ELEMENTS
OJ

ENGLISI-I COMPOSITION,
GRAhlnIATICAL, RIIETORICA L, LOGICAL,
AND PRACTICAL.

:,·.·

PREPARED FOR ACADE MIES AliD SC HOOLS .
~,.

.. ' .

nv

JAMES R. BOYD, ;\ . M.,
,A.1..""NOTATP.:n RIHTiOi"~ OL" E:"' O l.IS TJ P fl t:T." ', OY

11

ii:. u; ~rn:--"l'I) OF

LOG IC ,n Oi' AN Jlfl' Jtuvr~ r> Rt> ITI O :-,i OB "~ A.!il.£1'\

1

Jl..L l!:ll.KN1"8,u 1'1'0.

_.,
A . S . B ARNES & COMPA NY ,
NEW YOHK AND CHICAGO.

18'71.

1-7, O

JAAIVAllD COLL£ 6£ ll!IRMY
Gtfl CF
6EOR6 E ARTHUR PLIMl"TOtl

"A W ell or English

Un<:Ml!Y~.izo, 19H

LITERATURE AND BELLES LETTRES.

PREFATORY NOTE.

ClEVELAliD·s COMP LETE Mil TON, WITH VERBAL INDEX.
One Hnn clrrcl nnd Twt•n fy Thn11~:1.llll or tl1t'M' , \, Jnm rs l111rc hCt' Tl RO!tt, urn\ they arc
tho ackno wlcllgcll Stu.nJ.anl whcr c,·cr tlds n:llui11:; stnJy fa, pursue<l.

PROF. JAMES R. BOYD'S WORKS.
EMDr..ACTNO

C0ll[J'08IJ'ION, T.0 (1 re, LITER A 1'Ul1 F:, ItlI.Wl'ORIC, CBI'l.'TCISJJr,

BIOG RA 1·1n· ; - 1'0E'l'J:r, A.NI> 1'.Ti. O:>E.

BOYD'S COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC.
R cmnrkahlQ for the Fpnce nnd ntt e nt.ton f.l vc n to g rrnnmnt.tr!ll p rlu c\ plC!!. to afford a @ub~tantia1 grou ndwork: ttl;i;o for t 10 n<lmir1\hl c t ren1ment of synonym ,.,

lnngunvc, :rnd t he HO UrCCf' of llrg'\IUWn t and iUus trution, wlth notable
cr-CIBCS for prcpndng tho wuy t o poe tic compo~ltiou.
f\zurnt i YC

CX -

BOYD'S ELEMENTS OF LOGIC
t'Xpl nio ~, fir~t the condl t. Jnns n nd proccsttc~' b y w hich the mind recei ve~ idcnt', nn d

th ou unroll.is drn 11rt of rcnp;oni11g, with clcu r <lircctiontS for the ee.t1blieh meut nnd
co nflrmn t ion o f ~oun1 l j nili;mcn t. A thoron ~ hl v pnicticnl t rcn1iec. hclng a sys tem·
ntlc nu<l philosoplllcal co nttcrnsation of ull Lllut l~ known of tho a;ubject.

BOYD 'S KAMES' CRITICISM.
Th i~

Mtnn<lnrd ·w o rk. n~ i ~ wrll lmown , trf>nt"' of th o fn c til1y "' perception , nnd
the rcsn lt of i t" oxc rcl:-1c npo n r ho t:1 ~ l <'f' n 11tl ('H\Oliunl'I. J t nw y t ll orcfo rc be termed
a Co tnpeadl u m of :\ o:-it hf' ttr )·i nrhl N tt 1nl'fll Morn la ; tUHl if~ u ~c in r c tlnl ng t he mind
anU h ear t htl B mntlo il 1l l:l lm1t.l 1ud tcx t-IJ uok.

BOYD'S ANNOTA TED ENGLISH GLASS/CS.

I

]lf'l lfon'tt 1' M'trr li ...:1; ./,{Mf,
l 'ou11 f1 '·" J.Y i(fhl T!i ot1yltr1<.

C o1c11 er'8 'J 'usk. 'J"H IJl<1 :J'n l/: 1

tt r.

T l1 n111. •.;; nn 1ff Sr•aNoH .-t.
J'ol f o l o, 1.'I (,,'ou1" .'<l t' o{ Ti m e.

1..01·1{ ]J u co u ' ..., .J.:" ·" '"!J·'I .

In six chcnp '·olum r•. The •on·icc done to li terature, hy Prof. noy<l' s An n ot.11.

tir)ll~ ap on the~c f-l tand11r<l wri tel't-i, C:lU wi th lllOiculty hu e8 !.itnfl. t.C<l.
Llnc by li ne
t heir expresflion~ nn d it lt::l s arc a nnl y1,ed nn<l di~cu si'ed , until tho bc~t comprcUen:1iou of tho powerful nf'c of laoguo.i;c is obtainc<l by tlH.1 learner.

Entered according to Act of Cont,,'Tcss in thC year 186o, by
nARNES & BURR ,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of th e U nit<d States fo r the Southern District
of New York.
»'R 0.

~

n.

Tnii; following work is for the most part a compil ation, the materials being d r awn chiefly from the recent
English treatises of vVi11iam s, Smart, N cil, an d Ilarrison; a portion of them also from the standard works of
Blair, Campbell , and Jami eso n, and an an onym ous
London work on the Art of R easoning . In preparing
the grammatical depai1:ment of the volume, tltc author
has carefully consulted the Grammars of Clark, 1Inrray, Fowler, Bullions, Goold Dro\Yn, Spencer, Greene,
Butler, Tow er, Bailey, Covell, and Mulli gan; he has
also derived m ore or less aid from \Velch's "Analysis
of the English Sentence," Tower's "Gramm ar nf Composition," Quack en boss' "I'i rst L essons and Advanced
Course," and Parker's "Ai ds."
Thou gh awn.re of the g r eat cxc<:llencics \rhi eh l>clong
to several works on Composition a nd Rhetoric no w in
extensive use, the au th or bcl ie,·cs tl1at the present one
comprel1cnds more rnrttter that "·ill be fo u nd practically useful and available in acad em ics nml sehools,
tlian any other single t reatise. lie wonlcl not h:i.Ye
devoted so much space to the illu st ration an d application of grammatical principles, had not experience ns

PREFA'l\JRY NOTE.

an Instructor convinced him of the senons disadvantage un der which 11ot a few labor, in 1Jcginning to
\vritc composition , from an im perfect acqn:.int:inec
with th e English grnmmar. T!t e present wo1·k is
adapted to lxginners, and in ,its progress to adva11 ccxl
cfo8ses-bcing design ed to furnish all the aiLl tl1at is
needful, or that .can be desired, in the various departments and styles of composition, both in Prose and
Verse.
The subject of Synonyms has received a larger share
of attention than is usual in works of this kind ; but
not larger than its importance demands. Much space
also is allotted to Figurative Language, to Sources of
Argument and Illustration i,n the treatment of various
subjects, and to exercises that prepare the way for
Poetic Composition. The proper use of this work will
stimulate the mental p o"-;·ers, suggest trains of thought,
secure a cominand of appropriate language, and, in
short, facilitate the acquirement of the most useful and
elegant of Arts-that of correct, easy, forcil.,le, and
tasteful Composition.
APRIL,

1860.

CONTE ~TS .

LXSMO!f

P.tOJJ

1. Examples for the use of capital letters, pointR, marks of quotation, &c, . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
' 2. Additional examples for the use of ca pital letters, &c.. . ...••.
Utie of cnpi ta! letters . ... , .. . ..•..... .....• ... . , , . . . . . . . . .
·' 4. Parts of speech, - The Nonn ..... .. ..... . ..... . .... ...... . .
··''i'; I) ;· !fonns. ~Thcir num ber, gender, case, person .... , .. .. ........

;:

.: _:,·,~.'.~..•;·. 6)•.

Nou!1s.-'I'l;ci r gender . . ....... .. . .. ....... .. . ..... . . · ~ . .'.
. 7 Nouns.-Thcir cnscs . ...... ..•• . • • • ...... .• • . . . ..... ......
8. P1:ononns.-Personal Pronouns .. . ......... . . .. , . , .........
9. Pronouns.-Compound p~rsonal, relative, etc ......... , . . . . . .
10. A<ljective Pronouns, or Prono1ninn.l Adjectives .... . .. . . .....

1i.
12.
13.
H.
15.
IG.
li.
18 .

111.

·20.
.. 21

11
12
14
18
HI

23
24
2G

2'..l
B2

Adjecti vcs .... .•. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :J4
Adjectives . -Degrces of quality expressed .... . .. . ... . . . ,., .. 37
The Article.-P19pcr and improper uso of it ......... . , .. .... ~!)

The Veru.-Classcs of Verbs . ..... . . ... ...... .. .. . ... ......
Anxiii<1ry Verbs. - Erroneous use of them . .. .. •......... ... .
Tntrnnsil il' e Verb,. - Erroneous use of them , .. • .. .... ... , ., .
Irreg uhtr Verb~. - E rrone ons UKe of them ...... .. . , . .. . . .. . .
\Terbs. - "T'hc proper use or the subjuncthre moocl. ... .. . ... =-- ~ ..
Yerb;;. -Prnper nnil imp rope r use of cer tain tenfics au d rnoo<ls .
Verbs.-Thc proper use of nu111ber nnd person . ..•...........
Vcrbs.-The in fini tive mood ................... . .... . .......

44
47
fol
r;~

50

.'iS
(il.

6G

22. Participle& . . ... , .....•.... , ... .... .. , .• .•. ........... . , .. G.'3

coNT1.rn·rs.

CONTFFtS.
[.il':MJOl'f

rr

'

r.uH1

23. F.xcrci scs on ?nrtici ples. ....... . ..... . . . . .... .. .. . .... . . .

73

52. Punctuntion.-ncmaini ng mark s . .. ..... . ..... . . . . .. .. . .. .

2·1. The Adre ru ........ . ...... . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .............
:.!5. Pc)f'iilit'>n of Ad,·e;rb::; in 0. FC'n l elH'i!, nnd th eir 1Hi ~a ppli<:a lh1n ..

7'1
10

53 . Scnlence-hni!Jing . ..... .. ......... . ... . .. . . .. . ......... . 140

;2G. Pu:-.iLioa of A <lvcrbs in o. se nte nce . . ... .. ....... . ....... . ..

17

G5. 8cntcncu.., va ried in ~t rn cture . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . ........... . . l ·t'..'!

2i. l'rl'posi lions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80

5G. Sentences var ie d l,y n.\1ridg-rncnt a nd o mi ..,sion of clrtu~cf.: . . . . . l ·.13

.

54. 8enlenccri va.ri ctl in i-;tr11clurc . ... . ... . . .. ... . ...... .. .... . J ·i1

ZS. T'repnsitions. - Th cir coll oc:t ti011 and rupc li t ion... .. .. ..... . .

84

57: Equi\ralcnt

20.
80.
31.
32.

I'ri Ill i ti \ 'C l\ntl dcri \':tli \'C words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Si
00
03
0,1

33. Tioot.runns received into 011 r lang11:tge from th e Lati n ..... .

OG

6$. Sentences varied l>y tran"l''"ition of wo n] , an ,! cl au ses . .... .
59. Sent<)ncc~ con~ trn ct<:J from g ive n words .. .. . . . . . . . . . .... _.
60. Sen te nces periodic 1uHl non-pe ri odic ... .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . .
61. Non-pe ri odi c and pcr io,!ic ~c nl e nccs . . .•.. .... .. . ..... ..
G2. l<'ormati on of peri odic ><ent ences . . . . ..... . .... ... . . . . . . .

Conj11nclionH or eonncclivcs .. . .... . ... . ... .. . . . ... .. .... .
Conju ndions.-E!Tcct or rcpdit iun l\n<l omiss ion... .. ... . . ..
Intcrj cct i•rns.. . ....... . . ..... . . .. ... .... . ... . . . . .... . ...

]~ ;

lTI Od U:\

11f exp rei:s:-:ion .. . .. ... ... . .. . . . .... ... ... . J.1.j,

i4C>
J.17

Hi
H'.l
] .j l

34. S1>cllin g of <lcrirnl i,·c :tnd con1pon11d words . . . . ... ...... .. 10.\

G3. Choice Ul'twcc n nn n-pcrio<lic Rentc nccs an1! n pcrio•lic H(·ntenc·c J ;j'.:

35. Auurcvht ions . .. . . .. . . . .... .. .. . .. ............ . .. . . ..... lOG

G4. Grnmma lic:il purity of d iction .... ... . .. ... . ...... . .. . ... . 1;,.:,
65. ·Puri ty or di ction ... •• . ...• . 1 ••.•.. .•... . ... . ... . . . . • . . .. 1;,s

3G . Misccllaneo11s l'Xcrci"" on the parts of speech .... .... ... ... 100
37.

Sentence~ .

. ...... . ......... . . .. .... . . . . .. ..... . . ... . .. . . 111

38. The snl•jccL of a '<'llkncc .. . .... . . .... . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . ... I J 2
80 . Tliu cornpkx or 11wdiGcd •11l•j1·ct ... .. . .... .. .... .. ... . . .. JI [,

40. Th e pn•tli cal c of n se n tence .. .. . . . .......• . . .... ... . . . . ... 117

41.
42.
43.
44.

Trnnsilirc an•! i11lr:\nsith·c Rcnt.e nc!'s ............... . . ... . . 110

GG. Sim pl ici ty of diction ... . ..••• .•• ..... . ...•.•... ... . . . . . .. J v""
67. Propriety of e xpressi on .. .... . .. ... _. . . ........ ... . . . . .. . I l.1}

GS. Propriety of exprc>sion .. ...... . . . . . . . . . .. . ........ . .. .. . l'):l
60. Propriety of exp ression
i70
,,,
iO. I'recision of expression ..........•. . . ....• .... . ...... . .... 1-"

Complex "''nt1• 11 ccs ......... .. ... . .. ... .. ... . . . .. ... . . .. . 120
Scn lc nccs.-Siinple and cou1po11nd .... . .... . ... . . ....... . . 123

71. Precision of express ion . ... . • . .......... . ..... ... .. . .. . .

Sent nccs.-JJ,.,,laralivc, crmtlili onal, in tcrrognlivc, irnpcra-

73. I'recioion of cxpression.-SynOn)•ms ...•••.. ...... ... . . . ...
74. Precision of cxprcssion .- Synonyms ex plai ned anJ illustrnteol

l~O

75. Preci "ion of expression.- Use of synonyms . .. .... ... , . . ... ,
iG. Synonyms, continued . ... ..•• .• .•••••••••••.•• . ••... •. . ..
77. Synonyms, continued . . ... . . ..... ... •..•. . .......•. . . •... .
78. Additi onal Rynonyms . . .. . ..... • • . •. •. .. ... • •.• . . _... ... .
79 . Sy n onyms, contin11 c<l. . . . .. . ..•... ... .... . . .. .. . ........ .
80. P 1ccision of exp ression . .. . ... . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . . ... .... .

1$7

t irn, cxclnmCLtory . .. . . ....... . . .. ........ . ..... . .. . . .. 125

45. Ag reeme nt :rn1l co rrespondence among

thti pl\rt~ of a sent.cnce

12G

46. Corrcspontlcnc<', g rammatical a nti logical, among the part" pf

a sentence .. . .. .. .... . . . . ... ... . ... .. ... .. . . . . .. .. ... 127

47 . P <rn ctur•ti on .. . .. ..... . .. ... ... . . ...... .. . . ... .... .. . . .. 123
48. runctu:\tion .- Tilo rommn .. .. ... . . . .. . . ...... . ... .. . . ... lal
49. P unctuntion.-Thc comma .. ..... . ... . .. .... .. . . .. . .. ..... . 132

l 7<')

i2. Preci sion of expression . ...• . ... . .. .. .•.. . . • .••. ...• . .. .. . 1~- .,.
]~~

JS!'I
J\.11
1 ()4

rnr,

:coo

GO. P11 nctmlion.-Colon, se1nicolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

81. Cl earness in th e structure of sentences .. .. .. . . .•... .. . . ... WI

61. Pu nctuation .- Pcrio<l; intcrroir:\ti on nnd exclumnlion pointti ;

82. Cl eo.rn.,ss in the • truc ture of sentences . .. •. . . . .. ...• ...... ~o:;

dru;h . . - .. .... - . .. . - . ... .. . . . - . ... . ..... .. .. . ... ..... . 115

. 83. Clearness in the Rtructure of sentences ... . . . .............. 20'/

r..

OON'fEN'fS.

8

CO?iTENTS.

114. The in terrogntion. - Tho exclnm ntion . . .... .......... .... 27-1

Lr.1t10!f

8 •l. Ci.11uncf;H in the strncture of sentences . . . .. ·. · · .. ·· ······ 210

85. Unity in 1he constrnc ti on of sentences nnd p:lrngrnphs ... · · · 211
86 . Strength 111111 vi vadty of cxpn!ssion . .. .. . ... . · ·. · · · · · · · · · 213

115. Exerci. cs on exclitmo.tion nnJ inte rrogat ion ....... . ...... . 2;r,
116 . P1•renll1 csk-A11n.l cpsis.- Apposit ion .. .. . ...... . . . ....... 278
lli. Exercises on th e figures in th e preceding lesson .. .. .. ..... 2SO

87. Strcn;;th in th e slrnclnre of sentences . . .. ... . .. ..... . · ··· 215

118. Hy pcrba lon.-An(\col nthon.- Apo:'iopesis ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

88. Vi rnci t.y of ex press ion .. . ....... ... ..... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 218
.80. 'l1ic lrnrmonr, or mcl.,di•illB Rtrn ctun.i of s ·ntc nces . . . .. ... · 220

119. Re pc ti Liou (\nd re<lund(\ncy . . . ...... . . . ... . . . . . .......... 282

223
90. The )111rmonious slrnclnrc of sentence• .. .. . ... .... · · · ··· ··
225
Clear
an<l
har
monious
constrncl
ion
of
the
periodic
sentence.
91.
227
Clear
an<
l
hnrmoni
ons
strnctme
of
the
r
eriodic
sentence·
···
02.
03. T he simple, or nnturnl style ... ......... . · · . ·· · ··· ···· ··· 230
?n•)

04. The elegant style.- The sublime style . ...... . . .•.. ·· · · ··· - u ~
!J5. }lfaterinl s of thought (\nd expression.- The form ati on of sty lo 2:34
9(). Figurnt.h·c exp ression .. . .. . .. ..... . . .... .. ··.···· ···· ·· 238
97 . The ~ iuiilc, or compari~on .. ... . . ... . . .. ..... .. . · · · • · · · · · 240
08. The mclitphor .. .... ... .. .. . .. .•. ... ... . ..... · · .... · · · · 2·13
!l!J. The allegory ...•. . . ...•.... ....... . . •· · . • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 24G

100. Hyperbole .. . .. . . .... .• . . .. .. · ... ·••···• ·· ····• .. ·· ·· ·· 249
101. Pcrf<oniflcalion .......•. . . .. ....• . . . · · • · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · · · 251

203
103. The vh;ion, or hypotyposis ......... . . . • • · · · · · · · · · · • • • • · · 255
101. The metonymy ... . ... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · · · · · · · · · 257
. ) . . . .... . · · · • · · · · · · · · · · 2~0
105. The synccdoche (or comprehc11,1on

102. ApoH trophc . . .. . . . . . ... ... . . .. . . . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

lOG. The ttntonomasi n ..... . .... . ..... ·. · · · • • · · · · · • · · · ··· · · · · 2GO
2Gl
107 . The irony ...•.... ···· ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
The euphem ism, Ji tote", nnd communi cation . ... . • .... · ·· ·. 2G3
108.

204
lOQ. The clinrnx. or gr:ufalion ... . . . . . ..... ... .. · . · · · . · · · · · · · ·
110. The antithesis. or contrnst ..... ..... ... . .. .. · · · · · · · · · · · ·
111. Aiiti cip:lt ion .- Corrcction.-O mi ssion.-Conccssion.-Expo,;·
t 11 1ati nn (or cornm11nic:di<rn ).-D 11lii t.al ion . . . .. . .. . · · ·· · ·
Ennmcrat
ion.- Accumul:1tion.-1hyndeto n, etc..... . · · · · · ·
11 2.
rrnctknl
exercises
on cn11m orntion nnd othe r figures of the
113.
:!73
prccc<lin~ Jes:;on . ...... . •..... • · .... · · · • · · · · • • · · · · • · · ·

f.

120. The (\llitcmtion .. . ..... . ..... ..... . . .................. .
121. Correction of faulty mctnphoricnl langungc .. . .. .... .... . . .
122. Exercises on m etaphorical lang uage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
123. E lementary exerci'e in orig inal composition . . ....... .. .. . 2;10
124. Various k inds of exercise in original

co n1 po~i lion .

. . . ..... . :!:J l

125. Change of poetry in to prose . • . . • . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

12(). '.Improving the sty le of old itulhors-and al.iridgi11 g modern
ti u tl1ors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ '.JG
127. Tninala tiou$ rm<l pn.r~phrnsc ...•••.....•.. . .... . . ... . . . . . ~ OG
-l ::S. Sources rill ustrntion . • .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. • • .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 293

.l29 . .Acl<l!tioMl sources of illustmtion .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2GS

130, !.<l<litlont>l so 1i1·ce~ of ill ustrntion . . . . . . . • • • . • . . • . . . . . . . . .
131. Descriptive writing ... ....... .. .................. . .. ....
1S2. Questions suggcsth·e of idens for description .. . ...........
rn:i. N nrrnti vc com po~i tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
131. Personal subjects . ... . . ... ... ..• ... . . . .. . . . . ... .. . ..... .
135. Biogrnphy ...... ...... . .. .. .......... . ........ . ... . .. ..
136. Ilistoric<Ll cornposilion ; travels; no,·els ... ..... .. .... . ...
137 . Lettcr-writ.ing .-llp!cs for it .... . ... ..• . . . ... . .... . .... .

300

138. Additional rnles for lcttcr-writi ng.-Spccimen s . . ..... . . ..

~1 1tJ

!l01
~.o .~

:1u;.
::0'.l
:)Jl

:J12

:;1.1

13\J. Essays, dissertations, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :;:: l

140. "Topics" suggesti ve of i<lcas . . . ...... . . .... .. .. . .. . . . .. .
_141. "Topics" suggestive of ideas ... . ..... ... ... . _. .• .... . ...
112. " Topics" suggestive of id~n.s . .. . . . . ......... ..... . ..... 3'.:9

143. "Topics" suggcsti,·c of ide:tS . ...... . . . .. .... .. . . . . . ..... 300

14.4. "Topics " suggcsti Yc of id ea~ .. •.. .• ...... . ... ... .. .... ·.. 831
10

~

...

'·' ...

10

OONTKNTS.

tftA Ol'f

i-.u a:

145. "Topics "'

~llg' " OSt.i v c

or i1 lcn..5 , ...... . ............... . ....

333

14G. "'] \ )pies' ' 81lgg"<'"li \'c of ith,as .. . .. .. . . •.•• •.. .. . ••• • . ••.• 331

147.

H

Topk!i'' irn ghe ·tivc of jdea.s ..... .. ..................... .

;}:}()

118. The on\lio11 o r d iscourse ..... . ..... . ....... .. . .. .... .. . . 338

ELEMENTS

140. Aids in Mgnmc n li\live wri ting . . ... .. ....•...... .... ... . 3'11
150. Ai<ls in arg nmc ntntivc writin g . .. ... .... .. • .•• . ....•.•.. 3H
151. Aid s in nrg u rnc ntl\th·e wri ting .. . .. . • ... . ••• •. .•.... .• .. 340

152. Aids in nrg nm cnta tiv e writing . . . . ....... . . .. .. ... .... . . 3.19

Oil"

ENGLISH COMPOS ITIO N.

1 53. Rcl,\soni ng from exampl es .. . ... . . . ..... .. ....... . . .. ... · 3GO

151. Reason ing frvm anal ogy . com pt•rison , and contrast . ..... .. . 352
155. Rea son ing by fables and pro verbs ...... . •...• . . ..... •. ·. · 353
. r ea soning
.
156. Descri p ti ve ancl in te r rog ative
.... .... .• . . .... ·,· 355
157 . Laws ofn rg11 n1cntative wriling ... . . ... . . .. . . . . ... ·· ·· · · 3Gi

1G8. Sermon-wri lin g . . . .. .. . . ............. .. ... . .... .... .... . 358
l GO. T h e writing of poetry .. .. . ......•.... . . . •...... .. · ••.. . · 3 (;()

100. Ve rsificatio n .. . . . ... .............•.........•.....•..... 361

161. Poc timl pa11~cs . .. . ... . . ........ . . .. · . · · . · · · · • · · · · • · · • · 868
162. R nles fo r t h e princi pal or C.'.1.!s ural pause . ...•....... . . .. . · 3G!l
163. R ul es for final pau ses ... . . ........ . . · .. · .. · ··· .· ·• · ··· ·· Bil
104. Accen ts in v e rse .... .... . . • . . . ....• ·· ··· ······ · · · ··•· · ·· 3'i 3
1G5. I m perfect rhy mes . . . . .. . .•. . . . .• ... • •. ····· ·· · ·• ·•· ·· · · 3i5
16G. l31nnk ve rse ..... . .... . ...... · . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • · · · · &i 8
1G7 . I' re limin:\l'ic ~ to vc rsi fl cation . . . .•.•••.. • •. • • . • . · • · · · · · · · 8i9

iGS. Prelim inaries to ve rsifica tion . . . . . ... ... . ·• . · · .. ·· ······· il80

16().
liO.
l il.
l i2.
li 3.

V e rRifica l ion continu ed ........... .. . ." .........• . .• • ... · 382
F.t.ym ologica l :rncl Ryntac tt· cal fiig urcs .. ... • ••.•.. .• •. • . .. ·

B~

rvctic l:Lnguagc fl l1 U CODtitl'UCtio n . . . · . · .. . · · · • •. • • · · · · · · • 386
N: L1Tati vc poetry . . . .. . • . .... .. .. . · · .....• •.. · ·. · . ···· · ·

:.: no

I .yric poetry . . ..... .. .. ..... .. • ......... ... · · · · · · · • · · · · 302

174. Descr iplh ·c poetry . .. . ...• . .. . • .. ··•··.·•············• · 803
Sul>j cctti for Com po>ilion . . ... .•........•...•.•.... · • . · · 395

LESSON I.
Cory p:ig o n.ftcr page from books, obsC'n-i ng the c:ipi t:ii
lctttll'S, the points used, t1ie m:irks of <] tiot:ttion , :ind tho

S}><'lling of the wor·ds, so as to m:ike an accn r·atl' copy.
Copy pn.s~agc(ol of poetry, as well as of prose, unt ii tlrn
t&sk oon be I e rformed easily an d with accuracy.
EXAMPLES.

IT wl10 cnnnot b cnr n j oke, $lionltl not give o ne.
Wliat is <lone cnnnot Le 11 111lone.
In mo~ t q11:11Te h tli erc ;, a fanlt o n h n th $irk• . .A <]ltnrrrl ino.v
be .cnmpnre<l to fl Rpn rk. \\'l1i c l1 cnnno t l• o prnclnrc•l w it l 1n11 t ~
flin t, :I' well n ~ n s tee l; eit he r o f tli c rn rnny Jinrn rncr <•n wo1Hi f,,,..
eve r, 11.1111 no fire will follow .
Rc:i .J i11;.: furni~l1 c~ t l1e 111i111l 1>nly wi th mate r ials o f kn .. wledgc;
i t i:< 1!1i11ki11g tl1 11.t m nkc" wli:1t w e r ea d 0 11 r;..
S11111c 1'<>n ks nre to be tn,le<l, uti it.:r·s to be S\\' nllowe11 , :1n1l ~c· mo
fe w to he cl 1e we1l J\1111 <l ige,t·c,] : !lint iR, rn111 c lic•oks nre to Go
rcn<l on ly i n i'" l' t ; n t l• <: r• t o lie rencl , h 11 t no t c11ri<>1J>ly; an• l snmo
fe w to bu rc:ul wl1olly, :rnd with <lili~cnce :rn <l a ttention . i'< a li"lll
eai<l un to Da\'i1l, "Thou nrt the m11.n."
Cl 1c rj,•h 1li .1· ~ f oth e r; hri cf pc rclinn cc tl1e r imc
, . f't lu y hf: , tli"t :--li e wi ll clai 11 1 t l1 c cure :-:l1t g-an3 :
Pa:-t t. arl' her lt'.)fH..:S of you th , her l 1 n rv c~t prime
Of joy on <'n.rl h ~ h~ r fri end ~ nrC' in tlw srravc :
1

~ •

,_.

'. !

wmTING FROM DICTATIO:N'.

WRITING FRO){ DICTATWN.

12

Ent for her children, •h<:>conlcl by her hcnd
G ln ...tly to rc:it iunong h~r pre ci o us <lca<l.
' rnntlicr mine! G()d g'nrnt I n c'cr f'o 1:gct,
. \V!1n tc \· 1.: r bt..: n1y trrh·f, or 'dwt 111y Ji1y,
Tl 1c nnn 1ca~nrc(l, lllll..'Xti11g11 i:·d1u\.Jlc <lcLt
i o we t\1Y loq~; b11t 111akc 111y ~,,· cct employ ,
E,·cr, tl1r o ~1 ~h n 1y rc1uaini11;; d11y~ , t o bo

'Io thee

:l~

faidifnl ns tlwn wcrt. to m e.

fj~TllU:'(E.

LESSON II.
\Vritc, fr;m. diclution, t bt~ previous selection~; or ~the1;~
m:idc by . the Tc:ichcr, n nt il accnracy anJ read.mes:>. sh~.l
"uc acqn11.. cc.
] A fe w :1 (1clitional ex :1mplcs, for tlns pu1 po:sc,

n.rc su1ij oin ed .
EXAMPLES .

F1.-1c i\fi :<U TE~ . -.\ nnmhcr of yen.rs ngo, it wn~ n custom of t!1c
l . Ho,ton (at the r eriucst of l11e cl 1a plmn of tnc
Ortho<lox c l iurc ics 111
· '
1 .• who w ou1'1 Yolt p 11,.•on) to fnrni;.li nl.lont n. dozen tcnc ie1. ,
t.a e. ··
' l
Sauhn.th
forenoo
n tll instruct classes
nntnnly go tot 10 11 ,o n 11
of the cun\·ict.• in n. Snbhnth-school rn the cl1:1pcl. •
ar tho
Hon . S:rn111ei 1Jnliuan1 w:1 ' one o'. t hose wh o "?"t~ . N.c
f ti> 'i1ne il c1·otcd to in ~t rnct1on, tho clinpla1n . . 111,J.
c1n•e
o k11'e' fi1·e rnin11tc' t.1> sp:1rc. '[
·1 will yon plense
"\\"c
J1 r. ll l lI' ulll\'
to 1nnk o a f1..·w rC>1nnrk s 1,,
.
·r. 1 111n.nncr, nn<l ].,n],ing nt tho pnsllc nn>>O in n c:1l1n , tlign111e
c

s

r,.

° ·

.

oner" ~ni<l :
'[ l
be
mny
"I nlll tult1 that ",\'C 11,·\\' C fi,c inin11tC'• t.o spnro. 11 uc.1 i\1
n
tivc
miunte•
J1Hlil•
\Jetrnyetl
J11
~
I :!Ster,
clone in 1ivc mi1111t.e•. J
. •
1 cross
. . t. l 11«own phce. J11 flni n1inntes the tl11et on tie
n1u 1 "en •0 •
.
~
.
1'
Ne
<l11 11 ht ninny
t 1 ·11111 went with t!icS:1v1 nnrtn 1 :11n1 ise.
'
rcp<~ll ct' . .
1' 1 tl ·1t ""t in fhc min11t cs, wli i('h bron!-(lit
of t }i~\SC l.1t•l ur('. lll l! \ H
I.
•
.
t
. 1 r
to
. . 1.1 ,
In fir 0 111 inntt'~ ynn 111ny rep(·1~t, ·111< go
I
tlll•\lltoltl'l ' · ' ' ·
•
l
·] · ·•lo
. or " ·\II ,..,11 in1it:1t c .J11tla~.11111l A"" to the\! ncc " i c11 '
r•.•1t'·. l u' i•c
. '
.
1 " r.
•! •
is1 My fh·c n 1inuL1...::.. lin. ,«· i\x11in"''. - ,(',·nr. iU .
6

13

T he fu1lo\Yi ng i~ a c:tlc 11lfl.t.i <) n of the n11111h rr nf bnok-.:, v en•<·~ ,
"·o nl:-', lertc r ....:, ei1:., <:11 11 t:1i11 ( ·cl iri tl11..· Old nn.J ;\..;w 1'i· ~ t:u11r· 1 i1.;: .
l t i:-1 wn1·1li 1·etuli11g- and pre ~<: r vi11g :
0 :.D T1·:STA:\11;: :--:T. --?\1 111i!i e 1· uf !11 H•k ...:, !10: cli:1 pte 1·.' , :>:J:J ; Y1 · r --1··· .
33.21·~~ wtt1·cl:-:, G ! 1 2,~!JD ; lt:tt c r:;, 2,7:.38,luO.
Tiie 11iidtll•" IJt>llk is P ru\· c rli.; .
The 1nidtll o chapte r i:; J uu :xx ix.
Tito 1nid(ll e \ 'C l'SO wouhl lie 2 CJ1 ro 11i<.:l e< xx. 17, if the re were':•
Y('rso le;;s ; nrnl verse 18, if them wcro n verse moro.
Tl10 wo nl and occllrs 35,543 t.imcs.
Tho \1·0 1·d ,JE11ovA11 occnr.~ G,855 timee.
Tito ~liortest 1·cr>o i~ 1 Cl 1ro11icles i . 25.
Tl 1e 2bt ,·crse
tl1c 7tli cl iapter ,,f Ezrn conlnins a11 tlic :e ttN•
of. rho 11iphal)(:t.
Tl 1e 1H rJ1 of2 Kin g~ nnrl tl1e 37tl1 clinptcr pf r,ni:t!1 :11'C alike .
N:~ w TJ<:S'l'AMF.:'\ T.-)[°u 1n bcr of b0uk~, 27; cl1nptcr;-;, ~ GO; Yer:'\'"',
'i.050; won.I~, lS1,2u8; lette r~, 828,580.
111itld lo l>ook i · 2 ThC'~snlon i a11s .
'fi10 1nid<llo clinptcr i;; Ho1r1ans xiii., if tl1crc "· ere a cli:1pi cr
l ·!',.<; ; rwd xiv. , if there WClre a c!.nptcr m orn .
· Thu· miJ<llo nncl l cn~ t ve1·;;0 is Jolin xi. 35.
t) r,u ,\ 7' D Nr.:w '1\:sTA~n:~ T.-Nun)be,1· of 110 01.:~~ t'1G; ci1npter~,
11$!); ,·c r~e~, 40,264 ; wort] , , '773,GIJ7; lett.c'r=", !3,iJ :; G,GSO.
Th e miclclle clinpter, nntl lc:ist in th e Bi\Jk, is tl 1e lllth Psnlm.
The mitlclle verse is P"alm cxv iii. 8.

or

:n,()

ExEnc1sr:.

The pupil m:oiy llerc witl1 rtdvantngc ~ln<l.\', nn<1 sliot:ld
write.from d i'.ctat£on, tho~c co]u!)lns nncl 0<cntl'nccs f'ro 1n tl1('
Spelling-B ook whi ch cont:1i11 1cords th at lie-in!!. s /1J1i/rn- in
p1·01nmciation, hut. d(-ffertJ/ll in -<pclliny anrl in n1.ermi1::1,
nre lik ely LO he confo 11 11ded: n.lso those scnt<'11ecs ll'liicli c<111t:i.in \\· o r cls which it is diOic11lt to 1nite orthn:..:r:-i)' l1i<":tll .'· ·
See Parker and \Vat sn n'~ Speller, and J\"01·tl1c·111l·~ " J)i .. 1:1·
tion Ex('n:iscs."
Excrc.:ist•s of tl1i ~ ];ind ~1to1d.J IH: c•111ti11.
ued, at Jen.st, occa~io11:1lly , 11ntil the poll'"r ;;Ji:dl be ""' l11i:«· ·I
of writing from dfrtatfon. wi th p erfect :i ccura cy .

U!ilt: <.>F cAi'ITAUI.

14

An inclfrect qnotn.tion does not reqnire the n~e of n. c:ipitni letter; n~, Dr. Young hn.s well sn.id, thn.t "procr:'l~tin:i­
tion is the thief of time."
5. The first word after a Period (.),or n.fter :in Excbm:ition Point('!), 6r after an Intcrrog:ition Point (?) reqnir·:~

EXAMPLES.

Ho ail.il.~ in ~nl t to i nj nr~·- Sliaqicn the ((,llze. ·w11at can _rri.l
h int ? 'His j~ ;!<W<I ale. Ere yo\1 go . H e'er it happe11. lln11:;
rn o nn aiol. T\10 ascent i5 o;kep. I gi ,·e my ms~r.t . . lt' nugli; p r:v c nt~<l yon owiht to llilYC t"ltl me. The arc ut a c ircle. Noal 1 -~
ark . .J-j, 0 bo·ugh of a tree. :Make a 0 010 . Ne~rthclieachf_ti;n<ls:'I
bcedi.-trec. Roll the ball. Do not bawl so lo\l\1. !he cei.li 71 g ,,f
n ruolll.
He i!< seali11y r1 letter. The com71l_cment 1111 nngle. ,~
complimental n<1 ticc. Boston is the ca1'.1tal. 1 he_ ~apitol -~
wa,liine:ton. Ji',iint wi t h J.nngcr. A f emt to !lee;~' e . .A fi tree. 1\ «armcnt lin e<l with fur . A ring of gol •l. lo wnn(! t.ho
hntHl~ . 'fltc seam <locs not seem "·uter-ti:;ht. U:wc yon ever ~cer~

?t

n seine filled with fbh 1

LESS ON III.

a capital lcttc1-.
~ · ~!so, names n1id prononns rel::iting to th e S1qm'mc
Being; as, God, Christ, Holy Spirit, Most High, Almi _!.;ht :-,
Omniscient, Creator, S:lviour.
·
7. Names of Pcrson!l, and honor:wy :tm1 ollil·ial title~;
ns, Daniel \Vebster , P resident B 11 cli:m::rn, Secretary Ca<s,
Qlleen Victo ria, Emperor Napoleon, Elder l3rc\\'stcr, De:icon J ncs, Rev. l\fr. Parker.
• . 8. Namos of cert:tin individual o~jects, of D:t\'!'t nf
...,~ t1'1t\ \.Yack, nn.d Months of the Year : also Common ~onns
··, l;_r80)1ilied;. ns, Doth n ot Wisdom cry? Tho11 l1a~t all
·J_ tr~<lsons for thine own, 0 Death! The Sea s:i.w it, :rn(l

.;-;_' i!ud .

USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS.

<:

The c:1pital, or larger form of Letters, is to be 1t'sed
_
1. At the commencement of e ve ry book, ch:i.pt~r, parn·
g r:tph, :\nd inc1c1wnclcnl sentence ; as, The house JS large.
Great cansc there is fo r reg rd.
2. At the beginni11g of cYcry line in poetry ; aes,
The pnth mny !Jo stony ,
Tli c l1ili 11111y h•: ~ter.p ,
Th e Ji,:d)!C thick u111l thn rny,

'flJO ~trcn111 ~tn..>11~ nod dl.!op.

?It.·

3. The pronoun I, n.n •1 ti1c t'xclnm:1tion 0, or
4. A direct or formn.l fJllOt:ltion commences w ith n c:i.pital letter; :cs, Ile pr:lycd "Our Fath er," and prononn~cd
alollLl, " Thine is the king:ilom :i.nd the powe r, nn<l t h111 e
the glo ry." J csns sai<l rn1 to l1im , "Th o u shalt lo,~e ~lie
Lonl thy God with :.lll t.hy hcn rt." And tlie Recond 1s lik~
unto it,"' Thon shnlt lo ve thy neigh hor n~ thyRclf."

.

. 9. 'l'ho princip:ll wonh in the tiLlcs :'\nil .-1iYisions o{
books; n!l, S:1mp;;on's " BriefRemarker," l\rac:\ nhv's " History ofEni:;l:<nd," Ch:1ptcr Fil't h, Volnme Thir•1. •
· '. 10. Titles, hc:i.:1s of clrnptt· rs or section,;, i11scripticin~,
signs, &c., a1·c pnnted usu ally n.11 in Capit:ib.
· In writ.ing for the press, when it is desired to hn.Yc :iny
word or w ords printed IN R~IALL CAPIT ALS t,1·0 lines arc t~
be drawn nn cler; if in LAH GE C..'\PIT1\ LS, t hn'e line~.
If it is desired tO_IWint n. wc!l'Cl in Ital1:cs, a f'i11gk line i.5 to
be drn.\\'n und e r It . These mor1es
print ill(,(" an; ll~Cd to
. ~.
.
'
111co1cate empl 1allc wonh, phra ~eR, or sen tt:nce;.i; or to <fo·
note contrnsted \\'On1s rt1Hl phr:ise~.
11 . Adjective:'! deri Yc!l from proper nn.rneR; n.~, J :ipanc~e,
C!tineRc, Cal v i ni st~, l~om:rn .
12. N 011ns that :<re 1.lcsigned to be mnd.r. emphatic.

or

.

.

·~

,.,.,;;
"•~'\5<<.,;;;';'*kL

~

16

EXERCIS!t8 OF CAl'ITALS .

Ex i.: Rc rsi;:

ll:X lmCISES ON CA PITALS.

I.

Ex1mcrs E

17

II.

In the fu11 owin; s ele ct ion~, ch:rngc small letters into Cap·
ital><, in co nfo rmi ty t o t he ab o,·c H.nl cs.

• · In the following l'x tr:1ct~, c:1 pi t:ils :ln' 11 se<1 som etim es

"in tl10 1lr:11n:1 of life it i" n ot to \Jo Clll 1'i11erc<l w l10 a1non g actors is prin ce nr w ho i:; behgnr, Ont wl1n ne ts prin ce (lr lH-'J.! /.!nr
b est." '"' tnu1.d 1t c1 • i ctc tu ~, n cd ~ brntc1l pl 1ilosnpl 1c r of nncicnt
g rce ce : ;1 111\ p<>j •C li:1s Yer:;ifi ctl l1i111 in the fullo win g couplet,

\\' hen cliarles v rcn<l Upr•n tl1 e Tomh of" ~ l ""'i ' h s , ,\,k: 11 :1n
1'here l ies ono wl 10 ne1·e1· k new f'c•:ir," l: c \Yitti ly rc1>ii"cl• "t! :c1;
lie never snuffe d tt onn<lle wit Ii Iii~ fi11gcr,;.' '
most Kind s of r oots and )l:\rks nro Nuw usl·•l n" ~f ccl i cim·•
E x(mp t; the cnbe Root nnd th e bark of a <.J.,g.
.
'
Ii T,ittlo cl1ikl, l10in g asked h ow nrnny gocl-< tlicr" :ire, re p]; ,,,]
"Ono." "J1(lw d (l yon know T l1nt ?" he .""1" :i,;kc·•l. " Bec:iu"~
tl1cl'o is N o room for nny m ore, For h e fill s ev cryw l1c'J'c'."
A fr twh wri ter Ilns sai1l t!1nt "To <lreru n glori1>lt,)Y, Y.. 11 ''''" t
:ml; gloriotr~l~ \vh cn yon nre awake, An <l to l;ri ng an ;:'cb <low 11 Tc>
cnnvorso w1u1 yo u in sleep, yon .Must l:lL or I n tJ, e ca use of' V i r~ 11e

1

•

lnCO ITCCtly.

l111n1-.r nnrl ::;.han1c: frnm no conlli tion rise :
m: t. wdl y o ur pn rt ; 'ti:i t he re true honor li cB."

all tl1i · is \\" ell s: ii 11.

tl 1a t : ho poin t of' h onnr l i e~, not rn rnu cl1 in

having:\ grand or u con :-:;pic uous part h 1 net, but r:H.licr i u ncting

w ell tl1 c 1•:11·L t11at pruviJe11 cc all ots us, is n l"l:;ition whi ch nJ111it8
of no di ,;p ute .
it l:a,; bee n t<ihl tlint cy rns cori<1u cre1l tli o io ni:rn grccks, h is snn
<:.:\111 \,p< (•,; IUHl a l°lC r Jii111 dari ll 51 king of p1' r, ia, kept tl 10 g reek Co[•
1
1
011i ":; ;1s 1ri l1u l:l ric~ .
knn w lcd~c
111\\' C

nn t.l wi!-tdom, fur rrom ht·i11g- one

oftt imc ~

11 0 C•) nn cct.i o n.

kHO\\

ledge dwclla

l\:fakc the TlL'Cl'SSary COl'J'L' <.:t io n,;.

- dn1~~1...
,."...

;).,;..~

-Q11Mh tr,;m ~ "Th('\11gh fni l' TTcr fo.nturcs be,
1~ I~ h t lij(lll'a l' lult~C' 111 c. 11
"\i•i11<t llltl,Y li er .f'1ir11rn hd " I cri cr1.

" Ono hur,..11·-.l T J,o rUU1/.ll !" llu replied.

in lict1d > replet e wi th thou;:l1t• or oth e r men,
'-ri Kdo m in u1i n <l~ at.tc ntivt: to tl1cir own.

tli ey shall cnll thee:, th e city of t li e lcml, t he zinn of tl1 e h oly
one of isrncl. allll tl 1ou ;;l1nlt know tl i:1 t i 1l1 c lorJ a l11 t11y ,av ionr,
nn J thy re1lec111c l", tl1 0 m ig-lily on e of j:icnh.
wl10 l1 nt l1 W<•O·1 wh o hnth sorrow? wl1 0 h at l1 conlcntinn s 1
t11cy th at tarr y io11 g nt tl1e wine. i 11111 readin g pr e~cott';; life of
pl1ili p ~cc oncl, cl1n p tcr fo i"rrth . w oo u1Jl.I) thee, cl1orn zi n I w nc
uri to t hee, \J c·tl1,nid:t ! the 1irst epi;.tl e of prllil, tl1e lll""tlc, le' tl1 e
corin th i : u:~. nrc tl1cy li cli row s 1 so :un i. nrc1 t l1 ey i s rae l i tc~?
so nm i. tl10 11111eri<.:alls nncl the l1r itb li, th e f1·c 11(:l 1 11nd tl 1c ger ;nan :\ take m11 k ""' th o 111o•t en li gh te ned n ati o n ~ of tl1c en rt Ii .
tho cn gli ,1 1 pnl'c rs n1111>1nn ce tho dcnth of jol1n pri ngle ni1·.liol ,
11.d., pro:·cssor uf n"tn11w111y in tll e unive rsity of gln,go w, wl 10:'< ·
v isit to t.lie tt . ~.a few )"':1rs ~in c o will \Jc rei nernhcrcd . llis Yn·
ri ons w ork~, " the nrchitccturc of th e h eav ens,"" th e sola r syst<> 111,"
" tile planeta ry system ," " tbo planet neptune," we re nll wr itton
wi ih r; rcnt p·owor .

t'h~ tl rcnt E ncli:rnt er of tlic N inetcc•ntl1 Ccn tnn· i>< n rd 1 wch~ter, w l1 osc Spells wi ll Ne" er censo to :iffec t 011r Li ;ffati: i·<'.
"wlt <? r·c Shall I Pnt tl1i,; pr1pcr ;;o ns to be s nrc .. r ,;cei"" it. t •) n101To11·1" l nfJuired Ma ry .i "nc of Il e r brotlicr cli:1 rk ". " ~0 11 111,,
ltJokin g·Glass, 11 wns tho Heply.
·
T ll" o. ~fon, str:rngcrs ~~ cnch <~ tli c r, Got. i1110 ,\ <i i.' l •lll r', Wl"''l
<lne Of ilie1n exe\1\lll1 C<l , l l1reaten111).!ly, "J wi ll T.(• [. Y" 11 k n n \\' , jr
Tlint I nm ll1 r . l1 01l;;e !" " Oli, well, l u111 E•it! al tu :Se \' c-r:d uf y;,·u ' ~
Sai<l tho othe r: "l nm lifr. Uotlges. "
- '

E xrncrsE

III.

c.or y. correctly, f1·om dictation (sn pp1yi n ::; the pn mt.~
anc1 ca p1t:lls, ns the y a r c needed), :tn excl'cdi1l"h· i1 1t e r cs1 iw r
· Int t l' r p:1rt
·"'
ncco1.m t o f tl ic ] nte ~·\r
v ASlll.1\'.GTox I HY I xc;, in ""t !1c
ofth 1s Yo! nm e, unc1cr th () h carl of" Bio:;rnphy ."

"

18

19

tli!t NOUN'.

Ex 1rnc1sEs .
' Wri!e ont the foll o wing pass:iges, sn ppl yin .~ the nunns nf
.,,, n'lrio us kinds that a rc \\'an ti ng t o complete the sense.

LESSON I V.
!'ARTS OF SPJ.:ECTT .-T!rn XOUN.

The things, persons, or phcrs :1bout whi ch we think, or
speak, or wri te·, arc exp r c ~ st· •1 l1y worcls which arc called
nowis, or names. Some or these thinp;s arc outwnrd obj ects th:tt impress the RCll~t·s ; as, book, l1 ow;c, tree. Nouns
such as tl1esc m:-iy be c:-illctl H.IC AL N oux><.
Others ar c t hi11~s only c <i11eein~ 11 or felt in th e m in i! ; a~,

l . S11pply Proper ]\Toans.
E1linh111·gh is tl1e c:ipilal ot· - - , a ncl Lr1n1l r1n of - - . T !11,
tnost 1l i~t i11 ;;n isl101l of onr A111 e ri can l1i;.;fnriar1' nrc - -,
,
- - , fin<l - - . Tl1 c rno:-'t. C< H ~ 1t11 o n Aritl 11 nct ic:-:a re th o ce nf - - ,
- - , - -, nnil - -. Tl.c1 ]' r i11,·i1•:d town., of 1!11, corrnty in
wh ic h w e l ive rirc - - , - - , - - , nn1l - -.

·· 2. Supply Common J\"r,11ns.
The 1l111bo11 j, a l1 en11tif1il - - . Tl10 Ni:i gm·a - - i> ,, 110 ,,f
t 110 won,],.,.~ 11f th e wor ld. W lio i ~ not pit'nocd \\'i il i - -,

virl11c, lwpc, jo?;, lcnglli., hreudll1, etci·nity, goodness, truth .
S nch noun s rnay be calletl It>E AL Nou:Ns.
"\Vorcl s that arc used as tli c: 11:1111 es .o f p:irticula-r persons
or plac«~, aru callecl J>1: 0 1·E1: N ouxs. Thus, L ondon,

J a111es Jl[arlison.
T hose wli ieh a rc n sccl ns the nn.m cs of a eh"s of perso ns
or thin g~, nre C:llle<l co~D lO X N OU.\'S. That is, nam es common, or b elongin g to, nll ol1jects of the sn.rn e cla~ s . Thus,
tree is :i. 11amc for any a11<l e ,·cry t ree. Bird is a n nme applied to :my h ird.
Words w l1icl 1 arc use1l ~~ 1U7.me.~ of q1111. lil~c,. nf 1hc uhjc..:h to
which t hey belo n;r, rirc crill c<l J\u STJ<A CT Noi;:-:~. Tl 1erp1nliry m:iy
be co nsitlerc11 nlist r:1c1.ly, by it;;cl f, \\'i tl1ou t r efere nce lo th e pe r;o n
or tli in g to w lii~J, it hcll> n g~ ; M, icli ilcne,~~ . lalfnes.,, purity, meek-

3. S11pply A.b8tru ct l\~w11s.
lie is 11 mnn o f - -, - -, 111111 - - : 11nrl she i." .~ - - r•f rnro
...._ n·nrl - -. D1> yo 11 oh~ 0n· e t l1 c - -, :11111 - -, nnd __

::or that
4.

1'ine - · - ? Tl1 e prin1:i1•:1l 11nt ic~ ,,. e owe lo ,,, ,,. fi:llow n re tlio>e t>f
- - , - -, - -, - , :ll\41

Supply Collect il)e ~Yv1ms.

T he B 1·iti,Ji - - is e··iu:il to any in tl1 c "·o rl<l . The - - is
~o n1pose<l of two hon=--e ~ or t1('11art1n pnt" . .A lars..:-c - - nf C':it 1;0 .
A - - of bi rds . A - - of ti., Ji. T l1c - - cnnl<l nt1 t ngrP<· in
their verd ict. What a - - of people! The - - a rc di si; er,- ill".
Tlie - - is no>; io rnss ion .
"'

ness.
A w ord j, f'omctinH' ' 11 <e1l to <lcnn!o mn ro 111nn <>no pc r~on or
1l1in.c: : 11,; n.rmy, Cf/ll(!rtr;al i r.n , .<cltr>ol. Th c'o w o ril,; nrc c:11l e1l
Cor.I.EC Tl \'lc Nou~s, liei11g 11 :11 >1 <:~ for a col lcrtion uf p <: r" '" ~ or
t hin ~::- . T! 1is c11lk·ct io11 n1:1y ho n:·g11nled eithe r n~ :1 wJH,J e, ill" ns
i'L'\·l'rnl in\l i\'i<l 11nl ,; 1:0111\,inc\l . lTe11co "' " m:iy 'ay, "Tl1e co11g- rcga tiun is as;;emJ ,Je,J ,'' wh en Yi cll'c1l ns fl ho<ly or ns fl wl1olc ; nnJ
we m~ y ;;:iy, "The congregatio n w cro n~" c m l.lrd ," wl1 c n wo li nv e
r1•f,·:·c1H'.O to t.hc i n1lid,ln:i l~, :1 ~ .• ueh, rompo, in;r it.

LESSO N V .
NOUNS.-Tl!E TH NUM!lEH, GEXDER, CASE, J•EP.so;-.;.

NuMmm.- A n oun den ot e~ ei t he r on e ol>j \• et,

or more
In t he fornwr instance, it is ~~j,1 1o he of t he
Sing11Tar l\71nnbP1·; in th(• latte r, of the I'l11rul.

than one.

20

I<OWII ATION, OF J>LURAt. NOUNS.

The General J:llle fo1· ch:rnging the Sing nlar into the
Plnr: 1J f()l"ln of :i, i\ onn, or Name, is to al1Ll the lette r "s," ·
or " <·s ;" a~, free, trees; l1o:i.-, bo':l.:es.
Ol'~'" 1T e tlic follo \l'i11!-i Spcci((l Rules :
1. N"our1 s e111li11f' in JI, nfr c·r a cv 11.•011rrnt, cli:rnge the V i11to ies.;
n•, 011 t cl'!f i11tn ou lc rics ; .fly in t o jlic•._ O tl rcr n1H1 11~ e 11 1li ng in
:lll d :ur s. l'rvj> <: r 11ou11,; i11 11 d" no t clr:ur t;o 1t 111 to 1eH, but vnl y
11
ad 1l nn s.
2. Nouns in for fe c1 1ange t.l 1e:--c en<li ng:3 in lo 'fC,lf to furin t1 10
pln r·:r l ; ""• c{{/f, calves. No uns eml in t; in
a,J,] ans in t.lr \) Jil11rnl ;

.tr

a",

Jil( {f~ ]J/l [f':.: .

·
8. T! 1c pl11r:t1 o f 11 0nn" ('nc1i11g- in ·", .rslt, S1)fr, clt , z, x, ?r o, 1s
1
ful'lll('<l lr\· :Hltl ing ('.'- '\\' J.1• 11 rh 1 1:1 ~ ti re so11 111<I of I.:, <only s is n l<lcd tu tlie· .. i11,!..!; 1 d : 1 ~·; n...:, 1n.1Hrffrr;h lJl' C'n lll l' S uio11rrrc/uJ.
4. ~[: 111 y 11 01 fl1," nrl' ir rc~1ul(u· i11 t l1e fu r111 ati u1 1 c1!" \,\ 1~ pl11r:tl ~ .n~~
1na 11 , wen ; chi/,], c/1 i /dn~ n ; yoo.'fr, !!t'C.s f. ; 71 t111 11y, 71 t· ~11111\~ (1 11 ('; 111111;.;
pil'<'t: "' o!' ('t1 i1 1) . Cl\' (w J1e 11 Y: dt.l l' j;-; lll (': lll l) ?'(' /ICC," :ft.e, fi U'l~ ; {.o o[ /J,
t ecl'1; i mfr.r, j 11 ,/r .rfs . (l l' i11tl1rr,11; :<tuW (:l :-- 111 ::; \e n111111 :il), . . 01ct1, soto
or .'1r i11e (t l1e ;;pe<·it·:o), R>ci11e, ,\:c.
v. J\1 11 .J cv1n ;;o111ul ·1wa 11., t'urnr t.l1c plurnl rct;11la rly; ii", luwrlf11 l,

l; rw1(/11/s; -'7''0011f11 l, spQ01f 11k
. .
. _
. ·.
Cu rri ponud no u11 s i11 w l1icl r t.l1e prrn<"rp:tl :\·onl 1,; fw-t, pl n1 :tlizo
t.1 1c. li 1·, r. wor-1; n~, .fathc1·-in-lnw, J i1tli ers-in-lmc; 11 i.l-de-camp,
ll'i.f-<-de-C{{111 JI.
T ire (;(J l lljl Ol \IJl(lS or ?II.rt.II forrH tir e 1·l11 ral in 7/ll' ll ; ll " , Ji8he r ll1{{/1 ,
fi .. hcr 11 u:n ; but 111...·;·e :1rC 11 1 11111~ accidcnt: d l_y e11ili 11 ~ i 11 1nn1 1 ';.l 1J<:h
ha\'e t l 1e p l nral f1q· 111..; tl l ~.\" adding ·", ll" i11 lln; J.!' l.' IJvral ruk. l l1 u ~,

0

(q{i."1!1/ ftll, lrtlismif/1 .ff.;
'lJ' Oll1ifl l - .'((' /'rtf l/{

11/u.'l:otf lllrtll, J / n.'f,'( flluu 111H . .J / 1111- .'fC f'l' ffl ll

]dll 1':tliz1...· lint 11 Ct. lf l:,l illH.~ ll t Won.Li; Jl ~,

111 u l

'n l ffl -,'4C/'l" lllll8,

u; r1111 en- .~ C l'ftt11 (.v.

fl . f ' ,.,,;n·r ,,, 1111 r.<, 1c11cn ·1 1.~ed ·1'.n lit e 71lu m.l, a ~ \\'l re n t w n or 11 1<or\.'

p c r s un :-:

ur

21

FORMATION OF PL U lt AL Nvu;o;:; .

tl1 . . . :--:1111e 11:11ne :ire . ~:l : 1 :-'~.\.·d t n~."'·tl n:r 1 t.:il~e 11~'.' pli 1r :1.I

f,,r 111 . "" Tli c ! Jnw 11 , 1 T li c JJo yr!...
\\ 1111 n t.1lie, 7 he !iii.
}:Jruw:i.' l; ' Th e !llix.-< }J11y 1ls . If t l1 c pcr~o11s t~re ti• l10 i11cli \·i1l 1. .
11 1;,.1.. 1. t lru 1i1 ic' 111ily j, 1• il1r:rlizc·d; 1!1 1"·. Tli e. 11/,·.<sl'.<. /l--mn 11.;
T he ,\lts•I'~. Jame.• ll/l ,l Jl 1ul rew Ero1~11; The ;l/i.<st• Ay11es llll l l
El iw uelh E o1;1l. Tl1c J1:t111 ,, a nd title sl1 onhl 1wt l. > o tl1 he 1°lurn\iz1·<l ; :1•, Th~ Jfr•sr.~. flro1n111.

\ Vhcn t wo or more i n 1liv i 1 l nnl~, ! r ol o lin~ tlic ~~m o nfTi o'r flJ'fJ
Hf'<1kc11 ot~ the nmn c of r~ {lfce j, \,, l10 plnr:rl izeil; " "• Thr~ ]J islinp.~
L"'r1stl1111·n n.n1l l'ol.icr : 'J'lw Cencrnl• S1;oll an,{ J:ip lc!t; ]_ ,, ,·,/.;
]JrMl!Jlirt.m. ru11l Alacr111/11y.
.A1ry JNtr l (~l ·"J>cr·1;h, 11 :-:l' d :1~ a 111111 n, n !· : l "' :l 11H..·r(· ll:1 ; 11··, l ~}r111~
tin~ pl11r:d lik e llcHl/1:-> cd' a ~i111i!: 11· ter111i11; tti1111; : 1-.: 1 : !w ff!/r."I :t nd
1we.~ ; tlie -i11 s a11ll oul.<t ; Iii ...; ruult-1 and l1i .-:t bu ls ; t l1u JJ', (1."l r, ·r8, t Lo
Cril1Wllll8 111' tl1c c1n111 try .
7. N111n e rical fi f.( 11 re;-;, letter~, a1Hl 1nat lie1 n:lt i1·:d :-0y111 \ 1, ii..:, n·~ · f· i \ c
I\ plnrnl fur m by nd1l int: •, wit l1 :i n rq 10,lr<11il 1.:, 1•n' ceol i11 ;.;; " " · tlircc
b's; f our e's; cru ss }' <lllr l's 11111] pb ce fl dvt O\'t: 1· tl 10 i'.y. Tli c + '-•
uro more t l1 an tho - ·~.
8. S o mo no u ns li:wc on ly the si ng ular 1111 111bi·r ; a~ , <iron, lead,

milk, sclllpture, flour , goodness,
Sotnc lll'C 11 s ed only
(1i te r:1t11r •.:) , arcl11:1;f," ,

:i .:;

wi~d om. .

plural n oun .; , : :1...: . clulh f'.t:. rlrr :','X , /l'// r'/'J

ftslt eH, flnn" l.'f,

1111u111 c rs ,

11~or1d,'{ 1

,,, ; ,111tirr\

ti£lili[JR, l lv 1.u,/.·.'i , rlnt Mf!1'.lf, J1it1 CCJ'H1 .'<C;,,.so1'.'<, lu1 1 r1-~ , .'i frntr."'- .
So1 11 c are u~L'd in l1ot l 1 11u1111H: r:--:, J1t h:'\':-;:--ir1g tl1e ... :1i1 1t.· f1 :·111 ; :i-=,
Sh eep , l'l'iJll f. gu, lfn W,i, JJiti Jl ,'< 1 Cfh i c.v, '1!111{/tfl11JlliC.-<, J'111e11l!I U f i1 ·.'< 1 .vril'."1 1
1

salmon, dce 1-, specic8, hc11d ni' c:l tt le (tl~ 11<1t i 11 i; i11di,·i, \11 :1 I \':1 tt le) ,
'fish !1.lllljuwl (1nc:111i11g ti re clas>) . W l1c·11 indi"itlu:d" :r re d c 11., tc· •I,
tl ro ret; itlar 1•l11ral f.,1'11\ 11111' t. lie 11 s ed --/~•/i e., :tntl fn rl.< .
fJ. Al't.L'r nn1 1h.·r:d :td_ji.: eL i\'t" ~ , ti1e \\'t11' d ~ C!lr1tl 1'_fJ , J;1111\ horsr, i n / ant,'·y, Mc.il, weivht, J"dr, cu11;1lc, .'!('OrP, /1-111J1 /rtd, ,\: < "~ :1r 1· u-.1.•t! iri
tJic Si r1 g 11 Ja 1· :tlld pJ11ra J ~ ft ..:, -~ f.t fllllUf 1·ctf, fl lie /1,u111lr1 •1/ : {/Jrrf, frfl/ non, ot1e can11on. But \\' it l11111 t n 11u111 e r :il :idj1..· <·t i \· ,. t l1t• 111• 1-. t c1f
t;llc h wo rd:; tak e t.110 pl11r;il rlll'i ll ; 11"", ''!/ /11111 dr('l/8 ; /1y dozr 11.'i,
Foot nntl hor~w , n·fe rri1 q.~ to li1Hl ie:-1 ol' :-;i1 ldi4.:'r.4, 1111<1}'f'u}'lr·,111 t.· a11 i11 .L(

p erson .14, nro r\..·gnnled a~ pl11l'a l; n~, H 1'/any 71 Pop {e \\' l' r e c11ga g-1·d.'
People (1len 1•tin g t< co1nm1llli ly or hurly <• l pe r" ' " ") i" :i c• 11i c· e1

t iv e nou n, in tliu s ini:pila r, b11t it ,-0111eli1 11 e s l:ikes tlr~ i'L1:·: 1l f,,r :n ;
a~ , H ltfany peop 1 ~s nod na tion .:;."
Arn e n d~ nnd 1nca n,q, r efl; rrin ;; to (1ne nl•ject, H I' ~ ! ~ i11 ~1 il :1 r; to
trHn·e tlin n one, plura l. In tlie ~ir1g11l a r fun11, m e:' ! i t11..: J1 ute~ t in!
mi1!Jl e bet. wee n two extro1 nc8 . JVews i ~ fo r t.11 0 1n,,,t \i:tl'L ""''strucJ as singular-so also, molusses, m ea.~lcs; rilm .. , a/Hl r iches,
an d oats, ns pl ural.
10. Nouns <lcri\" cd fro m foreig n ln ngungcs ofl.::n r et:1in tl 10 plur:d
fvrrn o f t lr (! l:rnguugl's to w hich they belong: D<1/.11m, ./,r l<i ; de·

FORMATION OF P LU RAL !\OUl\3.

~ idcralum., dc.•idei·ata; emplw.• i", emp!ta~e.1 ; critcrio11, cn ler ia;
li!f7><:>l11csi8, li ypotlicses; 1·adhts, raJii; .<c1.,17, li , ~"'"/'1, im; i-ertex,
Vert ice.•. S>llllC for eig n Word,, by Cf>llllllOll \l ~C, J1a \' <;) ll<'l]tlircd
also 1.i1c E11;.;iish pl urnl form: 1li cdi um, 111edi11ms .· 111c11w1·ai11l11m,

LESSON VI.

mernorr.md 11m.~ ; fo rmul1i, for mulrt.j; g en i u~, gcni usfs (11'11 ··n f•i:l'so ns uf gc11ius :11·0 mea nt); gcniu~, {/en ii (wl1i.:n 1lc·ri:d :-;11ii-its are

NOUNS.-T!IEIIi GE:S IJ .l<:it .

lnMlll.).

ror moro pnrticnl:t r rni<'•, n n1l cxcc1•tinns un<ler them, nn1l mo1·0
n11111 c rl'1t1s exa111ple, , ~«.>m e E11gli , }i Gr:unrnar may be co11 :rnlted . J n
conforn1ity to tlw nl;o ,·o rnlc~, 111rty 110 wri lto n. ou t t.lio follo,ring

1, N onns :wo of several ki11<b, so far

a~

lh c·y (1c1 1ot c

()hjcctil of the m ale sex, of t he fom:ilr, or of 11citl1<:1· sex,
''Mid 1\ r e t.l ms call ed noun s of the JJiasculine, 0 1· .l'l:nriniw;, (•r
1l1Jutcr Gendm-. Nouns wh ich t1cn ote li1·i11.; 11t·ings, :mi l
j't!t do not determi ne to w hich sex these liel onQ;, are 11ou11~

ExEn C ISES .

C orrect the form of the nottu8, wli c 11 th ey require it, in
th e following exampl es :
Tl1 e licros of the n c Yoi11tio11. Th e cc l1 os nrc re1narkali ly 11111n cro us. 1 cou11tc1l i'>111rt cc n la<iY ~ . Tl1 cre wuo three loa f,
lirend.
Tlio Pt1 1n pics of tl10 ng<'. Ti1 c Tu ll ies ot' ;\1n c r i t~a. I ind l tl 1rce
li fes to 'J1C11il, tl1ey sl1uu],] all li<: gh·cll . Tl" ''C 111 c11 we1·e rem:uknbl e gc uii. Tl1 e .Mu~snlu 1 c 11 of 1\!r, ia nre great oppor1 en ts o f Cli risti1111i1y. ' Tl1cse tl1i11 g;i rnny be used as t:ilis11wr1. I "nw tl 1rce
rnrt n- $cr van t,; nnd t.wo womnn-:'e n ·n11ts. Us<' t wo :.;p0o nsfol 11f
snleraln~, nn<l tl1reo l1aothfu l of flour.
Ilow 111nnv 1lio "·crn
tli r .. 11·n ? Iluw rnnny pe nny w a~ i t w o rLl1 ? ll"w ,;, nny JH·nce
Jin ,· e yu11 ? T l1 e J\fr. Tndors. J\'li " -falle nnd Snrnli l'o r tcr,. Tl1e
Mes'""· I lar pcrs nn<l A J~p l cto n s. T l1e nl'lny !ind t ""' C<>llllllfl lllle ri11 -c liid,;, Ile \\'l\S t ri ed by sc Yc ral C<Hll't-11101'1.i:il,;. S l1 e !ind two
fntl1 c r-i11-ln ll's. Tl1 0 dntt11ns nro in c on·c1~ t. :Marµ: nn:t liud too
11i:tny liertns. Tl1c· re w ere five strnt.11111~ of ro ck~. }' i,·c "''rnpl 1ims
w e re enµ::iµ: 1•<l in wor.•l1ip . All tl 1c r:t<l ill'l"~ of t l1e ~11111() ci 1·clc are
C<J ll:il. T i.c e 1np li :1 ~ i ~cs :ire 11Pt corl'ec tly lai<l. J\j, J,,,p Cal' k r a111l
Le wi ,. _ J\li111l :'"'llr l'' n11il q'. D o t. y .. 11r i; n11d ('!'" '" )'ll ll l' t,o.
J,n1Jk well flt tl1 c + " nnd - " · lie f'l!iplnyed 1•11 1:· tl• e dn·g of
liioti11 1e. lla ,- e yo n lt:llrn1:1l ti 1G tidi 11 g1> f 11"' l111ttl.: ? II<: l1ad tll'o
]'a"irs "1· draw e r. ll c 11111d e nrn e nd to 111 e nll d tl1i :< \\';1..; tile 111en11 of
a1·11i1li11)\ a co11t.est. l lc c1npl11yc <l g u11' and pi,;t,, J;, a1 1d L1y t lii s
mon11s overpowe red me. Ifow many 1n ol a~ses did you pm·<;linsel
!lb riclics was g reat.

;,f

"_of t,he Common Gender j as, parenl, teac/1.er, sh e•'/', cous in .

-,:.·l'b~y°a1.:c 1i;imes wl1 ich rnay in com rno1 1, or eqn :il ly, iic nppli ·d to bei ngs of t' ithe r sex . The prououns, /11', sl1f', ii,
.•:. ~.l'l,i' ;SUIJ ti ~utcd fo r nouns of the fi1·s t th r ee cl :ls:<<'' , rcs11 ec· t'· {\~ci'v:"
'or site m:iy UC rnbst itntl'•1 f;,r :11 1\' !H) li ll uf

·:rre

· 01tilrM11 'Gtrnd~1·.

· 2: -.flt

sexes nrc distin g nish ed-

('l:) By tli<i use 11f cli tfo re n t w onh; :1o<, ''" "''"'"]· 1r1fc ; ji·irrr.
, tHHI ; 1y:1r, 1w buck, ewe ; 11/J cle, unn.t, &<;.: "" (2), iiy a ditl'e1·c•11t
,~--: li.tlnig, fl s baron, Uaro n.e~s; du ke, du clu:s.-<; x1>n[1-~lcr, son;/.'it res.~:
-0 r (S), By prefixing n wor1l to di~ti11 g 11i.-li tl 1e "'X; a,, r1 num.sci•,•ant, (l nwid-se l'\':rnt ; a he-goat, n ,,/w-;;0:1t..

3. Some no m1~, ,,· h ich describe thi ngs th:-it :ll'c ,,·itl1nnt
se x, rn:iy be ch anged, liy ::t fig ure of :;pcech (c.:dkd Personification), into masculine 0 1· fomininc.
I

W hen :\ll obj ec t of ~ t rcngtl1 , or power, or s111ili111i ly j, .< p<'k<'n
of, it i~ tl1t1:-i Sp(lk e n of :ts fl 1nn~c111in o nl.jecl. ; wi 1l'll 11 11 o l)j t·1·t. <J
dulic:l<~_,. ni· Leanty is llt.·~(·1 · ib l' d , it i~ v iewl'd a:-' f'i..·1n i Hin e.
Ot. i.11 e
sun it is s:·tid, H Jfc Jin:-: ri~ en ~ ·, <if tl1e 111uon, H ,\.,,'Ju~ wal k." il11_; l 1l :1 \ '0 ll."' i11 lier ben11ty .11 \Vi:-.d11111 lift.,. u p lier ,·o: ce, an1l \\"arn~ . Ti 1c
ves:;c l :-;:ti l:-:. \\'Cl!; ,'\he lia ~te n:-; i11tn tl1 e l1ai-b1> r.
0

4. A ve ry yonng cl 1ild, or a11 anim al ,1·1io"C ~rx it is not
important to designate, i~ often r c preRc ntc<l by the llClltC'r
pronoun, 'it.

24

'l' HE CASlJ:S OF N O U~S.

'l'UJJ: CA S JJ:S OF' NOUXS.

T !i c mn,rnlinc pr(lnonn is often n~c<l in s pcal; ing- o f .t comrany
of iu ttli ~e x e~ ; n ~ , ~~ T l1c :-;\: l1i111l ca1111< 1t pn,='per u1ile~s e:1c!1 p11pil
sl1:1ll ' u 11ly cal'l'f'i:lly !tis Je<,:0 1" ."
Tl 1l' j ll't1i1t>11n it i:-: lt:' Cd i11 1 !10 lH.•g-in11i11:-r of a <' l :ll hl' 11 1· :O:t.... !i( e 11 ( 0,
nn d l1 n\' i n;; rd~·rt.; llf'C tn n 111;1 :-;< ·lil i11 L· , o r f1..·1 11i1ii 11 e u l1.Jt..:c L, ;111'1 to
ono o r 11101'':; :1 ~, I t w a:-; !tl'; -i t w a:; ll1ey ; il wn-; ,'f!t c ; it i ~. a
Ht lti/, ,' i t i;-; :l 1.C OJJ1J(,JI,
Ex>:n.c ;scs.

Ch a nge tl1t)

ll(lilll S

in I talics i: )I' those

or

a .Jifrl' l'('nt

GerH1c r.

T!1e Sultrin of' Tnrk <'y. Jr" np pointc1l li is wifl! rt > Iii~ c:renllor.
Tlic w irlo1ur ki' j n>t left. town . I li nvc '"ld tlic rn m , tl 1e .< Ill!/, th o
ste('r, tl1 c duck, tl1c cnt, :in1l t l1c li nr..e. · \\'11 111 .J y 11 11 lih• 1!1e ,.,. 1.n.
tnti 11 11 11f a 1ciznrr/ .! T he E"rl i ~ nnt nt l111111l'. Tl1(• /,11rrlfrrrly ·
Jin;:; ret 11 r11ed.
I w :111t a t11ifore.".'J. T lie r1 0 11dcr j.. ; n : 1·y 1u 11 ;.:l 1.
W l111t a li 11 c beau yu1 1 a n:! \\' l1at 11.1:1·ce• '' "" ,J , ~ 7 T l1e 1o ido1~
!01J kcil s:iu .

CASES .

1. T he w on1 case i,; :-ippl:cd to :1 nom1 to rl t·notc it s co n1lition , 0 1· tl1e l' l'i:\li on wlii<.:1 1 il lll':trs to su 111 e \\' v rd or
l\" O l' c1:s

wi t h wl1i d 1 il is

CO llll C(;\, (• Ll.

In ll 1c H'nicnco '' Joh n h·:"t rn:; li i .~ Jt. . "...:ori,' 1 t.l1r

3. As to fo rm, the n o mi na t irn and objcctirc C:1scs o f
'..· non ns have t.l1c sanH'. I n p ro nouns th e J(,i· m i ~ , in 1il< J8t
· ..., Mses, d iffv re11t; as, I, me ; th oH, thee ; li e, h im; sl1r>, lier j
· · ice, u.s ; th.c.7J, tli cm .
4. Anothc1 case is the P osscgsi,1;c, a nd i s 1i;;ec1 wlicn t he
· .: poss ssor, sr,urce, or :rnthor or a tlii 11 g i~ !1c n otc1l . It hns
· · 'a 8pecific fo r m- that of the n omiD :1tir c, followccl hy 's; or
·when t h e n omin atirn ends in s, a n apos!ropli e (') :llonc i~
adcled-80 calle d because it is a titrn. i!iJ ojf o r el ision of
e, i, o r '!!· The S:lme ch aracte r ( ' ) is al so nscd for t ho
possessive of the plural n umber where no vo wel is omiLtcd.

r n com po und word ~ t he ~ig n of tho po~scssivo is plnced nt. tho
end; ns, fat h er -in -l aw's books . T he 's i ~ a corrn pti on or nbhrcYi ·
ntion of tho old fo rm of lhe Anglo-Snxo n P osses~ h· e in es, i•, 11s.
5. A noun is in t h e n o!llin a ti ve casf', not on ly wh en
''· used as t he subject. of :i. Ye ro, b ut. w h e n it is in apposition
t o su ch a subject, denot ing the s::i. me pe rso n o r thi ng ; as,
"Ci ce ro, t h e orat or, fl ourish ed at Ro m e."
A nonn is nl$O in t11e nc1minnt i,·e c~ ~e whc;i it forms n. part of
the pre<lic:ite, or description of n ' ubj ect., an<l ti~notcs ~iic rnmo
perso n or tliini; ns the snhjcct ; t11u:<, " Daniel Webster \\':\Sa m o't

LESSON VII.
NO U X~ . - TI IE m

25

·1\" <•nl

rem a rkable man."
A n oun is in t he o1j(·ct iv o cn,c-, no t only whe n it f.,11ows nn<l
depen11s npo n n ve rb or JIH r lic ip le, but when it fvi :o ws n. prepositio n. J ohn gav e th e urJok to Ja mes. Behold in g tiio sun.

John i"' ll1:1t

E xEnc1sJ1:s.

of wlii l·lt ~< rnH·i li in~ i:-< ~aid-it. i:< tli n ."ll!f~jt'r;t of tlie v1.: rl 1 INtr·n.!,

nn(] is 1!111 s in t l10 .rnlij<'cli 1·r Cfl.'(' (ro 11dil io11 ), o r 1/ (>111i1111 t ir" c:ixc,
it is tl: c 11nme of' tl 1c .111hjrcl . \ \' l1C' n·:t•, in t.l1 c >a 111 0 ~c 11 te nr r , tlic
WIJl'd le.•.<on bein:: tli:it ll ]"' ll wl1 ic l1 tho nction CXJ>rc,;,;,•tl l:v t l10
verl"' n:sts- in otli c i- \\' 1)rd~, l • (: in~ 1!10 ol,_j,:c t of tli t~ \'(· r b-i.,~ :-::lid
1.,. l J~ in I.he olijectire cme, ,. r co11rl.ilio n.

2. \ Vh cn a pe r so n or thing is :v1drcsse d , the nam e of
such pe rson or t hi11 g is in the n omin at ive case indepcnile rit;
as, Jolot, 1C':1rn you r lc;o::~on

vVritc O\lt the n ominat i,·e, possc~si v e, an d ol 1j cctiYe C:l ~ l:'fl
of t h e f111lo ll'ing 11 0 1111 s, l1vth in tli c singula r a rnl l'lur:il
nn:n b ens:
·wi fe , l1 u ~ban <l , kni f,\ talik, po ny, h oo f, m nff, slnn y, !:ix, h'l ·'"
chu rc h, se xto n, ox, Ja,Ji , n 1llcy , pe nny, Cl1 arJc,;, fa iry , l1l'n , ly11x ,
negro, t h ief, co u r t- m n1·tia!. T lnH• :
. Nom . wife, I'o.•9. wi fe 's, Obj. w ife; ]{om. w ive• , l'oss. wi1·ts ',

Obj.

wi H~ .

-<

2(i

EXERCISKS ON P J,;RSUN AL PRONOUJSS.

RX:ERCISf<.:S U:N PlrnSON AL PRONOUNS.

27

EXERCI SES.

LESSON VIII.

1. Write u phrase or sentence containing Person:il prououns of the first pe rson , Ring 11h r nnrl plur:il, in tl 1e posses-

1. These a;·e sul1st.it 11tcs fv r nouns, nnd arc used fo r the
rnrpose of uvoi<liu g tl1e d i t>ngTcP~1Lle repetiti o n of th e name
of :i. thing or per~on in a sentence. The lite ral meaning of
Prono7m, is f or-noun.

ffiv o case.
2. Containing prononns of tl1c iiccond pe rson, singnbr
nnd plural, p ossessive cal:ie.
3. C on tainin g prono uns of the third person, Hin g uhr nn<l
plural, posse Hsi ve cas e.
. 4. Containing prono uns, singnhr :rnd p lural, in the objecti~c .case-of the fi rst person, second p erson, third person.
5. Correct the personal p ron ouns that stao<l in th e wrong

Its conveni ence fin d utility nro npp!lrent in tl10 following se11tenccs : " Then Ju<l11h cnmo nea r uuto him 11nrl sai<l, 0 my lord,
let t hy servant, I prny thee, speak a word in my lord's ears, a nd let
not th in e tlllc;cr turn agnimt tli y ser rnnt. Tl1ou ~ai<l st u nto thy
se nan ts, Except yon r younger brotl1 er come down with yo u, ye
shall sco my foco no more." \Vi tlio nt tho pronoun, tl1cso se ntences must rcl\<l thus : "Then Jn<l Hh c nm o near unto Joseph, nn<l
sa id, 0 lonl of Jud:il 1, Jct .Tullalt the servant of Joseph, ,Jn,lfLh
prnys J oseph , spenk a w oru in tho ears of Jucl al1's lord, a nd let
not the nn ger of Joseph tu rn nga inst the servant of Joseph . Joseph ~ail! unto the Bcrrnn ts of Jo~epl1 1 Except tho youn ge r brotl1e r
of Jnaah , Heubcn , Simeon, Levi," &c.

2. A Personal Pronoun is a snbsti tnte for the nnm es of

pen;ons, or of thin gs personified, i. e., of things i;poken of or
to .\s

pe r ~ons.

Of th ese pronouns 1l1e;·o nro fiv e, I, thou., he, she, it; !11111 tl1 eir
plurals, tee, ye or you, they. Thcso nro used ns tho su bjects of a
verb.
\Yhcn these pronouns in dicate tho po.•sessor or source of nny
th ing, they nn<l crgo a cli:1ngo of f.,rm ; th us, my or mine; thy
or thine ; his, hers, -it.1; our or 01a.~; your ur your~; tlieir or
t heir.•.
Person al Pro n oun~ , wh e n tl1cy Btnnd fo r names thnt nro tlio
obJ'ects of an nclion or relation (stnn<ling after a verh, o r n prepo·
Rition), take th e foll o wing forms : me, thee or you, him, li er, it,

tu, th em.

'!..

«ise.
• Even good autl 1or;:, qnott·<l l.dow, make frcqu<'nt rni , tnkcR in
}his pnrticn lar; as, "Slic suffe rs hourly rnnre tl1nn m~." IL ~ l 1onl<l
be, "tl11m I," thnt is, tl1 nn I do , t l> o wonl than hcin g, in tl1i;: scn e.noe, only n conjnnction. Tlia n i.,,.f,,re wl"'m is n preposition,
anll r cqnires tli e o bjective case; n•, "Tlinn 10l1om there is no bet·
r man ." "All slept save she." It sl1 onl<l be lier, being the ob
Jcct of the preposition save .

··,,,

· __ W ri te the following sentences correctly:
There w11s no one in the l1on;:c snve we two . All , save T, Wt>rl!
11t rest. Nor hope to mnke otl;crs such ns me. It j,. l1im who <l id
tli i~.
It i.~ n<>t tit for sncli as 11; lo ~ i t. w ith tho ru ler:l of tl 1c lnn;i
Lc:t ho tl1:tt ],,,, ks aftc·r t.he 111 1 lonk 011 11is ktncl. T will be lier
whose foot the wn ves wet not. Silo exclaim ed o n llo.stin1'.' , yon,
and I. A~k tho munl e rer, h e wl10 has steeped his lia11d><, &c.
Sorrow nu t. n~ them w ho lun·e n•> h ope. Ilol lrrnd and tl 1ee cli<l
;.• each in 11tl1 e r li 1•c. \Vo are al••ne, l1ere's 110110 \Jut tlice a nd I.
' ll im slrnll n e ver come ngain to w e ; bnt we shall ~urely 0ne d:1y
o . ~o l;ie. She is sold like t hou. J Io was much older tkrn l1c-r.
They w cru rnore terrified tlinn us. It was tl1ce who we 11 t l1ence.
Unless you nro the mast<·r:i, tllld not me. Tlicy 11n1,;t h a ve t>l'en 11s
.glad. as us to e"cnpe. S tirnul::i te.J liy t.l >e apprql.Jation of udter
Jndges tl1an t li e111, she turned to t lieit· liternture, &c. l kno w Hot
whom ei;:o nrc expected. T he village li1wy"r, whoso Ilurns wa.s
?Am ,o,f th e j11,.tic<' and law eccle~iastienl.

'<'.

..

28

COI>IPO UN D

L:X RR CISKS OX PERSONAL I'lWNOUNS.

6. A s pro non n11 suppl y t h e place of noun ~, it i~ essential
to pcrnpicuity that they ll ho uld di stin ctl y p oillt to th e nouns
w h ich they st:rn d fo r.
T h e following pn~~ngc fro m Gol 1 l ~ 111i t l 1 's Jli,;tory of Greece, is
ve ry fa 11lty in th is l'C'~pcct :-" Ile \\Tole to tli :Lt 1l is: ing 11 isl1c1l pl 1i·
JOsopl1cl', \Jeg/:iing of !tim. lo come 11111! 11111lcrtake !ti~ e•lurntio n1
nml to hcoto w 011 ltim, tho~e l es~ nn s o f vir t ue " ·lii ch eve ry 1-ircut
m an nugl 1t to po~s c s~, :rn1l whi c h h i~ 11t1mcnin,; avocations rc11 dcrc1 l im po s~i \.l c to /iim." Conl'11siun follo ws fro 111 tl10 ili1fo rc11 t ofl!ces
whi c h t.lie pronoun lie is i1cre mndc to pe r fo r m: fi rst, it stnmls fo r
l'hil ir, t h en fo r , \ri stotlc, next for 1\l cxa 11 1lcr, nv,11i11 fu r Al-: xandcl', U1 ,·11 t wico fo r Pliilip. To clea r t.!1 0 sc nle 11 co of n111 hii.;nity1
in,;tc-:11! <>f "hi.< erluc11liu11, " it sl1011ltl hav e lic c n •'!1i .. .•on'" ed11ca· .
t ion ;'' nnd ir1:'ih':1t1 of "/ti.1 numcro11.~ 1cr:oca tiu11."," i t ~1ioul1l l 11\\'0 ··~~~
LcC ll H his IJ 1D/l.. 'J111J!!l' J'Ollif ft VOi"ttfi1ni.v. "
.
7. In th \: follo w ing se n t en ce tl1 e re b a bo an ambiguous
t i se of tlu: }11? /'.< 011 al pronoun :
" Jc.'"" C:1111<: fro m l\nz nrcth, nn<l was hn 11tize<l of Joh n in Jor·
<l an; and strai i;li t way comi ng np Ollt of t.h o \\' llt~ r Ire ~a w tho
li etw cn~ opc 1wd , nn<l t h e Sp irit., like a d11ve, 1l esce ndin i.; upon !1im."
Does hr, refe r to Jes us or to John , nntl (I ll w li ic li <l id tlie Spi ri t tlcscc nc1? Tiio p:1ssagc it..•el i' <l11es nnt clearly d eterm ine t li e fJ l1 estion . It w<•nlt! seem to teach tliut Jesus sn w t.h () Sp iri t dc;;ce11tling
on Jc1l1 n; but t.lio rnca11i 11 g in te u<l ed is tl111t Jul1n snw th e Spirit
<kscencl iog on Jesus ."
8. Correct the a mbig uity in the foll oll'i ng p!1 ssage~ :
" Tn l1ioi dny~ P l iarn oli - Ncchoh, kin~ of Egyp t, went up nf(n in ~ t
tlic l{in~ of J\s,yria, to the ri ,·cr E11 p h rnt.c~, nnd K in g J osinh went
ag:1in-t liim, and he slew liim at Mcgi<l<lu, w he n he !i nd see n li im."
- 2 Kin'].• xxii i. 20 .
" Tlie tiun of i\[lln slinll he <ld ivcrc<l n r to t he cliic f-prics l'8, nn<l
10 t li o ~c r ib,, , , :in1l tlil'y ~1 1 11\i r.on .Jemn lilm to <
lent Ii, and d eliver • :{: •..
hi 111 to I.l ie (ic 11t il,•>J, :rn1l t lit'y , J1all 111 oc k liim ," &c .
111 lho lir;it of tho nlJIJ\'C i" '~" age•, i ~ i t t nuglit. tlial P k1r:i<>l1 kil led ··
,To,iah , 01· tl 1r1t J o> inl1 killl'll Plia r:w li 1 Tliu con text rnn ~t Le co u•
~u ltc d, to mnko tlio rertu i,itc <:urrectio n.
In t he second p!1s sagc, it iR 11 n<kcidtl1l w)1ctl1e r th o Oon tile8
nlon e, or the chief-priests 11 ud scribes nlso, mocked the Sa d our.

'·I:::

AND HELA.TIVK P RONOUNS.

LESSON IX .
P RO NO U K S.-

COM POUXD l'.EHSO N AL , H.EL AT!YE 1 ETC.

l . The w ord self is ofte n a <lcl ed t o th e perso nal p r o n c0 un~,

my, tliy, ld m , li er, it, om., your, th em, mak i ng a n emphatic
compou n d: th us, m yse(f, & c., ourselves, & c. T hese com pou nd p ronou ns arc used iu only two cases-the nomi11:-itin'
an d olijccti\·e.
2. R elutiue Pronouns a re w or ds t hat st:111d for :rn •1 rc , late to so m e pcr~o n o r t hin ~ p r e vi o 11 ~ly rnc·nt ion('<1, or tu
some p r cce11in g phr:tse, wh it.;li is c:1lle<l an .·lntecrdc11t. Tl w
r elativ e pron o uns pe rfo rm tlie oflic<~ of a conj11n<:Lion, iil
connecti ng cb.u ·es or s r u tc llccs. T l1cy arc ?0/1 0, .,r/iid1,

that,
·

1d iri t .

JV!w is applied only to p erso ns ; wllic11, t n mere anim:ils
an d thin gs ; th at,, t o person!> o r t hin gs. 1Vlto is ap p lietl to
th ings w hen thei<e a r e person ified.
TV7iat is equ i\· :ilcn t tr1
that wliicli, or those ichich. 1Vhat a nd th at arc usc·tl o n ly
in th e n om inati ve a nd obj ecti ve cases. 1Vlw :rnt11cli ich
are the sam e in singul:i.r ancl plural. Their cases stant1
thus :
Norn.

Who.

P oss.
Obj.

Wh oso.
Whom.

'Vliich.
Whoso.
Which .

W l1a t is applied t o t.l1ini;• , nn<l is u~c d o nly when tho nnt ccc dent is omitted ; 11 ~ , "ITc ~ :iw what he d esired,' ' th at is, " Ile •aw
th e t h in;; wl1 ic h he d e,:i rctl. "

Th a t i,; 11 rola ti v(', wli l: n i11 pl11co o[' it wlio, wlt icli., o r ?Dhom 111 :1y
be n>c<l. Tt i~ 11 11 a rljcct i,·u p ro11011n wli cn it clcf in P~ or li111it; ~
noun ; as," T hat book is cxc.-llcn t." I t is a tlc1nonstrn t iYe p;·...
noun wli en it is not r cl nt i vc, bu t points ou t the o!.,iect to wi1i cl 1 it
refe r~ .
l t is ft co11j11 nctio n wh en it mcrnly con n ec t~ ~ l' nt.·: nce~; :i~,
. " Ile ~ t111lies tliat ho may lcnrn."

30

E X b:R C!SIJ:S ON PRONOUNS .

EX E R CI:ms

~N

PRONOUNS.

31

The :intccecJent is not nlwn)·s exprrsse tl ; n~, "Who w o r~h i p God
arc the obj ects of hi s favor;" that is," They w ho wor,hip," <I.le
" ·w hom t.lio Lo rtl lo veth 11 0 c ha ~te 11 e t l 1 ; " t hat i$ 1 "Ilim wh on.
the Lonl ," &c., o r, " 1'hoso wh om t l1 u L o n l," &c.

W h o m an wns it? T ho cow ""·ho leaped tl1e fence. W hich was
l1is clin.-a ctc d
T hero w e re three <logs " ·horn he droYo n"·ay .
Wl 111 of t l1e;;c h.a l" c I t rea ted badly 1 lfo treatc!l sl1c bailly . Tl1i~
is rl 1e 111 an a' I ;;a w. This is tho wo1nan a8 is n0t to be ~nq • a'"'' 'l.

3. The Compound Relative Pronouns a rc 10/i oevcr,
?chiclzei·cr, ?c!talcver, 1clwsoevcr, icliicl1soever, 10/iatsoever.
These h:i ve the same co n struction as wha t.
4. 1V!to, wltich., an ti 10/iat, wh e n e mpl oyed i n asking
qncstions, t:ike the name of I nterrogative Nouns.

4 . $ u b~titutc tl 1e compo un d r elative iu stea11 of tl1c :rntccc<le11 t :i.nd rclati \·c her e used .

W!to is applied to

perso n ~,

Auy person who trnn sgrcsscs t11c law, co111111 i t~ ~i r: . 1\ 11y 1.l 1i 11;;
that gives jlfLin to oth er \Jcin;;s sho11 Jd be l\l"Oi(Jed. Ho who i'1
si11 1plc, let liim turn h itlicr. T·• O\'Cry <rno y o u m ed givu frientl:y
snl uta tio n.

Mliich nnd 1oli.a t to persons

tl1 i ng~.

5. Supply the relative.

. TV710 np pl ies to the namo inqui red fo r, which to tl 1e incJivi<lnal,
wliat to professio n, occnpation, ch aracte r; ns, Who wrote tho
" P a radiso I..ost 1" 1el1.ich Milto n wns i t? 1~l1 at was Jii s chnrncter l

Thero is notl1 ing places rel igion in so <li s:i<lv1rn:ai;co11s n view .

It has been r c11111rkc(l , tltere is nothing disco vers t.!10 true te:np" r
of 11 pe rson Ft) much n~ l1is le tte rs.
dance :i jig, w rite a good. h:ind, &c.

Thero is Mi's Liddy, can

ExERCJSJ·:s.

1. Suppl y the prononns th at arc omittcq in t he follo wing
sentences.
- - shnll I sny 1 T o - - <l id he d irect his speech 1
crosses tho bridge must pny toll. Y 011 know not - - I am.
w ill n ot ask - - you are . Tell me i n - - tow n you Jive, in
- - ~t rect , in - - li on,o. I fo u nll - - I snngl1t. - - aon nro
vou 1 Di <l he find - - ho r~o ? H o - - lilbors har1l will suc~ced.
·- - sins will bo puni~hed. - - is n ],.>nut iful drc~~ - - yon w ~nr.
This is th e lior'e - r fl n aw ny. I k no w - - book is you rs. I
know - - is w nntecJ . l lo vo - - loves me. - - seek mo enrly
sh all fi nd mo. To - - did yon repo r t - - 1 By - - ~kill w 11s
it done? By - - <l i<l h o snffc r 1 - - w o uld \Jecorn o r ich , must
b o incJnstrions. - - influc nco is good.

2 . S11pply antecedents.
- - w ho stenls my pnrH·, stea l-< t 1·ash . - - w li o 1loes "" goou ,
doe" h:1rm. - - who was h urt, lias n'lco 1·e rcd.

3. Correct the p ron o11ns here u sed.
Tho boy w hi ch brought the mai l, h ns gone. Hnvo you seen tho
'aouso wl1nt I b o ught? Where is th o rnnn " ·lti ch inqu ired fo r me 1

·f,:;

In comm on discourse, o r famili:H" wntmg , the n ·l:1tin)
m :i.y oflcn be omitted, where in solemn or di gn ific,J ,]is.
co n rse, it should be used ; as, "This is the rn:rn I ~poke
of ;" "this is the ro:i.<l he tr:wellc<l ." Is there a Gu11 1o
swe:w liy? Is ti1erc none to believe in? Is there 11011c to
t rnst to ?
Supply tl1c r elative i n the se ntences just 11 uotet1 .
G. A~ pro1101111s :rn<1 nonns th:i.t dep end on t h<' s:i rn c
v erb or p repositi0n , l'<l 1ould lie in the s:ime case, th:i1. is, in
the olJjccti vc, eor r<'ct the follo win g sentences wher<'in this
p r inciple is Yi olated .
ITo cnmo to tench m y sister ancl I. Let y on :11111 I go anil w~lk .
P 11 t np t l1o>c 1'10,·c~ f11r Clnrn nnd I. B e t wee n you anrl T, lie j, n
grc:tt. ,·ill ain. L e ttc·r~ Ji a,·c just b een r ece ived for you a11J !. L<'l
y ou 1111<1 I entlean1r to irni'ro,·c.

7. Co rre ·I, the w ro ng c:i se of the prono un in tl1e fol k111·i11g ex ampl es.
\Yho do y011 (lcpend on fn r p rotection? The pc r•«> n t1·l1orn ynu
expcctc(l w onl<l perform the wo rk , !1:19 n ot nppc:irod . IIo "'·horn

32

AD.JECTIYE l'JWNOUNS.

t h oy intend shall execute it. Y on \\' Oll1<1 fi1Hl three or fonr in tho
parlo1· ni'tc r <linn er, whom (yo11 '" ottltl ~ny ) l"">Nl their ti111e
n;:;1·cc:1lily.
\\1i10 sen·cst thou u11tlcr? J lu wl111rn }" •Ht pretend
r eig ns i11 heaven.

8. Correct the pronouns in the JU!lm1·ing 1•:t~s:1g-cs, so tl1at
there 8hall lie no in eo n:;i.~t cncy in J.Yumba und U e11der.
Do as t ro ubl esom e n• yn11 plca~ c, l ~hall ne,·c r own t hat t l1 ou
nrt. an ev il. The Si 1ni m ca nn•lt ens ily \\'al k upright, be1'a11so it s
foot re;; ts on th o ou te r c1l;;c, &c. Th e wicke•l are suffered to
flo11r isl 1, till tl10 Hu 111 of l1is ini quities i ~ fu ll. Yet you, my C reator, de test tilC, tli y c rc:1tu rc, tv who m t.ho 11 nrt boun<l, &c. llis
des ign was to render A th ens n 111nriti111e city , in whi ch ho fol lowed n \' Cry d ifferent ~ys tem o f pol itics frorn tl1cir f.,r1ncr governors. Egypt w:•s gln<l at th ci r departure, fur they were 11fn1icl

of tLcm.

LESSON X.
ADJ ECTIVE PHONOU!\S 1 OR l'RONOMI N AJ, ADJECTIVES.

J.

ing ,

Th e~ c :i rn p:-onoun~

whi ch perform tl1c oft-ice o f iimit-

or c1csign :-tti ng nouns.
2 . "\Yhcn they point out objects definit .. ly, they arc c:<ll cd
clemo11.<{·1·at i1:r, : they :i re this :wr1 th.at in th e ~i11g1tl:1 r ; f.lte8c
:mrl those in the plnr:il. Th.is :ind lftcse r cl'e r to 11 C'arer objects ; that a11 c1 tlto.sc to m o re remote .
3. \ Vhen pro nonn s re present ohjcct~ taken separately,
th ey :i r e callc1l distri/;uticc : they arc each, every, either,
01· q11al i(ring,

neither.
4. \ Vhc n t hey c1cnote l>j ects inc1cfinitl'l)', tlwy :ue call.
cd 1:ndcji11ite j :i~, 011e, hot h, a11y, none, all, .rnc/1., wlwle,
other, anot!ta, f ew, many, much, several.
One :tn1l oilier nre u ~c t1 nbo n ~ n onn s in l1 oth singnlnr n11d
pl11rnl, being dccli 11 cd , One, one's, one; one.•, ones', onCIJ: Other,
qtJu:r's, otlt er ; other.•, other.•', fJ /h,rR.

EXERCISRS ON ADJECTIV E PRONOUNS .

'-/;',•'Aiiother is u;.ed only in tl1e ~ing-n ln r, in the tiir(le case-. Jt r efers to one of ma ny , the other refer,. to 0 11e of t"'''; ,.., , "Ilero
.m·c five npples, tnke t his on e, o r another;" "lluro aru tll"u !IJ'[ 'k •,
tnke t his one or the other."
I t is sometime~ 11:wd i1ulefiniti'ly ; a,, I t seems it s11ite1l l1iin.
c<. So in the pl 1r asc,, " It rains,''" it snow~," &c., it stn 11 d~ for tho
,, prodncing can~o of thc"e cv011ts, or to ext,,rn:il nature .
, Aught is often c rro11t'<Hl~ly written ou1ht.
JJ:ithcr refer~ only to one of two th in gg, and not to on(i 0f more

than t\vo t1!in g~.
A
Neither, in like ma n ne r, r efe rs only to two thinp:s.
No one, none, may be used in relatio n to rnore ti1nn two nl>j ect".
Each is c•1llllectcd wi th n ~ingular and nnt \\'it h n plural pro _~ noun - tl1nt is, with lte, lt-im, her, ,,lw, it; not with they, /.hem ; n:1 ,
~ " Each had 71.is p lncc appointed, eacl< his conrsc."
"Ecr ch 111an
·•. drenmed Ids dren111 ;" not their drcn111.
E very, like each, is also tfotri\, utin', nnJ mu st lio u ~etl in th e
' snrne rnnn n e r.
The nbov e tlistributi ,·e pro1wuns r equire the verb s of whicl1 they
nre suhjccts to be in tl1e singula r n11rnbcr; us, " Each rnrtn ha1
his sharo."
Either is sometime. wron gly 11;;e<l in place ,,f each. T lic fo rm er
··' menns one of tw<' , w1iilc ench signifies both t1istri h oti\'ei y ~ n ~ ,
HPlaco tl 101n on eitlicr ~idc ," 1 1 a· :u1~ on one or tl1 ~ otl1 c- r i1Hli11~· r­
ently , n(•t on both sitlcs ; hut" Phcc thein on each sitle, " lllcn11s on
bot I1 ~ i des .
'J ]1 0 <1i>tr il1n ti,·c erery i• 'om e timc• i1npropcrly 11so<l for rrr111.
Tli o fnnner 111ca11s nll , ono hy 0110 ; any 1nc:u1~ o no ont of nll 1 tlio
pnr ticul:ir one not l> ci 11 g <lenutcd.
.None, being :i contraction of no one, sh onlJ not be emplnyc<l to
cxprc~~ pl nrnli ty, o :· ns cqni\'alc nt to no one8.
.A ll, wl1ich is n collect i ve :vljcctiv e, is sometimes improperly
u sed fo r every, which is di stri b utive, a nd applies to indivi 1l 11 nl<.
EXERCISES.

Correct the following sentences m accorJanco ,1-ith tho
obsel'Yntions in this Lesson:
Six men nttaekcd liim, hnt nei ther of them we re identific<L
2*

34

ADJECTIVF.8.

Either of the•e three steel-pens will \vrite well.
fonr npologics commend thcm•clves tn my 11pprovnl. On eitl1er
~id(l of tlie rit·cr w11s t he tree of life. The hou"e <>f Unnl wns full
fro 111 0110 end to nnoth cr. L et tl1em strike him till you c:rnnot
t(:ll one foot from nnotlicr. Two w omen shnll be i;rin<lin1:r nt the
mill, tho on e ~hnll be taken, nnu nn other left. Pro•o and pootry
arc so differe nt one from anot h er, that t h e one wi ll liimlcr rnther
thun a~sist tlic other. Ono end is n~ thi ck ns 11nntlier. MyriadH
of bnts w e re li:rnging n ne to the otl1 er. Dio<lorns i; of more credit
tlinn l'l11t:irch, or any 11t lier w l10 write lines by tho lump. An<1
they drea1m-rl n rlre:un, both of them, each man tl1eir dream. A nc!
they were j11 tlgcd every man acconling h> th~ir works. Eacl1 of
the chss l1:w e their pln ce ~ as~ignccl. I sa w eve ry man wi th their
wenpons in lrnncl. Jln1·e y o u ought of strength l ·fL? Wh e n one
h:is left one~ hon~e, r~iiro t is ever felt. One~ licalLh denmnds
cn1·c. How nro tho on e's 1 Are yonr little ones' as dear to you as
iuine nro to me 1 N ei ther <•f tl10 fo\11· samples nro such us I expcc l.e11. Each ono of th e k tters hear date after l1is rct.nrn . They
crncitied two others with l1i11 1 on either ~itlo one, an<l Jcsns in tho
mi ds t. T he w e:ikness of their wttll c 1·ery enrthqn akc might overthrow. The idea tree is applic11ble to nny tree, ond mny th e refore
lie regn rc1c<l ns ono nature common to nll individual trees. Are
eithe r of those fi t·o mon guilty 7 Neither of them are gui lty.
Each of them lu their turn wero dism issed.

LESSON XI .
ADJXCT!Yri.S.

An A<lject iYc is :i. word acljected or added to n Noun to
define its nnmbe1·, size, form, or q uality; as, four, small,
round, s1oe~ t, good.
Th e lulj ectit·e docs not Ynry its form to accommodate tho numhc r, 01· gc rnlcr, or cnrn of the noun. It i ~ the s11me for nouns of
e ith er nu 111bc r, :iny gcncl c r 11nd ensc. Thn ~ , three men , tl1reo
wom en . A [JOOd \Joy, gno1l boys. [ sawn 1nodut youth; n modCl!t
youth SilW mo.

ADJECTIVl<:s.

3.)

2. Adjc0tives, for convenience, b:i.Yc been reduced to t he
followin g cb.sscs :
(1.) I'1·opcr: ~n e li :'l~ nro <lcri vt•tl frorn n. prq prr na11H•, ; a:-:,
.America n, fr<11n .1m ericrt; C,il1fur11ian, from Cfll~f'v ni ia .
(2.) Common : exprcs,ing rp111lity, a1"1 not dcri1·ccl, li ko tl 10
form~r , !'r11m n prope r 11a111c; ns, aclil-c, chill.
(3 .) I'ronominfll: 1.Jcing so metim es n~cd r1s a prono un, a 11 1l
so1 1 1eti 1 nc~ ns an n•lj cc1i ,· c. Of tlii~ elnss nrc S<'lllC nli-ert 11y coll si<1erc<l i11 precc<lin g J C' ~~on ~ ; n~, all., rion e, a ny., lHU'"h., ~'<fJ UU', fHtlt,
othe1-, anolli cr; lld.,, llt11t, these, tho.<c, each , ril!ta, cu ~ · :; , ,,_j!/t er ;
fo1·rn er, [11tler, much, rnany, few, set eral. Su1nc of tl1 1:'e l•l'h•ni;
to the C"bss of
(4.) Xmncmls :

ns, first, second, &c. ; one, tioo, ,\ c.; singlr,
double, &c.
(5 .) I'urticipial in form , but having no relation to t ime ; as a
knowin'.J rnrtn, a lovin[J "' ifo.
(u.) Compound : tliosc componn1led of two o r moro wonh
con11 ee l1:rl by n liypli cn ; :is, long- lost ~on, u:oe-oe[Jone farn.
(7.) So1 11 cti111es nottns :iro u.;cd as ai1jcctivcs; a,, a11 iron bc1lstcarl; a .~ t one w:lll; a [Jlass i11kstan<L
3. A s to ti1e position of the Alijecliuc, it u~n ~tl l y ~ t :m •h
Lefore the noun, 1ut someti mes i':I placcJ m o re advantageously afte r it. A s, for example:
(l.) \Yhcn it j, <prn lifie1l or ntl\ ·ct etl hy som o ot11r- r ''"'""l' f~.Jl .. wlng it; n~, "He i" n 111an great in hi~ own con ceit." "Il e>i' n 1r1 r1n
learne.il in nll rncli mnlt(· r; ." So al so (2), when s" '·ernl :idj0c ti v e~ qualil"y a 11 ou11, tl 1c.y should tnke a J><'"ilinn a fter it. ; n, , "l'"
is a " ·om:i n, refined, covrtcous, uencjiccnt, nnrl ye t lwmMP.. Tl10
a cljecti \'e is also (3) pl need after tho noun for the sa ke nf crnp /11{nis; n,, ''Virtue most matttre." ,\l,;o (4.), when nn :\\he rb prccctlc' t he atlj cctit· c ; a~ , "a horsc truly elegan t." AJ,o (<3). w l1 •'n
an ndjcct ive is nsed as a title ; a~, "N11poleon the Thir d ;" ·wn» h ington the [JOod." A1ljcctives (G) that qualify pro1 1011n ,; a re pl ac•·d
nft~r t l1e m, gcncrnliy; as, "Ile left me very sad." (i .) In ll 1u
i;Lructnrc of 1· ersc it often beco mes IH'CC"'" r y; n,, " Can>t tl1»u
not 1.linister to 11 rnincl d iseased ?" (8.) In introrlocin i:; a r;,· nlimout, an emphaticnl n<ljectivo may, ou tho oilier hand, he pbC<' 'l

36

ADJECTIVES .-DEGlrnES OF Ql,;ALITY.

F: XlmCISES ON AD.TIWTIYJ!:S.

37

eome dbtance in adv:rnco of the noun or pronoun which it qunlifios; ns, "0 larl am I to see y on."

LESSON XII.

ExEHCISES.

1. Snpply th o blanks wi th Proper .Adjectives.
tolincco.
co ffee.
- - prophet. - - rhubnrb.
- - literature. - - commerce. - - liook s. - - writings.
- - sy nagog ue.

2. Snpply tho blanks wi th s nitaul e Common A<ljectives.
- - rice. - - nnch01·. - - nn gel. - - chn gor.
grnpcs. - - lesson . - - dcmngogne. - - dialogue.
fati gue. - - gl utton . - - rnn su n. - - season .

3. Supply the bl::m ks with Pronomin:tl .Adjocti\'es.
- person . - - l1onse. - - grove. - - snilo r.
;1en. - - pnrents. - - sl1ips. - - l 1ymn. - - tree.
-

4. Snpply the hl:rnks wi th Numcr:i.l A djectives.
- - chapter. - - ,·erse. - - lino. - - penny. - - clolmrs. - - pounds . - - ou nces.
5 . Snpply the bhnks with P:trticipial A dj ectives.
- - girl. - - h<>y . - - <1i~pos i ti o n . - - clinrnctcr.
story. - - c,·ent. - - calami ty. - - e:tpluit.

6. Supply t ho blanks w ith Componnd 1\ cljectives.
- - people. - - cou ntry. - - citizen. - - homo.
7. S npply t he blanks with N ouns that may servo as
AJj ..,ctiv es.
- - barn. - - house. - - ship. - - column.
8 . Chango the position of the Adj ective.
Tho mnn is poo r who has n ot tlio friendship of Gor\
woman i.<; w i ~c who fl(1orns l1 cr self with piety.

The

ADJECTI 'i-ic.5 .-

DliGREES OF QUALITY l':X PRESS:ED .

1. Acljccti \·es in m:rny ea~cs cxprcs~ q:1al iti es 1"11ich 1n:1y
v:try in d c·g ree in J i!Tercnt objects. T he sim ple Ji>r:n uf
the A djectiv e expresses the simple q nality : as 1c ise, rotd,
learned.
A high er deg ree of qualiLy (usually called Cumpm·aticc)
is exp1·essed b y adding r or er to the simple form, or uy
prefixi ng t ho w ord more: as, wiser, colder, more lerrrncd.
The highest degree (Superlat ive) is denotcJ by ailclinµ: xt
or est to tlic simple fo rm, or by prefixing t he wonl most :
:u::, ·wisest, coldest, most learned. Jl[ore :i.nd m ost arc 11~r> : J
ch iefly to modify long words- those of more th:m t " ·o ~y: .
h bles.
2. Tho deg ree of q uality may vary in an opposite 1lirce·
tion . This is e x prc~sed by usin g th e words less an<l least
before the adj ecti ,·es-:1lso b y add ing to the :Hljcctin the
sylhble is!i; a~, blncis/i, that is, slightly blnc; less 113iy;
least ugly.
Tl1cso Ryllables moi·e, mo,,l, &c., mny be rcgnnkd ns making
wi tlt tlte n1ljccti vo a co1npounJ ndj cctivo.
So l!l c ailjectivcs nro irregular in tl10 mode of e3"prcs ~ing ''nryini:r
cl~l!rce~

of qnnlity; t!t us, uood, better, best; many , more, most ;

l-ittle, lcM, least.

3. So metimes compnri,;on is made hy certain intcn8i,·e
wol'(1s; as, f a r, by f a r, e;ctremely, imcommonly, i·cry, e:>:ceedin[!l!J, placed b efore the simple cornparatin~, or 8lljh: r·
lativo form of the adjectiv e.
Tho words S1Jmmohat, little , much, so, almost, still, yet, &.c., nrv
11omctinws employe<l to mod ify th e adjective.
4. Oth er a<1jecti ,·cs do not properly admi t of incrrase 01·

38

!CCE!WISF".S ON A DJECTIVE8.

PROPER AND IMl'lWPEit USE Olr T IIE ARTICLE.

30

dccrcnsc in mc:rning, anrl, hence, n either in the ir fo rm; as,

s71cctre, trian:;1dar, circular, &c.; one, two, &c.; almigltty,
ch£ef, extreme, 1"1'.fi11ite, p e1f ect. Yet we find m :rny snch
arljcctin:s used in t ho comparatirn :-im1 s npcrlati1·e form, "
bnt, ". hen 110 11scd, the adjcct iY c, in its positive or simple
form , is not used in its fullest possil,J e extent of mea1Jing
bnt 011ly as approxim:iting to it.

Tli11s, we say , John is

more 71c1:fect speaker tha n Andre11·.
ii . Ou::;c n e t h:-1t "·hen two objects o r persons arc co mp:-i red , the comparnti Yc degree o nl y is employ ed; wh en one
or more objects nrc compnred with m o re thnn one, the supcrbtiYe on ly is to be u;,;ed. V cry rarely, a double s up erlative is used by good writ,crs; "This was the most un1.:i'.nclest cut of all ."
ExE !lCJ SES.

l. Correct the following pas~nges:
Mary i~ th e kind est of the t wo. Sl1e never nppenrctl moro
l,cn utifnler. He is tho rnost goou of nll. Il e is tl 1e rnure learned
of tlte th ree. Sbe b lcnrncder tl1n11 he. This is bl11i;l1c·r than
th nt. Onr God is more nlrnighty tlinn t l1e t:otls of tl1e heathen .
He is lesser cro~s thnn 1imn crly. Tl1i' h11rl~cnpo i ~ 111oro i11fi11 ito

than tho one we obscrn~d yeste rday . I nm lenst wi se tl 1un yon. ·
That is tho most perfectest recitntio n of tl1u two. 1t is moro cu·
sier to plny t.11:111 to strnly. :i\fy farm is m o 1·e S<pltl ro lltnn yours.
2. Supply the blanks w ith n<ljcctiYCil in t he comp:mi,.
ti vc degree, both of the incrcasiIJg :-in d of the dirninishing
order.
- - hill. - - lllf'rclinnt.
grn11 cl motl1cr.

- - money.

- - un cle.

3. Snpply the 11Janks wi th adjective" t hat arc mod ifi ed

by intensi ve words and tl1o~e of an opposite character ; viz.,
very, &c., and somewhat, &c.
- - prince. - - bird .
poYerty. - - dise4So.
vnlloy. - - oongstcr. - - needle. - - st.ation.

LESSON XIII.
TilE ARTICI.F.-PT: orJm AXD nrPR OI'ER USE OF IT.

I. T here arc two limitin g Acljecrivcs, an (or a), a1;d the,
which :ire cnllecl Articles. T he fo rm er, an or a, prefixed to
a n oun, denotes nny on e of the class i!idcfin'.tc>ly; the btter,
the, indicates some particnbr, dcfi111tc . object. An hou r
= one hour, any hour, some hour. 1'lte hour = one pa rticular hour th:it has been r eferred to.
.
A i:s u sed before a n ou n whose first letter 1~ a con~o n :rnt.;
an ~vh en it is a Yowel 01· sil ent Ii.. 801110 nouns, howev er,
· who~c first Jettc.:r i ~ :i vowel, eonnn cncc ,1· it.l1 a consonant
sound, and req11i rc the fo rm of tl 1e articl e to l1c er..
•
The indefinit e arti cle is n ~c d o ni y ll"i lh 11011ns 111 the sm gular; the defin ite, 1ri t h n oun ~ in c_itl_1cr n11 mhcr.
' .,
z. The applications of the md1jii'..1le and <(f the d,ft:m.e
itrticle, and abo th e prill(;iple on wli1ch the al1;;e1H·c o( the
a rt idc is fonndecl, are th 1111 il lnstrntcd by ?l~r . Harrison,
from sentences in the second chapter of Gcncs1~ :
"Ai .. ! tl;c Lnrrl God f•ir mc1l

of lh o <lust of lh e cintli. "
.,
"Therefore ~hrlll "man lc:ivc his fat.h er nn<l mother .
Any m a n at nny future lim e.
' 'A mi the Lor•i plankcl a g"nlen casl wn.rci in E<:;n, nn d there he pnt
the man (heforc mcnlionccl) wh om h e hl\d form ed.
.
•
•
" Anrl 1he Lord God snicl, it is not good that the mrrn shn111<l 1,,c a)o,1c.
I will 1111\kc hi m an help-m ee t."
Th e a li:.;enC'-' of the n.rt idc CL1togetl1cr bC'ft>TC the term 11111n dcn01-f'8
• d r,
the species l\t large.
Herc al•o nrny ·he oliservc<l a mark ed <li stindion l>etw~ cn l 11e lll c •·
n itc and the deflnite article.
1)tlm

;I/an, not l11n·in r- previ ously exi$tcd.

3. The Art.icle is n ot changed , a~ iu m~ny other languages,
to rmit the gender of the no nn, yet it is to be regar<lcd as

40

l'HOP E I~

AN D IMPIWPlm USE Olf TIJF, AlnI CI.E.

masculine, ft..'minine, or neuter, :iccon1ing to t he gen de r of
the noun : :ind, hence, wh en it precedes nouns or different
genders, it sho 11l d be repe:ited before each , 11nless the no1mR,
by association, couvey the iclc;1 of un ity; then it r equires
to be usc<l 1111t once.
"I met" mnn ;rnrl hon;c" •houl<l bo, " I m et n nrnn nnd a horse,"
unl ess it be <lc,i sncd to dcscriuc the two in connc<:lion, the one ridin g
Qll the other, and forming a sort of compound nniml\l.
It may bo
proper t o s;iy , "Tho mnn nn<l wif..:," or "The father ;ind mother of
the chihl," liecansc so closely n~~oci;itcd in life; but "the gi rl nnd
boy " " the h onse ;ind trccR " would not be proper forms of ex pres·
si~1~. Tltcy should be "the boy and the g irl," "the house nnd the
trees.·'
0

Tho ~:uno pri nc iplo sho ul<l be observed in using otl1er n<ljcctivcs; tliu>", "Tl1e Lords Spiritllal and Tcmpornl," shonhl. ho
"Tho Lords Spiritnnl nml tho Tempornl," or "The Spiritnnl and
the T e mporal Lord~," or "Tho Spiritual Lords and tire Tern·
por:d ."

4. Sometimes the article .is ·improperly omitted.

"no

will gni<le yon int o all trnt.h." lt shonl<l be .. all the
truth," ns in t.he Greek ori ginnl. "Thou nrt my b clovetl Son,"
sho11lu lie, n~ in the G r eek, " T hou art my Son, the lieltwe<l ."
"All tho cl1ief 1•rie~t~ nnu eldei·s of th o people," &c., s houltl be
"tlie elckr~,· 1 &c. "Elder$ of the p~ople" w onlJ menn certain
elder~ , but "the elder.~," the cbss. "The pious r cme mbrnn ce of
tho dead and li'ving." Jlcre two distinct clas~cs nre confonncled
ns if they w c ro <l end and alive nt the same ti mo. "The <lend nml
the living" is the correct fo rm.

5. Sometimes the dl'jinite arti:cle is riot only .mpeijluo11s,
but injun:ous to the sense, :is wh en :m additional desc ription
of the i;:uue sul.Jject is intcndcu.
" E ''en Tcrnl1, tl1c fat lier of Alirali.~m, nnJ t l10 father of N:1cl1or," 111:1y convey tl10 i<kit tl i:1 t tho father of AhrulH1m nu<l t ho
father of Nnchor were <lifli.'rent persons, wh crca~ t h ey were the
samo person, und to express thig fact, the roa<ling should l1rtvo
betn, "lbo father of A brahmn and of N uchor."
"There are fow

41

l'ROPER AND Iil!I'lWI'ER USE OF TIIE AHTI CLI,.
word~,"

s:iys 1\ <l<li,;on, "in t11e Engliolt l:rn guni:;<', whi ch nrc cm ploy e<l in "inure lnn>'C' sense tilft 11 Ll1oso of lh e fan cy :rnd lli e i111n ;.:i nntion." Th e wort.ls t!to.•e rif l he 1t1HI the s!H 1nltl be 0111ittcd, to
express ll 1e idea intend ed hy Atldison.
·~

G. The Ujlprupriale u11d uerw/'lful use of the d1ji11itl rrr-

t tir:le will be scc11 in tl1c following examl'les add11ccd i1y
lI::irrison:
"They sh;ill fall hy the ~w o nl, hy the famine, rt11<l l1y 11,, p.: stilcn ~e ."
tl1us properly m:\l·k i11 .~ the tli;tindnc's of the in ,; lrumcnt ,; "'" Jll ")'''l.
"Tli ey would >till maintain the Yirtnc, the felicity, nn,! 1!,, c11q.irl' d
the Rou11ln pct•l'le ;" here \'irt11e , fclkit y, n.nd c 111pire 1 bcin~ all di)°')·

·.,,'
·:·.:

tinct object-;, arc :-;o represe n tl"l. '' Tl1e c0ming- ~le:-:~i ;dJ !i:td 1 c•:n
n1ore fn·q11 e11tly reph.!se ri tcd under tl 1e t:l1aractcr ()fa kiH~ a 11d c;rnqucror, than 1111der that of <I prophet, a rn:utyr, or the :--;on ,, f GP~!. "
As tl11: 1·l1ar;u:ter uf c0nq u(; ror w:ts assotiakd, c~pt.~ ially i n tlie .l1· wi ~h
n1ind 1 wit Ii th:\t of kin,!j". tlio article is not rciw atcd l1t:f11rc cnn711eror ;
bnt as r rn1·lu·t and mnrlyr arc n ot nccc~~:i r i ly c 11n 1H ·cted . the articl e i~
appli ed to each. Again, hcf11rt; the word .~on, tJ1c dtji11ile nrtit;l c is nccest.::lry 7 tv indi <'<dl' tlLlt the ~lcs:'iah was Gvd 's 01dy Son, nnd not one
1

of many, ns the indefinite article v,:011ld have }tinted.
Anoth er in ~t an ce- " l"llr tld.::> cau:-;.e ca.me I intn the world, tlin t I
shonld Ucar wit ness nnlo tlte trut.li.
En~ry one that i~ of the. trntl1,
hen.rclh n1y ruiCt!. Pilate faith 11 n to him, \\rl mt is tri1tl1 ?' ' ('lir h·t
u~c:-; tile 1ktl11itu article liccau~e he rl"fen; to I\ particiilar ~r :-o. t l'rn (1{
truths "..-liich lie c1 unc to tt·nch. Pilate omiti; th e article, fo r lie "'peaks

of truth ;;e n t:rnlly.
''I bP:sCt:ch yon Uy th e 111eek111:,,,,, anrl :;en!l"ncss of Clirir;t. '' Th e ar ticle
' is omitl.c<l before [JWll""''"; it is imep,mtbly con nected with the other
trait, and Hhould not be dissevered.

