STUDIES
.. .

IN

(·

I'

I

L
~

.i

i·

ENGLISH COMPOSITION
WITH LE SSONS IN LANGUAGE
AND RH ETO l<I C

BY

I I J\ I\. RI LT L.

K I·:LI.FR

;\ ~J)

E l\I l\1 ;\

C. 1J 1\ \!I S

ll3o.ston
Al,l , Y N

/\NU ll/\ C C1N
1~<)2

.....

. ,u.,

1 ~ ~.

(;ULLtGE LIORAllY

J {I,!' :

l'l:EFA< ' K

'1'11 1<: l1·sso 11s <11' t..l1i,.; l>ook h:t1· .. 1H·r:11 :1rr:1 11 g1·d wit.Ii :t vi1 ·w
to thl• w:i.11!-.s 111' t host' s1·hools whi 1·li havt· •'<>111positiu 11 as
/_...

, ·r l .

7

wr>ekl y exen :ise i11 tl"'ir 1·n11rs1 ~ of :;t11d y .

:t

l\lust of th e high

school:; a11d pri Ya t 1• 1•rCJtaratory s1· ]11)ols nf' th e eu n11 t ry li :11·1 ·
s 11 ch <:ourscs. 1·111·Ni11g us ually fro111 ih rPn to four yr·ars.
An y ti·:u·lll'r who has :tl.t·"lllJtl<·d t.o tt":i ..!1 1·01111•us it.io11 111

!Iv ll .\l(J U l·:T

I .. J.. 1.Y l.F.i' .

t)ll'S( :

S1 :l11 >11 ]s J1as fp]t tJ11: 111·1·d of a uo11k cn11lai11i11g all

orderl y s111'<'t'ss io11 of topif's :ulaptr·d tu the age a11d d.,1·.. Jop111c11t of' t.111• p11p ils, l11gd.la·r wi t. Ji s uch l1'sso11fl i11 h11gu:1.ge a nd rll!'f.11ri l' as a n· 11:it.11r:tlly of 1l:tily :1ppli1·a t.i1111 i11
t J11 ,ir d:tss f'Xl' IT.isr>s.

The book 11 m1· prr>s1 ·11t.1 >tl to thn p11l1Ji., is the 011tNll11<• of
:t lo ng 1·xpr· ri 1· 11<:<' in t1·:tc h ing 1:0111p11sitio11 i11 th e high
school of t.11(• r· it _v

,.
;

'

I

(If

c 1.. v1·l:1.11d, Oh i11, :111d its lt'SSOllS l1 a 1·n

borne th" tr>sf. , ,f the class-room, not 011cr> only , 1;1ft sr·o rf' s
of tim es .

· ' '

It is 11 01. 11 Pf'1•ssa ry nor will it :tlw:ty,.; he d c·sir:tlil1', t o
11111111 1 ]1 P t. r•jt i r·~ in 1•n•1 ·is1•ly
1

r Pqn 1re 1';11']1 1·l :1ss 1.n wrif.P
th1· o rd 1~r indi c:1t.1•1l

iiPr<',

hut i11 t.h l· 1·rn1rSl! o f four )'f':t r ~ :il l

th r>s1: l<' ssu11s wil l fo ll i11 to fitti 111:{ t.i111 c and place .

Two ou8 tacl<~ s li« in the way of sucr:<'ssful co mposit ion
1 ' 10•-. ... \\• ot (K

II \ "

Htd i\\ I• 1,

,'\.

~\ 11111 ,

1: . . ... 1 •• :-,:.

wo rk.

The first a11tl grcatf'st. is that. I.he l''IJ 'i ls are rard ~·
iii

I'l l l·:F ,\I · 1·: .

IV

v

l'l:EFA CE.

suµ pklIH! ll L it liuth i11 rnotlds a 111l ll'ssu11:;, or that pupils
· \ 1,11· 1· t.;: :1 n : ·,1s.·s.· 1·,.~ 111'1l :111<1 11· riU r ll 1•xr1Ti;:l's :HP l'Xt.11<'111. :-;11
:11'1.•·tl, 1111 1. Ji., w t.1 11 · ;.; 1• ;ir1 · t i> j,. . l'""tl 1w1•,\, :d'l1 ·r wli:1t 111a.111 1r•r
:llHl j 11 ll'h :it. r; t y h ·. ""l1 11 tly k11ull' s . l1·;1 st. nf :d i t.111 : yo1rt.hl11l
:\ s a i·<11i s l"Jll e ll c(', n·f1·r1· 111'l· lll;oks :tru li:i.sti ly

w ri l.l'rs .

will he alil1! to s 11ppl1·1111:11t it for tlie111sdvl's, as tlwy :u·.,
e11t.:0 11r:Lged lo t!11 tl1ru11 g lio11t Ll1e li1iuk.

Th e extracts l'ro111 l11P \Yorks ()f Lowell, Hawthorne,
J,,,llgl't:llt1w, J lul11H:s , Tliurl':u1, H11r-

l•:llwrso ll , \Vlii t.t.in,

, .. 111 ,.; 11 } t i·• I. ,.11".1-1.1 1,11;1·tl i1· ll':1.r11i11g i s r r 111 k ly t.r:1.11 sf'er rr1 l
frnm 1.1 11 . ] 11 11 1ks t." t.J1,, c;;;.;:iy. :i11d t l1n cm1111lr-t·. Pd product

roug h :-:, J\liss , 11 ·11·1-LL. :'lli s s :'llilll'I', j'\ l iss l\l11rfrl'n, aml J\liss

t.. 11 1 ., 1[ 1 11 :tlis1>li il1·l y wo r t lil1 •ss 1'11r :ill t.111' l'l1tl s l11r w hi l' h
11111; h•: lf'Ji ('\'I'll
. ' I' j · 1J•1t.'S'
('fl lll[" 's i t.11. 111 IS \V l'I' tt .(' II . Siii<'!
•

ar r:u1 g1!l1 11 ·111. \\·it.!1, tlll' p11l1li ;: !lt'rs, ,\11' .-;s rs . H o u g lito11, .!\lilllin

1.s

; 1.

11 1·d1· r ly

:111.t

s.\ sl.1 ·111: 1t.i" <'tllll]'iht.i n 11.

gl'll ·I : LJ
;L!ld

:t l'Oll·

() 111 · 111·••"J, . :i s 11·1·\\ ,"L'r: tSJ1 a s1· :1.-a11 n111u11e
1· ;;: 11( •"1. it. to s I 111\\' 11.s I ><':Lil t.y, a;; :1sk. ;1. (·liil .t Li1 \\·nt.n
: 11 .ll l flS

J' ]ii : !'I :.

\'riilll li i;: 11 11. 11 r•;;:i 11 ·ri i·llt't' 11·\1< ' 11 Ji,, 1· ;;: pt·l'.t.s 1·1·1·rY s .·11L1·111·1•. Lu
1It ' I l .I ~ J( J1·;1. t.t't l 1·11 111·111·1· lo\,.. i11111r1 i\·1·t! · Tlw sP 1111 ~ 111·r·s 1ir•1•1l
·IJ11l'l'41\· 1· 1; 11· nl, 1111 l I 11\I \ ) t·" I 11 1! · tl1 •·LI • 111111ro\·1· 11H·1d. will co nw
lllid<'r 11,,. i iii\ 11 ,. 11 ,.,. 111' ~:p o1l 11111111-ls :111t! q11i1·1. :-;1 1gg<'s ti1111 s.
'1'J1t• j t• ;t1· l ll' I' ,.f 1'(1111 j1l•Sit. i111 1 s !i111i\ ,[ Jl ('\-t' l' f.,r g 1•1 t.!1:1t " 1,1)( \
\ii'" is 11111 n· th :u: 11 ,,.;it. a11d t. J,,. \,. 11lv 1.! 1;111 r:1i111<'ll\. ·· ; t.l1:L1·.
t.lw si ii r it. ;u1d 1.Ji.,11 :_>; li1. 11!' :1111· 1 ..;1 •r1 ·i;:" :1r1' 111 11 r·· t.11:tH u ..-,
1, .. ,.1 111 ;,.:il

dr,.ss ,

:i 11 tl

t.J 1:1t ii' tl11· f"rn1 r•r an· d1·1·1·l11]'('1l , Ll11~

L.1.1.... 11·1\ \ 111 !1. \J(' 11·:1 11t.i11 :-:
'1"11 11 111111' \1 ;1[. l1 •111.i1111 1•;11111111. ],(' g i1·1·1l 111 Sl1\11 1lyi11 g )'011 11).;
wr il.,· rs "i i 11 gn11d 1111 11 \.-I ,; ; !'o r Ly !.l1i s 11!1' : 111 ~; t i l" y gr:is 11
1.IH• 1t\i-'.L 1,j' 11·l1;1I. i,; 1 ' ~ \1\' \'1.f'11 uf t.!i1 •1Ji. ;lll,j :ti 1111· S:l lll (~
tiii H· \,; 11·1· lii·l'ore t.11e 1n ;111 i1l1 •a\ 1.fl1\·;1ril s 1r J11, ·l 1 t.lir· y can
\\'Ork .

] ['. is li n 111 ·d t.h;1,I. t. h1• 111"1'.l111d :llld l'Li11 11[ sh 11l y in

t.]ii s lio"k J, ; 11 ·1: \1f' en m :1d1' s u 1·J .. :1 r L.1 1:11. l1 ·: w\,,.r ,; 11·ho li111\
t,] 11 .

;\.l'I :

USl' tl wit h tlw ]"'l'llli s s it1 ll or, a11tl liy S[>+ !t·.ial

& Co. ; tl1at, fr,,111 ll'itl•' •.[,,.11 k1', witl 1 the pe rmi ssion uf t.l1<\

I>. l,11Ll1rnp Cll. ; th a t from (;1·urg1: \Villi:un
\ :11rt.is, hy ti11: ki11d 1·1111 se11t ol' th1: ;111tl111r; tl1:Lt. lro111 E111l'rJlld1lisl11 ·rs ,

Ti 11 ' Sl'•"""I .,\ 1~\.: wl• • i s i li l' s1' li'-co n s1·ious ll t' SS oft lw pupil.
Uri g ill:ilit.y is a s hr tlo11·1• r. :1.11.\ 11·ill uul'n ld 011\y in

Thrnnas,

11·,, r k :.,:·i,·1. 11 11 ut :Lill[']" 1•111111 ;.::11 f11 r t.l11 ·ir 111·1•d s c;w t':ts ily

i:;u n' s Trer•s <IJitl Slirnl,s c~( J!1tss111·hu.w/l., 11.)' tl1e euu r tcsy

of

11011.

,Jo lin

liigginsull's

Luwi:ll;

tl1 at fro111 Tho111as \V c11twu r th

l'o1111g Po/ks' Jlislory n( tlie U11il<''l ,')'tol es by

the ki1Hl }n:rmi s s iu n uf the author.
IL\IWIET L. l\EEUX
( '1.t<: \IY.f.A :"i 11, \)11111,

.Ja1111ar y,

I K!r.'. .

CO NT ENTS .

l.

( '11 .. . ·TE1t

Narrative Composition . ... . .

t.i•Hl 11f (,•111g ~l.11ri1·:;.

l'araplir:tHe uf l'1w1n:-;.

of lli slo>ri.-al Tai<-.'.

11.

C11A 1·1t.ll

The Use

of

11

Words

:--:.\'Jlilll)"lll:-;

Desc riptive Com position
I >t-:-wri I >I inn~ of t •lijt•1 · t~ . ( ;1 ·1wr:d I h- :-·w riJ .t il 111~ . I lt ':·wri pl>1· :-;1 ·rl1iti1111 :--; 11f tlw \\·a_v i11 \\'liit·li :\11i,·l1·~

t i1111~ 11f J', ·r..;1 .11~

ar1· ,\I.tilt-.

(·1Lu·Ti:1t

I\' .

Tl11 :

Common Errors in the Use
:-\ 11 11- .\ g n · l·t111 · 111

the l ' :-;1•. of \'1·rh T1·11st·s.

( ·11.- , •.,.,.," \'.

of

Language .

,·,f ~tthjt·•·t and l'n·di1·a11 ·. Ern1r:-;
Err11rs in t.lH : \ 1 st• of l'ro11un11H.

i11

Correspondence

F1 i 1'11l:-\

Fri l· ndsldp.

11f

f,(' tft'rH

i11 ( :1·1wral

\11lc~ 11f ( ·1·n·111 0 11y.

('i1rri ·:-;1111111 l1•J1f'l' .

F11n11al ~1•te~

J,t>lf.t'r:-; nf

t if Cen·111011_v.

Bn"i"""" a11d '>tlil'ial Ll'tt .. r.<.
vii

\ ' Ill

CU:'\TE::\TS.

IX

1'.AO~

\'I .

·11 .11'TLH

Narrati o n and De scription Combined .

. \11111 \1 ' r."' ;1r",\

~ \111pi11 w a111.1 11 ti f

J 1ays.

C 11An1rn \ l \'.
lu1a g i11a-

J' u elll:-\ .

11 ist11ril ·a l

:--il11n1· ,"i.

ll\T

< ·11 .11 · 11 .1<

11 .

\'

Efft•ct. by C1111t rasl .

\\' I

.l1·1"1 ."" rd: 11i11 .:. .:.

1. 1

1;ird ... .

i I

I >i ·~ ··rip1i11 1 1 ~·f l~i rd ...:.

Jii :-' 1· 11·_,.

l'4w111 ~ n ·!a1i 11 ;.. : Ill Bird :-: .

Vers ifi ca tion . . .

~lt:l.l' r.

N a r ratio n and De sc ription Combined

~r11di~ · -.. i 11 \';1111r: d

Studies in Short Stories for Children

Cu .u·-r u t \ \ ' .

A Study of S en tences and the Paragraph

111 .

: \1 ii111 :d . .: .

Pic-t1n1·~q11t·

:--:.11l1jl'ClH.

l'ktun·K111te Eth·r t l1y !'1ugg._.:;1tin11 .

C1L\1 °TLll

( '11" n1.1 1 \ '

Picturesque Historical Writing ..

~c a1111i11g.

~lliJjl'<:lK

l'oe try.

'\'riti11.~

('ia~sitkatiun

11f .Ji11g1ti.....

~

of

1\l{~~:~i~i·

rt' la tl11 g t u l'ul'l ry anti l'11t· 111 s.

~11h -

J> .. 111• ·.... lic

\VJJ.

C' l!Al'TEH

~i il 1}· 1· h rt'lati11 g 111 :\11i11 1; d K.

Studies in Shakespeare ..... ... . .. .. . . . . .. .

llioµ;ra pl1i1·al Sk1·t\'11 of ~h:tl< l'Sjll ' :lrt'. .Julius Ca•8ar. A
l\i .c: lit's l>rl':t111.
suhjl'ct>1 n·latinµ; t o shak c-

~li•1'111111111 · r
C 11 .\l " IT 1t

I\ .
~1111\ .\

N arra tion a nd Description Combined
i•f Tr1 ·1·:;.

1' c 1J1 1 · 1 · n 1i11 .~ T r 1·t' :'.

j4·1 ·1s r1·L11i11 ;..:. I•

1

lk :-·wri1 1 1i1111 ~11 r Tr1T s .
F l 11\\' 1· r :->.

Fl 11w1· r:..:.

l l1 ·:.;1·r i1 1ti1111s

) ' 1 11 · 111...;

: 1 Ji, •11t

)-tfi

i·qware.

t;1 ·111"ral ~11 l1j 1· 1'1:-i

(If l'la 11l s.

C uA l " rEH

!"t1h-

\

\ '

111.

Study of Rh e tori ca l Fi g ures

\

1_
! ' 1tn · .....

H;1.... (·d

1q 1 ( ' 1111q1 ; 1r i ....:~ Hl.

,\ddi1i1111al Vi ;.:, 11r1 ·:-1 . St11d.v

11111111 1.

i ;...: 11n ·s

11f

Studies for Book Reviews .... ... .. .. . . .... IHI

Fl11\\'t'I'.'.

C11 ., l " ITH XI'\.
C° ll .11 "1 Ell

H:1:-:1·d

P ersuasive Discourse .. . ... . ...... .. .... . .... 17 4

Th " Art. of l'\·rs11asi o 11 . Exa1111d t' s nf l'l'r~ 11 as in• Di"'!"tr11l"l11r1 ~ n f l't·rs11 :\.si ve l>is1 ·ounu·.

11 11 ~111 1:.;fi -

1·1111n.:f' .

l,t 1 rHt1iL~h· 1·

E x:1111pl, ·s of Hlwt11r i1 ·al

I >iscolll'1'W.

Fi;..:,11n ·:-> .
( ' 1111 ·TE1tX\ .
< ' 11 " · 11 . 11

'-. I.

Study of Auth<H3

107

Public Speaking .. . . . . ...... . . .. . .. ... . .... . .

l'ri11~ ·i 1i\1 · ~ g 11\'('1'l1i11g

l'11hli1 ~ ~1u · aki11g.

tiuns fro 111 F ;u1111us Ura t. i1111 !-I .

( · 11 ·" ·ri-:11

\

11.

The Qua Ii ties of Style ..

A1111t::SJ1 .\

~nl1j ed.s for

:\

111.

Plain Hi s torica l Writing

201

..

H11 ks f,,,. \ ":;c of Capital Lett.erK .
Punct.u:tliun. A \Jlm•\' i:ttin11 ~ .
C 11 \ 1·Ti-: 1<

:--; tud .v of Sclcc-

Urali uuti.

114

... . ... . ... .. . .. . . 12:.!

l tule~

fur llil' MarkH t>f

.

STuD1ES
IN

J~_:\ U L l ~I

f

(;{)~fl>O~lTlO~

< · 1L\
.~·<1 /:J,',/'l'Jl.'L'

l 'Ti·: I: I.
f'(}, .1 //'0S/T/U.\'.

LESSON I.-REOORDS

or

OBSERVATION.

Pupils s hould read this selection carefully, two or three times
(Jl'f11/11·r 11; .
Si11·1it. Litt: wl111lc a.f!t-r11111>11 i11 :L r;u11!.l1•
t11 tilt'. s1·a-si1111'1'.
It. \\'<IS a lw:111L1f11i, \\'ar111. s1111111· :1fl\'1·
n111111, 11111· 11f till' j.l""·"'"'"'st. 11:1.1.s ,,i· till· I\ j,,, ] ,. \'"".

People were aL w11rk, l1arv<:sti11g, will111ul. tl1t :ir '"'"ts.
Coc ks wit.Ii t l1cir ll1wks nf ht ~ 11s W( :l'e i11 tl1e grass-tields,
111111( inL; gr:1ssl 1n1•J'l'l'S, c li:tsinL; Ll1t•111 \':tL;1·rlv 11·it 11 1Jt1tsp1Tad 1n11gs, ap1ic:1.r111g !11 laL., 1111l('li 111tc1Tst i11 tlie
< ) i l 11 • r I w l t."' \ \ t ·i • l ~1 i \.,: i 1 1.~~
Sj•l •rl :q•;1r( 1'1 ·«!ll i IH.' j<l'<•lil .
1•

,

at Ll1t: ca rs 111' I 11dia11 c< 1r11. (; ras,; l11•J>iH·rs, tli1·s. a111l 11 .\i11g ill""l'fS 11f :ill s11rf-; :tl'I' 1i1111·1• :1l111111L11i1. in t!11.,;,• \1':11'111
a11t1111111:il d:i1·s ti1:111 I l1an• s1·1·11 1!11·111 al. a.11v 11lli•·r t11111 ·.
Y cliow l111l.krlii1 •s l111t l1:r al11111t i11 t lw s1111sl1i1I<' , si11gi_1.
I

\

'·

4

;--;tr cr·t _\li1 <i1·1:u 1>.
i\1111"' '· a11y lar~1· l'ily "·iii g· in• 11i:dnial

for thi s s11l>j .. 1·I. a111l in
;,.:Tt :1.L Yar i1•i y. Tl 11· 11q. ~a11- ,~ ri11d1·r. 11 1:111 nr w o 11 1;u1 , or bot Ii. ~O nH~ 1i1111 •.-.; :ti ' ci111q •:lli ii·d I 1y c:l 1ild n·11, ~11 11Jl'I i111 1·_..; hy a 111 0 111..: P_y. Bands
1

of

1.Ja y1· r.-; -·- i11 .,Jrn11w11h - li: irJ>. 1·a,la ll"I, fn111ho11 ri1 1(', \'io li11.

:\('t'11 r 1!

i, 11 1.

i'\ 11T 1•.. -- T!11 ·

i1wid 1·11 h

~ iil1 j 1 • d -: ;..:i,·1\ 11 :tltll\' (' :ll' t ' n rdy Sl l g'l:f' !'-' linn~ nf 1'111 l<ind ~ or

t l1 :11 111 i;.:I H 1·111 1w \\'itlii1 1 tlw 1.J 1-..1· nati1111 11f !Iii- pttpil s.

1 ·~ P1'1 ·ist•s 11 1 11 ~ :-.l1111d d

Ir~· 111

111 th Ps1 ·

lla\\' t li nn 11·'."' ~ t .\')f>, the
p la i u, ... inq• I•'. i1111-r. ·,...1i n g ''ay .. r t· ·lli11g Ji r1l1· 11Li1q.!S. \\ . Ji;1lt>\·1·r 1rlf·ri:s a
11arra1 n ·1· 111 : 1y li :1\·1" <it11· it :-. l1111il,J 11t ·\1· r l:ic·k. it. s h olll d lw ir.1l +' l'l' Sti11g-.

J, ,.,.I'

tl1 1• :-.1 •iri!

11(

LESSON lI. ---- GENERAL NARRATION .

Pupils s hould re~d ca re fully, th e n reprodu ce fr om m emory. keepin g
a:-:: 1nn d1 .1~ po "s1ble t he C'rlsy , ~i 111plr 1 in!t·it·~·ding :dylc .

0111 : ni' t !11 : 1·l1i1 ·f' j>lt-:1.-;11 n ·s i11 D t·1·i ilr:1Y ell \1·as 1111r
( ;11ir1h IP 111:1rk\'I. \1·as :qit . tn use lljl a
\rl111k n111r11111 .~. \\'1· d1•p1·11d1 ·d s11 1111·1rl1at. llJ><in Slljlpli cs
ri-11111 n....;(1111. l111t "11111t·Ji11ws 11·1· 11.-;1·rl tn (' IJ:IS( ' a J.11J 1· l11·r
1r l1<1 t111.J·: :1 ilri\·1· i11 l1i.o.: 111.J 1·: 1111·;i s- t1 •1 1111·d 1·:1 rt 11· 111 ·11 111·
1·,·lt. lil.: 1· ii , :111.f :1.0.: f., ,. li .-; li, 1111·11· \1·1·1·1· ;il\r:1rs <·111:111g·l1 t11
Lt • (':l ltg·ld , ('\'1:11 if'\\(' ('lllild llPI 1111.r :11 1.1-.
( ):ll ' 1 1111rn i11 .~· :\l:1 ;..•:.c:i1· t1.lrl 11,.; t l1: 1t tl l(' r1· 11·~s 11" thi 11.t.:·
i1 1 tire 111111.-;1: 1·11r di111ll'r, ;111d t:1k11 1 .~· ;111 1·: 1rl.1· sta rt, wt:
1r1·1 it :I! 1111, ·1· d111111 t1 1 till ! stur1• J,1 :1., J\ ii' tl11· 1)(1it'lll!r
li ad 111·1·1 1 >'!'I'll: 1111( li11d in :_:· 111:11 111 · lr: 1d .L:·11IH ' 1111L d1 ~ l'}'­
s1•:1 lis l1 i11 g· !'or t 11·11 d:1 .1'. 111 • stl'llll1· il il o11·1 1 to t ill ~ sl111 re
111 St'!' j f' 11·1· 1·111dd li11d >'ll lll(' lll:lt'k1 ·r1•J. 1111( ;J "< t l1t'l'l' 11·as
n<it. :i li.o.: lll'r11 1: 111 i11 s1.i.; lit , we t:Olll'l t1d1· d tl1aL 1rt· l1:id i>d.Lcr
pn·1·id1 • f111· fllll'S1·]y 1•s . :-;,, l:11'i11.t.:· 11111· li11 1•.o.: . ;1 11.l gTLli11g
l1111 1~1·k1· 1·1>1 11g· .

NARRATIVE COM l' OS !TIO N.

::;uiue chrns for lx1 it, wr \\' r nt fl\T r to t lw l11ill 11f an old
::;chooncr which was going to )'i cct· s :tlo11 gsidc on e of t lie
ruinc<l wharv es . \V e lookell down lhe mined hatc hway
into th e l1 old, and co uhl sec tl ie ll oumlers a nd sculpius
;-;wirnming :d>1>11t lazily.
"The re is t.h at ::;;1me lii g tlmrnd e r th;tt we saw yesterday," said I ; .. I kn ow him lici:a 11s1! one of l1is fi11 s is
Jiaif go111:. I tl1111"t lJcli evc li e c;u1 get n ut, for the l1ole
ill t.hc sid e of th e scJl()Un Cl' is 11 "[. Ver)' wide, a11.J j t, JS
high e r up tl1au flrn1111l c rs eve r swi111 . l't: rliaps li e 1·:111u:
in when lie \Vas ynt1 ng , an d was too l:vy t.o gn ot1t t111til
h e was so large li e i.;ould11"t.. Fl o11nd1)rs ahrays look s1>
la.1.y, a1 1tl :ts if LIH:y t h1Jllght a gn•aL d, :;d of tll<'111sdn.: s ."
"T h opt: t hey will think e11n1Ig h of tlH·111sclves to k<'I'[>
away from 111y l1111 1k th is morni11g," s:lid l~ak, phi_l"sopl1i1·ally, "and I.li e sc t1l]'in t"o. I am go111g to f1 s li
for n11111 1·rs, an d k eep 111 v lin e sli1, r t." And sl1t~ pe rclll'il
111:rsdf 011 tl1 e '111 :n!Pr, h:1it1·d lwr h 11" k 1·.ard1dly, :u1d
t lm:w i t. nn• r with a 1·!:1111-sli e ll to at trad alt.cnti"11. I
we nt. to L11 c rail al tl 1e si d l', a nd 11·c \\·en: prcs1·11t ly m11,·l1
e 11 eo11rag1·d l1y p1illi11g up two s111all e u1111ers, :111d f..Jt,
t.b;tt 1111r l'l'"·'l"'''t .-. f'nr di1111 cr were l'X< :cll 1·11t. B11t. 011r
ust1al g"od l11d~ SLT l11 cd to d1· ,.;l' rL 11,;.
Tl1<'. 1·H1 111 .. rs
wo11ld 1·itl1cr t·at our hai l or keep away a lt.og1:tli1 :r.
l\ a l1' at last. s:i irl \ H ' rn114 stane 1111 lcss we l'O llld l':tli'li
t.h e 11i 1r fl n1111d cr, :u11l :1ski·d m e to drop 111y l11H1k d1111·11
t.h l' li:~. d1way; bt1 t. it s1·1·1111~<l nl11111sl too had to d es troy
his i1111occ11t. happi11 Pss . . Jt1st. tl1c11 Wt ' l1 <: ard tl11~ 1111is1·
o f oars, :111d t11 011r 11Pli g h t sa.w Ca}'l:t i11 :-;:u1ds in h is
dory jw4 l><'yoml t he 1w xt wli:trf. " A ny l11 l' k ''" said
h e; "s' posc ynl! don't can: a ny thing ab1111t go in g nut.
this m o rnin g."
Selecti 1111 fr" 111 lJee1il11H'c11. S;u·:d1 Orne .1<1wett.
0

0

STl ' l>il·:s

JN

1·: :-.:c;1,1s11

('()~fl'()SJTIO:-;,

NAIWATJVF,
LIST OF SUBJECTS FOR NARRATIVE COMPOSITION .

011r Pic11 i~.

7

CO~ll'OSITION.

How \Ve Ca111pP1l Out.
'Y!1 1J !ir:-1t. su ~:...:,t·:--:!t·d --

\\liq

<ir;...::111i/."1l -

lH1\\' rnany i11 1111· 11ar1 .\

How 11111 e h ]'la11ni11g W:tH 111,,·e,G,ary - 0 11tlil-- "lial \\;t.-; forgotl••lJ.
How l'XJ'eclalio11 a1Jd rea lizaliu11 c o 1111•an·d. \\'ho di cl tJ.,, cvvkin~.

A lllllSC 111 c 11ts -111is hap~.

Visit, to a Dry L(1oci,;

St.un~ .

Ti Ill e spr· 11t. - 111·0 11le s1!.1'1t - arti e lt•s for ~alt> - clerks -c11"lon1 ern- su111111er good; - winler goo1b - ~lurc wi111lowH.

Orn~

School Day.

H"late in propPr order all the <lifferc11t occup:itions of ll1c d:iy .

How I Spent Sa.tunla.y.
Narrate lh (' "'"· nf s 11!' tl"' d:1Y, Idlin g tl1 e litt.le thin g" . 1>11 not
sa.y you ros' ~ i11 ll1t• llHH·11i11g-. :II•· yn 11r hn·a\.:f a:.; I . \\"11rk"d Pr
play1·d. as f.],.. c:b<) 111ay l w; h11f i«ll 111>· l1 ·il11·' tli:cl n1iul1: np 111,.
day':-1 •1<•i·11patio11~. and 111ak e tl11 ~ 11:1rr:lli\'i' a~ i11tt•rt>~ti11g a~ yot1
ca11. Take llawt.l1orn e's 1\'fl/l!-flonh a s a 111odt•I.
~i111ply

NoTI~.

-

It.

i~ Htif. ~ uppos1•d

nt. all

•.~xlia11:-1th· f~;

Haid.

Nori~

t11at 1111.:.~ nol f'~ 1111d er thn g:h·cn s11 l1j1•1·t:-1 :1rn
tli ry arP simply to s11J!.!.!PSI. a. ft·w thing~ wlaid1 ma~· 110

llii ."I i11t1·111kd

;1s

a ('Ornplete li s t of "uhject..Q, - (·al'h

111 e111 ht· r

of 1111• · ·la~" 1·;n 1 d1111ld!Ps<.: lind ...;0 1111• nrH~ ,..;11hj1·~·1 a " \\' I'll nd1qd1·d In hi1n

a!'i a11y of tlws(', - \nit llwst~ i11dical1· tlic iypt· . Th~ ""11hjt•1;\!'i 111;1y lw
assiglli·d liy t hn l1•a.-!1 l'r, or !lir. p1q1il...,; 111:1y sj'l1·d for ll11·111K1·lvi•..;.
:\' .. !
lt 'N~ t.Jiall IWO origi11aJ 11arra!iV t·~ t-:lio11Jd lw Wl'illCll Ut~fore !lll)' Pllu;r \\·ork
i'< u11d1·r t:tk l'n .

SUGGESTIONS TO THE WRITER.

lJH" 111 >alilin,\'int i1lllH in \\Tit.ten co111poxitio11; t.!1t•y :irn JH' l'l11ilt Pd
011 ly in I ti l IH, J,.g:d doc ll llH'll tH. a11d statistics. l·>•pt•c ially a\'oid t.111'
ahl •n·viat i1111 of f/ 111/ .
111e:u1in gs Ilia ! it JJ( i\\. t'\ j 11'f'.':-- •·s Ill!IH' a1·1·11r:11~·ly.
l:x1 : 1 1 ·i s1~ 1·a.rf' Id
111ake your 111a1111scri pl look as wdl as p11ssible; dot your i's, cross
.\·our(.-.:., put a. p Pr i11d at. tilt' 1·1111 of all d1Tlaral l\· i~ s1·1d.1·11c1·s; 1wv1·r
o tuiL tin· l1,rpiw11 w!wn a WPrd is di\· id1·d at tlie l't1d of a l111e. { i f a
.:ard " ·],.•11 you wis h I" ~ npl'l Y a word ldt 01d.
If yn u arP a poor S['• ~ JI.,r , li.,gin lo train )'(Jill' 111i11d lo r..tai11 I.I,.,
pi ct.u rPs of "·ord". (\,.,.!'" di t" lio11ary al. l1and, and 1·01"11lt, il.

.. ,._

I

:-iT l'

1>11•; ~

IN !': JS (; LI Sil CUl\l l'OSI TION.

NAlUtATlVE CO.l\I l'OSITION •

.I
I

I:_
IIf
Ii

EXEIIClSI~

l'1q1i\--; ,, ril·· in 1•.la -..:-> fur hu ,nl.\· 1:1 i11utt>s upon tl 1c sa1nc subject.,
tli 1·11 •·:11·li rl'ado< ' ' l1at. Ji., li:is writ.11•11.
l·::11 ·l1 l'"l'il lak··~ a dill1·n·11t. ... 11\.j .. ..t. :i.11tl \Hile~ for lwenly mill111.''"· tl1< ·11 •·a..!1 rl' ad s what }i ., l1a s wriLlt~ 11.

il

!;

LESSON III. - CONDENSATION OF LONG STORIES.

:1 11·,,,,, /,,
.I (

i\:atiia 11i<'l l l:iw t honw.
Cli:ul<·s llic kPllH .
.l1 1l 111 lt11nya11 .
Th n111;cs l\11lli11cl1.
\\"a ,; i1 i11g to11 ln·i11g .
< ' li:1rl• "• "' "1 l\larv L:rn1li.

!_:,,,,J,-

' /1ri s lfl11 1...: f ' t1r11!

·1· 1,, • .

1,,,. ''. ( Ful1!1·

'/'/,, · .\/. ,.r,.j, f! ,,,,J,- .

I

11

I

I

I
!

I!
I

1: 1,1wrt.. BrC1\\'ll i11 .~

Tlt r. f'ris o11cr <!( Chill<m
Hosol1 rllr.
'f'/11 ' /(/.1111 1 1~/ tlt P A nrif-' nl ltf11 riw•r
'/'Jn._ f 111'/u ·upt: J: ot:!.· .

Hol>('rt. Hrnw11i11c:: .
Alfred T e1111ysu11. ~
Alfred Te1111y"o11.
Alfred T e 1111po11.
\Villi :i111 \Vonh<wo rll1.
Willia11 1 l'uwpe1;,
Lord Byron. ; /
Sir \\'a ller Scolt..
Sa1111ll'l T . Coh•ridg-P.
I:ohnl S011th e v.

]{(IJ "l/l/11,..:;

].,",] ;\ l:.,· a1lhY .

Dora .
Tlw Po s.< im1 11/ A rlhur
Good.'/ IJ/11k e 1111d llarry Gill
.fof11t (,'ilj,;t:':.; J (ir / (:

Th e pupil~ a re to relate one or more of the following stories. This
exercise, in ord er to be use ful, should be brief, only the main
poiuls in the s tori es being given.

!
I

ll<·nry W. Longfell ow .
Henry \Y. Lu11~f .. l! ow.
lle11ry \V. Lo11gf1 •1low .

Ki11.11 l:ol11•rl •! ( Sicil!/ .
'/'h f'- f'alt-011 '!( Sr·1· 1:,,,fr,.;!/U
T/11; f ,1':/•'111/ n,:111111/11/ .
'/')11• l}/1,/ f'11u ·1 r~ / /111111f'liu
/[ ,.,.,. ,: h'i1'1
0

~!

11

T'AHAl'llltASI·: OF POEMS.

l!- 1101·/i A nle11

I

II...,

II. -

Pupils should read one of these poe ms ca refully and retell it in
their own words.

~land t· r,·et. ' ' 111 •11 ~ 1waki1i;...:·, ;111d :-:t:i11 d ~ ti IL

1111li11i.-.:lwd.
H

said lit• ,' ' nur .. i ~ ay~, s ays in fo r .• I

sa id ."
:\\' ui d tlJt. ~
yunr

11 .... . ~

uf why, ,ww,

:t11d rrrll ,

as intrndu e to ry words for

Sl~lllt!ll Ct'. ,".

Tl11 ~

\\·unl

,.,.,.!!

:-- lr1·11;...:.l!.1·11i11g: ii.

t"rt''('ll'llt.l_Y \\'(•akt>11 :--

;111

/\"11 /1 11111/1111r:1 ( '/111n·h
1 ·11,, (,'urri ... 1>11 r~r (·ap" A 111 1
lih!Jllll' o( f/,1 • /)11,./11:ss ,1/1u1
it ( 'ur;-;1111 's Ui1/f'
l\ 1:11l w-k.11 ll1·1!~

,Johll ( ;, \\'hit.til'r.
,Joli II (;. \\'Ji it fin .
Elizali1·tit 11. l\rnw11i11g.
.Jo aq11i11 i\!illcr.
Co1H<la11ee F. \\' 001"n11.
\Villia111 Cullen Brya11L

0

/\

SUGGESTIONS TO THE WRITER.

Avoid t•xct·:-::-ii\·, ~ 11se u f (lt11f. Tl1i .. .: is a t ·u 111111011 fault.
I lu 11 u1 ,; ay 11/; aft Pr wr1rd .-;.
\'ary tl11 ' fu n11s t •f y1111r s1·11t""'"'"- l>o 1101. l":i."" a sc11t.e11.:e
:-: a ys lw ,, fur

'/'//(' /:u f!lr ·~/ t/11' / .. 11/."i' J:, ·.1;illus
L11rd ~LL caulay.
'} '/(,~ /li:;h '/'id1J 111 1 t/w ( 'oust 1~l l.innd11 s/1irt' .ft·;u1 l11 g 1•ln\v .

S d/11

SUGGESTIONS TO THE SPEAKER.

~l'\'t ' I" ll S t ; , ,

•

adj1 T li ve

i11 :-\ LCad uf

Jn p:i.rapl11a"i11g a

}"Jl'lll

try lo l':tlc h t.ite ']'irit. of it., whether it

is li e rnie, trag ic, it 11111oro11 . -. or l 'at.h e t ie. Htj <":t rl'f11 I t" 11:;rraf f' tl1 f'
events in ll1 e ir 1•roper order; a111l i11 order that yo11 may clo this
easily. tak e 11w11tal nule o f tite1n wlH·11 r eadi n g I.hf' l"-''""1.
1\11.,l of lite'" :u·e dra111ali c poe 111s a11d kwe so me point. of c 11l mi11at.i11g i111t:n· st; i11 yo nr rel'rodn .. t.ion lake ca.re tn bri11g the
i11te n ·st. lo a cli111ax.
NoTE. - Therc t-1 l1 oul d lH: a.t lea.st 0J1t• oral a11J ou e w r itte11 •· xerdst• in
,\ m11T1 .~ ~o rua11 y it iH prohahle that at le:i.sl

pa.raplirasi11g- t111· se po1·111s.

two are within the reach

tif

eacl1 p11pil.

10

S'l't'flll':S

1;-.;

l<:Nf;1,1s11

(:(l~ll'USLTIO'.'<.

LESSON IV. - BRIEF REPRODUCTION OF RISTORIOAL

NAltltATl\'1 1: Cll~ll'IJSITIUN.

11

r e ply, g·Ltri11g fi c rl'1·lv at. tl1c .yo1111 g nwn. "~orne day \\'t :
\\'ill 111:tk" lllll' 11·ay tl1rougl1 l\u."L•'! ll t;(n:ds ;1L the j•ui1t1
ol' till' l1:!V<>lll'l.
0

T A1J:8.

Pupils s hould tak e not e~ of th e principal points in the narrative, and
from these, ei th er tell or rewrite the story in their own words.
THE BOSTON MASSACRE.

' I

It \\:ts 111>11' t\1< : fifth of i'.f:tr,·\1, 1770. Tlw s111 1s(·L
lllll>'iC of tiu: i:ril .isii n•gilll!'li!S \\';l.S ilt':i.l'd ;I ,-.; l!Sl!;i\
ll1r11 11:_:l1 u 1t! liw 1011·11. Tlw sl1rill lif1· a11d r:1ltling dn1m
<l\\'1 •k1 · t i1c· \'<.:i11 11·s i11 l\i11g ;-.;11:v1.: l. \\'l1il1· t l11~ lasL ray of
s1111 ,d 1i1ll' 11·a s ii11gTl'i11,g on (\ 1c «11pnLL of th e Town
ILJ11.-..1: . ~' \j1d llP\\ ;dl ilil· s1·i 1::1H ·L-- \\ .1'. i't : _l 11 i....;( 1·1l. ()11 •·o! t !1(' 111 n1 :1 r1·l wil 11;i a nd d n\\'ll l wf11r1 · t lw ( '11sl11 111
!!1111,.;1' , ln ·:1 ilinr:; a. s l1ol'I. jl:tfl1 tl11'1111~l1 tl 11• s11nw a11d
l11 11gi11g· for t.!1< : ti1111• \1·!11 •11 I!(' 11«1llid J,.. di ." lllisserl to
t.l:i• 11·:111 11 iin·,.: ide iii' tl11 : g11 :1rtl-r"11111. :\ll'all\\'lii\I', C"aj't:1i11 1'1 ... ,;f,,11 11·a,; 1'•·rl1:1j>s silti11g i1t J111'1: t\11: lwal'ti1 .. r
il1i: lhiii s l1 i '11fl1 T I 11111 ,.: 1·. !11 tlH : ,-,111r;;1• of th e C\'i :11i1w
t 11t ·n· 11·1·1'" I 11·,, Pl' I l1rt'CJ sl i_:_:·l1t. 1·111n1111.t i1111.". 11·l1i1·li s1:;• 111t·~
!." i11di1·aln 1i1ai ll'llliliJ.. 11·:1.s at. 11: 111.J . :--;111:iil ]'<Ll'li .. s !lf
yrn111g n11·11 s tnnd a(. tlw ""l'ill~ rs of tl11· s1l't'!'ts {IJ' \\':lik ed ·
al o11!::- 11w 11:tlTll\I' J>:Ll'<'lll<'Iii .s . S1ll!.'.!_•l-< ;; f "'"ldi1•rs \1·1in
ll'l' l'<' ti i.s111 i,;s1 ·d !'ro ll! d11t.y p:1 ssl'd i1;· I lw 111 ,; ]"''ild1'1' tn
siio1 il d"l', 11·1t l1 tile rcg·ul:1r sii-p \l'l1i<"l1 tl w\· had leal'll<'d
:1t. driil.
\Vl11•1J(•\·1•r il1 (·-.;. ~· 1·1 1r·o111:t1·1 ".: ! •ink plact• 1 t
~('l ' lll < '" (11 ! ) (' tl:t• {11).i tTt 11 1' ti 1{' _\"P!lll 1 ~' ll !l ' ll t o 1-rP:t t - th1•
."' 1 ddi;·r ~ \\·itlt :t~ I111.1~·l1 ii11.·i\ ili! _
\- :ts 1 n 1 ~ ..il d1: .
"T11r11 "'1t. \'< Ill i<,J1s!• ·1'-l.:11 ];.,_ 1 •• "!I" 11 ·,. 11 1cl ,'"\ii .Y.
"("r<111'fl 111!'!11 <•ff till' s1d1·\\·;1ll; " '" :1111•:i lt' 1· 11·"11ld <'!'.\· ;
.. :1 r .. d,.o:i{. li:1 s 1111 ri,:_:· lt! i11 l:11sl1111 :;( r .. 1·1s. ··
· · I)

'-" i i

'"i wl r:1,; l' :tb '. ·· 1wrl <: 1j "' il"' :: .. ldw rc; \\'0 11lcl

•

011n• 111' ( 11 i,.c suc-!1 cli ...,p1 1l1·,; :t.s tl1co-:i: lm111L'.l1L <'II :1
s1 ·.ul1l ... 11·],j .. J. !"'"'""] 11!1'. 1,.. 11,.11·r, ll'ill1n11( . ;: ttr:i • li11 •'
mu e li not in:. J\IJ,,ut eiglit o"doek, for :-;ome 1111k111111·11
cause, a11 alarm l1e ll ra11g l1111dly ;u1d l1urril'illy . Lakr
in tl11: ('\'1·11i11g, 110(. far (n111 1 11i1w o'i ·Lwk ""'"'ral y11111w
men pa,;s".J i,'r tltt: Town lln11 :.;\ ' :u1.J \1·:Lll~\., ] '11lll'I; I\i11~~
:-:ifJTl'f. Th.: "\'lltind \\' ;):.; st ill :l L l1is !'"';! i11 f..1111(
tlw ( '1htrn11 I f,nts\', 1•:l<'i11g· 1u :u1d fr11; 11 l1iil: as lw
\ 11n wd, :t ;.:lt-:1111 ,,f 11,:_:·Lt i'ro1n s11111 i: 111 ·i;.:·lil 111r i1 1g 11 illdu11·
glith:re d 011 thP 11arn•l of l1is lllllsk\'L
Pnw11 f1111·:1rd:.; tlw ('11,.:t11111 111111 ,;p 1• :11111 · :1 1i:·1r: y ,.r
\\'ild .\<JllI1g- 111 c 11. \\"lit :11 tl 11T dn :11· JIC':tl' tl"' :-;,·1111111 ·!
lie l1alkd 1JI1 !tis f'"" l , a11d 1.· n(:d, •· \Vl10 g<>l'" l11cre '! .. 111
Llw g11i1[ ltlll!':-i <Jf ;t S<>Jdilll' ';-; l')1;Li it- 11g< :.

.:r

Tlw y<11 111g 1111•11, lwi11.g l \ e1st1111 !.".!'" · felt as if tl1(•\·
l1ad :t rigl1t to walk their 011'11 streets witl1011L iil'i11g
a cco111ita!.l1· lt> a !lrili:.;], s11ldi1·r. Tlwy 111:trl1· s11 11w r11d"
:u1:-;11·1·r to t 11(· sent.incl. Tl11·n: was a disp11t1·, p1·rhai'" a
;w11lll t•.
Otlwr so ldiL·rs lw:11d t l1e 1111i .s,• :ll!d r:u1 !11
a,;sis t. 11 1.. ir <'1111H:1tl C'" . ,\ t t lie :-::u111• t i111" 11i:t11y ., r t 1.1:
tow11spe n pl1 • rn s l1 e d i11tn I\i11g Stree t and g:t!lwn•1l i11 a
(']'!111'<1 :l1">lll11l t lit'"( '11>(11111 I 11111.SI'.
Ti1 c 11 Jtd1g.s :rnd i11,.,11lt .s 11 J.i, li t ln: ]ll'"l'k li:u1 ]"'""
"uffc l'tll!.;' fo r m:u1y 111011U1s 111 1\\' ki11d!t-d t li1 :m i11t1 1 a
r:t.C:\ '. '1'! 1...1· 1l1n;11· s11111Yli:t ll.s :111.! !1111 11'" o l' i" '' at th ..
se1ldi" ""· ,\s t!1,. (1111111lt '._'.!'1•\1 l1111d1·1· it l'l':tl'l11·d Ill<' 1·:ir
of C:q.t:1i11 l' r,·0-: :1111. tlw 11ili1Tl' ,,f tli " d:t\'. II .. i1111111"li
ati-lr 111dc-11·d c:i:_:lit. ,.. ., ,]d i< r,; .,f tl" : g uard l<> taL" L11 .. i1
11111skl'{s :wd f11ll1111· l1i111.
Tlw y 111arcl11·1[ ;u :r uss ll1<'
:<!.l'CT !., fe1ffi11ir tli .. ir 11·:t1· rot1 "l il1· thro111d1 tli e 1'!'111'"1.
:t1H1 pri .. kill!-'." ~l11; iw<>ple ~VIll1 t"l,1t:1.r hayo11;~t~ .

i:.:

A g c 11tkni;t11 (liewy 1{11ox , ;t[Lerwanl ge11eral of
A11H:ri1·:t11 nrl illny) ra 11gl1t ( 'apla in l'restnn's arm.
~~Fo r l It·aYvn'.-..; .'"\ake~ .-.; ir,' ~ lit'. ,. \l ·Jai111 cd, ~~lake heed
1ri1:il. 1·1111 d11 111· il11·1" · 11·ill 111• l1l1111.],]l\'<l."
''Stand asid,.," a1Js\\'erctl Captain PrL•stnn li:rng!ttily ;
lit1(. i1ilerfi·re, sir! Le:L\'e ni e In manag1 ~ tl1 c affair:·
J\ rrivin!..; at the sentinel\; p<1sL Captain !'rest.on drr.w
up l1is 1111·11 111 :1 s1·micir..lc \\'itli tlit'ir L1<·1•s In tli1· ('J'Jl\\'d .
\\'L"11 !L1· l"'"i'l" ·' •II\' !lie 1dlin:l :uni lwl1< ·l d 1l1t: Um :a(.-

"do

"11111,c;· att1t1Hl.: 1\1111 \1li11:! 1 t ilt' s1il di e rs rr11 1ii1"I !.l1e 111,
th,·ir r:1 .~··· l11·1·:1111t · :il11wsf. 11111·1111l nilLtlil1· . "Fire! yuu
l•il1s (l'r-l1a1·ks' .. l'rii·d s11111e. "\'011 daru IJJI! lire, yo11
1·011ard ly n·d1·C1:r.!s '. ,; l' l'it•d 11tllt'l'S.
" l\11 sli 111111 11 tli,:111 l "' sl1011t<'d 111:111y VCIJ('t'S. " l>ri\'t :
il1e ra ,.; l'als t.<1 till'ir i1;nr:u ·ks '. llmvn with tl1 e 111 '. Ll'f
1li"111 li1i: 11' t.111'\' .Jan: ; "
;\ 111111 Ii" ' 11111'<1;11', 1111: snld1ers stood glar111g at the
i""'lil" 11·il 11 tl1i: lit•ff•'lli '.s,; nf llll'il 11·h11,;1· trade ii. is to
sll\'d lilP11<i. Tlll' )'Clljlle app <' :tn~d l'l'.:trh f " rnsh 11pnn
tl11: ]1,1i'iJ,·d l1:1vo 1wl.:-;.
(': qilai11 l'r, ·sL<111 \\;l\'ed l1is
swprd :11111 11tl1·n"I :1. t·o111111and \1· i1i..l1 cc11i1d 11 11(, Iii.: di s1i11l·t l.\ lll':Llil :1111id tlw lljll'fl:IJ' 111' SJ ICllllS tl1:it i,.:s 11l'd fro111
a h1 111dn·d thrnats.
l:11t. Iii." s11ldi1•rs 1!11111 .~· ltL he had
co1 111r1 ~ 1 11dt ·d ~~ l"1n·'
'I'ln · 11:1:--;li ()r th('. JI n1 11 >d\vt.-..:
li ;.'. ld1·d t.11('. SC'.<'111'..
l·:lc•\' (:JJ of 1lw SCIJIS ,ii· i\1•\\' 1·:11gla11d
!:1y st n·li'llt'd 11111111 1lw stn·1,I, >'< 1111\' llc'\'l 'r In rise agai n .
l:Jo,11] sl1·c·a1111·cl 111 10 11 1111: :-<1111\L Intl. 11 1: \(. 111 1 r11l1~ stai11 ,
tl1Plt.~· l1 it lllf.'!(1'll :111·:1y in tl!f'. llf'Xt d:1y"s Sllll, \';:ts ll C\'C I'
!"1 rguU1·11 liy tlw p1:oj1lc. -JVut/i<111i. ·l lf,11rl/1,,nt1'.
ll11 w !.. H_
'..: l wf(1r1• Ll1•· l!1•rultiii•111ary \r;~r did !lit· li11·du11 1\fa~sa'\'1·r1· 11 11· :-:1,Jdi1•rs j11 ... 1ifi1·d i11 ~l 111 ol i11g? \Vhat
fa1111111 s i )11:--. l11 11 l:i\\"_\'t•r....; , J,.fj•tHi•·tl U1 P s· ddi1•rs :ii 1lwir trial'( \\' haL
is :111 "lli1'f'I' pf 111" d :1y'/ \\·li .1 \\J'l'f' 1111' s .. Jdi1·rs ""llo·d lol.1 "t"r-

1'1'(' f:1k1• 1 il : 11 '•~ '!

i

NA 'n \\ A l'I \I 1·: - '·o~l l 'U"I TIO'>:'.

\

b:<cks '/

•)

The 11a111" of King St.red has li1°<'n chan!;'"i to :-;tall'

,St, n ~l·t~fo r

11\

\\' hy dues llawli111n11·

what reaso n't

fr 1••p 11•11l.ly i 11 tlii"

p 1~ n;o11s

1"

SP!1'c ·li 111i

'?

t1~1·

1wrli r1 1s

:-.<

1

1

Is tl11 ~ \\'()rd s111111t/ a111'1i1·d lu a 11y

li<'r 1 ltr111 ~ol di 1· r s 9

T o wl1al. rl :i " of wnnls do sltri!/ a11d
\\.hy is !li1_• :"'l'!tfP1we lH·gi1111i11g, 14 Jh·11ry l\.11ox .,

ntl!li1u; l wlo 11 g '~

put i1;l.o pan·11l h cses '/

\\'ha t is t he etfod uf di1·ect t!i scou r.se i11

narrative ct1111po.sitio11?
SUGGEST IO NS TO THE WRITER.

I\" 1·ar,.f11l In"'" q1111\ation 111arils \11 11·11 1"""1,,,J.
Hi:1111"nl1n lo )'la,.1: a co11111\a before a11d a fter any wurds 1l1al
i11te rr11]'l a 1p1 u lat i1111 .
wril1~

Always
Tho only
0

th e IHO!llh a11d
lc11th

s111:dl 111111d11: rs iu word~.

com111011 ''\1'1•ptin11 ."I

to lhi s

t!J1~ li1111 ~ or tJ11~ day.

or .J1111 p,''

nd+~ ar1 · : th1• u111t1h1·r

!\fa11y 1

r:ttl11·r tlt il.11 , ,, tlw 10111

ratlit•f' 1ha11 , " 7 0'1·liwk."

i.lf

J10\\' l~ V f'>r ,

of

thP

day

pri·ft • r lo \\fill'."

.J1n1 u". a11d

. ~~ ·\ ' 4'1l 41'1 ·l 111· k . "

( l,... ap:e allow:' Pill11·r for111. \\itli pr1 'f 1·re1 11'(' f11r

1)1+1 WHni.

LIST OF BOOKS SUITABLE FOR SIMILAR EXERCISES.
rr'n1 111U:,111;>r' ..; t't11 1i,·

\'a.1l1a11i1·l I!:iwll111rne.

l/1 ... f11ri1· /:1111'
( 'hi1·fllrit~ /J 1u 1.r:
'{'/,,, 1111" '!' ( .,,;,.,,,,._~

EIJ.ri.I(" :-;, llrnob.

'/'hf, St11r.'I

·n ..~ n"!I"

1~/"

the /\runw111.,

o/"/li .

nf

llH~

1-:lh. rid gt'

~-

Brn()lc .-.:.

Tho111a~ l\11 l ti11~h.

::;arnh ( lr11e ,Jew..t.I.
Charles C. (\111i11.

:ST UJl!I..;::; l'.\ E !' ULl:SJI

cu~11•u ::; 1nuN.

I ;j

THE USE 01'' WOltl>S.

But co me, thou Godd ess fair a11c.I free,

Tn H ea ve n ycle pt Euphrosy ne. - Jlliltmi.
Tlu·y wi sl 11 ol \\'hat to say ; fo r tlu•y we re sore afraid. -

H t h .-, 8CO r11 of yo nr bright. cy 11 e
Jlav e po we r t.o rai "e su ch love in min e . -

C TL\ l ' TUi IT.
TlIR

I'S/~·

OF Jl'()/i'/JS .

li1Nf.

Sliakr.' l""".'·

St. Fra11 c is an d St. 1\.-n edict ,
Bless

ll1i ~

ho 11 s•• fr o 111 wi ck"d ll'igltl ;

Frum tl1 c 11i g ltt111 a re ;u11l tlt e gol>li11,

That is ltigltt gon.J fo ll o w ltob in. -

LESSON V. - GRANGES IN WORDS.

<'11 r l11·1·iyli1.

Tu \'ai11, lit e l1i11ils t h" t.111·1·•hi11g fl oo r pn·par1-,

And e xe rcise tlt e ir fl a ils i11 e 111j'ty air. -

No on e <':l ll Ii(• :t .c:· .. nd Sjll':tk t: r or \\'rit \' r who l1a.s not
tli ('. a l1ili ty to 11,.:c tlw ri g lit. '"''rd i11 th e ri g l1L plate .
ll 1· IHT it j ,.: ,,f t \1 (' 11 t111t h !. illl j •() l'{; U ll' l'. t\1; tL th e \\' O!'ds \\'( :
c11q 1l 11y ,.:\ 111 11 1.! l.1 · tl1 tls1· i11 g·( ·11 c ral 11 ,;1" thal tll(' j' s l1 011ld
11(' 11 ,.:(·d l1y 1 IH' lwst ·" \•('; 11'1·rs a1HI \1Tit1·1 ·s etf t.111 : LL11g11a g 1·, ;u1d al ,.;n tl1 ;1t. 1·a1· l1 11·1tnl sl1 ould lie w;ed i11 its
l' fl l'l' t'. l' l ;111d :tl' <'<'jd( •d 111c •:t11i11 g .
:\ li,·i11 .g b11 g 11 ;1g1· j,.; al\\· a.y s (:l1a11gi11g, a11d wonls am
cnitti1111:ill y fallin~· 011 !. .. r 11s(._ ~01111 : \\'ord s i11 tl1 e fnll11 w ing t• X{l':td s, 111:111 _\· o f t 111'1 11 f11 11111J ill llll' \\'l'ili11gs of
~l1:1kc ·s 1• 1': 1n : a11.J \li\ 11111. a 11d ettlwrs i11 tlH: llil1lc•, an·
111.111· 11<> letng\'r i11 cn·cli11:in· 11.sv.
!\11 s11d1 \\·11rcls \\' I'
ca ll 1tl 1setl1 ·lt'. Tl ....1· i1 ;1\·1·. 111111·1·\·(· r, 1H"<'et111" 1tl1s11l1·t e so
n ..-1·11t.l y tl1a t.. tlwir 11lt'a11 i11 g i,.; 11 ,.; 11 :dl y k111t11·11 to us.
E X Et:c1 s 1·:

r. -

s 1·:L1·:1:T

Tiii ·:

<ll \.- :()1,ETE

\\'Oltl>H

A N I>

c : J\"J•: Tlll·: 11: "1 1·: A ;-.< J N <: .

It was 11 o t fram ed for vill age

D r!Jde 11 .

c hml~.

B11t fo r hi g h d a lli es an(] mi gl1ty earl s . -- ::>col l.
Surely th o u al sll art on e of th e m, for t h y "l'<'C cl1 t ... wr a1···ll1

th ee . - Jlih!P .
l\( ouday, th e :!i1tl1 d ;ty, \\' t' W<' lll 1111 sh o re to f..11 ti11il 11• r,
ri vi• and sollle to !'arry . - ( .'/i n miclr.< '!( //11, l'ilf11 ·1111 .<.

Words

.,
- !:

I

wlto~e

so rtt" '"

Menning lt11s ( 'h1111i,:4•1l.

N o t only d o words lieco rne o lJo<ol d 1·, h11L it. frl' q ll l' ll t Iy
happe ns tliaL words cha11ge in 111ea11i11g; tl1 ;d . is, t lt1 ·\·
lose th e ir old 111 ea11i11gs a nd gain 11cw 01H ·s. :--;u11wli11H ·s
th ey gain a 1ie w m ca11ing a nd Rtill r e Ltill tlwir (lid 11111'.
Tlri s process is eonti11ua.ll y going 011 i11 1:\·,·ry li vi11_g la 11 g11age . l\lany \\'o n ls m;ed liy Sl1ak e :<pl' arc a11cl -;\I ilt11 11
hatl a very different 111ca11in g fr o m the one th ey 1111\1·
l1 a n~ .

!';t ,. ri .. d " i11.\ """ ri .- 111 \' d i_:'. Iii.
J·:x:11 11Jd 1'S o f "'onls Cltan gctl i11 ;\l1·a11i11,l,'..

(' ;1.t;t i1q.,:· a d i1 n n· l i~ i 1 111.1..: l i,t:,l 1L - .l/i/ fn11.

,\ nd 11 :11 ·IH 11I \·

l\i 'll "

ll 1: 11. l w li f':-; ll w re.

Admire

l\1d. hi s l1 a\\ k a11d l1i .s l1 (1 1Jlld a11<l l1i s l;1·h· fair.
'J'/u· 'f'rl' fl { 'o rl1i11.~.

wa~

o ri g- i11 a ll y 11sP1l i11 il" La t. i11 sense>, (1) wu11d " r a l.

l :x. Y o u .11a vc

cli ~ plar • · 1l

ll1 A mirth, bro ke

111 os l a d11iin·d di...;o rdt·r. --- 1.'111f"h l'I /,.

1.111~

good 111 .... ti ng w il h

STU Ill I·:s

Brave 111t ·:111t. ., iJnwy, 'ple 11di.J.

Wonls

Ex . In hra " e atti r~.

By and by fn rrnnly 111,.a11t

who~e

(Ho'

17

\\'Oltll~.

Meaning ii; now

tha111.:i11~.

at. 011<'•'. "traightway, immecliakly; now
it. 1111·a11 s S()lll(! t i111 e in t lie fut 11rP .

Boom is 11 0\\' frequ.:11tly 11se1l i11 the Sel!S('. pjfi11:r o r a ~ li<' Cl',S ful
effort. "" a11 l'ffort. l.l1af. hopes for s11c«•'·' ·' · Tiro' l\S" of t lt l,

ari set h hec a.use of the wor,I, hy awl by he

\\·ord prol1abl y g row s out. of it~ 1ne a11i11g f.n 111ak e a 11 o i."1" l o
111u\'e rrq•idl y. It. i~ fo1111cl chielly ill th e ll• '. \\''}':'l"'r·'· a11d
refers tu ['uliti cal a11cl t.usi11 ess •·11t.cq•rise'"

J·:x.

\\'lu •n 111 · r St'l'lltin11

is nlT1·11d1·il. -

/fifJ (c.

Censure ""en 111•·a11I. 111ero·l y lo f.,rn1 a11 opi11iu11, tu l'sli111ate, t.u
j11dg'-'; 110\\' it. lllt':tll S lo jwl~ e 1111fa\'oraldy, to Lla111c.
Ex.

Tl1 e wurcl i11t el'l'i<'W has rcc1·11tly tak•~ ll a sp,.,.i al 111• •: t11 to it::; g·c1tt:!ra.l 011t: , a11d d e 11 ulP. .~ a 1: u 11\'1T:-..:atitt11 whieh is d4•:-;ig111~d for p11lilit·atio11. ~i11l'1~ wt ~ l1a\'1 ' tl1e
t.hi11g, we pro l•:d.Jy ca1111ot. aruid tJ1., word.

Interview.

(;iv1 ~

ev1•ry 111 :111 tlii111• 1·ar, h11t. fpw tliy \'Oi(' fl;
Takt~ P:ll'li 111:111"s et· 11...;11re. IJ11t ri':'t·n·e Illy j11dg111 e 11t. -

Characte r, :r .'

"\'<

S1•1·

0

t

i11g i11 additiu11

//umfrt.

11., l'o1rnwrly 111••a1il t.<1 writ.>, to •·11gr:t\'P.

tlw . . : 1 ~

Ex . :\11d

ft·\\ "

111·1· 1·1 •p l .-: i11 tl1y 111 e mnry

liPll chara1 ·lt•r. ·--

Scheme has 1111f ii rt·1·1· 11tly "" '""l s i111l'l.Y a pla11 , 11 .. t. ,,..,.,.,"a rilv

!f11111 l l'f.

Imp has [aJl,·11 low i11 111Pa11i11 g-. II. 1111•;uit. al. lir~t. a sc io11 , a shoot.,
a t'liild; 111)\\' it. 111c:u1 :-' a. y<t1111~ :u1d i11fe riur dt~vil, a. 111alig·-

l . 1~ 111 s 11ray

f11r tlw kin~·:-; mosl. ext·i·lle11t. 111aj1·sty, nu•I for hiM
l·: dw a rd, our pri11('C, 1.lial mosl allJ,!'4'1i e imp .
J•otl1H 111!t of J>n1y1·r.

h t~ loY1 · d st1 11

Knave at firs!. 11,..a11t ' i11q.Jy

:t

l•nv.

Painful wa., " '' '.J i11

ti" ' '""'i: n[

Philistine.

Resent .... i.!.:i11ally 111,.:11it. fo
11,<.. :. pij

1

(
'

1

1

magi~lrat.cs a~

e vc·r

Wf'rc

iu

N(•w

Wore!~ .

'""·0

lo 1 ' \ j ll'{'~ :-;

a ,.J,.ar 1·011r1 •1·fio11 .,f a tlti11g;
;l t,.:T: tlf'fllJ f1•1~ li11 .~ for fa\'1H 'S done.

l~1dli nf ll11 •s •· ar1· o l 1-.: 11 l1•f 1• ,

:11111

ll1 n wonl a;-; tH1w 1•111ploy 1•1l

d1•11nf1· s a11 ~ 1·r li1•1 ·;111 s •· nf :tll i11jur,v. real or :-;11ppo~·wd.
110\\' 111ea11~ 01 H · w\10

Th e wor•I /'f,i/istin r', fl,. , "'""" .,( 11,., a1 ... i. ·1il i11l 1a loi t.anl.s o f t.l1 e ro1111try :-;u1To11111li11g ('a11<L:111. wa ...; (' ;111 :.:, lit. 111 l y
t.lte slu<l1·11fs p f th e (; pn11a11 1111i,., ·r~ iti• ·' :tttd 'li'l'li,.cl fir st loo
Lhe tn\\'ll S llll'tl, tl1 P. n to pt•oph ~ who did 1H1 1. l1:in· a 1111i\' 'r .. .; it .v
eil11catio11, a11d ti11all.v ii. ra.11H~ to 1nl'a11 a 111 ;il!1 ·r-11f-f:il'f. (' 11111 111011 -pla cn 1wrso11, a pro~aic. praf'tieal 111a11 or \\t1111:t11.
Ex. Do nr,q that. "llf'JJ, wi11dnw~ that sh11I, lnl'!c"' ll1al t11r11, r:i znrs
that slin,·1•, 1•n;ll~ that. Wt'ar, w:lli ·li· ·s 1l1al ,!!'.n. ;111.J :1 th11n ...,:rn d
m o ro snt'h good thing~, are Ilic i11\' ~· 11t.i1111" of !lit> l'hil i s ti111·~ .
•Ht1Uh1: 11; Arr't•l rl.

pai1 1S-faki11.l'..

Ex. I tlti11k we ha,·1· <.\11 111 0 as painful
1 ·: 11 ~ la11d. -- / ,11t i 11111r.

s i1111il _v all

1

·i

ra . . 1·a! .

la t1•r if. \\':lS

si,·e ~ensP,
O llP.

Ex . \\'lien tlio ~ rl ifT wa " ni :i d1•, t l wy h•·ld it. np1~t1 with a w ed~t~ of
wnod. 1111til s 1wh t i1 n1 ~ a s 1111, i111p or gratT Wt · n~ ~wt ha.ndsot111·l.v "·i1\ii11. /'/ i 11!1. lfollat1d ':-: tr:L11sla1io11.

l•: .x .

It is 1u1w freq11t•11t ly 11 ~ 1·d in a11 nffP11 ·
wlii<"li s e 11se see 111s lik1 ly 111 lwl '11 111 e t l it~ prp\·aili11 .:.:.

e ill1er good or hacl .

:' '

11a1il. spirit..

Villain

U~t·:

'I'll E

EN(;I,ISll CO,\IPO!-llT I PN.

IN

i~ 1111\\or!l1 y . Yilc; 1nit.

it once 1111)1\ 111.

i .~ 111.l il 1', l 1:1 ~ 1· - l111r11 1wr:-:1111.

Ex. 1'0111' t}ll'. hl11111l or a \' i\laio in 011<! l>:-Lsi11 . and th<" hlootl or a
grnllt!111a11 i11 a1101 lll"r, wl1al diff e ren ce shall ht~ re l.Je prov1·d '.1

/111n111.

Tiu· ad va11c·c, of s•·il'lll'C, ll<'W •1is .. n\·l'l'il's, 11<' 11· l'•>11ilitin11s of jjf( •, (';l\J s l' (JI( ~ f111'Jll:t(iOtl of JI(•\\" \\Ol'il s . :-;l')ll<'
nf tlt"""· 1·sj1C'('i:1lh· tlw s1·i1·1itili1·. kn11s, :tl'l: . ;11···•·1it.-d a1.
oJJ el' ; 1JJa11y lta\·1~ ())dy a 11rief Jjf, . i11 11<'''"" 1':'1'''"" :rnd
conv1~ rsat.in11 a11.J tlwn tlrol' 11111. 111' 11 ,;": 1dil!'I'" J'l ·111;ii11
on snff Pr;uicc for a time a1nl finally lwe11111e ...,tahlislw•l
i11 t.!;c· L111g11 : 1 .~1·.

18

STlTllll';s

IN E :-< <;LJ8H

CO ~IP OS ITION.

'l'fiE

l!I

u sg OI•' wo1ms .

. '.
ph o 11 ~ li:ra11li

k lP!-!"ram

1

ge rryni:rn 1le r /

t t• l t• pli 11J1f l

lioy (' o tt

4

\' Ola plik

''

Exa111plt-s n f \\" u r1b 11 o t ,\ cce ple d.
e111 li11 sP

5~lad y
EXEl!C IS E

s kPdaddl c

h11.!:bl ari zl'd

S l~~J.f d

rt· ~ ~_(jei l

D ET E l : ~11:-n:

I. -

TllE

l'IJ l.l.l>\\" I'.'<:

STANDIN c;

OF

-

~mart.

HpJe 1tclid

.•liould not be 11.<erl ji11· inte llige ut.
" <> xeell e11t.

t. r a n ~ pir e

"

•'

OC Clll ' .

\Jala11 ee
partie8

"

re 111aind c r,

(~1 c e pt

··

pe r:-ious,

(e x:: ce pt nA n la w l f·r 111. )

re liaul e

.. trn stw orlhy,

fe male

..

\\0111 a 11,

l. lia"rd
l>1 il l./.,z1 ·
I ~ 11111 ·i1 11 1I ~ e

1· :1Jd ,•i_: ra111 ··
1· ;i

l

11 :tr1

..... . "'h du ri sL

olo •:tol -I1o•:td

-~ "llf .

, J, • a1l ~ I11 · :i t

J11u 1d l 1111t

do •r:1 il

i 111·

si·_ataµ:c

ll)(' (l .~

S \\'J.Lg" gi ! f'

J,.:-td1·ro ·l I"

R\\' t•ll

i

111 <•f r t·ss

d11d 1~
_..J. ' \

t•

.,r

:11: 4' l'i"' "' i! l1• n
"llJI ·

t i• maf1 ~ ri · f 1•r1 tt 1L! t•• hn11 1an
.l wi ril("' t< ltoul.l 111·\ " r h• · lh• t· d

I

.) t' X t '• ' pL

in

j '1 •11 11 :1.t 11"t ii w t 10 11

lto 111rt l'', ll f(nl t.1 r 111qd 1n l.

Con s ult a di ction a ry.
~

( 111 11pi11·

'1' f' liul,/ r> l'wt ' lll l'I f , , I ••·

( pla11t111 1.! l r11 ... f11 ·.. 1·f11y.

Tim

W O RDS.

o n ac\ o unt.- .)

11 l 11:ll 1·

fi rst l v

11 ol1l •.v
......-1 •: 1r:1 .~T : q1lit•r

Ex . righ t s111art - I n :ckon - learn l1i111 g u - gd to go - .i,,
lik e I do f ur 110 a' I do. l g u1·,s ji11· l tlti11k.

(fill<')
tramp (:t 1 >e r~t111 )

......,11 ot or

w ai t r e~ !i

1J(tl ~\\" ll1JJ(1

Avoi1l l'rovi11eiali:,;rns, or loc:d fon11s ol' e xpressi1111 .

J\ voill F orcig 11 \Vn n ls wl1 e11 E11 g lish will do as \1·1·11.
So111 c foreig u w o rd~ ha ve bt--. f' ll

relTi vc1l int o u11r l:111 µ: 11a. .~ ,~ .

~ 1 11111i, 1<0 111

d e p/111n<', i11 coy11ito, bete 11oin•.
writte n in italie$.
Ex.

LESSON VI. - SUGGESTIONS UPON THE USE

or

Use t.he idiomat.i e e xpressions of t.hc language .
WORDS.

Tlw ~'.<'ll<'l':il j'l'i111·i1•ll' i11 S\~ll'<'l i11 g \\' orils is lo avoid
tli11s(' wl1i .. l1 an ~ .. 1i :111 g-.·.J fr1rn1 Llr t: ir ]'I't1pm· :wd ac C' c pted
1111·a11111 g . Tl1 c f11ll11\\·i11g is a 11arlial li s t of .~11 c li words.
.r. .-l1n tJ/1 ! n o t In '.

usn l ./; ,,. :l ."'-'t'rL.

;\ \\"i 11 ll _1·

,,

\' P l'_Y .

l 1a)..!'g1 ·d

1

1·; 11 d 11n•t.l .

(' x J •1 ' t ' f

"

J..'.: 1' 111 ...:

•

llWll.

.i

g·p n l, h ~ ll H' ll.

"

\\' ( Hl\ C ll.

11 1 i ~ lil y

"

\"Pl"}'.

(l! Jld

"

l"f'J'lldi:tt ('

11pn 11

i1 1f11l'OH•d .

n·a lizP d
•.

Do no t av oid 81.ro ng- idi o111at.ic expressions wliil'lt liaY c been

11.« •rl

si11 ce C ha11 ccr's day ' i'"l'l.Y because they am dilli cult tn par." ' ·
Ex. had rath e r, -

had as li e f.

Use sl1l>Jt eo m111on words rat.he r t.ha11 lu11g u11 cs if
t.h ey e xprcs:,; the meaning as well.

!" lll111o ~e .

"

1:1 ,\i .. ,

J\11 ....:.fi• 1)

Tl1o ·y are 11 .- 11a ll y

" (1 !1tai11 ed.
'' rPject.

LESSON VII. - SYNONYMS.
The En g lish la11g11age, rnad e up as iL is fro m li(lt l1
:-;ax o n a11d Lati11, :il1111111ds i11 words that. expn•ss 11•_·arl y
th e sam e m ca11in g . Su ch won!:,; arc call ed sy 11ll11 n 11 s .
Because o f th ese sy no ny ms great e xac tnes:,; nf ,. '!' it 's-

s1on 1.-.;

s:1ry

\1>

1)()ssil1l1•, ;rnd rn1wl1 c:irn :uHl il1011g-bt arc necess c lcd. 1lw ri,1..;lit. \Yord to co11\'t')' jllst tl1r meaning

tl1aL is 111t c mkd .

:21

TIH: USE; OF WOHDS.

STl'l>IES IN Ei"(iLISll CO?>ll'OSITION.

Fi 11 rl - f)isrouer.
Colurnbns di.,co\'·er~d A11H'rica a11d f"1111d l11dia11~ i11hal.it i11g it.
Could any one discover A11tc r ica now'/ \\'rite a sc lllellce ,!Jowing t.l1t· dillere11ce belwee11 Uw~1· \\'()rd~.

/1'il/ -- .·lf11rrlrr.
II<! killl'd I.lie 111a11. liuL U1 e l'C is llO c\'1dellc'.e that lie 111unkrc<i
lii;,1.
,J1 i li11 11itt:•kr··d iii.; •li-1 .~ .
Fi\"•..! II1•·n \Yl'n• l\ill1·1I 1._y llw :wcidcut..
Tl1t• µ;al'd"1"'r killl'd the '"'""
Tlw lit ti<' l1oy kills lli"."·
lie 111111'<lc-n ~ d his co11111:111iull.

I\lr.

.J 1 111e~

t.IH : \\· 111d :~

I.ill

~111tt

"'rile a !iHt. of ll1i11g-~ that are hired. ;u1d a11ulll<'r of ll1i11gs tl1al
are iea.~e•L What is the <iiHti11cliu11 octw ce u t he wonb?

n11ir1l ! r

), '11111 !11 '/'
A

t111 11 1h e r o!

111-·r ...,n11-.; ""''!'''

(/11i1 11lily.

'l'he q11a1dify pf " · li1 ·:1l. in ('l1i1·;1; ·:n ]...;

.~-~.TPHL

Is ii curr1·1·I tu :-.;; 1_r a •1 •1;111ti1y pf 1wr:-:fi 11s'! \\"l1at. tlui.~!'\ 111uul1r;r
r1·f,·r t!J '!
"'} 1:tl dr11•...: '/"'"'''''! ri•f,•r fn?
\Yrit(• a ~PntPJH'(• thai,
will sl111\\. lhc d i!!"et,:1 1'-· ,. !11.·I \\• ·t·t1 j li ··l tt

f '/111n11'/1·r - · /"1 ·;111!11li1111 .

•· l: 1· i11t1:d j,q~ is wl1 ;1I 111r-11 a 11 1l \\111111·1 1 U1i1il.:
LPr i:-\ wl1at ( ;.1d :i111l tl11• :111 _'...'," 1·\ s l.;11ow uf yu11."
1\ rn i lwy ai ways i 111 ~ :-.airw ·:

11f

SYNI>N\~IS.

t ' Oltlf'-go

alar111 -

lngh - tall
shall - will
idh· - lazy
less -- frwer

~hade

st·rf -

<'S<'ape -

lie -

si.tve

l<':ll'll -

.< ..:;tf!'

hOj'l' -

l'XjH'l'(

thi•·f -

roblwr

exciu, -

1·li1.I.,
i1ll'ik

lllilllll_'llt-1 11 i1111t .P.

te;Lch
C<>nph~

pair -

t'·1Tor

- sliadow
11lllrntl1

-- ~( ' Clll"C

a111cH1g ~

lwl.ween

l"art.l"'r -

f11rt!J,.r

l walf !1y --

\\'l1fli''""t1w

fU'l':-llla1lP --- ('011\"jlli'I ~

apt. --liah],,
rnuch - ma11y

di~~e111hlt_'

- --

('11111.•j•al

F o r additio11al st11d ieR of I.hi:; ki 11 d co11811lt a11y book of "Y "'"'Yfll'-

yn11, hut charn1 : ~

/ n --- I 11!11.
Uo1_.s 011 e 11uL l1is l1 :111d i11 td' i1iJ,, Li .'-' jHH:liYL
I>u \YC go iu or
into ;i, rnn1n '! ,\ ft1·r \\"!' ;1n· i11. d(1 \\1 _ • \\:ilk ;d1u1d. i11f1J or i11 it?

Tt.•11 tlw <liffl!l'l'I\!'<' \., ., """ ' " 11,., wnrd>.

POINT OPT THE 111 FFEit F>.;<'E BET\\' LI·:;-;

Till-: Ft lLLll\\'t'.\1;

holil- l1rave
~wa ocean

111 1i1• 1 rnn111.

fartiH~r 1j1

lea,<.>e1l a fari11 f1i1 · two y1·;u·s a11d hir1·1I a

work it.

EXEl\CfSE 1. -

c0rre ctl:,· n :;r'rl in all th<_' ~C :-;f_'n 1 .. 11··;>-.; ?
}..; ii 1·.1111 ·1·L !n .-..;i_v ll1;d. ;l. d( 1.:; i.-. 11111r 1ktt•.d '!
l_';u1 a 111a1 1
l1(~ Jiilli-d. :uid nut. 111nrd~:r e d ·r
:d11rdPred a11d 11 0L kil!t·d '/ Ca11 a
Ji,1y 11111rdc r lli•' s'/
\\'ril<' :t 't'111"11cc 11 >i 11~ the words kili all<I
111 11,-do', slio\'Yi11~ tl1c Jiffcrr 11 cc l1d\\'eCll thc111.
l>efille /.'ill ; define
,\n·

Ji i r('.

f,l'l/SI' -

l·: x l·:ltClf>J<:

11. -

"'J: IT E

s 1·:\· 1·:1 :,\ I, \\' rn: l>S

1: El,,\ Tt·:I>

MEANIN<; TO Till<; FULLOWlNG.

Ji,.aul.ifnl
company
('.I" I H_~ l

111•1(

lik"

hold
h,-,11·

large
good

·~

Hoget 's Thesuuras give8 larg-e

list~

idl1•
sl.1·al
. . . t.1•1"V

of wordK of 8imHar 11wa11i11g.

I\

PEl'C 1; I !'Tl YI~ C(lMl'W;JTJON.

LESSON VIII. - STUDY or WORDS FREQUENTLY MISPRONOUNCED.
l:1t~~~ t

Con s u lt tin·
;t r·, · 1·o...;.-,i1 ry

t 11<1tt11'

{'. l'Jll! ' lll

t·ry

ace! i 111:ll1~

fl' l!H ~ l

:tt'llllll'll

c l1 · 111at i .~

:1d11\!

c'11:t 1l

j n! ''r
j ~ · I I ' . '-'

;l • l \' \ 'l'L L'\l:!llt'IJ!

l' 1 ' I I ' ( ' '

:tl..'_:t i ll

~ 't 111I111 :11 HI ;111 I.

;I ' '

~: r ,' \

f I'

iiI

d t f_'lWtt.1rt t"~

:t~i

:tuthor11y

( ' I I '\ I • n : I\

f.,ri.:1 ·

g: 1rr11lon.-.

11H·1noir

g a1111L

111isd1i1·\"1>H:i

_!.!; PJnli!Jf'

lll!h('l!ltl

;..:,ilill('t

1u1 i .. 11.d

~'

LESSON IX. -~ DESCRIPTIONS
p .-. .

:1llv

, 1ri

al111011d
al1•ir1t•

1·11 -.; !11111 ..

l!ri l\l:ll'P

pit~t·ant

1}; t11 isli

g:ri111y

1•atriot

;tfl1·1'1Lil1 1

1L111 :..:. l1\.t· r

pat nm

des11l l orv

pl1 ·l1e ian

1p11t:1·s

or

OBJECTS.

1qqit1IH'lll

:..:r1• ' \1ll l."i

EXEl:CISI·: I. -

~IOl>LL

F<Ht :iTl i lJY.

THE OLD CLOCK.

]" ' ' :tl

· 11 · 1 1'

aid

C O.If /'()SJ Tl O.Y.

:..:i •!HI• •l :l

:d l .. p:i! hy

a111f·11ahk

lJF:-;c1u !'Tl 1·F

llr

dq, ;d

; ICI j, \

:i,: , •:f 1·r

!t1t,. ,i J1lllll1HlS

llf' '. .: i r:l

:t 1" '""'1 ··
a11r11·11t.

di ... likt!

ho11111•11p:tl

:t r\111111~

~todln

lt1111dr1·d

dr:t!i ia

!1 \1 r r ;t

d!'i l\t _;,;.iit.

!iy jw rh11li:

t

J 1r! . ( . I'

liy

!i

rl ~ . 11 (' f'

qoa.v
radi s h
n·;1:1 rt f'I'
n •n1iL

,J iik ·_;
.! \ 11 ,l-...i\

\JH ' <llllj1 ; 1r:1

•. J,·\ 1·11

i 1 1• )11 ,

h1•llow~

l'lllJ•.\" l'l':lll

lw11 t•a 1il

+· 11g i IH'

I,: ,.

[ I \

j11;.!11

St•pal

<' l l \ l ' l ' i l " '

i11q11ir·.v
la r
Li 11w1 11 :1 JiJ,.

1•11••r\·a1n

l:i111wli

,..0111lil'r

l'<i" r g•·;1 11t

J\s I l11nk 1q1 th" ~t : 1in,·:n-. 1n1· ~l:rnr·p r rs t s 11p n11 tl w
old cl11ck, \\'h osi..: wliit;' f.,, ., . "'"'"1" 111 l11ok d11w11 w 11 i1
::;oit.:11111 sl:tre, as

:L

if ii. fi..:11, ils•·lf 1111pc llcd to kc1:p a11 •·ye

upon JlH'. It is of tl11· ":ul<'i('11f ti1111·l'i1•1"' "<•rd .. r, 111:1<l1·
of 111 :1l1".C'.a11y :tl111<>st. l.IacJ; witl1 ag ... It is 111111 ·· 1.C'.l::
f,,, . J1i 1-:k :tlld Ill 1111 ·111 IS;( 111Jl:t1 · 11·1(!1 l1;is1· ;1111/ 1 :11•11.tJ
:l11d !all sli:tfl .
Ii 1s r:itl1••r a J>l:i111 Sj'i'l'lln1·11 11f its ki11d, 1111· l,;1.s" :111 .J
capital r1·st·111lili11 .i-'. '"fll:Lrt' h11x1·s. Tl11 ~ sl1:il1. str:ii!;·l11.
a11d sl.·11d1·r, l1:1s :t gl:t.s.s d1ll1r, tl1r1111 ,g·l 1 11l1i1 11 I 1·;1f, }, tlw
a.-.i. it K\\' IJl .~ S

: . u : ~ rl r j

squ;d, i r

gl1lllllll 'l"

t•rn d ilf'

la\"a

!-inhiilo

1~r e ,· pt

(•\ha11 s t

J(';\J"ll•'d 1: 1d j. )

s11111ac

l11 · i ~: u 1d

t' X isl.

l1·!_:'. t' l1d

tl1il he r

;;tat e ly 111ard1. Tl11· ,i,,,,r is !11111g un !11 1~1· lir:i"s !1111 .C'.•>,
a11d is f11rtlH'r C11'11a111•·1!11·il 11·itli a 11r;is.s sn11ll-11·11rk J.:,. ,._

lir:t 1lr_·h

!'Xlant

li ·'..'. i-.:J :ti 11 r •_ ·

tripnrJ

1,r, •1; 1·l1 ; ti s

,. \ l

1· :tl 1·1td :1

! · '\

t ';tlllflO

!alt-1111 111

,·at1

Ltk•HI

!

