'C and .. i1·il iz:1tin11 11111,t lie cxt.i11g11i,;l1!'d ; f.,r
men ca 1i11ot ('1J1111111111 i<'at1! tl1c-ir frt· e LIH111 ;:!1ts to one 111111tl1<!I' wi1l1 a
lnsh l1 eld ove r tlll· i1· li ew l.... lt i>' !lie na t ure "r l'l'l·ry tl1i11 ;..: tl1at i.;
gr(mt n11d t1:<cf11l , lootl1 in t l1e nni111:1to an d i11a11i1n atc wo1·ld , to· ' "'
wild ll 11tl i rre~11]11r,-n 11ll we llltht l>c1 1·011te11tcd to t ake tltc111 w 11h
the all"."·" "·hi i: l1 1,,.J,,11 ;; t.o tli l·m , vr lini wi tl 1ont tl1 e111. Gl· 11 111 ..
bl'L'1lks from tl1 ll fette r:-i of ('l'iti1·i,;Jll, unt it.; 11·aiuleri11 gs m·u S;111ction e<l by its 11111.k "ty and wi ,;dt>m wlll'H it whnnecs i11 it ,; p:1t.l 1s11 bj el' t it t v tl1 c cri• ie, nn tl you ta111 CJ it i11 to d11 !11 c'"· 1!igl1 !y ri1·c· r,;
lircnk d<>Wll t l1t·ir li:11ik s in tl 1c winl<'r, trn•ccpi11 i; away lt> dl'atl1 tl1 0
tluck~ wlti,·lt !l rt.: fatte ned Oil the ~oil tli11L ti11.>y for t ili ze in tlte s11 111 mcr: tlrn few 11111\' lie ~avccl J.y c111lm11 k111e11t" from drownin g, l111t
th o flw k" mu:<t. pl· ri ,;li for l1 1111ger. Te 11tpc:<ts Ol'ca.;io11al ly shake
our t1 \\'el Ii 11µ-~, nnd di:'S:-:ip ate our c u11111H.·n·0 ; L ut tl 1ey sco urge 111.:l'uru
tl1em t. lie la zy (•]e111 c 11 ts, wl1il'h \1·i t l1u11L the 111 ll'tl11 hl :;ta;;11at e i u.1~1
pcst il1·1 1(·('. Jn lik e 111:in nc 1· l.iloc·rty lter'l:lt; tlt e last a nd lie:<!. g ilt
of God t.o Jii, cn·: d11r e", rn11 ;t J,,, Liken ,i11st tts HI' " i.-; ; you 11 1igl1t
pare li e r d o wn i11 to IJ11,;J 11'1il n ·;.;1 tlari ty , lllltl Hhap (J 11 t: r i11 to 11 J>crfo·C"t
InOlkl of ReVl'fe fi (·r11p11Jo11>• law, IJ1il, ; J1 e ll'Ollld tlt cll lie ],th<" rl y
no ]on ;:l• r; and yo n mu st J.e co11t c11 t to die und e r tli u Ja, Ji of tlii"
in exorn blo justico wl1 ielt yuu liad cxcban gcd for tlic lia1111cr; "f
.Frce<l o1u."

In thi~ pas ~agc , tl1e o rato r a1 1peals, in general la ng11 :1g (', to
t.h c fruit s o f 11nrcstri cte d m enta l e nr rgy, assun1i11 g that tl w"e
nrc so far CYi<lcnt t hat thl'y ncc•l (\lily 1"" r ecall ed to mi11d ; li e
rc Luts tli e e1m1m on o hj cd io11 s ".!..'.ai1ist Liberty, drnw11 fr.,111 it ~
al.in st",;, l.y a1 1alol,!; ic,; frum tl1 e 111af 1:ri al w1 1rld; an d , fi11ally , li e
affirm s l1is main tli cm e in r 11c r:,;1·t ic language. lt w .. 11 ld lia1·e
greatly btrc ngth cncJ l1i:; case witlt an Engli~h jury to lia1c

..,

~.

• j.

'

()<)<)

---"

l'EHSU,\ SION .

•:il t'<l tlt e pro, pvril\· of E 11 ;..::h11 tl as g rowi11g ll'il h it s success irc
""'Jll isi tio11s of frn ..d o n t. ,
L l't 11 s 11 111r c<>td r:1.- t t I 1c<•· lk t l:1111at nry p :1ss :t.!..'.C'~ with tho
:irg-1 111 1"11t s tl1at n·:dl~· j•l'•'"ll l'l'd t lt c al1 .. liti .. 11 t•f tl1 c ccnsori;hip
in J G!):3. ·\\ 'c li11.J, fr1,111 .\l:w :11tla.1·, tk1t J: lu1111t., a notorious and
t11" c rnp 11l1111s writ vr ., f tl 1t' t i11 H:, laid a trap tu rui11 the liceu._
J:., 111111, a lti gl 1 T .. r.1· a 11 .J lti.!..'.h C lrn n:l1111:i11, l1y sc11di11g
"'.'"11yn 1.. 11s ]'. :t111pltl et : nil of lti ,;. : 11 1\ n-.1· a ttd l 1i.!..'. h Cl111rch prin·
1 ·1p l "~• l•11 t will > t l1e t itle J•n· fixl'd , "J\ing: \\ ' illiam a11d Queen
~lary , G'11 11'1111 ·rors."
J:., h1111 f,·11 i11to tl1 c ~11:1 rv li ce nsed tho
p:1111pltlvt, and , i11 a fl'w l11ntrs, di s<'0 \·cn •.J that 't11; t.itl c-parro
l1:id svt all Ln11d1,11 in a f1: 1n1 c ; wlt ill', iu four dars, tl1e llou~o
"f C1o1 11m <>11 s sn111111011c·1l l1im to tlt c !.:tr, an d ~e 11t i1i111 to pri~on.
Tlte i111 ·i1l.. 11t ro 11,cd a(tcnt i.. 11 to t l1 e i111»p('d iv11('y o f the ccn'" rslt ip, wl1i<'li l1a•l lti t l1 e rto p:1, st·d 1111 cl1:illv1t gl'1 l l•y tl1 c influ·
t'.ttlial r o ic"' i11 Parli:tt1H'11 t. "Dut ," say,; '.\ Lw:iulay, "t!t c quest 10 11 11:11! 11.. w :1ssn tn l'Ll a rn·w a "pl'<'t ; a11Ll t l1 l' cot tl i1 111atio11 of
t l1e ,\ d w:h 11n longvr rt';;:m lt'1l as a malt l' r 11f cou rse.
. . ' 1.\ fel'lin;: in fa1·nr of tl1c· liJ.c rt.1· of tl1(' pre<:-<, n fd·l in g not yet_
1~ . 1".1 1·1!'.'· 111 11:1dc l·xk11t , or fnn n idalok i11 tt-m.i ty, 1.e;:a11 to ~iio 1v
Jt ... t_·!I.
I 111.: t>X1,t11 1g ~y~t \ · 1 11 , 1t w:\~ ~:li d, 1r a."' 71r1jm /ir illl hotli to
rn 1111111· r,~ f 1 011 1/ / o l( 1 r1:rni11~1. ('011ld it Lt· l'X JH..'<:tecl Lllll t all y cnpi t,:llifit
\1 •ll ild :1d1·:111 cl! t l1l! l1111d s ll l'('<' '~ary fo r a l!l'eat lifl'rnry 1111dcrtaki11g,
or t li:1l <111_1' ,C'lrol:t r ll' l•tti d t;Xpt•Jld _l'l':ll» of lt•i i :till] rt''l':ll'dt 0 11 ~ ll C h
:111 1111°l.-rt:1ki 11;:., wl 1ih- it'. 11·:1,; 110,;,ild ..: tlt at, :it t!i (· last. nt o111e11t., tlio
l' :l i',1'11''" t !I\' 111:ilwl', t !11; f1>ll.1· of 0 11 c 111a 11 111ii:l1t frtt "t rat e t he w!tolo
d , · ~1:-'11 I
.\ 1"! w:1~ it l'ertain tl1 at. tl 1e !:111· w l1ir-!1 ~o i.;riuvonsly re~ 11 · 1\'t e d hutlt tl 1c fri;l'dutll <•f tradl' 11ml tl1e fl'(· ed o111 of tl1011 ~!1t, !ind
r:•a lly :iddcd to lit e "1'r11ril!J 1~/ t!i P S /11/t-? 1l:itl 11ot rccc11t expol'll'll<' l' pru1·cd tl 1at t l1 c li1· t· tt '<' r tni;.:lit !1i111;(' lf [J(· u11 e11 c1t1y of tlt cir
111:1,1c·,t1es, <JI', w or"e ~ti ll , a1 1 al1sttrd und j•C' n ·,· r H: fril'tHI; t!tnt ho
rn1;:!1t 'ttjlprc>s a bot>k of wl 1id 1 it wo11ltl J,,. for tl1 cir i11tcrest tlt 11 t
l' \'\·ry !t o11'..: in t lte co1~1 1 try ,Jinu l1l !tan• a \'o]'y. 1111d tliat. li e might
l'l'adti.,· 1!1 \·e 111, s:11"'t 101 1 tn a lil 1t·I wlt ir·lt lt· nt k tl to 11wku them
l1al1·t'11! (., tl1c>ir pt"'i'k, :111d wl1id 1 11'-sl'rl'c>tl to t,,. torn and lnm1ctl
by t.l1e. l1 a11d ."t' l\C'll'i t I ll:ul tltl' i.;0 1·c1·1111H·t1L i.;ai nl'd 11111cl1 by cs~:1lolt-d1111;:. :t l11\'r:11·y 111>lwe w!11C'!1 l'''" ' '"t11<'d E11;.!l i, !111w 11 from !tnr11 '.;..: t it.: l lhtory 11t' tlHJ !\l.,ody t' in ·11it , 1111<! a!IO\rcd tli l' tll, by w:ty
of ~· · 1t1qi t' 11:-::11111 11 . to r, ·:t il tr :1 1'1 .~ wlii t·l 1 rt.·prt::-o:t.: llLctl l\..i11g \Villiu111

him~

a111 1 li11cL'll

.\lary

a' ( '1J llt(ll1.:r11r:-; ( ''

T wo 1·,.,1r~ a!'t 1·r tl1 t' kl'li 1w i11 fa\·q r ,, f tlt c lihl' rt .r of tlt11
}•res,;, \\' J,°i 1·l1 \1 ;1s t'11,k rt· d 1,/ lt li e C•11tsidc· r:tliu11s •ptut.cd, lt aJ

. ariR\'11, t.11(' c1L 1J 4'\ i ·· ll ~ Li c 1 • n :- i11 .~ . 1 \
o f

C 1Hn1

11

11n :-:.

and

r1 •11 t11\t· 1l

frdlll

1·!,

\\ :l r..;

11 11·

]1 0 \\'t'\' 1•r, tJi· ·J'•' \\ :I . .;. 11ppp-.:j!j,q1 fr .. :ll

(' t l!l 11· ·1 11l\t"•1

in tl1 1· 11 1 1 11 "-i~

:--- \:1\1Jl1 ·· L 0; .. l,-....

1\ 11 ·

.\ l lir . . :,

l, ,. r,J .... . ;1 11 d :l •',,! 1:'· !' <".•· · ·•

t ook p l:t1 -.· J,.·(111·1·11 tl1\' JJ ., 11""' , at 11 l1i ,·!1 till'< '• 111 111 •".t'' ." ·· :·, 11:1, .·i
rf1 ie }1:1p t·r t\11')° 1~r1 ·, v 1i! 1·· i l·u11i:11 i;1 : i~~ 1l1 1·ir
r ca;;,1 11 s is cJ ,.st: ri J.c d tl111 s l1y ::\l:i,·: 11il :1 y : '·Tl"'} ]•11 i1tt<- <l " 11 ; ,
1
CO lll'l :-'i.: h ·, cll'arly, fun·ilily, and ~411tlt'tinh·-.; \\'i th a g r:1Y ' i n11 1y
wlii c lt i ~ ll••t 111ilw1· .. 111 i11c:;, tl1e :il •s 111· Lli1 ·s at: <l itti • jllili "~ 1·!' t li 1·
stalut., 11·J1i,.Jt 11·:" ,i] .. ,ut. l <• expirl'. 1:111. a ll tl 1e ir ui.j1·1·li 1•I"' "i;i
loc f.. n11d toJ rel al <! l1> 111att... rs ,.f .i .. tail. 01 1 ( }i(' grl'at. 'J'1 1·s ti.. 11
of pri 11 ciph', on 1lte q1ll'st iun i1•/, cl /1a th .: l ilicrl!J 1~( auliu li."''l
priut i ll!J he, on the wli.ul•", a M c0si 11.11 u1· rt c111·;,;.; lo Sf!t11'!.'f, ll • •L
a \1·.. rJ is " 1i<l. T he L icf' 11,;in:.; .\ d is 1· u nLl" 111 nc <l, tt <·L :i~ a
111; 1,., e,;~ 1 · n t iallv c\·il , ],n t 1)\l :11:c<>t1llt ,,f the 71<'fl:J './ri1·1•1rnn's, th.1•
CJ·oc7imis, t/1c / obs, the commercia l rnlrirli1;ns, t!tc d 11111;,. ;1;" "-'/
1isit;,;, wl 1icl 1 we re in ei<ll' nt.al tv it." Aft er 111 c uti .. ui11 g s<Jtt lC 1° f
1
tl H·i r petty , l.iu t conYi n1; it1 ~ re::l.'1 _ lt1~, ~i : u·a11l:t)' atlt::-:._
, · ~ ~ 11(·h .'': t· n ~
t!tc :tt" 't1111e11ts \1·lti clt d id \\'k1t :\l ilt"tt 's Ar"'>i'".!!ll!,.a l1a.! l:iil \'1 !
to cl»_;~ L 11eh', it i:; sai•.l fu rther in a 1101<', i:; bdicl't·d I » li:11,.
dr:.1w11 11p th 1: papt· r . • i\l a1·a11l:1y g •>l'S 011: "H t l1i ,; \1'1· r1; ~ " • it
rn11 st Jn; re 111cml.>c:n.:tl tlt<1l L ocl;c \ l'l'<>l<', 11 0t in l1i~ 0 \1·11 1i:1n 11 •,
J,ut in the nam e of a mnlt. itud ,~ of p l11i11, countr!J g c11//n!I Cll r11 11l
n. crclw 11 ts, t o whom l1i:s opi11ions tvt1<'lti 11g th 0 li be rty of th <~
1
pn ·,;5 wu11!tl prol>alily hare scc m ctl stra n;.:;c :111Ll 1l:u1 gn"11,;. I\ '~
11n1st ~npposc, t11 crcfurc, tl1at, \\'i th li ls u~ua1 prud 1.• 11l'l'. lie refrain ed fr u tn ghi11g an cxposili•rn o f l1i~ O\l' n 1· icw~, :rnd co11 t c 11tc<l liimsclt: with puttin ~ into a neo.t :rn<l p cr>' p.1 c1to11 ,; fr>n n
0

tli vir n ·:; 1i\1 1ti u11.

0

aryu1n.mts sailed to tft 1J capucity of the parli1unt11fury m 11jo rity ..,

87. \Ve com e no w to tl1 c J\f1i: A i\S oF P r:1:,; 1•·' "w:-;.
The Means uf P crnuasi1m 111 ay lie :-;tat.rd, in g'<'tH' r:d
t erm :.;, as tlie os8imilating of the olJ,jecl rlc·sirct/ 11;,'lfi t/uJ
pri111·:;'1es of ar·tion qf tl1ose 1117drl'ssed.
Th e b c:trC' rs a rc p ossrsset] of ce rtain activ e disp o.<it io ns,t:islcs, lil; i tt~", ,·n 11l'i1 ·t'1n 11 s, l1 t: lid's, or <•] 1i11i o11s,- attd tlil' "lw:1k 1·r
mn sl l•ri11c: tli e t>l •jt:1·t ~ntt ;..(h t u mkr th e s wt·ep of' o:i<' or 111<Jrc
of' tJw sc' ; . i11 otJ1 cr Wul'<l <, he IJlU SJ f Cj>l'l'SC!tl it a.~ C<• t1~t', f 11t i11 g

f'l·:Rst:ASION.

tl1r rrry or·c as1 on f. 1r tltl'se active impulse;;
1)1(:

(':\;1111pk• j11st

to orrratc.

Cjl l• >( , •1/.

l 'i:1 \ " "'" '' •r:u1d11111 1.. <;,.,, r.c;1· 11 L 0 11 F0 ,'., East. loJia IHi~
it as" a 1./a11 t .. t:i l;1• 111 1,rc lli an !1fllj ilu• royal /!OU1tr,
:rnJ hy tl1at 111 r-:111s di:<:dil e Iii,; Jl:ij c·s ty fo t· tlie rc:; t of l1i.; reign"
was a J1 i:;ldy jil'l'su:i.:si 1·e appl'al.

,J,."Til1in~

7

,co-,, ~.t~T
-~

SS. 1"vr J!Cr,,11asi \ "C ad,J re.-:,;, a thorongl1
wi th the s 1dijcc t i:;; a eliid' l'<'<111i;:itc.
Ry licing :tr-q11ai11t<'d with a ~ul1jcct in all its bearings, we
arc rp1ali fied to add 11 cc \1l1 ateq~ r tli rre is in it to cJncifiatc the
g-nod will uf thP lwurl'rs. ·1\~nple f!Cll(•r;ilfy :ire r11 ost pcrnn11,•iv1~
in t)1 ,. ir l>\\'fl trai l;; :1s tlie j>l1rase i.s, "t lit·y l1aH.1 rn ost t<; say for
t i1L'ln sL·1 n·s."
\\"itl 1 a lnowf('1f.ge 0f tl1c

~ 11 l .j1•d 1

and a J;nnwlcdgc

T1 «an·r$, tli e f' VW1T of' li t ti11g t l1e one to the otlier will <!1•pnncf
0 11 f~.r1·c of rni 11d and cxtc·11t uf attainments a11<l re;;riu rccs. Ora-

tory consi~ts, rwt in adJ11<:ing a few of t lie ulJ1·io11,; point.~ of
crn 111 ccrio n fwt11·('c•11 tl1 e t•nt! <ksi n' d :i11tl th e co1n id ions nf those
addrcssl'd, hut i11 cxl1au st ing- tl1 e wl1 ole ra11 ge of pertinent con~iJl'rnl i, •n~ lll'ar nnd remote.

It i:; neces~:1ry tn persuasi1·c force to lie able to Yary tho
lang-11age and illo ~trnti ons. A fa ct tl 1at is in <'rt wh e11 stated in one
furm , may strik e ho11Jc when put in anoth(· r fo rm. For example,
]'al,~.r l'L' ruark~, as an <1l1jt!c t i1111 tu t li e t hco ry of 111<1ral S('IJ timcnt..,
t l1at rlicre arc nu rnaxir11 s in tn o rali ry wliid1 "arc 11bsolutcly
and 1111ivcrs:tlly true ; fa olltcr word•, w/1/c/, do not bend to
circumstances." Tl1c latter cx pn·s>< ion is an eq uivalent of tho
former, hut mMc effectual for the p 111T>o>rs of t.l1 c ary;rim1ent.
Man y in stan ces mig ht be cited of 1·<'rLal ingenuity in recQOciling what seemed a l1opclcss cla~l1 !>e t wee n a speaker and his
l1carl'~. Th e foll(}wing is from l:11rh's >J><.::l'ch to his constituents at I:risto l, wh ere lie \'indir·atl'~ tl1c cx1·ri' ise of l1is own free
ju dgment in Padiam ·nt, and rc <.: 011ciles it wi tlt l1is duties to liiS'
constituents t hc ms1•h·es : " Certnin l.v, i:;c ritl1 ·11wn, it 011;.:lrt 1o he t~c l1 rtppir1cs~ and glory
of a r eprcseu tativc to li1·c in tl1 u :;trictost uni ou, tho closest corr&

., .
<l lo ,; 1Ji 111 g in tlr~· wi11il\; C' \ -f'.
This '"") lil' Cll ll l )':trl
. .. \\' I'. ·I.-. 111.-1i'.-;
'J'lic j 11 ~pm11ly ot· tic
) f'ollu11 lll;!, re:t .. rt. '"
" 11 ' ·1
.
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,1 jll'ofps,;r· <l l.,, :ire'.11rn1•1d:il
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work, a

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Ill >• '

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ll ll~i Jll!Hl

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d i wll'lllj'.
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1;, tu tl1e ], .. ~·i.-;
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co11ta1111 ·1 Ill
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whi ch l.c·i11" 1111a cc<> 111pa111 t « ' } . ''lll } /
,
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b e n~ ~:1n kd :-1 .':i a :-.-·+.
d< llt,-.. t1.. ..., t illlfl?l
• -\ ' tn nthe 1111;t1 IS \\ (' t.l
I lnY c t li l'n' adduu.: <l.
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of tli
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t l , ,' JI. "u ' ' ' ot . ( -·"11111w11,,
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18
in c,·e rv ~ lia p0; Lnt in 11 011 e is it :--;1) .tu1 n1 H" " .
· 11 nd e.ccrc1~('{
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f!Jrnnl~.
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apHl ngy f111·
l.' one o
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f •) ' fi1 .. t Frc11e li ],l' \«1 11 1(1 .. 11 . t.l1e l~ 1.: 1 · ul11 ·
the CX <'C"" ' ' (J L It! '
. . ·1· " ' tliv11 111i ,- r11 ic- '""l
··
· l l · · in 1·H·n · r 1" l '""1. l'' "'I " " · ·
tluIL l1a1
" t 11
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l . . to i1ur ;1Ll11 1n t· :w(-, : 1"1
11 l·l J,.". )i;&1t t "'1r ,. "'" "
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li tli e ,Ji"lit.1·,;t 111 .. 11.. 11 ,,1
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l · ) t I , c·tp11vc: 1·a11 1111 " " ' " 1
fe
tt <'rs
I I ' JI (' I
ll : lu t l11_
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fin ge
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1<ll fl 1e full
l . .
t tli c
!1'111~ 111;._; Oil

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1.' <"iJ1](' a111] f(lJ'
trn.t1un of t • · 1' .'11
. t·ci ( .) ·a, t11n· i t 1:;
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l: I 11,
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ety of i111n11t c COI HH ·~1.i _101r,,
l · . tlic three fvllv\vin;;
proper t o Yicw tlie :;ul>j ed um e1

.

., ·)1:1t

aspect:;; :10*

,,

T ll E F OJn[ OF EX 1·o,;n10::-: .

I.

I'cr,;11:t,;i.-1n eo n ~idc rc(l ns

1:tscc1 on some

111odC';; of 1-'i rnpl c co111 1n11ni eati on.
IT. Per,;11asio11 ll\· A1"'llm c11t.
IlT. ] 'er~ 11a;:; iu11 i 11ro11~l 1 the Feel ing~.

no. T.

I'e r,.;11:tf' i11T1 may be liased on some of

th

f'i1111'k ·oin111u11ie:1tion,-Dcsc/ipt ion N~
tin>, :111ll E :•q1n~itiun.
'

modes

or

D escription is t•rnpl.1y('c] to p id nrc ~cc11 es that are to ro
~h e p:1s,i011s.

S11 ch a rc the <ll',wriptitins i11t ro<l 11 ccd by Durk
111 to 111:; 'J'<' <Tl1 l'S on \\.arrcn Jra>tirws ; tb c llescriptions in ~
11 al l's se n11• H1 011 I Ir e F1:C'11cl1 . in,·a~ion°; and t lrc account by
~la r aulay vf th e d l·,· a ~ t:1t1 0 11 ot tire l'alatinatc in tir e end oft.ho
~l· ,·c111 c Pnt h <'l'lllury.
TlrC'sc p ict11rc,, it is 1rnc, arc not ex
c i se~
the pure <lc·scripti1·c a rt, as we have rccoguized itabo ·e·
t l1 cy rnv olvc narr~itio n al>o, 1ut t hey arc pop 1il:1rly designated
hy the nam<' of ne~c ripti n 11 . Tire fcat11rcs sckcle<l arc such
llJ insp ire strong feelings i11 a ccrtai11 dircctin11.
The h:ipl'in t's~ accruin:_!; from goocl co11d 11 ct., :rn<l t11c mis ri
of "'.cc, am "11l1jcc h uf oratori e:il <lcscriptio11. 1\ll thi1igs tlul&.
c:in tm part a <'ha rm nr f: 1 s 1·i11~itio n arc ncc1111111l:Ltcd under tho
on<', an d n·vulsil'e hn rn1rs an· sp r.. :1d ovt•r the other.
j\.arrntirt: :ifs., c1i1 (' rs fr c·1111 l'lltly i11to or:itury. The " CMett
111 a law-plvading o i't " n con , ists of a cl1ai11 of ('vent.•, and th
must lie narrall'd . Tir e narrat i., n is C(l n<l11ctccl witlr the vi 'Iii'
,,f'_making pr.iwi_nent, :di th:1t f:trn r~ th e sid e of th e Rpcaker.
I_t IS pns' "' ''" h cs td e~, lll tir e recital or fact~ to introduce p<>l'f!u.t•
>11·r to11 Cht•s.
In tl rc l'l'kl1rakd r ontrnt inn l1e1lrcc11 Demosthenes 1111d
,·Eschi11l's, " great part of tl1c ~pee c l1L: s o n l1oth sid es i1t mud
11p of. tlie 11a1Tatiun of actions and e1·cnts.
.
Expvsiti1111 is ~till rn<•rc in t imately allied with pcrsnasi(ln,
Jn rnany i11stanc1:s, oratn rkal address is an exposition of cert.'liu
great p rin cipl(•s, wl1i ch it is desired to commend to pcoplols
c" p tancr. EspC'cially is thi :-i t he case with preac hing. The elo<]U c ncc of. (_' halrncrs was al1110st rilw<~' S e xpository. Jn discu
lllg E xposit ion, 11·e n11 ghl !tare quoted l1is sermons as modellc<J.

?f

'*

to a nc:arly nnparalll·k·l d1·~re(', 11pnn lt«rati un a n<l Il111,;tr:1t i .. 11.
Rol1 crt Hall i'r<'<jll<'llliy pu n;i1L·,; tl1c sain•· 1m·t li •" l.
Tl11: cdorotiorl(ll fu11cti• 1ll ot' p nlp it "ral ory i ~ f1d1ilk d l •y tlic•. "lt1l'i ,lati .. :1
~ f J vd rin cs; l111l t lre~e 11111 -; t 11!! clr• "'''11, , !i:q>< .. l, :111 .J il\u,t r:1 11 .. l,
to rvu:;c tl1e fr ,. li11~s. \\' li •·rl' :U'\ ion is \o l oe l1rn11g-l1t al .. o1 1\ :!l
once, as i11 li-~:il a11, l l'"liti i::il •lr:it .. n ·, 111 e 1m·tlr <JLl is !""'' :q•1 oli'cabl c. ]~url; e cxp•lllt1ckd pri11"il'I"" t .. "X''"'"' ~n f:ir '" I.i , i11 1m cdiatc ol •j<'cl \\':IS l'Olllt' (• rtwd.
· 'l\l gi 1·c a t"c·w cx:ll11!'1"".
D1J711iliun 111:1y he lll:i •Jc, lii.c:l.! y
cffec\ iV<' in o ratori cal ,-ti 11ll11ati<lll. ]11 till' f.,Jluwi11g p:lsS:l,:_!;t' fr,,111
D ein ost hen<•s,
fi1 1d La w ol L·lin1·d witl1 ~u e lr ci rc11111 ,;f:t11" "'
nncl col .. ri 11~ as 1n produce iu tli c lw:irl' rs :rn adi1·c s<'11tilll<'llt of

.

..
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venerat ion and <ll'frrct1('l' : "Tli e wl1vk: lifu of' 111eu, wl 1dl 1er tlt ,• ,;l:t! o tl1,•y li·"" i11 1:'' _i.: 1·,·:it
or s 111 all, i:-;. g'O\'l...'l'Tll...'d l'ill11..•r h_y t\atll r l' o r li_v Law. l\ a lll rt• J:, 1r.n. .· ~­
ul ar 1w 1l r :tpri<'i<lll" ; J.aw i,; <klinitt', a11•l tl1 e ,;:u nc to all.
\I l"'n
tli o 11 at11ral di,pusition i,; c•1·il, it fr c'l11"11tly ur~c·s to !'ri111e; 10111. tl1 c1
Jaw ai11l' at tl1e ju"t, t li ~ g-ornl, a111! tl1 l' tit ; tl ll·,;e they "' ·ar..11 <1." l .
a nt1 wlien <l l'tt."rtnint..'.'d~ tla~y p11 !.J i..: b lL"' tlH"· n .:g ul:i f1 1 1l :-i to Lt• tol lowctl Ly (_·\·c ry un c alik e . T u tl1 1. .·~0 0L1.._·di1.._·11re 11111~t l 1e .r1..•t1d t:':\._· d
Oil Jl l~ l ll)' g'l"llll!Id ...: ; l111t lli O "'i t ol' all on tl1i ~- tl1at law I:-\ tJ 1e Jl1\·1,.; 11lHt l l
a1tH1 ~i l"t (1f t l1 e g.,d . . , tliC f" l':-'11l 11 tio1t pf pnJd 1..: 11t 111 e11, tl 1u .c\)r:l'cl11 r
of vol11nt:lrY o r i11v11l1111tary wro11 ~-doer.--1, antl tli e det.t·rir1 111 :d 11111 11f
tli c ~Lale :i t· larr; . . ·, w l1i1 ·l 1 i...; ll l:t'l' .'-' . ; :tril)· l1i 11di11 ti u 11 all i i ~ cit izt.· 11.'i."
1

l li- rc th °" f1111d i11n uf law is l' k 1·at..1l 1.y its al li:in•'<' ,., it 11 :di
tl1a1. is cu11111 1a11 di11 ):j :uHI :111 .~ n ,;t in l"'liti<'al soC' icty.
]11 tl1" ~]'l'C'l' l1 .. n tli n \ 'rnw n, I >1· 111.,,tlr c 11 e~ intr <.. iilf"'' :111
chhu ral l' :u1t itlr l'l i"al d .. 1inition of t wn ~ jl l'<.:il's ,,f l'li:1ra<' tl' I' "',
t1 1c f'l raig l1 t fo rward ad1 isl'l' (b rr1'·11 f),, ,,)..01:), a11.J t !1" trwkJ..r

(b av 1wr/,,il'-:-11r:), i11 ordL·r to f" ' i11t tout. t lr <: """' r:i't 1... 1'"" '"
l1i111 s<'lf and his a1ll· r r~:1ry ..-1':scl1i111·'· T ir e ddini11g- uf :rn id .. al
type <if char:i rt<: r, pninting tL> tlie instance act ua lly i11 1 il' 1r, j ,
a suital1lc m c<liun1 o f praise o r r e11,11rr.
l'itt's r t:pl y l o l lo racc \\-;.tlp••I C r .. nt:ii1 1s a n dTc·cti1·c II'(' of
d efinit.i <m. "I li :11·c l1 cc n acc 11sc.,J of ad in~ a tl 1.. atri1·al part.
A th e:itri<':il pa r t may im ply l' iilH•r SQlllr. pcrnl-iririti('s uj :11•st11r".
or a dis~ i11w lution of 111:; rl'ltl sc11li111olls, afl(l th e udupl i(111 o/
tlte 011iuio11s ond l•111:11((1::r of r111o thrr 111a n."

i

~,

228

I'EllSUA.SION.
ARGUMENT.

Tn <'X<'mpl ifiration of the rxpo, ito ry nwtliod as
Moral Su;L'i•>n, we may n.: fc· r tu Extraet XVI.

,fJl . ]"'

.

.

erst1a s111n 1 ~ aide1l hy all tl1 c arts that can
strengthen or lov::;en tl1c Loncls 1d1idl fasten ideas in the
mind .
. Thi-; :1,Pprars to ••p1·11 a large ~uLjo·<' t, lout,tn point of fact,
11. only l't·l ,·1:" n:~ lo the fi.c:1 1res :llld deYices of style already con~t•lt- re<l. . S1n11Ies, rndaplion;, a11titl1"~cs, <·1•i.'..i rams, balanced
cn11,.tnwt 11111 s, li:n-c a ll !ht~ 1•1li·r-t .,f s trc11gi li L:11in.r the hoJd of
C«rf:tin f/,i ug" upon the ll•i11J, a11J tlicrc!l1 1• i11 crca~11 rr their force .
indignitict .
wli cn usn l in J'<'r~11a>i .. n. n acun's <'Pi.~ram,
m en cnrnc to di .~11itics," tc11.fs to dissn h·e t/1 c u.'Lia] associations
with i11dig11ity, a11d r<·p i:lce tlirm wi th ntli crs of a contrary na.
t11re. '~'Ii~ meta1.'lwr L'.taL " Ca lumny is the shadow of grcatncS11,"
l1a;; a ~ tntdar L!l tc:try Ill 1'.1odi l:\'ing our \'i e11·s uf cal11111ny. Tho
apo t h(·;_!111, "~ 011lh 111 toil, a:,; u i11 case," l,y it~ fvn11, dccpen a
11
m ora l llllfH'CSS IOll .

"n;

Cannitig 's f: uun11 s l'l't nrt to the l ri,J1 rl'pcal ers, is an argu·
lfl l' tit int<' 11 s ificd lq· tJ,,. form of tli c h11g11age :-"Repeal tho
l'uirn1, rcs/un: ll1c.lf11darc/1y."

D::l. 1 L I'c rsnnsiun ta],e;-; on, to :t larr.- e extent th
forrr1 vf Arglllnent, Hea..~u 11i11g, or PrvuC ,..,
'
Th e re arc stil l snppnsc d Cl'rtain fon.Jarncnt.al Jisposition~
con1·il'fi.,ns, or npi ninn s <'n the part of 111 0 lt earers accom·
pa11i,·ol ll'i.tlt al 1ility and rcadi11(•ss to follow lrai11s of :ea.soning
or Jl'd11et1.,11s fro nt ll1csc, a11d to balance c<rn sidcrat.ions on op·
pnsite si d es.

A rc:1rn1 c11'..ali1·c Persuasion is e!o.'1·ly it! li c:d with .(.ogicnl
h·o )o)f
L:POHJT I 0:-1
.I 'twoF). 'l'o a mi nd perfectly I'!~·
t 1nn:il, scH·11t th e or lngical c1·i dt·11 cc is co ul'i ction · Lome and
Pi
.
'
"
• 1etu '.·1c arc tl t_c same. J311t tlt c ordinary arts of persuasive
rP:t~o 111ng take In modes of proceed ing irre le vant to genuiuo
proof, and adaptetl to mind s i111pc rfectly rational.

c·> :e

".v

.1\ H Proof a11d all Disproof are resolvable into allcgationa
of S1mdanty or Diss imilarity. To ~ornply with tlic demands

of logic, th e allr.~ c d si111ilaritie;; must l.c c» 1r1J1ktc a11<l.n·k1·ant;
and so wit.Ii tl1 e di~"imilarit.it·~: lou t fur l"'r'""'''rn, it is en .. 11;; '1
that th ey appear ~o to the pc·r;u11,; ad.fro"' "" !.
.
Befo re c1• m111 c11c i11g to ar~1w a 'l''"'ti•rn, tl11J ~ 1w:1k 1'r t.'i
recomrn e11dc<l to set clearly bcl'<m J lii ~ ow11 11.i11d tl•e 1 w 111 ~ .t o
be arn'HCJ. Tl1 c arts of CX ]'<J,; iti c>11 co 11tai11 all th e art1 ht·1a l
means,, of fort li cri 11g t l1i~ ol>jed. ] 11 a11 arc:11 11H•11t i 11lt' 11dc" l lo
satisfy minds of fair in fl'll igr ncc, the lending tl'rms shou ld ],. ~
d efin ed, a nd the pri11ripks <'xp rcs;;c,l i11 clear la11g nag«', ll'1lh the
aid of cou11tl'r-8tatcment a11J exai n ple.

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Argmn cnt. First.:
pri11 eipl e::> a<l<lueeJ mu ,;t l>e adlllittcd, a11d
suilici en t ly lJclic\'eJ in, Ly the l1 oarer:;.

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... ...

B elief may be genuin e, lrnt t oo feel.l e to ove rcnmc n·, i,t :t1 11 ·e.

t

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f

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H.'l. ~t'('C)t1tlly: A 1·ertai11 Ri111ilarity 11111,;t h e atl111ittt-d
to l1old l1ctwcc11 t.l1c fad::; or pri11('i1.Jc::; addu1'.t·d and till:
poi1 tt t•1 l.c c::;taLfo;l1ed.

gral'itating prnpcrty, nature being uniform.
or the two requisitrs just m e ntio ne d, tl1e first corre~potuh

b·

f'..>t''

fH. T\l·o t.ltingR arc rcrp1 i,; itc in

One fact ca11not pro1·e anotli c r unl ess tli c 1.ll'O arc S•) far •)f
a bnd , that, o n the gronnd of 11atnrc's u niform ity, we m ay expect the seror1tl to happen exactly a.~ ~lie first hlli! hap~)c· 1u·1l.
The ~l'lll'itation of tl1c sun and planets 1>1 an argument for tlie
gravitati tl n of the star;<, because we bc li c~e that th e sta rs an:
co ntitilutcd ,,·ith a suflicient arnoHut of likeness to c11 tail tlrt~

~;

' r

Jt is alko.,."d as a fa «t, or a law of 1iaturc, tl1at the stars .L'.r;n·o
.
. .
itate t o warJ,; t'al'lt other; and tl1 c ar;.:;1111t!'lll, o r C1<·t 111 prnol, 1,;
that tlic s nn and plan ets graYitatc. \\'e argu e tliat the ll'C:1t.lil'r
is about to cJ1angc, by (jlIOting the fact tliat t11e baro111et1·r i~
falli11g, or the fa.·t that the wi11 d is sltifti11g-, o r t!t e gcnt·ral la1r
that at th e parti cular S$flson 8Uel1 c lianw·g !tap pen.
factH

~;._

f,_r

'

D3. An Ar~nmcnt is a fo<.:t, principle, or .-ct "f'
facts or uf J>ri1u'.il'lc~, adduecLl as C\'idc11 cc of sum c ~·tli e r
fact or prineiplc.

Th e

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'I

DEDCC1 1 \" £ l'ROVF::l .

I'l':HSC ASIO:-<".

to tl1 c in aj.•r prerni ,-c of tl 1<' Logil'al ~yllo.!!;i" rn, tl 1c second to
t lie 111i11<>r. Tl 1<" 111 :1,i<' r (i11 a rq:11l: 1r syil<>gis1n of tlio fi nii
ri;..'.m") lays dl'w11 a }'l'i11 cip l1', tl1 1\ 111i11or asserts tlic relevance
11r id .. 1itity c.f t.l1is wi il1 the• tlii11g tu Le pro\'cJ.
"Matt.or
hT; L\~ital1·s (rn:1j1>r).- a 111 etrc .ri c ~tu n e is 111 atte r (miiior)- a me.
ll'<>l'IC sto11e g r;n· 1t:1ll' ~ .' '
J\lr. J. S. Mill !tis show n tliat tL
111;1j ur 11 e .. d 11 ut b e a .~•' 111· r:d }'l'i nci ph' ; it mi· be a faet or scri08
of t:1l't s "ta tl'd i11d i1·id11ally; ·' t lii ~, tl1a t, anJ tl1c other matcrinl
tlii11 .~ l..'. r:L\· itat es (1nnj 1>r): a certain tl1 in~-a nH:teor-rcscmblCll
tli es1\ i11 tl~eir C<'ll llll<>ll pr0pf· rty of l1vi11g in ert lll altc r; . and 80
(11at.11re l 1l' 1ng 11nif•q·11 1) rc"e 111!. il's tl1 <'111 in th e 1111p<'rndded propl' rty of g-ra, · 11at111~ ·''

nr:. .i\ l';..'. lllll('Jd ,;, . nr i-:1 ·u"r.~, arc of tl1 0 fulluwin g
~·h s,;cs :- ( I.) D ul 11 d 1, c, ?\l·r·c•,,:i r.1·, o r Jniplicatc<l ; that
1,.;, sud 1 a:; illlply 1lio thing tu l>c l'i'u 1·1:d.
An :i ~se rt io n g i1·en t" :l!"'r<'di t it s ol11·(' rsr, is an ar"'umcnt

,~f irnpl icatio11 or llC'~""'ity.

lt i,- 11H·n· ly, ivwi ng tl 1c sa~rn fo ct
l1'<>lll tli c otlil'r si.lt'. :111il is li ttle n1»rc tl 1a n a t han.re of Jan. l 1 a ra"r c·:111not I.· ~:11·:1.~1 ·~; f or th ey llave
0
g11agr. " :-;11"
ma11y
l'/1•ili:td i11stit11ti1111s.'' " \ "irtlle fa1·ors h:1J'1•i1 1t•ss ; vice caiue1
111 isr ry ."

Tl 1c .l og .1r:i.' r on\'(' rsr of a~1 nssPrtio n (llladc l>y transposing
l ite. s11 l 1jel't and pn·dll'at c \1·ith certain ca1 1 l. i < >11 ~) is the cxnct
<'< Jt 111·aJ " 11 t ,,f tl1 c <1ri,!,.'.i nal, :ind .is tl1 l' rt• for l' a <'fl'C' of mere im1.J irat inn. " ;-.;,, j 11 ;;t rn:111 wn1 ild m:1kc l1is l'liil dren a burden
f,, ot li l' r~ ; 11 •> <>111: that d nc~ tl1is is j11 , t,''- are dilfo rcnt fo rms
.. r tlie s:111 H: a»;v rtio11 , :wd not d ill'e rr·11 t n ~sc rti .. 11s ; an<l to inako
t li e <•li e pru\·c tl 1e utlt n is ti) p11 t f" n rnnl an arg um ent of impli"ation .

of

. \\' lt.r n a g r n'.· m! ~ t :1ten1cnt is a·h·an ec.J as cr i<lence a pnr'. w11:a r lll(' lud,•d ,111 1t, tli c arg11 111 c11t is <lt•d11 ct i,·c o r implicated:
' \ \ t' sl 1all d1P, 1., r all 11u•i 1 arc 111 orta l. "
Tlic Hy lJ1,gism, as aln ·a.!.1· rr 111arkt'(l, is of tl1i~ t'h:tract c r; tl1t: rnajo r premise \:Overs
till' cnn .. !11 sio n, p1.,1vi,kd ""' J1 ;t\'< ' a~s 1 1ra 1H :e of the relevancy as
allirn1e.J i11 tlie 111i11or. It lias only to IJC ascerta ined th; t' iu
are men (tlt1' rnin or) ; and tli1: ar1-:1!(1H'1 1t to prove that we shall

231

di e it> ncee~sa ry, l1 rca11 se it cn11tai11;; tl1 e fa ct as a 11:,1-t (l f tl1c
in cai 1ing.
.
..
.
Tl 1is form of tledn ct i1·c arg 1111wnt 1s a prC' rnil111µ: ty pe (ll argurncutati\'e rea.<oui 11 g. Th e m·"~ e vf cxp rl·:<s i11g it is a 1'i11d
of inverlcd cxpv,:itivn; i1 1:;lc'aJ u l a µ:1: 111:ral d11ctr111.: .tab11:-: tl1"
]cad of Li le parlic11lar e xamp le~ or appli .. atiu11 s, a part1 1:11lar "" "~
is giv u11 first, and th e ]'riucipl e is th 1: 11 add1H'<:J as. tl1c· pr11uf ul
it. To sht•W that. th e Laplawkrs arc nut. su lll ts<' rab k a.- ;""'
sho11ld expect rr .. m tl1 l' ir d illl:tll', we l1ri 11g 'fvrw:'.rd t lw .;..'.." ll l' r;,i
prin ciple that th e miUtl ,,f man sl1apes .itsc lt t" l 1~s collll 1t1."11 . .
An other wcll-k11 o w11 typ e of dcd11ct 11·e r"a sn11111 ~. C•111."'1' t;; 111
full u wi1 1~ out. a c1>11 diti onal a~ sl'l'liu n. "If th e 11 1<1nn L :i,: nu
atmosphl'l't', ani111als cu 11 ~t iLut.c <l like tl1ose 011 tl1 c f'a rth ":rn 11 ut.
exist. th ere ( 111 :1j.,r); nuw th e rn »ull ha;; 11 0 atmo:<pl 1crc (111111 .. r);
th erefore m 1im als constitu ted li ke th o~l' Oil t l1c earth tlu 11<>L

ex ist. ill tl1c 111 001 1.''

n7. (:?.) IuJnl'ti1·(', som et imes e., llo<l Con1 in ~e 11t : :b
wli c n f'roni p:1rt ieular:; vl>:->f'n·ed, ki w\\' n, 01.' .:uln1.1tf<'cl. 11'<'
r OYC tl 1rO\l"h t]1c rn cdi111n o f nature':; 1lllllu r111tt_y , utl1l'1'
,
""
.
I
parti<'ular:> un0li ~o l'\·el1, u11lrno11·n, or un a<lrr11t.t.e~ .
.
Tlic nrgnlll ellt fur the gra1·itati <•n c.f' t.hc stars is 1111l11ct1ve.
The proeof ,tl1:1t <]11i11 i11 c will cnrc a ~ 11 c i" of tl1 e same _cla"s. .
Alt hnn"h a k11 <• wl 1•,lge of th n \':tr i "11~ modes ul l11<l n1'!1\'<'
, proof, as tl~y arc nl1ihitctl i11 ,\Ii\!',; Logic of. Indu <:tion, wo11 IJ
SCl'Vt\ f }1<• pt11'pos1•s of l'X]'PSiliull a11d J'l' l':'ll:l'10!l 1 :I S \\' CJI. a,.; of
scic11c<·, I ca 1111 .. t. t r:11 1' l'" r a C•>llll'kk c1111111 l'r:lf1 (\ I\ ol tl1('' "
to thc j>l'l'Sl' Ut wurk. A few sd c<:t points may , 11 e v c rflil'lt:~,,

P

Le i11 1li«at1•<l .
Th e fir~t ~p ec il' s of ln clnctil'C pro uf is calleJ th e i\f.:tl1ud of:
j\ c,recment. It is grnnmlcd 011 th e 1111iforrn COll1]':1fll•>n,; li 1p vi
0 facts throu!_!;li a g rc:lt \':lriet y of circ11 111sta11c1.:s, wl1i1·li ka,Is
t o th eir lie in" ;:0 11 si d~·rl'd as cause a11cl ctfoct. '\\' c l'ilwuld prore
by this m ctli~t! that ext reme heat is :_1 <''_lll se of d cte ri orati.'>~1 of
tl ic Jwman syste 111 ; f1•r, 1111 ,J<.r all \'an etws of ra('e allll of 11 1d 1vitlnal cltara~ter, a rcsillcn1· e in tl1e tropics is accompa11icd witl>
cn feel1ll'rnt:nt of lJ<>1ly, or of mi11rl, N of both.

t,;

.

~

.

'

I' E R SUA SI01'.

l t is r•11l y a scientific man, o r a logi(' i:111 , tli:tt is fullv aware
o f th e lim its of t his a rg u11H'1Jt; th e l'"J>1dar t"11d,,11ey i ~ to
accept it t o<) easily : it has a rl1ctorical plau,;il1i:ity Licyond jtJI
real W(>rth.
~~an y com mnn 1110.J ps of rcaso nin rr are foll ac io11s example
of t his c:u1 •>n. A part icular m oJ e of li l'e i,;,all cd l1 C'altliy, bGc: 111 ~c it h a~ licc n tl1 e 11al •it c•f a l1ealtl1y 111a ; a ce rtain in ~ti­
t11t in n is la ud ed, hcl'anse a 11a tion li as pr""l'ercd 1111<1"r it. Tho
logi cian in s11ch i11 :<ta11 c1•s wo11ld ~:ly that tl1 c r.onditions of a
trn e i11d1wt io11 ha1·c not bee n Ccl111plied wi th. Th e easiest modo
of d i ,a b11~ i 11g an ord inary mi11 d, is t o p ro dn ce'i11 stan ces where
the s:1111e thi ng lia.q hec n prl'<c nt wi thnut th e s:lm c effect.
It add " g rr at ly t o the fp rcc of co nl'ict.i on l1y tl1is method, as
W<·li as to ih genu ine cogc11cy, tn coml.1 i11 c c.1scs of arrrccmcnt
0
111 _ ausr1~ce 11·i1!t :1g rC'c rn c11t in prcscncr. Th11 s th e (·flcct.s of polit1 cal lil•e11 y arc more full y C(· rtifi cd Ly <'0111 parin ).; a 11umher of
c0 1111 t ri cs wh ere it. exi:<ts with otl1 (·r;; "·l1t' rc iL d ues not exist.
T he other lcad i11.g ll1• •dc of cstal>J i,-Jiint.; r:1 11 se nn •.l effect iK
call ed tli e ~lctli<>1l of ] litl( ·rc ·11<·e. \\' h"n :l ma11 , in the fnlu c11.~
r,f life, is ~li n t and f: tlJ :.; lifc·kss, we k n.. w th :1t tli c sl1 ot killed
him, J.,('<':11 1sc fl 1:1t a~t· n1·.1· 111:l< k' tl1 c wlw k dillf.rP11ce Lctwccn
l1i s li1·ing a n<l his dy i1 1:r. \\.he n :l rrd -l1 ot wire is i111mcrsccl in
oxygen gas, it. bu rsts int'> a flnmc and is rapidl y consum ed.
Tl1c c0 11t:1ct wi th p 11 rc r>.w gr· n is tl1 c onl y dil fo re11 cc that we
li:wc made in the ('i rc 11 mst:~1',c(·s of th e wir~, and that contact iR
tlll'n·l1y prnl'l'd t" lie t l1<" cause nf the cm nlin sti on. \Vh cn a
nati on su d1l"11l y r i ., e~ to prosl' vrit y 1111 tl1 c ar.rcss inn of a new
rni11is ter, lik e th e I'. ritislt 1w npl(• 1111d er Cl1atl1am , 11 0 "tl1 cr importa nt <'. ha11 gc h:11·in).; ilC<'ll lTl'd, we in fl' r t hat Jw i ~ th e can:<c of
tlil! i111pn >1·\' lll l'11t .
The l\1 1·th od (I f f) iffr n•n"c fn rni, Ji cs a m"r<' d"<'i ded proof
nf 1·:111 sati o11 tha11 th e J\1 1'! ]1 ,,d of A.grC'c mc nt. lt i ~ l1N1ce often
n's"rk<l t o i1 1 arg n11w 11t, an d not u11fre11nc11tly al1u s(·d; bein11
.
.
e
put lorll' ard 111 ea;;c:.; wh ere thr difference i~ not rcdu.:<>LI to the
on e single <· irc11111 sta n<'c al11·gcd.
A tl1ird lll i!dc of Tndn r tive ]'l'OL1f is :l rnri cty of th e fore[!O i11g, ca lle d tb c ~ktl 1 od uf l\i:,- iunc's. \ Vc take away from a

l ND UCTIYE

l'lWOF ~.

phenomenon ll 1e cfTr-cts of all kn own :1 .~ 1· ~t s, ~11,J as.-r1' ] 1c t 'IH' l'<'·
maininµ; effl'ct tn th e rC'111ai11i11t-: ca11:<l'. h.11 o w111 µ: th e :<c11t1n1c111'
and vi c~v 8 of tlirec 111 (•11 in a co-partn ership of f,,11r, 11· c l':t11 all11w
for tlic actin11 s tl1at woul d re,nl t fr ,, 111 tl1l'111 ; and , if th cr" lie
nnytl 1i 11 µ; le ft 11 11explain l'd, we att ril 1ui c t11 :1l t.1 th e fo urt h. . Thi s
mcthvd , ;;o fa r as it can l_ic r arri('d, lias tl1 e furL:C of ]'ruv f, and
can acco rdi11µ:l y Le 11 scLl in Arg11m c11 t.
. .
.
A not.li er important Yariety of t1 1c l\l eLl1 o•l of l 1ilk rt' 11c0 i s
that calk1l th e :t>ll'tho(] of Cu n1:nmit.a11t V a riatio11s ; wh L• n •l.y
we j 11 frr ca11 sc :ln d drcr:t from th e pwpo rti <inatc ri se <• r fal l
of tw o :l('C<"•m pa nyi ng fa,. ts. By t he ci rc11msta11 ce that a n iucrcase of temperature in an y ~ ubstancc is follo wed liy a proporlionu te inr rc:1;;e of l111lk, \\'C pro YC that li rat C'XJ•:111ds

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bodir:s.
\ Vliati ·h -, i11 ] 1i:.; T:l 1d.ori1•, l1 :1s ill11stratL·<l tl1i s b11 <l .,f A r~u mcnt u 11 tJ ,. 1: t he 11 a!llr ,. [' ]'rng r1'>'>'in~ 1\p pwach. 1t i ~ a st r" n~
prcs urn pl in11 in f:11·u r .. f inc n ·a:<L:•J t .. J..rati ()n and lil>crty , _tha t.
their i 11 erca:<c has ]we n a c0 ncn111ila11 t of t he gcn(•ral Hll] " " ' ,._
mcnt of nat ions. S!) an y m ode of rra;;n 11in ~ tl1at fa lls in to <liscrc<lit as :tO'<'Urate k11 nwkcl;.!<i i ~ r xt<: n<:k rl, lllll ' t l H~ lool;cd 11pnn
as i11 all prolial1i lity fall:1ci•n1 ~ .
j\ 11 ar~llllll' llt, of tl1i s kind is dl''<eriLe <I l 1y Cn)mm·ll :is li:n ·in rr d l'c id,'. i] th e lt-aJcrs uf t he ( ""11 111,.1\\V<':tlt.h to pr,)cted t o <'X tr~nii t i i·s agai nst Ch arles. At. a co 11fl' rcnce nt llan1 r•tn1 1
Court. th e otli ee rs in tl 1c rmit :m arm:·, on re"i,•win t-: t l1i' ir
cxpcric ncr, wcrc agre1~• l , t11at so lo 1ng as . tl1 cy n1:1i11t ai11 "d. uncomprornising (1pposit.i Dn t o tl1 e lin .'-', tl1 <' 1r 111d'.tary "~w rat 1"11 '
pro ~pe rc il , lrn t in pr,,p•irti on as thL·:· c11t1•r"<l 111! ~ dq >l o1 11 :wy
with a l'i cw to reconciliation, J'ru l' id encc w:1s aga111 "t tl1 c111 1n

(·

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th e field.