''

7. The Ind.l'finile Artfrlc sl1 011ld be rqiental tclicre t/1.c
tkings, p ersons, or qualities are in tlu:rrrnelces distin ct, or
wltei·e a di11tinction is to be rqn·esented. For ex:unpl e :
" A cool J;efl<l, an unfoelin;; l1enrt, and a co w:1 rdly <li,p<»-ili .. 11,
pr<>111ptc«l l<i1n," &c.

a ri<] i.,11l.111 s
11

~op\ii,: t,

'' lfntlrinn w ;1s, liy tu rn,:, an cxcvllent pri11cl',
nncl tJ, jealous tynrnt." " T l1i ,; t' nrtl1, ",pot.,

. ,

grni11, an ato11i."
It is improp<: rly on 1H fe•l in the

f111lowin~

i!Xamplc: " TTc crH1ntrd

t·qunl vi bratiiJns of a. pendulum or l1alance·-wl1rel."
l1dn;;

tli~tinct

These

sh ou li 1 C':i d1 be l"11ppHi·1l with au artifle.

i:1:-.ln:1111·1its

As

11ow rca~~

,. \.

42

P ROPEit AND I 111PJWPF:R us 1,; OF THE Al ffICLE.

P RO PEI' ANJ> l.Ml'lW l' J<: I( U::llr. 01" T ll K ARTICLU:.

43
·~

~~lrmrc_ - 1rh erl i~ osc-1: n~ n_n ot~1 rr nnmo fo:· p t ndrdum . It iR p ro per to My,
He 1 ~ a 11rgro <Jr J.,.t/aopuni ; ' lil'can ~e t• Jtl1 e r cp i 1l wt nrny dl:;.; i•"naltJ tli ef'!'l lll {j

i11divid11al.

l ~ut

it.would licirnpropc r to

I . .'lplandt:r,"
.
ns lhu latter

tL·nn

is

111,t

~av, "

Jl c

i~n°N 1..~"'roor

l'!)'llonymou~ willi tlic

funi1...cr.

. 8. An erroneous interchm1:;e n.f th e d1fi11ire and indt;fi11tte artides i.; sometimes mude. Fo r ex:1 mple:
" Tl1 oy (Paul 011tl lhrnah:1s) <lrpn rted nsn11.lc r 1 ono froni
· " 1l. t I10 nnmbcrdcpnrt111g
·
an.ot11e1.
],,u] bee n m ore tlian two this
use of tli e nrti clc wouhl lie co1Tcct; but t/1e is the proper nrti~le to

app ly in tl 10 prese nt cnso.
!). 'iVhen two or more adjecti Yes limit the same nam e the
article is p refi xed only to tl1 e fi r~ t adjective; Lut wh c11,sever:i.l udiectivcs belong se Yer a!ly to a diffc re11t obj ect of the
s:i.me name,_ e:icn adjcctiYe must 11:we :in article. Thns, "a
red a11d \\"h1te ro~e," means a rose p:1rtly red, partly w hite·
but " :i. red :ind :1 whit e ro ·e,'' me:ins t.11·0 r oses· 011e n~a'
the other wl 1i te.
'
'
10. \Vhcn t wo or more :11ljecti1·es follow :1 noun, and
both am used to r1e~ign:i.te the s:-tmc !'C ro:o n, t l1c a rticle
i;li o_n lt1 be used only before th e first of th 'SC ; a 8 , "Mr.
ScnbnN, the bookseller and pulilisher ;" but, " l\Ir. St:ribncr,
tl1 e bookselle r, a11d t/1e p ubli ~hc r, " woul d i1111i c-:tte Jiffc rent
jll'rson~, one :L bookselle r, the ot li e r n. p11Llisll(:r.
11 . lfofo rc title~, t he re is :i. r cpe ti t ion of tl 1e article· ns
" The honornble tli e Lord Mayor of Lond o11 ;" but ,~Jie 1~
tit.Jes, merely ::is titles, arc ment ioned , it is omi t ted, as "he
<':tlled him 1'[aster."

Tho definite nrticlo is prefi xed to nn ndjcctiYe, when the nonn is
omitted; as "the wi'e nncl th,; good" (meani ng wi se nncl good perso n ~) "nrc to bo imitntc<l."

. 1_2. The indefinite art icll\ placed before plural noun 3
l11 nitecl hy fe11) :ind little, :rntl al:;o before a11y collecti1·e
noun, greatl y :iftects the me:111i :1g. These ::I<lj cctives, with011~ :in ind<>finitc nrticl<', bear thC'i r orrlin:-try sense ; bnt t l10
nrt1elc ten d~ to r eYerne the meaning-.

.A.R, "fe·w ln en C":l. lll C', " tl1at i.C>. u no t 111 :-in y, ' nn i rH· 0n~i 1l c- 1· nhln
nun1 bcr; but Hri few 11 1c n c:1n 1r 111 l11di< ·af«-=: a hrg-tr 1111rn L1.."'r-nnc
moro "·1 )rth y of 1nen1i 11n. \\' ith :t11 i11d\ ·fi11it1..· !lr tit" lc~, tl1 e 1nen.11in6
is posilire ,; n.~\ u A I'\·\\' C':'ln r r;if•li tl1u l•1p
i11q1lyi 11 i-; that f.:oi110
cnn ; bnt., ~'fe w can r e.1c)1 tJ1e tnp," i=" nearly ('<p1iv ale11t to :l neg ·
1

11

1

atfoo, "no n·o can rcncl 1 tli c t1>p."

13. The :utide :-;honl\l not be 11 se<1 before any noun ~h :1t
is sufiiciently defini te witho ut it; 1101· before ab~tra ct uoun~,
as, beauty, goodness, &c. As "iron is hard," "goodne~s
is lovulv ."
·
Pro per llflllH,~, ueing suffic icr.tly dcfinc1l, 1]0 not take tlic nr(iclr,
except w li en a com111o n name is umlcrst.1 1utl , fl8 '' Tl1c Gang-e;; ' ' (i. c.,
tlie ri ver Gauge:-) ; or, wli on yon w oultl dist in g ui,-!1 a p:1rticu1nr
' family; fl q 1 " H o wa• an lr \"i ng'' (i. c., one of tlie f"a1niiy of irri11;;<);
or "'hen you w ot~ld dcrH1to ...-i. pcr=-'on crn in cnt for s.01r.c virt11c or
vice; ns, " Ile w:i;; a Bc:netlict ,\rn old ;" "He was a Cicrru."
14. In comp:irin~ olJjl'cts, if l1oth nonns rcf-:r to tiie
same pe rson, the article nrn ~t be omi tted ; lin t snp11licd, ii
th ey retCr to different pcrqo11•.
Thu•, .. Jfc j;; n ucttcr w riter tl1nn ~prnkc r, " C•ililpn;·e~ t /1(' <lifl~·r ­
ent qnnl ificntions of t.lio snn10 pcr"rn . "Jl o is n \Jetter 1ni tc r
tlinn a ~penkc 1·, " co1npares liim (not n ~pcakN) witli nn otlil'r pe rson w ho i~ n speaker.

T he n·rLal uoun admits tl 1c arti cle ; hut wh en tl1c n·rl1:1l
poun retains its power n.s n. ve rb, it. nrnRt be om itted . "1'/i e
b reakin g of the law, is sin." By breakin g the law, you incur t ho penalty .
A gene ral term should not he limited Ly an article; a~ ,
" .!IIan is of few d:iys ;" "Gold is valuable."
ExEnc rsEs •

Correct the arti cles in the follow ing passages, and snpply
such as :i.rc needed :
Do you know snc.11 an onc1 ITo w en t to nn henv('nly ] ,.-, 1110. I
moan not the doer hut dee<l . It i~ n honor to he he re. Ho haq n

.;

44:

Til!C VERB.

uppe r rC>Om. She lived in an ngc of chivalry. A g reat 11n<1 n
g:io1l ~ n an looks fonrnr1l to ete rnity. The book is c11ually titted to
tllo 01tl an1 l you ng. Th e 0 111 nntl X <: w T e, tam c11t. ;f11e Bible
k ll s ns o f an ut.l1 c r an tl u bette r w urltl. H e ga,·c inc s .. 1110 , 11 ch 11 u
~n"1· c 1'.
L c L u-; p rne l ise tl 1e pa ti e nce nml tl101 .. 11i;·,;11fl l, rini;. lfcr
l1t1 licr r cce i vctl t 110 ti tlo uf n lo rd. Ile cla imed th o ti lie ui· a " Cll tlcm:rn. /\ n1id tl1e whi,;pe r in g- when you arc n·q 11 ircd to ~t ~.Jy.
Jlo wns ntltl1 c te1l t o tl1 e "11 1ok i ni; scgn1·~ . The Ol d 1rn1 l tl 1o No w
T~stnments.
i\ 11 wor ds w h ich uro >ig-ns of co mpl ex illcns crent.c
m istake. Th e cccJe, instical an d secular pow e rs c o ncurred . Neither
tl ie mun no r boy was \\' rn 11g. Scu t t., the wa t chrnakcr nutl t lie
jewelle r, went with 11s. A lion i:i i>cncmu;. a fox i' cunni iw
"'!'
.
0
'
., •
... 1ny youn?cr is fl cel elirntc d w riter ; "o is Co wper, poet.. Wi sest
men ,,111 1et1!lles s:1y knst . Tl1e g0l1l b tl1 0 rout of rn11cli ei·il.
The large n n111bcr of i 11m 1ig ra11ts al'ri"c'1. Pete r llc n11i t led tlie
cru s:Hles . . n caJ tli c tirst antl seco nd book of G eo me try. We
8houlJ c11lt1v:1l e gracefu l 1111<l COll l' lcous. T l1c sil ve r i ~ swt so ,.,.].
ualile flS t he goh1. lle fon11 c1l 1111 un io n. A 1111111 i~ nulil c ~t w o rk
of Creato r . The gui lty ma11 11~cc111l e d u scnITuhl. 13cn C;dict Arnohl is Cati lin e of Ameri ca . D1rnicl Webs ter is Demo~ the11 es of
A111erica. B11 ~ i11 c,;s atJ,·anccs c laims to not little ntte nti o n. A fe w
men arc so lea rn ed us lie. St:1y with me fe w liour~ . A man 111 uv
be fl bette r lingni st t han a mntliemnticinn . Fire is n hcllc r se n ·nn't
tlifln mn ~ t ~ r . llc ow ned a small an d l:irge home. Th e 0]1] nnJ
new 111ctho<l (tf wri l i11g. H o l1:l<l co mpassion on thu noo r UP<l the
ncc uy. A j oyf'nl a 111l a pka~a n t t li in g it i~ to ho t h :u;kful. 1-'rorn
the chi ef p r ic' t~ , ~ c rihc", nn<l ci der~ . Dn vi J, tho f'1\ Lhc r o f S olon:on, nn d t h e fol.lie r o f AJ,, a]om. And 11ro choked with cnrcs un<l
rsc.11 e~, nn~ plen~111: es 01: t his life. I saw the General nud Adjutant . An tlimcltc is nn nnportnnt brnnch of tho mntlt curnlics.

I.ESSON XIV.
TIIE VEP.ll-CLASSE::; OF VERBS.

1. The V crb is a wor 1 whi ch aflirms or declares. Thnt
it nffirms somr.thintr is call ed its rnf?jc<'l; ail, Tbin

of whi ch

45

TRANSITIVE .A.ND lNTRANS!TlVE V E !:BS.

falls, Sickness will come. He re rain
j ects of the nffirm:-itions made.

nnd

sickness nrc snb·

~. S o m C'ti:ne s t he r C' rlJ :1sks :i. {}ll<' sti<>ll ; as, A 1·e )' •J \\ ;1n ·
S o rnctim c s it t akl'S the form or l' Ol1l lll:l.11l1; :1 ~, r:o,
S:.unud. Someti111 L'S i t take,; the form of a wio; h; :t~, ) [11y
yon c:•:cd. :::iomclirnC':i tl1at o f a co11Jitio11; :-i ~ , ;:)/wu/,[ he
arril'e, 1 will :1ccom l':llly him .
:J. V e rus may be vari o usly classifi e d .

i11y?

(1.) Into R egul•u nn1l fa cgula r.
The fu n ner m ak e tl1~ i r p<l.st
ten:;c nml pnrt ici1•h: "-itli th e c1"li ng of ed ; the lntte r, •lu n <1t ; n~,

HI a=scen<lcd;" " I s:-Lw ."

(2.) ] 11ti' Tran .~itice and lntra11silhc. Tlie fornll~ l' nm n0t
eo1llplc~e in \.11C'ir 111 e:rn i11 g wi t hou t tl1e fltl di ti1•n u!' U no11n, I\~
tli\l ol•jvc t npnn wl1i c!t tho ncti .. n cxprcs,;cd hy t loc Yc.rb rc>'19
or fall~; M , " lle l1as p c rfr1rmctl hi s ta,k."
H .: l'O t l1e ~en se
of tl oe verb pofvrmc<l wciu ltl be imperf.:ct without tri.<k ns aa
olijcct .
BnL "lie walked," is intrnn~itive, n• tlie flcti<>ll i:; lirnite1l to t ho
su\tj ec t he, nn11 (]OC9 no t terminate on nn obj ec t.
(3.) Tr:rn>itiV\l Yerb> nrn either i11 tl1e Ar-live or I'uss1:i:11 fvrrn.
"ll e lt n,; ]'C l'f(ll'll l\:d Iii ~ t1l,;k," is ncli,·c ; "Ili s !.:E•k 1i:1> l occ n pc rfon n ecl," is pa"i\'C; t.Ji u oljPCt of the Ve l'l1 i11 il 1C ;\ <'l i\"ll fnrtll o !' t he
se n te nce , O(·i ng 111:1110 t h e wlJect of tl1e ,·c r h in tl1c l'""' i\'(1 form .
In t he nc ti,·e fnr111, th e s uloj cct is repre~c nted as a c tin ;.( ; in tho
pnssi ,·e, ns acted upo n.
llcncc, intrnnsitiYc verbs c:rnnot rr{Ju ltt i·ly \1e usrd in

11 10

pn~ -

si vo form.
f".01110 int. ransitivo verbs cxprc~s s im ply t he i1lcn of existenco or
bci ni;; n;, I am, he i•, we shall be. Thoma" is ncti\'c.
A 11y ,· c r li wl 1i ch 11wke' se 11so wi th n prononn aft e r it in the• oli ;ecti\'e fo r lll , 'm :1y he known f\8 \Jci11g I\ trnns ili\'O \·cr\i; as, !To
rcw :1nl• h i1n.
(·J..) 80 111 0 ve1·1.is ar c used both in a tr:111si tivc nni1 in llll i nt rnnsiti'"l se n,;e ; a<, '' \\' o rc lurn~d from tli e city" (i 11l rnnsitive);
"'\\To rc tur11 ~d t!tc favvr" (trn nsitiv e).
(5 .) Intrnnsiti,·e vorl1s iulu1it nfter t!t cm, ns nn obj ect, n nonn
possc;ising n m cnni ng like that of tl1e v e rb; n,, "H e nm n roce ;"
and such an objecti ve cn>e mny bo converted into a 8Uujective

,.·,,·,

.

'.'·

46

EXO:lWISh:S O.N

n mcs.

li:RRONJWUS CSJ<.:

case with the pnssi ve form of the verb ; as, "A rnoo wns run by
him."
Th ese verbs \\'i ll be rcf~ rretl to ngain in n fotnro lcs;<on.
(G.) Tl10 inl111itivc mood is sometimes tlic subject or the ohject of
n verb ; as, "To writ.e well is n fino nccumpl ishm cnt." "Ilo l1us
learn ell lo w rile w eli."
(7.) Sumo in t rnn:-iti,·o ,· crbs nrc constr11c1l rn ~s i\' cly ; n~, "Ho
toas lau g!w l ol ;" "Tiic b11si11css is lo be looked aft er;" "Tho
deci sion was ·appealed from;" "li e is not lo be scojfcd at;''
"These nre ]es~ons to be pracl'iaed on;" "Duty was loi!t sigh t
of;" " Tho money was made u.ie of by t.l 1e sc rvnnt."

u~·

AUXlLIARY VERBS .

_wns defeated by the Dnke of W clling lon. Th e t.cach~ r was i:; rcutly
respected by liis ~chola1·s . Tho J3ililo shoukl bo ren d by all.

5. Supply the blanks with
· a verb in the in finiti ve mood :

:1 ~uhject

phr:i.;;e, containing

- - · is the l1i:;l1c,;t. duly of man.
i8 1.Jie part of CY C r~·
gllod eitizen . - - ~ 11ou l d lie th e crn1c:wor of t l1e youn g.
Is tho clc:.; ig n of this exercise. - - i" liasc. - - i:i lion vr:\l•lc.

<l. Supply th e blanks wi th an ol.ject phase, eontriining
a verb in the infinitive mood:
I bnte - - . He regretted--. Ilo nmliitiously sought - .,

· It is dishonorable - - .

EXERCISES.

l . Snpply the follo wing verbs with an appropriate Subject :
- - wns fas te ned wi th tacks . - - entered the harbor .
phycll 11po11 tho piano. - - nbon n<lc<l in tho city. - - wns
u enr. - - fell on the ficltl of h:ittle. - - s1oilccl. - - hn3
<lone tl1is 1 fa - - at homo 1 Will - - come to-c1ny 1 - - is

nn im portant stlldy.

2. Supply the foilowing wi th an appropriate Object :
I saw - - . The good m(ln loves his - - . Columb11s discovered--. Galileo invented--. Learn well--.
3. Express the fol101Ying fact!:! by changing the Ycrbs to
the pa. sivc form:
The forme r plon glic<l liis fi eld. Juhn ueprived .Tames of liis
The class lea rn ed tlie last lc~so n well. Wcnltli sometimes
pr0duces misery. A guilty conscie nce needs no accuser. Evil
commnni cnti ons corrnpt good rnnnners. nen<l the bvuk. Do not
nsnlt him . Coucluct your affairs prudently. Tl1ey fvuglit n
,J 11cl.

rights.

4. Conve rt the following statements into the acti'o
form :
Sho wn8 piti ed by me. The co11ntry is o,·errun witl1 locusts.
Ohri~ti1l!l i '.y has ever been opposed by th<! wi ckcu. Bonnpnr te

LESSON XV.
A U XILIA RY

VER[lS.-EJrno:-i1;;oi;s

USE OF T.llr::lf,

Of these, some have no ot.hc1· oflice than to n~sist
in forming cert:iin tenses of Principal Verbs; thl'se :in\
may, can, shall, could, might, would, sl1oulcl, 011;;!it, nmst.
Oth ers :ire sometim es, al~o, Principal V crbs thcmsches;

as, will, have, had, do, did, let, be.
]. .Am n11<11~ris nrc so mctirnc8 med improperly. " Frolll wl 1ich
w e arc severed ," sl1ould be" l1ave severed ." "1raa nbo ccnse<l,"
el1011 l<l be "!fad al ,;o cc :l~ c<l."
2. Am nn<l was niny bo used fi8 :rnxi li11rieg only when the pri11cipnl verb impiicR motion, or cl1 r1.11:;0 11f conrlition; ns, " I w as
gone;" "r wns fallen;" "I nm C•llll() ; " " He is fled ."
"Yon 1cas," in stcn1l of "Yon 1cere," is inadmi>~i li le, tliongh
som e i.: r;1111rnnri:111 s justify tl1c phra!'c.
3. S1i111c;t.i1ncs d1J nn<l did st:lnd in tho plnco of t11e princip:il
verbs le> wl1ich they refer; ng, " !Jc lov(I." not pby '1~ tliu11 1fo"I ; "
that i~, ns "thou l<west..'' So111l·ti11:cs do nnrl did nre n"•1l f, ,r
empl1:1,;is; ns, "I do love tl1ee ;" "N:iy, but thuu did~t culi 111 c."
Don't, when nsed for does not, is n vulgnrisro. It is properly 11
oontraotiou of do not, and not of doea not.

48

El~IW:-iEOUS

(;SE Ot' AUXII.! Alt\" v1mn.s .

Wore nn<I di.d n1·0 im p1·opcrly 11 ~ccl fo 1· trott&l be nn <l ~lwuld in th~
(.,Jlowin;..: •c11re11ce: " rt. 10ere all int<•lt-rnl>i u •rwct:iclt• did tl1ey
lh: l,..Jd 011 0 of1.l 1~ ir fc· llow ~ i11 th e :-i go11ic·~ nt' dear Ii."
'
}J1Jl.h. :ind lulth, i11 ~1.: riou=-- ('0111pn~ i1io11:-: 1 lll'1..' 1n·Pj1erly w.;cd in~
~t.c·:ul ol docs "'.' d ha.<. T lic·y 11:1\'u tl1c rnnit, al><<» or J,ci 11g 111 oro
l. lll ll d (t{ )1 a11d :-$l>fr. Ill ]ffOllOll<..: i: t1io11.
I'd rr1 ther, in fa1ni li:11· tli>'C<•llr"c, ,, 1aml!', p1'<>pcrly, not fo r J had

rcit/11·1-, l•llt tor I 1co uld r ati1 n -.
{ . C11ro s l1<rn !J l>o t~t kcn , wli •11 nn <.:llip~i~ is llllllk, tl1at tho con~tructron ue t!i e s:.irne :i~ if tlie omitted word s were intwiln ec1l;
lor exnmple, " Jlo al wn:•8 ha.• /1ren, n111! nnw j g, n ~obc r ma 11 ." It
woulcl not nnswcr t<> ~ny, ' ' He nl\\':l}'~ ha.i, nn•l now ;,, n ~obcr
111a11 ;" nor to sny, "I run, n11tl ahcay~ lw ce fa ke11, g reat pni 11 s."
Hero am doc~ not su it tak en grecit pain.Y. Tlic rn c:rn in:; to be
con1·ey cd "''t", "I :1111 takin;::, :tn!l alwny5," &c. Er1cl 1 clnnse mu st
be C<>1npicl.e in it<clC "·h ero auxili ari es are 11:<ed.
G. Shall a:id Will.-Thesu :ire apt to ho tbc d, tl10 0110 1;,r the
otht\I', e rn)n e <)u ~ ly ; ns in Ll1u r.a:-:e <1f tl1 c drow11i11 rr fureiirner "·ho
• J
•
...
::"
n
)
'
s 111 ;111~ 111 tl1c l l1n1n l's, cxclai111ed , "I 1cill uc dru w 11 ~cl, 1111 ,] no
OnC s/1~/l .J1 e)p lll C ; ' ' 01· n~:1i n , n~ in th o (·fl~e of' a ('1>111111 •>11 (· Xj il'CS "'011 ol lr1'h 8C r\'nnt.•, "Sluill you take tell, n11d Mill J l>ri 11 g iL to
yo ui"
EH:n so i;noil :1 writer ns Dr. Blnir somHi111 cs confo nn,h theso
w onls;
""• "l\'iLhnn
t h:ni11,.
nttc n<lcd to thi•~ , w o toi/l lJ ti •'lt n
•
,,
• •
~
Jos~, &l'.. "l licrc a re no t11·0 w o rds w e woulil 11 :11.nrally take,"
&c. Shall and .•hould :ll'o ti1 e prnpor wonb. A gain , "Think
w hn t reflectio n shC£ll mos t probauly nrisc." Will is he re the proper
wonl.
"In tlic fir•t pcrnon, •i mply .~ltalt foretells ·
111 will n th reat, or else n promiRo dwell";
S /.all, in the •ccond nn d thir<l, <loe• th rent ;
Will simply , th en, fo retells the future feat."
B 1t1 GllT J..<NO.

S/1 r1ll, fro:n tl1<.' Sax .. 11 , 01·igi11:ill.r llW:\11~ to 01ce, to ue 1111dcr 00li~;rition to fl. ~ ll peri o r. "Tl1uu slwlt llf•t kill," 111 <:~11" , "Tl1011 nrt
under ol1li i;:1 li1111 no t to kill. "Y"ll ,v/urll go," i111plit·~ un ul.Jign·
tion re'ult ing frorn t h e !'llllll11trnd of :w otl 1cr. A ~ tl 1(• be in g o\, li ~1.:d
()t oornp ell e<l to do a thi 1115 i111plics tl1nt th e ne t i ~ fut ure, this
w vrd QOIDetiincs cxprcs~cs onl y t he idea of fu turity as to tho acl

nnm ec1 ; :i~, "I 8 7irrll go to ·morww ." On the otl> ~ r ku"1, 1.oUl cknotc~ dr.lcrmiriHtion, 7nlrJ'O,lf(\ ntHl n::- tld~ ge11 t.: r:1i ly l1n" r:·:i·i· i· JJ ("("'
ton. futnrc :1et, ;, l1o w11rtl :-;0 111 eti11tt:=-' carri es no <ill 11·r 1111· a11 111g 11~a n
t lrnt oi' fllt11 rily.
G. 1l:.uTi~nu tl111 ~ i llu:-.t1·a11· ~ tl1u pri1w111i \· : HT ,-t/1al{ gn to 1111 '1\
1
tO·ll lOrrow.,, 11 .. ·i' O :--inq11y tltu :ntl.: 11111111 11t' tl 11i11;.r a C\..'l lai11 tli 1_11 '
ls exp re~-<:11, \\'itJ10\lt HJ\)' a 11 til:ip atiu11 o!', 111' l'~krc11 c: lt>, l11nJrn11ce . Bu t \\'h e n I say," 1 tcill {JO tc• town tu-runn·ow ,·' [ <kcl:no
my r esulntiun to do so, in spito of nil opp <.>~itiu n . "I nw.<t n11d

will go to to wn to- uwrruw." 111 hoth t ht:>e ca~e;:, the \h' "'"'. n wlio
speaks jg a\sc> the person who is (lUO\lt to ne t. lJC', t\1 ~ rcf un', ·t
plensnrc, expresses nn net. of ~imple nlli t i nn, or (lf fix.'~'1 pnrpo~e.
nccordi11g to ci rcumstan ces. Butl1 are a t l1i:; own opti on; ho h!\s
the control of both in hi" 0 11'11 111in11. But., when w e pa;;.~ t o UM
second person, tltou shalt, or tlton ir:ilt , it io who liorno H I 1n111 11
tlrnt th e fi1.,,t person i8 st ill L1 1e sp <,akcr, tl1ou 1:5h ;.lio s~cnnd P1·r''.'!l
is th e nd ur. Jf, tli <' refu rc, tl1c ncti11o; of Ll10 s(:con <l 11cr""11 ;,.; aependcnt 1iz1on Ore 1ciil of the jir.st, the fir:;.t pcr:<on. s~1y,; t/101 1 .•IMll,
nnrl no t tlioti :c ilt, for t!1c 11·i lli11g rc,;ts w ith tl1e lir:it j•(•r,;on; \, ut
if the fir,t per:'c>n lert.r,w //rn "r.co11d lo act a.<"-" mciy t!L1n k Jll'"J'ar,
he '"Y" thon ioilt, n111l tlin,; cl:ii 111' 110 n11t]1 ,, rity over that w1//1 11:r:
A p:ai 11 , in tli c third l•Cr~ .. n, /,e ~hull, nr lie icill, we '"c 11 .., f':rn10
pri 11 cip1c. \ \' lie n t11u !ir"t pers<>ll f'ays he slinll, lie <k1 ·1·11·c, u;c
tli inl ol' tl• C c:<:C'rci-e o f hi>< 1llvn 10ill; l>llt w l1cn lie f':\y,; he 101.d,
he lca,·Cf' tii 111 in th<J cx e rd,;c of that w ill , r111tl ,;irnj•ly exp re'~'·~
hi~ li clicf t liat i t is tli\l i11kntiu11 \•r tc i ll .. r tl 1e tli ircl person to tlu
th iR or t l1 at.
.
.
r
7. Wlien, how ove r, w o p:i~s to th o tn lcrrngntwc fur111' o, 87i a,ll
nnd ioill, the caso i ~ ren.:rsctl.. In th e scco11d pc •::<o~ of t.~ ' c HIT•;
we simtily in quire w hat the will of that person '. ' • 1 mpl~ ing t.lia.
it is not snl>jec t to tl1e contn•l <>f t h e perso n n•~1ng. We, t l:e retlurd person ol th• e
•
f u1 .e,8...'l ~·1 tct'lt thi 111 1 <>r , trill ...vou '? • I n the
vcr1 1 , :ig:iin, tlll• acL "f \l'i ll i11g re11 1111118 "· 1th ,t.hat pc r,; on, ~n<l "e
simply n,;k, •oill hu? if pl11ral, will they!, ,l11ll:', Sliull '.. ~". l<'
Lo11t!o11? Wilt tl 1uu go? Will li e go? ,sfwil w u :;o? rJ 1/i ;n 11
go '1

H'i/l tli y g11?
1.
8. 1Vill, :1,; IL 11ri 11cipal vcru,
rnu :; t 110 t ''ue cu11!'c>t1tl\lecl wi tl 1 will
11~ a n uuxili:iry.
9. 11'ovld n111l Should . - Wo1dd r efer s eitl1er tv prc~ent or pa~t
0

3

,,..

. ,.
,

[,(J

Pl Wl'J:: J: l:SE 0F THE SUJJJUXC'J'JY E MOOD.
1:-\TltA.NSl'l'!Vt:

ti mo, :mil c x p rr~ses rnlit ion ; nn ll is Stl111 o lime~ liko should n:ie<l
. I .
,
,
ns n s1m p o Juture ; ns, "llo 'f1i'1 h e tcould go to-morrow;" or

tha t u lie ."1li ou lrt g (1 t 1.1- 111u1Tow ."
'
S lwuld r;e nc t·all_,. c·x1•rc''"" ohli gnli on o r llnty, nnd that in the
pn8t o r prc~ rnt. 111 tl1 1• t'o rn1 c r onso .•lio11ld is cun 11 cc ted \\'i th a ·
pnst tense of tl 10 Vl'rl1; "'• Juh 11 slio11ld lt ate gone r c• tcrd a Y. " I
sh ould tlo it," t11(•:11i> , '· [ li:el 'it 111 y <liity to <lo i·t." "I .xltonltl
l 1n1·0 <lone it,"= " 1 ougf,t to Ji:iyo do ne i·t.,,
Should '" 111 (; ti111h ilc:11otc-; n ~ uppo~c ll fu tu re c 1· c.. 1t, in nil the
persons. "lf 110 shnulri :1licn1l scl1ool, li e would Ji11d i t 11 great
a~vnn_t:1gc." " rr he woulcl nt lc nd," &c., r efe rs to \"ulitiun , detormrnat101J, as ,,. .,11 w; to con tingency; nntl impli es tl 1nt iherc is nn
aversio n to do it.

_Sh ould, filte r ti1 e co nju nct ion that,
sni d that ho sltoulil :;o."

is used in lle un itoly; 11•, "lie

. S!iould nnll woulll nre employed to soften the form of cxp r~s­
s1on; n~, "It 1could ~erm lo be wrong," ins te1;d of" i t seem.• to bo
wron g- ." " I .9l1 oultl tl1ink liim in e rror," for "I thiak J1 im iu

e rror.n

10. Will o r 8/trill fvll ows fl prc~cnt tcn!'e ; wo uUl o r sltould fi1 !lows ll pa,t tc nso; " ' • "l so.y tl1at r will come;" "I 8(Li'l thnt I
u:oul1l c"111c•." "1 thin!~ thnt I shfllt nLte rHl ;" "I tliour; lit tli at I
should alte11d ."
ff:i ll i ll tJ1e prese nt t\>ll S<.' 1 nn\] WOUlJ in tJie pn s i, fl !'(\ HS('(] to
:lenoto r cpentcll or custo nrnry ncliun ; fl$ , " J l o Mill s 111 okc :di d 11 y."
• ll:<J woul1l 8moko all d:1y."
1
H ad is' 'son1etin1rs
nsed l'o r u:ouldl or icould 11r11·~·· " I lUl
l . ti
.
. . •
( . l I\ 1c r
11
no .., =:= l 1co•tld, " &c. " My fato 11.ad been bi s,"= " inoul1l /ia rc
b ee n l1 1s."
#-

" _Jlfay i·~fcrs .to 117m·:•ent or .futu1·e p ri vil ege , might to a pfl 8t one.
Jr~ u :11 tenlJ \" l' t11 l11s siuclies t hat li e 1nll!J learn ; " "he was attentiv e, &c., tl1a t i10 ·m.iglti learn."
011g!tl is ;t lki',•cl in; "C"b, nntl dncs no t ncl 111it 1,tf.,r it Hn
anxil11'.'."Y 1·c·ri 1 ; R1ir l1 ns "1 had ought," fur 1' I ouy!it," a11d "Do n't
vuyld, I P l' ' " 011:tld not.,,
E.•o;n ctsi:s.

1\I:1 ku Lh u 11 el:c~'ary eol'l"ections i11 tliu :wxiliary v c r1J 8.

I u1n l'e-·11!1·1·rl tl1nt. f , J1:11l ka rn 111 y J< .. ,,, 11 ~: Yo u pro nii '"'l tlint

Gl

Yh:lU.~.

~~yon ~houl<l ,-i ,it 111~.

I <litl liopu thnt I would gnin i t. Jf I do
I will he p1rni~l1e<l . Hr • linuld <lcclnl'() th orn, t li<·!- ~li11nlcl
.. be m ore t l1an I cnn C'xp r e~s . T l1i; m nn w ns taken of th e .Je w,,
i a nd ,Ji<>nld li:•" C bee n k illl'd o f i.i1l'1r1 . Will f go to N"cw Y11 rk, u r
not? T l1c a ccu u ilt you wn; plca,l' d to 'c11d . l am jn>t. 110 w a~
t w ell n~ wl1 en y1>11 was lic rc. T l"' cl <> ek 1l1n1't tie!<.
I "'"' rrsolved tli:1 t I , Ji,.til<l ,] ,, rn y d11t_1" i h1>pc tli:1t. I w ill svc i1i1 11.
lin w often w ill I see yo n 1 l wi ll rcc~ivu a kttc r wl1 <·n tl11• 111nil
. will arri\'C. 1\ll ~l1all rc<.:ci1·0 tl1cir I1111t1 ey w i1l' 11 tJ,._, w' ·•·k w ill
l1nve been 1lnne. I woa lcl not ho su q •r isetl to '"'o l1i111 t.i 1ne .
, would lie p k a;cd to see lii11i. Will wo hea r :i. good lc<'i111·e ? l'c·r..~.: hnps I w ill rcc:ei 1·0 some m o ney. P erhnp' yon "l 1ali rc cui ,.,) it.
'<"'· In spite of dif11c n ltic~ , I s l1 a1l go. T h is 1led il':ltion m n~- sc n u f1 •r
,,:.: almos t any ll\lok thnt hns, i•, o r shall be pn l>l i;l1cil. Y on J,n,Jn ' t
··. ought t o speak '0 ru dely. You dun't o nglit to swea r. Y ou hnd
:" ought to st ucly l1nn1. T hey l1nd not Ol1gl1t to neglec t. pnbli c w ur \. ship. I h nd ns li ef ~tu y. He had better "t.ncly. It had like to
have been w o r se. Yon hndn't o ni::lit to liu tl 1 i ~.
. W l'O ll1",

LESSON XVI.
l XTRAXRITI V.11: Y.Imns. -

EnROXEOUS USR OF

Tfili:~r.

1. The;;c ve rl;s cxprc~s simply being or co1111 ition; 01
thei1· action is limited to the agent, and doc~ not p:i.:,;s OYer
·~-to :in object.
2. Intr:i.n,itivc vNbs :ire sometimes usctl imp roperly a~
transitive; thu s, " Pallas SllC('ecds thei r en terprise;" t hat
is, m:1kc8 the enterpri.-;c to succcecl. " I t OJ')1rouc/ies rnen
to gods." " He retired the :i.nny l1cl 1i nt1 th t: ri n· r."
On the other li:un1, trnnsi til'e v c r l1s sonwti1n('~ :ve imprv pc•r ly u~c1l for int r:rn ~iti \·c; as, "I 11111st ;n·cmi.<P 1ritl1
three circumstances."
" They ingratiate with liirn iJy
calumn iating m e."
IVith, m the aboY <\ shonl rl lie
· omitted .

. ·,,,
,..<.

52

ERlWNKOUS USl> OF lNTRANS!TIVl:i: vmrns.

3. The intrn n:;;it ive Yc rb to tie, simply expressing con Ji.
tio11, is of'tcn confonndcd wi th the tr;in~itivc ,·crb, to lay.
Tl1 0 foll ow ini; ex:ini plc", in t.hc prc~cnt tcn"r , arc corre ct: "Wlten
~ 11 11·

usg

OF TimlcGGL AR

VERTIS.

him~clf cnrly. Th e in~t.rnctor lcnrn8 ltis pn pib. The s lii~ .ni1l 11 t
nnchnr. l le ~ 11 cccetlc· < l my 11n1l ,,1·taki ng. T'h•:1~c to ,-ct <ln wn. T lo o
e:l"le fle C's tli l'on gli tl 1e ni l'. Tl1<:> ma11 fli c:< f,..,ni l1i " l11 111 "c. T he
birus hall flowc<l. Tl"" 1:111.J \\'fl :< o,·ertlow n wit.Ii water.

tl1 n t'i~,

to li e. "Tlumg h now tl1ry fie gro velpn~t t e n~c: "T!1 cn the
l;in).(lay 011 1l 1ccnrtl1." "lfc, \\'i th his crew, liry Y11ncp1i ,J. cd." Tlte
Jiar ticipi.J of the i11tr:tn,it i1·e vi:; rh is prop('J'ly n ~ eJ in tl 1c folluwing
exampl e : "lfo lie,y upo n th e straw no w, lie lay on tl1 0 ~!raw lnst
ni ght, It o b ~ aitl to h:t\'O lien, or luin, up on s traw Ja,t nigl1t."

Jcsw<
ling."

l1i111 lie, "

EIWONEOUS

Tit o foll o"'i").( arc corrrc t in the

" Th ou hast liccn lien with. "
The tr:rn~it iv c ,·crb, to lay (wLit:h acts upon an object),
appears in the follo wing :
" Or f11 y the "r oi l;; of C()ll f]llC"t nt lier r.-et." "I lo11 th e 1.iook
,iown." '' '1'1 1e book \\':lS laid tl 1 wn." " Oh, 1l1nt my c..1lm11ity
wrrn lairl in t l1c li:1hn cc·s !" It. 'houl<l lie noticcrl tk•t lay j, the
pn•t 1~" ' " 11!' t l1c in t r:rn ,;i li,·c vc:rh to lir, nncl tl1 0 1we~c11t t <'n~e of
111e ll'llll >iti\' C \' c• r J. f(J /fly.

4. Intr:rnsitin: ,·cdis :we nsccl as tra11s1tn·c wh en they
bea r n c:w~a ti 1·0 sense ; that i ~, wl 1.c11 they <lcn ote the cansin_g or the act CXj))'e~5cd; a$, "They r11n a daily coach."
" 1Vi:tlk tli c h orse." "The horse was icalk ed over the
g-ro11 11 11," that i~, was mndc to wal k , &c.
5. Intr:wsitivc verbs shonlJ 11ot lJc u ~cd in the p : ts~i ,· c,
except when rcn 1lcrctl tran si tiYc hy tho additi<111 of :tn othcr ·
word. Thus, the verb lw1r;li beco mes transitive by ad<li ng
at. "He is tcwglierl at by all." "He lm1r;l1 cd at hL·r."
The tran~itivc verb set is improperly used , sometimes, for
t he intra11siti1·e, sit..
So the verbs ft!! :1nd flee, .fio1r,n and flo1cccl, arc confonndcd .
E.0:1: c 1;;F.s.

C o rr ect the errors i" tl1 e lt1il1l win g sentences :
1lc r..-pontcd him o!' Iii~ dv'i!( ll. Th e farme r g row~ wh eat. Why
clo you lay 80 long tlti$ morni ng ? He lnicl clown n wl1 l•lc l1 011 r.
Let tlint lio'>k luy. Ifo wns laughed liy the as~t>mbly . He retirQd

LESSON XVII.
JR llEGUL\J (

nmns-Em:ox1wus

USIC OF

Tlll~ M .

1. Thc~c :ire ve rbs which rlo not form tlH•ir pa~t tcn~c
an d past ]':ll'ticiplc with tl1c termination of 1.:d.
2. A very commtrn a1111 g l:tring error in the use <>l ;.;r,;11•·
of these Ycrbs i"' thus exl'osc.. 1 liy lifr. Ihrl' i,-,, n: •·The
past tf'n~cs of these vc,.hs, a1111 th e v1~s i1·e parti,·il'l f'.' , :1 rP.
. so pcql('tu :tlly confo1m<leL1 :1n•l mntil:ite<1, th:tt thL'Y cxl1i l ·it
a pcri\:cL g r:unmati cal :.:l:i11ght.<·r-ho11sc. Sh:tbpcan', Ad1l ison, S,1·il't, I'<>}'C, J\Iilt:o11, Gilil1on , Byrnn, :1rn1 a lio;;t of
others, np to the present day, Yiol:ttc a 1•rinci1 ·lt: wl1ii·i1 i:.: .,1,..
Yi ow; to the merest sd1 ool-boy, in w riti11;; :rny othl'r !:tu·
gnago tli:m his 0 \1·n . Tl1c m:i.11 of veg et ables sn.n•, ' Potatoes is rose, or riz, :incl turn ips is fell.' The b11g11ag c
scrYcs his purpo~<> , and mo r e i!i 11ot cxpcctcJ; but men of
h igh literary ch:nacte r sho11lc1 tnke care not to mislc:td h v
corrnpt ex:tmple. Th em is n ot one iota of difference ()~­
tween ' I had d ranl.;,' a nd ' I had kn ew,' ' I haJ rode,' :rnd
' I hac1 hle1fj,' 'I h:td gave,' ':i web was wove,' and ' a stone
was threw.' In prose compo$ition the re can lJc n o cxcn ~o .
It is, pcrh:tps, to tht: poets t h:tt we owe these soleci:::ms; fo r
the pcrli:cL tons~ of the: v crh, in the place of tlic p:ll'tici ple,
fr cqu<,11tly offl'rs a convcni c 11L rhyme, wh ich the 1•articiJ.ilo
woulJ noL supply. A s Pope :
' Doom' d irom tho lionr !tis lu ek les• lifo bell"'"
To d0gs, nnd 1·11lt11rc•, ond to l'clo r.• •on.'-Jli,,-,d,

1£XEHCISES ON mREGULAR v1mns .

55

PROPER USE OF TJIIJ; SURJUKCTIVE MOOD.

"Not s:it isficd with using the p:irticiplc in t he place of
the ve rb, Pope :ilso uses the verb in tl10 pbco of tho
p:irtieiplc :
' .A nd n ow th e y ca i~ , n nu mero us t rain , hux e ran.,
The bl ooming boy i:1 ripcn'<l into 1nnn .' - Od!J68ef1. ''

LESSON XVIII.
:j

l'HOl'Elt t;;;i.; OF TilE f;UJ:.I U XGl'IYB i\IO OD.

Exr::11c1sE~.

This subj ect h:-is b een so well prcsL·ntc<l liy E"'·· )f. H a r rison, in l1i s work on the Engli sh L:u1 g n:igt', t liat, the remarks :ind illustrations wi ll b e <l r:ti\·n fr om it..

In writing tho following sentences, concct tho irregular
\•orb in each :
Ho set down . Some one has took m y cl1nir. IIo slecpec1 well.
Sli e lins san g nll tl1e evenin g". H e lia<l sank before we coul<l rcnch
l1irn. I l1:wc often s11·nm th e ri,·cr. H e <lidn't 011 gl1t to ha,· e his
Mlary n•sc. Tl1 e che rri ' S h:H1 fc· ll off. 1fc bcgnn well, but 1lid not
co nti11n c as h o lia<l hciran. lln '" ing arose, 110 started out. John
was c hose to go. Pet~r co mo next to rno. After th e lilcs sengcr
had c:1 111 r , I de parle<l. The bnll was th rowed ll \\':l )". He l1ad 111i't oo k tl 1c roa,J. T he wa ter i ~ frr,zc. I seen you rnn. He g i,· c n1o
sixpe nce. li e ki d ,i ns t w ent away. The ~xi s of the world wns
bro ke. Th e cam p was b roke up. I was conscious tlmt I J1n<l
neit.l1 er nt.13 nor .lrunk nn.r t lii n1r. Tho book wn took away. Tlie
s un had r os e. The lnwy cr had spoke. Tho wa1J5 have f~Jl. He
d runk a pi nt. Tli o lir1 uo r was nll <lrnnk np. Th e co rk was <lrnwcd
<)li t . I <l o ne it wol l. I ha<l did th e thing. Tl 1e r:icc wa s rnn. Who
hn~ took 111y can e? H e gown hari<'Y t o-dn\·. Tiio mnn th en la in
rlo wn. T lio ma n /111d fe ll, :ind t l1cn 0lni•l in "t.110 1l11 st.. He know ed
;J_ctt<•r. Tl10 l1ymn was ~an f(. Afte r layi ng 11 whil(', ho raise<l up.
I lie /m t w:•s g:w e t0 her-. A lice stin gcd li e r. The door is sli ot.
I lni<l <10 wn to s lcC'p. I wi ~h c <l to ha\·c went lH>111e. The t.wo
n ri nic ~ fit br:\ \'cly . .J:i11 c 1!1r 11 gi ,·c l1<' r tl1 c knife. Th e tree ··rnwccl
h igh. Yon rid tvo lo11g. Joli11 r.omc home yesterday. I be:cccl1cd
l1i111 to lenYe 111 c. Th e men cli 11,L(cd to tl1e tree. ] done it.. Th o
pri ce of corn rai ~ l"l y e~ le rd:1 _, . . Tlie mnon ~at ea rly tn-11igl 1t. Tl1c
cloth ~ lirink c<l. Jfo S[lt /,j~ load down. The lawrcr writ ex·
t r c111ciy well . Jbvc yn1 1 writ yo11r letter yet~ The l;oy swim 111 e 1!
l; rnvcl y . Ho tcacl1c<l me faithfu ll y. Ile see<l me ful l. She ,l't u

long time.

1. 'Ve :tre t ohl t h n. t the s ul 1junc ti,·c l11 ovd i:; rc•p 1i rl.'d ".\'l 1t:J1 • ~ Cllll ting cn cy i $ hn pli cd . N o w, con tinge ncy 11as r e:-:; pcc t to th at wh ich j:-;
2 pasl, thu.t w11i(:h is 1n·c~'ie1tl, or thf\t wlii c h i1' tv cnme. ]~1 1 t wi th r t::-: pcc t
to that wlikh i ~ 71lf sl . and tl1a f-. wlii cli i ~ prl'.~eul, tl1 <•re c u1 be 11 0 (:(111 tin l;L'l1CY (1111 cc rt:1.i11ty ) •~f J i1r l . In l'nth ca ~ e s, a. tl1i ng- 1:ilh C' r !1as l1ff:t 11r
/lflS 1w l /11•e,11; d t lil'I· i.'t 01· i.~ 110!. Th e e u 11 l i n ~ ··11 ry cxi t; IS nl) w11crc l 11 L i1t
th e l!li11 d of t l1 1..: ~pc ;t k er. H11t wl1 e n
eo 111 c to tl1e c o n s ider:di1 t11 (If a
thin .~ t.l i ;t L. a ..; y d . e:ri.'lf.'i w >I. al 1r/l Uut wl1i ch is f11t11 rc , w e tJ p •11 l w\·~ f\
c1 . nt~ng e nl' y o f .fact nd (le,J to Ui o 11ncerlainty o f the F- p t~:ik1..· r· ~ H1ind .
lo the Vl'rr n :i.t11re c, f t ili1 1g-s, t l1 e n. t l 'e ."peak dedaralivel!/ nnd i111lic11ffrely
... of that tcl1 ich ;~ po.~l or p rcsrnl , b11t !1ypor.hctically (J f ll1at 1l'11ich i.-: co11/i.n,r;''nl
· (m:ty or nn<)' 11 ot 11ap pe n ) as a f uel . F or example : "L 'l'l1 oniaK :d ll e
to r epeat Id!-> g r:unm ar thi s m o rning ?" •· No , h e is n11 t : 1 1 " cn. u~ r; lie
was ill lilst ni ;;ltt." "If lie 1m.i ill . tl:a t is (' 11 011 g h." "I f:l s 'l'l1<>11;;c;
come to rc\'Cll t li in g r; u nm a r ?" ");o , lie hns n ot; h c cn.11 :;;1~ Li!-) l1 e:l•l
acl1e~ . " 11 lJ lii "' J1 L'ad orhcs, tl11t t. is r 11 0 11 g: l1."
In n r it..l 1cr of l l11 ·~ t~ r :i sni
b th c r u l\ ll .\' (' 1 11 1 l i11 ~ · ·n c y t1 f f 1cf, :u id tl11; r1..:forc w o f':t )' , If ]1 0 1ra .". i ii :d.
th+Lt li11H·. and If his lwa.d ad1Nf 11J, tl1is U1111.: . B11t. if u •c P" ·~ -'f 0 11 ta rt,
future ri111 r, 1a tlie11 p 11l rl1 c c11 .. r. l111p(Jfhcl irally; n.f' , ••\·\ "ill TJi 0 111a ~ Co rn e u p
to repe:Lt lii K g- riun111:u· ltl · rnorro w '/ " '' Y ef;, if hi s be:td do l1 (1t ac h e ;"
,.. if ho Oe. IH.:llr·r; ll1at i:-:. , r'lto11ld it so happ•:n; >:!1rm ld lie he b1 •tlt"' r.
11
Did you t1t k e a walk yc~tenlay ?" " Nu, l dl d n11L; l11.:ca. 11sc i t was
"If it n·a .~ wet ( 11ot i( it t l'er f ), }P ll w~·rc l> c tt~r n t ht ~ n w . "
'' 'Vill y 1rn wa lk w 1fl' '!. , "Yt•s, if i t 1l11t :J 11.1L rain ."
"If it r ni:i.'f 1u. w ,
~

1

"°"

1

will yo11 l:d;,. e a w id\;: :t11 1111ur l1 e n c1~'!" ''Yes , i f in tlic lf1('an ti111 e it
clear -; ljl ;" t\1at is, ,'!ho11lrl r{, •rrr Il l'· nut rlN1r ..,, , whi ch h:Ls r efeH..' lH;~~ n1ily
to a71rc:sc11f •L11d now c.r/.'ifi11;; st.al t:. " Du yo n tliink tliat the r oad s will
be dii l\" t.\ii s m orn ing ?" 11 Ye:.- , if th e re li (f.! lH.:c n m u<' h rain in t! i<"·
nighi.' ; ' '\Vii.I )'<JU ridt : you I' li<n·st~ to 10 wn n ex t week?" a y, ,~ 1 i (
h e /un:e ( n11 t hrrs ) n.:covcre•l of h is l a m f:JICMS 11< ·i11rc that tim e." "Tbong-h
1

be

~t 11dici

(pas t) the work fo r t welYc mrm tl i>, r c t he did not mako

56

F.XERCtS!CS ON TIT S S UUJUKCT!VE MOOD.

I'ROl'ER T.: S E OF' T llP: ST.: n.Ju;'-: CTIVE 3WOD.

57
·.

hirn sr l f 1111'\ ~ ( c r of it .tr

T lion.~h he .•llfrlio. ( pr ('f-'<' l1t ) lwd\·(' l1n 11rs a
' ' 'l'l 11H 1i:! l1 h1: , f,:,/y \ f11tu r1~) tw elve
lH1 ur:: , h e will no t lie i-;11nit: ic:n tly prl'pa rt·t !. 11
"Were I J\ lr: x:uidcr, I would <lo it.. " " :\111 l 1rrre l I'Mt •H·11io I wo11 Jd
<l o it." Tl11 tt b, w t:rc t he ~t a.t e uf tl dn gs H• alt.:rt'd , 1lia t I , a::... Al 1·x andt...' r. :-:l1n111d hecomc l'a rmcn iu, t lw n ·i w1)1ild du i t. B11 t if. i11 th ese
';;t:;c;.: , WL' :-1 11i 1 ~ tilu te 'lca.11 in place ~1f u:er c, tli c rneani11h df bul h t't' 11: cnccs
wnu ld lie •; han ged.
'..! . Ti1 t~ ~ tt l 1ju n c t i n· 7'Toorl , tli r n, i n En g l b h , l ~ no t ll Rf'( J w i th prop ri cl _r , w hen w e .t'JW•tk ( 1f tli a t. wli ic.: 11 i" p a~ t; , or of that w h ic h i!"\ prcH:u t , l>ut w lt c n lite fa t'L il.,;e lf lms not yet tak e n place, llnrl i, 11cccK><arily
i11L11re . In m :rnr ca>~K , ;hall a n<l •houid rnay be prefix ed t o tltat wliich
h as a s uhj n nc t i"e fu rrn , when it relat es to t hat whi ch i>< j Nf11rt, l.>ut
n c Y ~ r whe n it. r ela te:-; to that w l1id1 i!'\ p a.'l or p re.,enl; as , '' l( I he well
next week, I ~It a l ! call 11pon l: itn ;" t l1a t i>', If I 3/w /L ie well. I, &c.
"Tf t hey lJf! 11n p:· l~j ·1 :i r<:d. tl h: y wil l f. dl in th e t\lt c 1n1•t i'' tl1at is , Jf
they s.'wll lie 11n prcp;lrcd, &c. .. Our ey es w~t. i t up11 11 th e Loni our
(~ od , until h i; l1ove llll'it·y npu n u ~ ;" tl1aL i::; , u1itil i al ~011 1 e f11t11rc pe~
nod , h e shall l11nr l1u· 11·y u pon us. " No fl ·;lr h; :-; t, di ll lll'l' corJ/ ;" that iH,
Les t llinnc r .1;,/,,,u/d rolll. '' lf t11 y Urotl 11.: r tre:p ass a~ aiu~t th ee,'' &c . ;
tUat b , l r tl1 y l1r11tl1 t· r :1hall or d 11Juld lrt•...pa~s , &c. ••Les t r;iu surprist.
t h ee ;" th a~ is. T. ·.-. t ~ in should ~ u rpr i.orc tlii;e."
3 . 1L n 111:;; t. h:1\·e h~c 11 o\,sern.::d . t11at \'c rhs in t ile s11l1j uncti vc m ooJ.
n.r~ g 1;J1l·1al ly pn·c:·: kd liy so me \\'•)I'd d l' IWti ng a c0r.nliti on, n.n uncc rt tu n ty. o r a :-:u ppo!-i it ion ; n ~ , olthr.mgh , errrpt . ,f, unlc!f:t , 1~ c . Sonlt:lim es
the.! w o r l (· .-. : p n · ~:-; in .:.r cond it i 0n t & c., i;-; 0 1niitc1 l; nK,
J/11 rl he w ri tte n,
}rn W<.Ht ld ," .\c ; tl1 a t i~. if lt e hart wrill e n. he wo 11 ld, .'\:.c . "Wae I
r .rovided wil1 1 111 011 .:.v . YO\ \ sho n ld ~ hnrp il :" thflt ;,_ l.f I ture. &c.
'l h11 ~ th e )H t ~ t lc nsc of tltfl Hu l•ju nct ivo ofte n ind im tP• l' r<''<'llt tim e,
nn <l 1" tl 1e11 Ciillt:d Ll 1c ll11pothetical /'rr..•rnl.
4 . W e '1.l'" ],.,, , ,, fr< nn th e a ho ve. t h;i.t th P Fut ure :)11 t•j 11neth·c oft en
omi ts t he n 11xi li :1r.\· .\hall, or will ; :u;, '' I r lw hf- industri o n:--, li e will 811 c17
cced ; tln lf. is. If h e ~h a ll be ind 11is t.ti 11 t18, &c . '• Thorrq)1 he ,,l.!111 1no
(tha.t is. t/11 111.'J.'1 li e .'iltn!l sl11y nv·). y et wil l I 1ru st in 11 irn.' ; In tli l:! ucorn nH1 n Engli "' h ,·c: r:-;inn ul t. !1e Sc r i p t. 11r c~ . tli is el li pt ical ftt nll uf the sulJjn n c t i,· c fot 11ri: is t lte <> Il e t::" 11cr:tl ly :1tlo1' lcd . Dr . \\'c b l(:r 1c111nrl;'
t hat tlii:-\ s11 l1jnn cl i\· t· fu r111 i; f ! Iii: ''crli , ~/ /.- c l1t~. !f /,r, !tat·rt if lu:, s11y,
1110 11. u:f'il,·, t/. o'.l,7/i lie )~t!L , &t ·., wl ii ch w:i~ g· i ~ n e rallv ll ~ cd hr \\' I itt- r~ <:f
II

day, y1 ·L li e ma k t~ s Ii ti.le prngTcs ~ ."

1

·'

·., ..

{:fl'CS8 condition, 11nccrt•1i n t y, rm<l l1ypoih e'i' in the prc, cnt nnrl past
tcnfies . '1'h11s Loc ke writes : u If 11ri ndplt:s are inn a. t ~.: . " "lf u11t•
considers well th e~c nH.:n 's way of s11ea.kint) ,'' &c. So A<ld iso11: "If
e.x;arci se clear&tli c \' C ~sc l:-:.,n & c.
5 . Th e ~uhj1111 ct i1 1e m(;()II i3 uu..d in cxp rt?·'·'(i111 a U"i:sh.
Oli, tl:at I ll"cre
pre pared to die. " "Oh, t!tat yo11 irere wi , e."
Thi.s pa:-;t t en se of t111:.: :::.u l1j11ncti\'C is u~ed alKO t o c:x:pH'!'iH a 1'-i nppnsi ·
tion, 0 1 11. wi:-: h 1 wh en yon wo11ld den y tli e tlii11g- s11ppo1scd o r w i... Jwd .
Thu s C l1 ri st sny K, "]f 1n y kin gdorn rctre of !hi:-; wor id , t l 1 1~ n wn11 Jd 111 y
servan ts fi g-h t. " Thu s !"layi n;; ll1:i.t l1 is li.in ,:. ( .k •tn was u r;C (• f tl 1 i ~ ,,.,. rl iJ .
•'Oh , t h: tt lie tcere here, '' il11p1yln g- that he is no t l ien:. •• Jf I l1 ad tlin
book I wn11l 1l ll'n<l it," i111 plyi n1' that I liarn it not .
·whil e th e ' "l•junc ti\' c p re><c:i L is n o w gen ernll y 11 <;c1l '" nn cl lipl i·-.il
fb rm o f t.l1 e fnt11 rc (slu:U or •lwuld l>ci n1' omitt ed ), y e t it iK ><omd im r·s
"nsed when tl1 e t ime is rnanife,tly present . an<I in such a wa y that n either 3/wll n o r 3fw11lJ, nor an y silllilar te r m, citn l>e s11rplictl witho11 t
changing the se nse , '1.nd where the presen t 11 8ai;e would rc r1 uire tlt e
present indicali,·e , thus ' 'l'lt o11 g h tltc r~J rd '" hi g h,' &c., '\\'hcther he
be n sin ne r or not, I know n ot.' " - ( JJ11 /lions.)
11

EX E R CISE S.

W ri te t.hc folltw;in g !'lc nlencc ~, col'rect.ing snch :i.s m:i.y
require co rrccti un, accorJ ing to t!tc :i.l>o vc ol.isP:Tation s.

1

1

jj

/r

t he =--ixb ·cn i h n::nl 11ry . wa:-\ i11 a .~rea l. Jt 1ea ;-; urc ~li ~carJcd~ l Jeforc the
ti111 c of A,J ,li><c n. Locke , \ \' :1t t.s, l 'tipc. n11 d olht.i au thors
th e fir, t

of

d isti nc li•i!I, w li 11 ittlurn cd th e cJ,1,c o f t lt r, ~c ,·cn tec nt.h nnd beg inni ng
of the c1ghkonth cen tury, ge nerally nscrl the in dicative modo to ex ·

Tlt o u;.:!t h e sl:1p me, y et will I trtt.< t in l1im. iVi:!t whom, if li fl
co111 c·s ~ lt.,rtly, Twil l""'' yon. It' t l1.. u rct n rn·~' t in pc11.ce , 1.lt e Lor<l
Jin.tlt ltOt S!'o kC ll hy Jll (J , Jf e ve r lt C ltfl~ c J1jJ,J, nhortivo he it.. fr tlt Oll
~e ek est. hi111, 11 0 will be f.nind of l11 ce. 1fo w:u·e icst. ~in •n1· p r i>'O t i1e e .
\ Vlm t ma n, if li e lo ~c • o ne sl1ce p, <lo cs n o t, &c. If thou can s t <lo any
tltin g , ]1:1 ,.c c nmpn~'ion on ns . If n 1w1n Wll.8 to oo mprtro t lt o e ffi:d
of n ~in glo ~trokc, lrn wo nl d be o,· c rw!t clrnc<l. "If tl1e leg <l n PR
not co1110 off, tn ke tlt e tu r k ey to yon rsclf.'' "Ma<lnmc," rcpli c <1
the m11n in J,l:1ck, "I clon't ca re :i. fnrt.l1in g wh e the r t ho leg or th o
win g c 0 111 cs o ff." Tf n,11:io<ly witliin ei l li e r moves or ~prn k ~, iL i.o
likely t ltnt t ltey m :iy c n rry tl10 p lnce b y sto r m; L n t if :i p:llt ic
sh<1uhl ~e izo t!t e 111, it will h e pro pe~ to <lc fc r th o e n tc rpri >'c . lf
the l1:1i1· l1ns.l•·~t. its po wd er, :i. Indy ltas n puff; if a cnrit j, ~ pnt tt'd ,
n l:tdy Itri" n li r1.1 ~ l 1. If ~i n i il iLtHlo of rnn 11m·rs is n m otive to k ind n e~~, tl 1tt it11 ,, r 1nny fl,1tte r l 1 i111~ c·lf w it h 11 11i\'t>r•nl p11t r••1,,1ie. H nd
lte come, we co11JJ l1nve firti~lt e <l it. Ii' Im prnctises econc>1 11 y , l ie
will su pport h imself. If thou ~oo~t, ~he may nccompnny ti.ice
R"

,...,. ,,·.·.·
i·

:'.'..

58

CERTAL'll T ENSES ANll l\IOODl5.
CE RTAIN TENSES A N D M OODS.

Wns it ncces,n ry, I will explnin. l f I b e r ightly i nformecl. Ir
there exi st" n. co11ntry w h ich co nta in s t l10 mea ns or pro tectio n. If
the c ff., cts of cl imn tc are cnsu:il. H tl10 11 b e t.lic Son of Go1l, como
do wn from the c ross. N o w if Ohrbt ho prc11ched t ha t li e r ose
from th o tle:id, &c. Illlt if tl1crc be no res ur rec t.ion of t he <lencl
t'.1 e n, &c. And if Christ be not ri~cn, t h e n, &c. li e mn st reig1;
till ho hatl i p nt all e nemi es n ncle r lib fee t. Jr t ho n brin g thy gift
t o ti!~ a lta r , and tl 1crc rcmcmucrcst, &c . Nny, Fath e r Ah r:il1r11 11,
bnt 1f one w ent nn t.o them from tho d ead , th ey will repen t.
any m ~ m her ahscnh l1imsclf, he ~hull fo r fe it n penn y. Sa xony
was lef t clef1:ncclcss, nn<l if it w as conqne rcd, might bo plund cr ciJ ,
&c. Oh, that I wus nt my jo urney'~ end. lf I sli oul,J now l11n·o
money cnnu gh, y our request w ill be g rn nt ed . W ns I in y unr
p bce, r \\'OU!cl not h esitnte. I !i ncl rnt h c r go t h a n s tny.

Jr

LE SS ON XIX .
YERDS .- Pn OPER A N D IMP lWI'Elt USE 01'' CimTAl.N T E NS XS

A :'<D ll! OODS.

l. So111 cti1 11cs tli e p(/st ten.1e u hnpro-pc1'.zy used f or tli e present:
a~, " Two yonn .£\" me n kn·e mntlc a di scove ry thn t th ere waa n
G o<l." It s ho nlJ Le, t h nt thor o n Gud .
2. Tiic J' re.•en.t tcn ..c prnperly e111 rcssea a [!eneral p r i11aip le, and
tl1at 1c/1 i r.li 1~• 11.ni1:ersnlly· and alway~ l l"'t16; ''"• Jlo n e~ ty 1·8 the
Le~ t policy . ilfan is im rn<1r tal. If man ·i8 i111111ortnl, t l1 en he
ou;::ht., &c.
S. Tlie pc1:/i·d -ix .<01nrli111a imprnperly u..ed ·i ns tead o.f tlie past :
a•, " The Lurd /1r1tJ, :riven, :rn <l t lic J,ord hn th tnke n nw ny." · It
sho ul<l be tl1c Lord garc.
-

u

. 4. Th~ pre.ic1" t lcn-<c is properly and adva nta[!eo1.t sly emp loy ed
1.~'. 1·el<:tm g
crcn l.y n.i tlioug/i they were j u.Ill 110·10 occm··r in g.
\i 1,·ac1 t y an<l 1llkrest nro tl 111s impn r te cl t o n nnrrnt iv e. Tl 1 u~,
1\f<i;c" l e1u{., Iii,; JICO i•lc tu tl11.i ncd !:icn, ancl open s a way for th c1u
tlin111 gl 1 t l1c wa te1·s.
.
5. Tho Jll"l'"l'lll tcnR~ mrr.?J bo 11.1 erl nf (/, per.wn not l ir:i11g, but
tnh-0u, injfoc.n re ,, ,. 1ri1d-,, ~t ill rxist.
Th u,; wu m:1 y say of Cln y,

]"':'t

tho fi r5t omto rs th a t ev er nLlorncd tltc A.mcr ican
So111c· l i rn c~

th e 11 rrscnt i.; ·usol.fo r th c.f11 !11 rc, in f':111:i;i :1 r ll'ri H", H 110 goes tu- 11 101Tow ." :So tlit..~ }Jl'Jj~ ·rt i.'/
.~01n cli 1ncN 11Rtd j i1r llf(;futu rc, a~,
Ile will go afr cr lio /1t({( r1·1:ilt:d
" liis le,sn11," i1i,; tc:ul , afte r lw sha/l lu111c r ccitc,z, &c.
7 . Tlic pa;;t 8i1 0 11ltl not be UH:d fu r tl 10 pluj>e rfe ct, " "• I lu arriccd
be forn I ca:11e . l t ,;\ 1(Jttltl be, " Ho hrr.d r11-rirrd."
8. Tino ; 1ci:fc•: ~ i .< .•rn11c ti111 es incorrcclly 11.<eil i11 .< fcwl •:f the 7·1·e• ·
ent ; a~, H Tl 1e cl1ildrl'il 11ow livin g lu1re /Jr:f' n ~ r catly in1leld1:d to
t liei r cxcell..:nt par L·11ts' '- 111"ro cur rcctl y , "arc i11ck\i1 c1l ."
0.
ti ng

Il l"

d i ;;coni-~e ,

H

v.

In n·e p('Ct. tr> :\ pec11li,'lr tt;•C or tiiu

p:·1 ~t

t en ,;(', JJr. \\' "],,-( ,.,.
Jf
I ru n 1111c1·1"t:1i11 w l1 ctl1l' r l k11· c i t or n ot , .l an s wer, ' Jr 1Ji,, \""'''
be i 11 111y lil 1rary , 111· if I l1ru.;e tl1e b {1 uk 1 y1111 r 1111\:..te r i:; welc 1 )Jll(~ 10
it;' b11 t. ii' [ a111 cer hin tli:1t. I l1ave not. t he lio .. k, I ~:1y , ' 11· t i1c li"'1k
1./!C1'e iii Ill }" libr; i;·y, <>I ' if [ /iaJ tl10 lJ 0 11 k , it. ,_!1ou ld UO at your 1Jl:I S ter'::' s1.: r vic v.' I h' r0 it is ohdo :i s that wl 1en w o u ::;....-~ tiie prc ~cnt
t<.ffl$C it i111 1>l i e ~ u11ccrtair 1t y <1 1° tlic fa ct , nnd wl 1cn \ Ve lbO tl1 e preterit (;;li e p,;, t) it i111pl1e< '~ negntio11 of i t~ cx i, tuncc. T i111 s al-11,
a pc r,;11 11 :1 t nigl1t 11· 1.1uld sny t o J. is fr icncl , ' Hit r1tin yqu sli:tl l ll •>t
go, ' Lc i11g 111 1ct·rtai n al. t li o ti 11 1e wh etl 1Pr i t di \I or J i,\ 1H• t r:i i11;
but if, on l"oki11 g 011 t, !10 pe rcl'ivcd it di<l n ot r :'l in, ]10 \\' Ot1ld ti10:i
say, ' Jr it rai11~1l yon ''"'"Id 11ot ::u,' in ti 111nti ng that it r1 i<l not r:li 11."
10. Ca rn 11111' t 1111 taken t l111 t. in crmnec t ed le1Me.• tl1 erc ,j,,, :J 1w ''
proper co rre«7,011d1!/lCC; 11", " Y ll Mill not como to mo tl1a t y 1
m.ight lia 1'C life." 111 s ncli i n.-lanccs, w licro t bo ;n in i: il':ti vci-b i"
i n t\1 c l'ut11 ro o r tl10 ]'l'C:'cnt, tl1 c dep<.: n\lont v edi cattnuL h e in llto
pa't. t<J ll i'l". " T\ 11tt y•o rn ay 11:1,-0 1;r..,·• b l110 pro]'el' t.l' 11 >0. JI' ti10
fi r,l ve rh i ' in 11 ,., pa>t , tl1e11 tl1e ot her v,·rb ,\111\lld al,-o lie i11 1J,o
~tn lo..:; t lic..: r~ d l11 wi11 g- C:l~' : H A sc r·; nnt call:-1 Oil 1ne ft ll' :t boP k.

0

pa ~ t ~ a.: , u Y0 would nu t CPlllO t o 111e ;" or, ~~ Y c d id not, C\11110 to
m e, th:1t y1l m ight li avo life." W li cn tl 10 fir.-t verb, ho wever, i' in
tl 10 pcrfl'eL te 11se, ti"' ~e c o nJ 111:1 y bo e itl 1er i n tl1c pr"'l' llL nr 1\ 10
p!l st. ; a' , " Yo Ii ave not come to 10 e that yo rnig!t t ( <> r '111.a y) la:t 1·0
lifr."

1 1. SrlJn utirnes an es.Mlllirtl p art

or tl1c

nf 11, complc:c

/ (']uu~ ?".~ i111 ;,r11;u':'f!J

YCru occurri11 g in :i \J1·01· i" u' porti"" .. r ti1.i
sentence, w hich , l1<iwevcr, ca nnot s upply thu defect; n,, "l ,J ,all
do nll I r nn to Jl <' r~ H adc l•thcr" to tiikc the ,,u no m cn•u rc> fur 1h r ir

omillcd, n ]':1 r t

..

60

rWJl'ER m11;; OF

cu ro " ·l1i 1·h 1 l11lCe." .'Is it. will not nm:wcr t<> '"·'"· "I l1nve ((ll.:c,"
it l >r vPnlt"''-" n e ce ~~ ~1 ry 111 ~ 1dd to tl1c :1l11 1v c ~e1tt1 · nc e llie p:1r1ici·
plo lake11. lk t1l'l', in anx ili:i ry tcn ,,• s, th e 'lrncl nrn 111' c11cl 1 «11111'0
mu~t l.Je c11111 ple t<•il; :i; , "Tl1i;; C' n>e 11e ,.er '1 11.v ban, or will be,
met." Jt "-. >11l il liu fau lt.y to ~l\}" 1 "11 c·,·er /1a.v or uill be, met.''
12. "'\'c rh~ :u ·{~ S(>1l1eti111cs cn11plct1 :l ::< l1a,·i ng- :i. CO!Jll llon r('gi 1n en,
wl1 en , in f:wt., tl1ry <lo not ndrnit.of it; as, "lL r c<J nircs fe w t.:1lc11ts
tn whic!t llHbL ll1 e n :ire not born, or, :1 t lc:1 t, may nnt ac111ire.''
T l1c ;;cco ntl cl :1n 'c 1],,cs 11 ut p rnp c rly f11llnw l o 1clifr/,.: "to wl1 ich
niost 111ott may 11ot 11c11ui1·c." To ma kt! fiOO<l "c1 1,e, it i:; ll l'CC":11·y to
cli::rnge t11u c l :i n~e Lhn s : "nr wftic!i , :it J.-:i:;t, t11 ry 111:1y 11 .. t. n(·q 11i rn."
13. " TITc re" is SOl ll('tim cs used i11 ,tt:a•] of' · 1ru11{d be," 1\11.J "/i wl"
for" would !tare;'' n~, "It icere (that i,;, 1co11ld l1r•), n ,;linrne tu do
it." "If thon l1adst b een l1erc, my lJ rothe r ftaJ, not (icould not
Ii.ave) tli e<l."
14. Tl10 pa.Yt tc11.1e nj !lie l nji.nitfre is Ye ry oft e n i ncorrectly mc1l
fo r t l1c urc., c nt., nf"rcr ,· 0rh,; in 1li o p a ~t tc11se ; tliu•, "lJc inten <l ~ d
lo lwre gone hli 11H: tn -tl:ty, "' wh icl1 slto 11l1l he writt C'n "JJo int.e11tl ctl
to go h t•111e to-•b.y." T l111' it will bo scC'n that tl1c prc;; cnt tc11 se
of tl 10 i1di11iti vo 11111 , t. lie u,;ctl t.u " Pxp ress wl 1nt. is contcmpornry
wi t h, or s11h:<C<[lle11L tn, t.J.o time o f tho principal '"erl.J in the sentence ;" b nt tl1e J'r1ji•ct tcn,; e of tho infiniti" c prope rly exprc,;.• es
wl rnt l1:1pp e11 s lie 1'11 re the 1im e of tl10 princ ipal vcrli; n ~ , " !Jo
scc m c t1 to ltrr.-ve been 1lri11ki11g."
15. Tl 10 plup~l'fect :1nxilin ry is Ro111 ct i1 11 cg n"l'd i1nproperly fo r
t hnt of ti 1e i 111 pcri.ect. su l•,i ccti ve ; n•, " I /.,uz ra t her go th an f'tny ,"
for" I •r,olild rn t l1 c1· (JO U1 nn 8tny ;"" '.Ve lmd O<'ltcr go ," for " Wo
Mo·•tl•l bo l.t <: r qo;" or, " It wo11l<l I.Jo bette r to go."
B0

NU ~!Illi:R

A ND :!'ERSON .

6i

lft.lwn g-oest , she t11 :1y µ:o also . \Ye li11Ye n1Hl w il1 l1n y01~1· fricn•l •.
The orntn r hl'li .. 1·1.:11 tliat, :\ ii m e n w,-:·o cnl iilctl to 1·rc'(·.\ .. 1n . I :111!
n 1n i 1111 llt .t, to g-i\·,. y on tli o hook . l>i<l vnn s:1v tL at } :,· l'r <· it. w ns
tl 1e tll(l~t poli,li cd writer now in Arne1:ica? ;flio pr~n rli c r c"ntenue<l t k \t th e Bil1le wa ~ n source of the l1igl1cst lH:nefits. He
~ni <l t h nt Co wpe r was p rc>fital1lll rc:Hl in g. Sin Cl' he has don e it, I
ca ti . Ifo "·ns anxiou s to l1av c llonc it. J expect~<1 to Jin ,·e 111 r:t
y on to -mol"l"O\\" . Tl1i~ j,; t1 1c only bnrgn in thnt ha<l, nr ('onl• l !.<',
ni:1d e. I pr:n· c1l f,11· her life, wh ich I \H>Ultl l1 !\ Ye hcen w illinµ: al most to ]1av~ l•Urcl1ased \Y itl1 m y o\\·n . J i11t c 1i.ktl 1o l1<1 Yc 'H itt e n yest.e nln.y. "\\' c litul better s tay . We k1tl belt.er \rnlk .

2, U~e t he ten8e thnt wi ll g:vc increased viv:l city to tr1C

follo wing par:ig r:.ipl1s.
All ,,·ns tunrnlt nn.1 confnsion; no one kn e w litrn· to act. /\ t
length En st nre llc Saint P ierro hulclly stepped fo r"'nnl, a n•l offcrc·d
liim self n ,· olnnt:<ry victim f• ir tho sn fc ty of hi~ frien<l,; nn11 cn 111pnni ons. Five other citize n.- f" llo 1,·c<l t lii~ nol 1lc exnmpk.
Tl 1c \" Wi·rc, ]e,] !1c!fore Etl\\'ard in t he p :-csc ril>e•l f:1,J1iun, who,
11fte r ,:c prn:t<:l1inµ: them fo r t.lio obsti nacy of I.h ei r ,]efp11rc, nnk rc.J
them lo !Jo pnt tc> denth. Tli o hnwcst Englbl1 n«l•ki' n:1d wa r ·
r iors i11t crcc <lc<l in ,-,1 in fn r tlicir ]i,·cs.
Nap(llc•n1',; n1nu st>111 c nts nll tn.,k tl1c same t1ireeli1H1 . ii i- littl e
~n1· l1en w n ~ tlll'IH;t1 i n!o a fo rt.ificU c:nnp, ·wJiich n o <>11.;-, w ns P' ' r 111 l t.tc11 to i1 1 Y n th~ . Jn \vinto 1", \ vitl1 tho ni<l of 11is :..;c;Lno1-fell owq,
actin g l!n1lcr l 1i ~ oracr~ , 110 c o n ~.t rurtc<l new fu rt ~ , wi l h n ~J, i l1 ar:d

kn owlc•igc w l1 icl1 gained gre a t credit for tho yon tlifni engi neer.

Ex1rnc1sEs,

L Corre<.;t I ii<: verbs according to the abo,·e obscrvati nns.

LESSON XX .

Tl1t1 0 1i11t·t oC Cli:rnc,'ry fr C''] ne ntly mitigntc~, nt11! breaks the
tcctli or tlio COl!lllJO ll l:iw. They p1·csontly g :vw :nto i:ornl linlllOI" :rnd good lan;.;u:igc to wnrds t he cro wn. Wlwse JW11pie <l" r1s
th ey nrc n min d to. lie ':1i1 l t h nt :i tyr11nt w n' :i l wny ~ a co wnnl .
lll' >:l id tl1:1t. C:dl1on 11 w :1s l1igl ily :11·g umcn t.:1l i\"t, . 1i•:1 0 it n ee<'~·
~n ry, 1 w<rnl 1! ex pl:lin. If ho p m ct.is c~ economy, lie w ill <lo w ell.

1 . V er1s mn~t 1 c in the same iw r><on an<l nnm lJl.!r :1R titei r
subjcct-11 drni11~1t iv c~; that is, as tli c nu:tn or p nrn oun preceding them ; ns, The boy runs; The boy~ run. h sh ines ;

T hey shi ne.

i

~:

.

.,

\

TJJE PIWPE R USE OF N UMUTm A N D P E RSON .

2 . Plnral snl~jrcls ;,c11nit ofpr('(lic:itcs in the ~ingnhr; a~,
Je are t he salt of tl:c l':1rtli . Chri~ti: 1n s a re t lt c li;;li t of
the wo rld .
3. \ s nhjP ct in the singnhr a <1mits of :i. prcdica t.e in t l1c
plu r:tl. " J [c ·is h e:i.d and slioullh~rs alJ O\" C t h e otl1 e 1:·_,, "A
N c w Yo r k sl ii ll in g is t 1n:l 1·c :rn cl a l1 al f cc n b. "'
4- . T 11·0 or mo r e sulijcct~, <'On nccte tl Ly mtd, r equire a
v crli in tli c plnr:il fo rm; :18, Three m e n and t 100 h orses are
c rossing tl1c r i1·cr. The ~ :11110 r nlc :tppl i ·.• ,w hen the subjects arc Sl'ntcncl'~, o r p a rt,:; o f scntc ncC's; as, " That the
man is a kn a ve, a nd th a t lie ll"as p r csc u t, are w ell-k n o wn
facts."

\V li«n these ~lll•jcct~ nrc ,,f .,imihr i111po rt, go<>d 11~ngc :ill ows of
rt ' i11gnl:tr ver b ; a~, "The ico1.,11tip :lll1] ser vice of li c:wcn is rcp rc'''ntccl lo us ns tliu w or~l1ip :in d ~ci· ,. icc of i;rat ir11do nnd Jo ,·e."
Ir c n: ·1rorsliip nnd senirc prc>cnt l111t 011c C• llll J>it:x sulijcct of tlio
l"« l'h .

\ \' l1 l' 11 ti1<1 ~ulij l'd' co11nl'clu1l by 1wd :ir,, 11• >1 t:t ken t<•g ·tl 1e r, tlio
1·cr u is ;;in g11lar. "lie, a nd 1J C>t ~ l ie, 11 l tt.: 1J cl~ ."

5. \Vhen t ll" o or 1110 re JJOU ll >' , f'onne ci('d hy on d , w licth (•r _
exprc:s.·el1 o r nndcr~too cl , :irC' prccC'<lec1 hy errc/1, e1.: r:ry, o r
citlier, the v e r b fol lo ll"i ng such i1011ns m ust h:1 1·e t h e ~ingu­
br fo rm ; :i ~, "Eitlier sex, :rn (l c i ·r;1 ·y "'.!;C 1N18 C' ng :"tge cl in
lalio r."
G. \ Vh e n t wo n ouns of clilfcrrnt nt1mbC' rs o r pe rsons arc
con n cctct1 l1y titan or as, o r by crs ·rr,ell r1s, us soon as, th e
\'C rl1 Lakl's t lt l' ~:1m c 111unl>e r as the for 11J cr n ou n, an r1 is 11nc1crstoo:l after tl 1e h ttc r; :.i,.,
" S 11cl1 &ooh n;; l11i.< nre worth pn rchn~ing." "~fo re in<l11,tri<'ll~ men tk111 John )Vil«on :i re ~clclo1n ~ccn. " " Jl is 7 ood8, ns w ell
as l1i s 'U., sel, >rcrc lost." "Yo11 1 as ~ 00 11 as h C', Ji a l' c <l isco 1·c,1'c<l
y o11 r 11~i .,t a ke . "

n ot t hns m od ifir·<l , :irn1 is nn rkrstood in r cf<·rcncc to tho
ot he r; ns,

"Na nni onnt c1C 111·,•pt·rty , l1ut nH 1(ll' i':1t e de8i rc.'f in.sure :-i .--• or1 tcntcd 111 i 11 d ." " ,\ ~c 1o 11i11(' C l1ri,li:1 11 cli:H:1ct'.'1-, a1:~ not o,r""'"·
tiou8 JH'of'..:s., ion > (I(' i r, dec ide.i n11 r fot11rc li :i pp1n e;;s.
t ll' O n o 1m s, connc·<.:tecl hy and, d esc ri be hut .one
s ubject, t hey a rc fol lo w:cl Ly a :5in gu lar ver b ;_. :is,.'.'. 111 :11.
g reat preac h e r an d ph 1bnthr0p 1st d eserrcs n n n c1 ~.il re·
speet ."
.
.
() . \ V-he n :t Yc r b is pl:iced between its sul 1.J C Ct~, 1_t :1p; reC's
in. n n m bc r wi t h t lic subject t h a t p recedes i~, and i~ to be
under stood aft.e r the othe r su bj ects ; as, " barah d ies, an cl
:Reb 'Cea, a n<i Gertnrdc."
.
, Jo. A coll c cti 1·c n o un t::t;.:cs a singula r Ye r h when it ex·
presses man y as a u ni t , :i. wh ~Ic ;_ ~ut a p!t:~~l Ycrb ~1-h C'n
it exprcs~es m a n:-, as separate 1n d 1Y1 duals. lne , ~~ttc1 ~o n­
stru etion is no w m o r e co 111111 011 ly ernplo y ecl; as, The Senate were diYicl ccl rn their Yi e w s." "The fl eet 1ccre scat·
t\! rcd ."
1 1. \ Vhen S11l •j l•cts of' t h e s:imc \'C rb arc n ot of the san;c
pe rson the Ycrb takes tlic p l11ral f.w m, a nd ntU~t be m:wc
of t he ' fii·st p L•rson , r ather than the seco n d, and o f the
seco nd , r:itlie r than the t lii rrl ; as," My b rother and I m·e
mu c h :u.t a e li ecl ." " Y o u :tnt.l he (I re v e r y ha ppy."
12. 1\1·0 o r m o r e n o mi11 :.iti 1· e ~, in t h e sing nhr, conn l:ct.cd
bv or or n or, r equi r e t h e Yc r L in t h e sin g u lar ; as, " X c1tlicr
J~lm n o r .J a mes is he r.c."

. s.· \Vh c 11

\V li c n tJ 1c, 0 noniin ;d i<" r s nrc pf cliffcrrnt. p~rson~ or :1111nl1e:">
tJ;e ve r u ll l lht be of tl1c 'i\l ilC l1llll1lJCI' nn cJ pe rson _w it Ji t.Jic 11<111;1 ·
notiv o ne x t t <> it ; n,, "I •>I' t lw u rrrt ,.,. ro 11g." "Ne1t l1cr P"'"; riy
nor ri ches ctr~ li 1 ; r~ful to li i11 1." 111 ,11cli ~c n tcnccs '. l." '\\"l' \' l·1·, ~t ,"
better to \ ' rt.I')" tl 10 co1 1... t r uct iu11 1 :111d g-i,·u to cnd 1 !-". ll l'.Jl'Ct :1 , · ~·r 1 1 · ::
I am· \ \. 'r 11 11•r' ; , or tl1011 ((1'1 .
tl1 e prop er ] ierst) n 1llH 1 nu 111l it: r ; .t,. ~ ,
"N ciLl 1er po,·crty i8 liurtfnl tn l1i 1n1 il t >1 ' ru·c r a: l 1 ~s.
1

'i. \ VJ1cn t\\'o sulijcct", in cliflerc·nt 11umber s (one of
1d1i('lt l1:1s tli t:: \\'ord no o r n ot :is a moclif'ie r), :i re co n 11eetcd
b.1· a nd or lJ11t, the \·crh t:ikcs t he i1111nbe r of the ~11 hj er. t

G3

•

·' 13 . \ Vhcn tw o o r llH>l'<' s 11 1•jed~, (·011 11 ecll'<t 11;- 01111,

l' :f

Tfl!J: PROPER USic m· NUMBER AND p1ms0N.

prr!"~Cc1 or 11ndrrstooci, arc mo<lifictl by ea1'!1, e1·cry, or no,
they :ire taken sep:1r:1tely, :ind rup1i re :i. yc rli in the ~ingn ·
J:i.r. "Xo hook , :i 11 <1 11 0 p:ipe r i~ o n liall(1 ." " En·ry pen
a111l pcneil is here."
,Vrrny a, l1efnro n nomin ati,·e, req11i res 11 ~i n g ular verb; n~,

"Full m.rwy ajlv1ocr is born," &c.

14. \ V or c1s acljoin crl to :i nominati,·c (o r s11hject), 8ho11ld
not n •gul:i tc the nu mbe r of the ve rb ; n~,
" Tho 1wmbrr of scl iolar' is in c rc.1 <; i11 g," not a re, &c. "Peter,
with John, iB in t.hc hou ,;e." "Tl1c sl iip, with th e cre w, wa& lost."
Tho prnclire of good wri ters rnric~, in cn,;cs like the last; some
e111ployi11g tl10 sin ;:(nlrtr, oth e r~, tho pl11rnl verb. Tho former
m et hn<l is to bo prcfcned . !11,tcad of usin g tho pr<'po5iti on in
rncl> ca~es, t.hu connective and is bette r . Thu ~," Peter a111l J :unes
nrc in tlie house." "The ship and the c rew were lost."
1.5. The phr:1sc>,

as appear-<, being eqn"v:ilent to as it ap-

The phrase, as f ollows,
11111st be used after one nom in :1ti Ye in t he singular; bnt, as
( olloio, afte r more than on(', o r :i. plural nomi native. Thns,
Hi~ rca1'oning is a.• fulloir:s." " Hi8 argnrn ent"l w e re a3
f ollow."

7iears, is alwa ys thus \Hi ttc n.

0

"

A s n gc ncrnl thin.~, in pr0~c compo~it i o n , contrnct ions sl1onld
not be n;ed; M, "l havn't clone it." "Jle .~li rm' t come," &c.
Ex1~ ncrsr:s .

vV1.'ite the foliowing ~c ntc nccs, correcting the verbs:
All the w orhl is ' pcc tntor~. Tl1e pca~ nntry goes bar<'font; tho
mi tlillc cl:iss makes n;:e of w oo1lc n 'h oe~ . The a11cl ienco wn;: clP.·
lightecl. Ench cby nn d li1111 r aro to be usefully employed. EYcry
, eye nncl every l1 en rt are jnyiiil. No opJWCi'80r, 110 tyrant prMpcr
th e1·e. :M11cli cloes h11111:rn pr iclo nnrl fully re<J1 1ire correct ion.
William or fhralt l1n.ni t l10 p:q>e r. EiLl1er i11 clin11ti<>n or ability
>'"C l'<' 11·nn1 i11 g. A part ,,J' t h<: ex p or t~ corn•i.• t: <•f "ilk. Tho J:ll'n Nitl, will1 ~e ,·Nal f'oiclir: 1·~, w ere taken. }:itlier .Jolin or I is con·
ccrn od. Th o nu t.hor, o r li is works, i ~ in fault. Many 11 man hava

63

EXER ClSES ON Nl'J\!nlm AND l'ICRSON" .

]0!-lt c11rti-:1 el t>r l1y ~1ir·l1 (' ri t11luct .
T\1 0 ~n<·it·ly :u·n t11H1r i:--l1inl.{.
Eit11 cr tl1\~ll nr I art 1ni--1al . . en . ~·\· it l1 e r T:1y lu r 11o r lii-; ('011<1i~
"' fl~ t. l1e rc .

G t.:11cr at i u11

aflt.: r !.!1: 11 l·ra ti~>11 I 'll ""' aw:1_r .

}1nvc hcc11 rui nc11 hy 1d rn.

nncl Council.

T lio co rpon1t i1>11

Tli<' jHil.lic is , ,, Jieiu•,J

to

"\ f:111y :l

ho pr<·"""t.

''" a ~

i111_·

T ll\' ,].. .,, ire

p1cn sin g- ont.~':; friend ~, rtn<l tliu.-. g:tining tl1.~ i1· iu\'(', lnn l.;t•

nblc.

1

~ l : 1 y11r

1:1)J1:·-i:--t 11:' a

of

:-i ~
1 1T ('e­

i•llt"'

\ \"a" yon 1l1eru? Ts tli c- 1LiyR i•C- C<> 111i11g
Cnlll p:lll iP I,_ tJ.:1t J1:tS )e.] J1ill1 ;l\\·;1y . f>,,e ~
you live l11_·re? Cir<_·1n n. . t :1n cc ~ nlr (' r:-> f':l:-' C'~ . ~ ful:.1 ...: ~(· . . ri rC" ~ w 1_•r-t .
There',; t\\"O c>r tl 1reo m o re. ~ lfe nrecl 1wt 1lu it. Ti111e :t11.l ti•lc
wnits fo r 11 0 m:rn. lie an1l I w:b tl"'rC. Jl is J'fl lie 11cc :11111 in1i11 ·;
try wn" n·111:1rk:tbl e. Tl1 l'l"C wn; more :1ppJ,., 111 11 11 jl(':1r" . Th<>
nun1bcr t1 1:·1t l 1:1n; hcf•n (:110 ~.:.·n :·1ru tir'1y . Tlic r i1•!1 '' l 'l' l't · .~.-..c...: l.~11..:
Yem

~Jiorfor?

poo r.

1!.cr1'.

Jt is ]1i,;

(•\'i ]

/\. vnri<:ty of plefl:-:in~ 11101.'et-; l'l 1: 1rrn t.lie ~ y e .

o f per~11n...: \\"L·r0 tlH.:rc .

Tl11:•y

i\

11ur11!wr

tl1:1L gPl''.' to ~('}1rnd ;-; ]1q1ild hl' :--I :1 .J i-

ous. Sixty p ~1u 111l:; tif w l 1c:tt yie11l..; f11rl y pound ... ,,f li11ur. F11;· 1.\·
l1e.'1.<l or ( ' ;It lie \\' ;l~ ~ 11ld . lli;-; re111:1rJ.::-.1 Wt' l" t} a..;; f,1 JJ.,w:-:. T l1 f' j11ry
"·ns u11a11i1non~. Thi.: cnuri. fail~ to n~ l"l"'C'. Tu l:a,·c t i1c t.. , :--f(•t·:1 1 of
tlio wi~ e :111tl ~nod , :~ re dt.:;-;irab1c. Tl1:1t t.110 ~liip, w itl1 nil lit·r
cre w , :ire ],l"'t, lia,·e been r f• JH~rt l•1 l. CP11gT<·:o-~ lia\·e :11ljl 11n1eii .
l-1:1 8 I.lie 111i11ority r"i'"rlt'll 1 lh.- 111 " aritl1111 cli«. cl:i:"' r~eit cd?
[n
n1:111uf11t· Ln r ing- tow:1:-: tl1t· 11 )\\' (· I' cla:-::; i ~ ('1J11 -.. i1 1l·r e d ili e l, ru1lnl ·1 ·r-.1 .
T l1ey, :i-; ,,.,. JJ :1....: T, n1n i1dl11v 11ct·il by wli :1t. lie :-: :a id_ T l11· (' 111 1,·1.·r:tion w 1..:rc adtlre..: ...:.l·(l by di .... 1i11(!11 i .. J1\: d t-<Jw: 1kt·rg. A li11ck 11 1" !--ln• 1· 11
we re ]n,t. Virt11C', 111111 11o t r icl 1 e~, C>l 1" ti11 1tc J.n pjt in cs><. 'J'i10
min d, a111l 11ot tl1 c l>ocly, ,ill. lie ()I" r i• wron g . .Jallc', Eli7J\, "I"
1

Raclid li:1,·u 1n:irkcd t l1 c <l e;;k . Either J a cob or I J.,,." 11ot rt'[!"un
fairly. - Either t1 1e con1l11ctor, or Ii i" :i gc nt,;, li:t8 1•c1jure1l tl 1c111 ·
~eh"s. -l fo or tl>t')' r1n' t" lie i11\'It"'l.
Wl1 C'tl1<: r }"ll or I arc ;.,
study Gcrn1 :111, i,; rwt clecid e<l. Yon or you r far lier Jia,·c \l·rn11 C"etl
me. Nei t l1er l1is ~t.yle n•Jr Iii.- tlio n gh t~ i,; remark ali·,P.
] f,.r
bc:lll!)', :1 1111 no t lier t[1 len t;:, co111111:tn li acl111ir:lli11n . 1\11t tl1c :wt,
1nt. t l1c mo ti\' e,;, i~ to be c»11,;ickred . Tl1 cy, as well ns I'"• ;, in
Tl 1l\ u11 di 1·11ce, ns 'vell a~ tl1c Ji t'll' furi11t• r , \Yas :1n xio11:-' f1 1r n.
S ii t h opi 11i t.i ns n:4 tliat i~ 1e:1dir1g- (Hll"
youtl 1 tu ruin. Tl1c dl' l'i\·n t iu n of t. l1 e~c ,vonb :lrC lll lcer t :l ill . rt

fa ult.

f epc iilio11 of tlie C(lllCCrL

is Hot ~11<'. li J11e11 ns liu tl.:it is lik~ ly to 11e 11 dit our c.:u1:111111ai1y.
You cau't succeed. You rnnyn't enter. :0on't ntte111pt it.

68

I' ,\RTICTPL ES .

PAR'l'ICIPJ.h:S .

them to p a>.~ :.li e ri,·c r. He wns h en rd say it. Th e honl es were
let to go . Dare be .1rm. J,ive as the Bibl0 r l'qui res yo u to. J
undertitOo(l it to be li e. I tl1011gl1t it wns liim, 1J ut it was not
l1im.

LESSON XXII.
l'ArtTI CTI'Lll:S.

1. The
expresses
gressi ng;
expresses

Prcsellt o r Imp e r foe t Participle, ending in ing,
an a ction, state, or being, as con t innin g o r proa~, Uc was f! bsc1T in:J; the Perfect Par t iciple
actio11, s l:ite, or l1cing, :ts fini;;hcd o r completed;

as, obscrced, /l(l 1Jinr; observed, having been obserL'ed. The
bst two foriils :ire dcnomi11at c d c:o mpmmd.
2. The Imp e rfec t or J>n':<(' llt l'articiplc m:1y d<•sc rihe a
p rcsl' n t, p :1,t , or fo t11 r~ :tl, tin n; a~ , "I :im observing," "I
w :1s obsl'l'Yi11g ," "I "·ill l.1c ohsc rl'in g ." It describes an
act.i on as present at th e time specified liy th e auxili:1n· Yerb
preti x etl to it. So the Pl·dl:ct P artieip!e always cxi~n· ~.~e~
t he :iction :is eomplvtl'<1 at the :.imc rdi: rrcd to hr tho
principal n·rb; as, "The uook is pri11ted ," "i t \\':l S jirillted," "i t wiil be printed." He n ce the im pe rfect :in d tho
perfect p:1rticiplcs do not c xpre~s tim e abstractly, but by
mc:ins of auxi liaries .
Snmo g r: u 11111nrian~ <l<"sii:; na to the Partici ple ng tl10 Part.icii•inl
~f"o<l-n llH'<><l w!,icl1 d.,c-s n"t a~;ert b11 t merely assumes tho

attri l1nt<: n:-1 cxi -.;ti11 g.

:! . It is c:1lh:-d P:irtic-i11le, b(·c:111ge it par t akes of thl' natn;·e of !l \"l•rh in ll1:trk i:1 g t.i1 1H', !lll<l Of an :1 djc:cti1·e in CXpressi1:g a n :1 ttril1t1te l) r :111 oloject. It lias the sam e J0rm
in ::tpj•lication to 1101111,, 11"l 1atc n•r ge nder, numb e r, c:lsl', or
person tliey 111:1y lie ot:
To llV(•i<l ambiguity, it mu ~t 11,;nally be placed near t h e nonn of
w hich it cxpre~~c:< tl10 ntt ri bnle. The following- 'e n te n ce is 1un

bigll •'ll~: "A 11 tho pe<i pl tl follo\\·e.J liim treml,/inq." Tt \l' :ts ti"'
people thnt tre1nhk1l: l1 enco tl1c pnrti cii•k ,J ,,,u]ol li:t\'(' 1; ,11,, ·,y ~,1
p eople.

....

'L '.rite p :1 rtieiplc is often us•:d r1s ,~!I I ri•(j<'r·(ll'P, tn "X]oi'I'>~
q11ality o r kin.J: th 1181 a learned m:u1; a fori11:1 frit.•11, I; :in
a ck no1rlcdf1Nl foct..
Tl1c i':1rti"i[•lc i11 in,1 ii" :11so 1~/{~ 11. user/ usu. 110ulf, ci1.Jt ,,r
in th e 1101nin:1tiYc o r ohj<' cti\·e c:1sc.

Jt

i~ g{·Ilc-i·; iliy, tl1011gh not

:d wny!", prer:el1C<l l 1y tht·

rlrti4•i t·,

:int1

folluWl'<l by tl10 prepo>itioll (If wi 1li an ohjer:t; as, " A rising ~f
t lic pe,, 1110 is c.er t:ii11." "Sl uoly is c•scntial t" tl1e g«i11iw1 1:(
1
lcnrning.'
to l1ealth." ~ 1 St<•pping :lt
H Ri.-;inrJ . .·arly contl uce!'i
thi 5 pln<'e is «Orind0Jiin7 all yon J: a,·e tfon c."

5.

H'ltcn tlie impci:fect participle has the fo i·ce rf a i:erb,

that i~ , has an o bject depcnrling <m it, it sho11l.J not lie
ce ded hy an article nor follo wc tl by a prepositi on ; as,

]Jl'C'·

"By ku1•inq Go><l':; ct1111111nn<l111e 11I :'<, .l" '" will pro Ye y<o i:r Jo ,·e
It. :;!1011!11 not lie writkn ci1! 1cr '' By lite. kcc7•inq (:o<l's,"
&c., nM "By 1.-ecpinq flf Go<1'"• &c.
(l. 1f'/,(m th e 1v rrtir:i1,/r; /10s 110 ve1·lud .f;• r<'e - - 11<J ol,_jcct
depending on .it-if :111 article or :ulj1•ctil'C• g•J l1<•fiH<' it, :i
p r eposition :ohould fullo\v, bnt if n ot, 11 ot; :1"~
to Tli 111 ."

" I'1'l'Viou;; to llrn clo.•i11(/ of the bari.:ain ." "Ajin11l cJ .. ,i11i:; ~/
the bargain took place. " It 1n11;;t lie no1iccol then, 1hat tl1e 11r i£cle 1111 <1 tho of may be both omi tte<l, or nei tl1c:· of the1n nrny \Yith ont tl10 uthc1·.

7. To avoi'.rl am.!J1::;11ity in cNtain scnt1encc•s, an i111p()rtant ridP, d1011lcl be obscrrNl : that "·hNc the pnrti"iJ•i:d
noun cxp1·cssC's an att of \\'l1ieh the fulio11·ing n o1 111 is tiic
n.gcnt, iL ~ho1ilcl h:t1·e the n.rtielc :tll\1 the prl'pil,itinn; lrnt
wh e re the fi1 llo wi11g 11nnn is tlie vbj(·ct uC the :wt l'XJ•re"·' '''l
by tl 1c par tiei11 ial, l}(Jtl1 tl1c artielc :u1 d the prcl'o"ition ~l1 vnl ll
be om ittccl.
A s nn example of the f1r:0t: "He mC'ntionc<1 the fir>t in tlie.
of tho ph il oRopher ;" of ~IH; socou(l: "In /. earing the }'hi-

1•cnring

~.

'..

~

:/'>"

,.

TUK AD\'li:Rn.

75

CLASS ES OF AD\'t:1rns.

tlio right co11rse. Meek tH:~s nppcnrs in rnffcri ng of wrong-in thQ
Bnfl'l,rin g wt"o ng- in t lt c ,11fferi11g of wrong, patiently. Becnns~ ol
iud 11lging his ; 011,, 111.; Loni clwsti se<l ol <l Eli. Tliis wa;i tl1esnm~.
as the J"(~ceting the propo:ial.

(/.!.,.) .A •lvc1·b" oi" ~ U:IIHEt,, nn ."' '"Ni11g to the question, liow many?
..,.l)n oe, twice, &e., Ji r.,l/y, .•r:co1ull!f, &c.
· (4. ) J\dvcrl1 ..; ,.r UEc;1<1m, n11,.weri11µ; t •) th e q1H"Lion, /1()10 mur:h?
\1~; littt~, much, gr1,,1lly, u ry , fn·, f11ll, fully , enuug!i, iufillitely,
~}'cely, bu t , 7,urlly, merely , al1n •>.< t, lw1r , l w 1rl'l'c r, &c .
. (o.) Aclv c rlJ ~ or j\fANNF;J<, a11 ,;\\'e ri11 g to ti>ll i]ll<''<tion, 11 010 ,1

LESSON XXIV .

wi,sely, f a. in, &c. (2) Of do 11l1t; n."', p o.•siMy . (U) Of (([/irt11 1t tion; ns, trufy, do11btlcss, ycrt , ye.•, indeed, &c. (+) Of 11f:;r1ti1111;

!liese

THE ADYER n.

1. Tho nd vcrb is a word used to modify or limit tho
meani ng of a verb, or parti ciple, of an acljcctil'e, or of an.
ot he r aJverb. It abo, ~orneti mcs, modifies a n o un, a preposition, the clause of a sentence, :ind even a whol e ~e11tcnce.
It is n C•>11vc 11 ient nnil lllost important cln~s of won]~, exp ress·
ing i n a ~inglc wn nl wk1t •.ronl<l otlicrwisc require scvt rnl word~,
nn<l t.Lns rcn<lcril'i.\ l:inµ:nago moro concise an<l i111p ressive. Thus,
solemn ly exp rcs,cs t l1c sa1110 id ea ns tli o pl 1ruse, in a .w lemn man-

ner.
2. A<1vcrhs arc either prim1t1ve, or derivative; the
for mer l>eing used only :Hi adverbs (c. g ., not, 11010, then,
&c.) ; the lat.tcr being deri,·ed from non11s o r adj ectives ;
us, nightly, ho urly; so!'Lly, pionsly, meekly.
C r.A SSES OJ<'

Anvmrns.

(1.) Alh e:rl>s of l'1.A<11(, whir:h :rnswer to the questions, wh.ere? ·
10/iitlrer? wl1c11cc l n11d indicntc either t he place in 10/iich, to
wliich., or.from 10!1ic!1. 1\ 1 11 on~ thc;;o arc , licre, 1cliere, the.re, 1/li'I,,.
der, no·whcre, 1171, do1c11, a/lJf1Clie r e, Mmcwlie r c, elsewliere, w ithin,
lrithout, w!iitha, thill1er, li.it11 er, 1cli e11ce, &c.
(2.) 1\1l n·t'l · ~ of T1 ~m , nns w cring to tlt e que;;tinn~ , when.' now
often ? ref,·1-ri11 g- to /,ime Jla8l ; ns, yes terday, lately, r e.:ently, al,.'
uady, &r-. : t.n time prc«en t; n~, note, lo-day, 1:11.~tnntfy, &c. : to ·
time f11/w r, ; n•, 11 ercrrflcr, ln -m nrro10, by-a1<d-br1, &c.: ~o tima
nu"ol1.tl.e; a<, n ever, rrl"1crry.•, uer, &c .: to time 1·elati1;e; ""• then,
when,, befo re, after, Mli ifo, &c.: tu tim e rf11e1ited ; n~, often, a17ain,
(Jr,r/t.•irmrrll?f, ''°'"·: I•) ni·rlrr n,f tim,: n•. ,tir•t, ucnnrUy, &o.

11~,

Ill"()

Slll1 d JYid e<] (J) in to ad\'eru:; o f" qua[t/!f; fl~, 10e/f, .;[/,

no, not, 11<j!f, /,y no me,ws, 11ot at all, &c,
118 1 /1otn , w/iy, Wherrj;>
re, .\cc. ( Ii) 0 (

ti~n;

(:~ ) \) t' i1, /u- ro!/'1CUl'nf'fll"l:JO/i;

fl",

fll Ol"e, 7ilO«l , /n·llN , /, c:J t, 1corsc, W0/'81, /e1i,jl frr1,,t, 1·NJ/, rt/111d.<f, {i ll fr,

alike, &c.
(6.) Advl· rli . .- td. J>1 :H'l.~ (h1:Tr\ lhc r1\ :111d 1r lu:re) c~1111 1 H 1 \111 dt·d with
pre110 .. iti1 111; n~, lurer: /~ lli !' re,:J~ u /u; r<'r~(; ltt~ rctu, lhcrefo, w l1t· ret<> ; !ier1,7Jy, &~.; l1 cre1c ilh, &.c. ; hcrei 11, &c.; tl1erifore (tli<:rd<>r),

fi

tltc. ; !1e,.eu;"m, &c.
.;(7.) /\dv c r l> ~ Colllpo1111 dc 1l of a 110\lll wil l> :l prefix a, 11sc1l iustead of at <>I" on; " ~· asi,le, ahead, &",
, (S.Y Co11joi11in(j Adver/J,• "r A,/rt'r&ial Co,,j 1111ctio11s; :i~, wlten,
Where, Wft.e n C1l, wlt crcter, &c. , w J1id1 often C<Jt1_ioill ' enie11 ces, li ctii<les cxp re,:; i11;; tltc ntt rilrnlco o r ti111e fl tl<l place.

or

'' 3. Compa ratice and S1rre rlfltir1~ n t'. !fl'Ces
an acln·rb
arc e xprl·~~ l"l, in sulllc ca~e~, by adding er :rnd est t o the
simple ad1·erb ; in othL• r c:lses by p 1· efixi n ~ more :uH1 most;
. as, soo11, soo11 a , soonest; truly, 111nrc tr uf.11, mo.~t truly.
, OLlier ad verbs arc i r regnh r ; a~, badly, worse, worst;

well, better, best.

LESSON XXV.
l'OSIT((IN OF Al!\' EIWS J:-< A SENTENCE, A;\ID THEIR 11118-

A l'PLICATION.

1. Tl 10 n<l\'!·rh:' only nn1l merf'ly nro very ]i;1l•l c t1> he wrnn;:ly
plrtce1l; tl1u• , in the ~cntcnc~: "W e fin<l tl1at the wnnl:; \\·ere r11 •t
only utt<.: rn•l ],~· 1\ 111ortal mnn iik1i 011n;e]Y(•,, hut hy nno wl.n w:"

..

78

EXERCISES Ul'ON ADVERBS .

I'OSITIO!\ OF ADVERBS .

J. T he n·h·r rl, i,: j>l ncrrl h0fi)rc 1hc pn1·tic i1,Jr·' nn•l lho nrhcrbs
w i1icli it. 111odifle'; a•, "lle is nwch bclored." "Ile is -r;ery much
lJ\.'1P\"('I1. 1'
2. Ti1e n•herl1 ~n111111only f.,1J nws :l vtr\J whe n • inglc ; n•, "Tfe
fot1µ;l1t lir1n ,'l!J ;" h11t. ·when, willinnt ob,:cn rin::; tli o , cnsc-, it will
s11 11t1d l1tttc• r In 1•l:icc tl:o ~1< hcrl1 before Ilic Yerh, it ma y tlius be
pl1\Cl'd ; a.>, " lie nJtcn cr111w t o tlie l"•llii('."
:1. T l1 e a<l vcrJ, 1i,:11ally f(,]Jnws t lic nhject of n tr:in ~ itin~ verb·
n•, "Sl1c rcrit.:d he r )(';;,on ru/111ira'1ly."
'
1. fn il '(:ntcllCC ('Ollt:Ji11inµ; <lll O :111x i]inry verb nn<l a pn rticipJe,
tl1c :11l vl.' rb l." ll"n:il ly placed 11ctwccn tl 1c r11, 1> r aft er tl1c pnrt.iciple;
as, " l!<J """' polif,,/y treak.J ;" 1>r, " Ile wa ~ treat<:<! poli tely ."
5.

Jr

t!10 :->(:1Jte11 ct..\ ennta i n tw() :inx ili ari r<-=, tii e nd vcrh f!Cnernlly

li1lln ws t ir e ' "c"n d: n> , "li e 11:1• l1c-(' 11 7,.1/ilc1y t rl.':i h·d ;"yet it
i a ~ , u Il e J 1a:; l)een
trc·11ie 1l polild!f ." Ko t 1111frc')11cn1 ly, for· c111pli:l:.i ;, 1!1c 11 1lrerb
111ay in tl 1i:-> ea.-.:u :1!:..:o full~ 1 w t/10 11:i rti cipll·

f 11'l' t'l!dc:-: tl1e : 1nxi l iari1..·~ ; :1~ ,

H

i\1 al aR.'JUredly

Y OU

W(: re. not j,, 00 ..

~
G. Er11 J'l1nti n ruh cr-11,; mny co nnne n ro a 'entente ; nf', ",Yever
"""" r l:ero a fn l>cr •tn tcrnent." E 111plintic n<hc r\Js 111 ny lie J•l:iccrl
:q •:ut fr." "' I lro 11·or<l tlicy moil i fy ; ns, . " I [ow ico11 dc·1:fully this
IH!lll t rwmpli ctl o ver ovcry clilliculty I" . Inte rrog:rt.11ry n 11 d ex.,
cl:1mnto ry pli r:i >e~ nncl sentences rcCJui rc tlris p(1,;itio 11 .,r 11 1" nd ver \J.
7_. Tl 1c nih·crh , Jro11l1 l not be t"ctl :1~ :rn :1tlj1Tli 1·c, \1ei 11 i! 11 0 t
<1l's1g-1h·d t11 t· xrn ·l ·-.:. ..; qn :dity, lint r11:1 11 ner ; n ·:, u TJ 1e t!t nn Co n ~
0

1·1111t <1 1' 1! 1e f:1et."

it, rl'"'!" ."

~ ~ Tl1i11u oj~f'n in fin11i 1ic:-t."

h

Jt, :q1j1C"fu·c1l

8 trt.l l1 (! l''1t ."

"H11w l1e1iul(jiilly sire np pcnretl l" In '"cir cnses nn ndj~·ct ive
~ho uld lie 11 ,:ecl i11 pbce of tl10 ndvcrh. On tlro o th er lrn;1d tlie
:H1jedi1·e ;d1oul(l no t lie u,;erl in pl:1<'c o f tl:e nclvcrb ; n•, " <' ~ces­
sivc ~i11t1id," for

'l

cx r.~s ~i,·ely ~tupid . "

8. Tl 1« :rd1·vrl> n nl f,,]J,111·, , wl ri!e tlre :1Chc r1. nc1!Cr J• rc•cc.. ]""• t], 0'
pri 11i:ip,tl ve r b (<1r ils ar1xili:1n'), tn wlriclr tl1ey refer ; 11 ", " li e
•li d not C1>r 11 (•, :l" lr« 1•ror11 i,cd ." .ll~o ,:110111<1 not \Jc 1i-cd ; 11 tl•e
~e11....:1...• 11f not i11 ~n('h <·01111t._·c·ti11n...:: n ~ i ri 1l 1e :--t> n t1..: n re , 4• Jr 1· did 1111 t
fiay w!1._.1 l i v 1· Lu woiild go or no ;1' t.l1:1 t. i.~ , 1io (~o). It !<-ol1 1111 ld IH!
'· :)lie 11cver cv 11a•:-: to ~ t'C 11s" n Sl 1c «0111~· ~ not to ~l· u us."
!l . lfen~e, lheHce, nnd ul1e11cc slr o11ld ll<' '·cr \Jc pn·cNlocl lov Jr.1m ,

11ol .

na bc•inrr implie<l .

·

79

10. Nc1·cr mo how before tho cc•nj 11n ctio n tltaf, nn r ins tead of
that; n~, "Ile rlecl:tretl how that \il) wo 11lJ g(> ;" "Ho <l cclnrc<l
hmn J1e wou ld ho tlicre." It sho11l<l Le : " Ho <lcchr0cl that ," &c.
11. Tlio woril enoug h follo ws tlie t11ljeetiv c nml t ho no un; ~~~
u Brend enmi[/h, nncl to spare." " Tlio place w 1l~ hq.;o enou'.)h .
{ the fir;;t. of tl1 e'o in ~tanccs, tl10 wonl is 1:~ ed atlJ CCttv cly, :i ml , ng
11
l\t\ : 11 1jcct.ive, sl1ould neve r be pl acc<l before tl1e nou 11. .
.
.
12. Do not pl ace nn a <l verl> imm ediately aftei· to ot 111 0 J11fimtive; a;;, "Ile cnrcfr11 to ne1ler vi.olate tlie Sa"ubath." It should be
"never to vi olate."
E x &nc rsxs.

vVrite correctly, :is to arr:rngeuic11t auJ proJ'e r uric of
adverbs, the f<1Il o wing sente n ces :
Tlie bricl"C wi ll be never cornpldcd. It is unplcnsa11t co ntj 11 1.ally to be i~t work. T l1 is constructi1111 ;;<11111<ls rat her lin r,;hly. Ho
it11pertin c 11tl y spoke to me. Tlie :itljcctivc is put a li" 1lntcly .
Snch l'roec"din :;:< are of selclo m occ11rrcncc. Velvet l:C'd~ s1noo;hly.
Seld11111 o r eve r do we see tl1o:;e fo r,:aken who trust 111 G()(l. l· rom
t! ience he c:uno ti> Eo111c. Fro lll l1cn cc yon must d i scon~ r your
, errnr. lli s place is e no ugh la rgo. You sco how tl1nt not mnny
wise rn en nrc cnlk11. I Jin,· o nenr finislrc <l this lesso11. I wr1s
nwnre lww t hat tl1cy l1n1l licllr<l it. Ile procce1lc1l to wi,: ely di~ ·
course upon tl 10 e ve nt. Sec whe t lie r tLis.\J~ tliy sou's co n~ m: ~10.
I lr:tvo en"11µ;l 1 e:1ke . AscerL11i 11 wlidlrcr 1t J,~ go or l\(). Nolllill l;
neve r <'Jin ju,tify yum :rct. Frn m 1d1 ence art tlto 11 1 l <li<l no~
Jik"' neither lii111 11"r !1is ltlotltC'r. Be sure to correctly locate tho
nch·l.'rlis in" """ tc nee. Nu\Jody ne ver i1wcnt ed noL11i11i; so complete a' tliis 11i :ll:l1i 11 e. Ho wns scarce sen<ibl e of iL N over tako
n11 ~llltpo nor nppc:irance of hypocrisy. I hnve digscrtatlons on
tl 1e pr11p liccie' w l1id 1 Jin,·c rem:lrknbly been fol filled . lle. tohl mo
lrow tl1:lt ho wonl cl go to New York. Instea<l of lookrn;.: 1·on t<"ll1J•t11u 11'ly 1lnw11 nn tlre crooked in mind or in l>ocly, wo shuuld
look np t l1a11 k:"nlly to God, wlin li as nrnrl e \IS to (liff<:r. I_f y~n ure
lile;sed naturally with a good memory, continually cxcrci,;e it.

'

~,

.

80

81

rrmrOSITION S.

SELECTIO::S- OF Pnc:POSlTJO::S-S.

LESSON XXVII.
rnEPO$ITJO XS.

".1'-r~1 <.~1 l

1. These a rc w or 1 ·
lent, for the lur lOs '

l r.
. ~''.1 o~-,., n o uns~ o r an equiva-

I . e olf cxp 1 e~,1ng ,h e r chu on which t hey
so111c w o n or w onls w h. ·I I
1
.
made t.o qualif'1 · St 1
1 .
Jc l t ic p tr:1se 18 thus
··
· • tc i w on or , · · J
l
antecedent ) : . 1 · .
vo1< s rnay ic callc<l the
, ' r sn i1cct.1 1· e kr"n of rch .
l
i1·onls inL rotl 11 c\' d l;v tl ie >r • ,· .
. t1011; tic i1·r11·d or
Fo rm th
.
l rpo. Jt10n , an<l dcpc 11rle11t on it
, t
1 e co nscrp'.(·11t, or ohjl'ctivc te r m of r elatio n Tl "
an eecl cnt t ·nn rs a'cc r tai n 1 l
. .
.
.
lO
1-0/wt befo r e thr. ) .
. .
C\ iy usrng the interrogative
. l I l'j>Os1t1on . the co ns
l
.
after th e pn·po~i tinn .
'
"cqu ent J)' usmg what
su stain t o . I
" •

Tl in~ : "0 11l '?f "'·cry g rove tl Cl • •
ask, what i ~ O'll t " ' \:c • . l I ' \ 01ce of pleas1.1re wnrbl es ;" we
'
.
.I i '
. I nn <. t 1e ans wer r',,...
I
1
r c 1nt1 ve,i . e. "i lic v ·
f
g ' < 8 11.< t 1cn nlece<lcn t
•
.:
UlCO O p 1~:isuro Wnr \;lcs 11
\V , . •k "·
o.f W h al ' 111 0 1H"wcr i•. , " e1.cry. " rove " · · l ti ." .1.. ng:irn , ont
11 1
ti"e or cnn'e'Jll<'nt rel:iti,·e.
"
' an<
·' -< the oJ,jcc-

2. Prcpo1'itio1i's rcqniro tho n
._
them to be in t li e ol . .
oun or prn nn 1111 follow in g
'
)jeCtI Ye ease · 'lS "J
111
to tlimn."
' '. ,
H' < ~:i e to me a11d
. $cn tcnc0• nn1l cl:rnscs nro somctim . 1
:
oth,· r "' " n l• t lie CA
c~ 1 ie ol'./ CC L.' of p rl'p11~ition~ .
·•
. , n ~cq11 nt ten
f
I ·
'
~elli11r1 his book.< lio g-n·c
1'· . _11 o . re a t1>>r1; ,, ,., "B1,"rnirs
'),
J
'
llJI llS !-.lliJ· l t 1 0JI n
H j'
uccn said. " "\riT1ruc•T
l."
· · · ·
· 1111~1 M/111l Jws
"
· , cc •ltl[! any m
· 1 · ·· l
1'1~1 comparing the J'TO()f,," & c.
ore ;us ·'.flit de reasons."
10 o loject uf n pr
· ·
·
mnn I 1 ·"·
.
cpo,1t111n is ~0 1 n el i1ncs omi t red. :is, " Ho is n
.
i c. 1.,,1 11 10 n c q na 111 t.L·il wil/1," t h£Lt " H
'
q ua1ntcd with" 'fl 1
· 1. • ?n/iom I lit•ca111 c nc.
0 nntcceue nt tcr 0 i' 1 .
emit t"d · n", " [T
. k] .
m
I'<' at.io n i ~ "'•111<•ti 1n ca
- ,
" spea. in a wcr.l, li e is rnincd. "
in

3 . Care is r cqui rcc1 to select suitable pre1>0s itions . A~ :i
g eneral ru le, Lati n, G re e k, and F rench <1c r iv:itivcs a re fol-

\· •lowed by a prep ositi o n c orresponding wi th that used in the
compound word; tlin~, " to expel f rom j" "to sy mpathizo
.,oitli j" " to adapt to." This rnle, howeve r, is oft en de·
P,_~rted fr o m; as, " Ul'(:rsion to" (n ot j?·om); "to s ub mi t
to" (not w ider) ; " \\' l' prefe r tu" (n ot before); &c.
·:'.. .. ~ (1.) Th e p reposition nf, 11'e1l iinpro p<"rl y for on..
.~··"'He i~ rcsuh·c<l of goin g-," &c. "Il o w n~ cl cpcn •l ent flf tl10
· Pnpnl crown ." "Ile c:ill c1l ofth:it person, an<l wni tccl of lii111."
O/is im pwpcrly ~i1p1 1li ccl nfte r some words; m•, " It deciclo,; fJ./
tho fortnn cs of men;" "rain h118 bee n falling ofn long till) <.>. "
Of is im properly used fu r in; n~, "Ile fo un d <lifficn lt.y of writ-

ing." .
Of, inste:1d of fo r ; ns, " It mi ght hnve given men tnste of its
tlntiqn it.i<:s ." A taste o/n thing implic• nctn:il enjoyme nt of it ; a
tuHe/01· n. thing im pl ies on ly 11. cap:lcity of e11joy111 e11t.
' (2.) Hc• p<:cti ng the preposi t ions to nn1l for .
After, i111propel'ly 115C l1 instcn<l or to; as, "Il e l1ad a grea t ro·
gnrcl nfl~r his fat.lie r's co1111 nn ml,. ,"
To, impi·n perly Hs\·<l i nst.en•l of tipon; n.•, "Yon have bc•to'l'l·er1
yo111· f; L\'ors to th o """t 1l c'c ,.\'i11µ;."
: ln"t ·a•l nf of; n~, " JI is nbhoHcnco to thnt ~uperRtitiou' fi gu re."
"I t w:Ls 1111 .!i111in11 tio 11 lo liis gr.:n1.t1 css ."
In stervl ui'j'o r; M, "A f(no d ch ange to th e better."
Ins tca1l oi'ar;a in., t; n-<, "Yo11r pn•jnui cc to my cnuse."
· In stca•l of/rom; 11:<, "Th e }:nglisli w ere n 1liffercnt people t hen
to w lt:it th ey ;ire :i t prc>cnt." "Ile regnr<le<l it 11.g n 1lcn•gati on of
hi s s11ffici<>n C)'."
Inst.end of wit h ; n~, "In co mplian ce to the <l cclamtion," ,\·c .
.For, 11.<(•11 i1n propcrly i11 st\'n tl of nf; n~, ''Them is no net·d }1r
it." " I t is 111ure tl 11w tltey tl 1011ghtj'ur." "Mnrc tl1an It., ],11u ws
"o r." lkru tl 1c f or jg supe r fluo 11s.
(3.) Error;; iu r e1 nti on to with nnd upo n.
With improperly n~c•l in ~tcad of to ; ll~, ·' Reconcil ing- l1i u1;clf
4•

->.
-i

-- t

·-

82

l'JWl'ER :S l·:LFCTJ(\;I.' OF l'HE P OSITIONS.

tnilh tho kin;.:." "Tlwso thi11.:.:' "; Jiich hl\\'O rese1 11 olanco with
each ot i)(lr," &c. "Co11,011a11 t with llllC co ll1mon nnt nre." " Agree.
11 \Jie Mith tl10 51\r.n:cl text."
.
1Vith pr .. pcrly 11cnotes concornitnnr.y er a•'i'tance; liy, the ···
pro xim ate c:<11~c or in~ t nlln c nt; :H, "Tlie soldi e 1·~ ente red the
i1 n~:1cl1 1cith ].. ,,. ](.,] n111, ket~ ; tl11:ir lt'a<lcr fell 11 1ortally wo111Hlcd
/iy a !l 111 'k"t·li:tll." We mny ~11y , "with !'rll)'l' r~ nn J tea rs lie Hip·
J•lica kd panl. 111 ," bec:rn"e pr:.\ycrs nll<l tea rs a rc ll ut 'instru ment.& '·
but aC <.'. ur1 1p:u1i1J l(·llt"' 1,f ~11 0 act.
·
On :11 1.J 11111111. on;.:l1t. to J.o di-tiia.:11i"li~ ll , n• the ,ii;nificalion of in
<litl'e r:; frn111 tli:tt .,f into; a', "Tli c J. ird fl e w 11jl(l/l. (up on) the
ho11s<', 1t1Hl wl"'" tl1e rc, srtt on Llio roof." In tho ti r~t case motion
to i> i11q1lieil; in tl10 5<.>co:11l, "i 1nply :i. state of rest. Again vp o11 •
(upon) wo uld i""'J•c rly sign ify dcnalio n, aud a state rifre.it. Upon;, .
l1oweve1·, lh1e-; n<>t :tlw ays i11 1ply motion up, 01· cv <·n elcvatioii;
r.. ,. WC "i)' , "![e t.l1rcw lii11"elt' UJ'Olt tl 10 g ru11!11l. " T l lll ~, on nnd
upon arc u"n:i ily co11fonnded.
··
H'ilh, i 11~k:t1l ut'from; a", "! Ll i>,e11t uil h tJ ,o cxa 1ni11e r."
[Jpon , or on, i1n pr11pc i· ly 11.'l"l in~tead of of; as, "It i:; a u~e that I
~l1ot1ld 11 .. 1. 1111,·c tli<111~l1t. on ." "l!e " ·a , 111ado 111ncli on at Argog, 11
llpfJn :i 11cl on , ll'ed w rn n ~ly i11:< tca1l o f ·in ; ns, " A g reHe i· qna n'. iiy 111:iy J,e la~ ('ll fr" '" tl10 lil':t jl, w itl11111t 11111ki11g a11y scn>il1! c nl·
'. eraii ,HI 'U}lfin. it."