11ra\'ad u

I.

q 1d; 1:1gt;

• " )1]

! ! ; I L~

\ ;q..:;1ri1·-;

1 •• l!' J '
l I

! l l I • t f' \ .

\ i 1' :tr

viri 1'•

1:a1•illar.v

li ;..: nn ·

ly1 •1 •11111

wal4 !r

1·a!1·h

Ii 11a:wi1 -r

111:1!n1 :1i11

\\'r:tl li

~·;LllJ.Jll

fi11:il11

111; 111·~i•II'11111

cir

! IH' j

1

l ' lHi1dtiill

l11

;tlltl

frt1

I ll

TJ,,.

l.1· a si11q 1I Y 1·:1r11·il
;..::tl.!1· -l'"i1t11 ·d r1111f. 111·:11·.s I i11· r ,,.... Till' li:.;11n· .s ''" till'
f:11·1• art· li!:11·k, :tlld 1111· !i;111<1.~. \\ l111·J1 J Sll~jnTl !11 J,.. ,,f
mn11cr11 lll:1);(', ari : nf 11l11i-.d1 .-<lt·t·l.

In tl1" f11nr <'Ot'll!'r~. "11t 1,ff L r llw li1w 11lii1·!11:111·i11 k .~
l.111 _: lllllHl1cr;;, :trc 1•:1111(1 :d still, 1111:11111., old-f:isl1111111"!

I >l·:S<: Ill ['Tl\' Jo: COM l'ORITI< )N.

LIST OF SUBJECTS FOR GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS .

Tl )(' Ph , .., 1.,,1111il
J

,-.,

l', "il i11n -

-

s iz.. -

;ul;q1tl'1l to ''Lat

Ti11~

J;

;,,,J 11 1' fe n('c - l rees - slirn\1s -

tln1Y•~r-hetls

~· a111 t · s '!

Skat i11g-l{iuk.

lt ifft'n ·11t ·'l '""i,; .,f \\i11tn-skali n1-: 111ost tleliglit.f1tl wh en
l1·a n,..d ·- - wl1y s kaling-ri11ks were 1na1le - cksnilie 1111u that. yo u

li:""'

A11i111al~ ralx<'d on a fan11: l1llr~W .'i --;u"l Jig11ity of farnH·r's lik.
CO\\s -- :·d11·1·p-fo\\I:->.
Ca. rctl1aL tlie:.;c a11i111a.ls iit·eJ lo k c 1·111l1 ~· 111
111 Iwall h.

"All he ns :ne wurtli st1 1d _y ii1,1.~· f11r t lH ~ piqnarwy and ri <'h variPty •• r
their 111a11111·rs, b11t. by 11<1 possibility ca11 tht•rt._• lia,· e IJP1_·11 olh t·r f•J\\·I . .; pf
Sll('il odd apiwara11n ~ as tlws1·. ('l1a11li1·l1·1·r lii111s1~1f, 1i1011gl1 ...;,Ldking 1111 \\\'o
stilt -like legs, wa"' li;1rdly lar ; ~t·r 1lia11 a dii1·kt~11 : lti:-1 two wiv11 s w 1·n· ahu111
the size ( 1f qu ai ls; a11d as for tlie c.111~ c hic k ...:11, it loo k l'd s 111all t.•11011:..:li tri IJ,.
Rtill in tlu~ t.':.!":.!'· a11d at flu! same tinu ~ suflide11tly old, willu: r1·d . wizt·11··d,
a11d expt-rit• IH't•d to ha\'l' h ce11 the round e r of the all t'i c 11l ran_•." -- S11thun i 1-I
//1rlf'th11r111· .

I' is it,,.,J.

H.ead .1!:1 Farm

A :-;11gar (:amp.
1

1

l).,'l:ril1e l.h\' ol1j1•cf8 11(
h av" 1·isit.cd .

1\a111 1 •

Linls 1d. J1 ·a\"•'_"i (d. di1T1•r1•1d. tn•l's:

111:111\P_"'i -- P\111~­

l1<'<' l'l11 ·,;- oaks - c l1t!> l.1111t.s. (; e 11 t'ra l cll»•d of a11l1111>11al f11rpst.
\\ ' 11y ;trr· !P· i · '"< , ,f :\!lwrii·:t. 1nnrn l~rilli ;11d in :i1d1111111 t.lia11 il:o:-\1~ llf
El1ro pe '! -

1111111Lli q( li111_~ sl cl_Jlt1r -

fall o ft !w lean_·;;.

"l lPn\ and I !inn· i11 !lw niid-,.t. of tl1e dn.1·k gr""H fn1ia g <'. k ;t v, •_-..: sli1111n :•o
vh·i,lly ~·p1Jow lhat. it. sr•c• 1111·d ;1:-: if 11p1111 tli1·m ~n 11w fa •·w i11atPd :-11111111':1111 liad
t' Xpt•11rlf·d all it....; t•nlnr. Away 111T in a d11 ... k~· 1'1'1·1·~ .-1 tlart ·d tlu~ 1Ti1rnm11
~111n:h·. A11•l lli1· di ~ tant hl111~ 11101111tai11 , th o az11n• i-;ky, th• ~ wo111l1•d vallP_v,
aw l <·VJ·r~· 1·l1a11 .l!'.'~ nf pnrplP li:t Z4' t ha t p11:--::-:1·ss 1·d tl11• :l ir, -- add1·tl a11 id1~a)
e1 11 lH'lii -d 111n:11 l Lu !lie ."n '1:1a _•.'' - ( '/;!/(/, .'- F ,,, , ,.! I

-

o f

park~

fc1 1·11 i":-:.

\'arlu\1 :-i

- - d ri\'I'!-{ - walk:-t -- frt'• ':-t-- llowt·r ~ - d i ·1·o r:Lkiinb
~11111!11! ~ 1' hotl:i t"i
- ." i!;Lft1 1· .-.; .
\ ' ;d11 ( ' ,if
ll\011\llili'llt.S,

A C•1t.Lo11 1\'J ill.
Follow a bale 11f colion through

t,1,., various pr<K<'s""" ' ,J",;niJ,iug

I'll" ], a" w el l as po"il>lc, until it appearH as cott.ou clolh.

A l':ipt·r Mill.

-

I l1·11r\· i ).

ill ROme lllllS(' lllll tJ.a t. _Yfl ll

111:u1's l ll\lllC at.IO'\f'h1·1l to:\ park i~ tho most l'IHl1ni11:: or
fur H parltt.k 1·s of tlw t~ iuU1 iL:-1.df."

l111 w s o1111 1111 ~ falli11J..! J.· a f 1· l1a11 ;. :- •"" i!s eulvr; ::;._,arlc\. l,t_'.c.0111 i11g: maddt ~r,
_y1dl11 \\' a dnll umht>r.'' - Aditli 'f'f,,,11111 ..;.
11\'

fon11tl

"A

A L:lb>.

: 111 t u111 •1 11/ 'f'inrs.

inten~~t

lt1f ' :dio11

t.iu11 :-1

" Va11 in&.:: 1'' il \'l'S, w ll!' ll !lwn· i ~ li!!l 1· t' r ll" win d t P i n l11 F' tH.'i' tli~i r c n nri.; 1 "
Jiav1 • 1lwir s t 1· 111' v1·rli1·;t1 :t11d f t111•i!H 1.... ! , ;u1d .-. 1•i11 r11 H11·I and rm1nd lilu~
sn 111:111 y tt·1·1ntP111s 1 wirlt-d i11 ~ 111111~ ga11w nf i11ri :-: ildl' s pr if1·s. II i..; si 1q.!t1lar

H1·;1d

l'..dy1:11:ood, by Donald G. ;\li tt: lwll.

Tli< ~ l\h1~< ~ 11111.

J\i11d of 111:1Jdt• tr1 e \\'l1icli .~l\·t-. ~ 1nn~t, ~ap- wlll'n i ... tlw :-i ug·ar
st~ a;-;n11't - w l 1;1t i:-: g• 101l s ug·ar Wl' all11 r'?-l111w is !->:tJ• 11ldai111 · ~ J'! --­
huw g:d.l1t ·rt••l'! - hPw is s11 ~ ar 111ad1•'! - \\\1al . ."·d4•J'S tlu! 1111\\' o f
sal' 'I - l1ow 111a11y 1111 1111.Js 11f su g ar an· prod11 c1,d l1y a 8i11 g lc l.n :e '!

/\ulu1n11

111

:'\ a111P - siz,. - l111·ation - outl e t - i1l11•t - eharnrl"r nf wal.Pr
d1 •p l h of 11 alt'r - ('haraclt'r of Hhore - fish found i11 it.

' 1'! 1•1 1"1·:111.

If y•111 Ii\'•' 0 11 :\ farn 1. d<':-:1 •ri l 1e ii. I .nc :d inn - uu11il 11\r of af'rP~
-~- vari1·l _I' uf soi l - :1.Japt :tl1 il it y In vari11118 Cm}'" · l11dcp(!1lde ncc

l>.· ,w ril 1i, s" "" ' l'ar ti "1 tlar co:t"t tl1at yo u han' \'i.,it.ed
rock :': - tid1~ - fi:-:lt ca11glil. - slu:ll:; a11d tH~ a.wet~ d fo1111d

wat.1,r.

J,.:ach ·-- n1l111· 11f

I>J<:!iClU !'Tl\" 1•: U

"Tl11~ h1·a11I _\' 11f

wali·r

i~ i • \"1 · r

Tiu ~ 1·! .. 11d:-\ 11·1111

a11d 111·;1\·1·11.

lt borrows

1'11:111:_:i11g.

from

t'artli and air

il llw \'arioll:--> 1)~' 1•!; of ll11·ir \\;udroh1~ aud

tllr••\\' 1!••\\11 11111111 it. tl11· l1r1. ;1.I 111;1-.-,i· s <ii 1l11·ir :-.h;11l1•\,·s :l s !ht'} gt) ~a ili11~
_.., ,,· 1·•·1·i11 .:.: 1\_y
Tl1" :-.; 111111 °·:1 111..., r .· 11111 1 i" r11111 ii ir1 ~11 ,1\\·• · r :-- <•r d i:1111 .. 11ds
:ttid ~i:t11c~· -" ~o1 ! 1r •· , !lw t1l""til• .. :11n -- J\11°! i11 i! a 1·:lll1\\:1 y ,, f ...,jj, ,. r 1!11•111~!1
flit• Ii\ don .:: 1ti:.:lt! . ll liar111P11i11· -; l11•th will1 !\it1 11i:.:·ht a1td " · i11t 1lw 1hy.
:lti<l

It

0

du·1·rr111i~'

r 1·lk1·1...., 1 !11· li;...:.hl

;ind u11iks :--11!<-1J11d_\ \\illi tl11 : d;ul\111 ·... -,, ...

A•1'f'E.
~; wl1111q1il ~.;J 1P1dd . . .. 1, .,.1 rl.111 -.., p :o-; 11hj1•f'l :-' Wi1il wld1·li Jt., is 1H ·rf1·c·tly
! i; 1 r. T!1t·r1 · .... JH H! 1, I l•1· 11!11,. • ·r !1• • r ·f· · r•.· l!('1· 11' "'"''\ "" · l-'. \·!'ry !owl! 1•r 1· 11 y
\\·ill k l \ t ' l11i· :1l 1da1·1 •:; 11! r1· ~ 111'1, ••I' i'l:w1·~ Pf lii:-< tnri1·;1l i11t1_•n•s l wliic-11 11.1<1y
J :11111

1

1,, . 11 ...,1·•1
~l101 dd

~ 11l1i1 · t'I ....; _

:1..;

b1•

:1

111

111:11111Ll1·111ri11 ~

di .... 1ril'I

tl11 ·1"i' will Ill' a

111:111Hla1·111n11~ 1---1; 11d1 -..11 11J1"111....; 'rh11·!i 111:iy !J1 \

Yilrti · t .\ •ii

t'lli'1111ra~cd lo

d1·:-;crihetl.

g 1·1 •a1.

l'ttp1i~

Yi:-.it 1lw111 l1•r t}i;tt l'tlflH':--1'.

almu,;L sad.___:_ () eur.11e ]J,1111·n;ft .
()11st'l"\"f~

I )11 1111{ /•hCt' :t \Yo rd l11•l.\Y1 ·1• 11 ;1 \ -1·rh ill l.lw i1ili1iit i\·t~ lnilil!! ;111d
it s ' i,c; 11. Ex.·· T u rt"j 'J'("< "III fai1!1!1il!::." i11 .• !•• :1d ,,f ••To faill1f1illy
f •••

I ·.._,, ·''' i11·.:.ii>:1il ,,f

ll"

;1flP1· ;i. ! IP'.!: 1! i\-P.

_-.:i ld1· f , 1 a J1 ;1ti.111 <..;o :--:lr••ll .~

: ! !.: 1•11r..:.··

:--i;1i1 · i11 a 11:1l i111i .1 -... s i lllll ;.!

,t ',

Pu 111il 11 ~ 1'
:tli r··f··r f1i q w
I )q 111ti. \ht ~

prnll(J\ 111~
..:; 111!' '

a

111.i

I·: \

l'WilTH 1:-;.

dig11ity of pn·:-;,•1we witl1 1·ase "r 111a1111l1r. l 11,., 1.,J,11sL
(1011stit.ution li:ul been tri1·d a11d i11\'ig<1r:tl 1· d l1y Iii,; ··arlv
life i11 the wild,~r11es.s , l1is l1:1.I.it. "r 01Ttqo:1tio11 u1Jt .,r
<lrn ir>'. a111l l1is rigid ll'lllJWI":tlll'I': so tli;ll frw e11 11:ill1·d
l1im in s tn' ngth of arlll or 111lwer of •·11d1tr:1111·<•. Iii,;
co mplexio n was florid, l1is l1air dark hrow11 , l1i>' l11·ad 111
its :-;ltapP ]H:rft•etly round. I Lis broa<l 11ostril,.; s1Tl11ed
formed tu give expressirn1 and escape lo sc ·••rllf11l :1n!..;"1·r.
llis chrk hlne c')''"' · \\'lii1·lt \\'C'n' tl1·1·ply s1·l. liad ;i11 1·\prc,.;sio11 of n·sig11atio11 and an t:ar111·st11~,.;s tl1:1L 11·as

S UGGESTIONS TO THE W111TEl1.

l'l'j •1" 1'."'l' ll

l~l

·· '.'\ jd ii i !!'.':

is

i11 ·-d1•;lcl 111' "~1ill1i11t~

1111p11s -

i-.:

i11111•1~ ­

.~f • 114], 1 rs

\\l1t•u

that ill the

ah O\'('

d1•:-:<"ri1din11. !lot

JiPJ' ." 'lll:tl

l1ei~ld, f!Jrill, fp;tfnn• . . , and (_'(l!ll}ll1·xic111 ar~

f~l 1aractt~ri:.:.t.ie8
~taI1c e:-1 of Iii ~

of
lifl'

111a111H~r
a11d

si\'('11.

hut. al...;o

and c·x11 re:--;~ iu11 . a1Hl t'\'t'll

~111Tt11111dir1 .t.:,~.

so1111•

11w1-.·!\·
l't'rt:llll
1·ir(· 111r 1-

TJw:-;P an· 111•c·1':-;~a1s f1f 111:1k1 ·

i11di \"id11al 1l r·:·wl"ij1li11!l. ('Ill' tJi:\t l:tk 1•...: 1t1d 1· ,, f Jil!·\·.._j,- ;1\ !'1 :ti ·
ures only 111iglit applyl'q1iall,v \\·e ll to a11y of a lll\Illlicr ol 1wv1• lc·.

all

.

of dill1 ·n•11t.

11u111l 1i'I"."'

ur

:l! i!"r '"' ''!!f

plnral

Jtl'Pllu1111

rPf1•rri11~ t11

,...twit

w 1_1rd." a..:.

r.'a1·h
P1q1il~ tn:ty d1•...;1·ril11·

:111d •'/ "•' '"'/·

fn

111 4·];1:---.. :-\•Hill' pi·r:..;0 11 or pt'r<::.ons WP!! k1H >\' 11
:\11 prt~ .'-\f'tlt. witho11L 111entio11i11g- J1a11w~ or ,._i r1·1i111 ."-it .;11H·1·-., 'd .i1 'h

\\111tld rt•\'f•al tl11 ~ id1 •11 ti!y.

')'I\/ • lc :-: f. (1f

111.':-<:-1 witl1 whi<'li tlw lll';1n ·l"'."

1·;111

PXTP!lt·?H'l'

\VritP a. pnr<>l.\' pliy~ical dP ... t·riJ+tiun. a11d

LESSON XI. - DESCRIPTIONS OF PERSONS.

ROll~

will

lf1' !Ill' J"P:1d1

r1To }~ 11i1. 1 · ll11' 1•(1rlrail11n·.
s1·e

Ln 110\\"

111;u1.\

1wr-

it, IJJig"iit :tpj>Jy.

\\'rite a li,t. .,f adj<cct.i\' cs d csc rihi11g C_Y<"K . j)" 11 0 1 fur;.;• '! tl1"I
and <'ol~·r will 11nt i1Hli,·id11:i.lizn 1·y1·:-1. Lt>!. tlw li~f i1H·l11t\"
\\·ords or phra~t·s wlncli ~hall dl•...;crih1~ tl1eir =--1:tti11 .l!.·. ll~t'. 1·x11r1':-: ~ i(111.
and Jd11d , with n·~arJ to ch;-tr:u·l1·r J"t'\'P:dP,1. ()li~1 ·r\· i1q.~ 11H" ~a1ri"
prrf'antinn~ . writfl' a li~t nf adj1,,·1.iv1•f-\ d1•:'f'. ri11t.ivt> uf tlli' <dlli'r ka!

!" i '/.i'

GEORGE WASHINGTON.

\\'ill'll \\':1 " Jii11~·i<1!1 11:1 " • \,.,.j,.,J · ;·1·11,.1 ·:<1 nf jJi,. :irmy

!JI' 11:1s f11:-t1·-tl1n·(· .,,.:11>: .. r :1c;·· ·· I 11 ,.; l::t11r<· !1<· :1 little
c'""'"''d1"I ,.:j\ f, ... t: l1is li11il1,; \\t'I<' ,.;i1w11 \" a11il \l't•!l pr<>1101·11 .. 1H ·d : liis t"JJ('c:t !11·,.:111. l1is ti .'..'.11n·

~ L1t..!\'.

l1l1·11di11g

11rcs .-,f lli" far0.
Eaeh pupil 11iay l1ri11~ to t"!as:.\

de"r riptive of the f•·at11n·,;
flax."

!"Olllt.!

Ex." llln•'

a11tly \\"~1rdt•d q11c1lafio11 ,
lu·r •'.\PK a" fl,., fain·

wPrP

;:u

B1

1·:x1·:i:c1s1·;

I l l . - LIST OF lllSTOl:H:AL

of these sp:wes; tlw11 t l1ro11gh tl1t! 111iddk of t ]1,.:-;t! l'llll
a 11ecdleful of cmbroi1lery silk, taking up several of the
warp threads as yon go, and t11r11 them the other way,
rnaki11g a11 Ojll'l!Wot-k 1':ttter11: or r1111 a 11a1Tow ril1l1011
of sonw gay color tl1ro11glt them. The liotto111 lie111
comes lll' to rned. this work a11d hell's t'<lt11l'lete a rii:l1louki11g lJOnler. If yoll \\'isl1 to 111ake a vny pretty
one. set all aniund it so111e cream-colored lace and pnt
a ril1ho11 for st.rings; liut. this ki11il of apro11 lias uo
pocket.- 'l'/11· ]jf/,/,· A!l'uki"

Bl~

l'EHSONS TO

111·:sc1:1HEI1.

( ;, , or.~11 I I!_
j\;ll."' I

\ \

"i;;l lll

(~ 1J1 'e ll

J.

Eli;,alwlh_,

1 riun· Hi:-1111arck
1

:\I 1ra 11 : 1111 I ,i 111·11J 11

B·~·11j:u11i11

J>a11i1·l \\".·l1Kler

.luiiu.~

EX El>CISI•; I\. - - LIST

I

II"

l'lt:TITIUllS

j

f

Fr:ud..: lint;
Cwsar

l'EltSUNS TO

Bl'

111·:sc:1: 11:1·:11.

,c;ir La1111fal
.~1·r1t11g1~

I\ i 11::; :\rt Ii m
l.'11ri.,t i:lll
Lady i\l:u:l•dh
I:ip \'a11 \\'i11kl1·

l la111i!'I.
I va1ii1tH~
( Jjdt e!ia

LIST OF SUBJECTS FOR SIMILAR DESCRIPTIONS.
.~laking

a

Poll'~

llou"e.

J(11w iu Swt't'jl a 1:011111.
('an·

of a Canary.

('liri>l .111;L" Pr1·-..;1 ·:1! . .; .
c~lr~· 11f il11U .'-'i. ' l'lauts.
I lo\\' t~~ .\lake l ;qwr Fl11\\cr:-:.
llow lo i\lake Fig11n·s by Foldi11g a lla11dkerchid.
Folding !'aper to ;\bke !loxes.

llu\\" to Take

1

LESSON XIT. - DESORIPTIONS Of THE WAY IN WHICH
ARTICLES ARE MADE.

rn
I

Pupils

s hould

re;icl

this description carcf11llv and then
J~st: 11l1e lhe manner of maktnR s ome other article.

try to

HOW TO CAST

HOW TO MAKE AN APRON.

Tlw11 ll11·re :tre tlic dl'11,.;I(,• d11't'.'>l ~-doth aprn11s, 11ice
1·1101:g!t fnr :t11ybndy, t lio11 ."'·l1 t 111·1 ll!'ctl 110!. cost 01· 1,r
li11 · ,.,.,,(,.. 11iti1011L Lri111111i1 1:_:". 'il1r"'' · l11111·tl1s nf a 1·:1rd
will 111ake •Hll' l1111g <·111-.11gl1 a11d all<>\1· for a ll1ree-.i11ch
h1·111. It. slinllld lie lt1·111111<·1l tl1e sa111e \\'idtlt 11p tl1e
s:d,.s,-110 gnri11g. -:u1d gat.lll'r('d i11t" a ll('lL. Bdore
111aki11g it 11p, dra\\' t.lw tllJ'( ·: u.l s j11st :ilH1\·1· 1!11, l1l'111 for
ll1r .. 1!-'11l:trkrs o[ a11 i11elt: tl1 .. 11 lt'aVt' a11 eq11al sp:ll'c
a11d drall' :1-: lll:u1y 111nr,., :111d sn 011 until you han! four

EX 1-:HCISJ': II. -

i
j

I

l

~!OPEL

F<llt STUJIY.

A FLY IN

FISHING.

One nf tl1e 111ost (liffieult tl1ing-~ in fly-fishing ts tn g•.•t
your lly to fall j11s(. wl1ere you wish it to. Tod .. tl11.", :•
1iU.I\: preli111i11ary pradi\'t' is ltt'l'\,ssar.v. Tie a s111all
\\'('i.!.;ltt , say a litt\1, h\n,.J; of wnod an i1wl1 l"n!.; :111.J as
thick as yollr lilt.le finger, t.o tl11• fre e e111l of yollr li1w,
wliid1 has lwen drawn nut some eight or ni11e feet.
Tl1e11, sl:wdi11g fir111ly erect in a11 easy posilio11, lake llie
rod i11 the~ right lm11d, grasping it hy the l1a11dle j11st.
aho\'e tbe n:cl; with tlw tl1urnb a11d fon!li11g1·r of the
ldt h:u1d t.:1k" light l1ol1l of the IJit of wood at tl11• line's
end.

Ynn an· 11"11· r\':i<h· fnr t l1t· (';1,.;t: t Iii: rod is ni•arh· vcrt w:tl, :111il tilt'. li11c i,.;dr:11111 Lt11t. B\a 1111>ti1111 g-rad11ally
111•.'l't':1,.:i11 .c.:· 111r:tl'iditr,11:11·" tlic• rod L.l!'1'11·anl <>\ ' t'l' tilt'
l!'lt ,.:}111 1ildi·r, aL tlw ,;;i111t· ti111i: lrn1,;in~ lln· l1il 11[ wo o d
:1 11d ali1111i11g· tlw l11w lo ,;11i11;.: ,;lrnig-ld 011t. IH·lii11d yon.
Tlw11 lwf11lt ' tl1'.' \l•><.•d i·:t11 (<1111 ·]1 tlw .C.:T!>llt1d i11 _l•Jlll'
n·:u· 11·:11·1· tlw 1·111!. 11.1· :1 .~Tad11:tlly q11i .. k.·11ing· rnoti1111 a11d
11it11 :1 ,._]i.e.: lit 1·111 ,.,. lo I lw 1i;..:lil, 1'1>1·11:1r.! ,;o a,; t11 wl1ip
1i11• li1w t\l tll!' 1'1111 l\•nc.:tli tli:1t. i,.; 1111\\c>ll!Hl, ,.;traigl1t out
i11·1'11n • .\·1111, aliowi11g tl1t' l1i1l('k, 1\'lill·li j,; :tt. pn·,.;e11t. \'Olli'
111·,
111,.;1·1tl" li M..·lith·
11)1 tli1· "'l'lllUJd.
'
.
J\.,11· I" 1·:i"I :t•":1i11 , 11·i11d .,ff In·• l11rni11•"
tlw n·i·l a frn>t
M
or llltll'!' .. 1 l11H'. a11d tl1t·11 l1.\ :t gi•1ttlc ,.;11·t'.i'J' of tlw rod
111111:1ril :11111 l1a•·kll'a1tl, lli11g tlw line f1t1l le11gtli straight
IH'lti11d, :111d lwf11n~ it. (':tll fall tn tl1c g-rn1111d throw it.
Lirw:inl :1g:1in as i11 ti:(' lir,.:t t':t"ts . Tn· this nv1•r and
••\·1·1" :l<>'<tlll
lillii\ .\'IHI .........
1q•( ,"<> (]1;it. "\"!>ll(':lll !]j11.,·1•l1(!1Y1
•J\"P
.......
.........
~

Cl I.\ l'Tl·:I~ I\'.
('0.1[•. J[O,Y

};JUUJ/iS

/,\' 'f'JIF

/',\'F OF LI.\ '

(,'{'./(,'/'.".

_·If{ .'1'1/l1'1/1'1'.' ,,f,,111/,/ /,,,
'/llOSf r'0/11/lfl.lllf.'J ///11•11•

11 /11ir ,f,·:11·1·1·

f'.'f

•'"i'/'1'1'/

111

/;1/'11/ .

'J'j,,.

1'/'J'u/'.•

ff11>s1' 11•h11 11s1' !///' /1111!/1111.1/1'

•ti' 11n·11r111·,111//·1·

i11,./11Jc1/

in

11·il/i

il1i., ,.Ju111l1•r.

~

"r

li111: 1:\·1·ry ti11w a11d 111:1.kc your l1it. of \\'()cH! gll to
j11~t. il11· ,;pol y•HI ailll ;i.t.
Tl1is accrm1]']i,;]1t:cl, yon ;11·1 •
l'l';uiy Ill lwgi11 i1radin• <>II \\':t{1·r \ritl1 a !ly.
f1Tt.

'l'he

1Vi1/1•

A wa!r1'.

LIST OF SUBJECTS FOR SIMILAR DESCRIPTIONS .

II<>\\''" .\l:tkc· a l\il1'.
llo\\ lo :-;.. i. llf•" \\'al1·1 \Yl1t•1•1.
11 .. w to Si·!. "I' a T1·1il.
'l'lw- Bt1i:di1 1 ~ uf a Bua!.

11 .. 11· tn 1•la:: T1•1JJii,,
F .. ntl•:ill -- Jla,e-t•all.
L1·an1i11;.'. tn Hidt· :1 Bi»y,.i•'l!o\\' I<> ~Like :1. Fir1~ lbllutt11.
lln\\· I<> l:11ild :1 S1 1011· ForL
Tlw f(ir1·:_:1ii11!..: li :-: 1j-;1", P''1·i:tll,\- ;1il:qd1 'd f,q· hi•.Y" . :1c.: that nf FX1'r, ·i'-' f' l. i..;
for ;_•_irL-.. 111 hi•ll1 c':I""" what s1•1•111; appar1•111!~· \'Pl'\ .+·as~; will lw fu1111d
t1p1111 tri:il !!l Ii i · dilli;·11!t. Tlw ri111nlwr Pf 1wr.-.:011-; wli" i ·:111 ~)\ · +· :1 d1·ar a1111
:ttTllr;He dt'"\·riptin11 11f the W~\~' :1n_,·1ltiHg i-: n1ad•• ••r dnnP i'-1 YPry small.

LESSON XIII. --THE NON -AGREEMENT OF SUBJECT AND
PREDICATE.
This misL1kl• is ll\llSL lik1:ly to o<'<: llr Ill tlw 1·a,;1: ol'
colk1 ·tive 110u11s , and when t.l1t· ,;ul1jt·cL 1,; 1·on1pl1·x or
far rt•mon·d fro111 t lw verb.
The 11s;q.~e for 1:nllr:ctive nouns is uot entirely tixed,
lint. the pri111·i1.J1• s1•1•111s to lu:, that. when tlic' stwal,er or
writ"r tl1i11ks of tlw ol1j1·ds indit'aktl 1.v a collt:di\'t:
11111111 as a wl111l1•, a si11g-11iar v1•rh sl11111ld ],.. 11,;1•d; \\'l11 ·11
ht~ tlrink,; oft 1H·111 i11divid11ally, a ]'l11ral verl1 ,;lto11ld J,..
llSCI

l.
Ex;w1pl1·s of Corrt>ct Usag<.'.

The wa«•'" of si11

Fin~ .i,'~lar:<

j, d1·al

11. -Th"

;;111.jt ·d. is r·o11N•ivf'1l as si11g11ial'.

is '"" 111t1 cl1. -- Fire dui111r.< i., take11 as :t whole •.

Tli" 1111tllit11dP m·r" of 0111.: 111i11d. - l11diYid11:rls are lho11ght. of.
Tlw '"11ltitt1d •· 11:is '"" ):i.rg" to 1111111lwr.- l11di1·id11als arP not
tl1011.~l1t (1f_

l'l•"l'lll'l 'S. a111l nut slu.ly, """"i'Y his rni11d. -The Yerl1 :rgtt·•'"
\\'illi tl11• ;Jilirn1afi1T "'Ljo·.-(. i1iska.J uf 1111: 1wgali1·"·

S'fll DI Es IN El'(;J,JSll co " l'OSfTION.
(,I.

35

ImllORS IN THE USE OF LANGUAGE.

v. .- ··\.>-

Love, and low' '.~'d.Y, i" the loan for Ion'. - " ' laen sul•ject8 are
e1n1d1al ically -;Tis1:111gui,he1l, the verb agree" with 011e, and is ultllerstood 11itl. tJ,., ofllf•rs.
Yon wne I.u sy ,,,·e n 11·he11 alon1>. - You always relJuirPs a
1>111ral 1·1·rl ..
Tlu. ~ gt~1itle111a11 \\itl1 l1is cl1iidn•11 i .~ i11 lo\\ll. - IJ'ith J,i.-: rltil-

LESSON XIV. - ERRORS IN THE USE OF VERB-TENSES.
Confusion of Pust Temie 11ml l't·rkct Participle of the 1-'ollo" ing

•

l1reak
go

drui d111 '." l11 •t ;1ff•·(·L llw v1•rl1.

COll lC

dri11k
si11g·

St'e

EXI-:t:CJSJ-: I. -.JIJST!l·'Y Tin: t :sE
\\' ()J:

llF

'fl(~;

IT.\Lf('IZl·:ll

du
d ri \'C

fall
ri1 le

SW llll

rlll

Tho pnpil shouJ.1 ~ive th e prineipal parts

or

g-

these verb,, ;w1l ill11,11-:1t e

their use in C1>111pound tc11scs.

!IS .

Conru"ion in llw t:s" of the rubs.
Tli<_, jury µ;a11 · 1/,,.;,. 1erdi..!.

lie and la.v- sit. awl sd- ri,;e a11rl mist'.

' l' \\'it:t· as 111tu·li is ton 1111wh .
'l'ht ~ C!"t1\rd tluu1/f/ tl11• :·d.nTls.

Litlwr li e or j a1~1-;· i g·h1.
You 11·1: n, alo1w i11 Uu ~ l1e111....:t• .
:i.Io 1wy. :1s wt·ll as 1111·11 , is 11l'1~ded.
II . ""'" ,1 .... 1.-.. ,· r tiii .. ;d1·., lii;1t I f'llrchasP.d.
F\·1·ry 0111• slio 1ild l1a\"P /1/ .. ; !if" i11s11r4ld.
,\Ir. l·:d\\ar•b, i11 1·011q•an1· \\·ith l.i" ~"" ·"·is in the city.
1\ll ll'ork a111l 11u pl;iy 111111.'-.< .Jad• a dull l .. Jy.

1 ~ /'('.\. .

/)1td .

f ',I. I ,,11·t.

J >rrs.

l'osf.

lie (tu rec Ii 11" )
lay (lo place)

lay
lai.1

laying

i;ud

sit

rnt

HiUi·1~

sat

sd (t.o place)

set

!-'(\t

rise

rrn~e

fietting
rising
raising

ra1~ c

ra\!'t~(l

lyi1q.~·

lai11

lt:"it~H

rai s,.11

Tho pupils Hhoul(l make seutPIH'CM ill11~trat.i11g- the corn~ct

llSI'

of 1lw..,1·

vorhs.

Wro111( ('nsn of

lh~·

l'ro1101m aftn th!' \'(·rb 1'o /k.

'J'lw \·cr h In lie tak,·s tl1 n ,-.; ;1111 P ca .. e aft.·r it a ...; l1t•fore jt,. 'l'lii:"t
rnl" l1.,J1b grn.d wl11•11 !.111_,,.,, i,- a 1101111 or jtrn1101111 i11 tl1e ol.1 j•·dire
"'"'" hefure 111" i1di11iti\'!• ..

Confusion In the Use of Shall and JJ'ill, 8houftf

111111

,,.,mftl ·

Hl:LK - -- U,.;e ll'iff a1Hl u·ould wlwll (' Vl'I' t.l1 c s11l1jed
nam(•s the one whose will co11trols t.lie adiun; and ,,/111/f
alli 1 .~ lioulrl w hcllcvcr thl' one na llli ~ d by I lie :rn l 1ject i,.;
11111ler the control of exte rnal illHnenccs.

Tlie original !llcaning of s!toll i~ '" owr , lo"' 11l1/i11"d: uf 11·11/, i.-1
should hf> oli.jPc-

to defrrmi11r.
Situ/I in the fir,;(. 1wr,on de11otes simple fut.nrily; in ll1e ~··co111l

fl is ll!•n1i11alin'. "" .'l1r ,110111<1 he notui 11 a .

a.nJ tliirJ, d rlrr111i11alin11.
Will in the first person denote~ Jete.ru1ination; i11 thP ~ec1111tl ;uHl

I i><'li .. 1·ed it to hr• l1i111. - · It

j,

oi•j•·cti1· ... ""

111111

t i\·(·.

I k111 ' w it. was sl"'· ti1·e .

third, simp]i>, fut.urit.y.

·

STuon;s !'.'>

ElUcOR::; I N Till': lJ:-;E OF LA NGU.-\ <1E.

E:\l;L IS!l CO )fl' O:-; JTI O'.'<.

Ex. F 11/urit1;.

l l.
The li on harl a '.'··t1· 11 ~~·g· k.· \\·i1l1 a.111a11 a11•_l l1• ' l.;iJ].., 11111.

l .Jr·fr o11i11ul1.u11.

J :-> hail
Y(l1 1 \\'ill
!I u \\'ill
\\ 'e ,J ,1111
Yu11 \\'i ll
Tl" 'Y 11 ill

I 11ill
Yo 11 , J1all
l l u s lta ll
\\'e \\'ill
Yo 11 s kill
'J'J 1P\' ,, Ji;i] J

Tl1 is deH·rtJJ in:tt i wi i.-.: of!1·11 :-;oflt.:Jied i11 t1J a11 : 1...;,...;1•1 11

<ot'

..~

\\'l 1id1

was kilktl''.

0 11 lii s \\it)' lie vi ., ite<l tli1.• ~1'1 11 nf :u 1 olil friP1 1d \\'\i11 h:ld :1:-- k P•1
l!e \\'a:-. 111,·1·rji •y,··I l 11
· o 11. l II'
· . \\"'..
LV 1111rtlt \\'a rd.
liiin t o cal l u po n I lllll
.
.•
.
1
I
,
·e t "ur u11n of li1 s \\'u l' Ji1111: 11 ~l lH \ l.ulj i If 11 l i Ii 1 l' l 111~
see li1111 ; a.JH
I (:, s II
I
.
. ~
•
.
'd
.l
l. . 1f ·tt Ji i:; :;,. r v1<:1· s11 1ce li e c 11 111 t1<1l Lll.:e 11i1 11 :t;; lie
8ll l' I'
1111 1sc '
.... .
ll 1L' vis ii.11r ,\. llw .,· ~ · nf.k 11ti l ll \ · i :-: i (P!{,
.
\\'i s h · ~· l auo ut t.l1 c 1·11.1 . - t .
· ·
I ,..,

"til

H.

pro111::-1e, a11d ii'1

\l:tlu~

a

li~i-.

of t l ll'

p n11 111 111 1~

in oHkr

;uii

t1;ll tl' wi11-' 111

i·;11·ti

n11l y Ut·te n ni11a. t io11 wliL•11 e 11q .J 1ati t·.

TE L L \\'ll E'f' ll EI : !JE'J'l·: r : .\ff:'\,\'f'f(J~ (Jf t l:i l ~l­

I·:x. r":CI.'-'J·; I. -

l'Ll·: l'UTl'ftlT\' I S I·:'\. J'J:l·::-;:-;J•:Ji I'.'> T iil·: VULLU\\' l l\(; .

T it is ehilt\ I lo '"."·' l' lt: " ·ill lake;
Site skt! I hi: 111i1 1l', ;u 1d l \\' ill 111ake
A lady uf '".Vu ''"·
T lt e s1a.r.q of 111id 1 1i .~·h t, s l:all l•e dea r
'J'o li er: a11 <l sl1t• skill lea1 1 lil' r ear
J 11 111a 11.\· a .-.:ei·ret, 1il;H:e,
\\' li l're riv1ile1..' d;1J1 et· lli 1·ir ""Y"'aril r11 1111d
;\11 tl }1l' a111.y l111r11

pf

ltltll'll1ttri11 ,l!_' SOll lHl

:-;1i,,iJ I'"" i1du l11•r i'a!·1· . -

ll 'on/.,,,.nr!li .

111 a:-.l\i 11 ;...: ;t q111• ,..;! 101 1 w1· ar1· :t t'•'ll .., l • rn1Pd 111 11 -- 1· ,..,/1111/ or ff'il/ :ii ·1· ordi11 g
a" 1hn ••!I t• 11r 11i •. 11!l11· r i.-; 111 hp 11... 1·,/ in 1·t·1dr. II \\'I' :->ay. ·· .~!1al l y1 111 g o '.'' '
wo t:xpcct 1111· r 1· pl .Y, "J :-;hall g o·· or · · J ....:Jtall nol go"; o r ·· \ Vi JI lie go'/''
w u ex 11el't t! 1e l't!ply , " li e will giJ · ·or" ll L' will 1111 t ~o.''

1

' l'lH'
llJ<I_\'

LESSON
It is
('l:de 11 t

xv. -

.,fl l'll
011r

ERRORS IN THE USE

or

PRONOUNS.

very dillic1il t. tn lll;1ke (']v; 1r lo wlti elt
t hi rd [>L~l'.'• >11 refe r.

a 11 le-

J•l'o1101111s in il1e

Confu sion in t h10 Use of If,·, 1/i ...;, n111l Tlhn.
Tl 1e l'arn 1Pr \\' en t tn hi s 11\·i;.;·!il>o r and!,,! ,! l1 i11 1 Iii,; ca t. I.] .. \\·e re i11
l1is tir,Jd. - \Vli ose call le ""~ "" in wl1ost1 tield '/

t hird.

E!fd_\'

t' :'\1 '!' } 1-

i•rcced« tlw

38

STU nu•:s fN E:>G LISH CO> I l'OSlTION.

A 11 lette rs ;tml 11 ot1·s sli1Jultl co11tai11 Ll1 1.: full 11 ;un e 11f
tlie \\'ri ter and l1is :1.ddre.-;s .
Cffi\l'TEI{ V.

E\'<·11

if

a{h ·i .. ; ald e

('OH RE. 'PO.'C\ 'JJEXCE .

b1 ~

yu11 r addr e~ :-; is

1w \· 1·r

re l ur111·d

t.v

0111it

nddr1·...;s 1'.', it, 111ay
fa111iliar aJdn:s~.

k1111w11 tu _\'"Pllr 1:1 •rrt.-."i}11111 .1 1·ld ,

it i...;

a.-.; tra y it

1·;u1

l·:l :-: 1· .\"1111r

l1 a.ppt~ 11

i11

u ur

l{·lt1·r

h· (w ,"'\

111e11111ri t ·:-:

;1.-;

\\"t.:

lo all uf us :-;0 11 H! t.i1111 ·s lo

du

~u

L1r ~ 1· l ;1

'l'l ie n11I \· t~ x ccpLi o 11 $ to tlic al11J\'e pri1wipl e are in th• • 1·;t:-i1· 1.f' •'i·r·
lain fur111a.l 11 ut,es o f ce re 111u11y, w!ticl1 will he explai 1t l'U in lite 1,., _
sun trc:iti11g (l f th em.

J\ ll
i11giily l'O lon ·d \\' l'lli1 1.~· /l;l/ll'j",...; ; il't ' i11 jHHJj' 1;1.-..ll' . 1· :dl!t
wl1i! e or .~lig·ldly ti11tc1l p;1pe r of nwtliun1 W<'igl1t is h ·,.. t.

111

I l ul di11 g

to yon.

111a11 y

lJz Hlcr lliis title are inc:lnllc<1 l..tt ers nf frit' l1Llshi[> and
euurlcsy, 11 ott::s o f ce re mony pnta i11i11 g lll sue ial fu11 ctions, ;rnd l11 1s i1H'"" n,n 1l ofli1·iai l1·t tn,... Tlil're are ceriai11 pri11t·ipil's 11'l1icl1 ap[>ly e 11u aiiy t" ail of iliese.

\\'l'll

it ..

l'l':t•I

ldkrs

a111l

11" lc s asl; i11g- i11f"r111:1[i1111 s li 111ild

'•'

i'. ·,. ~':.;

lu: n· -

i1111111·1lia ll·l.1· l)\'ft 1n· :i11,\1·,·r111.c;-.

'J'hi s ap1 di 1·=-: to 111 c1.-.:t lc-tt.er::;.

J\

!Je a11 =-- wer cd a s pt111 L·Ld iu11 :;,ly l t:-:. i11

q11(';-;tin11 :t.'-'kcd

in wr i~ i 11.~ :- . l1 1u l.i
1

n1 11 \t..:r:-..;il iu1i.

.1\ ll lclt1·rs ai:d n otes s l:ould lit: \H it (rn lcgilily a11d
111·all y . 1·ard ully 1• u11 d ua t1.:d , ;L11<l ;d J:-:Pl Ut l·lr con ee La:; Lo

..... .

,, .

:--..11c i 1 iil~·-

Ir you arl' 111 tlt c: l1 ·ast tluul.1 '"' lu ll1e sp1·lli 11 i; of a \\'O rd, iu11k it,
11p i11 I itf' .l i .. 1i011ary .
;\'1 ~ vc r svutl a le !.!• ·1· ru ar rL'l l by blo t:-:. . car :i~11 n· s, nr f'n !Tt'c lin1 1:-< .
H1 • wri L1: ;1 '\ iifl. ·:1 ;t s lll' l't·s;.; ar y '" I J:a kt • it 1·1·rl1· 1· ! .
ri' l1i .... ;'1 11 1li1 ·.-..
wi ll 1 f' ~1 ,11rial fnrc·c tn l111 :--i1H :-is l1·tl1·r.~ : 11 1a1 1y :1 f11t 11re l1 :i s 111•1• 11
1tt :1d o• «I ' 11 1:11'!',.,j h y 1ltt • :ti lt-111 io11 <H' l:t('k oi' :!1 I enl ir111 J •:t id lo
t li 1•so• 1'ss,.1ili:tl d .. lails . Bill ,. ,·, ·11 In li H• 111 nst i1itimaf c fri.,11t! o r
rel ati,·t• ,!irnd.J lie )•aid the d11c re ~p ed nf a 11eal h · 1weparcd lctl 1~ r.
0

J\11 l Pth· r" a11<l ll<"'1<'>', 11·itli a f,.\\ >l"" i;i] <' \• l'j•ii.,11 :·,
r('qnirc a. prn nipt n,c k110\\'lcdgn1c nt of n•1·.cipt, if 11ol an
i111 mctliate \lllswc r.
'I'l1i s i:-i <~:-. pl·<: iaiiy liH! ca:--:e in lnlsi11es~ Ietl.Prs :u1d li1o~t'! co11lai ui11 g- 1•11e lus 11rPs of a11.1· ki1 1d.

( ·11 .i,·r

flt )

circu1n:-:la11 ccs ca11

y( 11t

:1ff1irc! fo l H; dise o11rtcut1 ~. -

'' 1\ r1,/1lrssf' old i!111.'' T'o i 11 f1- 1 ri or~ in ~ t ;ii j,11 1 h· }.; i 11d ly ; to supe r) nrst
re:..i pectful; and to eq ual::::~ fri endl y.
~---! ~

LESSON XVI. - FORMS OF LETTERS IN GENERAL CORRESPONDf.NGE .
Ti 1t'I'" :Ht' \'(·1 ·1;1i 11 t'•ll l\'t•11ii1111 :il \\;!,\ ' ' 111' 1....~11111i 1 1 _'-'. :i1 1.J
u111li 11 !..; ;1. lu llt~r, w!tid1, wiL!t litlk 1·;criau.u11, :1n : 11111,,·r-

,.;:llly fol ln \\'t' I!.
They an· da:-:si ti ed as f nllow,.; :
.-\ d,Jr,-•s:-; cd·

1l11' \\Ti lt>r.

I >:i il' i 11 f t1 II.
,.

.
.
\ :\a111e and :tdd rc,;,; of the corrcspu11d t·1 1I.
I li e rntrod11ct1 011 - , .
t .
( 1 11e ,;;tu
1 a 110 11.

Tlte b od y of th e lette r.
'J'he

COIH·lu:-io11

~

0
(

11J11 pii11H'11ta ry l ·l o:-.: 1·.

~i gn aJ t1n '. .

i.

·-•

-JO

::i'l'U l>l£S l:"f EN(;L!Sll

l t. l~

M ODELS.

"'

1\

COL:I <£Sl'Ol" I lJ-'.N( ' E.

C O~ll'OS l 'l'IOX .

0 1il y i n h) tlvr ~ uf s 1; 11w d 1·c;Tt't• 11f ftil'l rta!i t :' :-;11. ·h :1-..

t}Ji)Se a d i !l'l..!~St ·tl l u 1 1e rso11~

in ull'1 c 1•, tu :-.l ra11g 1..:r ... , ur

it 1 L u ... i1u ·.---,

t'1H · -

r 1._· :-- pulltl t: 11 1:(1, tl iat t l1 1~ adcl r1· :--s u[ ll1 t..: n,tT t ':--11 ..._111di· 11t j.,, i1H ·l 11 •l1·1{ 111

ll1 e i11 t r ud 11 l'l iu 11. Suli ce tl1 a l 11 l1t· 11 iL i.-; su i11 c lt1<1"d tJ1 ,• " dut:di <: 11
i.-; fulillll'l' d l1y ;t cu lu 11, a11d ll1 e lw dy u r tl1e Jc.ti e r l. c· .~ il >' i111 1111, -

di:it .. ly afl<'r ii, <11 1 tl 1e '< l.111<: li1 11 "
.A lt>:-:..s fqr1n~ d :-: tyk is {q 11L11.:1: !lie :u ldrl" :--.-; 11r tln: (' tJ IT1· :-: 1,111 1d1·1 d ,
:tL tLc c 1n l u( tl11 ~ Id !1·r, l'l' lu \\' ;111 1l tu t iP_' k!"t I)( t lw :-- 1~..:.t1;tl 1t1 ,. ,, f
tl1 e \\filt·r.
I 11 t !1i..: :lrra11 _'..::1· 111L•t1L tl i t~ f11l"!l 1 cd· 1!1e i1dr1Jd111·l i1• 11 i.-; : 1.-.;
~ •)

I

({ ,- , { j

•

I

iu tlit· ~1 ·1_·1 1 i1 d l1 ·l l1· r 1111 t\ 1e pre c1·di11i-!.· 11:t;_.::t:' .

/1( .( ({ .t)J;

:-;a,\ 11tat iul l

i:--:

f._d!o\\ t'd

l~ _y

;t CIHl l ll l;t 1 a 11d

\1.t il'~ tl 1; 1L !wri · t i:·~

lJi;d, tJw lionl,\

··:::·

l iH· ]i •l lt'I '

11 f

h 1·gi 11 s 1111 1lw li1w lw low.
'J' iil'l" L'

is a

jtl'V\";1ili11_"-!,· Cl l :--{u Jll ~l t tir 1.. ·:-;1_' ll l u f J1a \" il!~ Olli''.-.; :1 ddr • · .~ . .:

sl.a111peJ a l tlu_. J11_·;11l 1_,f t ' 1> 1T 1 · :-..1•(i 11d~·11 ce Ji ~q · cr ~ i u \\·l1i 1..· l1

dalt• i~

li ;'"> llil ily

t>i al'.t' d a l t in: ·~ 11d ui

1!1t'

i·;1 > 1'

.:·:.

iLl: i l~ L. Lcr.

,,
' J·.·· ; '/

,' f ,; ., }. J,'.

r/(

;.':rt if
/j(~j

,{ ,~, { l

/i(i-J

<.

f (
1-; ( ,

fl _
f ;: ,
/ / 1 ,'(,

1 ;· ' 1/

J;,•(, .. (' (

(,(, (

'

.

,-J • ( ) .{ );

1

,r

1

r

(( 1 11{ Ji~..j.

:) t } ~ \;.. .:: ( c { i/

c./

! ,· liid (

li

'i 1.- i

: ,. \' • I l ~1

I

1

11

( l ,'{ { lf

l/l 1

:t l .J

!

',,;

/ c_,t/l .

:._ , '

ia \\ ,_1n_b,

con llESPONDENCh~ .

STl ' l!IES IN E~GLlf.iH OO ~ll'OSLTLO N.

'l'lie 111 ore fa111iliar ~ tyl e o f ,a]ul:llion is

11£:1 d1·a r flfr .
1n o r e

f onnal a11d

IHCH t!

43

Let m e h ear from you soon, and b e li e 1·e m e,

Your affecti o nat e

.fo 11 c 8;

Uncle Joh n .

b11=--i11 es~-likc i ~

fJ e11 r Afr. ,fu11 us ;

Tliis s ignature would be better if writtr n

an<l ~t ill rn ore fon11al i'

Your affectio11 ate un cle,

Jlli·. J . .J;i//t '/;,
JJ1·11 r Sir :

.Tol111 Smit h .

Th e vari dy in tli e ft1rn1s o[ e lns in g a lcller is 111u d1
greate r lhan in tha t uf iJJ(r(ltlucLiull and ad111its tl1 e
c xen:i:-;e of i11tliYiduality; still the re are certa in a c<;e ptetl
pl1rases wliid1 are co mm onl y u::;ed to i11t1·od uee tlie cum{'limcntary tlu,;1!.
Tl1 e::;e pl1rases, 111 111, 1 rr•111 ain, lfrl/1' 1'1' ?11 c, l'le., s l1nttld
11 ot be placed on a scparnt c l in e, nor upon tl1e li11 e " ·il] 1
the c.ompli menta ry dose, buL shouhl follow imm ediately
t h e Ltst ;;entencc uf th<; botly of tlie lett er, Ll1us:
•
Trustin g to hear that yo u are now in muclt l1e tle r h ealth, I
rcru ain ,
Y u u r~

\·c ry ,; i11 ce r1~ ly,
•J. J, . Ca11to11.

II opi ng for a favorahl" r"' !'Oll ,<' . l :u11,

\ 'cry t rnl y

_yu ll 1"..; ,

l l.· rll1 a (;. J\lartin.

A 111ari·ied wn111an :-;li ould :;ig-11 bcr ow n g h·en nam e, but h1Lli<:a.tc, as ahov l', li er pruper I.it le of :uldre~~.

S e nte nces su eh as the above us11all y he g i11 with th e
pa 'L icipl c, Lo avoi1l Llie repe LiLi o11 of tl1 e l'l'lll1 0 1111 I.
J\ 1Ll1 oug h sud 1 se n tc nee8 are in gc nernl fa vu r as affo rdin g a g racef ul fini sh a11d pre ve ntin g :tl>ru pl 11 ess, yet
it is n ot 11cees:mry , or atlvi s;tule e ve n, to use tli c111 always .
I t i::; in exeee1.l ingly poor taste to u se ;;ucli c~ ndi ng.-; as,
"J\s T lmve n0Ll1i11g m ore to say, T will nc1w do.~L· ,' · or
"I. rnus L sto p no w, as f want to go Lu 111 ake a c;d l,·' or
eve n "I will nnw close ." Hut l><LJ as Ll 1 l' .~e are, it is
even worse to begin a let.Le r, "As I have 11 0Ll1ing ebe
to do, I will write," or "I tho11gl1t I wouhl answer
your le LLer," or "1 sit cluw11," or "I take my pen in
lrnnJ. "
Sn eh phrases ::;ee111 imperLin ent, wh en no t
utL0rl y se ns eless .
, Th e follfl\l' in g <:xample::; of eo nelnsion >;, fake 11 at rri.nll11m frnm J\1enc1eh~ol111 's letter::; to J\fo.-; ch eles, :;; li nw how
t i 1c con c:l nsi o n 11my \'ary aeco rdi ng Lo oeca::;ion or ci r cnmstance .
May we meet in hc:t!t.11 a111 l ltappin ess, and 111 ay yo 11 b1• a~ k indly
di,po;;ed fL8 eve r to
Y o urs,
Felix Mendelssolrn Bartlrolily.

Rej o icin g to hear of yo ur good l'o r l un c-in havi11 i:r hce11 rc-elect,ed,

an1,
Yuur ~i n ee r e fri e nd ,

.J .

J, , ('ar!yl e.

An<l now farewell anll (are eve r wel l.
Y ours,

44

ST l"l ll ES l :'<

E'\CL1:-;11 C<J ,\l l'OSfTIOK.

i\ly liesL \\'i., Ji•·s ac· r()111pa11y you 011 '1'11at, [ lrns t, will be a hapr.v

Tli0 supe rscription 011 :111 c11vc·lnpl', Jikr tli ., titl1·;l l 1ot>k, rn;1y ht' \\·riUl!ll e 1ilirc·lY \\'itli<>11t 1111111 ··
i11:ttion e xce pt in tl1 e case nf :ihure vi:ttio11s. Tl1is i«11111
is preferrc1l by 11\:wy \\ rit.ns nf tl 1e ]1ig·ll\'st ,;\:111di11;..: .
Tnern ,;\iould, liuwever, tic no rnixin g o f tliu l\\'o sl-"11·s.
Eith e r le:i.ve ou L all pu 11 elualio11 ur lJllltc t.n:tt u f;il )_1·.
Tl1e following are forms uf correct sUJH; rscri pti1111.s 1111
l':1g« ! <1[

rrnJ pleasa ut jo!lrnry.
Y o ur:-; <'Y<.•r,

f

Aud trnsLing yo11 will pr,.,;1• r rn a kind rc111e mlH':rnce of 111f', I
r en1ai11,

t

e nv e lop e~ :

ill ,\' lo ve to E 111 ily auil S1,rc11a. :111.! l1 1ay yu 11 and i\! oscl1 c, les l>e

as \\'ell a 11d as 11:11'1'.Y as I \\'i .-- 11 you lo he.

I/ 6 '/{J E~ { MU .:/( 1 f f l,
r {c .1'

For t.o-d:i y, goud-l.y.
l·u 1u ing

,\11il 111 orc l.l1:11il" :u1d -

liurral1, you :u·c

~

\\' hen t i1 ~ · n~ 1111f' nf

:t

7j. •il;

(1'(1;.

c·ily is Llp • ~ ;u1w a .. .; lh 0 ~t: lf•' , tlH '

11<i111e 11 ecd nu t. lie n' pc:tted.

Ever )'•J11r.'< ,

Jn addrcssinl.!· a1 1 1·11vc lnpc L':\ n! shoul d l>c t.aken Lo
writ e t he :ttilm.:,· i:ttion n[ tli t! 11:rnw of th e state dist i1 1c tly :ts \\'ell as l'mperly. N .. 1. 111:1,,· he eas ily rni:-;taken
for i\.Y.
.N c\'( 'I' \n·itt' nut· n11c p:irt nf :1 1· nmpo1 11 1tl ll:tl\lC wl1 e n
yon :il1l.r1·\·in!e tilt' n t lH• r. T iit' 11 :11 111 • sl1onlrl lot• \\'l'ilk11
\\'1·st \ 'irL:·i11i:1 11r :1 hlin ·,·i:1ted \\'. \ ":t.: ;-;rrntli C: t1«ili11:\
(I[' ~ .c.;
NL'\\' :\ll'Xi1 •(\ (ll' \'.:\!.: (' ft'. 111 tl11· (';\.,;(' nf'
1n\\·11s :i11 1l Yil1a~·c· ,; . it i,; :11h·i,;ahlc tn adrl !ht• n:1m c .. r
tl11' <'0111•11· . H tl 1 <~ :1il<ln•,.;,; i,.; a fnr1·i L:· 11 011\•. tl 11• 1wnw
1if t lw 1·0 111111'\' ,;lin1ild 1>.~ :11l.11·d. 111 i1ddr1•s,.;i1w n firrn ,
do not. furget.tlie prl'lix .. r eo ur te,;.1· ; as.
.~

Tt

110L llt'C CS>' :1r.\' (11' 11)"(111«1' to a11.1 n.D. Ol' :'ol .Jl. lo!'
D.D.S. or 1,1,.)) .. ~t~ th« {':\St> 111ay l•e. \\' li e11 tlli' ti t l,• I >r. is prefixed

1•. • • :

is

:_..:• ;

Lo t.h e 11:tme.

- ',

~

,,-

;

/ , \ 1 11

( t/ , /' , { •'/ , (

171 I

/

; 1 I/

·.1 (

s1111f'. r~c·ri11Li1H 1 :'

r11nrP

~v111 1111·trieal ap111•ara1icT

It>

i· l;t1' 1 • 1; ;1!

.
-~

t i ;i ·

lo\\' er left corn er.

; ,..

·~_:.!

4G

S'l't;J>n.;::; IN EN<;!, J:-j J{ CO:'-l l '(JSJTIO:-< .

CUH IUO::-;PON DF. N'CE.

EXt·:rtCISF. I.

Tlt c voi1..:e, ma 1111 e r , rlll<l e xi'rcssion rnuJif.r t.n stielt :t11
i11c;tkubl1 le lh:g rce n11 r spoke 11 wurds, tli;tL in :t 1:•111versa.tion we may safely g i \·e n1iee to tlw ughts :wt!
opinio11s \\'lii1..:lt, if eo11 lim: d to t.lie bare, 11111111Hlit il'1l
st;ite rn e11t suiLell to the lirnil:; nf a letLt• r, 111 ig l1 L gi,·e
uH1mnl o11 aule offence . Therefore it may uc ::;taLc<l as a
s econd rnlc , tlrnt

Write live Head i11 gs.
Follow <':tn·fully the :1rra11 gc 11 1c11t a 11d p11nct11ation of t he 111od t· ls
g irnn .

\\' rile ali lJrc·via l io11s co nectly.

\ Vrite fin} Introd1 1d ions.
:\ dilri'ss

<L

strangPr, a. firn 1. a collegP pre·idcnt, an i11 l in 1ate

fri c· 111l. a n·lativc.

Great

1... 1 tltt"' " i11d11d1· tlic la st s(·1tl•' 1t C!', tl1 c plira~c wh iclt int rod1 1c" ·'
!ltt~ cl •iSt', !IH• co11q>lin1 e 11l:Lry «losP, a 11d tl1 c ., ig11at11n' . J\lak e tl1 e 111
as ll'id.,Jy dil'l'"n' tll " ·' po~ silde.
,,, .r~ . ;, . ,

~·
1 1• \

; J 1 ~·C

' (..'v . .ti}H'1,. ,....,\ .11Jll1Vl1
, .~ , ! ;
' t, .

Bcl carefu l

lo 11<1\'L' a.

~y 111111 eL ri cal ar r:u1gc111c11t

0 11

t.he enY eiope,

" ·' " aliL rev iatio11s currecLl y, a11cl punctuate accon.li ng to the models
gi\'l)IJ.

-r-

and 111oderrition ,,Ji.rntld be 11sed in tfu_, written
u.f 0111· tlwu:;ltfs and opinio n.~ .

ca r e

e:rp r e.,siu11

J\ g;tin , lo \\Tile what one feels may he m o;.;t injudic ious. Tl1is d11es not a.pply Lo e11nlialit_r, intc rc:sL, g r:ilit11<le, or a ny otl 1e r of the 11 nbk r ::;1..:11Linwnts- if yo11
1·l1 e r isl 1 tlrl'Sl', 111..: snre L11 \\'ri l1..: in tl1c sj>iri t .,[' Llw11 1; Lu L
t],, 1111 L writ.1: 1·1J111 111:ti11i11g· l1·LL<:rs. 1\l11lkr ai« i \i., " \ prcssiu11 of c;u·es or :L11xiL:til·s or so1Tow:-;, wl1 c n it is
nce cssary Lo tu11e li upun t li e m; wh en it is no t 1tli,;ol1 1tcl \' 11 c1..:cs,.;;-in-. lc·an: th em tn 1w ,] i\·i 11, .. l. .:\ •">11sidl:l':tt c rcl i1· 1..:n<'i ' i1 1 s11, ·l1 111:1 tl ,.rs \1-i11s •lcq•l'l" synq ;il l1 .1·
tlia11 ;my :LmounL n f 1..:0111pLti11i11g co1ild do.
Do 1H1t. \ITitc an!..!:ry nr rcs<'1lli'1il l1:l.t" 1"'; \'<HI 11·ili L,,
s 111·e io say sr1111vt.l1111g tu h1 : tl l'l'ply l'l',L'.'l'"l.l ' "l if .\•ill d ...
\Vri te guartlerlly w11 c 11 yon i't· c l stm1 1giy 0 11 a11 ,r 1•:1i11fol s u hjed, an<l al1ove all
0

LESSON XVII.

:.I:TTER8 OI' fRIENDSITIP .

Si11q1li1..: ity a1 1d 11at11r:d11n's an• !11~ t·hil'f '"~ '1 11 isitf,;.; in
thi,.; k i1 1d uf \Hili11 g , l111t !11<: rnk, '' \\' rill' as you siieak
:111<1 t l1i11 k :Llld fee l.' ' \\" l1id1 is so rn et i111 t's hid d11\\"ll as
a 111e:1J1s of st•t·11ri 11 g tlti:-; effed , is 0111 • to be fo]IO\n;d
\\l ll t Sll't>llg' 1J 10tl11it«Lllt>IJS.
I 11 "l"""'l1, [.,,. i11sla11cl" ll'L: 11su L'l' l' (:1i11 ('0! 1Lr:H:te<l an d
otl 1l' r l'X j1n·ssio1 1s Ll·nn etl C'f1ll"'l' ' ialis111s \\'lti1· lt ill'<! 111 1s 11i {('d (11. :u1d W\1111<1 se •m n11di .~· 11i fied in. \\'ritl c n 1..:u mmu11icat io11s. Tl11 •n-: fon: it mar lie slat1·d as a rnl <!,
ll1 :d, in \l'riti11g, 0 111~ rnn sL
,·I 1'111", /

( ',;/l,_1 1;11ilf!ls 111~.

Do

11 u/ write 111/1e/I

lcd){}ri".'f 1111rlcr an,1.1

.'/l'l'11f

r.r .. /t, •111<'11!.

Si1w(~ :1. kt kr of fri1·1 1il s lt ip is :1 co11\·1 ·rs;it ic>11 01 1 i'"i"T,

"lio11!1l \\' ritu in an C<Lsy, L1111iliar 111a1111t•r o [ I iw
Li 1i11g " aJ,,,11L 11 l1 i.. ]1 yo 11 11-()111'1 11at11r:tl ly talk to tl1c j•l' l':;011 l"' 1rl1,,111 }"" arc 11Tit i11.c; .
St11tl y l" \n it" g·1-;1 c:d1ilh· :is \\'(·11a,.;11at11rnlly . . \ 11•i1l
t.i1 c lll 01Jt )[01lY tl 1aL COlllCS fi'<•lll "''llle 11c;c:; a ll l1aSt'I! Oil
n11e mod e l. i\h1 vl; :Ll l, <111 110L al'l'<'ar lo l.c tl1i1il,i 11;.;·
eu11,;la11t l \ ,,f \'<•t11 ·seli.
yn 11

·"'-'

,-

:->TFl>IES

l N ENC:LTSIT C.O'.\fl'OS ITION.

4fl

c u1rnESl'ONDENCE.

LIST OF SUBJECTS FOR LETTERS OF FRIENDSHIP.

\Vri tv to a. fricn(1 livin,u;
tu vi:->i L you .
ll. i,; l1L·st tu

,[:tl.c:

:~t.

a, di~t;1n ce, inviting l 1n

Ll 1c: il'11 0 ii1 uf Ll11; 1·i.- il, ·- :1 fc.,·l11i 0 1iL l'"'l"'l' ' ·

l11fnr1n lH·r :t ~ to tr:1i11~. 1·1wlci-..:1• ;\ fi11 11•-l ;1h J, .. i11di <'a tln ~ t!1 P n1n:-;t

co n ve nieu L train; sLal1; L11aL yolt will
\\ rj Lu Gordia.li:,- liu L 111it. L'li'll ;--, i\·c;y.

\V l'i tc, accep t ing

:u i i11 \ i LaLio11

BH: eL

l1er a.L tlte ::;La~iuu.

like tiie above.

Slafe un wl 1at, d;cy a1Jd t_.y what train yo u wlll arri\·e.

\\'rite

\Y ri Lc l1umc from yonr friend'::; house.
1t is :tJ,,,1.J 11t.Ply i11di .-< pe11 sal.Jc to \\'rit e al unec to aJvi sc your par,.11h of .'"'"r s:1f,• :tl'l'i1·al. Shan• with tl1 o'e at home th~ pl·•a·rnr•·
Hr yell!\" _j 1, ;:r1it•y: ~.:: i r 1• i1i!Pr1·:-.:in:..:.· -i: 1ci•l 1•11 t;-; o f tli(: trip . :1nd t1·lt f~f
\ "11 1i!'

r, •,·r,p ti n n at.

:: n 11r

.\'Piil'

1<-t Li ·:-

,· ]1 i11l.

1t:-:1 •

s uch lang·11:1 ~~1· ;i ~ lw

1':111

1·;1~ily 111 1 111~r:-:l :-in.J.

L'ESSON XVIII. - NOTES OF CEREMONY.

frj ,• n .1.t.i f h a i .\·nn \\·ri!1• pr{) n1pU .\·. '\"rif P of .v n ur

Jlo

TJ 11<1 cr 1his l11·:1t1i11g· 111:1.1· 111 ' .-!:1.c'"t 'd 11" (''" "I' 111\ 1i a·
tin11. :u:t·t: pL1.11t'\', a11 •l l'•'g'l'l't., l111!l1 f<>l'lll:ll :11111 i11i'<ll'!11:1I.
l1 11'on11:1l

\Vri t<·. 1l«f'1i11 ing :in i1n'itat ion .
\\.'rit•··, r· xpre ~:-; i 11 g your :1p11n·('ii1Lit111 of .\·uur friend'M ki11d11 e:-i~ .
J\ ietLer n[ reg ret. I H' e d:-o In lw v\.t'll t1lul\· cvidj;Ll than an ;1. c c c j 1L 1.11\.'. l!.
;t

;1

from :t

vi s it. :111t! the p!Pas11n• it. aff.,rd1•d yon. - he si 11 ccn~ a ud cordial.
ll t) t, forgt·L 11H' .~ :-i a ,~· 1· .~ (1f r1· g·:u ·d to tl 1P f:u11ily.

\V rite

\(i

1'1·i1 ·nil's 1111111~.

\Yrit-!' t·o vrn1r fric·nc1s on ret1 irnin g home
Yi f; it,_
lt. i:-: d1w {(l

;1,

\\~rit1~ nf tl1f· t.l1i1;;..!,·...: tli;1t \\·il\ 11 p 111u ~d liLf·1'· tn ·i nt0p.,.._ t, hi111, and

letter li onw on r cn,(']1 i11 g college or scl1001.

(;ivt• all ! ! it' i 11 c i• lt •11I .. .; c1f th e jn1;:·1i!',\' :i nd yn:ir fi r st i111 1 1 n · :-<~iu1i.~
;u1d t~xpt•ri1.! IH' t':-' .
~1H·li a, !c l! Pr ~L1Hil tl hi-._ \\Tittt"1n at the earlif'st
11;1;1•1rl 11ni! .\' :-1fl .-.r ;, rr i;·in :.:::.

i11 vita till11c',

;1l'<'<'j•l ;1111"'"·

:111.J

1·,. _L'.· n·h an ·

si1nplv friendly n1d1• s 1nilt<'. ll a lll'a.vs in tl 1<' til',.;I l" ' i'"":1.
Tli".Y V ;L r\" ill rllJ'lll Lt> "uit t i11 ~ l)('l':1,.;i1111- Ti10.•\' ,. J,"1ii ti
lH ! l'\lrtli:tl in llllH', ]Ht!. brief, a11d :trl' i11 i..-t tn L 1"ll'
wlic; 11 confi11c1l t" tl11' ,.;t1l1j1•c·t of tlw i11Yii:11i .. 11. ,,11(:-iil1·

itcm,.;

]icing

11r·r111i,.;-;ilil1•

011lv ll!Hler "l''"·ial •·1n·11111-

\Ylii.-ii rna1· n:'lt11rc tlll'i1· 111,·t1 l i" 11.
J\11 inforrn:d i11vit·:1ti"11 ,.;!1"11\t! 111· \'1' 1'. unrl<T :1111· l'11·-

sl:t1ll't':i

('.ll!1JSLL11ces. lJc :~11,.;11- t::red 111 Ll1e Lliinl tH:r~ u11.

~--

54

[~

STUDIES

EN G LISH COMl'OS l.TION .

prev ious e n g- :t ~l'111 c 11 t." is tl1 c accepte1l for m t o sig nify 0 11c s rnah i lity, fron 1 a 11 y cause wliate1·c1" to lH't't' j't.. By so 111 e the prefe re nce
/
i:-; give n to t he expn.~s~io n. " reg n.•ls her iua.hili t.y to acePp t."
Tlie plir:LSl'S, "prcse nt.s he r CO lll}'li111 e11ts," "ki11<l i11vit:tti on, "
" ~ i11 c 1 · n·ly reg rets; · a 11 U ~i 1n ilar express ion s, are 11 0

lon g-e r used i n

fonn :d no t.es.

1n a d inn er invitati on the name of till ! g ues t, " l\liss Evelyn ll all," for i11 stancr, - is r•laeed im;tearl
o( "your" l>efore tl1e wonl "company."

COR ltESPONDENC E.-

Observe that although the date for whi ch one is in vited i.,
always repeatell in t l1 e a nsw e r, tlie an swer is 11 ot it.sel f dated . a~
i t is in ol hc r co rrespo nd ence.
·

The fa:-;h ioll of forming sociaules, germans, dancillg
elasse:-;, etc., wh1eli 111cct a t the li ou:-;c:-; of tlic members ,
is a prevalen t soc ial custom. The form of invitation i;;
us ually a;; follow;;: (Jl;e, j.;(Ul.~-11/1.& l'/ yo1~t, eo n~'/w./IVlf
t..tJ..

lJ?i,. o.nd l!ll! . lt/uq <'c·J L. ll«iu'n,;{c•JL
{/; c. ;: (tl~ -Jitl.'',

1tfjllf<!l

/f ,(t, .

lJ11'·! ·J <: -,, ,<('Ill

c<l ,(/1111n,
lJu.&mlct,J

/1'/(/;,
(.~1 6

''J i.

I S {/!, u[

r!Jl./Ui

z;,
,•' dl'.dc .

((u&n 11 t.,

It is an nnp:tnlonal,] c offe nce to dl·lay, fo r any reason wh at.ever,
S<' 11di11g an i111 nwd iale an s we r to a tl i11n e r in vilalio n .

1

a11 rf.
1

N

•i-.

ul /;,d/- )« -d et«;liC ,,'d'odc.
v. ju .

The auLre ,·iati o11 , J~ . s. u. p . - R1j1011de~ s'il VUllS plait, - is
used on ly i n suc h i11vi tal io11 s.
It i ~ tak e n for g-rn11 ted in a
di rect pe rso nal iini latio n t ha t yo u will 11 ot co mmit t he soc ial e r ror
of omitting to rc]'ly.

l/ii-J. e;_/;" dn L . //01vi.t.11rjf,1. •11'.i.
l..L(/ ( Jl Jitl d (, wr· 1~r1l. v 'f(«' (·~ {,

l!h. f.P_/; WU 1U-1f

1

)tlJt .(d

l !.t'n

11'

cCC

l .1kc.

l/11..H { 'Pd1;n /f d{
i' 1 .~i·ru(J

/i,.: 1.
('

t.11&

(J't.oui t

fo ie~ e1il

t/f.v 11u1 n
.i

l,. r.,l/~.

OH ,

fw;ru7flnt.1d

d ..\ : ,i::, ,{·(«JL<tt·
( ,. .

cJfon&

on ?J1on.dc1. '1 e l'e'l z.(,n</, lJeu,inCcr- i..

OJ:,

11f(J, (/i,d " i 1t1 ·1·.·u -1,

f.

f,!.f&.1a'/ 1te. c11. t,._c.vn r;

a.C

it

tl&1..11wn,

The answers to invitations like the above must he
impersonal in form to corre:-;pon<l with tl10 in vi ta ti on: ·---

711"-u (•c1 ·d 111:. /f.d{
(U'o.'f )• {.; , 1 1' Ll/t. fJf t. c<'Vll 'l,&
t

n.&xl

The English ph rase, "The favor o[ a n an swer is r cqucstecl," is
Ly m any p refe rred to lit e French express io n .

The for ms of reply arc a::; follows: -

?Ni,.

lit&

l!luudol<Z/ e ue-111:119, lJa,&i·n,Ut.1.. ~A.'.-xl/; ,

f!c'l !l)t1n 1j

9i'L'l'·n

'1..&'J·n&J,t.u i a.C

,!/'toud

l'!

7()f,/11?<1dc<

55

<'/,

l71i,. ef!A. c~u n e11
~c.1u.Cw /i[.J,

J.

d&ne

Cnat,._CCt'.l11 lo t.e 'f; wJ,enl,

eu.

5G

co::1tr os rTION.

STUDl ES TN EN GUSH

CO H HES PONDEJ:\ CE.

As af te rn oon r cccpt,io ns , vario u::;ly des ig nated a ccordin g t o <:ha.n g i11 g fas l1iorn;, r erpiirc fo r i11vit a(,ions th e
v is it i11g-l;a n l ul! ly, \Yitl 1 lbte aml l1011 n; :ulllcd a t t h e
'lo we r left co rner, tl1 cy ar c r cgard e;tl :L,.; scarcely rn ore
th :i11 s pcc i:tl n ;ception days , anll tl 1erdor c do ll ot r c,111ire
a iwl.c n f :1ceq 1t a 11 ce or n ;g rct i ll ;ul:-i \\' Cr , t he a ck11nwl 1·.lg111c11 t 11c i11 g (,]1 e le:wing ol" carcls by tli oso who at(,e 1u.l,
or the SL•ndin g of canh; on or Lefore th e; d ay Ly those
wl1u llu n vl :ttlc:n<l.

Tl1 o ng h a business l e tte r sh o nlrl be liri ef, i t need not],.,
alJrn p t. J\brnpt nr ss in e \' e n the br icf<·.:;t le tter 111:11· ],,.
:tvni dl'Ll l>y !l 11c at. Le n t. ion Lo Ll1 e sa.l11 la t in n allil c·1·1111 •l tlll e 11 Lary close.
Jr a li11si11 c.s:; let te r lie ;1i1 ;111s\\'C l' t o on e n:ci·i n:d , r1·l·cre n cc sllll11 ld 111 · m a il ·· t" : Ii" ldt<·r i1 1 111 <·.sti,,11, i t s d:i11 ·
g i ve 11, a11<1 c 11 c lu.sures, it a11 y, ;tc·ki10\\'l<:d gc:d . 1f 111uJ H'}'
is rece iv ed, it slwul<l lie c utlll Lcd i111mcdiaLcl.\· 0 11 u11e 11 i11 .c:·
1

\

( ..

Th cat n., canl , tc1111is , a 11<l a rche ry part ies, b ci11g o ( much less
fu rn 1al characte r tkm t.l 11l furegoi11 g, the i11 v ilat io11s a11J replies an;
us ual ly wr itte n i11 t he first ['Crso 11 .
EX.El~C l :SJ•: .

u r u l ;11~~;_l.l'

,,f t !:•.·

Dusi11 e,;::; l c tLcr,.; si1ouid ho written on on e ,;i11e

\\'h en

Dates

lell.er on o ne's o \\·n J.1"in c's req11ir1 ·., :tn a11"'·e r ,

:t sh1111•
In Lt1:-; i 1w :-:~ ]1·11· ·1·:-- tiw 1Ld1_· ;11 .t: addrt·.--...; (,f
wriLer , ltould al\\' a.ys tie l•lacc.J a l (.i ,., l1e;L<I u[ ilio_: l dlcr.

- f ' l . .'\s ,_ W0 HJ \ .

:i.

sh ould lie rncl1);-:{·1 L

i u\ iLtLluu ~ .

FORMS OF BUSINESS LETTERS.

SUG G ES T IO N S TO T HE WRI TCJ-; .

i 11Y ilati .J11 s olisL'l'\' t· g rL•at care t.o :1. rra n ~c
tlw 111lddl1· ,ii· t iw lirsl. ;1 : 1.~e t1f ;.L.
,1ie1'L of 11 Pt< · l.'"\ "'r. l' l:ll'C ycrn r O\\' ll 11 :u11e .-111 :< lin,., h )· itse lf, :wd
i ll f}i e J11i d d l1 · Of tin.! Ji1H} ~ Pl Sl'l"\'P f . J1 e~C din• rt i11 11 S, : d ~O, ill n·g·ard tu
the rnt 1n e of Ll 10 h os t, a nd l1oste:<s. R•.' l"" 't. i n yo ur an s we r, a ~ in
l 11 wri Li11 g

Ll 1c lcLLcr .

pape r onl y , a.n'l it is a g onc1 ph11 to k eep cn p ic,...
antl s um s should Le 'ni ttcn i 1hi1ily ill fi g ure,;.

\Yr i l.c on i1 otc paper :tccc]'la11ccs am! regrn ts for ca.cit u1 the
~ LO \" Ll

·"" ·

all:-\Wt ! f~ l o

lb(~ 111;ltle r ~y 1 11 1111· l l'i1•:dly :11\d i11
1

l1 1e 11wuds ;.;i\',: 11 , t h1· it.,,1ns as l o d ate, h our, clc., of tl1e im·itation.

- -----

·'

LESSON XX. - BUSINESS AND OFFICIAL LETTERS.

i

(F (r /'t(t r 1,· r / 1

11

111

1•

. :i

1

I
i
.,

J
I~

:(( ~ · -

(H od y of

th ~

lf'.t.le r. )

I

Hnsi11 ess 1( ~( Lc rs

::; l1 0 t1l1l

be

Cll 1l l' l·' f ,

r'J'pli1·it, and

"071/"-

!llI;

T! 1.: i1 1f. 1rn1< d i" 1' ;_;· i i·1· 11 .-,r Lk:,; ircd shc,11 \d he sLt te 1l
in tl1 e fr 1n·s L 11<1s:-: il,k 'y"1·1l ,.; . J\11 soc ial a11d fri e lldl y
i lc:111,.; slt011ld lJL' ri gi ll h !'XCl ll(lell.
/c ,,//s .

>

·'·'.'

58

ST UDIES IN ENGLlf' ff COMPOSITION.

COlUtES PON J>E NCE.

I :!J d.nnUi {(1,ce n ·11 f., clfow- 7fui,k (/!, [{.y.

fc<;1w« 1 11.
(l {,(;,<(

Ii '/ /

C

1.

z1,

fu'(_(, t't.

1s91.

1/·

:Ju

I

t/1&

tLP

Vi&

/wvc'l, o/ ,rn, &<'-'d'I v )·{ 1/i J u
7/c' II l<J

11;..

·1dy
If. [

{1

J lia.v c. l/i& l.01; c•l

1.H '.n,

( u-

7/•Jlll· l!lUo!{,:

1

C.&
ot :i/te, 11(

//!,Cu 1,1 /fu1 1u , dfe n' 7ju1 k ,
{[/m'.C J?, l ot/I.
7()f, &u;

{cc n rk1101u fu/9 .c,

{li e

.J f. H ' <lll(,,

//. / . d'c,

/c•n e-0,.

,efu..

Tak e spee i;tl 110ticc of tlic reJ ;i1.ivc posit.ion s of th e parts o f
the headings aud co11el11:;io11 s, anLl of Ll1e punctuat.io u.

J)rrn . llt< 1d<11;i, :

0•( I..,

/,J// .

(Bou y o f tl1 e lette r .)

(B ody of th e le tter.)

ki'u7r;vn1

C f," i l'

l\'[,/d Ne 1•. .J(_ 1,. :

.htd 1, c/('.1, : cJn lf /c i..-, m?f, l; yo111 . e-0 1n-

111.-11,1-itu tll.o,,i l'f

R{,ylil /i!Eu . flt',; lwj.;.

Iii •/( •)C I

{[J.· 1 t' i :Ji,
uJ c!f1;,w '/j,nk,

1

Jii f i -.J ,,

/fc•J1;c. ///{.~ .; lc'll ·J..

In offi ciai correspo ndence th e o fli ce is addrc.,.-<c•l ratl1 e r tlian tJ., .
oflice r, a nd t.l1e co111pli111e1d:cry close i.-< 111 ore fo n 11al tli:11i i11 urdi11 ary
lrn s i11 ess lett1·1·s. \ \"lt<·11 0 11 " \\'ril•·s i11 a strictly (•ffi<'ial '"'i'""ity, tl1"
oflic ial titl e mu,:!. fol lo\\· i1n 111ed ialely a fter tli 0 signat urC', a.-; ill I I"'
aliovc.

'1f°'ll· {,"-{ (ct f110(, ..11'n r; 1 c•:11 . irl.uk { 01 1 r_ {~ .

u irE t' j;l c•/

$ Ii& Bc•nu( (' / <ftlu r<ilL<.'1l «n<l

( ll ody of th e letter . )

:!li e.

7Jc' u1 a, ·1ea};Ed/uay,
dl..11 :j.;-1en, 7(J/11' ( r 'I/ (/1o .,

c?.% )) , d .

d'11 Jn ll'11(Fnd&11 l

11{

<D l: 1rn( 1', ,lo',

l/•11!ct:t·1, r f.
Ur:--; i{tt/ n1,,tn :
t c1 tl

7{ Af 1

{fir, 1.l n ,( l t/V.JA'9n ..~ r (,

11un'l- <!Uc. nU.c•n [,.,

{r.~7

1/

(;.,l,1,,: 1&

{l_).

Fli!.

( Body o f the le tt er.)

711t.(la. f.111 •.,, lf",11-Jt d e 1,
<flw.r.9& elf. J'.

([CC of w lct.c.li

1

<ff.m:lc•utf 1:. fe1 i a&

f 1'.nd

n, ir tAbnfm., c.t~ ..

(Bud y uf the lcth•r .)

7/c' II H

( : ii

r'J /

//. K. fJt,111/c,
J.- •" 'If {,,i I 'J·

t .J..

t0•/uel/ 1dl'y iJ.:1tm 1'Uul.
11 .;.,.
l .'

/ '-

. r,,.t'f
/.
,- ,,
... t1

'J

//.-n;y p,'l; t-J,,
t (,, .

In bus inr·:-';:.; lr·tir.r."i tlin 111tr 11 b (~ r r,f tlw n1 01ith i.. ; ~nl!1 1'! i11 11:~ used
i11sl eaJ of tl 1e ii;u11v ; as ,-, /..!., IS!ll, i11 s lead u( ;\J;. y :.! . J.'>! 11.

,:•;

60

:-;'l' UD! ISS IN E:\(: L[:-;U

C!l~l

N AlUlATION AND DESCJUl'TlON COl\lBUS rm_

l'OSITfON.

61

LIST OF SUBJECTS FOR BUSINESS LETTERS .
\Yri le t.o a dry goods finn, '"''i'' '"st i11g s ;llJJl'!"s uf a certain
111al1·rial.