!) S, (:;.) 1\ 11 al11~y is m1wlt r c;;orte(l to u.s a 111 c :n is " f'
prtwf.
\Vli cn "· c :ir~n c from one man (,) :rnntl 1cr man, on a ny c •l fll m nn prupcrty of men, as th1·ir birth , g rowth, &e., we rl' a~o r'. [ 11dnctii·e ly, th C' y hl'in .~ the same ia ki11 d ; ,y}1 cn we reas•rn fr,,111
men t o a11imals far removed fr om th em in ;;tructurc, or tn pl ant ~,

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"·c reason Anal0gically; tl1 erc is 11 ;;amrnc,;;, lH1t accompanied
wili1 a 1·~1' t anw1111t \>f dil!'vr .. 11ce. l t i,; an argumc 11 t from Anni·
o~y, whc:n we co mpare 11ati1111s to i11divid11:tls i11 rc:;pect of vital
1:1111st.it.11tion, n11d i11f"r tltat enry nati on will pa' s through the
s11 ce<·ssi1·l· stage,; i•f 1n:tlurit:·. old a<_'.•', aml Jeatli. So, becnu o
tl1crl) is a <'ertain r, ·,··11il.J:111<'<.: Ldwceu \}1c 111 ctropolis of a
country and th e l1 cart, it has l•..:c·n arg11c<1 t\r1t its expansion b('com cs at. last a d iscasc.
Tho cxi,tonro c•{ i-;c11sibi lity or consci onsncss in animals is
prnH·•! 11,r tl1e analo~·y pf tli eir rxpres:<io11, tl1cir art.ions, and
I

.\11a l"-!.;i"al :ir!_'.11ml'11 ts am 11ot. ll'itl1out rl1e!t>ri ca l plnusiLility.
Tl1t·y <"<•ntain the, f,>1111<l:1ti<•ll ,·in·1111"t a11<'1 ·s d ' all rca:;onin!!, 11
rc s•· 111l.J:111"c of parti1·ul:m'; l>11t. tlie a1Tu11111anying disparity
lilllits tltl'ir ap['li catio11.

fl(l. (.J.) Argument or pn•<>f i,; frpr111ently no more
t] 1;111

}) i'O!J!ll,7r' .

Tl1 c 11:1tmc <• fa prol1al ,Jc: ;i;o,;\·rtion a<l111it s ,,,f l •l·in~cxplaincd
i11 a Ycry si1nplc 1~•1'111. Eq·ry crrtain i11 fl' rcnce rc;;pecting a
1•:1rtic1ilar casl', i111plil'" 1hat thl're is a law ,,f nature absolntely
uniform applyi11g tu tk1t c:t,c. lt is certain tliat every grown
111:rn i1ow Ji ,·i11 g \rill l>c d<·ad ll'itl1i11 a lrn11drcd years. This in·
frr• ' ll CC n ·p11,e;; 11pon n natural law, :mtl1enticat.cd by th e universa l experience: of m:lllki11d . Tiut it is nut crrtain that A. B.,
liurn iu 18:30, will lie dead in l!J:l O, altl1011 ::;l1 liiglily probable.
lL is 11ut a u11if'nrrn law <;f nature tl1at CVl'l'Y rnan dies before
attai11i11g nnc hundred yean; of :1gl', tl1nugl1 it. liappens in a vast
]'I"Cpondl'r:111 ce nf in sta 11 r 1·s, tl1c cx:l('t lllllllUl'r l.Jei ng known by
tl1 e bil ls of 111 ortality. s"l'l'" ' i11~, tl1l'n, that of tl1usc_ attaining
th e a;:e of tl1irty-six, 0.0flfl 011t of 10,0UO die befo re a hun dred,
A. H.'s prnl1:1!.ility 0f li1· in~ till that :1 .~c is 1 to !l,fHHJ. '.l'h1111,
wJi,.rc·as an inft • n•1ir~e tl1at is c1·rta i11 rests 011 a 1111iv er~al trnt.11, or
a11 i11d11cti o11 that kno1rn 11< 1 lirc; i'\; , a proli:il.Jc i11f'crcncc rests Oil
a11 i11rl11<"ti•)I! of till: fu:·111 - 111.,,1. X' s an: Y's; a11d Ll11:deg n:c of
p r<>li:tliili ty is r xprc''"'l 11y the• 1n~111. c·r of X's that arc Y's. ~f,
in a 111isecl!:111eu11' crc•wd t>f rn ..: 11, three unt. uf every four \Ill!

tell the trnth 1Yl1 c11 :1sh·cl, withou t an n:1tl1, tl1c pm1 ia1>il ity ,.f
tl1c testimony of a11y 011c of tlil'm is 1 tu 1, ur ~· lf tl1l' :i.\oliti on of an oath lias sucl 1 an el1'ect tli:1t, t>ll a11 cxpe1·ic11I'<.'. s111lieicnt.ly l:tr"e, it is l\i1111d tli:1t 10 111c1 1 Pllt ,,f '.'O c;rn l• <.• rel ic·.\ .. 11,
tl1:1t i::tti<J is tl1c l!lC'as11rc uf tl1c Yal11 e ,,fa si11;;lt: t •·.-<t i11 1.. 11y •111
oath .
Tl1e rnl es fur coml1i11i11p; prol.al.1c i11f"r<'IH'CS t" c:. k 11l:1k
tl1l'ir appro:i t:h to CNlai11ty arc not dillic11lt of apprcl1 !'11.-<i"11. I t'
two illlkpendc11t \\'itness\''• \l'h'•'c sep:1rat"' lestirno11y i~ 1·:1l11l'd at
§, co11 c11r in tl1e sam e st:1leine11t, th e e"111l• i11 cd prolial>ility is 1;;
if 011e is \':1l11ccl at~' and tl1e otlicr at;;, tl1 e 1111ikd Yal111~ is ~·
The pri111' ipl e of Co!llp11t:1ti•m m ay l•e ru1 1 ~·lily slated t.l111s :- .\
prolia\,ility of -} is the sa1ne :1s 2 t.<> 1; 11ow, two s111.:l 1 i•r•1l1al•ilitics arc c•>1lll,i11 cd l•y 11111lt.ipli c:atiu11 i11tu tlie prod11d ·I to l,
wlii<..:li i~ the same as ·~ . Again, to eo111Li11e ~r a11cl ], \\'t: 11111sl
multiply 2 lo I l1y :J lo 1, wliich yil'l.Js G to 1, or~ ·
111·11•""
on tl1c supposit.iun tl1at two witm•ssc·~ 011 oat.It wen~ ~··1•arat.-ly
valu c•l al ~ ~, \\' e slrnuld lia1·c tu rn1tlt i1·ly l!:l to 1 Ly l ~l '" 1,
and tli c prudnrt, 3Gl to 1, or ~2~, 'rn11 l<l b'' tl1e v:tlu c ,,f th l' ir
co 11 e111Ti11g tc:;tin1•ill)'; a d q,!;l'l'C of prul•aliility tliat, 11 .. w•·v .. r
u\.Jlai 1tl'd, \l'Olllcl be rcecin::d a,; sul!icien l o::itJ1er ill J1ist1 lri c:iJ ev idence or in a court (1f law.
Now, :dthongh, as alrca.Jy saicl, \\' C c:rnnot expect to put i11
eX:1C't 1111mbcrs tlie prolialiility of the pro of~ in l1i,-t.orical, l1·g:il ,
antl pracli r-al questi o n,, yet we do always fcmn snm c v:1.'.,'.lle
estirn at c ,,f \\·liat we (' •111si<ler tl 1c for ce ,,f an i11fore11 ce that i~
not •· c: rtai11; a11<l there ,,·,,1il1l l>c 11" li:1rn1 i11 ~ t:1ti11 g to <1 1 1r~ e h"·s
tlie fignrc that \\' Otdd come nearest to tliat estim all.'.
\\"c use
a<lject.iYes to express the degrees of our co11ficlcner,-as \·c ry
sligl1 t, sl ight, t.okral,J c, con~idcralilt•, l1igl1, very l1ig li, al111rJst
ccrt.ai 11 ; rrn.l we slllllll•I not mal'c our estimate Jc.ss ex:1r.t 1.y r•·pr .. se 11t i11g it l•y a nnrnh er, \,l'in'.,'. all the tiJllC aware tli:1t tl1i;< is
1111\. a n1o le :lJ>J'""'i 111 :1ti"11, altlt o11gh 1111t more rude than t],,,
estimate \\'itlw11t the 1111mlier. ,\11<.l we might f11rt.her fC\'(·rt tu
tl11: 11lti111atc critcri"11 uf prohal1ility, as al1uvc stated, Wl!ll<'ly,
tl1c 1111111be r qf c:i,;cs ont of tl1c total l1appc11ing in nature, wh et\;
tl1c is11pj•USCU co nn cdiun holds.

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l 'El:SUASION.

Ain!ANGK'.llENT OF AIWUMENTS.

JOO. Dy tl1c furC'going mctlwd s of proof, folly com11lictl \\'i t lt, we ma\' t•:st:tl>li ,;] 1 trntli , a11<l l1rino· l1ome con"

b

Yidi on tl> a rati ona l mind. Tl1 e rc arc, l1n11·ever, various
de1•iee::; f~.r ;.;tifl i1 1g- tl1L'ir influ(• nt-e, t·on~tit uting uue departm ent of St>j>lii,;try.

or

(1.) As rc·gards Dctluct i1·c c1•id cnc c, tJi,, nre forms
l:rngnagc contai 11i11g error di,-guisc:1l as truth, the fallacies of tho
sy llogist ic lngi ci an. Tl1csc an: nc•t the most fvrmitlablc weapons
uf tli c sop hist, tli c·rc being a tend ency in men to snspect tho
dntt:ri t ics of t lie ft1nnal rr :i~eourr. This sc11tcncc J from I'ope
l1as a pl:t usil.J,., and no more t lia11 a l'lausi l.Je appearance:" \\'lto('H·r li:1s flattcr1'<! liis fn cu1l s11<Tc·ssf1illy, 11111 st at once
!l1i11k liin"•·lf a k11:11·,, an d hi s fr i<'n <l a f;rn J."
(:!.) Ju the l1ig l1,·1· cbss uf h.J11etive proof\ where th ere is

237

Bcsitlcs arnidi ng the confusion of mixi11g up cliffcrcnt t o pi cs,
we give to «ach a disti11!'t luc al li:1Litatio11 , wli crd.>y it al1i cks
better in tliL· mc·rnory; so tl1at, if it ]," 0111itt<·d in th e rq.ly,
the hearer is aware of th1) void . 'J'Ji,• 1ksig nati11g of tlie m g ument s num eri cally ;11lds to tli c sq1arat1·1"''s. This, ho wever, is
a cooling applicatio n in impassionl'd address, and was seldom
praetbcJ by the a11cic11t orators. The cumnlativ e conj un ctions
can be employed for the same pnrpusc ; a~, Again, then, now,
once more, &c.
As with principles brou g ht forward in Exposition , so with
argum c uts, a tnsc su111111ary or sl1a•·p q1iLl1et cngran•s t.l1«m on
th e mi11d.

102. Xcxt, as regards tlte 11111111.er aml the onler of
the ar;.!:11ments.

a 11na11irn o us eo111·.111Te1 1t;e of tl1 c Fuur Met lJVJs, o r en ough to
estal1!isli a conc ln ,; io n :is !.. g-ic ally certain, it is seldom tliat any
attempt. i;; mmfo to rrnlli(v !li e cYidcnce. The laws of motion,
gra1·ity , li i.: at, liµ- lit, ,\-c., arc allo"·cJ to pass.
(a.) l t is in Analt1~ i es, ar1<l in m ere l'rolml1ility, or in the conc11rrc11cc of l'robal.iliti1·~, that ~11 cccss is most likely to attend
011 sopl 1i;.;lry an1l rnystifi ca tinn.
An argument fairly estimated
lllay lian' a prol1al.i!ity nf t.wo to one-, o r two-thirds; an oppo11\'llt will bri ng- nnt pror11i11 c11t!y tl 1c exceptional cases, constitu ti ng tir e 01 1e-tl1ird; wi ll du his l.l'st to keep out of view
!.Ill, lllajurity ; "·i ll <'aYil at :rn d d elly wli at li e ca1111ot conceal;
a11.J so make it appear as if !li e prul•nbility im,linetl the other
way.

Nnmb t: r tlocs n ot always gi,·c fcirec. Xot t o speak of t].,,
danger of bci11g tedi ous a11cl pr.. lix, it iR Letter, in tlic prospt·ct
of opposition, to lea\'C out such as arc weak, and ;;ud1 as an opponent co ul1l e ffectiv ely m ee t.
.
The order may l•e .various, l'royjcJ,•cl a g ood pos1t10n is
..,.ivcn to the stro11gcst; in \l'hich view the se may he placed
"citlicr fiiA or last.. Sometimes it is requisite to postp <>11e
an \lllj•alatal ile topic , unt.il the way is paved fur its introdu c-

In a court of law, wh en a slron!( case of combined probabilities is mad e o ut, the op posir'.g co1111scl will comment on tho
pr .. ba!.i!it il'S SPJXtralel!J, 8howi11g- tlreir ins111li c ic11 cy in the dotachetl state, and trying t o prcn:11t the jmy from attending to
their c11m11!ati 1·c furce.

Th e purely logical apt.itutle for Jcte cti 11g fallac ious syllfJgisms,
un sound in1luetiu11s, anJ loosely-Jdi11ctl 11utio11s, altli u ugh nut
immed iately concerncJ in giving plausibility to a first stakmeri t,
is always cflicacion s in reply.

10 l. \ Vl1e 11 we nia l;e use of a p 1urnli ty of arguments,
we l1ave to nrns idcr l1ow to arrano-e
them for cf•
b
feet.
I
The first requisite i,; to adduce them separately.

tion.

100. 111 111:FUTATIUX ' Ul' l~Ll'LY' t ht· re Hl'l' Jll:tl\,Y t l 1i n;:-;
to be C'on:-;id e rcd. It is in tJii-; dq•:trt111cnt tlrat the trninillg in logical metl1ud avail,; 1110s t.

10.J. It is a tlrnntag:eons to i::ct furtl1 cxpli<,itly, at tlic
commencement, all th;1t is admitted on tltc otlil'r side;
and to nnful<l whatever import:1nt illfcre1H:cs arc fairly
dcdn ciulc from tl1ose ad1nis~iuns.
Darnaging conlradictio11s are s<1111l'I i?rn's rna1lc to ll!'l'ear at.

.·i.;;

·,

23S

l~EH; TA.TlO:-." , OJi l>ISl't:<.XW.

l'EJV;l:ASJO:\ .

<1 nce; and, in any case, a founJati on i~ laiJ butl1 for refutation

an<l f11r argumen t.

. in:>. If', in tli e 1•ri .~· i11;1] ,.; fatc111L'11t, tl. 0 :ng11111cnt~ woro
1111xcrl t 1,gvtl1v r, tl1,·.1· ,-J, ,1111.J lie d i:-c 1it:111;,;-lci.l IJ.)' tl1c ro·
s ;1 n 11\lc1 il , a111l a11,.;11·L·rcd "l'[':tratl'lr.

l1i~wn

A SJH 'al;('J' :l•'C11storn e.J to H' prtratc.
arg uments will
S('C tlic l• l'lli.' fi t uf du i1 1g the ~: on e with l1is adv ersary's. In this
way, too, he will l1«st <'llc<>1111kr the practi n • :dl11de,l to in the fol}.,"·i11g r,·marks o n th•) orato ry of Fn'x. "Jt; as J~ all c~cd, he was
wo11t. tn rl'p Pal tl 1e sanw tli•)n~h!s a.'.!ai11 and a.~: Lin i11 different
wo rd,, t 11 j , 111 igl1t lie a ,j..fl'Cl i11 th e <• rat in11, l111l it was none in tho
o ratu r. Fur, ll 1i nk ing ll11t of hint~ C'lf, 11 <•r , ,f th e rule ~ of rhetoric,
liut only (I f Slll' C•%' in t11e ~ trn g,'.!I<', he had f.,uncl th t·se the most
e.ffc'<:l11::l m r'.1J1~ to in'.hu c a p•>pular audi en<'c alm ost impcrccpti!Jly w1 tl1 lits nwn op1111 <' J1S. A1Hl hl' kn C' w that to th e multitu<lo
1111c ar!.!:111nc11L stall'd i11 fh e d iffc rl'nt f .. nns i,;, i11 g eneral, licltl
"'11'"' t11 fi n ; ne11· arg1t11H·nls." (~l a11l1"l' c · ,; Life of Pitt, Vol.
I., p. 217 .)

101:.

l~ei'11t:Jli1111, nr Di :<p ro11f', n C('f'S:-<arily takes pbco
a1TPrd11Jg t , , all tl1 e 11J i.'ll 1ud ~ 11f ..:\rg- 11111L' Jif , ur Proof.

J)1.,l11..ti1'<; i':ill:1 .. ir·,;. <> r J.:1.{ t:ylln;..;i"" "· (':1 11 , willt or without
the li"ll' 11f L":,.:i•·, Ii" ,Ji:1p•·· l a11d 1•rL'"•·11t"cl ~· ·tha t tl1eir falla"i'rn'" ' 'ss ~ l1:tl l !,,. :1 pl':tn·11t. S1)Jt1c p:i r:tlkl 1·:1s1·, drawn fr orn a
t':1111i lia r "11l.j l' 1·t, ''i ll """tri l•ut" ll\ tit ,• r"i'11 t:lii., 11 .
Tlw f 1r111 :tl 1':1rt. ,,f n ·:1,c•n i11µ; (treat , .. ! .,f i11 th e 'Formal or
8 chnlasti i: Ln:-:·i") is Jc.,;s frl' <J11<' t1tly :1 t fau lt. tl1:rn tl1 e premises.
ln sutlic ie1wy 1n :1y : 1t t~1" lt to t!t c ~laj •1 r l 'rl' 111i,;<', wl1i ch (in tLc
r rµ; 11lar t:yll11.::1:;111 ) atl 1n11 s a gl' Jl<'ral trn tli, or to tl1 c i\linor, wlticli
<~•· c i:irl's tha t a particula r C'a"e falls und er the g enerality; in t!to
!Jr,t cas e, tli e rl'f11tati .. n is p urely l 11d11cti ve; in the other
r:1 sP, th e n: l('Ya11 cy r•f t l 11~ rni111lr is clusl'ly re lated to ])ejini0

f tO ll .

:\ ~ rrg:ml:; tlie .\ l:ij •1 r. The rn11d e c.t.' refutin g a general nffirrn :it 1 ••~ 1 '. ' t". l'r'''.l'.1 •'e t•xr1·1 · t i_rrn<:,~11 r otl 1C'I' ad111ittcJ princi ple~
<'Onlrad1cllllg It. J hc rcf11lat10n IS cfi;_,tti1·c in proportion t1S

these incompatilil e fa et;; an1l prinl' il'k s arc 11'l·ll b1o w11 an•l 1111derstood . \\'l1 C' n any 0 1~c atlirn1s th at all ~ti 11111l:t 11 ts ar<' l ·:i·l.
th e rcspoi 1tl1·11t pru.!111· i.'S l«:t, C<•tl"· l', \\ i::c a111l J.r:t11ol y 111 ,1 .- :,
ness, n1•i11111 as a 1n l'd i.. i111·, a111l s" un.
)~: irl l\J., 11 t :t"ll <' ' ~ ,It-f,·11f'e 11 f t lie: <' .. urL ,,f t lte J.., ,.,1 Ii i:.:::1
Steward fur try·~,g' l\: l'r~, is a. g 111Hl <.·x:1nq .\ \• of rel>ul t111g :-\ ~\· i1 cral char~c l1y particulars.
"It \l'<JHkl be C:\:iY lo make 011l a lolll g list.of "'lnire; , 111L·r"l1:111l•,
l:\w yc r ;-i.,

~nq.reo 11 :-:, y~o1 11 L'il,

arli :-J:l n ;-1.,

11.lu11~i 11n ~ n, \~·ho::-;0 l1lo11d,

l1 a r-

haruu ~l y ;..lu.·d duri 11 ~. th o late e,·il t1_.111L·~, c rH: ~ iur_ \" e ll ~l'H IH.'\: t • ~

]1e:wcn. Hut w l1: 1l s1n ;.de rncml1<·r ut yu m: l luw•c, 111 ~111 da.1 , , ' · ~
in tho d:t" " of 011r fathers, or i11 the 1hys ui our :;1:andt at li er,;, ,; 11 \forcd de,;th 1111,i11,;tly by sc·nil-11n; 11t' tl 1u Con rt ul the 1, .,,.,J 111;..::lt
Stcwanl I Jl1111dr eds ur ll1 e ('u111111 Ull j>l't>plc: w0rc sent. tu thl' ;..:::it·
lows by co111111011 ,i11ries fur l11u l:ye llo nsu I'lut Hllll t l1<J \\.c·.-kl'll.
In ~u rrc C'li.,11. One· pc:l'I". a11 d 0110 alone-, rny Lord l'. d:1111<'te·, ""'
bron::;l1t at th:1t t.i111 c ucl-.i.ru t he C•n1rt of t.li\: Lur<l 111~· \i ~tv 11·ard,.
anil ]1u wa,; :wqnittcd. I vn s:1y tl1:1t tl1 e cv1d"""" 11 1-5:111 ,;t !11111 \\ ·''
Je:;ally in ,;nill"icn t. Bu iL 'O: Bu t. "' "'"' tl1 c ?1·1d"11.•·u a;..:::111 11-t
SyJ n..,v, a;.:: 1i 11 ,-t l\>rni .,Ji, >1g:un,t, Ali ce l. hle : yet tl s11tlwul 111 1.c·stroy t iH:111. 1 011 '"Y tltat the p1•(; r~, l1«1 11ru 11·!11lll1 rn y l_.ord I >« l:t:
J11Cl'O \\':ts \;ro11 "\it, \\'<"re scle<'t(;d \\·1th , J1:1t11<•k,;' 1111!:111·11e•" b.1
].,:; 11 ,.. .Ja flh·s :u i.i"' t.y .J .. tl're'.Y"· He it''" Hut tli1s 011ly prni·c·.' tl1:1t
und~r t lic: ""'"'t l"""'il';Je l\ i11 ~. :11Hl ll111 1"r th e wor~t P"''d."c· l l1 gli
St.cwurd, "J,,,.,j t1·icd \, .)' l<!l'lb 11:1; a better ('lia11<·u lur litu tliu11"
co111 111011cr v:l 10 p11t ~ lii 111 sclf 011 J,j , cu1111try ."

' ~'

M:uiy tl <1dr i11 es liro11gl1L f•1 rw :ml in :tri-( tt111 e11t arc ''"L '"
m11 cli fah•e :1s r01:f11se.J , l 1<·i11g 111 acle up of ill -ddiuc•l, i1,...,J1n(·1 1t
110 ti<>t: O'. T l1e assnt i" n that" '\ :1\\l l'l' i:; a s:1fe g11ide '' is i1.,.,.f.
ut:tl, Jc !"'":111~e 1111i111" ll i:,::ilili.'. Y vt ""~ t':111111•t Ht" P to 1111f.. \, \
th C ;tl!tl 1i "ll iJi (·~ uf' th C ~\. 1J1'c\ 1lllf l {/'r , Sil :t~ 11> 1lqw i·;e th e ]'l't>IHl Sil.ilfll uf ·~l i e fun;l! 11 f a n·11eral.k 11:1111 <'. \\' e r:it lll·r parry s11 .. !t
an argn t1H:1d, J.y a.Jmitti11g tl1at \ :it 11I'<·, 11 111'<•1T111'kcl, left lo 111 ·1.·sel f, o r with fair }'lay, is a s;Lfe g uid l' , and liy deuy111 g the apj•hcat.i ou in the ~p cial in ~l: u 1cc.
]'robal >ly tlt e best w:1y of 1l calin g " ·ith a m pt ifyi ng arnl
collfo sl'll oppo1wnt, is to selcd a s7ic<"imrn of l1is arg11111 c11h for
a full an<l mln11t c 1·xpos11rC'. ]11 co 11trn1· cr~ i:il "·:1rf:t r", "i ' l"'11 c11t "
of tl1i s ki111.\ arc Ill>!. 1111COllltn <•ll; ;1111 ! thne arc• a fl'\\' i!!i1st ri u11:\
cxamt• lcs o f tl1c t11 d l1 o•l of rq il y i n~ t•i \li <' llt. \\' e 1.11ay ad ~l uc.c
L ocl;c's contrnn~ rsy with 8t illi11 ~1led ; ] lu lilil's'::; Llelencc of \11s
:

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AT!Ol . ~lE X T Lll\[

PERSDASION.

t.l1Mry (•f tlie \\'i ll n~a iJJ st Di~lic)p Hramltall ; n11d, i 11 our time,
111c rc1 •ly uf Jt.1L1ert llall to l\i11gl1nrn (11J tlic sul.jed uf "Fr •o
( 'u 1J,l111111Ji»11."
.
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c
Tlie r"l c1·:111.ry . of 1l1 e Minor c·11tn~ i11to many disputes.
Grn11t111g tl ic prn1<·1 pic', we rd "1ise tl1<> npp li('atio11. "\Vhcthcr a
r 1'.rllcular case falls 1111dn a rnle i:< ul'tc·n a 11i ce point to dctcr)llllJC; both lrgal a11LI moral ri ght a11d wrong involve such
<] ncsti?ns. . "Falsehood i~ wrong-; is th en the s11useribing of
tl1c tlmty·mnc A.rt1clcs, w1tl1 011t hl'l ie1· ing tl 1crn, n fal sehood I "
, Tu .~l1ow that. the sulij•·~t of the Min~r dL>es, or docs
.1ot, co11e~pond with the sul>J cd c.f the Maj· tJ r (w liich is tl
•
{'
.
IC
m can111~ o tlt c Illrnor), we 111 11:<t ofll' n n·sr1rt to a11 examination
of parti cu lars, such as is required fvr foducti on aud for Definition.

~cople readily ngrcc to such grncralit i0s as" Religion was
not rntend c,J t.o make on r pleasures h·~s;" " Those actions of
indi1·id11als tliat do not affect others sl1011l11 nut lie interfered
wit.Ii l1y uthrrs ;" hut tli e c:nryinf! out of th cRe i1ito their appheal11ms will show t he "·1drst disconl:rnre, so 11rneh so that the
1
: rncedi11g of tli crn se ttl es nothin1;. . Tl1e real Latt.le must bo
11111.!.!:ltt on wl1at spcms the Minor pre111i''" l111t is iu fact another
1ml11 cti1·c g eneral ity.
. The. stri ct ~ug-ieal l1antlli11g of th ose qu t'sf 10ns (however dcH1ral1le 111 ilsclf a11J use-fol to th e spC'aker) is too ruundaliout ,rnd
ab., truse for popular address; the rhetoricia n must content himHvif with l1i s 11 ~11al n·~1qm·c, tli c st:'Jrtin!.!; of palpalile eontradict10ns; for wl1ich e11 d it i~, tl1:1 t lie l1as Lcr- n ahvvc enjoined to
master the admitted fach and principl es of the otli er &ide. The
cit ing of C1ll1tradwt(\ry in sta11ccs alwnp di sproves, and oftell
sil cuccs, lJoth had 111ductiu11s a11d had 1ldi1 uti o11s.

10 1. It i,; R< 1m:ti111.(',; t;]101rn tl1at. an 0J'Jl01l cnt is pre<'lndl'd, l1:y so'. 11 eth 1.ng 111 ]11,; o wn "['l'<"ia l po..;iti on, from
tl 1c bcll~ ht.
a J'.l"lll<"ljilt: :q >1wall'd to by l1i 111 ; a special
mod e o t Hc111t:tf.">11 hy 11wu11 ,; i..;te1 wy , ndlc<l tlic Argu-

o'.

u 111, ad l w111111 c 111.•
It l1a~ liern c11st omary

11t1:1d

f., lll<'cl

tl111sc sceptics tl1at maintai 11

AJ l ll UMf.N E:I!.

..

2H

. ' t ~·

nothing to lie crrt ain, liy rr plying that tl1 c V(' ry dcchrati,-, n of
1111iversal un cntain ty m11st it ~clf lie 111H'l' r1ai11. ('111lw(Jrth, in
enco11 ut.l'ri 11g J'r•ita:.;11 r:1s, wlio <ll'ni,.,l ul,.w;/!l/r t.rnlli, n•tnrts t.hat
Protag•n·:ts's o w11 allinnat iun, " ,\l:t11 i, t lie rn1·asurc (1 f all tl1i11gs,"
is given hy him as absolute.
Earl l~ 11Ssl'l l, writing to tl1 c (;01"<' rJ1JU C11t of Saxony, •HI t.lic
violation l1y the <icrma11 ] 'owcrs, of the treaties with rcfc rc11('C
to Schl eswi g and Holstein, u'cs the ad lwmiuem argua1e11t:
"Her M:1j1·s1y's G0Ycrnmc11t is co m·in c('d that the Court "f
Dresd ca will und erstand that if such a line of arg nm cnt [that
advanced on t li e other sidl'] were :idmittc<l a.~ vali<l, every ex isting trc:lty wou ld become waste paper. (This is an arg11mc1 1t
based 011 the comm on in tcn' st of uat imis ; w liat follo ws is special to th e p:uti.:s wl<l r..:ssell.] I refrain from <111nti11g eases i11
poi11t in wl1id1 su1·h a ligl it. au•l i11co11sidcrate 1node of in t.t-rpreting trenti cs 1co11 ld proce scr io11s!y prrj udicia l tu lite (/er11w.1•

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P owrrH illCmsd/'es."

\Ve may also qu ote ITool-:cr"s interrogation, addressed to tl 1e
atheistic profane sweare r, "Is tl1 erc a God to swear by, :inLl none
to ueli c1'e iu , none to pray to 1" \Vh cn any one merits tl ie reproach conl'cy cd in tl1c comparison, "Satan rl'proving sin," he
comes un de r the ad lwminem argnmc nL
T!tc reasonings against ext ending politieal pri 1·ilegcs to wumen 'lre rnd hy 1he fact-a womau is 0 11 tl1 c throne.
But a' e1·ery mode of error, or of alleged error, 11111 ~t in""lve
eo utra d1cti<1n, or tlic appeara1H:e of cuntradil'liun, ltefntati un,
howc1't' r \'ario11,ly <.:0 11d11 ct,·d, mu st always end by hri 11:_;i11g 0 11
tlic clash of irrceonciblile facts, principles, or opinions; j11' t ~L~
Proof m11 st rcstl h·e itself in to sdting forth tlie consistency or
agreement of facts or pri ncipl es.

108. Argum ents from Anal ogy are rcfuteJ by exposing tlic dcfoetivcnes,; or tl1e si111 ilari ty.
v\'hen a J'C'aso n for t]i c i11t c·rfl'!'l'll CC of government with tl ie
private tastt•s of the people, is ndduccd from tl1c analo~y of tli c
parental rl'l :1tiou, we d<.:11y that th e tw o cases resemLle each
other to this extent. l'lato, iu the R epublic, constitutes a
11

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l 'EHS lJ A SIOS.

TACTICS OF lJ EB ATE.

State on tl1 c :rn al o~y of the three con,tit 11 e11 t po rti ons of tl10
l1u111a n 111i1 1d , as l:1i1l d ow11 l1y lii m- l\.<·as< •11, E 11 t· rgy, Appetite.
ll t•>'ti le cri; i,·,; d 1• 11 y tli i: 1>''' 11 il.Ja 11 •.·1'I S oic ra ks p11t fo~th tlio
:11 1: dog·y lll' t ll'l' C ll t l1r. pra ct ice of S tH' l :l r .J 11 ly :tiid a 'PCClal pm·
f'c~s i o n, l1ot l1 a likP <lq i e n di 11~ n11 h" 1 11· li:d:.;1 ~ o r sli ll ; it is ro1.Ji,·d , t l1: 1t tl 1c :t1 1:t!ogy fa il~ i11 :rn cs!'t'11 li:d poi11 t. Tl1crc aro
i;u flic ient i11 d 11 c1.:1111·nts, in t lic shape of i1111 nciliate reward, to
111a ke m en ew r .. ise t l1 cir p rofc,s iona l al ,i li ty; t here arc no cor·
resp o11d i11g i m1 1 1 c 1·m c 11 t~ to socia l l'irtne !;•·11cra ll y.

burden of p roc,f li es up on tl1 osc that woultl cxel11 d e an y class

J IJ!1. 1l.1· f:1 r t lic rno"t frcq 11 r nt i l(·<· a,.; inn of debate is
t l1c <· :1 ~c pf Pj •po;.; in;.:- Pr,>hah i li t i c~.
'J'l1 <.: 1ul111 n• 1°1' proba l.Je (' ri.J .. 11<·t• li:1 ~ :d r.. :i. ly J,1•N1 pointed
nut ; and t li .. 1\ • is 01ily on e \r ay ,. f arg11 i11 g t11c easr" 11 a111 cly, to
i< l1u w t ha t !lie a111 011 11 t of proloal1ilit y ct1 11 l<'1 11 ln l fur is no greater
than t li <· p rop nrtim1 of the iw,ta11 e<.: s i11 :w t 11a l l' X['Cricncc. Tl10
prn ha!. il ity of a li f'c rest8 011 tli l' ~ ta i i ,; li c ,; ., f 111orLalit.y. Tho
pro bal1ility t hat rduca1im1 at a 1'111.!i c ~ f' l1 0 P I 1Yiil increase tli c
m:udi n<·s:.: ( ll' l1atc1T r th at nH·:i1 1:.:) ,,fa Y" 11tl 1, is t l1 c propo1t ion.
of those tl 1al lia1·c J,ec n so i11 fl 11c11 cc d to tl1 use t lia t have not..
lf t hat <:an li e: a'C l'rta i11 c1l 11·itl1 s1J111 c app rn:tcli to statistical ncr·ur:wy , th<: pn1l •al1il ity is c:.:t:1 lil i:.: l1ed ; :u 1d a11 opponen t m u ~t
d,· al ll' it h t i\\' all· ·~1" l i;t at i:.: i c ~ in or. Jn t" d u a way wi th tli o
p rul•alii li !y.

11 0. Tl !e re nrc <· ase" 11 1 ,,·] 1icl 1 :i tkl):tter i,; allowed
t u l:iy tliL· 1;u rdl'11uf1 'r11of tl]"'11 1! 1e <•t l1 e r i:;id c.
Th u J;11r.J 1• 11 ,,f l 'n111 f i;; t l1 rn "·11 upon an y one proposing to
i11fri11g·1· utl 1e r 1111· 11 ' :.: Ji l •ert i.·s, t" i11 fl i,.1. p:1i11 s ••r penalti es, or in
~111 y way t" r<·:.:tra i11 t he pkas11r<'s ., f 111a11ki11d.
lt is thrown
:ii :.:•', alt l 1"u~l 1 i11 a j,.,:;; dq.~·n'l', 1 ) 1\ wl1< ll ·1·1·r end eavors to pull
d"" 11 :11 1 1•\ i >t i11 ~ i1"t it11ti.,111 \., <'\ j•<· l a1 1 al'l11:d possesso r, to
i111j11·:wl1 :i 1•1\· 1·;i iliw..'. :111.\ J,.11 g·-:.::111 <' ti u11 1·d npi11ion. Jn tli cso
J:t,t c :IS t'S , \\' l' ha1·1· S< "t: l l S•l 111 :111 )' 1·x:1111 1.J1 •s of the d 1angc of in·
sti t111i .. 11s, l~""" ' '"' i "I"'• a11d u1 •i11io1is, ll1a t tl 1c presum ption in
f : t\' t1J'

uf wl 1:Lt l'Si:--ts i ~ 11 0 L

lH 'l '\ ':-i."i il l" i! y

\'t.: ry

s tro ng .

Jn regard

to t.!11.: 1:xtvusio11 of the puli li •·:il fr:111 chi sc, it is he],[ th at tJig

from tl1 is p ri vilege.

111 . Th e re a rc Ya ri o11s rn :·tx irns appcrtai11i11 g t v 1l 1c
T acti c;:; of Ar;;1u11c 11 t and D elia t c.
\\"h en st rong oppos i1 ill11 is c· 11 com1 te rc<l, it, 1s oft en prn .lc 11t
to dc vi:t!.e fro m .th e stri d md l1 L•ds (If Arg um ent.
If a s11 fTi t: ic1wy of co nclii,;i ve arg um ents can ]JC had , th ose
of iu fo ri or fo rce a rc not unwi sely k ept liack, liccausc t he r1·f11tat ion of any pnrt of tli e case is apt to mak e an u11fal' oraJ.lc
impression.
A speaker contendin g ag: 1i11 st g rr· at o,J.J s, cn1](::1\'0rs 1. (' :1 \' ry
to t.l1 c ut most poi nt, and t.o set f,,r th wi th effect , l1i s ag reL·lll l' 11t
0

0

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wi th t he oth er sid e.
C hatha m, in a rg 11i 11g fo r eo11 <.: il iati"" with ,\ rnni c-a, tn<>k
care al w:1ys to sl1o w tli at h e was not in fe ri <>r t o :rn y (1ne in z1·al
for th e s11 p r<' IJ'la(·y o f tl1 c Brit i ~h crn w11 :- " Tl1 011gh he im·(·1l
the Am eri cans, as m e n p rizi ng a n<I sc tt illg- the j 11st 1·:ti 11c () Jl
th at i 11 cs1 i rn al1lc Llcssing, L iberty; yd , if li e coul d onee J.ri 11 .c:
]1im self t o J, e p c l~'i n arl e<l that tin' )' e ntert a ined th e m ost distan t
intenti ons of tlirowi11 g off th e legislative s11prcm:w.y aml g reat
constit 11tio11al superi1 1tcnJ i11g p o wer anJ co11tr1J l <1f the D ri t islt
]c<,.isl:tt m e, he sl11111ld be t he 1·cry perso n lii1 11 ~l'if ,_.}w \\ 011hl lie
tl ~ firs t aml m ost z<.: al ous m ove r fur scc uri 11g :lll• i c11f· rci11 !..(
t.l 1at p11 wc r l oy e\' cry possil, le exerti on th is 1;o u11Lry 1ras c:1p:11i le
of n1 ak i 11 ~ . ,,
T he sam e p r.l i<'y will snggr' t tl1 e snrrcntl cr, •ll l su111e (>1 Tasions, of posit io11 s f'11lly d cfc 11 si J ,J 1~ J.y arg urn c11 t.
It is d csir:d, Je tu st at1', o r app var t o st.at.l', iu tl1 L' ir fu ll f•1l't' L',
ol1j l'cti u11s tli:1 Lli aYC t:tk e11 r11 iss1·ssicin oftl 1e 111 inds oft l1c hv arns.
T l1is w: 1s a 1:liara1•1l' ri:.:t ic uf 1:" "· \\"l1 :1 t<·iy re111:irks tl 1at , 111
cm11 l1ati11 g d t' C· p-r• Hlk •l pr(•j udi1· vs, :u1d i11 111ai1d:1i11i11:-; ll l1j•"P'.1lar and l'a r:td u xi 1·al trn tlis, t l1 1~ :1i111 s l1 ou ld lie t• J addu ce wli:1t is
s11 1Ticil' 11! , i11 1d 'llll l 111.11ch nu .r e 1li a n s 11 fli(' il' 11t , to pron· th e 1·11 11·
clnsiPn. Tl 1erc is d ang..r in lll';.(i 11g tno fo1 rcil1ly what th e ]1ea rl' r
is not as yet fu ll y p r<'l"m " l 1u l'l'C' <' l\'l'.
The mistak e of u\' 1.: rLlt•i11g a t :\sc 1\':1s c111111nit tv ol

~I ••

tli i: 11 11-

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ORATORY OF T II E FFE LING S.

PERSUASION.

pcaclnncut of \Varrcn Ibstings.
Cl imax, p. 58.

Sec, as an example, Durl:

•a

•

112. III. \Ve must now advert to tli e Oratory of
Feeling;:;.

~

All I'crsna~ i .m su pposcs that the re arc some fcclin•'l! o~ ht

~n an snsceptibilitics to work upon. In Argument, no"' lltlA•mt

1s m ade to beightcn or d iminish t.l1c fcel in crs themsch•es · ·I;
.
b
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cons1clere<l only how to Lring a case nndcr them.
Th e motives whe reby human Lcings can be im pelled
come u11<l cr fi 1·e heads.
( l .) I'rcscnt, or A ctn al, Pleasures and Pains. Our n
Li.lit i0s tn pleasure and paia arc either the Senses (taken ,al n
\\'Ith l\lovcment.), or the Emotions, as, Tender Emotion, Pow
S(·lf-'.;stccm, Anger, Fear, Knowledge, Fine Art Emotion, ,fol'lll
Sc11t1rncnt. Some of these, as the Scnsc11, arc ultimate or flni..
tlamcntal ; othC'rs, as Knowledge, Fi ne Art, Moral Scntim
m:i y l•c, in whole or in part, derived.
T he rcsom ccs of tl1c orator a.re of little avail townl"llf
]>lcasurcs and pains of the senses ; but he can stimula.t.o
~t rc11 g t hen every one of the emotions.
(:?.) The Ideas of future Pleasures and Pain11. We arc JllO'
J._\· /'lea.sure a11d pain to come; taking s ep to secttre th.
:.:ul '-' a'· c•i.1 !ie ( <'. "r. S ol'", to be Y> mrnc.-d.. .,.e m
:
:,~ i !~·a (·r n• :i :O :J uf <u~ f' ·:~nre or the pain, obtained bf
r;r!:Hd_v rec r'l.lc>-c ing N1r pa.st experience of each; a fe~bk
Jl'l'tic•n is in1>pcratirn on the will. H ence Prudence is idtM.fod
\\'ith a p<'r l'cct memory fo r past gooJ and evil, which cnabka
futmc g11o<l anJ evil to be effectively kept in view.
Th e persuasive art is capable of bodyi ng forth the fu . "'
consequ ences of ou r actions, so as to urrrc us forward In
li11c of C<>n d uct, and d eter us from another.,.,
(:1.) Certain Obj ects representing Agrrre,,.atcs of Pll'l\!!D ·•
or ] '<ll. r.1 s; as, ]1ea 1tl1, money, knowledge,
"' profc~s
"'
i on, stntfon,
l'!'jllltat11>11 , family, societ.y, la w, morality, and all the u
diu:lte institutions and anangemcnts branching out from t.h~
Tl 1e n·garJ to these obj ects is an clfoct of their con.oceti

~·

2·15

with our ul timate or immr< li;1tc scns il , i lit i r~, anJ their p nrsnit
·accords with our se nse of this <'<>ll nect ion.
Jt is a part of our rnoral cd1u·at ion l•> appreciate l lll·se sL· \··
cral a gg rc~atc anLl in krmcd i:1tc c·n d ~ at tl1cir tr:1e ,·al11e, a;;
bearin g up on the ul t im ate ends; aw l tl1 c nra t.or rn;1y a l'\. as om
instru cto r, rai~ing our est imate wh r·n too l11w, and Jq> rcs~ing it
when too high. Tiis in strnrn cntality is tl1 e Je pi cting vf ma11's
experie nce in all that re late~ to the conncetiou 1 etwccu the l\rn
classes of ends.
(4.) [mp~L5si on etl 01jects, or EnJs. It is a fact of our Ct>nstitu tiu u, that we arc ofte n seizcJ wi t h an ar<lor of pursuit., or a
degree of aversi on, haYing no proporti onate r<')_(:lr<l to plcasm e
seem l'd, or pain 'ran lccl off. Jn ge neral, it is some l1ighly exciLi11.u: cm<> ti on tl1at disturl,~ tl1 c cvt: n lJ: tlau cc of tl1 c ''ill; ~u"li
as Fear, .1\ ngc r, 1\ m 1•iti on, J\Jfoc:t i1•11. 1u a :;late of tnror, ur
pani c, peo pl e arc ~aid to lose st:lf- cnm m:md; tlwy will e\·cn ~:u,;­
rificc plca!i11re and haste n toward" ruin.
O ra t•>ry has l1cre a command ing efllcacy.
(:3.) The l'leasmes au<l I'ains of otl1crs, or Sympat.l1 y.
\\. c can take !!n, in a rnanucr, tl 1c pleasu res aud pains of
oth e r~, a11J, in doi1 1g so, " ·c arc rn ovc<l to act fo r t h e~c as for
our own . Tl1is is th e nature of pity, co m p:i;.~ i on , vr fl'llo wfocl i11::: ll!!d it i< lie mai n -' 1·ri11:: vf social dut~· a nd £!'»•1•l 11t·:<.•.
An (1r:.1t · •r t.. a.n irt";)i:-•_ sy:11 ~ ~l.:!.y a ·i ( 04_~nt· \- ,_,f '-:n ·.:- ~ by r-:· ~·n:....... ·.:-i:in.; i..J I: "~-=- !.t" t>< ~ ~!ir: F' i..i.::.5 · ;" • : L·~· N<..

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...·

~~ .• I;

1

11 :~ . It w ill be ::- utnl·icnt fc•r ,1ur purpcr.::e ti> C'X l'Illf•!i(,·
the aJdrcss to the F eeli ng,; und e r tl1ese tl 1rce l1 eads :1st, O ur own Pleasures a nd Pain s cou::;idered as re111ute;
wliidt may include agg regate or a,.;sociate<l ol>jects or
e nds; 2d, Sympathy ,,·itlt otl1c1"; 3d, tl1e Emotiu11 :; and
l'a ::;,- inns.

T•l awnkcn u s t o a r: t fur on r f11t11rc plea~nrc~, tli csc mu ~t Le
in ad1·qnat c lang11au;e, and wit.h c irc um stan ce~ of cn·dil>ility. If tl1 e plt:asn rcs and l' ai 11 ~ ha1·0 Leeu ain'ady cx 111;rie ncNl, we shonl<l nee•! 1111ly to be rem i11 cle<l vf t hem, li nt fur
the pre<lominan cc of some present state, which will uot allvw
de~c nb e d

t:

2.JO

TiTE A J.' FEGTIO}: i; .

r 1·:rrsr ARI o:-..

The d isli ke tu i11n ov:iti on awl t o n: l a xi11 ~ tl 1e severity of
i:;<'ll l' ral rn l l' ~ , 1lfl\·n tal; ('s tl 1c f.,rn, <J f pani c or d read, wi th ex·
a:,!gc rat i1H1 uf t lie c11 11 sc1p 1 c 11 cc~. I k nee
is a 11s11al device of
l: hctn ri c, to paint. fut m e p o ~s i b i l i t i cs in cases wh ere no gr(;at
i11 1m cd iatc evil ca11 U(' pr•J \T cl. T l. is is cxe rnpl ilicll iu tl1 c spcccli
of J;rn tu s :-

t

"_\ ml.

~ i111 ·c

tl1 e quancl

\ Yill hear no ('(1lnr fu r tl 1c ti ti nµ; li e i:-; ,
}'a~ ld o 11 it L1 111~ ; tha t w h at 11 • i..: 1 1111;.:m cnl cd,
\\"ou ld run to tli c..:e nnd t lt c~ e cxtrt: m i ti e~ :
A 11 d til er ·f• )l'C think him n~ a ~ 1 · qwn t ':-1 t';!;.!,
\\· l1 il' la 1 lrn 1cli ed 1 would, n:; hi s ki11J 1 grow 11ii scli icYOU::i ·
1\ n J J, ill hi 111 in the shell. "
'

('.!. ) L oi•e, T cndcrnrss, A/{<'fliu11 , ,,ld1nira lio11,

R~ tecrn.

The

011 tgo i11 gs of tl1c tt.:11J er em ot ion a ll.I a ne w charm to wlmt
pleases u ~ , ath l \\' e arc th en said to <'<111t r;H't lm'f", or affect.i on,
f,,,. pe; rso ns ur i"1 r th ings. A ~ t ill l1ig l1 \'I' m ix tnn· of app ro,·ing
~cnti u 1c 11 t leads t o c.<te r m , ad n1 ira t i"11 , a nd n ·1·l·1-e 11 ce. To raiso
11or afTcc l i\ln o r e,;tec m fo r pcrs(ln,, th e •>rat11 r J;,J ,urs t•l set fo rth
e \'c rytl 1i11g tliat is ;11 11 i:.iblc and ad 111 ira !.lc in tli (' ir cl1ara cter and
t" mncd i\) ns. ~ 1 1 c h e ul o ~i st i c or:1t11ry h:is t• > be s11ppo1t ed hy
1·1·id enl'c, f'1 11 l•l'll i,; li ed l•y s11i tal. lc ill11strat i.. 11 , and g nardc<l
:i:;:ii nst tli c rcact i•lll o i' Cnl')'.
T l1e foll1 11Y i n ~ p :t s~ a'..( C is a s:1m plc ,,f tl 1P art ld' l'Xl11ll ing Ly
~11 i tah l c circ 11rn sta11l'l''·
Tli c tl1c111 e is Crccc \·.
"T l1c i11ic r«sf. of C1«'l'i:111 history i,; 11 nexl1:111 , fc'< l a11d in ex l1 nnstilol". , \ ,;a 1111' 1'<' ,;!••r;·, li anl l,\• ll ll ,Y oili er ]•"rti o11 of 1111tl1e11 Lic hi,t11 1·y •·an ""' " i'''ll' ll' itli it.
It s d111r:1d c·r><, ii>< .. it11 ution s, the very
111:t1T l1 ot' it>< i1"'id e11 t,, :lrc F. pie. It is an lit•roic por 111 , of which tho
l«'l'Su ll a;.(c'" are ]' l'OJl l C~ .
lt is nb<1, ot' 11 11 l1i ,;tu rie,; of whic h wo
J.: 11 0 \\' ~' ' 1nncl 1, t he ll ll>:-;t n ho11n tl i n ~ i n c·o 11 ~t'qll t." l 1t'l..!':i tu ll 8 w ho now

!iv,.,

Th " tru e alll'l'Slurs ,,f t l1e E11r11p('111 > 11 atio1 i,; (it li us bee n well

"'id ) :i n· n<•t tliOsl' fr u111 \\' li O.' e i.1.,, .. 1 t l1ry ar c· sp1·11111-(, hut t.ltosc

\\' !111111 tl1<·y 11.- ril'l· ll> u ri chest port ioll or tli \·ir i11h erita11ce.
~ f:l r at l 1nn, l' \' r n ns nn cn ·11 t i11 Engli:;li hi ~tu ry, is
11 11>rr 1111porta11t tl1:111 tlt c· h:11t lc of Il a,;tin )!•. If tho issue of that
day !tad l>cc n di tl'i: r"n t , t ht' llri to ns a11 d tliu S a xo 11 ~ mi.,ltt
sti ll ha\'u
0
11\.' t.: tl W ; U1 d 1.: ri11~ i u t hi. ! \\" U,) d :-: . ")
fro lll

Th o 1'.:i tt lu of

T l1c a1wient,; '°l"<· c ".~11i z ,., J , as a drp:1rl111 cnt of o ratory, the
E pi .iloi C't.il' , " " n " n1<1 11:<t ratil't', l·v
whi l' h \\' :IS m eant 0O'(' fl Crnl
.
0> 111n1entlati u11 and ih " l'l'""itl', with 110 i1nu1 cdiatc aim except

t o excite tl1 e fe e1in!:!:S n111l pnk1ps e11ltiv:it e tl1 c 1nr1 rnl sf'11t i·
me 11 t,;. It ,, :ts a b ;1,1 ., f 111 " r:il s11:1"i" n, tl1 c nearest al'J' '"''\O'h
t•> 0 11 r p nlpi t urn t.,ry, and, Ii];(' it , in ell);<!) all i an t~ wi th l•" 1·try .
Th e' snl >jeet -lll ntt er ,.f th e: El'i.J,. i..t ic a• llJr,.,sl's 1111.:ln dl'.J 1.. ,1\i
n·ods :111 d rn c·n. Th e l' ll].,~ i ,, t i<: f11!1c ral o rati 1n w:is a L" •1 111:1"11
'""
c~ : 11 11 p l c .
. .
T li u im p nl:<cs of J> ily, g'l'nl'l'•)>'ity, ur d1 ,; 111 k rl·,;lc .. l1" '"<• "'"'
g rea tl y , trcn gth..:n cd, wli un the ul>j c:d . of tl1e111 inspires '." "' 1.. , ·~
or est ('r 11 1· " ·bile, on tl 1c ot l1l'l' l1 ancl, tl1 c•y a rc 11 e11tral1 z" .J J,y
p nsiti1·e ]J;:J q11al iti cs. J\ C'C<> t'<li11µ;ly, t11 e orator in ca~li11 ~ for " 11r
syui p:1tliy a11 1I h d p, j 1) ins co mlll clt(lati on of t.lte R11fl cn:1: t<) th e
rc(' it:il uf l 1i s sufferin t:;s. T he speech of ?-fark J\11 lony is a~];, ] .
0

fol 11H i"ll of b1i1.h rn o; lcs of npp!'al.
'J',, tli e p rl',.:(' t1t l1 c: ul I JL· l ·111~~s t l1 e stirri ng: 11p u!' tl 11' ,.;l r< 1ll;_;
affl' d io11s .. r J,i11 .l re(l or fa11> il y, ~ .. ,·i:d fra le n 11ty, 1"1rty , :l't•l
11
cn nnt ry. T he i1dl ue 11 ce uf the fam ily ~c·11 t'.11wn t,; as an "11;..;i e
of pcrsua!'i<•n is scr n in tlt c 11H·n11 Jr:1l •le l! H' 1ol 1.' '.1 t '''. th.') l' • >l•1
dl'lllllal i«n <•f tl1 c te n ge nera ls at J\t hcn,.;. (( o1·0tu s l ·rc'c"' ',
(' Ji :i p. ti-I.)
.
Tli e 1., 1· 0 o l' 1;o11 1tl ry is :id·li«·~,.;,· cl an J i11f1a11 1!'1l Ly t ill' p 01 li til'a l nr:il<it'. l\ 11t thi s 11 ;,11 ally ap pear,; 11 11d er tl1 e m11 ul1 :-;tro11µ;" r
fc·l·ling of p:ut y; tli e politiea l att at:l >1 1H:11 h .of inol i1i ol 11 als :a ki11;..;
th c· ~ pc!' ial d irec ti on o f s1rn1 c one li 11 c of po l1ey-<'0 11 sen «1l i,;in "r
inip r< l\'\' IJH'lil , ar ist on:w y or l1"lllol'rncy. Sti ll, an 11 r:it or tl 1111 k,;
it n" l alt.wc ll 1er Yain tu :1 pp"al i11 a g rcut \·n1t·rg1 ' 11 "Y t" t li<'
'"'
·
l 1· I "
, n · se 11 t i 11 1l'ni tof c•:11 11t ry. "\rl"u mc as I' 111 y t a:• ' t ''" ' :iy.
1 11
:-aid tli c y u 11 nt:;!' r l ' il t, i11 a C' ri til'al lll ••lll l' ll L of Iii,; ."a "'''.·1·, " tL"
ll l'Cl'>'"itil·:> o t' t he cut1111.ry l·a ll 1q>1 •ll me not. \., ,;! 1r111k tr.. 111 11;
1
: d] cOlijide i n tl1c g ood sc11xc aud /}, c; )1ul r iot i .mi f Ili c• J'""l'lc
111

of H 11gla 11d."
TJ 1e sr ut i11 1c nt uf e,.;tcc1n, r es pect, a11inir[lf ion, o r rcvcrcn<'•',
t o wa rds uny o nr, ill('li nrs us t o d efer to l1i:; o pinions a 1HI yj,.,,.,,
a nd is in tl 1at way a nwans ot' p1·rs11asion ; l >cin µ: call ed , .Ill a11 cic ll t ti me,:, th e ill':,!llll H'lll. ru l '"'rr·c111l(liam. (; 1..c:it Dl l' ll 111 tl 1°·
sta te :tl' <l' iirc nn ;L~l'<'l1til'11 "y m·cr tli c ~ 11 i 11J s.' 'f al:.•r.~e num l ... r
' • n11CI J t 1'·<~ ('llut l<"h fu r enSll l'l llf" a d t,;J)OSl[ IU ll (;tl'!Jl':tl>lu
uf pen 11
>l ,
t o a 11 y m<' asnn' , t o t:ite \\' a,;lii 1'i.,: to 11 or .leffl' r8un, 1'1tt u r ]-., x.
0

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,

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.