~~ J11trn~t~d to f>Cl":i t) Jl S On w Jiu 111 tJio tiHrJiamCllt

~ould

C01ilide."
Up11·1t. i11 .-tc:t11 ot' ore1·;

:1>, "It' pnl i"J co.n p ro \' ai l up on fv rce."
(+.) Ern•r.-:> re:'pt ·c i i11g in, ji·om., & c.
!11, u,"·d "'1'"11;.(ly i11>klld or abou t 01· conce rniny ; a~, " They
•linu ld l1u i11Ct>rlll('d ·i n S<llllC parts
I.is cl1a racte r.''
l 11to, i1"l'e:id oJ' 1111dcr ; ns, "Upun sucli occ:1 8io ns a8 fe li into

or

tl1t:ir cug 11 iz: u1 c..:C' ,' 1 t\:.c .

i nfo, in,'1.1-:td "!'in ; a; , "Tktt Ynricty of i'act i11 ns in to wli id 1 we
fire still

t:ng-:1~~d . ; ,

1\ s tlic pi·cp<»ili1>11 i n implies r e$t, anJ into, motion to, i t is
1•lai11 th:i t, wl1 en t wo verlis ditlcr in mcaniug, on e iinplyi ng motion
111 1d tlic 11t.l1e r where, tl1('y c~tllll•t prilpc r ly bo foll ow"tl by one a u<!
tl1e ~a rn o 11r<.\f10:-<i lio 11; ; 1~, ' 1 rusl1cd a11d e:rpircd 'in thu JJnr nc~, ,,

tli:1t

i,,

"r11"!1 cd in to 1u1tl expi red ·in the Oa1 nc;."
,.r by; ns, "Uuu ld Ji~ Ji n 1· c pru tite il from rcp<.> ate<l

Prom, i 11~tcad
e x per i ence ~. "

83

E XElW!SES ON PREPOSITIONS .

·From supcrflnous after f orbear ; as, "IIo coul<l not forbear from
,'~ri'ointin g t!io pope,"&:.
.
"
,
.
,
, :· .After wronl-(l y u ~c<l 1n,tca<l o1 of; as, A strict obse rvance
·.:tift;;r tirn cB o. nd fosl1ions ."
_ .
, .
.
•· Out of, instead of from; n~, " N c1tli cr of t lt c 111 sl111ll 11rnl-<) nm
. '!Wer vc out of the p:u.lt ."
,
" Amonn bcca ll tiC it i1111·, lid n nu1 11 her of t li int,.:8, ca un ot propeny
.
Jl
.
l< \ \ " • I
~.
J11c.,
0 connected w ith ercry, wl1ich relates to one tl11ng; ag,
·:,-"ds fo nn<l am.on{/ ev ery ;;pccic,i ot' lib ert y ." " The opiuion scc111e<l
~~ ti> gain grouml amon7 c vcry\Jody ."
.
.
~··""·~:-- (6 .) J.'o i~ u:-:c<l Uefl11·0 nouns of place n.fte.r \'\:rOs ui inotion: n~,
·:: ·<·t went to to w n." Al is uscJ gcncrnlly alte r t! ie vc r\J to b~ , n~,
I ha ve bec11 a.t N cw Yo rk ;" " I wns at tlie. place_ you sponk of;"
n g\l arrived at Bosto n."
l3cforo countn e•, c1t1c• 1 :rnd large
. , 1• 11
.; 11 is n:;e<l w !1ilo before village ~, ' ingl o lton,cs, and c1ttcs
1
I \
. "
' •
'
·
. S
tn' di". t:rn
t countries,
nt is 11,;cd ; n,, " llc lives in uuL 1 -' mcric:i,
,. .
t'.al V nlpar; ti~v . " " Ile ]i\'CS at In·i ngton. "
,. It is vu ry s(;hlom t bat gol)<l us:ige allows of rut cl Ii psis of tlio
repo:;i tio n. It is in sonto cases allo ll' e<l nfte r wo rlliy a n<l ban·

·,Ji

hed.

.

· .'· So 111 ctim c~ ..:it lier of t wo prepositions may be 11,c<l with pro. .,,
'prietv ; n~ , " Expe rt at a tliing," o r 1 1 E xpcrt i.n a tl·ung
w iien p repo,i t ion 3 nro s11hj uinc1l to nouns, they 11re i;cner:tlly
the s:iine ns the corn:sponding verbs require; as, Hu. cornp11tu1.ee
1
. ,.c 1cith," " to comply with ;" • a <li,-positio n t-0 t.yrnn ny," ":i. dis·
~ po~ir.ion to tyrannize."
.
r
.
B~twcen i'rnpcrly relates only t.o t"·o OUJCCl~ or cbs~e•O • ob.1ect".
A mony u r amid8t relat es t<.> moro t han tw o, or to surro11 ncl111g
objects.
Ex1::KC ISE .

Write out correctly all the above examples, and tltoso
which follow:
IIe foel s a difficulty of fixi ng lii:i mi11<l. Jle was accu,crl fnr
· 111aster. T u ti llS
· 110 I1:i.s no '·ettc1·
betmyin g I11:;
u
. Jcfc·ncc. than
.
. t hat. H o con fi des 011 yc•U. You h:wo nu occa'1? n of . l11s aid.
We se11 rc li c<l the man whom ho suspcctc<l for stealing Ins purse.
He entertained a prej u<lice to her . . H e rel ied in the r epor t mado

:. '

84

85

COLLO C AT I ON OF J' J<El'V::ll'f!0:\'8.

lmJ'ETiTlO:\' OF PIUCPOSlTIO:N ::l.

to him . The two men differ w i<l1.:ly with cnch othe r. - 11.si<le of
all H•ganl to l1u11or, keep cl~;11 · of it. They nrn gone in the fields, ./
D1v1Je ;111 flJ'J. •le hct \\· cc n tlie tl1rcc · Tl1e 11 e \\' S Jin<
• - 1,n
. ~ ,,
.. eu1 tlllWflg•
en>ry one ol tl1 cm. Tl1cy <Jl1:1rrell c•l :11 11 011g each other. Alllidst
eve? <la11;;er l1u .rl'111ai11 cd !inn. I w;i~ aL l'h iladclpl 1i:t Ja.;:t yenr:
. \\ .c 11~:1·~ ckta 1.1 1cd to tlic l1 uusc :1 11d tl1u~ <li:<a ppointeu in out
"nlk. 1111~. o r1;.:1 natcu fr om tl1c nii :;t.ake of th e sc rl'an t. · Jt has''.
no
· lJ •jlUlll
· tCC\)
1· I·
I com11
.. 111 111c:"t11011 to
• tlio otl1cr bnilding • 111 111 J 'bl
t.10 pe \lornHu1 ce as 111t'c rior to w l1nt was p romi ~c <L He worthy
me, a; 1 am 111111· orlhy yon . On thi :; ,idc the ri 1·c i". ·Tiu; t wo sat
o,pp os1~e cncl 1 othe r. Ovi<l was ba11i,-ii c.1 P.• m1e. It i~ worthy your
c.u ej ll1.c1e " '1 ' :t contc-t bot woc n a l:n n, :u 1 ""',a nd" fu x His
con< net J.~ "~'.·eealilu with hi~ pro111i,o. T ..!;u hold ,, 11 it. The
mfl,;t.e r wi th 111 s se nnnt " ·cm lost. I wa; t.li in ki1w 011 ti . t D
]'
f ].
'
"'
>,I "
0j:(l n( rng o 11:< re latJnn~ to <lo it for lii1n . More tkrn we th u"''t
tor.
u .,u

!'endlng on It In p;rnmm ntical co nstr uction, but poets frcqncntly
reverse th is onl er; n~, "the woods among."

w·1
1t,~ o ut yon see ".' iracles . ' Tl 1l·y <Jllnn cl

:11 11 0 11 ~ one ano ther.

Amon., n nnt1011 so c11·i!1zetl . Jl!.ule inu cli on it. No need for
Different to wl1·1t
· t1·1Vll· 1~(l
· is· ·•ni,]
· · . It
, . \\as
ct \\ cc
\h; ,·:i!11e our,· <··lr c•· h)· .Jrn· w 1
' 1'I>·,
JI o re;tored
~·
l n· tifr,·.
·
Ullll ~C f IOlO 1.l 1e g11' 1d >'
1"J 1cy C1Hlg-ra· 1.u 1ate d
I':'! l'llCO
" C:I Of tli o Cri tic•
, ·• •
to
. t l1 e_1 .11~_C' h·
. cs . lk t W• 'l' ll .,\'OU nntl
. I ' li e i .-, riot
- to b e 1.e 1·it:tj on . D0
)· ou kno11
\\' lio
·
, y11n
. . :1re. ~pe : d< In"'
"' to? W 110 tloc .s J10 Epen k t 0 so
11npcrt1nc
r li1·cd some ti rn o ·nt F 1"111c·o
N
y 11t 1y' llic ·.
· c. Ilo 1·1vcs at
~ · ew
o r~ . Il e .c:ts t 1t in t he wntcr. Come in tliis yard. We
are someti
mes <1 1,;nppointe<l
of tli i n 0•·~, wliicl 1 b'·f'o
.
•
~
1.o posse~s ·1 ou
promised great en;oy 1ncnt.
that.. Free
b
· ot l.il;11no.
.

0

LESSON X X VlI I.
PitEPOSTTIO-:-i'S.-TI!EIIt COT. LOC ATI 0 :-1 A:>D REP.E:TITI OX .

1. P.re 1:•n~it_i_o n8, like AdvC'rlis, Rhonld generally he plnced
:is n e:u as j•OS81blc to the an t ecedent a nd
Qf rclntio n.
co n ~<' f]ttr• n t terms

The name im plies th nt the Prepos ition 7>re.ce/l.1.·~ tlir '" onl <le ·

2.

Jt

is :m idiom of the English langn:tgc, mo r e, ho weYci-,
th e p rep o ~i tion~
. ~ oj ; to , in, for , &c., arc often pbced at the c1Hl of a ~en ·
ft7 tcncc, considerably re m eived from th e noun or pronoun
. that depends u pon them ; :1$ 1

hi f~mil ia r th::m in solemn d isconrsc, that

' "These nre mat te rs ichich lie is entirely ig-nor:\ 11t nf;" "1c11rrt

lie is a n entire strn nge r to; "1ch ich lie i5 eni:;;1i:;e1l i n,"' " the

,;11rn

wl1idi lie sold it j ilr :" tl 1a L i•, ' ' 1n:.ttcrs of uhich ," "t o ir/1 ot, " &c.

. 3. The p r eposit ion is soml'limC's, t hollgh i 11(·l« .~:in1l ,1-,
separated from its non n, bcc:\n~e an othe r prepo~ition i~
con n ected also with it; a~, "To su ppose the zodi:tc a11d
J>lnnets to be etTicicnt of, a nd antece<le ut to, tl1cms('\ 1·c:' ."
I n forms of l::l w, where g reat. exactness is reqnircrl , thi ~
l'riode of expr ession m:<y b e tolerated, 1iut in all otl:C'r com positions it rn a y, :i.ncl shonlrl, generally be avo idr.J .
. 4. The p reposition m a y in so me cases be rrpcrited \1·it h
1

good dfcct :
Tli us G il.>bon : "]~:-;hnustcd by th o nbu se of h er ;tre nµ:tl1 1 liy
super~t i tiun , lier pri1le mi glr t," &c. ; " th o fayorite• of' l" •rtu:1c
un ited e,·cry refi11ernen t of con,·cnience,, of elr;!n nr l', n1><l nj
splen<lor." Sn J>nu i :. Jn jo n rn eyin~s often, i n pe ril" or "'aters, in
perih of rohhcr~, &c. See 2 Co r. xi . 26 .
T he repetition of th o preposition cause~ tho mind t.o <lwrll »n
eflch object of interest. In tl 1e L itany of the Cl1nrch <> f En;;iaml
the preposition from is fo nnd sixteen times in fo ur s!i .. rt cl:111sc•,
nnd in tl ie t wo foll owing clnnscs great earnr,t11r'' is c:qires,e<l hy
tho r epetiti on by bcforc each member of the p r:i ycr : "fly the
mystery of tl1y hol y incnnrntion; by t.liy holy n:itiv iry :i llll C'irou mci:;ion; hy 1.li y h:ipti;;m , fa;;t.in ;;, ant! tc1111 •t:ttion , (;o<><l Lor• i,
del iv er nsl" " Jly tiii nc ngnny a nd bloo1l y sw 1:~1 t: l1y tli y no'"
a nd passion; uy tl 1y preci0u,; <,le~tl 1 antl burial; ~!} ~l·y," &c .
5. A voil1 a nee dless ci sc of the prcpo~itio n ; a~, " H i~ se rvants ye are to " ·h om ye ohcy.''

86

87

EXElWISES ON pm;;posrrroNs.

CONJUNCTIONS.

Ex1wcrsEs.

4 . Sollie prepo~ition~ with their objects, m:i.y be repcatcr1
with good efl'et·t in th e follo\\'ing :

1. \Vrite the following sen tences so as to conform to
Observatio n 3.

In 11eril,; l>y tl 1c li c:1tlic11, in tl1e city, tl10 wii1len1e'S, t11c· " '",
nn1ong f:1L·•c bn:tlirC'n;

Ho c:i 11H• to, lrnt was <lri\'cn from, tlic cil r of Tiuston. He was
l1irc<l to take ef1rc of, :rn d to giv e feed to, s.omo l1or;;ca. ·we saw
nn OJ1<"s11111, wliic l1 tl1e nati1·e <li ;co vcred in a tree nn<l climbed up
fo1· . l lu l><•11,lc1l ut; arnl con tcnde1l fu r, t l1 0 privilege.

2. Place \.1 1l' prqwsition :rncl its object, in the follo\\'ing
sentcnce8, i11 a p osition whid1 wi ll r ender tli e sense more
obYious and the sentence more agreeable.
Errors nro some times cl 1nrge:ililc to the most cclcbrritcd write r~, with respect to tlio use of ,,lirill nn1l v: i:U. lie intrntlucctl as
grc:it. ri \'ari l·t.y :is possible of caden ce;.. Estnl1lish to your"ch·es
1111 i11tcrcst in l1i111 wl10, in his l1n1Hl , h.,l<l~ t.l1e reins of tl1e wh ole
cre:• ti un . A rcatl y-m nde forlune sc·ld olll fit_., the mnn who comes
i11Lo posses:;ion, liko rc:1tly-111 ::tclo cJ,,tJ,i ng.
lie offere<l $Cvernl
cxl1ort.atiu11s to t.l1eH1 s11i1al 1lo to tl1eir CPtl<lit.io11 . l'reci:;ion i ~ to
he s t udi ed ftbnl'o all t.i1i r1 g:; in l:iyi11g clown n 1netli<>d . T l1ere nre
som e <l e f'ects wJ.i cl 1 1nu,c be acknowl edg-cd in tl1e Ody,~cy. Hel\1'.·
t.ic•, ho"'c ,·cr, tlicrn art', in tho conc iuding books, of tl1 0 tr:igic
ki11d . On a tomb,t on c in a certain cli11rcl 1v!lrd is to I.Jo seen l11e
following to11c l1ing epit:1pli : "Erected to .th e mc111ory of John
Pl1illips, a cciden tally s1Hli-, n< n 1nrtrk of nfl'i:c:tiun l>y hi" 1.Jr, 1tlicr.''
:Many wl10 would 11ot utter n. f:ibchooil for the world, nre vet
ete rnall y ,;cJ1c rning to prr,du ce fabe irnpre.<~ions respecting fa~t- ~ ,
cl1:1ract <' rs, aml opinions on tlio minds of others.

3. In writing tlte following scntenccB, omit tho s11per flu;:>us p r epositions:
Tl10 l1011sc c:11110 tng('ll1c 1· to co nsider of th e i11at.t.cr, A gnng of
Notwit l"ta11ding- 11(
l1i; lenrnir1g, ho co11 l<l not rctai11 Iii< position. (;od divided l1ct\\'el' 11 tl1 c li ght a11d \JL't 11·l'C ll th e 1la rk11e'". Tlii" ,-crli c:1 111111 t
udr11it of au ubjecti l' e case artur it. Gu<l irl 11 ow pn 11 :sJ1i11g of tli:; t
nat ion.
!1.~nclitti souglit t:o hC' pl11111lcri 11g of Horne.

i11 \\·carint::-:~ nn<l pni11fu1n es~ , "':tt cl 1 i 11~~

oft.en, l1trnger a11<l tliir;;t., col<l allll

.. ,,.
':+

nakctlnc~s .

' ',·

LESSON XXIX.
COXJ UXCTI OXS O ti CON:'\ECTI\"ES .

]. This class of w o t·lh is used to CO!ln ect worils, pl1r:i.se~,
clause~,

:i.nd :<entcnce".

Tl1e C1 •; :,i 11 nct it1 11 thrcl often intrn1lnccs :i sentence or chnsc w hich
is t!1e ""lijo:ct or ul•jo:(' t. nf a verb; a•, " Tl1at Wclister wa'l :i. po w·
crf11l rea:;u nc r, is tlll i,·er,;a ll y n<lrnirterl ."
" Tl:at \\'asl1ington
Irvin;.; i.-< u11e of tl1e lllo~t elegant of Atncrican wrill·r:<, no one
qu est ion~ . "

2. There nrc ccrt:"ti11 con_iu1H;tions "·h ose corrclatfre.s
onght to be c:He1'11lly nttc111.led to.

(Thus arran ged by

Ilarr i ~on.)

I fllll tl10 8rune to-<hy .... a$ yc•tenlay.
It"'"" <'X:i ctly suc!c. .. , ... a,y tl1i~ .
Tl1 c .,rw ie 111:rn ... ... ,, • • ll1rc./. (Re lat. 1'1·011 .), n<Jt
Tl 1i .-< 111:111 is a" tall . .... . a.• tl 1at, i.e. , as tliat i ~.
] I e i~ 11nt ~o \\'urtliy .. , .. n.s sl1e,-a., ti l 10 is.
JJ"th t l: i8 .... ... ...... . and tliat.
Whrlher tl1i; ... . ...... . or tl1at.
} teitlcer tl 1is .. .... ,., .. . nor that.
.No othe r ....... ... . . .. than (1111t bnt) this.
Th our;h degnule1l . . .. . .. yet, nacrtl1el~,ss.

a.•, I

~pok o

of.

3. Su i" folloll"cd liy a.,, o r that; n ot only, or not m erely,
1s follo\\' ed by /,11,t, /m t ulso, /mt e1:en.
.i. J\11 cump:ir:i.ti\'!'8 require to be fi>llo\\'cd hy tlt1111, or
as, o r flr>Yt11se, af'<'orrling to circnm!'l:i.ncC's; as,

. -·,., ,.

SS

CO.NJ U NCTIO~S-

E XERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS.

"Tli is mnn i~ stroni::cr than thnt."
" Tlie more nccept:1 ble, as bei ng nn expcc tc<l ."
" Tlie more Yalunl..le, because unasked. "

rony see a metnpl 1or o·r an allegory in a picl11rc, :.s "· ell :-ts rend
tltmn inn de~cription -" " It m ust be confessed t.h11t a brn;1otrn or
n ~ntire do n ot ca r ry in them rolibc ry or munlcr ." Or, in buth
the sentenc ~s , being <li<jnnct il· e, requ ires it f1>r t~on., n1Hl in the

5. Conjnnction;;, properly, join only Zif.:,,, c:1scs of no u11s.

!Jltter sente11ce does for do.

"JlL, lil:ime<l li!'r more tlinn liilll," i. e., "li e b l :un~tl lier more
tlinn l:e ul:1111 ,·tl l1i111 ." "lic rnns faste r tli:1 n T," i.e., " tha n I tlo."
Tt is eITPnenn-< tn sa,·, "The mca~ n rc plcnsed my fr ic n<l nnd !."
It sl101lld hi', "my fri cncl nnrl m e," £. e. , " plcnscd my fri{'111J, and
plcn;; etl me ."

Ex1rnc1sr::s.

· Correct the ft,;Jow in~ ~entcncc.< , so tlnt they m ::iy accord
with the obsc n·a t i o n~ made abon~ :

G. Co11junctions do not p roperly connect di:fferent parts
of ~peech; :1~, "Men i;;in ce rcly lo?Jing thei r fol low-creatnrcs,
:rn d who lwte oppression, will," &c. "Who hate" should
be changed to hating.

In like 111:in ncr, un ndve rb and an adj ective ~11ould no t be conucctc<l by u conjunction, tliougli poets some tim es disregard tl 1 i~
ru lt!.

7. B ut :1n d lest arc often nsed im properly fo r that j as,

"I c:innot dc11y lmt he is eloquent." "I fo are cl lest I should
Th at is the proper 11·onl.
Sudi sho n kl not be u ~cd in the pince o f so j the
expressing qualdy, the latter expressing degree.
be bte."
8.

forme r

"I never ~""' M l1igli" spire," i• co r rect , <lcn0tinp: <l rp:rce ot
height; but " T ncYc r ~:iw s1.1ck liigh n Fpire," or "n ~p ir c wcli
hi g h ," wo1lld gi,· o n conft1~c<l i<len. Tiie q nnlit.y i ~ c xprc ~"ed by
high; and .,o is the proper word to denote the <l e::;rce.

0.

Bllt is

improperly used for

than

in the

follo wi ng ;

no •oon er ri ~cn w ith a bnrning lic:it, but it
w itl1t·reth tlic p:r:-t~~ -" " Thi~ i" none othe r out the li on'e o f G n-'."
" No sooner tlocs tl1 e mornin g •lawn, 011.t this s tran ge e nc hantment
" Fo r th e rnn

i~

Yn. ni~lie~ ."

10. The conjnneti,·c n:it nre of and, an11 the di~j unclive
or, must be regarded in for ming i;;cn ttnccs.

na t nre of

The following ~ent<>nces from Acl<li~ n, arc fa nlty: "A mnn

89

We ~n'v t111..·1n ~nterin~ tlio ~a te~ , :tn11 cci,·c r tl 1c :-q1:an·. F:1ct~
tOo ·w ell k11owtl :1nd l) hYiPil$ i<>liv i11 ... i7" i (·1l Clll . Cn1np1.:t.itinn is excellent, nn<l th e vital J1ri11cip ic>. - T\\"<• nq.::itiv(·" in t li(· "''""" <·l:rn >'c ,
or ro fel' ri n~ tn tlie s:i1 11e thin;.;, de~tr 1 1y t·:1c l 1 <itl n:r. 1f tl 1P clc ... cripti on u~ ~1...'lll'r:ll, and div<:~t~d of C'in·t1r11 ... ta11ee ~. bhtt· ~ nrc !'l(lf }(\
nnd u:-:.0d tu co\'er ro o f.~ of l1oti:-.c!"l. Jf L' w:t:-i :l 111:111 , ,f t : 1~te, {Ifld
~-

· po~Res;;in;; an tle v:1te1l 111ind . llo ]u ,·t<l i\11.lrc• w and I. Ti1i,; is
the sa1 110 tlii11i.; wiLl1 tl 1e otl1cr. h W:1s sucli liko li 1i". l\ei thc r
ho o r l1is bro1!1er u<c<l toktcc o. 110 i,; nn t ' o lio;.pit.:tliie n-; l:cr.
The ro is lien.: no 1itlier dic; atur bnt, 1b0. T!1i~ houk co11tai:1:;, litdt:
clso l,ut a n :('.111·d pf rnn:-der~ . \V e fin d ll1) TlH'1' u in il.~ CPn 1p o~iti1>il
' butt.ho r.a n ic11l: u·,; 111 cnt iorw11. Ti1 e ge11c r;1 l bc llt :t11tl turn of t.110
langunge is t11w :1nl t.l 1e otl 1e r f,,rm 1>( L'X p res-i,,11. I d"n\it n\lt 111:t
he wi ll y et nppenr guilt y. Tl1(J ter111~ r ici 1 o r p<>nr Cllte r n1>t into
t.li ei r lnngun ge. I c.~nnnt dn11h t. bu t t.ii:tt 111y fri~n<l will ret11rn .
Hi~ man11c r" were n c itl10r g 1·0'' or cxce;,in-ly reli ned.
No 1llH1Ntaking is so g1·c nt. or diliicult w l1icli he cnn not nccompfoli. ::-;,,t
only Iii ~ cst:t t.e, his repnt.ntio n, too, has been i rnpnirecl. · No ian gunge is so poor buL it l1:1s t w<1 or three p:ist tc n >'e~. I pos,.cs;; not
t liat co1n111;u111 of l:1r 1gnnge ns i ... di ·:--irahlc.
Ile i =-' neit lie r Yt·ry
] iv ~ ly

or fu rcil1le.

Jie

c111l \'Cr :.:c·tl

\\·itlt ;-;neli w l 11• nn.• u11c11ltiv:ite1 l.

Tfo s n11 k to tl1ut <le;;ree of dl'grnd:itivn n,; t o lose all J, ;, fr ie ll d• .
linve re5c n ·cd only s uch th:1t ple:-l'e<l 111 e be,-L. Ile r,· f1 :H::d t•> n;;c
any r1tlier \'1>icu l•11 t his O\\" ll.
Neit l1e1· tl1c cc1ld .,,. t l"' t"c n ·i.l, :11"<>
fittc1l f\> r ~t.:tl,lo fricnll>l1ij> . l l c i,; nut eq11 :1l ly dili~ent :1" l1i;
hrot.he 1·. I gain ed such ti son as a ll lllen c:1l!e.l nio h:1 Pi'Y· He
ret:iLly tu ~uc cvr ~ucli persr,ns who nee (l yo11r n~ ..,bt111h"'.e. T11c 1n atter " ·n:; nu ~iio 1 H: r pr<>P<"<:d , \>11t !1 0 "·i1!1drc:w to cunsi •lcr i t. Jfo
did it fo r no rca ;;on, than tn 110 uppbt Hle<l uy h i;; fla tt ere r~ .

.•

90

91

Jn<:PETITio:-< OF TlfE C<>N.TUNCT ION.

rml'!o:TITION AND O:IUSSION OF CONJUNCTIONS.

Tho dcs pcrn te Cll•' 1·,.:y o!" :t 11111nk rn 11s r 0 ntc't b thus furcilily cxby l3yn1n ( Cu r.wtir, Ca11t <1 I!. ) :

pfc~sc4

"O ne effort., one to hrrak !li e cin:ling l11H•t:
Tlie_y .fonn, 1111.ilP, 1•/un·~1'! 1 111avrr - n 11 ·1.1 l o~t !

LESSON XXX.

"\Vi t !1i11 a 11arrnw ri11~ c1ttfl / 1rt'ts.~: ,1 , !J1'sd ,

CON".T UNCTIONS.-EFFEGI' OF HEl'F:TITIO:-." AND OUISSTON.

Ilo pch!s~,

no t hearth-!'lt-i ,

:-;tri\·1:

an d :-;trng-glc ye t;

And now tli<',r 1i g-l 1t i n fpn; 111•) :-1t,. lilc n•) 1n f-.i·c,

l . l\fany p::issages O\\"C tlll'i 1· Yi\·acity ::illl1 energy to th
omissi on o r repetition o f conjunctio ils, a~ the case requires
ExA~ll'LES .

" Tl1c rc is wrath g•>nc out fru111 tl10 Lon1- t!to plague is begnn." ' ·
- 1Vu 111b. x,·i. 46 . Uy t>mittin;! the conjunction, tlio wrath of Gou ~
1111<T tl1e pi:i.!.'.tH: :we 1n:1<lc coi 11 citlen t-- t l1 erc i" 11" delny.
"T l101 1 did,t l>!11w \\·i tli t l1y wi11<l-tl1 e sea co vered ~l1e111-tliey
sa nk like' Je;1d in tl1e n1i1d1ty \r:tt e r.- <."-E.wd. xiv. 10.
'' T lt n11 "trdcl1 etbt. out tl 1y 1· i~l 1 t ha11<l-tl1 c <::tr t!t
tlie111 ."-E'.tod. xi v. 12. llcro i>< ~l 1ow11 tl1 e pro 1111' t connection be.
twe,·11 (":ll1'e a nd effcct.
Pait! >:ty >< or cl1ariry: "Sh e J,earctl 1 :ti! tl1i11 i.r,, l1eli,"·ct.h nil
thi ng."', l111J>ctl1 nll t!t i11;:~, e11dnrt:th ::II tl1ing;." Tl1e 0111issio11 of
tl 1e cn11j11111:tion gives co ndc11,:u i1111 to t l10 de.-;c ription.

2. T!te horror an<l co11f"11sio11 oC tlic i11tl·rn:il wurl 1l :ire set ·
ofl' to g rc:1 t a1lv :rn tagc by Olllitting the co11j1111C'tion in the
following pass:1 gc :
0

T hr0uul 1 n111ny a dark anJ drcur,Y \'1tl c
Tlit'y pass' d, n11d 11111ny u rcg-i <J11 <l·dorous;
O ' L'r 111 a11y a i'rll7.1•n 1 rnu11 y a Hcry Alp,

Rock ..·,

C•ll: e ..; 1

lokrt~ ,fnt$ 1

A uui \ "C r> C or ucatlt ."

bu78, dens , and sh11dC'~ of <lcnthl'ar. Lo•t., B. Ill.

Anoth er example, cxpross ivo of a concentratio n of calamity:
"A nd of thei r wont ed vi ~or Jen th em drai,.'d,
1'.'.cluw .i..J, •piritle;s, nj/licted, fulkn .11
Ibid., B. III.

Tit (· next cxn111plc, in tl1e s~mo way, by tl1 i,i nLsc ncc of tlic con·
juuct ior1, expresses a concentrn t ion of power :
" Under thee, fi'.'( hl"nd ~nprcmr,
Tl1 rOM8 1 prin ci·dr,m,x 1 rl 1 • m.i11inn~, l rcd 111·(• . •:

!b itl. Tl. Ill.

}fd·m 1n'd ·i n , cu.l 1;!f, c/,1ftJ1111..1n , n.nd trn1uplc<l o'e r."

·so Timon, in gi1·i11;:; Yc11t t•• bitte r anil fiiriou~ l1a lr, i ' l111rric1l
Oil by the viul ence of Iii,; feelin;:,, w h icl 1 c.:rnse;; hi111 to di,-rrJ.i:H<l
tli o~e conn ecting pnrti clt's \\"lii cl1 a c:il 111 <:1· q11tc of 111i 11J n11 <l ur·
·,· i)erly arrnnge111e.11t \\"011!J naturally dictate :
u I'icty an<l 1;.; r1 r,

Hclig-i1)Jl to t hC'

{!•)d~ . 'f"Gl..'1', juxlfre, truth~

]Jr,nu·stic <1u·e, 11i9 !1t - rr&t , ntH.l

l n:-<lr11ction ,

ncig-h ho1r l1n•\ll-

111a nnen 1 111,1/"lcri.e.>f, an<l t radl'~ ,

lh!! rl'e:~, uh.~ert:auces , CU8 / nm ll, and law:-1,

Dc\.:li nc to y our co nfo u 11 <l in g- contrari es ."

SJJAK Sf'Y.AHY. .

Wlicn cYc r strong: t·11111t ions-of lo,·c, or hate, or H ' ll ·
geancc-are strn gg:ling l(ir i111n1<·<liate ut t cra11C(', \\·e eannot
ox:pect that the \1·or<ls c·xl'n·ssi 1·e of such emotions \\·i ll be
clogged with ex pie ti \"C~s.
REI'Jffino:-: OF T11 1·; Co:-:JuxcTro:or.

4. vV!tcn Milto n w i~lic s to exhibit tlic cffL"ct wliic·l1 ~in
lrnd wrought 11]«)11 onr lirst p~1 r c nt!:', h e phcc·s in onkr t he
tlilferent. passion s th:1t l1al1 lieen cng(•ll<1l'red in their breasts,
and exhibits th(·lll in :t ~eric·s, unit by unit:
"Lo ,· e wnFi nut in thei r lnokl'I-, ei ther to Uod
Or to each o th e r, Out npp:1rc nt g uilt,
.A n<l Ahum c, an1l pc rt11rl 1ati o n, anr/, dcApatr,
Anger, anti ob"tin ucy , unit hate, aud guile."

Ag:iin, wl1 e n tli<, pnct., in tli:it ~11hli111e hymn to li ;..:l1t, "renk " ..r
the different obj ects fr11tn wl1 icl1 li e l1:ul been c.nt off by lili 11d11•''·' ,
those ol>jects see m multi]>lied by tl1e interposition of the p:trti cl()
or, nnd a lingering rn rrow is nttacltecl to tho consciousn ess of cnch
inilividnal prirntion:

92

ltFl'ET!TlO:'\

Off Tiile CON.Jt;NCTION.

TNTERJE(,'T!ONS.

93

"Thn' wilh the ycl\1'
Sc ;i~ o n~

return, bu t nci.t to mo return~
Dny, or the s weet app ronch o f OYcn or mom,
Or !-<i[:!h t of vcrnnl bl oom, or Kt1nrn1 •r'P. ro:-io,

Or Hocks, or herc1', or bumuo fuc o divine. "

Another e x .~ mpl e: "They brouglit bc1h, and b:isin~, and e:ir thcn
V()sscls, and wh eat, and barley, and fl our, and pnrche<l corn, ancl
beans, and le 11ti ls, and pn rchccl pnlse, and liont>y, anil butter, and
sheep, and ch eese or kint', for DaY1d, an<l for tl1e people tlmt were
wi th hi111."-2 Samuel, X\'ii.
\ Yhat n profuoion of n cce~~n rie' do
scatter over the c:irnp of D:ivicl J

the~o

LESSON XXXI.

B. IL

rliirtecn conjunctions

5 . Take', :<~:tin , the fo1!0 11·i11g pa~s:igc, arH1 sec how Lcantifolly th e articl e an d tht· eonj1mction arc i11tcn1·01·cn with
the n:<rr:it i\'(', !111•1 ho11· for cibly th<'y depi ct, nuder v:trious
n~ pc ct s, th e lovclinc:;s of the promi:;cJ hnJ :
u Fnr the Lord ti1y Go1.l hrin_2dh th ee into a g-()otl lnn d, a lnnd of brooks
o f wn tc r1 0f fo\lntnin ~ an l ill.' ptli !-1 tl1 ~1 t spring- 0 11t of tho vnll cy!'L arid hill~:
a ln ntl 0 (' wh~~a t , an. l harh~y, rrn,1l ,·i11<.~r\ 1 <rntl fig- tree~ , arid porncgranntc3;
a l;ui...l vf o il-o ll\'t: 1 and li n 111:y.n - [1eut. \'iii. 7.
1

1

G.. The attc nt.ion and kirlflncss i;;how n hv
the h"'oo<l Sa•
m nn tnn t O\\':lr(ls the w onnrled t r:wcller, nrc set forth to
t he g re::itest nLhant:igc by the repetition of the conjunction
befo ro ench m ember of th e ~cntenee. His good onices seem
mnl tiplicd in e1·ery direction. Humani ty, liko a gnardian
an gel , seems to flutter <wcr the wound ed man with an
ofli.eio ns kindnC'ss:
" nut n c.<' rt:.~ i n Snma r it nn, n"( hu j0urn<'ycd, <'nmc ·wlif·rc lie wa~ , and
lit: saw l11m 111.: l1ad eor 11 pa~~i1)Jl <ill hi1n , a1Hl wc 11t to lii111, and hound
up 111~ \\'<) n11J~ .. 11ou ri11;:. in oil and w in ~ . a nd :-<l't. him on 1 1i~ ow n hca~t,
and. h r01 1glit li 111 1 to nn :nn, a11d tonk cnrc o f liirn. And 0 11 the niorni\\'
w li1'1l lie J1.:pn rLc d. he tr )k 0111, l\\'11 J'en ce, a1uL gn,·o tlH: 111 to the Jio:-:t <rnd.
~: 1iJ n11to 11i1n, T:1kt~ rnro (lf liirn ;· an./ w}intsot•\'t•r thou ~rcnJc.:;t 1:iore
wli cn l com1.: 11g :1i11, I will r('puy th cc .- Lu.L", x. 33- 35 .
'
vh e1_l

11\TEH.rECTIO;\S.

.~

1. These :ire 1\· 0 1-.J~ or pl 1rnses thrornn ·i nfo Yn.rions part~
' of ::i sentence, to exprc~s ccrtnin strong emotion~; they <1o
not form ri constituen t :ind n c cc~sary part of thr srntrnce ;
· ns, " Oh! I ha Ye w ou nded my father." " 0 virt11C' ! how
disrecranl
ed thou h:i~t been!"
0
l
.
.
.
2. It i11 to he ob~e rv cd, in writing-, that t1 1c 1nte1ycuons
O ! Oh! :trHl AIL I rC'qnire :i.fte r them the ohj<'cti vc c:1~C' of
a pronoun of the ti r$t person, when in the singular. mun hC'r ;
but the no111i11nti1·e C:l$e of a plural pronoun of the fir st
person, ::irnl t.he n ominaliYe c:ise of prnnonns in tliC' ~ccon1l
1
person, "· het.her :-;inl.!:1il :u o r plural. "Ah, me . " " 0 tlio;i,
my fri e nd !" &c. " Oh, ye hypocrites !" T h e noun~ or pr0no rm s in th e third person, following ;u1 inte1j cctio11, :ire in
the n orn inntiYe absolntc.
3. The in tcijeetion , or i11t<'rjcctio11al phr:1~C', ma\' stanc1
at t he hc;:!;innin g , o r in the mid~t, or at th e ei111 <,f :i. sentence; it docs nut aff<:et the ~trnctnrc or it.
4. Such wor cb as "F:Hcwcll," "Adie u," "\V,.J.-» mr ,"
&c., :we to lie r cgarJ cd (:is Harriso n oh~t·n·e,) :1~ (' llipt i1·a1
forrns of speech rather than in terjection>"; a,, [ '1 1ri:irdl !
" 1\.f oy you fare well." Adieu I J, I>ieu ! " To Go1l ;'' "I
COlllll1Cll(1 yo u to God."
Good-bye o r r1ood-by m:iy be a
a contraction and corn1ption of "God be wi th you !"
Welcome/ "well (or opportunely) come! "
"\Voe is
me/" mcnns, "\Voe is io me."

: 1" '

11

[NoTr.-Tho nhovc l n tc rr~ tln~ leMun ha!i b('t-n rlrll~n rr(lm h Httrrl&On on t>1•
Ll\ niz11 Rf::A.°')

En~ll-h

Ex1tricrsEs.
Correct the following :
Ohl! Arusl Ohthee!

WoeisI '.

A l. ush yp ocritc;!

94

ANGLO·S.·\ XO :\

LESSON XXXII.
l'Tir:lllTlYE A :'>I> JH:JUYATI\"E 1\"0HflS.

Etymology in its l:trgl·st and rno~t ClJJTcct ~ig 11 ifieation
(s:iy~ N cil , from whom tlii~ section i~ copie <l )~ means a
knowledge of tl 1c 1\·ay in wlti ch words :ire forn1cc1 from
each other, :tllll i~ cc111iY:de11t to the German cxprt'Ssiun,
'
worcl-lJ11ildi11g.
Ti1C' "'"'·'] f1·1>111 w l1ich nnotlier i ~ f1, nnccl ;, c:tllc<l it;i 1·oot.
Tl1o:'e ~yllabl~s wl1ic;li nro 71l11r.ed before tlie rc ool: nrc c:illed pr~­
ji:rc8; tl1o~e vlacecl nfler it, r({lirea.
Hont-w,,rJ; :ir1· c:t! le<l primilircR; fonnec1 w,,,.,],, ,frrirtili'l'CR.
Pri1 11 it.i\· c,:-; :-u ·c:-:.df- ~itr11 il1r:intword:-'. Dvri,·:1ti\-'-'·"' arc 1'11r111l'd 1d
on e ~(·lf-., i g-11i fican t wonl, 111111 >Ollle n<ld iti<>n \\'lii c li 111odili cs its
n1 0:1ni 11g.

T Lc ;·oo t~- wnrd~ of nny 1Hng11~1 gc :-ire few a111l 0:1:--ily fl CC}nircf1;
ti •<'. .i,.,.,,· nun·s arc Y<'l")' 1 111m ~ ron>, lint n~ tl1ry all li :1,·c 111 i.•:i 11 i 11 g~
akin lo tliat n1· tlio!<o of tl1l'ir prirnitivc•, till·\' an; e:1>ih unde r·
t'Sto o( l, C\·c n 'vli c n nnt r e1 11 c1nlH.;rcd nr f111 ·11H·rh.. k.111wr1. "
T ho word~ \\· l1ich nrc l'ornll·1l hy tl1c cu1~il1i11ati1111 of t wo or
nH)rc !-'C:l l'-~ i~n i fir.:i nt. w. n·11:-' nrC', fl>I" t l 10 rnosl. pnrt. dc ri ved from
tho /\ng-lo -S:1xo n, and fnrr11 lh1..) g-rou 1Hlwurk 11 1' nnr c 0 111 1110 n
,I'l 'l.. <.' h.
A l 111n~ t nny two of rli c:::c 111;1y bu 11 11il<'d I•• f11n 11a11 a1t10
~ x 1• 1· c"in; or_n11y thing wli ic: h c11 11 1\ii11e~ i n it.cir t.l1e id cn- i111 pl ie<l
In tlie JWJ111:-ines; c. {/ ., 1n1lon -ligl1t, cn r 11-fit•lcl, C'nr-:ud1e, l1: 1 il-~rnr 111 .
A.11r1lo-Snt·11n primitil-r.v arr., for llie mn.•t pad, 1cord,, nf 0116
syllable, n11d .i ~n<•te '
1

°':

1s t. Ol1jer.f.'i f} f .<r. f' n.~c 1
nn .f( i /,lf '1'.1r1l:t it:~; r. g. , h (1y, cold, dal<'. darl\ ll~~s 1
cnrtli . firr, l 1Y1~t , lwil, J11ll !:in d, light, n1 <1o n, r1tin, HC:l, :-;ky, :-1lct:t, l'lllOw,
Ftnr, :;tn·u111 1 ~11n, tlnmd e r, W<•od, \\·11tcr, & c.
_~d. 1'/11: nt•e1:al 1:f'l11f /1m .i: 1!f l~/t ; e. ff. , hrr1f h('r 1 r·l1ild, dan g h t(:r, fotlic r,
f r 11.·1i.J , h11slin11n, kin, 11 1('•! la·r, :-1:-tkr, 1"q11, wil\·. & t:'.
:~ d. l l(•me ol:ird1; i' . [/., hn11 rd, 11 0 11 1(· lion:-=t-, ht•11r1 l1 , r•~o f, t'irc~i,Je. :-=t:at. &c.
4t h. (), 1111n on liu.,·i:«•.-;11 n }l( ff.-r.• ; I',[!. , h a kt.- , 111'1• \\' 1 h1·~, 1 111 ~·. •'l'ul'I, dcl·np
1

1

n1~, 1iat'k, 111 n w, llJ oil , rcni•, 1'1hcar, ~hop, sow, tlin·:-d1, t "il, tt,111ch, tl'ulli~ ,
w n rk .
!jt h . JYam~ ef t 1 )mmo11 ll1i1171 ,· e. (!. , hrend, brick, cloth, ~lt.\ A!"i , gold, iro· •.
1

t !'I CK, tl'll{'k, \\'C:i\'(' , Wtd,

1 ·1~ n11Tl\' FS .

.. :tl lld,'" lct\thcr, ~tone, slntc, sih·c r, ~·nod ; hnrn, harir.~·, C"' r.~, fic1 (1 . for~~ '
· j!ook , µ-rass , hay, }100 k, 11H: n1\,,w, nnt:;. 1 plo1u.rli, rye-, r:1k~" ~ : 1 11 . ~pa • l ", :-: l1q •1
.@ row , scythe, wh cnt, ~ hud, bark, i 1r1u1<.:h, frnit., i 1·al'1 n.; •t, ~ <· 1 ·d 1 :-<tt·111 , :-i t nl k ,
tborn; n;h, bcceli, hire.Ii, \10 x, el in , fir, l1 nln1 , li111c.:, onk, pl :l 11~· ~ l ·:d , !1111'. ·
.eow, C'Jlt, deer, dog, fox , hun:, lien , lL og- 1 kit <.· , 11 i 1111~c , mol e, l'lJ! . rat, t 11 ad,
\\'co"ol, &c.
Gth. 'J'hnes and sea.wns; e.

(f. , s11111mcr, Rprin,rr, 1rnn·('~t, wi: 1t{·J'; d:iy,
· . week, tnonth; year,) ore, n1 ,l! ht, rn 0r n, noon, ~\'t:ning.
7th. O.nr1.1non .feelings and their man 1.ftsfal1 0n.1i; e.g., \,Ji ... h, fear, gi nd tHlf\ f:', glee , groan, la 11g h, lo,·c, Ri~ li, ~t11il1~.' H0h, t<·ar, w 1.:t· p, ...~ 1 : ·
r,
8th. Onntnon. crimf..~ crn rl.fau lt., ,· e. f.'·i lie, mnrd1.•r, J'l) l l, :--t•'al, t J11C ' l', n r-.
9th. 1'hep1trl1J f! fl l1e /,o,/y; e. q. , nnn, lJro w, haek, c-liin, (;)'1.' 1 l':i r 1 li:1:Io.:r 1
. , (oot, h 11 nd 1 J~~, lip, 111 nntJ 1, JI ORC. lc{'.th, . .~c
. •
....r 10th. Particular colnrs, snun,fs, and co11111uni nrliM13; e. fl . , h1:H'k 1 Llu l' ,
· .r· brow n,, gray, green, pink, red , w liite, ye ll ow~ hark, Li nz:-., 1..:l1iq• 1 t'l'l.'11,k,
•· cl:t~h, dang, growl, gn111t, h o \\'l, iii:..i:-1, li11m, lr w, n it:w, rat.ti t·, fi•:1_r. --11.... tH·.
•

•

.

0

eq ncal<, :-1q11c1d 1 ~vl1i11c; l•ite, c lap, crt.·(·r, (· raw!: dart: fn:-ol·' ' u -r1 ; . .: :q i.(\
: 1-(' nt~r, gripe, g-ruh, jink, j e rk, j i111 q •, kiek, lt"np. 111p, 't'.iirk, fl "'?· rnn. r n .. it .
tcit ~r ring- . ~prnw l , :;c:unpc r . :-ikip. flld1n 1 :. i 1..' l•"'l, :-111'1111t, ~11n1rt , :"''i 11\·•·zi: 1
.Hh:~,ror, 1-'iip, r:.link, ,Jap, :-olidc, ~ r11rn , ~wirn, wi11k, wr ig-,!!lC . y:1w11.
1 l~h . S11tiri cat or J1 11m.1n·oa :-1 e:cprr~"irm .,·; "· !/. , l111ndy, l·ii::: I: ·li :1 ii . fl 1 ·11~ l,
gnby, gawky, ~nun t, grim, grulJworm, hnr:~.:dt' r, .i r.lbh(:r, ?.i: n :~\'t!. !:u 1~ _~-. h.-:111,
lnzy, leer, mawk i~ h, nn hhy , paitry, sly, ~ leek , :--iluk, :-;lr.\Jl.1er1 :-. t 11 f~ , :-ol.' 1·1111"> 1
8<:11'Hit.l!~'t :;nlky , Kt.:tllll 1 ~ha!Jby, twit, tra~l 1, lt: rl llll_!.!ll ll L1 ug-!_v, ~\';t:-l}'t."Ji
(N . B.) Out of the a1Jovc wo r-..1:.; ~ovo co 11 1po u ntl:t may lie 1on11 c1\.

Tlie ,,·ords of tl 110 An ,;1 .. -Saxnn porti11n nf tl1c E11 gli-<l 1 b11 r,; 11nice
11 re tl 1e sinn•kst, strn11be,:t, nnJ rnnst l1n111ely; lic11re tlil·i r 1·1·,,.
,10111i11 nnco i 11 a ny sty],, ~cc nn·s pop11lari1y n11 1l rencly e.. "" l'r,lil·n sio u a m o ng tl1C CO!lll non people, \\'htl:oO \' L'l"llrtCiilar tnng11 e ii y1·t,
inn tnn nn er, conti n ue~ . *
0

* u The styl e o f nnnynn i~ 1..lc:lig-htful to C\'1·.ry n·arlc:rl nnd ii1 V:tl n;d lL' ;\."\
n stndy t c1 every pcr:-;0 11 wlit) wbhc~ to oiita.tl n. w ide ('11111nim 1J n\"t:r t hi:~
};ngli:-1it ln n gnn}!C. The Vf")C' ah11l nry i~ tho \'(,..,.h.b11lnry of the ~nmJr•l) fl ri·c1 ~
plc. Tltcrc i~ n ot nil c:xl'rc ...cr"io n-if we r·x'-cpt. a fe w t_eeh111e:d t f'nP~ 0f
theology-whi ch would puzzle the n 1<h.-:-1t pl·a~a11t. \\ c Jia,·c 0b~cn·f·d
1'cvcrnl pn~cs ,(·l 1icl1 do not ('ri ntnin n sinj.!IC wnrJ ,,f' nwrt• than tw <..1 ~y \ \;\.
1

blc~..

Yet no writ er hn~ :-;aiJ mo re t'Xa(·tly what lie 11 11..·ant t0 ~uy .

F••l

i:

nwgn ili ccncc, for pnth o ~ , fL,r ,-t·l1 c11Jcnt <.!:dio rt nt j,, n, .flt.I' s1il 1! l_c di:.iq 11 i~i t '. n.
for every pu r pose of the p oet , the onitor, ll111.l the d1vmc 1 t h is l10nwly 11 1a icct--thc dial e-ct of plain workini:!- 11wn-w11:i l{\lHicicnt. T lH:n.' i!" n i,,,r,k
in o ur literut11rc flll whicl1 we wo11lJ M> rt'11Jily :-:.t:ik c tJ1;~ 1'11111(: ,,r I lie ni1:
uopoilutt.:d Enicli:-l\ 1 l:i.11_:.{1rngc 1 n 0 lJry)k ..v hi <.:l i ~l10W 1' !".O well 11.,\,. ri ~· l1 ih ;1 t
\llugnng....-: i~ in it~ own proper W<·nlt h, nnd }ic-.w little h 1 4'A bc:t n irnpro\'cC:.
by oll th nt it hru; borrowed . "-Jf.1cac,!o,1/• &•ay.•
1

•

96

P.OOT-FO Jnr~

VJWM Till• LATIN.

The icords Mh ich are cnmpo~cd of n "elf-.•·ignijicant root a.nd"o
mnd1fyi11q addition are, f or the 111Mtparl, dcrireJfrom tho Latin
or Crerl.: lo11gua'}cs.
,,
Tl rn f,,11,Jwi11i:; rult'8 \\'i ll he 'cr\"iC'c·ali lc in cn:il ·li11!:( 't111le11ts to
trncc tl 1c w o rtb tl1ey i11tc 11 <l tu c1111 •lny l o tlH·ir Latin rnot-forms;
l viz.:

ht. Tl1 c T.rrtin tcrmin nl ~yllal1k', "li.i, ctu.•, ctum, q 1w.1, 1711um,
·id11" '"""· :i:u.1, &c., l<>>'C the ir l<bt t. wo lette r:; "" lici11 i:; udopte<l
in to E 11gbl 1: n~, or icntaJ-i,, cffoct-1u, edict-um , ucni,;n -us, signum., luri•i il -us, re:niss-uR, prol ix-1M, &c.
2<l . Tl10 Lritin tcnuin:il o, if prcrc<kt! by n singltJ co n son nn~
clinngr:s into e; if prcced cl by n <lt•ttli!o co n,nnnnt, tho latter con·
sonnnt nn 1! it nro cu t off ; ant! io in noun s ad<ls n; ns, ~cri b- (o)e, .
compel-lo, confcssio-n.
3tl. The Latin te rm in als, anu.1, atu.y, crum., utts, cnus, gi11m,
·i ti.'J, inu~t, 1'lu.~, i vus., sus, osu.(f, onu.'f, 11ru3 1 111Ht$, utu.t, 1ltu1n, &c.,
ch:tng-~ i.~, iurn, 'Um, 'l./,{f, i nto e; :i:-;, in:in-(11.•) e, 111cr-( um)e, <lat.
(u.< ) l', krren-(11.•) r·, 'ince r- (11-<) c, rcf11g-(i11m ) e, flcxil-(i.•) e, divin (u.<) e, :icti ,·-(w) <', , cn,·(11-') (', opem,; -(uv c, j c~ un -(118) (', scc ur(11.<) c, 11>-(118) <', ncut-(11.v) e, 8l.l\t.11t.-(1m1) c, &c.
Excicr-Trr.sg.-JJifi« Lie-comes bf,,, a11cl osus st>11 >c ti111cs ous; ns,
l:ruJa-(bit i.;) ble, c:tlu mito-(s) -us.
4-t.1 1. NY cl1angcs s i nto t, nn<l ntia bcc.omes ce; n~, in nocon-(s) t,
sc icn-(tin:) ce.

LESS ON XX XIII.

dr~ r ir.·u l i1· e_. 011t, a~ tliL~ stud C'nt lt vst c:rn, nr1rl
t.hcn r cfo r-ri11 ~ t.o :i lliet ion:lt')' to ascer tain wh etli cl' tlil'y
ll:we been ri gl11.ly set <lo wn.
A l:trgc propo rti on o f tl1 • Latin r oot-forn1~ :ippcar only
in composit ion .
The follow in~ list co ntains t he most itr1po rt:rn t root-forms
.received from t he Lat.in.
(N. n. Th e g rc:tter part of the root-fo rm s h <; r C\lllUlT
given have np w:tnb of twenty dP.ri vati\·es.)*

writing the

Ago, act.1m, T lcn\1, , do, .-ile, C'nt, cn('Y; -ivc, ly, \lnl_, 1ty, 1011, ahlc.
,A{tt:1· an other, - nt IOll, nl1lc, ant .
A.mo: 1 lo \' c, -orow~, ori::it , 0 11r, i;d1lc1
nton r, utory.
.. .
..Ampl11s, 11L rg-e, -c, y, lfy.1 t 11d~·,rnr~fl.
~~n!fulu~ , a cu rncr, -ar, ly , 11y 1 11t ..•1

llrntio,

LATIN.

T he folio wing Li~t (from N eil) furnishes a k ey to tho
signification of" n c:i.rly 8000 words.
It is inserted here fo r t\\'o pnrposcs : First, that it may
be em ploy ed in tlic :i.cqnirernc nt of a copious store of
\Von1s-by studying- a fow each day, and repeating the
deriv:-itives from them orall!f in sur.cession; secondly , in
gaining corrcctnes~, ease, and rc:-i<l incss in ~pclling,-by

'''uriiw~M, - n, U<\ , ly.

P rr-n.
l Jl", -('; - 1•r, 11ti11n 1 ion.
U.: n:H. ·o, l Llamc, -or1 hi, i ou~ , 11rc,
ublc.
G?nf r urn, t h e mi t..l dlc , -£ 1 al, ir, ipctal, if11jlfll.
( 'f,/11 1 Ct'it,.t1111 1

C<"11lu111, a hun1lred, - ury, urirtn, cn ar~', i/)Cd, u rlc.

OU~ .

:-.ee, (.Vin-, de-, ,f;,( _

.~1£.i. ma, soul, -1, lily , culf•, t<'.- tic·•11.
Animn~, 1ni11d, -;1tl \' Crt, t·r, o:-.n y. P~t -.

(). r 11n,

An.nm; ,

y e:ar, -ul , ual, uit_y , in·r~:u·y , uit,unt.
.
.
.J{11t·iq11 11t"., 0! 1l, -e, l l<'fl.~, atf", nn:111 •. 11·y.

C,,'ito, to cull, -c, e r,
in - c 11 11:nt.

Ann a, we1q11'ln:..i , -y , udn, a111 c 11 t, q1t1tcnt, i:.;;tict~.
.
1\r~ 1 artis , skill, -fol , ly , ll C!'l. :4 1 1ficc,

Clamo, I

('.>rf11=-4,

tt

C'ivi~,

- c ~, i1~·,

:1i11 , itn•.tr .
1.:..r-nn t ,

11 t11i 11.

n i..:itizcn, -c, l , ity , izr .
~llout , -ur, ou~, ant.

C'-' rr 11~ . dt:ur,

ist.
..411.dio. I hcnr, -t, tor, c1H·e 1 f,J y, ble 1
tory .
.
.
.
.
lJrno h~, ~h o rt, - 1f,v, 1nr_v, 1at. ."4 1;- 111t,•.
Cado, ca."' u111 1 l foll, -t: ll(.·c , t·nt ; - uu!,
nif'ttn·.
Cnc<lo , ~ciJo, ci."' uin, fratri - - c ; 1·irc um
- c.
Cl)lor. hcnt 1- i\1 , i r y ~ efy, l n •ll , f'nl 11rc .
Oc.zruiCo, I nm white like a t\ 1onc 1
-or. ent, iJ, ntc, le.
Cano ,' l :-o i ~ 1 ~, -ti1.:h·1 t i~ta. tn, ' 1 ru1!~ ·
Oupio, c711 . _r tak.L\ -t1<:11 1 tnrl\ 1.1 ,·i.·,
ncity, ll! 1l10ll. lu1t - ll1H1 , f'''r - t1,111.
Qiput, th e head , - ital, tu in, •· ii 111:_111 :. !
"' Cnro, c<t r11i:.:.., f\crS h 1 -ugc 1 111, tt y,
ntion. i vor1Hl!-3.
Cavlls, 'hollow, -c, ity, crn.
(Ja.u,,n, origi n, -n l, ity , ut ivc, e, er,
Jcsg, nble.

I

1

?'lire,

A c-

ati1l ll.

1

ROOT·FOIU!S HECE I\'F.D INTO OUR L ANGUAGE Fl:OM TUR

97

ROOT-FOJC\IS FIWM THE LATIN'.

1ntH1 1 -i r·n ,

/le- e.
CVwdn, d·111..:11m. T

il~\" 1

in ct.

~li nt, - r, trd
i.'l<l:'ll', rt· (' l11-1t•, :"'C•·l11dc· .

:
do il"l•'r,
Climl I bend, -it·, i1·:d. / n-c. r t-c .
(/11/.1, , \til l, - ny , 11i11I, 11 iz\., ni:-i.t.
(,'.,11 cilin to1111iv·,-11te,111 i11 n,n to r nr.
Uor, tlH~ li <:nrt, -c , dial, iLy. C1Jn-d,
di.,- <l.
01ronn, n. C'row n , - nl , 11ry, er. nt.i0n .
Cur f'll:'. , (,"1.Jtpu ·i~, tl 'J _J,od .v, -sc ,
ulcncc, 11:-1cl c ; -ntin 11, 111 , C' 1d .
Credo, I Uclicvc, -iU!r·, ulou~ 1 it, cncc,
1

1

1

('lllial.
Cn:o, l mnkc of n0tliing, -ntr, :1ti(•ll 1

ator, ntu re, ntive.

r

C1 'c'SC0 , ct•rln1 11,
l=!l'OW,
i 1 H·n·a~t: .

-CTH1n, cnt.

- C:
r,•t:rnit, 11r1'r11r.
I Cr·OnLi mcn, n clu11·g<:', -innl. ity i !na\

~ ~:n .

CrttX,

:l

rro~.~, -c w!, l'1J..,\c, c1f,v, Cl1l X.

Oum/Jo, I lie, l tt- <: n t, ency, xuc -

•The i1a.H1· ll' llt· r~ In 1he r .. 01 . r.. rni ~ nrt! :l-t't-n 111 th e £ngli ~h (''.':rn1plt"s f·•nn r 11 frn111
them ; d. (/ . . Al! il~ ·. >H,<' n t. 1t ~1•11t·y . f\ t'li\'(', ,'-Le A l\a~l1 •. tl111", Al1 - if\ll' , ~lt" 1 • •te · 1 ~iw l
the r11ot . fo r m 1:-i ro 111· l11~('t l• ·•1. n~ Ab l1 r"'Vll\ll'. So melun t8 "" i1111 · r \' f' 011 1g t('t111 IH\
Uon b lo be Att•l··d t u tho r""l. R~ (rntiqu~ e ·n <'~S.

.

·"

lJ

s

l(il(iT-FOKMS Fl.0.}[ Ti!E L ATIN" .

Ou/pa, n Cuilt, -ltlc 1 l)!y, hillty.
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C11 lf'nt. ~ - utio n, ution::i. in- , tru.111
- i q, ,
Tpe11•/o, I flell . -<.·c, <1r, ihlc, iti on.
Fe11in, I :-11.:11d, · lure , on~, !"(11110.
1'1"1·11111 11 , u wt1rd, -ul uti111 1 luge.
1

l "er:Jn ,

1 tc11d .

()111-,

l1c;u 11 ), ipclago (pcl1q.!O:-\, tho ~ca ) , ety1•t• 1 ieal (typott,

A na- i:-i:rn, i.~0-011~, Fy11-i~m .
3. ()11.~1r10:.t., tlic w orlll, -i 1.: :il, t·Li c, ogo n y, opolitC', o ramn.
4-. Criti 1.:'1~ , di~rcr11i11~, -i e, ic:d, ici:·m1, crio11 1 iqnc.
5. C.'/cl11~, H t:ircl<·, -t: , 0id 1 uJc:-i, - ( op~ , the eye ) J'C<li n ( pa idl·in , tPa<' hing) .
G. Oe, t h e u:1 rt h, -occ 11 t ri c (cc11 tr" 11, the :niJ part), n1kl"y (duin, I di,·illc ),
opo 11i cM ( po 11 0~, J:d,or) , 011u:t ry (mctro n, a 1 11~11:-:.11 rc), r,rgic (c r~o 11, o
w o rk ). Ap1J---n, epi-e, 11eri-e.
7. G tnao, I prod nee , -c:--i~. ( lfdero':!J, othc r) -cou ~, (i1 M1M~ , ~irnii::r) -;.:on~ ,
(l,y,lu r , wa tcr )ro-, ( nitrrm )-, (o.i:1r, nci <l )· .
8. Gon.ia, a corne r, (lreirl , thrcc)-o m ctry , (tetra, fn 11 r )- . ( pf'11lc, th·,. !n· ,
(he:r. , Aix )a-, (lupta , t:tcYcn )-, (od o, cight)a-, (p"ly~, many )- , (dia,
tl1ro 11gl \)-al.
0. Grwrnma, ll letter, -r, ticnl. Cl1 rono~ (2)-, a n.a-, dia *, rp i- .
10. G-rapho, l w rite, -ic, itc. (A•1 tn~, ~clf)-,ttpi-, para-, fr!.I!- , rnonl)- ; ( bi!1l1'.tm ,
a boo k )-, (b·i;,, , li fe) - , (calo~ , beautiful)i- y . Ge (0) o-y , (le:rico r., "
book}-y . ( 11lnw~ , nnrro \v}-y , (lopo'I*<, tl pl u.co)-y.
11. W.to~ , 1t w o rd , n <l1:-icou r:.t.c, -ical , icinn, ic, - (arit.111n n ~ . n nnmbe r ,
-0 (111 ache, l\ f\gl1t)y. ~ip()--y, eu-y, ""!fl--i~m. ize, i~t , iC', (at:r, n\ r)o-y, (ant/1 0, , " llowcr)-y , (1vl.ron, a otnr)-y , (ch r vnOf< . 2)-y, (mytlio", a ful.ile )-y, ( won , nn nnimnl )-y.

2. C!trnno:->, tirnc, -ic, icod , ielc.

tlllt.'C .

T c1 1q111-1 1 tnnpQr· i ~ ,

1l

a r"or1n ) .

ul . ly .

Qui.!it1lll1 1 ~nnght . f.1i,11-, 1·n.- , r e-ion .
f..! ui1-... , qu. it li~, -ccncc, Cc11t.; -ly, i:, 111 1
i:-i:t. udc.
Rnpio , I ~ n n tc h, -d, dJ , ·, <lit,r, n e, er.
N1tlu ~ 1 ju d~ill>(, -inwil, ly, izc , i;.;t, ily.
Jley•1, recln 111, I ndc , -al, ilv, Rliu,
(·\H:y; -() r 1 or_v, itudc, llll~11inr.
R1:.1,.", r1'. ..n1ni, l luug-h , - icul c, i cul o n~~
-ilJh.\ iVi lity .
H.; v11s, n ~trc nn1 , -er, 11l ct.. nl, ry .

J°o /11 111, n pr11r11 i."'l·, -•·, ·1,·1.· , n:·_v 1 t· r .
~/ulva rll" , eo 1u11 v 11, -at.u . lh---cr.

• orta11t.

·;

/J e-, prfl -

T en11, -nl, at ion, nhle . i fi·ra t e.
i·olo , l w i!l. -iti1o11, 1111t;1n· , i ti,·e .
1·.,lv", c11l 11t11 111 1 l roll. · 11 1~ 1 te. O·n- ,
in-, rl'-c: re-t ion .
l"orn, I i.: nt, -m·ity.
f,it nii - r·n~.

Y. ...t>t"(),

Of th e 1Vords adopte<lfrorn th e Greek, by fa r the l:lrgcr
p ro po r tion a rc strictly ~cicntilic. A itho ngh they arc seldom n :qairc•l in t he Yn(·.al1uhry of the p11l1lic >'pc:tkc r 01
may be useful to 11otice a few of t he mor e im-

Trm11ero, 1 rcgu lu tc , -:uncnt, uture, •{

ll tlOll .

/'ur11..... cl ean, -c. ly , i(\', itan, ity.
fJu t o 1 l l•"J p, t h i1d.;: . (,(1111 - , d a· , tm--

R o['" ' I n:.: k .

1

u :-1l u,·c, -l e, to r, co, tlldc,

,..,·;~/r111 1n,

l)r,./lf m/o, l ~l:il l'. Ap-, com- 1 r el're.,·su111 , r\1lu cczcd. l'vm-, de- , im.-,
re/'1· 1 11111~. tir=--t, -er, c ,·nl, al, 11n· utivo.
/'r/,·11~, 1'\t1l.: ·~ own , -ale. ily , ~ty , u ~y .
f'r1 ,/J11, I try, -aldc, 1.:, ity, atiYc .
/ ',·,,;,. :,near. -e r, ty, ly, rit·ly 7 ridqr,
1

Ve1 ·11~, trnr., - i f\, ity , il~· , (1\rt.
f'i,frn , vi.-r11111 , f :-<L·c , -i blt:, i1111, it1u 1t.
/j i.- , p1·11- , e-11t.
Vi11~11 1 ~H:d11111, I \'n11•j ll cr, -ilil c ; -o r,
y, i n11~ . / 11 - ihle .
Vi111..lc:'\, vin lii:i":'. , - ti\'e , utl·, nl 1lc.
Viao, 1 lin.: , -i d , ii',y 1 in-ion ... , i pnro u ti.

1

-t11 r t.•,

101

Ji- -l· nCc.

J'e1:::•, ~11r,;111.11, l tur11, -icnl, ex, igo; ~c:
-tly, 11..'lc, 10 11 .
·

~.

12. Murio", one, -nd. nrch (1), k, n"tic, 11"lcry, opoly (polco, 1 sell}.
13. Ode, n poem . L'p- , "Jll:t!-, p11li n.-.
14. Piln , 1111, -i<:', ncca , duct, nply , -(dnno':' , the pcoplc)-ie. (crrn1t, flc~h).
15. Pat/to ~ , feel inµ-, -ctie 1 oloµ-y ( l l), o-(yno-mon, au in<lcx)-ic. A -, l!ym -,
a1~ ti- , ( a-ri.tl1ropoP., n rnun )- y .

16. Pl1il·1~, u fri c nJ, (s•111ltia, wirlJom)- y, -(melos, a song) , - i ogi~t (1 1).

17. } 'hone, n Round, -i c~, C'tics, ograph y (10 ). .Anti-, a-, ttt ·, , ym.--y.
15. P ol1:!'1\, n c ity, -ey, ti.: 1 t y , C(' . 0-1s1n.o (3}-tc, mdro-s.