\\'r ik, onJ,"ring rn al e rial s fro111 sa11qolc', and enclos in g pay rn eJJl
c it.l11 :r in c l1 eck, l'.O. ord c: r, or ca s h.
\\' ril e to jllti>li s liiu~ firm, askin g fu r \'atalogues a11d fur i11fonnatio11 ahrn d. 1·crt.ai11 hooks.
\\' rite , or1le rin ;; li"ol;s.
\Vri t.e, applyi11g for a pos iti o n as cll'l'k, salesn1an , o r t c :tcli e r.
\Vrite i11 an S\\'<'r lP ll1" aliuvc.
\Yrite , as sec rdary ., f a soci1 •ty, clnh, nr busi 111' ss org:111 izali n 11 ,
to Lite membe rs, annou11 ci11;.; a11 exec ulirc co1nrnitlee !lleel ing; a
g e 1wral rnee ti1q;; an e ,· e 11 t to tak e plrtce.
\ Vrit.c as lreas 11re r o[ the abore, r C<Jltes lii1g pny111 e 11t of d11 es ;
an11 0 1111 cin;; a;..;~e ;..;s111r 11t.K or di\·itle11tl~ .
\\' rile to a slr:rngn, a s king i11[o rn1ation in regard to a fornwr

CHAPTER VT.
.NJJRB.A.TJO.N .1NTJ DRSCIUPTIO.N CO.l'IIBJNED.
Altlwuyh in uarration there is often somethi11:1 of d1~­
scription, and ·i n description somethi11g of 1wrration, in
the pniceding lesson.q tlu: ~/fort ha., f>,·l· n, to emplwsiu r> 111:
or lite otlicr. In the lessons of tltis cliapter the pupil ii!
to take either or both styles, accordi:ny as the s1d1Ject suy!J C.~ti; .

c 111ployee of tliat p e r.s on .
SUGGESTIONS TO THE WRITER.
Th e foll o win g din!clio11s are'. col'i1~ d 1·erl•:tl.i111 frolll I.lie official
e itT1dar iss11c<I l 1y U11· 1'<•.st. ()Ili c•· l>t·parl.111c11t.
How to prepare matter for mailin g. - Sec that C\'l'l'\' kt 1,•r
11 e wspaper, 111' ot lwr p a\' kl' t. S<'lt!. l•y 111ail. is sec urely fol 1i1.,[ a111i
fa s t.e 11l'd.
i\y.,jd 11 s i11 g c lw:il' l'll\'l·lop<'s, 111adc! nr' tl1i11 l"IJ'"r,
'"""pecially \\'lit!rt! ll\(1n->: 1l1a11 ••Iii' :--l1L"l'i. 1d. JtHp('I' ) or an y oth er arli\'l e
t.lian pa[Ji~ r , is l't1 e lt1""l.
l1 .. i11 ;..: <>fl1·11 l1a11dl ed , a.11.J c1· "11 i11 Ll10
mail l•ag~ std•jCci l',l to pn•ss 111:"' s 1H'lt 1•111·1' l1• l.'"' 11 ol 1111fre q11c 11tly
npl1t <•rH~ll, olt e 11 .~· 1 v 111µ: ca.11~~· ol c1> 111pla111t aga111 sl. otlic iab who are
cut. irnlv i111tlH.:e 11t. in !lie ui:ttl<'r.
All .Ft.c kages n1ail e1l at. less tl1an lette r ratPS o[ pos !.ag'I' s li o 11lll
lie wrapped so that th eir content ,; can Iii.: r rarlily a sce rt ai 1ll'd withon t ,Jesl roy i11g th e wra pl'r· r. ~l; !llr r ('011f ainerl in ~e akd e 11velopes
11utcli"d ~tt t.lic e nd s def1: ah th" (tl•j cC't ol th e law, a nd is sn!.ject t.o
1.-Lte r postag 1 ~ .
Have addresses legible and complete. - Make tliP a1ldress
o n all 11mtt.<• r k :gihle rt111l ro 1111>ldl', g i1·i11g tlw 11:1111e nf tl1 e ;/()s/o/jia, 1·01mly. 111HI S!ule . The "",,"' ,,/ 1/11~ sired w11/ '"""/"!/' uf I.li e
li u n sc slto11l 1l also b e µ;iv c 11 011 111ai l- 111aU e r addres ..;ed l.1> cil. it!S where
1"tt.F>r-c "1Ti cr;; :irn e 11q>l nyed .
Where to place postage stamps. - l'o"tag-e ;.;(amps shou ld be
plal'ed 0 11 Lite up[•Cr right-hand co rn e r u[ the address tiiJe of all
rnai l-111atter.

LESSON XXL - ANNIVERSARY DAYS.
J·:XF:ltCI:-;J.; L · - J\ IODKL l<'OR STUJ>YTHANKSGIVING DAY.

Tl1e fi ekh arc stripped ' Ly tl1i:; t im e ancl tl1e trees
staml bare- That rich murmur of a myriad irn;ects is
gone, and the silence, which (fo.: tinguislws ,Jamrnry frorn
June even more than the heat, falls, the precursor of
snow, upon tl1e bn<lsca.pe. But 1 as if to resis t Ll1 e bitterness an<l sa<lnes~; of the failin g yea,r, tl1c most ge11ial
and kindly of all our festivah; occurs at t.lte encl of
November- Its ve-ry name, Thrrnksgiving, hctrays its
origin - a.11 origin unmixed with any prior tradition.
The grcn.t Cl 1ristian festival of Cl1ristmas stretches
backwar<l to ynle-logs and mistletoes, to Scandinavian
and Briton heathenry; nor <loes it lose by the graceful,

; ·.

(.

()

1~

STunrns IN ENGLISll

CU ~ll'OSITION .

happy a:osoc i:d.io ll. But Tl1a11bgivi11g is purely l'urita11. I L is llie good, warm, ln1111a 11 li e:ut C(!llij ll e rin g the
tou g !t 11 ·atl autl a scetic ma.11 ner n( tli e i1l1l l'ilgri111:0.
1ll Elli11L's New E11gfaml His tory you may rcau that
in Hi:2:l, after the harvc::;t, Govenw r Brad :;trect. sent out
a co11111:t11y Lo shoot game to forni sli a dainty foasL of
1·ejo icing after t he h l>o rs of the colony. Having fullowell the di rections of th e governor and th e principle
C>f t11e excell ent Mrn. Ghss, tl1ey cooked their game,
an(l invi ted :I\las::;:tsoit aml so m e nine ty other sa.vages,
alill all fell to and de voured the fo:i.st, t11ankin g Goel
"for t he gootl world aml the goo d t liin gs in it." -

;

NAIU\.ATION AND D1•; sc1u1·-r10N COillB I NED.

Easter.
A 111 ovable festival- fc:tst of fl owers -commc 111 oraliv c o f tl w
rcs ur rect io11 o f Cii1·i,;t. Eas t.er legL,l•ch- I·: ,ts!c r ··11ild e1 ns - L:t.,fe r
o bse rvances - Eas te r poe ms.

i

The Fourth o[ July .
Tli;uiksgiving D:Ly.
Decor<1,t.ion Day.
St. Valentine's Day.

~ S t.. Patrick ':-; l) ;1 y.

Tlie Qniet Amii vcrsa ri c~ .
T li e Noi,;;y A1111i\·ersarics.
Poems ;trnl Legern1s of

Christmas.

l'!

'~~

' :·~-

G eor,1;e William Curlis.
LESSON XXII. - AMPLIFICATION OF POEMS.
LIST OF SUBJECTS .

Cl iris t rn ;is.
Deri,·:1ti1111 o f 11a1nc - \\·li e n fit· ~ t celebrated on prese11t date wliy '? 1\n i;ie 11 t fe sti1·als li elcl al "<1111e ti111r, o( }"'ar in 1ta ly a nd
Sea11clin:1via. Our C l1ri ;;tlllaS c 11s lcrn1s-Cl 1ris t n1 ;i,s tree - C lirist.rnas g a111 e,; - St. i\ ii; l1 ol as -Sant.a C la11 s. C hri st 111a~ cusLo llls Ill
ut.h e r co untri es - C hri st111 as leg-en d s - Cl1 ri st lll as stori es.

New Yea.r's Day.
Ea rly l> utcl1 e 11 s lu11 1 ~ - 1mi.kiu g calb-ou se rvau ce of New Yc<tr
here and in o tl1 (• 1· l:O >lll tr ics.

~

\V;t s1 iington 's Bir tlid a.y.
Com m on ouse rrnnce of the day.

life and

Sketch of 'Vas biu gtou -his

ach iev e ment~.

" \Vashin,;ton dill the two g rc«tes t thin gs wliieh in poli t ics it is permi t ted
to ma11 to :lttc mpt. I le maintai 11 ed uy pc :we t ltc i nd cvcntlcnce of hi s country wl1 ich lie co uqucred hy wnr."- U1li ::r1t.
' ' Yrin an~ t he only b e in~ for wh 11 m l Ji a,·e an a wful revc re11 ce ." -Lord
!•,'rski1v•.

" t: 111il time s ha ll lie 11 0 morr, will a tr st o f tl1" progress wliidt o ur race
has mad e in wi:o'dom awl Yirt11c l1e deri,·rd fr o111 t he vcucrat io11 paid to the
imm o1·ta} narn e uf \Va shi11 gl ll11. " -

f, or1l /lr1.lfl!Jlt11111 .

EXEltC l!':JE I . -

~ 101.>EL

FUI : !':JTU D\' AND

1\ ~ll'L I FIC,\Tl(Jl\.

THE SANDS O' DEE.

"Oh, l\Iary, go and call th e cattl e hom e,
And call the eat.lie home,
Aud c:dl the caLLle li o1 11 e ,
Across J.lt e s:111d., o' Ilc·c: ! "
Th e west.t• rn wi111l wa s wile! and J a 11k wi' foalll ,
AJl(l all alone we11 l she.
The c ree pi11g- ticle ca111 e up al o ng t h e sa11d,
Aud o'e r and o'er the siw<l,
And ro1111d auJ round the sancl,
As far as eye co n!J see ;
The blincli11 g mist came down an d hid t!t e la nd:
Aud neve r liorn e came sh e.

"0, is it weed, or fish, o r floating hair, A tress o' golcle n hair,
0 ' drow11 Pd lll:tiden's hair,A Lo ve the nets at sea'?

vVas n ever salm on yet that sh one so fair
Among- the stakes

011

D ee."

.

·,

G<i

NARRAT[()N AND DESCRfPTION co~rnrNED.

w r1 rn 1p:s IN ]~'.\fG LfSll CO~ ll'O S lT I ON.

l>bd<. and fearful tu louk upon, a11d lier l>rotlier Uie
\Vi11J, rnarell uel1ind her with •t fea rfnl voice. 'Tlie
loftie::; t tree:; be nt u11der the iempe:st, aml men ]1astened
to their hun1e:; for :sl1eltc:r. In a 111ornc11 t t.l1 e \Vind wa:;
hu:sh ell. Ligl1 t.11ing gkuuod from t li e C loud, tllllmler
W<t:s l1eanl, and tl1en a torrent of rain dcs e;e11decl. T1 1e
earth (lr;wk it ill, tl1e llry dud:; ueeame :;oal\eJ, a11J tlie
il1ir::;Ly Jiehls l'e \·i1·ccl.
Sorn1 tli e s1111 l>rnlrn fortl1, ligl1li11g t he (•arth with
l>ea uty an ll e<lltsing ll1e mi11-dr(l1is lu g li tter in liis !.>cams.
A crns:; tl 1e ]>1lsn111 nf the Clow! rested a lH«tuliful rainbow, en1hl e111 of tli:i.t. lo\'t~ 11·l1i 1·!1 lll<tde li e r ll'illing to lJecnm e a s:i.crifl c;c fo r tl1e gooll of rn e11. J\ I!tl :t ::;:i.e rifi ce
:;lie wa:;; fo r a:; ilie :sky grew rnon.: and ll!t>l'e 1Jrigl 1L, she
111elLeLl a 11·ay and 11·as seen no lllO rn. - l r'mlll t lie G ,.n11rt 1i.

The Leaf's Complaint.
Leaf told by the wind that some day it woulu fall from th e tree
and die - tree comforts it. Wh e n au tumn came, leaf became colored - softly sailcu off - weut to sleep.

I

l

·'I

Electricity i11 its rnri o1 1s appli c:-itions.

J011r11ey of a Drop of Wa tl' r.
Falls 11 po11 a ho11 sc; r11of - r•·a1·lws a ~t rc'a11> - tli C' n river_ t.li cn
oc.ca11. llr:c\\'11 lll' hy s1111 - lwc•J111<·s jla rt. of a clo ud - dri ve n by
w111d- f:dl s :ts r:u11 upon sa111 e liuu 'e roof fr o1n wliiel1 it started.
\Vritc in first person .

<L

The Cat's Dinner Party.
All t he caL's rc!:ltions invited: lion ther. Each tells o( hi 8 ho111 e.

ti ger - leopard - pan-

The Dd1a,te jn tlic Orc1mnl.
l\1eeti11g of birds - chairm a n appointed. Question for di ;;c u;;sion - "i\Jan is mean , mi sc hi evo us, a nd malevolent." A rgu1 11ents
for anu :i.gain st, from t.he l>irds' point of view.

The 11Lip1e and the Rose.

The C re:tt J\Lt g ician .

Dispute of Mat.liematics, La.tin, and Science for
Doy's Time .

The g uests - how drl'~sed- how e ntertain ed.

LIST OF SUBJECTS FOR SIMILAR COMPOSITION.

:-:Lea111 in ils ,·ari otts ap1 •lications.

Y ear :is fat. li e r - fo ur ch ildre n ; winte r, so n -spring, summer,
and aul1111rn, c.lattgliters. Dress allll action s uitaLle to Lhe lin1e o [
year.

The Dutterf1y's Da.11.

pe rson.

The IVJ1it.e Gian t.

The Sea.sons a,i:; Ch il clren of One Family.

Set forth t he value o[ cacli, usi ng Lh e firs t person.

Xonr. - l 11 lltc repr0Llnct io11, !Jo ca r e ful to kee p l he <111utali1ms iu tli c first

. ?'!H·y nul _a ravt~ in growing- rose g ro ws -fa~Le 1· - 111aplc surer ,
lo r it. ke<'J'S 1h l1t;ig liL f1·cHn Y• ''l r lo y• •:u" ./\ fl er yea1·~ I.ave passed,
Lliey eo 1111•:u·e - n1:11•I.; lii ,:.;h, \\'illt bi rd s s i11 g·i11g· in its l1ran chesro,;c very li ttle l1i o: l1 er titan at Jlrst. "The race is 11 ut to the swift.."

G7

I

'

.My Drc:un.
Imagine a procession of the characters in children's sto ries, to
pass by: Bo-peep - Red Riding--ll ooJ - Cind t' re lla- ,fack th e
Giant-Kille r-A laJ Jin -A li BaLa.- l{obinson Cru soe - Christian.
LIST OF IMAGINATIVE STORIES.

Th e King '!f th e Golden River
A Chilrl's Dream of a Star
Tir e U.r;i!/ D t1dli11:;

Th e Sista Y ears
The Ephemera .
D eath and Sleep

,Joh n ll11sk in.
Charles lli1·lrnn s.
Hans A111lPrsc11.
N :Hlian ic· I 1 la.w t home.
Brnjarnin Franklin.
Krnrnmacher.

GS

STUDIES I:"< B::-<GLIS JI

CO ~ll'OSlTION.

STUDY OF SENTgNCES AND TH E l'AHAGl ~A l'l l.

G!)

are uf te ll cr used i1t orations, a. rg unH.: llts, a11tl dit! ;tdi\'. di,.;1.;ou rse.

CIL\I>TE){ VIL
A STUDY UF S C.N"I'FXCFS .AND TflR
F.1JU GJUJ'll.

LESSON XXIV. - FORM ANTI STRUOTURE OF THE
SENTENCE.
FOJ :~ I.

Sente nces a rc Io uml in fo ur different for ms.

Declarative . - J\fary r eads tlic bo(1k.
Interrogative. - D ocs J\fary rca<1 ll 1c 11ook?
Imperative. - Mary , r ead U1e oook.
Exclamatory. - llnw ;\! ary reads Uie hook !

A Loose Sentence is one tliat says s(lmvtlii1 1g i11 tl1e
Jir::;t dausc , wlii c lt is :td1led t u, s u lJtr:tcted fr11111, 111111lilicd
or 1,; kwgc d i11 ,.;ome w: ty, :ts tl1 c ,.;enle11ce g oes n11; ;111d
may Le huilt up word by wonl, as i t is spuke11 or\\ rittc n.
Ex . "It is co11 le nded by Lh use wl1 0 l1a1·e bee n \irc.J at El 1•11,
Jbn uw, }{11g\Jy, :L11J \ Yestn 1i11:;le r, lhaL tli e 1•ul1li c Sl! 11 ti111,.1it 11·itl1in
tli ese scli ouls is hi g li -lo 11 ed iLllU 111a11 ly; ll1at i11 t li1·ir 1.!:1.Ye,:wrn:i cb
cou rage is u11ivers~Lll y ad1nired, nwa1111 ess cles1•i,cd , J11 a11ly ft.1·li1 1.c:'
a iitl generous co wl uct are e11~ ;o ura.ge d; a11d tl1a.t a11 u11 writlt·11 ('(1 d1·
of lio 11or J e:d s t.o llll: spui led cliiJ ,J of rn11k :111d Lu t.hc el 1i ld nf 1q•sLa rt wealth an cvc11-lia11ded ju.-;lice, purg·es tlii ·ir 11 u110'< 'l ht: out. uf
bot.Ii, all(.! ,Joes all th:tl can lte d one to ll1 ak e tli e1 11 1-';•:11tle1 11t·11.''
- Rn l1ih )Valdo J:-"111 er so11.

A Periodic Sentence is o ne ::i(> forrnc11 1l 1: 11 it ke .. 1•s
Uie mind. i11 :-; uspe nsc a.l>nut Ll1 c rn ea11i11g 111it il tl11: Yl' IJ
e ncl, - it ll1USt Ue as ft whuJ e in tJi e 111i11d o[ t J11 : S[1i·a]\('I'
or wri te r bdore it is sp11k L·1 1 ur \\'ritt c 11.
Ex. " lf we wi :;h to lie Ire1·, jf we

111 ea 11

to 11r esl'rYe illri

1

ila t t'

l11<\." ' i 11 es lirn :tl1lo pri l' il<'J.i''·' f.,r \\'lii"l1 w,; l1a l' 1· lll'e 11 so l1>11g c-011tt ~ IHli 11 g, i( \\'O 111 1·an 11o t ha:-;ely to al1a 11d o 11 th t.'. 1 ~0Llt · ~L r11 g _!.!,'l1: i11
wlii e h we arc c ii g:q:!:f· d a iHl w hi ch we. liave i1lt· dg1·d ci11r ."'i 1·lve~ nen·r

Affirmative. - J\Iary re::Ld,.; tl1e Look.
Negative. - ;\fn ry dors no t reall t lie book.
STn UCT U RE.

Sen tences 1ikcw i,..:e <li!'for in 1heir st rnctnre.
Th e pr ine.ip:i.l Yarictic·s nre tlic Loose, the P r ri odi c, a nd
tl 1c Balan ce d. The 011e nfk ncst. n;; c~ cl is th e L oose;
it j,..: tho senten ce of ro m ·p r,..:a1 i1rn, nf easy n:nral ive, an<l
LLrgcly of <lescr i[ >lio 11 . The P cri od i1,; and the 13alu.1h.: cd

to ah:tnd on, until t he g-lori ons ob jec t of our cu11lcsL sl 1all be obtain ed, -we rn11 sl'. fq.;lit.. " - P ol rid· llo iry.
"Ami tho ugh T ),psi.ow all 111y g< 1ods to [t:ctl Uie poor. aud tliougl 1
T give my hocl,v to ue lrnrn ed, a11d han: 11 ot. cliari t.y, it ['rulltetli Ill>'

uotl1in g." -

!Jil,/e.

A Balanced Sentence is one conta 111111 g t w o clausl':--:
that a r c ,. : i1 nil:tr i11 form, n, 11 (1 e ith er parall el m contrasted
in m cri.n ing .
Ex. "1n peace, cliil tln: 11 l1ury th e ir l'are11 ts; i11 wa r, ii:u-.·nb l.11 1ry
tli.·ir c l1ild rc11 ."

...
70

STUD IES I N

J<:N CL!Sll COi\ll'O S lTI O N.

7l

N AlU{A T I ON A ); l.J 1 E::i Cl ! ll'TION CO:llBl.\'EU .

".!Ltd yo n ratlt er Ca·~a r w1 ·r1 ~ lil' ini.;, a 11d J ic all ~ l av es, th a11 lhat
C:esa r we re dead , to li1•e a ll free ine11 'I " - Sha f. ·,,sp ea r e.
" l\'011e knew tl11 •e lrn l to lo ve t hee ,

N o r 11 am erl th ee hul l u pra i~c ."' -

Ila /leek .

T it ,· llo11 k of .Joh, t he l'~uh 11 ,, o f Da Yi d , and t ho P roverbs o! Solom on
a bo u nd in e xa m pl e.~ of lml a n ~Ctl ~ c utc u ccs .

C llAl'TEI{ VIII.
X ..11UU.1'1U..\" .1."i\ 'D D F :::JCJ.'Il'J'JO,'r'" CUJ!J> f. \ "F l J.
STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTO RY.

LESSON XXV. - THE PARA GRAPH.
T li e pn.ra.g raph is t l1 e <l ivisi oH of discourse nex t hig her
Ll1n.n the sente nce ; it is in fa ct a collec tion of se11 tences
wi t h uni ty of pu rpose. T l1c most impor tant p rin ciples
whi ch g o ve rn U10 s Lr m:Lure of th e pn.rag mph a.re : Th e fi rst sc n lc11 ce, unl ess pl:ii Illy in LroJ ucLory, sl1o u!J
g ive som e i<l c:i of t he s uLject of th e parngrn.ph.
Th e hearin g of eac h sentence upon what hn.s go ne
befo re :d t(> Ul\l Le e vi(lent.
T he p:iragraph :-;l1 ou ltl h:w c un ity of thougl1t, wi th
vn.ricty of express ion; th at i1;, t here shonkl lie sentences of d ifferen t lengLl 1, differe nt form, and differen t
structure.
E XEI< C I~e

I.

Anal yze ntri o us kintls o f co mpositi on with a view to th e parngra.phing«
A11 alyze lite p ara:; raph s of <lifT\•rcnt sel•'ctions in Rcl1 ool readers,
magazi11 e a rti cles, a.lll1 t l1 e sect ions iu C a:sa.r ':; Co mme11taries or
Cice ro':; Orations .
E XIWC IS E IL

'Vri t e several par a g r a pit ,; n pnn a gi ,·e n s11 hjPct, h a vin g clearly in
m in<! th e cc ntr~d tl 1tlll glt l i n eac h ; ll'iicrc Pa c h parag rap h beg iu ~
a nd wh ere it !' 11 ds.
T he fir' t w onl o f a pn ra g r:\p li in :t wr itt en cnm pos ition Hli ould a lways
b egi n a littl e uack o f tho IcfL m arg iu.

1lW ll!J su l~jc ct« 1;uita{1/1: f• r 1· 0 1 111111 .~i t i o 1 1 11·,, ,·J.-,
hl'l ler an.7 f ell' as :;ood 11:; tlu•se c 11111 tt" ·{, ·1 l u ·i!/1
nrt / 11r11l lt /., tory . S ueh s 11l!jed:; 1:1dl f ur/Ii ori:1i111tl "''·"'i'V!l f ion un t!t e Jlll rl 1f [Ji, , ·1cri/1•r, lea ,Z to iu t1·1li:1•·11t sl 11 cl.11
of tc.r{-7;,;oks , 1111d n u/ i1(t'n ·q 11n 1tl.1; 11/'i' 1/11· 1111·111115 ·~f' lec1·lop i11.'/ a ta 81.,· j ~JI· tlt e sl tl d!J !f 1111/are wliid t 11 ·11s / ,,); , , .,.

Of

the

?W it• ' a r P

1

·1w k 1w 11·11.
- ·-->--

LESSON XXVL - GENERAL DESORIPTION

or

A BIRD.

A hi n l is n.1t o vipa rom:, Yt~ l' t c l1ral e :inimal " ·i tl1 \ \' :1 n11
lil ooil :ll I\l <L co \'cri1 1g u [ fca ll 1e rs. Jt,; e 1iti n· str nd1 1n•
is o n~·,uii ze(l fo r Jli g l1 t., a wl, consc1111 entl y, t l1c :u1!<·1 i.. r
ex tr :-rni t ics, ,,·hi c!t in lll <Lll a rc arms, in q 11:vlr1q 1cds l•·;..:·,;.
a re in th e 1inl dc ,·cl nped i11 !u \\'i 11 g·,;. T li (' lJird i,;. tl1n,·for t\ a Lipc1l, a nd th e opcra liow; u[ il 11di11 g and taki 11,c.;·
tlie fo od, "f t·ll' a11si11 g tl1 c pl t1111 :Lgc , arn p(' r for1111 ·1 l :i lm osL cxcl us in· ly l1y tl1 e rn ou ll 1, " ·l1i\·!t .\·n 11sis ls uf ,t~1· 1 1
lipkss a111l t wit.l1kss ja1\'s sl1 e;Ltl1t:1l \nll 1 l1t1n 1. . l l1e
sli apc " f il 1c h>dy is 11\·,iJ , tl1 1· i ll' "1;: is lill1g :u 1d iJ ,. x1J.J ,.,
th e lt' g·:; am st ·L 1rcll htck , a11• l !li t: l• ><'S :11·c. J.. 11gtl"' 11 l'.!
a11d S[;l'ca .J 1i1i1 tu flll'lll il ll :11'Jt: q11 :l l e hL,; (• <>f Sl lJ •J•l >i'L
T he l 1u11 1·s :1n.: lig l1 t. ;t11d ,;on1e uf tl1c111 li a \' l' t·:11·i1ii·,;

.•·'!-:

7:!.

f''I' U I !I ES I N

J<:); L:L,l SI f Co )11 '0S I T ( (J)I .

which arc filil:ll wi lh air wl1 c11 tl 1e hirtl lirca thc::; . Tl 1e
ho11cs o f ll1u ha ck a re Jll(lrc u r less u n iLctl; tlie sten1 un 1
or breast hirn e is vc r.1· Luge in nl'(lt• r to mak e a place of
att:u·l1mc11L f"r tli e g reat 11111sd c,.; ll'li ir h m o1·e tl1 e wi11 g,.; .
In fr" n t of the stern u m is a. lio 11 ,r l>r:tCl: wl1il'!1 ]; l'• 'l'" the
:;l 1u ul tle rs a11:1.1t, c:1 lkil in eh irk c11::; tl 1u wi :-;]t!,u11c.
B l.!.:-; ides t I1c ur•li n:t ry clotl 1in g- f\·a ll 11:rs are large r one:;
calle(l q ui lls. C u11 s id crin g tl 1v wi11g of a liinl as a 111otliti c<l ;1rn1 , tl ic <}Hills u[ t:l1 0 kw t1 a.re c:d letl p r i11 11nies;
of th e fun.:;1rn1, SC C' <lillhri cs; o[ t lie h11 111en1s, tertiaries.
Tl 10:-; 1 ~ formin g tl10 Lail of tl1 e l1ird are <li ::;t ing11 isl 1etl :~s
steeri ng r1uills, an<1 tl1c "hl)rt f e:tt1 1c rs fo nnd at, tli c l1a::;c
of the quill s of h"tlt "· in g :u1d ta il arc c·"1·c rts. T it o
c 11 Lin~ j1l 111 11 nge of :L 11inl i:-; rv 111·wctl e n· 1-y yea r in
s1 1111 u s1•l'l' iL·s l'1·c 11 l11·in• a ypa r. This p roccss i:; lll i1 lllli11g . Th e ey \'s nf J,irds aru l'l'll lit l'kilile for tl1L"ir pow e r
t o sl :e t:qu:tll y 1n:ll ul1j1'l'h l1ot.l1 nea r a 11 <l n:11 wt c. T lt 1·_y
have tl1n:e •)_)'l.!lids, L1Y<J of whi('!t move vcrLi1-:dly, 11·l1i le
tl1 c Lliird :S ll"L' l' [ >S oYt:r tl1e ry cl>all l1 c1 rizo11 tall y , frnm ll1 e
11111c r tu tl 1e ptt le r side of ll1 e gl"lie . Th l' ear is e xte rn all y rn:trketl, hil t is Jto t Cf\nsp il' uous ; ll 1e nostril:; arc
ph t'l'd 1111 tl 1l' 1tp J>!' I' pa rt of tl1 e ]Jill ; i11 e lo1 1g 11 e is
:; 111:d l, a11<l tl1l.! taste is prl)IJ: Ll 1ly 11 uL del ieale.
EXE l(.C lS l·: I. -

t,•U J·:S TIO;\$ T O

Bl ·~

.A'\'S\\' EIU·:n OHALLY.

llow is th " 1.J11111a.'-it) of l.i r.Js l'l' ll.\,.n: d \1·: d 0rp ruo l"!
J)o('S iJit, \\' i1ii<"I' pJi1111:q..; " <'l.t' I' .J ilf,· r fl't>l fl LJ 1at u f tJie SUllllll UI''/
'\\'li ieh s1 ·x 11" 1ally l1a s i:,,, l1ri .:; ld e:-; I. , .,. [., ,. ~ '!
1lo\\' arl' <· ,!.!.-.!.!.::-:. iia! ('licd?
ll• >\V .],, hird , ,iL ,,) S<'Cllr.. h· Oil t l1 ··ir J'•"l'(' l1t·s?
\\"h :1L 1>llicr vertcl•ral" ]>,.,i.Jes tl1e l·ir.l tlie:-;'I
\\ 'J1at ol l1t•r YCrl1·l1ra L••s la_\' P .~-~·s?

1\"J ,:d; .. J1: 1r :i l"i l'l'i .,l i1 ~ 1lis li11 .:.; 11i ,l1Ps i.;,.,i,. f ro 111 ol1 1c r an i111 al s?
ll uw :i r e l.~ird :-; '

11 1· ... l....: 111 :1d 1.:

."'o r11111i.I'~

NARRATION AND DESCRIPTlON COMBINEI>.

73

'\Vh at, 'lnadrupcd l1 as th e bill of a bird'/
] lo Lrop ie;il uirds hav e urighLer pl 1u11a.ge t h an t hose of Lcmpe ratc
zo n e~'!

BXERC CSE II .

I'u pils sh o uld \\-rite in class fr olll fore goi ng s Llllli c>< the h 0,t
d escri['tion of a liird that lh ey ca n, gi,-ing all th e clmractt: ris ti cs
L1"LL lh ey know.

LESSON XXVII.-FREE DES CRIPTION OF BIRDS.
EXEl tC lSE l. -

O UTLlNE OF A FlrnE

THE AME RICA N ROB ! N

I

DE~ C l ~ll'TIO~ .

1Merula migrato rirtJ .

E xpl anati on o f U1 c 1· <tri o us na111 es . ltoliin red lJ reast g il't ·11 l•y
Pi lgri 111s. \ \' l1y '!
J >a te uf :<rrival and d c['arL n rc in o ur Jat. itude.
Size. - llir11" arc m ea.s ured f ro m Lip o( l>e<Lk Lo e 1Hl o( tail.
Sp read of wings sh ould lie give n.
Appearance . - Color - gait - fli ght.
The fli g h t of t h!! r oLiu i:> ,; \\'i[t am! m ay be c xte11tk d. In
11 1i g ra t iug, it is beli e\' etl to fl y :1 l1 11111l red 111il Ps i11 a da.y.
Character. - Trust ful - b n ilds near the dwelli11 .°"s o f 1J1 P11.
Song. - ll rig ld., cl1ee rf 1d.
" C l1ee r 11p I !'l1t·c· 1· u1 • I r\1 ecn·'
ch ee ry ! " Sillgs e a rl y i11 th e m o rn i11g and so lll ew haL at el'e11i11g .
Oft L• 11 111any 11·ill :< i11g iu full cho ru s .
Food . - I11 sed,;, ,;eeJ;;, fruit. Th e yo11ng- bi rd s <•a t. "11 ly worm'
a11d br\':t", a11J Lb e~e in c 11 on11u11 s •111a11LiLi"s - f., rl.y pe r c1•1 1l lll tJ re
Uia11 t.\ 11, ir ow11 \\' Cig hL ever y t we11t.y -fo n r l1 ours .
Nest. - 1\latl e of 11111d, twigs , a.11d grasses. 'l'l1 e ruJ. in is :i 1n:1so11.
Eggs . - C'ulor - 1111 111l1er - sizr• - 1<'1 1gth of t . i11lf~ for hait'liin g .
Anecdotes and Incidents . - F ro in Lile wr ite r 's pc rH011al o l•sc r\ 'atio11.

T he Robin in Literature. - Th e En g lish r obin is 11 0L like our
A 111c: ri can roli i11 .
NnT 1r.. - Hy tilli ng- n p this nntlin e w i th far1s o[ li is own ohsc rvati .. 11 ,
cat h p11 pi l can w r ite a fair desc ript.iou of the r0Li 11 .

76

N ARl{ATION AND DJ.£SCRIPTION C01'1BIN rm.

STUDms I N E NG LISH COl\lPOSl'l'lON.

Ti

THE HALO .

LESSON XXVIII. - GENERAL SUBJECTS RELATING
TO BIRDS.

Think what a priee tn pay,
]~'ace:-; :-1(1 hrigl 1t a11tl gay,
,JusL for a hat. !
F ltJwe r:-; un v i:-; ited. m o rn in gs nn sn ng,

l\{iµr;ttirms o f Di nls.

:--i c :t-r:uq.~ 1·s

bare uf tit (: w i11 g'~ t.llllt u' en-nvn11g- ,
Bared, j11 :-;.t fur lhat. !

"Th u sto rk in the li l':tvrn k11ow eth h e r appoi11te(l ti 111 (' ; :u11 l t.li o tur tl t1
an•l th e cra ne au1l t.l ie ~ walluw o lJ~e n· e th e ti1 11 e of the ir co iuitq.(. " - JJiU le .

Tl link of 1 li e

Nute dat e o[ :i.rri Y:tl uf rohi 11 s, l>l1wl1ird~, so 11 g si•:Hruws, blu e
jays, etc. , :ti! tlie co 111 1110n Wl'll- kt 1ow11 l •ird ., . 1\ l.,n, l i111 c uf tl1 e ir
gat lw rin g in to t! .. cks i11 llte :rnl1111111 a11.\ t l1" cl a t" of ll1 c ir di sap-

Jt is h1:liev0 d tl1aL 111 u:'lj :-;111a.1l bird~ 111i g ralu at Hig·ht.
Jr tl 1n Linls s l:ly1·1l during 'rin LL: r, \rl.:tt woul1 l they liml lo eat'/
lfo\\' k eep \Y:.trn.t '!

pca ra.11e e.

a~

tuo,

:-\ OHI CWli l' l't..',

.for that !

Cn.ugll t mid some n1 oth et work,
T o rn li y a hunte r T11rk,
J n:-;t for yo ur lln.l !
P le11 ly o f 111o the r love yet i11 Ill e worhl ,

All th e

lnw re 1!0 d ifTe re 11L ,-ar icti.- s of lii rds J.11ild ; r. .!f ·, rubin, Ll11di in l,
g-rou nJ sparrow, woorl-po:ek c r, o ri ole , S\\' a llo\\·, !te n, tnrk t.Jy ·1 l'htfort1l lrn illle rs, as cagks a nd hawks - min e rs, as ba11k swallow.' lll::tso ns, as r ot.i ns, b:trn s wallows - carpe nte rs, as wood-peckern \ Veavers,

11 tl1e r s

Oth ers an d r11 ot lt er:-;, too,
Bri,:ht ey•·' i11 Ji;t t !
Hea r yon tH1 111 ot l1t !I' g-roan 1~ oat in g- in n.ir,
J-lc:u: yo n HO lit.tic rn oa.11 - hinlli11 g.':i' tlespai r -

1no r c wi11 ~s

tut.ca r, caref ull y t wirl ed -~

'V om en \\·:.w t that!

Olt ! lint the s ltam e o f i t,
Oh! lmt the blam e of it
Pri ee of a. hat !
.Ju s t for a jau nt in css hri~l1 t.e ning the strf'et -

nriules .

This is your haln , 0 faces ~o sweet,
J kath 1 a11d fo r that . - JV. U. Uwm et l .

'1'!11~
Tl1 c faslt iu11 uf Wt':>ri11g- hir,J,~ as orna111"tt ls fur lta(.s :t1Hl b o nn e t~
tl1 rcalc ns tin.! f· >: i .-.: t1•1w e of 111a.11 y \': l ri 1· t ii ·~ . Tl 10 t1H 1:.;t. p c rxi:-; l,(•11t
;u1 Ll cru1_•l o( tl1t ~ l •ir.1:-;' l! l 1t' 111i 1·:-: ;-: 1· e 111 111 he t l1o sl~ wl111 \\' i ;.; }1 to \\'(•ar
!lt t:ir d ead ho1li1 ·s as orna 111>·1d :< . T lte ,.\ nJu lto11 :-;.,o:iL' t.v l1as bl'1~ 11
fort ll Cll c>f J°H'r.-<011 ,; 11·i1n l•l'Ot11i s.- ttu l t" \\·ea r J,jrd ,; aud f,. :lf.l1 c rs ( <'XCt:l't o.,lrie!t ft. atlt c·rs :ut d ft":tiltl' l'S uf hir.! s l!Sl'tl for food) :ts <•rnall ll' ll ls ; li uL to kill l•ird.-; tu 111· 11 se d for t lt :il. J>llr]'nS•'.
011 e Lr.11tl o11 cl .. :dn i11 birds n ..... ir .. d , \\· ]11·11 tl1tJ fashi on was al
ils h e ig·!tt., :t si11~lc: e1111>i c:·11111<'t1 L 11f tliirty -lwo tl1t•n s:1111l d ead lt1111111 1i ng-bird s; and a11 oll 1" r r•:<.; .. i1·.-d al ot1tJ li111 c tl1irly tl1u11sa11J
at [llal i<.; l1ird; :111d l ltree !t1111dr,·d tl1 u11,; u1d pairs uf wi11 ,;s.

Fl igl 1t of Birds.

Diffe re rn;l~ in Jli gltt of cruw, <>:t;; le , swallow, robi 1i, i. .. 11.

A11 c i,, nt.

di,·i11alit>11 by tl1 e ili g ltl. u[ L•ird s .
11
Tli e s hnr t, ro1111d wi11.:. :: co n[c rs a heavy , po we rful, ..-uttin .~ fl ight, f .. r
~11nr t di st:uw1•:-; 1 with a wliir rin g 11ubc prodw.:etl l1y q 11iek Yib r:lli1 •11s 11( tliu
win .~. Hird !-' t.llat tl y tl111 ~ art \ a \111 o~t alwa y:-; thh- k-si •t and lwaYy . Tl1e
l1111 g, poi ut e1..l w i11 ~ g-iv es a l i.t.::lit , a iry , :;k i1111u i 11 g- tl i .~ l i t, ind efi 11 iLely p rolou gerl , with lilt le o r 11 0 110i::;c ; birds uC Lhb sty le of win~ aru gen era lly

t.rinl a ud e leg-ant." -

Coues.

Dird s as Sy 1nllok
T l1e O\\' l was t l1 P sy 111liol of ,\ t.!t t' t11', ( :odd c·s,; of \\'isdorn, ::tl.<e> ll 1e
e1 11l •l e 111 nf ;]e,, ol:tti o 11 , a ;; in h :.1i :cb xxxiv. ] :\, H. Fi . Tlw l':t gle ,
called Bird of Ju\'c, is lit e e 111blei n o [ HLre n µ;l.1 1, a111l as ' 11c- lt :tl'pearn

78

Sl' U DJES lN

};~GLIS H

N AltHATlON AND DESClUPTlON COMBLN ED.

CO:'l ll:'OS ITIO N .

1..·itlu !r o n tlw ('<1;d -of-a r1n ." or 11po 11 1li c lla.g uf n1 :-u1 y natiu 11 s; t' .y . ,

Ho nll', L:11 it cd ~latv .. .: , .1·ru ~;-; ! ; t 1 Hu :->:-: ia, ... \u :-; tria., Frali c «..!, J\l~xicu. Tl 1e
i:-; a Linl uf er il 0111t..: 11. Tlie do\'c i-; i g 11ifi1•.-t gt ·11 tlet1L' S:-:, a11d i11

LESSON XXIX. -POEMS RELATING TO BIRDS.

r1· l ig iuu ..;; pi ct 11 n _·i t_y l1il k·.-.: ll1c JI1dy ~11ii-it. 'J'liu :"if.o r k i 11i1·l y :i11d
tl tf ' g11n ....:1·, f11ll_y; tlic pt•anwk , Jiridi · ; tit. '. l''~ li l· an ,
s;uJ11 e ss ; ti"' ki11gll sl 11·r <Jr ha lcy o n , t.r:u11p1 ill it y .

EXEltCll->E I.

ra\· e 1\

t;;1h.1J J11rl.1111 e ;

Mytl iul ogic;il a11d

Sa1 T1 ' 1l

Pupils are each to brin g one of the following poems to be read
in class.

Jhrds .

To a l V11t e1Ji111:l
T he Tit111 0 11 se .
Th e Swulpi11 er
l~ul1erl 1!f' Lin coln.
Tlt e Stumu; l 'e1 rd
Tu !li e Sk.'liark
Th e L eqe11d 1;( !h e Cro:;:;uill
Th e Dinis 1f J\ i/li11q1cortlt .
Th e O'Li11rn!1t Fu111 il11 .
Elegy 0 11. L e., &ia's Sparruw .
The Eagle .
'l'u tl1 e Cuc:h.·no
T/1 e Del;i·:; 1 >igeo n
Tu 1/i e Coyle .
Th e Sk.~litrk
Tu th e S!.·.1;lurk
Tlw / 'e1cee .
Th e J" ckilaw r~( lU11' im.>
'J'h e lJyi11!1 S1c11.11 .

l'li11·11ix -- liaqiy - · r""·
l::1'«' 11s n( Odi 11 - \' ttll tll'u o( Pron1eth e us - sacn·d iL i:-: L l .Egy p!. Blrd.-t ~:ltTt·• l to t l 11 ~ Cret·k gods were :
owl t.u ,\t.111.>111., p e acock(., .J1111 u, •lu \'<' tu , -.,11as, cagll' tu ,Jove.
1

].lird:-; uf tl11; \!111 lcn 1 P11d:- .
St111ly \\'1•riis ll'nrtl1 , Lo11 .c:·[ell u1\'. T c 1111 y .'<> l1, Lu1n·ll, Bryant, fur
tl11·i r ;dlus io11 .' tu l>irds.

Bi)'(l,.; in tlii·ir

C<tg('S.

Bird., 11 ." 1a lly \'a.~ · · d - cn 11 :1.ry - bnllli11 ch - mock i11 g -l1iril --parro t. '\':1Li"e l1u!l11: o[ ,.,,. ·!1. Can• 1r lii c li tl11•y rn qu ir• >. 1J 11 ty
oi' t l \V lll' \' S l o ]>ruVi.Je fnr ll l' :t it ii :tlld li a pp i11 ess of !i1 e ir p ri SO ll PJ'S,
llo\\' l 11dlti11 .: li l''' are 1a11g l1 t I•> wh is tle l.nt ietl . C rne ll y uf l':tg i 11 g
011r w il d l<i1·d s .
BOOKS O F REFERENCE .

J] il'<ls '~( ~ · I ml! rf<·a
_l /Iislor!/ 1!( 1\ -urth

.Joli11 .f;u1 1es A11d11l1011.
~· I

11ll' 1'i°( ·t111

/: 11 ·d..:. .

Ornit!tofoy_1; uo,/ Oii/n!l.'I 1~/ iY1 · 11· /.,'1'!/!1t11•I

'l'/; e )] ird:.; dnfl S eu..;u11s

,~ ( 1Y1 ·1c 1 ~·11.11/0 111/

.A 11il!lul J[,~ nwirs
1Voi.'e li- ohin
};;,.,;,, uud / )net.'
f ,-J1fi-t11d 0111/ 11/r 'lft/1111'

J:il'll 1r".'I·'
];inls i11 tl11' ./J us /1.
/:i n ls l!inJ11 .1;lt ({11 n1 w1·a ( i' los ..:
0111' ( 'rn1u1wn

] ;irrl.'5 .

Ha inl, lhl·wc i·,

Hid gt ~ way.

l·:d\\':ll'<l ,\. Sa11111els.
\\' ibo11 Fla ,c: g .
S;u1111d L oc k\\ood .
.fp],11 Burrou g l1s .
.J t,!111 Burrn11 g J1...;.
('!;;c r ies (' . .\l,l> .. tt..
Oli v1 · Tl1 u ri11 ' ;\liJ!cr.
l ;r:11li'ur•l T1>1Tt·y.
Fl11n•ne1> ..\ . .\I "l'l'i:u11 .
.r .. 1111 JI. <:ra11t.

,,

\Villia111 C ullen J\rya 11t .
Halpl1 \\'aldu E111ers o 11.
Celia Thaxter.
Willi:un Cullell l\rya11t.
lhrry Co n111·a ll.
Percy Bys,; li e Sli e lley .
H e nry W. Lon g·fcllow.
ll e nry \V. Llrngfe llow.

Wilsu11 Fl:,gg.

Cat ullu s.
Alfre 1l T e 11n y so 11.
\\' illia1 11 \\' u nb\\'ortl1.
N . l'. Willis.
,Ja1 11 es c;. Pcrcil'al.
.J a. 11 1es

l l n .~g.

\Vi ll ia111 \\'o rd , wortl 1.
,J. '!'. Trnwlirid ge.
'J'h o111as lng1 >l 1hl•y .
Alfre d T e 1111 y~u11 .

NoTlt . -· T hese p1ien1,; cn11 be found in any good "oiled inn of miscellaueo uo poems. l\lally arc ill t.he differeut sc hoo l read1; t·s.

LESSON XXX. - DOMESTIO ANIMALS.
Th e co1nl'letest., t li c 1110st s in g ular, the most useful conquest of
the domestic tl og. - ('<icier.

ma11 -

Ye who p<'rcl1 n.11ce beholcl t hi s si111pl e nrn,
l'ass o n -- it h o n o r,; no11 e yon wi ,;h to lil our11;

80

i"TUDJES IN E NC ;LrS ll Cm I POS11'ION.

To 111ark :l fri end 's rcu1ai11.s tl1 ese sto11cs ari se;
.I 111 ·1·er hacl but u ric, :rnd here he lies.
L,ml D!Jrun',, /c"pitapf, to !tis nog Buutswoin.
Expe rim ent shows tii;1Ltl11.• J,ird a r1cl tl1 c dug reasu 1r as Lim 111111 ter
does; Ll 1aL all Li re :111i111als show t.li e sa r1w g-ood se 1""' i 11 Lli e ir 1111 r11 lrle r walk Llrat Ll1 e 11r :u1 wli o is LIH.: ir fri1·11d or <'rll'lll Y dues ; an<I if it
1.".: i.11 sm:tllur 111ca sr rre, yet: it is rr ot dimi11islr eJ, :.k; hi s ofte u is, by
!n.:;< K o r tully. - 1:11 /1,/1 IJ.'u/,/11 L"11t•'rsu11 .
do.~· hat.Ir so l1i11isc:lf s 11 lid11ccl
Tl 1aL l11 1n gc r ca1111ot. r11ake lii111 l'lld e;
And I ris bcha1·iu r dnf'.> corifess
True cou ragt:<Jwt:!ls 11i t1 1 ge ull c11 ess.

Tl ii s

jJfr.,. /'/,iilips.

EXEltC18E I. -

THE IcOLLO\\TNG QUESTIONS SHOULD Jm
A NS \\"EJ:ElJ OlC\LLY.

:Name the domestic :.u ri1uak
Wh y so c:dkd '! How fa r back
A re there w i Ill dogs ·1 'V h1.•re are w i l<l
lr o rses found'! Wh at is thei r hi sto ry'! \\"lt t:· re arc' wil<I slreep
fo 111J rl '/ 'V lri ch of 011 r· 1lo11H.•.<\,ic ani rnal s was hel1l sacn·d i 11 AncitrnL
Egypt'! \\" !10 was Ll11• Hull A1•i.s srq •posed to he'/ !l ow was he
n• cogr1 izc,.] 'I Wl1i clr :lllin1 al i s tl1t: .'y111 l1ol of Ch ri st? Of Clrristi;t11 s '!
\\'l1i« li a11i1nal is tl1P sYll rl•ol of stn•11g th ·1 ()f pati•·ricc '!
()! l11t'•·k11« s.' "! 0[ .C:l"< 'l'd '! " 'lri1·h l1a s r11ost. i11t• ·lli c:1•11 c1 · ? l\lu.sl.
love fo r JJ1:111 '! \\' l1i .. !1 is rnosl. grac«f 11! '! l\l ost an.c: rtla r? i\lnst.
J•ic t11r1·s• J1r e '! \\' hat a11i111ab g 1a1.1"! \\ ' l1:it. a ni111 al.i 11 dri 11 kirw 'I
\\' liy du LI i cy'/ \\' itl1 \\'hat. 0111· .s do "" ' 11.s 1· t Ir e word lludc '! I IerJ .;
I >ro n· '! Pac k'! Is h or.'f'·f·Je;d 1 1is1•d fr,r· f.,.,,] '! \\"lr«re a.re dn rrs
UBed as beasts of lnml,·n '! '\'hal fa11 1o ns l>1·c('d li11n t for tr:ti·e lle~s
los t i11 tl1 r' s no w'/ \\"kit sr1<· red :u1i111al did the childre11 o[ h r:1el
make i r1 tir e " ·ild"rn ess ., \\'h at. Gr,.,.k gn<ld<~ ss was call e1l ox-C'ycd '/
D i1l Ure lndia11 s ha\"\.: Jnrnc.slic "11i11rals "·li,!n America w:ts di sco\·ern<l 'I !Iow is st<':t lll-pO\r•·r 111 ra..>11re •l? '\'11:1t is Llie o rdinar y
age that horses reach'/ Do;..;·s '! Cats'! ~lreep? Cows? 'Vliat sta r j~q
call ed tl1e Dog--~l:1r'/ \Vl 1y? lluw111:111yteeLlt has a co w ? A
she«p? For how 111a11 y years <':111 :t l )l)r~· ·.'., <tl{e Le told by his teeth?
Are a cow's horn s before o r be liind lic·r (.:ars't
ca11 we tr ac:e 1..l1e dog'!

1a;,

NA:RHATlON AND DESCltIPTION COJ\1IllNEJl.

81

EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTIONS OF ANIMALS .
THE WAR HORSE.

Hast thou g iven the hor::;e his stre ngth ? llast tl1011
clotlt ctl his nec k wi th his quivering rnarn.:? Tl1c glury
of his nostrils is te nihle. Ile 1mwt:th in tlic valley awl
rejoiccth in !tis strcugth, li e 11 nnies on to 111ect the an m:d
man , - he rnm.: kctli at fear, - liu turnetlt 11ot. l1i s li:1ck
l"rom the swonl. Tl1e quiver rattle th aga inst liirn, the g litteri11 g speM aml tlt e sl1ielJ, - h e s \\"all(i\\" cth t.l1e
grouml with fien :e ness au (l rage; llCi thur lidi( ~ vcth he
that it is the sound of the t rumpet. 11 c saith among
the trumpets }fa! ha! ancl he smclleth tlie battle afar
off, and h eare th t.h e tl1umler of tlie captains aml the
::;houting. - Bible (Revised Btlition).
THE COW.

Th e cow belongs among the picturesque anim als.
Her ::;haggy, l oose-j oin ted body, her ineg ular, :;kctcliy
outlin es, h er tossing horns, her lmsl1y tail , h er s\\'ingiug
gait, h er tr:u1quil h:tliits, -all te ntl to make her a n ohjL"ct
upon whi<:h tlw arlis t's eye love::; to dwell.
The co w appears in pictures rnu c.1 1 u l't:f'l lt'l' 1.h:111 in
litera.ture, yet ::;]1c ]nu; g iven us some goo<l word s ;uHl
hin t:;. llow enul<l we ge t along wi thout t he parnlile of
the cow t11at gave a gornl pail of milk a1Hl tl1 cn kiel; Cll
it all over'!
Or the p<Lrnble of the cream a nd the
skimm ed milk, or of tl1c huttered toast? \V e knuw, too,
through h er aid, what the horns of a <1ilemma mean, awl
what comfort there is in the juicy crnl of rcv(~ ry . The
cow h as not been of much service to the poet, and yet I
r ern emher that .Jean lngelow could lianlly have managed her'' High Tide" without" Whitcfoot" and" Lig ht-

82

STUDIES IN ENG.LlSH COJIIT'OS JT!O N.

NAllltATION AND DESCHIPTION COMBLKED.

foot, ., a.1Hl "Ct1sh:t ! Cushn. ! C usl1a ! "call ing . Or Trowlirid gc ltis "Evc11i11g at il1c Fann,'' witl1uut th e musi c-al
rcl'rain of " Cu ht),.;;; '. Co l>uss '. Co! Cl!! " which is tl1c
re:tl call o f Ll1e Am eri can farm l1uy. - Joli11 B111·rv11:1l11s .

to live liec:rnse h e conce iv ed tl1at in some \va.y she was
of use to l1is 111<tsler, came i11 for n otl1 ing hct.tc r, even
toward the clinn cr l1 our, t h:111 su ppressud ;_:To 11·ls; the
t.i1uid little se rv:rn lrmaid li vc1l in te rror of her life by
r easo11 of l1im; the la1111clrc.-s lef t the lin en, trcrnlJli11 glr,
at t he street <lnor, a nfl took to h e t' heels at t11e di sta nt
thunclcr of his vo iue ; wl1ils t as to the OcTasional 1rnrkingwo111an, a doubl e foe was necessary to i111lucc li er t o
vent ure into tl1 c rooms wh ere ' that t here wild hf'a.; ;t'
wn,s to Ge met with. There were no tlistinction::; in this
sweeping condemnation ."

XOTE. - Tlii"' is not. Sllf"h :t dr·sc• ription as \v<Hild 110 f1111ud in a. hr1n k of
natu!':d ldstory . Hi .-: lP~s :H·1• nrate, l111 t. 111 orc r c:1d alJlt•. f t i~ a lit orary , unt
a. sciein ili c d 1~ :;c rip li1> 11. TJ1 c :sclcc1i o11 is tak en Cro w rJ 11,- U. untl JJivinilf!.

TROWSERS.

"Trow;;e rs was an :u1i111al co11e(:rni11g wl1ose breed and
p:inmtage t l1 e re ex i,.;Lecl tlw prof1>unckst un curlainL\·. H e
Lelongccl di stinctly to 110 class, bt1t liacl tlw p ee nli.;uit.i c~;
of man y; l1is oute r clog, liowcl'er, form ed huL a smnll
po1tiun of l1i s nalurc. Tl ic virt11 cs cil' Trn\\·sc n;' dispO··
siLinn were absol utely \\"it.l1out numbe r. Ile.: liacl L1 1c
fidelity (lf 1111: !C'l' ril:r, !lie q 1orti11g )ll'•>cliviti cs nl' tlie
sette r, tl iu spce •1 o[ tliu _r;Tcyl1 onnd, Ll1 e clignitie•l st:lfrespce t of tl1u masl iff, -eve ryLliing, in short., wa.-; in him
coml 1in el1.

''J n l1is tastes lH'. was a creature of se nsitiv e 1lisc rimiJJaLions. 11 is ll)a<lil!g i1assio11s Wt:re an :ill-absorbing
ac1orati n11 fot· l1i.'i lll :ts lur, and : t.11 cq11ally ahsorl1i11ghatrecl fo r s t.rcet-h',\'S- !li e latfor Lnrn, no doubt, of
]Jitte r me mories con1·urni11g Lll(Jse ringcll sc<Li·s l1_y wl1ic;J 1
l1is li i11 cl legs wereslill dc1:nrat 1·d. U po1 1 ll 1<:sc J'11111Lu11cnt.Ll lll ~t i 11spri11 gs Of J1is l1l'illg" \\' C l'e g raf[1:tl O til l' I' :u 1iJ lt!SS Cl'
loves :i11 <l hatt'.'i . l le lon:<l t li nsl' wlio lnn·d l1i s master,
a nd sc:c 11lt: cl ou Lwi th n ncning cx:ict it11<le those wl10 were
1rnfri e1 1clly tn l1im . P1rns \1· c n· l1is dc· k slati1111; a.11 tradcslll CJJ, as pnssililc 11\'a ren; of bills, c:une in for :t sl1are of
l1i s tl isa11proh1t ioll.
"11 i.'-' i'v e linc:·s (ow;ird 11·01111 ·11 \\'t' I'( ' of t li e 111ost ck:tcll y
a1 1i111ns ity. Tl1 c I:rndlady, 11·1111111 111 : .c:T11dc:·i11.c:· ly s td'f'c rl:d

83

LESSON XXXI. - GENERAL SUBJECTS RELATING TO
ANIMALS.

...i

Dogs of History and Tradition .
the dog of l il yss<'8 ; tlie dog- of

Argus,

Al ci l>iadc ~s

(111 <'

slnry

is told hy l'l11tarclt) ; l\l:tt.li, the 1log o[ H.iclt anl IL I)( E11 gb11d ;
Harrv, tlie St . Bernard, i11 strum e11tal i11 savi11g tlic Ji,·cs o[ forl.y
p c rs<:11 s; Sirrali , Ifog-.1.(.'-! dog , told o [ iu 'J'/1 e ,S/u1plu1nts Cule11dur:

l\I::tida, Sir

Walt.er St·c.11.L's grny ltonllll, etc.

P oems ahont Dogs.
[!,,,,, r;f//a/ . " ' il li:tJll Spe11 cer.
J1row11iug.

T;; 1itoph

.T. T. Tro \\'l1rid gc.

,.

F !us/1, 1ll!J !Joy.

,~/ /Jort t~ 1 ur1in,

F.l iz: 1.l.Pi lt Harn ·IL

Lord B_yn.11 i.
Tl1 e T,,. a Dogs. l{ouer t Burns.

f: ny1_·r ,,,,,, 1,

Dogs in Li ter:1 t n re.
The "·orks o f
.J \in gsl"Y abo un d

Sir \\" alt.er Scott., Charl es llickc'n s, :111d Charl es
i11 dogs.

Lo vc 1 f;& it !1f11l11 t'.'=-', nl1e cl i1 •11e<•, se 1tr..: i t.iYcnes:-;, j Paln11 s.' ·, 11al ii·nr1"
<~ 11ri os i ty,

nwrcy.

1: ,~ 1ar..~

a111:cil ok.-; \\'liicli i\111.,(rale th"''' :il.Criln1 lt's.

8 -l

.NAlrnATION AND DESCRIPTION COil!BLNED.

STUDTI<;S TN ENGLISH CO)f POS!'l'ION.

T he Claib of:

a,

Horse.

85

Mytl1Ulogica1 Anirnals.

11 al11ral g aits. lJ..scr ihc tl1e111. P:wn,
raek, ,1.>ini;lt~-fuot. - at·qnired .t..:· ~ 1_ il:-'. 'Vh al du ph1llngT;11 1!1.-; r>f diffen~11t gaits sl10\\' '!
Is til e liu111a11 l'}'e sensitive eJ1011gli tu grasp
Llie dilfL;re nt a t. titt1d":; '!

Ce11t:n11·, <;rifli11, ::il'hi11x, Cerue rus, Dragon, Cnicorn, l'~gas us,
Clii11i:era, ;\(erniaid.

Arc Aninw1s II:q1py?

l>og- \\·a.g·s his tail - horse Ill(l\'e:; I.is ca rs - eat rai ses her hair;
bark - \1·hi11e - howl - \l'hi1111cy - 111ew -11111'!'- S['i t.

\\'alk , t1·01 , .c;·:tllo J>, r1111 -

Emotional Expres:;ion of Animals.

ILIJ>J>illl:ss of tln11w,ti ~ nl\i111:1],; tlep•·111k11t "l'"ll 111a11. ~i11cc
l1as dt·., f1·,,.1·,·tl tllt'ir 11·ild i11 sti11ds. llie lt:a:;L lw ca n <lo is to
care fur Ll1< ·111 ],i11dly :111.[ 11 ;, ,.Jy .
"l wo uld 110L e1 iln .. 11 111y li.,; t. c,f l'ri.·11.J.-; the lllan \li1u needl essly S•· ls f noi. ''l'"'" a 11·ur111." - ll' i!/ i"111. Cu11•1>er.
''For tl1e ldi." of a11i111ab li1 ·s i11 thi.,, that ou their low e r len:I
the y sl1:1.duw th e bl i:.:s <•f tlw"' -f< '\\' :tl :wy n11>111<·11L ()lJ flu ; earth
--who tlo not 1.,.,k l11'i'ur1• :·111<1 afti:r, a11d ]iine fur wl 1at. is 11ol, li11t
Jin• i11 Ll1<; l1 oly carclcs.-;11rss of t.lrn ek rn:ti 11<1\r ."
111:tll

Selec t fJll01.aLio11s with rdere11ce Lo th e c l"1.r ~1cleri ., 1.ics indi cated.
Ex. '" l'l1e ox lrnowetli liis owner, a11J the a:;s his 111a.- te r':s cril.i; l>11L
brae! doth not know, 111y peopl e doth not eons ich•r." ·- ba iah i. J.

A ·world without Domestic Animals.
Pict11re the condition of the worlJ n.s we know i t, if in a sin g le
nigl1t all the <lnmcstic animals were <l <>st royed. Cl111ld a11~' fo rl'es
or 11 atnrl' be 111ad e to take tl1c place of lior ~e s? \\' 011lcl pla11t ~ s upply s ulli ci cnt food'/

C1:lll'!JC .1faoluna/1l.

Tl1c Ca t .
The cal. L1111ily - 11 isl o ry of our <lurncst.i<.: eat.- lier ,·JrnraeLeri st.ics. Tl1t~ ben.1ily n[ kit Le 11s.

Stories uf l'ct:-:i.
\Vrit c fro111 personal cx peri e11cE' or what yo u lian: hcanl, not
fro111 boob;.

Th e [)u,·011, th e .Tcrs<·y, tl1 c J>11rliarn, till' J\ld t: r1wy, Ll1 c !lolsl.e i11, de.

Animah> as i:;yrnl>()l s.
BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

Jlog, o r :,;re1~ .J j OX . o( p:dif'lltC j clog, of fiJ e }ily j }1 orse, of
st:r.:ngth; fux, of c111111i11g· ; 111•ar, n[ r11Lle11ess: cock and hen rn
•fapa11ese 11ietmcs ,.;ig11ify <l 1J1111 ·' t i t: l1appin ess.

B11ll-caL-crnrndile - il·is. i11 allt:ient Egypt; white ele11ha11t,
111 ~ian1; cow, in l11clia; 11111111.:1'.\·, i11 B(! llarcs.

Researches into the lfi.5tory ~(the British Dor; George 11..Jesse .

(
I

,f 11i11i11l I11telligence .

Georg·e ~J. Honianf'S.

Th e Hors e of A 111 eric:a
'l'lu: Doq '!/ F/,11,,/er.~
Storie.< 1f M,11 l'ets
A 11inwl JI emoirs

l le11ry \\'illiam lleruer t.

!/fJrse

1111.d

Jlfan

JJ/uck B eaul.'f

'!';llll l'utl.e r, Y c ruo1 ·ckl10 1·,·11 , lt o:.: a lk111h c ur, L:u1<lse(·r, Schrey1:r,
'l'royun, Beard .

.

Ra/1 and l!is Frien1/.<
011r C1rts und All alw111 Th em

Onida.
Grace Creenwoo<l.
Sa.11111ei Lock \YOod .
.J. G . Wood.
:'llarie Se we ll .
Dr. John I\ro\\'n.
Harri son \Veir.

SG

NAirnJ\TIOX AND DEi:;C IUPTWN COMB[NED.

STUDIES IN ENGLfS!I COMl'OSITlON.

87

t ree'!

( Select 0 11 e :111d t· sl i11i:Lt e liy "01111fi11g th ;, l•·:L\'l'S on a s 111:ill
H tl1 ey \\' e m laid, s id e J.y side;, l1 ow g rl'at. a ·'J•<lt'l' \\·r11ild
th ;•y em·~ r? H l:titl i11 li11e, l1 uw far \\'Ould tl 1t',V n·a cl1'! ls tl 1P
s li ad t: of all trees equa ll y l'uul '! I l:L \'tol t rees any \\'arn1tl1 i11 \\' i1Jlt.! r 'I
IJ rn11 cl1.)

C' I fAPTEn IX.
LESSON XXXIII. - THE AMERICAN .ELM.
STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY (Continued l.

WHITE ELM

LESSON XXXII. - STUDY OF TREES.
Th ese qu estio ns s hould be answered orally, the pupils finding the
an s wers fro m a ny avail ab le s ource. Many of th e qu es tions will
prop erly provoke di sc ussion and differe nce of opinion.

II o w d o !.ref's affect tl1e ra in fal l 'I \\'l1 y are u11r \\'t'ste rn prai rit~S
treeless? \\' hat is at i111 IJf'r cLti111 'I \Vlwrc arc tl1 e ta ll e~ t trees i11
ti"• wo rld ? T o II' hat a~·, . d o Lrccs li,-e? Jlow i' the age o f :L tree
d elcn nin cd '? \\' liy i:; l11c kst not. an a ccn rnlc 011 c 'I Fro111 wl1al
trees is s ng ar ol 1tai11f' •l '! Oi l? Wax 9 \\' lin1• d" t.111'.v gd tl 1t'se
SUJ )F;tan cr•s '! '\" J1Pll j,..; tJic• r e:--1 fi11 g 1illl0 Of fn•1 •s'~ l>o 1•\" i ' l' ~ l"t't.! l lS
res l.'t lr (J\\' tl o1· ,..; a. {!'f•t' acL rt.,. :1 1111111 p 't n· 111 •n ·i 11 is tl11· .~-~T1• : 1L
,·:d 11f' oi' tl 1n !·: 11 caly1•t11<? 1\ n · f, ,resl t. rc•ps c ulli,·aL1 'd in :111 y i'<11111 tr i(• s'I Ca 11 yon 11a111 e :Ill)' 11'1'f' i"·' ' I.rads o f ~<Jllfh Alllt'l'il'iL'I or
Eurnpf' ? <If Asi:c'! At \\'h :d li111" \],, th e l111d s fu r111 011 trees in
our cli 111 atp'/ \\'h at ( rf'P is :L ~y 11i111.J of ~ lr(•11g· tl 1 ? \\'hi «l 1 l! ll C is
c:dl cd "The J ,ady oft 11" For0s t· " '? \\'ha t one did I he lnrlian s 11se
Lo rn ake ca,no0s? \\'li _v d n 011r tr""' turn a. mon • l1ril liant <'" lor i11
a ut umn Lhan th n t rcPs of l·: mnJ•"? \\' l1a l 11irtk(•S Ili c kn ots in
'n10<1 '/ \\' h<'rc dor·s (·ho n.v g m \\' 9 \\'li _v i s ro>e \\'ood so ca l11,.J '/
I row do t.11 0 }IJ']' \':"1ili11 g- \\'i11d s :iffi.d lht) t.rr·es (If a g iv( •Jl l"Pg'i o n '/
\\'! 1:d. is t11f' di , t i11«t in11 LeL\\'e1•11 a lrn• and a hn sl1 '! \\' hat is th e
111 0s( g- ra cf'f 11l ll'f!C of fi l!' ~o r i111·rn ~ t al f's '! \\ ' ha L palm g-1·o ws in
th e 1: nit1 •<l Statl's'! 1\'ktl tre<'s li:i\·e tl cl.e rn1i11at.e lrn11ks '? ind eterminate ? ll ow 111;111 y lc•a\·1_•s (lo _1·r111 t hi11k l hl•re arc on a 111 a pl c

(U/nws Americana}.

Tlii: .A111 e ri ea.n elu 1 i:; 1>11 e of Ll1 e n1 nsL rnag1 1ifin•11L
tn.:es uf l•:a:;Le l'lt U11iLe d Sta.Les. From a roil!. 11 l1id1 in
uld true:; :;preads 11l11d1 :iuove the :; urLtce ul' U1e ground,
t he tr1111k ri,;cs to :L eu 11 siJ\'r:tl>lu l1 l· i~· l1L i11 :L si11gle
slvm . 1kre it wrnally divid es in to two <1r tl1n· e 11ri11 t: ipal Lran elies which gu off l1y a gradual a.11d e: 1;.;y l'llt'\'e.
Tlie:;e :;tretel1 u1l\rn.rfb and ou Lwar1ls \\' i tl1 an airy
sw cl' p - lJeco mc lwrizrn1ta l, the l'XLn·1 11 e lim1wli lct.~,
an<l in a1wi<·11t. lrtoe:> ll1 e e xtreme l1a lf "r tl1e li111 li,
bet:o nrn 11encl e11t, fo nni11 g a. lig l1 t alltl n ·gular arel1.
Tl 1is grncd11l C' 11rv:i.f1 1n: a11il al.i:;elll' l: 111' all :il1n1['l. ll l's,.;
in tl1e primary limbs arn e ntirely el1aral' ll' ri ,.;lil: u[ tl1 e
tree, a1Hl e11 al1le all ol1,.;e rvor Lo disting 11i.-;li it. in " ·i1 1tc r,
an(l e n·n at nigl1 t, wl1 e 11 sta11di11 g in relief agains t t l1 l' ;.;ky.
Tl1 e Arnc•rica11 elm lui.s t hree rn o:; t strikin g and di ,;Li not sli;ipes. The tall ELru:;c;m va:;<; i:; funned by four
01· fiv e lil!lhs, se parntin g a t t we nty or tl1irt y foet from
t] H, grn 1111c1, g·oi11g up wit.Ji a gra<l11al (livl'l'gem:y t11
sixt.y 01· ,.;cv(·11t.y, <LIH1 tli c ll lie ndi11g rapidl.1' (lllLl\':-tl'il,
f'o rmi11 g a flat !op 11·itl1 a ]H:11tle11L borJl'r. Tl1t : si1q. ;le
nr cornpo u11cl plum e i:; rcpre:;enterl by trees s!n:kl 1i1 1g
up in a s in g le :-;lorn, or two or L!ll'ec parall el lirnJ,,.. tP

88

ST U DIES rN

l':~G I, l:iH

CO)ll! OSITI ON.

t \i (: !1 e igl1L o{ scve11lj", or c n :: n a l1nnilrcd foct, and
spn·:1.1li11g 011 L i11 u1w or two ligl1t, featl1 e ry plum e:-;.
So1 11G ti111 cs llw l'lm ass um es :t cl1 a rade r akin to tl1 e oak:
t l1is is w l1 e11 iL l1as l1ce n t ra11s pb11LG d yu1111g i11t11 ;u1
upe ll s iLuat iv 11 :t11 1l always n :main e1l l1y iLsd L 1L i:;
then a l1 ro:L1l, rn1111 d-l1 ead cll LreG .
Tl1 e t;]1awc l l:r o [ ll 1l: tnl11 k is alrnos L a:; various as
that of tin:: gc 11 cral form o[ tlw t ree . You :;0111e times
see it. <L sl r:1i glit. gmdual ly Lq1e ri ng co lurn11, s hoo ting
1.111 111 s ixty ur sc n ;11t y f1:d wil. huu \, a li11i1J; a(; otlier
ti mes yu u see iL :L Yenla nt p illa r of fuliage feaLl1 criug
frnm t he hr:ul\·111.:s to tlic gro n11d.
\Vi Lit t lie l'arli esl s p ri11 g· Lll t.: u nt uws L a.1Hl uppc rnws t
hranel1 es are fri11 gc1 l wi t h 11urnernns bu1H.: la~s of reddish
br11 \vn 11l11sso111,;, ::;1 11 111 to givt.: place to il1 t.: su[L g rce 11 of
tlic you 11 g l1•<t\'l':S. The f1ll\vers are in 11u11wro11s du::; ters,
o f from l' i<"1 1t t 11 t we nty in a cl uste r, 011 Utll si1les of tl1 e
te rminal Gr:u w li vs .
Ea<;h Jlowe r i,; s1qlporLGd on a
g reen sl L:11 1J1.5 r tlrn::Hl, f ro rn 01 1e-iift h to half an in ch
lo ll h'
'" an d en11s ists o[ a 1rn wn ell [) i1a.rt1!tl i11 to ,;eve 11 or
e ig·l1 t di vis i1111,.;, allll co ntai11i11 g· al1ou L e ig·lit, brown stame ns, a 1Hl a l1lll g· c<> 111 pn· ,.;s l'd O\' ary, s11rn111111ltl'tl Ly Lwo
sh ort st y le,;. T l 1i ~; ri1 11·11 s i11 to a ibtlt.: 11 1..: il seed-ves:od ,
ca.li ed ;t sa111a ra, \\'1 1icl 1 i,; w ill g"l'tl on e v('ry si<l o witl1 a,
t hi:1 fri 11 geLl lx)l'(kr. Tl1e ilom~n; appe ar l'arl y in April
or GYGll i11 .:\1:irel1, a nd t li e sa111ara:: are rna t ure befo re
(li e expan ,; i0n of the lea \'l's .
Tl1 e lcav vs an; 0 11 Ycry sl1 ort peti ole,;, broa\l ovate,
h ea rt-s li:tpe1l or r ou ml1:cl a L h 1,;1;, a c um i na t e aL ape x,
d ou bly s1..:r rnle al 111 ;1 r~ i 11; ili vi<lul liy tl1 L~ inidrib into
ve ry 1\ll l' (jllal parts nf wl 1i1 ·l1 lite 11 pp1·r is la rge r ,; 0111 c \l·li:it. \rool ly w l1e11 yo un g·, a ftc nva,nls rou gl1isl1 un
bo th s urfaecs; usu:1.lly fr11 rn t wo to fo ur inelws lung ,
0

NAJrnATTON AND DESC IHl'TWN COMJHN E D.

I'

89

a11 ll one a11tl a half to t wo and a Jrnlf b road, hu t vary ing
e xtre mely in size . Th e ri c h g reen o f the leaves t urns
in a u t umn io a solJt.: r brown , whiel1 i:; sorn eti111e::; to udie1l
wi t h a Lri g l1t g·ol d e11 y d lo w._
The el111 g rows frum :Nova SGotia t o G eorg i:1, arnl
fro111 tl1 e ALl:111Li G to Llie l\ wili e. Th e vV:tsl1i11gGu11 E l111
in Caml1ridge , 1\fassaelin se l ts, is tl1 e rnosL h111ou:; eli n
in tl1i s coun t ry , so-eall e1l bec au se u11<lc r it -; sl 1ade (..ie11 e ra l \V,tsl1i11 g L011 is sa id lo l1:t ve lir::;t dnwu l1i,; s11·ol'll
011 takin g cornrn:t llll of tl1 e An1t;ri c<U1 army .
Tli c ccklmt Led \VliiteJi eh l p1 eaeh cll u1H.ler the sh:tde of tl1is l n •e
in 17.JJ. A s i ng lc ernp of Lite l ea vc::; uf thi::; t ree, if lai d
side hy side, woul1l cove r, it is estirnaLed, t wo aeres u[
gro und. - Prom 'l'rc cs and Sltrabs of Jlli.1 1s:;a d111 ~t:l t 8, b!J
a eur!Je JJ. 1:1111:rsu·n .
\\' l1 at is a n E t r11 sca11 v a ~e '! II o w 111 a ny fo n11 ., of cl 1n trees?
Dist.i11 g 1iisli 1.llC'111. ll o w d o tl1 e r oo t s o[ th e t:l111 g ro w, d'' ' 'Jl o r
n<';u· tl1 e s urfae"'! l>n _\' • HI k 11 o w a tree wl1i " h lia s Ll 1e Et rn,ca 11
fu rn1? th e rn 11n1l ii l'ad 'I Lli e pl11m e 'I fe atlwry l n11 1k '1 \\'liat
t i111 c d oes tl 1e c lin blo~so 111 'I \\"liat t.in1 e d ocs i t r ipe n its sa 11 rnr:i·?
\\"li at is an a c 11111i11:ite ape x 'I se rrate 1narg in '! d o11hly ~errat• :'!
J\l1•a ... 11 rc th e Jarg1:o t e llll in yo 11r n e ig h b orh ood on e foot fro 111 t h e
g r o 111 " l. Co1npa.rll an y e l111 tliat yo 11 kn ow ll'i t li th e fo n ',~n i11 g
d esc rip tio n. J\l:ik e o ut t.h e s kde ton or pla11 upon whic h this tles c ritilioll was wriLLe n.

LESSON XXXIV. -THE OAK.
EXEl\ CJS E

r. -

O UTLTNI·: OF DE:-i C llIPTr0:-1.
I

The writer should verify this outline by some tree that is wellknown, and then write it with whatever changes are needed to
ma ke it a correct description of a particular tree.
E st i111 a te t.11 0:
Size. - C irc 11111fc rt'JH:e 0 11 e fo ot fro111 gro11111l.
he ig ht of tlie trne. H eight of trunk uefore bra11che8 a ppear.

90

STUDrns IN .ENG L1S lf COMPOSl'J'ION.

N ATlltATlON A N I> D J•;scrtIPT ION

Chara cte ri stics. --Slimly l r1111 k. Li111l 1s go u11t at a la r ge an g le
a n d st rdc h h "1·izo 11 tally :~ lo11g di ,la11 c:e.
Li11dJ s la rge, c roo ked ,
g n arl e d , l •l' ll L
R oot. -- Jko<l'e11<ls de.·1· i11lo th e 0:1rll 1.
L eave s. --· Two L.111 i li vs ul' oak s. 11' /1 ik Ou!.· F11111il!J have 1110 rc
o r les s d eP ]'ly lol •ed l1 ·a yes - lul•e$ ro 1111d o r l.oh1n t.
lt ed Oak F1 1111 i!y h:t r e 1lec ply c ut lea Yes, wi t h th e di v isio11s t e r lllillat ill g i 11 :i lu ng b ri stl e -l i ke l'O in t .
L ea Yes co n1 e o u t w it h o r j 11,;t h do re t h e tl o we r s; t ur11 J.ro wn o r
sca. rh •i i11 auL 11111 1l.
Flowers. - T wo ki11ds, st1·ril1! an d fe r t il c . :-; Lt- ri le a re i11 J" 11 g-,
slemlc:r, pe 11du lo 11 o< e:dk i1", " hii:li :tl'l' i11 g ru 11 ps. 1-' .. r t ile a re s 111 :d l,
in a L> ud-lik1~ sc:dy c11p . Flo \\'ers appear w ith "r j11st afte r t he
k :t\· es.
F ru it. - A co rns . D iff" r e 11 t spec ie s v ary i11 a curn ,;; ,;u 111e lu n g
and sle 111k r , oil ie r,; sli <1rt a111l ro 11ual. A ll aeur iis g ro w in c 11 p8;
t h ese ,·:c r.v. Acorn s .,j' \Vh ilc Oak F all 1i ly an: :d1 11 us t sw ee t a nd
g row in o n e se a sr> 11. T hose of t he Hed <>a k Fa111i ly req u ire L\\'O
scasu1 1s t.o co111c lo 11ialu r ity.
Var ieties of Oak. - Bed, l1lack, scarlet, sc rub, white, clws l 11ut,
etc.
Use of Oak. - Sh ip t ind wr , - \\'nod w or k of li o us .. s , - arli c lcs
of f11J'llil 11r1 "
Miscella n eou s . - I>rni ds" rt'ga r <I for (•ak tr•!•"' - - O a k g roYe at
Dodo 11 a . - <>al; gall.,. - Fa.111 0 11 s oak,;. - l 'ul' tll s a l1u 11 t oaks.

LIST OF TREES F OR SIJ\IILAR DESCRIPTION.
C h e rry
l\ b pl c
Hi ck ory
Ch es h 111 I.

W ill ow
Bi rch
J\ lag-11o li a

Heec l1
A ppl e
Syc a1t1 or e

P op lar
Lind e n
Pine

Uoi; \\' ood

Bu ck eye

Larch

fo r i ts nuts; it s wood is v e ry 1asti11 g .

C O ~ !H il-;f•;n .

91

\V il lo w hi n:·wd 111 0 .... t oX" tt! nsive ly i n

I h e prod uet iu 11 of 1·liarco a l fu r g-1111pn wder.

B ark 11 ( Ui rc l1 w as 11 sC' d li y the

Sevc nd v ari e ti es g ro w i11 tile l.JJ1it ed
:-:ita te s. Tl it! yellow i>i r d 1 i::i tla 1::: 0 11 e w hose hark is p lc as a11 t to eat. Th e
\\'li i tt• b i rch was l'alled l1y C ul e ri 1 l ~c · · T l1e L ad y v f Ll ie F ort·:-<t.'' Bl'n·h i:;
11 0 1ic e al d e fo r its s 111 un 1h ~ ra y bark a 11d t-i 1ie 1lt·li1·;H1 : tw igs; i t~ 1111t s an!
s ma ll b ut M\\'c 1.: t , a nd m uc h lov t·d l1 y s1 ptirnd s. Th u a p p l1• t r" n i 11 o ld a .~o
i:-1 011 e of th e n1ost pi t"·t nre/'iqn e of t n •(•s; it is so h e n!. a 11 d g-n a r l i·d :1s 10 possess a. b ea.nty of u ~ lin e ss . l >og wo0<l h ears t. he h11d s o f it...; fl o\\' (" r s \ ' t• r y
pl ai nly in t.he fall. O n 011 e br:rn cli in Ckto ber you ti11d 1111, le:w ~s . t h•) r ipe
f ruit, and t he bud .-; for ne xt y 1•a r' s bl o!3 S o 111 ~. T lie syt:a111 , 1r e i'.'i pl' rli aps
b ette r k n ow n l1 y i t.!':' 11 a m e l11ttl1111-ball. S1:ed s o f t l 1e p in t· a rt· t hn tlii n
111 di a11 s i 11 111 a ki ng; Ll1 ei r ea nocs.

,,

~ea l es

f o 11rnl in 1.lle cu n es; an ti t li t.: po ll e n of tli e pin t> is th e sn hst a11c u

pop11l a rl y s upposed to be sulpl1111· which fre1 p.1eut ly fa l I~ u uri11 ;; rai n-st.urn" .
BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

T rcPs
Tree.,

S li rttbs '!( ;\fu., sac/111 scll.,
JY Pll' / c"11ylu111!

0111 !

'!/

T rees w11l T ree-l'la11 /i11!J .

<;l'nrge B. Ern e rso n.

\\'iJ ,;o n VJ,1:;g-.

,J. S . H risl1i 11 .

LESSON XXXV. - GENERAL SUBJECTS CONCERNING
TREES.

\\' h;ll arn t.h e ad,·e rse co ndil.i o nH in c iti e~ ? '\\'h at t r ee~ e all h l·s t
wi t l1.'l':l.ll d t.h e 111 'I C a re w hid1 c ity t rees s h o uld ha \·e lo co 111pe 11 H:Lll!
fo r tl1 e ir di ,;a,h·:w t.a.gcs. Kimb tl iat are hes t fo r e itie s.

Antmirn

Le ave ~.

X otc the a 11tu11111 co lo rs o[ th e leav es o[ lll :t pl e , el 111 , \ ,, ,e. :h, oak,
Th e· cl 1f• rr y g·i vr~ hp;u1t i f 11 i wond ftll' 1·a hi11 t•I. work ; tak P.x a \ 'f' l'Y
poli sh . 'fh (' I'< ~ a re t h1T 1~ Y ar i1• t i 1· s of t li t• n1 a ple w liid1 art ~ c:onun on, Rng-a r, wl ii te <1r si l ve r . ;i nd n •(I. ~\ l; 1 y he dis1 i1 1.:.0 1i.•:.l 1ed l>y ll1 ei 1· lea \'f:s, a lso
by tlH•i r 11lnsso m fol . T he twi .~ s an d rlow1 ·rs o f 1lit• n· cl m a pl e ar c a d ct" p
sc arld 1·nl11r i11 1Ji1· ~prin .:! ; lt11 1.:..( \J1 :fo r 1· :u 1y o th 1· r fl v w u rs a ppea r . Lc1 w t" ll
sa~'-"' , ·· T li P rnapl e rt dd 1·11 .' to a 1«1ral r t·1·f. "'
H o t h :-: 11g-a r a11 d r 1·d m a pl e
show Urn c·11rly :Lll d h ird·~ - t"_Yu Yal'ict i1·s . Jl i<-ko r .\· g-avu 1!11 • Wt· ll -kn ow u
so b riqu e t uf ( ~c ll o ra.l ,\ rnlro w .Jad\.;-,un. C l1 cst11 ut is c nltiva tccl iu the \\'est.
NoTJi: . -

h i.~ h

1

will o w, etc.
]{ead .-l 1t l 1111w a l 1'i11ts, h y ll e nry ·1l. T lion ·all.

E vergreen T ree.".
ll iffrr" 11t v:n id ies . '\\'l it·n d o I. h ey lose tht·ir ll':l\'/•s '! C:harart<>r
uf U1 e ir ka \' l'~ - fu nn of t h e ir l ru11k s. Ma 11111 wtl 1 t rees of l ':difo rnia. are e \ ·e r gT1 •e 11 s.