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2C -t

I'F.IlSVASIO:<.

llf'l;; o f r i.,Jrnt l1 ostilih·. •Snc 1t were th e sentim en ts of tl ie J c•••
11\\\";tr.Js
. · 1 tl tc :ut11p:ttJ1,·
.
.111 t lt c Mid 11 A
n o
. f,q·, •i.,·nrr•
'"'
. '.uic
·
• l e "'gcs to 11
l 1erl'.11 e o r a wilLli .
. ]'art y fc•c li11;.:
at ,·;iri1 1us timl';: :ts' l . '
. >
lie, and d11ri1w tl 1c first f<'n' 11 clt r . I '1· Ill t IC. T.. •mnn T.c·p11L. I
...,
•C' '" u 11111 rc·1el1 c<l ~ J
f
\ ' Int (' 11t liat rc·d t lt·it 11 ill ·
"f egrcc o
'
' 111w 1111tt 1tP f•xl<-n ' · • 1·
m>1ilcl,;ati,-fy. Jnt!t·it <t·;• fC . ·
ttlll:\l •lllO opponents
tu e11s11 1·" l :
.
. . . .t c ll t't· 1111 ~, to denou11 cc a lnan wns

lt:t~,

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v

ll S l'lilll .

'

·I 1ral ,Je a ~pr d, of t] ic '1.· 111rir t .tY C fe1 :li11g j ~ whnt
. IC lll OS I f:m
I~ t Tl
I
T
l' l'tlle< 11w ra ur ri c;l 1tc"1t1s indi " ll'll i1111
to it l1y rna l: ii w oiit ·.1 <.. .
f " '
·
li e o ra t() r appcnlM
,-.
•
.l:-- e 0
:t!:!'g-T'a \·at l'<l c ri111 " . l't r
s
dnu
l>t
lc>'S
was
t
It•'
·1i111
if
I'
l
r'
.
I ) . II uch
, .
'
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.
.11r :e, :.. x , aud ~lil'ri.!·11Ill"
1 in tl
111g,; 111 1111' :wltrn cnt.
• ,
1c ast1
.(:'i.) R idirn !r, J),r isi•Jll ' Contr111 ; 1t · IL .1 ~. t 1Il· l' fl r 1111Ller tlo
rna ]l;.(l1:111t
' ·1 .. · t ·
' icuI•c, I I 1at. tit <' l1 1.J1.crou. l'Xln·mr-' f'aJI .. ,] Pid'.

llH'
.. " out th n lll L" lll ·111 I ~de~ Ill· s 11
lU·
. lllal 111 jll' l',\lasion· S1,1..1,rn~
~11
c of an c•pp1> 11 L'rtt " ·ith ' t ~- 1· c. t
l . ' t
spica
1 o
1
"
· fl
'
'
o we: t ; 1·1 1 a11 d dc•troy l 118
·
.
··
tlt
e
••
rat
or
J.ri
wrs
t<i
l·
··
.
111 ucuce,
1
::.·
~ .u ll]"Jll i111t a f1uod of l •
.
.
.
gra t! mg 1ll u,;t ra t 1011.
CCTI
l'
·
1<!
rnn11f'ial
Lc·ttn;:
o
f
l'-t-("
l
..
1
11
f ·
I
'" · • '' an l'X:trn]'J,• of' Ll 1c po
swcr
,, 1ror1y, 1111 111'1', and ridil'lllt~ l>ro11 ..·l1t i11 ·1id . r. '.·
a11d Y .. 1t· · . , ,.,
.
"'
'
" .u g um en t. wi~
"
. ·.• 1•• , ·•1t. _p c1ha]'S t!t c tw o grc·atc-'t m aste rs of th
l .uil L.1u1 ' l <> m1 ,·r .·111d .S~1. IIll, },
. S11111. Ii, l1:1 1·c rn on· rccc tl c• art.
1·,
p 1.:t\'ecl
p
<
•W
N<
..
r
't I i ·l
I
. l
,
n ) I f l•·
...
..
'
i .1-!. i tll'L er in t ie ~a111 e d... part1ncnt
.
ns11.d
tn •l'"111 !1111 r , a,; in
ri di1·1il"v ,,.·1 tl 1 '1-·1-upr rat1.011.
t 18
('
um1 c aud ~:it iri" ]'<w trr 11·H in · 11
»l"tlorit" I
·
• ··
.t
a.~.''" l •t!e11 used. HS nn
·' \\\·:t po tl, toll 1·11 111 01'! ·. l"'"'c•r·fiil 1I I ..Ill '.I"'(·(• ] IC'' A .
t ·I
" I'
J1ad 111' s11 1all ,- l1:1rl' i11 I I 1r l'<> ltdl'llllta( j" •II c,f
I' ty arn tl1. e 11·tl11nl ' · · tt f
. .,:\ I :1\ .'Jl.~f ·'IJJ('\'. .'ll11l •~ <' tt t.1111e·11 t ;11
I l C l'l~ I P ll attd rid i(' llll'
.
. Ull
,
· \ \' c c:11 111nt wonde r at, Francis"
. l 0
J.1
rrkc'spa'''t•<c'
on~'a··
\
.
•
s 1cpyto
rn· · l . . . '."
' i. II\' . ttl11111l• tlc :-"Arc yo u snch a deter111( •( t h.111q11<>11 of beaut,·
·1' t 1l ' Il,l\\
.. . ' .our s wo rd rn
. d £
•
• •
f
any J'.id c ,1'. l" '1 1
prm·id"cl sl 1c lie l1an d snmc ?"
c cucc o
(G.) .7 lte Lmolums "(
· F i11e 1 Ir /· Tl 1c c Icmcnts of I'oetry
r11ay l •C w t rcJduc.:e d tlll ·1i l' i"·lt1v11 tlt c ·ff ·ct 0 1·
.
.
.. t · ·
I·
." '
orator)' wl1cn tl
O!.
>lllL'S ~IC ,_frC I •ltb
..
LO
f I .Ol (l)ll·I
.
o f' ti io pod. 'I ' he poetic' ch
. over
armthe
or
asc rnat1 on tlir0wn ar .. und a snl·J· ··ct i!l '· 1 Lri'ulJ t o gam

.l 1111 iu~.

l':.1111":~

S:~ntc;l8·
I

,P:ll't~1,

•

nn (li cncc ti) tl1 c opi; 1ions of tlH~ 'J>C':tl:er. A l1i;,!;l1ly p1wlic· ;1 \
orato ry rn:1~· l.c sr c•n in J l' rC' lllY T:1yl•)r, 1~url: c, ltol,"rt I h i\,
Ma caul:ty, Sltiel , ( 'li:d111 l' rs, ( 'arlyk, a111] 111 auy ot l1 crs.
Tlt c a1ld r6s to an y of ll 1c rc: .. I i11~' p artal:t'S of tlt e nt('(\11 .. l
of T'< •l·try. Tltc prr:v·l1 n, f,,r l'X:t lll}' lc>, wh11 l1 as \cl draw out
n111l strc11 ~l l1 <' 1t tl1 e r<·li_c;i<>ns :u1• l rn11ral s1·11 ti111 cn ts, i1111." t i•r<>·
ccc1 l l1y "l' l' r"priat•' .i .. ,ni l'ti<>11 ,, ro 1nl> ina ti .,11,, :11hl ri:1rr:i t i·>1 "' ·
in tl": mann er f> f an artist.
Th e laws that r,·~ulatc ll1c np]'r al t0 tlll~ fl!cli11~s i·1 :\ worl:
o f Art, npply !t > a11 Orat i•rn by \\ l1ieh focl ing i~ \11 b0 stirn •d, ••r
in tnrst C'xcitC' •L Tlt c elti1.:f rnaxi111s arc two :-first, to pr<>l'<'l"l
from tl1c ;.:cntkr t» tl 1c strn11ge r cfl~·cts in tl1 c rn :rn11c r .,f a 1·lirnax; and, s.:conclly, l o alt r rnat c tlt c ditr1•rcnt cn10ti o11s, <•r ],in .l s
of int1•rcst. Tlt erc ,;)11>11],] a1so L.: a C'1J11cc 11 t rali011 oft liL~ i11ll'rl'>'l
p <> ir.t s, nr s1a;.(<'' , as i11 tli e " ' ·"l11 tion of a sto ry .
(7.) Th e J! oru l S t'l1li111 e11t. In S•) far as tl1e ,,,nt i11 H·11t .. !'
ri ;,!;lt t ;1111 ! \\T<111;.: is rna•l e up (:1s it mu st ],e lo a hrgc extc11t
throu~li tl1 c ki n1lrc1l 11at11rc of tlte thing>) of on r prud c: 11ce as
rcg:tr1 b sc:lf, a ltll fl f oH r syrnp:1tli i<'s a~ rq;anl ,; otl1c r", it is sti111 ul:11l'1l l•y an :1pp1' :tl (11 tltosc printiples of a<:ti1l11. A11ytl1in'..(
tl 1:1t it rn:iy t1>11tain disti11('t "r :tparl frnm these, i11 I.h e sl1:1}'e
<•f l1 al1 its .. r act i11g acc·ord i11g t•' tltL' n"·ng 11izc(l rul es pf rn urali 1y.
i ~ b rought i1 tl1l play by a rcforcnr c t » tlH; ni le i11 c: tl·l1 ca:<c, an•l

I .

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·1

a\,

1.

~

.

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:

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l o th e wei g ht (Jf a11 tli () ri ty in its fan 1r.

I t is a ,-pcc.:ic•s l'f in<lir.:d flattery, not, wi tl1 on\, effect, to assnm c in tltl· lt l':tr• ·r• a grt•atP r sensc ot' .!11ty tl 1a11 pn l1 a1•• al'111:1lly
]," l"ul-'." t" tl11·11i. ~1il l , it. is 11.-siral•I• ', f., r tl1 c s; tk c of l-c·•·1•i11'..(
Hp a lti ;,!;1• tu11 c .. r addr<»'"' np 1·c·r l <• lose sig l1 t, .,f lit e rn .. r:d si·11t i11 w11t i11 tlit• cl 1u i1 ·e u f wt·:ip11ll:-\ 11f pt·r~uasin11 .
i\luclt (if tl1 c o ratnry of rn or: tl ,;11asiP11 opcraks ,·l1i1·fly i11
prc-:<e utiug t o tl 1c rni u1l -itlt'als, a~ in p• wtry; th e re l> l· i11g 111)
,,,,rio11s care or end eav nr o n tl1e part uf t lt c l1 l•a re rs 1<> athj •t
th eir c11 11d11d lv th e ltig h-t.0 11 e1l prPct• pt s of th e oral.or.

11 G. T here n.re ee rt:1 i n thing,.; t o lle 11oteLl

\l
~ I

~

!
•J

respedi11~

fJ

or

t11 e managem ent
th e Feeling,.; generally.
(1.) As r··~anh tl1 u spcab;r' s own manifestati ons of feul i11g.

f

: 1'.i!

·,,!

..~~\I'

1

t..

~

I'ERS!! A SIOX.
POETRY.

it is Getter tl1at h e ~l1ould rcstr:1in l1i1nsclf 1111til the n.udicneQ
hl'g in to ];i11dle, and t11cn t l1cy will <'Xpeet Lim t.o do tho same.
Tl1e orator'~ disphy of l1is own f~· lings is a cl1icf instrnmou~
of i11frding o!.l1c rs; but l1is a]'pcarin;; to rest rain l1irnsc]f will
ofte11 make tl 1e l1l·a rcrs hurst o ut all tl1 c ~0011 cr.

(2.) T here nrc all ied groups of feeling~, and also oppositiona
w11011g tl1l'm. Tliu8 Sympat hy, Affoeti on, and Fiue Art Emotion, con~)'ire to produ ce a fa\·orahl e ~c ntimcnt.
They are op• .
pos,,d l1y th e E!:;'utist ic clas~, by tl1 e dil'forc11t forms of Anger,
and J,y I:i.!i cuk, tl1 esc n1aking a kindred gro11p among them·
sl'h·l's. Tlinc i .~ al '" ' an Oj'pos it iun lJet wce11 Anger a11d Fonr,
n•11tlerin g- t l1Prn rn11t 11ally i1> co n1patilii t•.
(:l.) The orat11r will occa~i onally seek to divert tl1e fcclingw
of th e a11 d ic11 rc :ii ready roused. l11te11se crnotion demands il.s
appropri:1te wnt; indignatio n once cxeitcd rcr111ires a viot.iin,
a1td the on ly wny o f rcsruing one i.< t o provide anotl1cr. A
li11r,t. .,f ri cl ic11lc is llll't J,y rct11n1i11g- it.

(-t.) Tlil'rc is 111tderstood to lie in c1·cry attempt at pcrsua·
sio n a i:;ro11 11il wo rk 0f :irg 11m cnt, or of the app earance of argurn cut, wlicrl'O n to n·st th e appeals to the passions.

117. Th e Th~tEAXOR of tl1 c S 1•ca ker inelu<lcs ccrtai1\
point::; afleet i11g an Ol'ator\; suecc,;,;.

I:y th e de rnC'flnor <if the

~reflkc·r,

arc signified his tone and
man1 1cr in g"(' nera l, and, in p:1rtkular, his choice between tho
Oj'po~ile met hods c;f concili:1tio11 and Yi tupcration, humility and

a~~t1 1np ti•111.

Cunciliat ion is 11rc('.•sary in facing I\ strong opposition; hnt
tl1 e force of a c11nciliaf11ry n1a1111 er is mu ch e1il1anced l.iy tho
kno11·11 l""''C r of tlic spc·al;er to dc11ou11cc wit,h severity.
S., wit Ii rrgar1l to l111mility and dcfu rcnce, as opposed to MF11mption. Th r re :ire times wl1 en an orator can with safety
a~s 111nc the orncnlar and the sclt:confidcnt ton e, as was so ofton
rln11 c by Cl1atl1am and liy the yonnp;cr Pit.t. It is by means
a more l11mt!1lc ac1'.lr.. ,;s, li " """·cr, tl1at a speaker contends againRt
ditl i,.nli ies, air\! ris"~ fo a positiou c11al;Ji11g Iii.in to dispense with
hurnility of dc111 cm1< 1r.

or

.
ld 1·c -s when c·tllcd Elo rp1cnce, u;;i1ally snppo~cs
P ersuasive a1
~.,
'
.
, . l i .h 1lisw l c ·l t l n
:::i
.
·}
'r.. 11e }'.t!lfl"ll'F'C'
t . t1 1''oh oratory
from comm on spccc
I.
. "' , ''' ,] :LlH . h.
.
• tlie s1)cak cr arc lll ure rnt.ensc,
.
an <I the 1carcr. 1,
lmg . I" t of
.s the
. like . i111pa:;s10ncd
.
t 10ng•d i to
prt. c Ii. 1\1 c·11\. .or1li11ary nE>tl 1vcs

a Cc rt'lin cncrcret.ic ddi\' cry and cle1·atron of m: u11 Hi,
1

rous~

. .
•er and tl1eir dct.cnni11ati1111s are StH· i as
arc rncrcascd Ill.
'·ool lilon<l In this i11ipa8sioncd mode
would not be mTJl'e a Ill c
h ,thmi c·il approach·
of address, th e lang-uagc becomes strong1YI r )
. ' r' .tl1e voiee
•
,
•• 1 l.Jy t IC lllUtilC U
.
t o IW<'trv
1s
rng
, J ·, n11u
~
•act.:omp.1mcu
and the arts of Elocutwn.

P~'\ .'

CII .A l'TEn V.
POET ltY.

118. PoErnY has lJccn already often referrec~ to. '
~
l i Jim•c a poetical IJcarnw.
J\I ost of tl1 c Figmes o f Spece
. ". Ihc.
d,._l N · l er of \Vords are rC•"tilatcd m ]•.11 t
Arr::lll!!;CIJl Cllt ai: t IC lll1l )J J Q ' l't'
of s"'t.ylc Strc1wt h,
.
( f t IC U'l' I !CS.
'
'
.
"'
by the aims of poetry.
, 't ·d \l'ith tl:c
.
l
L
•
Ilarrnnny
arc
unconnec
.c
1.
1
FcC'hJ"'' t c lie icro11.,
'
.'
..
d ·I ·n
· "'
. . . ·
to the ut1Ll crstandrng ; :rn ' \I ic
conv ey an ce of lll'tr uct1on .
' . .. ' s inll'n.. ~t.
arc an avowedly
cxt.1,llJcou.
. (;t l ,,.·1111 l""JJ<><itio11,
COllJ l >lll
'·'
"
.
Orato ry like,1·isc arnils itself of the poetic charm s.
.

. a T·"1110• A 1·t ' o11crati11·•
liv• 111caw; o[
] l!l. Poetry 1,;
·
0
t1101wl1t co n vc,·eJ in language.
,..,
.; gcn c rirall y with paintin!!, S<'t~ IPtlurf'.
<' arc; hip',,ctry
arrrcc·s
.., .
I.
··fi ., mark 1~ dPnv cc iom the
tccturc, and mn~r c; :111• its ~1,)c_c 1 .c rr is li•1sc1l 011 cnlor, scnlpinstrnm entality rmp loyecl. 1 :l1.111tinl,.., . f ·~o-uncl"' eloc uti on on
r 1
· .. on ·1 j)C('l l 1:1r c ass o ,
·•
t11rc u11 11 nn, mu sic
'
.
cl ,. ctr , oa th e
t.li e vo1·al e111rnciation of articulate speech, an P J y
rne·111iwr and f•\1'!11 of lang-nagc.
1· ·
f I~i11u
•The"'detinit.i on now g 11·e11
.
111.r
supposes. .1. n undcrshnr
. '
'.'. ''I .
' t.
·
Art in general,
or, :18 it is somet1111es
ca lie(!
, ' the Dea11t1IL1 rn 1 s
widest acceptation.

' I'

I

POEnn -.

T \TI CAL FOP.l\I OF l'OETI: Y.

. T liu foc·li11gs of t11e Hc ·:1utif1il, nr tl 1e Fin e , \rt c·m ot ions, aro
111('l11d1'1! a1n on;: u11r j1k:1s11 1'< ·', :1 11 ·1 t!tc ,,J,j, ·d-; c: 111 :;iwr th em
dilli.· r fr<1 m otlin a~Tct·: il .Jc tl1i11 ~·s i 1~1l"' f., JJ·,l\\ i11.c; p•1i11t~: (1.) Tl1 l' ir pri11 1:1ry :11 1d in1111 rcliu"· i11tr1i1i,,n j,- I ' k·a:; ure ; and
11 10y arc co ntr:i,; kd ll'it li i1d cl'1! 1cd i:t1c1· 1"!", :1.-; lit"·, lw:ilt Ii, 'in o11 ey,
o r 11«) rldly rn11k.

(2.) \\'u rks of ;\ rl. are s11111-ct·s "{' 1n1rL' or 1111111i.rcd pleasure ;
t l1at

is, tl 1cy arc k"pt fr<'e fr olll wl 1ak1'l' r ll'ould offe nd anr c•f
u11 r sc11 siJ,iJiti cs. T !t('y l1:n·e tl111s a C'e rtai11 s11jwriorit,y ovc1: our
sl'1." 11:d e11jPy111 r• 11h. R cjl11c111 c11t co nsists i11 re11101·ing pai11f11l
:1dJllll('!s fn11 11 ou r ,·:i ri11us sn11rc·c·;; uf dL·l i. ..Jit
.(:l.) ,\ ll' urk .,f J\rt, 1111lik e t l11' tl1i11.~s t li:t t l"' ri ,; li in giviug
1J.. l1,:.; l11 (o <>ll C 111 °111·1.Jual, ad 111 i!s //1r• pa rlici11alio11 of a inultilade.
..\ tiicture, a puern, or a fine l1 11i l,lin'..(, ca1 1 [,e c· 11 j••H:d l> y tiUCCessi1'l) gv nn:itin11s of 111 1'1 1 IL i.s "l1i dly 11 l1a t ;ij,l;._., .i, t;i one or
ot l1l'r of t l1u l1i,:.;li L·r se11st• s -, i .~J 1 t a1 1d l11 ·:1ri11;.::·-- tliat com}' iics 11 itli tl1i s tkma11.J. Ol>j(',.ts ,,f ;:11 ."l:it .. ry ~c 11'il•ilit,y aro
ect 11 . .; 1~ 111 l ' d l y tl 1c s i11glt~ u ~e r ; odu1·~ aff1·1 ·L a µ-reat er lnnnbcr,
1111L a1\' ,t ill li111i ted; thin '.!'" tl1:1l ;.::ra tif1· t lie f~T lin~s of touch
1111tl n111'<:11l:irity-a l.l'd o r a cl1:t ir- :1r<' 111<> 11< •[H1/izC'd for
ti"· ti1 11r. It. i., tl"· c'1 1111 •l .J i11.~ f111 wti ;, 11 •.r .\rl t•• draw l1um an
/,,· i11,:.;s f;".-'d l1<' r in 11111t11:tl sy 111 j>at li y a11d ,.,,1111111111 c11joyme11t.,
1t1sk: 1d of h .. 1 .J in~ r ut oc" a'i·rn~ •1f st rife and "i'l' l"s of discord.
T u ,\ rL we sl•uuld t l111 s tipp os·~ till! l ' ,-l'f1 il , a,; c11il1oclicd in
11l •jL·c·ts of '"'·11111111 11 i11 d1i,-f ry,-fuud . cl11tl 1i 11.'.!', l1 1rn sc~, articles
11f c'<111n '11 ie11 r·<', p11li lic ;;L·c 11rit.1·, &e. \ \"e , h•rnl d likew ise oppose
o<CIL'll C'l', o r tli c J>llr,111t of Trn tl t, 11']1icl1 is 1111t, gl'11 erally an end
in it$cll; and "·hm:e ;;t11dy to t li e ma;;;; <•f me n is n1 urc laLorions
tlian pl ens11ral.Ju. T/ 1e J-:t l1 i(':d, o r th e Goo d, is also contrasted
ll' itli tli e Arti>'tic, ;; i11<"1· <l11ty i~ 11r1t ' """'ssar il y pleasure, and
oft<'11 th e rc1·er;;r. It 111 11,t he noted, li owe\'\· r, tl 1at th e Uscfnl,
tlie Trn l', a11d the (:,,,,.J. an' all cap:1 hl u <•f Ol'C" '' iunally lend ing
tli1' 111 sch·c·s 1fl 1\ rt. T lir .,J.j1·f'b .. ft' "" i11fnior s1•n,l's, wh c11 set
f;•rtli i11 i.J,•a, arc 1•x:tl1".J i1 il•> tl"· ""L"' 1)f tli e dill'11 sil>le and t11e
frl'c. T/ 1"' fra.!.!Ta11L J.,,, ,111 1 "f A11dron1 :1.. l1e a11d Ai1lir0Jitc finds
a placL' '111 ll orn cr's P" <' l1T. Trn t /1, wli L' ll not painfully fab oriou, , p os,e~>es tl 1c n"111i , i11-~ .,f ani ot ic i11 tercst. The Good, or
0

1

0

•

Duty, as a f: pccta cle, or an j,li;al, is l1iglily :t)Stlll'ti1·.

Tl1t) exisle1l!' c of did acti c p•>ctry fr n111 t li e C'arli cst 1im es ( 11 l'' i 'J 1l '\ Vorb a11d Ihys; V irgil- Geo rgi"'• &c. ), is a p1'lJuf tl1:il it i,;
pos,il .Je tu g round poetry on ut ility, and i11n:st t0111 111 •11 1 O <'cnp ati •l1 1s with art istic i11 te rcst.. J\11 that is said abou t tl 11' ]'""t
us a tm cli cr l1:1 s sp rnn g fr om tl1 e fr crjl< e:i t poetic trcatme11t u!'
com11111 11icated k11ow luJge, am! still 111oru of <lu ty.

120. There arc certain R11l1jccb and a <;crtain i;,rin
that a rc ty pical of I 'ootry. Jllany (so-call ed) puen 1s depart. from the type.
Tl 1c clcmc11ts characte rist ic of poetry will appear as ll' C J' l' Occed. \\' c 111ay l1cre in dicate, a ~ 11x a1npl es approac l1i11 .~ to p11ri ty, t.li u El egy of G ray, the Fae rie Qu een, tl1 e pbys :rnJ !'"ems
of Sliakcspearc, tli c H omeri c poet ry, tli c .LE 11 ei.J .
Tli e~ l.! lll ay be Cl) J1trastc1l with t lte Yari u 11~ 111i xL·d l i11 d,;:
nan ll'l l', Di1bctic poe ms, as tli c Arn l'ucti r a, th e G""r;.::i"' • t/1<)
E""ay .o n C riticism ; !lfo ral po e m~, a~ tli c Ni,c;li t T/1 o u;.::l 1t.;, a11•l
tli c poetry of Cowper ; J ' hilosn J>l1 ical o r ~ .- i e 11 tif1 c p11L'ill', a~
t lie wo rk of Ln c ~e tiu s, l'oJ>"'s E ssay on Man, J) arw i11's Z11 t1110111ia; :--iati rica l poems, as th e Satires of Juvenal , a nd tlt c .D1111ciad.
Tli c fculi ng-s aw al•cnc,J liy t li c typi c:1l fo rrn of pnl·t ry arc tl1c
plc-asm es characte ri stic of Fi11 c A rt; we C.\pre ~s tl1 e111 J.y tl1c
1w111 i:s- chann, fasci11ati u11 , d el i .~l·t; th ey ill cl i11 u l•> p11ru f .. ,,1.
in.'.!', or to tl1 c passil'c suscepLiLiliti"s of our 11at11re. Th e " Lotus-caters" of T r 11nyso n, the "En1.lymion" a11d '' Ni;..:l1ti11galu "
of I\ eats, tl1 e " Cloud" of Sh ell ey, arc extreme in stan ces. A
p crfl.)ct e xa111plc is seen in th e Jin es" IT ow sweet th e moon li;:;h t sleeps upon this bank!
Jl crc will we sit , and let th e s ou nds o f mu sic
( 'n•t•p in ou r p:i r~; soft s till nC-\S aw l the uiglit
Jh:eo mP th e t o 11 eh c8 of ~,,·cct harmony.
~i r , ._l t·s:-:i1 ·a: Jo0k how tl1 e ll oo r of heaven
J,; t\1i .. k i11l:1 id with pa li 1ll'8 ofhrig ht gold;
Tl1 c n ~' ..; 11 o t th1... !imall ••s t orb wliicl1 tliu11 b chold l's t,

Hnt in lii :4 111 otio11 lik e a11 a11 gcl :; i11 ~:=.i.
Still quirin g to th e ymm g~eycJ chcrulJi111. "

\ Vhcn a poe m ki11 d les enthu sia sm, fire, l1 i;..:h a11°l n• il•h: us-

';'

!

EX:TEl~N'AL

l'08TllY.

NATUHE.

.·"
' "

201

' (J

piration~, it l1as toncliecl

the springs of adio11 :mcl bcconi

clo 1pw11 cL'.

llf11 ·h of Ly ri c poetry work::;,ii11 this ina11ncr.
']1)0
'111ality of' st ren gth, or the sulilirnc, wl1ich,eo11 f,:rHthe elation of
snpc.rior m ight, l>l' ing ab u to acti1·it.1-, alwap l' C' l');CS on p "'"
R1ias10 11. Tl1c grrat est c ompo~ itio 11 s arc, 11<>t the p11rc poem., .
lniL th ose that, without. R1Jl1111 crgi ng artistic licauty, can both
L'Xl'rcisc t he i11tL"llect11a l p owers and ~L illlulatc the active di&po~it iun;; of tl 1e 111 ind.

121. In cxpla i11i ng tl1e Qualities of Strength Feoli 11::;, I I 11r111 H". and 1\rcludy, we an tieipated tlw leadin'rr const i t11 c11 t:; o!' l'l•ctry. .A foller handling i:; n ow <les~ablo.
I . l\ictry, in tLe iir:;t place, selects materials from
('Xll!l'll:d nat lll'e j t]1 c ~c]e<:t ioll UCillg o·overneJ hy aJflth f,..
i1 ; foel i11•..
t:i
,...,.
l\' l1a len·r i11 t rin sic:dl_v del ights tl1e eye, or tl1c car, is ad·
111ittcd i11to Fi11 e Art. l'lcasi11g co lor~, fo nns, and sound!<, n~
l•cautif1d. Tlu·~L., wl1ich arc cal b l the sensuous properties of
the worl•l , arc t lie f.,nndatinn and material of all the Fine Aru.
Tt m11st he lai1l d1 >w1 1, in opposition to Alison, that ccrt:iin
L·fl~·rts ~·~· ,;igld :rnd lil'ar'.11~ arc orig-in all y and int rinsically f\,<Yre(I.
:tl•ll'. I lie eflulgl'11cc of th e 11 0011-day, the colors of sun!«'t, tlr
1·ari l'd l111 es of n·g• ·tatinn, the pcil11ciJ brook, the lustr of the
pl':H.1, .1:1 c yn11 t l1f11! c.. unt<>nnncc.,- opcra tc 11po11 tlic primitivo
sP11~ilJ1l1ty ,,f tl1e ey<', ca11,;i11g :1 sensation of del ight.. Roun d ,.J
fiwms are pl ea,ing- in tl 1L' 111sdvcs. So, there ar~ sounds intrin~ieally Hwc<'t, t.l1at is, pleasnral> lc. The painter, havinl1' col r
and fo rm for Ii is ma te ria l, appeals to tl1c im111 cJ iatc sen~~. Tho
poet ca n 01.'ly : n~gc.s t thc-111 to tlic mind by the force of dc~crip­
tn·e art; l11s direct rnstmmcnt is langnagc.
.Tl1 e ci rc11 11~ ~t: m c c that la n~trnge is best adapted to cxprca
:11:t 1u11, s11crl'ss1< •n, or c1·cnts, still fartli cr limits the poetic ~clco.
11011 and trc·at111L"111. of stil •jccts.
A vast and variegated seen
lll mil>1·uk l' n ~'h l lncss, is snit.eel to the painter, bnt not to th!!
]l<H·t.
S 11 .. J1'ol•je.:ts as, frurn th,•ir silllplicity or fumilinritv Rtll
~11 t hem$e lves easily ~0 11cei 1·cd , when put in action or
111g changes also ('tlS tly CO llCClvablc, arc the proper mntcrin\

uuJ:rgo.
r

\

poetry. The simpler grandl'urn a111l 1Jpa11tics of inanim :t!.c
natu re, 111Hh:rgn i11 g their d1aractl'rist ic rn ovc 111c11ts or cl 1ang""'
are freely 111ade n,;e uf; clay au.I 11i;Jil, s1·:"0 11 s, tl'mpests, lightni11g~, t o1TL'l1ts, riv er", 8ca-1.illo ll's, tart l11p 1akcs; li11t scr11<.•:1 laborious t•• concl'i 1·c arc 11 ccc:ssari ly a1·1· idl'U . (~ cc Dr:sc 1u rTJO!'I, § l i .)
Tlie prr.,.011ify ing tr<'at111c11t uf nature i1n p:1rt~, in
t] 1c first inst.:rncc, a fic:titious actioity to objects in tli e1rn,cll'c'<
stati•HH1ry.
Thu s the visililc o1,jccts of natnre aml all the sou11ds .,f
nat ure, possessing an ori.~inal cl1 ann, are open to the poet, at'..!,
as occasiun suit,, he l>rings tl11.: 111 to mi11d. ll0 111llst fartlll'r ,,, _
el ude the circle of associ:it eel effects, liy which the clomai11 of
Art is greatly cn lari!C' U. \\·hatL·1·c· r ~ uggests pll'll"t11g l'lll<•t io11..;
is freely ail11pte1l l•y tlw artist; the l11w of rnsy health, !lie trn11sprm·11cy of the 11ll}'"ll1ited "t ream, tl1 c qui et surface of the lab·,
arc cffcL:ts su pcrad Lkd to t.h c ori ginal impres~i o 11s on the si~lit.
The smoke of a distrnt cottage alw ay~ affocctcJ Burn s a11 d
\Vonlswo rth with l1umc associ:it inns.
Th e ' u;rgcstion of rcrn okness an<l va't magnitn<l c imp:irts
s1111imit y t•l th e Alpil!C pro~1wct and the cele~tial expanse.
Th e .a;:sociatcd effects of ~ou11ds are lil,cwise num erous; :is
tl1 e moan of tli c wind, t.he Ja:;hing of thL' torren t, the purling
of the l,rouk, the roar of t]1e Sl' :L, tJie OUUlll Of arti} k r_r, I Jie
m C' IT\' 11 ntc of t he lark, tlic soliuiry cry of tlle owl, tl1 c dcc1 ·1>t[v c ;.uicc of the cuckoo (\\" Orlbwort h ).
Tl 1c associati(J11S of i11Justrv i11 the st reets of bu sy tow 11s, ,,f
r11ral qniet in tbe fi elJs, of tiuw, d e.:ay, aml of past ag1·s i11
Cl'lllltlilin•r ancl moss-grown wall ,;, e\<·i te 1·ari ous aml i11krc·sti1,g
c m 0tinn ~7 snfficicnt ly pleasing to Le admitted into Art.
Thl'sC effects of outw ard thi11g,, whether intrinsic or :1s·
ciat<.:d, oft.en ch im e in with fccli11gs otherwise arising. St r.,1 1.c:
li •rl1t an•l intense colors l1armo11izc with ~aycty of mind; gluv111
a~d so ml> rc lmcs arc in keeping with depression and !'nrrow.
The 80t111J of tl 1c martial tl'llrnpcl suits hilarious excitement;
the 1 11i\lt11 css nf t he co11ntry is r; .. 11 .~ h t for in rppnsc.
1
/\ Ru sN· ptil1ility to tl1 c' se1 1 ~ll<>Us i11 !111 c11ces of 11atun-, and to
t.] 1c c11 iotiv11s nug;,;L·st1.:d l•y tl1 e111 -w l1 l'll1l'r i11 cli11ing to power,

..
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.,

0

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.,

l
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202

2G3

INTEREST J N ll U~l A)I I'fl.

l'OETlff .

.,>.
.

or to patllos-rnn st ex ist in a hi!;h dc;..:Tcc in the poet, nud in I!.
~o n s i <~c ral1I <', if less, dcgrl'C', in th0 Jn i1 1ds .. r suclt as reccivo dollgltt fro1ll }'<><"try. A l1d , as tli c po~t's il1strn111c nt or material ii
Lmguagc, a l"1;c li11g i'ur :\ 11rnl1ers 11111 ,; t (·x i,;t in addition.

J :!:3. II. O ur intcrcA in 1Tun1 :u1i! y i,; made to enter
l:tr;..(ely i11t0 l>vdry, as iilt\1 tl1c 0tlicr.1''inc Arts.
Tl1e inkrC'st i11 ll ll lllall hc in .~·,; is 1·ari o11s and complex, wbil
a "•·rt:iin pu1-tiu11 of it c xt c·111l s tn til e lu11·L' I' an imals. la so (11.r
as :il'aila!.le in 1\ rt, it t11 rns cl1i..fl_1" 01 1 Llie ful luwing points:( l. ) Tl1 L~ CPJ ll<'lllJtlatio 11 of 111 igl1t, strengt h, grcatncs~ Sii·
pniorit y, ad111ir:1l.Jc or ~ hi1ti1 1 .!.!; •1ualitil's,- whcthcr in in<livid·
uals o r in coll1•1· ti ..·0 liod i,•s. Th e f'r:11ne a11.l deeds of a licrcu•
les; tl1c adruitness ofa L; lyssc:; ; tlic s kill of a great poli tic ian,
geccr:d, or utlic r rxpert in pr:ict il'al ;1fl':1irs; tlie energy and en·
du rr111 rc of a stro ng wi ll; c reati1e o rigfoality in science and in
art ; l1igh arti stic l'xcclle ncl',-raise i11 th e 1uind of the beholder
tliat J>kasural1le elation already J esc ri! 1ed as culminating i11 the
Subl i1 11e. (SrnEl\GTII.)
Mere s1qwriority uf g:oo l fvrt nnr, as shown in wealth, splcn·
<lor, uuk, :u1d !J"'' er, f:1sl'iua tc tl1 c gaze of tlte spectator; nnd
th e n·J>reseu ta l i1 i11 of it 111ay Le a soun:e of pleasure.
T he 11nre.-tr.1i11 cd \\'<>r:-'1 1ip of st re11gtl1 leads to tlie ntlalation
of great enn11 ne1'<• rs-All'x:u1der, c~esa r, N11polcon-and pro}':tres tl1c 111i11d f.,r rl're i1·ing the rn:1 xi111, "Mig ht is rig ht."
lt iH 111111en::<s:1ry t. o d ll' el l ag:1in o n tlt e process of attributi ng 11111na11 e nC'rgy to ill:lnirn atc o!.jcct,, wl1 creLy the whole face
of 11 atm c i ~ rc11,lered art in:, anJ 01·e r, prcatl with an advcn li·
ti1)Jls cxprcs;;i1l 11 oi' f1•L·l i11 g. Jlurn:111 se 11ti111 cnts arc suggest.ell
tu the p od in a thou ,;:111d 1·ari ons fv rms. Tlius iu Lcnr:h

I tax not you, yon clement~, with unkin dness ;
l ll eYel' g-a ' 'l! _vou ki ngdom, rallcJ yott cl1ilJnm ! ,,

(2.) Tlw displnp of !'_l'mpatl1y, tenderness, affection, dcvotcd11Pss, iorn a sn urec of warn1 in te rest. The powerful attractioria
l1dw,·1111 hnma n bei ngs arc fo rgt·ly dwelt npon by the poet.
The love of the se~c,, parenta l tende rn ess, tlic attachments of
kindred and of fricndsl1ip, prcsc11tccl in description or in story,

nre enpa1l c of a\\'ake11ing respousi1·c etlwcs a:1J iillc rcst in;,; l'L·<:olle..tiu11s in tli c !H'arL' I'. (l 'AT11os.)
· a l ways a jY•L'l'. t'."';...·' 'L'l 1t' inll'r"c·l
Tli e picture nf J c1·"te,\uess 1s
cxGitc,J Ly it is pn·uli:1r, au J 11ut. :1 I ways f re<.:. . tr •H ll .:-'c ll'-rtq.-!":. ll di 11:_::
relllllH.; i:t(lU\l oi .~" 1 ". 1
·
·
() 11 c 11 1a11 ' :i· 'u
· l 11 11 t'I')'
con:-'.1dcrat1un::;.
.t
· ·
,. I
1eloh·d
·c
.\ -.. d 1•:
tlii111··~ i:-; tl ll.: ('(1liit..'lTlllg' lH t. JCll\ up<> n RO il
' I~
~
·" "

•

'

si· lf-Jcuial is l1i;:: lil y cstec1ned , partly fr om th ~ mnr:t! •·iwrgy
i1 11 l'lie1l in t!t e n ·,.;trai11t, and 1•art ly fr ulll its l~a1·~ ng llll<: 11 ns 11111 L"I
t!t e j 11 di 1·idual' s ~li:ll'I! of grat it iL:at itJ ns. On sundar 0 ro1 1.11 .J ,-, tl 10
riu·id ul1scrv:tn<:C c1 f all tli e laws auJ Cll stoms of SOCH:ty is ]il l'aso

i:w
to c·o111tc1 11l' latc.
0
(:1 .) TJ. c litt k•11e,.;s,

.

iusi.~uifira 11 C'l', :llld wo1:tltlessi.'.l'.SS " 1

cro n:-:., g .1,·e an .1!1 Ll'rcs L l 0

Ii::-

th e cmot1· uns· ut t 11 1· L u<d .. 1.1..• lt"ion- of the
w:11·s
of me:!.
u ur u l :""11..
•
•

.
1nan l1e111g:-;,
w J ll'll sue] L as t o

•

· •

alull sc
1

Sec t.he L cD1c110rs.
.
• . J e11,
: .·10n 111 ·.1)' j, 0 j)<Jd il'all\'. 11 1tc• rC har:tdl'rS t•>t\ l 1a te fuI J.,1
csti 11 ,.,. 11roYi Llcd our fc:eli 11 gs of ange r, antipathy, aud Jetestati1111
"'' g r:1tiiie,J l1y t.hci r co ndign puui_s
. lirnc nt·· .
can lie
. .·
(-1.) Our.moral sentini ent_s dete1:mrnc us tu luu l, " tlli plcasm c 11pun tho~e tliat fulfil tl1 c1r re1111ll"cmcnt s.
.
Fro 1n tlil'se vari ous co nsiLlcratio11s, the portrayrng of charader, a1ltl tl1 e rCJ> rescntat .ion u f' I111111au b e··ll igs· in ·1ctiu11
•
'. Lelo n•'
"'
pn;-c J1Jiiu•1Jt ly tu tli•! poetic dep:1rt 111 l' llt, alt houg h appean 11 g alsv
111 11:trrali1·1· ur li ist.ory .

1~:~. 11 r.

('

011

.·rde11C.":i :t ll•l Cotlll1inati1111, n,; c.'Pl.-1ri;;e<:

to til e ali;;tr:td. fl.I HI tlte i,;1>latcll, are d1arader1,,t1 e u l
J>u ct r y.

\\' ~ Jiav e furm erll' seen tl1aL uLjccts in tl1 e concrete, t!tat_i~,
as tli ey appea r in 1;at11rc to the ,;e nscs, arc _casi ~ r to C<lnee11·c
tlian tlieir p r•'Jl"rties vic11·cd a1 stractedly: a nver is readily con' cc ivalilc; tli c: a\1, tractiu11s-gr:ll'ity, accclcratcL'. veloc1ty, .h q11·1·l. · ·· l·1.' 1u01.-111t1°ly
ac•1111rc1
l hy• sel •ent.1
fie
it.y, tran"parcnr·y-arn 110 t.1rn1"
u
•
.
·,
. • ,. _
~turh . Th e al>~t rartiirn s (.f H'\1;11 cc have a do11blc d1sq11 .tl1il c.l
tion 'for 1'oct.ry; t.hey di"canl in a great d egree the se11suo11s
clement uf color, a nd entail int ellc:d.u:il effort.
lu additi on to co1 1 c rde1\\.'~ · ~, it is o•J11gl1t tv mul tiply and

·r

~!

I

''
t
.J·-··

H .\ R~IO:\' Y

POETRY .

comb:ne ol1j1'Cl5 :tn•l efforts; wl1il c science proceeds by sepamtiun, isohtio11, •) I' :rnalysis. Comb inati1111, or Creation, has alw:1ys c11t'.· rc·<'. i11 tu tlte noli·~n of ~ poet ~~Ol7JT'./~·, ~ maker).
Tn ulJ l:.11g-ltsh, the sam e 1<l ca nppca rs. I hus, Ill Spenser" , \n d hatl1 lu.: sl;ill tu ma/.:c so rxc<"l lent -." Ati a painter gro n p~
in a la111h,cape as m:w y ol•j cc ts as can enter into the general
dfoct, so a pnc rn is made to co 111 hinc ~ccncry, situation~, cir4'.tlmstarH'< "S, characters, a11<l inci<ll'nts, subject only to the i11dis1•ensa11e c1111<l it ion of h:tl'llHrny.
Jt is enoug h, on thi s heat!, to refer to any kn own poem.
Olisen ·c in tl1 c suec r ~si1·c stanzas of Gray's" Elegy" an accumuhti <>ll of cxampks l1 c arin~ on the lllain thc1 11c, and in every cx:1111pl<' nn ar.e n111ulati <>11 of pi cturesque cirl' t1111sta11 ces.
The Epi thets app lil'd in poeti c dl'scripti<>11 arc, in tl1e fi rst
place, d esig ned t•> eo111l·i11c a1td a cc111111tlate i11teresting particulars. They arc forthl'r expected to be l1anno11i ously adjusted.
A11J, in addition, t!teir 11 01·dt.y imparts i11tl'rest and freshness to
tl1c olijcct they arc apJ>lie,J tn. Th e H ume ri · poetry exemplifies
largely th e pnl<.:C% l•f coin bi11i111! l1y descript.i1·c epithets;the m:1ny-fo11ntai11 c·d, ~pr ing-a bu 1111di11g Jda; steed-taming
Tl1race; the \\' l1itc-arn1<;d, b.rgc-cycd J11110; t!tc clo11d-co111pclli11g, :cgi~-bcari 11g .) uYC; winged w ord~; the sea-uathcd fort;
~tor m- s w ift Iris ; tltc fish y deep. Tltc same pn>ccss has been
crJ11ti 1111 cd l>y s11ccccdi11 g poets.
Olij ects a11,l situatitin s occ urrin~ in I'ortry are beset with
c ir e11 111~ta11 c r~ and co llateral,-, pro1·i,lcd l>y th e genius of tlte
P""t. Sornl'timcs th ey arc l1appily selected from the complexity of tl 1c t.!ti11~ it s1·lf, as in the "!:;eve n Ages." At other times,
tit<')' nn· ad,J..d 011 fron1 with out. \\·hat foll ows under the next
l1ead will e1n Lra ce th e prl'scnt ~ul1je c t.

1 ~ !-. IV. J\ p oc11 1, or otl1cr work of Art, e:;pcciall.v
i11n1lvc,; tl1c prud11 ct i1)11 of flarm ony.
A plmality of tl1in!Js af1\; r.tini; tl1c senses or the mind tog r tl1 er 111af1.1e l' it hl'r i11 cu11rord or in discord; the one gives
ple:~q 11re, \lte oth er p:1i11. Th e pl easure nf co ncord or harmony
is often i11t ·ns<· ; it is s 0>11glt t to IJc realized iu all t he Fine Arts.

2G5

E SSE:-!Tl AL.

' '.; ~ !

• ,, 1

1\Iusic is sweet soun.J:.; maJe swc..:te r 11..r l1ari11 011 y; pai11t.i11p; .harmonizes color and forrn in the lirst \•h t.: •", a11cl, 11ext, t!tc ~ubjccls

.,
: i"1·• ~

cxprc"scd b1· them.
\\"it It n '.,,·ar•l to tl1 c Lang11a:-;•", , •r l>i di•'n, (lf T\,ct ry, c .. nsidcred a.~ ~>UIHI, W C li:wc S~' l'll (\ I ELOUY) \~tat lan:;<.ta'.-:.C 111ay
be both mekodiou s in itsel f, an <I abu e.rprcs~1ve, tltat JS'. JI\ harmony with the fodin gs of tl1e ~p eak e r. J;utl1 tltcsc rtkcts an~

.; j. ~

•

'.,·
,,,

111m c~l at l•y the poet.
.
(1.) Ju the i" 'eti c. llcscri1;ti,>n of u11tward tl1111~s, a~I. tlte par-

ticulars seleete,J, the 1 1ln~Lrat1ve bng uagr, alld t1 1e rn a1c l1 uf tl_1e
verse, mu "t conspire tn ~upport tlte emotion of tl1e. sr:e ne. ,, ?.! 11ton's .E<lc: n may be studied as fill cxa111plc ; t11e ~· Scasuns f"i1rnish numerous instance!'. See, al so, the Lotos-l~aters . ..
,
• ~\· · \ . • 1~ ·c~t }l'ls
been bla111cd as dehc1c11t 111
• ·
1 t>p e S \ llH SU 1 t11 . ,
seen ic l1arn1•llt \'.
Jn tJ.i ", a11-d in c1·cry otl1er d c· p:lr(In('llt of roctry, antl of
Fiue Art, the crcatini:.-; of ltar111 u11y results fro111 a keen sense of
the cm <•tional effect of tl1 c i111aµ;c~ an1l the language cm1.•loyetl .
Some wri te rs arc sc n ~ i t ive chiefly to tlte i11tellectual c01 1s1stc11cy
of the tJ. 011 .,] 1t;;; and oth ers, lwving little fodi11g fur e1tltc:r
effed, dis pla~ at 1.Jc~t the g:c11i11s or mere prufusion.
N uinerolls cxa11iplcs of 1Iarmn11y Jia,·e alrcndy O(·r11 1-re~­
(Sce l:'I Gu irns OF SiMiJ.AJUTY, SnlEK GTll, &1·.) The folluw111g is
a sh urt 1.:x:t1nple fr om the opc11i 11g u f t!t e "S easons" : -

'~.

!

" Co m•'. ;:!C"ntlc ~pr\n::, t•lh f' real Mild1_1cs.i , {'omr,
.AHtl fru 111 til e l1 11 :-io t11 ut' yun d1~op1u.11µ; clOt1il,
\\"hilt• 11111 :.; i l' wak t·,..\ ar1111n 1l, v c1~1:~l in .a. sho;~· er
ur sli adowing; ru~c-\, un 0 111' plain ~ d c~..:cnJ.

p.) Scenery is l1arm o11izc•l witl.1 incident. _In real ,1'.fr,
·t1iv ~u i t·1l•lc scP111c accompauuncnts. ] he
c1·e1 1ts l 1:11·c rar ly
battle\ uf \\.a terl"" was fo11g;l1t on th e Oats of Belg1u111; nn rl tl1 c
foturc nf a 11 at i<>n may h e Sl·ttle1l in tl1 e monotony of a G11v<:rnmcnt ofli·· ··· ]~ut th e arti4 provide;; a backg roun cl adapted t•>
the acti nu uf the piece. Sec th e 1;xa11 1plJ fr0111 Milton 11110tl' l
0•

'

,

•

•

•

•

•

0

scenery aud cl1 aracte rs.
1 :l

:-;,·ui or rern:1rks : -

'!'

:I
.. 1

··'

P OETRY.
TUE IDEAL.

- - - - l t11 lhi11 1r

H ut

d11 111

sulh: r u ::,nt -3

or iil t ' lll

111 11 .,.c
0

i

'l'l1,·i r .f1 1r11! l111\• a nd t l1"i1· fund 111 .,., 11 111 0,, t wholly !lie pro] ..
or t 11t·g1lt" ol t /1.., ' l' 't· di ti · I
l
'
lt. ,<)
~11 l n r arid .:1h11 n.:i · ~ · ; _, ~i • . l l ' lr <il 1g u:1 gu :111 l c\J nv crsation iii i11-..
.
.
.
t 11. /1.' , l11111 1C"d l1y t/1 .., ll<1rr1Jw CX />t: r·i encc ·111d full
. 11'
. .
' •
(• I
10 111 i 11·111111 f• ... 11 1, .,. ·titi o
I I .. . I
. . . c .'
ll H 11 1111 a s~n c 1a111111s o f t l1 l'ir 'itu11tio1
fl " ' " ' '' H /111/'Slllt ti t 11· ,·
I' ns w e II as 111d1\'1d11al
. .' .
•
1
·1
. ,
.1
1
1
011:1
contrnst
110I,
l ::h. 't.'
'< TI ivd 11 1, i'. ·lhn I , . . I 1·
I
. .
'
i "t ti . . . .· . " . '' .' ·' '" •1 r1.· t "'." /.v1·a1 11t.• :1.-,;i111ilatl'<l in fceJ..
ll M " ll' ll :-;, ..,111,/ 1 pr .. 1w1·t r . . I . I I
ti"
.
. . •~ ·1tvd
. d(:i' r "'' titi'"
" ' !1<·1.!.!' '"I'", :tlld lia.-; :1ttri buted to
w l~ .111,·I 11 1. .a Ill l11.r:
. ,.. cc, ic, JI'" t'/'
t ii ." (11 11' :1rd :> tli e uew comer•
1

i ll i g' J\ •,::-i

·" I itn t

t(.1 111.'-l

~a xv11 :.;

i11 \ _i,·a11 l1uu ,_. ,

..,

" (::.) . T lie Jc 1·cl1)p11w11f. of C haracter i~ re11dt: rcil harm onious.
.Il1c a~f.1 o ns and ~ay ings of each pe rso n l1 a1·e all a uni fo rm bearJt1g·. ll 1e [" 'l't rrjc d s not o11l v tlt e di sro rd ·rnt l ut ·tl · tl .
rd l'\':tnt or i11difl\·rL· 11 f.
•
,
. ' J , ~o ie irT li e Ca11tl' rlo11 r.1· l'i l.-·c< rirn s ca n li.·t 1·J [1· !1"v tuv rn uclt ex tolled
fvr tlt c h arm1Jnin11~ in cl1arar tn .
•
Tl 1c i11 1·e11t i.. 11 or t111 0 IJl'i <111 ,; d o ing·~ a11d s:iyi:i12·-: in keeping
wi tl1 C'. t1·l1 d1a r:td i·r i.' rcr111i rl'J i11 an t·p Hc , a romance, or a
clral!1: 1.