..

~~~....~~;1"'~·~·:~:,<~::'!',"'!..'
i;
...

102

"" xo:-;,

SAXU N, L:\'J'J:-;, A ND GREEK

I.ATI1', AND GREEK PREFIXli S.

1n. S1·1ptn,
f ) ((an nno~, ' t he
. win d) · , (I''1·ioo, th o •11t1 )- , (m icro• 1 •mnll)- te•..
i1r - ,

,'i(h'("fJ~ . Hflli ~l )- .

>

LoeVt

~n . ·"~·phia . \'t'i:-1d.;1n, -~11 1 , !'\t~. ~ t ry, ~tica c. (C1 111n ,1- nn.
21. -' lr11p!t t n fnfl'iug
, t.
.Y
.. ,
l"ccl)-et~.
Tl1r.vi,.-; :, •1osi1io .
nfl .1-, <1~10-, caf1 t-, '/' I-.
t:i
~'"/.
1 (' 1 • •
n.
A nl i- , ' pL- , !1~/f'"-, f'llren- . ,, 11 n,.~. 1T ri" 0o"• " 'd· -nJ,.g-y
;'\
· · JMl11- a-ism
24.
1
. 1 i ' O· (t...f a t O:"' , 1•uwcr )- ·1c. · .Jl11nf'J'V , n "i, a ~~1 11 a' -c , ii.!. ])i11-, mr> un-, (/1w'y':4-, hC'u \'Y)- 'stm·i_:_
.

2~.

.,l)·

~

'f'111m~,

u lo nn, -(' ' ormHn\"
( :1) 1 ·,
11..: 11 I• ·ll ·j..
•

.

·

'

.~nl i-, sfereo--o.

c,

1 he itl>o,·e li;t. if cnrefully •111 ,!i,.d w 'l
. .
war·l:-1 of l n(JO wo rd~ lt W" lJ . '
t I fi~/'(l:"lt Ill tlic cxplnnntio n of '1ft'"
•t11d c11t if he \\"011 h l.:..:1 .. t
wu· g reatly tc"' l t o t ho im p ro ,·cm cnt of the
hi11.,clf :1cqll'1i11tc,l wi·tl; ti r rtc o m'. " full tire •cvcrnl word•. 2d . Mn ke
. .
•
1c1 r mcanllJO'
3<l
l.
n1t1 ou, juJgmc nt, nnd rea~oui ng.
r) "
•
t i :mo n. co11rMo of deft ..

r

- _Th?
rootof wonh h:ll' i11 .rr~ l><•en r1 0 \V cbbo ratt•ly
cx1
J
l form~
d
·J· 1 :;11ncl·c, :rn \it.cir usc·s cxc>rnplili ed , it relll:tins th:it we
~ 1ot11L 1(·~to
·
·. w ··t little a tt l'll lion
on those m o<l ilvi 1w · . ·

cl1·~ o 11 wh 1c·h the ni 1,;cT. shade-<·- ot' llH.:.rn1n!!
.. .
p:i1t1TI , . .. .
so lll IH.: h dl'i>end
11 Y ·11 e l'Ilher p r ehxc·s o r :1tli XC"'
'l'l
.
.
.
k' l s
·
· · ·· icv a rc ot thrco·
lll l s, ~ axo n, L:llm , an \1 Greek.
J

,..,

SAxo:-; P1a:r1x Y.H .-.4' on, in, t o, nt. bt n n .
f l)r:, rn:t:cd i11J!; m.is , iii, wro ng-; out Le ·~nd .' '
t~ nrnl<c~ en, in, oh;
g-at1n11; under bel o w . 1r ilh f
' . )
, ocer, lu g- Ii , nh cud ; 11.n, no·
.
'
rom , ng:u n:'t · e !I
.f bon <l /
im p urp 1t~, , ncl:muc r f tirtUod
.l l
. . .-.
r • >
t en 1iu, t n1body
tnin c , 1C1itidwl d . b '
c, 1!Lt8 cru. ' outl aw, ooe~l1 oot, tniliok, undt,:_

1':'.,

1

,

P n rvixt-:~. -- A. af., ab.~ from nwn ..
r HI' 1 () lq .
'
. ',
.Y , a•l ('l may lie clian-'!'t:d into c
l
um, ..
nH111d : rrnle, / 're, IJt: fo ru; ron

f , ~!, l. ,, , 7• .•.
LAT I :-:

chnn,!{C)'l. t.n

d.

.

(~. t~ ;~ t~u ·t;

c1.r~11 111,

(~

1t ll, con(r.1 rount,,.
·
d
l . .. 1, nx1.un~t. ~ e, d own;
~11t, '' itltn ut.; ' " ( n. rnto l , m. r ),
ob (b into c. (. p \ '\rrninst . pe. ' ti , 1~ r, 'l n l ro , he:. ween , o11w 11 g-, w ithi n .
prlJ , for, f,) ;~h. ~; ·-,.t"lro. '1 · kr, iro11g I; JN •t. after~ prrter , ultra, hcvnnd '.
,
·
, )ae ~ , nncw · Rtdi ( b ·
·
.
o1
'
1 11 pra .l(ur, n ho\"f~ · iron' acr . .
\
int o '\ J , !I . p ) , 1111d c r ; Mtpt r
• 1
I
.
.'
O:-\~ . ll~ , Au."traC't. adjoin amp t t
.
'
ga ...l', antic ntc , cr.mtrnct, crmtradict, counlerr11:1t1
'
II u .c. r1rcu11urn\'i~
f.T tl !H' l , i'f/ J',/\' lt!(allt . i11 jt•(' f ,,· t ·t
. I : • ~I, dl"rt.·111..I , rh,pc r~c, .recede
l''
.
. n lll ' ir. . n-1t·c._·t. tn tn,d ll<'e
I.
,
.
• <"J\:l't, pn·fornte,
l }"·" 11x_. ;>rd""rn at 11rnl1 ul/r11 111ari11 e >ro 1· , '
li' ll/Jf' f'\ ' l:'t', tr•1n s l'l:t·.
' 1
< ncr, r ei.lui.:c , r drt1grndc, 8trbscrihc.

w,

1

1

,

.., t;

.,1c r 1

\\

on, a part ; t .t, l'l'tra. (:s:: i11to c nntlf
t o, on , in vcr b;1 - in ntlj ccti,·c!'-1 not . . lt J,
,;p ,

~ H E t-: 1< l _' 1 ~tfl' I XE~ . - :1 , <W, wi thn11t : nm

,7,;

li 0

1

!i!!:U11;a11/1,ut!:n11:.; t. : rrw1 i'rorn
.. . .
I '
t l, . r 01111 d ; rn1n, tJir,)1:g h,
.
• •
,ll\\d\,cala d uw n·du tl
1

)I I; . t:f'L. n1·011 ; hypn~ aU o \'C; "!If';, u11J~r . TN~l~ ' . , ' ' 1r:·'.',I! I~ f'll , .. 111 , i11,
flt/Ll! J"0Ulld; tt/lt ( ti. ill tO l 1]1)
" ti .
I
, ' t.: IH .l;.( l..l 1 {'U r (l 1 l1cp.idt•
.
.,
,
, \\1 . 1
n~ a nn rr l1v
J. · 1_·
'
111t (.do tr, a r os t~1tc rala!'.tro1 h 1· I ' . '
'.
- ' amp u.v1011:-i, ru1 u lncy
tl .
·
'
' c, ( 1a cct. f nd e t111<' 'J' i f{r
l
1
·'
ICSIU, m.-fophor, p rrrahJ f', J1,.rl~d , .4'}1n ti1r p;i .J.
I
ru n , '//fll•t >tol e, /r yp<>·

AFFI XE$ .

Th e a ffixc>s can n ot he RO distinctly arr:rnged accordin!=i to
the Ja.11~1tag- e f"ro rn wiiich they are t:1kc>n . \ Y e thc>rciure
present t ll e lll in that or<l ' r in which th ey m:iy uc m ost ~ •1<:·
·inctly :u1 L1 1•rufit:1uly c>xhibitcd : A<?/, ace, (t~/·\ 1111 c"~ a11 c11i dor , c-nct, ency, lita il , livod, i(l n, on, ism, moil .
tnony, ""'~.~ , ·r i.c, 1'/.h ~1,,;p, t, t/i, l ttde, t11, ·il y, u.r~, y , Ullll ·w ick, w Len ad JcJ
to 11 u t11 1 ~ n .:rl1:.. , or ndj cc ti\'Cg denote beinq or slfl.le.
1

An,

tllil,

a.nl, at·t, ary,

u 1\

ent, er, 1.er, ·isl , iv~ 1 or sler, n JL1cd to nounf4
1

• r \'Ori.is denote the doe r o f nn act.
.:fld, ee, ilt, nd<lc tl to n ounM nnd verbs , denote pa11si1;ity, i. e.,

hcin~

tctcd on.
Cul£, cU, ult, cl, -il, tl, let, in., i nt, !.:in , li. nq, ocl.:, denote sm11llnen .

Ac, al, an , ar , ary , en, ic or ical, id, ·ile , ine, ory, n<l<lcJ to nouns J c11olo
marle 1!f, l1e{,11n9i.n9 tu, &c .
.A>.-, ful, ouR OJ\e, anmf, y, n<ldc<l to n ou n s J cnotc plenty.
],..:/1 . lik11. and l,11. ndJ c~ l to 11 0 nn1-t, den ote resnnbln.n.;e.
I ve add (!d to n .. 1111~ ancl v crh~ tlenotc:ot nctit:e capacity.
Able, ibfp: uh!": to no11n~ and ,·crh~ d1•11nl O 71ru;.~ 1·u carncity.
Ate, en, .fy , i~lt, i."t o r i:e, to 11u 1111b and a dj\.:l'li\"C:i Jcri o tc tr1 mnJ.:,.
1

Scpar:1ulc :1n•1 sep:1r:ltC root-fo rms are for the rn o~t part
S:ixon; i11 sq1arnl1lc ones, I ,atin, G reek, or F rl'11d1 .
It may lie u:;eful to parties wh o h :wc learnt F rench, or

who in tend t o learn it., to rcmark-1 st, Th:tt the greater
part of the words ending in able, oge, al, ant, onre, cnt,
encc, ihlc, ice, ?°011, 91w, 11dc, &c., arc ~pcllcJ alike in Englisl1 and Fren ch; '2t1 , Th :it in the majo ri ty or c:tscs En gl i~h
w ords in 11!, (111 , ary, cy, er, ic, ical, id, fr,\ ory, or, O'llS, ty,
~elai·, y, m:iy l!l' turned into French hy the ch an ge of these
i;ylla.l 1lcs into ef,, en , a ire, ce, re, i1ue, ide, if frmininc ; if
ma~cu l in e, oirc, car, eux, te, ulier, ·i c,--and vice i·crsa.
\\"lr:1t h a~ n"w been ~:ii<1 npon Etym ology, if th<>rnu g!1ly ~tmlic•l
n11cl l'l'!!lll:rl'iy J'l':11'1i.-ccl, w ill nd cl gre>1tly to tho tnlk-;<tock of the
1~111·11 .. 1-, :1 11cl :i i.I i11 t i> t: :ir<'f'•ircmen t of tl 1nt. co11iu 11 sm·~:<, ren1l i11c·,<.
n11d 1\u 1· 1 rc -. ~· 11·l 1i cl1 i11 wri<i11 ir, l1ut cs11cei:11l y i11 '1'Cl tki11g, is <h«ir.
:il1le . Tn1l y l.: 1-; fL ;:rent 1111 ><k rn w riter ~ai d, " 111 f\ h11g11,1gc like
on rs, w l1cro ~o lllany w ore.ls nre derived fr oin other l1111gu:1ges,
f.hcrc aro fo w m odes of instrnct ion more n><:fll l or lllOr<l :1mu~ing
than that of accustoming yo11ng people to seek fo r th t> etyrn olop-y
<'r p•·im:iry mc:rn in g of the words they 11sc. Thero nro cas;cs in

104

wl iich kncmle<lge of more value m :1y be co11\· pyeJ by tho
of I\ wnnl tl 1an by 1) 10 Jii,tory uf a c:1111p:1ig1 1."
,IYonls nre val11n\.il c, :1t len,;t.1 c/1irjl!J f11r I.lie iil cas tl1cy rt-pro- ~
,crit. Jn noel of thernsch·e;,, tl1cy lia Yc a 1·alu e, it is trne ; bu1., NI "
th o rep re;.entativc.~ of tl 1011gli1, tl 1eir w11r1 1, i" JJJoro tli:rn a tlwu·
~:rnJ-fu!tl iB c rcascd .

. •• gnile-le;.s; j)C'1ce-fnl; ~crvile·ly. E:rceplion8-aw(1')-f11l , ,tr11('1:;"'"1
·
·ly abri<l"(e)-111 e nt , 1111r,(e)-lrni:,
" . l '" l( e) . I·
.\' ' !JJ(c) - .,.' '""'""
fl· .. \ e i;.
C(le:(e)·rnc~1t, argn(e)-rncnt, ju.Jg(e)-111 e11 t. Jn tl1eso tl 1c "'"

<lroppetl . -

(1)
·

I,

I.

llC, l'

S PELI.1 1\G OF DEIOYATin; AXD co ~n· ou r;n worms.

g ruC( '-" )- ion1-1,

the m<:aning a11 d <lerivation of w ord~, a111l t h11s a "ommand
of bng nag·c in ' niting , to devote so n re t iin l· 1·:11:!1 .lay to the
carefol /•<' l'llsal nf t wo o r t.l1rce pnges 1J i. tl 1u U11obridged
.Dictionrrry of \\Tebstcr, or IV orccster.
R r:u: T.·-\fono,y ll:1l.Jc.<- :rnd won1s of 1norc tl111 11 on e ~yllable
n c~cnt'.'tl on t lio last ~yllal.JC'-cn<lint.r in a 'in;.!lc <'on«1 11:rnt precede<! liy a si ngle vo wel, tl0 Jt li l0 tl 1e 1innl con~on:1111. 011 receiviJJ g- n
n e w sy llalile l1e·g in11ing wit.Ii 11 """· el ; lint z Hil t! l• are ll<>t d11 Jt bled.
E.wmpk•-iiC'gin , l>c·gin -ner; b1:fit, L•clit-1ir1 g ; rob, r11b-bc·r; u<l.
rnit, :td 111 it-t:i nce; >Yir, wi t-ty .

Huu' J f.-:-.:iJL·nt e nt Ll1c c·111l ,,f n wonl 1Y l1i ch fl' Cei ves an nil t! itionn I ~.rllaUli..: licginning ·w ith :i ron~o na nt, i~ g-enc ra lly rc:nine!l ;

, . uh!<·

'. .u1;.. t-

,--lh' lc '1tl.1c•l

'ftl

I .

f)

& ~.
endin1~

·

a•,

.

i

.1c -

ft

it i ·~ rctain ctl hcfv rc 11.Me ;

't

i ~ rctnincJ hcfn n~ ,.,,,,, : n1-1. n· l.l
, · l into i b1..:fvrc t111d : "~ •

t· 1
:-1-0 ·, or
.

1ll(WC- a h1e.

' 1

(2) 11' i-; ilc11 t e 1:-1. prn1.·t·1.l cd i_\· fl :-1<~ ., I .
hut if c :-'olt. prc1.·cJc:-i it, e I~

~~nll tngc-0 1 1 :-1:

l1(• fi>und :i Ycry n s ,.fu l e x <' r ciSt\ t(n· thi~ pur.
pose, :in1l alsv l(>r tlie p11rpose nf' sce urin .~ a k 1Jt111ledge of

preceded l •y c or;'

Ii ~ il e- nt t~ i~

LESSON XXXIV .

It w o11lil

.

·. R 1IL'' lfI.- Tn w or<l~ entlin;; wi t.Ji a~' 1ent t , 1 10 : ' · '·1
'
"
co1nmenco
wit.Ji a v o w e l, the "'·i e nt. ~ l· ' t·'.) .be n11 ;•1t tctl ·,
mi r(e) -alile, rn v (e)-ity, cnr(e)·ntin.', tlr1,·(c)-1ll;; ; \in "

~ Al', pence- a

The snl0oinP!l R 11 ks :ire 1iot :1 r:omj>k·tc g- 11irl(' 1 even
dcri1·:i.Lin' \\·oi·ds ; :is thl' re :<re f'requrnt dql:t rtllrt'' from the
Rnlcs, 11·J1i cli c:a11 l>L' :1st·p 1·t:1inl'rl oniy by <.'Xtc·r1si n : rl'atling
and c:wcC1d ohst·rT:1t in11 . The pr:1ctit·c of ti·c1p1e11tly trans.
cribi11g frorn g<1nd l' tl itions ol' sl:rnda rt1 :n1 tl1o rs, a11d also of
noticing, wl1l'11 n• : ttlin~, th e mwmer in u:/1iclt w01·ds are
spelled, va11 not. l1v too l1ighly rccornmc ndcil :i.~ a means of
secn ring :icc11ra cy in tl1is n ci:esurry part of gnotl E nglish
composition.

10;)

DERfVATIVE AND CO~IPOUND WOIWfl .

SPELLL'IG OF DlmIV ATIVJ;; W ORDS.

c iu11glA

. . tl 'e. •1s o;.iec- in<r. line , hoc -in'! . ~o
i n ee Ul H ne reta 1:1 H
' , . '.
. ,... •
.
1 . . ;11,.
(3) V •r \ 1~
c .' · \\.O.lt""1.-t t l.l 1l t \\'/J uid otli e rwis<.~ l>o tun\11~11011:;.; a:-1, ~ .' c- . :-.,
:\.l~o, CCl'tlllll
1

··ainKc-ing-, twi11Q"c-!n.1t.
'

(4·

.

l 11-l"W'" i into y,

.

\V o rd~ l'fltiin!l in ·i11 drop tJi1,... ti.n;tl ~ •.:ln• c_,' ,...~

.acld.'t.
tii·\t
•
1 1o na 1. :1~v/\t1\;1c
• 1

l1t: ,.,
•'i1l?i

wi th i; ll =-', lie,

hl'f~>rc nil

ly-1 t1g-.

J\ ' .-'Yo nls e nc.li ng in ?! ~ prccedl.•'1 hy a con_,nn:n:t, nn
· r or ' s, cJi,·1 nt-"e. y . in t" ·i ·'. ,
kRm.i,;
" p• '\llV nfTix excep t in ;J, or Vt11,
tn in,, '11·1"pp ( \.)i·- 1.1'"
•. , • 1• 1.,. cr ("'Ji-c:il ; lll:1rry, lll'1rr·(y)1. :q!C; pity,
ll11p\·
' . " . .
.
. 1,
II
• ,
.
. ..
L'
Ill won.I:; t epit(y)i-Je,,,
&c.
;:.~·r,e7
1 t:
wns- Tl 1e' ?I is· not cl1:tn"etl
"

:•~

· rived fr o111 dry, sky, -~ly.
l J l; . Yowc-1 c..lo not t''hnngc Y into i h1.:f(1rn
'Vonl :-1 rndin~ in y, prc<·c·1. c
) "
1
•
l v }, I V:-i . j~I\· ;i)\'f111. !'in
1 I ti ·r or ""\'lhlilc. nl'I, trav, tra y s • )ll.' : . . • . . i.1 .
. ..
11..
f\n fl( ~ it1 1111;1 c ,i.:
•
:
. •
1 I· l ·"n il \'
"·nrd."' cndinv. in// ; :i~ t··ldy,
. thOlf i~ 1111 cl\11n1J[(~I ,~· l.i c~: u1j1;~"1f\'<;.,'.o~i1s~Dav~ daih·; puy , paid; lny, laiJ;

edifv-in!.!';

111 .\· ,

11 11.\-111e, .

~ny; ~ni...I ; sn y , !'laith.

"'

"'

•

"1

· Rui.E V. --- \\r nrii ~ cnt1ing int\. t1I.ll!,
11 () con~o .w..l n'... - ex·. ceptl,1 lr--rc-

- ·1 .

.
t:i.111

, t.~.
bntli C(q1-., 11n,u1

\\·) it:,. n

tliev
'.\
"' tnke 'I n :t<liltrtonnl
.
r J.a - • c, not
1'.
«~ :ri 11 ni11 ,., wi th th e ~:l.1no letter; n~, odcl, odd-1t.y ~ c.1 :-otre~~, ( i_sb g - 1•ti .I ;"' ~·]")]
Worils ending. with
a, o, or tt, r et:un
tre~=-' i , ~·l·i
, l -fo'i .
:
tl 1 c~e letter,;; n, , woo, woo -e r; echo, ccl 1n-1n g.
rd
\Vord"' Pn...linz wi th n. ~lon l >1o l c tt.er, rct.nin })Qth. wh e n 11 prefix
· tl.' r or
foll!n wc,l~Jr
i-:.vll:tl)1 ~ i~ ~nnnectcd ~ a~, rol l, unroil ; ~cc, f o_rc-~ce ; wa \. - . .
or
: ' - J 'l ~ t .l 11 ·III:--·t'I
fn lfl l J u ntil l withal, wh crcw1thal 1 ulrc:itl;; .
oiplUHtS
I '

n' n tl.L

·vr -C;i1 n •1tllHt<;, of,;(']f.,;i;.:nifirant
·

1

·

"·01.,Js i;:cnc_r:iliy rctaia
1 ok \.wider

the spc11ing <~f tho ;;o \vQ rd s: a~. s t~:l111 - r11:;1 ne ;
6~

)0

, -

'

. .

10G

EXERC[SJ'.:S '>N DEl!lV ATrYE WOitDS.

,\ n1nrnnATI ONS.

EXEltC16 ES .

\\Trite dcrh·::iti v cs, a ccordi ng to t he ltnles, from tho
\YOr ds here gin.~11. E:cw11ple- Like, liked, liking, likely,
!ikclihood. Valler, valley~.
A rto rn cy, bo1ly, f(ln ry, '" eary, del ay, stay, 11t1111 c, cnrc, grnee, in
cit (', Cll C<•ll ril!:(C 1 tat11c 1 manage, rn n, defer, brni.:, i1d111it, 11n11l, no
1p1it, red , control, swim, wliiz, idle, rn dc, 11bri1lgc, nwc, pity,
111un.:y, prnvoke, me rry, gi<ltl y, luck y, j ust, shy, <lry, true, betrny,
u<•y, dcstr(ly, veri(r, c<l ify, ocenpy, mul!iply, d11y, entrap, unmnn,
allot , fl\'(' !', fr et, bar, rn g, sta b. join, m:1n·el.
·w or:<l 1i p , '1(·:11 11, r c :i~on, s uffer , chill, oust rn c t, ltnr:is•,
<l 11e, life., t... rig-:1g-t.\, clc,~ e , ex1, ire 1 fa cr-, fa te, o fl ice, i ntl:unc, wlwlt',
faJ,e, focuk, lll•:d1lle, r emorse, l1oly, rnhy, forgive, cq1ne, entire,
bo<ly, ~pcc<ly , ,-nry, weary, dr" I"." • lll<'rry, n11111l}', chim ney, flee,
buzzn, mon ey , disllli~~. still, full , wi ll , stu ff, rene w, nv o w, forego.

11. D.,

Rnchclo r of Divinity.

Rart.,

l\ a1·011ct.

.IJ11l.1 B n\:111ec.
fJaiv. Bc njanl ill.
.#

1

~71., ) i~hop.

flk. , Boo k , H a11k.

. C. or dr llt.,
'

A l!lln tlrctl.
(k1l. C11\e 11 dar, Culifornia.

Oa 11l., Cn11 ti...:lcs ( ~ olo iuo u's So ng ).

U.1p., C11pi111 I.
(J, 1•!1. , ( 'n"lii,•r.

O.

JV., Cana da W es t.

()lf.t., C:1J>l a in.
01 ., (;,) lo 11 cl.

()lu1.ll. ,

C !in rlc~.

Cap."., Cupital:ot.
(}. R.1_C a 1m.lu Ea•t.
Ol1., U l111rc l1.

})a il.. , Duni;.;\J , Dnn~ cl_. .
lJ. ])., Jloctor or JJ1nn 1t.y .
lJtr. , 0 ·1.:c 1n hc r.

J)ept., U"p:irtmcnt. Dcp11ty.
lhct., 1)1 eLw n:iry, D1etator.
Dc hior, D•1t:tn r.

}). /J. , Dist rict or Col umbia.

Ih•a., Dcaco11 .
/)e(/ ., l> c~ rec.

li•11t., Deuteron omy.

j)la., D ozi;11.

J!A:cl. ,

E ~c!c:-'i n."'\tcs.

}:,~.

ABilREVl ATIO~S .

I n writing-, it is conven ient :rn d proper, sometimes, to use
a hhrc \·i:1 te<l fo rm s of expression , ::i selection from which is
h e re )!i \' l'll. The pupil should copy them, or, what is bet·
tr r, 1ni tc them, npo n licarinf;' th e full fonn dictated .
A . II., nr /1 . .~., lhchd nr o f A rt, _
J\ !1~w 1:r .
1
11,.lr., Ad\'erb.
.Aul., J\ (.'{'1 •n11 t.
t!. C. , A ntc Chri1't111n (i1<·f11rc Cli r i:.;t ).
•1 . /J ., A1111 <l D o mini (i n the ycnr of
o ur L nrd).
A . 111., An te ~t(: ridicm (hcf.Jro n 0on ) ;
i 11 the \'cur ,,ft 110 W < r lJ .
..fd11.,.. , A.d111irnl.
A nrni. . 1 Anonym ~,11~.
,t/','! .. l\Jlcd .
:
A111t,

Art;!., A11~11~t.
A 1·1.:. , Ar k n llx:u~.

Ala. , AlalHt lllf\.
A•(i. , Adjtcti ,•c .
.Al•p,, A rc li bi, Ji op.
Adj., Adjutnnt.
Admr., Admini•trntor.
A n at .• An ntn my.
Apr., April.
.Amt. , Am o11 n t.
A I I, ., A t!O rll l'Y.
BU., Barn11. ..

U't'r., Ccrrnnn .
t~'.tl., (l1datin1ts.
(/ f' n., ( : t· 111..::-ti:-1, U enc_ral.
fJd •., Ut·nrgc, (h·o rgi.a.
U!OllL . 1 ( ; t·omctry .
G1Jn., U11 \'or11o r .
!"11., Jl cl, rc w• .
1 l rlfi .. , l l(J fl Orab lc .
}//ul Jl 1w ,Jir ncl.

B. U., ll ei'ore Ch ri st.

J)r.

LES SON XXXV .

C"'1t., G cntl c1nnn.
( ,'fr1l. , O co \ n~y .

Pot. , H11 t a11y .

>-

O. , f or exam ple.
' /!,'ncyc. E ncy clop.e<lia.
Bny., E1 1gliu1d , Eugl1sh .
lf_ph , Ephc:-i.1a11s.

Ec1q.,

E.c.,
£ 1/,,

~rtq niro . . .
.
, .
J~ rn111p lc , J<. ~c c pllOn , Exo<l11 ".
Editi o n, E J itur.

. .. J., Ea~ t I ndi c~ .

~

p,: N. l!.'., l·:,.,L-i\orth cnst.

Er. E pis11c.
JI

!:;.

J!,~c. ,
1~:,1i . 1

]~'., Ea:-(t-Sonthctt." t.

A1 llt ~o f1-.rth .
Fid1rc llhci t.
Fe. ni. F<.:1 11i ni11c.

107

//1111J , 117111 clrcd.
l11 di a1Hl.
/ ./ ., Th e ~a1 11 0 .
I 1. !/. S. (.!'""" l f.1111i1111m Salval<!r),
.h . . ~·rn~ tl 1c ~a\'iou r o f mr.n .
.l11 c11g. , U 11 k 11 wn.
1
i nd. , l11 dian 1l.
in t., l11t1· rcst.
f'l<t., l:-111 ial1.
lb . or /h i1(., In thu t1 nm o p lnce.
/ . .-. , t!.ut 1:-1. •
JU., I lli11"i ~.
In., 1111'!1.
ln :Jt. , l11 :-1t:rnt, tlte 1•rcscnt month.
/ 11., Iowa.
Jas. Ja111rs.
tfnu ., .J oli n .
} 1r.,

I
I

I
I
'J

1

J11."J ., Jo~cph .

J. P ., J 11:;t icc of the l'unoo.

Ju l., J 11ly.
Jan ., Jununry.
J 1Jnrt. , .J o11uth nn.
Jo,-4/t. , .J11:-'h11a.
J r . or ,fun., Ju nior.
Jt.ui., K11n~ns .
A-t .• l\11igoht.
fl"11 ., Kc 11 t 11 ck y.
!.~. l ., o r£, A pr1 11n 1l sterling.
/ ,at., L ntin, Ln t itn<le .

I.A . , L11n1.
l~v., Lc \' iticn ~.

/,/,, 11.j

B11eh clor of Lnw•.
Lon . . ,n11g-it11dc.

L . . _'!°. , Placv of tlic Seal.
J.a., L o11i!"li1tnn.

J,. C., L o we r Cnnndn, Lonl Cli~n /<wr.'or Fa., Flori<la.
cd lor .
F. .s. A., Fellow of the Society of Art• .
!A p., Lnrd s hi p .
Fm·., F11rlo11,![.
Lieut.,
L it•ll tenan t .
t•b., Fe \, r11ary.
J,f,, D., Docto r nl' Lnw•.
Fi9., Fig11rn.
F. }(_ S., l•'ellow ofthc Ht:>ynl Society. / Au . o r /A ., L o ui ~ in nn.
;I/. A., Jll1l"tcr o f Art •, Mili t:1ry Aca·
Ft. , Feet, r:oot, Fort.
dornv.
f}a. Gooq.{1a.
Jluj., i\(njor .
Gar.i., Gnllon.

·. /-

1\llSCJ<:L l. .\N E> >rtl

f 'rn ., Prf·!'4i •lt:-r. •.
Ii'rop
l'r !l.,
., 'r"l"'';,;.,

Se(., ~ cc r<'tnry .

.Sen.,

l ' r• tl(·~:-u ·r.

1

I

11 •

1:,.,, .r."m;· h ~ r ~) uJ tim e being.

I

1 · ·' ., J q :-; 1...,i:rq•t..

)',,/,. , 1 ~11 l1 l it• , ! 'ul,li:ihctl.
l'd. , J»nid.
f>,.f ,, l 't'f t· r.
1:1t il. 1 Phil ip, Pliili r pinns.
l l . n r l'lu r. 1 l 'lu ra1.
/'. 0., Pn~t - l>H ke.
I'r Pp ., i ' n·1 1o~ iti o 11.
l'r•1h. , l'ro il• ·11 1.

1;run .,

P rn 1101111,

Pronuneiation.

J rt1l. ' i "rnt,(;~1 HI It.
l'rotJ.~ P r11 n : rh:'.

P." .. l

J."t., V c r111 ont.

??~ ot., }' li o 11! 1!~ ·

r

1

f ran~po~c~ Trrn ~-

ll ' ., \ V1· :-lt.
ll 'k ., \\'l·1; k.
Jl'i .~. , \Virh~Qn~ i n.
H'm., \Vi llialll.
JJ / 1, \\' "r"liip.
JI t .. W cil! lit.
Jf"cd
., \\' ~d111~ ... ,1:i~·.
1
H • J., \Vl':o t lndi c:-t .
11'. I.o n. , \V t.·"'t. L(\n(.'itn ·1e.

Jr. J\'. Jr.,

\\'~:-; t -l'l ·r tli w c:;tt .

If. 0., Uppe r Canad a.

l )1ct .. Pe111 1\' W(' i·rl 1t
f} ., (211e:-: tio 11 1 (i(i°cC l L
l/l., <i1111rt.
0

V1./,JJ •• Vo l1111 \L":-l.

·~·:ur1., ~~·r~\;o n .
'J r t11l., l Cllll C:-l!'l('C ,
Theul. , Tlu.:o logy.

u rc r.

:'1d 111:',

J ~ 1. 1 Vir~i 11ia.

l'iz. , !\n11 H:l y; To wi ~

k

'1r.,
f·:t·"'-·\· ra11
l 111 1otl_i y .
:;latwn ,

100

J ~i-<r., Y i:-oco1 lll t.
1·,,t ., Vol11111 e.
1'. /'. , Vicc-l'rc~<l c nt.

;::)c 11 nt•1r 1 ::=: c:nior.

t-r g. or ,"i'n:j. , ::' c •)!''ant.
S"~- , ~01 0 1111111 1 s ,, Jut. io n.
Sq. t\q11u rc .
,i...·.
E. , !3011t.l 1-So11thcn!'\t,
::,'t,. 1 t-iui11t, Street.

'ht., J 1t.11;, l >tl c.
Theo, Theod ore.
?~ts,ot. 1 :~·1ic:-ll'41t loninn~.

E:\ E ICCl"I·:'> .

0

(.I r .. ( ~ 11;1rk r.

II'. S. Ir., W c,t-::io u thwe• t.
U. ..'>'., U11itcd Statc=-4.
· .. r11111 .J . , Cliri ~t11n1!i .
(/. S. J I. A., United St ntcs )fi litnry Xt ., Cliri't.
A cnti c1t 1\'.
r<L. Yun.I.
{f. S. N., United Stat es l\ nvy.
J"r., You r.
Ult: La:'lt'un r tl1t· ln:o m n 11 tli .
Y.,
Y<·nr.
1
U. :..:. A., 11 itc d ~tatc~ of A1n c r ir!1; J:-1,.,· ., Yurd~ .
Unit.ct.I ~tulcti 1\rr11 y .
J'r11·., Ytlll r."'.
[J. S.S. , Un itccl ,;l ute• Sen a te .
Z,>0l ., Z ooloi.ry .
V. (ViJc) , :Sec; Vcr•C .
.f:c. , A11d so fo rth.
1

(/. J'. , \\" Jiid1 :'CC ; J\:\ much a~ JOU
plca!"l-e.

fi: .. c. o r ft.. l!1·1--i11c.
t l\1· c., rd i11g Sl!crctary.
ll •.f ., hdi>rmcd.

'·:"r:. ·' \''·

11',,~rt . , l\1.· ~i 11 wnt.

j ;,·n·., J<c"c lat ion~ , J\cvc rc nd
I H. I., J(),.,.J c b lu11cl.
•
f.'1')11i. , H11111n 11tt.

1't . Higl1t.
I lJa.
N eu. \ J:i.;lit HeH renJ
1

lo.)er'd., hcrf'in•J.
R,~l't ., 1\:c':_tn r , J·:l:cc·ip t.
iH fl., h cg-1.-tt t.: r, hcJ.:" tdnr.

·

f..",,.p. , 1 ~1 · pri·:-1 l·1itnli\'o UcpnbHo
fih ,t., f{ ln·tn r ic.
'
•
Jtolit ., J\c•hc rt.
R. H.., Hui \r11;nl.
ift. f/,,n., J(j):l•t ll () no rnhle.
·~:' ~ CC••.nd:-4, :-:. Jiillii~ir, Sign, South..
· · A ., Son t Ii A 11H- l'l l'tt .
S. l'.. ~nllt Ii l'nro )iuu.
,\', /~·. , ~ o nt.hcnht .

.'He.. :--: lTtion.
S;:pt . , :-:.,·pl t·111hc· r.
;•;iuy., ~ill!!'.lllur.
·~/1., Sp1li11·, :--i1qrn i~ h .
.\r ., ~ ir o r Sc11 inr.
S. S. IV. , R1o11 t h ·::io nf ' ""'-

. . . ,,r ..

,<;_

~ 11r<: r h , r .

Jr.. S.nn lli wc ~ t.

I . . .·n.r .,

~axn11.
-~111n.., ~a r11111·1.
ticiH•V IH.: l",

I i)c/11·.,

L ESSON

xxxvr .

MI SCELLA X EOliS EX EI'.C ISES ON TllE r.1RTS OF srcr.cn .

vV ritc correctly the follo wing sentences :
O f tlic ~c pro fc:-i~inns c11 cl 1 nrc crowtl ctl. -T,,·o w ere onlcrt J, bnt. ncitl10
were xr n t .- T liu 11uti (l n urc pr.wcrfnl.-Sc,: ing ·wi t h 01 1c' :4 o w n c:· 1 ·~ , l"Ci
d um fail to h ri 11K c<l 11\·ictio1i.-l 1 cnp lc i~ nc ,·e r wa 11ti11~ t0 join i n tli l" wi !Jc~t c11tcrpri :-lu .- ;\l u11 'r4 l 1u ppi 11 c~~ o r 1ni ~cr.v clt·pcn<l 11111 cli on him~clf.-To
pro fc~d rcg-nnl nnd act. di1f,:rcntly ...li~co\· e r nnw ortli i1 1c~~orcl111ra<'t Cr. -T0
p ro f'c~~ rc>?"urJ, nnJ to net. differe n tly , con~tit u tc~ n t oo conlmo n ki1111 ot
trcncli ery .- l o r t h0n nrn th o perso n t o mu.lcrt ;1k c th e hn ~i n1•:-<:-1.-H0t.li c· f
th u i;<·linl ur~ , Ol' Oll C VI' them at l..;-a:' t , w;1-.c pn :~<: nt ut the t r: l11!i:lt'tion . -Tiiou
1, n r t li c cfl!1:-;tnl1lc , arc tc) he 1';1lli...'(.l up in flfd\·r to be n·pri111:11n..lnl.
l~i r~t, ·1, and th e n (; co rgl' , ~l11.1 t.. lic11111 y IJrqt Jn·r.Jnnl \.::-1, ir4 to he 11 1o n·1:,...r.ll o w dnc:-1 .J 11 }111 11!H l lii:-1 fut lier d o '(-I !\· re i:'I .l,u 1H::-> and I to : 1~:-1 i "'t .' ·1H 1. N ~ ,·er were u p~·r · plc :-in i 11fnt 11utc.l.-Bn .t 11:-> 1 l1 i 111 tlwt rq wllt-11 T:1r •11 1"1 n,
n ut lii111 that j11i 1w·l wit l1 ntln·r:' t <l ;l:"':->: 1 ~:-.i11atc cw~ar, \\':l:-1 ll p atri 11t 1h :1:
11 tu:<l lcgi t i111al t: 11 1t· a11:-i. tr' n..:~\· 1 1c l1i~ rm111 try fr o lll t)· ruuny .- I k 11 uw it 1..:·":ld

I''.

110

MTSr.EJ.l. A:" E• •US l·: x1-: r.c 1 s1·'.~.

n"lt h:\\·c b ct"n he r ; h ut wh r. : he r i) r no; .. ~·
clnre. -- Wa:'4 it 1rn~:"i hlo tn be t11c 1 \ \" .... . n~ t h<'m, I nm not nhlo to d"°'
A ~k hirn w lio1 n li e h ·1~ h c ·•n ~! Ill., liom d1) lh1: peo p le ~ny thnt WOnrel
1
Mh "nld not. lik<J t(1 he' iiim ~JJ. '>t1,i: i t to h~ .. :-- lr. Wu:-\ t h<'c w iiorn I Mw.:..I
'' \ t l
.
l:i g-r.:ntc!'\l c'>l •l'cr n ·rnJ l . l
.
.l r'-! n h! np1~rftYCd in the ~i{!'lit of hi~ Crea () ,
llJ.r ic~t CnJoyn1cn~
1 eilro ti••L lt1r othr· r~ , them hcing on un·· "li1ir.
.
the durv, V f\ 11 li·nc n o 1 1 ! t t .
'"
• . t ... . -U~ }(·mg- npp ointcd tA
·
•
C' • o 111 tcr1r·rc - Ch 1 t . t
v
1
crnl'd l1y k11r1'\ lcd !!c and 111 I I
•l .
II I ) o t ic ponr, \\ lie n gov'
rn it it to lie a \ irtuc -=.'f . '<.,c11 cc, l. ic ; c nrc no pe r"l0t1~ wli o "ill not tt<l
..
•
• •
•
\\O~tl)Rt.rnU\C~ wh ·ntl
•
ri ot t·ug-ndy tlir same tli ini""
.. 'I
1·
'
t:
.'t'Y <'O rne t ug-ethe r nnd do
v 1c nr111c r mnst be lll ti
. '
;(' #r.:
(1() llUt tl1111k tli.tt an\" o ne ~'
11
IC ro~~C f"M \'O cn~c -t
·
~
· .iou { 111 c11r cc n s up f I ·
·
rq 11tat1on. - I "i ll see ~' ·r
fl'
. u or •c1 ng tender of their
di"t t l!~~ - Till· t: rt>\' I ''' \.: .\ 1-1 11 cr.c: r, nnd do rll J nt rno ... t to rcli C\' C tl1•'1r
•
•
I :i "I() J.!l"l' 1t lfl lt J
1I
...
ls like n bc.l:-;t nf l"l~ ,. who I .'
:
n ot J..!'t·t lhro11~h thcm.:.Uo
I
. .
. '
l l.: ... lrn\ :4 ' ' 1tli n 11 t. pi!
Tl
illCll , \ \ IC!l IL \:-; Ill C XtrC: lllit\·, lL C kll.O \\ I. Ju·'
~ .10 \\ QrRt kind Of
un~ct·11 .-Th c nit·n n11 J ll1111 i~· I · ,1 i<;l ,... t.: :-4 it" d c:pr1 11l c 11 cc 011 n Power
'I
.-s\\ih 1 iiclin~Ntlll1• l l
.Y ~1~ t1; r nnd I n " II
t
e• , ta\ o not ·imp ro,·cd
J11111.-11
I
. :-; c fl:-s111\l1rN l1crur•f ' I
I
RC.' rru oct·11 p11 t101 1~ - T he >' 1t 11tli n11d t he ·1 • c t a1 y t: 111p oycd in thei r
" ith ,\'l' ll r lie Ip ' o11 " ill
t H
I
c. q1c11t e r urc nt " ork . bnt even
mi111·d L() ha \"(: i~~.. own wil t o 11 11 :-1 i _ t o-d:iy.-Tlic J11ult it 11Jc \~'ere cl~tCr·

:rw (

I It• paid twenty gninc· n:-;, w hit-h nr,\ t 110 l . , I
.
rlit: 111"1111:-\
l'rC~erihl'-1.. 1'01· I·,':-1 r \ ' Cd n ·n· wl1' 11;..
i~ cnrclc··
,
·I l n J·j• r lCf'.-lfo
·
_
·"·,
It> :-::-i . -1I1·1 1rv th e Si:-tth 0 1' F n 1
I . '
l l i r1111 \O lt1:i CIL-tO al n 10:->t hope· ~ a 11 t wn"' tt11fi1t cd ~
.· I
·
. 1
I
·
nr I ~c t11n.es l1c li\'cd in,
w :_11c i wen~ tho i11.111 1i•di atc c1111 :-ic 0f ~he \rar
(l fi Ll1 C:10 k111J o f i 11d11l• r(•J1('{'~
) 'n I
I o ftlt c H o:-1c!"'..- ) 0 11 fll ll~tlca\'O
H • .
,..
. .11 Ht\"(• !CC II 'II "
I.
oy tt tu ce oftt'n W1lllll'4 ll g-nod w 11:-:.hi11,. -~1
l n.\ in .~ .t 1 1 ~ two ii f1 11 n~.~xtro111e prch.Jii:tnl nnt! Iii~ 11 r 1 r" ·t. . g . • u11y nn o110 \\il l ~11ffor.- Il o wns
'
•
'
d
) I~ 11 () \\" IJ --..
I
~t nu 1:-11.td.- \V c m ay rcnson
,·er.v c!en.r an<l l"trong, with1•ut k ;10 ~ring t l
f'y liog 1 ~ rn .
in ' t >ere wa~ Stll.:!i n t hing a~ 1

or

l1;r

Maria n lwav. 8 "l'P~nrcd.
. lJ 1y . sl1c
.
.
.urnn
n c \·cr
J
::ins.- ~r y opinirm w n~ ~i ,·cn m l l;c~ 0
.
Kp ('a .;.~ ACvr.rc o r con t cmptu~
Tho
1
nn~
i~
cnrii11111··l
\\'.1tl1
n
r
.
ll a c 11 r :-10 ry J• c rn ~al of the book
.
'I
•
ICW pmr ( •f "Ii
d
.
.'. tho

1-1cn·a111,

nf nn old ri cl 1 r11 ·

Cle~ nn

Tl

n J1 (' w

pu1r

of ,(!!0 \ '0M. 110

\VJ
.tll.10:1 0 t' O rt. f
,
o pc r~ o n :-t di d rcnl in jury
ic rc nro yon R'Oi11r,t- l lc went tJ - ·.
not .
I I'
~
1urc 111 n.n hon r
M
.
.
. '
n 11 11c.- I;-( hrotlic rr> o fl"cncc will not co
.- . y tt llCC l'l l () rlt "i rtuo
Iler~ f~·oq11 c 11 tly inft11c 11cu li iH for tnnc - \ V " <l 11 Jc 111n h1rn.-A 1Wt n:4 mnnIS

.na11:-\

111 t · rest.- ~ l11:-1 ~s rod

wn

t

.d

.

i:;

fl ltls

111

6ENTICN C J~ .

prccc p l' rt fo rm

Ili c irood

ti
I •
b
. ' i:rn c into n • orrc t
y
~
. 1:111 ic r l'4 : lit liis', wh e n pr0 crl. \·i ow
·11 . - ou r' s i ~ huttc r
•s n'lt I wlr ri lr o is di"plcn., cd w~t lr ~To ~d, ecc n1 ~. bc;t of ull.-· I hope it
u1y !('.111rd in11, I de<licato this mcm~rial. IT y g ood fri cn<l , he who ha• been

LESSO N X XX VII.

An nsscmhbgc of wonl s e xpressin g a complete thoug ht,
called n se nte nce. A succession of sentences forms rt
st•11 tcn ccs r cbti n g to one snhj ect, o r to 01: ·~

. p~rt of n !'Ul1j c<.:t, i.;omposcs n p:t r:lg r:iph . Every snc('e;;~i,·c
pnrng ra ph i.;o m 111 c 11 ces on a 11 c w lin e. T he proper d iY i,i on
of 3. ll·tti.;r, or d i::iconrsc, o r t reat ise, in t o p:wagrapl1s, is
import :mt m:ttte r.

:1 11

T he elements, or constituent parts of ci sentence, arc
words , p hrases, or clauses.
Tl1 e p rinc iprr.l 7>rirt~ of n sentc nco nrc tli.isc won];: wl1i ch nro
neccssa 1·y to 111;1 kc nn n""er tion . Tl 1c s1tl1ordinrile p:trt;: 11111y ho
.Jcnu 111 i natc<l culj r111ct... T l1 11;:, in tlio ~cnt c n ce, "V irgil, in 1110
el gli tce nt h ho•1k of th o J En ei <l, dcsc ril1cs tho 111 nn n c r~ of tho
pri1n iti vo in l1 nl1itnnts of tli ~ conntry ," t ho princi pal pnr ts nrc,
uV i r~il llc~c rihrs 1 nnnn e r~ ;,, nil tl1c otiic r \\" Ort1:-; nre adjunct~,
or ~u \Jo r1li11at e p!lrts, 111u1lil'ying o r li1 11 iting th e prin cipal parts.

I

!

A :<t•n t ence hns t wo p r i11cipnl pnrts: the Subject and t11c

Pred ic<.lte.
T l1e Su l'.ject is tl re w or1l, or nsscm bl ngo of w ords, of w l1ich
i,- <lccl:11·c11.
T l•c Predicate i ~ t l1 c word , o r w onl~, cx prc,,.ing wh rtt. is rlc11
cb rc<l of tlie s nli.icct. T l111;: : "·1110 cnrt li is tlie Lorir,.
T he
ear th is tl1c ~111 1,icct ; ii the Lord"s, b tl1e prc<l icttto. T he prc1li oate solllctin1 cs i n cl u <le ~ :111 Obj ect.

~0111 e t l1i n ~

E x Enc 1sEB.

1. Fill up the l1l:rnb wi t.h n r-.11hj cct :
- - is nn orotor. - - dc f·~nt c<l l\npokrin. me.

- - hn~ lr:1 n H'"1\ g-o ••mrlr~· ·

- - hn'·" i;"'nc.

-

i" great.

- - lo,·c•

·' .

EXE!(C!SVi6 O::< SUUJ ~:CT

1\

i\"D l'RKDICAT!t

2. Fill 11p the blanb wi th a p rP<liC'at c :
Con_!!rc~~ - -. Th e nation - - .
;rcnce - -. S 11 ccc:\s -.

PriJe - -.

Humility - .

The s11!1fJrdi11(ffc [>((rf s, o r rr djrm ct cfelllents of fl sentenc~
are 1listing·1 1i shcd (li_v Cbrk, p. :28) as m!jei.:ti.cc or adeerfJ.
ial ; the l( inn c r-whctiicr w onl:'I, phr:1sc~, o r ,;c11 tenc<'8-..,.
being . s11 <;h as answe r to the q11cst ions, lV!r at ? Wliat
ki1td? lV!r o.~e? 11010 mm1y ! & c., a nd in const.rnction
Ll'ing- att:1cl1ed t1J 11 o nn s o r pro no11 11 "'. Th e ad \'\~ rbi:t! arl·
jnn cts ans\\"l'I' to the q u e~t io n,,, 11010? 1Vlry? lV/rere!
JV!icnce? 1V71ctl1er ." &o. These adjun cts a rc a ttached to
n .: rl1s, p:1r ticiples, :vljccti Yes, or :vh e rbs.
T lin~, in tho l'ICnt r·tH.'<', u Th o wJ1 ,,J(' A111 cri <·11n nrrnv nnw rct r~ntc<l
1\l'w .Jcr:-1ey tnw:1rd~ P ldlntklJ'lii a, 11 t ire pri11 eip;d part~ nrc arrng
r ,.frl'f1f,.,/, The fl tl 1l' r w0rds nrc nd.i •· l·tin, un d nd ,·erlii nl 11t.lj11111.:tto1, iiHlirnted
by 11:-1ki11;.: qne~tiull !'I , a:'I a hrwc.
11'/,at 11r 111v f A m.er ;"cn n.
11 '/,at or /1ou
m11 c!t !
11~/H•lt. Jl'!11rt wli0le ! TJ,, , l{ t·t r~·ntc•l lrf1tn f J' ioo. H"llere <Jt

tlirnnult

•rldtlur 1 Tlirou 9h 1\"ew Jau y.

/,. .cl1at direction f Tuward• Pl1ila.Jelpl1ia,

Exr.11c1s,;s.

\ Yrite out, scp:iratcly, the p rin cipal parts of the
i11 g sent<'nces-then , the aclj ec ti1·e adj11ncts -tl1 c11, the ad.
vcr b ial.
The Bri tbli :1rm,\· sn~taincd a llcn ,·y ln!"R in tl10 ro 11fl il't , from (· i~l1t lnin.
cl red to a tlion~nnd n1cn.-B11t , hci11u d ct t:n11in<:d t {I follow 11 p tli u \'i Nory 1
th(•y l'I 00 1l proce eded, under L0rd Co rn wall itt , to atturk F 1,r t. Lee, ()n tho
other ,;de of tl 1c ri,· cr.-J\" t lt c llrit.i'h fo rce• were cv i.Jently too •trong for
him, he cvucuntc<l it before he loot tltc opportunity.

LESSON XXXVIII .
TDE

sun.mer

OF A

SE~"TEXCE.

1. The Snbjcct i~ c it her Simple, co nsi stin g of a single
wnnl; or Complc;r, wli l' n it eo n ~is ts of more than one.
Th e fonnc r is somc tirn <'~ callc<l the Crrm111wticul ; the

113

THE SU ilJlcCT OF A SJ£NTENCE.

. l • 1.• 'or cx:tnl'i)l e : "Panl, the Apostle,
t 'r1e L:.;0[/tCCC.
b
It a tr11l y g re:l.t m:rn ." l Ie rt>, '. 'Paul'' is th~ simpic su :let . "Paul, the .A]JOslle," is t.lic co m ple x sulJyet.
·e
The conlJll ex s 1ilJjcct i:< either a P!rras~, o r fl Cla 11 se.
•
Uv p hmse, . s 11w:111t a series
o (' " ·0 1· (l "· ·'1S'
· ·' ()(' l'l(P.J
· - ' l111t
· JIOt
.

z.'

1

:tS, to tfte Ctf!f) 01·er //r e 111111111{ /( l/i )
han d; lo •orite; l o cvnqw.~c. Tit::. J>h ra se
:irns c01~si sts, l'it.hcr of an infi n iti ve, or of a l'rt'j•<'"111011 a11 J

ro'r mi nrr an aRs e rtion;

i:• Jae; . in
it.s object.

.
..
· . .. t
•
3. A Cl:rnse is a ~ uh o r <l111:1tc p rO]'O>'l t ion 111 .1 ~ e n cnce '
ft.Cf, " \Vashin gt.011 , who ioas llr c ffrs t Prcs id~1 1t i~( t/1'.;; cow1;:
t:·y, w e :l.1] ' .ene1..-.1 t e.,,, . "He ·s ··i1<1 , t/i frt ,/,,Jfj1· •rsr1 11 1ri o le 1t .
'She :trri i·cd, 11J!1e11 I wa-' olisc11t."
.
. .
~ Cl· ·e- lll'l)' 11c dist i1wui,;h ed b y ~Ollll' prnm1ncnt ]'-ll t. of
·
an~ "
·
.-,
· · l
l I · l
.· 8. eecl1 whi ch thev co nt:1i11: thn~, 71w·ti1:1; 11 •1 ., ac i:crJ1'',
•'. P
·
'l'l i1s
· J:itt1·1 • 1 •, (lll t·.1 1ws tho
.
-. ll t ·.. o r rocalti•r>,.
relative
con171e '' u.e,
. ,
.'
. nam e o'r titk of tl1e u1ijcct :\(1 tlresscd ; :1>', "Jfy so11 , g1 Ye
·me thy h e~1r t."
.
.

· 4 'i'he S n1•jec:t of a Sent ence con ~i~t ~, I he 11, l'll her of n
wo1'.d, :\ p hrast•, :t \\·o nl wi th a phra~e at1j oi 11 e•1, :i ('hu~e, or

-even a sentence ; for e xample:
Ond .l!i to li e \\.O r~ li ·lppc, l .

11·, ,

Iii• cre.1tur<' ,

.. G J . l
J I . or 11\l
That 011tl
wor~l1ip '-' ' l~ t ie i u )
.
·<.Jen~~. " All nic 11 urc c n.: ntcJ equal," tiny:;

,11n11ltl """"hi
pI ll im .
.

7n'llll /,~
( 111 r

1('1),.,'(,/ll'P''
D I
.
f
cc nrnti on o

To

11<• 110 C< l.ll
J J<:p · 11

n · c -

dcnce.

The snhj ect is generally eith er fl n ou n ' ' '". fl 7ir111101111 . Other
t
f ' I ·eel • arc onmcti in es nc e<l in ;;te:ul nt no1111~. anti rnu.1 bo
pnr s " ~ •t
1 . ·,_. 't ' f n ~·c nt c n cc n11n1ch: rl(/jec liu", ur/1"
Cll1li'loyc<1 n" t 10 si1 ".lee ~ o ·
'
· .
T'
.
in. the infinitii·e mood, nn1l prrrticiples. For e:rn;;1p l\ : '.' "? wiae
. . c:1a. t e.s."
" To err is l1unrnn.
' H alkrng L-l
mak e 12ootl a~:,o
healtlirul."

•

,,r " ~" nt."iH·c :

fl Jett.e l', urn y li e thCI Rll 1', \• 'C f.
·
• ·
;:)ub j, tl1e
tlrns, A i,; an 1JJdd1111te
a rt1· c Jo. .:1b is <a ,\·lhlilc
••
•
•
·.::lix
of'
!i
ll
hject.
r , ·
111
.
tl:e ,u lij·cc t ·, thn;, v u111i 1s a
Any \\' ord, :" a \\'llrtl, 111:iy 1"e
,,. ,pe r 11011JJ. l 'e ry j, an :Hiv l' rb .
1 1

l~ven a ~yllnhk, o 1·

114

EXERCISES OJ'< 'flrll: SCDJECT .

TIU:

CO ~U'Ll' X

OJ-~

M ODil'IED S UUJECT.

llG

.·;"
i.'

n

J\ in · port. of gpccch 11 ,cfl ns n nnnn, m ny be n 'nl.j cc t; ns, l"p h
rl·l:1ti ,.e ten 11. T lie i n,q :l11d tlio (Jfl ( fj nr · C\' cr n t wal'.
Tl1e .-1111.i<"ct of :l ~cnte11c(: rn:iy al \\·;iy,.: lie 11:<c1·rt:ii11 cd liy pntt iog

wlu1 11 1" 1rl1 1tl l H· rqrc t l 1c ,·crh ; tl1u~ 1 i11 n:i;11 rd to tl1 c ~t· 11 1l'11 ec s
fll" ' '·c gi,·.._·11 , H'/10 n1ak e g(h ,d :\':-'(1ci al t;"' ~ T lic n11 ::; w cr gi ve:-; tlio

suljcc t, 11a 111l'ly, th e 1r.i8c. ·w1iat i; 1111 111 :1 11
Tl1i; 1.J1ras.; is the suldcc t u[ tl1c sc n ti."llCC.

?

LESSON XXX IX .

1\11s wer, lo err.

Ti m

CO ~ffL E X

01~

)I OJHFIED S UBJECT.

The sim ple snujcct may uc r ende red m "rc full or defi -

Ex1rn c Hl F.8.
l . S11pply prnn omin:tl subjects

nite111

the following sen-

tences :
- - npp!!:-tr to y ou inn nc"· ch:i.rnctcr. - - nrc to 1111 d c r~ tand thnt I
ha\· c n parti c11la r 11 u tion alJo llt it . - - go 0 11 11111 c li i11 our o lJ way.

2. $uppl)' suhj<·cts that a re :1<ljl'('ti n·~ : tl1 ose which
express q1 1 :dit~· , and those 11 l1ich o n ly restrict, wi t hout exprr.·s~i11_:; q11:l lity; a~, eac!1, e"cry, ji1:e, te11, &c.
Tlic - - nrc le:\~ nnmcron!-' thnn the i.!!'n orarit.. Th e - - tl f•se n·o rctlic - - 1 prai !'ic. - - of 11~ i:i <ldkic ll t. - - OJI(~ f t.: l' b hi:i loss.
- - io hai r o r tc 11 .
p ro1-. t'~

3. Supply, as subjects, tlie infin iti1·e mood :
- - ;, he lter t hnn to w nlk . - - j, n trinl of onr pnlic11 co. - - thnt's
th e ft11c~tinn . - - i:; "in fol. - - i~ tli o mnrl.: of n wi)'(c mnn . - - bot.ray :\ grc:1t w cnkn('Rs .

4 . S nppl y pa rti ciples as stt hjects:
- - 011C rl:1:·

in f'l(• \· t_~tl

"11 <.' l':t i:-1 u11lawfol.

llR Klll'rCd , iR

the dnt ,. of all.

- - 011r~cl\'e r; i13 nn inj11r;:.

--

8U Ch

clisturb-

5. S11ppl )·, :is R11hjects, som e sy llal>le, 01· lrtte r; ~ o me
wor.J rn;e rl mer('l.1· a~ a 11·o rcl; or :u1y part of" SJH'1• (: li (not
:tn :i djcc1.in", pa rt iciple', or prono 1111) ttscJ as :L11 01111:
- - i" th e third let te r ~r t he nl['lrnbct.
in rt-number. - - is au n<lyorb.

1. JJy ap;>o.~ition; tl: a t i•, by an othe r no un in 1lio sa me c nse,
co nnecte d to i t, f,11· the !"ako of cxpl ai11in~ or 1h· ... ~ r il~i11~ it; n~ ,
P 11 ul, the .ApnRtle, wrot e " ' '·e ral Epi; tk,;. N:1 p11 lc-11 11, //1c empero r,

hns gnin ecl grl'.'\t. 11o t11ri ct.'··
2. ]J!f ri 7n·e110.'i i l iv 11al 1 1!11 ·a.q~; Le., n Jil1r:1 ~c l1f'r; in11 in;: with :i
p rcpu"iti1111 . Tl 1<: E111pe1"<r r of Fl'frnce nt t.ract.' 1111 i1·l"r;al :itte:1ti"n .
S. By a noun or pronrn1n i n !li e 710.,sessive ca>e; :1 :<, Tlic l'resi-

dent"s 11011 .<c i;; worlli vi,i tin :.;. 1lly lionso i,; for ~:de .
4 . I>y an adjcctire; n~ , (io od 11 1e11 :1 rc few.
5. JJy a participle ; n~, ,J .,1111, llfiv i11g dicll, w as s ucce C" cleJ rn office by Iii ~ l.J r nt.lic r.
G.
a rclatire clau.•e; tl1nt i,, by r. cln use hcginnin~ wi th n
relati ve prOTH•ll ll; n~, A ll lli a l bel:eve in C!iri.~t !--l1:1ll J.o 8:1Yc•l .
:Men, who a.re p eriilcnt, n1ny 1"Xi'1'ct m ercy . Tb c belief that time
i3 sliorl 11 rµ;cs 11 ;; to rcp c11 t:111 ce.
7. By r1~ n i 1~fi,11ilit-c rcrb , nl iJ HC\ or ·witl1 i t~ r nndif"yin~ nnr1
de pcnde u.i. ". ,, .. ,!,; ndjoi ne1l : T l1e 1lc'-i rc to i 1N71mrc \\'ill p1·,,111)'t
to effor t.} Tl1 c <le; irc lo imp rotc -in learning "·i ;J pr<>111;1t t•.>
effort..
8. fly any ·u:orrl.v., 110\\' (.'Yc :· 1nany, thnt utorlU!l the 1101111 ; .fl",
1\ Jfrc<l. t.ci11r; unri/,/r lo rerl(l, tl<011yh l'loclre year.• o.f agr, ri1rd lur11 ,~1
Srrxon poetry , to wh ich lie /i.•l r.ncd 1cilh un,/ iviilc<l 11 /ten l fon, 1rhrn
ot hcr8 r erirl or r cc ilcd i t, ''i'l'ii1·d lr i111 ,.:clf with g1·c:lt zc;d and Hl('-

By

cess tP ti ie ren 1l i1 1g of tlic lan ~1 1:1 µ-e .

9. T he s11l1jecl may con8 is t of rt 111 0/.fl t ion , or !I'll!/ phr 11 -'c: n~,
"J!'o·r m.e lo lire is Cl 1ri:<t, :111 11 to die i ~ g«i11," i,; t Le n..,J..,Je ~cn ti ­
mcn t o f Paul. ".Dea th 0 1· victory," is the wa tclnvorJ.

•.

116

117

THE PREDIC.A TE.

MO D! VJ CATION OJ· Tim suu.rncT.

ExE 11crs ~; s .

LESS ON XL.

l. ::\IoL1ify the s11lijects by Kouns in Apposition.
N c r~, -_- , w :i~ d~tc ~tc<l.

tn.to

cxam 1•l c.

I ll )-

\\ c , - - ,

l, - -, w rite th i:-1 cxcrci:-'-C. You , - ,
not to li\'C 1111t o 1.1ur:;dv c:,~.

iml·

2. l\fo.Ji f:r thC' ~111>.il'tts hy P rC'positi<>11 :tl Ph ra ses.
~o a n -

<l C::!lrc - -

-. , w a~ n h 1·n 1i rw . T l1e l\i 11g- - - , n11tl Lfl n l - - is Cod
ii"( t111 i\' 1;r:--: tl.
T he l1J \' c - - i;'( tli..: root u f all C\' i,l.
.

3. l\Iotlify tlie ~11hj~: ets hy "0.'011 11 s o r Pronouns
t::-ise.

111

poss e~~i ve

- - boo ~\ i ~ mi~ :.- ing-. Th o - - l..;r:ntc wa1.1 d t· l'lp i :~ e d.
ttng-c l ia ~ arriv ed. Th e - - C<Jli liJ en cc foi led . Tlic __
tntcd.
arrn \\'as umpu·

4. Mo d ify th e s 11hj ccts l.y A 11j ecti1· c!l.
T he - - w o rk ~nf G 01...l d 1·:-:~·n·c o nr~• 1 1 1 lv 'fJ 1o
· 1c.._ of CJn1at
·
n1:1"nc
p lr.0 \ C lii l'l d 1\ l !h.'. 1111 :.; s1 o n. llie - - o1ipnrtun itic1iofguinit1K mcntnldisci..
r 111 0 :-:h oul . .l Uc 1111prt) \'Cd.
• •

•

•

••

•

•

1
•

, •

.. •

-

-

5. Mo<li f~1· t.lie s1 1 l ~j cct» liy Pa rtieiplc;i.
Tho - - ~n t i nn th.~!'-1."n· r~ 011 r pi ty . Th e - - hou ~ c
The - - solJ 1crs flcJ in hu8tc. - - 1 rctnrncd home.

G. 1\Iodify tlie

sul~ject~

by

:i.

H.cht i1·e Cl ause.

Th ~ _nrt

of .Eng-li~h ~rinirf/f"i t.i o n, - - , 1nny bo ncquircd hy dili cnt cf..
fo 1t. 1 lio l··<\\' 1 - -, wil l retu rn in a few t.la,· . e. l k
wi.ll be fl · l
c<l. Th e chilJ , - - , wi t! grow up to nn i11f1;,;:011s n;a~~d.
punts 1~

7. ::"l fo di fy the subj ects hy an Infinitive Vcrh.
Th o dc ~i r o - -, Ah onld he c nltinit"d The
h111L--, •h o ,. J, Jhe :1 ll<• 11° J..d to Th uc tl'ort
I · · -11
·.
nq; lcct - - co:-. t lii111 /i ir; life. .
- - ( i:!"iC i\ C:! n pra t~c. Tho
. Th e time - - i!\ ut hnnd.

8. J\fo,lily t h e 1rnl.jl'cts hy a Phrase o r Q11ot:1tion.
- _- , \\' C'r1.: thC' ln=--t word=- ~f ~Iurm io n. - -, wrro th e wQrds of Balirnm
t:1e 1Jr::tt :-<t·lltl' lh'C rd the HilJJC. - - , i:1 th e g ohle11 rul u riven j,;
our L·-11·1.l R Srrmon o n t.li e ~fount.
g
-

- . l.'1

!llE PHEDlCATl·: OF A S l': :XTEXCE.

011gl1t

1. The Predic:ite (ili:lt ll' hich is s:-iill of' :i. subject) , li ke
tho subject, m:1y lx· l'ith <:r simpfo or co11111lc.-c- grammali·
cal or lu(!ical. 1t i" ,,imple, 11·he11 it cu11 ~i,; ts uf a common
Ycrb; :t~, The horse stands ; or \\"h C' ll a ;;illgl <:! noll n, or
ndjcct. in', or pro~w11n is n;;c11 with the ;;111.J~t :-i 11ti\"l.! ,·er\1 t o
0011st.it. ntc tl1 c J' rl'1lil·:1 tc; a", Ile is 1cortli y . Ci,·c ro 1rr1s a n
orator . It is I.
Oth e r 11·onl~ :idd('d to the S impie or G ram111:i.t ical Prcu ic:-itc, constitute wi t h it a C<>1nplc x or L ogic:d Prc1li c:1t e;
ns, T he hor:<e r1 u1s .fi1st. He is icorrlt.11 of tl1e liiyf,est
praise. C it:vro 1ws a11 orulur of t!t e !tiyli est on /a of /ri/cnt .
· It is I m.y.<clf 1c!wrn yoa see.
2. The I're •l ic:ite ~ays or affin us ~ o m et hi11 g co ncern ing
its snbject, and c0nsi"ts of what is c:-il\C',1 th e cop 1ila (;;oni e
part of t he y cr b l o {;.·), and tliat wh ich i" '1 ~>' <' rt<• 1 1 by a<l<ling a 111Jl\ll, an a1ljl'di1·c, a p1·01101111, or a p;i r t i('ij'h-, 0 r ;; nme
oth er part of ;;peed1. Th us, Gold ·is 1l inetal. Iron is 11sefttl. He 'is team ed. S h e is w innin[l. It is L
3 . Someti111 e;1 uoth pnrts o f th e Pre11icate :ire c:q11·0~~c ·-1
by a Ye r b ; as, Th e ship sail.~,
is sail in~ . "Th e m;in i.~, "
t h:-it is, e:cists. There ·i .~ the 111:111. 'l'lu'rc, i11 st1cl 1 ~cn ­
tence~, pr et:cdc~ t h e Yl'rli to {1 e, :11111 tl1e st1l1.i<·c t f<,llo <l" S it.

=

(1.) Tl1 E.' Pr,"li cr1t c :1''~ rt,; e.ci.,Cence ; n;:, la m; t hey 11 rc.
(2.) ft :l"<"n ' i1frnlity, or w\111t n tl1ing is; 11°, lL i.< I; to lirn
is tn e.-r i.~t ; o x:·g1.:n is a, ~/1lS .
(3.) It u:;~ 1:rt~ an art. ; n..:, Tl11..~ enrtl 1 revofrr,,; th o b11y ~ 7rr itr .
(4) It n;.,;crt,;" qu ality ; a, , Tl 1c "tu ,·c iH fwl; the tea i~ y recn.

4. The Pn:d it:alC', then, i8 e x p r csse.J :
Either l>y a ve rb a lone : \.ya ·urb and

rt

nonn. eith er in th e

..:--:

118

li\:J

nomin:it i,·o or oh.JCCt1
· •· ,·r Cfl'C: 1•_v a rrrb al1fl wl;at ;,, e 11 ·,. I
Tl', lo / >c' J'l/lll/111[11(,· i.• In l'llll : 11\' •t lr1111 8ilfr 1 .."',''~lit

~' ' a r'.< •1111;
if.y

~ -.I

'f

~'.~7ecl /

":"' I le· ft ,,,, rmd Ili c /,on/.: : \"· rt ·,.cr/i rrn ol
r1'fn·~I
. a n 11 1/rrrh
.
' i111.
. . l i .1. ri rerv' 11111{

[loo :111· IS

<II!~,';'.' '1 fl.II~

H l' l J1! fl •

1 1~

. . I' · ' ·'

'- \\",

·

Jfc.
J\Iy ftt th cr.

\'. ·•

]lo w w e .

'.

,l ll( (, n .. t.. 1 11/ !II)

,

"1 11 111

c once
•1... . 1 ) :1c111 1 l\:111:1rke d , , ,

<.JfC ue ,
ru/rerl
. l

1t
pht'l' 1l1he

i1 r

CXJH'(';,;;-.j \·c of tilll C" jth('C' I" · · I
.
.
.,
r. ·
,
.
. \:" 'c ir lll nl 111n 111 a
<'a11_...,('I, t\ dl'<'t, ll)!Hl!H·r, i11:-:tn 1111 t 11t, ilPg r re 1 f'irc ·11 111 -- r·
."
11 ' ff."<I\

:11'e 111d 111 c1>11111·il _.., /, 11 n11110 11 i·
r·/Jon ..;1•' .'imr.' i"(. / (1 ·"(fl . ,. I J/lt' . ,, I '/ fl,
l wn,
t' •

to
t. .
l"'r/ l(>.< ilion : '"· 11\ I ;_, Mrr : 1111 n r,.,-/, er 111 I. 1''
t l'IJ
11
·
·
rt. ' r;11•ndr.11(
-'C, "'• .. e lr 1r.< !<1 do good "' " !l o / · .. . I'
.
not 'JO _., l
1
'
'u1 111.1
ll1ll 1JOll lrou/rl
·
J)' :i ,·c·r '. t t>;.;eli1c r wit h n 111·rp•"i 1;., 11 :tll<l it., ~ J,i ec t·
" ' ' ns,
ll o came ort r the r1rer.

0 111

r/ttu

fl

7. Snpply :i pn' <1 icate (' On sisting of :i v erb :ind

"fi1i ~f( 1 \" t lll1CR .

Tru th .
Mirtl1 .

1, : Append
Kings--.

2. J\ ppP1Hl

:i

StuJcnts - :i

<)Id

""c.

l{cputation.

Lcnrn.1 ng.

1'!1•de,1y.
1Ji li gc11 co.

pre1lic:ite a~s e rtin g id e ntit '"

1\ ppc 11<1 a prl'llic:ite

f 1d o~ - -.

Sh:11lows

-

m <H' ll .- .-. - .

h . ,.., in:i:-t - - .

a~'icrli ng :in a ct io n,
T1 rl's - -

l

Tha

1111e--

.

Th e t11 ontli s

Tho

~ n n --

.4 · Ap pen d a predicate assvrting a qn :d it.v.
flic .'~1I c~:-trn;:C'r
- - . T he l<·pro :'I.\" - - . S11 1 _ ·_ •
J J
J ' 0 11 ' """
- .

Tito E11 ).(liMh - - ·

T ito A1nt· 1icn 11"
Tl. 1.1 !'Scv t1..·h - - . Thu"

5 · I~ct tlic J' l'L'cl ic:1tC', con>istincr of .1
he supplied.
·"'
' Yc· rb and an :ich-erh,
R r•mori-:c 111' <'•'WTit•n t·e:
Tl
C:l ttnc,c - 'l' J '. 1:
. - -.ic npprnl111Li o tt of lite ix0od - - . Tho
ic . 111p 1rl•etl J·1puu
0
The tnb11!;1r l ~ riJg-c - -. '
--.
ur C'Hllltry - - . Tlie cli i!J

1'1 ' l.1· a prc.li1.::1t<• e<lllsi-.;ti11C!'_ of'.·••
~lliOll, llSCll , of COUl'S(', as :in :i<hl';'b.
<::; 11
• .G. '-

The f rc~ipicc - - .
!

J\a ilriHlll.
T l1c Jig-lit.

St. J'onl.
T he rn;1tlirmntic!4 .
T he: rin! r s~ . Lnwrcn c().

CLASSIFIC,\ TIOX OF SE:N"TEXCES.

\V in <lR - - .

lli$t orinns - -

·

-

Solomon .
~l_v :-ii~t1.:r.

LESSON XLI.

1w0d icate asse r ting cx i ~tcnce.

It - - . y ,, n --. Eagle• - - C·'Prc r
~· 1
moon - - . The ~tnrs - - . CJ1i!d;·cn - - ~· ,,. . _1e

.
I rl l:i 1,

dC'pC'nd-

·

E.u:itCISES .

:'L

:1

llnt clause, or q11 ola ti o n.

1

.\'

.1ou rnc_v - - .

The htinw - -.
lI1i1

/1cn!Lh -

Yt ·rl1 a1 1d :t

Tlio foith ·~
- .

Your
.

11rl'!'<l·

Axcrt ii•ti•

The Transiti1:c sentence col1 t:1i11s :t tran~iti,·c Ycrh,
whi ch r1;tjuircs an O!Jcct lkpentli11 g o n it to coml'iC' t c tho
s e n~ c .

Tl111~ : T l1c l1ca \'C'l1' 1lc1·/rirc lh e g/n"!i " f \nH1. ll e n' ~7/o ry i,; \ lH'
oli_jl-ot .. r tl1c tran ,it i,· c ,·erh d ec lo1 1·e. C11lti ,·:1k 711>l!J ; 71i1•l?t ·1,
tlte 11lijc<'t <if c11llii-rctc. T l1c nJ.j ,'C L 111' fl ~c n kn<'C 111:ty l•l' a ,\.n1111 ,
a I'ronoun, :\ 1Vunl, n l'!tra se, or n Sentence n,etl a,; a i'PllU .
Tlie Intrcm«ilice .~c11lcn cc contai n~ none 1.ut inl r:1nsit i\'(!
verus : tho;;e whi ch <10 not admi t of an ohj cct depe nding
on th em, bnt make complete sc n;;e otlic nYi 5e.

A,, T!ic '' "1 ri,.e.~. I run . Tho >!:1 r> ..lli11 c. Tl1e !11t r:rn<iti,·c
se n tc n ~e i:-1 0 11c nf11n 11in;.! tlie l":i116, the :--tall"', or tin.: c1i1Hli t_i ~Ht 11r
i ts s ul~.iect, or nn net wl1 ic h (111 c-; nnt 0 X\H.!IH1 its 1.; lf <1J1 an ol 1} : et.

/\.. Tra11s iti1·c sc11te11•:c m rt.'/ be cl1m1f;ed int•, r111 i11frf/11sitive one, uy maki ng the obj(•ct nf the Yl'rl1 a wl •.il'l't , tl1e
acti ,'e Yoice p:1:<si vc, anJ the sul1j cct of the tr:u 1sitiH: n· rb
the olJj cc t of the prepositio n "by." Thn~. " !Ie bonght
th e book." " The book was u ong ht by him."

120

121

CO?\[PLEX SENTl':NOT•:s.

DEPENDEN'l' (JI.A.Ulma.

E:rnHClf:ES.

11econrhry . I nrn ;c:1d 10l1cn I liste n t.o tliat mu.~ic. "T nm ~"1 • 1, "
is tho ind cpc n(le 11 t cl:iusc ; tl1c otl1 c r i; sulion1i11 nt(', nntl t\('pc111lc11t
l)n it.

1. \\Tri te a few Transiti Yc sentcn c<!S, w ith the

snl1jv<..:ls:

2. Tlic5c tkpl'nde11t prop1) ~1t1on~ o r clauses, :ire rrrlj cc-

The Qnccn of Grrnt Hritjli n.

livc, relative, r1,frerb ial, conjun clice, or partici;1i"t wlil:rc

T it(' l 'rc:-i id cnt of th<! U 1Jitcd SLntca.

they arc i11trod11ccll 1y a rchti 1·c prouoirn, an :Hln:rh, a
conjunction, a p:tr ticiplc, o r 11y a noun a n J partici)'le a\1 ~0 lntc.

The

School 8p•tc m.
The Prt·:-i:-1 of th iR countrv .
The po.":-tl·~~io11 uf ricl1 f~~
Cn111111 0 n

The a li11~c 0f onr fo<..·1dtic:-1.
Tl 1.._· t rin11q.J1 tlf Ch ri t' tia11itY.
Tl1u JIJ"<i~ l"l' :'i.i or Art..
..

2. \Vri te a few fot1·:tn:'liti\·e sente nces with the fvlloll'mg
sulijc<..:Ls :
1. The wow. ~.The rnin . 3. The riYC I'•. 4. The atmo•pl1crc. 5. !lnma n ph ilo:;ophy. fi. Tl 11• a 11cit~ nt nrntor~ . 7. Tl1 c dark ll•'l'!'1, ~ . Mt: n aod
W(>ll1c11 . !1). The Con:;rc.,. JJ. The wooue . 12 . Tl10 f~\'Cr.

~l. Convert the follow ing tran~itin: sen tences into intr~ n­
si ti l'l' .
1. Ile J;n~ c ro:-~cd the ri,·\..· r. 2. II c lia ~ ncq11irccJ prrJdiiri01;s weulth nnd
inf1i;1·11 ce . 3. Th e yrar Ht~,u ha~ h11rhc nwoy to the grnv c ~n1 11 n11~11 a l 1111m-

lJcr uf ~r_c:at nn_d g-ood mrr1.
co1npo~11.ion, w1tli C<lrC a11d

•L J\11 !-!li0nld , iu tl1cir yo11 th, ,..tudy f.11glish

<lili7c1H.:c.

fJ. Th v!'ic wh o write rnucli 1 in confor-

mi ty to the rul e::-. propo~cd, mny expect s11ccc:-1s 1 an Ll coni3cqncnt :i1 lti:sfoction.

LESSON XLII .
cmt ['LEX

SE:\TEXC ES .

1. A compl<.' x sc·n te llcc co nt.:ti ns o ne o r more d1'pc11de11t
define or rxphi11 the principal sentence; tlw<e :ire c~dlc: .l dependent or subordinate,
hccause they make co mplete s c· 11~e only wli cn take n m
co nn ecti o n with th e principal propo~ition or clausr
propo~it i ons o r clan>'c~, which

For c:rnmple. Tfo <'!lb tlirrt lie ?nfl!J lire. " l le eat s" is the
in <lepcnde nt, or primnry cl :rn ~e ; "h e 111 ny Ji ,·o" Lit e (lepc11<lent or

(1.) Th o A1Ucclice Clause: n~, A m:rn , ea[Jer lo learn, npplicd
.. himself to slndy.
(2.) T!io Rcl111ice Clause : :1.\ He wn s rH11nirc·<l by n111rhn lirrr.nl
~im; ·who, connects this clause with tlie in1lcpen(1cnt clau~c precedin g it.. " He, who.ie hou.<c '!JO!l fJccupy, i ~ wealth y."
(3.) Tho Adccrbial Clcwse : n~, "Ho rclirc<l tchen he ur1~ fit;
co mmencin g wit.It the ail verb Mlicn. The n1lvcrbinl churn o·prcs,es
some circum,t:rnces of time, pl:1ce, mode, cnn-;c, or r rn-11:1.
(4.) The Conjunctire Cfa11.1e: " I wi>h that y ou may lie !iappy ;"
~ c,om me nci ni; wi th tlie co11ju11ction l/1 r1t.
(5.) Th e Appositii:e Cla11.1e c·on;;i,;t8 of, or commence.• wi th , r.
noun o r p1·ononn pl:tciltl i n apposi tion to a precedin g '" Or•l o r
clause, whi ch it explains or defin es ; n~, W :\shington , the f<lhcr
of his country.
(6.) A I'nrentl1elioil Clrr 11.rn is one that i;; crn1Jracetl in 'I p"lrc nthesi" ; n~ , Tl 1c tcacli er (lul'cing come fr om Eurnpc) entcrC't1 upo n
h is duti C'~ .
.A n rtlisnlule cltt11~,,, noL <k p e n1len t f"r r11n ~i rncti on '' n ntltrr
parts of tho se nten ce ; a", I_.i,ten to in c, 111y .frienJ".
S o1n clirncs the connecting- word is n11de r:o1t'1ud-11ot 0xprc ~sec1;
ns, Yon cannot ;;ay ( t hat.) I h :l\'C liccn tarlly. l Lelieve (t1 1nt) !to
is f:1itl1f11 1. Tl1i ~ i" tl 1e person ( wl1on1 ) I nwnnt.
(7.) Tl ic I'1i.rlicip ial Cltw.le: n~ , " The work having IJeen 71cr /onned., tlic 111 0 11 wi tl111 n ·w, 11 tha t i ~, H w licn tl ic w11rk h:1<i 111·L·n
pcrforme(l, tiic rn e n wi thdre w;" tl1e fi r; t clau ;< c' is t he parti('.ipi:11,
<lcpemlent cl:u1•c. It i" not material, ;;o i':i r ;1 • t lie """ ·'" i~ 1·.,11corn c1l , w l1ctl 1cr t.11c independent, o r t!1 e .1.. 11c111ic·nt cl:in"e j,
placed fi rst.
(8.) There is nn•;ther kiml of cbn,e wl1 ich may Le· krm r 1l an
Fnji11utive OlcwM ; it consi;;ts of an infiniLini Y•crh "'itli its ~11\i_i('d

EXERCISES ON D t.: PKNl.> liNT CL A UEE(I.

(in the oh,iccti ,·c case) 11 11i te<l to the other clause wi t. ho nt n cnu.
nccti vi', and folli1wi11g n tran .• it i,·o Yc rh ns it~ ohjcct ; M , "I l.iolie Yo Ood to 'Uc .f11sl"- cqni 1·al c nt t o, " l b(•li c• o tl 1a t G od is jn:;t."

SIMPI.11: AND OOMPOUND s~;NTEN OE:l .

4. T ho nrmv of tho United Stnt.e•, nt tho n ~ rth, h nd been R'fCntly re-t11 c-cd d urin ~ ·the Kpring anJ. ~nmrncr of 1Sl4; lnrge portion:; badng bee n
· or<le rcd t o oth er t1t.ntionf\.

li. E x pn·~~ the follo wing J epentknt phrases
ExEHCISES .

1. Complet.0, in wri tinr::, the seutences containi1ig tho
followi11~ Rcbti1·c ch u scs~
. Thnt Jin, exeitcJ m1H'h wrrri,e. -IV ho nro fairly entitlrd .-Who pre~ 1d c<l .- '.Vho rendered l1lln•clf t1'cfol. -Wh o nre now in•trncte<l in every

branch of c<lucat1on.-Whose grnn<lc11 r surpn••ed my cxpectntions.- Wlt icb
overllowcd the path.-Who neglected t heir stu dies.

2. Complete the follo win g sentences containin " Adverbial clauses :
"
W'hen tho _rctrcnt com menced.-Whilo all else woro tho nppenrnncc of
gloorn .- Wlulo y et n boy.- Howover strong hi• hody.-A• far n• ho
coul d go.

3. Complete
cl:iuses:

the

by the n~c of

nn Intin itise:
Ile expect~ tha.t. lze ,.r11allrankfirst in Iii.,, c/;u.~.
Il e la bored th«t he miqlit reach 1Ye10 Yo rk lli at day.
1'/w.t 1 may not wron,g uour pa t-Un.ce, 1 will )'\top .

7. Ch:tnge the infin iti \' e, and its subject in the dependent
clnuse, into a finite verb, with its subject, supplying the
, proper conn ecti ve :
I • nppo•c the mnn to be h one•t.
I reckon the di:-ltuncc to ho fou r miles.
lle dcnouneeJ th e mnn to be n villain.
W 0 declnro<l tho lemon • to be good .
They proelai1ncd th e dny to be worthy of re111 embrancc.

follo wing, containing Conjunctive

T hat he might bo instrn cted.-Th nt t.hcy might ho nblc.-That. the poor
shonld l.io pro v1Jcd fo r.-Thnt nll sho nl<l honor t heir Creutor. - Thnt time
is sho rt.

4 . Complete the following, containing Participial el :rnscs :
)!cing- dctcrm.in<'<l to fr·llo w up th o vi c t o ry.-Iln\'i n ~ nrrivi-tl nt tl:c ci w.

Br111g f(truck with 11or r0 r.-L0~i11g ull prot5cnco of n1 ind .-MiM fnking tiio
w ay .

5. Select and write ont the depend en t clauses in the following pas~age~ , arranging them in their r espectiv e classes :
. 1. After r~rnni nini;r befnre the city, nt n HOrnewhnt rc•pect fnl distnnee
till the c\·c1.11ng- ol the l ~tl1 1 they retired to t11 cir shipping, nnd nbnn<loncJ
t11 0 cntcrp rn-:1-c.

, 2. Th ey had lo,t, in the hatt.lo o f tho 12th , their e<>rnrn aod er, Gencrul

hn'"• wl11eh chnl>t. le•~ ha<l it• c·lfoct.
3: J)nri11g- the~(~ cvcnt!"I, ~he en emy rn Yngcd

the coaAts of the C li c~npcnicc,
w hich rellccte<l 11ttlo cre<l1t on the B ri tish chnrnc.ter, nnd only •en·od to
cxnspcrnt.c the 1\ men cnns'. nn<l to unite them in the uttcrnpt to repel n fot
1

123

thnt pa1J "" 11tt.c regard c1! he r to the l11w of nut iN18 or to t hat of li on or.

LESSON XLIII.
SENTE:NCES. -si:.rrr.E A:\!)

CO ~lP O U::\'D.

A simple sentence ha~ bnt one l;nb_iect, :ind one predicate.
It h:is also but one obj ect (wh eu the verb is tr:rn ~ it i n· ); ii:>
oth er \\· o r cl ~, :i simple sentence expresses b11t on e proposi
tion; as, HirJs ~ ing. The evening has passe\1 away. Jfo
is fo nd of pby. Ile walks into town .
A compound sentence may contain (1), one a~sertion respecting tll' O or mo re subjects; or (2), more tl1 a n one assertion concerning one subject ; or (3), moi·e thau one
n~se r t i on con cerning more than one sul>_jcct. Fo r c x:u nplo :
The boys a11 d girls st n•1 y togeth er. The l1 o y~ st.11dy :irn1
play a lone. The boys and gi rls study an d pby together.
The propositions composing a compountl sentence aro
independent of each other, as each makes com plete ~c nso
by itself.

124

Sil1PLE AND COMPOUND SENT ENCES .

SENTENCES. ~DECLAJ.tA'I1VI~,

lITC.

120

EX E l:CJSE:'!.

1. Ch:<ngc the follo win g compoun•1 1icntences into sim ple
t1entence~ :

1. li t· 111111 no wc n p1) n~~, IHW "·a~ Yinlrn ce nffcrccl. ~- n onnpnrtc WllM n pro·
fc:-1 :-< ed Cntli0li c, :•ct he inq'riJ'(oncd t lic l'upc. 3. l~ i .~ht co 11 :1 ncK~ cxaltiJth 11
nnti un j ln:t ~i1 1 i~ n reproach tJ) any pco1•l i·. 4. '\Vi .o1.d t)111 or folly govern•
f.. I <l id, ind ct~d. Wl·l come him
t• > my h0u~l'; b11t l ffl1111d hirn unworthy of 1ny ld11d11<: ~~. 7. T houg h hr. ·

U'l.

:, , Iiu will bo there n ~ w,:Jl :.1~ y (w.

1day me, yut. will l t ru::s.t 1n hiin. 8. Bo indttJ'ttri o11 1'\, otlic rwi ~ c you will .. :
co1 11c to w111Jt. 9. !I a~ t c n t0 rcfv rm, rbe you will be n li11cll. 10. John is
us learned "'Jame<. 11. Either J~m c • o r Jo hn will bo t he m. 12. Tho ·
mercury lin~ sunk bccuuso the weat h er i~ col d. 18. Tl1 0 weather it\ colJ, for
tho merc u ry 1111:-1 K1:nk. l •t \Vin o mnkc~ h i m ~ i c k, on t lmt ncr.onnt ho
dri nks wnt(~r. 1.~). Uc inten d s to t ench , therefore i~ 1cnrJ1 i11 g French.

2. Compose co111po1111d sentences Ly uniting the following ~i mple sent e n ce~, supplying connectiYes that may be
w:<nted :
.
1. Tl1r tillc~ of tile g-ronnd liYc in the open nir.
The ti lk· r~ of tl:c Kr01ind 11~c cxcrci~cs which cx pnnd t h e chcl'lt.
The tiile:r~ n f the gro1111.J ll1'C cxe rc i ~c~ wltich hrncc the ne rvc:i.
The t illcr:-1 of"tho g-r0u1H.1 11 :-1.e cx c rci~c~ whi c h b rnce tlio m 11~c1c ~.
Tho tiller~ of the ,trro n11d ncq11i rc un un common degree of liun.lin c !"~.
The till e r~ ()f tho g round aeq11irc nn llllCOlll lJJ {)n u~~rce of vig-o r of' body.
Th e till e r~
th o g-round, by th e intcn:-tit)' of t li~i r tr1ilri, l o~c tlrnt jnntin<'!-=-~ of li 111 b:os whi ch the 1".avng-c rctnin~ C\·c n to old O$!'C.
Th e ti lie " of tl 1c grr>11nd, by the intc11oity o f their t oil• , lo•e tlint cn'e of
tn ntin n which tlic :-<ll\' fi!{C, &<·.
Tl 1c ti li e '" , &c. , 10,J, , lo»C th at nimblcnc'" o f gait w hich th 0 Mvnge &e.
Z. Gohb 111ith inf0rm~ 11~ .
'
Twp men li \'Cd di rectly oppo~ i tc to one nn othc r.
Two men iivrcl in tl1c t<.:1nic ~trect.
T\\"o men hncl n. q1rnrrcl toge ther.
Two rncn buU. a qu a rrci Oll acco11nt o f t11 c one hn\' ing infor med ngai m;t
th e ntli c r.
The 011c hnd in formed ngnin 't t h e otl1 c r fo r not paying the d11tiee on liis

or

LESSON XLIV .
8ENTENCES .-DECLA ltATl\' Jc, COXDIT!OX AL, INTERIWGATI\.E,
DTJ' E l:ATl\'E,

EXCLAM ATQ!tY.

A Declaratice Sentence is one that affirms or dccbrcs :\
fact o r trn th , eithe r aftirmatin:ly or negatively ; as, The
sun ~hincs. IIe and she were Loth there. I \\'i ll not g o.
A Cond1:tio11al S enten ce is one th:<t expresses a fac:t or
trnth co11<liLin11:dly, or as :1. supposition merely ; as, If
thine enemy !wnyer, !Ced him . 1Vere I in your pluce, I
would go.
An Intei·rogative Sentence be:<rs t he form of a q11c~tion .
The obj el"t of it is either t o nsk for inform ation, or to ;1Sscrt
a fact wi th the g rC'atc1· positi ,·eness; a~, lVill '!JOH :;o?
Canst tho u l!!f .~earddnrt }ind ou t God?
An Imperutive S entence expresses a eommarn1, an en·
treaty, a wi~h, or :111 cxhort:<tion; :<s, B e c((lm. Altenil ,11e.
'!lfay y on be !tappy. B e y e angry, and sin n_ot.
An Exclamatory Sentence expresses emotion ; as, IfmJJ
brightly the .~1cn s!iines I llrno abject is the condit-ion of a
miser I TVlwt a ,t7enfo.~ S!wkspeare /irul I
ExE1{c1sE.
·convert some declarnt iY e sentences into those which aro
subsequently named anu described ; thns :

l iqnr>r ~.

Tli e nggricYed pnrty tn11gh t l1is pnrrot to repent the ninth commnn<l·
m c nt.
The n,::g ri e\"Cd p:i rty plnccd tl:e cni;:e nt the fhnt of Iii< hni1'o.
The informer, o u tho oppvoito oiJo of th.i ntr,c ct, •tcppcJ 0 11t of his owu

donr.
The informe r henrd from the parrot the ndmonition :
"Thou sbnlt n ot b ear fulse witnecu; ngnin>at thy nei ghhor. 11

Dcolrtrrtt i·ve.-Jt1hn T1ownl'i1 wns fl benevol en t m:rn.
Conditionll l. - lC .John Jl ow anl w11~ 11 benevole nt mun, he cl&mnmls 011r liigh rc>pect.

lnterrogati'Ce.-W ns Jol in TTowurd a benevol e nt m un?
Imperative.-Lct John llo ward be n. benevolent mnn .
· &clamatory.-ITo\v bcneYolent ·n. m:rn wns John 11ownrd I

'•,

12'6 CORI~ESPON DENCI<:

AMONG PAK!'S

o~·

Examples f or Practice.
1. l\frcknc~~ g-i,·cs :-;m oo th nns w cr~ to rong-h q11ct-1 t ion e.
2. \V ha Lc\·cr i~ \\'Or t h tloin}.,"' at ull, b wurt h <lo iug wel l.
B.

COH.lULSPONDEl\CE A.MONG PARTS OV A SENTENCE .

A SltNTENOE.

\V hute ,· . _·r h e did 1 lio di<l w it h a ll Id :, rni ~h t .

4. T l:c l1utrl c of lii'c, in by fo r tho great e r 11t11nbor of CMc• must ncccs•nrily bo fo ugh t up l1 ill.
'

LES SON XLV .
.AGUEElrn~7 AXD CO UliES POXDEXCJJ: AMOXG TH E PARTS OF

A SICNTENCI!:.

1. Correct the w:int of co rrespo nd ence b et\\·een the verbs
joined in th e fol lo win g :
Did lie not tell me Iii' fault, nnd cntrentc,l me to fo rgi,·o lii111 l -T o bo
:nndcrntc in Ollt \'i C \~·~ 1 :H1d Jl r(ICCc<l in~ tt1 11 pcrntcly in tJic p11 r:rnit of tJic111,
111 tl10 l cr1t w 11 y to m:-i11rc 1'11 C<.:c~~ . -B y f(• rniin g t li ct n~cl\'CX o n fo n tn:;ti c
lll"\.icll'I , .llrid r ..·.ndy t? ~·ic " ·it h 0110 un nt li cr i11 t ho n~ i K11 i ng- follic ~, th e j' Oung
bc;.c111 w ith l>l:111g n d 1c ll l011:t 1 nn <l often cu <l cJ with bcin ~ vi cio ul:i u.uJ im·
mo rnl.
1

2. Co r rect the defcct i\·e co1Te.• ponrl encc in th e words
used to co nn ect t he parts of th e follo win g :

127

t ho rroch of ncci dont•, t hnn cl i•ere ti on.-Th c intc nt ion B of some of tho ph!·
l nt"\op li \·r~ , 11 :1 .\ ', of 1nnny , m iµ-ht, nn d p rob nbly w er o go_o d .-!_lrn r~w1 1 ~·d is
lih~ du o ; i t \1 n:-t al rcn d y , o r will li c rc nJt e r l )(~ ~ i vc n to ~11111 . -S in cc~ nty i~ a~
\'nlt in \ 1\e, u n d l,:.\'CI\ 1111)foJ \·alllablc, tit a n k no-.;d ct..lgc.-0 0 rcrft01l wn~ t:.'·cr so
porplexed, or t"<t1:..;t a i 11 cd the 111~rtific:~ti on~ , ns he h n~ done .tv-i.1ny.;-f~h~"~
nr t:-t ha,· c 1.~ nl ig-litc 11 cd , und will cnl1glitcn, every pt r~o n "lio shri.l n~tt..:n
tiv c ly

~t 11 dy

the m .

4. C o rr ect t h e: defective co rrespo ndence i11 tl 1e fvl1owing:
Ne ,·cr \\'ill\ n mnn 80 little nccnstomcJ t o nch· c r~i ty; nor wa ~ ever u mn_n
th at b etter ~nRti\incd it.-1 is not w h e n fo r t.nnc R1~il c s .. tha t t!1c benrt i:-t
tr ied but nt tho time f\hc fro,...-ns .-1\ in dncf4s nn<l being- 1orl1r:1.rrnrr, !l.il' t he
meu t;s of ma k ing rUld preser v ing fr if:! n dR.-llo vir n t'N:d gro.w ~ up into '~
t ree nnd tho wny t h o 1nin<l nets npon t li c hody, uro 111y ~Lt·J'!('" we ~·nnn ot
fath~ m.-\V c s h oul d often r ecoll ect. wh a t t ho. w ises~ m C"n linn; l'.la:d nnd
writ.ten, con cern in g human l_rnppi!1Ct'R u11J \' arn ty .-1 .. y tt·rn_p,f·r~nec\n 1~_1ru~
nrn y p rc~crve h cnlt h ~ by bc tn g vi rt uous , ho may set.•nrc p..:un~, hy Jlfl\ 111f.;,
in<l11 :-1try, he may g:l.in co mpeten ce.

5. Co rr ect the de fective co rrr~po n r1 cn co in the follo wing:
. M r~. A . B. prc!'\cnt~ her eomp!imc11t~ to Mr. C. D., nnJ <le~.irc_"" y(/n !\'iil
Cfl rl f'(i tlcr inc y<1 u rdl..!l>tor . - A ~ g-ol<l i:-1 tric<l in tlie fire to ns rcrta111 it~ Jiunt.y :
n til i ct i on ~ u r~ :-;c u t. u po n t he wlr t li t o tnc n . -A s w o neve r lrrtrn t~ m:ik1.: tho
bc:-;t ll:-'.C 0 f ti m e n 11 luuHl; and C\'Cry <l Hy d imin ishes tli :lt winch we l.icli o\' c i:-1 :-'till hcfv rc ns; t h ere iii o. tract behind of miss~cnt hourR.
'V li ilc ll!'ling- t,hc p roper m~an~ , not h ing sha1l be \\"nnting to our ~u cccR ~ . ­
A ma n clcnning w induv.: ~ , the m u.. hin c o n whi ch h o ii;t.oo\\ gaYC wuy, nnd
he wa.• p recip ita ted into t ho s t r eet .

Ile h as t.oo rm ith R<m~c nnd pn 1dc ncc, t. ltn n to b <" co m o n dupo t o su ch nrt.lflCcR.-TIH~ re~ol11tio 11 w nA not. t ho lc!'(M fl .\:f•d, t lrnt. t l10 t\Oc r ot WJ\l4 nH Yet
co111 m11n icntt·d to v e ry fcw .-Tlio Rc nntor ~ a inc d no t.bin g fnrtli cr by ·hi.'l

•pocch , bnt o n ly to ho commen d ed for h i" elo~ 11 e 11 ct1 .- ll c hoo littl e moro
o r. the fZ<.'ltoln r bc11i<lcs hi~ nr11nc .-T hcy we re no f"Ooner r iMcn bnt th ey np·
f'licd t licrrnsch·cs to H n<ly.- F rorn no othe r ir1t(ti t 11tiM1 b c ~i<lc :~ l!w ndm iru hle one ofj u rici-i., con Id 1"0 J.eTCat a hcncti t b o cxpcl'lc J . -T !JOl"iO l'I H\' rl;.re pen.
f~.O PICCfll J ti) iill \' C fll') O.tlic·r ~tttn<lnr<l o n w hi<:h to fo rin th c 111 :-su ln>~ , CXCCI",
¥ rn1 t d 1unccli to l1c f11~h1011al> l e nnJ pop ulur.

3: Co rrect tlie Jefecti n ! conn ecti o n of p:uts in t~'e fol.
>\v1n g :
A fo w ul tc rn t i0 n ~ . and ;w m f' nddit i on ~ lo tl1 c h o n~c , wo 1il<l mn kc it corn' ' rti1l1!0.-Tl1 0 fi r~t p ropof'lnl ww'-' Cl'!!HCn t j:tlly dit rcrcnt, nnd infe ri o r tot. ho
'!Ccwtl. -Ile i~ m or o holtl nnd neti\'e , but not M0 wi ... u trnd t-1t11di0 ·1H a~ l1is

'>tnp~ninn !ll .-Thr.re iR n0 tale nt

so

tt ~<'fu l, l'l r whi -.:·11 p nt"" m r 11 mo re ont "11

LESSON XLVI.
connES P O XD:E :'> CI~, GRA~DiATI CAl. AND J,OCICAJ., A ~[Q:'\G- TUE

P ARTS OF A SE NTE N CE.

T he follo wi nr" a r e cx:1 m ples not only of the violati on of
!:';rai111 n:1t ieal co~rc~pon de n ce, but oflogical accur:1cy. l\fakc
.t h e 11 e eL'~s:tr y co1Te<.;tions in writin g .
11 c ,m.0 .i,cd t hro u g h Gc r rn nny , nnd tho B ulti c tient to Swe~en . -1.un~er·
1
s tooJ h im the bc"t of nil t lic ot h ers t trnt spokc. -Tho plan 1 ~ Lhc 1_1kcl1,'''l
uf an y other to rrn cccccJ .- \\r~ , llrit.o na, do .n ot wnnt _a. ~rnn~o m oro :1u1n.. ~~,,
r~i-.t. of o ur n ri g h b nr~. -Il y 1t1ff'. rro 11r~c '\"1"1th t.he "0rid, v. o mny 1mp
e
1

•

130

l'C:~ CTI) ATIO!\' .

131

P'GNCT (J ATION.

" Th n• slinl' lh•>n MY to tli c chil d ren 0f l •rnol, I A M hath eent mo unto
yon! ' H It hurtR n mnn'r< pride to An y , I do not know."

Rn.;;; IIT. -T1co or more noum.follo·1oinq eaclt otlier in the 1am~
t o11slruction, arc ~cpa r atc<l by a co111111n; a~ ,
"T ho h n•bn nd, w i~, nnd chil.lrcn pcri•licd ."
fotlicr, Jii~ uncle, nn<l hi~ clJcr brother."

LESSON XLVIII.

"llo b 011pportcd by

\ ii~

J'U::> <.;r u ATlO ".- T IIE COMMA .

H7irn , l1o wc,· r r, t1rn 11Qum are d osdy connected by a conju110
lio n, tl!e comma -is om.itccd bet1ceen tltem; n8,

Ruu; V. - T1cv or more vcru.i or p cirtic iples in
lated lo the 8<Hnc

"Virtue and Yicc arc in st ron~ contrn~ t. " u Libertines cnll rrligion
d tlt cr ui;:otry ur Mupcr•tition ." Hut if t he pnrt• of tlto sen tence th u• connect eel nrc l1nl,a, Llic co rnmn mny be IHo\C<l ; nl" , "Hon11u1cc ~ may be trnid to
be mi sc ru blc rl rn p~o<l i c s , or du n gao m~ incentiv e:~ to c.:\'il."

Rnr.F. 1V.-1'ivo or more arljcct icc.v modifying t/, e 3ame subject,
m·c separated .(min each otli er by commas ; as,
u IIc wn:i n brn.vc, gcntl(\ 1 llig-nifit.:d man." "Tho m ,.,~t in nocent pleMur<'R nrc the swcctcot, the 11ln~t ratio nal , tho mof'\t nffcrti ng, nnd tho most

~ 1dtj cc t,

arc

~Ci' ara t.c d

.mcces~ivn,

liy tl 1c com11 1a;

re.-

u~,

"1 11 n letter, wo n1:1y nthi ::!c, exh ort, comfort, rcq n c~t, nnJ
" Virtue ~llj'port:-> in ut.h·c r."ii ty , moJcrntt!:i in pro!5pCrity.''

di ~tUSti .n

Wh en Ilic ·ur/1,, arc immerlil'llely connected by a conj unction , t11Py
uy the comma ; u~ ,

arc no t sepm·atetl
1

"The stndy of nutnrnl hi~tory cxpnnds anll el1;v11tc." the mind. "
"\Vh ct.hc r we cnt or drink, b lJo r or slc(; J.1 1 we :sho uld be mo,J,:rnt.c . 0

tnl"ting."

H ere tli c pflirs nf uru.• are sepflraled as pairs by Ilic comma.
So w ith the pri rliciple ; a~ ,

T 1co adj<< lire.•, h o w.-,·er, immeJ iatcly co11neclcd by a co11junc·
tio11, rzre. 11ol .1rpar11f('(l by a e<Jmma ; ns,

"A mnn, ft:aring, Rcrv in,q, nnd l 0 Yi11~ hi ~ Crcntor."
rnircd and fl;1ttc r<;d , we nro often corrnptcd.''

u

11
Troth i:-t foi r and nrth-:~!( , "i1nplo
\\'c must be wise or fooli:sli. "

011,(l

Hin~urc, u11il0rm and con:;ibtcnt.11

n rord... u.<erl in 1111irs ~ lwuld UC upara led in pafr.•, l\S in tl 1e last
cxnmple hut on<.'.
Th is Ru ic (4111) 111 ;1y lio nppli ccl to two or more adrub8 in im.·
m edi<lle .rnccr,s8ion , withont or with 11 con necti,·e ; ns, Ho con·
<lnctcd l1in1 s ~lf brawly nnd <lccnrously.
E xF.H CJSES .

~'\ pply

req uiring

the mks girnn abo ,·c to the follo "'i ng sentences
c o mma~ , by writing and punctuating them :

It i:-\ folly. prc::ium pl ion wi ckctl n rit ~ . to nttcnipt to lmpplc rncn t Cl od'&
n H·nn 11 of tt uv ini.t Ko11 l r4 \,y mnn'~ .-M nn , tho Jtrcntc11t o f men \VhitcliclU.~
\V \::-oh.· y yetl .l'ctl'r Paul un J .Jolrn uru l111t in :; tr m n<:nt!i nnd "" in~t. r111110 11 t~
1
l!I Ut'! L do tl a· ~ 111..,.ler 1'4 wo rk in tl1Q Mal'l tcr'ti w11 y . - Jl11wanl' tt. WUl'I merry to

~li e l 11•dy: \ Vl1i Ltli cltl 'J'\,t11 the Ftr1 1il.-Thi~ is n:ry dt"ti11itc nnJ very explicit)
tltc ro ii'( 11 0 li 111i1ati1>11 ~ 111t io11 0r rc:-icrvo .it. t((.•c 111 ~ i11tc11 dcd to

tu id ~ in cl~

•q·ply to 1111 t:imt• J'larr• 1111<1 ptrsono nnd to ho Ro t fo rth"" God's m etln <l
lo bo usod by man for ; a,·i1111 •0111• down t~ tuo end of time.

"Ily be ing nd-

Wh en p ar l i1,iples 1J.1"e f ollo1ced by moJ1fyiny icords, th ey D.ru
gencrnlly separa teu by a cornmr• from other par t~ of tltc fCn ·
tence ; as,
"Tho kin g- 1 arrro i·in q the p /.a.n , pnt, it.. in cxecution .11 "A ll maukiu j1
compose ono fn.11d ly 1 a.~aunb~d under th o cyo of ono cornmon Father."

Run Vi. - Cram mfl licl'll ellip.•1:•, particularly of
connect icc, (l_/lcn r e1uirM to be indica ud by a corn•na ;

th~

Hrb or

;i,,

"Jn<lul'ltry , ~tend il y , pn1dt·ntly, nnd Yig-oro1111dy p11r:ln ud, lead .. Lo wen.1th ."
u Lovo, j oy , p<..·:icc, nnd b\ ~ r-.:-cc d 1ic~:i am re;r:!cn ·cd fo r th~ g-• 1v1L" H From
law :1ri i;c :-1 sc..: urity; frn1n ~c,curity , c1t rio:-1i Ly ; fro m c uri u~it.y, know!cdgc."

Ror.R V IL - In n. c1J111plcx sentence, llie drpcndent clawe i3
8eparale1l by a comma from tlte. Jirinciµal clause; ns,
"\V iicn on r

"Tho

v ice~

tc111 pcrntc

leave u~, we flutte r ou rselves tlwt, we lt'n\"t: tli Nn .,,
ninn'i:s p l c a~urcs urc durublc , bccat1:$C: tll1"y arc r q.{11lur.H

R u1.r. V 11 l. - A n a'Usolule (or i 11 <1 .. pcn<knt) ]'l.r1~~r, w lictlicr
p:irti,;i1 •ial " r i nlin itivc, awl oth er clllu.se;i rwd pl1.r1uc.• inYoh·c.J
in sente nces, must be separated by a co1JWW from other pnrt~ of 11
~an tc nce; as,

,.:P

132

r1f NCTUATlON .

f'C"NCTt TATl0N.

'•

,·:i,.
thee."

"B'tter io u dinn c·r o r lll:rb• with J"'· c , tlwn n •tnllccl o x und hntrcd
u MankinJ act oftener frotn caprice than rca~on ."

thcrc~with.''

Rur.E XT!.-T l1e com mn is used lo i ndicate contrrr..1l, O/'J1n~i / ion ,
or 1·emarkaitle p oi11ts in a ~entencr, nnd sometimes s('paratt:s wonls
closely co11ncctc:ll in constructio n.
"Th o ugh dcC'p , y e t clc nr; thou g h g(.:ntl c, y et n nt d111l ;

Strongl w1tli out n1gc ; with ou t. o'<.·rf'_o wi11g, fu ll.''
A gvod 1nnn ,\·ill lo ,·c liim ~cl l too wen to l/Jg~, nnd hi~ nci g 11 b or too
wen t:J 'lCi:J., :01 c~tnt c l·_r ~n 1 u ing-. 1 1 H N(•t. o nly in u11i o11 wit.h , \nit. i.n <1ppo- sltion l()) tlic Yicw~ n111l C'\11tln ct. o f o ne un 1)tl1c:r."
u

Ei.:1rnc1 s..:~ .

Supply commas in the fvllowi1w
the rules alrc•a<ly gi\'C'll :
"
Of nil Ollr fn c11lt ies that or spce •Ji ,_ , I
I., . ., . . .
.
Rtlf!ecptibl e of cul i Y1 :
~ . I e r i n 1is I .l:-< L l.11lt1' at.1.al yet JS moti1L
s ·n , ., ~·
,
t
~ t.n n iuiJ pay~ hc:-. t Ll1c pa.itl:$ l 1c:->tti Wc l l ttj HJ ll it.-LO\IO
n t1 l.:C l'-'.' '~J,1 r11c:--t p ;--:1..:1 11.::1.l ~111•rc 1u c con ti11110 11:-. c\'1•rla :-. ti11•r i::\ dnc to onrCro
.n r. - .&. ic tt~ad icr ·11-ri n n , _l t i ·
,...
•
Fihcrnl l ·pw •· l ·• ,' '
;... ;1 • 1 1~ lt lflllll..! ll l. J'll l tt :-;~ ' 'P to C111 r folly .-\Ve
' 1 ~ ..... t. ~ Pll.\ ~n ..···r r d dcnd Ilic p<1r1r. - l h lic irw flntt •r ·J'
·
nnd cxnlti..'d 11C Ct.' :1:-l l·d lq he Jinml J • - \\' I1 .
~
~
c .c prai~cd
1 rt
.· l
' 1,: •
'- n ' \ o ~<> to tlic c.:Hy w
\ \ lt I l 1;e p len:-:n ;c ~ or llie ( '0\ llltry - Tl . ·I
·l . 'k:
.
u )l\
)1 o rn c - " ix hon r
I . .
.
ic c I)(.< :- tn jng l!1n:c we ha~tc n cd
1

I : . ·
. :-( :-- \' ti' fn r 11 m 1m: ~f'\'t·11 l~• r n wo11111:i : cir~ht ft r ·l '1 ld·
" 11 \ n i nc for n pig-.-- .rnh n H!"(:-li!"(tcd Tli r1111u."' T !Hnnn . . \Villia1n\v;11( 11 n
' ,
tlllv. t 1111s ti icy a ll i 11:ulc t hei r wur in lilt'. \\'(Ir\ I - 'J'I • .. I· I
' n cn ry
t) I' b •
.
..
' .
IC VII •C ICi..'( 1lllC ~ 11 !Joy

~I ~

W~11· ... ·~ a._1 0 11 th ~ lie }'''_1:h ~t i1wn of fu ll ,:r•)\\'tl 1.-Da,·i,J E\"/t11t1 Mor
i i.tr. l:-t .tlon1.r \\'I th t h1.:· r w1,·c~
l I'll
. .
.'!fin
U1 our f\:l!tivi ti~s .
'
Hii t <: i1 t rcu. arc t o JOlll U!i thi:i C\'cning

LES SON XLIX .
P li :"ICTU ATT O=".-Tl! Ji:

CO~DfA.

Rr. 1.R X.- A .• inr; lc noun in rt7>1>os i l ion with an otl1er ii not
ol/u• r 1Mrd,< hy rr. c11mmr1 ; llllt wl1 cn it is ?;w1Ufied
'. !J ·•r1 e1 a l 1ru rd:'· !111:11 tlir. 71/inr.<1; rf/;11/r,-.1 11 romma to scparn;e it
I i 11 111 tli c rvst n l tliu sc11t ,·11 ee : a~,

;r1>r1r'.i[~1l f rom

l1

"Tho ;q ,o~ ; lc Pdr r''
P ctl'r tl . . ' .. ' , . .
'

1

ll.!

·'I

u:-.l 1u

of the

"P·t
'
. c e r,_ ~.i o np o~ tlc , prcnehctl t0 the Jcws.n
l' ll'C U111ci s 1o n,

Ruu; XI I T.- Advrr/1.1, ad r cr/Jifll, a11 tl prfJIO·•itionfl l p li msrx, 1m[/re ,1cn[e11ce, !U-~·
·iepm·ated Z,y ci commnfrom tl1 c rest of the ""11le11cc; n•,

ze.,s closely co 11. necled w ilh MlllC prirticulflr word in

1• rc:achcJ

to tlic .Jew ~ ."

.H Ut.R Xl.-:rl 1e. /1co mr1111Jen of a comprtra /icc .itl)/CllCC, if (hei
?e" lon(J, are ,z,,,/l/l(Jll /.</i r.;l by ci comm•t , . I' li t if ~·l H1r t , not: t I ins,y

A• the 1••art pa11tcth nfLcr the water-brook '

80

doth mv
• so uI pnn I nft or

Finally, once mo re, ho \\'C \'C r, in fj.hort , nho,·c nil. hc~i dc:-i., in m y opinion,
~·It i:s, h o weve r, the tn~k of crit.ici;.1m to c~talJli:sh

~ first, fl.ccon d ly , &c.
' principl c~.n

So conjunclions, wf,en , ere ral words interre11e betu:ecn tliem ami
the clau.1e lo which tli e!J uelong, are followed by a co1n 11w ; a ~,
"Yet, though I lw.,tcncd , I couhl uot O\:crtake him ."

A comma sometimes fullvws an lnle1jeclion;

:<0' 1

" lh:l1o!J , tl 1y

time is ut \1a11J ."
Ruu XIV.-Whcrc a finite verb is omittel1, its place is s\lpplied
by n comma; ns, Jolin r ea<b Horner; Peter, Virgil.
Ex1mc1sEs.

Write, and punctuate with the comma, the following
sentences:
Ile traYcl k J to Bo~ton ~ sl1c ,to r ortl aod .- 1J c wi io \\":\llf~ to catch fi:-oh
howcvt.: t; 11 111:-;t not 111ind n wcttl11g-.- llc who thn.: ntc nios tu :--trike .11 n1 l <l··c~
not.is a(rai d .- l l11 :i h . wo11Jan . l kn e w all tllut hc for .- B cttt·r : i. t rr~w tli:1n
no t'h in g.-Bctte r Tli~ rc li e ~nc:" thnn Thero li e l1nn g~. -- H1_. \ vr the tlii i ·i
cry, tlinn th u 111 othor ~i~h . - ll e wl1n 11uilds i:t h(lu::w n r 1 11 :t rri t· :"' , ;~ i d" \\ ith
n lan k pnr~e .-Tliougli profo110J..hu i ~ not dear.-Tl1 1J 11 gh ri<.:11 J10 ir1 11 0
liltcral.-A~ th \; rc it1- a ln•ll o w wo rldly l1 ttppinc~~ - ~o th <:rc i:-t :~ f11t1l"1 ~1i
worl<lly ,,·i ~(10 111. - Tl 1 011.zl1 11o1ctry il:i n 11 11rt tlint ud <.l rc~ "' (·~ tliu iinagin:1t:(Jl1...
i i~ n ot. tlic 011ly onc . -1l c wi ll oo in o, no tlonbt,il' y_o11 ?\Cn(l ft)r hi111.- AhvY C
alljromc 1nl•~'T' yonr promi•c•. - Mon \ikll tr~c~ )oil<i their ~np with RO,:C.

1

1

:·;}\· ··

13·1

l' tJNCTUATION .

PUNCTUATION.

135

6. A general tum, follow ed O!J several p artic 11lrtr.1 in rrppo.,ition,
is separated f rom, !Item l1y tt en/on nr MmicQ[un., tch ilo lite partic11lars are SC}Jftl'alcrl frnm M elt. otlta hy a comma; n•,
"Ast ro110iny 1:1:1~· h\! ~on:.;i dl.'.rc1..l n11Je r three ht;nJ.:l : \_l~:~c ri pti,·c, p h,,·:-\1
and pr;.teti cnl. ,,

LESSON L.

4

C"•.nl,

PUXCTUATIOX.-COLO:'\, SE)lICOLON.

The brgcr portion8 of :i compou nd or complex scntenco
nrc St'parateJ either J,_v :t Colon ( : ), or Semicolon (; ). .

7. After .< crcral succe.«,ice clri•ises.foiioiced by a .~emirolo n, 1c11rrc
a longer pa use .Ycem.s nccesmry befo re cominJ lo the period, u colon
is 11.Yed; :t",

romplet:- .<en.•c, n./l!l 111iyht '1c clolied ·1oit!i n. 71erf.od, but .wmetltfog ii
adrledjor tlic purpose of illu~tralion; n~,

"A did nc lcgi~lat 0 r 1 litterin g l1i~ voice from h cnvcn; nn nl n1 i~1 )t y g0\·crnor, ~tn.:tclii11g fo1r :. l1 Iii~ ann tn p1111i:;li o r rc war<l; inforr11i11g- '' ~o f pr:rpctual rc~t pre pared h cr\.:artc r for llic rig-htcon~. nnJ of i11di ).!"11atinn and
',\"rath n wnitin:.; t he wi ck\~1..i: t l1csc arc tli c con:-;idcrat ioll:-\ wliich 0vcrawo
the world, which :support intcg-rity, and check guilt."

"1\. lirnt.c nrri ,·cs nt fl p oint of perfec tion t.lrnt lie cn n nc\·cr pnse:
few ;."·car:i he liaM e1ll the cndowmcnLs lie i~ capabl e of."

Th e Colon, by .wme writr.r.•, ruul the Scmicol<J n by othe r",/" employed lo introduce a quotation , an example, or <t ~)Hfch; a<,

1. Tlicfirst '?( l!1r"c i" 11«e·l 1cl1en a portion nf tlieM11len~e makes.

2. Tlic clauses sepn.rated by a Colon arc ioithou.l connccti'IJa rui
th ey nrc not rchtcil in crrnst.rnc tion. TJ,.J con 1wcti 1·cs ma/ 00
u1Hil'r-too(J, bnt :ire n<> t c:qi rc"eu .
. ::. lJ'.11 «11. llic co11nrctirr" arc erp resscd, rr.nrl lllll.~ a clo8er connei;t con e.risl.;, tlie s,,m
·
. ir11lon i" to be 01111/nyrd.. .T~ il ,·c ti"
, 1e CoIon, It
~eparall'~ t.lic pnrl 10rl:4 or :l. ~entenc;e 111akillg' cc111qil cio ~c nsc.
• J;.cc~mpW.1:. -- A l_1~Pl 1 Y c hn_nge ha .~ cnrnt~ (\ \' 1·r ~Ol'i1·ty Hin1:c tlint dny; o.nd
\I olt111ru hn~ ~uni.. 111t.n m1•r 1t1·d c .. ntc:rnpt.

4. !'he Scm ir,olo11 i-1 p/rt,.ed b1:fore a. ,frpcnden.t clrwse wlifol,
e:r:ptrw1s whri~ has been mid in t/1e p recerli11~ tfivi:iiori of t!t.e scnlenra, or a"s1;rns a reason, or dra10:1 an inference, or pruenlt a
contra,,t.
./:: 1 ~n.m! 1 frF.--:-_'' T~. i~

TJVH"O r:u~.\~ to tnkc nwny ~11 p1·rll11itic!'i tl 1 , 11 to •rn ,l
rt. IY
· du•1rr.,ro
·
· Ju·
. that 1:-; · CtllJ'rthlf'., l1 f'1•n 1l ''"v ,, c• ,, .. 1:-1. ,-•n:-1 .-o1c J t l10 1111(.
<. I' J'~l'.11t nf ~· 1r~11 c , ·~ a l way:i ac:1.:o nnt cd u. faire r ol•j ec t of li o11c tlinn h
w hn lailx hy Ld l111g :-;hort."
1
O

<1<
lJ

fcu~· '

HlllL

.. "Econ 1 1111y is no disg rncc; for it is bcttar to 1i\·c on a littI

11\" C a ,t.r0•'\_1 1lc·al."

«ell.,e,

llft "e bnt a sUqlit dependence on each
are separated by Ilic semicolon ; ns,

"~h· fri end rose nt •ix o'olr1ck. ho h rcn kfn•lo d. Mt d
·t ·
t 'l l
' ·
· · '
o wn to wriLc;
.
wri..in_;r l twcJ..-1); n nd "4nlkcd tn hi" brothe r's."

o<1 n ~n1r<l

Snppry the comm ~, tlic colon, oi· semicolon, :ls the y m:iy
be nce<ler1 in t,J,c f.1liowi11g RC'?Jtcnccs:
Spcuk w<.:11 0f' your friend o f )'• )\Ir cncm;· nuitl11._~ r well JFW ill. --Tl1crc am
three bad ncighbo r~ g- rcat rin: r."4. g-n·at, l(1r1.__b and ;.{rent roa.\:-1 .- Thrcc thin~ ...
kill a man a ~c0rd1 in .!! ~1n1 l" Uppe r~ mHl <'lHC~.-J\ II rii!lit : ~ay no tli ing-. - Lct.
\1~ Ftarl uli cad h11!"illC:-l !'I. tir:iL nnd pluy afl 1: r wa rd. -I r I he wh.:kc d \\'00 nn to
me a11<J if I he ri:.rl1l<'.O llt'\ yet. will I 11Qt lift. 11p my ltcnd.-1 nm full of confn~1011 ther efore ~cc th o u mine aHli ct io n.-Grcnt 11wn nro n•·t ulw:"::i wi ~e
neither d1, tl1c HJ,!'Cd nndcrr1 t:ind jn d grn<"nt. - I lc wli"lll ynn ~rcn°k of i~
c111i11 c ntl _r n h;IJ' l'Y 11u111 ha ppy fnr li e liu:-1 had nntl l1n" 11~<'d tho h<· ~ t oppnrtunitie~ to i111pruve l1 i.'4 min ll l111ppy for hi!'t fri e nd~ nrc few ren d fuiLlil"tii

lw.pp,r f~•r l,i~ wifu 1~ nffc-etion utc linppy for hi:-i. chil tln..: n 111·c a-ood lw)' p,!·
fo r Iii~ world\; 11ffair~ nrc p ro~pcrO U :i ha ppy fo r liiri rdigion'i hopes 1uo
1

bright nucl 11rdcot .

}

u. Sliorl .<e11tc11ces 101iich
8 10

EXERCISES •

e, t inn to out·

"A fri c '. 1d can:10t he k11own in prosperity; nn c n cm}·· cnnno t b 1 · .• ·
ad\·c r~1ty. · '
c uu. in

(ll/,er "

Josn~ Hai<l : '" My kin gJon1 i:j n ot. oft.hi~ 'vvrtJ.n SntnctimC"~ th o col0n
nnd cln•h arc used; "'•And Goel oaicl :-"Let tl1crc bu li;:ht."

LESSON LI.
l'UNCTUATION.-l'l·:1:10D; IKTJmr.oGATION' A:'>D JcXCLA:\fA•
TI0:-1' l'OL''TS j ll.\SIT.

Wri t ten o r printed bngn:ige rcqnires ccrt:iin points or
mn.rkg to aid in rkterm inin~ tht: ,.;cnse '1n<l the prl)nu nci:i·

f 36

PUNCTUATION.

137

PUNUTDATION.-RKMAINING l\1A IO~S.

t i on. Thei r offi ce is to 8Cparatc sen tence~, :rnd the different.
]':1r\ ~

of ;:<·11 t(•11c(·;;.

Tlil' Pe riod ( . ), tlic Tiite rr ogn ti1H1 point (? ), nnd the E:v
ch mat ion ( ! ), :u1d so rn di 1ncs tli c Dash ( - ), are used w
iudicatc tlie dose of :i. scntt'11 ec.

LESSON LIL
PUNc;'UATION.-RE~CATNING

J. Th e Period is n,crJ nt t li o C'ncl of complete noel inclependo11t
Dccbrat.i,·e Sc 11tC'll C<'' ; tli e I11terrng-ation l'uint at. t l1e e1Hl of'fo• ..
tcrr<>g:1ti ""• nr"l Ilic: E xclam11tion l'vi11t at tho e n<l of Exclamawry
e rn tcnrc~ , pJ1r:i.:-:es 1 0 1· \\'( 1rd:-<.

2. T/ 1e D a8h is g<: 11 e rn lly n ~c<l to inrl icnte tlint a se nte nce is un•.
01· to denote an ul>rnpt nnd unexpected tra nsition;
n pau:;c in <k·li 1·cry.
fi11blicd;

E wm1il<.<.- If t l1n11 nrt h c- hn t oli ! h ow (ullen t
fo r Ca~ ~ur--hu t fo r Titll:-1 1 t.oo. Nutli:rn ~ni <l unto
man. GiYc 1110 li bcrt.y, or gi,·c rn c-dcnth !

3. Tli o D:<'l 1 is placc1l uct wccn the remark s of successi,·e speak·
crs in n di: d11,r.;1 1c.
4. Tl 10 D:1,:l1 ig ~omcti r nc" 11,«.J in;fcncl of n pflrcnll1esis.
fi. lt is i11 1p1«• pC'rly ll>c•l after fl co1n11ldo gcn tcncc.
G. T/ 10 Pnind i' 11,c1l ni'it'r 11 ?. l•r(·1·i:1tion;; n;, B. n., A. 1.f., Ex.
Jt i.-; aJ.~o ll:'Cd a ft er fl ~ig 11at11r e, U dalt' 1 n n1J at tJ1<.: C:lld of ll uook 1

c l1 :-ipler, f:1...' c tio ri 1 (~C.

)CA1lKS.

~ . .,The Parenthesis ( ), inclucl cs a chuse or rem:irk not
""· el!:sential t o the scutcnec in co ustrn etion, but explanator y,
. ..,:nnd introdu cing some import:1nt id ea. It 111ay lie :1 t oge ther
·'~'.omi tted , " ·itho nt iml'~iring the gr:11rnna tie~l struc ture of
~ the sentence.
;;:-.•,_«:By mrnl0r11 wri1. .. ,-,, tl10 c1,mmfl o r tl1c dn:ih is n'c<l in st c:-1J of tho

..' paren t hesis.
' ' Kn <n\' th e n tl1i~ tr11 th (cn ongh !nr n1~n to kn o w) l
Virtue, al o n e , i:-1 l1ap1ii 11 C:i::\ lielow .n
u T o g-nin a p1"):.it li 1 1m•·11~ rep11fHtinn, is to sn\'c fvnr o r fiYc lett ers ( fo r
>ri; Wh at i~ U lli\lll C lJC::-'i di..!:-i ~ ) rro 111 1)l_,\i,·io11."
'

..

,ff t71e 1,,,.,.1:nl71elic1cl nr i11citlen tnl drm.•e i.< • h_nrt, or per.fer/!y
cqin cide.• toi l Ii. th e rr.,t 1~( the .vutcnr.e, the co m mn 1.; lo be prrfcrred
: tq t!ie )llt'l'Ct• t!1ct ic1rl ·1n11I'!.:.•. Tli 11 ,; :
"Spcnk yo n , wh0 ~1 1w, lii:i wond t r!! in the cll'c p :' ' not , ' S p<'n~ y ~ u
(wl\Q :3aw ) Jii :-t w on d e r:; in tl1c d eep ." H llc fo1111t! th1• 111 a:-. lc 1· p a![a111 . !o r
1

7. Where a qve.•tion i.• n nt asked, but it is only v rid lhrr.t r1 quea.
tion lwil been rrnkci/, t/10 lntcrrnr1n.t ion point 1·,, nnt to be empl<ni
eel; a~, " Pila Io n;;kecl w 11(·!.l"·r Cl1ri ~ t wn,; fl kl " I!· " In ."ncli cnses
the period i~ pro per. I311t i f tlic ~ c ntence w c rc, "Pilate asked,
Art tl1on n kin g-I" !hen tl1e In terrogation point i; necessary.

. ihMr ,~ye:; we re l1ca,·y , nci LJ1<;r kn e w th c:y what to u1 tt•w•·r ld m ;" uo\ (for
thei r eyes wcro lit:n,·y).

\Vh cn th e wonls in th e pn r(,ntl1c~is a re i11t c1Tu1'al ir o or cxclan1, -ii.to ry, tho mnrk s of p:uentl1csis ~h11 nltl be usc<l , r:tt.l1 c« tli:u1 tlio

comma or cla sh .
ExEHC ISES.

S11 ppl y the points that arc r eqlli~itc :
'flicrcfurc 1they ~ ay u nto God Dcpnrt from 11 ~ fo r wn <lct-1irc not th~
knowlcdut1 of thy wnyl{;- \ Vhat i:-i. the Alr11i,1thty tlint we ~ 11011ld f'\crvc him..2:-

ll o_w c ;('c:ll ~1 t 1~ ~h_v . ln\ 1 11 ~ ki! 1dn c HR,~ O u d ?- ~:t'n \\ill_wr1~1~1 .s.clc for religion,.

1 ~ l1!!l.t fi)f 1t ,d1r for 1t, uny tilln~ hut liv e for 11- J lin.: c ltonri-t :mi.~
.-.he nn ll nnt "' en d fo r 11111:- I ''ll"" 0 11ly i11 th e vdlng-c 1 Dul tH one t\111 you4Y <'~ l 11 1t yn11 know it i ~ IH•t m y wn y to mnke u fn M~ u1l'I to put pooplo
1
niit .- -ll<w · oould I toll.;-- Mighty flno:
._ !
1

''rite 1•1 r

"It wn• rcp rc<cntc<l hy nn nnnlogy (Oh, how inn<l c<Jn ntc !) which "''"
borrowed from l':1ga.11i~m .,,

)forks o.f Quotation nre u ~c•l nt tho 11r ginni n;c an<l end of t\
(lhrn.SC, cl:lU~<\ nt• se 1ll·c·O CO CtHltaining t.}10 CXflCt w:.i·cl :-< ol'.:lll a1 1t \i~i r
or ,;11eak c r. Tl1c•v C<l:1'i;t uf ti\'(> i11v(·rJ u<l :ind of t. wn 1lm· ct r utll.
l I l .. " .
; e. (J., Jc· ~ n~ ~: ticl, u I :un tl1c R e ~t11T0c t1on n1H : ie :tit• .

111115

1

.-.Somet.imes a quoted P"""ge contai.11.8 n quol11t1on , 111 w l11c11
11 sini;hl in vc n o<l n11tl dirccl

t:llM tlie latte r is (\istingni s hNl by

DIVISION INTO PARAGRAPHS.

EXl.LROISKS IN l'UNCTUATION.

T he Al'n.•lrnpl1e (') i~ n•ccl to ~hol"tcn n word· n~ tlin'
thC111~l1; ' Ii>, r.. r it i:' : c:'en for Cl' Cll. Th e Sil.Ille ~!1111·'.ictcr

pr1.·:-;~e:' il1e po:"':-;c:-::-:ir•· r~:1~c of nn1111..;, T l1c 1nan's lior-.i.u
T l1c f/yph c11 ( - ) c·111111cct" rl1c parts of co111p1111 111 J 1 ~orc1 ~ ·
str:11 11 -w1ii>l ic• . Jr i.< :ti,,, 11,e.J at r.i 1c e nd nf a line to c11 nriNJ~

rl'ce d1 11!-' ~y l lal.Jc wi tl1 tl1 e li1·.- t 0 11 tlic fullu wi 1w Jiu e w)p
0
wurd i:-; di \·i de<L
i..-,
'
J

1

Tlic Crrct (A) in 1licates tl1nt tli e wonl or words placed

J1ai·e
.