92

ST\'lll l•:s rx EN(;USll f'O>IPOSTTJON.

NAI.tRATWN AND DESC it ll'TION CU1'1B I NED.

Fru it Trees.
l'l'ach - ]'I urn - apple - cl1 e ny- apr it.!ot. K:i.ti,·e l:.111!1 of eac l1.
Jr o \,. fruit.s arc i11q 1nwed- g rnfls - seedli ngs. \\' ild fruits of till·
l :11it1·J Stat.<:s - tlteii' value as fu ud .

~'url':-1~ lll1011

Ef(c·d of

;L

C"111ilry.

1:ainfall- fert.ilily - ,1r<·a111s - •· wi11.Jhreaks" f\\r nops _
i>c·:11 1Ly--a11 i111:d li f.. . - D.·4ruel.io11 of f.,resls. - \\·a\'s ill wl1 icl 1
1li c woo <.! of tl1r• en1111l 1·y is l1Pi11g- "'""! :q•;irt fro111 its 1 1 ~c as fn<·l. Ha il roa.d ti.,s - hn11s1'.' - li:irns - J'11r11i111 r<' - "·nod1 ·11 ware - J1a 11 1!11"' or 11tc·11,;iJ,, - l ll :tl eitt'.' - penci Is -- >J •Oul.s - toot hpi cks.

1 li :;to ric 'J'n ·es.
Tlte cyprcss(•s of ~ln11f. 1 ·rn 111a :11 l'h~p11ltep,.(' . :.\l1•xieo. The
clt(es Ln11t of :i lt 11ndr1•d 111"""'""'" 11pon ~II. J·:tna . Tl w \\'adsw o rllt
O:tk :it. (;'' " '-'"'' " \'.Y .. sai d lo 1, .. Ii,.,, 1'1·11t11rips .,Jd . \\':1sl1 i11 ..·fun' 8
.l-'.1111 :ti. C:u11lffid;,;-1-, :.\la .' .' · Tl1 e Cl1:1rft- r Oak at ll artf1> rd, Cu1111.
Tl11· Old E lrn o n llust<1 11 ('.11 111111111 . :\ 111111.l's \ \"1l ln\\ oppn, 11,. \\ '1· ~ 1.
l'11i11 t. T1 e.tly El111 011 ti"' l1.111k " t>f ti"" ll··l :l\\a1,., 111 11l<' r "l1ii:l 1
\\'i lli:u u l'en n mad " a Ln·:11.1· will 1 fl1t· l1 1d ia11 s in Jt i:':i:!. l'ope's
\\:"1 •>11' at 'l\l' ic];enli:i111. l·:ngl:w d. T ell so rn c l11i11g of th e hi sto ry
ul. th1:~e Lrncs, why fa1no11s , and i ( uow in existence.

0:1ks .,r l>1>olo11:1; O lil'<' cof l': i!Ja., Allt<' 1l<> ; l;.;1lrasyJ, tit " Ir!'<'
of tin: lll1i\·e rse; L:111rel as .IJ:t]' lill e; ~0 111a, t.lt e sac;·eJ tree ul
l11dia.

Trt:cs ;is S_ylllhuh:.
l'alrn , o ( victo ry; l:i11rel. of lri11111pl 1; oak, o( sLrengL!t ; cypress,
of \\'Oe; olin', of pc:tc<'; \\'illml', (Jf g r a~e .

Arliur DaY.
~

llo\\' it is w •nemlly oliscn<'d . J., ii. ll1e ;;:lin e da\' i11 :ill states?
l\'l 1y 11 nt'! \\'li:LI. p1•c1ili:1 r if\· of :\l'l• ra.' ka 111ad e it.'< au tlt o rit.ies
t.l1i 11 k o f in ~Lilut in g a11 ArJ,01: l>ay '!

Puv1ns :1bo1tt T rees.
ll'ou<lma 11 , "/'",.'' thal 'J'r f!e
'J 'lt e Plo111i11y rJ 11,., Al'J•le 'J',.,.,,
A Foresl llym11
'J'/1 e Oak .
'l'/1e Palm Tree .
Th e 13rare Old Ou!.Tl. e Oah: Tree
'/'li e Trees

Ct·orgc P. l\lorris.
William Culli-11 Hrya1d.
\Villia111 Cullen Brya11I.
.J:uneR Ru ss<·ll Lo\\'ell.
.Joh n G. '\\' l1ittier.
llcury F. C horley .
J\lary Il ow it.t.
Lucy La rcom.

LESSON XXXVI. - FLOWERS. STUDY OF TERMS.
The hot.ani1·:il terms r elatin g to t.l1 e fl o \\'cr - caly x.
sepal; corolla, petal, vcriantl1 ; ~tamens, fila111cnL. anther;
p istil, ovary, ovules, style, stig111a-rnust be thoro11gl1ly
nwlersLood .
A lso die te rm s nf inllorcsce11cc . - s1 . ap<;, race111l' ,
catk in, 1m1 l>t:l, lwad, spiko.
And tlic terms tlescript. ivc of ki1 1ds uf lc:ives, simple, cornpou1111, l11l1cd, u!lt; of venation of !('av e s. n ct-Yeinccl, p:H:ilkl-\Ti 1wd; iii' [orllls uf lc:i.n.:s, -- oYal,
l:tnccolatc, orl1ic ul:tr; m:irgi11s nf leaYc~, - :-;cn:ttc, dentn.t€, cr cn ate, en tire; t l1 e apex of leav e", -- ac ll te,
obtnse; U1e htscs, - acute, obtuse, conln.te, sagittate,
auricnlate .
NoT J<:. -

Any bo t:tn y will g-iYC the m e a.11 i11 g- <1f Uu.'sc l (' r111 s 1 and ~nfli­

Tli t.·y
ca 11 Lest he ka.r 11 t:d a.net 1110:-;t cluit:kly l1 y mea ns of study of speciin e11s.

t'.i fo nt Lime slw 11 ld lw givr, 11 to thPir f-il nd y to n1a.ke tl u·m fruu iliar.

94

!-:T Olll ES lN E;:\GI.lSll.

CU ~fl'O S ITI ON .

NARRATI ON AND DESCJUl'T.ION COl\lffl.NF.D.

whil e anti p11q.Jc; ''"'o.l y. li ke a little lrec. 01.serve ll11· al'l'an:.;«ll1 L' 11t uf lt·; aves 0 11 br:.u1 t...: lt e ~; shape of 1ea\'es; hlo."'isn 111 \11 four .. ; ,
i11 sli•:t1l of li\'1·s, as i11 l111! p i'l 1111ia. \"ecess01 ry ca re tl1al. tl11 : fuch s ia
r1·1111 ires . .l>ocs it ri pe 11 seed 'I ll uw 1•ropagateu '!

LESSON XXXVII. - DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS.

Tlw l" >s t; \\' l1icli grn11·s l>,1· t.l1 e J'\l; ul;-;id t·s a11d 111 t i1 e
Jil'ld:; ldos.s1H 11s i11 .Jane . Tli e lrn:-d1 is lm1·, a11d tl1e
fltJ11'l·rs grow i11 l()l>se 1·l11sters or solitary . Tl1 e c•tlyx
1·n11sists <>I' :i si11 .~·le gT1;e1 1 ClljJ 11·ith li\'C; !"Ill's tl1at ],,.;k
Jiku sl'par; 1k s1·pals. T l11: c·or(l l\;t is rn;uk II [' .. r fi\'u
separatu pl'!al.s, l':J1·li or a ILL· lica (e pi11k col 1JI', a.11.l SOllH; \\']1;d. 11o t1 ·l"'d at tl1L' edg·e . Tli l' re are llla11 y s(;111ie11s
with ligl 1L yel low fi la111 e 11 ts and l>rigl1L .)'l·ll!111· ;ulll1l'1's .
Tl 1e re an: rn;i 11.r pis l i l.s gTf!11· in g 011 l o ( tli e cal yx c 11 JI; c;tcl t
]1;t,.; its ovary, styk, a 11d stig111:1.. Tl1 c frnit C1f tl1 e rwm
is ll1 c hip. a h ri gl 1t n·1l l>;tl[ \'l'llWllL·1111·it l1 tlw 1·alyx l .. lws.
Tl1 e rose h:af is 1·011qH>111HL 111a1le uf fi\' · k;dl t.:l;-; . It
]1: 1;-; a sLip1il e aL tl 1c ht:'\'. E ;tel 1 11!afl.et is <1Yal i11 sh;q 1l',
l1as a11 1ilit 11se t>;tse a.1111 a n ;tc11 Lc ;1111•x . C11ltiv;tLed J'(ISt'.'4
tliflt• i' fl'lllll \\'il tl <Jll l'S ill ( !1 a(, tJ1ey ]i;tvi_: JllOl 'l) iietal s,
w itl 1 fe11·e r sLu11ens a11d p istils.

Tli< ~

Nast u rliu m.

Cu111r11011 gard1~11 t1uw er, -

\'l'l',V irregular, bro11 glil from P 1-·r11 .
" .Pe ru is apt to g row ;; 1111-l'ulo red llo\\'l'I';;, anJ U1 e 1H.:« co 11ws what '"'
cal l I.h e nas t.u rli11111, tl1uugh it l1 «s one v1•ry good E11 g li ;; lt na111 f'. l 11 .Jian Cres,, and one La t i11 011e, T ropa;o]u1 n , or troJ>ltY. - g i\· e n
b ecause tl11; IP <W f'S :i re lik e sh i1·lds a11rl tl1 c fl owers li k< · gold,· 11 hclrn et ,;. It i" a droll f11J\\·e r, \\'i Lh its ye llow calyx g ro w int-: 011t in to
a Jon g sp ur li<.! lii11d , and the liLlle frin ges to its yello\\' or o ran ge
p t'La b ." - CJ.n.r/(J/ /e .lt. l'unge.

Tu1ip.
Care of a, t ulip bed- wh e n plan ted - wh e n blossom , . Desr ril1e
leaf - nolt·: t.lt e ve 11 ati o 11 - observe lhat th e fl u wcr is i11 l lm· es, «S
the f11 ch s ia is in fo urs, :ttHl lhe pcll111i;1. in fiy es. Colurs u( fl o,,·cr.
Ad el so11wthi11 g o[ l1 1e ltistory of tulips. \\'h e re tl o th e LJ1t!l s
CO lll C fro111 '?
0

KoT 1~ . - There is 110 int ent ion of couiining the li st to l li t i~e 11H•11t inned ;
me11dH: rs o f the cl:rns 111ay :-;elect for desc ription any Jl o wers tl1 at they

k110w.

LIST OF PLANTS FOR SIMILAR DESCRIPTIONS.

Tlt\' 1'1'111ni;1.
1\ \iL1' it' ln1sl1y ,11:q"' : it.' c ia111111y. sl i<'k y h·:"""'; ll1 e sl1apc of
tl11 ·. 11· ; 1\· l'~ . -

a p f'X,

lia s•). a nd 111;trgi 11 ..:; .

() hse r\' e

lit1W

LESSON XXXVIII. - GENERAL SUEJEOTS RELATING TO
FLOWERS.

ll1 e tl owc r!'i

;,; roll' i11 t. 11.c :tx i ls of 11i,. !val'•'' : ' '"'! "' , ,f the f!m\'<'l's - f111111dron 11 fh·e Julws pf (':tl,\x - fin• lolw" 11f c·or<iJJ a - fi\·l' s f tllll t' llS
i11s!'rl1 ·<1 on l'<>l'<>ih t11lw. :'\ ot• · tlic di ff, .1., ·11t col1i r,-, --s i11g·I" ;u 1d
dn11 I.I., 1·ari e t it's . ?-: atin• s uf ~ 11 11 1 It .·\ 111 r ri,.;t: grn \\' ra p id ly fru111
s1·1•d; ca 11 l;,• prr1pa ::;·ate.J liy 'lips. 1\dd ;111 y pl'rso11al cx p1· ri1·11 ces

N;LLiona1 Flowers and tli ose Associa ted " ·ith Eminent Pl'rsons.
Hos<', th e 11at.io11al flnll'cr of England; the thistl e, o f Scoth11 d;
tl1e sh:i.mrock, of lrc h11d; th e lil y , of Frn11ce; th e margH0r ilP. of
Italy: t h e stP pl i:inol.i ~ . of A11 s tria ; the 111i g n1111<;ll1•, of ~ axon\· :
tli <' chrvsan t l1 0111u111 , of .J:q•a. 11 ; tlt P. caet 11s , of ?llex i1"'; the 1nal'h'
leaf, uf- Lrnaua. Cuited ~tates has 11one. Old E gypt l1ad tlt e
lolllS.

i11 g- rowin ;; ·j'Ptu11ia ....:.

!\:11 1wd frurn a C c·r ma11 hnta11 is1. llr. F11cl1 s. ~0111\i A.111 Pri ca11
pla 11 l - m:111 y \';1.1·i1· li1 ·' : ,.,,J.,r. a ll ,Ji:1 des a11d ti 11l s o f l' <' U \\'itlt
~

'

9G

STtJnn:s 1;-.; E:\GLTs rr

CO~ l

l'OSITION .

Th e red rose \\' as U1 e badge or t Iii' l louse of L ancaster; tli e
\\'liile m s•:. tl 1at u[ Y o rk ; th e v it.!eL \\' as tl1t! f<wo ril e fl o \\' CI' of
Nap"lcon L ; ihc cornfl o1Yc r, o r l.J1H' l1achelo r"s l•ultun , tli at o f
l\;ti,;L'r \Y illiarn l. o r <: en11 a 11y. T el l as 111anv o r t11t > sto ri es as
yo 11 c; Lll t-i1 1d whi cl1 g ive th e rcaso 11 fo r tlie seJ.,..t io11 o f ifo·se
tloll' e rs. Si11 ce the• LI11i l<'d Stat• ·s l1as no national ilo ll'1·r, h ow ca n
she g•·t. Oil!.' '/ \\' l1a t. \\·nnld yo u prl'i'l' r as t he ual.i o 11 ;d ll oll'l' r ?
\\'Ii .Y '/

:"AJW.ATf ON A>!)) DESCR1 PTTON CO l\mI ::-:: rm.

07

C:ne of lI011 se I'hn t.c; .
Soil - s un lig h t - 11wi s( 11n' - ca re o f lea Yes. Effe ct of gas .
s V·a1 11, l1 ot. a ir. \\'I i;LL 1·a ri d ies fl o uri ,; li i11 t.l1t, 110 11, e '!

0

l{n.-:c::.:, :tpplt~;-; , 111·a cl1t •:-\. pl 11111 s. pc"ar:-: . :-:t rn.w berri es, ra5'\ 1~h e rri c r.;,
]11 wliat d o lli e !lowe rs

1.Jaekuerri e,;. ll u\\' :ul' :ill tll('se ros"s ·:
diffe r'/ In what. a re 111(' .\' al ike?

S 11il ~dtl e fo r all (•cT:i ., iv11 s -.in.,· - so rro\\'.
J\l\\' :tys a n flj•J>r r,.
]' ri;il c gift. S kill n"111in·d ii: ;irr:L1 1g .. 1111·11t n f f! O\\'P r.<. T hc .l:ij>:111 "'c li :c1·(, 1n:t.Je \!1 r· arr: u 1:-;·c 111c·11L o f ll ow1·r,.; a ti 11 " art, " ·illi <1"li11i le
nil 1·s, 11 0 L to l ie l r;u1.~ ~· r i> ."~1· d . - ~1 : t ~ h ,J ;q1() 1Jil':_1,," hy ~ i r Ed w i1 1

i\r11 nl d ,

Head Ti11• l'ror'"·'"'"li ''.( //it• F/nirers. in 011 1-Duor P.t] >Prs , by
'J'lto mas \\'. . 11 iggin:--;011 .

Aster, g old1•n-rod, iru11-\\·cc d, mi lkweecl, PU]irtlori11m , s unfl owe r.
"TltP wi1H l - fl o w1.~ r and t li n Yiol <·t. l ltf'.\' 1w ri sl 11·d long ag-<1;
And tilt· h ri:tr-rn~c· and tlw ordiiH di ed :11 11 id the s11111m f· r g lo w ;
H111 01 1 tl H· h ill tli e g-o ld1·11 - 1·od, :in d 11 11• a,..,ll·r i11 th e w ood,
And tliP ~·(' \lnw :-:u111lnwf· r 11,\' llu· brN1k, i11 1\ut11rn11 l1<·a11ty stood ,
Till fj· ll !h e t'rnsl from 1111· t·l1 ·:u· cold ll l'aY1· 11 , a " f:dl s tli1· p la,i;t1 1e o n m en,
A111l tl a· h r i,:.:;lii11e!'i:-: of 1li " i r :-< 11\ile w : 1 ~ ~o llt · fn1111 11p la11d, g-l ad 1·. a11d ~l·· n .''

S1 ·n'ln1 er'.,· J! u11tld!J, l)t:tl'J11lwr, I .~!10 .

Flowers u( t lte

B il.Jc~ .

?lhv tho loo·i
c:1,l ;md Saned Plants.
u
i\l istl etoe, sacrerl to t.li c D rni !b, an•l st ill a Chri stma s rlcc nra_tio n.
P :t,sinn-fl1'l\\'l.'r typifies i11 its part.s t he pa.ssio 11 o[ Chri st. llallodi l, or l'o,•t"s K:t r1:i .~s1 1 s, \\':1' ~ac re• ! tu l'e rs<'}• l1 on c'. 1\ sj• l1 udt•l ;.; r.· w
in t li P 111eado\\'s of Jl :Ltlt's. L ut u,;, sac red lu 1\,1.J.Jli;t., :1 11d abu lii f'
sac red flower o[ tl 11· :uwi1· 11 t J-:gy11lia11:-:. l'u1111 •grauate w: L~ r<'n ·r ·d
1'.Y t he JI (,J;re ws, a nti plac1•1l lty tlll· 111 on tlH· rnl1c o[ tl"· I I i;.: l1
Pri est. i\ l oly j,; tl1 e llllkll O\\'ll pJ,u1t 1liat. Il n tn f' r say,;\\'[<;.; ahl1· lo
fort ify o ll e a~·a in s t t.111 \ t,rnnsfnr1nal.i1tn s of Circe . T i w lily ;L111 l tl •c
ros1; \\'\~, r ., saned lo t,J, ,. \'irg-·i11 ilary. ' Vitel1-h azc·•I \\'i\.8 },., Jiu1'< >< l to
1

p u ."iSPS :-0 (.) Cc tilL p o\\'j •f' :4 .

hy ·\ Vill iam Cu lle ll Bryant..

The
1L \\'ill lw fo 1111.J a ""1·.1· i 11krc sli n ~ Pnl•·r}'rise to h11n l. fu r w il 1l
fl o" ·cr,.; i1 1 Xo,·e lllhe r; ;rn,J the n 11111l >1 •r fn11ud ll'ill },e mn cli J;wg-c r
tl1a.11 any one ll'iin l1 :cs 11.,1·c· r tried ii, 1l'n11ltl 8t1pposc.

Tlie Fl<rn·crs of the

i 11

An .v co 11 cnrclanc<> \1·ill g i YC~ !he 11a1ncs a nd r efe rence,;.

\Vilc1 Flu wcrc; of' Spring-.

'rid· /J t 11fli ''.(Ili c F f11tr (' rs,

Flower,; ;-is Deco rn,t.iuns.

Fl O\n~ r.-;

of ,.\ rn er ican Poets.

St.111l y I.li t.' pnl·11is , ,i· l\ryanl. Lo well, L nn .~fc llo\I', '\\Ol1 ii I iPr. nr
ll ol111 cs , fur all11 sin ns t o flmyers . An in b' ri·sl in g- co rnpai·i"c'" 111:iy
be m acl e llf't\\' •" 'n tli r. fl mYf' rs of BrY:rnl: :tlltl those o[ Lo\\'\·li, o r
th ose of Lo ngfrl l.. 11· an d t hose n[ '\\' hi t.tier.

i\lo11tl1~ .

l-:1111 hl < "''01n~ in Fp\,r1i:1n· a11d i\[ a rcl1 ; mapl e, in April a 11d
i\l:i.1·: .. 1,,.,.,.Y and :q• j.J". i11 .'\fay: rt1:<1 '. in .J1111 r·; g< •lllc 1>-rrnl,
as lt'r. a11<l ~11 nll1 111· r·r. in :\11 ;.; 11"1. ~"}'tr• 1 11 l11· r , a 11tl Oclolie r; ll'ilchJ,;tz1· l. i11 i\on·nil•c r. Ad d vi l1l' I'.' to t 1,,. li .' t.

BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
f."olh'-inl'f of !'lo»/.<
I i11 / - 1Jo11/' } 'UJI CI'.' •

'/'/,,• f fr,.!, of /), ,, F /,, /,/
1:~1fJ l/' f' r:< 11111/

I' /uu· er l . 11 0 ·

T. F. Tl1i ., 1l<'1011 Th-0r.
ort !1 J Jic:g·i 11 sn 11.

'l'i"l lll:tS \\ ' ! 'll t.\\

( ' l1 :ulol.11• i\f. Y nn;.;•"
1: .. 1·. JliJd ., ri c F ri1·11d .

98

~'l'ULJY

S'l'llfH l·:S l :-< E:\<: l.TS ll CU\ ll'OS!TlO::-\.

LESSON

Ol'

ltll~TOlUCAL

U9

.FlGUlo.;s.

xxxrx. - POEMS TO BE "READ.

Ea ch pupil sho uld bring one or more of the followin g poems to
read in class : l Jn ffi,d ils

\\' il lia111 ,\".,,.c'J,;wo rl 11.
l:;dl'lt \\"alclu l·: 111n.,,,11 .
\\. i I iia11 1 \'11 I l.. 11 B1· 1":11 il.
\\ ' il lia111 l' 1Ji l,·11 ll1."\':111L.
] .. , .. l ll\ ( '/11'/.1 1.!fi'.
-

'l'/w 101111/(lra
'J'o //{' · r ·,.;,,.'/1'(' ( :1·1,t;,,,,
~/ 'fi t• / J1•fflf1 1~( Ilic J.' / u11· r rs

.l1ff' I.· i11 llu: l '1 :!1 1il .
'J',.,,;11119 . I rl1ul11 ..:
'f' /u • ) '1 •/fo(I' / "iu!d

Hu :.:.l' '1'1·n'.\· <_'1 1111' 1•.

\\ 'illi:t111 ( '1111" 11 Brya11I.
.Ivan 111 .t;"·lo w.
'I l's . \\ ' al'\lt' I'.
Tl1<ini;1 s 11.,ud.
Edi I It T l10 111as.
1: .. 1," rt. B11r11 ~ .
~a xe Tl ol 111.
.Ja111 <'.' 1:1 1.'s• ·ll L o well.
.J;i 111 es \\ ' l1 i l«u1 11h ltil• ·\·.
TIH>ll1'\s Ca11q1l1Pll.
.
A Ii'" ' C ,,ry.
,\I /'"'~ d Tt' 1111_y~0 11.
Tl1u111as .\l oot'l'.

l~ i1;hl 011d

S/11uf,.
1 Jnf/.i;-1!011 ·11-1{ ii l!f
l"!o rt·r·rs .

'1'11 !!. i"!l i11 '/'h1•ir S /11•11

'l'o n 1lln1udffi11 ./Joi:'.'!
A ,...,·,,11y r~( l '/1Jrr>r
'F11 tlw / )u11t/l'/i1111
'/'/1P C'ffJl'f)r
} .'/1•/1/ } ,'/ul!'f' f'S .

'/'lie 'J' !ti.,·1 /c F lr1w1•r

'J 'flf! Florrr'J"
''/'is t/, c Lust li' nsf' 1 ~/ .~i 11mJ1u 1 r

C1!Al'TF-H. X.
STUDY OF JUiETORIC. JL

PJDUJU~S.

Hli eto ri1,; al figun·s arc i11tc nLio11:tl <lcvialio11s from ll11,;
phill :tllll ordi nary mode or speaking, for tl1 c s:tke of
greater effcd. The full~)wing are the figure:; rn u:;t 1,;ontmo1tly used.

LESSON XL. - FIGURES BASED ON COMPARISON.

Simile. - A simile is a co mparison. <1efi11it cly cx pn·sscll, be twee n olijn:t:< tha t a.re not of lit e :;am c cb s:-; .
As a,11tl /if.·e ~ire Litt~ ll :-i t1al :-:ig11!' o f H. 8i1nil t• , buL ...;o :.f11 .-;/ us, sin1 il11r·

rna y 1.w use•l fo r lh e p11rpose ; ln1t. u1tly ·"1"1<
ol•j ecL8 rts lie lo111; In diff(•n.> 11 t c lasse:\ wli«11 crJ1>1par•·d, f,1rn1 :t
fi!, a11d 111:w y oth e rs

" ,J uli11 is a." ~lt •111!1"\ r a." l1i:; hrutlu•r," i . . 111 1 :-:i 111 il•'.; 1 111,
".Jolin is as :-:l enllc r as a. yo1111 g ~ apli11g," is a :-:i111il e.

!-li111il <·.

EXEl:<·t;-;E I. -

EXJ'l.AT:-; TllE r< •L L11\1· 1:-;(; l'LA:-;T

1

1·1:0\"1·: 1; 11,.;.
EXEl~ C I S E

,\]•in c: tree \\'i s li <'s l1er:-wlf a. .' l1r11l• \\ 1"" 11 111.. a x(' is at. li•·r 1.,,11 1.
P J.;_ui t :- ~ crab " ·l1t ·n· yon\\ iii, it \\"ill 11t·\· l· r L1·a r }' i]'J'i 11 :-: .
\\ ith

111111 ·

:uid

}'afit'!tl'• '

tlw

h·:1f 11(

tlw

111 11llw1T\' h t.: t ' tHllt 'S satin.

lie tli:1l \\'<Jlild It:l\'1• frnil 11111,L ,·li111J. 11 ,.. tr" '"
Ti1 1• "111: tll .. sL a x" 111:1y 1«·11 1Ji,. J,,r~ • ' ·' ' <>:ik .

.

\\"lt"r"\'•' l' :L 11 1a11 li,·1·s li.; is """' lu li:l\·•· a liifll'll- l111 sli """" Jii .'
door.

li t· ll1 :tl li:u1ill1 ·:-; :i JH""lll ·· f1· 11d ··rlr j..; :--: 1111 /H'."'i l sr 1111
C r•L ll1.\"k)'i11ill <• :<111111>,\. d i., la/l 1"~ ·: 1>h·. :11 1.J <: ud \\.'i11 , .. 11 ,J11 1,. flax.
'J 'li e t ree i .. .; Ht) sou 111._·r du\\'IJ, li nt t ·\ ·1· ry tHlt : rt111 ."' f 1_11· l 1is liatclu :l.
P ·.

l. -

11' TITE

F O LLO\\' [J'\Cl

EX ,\ :>ll'LI·:,.;

1•01 :-;T

OU'l' ]'." \VIL\.'!' THE ;-;(.\ ( lLE co:-;;-;tsT S.

J\n•l ic(• , 111:1sl. liig·li, <''1111!' t1' 1at.i11 ;; t.y,
As g:rel' 11 a ..; 1·1 11 L"rald. - . _")'. ~/'. Cul•'r itf!;e .
T ill' sails an· sc: dt .. retl ab road lilrn WPeds;
'l'l1e sl rcnq..;· lll<l ~I....; shak e lik ·~ q11i\· c.~ri11 g r cr· d ~ .

Sl1 e I old 111 <: lwr slol'y .. 11r·e ; a11d it \\·as a" if :t gr:ci 11 of eo rn 1li:1L
l1ad h• '1•11 gro< u11l and 1.> ull"d kvl tri ed l.o i11di \'id11:tlize it,1·lf 1.y :t
8L•ec ial 11arrat i ve.

100

::iT UDl.ES l.N .E N GUS !L C O~!PO::i l'.rlON.

T he A :;~yrian

"'llll •;

do1r11 lik ., a wulf 011 lJ 1....... 1·,(. 11
I .

-

r,

1'..J !} I .O Jt .

He 11 L li kl' a h lJ ur i11•,-," o:tr \\ li ic l1 lt1 il.':>· 1·11 II II . ~· Ill ·J'· () 1· t I I C OCL" l /l ·
lk11L lrn L JJO L l1 ruke 11 In·
· u l' I I I ll 11ulary [' ,ublw.
'.
• ;w"' e \\"'ts. 111 c· 1·u1111

EXEl\ClSE I. -

~\ ;-; u ll e \\'l1 v \\'ttlJ..: .. ; j 11 dn ·n1it.-; ,

~i 1nil f' ,

l1eing tlH•

' 'l'l ' 'l t

t· ss t•! :-,1'l ' t11....; . -

i llu ..; li"tliYc 1·

.

OUT

THE

llIET,\l'HO L:s

I~

T llE

EXA~ll'Ll~S .

Spare 1110111 e 11 Ls are ll1c goh.l-du st of Lirne .

A s Lee p and wate ry w o1u1tai11 rnll s apa eoe.

A lu 11·cr o f 111arld e j 11 Ji,.r lig lit,
,\ " ·:i ll .. r l>l :i .·I;, " \\' a ll .. r " 1,;1 ...
' f'IH · :. . l;tl1 ·l y \

POIYl'

l'UL LO\\' 11'G

L u11:1fdlu 1c .

'l'l1 c lo1·c iy 11wu 11 cli 111 J,s ti [' lli c s ky

101

STUDY 0 .1" RHETORICAL .Fl.GURES .

.N eccoss ity i.-; tl1e 1not.lier of i11vc11tio11.
J\ ly w i11 gi'< l l •ual , a J.ird afl oat,
Sw i111 s ru1 1111l t lie p11rl'I" p eak 8 n •1110L<'. - - / i 1wl1w1rt1t

f .u1u;f ; //1 111 ·.

...

n 111 1 ' i·I· ·· .
..
,. . , ,
. .
i~nn·, Is i ·:-: pt ~ 1 · 1 ally ad a pl (;d to pro.
t
.t111 P.-;:-; uf 11Jo11.:.:, li : :i11 d •· x pr (· ~ ... i1111 : iL is llo t .
·· ·ll . I·
Jo rec ttt1d p· l ~ "' i uJJ
l ·. . . .
. .
.
so \\ c
.ti ·lJ >led l o
• . ·~
.
Lb ' C: I .) l'O Jr1111 u 11 lll 1111a u1 11·1t1'v · · 1i 1·u ~ .. ' II ·i .
t't
•
"'
.~..; .
a 111 poe t ry.

Jl 'hittil!I'.

Tli c l1lu eliirt.l L:arries t l1c sky on l1 is uack. -

E>: 1·:1:crs1·: 11.

\\'l' i tt~ o ri ,!.;·i11; tl 111· i1·l' ll- lrnow11 s i111ilcs.
\ Vri tc siruilr·s ll .,i11g t lie n;u nes n[ a 11im als th at w e
LLb : as tli c 1}lll: or llw r.. 11llll'i11 g c:011rl it in n." : strc1wt lt
- WC;1.k.11c:-;s - 11r11·r·l't "1· - I ira \'L' IJ - lJ r 11."q uc 11ess - c~lll
- lu1 pprnc:-;s - :-;ivknc."·"·
\\ ' l1 aL is t li c h ·11c •Jf
t:ti11 ty '! (~ucitc a. si1n ilu
tier; fr o rn ~l1;i kcs p e;tl't.: .

Metaphor. - A rnl'i :Liili"r 1.-.: a ct1 1npari so 1t ,,·lii ch is
irllpli ed l1L.: Lwccn tlrt1 u lij ec ts LliaL arc n ot of tli e saiu c
c Li ."s.
A sirnilt: says tl1;1l

f~ •:i 1 d .

~ ky

:wtl 1110 1111 t.ai 11 wal l
Arc Goer s great p ic tures h un g . -

Al o ft 011

T lt or,,,111 .

1\1ctn.phor is t he mosl co mm on nntl s ponta11 eo us o( all th e f"i g-ures. ) !any
rn c taphors ean he 111ad e direc tly fro m s imi les , -

is always :--;trong-e r than th e s imil e.

in s ueh ea:-;(• til e 11w t ap l1o r
" ln ~ ra.titu de ! t lt u u li c 11 d
J11 .~raLit11d e ~ t l10 11 rn arlJl c-

Fo r exa 111 pl c ,

w i th a hr. ar t l ik e marUl e ! " is not as st ro 11 ~ as
hear te d 1krnl ~ "

11

An e xt cntl ed me tnph o r is call ed an all e.:o ry, anu in a n "" e.:ory th e princi pal sulJjecL is fret11w11lly u mincd .
EXE Ll Cf S I ~

l.L

\Vri t c a metaphor, co mpa rin g pride to a rod;: d ; t r u t h
to light; sorruw to a clonJ; w;1Lc r to t.: rysLtl; ;;unli.g h L
tu gold; li utie to ,.;u11light.
\Vri tc ori g i11a.l m ctap l10rs. Qu ote four meta1J!tors.

tl1 :LL OllC (ll1j c1·L
l" !1c undcrs looc l.

S<l\'S

.. 'f'J 1;i t

111 ~ 1 11 ~ ·"' l ikt!

"Tha t 1!1;11 1 I·"'

a

a. fux

i11

r<1X 11. 1 I.i1 s

hi.-: d1·ali11.~·~ ... i :-1 a ,. , i1uil e.
I i.. ' .1l i1 1~·~ ." i ... a J11 t! l apl1 o r.

LESSON XLL - FIGURES BASED ON SUBSTITUTION.

<

.~011 H: tin11· s a 111 c L11il111 1· i·rn1,.;i.,ls s1.111 1il\· ,,f
q 11ll11· t.
. .

·,1

•

l l';i11 ,.;lurn~ d

Metonymy. - l\Ic tonyrny 1s ;t fig un.: u( rl 1d ori c in
w l1i clt t.l1 e name of 0 11 c olijed is l'~·.t ;.· "1. : ~uwt.l'i c 1. tl 1e
t\1"0 bein g SO n;lakd t hat the mea fici:t. lif. ·Oll U 'n x:.'Ll tite

<

othe r.

. .

10~

Th e 111usl, co111111011 fo n11s uf 1ncto11 y111 y are: Ca11se Jur Pfi'ec t..

] ' lt \~ Yar i;d io11 s uf :-:_y1H__!cdud!I' an·: -

f\11" l":l ll S(l.

t;,e uf "deti11iL1: 1111111lH" r 1"01· ;111 i11d 1.: li11ilt:.

Ex. lJ<'ath fell in s lwwns ( bull e t s) .

T ill' c•J111':1i11 c r fu r

metonymy; the i1lea being th:tt the name o [ a whole
an<l of a J><Ll't :u·e i11 1.ercli:rngeal 1l e .

Ex. lie w rit es a i::ood 11a11d ( h:u1dwl"iti11 )!).

J:lfed

tl11•

Ex. Te11 tl 101 1:-;:1.11d fkets :-;wee p ove r thee in vai 11 l

thi ng 1·0 1 dai111~ d.

Th e

:'[•t·< ·i1 •:-;

fur tlit~

g1'1lll:-i .

Ex. Tli e kc·ttle liui ls (wal<·r ) .

Ex. A sel't111d D:uii1.:d co ru e to judgment.

'f'l1e ~ i g· 11 fnr 11w fl1i11g :-; i .~· 11ili1 • 1 !.

Tl 1c n1:dn i:d for tli e lli i11 g 111ade.

Ex. Til e

)'(' II

is rniglitipr tliari tht ' ~\\'or 1 1 ( i11 t cll i ~t..: ll C P rs. rorce).

Tl1e 11;u11 c , ,ran a11tli o r 1·0 r hi .-; work .' .
Ex. \\'o

rt '<.\{l

103

::;TUDY Ol<' 1-tH!!:TOltlCAL FIGURES.

STUDm::.: rN Jc:\GL l SL[ CO :ILPOSLTION.

Ex. Tlie marhl e 'peaks.

EXJ<:l~ Cl sF: l. -

Lo 11 gfel low .

EXl'LA l N THE SYNECDOCHl•: JN THESE

EX.A ~l l'Ll·'.S.
EX1,;1~CJsE T. -

TELL WIL\T Kl:\IJ OF :I II·:Tu:-; Y,\l\' IS

Y()l; :'\l) l:\ THE FOLLO \\' I:\< ;
~ t r ik e

I ·:XA~ll'LE:-> .

for your :ill ar:; an d yonr li re:;.

B ··w:i.n : tl 11! c11p.

Fift.y ,;ail arc 0 11 t he l1o ri zo11.
l3e linc la smiled , and all the workl was gay. -Pope.
Ile ,;Lands a. Saul a111ong hi s fe ll ows.

H e e m ploys a. sco re of kwds.
His lio:tn· be:1d i11 s ii1·1:r ro ll ed;
] le ~.,t., 111 ~1 .l ,;rrnH: scv1~ 11ty wi nters old . -

:)colt.

All li:.,1Cls t.11 tl1 c• p11111p;; !
Tli c: s n11 drnv e "" ind oo rs.

li e rai .'ed lii s glit,t.i: rin g st,ce l 011 lii gli .
EX J·: 1:c1,; 1·: 11. · - <;J\"J·: A:-<

EXE!W l s J•: Tl.

\\'ri te an c x:1mplc n( nwtn11y1 11,r in wh icli the 11allot.
repres e11ts the \'O!c•r, a1 1d tl1e l111lkL Ll 1e sCJ ldier. Ott e
using tlic 11an1u o[ an :L tt ll1or f11r i1is wur.ks ; !'a11:-;e fnr
effect; :-;1g11 for t liin,g· signified; co n tai 11e r for t,l 1i 1w
t' 11n tai nc<l.
~
Sy;:iecdOC'Ue. - ·-.:"' ': l1('\ d1wl1t• i,; :t. lin·11n ~ of rhdnri 1: i 11
\\'l1ich Tlic'. rt a :1: " <Ji: a 11a.rt is U··wd 'G-ir :t wliole, or tl1 e
\1·l1o~G f< 1r a p:tr!.. 1~ is n::dl )' a s pcc ializl!d fm111 uf

~Y::<ECIJUC HI ·:,

Jo:XJ\~ ll'LI •: (IF

E/\Cll

1\1;\ll 01"

El'l'llEI~ O lU GlNAL O i l t)UUTl·:IJ.

LESSON XLIL - ADDITIONAL FIGURES.
Personification. - P erso 11 i ti catio 11 co nsis t"'i iu gw111g
11nrn n. 11 feel in g n.n<l intelli ge nce tu i11a.nirnatl! thing:-;.
'l'h c: E 11 ~1 i s l1 l:i. 11 ~11:i~e is r·spcc ially n.il a1.t c·d tn pffc•cLin> pcrsoni !i cal. ion, l1•:ca 11 ;;e U re ~(· 11d t, ,. ,,r 11 0 1111 s d ev·1 1d ~ 11 pc11 1 th e ,:e x or " ·a1.t.
,,r "'"of th~ ul1j " d~ 1i;rn1 e,J , a111 l 11ul. 1q •u11 g ra.111111:tlical tli , l.i11cli1 °1" .

104

STUDLES I.!'< E;o.;GLISH

KX!.': l:t: l:·'1': I. -

Cri1 11 -visage d

ST UDY O F J:tIETORfCA L FI G u tu;s.

CO~ l l'OS I TION.

J.:Xl ' L \l'.\ T H E FO LLO\\' l:!'i (i EXA\ ll ' LES .

\\' :t r

l1a s "11 out l11; d l1is 1rri nk i<'<l front .. -

A11 1l freu d u1 11 s l1ri1·k"d "·' K u~c i11 , ku fl' ll. -

Sl"'kespe11re.

C w111•iwl/.

Tli c cu 11sc iou :; 11·:iter s; LW its L ord ;u1J l >i us lu·d. -

.1J illu11 .

l c!tai te r, t'i tat.ler "·' r flo w,
T u jui11 t!t l· l.i ri 111111i11 g ri1·e r,
For

1111·11 111 a y t.:0 1nc

a.ntl

BnL I go"" fo rei·t' I'. -

Allusion. ence m o r e or
EXEJ:CISE: I. -

mP n n1 ay

go,

T e1111.'I·"'""' flrook.

1\ l l u:;i(ln is a11 l1isLurical or l i lcmry r efe r-

TH E

FOLL<l \\' l )ll;

\\' l\t' l1 I 11·a,; r1 beggarl y boy
:\ nd li1·1·d i11 a ce lla r tla111 p,
1 !tail 110!. a fr ie11t! ur a toy ,
B11L I l1 atl :\ la ddi11'H la 111 p. -

Tl ll'V we re swifter Ll i;m ea :; ll·s; tli ey \\'ere s!.r<l11 ;; .. r tli:tii li· · 1 1 ~':

1 ,,,1 1

.

Hvrc t1 lttol! l11 e e 11 il;:tlll c1l Ltn 11 1· r:< st."'"1,
Allll iirt:tl t!te slio l li carrl ro1 t11 ll tli 1: 11·t1rld. -·

ALU TS I.O:::>S .

LESSON XLIII. - STUDY
l .01ce//.

.,r

a. s 1t c l'l'='·" 1<>11 nf \\·on [:;, or !' ia 11 ses, i11
,; u cli a \\'<l.)' Ll 1;tL tli c 11T a.kc,;t. rn <ty ,; Lw ll Ji rst ; <t11d tl1 a.t
val'l 1 i11 L11r11 may ris1 · i11 i111pnrL1 111 ·t: and 111 aku :t tl <· (•pe r
1111pn·,;,;11 111 0 11 t lw 11 1i11<l i11<111 t l1 aL wltit: lt p rt'l'. t'<lcd it.
i\ nt i-cli 11laX n: n: r~o s tlte onh.:r: this i::; ofLe n usell i11
li1 1n10ruu::; writ i ng-s .

r Cfl. 111(' .

EXl' L.·\ I-:-;-

T ll E

HlLLO\V l ;\U

J·:XA'.111'1.l·:S .

L n. w i lh a. 111011r11f11l

Hyper bole. - l l.\'lwil1••ll' i,.; < ·x a~·g,. r ;1 t io11. IL i,.; ,;0 111e li1111 "" n ;r_y effr 1· ti1·l·. 111 1( ,; f1•111ld lw 11 st·d sp;iri1 1g· l.1·.

RHETORICAL

li \\ P llw voi1 ·c ur a. v; 1.:-; t,

co 11 ::; r1· ~ a t. i oll .

l .1111 ;1,Ji-Llou: .

1111 I. li t· I l" : fa '" 11·i I,, ;u 1• l 111<' t1 011·,.1· .
l\ l u:;L clwri , \wd s i11 n : Iii ~ 11alal l1 0 11r.

*

*
*
~
*
ll"•·, t j11, , \\' as ~ t.n 1 \· k , and day l>y day
;1:; will1 e red u11 t lil' s t;dk a.\\'ay. - IJ:1m11 .
0

\\

Th e see p I re sl i;d I i1 0L 11.- parL fro 111 .J 111.la \1. -

r

/ >ut1·i1-I.: // ,~ 11r.'I.

So lll H I

SulL· i11i ily a11 s 11·e rt'1 l llu; t>1· e;111. -

I S ;tll'. c01 1q 111 ·n•d.
«<H1c: o rd was J.,., t. fri e 11d sli ip was lost. fit! e lil y was losL,
l ih, •rly ll'as los t-. - all ll':ts los t.
'\\·,. ha.v" p<'L ilin 111 ·d. \\'t· \i;i1't• rf' 11 1un s tral 1,. J. we li ~1· ., su1•1>l icale <l ,
the i l1r1>1ll'. -

or

Th e 'i"al il y u[ 111 1· rc:y is i1ol. strai11t'< I;
It. tlrn1•1 •el1 1 as t he f;"1dk ra.i11 frn 111 l11 ·a1··.•11
l :po11 Ll1c l'lace l1t·11t·all 1. - .'ihu/.:e.<f l<'t tr t-.

/;if,/,•.

Soon :ts 1111• ,.,·,•11i11;.'. skul es prn1·;Lil,
Tli c 11 11 lo11 t ak"s 1q 1 1111~ wonclrous !.ale,
,\ 11 1l ni ,.·litl v In tl1 1i list1· 11i11 g 1-;trt\ 1
J: , • p1·a l~~Jl1 <; sfr1ry o f l1>·r 1.irt.\ 1. - Ar/tli.<nn.

Sit HT

W 4' l 1a n J pru . . . tr:d i· tl ~ 1 11 1':"1i · h· 1· ...; l11•f11 r e

or EXAMPLES
FIGURES.

Point out and expla in the figur es in these exa mpl es .

Climax. - ( 'l i1 nax, nr ll1\· rl1<'t.nric<d ladder, is the

1. -

f c' 1111 ·rs11 11.

E :o;. Then Elijah da itl lo Lite prut•li cb o[ l\;1al , " Cry al1>11.\, f,.r

lo udly o f llie 111 isd t:< :•b o[ f!1t.: la1111i.

EXEH.C TS t·:

{' .

Irony . - - frn11 y is la 11 g1utge tl taL, Ltku1 lilcr;d \y, ex· 11i e:t.
• nt
Tlte l o11c or
p ro,;st :s t 11c c11 11 Lrary o [. w l 1a t· l='
·
lll <t ltl1 e r u[ tl 1t: spt::tk e r ::;h ows t.1 10 m c :t1111 tg .

The w1, Jf, i11 ordl' r In j 1i'L if_y h is i11 ti·11dt!d slau;; li te r, co1 11[tlai11 ed

arra 11 g«; T11\:ll L

EX l ' L A l :S TllE FOLLO \V! :SG ][\'l'l·:i: 110LJ<:s .

lLe i:; a g:o1l."

less !li s lind.
ISX l 'LA IX

1•: xE t : c 1 s 1~ 1. -

A t!t .. 11 s~t 1 ,.1 sli;d\ f:tll a l. t hy ' it! ,• : ;u 1.\ 1"1 1 t l111t1,at1•l al 1111· ri:.J1 t
}1 :111d , h11i,

it

;-;\1 a ll

11 • ~1. i'. tJ ltl'.! 11i ).::h 1111 •1· . -

C i1·1; 11S Liiis .J ay om dail y brt·ad. -

J: /f,/i' .

/; i/,/,,.

lf)tj

Jo:;-,<( ;J,i:-;!f COl\I l'OS J'l'lO N.

i':>'J' U DIES 1 '4

[J nw s \\·eet tJu,
(:i1· e t:\"t·ry

l 11 00 11

11i;w

J"1;.:·It
1 s I1·1•ps 11po11 l j 11'· ha nk. -

t l1i111• 1·ar. b11L fcw tl11·
1·u ii· l' ·
,

Su ffer 11ul •1·1>t1l» •·h·o·s

tu

·

·..I·

"\
. · '·ff
} ' I( 1Ill'/,
•' fll','J. / l

Sl.a11.J s t.i['ltH' 0 11 tl11 , 111i st 1· 111 1>1 11it ·1in t 111·
•

•

I

Tltt· <: ra 1· F" r1· .>I l·:a;.:·11·
is k i11 D•" uf 1i 11· s1-'
".
·
• ' .1 ·

Hor n at 1~ o rt l :111d , ~ I i• . , Veit. '.!7, 18Ui.

Ea ch pupil should have a complete copy of Lon gfe llow's poems.

~

· , . / ),'

.

,\·f rr1 ' /.

•\11 .\ uste rlilz is ll (IL ll e; 11-.·11 '.s sl: u11p .. r "l'l ' '"''·al.
.ll i/1,, 11 •

tr ia l l 1vt'ur1 · l'il :tlc. l1i .-; a;-;1..·e 11l 11p Cah·a ry, l1 i... cni l' itixid 11 ,
d ,·:tllt. - ll" i//iu111. Jl"ir/ .

EX:Er:c1~1 ·:

T. -

~T lJD ¥

0 1-' HALLAT> S .

Class sho uld read ca refully these ballads , a nd be prepared to
an s wer ora lly the questions below .

Th e Sk dPto n in Armur.

lf f ~ t !11 ·11 1irc w a pi 1·lun~ of il 1i• s11 !f1·ri11 g:-: 11f 1111 r ,....; ;1\· in iir ·

;u 11 ~

Tl 1c \\.reek of th e l lcspcru s.

Tl1c Lu ck <1f Ed Pnktll.
T lie I·: ll'dl'u l\:1 1i:;h t..

~i i..;· lit' ...; :-:il\·,·n· vail !11111 6 low,

011 .Jnr.l :u 1's l1c).'-'Ol 11. ~ ll" i/lis.
' 1'1· 111l er-li: 1111l1·1I g ra~p I ill' 111· l llP, a111)

J111·t tk~

,if· jJi,.

A tl 101 1sa11 · I

pf

1·l1:i11 ;.::1·s

.

it sti 11 g·:-i Yo ll f11 r , .01 1r i iat i~ s;

a11.J iL ;-; 11fl. a: :-; i.lk n· 1111 :in s.

01w S • · 1• ...; w i1l1 i ':t <' h 111111d l1

S W L' t ·I

STr; ny OF J\[ fT1JORS.

]) it.•.l at Ca 111l;ridge , \Lui/'\., \larc h :t-l, 1'°11'\'.! .

u11ls id1· of t li e ei!r llo 1•1·1 ·ry wli Prc .

:0-:l'" r l tl 1a t w r i11l; Jv t] C'a 1-. • tl 1·rido·:-:.
. \ 11 .I La11 t:hl1·r l11 ildi 11 ,:_: l 1ut l1 li is s i•l \'s . -

( ;ra:-- l' iL lik 1 • a 11 1a 11 11(

f-,

1·
·,.,
d
/llf,1
'."/ll'(l l' C .

:-.. - -

\\ ~ i t It slo n 1 1-d ;1ri1 1 .~· pinio 11 a11d s u11 ~g· a z i 11 l!,· C\"t'

'1'1 10 \\'al e rs sl<' Jd.

f(

LESSON XLIV. - HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW.
/ ." " !J.l'elloil'.

:\i .~ hL"' ··:i111l l1·s art> 1•111·111. o ut. a 11d jo1·1 1111 1 J>a y

t.I"'

l',

(' lfAPTEH, Xl. -

l' lucb t h <: old 111 a11 l•y ll1e l11 ·ard . -

i.s llll t

l;

!t·11d r 11 e ..\"ollJ"L"tl'
s
\' / ll ( /.',( ','.jl f.: (l/'1'. ,_.> !I,
•
· .- ,

Y i> :-;, tl 1t! y1· :tr i." g rowi11 .~· vl d
.·\ 11d hi s •·Ye i,; ]'" "' ;ll!il bk:tr1· d ·
l>1 ·all1 11·itl1 :fr rn•ly hand a111l l'o 11l '

< >l.1·1111•11 .s

107

Sh a kesp i•r1 re. /:,,

'ii Il l k1 t' S jJ t ' fll" t' .

-

lie lJf' t' t"L\·,·d
11·1' t l1 .,' J·\. 1··"·'·· ' .

Fri end:-:, I:1~111 ;11 1 :-: .c1J1t11try1
11 e 1 1 '
•

ST lJ l>Y O F AUTHORS.

111 ; 111Y-Lu. ·t·d

l11·:t11 ly

\·i·ar 1

::l'Jl''a r. ~

() 11 -,.n .l/,•r ,'diih .

\\" l1aL l1as lli i: gra.1·-li;1in·d J>i·i .'-'Oll!'l" .]" 111 »!
11 ;1:-: 111 11 nl1·r :-i l :1i ned Iii ...: l1a 11.t ... with g"•Jre?
.?\ o t so ; Ii i,.; 1·r i111 1· is <L fu 1d1 ·r 011t• -

c; , ,.J 111ad1 , 1111 · .,]d 111:1 11 )"""._ -

,

JJ'/,,·111,,,-.

:\ n11n11 111-.»I J,_,. a ll 11,.. 1r111111,, ·t" ,,r 11,., " k 1·
.\ rr i'" ''' Ili c· :-:-1 11,w. ;uH! dr i, i11 ~· 1 1' 1· r t lw fi t:l1I.-;
~lT IJI S ll o\\' ll t l'I ' fu ali:. ;; Ji t. - J..'111 crs u11.

·wi.at i .~ a ballarl ? ll o w was tl1 c p oe 111 Th e Ske/elo>t i11 Anno •·
"u gg-cs l l'll 1.n Lo11gfL> lluw '1 " "l1at. is t. li e 111c:,lli11g of \'ik i1 1g ? sk:tld '!
,.;:i ~ a'! skoal 9 \\" hat. Lo we r is rdcrrcJ to ill lh e po.-11 1'! Xote Ll1 e
s i1 11i l1 ·s ill t},., ]'"1·1 11 . ll uw 111 a 11 y sy ll:tlil e ~ i11 ,·;u·l 1 l i11 1: o[ tl11'
:;la11z:L b c ~ i1111iu g, '' I \\'as a \ ' il.; ing L1 old ' ''!
\\' hi<'l 1 01a·s ar 1 ~
a cce 11 t.e d '! l\" l1i(·h li 11f•s rh y1 11 c ? Il nw m a11y s.1·1lahk, i n e :tl'h line
of ti"' iirst sL:illza uf '/'/,e ll"rerk o{ tl• e Jl e,1wrns ? \\" li:it c irc u 111s t.:u1 cps s u t; .~e sle d 1.l 1is l'"'' lll '! \n,i clt lin es rhy1 11 e '1 11 "". 111 a11y
figur<' S ill 1111 : seerJ1 1>l slam.a.'' \\"ha t a re t.l1P1· '1 \\"hN<' is th e
Sp:u1i sl1 i\lai11 ., "\\'ha t. is :i skiJl l"' r '! \\"h:1t a'll11 s io11 i11 lJ, i, pue 111?
1:-: tl1 1·re :i11 y Jii,l n ri1':tl }>: i,;is f,,r '/'/10 [ 11,.k '!f h 'r/ p11/i11 //? \\"l1 :it \\':\ S
tl 1e l111"k '! \\"li:1 t i:-: :1 F .. 1111tai 11 Spr ik '! \\" )1 0 <111ce )1» l i, ~ n·d in
t lll' 111 '! \\"li:i t 11 1:1 k.-s :t ki11 .l <•f re frai11 t o t l1 e 1"''' 11 1'! ,\ r(' tl1•·ri:
a11 _v s l.:11l'l,:i s in '/"/,.• /-."/.-!"In/ /\ni.'11.t tl1al am w itl1 u 11 I. r i1 _y 111 l'S '!
\\ "l1i l'i1 ol tl1e [o ur l'"''1 11 s du yo u l ik e th e best 'I

108

ST U DH;S I N" E;-.;"(;LlSH

EXEilC l S E 11.-J:E ,\ D T llE

CO ~ll'O S lTlO:\.

FPL LO\\" I:->G 'J' ,\LES OF A

\\"A\" ~I J>l •;

1::\:\.

0

l'aul 1:v\·p1·t· s ·1: idt' .
T ill' F:il•·o11 o[ ~ e r F t·dC' rigo.
I\ ing l\obL• r t of' :-i i ,, i!.1· .
Tl1 c l: l·ll o[ ;\ t r i .

Tiu• Lc· ~ · ·1Hl n l' .l\:il1l1i l\t' ll L1 ·\· i.
ol' C:1r111i ll 1:111.

'l.'ht~ J: :1 ll:1l1

Tl"·

L <'.~ • 'll•l 1:1 ·:wtif11!.

Ea <:h me111l•er of tl1c 1·lass sl1nu l.J 111• al.Jc to gi \·<' ora lly tl1c sl.ory
iL...: ti ~·nrt\:-:,, it s i1i :-; tu r ic a l :uid g-t~ i1 grnt•hi ca l :i!Ju,io11 s : t1•Jli11g the rn1rnli e r o f sylLtl1les in ": u;l1 li11" of
lhe fir st ~L:rnza. I lic: 11un1 l•cr o f lin es in ll 1:tl. s ta11za , :u1d whi1·l1 li n1·s
rl 1y111e . \\" 110 s"11L !'au! J: c\'C·rc Oil his ride'! Did J: c \·c' rc lii 111s1;lf
ruach Co11c or1l 'I Tl><J real na111c of Ill\' XorLh l'l 111 rcl1 is C hri,,t;
Ch u rch , a11d ii. ,,Lill s l:111ds Oil Sa!P111 S trt'l'l. \\"hy \\"Cn· the Britis h
sold ii' rs calle.J H•-.c:;ulars 'I llcd t:!l:tls '! l locs the E11 gl i>h a rn1y ~till
\\'e: tr re1l ? l\'J tl'I"!' is the .-\ m o'! I [ow Ja r'-'' ' is it '! \\"11 aL is "
f:tkon 'I \ \"l1a l t i1 11i' of y1 ·ar is iJ, in tin• ] "Jc l11 , T llf• F11 /n111 rf Ser
F e1INir;11 :' \\" l1al. is tl1 1• Ta l111 11d '! \\' hat i·o 1111lry i., .\ ll,·1 ll :1i11e 'I
IVl 1aL i,- Ll1t' :'d:i ~11i lil':d. ., \\'111•1"1' 1l n \\'<; fi1t.! it'! \\"l ,o fi rs t. r1·J1t':lli'd it.'J \\ ' l1al. d:Ly is IL >I.\· T l1m., .Jay '! \\" haJ, l;i11d , ,fa fl'sl iva l
is E:tsl.er, fix 1·d or 111 .. 1·ahl· · ? \\"l1:d, is Ilic A11 gr·l 11 s '! \\"1 11·rr• is
!-'Lral sunt!? \\'1 10 is l\ l:1i•ulern1:111 '! Lr:trn al, l1•:1 s L f1\·o S!'\1•e lions
fr on 1 these poe1 11 s. Fi11 cl a11tl copy al least fo ur Ji g u res of rh e tori c.
o f 01 ie o( tl1 cst• pue 11L". u oti ug·

LESSON XLV. - STUDY
EXEI:c1:-;1-: 1. -

or

EVANGELINE.

l'Al:T Till<: F l l:ST.

Pupil s should r ea d the poem carefully , and b e prepa red to answer
th e fo ll owing qu est io ns.
\\' lll'r<' is 111 <' J:a , i11 of :\ l i11:. , ·1 1\"li:d ,J.. ,.s <: ra :id !' 1·1'. 111 e :u1 ?
\\"ho \\"ere th" Aca.!ia1is '~ 111 ll'i1at. year \\"ere tl"' y r<'lll(J\"•:d 'I Hy

109

STUDY 01" AUTHORS .

whom was the rcmo\·al mad e? IV !.:1t ch a rges w ere 111aJc against tl1e
A c:ttlia 11 s a s a r easo n f o r the ir rc• n1 0 \·a l '! A re t.11 0,;c charge.' s1 il>stautia t.,cl by lii s l.ory . F1·1>111 \\"])1) 111 did L on~·fe ll ow gr·t I li c· i.\ .. a
of wri t. i11 g- U1i s p oc 1n 'I L<'arn the i11troduetion. I low 111:u1y "·' ll :tbles i n each lin e '! Il o w 11.:u1 y ac:cenlf'< l syllahl•·s? Ol.1 s•·1·1·e t l1al
no lin es r hy1lle. \\' h P11 L11 erc an: s ix accn1d c• 1l syllal>ie s i11 a li111 ·.
t.h e 111 t'as11 rc is called l1f'x:rn1 cte r. T!ii ~ i8 a n u 1111 s11al 111,.a ;; 11r 1 ~ ill
E 11 g li s l1. \Vli o w e re Ilic !Jrnid s? \\'h a t. n early nl•,olelc word do
\' O \l fii ttl in t lw i11lrotl11ctiu11 'I !-'c:\ect. s i x si llli1" s , f111 1r 1111·l :tphors.
~w o ex :tn 1p ],•s of 111eto11y 111y, two o[ s y n ecd owl11 -. f,>11 r all11 s i1 )11S.
J\fak1: s<'ll' c lions \\"l1 ic: l1 ok;;c;1·ih1: j>l:t1'es, t•ersons; wl1i ,·l1 n·lat "
sl·ori1's; 11arr:de ev1· 11Ls. i\:u11 L: lh e characters i11 I.h e poc11 1s a11d the
r elatio n they bc::i.r each oth e r.

EXl':RC lSE IL -

l'A I'..T TITE SECOND .

\ Vhat is J'art Sccc1 nd th e slnl'\" of? \\" i11'rc \\"•' r•' Ilic .\eadian '
tak.·i 1'/ \Vh at chantct(• rs o [ l'arl I;ir.,t. a re fo1111d i11 l'a r t :-:1·co111l '1
O bse l"\'C Lh e ,J,.ser iptio n of t.11(: ;\li ssi,-s ippi. \ \"li:t l rin•r is 1·:ilJt"l tlll'
H e:wliful lt i1·cr? \\' hat J.irtls arc >ll l' ll liont"l i11 ] 'art. :-:L'c"11•! '!
\\' h :1t t. rers '? \\" hat flnw c r., ., 011., en·c •'SJ•C<"ially tl1" l .. ·ant if11!
d Psrription o f t h e pr:tiri e s - tllt' .J es u it 111i ss ion - Lhc i1ilir111 ary ,,[
Philade lphi a - Lhc 1k:t!.h of Cal>r iel.

LIST OF SUBJECTS FOR WRITTEN EXERCISES.
T he Slorv 11f the P11c1 ll .
Tli e l'ro 1~o r l i o n o[ Desc ri pt io n t.n Xarra tio n.
The C haracte rs o f Lh c P oc lll.
Hhelorical F ig1m"s of th e l'oem .
Tl 1e Fl om>.rs o f E va n gel in e.
Th e B irds nf Ern11 gc li ne.
J111 pn·ssio 11 nf I li e l'!le 111 as a \\' J1olc.
'Ti s t r111!1 that l

'.

~peak ,

Ilatl Th enl..'. ritn s writt en i11 Ell g li ~ l1 , 11ot (;n·1·k,
l hclicY1~ tl 1aL his exqui:-.ilu l"CllSC wou ld :-:.earn· 1·l 1:u1g(· a lin,...,
11 1 th :lt rar e, t r ntlt•r, \· iq~ in-lil< e pa:-' lo r:tl E \·:u q.:-1·li 111 ·.
T l1:tL's 1111t an c i e n t. no r 111m.l1 •r1 1, i ts p lan· is ap:nL

' Vll ere tim e has no s way, in th e realm uf pure Art.
.!uni 1·s H 11.>:. .... 1 /l

/ .11wd/.

110

STUDY OJ<'

S'l'l ' lJIES IN ES 1_;L[S ll l 'U> lPOS l'l' ION.

LESSON XLVL - GENERAL STUDY OF LONGFELLOW.
1-:x 1 ·: J ~ ( ' ISF; J. -

l )l:AI . EXJ·: 1:c 1s 1·: !"!'():'\ S i·'. LE l " l'l() :\S FJlO M

J.U:'\ C: J-"FJ.L• i w' s 1·111-:.\IS .
?\nTE. - For thi s tXP rei:.;e t lH·n· sh on ld lie a:-.si~· n c d 111 eal· h m e mber of
Iii.'· 1:lass eit li 1· r a :-:i 11 .~ l u p •11 ·r11 u r a .t: r111 1p u f p rn_.'111 s. F u r ~x: u 11 pl e, 1111 e
1111;..:lit tak e 'J'/1(' J',,/,·1\-.: ''. /flu' .X/:1hl; a11nlli L· r. tlt e J•Ot~ llJ." f: ft f/ir• ,...,·,.,,,'\idt: ;
;i1 1otlier , J lu t/t1u·i :··:11/lff•t111Hs: :u1 d s o 11n. Tlil' p r t'parat i1111 cd t li u exe rd s t~ !-i lu 1uld lw 1 l1o r11u;.:.l1 . 'J' l11· p• )1• 11l 11r 1 11 11 •n1 ~ slioultl IJc :-:I ndi l'd 1111 UI tliey
aru well k110w11: if a g'l' ••Hp, f'at'li 1101·1 11 s li t 11tld li t~ t r e a ted b y itself·
it:-: st d •jt·i' t .!. !-i\·1· 11 ; a sli;..:111 :-:k1 •td 1 qf it. tl1" 111• ·:t s ltr• ·: it s rii<·l <•ri t·a J
H.:.: 11n•s; i ts all11 ....;io 11s l'Xpla i nl'd: its esp,·1·i: tl t·xc· 1·ll 1·n 1·l·s· 111 a r ked ; and
q111 1t atio ns 111adL· frorn ii. TJa· p•u•111 111 :1.\· IH· 1'1Jn 1par1·d lu sittiilar iwcn is
••f ~•1.lil'r a u thors, lll' to 11ll1t.:r p11P1 i 1s of l .1111'..!' f1·ll 1•\\" .
All this slw11Ji l lit• put t11.:..:-1·llH" r \\'itl1 a . .; 1111wl1 ski ll a s t«id i S J H~ a ki· r
pq -;s1·....;s es, a11d liri ~h kn t..'d 11.'· a s m111'!1 wil and \,· ~1 n.i1q.~ a . .; pqss ild e . Tl i f~
KJ wa ht·r s lwttld k 1·1·p a.11t ' :l s~·1 ·111 1 \·1· r s:1 l i 11 nal 111111· a n d 111 a 111 11 .r th roi ig h out.
itlld !Jp J'l'1·par1·d lo :tll '\ Wt ' l' <jlll::-Olit1/IS jJlll, hy tiiff1•J't'llt llH' ll il11 •r s (tf t he class
at th e close of 1 lie ('XC'ITi SL1 •

i11<· -:-; i:;li t.

l\t:r:u11os.
~ U ll .~..!,'S .

ih lliP Firi• s i.J,-.

Hy 11 .. , """ ·' id ...

Th e ,\la,1111<' o f l':llld o ra.
J'oC' 111 s 011 S la 1·l' ry .
J\rMil11ri :-; :Ji11l a11111 ~ .
Hir1b of l':i>s a g 1• iliril s ,,f l' a ,s: 1 .~· ,. -

111

L ITE OF LONGFELLOW .

S h o r t sl•etcli cs o f Lo 11 gfe ll"w's Ji(e 111ay be fo11 11<l i11 S choo l
H Padl'r~. Li t.c rat. nres, a n 1l E11 cyclopa\dias . 111 .Jan 1es ltu%t·ll L owell's f .'u /,[,: j(,,· C ri fir's is :ui appr ec iative c r iti c is m of L o11gf,.Jlo w.
11 1 St.l~d1 na11';-; .11111,•rir·,ui 1'oels hi :; e haracLer ist ics as a. writer arc
c learly µ;ivc 11 . Th ere a rc Ji ve8 o( l.0 11 gfe llow 1.iy Fra11 c i ~ II. L.,1derwootl. \V. Sloau e K e 1111 cdy, G eo rge Lowe ll A11 st. in. Ab o, /,if<: wul
L <'llers, h y Jt ev . S:unitn l l.ongf1 ·ll ow .
Tl1 e poems, 1lf!I L o.<! 1'011th, F ool.<I PJ>.< 11/ A11f1els, T he I 'J.i/,/n· n ·.,
/ lo!lr, :wd ,lf,1rit111·i Salt1!11111u.,, co 11t.ai11 p e rso 11al all11 .; iu11 s.
Fro111 th ese var io us so urces t h e rne 111be rs of the c lass s h ould
give :1 sketch of his li ie and hi ~ c ltaracte ri sL i.:s as a writ.e r. Thi s
1nay be t•iiltl' r or a l o r wri t te n , a1 11l sl1o ult! be e 11 live 1H·d lJy i11 c ide 11 l
:rn d an ecd o te, a11d s h o nld Hot lie s i111pl y a <lry n arrat.iun of facl:.:.

LESSON XL VII. - QUIOK WORK UPON LONGFELLOW'S
POEMS.

LIST OF SUITABLE SELECTIONS .

V o icf's of

EXERCJSt•; l L -

AUTHORS .

l"li g l1 t. tl1P. Fi1·s t..
Fli g lil l1 1.- S eco11d.

l .ung-f1•llow is pr<ih:dil~· tlH' rn n-.:t pnp11/ :ir pn<•t 11 f tho ,., 111 ntrY .
'f'Ji e
l''.'e;1d ll1 o f hi."' sy 111p:1tliy, lli1• Y:tl'if'fy of Ii i...; :1 1·qui .-;i 1io11 -; , 11 11 : p la:•;lit-ity of
111 :. .; ir1.1a g i11a tion , !Iii~ vividn 1·:-.:-o of Iii~ ima:.:·i·r.\·. 111~! eq ual iry. llii · li ea ul y, .tl~o
IH'l!t' l li ' £· 11 ct~ of l1is di s p11 ~·.:it in11, 111a k1! lli111 1111i\l'l'."': tlly : 11rra i ·1ivi· a 111.I llll ive rs :tll,v intt·liigihl 1'. Eal'll or Id .. .; 111 i11o r JIHl'Jn;-\ j...; j\l'l'\':td1·d 11\' ll JI C tlHl ll •··ii1
a11d Ila :-; th a t art i•.q ic· n11i1r whid1 1·11111t's fn1111 t lie t·t·u 11 0111 .it· Il se o f ;k l:

Each pupil should complete the followi ng exercise u nder the
eye of the t eacher.
C irn :1 q u otat ion fr u 111 Lo 11 gfe ll o w .
7\'a 11 H~ a, f:L \'OriLe poc 111 .

Tr•ll fro 111 \\'hat l'oe m q11olation s read liy t.li e tenclwr a re taken.
Na 111 c l.l1 P poe 111 s w ri t.te n in h exa nwte r ve rse.

1\ a 111e 0 11 e poe m writ.te ll in t.e tra111ete r verse (fu11r :tl'C•• n t.f'd syllal1l cs i11 a li ne).

L,1 111 ,._

Nam e poems wi th r e frai11s - narrati\·e I oc m s - u1'sc riplive
p oe1ns - poPms wit.Ji nwrals att.acl1e d .
N a111 e a dra111al ic p o" m - a J, ,l]J:td - a w ng - a. n :li g io us poe111
- a poC lll of fr ie 11d s h ip - of cJii Jdh oo<l.
Ci\·e th e stor y o f a 11 y poem r e n1 en 1be retl.

1•\"1•111. a person. i..; :t1111usl Hl1ri \· a \J,., J. I i i,..; 1·n111 111a11d nr lll:tll y l lldl'l' :-1 , (':l•· li
ad:t1i11·d to his :-q w1·i:tl s nli j~ · i·t , s Jiqn :-: ;il-.11 111• \\" arti ... 1i1·: 1lly IH,' 11 s 1..,. :-; oillHl to
n· -c..: 11 fu1-ee \ ' i siu u, and ::;ati :":if.Y tlic i: ar wliilc pl ea s i n g tl 1 1 ~ t •yt.:. - 1rJiipJii<'.

NoT 1r:. - l11 on lt· r t ha t. tlii .~ ex<'rc· ise m ay h a.n~ it s g- r1 ·a1est v:ll 11 e it sho11\l l
lrn n.h.-;o lu1 e l y qui c k \\'ork, tliP da ~s 11 ot, k11 ow i 11 g l1c fo r e lia11d wli;lt lh t·y will
i..e a s k ed to du. lt nay be e i lher wrill.c u or oral.

111:tl e r i: d . Tile ll y 11111 /1> t/11' .J\' i:1!1t, A J' s•i/11 1 ,~/ /. 1/r ·, Tiu· ·' 'kl'/l'/fJn in
. ·l ri1~ 0 1', '/'/u_· J'f f!, r.1 11' J:l11 1L.'i11 1ifli , ; ind 1d/wr ,1f his n1i11or p1k1 n ...; lianJ f, 1111 11 1
a lodg 111 1· n t i11 t. h t· 111 P ru o r ~· of 1• \"(• r yhr1d.\·. : 11 1d it wi ll hi· fonnd I.hat tli ri r
ek11·111 c·1111sis1:-: in 1J11·i r 11rii l,\' ns w1 ·l l ;i ..; tli1·i r hl'alll\' , thar 1Jn·y a n ! as
lll!ll'h J1n r•1n~ . c-n1Hp!t·!1· i n 11! .. 11 1:-:1• 1,· , •...:.

;1,...;

1'.'r11ll,'/flill•1 {,;. }/ ir1lf·•t1liu ·.

f ,•Jlo w's pnwf• r of p i1·111riu .:.:· I P 1h1 · 1•y p ;111d tl w I1t i11d a

.i:u·e. :~ 1
1

!'\j"('Jti·, ; 1 '

112

STUl>ll·:s ' '

i'::\GLr~11

(_; ()~IJ' OS !Tl ON.

STUDY

LESSON XL VIII. - NATHANIEL RA WTHORNE.
B o rn at ~al«· 111 , \far"i. 1 .July -l, J~O.l,
Pil·<l ut l' lymq11tli. S.ll., ~lay]~•. "l8f).I_

Tlifl r c is l lawtlinrnr. with g<·nius ~<> sliri11ki11~ and r aro
Thal y< 1 11 li :i r dly at lirs l sec tlio s tn·11~1h that is there;
A franw so rolrn st , with" Ha tu r c so sweet,
~o can 1f•s t, sn gr:u.;l'ful, :;;o solitl, so tle t• t,

J:; wurt.il a d t:Sc L·111 front Uly111p11 s to m cct. - Ja111 t•s R11 ssdl f 01nell.
1

EXEl:C!SE 1. -

STL'J)Y OF Tl lE JJo u:m OF SE\'l~N

<;AHL ES.

Eac h pup il s hou ld read the story, and be re ady to a nswer the
following qu estions.
Tl1is sto ry is ca! J,,d :i r o111 :u1 c<'. \\'!ty? \\ 'h at is tlw dilfo re 11 re
111•l.wc('11 a ru11i:11H·e a11tl a 110\·l'i '! \\' as till' ll o n .~e of St:vc•n <:aules
ft n' al li on se o r :t ,1 rn c lur1' n[ ti"' i111a;;i11:d.io11'' J),):;c ril>c it. Jlia 1ne
tl 1e pri11cipal 1,;haracLc rs i11 the- liook . (;j,·c Sl'lecLio 11 s whi ch ch aracte ri zl' c:tcl 1, l'il hl'r i11 p c r,;011a.l :tp]'•'arn11ee or i11 co11t.l11cL; e.g. ! !cp
zib:th, .J11 clg'(~ l'y 11 f'li('f)t 1, Clifft1rcl, l'h Lt'h<'. and llnl g r:1n-. <:i\'c se lect inns whi c h tl cscr ihL' plact"'; ~.g . the g:n<len, lkpzib:ilt's shop , etc.
\\' !t :it. Wt:rn tlic rr·l:d.io11 s l•"l. \\'f'<'ll .)ll dg'f• !'•: 11 .. !1eo11 a111l l'liffurtl?
" 'hy wn11ld IT1 •pzih:tlt n'e C'i ,·,~ n ol lti11 .~· fro ;n IH·r c1111 si11 ? \Vlt a.t
n1:tk es the d csf'l' i}'ti nn of .l11rl ;;c l\n cl1eo11·s tle:tll t in Lit e parlor so
i111press iv,,? Ex[•hi11 1fq>1.ikili's and ClifToril's llighL.
LIST OF SUBJECTS FOR W RITTEN EXERCISES.

l Lt'l·t ltorne's DC'script in11s o[ l.'e rso 11 s .
H is D1"ni1· Liun s nf !'lac(';.
The ltt1plil'1l i\ l y,IPry o[ lit " St<ll'y.
Trow far the Story i., d <• rir1•·l frn111 Rt•al Li fe.
1111pr<'ss ion of IJ1t, ~ lo1·y ;i ,, :t \\ '! 10],~ .
The sc~11c n [ '/'/11• //n us•' <•t' S r• •'<'" r;,,1,i,.," l>y :\ath!llli~l ll awt h ornc is
Lt irl in the ol il r11ril:uii1· fO \YIJ. /\f S :tl ••1 11, and •'X !;•11d~ f rom th e JH·rim l of ~h~
w i teh 1;raft t ~ x1 · it1 ~ Ill1 ; 11 t. tn t l11· pr1·.s1·11L li11w, 1·n111H· 1· ti1 1 ~ tlw l q,:-t~nds of t he
:i11ci 1·11t s1 1pt• rst ilio11 with lllf~ n·c·1 ·11t 111a rv l'l s of a1ii111al 111a g- 11 C' ti sm, :ual
affor di ng- f11ll ~1·1t1H1 f.) r I J, r, i11d 11! ,:. :. +•1H'(' of lit e rnnst w c ird au d sombre fancies.
111 no furnwr pr1)ductiu11 of his pen. a r e his 1111ri,·allr:d pow1•rs nf d cxf·tiptio n dispLlye1l to Uctter advanta~c.
Tlw ru s t y woo r1c n h ouse in .Pyncheon
Street., with its RCvt: n s harp-pni 11t cd gal des, a111l ii.s l111 gc du ."\ l en.•d ch in111 cy
- t he old elm tree befo r e th e .Joor - the i;ras,;y yard seen thro u;;lt tho lat-

Q[•'

113

A UT J-IOHS.

ti cc- ff'n ce , wilh its t'normous fertil ity o f U11nl ucks, a n_il t.ll c ):!.rr?n m oss on
! h e sl opes of tl1 1: roof, with the tl ow t:r s g- r ow i11 g- alof t 111 t111: _a1 .r Ill tli e. uon k
Ji el WCC ll two o( t he g-;Llil es, prese nt :t pit.: l lll'C to t l1 C <.•yo a s di st lllt ' l :.l~ I ( O llr
child h ood llad lJcc n pas~c d in 1b e shadow uf th o wc:u h e r-l>t-·attJ ll f'• lil~ t : c.
No r :ire th o char:wtcr~ of t lt c story drawn with lt:ss !';li:-trp ~tnd v1g o ro.u~
pe r specti ve. Tli cy sta rul n 11 t fr om tli e ca nvas as li v i11 ~ r ealities.' Jr~ s~iito
of the supernatural drapery ill wltil'lt tltey arc c11vdnpcd, th f'y h.1vc """.a
~euu inc exprc:-;s iun o[ fl c:-s h nwl IJlooJ , that we ttl1111nt d11.11l1t we have kn o " .n
tlicm a ll onr thr. Tlwy lt;lVc t he air of ohl a .. q u:1111 Urn \'cs - tJ11ly ."e
wmid e r hnw t he artist g-ot t he111 t. o sit for 1l1e ir li ke 1 1 es~us . Th e g ruup111g
or t hL'SC pe rso nagt·S is rn anag-Nl wit h adrnira\Jl e a rt i:-\tii' skill.
Old l\faid Pyudi eon , en nc1•n li11g u11d er h e r sco wl t li e u1111 tt cr.al_11 C' IMH1crncss of :.\ s i ~Le r - h e r wo ina.11 -hcarlt:d hrotlt c r, on whose ~c11:-: 1 t1,· c nri.tnre
liad fal1 c n s u ch a. st r a n µ·n ttli g"hL -- swet"t and b t1 a11tiful 1'1!11 :h~. tlie 11ohk·
Yill:i.1---c rna.id c n w hns P prt•st •t1c ·e is always lit{C t hat of Sollh' :-:h111111~ angel t h c,i~·t·a in y, nHiian tk d 1•:-:1·f'n1la11t ,,f I.lie le.~e 11<lary wizard -- the 11n ~«rttpn­
}o n s ,J ud g-o and w ise o ld L 1w lu \'l'lllltl' -- : 1r0 all n1a.de 1 1.) 0(·1· 11py thc. plaf'C
o n th o ca ii va.s wlikh :-; J 111 w~ tliu Ji g- lit :-\ a11d s liad e~ of lla·1r 1·l1a1~al~f('r 111 tl11·
rn osL irnprc:.;.s ivc c ontra-.; t. :111d cn11tri1111tes 10 Ll1c wu1tdl...'rf'ul_ v1\· 1d11t:~s :u al
li;_\nnony o( the grand h btorkal pict.n r c.- llarp c r's 1Jf uyu zu w .

LESSON XLIX. - GENERAL STUDY OF HAWTHORNE.
Jo:XEt<ClSE J. -STUD Y OF S ll<J J:TEI~ STOl•!ES .

Each pupil should rea d one or more of the books named.
Gra.11 1Hat.lt cr's Clt::i.ir.
Twicc-TulJ Tal .. s .
Snow 11n:igt', a nd Other Stories.
A m ('. ri c:in Notes.
'fllo,sC'S from n.11 Old 1'!::t.n sc.
'Lin µ;le- W oocl Tales.
NoTir..-Earli nwm\Jrr of tli c 1·lass ' h o tJltl n1akc s1'lt'<·tio11 of a s tory,
r\nd give a :.;liort ~ kl'll·h nr it. No te 1l1ose t hi11 g-s wli i.r ll a n · ill't .. 11li_:trly 1·liaract e r is1i« of Jl;Lwllior111·, - th e <•lt·a r , simpl1•, 11 ii11111~ d1 "·;1T 1pt 111 ns; ! h e
Ji11 e or w ei rd thn 1 q.~l1t th;d, runs t.hro n g- h :;o man y or l11 s tales.; the 1.11 nder11
tone in wliic h li e r e t ell~ tlte old sto r ies; th e g- r:q1lde way 11 1 wli1d1 1Ji e
r rvolntiouary S('('ll CS a 1·c pi c t.nretl. The Life
1J awtllor11 e lllil.Y \'t:ry prop-

ur

erly h e part nf this exi· reise.

.

.

.

.

.

A stud y of t.lt e writitJ:.:s o f lfnw Plls , JlfisR Alc<~t.t, Aldrwh , \\ hl'll'.': '"
llryaut, and oth e r s can eas il y \Je 111atlc upo n platJ s s 1u1Ji a r to tl 1use h e re )<; " e n.

11 -l

11:)

ST UlJI l::S IN ENOLI SJJ COMl'O S l'l'J()N_

]t o fte 11 h:tppt"11s that ca.rel e;;s wri te rs I r:rn ~fer \\" or'1s
froni book s o[ rde rl' ll C<' int o th e ir o wn wr ili11 g wit.l11111t eare iull y

o [ word s .

asc1·rt;1i11i11 g wli<Lt

CHAPTER XIL
TIIE Q(T,.JLI1'IES OF STY I.,R.
Style is th e rn ;t1111 e r i11 wl1i cl 1 ;i wl'iter e xpresses his
t l1011 g l1ts
11lL~< lllS of \\° Onls . Tlw css1·11lial qualities
of a gou d s lylu a n: 11 s 11ally eou sicl c red 1111dl'!' four llivisions, - ( 'Jearn es,;. lfni~y, ~ t re 11 g tl1, and J !armoJJ y . ff
tli e:oe qn;lliti(·,; arc foull1l in t h e scllte11c u, Uwy 1Lre very
apt t o he fo1111d. i11 t he p;11·ag r<Lpli; - if fu1rnd 111 the
p;u·a.g raph, th ey :tl'e likely t o d 1aracteriz c the e11tire llisco ursc.

uy

LESSON L. - CLEARNESS.
Tl1 e fir:-;t t hin g to lie C011sid c rc<l i11 wrilin g a sc11ten cc
is tl1at it sl1all sa.r what. it is 111 ea11 t to say , that its
J1Hoa11i11 g sl1 all Jiu e \'idc11 t. / \ 11y se ntc 11 ue Ll1at fails in
Ll1is r espect. is an i11 c<•ne<.:t s1·11 te11ee, Ll1 oug l1 it may viobte 110 rn le of sy nt ax.
A wri ter sl1ould know exactl y wl1:1L lie wisl1 cs to say.
Tl1 ell lJy the use uf wonb wlii f, ]t li e fully u11d er:-;tands,
ta.king care tl1:Lt his se ntel! cu.>; arc not too loll g , li e ca,n
ea.sily ma.k e l1im seU 111alcrsloo(1. A .few defi11iLe rules
rnu :> L Le foll owed.
HnlPs for <..: l<·arn e ss.

N eve r use :L ,,·,- 1nl wli ns1: 111t· : 111in!~· you<]., 1111L know.
J\ e ,·c r

11.-, 1:

a \\'1J nl :-: i11 qdy l wc:i 11 :-: " il ~ 1111 1 1tl ~ Wf' il , 11 11 ! 1•:-;s it ~ a. y ~
Taki~ 11., L l1i11 .~· fo r g ra11L< al i11 Lile 111c:rni;1g

wh at .)' Ull wi s li l o say.

u.. _
, \\'11rds

m e an.

C h oose carefully between two words of si1uihr mt.: a.111no·.
o

.