(-1)
is "l 'sl'JT t:.J in t l1l' i1 ll' id ... nls and plo t of tlic
St ..
111(' 1'(' I ' ' l it· r<', ·'1" c· I"'•· 11· I ll ' l'<", an ali>1· 11 •·e of l1otl th e dis1
. .
.
fimh11t. :Iii.I t l11· 11 11 nir"rn i11 ,,.
I J 1·1 1 .
. .. . .
.
·
.-.._·
1 s , ) ' ''' ~ 1 11 1 s 1Jl ·at 1u11 ~, omens,
d.11 k iril i111:1 t "" ". ·· :11"L' ne1·1·r "' , ..·,,·11 · 'l'I "' ' ·I i:ir:lt't.... rs arc srutcd
.
1o 1111: 11·1 •rk ;1,, , 1..·11l'.J (,. t Ii ,111 ·111 1. 1....
I
.
1
1
,, ·'
• 11 .11•111g t1 ecalas tro1;l1eof'
.
tl l(' !'I t '!'('
11
,. f' . .
•• .
• I<' n:i11 1,· ~ ' '
ic l 1t 1"11 s J1t'l'" •11 :> l'cl11 > tl1 cir cl1 ar""t 1• r.-; :- , I·,11tli1
11 I, l l 1111·ful
]) i .i"-1•
.,..1 -.I'
I
, .
•
i
'
11,
111 111 i :1 ~ t e.'{ 1111noso
Ovcrrv:ll'lt . :-; 111·1:w;-. 1:r11:1d:wn·s, \ \'i11d l•.1 !.:·, Drr:i sd11 sL
'
(.'.. ) Tl1 e to11fl,11 r.;f.-; ,,f l~ 11 111f i u n n·1 111 i1:,) l1:in111)11i<llls exprcs-1 •It and '""''. ''" l"11 11 1111·11 ts. J\11 lyri 1: podry co 111t·s u11tl cr t l1is
,j <'l.i,!:t!1• J. ~l i/!t '.'I [1;i ..; l'XJ >l'f'..;.<J}' dt•,i11·11t.•J f\\') C t, "t°
'IJ.
l t.·d i 1ir 1'i i11 11
g- I llS"
1" " ' I•·s c:1 lll'd L'. \[. [, .,,T1 i :--·111 ll Jl J'• •o 11. 1 a ~ , 1n ;T
r
,
.
.'
l' ll ,l' ! USO.
Cllll)'·
~u11,. ,\[a na11 a :111 J Lady (j ,,..Ji q' '·1 1·,.v ''f 1·1'l·'' 1 11r·ly
Lal'lll Oll!.OUS
..'.
tl 1ru11gl 1v11t.
·-

n-. }!"I'll""'}'

2G7

Contrast is not a Yi olati on of Harm ony; it iR ::moth C'r
pocti('al effect, follvll'in g its O\\'ll law ~ . (St>c F i g nrc~ of CoN1'RA sT. )
The in co ng rui ty of th e Ludinons is likcll'isc a d iffl'r·
cnt, a nd n 0t in co111 pat iulc, fonn of co mp osition. In Carlyle's
spl e11JiJ deseripti on of t li c Battl e uf Du11Lar, this passage oceurs :- " \Vh oe ver has a l1eart for prnyer let hilll pray nCJ w, fn r
th e ll'rcstlc \1f death is at l1and. But withal let h im kcrp /,i s
pO'loder dry." 'J h is is a painful di sco rd, unl ess th e autltor int.cuJ ,. it fo r a stroke of ludicrous degradation.
Tl1 c m ost frcqnl'n t fa ilure in Harmony arises from th e int rusi on of tl1c cold operati ons of tbc iutcllcct into th e expression
of fo cfo1g . Sec Ex tract VI.

123. V. The I l1c::il i:; airnc<l at i11 Fine Art.
The arlopti on in Art of \\'l1at is prcsc11te1l in Nature is con·
troll ed, in tl1 c first place, by th e requiremc11L-; of Lan11 011y just
sta tcJ; a nd to h:mnoHi zc is to idealiz •~B ut farthr r. lt is an ol>ject with th e poet or a rti st t o rise
a1 o r e th e ta1~1 ·ness of reality, to portray g reater Lca·" ti cs an d
hi gh Pr lo1·clin ess than \\'e can fiud on earth. A p oc lll is a sustain ed l1ypcrh ok .
Iii SCL'lli c d1.: li11 catio11, bcsiJ "g completing th e harm on y, th e
p <Jl't goes lil')'O llll nature in tl 1e ri chn ess of tli c acc umu la1ion,
and !'11/ors tl1 e lang uage \\'itl1 f.!:l•>Wi11g illustra l io11".
S111·li arc tl1 c c l1 <1,r 11 M;e n<·s of roman ce nrnl .,f fairy-l:lll<l,
1l1 c l1:1ppy rnll.·p a11d islands (If tli e Lle~t,, tl1 l' i-;anl l' ll S or t l1e
ll c;;1w riJ es, tl 1e El ysian fi eld s, and t.lt c p ictures of l';irad1 ~< · .
Th e portrayi11.g of el1 a ra cf ers l ik e ll'i ~c 1111d crg"l'' tl1c i(k al1z1ng prol'egs, Men a nd \r omcn arc produ ced wi tlt !a rgn i11 tl'll1 ·(' t", ).: n·a\l' r l'irt11 r s, hi,'..:;l 11: r (·li ar1n;;, tli:1n li fe c:111 affo rd ; it
Ll' ing " .~T<' <· alil e tn cn11 tc:111 pl:it c Slll'lt l'k1·:1 k d 11:iturc•s. T l1e
l1ri.l( lit p o i1 il ~ of rl'al char:lctl'r arc s .. t f'Mth, 1ritl1 orni s~ i o n of
th e da rk l~·af11l'C''; stro ng •111 :1liti 1.:s arc ,e:iH'll ll'itl1 011t t.l1c CO ITC·
~p o 11 d i11 g- \\' ta kn c,;;e,, a1"l in co mpati lile 1·irt11 .. s 11 11i ted i11 the
s:llnc ]'C't';;on. L ofty a«11i rat ions ;u 1d pracf. i1"tl <;<· ns(", ric;i .J jw<·
ti ce a111.l tetlller cousid er:1t io11 , tli e f or lilN :u 1d tli c s>Hwan-, aro

''

•.. ·1

'~It

I'OETR Y, AN nrrrATl\' E ART.

2G8

•

I

~·

I&

POETRY.

made to come together, notwith;;ta\<ling tho mrity of t
Linations in the actual.
Tlic grace of the fe111i11in c character unit d to th (,
the man-the manly, an<l not the ma5culinc, wornnn..-:tiAA
a fav ori te iJeal in all ages ; it was embodied in l'nl!M
(Min erva) and in Artemis (Diana), and is reproduced ab•urtl1Al'11t
in our pi;ctry and romance.
Seeing t l1at human society labors under 11 hroni w
di,;i11tcrcsteJness and mutual consideration on tho part
111 clllhers, there is a Jemand for select or heightened pict
luvc, devoted ness, and sympathy, as an ideal compcn
o.
Tlic Ideal of story consists in a~signing tho Cortu_
J cstillics of ind ividuals with g rea ter liberality aod fitnclf.t'
tlia11 under the real or actual. The miscri~ M -w ll
1J e;s of life are passed over, or redeemed i tho 'm
feli city arc represented as if t11cy wero tl.1 rut ; r t'
is Rnprcmc, and m ca~ures out to each num hill d ' L!Jt
a11d bad cl1ara c tc r~ arc admitted along wilh tlte g
:ire J calt with a~ the p o et'~, which is also tho
qz• justice d c m:rnd~ .
The scvcrn and diffi cult virtues of pn1d n 1\ jttd!!1'~>t.
calculation, arc sligh tcll; and succcM ls m. do
gcll cl"Ous :rnd uncalc ulating impulscR of th h .rt.
Lo1·c, Lcauty, and innocence, arc mnd trium
l >rn t c fon:c and ~:wngc fc rocity ; as in tho "
'1
uf t111; F:tcrie Qneen.
l'.;ct.ic representati ons may he utterly nn<l ~w" dt11-fiii~~J
frcHll trnth, as in the talcs of fairy land, 1md th t ()llt.ll.iJ"11Qi
cl1irnlry, i11 which case the plcasuro i11 purely id~al;
may co lor so lightly ns to bo tak en for truth nnd
lh.y.
t hell tl1 cy inspire belief and intoxic:ito with bope. D
futm c lili ~11r for th e i11divi<luril, or fo r the rnco, founded on
gui 11c f~l in g and plausible anticipation, exhibit tl10 ldiml
~ U!llll1it or it ~ power. "The gnod t imo coming," poolica!Jy
ill nst.ra tr cl and 111 clodi onsly rnng, will exhilarate tho mind in \b
dept !i s nf <lq• rns~ i o n . S"c Te 1111po ll'~ L<>C k ~ l cy llnll.
l'ulting together tlie three features, Cuu crrt onc aud <Ami,.

bination (UL), H:mnony (1\' .), aml ldl·:1lity .( \ -.), wi.: can
understand what i8 sig11iticd liy l111a!!i ll<ll i1rn 111 th e c111T•·ct.
meaning of the word. A j)ttC\i t:ally i 111 n'.!;in ~· d ~··enC', cl.:11-:H''.l'. 1"
or event is con cr('lC' , as oppo,;cd t <> a\ ,,tr;u-t11111$, han11 0111°•11' 11 1
"l
·t .' n11<l , if necll h e ' ickali zcd I I' ~atisfv• the :;c 11t 1mc·11\s allcl
l s pa1 s, "
feelin gs touched u,:i works of Fine Art.

120. VI. r oct ry has c:ertai11 lii11ilati om·, as 1ein~ an
illlitatil'C art, tl1at i:i, as <lci:i1·ing its t:Htl>j ce b frutll exter-

nal nature aJL1l from l1111nan life.
M 11 , i(", <lan cing, arcl1itcclnre, and fan ciful d ·co ~ation, r.nn
' hardly be said to imitate anytl1ing, or to refer the mrnd to ally
natural olJject. Bnt in painti11~, in sculpture, and, m ost of all,
· 1 l'octrv ··tlie s11l1'1ccts arc derived from realities, and we cann ot
11
'
.
J.
avoid c~ n si1l e ring, among other meri ts, the agreement or 1sagrecmt·nt. with th e original:;. If' arti stic effects arc p~1 r"l1asc• l
at th e expense of a gr"at deviation fr<Jm natural p_os81_Lil1t y 11r
probability, alt honµ:h the~e cflec'.s arc not less genu11~~ 111 t~1-cn.1sch·c~, yet tlie wMk a~ a 1rlwlc 1s marred hy the o!le11:c P:" en
to our sense of trntl1. And, on the other hand, the skill sliown
by an aii ist in imitat in; or ri: prcscnting objects o_f . ~aturc , 0 11
canrns, i 11 marl.>l c, or in langnagc, is a new an_d d1st1n_ct c!Tl'ct
that l'X "it es pka~nrc and adn1ir:tti on; truth Ill Art is th c1_1 a
nam e fnr minut e ol1si: rvati on, a11<l the adapting of a for~ 1~n
mat<' rial to rcproclu<'c some ori gi11al. Tlii8 mal;i:s '.h e llcal_1,t1c
·10 P J u f 1•\ 1·t ·, }l1w·'rth
·111 1l \Yi lkie nrc cxam1>lcs rn l'a111t11 1~ ;
~e1
ri '~
iu J'•)C\r l' , Crahl1c i ~ the mo;.;t m1tal1l c instance; whil e in J~ornan•' f', tl 1c n11Hl crn tc11Jency is all in tliis direction.
.
\\' li en Sh akcsiicarc is called th e poet of natmc, the nwa111 11,i.;
is that ]1c alii<ll's more tlian some other poets (Spensc· r: fo r cx:unpl<') by tl1c limi ts of actual lrnm :rn li fe ; although lits rc ~r~­
st·n tat i11ns arc, in man y ways, far from \.icing close to tl1c on :;1n:1\s. Jt i,; essential t•• tli e inten's\. that li e giv e~, and a part uf
Iii ~ gr<'atnc~~. tn idC'alize licyond 11at11rc, i11 the in te11 sity of the
p:lssi<>ns p•irtray c•l, in th e nnc-siu ".Jn ess of th e cl1aractcr,;, an<l
in tl1c intel lt.:<' tnal pow r r of the d1aloi;ne.
Jt is a rule of criti <.: ism, on tl1is s11hj ect, that tl1 c dep:1rturo
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270

l'AINFC L l:I•l'ECT S.

l'OETR Y.

from nat1ll'e , ]1011 !<1 not exten d to i11 compati!Ji!i ty, or contradicti on of th " laws ,,f t lii11µ> It wo11l<\ lie C'cns ural1le to describe
a 111 ou 1il iµ: li t 11ig li t as 1',1llu wi 11g a ~of.tr ec lipse, to introduce a
man l 50 years old, or tu a!'.- ign to th e s: u11 c pl'rno n th e highest
rank as a poet a 11d as a man of scic11 cc. D ut rare and fo rtu11a tc co11ju 11 ctio11s 11 1ay be JJ 1adc use <Jf, a11 d c1·c11 such co nju nc1iuns as l1 avc ll L' l·er bec 11 act ual lr ki 1uw n l• • ucc ur prol' i<lc<l
t l1r y arc st1<· h a~ mig l1 t occ ur. j 'uct ical ju sti ec is ~om ctim cs
n· alizt: d i11 fact, :u1 d t l1 c 011ly tlii11 g 11g ain st mdurc would be to
H ; l it up as th e rnl c.
It 1rns rcmarb.:.J by Jl olibcs :-"For as
trn lh is Ili c bo11 nrl uf'tl 1c l1istori 1111 , so tl1c resernlilanee of truth
is the 11 tnll1.'t limit of poeti cal li lJerty." " l :1·ynnd tl 1e actual
works <>f 11atun: a poet rn ay go ; l• L· yo nJ th e possibilities of
I l'.ltlll'l\ rl t.; \ ' l'I'. "

S,:ott lia~ !wen J,J; 11n c1l 11y S .. 11 in r f.. r i11t1"1d11 cing lucky
' ' coi 1wi.Jt·111;es" bc1· ond all tl1 e liuu nd ~ vf p rnl1abili ty a11d of
a1 l1 11i:-;,}ld e cx.1g-.~cTatiqn .
Tl1 e da ng<' rous tcnd"1i .. ies of T\ictry l1l'ing to ove r-stimulate
' lie pa.-s il!f1at.: i1n p11lse;;, ;;u.:h as lo 1·c a11d arnl1ition, to make us
<l i"•a ti,fil'd wi th reali ty, to cbcoura;;e th e <"a k nlations of pruth:11t'l', a nd tn g i1·c a di ,;ta;;tc f"r th e sCl"l' rity of Hcicntific meth<1 d, -its cli :1r:1 dc r is i1 11p rul"l:Ll as th ese te nd encies arc kept
\\ ii 11i I)
,J.

"""'I"•

1:! 7. \ " [ L In kn>t uf l ' l<1t

c11

te r,; largl' ly i 11 to Poetry.

T J,. . J•<'1·1ili:1r >ll SJ><'lls" i11d 11 r .. d l,_1· 1111 .... rtai11t y as to some
" J'J •l'" ""l'i 11 g <'1 11! h a~ a JH> W<'rf11 l f:t s .. i1 1atio 11 , 111111:h 1;u ug ht after
as a rn t• ans (Jf a111nsern C'1 1t.. 1t is t he int e rest of story, and is
nlJt:ti na hlc tli ro u~h tlic n :i rrati n~ ki11 ds of J'ototry-thc Epic
and the l>r:1111 a. T l1c poet , i11 c1111st nr et ing l1is ideal narratives,
c1111>• id.-rs best ]10\\" to Lrin;.;- cnit. a11 .J s11,.;tai 11 this kiud of inter(',.;t.
Jli s mean s nrc tl1 c .-t 11di o1 11s ('P11ec·al111cnt of th e end, the
i11t rud11 ct j, 111-nf cir>'um stalHTS to fo.- ter nn ccrta iuty, and the
J " lay of Ni e li11al i~s u e J.y alte rn a tin g th e excitement
tl1u

of

'''il \" .

It 1s i11 t 11•) Tin rn :rn CL'. or N uve l, th at tl1 e n1 a nagcment of
plvt, vr st ury, has bcL:II ca rri ed to the l1igli est pitc h.

Th e D rama co ut:1ins a ;;l•) I')', li ke th e E 11ic ; an <l, in ih tJj , .
ting 11 ishing pe..:u li:t rity of tlt c dial o;.'. 11 <', ).!;ivcs a.J ,J i ~i"nal sc •• ['C
fo r a 11 i111ation of pl ut.. T lte. ~l" " ' l :i l •> r uf a play 1:; l11lt· 11 t ' "1
w:tt<:l ii 11 ,, t l1 e adiu11 a nd re·actiun «I" the 111·r,rn 11 a;c;>'s.
.
T lie ",tnry is a11 i1 11pu rt: w t 111 1.: a1i:; of rousi ng .t lt c f,.,.! 111::<:
we a rc fami lia r wi th talc> ul' Ji ,trc '"• uf w.1ndcr, u! Jc:1·.' 1l<'· l1 "' '~,
of l"'r;;ei·e iw 1cc, vf h L•rt1ism . lt lw_i11µ; _t lie 11at nrc vi. all , ,_,,· :1
l) ll:tlili cs to inv ok e ad i• Hl, a 11 :1rr:1lJ 1·..: 1s tl 1c uH·a1 1s 11! 111:d,J11g
tl1 e111 a pp:1rc11t.

J ~" - Yll T. \Vli atcn·r i1ainf'111 cil\;et::> are a dllli tle1 l
in t» l' uut ry :;l1 L•t ild l1e folly n :1lec rn cd.
A work of Art is meant to give us pleasure, anJ tlie orc ur·
r en" c ,,f anyt hi11µ; l 1> cam;c pai n 111 11!<!. lie j u~t i fi e1l or ato ned '." r.
Tlie clii d' examp le o f lit e use of p;tin is see n in T ragC',.ly, wlu ch
is a rcp rL·sc nt.at ion of dire C'alarnit y aml ruin m·crt ak 111g lll <' ll
wit ]t, 1ut cnrrcspnnd i ng ill desert on th eir part. S ucl1_c n ·11 t,;,
of th emselves, would nC'cessaril y sl10ck our sy m patl11 cs lll'.Ll
olfo 11 ,J our sense of j ust ice. Th ey arc justifi ed or reJecmcJ in
\· ar in u ~

wa ys : -

'•

(1.) Tl~cy occur ia actual life ; and, a~tlwu ~h " ·c cx_pe~t
tliat Art sh ould , as a rul e, l1 ohl np tl1 e plcas111g s!Lle of tl1111 g,,
yd we ,jo not wish itallogcth cr to shut out pai11ful n ':il itics from
tli c vi e w.
p .) The cx creisc of comp:1,.;,ion 1s agrce:'. l.le wi tl1i 11 li m i.t ~.
\\' "an! not. i 11 .] i ,.; po~<" I t n h ave our Ry 111patl11 cs c nµ; ag•"_•l w1 1h
811 ff,. rill " a nd "' 'rr .. w. \\' 11 <lo Hnl ,.J,riuk fr om c 1 1<·0 1111t e r111 ~ " 11r
fe ll uw-b~· i n"R C: \" Cll in th eir nti ~t · ric~. Th e eo muin l'd f11 r.-c .. f
;;y111 p:1t ii y
tende r fccl in~ is aul e t o swa!l.m np tli c pain tl 1at
tlt c , j, ,J ,t of calami ty would cause n;;.
J:.~t. tli cre is a li ne tl1 at d i1·icks p ity from h )rrur. That
line l1as been pa;;scLI by s11111 e uf th e g-rcntc"t poelR; a;; l>y
::l h:ik c,;pcarc in Le:i.r, if nut ab o i11 11acbct h, O thell o, an d lT:1111let; by «ampl1ell iu L ord l ! lliu' s d:111 µ;l1ter ; in B y'.o n's Shipwn:ck. Se ni o r's remarks o n Scutt' :; l\ cnilw orth a re Ill poin t :-

:n:1

0

" l t i~ a fanlt. pc rl1 np~ of t.hc ron 1'1 11 ,;ion, that it b ~ on m1 il:or1 nl y
1
t nigical. ln ' \\'al' .:rle~·,' aml tl 10 • ,\ i.JlJOt, ti1u liap p111 t:ss ol Hu, o

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n!Hl ':nn' rlcy, nntl of C':tthC'ri no :11111

n .. J:in cl,

is c11twirw1l, liko t.lr<!

l\ .~ o! a 1·u1111..·d w~11d ow, w~lh th e <·;d: u11 i ti \:~ ol' t.l u.:i i· 1111 fodlllllltu
a,... ;-;uc 1ale~, _and f t.'!tcY_l'=' u ~ 1nn11 011~\' ilri ...·.d sp1..'(' t; 1<·lc of 111 iscr y.
..·\. rul 0V t·fl 111 tl1 e ~Brul e ul L:_u111111..·n11011r,' our 1111 1lior l'ei e 11 t., froi 11
"l1at :tppl'a rs to ha,:c lil'.:11 /11 ,. l':tr /i,·r i11 tt-111rn rr , n·stt1rc..~ BneklHw
to. he1.tll~ ·'' .a'.11 ~ j><:ll ti l u ll ~. ( 'raigl' Hg1·lt. arrd "" llicrs tl1 c wliulo Wl'il(lit

'. 't . t,li '.' c. 1 ~. 1 ,1:01il 1 L> tu tall urrl y '.'" h " li ~· r o :u1d la·roi 11 e. But in
,l' t '.11l ~'': 1 t.~1 , _t h ~ .1na r r1ag-l' .ot \\ay /;~11d ~ 1 11itl1 u11tl Ja11et (an event
.''. l11cl.1 sc,1nclj l'.~ 1·1ll'>' a11 y 1r1tcrest) " th e: u11l y i1"1aflcc of mer . .
l.11 e 1rn111 ecl1:1tc l' lrl'111 11 st: u1t'l's uf ,\Ill."'' dl'ath, a.-1 sho rushos 0
llll~l't_, '~· ha t sl1e. ~ll/1JHt~L·:-1 t.u h1.\ li t·r Ji11~ha 11d ':; sig- 1111 1, nlmost pu ~lol
~'.' " 111'.ll t. tl cat •.h"1des pi ty lror11 l1n rror. It is what 1'\ititer cu lls it,
·' seLtl1111i; "'. tl.' c kid 111 th o rnn tl 1.:r'" 111 ilk.' All our auth o r '~
~'.·1": r.al ltJlls ."t \ :ir<t(•y', 1le\'ili:<li1tl''S, du ll tJL rc11d"r it Cl'(•dihle.
n·"1li:111, ::<1r ll11g/1 Hol":\rl, \"ar llt'Y Ftoslt' r lk111 c trin~ ] 1nnhot1r11
· ' pt:ri:·d1~~
'
' ' or
.· . '-.• :·dr n t t'\·l' ry '.l.1-!'l'llt ·1n t J·1~ :-: tnr_v,
pre1 11at11rely
'1<'.'t 11tl:. Ll1zal•et h 1s _r,·s,·r1·cd !t1 r the s111T01\·s ti!' clii<appointcil
l:'.' ~ :tll ( ~ , l1drn:1·e1l_ cn11f1•k11<'1', awl T.ei c,.,,lc' r t'•w 111iscry, such tt'I
c_1" ' onr .t11tl1u1 l1us I1t1t \'e11tur.:d tu des('J'iLc. " (l·:ssays 011 flot1011, l'· 73 .)

7

1.::-- • •

•

('.J.) C"aln mi ty 1Jri11gs 011t tl1 c f.. n·c an d g raDde m· of the
liuman ~1·irit, :rn .I is thus an ocr·asi<> 11 <•f th e sublim e. TLe
g ri ·:.1t: tr:l,C(L·d i,•:i of tliu Cn•ek and of th e 111 .. 11<-rn dralll ~t, arc cx!1ilJ1t 1n11s ••f 1.. ny and l11·rui1: '111:ditil':i o f rni11d, c11dura11cc, dar111g, "'i'l' ri,)rit y \ 11 misf >rt1111 r . J'r11111 .,t l1l'U:i c1nild defy thourrh
0
li e m11 st Sll C'A ·11111li 1o, thC' mi:.:-ht of Ze us.
'
(~.) :1'11 e rq 1rese 11t ati .. n ,,f p ai11f11 l seC' nes is a11 opportunity
of "'.''.""'ng .tli c power uf p»etry. Tli c i1d\11 e11 ee of ple1L5urc is
111a111 iestvd 111 s11hdui11g pain . Tl1 e cl1arm \> f i11 1ng-ery, th e fl ow
<•f 11n11il1"r', a11d nil tl1 e n •so1 1rcl's of l'"et i.: g c11ius, arc cmJ>l ")'"' l 11po11 1i,.titio11,; 111i s•· r." , tl 1at tltl·y 111ay },.., at hand in real
d1st. rl'~s.
Tr:i.!:;i•: ~ iluati ons <.: all forth tli c unerg iC'R of tho poot
l1 1111sl' lf, as Wt> ll :rn of hi s li cr• ><'s. It says 11rn cli fur tl1c horrors of
Lear, 1li:d. tlH: gr 11i11 s of' t lw p•••'l li:1s 11t>t s 111li1·ed t o redee m them.
}'odr;· has l' ~ \><'ri:tl ly c11 dl'a\·11 n ·1l t o s1•ft1'11 th e terrors of
J<'atl1. "Afll'r li fe's Jit!'ul f",·cr !tc sl1·rps wclf." The Stoical
lll•><l: of rCi!(ill'(~ i11 ;..; <ll'ath l• H•k a sligl 1t ly different, but equally
P"l'tH·a l \!urn; it wa s a ,C(reat, a sarrecl, an i11vi ula!Jlc asylum,
hey•JllJ th n rcae li of h11rna11 p:is,io11 a11d i11j11sti ce.
0

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273

METRE.

P OETRY.

J 2 ~) . Th e furm of Metre k1.s been al way s considered
suitaule to Poetry.

M etre is an effect 1ul1lcd to ll! elo.Jy ; l>l'i11 g, in 011r la11 g 11ag<',
tl 1e arrangi11g of c111phatic and n11 ernphat i<: syllalilcs nn 1• 111 ras11rc<I plan.
l\ldrc operates in 6C\' cral ways:(1.) In strong cxcit crn e nt, we am 1111al l•.' to :"l:il't "11r"'hc·,;
t•1 tlie varyin g exige11c ies uf a p ruse rliytl1111, a n.I a1·,·or1li11 L:ly
frd th e si111pli,,it y of a puetk rn l' asnre tu be a g r1·at n ·li1·!'. '1'111:
gn~:tt.l'r th e ex citem ent, the m ure si:i 1pl e 11s11ally is tl1l' Jlll'lr ical
0

t.

"

s Chl'lll C.

(:!.) fo tl1 c c!1'u::ion of i11 tcnse fcc:ling, th e n·g ulari ty <•f
m etre 111ay ad as a co ntrolling or 1nodl'l'ati11g po wer. Tllt'.
cbullitiuu of c xcite111c11t is mad e cal111 cr and m nre <·011ti111 1"n '
l>y th e a1l 1>p ti u11 uf a m easurccl ste p; so tl1at, wl1 en th e ,.,11l•jt·,·t
is of 1111 i111passiune1 l nature, t.hc pr,) pcr acco mpaui11ll.:11t is "'·rs1' .
O n an occasio n of jny, th e reg ularit y of th e dan cu prutrad :i and
]111sl>: 1I1.l s th e plcas urahl e c1n oti rm, which might otli ern·isl' b e

t)
~ ~

!J

;1

,: i

.,

:soo n cx h:n::;t cd hy spasmod ic Yi olenCL\.
(:l.) In tl1 c r ec urre nce nf beats at mr·asurcJ i11! c·ryal s, t l1er1:
j,, a P'"itiYe pleasure. l t is tl ll; pl easure of time i11 111 11si,., a11°l
of l'<}llal i11tervalH \11 th e array of ol>j cc h t1J th e <.:ye, as wl1l'11
we ,Jace trees< •!' piJa,.,te rs in :L r o w. \ \ ' e may ct111 sid l' r it as
1
an example of t.h e pri11ciple of h arm o ny, so wid ely ditJ'u sc<l 111
Fine Art.
V erse, al tho11 g h a frequent acljunct, is n ot th e esse nti al di stin l' tinn of l'oc try. ~!any co mpositio n:! in prose arc of tl1 e
p oe ti cal type ; tlll'ir d1:,.,il.(11 is t o cli:ll'ln or pkasc, and not t u
i11stru ct or to p ers11:1d1'. . ~uch is the NoYel, ur J'r•> se El'i1:.
S11 cl1 also arc man y co mptls itio11s h:l\·i11g tl1c fornl
i11 sln1<:t iu11 or of persuasion, l111t usin g t.l1at form as a m ere franl L' ""' "k
r.. r o rnament and clcl..(ancr. ]Ji slo ry, c riti cism, th e 111o r:il
e ,;~:w, th e cklincatiun of life arnl mann ers, in tl1 c ha 11ds of a
1: 11. of poe ti c 1-.( CBiu s, may be writt en in prosr, ],nt th l'y hav e
11 1
t l 1e rffel't s of J 'oc t ry, aml rank w1tli it in lh c d cpart111 e11t of

,,r

i'• 1li lu Literatu re, or thu B cl.frs-Li'llres .

12*

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.'I

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S l'ECIES OF l 'O F.TlO ' ,

-

()
...,
.... I,)

,.

S PECJE~ OF POETRr

130.. Poct~·y is di vid ed into tl1rco prineipnl ~ ·
t lie Lyri c, Ep ic, and Dramati c. Th~c nre mlU' ·: t
certain leading pccuJiaritic;;:, al though few poorm · ·
p urely to a11y one type. In modern com
iti
cs?ecially'. u n<lcr wltatc\'cr fo rm , thoro ia n1>t w
mixt ure of all the m ~des of poetic effect.
LYRIC PO~:rnv.

131. T l1i;; Rpecics il'l l'CJ1l'CSCTJtcd b r &n
an d Oclcti. They ure llRtrnlly s11ort, for
al on e tl 1ey arc commonly m oro cone ntro
T he Lyric poem is an cxpr<>~~ion or elfu ihtl
fo c iin~, passion, C'rnotion, o r 1<«.' ntlm<'nt. ; 11, d
tary a rd or, &:c. The met ri ,~a l fonn dHilltt'l\ fnrU1
ml

1" I · " J
1c wo re
Jy ri c s to ws that thc1<<' p(){'nt ero oiii... ~ .!l(.1~11if
1
ur pron o 1~n ccd wi~l.1 an inst rumcntnl accomp1ut'
l1owc1·cr, ts an .a uxd:ary on ly, :i nd fa commonly d'
Evl' n t l1c v<: rs1fi cat10n ca n be dropped, nnd d
~till rC't:1 i11 a ly ric:tl cltarnctcr. Tiii8 a •n
\\'J'(.'tl·~I L t., i111 pa~,;io 11 :d r~·~sl) of Do Quine y ( :n
O.p1 11 1n~E:ite r, and :S usp1nr1 de Pro/undit)i
<JI Ma n e Anto in ette in Tlic Diamond N
nf' La111 en 11ais (P aroles d'm1. CroyanJ-tt.n iJu .,;
Loo],); of Vieto r H ugo, Mi chel t_,, Hild diu
f'mm :\li lLon's A rco p:1gi1ica,- " Mctliinb l 11(
nol,J c and puissa nt nat ion rou~i ng hcl'llt'Jf hlt
aft er slcC'p, a nd shak ing he r ir1 vincil1lo loch.; m
11 !'1' as ;111 c:i!-'·lc muwi11g lt r r mig-hty youth, 1111ti kln.tlfrn ·
<b zzleJ eye~ ,at t l1e. full mi d-day uearn ; purging ,&fld tUl~lli?iilt
Ji ~r ~u1 1 ;~-:~•ll~Cfl :•1g~ 1 t at ~J1e fo nntai n it~clf of fl nf_1 «ft,, 'f
d 1,111 cc, c\! (-.- 1s Ly n ea!, l1e mg tl1 c cll'u i<ion of mt .r~ fl~._......,, ....
1>l ro111;, alt l1.;11gli 1111111e1.riea l, la11g11 ~<gu.

1 1

J.

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•

1

1:32. Ly ri eal pocm1 s lll ay lJc rla,.~ ified 1111 fvll vWlt }-

(1.) T li t' S1>11.g. J\ s.·1n;:; is u'uaiiy ~l1<• rt ; ."impk i'. 1 rne:1"nrc; lll'ok e11 ll]' i11 to st: u 1za~, <;;1.- h co11 q11"te 111 1n t·n11 1 11~_. )«· t
alling i11tn a ]> lace in tl 1c a 1-r;u1g<'1 11 .- 111. ,,r t l1c 1•i1·cc; 11i lld il1 ,. .J,
nc co r cl i n~ a:;; it i ~ t u 111 : ~t1 11g or 111t·i 't·l y pr ~ 111 11 111wt·d,-11 1 t l1•'.
first case~ hl·i 1Jg more al 1rnl't a 11d lll •ll'<~ 111vtri.-;1l.
T he v:1rid i1·s nf th ~ S .. n:; 111 :1y I•<) <'11111 11 .-rat.-d tl1w; :I. Tl 1e S:tnc'll S1111g, 11 r l lynin, \'\}' l'< '""i11g (11) <lll' f', 1.,.,,.,._
ence, fe a r ; (li ) l"n', tli: 111k f'ult1l'"", '">lifidl' ll C('; (c) s 111 •1·l.i.-:1t~ "1 1
·and iu tcn:cssi" 1'; (ti) i;eif-al 1ase1J tt·11t. ancl cn 11Lritiu11; o r ( 1') !.t· 11 1.'-'
·hortato ry (:t d<•p:1rt LL rc fr111J1 tl u: :st ri cl. p<>ctic-al \' l' i11 , al111 ..:.;t ]• <'·
culiar to tlt e Christi an l1 y 111 1!>').
Tltc l'sal ms i11 cl11dc a ll tlt c 1·ari et i<'><. T l1c (1l cl L:tt i11 l1yrn 11 ,;
(D ies I 1·rr, &c.) m ay abo Le referred to . . L11lhc 1:'s hymns a re
rcmarkalJle outlrn rsts of h is ow n pc r,,;owil 1ty; as 111 tl1 e t nnu ,, f
co nfi de nce J i"playe d i11-" /\ g rC'at st rn1 1g lt nlcl our God is sti ll. "
Tl 1e n w J e rn missio na ry lt ymn , " Frn m Cree nland's fr y lll llllll tains," i8 a n cx mnpl c uf tli c h o rtato ry k ind. T l1e old Un-._·!;
hymn s t o tl1 c dl' iti cs, gl'nc ra lly sung l1y tl1 c clw r:1scs, arc pnru
mstan ccs 1111<l cr a, b, an<l c.
I 1. Th e Sc·eular Svrlg, Cu JT C" ]" •lid i11g t" th1.; lll <>l'C cxci tin:;
·, o cc a ~ i n n s of r om m on li f":.
(o) Tli 1.; \\' ar S.. ng partak es (Jf tl te na t nre t•f c:l".'lm·111"' ; tJ,,.
mean" of j>t ·r,c u:1 si"n lw i11~ tl1 e i111j>:t"'i" 1J cd C\1 ·1 t.ell1l'11t :11_1· 1
[111 rn i11., w11nl.< o f tlie :llltl1t>r. It. rn:1y lie r·u111pus t•d f., ,. a "i '"" i:il
Clll l'l'L;l~l<'I-, •lr f11 r nnt tri sli ing p at ri11t ic s<·n ti ll tent at a ll ti111 '. :'"
One .l"" " j r..f"· r 011ly In T y rt :l' JL S, ·l\ nrns (''S.-.. ts wli:_t l1a<'·- . ),
the !lla1~l' i l l ai s r , Arnd t' s :rn d 1\ iirn l' r' ,; C .-r111:l!l \\ ;i r 1. yrn · ~
(\Var of Frr C'<lo rn , un:1). T li l' ~rnt i n t l'l l l S 11<1J i1:d f"• rt.lt ;m: _<\I'·
fi an<:e of t he fi1l', d isrcg:1rd of tkatli, tl 1e d 1sli o1w r <.f <: ull'ilr.! 1l·c: ,
tl ie rn i ~t: r i" s of d cf,·at .
I t is imp<Jrta nt to rl' m ark, l1owc1·l'r, 1.l 1at narrali l'e or !\ l'i c
co mp ositio11 s, such as tl1 c 1 allitds n ·l' iti11 g l'. cruie c~c'<'1l s ~' f. t l1c
past, ltav c pruli:1l.1ly a still g reater i11fl11encc rn. ronsrn g 111il 1tary
1Jil1cl 111' s ~·111.u;s l1an; tl 1c ll : llT fdll«', a1J 1l lt•.IL tl 1l~
se 11 titn e1tt.
L n i•', furn1. It was t" t.lic H:ill ad uf Chevy Chase t l1at. Si.J11:.y"s fa 1n u11s ~a.1· i 11g wa s ap}'l iPd, " I t sti rn tli e lt <':trt like tli1)
~o n n d of a trn 1n pct." Tl 1c CX]'ht1atio n l1as already 1J~ e 11 a llud c-11

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27G

TJIE El.EGY. -

:<).

It. is in tl1c n nf.ildint:" of ar·ti <l n arid in cid en t., that the fcclrngs r ~ 11 11e mo;;t strn·ly stirnula t r·rl. Tlie Lyri c is adapted to
a s1w r·ral want of tl1e rnind; 11:1n~ 1 fo gfr e vc 11 t to, and to
111 od l' rate, frelir1 ,l.(s 0111'<• arnrr~l'd. Jw·id1' nfally it cultivates tho
f,·eling-,, l.11t prin <' ip:tlly it gi,·('s tl1 rr11 trlf<oran<'<'.

tlic expr e. ~sio 11 uf plai11ti\'(', 11H·la11<'li,,J y :;c111i111":il, f.,r wl1i ·li
w:L' dc,·isc• l t ha t nwdi fic :ni•HI of tl1e lw1"1i <' 1w·tn.: k1 11>\\'ll "" t lH'
Eit• 1 ri:u~.
It is n o w t..: Pl lllt '«ted cl 1i \.· fh · \\" itl 1 tl1t' l'X JH' 1· ....;:--i11n t1f r1-e:r1. ·~ f,q- t11e dl'p;1rtt·1l, n·1ni1,·al l1y d1·::tl1 lw i 11 ~ tlH· Jir1 ·-('IJ1i1ll'tilly
u1o i1 11·11f1d i111·iJ.c1 1t vf li11ma11i t\'. ~lilto11'~ l .1·cid:is j, at.' pi.-al
i11 ,ta11rc. G ray 's Ek~ \' is a ~liffu scd t:xprc.:si .. n of frdi11;.; "!l
w urt.a lity in gc~icral,
abo a s u ~t ain cd poetical exen·i:.;c. Ti1u
A,Ju11ais a11d ln i'lk1w Jria111 i 11tcrwc:we (ot Iii cal a11,l t l1l'<•rd i,· ;i}
vi,·w ~ wi t h th e i1n~1 .~ r " nf the m:1i11 "'nli11w11t.
( ·I. ) Tl1c Su1111"t. Tl1is i~ sum('ti1n es dcscrip t i1T. l•li t 111< " t
< · nn 1~n 11111v :1 f' jHH'!' 1dr:11~ ·d t·.xpr1 · ~:-:- i(H i t ~ r : ~ :--i11 ..~ .::l t· 1 ~ l1:l:--:1· •f t' ·, ·1·
\:1!_: : tl1 t"· n·fl'l"l'll1' t: l1 1:1y , , ,1· 111:1y l ll d , lw 111 :-:. 1 1lll1· tl 1i 1 1 ~: •·\ t• ·J" i i:t; _
0

:_dll· cti ~ i1:~ of ki;1 ~ lr'. '. d

,;,;J

1

11a\ t·-

1

(<' ) Tl1 c l Jri11l; ing S111 1.0'. Soc·ialit;-, .l:'<' lli al f; 'C' li 11 g-, and tlir
prai ,-,·:; of wi11 (', L:11·e ],.. l' ll tli c olll >j<'c t .,f L\Tir.o; i11 bu ilr a11r:icnt
;ui1! ;1 11 .. L_, i. 11 t i1 11 t ·:-; .
1;11rr1s and .Munn: l1a\«·· t·11 ritriLutcd :i nllm li c r o f thi ·:·-.t ',

' 1" i1v
~ ('n._•r111;111 1>urs<"
"
] H'n .-ion
._.
_~:--

·

be ~noted.
(,/) 'Tl1 c l;cditi,·al bon g· ; n!'-i ll1e Jacui1itc :-;011 g·~, :ind all out.-

ln:r~t 8 of j'Jar /!J fcl• ii11g.
( 1-') 'i" itl' j 11in ·)y ~ \.:1d i 1 1w 1d;, ;
H

n ]"1 ·:d,: 1 l •!"1' ;1L: ) l.l"•\d\. -

.·

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I11;1y also

f, ,r t·.\:urqi/(·

~n - c :dl c d ~ 1 > n µ:-:'}

: ll'e

i n f:1t~ t Jjai_la:l:-1 .

Sli:il..:t ' ~!H';1r 1.':-1 ~11111H·t:-' :1r1•. ill a 1·11111w(·l1·d tl1n':11I, lw.111 .:..: , ;1 :-:. .I"

Li:-:. 11\\"ll ft·l·li11 .'...'.:S r-:,T" i\ 11 <
r1·!a t iu1H-d1ip. \\- .,rd~\\· lnl11 s ~llltllt ' l:--. ;1 ;· , ·
1wrl1 : 1j1 i..:. it i:-:. 1111 ~ :-: t p1· (· 11 ii :1r1y Lyri 1·: il ('(lJTlj 11 )..,.: [ ( j, HJ ~ .
(:J . ) Tl1 1 ~ :--i111p il' n\' \l•lli•l l':S•'J"i;it i.yri·· c•111q•r1 · IH 11, J:-- il \ ;ir:·· i \

b ll}'l''' ~l·d, tl1e ::-11 cl..' c s:-- i \"\.' l'l1'11s_io1 1s id'
(lilt

-c~,..
_ __j_,_
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of :t

i\Ia ny nf

p1•t·ti1· 4H'l\alll ;' !i1.

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nf 1·!f11s i () !! :-.:. , w:t1 1 t in ~: · i11

tin 1w,J.

\jt·]~ttt•;

1

~ l' !i t i1n('t1L il

t:tin 1 i:1i:-:._\-).

1 T(' nn \- 8 " 11 ·~

,.J'li c ( ' 0111i t: S {)n.:! j..,. g· 1 ·11 1·1 :til r a l:it!i (T f lll S J11 l1Talive.

1

0

J1a 1i tl1 t ir :=-;]l:irc of r.clelrr:t t1un . J ~ 11n 1 :j La.~ s1111g , ,f fr i l'IHl~lii J' .
Expn ·.-. :-; inn J 1 a~ T-n'Pn
;.::i\'<·11 t" li"1n1-, C<> t1:it ry, :111d patriu1ic ~e 11 ti111e11t (I !ail Col um Lia.
H1d v Bri1:u 111i :1, &r).
r·\ i1· ·r

{:l.) The Elc;,;y, ,villi wl1ich ' "" ma y r.01 1ned, i11 '''1ili 111<; 11t
T11 th<> ori ~ i11al f.. n11, i11 I :r"<'•T. ti.is"' "'

le:t~l, the llir~l'.

nt

(6) Tii L• L" "" S .. 11.g. l"1·d i11 the vari 0 l 11~ f.. r11r s of tender
f,·,·li11g. F ir~t iM tl1 e /.,,." of tli e s<·x,·s. T o tl1i s, in all its sit
11ati1111 s, tli c so11g :id:1pts it s1·lf.
In nrwi cnt times .:o ]
,
·
.
., ..,app 10,
Jlura <: e, ( at11ll11s. ,l;il\' C c l1 o l<'e exam pl(""· l:en ,Jo 11 son's "Drink
to 111 e orily wit Ii tl 1i11e eyes " is pro hal.ly 1ms11rpassed. Shake.
s!ware l1a" 1111111 c·rous s1•at r h1· >". S11 cldi11,'..'.',; so1ngs arc ex~nisitc.
Dnrn,, :lf .,o rl', Cam]'lil' il, D C:·ra11g-c r, arc a ft: w of t he host of
('Otnp ns(• rs <if }t;\' e f'. 0 1 1~:' .
Tl1 c

TllE SONNET.

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1iw1n

:u iy

t l tl'

n!'

!i1·

l~< ·f1 1 r1 · 11 c 1 ~

n1:1Y

lq.:-.

1n;i1k· f1i l)11 ri1 s

·rt' ll ! i _\'~<l !l ( ~L .\'..'._-1;: .~· J·>·,·).

t I J , j j~ f 1,• 11 1· \\" (' •1 l1J1 ' J'

).

u

Th ,. .

;1 l 11. f\ 1

1111 ·1 1·

(l'h1•. ~J. 1 1 111 ·

\\···1"!:''\"Pr1l1 ( T 11 1!: 1 •

~111111• \i;L\ -1'

r111S1', :t:..; l 1 ( 1~·th c · ., (HL· ~:1:t : 1 :~Lli ( "I ]1\· (

~I an v

;1it11:-o.

ar~· llH 'l'l' uttl'r:11HTS, d!·:--i.~1w « l lt 1 ~1 11 ~1 1 • 1 r t

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1·tl1 i,·. d j 1:1 !" -

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n1 :1:-: r1• 1' ...; w :1 \ ·...: ;1 TT

A typt· of ,·xi ~ IL"ii i..' 1',
And Ii i~ pt>r.-;i ....:te1wc
T.; i :t:..! flH \Lt\' ..: il l' ('

(2.) The Ode. Thi s is th e !.,i'liest eff11oinn of i11t c1we fcclin~.

1

It is not i11t1' n.J<'d t o l.c s1111;,:-. Tlil' 1·lal ... r:tll' Vl'r·:; itkation thnt
f~ 1.' n :-: t i! ut1 · :- ; it-:; P" ''tl!ia ri ty, b ; ;,:, ·111lv ·l ; ,.:1r1i, 1t1 11 1;ild· up fqr thi :-i
fll.":i 1 h-:u : t:-i_~r· , i 1:u·1l _\ f 11 :t 1T ,flJll!i 11<Lllt· 1j11 · t r:u1:-;i1111 11 :-\ 11 at.nral t i )
intf·i1 ~< · fi ,1· li11;..(. \ \ \ . n1:iy gin.: :1 s c x;u11j1l1'. ... , ~lilt.ou\; Jly 11111 on
tb e .l'\ati,·it:r; Collinti' Ode to Lilw rt y; <_:rav's Ba.rrl ;° KratR'
Ode to:• i\· 1.<.:l1t i11g-:tl e, a11d (J,J,_, j., Lilwrt\·; Wordsworth's lut.i·
111ati,,11s of J1111111irtality; (',.Jnidg1.'s 6.J e to (lie DepartiH•'
\' " tr ,,., " 0' l ti . ,
..
.
.~
l~ .
-' 11.;
11 c u
ll' 1 ; ts~ 1P1 1s
1 ~ a11 \ ),l e 01Jly i11 f~•nn ; it
I S ll Ut S <> 111\l l'. Ji (Ji,, display, il S tJi e d1·scr ipl iq11, .,f J'1'1 :Ji1<g,

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Ti1 t: t 1• il·, i11 •·<> :1t1 ·; 1- t !11 tli1,· Ly 1·i1", i~ a 11:1rr:1ti'I'
.,1· "1i!11·:1rd CICl1h (·.,1tiril'(:.i J'"r ]"'l'ti<' i1it1·r1-.-i, liy J'i"!
.. r ~t .. r y, ~l·c·1wr.1·, ('l1ar:1C'fc1·:'. l:111.:..c·11:1 .~ r·, ,\·e. Tl11· :1 111J, .. 1·
~q ~ p c ar ..;,

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:u·t"r~. a:1d 11:irr:1k~ tlit: c1·t·11\.'.

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278

·nm

1;)+. The leading furm s of Epit; Poetry nro tl1eRo :(1.) T he Great Epic.

·~

279

Ji.PIC l'OETRY.

Of all tlic fonns of Poetry, tlic Epic Las tho widest comp:iss; J10t 011 !y is YCl'SC Ull CSSCutial, but there arc vuricties f
:;tory, g-enuinely poetical iu tli~iutcrcst, aud yet cxpr ~11
suited for prose. Such is the Novel.
Tli c Epic is also the longest of all poeti cal compositio1111.
'its many altern ations :wJ ll'i11dings allow it to be protrn tc<I
wi thout cx liausting tlie interest.

•

}{O~lA:-iCL -Tl lE TALC:.

Tlii s i:; t he Epi..:, iu whi ch snpcrnatnral agency is pcm1itto<l,
wit.Ji a ,·icw uf coutroll ing the evc11ts accordi11g to tl1c highc L
m oral go vernment of tl 1e world. It is mix ed up therefore with
Helig io11 , or else with tl1 e g reat pcrso11ilied nl1straction!l call d
I>est i11y, Fat.c, Ju sti ce, Iliglit, tlic };l'il Priucil'lc, which nrc supposed to tak e evenls out of mere liuman l1and ~.
Th e di rision i111.o Sacre,] and Jleruic is Hcarccly lcnalilo ; tl10
G reek Heroic Epic wa:; t horouglily re ligiuu~. Th o only ir11J>Ort:rn t difl'e re11 cc i11 tliis res pect is hdll'c,· 11 t11e l 'agan lllH.I. tl1
C hristian, :-t11 J. between tli ese anll the kinJ:; that climiunto mor
an,l m orn 1.lic 1111pcrr1:ttur:1l cont rol.
The co 11 Jitio11s imposed up on tl1c Epic in respect of sulijcct,
pla<'r, and time, arc resolvaLlc into the n cces~ itics of th o story
o r pl ot, wl1i cl r n1 :1st lw intcll igilily started, and conducted to 11
<1 cfi11itc tr m1i 11:11 i.. 11 . Tl 1c plot being for the most part, nltho11gli nut 1J1.:c:e~sarily or u11ivcrsally, the elem nt of higlicst
i11terest, it rn11st go vern everything else; or, at all CV ' nlll, bo in
l1:m11 ony 'l'i Lh the scc nrs, the characters, tli e Rc11timents, and
t he di cti on. Thu s, t he Trojan "'ar was a sulij c t for ilistory;
tltc ll' rath of Acliill cs was S<'icctccl and treated ns an Epic.
The l1igh Ej>ic dcnrnnrls a mrtrc, of a lcRs rnarkc<l kind lhnn
th e Ly ri c, alt hough more marked than tho Drama. Such Wf\.'
the G rC"l·k l.!.cx:1111r!.rr, :till] such arc our E11glish Epic metre!) ne,
for c·xmnplc, the Ll:wk Ycrsc of Milton.
The ~1snal ex:unp les of the Great Epic arc : Th e Tli:1d and O tly s ~ cy .
Tl 1c .11•:11(·i,J.

Th e Ki cl1clnngl' n Lied.
The Di,·iua Cu111 eJia.
The Lusi a1l.
J l' rnsalem DL"lin·n·d.

1 'ara<li sc Lost.
. . n. a warni1 1•'
.
L .. i is licld up l>y cnucs "' , .
.~
T'l1:in;·1l1a of nc.11 .
E c t o dl"'"m·r" ' "
lC
" .'
•mluucy of the Un;at . pi
. r .., ,
beaCUll a~a1 11 si t lie t<
. l c1·"' h)' a11cl prosa ic k1·l>km . .
· I c l:i~~.
·
'111 to lw 1111" 10 t • m1:..i l',• orato n ca • 1. l' ]·' ·1' c of tlic liw
1
'l''irne'1 ::;·· ''lll ·'•l'
., -t or0 j)aro.Iy •111 t11e
r
,
II
k':;
C'uuroc
o
.
Jv v
.
E . . l ·1 ' acon11tc1p.11
..
.,
Tl . rc·il or scn ous , pie i. s
d Mice" "'Ilic I.ape
"The Lattle of tuc Frogs au
'
Mock E]'1c, as
.
f Adventu re u11Jcr a more
O f the Lock," &c.
Xarr:ittvc
ol
,
on·wcs' arc st .i11 oc( .)-· ) Th e llorna11 cc,1 or Si ' crnatura
pcrs , o
t
ly hunrrn co11tro .
up '
, f
t' on Tl1c clcm cu
pnr1:
, . •fl l int '"ith a lower unc I .
, d .,rcat"r
c·L~iou:dly a•lnnlt< '
, t Ep;c is now :1lhrn c g
·[. I .1. n' jWl·~se<I in the Grca , . '
•
0
"' '
1",r\ t •r C <L~t.
· ]
. . Th e nl<'tre i s of a 1,,, i l'
f tl c T ruuhadonrs; wit I
Re.op<·
tl 1octry o 1
·
ic 1
. ·t· cs Scott's Man11 1on
1>\, cxamj)lcR, ' rn lia,·c
"'
'
•
modern rn s ,me '
.
.. · .
wl1i"h we may comp:nc, as Tl fal'l'ic Queen, in it:; 11;ur.1t1vu
. \y of t ht< L:-tkc.
lC . . . "
SC is a n o111:rn er,
an ll Lll( .
·
tl cJ ill ad 1c purpo ' ·
· · II
.
\ ~trnrtl·cl from ic
'
·.
of the tll 1d 1 c
11
l1an• i 11~, a '· '
.,
n1·1tnral mac1uu cry
.
. t· · 1 incr the m od illcd snpr .
11 d'Lras and Don .] u:in ,
I c ,11 '
'-;
·amc class lielong n. l '
..
l\ .rc~. ro tl1c s . . . tlic ·1JJit1on of ~:it 11 c .
'
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·t ·y and cl c;101<c
u i r nt ' Ion~,
tl l"'\ ·ir 11 ccnli :n1·l y co ii.s1st1n"'
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11111\cl c }; Ol
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:\)
Th
e
Talc,
wit
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.
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Tak;
o
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(lht~
h .111).!: it~.
(· ·
.
1\1·uw of Challcll >;
,
' . ('11 r' J
1~
f l 11 ~ r .. ('P . },yrnll S ,
. , prcd1>Jl1lll:llll.
l 1l·111•
Al tlc ·1pc <• , '
' V<" ).- mi "'l'l \.c i·il('11. • :<n i ·\I•; . \\' hi lC 1)., e of l~y \:<\ Pn C ;
' .'. ('~w11r &c.; \\ unl;;\YOl '~
ll l' T ·1\ cs of Cra\,\11··, d1s~a 11," .'
IE ofSt.J\;.;ncs; i . '
L ··d' ·llow-.,
,
t
.•
l
·11nn
nn
<
,
vc
.
E
·l ArJ c·"' n.l o11 ,...."
1\. l' il :;.,
J\l'l' •
' IJ Ot' \
.
·,1 ,.J11)' l1is rc:1\ist1c nun
'
. . •i n we lian· cx:imt 111;.;111' k
. l t' cl j111 mor ous \c
'
·.
,'
.
'de
fon
In
th
e
11;.;
i
,in
of i1Jtensc l111nior d1,\\ a\ s1
·
Tlic presence
·1·
l·cwise in Chaucer.
. 1'
o' Sl1
::rntcr; a rcma1 '
p11:s, 1·1'
• .
t •1,; 111 am
'
. l tl c lovc-mt cres , ' ,
fl<'ll!:'CS Wll 1 l
.
. l
of st ill wider applicat ion. · l\
. le «ho rt anJ ><iinpll', l•y ra~" ( 1) The Halla<l, genera y rn .H . : d O)' \c·win« rna11y tl1111 )'.!:"
·· .
·
of i11cident ;;, aii
'
" T I' Th e
itv in tlll' s11 ccc!'-!'-lOn
l . . liscursi,·c tl1an th e a c. .
,
1. hence <.:SS l
ui crc.:ly suggcstcc '
Tl

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2SO

•

TITE l'ROSE F ICTW N.