UCCll

Olll1ttciJ , ll lHl

lllll >t

1.1 0 lllld crstood

US

ov~rl<

filling tho p!ii<;~

frorn ci \~

.

.::

w l11cl 1 1t oc c11 pics ; ns, l!o went to.city .

II
Erricl.:ct.• [] incl 1isc so m e explannto ry re mark or phrllSo SOlllf!
w o n l or sentence to supply :i. defici ency or to g uard u~nin~t ln!J."'

~k ~

0

•

Tl1e. E'llip.•i.• ( - - )· o r ( · · · · ) ' ( .... .. ) , ·•h o 1\""
I .
·., ti '·•nt snllle .et.-'
t ·· r.~ 11 1 '' 11:H11c, 01· tl 1c n11rno it,cJ I~ or po rtio n of n sentence •
on11ttcd 1 nr is w :u1tin:::.

'

T lic !Jmcc (!) i' 11 .' c•l tn co nth'd certai n iincs ofpoct i·y llr Cilr.

1
11 ndcr n c,111 1111 0 11 te rrn .
·.
Tl1? Astrri.•k c•J, n. 11.J tl 1e cli:1 rncrc·r" ( t t ! ), refer to 11otes in th 8
ma r;:1n. So1 ncti fll cs 1ig 11rc;; or 'llln!I lt'ltcr~ are usci l for tho Bil
purpo,e.

tn 111

\ \ 'ni·d:-'

:1$ la lJ 111:;

139

Ex E11crsi-:s.
Tl1e whole race of ma n excep t Noah nn 1l hi ' fn mily i' rcconkr1
to have pc ri,Jic11 hy tl 1e great iloo•l.-Th e wl1o l<l race of rn:rn ,
· Nonh nncl J,j , r'a mily liei11µ: rcc onll'cl C'Xccptio11''- pcri .<l1r·,] in 0110
-;.:. j.'lrel\t t:loo<l wl1i cl1 cl1:lllge.1l .tli e ' t:1te of tl1e µ:l1 •hc tl1 at w0 inlinuit... '.rite· whole rnce of 1na n . \\·c nil know_ tl1at Nonl1 n11cl l1ie f:t111 ily were ':tve<l , pcri;li c1l in one gre:l t fl,ll ,. l wli 1('.h cl1n 11 gl'<1 tl10
~tn te of the µ:lobe tlin t w e i11 l1aliit.-Jlc11ry t.lic Scc111111. 11f Eng)nnd. excl'pt in l1i' celeu ratetl <J ll :lrrel wi th Tl1orn :L' a Becket
was Jn j•rIHle nt a nd p rn.pcro us ki 11 g.-Ue11ry t.lic S,·co 1Hl, cxcl11<l lng perhaps his q11a rrcl w ith Th o 11ias a Becket w:1s n prn tlcnt
nnd p rospe ro us kinµ:.-lle nry tl1e Second ucforo T C!llll)•lctc> my
· nsserti on I n1114 pc rl1npo< ex cl ud e ,l1is qnar n:l " ·it li Tlio111:i" a
Becket, was n. prnd.:11r. a 11J Jm»pero us ki 11~. -'. ly frie111l 1"111
not a book , cxcc l't the Bililc :in a11y pa rt <•f J,i,. J.011,e .-',Jy
friend hrul not n. book . l .!o not mean to say lie was wi1!10 11t a
Bilile in n11y part of l1is 11 011'0.-Fi ,·e y ca"' of ~cnrriry w ith
the / ,cc pt ion of one 11 Vl'r:> ;.:e 'ca,:011 were follow cil liy te n of
· plenty.-F i1· e y ea rs of fc:1rc iry, I know that one of tlie1 n llli gl 1t
bo enllc1! n11 nve rnµ: o ~cn. ~ on .,we re followetl by ten of pl enty .The w orltl ,snys Slink spenrc/< ~ti ll <leceived w itli orn:11ncnt. $h11hpen rn wnrns ns tha t th e w orl d is st ill tlecciH •l with
omament.- lle sai il thnt th<'y l]n.•l <Jnito fo rgotte n tlic trn t l1. The wo nls . l1c nserl we.re tla•se .Tl 1ey hn1·e qui te f111· ~n!t<·r: tl1e
trnth'.:__B,1co n tell~ u s tl1at. k 11 o w lc<l!-(e is po w ~ r . -K 11o w lc<lge
is power fi:l_l°S t. lie grea t Lonl Bnr.011 .-Ta ke can: of tl10 pence
snys so m e 11 ot~tl cco11011 1i:'t. n111l th e po1111d s wi ll take cnre of
t11emsel v c~ .-S r 1111 0 n11 te1l econo1ni"t achi sc~ peo ple to t.ako <'aro
of the pence l~ 1r, "lY" ho tl1e po nntl' w ill t.:1kc c:1ro of tlicm•c1'·e•.'< Qh (save my co11ntry w ere th e tly i11 g w m<ls of \Yillin111 Pi t t. - Se r·.'
8aitl At1 1l i,. 011 011 li is death lH:tl to a prnfliµ:n.te youn µ: ""h ll'111 :1n ""''
in whnt pence n Cl1 ri stinn c11 n 1li e:..:....so<' rntes on lil:i11!-( 11"kci1 ,.11·!1 ·1t.
man a pp 1·o:icl 1ccl t l1e nea re.-t t.o . pe!'l",.cr. l1:q1 1•i t1t•o.'- :111"1·C"1·ed, Tl1at
mnn wliu l1n ~ t.l1 e fc we:'C w111il.~ . - \\' l1 e 11 S11<"rnte" wn ' " "kc1l t Iii ;
qnest.iun ,WJ.,1 t 111 :111 np1 1r.,ii;.li c8 tl1e nenrc"t to ]'Crfect l1Hl'l'in.::~~
he prunouuccJ in favor of l1i111 wlio lias the fow e>t waut:l,

I'

,·-

'·

140

SENTlCNCilll V A !Llb:D IN

Sl':NTENCI<:-nm r.DJNG .

STIW CTUim.

14:1

LES S ON LIII .
s1;NTENCE - nu IT. D t NG.

St:\rting with the two words, Tli emistoclcs persuadec~ ~
long sentence may be built npon t hem by V:\rious enlargem e nts.

Exr:1tc 1s1·:s .

\Vrite ont, in a sirn ilar m :rnne1·, a n ::malysis or procr!-'S of
construction of tl1c follo wing se ulc nccs.

Th cn 1i!"t 0c1r~- Add an 11ppn.··iti1J nal phra." : TJ1crni1'ttoclc.c:; the A thcninnJ, /nd~fy Athe11i•flL: Tl11.:111 i~ todr:-t, t h e <l i :"'t in ~11i:d1c <l Atheni an -Them~...
tocl c~

the di:-\tin,l!'1ii :-1 hcd 1\ tltenian ~1.: 1 H·rul - Add r1 participial c/.au:~e: pill',- ,.
ceivi11g- 11(1 hopn- pcrcci \'lng- that tli~rc wus 110 l1011t!-pc rcci \·ing thut tliorr- r
wa~ 11 0 lo ng-e r a ny li opc-.AdJ ''J'l'"P''(<i/iv11ul 11!1ra"·r: of prcHcr\'ill;.! Atlit'::~
-f'r~/i.c a11r1>positionulpl1 raxt: 11fle r the ar ri ,-. d o f the G rcci111 1 tlcct-:~01l
a J'Npu.-·lli1w1il p!1 r1 1x~ : at =-'a l a n 1 i:"- - /~'nlarf/f: ll1e pr('rl:crzte h1111tf,Li11y 11n '(Jj.._
jer1": pt.: r:-i.nud cd the Atl1t:11ia n:<- .Ad.f an i ojin.i.ti vt cl. 111n : to bctuko thcirn•
t'ch'l•s-A,fo'. prepn$ili11nal pl1ra,.,,.~ : for rcfng c-to thei r "'liip:'l-ncco r<l ln).! t.0
tl1c intcrprl!lativ1 1 lie h11d fvn11 erl.v g i ,-en-o f tl ic ornclc--0f A pollo~ .4,/J·a.
rtlt1tivlf cW.ul'.e : w hic h prc-.111 i::1.cJ tlic in :;afcty-A. dd a pr,po1Jitiv1w.l p lira1a:
Locliind their wovdcn wall:-1.

Tl1e

1. Jt rnight it!dccd Le Ml1o wn , inn great Yari cty r.f in:;.tn.nC('!'\ ~·)n ic 0 ~ nn
ln diff<.~rcnt, nnol otlicr!'I of a rn0ra1 nature, t lint _being-. :cc1;~t01111·n t0 .a .t hin g-.
·'>. lli1'1d11ct,S, for the m o•t part , such u scttlcJ lmh1t as is uptly Jc110111111.<lcd "
"'eocond 11;1tnrc.
. "" l " i t
' 2 An 1,ceonnt of t] 1cec diet11 rbancc• rcncli c<l Enghrncl cnrly 111l ,• 4, h•t ,
- (ml;, in ccn~cd the go ,·crrnncnt so mu c h tl10 more u~uin:"\t tlic culo~1c!'. imH
)n'nde t hem iW much tnoro rceolute in the detcrm111 ut1on to purn~ h them
for their insolence.

~l·ntt.:nce tl1u~ C \ >ll~tructt· d l1l~co1 n cs ti ~ o fHllowing :

Aftc1· tli e nrri,·al of t110 Grceinn f\ 1.·ct

n~ Kd n111i ~ ~ T li c 111i ~toc h:R ,

tho dh;.

ti11g-u i ~hcd Atli1.·11ia11 g"\ 11cra l, l'\"r<'l'iYi n~ thut tl1 cro w u~ no \0 11 >-{cr an)'
jl •1 j'O ofpn'~f'n·in;: .\ttiea, p c r:"(1t lldc d tl1c A t l1c 11 in11,. tn l1ctuk u thu 111 ~uh·es
fi1r rof11~<~ tn th1·ir l'll1ip~. nc-rnnlinit to tilo i11terprctntit.H 1 he had fo rrn crlv
0

i?i"l'll of tho oraclo 01° .1\ p ollo , wJiic h pro111i~cli th e m tt11fcty l>chin.J tb'Cii
woode n wall:-i .

An olher example:
Vcnern lio11 ga YO influc11cc.
)fnrlff11 the auNel·t !ty a n. a1Uectir11 and l'ln artirl.d: T h o 11i g h vc ncmtio•- ,
Modify th8 sulU('ct h!J a prcpu1itionr1l clauu : in whi ch tho Ddphic oracle
Wl\ ~ }i cJJI
..lfo,fi/v tlze prNlic,rle '·.i1 r111. inrli1·,.ct ol!j,,ct : gn'"c it~ ili rcct(\rt\J/od1;(~1 th"- dirPct ol1j;;d hy an. r1·1j~ctio~ and articlt: a liLr,!!c t;hnro·.Af,,difr; /hi'. r1l;Jff/f11rtfler /J.I/ prepo«-rifiorwl J1fi1'fl.'l CiJ: l) f in J11H; l ll..'. l l - ill pulJliO
nffo ir>Jfoi/1/11 ·it f11rll1e r /,!/ 1rn app11.(itirn1al c&.r u1te : - un lnflncncc whi uh they
SOl l1cti1JlCS CXt~rtt.:d i n

It

/I Jl• :-< t. COlll !IJ t.: Jlda !;\c THHnn<.:r-

..'J fvd1/I/ thi...; . ''f'/JIM itionol l'l1tu~e by a J' r"'p1}N·i.ti.011al c!Aw<e : in R1\11cti<ining
i1tnd f11rt.l1crin g- tl1e :->theine~ uf tho !"tl\lc1rn 1e n , ! c).( i ~ l utor~, n11d wnrri 1.1 r~­
.ilud!f!;f11rll1 ('r 11.'f a r elativ1 c/1wu : wh o 1111tlcrt1Jr•k to i111 prr1vu tliti poli ti
C ll ~y:-t t em~, reform l11w~ nnd m1mn cr~ 1 or d efend th e lilJcrtic~ ofGrceco.

LESSON LIV.

:

SENTENC ES Y A JUED JN STllVCTLTHE.

Th is may be !.'frer.tct1 in se \'Cr:tl m ethoch.
a terb in f o a P"rti:ciple.': n•, .

1. fly clwng in :J

\V li cn t l ic niuil arrived 1 l rccciv ctl a l\: ttc r. 11 10 mad ha v i ng arritud, r
rccc\ vcJ a letter.
Sentence~ con tain in g two or more asser tion s wl1 icli nro con n cctc<l \iy tlic co 11ju11ction and, may th us lie aJvan tngcou ,Jy

vnriecl ; a•,
The boy• mny 8 tudy fo r nn !1o ll r, n1vl Llic n tnkc n r ecc'8. The boys havin g ,;lmlied a n liou r , may t hen t.akc 1\ rccc::-4.· , . .

2. By 11 ,i ng a 11<•1 111 in

\•lac~

Be -so11~ht to /,e ldt rrr eil.

U c ~0 11 g !~ t f,,,,a1·11 i11g.

<if an 111l 11Jltl\'C ; a•,

8 . Jh 1" in ;.: ti 1c i 11 1i 11iti\'e mo .. d in ]>lace uf :t conjnnctivc c1:1us,.,
or a cu-11ju 11 t:ti ,·u cluu:;<; iu place vf a n i11ii 11iti,·e 111<1oti; a•,
Jt i~ important that one b• prt-pared f or aU •vent•. h i• im portant &<'.' I><
· pre-par•d fo r nll eve nt~.

tn RCCTCRE.

SENTli:NORS VAHU:D IN

A.BlUDG~EN'l'

4. Hy ch nnging n verh into n Yt'rb nnrl nn ncljective, or pnrtici

pl c; n\
Ile 1·u1u. -l! c i.,< running.

Ile/ear.' dcnth.

Il e i< a.f ,·ai.Z to die.

5. 1\ 'hc1·bs in ny be cli:i.ngcd for rt1h e rLinl clause~, nn<l the rev er:->c ; a~,
Ile reci ted his lc8,0n corNc·tly. Ile recited hi• lc5"on in a correct ·manner.
EXERCISES.

V:nv tho constru cti on in th e followinrr scntrncos accord.
"'
in g to ..t he meth od s jHst stated:
He aimed to he wi:-1c .- Th crc aro two rn o J(~ f' of c Ktnl.Ji.~hin _g our n!p11tntio n; to be p rnil"IC ll by ho n(·r-t. m en , nnd to he nl.Ju !">cd by ro~ 11c~.-W Jicm
tho procc~s ion rcnchc<l mo I wn~ highly g rn titicJ .--Tho ~hip u ll\'u 11 ~t.·s t.own rcb p ort.-Thc ;rirl• m!\y lcnrn th eir lc"80n• nntl then tn l<e 11 lu11,; walk
nn cl enjoy the society of their fricnus.-Jl o expect• that ho will be sick.
-Gladly nn<l heartily di<l he receive my gift.

ANI> Ulll:li:!!ON <IF CLAUSb:S .

143

6ince (or bt!cai.u~t!) he wa~ bl jnd lrJ /iis tr u~ inte1·ut, disr c~nrdcd my co nm~rl.
Th e 11un rising, the cloud~ d i ~pc rsc. 1Vl1 t n lht!. t:un ri:ie~ , the clow.Js dispor•e.
ExE t(C JSES.

.Make these ckrnges in tl1c sentences th:ct follow:
The· good nn d upright man dctc~t~ frn n<l. - Th c pat riotic 111a1 1 f'Co rn ~ 8
bribu, and is fa it lif1d to the int c rc~ ts of l1i::i. co n 11t ry .-L'1111qd1c ll ''Ttite the
"Floasu rc:; of JI 11pc."-T l1u urti:-,t., inte nt on Rcc unng a l1i;.:li n..: 1ii1t ati on,
shrunk not fro m tl1c fl C\"c r cs t toi l.-Clny was rivullc<l Ly \V cb;;t.cr . ..--..:\ m1rn
of genuine wit i.s u ot often found.

LESSON LVI.
SENTENCES VAlUlW IlY ABRIDGMENT AND

O~liS S!O N

OF

CLAUSES.

Abridge the following senten ces by omitting s uch clanseR
:is are least important, and by abridging the form of other~,
according to the following met.hods:

LESSON LV .

1. Cf,,in,qe tlie adverbial or conjunctfre clause to an absolil te or
independent clause; ns,

SE)."'TENCF.S VAlUED I:-. STRUCTURE.

JT!hen the leacliu arrived, th e elnss cngnged in Rtu<ly.

Oth er methods of Yaryi ng the strncturc arc these:
1. Clia!lf/e adj.•ct i1;e,, or
tlie rer erse; n,,

participl~

'Ihc 1oi .<e mnn p rc p arc8 for futnre evcntR.
"\::.c.

·i nto relntire clnu.•e.•, and
The mnn who i8 u.•1'.se, pre-

pare~ ,

2. Change adjccl ires inlu J1repositio11al phra.1cs, a11d tlie r ueru:
The 71iou.~

11111t1

lo\'c~

ll.r pr:ty.

Thu rnnn q( pid:; l o \"C~ ~ t o pr:i .v.

3. C/1ru1~fl! lrrr..n'iilirc ttnln1ct s
osiliow1 l 1•h ra.<e; :1•,

into tl1t: P"·"<~ireJl1r111,

wi th rr

Jil'f/) ·

?\lilto n wrote l'nrndi~o Lo:-.t. Purudi:-i.e Lo~L Wll.:f written Ly Miltv n.
Th o rcv crtoe, i.1lso, of thi:; pruccss 11wy Uc prnc til'lcJ.

4. C!ia11ge adj~c l ive or participial clauses illto adverbial; n~,
Tho man, blind to ki,

t-ru~

intereat , disrcµ-nrdcd my coun so1.

T ltt fracl<er arriv-

· 1:ng, the clu. "I. ~, ""~c.

'l' ho rotin ,

2 . 1Vli.cn th e .; n&j ec l .~ of ct .< entence are the an.me, omit all lmt on.c,
in clirrnging tl 1e ndvcrl,ial cln 11 ses into participial; M ,
When I cnmc to t h e place, nnd Raw the desolation, l wn• pained.
ing to tlw plncc, un<l sc<·.ing the Jcr'oluti o11 , I wus pui1J cd .

Com -

3. <;;l:1u,;cs mn_v l•e nbrillgcd so111 e wlint, J,y th in;; tl1e verL:1l
noun, or ti"' i11ti11itive, in stc;:Hl nf tlt e co11j11nc ci'' 0 cla11-c ; n•,

,_

Ile nflinncd that lie 1<1n., 8id·, nn<l t.liut thi~ was tl 1c <.'111 1sc or Iii ~ ah Re 1H"c.
He 1\0in11cd ft ;• '1ejn.~/ "'id.: n~ tl10 C; H l:--c of ldl'I uh~l; l1t·1~ . Jlc t'.\'fil't·:oo:--;<·d n \'\.'i :..; h
tJwtlte uiiyht ha1Je u V1H.' Htivn. Hu cxp rC!'O r:H:J a wi;; li tu l11rt'i a q u:atiu :1 .

4. Relative cl:i11scs mny he ab r iclgc<l by chnnging tlie verb into
tlie parti c ipl e ; 11~,
The mnn, wlw appr oached the houu, excited terror.
iti{! t/11 hou8', excited te rro r.

The mnn, approadi·

......:

144

EQUIV ALl-:NT )tQDF:S OF E XPRESSION .

' ..,
'·i,J;

TRANSPOSfrION OF CLA.USRS .

'~

5. Jn nhjcct i1·c ci n n ~c3 , co mnH:ncin!( with which, what, 1~hom ,
·inltere, 1rh n1, ft1Jw , :111<1 t l1 e lik<', tJ, .., v ~ rl1 s 111ay lie cl 1a11getl to thu

~he thief of t i1110.-G 11 r.rrl well th:-· t lwnght: "onr thn nghta nrc hcnrd in

i11fi 11 it.i \'O f·Jl'! ll; a:-; ,

2. Cont" r:1ct th e f0llow ing sen t ences without materiall y
:1heri 11 g t he se11,;e :

1cl1en l1c ,"t.h t111l~ l 11rl to church . il 1.: k 1111w:-\ " ·hen to yo t o chnr('h.
J Oll u11 der6l;u Hl 1cl1ut !J'');t slwu?f.L dn .' D<> y o 11 11 11 d crotanJ ·11•/wt lo dof

He

D::>

k 110 w:-\

llctn-cn.-A p e r pet ui ty o f l1li~~ i ~ hli:-':" .

'fli <.: rc w:1 :< 110 {)!J C nf t.lie. Lon:-c·l1old wh o to nk ~o deep nu intc re!-lt. in tho
nrnure~:-' ui" tl1 e en111pai!-'."11 tl11.:n g-ui11 g- on i11 I) ica rd y , a~ C lii1r l(':-1 1 l1irnscif.
·li!"lt en1;J t n t la: d i!-OJill kliu~ wi Lh g-n~ ut, uttcnt ion 1 i11q11iri11g- whctl'.f'r there
w u~ n otl1i 11:: f'11 rthcr, a nd frcqnl'ntly c a11~lng- thc1 n to be rC;Hl to him 111 orc
~h n.n oncl:• .::.... l 11dccd, l' l1i lip, howcn~ r :1ttc1 1tin! lie m11 y lw\"O l.H.·en to the
wi s h es anJ wan ts of l1i:i fotli c r iu otl1c r rc::i..pcct~ 1 cnrn111t he acquitted or n.
degree o f n eg ligence nm ounting ulmoAt. t o i11g-r11 t it11dc, i_n n ot fu rn is hing
him with th e informrit1 o n wl1i ch 110 t;O mn c li co vctc<l in rc~pcct to tho
course of pub lic C\·ent~.

ire
\\Th en I c:tme to tli o ~hvre I wa~ g-r~utly Lli:oappni nt cd to t1nd tlint the
b<)/\t!'.l \\'1·rc nll ~l)nc .-\Y ltc 11 the\' ..dcntillC :1. fo n n~l tl lll t th o fa te~ were ubonL
to ho f11lfi lle.J, they etnt 111 c,~c ngc rs t•J '"k fo r pcncc .- llc p11t hi• hnnd in
hi~ ~id o pockct 1 nnd d rew nu t, u qu antity l)f pnp c r~, n eatly arranged, tied ,

nnd !nd o r::tc 1J .-To p nni ~ h t hose i:<lnnd:-( wl 1ie h hud Mid cd wi t h Xc rx CA1 wns
n nnt nrnl nnd j•"tifl ab lc l\tt.-llc dcciJed tl111t he wo JJ! J • l 11 dy Grcck.-Tho

boy " ho entered th o enr:-i b rong ht me th o lr > ~t i1 uc k11gt!.-llc w1L.., in grun~
pcr;,Jcxi ty what ]1 0 Hhoulcl do.

3. Senten ces m:iy h e e xp:1 rnl e<1 by gi uin[J a reason.for
Proceed in t his way with tho followmg:

i.ohat is asserted.
1.
2.
3.
·1-.
5.

LESSON LVII.
EQli lVALE::-;T

~rODES

OF E XP HESS!ON.

G.

Th<'sc tn:l y he m:tdc hy t wo processes; hy cxp:rnding, or
by con t ractin g, the w u nl~, p hra~cs, or eb11scg in q1tc8tion.
Ry fr eq uent c x c rc i ~cs o f this ki1 1.J, a <.:O llllllatlll of b11g11age
may be attained , th at is eminently dL·~ir:1l>lc in :\ writer.
E x ,\M T'l.l·: -.;n t/J e 11'ff ]/ '?f r.rpa nrl ing. - Oodlinc~!'C, wi t h cn ntc·ntmc nt,

7.
8.
9.
10.

A time of wrtr Rhould be a ti111 r of in on rnin g.
Eve n n Yictorv b t1nitc d ltl sl 1ock the lnind .
Men Rho11!,] b~ ho"pitoblc to <• nC nn oth cr.
Tlic Sabbath is n oi:. n propc: r <lny fo r umuse mcnte.
..13c a cl o ~c o l,sc rv er.
lA:t tim e J,e g-rca t.ly Yn luccl.
Cl\TCfll} w\int. t\ HS01.:in ti on ~ )' 0 \\ for m .
Me n e8teem ed good nrc not always g ood .
Kn o wlc<l 11c ~ h ould be dc1'ircd fo r it :--1 vwn snke.
1t is wro;g to •pend tim e ou wortl1les. rending.

nc

iri

~ n·at. ~ain.

T o he ;.roJly , nud to lie COllt(: 11 tcd, i~ g rcnt. J[Hi n. To rn~iocss
h g-l)dly tcmp<:r, in co11 11cctio11 wit.I i n ro11t\.:t1tnl di~po~itir>r1, nffo rd~ grcnt
nd\' l. U1t11gt:-i and blc ~ ~i n ,e~ . T he ro~ ~c~:-io r Qf ;:codliric~~ n11d CO llt l• Jl t1 1rnnt,
in tlit•Me ,·c ry trai ts of ch aracte r, hu~ ~ourcc lj o f the 111 o~ t h1 c.xl1HU:itiUlc hnp..
pine :< ~.

LESSON L V III .
8KNTENCES VARIED RY Tit.\NSPOSIT!ON OF

Ex.u t r t.E-in t!M 1rrr,y f!( co11lracli11;1.-That 0nc ~h o 11ld l1ctrny hili coun ..
try, is a ri· Jlati on of 111 0:-it ~ :~rrr. . .l ohli g-ot i o n ~. The bct rnyn l of M 1c ' 8 co11 11·
t ry 1 Yi t.1h1tc~ i 1111~t ttncrcd olilig at :on ~ . 'I'll betray 0 11 c ' r' country, i:--1 n rnost
cul pahlc net. Trcuc ltory t oward:< eount ry ie n. i1 ig h c rim e. A 1rnit.or i~ n
grunt cri111 in al.

E xr;nc1 s E~ .

1. Exp:ln<l the follo1l'i11g se11Le11 ccs, wi t hout altcri ug the
trense materially.
Humility b t.hc r oud to p<' rf~ dion nnJ hnppincsi<. - P rocrn eit.inntion

worms

.A~"'D

CLAUSES.

l1Ioclel.
cn11nccompli ~h , wli en sl 10
umle r tnkes to trn co tlic pro:::re's of rnnnkind through out every
age, wiliwut inte rrnpti o n or 0 111i"sion.
lJistory

propO!"CS 111n ch inuro tli 11n sl1e

roii od d i,·i d ing at accomplisli into verb nnJ adverb .

·w1icn hi sto ry 1111<l e rt11ke~, &c., sl.e propose~ , &c.
Pe riod di\'iding into nchcrl nnrl verb

,1

HG

·ritAl\SPOS ITlV:\ vl• GI, A USES .

SENTILNCES CO!'\STHCCTED.

147

• 1 ...

lli st.o ry, w lic: n ~lto llll<l~ rt:i kc,, &c., propo~e~, &c.
P eri od d iY\ d i11g inti') t1 f'111i n:it i,· c nncl \'crh.

The p r<1o r0:0::0:: of 111a1 1k i111l , "riL ho nt in t{' ITllp tion
t i rr uugh l1n t CY e r.\· :1g-e, w I1en ]i i ~ t( 1 rv 111 1d ·rtak cs to
t1111·pu,c " ·l1 icl 1 c·111 li 1w·,.,, rnu cli 111~ro tl1a n history
llC Cl •lll]'] i,;] 1.

1\.11o th cr 1 ~n d l e A ~ (·i i,_; il1!(: arra ngem ent, nf Lli c period <li\' iding into nu~
lln t 1\' O a nd ve rb.

T l1e p rog re;.~ of 111ank i11 .J, witlion t in ter ruption or
when ltistory urid e rl a ke:; to trace it, sli c pro pose;;, &o.
..Anoth e r nrra ng 1.:lll r 11:.. <•f t lie p eriod d ivid ing in to uJvcrb and verb.

[Tho term ad verb i:; he;rc, nnd in ~ omc :rnh8cqn cnt 1es:-jo ns, tukon in w
u 1ia s t 11~lly lnrg c s~ n ~<' . .A::; in CY cry eo m p lct.c . .: one:.t na.:ti on th e verb is th~
ab~~ r l 1 1 n~ pnrt ot ~p c 1 • eh , s0 ei:ery ot.l1er p art nf trpeecli i n im1nediu.U eim.
11,('(l W n tntk the 'l'erb, 1 ~ 1 i n a large np pli cn. t io n o f the term, an adverb. TbiJ.,
en lnrg cd :1ppl ie:1l ir·n o f th o t er m is n ot d c s i ~ n c <l, h owtv cr, to set n.sido th~ ~
Udtrnl g rnm ma ti<"nl d i:-:t.i 11 C'tio 11~. ]

LESSON LIX .
SENTEN CES CONSTRUCTED F l10:>[ OIV.EN wo1ms.
7
Select fo 111' or fin! w or<l~, anrl const rn ct ,:cntc nccs, e:icl 1
of which shall con tain all the word ~, and m ak e good antl
¢0mplete sen se ; as in the foll o wing ex:unl'les, fr om t he
words L ife, V irtue, Reward, IIonor.

l . A life of 11irl 11e will ' eldom foil in g- i vin~ its trne 1·r1card - lin nnr .
2. 'fh u man who dc \· otc ~ l1i!i life t o tli<i !SC: rvi cc of virtu e w ill uftcn fl11 d.
· w- kotwr hi~ 011 \y 1·t'lcar.-l i11 tiiis life.
Ile wh o giv\.!s dul~ l1 onor to v irlue in thid life will fi:o\Sllrr 1l1y r!.!ccive h is
r;ward.
, 4'. To }i ,·e n l £fe of ·v irtue. b the only mcnn~ o f ubtni ning r --..,crrrtl or li<ml) r.
5. A l~fe of 1 irl ue i~ ncco mpnni cd by th e rnon.rrt of n g oo' }(\'':Science and
the /IQnor of nil men .

z.

1

E XE RC ISES .

E X ERCISES .

Tr:m~p o~e tl1c follo wing ~cutcnces, according
ab oYc :M od el :
Th oug h tli_r1:c m.ny npp.cnr, t o th e nnrro w o r b inscll vi ew of hno um .
rco so n, un ong uml 1ncqu nli ty i11 th e g 0v<l anti e ,·il di :-:.tri l.J utcJ to me:n wa
rn ny be s ure, rely ing on D i vin o justice, that 1:1 nch in equality i:-1 npptl~ont
ou ly , n11d n ot rc:il.
I f w~ <l id JH>t 11 1 in ~l.o t he gall of c n\·y, 0r I.h e turl•i.J wn tc rs of ~trifo, or
th ~ 1•01so n of co_n_c 1 1p1 ~cc 1i cc , or other oviJ mnttor , in tlic cur rent of our .
d:1ily. th outr1i t; lill' , tli ougli pc rlinp~ no t u11 ifurmly 8 \\'CCt , wou! 1J not secul
~ o 111 1:::.c rn b! c nn f•11d o w11h.: 11 t a ~ , l 1y too nin ny , it is fe lt to b e.
\V.h i J .~ w.(' a rc r r11_11p J;i in i 11~ , ,ft lie i n,i 11~ t. h:c , t he 11 n k i rllln cs!\ th e trenchory
tl ic rn gra~tt~1dc rd c•t ii C' r~ 1 we l'I Cld o111 loo k at ou r o wn cvndn t..:t, or w e i nl~
o u r own u1,._·t1nn :-1 nn d <' Xj' fl""' ='i"11 :. :. , in or J<: r Lo d i. . . eo ,· c r J1 uw far tlie sni~to
ch nq.( f' Mn rn ~· l1 •·t fo ir ly 111· l1r•n 1:,:i1t :1:.rni11:-\ t f111r:i c h · i·:i.

t·\:

1
H ri ng>ill ,I! t"
·ry !"'1.1 bj1:d ~·r. i11 q 11 i ry nr t·:-. 11rn i11 nt io n , 11 111 i1t\l ;~.l tnrnlly .
d r•h r ; :111 d :t pj il y111 g" ltt:-1 Ja,·11 ll 11.:S with n r1·r :-1 C\' Cl"all ('c LJiat llO j i!li cuJt v
1.: oulJ t in:, :u 1_d no di~n ppni n 1 111 c 11t lurn nt1iiJc ; t h e im1111"l rtui Nowton nd....
vu1 1t~cd '.·" l1 c:1 .~l 1 t ~ 01' ~t:i<.: 11 til~ c di r;co ,·cry, wh ich no previous pliil osoiiiiOr ~
bn11 a Ltn rn cd , :m d pe rli nps no ne wo uld hnvo reached since, if he hn<l hoL
cJ tlio wny :u1 d 111:1 .J c it p l:1 i11.

'<

1.
2.

C hnrn c tcr.-1\rornl~. - S o nl. -- 1\fan.

Rc~ oluti o n.-Scn~. - Penvmr1 . - l

nlcrestl't .

3. D11ty.-Conscic11 cc. - S:1cred.-- Thcm.

4. T,ife.-Snpcrf\11ity. -C01 111•l11i11.-S l1ort.
5. Cliildrc n. -Th i nk. -Tln11 11 ~1.; l,· c s.-Excrt.
6. Pc nrnuM.-Cnrc .-Ahn v~.-B c l o w.

7.
8.

S linmc.-Chc c ks . - Vi co~.

-Sense.

S cc rct. - II1~ppily.-True.-Liviu g.

9. T o-dny .- l'ut off.- Do.-Ti ll .

LESSON LX .
SlcNTE:'\Cl·:s PE IU Ol>I C ,\:>; D

N<):'> ·l'EJ:1 o n rc.

A non-p c ri o1lic, o r loose ~c n tl• n cl', is co111]'0se<i of t\\' O or
more sentence:> l oo~e ly p11t together, and is aclapt.c•l to the
colloqnial ~tyl c . A pe riodi c RCJJtence is composc11 o r parts
:-, mntnally <ll'pc11 <1ent in constru cti on; that is t o ;::1 y , o f purt5
~- ' ~ 1'iu'nmatica ll ~: _requiring other partH either befo re or afrfi!(

,'

,.

HS

~mNTk:NOES

PROTASIS AND APODOSIS .

PlmlODJ() .\ND NO:N· PlmIODIO.

to corrcsponcl with tht·m. This latter kind of scnten :
aboHr: ds in elevate d and elegant discourse or writing. Th
cap:ic1ty to fr:im c ei t her kind of sente nce at will, is in<l'
pe11sal1l e t o :'l.. fu ll co mman d of hngnage ; and snch c:ipnci
~houl d be dil1 g-c11 t ly song-li t to be :1erp1ircc1 . An cxclufilv
attenti o n to th e 011 c or th e o ther is in exped ient.
T !1c F1·•' 11 ch niii";; <l i-1 i11 ~11 i,;J 1 t li " 't y lo <>f writing- referred tu
ah .. ,· l', i nt .. .11ylc pi:r inrli'J 'I C and ' ' !/ Ir: cn1171c. Tn t.li \l fo rmer, tli~
li11k cd tn ~e tlier 1 ritN.t
'o !t a ng ing- upo n one ano the1· I.li nt t li o se11so of th o whole is no~
i '.11 <1c rst 11~1l tiil th e close. Tlii" ~ tyl e of writill f\ is Hl 1owy, digni.
!i: •l , .nrn' ''.'"l, and ornt o r ical , a' in 1l1 e f<> lk"'·i11g :<e ntence of Sir '·
\\ilkun l c 111ple:
~cntc n ecs .'\ ro co 111 pu ~e d of !"'CYeral 11 11..: nibt.: r:-s

"I f ..:-~ o u Jo n ~ al. o ut y o u , un d t'0r1 :-:i ide r t he li\· e~ o f o t1 ic rs u ~ well ns you::
vw n ; i i y o:1 tl1.1 nk hnw. l'u w .r~ rc !Jorn w i tl1 houor, nrnl l1ow mnny dio ·with"' :

ont nar:ic or elilld n.: 11..; Jln\'t 1: ttlo hc-n11 ty •s e Rec, nnd how few friond:t we.
hea r o: : l.\f) w m:rn y t11:-:,e ;1 ~ ~~ , nn d ho w n111 ch po \·erty them i~ in th e worHf: .,
~011 w il·l· fu ll d~ wn upr111 )" <lll r kne e~, l\nd, i 11 ~t c nJ 0 f rcpi11ing nt onC llflltu- ·
t1 011 , ·w id nd 1n1rc "o many hlc~~ing:; whi ch you linvo received from tho·
~;\ nd of (; od ."

,,
T he st y le co upe, co nsis t~ of ~lt o rt.. i11 <lere n<lent proposition; ,,
~n ch c o m p~ c te wi thi !1 itsel f; nn d mnk in;; foll ~e n<c: tlrns Mr. Pb~ .:
wri t~ ~

111 tnc foll<1w1 ng

H T co n !'t~ -"'

'. t wn~ wn nt

p n. s ~ a ge-

<

o f ('On:Qirlc rnti nn th ;1t mnrl c me nn nnth or. .1:.

wr0t.:'.' hcc nu~ o it n111 11~.c<l m e. l co rrt•\·t"d , J_,cean AO it "'l\!1 llR plt·wmnt t9
mo t o c~ rrcct ns to "'.r1 t c . l p11 blhlli c d , bcf·nnso I wn~ t o ld I might pltitifl(!; ·
1'Urh n!<i it '''ns n cred it to plelli:,o."

T he style pliriodiq ue g h ·e:< an nir of dignity and gmvit.y to com· ·
t.11 0 sty le coupe i" nrnre li " cly n1Hl s t riki11 ;.:, nn<l is s11ite1l "·
to f:"Y a nd t' fl •_- sul:i ec t.•. In nl11wst every ki11<l of composit.iotJ
n11 1111l' r111 1xt11 r e u f boti 1 s ty ie~ i~ pretl- ra11le to tho prcdominanco
o f ('i tl1L•r.

HV

·tQr indeed they n1 c inftnite ; th ey 'h i nc t hrong-h hi• f0rm. and •renk in nil
:-\ ;irely, he i::\ 111 o r c U1an a wcro n11J111n l ; w o 1nay a l m o~t
~ny ho i:-t nn ;1 rq::cl, o r u 1-"''d ."
11
,· JfiJ,fle .-:.:t:;le : :\lar1, no l il e in rcn~0 n 1 infi nite in foe11lt ic:-1 1 in form nn \l

<Jt\_l;l JllO\'t~ 111 e1n~ .

Ti'\O\'ill~ expn;;-1 ~ nnd n,J rnira bi(·, ill a{'t in11 like an an gel , in ap1in: lit11!"i 1•1l

Hk o u j.!Od, i:-1 a WP'ldtrf1tl pic,:c nf wnrk."
~~;

1
rca ~ on '. ho w
• \\" l1at a piece q j' wnrk b mnn ! )i<HV nohl c in
rn~1tltic~! i11 fon11 a11d 1110\'lll)l, l1 ow t:.\prc:-1s nn J ad111irah lc ! in
ho w like a1 1 u11gcl ! in 11pprc\1 (: ll:-1ion, ho w liko 11 g ud !- Sl1.ak~peare.

Jli(/!t, ._'•itgl1i :

Jnfinitc

t\otivu,

iii

A I'eriod 1n e1111>l n cin., Jc", 1111 <1 it b tlierl' f.,rc ap j'iic<l to that
'ki nd of ' e11t c:tl<'L" of w liie h t liu par t..; :11·l" g r:1111111at ical ly d q1c:11 d e11t
' th ro11 ;.;lw11t.. T/11, fo rmer pfl rt of fJ, period, C<>l'l""'l"'"d ill g tn tl10
~emieire l e wliieh l><:g in s tl1 ;; circle, i• crzllerl the I'ralri.•is ; the lat·"·.~ ter, cnrrc;-;po11clin~ t"o tl1c ::-:c1ni circlc wlii l: ii cp 1 11 p ~ ~t{" :-1 ir, 1'." crdlecl
.tl1e Apudo~i.1. 111 1!1e lui.!'i cal pL·ri .. d, the P1·ot:ts i" j,, a 11 <111 •ina1i\' e
Of t\1e t J1ird j•Ol'Sllll (or tJ 1e ~t1l •j1:C I), llll ~J tJ1 c 1\ j•oilu.' i:< i,_ t he \'l•rh
agreeing wi t lt it ( 11 r tli e Predicate); e. g . "T J,y > ee d --~li:ill iJ.,
n~ tl1e St:1t' :-i. ,, E\'ery ot l1er forrn of periud 1n:1 y be cun~ idcted 3
11
> thetoricaJ l1>l' ll1; C. g.
1\s t J1 e St:lr:<1 :;o , J1:11J th )' H'(' <) lie."
. . ln the :;ho r t scntc ncC' 1 "Ligl 1t. appeared,'' 11 ligl 1t " i' t l•e l'rnta Si $, nn<l ":1ppear1:<l 11 is tlie A pn<lnsis. A pc ri1 11 l, e ve n wi thou t
··t:\king 11 fi g urative characte r, do es not ttlwnys i.,,,.,, for it• p r<•t asis an<l npodosis a logical norni11atiY e :1n<l i t:< c"r re ,: por11l i 11~ ,·c 1· l1.
On e of thoFe p :1r ts m 1i,.t indec<l always be nn irwo mple te " e rl>,
bnt t he othe r w h ich com pletes it , lll ny l1av e t he c hnrncter of :rn
. ndverb, or nn a tlj octi \'c 1 o r a 11 onn-ol 1j ccti,,e, or a v,~ r u intin 1ti v"'i
'-as in the followi 11g l> r ief moclels:
0

'

"SnJdenly app-art d--li97Lt ."
"Gmtcful 1oa8-the- ligl<i."
"lt-Ji••ipated tlte-da rkn.t111r."
"It-helped to-enliven-all."

p (>'J l. t<)ll;

T\: l'i i:q1< a 111 nrv j n ~t. <li1·i, inn o f "t;· lc is into tlir~o n1rietie~, thG · ·
C'<>//oq11ird, t l1 e ·'. fir /rile, :in d ILL· /li~7h Slyle, :tll of wl 1id 1, Ji"'\'- ,
l'\" ~ ·r, 111:1y f) ('('t\I' ln tlio ~ 1lH JO c~..;t1y, lt•ft cr, ()l" di:-: cour:-oe. Ar.. ex· ~
nm plc o f ca cl 1 of t l 1 e~o will now lie g iven:
C
_ clfoq..v'ial .styl.c :~"L et us c~ mpu rc rnnn with other nnimnls ; is he not a
wou lcrt ul p1cco ot work l H10 p ower• or re,. Otl, ohiel1y , wuko hire 10,

LESSON LXI.
NON·PlUUODIC AND rERIODlC'

SE:STI:XC~.

The following material s are quoted, t o be form ed rnto a
Period, which may t:1ke any of the forms presPn ted 111 the

\. •

J[i()

last k.,~on, hcginning wi t.h the form in whieh
nnrl J\pod r1sis :lre a nomin~ttiY e and it8 verb. Th e mnt~
:tb forni ~hed :irc, ns 11·il l be oh~c rncl, in the Collo(]l1if1
style, being <li~t ribntccl into S<',·eral sentences :
S11mc pcnpir t hink it n 1n eri t to he trlflo 11)y .

151

PKKIODIC S~:NTENOKS.

f'Fl:Jc >DIC oil<:NTENC!Ci>.

Annthcr pnrt

or

" le w\r. 811 r,ly withn 11 t am; ju't title, arrogate for tliemsclvco
' "
·
" ·
• · · th
nrt nro
jl] !lQ t h o epithet r c lig-ion " ; anJ bclic\'c ~lint they wno J Oln cm ·' ' .
·- u:cl u<l l\cl froi u tl1e fa\· or ru1Ll t..lic mercy of hcn,·c n.

thit• nr. Pe"/I

'

t.b©

cJiurarter, i::< intqJcra111.·C of ul! npini(ltJ 1tl! d prndi t•H d iffe ring- from tht)l
own . ~lf) rcn \· e r, lh ~y rc ft1:-;.e l o joi n wit Ii otht·r~ in pl1·a:->.11rc 1 wliilt"!, in th t
f'\0Ht nry e:11,iny111 f·11t~, tlH·y tn111l'411n·~:-t th o ho1 111 tb uf t e r11pcrnnce wlthotti
4

ec rnp lo. T IH\V lrn \· o ch nrit y i11 their prof._·~~io11:i ~ bnt they rail ilnbitu=.Uy
ng:1i11 ~ t th eir n cig-l1l1o rtt 1 n!1J Cuj.'.'e r ly ~p rrn J t.Jtlc~ to t heir prcjudico. W•
nrt) .t'n n· ly jn~tili(.!d in ~n ying l11a1. flH:h pco plo cannot rightly urrognte fot:

thnn1scl ,·c::1 nl onc t.bc epithet n:ligio t1~ . Th ey mny not be shut out frQ.lfl
tho fo\· or nnd the niercy of hcn,·c n; bnt if not, nei t h e r will th e snnrn benefits be deni ed to tho:-4c who rrf11Re to j oin the ir ~ ect o r party.
·

1. I'crio-i wl1osc prolasi> r.ind apodosi.,
at1d lo[J ica l urb .

4 , I'ei·iod wlwse prolasis and apodosis are logicrcl ur/1 and foJi ·

ta l ruljectfre.
~ Penple too often 111 a 111~~-.·d. n!-' the frni t:-;. of tlH!i r r eli~i~n., wli ilo tl1t· ): .m:~
.
t· 1,1,· ···1·1 '1111 fn r tll cml"-cl\·es alnne tl1<! epithet re!1g1,J11S, n11 d l1 (•11C \ C
.l
.... •
1 · · tl
nrit n
Ii . "ex "lndcd fr rrn 1 h cu\· cn ' i" fav o r u.n tl rncrcy \'-' 10 y im 1f"' 1n . •'
.
t IH\ t n ai c . c
I
. t lt'.rflll<' ~ nf all npt"lf•H'I.
·"\ f I ,t a..~ t.J1,,t; think, n m er itoriowr (! oom; un ll Lfl ~ • . ., . . ·
.
Vttd. \I ranti~d rli.ff~ri11fl f1·om their ni11n; a r~ru:1nanr~ lo jmn 1rrl/1 of has ?.ti.
, «~ P ~c 1.d1 i /,e. tlt ey iru 1u gre68, without :rcrrLpffl, the ~rJ1.t11,.i/s .n.f ttmt·~rrrflrl't 'l _n.
·p :·'ur i' '.t n en:O'I mcnts . and ( J, hal1i.t, notwith.f.tawhntJ tluir ;>r•:f"~u,/ rhn.r . tltt"l'r .'~() I, ~ :'I J '!/.
1'.
. r i. .. and if eanerly .•preadi.11') f, :[,t< l ·1 (h(·i.r
i J.'!J, t?f 'railing aya1.nst l ie1.r neUjtluOr,.,
"J
'\\ttrnrn

'

11r~Jud£ce.

5. I'criod whose prolrt-'is and apodosu are lo[Jic fll ·rcru
caZ i nfinitfre.

l'rnpll- who t hi nk it n m erit t ri ho gloomy; wl10 arc intolcrnnt of rill
opin ion und pr11ctico diffe ri ng from th e i r ow n; who refuse to join wi~
ot l1cr~ ln plen~ tl r~ l wh il e thry t ranto,!Z'rc~:_o(l wi t ho nt ~ er 11plc, tlie bonn<l ~ or~
l(' 111 p r:rnnr o in thc:ir ~ ol i t nry c11j ny 1ncntM; who, with clinrity in thcir prot'Cir
f'ion, habit11:illy rail ng-n i n~t their ncij!libn~, 11nJ <'uge rl y 1'pr..:H<l talcs to'·
tlid r prl·j11di{'C, ar~ a1u·el.1J n'>t e11titleJ. to arrO[Jttf-e for them."tlvu alunt t/11 ·
epithet religi"'"• or to /,e/itu tJ, ,,t tluy who join them not, are exclu.ltcl from.
tlufa vor an1L ll1e nurcy qf l1eaven.
.

M ul

log i-

It d
ot prov~ th at people ba,· e nn cx ci11tii \·c claim to t!t7 rp itl H·t reli .:
• QfS n
f;.
..
J. b ··l" •vin,__,. t.h at all nro f'hnt o u t 1ro n1 }i('fl Yen'~
,. t1io 11 f' nnd arc Wlllrnn ~ c 111 c iu
l'."
11'. ,
~
'
I
, . ·I 0 J. oin th e m n ot t" enfnld tlu1n,tttlt•e"1; 1·.n y!1J. •)"'1 an, 1 u. 11 "~
fn vor 1H1t me rcy " 1
'
. .
l
,
·
·
·
1·· .· n
·
., . ·
. ,... 1,,, ii folerant o t all Of:>Ltttlln a11,1 p1·h·i,1r(' df;.1 u u 1:1
tfttt qlnom rner1 v1ri..rrtut, 1._, u .... ' 1
.
l .1 . /,
.•
_
• :I
, . · t , : . , ,,,, . Vi nfiufe. all 'union witA othf>r& u i pleas u re, 1r u.u: t ~ e.11 lliJ. n s
1arn 11.ev JI .. ,
.
. ~ ·
Ct
n- .1.m t;i •
9ret6 witlwut lfCr uplt, the bou.nrl.1 f~( ternpen1.nce i·n t iei r so " ~ r.'! t~JO~ i . 'ht
'with charity in their profePSion s, fo rail habitually agau~<t ieir neig 0
bora, and eaqerly spread t.aks to tlutr prCJ udt«.

,,4,

2. P eriod 10/10.M prola.•i., a"d npodn.• ia are lor1ical adverb and
lo[Jical urb.

or

JJ"/,en pe.)p !c thillk it n l lH·rit to IJ(' gl tH) t1 1y; 1c/;r1t thry nro intolerant
All 0pi o io 11 :1 11d 1•nwtico di fft•ri11g- frum t l1 t:i1· own; tdun t iwy rcf'n:-ic to j oin
wiLh ot.licir!"I in pka~ilr<\ wlii lu th ey tn1.11 ~~rt.·~~ , witlw 11 t ~cnqilc, the bonn1.lt
of tcmpcrnnco in Lh clr HOlitnr.v c njoytn <.: lltH; u1'ttn., wi t h charity in their
profel'i~ i on~ , they Jin iiitnn lly rail n,!{ainKt th e ir nci,ctlibo rs, nnd CllflCr]y
~prc ad tn! C.I' t o t he ir p rij11di cc.1 : tl1e!/ artJ ~uN(11 1M t ,,di.J/,ci to arrO(talefm
th~1n.)/.rlt·e~ o/,ime the tpitlt1·t rel i!Jirnu, or to br>liet•tJ tit at tl1ey 1cli0 join tlitm 1wt,
are f'.r:.clw/~J J rom tl1e Ja i·or a ml llie T>Lercy rif l1ea vni.

:J. l'crind

1rl1 Mr

prola.• i.1 a nd apodo!Ji.• m ·c logicrzl ru7ject ivs ancl

lor1ietiL ·i:erli .
{][o M)Jy ft f 111iud. nrh1 n1:\ lo. i1 1g flH•rit or t Ji t ir ~1 00 111; infu/erant of 1'11 ('1 pin~
1011 und µr11ctico ditl<:rir1g rro111 th ei r own; rd"11si11g to j o in wit h utl1crs i11
plent; 11r1:, while they tran~.l.(rt::il-4, without sc ru ple, t ho bound~ t)f t c 1 u p c r~
an cc in tlieir .solitnry enj0ymcn:s; profe~~i11 .z rh:irity, y f t lJ,i\ ,it :.:d ly ruil .
iug ngain~ t the~r 1u~i ~hhor,-., and eng ur ly ~prc·u,lini: ta!cit t.o t.lu·i r prf'jn.-licc;

LESSON LXII.
I"O ID!AT IOX O F l'ERIODI C Sll:NTKNCE."l.

Form the mate rials of each of the foll o wing pa_rag1·a\)hs
in to :i. Periodic Sentence, the protasis and ~ pod os1s takmg
the g rammati c:i.1 ch ;u:wter whi ch the nuten ~ls. most r('a~ 1ly f;;i,gge~t : or t he t·x ercisc, though more <11ffi.c11lt, w1.ll. l~
mnre iml'ro,·i 11 g, if" eaeh p:ir:-igraph 1e throw11 .:n.to tl_1c i~ 1, 1 •
"fi"rent fo rms or the Pe rio dic Sentence e xlu uiterl in .'"c
uJ "
.
.
]esson
· . 'I'l1 c e ·"'·amples· here o..,.1,·cn
arc .no t r1;tu 1·1y
·· ,
prccc d rn,.,.
·t·
.
.
i·fl~(1
~o
"j)Ceimem
of
the
Colloqni:il
or
pbm
Style.
1 1 r.ga
" ..., ., ..
·

1

152

TfIF: FORM OF SltNTENCF.S.

T'E1tronrc $ ENTl(J\iCES.

153

Fort.hi• science i• cop;niznnt of tho chnn g-c• n1wny• tnldnp; p1ner in tho
n1.1.tit11ti on of b od ic:-i, '"' l1cther nnimnl, vcgetuUlu 1 or 1Ui11 cral 1 u1H.i by

J1fodd.

Tliern :ire fo111 · vi rtnt"., j11sti r L', J> r11 .Jv11«c-, tc 1n pera nce, nnd forU.
·These nro c:ilicu 11 10 c:n.Ji1 1al ,·irt11e,.

".wbute vcr nutural

tt.g"l!llt::l

ctructcd .

t11d e.

T!w srunr, cha11 1;r1! ii/lo

diJf;• rt11l.f~,1·111.• 1~/

the I'Mind .

. 1. .Jn.~ti0r , pr rnlcnr.(' , ternp L·r;rnl·e, nnd for ti t u.\e, are called t!tejQur~ · ~
J. 1n ·1l nrt 11,o.•.
·
2. A ":' I h ~ ro nrc fon r virt11CH cminL'nt a h•H'C ot he r:'\ 1rn1n cly &c tlit -

«til··d. ,1: ,,,

'

•

.,

YQ'ff

B1£TWJmN N01'."-T'l'1t!O DI C i'\ lc'.'ITEN CES AND A PEltt-

a. E111 incnt nhn \' c otl.11.: r \'i '."l \l C~ , ju.'ft ice, 1>rad ence, tenipu·a1ice, and / ura..
tmlrr , are catted t/1(! car.!wal r 1 rt11e.~.
4. \\'c. u!I ad 111it, n.s t he card inal virt ue~ , ju .'l /. it.e, p ru dence t~mperantt,
andfnrlltu.Je.
'
'
f>. \Vo ni! ad1nit j11:c.t icc prnde 11<·c, tr111p crn11cc 1 :u1 ,l
carJinal ·t' irl-ues.
·

Ol>I C S l<: :-.'TE '.'/ C l!:.

1

M odc ~ty l'C-01llCti11.ll ·~ liY i·T •:"lo a 1wr:-1<•t1 f1 111n 111aki11g lii:i way at first.
11 I:" :d1 11t·~l :--11rc to nt h ·n11l'c li i 111.

Jn

tl w end , liowt·\·1.: r,

..

Jlo was grat ernl f ·r tire foror:-. he had rcee in.~ d .
utmo~t to ~ cr n~ lii s h<"ll •' f:H'tnr..r. in rct11r11
I le fq rf'1! i t~d tlH! n.:p11!ati1111 lie hail g-aiJJ ctl thro u~h n lift of honornbl
t oil; nnd t!i1:- 1 by t1n 1· fid:--o :;t 1.:p .
tl
I Th ere ·i~ a p11q. 1nM! wh id 1 t:\·1·n·
· 0110 ·i;;.\1c•ul d l·C'
' rJ ) in ' 'ie\\"·. 'fl. 1 epu rpo~ ."
mcnn, 1~, t 0 ;:11111 1!ie approbati(111 of otl1 t r:-i, wit Ii t!1c :q •p ri1\' ul of hiij owu
1

h en rt.
Tho "'.''.' roJJ, ~''<·r on r l.'~n .J•. F on11 '"r"""i vc·d J._r ""· ancl rc~l is eoJ lir.:->e da1I:· ;1d1no111:--li 11:-1 of a i-;11 p1·riP r and sn peri :i tc odii ig power
No ,...0.110 _ <':t1 1 frd !y enj oy J." «~~.\·t•rity, who IH'\·1: r f· x pf·ril· 11 c 1:d ndvensity:
II?r.lcu i t l 1 illn w ~ 1.h ;1t a·h·c r:"llt)' l!-4 n nt to 110 nlWHJM i1 1•1• 1111 .,i nn ,:,·ii.
, .1 hn t.t)f) <'n n1 p!n:;-;a t1f . 111 ;111 ii; H\·cr!-4 •; citln: r to ''•111 f r11d i e1 or to hlnmc. Q ·
t1 w~ nr:~Jll!lt, hf· .!ln1•:-; nl11ng- wi t h th o nrnnn...:rl'\ t lint 1,1t'·ail.
n
,., My fn c 11d ~~·e nrvd ai. la:-.t rho f nil l'C\ \' Hf'JM or Id ~ l 11t1Jl) ra \. lr, J• C r:' C\' Cl'fl.IH)'C
.I h(·~e ."·en: 1l.1e e ·•11}•lcte r<'~t i 1 :1tio11 o r J 1 i ~ J!0<1tJ 11111 11c ~ tho frir.:rnbh i)LI 0 (
.t.l~ " .01 t l1_v 11 1c~1 ;. 'l 1·d.t11pc: 1·11 t. fu rt1111 c fur l1i111~clf; 11 nd 11 fuir opc n i nr io

joycd.

1

lit e fo r eaeli r.J 111:-t d11ldr1 ·11.
~
Tlirre 111:c ~11 1T 11lt'a11::; •·f h<'<·nrn ing pcnC'rf'11l and Ji :i ppy ~ nnd I t.liink I
do ~ot. c: rr Ill stat1 11 ~ tl1c11 1 t•) Ii-..: tlic·;-;.c : t/) Jju r1 f 11 inin: ul!d 1i 11111 1110 mind
to oxc rc1No bcnc \·ult nco tiJ \\' ard..; {1ti1cr;-;. , n11 d tv c.: 111tin 1:o J•idy t o wards GC"d:

. Th.o t hr:-11 king-~! 0 111~ of nid 11rc nrc 11 ni 1 1111l ~ . Y(·~ctnUlc.:· ~ , nnd nii ncrnlF~. It
is .tho b usme:-1s ot Z (1< 1 l o~y nnd php•iology, of b()t.:rn y, of geology, urHl min·
er~d()g-y~ to e:•:? lorc these . Bnt they are nil P.nhj c ct t.o the fll rt.lu.:r cxnrninutwn ol clicmt/'\ t ry.

LESSON LXIII.

F rom the thr-:e precedi ng lessons it has been seen, that
a pe riod p rope r ly co 11 ~t. r 11ctctl, rai ~es e xpectati on to a ccr·
t-1tin point, and then fulfil:; it by gi ,·ing n m <·:rni11g to wh at
precedes, this mea11i11 g co ming r o und \\'ith the clo;.e of the
sentence. The period , wh <: n co m pleted, i:; one e x pre:::~ion,
with one meaning. But t he m eaning;i of detaclH:d pans
do not al\\'ay s r ca(lily s11ggest t he o ne n1 e:111i11g whid1 is
necessary t o the perfection of a pe r iod ; and, therefore, we
h:we ah1·ay:; to co11:sidc r, before we fo rm p:1 rts into a peri.,d,
whethe r t hey arc fi t to r11tc r in to s11ch a ~trnct11re, or
whethe r they had not l1ctter r c111:1i11 ~o many s<·parate ~en·
tcnces, or at lc:ist only ~o far t111i tc<l :i,; t o fo rn1 wh at i~
called a loose or 11011 -pc ri od ic 1<c11tence. Take the follo wing
'cx:un ple :
, ' ' Afte r wa rdP' w e ca me t0 nn eh or, nnd tlu•y pnt me o n tth or e . "' ii~n l w nK
""wclcome <l by all 11 1y fric1H_b , wh o r ccoiv od in c with the greater-it.. k 11H..i 11c:-i:i:t. "

Thi~ is n lPo •o sen t ·nc<.>, h:n·ing in it fonr snhjecL•, we, tlir!f,

I, nnd

tclw ( tlio l:\, t n.: fe rri11 g t n frien d.~) , nn1l four cPrrc,ponu«11t ,· crl•s.

A littl e con;i1kr:1 tin n will ,J, o w t li nt tlie w l1 olc mny, with 1l!h :t ntngc, be m o nhl e<l in to o ne perio1l, wh ose two n nrts sl 1all 1"1,·e tlie
~nine grnmmatic.:d cl1rt ra c tor ns t.lie two pn r tsof tlic fo llv wi nir 111i 11i11t.nre model, "I stay ed there;" nam ely, v e rb n nd n1h cr l1 , o n ly
thnt i11 \li e s11,tai11 cd period, tl 10 verb n111l ndvcr\J will \Jo a logieal
,or constr ucted ,·erli, and a log ical 01· co n:;tructeu 111.l H·rb; ""'
"JTav ing- com e to a n nn chor, I wa~ pnt on ~h o rc, wh.Pn l wa' tc't.li.X1 m~. 11.y
•JU myfr irn drll, l/n.f. rl'te ir't.J, w;th t!M (lr~a fot Cinrln~JJa:·

\..

154

EX F. P.ClSF.El ON SliNT li: NC!ffi.

GltAJ\Ill!ATICAL l 'URITY.

On tho other hanrl, t he following , t.hon gh a periorl in con~
tio r:, is 11 1:1<lc 11p of parts tl1nt. <lu T1"t vield :rn nporlo'i~ answern
to the· prota,is, and can not <lei ~o wi t·J,.1 nt. grent chnngc in th o ~¥·
<lcr of circnrnsta11 c~5 by w hich tlic ;w ri,Hl comes to its close.
u Thr rnn rcli of the Greeks wa ~ tl1r1111;:ch nn un r11lt,i\'l\t cd country, U"h.ft .~
·i11!11,'1it.wl,.fr1.red lwrdl,'J, Ji 1t ,·i n.1.\' no ot he r r i clic~ t liun n l>rocd oft .
f"iicer, w l10~ tl t::-11! wn~ nrnk anJ u11 ~ u Y , 1 r_y, l1y rca:-ton of their ooutlrH(lJ
foc<li11g upon ~ C :l · ti~b . "

155

. ' In th i ~ nncn'y •lnte, hoth of hi• pu bli c nn<l pri,·at.o Elo, Cicero wn• o p·pnl••cd .by n new an<l de<:p ai11i ct io n, U1e,denth of l11s beloved dnng'.~cr
.... 'f ullia; whi ch lt:q1 pl: n Pd son11 nftcr \11 ~ . .u,· o rc. .~ froin Do lubclln, ,,.i. , ~o
ro t1uncrs were c ntin:ly di:'lag-rt.:cal1lu to h e r.

Pr'rVrt~/'-

Jm;te'Ld of cn•le:il'lJring to rc-1nar,;J1nl the n p or1o'i~ of th is exatl\
ple, tlie r·c:idi cst r<>rn ·ctio n will ho t •., redu ce th e wh ole to two pe-

GRA~DL\TI CAL l' uIUT Y OF DICTI ON.

riod~; tl 1 ll~ ,

''The 1narch o f the Gre e k~ wa ... tlirn ng h an unc ul ti,· 11 tcJ con n t ry, 7m$/(.f.
rd !,y sa c11~1e inl1ubilant.1, tr/1n.-<e on!.'! rirJ, ~~ fr rr,, a bruri !if lertn ,'ilitttp. Nothi nJ1 "
ind <:C'd co11\d lie hardC'r thnn tlit· fore ( 1f' lli<':-;C pcop lr 1 {hd JSli"~lJ befog 111;~
on(y lcnn , i)ut. tlici r tlc:'h 1111~a\· o ry 1 hy r C:l!'IO J\ of th eir continnnl feeding.~ _. ..
6C'n-fbh ."
;;r,-

ExE1tc1st:s.
Jn1prO\'C the ~t;· ll' uf tl1 c follo wing parng r:i phs ; either bf
g ivi ng the compact nC'ss of :i pe ri od t o pa rts that will ti/l.
,· a ntageo n~ly t'l' <'<' i\·e it, or by r ec1 uci ng t o loose r grnm·
matical 1tn ion p:trls that a re i Ill proper] y Lle11<Jcd .
H ndn1; come to hill1'Cl f, t hey put hi111 on bonrJ ofnship , which cool' J• ,
cd him first to Corinth , nnd thence to 1 he h~laud of Eginn.
.
Dc•i res n f l' icn "' n·c uohcr in t.c mptalion, a nd t lie growth of clisordcrlf

ra. .

!'li (\ll "'I

,~-

i!'I. fnrw:in.kd .

¥

By cni.rc r 1it."!'I ?. of t(· mp<'r, nnd p r('cipitnn r:y of ind11lgcnco, men forfcitali_ ·;.•t hc nth· an tag- CR whh:li p at i1:11CU "'nu ld h uvo procured ; nn<l , by this rncll!le,~·«
t lic npp0~ it c c vi l:-1 nrc i11 c11rrc tl to the ir f11 l1 extent.
T hi;-t pr•J!'ltiL11liou of prnio1.o :dfoclri n r•t 0 tdy tlic g-rl"tf'\~ of ma nkind , whtJ ::
tnk c t.licir 11.,t i1111 of <>l1 1trnc t c rK fr OIT\ tl11 ~ lcn rncd; Lut nl :io tho better pn~ ..
11111st 1 b~· t l1i..i. 111t·a1H.i 1 l1l :o1 1: ::i.omc p nrt o f tl1 cir dc:' irc of fa m e, whe n they ii_od
it p rom i...:c11 •i11~·d .v hr!'\l1 w<:d o n the 111 cr i to riom~ an d o n tho nndc~erving.
The Jll" ti\·e of a dcci..l ii'\ that which Jlcrwcn r ega rds; it docs not regnr4
1

it:;l i rntw:~n l cii ur:1<'kr.
It i~ not i.~ y l1i;i11,:.e prc~l· n t in ~ce nc:-t
•c n"'C/'\ to w !iat t lic \\'11rld 1: 1dl.1 pl<!ll!'\ t1 rt! 1

of Ji~~irnti o n, hy ~i \·ing up tht ;.
tlil\t pcnplc urc rc11<le rcd hnpp11
but tiit·.v a rc n •11 d 1· r1·d :-io J,y 11 11.dcrntc <.h~~irc~, an <l n '· i rtn on~ life.
.
Sir \ Valtcr J\;d1·i.!!i 1, ;11'1·r 11 lifi; 1h.: \·o tud to tl1 0 !'lt' n ·i<-o of hi :i cou ntry ; tt
life d i:-\tinl{11i ~ l 11· d l•.r ,·a J,,r, lc·11n1 i11 ~ . u11d C ll l\.' r p r i~(~, wnd behcndcd 011
f OWCr-lti JJ , and

\\',Ir-

tht.•. tir!'t. lllUI\ ill tJ. i.r'

(.' f HlBtr_v

tiiot

f'f Jl()kl1'd

toh.'1~.

LESS ON LXIV.

Style is t h e moc1c of f' xp ression whi ch we :idopt in g iving
..utterance to our t hongli tg. It varies with th e subject., with
the wri ter, :u1<1 the occasion; wi th those fo r w hom we
write, and the olJjcct or desig n of writing. A s the basis of
s good style, g r::unm:itical proprieties :i.re e\·er to be observe d.
Styi e is :1ffected by the extent and vari ety of our k now!. ,'edge ; by t ltc so undn ess of o ur judg ment, the (klic:icy :incl
CO l'l'C Ct ll <'SS of 011 1' taste, th e degr ee of our mental cnlture
and disc ri mination . A e:ircfol ~tully o f t he Engl i~h l:inctuarrc, and :i.n c xtensi\·e kn o wled ge of the roc:ining :in d
0
0
1
. .
f
l
uses of its wor<ls, :tre essential to t 1e acq\llrm g o a gooc
E nalish ~tvle .
Style relates to Diction, and to Structure.-The qualities
.of Diction may be considered under fou r be:i.ils :
1. Purity of Diction; by which is rnennt the employm ent of
such wor<ls nn<l plir:ises, :rn<l. constructi o'.l, excl usiHly , ns Lelong
to t.he Enl-(lish llln 1' 11 rq:~e.
2. Simplici ty of Diction, con•is ting i n the nse of such wor <l.s
•• ' 'nncl plira~e~ ns nrc most frequently nnd comm only (;mploye•1 by
: • . good writ e r ~ ; sn c li as are (;ll"ily co rnpreh c ndctl by per so ns of or' '. l li nnry i 11 tcll i ~e n cc nn<1 e•Jucation.
.
.
i 3. Propriety of Diction, i.s the 11 ~0 of w or<h with tl •e prcc 1' 0
sig 11 ificrLtion whi ch " the he"t 11 ~:11.(o" has ntt.nclied to e:'.cli of t l;e m,
obse rv inl-( tl 1c m"rc tlclic:i te s!Jau1:s of tn can ing l>elong1ng to tn crr.
in par ticular collocations.
4. Proci$ion of JJictionclothes ench thought not only wi th tl1Mo

·:.r··;

151)

!'l]l(! TY

P U RITY 01' DICTION' .

OF IHCTION.

words w liich mo't perfectly reJ> re,ent. it, hu t w ith no m oro
than n_:·o 11eces,::ii-y f11r tliis purp11."'"; a J,o Clll pl uyi ng

w

nou nce cl , nnd te nd t u e nri ch t he lan g nn ge, t h ey nrc not to be con d •nrned o r r c·jcctcti .
f]igh - .~oundin7 a11d learned-like words and qrithets ~ honhl , fnr
the' m o~t p:i r t, lie :1\·oi1le1l. "Tliero is," snys Jlnrri~on, " nn in·
' 6atci1 o r stilled style of composi t iun , tmho1lying tcrllls nltogt·ll1c r
<li~p ro pnrt.io n n tc t.<> the ~nhjcct., anu which i~ ni'len so u n fu rtunnto
us t o comli in e in one sen tcnc<', 01· o ne pn r ngrnph , tl1c poltlpou•,
tlio offe nsi ve, :rn!l t h e ridicu lous."

\YOrcb lll t!1c s;u n o ~l'll ... c, i 11 tl1 0 :-;:\tile co 11 nectio n.

1. PumT Y OF

.D 1cn ox.

Tl1is implies (1) Tli:tt the wo rd s nscd be E n..-rlish 11·or
1
. constn1et10n
·
·
"'
(2) 'f .rat
t Iic1r
rnto
sC'ntcnccs be such
ns sni

" The night, now fnr n1..h·11nccd, w n~ bri11iant.ly bri,t;lit with tl1c rn di:irw y
of lunar and n:-1tnd cffiilj.!t!n<'C-n 1110:-i.t lon..:ly n:;:ltt ~ a dt:ath-likc :-:til11ws-1
prevail ed oYc r 11at11n_·, ~n1111d a!" l1·1 ·1 11 1l11 J tlic fair 1110011 1 tnkinµ- l1l·r 11 octurnl\l prom 1'n:1de ul n 11~ tile eln1Hl11..:~:-1 nz1irc :111 . .l ~tcll : 1r <·an0py o f hc;1n.·n
, '.,... ,\laJkcJ in n.ll thu rl' :-IJ.Jc1H.J\.'IJ('.v of li-.; r hig hC:-it 1l1 H l l1ri,1!iltc~t g-Jory ~ -; lie
· · ~\'Ory nig ht, acco rJi11/.! to tit.:ti4)!1 1::; tal c~ a11J ro111 :1 1H·c, ot' irna/,!'i11~t t i < 1 ll':-4 fon-

the pcct1iiaritics ofll 1c E n gl i ~ lr la11 g1 1ag c.
\Ve mu~t in 1'Cn er:il 11"<.' ni il y E 11 gli,J 1 \\' or tl~.
1lcuo1J1inatcd a br1ru11ri.•m.
1le11 co (1) , \Ye lllll't i11 gene ral aroitl l11e clr oice of 10or1ls tht1!,
hwcc gone enlirdy 011t of tl8e-olN1lc1 c wol'(],. T iicy nrc, in dc }
'.'ccn,ionnlly nlluwablc in p<•el 1'.'', a• n facil ily in nrsilica tiun ; nl!IO
in tre:t t1 ng- ~omc pll rii1n1~ of t l1c liistnry 11f f11rrn e r nges; in bnt"'·
i~

le~ q n e w ri ting-. :il~o, nld :uu1 :11111<t-..t (i!J;-;ult-te words s11l1::_\erv e

1

Wtic record~.

wort...l:i nn_. t 1.ir I~ 1:!0\\'i ng: hf/t0M:e. / ,l1utcrh,-d, be·H'r£ty, "now, erst, qu-0tlr,

r;reatenin9, beliktly,

a non, /Jl"}uxt, wlulmn. , ulj -1mme, cnu.:i.utr, zmrvi.tudr, ,'\:..<:.

Co rrect n11 u dc~:111t w ri1.in,:: <l•>Os not ad 111 it of cn tai n abbrcuia.
tiOnlf ; ~1!Cl1 ; 1-; l'.J:f/' f(, fu r (!Xt ]' tl(Jl'd i flfil"\-'
• 'iJ) r fJ(/.
fD r ill Ctll'll i(O'
.. '
· ,
e
i

'

hyp., for liy i'•wli0111lrinc ; p ro a 11 tl con., fo r bot Ir sides ; i. ~-",for'.
" t lrnt H ; " c. (.! ., " fo r the snkc o f eirn n1ple ;" a nJ ~' iz., ·)br
" J) fJ 1JH:ly.''

,;r

·{>

(2.) fpr Iii<; ' ""'e r(':i<o n, e11 t in•ly r1ric, S(rrrn7e, and 1mn.ulh(}T'· '
1'zFd 1r vrrl.< a1ff/ phrnsr'.• arc no t lo iw 11<cd, 01 · lint ve ry ~ehlom
and 1H L wit l1 011t ~1 1(·t·ial re:\~011; ~u ch word~, w li ilc tl1cy ten 11 t~
r·l'n·lvr. a l nnµ-11:.1.!..;'0 c 11 pi•)lJ~ , t end : tl~o tn u11:--otl le it, to b:lni:.;h good
1er1ns 111 e'1.:di l"hcd ll<e, ri11tl to i11 q •:1 ir rl ie li1<: ra t 11 rn of' tl 10 past.
1

Tia.' hi:~t

rc·:1,on

for ('oi11 i ng nn<l i1 ~ tro tl 11 ci n g nc·w 'vo r<l~, Is th()

i11lr111.lu.eli n n 01.· rw w i dl·:i~, TH:W nr l :::_, or ~cilH 1 ee:J , f11r t•xp r eg~i n g or
dc:-;e nln11}.{ w !1\_~ 11 the lang u:igo nt 1 11 ·c~" 11 t f11r 11 i:·d u:s '"' su itable
tl·rlll!".
\\'!11._. 11 l JC'\Y wu r d:-1 aro ft1rtllCt. · t< ' ('"ord i 11~ tn t Jic ge 11int

'.'1 1d 't rnctu rc of t hu b ngt wge, a ro ngrc·1·••1Jlc t <> t l11· · ,,,. ,,·J1 e11 VI'(··

(tl1nt )

\\'<111 h l

Jia,·c ~nitc( l u ni cl:1ll<..'l1ol ic 1• c 11 ~ iq·n c:-1~ . n

bold nthcn t nrc."-C. Cur!flan.

one1• -

liclp t o give n11 :1:1cit·:Jt n11 1l \' ent·rauk Hir 10 tlrc "t.ylo. B ll t, in "
general, sncli wunb :irt.: 11 ot to bo t1'ed; nutl wlr c n useu, nsed verv ,".'
:-<pari 11gly.
• -~
.~1.1 C'h

H I"

· A<mtimcntal s~li t11d c, :1 cl1h·11l rt• 1 1 ~ ~ pi r it, hcnt on ~o m u Q uixvtic deed of

purpose; nnd fur i.li~ r, in :-:n 111c ~r:lYC C11r11posit i o n ~ , ~llC it ,-,.•or<J;

Ojlf.JtHJttale, 1.llH·l:lflltou, f'."r1ou n11,rt, c11rrn:111se, llC<',.j'lion,

15'{

The inllatc<l n1111 r>cJantic ,1yle of phrnseoloi:y co nrkmne•l in
this ]e,-s(ln b ll CJt nh,·ny" 0 11t of ]•Ince. IV !icn tlicrc is :i n intentiona l <li,-prupnrti " n bd ween the si110ect nnd the <liction , n' in
" The Thttle 11f t l1 e F r<';.(" nn1l ~f iee ," o r i n the cnsc of n pi~ (!; tl16
hy pe rur1li c:1l 1nny uc 111a<le prudu cliv o of consi.J crnhlc li rn nor .
Jn late y en r,; tlrcrc J.a, bee n <]i,.plnyc<l by som e !1 :1,1.y w ri te r' n
prope 11 s: t y t o u ~e incong ruous t erm~, nn<l t o coin compu1111d tro r rl.i
of un·1.0011ted lc ogt h , an d (If m.an y jo in /.1 or limo8.
T hn ~ tli c a n1l111r cs~ o f" Ev elina," in li e r" .Momoir.; .,f Dr. B111·n cy," write s :
"Six hr·:lrtle~ :-4. nrnrly dc~nl atc yc ri ra o f lonely conjn~ n l d1fl."lrn lrnd Rnc. "'- 1:cc<lc<1 to d o ubl e thei r n11 r11hcr of \inpa rnllc lcd conju~al cnj<\\'llH.: nt ; nnd
the vuid wn.~ ~t i ll .fa//,n 10 and ho p...:l Cr\fol. when the yet very-ha 11,/.111mt-t'1oug 1i 1w-lonqer- in- /,~r-b~,.,m Mr:-1. ~tL'phc n A lle n of Ly nn, now bcc0111e ~w i dow ,

dccidetl ti )r tlic pro111vti11g (o f) tl 1c education of lier cldl:=--t tlnughtcr, to
make L onJ o n he r winte r rc~i.dcucc.
0

A g ain:
" Scnrce1y hn1.l thi8 h: l rrow l n~ tili:1l 1·wp arn t ion taken 1•1:1n\ 1•rc :rn aasnnlt. \\'ll ~ 1n ado npnn lii:i ronjng-ul focl in ~~ , hy t.ho 1i'Uddt:11-11l- tl1!-r1101n(nlth11uf1h:/'1 ·om - Li n9er i 11~7 · il1 11f.')1i-nf tcn.-p1·ev iou1Jl!J-expeclt1l Jc:1th t1 1' :iol r. Bllni t.:J ' "
tWCO l l<l w ife."
.A111nn ;.; t h i· ~lr:u1 g-e arHl un rn1t11 or izr ll
Ji:1\' C-. ll ~ed ,

"'ord .. ;

tl 1v f11 l] o\\'ill ft : 1r~~ notct1 d(•Wn:

tl1nt ~umc n ntli u r~

.)',

'1:)8

l'U!OTY OF DICTfON.

E.d ...<>ititl", 1·n/r()i/,iv~. relrnitt:v,,, tni - l~l-11.p-nhl.e, 1.1J·i ile-a 1Ntke-U!J, gq..i:lt

(Tt'J -Gtl'fYJ/ - 11.tss, p 1 >cl.·e lf1tt ~l.'1, l1d 11·1'e nif:J 1 .fasl1i1111 d 1111z 1

~IA 111 !/-nil~·1n1cr, plu,,:p~ttude:

co11:11.e..1_'ity,

tt!M·qu1.1lula.t.("t .
a1lr•rt•m 1- nt :Jwl1nwl;cal1 Utldl'eUanarian, g~eitVt

1.nflae11civi' 1 productn·tfy, t1l ect 11at'!, bo:s.~·.

I mpr.n·c the ~tyle of t.lic followi 11g sente11ccs, by sub;ti•
t ntrng, ,1· lierc it is n cct· s~:wy, oth<"r 'rords and phrases in .
b etter 1:1.~tc. Tl1c scntu ict•,; slio11J,J lie >rrittcn.
It irk~ me tq ~ ec !'\O t• en·crl'le tt di ~i ·l)~iti vn .
I Wot f\ r\t wli0 ltatli do ii c tlt i:-: tl1i 1i ![.
Ife \\'ll.~ i(1 l li.;- in.!i~jiO."'\ <:d , Hild Ht Je ;;gt }l cli(• Ll Of" t}i (.1 J1yp.
l,t rc1'. 1.! 11_tct.li 111 0 tlia t _I L a ,· ~ wulkcd :-i.o lnn g- in t he paths of fo lly.
Sobi.;t 1n md(·d11c:-:'1> :-:111ts f lw prc~e 11t ~tittc of 11w11.
~!e~li i nk s _I am not 11ti~t : tl\t.. 1J in an opi11i1m I ha,·e s o well co nsidered.
l IJi) qm;:'t.1nn wa~ ~trcn11n11sly dchat cd prn 1111d con .
I 111\d :is lief' d 9 it 111y :s1.:lf u~ p e r:-1.uade nn o t!H.: r to do it.
ll c i..; not~ w hit ht:ttc r than th ose wli o ni he :-40 Ji hc ra llv c-c1idcmn~
(J ( i.lic j11:'1tkc uf l1i :; n1ca ~un~s l he con ,·i11 ccd o tlicr.:i b.)~ tli c 1..~int 0f.'nfll'\l ..
~

llLt! !lt.

! ~e :--la11.J ., _11pnn !" C1.'. 11ri t:·, and w ill n()t lil1eratc liiin ti ll it lh: o l1tiilncd.
l l 1c r11 ca 11 1'.1 g <•f tli e phra ;:11:, ax 1 tnl.:c it, i.i very diffL're n t f'ro 111 tlit! com ..

1no 11 nc-cr p!at iv n.

Th c_f'.i\'o ra bl c mo11H~ 1d t'l 1.-111ld Le (~ rnhrn cod, f• ;r li e 1..loc."\ not lio ld Ion of

Ii

one m1n<l.

The as::iistllncc "·as w c:korne nnd t i m cl ilv aff0rd ctl.
Th e Ke ene wns new, n11d lie w us seized ,~·ith wo nder m ent at nil ho sn.w.
For wnnt of crnployment he !-<l.ro atned idly nhfl nt tlic li t:ld .~ .
I en.mo throu gh n cr0wd or people, nn<l li1t,· o b•!en nlino~t scronged to

death.

LESSON LXV.
0 1''

.not 1u·r, h11mho1)z/,, l1f1n ;T 11Jl, l1lmc up ••fl.are ""!'· /J elttr-slrdtu·,

harum -~r<J.r,,m,

pell-null.

8lrtp -d11sl1. ltip·".'t-l•1rry, /1;f!ftltd.!f -pi')f!kdy, l1 11 r l.11 -burly, lt 1.1 m•lr11m,
/Joc·u.~ 1Jocus, /11n11l111~1 . 11 1u:, tr l1 it, tnnrl, dint, J'fJP r1ut, sn·dl out, l.11ntj-1n ·n ·inl,
as li1'f1 must n n ds 1 &.~ .

Tl1e full\)win;! exp:·l::--:--.iu11 ;-; nre al.... o viilgar:

ExEi tC J SE~.

l' U H I T Y

159

PURITY. Olf DfCTION.

D I CT J O N •

In co11tin11ati on of tl1e v!Jsern1tiow1 ma<lc in the last Jes.
it may lie rc111:1rked:

Ron,

1. Tl1ero nrc rcrl:ti11 cxpre"ion" wlri cli ~re ni/g,,r, on<l ~houlil
not lie 1l:ic·U. in tl1c wri t ini::-s of wcll-e<lucnt.cu perouns. An Eug·
11<;!1 nu:.l10r, n.mong oll1 e1 quotes tho followhig:

Li11(ln, for lang-nug-c: Jlf! lacr-i·, f~-1r loq 11:1 ci ty; bert/1 1 f1w plnrc or :'it 11 :1 t ir'l1 1:
jaunt, for C.'\Ci1r~io11; lwrLizen, f~1r ad 0 r11 o r or11runcnt; Rl11ft., for provide f->r1

or to t11kc c· r1rc of; qua11dary, for d ilR. r•ul ty; 1·1'.'}nwrole, f~lr f-111c.:.· c·~:-ii 0n of
long nnd tedi o n~ :-.tori <.: 3; 1n.ulli(1r1d1s, fo r pnin in th e fl.to mach; a 1.t,> rl~l nf
11WllP'fj, for niu cli 111o ncy; !trax.'f, fo r ~d 1 amel c!'l~nf:~l'; lrucl·i,nq rm.e'.1 /,,·ai:ns 1 fu r
borrowing- onc'K i<lPn~; u 1il.!t l1u(l an, eye , fo r cnsily; r;amm rm, fn r deception; tl1 e 1tl",/.e lm~l, for the wh ole tl iing-.
Y ct. tli c ab o ,·e nrc 11 0t to be e:xclu<l\:J. from bnrksq 11 e 11 r co mic r•J mpo~ i­

tions.

2. The

nnn ecc~sary

nsc offoreign words,

i~

a violatio n uf puri ty

of diction.
The foll o wing in ::itanc ct\ from the Fren ch lungnngc nrc quotc1..l :
,.·~fair,1 du. ('f1!11r 1 for" l\IJ int rig-nc, Ql" a 10 \"C :ttfair ;" li-prfJpOS, fr1r (I to tho
point or p nrpotw ~" ogr,:mem~, fur ll t1n1nn1c11t~ ;" ,1.-W-nwde, f•)r "to t ho
fu:·d1in11 ~ n ame11dl' honorahle, rt)r 14 ~ati:'!foetio11 i" antique, fo r.~ 11ncici1t ~·, au
f"mL, f11r u t o tlic bottn111, vr merit, nt' ::t :$ 11l1ject. ~" au f'r.it, ftir t o th e
'po i11t; flu n11t11rel, to t l1c life; h11 ~1at;:lle, ftir al rifl u; bt.1a1t i.t.•11l, for pc·rf01.>
ti.on; bprcu 111 1,wle, l~) r tl1c :,{ay a1id fa~ h i n11uhlc w orld~ b~au.r arl.,· 1 fo r lilJ<: ra l
nrtl"I; /, i,lf;i!t- d 11 u.c, fo r n lnvc-kllc r: bi zurre, for singnlar, et•f · entric ~ ln11n1:
bo·uch e, fo r n ni ce m o rl" c l; '1on mJ1t , for a wi t tici~111; /"j ft lftn, for t lic hcig-lit
of fa:..;l1iflll; l1ai l in.afft, fur liaJr.. c;Hn1cst. je~Ling-; '1ru"']'t e, fo r blunt; ca11(1iU.e,
fo r tile ra ld1lc; carlt! -M.t1or.l1e, fo r 11nli111itcd p o wt.l r~, o ne'~ own tcrm8;
~l1alt'a1.1, for a co11 11try ~eat~ cl1~{-d' reu.crt1 , for n. 111w~tc r-pi ccc; ci-tievant, fo r
for111erl:· ~ "on 11111•1r<' , f,H d e votion, zeal, a lu crity, &e.
Sn nl~o, co1;r1e d't:.ll'.r,, for lea,·c to c\ (:ct; corps di'plornatiq-ue, fo r t he di plomatic body~ ro1111 rl,'"r.l•tf, for a Rtroke of poii cy o r n rc 11111rk: al1l1~ uction;
coup r.Ce.~.-.:ai, for u trial o r nn 11tt.c111pt; C1n1p ,['ftat , fol' a p iero o f' ~tntc p o licy; <,VJUp tie r1raa , for .a fitd:-il 1ing ~t rok c; c-1up Je main, f1:tr a sudden o r
bol<l cntcq1ri :-\c ; coup d,' fJ!.£l, fo r n qui c k glH111..:,: of tlic ey e; Nntp d e 11i;,ifre,
for n. cl ap- trnp ~ d(: /,r1t, f,.r llr:st 11ppcanll1 CC, or beginni ng; dernipr r e.~1J 11rt ,
fo ra lu~t :u1d o nl y n.;."\fJ \lrc c; 1/•1uhle n1.l~' 11 1 lre, for d o nbl o 111 ea11i1 1g; d11u1.:<:'11r,
for n. pre:-1e 11t or lirib1: ; h·la irci"'·'f111.e11l, fnr un elu cidutio11; h:l-0.t, fqr n<1t.q ricty, l'lplentlo r; ilC ut', 1~•r p1 1pil ~ en, INn point, for jolly, or i11 good ('rinditi o11; t m;u·f'.'tX(Hnent. for eun1 c!'lt.11C!'l:-t; rw:orr, for og-ni n ~ fn U11din•lff~ , 1n fnn,
en avant , f'(n· o lJ\\·urd:-1, tir in mh·;u1 cc; tn 1nrt.ii.<Jf, for i11 n. l·0dy fir tnH ."' 1'1. ; en
7>flJ>."~a11t, fur l •y tlic w11y, or pas~ing-; un111i. , f•H" 1a~:-:.it11d c , blu e d c Yil:-i., nr
wcarin<:sl'.4: fau..c pas, for mi Reo11dnct; fe u, fo r fr·a~t or c ntcrt.nin mc nt;
fin'..'>Gl, for cnnning or dc:'\to rit_v: h11.11fAur, fnr ha11~ ht..iuc~~; ha•1t gr)ttt, for

·).-.

,·;.

,.,
lGO

161

rURITY OF DICTION.

FOltEION PHRASES AND IDIOMS.

h i-'!ii fln\·nr; lt•ir1t fo11, f l') r l 1i_l!h life ~ j,.u dtJ 111 nt.1 , fo t
d' r.•;•rit, fi n· n d1r1pl ay . ,,r w it: H witt iL·i:-:111.
Tl1 c rc mny be :ul(h_·1l to t he above, rnfll -ii-p rnpn~, fnr unfit or 11 n~('l\!'On•.. "
h lr : m11uta i J.·e !11t11 fr , fnr 1111 hcc•1 n 1it1µ' J.ashf111!1t· :-':-1; 011tr; , for tcccntrio;
d£t, fu r rcp0rt , or i t. i:-4 r- ai d : r1pi1•icitrtJ, l~>r p ci:- iti\' ll; 7J(tr lwxrrnL, for h
chance, uccidcntal; pn1.·/, ard, (,, r i11t'li11ati o n; p£.,. al!rr, for ln:-1t effort; pttU
mAJitre, for n fur ; ,.(Jtd.~.~·'t, fo r pol i tc n c :-1~; r r•1l,;gl, fo r n p<.:rsotl pat roniz'!l'i
Of p rotcctC1l ~ 011 th\! fJ rti i-iue, fv r Oil the 11lcrt ~ 1•t1.'ff. de yuerre, fort\ ~trnttl ..
~c m of wnr; ~avo ir fa ;rl!. 1 for kn o wl cll,i.rc nf h 11 ~ in c ~~; H11t1oir vivrt; fQ~
iooc.l rnn1111 c r~ , or l.:nowlnllo(c of t he wnrld; l'<lt18 f1'oid, for in d iffcron ce,cool11c~~ , o r nrnth~· ; .~1J c1rn t, ff> r n }ea rll cll man~ l'Oi.-dii"Oll l , fo r ~Olf-eall('di
pn.· te n·l ~U : ta!JlP. ,f},tl/,, f11 r nn () rt!in nry ; [,,,,;~ . fo r a ~11L1j (:c.:.L of Ji~cnt1l4i on(:
tni i l, for a ft·;itnr(': 1; 1e-d. - lif,~ f11 r 11 privn tt: c1111rcr:"lnt in 11 ; ?1·11 iqut, forf.i in. .
s;11l n r : v i.-:-Ci.-ci,,J , for 01 · p<1~itc ; w i th a lon g- li:-:t of w on.I~ of tli tJ like (\~
Acription w it Ii wliic li Jlql <)Illy ('<rnccitt·d 1111 d M!tallow- !nirnlcd writer;'\ 11nd
~pc ak cr:-1 c11 d1clli:-; \1, n~ tht·.\' ig-norantly 1 11ppo:-1c , th eir w ri tin;.rr' nn J dis..
cour:-1f' 1 h11t whi c l1 ~l i :.ifi.!! nrc th <' p rot!11 cti o n:1 o f11 1any o f tlic Uu:-1 t nnd most
nd inin:d Engli:.i.h 1111t lio r r1 : lic i11;: 11k111i:·d1cM lti~ldy in.i11rio\l1' to tl10 bcnttt]
0111l pnrity of the E11g-li;.;\i lan;_('n a ~e, wl :ie li i~ ::s11 ltiei..:11tly co piom~ unU tX~
prt.: :-. ~i \'(· . :md pn~:-.1 ' !-1-~1.: ~ :>111tlh·i1.:11t cnp al1 ilitit::i n ot to n.:quirc tlte uid of forw
cign a11 d a JYciltitioug o rn ament o r ud J iti un .

c~ss, 1JOW CYe r Jnhoriou~, cnn e,· er trit11 r:1 tc in to fl ~ tntc <1f am:ilganrn.tion . \V ,_, wi, Ji no t tl1 c 111 a rily fon11 of our la11g11a ge to \, ~
tricke<l o ut in a cu:1t (lr 111n11y color;-;,
Fore ign P hra11es (e n pied fr1111 1 Ludy 1lfurgan , ]\-,~ 1c ) !011 /h/y ) :

,, ..
~~·.

Tli c E11;.:li -h l:lngnngc d <)C" n"t. rc'} 11 irc th e ni•l of 'uch foreign .
tl1c :-d10 \· r , t i) t'XJ'iT"'-.t the idt•a.:.i. wh icl1 t11cy repre!'cnt ;
yet, :\ f\! w cif t l1 r 1n l1:\\·e, i1y l11ng- 11:-:f•, l1(• c n1110 l'o c o 1n 111 0 11 ar111 ~O
na tnralizecl, tii :it a ~pa ri 11 ;.: " ·"e 111:1y li e allc> wc<l, ns expre,,i11g
n1 oro exn c t l y o r 1nnr c c onci .. C'ly cer ta i n iJ t·:-t~\ tl1nn cur rt· ~p11 1 Hli11 g
E11i!lisl1 exp rC's,-i o n" nrc al>lo to cl o; s 11c:l1 a", nntiq ne, nttnclie, bi!·
Jet·clo11x, Clll' ti,ge, IJcill cl oi r, cspi o 11 ngc, cl111 peron , ecl:ct, encore, oi<l oYnnt., ~ 1·i-r]i,;:111t, d (;J,ut, c11-di,J 1al1illt·, en prnf1l l', <lo 11 ce nr, muH·.
p rnpns, prn ic;.:1i, p :ll" ,·enu, rc11con trc, t.t') to·il ·t llto.
Foreig n wor1l', wli cn they ol>Yi :1 tc a lc1li o11• nrnl feebl e ci rcnmlocution nro not to ho rc·j cctcd ; pm,·i1l c<l tl1 a t tli c·y :ire 111Hler·
stoc><l by tli Me fi>1· wlic 1!ll w o write. So, rtl~o , those wlii cl1 ucnote
a rt.icll!s of 111:u111f:1ct11rc or c01n r11 e rco fvr w l1ich w ; l1a\' e 110 equiv·
alcnt, may p rn pe rly lie n.JnJ'le<l; a,;, gu il! .. ti11c, b:iyo11ct., sci111 itar,
te nn:-1 n~

suttce, gon~, g-utt: 1- percl1:t.

Sucli te rn1,; (~ :i_,., >Ir. I!a rri ;.o11 ) are nl rcn <ly nrn<lo to ou r l1an<l ~,
and offer tli clll '-clvcs for tliti r adoption . ln tliis th ere is nothing
wortl1 y nf \,ln11Ji'; it. i.. tl1c prnc t.i co of nll co 11 ntri es. nut tliis is
vury 1liffere11 t l'ro111 t l1:1t. .• illy, pcJ11nlic (ljfi:ctalir!n o.finlerlrirding
o·ur ' " " (/11rr(J6 1oit l1 fur eit111 t er111~, wit cro \li tre is no occnsi on fv r
it; ,.,,,.y dill'crc nt fro m tli:t t hoteroge ncou~ mixture wliich no pro·

"I w:1 s clttz TTLrt i, i11h:J!i11 .q t li c odeur 111.11squt"f o f m y Fl("Cnkd l101ufo i 1\
'.vhcn t h e I'ri11 cc de L . c11Le rnL Ile f111rn1..l 111c in my dt' mi-l··1:lett1> 1 bb1."'•edttrlo ut , an d pc n:-.iv cly c ng 11;.;cd in 1;o liLn ry conj1 1J.!ati u n of tl ic ,·l·rl x"rn ·riuyer ; and, t.h o n g h he Jiad ne,· c r U..:c n n n c o f 1ny hab il.11i H.' n r hy nu y
llH.m n s de .., 116/ru, I Willi 1wt <lisi nt:lin1·d , 11t tli i:-t ino1nc·11t of dda:o:unun t, to
glide wi t h l1irn i11 Lo tl1c crncd1in restour~ of fam ilw r chat.. "
1

Forei(Jn i 1liom s Oll:Jhl a.Y ,,/l·e11111J1.18l!J lo be anoide1l n.:i .forci:1n
term.sand phrases. Tl1 ey dcr:in ge, and int e r:·c ,.,, wi t l1, tl 1e 11ntnrnl
onler of tl1 c !a11g11nge. Thi s Cc> rnIJltic>n i~ wel l ex'""J>l itic.l in
Ilan nah M"ru':; " :-latiri cal Lct t<: r fr o1n a Lady t•> li e r F1·ic·11 d :''
H DEA H ;\L\11 .\M :- 1 no snrmc r f11 1111d m ys c if h e re than I Yi;-0it c·d iny ne w
npn rt 111 cnts: tl1 c :-1mn ll ronm wl1i1.:l 1 gi,'c:>1 u po n the gnrd e11, i:-i pra e~i=-i.:.J
tli ro 11g-l1 the g'r<:a:. <m e , u11d the re i:"I 110 0 tlH: r i~:-ille. A:-i I w;1:-i. t :\: C'Ccdc<l
with foti ~111: , I IH• :oi. ( 1 01 11~ r 111 adc 111 y toilette tlrn n I let lll)':'•cl f t'n!I 11 po11 n
bed of re po~l\ wl a· rc ~lccp e; 1111 c t1J :s nq1ri;-0 c 111c. A ll th at. En!.dnr 1d lia:-i <11
Hlnstrio 11 :-\, a ll tl1aL y •11 1t.li l!a:.; 11 !' a111 ial 1lt.'. 1 o r bct111t y o f ra Yi:·diing", ;-; <:c ~ it.!'elf in tli i ~ 1p1nrk r. It~· 1 nl1 ·r y1 111r,.i.el f l1 i: rc then , 11 1.v fric11 d, n11d you ::1h;dl

find as:;c 111 b\cd all t !1uL i ~ o f h i.;;-; t , wlit:t.h c r f,_1 r l ct1cr~ , &e.~ & c."

·H ~ rc tl1e wo n1" arn En;.:li,; l;, \,11t tl1 c i1lin rn al t«gdl 1cr F1·c11 cli.
It is inll'lligi!.lc ; l 11ir, a ,; E11 gl i,-!1, rid ic ulo11s.
3. Tlic ll ' C of La l iniicd word", r.:urietl too f:ir, vi ol:lt"" t1n1
purity of E11 gli, J1 clic tinn . Su ch a vi ol:itiun is pnrt ir. 11 b1·l y cl1 :irw' ·
nble ngnin st Dr. Sa 11l1l el .John,on . Whi lc, i11d ~c1l , lie lias t l1us
, imp roved t l1c l1:t rri1 ony ol' 1111r lani:: ll :igo and ,]j ,·p 1·- ilic.J ih "tru~ ·
turc a nd r h ythm, li e k1s nc Ycrth clcs8 w eak e nc1l it' energy.

With :i Yi e w to cneonrnge t.hc use of the Saxon "·orcls
of o ur bngnngc pnrticnbrly, :in cl t o show t he e x pcdit n cy
of a spa ring 11 sc of \\' Ords of Lati n ori.gin, the :rnt liu1·
wonl fl refer to a oliaptcr of" llarrison on t li c English I~:lll­
guage," showing its sing ularl y monosyllabic character; it
will b e r catl wi th r<1nal pleas ure and prnf it.
S:i,-~ Su 11 th ev: "Tl1 c E 11;.:l i,-J 1 is :1 n.,lJJu l:tr1g11a;_(e-11 uen11tif11 l
lnng<; agc. I ~an tc•lerntc :~ Ge1·rn rtr1 is1n f"r falllil y s"kc, \Jut lio
who use" n Lntin or Fren ch plirn'<l wh ere n pure f>ltl Engli'h wor<l

'-'j

.,

.1

.i

1 ;

162

E XPRRSS1VF. POWER OF WORD3.

<lnr ' n• w ,•11, 011 g-ht to i.,., hnn~. <lrnwn, and qnnrtert.d,
t.rt::l .:.1111 n,::ai 11...;t Iii ...; 1n otl1c r to11g11 c . "
011 li1e \1il 1c 1· 'iile, it 11:1-' licc 11 ,·c ry prol' c ;·Jy ohsc1·vccl, tlint " h
tlie nd11p1in11 nf t l 1e w o rd..; :uid idi11 11 1'-1 t)f tlil.' cl :t..::'\ic lan g ua ge~
Greece :t:i d HP 1th;\ n:-< ;i] ;-;u t l 1n..;t; 11f tlh} Jn 1Hler n F 1·t: nel 1 n111l I

in11. 1!1e E11;: li.- l1 1: 111 ;:11 :1.~c 11:1 ' '"'t ""' '. l1e·t·11 (·nricl1cd 111 11 1 }
t11 111 1iz1.:tl , l111 t it lia" l 'L' i.'11 rc !i dt' l' L'<l 1n:1r0 flexil1le, grncc /'1il, :mtl
ex111·e,,i vc; :11i il w11 rd .< a11d <'Oll <t rn c1 it111 s of phrases !1:1vo Ll)('U
intn><lll <'L·il int o it, ll<.:«e"ary f.,r tl1 e rxp rcssio n of co mpound nuil
nlistract itlea>, of w l1icli its Saxnn ori "i n rcn\lt·r>; it nn susceptiull\
it i>e in ;: n b11g-11n;:c n<hptcd o nly to ;\ siinJ>l c stnt.c nf society; but
ns the ideas of men bec:\1110 i111prnv cd a11t! extentl erl, n co nseq't1ent
111 q11·.,,·crncnt wa~ ncce;:rn ry to J. o 1J 1atlc in ln11g11nge (tho ~ymbo1
:11Hl vcl1iclc of t!io1J µ:li1 ), nn<l tli:it i1111'ro'«·m e11t co11!1l be made.
o nly i..,. :t new c11i11:1 ;:<·, <>r by t11 e H<inpt.i nn of word~ borrowad
frurn otl 1cr h n;r 11a;.;e~, 1J1011ld cd i11 tn thu forlll n1Hl ge 11i11s of our
src~e? li. ~ Tl 1c Eng-Ji ~.;JI !:1n .~ n :1gc is a Cfltl ljli l\1111! of lna ny l:rngnngett,
a1HJ its l1q·rc an ,] beaut y 'lt-pc 111l "11 tl 1ci r happy a11\l tasteful ninalg:1111 ation."
Ex1.: uc1s;:.

. I t wi ll he fonnd a use ful f(m n oC t' xere i,;c 011 the expr1JS. '_

su·e p mrcr of 1corcls (a' Prof \Vin. :Russf'll,jn hi" excellent .,
"Ex e r uises on \Vonls," has s 11g.~est<'d) , ( J ), to translnte ::

a gi ven pas:;:1ge in which te r ms of Latin o ri g in prm·ail, into ,;'
words p urely Sax<11 1; ( ~ ), to tra nslate an id iomatic nnd ''
verna c11 hr p:1ssag e fn11 n J\11g lo-S:uon i11to Lati1Jized phraseology; (3) , t o co111pose J'e11te11ccs with purely vernacular
wo r d~ preJomi11 :iting ; (-i), to em npose L :tti11izcd diction ;
(5) , to compose scntc• nees and paragraphs in whi ch the
phrascol• lgy inte rmingles both th ese forms of our Jahgnagc,

LESSON LXVI.
SDIPI.!CIT Y OF DI CTION.

1. T h is rcrpiircs tl in t •nmplrx r111cl 11b•lrutM Mn rdN, 1mless abso·
!11.tcly 11eccR.vary . .~!lfm /d not l•P. 1i.-.,Z: n~, rer!Jflli.im , for worrl i

SIMPLICHY OF DICTION.

163

linr t f11l or injnrion~; con,/i;Tttration, f0r figure;
ccgnition , for k1111wll'il;!c' ; i-elocil y, 1-.,r ;q ><' «d, &c.
2. Techn ical /eno s (1!10.- c drawn fru111 >'011 ic p~rticuh r nrt,
an d 11•1 t. Wl'll 11 11l1 1.:r:-. lo1J11 gt.'n erally), 11ugl1t to
,·ery ><1•:1ri11gly, wl1l·11 oili e r t e rin ~ c: tn l,..) f.. 111111 l.<' e ~pr e~s
the i<ka i11t.l.' 11de\l tn b<J 1:1111\·eye<l; a;', i,,ji11ile-<i111 11 !, f,>1· very
_" ~nm!!; spec(fic y r1r cU y, fnr cu11111:1rati,· c w ... ig l1t; c11 lur ic, f"•r lient;
density, f11r tl1i ck 11e,;;; ra.1·e, fur tl1i11 ; copy, fo1· 11 i:1n u, crip t ;
aMpped a sea, fo r n lica,·y \\'1 1\·o lirnk e ore r tl 1c ,·c'8el; "w e
tacked to t he l:trlio:ml ," for" we ,;1.iil ml t tJ tl 1c lcfl," &c.
3. It i:; a good ru ll\ al ~1•, wh e n fl deep i11 1p r c~ ~i11 n ls ~on~1it tu
be macl t>, to employ specific ra ther than general l e r11~~, :1n1l tlto
words cqmmonly used f.,r e xpres~ ing nny pnrti c ular idea, rath er
t li::m otlier \\· onls wliich c0 nv cy tl1 e ~11111 0 itkn 1J1n rc i11,Ji rcctly.
This rul e will be illustrntc.:11 in a future lesso n.
$Cience, cir p1·of(::-;:--i11i1 ,

be

,,..

n ~c <l

I LL\iSTl<ATION.

Wl1nt is here 111 ennt l1y S i111pl icity of Diction can n ot, pcrhnp,,
be morn 'ntisf11 ctnrily iil11s trntc1l, t.J.:111 l1y p re'<:> nti11 µ: in contrnst
the Twentv-tliircl Psalm in onr own b e1rn ti f11l E n~li:;h ven,ion .
and th e go ;·gcons nn•l po111pn 11~ Paml'hraec whi ch n di ;. ti11g11i;li e<l
English Di vine once in fli ck1l u pon it.
Th o Lonl i' my S li cph on l ; I • \,all not wont. Il e n{nketli mo t0 lie
down in ~ rc t.: 11 JIH!-lt urt:.i. : lie lt'itdelh 111 0 lics iJ c t.li e .-.till Wll1 <: r :-c . Jic n .. 1'torctli 111 y ~0111: he l1..·nd1·tli lil t.' in the pa t l 1~ of ri gi1t1·r · n!'l 1 H'1'\ ,~ f°•q· \ii!-1 i:n 1n 1 :~
snkc . Yen, tl1n11 g h I wnlk th r0 11 g-h tli c vall ey of the i-tl 1aJ 1.w of d 1· 11th , f
will fcn r no evi l: for th o u art with n1e; thy ro.I nn.l tl1y s taff they co111fort me.
Tho n prcp11rcst n t.nhle before m e in th e prc•cncc o f inin o enemies : thn1J
anointc:-it my head with o il~ n1y <'ll P rnn11cth ovt: r. Snrcly gnodne~ '.'< nnd
mcl"ey "hull. fo llo w me all th e <luys of my life; anJ l wi ll dwell i11 the
hou:-1 e of the Lr• rd fr1re ,· e1-.
44 Deity i:-<. mv Pn~t (i r.
I :->h nll not lie indi,!!cnt. He Jl1{tkC'th nH' tr) rf'cumb 011°thc ,.c"'rdan t J awn~ 1 ] Ie lcnd ct h in c lJ01'iidc th e nnri pplt~d li qniditi4· s;
He rcin::::. t allt:t l1 ni y i-:1•irit~, an.\ eo 11 J uct1..:tl1 rn ~ in tli c a,·<·1111r:-i of rct.:ti t11de,
fo r tlic celebri ty o r hiR <1 ppcll ati 11 n~. U nqn c~ti o n ah1y , 1 hongli I pcrn 111! 11 lute th e g le n of t\10 u rn br:i~c" of the • cp 1J lchrnl dor m itoric•. 1 will nnt ho
porto rbcd by up pnl li1J g cnt u•t ro ph e~ ; for Thon nrt prc•cnt, Thy waJJd <tn<.l
lily crnek in oinun te d c lcctntion.
1

l!H

SIMl'LICITY •W D ICTION.

S111U'I.1ClTY OF lJICT l 1

u T h nn ~pr,~ail <" ~t n. r efect io n befo re m e , in the m H1~ t {\f inimicnl RCTntn·
ti•1 11s : T li~ 1 u 11crf11111c:-.t lllY lockt\ with ot.lvri!'c r., 11:i 1111g 11 c11t>l, my chu~ict
cxn hcr att-~ .
u l 11 d11 l•itahly l1c11 i;:n il_v nnd co rnmb<• r:1 t i0 n ~h : dl ront i1111 c :ill tlie diu ..
tcrn i ty ci r ruy ,·itality; nnJ l will c lt: niul izc 111 y l11dJita1u..:c in t ile l\_[ctropofo1
of ;\ am re ! ~ !"

E r1.•y, i.Z io11u1l ic rliclion. (,: 11y~ nn c:i:ce ll cnt nutlinr), i ~ not nMessa r ily d~stit n tc of ~ 1,• g :rncc; and if Ili c 11cca,:i1111 Cilll; fo1· t l1c cullo·
quia l style, an y otl1"'r tli:tn tli c coll or111ial won lcl bo i11 lmd taste. lnstcnd <•t' say ing, \.I :un ve ry ti red ," wl1 e n a11 ucta:-,iun for saying ~o
occur,-, l: .. w pccln nt ic it w .. ulcl l1c tn !:ty down tlie fact in 11 logi cal
p roposi ti11n l iJ;e tl1 is : " Tl1e concl itilln ol lJc>cly wl 1icli I at this
mome nt. c xpcri t:fl (T, j,. t ii:1t ol' \,c· in;:; Yl'I'." tired." 1t j,; recorded
of Dr. J o!11"on tha t, Jia,·i11;:; ~a id of 11 li te rary \\'11rk, "lt lia; not
wit Cll Oll;,'.'1 1 t.o k ee p it S\\'Cl·t," !1 c: felt clia"tti,;li~d \\'itli Jiis moue
of c·x1 11·c:-:.-.. i1 )f1, ari d c o1-rrc t('d it to l1is own t:i~t u l1y expn:~ :-o: ing t11~
:-:n111p :;l'ntinu.:11t tlin~ : l l Jt l1as 11n t \'it:diiy !"Uilicic: J!: to pre:-crvc it
fr111 11 p111refac1i 1,1 1."
Tl10 le nr 11c r ·~ 1a ... t1.: 111ay p o f.4 . . il,ly Ht{l'CO with
Dr .• Jol1 11 ~ 011'~; if so, lie 1111bt lie put on ~1 :s guard :i gaiu~t ncqnir·
inµ- :1. polllfHJ\1'.-4 ~I J}l•, \ Vi£ J10 1Jt

t l1a', ~llb:--tlltl CO u f tl1011 gl1t f()

StJp ...

pu n . it, w l1ic l1 11111,;t be cn11cc"ktl n; tl10 tnerit uf Dr. J olin~ori's
procl11c t ion~ i11 g l' ll c'l'al.
At al l event,, lc:t lii111 trpre-'" commv11
th oughts i n co111 11wn i rliouwlic l11.11g·uoge, witli ull tl1e "nuotlinc.s
nncl c:t,;o he c an i11lrn<l11co.
Wi1 il e tl1i,; i,; gnrnl achicC', it m1 b t 011 t lic ot 11 <· 1· l1a11 cl \Jc COh·
CC!lcd, t hnt tlic judiciou.~ ·i nlermixture of A ng lo·Srt.ron and cla•·
Riced term s con s tit11te~ tl10 sty lu of v ur lJe;t 1111 ti11t1''· 1t gives n
lefiiti 1nnlo \' aric ty of co111 position , forinod upon pc·cnlinr tastes nn<l
cclu c;ition . I n tl1i.'! r csrH:ct, Swii't and John son lll:t )' bo consi,iere<l
ns p1 are il at ' 'Pl '' "it.c e xtrem es : t l10 sty lo uf 1l1e fonncr uein g
pC'cnli arly !:11:1/ i,/i.; tl int of th o la t ter bein g fnrn1 cd up<>n the
ch., s ical 1no1lt:l :< , 1111<1 i1nitating not <lilly t ho pl1rascology, but the
pol i> li a11<l rot11ndity of tli c· ir pcriocls. To f'llllrt cl:is;i cal terms
tno 111 uc li, Pr ti1 :l\·t1 id tl1 t·111 too 11 1u cli, ".t)uld gl' IH.' r: t! ly lend to a
1node o!' c xpr1::-- . . i~! 11 l 1Prd t..·rin .~ oil ntl~· clat iun. l 11 wnnl:-0 corn·
po1111d , .. l wit h J•n·p;>- ili1 >J1', "'" ]i;,vc bor rowt"l lar~ e l y , nn d neces.
sa ri ly ~ u, fr1rnl t l1c l.:llin; nnd fro111 t!1e:·H: Lorl"!)\\'t:tl lL'rin :-; , pri111ary
a nJ scc<>11<hry ll1l' :tui ng; arc ulJtain cd witl1 IL li:tppy Jiscri111ination.
'L1k C', ft >J' inst an ce, t hc1 verb s1~;to , " I st1uul." We tlien have, io
the lir;t placC',

Si~tt>.

165

'"° ·

I "tnnd .

.

Con1 ounJcd with Ad , A rl~i:.i.to, I :"tund to, ~ r nr nr, A ~~.1 ~t.
.
p
H
Con Con:-i.i~to, I :-i. tund wi t h , at;rcc '' 1t b 1 C otl:>l ~t.
De, J)c~i:-1to, l Mtand off, D c~... i~t.
E x, E xi:-i.to, I :;ta11d forth . I·.xi~t.
.
I I ;-;.t nwJ on.:r, 11pM1, tnkc iny ~tnnrl on ,
Jn, l 11~1 ~to , 1 ln~i ~t.
1

P e r, l\: r ~i:-i. t o, l ~ t n11d tl 1ro 11~ li_, Pc r:--i;""'-t.
lh~, l\ c;""'-i:-;;tn1 l !'\ a 11il lmd;: , l ~\.· :-\ 1 :-. L • .

Su h , ~1ib:-\ i :-o.L<\ l :->t1u 1t l 11111lt·~, :--;,i1~1 :-'1:-.t. . _
_
So fr o 1fl lroAn T d raw i:s dc ri\"C~.. _l t r acl tu, dnlWITl~, t rn111 wlu ?11 \\O .b ~~o
A ttntct to dn1\~' to ; Co,nt rn d , to ilruw t0~ct h er ~ _lh·t.rnet, t 0 Urtl \\: l~o m Dir;tnlC~i to drnw H:iHnJcr; Extruct, to cln\.W _<)1 1t ~ I r . .1t ra.~t1 t0 dill\\ fo r
ward; H.etntct , t 0 <lritw ha c k ; StlbLraet, to tlrllw trvm und c ..
u

"

o!

Exi::1< c 1s1c.

A~ the fault of n c~li gc· 11 ce i~ to be consicl:rcd on :he .o ne
h !'l nt1 , so a heavy, st~/!~ and pecluntic style oj e:rpr;sswn is t~
be a vo ided on the other . Therefore, change the , ~rm o'. ex·
.
. ' . ·lie fiollowinrr sentence~; so !'ls t o 11npa1t to
p r ess1o n n"c u 111 c ·
"' ··
.
. .
. .
them cr rcatl'.r e:-1sc, smooth11ess, and s1mphc:1ty of d1d1 on.
Th e ~cl in~ I experi ence nt the present mo1nc11t i.:-1 that of bei ng, through~
t
y l I\" in a ~late o f fun .
.
on . tn J 0 \ .. '
• .
•
tl i11ir whi ch ) "OU fH·,·111 to k n o w, wh dc tll t: ro arQ

To ,·ex Yonr ~i:-. tc r II"' fl 1 ,.,
ti , y o11 ought to kn ow lictttr.
.
,.
Hn~s i. t ..
.
·I . l t l . \" C flliown n.n J whid 1 1 rc-ntlily n. .1n11t to vo
T he prci-- urn pt1on ,,. 11c 1
i ..t
• .
•
.
·l. 1 . II it \:-; tl rnt t<.i r whi c h I now put in a pll'n t•:r y1.1u~ ptt1aon.
,
" 1.tt cH
, l. ti t tl o 11 o. wltc h :"4-hall go o11t. n t m y Hight, nn tl nc \ c r

t

tl .

My

C0 1\11Jllll11..

1!'4,

Hl

1

1

1

coEn.10 in to_ it ugc~oai;~;no . .liticB nrocnrc<l frorn <li stnnt ptLrl !'41 nn:.
xpc n:-11,· o
r
'-;
1·
..

nct~ptnhlc to

1

1 1

th~f1~~·:: ~ ~~,~~~~i~>:to~r~~;r:fn~~ ~:i;y nndcrtnking i11 "ll:rcntcr clcll;rc.e th~~
it~ proper :.l.~ well ns ~pcc<ly performance 1..lc11itrn<l:-t,

16

a

r rnlX lll1

1or t "\

peo p le to oh::-en· c.
.
.
,.. '"'''l - 11inu 2
},rn m what po rt. nrc yon cn m t> , nnJ to wli1 c 1l i~ r1.; .
Jt
... •
the <luraThc cxtc 11 t of tli c nnthority of tl1 e go\·crnor i~ U1..·p...:11J e: 11t. t.•11
t i"" 11 of tl 1c dl:«n :l! pf the king .

'flic

tli

i!"\C
i

•

••

pliilo:-cr 1 p\ 1 ·1 ~al \· inuc~ ~ta 1 H

<

l t

l Ji!"ltin ct, frr. m , tl1 •1t1gh u nt 0ppo:i-<-<.

C•,

wlde\ 1 Cl1 ri .. i. ti1111 i t\' tt 'lH.: \ w:j.
r
1
h a t. t'niill \\:l1 ici1 all 1ly, t h:1t t0 wlii t.: h al\ 11 111 ~ t (' nin e , th nt .'"r

1? t..ll .' I. t.
l
w h 1c h t u \\· are prc parc1. .

(N TK -Tliut wl1 ich
v ~·

\;i ll

y be brielh' im plicc.I. by th e • ingle tcrcn w /.at.)
omTlrnt Y OH s·1 iou l<l feel )·on rsc lf welco me 1 i•
should givv rue yonr hand, i:1 my jlc~onJ..

"''°
-

pllrn:-'\! w lwri.c

Hl l' Hlllllg

h

.

first rcqno•t; t nt ) o:t

166

l'l<OPRIETY 01•· KX l'l<~c::;SIU X.

PROPRlh:TY OF

Thir-\ i~ the h 0 11~0 of the pnrtne r of tl.u OJ"<Hllc r o f my wife.
Ile ''"1t:-i ~0 for fri" ni making- liC'nd a.~:1i11:--t, that lie \\' n~ glnd to run
frn 111 . th1.: ell\..'t11i1.: ~ tha t lie had wil r'1il],· r:'l i:-< l:tl.
[ a;1 1 11r"n1ir\ Ll1at. all tlie l!\'il wlii t \1 i1i :-1 folly ha!' ca11;;cJ, ": ill l(til to make
lii1u a jot wi~1·r.
llL'n ltli a11d li:1ppi11c..-!'I i~ wl1nt we c:o rtlially wbl1 f,;r y C•IL
ll tJ wu:-1 llatt1.: n .: d Gy, b11t ::rnnk und e r, the d11iy witli whlch ho Wll.!l

167

EXPRE:l~IO:'\.

ooffce-hou"o politicians p roceed~ from an opini\.) O of .arnlh::itry :md fof:l 1011.''
H e re the qncstion muy nri :·IC, wlin.t opinio n, ~oo d o r Uad : au\l wl11J~C
opinion?
44
Thi:-:. tempe r , ,f min -:-l " ( r('ft:rring tr_) humility ) "krt·p:-. our 11n dcr:·1:1 11d
ing tight :d H> 1it u ...; :" quit-e 1111i11 u.: llig i l.il1~ , :-:11r1.:ly .
Son1eti 111 c~ a !'j'C('i(lllS fl(nv of word~, a ~c1·i1.·:-; of ...:y11o ny in.;i;, afl(l

i<lellti cul propo>iLiun,, wc:ll -tnrneJ pcriud.-<, nnd l1ii;l1->n11ndin g

churg<~<l .

'vord:-:, ~i\·e u .. t'D1t11d i nsten(l uf sen~~ -\\"1 \rd~ be ing u~ed ~o i n de ti ~
nitely t l1at no Jlll'anin g, or various n1eaning ~ , in :1y lJC attac lieU t1)

tliem; t lin ><,

LESSON LXVII.

4
'

PHOPJUETY OF EXl'HESSION.

\Yords m:iy be purely Engli~h, a nd yet improper, as uot
adapted to the ;;1:10cct, nor fully co nveyin g tl1 c scn8e ; or
they m::iy lie cq11inic::il, a nd con ,·ey a sense dillerent from
that which i8 inte nded. P roprivty of c xpn· s~io n demands
sueh words :m<l pl1r::isl'S as approved wri ters h:n·e :ippropriate<l to the cxp rcs ~ ion of th o~e iJr:ls \\'hi ch \\' e employ
th('rn to C(Jll \'C)". Thcrefora RUT.E I.-C1u1rd again.;t the 11.•e of er11i-ruc1tl or ambiguous cx1' ress iu ns.

F o r in~tan c<: : "li·~ :1i111cd nl. n <·lliing- Je s~ than ll ic t.:r11w n.'' Tl1i~ mny
menu, eithe r th:it 1J 1>tlii11;.{ lcr-~ di11 11 tl1 0l·ri,\\11 wu:-i ni 11 1t: d ut l•y lii111 , ortliut
li e k:-r.!-\ idrncd al t.!11· <' r11wn tlinn Ht 1Jt!i e r tlii1 1g-!'I,
u lli:-1 ftl f 111'11'// ~linll 1,o lc·~t on tliu ''a rt li.'' Thi~ 1nt1y llH'an, <~ ither thnl
ho slinnld ecasc to r~11u.: 111lH.: r, <1r tl1at lie !-d1 n nld <:Ca~c t o be rc111 c111bcretl.
'l The w\1itcto1 :1n~l l,lu es g-ui11 c1.l the 11rizc. "
Tlii:-1 ~c11te 1 1 ce lc1l\'C~ it uOdctcrrn inc.J "hct h cr the ~umc pcrl'iut 1K wen: Uoth white ~ t1111._l \; \11c~, or
wh ether tlH: whit e:~ an1I 1lic hl11 c ~ wc! rc ditf..:rcnt cl a:'" :-({ ·~ ci t' p c r:->. ( 1\1~.
"AA for HH:li a111111:d:-1 a:-o arc m orffll ur 1 1ux i o~1:<, we liasc a ri /!liL Lo dc~troy
t l1cm. 1• I !111 1g- !'i n cc !t•nrncd t11 lil~t: 11nt lii11g b11t whut yon du ." Hf r:;iU
harf! mrrcy, u11d 11 .. t :->:ttTilic1..~.,, u Tin.: ri ;.;.i11;.r to11 1b a lulty t.:\1!1111111 Lt1rc."

En.E 11.-Aroid 'inco11.,i.<l1!11/. 11111l 1111illlelliyi/,/e
7;/ira.< e":

term;, Oi'

w o rd~ <lr1 11ot c0 11\"t· y cVL: H nn opcrqu1. iJ cn of tlto
rnc:111illf.(.n ' 1 ~ omc pain:; husc been throw11 aw1ty in attempting
t o rt lri~te ( r eg:1i11) t.lw nnmes vf tli (1N-e t o wi1om lu; allu i..h ::-i. 11

F or exam p le : ''These

uuthn~·· s

"l hnvC o\J::.en·c·d 1 ' ·

~nys

Stccln, "that t he

supr~rivrity

among thci.e

Fr()m li:umon y, fro m heavenly hnrm nny,
Tliig univcr~ n l frnmc began;
From lwnn n ny to liarm0ny
Tlirongh all tlic e11mpu:o:s nf tli e 11 c•l c~ it mn,
The <liapnson cJ o:-iing full iu 111u11.u

Hur.E 111.-0uard against selecl i/l(/ imprnper el'J'1'f8Sions frnm
tlieir r escm/;la nee in sound to tlte one p1·npcr lo {;e tt-'ed.
Thus. 1llf'll improperly spc:tk of the rcli.zinus 1Jb.-·.ori·ntion o f a fc~tinil . instead of <1/,xn ' l'a1u·e. Th11:-i; endurance (whi e h mean~ p:1ti<::1ee ) is co 1i!'o t111dr·d
l\'it\1 du.ration . Di~c·riminnt.inn tnu 5't now be rn:1dc Uet wct1 1 term:-; whi ch
only n century :ig-o w(: r c la:l(l n~ ~ynon .Ylil1)\\f:I.; ~111.: h n:-i, ~ial<:J 1111d Nfrifl! ,

properf.11 a11d propriety 1 ?'.mpnrt nnd importance, cnnscln1a n11d cM1sc io1< ~n eM·,
arrant a11d t:rron t.
llmnan (t hat w!iieh hl·lon .~~ t o 111:H1 ) l~ n n t t o be <:r11 1f1··11nilcd " lll 1 1111rnanr (kind nnd C' O rnpn s.~ i on at\:); uor ltumanl!J witlJ lt uTTurn~l!t, H:' i11 thui"\O

liue::s of 1\>pc :
.,

Thon~li l<'n rn 'd, w t:ll-hrt••l; l\nd th o n~h
Mo<l cstly bold, 1t.n <l l1111Mrnly Ml Yerc·.''

wc ll- br ~ d .

einc<': re;

Jluma.nit1; bear• both ecnse' .
Oererno11im1s (attcnti,·c ti) the f1 1nnR 0 f' c ivility ) must 11 0 t lie llf'Cd in .~ !cn<l
of cerem.fJniul <pc:rtuinin,!! ton n·liµ-i o o:-; ri te).
Construe ( rd"crring to tlic di:-:.ro ~i t ion n l' word':} inn ~ ..·nt(·11cc ) rn u:st n r•t be
used fo r c1111 .'(f1·uct. ( "·!1icil 111ay ln)...nppli cd to a t\ nil di n .~ ) .
To u 1...h:n1t.·an t)11c ·~ i-i1:l f" docs lli•t 111c·n11 tlic ::-a11ie 11!'"! ti) 11 debase one's
l'elr~" tlic foni1er 11H•n11i ng to b,-/J11N, the latter tn /,,..,1/1,l't m~ anl,;;.
/},,'' er i:-> a c1111trn1.:tion <1f Ll1<:.· ad\"t:rU t'1:er , a11J :-linnld 11 11t. hu tn kc 11 fo r 1- rl!
~before): nnr r" li o1dd ils, t!10 p o:-o.::1cs~ iv e ('lL'C of it, be cu11fuu1l\k.J \tith
)tis or it'.~, a co11tral..'tion of it ix.
Geni·i i:::. pror-::!'iy upp!icJ to Jemons or ~epa r1\ tc e-pirit~; b nt pen ;"u11e~ t c
men of tal c ntt-1. Brotl1tr& properly ~i~nifie~ male children of the s:u nt:
pnrcnt or purt;11t:-; : hNthr·t11- dc·notcH persons of the RHmc pro fcs. si0n , 1rnt ion,

rt!ligivn, <.•r 11:1t 11r~"

....

163

Pltnl'l{!F:TY ••F ff. Xl'l: E:SS l iJN .

Rn.1c IV .- C1uird nr!f"lin,,t im7>rn;1rieties arisin:f from a
in .~ e n.~r pos.~t.~sc rl l,iy m11ny u:nrd.'1.

VllLGAI'l~J\! S

za.,.

no~s

" Tli<' i1•l.'"'1tfit.11 r f tr 11th )., ;-;J irn il.\ h l: H tl t1: d; .... ,,,.,.,. 11 ·• ftrn th .\'
E} 1f}fll ·,... !'IY•p,__•rl y :-nnii · attril1ute cx 1•rt·s-..c: d hy a11 adj ecLiYC ;
trl .'· 11.~ 1 · • l r~1 r r1/lf' nr fl,fl/ 11i/1l.' (,1 11.
/,'i.'l//.fl' ( tt w :111in .: I •· 1·oq 1a1.l1· <> I' l11 11:,:l1i n~" 1 !1:1~ L1.;!' ll im prope rly 11i'c<l f.1r
t· iJi(· 1t/,. 11··, "li t t o Ji,. hi;~l 1 ... 1 ntY '\' ~1n "' i!. i;; !'rP1"· r to ::1:1y, " ~fan iit"'
1· /..;;'I,',• ;111i1t1:il :'' H : \ r"l ' i..._ a r/, /,, · rd1111 .~ 1•\): 1 r;11·!··1 · . 11
't ·:1•! /1 ,r i:-- i1npr(1J •t·r l,,· 1i....i·d l°·•r ,.· 1 1 n·r.,· ~lf'·l.11; n.-; \\·li1•t1 it, i:-{ ~rnid 1 11 1 ne\'Cr
MJ' Pk ·· il1r• ·(• ~ ·: Tll ~llt'CS frJ:!•f/I,. ,. i11 rny w h1 .\(; t:r..,: 1
f :'l'<r f a,·ti11'.f i1i irn r ri.p(·rly HpJ ·l iul tn dcnqt<; : i111c without hrg inni ng, tbo

oniy prnp(·r ~cn~c o f i1, lic in .r; tirne with rrnt 1.: 11d ; H:1 in the wor<.b, "Frotn
t> /'J (1-/a.,·ti11;1 rr1 c·• C'rla:-\t:ng, 'Tliou nrt f.r.cl.n Tl1 c J•rnpcr for m woulJ ho.
" Fr11 n1 eltn1il!J to ctern it:.· 1 T h i•\1 a:·L G otl. t'
Apparent i~ n o t p ro p 1.: rl,\· Hsb..l f~ J r l't·rl ain . 0r m.rrnife,'ft.
rn cnn~ seem.in'}, a~ oppO.-iCtl to r.:rtl; or 7.:i~· i/;f.e , :1s oppo.°"'('d to conce11kd,
Th o pli ra:-10 to 1/il'tke apprrzr f:i 1011 \d n o t lie w• c d i11 f:.tca d pf lo prov", lo.rl101oi
fo r a t alen ted man m11 y he llblc t o make a th ing appt>ar wliat it i ~ 111Jt, nnd
tlii~ is ,-~ ry diffe rent from l"hO\\'in;.; wli:1t

it ig.

LESSON LXVIII.
f' J: o1 ·1:1ETY

()J'

JcXl'HE~'<IO~.

R u1.1i V. - Do 11nt nnplop a n E11r17i-<h 1corrl in a 71rovincial
i 11 a ·";11 ,,c ·i rhich it l11•11r.• only -in 1010 rind 71rll·l ial 11.ic.

un11r. ,

Ex,\ .\IPLF~ . ·- lmp rr1 rt:rn!,I~

ft1 r

1

•

impn~ .~ alilf'. 11

A rri 1•;• ol, f'1• r 11 lnq •pen,7' in tlte t-le 11t cncr ,

.i

npplit:d t1J r l'ln rl ~ .
I (';ui nnt h elp li.:cl i ng any eor ..

r ow 1i1nt. m uy arrii·< r1t rna n ."
.'f,. /1,,·'. I l'l hn uld n nt lie crnpl11yc· l fo r 11 t0 ll!".<' ; " n or to ;:i vd into, for
lt udn !•i .''
'J'/, ,,t, lie ,fl1rwfd fun·,, urid, i~ nqt, tn lie 11."lf'd f, ,r " t.lint li e i-.11i d ;' 1 n!-1
1
"T h" /-.'<' ll <'nil n·p<wt i:\ tlhtf lie ,.,J,,111/tL /11 rrt ,.. 1 ci1 /,n-nu · 1111i11~ 1 that lu said.