I

I [,~ re is an OJ>po rtuni t y to appl y all Lhat ha.s lwe 11 learn e1l 111 t 1u
· nce t.o a 11·~ e t.1u11:t
·
r Jv u r l>uuk o[
Jcss 11 ns 011 s y 11 u 11 y 111 s. Dail y relere
syno 11 y 111 s is i11 v: d11;1.l1l e to c learn ess ot: expres:; 1u11 ·

Always plaee tl1 0 ad ve rL near to tl1e w on1 it l imi ts.
Just befo r<' u r ju s t af te r th e li111iLetl wo r1l is 1l1l' l 1<'c<I. ]'lac1:. !11
s~ nte ni:es , '/'h e e 11 ,; 11l_J/ Hf tfrly lusl .firf' ft11 11dr~rl . 111 e 11, ;~ 1 _1_d 'f'lu!
r. nem/; lu.-:. l ll P.ttrl.it .Jil'e JiundnJd me11. , Ll11 : 1111: :. u1i11 ~ i:-{ e 1d trcly 1.l 1t-l 1.. 'rt·11 l,

tlic t,\\'o

o wiii l-{ to t.!11'. cl1a11g·e i11 po::5 itio11 u[ the wo rd 11eu d,ir

Place :-uljecti vc ;tml ::vl vt~ rhial pl1rnses so lli;Lt t li e re
will ho n o <[llCs tion :ts t o Lli c word Ll1L·y \1nllt.
Th e se nte uef•, fi e w its fl1 ·iriu:; uwU!J ji ·1J1t1 1!1 t rh un ·h u:h 1'n' he l1a 1!
ln~e n morri1·d in it cu fu1t und ,-; i.r , :-; e t'lll:-' bJ :; a,v tli:d, 111; li:i.d l .. ·1: n 11 1 ;tr ~
ri ed iu a. c<.mcJ1 a1td :-;ix . 'l'l1 at , of cuur:-;t•, is al1 ~ 11rd . B.v 1· ! 1 :u 1 ~ i :1 µ;
· LI 1e 111t •a11111
· µ; a111 I t l it · M· · 11 :--;i· ,· ar1· I Ht! !1
th e pos it ion t)f a «oa c lt. a nrl su;
prese n ·1: tl.
rl'Ji e ,...; e ll b 'lH' f' ,

.

f

.'itUP 111.'f

_

_

oft/ j i ·ie 11rl n·ft e. n } 11' (18 UL ;\ Ptr } "'"", ~I/.->/

winter, 11;rtl l. ·i 11 y d o icu Nrour/ m11.11, d ons not. L1 dl wl1 0 \ \ 'i t."' w.'tli.;J ri .~
down Broadwav, th e fri e 11ll ur the sp" ak <' r. A cl1a11 ge 111 Ll 11·
position o[ 1uall.;i11y do wn IJrnw/way wo11ltl u1ak e it j>l:tin.

Con s truc t lh e se nte nee so tlicre ean lie nn <l nul1t a,;
tn t h e :tntec e1kllt of e:w \1 pro11ou11, pt.: rsun ;d, r cbt i ,.,.,
o r ad_i ect i vc .
N oTE. - Th e incorrec t u~ e of pe rs1111 a. l pro non11 s, alrea.dy co ns id e retl i11
C ha.pt.er 111.i i:-i a fault against eleanw.-;s.

See tli;i t, t.\i e t l11111 g-lit y <>11 \\·ish L1> co1 1u•\' l 11 <>Ll1 t.:r,.; i,.;
cl earl y co11 e1,;iv1;d i11 your own 111i11<l udor0 } <Jll a Ltc 111 j>L
tu ex press i L.

11G

Tll.E (~UALlTLE::l 01!' ST YLE.

STUDU:!::i lN .ENULI!::ill CWI l'OS ITION.

LESSON LIL - STRENGTR.

LESSON LI. - UNITY.
B.~ lll1i t y we mean tl1;lt a se n ll~11Gu shall posses:; but
011e it1111b1n e ntal id e ;L Its 1nrt
s• sl11111l1l
'
•
· l>t', [ >ltt, •
coge •t
" lel'
so as tu nrnke a wlwlu. Tl11.: pri11 ei pal ruks are as
follo ws: -

. I II

Ll1,'. SC' ll tc'll( :l' ,

0

'f'/,,•:;

i1 e sen t l 'll t 'l',

l'

Ii:in go tlic snbjcc t a.s

Yal'ltJ ll S

s ul1 j<' cts I11 ake iL dillic 1ilL

to

1111<lt:rs lall1l wliaL is

111ea11L .

r~al l ,
)

Tl1in g s tl1at an : sl ig-li tly <.: <>111H ~ (· lc cl in Sl'l!Se should
!lot bu Cl'<l\Ydc1l in to n111: s e td l' tt ue .
~t/11·

IJf 1!/ ire /fl lo / /,~/'"·./,Is ll'ith tli 1· h•11·s1• 11'/,ic/1 his ;; 11/, er /1,, 11 (/ltt at
l... ." 111 , 1rl11·1·". 1H r . 11 1il 1•1111s 1;,., .., ' 11'/iu /,. ',, . ; ;1111. i·III·11
. ll /l .'f ti11 ' ,'i('(IJ"I /I'
{cf .Jr' l'C r la ..;,f ff'lllf <~ r, wh r,11 11 ·1· hff1/ that r/rea rl/.uf
'I '! 11·s se u.
·""'' '''-..,., / 11.111 .
te IJ ce s liou ld I" ' s<' p:t r:tt.1·.J i 11 I" a t lf'ast t.\\'<J , {j,;t j ll cL st• ll t'r ·ll cc~ .
.!111

Av oi <~ w~ i ng

a.ppm l' r1 <tt c

U1 tlw e x<·l1 1sin11 ()[' oll1 e r a 11 tl murc

1111d

e" 111H'• ·Li \'\'s.

Thi
ll<'('d \\'rit••r«
..,,,I
l J s is a <•n 11111H•11 faul t. nf in<'XJ>l'ri<'
·
· - . ., •
t "!
,., 1na l\e r~
:lll <
1a.~ :d1'<·ad
<·r 1·. ]•v s·! 1n11 l•l 1.'
.
·y l1t•1 •11 111 t'lili c111<" l i11 ('!i ·iJ>l
,
ue
g 11 :trtl« tl :tga111 sL e u11ti1111:dly , " ·' it. 11 Lkrl\' <k s lrnys l!w
s,·11l•·11 ce .
.
•
i111it.y of "

Do n" t i11s1'rt n :laL ivc 1·la11scs i11 to t.;]a.w;es 1liat are
t. l1 t : 111.~vlv< : s
.

n :Lttiv e .

'/'/1 1~ !f''11lfr·111r' n. w/,u

i_~"" '-'' 1' rho!

1N i11 r·1111 l

1/(ul sr•lt>d ct/ /~ ,,. tlt e
lo 1•n·11or1'. m/1/ it ""'" 1•ri1·111 c .r;r1H1111/.<. Such a

cOt1:"\l. t ttc! 1011 111 ak c s :111

r'f/1111 • /,,

t/11· 1>l1u·f'

w /,/1 -!1 ll' C

:t.\\'k\\';ird. c tl!ulH'r ...: 11 1111 !

St! llle nce.

l>o 11 ot ail<l ;l s u pplc 111l' 11L1n· .. 1a1 1.~ e tn a ,.;i·ntcncc
;ti read y l'.u111 plvt u.
.
.

~'/u : n· i .. ; tu

II'•' /.· lo w/iir/1 111c s/1111/ all ho1'1"
11 \\' (>\I l ~ I I •L. I •t ·( ( i .1. t o <l 1opt.1
.
l c s11ppl(•-.
llh'll(ary <" laus1• :rnd l1";; ill tl1t• s .. 11t1· 11 n-, / /11 ur 1111 . ,.,,_ rte .
1111'/ /(/ //(/l/ S,

!JC II

.'Jl'ffl1il

(I/ fro.</ Sf/

11orty J1P.d

r '"''""

Ruks for Stn•ni;th .

Avoill all unn ecessary worJs.

r

1r 11>d1 / di) (IS .'/ll ll 1cisl11'd , 111 .11 fi1thPI'
· l :'o. ...·/ t C <I S fl'
, t: ( I t I l l~
11. 111 1. /1111_., 11/ t . dau/ ,.11/1;
_. 1lflf
• 11·011/1 / w 1s,,., ,,. all tlu•
, ,111I,.,
1,,/1/ 1111· 1/

A se ntence may he con ed, it m ;ty lJc clear, iL rnay
h;we but <mu fumhment:~l ilka, buL it rn;ty 11 .. t t:<>lt\'l'}'
tli e 111 ea11ing i11 snch a. way as tu hold the in te rl' s L (• f t l1e
ru;ulcr. Sul'h a ::;e 11 tu 11 Ge lad;:::; strungth. Thu pri11ci1"tl
rul es for strength arc the follow in g : -

Hu ks of Unity.

111 tlie CO\]]',.; {) or
lilt lt.: as pu,.;silile .

117

three ways, -

Sueh w on1" <tj lp ear 111
Tautology, Hedumhney, C il'l·1t 1nloe u l io n.

Tautolu;;y is the useless re pr;liti ou o[ lh e sa1ne se nse in Ji fferenl
won.b.
.·r tc,•cr did Attir·11 .-; s.11 c<'1'f'd better in yai11iH!f th e ·111iir ctsHl lor e o/ fill
1nen. U 11 il.'i: n;ul ;_u1 Ll ull exp r c:..:s t l1e san1e i1lt:a ; a11J wli c n un n l 1a:-; IH:1· 11 n :-; t· d,
t l1 e ut lw r is not need ed. Ta11lo h1.~y is so111t·ti1n es pe r1u illcd in ord t: r to ex -

pr c~s st rung pass iou o r fur th e sake of c inpha.s i::;.

ltl•dull tlaney i,; lhe aJtlili01t o[ w u rJ ~ which are not 11 ecc>sary l o

th e tho ught.
1

Th e!! reto rn,,tl badi:. aya.in M tli e .~cune city ft •11n 10/t e nrc t/tf' !f c11ni ·
/i ·tli. Red undan cy also is p1· ruii tlt:d t.o e xpress pa s:->iou o r f v r t he sa ke u[
11
.c mphasi~. IVc hflV<.! iS <:C H. v: illt •11t1· t'!Jf ·"' 1c~ !tu m.:. he1trd u: ilh our cH r,., .

Cin·u11iloc ut ion iH th e use of 1lla11 y " ·onb i11 a luo,;e

pre,;s

<L

""'Yto cx-

thought.

Avoi<l closin g se 11 tuHce:; ;rnJ clauses with s li urt ;tml

uni111porLu1 t words.
\ Vliih• ex ;w1ples o [ ~uch Sl» IJLe n ces can be foLt11<l i11 ti"· wri t in..;s
o[ o nr best E1q; lis h au thorn, neve rt.h e kss, as '~rule t l1<· y are to I.Jr:

<l\'Oiued.

Frequently arrange worJs, pl 1rases, a11d cbuses t.o a
cl i 111a.x.
H poss ihlc use tlt c tli re ct diseourse r n. tli cr Lliw t 1" '
indi rect wl1e 11 q11nti 11 g Ll 1e word:; of anotl 1cr.

118

THE Q U AL!Tms

:;;TUDIES I N EN'< LlSU CO:l ll' OSJT ION .

Tli e se 11 te 11 ce, N u11uleo n said, " ~/"I ,,.,, ,.,, lo 1;ivc th e li/1erl!J of th e
'111.'/ J >Ull'l'I' could 110/ lust //1rrc du ys," i.-; ~lru 1 q,:e r in Ll1at form
t!ta 11 if iL \\'Cre, J\'1111"/''"" sa id tltrr/ {/he 1ccre fl/ git'e the /i licrty of th e
1u·cs ...-, his ; 1otrl r cou ld 110! /tu;l tlrrt.'e do1;s .

p n 'ss,

1

ass1; rt ion sbtecl in tl1c in tc rn•gativll f(l rlll is oftell
·tr1>1 1gt'l' ili:LJJ w hl' ll pn t in t lte dcc.brati \'l: .
1\11

0 d ~~ ulh .1 wlu·re is !It// st iny /

{)

!/n t i· c .' 1c/u'rt'

is th !/ ri1·f1JJ"!f?

~ (n· ni.:;·t l1 is ol't.e 11 ga i11 ed by tl1e 11,.;e uf p: Lr Lie ubr
s (!;a(l ol' g1·11c 1·:tl tv nn s.

:111 ah.'-' tra cL wo r .J i!-' 11 ~1: d , tl11• }lt' ;irer o r n . ' ad1· r laas to choose fron t
fi~ur e

STY.L E.

110

A balanced se ntence is usually harmoni ous to the car.

It iti a n excellent plan, wh en co mpo.sin g any <l i,.;co urse,
to rcatl or speak it a.loud, a,s the ea r will then cl etcct
th e frwl ts of a 1T<'t 11 g <llll'l1t. No ne of the other qualities
uf style ,:;lioul<l he ;;a cr ilil'llcl to ha.rmo ny, bu t \\'hen harm ony <.; <lll Le aU.tled to the 0Ll 11; r:; it is a g ri.;a t gain.
0

111-

"J\s \l'l' do 11 ot l11 i11k in g<!ncr: tb, h11 t in pa rli<' ttl a r.-;, - as wlt e11c\·r r any r: l:t.'" of tl1i11g-s is rc l'i>r red lo"'" n ·l'rf!sc•nt iL t.o ourse lves
hv callin g- to 111 i11.! i11di \'id 11 a l 1111>1 11hc rs ,Jf it, - it. foll o11·s th at wh e n

l1i .s Htu<:k of i111ag<'s n11e or 11111n• by'' l1i 1· h li e 111ay
tli c genu s 111e11lio11eJ ." - Jl erl1Nl S1w 111·er.

01~

Lo lii111se1f

LESSON LIII. - HARMONY.

By harmon y is 111 crt11t s 11 ch an ana11g·t:111 en t of tl1 e
word s n!' a sv11l c111·t: 1hat tl 1cy shall h J p ll::1sa11 t to i l1 c
l':lr.
N1 JL m:Lll\' ckli1 1i lc ru ll's 1·a11 liu g i,·e n, lJtit t l1 c
f11lluw i11 g Ill;\ .)' }11 , uf llS C.
ltuh·" for Harr11011)··

\V ltcn Lwo or i11u1·u 1r11rtl,.; an · 11sctl in tl 1t• sa nh: relati on, it is 11s ualh· l1c,.;L (11 1•L l\'1' tl1v shol' tusL Jir,.; L.

LESSON LIV. - STUDY OF EXAMPLES OF VARIO US
KINDS OF STYLE.
Tlt c foll owin g is a p:i.ra.gra.ph compo.setl of a singl e
whid1 l1 as no cp rnlity of :style e xce pt clearn i.;:;,.; .
Its d1:arness :wd s i11 1pli city g iv e it a pathos wl1i<:l1 Jin er
wriLi11 g might irnt li <t VC . Jt is the words of a li ttle g irl,
tell in g of her cles1; rtio11. Tl1 e man y a nd:; .sl 1ow the in experi ence of the speaker.

s e niL·n e l~

" l do not k11ow wh ere s he h as go11e; L11 t I a m a fra id ohe has
lost h nse lf; fo r, whe n we got to t.!te large town, site tolJ 111e to s it
d ow 11 on a door-s t<'}' 11 1t!.il sit e c:1111e bac k t o m e; and I sr1t a 1011 g
t . i11 11 ~, 11 11til it \\'as quit.: d;_
i rk , •tttd I was very co ld a 11d l111 1 1 ~T.Y; and
s he lt<' ve r cam e bac k ln 111 e; <111.J l co1tld not he lp cryi11 .~ : :;o Lhe
iad .v that ]i \' ed in the !t o11 sc lt e:tr.J 111e, :1.1 1d ca111e to 1111; a 111l a'kc1l
rn c ll'li at. \l"a.-< the 111 :1tter; a11 d wh e n 1 tol d li er, she took 11 1" into
t.!t e kitche11 , a 111l gave m e so1n et hi11 g- to eat, a11d was n~ r y ki11d to
rne."

J\ \'Oi(l an llllji lc a;;an t :-;1 1ccc;;si11n of si mil a r sou11 Lls in
a .son Le 11 ce .

H erc 1:; a11 othcr cx:rn1pl c of clcam css of style . I t is
a <l ef;c ription Ly Ha ya, r.J Taylor, of l1is travels in S11·cclc11.
His a im has lieen sim11l y to te ll a11 eas ily umlcrsLood
story.

'.T he d t•sc c11l 1r11s c01n 1 >arutir d_111 · 0 .~·if.111111,/ 'l" ickl!J 1nade.
ecss io u of word s i11 ly is 1111l' le a" " '" tu 111•· <:ar.

"'I 111adc 111.v j oul'll c.v itt tJ11, wi11 ter, l11•ea11 se T wr1s o n rn y \\':\.)' to
Lapla 11J , wh ere it i~ .,;1sier lo travel wh eu Lltc swa111ps a nd r iv r r~

}'ur cxa. 111ple, u t1'<ll"J11, j J/f' (l,..; ,uif cla.11 i 11 :s teaJ uf a 1>!t:asu 11t , warm

du y.

'f'l1c 8 \l C·

120

f-;TL' DIE~

lX EXGL!f-;lf CO:IIT'OSITION .

are froze n, anrl th e rc i11rl r~ r sl ecls can fly along o n the smooth snow.
IL was ye ry co ld i1"lee,] t li e g- rpat cr part of th e ti111e; tl1 c d ays were
:<ho r t a 11tl Lbr k , a11 J i f l had not fo1111d th r pe o]'I C so ki11d , so cheerf 1d , an d rn l1 0 111•st,, [ sli o 11ld lia1·e frlt inclin e d to 111rn l•ar ·k, l\\ Ore
t.ha11 01 H:e. Bil !. I d<i n1>t t l1i11k t he n : a r,• 11c ltc r peo j' I•· i1 1 Lli e world
t l1:u1 t h o.'<: \l' ho liY e in >." o rrl :rnd, \d 1i c h is :1 S w e di ~ h J•rovi nce
co1nn 1e11 c i11g a l1 o u l lwo liu11dred 111il!'s nor t h o [ Stuckl 1o l111. "
NOT J;; . - Uh ~e r \'r~
: 1,.

dl r11ax.

Th e

th:ll s" /.· i1 11l , s11 c /i i-t' l/11 /

~ i·nt1• 1 11·,. s

to
1 ·"''' /11 1n1 •s t , aru a rran ged
an.! Jo uh. hut w tdl put t< 1gPtlic r, so th ere L..; 11 0

doubt as to w l1 a:. t ht•,y 11wan .

Tlic followin g is a n example of ;; t rcngth. It is taken
from Enwrson "s e ;;,.:: ty Oil Cult 11 t"e. J ts s tTc ng l h li es
large ly in its nse of parti cul:1rs in plaec (Jf g e neral
s tatem e 11 1.s. The force o[ tl 1i s p:tragraph cannot be
g:ii n ed \\'i th ou t an llll(l e rsLi11d i ng of t li c allusions t~)
Napoleon , Sc:oU, \ V ell i11 gLon, etc.
"T w is h citi es co u ld h·ach their bes t lesson, - of qui e t. mann er s.
ft is t h .., foil •k, c;.; pc' cially n[ Anwri can yn n th, - pr e te11sio11. T he
111 :trk o f tl 1c 111 :n1 o f tl1t• \l' or ld is ab~ e n(' c o [ prete ns io n . li e docs n ot
111:tk1: a Kpc1'ci 1; li e tak es a low l rn .~ i11 ess- ton c, avo id s all brag, is
n o l, l><ly, drt' '"'s phi1ii.I' , pro rni ses n ot. at all, pe rfo r 111s Jll11 e h, speaks
in n1" 11 osyll: di k,; , hu g-;; h i,; fa ct . li e ca ll s hi s e \)1 ploym c11t by its
l o \\·cst !):tn1t'. :u1d s 0 t:il<«s fn'111 c Yil l o ng 11 c" th r ir s l1 a rpP.s t. weapo n.
lli s co11 \·,.,..;:ili o n ·· lin g·,, t u Ili c \\'C :tll1 c r and t h e new s , yet. h1; allo ws
hi11 iso·lf l<> lie s 11r1•ri ,. .,I i11 ln l'1 0 11 .~ l1 I., a111l lh c 11nl ocki 11 g of hi s
h• :Lri 1i 11 g· :u 1d 1il1i l<1s1)i-'li y. ff (, ,,. tl rn i111;1,.~i11a.t i o 11 l s piqnt•d by :u1ecilot es of XO lll C SrP.a t 11 1:111 p;1 ~:-: i n .~ j ll C0)-!' 11 it c) , :t S I\. k i 11 g j ll g ra.y c; Jot,ii cr;,
- of Na po leo 11 , alfec: l.i1 1.c; a ld ai11 s11 it :i t hi s g lil.l.e r i11 g le vee ; of
B11r11 ;.;, o r ~ c o l.I. , or l kdl 10 \·e 11, or \\' c: ll in g t o \) , o r (; or> ll1t', o r any
cn1tlai 11 e r o f tra nsce111J..11L powe r pa ;.o;.; i11 g fo r 11 ohndy ; o f Ep:1111i11011d:i s, '\\·ho ll t' \'('r ' ~.\·s a11yl l1i 11 g, li11 t will l1 st.f' 11 , eternall y '; of
(~ oc tl1 c . who p rd 1• rr" '' trillin g s 11J.jc•c ls and co111111o n c xprcss ic1 11 s in
i11 l e 1To 11rsn with s l w.n g crn, and Lo appear a l itt le more capricious
than h e \\':t s ."

I [an 11 011y (i f s l\·] , ~ i.s fr( ·c1 11,•1itly tl1c J< 's n lt of c111c
rittc llti on to t111i t 1·, ekar11 cs~ , a11ll ;;t rc ngth. The fol-

THE QU ALlTIES OF STYLE.

121

lowing passages from Old Ou.rio.~·it;i; Sliop, by Dic ken s . is
an excellcn t ex:imple.
"She \\'as dead . No sleep so beau tiful and so calm, so free from
t 1· a cc of pa i11 , ;;o fair l.o luo k 11 po n . ~h e see m ed r1 c n'a l urc frc, h
fro m th e lt :rn,l o [ God , :wd waitin g for th e b re ath o( li fe; 11 nL on e:
"·ho h:ttl li\·cd a \)tl s 111Ten:t l 1l eatl1. Il e r co !loh w as cln•sscd wilh
l1 ()rn :111•1 t lwrc sn 111 n wi11 l.e r-be rr ics anrl green le a n>.s, g alh c n •il in a
Rpot she ha d hec n 11se•l to favor. ' \Vli e n l di e, p111. 11 ear rn e ~ o nu ·­
Lhi11g t.h :1t has lo ved tlie li g ht, and had tl1 e sky :ditJ \'C iL a lways .'
Tlwsc we re h e r wo rd s . ~h e was •k n.d . J>ea.r, ge n tit' , prd ie 11 I,
nohle Nell wa.s <l ea d . Il er little bird-a p oo r, s li ght th i11 g I.li e
pres;;ure o[ a fi n ger wo u ld ha\' e c rn sh e d - "·as s t irrin g nirnl.i ly in
its c:lgf>; and t he stro n g hea r t of i ts chi ld -111is Lr Pss \\·as 111ute an t!
rn ul. io 1tl e;s forev e r. \ Vb e re we re Lhe traces o f h c1· early cares , h e r
:rnffe r ings and fa t igu es '? All g on e . Sorrow w as d e ~ u , inrl i;P cl , in
h e r; lint pea ce and p e r fec t. h ap pin ess w e re born - i 111 agetl i 11 her
trnnq11 il beau ty a nd p rofo u nd re p o~e . "
NoTJo . - He rn is a pl easing- s nrcess ion of shor t and long sentences. Tb o
~cnt e 11 cc

second

co rn p:u es death wi th s leep, and th e irleas are a,r ra.ng;Pd to

a c limax. Th e ne xt is a li:1lan cetl se nt ence. Th e fourth se nte nce is lo n.c:c r
t ha n a" y th:tt has prncccletl it , and is pl easant to the car 0 11 that a t.,· n u11 t..
O bserv e that t he direc t di sco11 rsc is usetl to g- iY e the l:tst word s of th e little
gi rl.

8/i e

w o,"i dc 11£l

i8 re peated for the sak e o f emphasis.

/) {'o r, .f/ f' i1,lfr ,

nohfr , are nrr:111 .~ cd to:\ elim:tx.. The Rliort w ord is placed fir st ,
a nd th e w o rds g r:idu:dl y :.:: row ~ 1 r o 11 g-f' r in th ei r m e nni11 .~ 1 ?F> lJ / 1• lti!i11 g- tl1e
hi g-h os t . Oi> se r\' C t.l 1at. 111111 ,. prC•'t'Clt•s ~l i .11/it , atHl 1nulf' p rtwcd f' !-1 11111tit 1 11/r>.';,1t..
A eompari so11 he tw,.i~ n t he 1·l1i ld a11•l he r li t th~ hi rd - nn e so s tr1111 _1.! h11t.
d(' :·t d: t l1 e 01.hc r ·"'n w eak bu t li vi n;! - :Ldtl~ a. lt'nwh of pat lws to tli e na r-

/)rf{fr 11t ,

Tl1 e in l e rrn~a. li vc for111 t1f 1111 : H0 111.e 1H:n n·.ft·tTill l.!" to !lie tr:i c("~

f\f
add:-; to it~ s t rn11~th . Th e la.st. SC' 11 Lc t1ef! i:-; ha.1 :11H·Pd. TIH • la~ f.
wo rd ~ - tru1u1uil f1tout !I anrl pro,rin11ul re1111 .~(! - Ji :-iv c in tli cmse lvr s a

rativ e.

h1 ~ r :·rn ff e ri11 ~.

pJ e asin~ S tl t' ( ~CSS i O ll

o f SOll lld s.

Ob~C r Ye that t.he CUlire paragraph is Jl 1l' t -

ri cal and may he bro k e11 ill to Lla11k ,·erse.

EXEHCTSE 1.

Class may select paragraphs from various writers which shall illustrate the characteristics of different styles.

122

S'l'Uli18S 11' F.NGL I S rT CO ;llI'OS lT fON.

l'LAl N 1.:lJ ST O B ICAL WIU T INU .

LESSON LV. - HISTORICAL SUBJEOTS. - AMERICAN
TOPICS.
C I L\ PTEI{ X TI f.

E X EHCl :-\E 1. -

~IO

DEL F O lt HEP I:Ol>UCTIO ;\.

J'LdLN' J[f.\'TUH/C,,v; W IUTJ .'(rJ.

THE BEGINNING OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

Th is is c;;;;en t ialh- a narmti 1·c ,;tyle . 111 every 11 ist.0rieal il <t rratin~ l11~' l'C arc digrc:<siom; lh <tL arc pnrely
<lcscr ipL iv e; o[tcu narra t ion <t11rl l1cseri pt ion are eo mLi11 cd; but in tl1e 111;Li11 ll 1c ,;Lyle is n:nrnlive.
The or<lct· of e 1·e11ls i11 gre:1t J\l(':tsurc 111:1kt•,.; Lhc pla n
()( the nan a t iYe , h11 L it does 11ot dc;;troy tl1 e 11ccessity
<>f th e 1nite r's see in g tltc 11·hnl c a,.; a u ni t, and form in g
an<l actin g upon a dl·fi11ite j'b11 .
i\l orcun·r, thi ;; k i11 cl c1f \\'ri ling- deals wi th p:u'li culars,
not o-enerals; th e co nc rete, no t ll 1e ahst.rnd. T hese
parti~ uLtrs follow a. b w of suv cc;;sion ; an<l in . unsl< illed n:1n:tl.ion tl1is sncct>ssi o1 1 is th e onlc r of lnnc.
H11 t as a \\'rikr l1t't:(ll11CS skilful , the la\\' of <::111,;c :rnd
<· ffect cnnH':< i11 tn mnrlifl' tl 1i;; o rd er ; and p:nti culars
:tn~ n·hlr ·tl not rn c·n·ly 1,:.C'a t1 :<l: tlw1· ncc unc<l aL :<tll:h a
t.iiw ·, l!ld 11vc:rn;;e th1 '.1· gT1·w 0 11\. of pn:1;e<li11 g eve nts .
Tli c chi ef <' rrnr \1> h~ :tl'<1 ide( l i1 1 l1i sto ri 1:<tl writin g i;;
tl 1c failu re lo di,.;cri 111i11:1le het11·c!' n c,;;;c 11li:1.l :wll 11 0 11c,;s<'ntiaJ C\' l'llh.
The alh;rn(agc rr,;11lti 11g from pr:lC:ticc i11 t.l 1i;; kinil
of w ri Lin o- is tll'nf'oltl. Jn th e fln;t place it 1.rnins the
mind to ·: eize npon tl1 c main c 1·e 1tt:s of a.ny historical
topic, aml S<'('O llllly it n cc:!'s:<ital cs conclc n:;ation of
LhO\wlil a.ncl r~ xprc s;; inn . /\,.; :t n>.~ ult nf thi s <'l111 <1 cnsatio n ~he quality of style most. <11·:<irccl here is clc:rn1 css.
All else 11111st he sn bonlinaletl to that.

E ac h of t he t.1 1irtec 11 ori <r inal col ()ni es - "tl1e ol<l
tl 1i rtec11 ,'' ;ts th ey were oftc11 callc(l - hacl son1 dli i ng
peculiar in its history lo disLing ui sli it fr u111 th e rest.
To begin with, t.li cy wern csLn.l>li s licd 1Jy <liffen:1 1L1t:itio11s.
:\l ost of ll 1cm, it is t ru e, were fo n11de<l l1y Ei1 gfo;J1rn e11;
lrnt N < ~ IV York a ntl New J er,.;ey were ;;et ik1l L>y tlw
Du te h an cl Delaw<ll'C l>y the S11·e dcs, while tl1e C\troli11as 11·c re fi rst explo red :11Hl n: une<l by <LFrelll:lt culo11y.
i\Iost of them w1.:re foun<kll by s1nall p:ntie:; of setrlers,
:rni ong whom 110 great disti11 ctions of mnk t·x.i;;te<l .
Two of the m, J> e11w;ylv:rn ia :L1Hl 1\Iaryland, \ l'l'l' • fo 1111 Jcd
liy :t si11 gle prnprid.m in L'<tcli ease, \\'ho ow nvd Ll1 e \\'liule
:::;oil. Ne w Yo rk h :Hl its" patroon;;, " o r hrge l:l!l dliCtlders wit h te ua11ts unclcr tl1 e111. Some of t he eolo lli c ~
]1:1.cl cl1 :utc r g <>Vl' 1'1111tent::;; ,.;01 11 e ]i;L•l r oya l g11vt:1·11m cnL,;
wit.lion t cl1;ute rs ; a11cl oth e rs were gnve rIH :d l1y tl1c
ori g in:-Ll proprietors, or (,]l():,;e wl1 0 rcp rcsc 11 Lt.: 1l t.l 1c111 .
Hut l1u1n~wr tliffc rently tl 1c t hirtce ll colrn 1i es rn;iy
b;we been fo und ed or govern ed, tl1 1.:y wne all :tlike in
som e thin g,;. For inst,;u1 cc, tli c·y ;tll li acl so1 11 <"tl 1i11g of
loeal self-gove rn meat; that is, each co m11111ni ty, to a
g reater or le,.;s exte nt, malle and admiuis te red its ow n
law;;. J\[nn:.ovc r, tl 1cy all liecamc s ulij ect to c:re:1t
Britain aL l:tsl; :u11l, Jinally, tlil'y all grew di ,;e1111t c 11 kd
ll'it!t ll1 e Br it i,;]1govern111cnt hcea 11:;e tl1 ey ll1 rn1gli L tlic mseln-s ill-tr1.:atccl. Tltis 1lisco11 te 11 t mad e tl1 e1n at la:;L

h..
sTUDrns lN E:\(;LISH CU~ll'0Sl'l'10N.

l'L,\ lN II IST(>I: t<. :.'\ L \\'I: ITfN( ;,

::;ep;trate th e m::;el ve::; from Ellgbml a1Hl form ;t cornpk:tc
U11it111 witl1 01w a1tollter. H11t th is was not ;u.:eornplislwd
wit,l10uL •t 11·ar, - Llw war eo111111011ly GallGtl t li e Arncrica.11 I: e volutioll.
\V1; ;mJ v e ry apt to s11pposc ll1at tlt1; co lonies llclil>cralcly came together a111l I\~soh-l' d to tl1row off tl11: y<1ke
u[ (; n·;tL 1hilai11.
l\11( tl1 is \1·as 11"L tl1 u \'a sc iLt all.
Eve11 aflur Llit~} lia1 l r;ti,-ed arrni1•,.; a1 1d lw.~·1u1 to fig l1 t,
the Co 11ti11c11l;tl ('u11g·1·L·:-;s sai1l, •· \\"t! li;t\'C u oL r;tiscd
arn1i1·,; \\'iLl1 Ll1c a111bitinus clcsig-11 111' separati ng from
Crcat l\ritai11 ancl 1·,.:t;i11l isl 1i11g- i111kpe11dc11L ::;La tos."
Tl1cy would have 11\'1'1 1 pe rfcdlr s;disfi cd to go mt as
tl1cy \n·re if ll1l' l:ri l i.sli .Q'OYCl'lllltent h;ul nnly trc;tlccl
tl1em i11 a 111a.1 1lll'I' \1·l1iL"l1 tl1ey tl1011 .~·l1t just; t l1at i:;, if
Great Hrilai11 cillier l1ad 11ot Ltx ecl l11e111, 11r kt<l let
tltem st.:JHl represl·nlali\·cs lo l'arliarnent i11 relnrn for
pay in g· Laxc:;. BnL l11i:,; was not alluwed; and :,;o when
tliu farnous "Starnp A ct " \1·a:; p;l:scd in 1705, the
popular in<li gllat iu11 was n~ ry gn:a.L.
Tl11.: re 1rns w1!l1i11g l'Vl'.f hul about. ll1is law in itself,
and E11g·l isl1n1 c11 1ru11lil 1111 L l1:1.1·c c1 11n plai11ecl of it; at
l10111 c . IL \\'as s11 .. li :t L1w ;1s ]1;11] al 11·ays 1:x ist(·c1 111
E11gh1J1l, ;wd , irnked, (;1xcs l1:1n.: si1 wu liec11 i111p\IS1!tl Ill
;t si 111ilar Wit.)' i11 Arn er i1 ·;1..
Tlic t'.nlo 11ists obji.:1'11·.l L11 it
01ily l)('c:lllse it i11vlll\'l·(l a J>r i11 cij>lc . No 111:1.tll·r how
trifling Ll1c Ltx rni.L: l1L lw, tlin· ol1j1.:e!ell t.n it. "No
taxation wiLl1PUL l'l'j •l'l'S<'1J(;1li111 1" \1·a.s a pltrn se t:onsLtnt.ly lte;tnl i11 till.: colu11i"s i11 tl1usc 1hys; a111l t.l 1e
c: xeil crne11t al>u11L tl 1e :->ta.1 1111 J\et \1·;1s !.lie real beg inlli11g
of t.liu Hevol11tion;u'.)' \Va r.
Tia.: first s i(!·n u( oi111<1s itio 11 11·as ~cr iven in Viro·illia.
b
Jn tho Virgi11ia, Assellll1ly, i11 J\lay, 17liG, a ynullg
lawyer irnmed J>aLriek lfo11r.v off1:reLl rcsolut.io11s llecla.r-

in g that no power ]Ju t Ll1e (;clleral Asst•1nlil_1· 1•f' tlie
colony ha(l the rigl1 t to levy taxe.~ npon it, a11c l ( l1a l to
:illow :-;ucl1 riglit to a1 1y otlter body w:ts tn iJ,.str11y all
freedom. Tlwsc n ·sul11lir111s were atlnptcll l.y a :-;111all
rna.jority. Thus Virg·i11ia g:1.ve 1111: sig·11;1] of tT.si sL t11ce
fur tlte colo11ics. - 'l'/11111111" 1Voi11c11 rlft 111!/.'/1"-'" "·

1:2-t

·'

'

l_

Xon-:. -

[11

tlll' l"'.c; i1111i11 g uf ll1is i'ktpl<'I' il

\\'<l-'

f, .

s(;ij,.,j tli;d. tl1»

cliief n~ qui:-;i{P uf l1i:-;tori(';d \\'riling- \\" as <·kariw .""."" ·
cl1; lracli·r i:-;li c i11 tli e al11 J\'I ! e.xlr;1ct, w l1i c l1

i:-; ::.:u111t•\r\1 :d

l\1d

i\'t '

1l1a1

1·1q1d,·11~ed

'l'l1<)U,:..:,l1 l1rief, it gi v<~S tir~t a 1·411 1q1ri-!1t• t 1... ir1·
fq11l!datinu a11tl µ;oven1111 e11t o f ilie ('11Jq11il'.""; tlwll a
c:l<' ar idea of the stale of r, .. ,j i,. i:; wl1i"h c 1d111i11al«d i11 t.I"· 1: .. 1·ulul.io11: :rnd t.lie reasn11s fr.r di scn1d.e11L; a11•l li11:dly till' '"'"·r;d
111 c· :ts11n · ~ wh ieli rc.; 1dted iu tl1e uuiled adiu11 of ll1 t.: colo11ies a;;·;ii11 , L
t: reat BriLai 11.
fro111 tlie ori.~· i11al.
v it•w ul' th e

f

-

!

~
·-,.-

LESSON LVI. - OUTLINES OF SUBJECTS ON AMERICAN
TOPICS.

i,:~-

The Di:->covcry uf Arneric;t.
'l'hc co111illg- of tl1 e Vik i 11 ,e;~; ( '11l11111 l 1us's 101q.~· st 1·11 ~g li '. l 11 coi1l\i11 g:-; of Eurot•t~ Iha ! t.li c n ~ was land t wr1 ,;-::-; tl11~ rn 'P ;111;
popular \'iews r t"~ p1·,·h11g tlie At lanl i1: < >cea 11 ; Iii .... :-;111·c1..·... s i11 ,·1111 vi11 e i11 g r~ab e lla. 1telal.t-! Llie circ u111...;t.a11Ct-!S of Culn111l1t1<s ~1:tr1 i11g.
])t~:·w rilie tht• voyagt~- tl 1c.• log IH-,1.1ks - dis:--oa.li:-if:u:lio11 of t·n•\\ -i111lieati o11s or la11cl - di .,cove ry C1f la11.!. ~illll<' .. r Lu1d .Jj,,~ O l' l'l'l'<l
-- date o[ ,Jj,;covery-erroneous views co11 ce rning it.
vi11c e the

'rl1l.: Pilgrims .
Th e ir or i;.;- i11 - e111i g ra t. io11 to li olla111l - di· sirr' lo <·0111<' l<>
A111eriCi'I·- c irc111 11 s tanccs of t.l1 Pir departuru - vu ya;.;-" - l;111di11g
- se tt!1•111e11l at. Ph-111u11lh -privatiun,, rlis0ase, :ind !i;t1·.J,J,il's of
that fir~t wi11Le r. Famous 111 eu of the colo11y.

l•

1'.Yi

STU D IES I:-< ENt:L l :S ll

CO~ll ' 0:->1T1UN .

Th e Scttlcm l' n t of J>cnn:<yh:rni:t.

Outlm~ak

!\rid ske trl 1 ,,f \\'illi<t111 1'1•1111 -- ho w he ca lll e
,, j' 1.lw cuu11' ry -· ~·ff1· 1 ·t (If l't·1111" s 1·!1:lracter anti

Ori;.;·i11 uf 11;1111.·.
into pu ~ s1• :-. :-.in11

rt li g·iull :-i vi t•\\':" llJ'~l!I the ~(' I.I l1·11w11l ur
1

wli1 ~ 11 St•i t il' d

-

i 1lt'idt·1l1:-; a11d a11t· i..: dc1l1.·."' -

l \•1111 ;-; ,\· h·;t 11ia.

I low and

n·a ."'i< 1t1 :'i fo r r :q 1id g ro w Lli

i11 J'll Jlitlatiu11 a11d Wl':t)lh (frt'< ' gO\'C l'lllll Clll , JjJll'rl_v (>f r,·Ji ).i ioUS
f:titl1, fril'11dly rl'iali<> ll .' wit h 1111: l 11dia 11 s)- le 11 gt l1 of Li111 e }'1;11nsylva11i:t re 111ai11 eLI i11 th e l 'e1111 fa111ily.

Lift~

in Culu11i:1l Ti111ef'.

Ki111l of h111 iseo<, l1 o w l111i lt-fmn iture, \vhere ohlai 11ed- ki11<ls
o f fo od , w:cys of cou ki11 g it. ;\l ock-; o f travel - ed11 cali •111 - fo 11 111li11 g of lbr vanl C11 JJ,.ge- .,f Ya k Collq,: e. O cct q•a.L io 11 s of Lit e
people -- a111t is<'1111•1il s - l.>Ot11 l-si,r1·a11ls - sla ves . Law s a 11tl c11 st.0111s - p1• 1.: 11li:1 r p1111i .-li1111· 1il s - ·' "l'ersli 1io11 s - rn li g iu11 s persecution s.
1\l c \ la:·d1• r' :-: fli ...:.l11r.'I ''.( t/1f' /'1)01ilt· < ~( t/1 P, l l 11in,;/ ,\'lu tes,
Vol. I., ('J1 ap . I., g iH·s an cxct'lle11\. pid11re u( :-;u.. i;d Li fe i11 1.lie
Culouics .

Exp1il:-; ion uf the: Ac:u ii ans.
:\ c·adia i111'lt1•kd what. is 11 ow ;\,J\·a :-;cot ia and New llrn11 s wi ck.
Sdt.l e d liy Fr'"''·l1 p1::t.'i1 11 ls :i li o 11l ];)Ull. \\' res1ed fro111 tl1 e Fr.,11cl1
hv llw I·:11 gl i,- h i11 liilil . li1k1liil;t11is re111ai11,,d Fn·11 1·l1 i11 l:u1g·11 age
a111 l ,..;y11 11 iatl1i•·~ fo r Jiffy _\' t'i trs afl1·rwar1l .
allia11 e i :-- dl~s puti, : 111 1..• a .· ntn· :-;

E11 g li...,J1 f l'a n·d a Fn •n c lt
to 1•r 1~ \· 1·1d, t l1i s. Bt!ad I lie hi s torical

a cco1111l of Lill! l!XJ<1ilsio11 of t 11<' .. \ cadi :u1 s , Ll11· 11 read Lo 11 ~ ft:llow '8
/c'r111oyd i11 e, am! ,i.;ivc a clear a11•l g rnplti c ac;co unt. of t.lti s tragic
episod e.

TlH~

127

l 'L,\I N H.lSTUltlC AL WI:ITLNf:.

Captnre of Qti ehec .

\\' !10 \\':1~; (:e11t>r;tl \\\ ,J k ·: \\'ho wa s t he Fre nch co 111111;rnJcr?
Desc ribe s it 11 al iu11 of <~111 · iiC' c - t.l1c sev e rnl :it.la r ks a11d d e featssea~o11 uf slC> l'llt ~ - ,-ick11e"' i11 arn1:•·
ll l' ig l1t.s uf Alir: il1a11 1 finally
scaled - li: t1 1l1• 1'1 111,c;l il :111.J wn11.
l\,.iJ1 l'f•11 1111a1 11 l.· 1·s 111u rtally
wo1111d e1 l. Elfecl 11f tlt e capit11b1. io11 nf t.t11 c lie<: "i"'" Fn·11c l1 a 111!
En g lish clai1 11 s.

uf the Revo lu t ion.

<;;, .., a l.1rid re view u[ t l1e evellLS \\'l1icli J.,,J Lo tl1 e J,atlles of
I.1·xi11gtu 11
11:l\' igatiu11

i\111 1

( '<111cor1I ,

law:-:,

l 11 ter 11al

t: -!J· tyra 1111il·al g •1\·e r11u rs , ol 1j 1T li !H1:dd e
r1·\· 1· 11111 ·

r1 •:-;tri1·tiu 11 .-.; , st' arcl1

\\': 1rr:i 11t .... ,

:)t.a 111[' ,\ c l, a11 d l'OllO'l' •1 111·11t lrn11Ll cs.
"T' "' 1•artv" at Ho.,t.111 l'<111gT e~s "r 177 1 - 111 ilit.1L r_Y sl o n :s g·11U 1ereu 1,y evlo11islti - h11t li e
uf L 0xi11gt.011 a ud op1·11 i11 g uf \\'arfarc.

Ihttl e of Bul l llun .
Fin;t i111porta11l lialll1• in t h e Civi l \\' ar. Civ e hrid desc ript.i•1n
of k1ltl•·-.c:T<•lt1111. ()l1 jl'Cl of tlte battle (to lak" Hi cl1111011d) . Ex·
1w cl1•d rl's ttlls (e11d of war). Xa111 e co1111 11 aniloer.< 011 l10t l1 si d .. s,
relat.il' e 111111il 1e r o f Lr<>liJ'S <>II lint. It s i<les, c1c. H1•aso11s for tl1 e d e·
f c'itl - th e rd 1·rat - loss uf li fe - i11eidettl.s of l1:1ttle. EITec:l 011
I.lie Soull 1- 111 1 ll11; \ u 1·l1 1.

Battl e of Gettyslrnrg.
111 what camp;1 ign fo 11 g l1t ? Object of tl11• <'ampai g 11. ~"""'
so111 e of t.li u e 11 g· ag1~ 111L, 11l' w l1ic;!t prec;ed•·•I Ll1is 1,aflli: - lh•·ir ri· "i!ts .
Cn 111111 :u1d e r;..; in Co 11 !' 1·d t~ rat e arni y -

;-; 11 cr·l':':-iiu 11 c, f <·111 11111:u 1c\1· r."'i i11

Fc•d.,ral arn 1\' . \\ ' lti1·l 1 ar111 y ii<Ld lwl' ll 111 w;l " "'""'·'f ttl 11 p tu this
li111 ~ '/ lt e' t;Jj, 1>f IJii, J1at,[Je Juok ed f,1 r II ilJ 1 fi':tr a l\ .J ;\l1Xi1•l_Y Oil
l11>ll1 s id1·s. \\'l 11•rl', wl1 l'll, a11d 11<111' f,,11 ,C'. l1t. l 1widc 11t s o f lia l.tl •·
-co urage di .,play ed (JI\ lnitli side;-;. H1·l n·ai 11f L, ·1'.
NoT1i:_ -

lf an y

011e

lla s

l>C('ll

so

for111na.t·~ :.t!'t

to ha rt• :-we n tili..: «y1·l11r:1 111a.

of t l d.~ nr a11 y othe r l1attlt:, li e 111igli t g- i ve a d1·:·HTipti1111 a:-; an 1·ye - w it11 es ... ,

\\l rit.i11g in tlt c pn:.sen t t.e11:;e a11d rnakiug- :L v i v id \\'i>l'd -picture.

Discovery of Gol<l in Calif11rnia .
Exis te 11 ce o [ .~old k11 ow n fo r n1a11 y yea rs to the Spani,;h pri·~s ts
al'o to U1c :'llor1n o11 s - J\lexi ea 11 s - f11ilia11 s. Effect uf cli:tn ce
di .'l~overY of g·olil al. S11ll e r's .\!ill "' ' ll1 e Sa.:ra1 11e11lu i11 J,'-:J S. 1:11:;lt
uf gold ~l' t·k1·r:-; i 11 P)-1!1 -111·rils e nc·111 11it •·rt · d i1 1 ('r1 J:-i .. ; i11:-;· l11r! is1li-

11111 s --1~ 11ur111<n1 ."\

gc.!1! fo 111111 -

111i11i11 g.

1•ril·es

of

fuod ;.u1d j•l1..> ll1i1 1,1.( .

( ' J1: 1ract1·r

(if

lir:-<t

pri111it.ive 111e lhuds o f 111i11in g -- 1•rbe 11t 1111 ~ tl1 ml.' o [

1 :28

STL;1>11·:s

JN

E:\l:L I Sll

CO ~ll ' l> S ITJ!! N .

l ' lC'l'UlO':S(}UE HLST01'1C ..\L W

1'1T1:'\c: .

1:!\I

LESSON LVIL - HISTORICAL SUBJECTS.
J~ XEltClsE

C'IL \ l'TI·:I~

~l<ll> lc l.

FOi~

sT lJ ll\'.

THE TRIAL OF WA RREN HASTIN GS.

:\I\'.

]'J('Tl ' Ii F:..;r;r 1~· l/ !STO/i / ( '. / J,

I. -

II "Ii I Tl.\'(,'.

In :ill lii,.tt11·i, ·a l \1·1·iting· tll<'n· j,. i11 t l1t ' \'t'I'.\' lHldy 11(
tl1() ('t1lllj11»; itit111 ""11 11 •1li111g \l'l1i .. Ji, ft>!' Li1·k ,,i· a l.('t.Ler
name, 1\'l: rn:iy .. :iii tl 1t· i1 1.. 1·t·111l·11t 11r llll: N :1 1T:ltin:.
J 1: :c ]t111 ,g· 1wrill<l of lim1 : is t'<1\'\'1'l:d l1y :L \'1·1·y lirid
i1a1Talit111, \\'\; "'l.)' t l1al tl1t~ i1 11 1\·e111l'l1L j,. rapid. 'If, 011
tl1u nt lll'r l1: 11 1d, a mi1111k :uTtlll t1 L is give u tlf ;dl Lite
,J..taib ul' :11 1 adi u11, tlie 11H1n·11 1e 11 t is sltl\\' .
'fltc J1ll1\'l!llll'll t of :lll l1is to!'i 1·al llal'l':l(i1·t; sl1uuld, ill
ll1c 111:li11 , J.l' (·1'l~ 11 a111l reg 11la!' : ]Jll(, it orl!-1 1 l1nppt:11s ill
real life tl1aL th(: (;: 1li11 Slll'l'l'SSiOll o f ('\'t•Jl[S is i1d.1:rl'llJ.1lt'tl l1y ,.;1n11t: ,.;(: 1rili 11 g (11·<·lll'l'l'l ll'l', ()\' liy t.liu :l]'l'l:<ll':111"t' of ,;() Jiil' llli\J'b•1J :-t111l J>tll\' t.; l'fti\ }H'\'SOll; :llt<l ill
o rd1 :r tl1:1L tlll : i1is f11ri :111 111:1 .Y ,g·in: t11 I ii.~ n·:u ie rs :t e11rl'l't :L idt·:1. t1r till' \'l'iatil'" v:tl111 : (Ir t'\'t· 11( s, it is t11'lt :11
ll(;t't ~ssa l'.I' ftl i111.1·J'l'\l[>L till : l' l'C ll l'll\\J'St:
tl 1u ll:ll'l':Llio11,
1ll c l1:u1 g •· ll1t: lllll\'l:l11t·1il. :111d dire c t as 1111\l'li :lt.le11li11ll
t.11 tl1 u [il'u1 ·l·1·di 11gs "[ a kw 11111 11-s (1\' d;i ys as l1as lJdore
l)('(; Jl g i \'(' II L11 ,\'l·ar,.;.
\Vlt c 11 tl1is is d11111·. tli t· \l'l'ikl' ,.;(rin:s (11 liri 11 g lJt.:fu!'e
l1is n ::ul"r:; :ts Yi1· id a ]'i1·i11ru t1f tl1u e 1·e 1il, <>I' lh u pe rson, u 1· !li e ('1111diti1111. a,s t·:111 ht• do11c 11·itl1 11·llnls. :)u1·h
clesc riplit111,.; 11r n:11'l';ili1•11,; 11·c c·all picl111·c·,.;c111t•. No l1isl11 ry sl1c111l1l l ie writlc·11 i11 ti1is :-;Ly le alt111e ; 110 good
hi,.;lory is witl1vu t e x:unplc ·,.; uf it.

()r

Tl1 e lTi g l1 Co11rL ll[ l':lrli:unenL was to ,;it, ;t<·c·o1.,]i11g
tu f11ni\s ]i;tll<ll't1 clnw11 fl'o J1 \ tll(J d:tys of tl1c l'ia11la·
gcncts, 011 a11 E11g lisl1111<l11 i\.t 't'llse d nl' eXC l't'i ,.;i 11g ty l':11111 y
ove r t.l1 e lor•1 nf tl1<' l11>l )' l'il,_y of Bc·11an·,.;, a11d o\·l·1· tli e
hclies o[ tl1( : pri11 cc ly l111u,.;e of Ouc1t: .
Th e pl:il'l: w:ls WllrLl1y of ,.;uc:l1 a t ri:tl. IL w:ts t liv.
g reat ]1:1\l ll[ \Villia111 H111'11s; tl 1e h:dl wl1icl1 l1ad l'l'sounde d \\'i Ll 1 n.c.:da111:tLi1111s al tl1e i11:t.11g-11raLiu11 "[ t.11irly
ki 11g:;; the li:tll wl1ich h:1.1l \\'iL11 essecl tl1 u jm:t st ·11 Lc 11l· u
of Ba e un; tlte j11,.;L :tl,,.;ot11tiu 11 uf Sume rs; th e hall
1"11ere C harles 11:ul (;l) 11frm1 tccl the l1igh Cll llr t of j 11,.; t ict;
\l·itl1 tlie pl:tt·icl c:o11rag·e wl1i uh l1aH l'ut1ee 11 1l'cl l1is Lu11e .
N e i t h e r rniliLtry 1111r civil p111np wa;; wa11lin g . Tl1 e
:t\·c 1111cs Wl'l'U li11l'd witl1 gl'e11:tllier,.;. Th u "lreds Wt; n :
kel't dear l1y t·av:tlry. Tl1 c pt·c:r,.; , rc1lwol ill gul 1l ;u 1d
c: r111i11c\ w un : m:1.rsl1a.l it·1l l1y tlie l1n:dd,.; 1111d ur ( ;:u'Ln
ki1w-:tlr :tl'll l,; . Tiil : j11dg·1·,.,, i11 1lll'il' \'1• s t 111t:1il ...; ol' sl:it" .
"
'
'
:1.Lt.c11cll'd, Ln giv1; advit:e 0 11 poi11L;; lll' law. :\1 "<l l' :1 111111cln·tl :u1<l st'\'e11t y lords - tliree-fourt]1,.; uf tl1t: li ['l 'l'l'
lw11,.;1 · - w:dl;c:\l i11 solt:1111t t1nl er l'w111 tl 1l'i l' 11 ,;11;d 1olat·c
of assu111l,\i11g tv t l1 c t rilJUl1:d. Tli,· j111 1iDr hrn>ll j1\'l'Sc; 11 L
luLl tl1u way , :tll<l Ll1e 1011,~ [•l't1CL'ssi1 111 \\' :LS dn,.;l' ,J In·
tl 1c l11'0tl1er;; :11111 "'Jlls 11[ Ll 1c ki11g. Tl1c g ray 1.J1l \\'all"
were hullg witl1 sca,rl eL.
Th e lollg g: 1lle ri L'" 11·1·re
now<le<l by an a11d i1; 11t·c: "ud1 as l1:1s r:1,rcly exe it.1"l
the fc :1rs n r ll1 e e11111l:ttio11s o[ all lll':t.1t1r. Tll\' l'C \\T l'e
g:tthercd tugctl1er, from all parts of a. g n·:ll , fn~'" 1:11li g-l1tuned, all(l prnspe rnw; ernpil'(-, g m(;e :t1\1l fL·11 1:dt:

J:n
r:q ;id, h11L here .i l h as lJec n cl1 ecke<l, a n il th e power of tl1 c writ e r
:i11d t he all.t> 11 lio11 of th e re:1<l1 •r :tr•• <lin•cle1! 1<1 a J>icl1tr> ' of lii c\
01»· 11i11 g sce 1i c pf tl11: trial. J\nl<' th e fnr111 a11d. strtwt11r.' of(],,,
s1-·11t c: ncc,; ; the \":tri1>11s :dlt1,-io 11 s; th e· ('karne'°' of style. ()\,,;pn·ii
t lie descri1.t io11 o f J last i11 ;.;s·s 1w rso 11al appeMa11ce :u1d t he add1·cl
st rength wl 1ich it g iq·s to ll1 e pict11re.

lovc1i n l'>'s, \\'iL ;u11l lL·arni11 g , t.11e l'e[in•::;e 11 tatives of evc l'y
scie1H·e :t111l cYe1-y :ut . . . .
Tl1e serje;inls lll: td<J pnll·l a111a t io11 . "f L1sli11gs :ulvanceLl
Lo Llie h1.r, :u1 <l l1e11L the k1 1ee. Tl1e L'lill'riL \\ ' :ts i1 11ll'e1l
11 cit llll\1·orU 1y o[ tl1:tL g1\·;1L p resence . I l e l1:td rll ll!d
all exk1 1si \'C a11cl pop11l"11s 1·01111! r r, l1atl rn :uk Jaw:; a nd
treaties, _l1: 1tl >'elll Jn r tli anni,·,;. l1.;1C] ,.,,.t 11[1 a 11 ,[ ,ullucl
1
dowll l'rnw,·s . J\ 11<1 ill l1is lii.~· ]1 l'l:i,:1: lw l1:11l so ]1orne
l1imsdf, il 1at. :1 11 liad f,·arvt! l1i111. tli;:l 1 11 11.~L }1:icl l(Jved
l1irn, :wd tl 1:1L l1:1tn·cl its1·11' 1·"1il1l d,·1 11· l1i111 110 t itl u Lo
.~·lor.1·, ex ;·,·1•L Yirl1IL'. ·11 c: I ' '" ]·,,., l 1·1
1 .a !--:T•·at. 111<111, a.11 11
lll>L lil;e a. l1:1d 11 1a11. . \ 1•l ' 1·,; (J11 s 1n;1 11 :1111 I. L·1 11 :u-.1atc1
·
l
L '

·

LIST OF SUBJECTS FOR PICTURESQUE NARRATIONS.

Pupils are recommended to co nsult the books named un der th e
topics.

The De:-;truc;t-.io11 u[ Pu 111 pl:ii .

'e

l.<'tl.1.· r ~ of th e You11gt' r 1'\i11y i1 1 Pump Pii, l1y Th o1 11 ~1s J[. n_ypr,
!'art !., Chap. l r.; <'los ing c ha.pt»rs , ,[ f,,,st llu•1s ~( f' um1wii, 1,_,.
l\11lwer-Lylto11; 'f' J, e lJestr1wti1111 1'.f' lferc1d111"'"111, li_y I.uni ~l:tc:uila y .

·! ·e L •h·ri vi11g- di g· 11it y fni11 1 a ,.:irri;i ge \\"liii· li , \\'l iil c i ~
111d1catcd tkl'vn.: 1wu to tl1c c11 11rt, i11di1·:th:<l :1J,.;,, lialJilual
~cl f-po.~scs,;ir . 11 and ,_,·!r-n·s1•t'l·L; a l1igl1 a11tl i11tl'll cct ual
lorl'lH:.: ad; :L lrro w l'l'll>'in.: li11t 1111(, .~·] .,,, 1111 ·; a m o u th of
i11Jl1:xiiJlu <l.:ci>'iu1 1; :t fat·u 11:1lc a111l \1·u1.'11, 1111 (, :;erellc.
~ 1 1 eh m1.s ll1l~ :t>']'l'd \1 itlt \\'l1i t"!i the great .l'rneo11:rnl
pn ·,;t· 11 le tl !1i111svH 1.11 ll1e j wl g1·s.
X1· ithn ti 1c t·11 l l'l'I.t· llor l 11s
· :11 l 1·ut·:tl1·,; attr:tele<l ::;o
rn111·l1 111itil't' :i .s tl1c :HT11,;r·rs.

111 th e 111 id:-<L

of rt·d <kljl L' I'.\', ;\ S]':tl'U Ji:u[ 11\'l'Jl fi(l1· 1(

li[J

.,r

Tl1e A:-:,;a,;si11:Ltio11

ur

Abra.ham Li11 culn.

l.i/'e ruul ])u/1/i.c SnTir Ps , ~( A hndunrt f .i1w11l o . Ly I l 1·11ry .J. l~ ay111011 d; A /,,·ah1011 / ,i11c11/,,: a ll istur!J, l1y Xi colay a11d !lay, Yol. :\.

The Tri:d of Socratc,;.
The A/"1/1'!/!J i11 liiu lu:J"''-' n( l' /,,10, t.ra11slated J.y B.. f o \\·et.t.

t li e Llazo

Willt

O')'(.!l)Jl

Tiu_~ Sig11i11g 11( Magna Cliarta .

lic111·l1cs a 11 <l tal dc,; f1>r 1.lie Co1111n11 11 s . T li t! 1 11 :ui;~g·cn;,
w1tl1 l\1t1·k e a L tl1c ir l1 1.::1d, appcar1· 1l ill ftdl 1ln ·s.~ . ]~v e n
}'.ix~ gl' 11erall_1· ·"" l'l '_~·: 11il l1 · :-<.s of l1i .s :l]'Jwar:111et., Ji:tiLl to
Ll1t! ilJu:-;tr11Jll>' tr1b1111al tll\' e11 11 11'l i111e 11 t u[ \l'<•ari 11 .,· n,
hag :111il :-:11·11nl. l'i lt l1::d rd11:<L'<l lo ht: 01 1e 0 [ "'the
conrl111'lors 111' tlic i1111•1·:1t·!1111l'1il, a11il l1i s ,·111111n:mdiiw
cln 1 JllL' J1t·e \\':! :-< \\':11iti1 1g 111 tli: 1L g·1·<'<tl- i1111 slc' 1· uf varion:
i:t.lc·1it:-< . - J)f,11·1111/,1,11 .

Ti1ne, .Ju11c j ,) , 1:.'\.-,. l'i d 11re Lh<' bPaut it·s o f tl11' E11 ~\ i ,-. l1 ' 11111 111cr-l"l'i'er lfJ tl1 e f:u11 n11s y•·ll' trt• tJ st. ill s t ;111di11g 1111 !lit! \, ;u 1k.' •Jf
the TJi:u11 e s - n u1111~· 11wdt• - c0 1111 c \l lll t.::td11\\' - 11:..:1•1 1 liy ~a XnllS
long years bt•fore . tJ uli11 1· ;11 1H~ d1nni fn1111 \\"i nd,or - J; ;tron ~ f ro111
L o1Hlo11 .

:'\l e 1·l i11g- ~ i ~11i11 .~ nf ( ' l1arl1·r-1 •ru,·i:..:io11 .-.; of C l1art 1• r -

eff('d. 11 po11 !.li e lil11·rlit·s nf l ·: 11 ~\; u1d.
llistor!J 1~/ //,. · 1'.'u:;lis!t l'•'fljll•', L y .Jol111 IL (;ri'Pl l. l:<iuk 111.,
( '\ 1a['.

I.

L11tl1f·r :1t t.lic ] )iv t

111' \ Vo rn i:-:.

f,i/i '!f'.llur1/,, !.111/ler, 1.y l'.. ti· r Bay11•', Y ol. 1l. , g .,,,J; I\.. , Cli:1[''·

I\-. a11d \ '.

I.
1

13:2

l:iTUD l. ES l N" E:"<; Ll S I I CO:\J l'(>S IT IO:'\ .

Th e Si ege of L cyd<' n.
l? i.< P '!f tl1 P ])11 /1'/, h'"p11lilic, liy .J ol11 1 L. llfotlt·y, Yo!. l
1\ ' ., Cl 1:tp . 11.

Tl ic N ight J\Iarch (11
l.' i.<•' 1~/

//,.,

r. , J>art.

~(·limm t ·11.

/J 111"/i ll ep1d1 /ic . by

13:;

l'ICTURii:SQ UE HJ c;TORICAL WRlTl N(:.

.r.,1i 11 L ..\f 11tl•' y, \ 'ol. 111., l':ut

I \-., Cl 1ap . J l I.

Tito Disco \' cry of Am e rica,.
Th e Lamlin g of tlil' Pil g ri1 ns ..
l/ isrury o/ t/11; U r, ited Stutes 1'.f" .'l 111•·r/, .,,, liy C: eoq::e B:111 ero ft,
Y ol. l. , Chap. \ 'I I I.

LESSON LVIII. - PIOTURES QUE EFFECT BY CONTRAST.

TWO SC ENES I N THE LIFE OF MA RI E ANTOINETTE.

0 11 ,\! .,n day, 111\: 1-11 11 <if O l'\1ll 1n, 17!1:\, :i. ra 11.' e 1s
]><:11di 11 g i11 tl 1e ]' ;ilat"' 111" .J11,.; fi1T, i11 tl 1v ll l' ll' I: e1·nlt1!io11ary ( '11111'[, ,111·h :1,; 11111,.;('. (Jid ,.;l 1rn i; 11·alb 11<;ver
wit11es,-<'•l. -- tl11: i r i:il <>I' ,\la ril' .\11 tn i11t·tk. T l1e OJH;e
l1ri g l1 !t.:,;l 11 f tJllL't:l 1,;, 111111· L1l'llis l1c d, .Jd:i.1·l·d, forsake 11,
.~ t:uitls l1 c ru at. F.1111111i1•r-Ti111"i!J,.-s .l11d g 111e ni-l>ar, a lls11·e ri11 g f,n· Jin life . Tl 1u i11di1·t11 1u11t 11·:Ls deliYne<l h er
la><t ni g ht. 'J'., s 11 1: h 1.·l1:1 11 g ,.s 111' l1 11111 :u 1 fo 1-t.n11e wha t
words an; a 1lt- q11at u ., ~i l1 ·1 1 \· e al o11 1.· is :ul eq11 :tle.
l\[:ui t.: ,-\11 (.,i 11L"l(L' . i11 t l1is l1t·r :il.:u1il11111111.· 11t. a ncl l1onr
of !'X[ l'<'lllC 111 :1·cl. is 1111! \\-:111(i11g t u lin,;1 ·H, ll1 c imperial
woma 11. l l\·r l oo k, t lll'y sa .r , a,.: tli:t!. l1i d eo us illd idment

was r eadin g·, con t inneLl caJ m. "She was sornd i111(·s
ol>scrvccl rn ~n· iug lier fingers, as wlwn 0111: pl:ty,.; nn tlie
discc r 11 ' 11 ut wi t l1on L inte rest , :tnoss t ]1;tL
p 1-.-,1,111 ). " You
.
dirn Hevolntion:1.ry l\ulktin iLsell", l1 nw sl1 e lw a rs l_wrsd f rjlteCn-like . 1 fer a 11swers are l' I" Jlll['L, dl.'.;t r, o ltc n
of h eoni c brc: YiLy; r esolu t ion wh ic.11 h:i.s gr.. 11·11 . C' !J11 -.
tc mpt uous witlwuL <.;Cas i11 g to l>e dignif i\)ll. 1· t· ~ b 1h"l!
in t:alm w onls. " y Oll uersis t, U1 e11, in d L'll ia l ') , .. ,\I \'
pbn i::; not <le lli;d: i t is i li e t ru Ll 1 1 !1: tl'1.: ><aid. :t1ul
pc r,.:i st in t l1 at."
.
.
At fon r o\·loek o n \\' et.111 esc_Lty 111o rn1 ng. ;1lt <' r tm >
ilav,.; aml t wn 11ig hls of i11 lc: rrng":1ti11 g-, j11ry-1·li:1rg·i11;..:·,
:w.;l other d:1. rke11 i11 g of <;0 1111sd, th <.; ru,.; 1i\ t, c1 11111 ·,.; c111l.se ii tem:e o( ])l.';t Ll1 ! "I hl'l~ you a11yt.11i11g to ,.;:1._1- ·i ·· Tiii'
aee u><c <l sl1 nok lier l1 c:u1, 11·it.l10 11 L s pcc·cl 1. Ki.~l1t"s ca11 Lllcs <L re lJ11rnin g o nt ; and with li e r, t.11), T irnl' i,.; fi1 1i,;h:
ing, a ml it will h e Ete rni ty rwd Da_r . Tl 1i,.; hall ol
Tin vill e's is <1:trk ill-lig·hl e(l cx t· ept wl 1crc ><ii(: sta n tk
:)i lc 11 t.h ,;]1e \ril1 11ll':tws fr om it, t" die .
'I\1·\; pnicc:-silll1 s o r l{ny:tl 1']'()gTc'S"<'"· t l1n·c :ind
t, 11 · \ ~ ll i.)' }(':I.I'S :qiarL ]1: 1.ve of L<:ll l' ln1i:k 11s ll'itl1 :t. s(r;u1gc
fv\ :li 11 .,· ,. f t·1,1itmst. The fir><L i>< o f :i. l1\·;1 11 til1il :n1 ·l1 <1i1 c· ht;: s :i 11 •l t1:i.llplii1 1es:-<, q11it.tin g 11\'r rn•i! lw r' :< .. it,1·, :11
tli 1.: age of fiftc•1.• 11, l< 111· a. n1s ]1P pL·s Sll\· li as 11 1 <•li 11· :·
d:twdi k r (l( E1·c t1 1e n 11:111. •· 011 tl11• 111 01Tll11·."' >'a1"
\Vchcr, :w e.1·c-wi t11css, "tl1e \1:111phim·s,.; ldt \" ic·1 111 :i .
T! 1c wl1 nlc <'it y 1.· ni11·\k<l o ut, :tL fir,.; t \1·i!l 1 a Slll'l' 11 W
wl 1ie h wa.-; s ilent. Sh e appe <Lr e rl ; yn1 1 ,;;rn l1t ·1· s1111k
bade in to her e:trri age, lw r face batl1l'd i11 !1.· ars; ,;n·t·r:tl
times putt in g out lier lw:ul to s(•e :1g·ai11 !h e ['ah c<· 0f
li e r fa th e rs, ~-vl1itl1 ur ><li e \\'as (n return 11 0 lll!>n·. ~ l1<:
m o t ioned h er rcgn:L, li er gra.tit11cl c, to th e g-.iod n:i.tion
which w:ts crowdill g t.o 11i ll lier f:t1 'l·1rcll. Tll\'1 1 arnse
1

'·)

...

......

~""""i..· ·;;(;,~ ,''1

134

i:;TUDI I~S IX EKGUSI-I CO~lPOS ! TlON.

PICTUI:!<: St~ U lO:

n ot only tears, l•uL pi<·rci 11 g cries, on all sides. It was
:wdiGle suu 11d of \\ '; Lil in tl1 c slreets and :L \'C llll CS of
Vi c 1111a. Th e last con ri e r tltat follo 11·e<l lwr Llisappcarcd,
anLl Ll1c Cl'O\l'tl melted away ."
n. 11

*

*

*

*

*

*

Tl1 c you ng impcri11l rn;ti<lcn nf fi flcc n ha .s nfJ w hceomc
a wo l'll , di se ro11·11 ed \\'iLlow of thirL,r-cig·l1L, gmy he fo re
Ft•w minutes
lw r Lirn c . Thi,.; is tl 1e bst processio n.
aHt.:r th e tri:d . e 11d ed . the drnms were beating Lo a rms
.in all seut io 11s ; a l s unris e tl1e ann t·<l fon;e was <>II foot,
ca1111 u11s gelti11g place d at tl 1e cx lrelllitie::; o f th e bridges,
in tl1 e squan·s, crnss\1·ays. :tll ;ilo11g fro1n tlll' l 'abt:e of
J 11 stiet.: tu tl1e !'lace u( f{L"1·0!11tirn1. B,r ll.: 11 o'cloek,
1111111ero11s patrols " ·ere L"irc 1tiati11g in tl 1c streets, t.l 1i r!y tl 11i 11s:L11tl f'not, :t1 Hl l1 orsc dra11·n up mHkr anns.
A L eleY(' ll, J.hri e 1\11 ttJi 11 ctte \\';ts l1rnu g l1L 011t. Sh e
had 011 an lllH1rcss of \\'l1i t<· piriu<: ; ::: li e \1·as le d to the
pLwc 0f c xcen t inn in tltc sam e m:t1111 l'l' as an onlinary
c rim inal; bound 0 11 it ca rt, acco 11111:1nit:<l by a constitut inna l priest in by <ln·ss, cscmll'<l by n11m cro 11s det:icl 1m c11Ls n( i11f:1 11( rr a n<l ea\·alry. Tl1 esc arnl t he
tloi1l>lc J'O \I " o f tmops all ;do ng li er rnacl, s l1 e appt'a rctl to
rcganl \1·ith i11ilifkn•n e1" On l1l'r (·0 1mte11;u1 t·e th ere
was \·isihl u lll·i tlil'r ;il.:i ,.: Ji mr 11L nor pride . TP tl1 c cril's
0f "Li1·c tl1 c lll'j11tl1li1· '. .. :11111 .. lln\\·11 \\·it lt ty ranny! "
wl1il'.li :i t lcn tl etl la·r :Ill 11 1L' 11· :1.1·. sli u see med to pay no
l1 ccd. :-;]1 c: spob• l itt le lt1 lier <·1 rn fl'ssor. T he tri eolor
slrcarn L·rs 01 1 tlt e l1 n11s(·-tn ps n<'(·11p il'd li e r a t.tu 11 (ion in
tl 1c Stn ·<• (;.; cl1 1 Hnuk :111d ~ai11 t- I lc11 111r6 : s l1c also 11 0t ieed tl1t' insni pt io1 1s 1111 t li t~ 1JC>11se-fro11ts. 011 rcac:l1i11g tht' 1'l:tl'C 111' ltc·1·11l11t i11 11. ],..r l111iks (1 1rn ed tnwa.rcl
the Tnil1~ r i cs; h('r face ;i t t11at mo mr ni n0·;1.ve s i<rns
of
b
liwl.r c rn ntion . Sl1 c mo unted the scaffold with courage

llT S TOIUC J\1, W ltlTL:-IU .

] '.J:j

e n ough; at a q uarter past twelv e h e r hcacl fell; th e
exec u t ioner showutl it to the p opl c, a 111i<l universal
long-co nt inu ed c ries o( " Live the l{ ep ulilic ~ "
Fru111 '/'li e Fre1,c!t

l~ e co/a 1io 11,

by

Th o 111 a~

Ca rl yle.

LIST OF SUBJECTS FOR SIMILAR TREATMENT.

.i\ 1n erica,-

i 11

1-1·~) ~ am1 1l) \J ~.

T \\' o Seen cs in tl1 c Life of Anne Boleyn.
l'oro11at ion a ml Executiou .

.J o:L 11 uf Arc.
J\ s i111pl c peasan t g irl in lJorn rc my.

At tli c !i('acl of Lli e :mni t•s of Fran ce.
A t. tl1 e slak e in t li e 111 a rkeL-pl ace of l{oue n.

Q11ce n Victoria.
A t lier acecssiu n to tl1 e tliron e, -1 807 .
Th e .J11bilcc l' l'a r, - l t>S7.

U ly::;~ r~

S. Grant.

1n h is fat lier·~ e11q .Joy al Gal e na.
A t t he l1 ead o [ tl 1c victo ri o11s North ern a rmy.

Al1raliarn Lill coln .
,\ l1oat111a11 011 tli c :\l i" iss ippi.
A l:twvn a l ~ J> ri11 g fielcl , Ill.
T l1e l'rc•,i d1·11t i11 \\':i sl1i 11 gto 11.

\\' illi:un I., E111jJL'ru r uf Gern1;wy.
Crown l' rincc o[ l'>·11" ia, fl y in g- frn 111 Be rlin.
Kin g o ( l ' rn , s ia, .~ lrn ,g ,g li11g with Au:~ tri:t.
l'ro<:l:ti1111•1l J.:11q•c•ror .. r <:e rn1a11 y, i11 tl 1e palace

.
Xa puleu n Bo11 a pa r tt·.

,\ Loy in l li e 111ilit:iry Heh ool of Brie n11 c.
J\s E11qwror of tltt· Frc11 cli .
J\ 1•riso11t•r :i t ~ L . J J,·l.,11a .

(J(

\"prsail lcs.

131)

::>T U I •ll•:S 1.N E:\(;LIS H

CO,\Cl'OSITIO _N".

LESSON LIX. -- PICTURESQUE EFFECT BY SUGGESTION.
EXJ •:l~Cl"E

1. -

~!OllEL

Sl1 c k isses l1i,; lil'·"', li e ki,;ses he rs, !hey solemnl y bl ess
l::tL·l1 ut l1l; r. Tl1e >'jl:tre l1an<l d uL'S 1t0L t rc rnl1le as li e release,.; it, 11otl1i11g \1·u rs0 Liiall a s 11·ect, lJri g l1L co11st;rnc:.)'
is i11 tl1 e p:1ti c11t 1':1ec. !-Ili c goes nex t lwforn l1im, - is
g u1 1t·, - tl1L: l; 11 itLi 11g 11-. 11 111·11 ct1 1111 t Twc11ty-t11'<1.

L 1/e,

U1"'1i1T cel/u11 011, l lf1c

s,1/tl1 tlll;

Li111il th e 1i1111~ to tl11! 111nrni11 g or l.111! exec11tio11. (;ii'< ' th <' cli rn:ix
J,y s11 g·gesl io11 01il_v . ,\ p:ct.l 1d ii: e11 rli11 g 111:ty I,.• 111:1<1•· li y ri ·la1 i11,c:
t li" i11 c id C' nt. •>i' l1n li1t.1,, tl o_c:, l\>1111d 11 11,Jcor !1.-r s kirts afkr ,) ,0 \\a s
d e ad . Iler fa111011 s l.a li1 1 ]'ra.1·er,s:t id tu lrill'l' liee n c1 11"l"'" "I i11 U1c
g-ray o f ll 1e n1,, rni11 ;; of lii:r <'X"1·1it io1 " 111:ty li e 11 se d w i1l 1 ,.fleet; 11

Tlil: 111ur1n ur i1 1~· o[ rn;1 11y Yo in :.'-', !l1<: npt11 r11in g of
many l'ae es, ll11~ l' ress ing--011 o[ lllany fo otsll'ps i11 tl1e
u11tskirts of tl1 e nr l11·cl , sn tl1 at it. s\\·clls f11n1·:u·1l in a
11wss li ku o ne gn:aL l1 en.1·c of ,1-atc r, all Jhs l1 es a11·ay;
Twe11 Ly-t l1ree .
Tl1 cy saicl 1,f' 111111 ;d><•n t Llic cit.y !hat n igh t, tl1a t it was
tlw i•1 ·acd11llt• st. lll:i11"s f:wc: cH- r hcliel1l there. ~Lt n y
:t11detl that. lie l1 ll1kt'd ,.;1il1l imL~ :i11tl proph rt ic.
Ul1r//·l1-., Di,.lceus.
:\oTJo:. - T lris <''.\:lln]'I<' i;; fr0111 ll ic·l;i•1,,<s Ta le 1~/ 'f'll'o ('iti1·."
'1'11« st·.-111' is lai d i11 l'a ri s. :ii 1111· li111 •· ,,r 11,, , T ., 1-ror. It. is a fa d
lli:tf . .i::rn 111;s or \\'0111"11. \\'lin lirn1 1.i::h l !lrri r k11it.ti11 g- \\'iLl1 t.l1 e m , sa.t
al •Ol l L t I 10 fuoL uf ll 1e >' ''il l< it i "" :lll d co111 it eel t he 1111111 lier of t.hc
Yid i111 S.
Di l'. k r 11 s has 111 ilizrd ll1 is \\' (•l l-k 11ow11 fact, i11 ord e r to sugg·cs t th e
riduro of the• f'X<"Cllt. ion \\' il hofll ,1 .. sc r il ing iL. Th e \\' Ord s Tw l' nt.ytl\'O :1.11< l T1w· nt.y -1hn·r. t«il lh f' s lnry co111pl <: te ly - n o rr1rtl1er \\' Ords
:nn l1<"1°d t'd - !J1e, i111a:; i11al io 11 o l' th e rt•arl"r ca.11 he re li e<l upo11 to
fill in all .l1·l: 1i k
Tl" ' i11lrudn c· ti rJ11 o f 111,-. hPc:·i11ning ,,f (]i,, B11ria.l ~.-n·ic r is
pf' rl1:q 1.' I }1 c u 1ily llii11 g- 1hat """Id arid lu t he i11rprl'Ss i1·" cli;u·ai;ler
of Uie il esc rip t.i on .

U

l>ii111i11 i...·

() t>.:H1 ~

nd

deu . . . , ·"' JIPra.d
.J1 ·s 11 , 111111 c

tc ,

i 11

lilJera

111 l'.

]11 d11r:l. «ali'11:i, in 111isf" ra 1111: 11a ,
J)p ~i d e r o

£,1ril ; lie

t!1fl ( l11•licud/i / 11 1111· . tl1ou:;l1 Ii<' 11·rr1· dead, ,1p·t s/111/I /11 • lil'e;
////,/{ ll'lw sOt'l" 'i' l/1•1'1/i <111 r/ l11·li1'1'c! l1 In 111 ,; 1;/i11ll 11 cur 1· die ."

0

LIST OF SUBJECTS FOR SIMILAR TREATMENT.

Ex ccntiu11 of 1'Lny, Q11 cc 11 uf Scuts.

l<'OP.. :STU DY.

THE EXECUTION OF SIDNEY CARTON .

"I 11111 t/11·

1:17

l'fCTUJ <ESQ U E lll :ST O l:I CAL Wl:JTJ:\(; .

t<'.
i em e11d n , l11 .~r· 11d11 , pt. g1 ·1111

t

fl ed endo ,

Adoro , irnplnro nt liben·s me."

Leo11iclas at

Tl w rmopyh~.

Li111it t li e se" " '' fr om th e t i11 1n th e

Pn~ia11 s

came up in tlir• r0ar

:UHl di ...;coYcrt.·11 tl1t-: ~ pa rt an~ Co t1il1i1q; tl wi r lu 11 g- y1·ll u\\

l1:lil". -

\q

the e11d o[ tfo, l•:Jtl.J.,. lh n·siilt. 111av l•e i11 tli cat<!rl Ly llir; L1k ,,f
th e 0 11e t! es.,r t,·r w l1 0 1·scapeil tu h-11 tli1· n ews _ <i11 ote t hr; ii"''"
o f Si 1noni1l cs upo11 tl1 e to 1111. of tli e l1 e 1·oes ; " Co,

~ tr: rn g rr.

Gen cr:1 l

·wolfe

La . ~e d <~ 111011

a nil to

'fl1:\t J1 cr e iJht>dic nt.

li1

trll

li er laws w e fell."

at Q11vlicc.

Li111i t the ti111 c !o Ili c i•n•1its nf a s ingle ,Jay. Pi cli1rr; 11 11• li nat<>
gl idi11 "' dol\'11 111 th e l:t.11il i11 "' i11 tli " d:<1 ·k1lf'.,s- tlw lr as ly .- li11 il• i:p
the rock,vlir·ights-!h\'qui•·k d..feat.111' ll1 e j<ic kel-g·11:ml - !l 11' 1•0.- ition 011 I],., l'lai11 s 11f ..\ l. rali;c111 -- tl1 r: lia lllr:- its r "" ilt.
T r. i11 1li c:lln \\'o \f,· 's fa1" , Jh<.: ll1 r: \\·e ll -k110 \\'l1 ir wid1•11t. .,f hi s
quotin g fr o111 1l1t>. 1; 1"!1.'I ll'ritl1·1r in 11 ( ·, , ,,,,,,._,/ C /111 ,-,-h -!f"'"/:
"Th e 11oasL of lwral d ry, th e po mp of

pow (~ !' ,

And all that l1na.uty. :ill that ,\.i'Otlt.li e't: r g-av1•,
Await alike t l1 e in e\·i 1ahle h<111r:

Th e pal li s of glory il'ad hut to t. he g ra ve _" -

foll owed l1y rr: f<'re 11 <:E 1.o l'lw 111p11111111•11t r:ii s«d i.o th e m e 111 ury o[
\V olfc a1111 i\ l o1d.l'al111, l1<':wi11.l;' tL f) followin g i11 scri}'ti o11 ; -MORTEM

VIRTUS

FAM/\M

M O N UME N T\J M

COMMUN EM

HI STOR!A

l"OSTE RI TAS

D'-.DIT.

:;1; .

138

S'J'UD IES IN E::S- G Ll S H CO Ml' OS lT fO N.

ST UDIES rN S HO ltT ST OIUES.

LESSON LX. -

OUTLINES OF STORIES.

Adri ft.
C l fAPTI·: H X\r.

ST UDIES J,,y S !JO.Kt S'tOJU E .'l' F Oi/ r: Ir! lDH F .Y.
Su m :rny sl1 <> r L st o r i t s a r c 11ow wrilt e n t.l1 a L i t. s t:L'lll S
tl 1a t shnnltl lie reatl , mL11('1' Ll1 ;m

llt'U er to su ~·gest. sorn c

atte mpt

t o g i Yl' a n y a s <~ x a rn pks .

In S t . .N

/1.fwl11s, 1Vi 1lc

A ll'uk1•, ;rnd 1'/11· 1'0 11111.·., Co111p1111io11 c an lie f ou11d c x c d lt• 11t Jll()tl t· ls i11 g re ;tt va ri ety .
The. ))'/nr.11 •f 11 Slt ort L ife a nd Ji1 1"f.., 11 111;1 f'. .~ liy l\I r s.
.f 1ilia11 a I l 11rat i;t E\1·i11g, 'l'li1: 81 01·.11 '!!' l'11t s,1; a ml 1'!11:
l>i n {s' Cl1r is t1111r .~ C11 rol liy J\: :i.tc Do1 1g las \Vi g g i11, n.11 d
IVl·e Wdl i1• Wi11/r i c by Hwly: t n l l\ ip li11 g , a re s t o ri es
a lm ost p e r i'c d

Tli c

of t h e i r ki11d .