E.PIC POETRY.

c:-;:11n pl cs arc Chevy Chase ; the Heir of Li11n c ; 'VorJsworth'•
]{11 tl 1; Ir ooJ's E11rrcne Ar:un; Lord U lli11's Daughter; Macau· •
Jay's L:iy of Hora~i us ; Bmial ~ir J oh11 i\1v.,rc ; Loss of tJ1
noyal Ucorgc; D:iya rd Taylo r's l'aso dcl i\1ar; Schillcr'1
l>ivl' r ; Goct.hc':> l3riJc of Co rin t h. Ju a lig liter vein, we hiwo
tile ot hcn visc-def<ig11akJ Comi c Song ; Thackeray's Ballads;
11.i ,. I's 1:0111i c pieces ; Horace a11cl James Smitli's parodies; tho
1\l ul'.k I [,•ruic-Alonzo the 13rave and tl1c Fair Imogen. In
J\11wri•:an litcratmt', tl1e comi c poems of Saxe and Oliver \VenJcll lI ol mcs arc wo rthy of mention in this department.
(.5.) The Historical Poem, or Metrical History, might be
r all cJ a X arrati\·c Poem, with a didactic purpose: Barbour'1
Brncc ; I31 ind Harry's Wallace. The Annus Mirabilis of Dry·
den contains mncb tliat is properly Lyrical.
(U.) T he J\Ii:-;cd Epic: l1aving a >1 liglit epic cliaractor, with
a Ill ix t u re of s011tirn cnt, satire, moralizing, anJ other rcifootion&.
Cl 1ild c Iln.rul1l is Lkstitute of plot, an d consists of a string of
de8ni1•t i.rns, rdled ions, and lyrical outbursts of the author's
pcrso11ality. Slicllry's Jtcvolt of I sbin contains an unbrokoo
11arrative, of Ilic 11at11rc ol" the Itorn:mcc, but with a su pcrabun·
da11 cc of Lyric·al effu ;;io n.
(7.) Tli c l'a8to ral, Idyll, &c. Th ese have jnst sufficicnL
traces of narratirc to brin~ them under the Epic dirision; but
tl1 e;< aru dist i11g11i slicd l>y the prn mincncc of poetic description,
and thi s, either of external nature or of manners. ln some,
t.lie narrat ive is still s11prcme. In the Endymion of Keats, a
lll yLl 1i t:al story connects a series of descriptions of natnre. \Vo
111ay add lJeattie's Minstrel, t he Cotter's Satnrclay Nigl it, tho
(; ;m!t:11e r's Daughter, th e Idylls of th e King. In others, th re
is still continu ous narrative, b ut only to furni sh snbject11 for th
desc ript ion; as, the Ex cursion and the Princess. 'Vo might
perhaps place the i\1inst rcl here. A tli ird class contain nnrrat i\·c only-by way of episode to the description, and that often
i11 a s n~ill a1ul vanishing qua11tity. Such arc L'Allegro and II
I '0nscroso. In Th omso11's Seasons, the course of tho year i8
th e only SllCC(•ssion or e\"C'll(S. Cowper's Ta5k is composit o in il.ll
u:-itn re; cl rsc rip tin n altern n1c.' w"ith rliclad ic and satirical strokes.

. · l 1il·a(] t o Uc·
.
, ,
. ' f ui~it c t o dc,·ot<' a ' 1istrnc
.
It might scclll i c I ..
I I hwe to trn1·c i b
• •
· > •• ~ . in whi ch c a~e , we ~1t<H t'
c
.
r
~cnpt1 vc l odl) , .
.
.. . _. ., ,.
C'ctinu with Narra' I" . .
ll('CO r•l111g to t 1JC \ . ll) Ill ,_, 01111
•
.
S\lUl 1ns1011s . .
1 . ' . tlic piT\'i()llS ,.J:i,_,-ifi.::ill•>ll Ill all
tiv c- "But tl11s wu11l1l 011 y g1 \ c .
. lll urc tlia11 o111;c
I mon·o vl·r tl) r r e a ,011~
inve rt ed on I er; nn• '
' .
t ' l11 Cd] i.:~crii itiu11 iii tl ic
j , ll O p•>Ct ry 0 1 CO B 1l
given, I here can >c
\ .
. I ·11 c1Tssio11 11111 st pr<· dolll.
f ll 10 wor<l. 1 cl iu11 .i111 b . . .
'st.net Sl'llsC u
.
l
!) 1'<>\ll' I" cvlll.,,0 t u ma~ o
. _ , . . d it j g tlicrdo re, t 1c 0 111Y
·
..
.. . .
mate , .m
'
. .
ti , ~ i) cc ih c d1!l c1cm;c.
e nll ~ and D cscnp 11011
•c ·
.
.
ti
:
· '.
t. conhin much clcscript10n,
Narral 1v c 1c g
1
, 'l' I
cl ' l cNw 1it 1. 11ou" 1 "
.
. . .
'Ihc as ;: an ". i l , .t. . t \\·ou Id"' no t 1J I .-11
cr out their J1stw ctn·e
I
and little narrat ive, n1 I
.
.
_"'
.
of ·•II tlic
. ·t ·r to term tli c111 D escn p1ivc poems.
. .
'l'L"IS..I:>" ,,. ]Jl'OSC \" Cl'S1011
u
cl 1.irac ( Tl r. . f1ctw11.
(~ .) '. c iosc . I • G .. t E1Jic wl1ich, from its uaturc,
'
.
.
·vious krnJ ~, ex cept t ic I c.i
~re 1. t . t. I ·mcl dema11Lls tl1e mctnoal adJ11nct:
1t1 rare )' at clllp cl ' ·
I''
·
t is 1lifl1.
.
: ·t )' of tl1 c l'rusc ' 1dwn,
J
\..,111c
f
I•' rolll ti 1c' cxcccd111.r
·
,.,
,
.
l
'
1
·
·
;\II
error)'
o
.
II . J· . I t v1ws. l lic ,c igwus
,..,
cult to a~~i gn w_l· :111 ,1r '] ~'. 1. Otl 1er s1)ecics arc tl1 c l'a.,tornl
·
.
» '\ dislln ct dill·
Bun yan 1~ •
·
. ) I c• , . \cntal Nu\·t.:I (1:1 chanls11n,
.I
, J\.rc"td1 ·1 t ic .-,en1in
I
(s
N.To wl
ic lH' Y s
'. · I. ' (c• .-r) ti 1c Comic and also Satiri ca
'- ) 1 • S·1tiri ca'\ l\o,·e ;-,\\l t '
'
] (S It
n: c., I ic • '
.
. ) tl ' llisto ri cal N ovc . co ,
'l l1:ickcrav ' JC
.
.
II l •
(I,.' IC'11·Ill~,r Sinolkt
•
'
•
f• f " ·t.1f 111 us11al! V eml>Otli cs ll 1 \C
•
-,-,
t
each
\Hi
te
r
o
1<
) HU '
1311 1wer.
I.
. ~ with sli.,Jit refL· rc11('C to a
. t
t s11it c<l to i1 s "en 1t1. '
"
J;.imIs l• f 111 errs
. .
"
. . , ill clioosi 11 cr th e s11 l1ject
'fl . . · . . ·al d1{kr~ 11 cc 111 .\ l 1c
"' . . .
type.
u.: rc i s a I <:
I .
·t. tl1 c one te11lh to u111 tat1•>11
·~
•nl
or
fr11111
t
10
p:u;
·
'
1
.
.
fro111 t l1c !' 11 · c ·
. I ..11
A di•lactic purpose, a s<',
l't
·
tl
c
otlu·r
tn
l• C· 1 1Y.
·
1
an• I rl'a 1 ~'
Tl c f:iu i·rernatural 1s ra re 111
.
·l . . ·t ·r t•J I.lie 11ovt· 1.
i •
~l\'CS a c 1,uac: c
· . uusidcrcd a duubtful
·1 ·1·1011
·•11•! whe n attc111jtlc:d, is c .
pn•8C ( I.: · '
cxpcrim cut.

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D R.\MAT IC POF.TI!Y.

.. ") ev nstru<:tccl m; to u11111i t .of it!I
1'35 Th e n ram a i ,, . '
1
., .
S
Th ere i s a story af'. 111 t ic
l1c•i1w acte<l on the tagc.
' 1·
,. .
l
1 . n t narrate nor appear 111 i1 ,;
F ,·. l.J11t tl ic a 11 t 1o r <•>CS o ·
'
. , ..,
·l_1 c,
n Jl c appoint:; nrnl p:ronps the eha1:11:tc1.,
n\\ n 111crso - , and }>rvYi1lcs t11c diah1gnc ; am1, 11\ th e
lays t 1c scenes, '

J.

THAUl·:IJY.

DllA)l[ATIC POETRY.

t1i a1og11e, aitled only 1y stage diroct iuns,
ti on of tl1e piece is cuntain eu.
An epi c poet like H omer, wl:o reduccR J.i ~ Mrmtiv to
smallest d imensions, anu gives a larg•) ~pace to th Mal··--.
Lri11gs th e epic close upo n tli c uruma; wliilo th plnclrig uf
exp lanatory prologue, at tl1 e bcginniug or cnc b net (u lo It ·
V .), makes the drama approach to tl1 e epic.
The p eculiarly dramatic int.crest conRist11 in W4t4uln
tu rns of th e di alogrw, t.li c action :md reacti on of 1h 11
Tl1 c merits of t he co rnpo~iti on lie in th e vividrH'M I ( tl1e wp
s1v n that oue perso nnge nppears to ma ke upon anolh<tt.
oq 11y is irrelcva11t, un less it gro ws out of the 11 ti n 'i'f Dn:tMl't'il
fur it.
Th ere is no kind of procti c orna ment or elf. ct thnt tll~
docs not adm it of,-in propo rtions su ited to i!JI 1111tunl!.

13G. Tlte <livi:-iion of tl1 c l>rn.ml\ into T
Comedy, is mu ch more ninrkccl thnn th ubdivi
tl 10 Lyric or t!tc Epic.

(1.) Tragedy. 'Iliis, according to Ari1<t l1':'11 <l tln.iti ftt
th e rcpreselltati on (a;; opposed to t11 c uarrnlion) o(
acti on, cornm anui ng or illustrious in i t.~ chnm t r; th
l1 c in~ poetically pleasing ; and with tlJc m ml f(l
fy i11g th e passions generally, by mcnns of th
si@ s-I'ity anu Fear.
The acti on in Tragedy w:1s ori1(i1111lly fa:klln .
ito us incidents oflnnn an life, which urn nttcndecl • it
<1 f :rn fle rrf1 ~ wholly or ia part 11n.J1·~e 1·\·L't! \,y th<J 11, {llftl..
p:1i 11ful dfot:t of tl1is spcclm;lc waH rl'<l<'<· mcd, ln ~1•
1•oet.ic arts; liy th eological cxpl:111at ivns ; loy th <li!pl ff
lrn m:u1 11ublc11 ess in enduring cal:i mity; l1y i u ~piri ng pity; bJ
111c mqr:il lcsso11 of fear, ci r c um ~p c< ·ti1111, a11J RulnniB!<ivn i and
J,y ot·kct i11g incidents not 1uo l1 orr ililc to l.10 ~o re .J c mod. 111
1«•lll ll ll' l1ti11g 011 the Jvfi11 iti 1111 of Arislotll', Karn <'~ r ·1111\l"l<t<., tl1
t IH• l1:q1pil'st s11l1jcct of' a tra g 1~ d y w1•11 l.l lie a rn:in nf inh·i,.'l'ily
falli11g i1 1tu a g reat rni ~Lirt1111c l1y tl1c cu111111ittul 11f ftOlllC i1111

ni111i11:
1L
cent. :H'.t .ldn, " ·l 1u. ·l l 11c i:-;. ]c>, \ i11 ~"Ill •' w:l)' ' " . ~llPP"~'·
.
..
_ .
. 1 ti
f 11 ll wl 11 h- }1" 1111 <!.. rt11110
The l•crn wo11 !1l lll ' j 'll'l~ pity " iu
'
..· . . ·
·
. ' V1.) l1 lJ ~·t·1111 ll I·.
·1 -- 1li1\-lrY
drc·i·l
.,f vvil l'"''d• 'il1t1 l''·
.lL C ~ :-;._
,, .1 •
'
•
1
·.
1\ri,tutl c'~ <left11i ti•rn :tj'jtli1:.< J.,c,t l •• wli a1 h c:dkol tli c ! ~ I:~ l
·
.
l
l . . , . <l'di1111 s ;11"1 Ll'ar. l lw.
Tl':l.f'" ('1 l y-anc1 en l. a111 ll ltt • c lll , .t :-.,
•
·
.
.
0
l I · I · ··t .. - tl1 · .. Ji.,nc 1111r!1<ll",
ancic11t 'I rag«' •ly l1a• :1 ,y 1wa 1111., lll• '
" .
. .
but lli >t i11 ct throu:-:h .. ut, a11.J n nt i11 l<! rw u n~ 11 with t l1e :ll'll'"''
bci11 11 ut.tncJ Ly tin:: cl 1orns i11 tl1 c c:1pac:1ty of 'l'>ct:l111r, :11 1.!
· ·" . t t tli l'· f ... li 11 ..·s i11- pi n' d 11y tl1e aet io n i11 1b \• l" •.c;n·"'g1v11 1 ~ : \'I'll
U
. · \..:
;-, ·
.
,
l ' 1 ' .· "l ~ <JJ't iqJl.'j i 11
This .Ji >:i)'pcars 111 tl 1c 111 u1le rn 1lr:1111 :1, t '' ) 11 c.1 . I .
.
.
1 ti ti ie, Ji't ·'l'
S ha l ~c. :-:..1tt:ar e are 11u;oq1urall:L \\ J i
• . ~•\ ll11·n
. ' wl1n ' . nt
. l·
.. l t . l r •· ·ri l.«• l l·y !11111all lra"1··li:u1s tl'j't m11,t wit 1111 a n g io :- pc ''""
.
" 1 11 ' . t J ti c Jnic d i1 wn:di c11l. ( :11dl•e J11:1k"'
sci f w w y n ·Jec c
'
• ·
"'
.
_
't . of it iu F·1u' t . an ll lhro 11, as we 1111:;l1t cxp1-.·t,
' · ',
- , ']
I
u , . · . w111 l 11 cgrea l bC
bri1w~ it i11to c~pcci: 1l 1m>111111enec. J ie ic~t 111•) ' i 11 l! 1
.
ti• >n"'of t li e c]a,,ical ty]'c i~ S:un S• •ll :\ ~0111,;lcs. ln t.l•e l \ '.~ h
t lrcllll to tl 1l)
Tr:l"l" ly, t.l1 c pu rp ose is \<> sl1 nw 1'" "' rn en rnn >_
.
.
.-.
.f 1 11 1111·t .11 1 t o the d1 -pe11sal1• •ll c>f
stri1 wt:11t cond1t 1011s o 11.11 : y, · "
·· .
.
lor '·1 l1:1p1n•
tli c "h igl 1l' l' p owers; CUllSCljll<.:llt Jy, t i ll'.· I.,c ·I ~· 1I u c·m'
'
,
te rmi nati"u.
l
J
Tl 1c more 111 0,Jc;';-:1l'\ Trngc•l y, wl1il e retaining t r:ig c l' e, t"1 11' ·111 0,v s. . li'tl)J•Y'
co 11dn si o u~, wl1 c: ll t hc ac\<) .rs
in. cuts :1111 l :s.-t
l ll.l u . , ~
·
hav e L1e C' ll snllicicntl y im111 crsc rl , and all l1ut over~1·l1el :nc •~, 111
trial:; and clang:crs ; thus p crn1itti11 µ; ~core fo r p oet:cal Jll~\1 c" ;
as in the \\"in tc r's Talc, ~l casnrc fvr ;\kasurc, th e ?\ cw \\ ay l•>

'

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pay olJ 1 klJtS, &e.
J .·11·c ,·1s wi1le as th e E11i <' :.;11l•j .. c:1i :
. 1'
The :<nbjects o t ra ~c' Y
-th e hi " h iucal, th e rv111<lll tic, th e l1istu ric, th e cu1111111rn-lif.~
0

tr:igt;dy.
.
. 1 ] · t b e the
all ia:1l ~ _o
( ~-) Cometl)·· Com edy is a1\n1J ttc d. Iou
J l
1 · 1cs nf the
ail:i pl:t t i11 n nf the 1 )ramatic form t v )' l l' t tC P '-' ~su · " . . ..
L11di r 1«•ll~, in c<>mp:i ny "·ith as rn auy other pka~111g rflcc ts .1~
1
arl\ .,., 11 11 ,atilile with it. ThiR was s11l:sta11t1ally tli c n e w 0
Ari ~t.. ltk, as it is th e practi ce nf all C•' 11 11c p11t·b. .
. .
_
11
Th e 01 11 Comvily :1mo11µ; tl1 e Url'd;s, th e carl 1 ~st f,> rm r•f 1
. e (' l'll'"C 1
' r1v cttir c Lroa• l faree ll1 1•l ca ri«atnrr, l11 µ: lily p er,;ou" a., " ·'
'
.
l ]\ w
Tl1e }.I 1Ll,1\ c a11 1 ~ c
a I, an 1I t ll rnc. 1..1 I u l)oli tical
" pnr'1osc·s
l
· · •

ti

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rmA~lATIC

•

•

P OETRY.

Corn ed)· dealt 11·i·lt
· .. t crs a1111 1u:rnncrs Ly types, e l a.~sc~,
' clt .t1,tc
k~
' t Cl
, I Ill
· lll UlI(! rll t111
. 1 e~ , l>ci11 g well excm<ir. ran
•
• ·' a fllrm l'C ' Jl"
c.l
pldll'cl 111 :\lolie re and i 11 Hen J ollso n
•
·l· , Th. e c\>mi c pcr<<>
. · · wl"e
· ,., ~- 0 f SI ia 1,c,pearc
arc men rath er than
l I.1ss-1q 1rcsl'ntat10
t1•· · A nwng ti 1c reco~11 .1 z ·cl varieties of Com·
~1''. y, arc tl1 e Ocnte,·l Cu !llcdy, tli•! L•JW Crnncd y the Farce tho
ra1·c,:ty o r i\Juck Ji cro ic.
'
'
(' Tl1 e l: ng\i,:!t .Urama has all owed tlt c rnix t.11rc of TnwcJy
uud
0
·0 rn"dy Ill tl1 e ~alllC piece.
J\11 ,11\in l':lril'ty of t!t c Dr::11n:1 is ti 1c fl! ·1 ·l· .
R
.
Adn·11t1 1n', "ti
•
· ~ c, or •om:mllc
\11 . 1 ~11p r rnatural p e r~o nagcs -fairi cs , giants, mon8tcr;:, & ...
Th l' U p" ra 1·011,:! it u!C' ~ a dist in ct ~ p cc i,·s mod ified Ly it•

1 1 \' ill.~ S lltl ,!.;.

~

. .T,he I >r:1 rn:
. Jti,_: <·ll'n ir nt nppc:-irs iYl 1e re1·C' r t!t c perso narres
of
0
.
( p iece
. . ar•' rn car11 c·«t
· ' <' IH, 1 •~ 0 1·ic, :11 1<I respo11s1l'c
cornmu11i ca1•m
. k·e t!t1s
. ap11a rcnt in a vcr)·
'
. ·k, a11
I 1 1 wli c11 th e prwt j s•..1 1.. Ie t <> ina

.L

. . ,L'(. w .··1\·• · ' \ n allt. ll l:t t '" I ' I,.•1at e in a p111.lic assemb ly ' a poIu11 1" t 1"''1 1·'1
. . II Ill' l'l' ·lll tiI c C'Pll!<'ndi11 rr p•trtics, <le .
,., 1 tl "'. I •1.1·",
I l'•
. '-a•·t llJ>•l ll on e a1111t li (' r t o 1-.crs11 "ade ' to 'O ·1·
ClI II .\' ,•tt•t .·111 , l l<
ate to t • : f . t .
'
'
C ll CI 1.,
'n I .1 ' " l'11r:1 ~ 1', -"011t a i11 tlt c esse nce of tl1e drama.
111 , u

VF.TISIFI CAT10:\.

1 37. T11e tru e J11e \ ri c:d cl1ar:wtn of En~fo;\i puel ry
depe nJs u pon tl1e regul:u· rec urre 11 ce of i;i111ilarly ac•-cnt ed syllahk,; at short inten·als.
lt is not imprope r tu de:;nilJe as 111dril'al th e mu •:l1 u,,.,\
arts of H.hyrne, Alliteration, &c:.; IJ11t, 11nl Lei11g to tl"" ~:i 111e " ' te11t i 11di~l'cn sabl c to th e p odi•c fu rin , 1l1 l'"e arc Ldll'r trcall'J.
apart and in suuordi natio n.

1!'.;S. In G r eek and J,atin, t11 e ge n era1 r11 ythm of tl 1e
l:rng 11age, am1 t li c r cenrre n <:e of c111plmsis at llefin ite i11t e r val,; enn ,;tituting m et re, " ·ere to a p:re a.t extell t d<.:ll'r111i11 e1l necordi11p: t o tli e l e ngth of th e sy ll able,;. Jn
E ngli ,;h , the clas,;ical rul e:; for 1ixi11g tli e l e 11 g-t l1 o f :;;y llabl eH do not hold, o r in any way affeet the i 1laee of tl 1e
a cce nt in rron nn~i at iun. Wl1en th e aeeent i;; fu 1111 J to
occ ur at r egnhr i11 t.e r Ya1H \Yi tl1 in a 11umhcr of w o r ll:> or
sy ll able::;, a:; in thc::;c examl'k:;;-

.
p
, \ 1111,i<lll li:1,: ],ccn maJ ' to n
Fi<'llC1lt 1)• . ,. ·
."
.!D .I CT I C
OETltY, orpocm~dc.~ . . . <o rn ' ) 111 ,.trn rt 1»n or rn c11leat e moral rluty
S
(Jr Satiri
c J» wt i~,
.. ·is a II'I<'< l w1tli
.
,
·
ATIRE,
.
Ll»q11
c11 ce tl1 c i11tention
be'
.
't
1'
1ng
to 1·1t11pn:11t• t•> i·il if\· to h , ]
Yicti1w T l , , .. ·,
. . •, <• I I may c also to rcfo1111, tho
'·
ic Sat1r 1.;t of a11~ir111 i t y co nce ived l1imsclf to Le
n11Ha. I fr <"I<'
" I.:n <"r, 1·ilt. .r11 g 111.s voice a"ainst tl
. .a
. !t" r nr rl'.<>
.,f ]11~ . .,,,
<:.; ]
]I
o
·
IC VICC~
,
. ,1" . , 11• · I ll' <' rtl . nracc a11d ,J11vc11al
E '.
I >1 1<"l 1a 11:i 11 l1 ad
sr ope f",,r
in tl 1c
,' f lr,t,R
1.n 11s and
·
ag" o t 1c •cforma1i,>1 1. ~ I · . f
1 .lll) "
o11r r\'<'<'11(. pueh l1a vc pli c<! the wc;1 on '\\Tc
11 :1111c J:11 tle r' J >rvJ
·n S 111," j't I' ope J\rLutLnot
p .
("
I li11t
·
J
" '
1.111n· 1ill,
l \11rn"
.
' van
· . o11s
, · re lirri ou~,
11 • Tl ic, ~.t 1 1•JCets
arc
.
. : n\'l'.,
.
f1').,.l'""l'I ")', p11'1t1":il dl'rl'l i1·1 i,1n ' li ll!nr)·
•
I)1·etc11s'
' 11ms' ando thi,
a11111 g s , ,f 111a11 ki11J. g"nerally.
'

l:tr.c:<~

n<•c·•l~

~atirG

Jl c plant "' I his fo ut' \:il•'P" in' \ the smt'Whnt' though you \ tell' rn c cad 1 \ gay' little \ rovcr-

Cfl\·11 of t1 1c g r o1q)s rctei YCS the name of a ]lfc:-i . nre. '\Yo
l1aYe diffc rc11t. rn casnrcs, a ccurdi nf!: t o tl1 c extent of the
~ro 11 ps a11J tlic p h r·c of the a eeent within thc111.
·1 ~d.w ecn t.wo ar ccuted f'yllaules i11 E11glish word~. th ere ran
I i i~ 011c or tw o, unt not m ore tl1a11 tw o, unaccented RyllaLl cs.
T!tis appl il's eith er t o single words or t o s11 ccessio11s of wor.J,.
ConS<"111 cntly , umler a11 y arrang<ement., th e first a ccent rn 11,:t
Ol'ellr not u cyo n<l t.J1 c third f')' l\ali\c ; and , if 011 ly Oll C \1 11:1<'CC ll\\' l\ ~ylla\Jl e i11t cn ·encs, not Lcyo nd t!t c scco1HL
\\'it l1in
t!tc·s" limits, fiy c di , ti11 ct pn,it inm<, i::iv in ~ ri ,;c to fi,·c meas11r<'~,
arc l" '~'il1 le ; t wo, wl 1l'l'l' tlic :W<' <' ld l'Cl' ttr~ 011 alt«rn :it e ' yllauk~- \!t 1'<.:c, w\1 el'\.! ll1e :t<:CL'llt rc'l'l ll'S l• l1 e1·(·ry tl1i1 c\ ~y \ \a\ 1\e.

.1j

'

'!

' :

2SG

I. Dissyllabic .i1Ieasures.
1. The First, or 'I'rocliaic, Measure.
ITopc' is I ban 'i• h'<l,
Joy8' arc / van 'ish'dGcn't.le

I riv 'cr, I gen'tle I riv'er

Lo' tliy / strc:iw~' arc

I stain'J' with I gore'-

.'"
'

- still ' i ...i. l ~ i t ' tin!!:, I ::i. till' is I ~ it' ting
An1l' th e \ ra \·en, I ncv er I fli t .tin,..n\ . "'t' , I hove' m y \ 1..·h:.uu lu.•r \ Uoo r On' till' \ p<tl lid \ bust' of\ l'al la ", J"" a 1 • • •
. .
, t :u1d i,;
r

13\J. Herc folluw some Examples of the most comm o n YCJ.:lics ia tl1 e differe!lt measures. The use of tho
an cient descr iptive epithets iti abandoned, because of
tl1cir c \·idellt incongruity, except to designat.e in a gene ral wny tl1c measures t l1emselvcs.

l

~

VERSIFICATION.

Th ese positions and mcasm cs get the names Dissyllabic nnd
T risy llal1ic, :\lld arc typiReJ by si 11glc word~ like thcsc-(1)
a'u lc ; (2) ag«i'; (:3) p ret 'tily; ('l) disccrn'in g ; (5) r0primnnd'.
The l'ariu11 ;; reg ularly acce nted gro 11ps, ur rn casure~, which
illl'Olvc these J iffcrcnt l'CClll'l'CllCCS, :ll'C repcateJ t o form VC'fSCS,
1\ 1·cr,;c (wh ich cumn1only assum es t l1e fo rm of a sillgle line,
t 11.,ngli not always) is determined in length according to tho
1111 m bcr uf tl ic repetitions. These, for practical purposes, aro
Sl' ld om h~ss than two (the dimcter), or more tl1 an eight. Often, in tl ic case of tl 1e 1st and 3d measures, in which the accent
falls on tl1 e first sy llaLlc, the last m easure of the l'Crsc is shortened l>y tl1c omission of the unaccented part; in like manner,
the closing nn accc ntcd syllaLlc of the 4.t.Ji 111 cas1n·e may be
·druppt.·cl. O il the otl1cr hand, the 2cl a1Hl 5th, accented 011
tl ie last , may be s11pplemeuted at tb c cnJ by an additional unacccntcJ sy llaule forming no part of any new measure. Liccuses a rc :Hlmissiule in all. Occasionally it happens that one
measu re is i11 troduccd into a verse rna de up of another, variety
a11J g rt.'ate r emphasis being thercuy oLtaincd; for example, tho
ht a nd 2d lllay l>c tl111s interchanged. This li berty is t<1kcn
stil l rn on: frL'()lt ently in the trisyllabic measures, where, too, the
<l r•Jp pi11;; out uf u11acocnted syllabics and the inserti on of super11111u craries in any part of the verse, arc for from un common.
T it(• i11 te rchange of dactyls, anaprosts, and sponcl ces in certain
of the clw>sit.:al n1ctres, is a para!Jcl case.

:~

' .

DlSSY LLABIC JllEA SU REfi.
•

•

••

,.,

'
.
c rn ca,urc I1as a I.1µ_·\1t t l'l\>!Jlll",.., lll\l\ C ill <ll 1
'] 'I IC ti·<v·v h·ii
x·1111'>i . '-''. 1•""
. I t' tt ' ·J fr lin:I)· ~111.J·cct. -;, alt I tPll).!:'l ti. ie. L'.,
.
pee111iar \' 1 e ')
'.
.
l . . l hr ...,.l v i11 s1n 1. 1 .'" ,,f a di ffl' l'Cllt kll1d. IL i'i ctll!> U) C L • o •
q111 •lc< .u c '

l'k

lilll' ~l' ry
9

rhymes.
Th e Second, or 1amlJic, ~leasnre.

-·

Th e etrains' \ dcl'ay'
.Aud 111elt.' \away' -

I my mir'.J', \ of ~11 · \ mankind'
1 lo ve' \ Lut you \ alone 0 Cal' \cdon' \i:i, s tern' \ and wild'-

F•H' in '

•

.i ·

AnJ iounu

I

, . ~ in 11..•rn'\ <l'i'lll"o
1

ma'\zcs lost'-

no cnu'

,

crca' jtion'" dawn' \ lichd d' I thou roll' \cst now •
. •
. tl \\' I the blue' I dh c· \real
The Rptl' \eion:-; fir 'l1narn ent' \ on lu gh' \wt i u
,; ·I' 'IS
' uc ' .

\

""Y 1 .
tlie le ·L' t clcvale1l, i~ m ost casilj
The lan1bic: nwasu:-e, '" 111 ·~
'
.
• d is )CculiarlJ
I
kl'pl lljl. 1t j,; t.licref,,re iu very cu mm on u se, ,rn
aJapll'd fur ln11t( poe ms.
rt Trisyllal11:c .llf casures.
1. Tlte Third, or Dactylic, Jl.ler.surc.
Ta k c' h c1· up \ t.cn '<krly
Lift' h er wilh \ earc '
l
·t \ l>' " tdll" •H Y \ hnddcr arnl I how'TI \ O \l w 10 1\1
' ..... .
~
·'ll'
.
"
.. [lmw' ill \ ,;wc ll 'iu i:; 1tntl \ lirn' itle~:> I J,1 ows.
f")

Strong' l y

it, \ h ea1:-; u~ ,1

o

~- Tltc Fuurt.h, or Arnpliil1ra1 ~hic, Mcasnrr .
T he J.la c l<' haHdt< \ e am c ~ ' 1· cr
The Alp:-i' aud I tl :c rrnuw · I' Wll:
· Il \ the li"n ht'nin"
1l. co 11r':::cr s I Ul'C let
. . :. ~ · ' Ti. driuk' with \ th e w!llrl wrnd s \ •tl cain
iey ,
. .'.
oor e x'i\c I of E'rin,
'fhcrc. c:un c to I th e ~\iOI C "I r 1
' I d chill'The tl -.;w , on \ hi ~ t.hin ' robe \ wa:-; ic.:av y au
I

'

<

)

.

3. The Fifth, or Anap:rst.ic, Measure. '
To th e fam e' \ of yo ur name Sf•C th e snnl.;e~' \ lhnt th ~Y, rear' ,

ll ow l hey hi s;;' \ in th e a n· '\
It , \ . in 11.. ·itli' \ lw laiol low',
,
Fhal\ vie lur ex n " 01 .
. '
· , f . ·t' I to the foe With hi8 back' \ lo the t1d•I ' \ ""' 1 1ib ct.

; ';·

YF. I(SIF!C ATIOX.

ALLITE IU.TION.

J\11 1li e Tri :;y ilaliic rn r a~1m' s have a 'I'1i.:kc r 111 c> \"l' ll1Cllt tlian
tl1 c Di,;:.;yllal>i c, u11i11g tc> tl1c g reall'r 111111il>c·r of unacccutcd
sylbLb;; tl1ey arc cl1ar:lf'h•rizl'<l in tl10 111ain l.y rnsl1i11g impct110,;ity. .l\ll'utio11 has Lt:('ll alrl.'ady rnad,·. uf tli<·ir readiness to
ad111 lt irr"g ul arit ic,;, a11ol t<> cli:111gc }'laces. Ind eed, tliey ca11
scarcely 1e c: dl c:<l disti1Jct 111 r :i,;11rc"' ; 1!111s the f.1urtl1, for cxamj>I<·, :;hows ekar traces of dactylic rl1ythm. \ V1.: might scan tlic
last-<p1Utcd s1wc im cn tlrns : Th 0rc I ca me' to th « I !'li orc' n poor I e~· il e of I E ' rin,
Th e I dew' o n hi s I thin ' rulic wus I hcav ·y aud I cl1ill '-

making tli c first sy llal.Jc uf th e liiws n1u.: mpliati e, Oil the principle uf th e a11acr11~/s, or liadz-:;trok<', uf t lie classical metres.
\\' c have th l'n verses of l'r"l'"rly da<'1ylic lll l'a;; 11re, tlic one liue
leadi11r; co11ti11uun,;ly on to tli e next. Tl1 e rarit y of the pure
daetylic measure in E11 gli, ]1 is 11 0 !1 >11.!.!'.er a 111atkr of wonder,
sc:c in r; it is t lin s 1;11111J ,;o uftc u di,;l!u i,eJ.
Colc ri dg,.'s Cliri.-;tal,('1, . l1llil ~• • Ille uf ] ;y nm' s puems, arc
wri tt.P11 i11 a lll\'tre di '!H'scd in li11es rnryi11g i11 il'11gt.h from
seve n t.o twcll' e ')'llabk;;, Lut alw:1ys cu11tai11i11g fo m accented
j><•Si ti uns; thus,
I won ' Jd1•r'd wl 1at' I nii~h l uil' I tlil' bird';
1-'ur uo' ltlii11µ; nc·ar' / it <'ould ' I 1 see',
Save the gra..-.;tt '

I aud

grce 11 hL"rU:;'

J

urnlcrn f" at!1'

I lli e old

tree'.

Tlwugli Coleridge called tlii~ a new pri 11 ciplc, t lie on ly thing
11 cw was tli e systematic executi on.

.·ltlitcral io11.
1±0. W h en M etre is und cr,;tood in its most compreli c·IJ,.; i\·e r:;e n:;c a,; "tlic rcc·111Tcn<·t\ within certain interYab of sy llal.il c,; ::-i rnilarl.r a fl'cdcd,'' Alliteration, whi ch
rnc:rns the r cc111Tcnec at sl1ort intervals of the same
initial letter, rnay he dc:-;e rihed as n mctrieal ornament.

Attempted, m o rco rl1•,~, in tl1 e poptry ofalmost.all langnagcR,
a\litl'rati"n was c;;pcc ially m•r d, :is tll<' main fi.·aturc of versification, in the OIJ Gt' rn 1:lll, J\ 1tµ-L •-Sax•>11, aH d ScanJ\navian poetrY. A ccortliug to st ri ct \lS:1ge, two or three words in one

2S\)

iinr., and one worJ in t he next., l1c•ran witli the sam e letter; a~
is Reen in this extract from tlie w ~l l-kn o wn poem of the 141.h
century, Piers

l'l o u .~l11nan

:-

~.Th ere jff t~ a<' lit·J a 71: l r:lu11l'r
.A ~

he a Jirit:6t w e re;
}Jro11glit forlh a /,ulJ
\\'ith many l.ii sliop.: :! 1 scals.n

Although tlie cfTcct ,,f alliteration cannot \\' Cll li::ivc been consciously :souglit after in late r English poetry, it is curious 11>
note lww often it is fournJ, even to perfect.ion, in tlic verses of
l\Iilton, Cv lcriclge, Shelley, Tcu11yson, &c. A few exarnples
ruay be g ir cn :u Of rnan'R Jirf't tl iRobr<licnee, anti the fruit
Of that/vriJiJJcn tree, who~e rn url:ll taste-"
u Th e f. 1i r h reC"'-l~ /Jlew ; the wl1itc foam fl ew

The funow /ollow cJ/rce."
"Lik e a g loww nrrn !JOl1lcn
l n a ./ell of •lew-"

"And on a sudden, lo ! the level lake
..A.lld the long g lori es of the winter moon.''

That th e n~ is som <'th in ~ naturally plcasiur; in such eonjun ctiun,., is <~ vidPnt. from tl1eir frc11ucn cv i11 current sayi11:.£S :111 d
prr"·rrh<:..
F1)r im•tancc: " Life an~! liml>," "\.Yatt:h ancl
ward," "Man and mouse," "Far fowls have fair feath er,;." A11
extreme case of alliteration is funnel in the line,
"Let loYl'l _Y libcc< line Lex',; londy lane. "

Rhyme.
141. T~hyme, a],;o, can be called metrical in th e wi1lc
sense, :u; determ ining a recurren ce of Rmmd in the c!o:-;inosdlalJlc
or svlhb
les of d ifferent verses. It.. i,; a p<>ctir
•·
,:
cal ornament p eculiar to poetry R11h;;eq11ent to the cla,.;l'>ical perio<l, and by no means universally employed.
Blank \"Prsc, in which so much of EnC,"lish poetry is wril.tl'n ,
discards rh yme altoj:!clh cr. I'ossil.ly it wa;, a sense of the comparative paucity nf Engl isl1 rl1 ymes, as well as venerat il)n f11r
classical models, that caused Ben J onson, Milton, and others,
11

.

~?

;.-,

tu n:L: J ag:1in5t its f,·Ue rs. J:h y mc, l1 uwcn:r, is so pleasincr aud
so ~'.'"ii~ undcrstoocl, :is tu stanol hi;.(li cr t krn any other po~tical
art.1f1nJ 111 po_rn1lar estim:iti•HI. Tl1 e cx i ,;t e n<~ e of 80-eallcd do·•ger<·I n·rses :L rn •le tc"li111 011v t<J it s puwur.
g
Titre~ cn11 dit iu11~ arc rc<11;irl'd i11 :1 pt rfoct rl1 yme
two
R)' JJ:d•k".
1. Tlic \·owv!-,-olln•.l and \\ l1:1kn:r full uws it, must be the
'lat ne in both : lon 11, ~ on rr St'a frl 'l'
:l. T l11; arti e11l:.1iion .Ll'forc' tltc .Yo\1·eJ.:;o un d must be differ•
ent .: ~l'l' (' n, s'.,fl'l'n; call,/11\, all. The letter his not considered
a d1:l 111 c~t art 11·1ila1 i.111; heart, art, an~ i111proper r1 1ym es.
1
1
A . "·
·I .l •ut Ii 11111,t he acccnl c•I: trv- ' ~ i o..·h' ·, uot triy, b:
11g]i tl!I·
s 1 1) me tkpt·n.\s 11puu sou ml 011ly, tl1 c RJH.d ling is of no con•
5 C'lll <'ll f' C : ],car, 11:11'(', arc rhym es; ll Ot so, J.ear, f~a r.
lU1ymcs nre Siny!c ; a", plain, g rain :-1Jo11 Me · as glo-ry
st.'.)· ry :-o r 'l'ri;,!c; as, read-i-ly, f<t <·a·l -i-ly. In ~louLle an d
tn ple rl1pnl' ~ , th<· !:1st ~yllaJ.les arc 11naCCl'llt c.J , allll are roitlly
a pp c '.11.la;..'.! '~ ~" tli e trn e r11y111i11:.i sound, wl1ich alone fulfils the
cuud1tw11s laid d,)\vn ahnvc: cul'111i11ak /11l'111inate
, . Rl 1ymcs arc nut c: nfinc<l t.<> tlie clu;e of sl'para~c verses, lint
.11 c sume:1111es f~ 1111d m th e rn1d dlc an•! at th e e11<l of the same

1~

verse.

or

:)0111 e line~ frd1a ~li elll'y ' s CIP 111 l

will illustrate both

cases:11

1

l11:i 11~~ f'n· ~h 1; /10/1'• ''"·<1,
I· r1111 1 till' KC H"" a11d

111t•

f 11 r

llianza is th e

lca~t group of li11<·s i11 rnlvin g all the peculiariti es

of metre

arrangemc11t of rhym e:' eharactcristie of th e i•iccc

contai11i11 g it.
1' 1'.'TlS OF YEl:S t:.

·~ 2 . The c1cmcnt s f11r c-1mstrn di11 g t1rc yarinu ,.; kin ds
of verse common in ·Eng1i ,;h poet ry, 1mve now l1ccn rncntioncJ. They are tl1e firn measures r cpeateJ in li11 c~
of varyin g length; n ot Fch1 om eou1pon11Jcd with one
anot11er; occa,;i onally ma<lc l1armu11ion,; by allite ration;
an<l in mo::;t kind,; of poetry fitted with a rhymin g clo;;c .
The Jll1yme, by its very nature, demanding nt lca~t
two lines or verses, practically determines wl1 at Fpecial
forms the versification sh all nssnme ; i11 the alJscnce of
rhyme, the versifi cation is com1ilete within the single
]

Ti epetiti ons of like vo w (• l-sn1111rl~, wl1ere ut licr conditions of
r.Prfcd r hyme arc n c;:lc~te .J , p;d th e ll<lllltl of Assonances.
] he'e h:Ll"e 110 rcµ;1il: 1r 1'!:1cc in E11;..'. Ji ,h poet ry, as tliey have in
sn mc nt l1!·1_- h11µ;11 a.'.!<" ~, lint lhl'y are oC!:asion:rlly found instead
of rlrym l'~ 111 Pld ld l a<l ~. Fur (•xa111l'le :" 1\n t ~ C'l nn dt.·~ l~· lay

'

:-<t ron:~

rope

al1 n1 1t

1\ ll l't'a dy li>r ll> '111 m1. "

hi :-; Jh ·\ ·k ,
'

ur 1·<· r""' rli.\·1ni :1;.'. lnc::d l1 cr in ~twccssi on form a
co1111frl ; 1!1 r'.''" a 1.,.;J11i-1 (O J" /1 •1"( 1' /. ( ir .. 1 1p~ ur fuur lines, wl1ieh
may rlr y11w 111 \':Im w• co >11 il• i11:1 1i .. 11 ,, an.: cal bl quatrains. A
Tw 1)

l i11P~

rf' ad v 1h1·r1· inn t·art 1
hn1111d, both fi h1! alld lu1ml ·
0

.l

r j '··~ tI

'. I
.. I
~

lin e.

Tltis last c:isc, of simple unrl1yme1l m etrical combinatio n, is
l1cst Ji, pose<l of by itself, b efore the m ore intricate rhymed
forms arc nuticc<l. ) t is the Blank V crsc, called also H eroic,
and belongs t o Engl ish literature. The name Heroic arises
from its cu11stant employm ent in tltc High Epic, wl1cre it takes
the place of the classical licx am ctcr. lt is composed of five
Iambi c rn easurr·s, as seen lll tl1 c appc11<led extract from
Milto11:lli .c;h ' on \ a th ro ne' \ o f rov' \al At:lt c', \ wlii ch for"
(Jut ,;\ion e' \ tli e wealth " \ or Or' \111 11 z 111111' \ of 111J',
Or when~ th e gor~t·ous East with riche~t han<l
Shower" on her king; Larhari c pearl anJ gold.

111 tl 1l'il' IH.HJI H .l tl )' dr1'wnx.n

J;i ~l

111111

1 liir~t i11 hJfowrrs

llH' y./n·r11 11 .'( ·
l l 11·:u· li '.! ht ,./, ,,,/,. for tl1c )\ ':t\'t':i ,.:Ju·n /1r id

And n

2~1

KINDS OF VERSE.

VERSIFICATION.

Y oung, Thomson, \Vor<l swortb, and Tennyson, also make

~1SC of Bla11k V crsc, althongh tlre lin es of each l1 avc a distin ct
1·i11g or rhy thm, d cpcmlent fur tl1 c most part up on their m anag<' ment of tl 1e natural pa uses.
In t li e Drama, a somewhat \ oosLn· fnrrn of Blank V crse is
in corn111<rn ll i'C, vari•·d ocrasio11ally hy rl1y111in g conplets.
Freq11 enlly th e ,·eri'c is hyp ernll'tri cal by 011c, or even tw o ~yl-

lable~.

Tlins : M1 )R t

po \tent, ~f':l\' P,

My vc iry uo \ulc allll

\and n·\'' \rcw l Si \ ~ni m"!i :

•

a pprov· J \ gooJ mas;ta•.

• 1

. i
I
·.I

i

DIFFERENT Kl::'<DS OF VERSE.
V EI<SIFICATION.

1±:1. The combinations that arc formed to meet tho
ncce:;;,;itics, or gain the advantage, of Rhyme, arc 110 X·
cced ingly numerous, that it will be impossible to allu lo
to morn than a fow of the common forms, as:;ociated
with well-markcJ kind:> of composition. In these th
Iambic rnca:;n1·c is found largely to preponderate.
Iambic Oclos!J1la6ics, of fon r m easures, or eight syllables,
ia co uplets rhyming at the close. A s,
Lord Mar' lmion t um'd ', I well' was I his need',
And da:; h'J ' I the row '1 t.:1:1 iu' j his 8tCeLI'.

Tlii s form i;; cmplnycd in Byron's Talcs, in lludibras, d.:c.
Scott varies it often Ly lines of si x syllables, or run s it into
tripkti<. Otlicr poets wri te tri plets in stanzas. Quatrains in
st anza~, rl1yming by couplets or alternately, arc exceedingly
co r11 mon .
llcroic Couplets, fi ,·c iambic mca~urcs rhym ed.
Know wdl I thyself, I presum e I uot God I to SCl\n;
Th e prop [c r ~ tllli!Y of I mankind I i:; man.

Clianccr, Dryde11 , I'opc, Cowper, &c., use this metre. Like tlie
la~t., it is occasional ly run into tripl ets, wl1ich may fonn stallZ/111.
SC\·cral m ore co mplex co tnbinatio ns arc formed out of
rhy1 11i n,g h eroics.
A stanza of four lines, rhymi ng altcr!1atcly, is the Elegiac
Metre, fvunJ in Gr:1y"s Elegy, Dryden's Annas 1lfirabilis, &c.
L et n ot I Amlii/ t ion moc k I th ·i r us t•\ful toi l,
Th eir ho nw jly joy", I and de> ltiny obscure;
~for gra n ld,•ur h,•ar I with a I disdain jful smil e,
Tue sliort I and s im ;ple an jnalR of I the poor.

.Sc1·cn h eroic lin es, the fi rst fh c rhyming at inten•nls nnd
the last two in snccl'ssion, give the Hhyrnc Royal of Chancer
aad t.h·~ El izabet han wri ters.
i'!:it, oh I the rlol e lflll Righ t I that tlw n I we sec !
\ \\'1· turned our look , arnl on the other s ide
~I\ g"ri:-dy :-: h.lpe of Famine mouglit we ~ec:
\\'it li gret·d y lool<H, and ;.,!npin~ 111n11th 1 thnt cri e<l
A 11tl ro, ln•d f1H' meat, 11~ 14Jip ~ hnnlJ there have died:

lll'r l1ody tlii11 nnd l;:irr 1n-1 any bo11c,
" ' he reto \\'llS kf't llOll ci ht uut tlic rn,;c alone.

Ei<rht l1 eroics, the first six rli\'n1in~ altcrn akly a11'1 ll.c la,;t
two i~ succcssio n, co mp<>,.;c tlie. Jtalian Oll<ll'" f~;///ri. Tl1is
comLination i~ fou 11d in tra11 sla ti uns, a11d in D on Ju:111.
Th e oth lt'r fa ltlt c r had I a we:il. ,li ,.r I ehil•l,
Of u s~ ft .. i'1ec k, and aHpcct dcl ic<Lte;
Bnt the b oy bore up Jo n;.;, au.I 11 i1h ll mild
Anti patil'nt Hpirit hclJ al oof hi ,; fate.I
Lit t le lie saicl, anti now arvl then he Hrniled
,b if to win it part from ult' th,, wci;.;ht
Ti c ~aw in c rca~inJ.; on hi s fatlicr's heart,
With the deep d eadly thunght that th ey must part.

11 1c Sonnet co nsists of fou11.ccn li11 cs of ten syllables wi t h a
peculiar arrangem ent of tLc rhym es, n ot, h owever, always strictly observed.
.
,
.
Tli e S11cnseri:an stanza of Spcn,er, TI P:itti e, a11d J ,yrn 11 , 1H
an En glis h cmul1i11ali u11 of ci1,!:ht h crvi cs rh yming at i11t1•n ·al,;,
and fullowc J Ly a rhy111ing Al cxanllrinc of tw ch ·c syll al>l l:~.
Th e li!on would I not lca" e J lwr d <'H lolate,
But with li l'r went a long, a..: a strvn~ gutt.nl
()f lu' r ..i,,L,!.C pcroo n, and a faithful ma te
(}flier ~ad tl'OUl Jt'8 and rnisfort.ll11C8 har<l:
f'l ill wh en ,:;h e •ll'pt, h e k e pt uol h w:ilch am! ward;
An ti wh e n s h e waked, h e wttited diligent
\\' ith humbl e fie rvi,·e to h e r will prepared;
From hl'r I fair c .rc~ I he t oo k I commnn ldcm c nt,
And c v ier by I her looks I coneciv ic tl h er I inte nt.
1

The .Ale.can drin e, of 5ix iamlii c m e asure~, an d rliymin;:; in
co upl et~, i~ employed hy it.self in Drayto11's 'Polyolbi on.
S c"en iambi" rn e ~1s1m'H, rl1 yrn in ~ in !'onplet ~. form the rn mm o11 metre of p ~ alm s and hy111n ~, a11tl aiHo the Hallad 111tln·.
J ,o r rl , thou I hast heen I o ur dw .. I' linp: place II in c:en : cr:i ! tion~ nll,
lleforc I thou c v :e r hacl'::t j hroughtforth !I lhc 111 01111 :1.n i ns g- reat ! or~mn ll.

A s the pau~c fall s regularly aftl~ r the fourth nwa.•urc, it is
customary lo write the couplet as a stanza of funr Jin<'~; in
the fullcming example, the first :mtl tl1ird lin es arc mad e to
rhym e : "Soft. a~ t~P flew
Iii~

11c ·ntll'

fro111 l1 Paven

lllTCllt :-\

((·\l ;

descend:-{,

Th e ;11~th::0.t stranµ:"r lowly l;c..: uds,
.And follows to tlic tell."

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1
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VEI{SIFIC..l.TION.

~·it

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:',i
A single c xa111{'l c

•
•

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.

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Trocl1ai c co mLination may be quoted.

'·'
• t.
't:

~

"Onward, onwai·d nrny we prcs::1
'J'hro11.e;I 1 th1: I''llh of duty;
Yi r111 c is tn1 e liappin ('s ~,
Exedlc11cc. tru e l1l'a11tv.
~I irids ure of l'1.: l <: ~ tial lii;·t11;
Mak e we thcu a l1 eavcn of earth."

Great as is tl1 c nnmLcr of e xi s ting- models, English poets
hal'C 8till large scope for new and orig inal comLiuatiou~.

r

~

' ·i
.:'. l

APPENDIX.

! ~;

,,, i

::;i

D
~

~

\

l.
I

EXTRACTS ANALYZED.

•
•
•

B

.;~

E:nHA «T 1.-Tlie following (fron1 Forlll's's Tr11vels t11ron glt tho
Alp:<) is a st r ikin g example of tl1e All eg"ry, or protruded co111pari~1111 (p. J 7).
l s hall employ it far t he r in illu strating o th e r points
c:111111 ec teu with styl e, nlld, i11 :;o doing, will sugg est certain irnpr•J'·e·
111 .. 11h i11 tl1c expression.
Th er e is unavoi<lal1ly a frequent r epet iti.,11 ot' ·it' a11u 'its ' ; but, in seve ral iustauecs, a slig!Jt al teration
of , t rncturc will allow them to be ornitt.e<l.
1. "Poet; amf phil o><opliers l1:1n~ Jelightc<l to compare tlie
"<·011r;e of human life to that of a river; pc rl1apg fl still apte r ~ im ­
" il c might be found iu tlic lii story of ll glacier." This scnt c nC'c is
\Yell co 11strnctcd for brini;ing out with emplrnsi s th e main 1111l1jcct 1l1e gl:wi c r; th e ti1·st half i.'l preparatory, nn<l prope rly en <l s with
tl1 e lialan ci11g s nhj ect--n river. A fow minntc alter:ition s rnii;lit \J()
1<11gge ~tcd :-' l'oet~ and philrJsopli c rs' urn som c wl1at. t"o pro111i11e11t.ly plaecll, eonsiclcri11g thdr subordinate posit.ion; nncl the clum sy nddition 'that of' may be <li spenscd with. "It. has bec11 tli c
11L'liglit [c ustom, hal>it, prncti cc] of poets un<l pliiloso1•licr ~ to Clll11p:1r~ tl1 e cour.;e of llllrnan life t.o a river, &c."
2. "J [C;\\'Cn-d escc ncl etl in it~ ori gin , it yet takes its tnonlcJ nnu
"co1Jf«lr111ation fr om th e liicld en womb of th e monntnin~ wl1ir·h
"liro11;;l1t it fo rth." Or:-" In ori;;in heav.1esccnd ccl, it yet
tak es 1nonld an<l confnrmntil)n from J.!te hid<l r n ltrnb of the m o1 1ntai11 -< that bro11gh t it fortl 1."
:l. " J\t fir~t soft aIHl d11c.t.il e, it :ir.<]uir c~ a characte r an<~ firm" ness of its own, as nn inc,·it.ahlc <fos tiny urges it in its 01Jwnrcl
tarcer." "AL first sof't anll ductile, the rnas~ a 0quircs a ~p c cial

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2%

l::XTRACTS ANALYZED.