A p t'l"."' 0 11 d 11<·~1 11u\. alwn y.-, :-1:1 y wh at IHi ~l1 v uld hH\'e :-i.nid .

Tl11• foll11 wi n:.z :u·t· i1i ~ l :UH' f·~ in wl1i c l1 ~ rnind nnd ~ l'r1 .'I C 111 ayboth
lo :i ll i1n prtl1'C I" 11.-.e 11 !' \\"t )rd:-: .

C111ir·n r in il': ulinh

ExA :o. 1 1 · u: .~. -~ f(,l, ...-en".\'S i~ ['i n )p('rl y ll i-t(•d i11 fl rn nr al !'lt ~ n ~e f'.1r wan t of Vllrncit,\·, nnd nppi icJ on ly to ; if'r.~1>11s .: fa l~it.11 und _l(d.~drnrd nrc a1·11li1.:1.l C\nly
t () thin r/.': . h1/,.il.!f nH•11nf( tliot '1trnlit y in th(l u!11"'t l'ft Ct wliich is cont.rn ry to
truth . I~r!.«rhood i8 un trn t n1e u ~:--.crt io 11.

TO DE AYOiDED.

J 6fl

Arrpli~1e11ce b· rr0pcrl:· rppli c rl t0 ''" n11 !, 1~ liahitn n1 ; 11f' 'J l'···t, nni;· t0 nn net..
{_,"t,111 ..:.:cif'nN ,J, . n,itf'~ th0: nioral f:1 (•11 l1y ~ C'•1t.,·1.:i~111811a.~, a 1111t icc of ·wl111l i"'

pn:;:-:in;.! i11 n11 r 111 in d .
i. ._<)11f•ki,··1i1. jll' ~ •p v r\y d1•1J1 )'. t' S

it

f'.t\ia ri•"\\J:-; :iri;t1 11H;1:t ; s1 1j'/1is fry , f;d;ul';"l \..\

rc; 1:-;0 1ii11 .~ .

N.t:7'l f"111 f•rr· is l°'"tl:l'ti11~1·~ i 1rq 1ro11H·r ly u~.,.,_l f.i r ,·, min ,/. "\re arc rentl1 :d,., ,J
liv 01.l1 r r:-: : \\'\• !'t'lll ','! 1il 1• ·r r.1r j -· 11n<11· l\"1: ~.
. /Jocl1·in " i .. .; ~:,, 1 n • · ti11H· ~: i1 111 •r< J" ·riy i1 1t «r •· li a 11 f~•··1 wit!1 71 rrrrp f : tlw fi , nw·r
<lcnntcs tl1 c tr 1;!!1 :--. \\'c nr c l •i l11·lic,· e; 11re1· c 11t, tl ie t liing"i ,,·.: an.: Lo dn.
1

I-tu1.E \,~I. -.· f c. oi1!. t 11l:1or1.'.~ms ; these f-:. on1etin1e s re:'n it fr ,qn i:iiJ
nffec trttion of nn c:\:=:y, ca r e k~~, :nid fatn ilia r 1n::u1ner of writin g.
It 8h o nltl be con si<lrr.;<1 that ease i:< nt'tcn tli e r esult nf f:rra t cnro
nncl la.b o r:
wr iti n .~ tlo"·:-:. fr ,-\111 :i.rt\ n f"lt chrrtl"(' ,
tlinsc 111 0 \· c c:\:-1.ic:-o.t wi w Jia,· c lt.:an1 cJ to tbncc ."

' ' TI:it c:i.sc in
A~

The de>irc to n,·oi<l tl<e henkn tr:wk of c xprcs; ion Oil tl1e n ne
hand, nncl ll1e f,,11,]n c'" f11r ,·:ui ety un tl1e utl1 e r, kacl .-< wri te rs
into i1n[• r upri 1..·! i t~~ of e xpr..;:-:. ... io 11 .
E.?:a mp l.~.1 rf f~1df1 a r/ .qn .~ /ri l1r' m:oi./11d. - " C11rryi n .!{ fa ,·o r·'- 11 <'lltting- n
flgnro" - \ 1 d:11H·i11,::; at tc 1tdH1 1. .· ·~ '' - 11 sw a ll11w i11 i:t co nt n.l t i i1.: t\(11) \.\ · 1-- 11 .\cxlcrOllM in ~rn 1.:ili11g- ont vit · w~ and d c$ign8.''-ll to F.-lnnd Qn nn :tj H•h',!! y·' - 4' t<:>
fall int•J Cfl!lq·r:-<:1 t i1"1 11' )·--" i11 rn1 1 kl~ u p th e 1na tll'r 1'-(' to :-i.hif"t. f,, r orn;' g
Rc1f''-'' d q nc to n. wi ~ l1'' - " t.o :-\lll'Ct·ed t o a w i :.;11''- t'~ o ~:1t· k nn ntliJ.: r'~
brnin~" - ' ' t •) n1:1 ke 11 p o;w ·~ :nind' '_.i t o tnrn a 111:1.ltc r in o ne' ·"' nii nd'' 41 to do nway witil 11 - " an un;,.rrnciou::i nffa i r''-u d int of Hrg 1H11 1·11t.1'-'' all
ofa pi ·:~e,,·- 11 f.1r g"f'\f)( l :wd all"- 1' a J..:"i l! ~ · i t_ k·a\''- 41 _g-r• t rid of"-t( in r~~ r
it''-u a w l1it lH·ttl'r" - " a j 1•L h rttc r' '- 11 f<:ll to W<J rk"- 11 to c·o;n c f1 \
WOrd:.;" -· 11 to M:t IJ _v tlif! (' ar ~ ' '- 1 1 LO ~ ('C Wi t!J ha\f tltl C)'O" - ' ' J•i tc!tt•d nrOn"- 1' ('halkl:d 011 t1 ' - ' ' i11 a mind fur i t.. 11 -- '' to lny one'~ oecon nt in hci11 ,11,

opposcd'l - 11 to f'., J!o w
of the oc1.·n . . i.1n ' 1- •: tn

fill

id ea" - ': to ~tand on f'ec urit y"- " on t ho spur
ft bond, or n d 1.:l •t''-" a tlirirongh - paccd

<:!:Xting-ni~ lt

knave."
Tbo 11.-r1~ (~r !1110 rrn d .f.1111:/itT. r c.rpre~:<ion.y u:ltcn 1. c r ilin~T nn
Till' p:1l1oit, i.< tnn n l"k11
cl 1ar;:1:rt\,/(: wi1J. tli i.-< hult. F1>r in,l:rnc e, ,\ rcl1bi,;\, .,p Ti l1,,h1 ·11
spc:1k s Hof' ~<jll\.'(•zi11g- n par11 bl t·," H .. i1arl..: i 1ig ;. ; ]1 ift .. , 1' " dri,·i1 1;..: : l

sacre1Z 8'' ' ''.il'rl-<. i,- i''" '"'ili:irly i111pl"<>[ >er.

linrgnin

\\'itl1

GiHl,', nn<1

tlie day uf judg111eut."

~~

llio ·l\· orli.l

crack'in!j

:d iuut uur

i.: :tr ~

nt

~~

170

Vi 1
Ct rlfl,'.n t ran.'<po.t1t'.tiu1u1 nre

ExE 1•C1f! E.
I . Corrrl't the i111]'rui•v r ex p rl's,1 0 ns used in the follolti'·
ino· :-\e 11 le1 1ccs :

"'l.

I ],,.] ;,.,.,. tl1l' pr······1.r ' 1111.l etHl1·111·nr lo ohcy the doct rin e• or
tl 1<· l>il·k·. '.!. ) ' il':i ' •' l<> r1•11H· 111 \Jc•r Ille o[ 111y <ll'lit to yo1 1. 8. ll
11;1. i,..,., , 11rc 11, " d t•i' ' "l'J,i,rn . 4. 1 li a1· e "co11 scic11co of guilt..
. .:\ <·;.'.lic' ttlcc• .. 1· <l111.'· ;, rq11·.. :1clii'11l t.<1 1111 ;.- 1n11n. G. Tit o n •n<l&
ro i1 npra •·t icitl •k . 7. ll e ;z:1 Ye into my <• pi uiun. S. \\'lia te1·~r
calami ty rrrriv cs nt rnnn , lie is not. uncle,;c n ·i ng- of it.. D. l hcnrd
tlintJolin sl 1ou l<l l1 a 1·c sai <l that lie was ,;ck . 10. Tli crn i; 11 fu]~
11 c5s in lktt stntc1 11 c nt. 11. Ire is clia rgca\Jlc witli falsity.

2. Const r uct ~ClltC'rJCCS cmuolly i11g the "vnl g :ni ~ rn s to
lie avoided," in t li e p rese nt lesso n, an d as many sentences
in which the sa!llo tho ughts shall be p roperl y exprcss«d.

LES SON

LXIX.

T'J W l'JtlETY 01' E:\l'J:l·:>'SI();..-.

H.uu: VIL-Certain c:r;Jeticc J"lirasc.q and by-irord.,,
tlu1t vio7ntc prnp1·iel,'I of e:rprcs:;io", sli ould be avoided;
.;nch ::i~,
":-iry .J:;<'lltlrH'~:i 1 ~ - " gnH:i1111~ n1e ' ' - (• nn pri~:->ihlc''- " p r odig-inn:-1 11 - 1i ye~.
inlh:cd" - 11 i111.le(·d' 1- ·· i11 tin: 1111111c o f f·1ri11nc' 1 - t 1 i ~ it po:--:->i bh.:" - " you
d o n nt s11y N•/'- " pretty HH11.:l1 1' - " c o nt~ t nrid (· d l>:1d or 11_g ly 11 - u wretc hed
l't1n a\l ,.- 11 111i -.:eralJl(· lit tle"-" :-hanll'ful1 1- ' ' ~ e 1ual: 1 !Hn:;· - H trcnh.: 1i..lon n11
1

- - 11 i rnmcn :-:1· '' -H in ti1c 111u11e <if W(1 11 dcr" - "

~11ri t• u:-. 11 - li

01 l1._ll ' - 11~11 o ek ·

11 1· I k111) w 11 - ll y •n 1 kn owi' - '' you
1111 t n1:;e t •11:-; 1
1
1111d cr:-;t u 11 d 11 - - " [;\Ill :-.llri.; 1 ' - 1 ' 1'4ny:-i i.{;' - ' :-; ay;-; l n_ u tJi11 1k-; 111 - 1 ' l WUJl..
dcr' '- ll l :-1 iiu1;\,J tlii1 1k"-" in tny u 1i11J " -u us l t11ay dan..: to say . 1'
ing-" -" 1u i,.; !1 t_r ' 1- 1· 11p 1:--t

11 I a'n ' C' - " u'n' t J'' - " y0n : ~'11 t''-a'n't v on " - " it i bn 1t ' 1- 11 isn tit"
- " r 11n_ d tl1l·y 1JJll _ ll y <>;1 ' Jl , 11 &.c . :S o: w~1 ~ 11' t, W('rc n 't , ('a n' t, Mha11' t,
<l nf'1rn't, dM1 ' t. , Ji . in ' t , li:\\· e n't, mn-: tn 't , sli 0 ul J11't.. w 0 1i't . wou lcln't,
m~1yn 't 1 llli~ h ui ' t . flll{.rl1 t·1't. &,c
1

1t. i:-1 cold,

j;-;.

!t not

~· 1

0Jf1'nces again:1t propriety;

al",

it n nt c("\ld !-" H a \·in~ not !' •i n~lll­
er··d ;" in~ k11 d o f X ut li:l\·inr.: C•111~i ..lernl. --' ' ~ 1H 11 e ten y p ar~ ;i:,:1 , ~·, i11 ... tc;-11l
<,f .J\:n n :11r:-< 11 ~ (1 . - " \\'i ll it, dr>, thi:<. nnc'!' ' ;,n ,..;tt·ad nt' \ \" ii i tlii...; nn<' dn {'· lt
n .s~)t1t.l11·rn a~ p rc:t 1 tl 1c li o11 :-:c ;' ' in :-. tc;id \, f The li r1t1~L'- l1a:-> :• ~r.n t h ­
(\fll o ~ p ect. - (• An o ld ~1..d!l s h 11: ~1n ; 11 in:-:tt>ad of A ~ clli:·d 1 o ld 11 1nn .- " :\
yo: 1n.i,: h cau t. if1d w n 11 1:111 ;" i11,..;tt·Hd <1f A l1\' a11tif"n1 yriu11g w o rn:m .- : • .'\ ne w
l•air of gJo,·cs ;" in s f(·:1• l <if' A pai r ' 1f rH: W ,i:\11\·1 ·:-1. - 11 An oi d :-nit "f ,· ]. r1 Ii ··"; ··
in~tcnd of A :-;nit, n t' nl.l t~ li;tli('~.- 11 F ur ~ncli i111 r1tl1e r :;t ult ;' ' i11 ... 1"n·l ii1' F.. r
nn0thc r f-l.11cli fa 11\t.-" All o \·cr t ltc C"11111 t n· :n i11:--t (·:id u f ( )q ·r all t l: P <'•)trntry .- " llc i~ an in tell igent man , i:i he 11.0 t ! 11 f11 r i:-i he 110t. an ird · ·" ~"n t.
mnn 1-" Y1111 pr1·rr. r tlii:<., do y on not 'r 1 fnr J) r, y nn l l!•t 1•n.:fvr thi~ ~ u F rom o no Ht in t l1t· r ;" inster11.l 0f Ono fro1n 1h1.: ot !it·r.-- " ~ 1 1 c h nn °ti1t r
O<"Ct1rrc11 c·c :" f. ;i· .\ 1111 tlier :-ou ch oc e11rn'1H'(', .~: c .
i;

I~

in:-=t<':irl (I f

Jin;

:Ru 1.1·; \' Ul. - (/11rrrd rr;rii11sl too f1't''J llCJ/ t ' ' n ·; >ct//10J1
of the same mnd1J 1!( spe1 r/;i11;1, or rf tlic sam e pli rase; a~,
(1.) In :--:1yi11g, ~.I f/ol rny hrl':\kf:\"'t, :uid 1l1en got 011 l1n r~ (· l1 a c k,
nnd t l1cn gnt n g11nrl ride; " 0 1-, (2 ) Hy :1 vu lg-:1r· 1nod0- ,,f n:trr:.tting
oircurn~tanccs Cl) nnrrtl'd in timr :111d 1·1:irc; n:-i in ~ :1 yi ng,
11 Mv fri e n d tril.t me tn he {)n 111,· !.[11 ard : and . . o wli 1..· n I (':i. rn~ t o thP.
plncc ~"11 l·rc t ile d nn.ce r wa=--, I 1.- ..n1'c1.I :1 l.i111t 111e c,n :i ll :-:.idf·:-i; a n./ .N, w ht·n
I hnd waited S(' Yl'r:il 111 i n 11 !('~ nn.\ di d 11«t :-:1·e a ny thin ~ tn nbrrn nw, I \\' ft~
nbont to 140 0 11; aml 1m , when I li:1d jii :'t t:dc(•lJ two o r tl1r1··-· :- t 1· p" 11 1.. r1; 1
hennl a rrndd('n oo tery ; and 1tn,'' &<'.

(3. ) In :i. ~i1ni l:trl y ld1 1se nn d urq.~rn.rcful tn ~nn •~ ·1', any triciul
(onj1111c t ion i.'< . ~01111• ! imt'.<t l!!U'r/, \ \' lit n a rea...:on, Hint i n ·. •1r 1·:1 u . . <.' , is
n.:-;~ i g 11 etl f11r ~0111('t! 1i11 g g-1•ing bl.f\1 ro; a~ in ~nyin .!!,
11 Let ll!'t n C' H'r put ,,ff a J11t.\·, as we nro n 0t flnrc whctl i•·r nn r·tlit.: r t i1111'

fq;

it nin v en~ r arr i,·1.: ; 11nr 0 11_!.:ht \Ye in thi:; r cttpcct t•) fvil o w 1l1 e 111w· ti \·;· ot' t l 1t~
th c111 g htl c:;~, ad they ure, in :ill oli 1<: r rCF-jW(·t ~ , 11n tit t (l he in 1i tut1·d: :in.\ wo
k11ow n :ry W\·11 t!111 l. the f"rcq11t.: 11L'." < 1' a lwJ 1•r:11.:ticc d u e~ 11v l j11 ... tiJ)· it, a1 ,
1

iftliat w e re ,.io, every Yi cc WL1tt lt.l ~ tu 1 1 d C:\\.'.ll:-lt:J . "

"llavin~ t ak r·n 111 ,v hn·a].;1°;1"~ 1 I ~nt nn lio:-~ 1 ·li M· k, :in• l li:1d a )..!' 1 •n1l ri·l1! .' '
1• ~l y fricitd tul d, 11 &e., " li 1i t l1ad11.:.c \\'aitt: \i l'j t:\"(•rnl 11d1111l1· )'< , = ~ 1 1 · 1 ll•J t

nla r11 1 n1(• 1 1 wa s ~ d1on t0 go 0 11: I in d h·d t .. 11 k t,,.,, o r
I_ Ji c nrJ a !-iU d d 1..~ u o utcry; o n w l1ie! 1, '' &c .
n J. ct ll:i 11 <,,; \-' e r }'lit. o fl' il duty: WC ar C: llQl :-itl l"C that Hl\ OtlH:r t i ll l C f\1 r p•'rfo nninK° i t 111 ay t! \'t:I" 11rrive; n11·1 we 011(,('lit n ot in tli iH r1:~ pt!d. 1 t o f 1 ,l!o w t h 1'
p1actic;c of tLi..:' . tU"ui;l i tie~~, wh o in 11.ll rc1-1pt- ct~ , h ~ iu tU i~ . ur .., uu!jt t. 1> loo

neei 11g- n11y tlii11;..:-

ti)

tli rcll ~tcps m fJ rc , wht:' n

172

lmitntcd; n0r dt1c!' the frcqn cn cy 0f nny hrul prnctice j nsti (y it;
tl11tt W (~rn 1"-0 1 c\· cry vi <'e wou.l tl ..;.tnnd cxcu!-lt;t l. 11

~inee

if

Ex r:Hc1s 1-:~ .
Correct :rntl im1' 1'<WC tli c f;Jl11111·ing

sc· 1 1t.c n cc~ .

hy nvoi<l.

ing a loose s:mE· n1 · s~ <1f' J>li r:ts<', p:ut i<'11 la rl y o f t. h o~e phra.

scs 11· l1ic l1 :ire

ll'<C•1

in jo i11 i11g s 111 :-tl l1· r i11 to l:irger

J\i011~ . \Ve cnn nmn ~c 011 r~f·h· c~ cnpitally i n fish ing, I\ !'\ 1 hnYe hongiit a
c()tllplcte l'.'Ct Cif new tn•: k h·; 1u1d l anl :-<.u ru tltc <lay will 111.! t511it;1l•k , a::\ l11 1;
1
wt.;atlic r hn~ h e1·11 t"iet t li 11 g- f. ,r :-: on 1c t ir11e. Send an a11:".•\· c r l 1 y t.!1 1! P t· :u· ~.·r,
'l!'\ l l0 1irr to 11c 1..111t. vf 111 \· :-. tat 1: o f 11111.:1·rl :\it1ty, and 1 f'an 1.l';t :· r \ , .. nr •t d :s ~ppo it1t~1ellt to- 11ight, ir I 11 11: -...t Le <li~app0i11teJ, thun awa it it. till to-

morrow.

RC t1 lc 11 cc~:

I think: ii~ W<oti l~l ri nt ~0 nnd d o :-1 1<.:! 1 1111 1111 l..:i11d11c .. ~~ th0ug-l 1 if lie (lid,
would 11 1•t ;.:11 i11t.11 a pa:-1:""1i11n :tl.H.1 u t it, n c1 r W1 Jt dd I cH~n go aud rnnke
con1p! ai:itt"111!,:':1i11'."t !iirn .
lie ~t.:t off rnr rnill J! n~ linnl n~ lie <'0tilJ ; h11t they 5ct the dog-:j npon

LESS ON L X X .

him ; on whi•'ii he l:'ct up :rn cl1 a cry, tha t y ou mig-lit have li cnrd him I\

l'nEC!SION (JF E XPHESSI0 :-1 .

111ilc

off.
.Ai' Ji" l111°l .t.::"1)t It·') 111nnry wl10...:n lie l1(':r:111 thn l1tt~iri1 ·~ "' , we need not Wl'i n\k r 11t hi:-1 lt;1\·ing ~· >t (•II :".•J ~l•1\\ 1.v J:,r a ti1111.:; l111t !11• hn=-- 110w got The :-1litrt
of u!I Iii~ i,,:n111j 11 ·lii11 r~. :111 .l 11<1 d• 11 1J.t he will 111ni11rai 11 the a1h«u1tag c.: g\i l.
ll' y 11ij \\ill 1·11iy p11t rn~: in t lu· rigl1t w:i.'" d1 ·1·1· 11 d 1;p1,n it l will put my
J~1 :· w :1 rrl :

n"r ,\j!l l 1iJJ, .w 111,v ..-.\·l f 1., 111· pllt out by e\·(;ry littlu
oli~tiwl<: , ],11 : J' r•: ... . . :--: 1·;i .Jil :· f .. rwar.J , till p11 t in 1 ·11 ;-1s.(·~:-1ii 1J1 o!' wliut I t'eck.
.As l1C' ! 111.j~ !l'·liiin!.! l 011t wat1._.r to 1!rink, tl1(• l'n« ·r t lint lie t•)•• k ~·)O il aflt·r
hi~ nrrh·ul , tnr.1k lin t lii1! 1· 1· ll":1 ·t 0 11 lii in, oiid lie ~11n11 got w t !l 1 th ough ho
t Cl•. . . 1.;: ni· J•li_n·•i e.
A f1ix wa ....i. ra :-:; ~ifl,:.!' tl1r .. 11 ).'.' li a ,·i11('.n1rd 1 a n.J :-<n h u ~aw Ror n e fine h1mcht•'l
of g-r; tp •~ '\ 1111 1oi1e <• :· tlic trt..· •·s ; ~'' l!1: tri1.·•I t n r•·:wl 1 one <Jf tln:n1 1 but it
li1111;.: n~ ry higl1, nn•l :-:o li 1· r· 'lll· l n r•t g(·t it. 11. n,·(·\' (•r, li t.• kqn jn111ping
nt it n. lnng ti111(·1 Jiu :-. nll in \'a i:i ; :-; r) lie w1tlk l·d a\\;ay , :-tnyi11t!', n~ lte \\'C: ll L,
bl'st f'11 Pt

' 1'unl1 l t hey ure qnitc ~CJUl '.n
T h 1·re \\'illiH 1:1an wJi, 1 h ad th t· rl' Jllllali o n ()f lrt· i11g- alilc I A :•.: ll p1.·<1ple111l
tli:1 ! \V t.11i! .J !i:1pj• t'!J i •1 tJi(•flJ; :tli•i t.l1i.-1 111n11 d 1:111 t·t·d l•) d11 :--11111dl1i11g- tlil\L

ki11g of t !H· ('nn 1it ry hi:-1 111,.rl;d e1 1,; 11 1y; 11111 [ th( ~ ki 11g M.!llt. to
l1 rin.u: 1ln: man hcfo re l1i1n 1 i nt cn din~ 10 't1t(! :-1 li•J 11 l1 i!l1 1 und th •·11 l1 a\'C !ii rn
l1n:1,!!'l'1l; tu1d wltt·n tli·· rna11 \\'H~ l•ruu .~!1t l 1 d~·rn th e ki11g, tl1 c k ing :-t1ii J:
"Y i' ll ··an tt~ ll t.l 1c f· r: 111i ··;-1 <• I' .. tlicr!'4, t..·a11 yon t 1· ll y nn r .,wn 1 J >o yon
k11•• W oil wliat <by .' "H I wiil tii1· {' ' :\1 1d tl1 c Jnnll er111.... idert·d f11r u 1111)0H!llt
1111.J t!H·n :uid ; l. l dr, 11•1t kn o w \)fl \•:hnt d11y I ."!lndl dii:, but I kll•) W t!tn:1
i11 n 1· l1, that. .'•111r 111aj ,. ~iy •.\ill .!ic.; jnl'I L 1.\\t._:11 ty - f1111r li o urli nt'!t:r 1 11y~clt'. "
A i1d tilt' ki11;.: lw1 ie,· i11;~ l1i1 1i, wa.., ~" l ~1r fr1111 1 11rt kri11~ 1i; 11 1 t o lie h11 11g-cd,
tl1at 111.~ "·i ~ !11_·,_\ lii 111 i11 i i i~ iw ;1rt a ' 'try i.ini.c 1;r1: ~ 1tll•I i11 1i1i .i. rnn11 111..:r t.l1u
tnan, liy his t.'1t1111rn'...!'. l'lc\'1·r : 1 ! 1~·.\ t" r, :-;a,·i ·d l 1 i111~1..:lr' fr n 111 t./n_
• d1: at l1 whic h
t lw ].; ill:.!' nw:11 1t f, 11' l1i 111 .
I write l\ • yi>n, d t•: ;r 1'ri \·r1< l .J 1t! 111 . l i a-.k y <•ll t" C<•111e Hnd ~1,,·111l to·11 1 or~
f• J W with i n t\ us l nr11 tt.1 !ta\".: ;1 lwliday; a11d l kt1 ; W yo1 1 1,,·;111 et.111\C:, llli it
i:-1. n it nl iduy al C\·c ry i:;.1.:l11 1u \ in tli\J t: ( r \llJf .\'.
1 n1u uwur tJ yu11 Hn.: bu~y 1
t'tn dy ing f.; r the cx:t m i11uti•J11 d ny; L11t tl1 i~ "iii no t mnttc r tiJ you, ns you
urc qui \,:ker tl rnu n11y of t h"' vtlic r !l'tllJrHtt\ iu go ttiug rc ndy fo:· sucL 0<:..:a
111ad•: tlic

0

1

1

113

I'REC ISION OF EXPRIESSION .

B! l'l{()Pl< I J·:r1Es OF J(X J' !Ut:SS ION'.

An e x p ressio n may n ot be faulty in respe ct to p11ri t y or
propriL·1y, :-tnd y et w:lllt i11 ~ i11 211·ecislun , wh ich imp l if·~ tk1t.
t here i ~ no r e.J11 11 d;i.» cc•-tliat no inorc w o r d~ :111.1 i lir:is 1·,,
liowe\'\.'1' p11re an• 1 i1 1'<>l1er, :-trc employcll tlia 11 :1rt: 1n·t'"'"''1:·.'·
to co 11 \'L'\' tl 1e scn~e i11tcn<.1ed. The w ords w liic·l1 " ·c l ' lil ·
ploy lll :i)· express the i1ka i11t.c11de11, and they m:ly l'XptTss
it fulh-, t h :tt. i;;, the ,,·o ril,; may lx~ proper; but, {17 f11J preci se, ciie:; m ust ~c1•ress th at idea and notlii11;1 {1 e:;1J11d it.
0

IC 'vl1c n

n. pc r~on ninh t<> conv ey .a c.t'.rl ai 11. i.dt.::1, lie ~1y:;. 'Jr
1

t han i s ncei1cLl ti'> convey 1t; 1t 11e j •ll n~ !'-111 111_,; 11 11'l:i;.!ll
circnm:<ta11cc to tlio p r in ci pal oltj"ct; if lty u n11Cl''-'"'' :1riiy v aryiog
tl 1c e:q1 rc ... ~i1>n ho clianges th e point of v ie w 1 nnd ('a 11~e:; nH.' to S(·o
sometimes tlt c ol.,je1:t itH:oif, :illcl :- o rnctimcs a n :1ppc1i1ln1;<1 to it, I
gain no cleat· :i 111 i 1•n:ci"c idc·a.
Thn~, when nn nntho r 14.['f' Hk~ ()f l1i~ lic rt>"s COilnig'C in t he day nf ...-011wriie~ n 1ore

fhct, t.li c cxp rc:".:-1ion i:-t ca:-;i!y nn<l dc;1r ly und crntooJ ; bu t if f'r n m a t.iel'iro
to ex p r e :-::-> the qu:ilit.y :11(1rt.: ~ t rrrng ly, lie ~ 1io1dJ prai:i.e lii:i t'()Urn .~c nn.d f .. rtitud c , lie 1:-< in reulity 1.;xprc ...::0ing t \\o qnn\itic~ , anJ he t:tU~ l· t-1 tl 1c nt i rnl io
WU. \'t.:r h...:t.Wct·n tile twn , as t!it..'t'C a r c q Hit.e Ji~tinct~ co11r;1ge hL·111g' tliat
w ide!: Li.\.\ Iv riit·et ;-1 da11g-1·1-, wJ 1ile fortitndc is <·X\·n:-i .scd in l" ll i•J 11)rt in;..{ u~
u uJe r p~1i11. ~ Ti1:1:-; :111 111di:-..ti1H·t a11d feeble c ; 1h·eptiou i:; C'Otl \' C.) ··~1.
1

All .rnl)c'c:l.< ,], ) llOL 1h·111: l1 1'1 r·rcc i,io 11 in tlt l'i t• trc:1llll•'lll.

jt is
ofte n ~uflle i cnt t i ~ cc 111,·l'} orily a gent.:ral \·ic\V (1f tl 1e ill t·HPi11g;
\mt tl 1e pr:icricc sl11iultl lie gt lll rJed nga in>t, of tho' " wlto liri11;;

t11rcetl1l·r an ;i:-; ..: 1..•111bi:ig-c..~ uf u11 1ne:1ning or 11 ...:.elc~..; \\· o r 11..: ,
1·ie w tn cxprc:';: t!t('ir 1l1ougltt;; out <> f th e onlin~ ry tr:ic k.

with a

l'RKVISION 01<' ICXPR ESS!ON .

n

r :,c 1rord.<in tli eir p recise si.r1111:fication. C:mi·
t" n <>fl<' ll (' lll J1l n y \\"(l r.Js t o \'X )ll' <' ~S 0 1\ C lllC:lll·
accordin g Lu Ll1c: ir just. i111 1•11rt tli(•y m e:m some·

T.-

t: f. E

f 1· ~~ \\Ti t \' l"S

in!.;,

\\" lil'll

t liin.~ l1ifl~·rl'nt.
Ex .,:i.1 1 · u>~.. ·- A'1" ' '", f,"· _1~ ,,.,,~/n i o ~/; n ~ , " Tl 1c

''

al1 1n ·c '.'\ta t c in c n t ," ill~t cad o(

Ex EH C I ~E B .
Th e e rr on eous o r ca reless fo rms o f e x pr c s~i o n q11otcr1 in
this lesson m ~ty lie c1i ct:i.tr<l to the chs ~, th:i.t thr y m:i. y present t l1cm co rrect ly, in a writLcn form.

t l ii· ) ; 11 · ·· J"1 n~1 s! a t1..·1 11<·t1 t. ' 1

A t"/'r f,, r 11/'" n ; Ul'I . ' 1 ulr·1• n f

!l i e ta l• J(·, ' ' i1 1,.l \.: :t 1l t1f ·~ 11pn n the tu l.J c.,.
J,'ef11 Tt •l . fo r 3/..i11r ; n~ , " 111 y \\'fih · l 1 i:-1 ln:li i11d , 11 in:-0t1·1hl o t' " too 1:1low. 1•
T h e t.· xpr•":->~ i · i n i . 11 1y W;\ tcb i~ ~ tn nd i n g / 1 Hh 0 n h l !,c 41 I n t~ ~ t o pped."
J.', ·f u·r::en f,i r am l) n :1, und \·i ~c \'.-.;r~:\ ; l l..'1 1 "Di\'id c it be t. wee n nil ;" ' ' l>ivi dc it. n111 ·11 1g- li nt h ."
f n l~ • r '!f' /l h / 11 1 llll d jn, f 1ir i 11f[' ; ll :-1 1 "J:., _" l •llr fut lie r 1°/1 f H ill~t C /\ J Of, II J.
41 I'11t i t in y 1>11r l' n(.: k ct ,1' i n~ t cn<l of" l'u t it 1"nto
~-'H t r fo t h L•r w;tJiin ,,.,

pnek L:t. 11
Ot1"r f11 r 1{ : :t" " O\·cr "i1 ·1 1 r ur;e r

LESSON LXXI.
PJ:ECISTO :'< 01' li XPHESS! OY.

y r 11ir

lii~ }i.; 11 :-1 c 11'

in :< tt.·ad (11· '' (h· c rsce r

1!fhi~

11 11 til ; n "( , ' ·\\' :: i t 1(.' '1;f,. ( 1111t il ) I t; 1)11H.: ."
w itt·!l. 11·; ;1 "( , ' 1 l n· 11 1i rt" 1f t \\ l11 ·tli (' r ) he cnllcJ ."
" L oi ,k ~/
(\' IL'·! !it·r ) 1!11 · ..i.1 111 :-.hi 11 e..i. .n
11
tl '/, e r ~ a 11d l/, t•re f1·r fl'l11' / !1, r ~11 1d (/, ;a , ,. r ; 11 :-t ,
lf ~ /, o'f: ( wh it h e r) :-ire y oll
j!••in .: ~ · • " f iom i r/1 er P ( W )l{'fl (T ) d " \'"I Jic (' •• Il l (.'/' ' & r .
1
TIH· illh·1· rl •.... li' . H 11 , 1r:l1ifr, lr <1lf' , 1c l11Tr , 1;, r t !t \: 11t 11tll "l l ; m e, m <.t11 11 t>r, p !u c~ ;
th e 1· n ·1" 1:--iti \'11 in 1111.I t h (' r1·b t i\· c 1rhi1·/1 ; l\"1 1 11 :--:. 1n rc u-l1111L ( "l 1i c: h 1i 111e)
I 1111 \'C 110 1. M ' ~ ·n hi m . 11 nit i.-1 ll <•t \ \·1 11·1 \i 11 1y ll'h ite' ' ( ti11 1c ) . • 1 l)o ita 11y
Jw1u' ' \i ll 11 11y m11111H' r ). " A l itt le tl'l1ilt>, n i11 s tca<l o f 11 a HlHH't tii nc."
u Tl ic pditi11 11 wfi,.N (in w li i· ·h ) it i:-i :- tate.J ."
Mind , f; q· al!,.11 1! f11 : :t" . \ , .lf i 1ii / (a !lt: n d 111 ) ~ · ., 11r l1 r ) r1 l~ :" ll I d o n nt mind
It.'' (n·µ-a r-1 , •Jr 1·ari: :d) .. ut i i) : "1 had n o mi n d d11 eli 11 n1i o 11 ) fu r it ;1' 11 I
luw c u mi111 l ( w i~ l 1 ) J~ q· it, ' ' & r'.
G1·t 1 ~tot , i11 ... t1·a·l o r' '"' l'"', 1•/ita :n, (',1fr'1 , !fr11 1n , f,r/: ,., her,"m ", &r. ; n~ , 11 1
hane !/f •l )'( f lf Hc," ir 1~1 ...- ad <i f, , I /1 (lff! !'I O Hl ('.)I "To r1rt (P l1t 11 i u ) H place o r
otlkc ;" . i To f] Pl k a t c l1) 11 ciild :" ' 1 Tu IJd {!! ro w) bi ).!g t·r ;" •• 'l'n (!el (tnkt\)
d in11c r ;'' ' 4 To 'j l'l ( n.:11t ) a ii •>U=1 e ;11 "T11 fi et ( p t1 n : l1 u." 1.: ) ; " "To (l et ( IJCCO llH·)
f" iclr 11
1 1" /, i l~ · l~ 1 r

fr"

l ~q·

D1,'jtt, /.1i·I, f 01 :- fif'.'J1 la:1 :mil ,· ir e Y Cr ~il. ; n ~ ,
of " la: /il'n o r /11:1 d n w n. 11 "He /ai'd

11

1

~ tca t l

d•) \\' l) . 1 '

11

lt

\\' US

la i11 (lu i.!1 thl' rC_.,

... ..it f·· r ~ .. t . :111°! 'i •·\·
J p\\ II. l!

Fi,.•'. .fl-·./ ,

\er~ ;- 1 : :1." , ' :

.':, t ( :-1it) 1!1.wn. 11

1· h 11t i :i t !J ,. ~: rri l !lld 1 "
t~· r .J/:1. j /. 11·1 a n rl \in.: -.·t· 1·:-. .'1 : :1 ~ ,

' ' ,..., , /

t

lie la y .• o r lrtid 1ln w n,'' in M
i n l1cd. 11 11 L ir. tJ ny) h

~ lny )

-.. •·! ) l 11 1•

' ' :. .;a (-..1·1) yn11rl'i l' lf

\ \• ,·,
i .

Tl 1c c 1i. ·111 _y llich' ' ~ !lt• ( · ~ \

11 T ht• li i r1J.., j l rr1' 1 \ :\\.·\\) .

,Jl,. t ,1l i 11:1 . li •r nu .•·!a h n , :11 1•l \' i...:c \' cr~ il; a~ , t l Y 1·u u rc uii ... t11 k(·t1.' ' !'1 11
4
Yo11 m i :J· tak,~ ," t'•r, 11 or~ mi4 l fl k in y . 11
' l w a~
1>1 i $fu /.' i,, :1 ' ' t 111i ... 11d.: 1·l r).
T l111 1•l11·a .. l' 11 I n 1i..., i1dd ', ' ' (I r " nm 111i .. tnk inJ.(.' ' 11 w :. 111·1 " I 11 .i . n :1. !v ,·...,111r 11 l ;' '
h11l , • l I nn 1 rni f" tn k •·n ," ll H':llll-' "T nm mi "- itl\ d r·ri- l n •l •I. ' '
u

Th e fo Jl o,,·ing ad<litiv11 al o:a111ples are given w 1<ler
R ule L :
Or11• 1:fl.1•!f'n fnr nr ,,1:llon·e./ 1 nn <l ,·i,-.: c \'C' l"S~\ ; 1t )l 1 " T11 c ri ,·er w n~ Of"rJl " ll·n"
( h :td n n ; rll• •'.\' C4l).
~ I 1;-;:1p j d i . :nl in n :-1 f\f t lw wf) rd /Pd: 11 t •rtt 1q1 or J o w11 t l ic wi1;d ~ 1\\ , . i" lir1 tild
Le ' · n j •ell •H· l'l · ,~l' , 01· 1111"! 1 d" \\'1 1, tile wi n drnY ."
,
..
" / ' 11 t (p n nr) wn11..• r i nt.tJ th e h11 :-- i 11 ." - -" P nt (lay ) th e <:lnlli on t nc drn'. 1a: t ah l1.!.,, - " P ut d r11c11 cL1y) t he ca rp et 0 n t he fl oor.n_ u l'11 t (pn11r) w 1Lt l' r rn tn
1
t he c iip." - ' " P nt ( tu\.:.d a wny t he d in11 c r-t hin gs .n _ u l 11 t ( k ad I t he hnr~o
inti) t i1c st;1hlc .,' - " l '11 t (s h o w ) tl1 c :--trn n g-cr i11 lo Lhe p ar\qr. " -- u I' ut ( "'i (: l)
the pa ss c n;;c r J u wn ut the t nrn pik c .' ' - 1 ' Pu t (pbcC' ) tbe lH··y i nt o t he fi r!'<t
clH :-i.:-i ."

T urn , f0 r [() l1t>1..-1111 e ; rt ~ , n T o t 11rn (beco me or g rf) w ) t-tick.' '- " To t n rn fi r
t nrn ,,, e r {t o r•n1s id \·r} in 011 <' · ~ 111 in J ."- " T o t u r n 0 11 t t o one· ' ·" mi nd ' '
( not t o ,_t j ... 1q \pn int n nt·). - C'"''"ii-e, fnr t 0 crm rh ; nf-' , .l' Th e lr t: fr was ron M
cc i\·cd (1 •A11 c; \1 ed) in t li <· ..i.c w11rd ~ . " - Afi1 ll rer1t for to ·1ll-11se ; a~ , "Ile m al ~
t rea t:-: ( i l l - 11 :-;~:-; ) li b fo1 :i\ \y .' - IJropo.'lt:, fo r t o pu rpri.~r; n ~ , u l propn ~c ( ptlrpo~ l' ) to d o :-i. o.'' - AJifua , fu r tri p roduce ; a...~ , ' Il e nd 1.J u ccd (p r•' Chic cd ) a
p r1 •n f.''
,
/ "ull, 111 r yatli11r; :1 ~ , • P u11 (gat_h cr)tl1e _i!r n pr ~.n - T. tke., f•? rR 11ppn...e ; n> " l
ta ke it ( s nr 1•<))'(t.: ) t l1:\t : ·n u a re lic ltc r. - / /11/d, fo r (J.ll<p t, d er tdf , _or dPft rnu n l! :
a ~. u ll L· ll"ld :-4 ( 11d nJ 'ts ) t!. i:-4 Hj1i t 1inn . 11 -Tlic j11 d i.re h1·ld {dc c11lhl n r d .-t e rn iine il ) tl iat .' ' & e .- - // ,n1t111l1r r , l'i •r remind : H ~ " l~ l~ 111 1· 11 1 tw r ( n·mi11 ~l1 t: w , ,(
tl i: it. - .l/'Jl n 'ciu!" , 1; 11 · 1(1 /n· iz,, • • I' ud ue ; a~ , 4 ' Jl v. 1q 1 prm: ia l 1 · ~ ( \' al1 tt.: l'I> \1.ltrl l·
i II ' ~. "
'""r,.,1, fo r t., 111 r1ke ; : 1 ~ 1 l t He t ri i·\l ( rnndc. ·, th e expc·rirn t•nt.' ' - ·"'u. f.i r t 11
}. ea r; !l ." ', "l> id yv u i; c e tl1 e t l1n11J\·r n11 1.l li g ll t 11 i1 1g 'P ' f,. r '' lJ id y o 11 l1t·a r
t he t h u n d c·r a nd ~ l.'e t! 1e J i ~lit11ing-r 1 - T'1 ro w 11p 1 fo r to 1·a i Jf" ," n:-< , ' ' l lo
lhn:W 11 p ( W i :-. t•d ) }ii "l. <'." f' S l.O W!lr d R h('[\ \' f'n . ' '
(;r,1 1: •1 f •r tr> btc<' m" ,' It...~,
1

1

1

I(

O ld p<'rtm n s cr.;w ( h +"' r n nH·) ~ h (\ rtf'r .''

17G

VIOLATIONS OF' PRECISlOX.

R1111t r~)r ~ 1 rt k ; n~, ( l Tl te \'t; '4!'1 ·l l'tll!:-'1., (1 1•111\ ...;l,-- / .n<t(,I for rJf"f>lf!!lfd; R\
(\ 1k wn:-: lnf-t (, \r0 w11 ctl) ill tl1c ri\ t·r.;' -- f, q11·11 , r.. r /1 11•./1 ; ;1 :-1 , .. sii . .~ ltnn 11'
tl~·a1.: IH") llH.· .' 1- l k now <!f, l~·r /ri Fn} !.w111•/f,/:;1: ; ; 1"', "J··-rn·,a:J 1 !.·11 tJwr:f ;"
l t1r.: .i'\ c\'r r, to !HY k nvwlt..:dg-t.: ."

]',-ccisirm /:; ulso riulut r-d hy i/1r, 11sr, rf
..t j•p·rr, n ', f••r t·h ri·nts

:

- rri/ll f ll 'f l, ft.i · rr i ff/ It i ,.,. ; -

, , , ~;'y :

~ .....

r.. r

pu·"··i r·' : '''""""'"''ti. f<Jr 11,/ 0.~ •' :
:-- 1;11. /.11 /,i/,,'1· , f .. r 1111 1. r!'P/.ff ,,,"1},I,..,

o 'l'r 1 1'.• r .·.r,uni!lr"
11•;/11, ,._,,.. / ,

[.,J'J!.

1111

i /'t' l",'l(ll. f11r (/f' ll ('T1ll ,· rt!•tdd.i; , for
r.fl, t~ J r ,/,·.-:i rl' ;- Wvk

1111.', (.1r f'" l!Jllf"ll ; - 11r•" -" ;":'I. l'· •r 111 ·r1 · 11t : -· d1·.1; , f 01r tl1i r .. f .1; ; -

' " f/(

J'. 1r (;, /, , /,/ : -

e 1.f~• r 1 t.•r

1111111"

tl1 ··n:1'· f / ;.,., ( , •r

tJf

1111i111;1t>1H·fu1 l1le ; -

nr "'"'"·', l ~ ·r '"""';(1/f ;- -!llett11, fur

i11l1: 111i ; -

e.··.n,.,·( . ./ ,

" Ti• esti11g-11i:·d 1 :1 1l1·: 1t,ll f.1 r "to p:1y a ·kl1t :n - ·• T!) take a t'~·,·c r 1 " f~)T
lw ~1·iz 1:·I \\ iih. ,,,. ;1:t:1 vk1 ·d !,_, , a :'vH·r : 11 -- · • T 11 \,(. hi,\ 1q • \Yilh illll ('"':-o ,'' 1'11r .1 i. 1• 1.. . '"'1dl1 11.. J ·,yi:l1 ill11 1· ... -. ;" - "'J' , , j',. \J.,w "111a1 •: a 11 ,1 ' f,, r 1•t o
1
1 · x 1 · 1·1d1~ a 1il: lll :" -- " T .. f .. i\ ,, ,1· ll]• ;111 i1ka. · f•1r "\" 111!oj 1t. ,,,. 11r,. . . \'t'11t c nu
l,l· ·a; - " 'j',, l'•1i~11\•; :11h j~., .. · 1 f.. r '·tu ati··11d 11r 11.-.:.·11 :11 ;111'·it'l' ;''- To luy
<1:1ei;-; J1t' t 't • t11d " iti1 1 " ( .. :· " 1 .. r1 ·1·), ,,11 ~·II r1· ~ ·"i' i11 .~ ;'' - · • l •'<111 1·aL 110 11111r0 11
1
fpr 1 ' 1 1·:rn :11•t · ·Hi :t i1.' 1~1·o/1 · ;"
~ 1 <·an ,,·al:.; 11•1 r11,•:"1',n :'ur " ! t·;1r 1 \\' a ll( llO
f u r!litr ;'' - 1 · I ··:1:1 :-: ...,. ll•r l··l!~1·r ,·· f'. ~ r '' I 1· .11l11111 !- tay nny J• , 11~1..·r ; 11 - " 'J'o
riiilital l' l\ '.! i1i t1 !-l, ,. i'· >!' ·· : 11 • '!'!'''"'\' :" - " 'I'• 1 :-1wid, \·1111 l t.: 11 q1 t i l.l,\' nl' ' 'Ill' ," f'11r
" crrnt1· 11qitHr'll"l .' :·· -- .\'u l1s.'< 11'1·\\f·r ) / /11 rn j;,l','.'J ; 1f1'.,·u11 .'l;- " f;1r pn..: tlit:r
an ,/ for hdt1·r. ., i:i ... !··::d 1·f " 1011"!1 pn:: i i1·r au.I 11111 c h l 11·t kr :' 1- 7'lu1 r~ i ,~ tL
qrerzt ~,/, /.~ (di !kn·11t·v) in f/11 ;r r1rt•• 1n1f ." ; - I t i.~ 1// .'/'11rr ,J/.r,.ifid fl (Ji .... JIO="nl ) ;
-In 110 rr r fff (j';i:-<1 ') : - F •1 rl l11 r (t'n111rl) .1:1r/// .'< ,,,. '""/rr .<1 ;- lie /.~ 1Jet'f/ b1td
(ill) ;- " I ll' l1w·· }-1·en 11•!1!! :i il i11;.,r 1· : l'•· I' "ht· J1;1:-1 l• t· 1· 11 r-i.·kl~· fo r sf11uo
t i llll' ; 11 - ..t )i111l." ta.,fol (IL \,·11r1·d ) 11ern· ; - / /,.1·e ( lik •·) ~111111/ /i1·i11 ') ;- To do
(trn11:-:.111 ' l) /.,,,'I;,,,.,,~ ; . 7;1;,. •. 1rl11t•l1 .""'' l1kl' (.·IH11 1... 1· ) : -- 'Ji. f1u 11ixl1 (;.;n11ply)
H t11

177

(hnR) entered into n new concern. - Wh o orig-inotcd tlri! m otion l for, F rr•rn
wh n 1n J id tli i?. n1uLi •)Jl o rigi 11 ntl'.?

Tl 1e s 11ltj11i 1H:d 7•!11·"u8 :ire nol prri:i.1e i11 t!1e f,,rnr ,,f c- xprc,, i,,11 :
L odpring-:"\ t, n let ; t"or , l,nd;,.;in,:.(:"\ to lie let.- A hn11.;,(• rn !'IL':l ; for. A IP 1 11~<:
t o b e ~ old . -- IJ c "·n~ pnio.l ti1e rn1111ry ; for, The 111 •t1 a:y \\'111"1 1111 id t0 liiin. -Ho wn~ allowed 1,c11 pe r ''t·n t. ; f11r 1 T en p<·r cent.. \\' :t"' n!l ow ..,•d hi111. - T llt'y
were prr1111i~ <' d it ; f~1r, It, w 11:"" p r1111 1i ~ed to t h c 111. --- ~!i1) W:t!'I offc n :•I it ; ft •r,
It wn~ 0ff1·n·1l r.. h•: r.

The :1l1nn• th:i11c:: c ~ 11<•co mc ll<'cr·ss:in-, fo r tlrc rc:is"n
thn.t :u:ti ,·c ,.l'l'lis t .: ulllot !)(' 11 scrl so :is
im1.Jy :1 j•:t:<siqi
signif-icatio11; nor i':i,.:si ,·c Ycrb:<, :in aeli,·c sig ni ti,atiun .

to

Let th e nmn crous fi 1rms of' cxp r c~sio n, tited in tlris h'~ ­
son, lie d ict:ited to t lrc <.:l:t~s, anrl by them be wri ttl' n wi tlr
precisio n.

1

!1 ' '(11/8 ; -- d T(/ l•l' r11 a·h· llllll'!t oi/ '

r"r

LL

t1 • hl· lll1i('l1 ~ ·:in· ..... . ,j ,.,. i11d1dgtd ;-

" 'J'h i.: cr11J • pr 111i i ... 1·:-lit: br~ 1· 1 f;o1· "111\: cr1·1 · 11:1 . . 1!1 1· :11 •1;l·: 1r:l11 cu f• f
h c· i11i: 1·k11tit'1d :" - H 1.ikf' I \) h a,·c :-lipJll' •l ," f, i1· "1 w ;1rl_y :-l i11J\l'd ;''- 1
ra!lH·:' tlti1 1\..: ." r.q· "I l•1·l i1•\'1•: 1· ·-· (l l li:1d l wllt·r )..'.'!'," j'.q •• 11 \H· ri..: lllttc r
1

11

t i )

tha t l :"" )1 .. 1d,! :,:1 ._'' · l/1• i.<1 1:/! u1 1 r ( 111111·~· f i 1·1 p11·11!l _,) rl:tl1t t li1111. 1t 'rlJl 1!J ; 11 T h<.· t licr1 .i n•i:..::1· 1 C · f,. r •· 1 lw jt1• 1:.:e al 1111· I ir 111· ~ .. " l !1· i:"" a n ... i11 .~ 111 :111 ,' 1
f:1r t i lw j ... ri-.i11·~ r :1 :• i ,/l.' ;" - ":-\ Ii ...· i;--; a :- \lj' •·nnr \\1• 111 :111,1' f., r 1' .... h\· i;-; :l \\'0 111 :u1 :·q1p1.:ri"" 1·1 111 ..... i

'l'l1 c

ft ,llo\ \ 'ill .~ t.'.\j'J'('""il'11.~, :1!:-: 11 ,

:1n·

dt\l i1·iv td i n g r :1 1n ..

J11:tli(':tl jll'l'<·i ,.; i"r r ; 1;, r 111·1rl1•r, (>r ir:l r:11"i 1j,·l , n•rl1-:, rn 1111ot

be co ;npv111 J1kd

or the :r11xiliary n :rli to

(n;.

Th1~ t"1t 1 •rm i=-- 1, i1a~ ) C'l'a:--•· J. - TIH·y :ire ,1111 \'t· ) nr ri\·cd. - I lt: b (/1:1s) ch.!·
1111ri<d. - Tli r-,,· \\ ll"\' f,ii: \.J ) cnua·. - Tli...: llll'll arl.! {liH\'1·) tl\.' ....:1· 1'11..··l.-·llu i:.

LESSON LXXII.
P!tECISTO:"< 01' TcXl' H ESSI OX .

RuLE II. -A eoid c:rpress io11s thrft 1crmt m errnin.1, or
border on 10/i ot iiWf/ be denominated 11 onse11 .•ir:ol; :i~ the

fi>110\\"i ll ~

:

Al1111,,,·l ·ri1d/:l11 ;1; i11~tt·;ul o f, ~c un.: cly :111 y thinu, \'f'r.v 1itt.lr , f) r li : tl~~ (·.
nntlii 11:.:. -A/111u.<(. """''" r; fr'r 1 V1·r_v :-<<:l f\ 0 m 1 o r Se\dnm () r n(' Yf·r.-TJi,. f1c•J
.fi.rsl- ti1e twr1 /,, 1.i:/; i11 1'(.f 1·:t d of, t\ 10 lirr' t. tw o - tl!l: l: n-1t t,wo . - To .~pt>ttl1 01 rl't'f
.'te nlencn to~Nf/, , r ; f·• r, Tn HJ •t·ul< tl1r('(.: ~ 1 : 1 tft·!H!e~ in ~lll' t"(':-l"' inn,- /Jt; ul,;,_
bed.fed; f11rl l \\ ,,_!,1•.l1 l1· 1l. - ·; :. 01)-1.11 a lim l l'fa/e '~l /t .. a{(/i; f .. r. Tn h:1\'P , "r
he i n, \1:1•1 h1 ·al th .- 'J;, .f(dl .~ if'k ; fofr, To gr0w 1 fJr hl' <'o1 11 t.: :-i l' k. - T.1 .find
7>11i,, ; f•·r 1 Tu 1'•·(·\ J•ai n .-- 'lf1111 "''t a11otl1f r' 11 iJ~,,; f.,r, To c•:1 rl(·ide in f·Jtir1i11 n. - //.: ,.,., , 1/.~ ''"st n_(a 11.1; li''.'I; fo r, li e r e ad ~ better th an ar iy 11tl1f·r l•·•y, 11r
the bc!"t of ;di tl 1c 11 0\'~. - Uf 11 ll ,.1ther l! J, e £.11 t l1e 1111>xt lru~/u ·1,,.tf,,11: 1: .,., i u· :ill
pcr:.i. 1'111:.i. lie i ~ the 11·\~)~t. t1:11."-t wo rt l1y .- Thc rc w e r e fon r ladi~ ·-1 . 1r1-ry 1?.-i:
11

7n·tt/i;-r

t l, a11a11,,f /11> r. -

}J i.w::,.nt ln 1frd .(1r111 a 11y

·m.1 u1'•CfJlll't r ." /t fl11n ; r~1r ,

yerz r,<;

/ 0~1,.f/1er.- 'f ;,

f 11il Hilo

fl

T ·t fnll i11to C(.) 11\'Cr!'-tut i\)I} with C\ lllHll . -Tll 11 11i11111d \'1•t t 011 tl1t~ f:tl ... 1· t1 1:-<te " ' "' f,,,n1 1:x i11; fo r , 1f lite t111rn. - - I li11./ like f,, !111vf
g11Uen 1111P or t• cn /,rnk fn }1entf~ f11 r , t \ \ fl:-t '>l:C'i: or L\\ :cc \ i k~· tq lul\'(• j!nttl'n
A br.\kc n )u:n d .

178

VIOLATIONS OF PRF.CISION.

PLIWNASTIC EXPRESSIONS.

RcLE III. - A1:oid s11pe1/{1101cs 1c01Yls anrl e;i:press-ions ;

olol!y, is a cli>tingniEhing beauty, nncl is to be jnst.i tied on tho prinSIH;li is tJ; e nat.urnl utta:rnce of a i;lo"· in;; nncl devont
mi nd.

:-t ~,

ciple t!.:1t

Ac (1nic~ce n. 1t1l re.>.tt s:di :-; fit!d with ; -- n tl u111l~ find Ji111it:-1 ;-AC'knriwl cdi?O
nn· I 1·nn1(·."'~ : -~· C\('ar nnd 0h\'io n~ ;-- I ' !:tin nnd e,·idc n t ; - .'\dYi~e and conn~
twl ~ -- <;nn!'11r.t•1l nnd di."'·-•rderl'd ;--- C•·rnipl i1~n nnd d1• g r111·n1;·y ;- Conrngo
nnd ff· ...;,o\ntinn ; -Eff1:ct !'( i\lltl ( 'On~a:q11(~JH'e~ ; -Ft: ar~ nnd 11ppn: lien:-1 1 011~;­
.1\ :-i.:--\:t11l1h: ;uid lllt:i:t tnj.!dlier ; -- Di~:-1e;1d1l o nnJ clnnk ;-- Fric 1nl ly itnd ll!lli ciil>h: : -- <; <,,·,·nH·d nnd condni·ted : - l1 1t1.:11li-; nnd purp!1!'4L':'I ;-.Mild nn<l.
med,; ;- -Ol 11ig-(•d and in1h.: bt1~d : - ())i,·intc an d 1•re\'t•11t :-- I ' le:1,-..;11rc nnd snt
i ;l'ud i nn ;- Sa ti·:-;t nntl ~cciire :"t : - ~pecial nnJ. pnr1ic11lar;-S11pport nud
ht.ay ;-\Vavt·riug a!id ll?l:-'>(.:tth:d ; .- \\•or~liip nnd udoratir~n ;- S11pport nnd
bear 11p ;-P.,~iti\' e nnd p e. rcmpf~iry :-Cert ain nnd criiilidcnt ;-They lUt\'6

Of tho ~:11110 ~nrt i~ t.! 1e f'Ctlf.in10nt, :l Tlie l.nrd i;-; 111y n)l' k ~ 111J11
rny fortrl·:-:i..: , a11 1 1ny dvliverf~, r ;" \d1il..._~ (· ~l r·l1 c!:ttl'-'e tnt':1n " , iud1_·1·d .
t.lic 1-':un e. tlii11µ-, t : d~l'rl tngctl 1er C:1(~- ('}au"(':'i furr1i :--li a ninre ~<.nn ­
pl ..: te and ll:1!11r:d eXj>n·ssi11n (1f tl1c piull.'-' !":t' l' 1ti11:eilt e ~ it1Y1 · y e d .
1

PIL"on :l:-; li(" or rl•1l11 11 dant f'11nn ... of ;i..pe\:1..: l1

f\n<.1 Jl l'')it e rly L· 1111do .\ · i. .''l~

\vl 1e11 ·w1; wi ..d1 to

111:1y

},p ~1.<h·anlagt~ nu ~ i_r

1nake pce1i1 i:1rl y t·anll'."t

afl:ll'ltl:lli4HL...; •lll ~11\1,j....'l'I.' of ~pcc ia} i111pt) rt.arlCl.'.; tl1ll:-',

"I Ji aye ~J't•kcn \\-it Ji rny 111011 tli ;''-"I l1a\'C ~1·en witli niinc e~· e ;''._.i: l
htn- c lic:1r . .l wi tli 111in c 1.·ar:-: ;') u l iia\'e liandk·d \Yi th 111y hand ..., ; 11 - " Tli e
li enring- CHr, tl1c ~eeing (')"e . 11

n m1 1t u:d di:-d '1 l;; e tri cnf'li (1tlier ;- \Yh r· n will y o u rttun 1 again 't-Tlicyrcturnc<l hat:k <l ,:...":till tO t\:C ~a!lle City Wh Cll CC: tl 1t'. )' (.'Hlllfl r0 rth.

1J'/1il1: s1111c1;/l11011:s '1rords rmd phrases rire, in :;cneral, !o
je acui,f.:cl <ts wu1~cessrrry, aml C1'.fed.Jli11;1 to style, it is
sin[/1!l11r th(/t in not u fe1c r·a,,cs thcy !1rn:c a.fine rlu:torical
r.tJect, hl·in:.; ]'l'otnptcd 11y n:tt.ural fct·li11g, and in fi uch c:i8cs
am to 1,l' 11 ~c11. ;;;.,nwl inH·s :t S\'riL·s of W()nb :rnrl cxprcs·
"iom, ~illlibr or c•111i1·:iknt in irnpnrt, !1c11h l(> r cc :rn11 intenRi l y t <.i t i1c tl1011:.;lit ~ t hll~ 1•x 1•re~~e 1l. Thus Cicero, speaking
of.C:1ti li11 (', s:ii"l: "A11iit, e.,:ccs~ il, ecasit, cr11piC' (fic h:1s
gone, he k1s 1·:\llisiiL·.J, 111.: li:t~ csc:1pccl, he has ~:illi c d forth);
a form qf PX]'l'L''" i,1n thns rcnr1crcd cxcec.-l in g ly graphic
a,uf1 ~1 rikin g .

The folloll'ing i •l (·un astic expressions r..: qnirc pruning:
F·1r~t n .~ .::rl'~~or ~ - nr~t r• I' idl ;-la~t of' all ;-not 11t all ;-f.11 J.je ct- rna ttc r:
-latter 1.: nd ;--pi..:r:"..•inal i11t.cn·iew ;-oi1l ,·cte rnn ;-fol:·-.~ trai to r ; - :111 11tl1e ;onc ;-~tnndard pattern ;-- ,· c rdant grcpn ;-~yh·an forc:-:t ;·-w11l H·n~N,11 s
slindc ;-- nol 1o dy cl~c ;- --widnw-wo111n)1 ; -- !°r•)ll1 hence ;-~fr o in v:licn t\:.; -t'i11c-::~ t! 1e tinn: ; -·- 11nlno.""(~ ;- f'ai11tc1.l awa y ;·-- l"Pn11cJ out of:---rnent.i1H1 O\"t:f
ng-ain ;- -·Bt1h~titnte in tl11 ~ pla~: (~ (1 f ;-- read twice O\· c r ;-f":qwdl y Uie :-arn c ;:-1l:rink ~nialler; - n tw1:l\"l:n 1011 th t() c11111c ;--tilled flt.II ; -s0 Tllc t en yc ;i r~
ngn ;-tli e~c i-;ix 111r111t\1~ pa:-;t. ;- they both m c:t ;-tli c·y m et t•:· gr th er~ -- n o
o the r pcr:-;0n lw!-iid1~M ;- IPi..,11 rn on one':-i. hand:-i ~- tl1ro ng-h0 1 1t, t!1c w1i ol0of;-th 1J 1111irf'rr'al c:->t£-vrn of 1t!l rneu ;-a uni,·cnrnl pan:1cr·a ;-hc:-\t c:-'11· 11lntcd of nll ntl1er:-1 ;- t0 111nrry n will- ;-n v(·ry j11~t nnd nprig h t. man ;- till)
plCntitlTC~ o f inrni:i1111 tlrrn nrc nHWO prcfrrable t ha n tlioiso of sen .1o1.e or int.d lcct. ;-thc Ycry ~l ig- htc~t: ~ingulllrity.

TJ.e S1..:riJ•l 11re nl~l) a1it,und::- in r \.'.clu n11ant form~ of (·xpre:-:~ion,
t!int :ire 111.:Y1.:rtl1l'les~ po.;.:-..e~ 'e d of ~ r e:it furcc nn d of b(\auty; tllll~\
u .\ 11~w e rC'd :1 rtd ."-:1id ~ "-~ · Sl1(lOk antl tre mbled ;"-H Poor :rnd

Ft·:1rr1il nnil afr:1.i1l ;"-~• 0111 nn<l :-;tri(·ken in years; ~ '­
11111.L":" lirl' ; ' '_H Ii t':ir 111y voir<", gi\'e cnr unto
rny ~Jl1..' l.' <'h :·· _ .. 1\.:rl"1.·ct an d ent ire. \1,·:uiti11.~ n11t.l1i11~ ;' -~~God i~
ligl1t; i11 Ilirn i:-1 11•) darl\111..· _...;:-1;')_•~1Ie wa " n 111nn of H1J'l'<1w, nnd
ac•111ai11tc1l with ;;1·ief;"--" E11 tcr n•>t into the r•a th of ihe wicke1l,
n11d ;!.<> fll.)t i11ICJ 1/1('. \\·:·1:· nC wicked HH'!l ; " - " \\'l 1ile r li,·c~ will I
11rni~c tlie Ltird : l will sing- pr:1i:-;c~ tn lll,Y Goil wliilo I b:lve n
lH?"(·<l:· ; " - ' 1

~' Le11g:l1 Pl' dny:-< and

1

bein~ . "

Tl""" lic 111:if11l f.,rn,, .. r l!. ·\.rell' 1•nrlry. \':1IJt. ,] ;J,.., P111·;i)Jt.li>rn,
v;l1(•rv

1l1l·

~n~1H· 1111111 .~!1 1 ~~ n~p.-•:11t·d in -. 11111t• \ ... · Ji:1t Y:1rit <]
1

11hrase·

1. Ch:tngc to n p recise written form, the fanlt.y e xprC'f,sions introdnccd into this Lc~son .
2. Cle:w the following sentences of redunchnt words:
1

1. Srn()kc

:t.' l('CIH.l:"! \1p

intn the

~ky..

2. H e haJ. tli(! 0nly (•npy t11 r 11

(·X -

~rn11 t. a. lie g'fi \'(: me the Jior~c for n ot.bing. 4. I wi~h yr)U wo11ld ."'<'lld
1:..iie poper fr ee ,l(rnti~. fi. f.;Jie write~ \'ery well fo r n 1ww heginrwr. 1i. l
~n.w liim down in the ha~e 1 11cnt rnnm.
7. Yn\I did not lr·li rnc wlH·re t 1)
stop 11t. 8. At tli e xn und 11f the b :-;t final +:.rum p the dc11 ...l ~!1all r i ~c .
0. 1la\·e y ou g-nt a li11111111<...~r~ l\.). lle11ce, C(\l\~C1Jlh_'ntly 1 be n1 i;~L 110 in
,~rr(Jr.
11. Ile nw de thu ca:-! C very plain nnd Ob\·io11!i.
I~ . lfo w:1> 11ni,·or•ally lameutcd by nll.
13 . Learn from honr-0 ,,, h~

180

REDUNDANT W OJtns.

more cnr1 ·fnl . 1-L T he cl 1il \l fl_'ll int0 n kPttk~ n f hnilin .!! h r. t, Wi1tC'r. 1;), ivfiri ·
t 1i :.!~· tl11-r \"in•:!.!:i• und n1r,h:-::-< 1_::-1 . 1 1;. I d «>til1t ll fl ! ln1t tliar lie will cotnc.
17. I t l1<111 1.d 1t t11 1ny :.: l·l f" th: it 1 1n!1 :-1 t dif' . l'-'. ;\ ,,. :-1. <11111 11.-1 tl1L' t~J, 1 c k ~ln1 c k
Ris- I ru=--e 111• . i'. '. li t· ca:11 e ft•r tc• ~1.: e 111 c . :.:it. lh: w u1d..J 1wt ucct.: pt ol '.he

g-lc

om ~c .

A want

EXJ ' J(l.:~S IO:->. -- S Y:'\0:-iY~l"l.

or precision

in tl1c 11 ~C of thP pr(·pns1t1nn (which
m:iy Le omittl'd), is exernj>lifil'.1 in tl1t• l(ill1min~ ]>hrascs:
T n en t <'r int'• :-- tr• a:-:eL• 111l np :--tn tl1 · ..: t' l'1ld .J r,w 11 :-- to lin 11p ;- tfl rrt iM
up : - t o rd ur 11 l i: tl.'k :-t0 re :->t0 rc hai ·k ~ - -1 1 1 rt·l 11n 1 n !_!": 1i11 : - to rctrcnt
Jm.:;J..:

; --- l

•I j.J llll'.!'i' t! , •\\' II : - t •1 1'1 i! ll)\\" al°! •· r : - t r1 l.,,\·er

t! p ;

- l1 ~ i"11Y 1•r

(l\'(; r j-

tO g:1thc·r i ! •~i ·! h <' r : ·tr• t " •' : i:l 1 i n'~ t ·'~1 · 1 l11·r : ·-· lo ( '•IJ ! \ •· r:-- e l·•;,:-l·tlicr;--·to
l'l c r11t ill iz1.: i111 .. : - 111 k i ll i;~J" ; --! :1111 a -:_:: 1.in:.: ;-- 1 :i11 1 11 - 1 ·• 1111in~ :- -S he is n
l'li 11 l!i11 g- ;-- \\· ,. nrt· :I - \\ 1ii i11:.: ; - 111 · i :· n-ti -.. l1i11;..:- :- t h(·y a l" L' a - tn\\.; i11 g ;--·wortU
n ~i x p e 11 ee ;- -tli;...:-ni1 y .. fa i1 .1 rnn1 ·t.
4

.!\ ,1,1 to tlil' ' l' t :111 t n ln.;i1 ·al

c·s:i1nj >lc~ ,

Tli11 .~,

it nppP:1r:'\ tl1:1t. in :i lit·~ rnry nc.: w t·il ii " nll) r:1l ~ e n s e, the
nf ll1 e \\" i :--t' 111:111 i~ !r u e : ~· 1n tl 10 Jllliltiflldt· pf w11rd.-; t liero

'Y: l1Jlt•tJ 1

l~t : u :

! \Id,

."' ill."

1.V.- A r oi1l t/1 13 ·11s1; of 1rords

OJ >j1rn11r ·h_, (o

(Jl lf! Ullf)(/u:·r

i11

t/8 «!/11n11ymo11.~,

t/1.cit

'J!l (;llllill.tJ 1 (I S (!. 1'jJl'l".C..·,..,· i11.? t/1e

-'"ii'" 111·i111 ·i;1 tl i1/1:11 _; but ?!-!1icl1, j i·ulll t/1 cir d eri vation,
1

/1111·,• 11 J1j /; 'i'l'11t. 111ca11i11[/ i11 //, cit' 11111re t:ruct m u l particul ,n· si:; 11 ~/i"'l/il)11 .
t'il rh w nril, arc tl1u followi ng :
/\. id1 o r :md d1·t1·:-:t ;- :ll•:111dn n, li r:<akf•, r clinq ni :"h , !!i,·e up ;- dr-::-e n, qn it,
1

ur1 d \ ,·a\·~: ; - - a .!j:1c 1 ~ n t. :rnd 1..·r111i igt1 •11 1.'." ;-:ilh:' i1Ll e 11111l l 1 · ~:-.t: I J

uJPl 1l1 ·cl :1r1· ;--a,·11n- ,

:1 eJ.:11.1,~ · \1..· d;.;1· 1

:---a\·t:r, w.-~ert,

a11d co n fr:-: ..:. :- all :-- t1·ri1,·.

~t'\ " •·rit\· , :ill ·.l

;..~ "liuine ; - car'a ··ll>· a nd a l,ilit y ; --~· 1.· 11.:-- t • i 111 :111d iial1it;
dt..• ...: ;:-1 t , r• :t1n11nce , ipiit, an d k tl\' (• 0:f; -- d i1 lk11lty nnd n\ 1:-: ta c·h·; d i.. ti11g•. 1i ~ !1

1 i,!_{11r ; - - n1 1\h1 · 11! i1..: ll !11'l

diff~1 ·e nt :-'l1:1des

uf tl10 ~:l 11 1e Clll11r, tl1e .\· 111ay be e111plt>yl'd, 1)( ' 1': t lirii:--1 1 t.l1e 11i c r11re we :ire 11 r11 d 11 c i 11~.
is alluw ;llt!t..·, clii..:fly, wl1 e n wri1ing undt•r tl1e in:--piratiPn i:f

~ i o nn.1ly, to li e i.:.!11t(•n :u1t1
Tlti ~

pa:-;:->in11 .
'l'l111 ~ . in tl 1L· ~1· Ycrc inn:eti\'t..' ( 1f H<•li 11g-l>1-· 1k e 0 11 Iii~ own ti ll h""·, H n1~t
nll i~ lit t ll', a11d 10 \v, nnd n11· an n:n n11g 11 :-\ 111 tlic nrnplifkati nn, !'ror n tl 1 1~
11:-iP. rif' l111·~v 111..·t1rl y ~y1 ~<•ny m• ) \J~ word.-... prod11(·c:11 n :itrnr1g-L' r e.xr·rv~:- i• .it r,f
in di}!11ati •• 11 th:111 w11nl 1l ha\·u l.Wl'll co nv cy c<l l1_\' 11ny o ne of the t li n ·i.· q•it.h cts c 111i•l ny ed .

B eforu

t he 1;Jll <rn·i11g:

e11t lioW(.•\"l' r ; - - al l .I r11r: li<'r : - - y<·t ll C\' L•rtlil'l•· ...;~ ~·~ · t l1r uld nri g i1rnl L on:;ic j
- - the l 11· ~t 1·\'.irn :--Ppt·rl1111 · ~ - -n r• ·<d t·: q•it:1 l C"' '"' I <1 1w ;- ·- 11111t11al!y fric11dly
di !'lipo:-:ii i (•il to 1.::11.:h 11tl11 ·r ;-e:1ll i 1 0~ :-i l1!y ~!:t i11•art ;-- 1{:1 ·.
~a yiri.~

nn<l ,.cparate ~-cn ring-1 . nn 1..l 1"11fTki cnt ;- cntire 11n1l C('l111pidr :--r- q11 iY'·<' ~1 i
nntl :u1il ii:.;11n 11:-\ ;--l1;\11~l1tin t' l" :4- and di:-odnin ;-- it1 ,·e11t nnJ di.-..rr •\"t'r ;- r•J!;y
and nlnl1" ;- p ri i1c :u Hl van it y ;-ri·fnrlllati o11 nn1l rd~H111 ; - · r•· 111ark ;ind ••l ·l:'Cr\·e ;-;-;11 r1•ri:-;c1 l, a---t fn1b.l1cd , am;tz1..~ .l 1 1wJ e1111r<1 undt.:d ; - tr<1lH \11 :!ltt y ,
r ·C ll CC' 1 lllld t..:~d lll ; - wi ::.d 11lll l\llJ pnl dl'll l.:C ; - :"> t"11C Ull t..l 0 111)' ; -OYt:r UJl(J bf' ·
eidt::' , t\:C.

S11t.:l1 \Y nr1l :-; as t11e a1H)Y e are CT11j1loycd l1y c:1rele~s ,\·rit1. r-.:,
eith e r :l:-' if ; i1\.'} \\"C\'l' ( 1f ]ll'l'Ciscly tl1e :·-t:Jn C i;iµ-nific:1 t i<,n , (JI' f~ . r
t.!10 sak u of lilli;1g up a ~ (·11!1 ·11c l·, ur to di:-;pl11y C•\1•i 111 1..:.1H.·'-':-i of tli(·t.ion. l ;l' rt;1 in t:"\ .. :. e;;:. :tri :-ie in wlii eli two or 111ore pf tlie:-e ~\·1111 nyins 1n:ly be co11il1incd wi tl1 1irr1priety :i nd adv:\n t :1 _
'..!;e.
Lild.·

LESSON LXXIII.
Pl1FCISIOX (•F

181

SYNl ,NYl\IS.

p ro c cl~o1n~ b l

ex pl a in {I.nil

i11u ~t r:tte

tlie

:-;yn 0n y:n...; r1• -

otl1~.:r :;.; 1 a tte1it io11 i i l1 crc calle1l In :-:.un ie \: X1.:c1 ll!11t r1..·1 11 :Hk!-\ 1d' Dr . Tn: n rl i, f1f Lt 1n d1.1n, llJHHl tl10 nrl carll11r1t:s lfJ luJ

t'e 1Tc (l to :1L11\· c,

"l'

dcri rc11. .[roll• Ilic lwlJ1't r>f i/i,,lin(Juis/11:11(/

synonym.~:

JI0w _g-r1:nt. n pnrt of trnc wi ~d t\ lll it i." t0 <li~tin ~ ni :-: h hf"'t.ween t.Li n c-s
tl1nt. ,\ jff.·r \ - lliin J.!·"" 1-1ce:1ni11~ly 1 l11 tt. n 0 t n ·nlly 1dike ! Tlii:-1 i~ n.·n1:irk tdily
ttlk :-. t1·~I hy ()ttr \\' f ir d~ 41 1ii_..;{'(·rr111wnt" und ' 4 di t4c reti •o11," w hif· h ar1· 11 f•W
\\ ~ t: d H:-\ c q11i\·11l i· n t. , tlHi l\r:-<t tr 1 •· i11 ~ ig-l1t.,n thu ~~·1· .. 11d ?o . i 1•n1d1'l 1t'{' ; "
whil e y t·t in tl1t:ir cu r lit·r w•n!! e, n11d att.:<J rJinr( to t.l:1 ~i r ·· tyrn,, J11!..'.".'--, lwi1 1gbn t l1 fr11111 u di:--cl'rHo,'' tiH'Y 1-1i_!! 11ify th e powt.:r of t-.n Ht:1·i11 g 1l1in;:-., tha t i r1
the ~t: ~ ·ilJ ~ we d1 :ot ill,!!tii ~ li u11t1 "' l: !111rat t· lln:m Ol H' fr,,n 1 11t 1Ht l11·r. S111·h
" ·ere ori_:! in a 11 y q di~cc rnn a: 11tn nnd 0 di:; c rct ivn/' a11J ~iwli , in :1. i;rl':ti.
n1 1·it s n r<• 1 th 1·y arc :;:.ti ll.
\ Vii:1 t a help rn •) rc o ,· cr ''"i ll i t p rc"•Y C t o th e w ritinQ"
:1 !.!°"''d 1->1;.:L~i1
s t yl1..~ , i i' im'ientl. of lt n\·ing 1ll :11i y \\·r,rds l.11. : f.q·e 11 ~, :ind eh0 .. ~ in~~ H!r1111:-. t :i t
ra11 do m fr n 111 n1nnn .~ th c 111, we at Ollt.'C kn•HY wl1id 1, and w l1icl 1 i111ly . " l ~
Ot1J.;l1t. in tl1c c11 :-.e bcfo r1.' 11s tr., e 111pl ·y 1 wlii t.:li wi ll lie the C\"act Y(':-'tnn· c)f
our thon~l i t.-1 ! It i~ t.lie lir:-.t 1.:l1 11 r:1d l·ri :-itie of a wcll- Jre:-'!"lt' d 1t 1a 11 tl 1:1 t hi:-1
cl () tl1 C' :-\ lit. hi111; a11d it i ...; prt··· i:.:.t·!y :.:. !1(·11 a prim.e d11rro d.- r isl1> ':l n /""' /sip!"
tl11Lt ll1e woril.'(jt'.l (''''"'p ' I tJ,r: l/ir111:11i1,... Y11n d r111 01, !'lTl :n \)Ill: 1.!:11·1 · t l1:l\ t !1e
writl·r 1111· 1111:-: 111 <1 rC t l1 :u1 h l: ita;-; 1"\lt:(:cc Jl:J i11 :-1ayit1!!"; i11 a ll ' .\ l1....:r 1 th:ll lw
\1:1 :( ~aid flp\r• · th<lll hf' mc ':in:-t: or in o third, ~1)1~icthit1;; h~. : :-0 id;: :i w\ 1 ~11 Jij . ,

pr

~

lSG

wli nm ho hn l" d rce ivc<i . G. l n thi~ clil1·rnma Aristo phhn c ~
- - nnd dc·tt'r n1i11 r d to prr'(r nt. him~ ('l f "11 the ~tngc .
(7.) : \1 11" 11 .!'.!' J;i.1t 1..·~ l1c· 1· "~ 1t i\·1 ·l .' · - ·- thnt 11011 -.,i.' ll ."i U w: ni Llic 11106t prt,·ai!i 11 .~ pnrt .. r 1· lo\111 11•1H'•' .
( "' . ) - !. I t i~ 11r•t \,y - - tl i ~, ·i 1·lin .: an· I t111n·lnxi11:.; - - tli11t tlic n;rM
'':1 11 11::1 i 111:1in ·in :l"" l'l·11d ··n· ·.'· r , \ · ·r .\, 1111 l i f11\ 11 .i1to!:-: . 2. - - i:i 1lic pro pcrs,1~·
t i.l · ~ r r· t11 i11•i11 l:..r 1·1H't' ; 1111 · . ;: ~ · .1"' ' " <•( tl 11· 111 i11d a~ wd\ o~ body nre ('\1 fe:'!
\ ,y l·.1n ;r: 1ri4·;-; . 0. Ii' .'" '•11 :,·
I in : q1 ir jndg-1 111.~ nt.", - - in your t'<'n
rrnn·."I, 1!1\._·n , 1\: r.

r .)-l.
1

l' rnd

11

!H' t• l'H:ll111·"' I• " l" - - lllil!l_:' ~ ) f

th o

CYi}S tO

187

SY !\ON YMS lcXPLA.IN !£D.

i: XJmCISES ON SYJ'\UN YMS.

whi ch

L ESSON L XXV .
P l~ EC!S!0:-1

C F E Xl' l:J·; !'S IO X. -

t:irn

S Y :\0:\'Y~{S.

(J F

(1.) Absorber!, 1;11 ;1rn«sNl.

WO 21'f ._

da ily rx r·n~ed . :! . A fix1..·d 1 1 ri 11~ i J'lc 0f n·lig-i o n i~ need ed to enable n ntJl1
t o - - tl1c t e mptati on s t< 1 .:; \·i i w llil' li lie in hix path . 3. Fear will lend tlJ
t o - - n rnn d 111 :rn. '1. A w:111t of prin {'iplc l c uds n ma n to - - hi!i orcdjo
ito r:-i., wh O!ll he wi~hc~ t •> dl:fr:tud. 5. T lic l1r i::.t rn r 11n ~ of - - qunrrcls, lA·..
t.o - - g i,·ing offerwc . C. Tlic !-'11 rr:-.t pr r:1~· n·11ti\'t: fJf inn()('COCO i:i t o l1ud e11111pimy 1 and th e ~11rc:->t pn'R<•n·ati,· c •Jf' lic·nlth i.-i t o - - eve ry in ...
t •·m1,crat c p r;1ctk1: . 7. 'fl1 0;.;. o wli ') Ji a,· ,. 11n t.•Yi\ dc:-:.igu in vi ew will ha\'C'
nn nc1·a~iq11 t<' - - the riJ,! ilanl'C nf th1· ];I\\' .
8. Tl1 e \\' nr.' Tr1,ja11, ! 1 t:1 1di 11'..!' (r" lll thC' 11\o w,
- - tl w ... k atlt . u n d di :·;q•11<ii 1it;.;. hi :-i li1e. ( /',1pr-.)
( 1 ~ . ) - 1 . . \ g-t.:niu~ i;-{ 11 L: \'t'I' tv IH' - -- liy 111'! 1 hnL i~ t hu g-if°L nf ooturn.
2. 1:11:..: ... ( 11r - - l1:q·p int.:" "' uru 11 (1 1. :-io I Wt' •· .. :· :iry 11 ~ t l i t; nrl~ ot' (:0JJ:-i Ol~·
ti o 11. !I . 1'...-" jd e 111ny (;Xpcct. to n1:d~ · · l. 11t :--.! 1·11dt·r - - w1tli 1 ~11t, 1l 1.· 011 :'\idcr·
abl e r-< li ot 1T rir i1 1dn .. tr.\· ; u11d i 11 i-1.11....1 1 ··a-- 1.· tl1 ,._y will l· u 11,. - - to Lhucom~
n1111 1it \· . 4. 'f,, l1·nrn n lnr1gnn;:c i:-; 11 11 - - ; tn \\"i11 a pr·" ·i1 1Ct', un .
"' · Th~ --of'litt: r11111 rl't'ar . c\•'C':t:dt h e - -n f f1.1rtn111 : . G. \Ycnlwnysgo
(I n - - . lint we "l'' P wlt c 11 we 1111\'e - -.
( 1:1 .) -L ~ir Fr:t1 1<·i :-s J !:l(• n11 · ~ - - ~rn -:p t·.1 1dl tlio W:t :l l't:\'t·alc1.l in books
hl'l'ort!. ~.The t)h.icl.'t i"" to e) big- f~ , r our - - . :L '1"1 11 111 ~.:-!1n111:111 !ins not tbG
- - to di l'lt i 11g-11 i-d 1 hi111 ~d !' i11 tl 11; rn1 ·· ~ t l'll1in i11g- pnrt .; n( 11 ~ n·Ht clia rn cler;
ht} liu"' cTrtninl _
\· t!1r. - - nf h1·i11 g" j n -.. t, fn it l1t'11l 1 11 1.. •! 1-... r 1 :1111l tc ruperato.
( .\ 1! , ) ( 'atHl· , r !1· :11\:-1 to 1·1 1r - - ; n :1· •·11ta111·1, J •l'(1lh t1't'r.> a - - ; gc n c ro~i ty
or pride •)t 'ell~ir•n::s ltll - - ( i J.) - 1. A ri .~ t1•:..~; i t1111, wit!i r~: n·11gci'1 1l (' 111111in:.t, - - ,;1·\·(·r:i l co nr ticr!i o.(
t lie tyra 11t. -:!. {J !1 ! tl1e h1'l'l'• ·r t!rnt w ill ~l·ize n p o ur :--.in 111; r, when ho
t1! a1 1 .i~ - - :1t the l1nr 111' J i\·int.· j11:--titc ! :i. Our Kavio11 r wa.~ - - lit.:iort)
l'i la ti.: , ll nd trl·n t 11rc:"' i n tho 11 rnJ11c~~ o f 1•rc -"' t1111ptinn - - th ei r Crout.or.
4. It i..- t·),,tr1.· 11u_·ly n·r·) 11g t ·) - - 11 t111tl1cr " id 11 H1t :-; nflicic n t g n..> 111 u t ~, hut
rt ill \\"iir-,.c tr > - - li i 111 \\ i1l1011t th<; ll HHI i-; 11 \1-1tnrit inl gn11111d~. :L We u 11er . . ••n 1,f 11111rth·r; we - - lti111 witl1 .1i ." lt ·,11c"'t_\'. ti. ~ l r. L ocke tlJ• b u u f gr ~ :1t llCci ligc lit.:t.! wlw di :-l i.' iJll l" tJ U .ii' Jl 1v ra l t!1 i 11 g~ OiJSl' tlfd.f.

(2.) B esto1c , grant, present, o.f!er, &c.
\Ye (li'ant pcnni~ :-o i 1 -.11. b··Sff) W chnrity, p1'rnn t compliment~ , fl.fe r nn npoi OflY , r~ffurd, prc1lC' t.. li •lll: CO !{/~ r a. fo\' o r, conced~ a r iglit 1 f\n<l <IcMrd t.' On ~iJcrn ­

tion.

(3.) Cv/lsc11t,

C!Jliljlf,'I,

&c.

\V e con~w• nt t o a p rr1pns al 1 cnmpl:; wilh o. desire, acc1•df to a fC 'lnr ~ t,
acqu,i.esce in a d ce i~i·Jll.

1i11 d

(4.) A bstai11, furf1ear, &c.
\V e af1,- stain frnm t\11 i:1d ni,!.!'('l1(' t".f~·r/,,..11, · to enfo rce a r ig-ht, r efrai n fro m
oon11nitti 1 1 ~ :111 i11,i11ry, Hird wif/i.'iifr 1,,/ n l\:1111• ta t.ion.

(5 .) B e/i rwior, condw;t, &c.
B ehavinr r e f..:·r:-t to nction!-\ that fall n 11de r the notice rif othl'.r"\ ~ conduct
re~nrJ .:'.t o nr l! H' rnl pr0<'•; t·di11J!:-\ g-c 1wrnlly, w hether ob~cr ,· cd t•r n o t.
Ca rria7e1 deporlm-'1d , nnd demeatt.F·r, nrc different !'p cc i c~ o f hclin\·i o r .

(G .)

Cf1~ rn-,

distinrt .

\\re :-;cc nn f>l •.i4··<'t. dnu·ly wh en W(~ nro ublo t o f.1 rni n. c0 rrcct i d 1·a nf ll l'>
,;tenc rn\ H~ nr e o r upp c arali CC ; \\' C HCC it d i/;tin.ctly \\'h Cll \\'C can fuirly ~ l i~ ­
t inguit-;h its p:nt~ .

( 7.) C11s(o111, liabit.
C1u{r11n r.:>fl'r~ to

~ lrn ln't, tn tho ngcnt.
C11.(tmn ex p rp -:~ ('~ th f'
the ~: 1111e ae1; !J11l,it cx 1· rc,.~f·~ t he cff1·('t, wlii1·l1 "li· ·h
rl·pl" t.it i011 pro d 1H' t•:-\ r111 t\11: 111ind o r \, r,dv o f 1l 1e 11Q' ·n t. ;\ r11 .i; /lJ1J1 i:-: i'.. 1lowcd; a /10 /1,'t i ~ nl'qni n ·d. Cu.,f11Ni i:-i \'~lu11lnry; l1a'1 i t i111 1>!ics nn ir1,,.J _
u11ta ry 11 10 \'l.: 111 1.:nt.

frcq 11 e1it rt·111:tit.in11

th e n<'t in n
(•f

1

( 8.) D esist, renou11ce, &e.
\V e dnil-·f, fr o rn diHk ulty in our ta~k ; we 'Nnrmnce 1111 olijc«·t 0r r·u r·n1i t .
when tlis:tg"l'Cl' :tblo ; w,-. 1uil, f,,r 1Ji1, ~ake ,.f u mr•rr· inlt·n· . . ti!l!! r. 1._i .... : r.f
p11rsnit.; ::nul "'"/. ,,,.. , ~tr. fr•l111 h" "(11nin;: wr·r r .\- nf 1 h<' rJ ,., >l..; >-'' 1.

188

~ Y NONYll!S.

18!)

8YNO~Y:.!S.

(!1.) D1j/i,.11lf!J, obstacle, &c.
A ./1j/i,·11l/.1;, i:-1 R<•m ct hi ng n ot. c n ~ y tn .J,,: nn ul1~l•1tlt' , iR Annrnthi njt thtt
fl t:111 d :-. in 011r wn y : a n ·imr rdim n it , l" i ;!ti ilie~ :-- 11 1111.: tlt ii t;.{ c: 11 1un;.d in11 t (\ ~lf
fr e t. I ii •· ./i r/ic1i/l 11 lir ~ in ti i t : t hin~ it:-i.t· lf, tl tl! 1•l1slade. rt11d imp!lh'mffll ltt
w hilL b c .\ l 1: rn al l,,> it. 'f l1e fir :-; t ld11de r~ t li c c0 111 pl t:t i1 n1 of n work , lht
f:l'>C•1nd Jii n .\ c r~ t Jic a t tnin 1111·n t 0f nn rnd, tl1 e third interruptt' tiH! rro~~
of' r111 r ctl'• · r t~ . \\" c ~ 1 " · :1k nf l' l l C"l lll t~· r i1 1 ,!? n i11fir ull!f, of ~ nnr1 0 11 11t.i lljt' ~
oh..:(11 t/r 1 n11• l rc111n \·in,1! a n im /"'d inun/,, A d1j/fr1JU y c tnl;arrn:;z;c:ij nnt4'ft.;t...
elf ~ tll( i ·"' Ii~.
0

(1 0.) 1. H nrvoy - - th e ci rcnln tio n of th e nloo<l: T or ri cell i - - . '.he a: rn ,·it y
t l11: prin eipl1: nf g- r n,· 1t.;1t11•n . '.?. I h" g' "A !1lCtr1cian - - , l1y rc a:--. 011 i11 ,i: . tlic solutin n ot' a 11 ~· 111·nl 1ll'111, f) f \1c - - a c lt·:11·, ·r
m eth od of ~ o lv\11~ lii e ~: 1111 1...: prol 1le11 1; o r lie - - llll i 11:--tn11111 · 11t t ri p r< 1 '· ~
tho rc:-\u\t;. J . '1'1 111 ~ t he a:.;tr<1n o11wr - - tl:c m 11t inn1 (•f t l1<; 11 1..• n, 1' t1ly
nf tlic :ito 1 o~phcrc ~ N c w t 0n -

boJics, Loy

111 c an ~

._.r t!i 1..:

t c: lc ~1: o r c wliidi ii ~ lw 1· 11 - - .

(10) }Ji s,.111·, r,.fii11/, i111·1'11(.
\ Ve d i,.;,•0 1·rr w li :il. cxi:-tt:d, ltnt. \\'h icl 1 w n ~ u 11 k11llWI\ b efore; wo in. rf1lf,
w h at lit:fn rc di 1.l 11 o t e xist . \\' l' dis1 '1•r(' f'll t\ 1ing- c u tirc; w e inve11 t hy Ht' WlT
n p p l.' i11g- o r 1n r. tlt· lli 11~ t h e rnakri 2tl ..: 1 w lii ··h (· xi~ t :-=rpa ra t t: ly . T o .find br
finr /. ml/, i..- ~ : \iJ ot° t!iin~.:oi wl 1iv\1 d " ll Ol t ·:\ i :' l ill t \1c f1 ~n11 .:-1 ill wlJielJ n p~r­
~0 11 1i nd:-i tl 1 ~· 11 1 .

•Jl lC or n1 orc· H · 11t"11 n· ~ l'!ll110ilying corn'ctly
nf't hc :-tf(i 1·c rn 0n \iu11t·.l ".'"11 r•n:·111>', in tl1l'ir prteisc se n ~..
" Fill 11p th e Ll:111b• 1><·1011· 11·i1li tli e littin~ word from
(':tc·l1 ,.]a,_ , of ":·11nn .n11 -<, :1 ce•11·ili11g h• t he n11 m1.il' r~.

J . \ Vri \ c

\• :1 (' h

(C:: . ) ~ ' pfl :i t ii·l :1:1 -

li e -

- frio111 h i~ d e :0 i_L!J l ~ nn fi 111 lin g t li em imrrn cticnhl ~;
- t h~ <'1)11rt , 111l \·in z l1t···n ~l iµ-htcd by it~ he - - a mbitio n, f.n ~tndf

Hnd r('t. i r"nw n t , a11tl -- l1i~ ntll: n1 la11ec o n tl 1c g rr at.,

ftl'i

li e 1.){: co me~ oid

11 rv l d i:-rn n tc ntr·d .
(i .) 1. H_v t l1 (' - - 0 f w:dkin!! in th e !' t r1·c t :'l one 111.:q nircs !h o ·-Of
i1ll 1: n(.'S=" . ".!. T lir. - - ,, f 1.::1 r1y ri:.i,i n.!! i:-1 t' i•llrln c i,·c t o l1i·alth, anU mny in a
~\i r1rl t l ni " lwrr oi n •· "' ll('h a - - ns t n rend,· r it n n l e :-:.~ a~nw a1l c t han 11*".
rn 1. :L \\' h o 1..· \' 1· r !'1~ 1 !11\\"r' I IIC • - - .-~f i ttli t ul i Ilg" th o loHk , trrn (' , 01' g1.! 8lnre 0:(
a11 lw r. i ~ lial ile l" _!.! d tl 11· - - r,f d n11ig- t.li o ~am c liim:;c lf. 4. Al15. i."' f: a id I" J.e s(·<·n nd n ;1t n rc., it i:-1 i1n1 •n r tn11t t o guarll ngaiul'St nll to • . .
1

1 1t

w l1i ··li w +:· :i r e Tl i>L w i l \ in~ I"
( !"1) l. \\·.-.. ~
hi~

1 1 1• n k

l1 <' (' 0 111t· -

1•f:t 11t·r .. 0 !11:-1

-

-

-.

nt tn l .Jt\ o r i11

~· <H1q•uny;

we ioipcnk o!

- in t la• m : 1nn ~ 1 ·111 et1 t. d r h i~ 1· rl \';1t \· cr•1 H·t~ ri1 :-1 l 11r i n h i:-; d ifferent rd~
t i1111~ tn lii>o1 f1 ·ll 11 \\' - iT(' ;1t1n· ." '·
~ . T !w 11f .' 111111!: p t!•)jilc in :-iol'icty, i11i
or 1· r i111 1.• i11q•11 !'ta li ( 't ' .
Th v ~·q 1 i 1a l 1 \ 1 · - - (I r II ,i11d ge ( 111 th t! l1011cli , n1Hl
or ;t fJ1 iJii..-11·r i ll 1!11 · j •l dJ 1if , 1i i !! fli li1 · ~ t l w nllin• (I f t •Udi.
(/)) f !...~T 1 · : 1 : l .\· \ 'n\111- :t 1"\ "l! ! 1· l i 111 :1;.! i 11 : d i1 i1 1, 111 · .xt. I () :l - - j11ilgt 11 cllt.
(:1 . ) T IH· di :-1 ...... i:i1'11 · ·r' t li t· 11 1i11.\ 11 !'!1 · 11 i1 t·· ·:i :--.i 11 11s 111 o rn - - in 111:gotifi ..
-

t i. 111.-.; 1 I1a : 1 Lhc :-1i l.,i 1.: 1: t :-i t L rr1 i--1.· l\"1: ~.

'1' I 10

1:loq 11c111.: c <if Uc11 1 o~ t }H; l tC~ Willi tLt

wli id 1 l' l1ilil' ,,f :'\Iu l't'd •111 t: X1't: ri c1 11.:t·J i11 l1is political c111 cer.
l ;t 11 ., r;1 111·c w i !it n«"" J'1 ·1 ·l l t1 l lrn b11 g- 11 :1g 1· i .. t he grcu tcs t - - whi ch n fQr"
t·i r:- 11 c r 1 · xp 1·rif'n~·1. · :-:. i11 1111: p 11 rsu it. n f H11y 0hj 1..• 1.: I 111 L ,,f lii:-1. ow11 counry.

µ- rcnt c;o;.I. --

LESSON LXXVI.

(1.) D£sti11g11 is!1, sepande.
W e Jist inrt u i.·A w h:i L we w i ~ h 11 0 t t •) e r111 f 111 111 i! wi th a 1111ti11·r t lti n )!'. : w o
lff'jl r1rr.tt,.. wl 1:;t we d v:-;.irc t1 . r1..·1tlf1\'1• fr.,111 it.
U l.j, ·ct :-1 1lre .'./ i.· l i11 '. / U i.~!1 f~ Cru'. n
one anu tl 1c r l1 y th ei r •p 11dit ies ; t \1,·y a rc Xf'/ 1<11·a frd l .y u1~t11 11 n • ti! trn1 c o r
11pucc.

(2 .) ].:,/ 1Q11;1lr, wjiicie1rt.
Enough , i :-: t l1a l wh i1..· li ~ ati :·d\1·:-i o n c ' :ot •l<: ~ irc·!i\ ~ ,.. ,~p.:..;>n t , i..: t h :ll w '1i 1 ~h ~up ..
p1ici:i on e ·~ w:u 1 t~. \V e 11 1:1y , th1 1 ~, freq11 C' ntly l1u \·I..! a "' '~ /tici~nry, w h l..' n w e
bnvc !1()t ~ " " '' ~'" · Tl1 e etH·c to n ~ 111un n e ,· i.: r \1 11:; en11 1";!1, thn1 1g- h ho hns
whtit i:-i p11J!in"e11l f1 1r 11at n rc .

(3.) Cumplelr, 1c!wle, entire, total.
H~lto/I' 1 i ~ t l1nt fr n m whi c \1 no thin .!.r h:1!-: he ~11 t nk l' ll ~

whi c h

t, ) 11.: n : i:-i

t1 0

dl'!i· ·it· n~ ·y : n d ire, tha t wh il' h h a ~

r11 111p!f l,. , i ~

1ir 1t

lH · t.:11

t }ia t. i n

di,· id t·d

i1110

pnrt~; total rc f· ·r:-!. to all t. h c par t ~ t a kL·n c;, Jlt· e li '.·t: l.\> A :l1i11~ i:--. ,.~i f1:r~
vhcn it want~ no n e of i t ~ pnrtA; it i:i curnp lf>l e wli f' n it w:rn t:-1. nn nc ( I! t nu

ordinary npp c nda j!C' ~ L1
~ ing- t o it.
Complde i111 pl i t ~ p rc \' io u:-i. pn · ~rc:" I\
in filli 11g 11p, or 11 ll i n ;!
~ . o ~ 0 m c rnd .
1
A 'Wftule o ra 11g-c li;1~ lia.\ 11vt l1i1q.; tak e n fr o in i t ; a ron1p. -'f l! o rnn .!!C l 1 a.~
'f.trown tQ it~ fnll !"' iZ P: 1111 e,,tfre 0 rn1H:1 : i~ not ~· e: t c11 t. lr, i~ J' ''~~il 1 l P,
there for e , for H 1 l1 i11.!! to l ie tl'l1 r•lf , n11ol .'·1·t 11n t N t.l'/r,, ,·a n d tn l •c l t•:h , :uu l
y.1.·t n o t (:.r · rnpl~ t ~
:\ 11 nr:1 n ?!f' c·11t it ll'' par l~ ii" 1t'.'1 1•le w! 1i.i i..: 1dl tl u• l'il rt~ rcll it\ill to ~ ct. li c r. h11t ii" i..: lJt •t e1it1>1>; l1 1 · t1 1.: ~ w e :->. p l':d..: u l a 1c/1 1Jle lt v11 ~ 1 · , an
crnt ire sc,t, a1 1d a c••TU/•:,,:c l1n11 k.
1

-( 4-.) }:,'11'1£1:oc1il, m1d.1i:;11u11.•.
l!..(;u i vocal, m c:rn :; tlint w hi c h m ny be L' 1111ally Wt.! ll \Jr. tl c rf.lt oo ~J i n two or
more flCH!-'C~; amhiguimtt, i~ nppli cJ to nn express ion wli k \J iius 11p pnn: r1 t! y
two or more u1c1mings nud it i~ Lloubtful wh.ich o f t.h <·~(' i8 tntcnJ cJ . .1\11
1

1

19V

!lL'iV:\

191

L\J ~ .

';111i'vocrrl c xprc:~!" i o n hn :-o nnc sl.'nM! fl P"n 1 n11d tlr~igned t o be und t\l'Ht ood h):
tli;1t F.t'.ns1". y et a nother :-i.cn~e C'(" ll re a kd , and 111 11.J c r~too<l only by tJi e pe,....
f\01l

ll~ lll!J

it.

J\ 11 f''jllit1 •1'td rxrn·~:-;inn

is u-.; t•d with nil

i rlll...' llli • ·ll

to d<Jcc i n:

~

nn a111hiu..

-f1r;11.~ on<·. wl! l'n 111·11p<'r! y :1d•1j• k1 l, wi t l1 n11 in t t·11t1 1) fl ll'"t to~iY'.! !'Id\ inli 1 r1n~

:i.:i 1'11.

'l'l 1t· om{1i:1 11if,'J ar i:-.\·~ fr~·in a tiiq ~1 ·1 1c ral f11n 11 of exprC!.'l~it •ll, which
11·:1\' t·:-1 tlit\ ~('Jl.-.:1; 4" ( 1i 11 · a11! }1nr i 11d1·t··rr11i11odf·.
Ti1f~ f'r;11il'flCu tiu n 111blcndd
11:-\ l1y tl! i..: u:-;.c o i'a ti..:rr11 in t ht· :- 1·:1:-c w l:i1 ·1l Wt• ·!o 11r1 t. ~ 11 :-> p ect..

(.j .) _- t i1Strr •) •,

)'1'j1/.' j , }'r:j1JiJu /, r, 1"1 1.'•) Jf , )1,'\I',

:\ 111 lio··"'" t1~ rrn.., i! H,·:11•i1.· I \ 11· i~ l,·:11,f 11~i11g ,,.,i Hl~ 111 rdnrn fnr nther wor<l, .
fl11.o:i 1 r•r, i~ in(r,rrn;iti•"l !t :-cati:-.f.·· int: n q11n., ti•·11 n... kt.'d , or i:. is ;1 ('n n1ph..tP
c011rn tatit111 nf llie ar;.:1111H•nt nf itll npp•1r11·nt; n ""f•l,rt, ('nn~i st ~ o f t !1e w onh~
ll~t.:d in n ·l:1.ti11n to an an:-.w e r 1 nll a:-i.;-;1·rt. ion 1 n\.jt·(·tin n, o r i1 \'<.:11sati o n; ·n rt~
joi11J,;r iS 111:1d P to a r •pl,r;; n rt:s;w11 ~e i:i niadu in :t i.:1..·1_} rt!an \:C \\'it\~ th1: word it
or HJ1 (ltl11.: r; it is an alt '.; J"ll:lt C: Hll :-i W(· r. An fU UW 't' J" l1l ll.'" b e c itl1 c r s pnkcll nr
w rittcn : r· ·f'l!f and r1joind1!r nr(' ll~(· •l in pf'r . . r 111:d ,Jj..,,,_.,,11 r:-ic u n! y ; nrtspo1i11.
nrn y i •u ,.:.aill or st111g.
An

money~ it i:i re rp1i:·li tu to allo w - - ti 1n c fur cn: ry t hin ~ that i~ t r, be
done , if we v.:L-.li it to be dr1no w~ll.
(3 .) .A man lllny oecnpy a - - house tli nugh 11c ha:oi. n nt C\llC -~ :q,:1rt·

m cn t.

(4.) An i1 o ncst man wiil n eve r c mpln.v - - t:\'pr<· ... ~ i·1n ~: :·1 c011 fn.~t·d
mnn 11wy oft.en u t.k r - - <•J1(·s wit l1 011L any d._::-iig n. \\ 'c . ni.d;.I.' n~c .-d" a n
--to decciv·c ; oJ'an - - to k ee p i11 the <larh: .
(5 . ) 1t i:-1 1111 p0litc n oL to-·- \\' li t n we :ire 11ddr<·~~ 1.:·d : :1n:11 mc11t s nro
mn intain ed hy Lhc nlte:rnntc - - a 11d - - of t wo 1·artie'.'(; t he - - in tlio
JitllT,l!Y nr o calc11 !:t tc.:d t 11 kt:l'P nli,·e the Httc 11t i11 n or tli0:.:.e ',\'ltn tal.: 1· p:irt.
Ho n~ai n tnok 1-'<Jlllf' t i111c· l <J <'r1n:-;id1·r, a11 d l·i\·i tly - -, ~• 1 do "-" li' Y'•P
do n~ rcc wit. Ii 111 e," - --¥ I," in ucknow ledging th o c •1 11 1pbint 1 t('ll inc i f

y on wi ll Co1H.:11r 1 " &c.
(8.) l Jin,· c - - a \"il" it t o he r fri c11d LnJy Campbell, an<l m y A nu n
ttt<:i ms to r eceive the - - with pl c a ~u rc .

(G .) A1u11e, 011/!f.

LES S 0 N L XX VII.

Alrmr (;i\I nnC' . <1r Ri11gle, 1·y rn1..: ·~ M·1 f) , rnc'nn:'\ nr• t nc...:ump:111 ied hy nn·
otlwr ol ,il·1· t ~ Vflf!I (rn ntrn dl'd fr,; m nnf'ly) , i11q.J !e~ tl iat. ti11.:ru ii; 110 ot.hn
ol'.i t.·r·t n r the f::1!tic kind. A n o nl,11 rli il.\ i~ one thnt h :1~ no lJrotlicr 0r 11i1'·
tPr; n cl:i l.\ of,.- ;i,,, i.'I 0nc lt·!'r. I•_\· 1t :.i 1·l f.
1

(~ . )

SYXOXYMS,

CO :-ITI ,,,. U ED .

(l .) .lvrotin', rc111((rk, obserl'e.

l 'r /,/,• , i·1111 ity.

m;1n , ... t1• ··J11'I liin1...,1·lf tr1n l1i!,'.'l 1l\·, f 11 r "' ''Ill!' n~i;r imrizin cd !'lilprriorit,\· ~a rain. 111:111 .i!Tf·ntly d<·--ir t'." tl1c ;.~IL' l'f 1 1 11 11 i H~rn ti o n ;,rnth cri;,
tl1 1rn,!.!h t:'lll:-.cin11~ Llint Ill: d111·:; H•1L tk.-.:cn·t.: it .
,\ 111un 11~ay lH.: 100 prnnd h.
be \ '1 l ill. / 'rid,, i,-.: :d\\'llY :-i 11,,.,1 i11 11 l· nd .-.:~·11:-:f·, 1111\v:-:.-.: p n·t·cdt·d hy 11 li1\·11r.
nl.Je l·J' illid: :1:-1 1 ~T"ll" "'u1s 1·ri.l1-, to d1 ·1111t 0 • a :-:\· 11 :-ie pf 1-i11pennrity tl 1ut i:ot
n· :t! . lf.1 11;1liti111·.··s ;111d ,/; ..;1/r1 i 11. :-; t iring- fro11 11 :1 c <•r 1q•11 r'1.""ll ll (• !° oi it: ':-i l" t·lf \\'ith
oth i 'l"~ 1 n·.:.:a rd1 ·U n:-0 in f...:ri0r:--i ; pn"lr, fro 111 a dew 0 f <i 11 1.; '~ ow 11 :-.u pp1.)~ 1 ·d
:\ ;1r{)11,/

1 \

rf•rfectinr1s.

T o 1:ril;ce and r rnurrk, rl'q1;irc

~in q 1 1 c

nttPnti111i 1 in rirder tn r•"l\ll'miwr; to

c x11r11 i11;lti 1,11 , j1 1 <J r 1l1:r t n ,in.Jg('. T u wifi~·p , :-.111· 1,0 " r ~ 1 1 ·~~
QOn t irit1e.l att e 11tio11 tl 111 11tf'1·emnrk 1 1u1 d tl1i:--, It·~~ :1U1:111i<1ti ti1an L•l1•/1.<1Frr e.
\V e r 1'1mtrk t l1at tl-~'1 \\'inJ lie'°' ft·•r a ln11>! ti111c i11 11 c~·rt 11i11 •i•1:1rtcr : \\'i: ,,bS6rve that wl1e11 c \·1·r it l i e~ i11 a Cl·rta i 11 ')llnrtcr, it l1ri;1J.!:-1 rai 11 \\ ith it.
A
g .·ncral nut/c1•s a n y tl1itt,!( r•11rti f' 11lar iii tli c 1q11 1 c; 1r111t c 1~ ( I r Ii i~ nrr11 y ; 1 1 1~ r.-marks t.li~1t t lie n1 f·11 l1n\' e JJ'1 t fqr a l c n,!!t h 11f I i11 1t: wnrr1 <·011t1:11t1.·d t'11c1·~; !10
o;-. 11 Heqnc 11 t. ly ol1sn·r ,,,v tlH!i r ntti •J ll~, wli t·n th ey tl1i11k tl1t: y arc 11 ot scc 11 , in
flht~rve, 1 :.:q11in.:~

orde r t o

<lis CO \ 'C:r tl1c (.'~:11:;.o

of tli\:i r

Ji~s:\li !i foct.ion .

(8 .) J >ru1,us1tl, J;ro;;<;sifion.
I'rr'/111.~o!, i-.:.

CC J!t:rnct· ; n

:i

t l1i11:: "~~·~ ·rt·d 1•.,. nra· p:1rty tn nn«tlit' l", f1~r rc·j cetiA IJ l"lr ncr-:r 1ill'I !iin~ l'l'l' :-il· llt t: d (c, r ('O:t:-.idt..: r.iti o n o r di~ ~ us­

pr''P1"q'ti1111, i;-(

1

iri n.

Ex 1-: "c 1-; 1·:'.
1. \'{rite ~c11t<·1HT" c: o1 it:1ini11~ tliv l~1r('g.,1i11g- ~y11onyms
11 1 tlH·ir tru e spn~ c .
2. :->1111ply the hhnk " with the :1ppro pri:1tc sy nonyms.

(2.) Appre,. i11te, esteem, &c.
\V e (1ppreci r. t f tlint to wli ic·h \Vl'. u~:-ii .!!TI its ! rue \'['tl1H·, :1:-t , n man · =-- serviee:-:1 ; we <·sti 111r:t e ti1 i 11 g:-i :1f'l c: r a 1•r.,c1·s:-1 <1 f 1.·:ik1dnt io11, i1-1 t l11,; 11r~dit~ ,,f
L11si 11l•:-:-:-; ; we (J,·[ u m w li:it w e l"C,!!ard :.:-1 :111 n l'.jl·l'l (i f 111 or:d 1q 111r11\'1d. L•r <.i f
ili t l'ill :-: ~ e \·aJ11c:; \\' C f'r;z ,,, n r app 1·r1is1', WJi t.: 11 Wt.: ~l:l ll \':due or 11ri l'C n1•n11
1:.11y nrt.iclc, n:; of 1n cr<.: lnu1d i:-;e.

(:.!.) A.11./l1 e11 tic, y enuine.
Th o fo rnw r d enote~ tr11tl1fulnes~ of ~ta temcn t; the latter, t b~t n lJook or
docmncnt wa~ wr lttt.: u liy it:; allrgn.1 a11J r1.~ pui.:J auth or.

SY1\0N Y1\HI.

(-t) Trr111711iTTity,

(8.) T o help, fo

J'N f rt', N 11 11 1..

r,.., ,,,7,11'.'fr'1. 1, n · l:1if'"' rn :t pn wili'1n fr1 ·1• fr 11 111 t rnnlilc, i11 it ~ c:lf c<m!"lrlerrd1'' '' 1'••, 11.Jt· :-i:u11 1· ('<llld iti1° 11 '\_itli r··~l''"'I 11 1·:111-.1·~ ti1ut n 1ig-lit j .i crrnpt. it.~
1

1

C•d 11 1,_ \\ 1th rt '."J' t' ~t . :11111•r··~t "t _1 ... _.!1 :-. t11rl w.J1·11111litin 11.

f' u tCI', bnpplica
~ '/'';,1 1 '"':-<i't:l°l~ i ialiridn:dl°' nnlv <'I
n11 1· \ •·1tq · l1"11 fr11n1 pn hli 1.1 or pri·,.'Att

l t"' 1111 :.!,v 1·-·11in11 111 1t1v:-i, "I' t o 11 11 !1\ 1·l1111l.'I

~1t. 11~ !l ~-,,11ll. 11tt11 it~l' ~ . . ]·,, ~,··· irn1·'.l1·~

1 1/'''·f, a lr1 ·1·.J• t111 ll'nr11 1 11 t1"'t~ :11 1.J i1l11.: rr11pti 11 11•
.:\a1 i .. 11:-- ore :-.ai1l l 1~ 110\'c } '" h···, a: 1d 111•t 1;u1tf ,· J1i·r~1 • 11~ 11r fiHr1ili<·l'I rHJ,)"
lif\\'l · l1• 1tl1 P~·:··." Hnrl_'(''/1.f. . f',,,,,.,., :1'11·\:pn ·s:-1\1· <tf a :-:late o f 11 111Hl , is :i J>t,..
l~HllL' llf ·~·>11d1t1•:n 111 1.i; 1;•11 . t. a .ira 11..: it•·r.\ 1·1, 11< l1ii1 111,
:\ g11dd 111 11 11 enjnJ~
1
f .. <:r,,;111 .fll.11 1 ~1 11111~ . . ell; Jll'lf 1';1, \\ ir Ii 'ltl 11 ·r:-1; q 11 i1•/, ufter a n oi~e, or i11t crrn~
llo11 ; llnd err. 111 1 utter n :-i.~ o rm .
hH .il."'

(.3 .) ff('tV-y, .ftt1";_; 111' .
.A Cflllti n:t:lll C<' ~ r re 1w t it i0 11 " f the !"n1n ~~ tl1i11u 1l'N1ri1"~ 11~ ; bh r r f 11ti.qut1
. I 1~rn 11·,::1tr:'I "r ha\·~ng n11tlii11!.! to d .-. : tt' fi tr!f 11f ~ landing- or :-ii.tl in~; I
um .f 1rf.1:1 1u ,t \~· 1tli J"\l.lllllll,1.!' <•r w:dki11g-.
f:t1/:;1u d L· 1111\c ~ ull (:fft'l' l fruw
p 0 ~w1·r1 1d nr :-;t11n11lut111~ (';lll:'l'; , ,.,,11·i1111."s. n11 1·ff··<"t fr•J l ll a Nltiti11 11 c. l nr rtP.•' :t11 ·· ~ 1·a:I "' \' ..
fir··. '"'=j•n.,..; -< .. ~ f;lli:.: 111· tliat wa:--fl·:-t q111~':-t i-;tn"11;..rt1 1, n r, l\'C
l.re ''.f. \ \·1 1:1·. 1'1 111..;;1~r"'':tl·l~ ·: In jn /,\ i~ w ~ ·ar i ll":-1!"1 r1e 1·a :·dr 1t1 L·d J 1v 11 I on~
r: ·1 it· t 1t11•11 nl ;J: ,. .:-::111 1l' a i:l . o r f"r111 or' l'~!'1 oi·t. A ..:h i!.1, or !'q·lde J~t":~ 0111 i
t 11,·il l y/111.:dl ·tl •rt: tl11· l... ,tJy n11.! 111i11d an· 1l't'1 1ri.»I \,ya 1i1·11tr:w11.:d tu~k;
ti~ .

*

T::

1

1

1

a l" '"\t•11 11l 11••r:-..: lw t· n11w:-i.1r1,f~ ,f

(JI J

n l••ng and 1'•• 11 t in11 111 1:-i.j 11 u nh'_\' .

(U .) lf"l." /,,111 , pn1r{,;11rf! .
. il'is. /.,m.' i-:. tlH· ri :: h.t 11"" ~· knnwl <•cl!..." r - tl1 ,. :-;t:l1· ,:ti<111 f\f thi~ !1,:!'3L llH:nna
01 lll'en:1.q 1 l1 :o1 )1.1! 1_:: l'f'l:faln Cll•
; ['rfl,/,111 ·r 1 i:-t \\ i:-t d n rn ( •1r k.11 1 rn·lc,lgc ) npplic:J
l? 1•r:wl.h'f·. 111 1 ' 11 ·1.··c• 111nn k:ir• w:-: wlia l i ~ 1•11 :-\ I; tli,· 111·u,/e11t 111 :111 lrn~ f,1 rol'lg'li t nl

:l1L' f11 t11rr·,-

t lw 11111:-1 \ :q•prt1pr!1111 ·
d :11 1g-1·r.

(7. )

Jli 1s(r',

l f'i:nl•mJ l1 •!1d:' 11'1 t•1 :-. 1·i·:ik 11 11d ui·I prni•e rl\' to ~el~~
nw;i 11:-1 , ,f ~ tH'C • ' !".!'I; pr"·fr m·~ pr11ini•ttJ 1 ;~ t o nv oiU
1

lull"ry, dispatd1, speed.

ri111l nct io n i~ t lio cornmon idcn be lon~in g tb
th ~:-:~ li ·nn"' . ·.: " ft rt.t/ ,iu 1rnd f,,,,. ,.y both mcn n , t o TllV ' ' C fi1 rw:ud with
:\! ;H:ri:ll l' :4~ t.". ~it.II .I ~ t"ll llC r,l1,i1·1·~ ; .J111t tJi C fon 11 c r i11 1 p1J c .~ dc ~i~ ll 1111J rrnl'il
, r.lll 'r •.t.lic l.lli• 'I ~ 1 1) '!) '1~ , ..i l'•.1r1.i d:'ilo1ll~ rertt1rlint~ A ll, a11 d ir rcgnlarity. Spud,
dl 1.1 '. t~., l tf•t 111 d .\ q111l'k, hu 1 f,11·wnru, pro~n·-.:o:i\ l: lll O\'l' lllt:ll t.
. 111 • .r11:~./,fr'. l'XJ'l' 1' '1-.\l'.-I a J 1 r"t'l'~:-< . a \ 1 rir~L!ir1:.( f'.~ nn 1rd t•nrnril:-: Hll <: i1<l · 10
il ~!>I/'.' ''.' '" · 1111pl 1.1· ..: n 1111ttll1!!,.:1111·11d tn. \\· ,. ,Jo1 {'\" ' !." !111 1i g> j 111111 r i io wf·~to
f'1,t ,. ftf ,,
111 1~1.ril '"''.: "''' ''.' ·/ 1,, f ,./1 a L:"l'··itt •1.-nl ,,f hn~ i rir·~:i wi!lti n a gi"et1
t i 1111 " /~·,./ 1 t-.llf 1 11 11 . i ...; /' t'•t1i 1r•·d i11 t•IH 1 ' ' 11· • C\(• . · 11ll' ~; d i111101't·h , in one who

Q11i c kn°.<t:-s in.

111<l\'1'mrnt

:l

d1 · t1· 1· r 11 111c:-1

and d irt·•'l!"I.

'J' J .1~ epi~het luufy. i11q 1l it·~ :tn
c 111l !'\Jli r-rall t.•l\ ; lwr r ittl

LcmpcrcJ ,tute of 1niuc.l.

<1\'t·r

q11irk1H·:.i~ c1f ~peerh, wh ic h ontst ripe

iw 1•E 1..·!i u <lis•• r1.lf'rly 1u.,ti 0 u, 8p ri1 ii.J ill~ fro 111 n Ji&-

rr .~sis t.

Ifelp i~ w:i11trd iii l:1ho r , dan .~ c r, difli 1·11lticR, & c. ~ Q!;:s i.~tnnc,. i~ n·nd l rc•l
iu p 11r:;ni11~ :..:11 1111.: :-:.t11d y, •• r 1wrt'·11·111111g- :..:r1111L: \\·nrk . J\ 111 1lll itt a ttl11tc v f
•11 H'c1 in;;

11 111y

1 1~· /11lpt1l ; in tl'Jill,;! !"r111,1ell1 i 111? 1 may Uc a:~., ixte. l .

(9.) J i, l1 cu·r., to possess.
\ Vha t \\' ('/inf;! d,H·::O nnt : d WH,'{~ bt·l•111_L!' ! 11 ll~ ~ wi111t WC pn~.<:f'!I~ i ~ rl'C\1-

Jinrl y 011r own .

\re nrc m:l..:tt·r.1 of ''l in t.

\\' 1:

11n.o:ta.~ , h nt. nflt n lw :iy~ nf

who.t. we Jt,n·r.
E xr·: H c t ~ F. s.

J . \Vr itc sen te nce;, co nt :.ii ni11~ the foregoing ~yn onyms
rightl y used .
2. Fill the ubnks wi th the :1pp rop riatc ~yno nym~ .
(1.)-1. A trn\·cll c r - - the m0:-1t ~ tri ldn,!? 0Ljtf't!-l. wl1i t'h l ie :-<l' C ~ : n gt'n ni l tli r~ rn0tion~ cir lii :-1 r11tm y.
Z. l'cv1•lc wli o have 11(\ c;1ri <1:-oity ,
nrc ~ 0 111 c ; i111<::-1 atlrncted to - - tl1 c !':Jl:l r~ o r pl; 11 1ct~ 1 wh e n tl ir y i1rc partic ·
ulnrly b r ig-lit ~ Ll111:ic wli1) J. ... k frl'qucntly will - - tl1:1t tlio :-c:u11e ~tar d•1cs
not r i:..:c cxacth· in tlic :-.:t in e~ plal'C fo r Lwo ~11eccss in~ ui~hts; lint tlic a8 tr0nomc r goet-1.. i'n 1tl1 c r . 11 11•1 -- - al l tl1l: 111 nt'1(l J1:i of th e ht:a\·c11 ly L u Jic~ , i n
orrlt-r t o di :-i.('O\'l.: I' t lie ~ 1·\1c rn1: i'1f the u iiin·r:-i.c .
(tLj-1. The - - 111:111 t'"rc"'t:!L:t\1 tlil~ 1·\·i \, nnd l1i llcth l1irn"'c lf. 2. T\v o
thing~ :-i.pr.ak lll llCh t lie - - Vf I\ ll !lti n ll: ~~ (J Od \a\\.':i 1 l\lnl a - - tlll\ll:l [;C ·

cral - -

ment oft lu·11t.
(7 . )- 1. 'l'l1c rnn el1rn:111 WllR onll•rcrl t o tl ri\'C witl 1 t lie 1Jt mnRt - - tn 1Tyflo
Park Cn r nrr. 'l . l lo rm: r, l'J p rcsc n ·o tl iu uni ty of n.c tion , - - in t o tho

inic.l:'lt o f thing:o1.

n.

II X n w ' t i:-i.

IHlllJ.(lit

Hn t r~:..:t l 1·~ ~ - - t.l1r1n1 ~rh the b 11 ~y nir,
Beut l1y u 1111 11 1u Uc r'J wing:i."

Tlt am..AOrt..

(3. )-1. Tli c qnc:;tion of the - - n f 0:-;-< iu n '~ pocmF'. lia~ !we n J0 n~ RCt nt
r est. 2. Tl tf• 1110:-.t - - lll'l'Ollll rd'lhi!-1 tn u1 :-011cti n n niny be fot 111d in II (;ibhon's Dc<'li1H' 1111•1 F ull." 3. i\'i1·ht1l1r t lio u~l1 t. that !"cvc r:d of the bo1) k K
snid to lia' e hl· .. 11 writt t·11 },r J nli11 ~ Ctesar arc 1wt - - .
(R. )-1. Tile a 11t l1P r \\'H:-1 gr1·a tly - - i11 liis work l ~y a fri<'nd, whfl rcd!"cd
h is 111 irn11:-. .. ript, & . .~ . !!. !lad it J1 1Jt. l1C \'ll f.,r H fr ic11.\ w!1 11 - - \1i:11 11 11t <•f
hiH <l ifli c 11\1 i1:l'l, la: 111 1 1 ~t. l1H \'C b<:t· n i 111 p ri :-.11 11 f·.\ . ;L !11 tlic 111 i 1 l1lk ,,f Ili c
1
11
lli g !Jt 1 WH !'I ll\\' :t kcn~·d J1j' l11Ud Cl'it.::i or -·- - , " H -- - - ! '
(~1 . )- l. l - - a 81 11 0\l par1.:c l ht. lt o m c bd•il1 gi 11g t o Y''\I, whid1 i~ nt ~·11 11r
d i ~rposo l. 2 . lI.,; i s Hfl excel le nt. mun, nnd - - C\'t•ry dl'!"i rn \ 0 \c fp11t l it.\·,
8. As to t h o b ook~ whi c h Wl'rC b rought ycKlCr Llay 1 I - - t..llc1 11 in my librnry, n1;cl you •1111!1 - - titein befo re y ou ~I) home .
9

SYNONYMS.

"t

lx•twcen mnn an<l h i" ~faker. We ha Yo duli•• to perform M IH1Hl•nnds
ind wive:-(, pntent~ n.ncl children, &c.; th1.1 debtor i' nnder nn oMigritinn. to
d ir-c hnrgu a <lcbt 1 and lie wlH1 ha ~ pro rni :.-cd i ~ un der ar_ 11Mi'}a t iun. t o t'ulfil
M1 promi~c . An o/;li;ml.inn is whatwu bind otu~1.::lvc~ t•) do, i1Hkpe nde1;t

LESSON LXXVIII.

l.f of ou r nat.ural
A )) lJ l T I 0 N ,\ I.

(I .)

7~ 1

c:ep;rt, r 0

/,

S Y N 0 .N Y M S •

(7.) Occasion, opportllnity.
V1X'<Hion mean:; what fall.i in on r wny; opport11 nit /j, t ha t w) ii ··h hnpp t!n,

0;1e.

\V u t'.fji-'ct an C\·cnt, wl H·~ hc r ng-re cnblo o r othe rwise , whi r.h '"O th~ <',
''i il pro babl y tnkc plncc; w c/v 1p~ f1>r n1 1 ngrecnble e\·ent, which wo f(Tf'4l: ~"'
d c~i r<J t 1) t)eru r. \V u 111:1y t.r.prd, hnt not hope for, nn event wh ich y~
kn o""' wi ll g iH~ n:-s pnin.

(2 .) To {mry, to inter.

j\ t for ou r pnrpo!'C. TJ1cy arc appli Nl to t Lo C\'cnt~ of l1f1.! . Oppr•rtuniti~.,
'1-YO pC\rt.icu la r ucc1 1,,· io1i,>;.
An occasirm, pre-M O!ll::I ibclf; an orporl. 1wity i."I, dc •iro<l nn<l souglit, ernbrncccl o r imprv"c<l. W o <lo thini(o 11 3 the, '•cca•i''''

fO<!ui rcs, or as th e opport un ity Jffers.
1

(8.) A z1ir:t1m;, a pcdntin.r;.
'l'ho former

T o bury 1 is ti) con ccnl nntler the ground ; to i ,nte,\"'fa to plnco In th.i
gronn1l w iti: ~olcmn ccrcmonic~ .

(:}.) Vice :iml si11 .
" rliatcn• r \·i n la tt::'~ the l:t w~ nf m ornlit_v i.q !\ via ; whatever vi olate~ lh.e
laws o r (;{Id i!-l n sin. Tho t' Hnl(' net. mny b e nt once l\ vice nn d n 1dn-1fW»
D.~ be:ing- injurious tn ~ocidy, :inJ n sin rl ~ b e ing prohibited by God.

(-L) 1h11per, h11mor, mood.
Temper he1ong-~ tli the permanent eii:ntt<'tt· r of u man, nnd cxcrci 11 c~ !\1l
infit~t:ri. · e O\:cr hi!'! ,:.rcncrnl co'.1'.i11t·L; h.11111/Jr i~ a stnte o f rn ind prriclt1 ccd
pH r l.1c11l nr c1 rc nrn ~t;lll Ct.: :-i 1 ~trHt l!-4- tru~)!-l1t 11ry. \V1· !-<pcuk o f' the )umwr C\ft lt~
H\Omc: n t; nf tho temp .. ,. of y r•ut h or ul d 11;.{C. 'J~mper inod ifi. cs the nctiotu
nu <l npinion!'l, :1R "' ell n~ tltc 1'1· c li11Q"R.
"'
\V o r:1ny be i1.l n. /1_ ~01111r l~~r wr iti ng- , or r Nnli 11g- 1 or talkin g ; f'o rw lrnt ii

bi

~ny 1 o r fo r w lrnt 1~ RC nn11 ~ . ll1lmnr rn1d Mood ngT oc ir. denoting a pu.rtico ..
1ar atl(l t rmp <J rn.ry ~lat e o f f't·din?r. th e frHmcr nttrihutnhlc to the phv"icN
Htntn of tho body, tlii; !at:cr to the m c1 rnl conJ iti u u of the mind.
~

(G.) Attit11d,., pust11re.
. 1\ .p r sl tO'l' t_i\._· n 1·tc ~ t Ji,. Yi!" ibie 1wsition nf ti:c h0d y 1 11 ~ n h(\rizont.nl, erc~t.,
:'\1 .: r:1•ing-. p11~t 11r'. · .; a11 attit•1·l" i:-1 an c:xp r cs~i·1 n 1~ f iutcrnn! fe«linl-{ by n co,...
re.~ po 11 d111,t: 11 0 :-i it:<111 nl'the J;. itl y. 'V e ~p c nk <.~fu1i itltit udeofdL:8poi rtor of
JJ l1..:l:ui1..·lH)ly . .:.\n. 11!/i/u· lt'i~ a 1 · r ·~t nre witl1 c'.\pr..:!-4~ i t1t l.
Jt i~cinpivye1.l by
pa1n l cr~. 1111d ;" 1·n.lJ•l r :-;. A tti tude and posttud are tjg11rat.ivcly applied to
11

Qlht·r o .•.Jt 'd li 111·!->idt• ii

J11Lic~.

th e lwdy .

(G.) Dut.'J :111.-l 01'll:;atio11 .
IJ1tt,11 c onsiht~ of w hnt i~ ri hl•t o r du<: fron 1 o ne bein.'( to nn oth cr. AU
tiu!y dq1e11d.-: upon liluml 0U~'<1at,~ · tt. wh ich s110KilitM l.>ctWfl\.:O muu 1rn<l t.llll._U.

i~

a n ·. prl:scntation of ol;j ccts ; Lhc intte.r i:-> a r<·pr~':-;entati " n
EYery 111~i11ting i~ H picture, bccuu~o it. rf" prc~ l·nt.~

Ly rncnns of c1 dur.

Jomct hing; Uut e\·(·r y piet u rn is n ot n pointin g , L1e ea11 Re CYery pi\.·tt;re i~
11.0t painted . }'i~urnli\·t.:l)' :-:p t~ Hki11g, the p oet p aint:i in glow ing- Ci:>iv r~;
tl1e historian <lrnw:i a li\·el y l': ct urr..

(9.) Brewery, cm1r11,r;e.
'l•hc former i:i e1)Jl~t.i t1; t ;,)n al ~ the lattl:r i.-. al'q uircd hy rcft e<.:tiou; h cn<:: !. .1
thcro i~ no m erit in Lei11;; J,ra,·e, hut 111u cli in being c1111rn)!t!'!ll!'! . Bro t6
men arc: rrnturn!ly carcle~~ 0t' d:1o;;er ; the c1n1,rr1g<'OU:J rnan it-i !\\\·aro of dnu $Cr, nnd yet face; it calmly.

(10.) To e':cert, to e.--ccrcise.
' To txert, is to p11t f•1r t h; t o l':te,.ci.~fl, i:-1 tn p11t forth rq •e:-tkd ly . T o t.urt
.anth rity. 1~ to c mpl 0y i t in :-1i1q.!lt; i11:-'ta n 1..·t•.;; lo e.urcil3e :i11 tl1ori t y, i1 11 plic:<J
oonti n uan cc nnd rqw l i ti1 )11 of tlH.: 111·t. \\' c exert the \'Oice i11 c;i::i 11,; t1) on e
at l.l c,listancc; we o :er cilie it in len r ni 11 g to tti11g or t o prac ti;Otf; .. rat<•r,r .

{l l.) .To groio, to become.
To heconu,

i~

to ho ono thing fr om lrnving- been nnotl1 t'r : t0 ~1r1nc 1 it1 to
To !Jrow, is t o btcome by il c-g-rt.:efL

·bo nppronching townrdR nn otllc r state.

EXERC ISES •

1. \Vrite a sentence cml>r:1t:i11g each of the forego ing
synonyms, :rn<l in a proper sense.
2. F ill the Ll:wks bc]o\1· wi th the right syn o nym~.
(l.)-1. Such w :t~ tho \'iolcnrc of the ~torm tlint none of the JHl:-1~ t·n ~er;;i
- - the \·e:-;~ e l e0 1dd 1_11;tii\·u tltc gale . 2. The father had - - that l1i:i ~on
would rise to e11 1in cncc in hit1 profession.
(2.)--,-l. Will iu11 1 I. Cllllse<l t ho body of l!llJ'ol<l to be - - on the scn-•bar ...
2. Tbc hou•e fell iu, ~ u<l th e workUJcn wore - - in ti.Jo ruiu• .

196

SYNONYMS.

SYNONYMS.

(~.)-Virt nc nnd - - chiefly irn r.J y t he rc lntion of nnrnction•to
th1 ; wor ld ; - - nnd hol in e" ' ra t h er i111 p ly thc i1 rclntion to God
other wo rld.

'

hi-'

;·- ..

rtihit

{'l .)-1. My friend i', ~ m an of "11 c: h exce ll en t - - , thnt 1 do not
i ve r F.HW l111u m nn i\1 - -. 2. M.}' co 11 ~ i11 i~ m11 ch nlteret1; !\h(!
ongc r t he :'l.flt n c lo w - - fo r whi c h l'\ ho wu:-1o so re nwrk ublc hut f
fa l l~ irt:> nt ~ of - - whi c h m ak e ~ e r t\ di ~ng recuhlc con'1pnnion. ~·
w a~ a man nf n· ry rc~c n·c d - -, l111t wh en in tli e - - coul<l lllJbOnd
ho corn 11111 ni1'at i.\·c. 4. 'f hc rc i ~ flt) cnlc nl111 in;.!' on th e - - of n mtn
<l c-r<'t H.b 11pN1 1 11~ - - wli etl1t·r he p ro;; n:s ~ C::i well or ii i.
(-"; .}- 1_. ~ r 111 ie ~. m~ ~ 11nien m cn11 eing - -. 2'. In u. cri tienl -- of r1!3lff.- .
grt!a t 8Lill ll'i re rp 11red on t lic pnrt. o f Jln ,·u r nm cnt.
•(~.) :- 1. I foci mpclf nn dc r ve. ry i;-rcat - - t tl my in•t n1 ctor. 2. T lit ~. ,
Oi ~ of :1 f '-1 rt; l tt lllHJ b e d1 s ch argt!d fro m n RC!l=-'C o f t li c:ir - - .
'
.
(7.) - 1. lt is ha rd to i in ng- i1 H~ o n ct~ :-:t:lf i n a l" l't n oof g rc 11 t.cr h orrv"r'\'f~!IJ
on t l111t - -. ~ - A t tl 1c T.0 11nc I li 11d tli " - - of seei ng th e kin g. 3, lktl'
)' Oii hc ... rd. tl\ 1} - - r, f th 1M c 11 :-1to 111 l
·1. J\" f·.i.:l cc.: t no - - of d o in g~~
f\ . O n P H!"l. 1t·11l ur - - n ('f' ll l ll lll !ld er fllll ""l lw !'11 ~ \' f' r~; l~ n t ll lrnmnne oue ~~
e 111 h r a ('C c· Vt ·ry pr11p1-.r - - t o ~ I H) \\' lii:1 lt:11ity t n offt.: nJc rR.
· .*-.
('<. ) - ~ . Y 11 11_ r11 1111 <,•t ? ~· ~ii _r -. - . to ) '11 n rr>t·l f u11y t hing more un pleµ~
tl_1nn 111,: ~ ; t ~1 '. 1 t10n . ~ - I li e pri ze fv r tl •.c :Lrrcatcst im pro v(!mcnt in d m~-!J'#
" n~ n benu n fu l w ;H~· r - C'•)l•' r - - , Uy n h r:-ot- ru te nrt i4.
.
(a.) - 1. K ing- A lfred d i>pl n.H cl grea t - - in "'' i;ti ng the Dan e~ . . ~. l
rc<1 1 11rc~ ci 111t o n~ m 1H.:lt - - i11 a 111 i11i :-1ter to g 11 ido til e 11 tnto in ~iJift.
t l1ronsrh nll_ he r pnlit icul . l'ltc.rm :-1, 11~ in a g t n c ro. l to insure victoryt 0
1
con n try n111 1d:-.t ~nr n 1 11 11 rl 1t1 .(( dun _J.rt·r~.
~...,. ··
.. (1 0.)-1: T l 1i ~ faculty of 111 i11J , w li cn iL i ~ - - imm cd in tcly nhont
tR c:1 l! ud .111 d~1 11c 11t.
2. \ Vlirn t.li o ,.,·jJl lia:-4 - - n11 ucL o f coinmo.nd\ 1 (4\ ,
nny fue11 lry, 11. has clone nll tha t lllllfl can d o fo r tlic actnul - - or cmpilil> "
1
rrH·nt of rt 11 cli f'n<'tiit'"
~
(I I .)-1. A d y in g .rnnn - - wcnk e r c\·c ry ho ur ; n p nti cnt who hM s~.O:~'mi
mu ch pmn '.:'~~ - - very wcnlc. 2._ As \\:o - - o!U e r, it is our ._<lU~J\.t~ .~.
- -. n ioro '11 tUOll!! . ~ · Aut~h o rti , 11!.::c c? trl !i!., - - dear ns they - ,- olJt
4: _TllC L ord b rcuthed mto 111• n ostril• uio breat h of life, nn<l man-•

i

l

tl;inP,

1.ivrng ooul.

•

197

To lament, to deplore.
·; '. W o lam<n.t with lo u d e xelu11111tio m nn<l crico ; we d<JiW ' with de ep fee \
'), ·lng nn d w ith tear:; . Tile !utte r w o rd c xprc~~ c ~ m <•rc ir1t(' n~e gri e f than th •
forn 1cr. A ti c ill o f La ttl<: o r a c ity o vtrt.lirv wn by nn cartil '1 nakc i ~ a '"'pee
tndo tr nly rlepl.ora!ilt: ; it i:-4 &1n1.11ntabli! to Heo hc~garii p11tting- on Edi t he d i~­
, )~ujl4CS of wretchcd1H.: ~ s 1 i11 o rder t o ol 1t ai 11 what. tlic y 111iglit ear n by h un c8\.
·i u<l uutry.

(3.) To ouercome, to conquer, &c.
l3y overamn i.ny ,

we pro v e tlint w e nre ~n perio r to 011r riYal or enem y ; b]
An en em y is conq-ucred ; nn antago nist il'I
Th o :-".e wh o urc t1di c n p rj::1on c rs arc conqul!red; thoso ·w h0 yi d<l
in tho con test. are overcmn e. Al cxnnJ cr conqut red t he rc r~ i nns , nfl cr Jn\\' ing OoerCQnie D ari u~ in t h ree g- rc nt lrnttl cs. In h i ~ nrnr<"h a e ro~ ~ th e :\ lp!4,

--l\mrju .t ring w e g nin possc:-;Kio n.

"'llu nn ilwl overca me

.

l: \'crv <l ifii t·11ltv.
' Vo cnnqu.er an c n c 1u/ hy whn t c.vc r mcnn!'t we ~nin the rn a1'>tt:ry n v c·r him;
wema 1111uUJh, l1i111 1 wh e n hy force we nrn ko him yiel d ; we suln/,,,. l1i111 hy
wh nt cv cr m c nn~ we c h ec k in l1irn t li o s p irit of rc~iMtur;c(•. l'tr~o 1 1 :-1 nr
thin-"'~ arc crrnq11ered o r 3ubd ued ; pc r~ o n~ only nre vanqu i.o;hed .
O llc ron·
i.y o rtl innry mc anK and c trortt4; one 1ulx/. 1Lf3 hy rxtrno rd in ary . Pn·j·
· ud lccK n11d p rc p o s~ci;~iorn:s ure Qvero<Htu; ob~ t ncl c::t. nnJ ditlicu lt i 1.:~ u.rc 1J lLrmc1mkd.

suer;

'(4.) To perceive, to discern, to distinguish.
. Wo fJ81"Cei·ve things by thcm,e h·eff nnd in rcfcrc11ce to ol •jec·t• of tho
1'tun e so rt ; we d is.:ern th e m nmi<lst tnllll Y ot h e rs , scp uru ting thi:.111 by tho
qyo '\nd co n~id o rin g tli c m ttpnrt from the r e Ht.. \ Ve p er ceive t l111t wli i h i ~
Qb \•ious ; wo tU ,;cern t hat. w h ich iK rc1note, or whi c h rcq11ircs cloi"te ntt~ n­
~ t lon to g ot 11 cl ear id cu of it.
''
To d i ffceni sig ni licH t o HCC only one thing or cl11 ~ 8 of t h ing" ; to di11tin.
·(1Uill1,, to !$CC t.w o <1r m o re in ciui ck RUCCC!'\~ion, nnd not t o co11fo11 n d tli crn .
E~'\: pcricncc<l pcr~0118 muy d i.scern th o ~i~n~ of the t ime~ ; it i ~ j 11~t. to d1:8tiu{/ C4i.'Jh l1ctw ceu nn acti o n J o ne from inadvertence , and that which i::1 <l on o
from de,ign .

(5.) To receive, to accept.
Thnt is r 'cei i·ed wl:i c h " im pl y co m e• to hand; t hat is IUCepU!d which we
' (L'Cp rc~:-i our willi11g11 c ~~ to la ke o n our:-11.:lv c"". Tl111 i:t, w e r~c~ire a lcttc·r
w hcr1 it co1t 1c s to lrn 11 d ; w e rt~~ ive 11 c w:i when it rcucllc..- ti)'!. ; we accept n
prc!icnt which i::; offered U=3; w e accipt n11 invitation to Jiuc , &.1.: .

LESSON LXXIX.
SY::.; 0 ~ Y ~l

f; ,

<: I I N T I NU ED,

(G.) To forgil- e, to pardon.

( 1.) To hear, to listen.
Lik e " to •co'.' nnd " to look," th~so nre •ynonyms of deg ree. ·We ~11