L"h ;1.n11 f1f' rn a n ,r s h or t s t ni· i l's li1 ·s 11 0L s o 11111 e h in

t.l1 c i n c itl l' 1it 11p1l! 1 \\·l1i " li tl1ey a l't ~ h :LsL· <l :i s up o 11 t.li e
U1 c y a r c to ld .
( ' ;t !l

w:ty

T l1u p m 1·c r l> [ Lu lli11g tl1i11 g s pl e as;t11!.ly

])! , :l( L 1i1 1, .. 1: i t. l' Olll l.:S \\·i( h

r·:ud1 il s l 11d\· 11 1' 11 J< 11 lel s,

a11d

j>l'<L t: f it'\', l1;1 se d

llJH>ll

is wi t.l 1in tl1 L' n •:u·l1 11[

:L

an y

<lll t ' wl 1<1 n ·alh· a11 d i 1it"ll i .~· .. 11 1h· tri e s (n a1 ·q 11ir n ii.
Tl1e

t .. 11 d1"1 1t'}

of'

i11r' XJ1t •ri .. 11 1:e <l

\1· ri LL·rs

(11 11 ><u

tl1 e

U1il'd 11e r >< 11 11 i 11><lL·•ttl o f tl1t: lirs l, tn 1l· ll 11·l 1at. th L· ('!1 :i.r a cLL' rs s ay ,

rathe r t h :1 11

;tl l m 1· tl 1c m to s:tY i t t h e rn s c lv c s ,

s li o n ltl l 1l~ t•:1n·f1tl l)' arni ckd.

l\ c t.: p to t li e rlirc l"t. d is-

c n1 1rs t.:

care

a l n 1w

a ><

11111('! 1 :ts

\ 1· il l 11ft.e n

Litt.ii, g ir l - i\la.ry - li l'<'1l o n e a 11 a l lio a t ll'i lh fa.l11 P1", mo t h r r ,
:l1 11l l1ahy hrotli e r. l>e,c r il1e a t':l!l:d li oa t - s izl', , J1 a pt'. ea h i11 s, de .
i\ l utlc o l li l't· u 11 a c a nal b oaL - 111 1Jd es of loc•rn 1oli o 11 . T l1is ,•11 11111
h o a.I. l. r ;c1·1•lle d fro 111 Bu !Ta lu a.10 11 ;.: E ri e Ca11 al an 1l 1I u 1l.">1 1 lt i,·c r
t,, _:\,.,,. Yu rk 1h1ri11g- ti" ' s1 1111111 c r 111 1J n ths- laiJ up in wi nt." r :ct
.J e rse y C it y , ll' Ji,, ,.. , i\L Lry , w it. Ii c;ll 1e r lit tle liu a L-ol wl'l ie r.-< , ,,·,.111,
I.ti scl1ool.
On ce , w l1 c 11 in low \\' il h t. we n t.y utJ 11, r l1(•a ls 0 11 tl 1e
r in•r, t.l1 e B ds1'!/ Jo ne li app e 11 ed t o Le 1:1.st in Ii""· Tl 1e f: 11 11ili1·s
n11 I.li e d iff,,re nt ho;ct.s 11se1l t.o vi s it ba c k a n J fu r l. Ii.
011 1~ 11i .i,; l1 t
w li e 11 h Pr fat h er a n d 111o l h e r :ire away , a nd J\l a ry is alon e, ab,;orbc 1l
i11 ~t book , t h e t.ow -li11 e b re a k s , anti b e fore s h e r (' :dizes what
li a ..; h a ppe nl' cl, she find s h e rselC aJrift o n th e B et.' f!/ J an e.
T he
boat m a y tl rit't a s h o re :u1 (l s i11 k , o r m ay lie ru n d o ,1·11 l1y a st e:un hoat - s li e tries t o sl.ee r th e l1oaL- ll'i11d is alio· aJ - r ig s a 11111 L10 11 lrg s ail ( fi n d 0 11 L a11 d tl esn iu e) w it h a s h eet, s0t 11 e ro J'' " a nti a
\loa t.- l1 (1u k - kt ·eps fr1J111 dri [Li 11 g a s h o re an <l lll f<k cs go11d t i111 c
du\\' 11 t ill: r iYl' r .
l' ict. 11re t:o ns !t·rn atio n of fa Ll1 Pr a 11 tl 1nothr·r S<':1. rc li - fi11 a ll y , d e l ig h t o [ a ll to sec t.li e R et.' e!I J a ne sa il in to
i.1 11 > lit.Ll e "J.ay a t l'eck skill, \\'l1 ern a ll ha<l a ncli o rl'd to ll' a iL a nti
t o sc are Ii .

p o s s il il e;

g· in; l i fe

<111 11 s pi r it

i11

tlii s

p:ir(i t.: u l:t l'

Lo ;111 ollwr\\'i ." l '

d11 Jl S(ll l' \'.

T r:1.in .

.fak e ll a ndv. t.!i f' c n g i11 r0 r o n I.li e ni ght frc i.g li t., l i\'es a t n ro w nsv ill •·. w li .. re hi s t.r:ci11 l:t_1·., liy f1Jr I.li e p a.sse ng e r-t r:c in •·n· n · 11i .i.: l1 t.
l"nr two lin11r:-: , g i\·in µ; l1i1 11 t, i 111 e to go li c11 11 ~ a,11tl g1•L a h nL ~ 1 1J ~ l'(' I'.

I[ ,, IC :tl' l' S t ltt> "x .. st o r ," hi s ('ll!-i i1 11 •, i11 t•l1a q.;c' o f h is fi ft.e •'f l·Y l':lrna,·c l1as oft r. n riold " n ll'itli hi s f:tt l11• r an d li e
ol 1l so n });we.
kn OIYS t he e 11 g in o w r ll - kn o ll's h o w Lo s t a r t, slo \I' u p, rc ,· c r~r ,

s t"i " e t c.
0 110 n ig h t, aft .. r h is f:tt li c r h ~.tl g o n e a s us ual. a l t' 1-rifl c \\'i n d sto nn curne :=; up.
Jht \·e i;-; g(' I lin g- Vf' r ,Y n 0 n ·o 11 s and frig ht ··11L'd,
wl)l• 11 h e sr:Ps n1 s l1 h .1' 0 11 !.l ie rn a in li1 1e :t rn n:Lwa.v l. r:ii11 o [ l1 (' a \'i l:v
10:1.J l'd cars. go in g· ololl' n g r ;u] P. !1; tl:t s lirs a n nss D :t1·1> .s 111i11d
1lia L t.I H pa ~ .... f' ll gJ~ r PXpr1·.-.:s i."' ~00 11 d1 1< >, <·0 111i11 g- up t.11 ! ~ ~: t111 r tra l'k .
Tl1 e t.l11J11 g h t o( th o; t.n ri l ol,, di .-<:ts l<:r i1 11111i11 1· 11t., 11 e r,·es l1i 11 1 l o
0

111 tlw 1'1il l ow i11 .~· lesso n r 1il l 11 11( Ji111 ·s 111' 1111"1 ·1 : s t11ri1 •,-;
arc g i \'c n fnr t r ia l i1md i(' c i1 1 t l 1is ]; i11d ..

Th e R nn :i.way

r 1nili11 .~"

1

HO

S'T UI.>lES lN Sl:lOln' ~'l' O HU: S .

s tqw.; m c effo r t. lf r ttttWll!' l•'.'i lite •· \' es t o r , ·· pul s on full ste an 1,
a nd , La ri.-; a l'lt •r tl 1., ru11a11·a y. .\ L le 1t ;; t lt li e uv e r ta k•· .-; it , a nd
rd ttl'll s , bare ly rc a cl1i11 g- t he s id1: tra ck \\'li e n th e e xpress dashes

p: is t.
l >es cr il 1c n:11·e :11t d I" '" . he wa f.-l 1<·s ll ie c 11 ;; i11c - d 1•sc ri l 1c th e
s lo n11 :llld l1 is 1w n ·.. 11 s 1'1·a rs . ;\° :1rr:tl 1: Ll 1e t 1 ·: u t~ il i o 11 o f l'c ·el i 11 ..fr o 111 k: u· fu r sl' li: 0 11 accu un L of stu nn , 1•1 f1· a r for oth n s o~
:t<"COllli l o f col li s iu 11. :\an alt! i11cide 11 b o f t, )i ,, clt a.sc - 11( fi1taliy
g-e t l i ttg i11 s ig lt L 1> 1' tl 1e lrai 1t - of ex ln· tn e d it1 i,. 11 lt y in c1, 1t!' ii 11 ,.-_

<11: !•:.l o pp.i t1 g Sp\' t·d C1f Jw a \'_\' I ra i n - o f fi 11a J S ll l' l'l':->~ i 11 l"L' \'t • r:-: i 11 ~ ­
u i. fr a1t Ltc I.e r ro r 1>ll lt e ari1t .~ lit e l' Xj'l"l.:ss i n U1 1: di s latt l't_:, - rd ttrn ,

d e. " T h e true lwro is li e wltu rl' al izes a <l:wgc r ant..! yet faces ii.
Lra,·ely ."

How tl w Cat ca11 gli t a ~ Iu u :->e .
T ul d l1y 111.'rsl'lr and :11laple<l fu r d tildre 11 al 1o ul sc 1·e n yearn o f
a ge . ll e a r d !t" r :Iii .s t ress say tlt al li te 1ni<'l' d id a g- reat <k a l o f
l1:tr 111 - <ll' c id " d lo lt e lp :d i t hat :< lt e co u ld - wailed 11n l ii afte r
d ark - l1id - h e ard t h e li tt le 1n0 11 s1.: 's t eet h 111aki1 tg a lt ul e lliro ug li
t lt 1; fl oo r - s a w it s lill le h t' atl co 1t1e tl 1rn11g l1-tl1 1e 11 its l1od y - iL
l 0ok s al 1 0 11 L- f-: e 1· ~

110

o nc -

c u 11 11 ·s

0 11 t - - cat

g ir e.., one J; l't-!a t le;1p

a11d calci tes ii - ii n i•·;';-(':tt j>h1·s 11·it lt il. - lu.-;ses i t llj> - Utt ce
- lll'icc-llt ir1l ti111,: it f:dl:; n .: r r 11 e ar lite lt ule - 1.dorn eat. rn 11
ca lcl 1 ii , i:-; .~ r 1111· .
~

Tlit· .\1 011:->1·\ ~ l fJ ry ol' t IH· S; 111 H· J\1h 1·11 Lm e.

S tor,y of t,li,: \ ' iold:-< t lw t wu11 t tu ::;Jee p UJH1 er the
Oak-Trl'l'.

Hl

l illlc o ld man, ll" li o [req1t1'1 1tly appe a re d l u passe rs-\ •.\', a n d t ested
t h e ir \ln sc l ti s l i n es~ . 'l' lt ey 11·e re a lw:1ys a s ke cl l.11 sac r ilice so1 11etlt1 11 g

l

fo r ollt e rs; i[ ti t" )' f, 1 ll u 11·c1l th e ir l 1c Lte r n:d 11n~ s a 1td ga1·e Il l'. so1tt ell iiiw fu r oth e rs , L1 1c:y ca111 e "" L lJesL in l it e e 11d ; if tl tr•: ' did 1t o l,
t it e r"' \ \ "(! J'C in SO ln •.: ~l':l)' ] >Uni s h ed.
H1 " k i11 ':; l\. i11y 1f tli1· r ; u/, J, II
U ii~a is o id y :t 11 u t l1<' I' n·r,.; io 11 u l Lit e ol d s t.11 1·y . ' l'c·ll Ll 1c l :d c w it h
an y c harat.:lc r ~ :u1d in c id e 11l s yo u i11:cy [' l'll tu r.

Th e \\'1 ,dLl in g of Gul(l Pe n an<l l 11ksLa.11d.
1) 1 ~,c ri be Lli e w eddi1tg 0 11 l it e lil 1rary l:tl •k - 11:c111 e t.lt e g 11 1" fs.
:-;"e tl1 :cl
A fte r l it e cereut (>llY t h e g uP:;l:; o ffe r co 11 g r:.t11l a l io11 ,.; .
ea ch u 11 e;; t has :u1 a ppro pr i:tte 8e n t i 11 1e n t Lo o fl't! r t1> t he 11 1· 11·ly
ll' e d J(~l p :ii r. F o r <'X~i,n 1pl e, 11 1\ l ay li fe 's ca res res t. li;.; lt Ll _,. 1'.I'.""
y o u ," s:i i. l t h e l':tpe r \\' e ig h t . " :-; t ic k t o <'ach oth e r t.l1rot 1 .~·h l Ht~k
;wll tit in ," s ai•l t h e ~ 1 11c i l age Bo ll ie.
Co 111plele t.1 1<.: sto ry . b l"ll1 g1 t1g
1
up each o hj ed t h at is co 111111011 1y ·(o unu' 0 11 a 1·1u ra r j• t ..·•lJ le• Lu o<' i n:
its co11 g ralu hlio 11 .'i .

LittlL: Boy J31ne, curn c \Jluw yuur lwrn;
The sheep n,rc in t h e rn e ad1>w , t.ltc eow : > in the cu m.
\ V1·:we a sturv of t l1 e war a\Jo 11 L Li ttle Bo y Blu e , a ft·; r Lit e s tyle
[
0 N ini: Little r;;1slin:;s, liy Susa11 Coolid ge.

Tl1 c SLory of t.111: Will ow Patte rn.
Th e w e ll -kno wn w ill o w p :-1l lc rn o n l'a11lo 11 cl ti11 :t, i:; ~a i1! t o lie
an illuslral.i o 11 o [ an o l1l C ltin e:;e .'llo r y.

l\l a k e u p a s tory w hi ch

the p ic t t1re wil l illu ;; tml e.

I'i cl 11 ru 11t .. i1· s p ri1 tg-. '' tt111 111 r r. :u 1J a11 l t1111n li fl'.

A Ci t y wi tli o nt a

~a rn e .

,\fi el d fu ll 111' spi d e r 11·c l• s, a s is 0f t c n se <' lt i11 Ili c co un t r y 111 n1i1ls umm e r - il s i 1tl i:t hi l.a11ts - tl 1Pir oc1' 11 pal io n s, 1:l c .
.

R ell' r ite tli e uld s lor ies o f " l.\auc is ;rnd P hile 1110n " - " ~ lid:1s a 111 l
the C o ld e n T o uc; l 1" - •· ,J ;tso n and t h e (; ul d u11 F h:ece ., - .. T ltese 11s
~l e<;L i 11 g !tis Fa.tit e r ," de . - l111ilal.e th e :;tyle ol Jl ;rn ll1 un 1t.:':;

IVullll er-l!ook.
!\ UTE. -

T l11 ·r<' a n• a1tt 0 1t g I It" <: .. rnt al t F<1l k-l 111·e s t.o ri es lll a ny diffe re nt
o ucs ba se d upo n I.li e lieJid l-1 1a L l lt c r c o u ce li vcJ in Lit e fores t, a

Lt w ill lie f0 u11d tl1at Lhu 1netnl n·rs o f tlt1: clas:-\ h aYO Ill.a n ~· i1 1 ~·i ­
stor i ~8 tlla.n an y i nd 11· :t 1t.: 1 l

il eu ts ill rnintl w l1k l1 ca11 lie iuo \d ed into Uet ter

hero, if tlw y arc e IH.!O llr :1~ed tu writ.o them.

1-U

1-1 3

YERSlF lCAT ION.

l>lcs. The kin1l of fool d epc rnls upon the 111nnhcr of
,.;ylLdJll:S i11 t]1(: foo t and t.l1 e partieuhr syll alJk aeec ntL·tl.
A Trochee is a flllJL or LWll ,;yllal>les, the tirsL a1·1: e 11 te11,
t11 e see01 1d 1111acec:11! etl. It:; tin11; c:a11 lie mark1;d pre1:is .. ly
as two-par t time is 111 :Lrkctl in m11::;ie : as 01 1C1-l\\'O, 0111; 1t\\·o, one 1-t \\'o, 0110'-two. An o.et.:e n te<.l syllalile in ll1e
ful1Dwi11g examp les is 1n;uJ.:c1l ( - ), ;w u11a.t.:u· 11!.cd ( v ) .
A line of four fccL is rn a rk etl tli11s: _ v I _ v I _ v 1-v I.

CIL \PTER XVI.

Poetry is a ki11d uf Co111 positi1 111 ill \rliicli th e sense of
prose is cumlJ illl:d \\'tlli the li n11 ; of 11111.s ie . :\,, podry
ca 11 lJe ,t.;·uoll whi ch dot:.-; 11ut t·1>1 11lii11 e lioll1 1: l1· 111t·1it s in
a l1igl1 dt·gree - ll1e li 101 1g-lit 11111,; t l.>e li1lt', 1li e rl1 yl l1111
perl'ed . li.li.1·111t.: i,; 11uL e:-;se11lial lu puct.ry, l1uL ex is t,; 111
lllt1.sL 111t11kn1 ft1r111s t1f it.
By \ 'vrsl; \\ ·e 111e:u1 11·()1·tls :irr:Lllg\ :d i11 <L s uen;:-;s illll 11[
accc 11l ed :wd u11acce 11 ted sdbhks.
"\ n·.e nt is a sl rc,..,s of \'ui ct' laid 011 S•H il l: sy llal 1l e or
sylbl;les .,[ :i. \\'ord . 111 l·:n~lislt, 111u11llsy lbl1lt.:.-; lia ve
110 11at11ral an ·enl, lH1t. 111 ay take 01w frotll t IH;ir 111ea11ing ur pw;itio 11. \V tJnl .-; 11[ t11·1i syllables al\\'a.ys l1:L ve
011e a1· <.·1·11l\'1l. Tl1 c acce nt nf poet ry rn11s t a lw ays fall
11111111 l-lll· ;-;yllahl1: tof :L 11·11rd " ·l1 i1·l1 is 11at.11r:Ll lr :t•Te llt l'd ,
-- i11 a<ltliLi1111 it Jll <L)' so111d illles fall 11p1111 an 1111ac1:c 11kll
sy l lalJlt.:.

A typ ical ex:w1ple u[ Trucl1aic ,·e rse
v

v

-

v

i~

lite fu llowi11 g : -

v

Lives of I g re at men I all re I nlind us.
Tile word TrC1clH-•e is a t roc li ee; th at is, it has two sy lln.ld es, and

i~

aecc11ted 011 tl te Jir:i t.

~ \ 11 Iambus is a foot, o f t wo syllables, li a \'i11 g !lie firs t
ww.cee 11lell, Lhe scco11d ;L(;een te<l.
Jt.s t illl e can he
1narke1 l in t he sam e \\'a.r as Lhc Lime of J1111:-;i c, only
the at.:ee11 t should fall upon the last beat of t.l1 c rne:tsllrc:
a:-; o ne-t wo ', nne-Lwo', 011e-L\\'l> 1 , 011 e-Lwo 1 •
v

Ex. Th e e 11r

v
J

\._}

few tol ls

I the

v

kn e ll

Tl1 e first. two syllahl es of the word

I of

part

v

I i11g

la1nbus mak e an

<lay.

iamu11s.

A Dactyl is :L foo t of t,hrcc sy lLdJle;-;, li<tYi11 g Ll 1c tlrsL
acce nted, tli e scc.011tl ;t11d t ltinl 11nacce 1tLcc1. !Ls ti1:rn is
tlie n'g-uhr th ree-part time of music: onc '-t.\,·o-tl1 ree,
onu'-twn-thrce.

LESSON LXI. - METER, OR POETICAL MEASURES.

_
vv
Ex. Hird 11f t he

A Fnot is a g rnlll' ell' aet:u1 1kd :u11l 1111 :wec 11! e1l sy llalJles. E11 gl islt V1·rs1: 11: 1.s fu11 r sla111bnl fed , l.1e.'-ii<1 es
scY1·1·al irn ~µ·1ilar f1Tl. 1ri1i1· l1 l'ri'<]lll'Jd]y a pp1:ar.
Till: SL111d:11·1l F t: l'l 111' l ·:11~li.-.l 1 \'t'r."c an: Trclt'l1t'< ',
1a11il>11s, D:tt·tyl, a11tl A11:1pest . 1'::11'1 1 of t111·su fed. lia.-.;
0 11 e aece11te<.l :-;ylb l;lc a111l u 1 11~ or Lw<J u1ia.c1:e 11 tc1l sylla-

_ _ vv

v

I w ild c r11t·." · I blitheso me

v
:u11\

_

\...l\J

i l' t1 1n\Je r lcss.

'l'l1e nam e Dal'lyl is 1h· ri,·etl from l>J.KTuAn .f , a lln .t::~·r. T11 n refe re nce
see 1n s to hr, to t.h ~~ l e 11 ~ th u f the Uoncs in the l111 ge r, Ul•g-i nui11 g at tile

knu ckl e jniut.

A 11 Anapest 1s a funt of three syllalilcs, l1aving- tli c
t.liinl sylbhlc a1:ee 11 kd, the first antl sccrn11l unaccc ntc<1.
lts t.imc is t he tltrce-parL time of musi c, with tl1c accent
i
I

J

STlJ DlEs l N Ei\ GL!s ll

CU ~l.l'OSlT!W-1.

V l.W81FICAT!O N .

(Ill Ll 1 ,~ hs t k·•tt in s lead of li 1e Jirst: u 11 c-Lwo-t liree' ,
()1112-t 11· 0 -tJ I l"l'l.' 1 Ul I L:-t \l'o-tl ll" t;t· 1 •
VV

VV

Ex. 1\11d th e t·y cs

:l

! uf

VV

the slee p

-VV_

I ~ · r:; waxt·d dead I ly and diilL

Tl it• 11a111 e ;\ 11:1w·st is fro lll ci.J1d1ra1aro s, s truc k l1ac k, i. 1'. re \' c r:-;nl.
o f til e d :wtyl.

It is

reve rsal

d oes n ot co u11 !.. Th e real prin c ipl e see m. to he tlmt t!t e re slt c.u ld
be so 111a11y aece n tc t.! sy ll ables, a11tl th e u11acce 11led arc 11 ot clust.:ly
co 11ti idercd . :l\o w a11tl tlt e11 a fuot appea rs C•111Lai11i1 1t: fou r ,;yl la bi«s.
Li~e11 se wa:-: g reate r ill Sh ak espeare';; a11d ~lil lu11 ' =-' Li111 t:: tl1an ll<J\\· .

L i11 e::; ul' pud r_y <tre n:u11 eJ act::o nli ng to th e 1rnmlJ0r

T l1P gTe1tl<·r po rlitoll ,, f E11 g li sl 1 }'oel ry iH 1l'l'ilt.t·11 i11 i:u11l1i c ve rse.
Tl1 e ;u""i'"'L :t11 d d:i dy l .~ i1·e a 1n11sicn.I sw i11 g Lo tl1t· 1•er.;c> , l111L hav e
<I 111 o rc' ar t ifi cia l «lfocL l.!1:111 lit" ia11 11.ns.
'1'!1<" eli;traele r ,,f t.roelt<Lic
\'1•r:-:t' is li~ld :t11d lri1 °pi11 g· .
1\ 11 y 0 1w u f tli l':-ie ft '••I, 111 ay be s uh:-;li -

of feet Umt

tut efl fnr a1 1y u ll a' r, ar 11l a .. .; a. 111:tlter ,~r fa ct. ve r ...; 1 ~ in wl1i t: l1 st1 <:h

Dimeter. -

s ul"t il11L i1•1b 111Tn1· i ~ pl <' a'a11l••r toll"· •·:tr tl 1:w l lt at. i11 whi ch I.h ey
du 11<iL. S11ch :rnli.,litn l iu 11 s eklll :'e l1 1u rhyt l1111 , l11 1L d o 11 0 L :lite r

Trimeter. -

Go ll1

pu,;e ll tc m
-

t.u rn i11 g.

Monometer. -

v
' Ld ;,~

_

v

\_)

i ·1· t '"'

f1 1l t.:Olll: e rni11.~· il.
v
J·: x . .\11d .,-,.,. li is
v

v

_ v
a s h es

I cul1 l

v _
v
I 1111h raid lii111.

Pyrrhic t·1111 s i.s h 11f two sl1t1r!. or 11nacce 11 led ;-;_y llal1ks.
so 111 ;u1y 11re p11s 1twns, co n-

'l'l1 c f:t,;L Ll 1:1L l•:11glisl1 WiL'S

j1111 ctio11 ;-;, a11Ll art.i« lcs m akes U1is irrcg11Lir foot ve ry
\ '0111111011.

Som c li111L·s one a r c« ·11tc tl sy ll:tl1k Lake::; Lh u pl:tee of
an e n t ire foot. Tl 1is li:q111t•11s oftcllL!st at t lt c e11d u[ a
l i11 e -not, infre< t111 •11llr at tl1c lw .':)cri1rnin t'"Irr. An entire
l in e i::; somdirn (·s m:ule in tl1is wa_y, as for examplu : -

v

v

_ v

F1·.,ze Ll1c
v

v

I airy
v

Tetrameter. -

-

lier "l' \ L1· 1Hlerl y.

tJ JO l llL' tPL

Tr rc .~· u 1:t r F1•t•L i 11 E1 1gl isli arc l li e fullow i ng: Amphibrach, ern1si .~t i11g r1f th ree syll; tliles , first :t 1Hl
tl1inl u11acc< ·n te1l; th e seco 11<l acce nte d. Tltis is sometim es reg;1.rd et1 ;is a stanrhnl fuot, Lnt as it c.; ;1.11 al w<l}S
lJc n ·solvcd i11lo ot her feet, it is we ll to .l1e ve ry eare-

<L~ , -

;

v

\ 111 u1 111 Lai 11.
_v

I i, .. ~

v

_v

" " \ l:tl;1· "'"'

v_

v

1·11'<· 1«
v

v

Pentameter. -A11 d Jo,t; I to life I :w d use I a 11d 11:t1 11« l a11d f:w1c .
v

Hexameter . -

v_vv_v

v

v

Stil l sta11tl, I I.li e f1 1r jc,t. tiri1111 · \ val, but. u11 \d er
v

v

v

Lit e s had e I o[ iLs lir:w ehcs.
Lin es may al so be 11 :w1ed b ot.h fr o111 t.h e ki111l of fo ot and lll"
n111 11l>t'r of Lht'nl; as, la111liic 1no11 0 111ete r, llactvli c di111el.e r, et<.: .
l:u11 u ic t.d ra111 der l'rcdo n1i11 a les i11 ol d E11 g li s li liall:Hls. Sc ull
n s<' s it, i11 th e {,11.1; 11/ il1 c / ,us/ /l li11.slrd, /1{111·111 io 11, an d the L Wl!J 1f
tl1e f,ukP- . '/' he f 'ris"""'" '!/ Chillm1, by Lo rd l\y ro11, is aJ.,o wr iLl<' 11
i11 Ll 1is 111ea"11·c.
l:u11l1i e )>«ttl.a 111c l<"r verse wit.!tcrnt rh y nl< ' is c;i,l lcd l1Lrnk ,· e n;c',
o r t,li e he rui e 1n «~ a"11· r.. All E11 g li s li <'}•i e and tlr:u11ati c J>Oct. ry, as
we ll as rna 11 y d esc ript ive poe11i s, a re w ritte n in thi~ measure.

~

H1·1.:: l k, lir1·ak, hn·ak
'-''-'
v_
At. the f,,,., I ,,f I hy nag" , I () sea .

vv

So n1 e t.i11ll's an 1111:i1«·<•11! t· d syll:tl.Je i., frn 11 11 ! al th r e nd of a. li11e,
b ut tl 1i s is l1 eld 11 ol tu 111:tr lite n· ~11 l:u·ity of Li te vc r~e. IL s i111pl y

LESSON LXII. - SCANNING.
Sc:-t1111ing is di\·icl i11 g :i lin e of poetry into feet, or
rcatli11g it aeco rtlin g Lo the acce nt, p:t11si11 g slig lill y at
t he end of c:iclt fuut .

1 -Hi

S TUD IES

I:;:-;(;

! );

1-i 7

\' J<.:l:.Sl fl C A'l'lUN .

LlSll CO:ll l'llSITfU N .

Name that foot. llQ\Y h:ts th p mr·a-; ure c11au g-ccl in th e l ast ft 11 r l ine:;?
'\'ha t Hympli is re ferr ed to ? \Vltat ligurcs o f rl ietorie iu the sck1·t iu 11 ·:
1

Th e ea s iest way to lea rn to sc a11 po('lry is to 1• xag-ge ra l;e tl 11'
acce idt·d ,;y !Lclil es s11 as to ge L t he Lirn e of lite VL: rse. \\'lie11 s ure
of Lill, ae <'< :l\l1;cl syli;d ,J"'· 111:i rk tltc lll . Ob:«•n·e tliat tl1 c acce 11 led
, y JJ;ciJ l,· s ui' " ·o rtls kt~L'l ' tl1 c ir acee 11 L in ,·crse . , \ ft. e rwar<l 111ark t.he
un:u.: ee 11 tnl syll.d il es . Tl1 e 11 lry i[ llie n:r.-;e ea11 be div id ed i11lo
fet•L 111' l11·u ,;yllaliles; if noL try l11ree. 011ly 011 e a cee 11 1.l·d sy llable
is fl)lllld i 11 a fo 11 L.
Fn · qut~1it ly a v er~t! "·ill co 11tai11 ou c 01· 111 ore
fe e l wl1ic:l1 dille r fr o 111 ii1 e 1•n·1·ai ii11 g' fool; fo r cx;u11pl e, a trucli ee
t11a y a1 111: ar a111 u 11 g ia111bi cs, or :111 ia 111 liic a111011 g d act._yb, aud o fle 11
:rn <t l'l'l' ll l<• tl sy ll:iltl e Lik es t lie 1.Jac•· o f <111 e n t irl' foot ;1t. t i"' e11d of
a 'lit1t', S (l l 11 t~ ti11w s a t tlH~ begi1 111in g.
T he ve r se is uan1ed frutu th e
i•re vai.liu g lout.

(.';u 111 0 11 t o ri ~ ht. of t.he1n,
C. wn o n lo lefL of I.h e m,
Ca llllOIJ lll Jro 11t o r Ll 1c m
Y o lkye tl and t l1u1ulure11. used·.'

\. ./

_

v

I am 111 0 1J a rch o[ all [ su rv u,v,
]\[y ri g h t U1 c 1 '<~ is JJ Olll• t.11 di s p 11I ••;
Fro111 t.!t e ce n t. re a ll ro und Lu ll 1e sea,
lam Inn! of t he fo\\'l a11d llw l1ru((' . Beat t.h e tim e of t.11is m e a-;nre.
of foot beg in s tl1 0 second liu c'/

v_

Tit" lll1ti' lll ed drn1 11 < l, :i. l rt>ll il1a.' h"at
v

v

\..)

\\'hat kin1l of f,., .t Is !Jeri:

1\a11.1e Llie li11 es.

1

v

T c111r!/-'Oll. .

~ l 1 u·k th e 1we1• n t1:d and Ull a ece 11 t:e1 l sy llal.Jl es.

Th e

-

'1'!11: ,;11 JJ.Ji ,. ,.·, la.-; ( lt: llt1 11>;
No 111 o r1 ~ 011 !if,.·,, l•ar ad e ' hall 111et·t
T l1at J.rn1·e a11.I t':tll1·11 few .
01 1 F:i11lt''s d n11: tl l':tt11pi11g gro u11d
Th e ir s il.- 11 L t1·11t.' a re sp read .
An•l ~ J o r y .~11ar d,; 11·itl1 ,,iJi'at ro 1111d ,
Th< ~ l1 i1·011ae of U1e d eal!.- 'f'/11°111/ure O'l!a ra.

n1 o~sy

r-·,,11·111•r.

" ' h at kiutl o f foot is h e re '?

\\'l1a t kill<i

11 1:uliles rest

On th" liJ" t,l 1:1L IH~ has prns t

!11 thl'ir l.iloo lll ;
,\ 111! t.lt e na1111~ s li e 101·<·1! t.n l1 r·;Lr
I lase IH· <~ 11 carveLl fo r 111 a 11 y a ye a r
On tit,• Lo 111 li. - UlicCI' IJ ',,111/,,// Jiu/mes.

"""""''"!

Thi ., is all c x:<mpl r of \'~ri r n rh yth m. ~l:trk lh r
;;y llatil .. , :11 111
divid e the m into fct...'t. Na 111 e the dilh·re nt li11 es frou11Jw 11 rc\aili11;...( r 0~·t .

I low 111 a ll y syl Lt 1,J ,·s ill :t f<11) t ill tit is poe m'.' \\'lti<'h sy llalll e is a1·ec nt t•d ·;o
th e f1,nt . Jl ow 11 1a11 y fe e t i n Ilic li r."'1 lill t•'.' \\"J 1at s]10 11 ld Ill e li11 t~ be
1·a l ln l ·.' ll 1tW m :·111,\· i11 t il t• :-; p1 ·1 111 1! Ji1w'? \\"lia1 :-: l1.-111Jd ii li p l':dl1·d '! \\ ' ilat
Na111 c

li1H '.'-' rh ym e ? Jf n w 111:111 y Ji11 t ·~ in t he ~ t:rn za?
li 11 l' ; (If I Il e s1:1·< 111 d .

S ca 11

B1 ·at th e ti11w of tli u iirst

Jla.-;te tl 1cP, 11 y 111pl1. :11 111 l11·ill ;,: w ith thee
.J.. st. :111d youlltfll l .l11l li1_1·;

·''

h t~('li.:-:, :111d \\T1·:il!11;d s111il cs,

~1w l 1 a ~ ha:i g· 0 11 I I 1 • l11~'.-.; cl tP1 ·k,

And lm·p tn li1·1• i11 d i111j.J 1· , J, •1•k :-;l"'"t. tl1al 11Tilli<J,..J Care d f' ri d1· .' ·
J\11d J,;u1 glt t1 ~ 1' !11.Jdi11 ,c; l1utl1 Iii.< s id e.'. -11/ i//1111.
l\la rk tl 1c a1·1·r· 111 cd and 1111a 1·f' <•111 t·il ~ ~·l l: d d4'.' in th e fir st f1 )l1l" lin es.
\\ ' lti 1·l1 :-:., ·lhhlt· Hf 1111· foot l ak1 ·s th1~ :t<Te llt '.' N a11 rn

\\' lia t is tl 1n ti1111 ~?

the lirs t lin e .

lI.tJW

tuan y 'Yl la l•k.o in t.li c las t lout u[ tlie seeuml liue·?

Chee ril.1·. U11·11. 111 y liL! lc man,
Liv e and l:wgh as lioy h oo1 l ca11. -- 1J 'Jii11 i er.
Jlow d1•a1· to my h ea rt a re th e sc1·11 c-s of 11 1)· cl1iltll111od ,
\\' h en fn 111l rec<.ll P,c( io11 pms<' 1i1.s Ll11~ 11 1 tn v i• ·\\· !
Th e orcl1 a rd , t h e 11w:Hl 01v, tl1 e d ct' p tangli ~ d wild-w o1od,
A nt.l e\·e ry lol' e< l spot whi ch 111 y inf:lll <:.)' k11<·11·. - l l'11n•/ll'11rllr.

(~11i11 s, a.r id l.·ra1 1k :-: . :111d " ·a 1ito11 "· il 1·~,

N1Jd:-> 1 :i. 11 d

t he foll0wi 11 g li11 e,; : -

Co111r:11l c-s. ],• a\·e nw he-re :1 li LtlP, while a.s yp(, ' I. is f' :1 rl.1· 1JJ nrn,
Leave l11 C li e n.:~ :u1 d \\"lien j't Hl w: ud: llH!, so11ntl 11po11 il11 ~ l11 1 .~l 1 · hor n.

f
~J

'Vo rl; , work, work,
Till th e J,ra i11 l1eg i11 ." to swi tJJ. -

// ,,,,,/.

,..;·

STUIJfES I'< EKGLJSJ[ CO'IIl'OS ITlO~.

l.f8

Vl~ I U'HFfCAT LON.

(;oo <l Ilarnl ot, casl thy ni,g·ltt.·d cfJ l<ir ,,rr
A11<l let tl 1i11< 0 l'.)"C look lik1; a fri e11d 011 l>n1111lark.
- .'ihakcspear1· .
T\1<' e11rfew lnll s u.. , k11 ., \I of 1•arli11g· da y ;
T\1 e ],,\\'i11 .~· 111:1·,J wind .~ slowly o\:r 1\1;, li·a;
T\1<: pl1111·1 11 a11 \1<1111c11·:nd pl uds hi s wo·ary \\'ay.
A11d k1wcs \li e \\'orltl lo <Lu·k11c.-i8 a.11d to me. - G'ru!J .
Is this a fa.-1, -- l" ke•·p
Tli c la rdo •r lca11,
J\ nd cJ..a11
Fro111 fat o f 1·cal s a11 1l shee p'! -

EX.EltC.n:·m ].

One of the simple;-;t l'onm; of ji11gle is tl i<LL wl1ich
appears :,;u often in tlie first lJook:,; for childre n: Ex. J\ is tl11• :1)•[.\ e 1.n;e u1tt i11 th e field,
B i,; I.Iii: l•ird's 11<·,;l by lilo"o111 s en11ecabl ;

C

j,- t.lie carol t hat wclco1111·s th e dall'n,
D is tlt e tl e w tl1at liesp:lll g les the lawn;
E is I li e egg \\'hi ch the robin h a~ laidF is t.he fo rest f1 011·e r L\00111i11g i11 shatle.

f lcrrick.

A11d oft~' 011 111y co ud1 J lit',
In

Y :w :11it

nr

i11 p1·11 ~ ir 0 11 100 '1,

T!t C'y 11:1'11 11) " >11

1l1al.

i11 ll' :rrd t' \'<'

\\ ' \1i .. J1 i.s 11,,. J,J;,,, ,, f ,...,Jit11 .J ;. ;

J\nd tlw11 111 y l1<·:irt 11·ith 1..J ea.s 11n· tl1ri\ls

1\11d da11o·c· ;; with t\11• daff,,dils. -

\\'un/"11·orl/1.

Know ye lltt' la11d ll'i11' n' tlw e1·p rcss :111d 111 vrLI"
Are t:111ldt•111 s uf d ee d s t.lt:tt ,·,re do11c i 11 tl;eir cli111 c ;
\Vli l'rc t.l1 e r:t.'\'e o f t!Ho vult.ure, th e 101-.., of 11110 t11rt\1•
Now melt i11l11 Stiff IJl·ss, now 1nadd c n to cri1n e ' ! - B!Jro 11 ,

j

lf yo11 oho;f'r\'C this s i111}'kst of al l ji11gle,;, yu u se" it is made 11p
of Ji11~s \\'hi c: h liav t· fnnr a l'l'~ 11 t.eJ syllaLl t's . The lin es \\'ill n111 iu
dao;tyli c rn cas un., tl1 e last. foot. be i11 g 1«·J'rese 1d.1,d Ly one acc:r-11tr d
syl!:tl.Je. T\1 e only irr e ~11\arit.y is in tl1c last Ji11e, \\'l1ich l1as fiy.,
sylhl1lr·s t11at sl1011ltl 1.ak e :u1 aece 11t, :wd 011c is slurred ""'·r so 111 cwliat ill r t: ;i1]i11g . '!'Iii~ ki11d uf work· i-; so c a~y, 0 111: 111ight. say
witlt T n11clt,;lo11('. "l'\l rlty111 c you so e igltt ye ars tog·etlt e r, cli1111 e r~
and suppPrs and slee ping l1 o u rs exce pted."
Rh y me I.he alphabe t in this or so111e similar way.

~,!

EXERCISE If.

Imitat e or compl ete tlie following allitern.tiv(' jingl e :-

I

Cn•:dnr, Pn•:-;(·n·r·r. H1·cl L'e 111 cr of tn e n ~

_.I

I )j \· in c I 1d1•r(· t •;-;.~nr alio\- l' 011 I wh c rl' s\i;1\l ll1P. song of lhy praisc·s heg i11,
Or lt o11· sli:tll I sp<>ak of 1\1y iul'e !

A \\'aS an atlt\c,te, of areltt'1'S afraid;
11 was a bl1lllk l·t. l1 01 1111l ll'itlt hroeatll'.

C was a

This rna y be sca1111 eJ as :trnp!iilirael1s, with iawbics at the e nd uf each

line.

cy 11i cal , cb:trn1i11 g ca~li i er;

D was a dolpl1i11, who dreamed uf a cl ee r.
k;iii

·-

J•:X EI: C l:-:il~ UL.

~

''-'·>

Complete tl1c

LESSON LXIII. - WRITING OF JINGLES.

r.. w

" 'lto (';\II write pocLry,
tl1at is to p!il t1nli11ary
co rnmo11l'Ltc1 ~ tl1011g·h t. i11to till' 1"t1r111 of Jlltd1: r a111l
rl1 yme,-r·n n lie easily a1 :1p1in·d hy 1warly e\'l:ry one.
Tlit'l'l'

;tl'(!

1····r;-;11n s , }ll'l'l1; q1s,

huL tli c al1ility t o \\Tilt' ji 11 g·lcs, -

I-

Nine litt lo :-:par rows fl e w ov e r th e ~alt:,
O ne ali g hted , a11J then th e re w ere eig-lit..

"'

,;;.J~
',;,.;,

~

.;,i
-£}

~ff'

rl1 y 111 e: -

lit11P ~11arr o w s sat in a li11n ,
0111~ ll cw away, and th en tlwn: were 11i11 e.

·,. .

.. ;f

11 0 11 ~e 11sc

Te11

Ill

\Vrit.c s i111ilar rlt_y111es wit.Ji boys, girls, dogs, kitte 11 :;, ros0s, ct•". ,
place uf sparrO\l' S.

lDO

C O .~ll'O S ITIO ~ .

ST UlJtJ·:::; IN E:<G L181 l

\'El':S l FICATrON.
l:hym c ili e 111 011!.h,, sea so n s, day,; o f \\'l'(• k, eith e r \\·ith th e ir
characu, ri st.ics or tl1 (• occ u pat iu11,; a""' cia ted \\' itl1 tl1 e 111 .
i\!:1k o lll1 y 111i11i; Hidd lt•s al•o11l C'u1 111110 11 Tlii11 g·s, s uc!t a;; 111alt;lt cs,
\\':d!"li, I''' "• lead-1•c11" il, <'le. Exa1111.J1·s: . \ d nzt• 11 hold ritl 1· rs
1\ sf rid e of

u1u·

Lined with

!\n 1· lotli cs <n 1 li1 1·i r l1nd ies ,
:\'11t t' \ ' 1•11 a r:ig .
11r

~ki 11 ,

as s oft as

~ il k;

\\' i1lli11 a f~ryst al fc11111ta i11 c·l1•: n:
i\ .t:o ld1 •11 :1pp l1· d1flli app1 ·a r.
T1 11·n· is n o d1111 r to thi :-; ~ I rnt1 g l io ld ,
Y e t tlii cn;s 11n·ak in a11 1I s tt·al tltt· gold .
- AN Ec:o.

TlH· y ri d.· w itlion l hridli·x
'Ir stir nq·~

Obse rve t hat the first fo 11r lin es are rcg nlar i::u11 l.iic tetram e te rs
Th e l:L~t fo11 r a m sl ii; h t. ly irreg ul:tr , \\·hi ch lllak cs
t h e rn e t <· r pl1·asa 11t Lu Ll1 e ea r - Ll 1e Jirs t foo t lJ;;i11 g r cp rcsc11tcLl by
one :iece 11l1·d sy llalilc .

:111tl i ri11 1ete rs.

">I :Hld e wa'!l ;-;, a ... w li i 1r• as 111il k ,

na ~ ,

s1111r;-;,

An d sti 1·k 111 tl 1dr :-: addl es

Lik e so man y hn rrs .
- C l. t•T111•: s~ P1xs .

F rom

,'-.'t . .i.Y ic h1; / 1t~>J..

l [il

Fi II Olli tl 1c

SCCO IHl

stanza.

()11, wl1at a. - - sh i11 i11g- - Jt was wlll'll i t wa~ d o 111..· ;
Tlte l ittle Ili c,'\ - - ea11 1t1 to - It ha11 g i11 g- i11 ti n: - - .
, I

Hn1111 l l - - a111I - - - -

i

A nd ro1111d aU0 11 t th ey dan ced,
A c ross 111 0 - - a11d b:l c k - -

Th ey da rted a11d t hey - -.

1-:.XE J:CtSE !\".

Take L\Hl p airs of
li11e st:LJIZ<L.

rl 1y rn ing

words a1Hl wri tu a fo11r-

}'or ex a 111 ple, willi t!t c " ·o r<ls ni,.:!tt, w l1it,., Klo ri11 , \\'ann, th ese
li11 es \\' ere wrilt t•11 : f--i 1H1wtlakc :" , fall in .~ tliroug-li the 11i g l1 t,
!{o hc tlie 1ea riess tree:-: i11 white;
0 11 tl 1L' fit• lds tlif: w liirl i 11 .t: st or1 11
~p read s

\\"ri ic tltn
:tl o 11 e.

;-;Oll g' ..

:\ blan ket soft a11d

r tl1u

~t 11 1g· i1f t 11 •· ( 'r4J \\' -

\\"al'111.

Cri ekel \1·it l1 th e " ·,, r,l s trill. sl1rill , st o11 e,

11 :-< i11 g- .1.::n.

l'i•\\" . ...; 1111w , 1· r1,\\' .

Thi.'\ 1·x1·1Ti !->1' 1·a.11 111· \ar i1·d and 1·xt 1·11d1·d i11 d l'li 11 i1d y.

1·:>: 1·: 1:c 1." 1·: \'.

Cun1plde tl1e l" >l l11 wi 11g .iing·k : A HUNGRY SP IDER .
A 1 11111 .~ ry spi 1kr lllad1 • a we h

<Jf tlin·~t d, s~· rt>ry line

Yonr

\\' ri te 011L a t hird sL: L11 za - le lli11 g ho \\' the lrn11 g ry sp id Pr wald1 r·,]
th e llie~, and th:ii i t co 11 lu sec ;dl rou nd beeause it had "' 1na 11y
eyes. 1\lake fli es and eyes rhym e. K ee p tl1 (' m ete r t rw-. Uiat i,,
11 0 more tha n fou r o r t hree a cce n ted sy llal>l es ·i11 a n y lin P; tl1 <:'
unacce nte1l syll a bles rn ~y \'a ry. C han g•; the refrain slighLly.
\\' rit e o n t a fo nr t h st.:t11 z;1 \\' ith the s pid e r tell i11 g tl 1c Jli es how
linn gTy h e is. \"ary l li e r el'rilin sl igl1tly.
\\'ri te o u t t h e co nc ln siu n c it.he r happ ily fo r the fli es o r fo r t he
sp i<it- r.

till,\' l i ll .~(· rs :-;ea rn ·

._:n ttld fee l

T hi· lit tit' sl1 ·11 dc r l i111"
H11 111Jd ahtJll1 an d ronrit! allnu t

A11d rou nd a bn11 t. it
~lrai g h t :t1 T Oss

l f 11 1 ii t l1t• Wt·b

.•·q1 1111 ,

at Jd h;wk a ga i n ,

was

d11111· .

LESSON LXIV. - CLASSIFICATION OF POETRY.
Prwlry Jll:t.Y l>l· d i,·i<lcd lm>adly int() t.l1n · l ~ gr\'al
ebsscs : tlie 1\arrat i \·e, th e Lyri <.: , a111l t he Dramat ic.

Narrative Poetry.
Tlie first a 111011g n arm l i \· e poe ms 1s t lie Epi c. The
G rcat Epi c s - If orn cr's ]Liarl rt lid 0.1.118-'f'!/, V irgil's
~L'111~iil, the .llil'l,1•!1111,ijl'n-L icd , Jh11Le's fJ i.c/111' Come1 l.11,
a11d l\liltu11'.-. P uni1l is1: L ust - arc lnn g )HH·111s, dealing
,,·ith gra ve, lwrui c sul1j cc t.s, a nrl w hose cl1aractcr,; i11cli1d e lioth r»ods aml m e n.

"

•
15J

STUDJES TN E)."G L! S l'I COM POS IT ION .

T h e ·M t.:Lri< ·:tl Ro mn.nce is a n a rral i \'C poe m, le:;:; digt. lia1 1 a g n;;t l Epic . SeolL',.; J D1 n11iu11 a!l d L ad!/ of
t he L ake, Te1 11 1y,;011 ·:; J,f.11{.x ''.( lfll· J{/11.11, a!l d Longfr ll ,ow',.; .z.;l'<111:1··li111· are \\'l: ll-know n ex aI11pl e,.;.
T J10 T ,11,; j,.; ;d,.;11 I1arra tive ;11Hl n1ay o r 11 11l he l1um o r}\ 1tl1;/it
' ·s 'l_',tft ' T e n11,·so
11',.; 1~'11 oc lt
l ,']1·•\t'"'l:"
on :--;.
'"' '-' '"' ·
~
J
_·lnloi, P 11pe ',- !.'"!"' '!f the L u1·k, L tJ\n·ll',; l 'ision of
:-;;,. J,u 1 u~! i tf, <tllll \Y!t ilt.ier',; 11lu:1:1 ,Jf,·,1 ;11 1t c :t rn exan1 plc,; .
T li u Ib lb!l i,.; a 1we n1. short., s imple, and cond e ll sed .
Tli i,.; is u,.; 11,tl l r t.hc li r,.;l fo rm of li le rat nre \1·lii <·l1 a ppears
amo ng <til.f J!l:"['ll' . \ V cl l-k nm n1 h1llacls are Th e _B , tllrr cl_
c;11 • 1• 11 ('/11 1s,·, T lll· D /1·,.r, l1y Sel 1ill e r, 'L'h c L 11!f" of
11 (
..l At Jl l '/l· ' ti t' 7,t.01 ,1t,, ]J\., - J\' l·1 c· t11l·1\· :tml
'.l'/11· Sk elclo 11 in A rmor,
~
J1 i lil·ll

0

l

l

l

"'

,

,

Ly Loll g fdluw .

Lyric P oetry .
T h i,.; n:u 11e \\·as or igin:illy ::tppli ccl t. o t h ose poems
whi ch "·prc~ inll'illlcll t~l he srn1 g . Th l'y arc, pr im ::tri ly,
poei n;-; of l'llW t in 11 :i.nd s('n i i111e11t. It. i,.; n<1 t. 11 o w (;0 1.1s id e r1 ·<l 111•t·<•,.;,.;ary tli:it, 1l1l'_r s l10 1ild lll' Sllll g' . Lyn e
J>< •<·l r_y 111: 1y In · i1rnad ly tli1·iil 1·d i11t" th e :-; l 111 g , Ollc,
J•: \('P'\', ;tJ\([ :-; .. llll< :l.
I W 111 ;1 1· lie ,,:at ·i'( •(l nr S('l' ll hr .
or s:ll·rcd so ngs,
T lic ) ',,:ai~n,.; ,,'fl l:t\'itl . tlw (;n ·d;: IT _y lll 11,.;, ;u 1<1 t he hy mns
of Pill' c l111 n·lil's are cx :tn q•l1 ·" · :-; ec1ilar ,.; <1n g" m ay be
· ·l,t,] 1·.. 1111,· ·, 1) 1' "c11 1.1 111 l·1ital. 1'/ic S tar
]':ti rioL it· , <·0 11\'l\'
,..,.J'll ll f//1 ., / IJ ,111111·r :tlld f fl/il Col1w1hia a re cx a.rnpl e:; of
pal ri 1)t iu so ng.-;.
1\n Odt: i,.; mon• cnlll[>lc X in stru elu re t.lt n. n the song .
TL [,.; n <•L n,.; 11:1Ih· ,.;1t1 1.c:·. D n-. l,:11',.; Q,fr lo S t . Cec ilia,
Lrnn: ll ',; Co 111 1111·111ur·ifinn (), /, · , ::tlld ' l'<.: nn ysoll':; Ode on
t/11: Death of tli » {) 11!.·1· rJ( H't ·llinyton a r c e xa m ples .

A. . .:-; ..

\ ' E lt8 lFJCATI UN.

An Elegy i,.; l ike a11 Olle 111 :stn1 c Lure a ml 1s :>a<l in
its c: li:ll»tete r.

A So11net i,.; a co m plete p ne n1. Tl 1c <'0 111 m1l 11 fo n 11
l1 ;1s fo nr lel' n li11 c" o( i;u 1il1i<· j>l!lit arn d ers, gT'JlllJ\.: <l i111.o
lwn <11 1a t. rai 11 s (!'our l i1 1es) a 11 d twu Lc rl·ds (il 1rL:1; li11( •s) .
Tlie lwo 011 t:;i dc li11 es of e:u..: 11 q11 :tl rain r liy 11 1i11g togcLl 1c r, :rnd like wise tl1 u Lll' o 111id d le l in es nf l'a.L· li ;
t li e li r,.; t, :-il'l'<111d , a111 l t l1ird li 11l'S o f tl it' fi rst lt 'i'\'l'L
rl1 y llli11 g wiLl1 t.l1 u lir;;t, ,.;c1.: 01H.1 , all(l t hird li11 l'.' pf
t lie :second.
Thi ::; will be better rn 1<.l e r,.;lund liy a 11
example : MIL TON'S SONNET ON HIS BLINDNESS .

\ Vh e11 T co 11 . , ide r h ow 11o y life is spe11t
E re h alf " '.\' d ay.' , i11 tl 1i ~ d:cr k wo rld a11d wide,
An d that on e Ld e 11t·, wl 1ich i,; Je:ct h to liiJ, .,
Lodged wi t Ii 1n e •1.,c!l1·ss, I l10 11 g-h rn y .,01<1 111o re lw11 t
To se n- e t.l11\r< •1Y it h 111 y i\lak er, 1u11l pn•se11 L
My t r ue aceo1111t . lt.:., 1. In;, rl' t 11 r 11 i1og' chi.J,. ;
D oi.Ii Cod Pxa.d d i1.y-l al 1m , li ght t1"11i etl '!
I fo nd ly ask. ll11L l'at. ie 11 c!', Lo p rc v(• 11t
T ha t 11>1ll'11111r ~0 0 11 r•· pli es, C od d //t h 11ot 100•1 ·d ,
!-: it.h er 111a11·,; \Yo r k o r loi s ow 11 g- if l.:<. \\ ' /1u he,I.
lka 1· l1i :< rnild yoke', t.lll'y :.;c•n ·., l1i1n J.,.s l.. Ii i,; sl.ite
],, k i11 µ- l_v ; l.l11'11.-<a11 d s at, loi ,; h idtl i11 g s 111,. ·d,
,\11 Ll post. 0°l'r l:L nd a11d OCC <l ll willo1111t r< ·st;
Tl 1"y also scn c whu 0 11/y s ta nd :u11l wait..
Selcd I.li e 'l uatrai 11s occ ur i n th e tcrcet.s .

Lh o Lercets.

Variat io11 s

111

th e so n net

Dramatic Poetry.
Thi s i::; poetry wri tte n to be ::tcted. Th e two g r<'al
divis ions are Tragedy and Com edy .
Trage dy i n ib SC\'Crc r ty pe leans t o a fa tal catastroph e, as in ][am /et and 11.fr1.c/,et Ii.

·~:

l!i -~

Y ERS U'l(' AT fO.:-.'.
:-:Tl l J\IJ·:s

1:--; E::-.'CLT:-:IT CO>ll'OSITIO:\.

i11 gs expressed. St. Cecili a's Jay is the '.!:!1! o [ N oYcmbe r, a11tl
was fo n11 e rl y celeliraled i11 En gla11 d wiL11 11\l1s ical e1J!t1 dai 111J1t' 11ls.
allll it was for s uch e11 Ler t:1 i11111e 11l.:; that. t. lt ese SL Cec ili :1 (hi e~ were
w ri tten.
Ode 011 //,,; fn tim al iun., <f l 1u11>ortrilil!J. by \V o rtbworU 1. E11H·r:<Oll
says o[ t lti,; poe m '· that i t i.-; t.l 1e l.i ,; li -\\'al.e r rn:u·k \\'l1i ch tl 1e i11 tc llec t hax re;1c; ltt: d i11 t. l1i; :Lf{e ."
(),f,, u 11 t/1e } Jt:utlt ,~/t h e /J11!. ·e rf ll't lli11!/lon, l> y T e1111y,0 11.
Cu111!J1 1•111nrat iun (hie, l•y L owell.

Co nwtly o nce m c:rnL :tll 1l r:1mas th:~l were not. tr:ige<li1·s. lnt L 11<1W iL i11\'a11 s tl 1""'' in 1rl 1icl1 tl 1e t'. llllli1'. ule 111 e11t
pn·<l<> 111i1nll',.; .
~ h: 1 kl's1 1 e: 1n 1 ' s C"11u· d,11 1f E'rrors 1,.; :tn
CX:t1 111ilC o f p nre CO IJI L: d _}' ill the llludt; J'JI Sl: llSC.

LESSON LXV. - LIST OF SUBJECTS RELATING TO
POETRY AND POEMS.

C() 1npa.r e '/'Ill' 11/rtrl and T/1 c Or l.1;.~s f'.'J.
l ·:<C Brya n L',; Tra11 ., ];d i1 "" ~ l!l>j ec l 111;1: tc r n[ each - 11iad de:ds
l:Lrg1·ly with (i g li1·i11 g - <J.l ys:<1' Y ;, ,;tory-t1·lli11g. Ti11 · J... nws of
«ac h - the ir di ,; Ji11 g t1i .-; lii 11g- d1aracL1 ·risl ics- " ·hi ch is 111 u;; t i11Le r1·sl i11g-'! - \\'l1y 'I

c; i \'C tltc Story uf :1,ny one oJ t lic G rcnt Ep ic:-:.
Tl 1c Poets of a,

Sing·J,~ Po(~ lll.

~ !any

\\'ell-kll1J\\'l t 1i.it•111' "'""" \\'ri tll' n l •y oh,c Jtr<' pc rso 11 , , and
f'l-,'>J lll ' llf.l _Y Oil ] )' ()II(' ['OC lll ri( :Ill ;w lh or j ,; \\' f'JJ k11 0\\'ll.

\· a111t~ s<'n·ral of your f;\x ori t c poc 1n s.

~oni c F:i rn011 s
~tt1 1 ly

G i\' e t he r P a so n ~ fo r

111ak t· quof;tt i 1J11~.

Od<:s.

011e o r 111,,rc o f t J,,. f1Jl1 1)\\'in ;: od e.,: -

nt1"

to tit " ! ' ossion .' , l> y Colli 1".
A!e.rw11/,·r'.< I'··nsr, l'.1· Drydc1 1. <'tll 1>< id 1' r•cd J, y i\l:'tca nhy hi s b1·st

:u1 1l gT1·al1·st. \\' fl rk.

National Songs o{ Different. Co 1111t ries.
\';u 1kt•1, Duod le - ll a il Cul 11111l>i n.- St.ar Sp:u1 :;letl Banner(;u.i S ;L\'U tl1e Quee n - Til e J\ la rse ill n.ise - Th e \\'atcl1 011 till'
li lt in c - ScoL< wha' ha'.

\Vnr So ngs of Nor th a.rn1 Sonth <lnrin g tl1 e Ci\'il
\ Var.
lhl t le ll y 11111 o( t he l! e p11lilic - Pi xie - :tll y l\laryl:\11 1!- Th e
Bo11ny Blue Flag- - Tra1 11p, Trn111p , Tramp , t it " Buys a re i\hrc·l1i11 g - Kin g d o m's C'1ll11 i11 g- - Ball y R o und t.! 1e Flag, Boy,; -- T«1 1l i11 g T u-ni g-h t - \Vl 11' 11 .J1 ih11n y Co111 Ps l\lan:hi 11 g ll o111e - ,T11st
Befo re th e Bal tie, J\I otli e r - i\larchin g t.hn.1n g h (; eo rg ia - .Tuh11
Brow 11 ' $ Bod.1-.

;-.;OliH~ F a rn u11s

1\l \' F;i,\·o ri lc P1)L'111s.
yo ur pr e fPr 1~ 11 c 1\ -

•-.

11 11·:.s s..t lo 111 11,; ic: 1'.v ll:t11tl1' i, i11 l/:lti .

A .•..;,,".fl.fin· St. r· ,, ,.;1;1( "..:. /1 u_i1. hy J) r_\ d 1·11 .
() ,ff' rJ11 .'-.,' / . f '1 ,.;/;11'...:. /) 11.11. Ly P11JH' .
Olf,o;.; 1·rn: i11 tl1 f" fil' sl !-'f•Yf: ll·
101" 11 lin t'S, and lo ~ nnw <' Xli•nt t lir 1,nglir11 1l 1111' p nr·111. :t \';lri:1tinn

of t.l1e meter to <:<•IT1'S[•u11t l " ·itl1 Iii " l';1.ryi 11g sc1di11w 1ils :Lll1l f1-el-

Bal larl s .

Tl1> : !\al 11,, o f Cl11'1·y Chasf' - Tlt e Battle o f O t.le rhonrne - ~ ir
l';Lfri1·k Sp1·11s - Cl1ild1· 1\ l aur ice - 'l'it l) Twa Co r lii1·s- Lunl Lon·l l
- Th o111as, t he 1\11 y t11 c r - Tl1 e C hildre n i11 t.l1 e \\' uo,J.

F::Lmous a1H1 \Y cll-Kno\\'ll Hy11ms.
A 111011g old Latin lh111 11s are ]Jies In c, o f whi ch SC'ott beg in s a
trnn s lat iou iu "The La.1· of th e Las L l\ l in st rel"; I 'e 11i Sun de S1 ii1·i111.<, fa1n 011' a~ be in g t 1,.. work o[ l\ in i.; Robert uf Frnnce; Stu/iul
.lfu ta, ll'iti1·h is so fi-1•'111 0111 \y "lllf;; Tl1 e l! y nin of St. llt-rn anl:
,J ,.,,11,-;, t 111, \ '1 ·n· Tho11glit 11f Tl1 P1! ; :1.111! .1e r11 ,al1,11 1, tl11; ( :ul .J c11,
\\'l 1ic h " i'I"'" "' i11 tl1 e l1 y 111n -l 11•<•k:i i11 so 111 a11_y cliff1~ r t·11t; fol'll 1 ~ .
r; ;,, /; •st, ·r J;'" fl isl 11/I S'' J' G'ol l is L11U1 er's w1·ll -k1tO\\'ll h.1·1111 1.

Ii

Lili

STUD ll~~ lN E::-<GLlSH

COMP OSI'.rfO N.

157

:STUDIES IN :SHA JU<:::>l'EAl{E.

() [ hhJ1h•rn li y11 11 is a few sla11cl 11n s11rpasst·d: Huck of A geti .J 1is 11:;, l. 01·"r l!f ~l y S11ul-H y ( \ 1nl Siloa 111 's Sl1ad v Hill - From
C ree 1il;u1d":; icy ;\l u1111 Lai11 s - :'\1·an· 1', ~I y l ;ud, lu ;I'l,..e _ Nearer
1 lo 111e -- Lead , I\ i11.J ly l ,i 0 I1 t - . \ 11 I I :ii i, lhe l'<>ll' l' r ui' ,J ,.011 s' ;\ ani e I
- :ind 111:111y 0U1 r r:<.
<:i1·n th e " " '•·r:d :wtl1or,, , <:i1·c11111:<ta11 c1"' u11d ~ r ll'l1icl1 I li e hy 111 ns
11··· rc writL1rn, a 11d q11 ut:itio 11 s.

CJL\.PTElt X\' II.
ST UDJHS LN Slt..1.XESPJ\'.LHE.

So ng- o( ,\ { o ,; 1"'• Lxo d11 s xv. So ng- o( Dc bn ral1, .J11dgps 1•. So ng
of lf:t1111 rd1, L S;L111. ii . l's:tl 1ns of David. Th e :-; 0 11 g i>f Solo 111 011 .
.lfo.'711 j 1>at nf :'ll a ry, ·" L L11k ti i. ·lll-;-11i. ( ,"/n rlr1 i11 /;',r, 'l'fs i.<, S t. Luke
i i. 1-f. Nu//(: JJi 11u·11is 11 [ Si111 crn1 . St. Luke ii . :!!I. Tl11, pas:;arre
l. Ti Ill. iii. l G i.s h1·st CXj>l:1i110<1 a s a. q 11nlalion fr o111 a h \'!nil in
prai se of Chri st. T l1<• l'r"1·f! rl•s :ire rlidacli c J>or 11 1s; ll1 e i1~ poe tic
st rn c tu re is , 1,, ,,,. n loy I ho · p:u:il 11·1 is111 ll'li ieh rn 11 s I h ro11gli th e in.

Shak t·s p1·an! .s 111ag ic co uld not CO jlied l><',
\Vi t hi11 t ktL c ircle non e dnrs t walk l1ut he . -

I lu 1·cd Llw 111:t11 :lll•l du hu11ur his lli l'l) to ry 011 tl 1is s id., idulatrv
111ucl1 as a11y. li e \\'a,, , i111k<'d, honest, and of a 11 0 1H·t1 :111d fn"<'
na t 11rl', l1a1l an cxcc ll e11 t fan cy , lJrave 11 0Lion::;, a11d g•·nlk 1"q1rr.s -

a~

s i o 11s. -

lJ 1•11

.fuusun.

Sll'eet.esl Shakc·spP:H1c', F:rn <;y "s ch ild. Tl11: d1 !1i 1·s ,,f 1111, oll ir•] pn•se 11t la1ll't·ale.

Diitleet

it.s hi :<lory--\\'h o ha1·e h <: ltl it-ll 1e

[Jr!J'len .

Th e S\\'Cele. \\'il t ie sou l o [ (hid liv es in 1tH·liHuous ;wd h o neyto11gned Shakes p1· a n.: . - Fnu"·es 1llere,.

A i'"l'" br ph}'l' l' l1 u 111a,11 rat: e . -

.lf i/111 11.

n11bod y s usp1 ·c i.<·d li e ll'<ts I. li e pu et of

t 11<1

1 ~· ,,, c , ·sr,1 1.

Po<·111s.

S11eh l" )\"1 11.S r P111parali1·cly r1'l' f' ll l. \\' rilc rs or dial (' e(, poe ms:
l.0 11'1·1!, l\r1·I. I L1rl1', .Jolin fl ay, .! :11 111·:-< \\ ' l1il C'o111lJ Hil1•y.

Liv iJJ g A 1n cri e:m

Po<'t~.

X:1111tl ll1ose \\'e ll k1w11·11 -rlil' id e i11lo g-rnups ac<'u nli11 g f.o merit
- cli: u·a<'l<,ri st.irs (If ea ch. Tl1 ose 11·ho write poe try 011 ly - t.hose
wh o also \\'ri te p r o s 1~ .

LESSON LXVI. - BIOGRAPHIOAL SKETOH
SPEARE.
EXE:HC!Sg I. -

01\A J.

or

SHAKE-

EXE:JtC l~;r<;.

Let the class find the answers to these questions from any trustworthy source.
Bor n in

1 56 ~ ;

I>Jed in lGHI.

NoTI~. - Th e~e drrtes can he r c rn c1Hb<' red pe rhaps if it is .,[,se r ved thrrt
half of each Ji) is 8 :L11d 1lit·sc rn11!1iplif'•l t(lge t.h er give 1;-t , \\'lii1..·h i ~ 1l1c
year of th e 11;t11 century in w hi ch h e wa' uo r11.
1

Na.Ille of fallwr - 111uiil e 11 11 ame o( moth e r - fal li e r's occ11patio11 - wlll're c(ln r.alt- d - yo ut.11(111 marria ge - 111:1ido·11 11a.1 11 c of
wi fe - n11111l ><· r o f cliil<\re 11 - uoyi sh exploit that se n I. hi m fo
Lon d on - life 'th ere - how lie 111 aue hi ~ fortune - retu rn t o St ra t-

158

IN I·:sc; Ll:Sll

S T U VlE ~

f11r ,J- lrn ~ i111· ss-l a :;t

i ll11"" ' - dt ·:i tl1-

an y direct. d t• ...;ce 11t.la111.-.;?

l>11rial -

l1i s will.

I l a~

lie

IIu w 1 11~ l11 y a11tngr :qt!1.'-' ;1r•· i11 e xi :-; t.e11 cc'!

I[,.". 11ia11 .'· pn 1·t1·:1 it:;" \\' liat. wa.-< 1111 · fat•· 11f ~l1al«· ' 1"· : u·,;s lt u 1n e,
t lt 0 !';ell' l 'l:11 ·e'! ( If Iii,; in 11lherry t r1·•· '! \\' li y l1a s l1i s !Jody never
l•et• n n'l1101·1·d t.o \\' ,·:< (111i11 ,;le r ..\ \,\11·.v'! \ \'1 10 11 01\· 11\\'11 s L111, ho use
wlt er" h e w:1-< l1(Jr11 ·! ll uw 11 1:111:• play=< did Ii .. wrill: ·1 JlaLe ur
Ii r,;L e<l it io11 111' Iii :; I •la,,·;.;'! .,r :'<T1111d 1·d i I iull ·1 J l u\\' did Sl1ab.:.,1h.:are
s11vU l1i . .

o \\" \I

11a.111 t· ·:

F l• I'

Sl1a k 1•.'i'<' '11·1·'s J>lay =< \ ,,.,.11 ni:11k'!

~l1 ak1 ::•q wan ~

tli u ela i111 or a11tl 1(ll".-..l 1ip u[

!..; tlii ,; clai11 1 a1TPJ>l1· .! liy Sl1ak1!-

\' ar11e fi\·1· J ·:11~· li :-: l 111 1t: 11 w l1 11 \\'t·rt! Sl1a.l\l · ,..; 1ware ' ~

:-:1 1t•;1ri:u1 :-:t.·110\a r:-1 '(

1·u11( <! nlJ >t> rar i"·' ·

l1a .~

wl1 1>1 11

ll11r i11 .:~·

wl i:ii r1· i>-:·11 s did li e lir e'!

\\ ' l1aL lias

wriLlt.•n l11· :-; id1· pla.,· s ·:

Sir Tl1 01 11as L1wy \\'as tl1<·
fur 11ua('liin ~ . a111l a

ni:'.~i,-trate

rl1y1111·. i 11

\d 1irl 1

wl 10 p u11i .-<l 1ed Sltak Ps peare
tlH' I"(' w:t s a. pL1y 11pull tli e

eou n l ry pn 111 111 J<·i:d i<» 1 ut: L11 cy as l.01i ., il', is ~ai d I u be 1lt c: e:u1se
of Sl1a kL·s1>< ·a rn ·s tl •·1•:1 rlure for l.<Jt1don .
.. T l1e l11111 se a l. S I r:il f.,rd , wl"~ r·· Sli:tke.' l"·are li v1 ·d, 110 lu11 ge r
1·xi ,;ts. :\ e w !'la<... d ···'<'•'1 1d,· d fr1 >111 Iii ,; d:t11 ;..: l>1 e r ~u ,; a1111a t.u Iii .-;
gra1J tl -Lla11 .:-:·lttn '[r,; . :\a ., J1. :if1,·n,·a rd,; Lad1· ll arn :trd, :wd t here,
dllri11 g· ti"· .. i1·il \\·ar>, tl1aL ht!y a111l li e 1· l111 .-<l •a1td i11 Iii-I :\ rt•rt •ivl·il
11 .,n ri t'fh 'l"ria. tl1" ' !"''''" 11 f Cli:trlv,; !., wl1 0 l'l'lllai1H·d \\' i l lt t. hem
tl1rue \\'1·,.k ,.; . ,\ fll'r l'" ''i11g tl1r1111 .~· lt tl11· h;i11d ,.; nf '""' ·ral i11t e rv c11l1q.~· pr1q•ri 1•lnr:-", ii !'1·\I i11lt) tl11· J 11:-'..:1•ss i11n of ~ir II11 g·li ('JopL0 11 ,
\\·liu J>1d l,· d .j,, \\·11 tl1e ;111 c ir· 11 ( lio u:;i· a11d l>11ilt. rn11· ""',." p]eg:u1(, 011
1111~ sa1 111 • !-' )•~ If.
'l'J1 i:-; wa .. .; i1 1 i!s 111r11 d···.. f r11.\'1•d l1y fl u ~ l\ 1·v. !\ Ir .
<:ast rl'll. }11•1 ·:111.....;1• 111· l '<111< ·1 · i \· 11 ~l l1it 11~i · lf : 1 ss 1 ·~~1· d ton hi ~lil.\ ' : :u1d it;
was l 1y t.111! s:11n1• harhar1111,; li:i11.Js tl1 al !lit• t'PJ..i>1·:il•·d 11111 ll•t'I T\'
t.re1• wl1i1 ·li Slial«·.-<p1 •:He l1i111 .,,.11' had pl:i11t·<·•l was e1d. "'"''" , lw e :t11 .,~l
h e f1111 11d hi11 1'<·lf i11e•11 \\' '"'i '" " '".J l •y t h" ,·i s ilor.-< \\·h o \\·1·re dr:1wn
h v :tdmira l io 11 of tl11 · pot: I tu vi>i t th,• ('l a ~s i l' g ro und 0 11 wl1i c h it
st,01)11."
1

For th <! l1('licf 1hal a n :rn( ll[_:Ta ph llf S ltak.·' ]'f' a rP Px i s f ~ in Chicago, :;cu Cli:trl<'S ll11 dl1·y \\ ·:11·11t·r·., S /11<li1 s i11 //, P Sn 11t h ,,,,,; ll 'r'.</.
NoTE . - T lw fc.JlnwiJJ .~ !in c-:' arl' tn .~ ra n·d
~l1ak1 •s pc:uc·s

r111 t ht ~ Hto1H·

;..: ra \'t• · -

( :w .d fr P11 .J fnr

.! 1·..: 11 '

s akl' fo rlJl' :in::

Tn di gg thi• d11 -:. t f•11do:t :-:f• d l1r·:no

Hk ....; t

111· y 1· 111 :111 .' ·t ~ p: 1n ·~ th 1·:--;1 · sl o1 1 c ~

A11d eu r:-.: t In: he y 1 rnuv t~ 1ll Y h1111 e.-;.

159

STUDlES lN S HAKE81'.EAltE.

co~u·o~LTlUS.

wld1'! 1

d>\' e rs

EXEHCISE

lI. -

\\' 1'1TE A

B I OGUAPHICA L

SI\ ETC!!

OF

~HAK l ·:S l' EA l.U~.

---LESS ON LXVII. - THE PLAY OF JULIUS 01.ESAR.
Tlti:; Lragcd\' was 1•rokd :ly writ.1 c 11 al >u 11t till' year 1007. T he
n ·;d lt'li glh 0[ ti111 P i11 .l :di11.; C1rsar i:; a s lulluws: A u(Jul, Lli e 111i ddle
0 [ F e l1r ~ 1a ry, A. l ' .l' . / 11!1, a f1":;l.ival :;:u.: red l o l'ct11 """! call ed l.11 pc rc:dia wa s l1 Pld ·i11 IJl) 11 (Jr of C•l's:tr, wlt e 11 t.l1c crown w:1s 1ilf•·red to
l1i111 l1y :\11 lo11v . (Jn tl1te l :) tl 1 u[ Man:lt i1 1 tlit· ~:urn: y1·:tr 11 ·· "'"'
sla i11 .. l\' 01·e 11 1iJe r :!7, A. U.L'. j 10, lit e t riu11 1vir.-; 1rn·t at. a ~111 a ll i,Ja 1J<I
fur111e;d J,y tli e ri1·c r lt he 11us, 11 ear Bo11011ia, and th e re arra11 ~·,· d thei r
c r111.:I p rosc· rip t.ion. A. u.c. 7 J J, Brutus and l'as:; ius we-re defe a ll' d
11ear I '!ii i i [•[ 1 i.
l'la"' shunld fo·st rearl tl1 n ]•bty ca rd ul h-, pr i11 .. i1 ·:dly for tit,·
st u ry . S t udy words s ufli cie11 tl y to rnake llt l' 111.·:<11i11~ ,·]ear. U l>"·n·•· Sh akP;; pcarc' ,.; Le 1Jcl .. 11 cy l o rl1 y rn e ll1 e Li st. two li11\',; of a
SCl 'll l'.
Abo l1 is ]o,·c uf l•ll ll 8 . Find tl1 e an .-< we rs Lu th e r u lluwi11.~

q 11es t ions : " ' ho is l11c hem of thi s play? \Yh e nce does th e story o( ll w
gh11st. COl ll C '! \V as it (';l'.' i:U":; g host ? \Vliem did sh ,1kt•,;1•eare .t:""L
hi s 11 i: t! t•ri: ds? '\\'li: lt is the tl:tl.t! 0f Lh c Illes o f .:'lla reli '! \\'11a t
w~ s t!w f,.a~t of L1qw rcal i:d ·w hat om e n lc rrifi t'<l t'al1•l1J 1 rni:c '~
\\'l1 at alln s io n in J l y lila bees? \Vho was Epi c 11rns'I \\'!t at were
th e unit i•· s of tlt c anc ie nt play-w ri te rs? J)i.l Shakesp1•are li:n·e an y
regard to th<• 1111 iti es·1 Wl1 y is th is call ed a trng..: d y'I (;i1· e lh e
de rivatio n am! histo ry of tl i-0 won! tragedy .

EXETI CTSE L -

ORA T..

Ci1•(' tl11• st r.ry o f tl1 <e pl:t y CPltn eclc dl y.
(;iv c tlt e a .. t,; of tl"• ph.v. :Ht<l t he actio11 111 e:u·li o ne.
i\T:tk<: fo nr q111 >! :d ion,; frn 1n 1nernor y.
(.;i vc a skl'lt:l1 pf Hr 11 t. 1"'s cha rnct.<,r; 1u1. l1 011 cs t y. WP:drness, l:i ck
nf j 11•lg rn e nt, fprt.il 11'11'. ['rid•·. ll J11 stratc by qu o ta tio ns .

lli()

( ;i l'e <L sketch u[ the eliar: wl<· r of Cass i11s; c.y. jea \(>11\y, craft,
k<·c· 11 j 11d g n1 e nt, an 0 <' r, fort it.11d•', gr1· •:d fur 111 01 11 ,y. 11\uti Lrato by
1111ul at.ions.
Gin! a skl'leh u[ ;\ 1i1u11y ; r: .y. di ss ip:1Li1rn, 1lev0Liun to C:.csar,
craft, o rator ical pO\\ C I', d is ho 11 es ty. J \Iustrate by 'J uot.atious.

E:\.1·: 1:c1s1·: Tr. -

Give t.he ]'lot o[ the phy i11 11 0L lll Orn ll1a11 0 11" tl1uusarnl wurJs.
Gi\'e tl1 e sto ry u[ the fu 1tr love rs.
T\1e story uf Llie fa iri 1':' .
Tli e cirn;·,1 cle rist ics of fai ri es as sh ow 11 i11 t lii:; j•by - size, occnpat, io 11 , .Ji,pos it.io11 .
.
l;ive th e wcll -k11 0 ll'll 11uol".al.io11 s fr om tlns lJhy.

WI UTTE N .

Cive th e plot o[ the jlhy i11 noL 1no re than one tho usa nd words.
<:in) a skelcl 1 of tl1 c .. J,ara cl e r of Brnt us, o[ Cass i11 ;, of Antony,

----

1d' l'nr tia.

;\_lak e '' col lec tiu11 uf t.11t' we ll-k11uw11 •111 ot·at io11s uf Lhe j>l ay .
Tell wl1ere i11 tl1e I•lay dirt' .. r.-; fro 111 t lie fads of ltisLo ry.

--

....":>+- -

Find the

ll ow 1n a11y gro11 1•-' o f .. J,ara .. tns i11 t.\ ,j , plo1y'/ N' a111 e t he iu clivid11als of <':t<'h g rc•11r1. \\ '11" " ·,.r,• 111•' s11 pl'r nal.11r;d J•<·ople'! \Vh o
"·as Tlt es.,us i11 111 yl li ology ·1 l hpulyte 'I \\'h e nce did the sto ry of
l 'yr;u 1111s and Tliislte C<>1 111'? \\'lia t part of ll1 e play i ~ al.so\11tely
or i.c;i11a l \\'ilh :-;11ak es \H 'arl''! 11 (>1\' d <>es Sl 1a kesp,.;11·e\; treaL111 e11t
o f th e L1irit "' diff1' r [rn111 all utl11·r·! (I le all ows t he fairi es to spca.k
f(, l' fl1 en1 :-:P ln·!'i.) ll i)i 'S ~l1:tl;:1·:-:p1·:tn ~ g i vP l l1 i! f;tiri f~."i a cnnsc ie11 cc?
\\' li <Lt l(i11il or td a.- ..., .Ju llio·v \.,y .. '! \\' liat. ,,J,_j•!l'h .i .. they fear?
\\' ii;d a re tl1 ,·ir d11 l i1· :-< '! \ \"\i:1t ,-,11 11 1•ii111\' 11 t f<l ti11 e1' 11 ElizalicLh in
tlw pLn··' \\"li:tl. tlu\\"vr i.-< J... 1·1 ·-i11-l d l1 ·11 «;; ..;? "ll<ws 1'11<' k •·11 joy hi s
111i .-~c liic • f'! (; ;,.,. i ll11:-i !r;1li 1111 :-\ .
1>01-.-.: lt11 ltq1 11 r1·aJJy l.:11t 1w \\' l1 0t.li er
Ji,. i:-; a dci11l.: 1·y t•r :1 111:111 '! 1:-: il11'l'l ' :u1yl l 1ir1~· i11 l1i ~ pr1·\· ln11 ~ co 11d11cL tl1al li!: !k 1: .-.: tl 1t ! 1·\i;ll1 ;..:. 1· 1q ;1 1l"11l.:1 ·y':-; /wad ·"' '' f-' 111 fHH-d.ic ju st.ii ·.,'! Ca 11 tl1is 1.Jay bu •·asil.\" :<l't•·d '! \\'J, .. r,· \\·011\d ti ll\ dilli c1dt it'.-i 1ie '!

LESSON LXIX. - LIST OF SUBJECTS RELATING TO
SHAKESPEARE.

T iie Portr;tits uf Slia.kc:-;pcarc.

LESSON LXVIII. - THE PLAY OF MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S
DREAM.
Rea d the play as befo re, princi pally for the story.
an s wers t o these qu est ions.

1li1

ST U DlES LN S HA.K1" ~ PE1\ l-tC:.

:-;TUJJlES 11' ENld. ISII CO >lll:' OS IT ION.

The SlrnL[u rtl 1.lusL i11 Lhe cl1:1t1eel o[ H o ly Tri 11i Ly Chmch a t
Str:itfo nl-ii po 11 -i\ vo 11 • Tl1 c Druesho11t E11grn~· i11 g, _"'liieli appr·:u:s
npun th .) ti tl e-page of tli e fir s t collcete1 l ed1tH111 o l ~ l 1a k e" l "'." re:;
p l 01ys, pt ll' 11·", 11,.,1
, 1·11 ll i ..-·l'\ , •·•111 \ "o ''11 entllv• k11ow11 as t.ltu tll"4 10\10.
l.l [' O ll t he S il l llt: page a re t l1 e w•·ll -k11ow11 ve rs1;s l•y H.: 11 .J o1l:'u11 ,
ee rt.i (y j11 ,.· l.o its acc 11 r;wy. Tl11' C h:<11do:; l 'ort.r:ul., \\' h 1elt is the
popitl:irl; ac cn pt.ed n•pr~se 11bl ion of S l1ak espea.rc.
T he lk at 11
i\l :i sk , of.hi ·rn·i s·· lrno\\·11 as the Kesse bl.adt J\1:1.sk. Tl1 " II illiard
J\li 11 i:1L11rn a 111l t hc ~lo1111111c• 11 L i11 \Vesl111inste r i\ l.!•ey.
J{ca1l / 'or/rails c~f Slio l.·es1ir>ur~, Ly .J. P<trker No rri s.

Som Tcs fr om wl1ich
Plots.

Shakespeare

ol1tainccl 11is

All!' gontl E 1igfo;\ 1 Li t•· ra t urc will g iv e all 11 ec('ssa ry i11furn 1at io11 .

Tlie Trn gPcli cs

or ~ 11:1 kc: :-;pe arc~.

Tii 0 t.rngi ·· i 11 arf , :i1 ... or.\ i11 g I·• tl w ordin ary ('Onr('pt.ion, is lh:1 t.
whil'li i''' rtrny s :ill 1111l1ap1 •.\' 1·1 11 1.
'J'i111u11 o( _
: l ff1f' J1S 1 1\w tra;..::<·1ly or propt•!'{_\'.
f? on1Pu (Uid .fu // ,.f,
tlw 1 1 .,,, ,. ,., 1 ~· 0 f lol't'\"s. (!1/1 r lin, tl1 P tr:1 ~··· dv ,,f l111 sl.:111ol ;11111 wi f<' .
f\. i n;j
Llic t"r:1gecly "( pa rent a 11d c\1ild 1·e1 1. .\lac/,,,tfi :111d

L:w.·,

1 li2

ST ULllES l N SHA KESl'EAltl!..

llu 111 /e1 ar1 : loul l1 "l rag••d i1•s i11 ll'h ic li i11lv ll1 L~ 11atu 1·al world 0 [ r eal
s l',"1'"'' i.·' 11·01·1'1 1 a " IJ •l' l'11at 11ral ll'• >rid of 111 ys terio11s sl1ap1's - 1.lie
\\ e m! ::-i "te rs :111 d I la1 1ild ·., (; li t•.-;l." Tl1>:se are tragedies uf Jani il y
and s tal.t·.

a rr· po"ild e · fir st, tli.iL l1i s 111a<l11 Pss is 1.e al ; ~f'CO tHl, tliat it. is
f, . 1.. 1wd. t} 1j 1,[ that it. is bot Ii real :rnd i c 1g 11ed , a 11 d fu 111 lli, that

K ut<- t h e li eru in l'acli 1.J a.1· -

his fate a 11 d tl1 e e:uise.