«lirirnctcr :rn<1 firmrwss, :B in C\"ttrrl>lo dc,tiny nrg"" it" orrwant
caree r."
1
'L ' Jost.led awl <'Onstr-aine<l hy tho erosse>< and i11<'<l'llllitit·R of
"its fff(•scrilinl pall1, l1cdgcd in by i111pa""1.lile l1a,.,.i,-1.,, wliicli fh:
"li1uits to its 111overnc11b, it ytchl:> groaui11g to it:> fi1lc>, um! still
"travels fo1·wan.l !J<•:uned w ith the ~Cal's· ofnurny a eordli ct with op' '. po,,-ing obs~acl cs." An exa mple of strength tlu·ou~h the deS<.:riI>tron of vast Jorccs at work, rendered irnprc~sive by apt and unluu·k11 eye<l mcta.ph~~s- The part icipia F construction is ngain huppily
mad<! lbC uf. 11, ., last words 'witit many oppo.~ing ol•,.tacl(·s,' adtl
u_, tli e p11w('f' of tlie passage, 011\y oo tho 8npposit.i1 >11 tl1t1t t he· pre"'""' wonl • co11fLict' dues 11ot Slllfi!est tl1e rnnltipli<·il y fttHl 111 an v_..}dt.·\1n.:;s:-1 ur t it e opposition that is encountered.
"'
0 . " . i:\..ll t i 1i~ wi1ilu, u1tliong-h \V:-t~tln.~, it is r en0wed h_v fHJ nn" ·'el'11 pow er-it, evaporates, but is not conswuc<l." It n~ht I><;>
}1ype 1·eriti<:a l to obj ect to tlic mixed metapI10r, 'cornmm ed, ' se<oinn
that tire original meaning is seldom thought of in it>< 111ultifariou;
npplicntions; tf1cro is, howe«er, n certain disconl in j <~i;ing it with
t he 8cic·nriiie11liy lill'ral word 1 e vupomte.'· ln otl11·r n ''f'CC't,., tli e
clause b an agrce:ilile it.::rntion, and Jill~ up the c;ulcoce of tire

sentence.

or its existence." The second part

jH)\\· t ·r :t11 ~ l l 1(·; t1lt:' . it l•f· ~ i Tl" fl)
<l ccli 11 e; th e vit:tl sp rin gH fail; waste prcdurni1111!t'~ O\' er I!uur[sli rn eI1t. J' ,. .;upply' i:-: too Jitt·r:tl l; it ~tu41 J ' ·"' i1tlo dn·1\· 11 ill11l1.:, -dr 11 i
Ulll'· hy nIH\ U1e 1111rden :-i it 11ad l1Pflle :--1.> 1•r11111lly 11lt)!'t, - ;q11 1r11;wJw -;

fll ill', ('{)fl\Ol;1!11ling :1cl1nir:l1ion liy jf....;

1

"',

ti~ di ,-;s uluti u 11.' ~

a~ it j:; n.: sulvcd i1itu it:4 1.: kn1t·1it:-:, it t:lkc~ :di ;tt 1 1111· 1·1 :t
Jivdicl', HJI<] ,Ji,cr11harra,,cJ f111'1il :-frtJlil tit<: IVl"c' ('I; u f
d if:-; nH.·1111.1..·r~ it nri:-:l·:-:, 'HIH)tl1er y1.'t t.lw ~a111e, ' -:-l 11()l1lt'. f1dl d lH>di1:d~ arl'l.)\\'Y :-: t rva1n, wl1ii·\1 l1.·;1p . . rvj11iv i1q: 11\ 1.:r tl11..· uL:-L11·k"
~· wliil'h t~,_·f11re l1ad ;-;taid it:; prt>µ;r1.. ·... :-1 , a111l J1;1~1 v th thr1 11;..d1 krtil ~·
u val11 •v..: tu\vard~ a frl.'vr exi-tL·!lf"(', :trHI 11 iirial 1111ion in tl11.' IJ ' 1·:11 i
u wil lt. 111 •:
l1111indk ..;~ ;rnd tl11._» i11li:iit <.· . 1 ' Tlit· f1i1Te uf tli 1.· dl'>1·1 ·i11ti•d1 i" l1t•rr• nir1r1_' n·m:1rk:d1le t!i:-tn t1n• .::11iL1hlen<'"'"' of 1lw r· 1 1111 1 1 n1 · i~
~1111.
t\ kw 111in11r a1111·11dr1l l '!il..: 11Lt .\ ' [ ,,. ~1i:•::v~ 1 . ._ . ,J_ '"111 hvi11;: i· i_ ·nu1rcd into its cleu1cnts, it takl.':-3 or a :-:uddl'il, a Ile\\·, a di~1..·11iliar­
ra~sc1l, :11Hl llvelier fonn :-frn111 the wrc'l·k 11f' it s 111 c·rnhc·r« it nri-'(''·
'n1a1tl.wr, yet the sanw;' a s n. nubh:~ f11ll *IHHli t:d , arrow :i :--t_r1._·:1 11i , it
h• : 1 p~ n·.i11i('ill~ 11\1.·r th1· 11]1 -.. t:ll'k:..: tl1 ;1 t l1 :1d 1\Jl1 'l· l11.·111111\·d it i11 , :11 1d
}1a ...-tl'f1~ tlir1111 .'.!i 1 f1"1·lil1..' t r a, ·t..., l ' \·:iik.\ ...:.' i 1Hf lih ·r:t! J t(1\\';1n1.., :i fri·1·r
4.: xi ... tl•111·C". nnd a tined u11i1111 wdli tln: l'k111\.°11t f' un.:.:H1' Jit..._·rod j pf
tl1c !JtHi llJ lc:"I:; auJ tl Je i11l i1Jit · i
Tlit· Ja\, . . ., of t lw p:1r:t~r;1p1i a:·1_· l1 1·rt· l'u l ly ('ill11p1iv1l \,-itli. Tl11'

8.

04

But

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1.:.

G. "On iL,. ~uifacc it bc:irs t he HpniTs wl1icT1, <Tnrini:; tire pro;rr<'Ko;
''of it~ exi8te n('(), it has made its own ;-often wcigl1ty hnrden 8 <le11 void of licairty or vnlue,-nt. tirrrc;i precious m11ss<''\ sporklin" with
"g-Pms or with arc." A ne w cirn111nst.ance to hcigtrt.e11 tlie ir7t.cri·•t
of tlio dc:sc ripl.i11n, an d a<ld to th e pnrtic11la1" of th e e111rrpnri,.,>r1. f 11
th e tir." t part , som o cl111ngc." mi;;l1 t be m111l c to sn1·c tl 10 l'<'JM •tition of
Ll1u i""'" " " "L '· ( 111 it.> ~m1i1cc nre tl1c sptriL~ fi{'l"'"l'riuk<l in the
J•l"O/:,'l' CSS

1-'0 IWES ON Tllii: GLAClER.

EX. I.]

rna~trntc

one impor-

t.a.lit use :if th e apposition clause, nam ely, to ~-ive spcciul uu1np!C's
of a pro\'rons generality; it being dcsimule to include 1mch pnrtionlar~, if possiblu, in the same sentence as tho goncrnl.
7 . "Ifovi 11 g at length ntta i11 cd it.s grcntcst width and extension,
11
commanding ndmiration by its hcnmy Rml power, wnste predomi~
•· 11ates over supply, the vital sprin::,,,; hegfo to fail; it stoops into
"an attitt1<l o of deercpitnd c ;-it drops th e burdens, one Ly one,
" which it ha<l born e so pro U<lly alon; it~ dissolution is inevitable.''
The h11gnlge i ~ w ell clw~un for maintaining tl10 s lre11gth of the <los~ript.ion . Still, there is n ce rtain Joo,:cne,;s that might ~e rernodietl ; nnd the author has not escaped tho snare, in gr:unmar, of tJ 1
participial construction. " At length attaining its groot.est elllpli-

op011in .!! ~t·t \tence L r i11~~.-.: ftir ward 111(· ~,il.,kct. lltl~ o t livr :-'t.' IJtl'il('1'~
:i re an·:11q.:t·d 011 tlw p:tr;t!l\·I ('.11IL"'tl'th·l.io11 1 t.lu. •. requisite \·ari...: ly Ln..: i11~
olitai ned witl1ont. il1\·erti11g t.lio ~ubkl· l :u11l 11rv(li1·ate. Tlil.' cl 11 "'t.' 1 d'
('acli ~ent1•Jlf'l~ is ()('('llJlil.'d wi! Ii a 11lil'1lS1_' :-:11it:1hlt.' t~) th C' pl:in.· or l"l!l 1il1a -.i~.

Tli1.· wb ul L' par;1~r:qd1

11111\·, ..-. ~1 1: tq a l· li11 1:1x .

-1 1.-Thc fi 1ll1n\·i11 ~ i .. :. parL u!' l.1wl,y\, i\\ 11 ~trali 1 H11 1 f tia\
JIH'-li t:Ll :1cqt1i:--iti11t11r?J Jt \·x •·11qdltii.'"'I li ;.!; lll"l '" of :---i111ili 111tlu.prof11Hely aJ •pli e<I t;J the 11f<l; tl'.e l":od111 ·~i11n of Fc"·li1q; " r
l'athos, so as to iinpurt l1u1na11 iii t.crc:-:t JU ::;c 1en t1lh' exp1h1! 1P11 ; ;1 11d
vario11;i minute pr1i11Ls i11 tl1 e :;trnct ure of tlru "':ntc·11c<: a111I tl1,·
ExTIL\l 'T

(l i~t'a\' of u llr

pnrn;;rnph.

1. ~.Th e· n1('tllDry nf ~11111e n1en i . . v e ry tcnaf·l1111:i, l' \ en l u a
'·uiirH1.:l e l~lightly liyp erliolicalJ;* t, li1lfJ ,Yl't tlicrc HTill~ I(• lw n

* A parcnthe~i:"I occ nrrin ,g in the q110ta1io11 s nH' llll~ thnJ U1u wor\l ur
word::\ cnc l u:-;e<l mi g ht Le le ft ou1. Tlic word:i iu ~ i11glc inverted corn111a3
11.rc words proposed to be iu ::H.~ rtcd , sornl'ti111e!i in tli c ruum of oth e r ~ .to be
)eft o ut, an<l sometimes n!-1 n. pure addi1inn. Tl1c orl~iuul tex t '''~11 . lJ~
known Ly iucluding tlic wvrU:a iu parcutl1t:sis, uutl ornittiug those in lll·
13*

..

208

•

EXTRACTS ANALYZED.

" 1..111,-tant dc(:ay of all our ideas, Cl'cn of those (wl1ich arc) struck
." 1leepest, and iu 111imls the rno:;t retentive; (so tlwt) if they Lo not
"so1 11cti111cs r e n ewed hy repeated exercise of tlw 8Cll>'C8 or' Ly'
"rctlt-c ti o n on (t hose kindB of oLjccts whi cl1) 'on th e oLjcctB that'
"at firs t occ;1sio11cd th ()m, the print w o:ir s out, and at last there
"rcm:1 ins not hing to be seen (plconus tic; ornit. la:;t clau se, or auy
"'and at l:tst not hing remain s 'J."
Herc wo hav e a Y::tridy of metaphors for d escribini< tho i11tolloct11al fon ctio n call c1l m emory. Tl1 e second half of the sontc1we,
com111o nc in g after tl 10 semi colon, is a mere iteration of the other
half, nrn1 should no t Lo in t roduced by a conjun ction expres8i11g
co11,c•111c 11ee (' :;o tlt:tt ') or hy any conjunetion whatever.
~ . "Tliu:; tllll itle:is, as well as 'the' cliiltl rc u o f our youth, often
"tlic J,c foro us; 1111d onr minds r epresent to us (thoso tombs to
"whi c h we al'C approaching) 'tho tombs w e nre !lppronching, 1
"wh e re thoug h the brass (and) 'or' marble r e main, (yet) tho in" sc ript.i on,; aru c ff:tced by time, and the imflgory moulders away."
/\ n ndmirc1l str ok e of feeling. It fulfils nil tl10 ('Ontlitions of etfoct iv c patho". T ho allusion is to tho perenni al s n!Jj oct of pathos; it
is an <J1: ig i11 :il, or nt least an unhackn cycd compnr i ~o n; mid tho
11 a nn on y or k eep ing is pe r fect. 'And ' migl1t Le diHpcnsed with,
J. ut li afte r tl10 se mi colon and b efore tho conc ludin g cla nsl', on tho
grouml of it e ration .
:l. "Pit:t111·cs drawn i11 our minds arc hid in failing color~, mu!,
"1111lc:-s so!lletimcs r cfr cslicd, vanish and disappear (tautology]."
1\11 mlditi o nal illu strati on;
th e keeping of tho m etn phor8 being
~till prcsc n ·ed. The com ma after' colors' mig ht uo a semicolon;
t lte 'n11d ' h e in~ om itted on 1wco.011nt of iteratio n.
·L Tl1e conclulling long se11te11ce pas;e; ofl' into a pl1y8ical explanation of the fact of decay. Bcinl-i a distinct. t.home, of groot
import.:rnee :ind diftieulty, it sho uld have been the s ubj ec t of a separate p:irn;;rnph. "Ilow mnch the con stitution of our bodies, nnd
•·the mak e of 011 r animal spirits are conc•.c rn cd in thi s, nnd wheth er
"tl1e temper of tli c brnin makes t his differe nce, that in some it ro"tain~ th o <'haract.crs dr:11vn on it like marbl e, in others like froo" ston e, :rncl in others little hetter than sand, l shall not hero in" •111irc ~,though it may seem probable, that the co nstitntion of tho
Tertcd comm:l8 ; tl1 c amend ed text by leaving out t he words in parentheses,
und r c adin~ those in commas. lfrackets arc used for enclosing a pa8sioa

critical remark.

EX. Tl.]

L OCKE 0::-1 :ME!\IOP.Y.

u b1111y .1 11 (·.~ ~cffnutirrl cs inth1 c nre tlic rnc111nry; sin ec \Ve ofle1iti11w~
"'find a di :-0ea.-.;e quite :-;trip t,l1u 111i11d (1f a ll it :-:i jd l'ot..J., and tl1l' tla11lt. '"'
.·~o f a fuvcr in a ft· W day:-; calci11 c all tl1~1 ...;o i111ag-t·:-i io d11 ~t u11d c11ll ~. fu . .: i 1111 wl 1icl 1 ~l:l:ll 1 i.'d to Lu a ~ l:1 -.. ti11 ~ :1..., if i,.;Ta•,·cd 0 11 111:irl 11 ··.·)
1'111..·.rc n,re Yarion~ defct't :; in tlii::; i-.1...·!i l•.' lli '•'. lt ('11nt:1 in s uia tt1.· r f1 •r
tw• >. '' l do not 1i e re inquire ] 1 ow f:u· 11ur IJodily 1'11?htit11L ;dll :rnd
a11 it 11:t-i :-1pirih [ta utu lnµ;yj ar u ('Orlf't' rIJ L' d ia Lin! etl"ct·t , 111· w!n:tii·.·r
tli e t 1.11 1per .,f the l; r:1i 11 i,; ~o Yario11,; 1l1 :it i11 011<J 111:111 it rl'1ai11> t lic•
('} 1arach: r:-; d1·:1wu unit , :·1:-; if on tn:1rl Jle, :1lH1 in anutli e r JhJ lit· tt t·r
tli: 111 0 11 ~; 11 11 1. \\' 0 m:iy, 110\n·n· r, ('1111:-itlcr it proh:il>il' that ti ,.·
co11 ~ ti tut iun <if t11c l;od y to :1 C<' r! Hi11 extent inllllt'IH'C~ lllL'!itor.r ~ fur
\\'t' oflt-11 oh"<'l'\'<' t hat a di ,-c :1,;e 11 ii] of.rip tli e 111ind o f all it..; 11 1"'''•
niid tli c 1J 11111 c s of a fu\·l·r i11 a frw da y:-; cakiu c tu \1ll :-< t n11d 1·c 111i';11ii1i o r1 i111agl'S app arc·nt1y as Jastin;; a~ if gravvd 11n ri1nrhk .. ,

..

~

.ExTi: .\CT TIT.-Tn tli o T'l1il"'" i'l1y uf l~ l1d 11ric, Ca111pl.cll gi\·,.,, :-.
~ oud e~: 1111 ph' of tli c :\l\,. . ~;i ry 1 :t"' it in;1y ln· n1l111i l t1·,l irdo 111 .. 1 l··l'n
('tllnJ111..: ifi 11 11.
T l11 • p;1.:.-.;1 _t! ·· 11 1:L:: ;d .--..:) Le u.-.:1. .' d tu cxc111j,Jit)· '-'~li e r irn
4

p o rt ant. fra t1ir<'s ot' olyk.
]. H TliC'':>C tw o q11:tliti e~, tlicr1..'fOrl', 1· 1~ 11B .\lll l.ll)" ill1 l ri.Al. .:.: nHL " \TY er T l ll :1V b<J in1l11l'.!..:•l ,, li:tl<! i11 th e :i lkg "l'i t·al 't.' k1,* I ,],,,J]
''<"all :-;i~ll'r-g.rncc~, (1:fu~11Lers of tl1 e 1'::11 11..~ fa tl 1l' r, L'fJl( f l et1r'r', -s h1i
1
~ · l ~ tli1...• pr1.lge ny f1f .lfrmury. th e fir ~ t - 1iur11 11t1d !11.·ir of ·'°''0 1 s 1·. ' 'J'l1 i-.,
, ,.11 ki1t· e <.:11lll t1 H'lll'l'S J> rope rl y with what i:; tl1 0 prim·i\)"] ;-1il'.il'<' l
l1otJ 1 of tl1 e sente11cL: and of Ll:u e 1dir 0 1~: 1 r : 1 g r[!plL Tl11._· {'JJ<li11;.; ~ -1141t ~o f!Und ~ tlie t\YO conr· ludin g- c1:i11st':-i d11 1111t giYu t1 1t• pru1Hi11v11L
1

ft-:lttlrt· j 11 1lil.. . jll'i."'ili '';tf1.• (' :->i ....:.! 1·r - ~r:t1 ' 1· .'. 1Lu1;...d 1lcr~ ~1 f

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l·: :\ jH·r i1·111 ·1· ' ;)

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liut n·rt:ii11 ~11bordi11;il1· <ir i·xplanntory fact-..
It t11i~lit . 111 11 lw ~·:1 ~ y
t 11 n·lill.: 1h · thi.-; l'li tir~l\·, !1111 : lw !'1dl11\\· i1 l~~ :1111\ ·1 1dr111·1!l ;: 1)1·...; :t 1···:·1 : ~i:t

,;)

\\'a\': --':} :-hall 1· :ill~t\'l'-'.'.r:11·•·'. 1h11 ::l 11<-rs o!' tl1c· """'' L11J,.·1· J:.\-

rr

JH:.·i:icnrc, }1 im."J1'(f tifl'prog1_·n_v i·1f ~f 1•11 1ory, 1r/io w;i~ 1 L1.· lir --: -Li 1r 11
a11tl li eir u f Sc n;., 1..: . ~' "\:-;tin.: lwo d;111 :-..c ...; ar t! ;Lt prc :--i1..' Jlt l '1• !l :·lr i 11.·!t:d
t li e '<'<'<Hl<l ,;cems ns if in apposition to th e fir st. If it \1·,·re not f,,r
tl 1o objC'ction to multit•l y in g p:1r(·11tlicscs, tl1 e two 1·1nnses mil.'.l1t be

>
·,

1

'

east iuto th e pnrent.11..:ti c fo rm , HO as still to lea1·c tl1c j•lace of <'Ill·
~1l1 n, i s to the essential part of tl1c pre<lieate.
2. "Tht•;;c da11 ;;l1ter; E1pericw e 11:1<1 by 11ifferent rnotl1 crs." A
~uif:ll>l e inYcrsi"n to 111ai11t.ai11 tli e pri11l'ipal s ubj ec t in it s place ; nl ~ o
a form of explicit rcfcrcn ce ( p. 1n).

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Aut hor' :oi parl' 11 t h csis.

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'

300

•
l

'

EXTRACTS ANALYZED.

(EX. IlL

3. "The eldm· i~ the< 1tr-;prin,.( '•f l.'l'fl .<nll, the yo11ng<:>r is the child
"of Fancy." The variation fro 111 'oti:;pring' to 'child,' so ohvi·
011sly rnud e for the sake of varic·ty, 111iµ-l1t have bee n nv'lided; moreovC'r, th~re is IL cl.erect in not stat.i11g whi c h of the two,-Probnbility
or Plaug1b1lity-1s the elder; the r cai ler is left to infer tl 1o nntbor'~
iulentiou from the fact that Prubaliility is named first. We might
~"·'·, •· Prol>al>ility, tlie eh!t-r, is the chiltl of ]{en~m ; Plausibility
tl1c _voung-cr, the child uf Fa11cy ."
'
4. "The elllc-r, r ci;11la r in (her) fo:1t11re~. mu] 111njcstic lwth in
"~laipe anti 'iu' mien, i.~ admiralily fitted (for co11111111111ling) 'to
" co1111n:1111l ' est eem, and e\·en (a r l'lig-ious) vc11erntion ; the young" er, c::i r1·kss (1). liloomin:;, sprii;!ttly, is (entirely) 'altogether'
"forme1l ft•r cnpti qiting the hC'a rt 111111 (C'11g:it,-ing-) 'i11~piring' Jove."
Th,· word 'cart•h-,;~,' '"place'! here, i~ \>lit of harm ony; it wonlcl
pe rhaps lie udrer '"a contrn~ t or r c,;c n at ion; 'the younger uloomini; fill(! ~prigl1tly, but carl'lc"8.' \Vl'rc rwt tl1c two <'011duding exprc:;s io11s tautolog ical (a ltl1oug l1 au ad111is:;i lile t11utology), 'engngi11i;' slwnlll be pree(,'tlet! by 'fur.'
5. "Tho co 11v c r~atiun of e1wh is c11tertainin:-; 11111! in~trncti ve,
"l111t in tlitl\.:r,·11 t way s." Othcrwiso, "Both 11rn i11 con 1·crsntion
C'nt ertainini; a11d instru ct iv e, but in different wny:;;" the printipul
sul~i C'ct is' hut.h,' and 'co11vc-rsntion' l1l'lon:-;~ to tlie prc1lic11te. I
concei rn, lio"·c\·cr, t!tat the C'mpliati c part of t lie predicate is 'en·
tl'rtaining and i11;;trudi1·e,' wliicli 01q;l1t, tlierd'o re, to be placc1!
Ja:;t. (SE"TE"C'E, ~ 15~.)
(;. "S:L~c~ ~ce m to think tliat tl1 c rc is morn i11strrwlion to be
" (go tten) 'got' from the just obsen-ation; of t!te elder; nlmost nil
"arc ngree11 tluit there is more entertainment in t.lie lively sallie~
"of tl1u yo1111gt•1-." Tli cre irl an in \'Cr:<ion of tli e onlt>r, i11 opposition to th e Second Ruic of tlie Parngrnph, evidc11tly for tbe sako
of v:iri cty. To make th e matter \1·orsc, the pi nce of l1011or at tho
l1C'gin11in g is nce upicd by a rnbonli11ate worcl. "It seerns to lie the
opinion of sage.-, t!tat t he jnst ol•s<'rrntinns of tli e el1ler comribute
n""t to 011r instrnetion; it i8 ngTel'd by allflost all , tliat the li\•cly
salli es of th e yo1 111 ger linvc more c·nt c rt11i11rne11t." • Eld<f' and
'younger' nre ~t ill in th e pince of prominen ce.
7. "The pri11eipal eornpa11ion irncl fa vo rite of t!te first is Tr11th.,
"lint. wli<·ther Tri1fh or Fief ion ~l1"r<' mns(, in th e favor of the scc" 1111d it Wl' l'e ofte n difli('ult to say." The 'on e ' and tl1e 'other,'
~l1n11Jtl be W•1•d , hc furl' J1 r1,·ing n:eo11r'c to tlie • tir-;t,' n11cl tl1e 'second.' Or it rni ght l>o uow nllo"·al>lu to re peHt tl1 c nam es, wl1icl1

EX. III .]

ALLEGOR Y IlY CAMPBELL.

301

would make it C"asy to amc111l the orcler. "Prolinbility's prin cipal
companion a11d favorite is Truth; but it i:; often ditlieult tu ""Y
wlwther Pl:wsihi!ity prelcr8 Truth or Fidio11.."
8. "Both arn naturally wel! .. c]i ~ posed, n11cl ._.,·e n frien1lly to
" Virtu e, l>ut the elder i ~ l>y mud1 th e more sl<'m ly of th e two
"[Fteclundan cy: •mu ch the steadier' J; th e you11~er, thougl1 pe r" haps not less capable of (doing) guod, i:; 111ure ca,;ily corrupktl,
"and hath sometimes basely turned procures:; to vi ce." The ord er
here i:; nn cxceptionauk
9. "Though rivals, th ey h11ve a sigterly afTl· ction to cacl1 ot he r,
" and love to be together." 'To each other' UJipcars pleona:;tic aft<>r
'sisterly affection.' This sentence is a good exampl e of variation of
form, attained witl1out ,-i olnti 11g the p roper ord er of tlie parts.
10. "The ehl c r, sensible that (there are hut 11) fe w (wh o) ca n
"for any 'long ' time r cli,;h h er society alon e, is gen ernlly :lllxious
"that li e r si,-t<:r ' sho11ld' l>e of the party: th e young(·r, ronsei<Jn8
" of (he r ow n) snp c riur talents (in t.liis r cspl'C't) 'for 11111u:>e111 e11t,'
"can more easily 1lispc nsc with th e oth e r's company."
11. " N rverl h<"le;;s, wh e n she i:; discoursing o n great nnd sc rio n'<
"~ubj cl' t s, in or<l<' r to n1ld w eight to li e r w ord:;, sl1 c oft<' ll r1u ule"
"he r 0 istcr's t c;;tirnony, which she kno1Ys is be tter cred ited tlian
"her cw.·n, a com pli111 c11t that is l>ut s parin gly returned by tl io
"elder." Thi,; sc11tc nce b u continuation of the scco n•I 1m·111hc· r
of the prcv io11s sc nft•11 cc 1 11ml ~hould have mac.lo part of th a t m1~ rn ­
licr. l 1; as th e ,rntlwr prulrnlily felt, it was too mu ch to append i11
that wa y, tl1 e altcrnntive wns to com m ence a new ;;cntcncc wit.It
th e second part of tli e prnvions one. There is. no liarm in occu py·
i 1. w o R111'cessive R<' nte nccs with a balanced comparison or con ·
&t; whil e t.h c prese nt arrangement contains an flmliign o11s refe r·
en cc, 11111! int.rod11ces a sente nce not co-orclinate with tho •Jtlll·rH.
Tak«n by it:;clf, the prc.o;c nt se nte nce is well nrra11gcd. A ~ulior­
di11atc elansc prccccles th o prin cipal. Th e quali(vini; phrnsc ·in
order to a1ltl \Yciµ;l1t to h e r word~,' preC'edc~ in elo;;e pr·oxirnit.y tli e
cla1i:;c to be q n"lifi ed. Th e relative cl:! use 'whid1 ~he knows is
J, ett.l'l" c retlitcd tl1an h er o wn,' ulthongh a loose ivklition to the
prc1li•·at.e, yet contains the gist nnd force of th o asser t ion, 1111'1
there fore properly co m C'8 last. The finnl chn ,c, 'a cornpli111c!lt
tl 1at. is l>11t ;;pari11gly r et urn ed hy tl1e elc!t-r,' i .~ c·q11irnlcnt to a "''!'·
arntc 111,•rnlicr-' whil e th e clcl er !mt RJ>flrin gly rdum ~ t11l' c011 q 1liJ1Wnt ,'-inq•ortnnt to be ad<lcd, and, iu it:; prde nt form, giv e n with
1>. ccrta in careless ense.

,.
,11,

302

3(10

EXTRACTS ANALYZF.D,

ALLEGORY Ill: CAMPBELL.

l'.l, 13. "Ench sis tc1· l1 nth h er n<liniror~. Th();<lo of lJtoJX!iqlfflr··
"arc more num c rou., , thos(•
tho t:ldPr moro r o nl'tnnt/ 11;
strnction 'tl:at. of,' 'those ot;' s honl<l, in my o pinion, tf
•
<l1sp~nscd wit h. _Moreover, it is not dcsiro hlo to lov rt., . In ·
nn<l Ill th e followmg seutcncc..<1, tho or<lor of nnrning th tw
"E:1cli is nd miro<l ; t h e elder wi t h g reate r constoney ~ J'Odftftjt-:•·
by th e laq;er circle."
·'

n tl tion ~ arc 11n m i,t:1k:il •lc'. Th e or<li'I' o f 1h c sc11ll' n rc i ~ ll111t r ccom·
mended nl1 o n : for G :111d 15 .
Tl1 e p t1:'~ :l1"•\ ng n wliult\ re:ilizcs most o f' th e ln\\' s of ll> u parn. · gra ph; t.11 0 lllnin s ul~j ce t is clearly s tated at the outset; liy a fow
0111cnd111 e nts we can bring out th e parullul co ns t.rn ctiu n; th e st ri ('t.
adh e r e nce t o th e main them e r ealizes unity. Th o o nly poi11t to l1t;
cons iderell is wli ctl1 e r th e parti c ulars lwve a natural and easy cu11 tiguit y, suc h as to aid tli e m emory am] tli e eo mpreh c ns i1111 of 1l·e
whole; u r wh d her, in any case, th ere b e di slocHtion. Tl1 c o rd l'i"
.of topics is, -( 1) l \ 1rc ntagc, (2) o utward appearan ce, (!l) C<H/\·e r,; L·
t ion, (.J.) cl1oi cc of comp:rnious, (5) mo ral clrnract c r , (G) s i,; tc rl y :1tl \·,-..
ti on and mu tual d efe re nce, (7) cliara ct c rs of th e admire rs uf cacli,
(8) :illcgatitJ ns o f l·n c n1i C's, (!l) int e nd ed s u111111ary and cli 111 nx . Tl1 c
chi d' in ,-(:111 cc of di :sloc:1ti o 11 is p crl1:111s tl1 e moral cl1a r:1('1.t' r (ii),
wl1icl1 is plaectl uCt\\' CCll c l"•i cc of ro1npanions nrnl siste rl y aff<·ction; n J.ettu "it nation rnigl1t. he l1ctw c t•n 7 1111<1 8, Hflt· r ~o(' i:il
qualit ies, n11tl l>efo re tl1 u allt:g ations of C'll~ 1 11i t·~ . It 111ig l1I. al "o he
fl(l v isahk to pla ce si>lc' rly atrcd iu11 c:irliur, say tl1ird (11ftc· r u11tw 1ml
appca ranec·); tli c parlirul:trs e on ncc tetl wi t h !l ie social q ua li t i<·s
gcuer:iJly , ~l, 4, 7, \\' OU!cl tJ1cn UlJ UJ'Ollgh t togc tJicr.

or

" 1-l, 15. " Jn th~ r etinue of tho form or 1 yon will fintl ~ )'
";~10 gn_y, the d1:;s1patc<l; lrnt t l1cse nre n ot her Obi i!f.f l
I he rn1 dt1!c-ngcd, h o wever, n11tl tl10 thoughtful flll) . CWlt ..·
"nt tn ch tl1cm sclr cs to tl1c latter." Thno i~ uo hnnu in
l'i'
~wo scnto11 ccs \\'i th th e cornpnri so n; but, iu the pri.'1!<lnt h
o~ ~ w u ul'. l u ot have b een too prolix. W o n ow lle<l u1 <!l1J
u t 11_11•ortln ~ t h e order ; it tnko~ a ~pcciu l nud n <X'<ll.
!fforr.
te n t 1o n to 1,ntcrprct 'formC'r' as t i1 e younger, and 'llllt4'!' • llJll
~ltl cr. DesHlcH conecti11 g thi s mistake, we rnny nmQlld tbq
111 o th e r r e,pccts.. "Tho o ne lias among h e r r c1Jn!W!, t
1
th e gay, tli e (l1ss1patcd (al though not them ttlon ) [an , ... · •
nppeudago, .ma kin g t he sc ntco co loose, and oo.-upyin tb
tMQ Gt
Clll[1has1s With out bein g t h e most itnportnnt fo t J; 8°tJU) f' ' •
m or e com m only att.aclic<l tho mitlulo -ngctl nnd tbougbttuL"
", JG. "To couclml ~ ; (as somdl1in g may be Jonrnoo of eh
" ~s clmrnc ters may in some d ogreo be known' from th tn
"ot c n cm1 c:, as well as from th o e n cominms of fri endlJ, th• ·who
h nvo n ot JU<l gm c nt to discern th o good <Jtlllliti !! of th fl
" fan elegan t va ri ation] nccuse lie r of (<luJn os.• JlO<lA"t...........,.,,
.•
) ( 'ff
'
...... , .......
ne .~"
st1· n cs~, p edantry, ontl <lulnc ~ ;' tho
wh
:: t:"tll to r~li :sl 1 the charms of tho second f<locs not tnJl,y'll'i ti
1
" born ,_l cl1argc li e r with (folly, lc 1Tity, and fol · n ~ •J
f 1i
.a nd 1alsc11 css.' " It would be muro in <:'Onfon n ity With I · ls -'
o t t:lJC se nten ce tliu s :-" tl 10 first -born Lq nocu~ by llU b
b.i
J iulgment to di scern. her good qnaliti ·~, of !'1.lll'll
pt'dantry
:111tl clulnc:ss ; the oth er 1s ch arged , by 1l1oso unuble to rclWi
~li:m 1 1 s, wi t h lc \·ity, fo ll y, and falsc n cs~."
J7. " Meantim e, it appea rs to be tho uni n r~nl [u wort) of lNi•
:: m1.1(·h e mphn ,is .fo r li glit composition, RflJ • gc: nc rul,' or• common 'l
"• 1p1r11''." of t/1 ? nnpart1al, 1J11d 'of' s uch ns (have !>con) • nru' ll(l!l
"11<''!1 ' '.'11 tc·:l wi t h .botl'., : 11 at t ho1 '.gh tL e attrac tions of the youti~r
<lie) a re m orn 11Tcs1s t1blc nt s ight, tl1 e virtu es of th o Id ,r wlfl
"l•CJ lon ;.:(· r r cm c1nbcrcd." T o \,ring out a ('li1nnx tli invt>ti<lon
of tl10 tll'o s isters 111ay b u l1 cr o cx c u ~ed, c:~pcc inlly wlien th o <l<'tig-

'">

ExTIL\ CT 1V.-Tl1 e next e xtra ct i; from Co wlcy \1 F.tisny n11
Cromwell, a11ll illi'!:;trat cs n1ri o us rl1dori cal p eculiari t ies. Jt i>
mad e imprcs,;i\'(J by th e form of Inte rrogati o n, to whid1 th o onl y
obj ecti on is the lc ng tl1. Tl1 e op enin g clnuse is nn cx:1m plo of
~tr*li or d c \'a l it111 protl u.ccLl b_y a n ctl~cti\' e contra'~ aml :1 l" :" ·crfu~TU ill otance (' dc~trnc t wn of on e of t li e m os t nnc1 e 11 t, & ... ) ; 1t
co1it a ins Q]w nn ekgant cond e nsatio n. C lau ses 2, 3, 4, li a \' c tl1e
saltl e 1111i un o f eon t r a4 und ("i rc11111 sta ncc. Cla use 5, 'to lrnmpl..J
l1JIPl1 i IH"Ill t oo ; ' l'""·crf11i 111 C' t:1pl1ur; a :;trnn g t c r:n (' sp11rn ' ) a1.1ly
n ,;c d (S r1m:;(;9"11 ~ !15). In fi, 7, \\'C !1:1\'C kcc·ping ut' 111d11pl1or :<, 111 1d
th co;c of n po1Y l' rfnl ki11tl : also (:]cgn nt p c rip l1rasis ('to S(" t l1i 11Js,· lf
up,' &c.). Jn R, !l, JO, mlllit io nal pa rti cul :ir" nggrandizc th e pi l'ture,
e ach eon trti ni ng a h:1l:l!lc cd "t at c mc nt. (l l ) 'To h e fvti r t:<l an d
cou r ted ' illu strates t li o vocalrnlar,v o f s trcngtli (p. !J l ); tli e tll' o vxpre,-;;io n;; nrc tautc•logical , bu t ad,] t o th o i111prcssio1 1; tli e sc•(·f•ll d
!Jc io r.: n fir.:11rc for rai , ing tli e p owt• r <>f tli e first. ( 12) :-;trc 11 ;.:t Ii J.y
l\leto11yrni cs. ( 1:1) J\notl1er st ri k ing 1·011trnst, illnstratin;; tl1e l'rvt cdor' ,; great.n<"" · ( l·l ) Tl"' s: ull e : ' 11 ulde and lii>c ral ,' ad111 i"iJ.lu
tau tology. ( J:i) T li e p:.,;;;;1gc i,; 11 u w lJI«> ll glit to a cl i1na x; tho
tlirc o l'l'lllai11iu t; t'l a u:-; 1..·~ ri :;e in st rcngtli fllh l g ra1 1l1 eur uf id L"a:-\ rn 1d

·' .,i

·'1"' II
-~
;

304

EXTRACTS A NALYZED.

lan g uage to the closo, nnil b ody for th in wcll --0l1()11(1n t~ O.~
li111 c of llllm:rn grcntnc8s-r cputntion nnd i111mort11ll y.
·
Irresp ective of th o rhe to ric, th o l11111:n111g Ill hhchl1 ldl
el 1o iee. It is nbo mu sical, nml mig l1t be etuuloo lo (l(m
th o law s o f Melody.

•

"W h nt cnn bo more extraord in nr y thnn Lhnt ll iiot;.f ·
bi r t h, no fort une, no em in ent q111iliti <'I! of bcxl ·wh
so1 oe t imos-ur of min<l, w l1icb buvo oft.on -rat
·
~
lii g-li <."t di g 11i tic-;, ~honltl hnvo th o oo urnl{o to ~t
'
l1a p pi 11.e~,; tu s.11 cccotl in HO impro llflblo n <l IP
t
tw 11 _of on e o ( tho rn o• t nndo 11t a nJ rn01'!t t!0li1ll,r·f1 ·
2 are l11 es upon t l10 ear t h ? thnt ho s hould hav th JIO•W
n ess t o put lii s prin eo and m aster to an op6tl ilJI([ ·tnJ~*liJ
3, 4 d eath ; ~o bani sh t hat numcrou8 nud 8trongly-aUI
6 •lo all t lu " under t h o na111 0 l\f1<l wn1'CS of a pnrlhunl!ht.; •to
·
p lo npon th em, too, a.~ ho plo:tL-.! C'd, nm! s puro l.liqm out Of~
() w.hen h e grew w uary of tlicm; to rni
Uf> n new llll
~
7 ol m o ns ter out. of t heir a~h c-; · to i<tillo that ln ti
a 11 d se t up himself above a ll tliinj:(ll thnt ov r wM
8 ? i_ p:n in Englan d ; to opp re:<S all his n1;1 ml0$ by
!l frH.J 11 ~ ls afturwanl s by artifi oo ; t<1 S()n · nU pvti p11t
10 nw hil e, a nil to comm:u11 l t h om vi<·toriou11ly 11 I
;
oa«.h ccJrno r of th o th ree nntic)nq1 1u1il ov ro m w!Oi
<'ili t.y ~oth t l1 e ri ches oft.h o so11 t h n.1111 tho povarty o(
• •
1 J tu bo JearCU lLllU 001l l"tCLl OJ uJJ for eig n rrinc , f\Od ~
12 l1ro Lh e r to tho 3<~ch of th o eart h; to oal t-0ir>tb~t p:M
tJil
w .1t l! a wo rd o l Im pe n, a!Hl scatte r t hem agiun w ith Ute.
·
13 o t l11 s mo nt h ;, to bo h u mbl y tll1<l d1Lily p otitiono<l, diat l\ll~°'®Jil
pl ca~e to be l11rcd, at tllll m to of t wo rnilllon~ a Yell.I'. f<)
lbi:i
maste r of t hose wh o had hired h im b for e to b tb t .fii!h' t•
H t-'-' l1ave t h e e~tatcs and lives of th r ee kingd oms u m11nb lit · •
<l1'po:;al :i.s _was th_o littlo inli eritance of bia fi1thcr, 1md h> f)ll p
l i> nohlu a111l li)J o1·al m the. speu<linii' of th orn ; nnd )Mt.11 ((Ot' ltl .
i s no onil of all the ~art1 o uia:s of his ~lory),•ro boq11 th .AU
1G w.'tll one word tu h1 H p ostcl'lty; to <ho wi th flt\~ a• bt)m .00
t numph nli r?ad; to be buried mnong kin wi. nm] with Ill
thml
17 r eg al sole111111ty ; :m<l to leave n 111'111 e behind h im not to
H•
t}11 g 11i; J1 ecl_ but ~1, i th tl1 0 whole world; which , 1111 it 18 ftOll' lflO
ii_tt lc lu r l11 s pnnscs, _so migh t 1'.~ve b een, too, for hi11 conqnOWI,
11 t h e sh ort line of h1s hum an life could have been strotcboo ool
tu th o exknt of his immortal designs i "
.
V.-Thc following passnge fr om Addison hns on~
cu1111n c nt.cd on :-

EXT llA C:T

l1 ._~l~ 11

1. " 011r

~ig lit b the m ost p erfect nncl most d eli gl1 tt\1] of 1111 OU.I
"'Author's parenthesis.

v.J

EX.

.

t

305

AD DI S0.:'1\; l'LEASG R ES OF THE I.:ICAOINATION.

" se n ~ e s. " As sight is tli e s11LJcct <>ft.li e pnrn g raph , it pr<>pe rly occupil\S th e plaoe o f promin enc e at th e 1Jl· gi1111i11 g. Th" pn;J i('atc i ~
m e re vag ue <'om m c mlriti on ; such as it is, h o w l'Yer , th e ~t. r c· ,;s J oes
not fall upon th e clcmin g word s 'all 011r so: n~cs,' b11 t upon th e p rev io us e pith ets. I Je nee a Lette r onler w ould Le, " O ur ~ i ght is, of all
e 11r se n,;cs, th e m ust perfect nnd t.li e m ost d elig htful ,'' o r Lo:tkr
still:- " Of all our se nses, sight is t he m ost p e r fc«t and th o m o::t
d cli gli tfol. " M oreowr, t hi s w o ulil. !Jo a good c ase for t h row in g tho
s uhject to the encl of the sc 11teuce : -" Th u mos t p~rfc:: c t and tldiglitful uf all uur sc m;cs is sig ht."
Th e se nten ce ns it stnnils in tl 1e o ri g inal is lii g lily m elodious.
Th e mel ody i" owi n g, first, to th er e bein g few alirnpt co nsonantR or
har:,; h eomliinations. It arise:\ scco11dl y , from t h e variety uf tho
· vowels. Thinlly, it depe nds on the rl1ytlm1ical construction, or th e
alternation of lo ng and short, emphati c, and un emphatic suund : 1 .
B e t.w een ev e ry two e mpha ti c sy lla b l e~, th er e nre two or three u ne mphatic tu r clic· ,· c tl1L1 voi1·c, whil u 'o m u of th c~o may r cceiYc a
partial emphasi,; at di;c r cti un. And , fo urth ly, tho w o rd ' sen ses '
mak c>i a good falling clu,e. Th e word 'nil' mig ht b e di spe n se<!
with , a s far ns concerns th e m c:m in g ; Lut it is n grea t mldit.ion to
th e mel ocly. h aving a li <]U icl con so n:rnt as well ns n vowel n ot alr eady c•:.eiin c< l in the sen:.e nce, a n~ suppl ying th e w a n t of
emph:1ti41Jy ll:ible. ' Ou r' is n ot stn ('. t ly r eq uired by the m cai 1111 ,!,
lrnt it h e ll'" the sou nd, a!lll g i1·es a ~li g ht uu ctio n of J>er son uli t.y to

,, '

'

" :1

'"

!~

'1

.!

1
:)

,., I
.!
'

'

a!_'"'.;:;'

th e Rnh k« t..

•
2. ,; [t fill ~ the m irnl with th o hrg o't vari ety o f i 1lca~. co nve rses

"wi t. Ii its obj ec ts at th e g reates t di st11nce, and continu es th o lo ngest
"in nr tic111 wit h ont 1,cin g tired o r sn t.iatc<l with it s proper e nj oy" rn c nt~ . " Th o p rin c ip:tl su l1.iec t- i ~ in it• pl a .. c , at t.li e bcgi11ni111i .
Th o three p r edicat es a rc t\ seri es o f balan ce<! cla uses, arran gc<l ns n.
dimax; tl1 c g-rcatc r l o11 gt h of th e lnst is one o f the marks of its
s upe ri o r impo rt.mwe. Th e $e ntence e xp lain s and a mplifi es th e forcg oin p:, ancl n eed s no conj un ction t o intro<lnoe it; th e parall el cons tru <'tio n mak e" th e r efrr c nre <':1"Y; tl1 e ' it ' h as o nly on e Jl0 8~ i li l e
n11t c«'l«l c•11t.. Th e w ord s ll l' C fo r th e 11\ o~t p nrt aptly ch n:;e n. A" a
1m·taj>li tl r for th e oc<'a~ inn, 'filb th e 111i11d ' i8 A"Ood nnd cx prC'"i1·c:;
'largc:,;t vnr iety o f id ea• ' 0 11 ~ li t in ,;t ri N 11 css to be 'rJrf'litest Y:tri c t y,'

or'

l n r ~~ s t rtlllnh ,..,.. '

'Co 11\·'t~r:-; eg

\\'i t l1 i t .'i oltjerts' i~ n. ~li µ-lit

ft \'l'-

sonifi <'at.io n. Tl1 0 co n cl 11<lin li phril'<', if ri ~idly so:rnn ed , :,ho ws t.a11t ol.,gy- ' tirctl or sat iatecl,' a!Hl r ed1111<l:rn(·y- ' with it; prope r en·
j oy rn c ub.'

., 9
. ri
i•

30G

Al>DI :';O :\'.:> J'LEA SU lU::> OF TILE UlA O INATIO.\' .

EXTRACTS .ANALYZED.

Th ro ~ •
tho ,. tbt

Th e m elo!ly may also b e r em a rk ed on.
v: ~ri c ty in th o sound of the bnlan cc<l cl11u11es;

rn1ntl,' 'converses witli,' 'oontinu o.q in ac ti on; ' tho onl7~
s nrn cu e. ~ of 'converses ' and ' conti n uctt. ' The .o
•
'<li ~tnn cc,' 'action '-aro snflici cnt.l y varied. Th9 el
all easy cutlen ee- ' its prope r enj oy me ata. '
3. "TLe sen se of fe eling can ind eed give ns 11 not.IOI) f,)f
" sion, sh ape, a nd all otli or ideas that e nter at the 1 (\X.,.,1
" lrnt, at tl1 c same time, it iti ve ry nrnoh stralnod, and <'<l'luflnvil ;~
"its op e mLion ~, to tlic 11nmbcr, Lulk, nntl d istonoo of ft! IM:!Ui1iilil!lc
"ulij ect:l."

'a

.,_'l.,"""''t.

Th is is a con t rnstin g or oli vcr so 8Lltcment, N> mu
"
exposit ion. Sig ht !ms bcea prc vio u ~ly d cclnred th m<»t
t.l1 u SclltiC:s ; mul t he affirmation is 11ow itcrntocl by pu '
on o of th o loss p er fect in contrnet. In "ucb ohv l'IO ti
rule of 1•a rnJl el con struction still hol<l 8 : • footl ng ' r
c o rresp onding to ' s ight.' Tho e onncotirig word 'lnil
<' Onj1in cti on, b ut nu adverb ial qunli fic11tion to pni~
a certain amount of atlmi ssion) for rcp<'t1t.i11g th m11.ln th
oa
olivcrse s iJe. I t i", Lnwc Hr, mi ~pl n d; it "11 11ld follow
~ c n ~c of feeling .' Tho wh olo ch1u"o might ru n tho•: "Thfl
u f toud 1, imlecd, ca n g irn u s tlio n otions of c.xlcn Ion, .ti
nll oth e r illcas that en ter th o eye, wi t h th e e:f ptloo. ot
Tli (l a uth or '; phrase ' except colo rs ' i ~ too sh ort for th
of tl1 c e xcep t ion. Th o propositio n ' o f' ~houhl In 11trlut.
p eateJ before ' shape,' nnJ b efore ' all oth er i<lcM; • but Ut
u c t oo c mnbcr s om c for Addison's t.Mte. Tn uch In;
w e ll to ovmlo the diffi culty, by adopting n form t~ d
n prepos it ion; as, "Tho sen se of tou ch cnn impart ex
nntl all otli er ideas;" in which form , how v~r, th
less a cc LU·atc, as it is tho notions, nod n ot tho proJl"rtM!t UiA
impnrtcJ.
·
T o pass t o t l1 c ~ccon tl rn crn b l'r. Th o wonls ' b ut 11t. tbll
t in1 0 ' uro th o co1Tel:i.t ivc or answ erin g pliri1!<Q tJ) 'inllood.' W
l1a\' C ma ny snrlt con pl cs : 'True ' is unsw cre1l hy ' st ill ; ' • : lthc~u"h •
h y 'yd ,' ' n ever lllC'l es;,' &c. fo Ll1 0 wonl,;, 'i t iM\'or y m n<"li Jtrnh1"4
:rn1l co11fi11 ctl in its oporntion ~ ,'-tl10 lu.t pltrn!!O i~ lt 11ppJ'i 1111.t
' ~1 r:iin e, l ' i" no t 1111 :uln1i"il1le tautology, bei11;.( 1111 ~ 11i w l to th.,
11 H ·a11i11 ~. Th o w onb tl>at foll o w, 'ullm111-r, li11lk, nn<l rli!la11( o(
ir ,; parti <'1il,.r olJj ec ts, ' con ;;tit111.e n sc ri c~ ot' nJ.s1.rnC't.ion " d o"<I l•>i;c tl1 e r, wli ich , a Hlw11g l1 una rniu a blc in scic-1 l1i lic ~ ty l c , b n ~.,. ,

3U 7

rily 1liili!· 11 lt t o compr,·l1<•111l , a nd tli e r e fu r c u11 suitalile in p<>p 11 l.1 r
comp v,1t1vu. Tli c chtu se 1JJi;!l1 t ha\' e l>t·c·11 <li,p ot1 sl'd wit 11 ; vr a
little lllore nrnplilku1ion mi g ht li:tvc lHl<.:11 g iv e n to it, so it" t o a fford
time for realizi11g th e nl1"tractiuu:;: " conf'iue<l to tl1iug,.; few in
numbe r, small in size, uml (n cur) ' limit.cu' in <li;tau et!.'' A s it
st.nn cb , th e palliati ug c irc u1n sta11 cc,.; nre, tl1 c great simplici t y o f tl1 u
nbstrnct.ions, and the ite rativu nuJ ex p trn tiivll of tJ1 e J11 ill the ll l·xt
sen te nce.
4. "Our s igl1t. see m~ d c:;ig nctl tu supply 1ill tli c:so <l l' f~ct~, aml
"may b o con >1 i1krc<l a; n m ore lkli cHtll lllld <liffus ivc kind of t ou<"l1,
"that sp1·c:tlh itHclf ove r an infi11itt! multitud u of bulli es, co111prc" h e n1h tli c Ja rge>t. fi g ur e~, :lllJ uri11 gs illtO our r ea c h so1110 vf t li c
"mu't r cm ot o p11rh uf th e u!li1·c r,0. " Tl1i s sell t en co r eturns t v t.11 0
princip al s ubj ect, llllll work s 11p tl1 e con tru st p o int b y pnill t; ni sei
risin g t.o 11 climax. Afte r '<lill'usivc kin<l of touch,' wu rni ght. liav c
a sc llli colo n; wh at fo ll ow s is an explanato ry opposit io n, nu cl w ou!J
lie bl'tte r com1n c 11 ce1l, 'it s prernh itself:' th e relativ e 't.bHt' i' not
s uitab l0 t o tli e c:tsc. A fe w nrbal ch:rn gcs might ho S ll !!f:C~ ted:
"~ lllfiY b e c on , id e red a m ore <l uli ca te nml ditl"n sl'<l l OU!'li; it
r;(/J1:Hh itsel f 0 1·cr an infinit e rnul t it nJ c o f bodi es, comprc li c nlls tl1?
grea test amplitucl es, an cl brin gs w it l1in r each the r e mo t est p:uts ot
th e u11i1·c rsc." I o mi t 'somP- r1' t h e r em ot est,' b ccun sc ri g iJ qual ificati o ns hnv c n c r"11pi11 g cff'c:t·t wh e n th e foc:lin g s nrc t o be r ou,c<l.
Tli c :n1 tl 1o r'ii tc rn1 ~ arc 1H·ll c li o~c· JJ , 1li c \' nriety in tl> C balan ced
plirn'"'• ns well a s tl ie rli y tluu vf Ll1 c wl1ole, c ontriliuting to tho
m elody .
ti. ' ' lt is t l1i; se n'c (1\'hich) 'tli a t ' furni sh es tli e imagi11:1tion
"wi t h its itl cns; ~ o tliat, by tl1 e pleasure; o f th e im ngiJJ ation or
"fan cy ( whi c h I sh nll u ~c promi scu o u$ly ),* I hc·ro m ea n such us
"arise from "i"ibl c oujec ts, eith e r wh e n w o haY e tl1 c1n adually in
"our vi e w, or when w o call up tl1eir id ca11 in tu our u1in1b by
"pa intin gs, statu es, 'or' d e;;rription s, or uny th e like occ n ~ i o n. "
\\' e '"'re sec th e w<es of onr idiom ' it iR,' in impartin g cmph nsi,; t v
a prin cipnl 8uh,iect , and in ntry ing th e fo rm of th o ~l· n t.c n cc, so a,;
t u ; a,·u th e parall el ro ns trn ction of th o p:wagraph. Th e ' so that'
j,.; 1·00 nhrupt. an in fe r e1we : th e tran,;iti o n mi g ht. ha,· c b ee n s n1ontl1 c1l
tl 1u,i : -" so mu c h so that wh en w e s pc·a k of th e ple:tsllr()s uf tl10
iin:i µ; i11 :1tion, w<J r c:illy n1C'ft11 su ch a" Mi sc fr o111 Yi s ihl o olij c·d.;;."
Tl1e pnrenth eti c tl :uwi woultl li e 1it!1tc r thll s :-'' i1nag inutio11 or
*Au thur' ::;

p ~u·L·otli cs i d .

i''

>..
'•

,..
'

':~
I~,

I

,.1'

308

EXTlUCTS .ANALYZED.