hear 1nvol nn 1n n ly _; we l;1tm with intention. We may hear perijo'nrtalit•
i l l >(

w ith o u t 1 1~lN11 n ;: t o whn.l th t'.Y :'.In)'.

.. ) '•;.."

Srnnll offen ces nre f orqiven ; gren ~ offe nce• nre pardoned. We n•e the
fo rmer word on forn ilinr occnsio ns ; tlie latte r in cases of im pMtn ncc.
KQ 11t1.l:; in li fe exerciioiC f orgi1·rnfta; ~uperiorA .'; rant. prr rdon to inferiors.

ws

SY N ONYMS.

SYNONYMS.

"rho cxpre,slon In tho L ord ' " prnyer , Forrri·ve, &c. , accords wi th th~. en. :·
., d citring ti tle Our Father, wh ich '""Cn :;c in th o begi n ning.

2. He wl1 0 - - g ri e \' cs nlou<l ; h e wh o - - grie YC•
3. W e - - nn h onorable, w o - - 11 disgraceful miofortun c .

(3.)-1. A1cxandcr wept at t he iJ ca. t hat the re wore no moro \Vorlds t.o

(7.) Tofarnish, to supply.
I .furn£sk that nnotlicr mn y use ; I 11r1pply tli1tt. anoth er mny n ot wanL ;.·
\Vhnt i:-1 wnn t i111; to ni ukc n tltin~ r0n1plciu 11111 :-it be supplied; what i!i re11 n ircd f·,r ocr11:-1iun:ll 11." c i ~ .f'"'ni.~fie,f. Onr wu11 t ~ nre 1wppliu:I.; our t'Orrt····
fo rt~ urc f 1t.ni·l,iil1ed . T he i•r-,or arc ft lt('plied with hl unkctl-4 u.nJ fuel llnring··
t h o wi11tc 1 ; t ho r ic h m n11':-1 ta ble i~ fur n ~lud w it h Jcli cudC:-\. \Vl111t iii
f undlf/,td, ,.,.c keep by 11s fo r !l !"-C ; what itt .J11pplU.J , wo n:ie immcdlntoly.. /.
Hc :il\o a h o use i• furni•hcil wi t h tllbles nn cl c hnirs; ti larder is MlpplW '
wit l1 meats and Y <:.~ctal• l cs.

(8.) Veracity , truth.
T he fo nn cr rC"J!ard~ pc r.<1.on~; the lntteri th i ngs. W e speak of the t'flft4
o f h bto ry , lrnt of the veracit,~ o f t he hi ot oriun. Jf the thing said be lrw1
t he i •(ff,jO il w ho ~aid it wn ~ -r_·eracl1>u8.

(9.) To caution , to 1our11 .
\Vn nrc cl11tt i11 neri agnin~t a~tin~ injnd idon::1.ly; wo nro warn.ed of whot
nrny net i11,i11ri011 :-i.ly upon 011n;ch· o~. \ Vo 'fca rn. fl lDan of np prouching
fi~ngc r ; WC cnut i.011 h im ngni n~t f Ull tl in g in to it.

(10. ) To defend, t o protect.

:

- - . H e lil i u~clf' wns a t lns.t - - by the deadli est o f foe ~ ; nam ely ,
d rnn k enne~8 . 2. "T lt e patient rn ind , by yielding, - -. " 3. \Villiam the
F i r~t - - Eng-land by - - h is rival ll1lrold ; nfti;r \Vhi ch. Jrn co:riplct:iy
- - t li e E n glish. 4. \Vh oeve r tdm ::i nt C b r is tia n perfoctwn mu~t stnvc
with God' s n~ :; i stnnce to - - f\\'nri co nn J pride ; to - - \vr:1th , o.nger, nnd
ltti~ L ; t o - - te 111 ptatio n s, nnJ. to - - t lic t rialtt nn d i mpcc.Jirncnts which
ol>Ktrnct b is co nnrn.
(4.)-1. Th e con dttct of people i ~ somctim 1'" s o \'eile cl Ly nrt , tl 1at it i"
no t cn~ y t o - - t hei r object ; it is n ccc~snry to - - between pnwt1cc 1rnd
p rOfe~ s io n . 2. I - - trees or houses nt n <l i ~tn n ce; I - - n. HLeeplc amo 11 ~
ho useR, nnd n ri ver in tho lnndsc:i pe . 3. ' \To - - the truth of u. prc · i~P ~i~
t ion w h ic h, pc r h:1ps , d id no t nt fin~ t s trik e u ~ ob,·iously. ·L A f:ag"ne1.'.1u:'(
m ind can - - tr 11t.h , tho ug h it lJe mixcJ up wi t h fulsuliood o r hypocn~y .
:;, Lo n (r be fo re t li c v c~ sel r c:tc li cd t li o 8li orc, l c0 uld - - th o tnll elms
,v\ 1icli ; ki rt <H l r l1 n 11h:-ticid . 6. I soon - - that the cl:h;f'~ intentio n~ \l'('r('
h o•tilc. 7. T li e lawles• , olcl ic rs di J not t ro u blo theinsc.1'-.:" to - - J.c.
tw een a s11 hjcl'.t. anJ a rebe l.
C ) -1
fur tli~ r intc lJ iO"c n cc Jrn<l Ucc :1 - - np to tl 1c midd ic 'Jf' lost
mo·;~tli . . 2. Ccrt ai 11 co n di:io~1f' "· ere i:-.fl'crcU by c~r.sar an<l - - l.1;· Ca~~i­
vc lnuiin s. 3. The m i11 ii; t<: r , ri ~ing, said t lwt he - - wit h pride !lllJ :-:::~i:l~­
factio11 t hc·ir tnkc n or fr ic ndl"'.lti p.

No

(7.)- 1. ,Tl 1c tl cman<l fc1 r cot to n goo<l~ 'Wl\g so ~rent that tlle rna11 :1 rn~t u r~

To d~fend j, to ward off ; to prol<ct is t o CO\"c r over. W '' d~(md those
't'tho a ro attackcJ; we p rultct tho"e wh o nre Jinblo t o be nttnoke<l. S words
and Rpcnr~, n g:t r ri ~on ~nd cnn non , ar c nrrn ~ of difenu; h e lm et~ n.ud
~hlcltl:'( , fortification nn d naLnral po~ition , nre mcnn~ <'f prol-tctit>n..
Ilone.a3
protect " ~ fro m the inc lc m cney of tho weath e r; Lrn ve Rolcli er» il<fmd
their co u ntry.

Ex1mc1s Es.
1. '\Vrite 8entences embodyi ng each of the foregoing
syn onyms correctl y used .
2. \ Vrite the follo wing sente nces, fill ing the blanks with
appropri ate synonyms :
(1. )-If yon - - n cr.nv cr:-i. otinn, y on mny - - ma ny im pro\'in.z romnrk~.
On c ntcrin,!! t ho h nr ho r, w e - - u lo ud c xpln:-\iOn . \V e - - nt.t1: 11 ti \'cly,
thi 11king it. 111 igl1t be rc pc utNl, h 11 t we - - n oL l1 i 11 ~ m ore. There j:; au ol<l
pro \·crb : 11 - - ne ve r - - any ~ood of th r 11 1Rt l \'Cff."

(2.)-l. Th e condi t ion of a dying mn n 1-1uffcring und er th e

ferer, is tru ly - - .
·eile n tl y.

ngrmi c~

of

1u~

L\wok cncd co nscie nce, if\ - - ; tho situntion of the r cl nti0n r.i· fri end who
-.;; t n cssc>;s tho ngouy, w ithont be ing- nble t 0 nffnr·l ro 11 :"ol a tio11 to the !'In f

ers could n o t - - the dealers fo~ t cnougli. 2. The sh ips wcro we 1l f1ttc "
out bei n ~r - - with all the n cces~ ary rnrn tica1 iu strutne nlf' , n n~ amply
__' w i t !~ pr<wision5. 3. The Hhelvcs o f his lib rary are.-.- w1L.h ~arc
hoo ks. 4. \ Vh ut lio wa n ted in ab ili ty wns - - by unr: m.1 t.tin~ n~~1 dn ; ty .
6. Yo nt h i• th e , 0 ,,.011 f•.•r - - t he in ind w ith so un d pnnc1ples .
(8. )-As liiroi _ _ 1 11 1~ 11C \' Cr bee n cidl cJ in q1wstion, w e 1une uo roMon to
doubt t \1 c - - o r lt i:oi. ll~!"\(• rli o n.
.
.
(U.}-A p oor w o r1rnn bcso ug li t th o mngistrnt.o to - - li e r nga 1 n~t t he ~·.1 0~
lcmcc of he r Ji n:-> ltiuHl. Ho vms well - - frotn t he ' "·catlier by n. tl11ck

great-coa t .

rrhe <l t" f1 nt1ions nncl i li u ~ tra.tlone of P.y nony ms in th \e ar::d fo rr!~Ol ni; L·· . . Mn"- :rn• o
bee n il erh~t:•l chii· fl y fr om Criibl/ s nn11 G r ah:rn1·s works on the l'ltbjt~d. 'l'~1d lutier i!!
t ho 111 u re 1 ·onn.~ nh·n t Ma1111al for US\1 In Sch ools. T h e Synrrnyms am h ~ ! dl y hu t ~x ­
C("c dill!!ly w e ll J'l'O:- l·n: t)•l tn W uh~wr·~ U nlv t·ri'it y D 1 cli o n:lr~·· Svo ., 1~ n l>ll ~l 1 ed hy Lq :pln.•111 t & C o. Tl1t' fllcturl nl U 1111Lrld:!Cd l) lclio na.ry o f \ \. d1stt: r , JU !lt pnJ.l\,., J '.1..~ 1 1, 1...
uwrc cuttq• k te iu tt,g cxpo~ILiull of ~ynonyrnous words, an<l i~ w or th y of <l 1 1li;: 1·n1
!I udy &HU use.)

200

20 1

CLEARNF..SS.

PRECISION OF EXPRicSSION.

•.EX AMl'LEe.-Critic, c riti que; obecrYi\TI(" C, oht"lorvnti on: cnn~cit·nrc. con felo n tic. ne~~;
·Mrltigno 11 ~ ;

LESSON

cn<lnran cc , duration;
e min e nt, im111in1:: 11t;

con temptible; conti 1ll tc d,

LXXX.

l'l!EClSJ0.'1 UF EXl'llESS lO N .

Colcri•tgc, in the P reC1c c to his Yalua1lc "Aids to·
fl cction," \\' ell ohsen es: " H-dleet o n )'0\1 1' own tl1011gh
acti on,, ('.ircn mst anct·~, :incl - \\· hid1 \\'ill be or especinl
to you in form ing a ha.\Jit of r etlectio n-accustom you

to rr',ffect on th e ·1cords you ·use, hear, or read, t!ieir b'
dericatio11, l ll l(l Jiigto1"'!f, Fo r i f words arc n ot thing,,

t' HCCC:-t:-li\'tly , r' tt1.·rc~ :o1. fnlly ; c011t n}{ in11R ,

inge uio u~ ,

in g c 11tioJ u~ ;

C•H1tc111ptuou" 1

co 11 t i1H1 ouri., ,~c.

RULE VI.- 1Vurds deri ved from lite an cient lan;;nrr;;es
,;~J$1~ou,ld not be 'used in the sense fJCG
'1diar to such la11r11w;1e,
' '(Ind not commonly understood b?/ persons acqnainted 011ly

_:,_tfiith the E'ngli.di language, thus :
u.1 hnvc co11giJcrcd tl1c ~uhjcct· in itA in teg ri ty ," ,,·01i1J he unde r~tond

.cto mcn.n ,

Hin i ts Ji nn c:-\ ty, np ri ,lr(htuc:.c~ .' 1 th e~e

being

vt11c rcag, in thb se ntence, it wa:; d e~ igncd to n1can,
.. tir 1meifs,'' from

it~ n~ nnl i.ti j(nifil'ntirrn~ ;
0

in it.s tnllrdy o r en-

inteq'r signifying wlwu, thnt is, "I huvc con,idcrcd the

, whole su bject."

arc li1,in;.; po w \•t'~, l•y whi ch the th in g s o f m ost importnr.
to rn a11 ki ntl ar e :wt11a te•1, en111l 1ine<l, :mJ hnm:rnized."
Ilic fvllowi11;.; ,,·11f1 ' ll«e , J'""'" finely 1l1e :uhantni;e of girl11;r""
close a l 1e11tiu11 to the 11 irc r ~11:1tles of >ig-:1ilicatio11 l>clonging lO ,wonls tli:t t ln ll H •st. pvr, 0 1is 111:1 y ·''''-'" 'to l>c per f'cc tly :;;ynonymo\1$1
"Tho '1ili;.;e11t Kl 11 <k 11 t rnay ar'f •1irc k11 11w il'.Jgc, oblciin rewnl'llf
win p r iz e~, r111i11 '~''l « i>rit y, aud get l1igh lw nor,, tl1oui;h he u1r'tl,
no rnon eY. ' '

S o111 o; ~,·o rol,, ''i'i'arentl y u f Lil e ~nmc m c:<nin ;:;, nre yet so d ifl'~
ent in th ei r :1pplicat iu 11, t ha t t li cy <·.nn not, wi thou t a viul ntion Ii
preci,ion, ho intrrnhanl-(c<l: thn , , \\"() ~p (;ak or th e truth of n nnrrntive, t h ~ 'Verrrr il!/ or tho 11arn1tur, llll \l tho a'.tlhenlic-ity of"
documen r.
' Ve ahsf,({ in

frl,11 1

nn indn lgr ncc , .fiJr/>tfJr to

C!' 1for('C H rig\it..,

committ.i1w :i n iniun· and \\' c ·wi/l,~ t1 111d H ll.:mpt nti n n.
\\' I! ('l')flR;11t tr• .:1 1:r;•pn-.:.al 1 compl!f with a dt::--ire 1 aatde

rif1·afo. f~;lJi

to n request , tt!!d

acquiesce inn d 1·ei:-1i 111.
\ V c nn..: rz/,,<l11r/p>1 L i 11 ~ri\· f, nnd •'nlJrnssPt! in l 111 si ne!1l~ .
1

\\' 1.: ts/11111 \\'ha!\\ \' d i;...Jikc, <11 ·11i,/. ''l1at i~ wrn 11 ,;:, and elmlr whntwcfcnr. :..:
\Ve yn111t 11cn1 ii ~ ... i('l 1, /i l','(/ f110 dwri1y, 7•rrife11t c.11 11 qrli 111 1.·11t:-1., 1rffu tU1 ".
ap ology, a_§'unl protcct iu11 1 C(J nft.' 1' a l'a n _1r 1 c1111cnle a rigl 1t, nnd accord con:::sitli.:rnt.ion.

llur.E \T.- B c crr rr'f1 d iw t to em11ln?J os tl1 e same iJi
m.eanin;; ccrtlfin words tl1rit ,rveall!f resemble each other tu
form . Tlt is rnle li:i.s Ul!C n g11,c 11 also llnder the head ~J
" Propri0ty of' E xpre s~ i o n."

LESSON LXXXI.
CI.EA R NESS DI Tll .E STirnCTt:l:E OF

SE~1ENC l>:S .

This essential property i:> opposed to the cxprc"sion o{
our ideas in vag u e, obscure, i naccurat e, or am biguous
ph raseology; and it de m ands th e unifo r m use of such
~words, phrases, and idio m-atic constructi ons as shall make
"-our thon ghts a cc ur:itely and easily comprehended. Sen" tences should be so co n stru cted th:i.t thC'ir m c:i.ning c:i.nnot
·: easily b e rnisnnderstood , or imde r.•tood w ith difli c nlty, provided the nature of th e s ubject be not so :1b~ t ru ~e o r· profo und M< to invoh·e S•>mc d ifficulty in un derstanding what
is said , howeY c r perspicuo u sly expressed . Let scnLcn ccs
be so cornposc \l that o nly one me a ning, and that the one
inte ndc<1, ;;:hall lie COJJ\" ey c.J t o e 1,c r y att.enti\· e rl':t•l c r.
Ca re is to li e tak en (s:i.ys Qnintiiian), not that tl1c l1care r
may und(.'r;;tand if he will, l>ut tliat h e must un <k r ~t :u1 d ,
whe the r· he will o r n ot.
Tu wr ite w it h t.:len rn e s~, nn ncc nrnte k nowlc <l;.;e of onr hng-11111:<',
n. re111ly prnc li,,nl <'ommnni! of it, is nece~~n ry, Rc<itlrs tlii•, n

111H]

n•

202
203

EXERClS l<:S ON CLEARNESS.
l o~ir.n l preoi~ion

of thon ~ht i~ likewi ~e requisi te, for AOcor<ling:tl'1
Il<>rnre, "To thi nk w el l, is th e principle nnd source of to~
writillf:." (" Sc1·ibencli recto ~np ero est et principinm et fon~")
We 11n1't pc rf~ c tly kn o w our o wn m eaning, or 've ca nnot co u v~,­
•t to otiiers.

Ruuc I.-A 1.:0id an ambiguous collocation of tltc elen1tml
of .~eNfenccs, l'i thc r in the position of adverbs, or of the rel(i
liut p r onouns \rlio, which, wh ose, &c., or in the repetilio1
of th e p ers onal pron01ms they, th em, thei r, and simi1nr
particles c xpre~~ing tlic conn ection of the parts of
ll'i th one another.

"'1QNt,

Ex .~MPLE: u

One 111ny hav e nn nir tokich. proct:Cd:'\ from u kn o wledge o (
l) 1atte r bcf'oru liir11, 1c!tich 111uy nuturnlly p ro J ucc ~o rnc m otio n~ of his
}le.n<l ttth.l body , u•l1id,, llli t-(ht lJc como the l1e nch bc~t c r than t ho hnr."
llerc t.lic prvn ol111 is 1L-;;cd iu three Rcnsc~\ sncces~i " c:l y rt'. f.....r ring to nn a ir,
to £1'(1Wledge, and lo mvti·m

1

nrr :1n~e111t· 1 1t.

Th11~, in tlie rp 1ot 11ti 0 n, "Thc ~c men mny giYo

mort, lrnt cnnnot glre
than thei r fcli0w-c rc nt11re~ . 0 Ilcro tho word
r.'Vl,.e i~ tlr:-iL 1.1 11 11djPrti\'C, r. ltc cn1np1lrnti\· o of 11V111.'I/; next it i:i an a.dvqrbJ.
nnd t. lh~ :-!i~n of 1 Ii<· '~"111p.i rnt i ,-o <k~ rco . To ronclt·! r t) 14 • ~o nt cnco pe1"1"ricu ... ~
1 1f

I h r1 11~l1t

ltt atl a11d body .

l. So alter the 1\.1ll o ll'ing sentences as to rende r the m
more pers pi c uous, ;wd free from amoiguity .

/111 tl 1c qun lifyin g- cxprc~'i"n~ r el at in i:; to tlte subject, tlto
verb, :in<] its 011,icet, bot.Ii in pri ncipnl n11 1l in suuorclinntc sentcncci<.
sl 1011l•l lic j11:lce1l n• nea r n' pnss il1le to tlie <Jtrnlilic<l word; fo r tha
r clat i <>n~ ot' wonb ore 111Hlcrstood unly hy their proper po~i tion or

nw r e ei· i,/r-nt, :--ign:"

n;· tlt.e

ExE11c1s1::s.

on•.

or 8CJl/C!l('C.

gi\·o

th

Tlte general rule to i:;11i1lo in this ma~t c r, is to place these pnrts·
of speech ns near n" possiulc to th e w on!~ to which tl1cy rol11
nnd in ~11cli pn>it ions ll' lo inn kc t1 1cir 1n11lunl relation qni t.e ob1·i·

Ru1.1-: I I.--A 1;oid 11sin_q lite same 1corcl 'tn d{flerent senset, ""1or dUJ 'crcnt 11;ords in the same sense, i n the same paragraph' - '

~ray

When the san1e 7iro11011n ·i.• 11seil twice or oftener i n rrlatinn to
dijfn.-ent thin ;Js, JiC1'8J'icuil!J is impaired u1· deslroy e1/. lt is nt.. tetl<fotl with tlte ":1111 0 di ~:1,ha11tuµ;0 ns tbe Olll}' l11y111c11t of any
· other word in dill'" r~11t Sl' ""''s, i u th e sn mo co11nection.

spcccb

Tlie ~:11ne r nle incl 11cJc, p:rrti c11lu1· cl:rnsc,, i11 wlt icl1 somo c·,.,_
c1m1stn:nce i~ exprc,-sed . It i; irnportnnt, nlso, to nvoi<I crnwdi n~ ­
many circ11111,t: 111 <'es t1>p;ct1tcr, in:; ten<I of cli:;t ributing tliem to tlif~
fr rcnt J'!lrb "f tli e se 11tcncc, nnd to j oi n them to the principal "
won] ., ott ,,-hit.:lt they tlepcntl.
lt. imJ1:1ir; cl earn ess to pince a ci rc111n,tancc-ciuuso between "
two princil'al 1n e1n l1e r' of r1 ]'Cl'i1>1l; n• it c1nln t1-rrts~es the mind in
,]e1,,1·111i11i11g to wl1id 1 of tltc'o it is tl<>sign c<l to ho rc·ferrc<l. S\lCb
n ,.J,111 ,;c slio1d ,] eit.l1<'r li e p ln ce<l bct.W<'Cll tlio pnrts of th at rnemher
o f tl 1c >'c·nt«1we to wl1i l'h iL bclo11 i:;~. or it slto11l<l occupy n positiofi
in wli i<'l1 it wi ll 'la1 11l <>b\'iously rclnt(:<l t.<> iLs proper mc111\,er.

be," l\fay gi\·e 1nord nu~rou6, bnt," &c.; or, "
but cnn not giv e cltarer ~ i gn l"," &c.

The I!omnnM nnd cr.-5t•)0.J Jil1crty 1 nt least, n,:,, w e ll us WC'.
Thei s m can o nl y be oppO!-ICd l o pt•lythei sm o r nt.heism .
'By tl1 c pl ens ~1n: :s o f tlie im:1gi nntio n I m cnn only su ch ph.' a~urcs !l.~ ari ~ o
originally from "ig-ht.
'l'li~ro is not, Jh.: rleap:.i., a11y rcid beauty or d eformity lll<>ro in one piece of
l'l\nttcr thnn another.
Arc tlicRe designs wl1ich nny nrnn , wh o i!i ho rn fl Il ritnnt in nny ti rcll m"tnnccs1 in any l'> itu nt.ion, r111g ht to Uc n.$ hnmell or afraiJ to two w ?
Ag-rent stone that I foun<l, nftcr u lo ngsenrc h, by th e 8Ca-oho re, nn Hwerc<l

tho purpose of an uncltor.
'Vlwt l had th e 0p p ort11nity o f 1ncnti oning to my fri end, som e time ng-o ,
..;'·\ in con vcr=--ation, wn l'\ not n new th o ng ht.
11

The rni1iit1ter of ~ tut,c who g ro w" l e~!'\ by hi" clcvnti o n 1 lik e a li ttle isto t no
placed on a nii i.: l• ty p cdc:<tnl, will nlwny• hav e hiK jcnlo11 'y •trong nho ut
""' him. For tho Eni;li =-- lt urc nnt11rall y fn. ncifol, and very often diM.pn:'\cd , by
thut g100111in cf:(~ nn<l mc!nncli ol y o f te m per which arc fto frrf}ucn t in our
nation, to lllany wi ld no ti on!! 11nd c..x t ra\· ngnncc~, tu which othe rs arc not

"

so liable.
:For a ~ no morLnl 11 11 t hor, in th e ordinn.ry fate an d vici !"Ritncle of t hingl'I,
kn ws to wlint uso li b workR 1nny , ~ome tinrn o r otlicY, be applied , &\.!.
The empero r wns so in tent o n tlio c:-:itnb lisli mc nt of hi s absol ute pnwo r
in Ilu ngnry, t hnt he exposed the emp ire J onbly to d esolati on and r u in for
the sak e of it.
The re i~ n1non~ the pcoplo o f nll co nntri c ~, nnd of nil rc l i~i on~, a belief
ofimmortn.li ty, nri s i11g- fro1 11 tl 1e 11utural <l cs irc of }i,·i11;.;, an d lllre ngthcnod
· t.>y tradition, which irn~ cc rtuinly Horne in fluence 11pon pn1cticc. ·
. And, indeed, in some ca:ic:s \VO deri vo as much or n1o re plca!'lnrc frt)Jn
th.nt.source thnn from th o thin;<" it•olf.

204:
A ho H~
g ui ~ h£:d

EX!·: H C f~E S

<1N

rr11lcd t he p1nnet1'1, f.'ac\ 1, h.v

C L1•:,~R N ESS .

it~

fr n m tlw i11:·t·r iqr or n111 n• d i-.t a 11t

o wn liq nid orbit

205

E X ICIW ISKS ON C L E:A H NESS.

or light, d1

~l nr~ .

T li :d l' s Wi! S ll l)L r111l y tiu11 <1\l :o\ fo r l1 i :-\ h11 11\\ lc d ~c of nn tu re, but ror
n wr:d \ Yi:<d •H1l.
Kor i!" the r c:1:-:011 diflit: n1t. t n 110 di:-\t:l' n1 cd w \1 id 1 lia.s led to tho ~ Jti;...
li ~ li rn c 11t oftli i ~ 1n v n.d la w.
T he re urc ~ n rn a t1 y ndnrnt ugcs 0f :-:. pc nld 11g- ' HH/ ~ own lnng nnge wo.H, ~tt\t
l>ci11 g 1:ia:-1 tt: r rd" it, th a t, let a 111 a 11' ~ t..:a l l i11~ l1u w lia t it will , it canuot \,"\!\'.·
be w 0 r t h o i1r ta king SAmc 1 ·ain ~ i n it.
T l1r y were p c r~o n ~ of f'11d1 111nd t.: rn lc i11 tt.:ll \ ·d ~ <' rcu l,ci'oro t i1cy woro i~
pa irt~ d by th l'i r pa s~i on t! .
T he s !in rk:-i, who p rny 11 p<111 tlic i n:1dn· r tc n l'y of yonng heirs, nre Dll\tf
p11rJ011 nb lC t\i un t Ji O~C \\' h<, t r t! ~p a :o; M llJ' ' H l t. Jtl: v~)(i d Op inion Of thOl!iO \\1h£,
treat w it.Ji t li e111 np0n t. l1u fot,iin ,L{ n f c li <1 ice ;111 d n ·:-o p cct.
IL cn11 t11i 11cd ( !-<n y ~ :-::.wi fL) a w11 r ra11t. fur 1'0 11d11 ct i11 g- rn c und my rctim.te t.o ~
T raldc·rgd11h or Trild r0g.J rih , fo r it. i ... 11rn1H• 1111 ePd hot. h wa)'A , M nenrni' l .
l'Hll n ·1ne111he: r, l 1y n p uny of t e n l1 o r~c .
'
I had ~rq·ra l 11 H · 11 \ \ l:n di n l in my ~liip of C'nh.: 1 1 t 11r c~.
b een fiicn urcd , w it h ha li'n11 t·y r .
I l1nv c liri p e ~ t hat wln: i 1 \Y ill l'rinfr·~nb li i111, a u<l all th e ladies in w hl)!1.:~
bchalr he 1• ng-;1 :.r 1 · ~ i:ir 11 1 ··a:-l ki11d l ook~ a1 11.J w i:< li 1 ·~ o f :;u cce:'s nt t licir chn.m
1•i 011 , l it.: wi ll h :1\'t' :-< " lll l ' :-. hn111c .
Ht: :11..h· un ccd :1~ ; 1ir r~ : t lit: th ·rr c un <'i c n t , imi l nti ng- hi s ntldrc.s~ , hi ~ TH\~,.
und ci\ n ·cr, n ~ w.·11 :1:-' t ht· ,· i~c·r of li i:-1 li1 1r:-.1.:, n1 i.\ lii :< o wn t; kill woul d nll•.1w,
T l1i~ ki 11 J of w it wa~ ,.t•ry m 11 cli in ,·ng 11 c a 11: 0 11g oo r eo11ntry mon nl>(t1i\ ·
<Ln ng-o or t w o a:.ro ; w lin <l iJ nol praC't. i:-\O it. fvr an y oUliquo rcnf\o n, \Ju
p urel y for t he :--ak c '11' ht i 1 1 ~ witty.
+'
l t i~ Jiilly t n p rC' tc nd t o ar m 0 u rt-1C l\' Ct-\ n g :dn ~ t the ncci (l cn t~ oi' li fe, by
h en pi ng ll } trca ~u rc~ , whi ch 1 w tJ · ~ng ca n pro t cd L1:1 ngai 11 st but t ho good
p rov it.kn ee o r n oJ .
Men h'ok \\'i t h :111 c,· i\ c.yo 11 pon tho g0o<l t hn t i" in oth er• , and think t1l~t
their r e p u tnti on oh:--c1 1refl t helll , nn tl t h e ir co111 mc nda blc quali ties i:.tan.d in
t h e i r l ight; a nd, l 11t· r cfo r,., t h ey do whut t h ey ca n to cas t a cloud o v~l
them, tha t th e b ri;.:- h t :-.h ini11 g o f the ir vi rt ll C ~ rn ny n ot obscnrc them.

Steam/wit ,\;,/ice. - " C ontlcmcn arc not rcqne•tcd t o

t n lt r t h o

Ln<l ic•'

Cnh in ·w i tho u t pcrm is"" ion . "
.A d'l:t'rt i~t 11u 11 t . - " \ \' nn t('•l irnmcJi1ttcl.v , a m a n to t nk c en.re o f n r·air o f
h orSC:i r.f tc 11 1pc r:1tc n !hl i rn.l 11~tri o 11i" ha bit,,. "
Capti,on t o rr JH>e m. - " Th e fo\ lo wi 11g li 11 cf\ w e re written hy o ne w h o, fc. r
!'.\Ore th an t~ n year:-- , h a8 bc(m co n fi n e J in t he P en i tentia ry fr•r h i ~ o wn d i-

vcr:-\i on. "
R ;purt rt.fa Sd1 ool Omun ittee.-

T lu: c•im11 1lltco wo uld fort l:c: r ·"'11 !!1!'C'~ t
!l:1 n li1r:.{e Jltl lll ··
he r Ofsea t :-i Ji nvc l• H l~ !i l'vli t11'1..' 1t!1i l' d \1y t h e !"\l_"Ji, ,Jnr:-1 t i111.t Ji 11\·e J) n l1a c k ~ . "
" T l1e S l.!na tc o f l~ t •T H C ,,r .J 1: n: tl t lrn t 11 0 p a rt r,f it ( C Hrlh H/o!'C ) ~h o n Id lie
J'eb ui 1t ~ it w n:-; d c 111 oli ::. l1cd 1•1 I lie ,1..:-r11 1111d , ~ u th at t ra \'(;lll.! r;-; a rc u n a l i! e l·.1
6f\J whe r e C <1r! !1ng-1.; Kt OOd :i t tJJi .~ d ay."
H T lrn~ end e d th e \\·ar \\'ii Ii /\ nti1. c !i11~ , twd \',c y e ar~ a fte r t li c seco n d I'' un ic wa r , an d t wo ytar:-i a t'Lcr it ha d lH.:g n n ."
" Upo n the J c a t h of Cl a1 Hl i 11 ~, th e y o 1111g- E n 1pc r<1 r .i'\ \! ro pr01 1r1 m 1t·,·d l ti ~
fu neral o ratio n, a 1hl he Wa!". cn n o ni z c J u111 0 11g t li c g ods , wlio scnn-d y do ·
scrn~ <l t he 11n r11 c 0 fa m a 11 . 11
"Ga l c ri1 1 ~ :~ h R tC'd m uc h of h is tl C VC'rit ic ~ n g-n in~ t th e C hr is ti :rns on h i:1
dcath -lJcd , n1 1J rc v okc.:tl t ho:"C edi ct!-\ winc h l ie lintl fo rmerly p 11Ul i:·d n:d,
tendi n g- t o t h e i r pr r:; ccut i0 n n li ttlo bc f.no h is d chtii ."
" n-anle1!. - J\ y vt1 11g llltlll t o ta k e charge o f ii. p a ir of h o ns(' ~ of n n.:li g-i o ne
41

~0 1n t:! ehnn gc in tli e int c rrrnl 111-rang<·m c n t tif t he b nil di n g,

t urn of11ii nd. 11
.A m a n \\' ti le:'\ : "'\Vo hui.· c two !-l eh ool ·r oo ms sufl.1 ci cntly la rg e to nccom mod at c four h undred pupi l; t l1rcc ijtorica h igh ."

1

'.! . T he 1; ,1J o,r i11g- a<1 .Jiti o1d ex:unplcs arc fa ulty only in
th<' .. cilloc:1 t io11 qj' n ·r tai11 \YOJ"l s o r 1 • l 1 r:1 8 c·~ . Th ey ::ire taken
( 11·itl 1 so111 c 1110.Jifi(':1 tin11s) from Jl1 ml '~ "Gramm :n ical Co1~
rct: to r,' ' :l!ltl ); ortli e nd's "Te :i cl 1 L· r ' ~ J\s:;is t:rnt."
li e l1r111::h t :l p:ti r nf t llh-k t1 H~ 11 s bov t.tt; n p ai r o f h lnck latli cs' g loret\;·.
nnd a pn ir of' rr· d c:l1 ild n· 11':-1 fl. 110« 1" .
-:.
I ha \·o p u r d1a ~ c·1l a new !'-!1' t pf li 1i nJ .~, nn 1l n now pnir of ~ h en r::-1 .
On g-r1in g- out tl 1i~ lll i"\r n in:'.!. T met nn olJ n~ n e rn l 1 l c nrn11 , nnd
t 3ll m1rn , :lll <l a y o 1111g· br:u1ti t"nl lad y .
T ho place co nt,aim Clfl oxcc ll c nL we ll of wnt or. nnd a fi ne orl'.'11nrt1 or rrntl
1

LESS ON. LXXXII.
CLE ARNESS IX TJI E STlCU CT U Rii: OF SEXTE XCE.'l .

R ur.E IIL- Let 11 ot sentences be m ade too lo11:1; 1101· in
terrup tecl by Lon(! pa rc n tltese.~; nor obscured f;y i ntric.o te
p hraseology, or wmccessary inversions an d in uo f ,, tion .~
of the component clw1,ses ; 1101' darkened z,y ( !//. i11ju dic i o11 .~
1tse of technica.l 1oords and ph rase.~ .
T here i" n ki 111l of sentenco ,rJ, icli, li n w ~v e r ]on.ti, mny lie
cleur,-th a t w l1icJ, l1 a~ its p ri11 ci1•al tn c111 l>.: rs ~ i111 i l:i r in st rncturc, a nd w l1icli WD1tl 1l furlll 80 ma ny di:;t i11 ct :;e 11tc nccs W<·r c th ey
not un it.,·tl l"· t hei1· r (' fffen c e to som e com !'JOll clan;;e at t. l1e he ·

206 '

1'inning or !'.n cl. Tint, in oll1cr cn"c•, sentences of great length .
11rc ll<Jt o~;ily comp1·cl1c11cled, and shonl1 l not., the refore, be c111···
pl oyc< l.
fo,fc~Hl of 11,in g :i ln nb' p :\ rcntl 1 c,-i~ , t h e tl1 crnght it conveyi
sl1 ould t:<kc tl 1c f11nn of a scp:<rntc sentence. Uut tl1is pnrticlll ~r' '
w il l \lll n:H11r:-1 ll y co 11siclc rc<l in n s u\Jse11111:nt lesson, und er th
l1ea<l of U nity.
1\n C'x:1111plc• w ill now he gi,·cn of tl long se ntence whi ch mny
he g rr at l_,. i111p n"·,·'1 , in ck:nrncs~ nncl licnuty, by snb<l ivi sion into'
~w o o r tl11·1·e ''' i•:u·a te sentences. Tl1c o r iginal form is tl1is :

Ex ~RC J ~EB .

1vfokc clc:tr th e follu\\"ing se11 tt·nc cs, hy ~11 pplyi ng 1h'' '"
words, the ornissinn o f 11 !1i c lt cause~ o bsc nri t.y :
)~0~1 011glit t o eon tcnrn all t.hc wi t in the wo rl 1J ugnin~t y o n.
Ile tn lk~ nll the wny 11p ~t airr; ro a Yh•it.
Arl1il rary pow t" r l J,,<,k upon n~ n _grratc r c,· il th :111 nnnrcliy itl'clf, n~ mnch
AS n !'ln.vng-c i 1-1 n. happi e r ~tnt c of life tlinn a !'lla ,·c at the 0n r.
This c~11 rngr n111 ong th e ad \· er~ar i t:R 0f t he co n rt W it~ in l'l- pirf'-1 int() tb ::. :·n
hy vnrions i11 citkn t ~ 1 for eve ry o ne of wl1 ic h l tl1 i 11 k tiic rni nbtf· r~, nr, if
thnt we re t he c..:a:.;(• 1 t he rnini~t e r nl onc , i:-t Lo nn~wcr.
I beg ofy0u nM· er let th e gloryo f o nr nnti 0 n, wh o mn<lc Fnrncetrc· 1~·1Llr,
nnd )'L:t lia .~ tl1e g-cnt l c n<' ~~ t.o bo 111whl c to bcnr oppol"( itio n from tlie 111 enn·
~st of lib own co un t rylllcn , be cnlulll ni ntcd , &c.

" Th o1 1g-h i11 y1""l 1· rda:•'A pape r we ~howccl how every thing thnt l
g n:nl, 11ew, nr l.i<·:11itifnl, i:-1 apt t u affec t t l1 0 i11 1Hg i11nt.io n \\ ith plctumro, wo
lllll:it. OW ll tliut it i ~ i11q 10=--~ilrl c fr1r U:-i to a ~ :-1i g n lli o ll CCCSSllr.v CHllSC of this
plc11:111rc, licca n:'l l) wl: lo11..1w ne ither tho nat u re 0f nn id cn nor t he l"tth11tnne~
n ht111\ l\ll ~(\UJ; Hild tJiCn:f'•1 re , f,, r Wunt. {\ f Htl (' ll I\ \jg- J. t, ti\ } t.Ji at WO cnlt
di . . , in !'J"if'c:ilati1• 11:'( of tlii!'\ kind, iii to rcflcrt l' ll t li of'c ope:rntio n" of the
,..r11tl I l111t. urc.' 111 0~t ngrccuhlc; nnd to rn ng-c , 11ndt:r their proper hcnds
1
wliot i ~ tii« a :'\inJ,? 0r di:-i.pka:'\ill!!' lf'I the mind, without Ucing- nlile to tnu..-e
t1 11t t he sc\'crnl 11et'f':').snry nn<l c1liei..:nt cnuRc11 frm n when ce t he pl e1um ro or
1

'

207

EXERCISES ON CLEARNESS.

CLRA itNES!'I.

or

LESSON LXXXIII.

di::<Jil l· :1 ~11rc ari sC'~ ."

CLF. An:" ESS IX THE STH UCTU HE 0 1r S El'T E!'.'CES .

:\ 1nc11!kcl, it will st :11al ti111s :

Ri;T.J; V. -A 1;oill t!1 e use of equivocal terms (t Nms of
~o u hlc m c:111in~), wlless lite connection is such as to pre-

11
In yc~tc·1.,J:iy ' ~ prq·('r we >: h1'lwc-d t lrnt e,·cry thin g- which i."( g rcnt 1 new,
o r b1.:nnt.iCul, is np t lo ull'~i.: t t he itnatrinati r, n with p lcn... n ro. \V e 11111 :-1t own
tlrn.t it i:-1 imp11 ~:-1ihio tl • a~ "'ig-n llic c tlki e11t ca11:-1u o f thb pl co:-111rc 1 hccnnso
we k n o w u ut the 11:t~11 rc , either 0 f an idea or of th e lin111nn H0 Hl. All that
we cnn <l o, tl1rr('f···r•"1 in :- prcnl ati on~ of thi s k ind, i:-. t0 rc;!lect. on t ho
oporn.t1 r. n:r:. nt' tli 0 trnnl wh ich nre rn o Ht Oj..(l'C(~ ultl c , nnd to ran ge, undor
p ro JH!l' li cnd!'I, whn L iM l' lc11:-1ing- o r di~plcnl:'iug to t li o 111iud. 11

clude tl1 e p ossi&ilit.'! of mi-<tu/.;in.,7 l ite ti-ue import; a~·oid,
fo r th e ~::tm c rc::t~on, snch an arran.7ement of word.• a .~
would 111/ t k r; th e con.•tr11clion erprh:ocal, or convey diJfi:rcnt
senses from tlw t u:l!icli is intended.

R uu: IY.- Lct 110 ·1co}'(ls be omitted tlrat arc necessary
to a clear discor;ery of the in tended meaning.
Ellip•i~

fre<p:enth·

i~

11~ccl

Somet im e., a, sin(!le word is equi-cocal; ns, in t ho full owi ng in:l preposition:

stances,
i•

withont crrnting obscn ri t.y; bnt

J~xA ~r rui.: : " H o i!"' in!'l pin•,J wit h n truo ~f 118e r!f UMt f unction, when
rh o:-;cn fr o111 a rq;n rd to tlic i11tcre~t:i o f 11ic:ty n 11tl ,·i rt u c ." Stnse he ro
111can~ nn impn::-isio11 11ladu 311 t l 11.~ 111i1H.l, u11 J wl1i 1: h H fti11<'ti011 is uot
f.nited t() produce. T ill~ c!!ip..;i~ rn11y tl 111:; be 1'$11pplio ~ l , n11 d the 8C' ntc11co
renclcrcc..l cl cur: t i Ho i~ in r-p irctl with a t.ruo Henoc or t he digmty or oft. ho·

\f_Tl\10rtnnco of t hat. fonr t,ion, when,,, c~O.

I nm rc r'trndcd thnt neither life nor dcnlh-sholl be nhlc

10

•c rnrntr '"

from th e love q( G nd ." T his rn ay hf! mH.lcr~ tood in c ii11cr of tw o wn yi-\of Go<l':-i 1<,vc t0 n~ , or of our Jove to Hirn. So, in tl 1c exi11npl~ - H A !iitl<1
nftcr the r cfo r11 wt,ion q( Luther,' ' wliicl1 may mean eith e r n n :fi •rm nti •): 1 in
him, or n rcfv rrnation Uy lii111.

wh e n o\.iscu ri t.y w .. 1ild nri 'c from tl1c 01 ni ss ion of some wonl or
wonls, such sho11!1l al wa;·s lie suppl ie< l.

The co njunct io1t -is .1 ometime3 erpt i rocal.
" rrl1 cy w c: rc lioth m o re nncit' nt. n111 ong the
·

P c r~ian ~

than z .,r,)w'ltcr or

Zcrd u~ht . "
He rc t ho co11j11nction 1cnvc~ it. altogethe r 11ndc:tcr11ii11cd
\\' h<'t.her t.h~!"o nnm o~ helrin :! 1-1 ,...,nr· !'ln rl t.liC\ ~nm~. t>r t n rlitfrl·1·nt p<:r ~on ~.

208

CLY.A RNJcSS.

CLEA RN~:ss.

Ir they stood (tho11gh in thi• cn'c they do not) for dilforcnt per.or•• ,
nm hil.! llitv w n nld he rClllO\'Cd hv the

11SC 0f

f'i:t/ur b e fore the fin"t

or

n 111n ~:-1: 1",nt if f•Jr th e ~H11\ e pcr~~1n, th e 111euni11,g wo11lcJ he renderP<l
ronly hy in~crti11g ~rnnc explmintvry phru~c:

u

Zorouljter, somctimcli ci\l

Ze n lti ~ht. ' '

The

11011n

may be e1znirocal.

"Yonr rnn.ic ~ t;· lw:i lost nll hopes ofnny fntnrc cxcif'.\e'-" by their Ct>n.11i
t-ion ." a wt1 rd wl 1ich m e an~ either th<: ad of con~uruing, or tlie ~tntc of
ingo c o i1:-; 111 n c d. To be dear , the latter pnrt r;}1011l<l stn~d" cxciijeS on.wl

th~~y shall con~11 m c. "

fn«tance n..f an C']lli·c ocal adjalice.
"./\ ~fo r ~ 11 ch :rnimn1!" nft nre rnnrlul or noxion~, we ha\'C n right t.o <1otitro
tliein." Tl1i~ adj e:cti ,·c mcirn~ either " s u hjr.ct to de11th,'' or" <lenth~pro-.
dncin~ . 11 It i~ taken in the former scnge 11~unlly, unles:s connected "'\th.
t h e nrun c of 8()me t hing- destructive o r dange ron~; ns, u mortal wouud,u
11.

morinl poison,,,'-\:('.

[11,;tance n.f an C']uirocal rerb :
4' The nirtTl\l!"Cript w:\ ~ .1 r~rlnoke1l hy one mnn, nnd mnny pa:"Jt'ngcR wholly
writ ten hy an ot her." 01•erl.1Jvk ,,,,i. m eans either rlvilfe.d, or 1uql/cUd. The
forn~('r mtt :i..t hl" t.lic mcn11it1t! in tlii~ pa:-t~ng-c, nthl r(.V~t:il should lrnvo bcel)

u15.ed in the place of· overlook('d.

E'] 11 irocal pl1rases, ns 'n•ll a:1eq11i1·ocal words, 8hould not be used.
]{ot tl1f h(l.o:t nnd 1wt tl1 e small-r-,'ft an· 0f thi~ d c~c ripti o n. They soma ..
t,il\.1C~ mf'nn the sn.m o ns the phrnsc not any; ~omct.imes they mean a. vtry ~':·
great, ns in tho po~~ng-c, H Y on r c linl'ac tcr of 11niversul gunrd inn , j0incd to
tl10 co ncern yon 011 ght to hnsc for the cnnse of Yirtne nnd rciiginn, nssnl'f) i:.
me you will not think tlint dcrgyrncn, when injured, have th• ltast right.,:·.
t.o yo ur protection.,,
The phrnsc '' nnflJ.in(l [.('s:; tlurn" i~ nl~ o ~n~ cep tihl c o f oppo~itc intcrprc·
tntion~ ~ th n~, u Il e ni111 ed nt nothing le. RR titan the crown," mcam~ either,
14 Noth in;t \\";t~ lc~8 nimcd tlt hy him thnn the crown," or, 11 Nothing info.. ,
n or to the ';row n won1 tl ~at. i~ry h i!-1. nmhiti o n."
Th e pilrn~c. 11 J will /1 ,n:e nurcy." in the sentence, 44 I will l1nve rncr~y,

.:i.n tl rt<)t :'inc rifi l'c, 11 i!'-1> <:rpii\' ornl. AR <:n rnmon ly us <:: <l it 111tn ns, ''I will
cxc rci8C nH; n·.\· ,,, 1,ut, h(· rc i t bt•ar:-i itf-1 (ltlwr rn r nnin..z, "I deKire mercy;"
"it i ~ m,· wi ll that v o 11 i-: hn n1d cxerci~e me rcy;" u 1 prcfor mercy to sa.crifi cr: , n.'i n,cl:i

0 11

y o ur. p art .''

A doulile, or rm r']uirnM l merrni119, ari.•c« Rometime.1 from a
cnre/i:s8 and .f.111 /t y ct111~tn1ctior1 ro_( tlie BC'1tte11ce.
}:x AMr 1. i-:~: '' ~n1onwn, 1J1c MO il o f Dnrhl, who bnilt the: tcrnp1c of Jo11
rn~ah ~ m. wut' t.hn ri d1c~t rnonurch of t.ho pcf1ple of (; otl ; "Solomon, th

, ~on of David, who wa~ rcrocc11tcd by Sa11l, was the ri chest," &c . J n thes e
two sentence::\ who is ~ i11.1ilarly p laced, hut mn~t be rcfo rrcd (t'~•r tl 1c i-; nk e
of hi storical a c cnruc_y) to two different per~ o 11~- i n tlic tir:;t t o Snl0rnu 11 ,
in the secothl to l>a\"id. T o a\'OiJ l'\lll'li donbtfu\ co n st rn cti o n 1 it i:-1 11 <.:l't·R enry to cha.ng-c tlie arrang-o!llcnt ftntl con:-3tr11ctin11 in the tir~t Kt:11 t c 11ei' ,
tl111~ : "Solom o n, tl1 0 t'(•ll of Da\'id, un<l the hn il d c r of' t.lic t c rn rlc of .le.
rn!inl c m, wa~ tlie rid1l'::-t 1 " &e. Tl1e Rtet11Hl :-\trJli..'J\Ct: will ho rn adc ch-ar
hy being altered t. hn;-;. : · u S olomon, wli o:-1e fath er Da \'ill wa:; p(;r:-iccutcJ lJy
Sanl, wn:s the ridict; t. 111 & c.

Tlic pronouns he and his are ,,rten u,•ed am/Ji:1uously. R:ith er
th nn ullow aml>i i;uity, the l\l)\]I) s \1onld be useu i11 ste:i<l or tl1(\ pronoun, for tl1e re petition of
no!. objecti unalile.

fl

wonl, when necessa ry to clcarnc-'~, is

Ex. 1.-i; Ly~ins promi s ed to hi s fotl1 t: r ncYer to abandon lii,ir fri e nd!"\. 11
. Here it is d•>Ul>t !'11l whether ll1c fricnd:-s of Ly:.;ia~, or o f ti1c f<ltl1cr of Ly~in~,
nrc in te nd e d. ~uch ~c11te 11ecs m11y he rt.!ndcr...:tl clt:ar l)y 11 :-<ing the dr<.1111ati c

form of 11arrnti\"C: tli11~, "Lysia:-; rronii~ c d ld:-4 fat l1cr i n the:-:c w ord~, I
will l\ C\"C I" ahandvn n1 y fricnd:-1 ;" or, :r th e fri end:-; (if tile fotlicr w t·rc i!1 tondetl, •'I will n e ver ab:111J on t li y fri1 ·11<!:.i. " 'l"l ic :-:enti 1m:11t m:iy al:-<0 be
c xprc:-;:-;cd it1 this wa.\·: u Lp-1i;1:-1, :-i.pcuking- of Iii~ fri e 11d ~ 1 prn111i:-<1..:d to Iii~
fathe r ne ve r to 1dm1l!lo11 tli c 111 ~" or, u Ly r' ia:-; , ~pcaki11g of lii~ fa t h e r·~
fri c 1u.l!:l , pronll-"'Cd to lii:-t fa tl 1c r ll C\'t: r t o al1;1nd<Jll tlH~111 : "
.Ex . 2.- 4 ' \Ve ~aid tu i ny lo rJ, Tl1e lad c anu ot it~an: id~ fa the r~ for
if he sho 11id lc:n v e lii:-1 fotli c r, hi~ fathl:r wonlJ <lie. ,, llerc u1nbig-tlity is
nvoid cll liy th<: repetitio n of tl1c word s l1i8.fat!ter. liat1 tlic l•rono11n been
UF-Cc..l in the l;attcr pnrt of the sentence, it \\·mild li:\\"C been d••11h t fnl
whether the ~011 or the fa the r wns intended; thni-s, H If lie i; llo ui J lea n) bis

father, lie. wou IJ di e."

Aojcctii:es, imlr..~,, adjoined to
create amlri9uity; tl1t1 •,

tli~

11ou11s to icliich t!;ey belong,

"G o d li c upctli fa\"OrM nn l1i~ l'(c n·nnt~ C\ "C r l i h<' ral ~ind foithfnl." If it wne
H~ lihl:nd und faithfn l, tlic funn nf the :--c11 t(·nco
ttho ulJ be, u <J nd, C\'U r Ii.Pe ral anti foitltf11l, ht:•ai •otli fo vor~ on !ii:t !'l (!rvu11r )'(, "
If, on tliu other l1u11d, it. w11:t the dc'"'i.Ln1 0 1" tl1e \\" r itcr tl 1n:-i tn c liarn1.: t l'ri7.e
tllo servant:-', tl 1c for111 t<ohC-::lJ be, u (~· (1t . hcupcth favur:J on Ids cv1..:r libct1l.I

intended to tll·scribc God

1

nud foitl1ful ""rnmto."

210

UNn'Y.

CLEAitNESS.

LESSON LXXXIV.
CJ,EAlt~ESS

J)f

TllE ST! tl:CTUHE OF SENTENCES.

If the c gni\'oc:d an<l ambig11011s ~ho1dd be avoided, much
m ore sho uld the 11ni11tcllig ihlc lie avoided.
T his ~t y lc o f scntenc t·s may ar ise, either from confusion
of thou.!.!;h t, and fro m impe r fect conceptions in t he mind of
the \\'rit c r; or fr om a n :itrectati on of o riuinality, pro.
fnnJ ity , ~nhli m ity, 01· e xqni site beauty of expression, or
form of senten ce, o r from want of meanin g .
,
Tli<· 1·e arc ?.)l(rious kinds <!f 1w11se11 se, ran g ec1 by Dr.
C:1m pb ell u n d e r the licad;i or puerile, lecwned, projounc~
an J marvellous .
Tl1 c 7werile is ex cmplifi c<l "·J1c11 a writer cmplnp n. specious flow
oi word~, <'<•l1'bli11g <>f '}nony 1n .. 11 ~ term s nrHl i1le11 ticnl proposi·
t i0ns, wcll- tnr necl pc ri ocl~, nn 1l liigli -so11111li11g word s ; but at t110
5n.mo time n ~ i11g t.l1oso wo rds s0 iml elin itdy tlin t ei1.li e1· no intel!i.
gi\.Jle rne:in ing is cx pr cs;;c,], ur ahno:<I. nny rnc ri ni ng rn ny be tleducc<l
from them. Tli i:i liri~ liee11 nl rcncly r('fc1Te<l to, anJ illustrateu,
nrul o:· J~ulo TT., on" I' t'<>p1·ict.y of Exprc;;sion."
Tl1 0 l11rl1'11crl ri 011 .<ense is folly exl""l 'liOctl in tl 10 scliolnst.ic theol·
oiry of tl 1c rn ithlio ni.;c•. Dr. C: un pucll SJH:nk s of a )'rcnclie1· li e lind
li ennl of, wh o, dc, ir1 J115 to llJ>i'Cnr \'Cry profo1 rn 1l 1 rir1tl to mnko
ol><en· ntiP n;; 011 the c1H 111nn nost ;; ul•jects wliicl1 lia.J 11<i1·ot· occu rred
to nn ybn<l y li cf<> rc, rcmnrk c<l , n.s nn instan ce of tl1 0 good ness of
l' ro ,·id encc, t lint the m o ment~ of ti 1nc co1ne 8ncccs:;ivdy, nnu not
si 1111ilt:i 11co11, ly 01· tnget.her; whi ch la"t mctl1 0J uf corning would,
lie

~ :i iil, ne0:t-.:i 11n

i11fi 11ite co n i'n:=: iun in tli <J \ \'q rl11.

Me t:1pJ.y, i1-;tl J>liil•)so11l1y nbo c:rn

fnrni~ll

i111111111crn\.Jlo specimens

of lear 11etl 11111 l~t.·n~ c .

Tl1c p1·0.fmn cl > pc·e i c·~ of nonscnso 111ny often be scc11 in \\'riling~
011 ;;o n:rn111cnt and pol iti cal affair~, wl1 erc in tho 111ore$t nothin g is
pre;;c n to1l '"i t h solem n :iir, as tlie r11 Mt profnnncl secret, and the
el:ibornte result of .Jeep reflection.

21 1

· The marveUo ua is that whi ch a~ to ni shes and .~o n fou n ds b" its
oohl nffirn1:u.io11R, co nt radic tir1g th e plainest d ictrites uf Ct> ll1l~i0 n ·
sense, and inv ol\' i11g a gross nl.J:i nrtli r.y. T l 1 i~ i,; seen in tre:tti,ie~ on
t he pl'i11 ci plcs uf so lllc of 1.li e ~in c n.rts ; it i; to lie foulld al:io in t11o
poets. Tl1u~, in 0110 of Drytleu's pbys, a lover is repl'c,;c ntc,J as
saying:
":\[y wound i• grcnt, because i t is so small."
' Tho Duke of Buckioglrnm, li ca.r in g tlie nboYc line, cxclai:ncd ut
ance,
" It would be greater, were it none at nil!"

thus e:\'posing its nonsense.

LESSON LXXXV.
IN

TnE

CONSTRUCTION OF SE;).'"TE X CES .AND P A RA·
GRAPH S.

In t!te construction of senten ces.
A co rre ct and \\'d l-constrn cted se ntence h:is a o neness of
meaning and fo r m of e xpression; it ~ontains bu t o ne p rominent ide:i. o r le:i.rling pro position , w hether it h e a se nti•
men t , p r opo~itio n, o r fac t, ancl all its pa rts 0 r m c mhc l'ti
have a com mon connection wi th it. T o preserve th e 1111i ty
of the m eanillg a 1111 COll Strn ction of a ~ c· 11 tC' n ce, observe t h u
following R11 k s :

Run: l.-The scene of actimi and th e (fgents £ntrod11ced
s!tottld be contin11ed imcliange(l £n eacli sentence.
Tli e i11 1.r()(l11 cli o1J of n vri ri et.y of circnm ~ tanc e~ nn<l ngP nt• into
n. singlo se11tence renders it tliffic 11 lt •>f c< >111preli pnsi1•n, nn1l i' nt
var iance wi t l1 !.lint prilnary rn lti for tli<' Ct'lllstrn ction of 'l co r1·ec t
sent,•ncc, w l1icl 1 req11i res tl1 n.t it sl 1<11ild rn nke 0111\' uric \] i,;tin ct i1n·
pression on tl1e 111iml, empl oyi ng bnt one snlij;c t or 1111111 inn t ive
from its beginning to its close. V nrious a.nJ unlike oliiects or ideas
grouped together in 11. sin gle rnnt enre, n0t onl_1· 1l<'•t;oy Its nn it.y,

212

UNITY.

EXERCISES ON UNITY.

bnt th oy pre~cnt. :\ confn~cr1 image to tho mind. The thonghts
intrn<lit<'et1 i11tn a sc11tcnC'C 111ust uc so cl osely related a9 not to <l i,;t rnct our attent ion. ll c11cc,

H. u1.E If.-,Yercr cr o11:d into 011e s1'11 l encc tliin;1s which
have so little c0 1111c<.:t io11 and m.ut11al d1'Jl':ll({e11 ce, t/1at they
m ay mlmit of bci11.r; presented in two or m ore sentences.
S11per011<rns rcl:iti,· e \\·1 ml~ ltn <l cl an"::" i111pair tl1e unity tltnt is
<ksirnulo in tli c ~ t r11ct11re of n sentence.

RuLE III.-1/te iwertion of parenth eses, wiless very

sh ort, within tli e limits of a senlc11 ce, should be avoided,
being o.f~en injariolls to its 11.nity and bea uty.

GAJ

Ru LE IV .- All e.rtnmeo us observations at tlte close of a
sentence l!lust be omitted.

ExE>< CI Bf:s.

Constrnct and wri te th e follo"'ing st· nt C' ncC's in such a
manner as to compl y \1·i th th e rnlcs ot' n11it y :
Archbi:·d11)p T illot..-o n, who dif·<l in t lii :3, :'; cnr, w11 ~ ('X(' f'(•1J in .zly lH•lo\·cd
liy K i n;.; \Vil li a1n nnd Q ncc n l\t:1ry, wh o n o1ninatl..' d D r. 'l \· n ni~vn ~ IJ l:.;/inp
of ] . i111..' 'l l11, t o :'l tH'cec d liim.
T he :"11111 11p p r 1)a1: li i11;; ll l (: ltM the ~1 lf> W 1 nnrl brc:1 ks the if' ~' fetter~ 0 f tl:'~
nrn.i 11 1 \\'h ere \' w~t ~ e a - m o ns ter:-; pie rce tlirn11 ;,!'li tt oating- i~bnil...j, wi:li arin/'I.
wh ich cnn with stand th e cry!Stal r oc k~ wl 1i le o th er:-., tli:tt r.f thcm~c h·i · ~
see m gn:nt l\l-1 i:>1 la 11 ds, nre, by the h1ilk itl o n c, nrm..:d rtg-ain~t :ili lwt ni :1 n.
Wh OSC :>:11 pc ri ori t.y o ve r Cl'Cat11rt""': R Of l:S IH:Ji ~t11pc ndo 1t s Kizc :111d J"fl\\ 'Cr , ~!i01d~l
make him min J f1d (i f lii:i pri dl eg-o o f r e11:i011 1 und ftn·cc iiim to adore tl ~ o
g rent CfJtnpo!-ler of thcRc wondroul'I frnrn c1:1, t\nd the Au thor of lli:-s o wn
8Upcri or

wi ~do m.

\\' li en a scntc11co b com plete, anJ we n:t tu rally expect thnt n
new se ntence wi ll com111 cnce, no a<lJ i1iu11nl circumstance shou lJ be
nppen<lc11.

LESSON LXXXVI.

H uLE Y.--Tl1c imity (!la selllc11 ce requires tlt at it he
brou;;!it to a.f11ll and com7)lete close; otherwise an entirn
o r µcrfect SL'ntence i ~ not fornwr1.
~<>11.<lr11clion of 1J(( rn[1 raph.•, it i ~ requ ircu
that, tlifferc11 L t< >p i c~ , th o~e hnYin g no neCC'""t')' relatio n to, or

1\ ~ to 1111ily in tlia

rlcpcnJ cnro 0 11 e:tC'lt ot.lt ·r, "1 10111 1! occ npy different parngrnpbs, or
Jnq.~ e r di\' i:-'i c rn~

t)f

ilio tl H1 11g-lit"l exprc!-':-1c 1l.

A '11'11 pl and .•!tort -'C nlw. r r.~ slwul<l not loo .Ji·e1ue11tly np71ear
in s u.r,crs.•ion ; for, nltJi ,,11;;lt tl1ey appear to gi,,c en crg-y to ~tyle,
yet thoy po"e"s lu<s 1lig11i1y, an1l C<H1\'CY o nr i<le:" Jc.ss clcnrly
to tl1 e 111i11J, 1111111 l<> n.:'.('I' •ente ncc~ c:1ref111ly co11•t rn i' tetl. They
nbn n1:1k e n k's fo rci l>lo i1npn:,,i.. n. Take tli e following exn1nplo :
u N or le t 1111 \' l'll\trch r, f nnr r•nlcr t:.11\e 11p1111 it!->C·lf, nM n rH:ccsHnry p11rt of
i LR clwnu.; tcr, t !ic fj,rm ,,f 11g-;.:- n·s :.ii1111. Th i ~ i;\ nfrc11 i:mid t0 Lclong to it. H
0

th e ca\in nn d l'o1i:-i;..;t c 11t. p r-.: 1H' lltuti o n of pri1u·iph.· ~ Uc th e r.trong llli~t1.11 l t
upon tlici r op 1 1 v :-oitc~, then ,.;t:eh t1llt:-'t be nu r olfrn cc. B11t it itf 110 rHO!"G,
\Vo ~e...:k nnt to o(Jndomn. To rilllintnin tliu ri K' li t i~ onr duty. Aguinst
whnt. nifty be wron~, tlicrl! rr ny he in tliiR u.n i111plleit reb uke. Yet it is_un&
i' ,r n;..; t.•\ trou hh.~ otl it·r t.' hurch t'\~.
11

213

ST;",EXGT!f A.N'D YIYACITY OF

EXPI~ESSIOX .

Strength si gn ifies the po \\'e r o f arrl'sting attention :rn t1
of fort:il,Jy i11tl11c ncing the mind. 'f11 c strength ol' a s1·ntcnce denotes snd1 a selection and arr:rn g c· nwnt of its
w ords a nd members as will prorlncc a cl('a r ;rnrl stro rw
and vivi,l i1111)ression of t he writer's rnC'anin".'
,..,,
::>

Rur.F. I .-Be concise ; employ no red·1mda11t 1cords or
m em.bcrs.
V e r1Jnsit.y , nnu the rnulliplying of cl:u1~es in a Sl'nte rwc, ten J to
Mere c· pitliet~, nn.l exj>l~ti\'e;> , n11 d tl1c 111 cnli"n
of u1111cce;;,ary circ11m,;lfu1 ce;., nre, t hernfore, to l.c :t\'\>i1l e<l. 1t 11111.Y
be 11tlopto.J :i~ a 111:1xi111, tl 1at nn y words wl1icl 1 n1·e "' J>erll11»11s
derrnct frn1n 1l1c t~11·eo 0f a ~ente11ce. J\" e 1· ery w or<l 01 1;:-l 1t t <>
pre•ent a new idc·a, so every 1ne111l>er 011gl1L Lo co nta in 11 qew

enfeeble its force.

thought.

Ruu.: IL-Place t/,e. 11ri11eipal toord vr words in a con·

2H

:;TRltN GTll

spicuous position, t liat it may S<:'cnre the special attcnt,lon
of t l 1c rc:vkr or hea rer.
Su ch n po,;tion is generally fonrnl at the beginni ng of a
tcnc o ; :-:;0 111 ctirnc~ 1 ht1\\'C,·cr, :1~ wli1..·11 we de!--iro to detn in tlie mhul ~:

n1Hl excite (·11 ri<>,ily, the l:111 c r pa r t <•f n 'cnlc11ce is to Le prefe1·1•Ed
n< 1l1e lncatio n of il1 e pr incip:1l wonl Pr wn t'<k
·,,

The i11ur.,i1m (Jf thr [l'"'""11Mt irri l rind loyicr1l const·ructivn oft/;~
or membe r.~ of a .<c11te11cc, le1td.• to yi1;c force and vitacity 14
llw11!Jhi ; Ll111':

clri11se~.

l l Grcnt iR Di ann nf tho Ephr~inn~ ;n u Ble~:-:cd i:"- he thnt com eth in the:
narn c of the L()rd ;" "\Vlinm ye ignorn nt ly w or~ hi p, Ilim dcclnro I tlll ~O
von ~" u Y rrnr fathers, where arc they 1 and the prop het~ , d o thoy livo for
~\° C l' 1" u Ht•ltrr i8 littl e with ri_ghtcow:nH.:="~, tl111ll i.r rent rn vcnucs. with(iut
ri ght. ;" "They sa11k H~ learl , in the mighty w ntcr~ . "

'\'h ~n, l1owc,·cr, wo clc;;i:·o tn linlt! tlie ntte 11t ion, nn1l to s1i.1ie;1d
c11ri1»•it 1· , t l1e i1n;• 1• r t~rnt wor<ls u1Hl clan;;c; lll :l.)" be nd,.antageously
re;;crn<i f.,r the end of tlic '<: ntcnee; tl111~:
On whnt evc r• sido we con tC" rn plntc Homer, what. pri rwipnlly Rtrikc~ tllf
iH Jii~ wondcrf11l irwcnti on ;" u All these th i ng~ will I gi ve thee, if tho\•
wilt. foll down nnd wordhip me."
H

In wl111 tc ,·er part of the ~cnlcncc the 71ri11ciJ>r1l word or clause Is
placed, it sh oul1l riot be c11cun1bae<l 01· o/J ..c11red U!J W1!J otlier -worci.i.

RUT.E ITI.-Omitting ;;;ipC>rf1 11011!'l 11-o rd8, particular attention must be priitl to tltt? pro1)1'r 11.<e of all word.< expre;;.
,•-i1·e of tr1111 ..,:1 i011. ru1d crm n c.,.f inn.; :011 cli ns bu.t, and, 10/tidi,
wltosc, 10/icrc, &c.

~15

STRENGTH ANI.> VIVACITY.

A:-.; I.> VI\' A CIT Y.

The relatfre, th o ugh it may in certain conn<?ct ions \Jo omitted
without sac rifice of cle nrne~s, nn<l need not uc i11;ertc•: in familiar
writing•, yet in tl1o~e of n <lignif"i etl kind it ~l".iild gl' 11 c r:il ly J,o
c:.:pressed; as, .. t.i1e rnnn r love," " tlic LollkS r rl':id ," ,J ,.. 11 Jd l1u
;vri t.ten, u tlie 1n:i11 w l1 nm] ]o,· c ," "tl1 c l1ovk .-; wlii c !J

r r ~ ·:1d . n

' Tlie. strenr; th. rtnd 1;icac ity of a. sc11tr.11ce 1'.~ 1rrccit1!J J>rom ntrtl /,y
·.,, ·tliG skif;(ul "l'f'{ic1ttion or omi.•.< iun (If t!ie connccti"c " a11d," a111l
' tlt.e di·~fun.ctite.'f Hncill1er,'' \\ 11or," u eitlur," Hor. ' ' By tlit.:i:·
repetition in tl1e enn111eratiun of ~e,·cral 1 1 arti c 11l:ir~, ~dditional
· weiglit aml tlisti11 c t11c;;s are ;;ec 111·e1l to a st:1te111 e11t : on tliu <>ti1er
lurn<l, by t!tcir orn is,ion, a cln;.;e connection, n ']Hick transition, or
!l rnpid succes;;io n of obj ects i8 ex prcssecl.
1'/i.e wmecessary r rpelition of " and" i.~ cnfccblinJ, like tl;c Ynlgnr plirnsu and w, in tell ing a s tory; nncl yet, " ·l 1e11 we arc en11 mcrnting ,c,·<:rnl object;;, nntl wisl1 tkt t tl1l'}' ~lio11id np pcnr n•
disti nct from c:tcl1, an<i that tlic t1 ii11d sl1011lil tlwc·ll Ill ''" ' e:1ch
separately, co11ne c ti,·e:; 111ny be ad\"a11 t:1gro11:-;ly in.-..ertl'd; ft1r C'X-

am pie :
"S uch n mnn might fall n vi\.·tim to power ; b ut. tn1tli nn d rea:-H'll and
liberty wo1ild foll wi th liim." Tlic su111c thin~ i ~ s.cc 11 i11 n !'-IC!llo..:11..:1..: fr,, ,n
ono of S t. Pa t1 i'K Lctter.:i: u I n1n per:-:11adcd that 11citl1c:r lifl!, t1V r denth,
nor n.ngch~ , n o r pri ncip11litic8, nor po wc r:i , nor tl1illJ..:"~ prc~c 11 t 1 n1) r tl1i11g-~
to co r11 c 1 nor hci.'!li t, nor depth, nor n11y otl1cr crcatu r\.', :<}i:dl i11..: abloJ to
•cpuruto U:-:4 fro m tlio lo vo o f Uoll.''

Tl 1at by <l ropping tho co nn ccti,-e n close r connection nnil morn
ro.pid succe$s ion ll l"O CXf'\'CSSl'<I, w e SC() in tho W\'li-k 11<> Wfl l'ellt:ll'k
of .Cmsnr, " Vc ni, vidi, vici," (" l CfLme, I saw, l couqucrctl ;" or,
"I cam e, saw, conq ue red.")

The -'P['(ll'rtlion n.f a prrpo«itir>nfroin tlw noun it ·governs is to bo
aw·i iled; 11~ in tli e >"Cnten ce, "Tlio11gli "inuc bo1Tow s no a.;;sist
nnc" fr0rn, yet it may ofle11 Le ncc., mpnnic1l Ly, tho tHhnntnges of
for tu ne."

Dcmonstrrctire and rclrr lirc J"ll'ticles -<liu11ld be «prtrinr1ly 11.;cd;
in tho f11llnwi11~: 1 ~ Tl1tTC i:-: 11ntlting wl1i cli di~g11st~ 11s ~oon er
tl1an 1!1 0 e111pty J•P111p of l:ir1;.:t1nge." Sn cli f~q · 1 n al l' l1 r:l :"-Colog-y iiJ
titt i ng i 11 i11tro<lu<.:i11f; a ~11l 1j..: ct, or l:i yi 11µ- down ll pr11p 11 :- itiHn , h11t

LESSON LXXXVII .

n~

nt 0 1l1 cr ti1 1 1c~ n 111orc :--ii nplu nllll co 11 <·.i, u t'urn 1 of ~x pr cs:--iu n is to

Le prefe rred;
pomp

or

n~, "Nothin g disgusts us Hooner than the ~mpty

l11ni;u11g('.''

STRENGTH IX TUE STRU<:ru j(E OF f .E YJ'E:-.fCES.

Uuu; IV.-In the m embe rs of

a sente nce, when two
compared o r contrasted , where a resembla11a
or an opposition is desiyne<l to be expressed, a correspond-

things are

216

!r rRENGTn 01' 81'::-.:n;NcKS.

STRENOTII (JI" S ENTE NCES.

inr1 re.<emOlanr,e or crm trast, in the lcmr;uage and
1:1 triu:t£011, .sltould be <~// i:c t cd. F u r e xample :
T l11: «1:111 , es sl11111l d 1,., ll C ~t r l y o f :111 <'• p1al ie11gtl 1: the snrne nnm.
1.cr of 1101111' s l1n 11ld l ie ' '" 'i 'l"y'"d in 1!10 co nt mstccl or co111 puu nil
<;J ;111,;e,; o f tile SCll i (•ll< '<' : t.1 1(: ('tJITel a lil' e ll<JllllS slio11J1] be f}l lHJi ti ()U
by a p;•ro11 :·i atc :ul,i ecli \' ,· •. Tl1 l' ,;e clil'cc liu11; aro bea11 tifnlly ox· ·
l1i ui!(:.d ill Pop(:, l ' r,:l':i,·e ' " l1i" l l111n er :
"I l 11 m 1; r wnt-1 t he ~T'-\ 11tcr .'-!' cn i u~ : Y i rgil, th e b ette r nr t i :"\t: i n

tho

on a

w e 111 o~ t admi re the 111 a n ; i n I he

nt li1·r, t l 1tl work. Il o1ncr liu1Ti c~ us with •
n cr1J nt 1rn 11<li11g- i mpctn n:<iry ; V irgil lei\d:-1 ll :1 wi th un at.tractiv e mnjcsty.

Horn er /'((':1 ttcr:o\ wi th n g'CIH:rous p ruf'11si on; Vir~il bc:'lto ws with n cnrefo l."'
llo111 rr, like the Ni le, po u r~ 0 11t Iii~ ri chc:i with n. an<ldc.n
o ~; e rtl o w ; V irgil , like a ri Yer in it:i l • H 11 k.~ 1 with n co nsta nt ~tre um . And
when we look upon th ei r mnclii nes, ll vmc r :"I · C rn~ lik e hi~ own J11 pitor in
lii:i l<•rro r~ , fl. li nkin::z Olp 11 pue, f' cat.l ii ng th o li :il 1tt1i nic~, nnd firing thr:.
m 1lg ni fi cc11 cc.

h e ~ n· rn:-i. ;

Virg il , li ke t ho

:-< :\11\C r ( •\\' Cr ,

in h i~ l1cn C\'f•l c1w c, COll ll ~u llinf;!

with tli t~ gutb, laying p lan:-\ f'·1r c 11 1pirc~ 1 a n<l o n.k:ri ng li i:s wl1 ulc cr('ation.'i

S uch rrg 11 l:l rity nnd c11rr e:-ipo11 c1 ·11 co of :-;trn clnre
li o w c \·er1 Le fre qu e nt a 111 l p r t • ll':H~ f t• d , a . . it woul d

m11cli u nit'tirni it:·, and tire t l1 c e,11".

R u1.E V .-Thc st rc:'11g th of ~c:' n tc n ecs ~ hou ld be promoted
by d isposing the m embers so th at t/1ey sliall 1·ise a11d ,qro10
in importance to tlic end : this iB <lcnominatcJ Climax.
ExA.\fPt~ E. - H T hi ~ rlcccn cy, th iRgrncc, tlii !-i p roprie ty of 1nanncrM to ch:\r. .
nctcr, i:-0 !"l. O c:-1:-;r nt ial t.o p rince:i ii1 pu rtic 11 lar , thu t, whc JJ C\' Cr it is 11 egleeted,

tl1 t·ir

d rtu c ~ 10 :-ie

a :;r rcnt deg-rec of l11strc 1 n1H.l th ei r <l cfccll':I ucqni re much
J\ay , 1norc : by ncglccli11 J..:' thi!i <lcccncy nnJ this g rncc, nnd
fo r won t i) f n ~u m c i ent rcgnr<l to nppoartnH·cs, ove n their ,·irt11 cl:i mny he.. .
trny them into f,ii li ng-:1t 1 t lic ir fu.iling-:1 into v i ce~, nnJ. tlw ir vi cea in to hnbits
un wo rt.li y of prin c t: ~ n11J un wo rt hy of m en. "
U){~ nt\·11 t i o n .

Th i• s11 rt o f orn1or ic:11 cl imnx is ll nt easi ly ex ecu tc 1l ; nor sl1oultl
l t :dway:; lie so 11;..d1t :i ftcr, [l_..; it woul d ~ i v e to co111po:"l i1i un too
ch lio•':ttc nnd a r1 il i.:i al nn :1 ir. Y" t i t is i1np111·1a nt :ilwnv; to
u l 1~ e n· tJ t li e nile ~o f11 r a..; I 11i ~ ; a, MCttZ.er as.i1er l ion or proposil·ion
Hlc uufd 111'u r lie 71l({ ced 1\ /l<' r n ~/ro1e 17 e r O!ll' ; a11 d 1cli erc 1£ .1rn te11c~
co11 , i.vts rf l ino or 'lllo re 111 cnil1ers, lit e co11cl11di11g one xhuuld gen~ rally be th e /011gest : r.. ,. c:rnm pl<', "\VJ. on Olli' p11s, ions have forsn ke n us, we flutte r ourse lves witli t h e b elief th a t wo hnve for.
•uken tli em."

217

R.uLE VJ. ..,-}\To senten ce s!w 1tl<l be ter111 i11 atcd 1cith a n
adverb, a prep osition, 0 1· o tl1 !'r i11 c o 11 s i d~ rr1 b l.; 11:•;ril, '1rnli:ss
{)!/ such loca.tiun rr.n rm;1/i rrsis au <l i11<:rcose;l sig111ji1 ·w1 ce
tt!w ll be [/t een to the 11 1er111.i11:;.
Tli ere are ~e nt t·i i <:es wl1 t.:·r<: i11 the fit re..; :-: lie." llJH ln :"0 111e wo nb of
thi s ~ o rt ; l 111 L wlll.: ll t li c ~ e \\'o rd ~ aru 11 11 t t' 111; il i: tl ic , nii d :ire u;. ; rd
ll! Crcly to q ualify oti1e r wur,Js, tl 1l'y ,; l1 11i: i<l ;;l'11e·rn lly on ·npy a
less ]Yro11 1in.;:nt pla ce. A ~ a n e xa n1plc ,.r t l1c lir,; L rc1n :H1>: "!11
thei1· p rospe rity , rn y fri e n d ~ sl1 all nc \·cr lic:u· o f me ; in thei r ncl ''e rsi ty, al w:1y s." As 1.u1 ex:un plc of ti 1c Sl' C< •llll rc1na rk : " A \'a ric0
is ti cr i111c o f w l1ic l1 w i:<c 111 c n nro o fte n g11 il!y."
Such compo u ml vcr],5 ns l1ri 11g a baut, lay lw l•l (If , come our l f/ ,
~e lem· itp, &c ., d o n ot mnnlly mako so e ne rgetic nn cntl in;;· to a
sentence us a sirl1 plo verb. Tl1 c pron oun it ll 1rtkes 11 feel1i c tc- r·
.mi11atio 11 t o a SC' ntc 11cc, c·, r ~r. i a lly w l1 c 11 P"cccck.J liy one <•f t 110
prepo;. i tio n ~ i n,, i1t ·i t, tc ilh ·i t. &c.
T l10 s:irn c tlcing 111:ty hC!
sai<l o f a phrase eJ:j>l'6 ,i ,·c <•CJ l.v 11!' ,;01nc a.J ,l it io n:1l cir<'11 111,t;111<'e,
as for insta nce : "A g rc:1t nd\·:11 1ce t uwa r.l ~ 1.l 1 i ~ nnio 11 w a ~ Ili c
condi tion or part ic.<, so l1:1p1.il y bt> µ;11n, '"' Hl CCt:'s!<f'u ll y ca rri cc.l o n,
':rn d of la te, ~" 1111accc11111 blily ncµ; lcctell; to say no icorsc."
S uch p li m ~ c s , o r circ11111>' t:lll t ial ch11 sc; , sliu ultl lie ]fJcnte11 in n
precedin i; part of tl 1e sc11 tc 11 ce, that tl 1e. 11 1•.1ro i111porl::rn t w o rd s
nrny, Ulli nc 11 111 be rc(l, occ upy t l1 0 1:1,;t ph~e .
I t is an i1 np ortant ruk, :il,o, t hat circ 11 n1 « lance.~ shoulcl be j url iciou~ly inlenper3cd t/,ro11r;h d~[)'e re 11 t p ro · / ,, fl/ a .•en tence, lieini;
pl:tcc1l nc:t rcs t tl1 c wore]; to wl1 icli 1!1c-y rela te, an d ~ h tJ 11 l1l not he
cro w1letl toµ; el li e r ill StJC:<:t·s,i<.Jn .
Wli a tcv c1: Illa}' be sai1l of tl1 0 effec t upon tl 1e st. re ng ih of n
sen tence, it riclcJs g reatly to it:; vi,·acil._<', 111 Hl an, i,Js :; ti ffn e~ s
an tl too g reat !'tate line;o,;, to pl ace at t l1 0 ernl of a ~entcn cc
th e part icles 1 '~ fe rr·~ d to, in 1110 ca;:e of s lio rt ~en tencc ~, or
wh ore tl .e prc po>iti o n id iom:1ticall y lielon;;s to th e ,·erb a n•!
forll1 R o ne plirn~o with it, ns i11 so1n c co 111 p1H lrJ(l ,·e rb~ m en·

tion e<l abuv e,

:u itl

in

w ere speaki ng of;"

~n c h cxp r e::->:;i11us :ls t l 1(•:-:e : u the
1lt e t-:c ltool you \V<_. rc :it. ;~' " tli c

H

bouk you
1n :11l y1

n

1

w ere tnl ki 11 1; to."
Th e om i, sio n al"<> o f th e r ela ti ,.c 1oh.icli , 11flc 11 r (:l i e v c ~ u een·
te uce o f t li i: " t iffn es~ an d formali ty w lii cli tl1c usci of it w ould
occa>i on, c~ 1• <·cin l ly in co nversnt.i on (•r in le tter-writin g.
10

:ns

VIVACITY OF J·:U I:F.SSIO.:V.

Y l\"Al ' lTY

tirnt fin tho lr1. n°l au J
}1· <>lotlic you I

LESSON LXXXVIII.
VTYA C I T \'

OF

EXPr:EsSION ,

HL'I.E.- l j"/''"!/ "l'''"iJic 1r,,n1s, 11· !1 cn .~ 11itaUe, in prc,, ei' .
n ee tu g e1w n1l or ubiitruct lcn11 s.
)iotlii111' co11:ri!.11tc~ 111u rc ln e11l i1·en un expression
select ' uch \\·onls n~ arc pa rt icnlll r f1m1 determ in ate in thei r ~it?"
nific:1tion . Tho more gcne rnl th o terms em pl oyed, tho more! In~
is tho picture tl1cy prese nt; t li o more epecific tl1 ey nro, tile
briglitcr is tlic 11i c ture. ·when it cn n properl y be cl o11e, let n cla#
of scn;;i lilc o\Jjcct;; be <lescribccl by nn indivulu al of thnt clon ;
let nn ?°ntellect1wl subject \Jc ill11 ~ trnlctl by a refe rence to n icnri- '
ble object; nml let !In abstract idea ho 111a<lo 1no 1·0 plai11 by Ml•
ploying ti 10 1111:1lvgy bd w~ en it nn 1l su 11 1c (j fl ai ity in u ~e n;i blo
ouj ec:t.
l l/11$/r;<lirm s : Inste:l\1 of n>i11 g tlie word mountafo, Mil!on
1
wi th fine e::t'cc t, mys:
- -- "O'er mnny n frvzcn, many a fiery Alp,
)~')t·k~, C1W CM,n \.~ C .

fo tho rnn~ of )fo<c•, in"tca (l of sn yini:;, "Tl1ey f ell :is metnl In
th o mi ghty wate rs," how 11111 cl1 111o ro i111 prc~" i" dy is it wri tten,
"Th 0y sa n k:\~ lead iu tl1c 111igi1ty w:1te r; I"
Noti ce tlio ~upcriM vi,· itl11c;;~ or ti10 pil"111rc prl'scnte<l t" t.!10
mind in tho ~i • C tific l:1n;..:11:i;..:e used by 011r Savio ur, as co1n pareu
with tl1:tt ]'ro1lu ce(l l,y t '"' 1 1~ll or yrncral expre,sio 118.
llc "" Y" : " Con "idcr tl •e lifi,,., hnw they qr~ w; they t oil 11 ot, they ,pi11
f ~:I)' lltl{.o _yon , tJi:tt .')~1/omo n in alJ hi~ !Jfory \\"ll.~ n ot arrayed
If tl1<:11 (.; ;,ti ~n clPth u tla: (Jr (t l'(.• , whi ch t11-day i:-1 in tho
ji,.bl and to-11wrr"ru i ~ en~L into the Ol'"n , h0w 11Hh.:h moro will ho clotlio
y o:1 e'
T"\fit, nnd y ci

like

('l lt fl

of tl n.':-'l'.

K'nw J,~ 1. ti1c " " 11" i tk:i~ be ('Xp rl':<scd in

fl

<liffercnt phr:t5cology:

" Cl111 :-1itl 1.: r ll 1<;j~not.' r,:, liow tliey 9r1Hiu al/.y ·i ncre11sd 1·n aiu; lli cy do no
1'LG1t11er of wurk, :u1<l y et I l ud aro t f\ y0u tl11 1t nn kin'] !l'ltateoer, in lib r11 osS
~f'kndi,J. ya n nenl•, j, Jrc""cJ \I )' like tli clll. Ir, tbcn , God in bi~ provlli l'll<'t'! do th ~ o adorn I hf' t·t'qefrrhlr pro,/urli1•n.1t, which continu e bnt. a littJt

218

••F E .'.:l'lO-.:!!SlON.

11r-.; <~/~tr wa rdlf con~t1iJH1• U

by fir e, how mnc1' m();c will

E.crimpfr., •:f tl1e u..e nf <liJ!eren t p .1 r t~ •:f«reerh in 17iri11:r M:J11'.(fon 11ce n,nd -c i vacily, iJ)' .Ll1c u;;1: o f tl1 os" wl1 it;! 1 :iru ·'}Jtxific i11 ti1°: ir
'f)1<!1Llii11g:
f:'li:~k ~pcnrc 111i .'..(l1t l 1n \·c dc:-icri hcd A 11t11ny '' ~ :-0:1 yi:1~ 1 n,· rr tlir d 1·1Hl
0
T l1 0 ~1.} li nnornld c 111(·11 w ho k ,lftd C;fl;-iar,' · t, 11 t how 11111 t· l 1

f Ctc:-;ur,

f1wcihle nrc th e W(1rd:-i. w liic ii he c111p loycJ :
Jw1flers ha ve :3la/,!Jr- t Ca•;.; ar !''
.

l•

Ti1 0:-.c l1 0n .. ra! 1lt..: 111 . .·11

l• 1 )•ly
J1l'•r1.:
t1

·lt·•:1 e

1

i;:t11 l, in ti.t..ldrc:-1:-tift ).( tile Epli c ~iun~ , mig-lit hun~ ~u\ d: "Y t·n. ;·(· ynnr~
.auh·e:i know tiwt. I have bbur ·<l fo r Ll10 :-u ppl _v of 111 y o\t·11 w ;1n1:-1 : · 1 hut
more i111prt·:-1:-i in:ly lie ~ay~:

kacd 1nini."tt re1/ l fl

111y

\'en, y o y our:;l..'.h·t.':-1 k11•:. w t li :1 t t/1FRt~ lrnn•I&

u

11 ceC:-1!'\iti1..:~. "

The word e.c1i:ation , t•r lw11 !1inr1, i:4 u 1norc \'i\·id

c: x prl'f-l~ i o n

tl: nn " Llio

lnfl i ctio11 of the :-\C11k11ec of dt•atli ')11 n cri111inn.I."

So Mil to 11':-1 co11q1 ari~ o 11 of :-' atnn to ' 'a C'Wlll/ 1ra11t' '

gi\" C':-1 n rn nrc \'i,·i (l
l1ird 1:( prl'y." ;\~11 i 11, in <h·:<e ri l1i11g- th e nlt itnde uf ~ut a n ,,· ltcn i11 the net o f i11t'11:-1i 11 ~ bad tll11ng-litl" intfl the 111 i11 J \ 1(
Eve, li e n ~c:-i. tl1c hc ~ t , l1t.:1.:a11 ~ c nw:-1t ~1·ct..:itic word , pi..:rlll1p~ , in Llic lang-11:1be

i dea. tliu n if lw had

fo r thi s

~aid\, 1l

p11r!lO~c-

"Hi111
S17uat liken toa.l,

tlicr~

cl11 :;

•a t

liit•\' rP11nd,
;·ar 1 1f E n; . 11

till'

The next. "x :1111plc· ~ i 1(1\\'~ tii:tt. 1111 rulrerb wliici1 i.-; n•ry particu·
it::; sig11ilicario11 1 Cfl 11tr·il,t1 rl!:; tn \"i\':Lf'i ly:
" S o me :-1.11y, he l1 id lib u11)!1·l!'l tt1rn a,konce
Th e p(1 l1·1' (1f 1·ar t. li ,
Fn , 111 1 lw !'\1111·~

twin~

te n degree:; and 111 Arf',

ux lu. 1 '

lf in ~te.111 of' rr .. !.·a11 ce ti1 e 1•oe L l1a'1 used th e wo rd ,,,,j,fr. t!i(' <':'( pres;in11 w o11 i•l i1a1·1: bee n !cs:; "l' l'l""l'"i:1te ;111(! l<1r .. il .I ,·. Ti1 c latte r \\'ou ld lia"C lJi'CJI l''Jll:illy proper it' t l1c i1 1di 11ati .,11 "t' tl1c pl:irio
of ti1e cciipt ic !i:td be('ll 111 :1<le _, ,· en per pc11<lic11lar l« tl1a r. or· ti10
cq uut.or; wl1 t• r e 11~ ti1c wo rd askrwce i11 tl1 1U ta:<C could 11 uL i1al'O
been e11:11loycd, <k nciti ng fl 11111cii ' 'nallc r oliii<Jllity.
R<! n1nrk al.-;o tli e :1pp n •pri:1t c11 e;;s 1111<1 ~pcci:dty uf ti1e expr,~ ~ ­
eion use<l by Ti 1<1111:<1111"Lo! fl ow n1 •p:1ren t :ill.
A.o:/a 11t tli c de w-hriglit. c1ll'tl1 111nl 1.'. 0l •ir\.l :li r,
Il l! l•JOk ~ iu LF>u 11<llc:\:-s muj c:-ty :: broad ."

It cnli ,. (' JI' ti ll' i1 11:1 ;J~ ry :in<l : uld~ furre 1•) 01 1r «Xpr<'s-i <111-, ll' li <·n
we not onh· ]'ar tic11l:trize, li nt cn·n indiv irl1ur/ e ti 1e <>h.ie«t Ji rcscnte<l to ti;{' 111i1J<l. F ur t Li~ pe culiarity the P"C~ll" of O,;-ia n uro

221

HARMONY OF SICNTENCF..S.

220

VIVA CITY OF EXPRESSION,

remnrk nl>k His r. o mp:ni~on s brin g to onr view "tho ml,
tlic IIill of Cromlcr," " the ~tnrm u n t l1 e Sea of M1tlm1Yf1"
" the rec<b of tl 1c L al·c nf Lao."
'

1

So the i-:irrrd writ e r~: u S\•: ift :i.~ n roe o r ns n faw n -upon Jftmn tlJ1-"
wLitc ns til e ;-11}(1 \\" in ·'·.",J{11wn n ~: fr 1t ).{ril llt ll:-\ th e rilllt::ll of LebaMn tt

ti) ~ u'l.,f cd t he tl1ing~ l" JIOke11 of to tho <."O . •
Of flti r !'\ C ll:-11'~ 1 t· ~ pCTi 11Jl_v 11f ( ll !T (·~· c :-1 , µ- rl'tl tJy t:.: llii\'CJlM tii C CXp
in n p11:-\~H~t· :drcnt!y q11 11tcd: "Ye yv ur.-.. cl v c ~ know thut tltuo J,a11d4
min i~t<.:rt:d to 11n· ll c<'C~~ i t i cs . n
The wonb y ;11, a11 d .1;r111.dt!r nro m ore cmphnt icnl , bccn11 ~0 more de .
l)trnti\·c, t hnn ti. at nn d there, :Hi the fo rin cr i111p iy thnt the 0bj cct refcnod
}\ g-a in, w li nt t: ,· er

t l'1 1d~

0

1

l~

one of si ght ;

n~,

"Fo r proo f, look \Ir,
A n<l rend thy fat e in ,'Jon ce l ~·:-: ti1d :-1ig11."

Jlillon.

Th e cxpn.:~ ~ io n i!1 rn orc ,.i,·i1..l thun wo uld linYe bee n "tl1at

in some

cas es, r equire to li e clitti c nlt.

or 1• r01rn nciat io n, ha rsh,

. snd cli~a!.?;rCc:1l1le in so n11t1. ' Vhcthcr th e ~ ou m l be a ~rl-..:­
;{\blo or ;thcr\\'i~c, the sen se sl 1onlll, as far as po~s ililc, he
.'represc11tcd by the sotrn ll of th e \\' OrJ s sel ect e d.

'l h 1e lt !Jr-

. m ony does 1wt consist in adopti11g tlie m ost musical icor dH
·and phrases, /mt ·i n tl1 e di oi,:c a11cl f itting arran r1e111e11 t of
-such a succession of sow1.ds a.~ sla.dl most. clearl;r ·i11 di•:ate
tllefeeliriys ori;1i1iated b:; tli e tl1ougl1!s e:rp ressed. Hence
. harsh words art', fo r eertain pnrpo~e;;, more cnn,i,;tent "i th
1
" r hetorical harm o ny l l 1:rn won.I s 0 1· agrc(':\11«.!
' onrn '1. ...
i l 1e

'fvllowin g extracts :lffonl ill ustr:ltion vf t he tr uth of th ese

si g n. "
"~i t y e he n" while I :in an d prny y1mdt>r, ., is more Yi\' id t.han

I n co111po!-iti<>11 >< of the dc·,cri ptiv e ki111l, it. is

ue~t.,

11

pmy Out;~ .

for giving

vivi <l co11c('p!i<> n, !11 n<h ·ancc fn•tn g~ 11c·r:il C'Xpres~ ions to ~pt•¢
nnd tl1cn cc n;rni n to t.h u ~e more parti c ular; us in tlte Song
Sol o rnun (ii., 10 · l :J) :
''My bclo ,·c· l !-lpnko nnd trn.i tl to m e : Ari~,., my lo \·c, my fair, :md
awny; fo r, lo I the w i11 tcr is p11 ~t , th o min i~ O \' (~r nntl 14onc, the flo
npp(!u r

pr-0n11n ciati0n, :rn<1 :i.grC' c:<1 >1c to the C':tr \\' lH'n p r 0nouncc1l.
. ~•1'h o term llltrn1.ooy soml't inws d e notes an n<·..:•ml :rnl'.C lict wccn th e sense :uni t l>e ~ound uf t he w onb, so that these ,

(I H

t he c:-i rth, t ho tim e

C• f

t lie l"lin gi n ~ () j' lJirtl:-1 i~

e0 111 e 1

ntlf\ tho \'Q1

of th e tnrtlc i; hcanl in ">11 r land ; t ho M.;·trco p utt<·th furt li her 15rcen fti;
an d tho Yincs w it. Ii t he tcnJc r grn pc pe rfum e t li c air.n

In tl 1i ~ P'l~~~r:'." tl10 111 .. , t g<'n c rnl ('Xpr<'•~ i1 1n i" fir,t u•c<l: "Tl1e
w i ntL·r js p n!"- t.;" tho n ex t i~ JllCJl'C ~p•.: r· ia l, H the rai n" (on e of thu
<li;:ng recal1l e n ttc ndant.~ nn wi11t e 1'), " is ov.cr :lll<l gon e." Tlr~n
n1·e 111 c11 tio nc<l th o p:Lrl ic nl:ir <' ffc•c t" of th e co111 in g of spring-fi rs~
in tlio n;;c o f th o more µ- e nc ral t('rnr~, flowers nn<l b-ird~, then of
the par tic11 ln r le rrrh , t ur t lr, jiq- tree, 1111d vine.

LESSON LXXXIX.
n rn llAJO! O l\Y,

O I~

~ I El. (>DIOU;

STR\; CTl.JRE OJ!' SlrnTENCRS•.

Thi:i qu:ility dcpcn11s, of cou rse, u pon the proper choic
n11d arran g em ent of 11·0 1·Js, ren<krini;:- the s<mtenec qn~y of

:·emarks :
First, in r elntion to m cl<Hliou• >ouri tl ~:
~. ,u A nJ nt 11ight ~o clouJless nn d f'O Htill !

N ot n Yoicc

?f livi ng thi nK-

{>:Ot n whi:-lpc r o f lcnf or wnving- bo11g-h-not n breath o f w11Hl-n ()t n ~ o u ud
upon the en.rt.h, or i1 1 th o air! A11\_l o vc rl1 c1l\~ bend~. tlio li lu ~ ~ ky, .de..,\·y
Al\cl soft, nnJ rudi nnt with i11n 11 11 1c ruhl e f'\t.nrt-4 1 like ti\~ in vc rt rd llL'il ot ~ omc
bln c flower, sprinkled with g o lde n d11~t., tl1ltl Lrl"at liing fra g- r:mce."-//y-~rion.

Secomlly, in rclnti1>n t.o har,;li so nnds:
" No w ~w el l ~ th e i nt or rnin gl i n~ din. Th e jnr,
} 'rcqu c11t nnd fright ful, o r thu l111~ t in,1.t boinb ;
The fa lling- bca1n, tho ~1irick 1 tho g-roan, tho eh<'ut,

T he C(' ; 1!'1c l c~~ cl nn,J?or, and the ru~h of men
J nc h rinto wi t h rage I L ou d nnd m ore loud
T he d i• cord 1<rnw~, till pnl e Deat h Khn t • th o • r eno,

A nd <i' c r th e conqu eror nnd t he conq uc r'd dra w rJ
Hi s coJ,l ~n d b loody ohroud."
Sl1eluy'•" Q11nn Jfab."

"Hnt tl1 c n ],j, st yk ! l n \' e ry trntli, it is tl1 0 str:rngc·st nf st ylrs ,
tlionglt on e ot' tl1e rielic,;t - a Ktylo f'ull of original ity, 1•ic.l1 1rc'<J U<'n ~ s,., sunny "i;.:11r ; \.n t a: J ra<ed a nd slatc•l o,· c r, t li rc:,·f,.J ,l. iu 111cta 1.J1or :in1l t rope ; 1l is t racted i11tu tur t uo,;iti cs, Ji,h><;; Lt i"r'"; :'tarting out into c r•>tcl1e ts, cr;11np t e rm~, qnaint ncs·«J:', 011<! lii<l<len

sa.tir•'."- Ca rly l•", "On Jfirabca.1,1."

. .,

'

222

RllETORICAL HARMONY.

223

RHETORICAL HARMONY .

. (~.) Dn n"t pince in immcd i~tc snece"ion words .whose first syllnb!eR
htwo tli t· t>1;une

fl.) In whif'l1 tlH·rc· i~
('f) . 111•1/i'rHf, ,J I' .
( ::. ) TJi, 1:-i c wli i1· l1

:i

<' 1 •11tn

f\\ ' .i 11r

nr tlic !ln1d

~flunil c•f \\'hi eh

c((n C·rndidl y

is :>tim 1lar to the fir!-it
can ,· as~ Cantcrhury ·

"'!l -

( I~.' \-\' nrd~ c 11 cli11~ in l'lii11il11r ='011lld!i r-iliould not immcJiately l'lUC'r-''<'fl

l!HCh 1 )t licr~ a:-', ' ' I co11f..:~~ with

rlcliill'.l.rt •·l'

111 y

hum ili ty tl1c stcrilif!Jofmy fan (·y,nn1l tl1"

j 11d ;; rn enL."

_

(7.} A s. u cc1.::;."iio11 of m ono~yllabl c~ j R i n hnr111 0 111n1rn
wi~l1 to go on 0 11 tl1i~ baJ road for, fut.h er, " &e.

rn 11('111T~·1H· e ., rtl1l' ~11mc vow t•l;
i11

sr.111hi 1

t11ble of rh c ~llC (' l;t•din_g word : 11~, I

Hti LE J.-"C"JJle's wh 0re n1~cC'ss:1ry for exprc~sivene~s,
an1id, int lie d1 'lit.:c• o f wo n1s, tho se• \\'lii ch a r c l1ar~h, grating,
1111 1nl·lo<1 io 11s; thc~e, for cxam)'k :

; a~ ,

uYou do ni::il

tiH•rj : ro ngl1 · ~ 0 1111 di 11g consonants;'*

do·fl nidP r,'l 1 71t11·/11rl1,,.f. (lrrl•lf1t1 I. ,\•, •.

(:;: Tl1 n~ c in ''l1i1·l1 1l1~ :-1 1111 1.· ldh' r:-< o r :-<i111il :i r t-.yllalJlcd frcqnc ntly~
cnr ; n ~, prt•· n •r1c/;,,n,1 r /1, /,, ,J/J.'1, xi.1i1i:1.. f. u·ri1·1·.'1 , ,~c.
('I. ) L Pllg" <.;(J llq•l •\ llJt{ w11rd~, \\ 1 1~ 11 IJl i'l t"C tl111; n t Hild (.' (]IH\l ly exrrcs!4i\•e
~y nnny m:-: en n lie f,11111d; s111.:l1 ;t ~ ,, J,a11 1rj.1 .·, ,d11•,"l,>1 1 di ... tre...:~l"lly, tltlSUCCtU•
J 'aln"s,.:: & c.

LESSON XC.
THE UATD[QNIOUS STitUCTUTIJC 01' SENTENCES.

(!"1.) S11l'h lnng- wnrd"' a~ nrc 1 ·1fil if1i~·1 dt prr1n1111 r· iati t• n l1c<'anse tlic ncoont
fa ll:-' on th c lir:-;t. part. of the word; n~, ar/1ilrari l!1i j"r:liciluu::.iy, cursorily,
perunpluri11 ( ,r;,-: , &t.

Ri:u: TII.-Tn composing a pa ra~ r aph , the re should be
j11diciou s intermill g li11g of long, short, and intcnncdiato

\\',.rils nrc 111" -t :1;:rce:11.le to tl1 e c-:11· wl1 c n tl1<·y :iru composed
:111'1 li1 p1id so1111<l,; ; " ·lie11 tl1 crc is n 1l11e a.!111ixtu rc of

,,f '"'""Iii

,·11w 1..:l'"' :-tnd ('on~11M:1 11ts; wlt l:n tl1erc nrc not too

111n11y

l1n r~li con..

so11:111ts ri11, l.i11:-r :i;::1 i11 't <'ll <·li otl1P r, nn d wl 1c·11 t l1 c-1·c :n·e not too
rnn11y OJH' ll ,·nw el:; i 11 ~ncce!-':-don, tu ~: 111 ... c n cli~ri~n-\c altlc opening ,.
<•f tl1c 111,,111!1 i11 1lieir prnn1111ci :11i ,.,11. V11w eb gi1·0 softness, con~1111:111ts f!il"(.: strenf!lli tll w CJrtl". A .in ~t proporli .. n ,.f bot h is <lcsi rnl,Jc . Lr1n;; wonl » :ire co111111only 111ore n;:;ree:il.J0 to the enr
tl1an s.l1ort n th.:'= . "' 1no :1 g l o n ~ \\'onl', tllf1..:c nr c 1n o~ t melo<linus
"·lii ch art~ <'01 1q111'c· l of fln in te r11dxt11re 11f }1.riJ.! :ind ~liort ~ylla­
liles ; ~n c li :i ~, rcloc il!J , celer ity, i11.rlq1enrle11/, hnpefrto~ify, &c~
0

Ilu r.E IT.-/i1. t/1 e ai·1·m 1.1cmcnt (!l Wr)l·ds, place them
an a,rp-ccnble .so'l(J1d. Ilenl·e,

oO

as t o pror{u c{',

(1 . ) On :l rJ a!!11i11:-it pl nC'ing- wo rd" in Rnccc~Rio n
ra t N I It: 11 ~ . "h1."i l1i .~t 1 )ric1d 1-"'f'T1it1~. 1 '

that hcg-in with nn n!ipi·

t~ . ) \ \',.nl ..: 1·n·li11!! i n u t't•rt11i11 :-:{'1 111 Hl 1-d1nnld nnt he i11111 1rdi1 d \·!.v fol}p \\.t•d l1y "''' r.I . . t l1:1t !11·!.(i 11 w11 li t lie ." 1ll 1n;. ~· ·•111i.I: n:-< , " "" terill' ill:l.{! r11ey"
(=~ . ) \\',,r,Ji-; 1·t1 1li l !J-' Ill It \·11\\'t•i ... O l JJld ~h ·1tiJ,j !I n t 1 1 1~ !"lll'•'t:e.ivd !, y WOl'i_lji
I H ·~ ir1n i n!.!' with u \'<1\\'1 ·1 ~·-1 1111.J : a ~, d Tlt o11gli ,dJ do on·e ,Y •JH i10nor;"
1
11
II ()11 ,
/If} t'\' il \\i!lhd;dJ .\.() IJ.
\ ·1-) So \\'nrd ..: t·11d i 11L!' ,,· i th :1 co 11 ~(1J"llt fl t !>i f)ll lJJ Al101 1ld ll< >l IH.· !U l! fi \\'Cd

wli i\·li IH·!!ifl:-'
X• r.ri.: -t w:1Ji i11ju:-.t1t'•~

n W<i rd

l1y

w ith a i-i11iilnr CC\ll~'H:nnt :;v1 11nd; ll !ol. , "\V h11 d 11 n·~ /a. r.

r·

S.'r ik,. , fr,lll<wl nst ~· : " Bring ~1i11:rlia1 n,"' &,l'.

Slinrt. "e ntencc• arc eo n l'<:>r:<a l.iPnal, a11cl long one~ :11·0 ora l<> rieal.
i1lio11111ti c fa mi liarity of cxprcs:<i"n •l1 ould
he ll '!·d, n" 11111d1 as i.- co n,;istent \\"i t.h the dignity an<l clc1·ation
. ' that i" H1ite<l to the s11bjcct or writer.

.

·c011 ,.<' 1·,nt io11 :1 l C'>l'C'. ILlld

H.t.rT.E .IV .--Arra11ge the clauses of a sente11ce 1r;ith a.
view to ease in their pronunciation, awl to an o.1rccr1/;lc
. imprei;i;ion upon rh e ear. Ire11 cc,

(1 ). T hey ~11n11lcl not J,o too long. ~o 11.S tn ta x th.o lu ng•.
(2) . Tl 1e cla nsc:s sl 101ild lJo genernlly a rrnn geJ rn th o or<lcr of
their lc1wtli n11 d i111 p11rt.r.ncc, tl1nt is, in n cli1 nnx. The lengt h of
the cl:i n ~s ,Jio11 l<i in<'rcnso with the importance of the thought, tl10
J11 n"c"t 11w1 nher' of t ho porio<l an<l t li e rno$t ~onoro11s wor<ls hcing
n._;,.l'1·cl ·to t lie t·J .. ,c. f,. r exn111 ple, Mr. A<l cl i~on, ~peaking of tho
' "" "" .,( ,.;;..-:1 11, 11h,c1·1·ps: "lt fill .' the lllind 11·i th tli e largest Y:triet:·
., ;·idea"; '" ''".,.,.,.,, wi1 !1 its .,J 1jects 11.t the greatest. clist:1 11 !'c ; a11 d
l'"nti 1111 "" 111<· l1>11~e " t i11 a ct ion wi thout being tired or rn ti:itcd
wit \1 i1~ p r opi~ r enj11y11 1en1-s.,,

(8) . A t':illi 11g off at the eml of a sentence impairs tl1e harm ony;
'1oncr, ge nerally it iR not expecl ic11 t to en cl n cb11sc or Fcntcn('c w 1tli
\ mo n o~yll:iulr; nncl Ycry ~c l <l om slionid the 1111l110F.'"1b blc th.~ t

·,:,

OL EAltNESS AND flARMONT.

l:JILTOJ:JC.\L TIAJU!ONY.

225

cnrl~ n ~cn t cnco he cmp k 1tic. :'i11 r h fl ~entrnrc. therefor<'. ns
fdll d ·.v i n~, i:-3 'v :in1ing i11 11arinor1 y 1: 11. 1:-: n 1 nr~1 c rv whi ch wu

firmly beli eve tl: o tni:J. of; 111 1<1 J. 111 :il .Jy :1t l11r~ th ~ <l e1.ih of."
ll nn nony i:-3 scc urctl by a ~l i ~ lit t r: u 1:-:p11 ... i1iun : H It i~ :l 111r sterv
t he trnt h of wliicli we firnily livl iu ''<', 1t11tl tl1e d,•pth of wl 1i.ch wo
h \1mb!y nd o1·0."
ln i::•·11<>r1tl, Ili c 1111 «i 1·:tl do'<' <•fa "cnlrnc-c l'l'•111irc·s ci:hcr tl10 ]nit
~y ll :il1I C' , or t li o l:l -:t 111 1?. o nr, t p l1 u a 11111~ ;-;ylhl'11,._•.
ft 11111- t he ,,J,,t·n· •·1l , J"'"'t' 1·1·r. 1l1:1 t :1 1 111il~ · 1 · 1n c1111 ~ tl'll c lion of
J:ii d tlo1 \YIJ. \\'iJl gi\'C to 0111' com ..
po,i 1i.. 11~ nn :1ir 1110 tlcc l:t1n:l11•r\', 111111 ani li 1·i:il, :rn 11 c·launrntc.
B11t short scn tr nc·(•s 1<111 ~ t 110 i11l el'll1i11gkd wi1l1 Jun;; ones, rn ns to

!"(' Jl ! Pnc c..;, :1l'cn rd i11 ;: It> l"ll k...; ,iti 'i f

l.11·t·:tk

11 p

a

iOn110!011y li1:1t

~\H HJ tirC':-i.

}~X:A~ti ' LE S OF 11 ,\ J::\[0:\'J (}{·~ Wl:l'l'l:'\G :

\\" c sha ll et•t l d th't y c011 to a li i!J- . . i d 1· 1 '' :-::iy ... ~r il! nn , '' Ltl1 11 ri 0 n ~ , iJidec:d
fl t U 1c tir:-; t ;.1:-:n• n t ; l Hl l 1·!"1 \ :o. <1 :"\ !1 1nut!i 1 !<11 gT1 ·1·11 , :-'II f1d ! Af g- •irnll_v J•rO:-\p(:C~
a11 d m 1: h.l tl 1•11 ;s :o-: P 1111.J =" "II c \·t: r y sid t'. 1h: 11 t. l1e l11ir j• ,,f O r plt l' lt :-\ wn~ not
11

m ore Ci!arm ing ." The word l'i :1 ru al l lt oi1 ·pi!y \: hu~ t.·1 1, un.t tli 1.: ir c~· ll oc:\t.ion
c:m not be irn pnH 1.: d.
·

S ay~ u11r 11w 11 \\';1 ..;J 1in g t1 111 Ir vin;: ( in 1l1 e Sk ~:kl1 H <H1k), (lCfo;CJ'ib~

i11 g Ll1c• f,·1 11:il e ' '"" 11· lwn ,Ji;;l 1tcd l•.r tl1 c> olij c(;L of 1l1eir :llf.:ction:
Jlnw 111 :11?· !11·i ;..:'.1t 1·.n· .... µ-rt~\\' d i r11 ; ii Aw :n :m y 1·l1•.· 1·k ."4 l-:' r11w pale~ how
mnny lo \'(· ly fo r 111s l:i•lc :Lw :iy 111 t o tl1 1• t11 1nli 1 :111d 11 (.. 1H · c·:i 11 ttll t he cn n~o
t~ int bli_L;'h lcd tlH·ir l t~ \' t: l i1 n; M .'1 ! J\~ tl1,: d (•Y C will d 1""'I' it.'\ wlii,:!~ to its
Fid e , an tl C•.1\·cr n11 d ~ :nn cc :il th e nrrow tl1ul. i;-t pn·yi11,!! 1111 it~ ,·iti.l~, t;O it
i ~ the n: 1t1 :rc pf ,,·on1an tu l1idv fr<• 111 tltc wurill tl1 c r •an ,I!~ .-.f woun<lcd
0

nffcd ion."

Hrr.1·: V.- - J>t tli e so 1l11d 0( tl1e 1r:o1.,fs 111~ 111l11prcd
t/1 c i"dcas r1 11 ( 1, selltim enl:; wilich t/, cy ure i11tended
e:rpr r:ss.

Di>n r:,.r e:i lile i1len°, ~te rn an1l i111 1•N 1111 11s pn,, i,,11;; , Ji .,111<1 fin<l ex- '
~) r e~~ i11Tl ill r n'.1 µ-h [I J.Hl }.t {l r ~ J1 ~(lllfl ds

'.

(I ll tJ1e ot}i('l' J1illld , pJen,o.1j11g

1_<lc:1" n11'.l J.0111;.-11 nl1 _1'1 '.l 11111"

1111 1.<l

ft1rt11s n l f' !J(•ec li.

:-;1d1...• 1H11, ,·n.. : f, all 1l 1n :1,i 1·... 1it ~ :-:1d· ject 8 ro..

(,J•H H 11y ,

lil' ex1•r""' ('tl i11 ><>fl 11 111] tloll'illg

•]n irn t lie \l!'u ,,f ' '""' 111 e:1,<1 11·,..-; :111 11 lu 11g 11·o rd "; J,,·i,k n;1<l lively
~eot1ll1en t;:, tl1e rcrerse.

LESSON XC I .
UARMONIOUS CONSTRUCTION OF J:UE

r Emomo

SE:-iTI·:N CE.

Dn1·ing the pro;;rcs~ of a pe ri od the rea der is in con~t:rnt
expectation of a m eani 11 g; in Lcing gr:ul11ally h r o ngh t to
t he close, wl1ich i,; to C<l lll]'lete thi,; n1ea11i11 g , th e r e ~1i unl 1 l
he nothing t o retard the intellec t, nor even to dis:1ppoi11t
the car. The wh ole 1wri od, a~ one e xpression, :ohu 11 ld no
sooner te r m inate than its o ne meaning, gro w in g OHL of the
meaning- of its se veral parts, :should Le r·caJi ly an <l accu·
rat.ely discoYe r ed .
In th e follow ing exa m ples, th ese com1i t io ns o f a well• constructed pe riod arc vi o hte d, in diffe rent \1·ays, and in
.., · different dPgrees.
Ex. 1.-u ~ T e n of' tho bc:-it fi'Cn~c hn ,·c been t crn che<l. more o r lc:-::-t. with
thes e g ro 11ndl r. ~s hnrror:-i, nnJ p re~ngc~ of fnturi t y 1 on &u1--veyl r11 thf. 11V)sl
intiiff~rent

11.:orkil tif natu rr."

Thi s period 1livi1le~ at.futu.rify into logi cal ,·erh, nn<l lngic:il f l(] veruial (>r pre111 0,-ilional cl1111:<e. It wi ll UC irnprnvc<l liy mak i n ~
th e~e chan i;re place" ,~" tl1nt tho nth cruial clnnsc sli:ill be t.11 0 protn~i:<, nnd the Ye rh th e npotlo~ i", giving mea nin g- to what., wiLl1ont
Rncli cl 1nngf', is co111pamtivcly 111e:rnin gl(;ss. Thu~, "Ou surn·y in g, &c., t11 c 11 of' tl ie lJc;. t ,cnsc," &c.
Ex. 2. - " W IJC·th cr n ch oice nlto:;cther u noxceptionnbic h ns been mndo
in any country, $am..~ doubtful."

Herc t11e lo,::i c:.l nth·erh, in any country, terminates th e prola'i"I
wi th b;:;gin:.:: l·ffect : it woul<l be better place<! bet.ween tl 1t' pa rt"
oft.he µ;r:unm:i tit::\I ,·erl.; tl1n~, "hn~, in nny eo1111try hten 111nde ;"
nrnl , !Jette r s ti ll, before t.he whole of the logicnl verb co nta ined 111
the prota,-is; thn-., •·Wh ether, in nny co1111t ry, a choice," ,\:c.
E:c . 3.-u O c n t l c nc~A ought to d ifTuRu i t~c lf "Ver on r w lJolc bcl1n ,· i0r, W

/ orm <nir addru•. a.11.i I'> re'l'dni<' nu.,. •puch."

w•

226

CLE AT: :\ESS AXT! J..\I'.'.lfONY.

CJ. E AJWESS AND IIA1{1>fONY

T J,n npn11n~i< of tlii~ pcri1>1l, if we c~lccm it to liri(in after tl1e
"·1·rd l1Pbrrrio ;·, i~ :i. f:iilnrc·; f'1)r tho 1:1-..t t w o ('lanse~ cnntnl11 no

""' :111i11g \\'liiC"li \\"'1' 11111. i11C"lt11h·1l in tho pr« ln<i .", a11 <1 they di snpJ« •i 11t <'\"t·n I! 1r 1·:1 r l 1y I l1<'i r :11>rnpt nc•,, n~ r.0111pnre ..'. ''"i th tltu mor<i
iJP,Yit1i( 1l 1·iC1. ol' wl1:1t prcrr<lc~. R ~1 · :1st., tl111s:
"Oct1tlt•nr-~ " 011..zht tn fnrm 0nr nddrc:t1" 1 to reg-ul nt.c ('lllr :-1.pcccl1,
</~{fuse ifv .' f u1:r-r

Mir

11.nd to

uilwU: hf'11 1rvir,1r. 11

F x . 4 .- ' 1 Chari ty hrratl11' ." h'Tl[!'-!"'llff1·rin~ to o nr c11cniie~, ro urt m1y to
f'l. tr:rng-C r!'I: l1abil11al ki11d111'.'<S lu 1rar.!~fde11d~. 71
Tl1i~ <' X:11111• c' ot1;·111l..: in t l1c ':11nc wny as tho hst; th e natnrnl
or1l e r of cirr111n:-.t: 1n ces wi ll gi\·~. tl1e fol1 1>wing 1\1Tan ~e 111 e nt :

" Chnrit.Y l ' n·nth0~ ha1. •it 11:-il kind11c~:i toward~
to ent•m.i.!s .,,

fricnd:-i , courtcfl.y to

?\trn ng-"r~, /nu;r - "n~/hrin']

It. i ~ trne W l' 111i,F, in tl 1i-; ('Xr1111pk, tl 1e flow ini; close, bnt we
1nust 1wt. s11 1-ri ficc :t cli111nx in ~c 11 ") for n clima x i n so11n<l only. A
lieltl' r wn _,. of l"""'<•n11ci11;.: 11i.., ·x:11111'lc thnn that i11 1lic11te1l hy tbe
it1tlir.-', wi ll ho to p:111-;p -;11..:1«·11<i,·1:ly a t. char ity, F on~ to mnke that
~inglu """"l tl1 0 protnsi•. ntJ<l :di t l1at follo w ~ , th e ap01lo,;i;;.
Ex . .';,-"

[ ti~ i111pn~ :·d \;l('

r"nlin11 1tl/y to bent work."

(',H,fin 1fltlly j-. :""o 1'1:1v1 ·d :i~ to

pre,·cnt tl1c pn1t:-l!'i" fr tim co min g

tn a :-.u-- Jll'll ... io11 wit I 1 µ-1 ind t"' fft·('t., nnd t lie npnilo :-;i~ fnll n Lei n!(
t:;trnll;.! ;1 11<1 p11i11tt'<l :1:" n c11nciu,inn . Hlic.:toric, not gra mmar~
l.e:t('hcs tl1c r.. 11 .. wi11,: nrrn111;cnH'11t :

"It

in imp 1'l~~ i \ ,le t'l IJc at w0rk

co11tinrrnllu."

'Ye F:1y tli:it a ra111rnrir 1lnc• not. trnrh t hi s 11rrn11 gc111cnt, or how
i, it. tl1nt tl1u f<>l lowing- c:rnmplc fail,i ?
Ex.

fl. - - ~•

give n wny, the fn , ~ t heinp; tl1nt a rnono,yllahic prepo,i tion , or pro so p!:tl'ed, reacl!l·S ti:\.! (':1r :111 d t in: 1111dc-r.-ta11di11 g as :1 H)'ila1.ile of I lie w11 nl it. t'11llow>, :111d 111>t. n~ :i di,ti11ct. word . Y·· t. ti10
11 0 1111,

tn~te gcnl'r:tt cd hy tl1c old pr:Lctie1J is st ill ~o :-; t n111~ 1l1at. we 1n11:;t

yi t·l d t.n it i11 ('Xa1111•k' like tl1u f,,rq;u i11g, wl 1e11e1«:rtlie ,r\"le i;; int end e1l to \.eat. nil r:1 i,;c,\ :!11 .. Ye 1l1c c< •lln'l 11ial. Alter i.11 ~ lljlll<lo. sis, tl1 c rc f'un·, n~ f(1llow:-;: Hof 'l.Dlt. fr h no one kn eto ll1c origin;"
44 in nil i t~ Yi 1·t 11 e, !"tl'(.' ng th, nn<l couifort."
Jt~. 8.- ' ' Trnll f]llillit yl r f'i::1d nrity, and m11 g11nni mit y, t"C .'ii ~le wall the re-

li9Wu8

a11'1

lh c r e1J;y11e,[

11u.111 ."

To a,·11id tlie~e -;i111 il:ir Ci>11,;ccnti,·c tc r rnin:1tin11,; i11 tlw pr1>!asis,
cl1:111 gc ·r c;;ul1trity ,-,,,. 1!1c ('>j11iv:ik11t w"rd orili:r; and 1.o prevent
two :idjl'ctin·s "·l1 icli uf'~.dn witl1 tl 1c sn1 11 c sylial.Jc frulTl co111 i 11 i;
togctl 1cr in tl1c npodo>i .' , cl 1t1 11ge reli:7ious int<> tl1<: t«j11i,·:1k 11 t wo n!
piou.•. TJi c,e ch:tn g"es arc s:1r:rificc,; to the c·ar; nnd clia11gc8 on
th e s:11 ne :1Cl'1>1111t. will 1>ftcn lie prope r wl1cn words, froin w hatever
cau se, join wi tl 1 in l1;u·111<1nio11s ctfcct.. Tl 1u.r.: , it i~ 11 1orc fl t>Wirig to
say, H :--lut Ji , ea-:.(\ :ind p rosperi ty, '~ tl1:111 ' ~ f'lt1tl1 , case, an<l :"llccc:-o:-; ;' '
· nnd per li:q•s still liutrer to :11·oid tliu co 11.,ec11tivo ni.•nosyll alile>< hy
say in g, H icJil'nr~~, ens<\ n11d iiro~perity." On a sirnilnr prin ciple,
it 111ay be lictter, in tl1 c 1·:11knce 0 1· clm<c of :i. pf'rio.1, l.11 "'Y, ":i
1
strong, 111:i;.;11illcl:nt, G1lfl1ic cditicC', ' tl1an l\ a stro11g~ grand, G1Jtl1ic
11
J1ou ~c.
Tl1c point, lt<1 \\"e\·cr, i~ doubtful: to somu p1..: r:o;on' t li (~

bttc r 11 1ay n1•J'ea 1· 11111cl 1 111ore exprc>>ive of tl10 tliing clc;;crihcil ;
n11r is i t P"'"'il>ic to oppo>e ~nch n j udgment by any plcn CXC•'pt
·mere ditforcnco. of tasto.

TI H• lif':\\'t'11ly l·odic!-\ nrc in mntion pcrpct.nnlly ."

T11 ol.i:1i11 f,,r 1l1i>< pr rio<l n >' 11i lal.lo
1•n11~e ~!1011lil l•e :it /,~,/i, '«:
'' Th e l: ca,·ci ily 110.lii.:·-i nrc

l''~ r pe tua ~l y

protn"i~,

tli (l

s n ~pc n sivo

i11 m0tion. "

LESSON XCII .
CLEAR AXD l!AT:~roxro us STm;CTt;RE O F Tl!E PEl!IOD!C

Tl 1c :q1rnJu ... i..; i~ n11 w ll ln~ic :t l verl1, a r 111H1~ the pnrf.:.; of 'vlii ch
1l1 c 111h·erl> J•l'l'7> ell11dly take,; ll 1e pl:1i'C wl1 ere w e <:XJ'l'Ct to fin<l it.
Ex . 7 __ u I t \\" ;I~ a rrrwtif'C n•/1id1 fl() {/fl'• I.·,,,,,,, tl1e 01·i~11:n. t!f.''
'l'li c l11q•P.'. 1111·=--:-<nge will , [ liopc, \ ,i! :ippiied to 11 s1 i n ull \'irtu c, strength,
n11.\ <·01111;.n. ,, f i L"'
.i

T l1(' .'\r1111g r"I '";.:""' "''' wl 1ii'l 1 'nitvr,; 11f tl1(• 1:1 -t <'l'11l11ry l1:1d lo
ck•:-ii11g a :-;vr t1<·1w._• w i r!1 1111i11 11-..y lL 1!1l1·"' . l1:U\ of l:itt· . ycnr~, 11111('li

SEXTEXCE.

Exllnc 1sEs

ON Tirr;

I'1:1wRDIKG LRssoN.

ImproYc the following pcrioi.ls :
By re1li , 1ri l> nrinµ- 1 or ch:in ging- I.lie pa r ts which obscnn'

OI'

in-

jHrc 1l1e di,·L·. ioll i11tu pr1)t:i.:-;is (Jr apodos i~;

Or, by c~tnhli;; liin g n p ropor co1Te,ponclcncc o f on e to tli c otli<' r;

·,__ .

228

V.XEHCf~ES

O :>

l!AIO!ONL

EX EJ:CISES ON ll Al:MONY .

Or, 11:,. J•bri11i: in natnrnl o r.J" r tlic rircnm .•tancl'~ tley 8hould
e:d 1il1i1;
Or, L,· ~er11ri11~ il ic· l1:ir111<>11ic ·11 ~ Il•)\I" o r th o f~·rccful point., <le·
m:i.1111'-<l f'o1· 1l 1t·ir 1•ni",·t'lio!I.
L rt tlft cndt'~\\·•., r i1; rst:lhlish I" nnr...:.<'ln:~ Hll i11t c res t in ]Jim, who holds
tli r· r1·in~ nf tlw wlin]<· en·11ti rq1 i11 l.i~ li:11 1d ..i..
P!dlip tli <· F•· llrt !i 'Y: !~ ol1ii;.:1·d, lit 111··'1-, :o :nnPl11dc- H rrncc , on trrinfl. rePll!.! lllltll 10 Iii~ i:w li11n t i1-. n . IP tli:1t. ()f lii:-1 p 1··1pl <., to tl 1t: intc resto uf ~pnin
nnd 1·n th:ll nfnll Ei;r r+1 •r . in tli1! P n·~·r11· iln r:nnt,·.
'
~nmo :·r nr:-1 nftt·n\·ard~, lwi11!.'.' ;.,.J\·n:-<"d fr1•11 ~ pri~"·n, 1,y rcaf-lon nf hiK
c0rnrnr11matc kn•'l \\'l cd }..!"<' nf' 1.._·i\'i \ l:iw 1 a1hl , ,f 111 i:i 1ary affair:-1, Ji o w 11 s ex~
oltcd to the ~. 1q • n·m e pr•wrr .
. It u~_penr~. tliat ~lit'n i nre, h,\· n l:1lc f·nh:11lati n n 1 nearly twc nty - fi\'C mil
lion of 11d1al11t:m t.-; 111 (;rt aL Britain and Ireland .
"~ ere i11:-;trn <·ti<1n :lll ('~~('lllial cin ·111n:-;i:l ll ('(' in q·il' r(ll°!r.\·, it mny bo
do11htrd whet!t rr n :-:i1 1!.r! C in :-;tanr1! 1.:nuld l1c gi\'e ll c,j' tlii~ :--pec ici:1 (lf ~OO'l·
po~ition, in 1111,v lan~ 11 :1'.'.[< '.
!\re eanic t rq1r .i11 11rn1·,Y°.~ rntl :it la ~t. . with 11 0 ~111all diflh:ulty, nftcr
m 11el 1 fat i ~IH.'. i.!11"111!!!1 iJ,., .i' rnnd~ 111 1d lmd w c nrl 1 ~· r.
. V i1-,i..::_il lin~jn~tly . ._· iq~ t1· :-. ~c·l \Yit!t Jl(•111<:r the pr:1i..,c <1f jud~rncn t ; Luthiit
lt\\' 1:!i t H •li ?'t'l!lil lll"' Y• ! 11 11 1'1\' ; tl!l·d .
L t'!, ll:'l <'1111°lny •1111· 1Ti! i,·i:--. 111 nn (1 1 1 r~ 1 ·l\'t'~, i n~l l·nd Hf hl ing- c·ri ri1.·:-i on oth ers.
J,('t, H!" i11q·!•'l'I' :-;1qH·ri"r :i:-::--i:-;t:111 ,.1· f.1r t·riah!in :: its 10 111.'L ()ur o wn part
w c-11, lr1~\'iO .'.: "th•·r"' !11 J,,. j11dl.('~·.J hy ll i! ll wl10 :-1c·11rl·ll1·th the hcnrt.