C )),. ., •.,,, is a L1iry " '"" " wl1icl1 ca111e i11lo tilt' la11 ;..:- 11 :wc l'ron 1 t he
Fn:11.- l1. Ti l :11 1 i : ~ i.-; a11utl1 e r 11 a 111e for !Ji :u ta. J' 11 "k"' is a rnuue
011 1·e app li\'d lu th e 11·11111" r:1 f'e of fa iri "" ·
!{ .,J, i11 Cuudl'e ll ow is
aL.. ; o :1 11 uld 11 : ~11 H ·. 'I'l ie 11a11 11•;-; l\..·a ... l do."."u ll1 ;111d l'i1li \\i•l.J are ~hake­

,-.; t 11• ; \ 1'1 ~

0

:-i l'l'e a t

ic 111.

r11 tl l() cl t:.' ('l' i1 >1 i1 •ll or l'111:k 11 c·:iri1· all fai ry c l1 a raete ri s t ics are
g in ;11 . lla 111d s 11[ F a ir i""· "I

1;,,.,,,. a

l• :11 1k 11·l1t·n · 11 11· ll' ild l hyni c g ro ws. "
l'o111}'are :\ rid with l'uek.

\\'l1 a t :Lre hiry ri11 .c:., ·1

Note th e

sizP o l l lnh·o ;\I :il1 i 11 N 11111 f' 1J cuu l J1 t! i t'l.

Th e C lw:-:t:-: l![ ~l 1 ak e :-:pe;1l'e ':-: PLt 1·s.
Tl1 c: gl 1osl i11 lfa111/, ·1. l\a 11 1p11.·s gh.,st. Tli e g host in .hi/ius
'o·.,·ar .
.!\al 11 l'l' ;u1d \'(1 c: tt io11 of g l 10 ~t s acLo rdi11g to ::;l 1ake.speare.
1
(

ltJll'll s a1Hl l•'ulll .. ;

(Ir

Sl1 a k<·..;tH ;:1 n"

T l" ' 1>ri g i1 1als 11 f 11, .. , ,. 1·l 1ara('t n ..- - t IH·ir w1 s<' s:Ly i 11 gs - the ir
d1· 1•ss - llw i1· n·l :d i1111 s t,., 111 .. ir 11 i:1sl•· r. I·\.,· <'X:u 11 plt-, T o uel1sto 11e
i11 . I.< l'uu l .i ke I t, l 'l u l\' 11 i11 '/'1n(/ i/, Niyfil. Cl own in Th e JJ'in lff's
'I ', !/,,, Foo l in /\ in:; L mr.

\ V;i s If :1n1 lvt. 1n:-::rn e

':'

F nl lo11· ll :u11 l"t t liro11 g li 1111• plny ll'i tli t he 011e tli oHg li t in mind:
J., lii s l,... lia l' i"r s:11 1P or 111ll ·: O i>sl' r \'t' liis own rdere11ccs to !1i$
1·r111di!i n n - .:a 1dir· tl i:-. J'""il i.11 1" - "t ll\' wit's di st·ast>tl ,, ; al so his
IH'r.-.: isf('J1t dt• siri· lo 11·:i s1• :11 1d ltH H: k Pol; 111it1 s. Polo11i11 s' opi 11io11 of
t !11 • J; i11;.: ·,_ - l1is rn .. f l1t'l"s.
Oh.'f' l'l'l', loo, l.l1 a t w ith

11 is sa 11if·y -

I I o r:1f in li e..: i:-< a l \\'ays

dl}•·,..; I l1 ira t io t'\'f ·r g l\'t.: a 11v ev i \h°! 11 ce
'\' u11!d a 111a d n1a11 1ila11 so e ttll~1ingl y Lit e

s:1 11r •, 111 1r

o l' tl1i11ki11g· lii111 i1 1....; :u1 c.

'"'

>

•

it i,.; 11ei t. l1 L: r re: d nor fe ig· 11 ccL
l~e ail T iu: S/1al.·es;1"'1ri1w /) 1·m11r1, l.. y D e 11 lo 11

.r.

S nide r.

The Th ree ·witches 111 .Miu.:uetli.

The Fa iries uf U1l: Phys.

(

163

S TUD l J·::'; rn J·::xc l,lSll ('() ~JPO S JT IO N.

d t' all 1 n[ ( ; 11i lil 1•11 s!f' l'll :111d l:11s1:11kra11b. '! Sl11.J y p:uli e11la.rl y ll a ml"L '.-; e1111d 11ct i 11 t li e gr:11·" sce11r'. H e 111c111l1er tl1at fo ur h ypoth eses

Foll.i w t,[ 11 : 111 1::Lref ull y tlir u11 g li t.h c phy. Note ll 1ren. thi ngs
con cerni 11 g t1 1e 1n: i11 tl 1uir s urron 11 di 11 gs t lu '.'( 11re fe r th e d 1:<:Ltjr Cl' alil e ; j 11 pei:.;ona l a p iwa r;ui L:e ll1 1:y a re rqrnlsive ; in ll ll).ra l <p1<\h t 1es
th ey :ir" ev il. In t.lt:sa il1ing 1li e 11L Sh ak e:.;l'eare li a :> luHow e•l. th e
co inninii lie lid ,; (J f J1i,; ti 11 1e - '·killi ng swi11 c " - .. sa 1lt 11g 111. a
· ' " ,. ''lt'
li e lt ·Ls
·d :;o o1>·iv e11 tl1 e 111 :" lditi " nal pow e rs -- 11 1<: t l11 nl
:-; I L~ \ l! ,
.._• ~ ·
c • • •
si :< tc r i,; p rnpli d ic and li y her p ru ph,. <: it:S sli t: .1.. 111pL.; .\l :u:l·1" tlt and
J," 11y ?tl:tdw t.1 1 t.u t.li c• 111111·11"r o f l h 11 1e:lll . l'a d . ol ll ": 11111'. · tlwy
can 'i ie see n hy an y one; pa r t. of tl11) t irn e I.hey arc 01 1h · 1·i,.;1 l1le lo
.l\laclwrlt. 1\ ote pa rt ic ularl y I. li e sce nn wh e re ll eca tc• lirn1 gs 1q 1 t!1 P
:q•] >a r ili nns, and t heir cl ecei1·i11 g prop\1 ecies which lure ?tiacli•; l h to
hi s r11i11.

The FIO\Ycrs of Sl1a,ke..;peare.
Col1111il1i 1w, Jf11111kt, Aet 1V. sc. r1.
th:u1 k !"'" !lowe r.
Crow- ll o 11«• r, Jlw nlel, Ad JV. se. 7.
ruLi11 ; 11uw 111Pa 11 ~ h 11LLerc11p.
C u cko1 1 - l1n~l :-i , ( 0 0 1 ·.~ Lal1o r I A)sf, Act V. HC. ~1),dfo di l, '/'h e !Vi11 le r's T ale, Act IV. sc. J, 4.

\Y ild 1b1ff o1l il L•i

England.
Darnel. 11-; 11 11 J,rur, Act IY. sc . -L The n:'lrn e \\':'IS llSt' tl rn Sh a kesp .. :1.1·,.'s ,·J:1y to d e note :w .v hur tf 11l \\'ee1l.
l \ ;n nrd. 11, 11 11/tl . A ct. l \ ' . sc. G. l:11 1hl p111n t ic of ll :tlt erv .
Fl'r n , I. X in:i /lr·11n1 I 1·.,Ad. If. sc. ) . Fe rn sl'ed 1\'as s11ppt1st> cl t"
pos~1·,.;:; th c pu11·1, r o f rC'11dning pl'l'so ns invi sil, Je .
-·
FI O\\'t!r-d1)-) 11 et', I[. J\i 111; l/ ,•111·y V I ., Ad \ '. SC . 1..,; I. l u o.11 l /1•/tl' I/
J' J. , Act l. tiC. 2. Th e fl o wer m ea nt ::1.11d t.li e LleriYat i"" ol tl11 :
wo ril arc ho l.li d111tl 1l ful.
T hi s 1.Jant -' ' '
Lad y- s111 ock B, L ore's L11/1or L ost , Act V. S<; . '.:'.
calletl from t h e res1;111 l.iln.ncc of its white flo\\' e rs to little s1uocks
hun g n ut to <lry.

lli-1:

STtrl>I I-:S Tl\ E1\(; i,/ Sf(

Long l'11rpJe,. ilo 1J1ic1, .·\ ct. 1 \'. S(". I.
\\ arn i,· J;,) ,ir•· .
Lnl"! ·-in -IJll'llt: .. I l/ I
.

' , . :--.~ • .

j'"LJ( ,\"

~

·u I

• '.

II

STllnIES IN S llAKY.RPK<\l:E .

'.
I li e c·:trly pnrple orchiH of

·t 11 .
. , , (. ' . '"· 1; .'\ cl, rv.
11 1 1 \'
"u1,1I 1"Jl e r." 1H~ / a kc~

"s111nn1t'r ''° '.'Jh(,.; / Jrrrnn

,

"'· l.
J J, .., JS tlH·
;<:; p 1·are '.-.; d ;i\'.

UH / l'O S ['l.'lO N .

".t. .... 11 ·-.:1•d

\

1

:\ia 11dra); ,. u r . .\/ ;u1dr:t,,·o r~ I I }" .
.
. \/ 1,r; J1,.,,,.,, i ·r
\ t Jr
/ ', o11"'" a11• ! .f ,,f;,,1, .- \·~n .I,.
_ ~• ·. . .
- ./
., , c
I. sc. •) .
I
.; : 1}(/,, //,, _ ,\, ·t 111 - ' " . 1
-'
1111< Clu1}"t/r(t .\ (;[ I
. \I
.
· M . " , •• 11/ony
'
. ·' r .. 1. , 11,·!1 I oil · - )0 1 ' , I
111a11 clr:d;.,. I I' w •·i ~. l I(• 1.IP\"t•f l ( Ji·\'
' . •• g.l
f 1e r, ;110 1111 rJ ll
,
1e
11
life . ft. \1 ..-.s ·ii ." I 1·lt'\'t •/ I lo I ' l ,, e a11
llil Pno r kind of anilllal
'
11
M:1 ri .. .,)d ·n , 11 .
. ,.
· ")'1"'" ·
•
) '
,...,
' '·
//tfl ' I \ / qft' , At I l , ~ ,, . . .
'
.
I n111r" .' "· ;1,,)Ji1,.1 .\ ., r . . . , . . ...· i . r .'1}//1,,.1111. -, ,\ ..t r1. sc. ;;.
I'
'. (
. ·'' · .1, //,,, IJ 111/N ·, '/ 'I
\l•S<', fl 1111Jl1·/
\ ·t 111
. ' 1 '" " "I, l\f" . sc ..J..
'" I
I ·__ , ' ,
. S<" . ·I: ,\ ,·I Ill. se. I; 1,-;11 _11 .fo/111, 1\1',t I.
, •· .
. l\/ n•1 ff ,11r.'I ) ' /. ,\ 1·1 11
) or'
I a 111 I I .:11wa.' I" '"
· .se. I , r .. f('J's l fJ 1.11,·.· l'(J,°CS
" · of
ltose 111:1n·, 11, 1111 ;, 1 ·\ l'f I \. , _
·
• · '
· .'i f '. " · 'l '/1 e ·11 ·11111 r\· 'T ri/e A , [\'
.I ; -I i' fJ l!lr' n o nr/ J ulf,,t ·\ ri I .., ~
. .
' t~t.J - • ~c .
'~ .
l
' ' .
' .""! .• ,,
, .I
l <• t•t. lfo1ul,·1. , \ d 1· , ... I.
1
T" I". ,\ ct. I\ '.·'<' ·I·· ·., ·· '. . f'l"i•· "-'· ':.<' I. /\ ' . sc . l ; "l'l1P l l' inler's
TJ
. , . . 11 "1.~,n11111 1" r 1\ ''//1(" I J . ,
\
. i e l.l':tlll il'.i o f (;'""• 'CL' I i1 ... , I I] . . .
.
.""1J1, ' cl. 11. se . l.
" o lor.
i,..,u
ic·11 L·yes of an u b~c ttru vi olet
i

•

'

'

...

II'

It •

1

D ir<l ~ of SJ1;1k( ~spea re.
Bl;1.1·kl.ircl , call..d 0 11 , •]
· '- · -·1 Af 1./,111111iu•r i\'1 111
1 •
I
' "· 1 '· 11 ' 11·111
·
1·1
·
'
·' '
,
.'I
""'".'/ f T'., .\ o'.I 111. ' " "

( uck , ll11111lt-1 \,. L I ' " I

r

'l'l

11111

' ''\ c '0

1·rr •

. .
. ' .. . l"I' , . ,. _, 1" '' '" <>I d S ll / •l' '· t.,.
. .
II } . :i t l'u <' k -cro\\"
JJii· . . .111
· 0 [' . .
' ·' 1 .w11 that ~pints
•
I ' ·'"'
/l
(.'(l•·k-111rJ 1ti nH I' f
.I
•
' r1111/ ( 'l""f"llr11, At:t 11. si:. :;_
"
,., e erreu to l n 11 nton,IJ
<_n•11· , ./11 /if/ s ('11'.<11r, .- \ 1·l \". sr·. I .
( uckoo ·l 1; ·; . 11111111
, ..
'
•
~ ' ' ·' '
'r
u1111 · · I )·
\
,\ .-f. 1. sc . •l · I ; ··
,·, .
·' '."1111. , cl. l 11. sc. l; 1,·ino J:ea r
' . \ ' ".'! I ' ll/'// I I . \ ·t \ . .
,/
'
1>u!n1• .- \ d 11 ' " ,.
I ' . . ·1 ' ' o. , • ·'<' . I ; .·I 11!0111111111! Cleo•
,
•
,
• •
•
'·
t I." :--1 1 I a ,.,, 111111i11J i dt''l.
. . I
111
""' ·' o l l·.111·"/'" ii. 1 II , . I .
.
' " ri 1tg t, 1t: peas'" .
"
' "" i u11 11 ill fell I
·1
.
iuw 101Jg :u1 \ f1Jlf • 11.i s t o !1\ 1'
'Y J .':i e n c s, i.f as ked,
'
D mf'.
llo 111/,,1 . . \':°'.1. \ ' ,,. I . I . .
)J""
. . . . . 1'""t lf,•11r11 T"!
\ 1 IJ
11.rrr ·s 7"11/,.. ,\ ('f I \" , , I · ·.
·• 'c
· kC . '.:!; The
·
.
()
• · t · · • 1 !If' 1lf,,r ,·/1r111 t of I ~ ) ·
s~. - · An f'llii•l« 111 of li d 1·/ 1· 1 .
I
.
u 11 ce, J\ c t 11.
.
E a"" Ic 11 r , ..
·I • ll ll H "'!\"
· . , ·"ll 11 l <l '""•>t 1011
,... ' '
. \ fllf/ 11e1111; r·; .\ ti JI. " '· I· J11/I
'
.
11
1
'
. " ( ' ' ' " ir, Act V. sc. '
l ; r y111hrfl11e, ,\ c t I \ '. , ,1 . , • . .
r . - , "/ i /11 ,, .·1111/ro111cu' Ac l ·r1·
'' . •
. · SC. 4.

Lap win g, ll mnlet, Act \ ' . sc. 2 ; '/'li e (.'0 111 et/y nf Jc"rr(lr", Ad T\'. ;.c .
:.! ; il/11 cli. A du _, 11J(11l/ l \To1 /i.;11g, A ct Ill. se. 1. It was a co 1111 110 11
1wl iu11 in Sh a k e~ petLre ' s ti111 e Ll1at yo 1111 g 1npwi11~·H ra11 out. of tl1l'
s it e !! with part 11[ it. s ti ckin g on tli e ir head ,;, th ey \\l'I'<~ i1 1 .-melt
!tas te to lie h atc hed.
Lark, Cy111/1el i11 e, Ad If. sc . :I; L ure's Lu /,,1r /, u.< I , .-\ el \ ' . sr . :.! :
Tli e Jile.r c!ta11t 1f l'e11ice, Act; \ ' . H<'. I ; nu 1111·1, awl ./11 /il'f, ,\ cl I I I.
sc. 5; J\in g J fe11 r.11 l' II!., Ac.: t 111. sc. :!.
Nigl1ti1t ga i<', '!'li e Jl fe rcluwl of 1'~ 11/1·1: , Ad V . sc. 1 ; l! u111 eo r11.,/ J ul id,
A ct. I I]. sc. :, ; A ill idsw11mu Niylt1's I11 ·eum, Ac:t. 11. sc . :!.
Ow l. 'fr 11 ii11s aiul Cre"si•la , Act ] r. ~c . .I ; 1lfo dJ1•fli, ,\ .. t. Ir. SC . ;\ ;
!If. /\ i11!f l li>11ry l ·1., :\ d V. sc. G; A .lfi1/"w11111rr .\" ly/1(0 /! r..ru11.
Ad \". sc. l; Ju liu s C ll'sru" Act 1. sc. :1 ; '/' /,e C(1111Nl !f 11/ I.:: rr•1rs.
,\\'!, II. se . :!; '/'li e '/'1•111/"'"I, Act \ ' . sc. 1. l/"u 111fel, Ad I\· . .-<•· ..-.,
refers lo :i.11 ol 1l l«g-l' 11d Ll1at a bak e r's da11 g·lt1 .. r was cha11 gct! i11lo
an 0 \1·] fur ref11 s i11 ;; Clt ri st a pi ece of lm:a d .
P elican, 1,·111.r; L ear, ,\ ct Tl f. sc. 4.
l'i gcon , 'l'iru., ,-l 1ulrn11 in1s, Act "iV. ~c . :\; Ad IV. si: . ·l ; '/'lie Jl'i1,.
te1·'s '/'ale , A ct J\ ' . se . :1; As Y v " J. i/."e f t, Ad I 11. '"'. :;,
ltav,;n, .!11lius Crcsur, A c L \'. se. 1 ; Urln/111, A ct 1 \". '"" · 1 ; .1!111:/,,,1/i,
AL'L l. sc. ,-,; .·Is ) '1m Like It, Acl; 11. sc. :t
Swallo11·, TJ. e I Vi11rer '.' Tu le, Ad IV . se. •1; 'J'i111u11 11/ _,1!h1:11 s, Act
11 I. sc. (j; ,- I 11 /u 11 y Wlll Clen1111lm , Act. l \·. M ". 1:! .
Swan , 'Fit e Jlferc/11111! '!/ Venirf' , AcL .111. s 1:. :.! ; (} fh «llo , Ad \ ' . sc. :.! ;
1"i11!1 .!nli11, Ad V. S •'. 7 .
\ Vrn11, , J ,l//l/,<1 11111Jwr Niyl.(s .l>rem11, Ad I 11. '" · I : .Hw:/1Pf/,, A<'L
l \ ' . sc. :.!.

C11Stoms Conn ected wi t lt th e Cn.lembr, as
t ra. te<l l>y Sltakc~pea rc.

l llu~­

Tw elf Llt Jl ay (.hut. U). Sltakl's pea re·s 1•hy, T 1rl'/ /ih 1\" i:1!.t, Vink ilo<
nrigi11 in l it e fes livit i1:s assoi:i a te rl \\'ii 11 tlii.-; f .. , f iY :ti .
St. Ya le nti11 L''' D;ty ( F el.. l ~l ) . Bir1ls :u··· s tq• pu..-eol In el 1<111se tl"'i r
mat<'.' on tit is d:n-, lt<'n CP. ;I Jllit!sw11111 e1· ,Y ij!.t's }Jre11111 , ,\ el I \ ' .
SI'.. 1.
Shro ve-Tuesday (T11estlay bl'fur" Ash-\VPtl11 csd ay , tl1c l1 .. g i111 1i11g
o[ r,,, ,,t,). A cla y Lltwot.eJ Lo 111 crri111 l"' nt; \\'lt1"11 ce or igi11ak1l ll"•
custottt of eat in g pan cak es is uulrn own . :1l/"s 11 ·,,11 Tl10/ En1ls
W ell . Act Tl. sr. 2; if. Ki11g l l.:11ry IF. Acl \'. St' . :1.

] Gfi

S Tl fDIE~

1>:

E~GL 1 S lf

C OJ\fPOSl'l'IO~ .

:->TUD ll':S FO lt Jl(JO JC

Lent. A ti gu rf\ m ~ul c np n[ stra"· an<l cast-o lt cloth l!s was drnwn or
c~rr11;d t hr0t1;.;l 1 t lie st n•ds :.111 id 111ncl1 noise a 11 J merri 11 ie ut; ;
alle r wards 1L "''u' u' nall .Y l>urne1l. This i111age \\' as called .T:tcka-L e11t, a 11 d was pruhabh·
. ·Ot·
· i11teud1·ll to rPn
t re,,.
· • 11t •Tii ll'
:,s J SC:ll'I
'J'he
il l,•ro;
11 ·;,., s o/
11 ·;,.,/sor · ,\ cf 11 I· ·sc . ·') ·• ' \ c' t·. "' . :-1e . •r..>. ]".n ti1e.
.
. .. .
.
reif'll u l Lli z:cl,.•tl1 l111tcl 1rr8 \\' ere 11 ut a ilu\\'ed to 8 e ll tl esh meat
111 L~1d ., Ll 1 u 11 .~ l1 s01 11 Pf. i111 c•s tlwy 1-'." t sp<'cia.l ]'Prill ission t.o clo so .
11.
A 11 111
11. :--;c.
:1. lf,,,,,.IJ. f'J. ' Ad l \ . . .sc . .·i ·' 11. 1,·_,,· '".·1 JI cnry J V., J\ ct.

C l l:\ PTE l t

1 ti7

r: gvrnws.

XVIII.

A ]Jl)uk revi e w ai111 s Lo gi\·e t. li e r e a lll' r <'L gett\' r: tl i <le:L
<: 01,,l Fri1by. Las t Frid:ty i11 Lent. I. 1,·;,,y flrnr!J 11 ·., Act T. sc. 2.
Las;1·r . Tl; \\·as co 11sid1·r ·d 1111lucky 1111(. l o \\'1·ar 80lnetl 1i11 g 11 ew on
L tsLc r D <t} . ! :11 1111•11 r1111l ./11/i,•I, Ad J 11. sc. ] .
'
St. p ," ·id's. l>:i.y (:'da rci 1 1). Ol 1"~ne d hy t Ji1, \\' c H 1 i11 lionor of
S~·: Ua n d, llio:i r patrn1: sai11 t. 011 thi s day lliey \\' N ll' a let:k.
0

'"".rl

/TPlll'.I/ I .. . \ d I\. ,, I .. 1. S(' . 7.
S L. i'atri ck's lhy OLu-..h 17) . 1"111,/et. :\ !' I J. se . :i .
SL. <;l'orge·s l>ay ( April :.!:\) . l'a trc•11 ;;ai 11 t o f E 11 g-l:i. 11 J, "whose
name_ slio nld lie re1·('r,.,l 011 ea rth, llJJf. whose dei'd s are kn own
onl y rn li c:w en ." / . 1,·;,, .,, lfenr"
o n . l ·
.
,, I '/ . , • \ c·t T. ..........
• I \ "111 q ][,enr!J
V. , Ad 11 f. sc. l ; ! . J\i11 r7 / {1•11r11 l'J •\. i' I I \ C ".,v.
' " ·1.
.' 9 J run.n,
1
~ , 1·
\ tn
A c t, I L sc . J.
.i\b.y-Day (i\Ia1· 1) . 1,·111 r1 l !P111·11 T' I f r Al'! Y s ·· ., · t l l' l
· ~
J\ Tii/t(s}J,.· ,
.
·
._
,
.' . . ~ .. , , • ~ usiunm er
.1 .
~ 1111 . :\ c.L 1. ~L l.
!11 ul dc·n t11 11"s ll L':irh· e1·er y vil ht"·e
ha,~ 11.s :'II ''·'·poll'. dl'co ra lt'd \\'i lh fl ow1•rs, ri!.lw 11 s, a.;1d Ila.gs, rou i~d
win
c h 111<·
l"'n pl e d' :u1crd fro111 111or11 i11 •g: 11 1.t il 11 i,,·Jit
·I t . 1\_··1.11r;
/{
.
.....
••
"'"'!! I I .. A d 111. >'<' . l. F <'al 111·1 · of ,\ l ay- I Jay f1 ·s l ivit.ie,nv:;s
t l1 d ;\In rri ;-;- d:Ull'(' .
l\lid .s 11 111n11 ·r IJ;i y (.l u11 r• :!I). T wr·(/ i/, A iyl.r, ,\ "1, Il l. s c . :J. A
.

•

,,

••

•

• i

•

•

p<'r ind wl11 ~ 11 i rnagi11:d i111 1 ra 11 r iot .
(~epL :.!!• ).
T iu• J frrr:J ll'ircs r!/ IVindsor, Act I.

J\li ch:c l11 1as D:cy

of tl1 t.: l1nok r ev iu wed, t d li 11 g in w li:LL Llepart111 c.:nt uf
li t.eral 11 rn it !'alb,- :i s hi sto ry, 1Jiog rn p l1 y, st"ry, essay ,
- aho the genernl a.i11 1 or pu r puse of tlte J,011k.
,.\ re Yil'\I' ,.;]11111\11 :d ,.;o (;0 11si<1er tl1l~ s ty l e an• l rn:uin1·r
i11 wl1 it·l 1. t\ 1e \1(1 11k is w r it.tp 11 - lJnl lt its strnng :11 1<l it s
w1 ·:tk p11i 11h . Tl 1c cli:i.m.<:le rs ,.; \1011l1l he ::: k del 11:1l :w1l
th e ir ] H'< ·tdi:tri!i cs l'L~ll1;trket1. Tlt e \\'Orl;: 111ay lJe t.:lllll·
pare 1l \\·i t. h othe r \\' Orks of the s a.n w aul1H1r, lll' \1·it h
otl 1ers of t.he sam e class. 1r t h e 111)\ )k ]'l'. \' il'\\' f'tl is ;i,
h istory, t l 1e l im e it ('(l\'l:rs ,.;]1 0 11\ tl lie 11 lllc·tl; if l's,.;: ty ,.;,

if a. i 1ovl'l, ;i, l1rid sk l·t.-11 "f \lie
if a l 'fll'lll, it::; rn et. ril'al e l1: Lraek r,
its t.l 1ll11 g l1 l, s l1 0 1il1 l l>u eo 11 s i<l1: rl'd .

t.1 1e l<l[iic.s t.rl':tletl;
plot Jll :L.)' he g i \·e 11 ;

:ts \l'l'l l :t,.;
Ho"k n :Yi e w,.; 1111

11 0(,

fal l 1111!lcr ;1.11 y

O ll C

n1l1 ~; !l1 ny

Yary fro111 till..: lL:11 g t l 1y l',.;s:Ly ,.; uf J\ I a va 11by :ui<l .J dln'.\'
t.t> the l 1riuf r e fcr c rn..: e;; i n U1t: b llok eulum 11 ,.; o[ tl1 e daily
JH ~ \\' ,; p :q1er.

SC. ] .

St. ( 'ri spin"s D:. y ( Od . :!.-• ) . l'a trn 11 " 1i 11I. of shoe 111 :ck crs.
l lr-11ry 1·.. 1\ ct. IV . " " :\.
il ali ~1 \\' 1 1 1 as ( :\111·. 1).
~j',,.., 1;,.,,r/1'111•11 · ~/ 1·,,,.01111 • Act· I L sc: . 1.
A ll Soul s' I hY ( \'1-. 1-. :.!). 1,·;,,_,1 !.' /,-J,, 11 ·,/ If I .. ,\ C'L I \ '.~'" I.
S t. ;\f:t rti 11's ]>:i_,· ( :\ 1.1-. 11) . r. 1,· ;,, ,! 11,.,,,.,1 1· 1.. Ad f. '"· :.!.
Chri ,.; t11i: is. 1!11111/1·1. ,\ c[. I . , e, I .
.
.

LESS ON LXX. - STUDY OF MODEL.

0 11 e 1tl' t l1 L: li. >;;1 , k1i. 1\\·1 1 huok r(·v i ! • \r .~ i,.; !lwl o f ;\f:i.1-:111by u 110 11 Sn11tliuy ';; 1-: Llil ion n[ t h e Pi l.'lri111',' P1·01; 1·c ss.

ST U l>l l·:s J :-;

l ·: N'CLi~ll

CO_\[POSlTIO:".

Tlie revi1;\\· bcg iH::; with n, n otice of the engrn,vings of
t h e Look. S ome of Lhl'se arc complim ented, uthen; are
llut.
I 1HleL:d, eo 11s i1ll'ral1le ;;pal'e is g iv en Lo a sharp
criticis111 upon tlw \l"O J' k or one al'list. Tl1 e \\"l'iter then
1·11rnL"" t 11 tl 11· s11hj1 Tl -m:t lt('!' .. r tl1e l1nok itself. Ile
lw;,;·i11s : " T ll\' 1·li:1ra\'! 1:ris t i1 : pc1 :1i!i;Hit.Y o f t l1 1.; ljilprirn'i;
J'r".'/l°I '-'" i;; , tl1aL it. is 1lll.: n11 ly \\"nrk nf tl1e ki11d wl1ieh
l'ossl'sSL'ti a st 1·11ng 1111111;111 i11 t1~n:s t. Otl1n ;t\legories
n1ily a11 111.-;1: t 111· L111•·y : 1liL: :i lli·gnry o( H1111yan has
lit:e11 r ea d l1y tlt o 11 ::; arn1s \Yitlt k ;1r,;." Tl1e reviewer
Llien g •1L'" 0 11 to "l'C('ify t h r dilT1·r,·11t wdl-k11<1wn alleg ori c:-:, - 'l'/11: f '/.,/1111 <~t' J lir:rn, '/'!1c Co 11lu1<t lwt 1r1·eu R ei<t
a111/ f'l "1 1s11r1', 'l'/11· P11i1·,11 (,!11, ·1· 11 , - ;u11l e; orntiarcs t h em
to t,!i.., J 'il.11 ri111 ' s }'1·11.1/ r"""· l 11: 1·"11ti11111;,.:: "Dr . .Jol1nsnn, all 11·l 111sL; ;;t 111li1·>< \\ T l'\ ; d1·:-:ultory a11d wl10 li;tte<l,
"" ]i,~ ,;;1 id , t o n·;i<l linok.,; t lrn ingli, n1<1<lu a.n c xeeptio11
i11 f;i,,·n r ol' tl1< \ l'i1:11·i111' s I' r11.1 /1"cs.'I. Tl1at wurk, he
;;:1id, was u11 e ur tlw t 11·0 or tl 1n'e wl1i('l1 lil; wisl1ed
lon _Q'l'l'. . . . In th,; 11·il<k st ]"irts of ~1 · 1Jtla11tl tlw Pil:1rl111',, ]' r11,1/ r1' :;s is tl1<; dl·li ~· l1 L nf tl1t : pca:.;;i1itry . .111 every
lllll'>' t'lj' .iL is ;\. .~T1·;d('J' ra.\'11rile tl1;l11 ,fo,.fc tl1c Giant.h -1'/frr. EH·ry l'l':ulvr ki1<11r::; ll1c :-;tr:ti.~lit. a1Hl narrow
t•:t1l1 ;1;; 11·l'll as li e l\Jlllll·s a rn:ul in 11·l1it·lt li e l1a;; gone
lnc km1nl :111d f11r11·;1nl ; 1 l11111tln.: •l ti1nec<. Tl1i s i>< the
lii g lll',.; L miracle of .~\·11i 11s. tl 1:t1 tl 1in~·,; \\'l1i1·li are not
,; \11rn ltl 11\·. ;1 s tlt11u~·l 1 tlw1· \\'\'rt·: t11a t llie i111:1 g·i11a.tiorn;
(Ir n11 c 1ni11t1 siJC1U l<l 1H·1·1111w t !11· 1wrs1 >11:1l n·('t'llleetions
·or anothe r. Antl 111is 111im1·l e tl1e ti 11 ker ha>< wrought.
Tlie \\·iL:kct gale n11rl tl1e de:-:11Lt!t: :-;warnp wltieh separa tes i t frnm lltl; ( :ity or ])c,..; t l'lll'l iull ; t he long lin e
of n1; 1d , a;; ;;tmigl1t as ;t rid e (';1.11 111;t k1: it; tl1e ]11Lerprcte r's l1011c<t', :11lll ;ill its fa ir ;;\1011·s; t lie ]'l'isoner in
(.ht\ iron eag('; tli1; paLtl'l', :1l tl1 1 ~ 1luu r,.; 11f \\·l1idt a rm6d

t-;T U DJES FO!t .IJOOK IU<:V J E\\'S.

1G0

m en kept guard, aml on the baUlcm cn ts of wl1ic!t
walk ell per::;o11s clotlied all in gold ; the cros>< arnl t l 1e
::;epul e!tre; the steep !till and t!te pleas:wt arbor; !lw
stately front of tli e lfom;c Bc;t11Liful Ly lite wa_pid e ;
the lnw g ree n yalley 11!' H umilialion, ri"h with grass
and eove re1l with flo cks, :tll are as wdl ki1011· 11 Lu us
as Ll1 e s ig h t.s of 011r u11'll ;;t reel."
111 ll 1is wa y tl1c n :viewe r re co11 11 Ls tlw story t.o 111< :
e1Hl of tl 1e book. H e t l1t·n co11ti11ue::;: "\\",; r.. 11 ""' t l1t:
trav ellers through t11 eir all egori cal prog n·ss wit 11 i11 t l'l'e::;t 11ot inferior to t.ktL wit.Ii wltit:!1 we follow Elizal1dh
from Siberia to J\[osenw, or .Tennie D ea 11s from E(1i11burg to Lomlo11. H1111 y ;m is almost tl1 e 111 il .v wri ter
thr1L eve r g av e to the ahc<t.rn c t. tl1e i11ll'rl'st of t.ill~ l'llllc rc:te . . . . Th e Pllifrim"., Pro:1re.~s lllllln11l>t<:dly i,; 110 (,
a pe rfoet all eg o ry . Tlw types are of t.1 ·11 itll'Ollsi ,.;(1:1it.
wit Ii ead1 ntl1L:l', a.ntl snrneli 111cs tl1e al lcgur ie;tl ci i'~'.11 i,.;1:
i::; altog et.lJl' l' t.l1rnw11 oil. B11t we do 11ot licli e l'l: Lli aL
any 1rnt11, what.e ve 1· rnigl1t lie l1i::; g e nius, c111t!d lon g
co ntinu e a iigurnl.ive !1i;;tory wit.l1out falling i1 1t.11 rn:t11 y
in co11::;isLe11 cies. Th e he;;L tl1i11g, 011 tl11· wlwlc, tha t :111
all egorist can do, is t.n present to his re;iders a s11 Cl;cssi on o f a11:tl"g ies, eae;l 1 of wl1ieh rna,y Se)';tr:L!.t:ly lJc
strikin g a11d happy, willinu t l ooking Yl'l')' nicl'h· to se<:
wh et.her th ey l1 :t rn1011iz e witl1 ea...11 other. Tl1i;; Huny1111
has do11e, ;u1t1 tlte effl'ut wl1id1 t li e talc prnd11 c:es 011 ;i ll
pe rso lls, learn e d and unl earned, proves that he has
do11 c well."

Th e Prisoner (!f Ckillon.

Lord Byron.

For prolog ue, a sou11 eL 0 11 Chillo11; cu1111•:.n' t.h<l slrn ctu rc of
the so lllt Ct. wit.Ii th at. o[ J1 [i /l!m on Jfis 1J/i11d11 e,<s. Tl1 c poem i,;
wriLle 11 i11 fourtee n c:intos of iamuie tetrameters. Each ca nt o kl-'

l ...

170

171

::>T UJJlE"i 1.:\ E.:\ t; I,f;;J-1 CO.\ll 'OS l'l'ION .

STlJl)]ES FOi: BOOK 1rnvmws.

a. Cl' ll t r:Ll icl t·a a~ 1\ ]' lll"ll~ rnpl1 ha s; fi11 (l \\'l1;i,t t.J1r· sc ce ntral iJ eas
an~. () b!'::! t·rr i.; ll1 L' pat lH•L ic eudi11g of Canto I I. By w l1orn is t li e
J'<>C lli ass11111«d I." l•e ll' riU1·11 ·1 l lull' co 111[' lt'le is 1IH, d e., e ripLi on of
I li e y t11111g-e r l•rutl 1l'r - o[ ll1e S•:co11d brother'! \\' 11aL is th e effect
upon tl1t· n ·:id ,•r ,,r (_'a11los \ 'I l. a 11cl \ 'I 1l. In ll'lia t \\':J.,V di ll cornfo'.", li11:dly eon 1e tu th r~ <'<IJ>fi,·1;'! lla.-; 1:.1'l'tlll pict. 11 r(·d corrcc ll y th e
1·l lect o[ ln11 g 1n1pr 1Rn1u 11t·11 t ''!"JI' th e li11111an 111 i 11 d '! \\'as t h<'
hero uf t li l' !'U<'l ll a rc:tl cl1aral'ler '!

iiu Hlia11 d. Explai 11 ll aVs eo 11 d uct a ft.e r the d eath o ( h oll1. Ts it
tru e t o dog n:tL11 rc '! ls it arti st icall y co rrect t o ltav e lt:.d..1 a 11 d hi;
ma st.e r l..1v l h di ,, afte r Li re clcalh of Ai lic'!

.A

Dlss1.:!'/ rt{i(!ll upo11 .l.'<1 118{

Pig.

CJ1 ;1rll';; Ln.mb.

lit-gi n l.y t1·lli11 ;.:· \\'}w L:1111li was, an d n·l:1lin g a few o i' Urn
rin·11111., t a11(·1 ·s of hi, Iii"" :\ m·er 111i11cl tli• • da ks of liirt h ;w il
d <:':i ili. tliust· fads :1n' l'un 11t1 0 11 (.,all. :lllcl 11° ·t·d no t Ii" <•n 1phas ized
1tn l1•:"s fpr 1•:.,peei:d n •: 1.. .; 011 s.

'l'/w J lun 1J 'i t/1() 11t r.l Cu1111{1'!J.

Jbh
l111·cnt(.,\ hi s tory - d1 ~1· i c " ·' t.n ~t r c ngth e 1 1 its appear:rn<'t' of
reality- rc pdit ioll of inc itl e11ts to d ee pe n th e illusio n - th e t>11e
rea lity of th" s t ur,v rnade e le:u", a 11 cl ilrat is, tir e effect upon a 111 a 11
t» li\'e \\·itlio 11t a co 111 1L ry . A lesson in pa tri ot islll . Ol1serve lro\\'
skilf ully tlt e qu otatio n fru111 Llt e f .r1y rf the i,(L .;f ,J/ i11sl!'l'i is \\'O\'t 'll
i1t10 tire st.u n ·. T he skill or tir e writer n 1akes out {Jf a fictitio us
cli araeter a nd a u i111possil>le s it.ua Lion a most paLh e tic ti lory.

Tl1 e I i111 r· o f hi s li ll' r:try activity 111 ay

111:-• ;1 p1 1rt)x i111 :dl·ly gi,·1\11.

'l'lii:-> l':-;_....;a_y HJH· 111' 11 1:111y. ()J1 ... 1·n·p t !H· 111<1 t' k - l1i ."i flHi <~ ai r wiLl1
1d 1i··h ii. l><· gi '." - I lit'- rd .. rc·11<'< ' I» ll1<· Cl1i 111 :."'e " """ '·'nii•t - Uie
l':ll't·l ul 11a1Ta l 1011 of ,.,.t• 1ds- fi11a llv . lite cl i111nx. A bo t.h e sa 111 e
Ill O<'k-h i slo ri1~ ai r i 11 I ltt, a<'c'l) 111t t ,,f Ll 1•; I ri a I - th e l11111 1o r n [ Ui e
1·prcl id .-f1 11:dly, l.:·u 11b's o w11 clirc•,·lio11s J',,,- t.he roa .- ti11 g ,,[ a pig.
<; i,·e th<· <l1ara de ri s( i<'s uf L:111il>s sty!.· ns 1111' _1" ~C'> ! ll\ t o yu n.
0

T li c r;s/,,11 1f SI!' J, r111}jrtl.

.Ja111cs H11:-s('ll Lowel l.

Th u •pt<·s t ,.f ll t,. ll 11ly <:r;iil is 011 c· o f tlH· J...~·•·11 cl ., of t ire J\liddl u
A g1's wl1i i· li ~Iii! l.:1•vps lt."' ~ i g 11i lica11ct' {1 1 tlu ~ llH•d t:r 11 1 11 i 111 1. No
11~<.11: 1 ~ cxqni .~it ,· n·li·lli11:: r,r it 1•xi;...J:.; i11 llH~ la11 g· 11 ;q.~·" than '}'fi e
I'·''''" of S11 · f ,1111u/ ;t!. T l1" J>Pl' tll "l '<'llS \\'ith a l 'relurh-, wl rich
IS :t

~-H'ri1•;--;

(lf pi<'flll"t '."'i of 1•;1rJ\· ."'illl 11111' 'L

(;j \·e

qt11>l a tin11 ~ \\'h ich

0lial l s how l l11·s•'. l':trl. I. g· i 1·,.~ 1]i,. y1>111 1g· 11 1:111\ t't>llt't•p tiun 0 [ t.l ie
\\':t.Y 11l\ is to li11tl lilt' 11 111.'· <: rail .
[., ii. :i crirr>'d ,, 11 ,,-1 \Yhal. is
tlrP t'li111ax of l'a rl I. 9 \\'hat. d11r·s tl1<~ l 'nd nd o .,f l'art. TI. foreshad•iw '! \\ ' l1a t l ··~s»ll !ta.' t Ire cd d 111a11 lt·a rn <·d '1 \\' hat is tlt e
cl i111a.x of Part II.'! Wh y is t he e nding- )'arLic1ilarly liappy?

R u/; wul ] !is

Fri1'11rls.

Dr . .]lll 1n Brnm 1.

l\rn·-like ir.t.rr,.l11r- l i11 11 - i11l<'rt·s t i11 dng- fi.~l tl s- ci ('vol i n n t.o I.li e
<'0 11<111N<>r. l'<'rs o r1:ili:~· ,,f I::.I• 111adt· q11ile :r s ,.] ,. ~ ,. a s l ltat of ltis
111 asl.er or 111ist rPs ..;. Bea11li f1d clr:nacl•' r of Ail ic - de vot ion of her

LESSON LXXI. -- PROSE FIOTION.

By the t e rm fldion, a narrat ive CO lll]Hls iLion is ;1lway s
11mkr:-;too(l. '\V ork ::; o [ fict ion a rc of two kiml::; - those
in wl rieh tli e agen cies are e11Lirely within onli11ary e x11eri e nee :t.11cl t ltosC in wJ1i c h t h ey n.r c ll O L fn lhe latte r
case Llicy arc calleJ rom;i,nces ; in Llie for m e r, stories of
t;(l lllll\ 0 11

Jif1; .

~torit · ,.; o[ eo111m o11 lik arc divid Cll in to tall!s of :t.<lve11 t. ure anll 11 ovels . Tl1e novel in its lii g lr e:<t <UHl best
form is ll1 c cn un te rpa.rt in prose Lu t11 e e pic in pol'lry,
anJ lik e it, ll'l!:tts of "011 0 gn!at co mpl ex <tdion in a
lul'ty sty le anrl wi t l1 foln ess of Jetail. '' Wha te ver lie
i l.~ forn1, t he 110\·i:l sliou lll possess uni ty of pLui. Novels
1l1ay r eft;r lo Lli e past a11tl d eal wil h grcaL l1i ::>L\1ri\'al
e liaraders, nr p icture great even ls; in wl1i c h c:ise, th ey
are call e ll liist.mieal 11uvck T l1 c onli 1rnry novel, lwwcver, pic t ures eiLl1e r tl ie pre:sellt or an immediate p:tsL

1 -.)
·~

STUDlES IN ENUL l S I[ COJ\lPOS ITlON .

STUDU':S FOl.t BOOK HE:VlEWS.

Someti1 nes ll1 c distincti on is rn;i.lle hct" ·ee n romantic
novels and re:tlisli e noycJs. .A rm11a11 Li1: novel wottld
partak e rnure or h :s.,.; of the nal 1t rt.: or a 1 -.:> mau!~e, while
a realistic non·] \\·n11hl aim to rqm ~scnt life exactly
as it i,.:. Sir \\' a lte r ScntL',.; llO\"l•b m ay lie take n ;\ S a
type of th e rnma111 ic .~ e linnl, 11·liilc t hose o f \.Yilliam D.
I l.iw ulls wo ul cl \1·tll r ep rese nt tlt c rc;tlisti c.

D esc riptio n s o f G eo rge Eliot a111l Dicke ns, Co111p:\recl.
George Eliul as a 1>cl i11 cato r of i\l olivc~ .

LIST OF NOVELS TO BE STUDIED FOR REVIEWS.

In order to write upon any of th e follow in g t opics , it is ne cessa ry
t o read carefully th e book under which t hey sta nd .

David Cuppn:fi1./rl. Charl es Dicke n s.
F;rn1ily <:n111 ps or th e Cli:t racle r'"
J)";;c ripl io ns of l' lac<'s :i1ul l'n;:ons .
Th., Cl1:Haet\•ri st.ic S:1y in .~ .~ of Different, C haracters.
A :-; kl'lcl 1 of .Jla,· id's Buyliond.
n.. 1,.. y Tru l\\'OtJd.
Tl1 e :\li ca wl•c: r Fa.lllil y.
l \'Pt ili :ll' il ies a11d Characlr ri;:L ics o( Dich ns's i-it _v le.

l canlwc.

Sir \ r a1ll:r Scutt.

Tl1r. Tlrnnc :11111 11., ,1.,,. 111 ,ld nf (;,,, Jri r lh" S;txon.
Tli l· T o mna111 .·11 L 0 1: l'rince .J ohn.
Tiu • I l oly ('1 .. r k of (\,pP11i:t11l 1111'.,t.
S lo r111i11 ~ of th" C:t s l I" ,,f Fr• ,11 L d<! l\«'Uf.
Th e Trial a111! Jt .. l. ·:t"" of llt ·lic«ca..
Th e F e udal ,\ gc as l 'i cLnre d l1y Sco tt.

Silas .J1!ur11 cr.

Gco r;;c Eli ut.

L urna Duun.

R D. Blackmore.

Th e First l\J,~d i11;.; o( ,John Ri,JJ a ntl Lorna P oo n.
Th e lluo11 SLrull g·hold.
.J ulin JUd d' s. ll o 111c.
T o 1n Fagg ns.
Tli e l{esc ue of Lorna.
(h c rtl1 ro w o [ tl1 c l>oo ns .
J>c sc ript.iuns of l '1: rso1JS :tn•l !'l aces.
Tl 1c Ti111 cs of th<' Hi·sl ornL io n as l'i clme1l liy B la ck 111 url' .
I. orn ;t Don n as :t (:ni.l e- hook to Bagworll1y Fur<"sl.

JJcn !for: A Talc uf tli c C!u·i:;t. Lew Wa1la.ce.
Th e ;\l ec li ng of the Three ·wise Men.
Th e Charnclcr o f l\l e8Sa la.
Th e S h e ik ll.J c ri1n.
The Cli:iriuL Hace.
Ch ri st a s :t C l1 ara<"lc r in t h e Story.
Be n llur as a Chris lian.

Lit tle TVi1111 c1i .

Louisa Alcott.

A .l\ ew En g lalltl l lu111C', '"' l'idured J,y illi ss J\ lcolt.
CktractP r nf Lh c F o m lJ :w~ h le r s, :ts Shown hy lll e idPn l~.
l Ji lforr·11 I. l'h11 s fo r :\ 11J11st•11tc 11 t.
Li tll c \\' u 1ll C1J , Cu111p•J1T<l w ith !Ls S1· r1n<' l, Li tt le \! e n .

William D.

Silas :'<larnN l'"":l ""' a \I iscr.
S q nire (.'a;;<, H 011 s1•h "l ' l.

The Xnw sp•lJ •"r l n Le rvi e11·s.
Tl1 e Partne r ~h ip w i th !\Ir. Hnge rs.
Th e Core ys . Fat\ 1e r :wrl !:iou .

Eppie·, Ch ildh00.l.
Tli e ('h :iractn "[' C: orlirf'V C' a~s .
EITec L 0[ tlw Can· of l:J>pi1· upon S il as J\larner.
D escripti ons of l'ersons auJ l'lace8.

Th e Charnct<'r of Silas Lapham.
J 1ll p re~s ion o[ Ll1e lloo k as a Wh ole.
1'1r. I-Iowells's Characte rls ties as a \\'ri ter.

II ow

P " 1wlope 's ( 'o rn,eie 11 ce.

1Ium~ lb .

:-;Tuva:s 1;.;

t·;:-.;t; L1 ::; 1i t:u~ 11· usnw1'.

argument. Both are n eces~mry to su cces:s [ul penmasion,
huL wltieh is to he u,.:cd mo;; t depL"tll.b upo11 the charack r o[ th e pc r,.:on or aw1 iell ce to l>e influeneed, a.swell as
11po11 Lhe cl1;tr:tde r o[ tlte ::;pcak er. Tlt e following f mubme11tal priu e iples 1111d crlie n.11 p e rsuasive diseoursc : -

( ' IL\PTEI\ \:IX .
l'E/i',\C,JSJ I "J~· lJ!S CO C'Jt,,'J'K

LESSON LXXII. - THE ART

or

PERSUASION.

Ii i.. .; wil l
b of ll1" " u" ~ <• j •i 11 io1 1 ,;I. il l . - (//1/ l'roue r/1•

.:\ lna11 1'1)11 \ · i oct• d :\ µ-a.ill st

N ot.1 1<!. j, g reat
nta.te o[

1111 11 11. -

11!10

C'a11:tll1•r111:t11 .. r, lrn t li e wlio can :\l ie r my

!Zu /1,h 11·11 /du 1'.' mf'r ...:ull.

Tl1 e re is pr<JhtlJly 11 0 <Jll C, yo nng or old , who Jia,.;
not n.t :-u111 e Lim e folL a <k;; irc to i11 fl1H.: ncu tlw opinion
;end cn 11<11tl·t o[ ntlt e rs. Tl 1u cliil<l t ril's to intln ee 11is
pn, renL:; to grant l1is rcrpics t,; , Llie 110\· tn lead l1is rnrnpanion;; to do a,; Ji,; \\·i,;l1 e;.:, tu tl1i11l~ as lll! doc;; ; . tl1 e
rn:i.11 t~ i_11 tl 11 e 11<.: e l1i,; fri e lld.o.;, tl1 c Ltwyer to win l1is jury,
Lit e lllllll ;;te r to l1e 1ll' lit. l1i .o.; cu 11;._:T1 ·µ-a t io11, tl1 c p1lli t i1:i;m
to ea rry 1he people \1·it It liilll . l·::L"lt u11 e l1a s alle111pted
fo j.11"/"Sl/ l /l/ t: .
j f Jie J1:1 s :-; \j( '( 'C('ckd ill doin.~· tJ1is, Jic has,
eo 11,.;e io11sly nr lllt t'<>11,.:ciou,.:ly, f"llc 1\1·1·1l ce rtain de li11it e
J1ri11 c ipl c:s . It i.o.; ( 11 1li c :-;(1ul_y of tl1 ese pri ll c iple;; tliaL
this l'l 1apte r i;; dc1"< Jil'd .
.
1'l'r,.:11:i sic 111 is a1 1 dTorl t" i1dl11 e1 1L·e tlt e \rill, aml
tl1r1111g·lt tl1 e " ·ill to a ffl'd· llw c111Hlt1 c.:t. Tl1 L' ll"ill i;;
i11fl11r11 ct•1l 111 hrn \1·a,·s: 1l1rn11 ~· lt tli e < ~ m .. ti on;; o r
:ltmng·h tli e j11'1.Q·1111· 11L. 111 tlw fi r~ I i11 s t:111<·t•, tlt1· :1ppL·:tl
1:-; 111:idt! to tli t• fet:li11g.s : i11 tl 1c sl' enntl. to t.lte l'(':t,.:on.
Tl1 esc appeal,.: are 11:1111 t•d , rcspc di \'e l.\·, cx. l11Jrta Lio 11 ;1.11<1

It is best to decide at first whether you will use argument to
influence the reason , or exhortation to move the fe elings, or both.

N<! nnc wn11l 11 acltlrc:,.:s an ;wdie 11 ee of bwyurs as lie
wo1il11 a rni x.e cl a11die11 c.:e, o r n, grnnp of el1ildren a;; lie
wnt1lc1 a co111p;rny uf :ululLs. ln:-;(.iu d iv ely , i11 try in g
to pe rsu;tLle p euple, we appeal to t.hc:ir fcdillg:; 0 1· the ir
reason, acconli11g a:; we tl 1i11k the one or tl1e 0U1c:r will
rnovc t he m. lt i:; well, us1ially, to use lJoth rn c tl1o<l,.:,
and the cl1n,rnetc r of your li::;Le11e r will decide wliicl1
011 c ,,·ill pretlomin;tle.
It is easier to move the feelings by narratives and descrip t ions
than by direct appeals .
Persoll;; are fre<ptently armed ag:1inst direct appeal,.:,
bn t a t ellin g s tory or a p:tthetic de,.:e ripti o n flllll" the m
<1uite unprepared to resi,.:t, a.ml tl1ey yieltl at once .
Att e nd a m issinnary mecti 11g allll fiCC h ow Ll1c a1uli cnce
arc brou.~·ht in to sy rnp;Ltliy wi t h Lhe ;;pe:tkers liy t.alc:;;
of foreig n Ltnds. Uncle 1.'om'i; C11111:n tl1ntllll css co11vi nel'cl tl1011,.::t11ds of tl1 e wnlllg of ;;Jave ry, \\"Ito wunlcl
n ot l1avt~ listem"l for one mom e nt to a tlire d appt:a.l
fm· tli c shve.
The question to be discussed should be clearly stated. If neces s1iry, define it.

lt is of tlt c u t most im p ortan ce Ll1at Lite i•oi11t at iss u e
;;]1011ltl he p L: rfe c tly elc:;tr. A grc;tt d e;t\ o[ u:;c]e,.:s discus;;ion is oft.en in<11tlged in because tl 1e <li,.:pu t:rn ts do
not. unders tand wliat t l1 ey arc Lalki11g ;tlJo ut.

I·

u,,

.,

-

c. . ~>:,;i!

c

'~

.,.,.. ~

:..:,.

:~-.

..~

·

-~f~~~~~~'t.· .

;:t;¥~~~;_iii<J4.-9:~~?~~ :~..,. ·.t;,tJ

17G

ST\ : uu:s I N ENC:LlSI[ COJl!POSITION .

Always be fair to those who oppose you.

\Vh:tte1·er te111porary :t< h ·a11tage llla y he gainetl by
u 11i'ai rn c,.;,; i,.; 11;;11ally lns t i11 the 1,n<J. Nothin g helvs
a cl el>at..:r rn ur<: t l1a11 Lo Lie Lii r Lo his opponents.
1\lr. Lin cnl 11's great :-<ucccs,.; ill tlt.:b: tte wn.s b rgoly due
tn his l1:d1i t of stating l1is oppon ent.-:;' case qni te as well
as they co ulcl, aiul then wh en he lmtl overthrown it
tJ1crc wa:; noL11i1 1g [mllier to lie sa icl.
Put yourself on goo<l terms with your listeners.
Ex pc ri e11 cecl spt!ah r,; do tl1is in a va ri ety of ways.
Sorndin1cs by 11w;u 1,.; o[ ;t :-<tory or a 11 a11 ec..:< lo tc, Lo make
their l1ea r<·r.s good-11;1(1 1reL1, snrncti1 nes hy :tgreein g with
t1 1e lll ;1s L1r as 1''1ssi l.J r . :·mrnc limes by fLt ttc ry more or
less crnl('e:tll!d. Esp('('ia ll.1·, i[ :t spe;tke r is a<ldr('ssing a
J.icrso n or a11clit:nc.c prcju 1lic..:ed ;tgai 11st 11is cause, it is
1i eces:-<;try to 11·in Llic willing a.Lte 11 tio n o[ his hearers at
;w y cos t, 0Ll 1cnvi:-<e lie migl it as mJl ke ep ,;ilent.
TL is snrnf·t irn cs well to ;tn tic..:i 11a.Lc po,;s ilil c olijections
:tml a11;; 11·c r t!tcsc in the fi rst i1:1rt of yo 11r argument.
T liis nrny fn·u tlie minds of yo ur hearers of .p ossible
prej ud il:l'·
State tho arguments separately . It is well t o begin with a
strong argument o.ucl usually to end with one. Sometimes they
may be arraug·ed to a climax.

It i:; \\'el l Lo 111;1k c..: a "Q·on1l in1 1irc:-<s io n a t the beo·innillO'
b
b
:tncl alsl) ;i t tl 1e dn,;<: "1· yn 11r arg n11 ie1 1L It is necessary
Lo liave cle:nly in n1i11<l 11·li:t t yuu r a rg urn e11 ts arc before
yo1 Lat.l c mpL l" arra 11 gc tl1cm .

P EHSUAS lVE UlSUOUHSE .

177

your re:tsons. Pcovlc are willing to be couvin ceJ, but
11 ot so willing to lie tol d liuforelmnd wha t tliey ;ihoultl
1lo ur t lti11 k. Arg um e nts stated in Lit e furn1 of 1p1esLiuns are freq ueiJt ly ve ry effec tive, fo r the rea::-:on ll 1 :~L
tli ey do 110t assert, li11 t c.;u nipel the l1earcr to Llmw Llie
c..:u11 d usioll fur ltilll:;(:H.
Guard against the fallacy of supposing that because two events
occur together, or in succession, one is the effect of the other. •

IL often h appe ns t lmt a stateme nt see ms to he tnw
wlie ll it is not. \Vlt on su ch ot s tatc11 rn nt is 11secl as :u1
;urr
nnwnt ' it is call ed a. fal[;wy.
P eo t>1e o[ Lc11 use fallao
.
cions arg ument:; \1·itl1 ou t r ceog nizi11 g ilic rn a.s su<.;11 .
Th i:; kincl of rtrg 11111 e11 t i,; abn usetl by :-<peakc rs wlio
know ]Jetter, aml is ofte n h canl in politic.;al dcl>ale .
Tf "times :trc l1an1,' ' it is oftell cl1Mgc d as tli c result
of t his or t h:it pol it ical condit io11 whi eh in fact li<Ls
11otl1in g to <lo wi t.Ii it.
Guard against the fallacy of supposing th at because one thing
is true , another thin g very much like it must be true.

Th is is t h e falLu :y of r easoning by a n:1logy. Tlic
li e,; in ,m pposing because two Lli ing,; arc very
mn ch alike t.l1at t hey :tre nccess:trily e x:wtly alikl'.
The very poi11t in wlii eh they differ m:Ly 110 tl1 c C•ll<'
wl1ich mn.ke:-l it impos;; ible for th em to be judged al ike.
Do not un<1 e r:-< tancl t,h:tt no arg ume nt,; hy analogy arc
gooc1 011cs, -111 :111)" :tn·, - lHl t S!'C to it tl1at Ll1 c \'a,.;t>s
<·ornparcd are nlik•: i11 ! li :1l. l"1r whi ch th ey arc co n1pared .

1:1T111·

Do not dogmatize . Let the conclusions follow from your argumcn ts rrrtb er tlrnn from your personality .

It is well at th e en d to make a summ ary of your argume nts.
State what yo u think yon have disproved and what yo u think you
have pr'.)ved.

Let tl 1e co 11 l·lu:-;io11s follow from vo ur :trg nments,
J«t t her tl1a.11 slate tl1e co 11dus ions Ji n;t, and then giv e

This is an assist:uH;e to th e me mories of yo nr hearers .
It impresses what yo n h:w c s;Li<l.

'·'

STUIJ rns lN ENGLISH CO>fl'OSl'.l'IO:'\.

LESSON LXXIII. - STUDY OF ANTONY'S ORATION.
Onu of tlw fl11 csL exa mples of lli e 1\r t' o( l'ursua::;ion
the speec.;1 1 or A11to11y UV ( 'l' Lhu tlea1l l>otly of Cmsar,
in ~hak cspearc ",.; [>lay of Julias CleS rr r.
C esar lms
bee n assnssi na tcd by t hu cons11irn.Lurs, :tml Brulu::; has
already ail<lrc:;se Ll th e Homan popubeu in dcfo11ce of
t lie dcc11. Tl1c peO]Jl c ha ve agreed tl1at it wa::; well
an<l wise ly 1lo11 c.
A11to11y as cL·11 ds tll\' ]'lllpi l tn d eliY1·r th e fun e ml
Orati 1)1l OYCl' tJw uody, acconli11g l e> Ll1 e ]{c)]ll;tll e u::; tom,
and speaks by t he express pc: rm issio11 11f Brutns. Tmleell,
Bru t u s lww: t he pcupll' to remai n :rn cl l1 uar Antony's
spccel 1, wl11elt tlwy a ru Yc ry r!' luet:t11 l Lo 110. Their
syrnpatl1y i::: all fnr BrnLns - ag-a in st Crn~rtr :rncl a«ainst
J\ nluny, \\'h o is Lo speak in his '11onor. Th e only ~oncli­
tion t hat lhutw; l1a::: made 1::; that Antony sl1all not
hl<.1.m c the c: nnspirato rs .
Antony l>1..: g i11s : IS

A 11/. Fri e nd ,;, l{n 11i;w~ . co1111lryrnr·n , l e 11<l 1iH~ Y"llr cam;
l t'u 111" fu l>11ry ( 'a•.-; ar, 11 of. to prai,;e hilll .
The e 1·il I l1at 1m•11 do lil'l·s :tfkr fl1 c1J1 ;
Tl1 e g'o JOd i., oft i11l.e rn;d \1 ii 11 tl1 t•ir 1,,11 ,.. , :
~ o lei. if lie will 1 l' :,.s:tr . Th" llol>le Brni 11 s
l l:itli tuld )'<Jll C:t·,;ar w:\.s :1 11 ilii1 i1111s :
Jf it. \\' t•r e su, ii \\';\ :' a .~T il'\'111 1 ~ ra11JI,;
A111l g ri1 •1·u1hly l1al h ("'"""r :t11S\l'l" l'Cd it.
.l l ,· rr, 1111tl1' r i l' :t\'I~ of lh11l 11 .s :u1d tl1 r: n•s t.
( F1 11· B n1l11:--: i:-; a11 ho 11n11r:dd 1 ~ tn a n;
::)o am th"Y all , all l1 01 101 1r:d.J., 11w n,)
Come I to 'l'0:1l; i11 ( ':• « a1"s f•1J11•ral.
Il l! \1·:1s 111.1· frj,., ,,J. fa il l1!'1il :t11<l j11,;I. lu 1111':
Hut Br11t II :' s ;1 y.-.: 111'. w :1 !-' ; 1111 l 1i ti1J 11...;;
A 11d Brul1is is an l1011011ral1le 111 a 11.

PEl{S U ASlVE DlSCOUIC:;E.

1'9

This is the introduction . Antony knows his a 1llli ence, lrnnws l1 ow prej mli ee ll th ey are, and desires lo
win tl1 cm. H e ass umes a fri c: ndl y relation 1Je twec n
hi1nse lf antl t hem with l1is very lirst worLl. Th e n he
explain s, - '' 1 eum e Lo l.rnry C;csM, not to imtisu l1i 1n ..,
Wh at he really rne<tll s is "\' ou Llo n ot wi sh to l H·;n
Ca:s:tr prnisell. I am nut go i11g to praise l1im . l will
a g ree with you in this ."' H e passes 011 to Ll1 e pri111·ipal
<'li :trge m :td u by Bl'11l11s, t li;t t l';l'" <Ll' \\·as arnlii t iou,.;.
ll c doc,; not :ulllliL il, lliJl' does li e de11 y it; liad li e
<l eni c:ll it, l1is n.lllli e11 l:e mi g l1 t ha\' e atl:tl'kl'tl liilll al
0111.:c, - lJuL lie say,;, "if it were so, it was a gri l·\'c;us
faul L, <t11 ll g ri e vou,.;l y l1<L tli Ctes:tr a11,.;11'nr· d il."'
Sl1akes1)c;tre , \l'i tl 1 fi11c arl, h:ts u11 L i11tn i\ ntony 's
mou th the pa.st sul,ju11ctive whi ch tll:ni es Lhc as,.;c rti o11
by implic:ttinn. 1 fe assures th e m ll1at. lte speaks In·
Hrn tus' p erm i,.;,.;i n n, r epeat::; twi ce tl 1at H ni tn ,.; is <LI 1
h ono ral>l e man, a111l e xplains l1is appcar:rn cc the re 111•011
tl1 c g runn1l that C':L'sa.r, wl1atcn:r l1is bulls might ]Jc,
kul uce n a j ust awl faithful friend to him.
I fe co nti1rn es : Jle lrnth hrou:;ht. lllany capl;irns h ome to Ho111r.
\\' hose ra11 so 111s 1l ill the ~c n c ral cofl«·rs lill :
l>id tliis in Ca•,;;1r see 111 :t111hilio 11s'I
\Vh c> n that. I.h e poo r Ji:w., cr ied. Ca•,;:n lialh '""]'I. :
A 1nhiti o 11 ,;]rn11l1l he mad " o[ ,-t,•rn c r stuff:
YP t I3rn t 11.s s:c.1·s li e \\'a., a111hit.i1 J11s;
A nd B r11 h1s i;; :rn hon o 11rahlc m:Ln.
You all ditl S\'P ll1a.f. 011 tl1f: L11pr- re:tl
[ tl 1ri ce prcsr·111'ed him a kin gl,\' cro,vn,
\\' l1i r li lit' d i.I lhricl' rc f11 s1•: was t hi s arnhitio11 °
t l'I. Br11 t;11 ., "'.\'·"' 111: was anil.ili ous;
And, s111"' · lH.: is :111 lio11011ral>i c n1an.
I speak 11 ot to t.li,-prove wliat llrul 1ts spoke,

PE HSU A Sf VE m scou 1i sE.

STUl> ll·:s IN JrnGL l.S lT COo fP OSITIO N .
B11t here r :un t. o spc:ik \\'hat [do kll OW.
Yon all tJ j,\ Ion• l1i111 011ce, not "itl1011t i;a11se :
\\' l1a L ca11."' " ·itlil 11 .Jds you, tlit" 11, lo lll OLLl'll Jo r l1i ni ?
0 j11dg1111·1it, 111"11 a rt fle d to hrnli, Ji Leasts,
J\1u! Jt1 c11 l1a\·c Ju,t, lli1: ir reaso11 I - Bear will 1 me ·
l\l y l1ear t i.-< i11 lht · C<> lli11 fh c re \\'illi C..esa r,
'
1\ 11d [ 11111sl 1•aU>L' t ill it co 1ne back to rne.
'J fe re lie <lll\' a 11 1; es lliree M'"tt11 1e11L1:; to di s prove t h e
cl 1a.J"g·c tl 1at, ( ':1·s aJ" \\·:is ;i,rnl;iti o us.
] l e l1a,.; 11 nt yet

dc1 111;d tl1 e 1·l 1: 1rg1·, l 1u i,.; goi11g lo
tl1:tL;

li L·

"·il l :ill1 •11· l 1i,.;

let

iil':ll'\'rs

]1is a r g 11rn c 11ts do

l o dra w

tl1 e ir own

l'O JH; ]usiu11s; lw 1\·ill ,.;i111l' l.Y stalto t lte faeb ancl ;ts k tlte
q 11 c,.;titJ 11.

I IL· 11·ill 11 .. t. dt1g·1 11:1ti1.e .

t.u ir.l'i late l1is l1\':11 ·er.".

l)l'J l' I, a 111l trn e .

Tl11:y rnay a u swr,r

Tl1i s i:< gT1_·:1l sk ill; lie il1H ::-; n uLhin o·

i L l'11r thl' lllSL:h1·." ·

Iii.", thn T a.l'gt t11H:11(.-; are

Tl1 u ra11 s tJ111 s

(Ir

ki111lm'"" (11 th1· J111<>r. :111d tl1c n :fusa l

\\·ell k11<)11·11.
charge.
Fc1•li11g-

:ill

Lll'l1

nne

Rtro n g~

lli e capl il' es, Cmsa.r'::;

of t.l1e c w\\'11 w e re

\\·as s l ronoao·a
i11 st the
0
,-,

liur:-; ts o n L into an
:qiostrnpln: lt1 j11 tl g 1111·11 t·, ;u11 l th e n g iv i11 g w:ty to hi;;
uwn fc•vli11g.-;

t Iii,;,

A11(crn y

1'11r :t n111 111 c 1it.

patl 1c ti('. 111 :111 11('1', -

<lpt!lngizc s

in

Ll1e m ost

" llt':tl' \\·it l1 111 c: Ill } l1 ca rL i>' in Lhc

1·oi'li 11 t 11 ..: n· 11·it 11 ( 'a ·s ar, :111 tl 1 11111,.; t pause till iL co m e

kwk to me."
111 t l1 c me :lll ti 11 11-. !lit'
(11

11 ra r l1i1n

;1L

('iti ze1 1>', " ·ho 11·e r c ;;o 1111 w i ll in g

fi r,; !, h 1·.~·i 11

to >' :1 y to ea eh ntl 1c r t k1t

\ \· li:i.l. lw s:1.1·s h:1 s n 11 11·l 1 n·:1,11 11 i11 i t, :HHl tha t tl1 ey

wi,;h

l1im to .W" 0 11 .
I l< ' l 1a .-; " ·011 il1 e ir will in g aLtentio 11,
wl1icl1 j ,; wl 1:1L li e 11:1-; "" 11 gl1L fn11 11 tlit.: fir::;t. A(Le r t l1i::;
i I I terru pt i11n li t• C<l l It i II ll\'S : .-f 11 / . H11f .1·<'.-lc ·r.la.\-, tht• \\'orcl Ll [ C:-csar mi ght
ll:i l' <' ,- foot! :i.~· :ii 11 .' f tl1 l' 11·r. rlol: 11n\\', li es he t here,
J\ nd no uc ;;o poo r lt> •lo hi 111 r,'.l·e rcncc.

1~1

O masters I i[ I 'rc rc Llispos"d to stir
Your hea r ts a nd 111i11Lls Lo ltlt1Liu y a nd rngc,
I sho uh l do BrnLu s w rong, a nd Cassius 1H o11 i;,
\\' h o. yo u all k11n\\', are l1 o no11rau le men:
l wi ll not llo t li c m \\'ron g; I ra.th er choose
Tu \\'l'O JJ g t he deacl, Lu \\'l'Ollg 111 y,;ell', a nd yo n,
Th:w I ll'ill wrn 11 i; "11ch h o 11 o ur : dil c~ 1lle11 .
But lw rc's a p:i.rc h111 e11t. \\'i th tl1 e se rtl of C:1:s:1r,
I fuu11c l it iu hi s clu;;et; ' Lis hi s \\'ill:
LP.t l• ul l he co111 111 ons hl' al' t hi s lc·slalllCll L,
(\\'l 1icl1, p:t.nlo 11 Jil l ', 1clo 11 ot 111ea11 Lo read ,)
A 111 ] t.lwv wo til <l i;o :lllll ki,;s dc, ad C:a•s:t r's \\'i>1111 tb ,
A 111 ] dil'. tl1 r·ir 11:t 1'ki1is i11 l1is sacred \,l oo t!;
Yt·:i , h e~ a l1 ai r .. r l1i111 fo r 111e111ory,
Ancl, <l ying. 111e11 t io u it wil1 1i n ll1 0ir \\'ill s,
Heq ur·alliin g i t, as a. ricl1 ll'gacy,
l' nt o Lhci 1· iss ue.
1 Cit. \V1 :"ll bear lh c will: re: t<l it., i\lark Anion~'.
Citizl' !I.'- Th e ll'ill, th" will! \1·1· will h·~ a r C:r·,;ar" s will.
Ai.t. ll:tl't' 1•:tl it· 11C'P , ~e 1 il.le fr iL'ut! ,;, I m11st 110t read it;
1t is n ot u1 c..t Y' "' );i1ow 11 <111· Ca!s: tr IO\'l'd you .
y ·o u nre n ot \\'u1 Hl , yo u are

llP t :;f<) ll t'"':-: ,

bu t 1nc11;

And , hl'i11g 11 w n, lll'ari11 g- t li c ll' ill of Ca:sar,
Jt wi ll i11ffa111 c yo 11 , it. \1·ill 1uak1· yo11 J11a1l:
"Tis g·oocl yn u ku<>ll' Jt ot. Ll 1al. yu 11 ar•· lii H he irs;
F.,r i[ \'O ll sho1 tl 1l , (), wli:tl. wo11lcl c11 111c of 1t. 1
·l Ci; . lte:t•l t] ,,, ll'ill; ll'•e"ll li1•ar it, J\ 11 l0uy:
Yo u sli;dl r1·acl 11s Ili c ll' ill; Ca·sa.r"s w ill.
A111. \\' ill \'t >1 1 l w pat ie11L '! " ' ill yo u stay a ll'liile'!
f !t:t\'C o"c r,\i o·f, 111 ,\'St'lf lo kl ! .)'O il of it :
1 f.,ar I \\'J' 0 •1 g the h o1wura.l .J e 11 H' 11 ,
\Vh o«e da n·,,·c rs h a 1·., s t:.J,l,'d Ca•.,a.r ; ·1 do fc•:i.r it..
1 ('ii. ;·~"'·Y WP.r f' trait o rs : l11111 u11raLl c m e n 1
( 'itize11. ,<. Th e w ill 1 till'. iesLa111 <·ut !
'.! Cit. Tli 1·y \\' e re villai u:< , rn11nl1·re rs: ll1 c will ! rl':td il1 e wil l.
.11 11 1.
Y u u ll'ill eo1 11pPl 1uc , Lhc11 , t.o r1·a.l t he \\·i ll '!
'l'l1 e 11 111 al\c a, ri11 g aho11L the cor~e ,,f C;l;sa r,
Aud le t 111 e sli uw yo 11 l1i111 tha t rn a<le t,IJ L' will.
~hall [ tlescc nd '! :iu<l will yo u i;ive me len.ve '!

182

PEllSUASIVE DISCOUHSE .

S'l' UDJ l<:S I N EN GLlS.H COJ\I.POS ITJON.
Ciri::ens. Co me dow n.
:! C ir . Dc>cP 11 d .
;l ( 'it. Yo1 1 ,,J1al l kt,·c lea n' .
1 I 'it . A. r i1 1g; sta 11d ro11111l.

3 Cit. 0 woful day!
1 C it. 0 trai to r;:, ,·ilhin s !
1 Cit. 0 most bloody sight!
2 c a. \ Ve will be reve n ged : r even ge, - abo11t , - seek, h11rn , - fire, - kil l, - slay, - let n ot a t rai to r li ve.
A 111. Stay, co u ntry rne n.
(' i t.
l'e:u;c t l1 ere ! hea r t he noL lc A11 to ny.
2 C it . \Ve' ll hear l1i1 11 , we ' ll fo ll ow h i111 , \\'e'll die \\'ith hin 1.

[An to 11 y C(Jmes duwn.

(.' it.
Star1 d i' ro1 11 t he IH'ars1', ,-ta11d fr orn Ur e body .
. , t it . .1: 00 111 fur .:\ 11 tnn y, 111 0=-'t, noble A11 tn 11 y !
/ l 11/. ;-., ay , prl'ss ' "'L so 111 •" 11 111 c ; s la11d far off.
( 'iti:c11 ."
Sta11d Lack; 1·ourr 1: l1p: u· l•ack.
A 111. If y<>11 11: 11·" l<-an•. prl' J>:ire tu s lwd th e m 110 w .
Y o u all d o k11u\\' tl1 i,.; 111 :uit l<: : I l't' ll le i 11 Lc r
: ~ ·~1e fir ,.;t, Lir11t · ,.,.,. .. t':i· ,-:ir 11111 it on ;
I was 0 11 a stt 11111 1e r' ...; c \·1~ 11i11 ..· i 11 hi s te 11 t
T h at Jay 111• ""'""~:lllH' f l 1t~ 0.'·~·n· ii : '
Luo k, i11 thi s plal'L'. "'" ' ca~.,irr ., · d:i ,:.:·g".' r thro ug h:
!:-ice \\'ha t a n~ 11 t Lire 1·11 ,·iou., Ca., 1·:1 111 :i 1k:
Tl 1ro ug h t hi s fl1 e \\'l'll -l wl un> d Brnfu ,- sta l1b'd
A 11cl, as he pl uck 'cl 11i,.; c11 r,-ed sle" I "\\'a y
i\far k ho\\' th e Ll oo; I o f t':l'sar fullow"d ·i ~
'
A s r11 s h irr g o ut of 1lo1>r,-, to },.., re;;rJl\· "d
If lh11 t 11., " 0 1111ki1ul h· k11 ock -.J , o r 11 0;
Fo r g r11t1 1., , as you k110\\' 1 \\·as Ca•sar ·s a iwel ·
.J11dg1', 0 yo u god s, 110 1\' d 1·:1rh· C 1:sar l cl\~d J.1ir 11 .
'l'lri s \\' :t s 1!11' """'L 1111J;i 11d e.,t ;.Lit of all:
F1ll' \\'l 1e 11 1111' 11 olil 1· C:i •" tr "'"' lrir11 .' ta li,
ln g r:d ilude, 111orc st rong f li:t11 t r;lil 11 r< :irni A:,
Q11i t1> va 11 1p 1i, J1 "! l1irr1: 111 1· 11 !<111 ·,1, Iii ., r11i i-:-lit.\· J1r:trl
A11cl , i 11 Ji j...; ll1:!1dlr • 11111flli11,!.!,' tq• Iii " f;u;t •,
,
,

J-:vt·11 a l, !li t' l1a:-;1 ·

F eelin g t hat li e ha.s wo n his h ea rers, li e v en t nrcs upon
a sli g lit appeal to tli cir p ity, bu t s tops hirn se l( l1y say i11g
tlia t. to <l o so \\'Ou lll Le to clu Drutus wro11g, ancl tlia.t
li e \\'ill n ot llo liim \\T0ng , h e wi ll rat l1el' wron g Ca:s(tr.
Th e n h e plays npon the ir emios ity by tellin g of C;esa r's
will, whi ch h e d oes n ot in tend to read, bu t if t h ey
only kn e w wh n,t was i n it! Ile g ets t he answe r t hat
h e expected, fo r they c ry out at once t h at h e shall r ead
i t. T his gives him oppo rt unity to make that answer
wliit.:11 is a fam ous exa mple o f str ength gaiu cd Ly using
particular in place uf ge neral terms, I fear T wro11g the h ono ural1l e

I11 e 11

\\'l1 08e da.gge rs h a \'e staLbed C:coar.

,,f p, ,111p•·y ·l'; :-:l :ll 11t ·,

\ Vh il' l1 all 111 " \\' l1i l1· r:111 lilo1 1d, .~T•·a l ('a·s:u· fe ll.
0, \\'hat a fall \\'as ll11 ·rP, 11 1y ro1ll1t ry 11u·11 !
'1' 11<'11 I, :ind yn 11 , ;11 111 all<• [ 11s f,·11 rl u \\' 11 ,
\ \'hiJ.,t hlcio.ly 1r1· :1.,1>11 flo11ri .' l1 " I 01·c r us.
0, 11 ow y o u \\' <'rp; :111<1 , 1 P<' l'c' l' i\'!', YOll fee l
Th e cli 11t of pity : tl11'.' " are g r :w i ou~ d rops .
Kind so nb. wlr:tf·, \1·1,1·1• yo 11 \\'l rt·11 '"" ' but l1 cli o ld
Ou r (' ;1•sa r"s '"'' I 1m· " ·011 11t ll'd? 1:ook yo 11 h 1·rc·.
II 1·re i ~ l 1i 11 1...:1·lr, 111 :Lrr \I. a:-: \'1) 11 ~Pl1 • \\"i t,11 tr iti lor~ .
1 I 'it. I) J>i i l'O ll S .' J•1 •1·f;ll' J,~ I
:! ( 'it . () 1111l .J1· (';1•,;;;11· !

183

t
J

j

T l ll; ll ('01l1CS :1 11 a ppt:al to tli c frel in g or tl1 c pnpubt:c, wi th an espec ial lilow at Brut11s ;1;; g1 1i! Ly o f till\
hasest i11 g ra LiLutlc. Slmkespea.re lr e rc w rit es on e of
his do~tlJlc superlat ives, of whi ch li e is so fo 1i d. Th e
clima x: co mes " ·li en , afte r lta.vin g sl1 own t l1 e ga rme n ts ,
Antony shows th e hods of Cccs;tr. Tliis is tl1 e poi11t
at whi d t lie h a;; l1cc n :timing from tl1e Jirs L; lJU t h e
<lid not wisl i to sl1 nw th e Lolly until he was sure it
would be reee i,·ell \\'itl 1 sympatl1y . T l1c r es11lt Llid n ot
llisappoi11L hi 111, for t lte eit izeus ny, h11rn! kill! .~111.1; .1

tft 1·

1•0J1 ., pirator.,.

l 8.f

S T UD IES l N E ;>:t:LlSH C 0 ."11:'0 f:HTJON.

Wi Ll 1 \\'Olldt:rful .-ki ll h e con t,innes : ,., 111. c: .. ,,.i fr ic•1J\b, S\\'(•ct fric 11(l,;, Id me not st ir yo 11 11p
T o s11 ,·l 1 a ""l elt-11 fl uod of 1111 1ti11 y.
T lt e·y 1li: tl l1a \' <' """" tli i,; d e l' d at\' lcc 111 <H1 ral d p ;
\\'Ita l. pri \':Lle • f'. l' i1· fs tltv\· ltaY<', a la". I k11 o w not.,
Tl1a L n1 ad1· tlt .. 11 1 cl" it; l l1 t•y are 11· i ~c a11 d li o 11 o urab le,
J\1 1d will , tt<l dn 1tl>1 , wi t h rc • as o 11 ~ a 11 ~ w e r .1·0 11.
J

c 1. > 1t H ~ 11 0 1. fri i •111l... : , 111 sl 1·; ll :i w :i y y o ur l11 ·a rl :-; :

r ~ll ll

llU orah1r , a .-.: Bru t l t'." i:-:;
H11l, a -; yo 11 k11o w 1 11 1 ~ a ll . a phin , lclun t 111 a11 ,
Tl1 a t. lo l' e 111.1· t' ri,. nd: a ll1l t hat t.l1e.1· kn ow full well
Th:1.t g :L\'C' n1e p ulili c lr :n -. ! tn >pt•:tk or lti111:
F nr I lta ve lll' ii. l1 er wit , no r ,,·01-.I>, 11or we, r Lh,
J\ d io11, ne1r 11 tl1,,·ancP. nor lite po w<·r o [ ,;pt!ech,
T o st ir 111 c11 ·, h lo<1 d: I on ly s pe:tk r i ~· lt L "ll:
TI.e ll yo u t li: tf wl1il'l 1 y.111 y1J11rs+'h-.·s <In k 11ow :
~ 1 1 0 1\' y e>11 -' "'''" ' C:i ·"u",; we1l1n <b . pnn r, l>< >u r d u1nb mou ths,
,\ ntl J, j.J t lte• 11 1 'i"·ak for 111 c : h11 L
I Bru t ns,
:\nd Hr1d11 ' :\ Jiillll_\._ t lw l't' w1•r<• an ,\ 1el o11.v
\V o11l d rnll k lll' )'< 1111· >pi ri t;;, a·nd IH ll ;L t<) 11 g 11c
fn ew:ry wn 1111 d e>l c;; .. , :u, tl 1aL should n1 ove
The ~ ,; t1> 11 l' " of I: u111c l u ri s(• a 11 rl Jl llll i11 y.
Cit iz""·'- \\' r.'ll 111u l i11y.
1 C it . \\'e ' ll l>11rn th e l1onse n f Bl'llt11 ~ .
;\ ( 'ii. ;\ \\' ny. t l1 1>11 1 ~ 0 1 1 1c . sre k t h e ~ co n ~ pirat o r s .
, f ,,, _ Y..i l1<'a r 11 1" , co111 d ry 11 lf•11 ; yP t. l1t·a r Ill <' ' i"·ak.
C iti:,,11s . J',•;te't', 11 0 I lle' ar A11tnll.' '• 111 c•sf, 110111" .\11t ony.
i i ul . \\' 11.' " fri .. 11<1."..H• ll g-n tu do .'·011 k11 ow n oL wh a t :
\\' l"'r1·i 11 li:tl 11 t.:;"' :tr 1111 1.' d es,•n "d y« 11 r l1ll·cs 'I
J\ la ,;. Y" ll J; now 11 nl : 1 11111.; f t .. 11 .m u. t hen :
Yo 11 ha'"~ f,, rc:;<> L 111,. " ·ill I tol d ·' "" 1 o f.
(','1 /z ,· 1o s .
J\l<>.' L l r11 <': Ii «• wi ll: 1.. r , slay ;111d li car th e will.
, 111 1. 1l"n' i..; I lie will , a nd 11 11.l1•r ( ';1'Sa r\ sea l :
·1·n L·,·ery I ~o 1n;u 1 <·i ti z1·11 !11 • g i n~:-: .

l'EllS UASLVE DISCO UitSE.

181)

C i1izen8. P cacP, ho !
Ant. l\l oreove r, lt l) hath left yo u all h is \\' alks,
lfis p rivat e ar bours, a 11J 11e\\'-pla11lcd o rcliarfb,
On t hi s s ide Ti Lie r ; li ci hath le ft the 111 yo11 ,
J\n <l Lo you r lwirs for cvr·r, co n1 1no11 pl eas 11 n·,-,
To wal k alJ roa d, :1.nd rl' crea le yourselves.
II ere war; a C;,•s;tr ! \\' lt c•n '" "" e~ >< w :lt ;w ot h i: r '!
l ( 'ii . .N en:r, 11e \' 1· r I Crn 11 e, a way, a way!
\V e'll l1urn !tis body in Lh e holy place,
And wi th Lh e bra1lf.b fire th e traito rs' ho uties.
T a ke up th e body.
:! c .:1. Go fetch fire.
J Cit. P luck d own benches.
4 C it. l'lu ck d ow n lo rrn s, win do ws, an ythin g.
l c'.r1, 11 11.l Cilize n8, n· it/, th e /un i:;.
! I n t. 'N ow le t i L work : 1nisc h id , t ho u ar t aloot.,
T ake t h o u wh at course th o u wil t I

""'r<'

To
:!