EX. YI. )

fan cy (I h ero URO those t enns promiscnously). " Th
po rtion may be sli gl 1tly changed: " either when we hav
ually in vi uw, or wh en we call up the ideaa of tilona b1 p&int
stlltucs, or d escrip tio n ~." 'Them' u11tl 'the idcM
d1 l '
bet ter balance tlrnn 'them' and ' thoir itl ens.'
6. Th o next sentence is not w ell counccteJ with th p
"We cuu11ot (i 11<lcoll) Lave a siu glc image in th ~
" not m ake its fir 't entran ce through the sight; but; ( .
"'what we l1 ::t1'0 i:; ' tho power of retaining, 11lterlfl8t an4 (
" po unuin i; those images, whi ch we have one rooeiv ), • l)Qlnl~l1'il
"ing t he im ages once r eceived,' into 1111 tho vnrlctl ofp
" v i ~ i o n that nre m ost ngrccnble to the imnginnLion: (for) ' eo
"by t hi s facul ty a lllilll in a unngeon is capabl of en.tartainittl':
"liimst' if wi th scenes ant! land scapes more b autiful than
"can Le fou nd i11 th o whole compnss of nature."
This is un explanatory or amplifying iteration of th
Lcr of t he previous sentence ('It is thlt 9Ctll0 t~ftilml~et
inrnginut ion with its i<lcus ') : th e intervening port OQ le ~~!Mot.
But, to su it tlie plan of tho pro;;ent 11Cntenoe, the Oil
sh oul d l1avu b een comm enccu thus, "Our imagination d
i<1 c:1s fr om this sense." The drift of th o n ow paragnlph U
to illustrntc, us a prin cipal snhj oct, sight, but to explain ltn•lmilli.lltl
by a r efurenco to sigl1t. This being sup1>0sod, the llflJ
quoted is a suitn hl o expansion of tho theme. Th o di!l~
of t ho 5Lh sen t;cnco mi gh t be put nt t ho end of th 6tb,
encc or app li cation , tl1 us :-"When, th erefore, w !!pOak oftht
urcs of imagination or fan cy, wo m ean su ch as arlao from
ohjccts," &c. Tho tw o sente nces would then be a c<mtlnU
g raph, nccoruing to th e author's intention.
The last m ember of tho sentence is an Example. iladtttho
of th o pnrn graph, mnuo fo rcible_by contrMt, and al~
lated to impart pl easure, elution, nnd surprise.

or

VI.-Th e prc;;cnt pnssngo is from ~oborl Hall'•
cnti tl c<I Hcfl ecti ons on W:tr. lt illuRtrates various fi (,'11~
stru cturo of the se ntcnco, and some of tho conditions of
and of pat hos.
1. "Though tl1 0 whul o m cc of man is doomed to d\
"nnd we are nil l1 a.stuni11 g to our long homo; yet, at each W
" sive moment, lifo ai1<l Llo11th Heern to divide betwixt th m tho
"llliniou of muukin<l, :rntl Jifu to have tho lnrger ehare." A p
ExTRACT

ROBERT HALL ON WAR.

30!)

ration by contrn~t for wh nt is to follow. Th o ite rati on in th o fir~t
m eni\J cr 'uoorne<l to tli ,.,;oluti on,' 'h:1,.teni11 ~ to our long h ome,' is
intcn<l ctl t o work up our path et ic fed in~,; ; th o effect tlcpc ndiu g not
upon originality, 11 ut upon snital.Jilit.y to . th e oce~si o n.' anll on .variety, or ou r n ot having had th e thoug ht 111 o u~ m111d tor s~me tun e
previous. Th e seco nd m emLer mi ght be sli ghtly c~ rtml cd nnd
more ernplmtirally conclud cu: "y et at each (su cce&;1\'e) m oment
life antl death huld a divided dominion , and the larger share seems
owned l!y life."
.
.
2. "It is otherwise In war; death r eigns th ore w1tl1011t a m ·al,
"nnu without controL" Better perhaps thus: "In war it is otl1crw isc ; there th e ruiguing nnu un co ntroll ed po wer is d eath ."
.
3. "Wa r is th e work, the clement, or rat her th e sport antl tr1" umph of u cath, (wh o gl ori c~) ' ~ual!ling. him to g'.o~y' n ~t ,?nl.~ i!1
"th e extent of hi s con quest, b ut 111 tl1 e riclm ess of hrs spoil.
1 bis
sc ntcnco is well formcu for 8trength, iu the clwice of the wonl K, in
tbe variety of the so und, and in th e alternation of the 11\Jrupt predicates ut tho co111m e~cem cnt, with the length oued clauses that
con..lud e.
Jt sl~ be observed on th ese lust two sentences, th nt, whil o
tlic au t hor probulily iu tcntl cd pathos, he really prouu ccs Htre ngt~• ·
Death i; pe r~onitl ell as a vast power an<l a great co nqu eror, and if
w e fan r y onr.-<clv cs out of th e r each of hiR operations tl1rungh wnr,
w o nro .littl e utfoctc<I by terror; lr cncc the .picture to us is pure
sulili111ity (SntE:-."f;nr, § 84}
.
.
.
4 "Ia the oth er m eth ods of ntt:ick , m tl1 0 otlier form s wl11rh
"<l ci~tlr nss um cB, th e fccul o and th e uge<l (who at tli o Le,;t cnn li \'c
"bu t n ~li ort time) , nrc (u ~ unlly ) tl10 victirns; h ere it is th e vif!Or" 011 ~ nnd the strong. "
Th e sc ntcrwe is inten1k<l to be 11 contrast
in ibclf, but it i8 w only, null full of prosai c limi tations, wl1ilo tli o
antith et ic mcrnbcrs arc carelessly unbal an ced. "In th o other forrns
or death, th e victims arc th o focL le ant! tho aged; li erc th ey are tho
vi,.
o r o u ~ a n1l tl1 0 youn g."
0

r.. " Jt i,; remark ed hy th o m ost anc ient of poet~, tlint in penrtJ
"cl iildren hnry tl 1cir part•nt.~, in war p arents bury t h eir chi ld ren;
"nor is th e diffcren<·c s111all." Th o interruption h ere is not out or'
k ecpi rw antl it <ldain ~ th e min<! frorn l111rrying too fa st tu th e climax. J~ r ont 11 in s : 1 good e x:unpl c o f lb l:u1 r·o <'O nple1l witl1 tru e J\ 11tith u,;is. Th o m cntiu11 uf the 'mo ~ t nn cicnt of poets' n•lds not hing
t o tlio force untl is so111 cwh11t funn nl ; "It hns \,eon s:1i1l," "It w a~
iw cicntly remarked." The eo nelt11li111; 1u en1 bc r would sta11d Letter

'

·...

.

310

l':XTRACTS ANALYZE D.

ns a new sente nce. The curtness is 11 gooJ variety.
cncc is not ~1 11 11 11. "
Ii. "Children l1uno11 t th ei r parc: nt 11, ~in('"crdy lndood, bul
"that moclcratc a11tl tra nquil so rrow, wlaich it I natural f{w
"to foel who arc conscious of r ctaiu ing nrnny tendur li
"nn in1 atin g prospect<." Oth er wise:-" Uhil<lren larllilllt thcl.r
c11 t,, sin cerely ind cctl, liu t with n trnn1piil sorrow, bocom
that still ow n man y tcn1l or t ics, many animating !Jl'Otll
t> 4
~mte so rrnw 'gives tlae unpleasant clfoc t of n stinting uad ""'-~'"'"
to ry du ty.
7. We haYe now a sentence, th o obvorso or t11 antlth
form er, full of pathos. " l 'aronts mourn fo r their cl1il<l n .-Jtb ·U .
" hittern e's of despair; (tho aged parent), tho widow ~
:: loses,. wh e'.1 sh~ i~ tl eprivc<l of h<'r child ren, overythio
capacity of suffonn g); li er 11 eart, with ered 11nd d
"no otli or object, cli cri~h es no other liope." Tbo fil'!ft
powcrfn lly expressed. Tho second is btml nod with the
l
'age•l pnrent,' wl 1ich i~ unnhl o to add pnthctio forM to• wldo l
m oth er ;' 'agcc1 1:1t her' might la avc done so, but ti.hi wonld hAY
cla ang-cd tho i1 esign of tho 8entcncc. It mny \Jo doubted wb
r
~!1 ~ plarnse 'liu t tliu capacity of suffering,' r oi<lly !ld<ls to th e1fi l
it is t_"o s11btl~ 1111:1 s11 hj ective t o touc·h tho fco lin i:,'1<, unless by giving
?"~n,- 1011 to lmn g m the term 'sufl'cring.' Th o concluding rnembc!r
~s 111t~ 11 scly pat hetic.. The vocabulary of feeling is w JI exemplifl
l.n tl11s se1.1tc11 cc ; wi th t he peculiarity, to ho s0on better lu wltA'
f.,Jl u w ~: ol ~ l"elirmence so m_ewli nt too great fo r tL o J1 lghc r•alh
H.
It ls Hachel wceprng for her cliildron and refusing to
" cu111 f"01:1e'. I, I > ccrw ~c tli oy aru not." A clin1nx ' on tho gr<>IUltl or
~l i e "l'.~<:1alatj'., or cu11 crctcncs9, and nlso ns citing the highest aut.bor1ty. 1 he ell ce t w uul(l be still better, if tho worcl 'children• did
n ot twc1.11· in tho p rev ious sc ntenre.
Th e n11 thor properly consider~ l1is parngrnph now oompl to,
Th e 1_1 cxt p:m1 g rapl 1 tak e~ np l1 h! tl1 c111 e on n new point, pr ntlng
11 d1 Lk rc11t 1.J1:1so of the llliscri es of war.
J. " lfot to con line ou r at tenti on to tho nnrnber of tho slain
"woultl t;ivc us a very inadequate idoa of th e ravages of th~ ·
"~11· 1.'r•l." . Too intcllcr:t11al nnd latinizod; too much on tho pltin
ot ill"lt la'.n ct1cal nmn cr:i t.1011, w lu ch is a coltl bu ~in css process, ioimlcal 1,,, kL·lin g. ~carcely a tin ge of patlios attaches to any of th
\\·or1h; 'tl1u rav:1gcs _<•f the sword ' is, if anyth ing, n figure of
~t.rcngth, aud may cxc1t.o terror nud r ev ulsion, but not pathoi.

~1 1

lWllEK!' ll.A LL ON \\" A It.

EX. VI.]

2. " Tla u lot <i f tla r1so wl10 1w ri :<h in sta 11f.:u1 co1b!}

lll :tj'

lie <'1>11 , id-

" c rcd, apar t t'ro111 r l'lig i o n ~ p1·0::0pl· (· t :-t, n...; eo1 11p:1nt1h· .... ly lHql{ 1y , :-:.i1 1l'0

"tla ey ar e cxc111 pt fr o1 11 (t Ja.,,e) li11 ~e ri 1 1 ~ di .•.l"H'l"' and ' luw t·• r" 111cnt,; (tt) wlii ela oth er:-! arc lial 1k J." Tl1c• lirst da1 a,;,· i' 11 11l 11 c·l l
8Clect1.:J ft1 r fc..:l i11g; ~ i11sta11tat1vot1·.dy' i::; a J on ~ u1q n·11 fH1t 1111..· 1·;1 Lk
w urd, U:i l'd only ill ~l' i e 11 cc ur in I J 11 :-;i 1 1 e:-.:~ . \V~ 111 i;; l1t ~~ I )' .. Tl1c
lot uf tli wi<> sl ri d.; "11 in 11 11w1nc11 t." Tlic q11 ali lie:1tiun, 'll l'art fr u111
r cl i ~ ioll ") pr11 ...: pcc t :-:,' i:; unf11 r t 1111a lt·, l 1eing- (·h·arly u llit ·i:d ) to ~:1n."'
ubjedio11 ,;. Eitl1<>r it ti l1 ould be ldt out, and t.lie w lw k ;.:i \"c·11 a-<
merely tl1 c ten c:,;trial si(l o ; or it sho uld be put in wi tla l>crn111i1 1g
ClllJ1l1:1-; i,.;, " if we were aul o to put out of 1·iew th,·ir ck r11al prt hp,«·f ,;." Tl1 e da
' ~in co tli ey are exempt fr ont lin ge rin ~ <li,-c:1s.-'
nnd ,;]ow f1>rme1 ' is IJc:fter 11" itl 1011 t the r cla tiYo dau so 'to 1rl1i«l 1
otl1 ,· r,; nrc liable:.' Jt is Ji ko t la e rc,;t, c11ergct icall y Jlath etit-. T l1e
tautolog-_v j,; :1J111i,;,il1lu for i11q ire:,;,l\- cnc"' ·
3. " \\·e «1rn1 1ot ,;eo an iudi,·id111LI ex pire, tl1011 gh a st r:111:; l'l" ur
"an enemy, ,,-i tl1 011t bci11 g 8en_,il>ly 1no\'etl , and pruru1•tc-ll liy <"•/Ill" p:1ssiu11 to k11d lai111 CYery aS>'ist:111 <'e in our po\n•r." 'l111li1·id11:1I '
is not a 11 :11 no in t lie YoeaL ul:iry of fccling ; 'expire' la:1s 11 0L t lie
p11tlws uf ' di e.' ' Kc11 sil1ly 1uo\"t.:li ' nn J •promp ted by cu1npa,;.,ior1'
nro n<>t t1>11 «hi11 g plar rl" C~ . Mo reo\-e r, it is sehl orn tla:1t ge11 ,·ral
111 axi111s of lan111 an n:i.,tur c, so freq uentl y in,·<1lrnd in prc:1el1i11g, eo11t.rilo11t e I<> sfrt·11 :;th of e111ution. Th c:y l1ave tla c <loul, lc di s( jllalili<·at:un of s11l,_j ccti,·ity nnd f(C ll Cl"ll lity. We Hhou hl rath 01· ~tak t l1\l
trutl1 in tl1 e concrete, o r ns an indiYitl11al fa ct : ":--tand l1_y 111\l
deatla -J1,·d of un<i J111n1a11 bc ill ~, alltl Uehold th e t}11"0l"S a 11 d >'f rn ;_;gl l':-i of a ('lu;-;in;.{ <·;1r .... er.

l.o <·11111 1111,.,.iu11 ."

.A :;tr :Ul ~cr ,

''l'

Th e pru>":ti () li111i lal io11

C\"e tl an l ' 11 e 1ny, 111~..: ll :o; ) 111 1

'f.,>

k11tl li i1 u l'\'cry

a~,i,;L­

Ull t'(: i 11 you r pow e r' i:"\ c 11f1..· 1.: l1lii q.!.

-i.

~.

E \'e ry

tl"H(' l! or 1' 1..·:·H: lllll H.: 11t

\'ll l 1i :-- la v~

in a

lllO)Jh.: llf;

t •\' i: l'y

'- ot l"·r ernotion gi,·cs way to pi ty an<l terror." Th \l ~11 111 e ol ·.i«ct iu 11 :i1,Jc ~e 11 c rali ty . ' :Every "tr'1Ctl of rc:.;e11 t111ent va11ishc,;,' n1 i;;l1t
!Jc claa11;.:cd t o " yo ur l111trcd as an enemy i ~ subdued ut. on ce ;"
"y our enmity di:; ~1pp c ::r s .'' Tl1 e te rms in the second clause arc
well d 1osc n.
5. "(I n tlal"sC List. cxt remitic:;) ' ,\ t , 11eJ1 n momen t,' \\" C rcrn c111 " lier ll(>tlaing b11 t tla c r e~p e c-t and tcnd e rn c~s du e to ou r <'O lllllH!ll
"nature.'' It is m1w r cqni sito to consider t.hu author's lm1 g11ngo a~
orntori,·a ll y cu11Lri\"C«l, nnd 11 ot ns tlic pure cl 1ar111 of patl1<1s, wlii d 1
h u doc:; no t ol'tcn r e:liizt'. Tl w ]' l"e,l· 11 t sl'11te11C'e is an orat() ri <" al "l'\10ul fur pity or tiy 111p:a tl1 y on tl1e gruu11d of our eo1111110u lau111a.11ity.

i

1: ..,

i

! !l
I

31 2

•

•

•
•

•
•

•

•

Ii. "Wha t a scen e, th en, mu st 11 fi eld of lmttfo pr~t, ."tltt111s1wds arc loft (without) 'with no ' n Sl!l ~ t.o.n oo, nnd (Wkti
"'wit h no ' pity, (with) their wonnrls oxpo11c<l to th pl 1-cto
"while th e blood, freezing ns it flow s, binds them to the
" a111i<l st the tram piing of horses, uud tho ln~ults of (ttn eo
"'th e ' foe." Out of many pos.~ ibl e ways of giving fonn
most t erri ble of subj ects, tl10 autho r has seloot-Od a .f. w Imp
poiuts. Tl10 porticulurs ure coherent with tho oxooptloo of &
la~ t, whi ch, althoug h suffici e ntly strong to ault th o clim <I'.
ch ungo of the fi g ure, ma! might h nvo beon xpaotltld M a. cl !!ti
olemc u t of tho <l oscription. Th e phrnso •their wound
the p iercing air' is probably loss suggestive tbnn "thclr
e xp osed a n<l unstauuch e<l."
7. "If th ey arc spa rc<l by th e humanity of th O!IOOIJ'• Md
"riod from tho fi eld, it is but 11 prolon gntion of ton n nt.1:1- "ft
th ey are spared to be take n from the tlcld, it i8 but to ,pt'QJoag
s ufforin gs." "If th ey ure spnrod by the enemy; it la b11t tiO

th eir

HOBERT HALL ON WAU.

EXTRACTS .ANALYZED.

~u fforin gs."

8. " Convey e<l in uneasy velii cl O!I, oft.on t-0 IL , remoa dbta
" through road s alm ost impn.<;,<;aul e, they ar l lged lu lll-p {.
"receptacles (for the woun<lc<l nnd th e sick), wber tho vru-k.ey a(
"<list1·css buflles all tJ10 efforts of humnuity null &kill, ktld rend;
"it im possible to give to euch the ntte ntion he deml\ll(l'-' the
rnri oty of tho purtici pinl commen cement is !acre well-timro,
first m ember contains pe rtin ent a nd impres~ iv o <llrct1milt41l
're mote di stan ce ' is ta utological; the ~cco n<l m erobor (' wb
rnr iety of dbtress ') is powerfully wor<lo<l, lJul tho )Mt clMli'il
a n t i-cl imax. "Conveyed to 11 <listnn ce in unensy vchfol
tl:t 1 • . ·
L1d gcd in un sui t able tene me nts; nnd th e va riety aJl(l moubti of
t.h u d istress arc su ch as to buill e the skill, nud O\'Crpowt\r th• n
gics of th e phy sician."
Tli c,;c t wo sentences aro purely oratori cal. By IL stronit plot11 ro, ('On tuiniug n othing to r edeem the ho rror, tli cy strip w11r of\tll
f!lor ious pomp and circum stance, an<l s uL~titu to a foQliu g of ern.ir·
gL:t ic rc vul siou.
!l , JO . W c have now t11 0 lan g nngo of µ;e n nine pnthoR. " Fil.I'
"frnm tl1 cir n a ti ve hom e, no tend e r nssi<luiti l'S of fri e nd11.lilp, no
" w ell -kn o wn voice, no wi fe, (o r) mut her, or 8istor, ls ne11 r to
' · sno t he th eir ("o rro w s) • ngoni e,;, ' reli eve th eir t hirst, o r d Ol!e th •i r
" eyes (in death) ' at last.' Unhappy 111nn ! nnd must you bl1 ""'"Pi
" in t o t he g rave unn oticed unu uuuumbc rcd [1), uu<l uo fri eud ly

313

"t.ear be sli l'd f" r yo 11r suffe ri ng,;, 01· 111in gleu wi t h yo ur d ust ? "
The fi g ura tive turn of th e l:\:;t se 11tc•n<' C is \\' l'l l-ti111 c,] f(Jl· va ry ing
. the la11 g uago am! con stitutin g a cli111ax , wl1 c re it w as liarJly jJOssibl e by inao;1:;it1g th e. :<tr cngt h of th o pl11·as<Jobgy.
The n ext parag rnph cliau gcs th e s1 il.jcl't to th o a~ l! r-scc n es of
war, and ri ots in t he nut b o r's stre11 g t h of IJ11 g uage.
1. "If we con:;ider tl1 0 111axillls of wa r wlii clt prc>aikc.1 i11 tli c:
'' an i i it worhl , i_rnd wl1i ch still pre va il in (miwy) LarLUJ·o us nati on,;,
"we r ccivo that th o."e who s11rv ivetl tli o fury of LnttJc aud tliu
"ins ·n<·e of \'i ct.ory, wero only r csc rvctl for more duralilc :"ula1u" iti es; "-The form s, 'if \1·e con sidL·r,' 'we pe rceive,' are u11nucess11ry . "Acco rdi ng t n th e maxim s o f war prevaili Hg iu a nc: icnt
- tiin ""• 11111.l am ong bar Lnro us 1rntions a t th e prese nt ti1u l', tbuse t liat
survived the fury of ba ttl e a nd th e in sul ts of vict o ry, w ero Lut reser ve d for cnlami t ies more endurin g -"
·
2. " -swe pt in to ho peless ca pt ivity, cxp ose•l in m fl rk ots, {or)
"' nnd' p!un ge1l in min es, with th e (melancholy) distiu cti on be" sto wed on princes an<l warri ors, afte r appearing in th e triumphal
"proeessio n of th e conqu er or, of bein g coudu cted to instant death."
- " s we pt into hopd css cnptivity, exposed in marke t,;, and plun ged
in min es, whil e to prin ces nn<l warriors w e re acco nl od t ho di stin ction of appenrin g i1'- t h e triumphal procession of tl1e Yictor, to be
the n (' Onductl'd to death ."
3. "Th e co ntc m plrtti on of such scones (us these) forces o n us
" (thi s awfu l) ' t he ' rctl 0'c ti on, that neit h e r th e fnry of wild be:ists,
"tlrn co nc ussion• of th e ca rth, nor th e vi okn ce of tcmposb, a r c to
"be compared t o th e r:ivttgcs of nrm s; "-"tho r ctl ceti o11 that the
iury o f' th e wil e! bca> ts, th o Yi olc11 ce of tho t empest s, th e d cv astati un
of th u c· artl1 •l' '''kt', arc n0 t to be co mpared wi th tl1 c ravag1.:s of
war: " " -n 11 cl that n nt.nre in l1<:r utm ost extent, or, Jl1 ()l·c pro pl' rl y,
"d ivi11 e j u ~ti cc in i t~ 11(111 ~st Rc vc rity, Jm:; Mll)'J'lid l no l'll c111 y t u
"111 :1n so kr ri l> le n~ m an." !t ern tion and sum111inl-( np of tl1 0 itl ea
t o !'c Jrm n 'clilll :I X; '11 t111o!'t ex te nt' is an iuh u rm n nion ~ uni o n, nntl
111i 1-d •t Lo cli:tn l-(' '(l t o 'in nil her ext ent ,' 'in h er wi.J c,t com pa., R;'
'tli\'in e ju stice in it s 11tm o ~t seve rit y ' is u somewhat q ncsti1rnublc c mplPym e nt of tli vi11e j1"t.il'e; th e conrlti.;ion echoe:; ' tl1e
prop er study of' m unkilld j,; lll:lll,' lllld is highly c ffecti\' ll in it:;
lll l' lod y .
l :x THA OT \'IL - I no w g i,·e n pas,n::;c fro m G ilihon, t u l'XCm·

H

!
j

\ t

'·I.
l·i·

, ! !

1'XTRACTS ANALYZED.

plify D(·scription, ancl in cidentally the laws of tho lll('f.I~
tho p:m1g ra11l 1, a8 well us minor poiut.s of ~ty lo.
1. "In tho vacant space between l' n!lll, ti;rri~
· J1f.,
" Ethiopia, the Arabian pcmiusulll m t1y 1,., w11cclvod u a (
" of 8pacious Lut irrcguhir ilirucn sions) 'spMi \Ii Md I
" 'an i;le.'" Tl10 pr..,fotory exprc8~ion fbe tJJ !l(>llltl
mul the worcl,; ' peninsula' nncl 'trimiglo 1 furn l'lh tho. ~iltl!ftol!HI*
•Jive ty pe.
2. "From tl1c northeru point of Bclos on lb .En
" of fii'tuo n lrnndred miles is tc rmiunt.cd Ly tho Stralt
" mamlel nncl tho laud of frankin oonS<l.'' Tito liULtalllfrn
le ngl lt is suflicic·ntly cxprcs8ive to thoso r oud I'll Al.'KJ nt4'tl
th e poin ts of rd\:rence; it would, howonr, lonv
1:1 -p f;
tu say, " The len gth from north to so utb-froro Bel~ on the
plirates, to the Straits of Babclmanclcl no<! th lnud of ~ ·
- is more than twi co th e length of tho British t ~Jcg.>l 'll'i0-llOO'~'i»·
is int.cmlc<l to follow up, with tho detailed nortta"l!lloo. U..
preli e usive t ype, givon in tho pre\'ious scntcllN'. Th lMltl cif •tr@
iu ccu se ' is an expressiv e circumstnn co to ru1lmnt tho ~·lJ tl
ical estimate. A co11rrotc compnr i8o u is ~ ll t(l,~~d, II! b
Ltrge m11n bcrs, prcfc rahl o to figures .
3. "A bout half tlii s length rn ny I.Jo t~llo wc<l for th rnl
" urca<ltl 1, from cast to w est, from Du."1!0rn to Snc.r, rrom th I'
"sian G ulf to the Hccl Sea.'' Tli o suu,i cct !1cro is not' I ngtb.' b
'middle b readth,' t he scconu point in th o (•numcrnt:ion of d<'t
and tl1 c ord er shonl<l bo diflc1·cnt. "Tho mirl<ll br l)(lth, Ii
c:t>'t to "·c~t., from Bn~i:1o ra to S11oz, fro1n tl1u Pcr~lnn Gulf to tho
Hcd t:ll'n, i~ about l1alf' this length."
4-. "The sid e.• of' t!J e triangle nre gr nlluolly cnJa~-00, 11u1l ~
" so uthern basis pre~ents (a front of a t.ho11P1111<l mil(lll to th lnillllO.
"Oc·can) 'to tl 10 fndian Ocea n, a front of n tl1011Mrnl mllllS. 1 " Th
1irs t d 1u1sc is 11ardly i11t--lli gil1le. l le 111 ea11H, "Tho brcooth st rulllr
in<·r c:1sei<, in n<·<·<>rdancc with t11 0 t rian i.:1 il :ir ' liap<."-". T h(l 111 n•
1i"" 111' 1lic Indi:rn Ocea n g iv es n ~11 ppnrl lo tho dc·sc ript ion (p. I )
l·" , icJ,., 11ei 11 g a pi et nre"]ll O featurn.
r. . ]'.,,;ition, 011 tli11 e, an<l size bcin i.: t h11 8 dl'1 urmin t·'1 , '1 C1 prM!!<'<l•
f ., 1!1" .- 11l'iil<'c. "111 0 e nti1·c s11ri'a"o of tli1J pc11ins11 la (well ''' ~
'· pva t. tl 1e ty11<'.I (e xceeds in n fo11rl'olLl propo rtion tlint of' Gcn111my
' ' , •r France) 'is 111 orc th an four t i11H's tl1 0 e:\:t,· ut of Gorrnuny or of
" F' r:11 1<·u; ' l111t tl 1u fa r g-rcat.:r part, lia~ u0c 11 j11 .~ tly sti~111atlx...J
"wi t h tJ,e c11ithetg (uf tl1 e) HI Oll!J and tli o ~amly ." Th o authOI'

EX.

vn.]

GIBUON's DESCRIPTION OF ARABIA.

li

315

h ere cm piny" t li e m ethod of co11 cn·to comparison; "more thnn
dou ule uern1:111y nn <l 1"rance togct h,·r, " wo11ltl pe rhaps bo still
neute r. lu p11ssi11g fru 111 urea in the fir st 111crnbcr, to quality of surface in the sc coud, tli o urcak or trausitiou i~ such 1.lS to d emunu a
now se11 ten cc ; wore especiall y us several succeetlin g sente nces nre
iutc>11d ctl to a mpli(y nutl illustrutc tl10 pec uliar ity of surf'uce now
stated. ·' By far tli e greater rnrt, lwwever, has bee n justly stigrnutizell, " &1~
G. Tl1e fo:!lres illlli ca tell arc n ow to b e sh ow n in d eta il. Tit o
present se nte nce i;:iv cs an illu:;trnt.ivo contrast. "Even tl10 wihb
" of Tartary are d eekc!l, by (the lwncl of) Nature, with lofty t rees
"n11d luxuria11t h e rbage ; (and ) tl1 0 lonesome trnvcller <lL·ri,·cs n
" so rt of eo111fort ai 1d "uc iel y froin t11 e pr esence o f vc::;dal .l o lifL.,"
Tho 'and' with in pare nth eses is proposed to be left out ns co111 in g
close nfter a nother 'nn<l' used to co nn ect two phrases ; it i ~ b etter,
in snr h rnse~, to lcnvo the conn ectio n of tho two rn c rnbc ri! of tli c
sc nl l: ll cc to l>c indi cnt.cd by a sem icolon pau se.* Th o SCL' On•l 111e111hcr m erely ite rates t ho fir,;t, nn<l is so111 c wh a t fee bl e fro111 "· ordi n es,; : ,, t l10 loneso me trnn:ller is dieer ed
the siglit o f \'ef!'<>
tati (l n. " Th ero is :in o mi:::sion in not ex plaini 11 g wl1 crc in tl 1c wildUC's:< co nsist><, if alm 11clant Yegdation l;o tl1e cl 1arndcri stic of tlw
count ry
i.
7. ' 'But i11 th,; <lr<::try wa,;te of Aniliia, a l1oun<lk~s luvd of snn<l
" i; i11t erscc t<:d by·;;liarp and 11:1ked mo1111tain s; a11d tl1e fan, of tho
"dese rt., \l'it l1 011t sl1ade or sh elte r, i ~ scor ched U)' th e direct Hllll in,, tc 11su rny:; of a tropi cal sun. " Th e m aiu sul>ject is in th e plu c:o
of prominen ce, : 1l t hou ~,d1 uot as th e snuj cct of th e w rli ; tliiti i; 11110
or tl1 c 111 en1H of varying \\'hat 111ig h t J,o <'<,rn;ide re<l tli <J rn onoto1.y
of' th e p:ir:tlld c:on , tr11 eti un. Tl1 0 <'011 1prl'l1e n, iY O f..:a t11rc i:< well
givt•n iu tliu 111:1in f'il:lu~c. •a l >nU 1 H1k s~ 1t·vd of snrHl i11t e rsc1·tl'd hy
;; l1arp 1111d 11akcd mountain~; ' '11nk e:d' is 11 li igltl y ~nggc,t iY O "J'itl1 e L. Th u Sl'r·o nd r11 t: 111 l> t •r i~ al :-;o g-oi>cl in eo n tiu11atiu11; l fa C'e, i...; a
l'Oll lJ >relll'llSi\'(l figure; 'dir~d um! i11k11 ~0' lw s no fa11!L Ull l :L il ac·

uy

ii· Arnhi;.niity may :ni :-.e iu d :t: r t: fc r c nc c of a co 11j1111 c tiu11 williin a 5c11ic11 t:c . Byron ~ a_r !",

"H t·~tfl r t~ Til l' ll1 0 r 1:1.: k s \\'lLl'rL' t l1c !' Ill •\\'

tbki• r t· po~· · &.
1'1.imuli s1 ill tlH")' :1n· t":u; n·d ll• lh·1·d1m1 an1l l~in·. "

H o m r an s 'th ougl•' t o q n ali(Y tli c !"ubunlinntc clau ~c • wlu·r c tl1 c ~now
fluke r cpoi-:r~;' Lu t i t i.s 111ure na l urall_v refl!raLl e to tl 1c prin c ipal dau:-.e,
~ nc ~ ture m e tl1 c rocks.'

'

I
'1

316

EX'fl(ACTS ANALYZED.

EX.

vm.]

S IR WALT E R SCOTr' s DESC f:CPTl(lJ::\S .

::;1 7

phrn~o '<lircct mu\ in.
i'
' tlie in tense rays of >L tropi cal 8U ll ' is <ptiLu onough.
8. Tlie autlwr atltls 11cw circ u111st11nccs to tl1 0 pic tn ro oft.bed rt.
"J nstead of n:f'rcshi11 :; li rcczcH, tho win<lH, pnrtkulnrly fr()ftl tlte
"so ut h-w est, diffu se a n01:io11s nn<l even d eu<lly vapor; t ho bill
"of sand wliieh t hey nltcro ntcly rai se nn<l ~cut ter, nro compl\i"Cd
"the billows of tho ocen n, (n n<l) wh ole cnrnvons, wholo Arml
"l1avo been lost nn<l ln1ri c<l in tho whirlwind." Tho contralltlo,g
pl1raso, 'Iustcnd of refreshing breezes ' is n ot hero rcqnlroo; th
111 ain cxpres:;ion 'nox i o u ~ an<l dcaJly vapo r' i ~ e noug h ; th q-uttll·
fy in g exp ression-' partic ularly fr om tli e ~on th -wes t '-I~ a pi
ext r11 in for mation tl wt noway fits into th e picture. Tli l!(l(JOm}
111 011.Jier of tho scntcnre, 'tho hillocks of sand,' &c., is not in 11.t
placo; it l1 dongs to th o 1lescl'iption of tho Rnrfacc, nnd tho conn~
tion with t.hc wind r c:;anls mocha11i cnl violc uoo nnd not po!!<Oooti.
q nali tics. If t l10 p oiut must corno in h er o, it shou ld be in full 8Ul>ordination t o tl1 e main snbjcct of tho sontonoo, th o winds;" .11cb
too is their violence, tlrnt tl10 liillocks of Rtlnd nltc rnntcly rA.il'<.'41 a.ml
seat.tcred by tltem, nro compa r e<l to the Lillnw• of th e oc~nn; wholu
c ar :tv:rn~," &c. Properly, t his should have preceded tho other
m m11ber o f Lh c sente nce .
fl. " Th o co mm on benefits of wate r nro 1111 ohj oct of d o.~iro tmll
" c·o11 t.ost ; nml such iti tho sC11rcity of wood, tlutt aomo art is r~11l­
" site to pre. c rvc and propagnte tho olemont of !iro." Or, "Wnt-0r
b an ouj c<:t of contest ; an<l wood is so scn.rco," &o.

t itl cntal si1nilari ty to the common

•
•

•
•
•

0cr

ExTr.AOT V III.- I quote, fr om Si r Wult.cr Scott, throo 8hort
Leal'i ng 11pon th o Deseripti"o Art.
Tlw 1frst i8 a tl esc ri ption of St11ffa.
1. " W o visited Staffa and Iona. (Th o former) 'Stnfl'n' is one
•· ol' tl 10 m ost e xtraordinary places I ever Lol1 cld. It is n oothe..lrul
'· a r(' li, scooped hy tl10 huud of Nature [this stock metaph or lrllJI
"lwre a ce rtain keepin g] , equal in uim cnsious and in rcguln.rity to
"the Jl l() ..:t rn:1gni ticent aisle of a Gothi c catl1 cdrnl. " TLi.~ is n
stroke of r.01111i;u·iso n th:1t gives tho ge neral view ut o nce.
"Th e ~e: t rn ll:; np to t he c·xtrcmity in (m ost) trcm en<lons mnJ c:<"ty, n1 1t! 11·ith rt voice like ten th ousuntl giants shouting at onoo."
/\. \'~ ry powcri'1tl rkseription, lJoth to tho eye and to th o cnr.
" It. c:x1 ·c·e1k1l, iu Illy mi111l, Ol'ery tl c.;cript.i on l l1ml heard of it;
" or rat lier, tl1c llJ>[J c':l ra 111·e of the c:Wl'rn, comro:;e,[ entirely of lm" :<al tic pillar.; a,; hi;; h as U1e roof of n cuth cdral, nnu running <l cc·1•
p:i ,~fl.1-(C·s, n l ~o

~.

31S

EXTRACTS A N AL YZED.

[nvm.

"skirt c u uy t he pict ureS(jllO ri1l g e of tho P c ntlond Mountain
T11..: s ame r e marks npply he re ; th o iudiviJual foutur es nro 11lrlldn 1
g iv e u, liut with an nli,;en cu of coh e rin g plnn. Tho vluw It not a
'J!l·os pcct,' L11 t a pa n o rn111a. Tl1 u a111.hor Legiu s w ell from Ed111•
Lurg 11 itself, and s ketcl1cs its uspect with lois us uul hnp py touebei11.
The lang uage t hat follo ws is s ui ted to n moun t uia-top prospoel:, the
spect>itor rema in in g still, un <l allowin g his gaze to wru1der b
and
tl1 cr c irrcgubrly. Th e r cauc r is left t o infer, by p utting all thi11f:9
t oge th e r, what is 11ot cxprcsse<l, thut, in following the J>ftlb., Ur
, ·ic w o f l~rliul.iurglt d isappears, nnu is foll owed by the !'lrtl1 0
Fu rt h ; wh ile, b y moving still fo r tLc r, tlio prospe t ia changed to
tl 1e vari eu plains on t h e so uth, tcr111i11ating iu th o P entla.nd11.
' ' H ut us th e p ath gentl y circles around the base of the cliff, th
"p 1«Y,pcct, composell ns it is of tl1 cso en chantin g nnd sublime ob"j..:ets, cl rnn ges at every s t op , and pn•seDt.s tli om blended wilh, or
"di \'i d cll fr om, each oth e r in e very possible variety which tllll
'"µ; rn t ily tl1 e eye and tho irn ngin nti on." It is hnrd to divine tb
a 111.l 11 >r 's p 11rposo in w ritin g this ~c ntc n ce. lt mny be that to tl1
actual spec/rt/or, tl1c ble n<l in g of th e scen es, or th e v nrl ety of tl1
f!To11p i1 1gs, gives p leasure; hut no d e~cri p li o n can trnn sfor to tho
r c: 11 k r s s uch a co ncept io n as to enable them to t11in.l.J of it with
p lc-:1-< u rc. lt is a mi stake in art t o suppose th at the pleasing etli ~
o r 1lc ,-nipt iu n can li e produ ced liy m ean s of lhc langunge of 8.l!l!01·i:1t <:d fe elings, witho ut a basis of vivid intellectunl con ception.
" Wl1en a p iece of scenery so u cautiful, ye:t so varied, -so ex" !'ii in g hy its in tricacy, nn!l y et so sul.ilime,- is lighted by tb tl uta
"ui" m o rnin g or of evenin g, an1l displays ull the varie ty of shadowy
" d l'I •t h e xch an ged wi tl1 partial brillian cy, whi ch gives ehernot CJ'
" 1.· 1·,·n lo the tam est of landsca p es, the effect npprouchoe n ear to
" c nch;1n tm e nt." The smn e criticism is npplicublo here. It ia lmpo,-,iblu, by th e h elp of tlie lan g unge given, to r ealiz e the scene llO
n..-< tu be atfect ell in th e mann er st at c<l. :M orning tints, shudow y
11.c pt Ii, nnll par t ial b ri ll ia n cy, nbstract eu fr om a ny r cul scen e in the
111 i11d'8 i.;r 11sp, cann ot lie expcct e<l, b y tl1 e m ere m e ntion of them,
t u !':tll>'e an y e ncln111 t m c nt ; n or docs it s11pply tho d ofici e ncy to MY
t hat. if w e 'aw th e r ea lity w o shoulJ be cnc hunted. The nutl1or
10:1" v1.: 1> t 11n·1l in to t li o prov in ce wh ere th e painter opc rutcs wit h
ea,;1·, nnd Ll1 c pOL't wi t h tlifll culty-the provin ce of minuto l1111J,,.:1 po d e,cripti on ; :tn<l h o has n oglcct e<.l. tho proc11utiC1ns whereby
>1.lon c a p ovt can h o pe to 11t.tai11 th " s uccess p ossible to his art.
:J . '\Ve s hall g ive an otl1e r quotation from S cott; the vivid d&

EX. YU!. ]

s m w ALT ER scon ·'s

D ESC l1 IJYl'lO.'<:> .

F<c rip li on uf a 11 l11 t..:ri or l1y t l1c b,·lp of i11di,·i1l11ali zin µ; !' i1 ·c1 111 1sLJ 11 ee ~.
lt. i" a h ove l, tlw rL" trl'itt o r H:d fou r uf llur ley. Th e pr i11l'ip al a im
of Llnl p:Hs:1:;e is cviJ e ntl y lo d cJ i11 ca l0 Jla lfour J1 illl sc lf ; [111t:, in so
<l ui11;.!, tltl~ au t lJ u l' :) k e t('IH::), wi1 \1 g l' eilt furce auJ di :-.t itH;Lll l';;.-4, so1110
p ar t.:< of Iii ..; d 1:11u l.ie r.
'"Upo n c 11 tc ri11 g tli e place uf r ct"u:;c, 11 0 ru uud Balfuu r ~eat,.. ] on
'"lii :< ln un hlll cuu cb , w itli a pucket l>iJ, Je op e n in l1i s h a nd, w lt i..1 1
"he ~ ec m e d t o stu d y with iJJ U•1,,;e rn cditati u n. lJi s I,ru,1 d s ll' o nl,
" 11"l1i r h Ju; !tat! 11u s l1c:1tl wd in ll> c first al:tr111, at th e ur r i1·,J of the
" dr:t ;.iOO n s, lay nak cJ ac ross l1i s ku '''"·'i m1<.l. tli e liLthi t :111,·r tl1 a~
" ,;f ood l> c., i1k 11im 011 tli e uJtJ. c li e:<t, whi c h s e rv ed t h e purp o:<c o f a
''I aid ,·, tl11·t·11· a parl ial anJ inqicrteet li:;lit upou t ho.' " s tc: r1r a11J
"h:ir,;h fra t urc:< iu wlii c l.t terrw it y Willi r <.: ml c red m o r e ,;olc 1n n nntl
" di;.i11iliud l1y a w ilu cast nf tr:t_c(ic e n t bu s ias nL 11is l.iro w W l.1.i th at
' ' .,f one iu wl1 0111 s o111 0 s t ro n:; o 'c rmaster in g prin e ipl e has u1·..: r, , \\'l 1.. l111 e<l 1\ll o th er pag,;ion g anu fcdin i;g, -Jikc tlt e s w ell of a h i~h
";pri11 g .. tid .:l, wh .c u t.lie u,-11:11 cl i ff~ 111ul Lre:.ik t:r s v an ioh fr o m Lli c
"ey e, and th eir ex iste nce is u1d y in tl i1•a t e(l l >y th e (' l1 :i lin g foam of
"the w ave~ t hat l>11r"t anu wh L"e l ove r t li cru."
Th e ol.ij..:cti o n urged a:;ain st tl1 e p rev io us p as:;:1ge 111,Jil s, to so me
~·xlc n t., :l;.i:l i11 st tli is atte 11i p t at po r t rait u re. TI1 c re is ve ry li ttle of tl1c
a ct ua l o u tlin e, s l1 1Jlc, a nd co m pl exio n, of B a lfour's fa ce-the ,-is11:tl
r l' pr,·se11tatiOIJ. j f.u O 1nu eJi ue ill g" left t o tlt e ]u11g11ng c ("<HIV L")" ill g !ti"
(~x pr e:i .' i"n t o tli e bdwlJL'r-f..,r ocity, e11t.hu~ia~m, ov..: r - m astl'rin g
J1 r i11<·i l' k", &c. Tl1 c r lusing simil e is in itself s trik in g a 11 1l p1n1·,· rful;
J, ut t.l1 e t hin g co 111 p:irnd jg s li :1d ow y a nu un certain , a111l 1lc111a11 •l ..:d a
;; i111ili t1 11lc to e nli g li tc n tit <; uml urs l:1 ntlin g, rath e r th :rn un c :;ulcly to
s tir th e foclin gs.
1L \\'ill !Je B<ic n, fr o m o nr next cx:1mpl o, th :tt t.h c d efL·ds of S("ot t,
in d esc ription , m:~y be aniid ed by 11 m an Jitt.k, if nn y thin g, Ii i;; in fe ri o r in tlw po e ti <.: 11c ni1n p:i11i1n cnt o f tl1 e nrl
l~ X TP.A CT IX.-Tlt e prc$c ot e xtract is a ~p ccim cn of 0 :1rlylc' ;; 1lelli ,; p ci'iili:iriti cs are, to brin g fonn1nl in strong
r ,· Ji ci" th e C • 1111pr c l1L·n ~ in1 nsp cl'ls, t u imprcs; tlt c·sc liy it c rilfion a 111 l
l 1y pil·t ur l!.-4flll U cnr 11p a ri ri< 1n~, t1) u ~c tl1 c l an~11a;;c of t.l1 u l1:':-i1H' ial1 '( l
fc,· lin gs (' l1c11 11 !(/11 l r ountry ,' 'lonr.< ome pin e wood " ' ), an 1l , in tl1e
s '1:q> c of barnloni o u ~ g-r o npin ~ ~ (' 11111hipl ex hul11:-;t ry, l i e:-' 11 11.~ Ly
rn s liin):( to rr e nt~ '), to in t rnd11c1e Rom e of t.l1 c clc rn c nts o f po<:tr y .
"~ .. J,J c,-i ..: n, \\'liat w e call Si ksia , li es in ellip tic s1"1pc, s pread
ou t.l1 L· !up '!l J5'11ro1•c, partly girt wi tl1 mounta in s, lik e the crozrn or
~ ni pt i\·e 111 d lt u1 l.

..
·•
320

I

•
•

E XTR ACTS AN ALYZED.

[u.

~

cr.r.•t to ,t-Jiiit .pa rt of tlie Earth- hig hest table-land of Gcmi11111 o-:
ot t he C1B:il v1nu conntri es., anJ •end ing ri1•1•r.• i n l.f> rill tlte •<'<M.
. "Tue .sur:m ut or hi g.hc·st. lovcl o f it i,; i11 the ~•J 11.L11 - w('1!!, ; Joni:~'
<l 1amcter ts fr om north-w est t o. w 11tl1-cast. .Frou1 Urolll!Cn 'l\•hl!hcr
l'i·icdri cl1 '. 8 now Li riving, to t he Juuluuka i· ... ~. which W;I~ upon
l l u1 1ga~·y, 18 ~uo-vo 250 111i.lcs. ; t he ax·Ui, thcrnforc, or long . t dinm
cter, of our Ellipse wc rnny cull 250 E ngJi ,. h 111iles ; it& shortcl!t or
eo njug:1tc uiarncter, fr om F r ic<l1tn tl in l!o!i cmi a( W allen~tci11'A oltJ
Yr ied.luad }, by Ure,;lau, iL<.: rn,;;; tho Oeler to tho- l'olish 1-"ronUer i
ul.Jo nt 100.. The totnl 11roo. of Sehlc,;ien i.:! count1,-d to be llO~H)
20, 000 sq u;ire mil es, nen rly the third of Englnnd Proper.
":::ii;l1lcsicn-w ill t he r eader learn to call iL Ly th1lt nnme, on
ot·casio u ? fu r in these sad Munusciip ts of ours tJ\e nlllne~ altenrnto
- is a fiu e, fert ile, useful, and beaut iful Country. It Je11n11 8lopir1!{,
m; we hi nte(l, to tl1e East and to th e Nort h; IL lo ng cu.rvod lrn ttr
of Mo un t.uins (" R ic.'Wn(Jebirge, Giant Motmtains," ls th •ir b('ll
lm uw11 1ia111 e in forc.ig-11 conn tri es): Lol<ling it up on tho f!ou th nu•.l
West sitlc~. TLL-3. C i.an t-Mountain Hun go--whi tJl 1 1~ 11. ki n<\ uf .., 01..
tirn1 11lion of t he Sux oa-J3ohemi.an "M e ta~ Mow1t11i11,. ( C:rzy~iru~>.'
an d o f tlie- stra:;gling Lausi.t:r. Mountains, to west wnrtl of tJie-"<>~ h a pc s itself li ke fl uiU-l1ook (or elliptically, US Wllll 11<1i<l) ; huruJI
an d hook together may be some 200 miles in length. Tho pn 'Clplto n ~ ~ itl e of thi s is, in ge neral, tu.rued outwnnl, townr<ls. B{)lunon,
Mii hrcn, Ungm·n (Boh emia, Moravi a, U1rn gnry, in ou1 di al ec t ~)~
and f-ichlcsien lies iusiclo, irregulurly slaping do11·n tow:ml Mtli•i & lLi c :.uul t•J1rnr<ls th e utmo~t East. F ro111 tho Ilt1 he111i1u1 Rido of t h l~(.)
Ilfo1 u1t:1i 11 ~ t l1 cro ri se Two Rivers- Elbe, t cnuin g for tho WC.!it;
:\!or:iwa, fo r ti re Sontli: Morawa, crossin g Mora vin, gets ln to tlio
Du11 a11, an <l the nco in t,o th e Illack-Sca. ; wh ile El l.le, nft.e r h\triCllto
nd ve n t11ro.-> among the mountain s, and then prosperously acroe.~ th&
pl:1i11s, is out., with its many ships, into tho Atlnntie. Two riv hi,
w e ~ :i y , from t.he Bohemi an or steep &ide: !lnd nµ;ain, from the l'ii b•i:in &id c, there riso of.lier T wo, the O<lm· nnd tl1t1 Weicl1..'!el ( Vi11/ 1d11 1; 11· l1id1 start prl!tty near one another in t he 811ntl1- eust, atul,
11t't l' r " ·id o w it11li 11 g~ , got buth iu to tl: e 13:.tlt ic, ut 11 goocl di ~tUJJ co
·1p:1r t.
" F11r tl1 0 fir.'<t 1.l1 il't r, or in parts, fifty m ilcs from tl1 0 'Monnt :i in , , ~il c· , ia ~ l op e~ :.;orn cll' h:tt rapidly, nn<l is still to \Ju culled o.
I lill -co11 11 t ry, rng-g0d exte n>'ive clernt.io11 s <li vc r~ify iug it; Lut aft.er
tl1:1t., th o ~ l o pe is ~en tie, nn<l nt lungt.h insen><iblo, or nc)ticenhle onlv
liy th o wny th e \r ater~ nm. From t ho COHtrnl part of it, Schlosi~

E X.

rx. J

CAR LYL E ' S D ESCIUPT lO:N' OF SIL ESIA .

1•i1·t11r(·• it,;df to yon ns a pla in,

gro ll'i n ~ c , · ~ r

lh t k r,

C' YC!'

s:1n1licr,

a " it. :1li11 t' 011 th e mono tonous cmll e,;s :<:11111 -lla t.' ,,,. l'.,la11<l nucl t l1 0

Hran1len b11 rg territori0s; nothiug Lnt llo1111d:1ry-::'ito 11 l's wit Ii t li cir
l 1r a ~s ir l'n i p ti o n ~ m nrkinl!; wh ere th e trnn,;ition i'. :111 11 r111ly so111c
1''o rt itie<l To wn , 11 ot far on; kce!>in g th e doo r of t l1 c C•n1ntr.'' , ,.c11 ro
i 11 t li :it <J11:1rtcr.
" 011 tl1 c other han.J , tl 1c monnta in part of Scl1lcsic11 is Ycry p:ctt ll'c'."'l " C; not of Alpi uc l1 ei;;l1 t an y wli ere (tl 1c Sel 111 ec- h'.<> ppe it.-ei f
i~ 11 11•k r 5,000 fe et), so that n •n luro n11 d fo rest w oud fa il al1 110,;t
nowh ere n111 ong th o 1\1uu11 ta in ~, and 111ult.ipl0x: iutlust ry, bc,; 1111g hy
rn ,; J1 i 11 ~ t or r c 11 t~ and th o ~wit't yo nn g rivers, nestles itse lf l1i gh up ;
a11d fr um wl 1 e a t. - hu ~b a 11 d ry, ma<ld er and 111aize lmsl>a1 11l ry, to d:1111 •l"k-w o:1d11i;, mct:tll11rgy, ch:1rena l-hurni11 g, tar-di:<tilkry, Scli lc, ;cn li:1s many t rad es, and l1as long bee n ex pert and h11 ,;y a t t l1c· m
to a high <l eh'l'CC. A very pretty Ellipsis, or irregu lar Ov:1l, 0 11 th e
fi \l m111 it of th e l :u ro pcan C'onti ne11 t., 'l ik c th e palrn of 11 le ft hand
well str l' tehcd out, ll'i t li the !{iesengehir gc f1ir tlH11nh ! ' fmi<l 11 t' <' rt:iin !Terr t o me, "tretchin g ont hi s arm in that fashio n t o ward" tli o
north- west-I 'aim well stretcl1 ucl -011 t, measurin g 250 m il e~, :we! t Ji,,
n o;;s way, l 00. Tli ere :ire still hcal'(:1·s in Schles ien ; th e ]\ ntz h:icli
J:i l' cr ha" golu grai u:; in it, n kind of Pactolus not n ow wor1h workin g ; nn1l in th e s<' r:t !.!!.!Y lon esome pin c woods, grim y i11,]i1·id u:1b 1 with
kindlc-11 mo11 111l/.\ ul' pi ne lirarwh ..:s nrHl smoke carefull y k ept do11·11
l1 y ~ otb , nrc S\\'cutiu g out fl suli81:1n co wl1i cli th ey i11t'o r111 yo 11 is to
l>e t:ir. "
E xrn ACT X.-,\n cx tm ct fr om Robert son's Cl1:1 rlcs V . will
fl ffonl cxnmpks of tl 1e rul e:; of Na rrativ e cornposit ion.
1. " \\'Iii le• th o Chri:ili an princes were tli tts w u.~ t. in g e:wl1 ot her',;
' 1strc' n!.!lh [reference, UJ S lltllll'llll')' , I.rt what Well t UCf'o n· j, ~o l yru a n
"tli e ;\lai:;nifi ee nt ente red llun l!;:ll'y with fl (num erous) 'l aq.:c' nrm.'',
":r11d in vcsUn g JJelgrntl c, whi ch w:i.s <l cumccl tli o C' hi d' L: uTic r
" or tli :it kin µ;do m a1.:ain 4 t he Turki sh arm s fexplanatory ch11 1' c in" tc•r11·0,·en with t he narrn tivc], soon fo rred it to snrrcmler." Th('re
:1rv hl'rC three scpnrat o fad,;. in ~ u fli c ie 11 t. l y <'ln:;o r onn cct i<•n tu J,e
i11 .. J11d col in 011 0 f;C' nt en<' e. Tlte strnctnrc of th e sc11tenf'e i:; in C\'(·<Y
w :iy l' Xl' cll ent. Th e parti!'ipinl phrnRe • im·eRtin g Bcli.:r:ulu ' cont ril•11 lt-:< t n th e C'kg-:in <' c, arnl aid ' in tl1 e peri od ic str11 i't11 rc.
'.! . .. En c·ourng-cd uy (thi,;) 'hi;' l<ll C C(' SS f<l t•mon•trati l'O rt· fr r.. ,. ,... ,., p. J -Vil, li e t11rn c1l hi s Yi cto ri ous fepi t.het i.:i vin g- ,;tn·ngth
"frutn sni tabili ty tu t he fa ct] arm s ::i1;:1i11st th e b llln d of H hutle:.;,

14*

3:32

EXTRACTS ANALYZED.