1·v1·ry -"'l' Vt•r :tl n 1:u 1. ... e,···1i1 .'·.fi ,·t· dr;u·l11 11as.
( '1.( .

~1 1 1 ." I 11 11 li l t> ( '; 1•.-. a l' '.

\r n'll

: ~ f 'it.
( > roy al ( ' :1 ·:-; :1r ~
; I 11 1. I lt.• ;i 1· 11 1c \\·ill 1 p;tl iPl1<'•'.

rPV(' ll ~·i'I }ij ~

death .

Ile <l oes n ot ::tcl1ni t that h e h::ts arouse<l th is fe eling;
i11tlec<l , he pretend:; to \\'islt Lo calm it : b ut lcs l lit:
sli o111(l be t uo ::; nel'Css ful , li e re minds tl1 c peopl e tli aL li 0
has not ye t r ea<l tlie will. ~Wh e n th ey hea,r t hat t hey
are C:c:;ar':; heirs tl1 e ir rage is u11 gove rn :Lhl e, a,nd J\11to11.r
1lc:-:ceJt1b from tl1 e 11ulpi t, fc eli11 g th a t his work is 1lonc.
Tl1 c nill y hint we g-ct of Iii:-: sa t isfaeLion o ver tlil; t'l' s till
is fo und in the s!Jlil<lqu_y bcg in11i11g "N ow le t i t work, "
a.11d ll1 0 gri1ll r eply t.o :L s c rv ~Ln t wh o a,nn ou ncell t hat
Brntu::; and Ca.ssiu:; l1 Ml fl etl from Rome, 11.-like tl1 e:> liad ,;0 11 ie notice of th e peopl e
Il uw I liatl 111 0 \' eJ Llt e rn.

OlJser ve t hat in t ltis e xampl e there are bu t th ree
,\ 11 1li e rest consists of appeals t o t he
e mot ions, esp eciall y t li c feelin gs of pity alld g rnti tmlc,
as well as nati onal prid e.
:1rg- nm c n ts .

l t)ti

ST UDI ES IN E NGLISH COllII'O::ilTlON .

LESSON LXXIV.-EXAMPLES OF PERSUASIVE DISCOURSE.
Eac h p1 q 1i l s it uul tl analyz e 011 e 0 1· m o re of lli e fol low i11g e X:tlllples. :\J os t Of (IJ c 111 \:;\ II l1t ! fo1t11d i11 tJ1e
cli ff t.: rc11 t :-;c.; ]100] re:uh: r,.; . I n t l1e a 11 a ly,.; is 11 u t c wl1 iel 1
o ne o( t l1e l \\'O e J.. 111e11ts of pe r,.; u :ts io11 - c•x l1 11 rtat iu11 or
a rgu n1 e 1it - np pl':trs m o.-;(. frc qn c..: 11tl y . ( ll isvr ve if tl1 ese
:ire sep:tra lc o r 1:0111 111i11 gl ed.
N 1it c t lw ti g 11n~ s o[
r l1elo ri c..: - parl.il·11l:t rl y el i111 ax , :u it ill1 l's is , a 11d a llu s ions.
S tat e Llt e arg 1111w 11ls in tl 1cir s i111 plc::; t, fonn, i11 o rd e r
t h n.t y o u may k now the ir real rnlu e .

A n AppeJ.l t o Arm::: .

Pa,tr ic: k H enry.

T hi s s1•el'c li was 1l e liverf'll i 11 t he \'i rg i11ia l' o 11 vent ion o f l\Jar ch .
177 .i , in s u ppo r t o f t l1e n•,;ulnt io 11: Tli a L t he C1J !o11 y lie ini111 cdiatc ly
pu t i11 a s tat r of d d1·11cL'. Tl 1c SJ'":i kt ·r di v id<' s tl1 e lwa n •rs wh o 111
he wi .-; h .. s t.o pt:rs uatl ,· i1d u tw o e l:t><:« ·s, - t he h u 1•l'l° 11l :u 1.! t l1 e l in 1id .
H e a.d d rf'ssc,; t he fori11 e r cl ass firs t. Il e d es i n ~s t.o 11 i11 tl 1c; 111. Il ow
d oe~ li e d o it '! . \'ul e tl1a t l1i.s arµ:1111 1e11(s a re p resP 11 le d i11 t he forn 1
o f q ues l ir,11.' w l1 il' h aj>p•· al lo l1i .s lll':irers' k 11 0 11·!1·dg., o f I.li e facts.
l fo c o i11pd s ll 1e 111 t u d ra\\' hi s C1•11 l'l 11 .-< iun s a11<l th a t , l C>u, w it h o ut
a n y Ios., n [ f l1l' ir o \\'11 sl' lf-1·st 1.. ·1 11.
Obse n e (.}, ., c l i111 a x 11·!1i,.J, 111) huild s "I' i n U1t· P"·'·'"g" l1egi11 11 in g,
"\\'e h a l'C jll' ti tio11cd ." :t11 d also t l10; ,trc·ng lh of l1is fin a l a ppPa l to
t h ese h opef11l :tssoc ia tes lJC'g i1111 i11 g . "If \\'e \\'is l> t u J,e free." Tlii ,;
is a fi ne e xa111 p J1, o f a l"' l'i !ltl i" s1•nle 11 r....
Tlil' 11 hf' :1dd r1 •,;ses tl 11 · t i111i d 111 1·11ilw r,;, a n d r e 1•cats t h eir 0 11 e
a rg un 1t• 1d. t hat. tl 1e cq]pnit' ."' an : f t 11 1 \\ i•ak l tl res is t <:reaL Britai11.
A g a in lie q11 e:-.tin 11 :-;; again Iii:-: l1 l': t n• r,"'i 111 11 :.; l n ·ply as li e d c~ ire :-; .
Hi s li11 a l :t]'}'l'a l is to t li n •f' fer·l i11 .L:·s. wl 1il'l1 " '"' a 111• 1n,c;· t ill' s t. ro11 g cs t
i n l li e l11 1rnan lirPast.- "011 lid1• 11 1-., in C ud's c:ne, Ll11 \ 111 ·cl' ss ily w h ic h
e ve r y h o 11 ora b le llla.n fe e ls, o f s t:rn d i11 ,g I '.\' hi s fr ie 11ds wh o are in
dan ge r , a nd t h e d es ire to r libe rt y . " Our brd lire n are alread y in
th e fie l1 l " r ef e rs t u :i. Co 111n1 itl 1'e ot' c;af,.fy a11pu i11 t.e d hy t.li e J\l assac l111 sc Lts Assc 111 bl y to 111us fl'r the 111i11ul" 111 t•11 and 11 1ilit.i a . T he la s t.
p ara g r aph i ~ a n excelle n t ex a 1n pl e o f ba lan ced se nte nces.

PER::;UA SIVE DISCOURSE.

187

R ienzi's Addres::; t o the R om a n::; . Mary R. l\Iitford.
Th is select io n is t ake 11 fro m t he !Jra111 a o[ lt ic m. i. I t cv us isl.s
wholl y of rm :111'ea l to t.l 1e fcel iu gs. O bse r vt' t he np,·11 iu g w o rd 8
a s :t ;·a re e xa11 1ple of slre n gLh o f sty le. \\' hat. n1a kes it st ru n g ?
\\' ! 1a t prin ci p le o f l'e rs t1as io n is fol lo wed in tl11· h u1 ly o[ the
a d ,\rl',;s 'I " :-i t. ru c k - s trn i:k li ke a d ng." \Vh at e lf ·ct llues 1L h a v<.:
l o re pea t. t.h e wonl slnlf' k ! ll ow w o t1ld s uch a "!"'''ch lie lik e ly l•J
a fft:d :t n um:rn :111 d ie 11r·1,-1 \\' Ital was Jtie m.i 's ul •j•: c l i" a t 11'ea l i 11g
lo th e a.nc ie nL g lo ri"s o [ lto111 e ·1

S11pposcll Speech of John .AJa 1ns. Dani d \\' ehslcr.
A pe rs 11 a;: ive ;: pi~ech iii- live red lon g af t.e r t l1 e e l'e n ls to wh ic h it.
r e fe rs, a n1l a s,.; 111 ne1l to be s poke n h y rt p e rso n o th e r t km th e
rt11thor w o 111.! wtt 11rall v co ns ist o f arg uments rath er th a n cx hor lat io n. 'l'n t in to s illl pl~ fo rm Lhe q uesti o n that Mr. A •lam s i,; s 11 1}posed to b e J isc uss it1 g . Se lec t a llll a r ran ge in o r der t he aq.; 11 inc u ts
b y \l' li.ic h li e ,;w;l;t i11 s it. Note w h:<t p rin c iples o [ pe r,.; u:i,;1 011 lie
a ppl iPs.

Speech of P:tlt1 before Ag rippa . A cts xx v., x:x n .
C hapte r xxv . l' XJ>L 1i11 s t he circ tn11 ,;l:rn cc s tllHl m· whi ch th e Sl" "'"h
w as .J •l ive r.:1l. IL "i''' " s wit.Ii a co 111 pl i111 e n t l o t h e k i11 g - wh :t t
prin c ipl e o f t•e rs1ta.s io n is t hat? Obse rv e h o w clca r l.v t.he fJ """t. io u
:1.t iss ue is s t ated . In w h at w ay 1loe8 t h e n a rrrit.io n of I. li e c:i rc11 11 1sl:rn c1·s o [ t h e v is ion beco m e a n ar1.p 11ne n t. '!
\\' li: tl effec t. did
l'au l',; ,;pei• cl1 h ave npo 11 F es t.u s 'I Obse rve Paul's co 11 r tco 11 s rf' J•l y
to F1 •st.i1 s :mil his insta nt appeal to t h e kin g. T h e effect o f a ll
this u po n t h e ki ng .

Th e F irst Or;d .io11 of Cice ro ngn in ~t Catili ne.
1iYeretl in t he R um a n Sena te.

DL~ -

Obse rve t h a t, C ice ro had b ut o ne objec t in th e en t ire o ra t io n,
a nd t hat w as to clri l' e C a t il in e fro m the c ity. T o a cco n1 pl ish Ll1i ,;.
he u se d b oth d e nnn c iat ion a nd a rp; ume nt. Arran ge th e a r g- 1111 H• 11 Ls
in o rd e r - sta te th1 •111 in t.l1 1• ir s i1npl es t form . D ec id e ll'h C' t he r the
fi n a l a ppea.1 to tl1 c; ,.;e naf o rs \rns int.e nded [or t he m o r fo r Catilin e.
\\'lrnt e ffec t (lid tl1is o ratio n hav e upo n C atilin e ?

188

STUDlES lN ENGLISH UO~IPOSITION.

l:'ERSUASl VE Dl::>COURSE.

189

Appeals to th e feelin gs may go lm'.1 d in h and ~Yith
. c··
but the m ore for mal \1·ay is to
.tpp
, .! l :;· t,l) the rc·tso11
< '
,
·
tl• ic sp e :i"
l' e1· re acli cs th e conlcave cxl1ortat10n
un t.l
1
clusion.

LESSON LXXV. - STRUCTURE OF PERSUASIVE DISCOURSE.
A I tho ug h m ost of the p crs11asion US\!d hy all pcrsolls
is alholntely witl1n11t form, yet in ~my forlllnl d iscou rse
a certain ;tna11 g1· nH:nt of pa1·t.s is d 1:•sira lilc, n11d t ho
:;i111plesL of these is th e d ivisi o11 i11to Introdu c tio11 , B1Hly,
Cu n«! tts ion.

Conclusion. - This should contain a l1rid, strong
s iimm:L lj ' of wh;tt you t l1ink yo u l1av e disproYcd a n d
wha t yo u t hink you have proved . Il erc is the place
fo r a fin:il appenl to th e feel in gs of yo nr a ntlu·nce.
" s " t.1·t>i1g , •[.'•. raccful, and littin[.',,. con clm; 10 11 as is
1i\1 a l.;:e ..
in yonr powe r.

Introduction. -Tiu~ i11lrnd111· Li<>11 1n11st 1111L o nlj' i11Lrod 11 c1: t 111 : ,-;u h j1·d to l1c tlisr11 ssl'd, it. 11111.-; t. also inlr<Jd11ce t l1 e SJ>l!:t ker to his h ca r(' rs, and it s l1 011ld d o l>" t li
in a plt ' a~in.~· n1a1111rr.

\\Th e n t he n al 11rn of tl 1c snhject will ad llli t o f it, a
pl eas:tnt. an ecd o te, if appropri a.h.: in tim e antl place, ur
a w cll-t nrn ed co mpl im e n t , \rill do mu ch to l:sta.hlislt
pleas:tn t relat ions.
Fi11ally, t he qu estion a t issue s li (Juld be stall!d, d c fin e tl
if lle ec.-;sa ry, a111l th e position of t.l1t~ oth er side clea rl y
a.nd l1oneslly p11t.. Tl1is sli o11ld l>c dn ne witl1 ('0 11rtcsy,
as nothing i.-; gai 1H:tl l>y u 11 provokcd rudc111·ss. l t sl1oulll
Le d1111e wi tl 1 JH!rfv <'l. l1n11('.-·:t.1·, as not l1i11g li:tr 111s ;1. Sj>\·akc r
more than unfairness. 1>isho11e.,Ly1na.y wi11 011 vc or twi ce,
but in the long n111 i t do r,s l1;1rm. I l oncsty is tlic best
policy h e re as i 11 "I her rcht ion.-; uf life.

Body of the Discourse . - T hi" is th e pl:u·l: fnr y our
r c:d arg 11rn c11ts. lt. is 11·cll 111 a11s\1'1·r y11 11r ''l'[>0111:11t's
obj cdio11.-; :iL fi rs t, altlin11gh ><11111ct.i111t·s that is not du11 c
u n t il aft e r yo 11r ll \\'11 ar,g· 11 1n 1·1 Jts are pn;,,e1itctl. E111j>l1asi zc yu 11r arg 111111•11t .-; l>,r ancetlu tc , ill11str:Lti u11 , a 11 tl lig11r1's
of l'l 1d .uric. Tah' «a.re tu J>llL 11 l1a L .)°"II l1a1·1· tu s:1.y
1·/1 •ar/.1/ :tllll S(/' ,, /i.'f /!f·
J)., ii() (, d is n;g·;u· tl tl1t.: J'ld(•,.; for
those q ualilics uf s ty le.

LESSON LXXVI. - LIST OF SUBJEOTS FOR PERSUASIVE
DISCOURSE.

Proli i!Jitiun.

.

"·

Ass u11 ic Lu lie speakin g Le[ore ft ~tnt.e leg- is lat u re - la k•· tl 1t' " '." ' '
npon whie h am yo ur co11 viction s, a nd n iak e (h 1· . J •••, ~t .!"'_1·, u''.'I\":
speecl > tktt yo u ca n. S ta te al l the arg 11111 e 11 ts rn 1b Lt \ <" _ , f.ilt
all the a.rg uin ent s Oi'i'Osed. The atlir111:-.tiv c li as g real1:r reso1t rces
fo r Px horlat ion than t li e negat i,·c. Do not ass 11111 e that yu11 r Uj•poIwn L i ~ wa ntin g in 1nora.l cliara.ctc r l,eca nse he c..l ~~~ 11nt ng r'.:.c w1t~ 1
you. That is a co1n1n on rnis take with s peakers 111 fa,.,,r u f proli1 liiti on.

Capit;d

Pnni~lrni c n t .

Obj r:c t of p u1 iislnn ell t twofo ld - rf'for 111 of C\·il_-d ,ier a1 id rruk cti o n 0 r :;oci<ety. Cap ita l p1111i~l1111 e nt; pro terls ~ " " 1"1 ." 01 dy. l J,..
!ti slo ri c:d arg 11111 c 11 t nt ay lie rn et hy the fa d that :di 1111>11 >l11 1·1 " nl'
am n ow li .~ht l' r t.han fu nn,.rl y . •Jnri•· s 111 av J,,, t>n wdill> !; l" f111d :t
pri:'fJl> P. I' gitilty if 1·:1pita l p1111i .,] i11 1e 1if. is t o b<: 111tl ir t" 1L 011 t h e
oth«r li:rn d. it may l ie nrg-nd t.hat 1·aj' tl:d 1•11111 :;}11i l"11 t l ' lt ll ' on ly.
kin< l tl i: it will ,] ,: ,..,. tli e rn ost d:i. ri11 .~ «i llai1 1,.;. l·:l'i l 1-._., lf JI", nl
··, l'' t''. . , ltli',, in v·1ri
o 11 s s l:t k s w li id 1 lia
1111 11
\ .JC l ' XC( 'll 1·10 11 ;-.
'
. . 1·e :i J.ol1.-ll''l
. l
11,. ~ dl':tlli Jl<rnalt.y. A s~ u11t e t.h:i.t )'(Ht ar1· s p.,aki11 g l. efo r« a i" ilil >«
tH eet i ng'.

190

ST UDIES l N ENULISU CO.\IPOS1'£ lON.

Immi g rati on.

Napoleo n Bona.parte : \\T a.s hi s caree r
a.n injury to Europe '(

Shoultl illlrni g r at ion in lo tlte C n itc<l S l at es b e res tr ic t l' cl ? Charac te r o ( inuni g ran ts-va l11 e to tli c country o( th e ir lab o r Chi n ese imllli g r atio1 1 - adY:tnl.agf's uf f11rtl1er i111111i g raLion - JisaJ,·antages . If restri cted, in " ·hat wa y 't

Protection vs . Free Trade.

Lig ht fu r Ci t ies and Towns: g as or elect ri c.

The Value of the Stll<ly of Latin.
Try Lo persuade so1 11 1• lJOy o r g irl , wh o d of's n ot wi slt to ;;tudy
Lat in , o( i ts d esi r:tl> ility. GiYc the di ffen· nt ari:;111ne 11t s in its
favor. Tlt e n appea l Lo the des ire for sdf-in1pro1·e 111~! 11 t - ti e ..; ire to
eq ual 011e's C011Jpa nio n s, etc.

The Valt.1c of the St 1Hly of Sci en ce .
T l'y lo per,tta.lc ~t \,na rd of l'1lttcati"11 t.o mab~ prov1 ~ 1 o n fur
the es tal 1lislt1 11 e 11L <Ji a 1•ln·,;i,·al or cl l\'111i('al lahur:d.ut'y itt it.s lii :.;· h
sc lt uo l. S11 cl1 a11 arg- 11111., 11 [ sl 1011l .J li:t1·.. inlrod11 c tin11. l1o d v, co11el 11 .
sio 11. Y o u llltts L ai111 LL> jlr0\'I) tl 1at llt<: l.('1Jf• li ts to
S~l:l l l'<.:cl by
Llie lab o l'ator y offset Lli L: aclditiunal CX ]•\' llse.

ue

i11 troc1 u c 1·d

in to c:ity

Addrc,;,; a l1 ody o f cili Z" JJ .'< and l ax-payer~.

Co1up11ls<>ry Ellucatio11: b it dc,- iral1lc ur 11 lT1~s­

;:;a,ry?

bcn('nt. or

The Prc:-;irlcntial Tenn of Ollice : Slt0nl1l it l>t'.
length eneil ?

Man y to wn s and cit ir·s are in co11i i1111 al t.mrn o il ornr th l' kiinl of
paven 1L;n t that s hall lJ<! 11 ..;r d 011 th n ~trcc t s . A's 1111 ie tliat \' O il a re
S!-'e akiu g b efo r e ;t c or11111il1~c lrariu g th e 1natte r in charg<', a;1d urge
th e adupti o n of tl 1e k ind y ou prd .. r.

U rge Ur<! at! o1 •t io n of tl1P ki11d you prde r. g i1·i11 g yo 11r reason s.
Con s id e r t ir e ch arnctc r or lhe lig h t , tit" e xppnse, e t c.·

;t

Tl1 e Execut ion ol flhry Stuart: \V;ts it jnst ifi ccl '!

P;wc rn cu t:-; : stone, ·woocl, asph alt.

Manua l Trai11in g: Sldl it he
schools'?

191

PEit::>UJ\SJVE .DlSCOUltSE.

Argun 1e nl for Prote c tion: lle lin c pr(JLe cLion. Th eo ry o [ pro l .. ct io11. Neelb of inf:wt. i11il11 st.ri es. T:triff ]'l'Ot.ects t l1 e wo rki 11g 111a11 .
l'l'rnlu ces Ji,·L:rsit.y of i11chtsl ri cs. J\lakes a eo 111tl ry ind el'e11dc 1d ..
Aq~ utn c nL a~ain s t l'rutec ii on: C;u1 be 11 0 i11 ter11ali 111al t rad u
111il ess fore ig n gooJs arc ir nporte<l.
Capital rorcl'd iJill , ,( Pill '
i ndmdry would finll place i11 anothe r.
N o L tariff k CL'l"' " ·:1,u;1·s
hi g h , l~ut tl "' r eso 11rccs nl' tl1 c co 1111 Lry .
\V orki11g1111·11 arn 110!
protected unl ess tl1 e i1111lli g ra l iu 11 of wo rki11 g nwt1 is pruh ibikil.
1

f

!~1- e ry comm unity ltas loc al <[ltesti o n s whi c h w ill l1t:
i11ll't'1:sting to it~ j• ll['ils titan anytlti11 g ~ 11 gg<'sle<l li cre. \Yl w 11
t.h c,;e q11cs Lio11s a rc not. pe rsonal, tlt ey Jllak e t.h e very l1Pst k ind for
Ji sc ussion. lt is u se less to write upo n a subject in wl1ielt o ne ha.-;
11 0 iuLc rcs t., for in p e r s 11a sio n inte rest is essential to succ ess.
:\'oTE. -

1 11 1>re

SUGGESTIONS TO THE WRITER.

TL is well somc t.i 11 1e..; t.o put the co n c l11 sion o f a sin(!ll' ~rc: un wnt
i11 Lit e fo rm of a q11c't io n as Anto n y d oes wlll'n he a:<ks, "I li1l
this in C:l•,;ar see 1n a111l,i t io 11s '!'" T o s ucceed in arg u111 c nt 0 11 c 11111 st.
ltavc th e facls. C lroi ee wnrds, co rrec t lan i{1tage , lin e style. are all
\'e ry we ll', but a\'ail littl e unl ess Lite fa cts a rr. a t. l1a11d.
R cve r forget th t'- va ln c o[ an at1 ecdl)Le or a cu nq•ari son to g il'•~
p o in t to an arc:-11111 e 111'. .
A "l"'ak e r sho11ld alwav., k1•('- P !ti s temper.
g i v\~S 0 11t/ :-; 0ppo111_;1JLs gn.! ai advanta.t;e.

To lose se lf-co 11i.rol

I
_I

192

STUDU:S

L"{

.E~GLrSH COMPOSITION.

ClI APT EH XX.
P UBLIC S l 'l!.'.ll\.'L NO.
Tlic d e mands of modern life a11tl soc ie ty freq u ently
~ ornpel pe r sons ltl s peak ill puLliu wl10 are reall y nllwill111g to do so .
l t Illa} Le to fur t her a soeial re form; it
rnay Le to p rom ote some m eas ure in wl1i d 1 t lie interests
of a n e n t ire co mmnni ty arc i nvolve d ; it nia y be to
defe n<l the i1111 (lc('llt; th e r:wses arc m a 11i fo ltl whidt
comhi11c t o p11::-l1 111111·ill i11 g me n a.1Hl wom e n to their
fot.:t arnl f1>ree t 11 \'lli ou t of tl1 e fulnl'ss ( 1f their licarts
a nd fo r th e sake q( thei r ca use to s 1wak. Si11 ee this is
the cas(', the stat eme n t of a fe w of the ['rin e iplcs whi ch
gove rn a ll public add resses is not ont o f plaee, a ml
pr:tctise in flueli speaking sh ou ld
giv en to . a<lv;Ln cetl
pu pi l:-i.

uc

---

LESSON LXXVII. - PRINCIPLES GOVERNING PUBLIO
SPEAKING.
/\. speake r sl1011ld st ri Yc t o stand still. All n ervous
m ovc11w11ts of l1 :t 11cls or l'e(·t slwnld he co11troll e 1l.
No t hin g sl1 011·s e 111 l 1arra.~srnL:it t like a illll ess m otion.
N
.
: ev e r rise t() s peak 11 11!t: .~s yon ;ire ce rtai11 you 11ave
vowc e no ug h lo ca rry 11·h:1t yo11 wish to say t.o eve ry
0 11 e arnn 11g y1l1 1r l1ca rc r::; . I11 nrdi n; try atHlitnrinms this
rcqnircs 11 e il l1vr a l' l' ry lo11d l'uicu 11 o r a l'L' l'Y strono·
Olle; Gut i t d oes r e11u irn goud 11ualit.y uf L~111e wi t h

PUBLIC SPEAKING.

193

d ear and slow enun ciati on. It is quite as inappropria te
to speak l ow wh e n one sh ould speak l o ud, as to speak
l ollll wh e n one sh ou kl speak l o w .
Unless yo u liav e somctl1in g c lea rly in mind, do 111)t
a ttempt to say anything.
N othing t ries the tcrnper
alltl p:tti c nce of an a udien ce morn t han to attempt to
follow a speaker who does n ot clearl y kn o w what he
wish es to srty. Wl1 en you have nrn.ll c yo ur p o in t clea rly,
stop. l\fany a speaker s poils t he effect of his words liy
talki ng t oo l ong .
It is bes t even fo r an e xtempo re speak e r to h a Yc
in mind an o rd e rly succession of topi cs , :inJ. h ere :iml
t h e re entire senten ces in m e mory, in onle r th rtt h e may
11 ot wan<ler from his subject, w eary his h ea re rs, arnl so
defeat l1is o wn aims.
In an :iddress whi eh has bee n commi tted to m em ory,
o r eve n in one which is r ead , the spe11kc r sho ul 1.l ahrnys
leave :t fe w places wl1 ur e extempore :m1l unprc mcdi tatt>d
re marks m ay uc m ade . Such r e marks w ill ofte n li o!tl
or r ega.in the llagg·i11g attention of hi H a.udi e nec .
No pu hlic spc:iki11g is s u cccss fnl u11l ess it l1as hdtl
t. hc ~L tte nt.i o n o f U1 c h earers. vVh ate ver otl 1c r e x: ed lc nccs it may have had, failing of t his, it has fa ile(l
of all.
Th e u cst se n tcn ccs fo r pu lJlic speech es arc shor t sente n ces mi11 g le<l with a. fe w 1011g 011 es . H ela t.iYc cla us es
sl 1o ul1.l clearly sh ow to wl1 rt t th ey rvfe r. :::ilate me uls
p ut in te rrogatively are effec tive. E rnrytJ1iJ1g slioul 11
lie sacrili ccd to clearn ess of style. Fin;t of all, the aml ie1 1ee 11111st 11ndersta11d wliat is m ean t.
Anecd otes, figur e::; of rh etoric, :q it q uotatio n:c;, arc all
v:1lua.hle in an addrc.~s to give p oint to Lh e t h o ng ht, to
mak e a s tate m e nt dea.r. 13ut <t speaker sl1 oul<l avoid

194

Sl'U IJ I ES l N E N GLI S H COMP01; JTl ON.

fi il iJJ g li i_s ad,1ress wi th sto l'ies sin1pl y Ln am use his
h earers, I. or h e :;00 11 l>eco r11 e'."' 11 0 t etl 1·0 1' Irn;
. s tori es, and
not fo r hi s idc;ts.
A speaker sh o11lrl ne ver rist: to a11 impassi ouc<l s t.yl e
uiilless he ean take his aucliL' ll ce \\'i Ll 1 J1illl. Nutliin rr
0
ma
.;: es a s1n:a. ker lll.Ol'C ri<li c u lot1~, , tl 1"" ll •o
I) l) e x lJl'CSS lll
· (T
.
.
"
sl 11~11g e11 wt. 111 11 wli1 (' lt Ii i:; l1c;1 l't:rs cltJ nut s ku·<:.
o
L very q ua_lity uf :-<Lyle, all t he n ·so 111·ees (Jf 111t:rn or y
al. .l the
. l a,I a l..l t 1.,
,.· acq 1ured
. ... k11u wle d ,.,rre of tl1 c·· i1 1<I'1vH11
ie
expu w11ce: 11 1. l1k, a rc Hot too n111 e l1 lo equip a pL' rsu11
fo 1 . t s ll eci.;ss l ul pu l,!1 e s1>e·' th' •r · J\. L.
.
111 I\' 1·Ill e o ra tion
Ltx:cs eve ry r csu ul'i.;c oi' t he l11 1111 a11 mi11 «1. An urn tor
p:ts:-<es fro m na l'mtion to dt:s1:ript io11 , fr" m :lll t:i.;d ute to
;u·g n1 '. 1eu t, 111ak:s a )'oi 11 t. by a.11 all11 sio11 . lixt•s l1 is !l1trng l1t
111. ll 1u 1111rnls
c> [ lus l1ean;rs li)· · i 111' L· I . . . 11
.
· . '
e •l/J 1u1, l ec a s at te 11t 1_o n liy_a 111ctu l'esq 11 e desc: l'i ptio 11 , wi1 1s tl1 e <'ootl-will of
lu s aud1 c1we l1y a c;o mpl in1 en t. l Ie ne ve r ; t]] ~ ws l1imsulf
to. beco me d1 dl , yet li e should be p rofound ; sl1 ould entertam , bu t lin t si rn1 ily am u,;c; .']1 oultl ins t ru ct, Lu t should
. ·] ictl ora. t'IOH
.neve r become
. pcda11t .ic or du ..,o·m·i.t
• i< ,.· A [1' 1w;
is ti1 e ve ry ll o wer of l itt•ra t nre.

LESSON LXXVIII. - STUDY or SELEOTIONS FROM r AMOUS
ORATIONS.
·
. T he n11ml1er of o"'l'C'lt
· ,, c11 ...·• t rn ..s 111
a ny

:tgt~ o r a ny co1111A fl' ll' \\' ell -k 11 own na111~s l1a ve
~;~,1'. 1.e . dnw11 t c1 "11 s from :u 1li1J11it.y, as J> e111os Ll1 e11es,
-' .scli 111 cs, a1!tl ( 1<· 1: 1., 1•

t.1y lias n ot bec H b r,t,:·c .

[1 1 lllOd t ~ l'll l il ll('S ""' l 1 :t\'l~ n11rk1 1 a nd Pi tt i11 En rr0
h 11d ; P atr ick l fe 11n·, ./ 0 1111 (l~ 1 11· n cy A llams, and Daniel
vVeh:otel' i11 An1 er iea·.

P U 13L lC SPE AKING.

195

Below th e g reatest are ma ny names . S uch in this
co un t ry a re Th omas Co rwin, H enry Clay, Julm C. Calh oun , H enry \Vard B eeche r, Edwa rd E\·er ett, a nd
Ch arl es S umn er.
EAERCIS I': 1. -S l <: L ECTIU~S F ROM WEB S Tl~ r:"s Ol: ATlONS.

The fo llow i11 g is tlc u illLroducLi u ll Lo W e hste1"s fa 111 011 s ~ J•CP,cli
at t.li e t rial o f .J o h11 F. h:11 app, wlio w as i11 clidecl fo r 111urde r at
Sale 1u, Mass., iu H;:\O. J\lr . \\' e us le r appearet l Lo ass isl tli e prosec ut io n . Ile is a d clres:; ill g tl1 e j11r.\'.
Ol>.-;.• r vc tl1 e ca lm , ~ i111 1' l e
s t:l temc 11 t o f t he ca se. No tice tl1at li e fi11 cb i t qui te witliin h iR
pr0Yi11 ce to co 111 1•li111 e nt. bo lli ju<lge a nd jury.

I very much r egret, ge ntlemen, t hat it sl1 n11ltl li:t \·c
bee n t h oug h t necessary to s ugg est to y on I hat l :111 1
bro ugh t he re to " hnny yo u again st t he law :iml
heyo n(l the e vide nce ." I hul'e I l1 a\'e Loo rn ueli n:g-al'd
fo r justice, :tlHl too rn11 eh r espect fo r my o w11 c lt aradel',
to at temp t e ither, ;t11tl w e n~ I to rn:drn s 11el1 an a lte mpL,
1 am s ure Lh<Lt i11 t11is eo 11rt n utl1i11 g ca n lH.: carried
against tl1 e law, and tlmt ge nt lemen in telligen t and just
as you arc, are no t by any power to be hurri ed beyo nd
th e evi dence.
Th ong-Ii I co uld well have wisl1 e<l to sl1un this occas ion, l have not fe lt at liherty to wi thho1(1 i11y professi onal assista nce, wh en it is ::; up pose<l il1 aL I mig h t be
in some deg l'ee use ful, in investigatin g a ml disco verin g
the t ru th respectin g this mos t exLrn.onl in a ry mun.le r.
T he foll o \\'ing- is tl1 e co11clusio11 of a speec h d eli \·crcd by l\l r .
\V el •ste r in Was hi11 ~to 11 , ;,t the di11n e r g iven u po11 t h e ht1ndrc1Jtl 1
a 1111i n ·rsa ry oi th e u irtl 1th y o f Geo rge \V ashi11 g 1n 11 . l t i~ al\\'ays
:dl'ect i11 ~ 1·0 eve ry 0 11 c t o think of what w i ll h:qlpe 11 a h u11dr .. J
year~ f rnm now , whe n o ne'8 se ll' and a ll wl 10111 0 11 0 k no ws will l •e
dead; a n d l\lr. W custe r wi th great t act tv 11 e hed lhat c hord to g ive
p a t h os and fee lin g to his closin g wo rtls . T he last se nte nce is a

''.
'

"

~. 'i
·kj
J ..
1

;J•'

• .1
!,l

·. c 1C.tr.
. <'asily
. unde rstood , ti •l
.lo n g one ' bnt. it 15
.ts he spoke it lll ltst Ii
I
' n '' icn slowly spol·en
,

.

av o Jce11 111 ost. i1 11pres:s i ve.

"

. A l1umlred
.
.r" l:'1' 1.."' Jtence oth er disei ll'.

'

f· \ r
.
will celclJnt. l ·. !·. J
.
1 es o
\ a s l1111 0·.
' L
JI:,
lll' t I With ll O j ,..
·
.
"'
admirati on t.han .
ess <.t s rn ce1·e
11 0
shall m eet rt" \1·c· i1onow commemorate i t. \ Vhe11 they
' .,
·
w meet t
1 J
th at h onor, so s urely· a. tl ' ·ol ' o t ie rn selves anJ him
.
's icy s i;d l sec t li , LI
.
o f l11s nati ve rn1rnnl'li
11 . .
.
.
e ue summits
• s nsc rn the h . .·. . .
t hey s l1 all belwl1l ti . : .
o11 zo11, so s nrdy as
.
IC l l V CJ Oll 11·hos . l . 1 ]· . l
.
·
e i.i 1'" 1c I1 vecl
a11Ll on whose ]J· tiil· .
1
·
' '"' ic rests still fl
·
'
the sea, so s 11rely i11 a.v tl " . .· , .
<m·1ng rn1 t.1Jwanl
.
.
" IL) , cc as 11·e n ow .
tJ
J
o [ t Jic U nion Jl i)·i,(· · ,. .
J
see, , 1e l a.o·
' 111 ' "ll t IC to
f ]
·
"
then, as now nm)· tt'1c .. . . I .P o t ll: ,·;ip1t ol; and
'
Sll ll Ill
llS .
· ·
n1 ore frv c more l a
·- co 111.,.,e v1s1t n o land
i. ppy, more lov el)' tlnn th i.
'
co nn t ry. Gentlem en I .
'
s, our own
, ' pi opose t.011

197

l.' U BLlC Sl'EAKlNG.

STUD I ES IN
• YNULl.
'"
Sil CO,lll' OS ITLON

.

The l\fc motT
. gto n.
• of neoro·e
o · \V·.ts·] nn
EXF. HC TSE Jl. - SE LECT IO:N' rr.o:-.r HUl1 1\ E's OHATTOX
Tl
·" .
.. l<' fo ll o \\'i11g sc k ct io n was s JokP n b . -'
Bnt1sli l':ir li:t111•·11t . l tl
t'
l
.\ Ld1111111d B11rke in t li e
, ,, . 1e 1111 <' of tlte J'
I .
oppo;;ed l h c coc rc i1·c , -1· . f ..
.
•C''" id.101 1ary \\'ar. Ile
I' ·
· l" ic; o C eo r«e 111 l ·
·
<'I ial1011 .
I le is co11sidPrcti o ne of ti~(• ,. . :· H· 111 g_ 11_1 fa \'(1 r o f CO il·
l le uses both Jo w :tlld ,hor'
g ie.Llc,t. o f L 11gl isli o rators .
1o
,,
·
" se ntcncP" but
1. •
s ,:1n u. Ouse n ·e t ha t all l . . . I
. ' . . ll• HH) ' ilfl c ul t to under1.
ll s ll•'a' gu 111 1ni ··
.
.
.11n es 1ll 11'1 0 1'<' t lrnn t . f
' 's as i t we re ~om e!.
.,
'
,\\ 0
.O l"lll S, ht1f· lt-.::11·· JJ ' 111
.
.
' •
:u r - str o ll •" as iro _ . · .
· · .l ·'
t.\\'o : Ex . Jj .,·ht 'LS
·
"
' 1inn grtp[' I •
,
·
.-,
'·
11
i;; lnosc 1wd - d eca ,. I" . I ,-,,_ . '
c - cc 1n i: 11 t is gon e , co hes io n
I; I .
. · l 1'~" 1111011. et c ct·
>:t a11ccll s tylt' of .
.,
c.
nr ,,. 111 cli11P s to ti
.l J
. ,
sc11 1" I"'"; IH· al so l .
.
. . 1e
.t11d m et.a pl 1o r. lll1<'l o ri .. I 1· .
i ~es lll od c1ately h11t.h si rnil e
· 1·
f
.
\ .. t
igures alw·i1·~ st .
LI
i
n o . usP.i to <·xcpss .
. •. , .1c ng ie n an o rati o n

l\fy
lH1J cJ of <]
(' ii· ] O lll· ('S IS
. .Ill tJi' 1·] .
,
l II ,.
• ,
" ·h 1c:h gro\\'s fr(I} 11 ·r
o:-.e a lfed1on
frnn1 .· . . .
: . ' .>111n1011 11a111l""' fmrn kindred liloo<l,
S llllll.LJ !JI 1v il 1·u'l
. I pro lcct1011.
.
·"" ':- , ,·tnd e1, .1u<1.
Tl1 ese

are t ies which, t hough light n,s air, arc at> strong as
links of iron. Let the Colonies always k eep the idea
o{ their civil rigl 1ts assoc iated wit h yo ur government ;
they will cl in g and grapple to yo u, and n o [1m.:e under
heaven will be strong e nough to ten.r them from t heir
allegiance. But let it be once mHlerstood thu.t your
government may be one t\ii11g and tl1eir privileges another, that t hese two th in gs nuty ex ist wi t hout a ny
rnn t ual r elation, the cement is gon e, t h e cohesion is
loosened, arnl evc rytl1ing hastens t o decay :irnl di::;solution. As long :ts yo n kwe tl1e wis1lom to keep t11e
sovere ign authority of t hi s country as the s:tn ctu:tt')' of
liberty, t h e sac rc<l tern pl c consec rnte (l to onr co mm on
fait h, wh ere ver th e chosen race ancl sons of Eng-hnd
w orship freedom, they will turn t h eir faces towar(l yo11.
Th e mor e they multiply, the m ore frien<ls yon will
hav e ; the more a['(l entl y t h ey l ove li berty. t l1 e more
perfect will he t11cir obe1li en ee. Sb.very t hey c:tn h:w e
anywhere . It is a w cc1l t h at gro ws in eve ry so il. But
un t il you become lost to all feeling of your t rue interest
:wd your natural dignity, freedom they can hn.ve from
none b ut yo u.
EXERCIS E

III. -

LANDfNG

CH AHLE8

01'

THE

pTJ,GlUMS,

B\'

SUMNER.

Charl es Sumn er was '' c\ass ica.1 stud e n t and a ~rcat reader of
hi slory. lie saw t h e pre~enl co11tinual\y 011 the backgrn1rncl of t he·
p ast. Th is ch:tracte ri , ti c o [ hi s mind sh o ws i tself in this oratio11 .
O bse rv e th0 s i1npl e sht.m11e11 t o [ suhj ect, t!H'll tl1(• illn,;l.rnti o11s of
rni g rati<• ll " fro m hi ,;f.o ry - ,· n1np:-.ri so n o [ 0 11r l'i l~ri 111H \\· i t.h the
illust ri o us of t h e eartli o f t h eir fillle-finally th e p1 ~ rorati o 11.

Th e larnlin g of Uic Fath ers on Plymou t h Rode on
t he 2ht of lJ 0cc 1nl>vr, 1ti20, marks the begi Hning of a

198

STUDIES IN E NG LISH

PUJJLIC S l' E AKrNG.

CO ~IPO S IT WN .

n e w orde r of ages by which the wh ole hum an famil y
will be el e v<L tell.
Tlie 11 an tl t here was the great
beginn i ng .
Throu g h out a ll time , from the daw 11 uf l1istory, m e n
h::we :;wanned to fou]l(l new llOm es in Ji::;ta11 t lamb.
Tlte T y rian ::>, s kirt in g No rth e rn Africa, built Carth ngc.
The Ca rthap;i11ia 11 s dotte d S pai n , an d eve11 t h e di sta11t
coasts of l3r it:tin witlt colo11i es. Tl 1c nrec ks gp1 nrn e<l
Italy arnl Sic ily \\'i t h ;irt-lov in g settlements. Hllm c earrie<l h e r n111l t it 11<li n ow; colonies with h er co11q 11eri11g
eagles. Saxons, Da 11 cs, an Ll Ko nn :rn s viole n tl y rnin g le<l
with tlt e orig inal l3rito11s; a11cl i11 m ore 111 odn11 Limes,
Venil:e, Ge11o~L, Portugal , ~pain, Fran c\,, a 111l E 11gland,
a ll sc11t forth c 111i ,u;r: u1ts to ]H;llple fl! re ig 11 shores. !J11t
in :111 these exped itions, tra.de or Wf\r was t l1 e i111pelli11 g
motive . Too ofte n t:ommc1T e and cn11quesL 1110Yed h and
in hand, :uHl the colony was r eud e 11 e<l witl 1 Llootl .
On t h e d ay of this h istcorie l n,])(ling, t h e HU il fo r th e
first t im e in his co nr:;e looke d d ow n 11po11 a lliffcre11t
scene, h egun :wtl con tin u ed nnc1 e r diffe re n t i11 ::;tiirnti on .
Onr Pilgrims \\'ere fe w a.11d poor. A11d y et t,l1i s l'ill1all
ho<l_y o [ p eo ple, so ohse n rn a.11d 0 11 teas t i11 conditi on, ::;o
s le]J(ler in nnmlJc r and in 111 L·:u1s, :;o e n Lirely 11nkno wn
to tl1e p roud aml g reat, so absol u tely wi Lh o nt ll <rnrn in
contemporary r een nls, a.re 11 ow ill11 s tri1Ht::; 1H'.y<t1 1(l tl1 e
lot of m en . Tli e J\Ltyfl o wl ~ r is i111 111ort:d h eyo11tl the
Grecian Argo, o r th e statdy sl 1i p o [ any Yicto ri o11s
ad 111 i ral.
Con l' rn nL th e Pilgrims 1rit.l 1 t h oHe g reat i11 ra11k a11tl
po\\·c r, wh e n tl1 e l\fay tlnw c r, w ith li ur Clllll}•<rn y, s ta,rtecl
fo rtl1 O il it.s adv 1.: 11t11ro11s rn1·
. ;1"'e
.,, - Ll11• 1'1'ow11ecl Slt\'ereig ns n[ E urop e, 11·h ose names wure rn e 11 tio 11 ed with
:.nve, a.11<1 \l'l1ose 1•.,11111 tc muh:cs are l1:tmlell dow11 l>,r art ,

that a t this day t l1 ey are as v i:;i\.Jl e f\.S iE ~h ey walkcLl
th e::;c strec t,s . N ow, ma1 ·1-~ tl 1e· co n t·ra'"'·t · 'l here w:ts n o

80

artist fu r o ur forcfal11cr::;, n or arc t h eir eou 11 Le11:·L11 ~es
n ow 1;: 11 own to rn c n, liut. fo.r alJovc tltrtt of a n y powedul

1 ~o n tcmporar i c::;

is th<;i r m emory 8aved.

.· · s·u l.t·,1 11, •g 1"'.. nd-lluke l . what arc
Pope, crnt>cror, 1-ing,
.
t h ey all l1y t11 c sid e of t li e h o norabl e co mp<wy t h .it
hmled 011 Pl y mouth Hock? Th e ir::;, 111rl.l'cll : were tl.1e
· ~ o f'. t,l 1e \vorkl of· JlO\Y er ·' Lut our PilgT1ms
li:vl inl
en::ngn:;
~
tli e m:;clvcs t lmt in11o rn Yirtue whi ch was m o re ll1 a n al
1
l' lse be,;i •l e, a.ml t h e ir hntl ing w:1.s a n epoel1 - a11 e1 och
11 ot 011\y n ever to he forgotten, lint to grow in g r;t11<1em
as th e w o rlcl appreci;Ltes tlte cl em en ts of tl1e trne greatn ess of m a nkind.

LESSON LXXIX. - LIST OF SUBJEOTS FOR ORATIONS.

Ameri can Lite r; ltu re .
( l11<1te fro111 ~j, l nc y ,S 1111'll t, " 'Vh o re:u1R a n A111 eric:a n l1 0<1k?"
....
·
1 •
·
't' ·
\\'It\''/
A11wr'l'i t!'lll<'"·i,·:d "lia rai:Ler o [ e:Lr y . , 111c n c:rn \\Tl . 1 ng~ : ·
·1 ~ a11 I11·":-i'1 u r1· ;u 1:-: - })'ue.
•ts - e""'
vist,11
uveli,;ls
hu1n
o
r1'I.,.
l>o"'
· · · J · ..
•
Ani c ri~:lll lit e rature differ from Engli tih? ShoulJ it lie expected
t o diffe r '!

Th e Sta.r;-; a11d btripc::;.
Th i~ 111 :1y lte the sultjrct o f a pat ri otic oration .

Th e Vn t n re of Afric;·1,.
Afrii :a, th e las t. co11t.i11 e nt t o ],e co11quc re1l hy civilization.
I \ I r "U I 1, D r. l\arth,
:llH 1 11t P :-s~

. 1
Afri c; tn cx 11 t 0 r e r :-:.- 1~l"i11 gsto11, ( 1a tu 11

Li e ti k1t:uil ]\ 11 rt p11 , 1:1't a11d g-n·aksl , l! P11 ry 1\1. ~ lanh•:'·· Tn1•0.
t
\' · 11
1 al 1y•tril>eo< .
grCLpltical c hrLrn clc ri s li c~ of t.lw co1.1L111e'.i .
.a r1 ll ~ " , e " . ..
Arlaptali ility uf 11 a t i,·c tribes t11 c t\·i\11.at.1 011. (._ la111 1' of l 01l.11 0 11 1. st •

202

8TllDJES JN ENC:LTS IJ COMPOS ITION .

Ex. Crall'ford Hoa< l , l'ro., pec t St reet, L ak e Eri e , Cnyahoga

All names of God, all words that may Le reganlcd
t itles of the Deity, sliouhl begin with cap ital:,;.

H.11·er, L1W e 1'lou11tain.
J\'uril1, S o t1l1t , f:'a sl, a11 d ll'es/ sh onl d l>...c::i11 ll'ilh caj' it.ab whe n

tlu·y

l 1Je:111

Ex . Tl1011 G reaL Fi r:;L Cause, least un <J,; rsloud,

Sl' <'li 0 11 s of tl1 e cn1 111lry a11<l 11 o t 1" •i1it s o f tli e co111 pass.

\Vh o all 111 y sc11 s •~ cu1ifi11 et l
To know \ni t t.l1i..;, llial TJi,m art g.intl,
,\ 11 d t l1 at ntyse}[ a 111 Llind . -- /'1111e.

Ex. Cl1i<'ag•1, tl1 t· largc~ t c ity o f th e \\· l'~ I, is sonth ui Lrdrn
J\li el1i ga11 .
Th e 11:11m•s tif tl 1e day.• , ,f 111" w(•ck a nd o f th e 11 10 11 th s of the

T lw 11 ;; a;.;;" wilh reg1trcl to 1•ro11uu118 refe rri11 g lo ll1e D•: il y i,;
1·arial1lc. '!' lie rn le us 11ally g ive11 is that t.l 1<· y slio 11 l• I lJl' g i11 \\'illi :t
cap it al wlt c11 nt•cessary to 1na k · ~ elear tli< •ir a n l1•cede11 t, oll wnYi ~ e ll ut.

y .. ar are c:o 11 s id1~ n'd 1•ropt' 1· 11n 1111s. l'.-:a ;;·,. \\il h r,. g-ard tu t l1 " 11 a 111 c 8

<1 f

tli e z..:t':l so 1 1 ~ is \'; 1rial.! 1·.
\\' prd s o r fa11Ji Jy

l't.')aL i<1l1 S.

·"llt' li

:L ." Ji t l /if'r

1

r111J1f ,

ru11s i 11 ,

an ~ CO ll -

I•: x. () L <J ru a 1ul .\L.sl•·r of us all I
\Vli a.te't' r un r 1ia.1n u u r sig-H,
\V e vw n 1.hy swa.v, we ii<':tr Lli y call ,
W e test 011r lin ;s by tl 1in e . - JVl1i1ti er .

ti"' 11a111 ~· o f a

,j,J e rt•d J• rn1 i<·r 11 o u 11 s ll'lH·11 l l1t· y are use d \\'itli
}' e r~ o11 , u r \\'ill inut a pr1ssc:-::-:i ,·1' p ro 11 c1u 11.

ll'l

l·:x . l li ;l.J a ldit•r fr u111 Fath er lu-dr1.1·. a11d 0 11 e frco1 11 Co 1i sin
J\lar.1· ,\'•'s l.-r.Jn y .
\\' li en did yo n l1t·ar fro111yv11r 111ull 1<' t"I

T itles of h ono r or ofli ce used

,~t10ne

or a(·con1t•:u1i ed l1y

11o tlll':l sli (Jttlll beg in wilh cap ital lette rs.

Commo n nouns li(' com c prnpt'l' wl1 e11 t li <;y de note
sorn e tl1i1 1g of Sjlf'(' ial importanve . (1 reat latit ud e of
11s;tg e is li n w allt1\\'ccl i11 tl1i.~ r c;;pcc t.

Ex. Tlie roy a l ba rge, m:u111 c<l with Queen Eliz:d1d lt\ wai<- r1 11e 11.
lay :1t th e g reat s tai rs. - S cott.
l fow e vc r, wh en t he ti t le is use(l i n formall y, tl1 e eapital is u111i tt" •1.

Ex. l·:,· .. ry l'1Jc•t, 1,e hi s "' II ll'ar.] 1.. t. \\'lial it u1a1·, fi11 ds liii 11 self
l1n n1 i11 tl1 C' ll 1id ., f nf l'ro,i'. -

( '11 rl.11/1•.

Ex. " [ pray yo 11, 111y dear \\' ;llte r , le t u;; tak e Llie bo;it a1 1d
r\' t11rn.' ' " Not t ill f .'e1• th• • q11 ee 11 eo111 e fo r tl 1," returned
lite yontlt, Cl! ln poscdl y . - S cott.

.

l\:wws .. r uhj l' t·.ts JH·1·,;1 o11 ili1 .. l l>C~ r· <ll11" pr<>J>t· r 11<111 11 s.
!-: .\ .

J\ll wunl ...; i11 the writt1·1t titl1 :s nf l1111 ik ,.; , 1:,;s:tp; , e k.,
sl 1o uld beg in wit Ii cap il:ds excepL artio ·ks, ['i'"l'""itio11 s ,

'J'lw \\':try, g r:1y sl ra l •·g i.·d 'J' i 11 11·,
\\' ill 1 tl"' ar1 11 i1·' of I. if,., h1· •·111·:11111 .. ·•I.- ( ;rii'f a 11d C rin,.. ,
Lo\"(' a11d Fa it !1, - j II j li e dark Ill' :-.:-\ 1111l1t· t ·d~·d .
(/(l' (" IJ

:t1Hl c c11 1ju11 cLi.. 11:-;. Tl1 u fir':lt word, of c (>llr,;e , li :ts a (' a u il al, wl 1alc ve r iL m ay [)<; .

111,.,.,,, ,,.,/,.

Th ere are t"'n \\'ays of printill g tit.les o( books :wcl essa y,. Tl,,,
e n tire l ill c may he p1 1t into rapilal,, w l1i clt is the us ual forn1 uf
book Lit.le~. Tli e t itlPs of essrt\'S o n t.he t itl e page of 111ag azi11es and
Lit e t itles of hooks in Puhli .~h e rs ' a<l vert isenuml.s are f1·c,l1 1e ntl y
prin ted ;is l hey w ou ld be wrille n.

l\' unls <krived frnlll prnper JJ;11m·s sl1nuld l1eg i11 with
c:Lpi lal lvt ters.
J.:x. Am c ri c:u1, Dani, li, Hn;; tnni; 11 1, Hc111 1a11.
\\' !1(' 1\ s 11cli \\' Or<ls 1,y lo 11 s- " " '.c;·,, li; t\·p ].,,[ ll 1c ir as~oeiatio 11 \\'il h
11 0 11 11 ~ fr ,->111 wl1ic11 t hey a r(' <] .. ri\'r.J . ll1t•y d o no t l•Pg- in "'it.Ii
ca111tal s.

E x. T lt e titl e pa;.:e (J ( 1111; N o/'/lt .·l mericu" Nevie1v itllcl th" i11n e r
page o( f l wpPr's ,llu gu zi11e.

th e

Ex. Chi11a-\\· a n ·.

I

1

l

l

The words I and 0 !;hould al way!; be ca pi ta ls .

S'l'Li JJJ J-;::; J N ENGLISll ('CJ:\ll'U::i l T IUN .
HULl~S

RlllL'S POR 'f'Hl~' JJI..iRJi"/{ OF P W \'C'T U.f/.TIO.H.
THE COMMA.

:vonls or ph rase s in lli c s:t mc eonstnwti o n, fo nni11 r' a
se n es, are separa tt- 11 from eacli ot.lH·r by cn 111111 ,ts.
b
Ex.

FU lt

A ti t le or degree, foll ow in g the na1n c o f a pe rso n, should be
sepa rated from th e 11ame by a co n1 n1 a.

Ex. ;ra111es G. lllaine, Secre tary of State.

\.Yonlii mHl phrase,; ill tli e <thsolnte ease liy direct
a t ltlress should he separnlell from Llie rest o[ t li e :-;entcncc hy co mmas.
Ex . Cold is tlt y brow, 1ny so11, and. [ a1 11 cl 1ill. -

~'lie use. of tlic co rnm:t wi t h a Gouj un ctio11 111 the
se1'1('s r eqn1res at te 11 t i1 JJ 1. Tl w li""t
~ ,
usage seems t" he
111 c followi1w
o ·· 1.f all
t li c te rms uf tit"'v S<! l"Jes are eo llli ec ted l1y cn n.
arc re 11ni n ·d.

•

J l11 11 . t1011;.;, 11 0 co111n1 ;t;.;

.

l

f o1il y t li e Lbt

.11111 c l11111, :t c1111 1n1 :t

L11«> w<>rds a.r e l·o111 1ee ted 111· a i·ollSl'jl:L rat t!s eac h tu rm of Llic s e.ric •,; j 11;.;L

as if t li c ru 11·v re 11< > c o11 j1 lll ctio11.

Fre<1ueHt ly as a mark of st rong
is use<! in place of t. he co 1n111a.

Ex. Tit ., ki11d ,,1 .J 1111111 . O lis<•1·1·() fltat 0 1,l Ji 111 i1 ~ 1111111 :< tHl kii"l
li111 ii·' t l1e J>l11·:1 "' 11 )Jlf/IJ ' t' U ll.~t~ q11 e 11tly th e Words are
not i 11 t ltt•, :;:· t 11ie <'<) J1.<.: lr11cl 10
•
11 , H11d nu co 1111 11 a. i s r eq 11in ·d.
,,

.

I

Co-ordi 1 ~atc cln.us(·s if ,;inqd e in COJ1 >;t rnc ti on will often

f 11r1n

<t :;c rws a 11ll slulldd lie SL:pamtul h j' eo m111a,;.
11

·o rd or pl1l':ise in appo;.; itio11 sl1011 ltl ht: s np:tnd.cd
lro m Llt e l'est of tlte st:nte n ce liy <· r1inrn:ts .
.

:\

Ex. A lcyo11"" tlt e J,ri glt lP st. ·' l; 1r .,f tlic l'lt! iad,.. , '·' lit e ce ntre
<ll" g ra1·it y of 011r 1•;v,t r<t>lu r '')'><I.e m.
·'

Tf one o [ th e te rm s 111
·
· ·
:i ppos 1l 10 11 i.-; a g1' neral titl e, th e co nun a
8lt o1tl d lie 0 1nitted.

J-:x . Tho 111 pso n tlt e pn<'t \\'as i11.J ol•·nt .

·~ 111 otion

!Villi:;.

th e excla111at io n point

Ex. Am! tlt e king was much moved, a 11<l we nt 11p lo tl1 c cku11 b e r over the g:ale a nd we p t; and as hu we 11 t, t.l1w; lw
sai<l, 0 m y ;;01 1 A hsalom , 111y sun, 111 y so 11 i\ l" cdo 111 '.
would G o<l l h a<l d i•~ <l fo r U1 ee, 0 Absa lo111, rn y ., 011 , 111y
so n! -Bi/Jle.
vVhen l111, absolute case occ nrs with the parti 1·i['le, the en lirl'
phrase sho uld be 8cparnte1l from t l1 e res t o ( th e se 11 te 11ce .

Ex. Th e aj'po in te d 1lay h:wi11g eo111e, I.li e T)('c hr:d in11
up anti 1le bale t.l

Sotll"t i111 es adjt!cLi\' eS " l' J.>are nth· f
.
dn 11ot.
" on 11 a ' '' 1·1e., wli p11 reall,v t. li ey

'.205

111:\.IUCS 01<' l'UNCTU A'l'ION.

:uti e l 1~

by art icle . -

\\':t., t~.I" ' "

fl ew/I"!/ ·

Words or phrases in pai rs, a1ul words or i>11rascs Cl\1 1trnsted , should be separated from eacli other by co mmas.
Ex . S in k o r s wim, li ve or d ie , s urvive or p eri sh , T g i,·c 111.1· lianrl
a11 rl 111 y heart to t his vote . -

lVeb.<ter.

'Ve live in tl cc1ls , not years; in th o ug- ht s, n ot. breath s ;
Jn fee liHgs, n ot in tigure8 on a di a l. - !Jnile.'f.

An y word, phrase, or cbnse w11i elt is intrndn e<!d in to
th e body of a sente nce is set off from the res t hy co mm a;.; .
Ex. Th e re was, as ns nal, a crowd o f folk a h n nt the d oor , h11t
non e Lhat H ip reco ll ec ted.
"i\ry ve ry ll og," s ig hed poor Rip," has for gotte n me ...
fr ciny .
If t h e inle r rnptin g n1 atte r is placed at t he beginni ng o f th e 111ai11
sen te nce, it is follow ed by it comma.

Ex. Tn fac t, he declared it was of no use t o wo rk on hi s f:m11 .
lr1 ·i11~; .

~Oli

STU DfEs IN E.:\'GL!S ll CO~Il'OSfTfON.

llULES FOR MAH.KS OF PONCT U ATlO ~.

Adj ec tive a nd :11l\'erhial phrases and ebu,;es arc separa le(l fro n1 tl1 u rest, of lhu scntc11 ce l>y co rnnrns whe n
t l1 eir co 1111 1:.e tio1 1 is 111 >L c.lnse.
N'uT 1·: . and

c la11 se:)

A semi colo n, w!H:m lon g bnt informal;
A co mma, whe n short a ml in fu rm al.
Ex. Th en saiJ l\ lr. Creall1 ea rt : " \V e nee d 1J ot b e so a frai 1l of
l it is valley , fur t.l1 e re is noth i11g- l<l hurt u s , unless \\'c:
proc ure it o un;dves." -- /fon!Jrm.
.
11 Oh!
that fl ago n - lltat w ieke<l tl a gu 11 ! ·· tho1q;ltt E 'l',
"wl 1at exc use sh a ll l 11iake Lo Ihme V a n Wi11k ie."
fr ci11g .

.\ s a 111 a.tlt• r ,, [ fa ct, th e !'llll Cluat ion <Jf s 11 «it phrase.~
11111 ~t. lie IL• an11•d hy obse rrat.i o n. Usag t! is ve ry va ri -

alil e r eg-a nlin g- t l1e111. f" r t lie re:tson lhal a co n1wcl io11 whi ch see1u s
close t.o o ne \H it c• r dm•.-; 11 0(, see m ~o lo au oth e r.

"I wonJer,' ' said !\Tr. Lo rry," that he kc·eps tl1 at re11 1i1nkr

THE SEMICOLO N AND THE COLON.

o[ his su ffe ri ngs aLout hin1 l " -

Thu me mlJc1·s ()f :l com ponnt l or compl ex: se n te nce
whcll not closely cu11n cdetl in sc n;;e are sup:trated IJy

THE PERIOD.

Ex. As we proct·ed etl , the tirnid appro:te li of t wili.~li t l.11•c:w1e
111ore l "'n·1•1 1til.Je ; th e i11te11se li l11 u "r t l1 0 s ky J,..g a 11 to
sof lt'll ; t l1 <' s111 a lln stars, lik e littlcJ l'i 1ilclrc11 , we11t tir::; l
to rest ; tli" .< ist.t' r lica 111s t•f thu l'l ·iacl ,.s ' '''"' 111 cll1•tl
t<>;.;-t:tlt c r ; IJ1tt, the l1rig h t, co 11 s!t-l l al i u11 ~ o f l ite \\'C:s t a 11d
nort Ii re11L1i11 ed 1111 ,• h:w ged. - 1,·verett.

D c1:.l:u-.1 t i vc an<l i m pe raLi ve ::;c ntc nce::;, w he n n0 t con nt:ctcd in co nstr uctio n willi w ha t f"lll)ws, :m.; closed l>y

pe ri 0tk
\\' ii e 11 a 1111111 hc r of ;o; ucll sc 11 te 11 ccs a.re clu:-:ely con 11c:'cl.t)d i11 11H a11·
iiig , they arc jo i 11 ,., \ i11 lo " co 111['011n1l or cu 11>ple x se11le111· •', a11d a re
pun ct u:1Led acco rdin g to Lh e rul es alread y g iv e n.
1

F n'• tllf•11t ly tlte ll! CJ'<! rad, l.l1at CO ll\lll:\ ' itavc bee n :drC':td )' UH!'1l
111 th e t')a 11 '' '·' · co 1111w l,; th o 11 ~e of sc·111i r; ol o 11 H whiclt 1rouid 11 0 t
ut hPr1r isc l 1e req 11 i n·d.

A pcriotl sl10 11!1 l be placed after c very abbrc vi:tt inn.
Th e 1wrincl \h u8 used i~ part of lit e <dJb rev ialio11, ancl , <'XC•'[•l. :tl
the c nJ of th e se 11le1J C•', tl1 c po in t, requiri·cl l>y fl1 e cornd rn cl1() 11
sho u lc I be used afte r it.
Such c: xprcss io 11 s as :1 t1 , l ~ lh, Sin o, arc 11 ot abbrev iati on., anc l clo
11 ot req nirc a pcri ot l a f t<' r lh e1n .
,\ pe ri oJ sho uld always be placed after t he Ho111a1t 11u111erak

A clau se add c1l to a se nte nce alread y c(lmpl ete is
nsually separat c<l hy a sc m icolo 1J, '0 111c t im cs by a colo11.
Ex . ,\ ppl y yo 11rsp lf to , [11dy; for it \\' il l rcd n11111l lo y11ur cred it..

A colon whe n tlic part icnl:trs a r c for mally introduce d
and ex ['lai 11 ed .
A dire i:L q 11 o(ali on is srt off hr, A colo 11, when long a n1l forin;d;

Dickens .

l\l uc h laxity o[ u:;age preyails with reg:ucl lo thi~ rule.

semicolo ns.

\Vh c n :t ge ne ral l!! l'lll is f1dl o1q·1l hy a n e irnm e rati on
of p:tr Lic ularn, t li <'y are "l' L qff liy. A semicolon \\'he n the l'a rt it1 1brs arc m e rely m ent ion ed;

207

,

~

'I

THE INTERROGATION POINT.
Th e in te rrogriti on point i::i use<l fo r m;nking all qne,.:tions. \Vh e n t he q u e;;tion co nsists of seve ral part;-:, u t·
whe n se veral q u esti ons arc co ntain ctl in one sc 11te 11 cn,
t,h cr e is som e <liffi culty in d ec i<ling wheth er the r'.) s:iall
be one o r more in terrogation point<J . T he pn11 c1ple

!'.:'·'

208

20H

COMJllON Al:SlHU:V 1A'.r10.NS.

STUD IES I N ENG Ll S fl COMPOSITION.

is tha t i f one ans\\·er is suffic ie nt fol' all, o ne poi nt
is e no ug h; if differen t a nswers a re req uired, a point
s h o uld be placed a fte r each qnest irn1.
COJvf.lV fO}( .rLR HHJ<; VI.Jl1' JO. N'S .

THE EXCLAMATION POINT.

A.B . Arriain TJ<t,.C•i/a11r<'. ll ·' · l\a ch-

The e xclamation po in t is placed at th e eml of eve ry
se nton ee, 1,;bnse , ph ra1Se, or wo nl inte nded to 1,;onv ey
stro ng emo tion.

The chsh is used Lo mark a smlden change in citl1er
tl1e souse o r co 11strnc t ion of a se ntt: nce.
E x . Thu Lre as t, of tl1c ' Vil lia111sli11rg d a rn has burs t!

T he 1><1, in tl 1at n ou ri sh e d th e i r l1appy h o m es
lla.s c han ge d to a d e m o n - Ir CO lll CS , i t C0111 es . -

o· U1>ill!J .

Wh e n t llll s u sed it is u s ually preced ed by co1nma, se mi co lo n, o r
colon .
Two d:Ls h c~ a.re now ofte n e 1n ployeLI in stead of pare 11tl1 eses to
s ot off 1•x pn'ss io n s, ind e pe n 1lc nt i11 m~ ;·111i11g , w hi c h arc introdt1 ccd
ill t.o t. h" bod y of t he sP 11 tc 11 ce.
Is ita h o r se-

! f;u·k to t he sounLI o f h is h oofs, lhcy say -

That g all ops so wi ld ly \\'illi a1 11 s h u rg way?- ()' H P. illy.

QUOTATION MARKS.
111

quota-

tion marks .

A q11otatio 11 "·l1i<·h is i1wl 11ded wi t hin anothe r sho uld

Le e nclosed by single quotat ion marks.

of ( lur L on i.

Ad . Lib .

Ad lil1itwn .

,\ t, pkas-

JEt . .. 'f~'li tli.~ . Of a;.:;c i :1µ:1:c l.
Ala. :\ l:Llia llHt.
A .M . •·\r ti am Jfrtu i stPr. 1\la,1" r
of 1\r l~. - - .:111f.e. Jfrr1.l11' 111.
l3l'fc>re

T he clash is usell Lu introclu l:c an a 1ujJlilicatio11 Ol'
exp Lma Lio11.

Every direct qnotation shou ld lie e nelose<l

.

tHf' .

THE DASH.

Ex.

d•H" o f A r ls .

· · l n lill'' \ e·tr
A.D . Anno Jl ulll. /lll.
'

~

.

A .U.C. _.111110 Uru is Cu1ulihl'. In
l h ll Ye a r from Lh e l\11ilu1n~ uf
t.h e C it y ( H <lllll').

B. A.

B.C.

.;

n <HH L

Ariz. Ari zu11a.
Ark. Ark an sas .

J\ <tdidur o[ J\r t.s .
ncr"'rc: Chri s t.
Cal ifurnirt.

Cal.
Ca pt. C apt.~in.
Ce nt . A linmlrctl .
Co. Co mpany; Con nty.
C.O .D. Co ll ect on delivery.
Col. Colonel ; Colonv ln.
Conn. or Ct. Co nn ec ti c ut..
Cor. Sec. Corrcs p,u1di11 ~ Sec re-

tary.
Cwt. Jlun d rcclw c iµ;ht. .
D.C. Distr ic t of C• 1lnn11.ii:t .
D.D . Di dni/l tlis D.,rtor. n octo r of J) ivi ni t.y .
Del. Dl' hwarc.
Do. Ditto. Th e same.
Dr. D octor.
E.E . l·'. rro r~ e xcept•·<!.

.- -

J

Jll'SS.

Ia. Io wa .
Ibid. ]IJi d1'11t. Tn th" s :i111•.· p\;1,-.• .
I.e. or i.e. I d {'.'l · 'l'l.: 1I '"·
Id. / dt · l H . The ~a 1tl{' .
I.H .S.
lol'.

Jesu :- lf u1r1i1un1t

·~·, ,f, · ff -

Je,; us t he Sa,·i.. u r ot ~{L., ..

Ill. lllin niH.
Ind. l111li anrt.
Incog. Jncoun ito. l "111rnown.
Ind. T er . 111uia 11 'l\·rr ito ry. ' .
I.N.R.1. h·s us J.\ yr1 z1 LJ'l ' J1/l ....: . /l' -'
rcth, I< i11µ; of
Io. Iowa.

J es n" of 1\;1 1.atl11 : .J l"\\"S.

1.0 .0 .F .

l lllll" pe nclL"nl Onl<-r ,,f
( hld F (•l\t1\\"S .
Kas. o r Kan. Kansas.
Ky. }o;:e n t L1cky .
La . or Lou . Louisian :l.
LL.D . L P!/ 111fl Dort., ,.. D llct01·
o f L awR.

;"

210

STunu:;; 1 :--,r J':'\"'L
·,. " ISH CO M l'OS !T! ON.

M. .lferidit-11. \f id-day.
M.A. .\ fa.~ter o f ,\rt.-;.
Mass . ~f,. ssal'linsc·ttH.
Maj. \f ,.j11 r .
M.D.

.. r

Ph.D. f'hil•>>ophice D f"Jct or . Doc.

l11r <if I 'ldJ, '""J> liy.
1'11." t Otli cl' .
pp . P;1 ;..: 1·~ .

•

.)/"/ici110: IJ•w/,, r.
\f ,·dici11<.,

P.P.C.

Mont. "r Mt a .
Mr. Al istf' r .

Mrs.

\I i." l l'l'ss ( pr1•1111111w1·d

MS. " r Ms. .\la11us l'l'i pt.
MSS. ••r Mss. .\ l:11 111·«Tip ts .
N.B . ,\',,111 lwni' . .\!:irk "'" II
N.C. X urt l1 < 'a1 ·11 Ji 11 a.
·
N . Dak . cinr1 Ji l>a k .. ta.
Neh. .\\'l•niska.
N e v. \ '"''"•la.
N .H.

\ '"w l l:i 111psl1in· .
N.J. \ "·w .1 1·1·,, "Y·
N. Mex . \' 1·w ~1,.xii·.i
N.Y. i\1·w 1·.,,·J<.
.

N.S.

Xew Siyl,. ( :ifi n i; :,:! ) .

0.

O!ii ...
Ob. O/,iit.

Or.
0.S .

" " ,,,. s l1 e di1 ·tl.

<Jrq.:nn.

Old

Proi.

St ylo

I 7r.'2) .

Pa . o r P enn. Pt 'flll:-iJ lr: u d;1.
P e r ce nt u r p er cent.
Hy 11, ..
l11111dn:d.

·1 ·n

'I'o

r•rn
li1111• lil'i11g.

Prox.

l f'1 11 /IU J't'.

F11r 1Jin

Q.E .D.
1l1ua.

l1.

Qll<>•l

P l'•lf

d1·mu1tslruu-

\\' Jd<:Jl was L• • he dt·-

lll t11 1s tratt1cl.

Rec. Sec. ll ce »rdi11 g Sn·n·tary.
Rev. llL·v(' rc nd.
R.I. l:J1 ode Is land .
R.S.V.P. 11 r R. s .v.p. 1l ..,., ,,,,11/e::,
8·;1 c1>11.-; plolt. A11 sw 1·r, if yuu
! •lt •;1'L' .

I

S .C. Sn111/i C'ai .. 1111 ,..
S . Dak. Sn111J 1 JJakota.
Te:1111 c ~sl'e.

Tenn.

Tex.

T t·xas .

U.S.A. I ' 11i1ed Stales n f .\ 111 , . ,.; .. 11
V:J. . \"irg-i11ia.
·
Vt. \'1•r111 nn l.
Viz. "1· viz . 1·;,i,,,,-,.,.1. "
f \il lt1t ·l.r
l q \\i i.

Wa s h.
Wis.

'1 'asiiiJ 1.. ," 11

n· i.-.:1 ·11 11.., ii·;

.

~lt'11'8

011 Addison's
ll 'rili11g,-.

/I 'itlt ,1/ acaulay's l:.ssay

l.ife

1111d

1
·

~
J::ditd f.y

Sa11111e/ Jli11rbf r.
Cloth , Bo cent d.

;>>

1

Boards , 6o cents.
............-,..r..,,-_,-_,.._ ..... , ...~~~~-~_..._- ..._,.. ·'

Th e purpose o f thi s st::let:tiun is tu i nterest yuung

sturh:nts in Addi so n as a mo ral teache r, a priintt:r
<1f L'h:1 ra...:ltr, a hum urist, and as a writer of ekga11t
English . J l ence th e edi tur has ai rn ed t u br in g t u gcthc: r such papers fro111 t he .<;;w ·tator , t h e 'J'atler,
th e (,'1111rdit1 n, and th e J·'r1dwld~r as will pru\·c
m ost rca.Ja!Jlc tu yuuth o f

high.school agt: a11 d at
1

th e same tim e give so mething lik e an adcquatt: i.I~.:a
of the r ich ness of t\tlrlis,11l's v.:in. T he De Col'nl cy
pap ers arc of 1·11 ursc al l i11clud ed . Pape rs d csc riliing
eigh teenth-ce ntury life and man ners, L·spe c iall y su ch
as i>e:;t c:-.:li ibi t th e writer in his n11 1l,J ,,f 1Jlay ful
sa ti re, have: bee n drawn upo n as p ec uliarl y illu strating the Addis011ia n hun1ur. 'fhc: talt:s and allt>
g-uri l'. s, as w ell as th e grave r murali 1.ings, ha ve due

rcp resentatiu n, and th e l1eautiful !t)'1J111s nre n.11 givt:n.
Hy omi>Si on (I f the least esse ntial pa rt s ,,f th e
se lecte d paJ> ers it has be en pc•ssihl e to J>rint , in 22(,
p ag~s, seventy l.: li 11i (; c spec im e ns 1..1f th e writin gs nf
Ad disun , induding suff1...: icnt n ·prcse nt ati\'l'S of th e
wo rk uf his co-bhurers, S teel e and Hudgd l. Pas sages l ack in g in rclin t nH;nl uf bnguagt: nct.:11 rding

W . Va . l\'t•st \ ' in ·i11h
\Vyo. \\'1·n1 11i1w ,.., ..
X. Cli ri s;,
,,..
Xm as . Ch ri si 11 1118 .
Y. M .C.A. " ' " 111 !-:
1 i;i ll .\ ,..;.H••l' i:tt i11 11.

!

l

/ '}'r1fin 1 , J.

llt'X L llit>J ll

rs~/;;;Ji;;;;;;;f;Jddiso11 ,~l
j

ii't•:-;s<ir.

Pro teni.

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Maryla11d.
Me. i\lai11L'.
Messrs. \; f' ll t ll' lll f' ll .
Mich. .\ I il'fiig: 111 .
Miss. .\ I issis.,i pi •i.
Mlle. ~l:1tl1 ·11111iselle .
Mo. .\I issu 11 ri.

T!t11r/,o"s Addison .

P .O.

C liri s-

to m od e rn sta ndards ha\•e bee n ca re full y o m it ted .
Trw;tin g ll> his ow n expe ri e nce as a t c~ a c h c r, th e
edi tor has d ec m e1l it wise somewh at to s horte n t he
essay o f l\1ac:\lllay. This he h as e ffec ted by th e om is·
sivn o f passages so m ewha t cpisodk or dis..:ursive in
th ei r charadc r, in wh ich th e essayist disp lays bis his·
t u ri ~a l e ruditio n , hut in whi c h he ca nn ot profitaJ,ly lie
foll owed l,y imm atu re re aders.

I

·~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- +

.·1111'11 -::,~ h',10 111 . . . llo.rttJ 11 .

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Tl111rber's llfa ra 11/ay .
Hon . W . T. Harris , C11111 111 i ssi 111u r of }:'dura tion,
/f'a slii 11g 1.m , D . C. : P erm it m e lo t ha nk you f.; r th e
copy o f t he ne w bvok co nt ai nin g se lect <"''l'' o f
1'1aca ul ay , togtlhe r wi th notes an d in teresti ng a ppcn·
dix, aral to co ng ra tulat e yo u on th e goud t a s l t~ anti
th e Jine litera ry se nse with whi ch th e wo rk i" edi ted .
T he introd uc ti o n, alt ho ug h sh ort, co nt a ins some of
th e best th ings to a id th e teach er of lilc:ra turc.

12mo, cloth, 70 ct s. ; boa rds, 50 cts .
T his sel cc ti., 11 cu1np riscs th e essay·•• o11 JI• 1,/·1,
B /Ill ·
(1 (/ 1/ ,
)'11 11,

Joh 11 s1'11,

(J'o/dr111i llr a 11 d

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W . C. Collar, 11.:ad -Jl/ asler of I .a/in Sd1ovl, !1'.1. r/, 11 1)', JI /a ss.: I thank yu u fur se ndi ng m e •· Sdcc t
1 a m glad to have h e~ n
Essays o i 1'l acaulay ."

/ ) '

I r /i/, 11 •
thus gi\"i 11 g ill ustrali t) JI S bo th uf \ Iac" t1! 0 · .
1·· .
,

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11 ar1111e

·

and 11f his lakr style.
o f high

~ch11ul

.

••Y s t.: a r lt:' r

"

tempted to read o ve r u nce more these most delight ful essays, a nti the novel mude uf eclitin g has in k resh:d m e \·ery mu c h. T he in trod uction is cxL·t:lknt
in matt er and in 111a nn er, and th e notes arc of tlic
righ t ,;ort. l ho pe no bo dy hereafte r will Jia,·e t he
hard ih oocl to ed it houks uf E nglish lit era t ure , f., r

It :1 i111 :-- ltJ put in to .th e ha nds

pupi ls sp cc i111 t.·11s uf l-: 11 Pl1·-.·l1
~

•7

pr u~c

tJ1a l

shall be t.:mi11 c 11 tly int1..T l':-. li11 a to r"a1I
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a nd study in
class, and '' hid1 shall se rve as 111011" 1-.·
, ., o f cl ea r a nd
vi gl) ro us wr iti11g .

. T he s11 l1jct.:ts o f the

l'S~ays

Ill.tu cl11 s(' relat ion w ith lhe
l .llc ra ture .
•

b r i 1 1~ th e m

u:-;e as school tc:\. t-buo ks, i n th e way tl 1a t w t: h a \·c

of gcnc.; raI Engli sh

been a cc ustomccl to. l shall introd uce t he Louk at
unec int o my school fo r reading in my lirst class.

are sud 1 as tu

stu d~·

Tli t..: a nn ota tion is inLendcd lo

Sl· n ·c ·1...:
•

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a ~" ' li.It \'
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E . H . Russell, P r i n u pal of tlu S lalt ,\ 't> r 111al
.'·;d10,1/, fVortestcr, Jl!rtJS.: Th e introduction is ext:el-

Sl 111 1ul 11s to n..:sc:t rch ra t h er t ha n as a sul .sti t u tc fu r
r c.: sca r 1.: l1.

Th e

ll r>lts 1h crc.: f11rc

knt, an d st rik es a high nute in lhe matter •1f reading
E ng lish classi cs in th e sc houls ; the nvtes , if any thin g, sur pass th e introducti un in dig nity, reserv e,
a nd ped agog ical se nse. Th e wh ole thin g is a m vd cl
o f intelli ge nce an d sk ill in b ook-mak ing.

ar e fe w in llUlll lJc r.

O nly whe n a n all usi o n uf -\ lac 'a ub,·
is de.l: ,·<Ct
I II }' i 1·r1·
' I Jcu lt to ,·e riiy docs t he ed it o r gi"c th e result of h is
o wn inv es tiga ti ons.

l 11 all .,, tli cr cases he leads: th e

pupil l o 111 ::.k e i11\·c..;tig ati u 11 fllr hims.el f I 1· . .
·

~

,

)C l C \'lll g

l 1la t

Leigh R. Hunt, Principal of Higli Scliool, T roy,

a good rn ethud in Eng: li i;h , as in other stu dies, sh o uld
lca ,·c as mucl1 fr ee pb y as f' LJS>i l1le lo th e a ctivity of
th e le a rn er.

•

1V. Y. : I ag re e with Mr. Thurber's vie ws as st't furth
in the int rod ucti on. P ossibly his so un d ph il osophy
will do as much good in its way as th e essays th a t
foll o w it.

A l~rn

r

.s~ ll11 co 11 . . . JJos /011.

.A--n ~;11/ B;-:k-i11-ii1~f;1,:;;;:·· 1
·--li
E. Grr_J'.
Compile.I l•y
C'e111;r:t

12mO, Boards.
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45 cents .
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b vu k i~ d c.:s ig ncd fll r the us e \,f s uc li pupils :1.s

h:l.\'C p r cY i n u ~ l y h.: :u ncd th e suh ... tan t:t: u f th e rult.: s
w hi...: li it cn nta in s. lt dues nu t ain1 l1> gi\·l! all tlic
prin t: ipks l) f the bngu.tgl'.. liu t ernpli:lsi tt· s t l1u..,c.: wh ic h
ar t.: mu:-> t fr e 11 t1t.: 11tl ~· \i 1, l:-t lc.:d. It "ill h e '' a r111l y wt:l C1)1llC: tl l1y l11\ \SC tl'ach c.:rs ,,Ji1) an..: c11d t.· a\11ring in a
pr:l l'. tiral w :i.y tu ll.: a c ii t ht: ir p upi l-; t he u:-,c u f L' ilrr 1..: ct
E ngli:->h. It c11n tain:-', in l 1rid. fur lll , ru ks fll r s pc.: 11i n g . p un c tu ali 1,n, capi tali1.at i11 11, a nd th e m o r e im pn rtan t p ri nciples o f g r:1mma r and rlic l•; r i...: . J\ J. u 11 da nt
ex er cises f1> r pr~ c t i...:e a rc g i,·t· n, nnd t hese ;.l. f C a r r :tngl'd o n p:lges wi t h wi<lt..· ll1:1rg i11, su l ii :l t tlil' wor k
o f cu rrcct ion ca n be do n e ll'illi th e ka st e xp e nd iture
of time and labor.
J. G. Cross well, l "r i11 ripal 1'f tlu /!1 .,·a r/cy S t/1 ,10/,
1\ 't<•· ) ·,,,./: ( ·;~J ' : 1 k\\·e c'a111i11 ed ( :ay',; J >rill \look
in E n g li s h, and ha \'C onk r l'd it a t

\1 111..: c .

1 t is

:1

\·c ry

Yalual•h: :ldditi1111 to lh c :\Pl ':l r:\lu::; of t hl' l l'n d1l'r.
L . C . Hull, / o u ·rout·-;·il/1· .\·,;,,>,>/, ,\ '._7.
It im p resses me as an a.J mi r:tL I.; littlt.: m a n ua l.

Edw in H. Cutler, Ch1 .<.1ica/ S ,-/J,,,.;, 1, -,.,, .1011 , , Jf,i ss.
Tli t: rc i~ gn.n t n\..'.t.; :1. sio n in u 11r sc h11 <•is fq r a l1n" k of
thi ' 1, ind ; n11. I 1 :1 111 ~ :l ti ~ticd fr " m a 11 t' ~ ami11ati u n
o f the \\\ir k tli :t l it \\ ill p r 11 \'C highly se n ·iccri l1le.
Daniel E . O\ven, '/ '/:c1r 11 /1111 , / ,·1ulc.·111_1·, .\·a,·o, Jl / t" .
It is t he l1l'~ t thi ng in i h \in (' t h rit I h a \'\: t: \' Cr St:c n .
A. F. Bechdolt, ·""11fr ·ri 11 /1·11 do // r:f.\'rhools, ,J/,u1 l.-r1 !11,
:lfi 11 11.
I like it \'l' ry nn1 r l1 : it -; t.:X:ltnpl1.: s a rl.'. well
S\'k\.' t t.: d , a 11 d t lil·r...: j, :111 a ln111 .J a11 n : uf lli t.: 111 .

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