[ x.

~

"the scat, at that tim e, of the Knight.~ of St. John of J ern lt'ln.
A well-turu cu sente nce. Tho particip ial form i ~ employoJ to b<'l[lo
tl1 c sentence ; there is only one fact ~tntcu, rooui Lciug wimtoo fot
th o concluding explanation.
3. "This small stato [reforcnoo by dcmon strntive i1liroe<1, com·
"liined with inversion] he attacked with such n numerou~ MUIY
"the lords of Asia have been accustomed, in every ngo, to bri nir
"into the fi eld." This sentence serv es on ly to intiwnte th gcnerru
fact tl 1ut tlie conquerors of A sia worn flbl e to muster enornH1H llJ'~
mi es ; which is a· mere 'aside ' in tho present n111Tativa. 'fbati
So lyman attacked Rhodes was snffi ciently stnt cd by tho wordJJ
't11rncd h is vi ctoriou s arms ; ' aJH.I tho Rizo of th e ormy ' 1\11 giv n
he fore by th o s:une atljcctivo 'numcrou~,' anu is to be ginm nglli n
in exact numbers.
4. "Two hundred thousand men, nn<l fl fl ee t of 4.00 RU il, oppeArod
"ng-nin st a town defended by fl garrison con sisting of 6000 1K>ldi l't1,
''and GOO k11i gl1ts, [l1cre he makes a stcaltl1y tran ~ itfon) 11nll r tJ1
" co mmand of Villi ers clo L'fslo Ad am, th o i.:rnnJ m !Ult~ r, whOf!G
"wi sdom flTHl val or rcntl c1·cd liim wortl1y of thnt Klntiou l\t Htlch I\
"<lan g~ ron s j nncturc." Tho first stntcm cnt ul' tl1is 8llntcnco might
]1 :1\'c fi llec1 up th e emptin ess of tl 10 prec •di ng ono ;..,.-'' Jl c brougli;
a fo rce of 200,000 m en an<l 4 00 sail agflin st th o town." Tb m o~t
not abl e d efe ct, how C\ CI', is t110 passing over from tho ntt1wk to th
•kfon r.o with out st op or ureak (p. 171 ). A now pflrn~mpl1 sho11ld
hav e been dovutetl to t ho operntiuns of th o be"it•gcd, thth! : -'' '111 0
to wn wns dc fl' nclr<l hy :i g:irrison of fi OOO ~oltli o r~, flD!l GOO kuiµht s i
tl1 e co11rn1a11der was Villiers <le L'JHlc Adam, tho g rnntl mus ter,
II' h o~e wistlom and vnlor," &c.
5. " .No sooner <lid he begin to snspcct tho destination of &lly" rnan ':; vn st armn.m cnts, than li e tlespat chcd me~scngers to all th
" C hri,ti:m courts, imploring th eir aid ngain st .tho common (lncmy."
I 11 'he, ' tJ1 e n:t°ercncu is n ot to th e principal ('l:rn:;e of th e prOCl'ding
s('11ll'n r 0, hu t to t l1c s11 bonlinato chrn ~e nt tl10 entl ; anoth er rc11>1< 11 1
fo1· th o diYi , ion of' t lmt scnte nco. The concl 11tli11g phr1U<t', 'tho corn'""" Clll·m y,' is :i go0<l cx:unplo of vnryinµ; nn expression (p. !J5},
with nn nppn rent r ca~on hcsid cs the mere vari ety. Solyrnnn, for th o
1•111·po"c or tl1 c sent.cneo, wa~ th o comrnon enemy.
u. "J h1t though every prirH·c in that nµ; c ll<'irn owlc<lµ;otl Rhotlctt
"t o he thP ir rcat lrnl w:u-k or C hristend om in th e Ea st., l!lld lru ~tll< l
"t o thu gall :llltry of its k 11ights flS th ll vest security against th o
" ( pr• lgre:;s or the) Otto111an arms; t hough Adrian, with u zeal
7

EX.

x.J

NAimATIVE EXTI~A CT FROl\[ J:OUElfISON.

" ( w hi .. h hc'c:rnl()) •becoming' tl1 c head :1ml fa ther of th e clinrch,
"e xhorte< l tJ 1e l'Oll(C lld in;..: jl<J \\'C I' ,; to r1>1·gct t]1 cir private <jll:tl'l'c'b,
u ;11ul , by uniti 11 ~ th l'i l' an !'1:;, to J1l'...: \' C11t tli u iuliJ -. = ls fru1n ll C:-'t r11yi11f;
"n society (wliil' l1 ) 'tl1at' <litl l10110r to tli o Chri,;ti:111 nam e ; yd 'o
·' Yiol c nt. a11<l i111plat':thl e w:i" th e animosity of Loth p:utic ..;, t. li: 1t,
" r e;;:1 nllc:s~ of th e d:rn gc r· to ( ll'hi c h th ey e xposed) all E nr u]" " a 11 d
"u11111 01·eJ uy tliu entreaties uf t.h c gr:Hlll lllllo>t.er 01· li1 c mli11011i tio11,..
"of tl1 e pope, t.l1 r y ,;utTere<l Sul y rnun to ca rry on,' 1l!JJ11<1Jv.;t...<l,' Ii i,;
" OJ>t"l'llti on:> a;:r:li11't W1o<l cs (11"i t l10ut Ji.-;turbau ce)." A g• >ud cx11 rnpl e of :l period , form ctl by pl 11.. i1 1g quulifyiHg cluusc:s Lct'vr u wl iat
th ey rprnlif_,.. AR 11 :11Trtti1· c, it is n tit" lltuncc of expla1111L ion, i11t<:•·rnp ti11g tLo main action by eoll:1t crnl cirl'u111.; ta11 ccs bt" a ri" g u po n i t.
Tl1 e 11 ext se nte nce r esum es th e t.l1rcad.
7. "Tli tl grand ma ~te r, :iftcr i11<'rctlil>h> efforts of courage, of
" (pati ence) ' en duran ce,' and of military cun<lu ct, dn.rin g a , ic·g0of
":--ix rn onth ~, afte r su4 aining 1nan y nss :1u]t~, nntl <l1sputing 1.: \· l'.l·y
"po;.t with (run:t zin g) ohst in:1cy, (wus 1Jl;li ge<l) 'had ' at la' t . to
"vie·It! to n11 11 1bers ; a11rl h:iYin ~ ol1tai11cd an h onoral1le c: q11 t11 lat1nn
" t'1·um tho su ltan, wh o n<lmin.:;I (:rnd re:;pcctcd) Jii .; vir t ue, lie snr" n11 <kre<l tli c t.01n1, (whi ch wa.-<) rc1l1wcll 'as it 11":1s' to a hea p
" u:· rnl,J.,i sh, a11tl (1lest itu te of cY cry r0so urC' e) 'i11 a ;;tat c of nttc r
•· d "'t i~11 t. i o 11.'" Tl1 c subj ect 'g rand 111:>stcr,' nec<l 11 ut li:.1nJ lie" n
st·p:1r:1lc' <l fr om i ~ verb:-" ,\f'ter in cro<lil.Jl e ciforts
nt'tc r
~u-t.ulllng
tli o g rnn ll maste r had at h ~t to yi" lll to nnrnbcrs; obtainin ;'.i an h onor :1!Jle c:i pit ulalion fro m t.l1 c sult:t!1, " ·110 tul111irc'( l hi s virt ur , li e s11rrc llllercrl t he min ed :ind 1lest it.u te tow n."
R ·• Oha rl't;s and Franl'iK, n' hnn11x1 of (1 1av i11 g orcno;ion e<l) ' orc:1" ..;iunin;.:' 'u ch a loss to Chri stcn,1nm by t heir aml1itio11 ,; contc-t<,
" (l' 11.! v:11'<Jl'c"l to t hrow) 'tl1r 'II'' tl1 0 l>lalll e of it 011 cacl 1 o\h l'I';
" (w hilv) all b1r npl', with gre:ilt'r j11sti r e, (imp11tt•d it l''Jll:tlly ' " )
"•thre w it r111' lootl1." A g"r"l ,;pceimen uf tl1 e 11:1rra t iY o ~c n 1':1 H·<', as c1J11taini11 g a tli stin ct action, altl1ou glt mallc up <Jf sc,·er:il
part -;,
\I. "(Tl1 e e111p.:ror) ' Cl1ar\ c•',' i>y wa y of rcparntinn , grn.11 t,•1l t.lie
"K11ip:l1ts of :-i t. ,J.,h11 tl1 c '111 nll island of Malt.a, in wlii ('l1 th..:y fix ed
''their n •sid<.l 11 r·e, r ct:1i 11 in p:, tl11>1 q.!'1 1 with less power aml spJc.11<l ur,
" tl1 l'ir r111 t'i v11t ~1 . irit a!lll i111pl:1 c:1hl e enmity to tl 1e inli<l llb. "
~l1ortcr :- ''Hy w:1.v <it' rl' p:ll':ll i<>n, Cli:trlcs ;..:ranll'd t.lic: J\ 11i;.d1ts <•f
:-;1. J .. hn, f,,r rl:si dc1we, tl1 e i"l:u J< I ot' :1\[altn, wli crc, in <l i1 J1i 11ish c'll
1•011·c r and ;;plc ndor, tli l'y rctai11ctl tl1eir ancient Sjlirit and i111placuL1!..: enlllit} t •J th e i11fid cb ."

•

•
•

:~'

82-1:

E XUlACTS ANALYZED.

[u. xr.

ExrnACT XL-The pre,:;cnt extract from Ilohbes, 11.nd lb (out
~.hat follow'. will lie cxamin c·d ch iefl y witlt 11 vi ew to ExpQl!lt on.
l lic l"lllc$ of th e se ntence, and of the parngrnph, will also bo otteod·
et! to.
l . "Thenl is a p;1s~ i on tJ1at ha th uo nrnue ; ltnt the sign of ft It
''. th nt <1i8tortion of the co11 ntcnar1cc which we ci1ll luughter, which
"is nlw,1ys joy ; liut what joy, what we think aud wLcroln we tri•'
"111 nph wh en we lau;;h, is not hitl1t:rto dcdu rcd by auy." An
'.1~~kwa1:d and ?urnbruus sentence, oltho11 gh intelligible enough.
l li crc 1s a passwn that hath no nam e,' mig bt he 'o ~ion without a name; ' th e emphasis in ' hath no nam e' i:; too strong for tho
o..:ca,;iuu. 111 the next meml>cr 'but tl1 e sign of it,' ' but' is not tho
pro_l'''.r conj 1wction: A1'.1 cnd the whole t l1us :-" TL o out ward Mign
o t 1t 1:; that <lt$tort1on of tho cou ntc·nun ce ca ll ed ln111{Ltcr, ll'bkli 111
a l\\' ays tu1 ~xpre&;i on of joy." The c·on<·l1 ali 11g 111 c111l>er is forellily
put; we 1rn gl1 1"., h owever, moclity it slig l1 tly :-" liut what Joy, what
we tlti11k ot; and what we exult in, wh en we laugh, h lll! yet to lio
ddcrrninod. " The firtit member rni ght Lave bee11 made a dislin ~
i-:Cntcn cc.

•
•
•
•
•

2. "Tliat it c<.msisteth in wit, or, us th ey C'nll it, in the j cHt, ex" pcricnc:c con l'ilteth; (fur) men la ugh nt mi ~t; h u n ocs · nnd i111l cc ·u" cies, wltcreiu t here li cth no wit nor jc8t nt ull." A11 in vt•rsion of
tl1 c ,;:rn1c nature ns in the last mcm lier of th e previous son\encc, y t
not ah;;ol11 fcly neccssftry . Tho author's plan is to stnte n111l r~fnt
tl1e n.-ua.l explana t ions bt•foro putting fo rw11nl hi!! own; Lut lao
"honld h ave disentangled tbe two opcrntions more completely th1111
l<u h:t;; d une ; cnc:h sho uld b uve Leen d isti11 ctly onn ouucc<l aml
h:111dll'd i11 a p:irng-rnph, or ti series of parng rnph:;, apart. Wo give
nn 11111,· 1Hkd ve rsio n of tlt o sentence. ''It L-; sui<l to consist in wit,.
or j e"t, out tl1is is not in nccord11n co with experi ence ; men lou1-tli at
mi sc han ces and indecencies, in whi ch th ere is neither wit nor j1..-st.."
The la~t member mi!'ht also be t urn ed tlms :-"there is neither wiL
nnr je~t in mi sc linn cc ~ and in <Jccencies, nn<l yot men lfl ng h at these."
Tile !'or111 'm en laugh ' is snmcwhat an ti quat,c<l, but ongliL to b.., rct :1ine<l , ns 0110 of th e form s of ann o11nci 11 g t rutl1 s of human nature
. fro111 an o!dective side; the other forms a re ' 'loe Iungli,' 'a p ersorl
1>111:,:lis,' ' one l:rn i;h ~,' 'people laugh,' 'tl1 ere is a di~positioli to
1:111 ;.! h' (s nl.j cctive) .
3. "Antl for:c;mu ch as t he same tliing is uo (mo re) 'long r '
" rid i1'11lo11s wh en it growetl 1 ti talo or usual, w lrntsouver it he tlmt
"rnov et li laughter, it must bo n ew (and ) ' or' unexpected." Tlii¥

J>X. XI.]

EX POS ITION .-

II OllllES.

325

8 e 11tun ce

begi n' tl11! a11tl1or',; 0\1' 11 111 eth o1l of appron<·l1i n;.! tl1 e inquiry, nain ely, by an i11d11(' t.ive pro c 'l',;~. a1 1'l sl1ould. not 1><1\·e been
j oi nt d, hy 11 cu11111lat ivo co11,inn cti o11, 1<> tl1 c: 1•r«('..id 111;.!. li e: wouhl
Ji a vc llon e well to :;tart n u e w pnra;;r oqil1 , tli11~ :-·• Lvt u:-; now ~ x­
arnin c th e variou s occa,io ns o f l:u1,1.;h t.er. 111 tl1 e tin;t pl aee, 111 1yth111;.'.
>"tale or 00111 mon , cease:; to be 111.I iao us; i11 u th er wurd s, what
(';\11-;es langhtcr 111 11st he n ew or 1111ex pected."
4. " Men bngh oft en (c~peciall y such us are g1w:c ly of i1pplau"o
•· fr um e veryt hing tl 1ey ll o well ) at th eir o wn ac ti ons perforn1 c.'l
" ne i·cr 80 littl c beyo nd t hei r O\\" ll ex pC'ctutiuns ; ns abo nt t.l 1e1r
"o wn j c:;h ; an<l i11 .th is CtL~c it is 111a11ifest t.hat thu p1tsi;i.011 ofl:111 ;,'. h·
"tcr prorcl'<lct.h f'r 0111 a sn1ld cn co ncept ion of .~om ~ id, il1t y 111 111111 " se lf tliat Ja11gl 1d.h." I le now comes tu t h0 g1,.;t of Ins ow11 th eo ry,
1111 ,\ shou ld h:t\' C give n t1 d cciJ ed inti111:1tio n to th at effect. "Thu
,.,, 011 t ial circ11 111stan ce, holl'ev cr, in t he p l'o<l uction of lau;.!hkr 1,;
fu 1111 ,] in stwh fa ct,; as th ese. Me n laugh (the 1noro s11, if tl 1l'y nre
greedy of :1ppL111s1.•) at e1·cryt.l1i 11 g t hey do well ; nt t hei r ow11 a1··
ti 011 , &e. ; in all whi d 1 ca;;e>1, it is ap part• nt that th u l:t11gh t.e r pru<· eetl~ fro 1n u sudde n t·onception of so111e ul> ili ty iu tl w lu11 g her':; uw 11
sel f. "

•

ii. " i\l :;o, meu la11gh at th e infirn1ities of otherA, l•.Y cn rn p:1ri ,;un
"w here wi th their ow n al1ili t ic,; are 8Ct off a ml illn:;tratctl. " A11 additi onal fa ct in h\\'o r of the in dut.:ti,·e inference of th e pru\' iu11:;
~c 11 tencc.

fi. " 1\J ,o, men lan gh atj cst8, t ho wit wht·rl'of al ways <:onsi.. tcth
"in th e clq.;:mt di ,;c 0 ,·c rin g and cunvey in g to 0111· rnind :i soin c ab~
""""li ly of anoth er 'man '; a nd in th is case al:o t.l~ e (P'""u~ of
•· la1t g litcr) ' Ia 11 gh' procec<letli from th o sudd en 11nag111 at 1011 of 011'.
"
w 11 (oi l<b nn d ) c111i11 c11 1:y ; for what is cbe the rc<'\\1 11111 t• 11<h11g- of
0

u our :-;e l n.~ :; to onr O\Vll g orn l upin i11 n, l 1y <'Olll}'Hri ~o'\ willt 1u11)l.li c r

"in :rn's i11fir111i ty or tlUti llrdity 'l " Might be nnw11<kd thu s: - " Fnr·
th er, men laugh at j C'st s. No w th e wit o f a je"t ulw11 ys. <:<>1 1Si."t."
in el egan tly sn gg-c~ti n g some absurd ity in a nother person.; 111 '':l1 l<'h
"""c abo, t he la11gh proceetlcth fr om a sudde n perec·ptw n o l onr
own superiori ty; for whllt i~ the etfoct of comparin g ourselns w 1 tl~
11110 ther m an '~ infir mity or absunlity, bnt to raise ou r est11n:ik ot
,., Jt"I "

7. " For wh en n j cHt is hrok r n np on o urselves, o r fri " n'l ~, of
·• who,;e d i,d1011or we participate, w e nt' ve r lungh th ereat.." ,\ l'o11lir11 iiiw fact fr om th e obve rse bi<lc, th o situ ation wh erein , i11 , tcad
of lau~liing, wo are lau ghed at. Th e arran geme nt i:l i: npcrfud ..

•
EXTlUCTS A.i.'\'ALYZED.

J~ X. XI!.]

[

"On tl 1e oth er h and [or ohvo rsoly], wo n ever hu1gh nt njost

brok

upon,,o u~~c lvcs, or upon um frip111l H, in wli080 dis honor w

f'llrtk •

pat,·.
l l11s r estores tlio pnrall\'l co n ~ truotion.
" 8 .."I mny thcrcforn con clwl c, that th e pnssion of llloght<-r I•
" 11 othm:; (cb~) but ~u<lJ e o g lory nrising from n s11J1l l•n oonr ption
"of so me cm111 c 1:cy rn 011rRelves, by con11iuri soo with tho l11tirinhy
"o~ othors, or ioitlt our own for111e1·ly; for m en lau gh 11t t ho folll
of tl1 e m sclves pa st, whon tbey come sudtl euly to rcmem bran
" exce pt ~b ey bnng with them (nny) present tli~bonor. 11 l'lalil t
tlio ~ 111mnrn g up of tl'.o focts in the ge ne ral tloctrinc, whioh, h •
e ve r, w:1: anuo un cell rn co nnection with tho first i11sttu1 nddu I
11111:" t, thorc fore, be h eld as nn nllowabl e, or ove n comm udahl '
iteration of th o 1loctrin tJ, after nll tl1 0 foots havo bcC'n glnm . Wrm1>t remark a se ri ous di:;Joc:i.tio n in the wny tlint tho laRt mcml r
!'0 111c,; in .. Th e ex pn:ssion ' or " ·ilh ou r own furmorly' j 8 nn
t llt)11;;l1t; it was n ot present to tl1 0 author's 1ni111l wh n ho ~Ult 1.
or tl 1 r o u~h o ut tl 10 <!etail; nnJ 110 ]ins n ot tuk en th o pain!! to go
lrnc k antl ombotly 1t in th o previous ox po~ i ti or 1. Tlio O('IV f <'L
~ li ? ul 1l lrnvo found its placo a mon g t ho utli cr fnl'l!\ the prlocliil
b c 111 g 'Jl"th ueJ so as to all 111it it.
!) . "It is n o w o n ll,~ r, th er efore, that m e n t ako h e inously to b
"la11ghc•1l :1t or 1lerid cd ; that iR, t riumph cll ove r. " Iri the !!Oh m
of Ex~os iti o n , tl 1is w ouhl he callctl an npplioation of tho prluolplo,
antl 1111 g l'.t l 1ave l•een :xp am1etl inn separntc p11rng rnph. Acoopto<l
a s n. pas~ rn g rernnrk, it may be pnt thu~ :-"No wonder m en tnko
offence at b ein g tlcri tlctl, that is, trium phed over."
10. "La11g l1 ing wi thout offen ce, must be nt absurdities and In" li n11iti cs abstrac ted from p ersons, and wh e n all tho compnuy mny
~ l:111 .'( l1 togc>t lt e r; for l ilnghing to o n e 's self put t c tb all tho r est int.o
.1•·:ilu11 "y nnd ex aminati on of themselves." A n e w o.nd difficult n11J'c·•:t u!' tiJ? subj ect (Tl nrnor), dcmnutling an oxnmi natiou npnrt. . A
Ho.:1'1011,; tlclcct attacl1c:; to tl1 0 present nrTfLll gem c nt of tho Mentonl'e
·1.·1io ,;o.:1·011d rn umher, instead of qu alifying th o main ~uhjcct of tli~
11r, t rn c111 ht:r, q11:1lilics only a subo rdinate clnu ~e ('when nll t h
t''"" l'"n y m:1y lan g h togC't her'). The r eme1ly fo r this i ~ to eon,;t it 11 k t li rc u tli ,;ti11 ct sentences. "J,nnglrin g without offen ce mn"t
hl' i11 "111: 11 .. in·11111 ,t:111 cc8 as th ese. It 11111,;t b e at uLsunlities 1mtl
i11fir111i1i e,; ap a rt fr on t persons. And farth er, it 11.uxt be 10ll.e11 all

!t

•

•

l\J\e':,.

tlu· """l /,""Y mrt!/ lfll1r1h toyellie1·; for la11glii11g to one'~ stJlf puttetl•
i!. ll t/t<' n ·.•t /11/0 jf'rtfu1t.'!J an1l e.rmnina/ion of t/i.e111Mlves ."
11. ·• I:c, iJe:<, it is 1·:1 i11 g lory, (ll1t1 (an argum ent of littlo wort h)

]) J{Y DEN ON

61\,\KES l'EARE.

327

"' urg ncs n lit tle 111i111l,' t o tliink t.l1 c infirrnity uf an otl1 er snfficicnt
· for \ hi,;) tri1r.11pl1. " This ,;c nt c 11 cc. so.:0.:111~ c11 1111<:1·1"tl ll' il Ii
11 rn 111to.: 1
th u li r,;l of tlt u two 111 0LlC:l of bn:;li ing witl1 0 11t o1forw e, - ' at 11h~ 11nliti e,; and inli n11i t ie,; rq1nrt from l' cr;o n,;,'-11ltln>1q.:h ctt111pk1 cl y
d i,lo1 ·a tt·J fro111 it. lt is uuueccssa ry Lu takll the trn11i1k u f l't''t"rin ;; 1l1 u l'o11ncctiu n.
T.xT1:ACT Xlf. - Tl1 e

n ex t

c~t raL"t is Dryll cn ' s c riti 1·i, 11i:; ., ;-

Slntk e']'L" :tre aml Be n Jon son.
J. "To b cgi11, tl1 c11, " ·il l1 Sl1ake~ pc :ir<'; lie· w ns tl1 u m:m, 11 L1•.
"of all m otkrn, nml p c rl11.1ps oncit' llt JWL· t. ~, li:Hl tlic lar;.'c'' t an.I
"
0,;t co rnprelt c n :'i\·tJ soul."
A fu ll stop sl1 o uld haY e f(>llnwed
111
TL c other m cml.Je r n eeds nmcn111nent. "I le wa"
Sh:1k cspcaro.
tl1 0 un that of all rn oll e rn poet,, p e rl1ap,; of all poet,, 11ni'ie11t :11Hl
111
ino1l,·rn , l1all th e hq;cst nnd rn o4 comprcl 1cn sive sunl [mi111l , i11tdJ ... t. ?j." Th o fir st o r th ese t\\' O S(• 1.11 c nCl'ti prop oum1s t11c , u h,il·t"t. ;
th e ,;e('(lnt l a n11 u1 11t res '"l1at is c1 i1k-11tly th e lc:n1 lin g pn·t1ii'at c, or
gcn1 ·r:d Yicw t l1at. th e anl h or lak e~ of ~liak ,·,;p e:ir c',; i11tell c1-t.
2 . 11 ,\ll tl 1c i111 :1gc,; of natu re w ere s till 1•rl'scn t t o lt i111, ""'l Ill'
•· tlr o.: \\· t li crn , n ot laliuri1rnsly bnt hll'kily; w h c 11 li e <l csc ri bcs any " tl1i11µ; , you 1110r c tli:rn sec it , yon fr el it (too)-" A plnre of pro111in c n co shoul cl be ::;il' c ll to 'tli c images of 11uturc,' hu t it >'11 011 1'1 bo
th e place of th e l [e<l ka1e antl n ot of th e subj ect. ·w e mi ght s:i:· :
- " Tli e re w er e (st.ill) 'ev er ' present t o liirn nil th e i111n ::;c~ of n ature, " &c. 1110 8('Co ntl m ember c xemplili es the absen ce of tl1 c co nj11 1wtion from ebnsc,; of e xplanation . (SENTESCE, § 151i.)
· 3. 11 Th ose " ·!10 :wru~e Lim to lmve wanted l earn i n~. i:;i,· e l1irn
"t!t e g roatc r comrnc11 lln.ti,111; h e wns naturnlly !C'arn C't l; h e n e<.:dl.'tl
" not tli e spcctac!C's of books t o read nature; h e look ·d i11ll' nrtb
"
.,J fo11111l h e r th e re ." Th o fir :;t, m c 111b er sl1011ltl b e fl ~cnknre
111
ap:trt. Th e promin C' nre or t.li e ~ ul ,j cl' t i,.. 0 1·crlai1l l>y 't/10.•e wlw
:wc·11 ·'''; ' better pt· r!t11ps s:iy : -" To fll' Cll SC l1 iin of wantin~ k:trni11 ~ is tu ~iv c hint g re att·r con1n1 e11tlatiu11 ." T he r cn1ni11in g tll C'r 11l1t· rs
11·ill ('un;;t itute :1 n ew sente nc e, exphnnto ry of tho o tl1er, arnl not
11 CC'tlin" a roninn ction. "lie was !l'arn cJ hy b irthri gl1t ; h e n cC'lll«I
ri ot to ~cad n;tturc t!trou~lt tlt e ~pe!'trwlc~ of b ook ,.. ; li e t< fl ll' ltC' r 1y
din·<'t 1' i:'io11." T!te occ urre nl'e of '11:1t11rn' in two scn ,;cs is olij ectior1:1l1le.

+. "I c ann ot ~ay lt c i,; (' n·r y1-,·li c re nlik c ; w e re h e ~o,
J ,.J 10111tl
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k' l "
"d o ltirn inj ur y to co mp nr c l1i1n with tlto greatest ol rnan ·111< ·
Tlt e phra~e, 'J ran not say,' ~ca rcel y inte rfer es with tl1e pro n1111 c11 ci:
of the clti cf s u hject.

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ti . " Ti c i• (many tim e.') 'often ' flat, i11 :;ipitl; hi s co111io wit 1le, ;.(<~ 11 c rati11 g i11to el e nch e:;, lti; ~crio 11 s :;wellin g into ho11il1111<t." 111
1>ecu 11d u1c111 ber explai ns or amplifies t li o tir:;t, uml tliu purlicipiu.l
co 11 s tru etion is an elegance.
6. "But li e is alw ays g r eat, wl1 cn so lllo great occn; ion Is pr
"-c11te1l to l1im ." "But he is ulways grcut, 011 grout occaslouz<."
h

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J<:XTRA CTS ANALYZED.

B11 t ou great occasions, he is always g reut."

\\"ith th e fe w slight ame ndments above suggcstoJ, tho l11ws of
t li c p:1r:1grnph are li cre fully complied witlJ. Also, tho sue ·c. ion
uf p:1rti c11hlr.-; is in tho main orderly, w liicu cannot lie sui<l of the
11ex t 11n ~~ago .
1. "1\:; for Jonson, to whoso cl1ar nctor I (n111) 'hove' now nr" rivccl, it' we look upon ltim wLi! st he was himself-for bis l1111t
"pl:iy:; we re (liut) l1is d otages-I tliink him the most learn ed om!
" .i11tli c ious writer ( whicl1 ) 'tlmt' a ny th eatr e over had." Al t houg h
n little eumuro ns, t l1is ser:te ncc is unolijec ti o nuLle in orrnngcrncnL
Tli c pr inc ipal suhj ect of the pn.rngrnph is in the pince of prominence '
at th o begi nni ng, and tho prin c ipal predi cate nt tho end. "As for
,fo11 so 11 , w 110 co111 cs ne xt, " wo11ld lwvo u ccn n ~ impl c r oomrncn colll c11 t.. The two epith ets 'karn od' and 'jrnli .. ious ' nro intondod 1\8
tl<e crnnprul 1cnsivo dl'::<ignations, to I.Jc unfolded in <letuil. It will
be ,;('en , however, that h e urgins the d etail with W hot r efers to
'j11 d ie io11 s. '
2. "lie ""llK n most severe judge of l1im self' as well 11s otl1 or~."
•· Ji u j ud ged buth l1i1u sdf a11d othe rs ve ry seve rely. "
:i, 4. "O ne C:1n not s:l.v 110 wanted wit, hut mt.h er tl1nt h e wn •
"fr11 ;;:d 1Jf it. l 11 l1is w ork s you Ji111l little to r etre nch or nite r. "
Tli0 urcler of tl 1c;;e two se nte nce:; ought to lie rnvcrsod. "In hi~
11·orks yo u 1i111l liLI lo to rot.rcn ch or alte r. With out Leing devoid
of " ·it, l<u was fru ;;:tl of it."
Ii. ' ' Wit ~mu lu11 g ua go, and humor also in so mo m erumre, w o
" li: 1d be fore l1i1n ; 1>11 t, so111 c l11i11 g of l.lrt w as Wllllt.ing to the drn1nt1
" till lie «am e." T l1c prin cipal 8ubjcct, i-< supplanted n eedle~ l y.
"I :e f., ru l1i111, 11·e l1a<l 11·it :11 111 la11 g1 1:lge tuHl sorn o m cn.;uro of humor
abo; li11t, unt il he «am e, tl1l•re was a want of a;-t."
tl . "l le 111:1 na.~ecl l1i s strnngth to more ndvalltllge than nny (wh o)
"' t li:1t' preccdc<l l1i111: "-" t.lian any of hi s pre1lecessors." A suital.J c n :11 1ark i11 furth e r illll,.;f: ration of hisj u<li ciousncss.
7. "Y on sehl<1111 fi11cl hi111 111 aking love in uny o f l1i s Recncs, or
"c·11d e:J\«1 ri 11;.( to 111 ov0 tl w pa,-~ions; l1 is gen iu s was too su ll e n nu<l
",atu rni11 e tu d o (i t) 'c·itl1e r ' gmcufully, esp ecially when Le knew
0

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DHYD EN ON UEN J ONSON .

320

"that li e cam e aflc•r thnso who l1a1l pc·rf11rrn e1l J.o ; h to s11..J1 n
Tl1is l"l'lllark h c loli g":-1 to a. di :-;ti11l't fl':1 t11r e t11' '"101 1~01 1
1wt i1-1c lmlcd cili1er in l1is lc:1rni11:.; or in Iii ' j 11d µ; 111l· nt ; it i,; pr" l''"rly his ge niu s, as di stinct fr om eith e r of tl10Sl' qualitie:;, and " """ n ·'"s
to J.e "J'l'<'ili ed, a111] l1 a 11dlcd by it tielt'. Tlw llCXL tic· ll te nco ulso uear:;
11po ll it, aftl'r whi c h the autho r pa:;:;e:; to J o n :;un' ~ learnin g.
8. " liurn or was hi ~ proper sp he re, nn<l ill th a t lie ddi:.; l1 ted 1110,;t
"to rcpreseut m ec hani c peopl e." " ll i:; proper :;ph ero w a.; llu1Uor;
rwd lii s dd ig l1t w:1:; to r e pre:;e nt a rt i:;:u1 ;;.''
!J. "llc w as deep ly conversant ill t.11 0 ancients, both G r ee k and
"Latin , und h e Lorro w ctl bol<lly fr om th clll ; th e r e is sca rce a poC' t
"or hi 8lorian among tli e Roman a11tl10rs of (those ti1n es) '1.111tiqui" iy' whom he k1s not trna slatt' LI in Sej unu s and C:1tiliu l'."
A
se 11 te11co with two rn e1ul1l'ro; t he ~cco 11<l a ~pcci(yiug ite rut ivll of
·~ ln: i ~_.:-J1t ."

the fir st (p. 131i) .
10, 1·1. "But h o h:is 1l1rnc hi s r L>l1l1e rics (so) opc11ly, 'so' that
"<"> ll U 111:1y se o lie kar ..; n ut to li 0 taxed by :111y law . ll o i11 v:1<l<-~
" 11111h ors lik o a m1111ard1; (:111d) wl1at wo11J.l l>c tl<t·ft i11 otl1e:r
Th L·~e two ,;c nte11 cus are :111
" p oets, is o nly Yi ctory in hi1n .''
ngrce:1ule l•l:1y npon Jom:on's pee uli nr ity, be ing th e ki11 Ll of st _v lo
whwe l>y c ri t ic i:' m l>cromc-; itself Fin o Art. Tli o last m e mber :ld 111 its o f another :1rr:111 g crnent to prescn· c th e p:1rnllelis n1, and to inn e:1'c the dosi11 ge n1phasis : -" what ill otl1 cr poets woulJ be th eft,
is i11 him vi ctory."
] '.l. "With tl 10 spoi!H of th e~c writers 11 0 so rc pr c,ente<l ol<l
''Rom e t u 11s, in its ri tl'~, (ceremonies,) a111l c11sto1w•, tl1:1 t if one of
"l l1c·ir l""·ts li:1Ll writl' en c·ilh cr of liis tragedi es, w 0 h a<l "'·e n ](''"
•· .. r it., tha ll in liim. " Il e d evint.cR once more to tli e cn11 ,;i1krati1111
of lii s g1.: 11i11 ". Th e sc•ntcn<' e is not. Wl'll poi;;e11. V a rious ways of
j 111 pnwi11;:; it might h o ><11 ggesle<l.
ll ncl e r prot est. ngai11 st t.l1 c lll (Lll11c r of hrill ging int.h o s 11l>j ect, w e may cxpres:; his rn ca11i11f.( thu s:
- ''No one of Hom e'~ o wn P"e t.•, writing hi s tra gedi es, co11 !1l l111vo
~o thoro nf.( hl y r C'presclltC'd the H omnn rites aml cu sto 111 ~ '"'h o ha;
tl u11 e. 1'

1:3. "ff tli C'rc wag an y faul t. in h ' s lan gn ngc, 'tlrng tl1 :1t h o
" "·l':Ll·ccl it too .-·los(·l y nnll Ja hori•Ju~l y, in l1i 8 cornctlic:; espeei all y;
·' 1•.-rhnps, too, 110 dicl n lit.ti c too mucl1 Homanize o ur tongue,
"ll·aving t h e wonl s whi ch he tran , Jatccl , nlmost ll" rnu c l1 Lati 11 as
"lie fo111Hl t he n\; wh e rein , tliouf.(li he ll'llr!ll'dl y follow ed their la11" gu11ge, h e did 11ot c non!!h comply with th e idiom of onr,;.'' Tl1i;
would co me u nclcr til e head of hi s j11dg111e nt., or d se fo r m a 1li,; ti nd

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_ EX. XIII.)

EXPOSITION BY APPLICATIONS •

331

been more purely th eoretical, the proposition would lt~ve be~n
stated in general language, und tlic examples dwelt upon m detail.
The author might have made a semicolon pause after' overcome the
effects of it; ' what follows 'tlie flexibility, or docility, so to s~e.ak,
of the tissues,' &c.- would then be a participial mew her contammg
a reason or explanation.
.
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2. "This unintentional imitation [Demonstrative reference] is
" commonly mixed with (that which) 'what' is designed; and sep" arate or together, they lead the child to a high. degree of pcrso_nal
"assimilation with those (who have the immediate charge of him,
"or in the midst of whom he grows up) 'that have the. immediate
"charge of him [it7], or that he grows up among.'"
.
This adds another mode of imitation to what was pre~o11sly
stated, with the view of making a conjoined total to be applied to
practice. In the subsequent exposition, the author keeps _them for
a time 'Sepnrate, and then drops the second to confine hunself ~
the first. It is a somewhat trying operation to carry on the exposition of tw~ w-inciples together. The oonc~u~in~ olau~' ~hey lead
the child to a lt'igb degree of personal 8S8lmllatJon, ~C. - IS a SU~­
mary, or short iteration, of what goes b~for?, and lB the ~orm mtended to be used · in the subsequent applications to practice. In
this view, it mi~ht have been shortened .wi~h advantage (on WhateJy'6 principle, p. 194), or a shorter form might have been adde~-:­
something aphoristic or epigrammatic. The next sentence begms
another short paragraph, devoted to distinguishing still more closely
th e two kinds of imitation.
L "Although we cannot always discriminate the effects of n~­
" intentional from those of intentional imitation, yet the predom1" nance of either may in many cases be readily di~tinguished."
... y ct we may in many cases distinguish the predominance of one
or other."
·.
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2 "In the particulars (which I have) mentioned above [phrase
"of ~eforence] unintentional imitation obviously prevails."
A new paragraph. 1. "The persistence of habits thus n~do- _
"signedly acquired, so as scarcely to be affected by lap~ o~ time
~·or change of circumstance~, may be observed very p~ainly m na" tional and 'in' provincial peculiarities, and is in notlnng mot~ ~
"markable than in speech."• A new 11Bpect of the general pnnc1• There is here a license often una..oidable-a nrbal aoun qualified by
&n adverb, as if it were a verb-' persistence so aa.'

- 332

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EXPOSmON BY APPLICATIONS.

333

"uncouth, the ungainly, the rickety either in bo<ly or mind, is now
"indeed gencrtllly abundonc<l. It is becoming undc1·stood tlwt nn
"instructor is all the l1etter for heing n f:worable specimen of l1is
·- · _"own race, even in phy~ical qualities and nccomplishments.
"As a rule. do nut conti<le yo11r children to 1my one whose
"habits, mnnners, speech, play of cuuntcnance, and deportment,
'.'you would not like them to imitate. It is doubtless extremely
"difficult to act on such a rule; a compromise between welcome
"and unwelcome qualities is, in _general, the only practicable n.~
'' source.''
It will now be seen what is the e:xpoMitory value of practiml
npplicat.ions of principles. It may also be seen, that, as expo;ition
is not tlie chief end in view, the practical writer does not confine
himself to following out any single principle, but introduces allusions to every doctrine that be thinks has any bearing on his subject. It is not often that a practical discussion contains so much
cfoar elucidation of general principles, as is contained in the prci;.
ent passage; for, although the author lays down four or five different generalities, he provides a certain amount of methodical exposition for each.

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ExTP.ACT XIV.-The following passage, from Macaulay's Ilistory, is an exposito"y and moralizing episode, occurring after the
intimation that the Revolution was accomplished.
J. "It is the nature of man to overrate present evil, and to un" derrnte present good; to long for what he has not, and to be dis"satisfied with what be has." The announcement of a doctrine
of human nature, with obverse statement, iteration, and balanced
structure. The subject of the paragraph is thrown to the end of
the sentence (p: 188).
2, _8. "This propensity, as it appears in inclividuals, has often
"been noticed both by laughing·and by weeping philosophers. It
" was a favorite theme of Horace and of Pascal, of Volta.ire and of
"Johnson." These two sentences might, with propriety, be made
one; the second is merely the specification of what, in the first, is
stated generally. ·
4. "To its influence on the fote of great communities may be
"ascribed most of the revolutions and counter-revolutions recorded
"in history." · There is here another reason .for joining the two
foregoin~ sentences; in tho expression 'fate of great communities'
a balance lies with the phrase 'as it appears fu intlividuals' in sen-

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334:
EX. XV.]

335

CHAIN OF REASONING.--OAMPBELL.

12. "Even the wisest cannot, while it is still recent, weigh qnite
"fairly the evils which it has caused against the evils which it
"has removc<l." But for the parallelism with the sentence followin"' the burdensome relative 'which' might have been omitted.
E;;n RB it is, the participial form might be used; 'the· evils caused
by it,' ' the evils removed by it.'
.
13. "For the evils (which it has caused) 'caused by 1t' are felt,
"an<l the evils (w.hich it has removed) 'removed by it' are folt no
"longer."
.
.
. ..
This passage comes under the popular and mteresting expos1t10n
of truths imperfectly defined, and therefore serviceable for rhetorical effect (p. 133).
EXTRACT XV.-.A short extract is next given to show the niooty
required in stating a chain of reasoning (p. 210). It is from 011mpbell's Hhetoric. He is discussing the circumstances instrumental
in operating on the passions.
"The first is prob<iflility, which is now considered only as an
"e:rpedient for enlivening passion." The second clau;ie is m_erely
to guard against supposing that probability is here considered m all
its bearings ; it would be better dispensed with, the complexity of
the exposition r equiring the dismissal of all superfluous statemen~s.
" Here agaid"there is commonly scope for argument Probab1l" ity results from evidence, and begets belief. Belief _invigorates
"our ideas. Belief raised to the highest becomes certamty. Cer" tainty flows either from the force of the evidence, real or appar" ent, that is produced; or without uny evidence prouuced by the
"speaker, from the previous notoriety of the fact . . If the faet be
"notorious it wi.ll not only be superfluous in the speaker to at" tempt to ~rove it [confusion of 'it·s '] but it will be pernicious ~o
"his design. The reason is plain. By proving, he .Bt1pposeth ~t
"questionable, and by supposing, actually renders 1t so to. hu•
"audience: he brings them from viewing it in the stronger hghl
"of certainty to view it in the weaker light of probability: in lieu
"of sunshine he gives them twilight." Oonsiderable stn y IS re, qnisite to disentangle this train of argumentation. The reasoning
appears to return to itself. We at last discover the -author's ~ea.l
thesis to be, the importance of Belie~ or Conviction, in · making
people feel; whence it is desirable to do whatever will giv.i conv~c­
tion and avoid whatever will shake it. If we have only probability, 'we should nourish, nod not impair, that probability. .An<l with

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MORAL BUA.BION.-.ADA.li( ;SMITH.

337

sis. .Still, we must continue to invert his- order. · "The ruined
bankrupt has . bis repose interrupted by ei;travagant ·projects,· and
. .
...
visions of gold mines."
5. "The prisoner, who is continuitlly plotting to escnpe froni
"(bis) oonfinemcnt, cannot en.joy that car.eless securi~y which even
"a prison can afford him." Either by accidenti or for variety, the
parallel order is here attended to. A more _emphati9 brevity is attainable. "The prisoner, oontinually plotymg to· escap~ misees the
8atisfaction he might gain in the carele88 security of his. prison."
6. "The me<licines:of the physiciliµ are .oft.en the ·greatest tor" ment of the incurable patient." " ,Under incurable disease, the
medicines of the physician tantalize and . tormen~ the11atient."
7. "The monk who, in order to comfort Joanna of Ca.stile, upon
"the death: of her husband, Philip, ~Id her, ·~ a. king; who, foiirteen
~·years after his dooea.se; bad been restored to. life _(again), .by the
." prayers of his affiicted queen, was not likely to restore sedateness
"to the distempered mind of that unhappy princess." A mos~
plausible period1 yet radically disarranged. -";Joanna of Castile,
driven to .distraction by .t he death of b~r .husband, Philip, was not
likely to have her mind quieted by the monk that tOld her of a king
restored to life, fourteen years after ,his decease, by the prayer& of
his affiicted queen.."
·
8. "She ed&eavored to repeat the· (il81Ile) experiment .in .hopes
"of the same-success; resisted for a long time. the burial of her has"band, soon after raised his body from the ,grave, attended it al~' mo11t oonstantly hersel~ and ·watched, w_ith all the impatient
«anxiety of frantic expectation,, the liapp.y moment when her wishes
"were to be gratified by the revival of her beloved Philip." This
incident is perhaps made too much of; the bar.rowing effect of it
on .the reader is no.t favorable to the author's lesson of tranquillity
and contentment.. · This is a state of ·mind,. to be nourished, through
the same precautions~ courage, by not' exposing the subject to the
opposite condition more than h~ ·can· be~ a.t -the time. The sentence might be improved by changing the first member to the participial form. · "Endeavoring· to repeat the experime~t," &c.
Excepti.n·g the mistake of giving too' - ei~lnsiv~ly .t he. cases of
persons failing to achieve contentment, the -passage is a· good instance of expository.persul¥Sion ~y 'ex111nple. . The style of the au •
thor, here and elsewhere, wollld be' greiit'ly'foiproved, by mixture
with the short and balanced sen~n'oeii Jr Macaulay.
·
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EX. XVIII.]

CAMPBELL'S PLEASURES OF HOPE.

339

These lines contain a descri ption individualized by the point of
time given (' ot summer's eve '), and enlivened by circumstances of
action-' spam with bright arch,'' turna the m'll4-iri,g eye,' 'mingla
with the sky.' The touches conveyed in 'bright arch,'' glittering
hills,' 'itun-bri(llit summit,' are graphically selected, and can be
easily realized; if there be anything to object to, it is the three-fold
iteration of the one idea of light..
"Wby do those bills of 8badowy tint appear
More sweet tbau all the landaeaP". a~ng near?"

Another graphic touch that does not require much labor of
comprehension. ' Shadowy tint ' is not very happy ; and ' sweet '
is scarcely the word. ' Smiling near ' is mere filling up. The
rhyme falls upon insignificant words; a fault not always avoidable,
bat worth remarking on, as a great effect may be attained by assigning the position of emphasis to something really emphatic.
"'Tis distance lends enchantment io the view,
And robes the mountain in its azure hue."

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The first line is a stroke of felicitous condensation ; the three
abstract nouns are vivified by a familiar and forcible verb ; tho
melody is good; and a sentiment is conveyed in a line. The succeeding line calls for no special remark. •
"tJlue, with delight, we linger to survey '

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combining. the remaining. figures.
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" Thus, from afar, eaob dim-di8CIOvored acene
More pleaeing eaems than all the past bath been."

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Space and time are here mixed in o.n e figure, with a confusing
effect. The occasional lameness of rhyme could not be better
ahown than by bringing under its• emphasis su~ a word as 'been.'
"And every form that Fancy can repair· .
From dark oblivion, glows divinely t.bere.'

' . N otwithstonding the profusion of abstra6t .nofuis, th'e. language
is telling through action. The referenoe of the concluding word
'there' is not obvious.

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"What potent 11pirit guides the nptur'd eye
To pieree the shades of dim futurit.y?"

The interrogation is suitably introduced; but the language i!

340

EX.

xvru.]

CAMPBELL'S PLEASURES OF HOPE.

341

drawbacks of alliteration and abruptness of sound, the combination
' remotest rapture' is energetically conoiee; the concieeness and
originality pass off the noun, although a word so eMily lending it·
self to sentimental inflation. The place of emphasis is not filled
by an unimportant phrase.
"Thine is the charm of life'• bewildered way,
That calls each slnmbering paaaion into play.'

The first line is admirable in every respect. The participial n<l·
jective con.struction 'bewildered way,' is here set off by the choice
of the strongest and aptest epithet. : The seoond line by no means
supports the first. The figure is departed from, and another introduced having ·only a loose connection. 'Slumbering passion' is not
very original ; 'calling into play' is not very poetical, nor in 8Jl6Cial
harmony of figure; and the complement 'into play' is still 1681
adapted to the closing place. '
··" •l ·
Wo give now the splendidly soaring climu: :" Eternal Hope I when yonder spheres sublime
Peal' d their first notes to solind ihe march of Time
Thy joyous youth began4ui noi to fade."
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Notice first the grammar shaped to the J>eriod. The invocation
contains nothing more than ·aptness ' to · the subject, which can always red~ the triteness of the phraseology. A fine coherent
figure is then worked up (the sphere-music being allowed for the
occasion), from the vocabulary of the highest sublime..

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"When all the sister planets hue decayed ; 1
When wrapt in fire the realms o( ether glow,
.A.nd heaven's last thuudel" shakes the world below;
Thou, undismayed, shalt o'er the ruins smile,
And light thy torch at Nature's funeral pile I"

Exnu.OT XIX ...!..We give a portion of OOlerldge's }font Blanc, to
be studi"<l for the various arts involved in the poetic rendering of
Nature.
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" Hut thou a charm to atay the m'o rning starIn hia steep course? So long he seem• to paoee
On thy bald awful bead, 0 -soTI"&D Blane I.
The Arre and Aneiron at thy. baae
Rave ceueleBBly; bot thou, most awful form t
Rlsest from forth thy ailent sea of pinea,
Bow silently I Aroond thee and aboTe,
Deep is the air and dark, 1ub1tantial, blaek,

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A.n ebon mass!; mmlliiikS tlioij!iJ1erl:eet.-1t-,N•
As with if wedge l ··.J Butiwben;~·\ook agafu,· .
'. It is .t hine bwn ..ce.lm'·home, ; ~;rr.cryata~:ah .
, T~y he.bite.tion £ro~, cterµity 1.{w: h ftflt;
0 dread e.nd silent mbu.nt I I gazed nP,911.
Till thou, still present t1> the bodills'lln'ee~\
Didst ve.hish 'from iny thOught•; ,entr.ihcedtl~
rwor11hipped the intisiblc a~oncJ~4l~ ~!l.;fn~d1' .

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~~1f~-11n i1.n ~~r 9 ~· z,\

XX.-It is in~resting, noW,:i~«ltnPtll'~.t~i~~
Description, nt its: utmost subliJDity, the;-grea~~ ,\in:P,
action. The passage is Byron's 'f.hundeFst,ornt~ ·
ExTRACT

.. The sky is ~hang~d r""-'a~ii s>ib'fi;a;cllffriie'.¥ ·

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· And ·storm, and darkness; ye h'tefwoiiafeu~
.Y etJovely in yo11r. strel!gth,. as il!-tll,e<ipgji.
Ofe. dark eye in woman! Far. ·
From P.llak.to,peak,.tbe.?ttling
Lenps the. live tbmi<ler' f· n'ot'-from
But everj>"mounte.in·now,Jiath..ifoWl'<l''l!o
Anil Jura answet's, :through bei.mist», •@ion~
Back to the joyoue•A.lps,-,Who ~all ~·}l~(N~ll_d ~

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"Now I gain the mountain's brow,
. t···
What a landscape lies below.tfo "· u~t t,,l!l'I •·• ·
No clouds, no Tllpore iniervl!'lfej q5.....t~ ~ d ~t
Bat the gay, the open scene; "'4l M.'ld '{,<it nr.L . ,. .
Does the face of Nature show, b,1.'! ~""IA .~~. -- ..
' In all the hues of beaven'a: bow·;l~e' (! ' •. •
And, swelling to embrace~ tfl'e light;1' lni.iµ ·.
Spreads around beneath the sigh~·~·~' "l'(t;lt.
: Old castles on the 'cliffs arise.. :.!..· : ; •:~.,,,fr

POETIOAL DESORI.PTIONS.

343

Proudly towering in the aides!
Rushing from the woods, the spirea
Seem from hence aacending fires !
Half his beams Apollo 11hed11
On the yellow mountaia heads;
Gilds the fleeces of the flocks,
And glitters on the broken rock& ! "
EXTRACT

XXII.-The following pas.sage from the "Seasons"
It is the lasting id~al

will serve to illustrate the ldenl in Poetry.
1ubject-the Golden Age.

"The first fresh dawn then wak'd the gladden'd race
· Of uncbrrupted .man, nor blush'd to see
The sluggard sleep beneath its 111cred beam;
For their light slumbers gently fum'd away;
And up they rose as vig' rous as the aun,
Or to the culture of the willing glebe,
Or to the cheerful tendance of the flock.
Mecmtime the song went round; and dance and sport,
Wisdom and friendly talk, successive, stole
Their hours away ; while in the rosy vale
Love breatb'd bis infant sighs, from anguish free,
And full replete with bliu; aave the aweet pain,
That, inly thrilling, but exalts it more.
Nor yet injurious act, nor 'snrly deed,
WB119!tnown among those happy 11on11 of Hearn;
For reaaon and benevolence were law.
Harmonious Nature too look'd smiling on;
Clear shone the skies, cool' d with eternal gales,
And balmy spirit all. The youthful ann
Shot his beet rays, and still the gracious clouds
Dropp' d fatness down ; as o'er the swelling mead,
The herds and fiooks, commixing, play'd secure."

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