T,h_r; , ·('hcn1t·11 l·<· ."r 1•11<01:-cin11 . after it ha:-1 c.xcrt'i:-cc: tl it~ tyn1111sical swny for
n 'v1111r. 111av ~11J . :-;11.l1.~ 1.,. d t "~ ree!-1.
F nr nil ,Yu.11r 11di•1ns .': n n 1~ 11:-1t J1crt:nfrcr gi\·c nn 11 cco11nt , aJ1Ll .partic11lnrlj
for the c:nplt\\' rll ~·nt· :-1 111' y011tli.
Thot11tlt re ! i ~i,.11 wi ll ind<'t :.l lirillf.l 11"' 1111df·r ,.. ~1 t1H: r<' '{ I rni11ts 1 tli cy nro
Ytr.v t (1lcr:d1lc : :111.\ n ••t rqd:· f:..f'\ , h nt., \!t•:-'- irnlil•_: ri n the wlt r•le.
Thi~ r n" n ~:n .::. wl11 ·n r.111"' nf tho 1:;1_,. f~·111nl1 ·~ wa~ lr,1. Jdng- over snmo
l1<v-1ds 11n1l nrd1 r 1 n~ l1 r-"'l ll!,!'l1t l1y ht•r tire:wl) man, "itli l!l'(·a r. rare nnd dilig<' flCf\ I 1' 11 1pl ••.\'i..'d It• • l<'i.i~ in r:•rnrni ni11,LC tl1e ! 1 0~ th;1t ""l1 t uin« d Lh(·m.
11 c was taki11g ll \'i1.·\\"1 fr ti m a wi11d·1 W or th e c:1tln.:drnl , ut Lichfield 1
Wli•·rc !I party of /'!i.\· :t!i ~t:-t lt:ld f"prt ifi 1·d tJ1 f'1J l"H•J\' l:"I.
:\mhiti n C' n•:ik~ ~ r· tli tinn~ , w:\r)'4, di"l('0 rtl. li :-it red. nn.J ~hv11c:-.~.
~\,qli p r1 11r~ 11111•1 1 11 !-I a ,J ,·l11gc of <.·rime~ n11J otl,11..:r C\' iJ~, and Si!pS the
f •1111d11 1 inn (If l'\' t•?'Y ,·ir1 lh' .
•. ll 1 i di 1 l c~' t·ry thing" .ill hi:=: J_•nwcr to ~crw· l1i~ iJC Jll'.f1H:t 0 r 1 an1.._l hi\J ngroto ..
1111 KCtl~C nt tlil"' li1.·tn:ht.'4 !'('\'{' \\'I'd.
A!'i tliiJ g-11il t (if' 11 11 111li ct·r "ill he urrn t cr tlin11 tl1nt r.f n com mon scrvnnt
he pr11n.: 111·,1.d ig1·11 t, ~·>tile re ward of Id~ :iddit) will he greatc.: r propor~
1

1

'

229

8infnl plc:u~nn: ... hla ... t the ope nin g pr0~pccttJ of hnml n ft:i!city, nnl..l dclin111:1n l1 011n r.
In tlii~ ~Ll11~ o t' 111i1~d, \: ..·c·ry cmpln.''mcnt of lifo be('omes nn 0 pp re~~ivo
bt1rd 1·11, a11 d l ' \'1·r:: .i' •.ii...:1..'t 11 prwa r:-1 g ln0 rn?.
TlwM· ar;;n 11t" Hl:-1 we :·~·,._, itliont liel°'it :iti on, and wi th grcnt e;1g c nH'~ /'\ , la;\\
h nld ,,f.
F11rn1 y011r n11~a:-;11rr~ with prt:1li' 1H'C; hnt. nll o vcr-nn.,iety nbon t tla• is~u c, d i,·<:~\. y n:i r:--l· lf ~) r.
.Mally Wo1d.l c!:idly C:\"1·11:11170 tlwir ho n or~. hc:rnf\· rmd ri c11t·"· f .. r tli:d.
ln orc q11i• ·t Hll tl hn111\1lv :-.;:1ti"n, w l1il' li y <•h ... ......, w •TT tll~"::'ln ~ : :. ~'.·_·,J w ith .
\V e <it'l\! 11 nt: k11r1wll'tlgc tl11.: . .·xi:.:ten cc of l1e:111ty, \\ it!1r>nl inci11 ; ;-i' 1j,! ;11to
the ean ~ c l"•f \t.
Und i.: r ull it~ Jal,,•r~, l:npt~ i.-1 t\i 1~ rnirHl'~ sr>luce; an<l the ~itn ntion~ wliicli
ex('lndc it e11ti rcl \· nrt· fe w.
The hrn11l, l i11~· nr th e rni;.:!tty, and the rrecipitaU on 0f tlic am l.1iti 1n",
COll Cl'rn the lrnlk o f11A hut littit:·.
\V l1at :m nn e li nr il'i t0 a ship on a 1_.. , i:-tlt'rnn~ oct·nn, ncnr n con~ t 11nl<n0wn .
tll 11l in a 1..brk t1ig-lit i~ , wl1e11 di~tril1.._'t1·1.l by the c011fusio ns of tht.: w0rid~
tltc hope of futnn: h: t ppinc ,"\~ t o the sn ttl.
Tli c lhiti:sli cnn~t it.ution l'l- tand.'4, 1ik c nn ancient oak in the w0A,l 1 nrn r·n~
the u:: Li 1 ) fl~ 1; ( t l i e earth, which, :1fc{'r ha ving ovcreorno many a h ln~t, u\'e rt.t.•p:-) ila: •1tl 1tr t rce!'.-l of the (ore . . t, anJ l·•,111111:rndB n :... pcct Hllll awr.
grad~~

1

1

1

11

1

i'.

1011nl .J.r.

·~'ln.: ~-t'L:.nl.1r lj: !H· '. · , ,f' :~ 'ir: 11011 ~ :i 11.t 1• i.iu~ li fe . will
r atl4) 1l J11r 11n11ir, rt11lity, f(>r ,,}.J n,i..::,.\ nnd deat h.

}H'(J\' U tlic

hc~t prcpo,.

'Vnr1l s 1nny lie cli o:-:.L' ll wliieli :-:. li:tll in ~or1t11l r(•se1n11lP l1 1c sn11 1 111~
<1f \·arinn~ ol',jt:ct~ wl1i l·l 1 W(; tnay <.:11th·av11 r t.o fl..._.~•<. ·;·i b1.•, ~11cl 1 :1~
tlic :;01 11H l of wi11d..!, 11r of liiJwi11g- ~trcn1ns of 'v:l.t('r : tl111s w e sppak
of tlic ·1chi.~lli11q of wi11cl"-, tlic l;uzz and hum uf i11>'cct;, tlic hi.,s
of >' e r pe11t,;, tlic crf/8lt. oC falling tree~.
?l!i lt .. n, loy rt skilful cl.nice nf \\'c1r1l~, l1n ppi ly cl i,-cri111inoic'' tho
60\lllcls of tJ1c openin;.,: of JIC:l\"Cll',; gat e~, fro111 t!i<1,;e nf !Jell, in
the full11wi11g pas~a;;c:i :
--"On a i:111djlcn, open :fl y ,
"ri tl1 in1pct11 0 11~ rc cui l, ruttl jurri11g- tv) 1111d,
'T h' infcrnnl doors; n111.._l o n their 11ingoR grnto

Ilarsh thun de r."

/

- - " iir:1scn opcn1.:d wi llo
Her c n -:- r-Jnri1w ,r;it1.·~, h:1r111011ions eountl ,
On g(lldcn

l1in~; tunling.,,

Again, it j-.. in tli e puwpr of \\'c)J'd;-(, hy tl 1t.!ir :"'.Oli nil, to re prf'i:.:f'>nt
n1otl1111 a:. .:. ~wi ft nr ~1 .. w, ,·iul\.·n t or ~1.: 11tle, (·n....:y or l:d111riP11~ . 'r11rd s
of 1un;..; ~yllahl\: R gi,·o ll1e i1npr1..::-::-.io11 of slow 111Pfip 11 ; \\'~ 1ilu n.
p11 ccc·<;,io 11 11f >l1(•rt ,yJl1thh·s ~ug;.;c•,t,; to tl 1c rnincl rnpicl 1110Lii>ll .

230

231

SL\lPLICITY OF STYLE.

Sl:llPLl C!TY OF STYLE.

Tt wi'.l ho ~oticr<l how cff1.'cf.i-" cly hn;:!c ,ir.e, Rlownr•• nnrl <liffi.
· , 1.111e~> , are cx prco.<e<l in tlie
. - ot. 111.1d1nn
· , Ii <•'1
... \·j Ill".'·.' • "'" l 111111·1cll

th e s11hj<·et. DL lil:1 i r spc:ih of ~t yl c :is li<' i11 ~ either <l it:
fn sn 0 1· eo11 cisl' ; ll<·n·o n" or li.:elile; dry f> r tl o ri<l; simplo
.lr :1tl°l-< ·tc:d; pl:t:11, n c·:1t, o r ,. J,·g:1 11t.; :111.l Yt.'. l 1<~ 1m·11 t.
}Ur. \\~ i ll i:1111s, wlin111 \\"(' ~ h all 1;>11<>11', c<>11 s iokr ~ style 1111 ·
!.e r tlw tlir<'cli.J d di1·isi <Jll of ::ii1111•lc or l'1:1 t 11ral, E il'g:111t,
111"1 S11l1li111<·.
Tile ,S/111;,fe "r .J.\ raturul Sl!Jli;.
u s im pli<' i ly ,.i· ~ 1yl e, " ...: ;1:·..; Pr. B. .. :Lttic, H j,..; n n!, ca'-il y :H'( i\ 1ire d ,

Cit ! t\·

I111es <it

~liltnn :

\~
.
"Pa rt, li 11 ~c ofh11lk 1
~ ~\. nll o wrnc\ unwi el dy, ·11 o n11 0 11:J i11 t.li c ir gait ,
I c111pc::!t : lie o<.cnu. 11

,,r

or ,Je,;c ril •c<l: it i> t l•" ,.:r, ... t
11111 ch pract icf., a ek:tr t11Hkr s l:111cli11 g-1 :111d gTt.'id 1'. 1111 w lt:d;:\; 11 f t.l 1c la 11 t;' 11:q.;t ", A ~ill ij 1 l l· :--.l)'l1.."' l:-1
pL r l'eetl_y l';'L~y, 11a t 11r:d , n111l p e r:-: p i e uou~, wi tl 1o nt (;itl11.:r dcfl'rt or
r cdu11 d :1ll l'1..! . Jt. ad 111 it~ of on1a111 c 11t; b ut al l ii;-; nrr1:11ntll\:-' :-:ee111
to prc ...:e11 t tl1c 1 n~ e; h· t· S of tl1(; ir own nc-e"ni, w itl1(1\it bci 11;; :-:nu.::.d1t
fo r. Jt convr· y~ tl 1c i<ka of great plai11n c"' a11<l c:1 11d nr i11 the
wr ile r, :l. nd lo ok~ 1no re like tli e wurk u f c11an cc tl1 nn (l f :lrt, tl1nnsh
in re:t !ity it. j, t.l1c ell;:c t ,,f l\l'C:tt :11·t.. But it i-; 01ily J,y >'tndyin;.;
tl1 c b1..':--t a 11 t l1n n; ( f11r tl1c:y in CYi.' ry Ia ng 11 ngc :ire in :-;t yle ti1e ~1111pll-'1) , tlJ:d. " Il e c:111 l'ill " ·r 1111<le r;;t and t.lii; si111pl icity <1r j• :·:icl ico
1t. 111 :--i 111 !'li1·i1y, a11d i11 l1a r1111n 1y, A dtli~oll i::; a If1(}del. T l11 · :-- t yi0
of :---;1,.·.1·i1 •! \lr1.•, (' ~1·1 · 1.; ia Jly in t. !10 !d ... LPl'i<"al par t:; a11 d in tllt' l\:d111~ ,
1

is J11:1j<." l.ic:i ll y 1111d i11i111ita l1ly si11q•le."
T l1c Nat11r:d or Si111 l'k S!ylc ad \1pt:-o. tl1e 11)µ, icnl i lrd ·~"\i' .,f :-t ~en ­
t c n c~-tl1c , 11 lojcct li~ i 11g 1•rde 11 kd lir;;t, a11d t he J•r.::dicatc following.
T l1<' 71r:c·11li11J" 21rnp ertics <!/ Si.1n;1li.ciry n.f Styfr, :irP p::i.1 11 i n~~~, 11 e : 1L 1 1( 1 ~::-t , C\> llei:->ene ~~, \'i\·acity, yj gur o r t lio 11gl 1t and
of c xpr e~s i o n. It is delccti n :, wh en it is ha rsh, dry, a!.Jrupt,

ohsc11rc, fe el.ill-, Yerho;.;c, fl orid, affected, o r a rtifi cial.
The ,i1< 1plo : tylc is a.Z111•lt•'l t o <tll sirl~jecl", to the rnn't ol"·i n11;1,

LESSON XCIII.
THE NATURE A>I D QU AL!Tms OF STYLE.

. Tim

SD!PLE, OR NATURAL ST\"Ll~.

Style is t_ho m :inncr in wlii eh we cxprc~s our thou"l1ts
\>:' mea!l s of la11p:11~g0. Thi~ manner ought to Yary ;.it.h

nnd to the 111<.>st al"truse irnd !•l'i>fu1111 <l. It is ;.;ui lc<l to :ill kio<l~
<11' \Vriting--th;~ t~ riptlv t•, tlid :1cti <", 111oral, ep i.;; tolary, pliilo:"()l'liical,
or 111111 1nn111 ~ . 11. is cn1np ati l1lc wi t l1 graec :1 tH.l or11:l1n t·nt.
Not. o nly in <1ic1io11, 1111L i11 tl 101 q.:l1 t. !-0h11n ld ,i 1nplici :y be· BLndiod.
Tl1e 1110-.:t. 1.l;vi1111:-\ a ~.!oci: llio11 of id cn ~ ~ho11l tl Uc oh ~t:rY Ct1 in pa~:; ·
in :; frntn ('a(' li ~c·11 l l.! ll C C to tli c fuJiowing on e.
,1 J111rm l i•11, ,J,011/d prncceil iii t /it order of r.IJ •l-'C cw1! ~f!,x t. ae.cordi11g In th e .• urrr.-.ion n.f circ11mxfrwr~.~, (//ld in. th~ ordrr n.f Lim~

. I

232

ELlW ANCE OF STYLF:.

TII E

~;1: 1!hic"..ll1cy li rrppe1'.rd ;,. Min the f,, Jl o w in::; !lcscrlr tio n of a storm :
1 lio " 111<1 r :lf'ed , , J,c 11.!.(lif.11 111g f1 :1; hcd , t he th 11 nd ,·r r< ·nrc•l, tl r6
~t<'l'll l was i11d~..:<1 tcrrilic." Ti re ~amo fa c l~ ~tntrcl i11 11 rc ,· c r~c1l
or.Jcr·, or frn111 l'ifoct. to c:11H'. i,; ],. ,~ 11nt 11 rr1l n111l li l' eh· : "The
' .t"l'lll."'fl" i11dcc·cl krr ific, thr t li11n• kr ,.,,nred. th e wi11 cl r; gcd, tho
lrght11111g- th -l1 c·cl, :11H] tl1 c :·:1i11 f,,11 in 1.. 1Tcnt "."
Am on::; ,, \ J1('1' work ,; tlr:1 r. :tl11111 11tl in ~ illlp l i c in· of (l iction nnd
thou;..;lit, 111ny J,..: 11:rn1c.,J tl1c· lette1·,; of Crn y. c., ,;·pcr, Hu rn ,;; tho
Cc)J l1J11e 11tnnc,; of lll ;H:k •tn11l', t l1,· \\T it ings of Frnnklin, t>f \\'c·hst~r,
nn tl of \\'n~l1i11g-tll11 I n·in .~ .
EXE R CIS E ~ .

The follow in ~ specime ns of Sim ple o r N atu ral St yle
may lie t ranscr ibed , sn p]'l,r ing- c:i pit:il lt"tt c rs wh ere req'. 1ircd , a n <1 pu n l'.t ua1.:11 g acco r d in g t o the rn les h er et ofore
g-n·en :

otf

secretly t he pbn t~ lo\'C cnc! 1 other

I I. W. B.

LESSON XCIV .
T nE FJ.EG Al'T

STYT.Jl:.- Tlrn sum .nm

STYLE.

T he' Elrgcmt or Crn('~f11l S ty le pMsC'~ses n ot o nly th"
desc ri bed in t li c last k~~o n, b nt ubo a ccrtaio

q11:ili t i c ~

S1'Y LE.

233

copionsn css of expn•ssio n , and all t h e cinbcllishrncnts of
fig ur;t t i\·c l:u 1g u:igc.
By copinll~!lt'$ .:; i .... 1H1t 1nr·n11L nn ca~y flow of 1 ii ~h -~ nnn <l inz
' von1..:, 11r tl 1c 11:::.e nf a 111ul1iti: tlt"'! nf !<0 J1H1nyr1101is w11rd:-' ~ lint. it
co n :-- i:-h i11 tl 1c: \he 111' <:xprt:.• ~:-- i n t1 !':' :-:n i ted [. c1 c1111\·t-·y all the ,·:1riuns
lll(1dilieati 1111~ nf t l11 ;11 g-lit. A 11 el vi::\nt wr itf• r i .... 1H le w lio c lotlie:-i
l1i:-l j,Jl.:1.-1. i11 :dl t! ic l11.:a11 ty of l'Xp r t·:--:--i 11 11, while l1e a\·11 j ,J..; :ill 111i-i·
j>l:t C(:d fi11ery. ' \"l 1...: i1 o r11a111e11t i:-' t1 io rie l 1 n11d i::111.l:.- :·11r tlie :-;uh·
j1.:c.t.; · \r lie H it. j ... t1 H1 :il1n11cl a 11t :1nd W (·ar~ :l '1: 1 zzl ! 1: .~ l1ri!1ianey, rlio
stylu i:-' de1111 111 i11:1t('d ll ()rid. T l d=-- 111ay \ll' 11 :u· t1.1 111.: d :111t1 i11duli;1.:t1
in a youn;; \\'rite r; l111t a t i r1;-;1,,.·I :-o pk11 dtt r 1d. d icti Pn w!1 itl1 s11 1110
w rite r~ r.0 11:-;f:111tly a ffo.:f'I, i.-; 11 o t. t n i1· t:k;::1r1n·, llttr d1w;-; it :tfft'ni

ple:1s11 rc

tu JH:r~o 1 1~

qf' c 1ilt i,·:1tt.:d t:i :o;f<..• .

o f tl 1e Ell'g:111L :-; !.\le \\' <..' tnfl y ref~· r t o 1l1e writ i n ~~
of in·i 1q.:, S co tt, 1 i11 11 H· t Hohc r l:;o n, B;u1c ro fr, l ' re:--c1): t, \Yel> ~ :er,
F(/ r :-::1 1(T i1 11 e11s

C l ay~ l~ n: r c lt,

or

Arnn. ! the ~in)!in.'r month
man v v o i rc~
mnn v hirch cnll fo r rc-~n r·
r rcti(}n t)vcr the gra ' 'C"R r,f f11\Wl'r~ ;rnd tliry ('om c .fo rt h
J:!'o Mrc " 'hnt
the~· hn vc lr1~t
whilt ltave kr; t11 Hl :-inow nn d storm do n e unto the m
hnw did thr•y full intn th e en rtli :-it r ipp<.' il n11•l l1aro
h ow d o t lH·y come
f; )r t h OT'f' lli ll[!' nncl glorified
i!" it tl H' ll ~O fr arflll R tl 1intt to Ji u in t11e
J?rn ,·c
in i t~ wild corrc r ~liitl \i n ;: nnd A<'A 11 rg-cd (lf P.tA rJ llM th rn ng h it~
nrhi t. the enrth hJ\M ~ratt r rc<1 awny n<1 trC'11:-< 11rc·!" t l:o linntl t hnt grw crn~
jn nprll g-o,·r rne d in j :n111:1r_v you l1n,·c not l o ~t w hnt f!'0<l 11:1 1'{ 0 11 1 ~· }ijJ..
rlon
yo11 lnKo 11ntliing- in ~trn,c:l!lc in t rinl in lii tt ur cl i:-i t r C' ~ A if collNl to
~h cd thy .in:·~ n~ t rN's tli<·ir lc::1vcfl if the n ffrcti " n~ h e clri\'(•n l,nck in to
tho lwnrt n ~ t he lilc nf Hower~ to th~i r r 0otA yet lie pntil•nt.
t hnn i-ih:ilt
lift np thy l pnf-('f\\'CtCd hnn!!hK rt_!! :\i ll
thou rd inlt ~hoot ft• rl li from thy
to(Jt8 JJC W f!OW ('f/'i he pnticnt w nit ?:hen it is fc bn111ry a p riJ il"o ll ()t fat

s um.nm

,f;..c.

'1'!1c 8 •1Ui111e S1.'/k-Tl 1e o ffi ce of t li i~ kin<1 of ;ct.' ·h\ i~
to d t·sc. r ibe the µT:n1tl :u 11l :;11blime age11ts antl wc1rk s of
n atun·, t he m: 1 ~ 11il~e nt p1·od uetio ns of :tr! , tlil'. gr(':it
ac tion s of 111en, the loi't y :iOi:(' tiuns of' tl1e li11 rnan m in d,
wi th si1nplic.it y, c<lll('i~t.:lll·ss, :rnd st rength .
'\\' li a tc\·e r e 1 u 1 0 1' lt·~ 111111 1[1. n 11 :1 1111·(•, : \11 (1 tli :-: 1 ·by~ ~1qH·ri'.lr enr-r;:y
i111t·1Je,:l11J il a nd 111or:d q11 ;tl ities, i ~ !L prnpC' r ~ 1il 1}.:c t f11 r tl1i:-:. l.:illd
of ~1yle: 1'1tr C\:1lllJtl1i, :H 1 l1 er11ic di:-;r(•g:t rd 1i!" d:in gt'r in i la"\ P' r l.11rtnancc ut' d11 ty; g re:1t pr1.\...:v11ce pf 1ni11d i n llilli,!11 lti . ""' :111<1 p .. ·ril...:; di~ ­
i11tc re;-;te(1 an d cxp:111ded 1.H~ 11 cv 11 le o cc ; n vi r tu11 11~ :-.111•t.·rit1riry 10
tlic <leh:1 ~etl pro11e11..;ith•:-i of l1111n ru1 nai·uro :i nd t o the r,111Tt1/d pr:i c t i ce~ of ~Dcicry; n c:d1n n ntl llig 11 if1 ot.1 t-:el f- p • )~se:':ision ainid tl1c
ngit:itinns p(' tlio l'" s-inns.
To write w itli !-' u l1li111it y , t o fnrn i~h a !-' nlilirne (h·,cript inn of
grc·nr ul..k(·fs :ind c·Yc 1 1t~~ n ririrl 011 ,/ energclit r on (rpfio11 nf il w1n
n 1.u,'{ { h 1~ .1:1nne1/, fl/Id rt ) ud ic i o 11 .'f .f<c[erf ion 'Ill.a d e 1~( I J, .. n1 0.'ff, ''.ffec l () f

'i1 1~/ circ ·11"1.c. t 1u 1co-; conn ec t t.:d "'i1 l1 tl1 ~ 1 n.

j\fl'all :ui d i 1 1:1de11\ 1 :iti~
idv:l..:. 1ri,·i:1 \ \'irc11 11blar1ce:-:, :1 t 11 r;. .dd pu mp uf l' \j 1 riJ~ .... i1111, a 11:1r:tde
u f l1 ii:l1-:--:1111111li11g word:-:, an :H·c1 111 11 1Litiu11 11f epil lie:~, ;11 1d :d: (11 r c1..· d

01,11 l1ell i.-d 1111 t:11 tH, nm i11 c'111 11pati\;h1 wi th t rn e s11\; li 111 ity o f J;111g11;1 ge .
T he .rn /1/ ime lie.< i11 //, e tli o119lit , '11 ot in th e 1Mrd•. l\'!1r n ti re

•..
~

234

Tlln: FOI:?-!A'J'ION OF STYLE.

TIJ F. Fl.:!O lD A XD ntnrn.1 s nc.

23G

To <l n t1 1i.< t h e m n rc ~ ff, • rt11:i11.1· , r ca1l :i r~ :i: c ,,f ' <'111C l!Onfl ,.,.,.j_
te r n ntil t h e tl11 •ll;fl 1t' :i re 11 1ff h •1·,-t<><>il ; 1l1l' n 1:1.v r1, i1k ! Ii(' ioo ok .
nn d w r ii-e fr o i n llll ' l r'1 11ry :1.-.: 11 ~·:1 r ly :t' pn :-'-.. iLlt.• ;1(' (''' :·1li11 g ,,·i1l1 wit :l t
y o u l1 :1v e r t: ail . l ; p11 11 ("1111q 1kti 11 g- tl1 i:-' t :1 . . J.:-, 111 ;1 k\· :t <·011 1p:1ri -.. 11n
vf ·wh at. y1111 11:1 r e \\' ri lt t·ll \\' i_tl 1 t l1c p : q.~ e <1f tin.~ :i 11t l1n r, f q :1.-.:rt·r t11in )" l)\11' d c fe C' f:', i ll' y ot1r w:uit of ~k i ll , , ~ i tl1 cr in clJ11i ('t..: uf wur d ~
o r st r11c t t1r 1..~ of :-.e 11t 1..· 11 cL'·"'·
Tl1 e :;.;11 11 10 r i.: :-; 1il t 111: 1.\ · 111..~ ;tl t:d 111..•d in t i w c:l:t:·.; .... r n 111 11, ii' th o
tcnch (' r ti l1 u 1dd 1-'t· l c<·. ~ :-;111 11e 1 ~ ;·l . .:. :-; fq.~ <; /tll d r e:ic l it se \' e r:d t i r11e . .:. t •)
the c1 :i :-;~. :in cl t lt <·n l\: q 11 ir 1~ t !11, c J a , ~ , frn rn ln i..:! 111 1r y , t. ) p r t' I•:tre n.
'WJ'i ttc n rt·po r f. n r l }i e p a ....::-'~l t-;e l' t..':td ; t.Jie l't:p nr: _. :1) l1 P : 1 J'ic l'\\';1 1' d~
• ca:·c fuily e1111:p:1r1.: d wi t l1 tl1 c 0 rigi11 :1l, :11 1d c11r n ..'.t ·t i<111"' <1r i r11 r r1'\· 0 tn c11t ~ ,

i f 11 ecc: ..: :--:1ry , t t1 J,e in ad c.
J n tl1 0 (:11d vn \·u r tn i11ll111 e Ptlr

.,.
11 ii ncl ~

w i1·l1 Ifi e ~ t,· l . • <•f n 1l1rr
le:--(, W t• f ' ilj 1_\' f:ii l\ f.. , :\.;;
1ho a <: ti (1n of our O\\' ll 111i nd . :..

fillli1 o r::; , Wt..' Illtl ~ t :"'l \ "o i 11 :l :-: 1' ;· yj ](. i 11 tit :iti 11 11,

well n:-: e xc elk 11 c ie..;: 1 n11 d

l1a11 1p(' r

2 . ,).tr i 1·e ro f onn r·{,;11 r ' //" l a dc']u ate idcr1.• rf !lie s,tf,.
j ect u pon 11·! 1i<" h ;- 0 11 e 11 ilc•:1,·o r t o wri t e . \ V!i:it. ='"" e., 11 .
ceiv e <.; lc: trly :i.n 11 fl. t·i ~t r P 11 ;.d y, y o n " ·ill r c:1c1 ily n .:]':T:<S i 1:
a p e rsp il:t1011s :i.ntl f: Jr eililu m:u1l\l' I'.

LESSON X CV.
MA TE l:!Jll$

OF

Tll i 1t '( ; 1rr
Tl ll :-;

A:-.u
0 1:'

l' X l'l :J·:ss 10;; . -

T ll "

FORMA-

STYLIC .

fn Vitc rar): C'fl ll lj•n,i t i.. 11 . 11 11.: lir,t dilli c1 ilty rel at es to th e
<' Oll.l·<·LJng o l 1na11: ri: ds, t hn k11 o ll'i11 ~ \\'ha t t o \\·ri te . .This
dil11 ci d1,_r \\' ill h e d i111i11 i, li e.J hy fo!lo ll'i11g ccrt:i.in inst l'llC·
1

i(HI=-' :

T l1i11k clo se ly 011 a ' " 1 ·.i ~ f'l, 11n:i l yonr con ct' p:i1• ns ~ re ('lc•:11· flt1d
y o11r t\.! e l i 11g ~ i11te r ~ ~ 1 ..-d; t l1<·11 w i i l you l1P fnr11i :-;l1 l'.1 1 wi t l1 :q1 1•r()pri 11tc e x pr t.:s ~i( 1 1J ~. \ Vl1(·11 y n n ti1 1<l it, <l ifl1C'11 1t t11 p:·n<' r·(·d , l'c \· ic· w
wh :tt y o n h:1\' C w r it tc 11 ) d wd \i11;; 11 p1) n e\·c i·y sent enrt~. t ii :lf t ii r.
law o f n ~:--: 1 , c i:l ti dn 11 1:1y ~ 11 :.!' :.!< ·:.:. t. J1fl d i1in11 rd i de : 1~ . " \\. rit . .~ 11 (. . {1:·"'
o ne) H fr u1 n :1 f"11 il !11..·ad. Y1•11 111 ig l1t. n ~ w ell :1t11·1 r1Jd. 1., ~ (' ra! ('lt
ynni- tl11Hl~.d 1t :-: 1lp1 1)l J ):lfl\'l" willHHll · i11k, or J•Olll" \\' H i lT fr1111 1 : 111
e11q1 t.y pi 1e l1 c r, a ..; to \V ·i h · frq 11 1 v11c 11it y ."

3 . In ea rly 0 1t,;1117 ds a t 1rr i ti11 ;1, f ,1 1.·,; t/, c 11.·nnls r!u 1t
most r eadily occ11r to tir e m i·1d, 11v t uim i 11:'f at elc;;r111rc, so
m11r·ll r1s 11t rr>rrdin css (fll r! ru:r:11rr1,·y . .A t t I«· S :ll lltJ t i111• · ;, ,.
:J.t t <·11 t i \'\ · : o tli (' g r;1111 111 :1ti G:d Kl rn d11re ;t1 11 l i di •11 1 1 ~ u :· 11,,.
bn _'. . ( ll: tg·e .
E xp rl..' ~'

,\' :t. rd:-;.

tii o

j\ \·nid

1 l 1 n 11~l1t,
11 ...; i 11 ~

nncl dr' no 1110 1·0 :i t fir:-: t ; :l d il rfl ii
t l 1e

sa rn c wor d

11 11 1r e

:1f~,_·1 · ­

l'r v1111 1..·111l y tli:til j.,.

11 ocl:s-a 1·y. Do 11ut c ru w<l in to 011 0 se11 te nce wl111t , J"'11l d 111u ktl
t wo o r rnon::a

"'
:'.

236
4. It is

Tll K FOT::llATIO:'< oF STYLE.
:i

prcsen·e the mind in a calm, co1r. ~
,m,111 x iu1ts slut.:, that it m:iy opc raiu

g o od rnl c, to

p7se,z, 11, 1t11ral, ~Hd

\\'l lh :!Lha11tag e 111 c labo r:1ting thuu;,;ht :wJ e xpr c s~i un .
l'11ti e nce .n•J<l pc r'o,·cr:\llce nb o nro i1111 .. •rt1111 t, to tire b~ginncr.
Tl 10 i,r re:i t ::>11· ],nae N"1: \\·t1111 tc-lls us tl1at \\' l11· 11 li e wi ,Jied ln 11111
tor n11 y •111•.iect , li o tix l'd 1,i , ar t .. nr io 11 •111 ie 1ly IJ11 t steadil y upuu it,
and tl111 ~ Jig.lit
uut. of tln rk1u. ~:-o ..: , f1 1r111 u11t CJf :; lmpe \c:;:o nc1:1:s,
<1rde.1· out ul c11 11 ~ 11 , 1nn, till tlie ~ 111.,jc· ('L i11 it.; r'u l ncss an d <luc propo rLI •HI st <11•tl beloro 111111,

gt>':'

5 . ??mpose .fre111e11ll!J a11d cnn:f"!l!f· U n t il tlic habit
of wn tltlg w i t!• :1 cc ur:ll'." and nc: 1t11L·ss is :wq 11i1'<.>Ll, it is imp ortan t .t o a 1·otJ h a sty a1 111 c :in: les,; (·un ipositicm. Yet il is
n ~t :i.d\'lsal1lc (:i.s :1l1 u1·e i11ti11 1:1tecl) t o r L:t ard tl 1c progress
ot t h o ug h t and tli e ardor of 1·mol'ositio11 , Ly t oo g reat a
c are up o n w o r J,; o r upo 11 tl1eir :nr:111 ~emcn t.
So me ~i111c r.ftc r tl 1c ('OlllJ'"'i1i .. n is fi11 i:-l1ccl, it ~11o n l cl 00 care·
fo lly rel'lcwctl , <'lll'J'cc k d, a 11 tl 111 r.clo ""perfect a8 tl1c \\'r iter is com·
p ~ t en t t.. 1 111 :1~ 0 . ir , nccunli 11;i to tl1 0 r11k" l,.·rdoi'orc giv c11 . S11 mo
o.t tli u.11 1n.;t. 11111, IH'll wrllc·r ~ h:i,·e !.L·t• 11 i1Itlel1tc«l for t.li "ir prrr'cc·
lio 11. 1.f 't.' le to tl 1c l1a l11t ol trerJ11,·11r, l11LJC1r iou,,, nncl (':ireful COi'•
:e<:tl'.•n of tl1t·'. 1' w r i ti11g~, i11 t l1c w:iy ll<J\\' n·cu 111 111 eil\k<l. Wlint
Js s111,] o l B11tl1111, tl1 u cclcb rntcd Fre11 !'. h na t11 ra li,;t an 1] nmhor1
nnd w li:tt. lie ~"."' of lii111selr', w ill gi ve forc e to t li is nclv icc.

C)'l ....
~ v4

T!IE FOlUIATI O)! OF :S'l'YI.E.

:hnnizcd. H e wen t thr~ · 1gh thi" cnnrngcouo labo r e" ery
d i ~ CO \' CJ"\:r\ fac t. n.:01 1 i rc~l

t L nc

ti1at n nowly·

a 1t1 <h.l ili 1:0Li1) 11.

Fn\q11 c 11tly tl1 u . w11rk 111•" 1\ (lll C 1.J 1ra!"C occ1q1if•1.l nn ,~ n1ire 1nnn 1i ni! ;
twcnt.v ti11a::-1. i L w n~ n.: t1111 l.·l11 ·•1. HI i111p' !'\l' 11p •111 111 y :-\1.: lr tl11.· rak tn he
contcnL only wit h tlt1.! tltf•..:t n11l1l e t'\ p n ·~ :-<i r1 11 .'' ~n i d he .
T t iH Ion: <if tl 1c lit·:-i.t, Will'I rht: d111ri 11 oi' l t1111'111t~~ lif,·. '"T l1c J•k:t;..;nn: 'i f
w•1rki11~ i ~ l'll • µ-n·:it . " :--u i d lw, .. th111 I \''Jt1 !.\ 1·a :o- M f 11;;r!h•ll !ir ·n rl'I ;, r :--\ 11 11.\· ;
nnd it i ... <ndy t! 11 · J•km· lll't' I tukt · i 11 ,... 1111 \y 1l1nL l r:1."' (•\4 • [' t nnw.\ ltl\ ' ;l\\!I~·
frmt t tli c tJi,,q!.(lit:-1 i1f !'11111•·.n T ia·. , J, 11ni11:t ti11 ;: qn:1 1i : y i11 B1111'1 111·~ 11.i ih i.
wa~ o rde r, a11il 11<: 1q•plic•J tli i~ qn ulit y l li c\'l· ry tllill ;.(.

G. 1Vith re.•J'l'r:l lo ·''!JI", it n111s1 li e ,7,/,,1,1r:r l /•) tir e «ll'1 j cct, and tu th e r:rrp r1citfr.• a11'l /111 /Jifo of Clr(1s c Ji1r 1d101n
we write.
To n!'<~n111pli-li tl1i", w li('n \\'U l"'l!in t o wri te, w e mu<t fi:t i n nnr
mini],; th e e 11.1 tn he :ii1nc·cl at, tlio )'lll'J'""c tu he eff«('te1l , n11cl
snit. .. 111' ,;tylo of tlin11µ;l 1t :t11d o f l:l11}!ll 11µ;c t u tl 111t 1111 r111• '('. T l1 :it
j,, t lio he-I. ;tyJ,., \\' li il'li mn,;t tl'lll .'· an.I "11"',,":ti'"·ly n ·1•rt·"e nt; t l1e
i<lcns and t'celi11g" 111' the l1011r n11d of tl1 e 0C('a,;iv11.

7. On 110 occrrsio n s/io11lil allen/i1J/t to style so rngross
th e mind as tu i11te1:ferc w ith ll l1igh e1· degree nf at ten l i on
to tir e t/1 011!f,/tls. So lli e w rit e rs ai·c ri ch :uI<l ln xur i:rnt iu
di et io n , lint poor a1H1 m c:1g rc in thong ht.
Th e l:t tc P r o f. Jrc11ry H.ecd has g i H ·ll tl1e folln ll'i11µ: ob·
sc 1·vat io11~ on :'< ! y le , th:tt ma y be i11tro11 nc ct1 here :1s :1ppro·
p riately :i.s in a11 y oth e r place :

In .. 111· reaclinµ: or E11!:;li >li prn;;e, it i~ Wl'll worth wlii] C) t" ~t111ly
wli11 L lia• h"<:o tJtC nl11 10,t a l11~t. nrt. I Hh'"" wl>11t. 111:1y he cal11·1l
lit e nrrh it eclt<rr, n' it w ere. nf 1t lo nrt and e/,.bnr,,te ~-.nlrna, 1rith
its co ntin uous rwd 1ccll-.rn•l1i i11(d jlrno nf tlum'./lil nnd j ee/i:1"J,
and, ho1cecer inlen coren , orde r ly, and clea r. T lii,; i' t" \,c """ ~ht
cliit!fly i 11 t l10 hrcat J1 r1\ ~c -wriler~ of f11rrncr e\:nt urie ..... u Ht.:nil
that p:1gt·," ~aid Cul<: ri tl~(', 1•o i 11 ti11~ to one of tl1c1n; u y11n <'nn ·
no t. alt.er on e <·onj 11 neti1H1 w lt li llu t ~poilin~ t\1 c ~l'll 'l'It. i:-; :L
1i11 k(!1l ~t nil n tl1n_1 u ~linut . 111 y o ur 111c1•lcrn l1tlPk' , t\,r il1e 11111 . . t
p :l rt, tl ic

H~ llh!ll(:C~

i11 :L p :1;;c \i ;t\' C t11(!

~: llil C

COll l\l• C ti 1111

w i1l1 l': 1d 1

ut l1el' tl 1at, 111 r1rl1le,.; hrt\'e in a h:lf(: th ey t o11 cli wit ho ut adl1erin g."
Junin,, w aging lii~ li e rcc, fact.i .111 ~ wnr, fougl1 t w itl1 t l1e•c ~li11rt,
po int_,J ~ "uten c<:'s, piercing l1io f;,~,; witl1 t 110111; and it h:.ts boo n

FIGL: J·: .1Tl \°F

FlGlJP. ATIVE EXl' l<E:O:::llUN .

~nitl th:1t n11tldn;.! hnt. Jf,)rnc ·rf1P l.:<' :11Hl :l lr1ng- :;<'n tt·rH~C were nn
1111 1· d:1y , \I:1 c·:111by. \\' ;1~i11g liis Liq!cr
:uid 11!\•l°l' i11 r]i ... ('ri11ii:i:1it• wnr. d 1·:d:-- !"l(I ,· :o;1·!11 .. j ,·1·l r wi11 1 tlit.: :-i:iuie
fa ... ) 1itlf/ ~,i · :Oil~.' 1T !1 , ! ~!; \ ! if _Yt1!I l!ll•ll•!' l !!kl' !tr r c: 1tl !;j..; ld:--JPf'_" :tlrn:d,
11
)' 111· \·1111·t• w dl cr:1\·1..· :1 .u-1111<! 11 ld~t:t .. l1i ql 1l·d , lt111~ :- 1 ·1 it1..:1 11 ·1..·. :i:-; 1Jtt1 d i
:1..; y1 111 1· l11..:: 11·f 111:1y <'1': 1\'1..' 111 n r1· 11r th e r1· 111 , ... t . :11 111 11 1t11 !e r :ilict1i ofa
d \ ·1 · Ji (·r J'l1 i!f)~ 1 1 p!1y j~r !ii -.. 111ry.
T li i -. f:1-..1 1i 111 1 q f :--. l111r l. ~ t·i i tt· iic ·t•:-1 !~

~0VL"rll\:t !cl1 f'11r l1i111 : :1r1d in

IJ1i! 1-i il y ;1 ..; : 1 l\ •11qd :t!i "11 l o 1111 i1iilcd1·nt li: th;t 0 (
n ·:11l i 11~ (!'111· ii :1 ... k-- :1 1~!111·l1 !1·-.. ... .-. 11 .. L;i111 ·d :llh·nii111:) . \11 11 it i~ tit!nl
I<> tl 1e li11e rl1.1111111 wl1it: l1 E11;.:li.- li ,. ,.,.,,. ;, 1· ,'1 ·:11.Jc- .,f". ,\ ,.; J ra 11,
ti 1i:-o c·l 1i v \ ' p !J-.,

not. r:1;1.:: e

:1 1

r o1i....id1.:r e-.:pec i1dl y t l1u naf llr•·

,.r· 11\11·

pri•.'-e rl1yth111,

T will hi\·p \\'L:H i-.. 111.:ll cr, rt f"e11~1..·11ce f"n11 11 1J ... J• L·n uf :t JiYing
clivi llc\ w l1i\'l 1 i,; a 11 ex:11 11 plc <>I trnc- J•rn'c r l1yt l1111, a11tl all 1n1r•
E11;;lisl 1 word ; :
"T lie l11ntl t!iat i-i ,·e ry far 11tf-it r:rn he 11 0 r.tl!1· r th 1111 the ii (·:l\'Cnlr
c111111try; f'. ir J,1,·c ,,f wliieli (;nd · ~ d1·1.:t 11aY1.· li1.·1.:d 11."' .-.:rnn ~t·I':'{ i1 1 t liu t'lll'lJI
-11 la1111 lar a-.rn y. nq; r a lonu- J•;L!l1 ti f ntany .'· 1 ·ur~ , llJ• w 1·:1ry 11 1 r.unt:titi~,
nr1d t111·n11~h d1·t:p l1n •k" t1 way:-0., f11il 11f i' L·ril :-0 111111 ,if J'if !":d l..i.. th ron .!.d l ~ i ck ..
nl.':-t:oi('."l 1111d \\'t•an1 11· :-: ."1 1 ~ "IT11\\' !"- ;111d I J11rd1 ·1 1~ . a rid the ,·n!/1 · \· nfrh c ."'ilti 11 lo\'r''
w orld-\\'flrll 111Ld l~ 1nt· :·:.1n._ tliey J.a,· 1~ lw1:11 fur i11g- li,nl 11 ,;11 e l1y 01 ic, ~inc~
th e \\·o rl.J IJt\g:111, ' go1i 11g a lld \\' • :1 ·1•i11 ~ . 111

Tl1 ere j , 11" :1i'!'C :1t·:t1w c· .. r :it· t i11 t l1i• ~e11tc11cc· : lint, tli c hig-h c~t
art C•Hiid not 111 .. r,:o tru ly 111:1 kc cJ1,,icc a11d cu111!,i 11atio 11 uf its
word~ .

L\l ' l! L ~ ~ t • 1'i.

So the 'lll:d iLic,; qf L1 .. die~ :irtl lhc d in illthtratc tJ,.., •111a liti .·• o f
niin1 l.
\Yt' :--J•L·:1k 11f a sfJ/id j 11d,;1:1c11t, a jfrry {t' t1qwr, a h 1t rd ur

J.q\·e
tu 11leit tl1c1 l1l':1rL

f<ift l1 L·:u·t..
111

1·<.: !'1.. ·!' t ' ll< ' G

i .~ ~aid

to toar7n tli e l11.::1rt, aiid ~ .r11q• :1 1l1y i:-\ ~nid

l P t l1C llql ll'i :·di in .~ f't'l'ii111 n t' : t fl"t:L' i~J" jll:ilil . \\'•' lli:1:·

~ny , hT l11..· i r 1 ~tit11t i 11 11 j!o u r i.'(/£Cd ."

1h·l':l! 1.... e tl it· J;,_.;i d i-. i l1 1.. · pr i1wipa1 part of tl1 e lH11ly, we :--pc:1k ol' 1l1 t· 1i1·11i'r i1..·to; I' or pri1w i j1al
te1H~ l1 c l" (,fa !'-cl!i111l, :1:-i L"fl1c ln:ad uf tl1e :-.c!iuol."
Tl1 c pro110 ... ili111i , " C rll11 1wtl l tr L· ::tcd 1!1t • E 11 .~Ji ... l1 hw:' \\·iili c·,1; 1te111pt1 11 b far 111111·0 \"i\' idl y t· x pn·~:--t · d l 1y :--.:1: irig- ~· Cr1•?11\\'1:~l
trampled u11 t lie la\Y ;-; _: , T v ~p 1.: : d<i: o t' ;-;11h.1i~ r :; a .-< lJl"an; t\!H.l (~ L11 1r a­
1

geo us,

j ,.; ](-,;~

fu reil1J0 tl1: t1 l

lO U•O

!lie l:lll t; ll:l;.'.O of li eht r:

H Tlic·ir li11ilJ~ all i ro n, unU tl11.: ir rHrnl.-i all 1\;u nc."
Thu~, 1\>r tl 1e ~ :1k e <if c o 11\·C'yi11.~ n. 1n1)J"t," \'j,·i<l i11q1r(·:--:-. inr1, w11rclq
st rictly ''l'l'lic:1l1le only t<> >e 11,ihle ohj cCI,, aru :q•plic·d t .. ""·11IJ1l
OJ" i11t<-l k c111:d oLjccts t.o wl1i ch tlic·y arc ""i' i'"'''d t o hc:ir '"""d
nfH11ity ur r t~c11tl1l :1 1 H·e .

l•'i!t1u·1·.'f 1Jj' tl1 n111;lit, nr li g 11n.::-> of i111: 1~ i11ali1111 :u id 1~:1:-::--i•H1, -..11j
tl1 e \\ (ll'd'"' to Ue u..;ed i11 t lit:ir pr11p e 1· and !iter;t\ !J1 L' a11 i11:..\'. :111.\
tl 1<: fi g ur e t o e u1 1:-.i :-- t i11 tlio t urn of tl1u11gl1t. TIH.:y :I J•p1..·: 1r in t · X'cla111a li1n1s, i11ICl"J"1)t;a ti11 J 1~, t:Ollllt;lJ'i :-; 011:0-:, and :q111~tr1. 11 il1e.-.t .

1 •

p(1:;e

'fl111!'-I 1lie :-:e1ire111..·1..·!',

11

I a1n liarr.v ot. t lii:-1 1111.:d in::;"

ple a...iu r u ;' 1 ~ ·\Ve n r 1..~ o \1ligcd li_y )'qllr ki11d111.:~~ ~ · 1

••

11

Y'111 ;:i ,. c rni·

,\ llnw

11 11..:

!..'Tent

t o a...... . i;-it ;"

"An: yo u <p1ilt.: wel l ~n "Oh! tl1a t 1 \\' 1..'.l"c in \ 11;11lli1 !"' urc li .o-c1:ri11iq:
t0rn1.. . . 1, r ~1·e1.:1.:h , wl1i 1..·!1 inc\1 1d e , tl1 u11;..{l • tlt1:y d •) 111 1t i'·ir11111l i_v 1' "XJ'rc ... .... tlJt:
f11l!1,wi1 1g !1 •g-it.:al pro 1 10.~ i t io 11 1"> : ' ILq111i111.·:;!"- a t t\1i1"1 111t;l..'ti 11~ ir<. n1y 1i1·1'1'lt..:J1t
istntc 11 1' r 'i.: t·li 11~ ; 11 '• T !1 at. .)' 411 \ g-i \"i; IJl tJ g' l"l ' il l 1.t1·u:-o nrc ii-\ wl1n t l .Jn·l art: t()
yo u;'' 1.1 \' 11 11r \.:..i11d1 11; ~::1 il1 f'l· lt l •y 11111.0 lie ~ > l1 l ig-i11g- ;" "'fli ;1t. l r1l 11 Jtil,J al'ls i:·..t y uu , i ~ Wl!Ut. y<•U n rC 1'1 ;1p lC1"1t1·d t.o nlJow ;' ' . l \Vlitth cr u r 1\fJt .Y1 111 :ire
qu ite \\'1,:ll, l !"i w li ;1L l a ~ k you t 11 Jcch ire ;n "T l1at I w e r e i11 h . .·n ltli, ii:> \\·Ind..
l arJc11tly wi~h ."' Allli1\ 11gl 1 tlic j'fe,·io11:-1ly !"'l all'd rh ctnri c a ! c.\j • r•::-o~i1111:'\
1

L ES SON XCVI.
F l <;i; 1: .\ T ll. IC

E.\l'l!DiSION.

\ Vonb :rn1l furin,; <•f° 'Jl<c1 ·li 11:-it 11r:ll ly nn<l origin:1lly :1pplicd to one cla,;s cir nl~i•Tt,, arc ol"tc11 :ippli ctl t.o other
cla~se ~, eitlil'r fr(llll nc·ec•,;,;il _1-, 1;11· 11·:mt
ot.l 1t•r met hods of
expre~,; i .-J1 1 , o r fr c>t11 tl1l' l'rnm11ti11gs uf in1:1gi 11:itio11 or

frn,· c n1.1t, i 11 ('a C'ii in:-it1111t·c, :\n 1\ .... ~ i .~nnl 1111111t· 1 ~ o Hl"I t() lirin~ t lh' lll ul! 111 1d1.:r
t li e th.: 11 < •1ni11:1li 1 >11~ :1Uout to l>c gi\"(' 11 ~ a:t l1011gli they am q1iitc fa111iliar 1:.'.:p rc~~ io n:-1 nt'ct111 1r 11 H1 lif1..-. tlit·y 11a\· e , llt..!\' 1.•rth c\1 ·:-< ~ 1 lp1i ir il:"I g'P•H l 1\ title to
be c01 1t;idcr ed ti;_{ll l"C:-J. of ~pn: ....11 It"' tl i"l'i l' w l1icl 1 JlJl\ u\\' 1 in t-'1H..: ~· c1.:.J:11 .~

cn1utio11.

lt!til:H) ll!'i.

. T /111~ , t I 10 ."°un1:"' 1nor n i 01 :111cl crc11 i11g lil'i n ~ nrigi 11: il iy ex p re~·
~11·\J ol 1l1c l1r,t :1111 1 !;1,1 J•:irls ,,fa dn y, tl1e p l 1rn"~ ·' 111orni"!l 'if

Il l·I H'e it :1f>l"···nr..; tl1a t t1 ;;11r:1 t iYC lallf!ll:tgt:' ::- tand .-.: PP!''l~ C" l1 tu
pJaill l:llli:(ll:igt, . lt r,·, 1iJ1s t·itl1cr l°rn111 tl 1<J jl ~Clli ia r .form ol° tl1 u
se nte n c~ , or from lr1n1£ 11(/ sorne worcl eontaine<l in it '" •n unusual appliealion .

0

or

l if e nncl ei-en i1111 '!f life :iro ~uhst itu tctl fur the term s youth an1J
age.

1

24-0

241

T ll E SLlllLE , O il CO Ml'AI U:SON .

pl
of tl:c llt'l or coinp:iri11~, l ie~ in disco,·cring l ikene~ses
' nt1111n ;; t lii 11 ;.i' ,,r 1l iff,·rc11 t ki 111lH, wl1ere nt. fii· ,;t. we expc1·t no re·
l'<:ll iblan ce to exi"t. On t bis acrn 11 11t we nrc <lcligl1te1l wi th ?ll il ·
111's com prtri~1111 qf Sata n, rift.e r l1i,; fall, to I.lie :;u11 when cclip<1·1l;
but we rle ri,·c lit tle plen.<11rc frum Ii i' <'0111p:1 ri,u 11 of E,·e to l\
woou-ny111pl1, or uf lier bower to tl1at or l'olll\lll:\.
Fo r n. si1 11i l :tr rl' :l ~n ttl c1nnp :1rl , nn:-; wl 1i cli 'Ji~ p<iet:.; lin ,· c ren<lcrc<l
too tr: to aml L1 1ni li :1r, nffnrd 1111l y 11>111kratc ,;r:\l,i1"i .-ali r111.
2. Wh ile colltprir!:;on,; ' li ould no t lie (,111 111leu 0 n lik<.'n rs,cs l0o
familiar anu ohviot1', t!u•?f sh ould, on the 111 /i.:r lw nd, 11ol l1efo•md(do n tho~e 10hiclt are loofuin t 1111.Z r ernol e ; fu r these fail to i llu~·
trntc the su bject.
3. Comp:1 ri wn~ ~h onl1l no t be dmtcn fr om ol'.jcc{.• tl111l f/rt 11n·
k11oton to the r erulc ,., oc f'rn111 t lw ~e 111" wi1i cli fow people c-an ft •rlll
n cl ear idea .
4. I n to r ili ngs of tt di:i11(fiol or , ,. ,.inu.• cluiroclrr, cM117rnri«"'"'
alwultl be dr•t tenfront nljl'cls 1rhidi rtrc bra11lif1tl, clit711ifi1·rl, or important ; fo r t he pri1nary oJ.}.:cl. or ('(J llljlari,011• i~ t•r cin\JclJi~h
and tu (li~11i fy . .I n li 111noro11s nr lo11rlc-;qn c wr itin>;", w here tl1i\
ni m is t o ,·ilii"y, 0 1· r~ n.-1<- r ri1li c11J .. 11 , , :\II ol>j~ct, Cc)l llJ •:tri ,0113 aro
properly d rnwn from iow a 11 1l tri vial ,,\>j<.:ct5.
G. Cumprtri•Oll3, 1111.fr ,,,; i·ery or ifJ: are not 11rit11mlly or c_[Jcct i-Dely introduced in tli c 111i1f•l of i111z1•1X8ioneil lw1r;rc<1'.Jf..

LESSON XCVII .
TIIE S DllLE, O R CQ) !PATI!SO :\ .

.

E.:< A~l"Lfl.ts

Sir"il~ is the conip:uiso n of two ohjeet~, between which

there c x 1$ts :i. n::i.l or irna;;in c<.1 re. \' IHl1l:111ce. It has one o{
two pu r pose~ to :mswcr: 1irst, to ill11strate an oujcct t(I
pres<·11_t t o the mi11tl a clea rer idc:i. or it, an tl to mak~ 'it
m ~ re 1111pr c~~ire; or, secondly, to ado rn :u1<l beautify th<i ,
Ol>jt:Ct .

'

Expl:tn~tory rornpari-;ons mnst he ('11-:tr; thry 11111~t.m~ki · •
t.hc: pnnc1p:il ohj1·et 111oro distinct, a11<! not ka•l 11s nsid< · ·

fr, lfll

Ol"

Cu MPAttt~.,;-.; : " Cliari ty, like

/ },e, Butt,

Lright,~n l'li

It.

Q 1!.IEt 'TS

., 1 ·A 1:1 ~u~:-; A l ; I~ DRAWN
WllES <.' E Cc,;o..1

l · Tlit•y m1i.t 110/ /,~ dnuM1 from 1)1i11r;x 1chieh hfl ce loo near~ ·
r.1m1blar\CC

'

to tli~ object 1c ith which 1u compare //,cm . T!i') fr(C4>/ ~

..

ob-

Ossian's compari so n or tl1e eff,·ct of 111u,ic on t.l1 e min <l to tho
recoll ection of dc pnr tc<l jo~·~, b lieu11tiful: "Tl1c rnn~i c of Ca ryi
wa~, l ike the memory of joy~ tltat (lt'C past, pk:t<ant, u11<1 mo urn-

fol to the so n!. "
The ~flmo n11tl1or t l111s l1crt11tifu ll y illnstrnt es the fa tal <'ffects of
sorrow on tl 1c llli llll :
" ThDy fall awny, li. kP. the jfowc ,· on which th e sun [r~[:,.: in. hi., ,.,, ren9lh ,
ff.fltr t/,e tuilde1v l1a .1 11w!S€i..l ut:e1· ·i l , a rui ·it.s !teaJ. is heavy tC'ilh l.'1e drops ~:f
1

'"' tti!fld."
!lCJ.l•:S A S TO T1n;

1.:\' C'T)"

ject on whic h it sl 1i11cs."

Sliakspcurc tli11 s illu >tratcs the destr uct.in> cffoct~ of con ceal•·<]

.ovo:

-

- - 11

She never told lier lo,·e,

Jt .. t. let conceal men t, likt. a wo-rm. i' t/i, bud,
JI

~12

EXA~!PLES o~· Tll!c SU.HLR.
THE :\11.:'L\ PilOR.

l<' cc J oi: I .,r d11rnt1,k c heck SI
. d .
A I · I
·
ie p m c in thougot
"
'
n-1
t
'
n
!!''C
""
·md
re/
I
I
I
.,
She ""t t:k p . '
·
ow rnc u11c 10Jy 1
. , ' ' ~ al1 l' nu on a m/Jnument
!S 1nil1ng- at g ri t: ( 11
'

Ex:i1npl c~

fr o m

IJ H11'('

rcl'ent wri te r.-; :

LESSON XCVIII.

Tl1 c wn rld w:u; cold
A nd Il l' went d o w11 , likf! <L lone ~;/11.p at se~. "
i1

t

u

Soon wn~ he 'JUi ctC'd ro '7<lt1m l !

*

*

*

A

.

*

·

J

TITE

re~t,

ro11!!-

Held her rn peace."
" T hy swe et words drop npon th e c1u· ns soil;
As 1·ose-lea.ces ori a well. n

'

.

Ba1ley16 "Ft1tu&~ ·
J bosom, like 11,. {!raoe, holds nll qncnch'd pns8ions."

.

.

Tho sacred Sc rip t nrcs a bou nd in co

and pathetic·' •"•
~. 1

.

mparisons, most beau

"Ho Rlinll be n tree pi:uit e<l hy th e ri,· cr~ of ·wate r." \Vh en I s ri y of nny
rnan, "11e i:-\ t n t.iic ~t atc lik e n. pi!lil r wl1 ie h :-\npp .. r i :-i an edifice ," I 11~e a
·1itnUe; wli cn I ~ay, " li c i~ t li c pillur o f t lic At atc ," I t' rn ploy n. m ctn ph o r.

"~fan cometh fo rth as a flower
l .
"'
•lindow, nnd coutiuuc th uot. "
' an i " cut down; ho fl coth nlao
Oom pa ri sons, ns nlrea<ly st11ted so

t11e primary obiect Tl
~r · 1 ,
•
•
,; 0 HIS1 ."' 1 ton
sis
ta nee of the "fallen
l;O BI

.

..

~fl':TAPl! OR.

Tho me ta phor is :\II a lm<1gt'tl comparison ; n comparison
not formally stated, in " ·h ich we p re d icate o f tl10 figurat in)
_-Obj ect effcd~ t h at are produ ced by the rcnl object d cnotc11
by the phrase in its li te ral sense. In other \\·on11', ti1e mNnph or in11ic:1 tes the r e8e mbl a n ce of two object s, Li;· apjil:;ing the 11a111 <', att rih11t c, o r net of one directly to tho
other; ns,

n n d aJ a Tl.li.ll11w kup1

JV?:t~ent. 1catc~. oi•tr the 8lrt>am tlwt crup6
"' l 1nql!I by it, MO th e qui et mnid

"M .

24~

·•

r~1 ct1 m cs nrn suited to <leg
<l1 ·1in rn
' ' ' ges tl ie courage nod i\ir;:..,;.,

- ..

ti

In plai11 la n;;uage I may say, "Th y w ord c11li ,;htcns a nd gnitJeq
,.,mo;" in tho nse of rnet.nplior, "Tl1y w1>1"<1 is a J;irnp to my feet.. "
Ossian, in ad <l re~'ing n. hero, 11sc" a bcantiflll rncta pl 1o r: " In
peace, th• ·,1 art th e gale o f ~pri n g; in war, tlic monnt.ain-s to rni.''

" Gnb ricl

~

f

- - -.- - I HR fi herd
gontM, or tini'ronR Jl ock, tnu<:r li c r th rong' d

rove the m Lc fo t c J1irn, tl1111HJ c 1·- ~tru k
,
\.Vi th tn ror~ nnd wit I f 11 .·,.
"
c ~ pn r.sucd
· ' 1• · .., to tho lio 11 uua
A I
- n < c ry:-; t al wa l l o f' ll c u vc u . "

6 c.
.
• ompar1sons, lo be ~ff'ec ti re ,,/w11T<l 11 ot

z, .

ll uu:s
.

;:.;. ··.·'~~

..w,

'.·'··' ~

o :trancous circum.<tnncci
"~I t
' · e w cumbercd withrmt ,;
I
.
.
· · Jul u n t 11crefo re
1
.
w icn, rn 111" compar i ~o n of tlio "I i ~ I .l f ., " mate a m1st'lk~ .
moon, 110 i11tro<l11ces tli o di-<~ , ' < /, ~at;111 to tlio orb or tl1~
wr,n dcr" :·c;; 11 lt i1 w fron; ti t '1'. ov ery o tlio tel <.:.~cnpc, nncl nll di&. .
.
~
IH ( 1:<covc 1·1·
Tlio
·
.
<p 1ro n1· j 11 ,li1)' t.l1l' int rnd 11 ct i11n of ti " :
ocoas1 on <l 1cl not r~ ;;,},.
111 dr11wini:r 'lii ·iln.,.i c · f· · . .
•c.-e extra11 0011~ imnges.
'·"
.
·- • '
.., " lOll1 t 111ngs whi cJ, ai
",
1
in common no writers st .
L.
'ie11r
to 1i1wo notl1it•g ',
l1or of IT ucl il> ras
11pass ord Bacon, Oowley, ancl tholl~• .',..

FOH Tl·I!; :llh;TAPIIOR.

1. It ~hould ho fl.d apled lo tlie nnture rif th e /11/l~jrc/ , rmrl tl1~
cha.1·acler nf the .•lyTc irhich it ·is inten ded to ill 11sl m/1•1 ~ r fo embellish: nci t.l1c r too sc ri~s, nor too gny; ne ithe r too •:le \'a ted, nt• r

too low.
2. Unlt'"" tl. e dr., ign 1'.y to de(Jrrtde or make riilirulou.<, ·i t slw11l1l
not be dm1c ;1 from such objects o.s r aise i 1t the mind 1010 or disa greeable idefl,•.
S. 1'/i c rcsemU!a ncc .•lwulcl
ev ident anrl noturnl; the meta phor should not Ticfa r-fetclied, no r d~tfi.cult lo wider.s tand. ll cuce,
nil tcc h11i cal pl1 rn;.c:", and nll 11sio ns tu tli e rn orc :.11,- trnse \.r :11 1cl 1 c~
of nrt a nd ,:ci c ncc, wlii cl 1 nrc nut genernlly familiar, ~lioulJ not Lo
used . The 1n ctnplior, wliic h is <lesignc<l to illustra te, ~ liou l<l not
render the tl1oll1> ht oi.Jscu re or per plexed . IInrsh, unnat11rnl 1 0 1
obscure 1uet11ph o r~, o.1·e Yometimo quo.li fk <l by tb <' u ngaiu ly o.<l1li

uc

'.·

2H

t ion of tho phrn~c, a3 it 10ere. Wh en metnphors require ench &ii,
npology, it Wt•lll LI be liettc r to omit tli cm.
·

Jin~ bee n tho (111if of rnony n. mo.n's fortune 1
bccau:-10 every one kn ow:'! tiint th ings mny be ft\\~

To :my or gnming, !.lrnt it.
t•len r nnd

~ig-nili cnn t.

•owed 11p nnd lost in it; h11 t to ""Y that gan 1i ng hu~ been tlie Cl1tJf'11/Jdl1
the Sculla o f n1 an y n 1nnu·~ fort une:, wo uld not be under~tood by mui

t11dc~,.

'L Jfrl11pl1oriwl and ]!lain la11 :1 urr.:10 should uot be intermitel
in Ili c mm" pairJd or dc.1c1·iption, tli11 ~ cli,trnetin;; ttie ln intl liy
the n~soe intion of in co ngru ous idea•, or by rnul tiplie<l ima~
Exnmplc. :
" Now frr)m rny fon<l cmbrncn h.v tcrnpc1't~ torn,
Onr 0tl 1f'r col11111n of the ~tat.c i~ h11rnc,Nur to,, k u kind nJic u, llf) f HOlls,{ lit CO Jl:iH:Jl t . "

Herc nets arc n:tri!.u tcd to a col11111 n, o f \\'li icli iL is incnpnble.
Flnme i' :1 !i~11rati,·e cxpn's;.i 1111 f.,r tl1e prt"ion of lo1·e, \mt t,osny of fl J,"·cr 1! 1at li u "· J.bpcred lri; fh1 11 e into t!i e oa r of hid mi~·
tres~, w o11IJ lie t'a11 lty lanµ:11:i ~c, f(1r it. i ~ not. tire property ol'jlam~
to lie hl o11·n int" tl1c erzr, no r of a 10!11:•pr,r to convey flame.
Ossian, nr. fir; t, ~n.r~, wi th nccnrncy n11cl bcnnt.y: " Trot.11 ~d
we11 t forth wirl1 ;J,., st.rcn1 11 of liis pc111 •1", lint tl1l'y met, 11 rock;
fo r F in!!'al "trio<l 11nmn1·c·cl ; lirnk(•n , 1l1cy r ulle ·l li:i ck from },1
5
Bitl ." Bnt lie thC' n n11l1:11111ily lllix.:s li:c:1·,t) la11 µ:11:1i.:c wi1ii tho
mctnpl1oric,iJ, and confuses tlie pict n re; " N1Jr d id i I1cy roll in .'
sn fcty; tli.e ,<pear of lli.e kin11 p urw ed th eir jliglit.'' 1\ t lir~L tl1ey
11ro prc~ented ns the wan's ot' n "t n.:;1111 rnllini:: 1111w11nl, 11111! in tho
next ins tant as 111 e n that 111ay he p11r:H1 c<l anJ wo1111Je1l with n

245

Tim METAPHOR.

RULES FOR 'flIH: MKTA PHOR .

Ilero · foe mu~ e i~ presented nmler the in co ngruons imn ::;e~ of n
horse nntl of a sliip.
•
]" • ' " 1 11 ·1,·1\· t',""
Errors ·of t J 11"
...,,-·1ly· l>o ft,· oidt.'·11 i1 Jv irnn g in i n .~ t1 :o
'J'J,i,. W(>11 ]d nin kL• plain nll
mot.nplror r c~prcsc11tt-il ·111 .· 1· l''"i11ti11i:.
..
i11cu n;; n1 i Lie,;.
th~
G. A ·v oid 11wll iplyinr1 mefap lwr~ on the same wlJccl; ~r i 1;.
dftUle descri;itinn , prud tH.:i1i;! c1111fu"'io11 s i:uilar to that :u 1="1111~ 1 ro1 n
·· tli e 111 ixed n1 c-t: lpl1or .
• '1

D

SwifL

~:\\· ~ : Tli11~c wli0~'-' mind~
11

nrc c..1llll nnd ht.:1\\·y, de _:-nt

cnn
.
.
• . 0 f IL O :'\ff·,l ir 1 nn<l
Cns il y
pCil (~ trate into
tJ1c fnltl~
1\111 1 .llll rt. CaCICK
. thcrr·!0rn
. l J
...,(1 0 onlv st.:nni r1 ff wl111t. t lit·y fintl nt tho tnp.n H e rc 1!" c< 1 nf11~ 1on lll 1 c~ ·
~·
·
I
·
f'
b
I
Af'
clnth
nnd
al~n
'l'he aff1iir i~ prc~t:11tcd und t r t iC 1111 n:.;c o u a c ...
,
. • nntlCr
..

th nt c;t" ll \111 ilin1{ llnd ir11pnro li f11iit.l. It cnrn: nt ho 1,,,:i,·. It 111 1gli .. h.ne
' boon prc~c n t.cti under the one <lr the other, w1 t l1 011t nl•.1i.·ct1 >11.
1

A Jlletap 1'" '' " I1011 11c 1111 t !) "~ s11111·1 <nit., extcrnJe,I, or cn ntin 1_101i
too !oiw. IL tl 1u ~ 1Jeco111cs tirc:;o111e, n111l rcqnirc; t<>o "''.'cit ellort

to frac~ t11e rc,c1111il1111ec. C11wlcy, SI 1:1ftes\i11 ry, ''."'! 1 <Hiil[! err
greatly in tl1i:; particuhr. Tl111s Dr. Yvnn;;, "J>e:tk;ng of ol<l age,
snys it slioultl
u

\V nlk thonglitfol rm th e :-1i lcnt

0 1' tha t

~ho r e

\' ll!"lt OCCllfl it llltl ~t :-111 i J ~ O ~11t'n ,

Arni pH t g-< •<hl wo rk s on bnurd , nntl wai t tl1c wind
Thul ~ h or t ly blows H8 into w orlJ~ 11 11k11own."

\not h er i nFttnncc of tliu f;.: unc ki n<l
1.,..
J nmcs

II ·n·cv · u T lic

c

.. ·

rt"Ji,rion~ l'lC1J111
I'";

i~

taken frn:n the

ti) lie ill l l1c

wnry pi lot in :<Orne wcl1-~hcltcrcd bnrk.
n.ro in llO diln-'!'Cr of fo 11t1d cr inJ[ nrnong tho

w.riting-~

of

~ r Y.

ho~vrH· of

tlic earth, a..,. R

pn~va1Jini;c

101')11 1fJ,,Or Of

n \ orn",...
(
Il oro t 1.lf'y . cn~ ·).Y ~'~ e. n. _<.:. 1 ,., ,

A~t\.~

bein:;c ,..Jiipwru ~ koc.l o n tho rockt.4 of tr.r11ptution.
holJ tlicm sliifti11g tl.o ir llllg of h ope," &o.

of

Hut ore lo ng we t<hnd bc-

Bf'Cll!'.

o. T<co d(!Ji:rrnt mefapiwr8 ~110uld not meet on one ol>ject ; this
is c:d le<l :1 mixed 111c/,11•lio r. All 1oet:1pli orical eomliina tio ns tlrnt
do not conJe, c • or gr, •11 p "'"ii tngetl1er, wak e a ridie nl,111s irn:1ga
licfon~ tlie rni11<1; a;; in tho plirn~,.,. anti sc11le11cc<, " To take .
nn11s ngain ,t a Sc': l .. r trouhlcs ;" "T11 e xti ng11 i,I1 t l10 scech of .·
pride;" "\\' 0111e n were not 1-.11·1n c:cl to se t nn cd;;l' 0 11 tlio 111 i1 !§
11
of men, ancl !>11 .w np in them tlwse pa,; s io ns w l1 ich urc apt tu rise
of 1.heir u\\'n aceo r J ."
" I ~ridk in my •trugii:ling muoo with pain,
Thtlt. lon{f>t to la.-uncll into a bolder 1tnlin. ,,

7. Tli e abuse of 111ctnpl1or, or a rn ctnphor carried to execs~, io
ox trnva:;nnee of emotion , i:< ealle<l Catachrcsis; e. q.,

exp re~s ing

"This mnrn cnt I could scnttc r
Ki n" <l"m" li ke hnlf-pc11cc . I nin drunk wi t h joy.
T his i~ n. roy al J1 011 r - thu t('P of life.
A. Smitli .

Ano ther exn111ple nf tl 1e nl111'c nf 111otnphor , is w licn tl10 yonng
u"'a't" arn called "tl1 cir son,; nn cl d:111 glit:er,; ;" or w lil'n tl10 rn<•conorny nf l1ecs is <'llll ul t l1eir "go 1·(·rn111e11!. ;" .w l1c.n
t lio ~nnt i ~ ('>11lc1l " tl1 c l111>'1ll1111l of' tlic flock ;" wl1en win o 18
callc~l "tl1 e lilool 11f t he grnpc."

f

~tin<Jtii·e

246

TUE ALL!Wl.RY.

_8. Similn r to rnctnph0r is all1uion, wl1ich rocln
.,
I
._ P
Ms I\ ]'>le~~
efl .. rt wl1t·n 1•11 ,lcr,to l 1.
'
·
u\ r011 1 t 10 u'"oc"·iti
I
. .
. , .I • . ons U!l( rcm1111 sc~oOlif
w l1iC'/1 it rtw:d<('I ".
. T liu :iili hiori "'"Y lH' clcri ,·ecl
from ~ lie Sc ri pt11re~, from then~- ,
c1c11 L n11J i11 udcr 11 <..:las~ ic~, fru1n
tl10 sc1 <: 11 cc~, null from tL e nr~.

xcrx .

LESSON

TIIE A LLEGOHY.
0 .
: In
. the Allro-orv

\P
.

e

rel icai.s0 a l'< to rv or dcscri ptio

d

" 1ll ch a mcanin n· i~ Yt·ilc•1 l1"ff . . - f
nun ar
I c 1Cllt
rom tlia t wl1ich nn.
}wa r~- o1·1 th c snr.~f.:ice The anal
· d ·
•
ob1· i o11~, that tl
. 1·
- . , . ogy is . cs1g nc<l to be so .

·
ic :ipp l(.:ut1on ca11 ca~ i l . b
·
J•ra c·t ical conclnsions correctly <l r· .' ) I e. made, and
w he n it is desired to comc v inforn;~~i~~ ]· t is c:npl~ycd
an<1 pl:1i11 terms . o r wh c -tl . . . '
'. rnt 11 ?t Ill direct
.
'
n 1c1c1s an a1 1ntomtc·th '
1ma"1r1:1 t 1on · or to
t
_
1e~ t o
""
'
gc' llll\\ e1come trn th l ··f. . J
cl erst.:111tli11g :ind con ~ C'i e n ce of th
·I )" o1e ~ ie . nn.
against j L.
ose ' 1 10 :ire p rcJ 11d1cc<l
Horn er, in l1 i' 1·l ti1 O l n I I
.
<<
.\ . o<1 ' ., addr\' ~ 'C.S ' J1 e J>
0
m o nw rnlt h
,J1ip . n'"11 'c' Hc 11t' ti
. ·1 . .
'
•Olilnn om- ~
,
I
•
•
I(' (' J \ ' i W'l l"!'\ tlS n ~to r
t
1111<1 t1I o rd.urn oftra11']11il/it,· ' •"
· f' I I. . .
lllll S'lllj
S
.
J, i · ' a p; .i 0 i:ir >o r .
n11H:t11n c:.c \\· l1olc poe m~ or pro ~o tre·1 t".
..
.
.
1
S pc 11 >c 1"s ·• Fn er)· Qnrc ll ,, S ·" ft' · ", , · '" 8 nre 11lkgor1cnl; ns
1o of a Tnh" " G 11·
'l' 1·1l ,. , . 1'> " B 11 t/,·r\ " 11" n• . ". ,,1 s l 1
a
l
·
,
11 11•er's

n.-"

"

tJi c

i1 n11:-i,

JU 1t \'n,11'9 H pjJr·· , p
, •
•
!( I lnJ S
sce nes re1 res t l .

U.Jl<

rog- ,
•
~
,
•
J.1,{!e !-<, nn u
mg e 11ti r('l\· i 111 ~,.in-in· ti
t"
·
'
·en
e<
111 the111 he.
•
~ , . '
iuue;11 ti e mora l an<l ti > t"
.
111 tlil'lll ap ph· t., n ·al lifi.·
" ' sa ire contnincd
Tl 1c 11:lt11 r:· "r :i ll i·:!on." \\'ill 1 , 1 t . 1
·
·
I!,
>r.< 11 11< el"sf <H><J l 11- · [ J .
~01nc r.rr11n71/1•.•.
T·ih' Ii . .1 t I
.. · ·
• 11 1 1·01 11c1ng
,
· ' · ' ·' . 1:1t. 11,·a11t1 f11! . II , · I
11<•11 of tl1e .Te \\' i;i1 ]H'<>'>i • · I.·/ .
. ." q,11rica l't'l• l'(•se 11 tn·
""
i c 11 .i1c' } o 11 \\"1 1l f111d ' " ~i1 0 801.! 1 f\alrn ·
r<'SS;

fj"IJ l"l)S 11ers o1 .

.1

2-:1-7

TH E ALLIWORY.

I 110 11 lia:-'.t l1rr111t-!'ii l n ,·ir ic o11t of E r ) .
.
.
nn<l pl u11tcd i t. Tholl rr" 1~·1 . 1·t
g., 1 t' t J1.o u J111st CnHt Ollt t in; lica!lu:n
.
J
• r t..:t ~ ro o 111 1c: fo ro J! ar 1 ·r 1 .
i! Cp r i•qt , und i t tll l1·.J 11 11 · hnd
Tl
.
. h
It l"(t Chi Nt: IL to taku
,
.
ic hill" W<' r fl t..'(1\·err- d "itl rho ~hnJow

, 11nd the houghs the reo f were like tho good ly cedars. She sent on t
ttr ho 11i1t ln~ 11 ntn tli\J i-:t•a, nlld 111.._·r i 1 rn nvh<' ~ 1111t0 the riv er. Why hn~tthou
tlre n hruk c n d •)Wll her IH·d g l':-t . !-10 th:lt a ll tlll'y wh ic h rn~~ b_v tho way dn
f.l 11t.:k h or ~ 'J'l1 1J hnar •)11 t 01" the w o(,,J c.! 11 Li 1 wnstc it , nnd the ,,.;J1l J,ent"> t r,f
f.4(~ fie ld J ot l1 de vl)l\r it..
J·:{·t11rn 1 wo h ~·~r·cc\ 1 th ee , 0 G 0 •l of liost:-1 ; Jn,1 k
f>Wn fro m h cn\·1.:11, a nd ht.:l1 r1l1 l n nd \'i~ i t tlii~ Yi11t:, nnd th e ,·in(·ynrd whi i...:11
~,right h a nd lia Lli p la11 tcJ 1 nn<l t\i c bran c h ll 1nt t.lio11 mn. dest ~tro n g fo r
/JJO lf,H

F rnm this instrt nce, it \vi ll be noticed th11t 110 r ,,, em bla11 ce ;,
prcssly stated to cxi't between th is vine :rnd tlie Jewi sh pcnplc·,
ntl yet tlicl'e is nn ob vi ous r cse111 h la11ce. It is n ot sni<I that tlic•
~wis h people is IL vin e, nor tl1at it is li ke a vin e thus plantc1l , n11<l
ilefencl ecl , an d assrt il e<l . W e arc left t o 1li>co,·e r fo r 011rsc1 vcs the
oppl ic:ition, th e rtnalogy.
It is nl so tn he obscn·Nl t.h:tt :i 111 in 11te rc.sernl1l:111 c<' i11 cvrry
d rc11 1mt:rnco o r p:irtic nhr is no t, to he expected or lor.kc<l fo l'.
Jf tl 1c general f' ll rJH'>'C of th o A lJ C'go l'y is disce rn ed , t!i:1t. i' s11fTi cient. Tt is a lso np p:irc11t thnt tl 1e 1\ 11 ,•;;<>ry is 11eitl1er a Me taph or
ll<'I' l• Comp a rison, but a 'to ry cn1111•let:e in itself, y(·t fnrni-h ing a
6gnrnti,·e r ep resen tation of certa in pe rso n, , facts , or e vents.
Tak e, ns nno tl1 e1· bcan t it'nl i11sta nc0 of All ('l!Or_v , tl 1rtt 'v hich
Nnt.li rt n, th e Ti eliruw pro ph et, '1cli\'cre1l to Kin g D:Hi•l:
"Th ero were twn nwn in o ne city : the on o rieh, t he oth\'r P' ir.r . Tho
rich mnn liu J <;X('1·hli11g- ma11y fl 1 j<·k~ nnd h e rd~ ; but tli t: j •'I Or nrnn li n1..l
notlli nK l'ln.Yc n11c lit t le cw e- ln n1h, wlii l·h Ii i) linJ ho1 1i.d1t u n tl 11011ri:·dH·d up ,
nnd it g- r c w l l p to~c t li c r wi th him nnd wi t h liit4 c hllJren; it did CHt of li i:i.
own 111c at , 11 nd drank of hi :-1 ' ''\' II enp, 1~ntl l ny in li 'R how01n, nnd wn14 11n t•)
hi m n ~ n

d 1\ 11).(lat cr .

A rn l t ln·rc ca1n c a t.rnvdle r

l11ll O

the rirh mun,

n11 1l

li e

~ t1pn rctl to tuk ~

f1.1rilljl

lllnr1

· drc1:1~c J

o r l1ir' ow n ll ork nn J. <>f liiH own li cr1..l , to J.rcH R fo r t h o w11y tl 1n t w11~ co 11 10 unto i1i111; but too k tho p oor rnnn's lnrnh, and

it fv r t h e

111an

that waH c o me to hi m . "

Tl1 e p11rpo;;e nllll the npplicat ion o f t hi s inimi tnblo ull c>;ory, n.R
COIJ\'(.:ye<l l:y th o liroplic.:t, muy be rea u in the tw elfth cl11qMr o(
fa•e.,11 .J S:unnel.
I n Priur"s " If enry a n cl E11111111," we l1rt ,·e an all egorical dc>c ri ptinn , a1l111i r:1\.ly '11s tain c1l a11•.1 distin c t, of E1111na's constancy in tl 1e
voyage o f life:
"Jli <l r but p nrpo>ie to emhn rk wi t h thee
On the smoo th surracc of n Sllmmcr'A 11cn,
While gentle 7.ephyrs plny in prM pcrous gnlett,
And F'ortnnc~ fil f1n·or fl li8 the :-1,\·e lli n~ Aail8 ;

248

THE Il YPERDOLY.

'fll E A L!YGO lt Y.

249

not confi n ed t o n el nt hf11l indolence, th nt it n ot only rccei ,-e,l n<'l nri,hment,

but ~n pp] i ed it. to t he other~, C()Jl\· eyin~ t o C\'C f j' pnr t of the hod ~· 1 t hat
b lood on whi ch dr p cn J I" 0 11r lifu a nd , ·l;:0 r hy J i .-1 t rih11 1i 11~ it cq n:dl y
t hro u g h the ve in~ , nflc r lnn•ill,!{ b ro ug-ht it to rc rfcctiu 11 by Jix-c~tiuu vi" tli e
1

a. , .· . .

.

Alkgo rics k\\'c Lcr 11 cl i1·i,J..d int o
fu r orn a 111cnt; fo r in;;truo·;i,111 ·· ·111<1 f' iu l1.c1J.l""1'-"• ,- t hose ,Jc,1gncd - ;
•
• '
" ><• l IJ I IC ·o ! 1I 11•
i""e~.
Of t l1c fi r,- t so rt ;,. .I' \ !·'t..::..11:--.·1(1u..... · 11.i..·• r"r l· i.
I 11. 11' I
co nn·ys1 11c 1'lf' ttl o:it.·nl i· ·· . ··. . ~ · ' nw e
1c l>c·u.111 ifully ,
c
l\. ll ltlfl 1:-i l ll' Cl'>.;"' 11" \" t<
l ·· I
1
turct l1c pow C'r:-'1 1ftli c l1 .
. I
. . , . '<~v t· 11i , a111 mn.. ,'
I . t. I JClll i.uc11 eilc1al
. .
~oi;i o l I'. Tl10 :·lit"" . . '. ""·'..," ''" " ' ' :111.J r c.,, (Cl
ro
ti O U::! ~() I" fo re· • ~)I.\ , I t \\ 11J ho cd 1!'4t.'r\'t• cJ , ('1 1f 1t:ti11 s 110 Ucl \"Cll tl

ue11uty.

1g11 l' ll.Cll ll1'i:l ll l' C
.

\~~ l ho 1 :t

fair

C11lt11 r~:' :-i

JI) illlpa ir

it ~

11 11i1 y , or ouscu re

I~

- - - "J11,··lin

k in d }1nrc1 it 11 l i:id

~ 1thr111t. l:11lir (' 1ii 11;: :-- 1111:; a lld µ-en in l rd 10 :\'C r !i'
, ..nd ~IH·lt t·r fro111 tin~ 1.i, .... . 1-, -in \ ' 11i11 \ \ ' L' 1111 .~
J lie ll-1 1.l t· r pli11 1t :'ll ni:i! d r·1i,.. 1· it-1 11
.
II J
Or Yi~· l d 1l1l' l1· 1n· .
: . . .. ' ""11 11ng- le a '
N ~
.
· l::-t J'ro 111 1:-ic1 l 11 1 1h =-'f•l'liw .
1 OJ yd w d! t· ,·c·ry 1-Hii l wi t h i·q1111l :-1to n ·:-t ,...
1<~·1':1.v ..tln· 1dier· ~ labor, o r n{ tc 11 d
..
!! '~ w :tl '· l ·:i.t:1j 11 i <11 1:-1, wl1cl lil' r t u p rHtl1u.·o
1 IH:

nl 1\'l: " r t i1c

. F or CXC('lk-111 c·x :1101pl"" or t ho
•

.,

lllll l':d

") • .· • .

• 1.:l 1pp Hiii ·'

u A~ n ~i m c wlicn tli t' lnf'tnl•<.:r:>1 0f t J1c lmm un bo . .
I
I I .
d,\ did

11 0t1

n~ :i t

pre!\ont

• •
I
1
•
II
Ill •e r
Ill( It~ r)WI\ s ·I .
I.
'
nn,:..11.1~ c : I JC"' l1l·r J•art ... w ·r, . . k I
.
. l H 111e, 11111 II.-\ o wn
CflTC\ 0 f nil tJu·ir l'1il ·111.t t . ,l. ~'. 1 1 1\11 t ' f . llL Hl' t'l ll!,!' till· fr11its (J f nlJ t huir
'
:-;1...: i' ll' l' , uppl11·d to tl1
·
an <l that tli c r-lqf11 J1 c h 11 11·a11wlnl . .
. J
c 11:-:c of Ili c J'(tO ll'11 d1 ·
b l n •. I
I I C ll J:tl l JC
Ill I ( :> ('J"' '
I I' I
• '
11 . unJll j I. lC pl t.' ll:-0:11 1' !' ~ 111· •\·i j ·I f . "
.
I.< , U llc t It 1111 tJi111g
t i t.1• t t i HI I ~ a 11.J ~h ' •td . J l u ·t ' l·ri' t ,,1 i · •H J i c.. : o n tl11-t. t! u· .1· ,io 11 ~1· .1 r c c I tn~ct li c r
CQ i \' C ' t "f
11 ... 1 ! H1
ft) ! ht• lll111tl l1 I (
I
'
• I I n :l'c r~d, n u r I l i e· l t'("tli l'l l l'W it
\ \' I .
• I Jr . l I C 111 0 111 /i l'C~
H n~ ry IJ1L·a:< ur1·:-, f1) ~ n hdm· tloc I . I . I ule tl1t·y \\' l~/u:d , liy t li cae
·1
I'> l•f tl, \C I
l 1 1'• 1 !1 • ~ 1 I
~
a n J l i c wht1lc ho1h· w c ri' ' ''l(" "I . . I .
,.... ' JL 111g-c r , th e m c 1t1 l1c rs
tl
~
.. '
.. ,
'·' w r w 11 1 11 n.: J
J
l
'
c..:-ny : frn111 tlH·nro it a ppr;11rc•I 1l1 :1t, tlit•
n.cc t o t JC la.! st nl!O of
It:• or tl1 c; s t o u •:1 c h t sc·l f Wf\M

oil· ..'

IIYPEIWOLE.

.

l. i f,~ c·xl1 il.i1 vd i '

nil urH to m one p l:111 h11t r ·11.·. li . H:

J

T he p ri nt'i pnl R<tle J <>r the Allegory i8, to a void m 1n,qlinr1 th e l iteral a ll d ji;;uroti 1:c. siy11Uit:a tions. Th e n\t ribntcg of the pri111 ary arn1 of th e Sl' CO!llbry s n hjcct m11st
not b e intcn :han g cd . Th e diffi c ulty of su ~tai11 i 11 ~ a iong
allegory sugg ests to wr iters of mod e rate al.ii li t y to st udy

LESSO N C.

~ ~ \ fL' f/)()1':11 iJ' n
1
ti ·7 · 11 . ' '" · :in1 to lhe
']"I
1
'
'"
l/Jf/llfrl'of(', 1
10 f'Oll'l'I' n !' I !10 i i. ll<"'< •l' V j . f'
I. I
. . . . 'o lf,,_
' {
.
r
.
·'
Ill(' I '111 11' 11 Ill ! I •
11
(
; \ Cll CT! ll lS 1\ ''l'i"I"' l'Cjl(ll" · 1 I
J.
•
" :ll II l'CS6
0
1 • 1
r
' ~'
'Y , l\"}' ( l to1 •k ii " '' ) ·
'
t.i w " n1h oi 1.ly " " " "" to l"CO r. ·I t i ·1 ·>- . 111 w 11 cli ho
hetw ec' n wli""' "'· i l1~t ·~- II .1 o l io c11 111111""" lo 1},,. 1•nt.r i cinn~,
i rn nii ncnt:
'
. .
tine, n. < rt 11 ;.;-e l'o 11~ c0 11r ,::=- t .-. e1; 111 L·tl to Uu
•

i ct 11ro .,,- 1111111:111

vol. iii .

bre vity.

j>l'ill!'ijo:tlJ _v i'oJI' ill>irll1:li1111 ti ' ·t · J, lt:IC~ of ,\1J rgo ry, <JeAlleyor>/ n( l'r11din1< i 11 X,
I ' _ic ' 111 , e 11 t " n ·l1:1Ted t o tl10
>'

F or n'1 di t ional exn rn plc" of nt1 111 ir~ 1ily s11-< t nint' ol a!kgori c·0 • rcfl'r
to A <hli~o11 's " Vi >ion o f ~!i rzr1, " Gt•l<b llli t l1's " ,\ ,-r111, n n E a• tl'rn
T11lo," n nd Dr. Juli nso11 's "V oy ni:;e o f Li fo, " I~::1111ul e r, Nu. 102,

lan rd ."

~lg'llC1]
l

fcvhl .' 1

T his fig nre i5 th e pro d uct of imng in ation an d p :ission,
un de r t h e infl ncncc of which we arc prone to mng ni !"y the
good qn alities of olij ccts we love, an d to d im ini::<h or 1legr:tde t he q nalitics of obj ects wh ich we d i~l i ke or cn,·y .
F ea1· of nn enemy t end s t o aug ment our con ceptions of bis
size an d p r owes!:I.
· T ho ~c ont in O >~ i :rn thu~ portrays n hostile cl1ief :
'~ I !4H W th ei r t•hi c f, tall n~ n rock nf ice ; l1is f\pcar, th e bl n~tcJ fi r ~ h is
•hi cld , lhe risi ng 111 0011; h o o:it on the shore, like a cloud of m iot on tb e
h il l. "

T h e Hyper bol e (1:xnggcrativn), th erefore, consi' ts i n rcpre~~nt~
i ng olij ect • ei t he r l-(TCll te r or smnll er, be tter o r w o rse, t ha n t.licy
re:illy are; uml thi s is <l or.e by a p plyin i; to t li ern exag-i;e m tcJ

cpi t.l1 ct,;.
Th u• t h e Apostle Joh n ~"Y' of tl1e <l ee1 \,; of onr Saviou r, "Jf th ey
• ho11 hl

oo writte n , e '·cry one of

them , T ' " PP"O'(' that. C \' C ll t be worl·I it,..,\f
11'

'j,·

250

251

PERSONIFICATION.

con Id not contnin t.ho l1ooks tlrnt • h oul d bo written." So tht promi•o at
n11 i11 crc1" c <>f tlic llc bre "· popnlntion i• in these hyrorbolie or cxni:irorntod
tCl"llll"' :
wjJj lt1uk o tJiy ~ ccJ H.11. t!Jc <llll"'t o r t!Jo earth; HO t!Jat if U lllftl\
CUil 1J u11 1lJcr t he Jnot of t ile curth , tlicn ~liall tliy sccJ aloo be 1111111uorcJ.'
14

{

LESSON CI.

llo111er';; allegori cal desc ri pt io n of Di sco r<l,
" He r lirn<l Riio rni,cd to hea,·~n, and trod on cnrth;"

nrul Mil ton\ <lcscri p tion ,
"S0 fro"'n 'd the m ighty com b ntnnt~, t hnt IIcli
Grew darkl.!r nt their fr O \\'U ;"

an<l S~abpca rc:'"•
- - " t ongno
Jn m·cry w o1~nG. uf Cic~u r, tlin.t Hh ou ld mo,·e the
St\H 1cs of Homo to ri ~c unJ rnntiny ;"

nrc fin e c x ~11 n i'k" of hypc rl•olc.

Iluu:s For: HYPErrno r. E.- I. Tlte!J slw 1dd not be over·
strained alll1 hborcrl .
Dryrlcn ll JHlul y c0 1npli111cnts Oliarl es JI. a t tlie cxpeuse of tbe
sun l1i111~~lf:
"That I'll Hr t l 111t 11t yCtnr hirt h shone out HO brig-h t,
I t tt tain'J tlic J11ller ~ un'6 rn criUinn lig- ht. 11

Prior supp oses tho fi re of n h•ly 's eyes to outshine tho flnmos
of Ho1 110, \\' hen li.!:(htc<l up by Ne rn:
'\ T0 h11n1i ng Rome ,.,.hen frantic Nero p lny'd,
Vi e wing- tl 1y fac e, no moro h~ had s 11r\'oy'J
Tho rag ing ifornc s, b11t., l'ttruck with stnmgc 6urpriso,
Confe~s 'J tin.nu lcs!'i tlia11 tho~o in Anna'H ey es ."

G11:irini ( in P astor Fido) r c-pre<:cn ts n shcpl1ifr<l n8 nddressing
liis hel<wc<l t !i 11,;: "If I li~1• l ns 111any tongues, and ns mnny WOl'ds
11~ the re are ~tars in tl10 l1c:1ven<:, nnd grain• of <:nn•l on t he shore,
my t or1;.:11 es would bo tired, :11 1tl my wonb W1llll <l 1e cxhau,;te<l, :
befo re I could do ju;; ti cc t1) your im mense rn erit."

Huu: IL-They should seldom. be used c.?.:cept under tl1e
i1ijl11ence of emfltiu11, and ~c/1 en tlte mind of the reader has

been e.1:f' il crl and t.!111~ prcp:n c·•l to r elish them.
Rui.E II L- T li i·y Kli ould be e:rpressed £ 11 few 1o('rrl~.

l' E lt S 0 N I l' I C A T l 0 N •

· :J. "'1rr
T h.IS l:l
ll 0 11 r c 11·l1icli illlj):wts to a composition g rc:1t
nnim:i.tion a nd bc: u1 t y, by g ivi ng m o re distinct conecj'tious
of :m nlij (~ct to t i": ~ 11ind . It p c rso nir: es (rcg~rds, an<l
speaks o f, as JVJ~o 11 s) in<. 'limatc o r irra t10nal oliJc< ·~s, am1
:th~ t 1 ·: 1 cL q11:1lit: 2:-;. It er,dt ws them with lit~., speech, frcling, an<l acti \'i ·Y:
"Th e ~l' n ~aw tlict...
t.lion fl cd dc,;t ," &c.

'CJG h.'~:!. · ·

& c .; "\Vlrnt nilct h thee, 0

th0u ~ en ,

tl rnl

Thi s fli-'.urc j, 111·ofu,c-iy c1 11 ployc<l in Tl1 ornso1:'s .Sea>ous ar;'.1 ii'.
Virg-if':; c;,·or;;ics; "o L! i:1 t it. has been s:utl, tl1:1t l fjOll dJ\ c~t '".e.":
of tiiis f'j>ri;;J1Liy Ol'll:t!llCllt, yon rc<l uce two of the ln llSt bcauldlll
• lHh.' ll 1:-,· LI I e wol'itl c,·cr saw into <lrv
:rntl nu rntcrcstrn;:
(]•
l(.J:lCtlC
J
<lc tails <11' natnral Jii,t.nry.
.
1\ 11 tl 1c various passions of tlie sou l prompt to the use of tlJJs
lively fi gure.
E '·c, ju>' t before sl1c was compelled to leave rnrac1isc, foclin gl y

exclaims:
" Oh nncxrcctcd •trokc, wc.rse than death:

]Ii ,;~t, I thuo lcnvo thee, Pnrurliso 1 thus leave
Thee nnti ve Mi I, those hnpp) ·vn.lks and sh ad o• I

*

t*

*

*

*

*

*

•
0 FlowcT!I!
That ncYer will in other climate grow,
My Cl\rly ,·i situ tion, and my ln.•t
At c,·en, w hi ch I b red np wi t h tender nnnd,
,,
From y o ur fir!"l.t opening buds, nn d gn \·o you nnmc" 1

So 011 t he occasion of EYe's eating t.lie forbidden frui.t, extcronl
Nnture is 1·cprcscntcd ns moved to grief an<l consternation:
"1\at11re from her ~ c at,
Sighing- through all her works, gn\·c sign::s of w oo
Thal all was lost."

" Sky lowcr'd , and muttering thunder, somo sad d rop&
W'opt, ut <"ompkting of the m ortal sin."

.. .

252

253

l'lmSON I FI CATION.

/I P OSTROPl11':.

At tlic pre ,·ion> pc ri otl r,f tliu li:1 ppy n11i'ti ;tls of the innocent

.Errors to he rt'-'oided : (1.) Avoid the introduction of
rnl(l tnfl in[/ circumstances.
(2.) Persn11i/1>atio11s cire not to be · cmpluyal 1r/iP, n the
suldcd is dclili/11/e of cli;1nity. An al1drc~s to tho scn:r:ti
parts of one's boily as if they w ere animated, is n ot snit~

pair,
14

1\ \l

}H.'ll\' Cn ,

1\ nd happy c011~t f' lln ti n11~ , 0 11 that. hon r
~!1('d tlH:ir :-i. t: lcc.·tc· -.: t i1dl1H..: 11 1.:c ; tlic (·art h
Ga\'C si;:rn~ of µ-r11tnla ti o11. ''

Sn tan,

in

"P:u·,llli :<c Lo>t," t.l 1us :1d1hc;,c.' Ll1e sn n:
"0 Sun! hl tell thee !i.,w l h:itc t liv bcnm~
T !.i:i.t bri11g- ti J 111y n.: 11h.:11 1hr:ll H'C r;·,11n \\'l ~al ~tnte
J !ell !"

f ant astir:

b le to the d igni ty of passion. Hence the followi:1µ- lin es
are e xception al> le, in Pnpe' s bc:rntifol poem of " E\o i~c t.o

Abebnl :"
II

n ~:n r, f11tnl

TlillllC

! re!'1t

C\" Cf

*

Adam , impntic11L to know his ori;.::in , pcr..;r, 11 ific" antl tlius nd·
<1rc~S('S the pro rY1incnt. n:ttur:il ol ,jech :H·ou rHl J 1 im :

un rrvenl' d,

*

*

JiiJc it my ht·nrt)
*
*
Oh! write it 1H1t., my hand !- hi::\ 1rnrn c appears,

Already

\\'riLt.c 11

:-blnt it out, my tcar:1 l"

In prose composi tion~, t he figure r equ ires to be used wi t.h
greater m oderation :llJ d delicacy t han in poetry.

LESSON

CII.

APOSTROPHE.

This is a figure in which we adt1rcss the :ibscnt or dead,
as if p r esent or ali \·e, and the inanim ate as i f liv ing; or in
wh ich w e turn fr om the logi<.:al o rJ c r of th o11ght, or n>g tJhr
course of our subject, to address the pc r~on or thing
spoken of.
" 0 J.!'Cntlc Rlccp,
Nnturc's •oft nnrsc, h o w hnvc I fri~hte <l thee,
Tlinl t.ho n no more wilt. wci .2 h my cy c liJ ~ <la wn,
AJH.l ttlccp my senses in fo rgct ful11csa 1"
S!u1J::tpeare.

Of the apostrophe there :we two classes-the prot ract~d
nn d pictnr csqne, the pr o11u ct of i1nagination; anr1 the more
brief and snggestive, \Yhich o ri ginates in the violl'nce of
passi o n.
O"i:rn'>• a, ],]rr,.;; to tl 1c Moo n is r egarJ e<1 n~ 0nc of the moet
Fplcntl i<l npo;t rnpl1ce in nn y h ni;ungc :

'.:i''

A POSTROPillt.

APOSTROl'llli.
D:rn,t htrr 0f henvc-11 1 fair rut t hn11 I T he Rilc nc" of t_liy fncc i!IJ pl en ann~
Th e fl:tnrs ult\! n d thy hlnc fitcp!\ in tho
c·n~t. . Th o cl? nds rt',inice _i n .t hy p rc~cn cc 1 0 l\1 0011 ! 1u1d bright en thait
d,nrk-h r1>wt1 ~1o.Jc~ . \ V_ho is l ike th i.: c in l1 cu\' cfl, d11ng-htcr of the night}
111 0. ~tnr~ arc :1 :-<!1a mt·d. m thy prt'~cncc , nnd turn a!"i dc thclr "'J11trld in ~ eye!!,
'V l11 tl1 t.: r dn~t ~ I JCl~l retire fron1 thy co 11rt'.o, wlicr1 tl1c dark11c:--15 0f thy conn·
t,cn u11 cc .J.(l'OW!'\ ~ d u~t tli nu thy li id l, liko 0:-1 ~ i1t1 1 1 Dwt.dlt!~t thou in tho
t'11_11i_low or.1. !Ti cf? lLl\'C thy ~ i :o'tC r~ f:dl cn from IH'll\'Cll 1 n11J am tl1cy who'
rcy11ccd w11l1 thee '.'t 11 i.~l 1t n1> more1 Y e~ , they !1 11 \' (l fullt·n , fair lii.:lit.'. nnd
H

T l11) 11 i:nmtl"t fnrth in ln \· cl i 1H·~~.

1

Oftt'l1dfl;-;t1!1 .. 11 rt·tirc l1) 111011 rn.

H11t tltnu tli\'s i,:lfH lin lt onc ni uhtfail ».nd

IP/\\·c tl1 _,. l d11e p:1tl1 i11 l1cu,·cn . . T he :-; t:1r~ wii l t l1en li!'t tlwir licaJs; 'tlJCy
wl1 0 in tl1y 111·l':-l·t11·1· \h:rC a:-> t11 11 1..... J1 cd

w ill

rtj oice . 1'

In tir e l1·;1g-c·1ly 111' D11u ;.;l :1'"' L1dy J::111<lul1•l1 thu s l1cw1tils tho
JOSS of lie r ' "'I:
"i\Ty 11111rd1-r' d 1.:li ilil ! li;1,i 111\' fo nd 111 ri lii<'r fear'<l
T he ! o~~ of til er , ~11r had J,1~i...l f :1 111 <.· del\1·d,

D l'="pi:-;1·d her fn tl1('r· ~ r:1i:c , iit" r t'atli<·r ·~ g rie f,
A11 J w:u ah: r~d with th <·c t liro11gh the ~t 11ri 1i n g world."

Q11 i11 c:t ili an al >o t.hn ;; ln1nc·111.>< 11 10 11tl1i111(·ly death of a f1worite

255

npn~ t rophe<

io wl1 iclt

;iii

;" so hi ~ "'!ilorp1y 0n the rni sernblo C1ll1 ·
1111.J rctl11ce1l i1iin c1 11hn<lics the sam e figu r e :

H () \\"nr.1!~ . () f•\llntain<:.,
\V itli 1,t!ic r C ('ltnl~ -" lntC' T tn11gl1t y011r f'lwd cs
'l\~ 1111....;\\" c r aud r e :"1 011 11J f11r otl1\~ l" ri O llg . "

Hur.Es J'oT: TIIE Al' <•STit0!'11E.-First, a void th e prnf11sc
11se <!!' ur11a 11u:11 ts, fo r thc~c arc t he pro<l 11et of
fo.11c1·, no t o f pns,io n. Sec-01Hl h -, let n ot t!1 c r111ostrnp/1c
caN;cd t o r111. u11d1re !enfjlh. Th e l:rng n:-ig:c of pn s,ion 1 ~
co1H.:isc :111<1 :d1rnpt; i t pa<ses sutlilcnly fr o m 011 e olijl'd to
an other. Thil'! l ly, u e1:cr en11;lo.'J it wdc.,;s vwlcr the i.lijf•r,ence of ,~ fro" [! cmol ion.

and <.(/Jectcd

uc

01·:\l.Ol"\', i11 ;<Ol11C of its rlll'B1 ' , is fr. fine fi cl<i for t h e tlf:C of H)'"' "
(['(1pl1 c . .Dc111 0, t lienc~ :111tl Cicero al.,onn<l in it. So l1r1\"0 n10<l~rn
orato r, , 11ut l1 Brir i,h a1 11l Americ:11l, of wl1 iclt it w oukl be ea'y to
prutluce m:rny brilliant nnd a<lmira!Jle ~pecimens.

~(1n :

"lfnst tlion lrrt 1\1(' 1 my f: o11 1 a cl1ildle ~ s fathe r, rc ~ C r\' cd to <lrarr on
8
life i T hou , wlin W:J Kt ~ o ltttl"'l.'·, by c-011:-;nlnr nd1)pfi;)ll, e~titlc<l
to :-iuccccd to n! l thy _fo thc r'.:-1 lion orl11
TJl(ln 1 wh om n 111'1.r-t nr, tli .v nnel(',
h.aJ 11wrkcd ont for li1 :-1 ~011-1 11 - la w ? Tli"tl, who \\'i •Uld("t 111~. , h:l\'C rCtitorcd
~1ori 11 e n cc to ull lier 1wth·o µ-lo ri(;ti '~ T!F)ll art f!On c wliil c I nm rcserrc<l
to trnffc r grief unci ufliict ioll .,,
'
wrotcl1cd

Tlte p:ts>ion ntc npo, trorl1 c of the hcrc:u•1'<l tind <.' lorpicnt IIeJ·, rc w llHH1nrc h, O\'CI' tho .C'o1·pse of his lh'lovc·<l yet n11na tural son
Ab,ttlom, i' fn mili :11· tn nll. Tho Sc ript.11rc~ nho1inrl in lio:tnliful
:ipo<t rnpl "''; ns in tho f1111rt cc1 1t h ei 1aptcr (1t' Isninh, where tlie foll
Pt~ t.ii (I Bnln·lo ni,h kin~ is de,c r iue1l ; or w l11·rf• t l1e pro ,Jre t J<'re1
m 1n h <'X cln1 n111, "0 ti .on f:wonl of tlte Lr>r<l ? how long wi ll it i, 0
ern Ilio n uo qni i't ? pnt, tlty,el f np into t l10 scahbnrd, rc't nncl ho
still;" or in 1!10 p:ul 1c· tie la111cntation of D,"·id OY er Sa 11 ] nnd
.Tonntkrn :
H )~o _111 0 1int11 in ~ nf Gi lhoa, 11.(l duw, TH:i thcr rnin he uron :· on, nor ficltl!J
nf r,!! un1t;..{K I lf•H\" nn.\ th o llll ;~ lity fallen in tlt o rni tl~ t or th o lm t tlt! ! 0
J n 111t l1n11 th ou \\'H~t !'l! ni11 in t !! i nc liiKh pi a('C ~ ! { n1 n cli:'(trc J"O~c·d fnr thee
r11 y hr0tl1cr .f on11l l1:1n: :·1 T y plc:\:o: nnt hn!'-'t tho u hcc n unto m e ; thy 1 ,. t~
0 0
·nu wns wonde rful, pnf<~rng the lO\'c of women !n
1

1

,\ rl:wi 's ~Iornin;:: Tl y 1nn in P.1r11<lisc "i< n r.hnin nf th o 111 ost

It wonkl he nscf111 to tlic pupi l or r e:-iclc r, to cx :\minc
some l;oo k of selections i n prnsc and ,·ersc, fo r the purpose
of tfo•ccrni11g :rn<l pointing 0 11t the Y:ni ons r hcto ric:il fig ures
t reated np o n in this, in former, :rn•l in succeedi ng l c ~son s.

LESSON CIII .
TllP: VISIO"N", OH IIYP OTYPOSTS .

This is :-i fig-me s 11ital1lc only in animated com posit ions,
wl1 er e , in r t'l:;;i11g tra n ~aet i uns past, o r fntnr c, or in 'nit in;..:
of tlii 1ws <1 i,l:111L 01' \lll SCl'll 1 \\' C \l Se the prese nt tell' C' Of 1 iie
ycrh , ,;~11l 1\c,eribe them :is if thC'y \\'('re before o ur l':'"\'S nt
tho ti1110 of ,1· riting-.

256

V!SIO.N

01~

257

TllE JllETON YMY.

IIYPOTYPOsrg.

Thn~ Qninctilitin, ~prnkinµ- 0f n town tl 1nt hnd heen Sl\Oked\
r eprc,-cnt' the fa ct ill t.li e fulluwing pict11rc,-q11e m:rnner :

" \\' c hclioh.l hon ~ c :"\ nnd temp leg wrnpt in fl o mc~; we hear the CT'IVlh of
t'u 1! 111g i11, and 0lH' .i.rc111:ral 1111ron r proccc~ling- fro m n thon~Jtnd <lif1'e.re11t \'(li ct· ~ ~ we :-;cc :-1ornc !lying- they know not wl1ither, otlic r~ hnn~in s:
o,·cr tl1c l1t~t. c111l1 rfh:t·:-1. of their wi\'r~ and fril·111.-1:i; we Mee the 111 vtlicr tonr·
iog from the rn11ian'" gra~p her hclplc'" unhc, 11ml the victor• cutting •nth
other's tliro!'lts w!i crcn.: r tbc plunde r i~ m o ~t inviting."

LESSON C IV .

ro of~

Tl10 ln go lJ.,/J y lrgcnd.<, 1h·,cril1ing l111moronsly the h eroic ad·
ventures of the fa,-],io11a\1le Lonl T:1m11111l1ly nn<l liis tiger Tom,
n11 d tlicir perilous jonrnry to tlic 01<1 Bailt•y , "to <lo what wn~ fit
fut· n noble;11nn t•J <lo"-get dr1111k in co rnpnny with his nri~to­
crntic fricn<l~ ,
u Captain :-.tcF11~0,
L icntc: nnnt Frccg-oo~o,

Aud Corny Jenks of tho

Blue~ ,"

wliilo they were witn essing n c r irninnl dangling in his
the gall ows at the end of :i kilter, furni:;h a touching specimen
the fig ure we nrc illustrnt i ng:
"An <l hnrk l n ~0111h.l come~ hi"' with fate,

The clock from St. :5cp11 ld1rc'• tower. •trikes eight!
Li"t to thnt funrrcal he ll ,
IL i~ t1)lling, ul:i:-t ! u liri11~ mnn'~ knell I
And :-i ce! frnm forth thnl opc 11i11,li!' d oo r
They come-he :-1tc p~ that tl 1rcl(l10l1l o' e r
\Vh o n ever s!tull t.rcud 11p0J1 tlin.:ttl1<>lJ moro.
(:0d ! ' ti!'I a l"cn l":"(f) lllc thi111! to z.tCO
That pal(~, wuu nrn11'~ m11to og-riny;
Til e g-l:irc of that wild, dc:-ipnirin>-r t•yo,
:Nn\\' bent (Hl th u c rowd , now t11rn '<.1 to tho ~ky,
A~

thnng-li 1 tw cru ,.ca11ninli{, in doubt on<l in four,

The puth of the t(plrit'd unk110''' " cnrcc r;
Tho?o1e pinio11 d arn 11', tl1 0~0 l1n 11d :-4 thut ne'e r
1
~hall be li ft(:d 11g-ai11,-11< 1t c cn proycr;
Th:it l1 t~avi11g t'iic.-.. t !-E11011J:li-'ti"' J o ne I
The iJnlt 1111~ follcn I The ~ririt lrn ~ ~0J1eft) r wt:ctl <> r t~ ir woo i ~ k 11 o w11 lrnt to >uo •
Oli ! 'twu~ 11 ff•11r~11 111 c: l:\irrli tl-A li rue t
A Jccd lv :-0i111Jd c r at,- 1w t t o ~cu."
/
1

TllE METONY)IY.

:Metonymy (ekrnge of n:imc) s11hstit11tcs the n :imc of ono
ol1ject for th:it of :inotlH·1-, \\'lii eh i,; relatc<l to it, either by
some Llegrcc of nrnt 11:-il <l qH·1111cnce, or is other ll' i~c so connected \\'i t h it :is to he e:1p:il1le of s11ggest i11 g it: tlrn~, it
uses the c:i11sc for th e cffrct, or tl1c effi.'l:t for the c:i.nsc;
the attril>ntc for tl1c ~uhjL·( : t, (Jt' th e s11l1ject for tlic :<tt.ri·
butc; tl11~ a11t.cce.Je11t for tl.ie co 11sl'<jl l Cllt, 01· the eOllSl'(jlll'llt
for tl1e :111tccedcnt, &e.
1. Ti1e

of

cau.~efo r

the 1:f!ec t.

ExA,trL'F.~. -' ~ l kn o w hi~ hand,'' for lra11d-1rriting; " f\trrarning- ;1rirf,"
for tears j ''th e: li;tl1l ~Ii inc~," i11:-ttcn1l of u the $uo. shine!"':,, u he "'fl=' ov er·
tnk cn by 11i~1!1t, 1 : i11:-:.tc::1 d of u liy tf, o·knesi~ ;'' ''he }o \· c~ Iii~ bntt/,I'," i11;o;tcad
of" lie i::-i a d runkard ;' 1 u t l~c y rcaJ Ll1c p11ct."' ," i . e., 1 ~ th ei r wm·k.~ ;" u it i~

t o be fo1 111J in l/1Jruce, Virg-il," &e., t l1at i~, "in the n·ri tin~'·" ':f f/11raa,n &c.
Tlic na111c~ o f lit:at hen d\ · itic~ nrt} !'l.lll1stit11tl.'d for what. tlwy prL':_.1 idt• over;
tln1~, Afar,.:, l1y a 11 1ctn11y111y. i!'.I 11:-;c.:d fo r war; J\.i>plune for tli t: ~ea ; lJacclius ,
for wine; s·enu ..:, fl"' r l~·l'e j l'ttlLa ."' , fu r wi:s1lo111..
1

2. Tlic ~{f<1ct i., Jllltji1r the cause; or, lite propalio of tl1e ~{fi·ct
are altril1uti:<l to lite rn11.,e.
Tlit1:-i., H JI c li vc; hy t l 1c ~·weal of Ji i~ brow ;" t.l1al i~, l1y h ir' lnlAr , 0r w h i('h
swcut i~ tJic cff1..:ct ; 1n'clrory i!'\ ~aid t o ho iwa1lenl; titMlh, l '-' IJC rale; yr• uth,
t o Le f!U!J ; pa.-t.'( ion, f>l;n.,L ; Gfl'}rr, l11t:Jf!J; cul'i11.~i.t.'f, imr~· rlineri.t ; 1l'i11",}'>vial; dnnk, !Ji~ltL!f; 11iyht., dro1f"/J, &o. "There i:~ dfalh in the p0t," i~ f•ll l
fo r u tlil'rc i:-:. :-; 0 11 1c deu.-ll,'J lJ4i11g , ~or11c death cau11.11g th i.ny, in the pnt ;11
0 oold Deat l1 ~n that i~, lh·nth tiiitL mak er\ <"OU.

3.

''And tli c 11urry be ll~ (be ll8 that 111nkc merry ) rin~ ro u nd ."
J,' A Ue:rro.
The sul~j ec tfor th e nllrilmlc or adjunct.

T1t11 t,/1 and b·1 <1•t1,11111·c pnt fo r ll1 0!-'0 wl10 nrc t li c s ubj ect~ of youtl

nnJ

b eauty; tii,1t i!-1 , 1'11r tl1c yo1111:; u11d tl1u Ucautifoi.

4. Th e atl ri/Jute, or adjunct, fur the subject.
Tl.i.11~ ,

in Lile c:q rc~!-'i1,ns, u

i.Jic it1~11U11rc

of the a9e ;" i. e. 1 of the w eu of

253

T HE llmTONYMY.

Tll Ii: SYN ECl>OCU1£.

t he n.g-c: o n t h i~ ~i<lc morlnt,11 i!-1 c ng-ng-cd , o n thnt irnpuden~," &c. ; J. e.
1
t11 .! 1.: :-r. : 11 11~ 11 . \'\'." ,·.: ·•Y e de\' Oll r tlicfar11 llit11 ,,f w iJ v w/) ; i. c . thei r11 1oaOA
11

11

' 9. Th e su .. taincr for the thin[! .•u.. tninerl.

11

1

u f 1' 1l l n-i:-. ll.; Ja :c .

.Altar

i~ p 11t f11 r I lic

,:an·:;ice iai 1.l n n .it

~ . fi1'"', I , f:,:• r th "' l1nlt1 l! u i'on

it, us,

WC li-fu u ~ l1 tjiel.:L ; " l l 1c mac:,, { 1u:i::::-. t ra tc) t"'J llH ".~ .

By i l 1e :-< :111 1c fiJ.:u r c we :-:ny of:\ 1111111', H it i;-; t l1 e p1·otl 11 rti 1rn oi
1
JJC11.;1 l l 1:d. the w11rd \, 111it r c'' j..; lh t:d 1'111· pl'i est l1ooclj
·· :' Word'' tt11· tli c 11d li 1:1r:· 111·1 d t •.... :--i1111, or r11ili1:iry \'i olc 11 ce ; h the
~Cl\\' 11 " fnr t lt('Oln;_:y , )a \\' 1 fl!' ]1l1y .... jC ; u c Jiair 11 ft)J' t. J1Q }'l'of"OSfiO J' ;
"tl1 e purpl e"' !'or i111 pc ria l 11 111 liority; " 1!10 t l1ro nc," or" cro wu,"
f.,r t.lie k i11 g ly ,,fli cc ; "t.li1' p:ip:d cli:ti r " 1;, r pnp:il trntlio rity.
T i 111 ~, 11 ],-o, li o r":-s a ro ll·rm c:d bays, [Jray.•, cl<e:1t11uls, &c. ;-tho
11fl 111 cs of ll111·g nn<ly, Cl1:u np.1 :;11c, }.btlc irn, & c., nm npplic<l to the
wi nes o f ti ""c co un t ri es;- " Ilic turf, " o r "tl1 c co u r,c" i> pnt for
t l1 e r:1r.c- gT1J1J nt1 ; - ~~ 11c·:1t" fnr :i 1nn lc li ;- H tl1 0 gl ow-worm's
l:1111 p 1" f(H· iig-l 1t ~ -H ll<H 1t....; 11 for one w]1n e l..::u 1:-; 1.oul~ ; - 1• n tonst"
t"n r on e w/10 i~ t i1 0 s n l ~j1..: ct u( jt ; - ' 'li e is :u 1 t.:x c'--·llent wl.i p,,' thnt
i,-, :1 , J;j lfu l <l r i 1· c r.
n11 <-·1 11i11 1..·1 1f

0

' ' Th e t(k i rt~ o f n w ood ,,, 1 ' tho bro w of n llill, 11 11 the nrm of a trcc, 11 or
u o f t ho t<oa,,, '' lli c wing- of nn nrrny ," 11 the li a11<l of ti111c, 11 " tli c frog of a
lio r!"c ·:-1 foot," "tl 10 li11gc r-po:-tt," H nn clLo w- rhnir," nrc cxprC:-i~ ion::1 be.
ln117 i1tf.:' to th e ti~ 11ro o l' 111c to uy my ; :iO nro ~ii l to11·~ epith e t!'< , rt:l i_g-iona
11
l it: lit , '' W L':1 r ic d wi11 ~ 1 " 1•n.t \' Clllt1rtJ t1R !'(01lg' ;,, n11d Sli :1kspc·a rc'r4 11 co word
1
,.,w o r d ~ ,·, ' f'c 11 rful ho llo ws ;" nnd Grny ' H 1 • m oping- 111clntll'l1<dy , 11 " pin ing
nt ro p h,v, " n11d ' ' moo 1 1~ trnr k mailnc:-;s."
1•

Ii. Th e 1111 lccede11t .fo r the co11u7ue11.t.
A ", th ey }i ve:d ," infoltCU l1 of, tlicy nrc no w d c1lJ i
stc n•l ()f, he iR n o m orr.
>I

l l

lie on ce WM, 11 in-

G. Tlic co11.•c1ue11tfv r the a1;tecede 11t.
J\ :-', "li e is Luri cd 1

1
•

fo r he i:-\ d c:i.<l; ' ho is hnstcning to the gn:we," for
1

·'Lt' J L'HllJ. ' '

7. The inrenlor is tn kc n'for tl1e thing in'llented; tlins,
" Hlauk ct," from Illank c'. ; "p hroton," from Phll!ton, of rnythologio notoriety .

S. Tli r r nn/ ,1i11r r is s11 f,.</ i l 11lftl f or the co11/cnt.•, Qr tl1i11g cont :dll L'c}; :l~ ,

10. 1l falcr i-i l".for tli e liiin'.jS '111ade ou t (If tliem; n~,
..l/emp f'ur '"'/ '" ; colJ. •l~el fo r "" vrd; /, ad fo r buUet.

11. Tlie lhin[J siqn ifle,lfor the siyn;
Wb cu pointing t o n. portrait, we

~ny ,

a ~,

1
"T 11a
t ·s
1 H'tb&l<-'r ,· or " Clay ," &.c.

LESSON CV.
THE SYXECD<) CJIE

(<Ht CO )Cl'RF.llEXST O ~) .

This is :i. fo rm o f speech , " ·herein somethi ng m ore or
sbmethincr .less is suu~litutet1 fo 1· th e precise object ~l(':l llt ;
· put ior
r
as whe n "'the wh ole 1s
:i. p:i.1 ·t ~ o r ··i p;i.r
· .t fo r. th e
wh ole; ;i, g en11 s fo r :i ~pecies, or a species for .a ge n~1 s '.the
sirwnl:1r fo r t he pl nr:d , or t he plural for the s111gub1' &c.

"'

J . Th e 1chole f or n ptlrl .
. a man r;r tn I.en t ' "; ', i .
"T h o 1rorl1l CO ll!'ii• lc 1~ l1irn

,

.
th• •nt p"• rl. 0 f) · m:rnk
1· 1u
• \

·
•
J
o /Jet ~" 1 e i n tlif': l 11J'· , < ti f\ 1110
w ho kn e w hi m ; '' l t i:i·r"1rrittrl1'.
~/rJn ' ,', i ~ - ~h o l;oJv n t' \V a:-oliingon e of t h (;\. pro p h e t:;; H
ic rc I f' :'\
a., u.r1 :1 .
'
·. . ,
"'
ton; u Th ey l1n,·c tak en away 111y /.Ard," 1. c. , 111:; body.

1'.1 ,\;c.]1!'

1

2 . .A JlfU'l jiu· th e 10/i olf. .
u Giv e 11~ tl1 i ~ tl:n· o ur (lnily l1rca./1 i.e. , \orinu:-i. kind!i o f ft)oJ ne~c ~:->.: lr~:
- t·,l J..i. . ' , , or" .son ll". ' " nro,, p11t
fo
.
I r 1nc11; " :--ad
' ", l
for tl 1c K11p11ort nt· 1"i 1·e,. " ll 1•1r
.'
- J · . u h cJ\d 11 fu r pcnmn; " wa v cl'I , t o r t 1c Kl 'll;
._1 i..::o l
[o r tho e n ti re 11 u p~
,
_ , . I\ th e k L· Y~ flf the
ioul,, u a m erry 111n1l," for n. gno <l un <l I\ m e rry pent• n ~ L I C.I ·
n
fo rt. ,w crc uin.:n up," i.e., th e.fort WU :-\ givcu .llp; ."th o o r:
i ~~11~e 1 . o ~
.
J
~I
1.. n ·
c
eve
ry•
thin
•r
conncctcJ
wi
th
tl1c
o
lli
cc
o
.
C
l11rn
r cKt,!!n<.: t 1c sea£.J, 1. . ,
o

ocll or.

8. 'f/1e r;c11us j (1r a .•pec ic.Y.
As wl1 en we cu.ll

ll

Jllll mri n n :-;t11piJ aninwl.

0

Crot:l', f" r tlie birds cnntaimrr/ i n it," in th e phr:1Re, 11 t•fical gro\'o ;"
r; :1111 11la inx, fo r Lhc "hupf<.", J i 11~7 l/ " tJ; em , a:-t, .. tho blcalin"J rno11n tains ~,, tho
f..:,-ll/1 1 f'o r th o teal r co11 ai1wd in it, n:-i~ u tho k ettl e h1J il:i ;" tho cup, for tho
1
rf!1.11e therein , R ~, l <1rink of this c up."

4 . A species f or tli c genus.
.
v nll' th e1
We thus •J cnk of" " garr;son
put to t l ic n corJ," " i . 0 . , ki ll ••tl
. bl"·
sp C'Ci('f\ of Wl'OpODS cmp 1()yerl ~ or \\-." ~a.
~ n n1nn m:ls
, . -i' •·t i 1:- fl N-7'-

vn.riou~

260

ANTOl\"OMA5lA .

by incl11 .• try, that;,, get
of tl1 is gen 11 .<.

tho'""''Nrics~ '"I ''" b
(le,

"

5. _T l1e si11g11 lrl1" numu e r wed/or t11e plural · or ti.
l .. l 1'.
t !.w singulrir.
'
• IC P u1a .;or
'.' )fan. tl1:1t. i.-< born o f w om:i.n," i. e. m,n

flll~r~'"' tl iat WtTC crn cificd wi• Ji

up hruiJcd liiin .

"

..

horn of women; "Tho
l11n up >rn1ueJ h 1n11'' i. c. , on~ of t.hu tlliO\'CI

J .

'1

· . 1 tl 1n l _nrc

Sorn c liin c' a collc eti,·o W<>r<l b. 11 . _ ti
moro c! cn rh· t!1:1n I\ 11<111 11 in ti c} ]11~ 11g-11re.lclxp rcsse;. nrnltitndes
I I'. lll':t """'I •. •rl·'' • "Tl10 ti 1entre
i e ti
"\V
' : • · ., 10 pc·r>on• 111 tl1 c tl i!:al,.e· &c
c speak ol "/,cad of C'llll •" Tl·
I
'
·
the nonn doe~ noL hko ·.,cc. I . 1"~ ino1 c of "PCnking, in wl1ich
,
''
!•
11111
iorrn
tho
1
1"h
/>lnr
l"t . .
t en<Je<l , is 11 se1l of hca't. 01 I . . f
'.
"
' 1 1·Y 1~ inp
l
:-;
I .\, 01 O
ll l(: rt Ir) Ctt llf.(·T npt.
~ •J
','f>e ;onys, 'A li11ndrc·d hl'ad .,f Ari,tntlL·'s fricn J," •J ',. 11.. "ion
.
<.' " iu o n two ..
fol(J cn11te 11q,t i~ (•x •· ... l
Ari s totle were :'I• .. ,foil I;;,e:.:~~-1~ o:·1 ~~:; , I tJ_i:it t 11 0 co11111H:ntators on
<li vi<lunl s tl1eY lin<l so liulo 1 , .,· ~' !nnd, ~eco n!}. ly, that as ink
d L '
c i.1r .,c1et t iat tl1cy <leservcd to b
roe one
J th e doze n on ly , or tlic hundred .
. G·

l.un 1·,t i11 to tc. ·u·-i"

- LESSON CVI.
Tll.E

AN'TOXOMASJA,

This is a branch of Mctonnnv and is~ Ii1
b
.
P
N
· ·' ·
·• g-nro y whrch
roper l amcs arc used for Common or' C
.
Proper.
'
ommon tor
J · T!i~ I'rnprr .f-n· ll1c Comnwn:
. A~ '~'h <" n tho nnrn e of n pt~r~nn or of i111f\tion iR. • .
h i~ be111>! cn dow C'd with 'p i ali ti c~ or rna nrH: rK R·. .Jl.ncn to" mnn, toe x proM
tl11J/'4 Wu ~ny I· Sn!~Hno 1 1 " r ' .· '
. JJ11dar to tlinKe rctCrrcJ
to.
"J 0 I1 " .
'
.
, i1r .1 \\l sc man; llAri:c r' I • i·r
.
.
•
, torn pt1 Uc11t. 1nan. " I I ·· ,
,,
I\ t:I" ,
n r u Jttl'lt rnnn ·
1• n
".f11 d 1t:-1,n f,.r H t r11itor . q•J). ~rein l :-1, o r Sa111p!"OJ1, '' fo r u 1'1.trori., IJUUl ~
H\V I1

H

..,

t:

:-o:ler,

".

1Pr

:111

f
t lll•ht.i l· 111 ·~, " o r"Cil·c r11 nor • L <.:
.eo"'
•J l'lll <•l'; •l Jfnrai•t· 11 1
(Iv·• . I
H llll lllg" 1 Or
11

~liuk~renrc ," fur a jiC•1.:t· "' ,·1 .
. Hgd,
or 11 i\Jiltor1,1t or
1.' .. ;r
.
'
'-' 't::'ll:1• r n n •ll
"f\I
a p~tn~n o f lt:ar11i11g-;
l\' l' r'\" or'· JI~·fjlll" f . l' ,."'"n;
cc·~11a~," for
l11s , , t•Jr a glut tun; H J\11..:s.-:.alina "or u -.: , ~ ' ,J~ c.' nt:I t11rrn; l· Jl uiiogo bLL.
'
A :'i ,>a.... ia, Jvr u courto~un .

261

ANTONOMARlA.

.
rend being onlyono8pocie11

" nn At.hen inn:"

if rlnll , "n Bce.otian ;" if cyni cal or censoriou ~.
?nerl'y, H n, Dl'tno c ritn~;" if lian11:-:ome, H a n
Adoni~;" i( ~e lf- ru1111iring, ":in Adnn i ~;" if newly 1n:1r ri t'cl, L'ilr
Benedick" (fr"<'tn on e of the cli :1: · :1c l~r .< in t.l:c• }'l:i\· " .lf1u·h. AdfJ
about Nothin/') ; if al1 st.ill<'llt :u1<l cli:1,te, "11 Jo,q1l1 ;"' ii" a l a1ly'~
nt flid, "an ,\ \.i'(ail."

" a.

D i og-t>ne~;" :~

2. Tl1c Cu11 1r1um fu r Ili c T'roper:
\VIH~ 1 1

t h •..: 11nr11 c of tl ic ar t c• r ~t' i l·nc c ii: whicli 1t p1· r~nn CX<'1..·llcd l:-t }•!I t
{or the p ~ ~rt"toll l1i111:-.cif'; iL'.'1 1 ·• t he l\ l•lllfltl o r11 tu r 1" fHr ('ict:ru ; 11 the Hu1 11nn

poet," f11r

Y ir~il.

By tl1i:-:. ti~Url.\ God i=-- c:dl...:d '' llit-. 011111iputent, 11 u tlic .Al nli;..clity," H tl1c Et<:ri1nl, 11 ,\·c.~ Cl1ri~t, "'tl 1e gr(·a t Tl':\c lic r, n tlio
Saviour,'' &.c.; St. Pa1tl, H t!ie grl'at Apo~tlc;" Ar i .~tu :le . ll tl ie
Stat;)T ite," or ''Peripatetic; ,' An: tc r 1.:u11, Htl1 c Ba rtl (1f 1\·o:-;;:'
Shilk:O:!H.!ilre, " thu Bard of ;\ \'l.)ll 1 11 H1l1e pot:t. of Nature ; 11 Tacit n."',
'' tli~ pr in c l! nf !1i:-t11ri :u1:-:. ~,,a king, u lii ...; ~L1Je~t.r ; :L prince, 11 hi ~
IIi,,h11e:-:.:'\ ;'' the pup<•, H Iii~ Il11 li 11c~~ ;' 1 :tn 11111l1asg:1dor, " Iii;-; Ex 1

'

Cl'lle:n<·y ;,, JICl":-',Otl:-\ ut" t ! 1c r:Lnk of nu ble:-i., "l 1it) G1·ace," H I ii ~ Lun] sliip ;" a ce rtain and 11111l11ul 1te11 tnul1, l• Go;-;pcl ;H Uil1h11 11, LL th e
hi,t11rian of Ll1e Decli ne and F:ill of t.lrc R 11r11an E111pi1«:. " T l1is

lust writer a lwunds in Anto nornasia : lt1•111 e is" t he conn try ul' tl1e
Cm,ar; ;" Con;tanti1111ple, "tlt l' lrn 11crial C ity;" C11 11 stant.ine, " t ho
Pr11 tl'Clor of the Chnrclr ."
So111e c:uition i,; to 1,e ernploy e<1 in the n•c of tl1is fi gnre ; 1!10
too frc <j1 1c11t n,;e uf it sanirs vf affl:ctatiun, ur of an oste11ta1i.,u~
sliow of le!'lrning. It. i8 also to be consi11crc<l and ll.-'certain ed, l;eforn w o u;e it, whother our readers :tre acq 11air1 tc<l wi t h the pers0n
or thing all111le<l to; for if not, we shall eitl er uot be u11<le rsloo<l,
or be rnisuuderstoo<l.

LESSON CVII.

1

I;

SL>, if n ina n i~ stou t nnLl ""~l'!i kc·. ii,«
. . .
.
Lo " a llt·c tor ·" jf llr>'('c] " x ' ' . .: . ~ L, by tli1s figu re, saru to
'
,.,,
'
i . .. l~lo1;
Jtwi:-.e HnSn lo n;"ifwirty,

TllF.

Ilt0:-1¥.

This is 3 form of spe<'ch, or \\' Ord :;, in wlii ch the meaning
is directly contr:uy to the literal sig nifi cRtion of the words
employed , not with :i. view to deceive, but t<> add forC<' to

263

263

'I'll~

llWNY.

ou r remarks : a~ \Yhcn we call :i silly per~o n "a Solomon 1r1
or :i rog11c, "nn honest man;" or :rn 1m cl 1nste won1nn, " ti
!'~nclo11 C' ;" or 11·hcn we Ray :i t l1i11 g is "well done," wh61
It I~ ba11Jy \)OJI(' .
r;,. tl1i, 11 :.: nrl' , Y c1·•1'', "l 1n 11 n-< <klc, t.tl.J c fnr rnpn cily ni~l
_1.·1i_c·lr1·, ;, <":iil<'ll l·y C1n· 1u"1l1 e u 111 ig-l1t :11111 110110, t J'l"Hllor of
S1 1·ily ; 1 ' n11d Cl11di11', tl1t-: 111 u rcl...:rc r 111· n n ill11..;tri11n"' Hn111nn i
l't\ Jlr('..:c ntc·.J by Ci <:l: i"n a~ H \\·nrtliy of li~i11~ ncq 11i tte1l ti11· llio \ 0•
t•·;.:ri ry "f Iii; Iii"·- tlie >i1111·licity of' l1 is 11i:1 1111l·r,, 111ul the virtu~.
of l1i:oi cl 1:-irnrtt· r."
Irony !in-; ],cen rail,, ,] nn rinc11tio n:1ry fip:1tr<' , n ~ Ili c prop<•r 11 1.
t rr:rncc o_r t•"."l of v1 iicc i~ r e<jl1i1·1·1l to 111:1k r it ful ly 1111 Llcr. tootl,
nnd to ;.:1 Ye 1t :L ~tin~; c. !f., .Toh, xii. 2, 1 ' N, . dH :1Ut Lut yo nro
tl1 c Jirt• ph\ HJH1 w i~·lntn ~11:ill die wi t h Yon!,,
..
Ti,i• li;:nrc is ,i11;.:11hrly n•l:1pl e1 l t n. ll1 e rep ro1·i111-( nf 1·ico nnil
folly, hy r1•nil l· ri11;:: tli r 111 r i.!ic11l.,110. T l111< : " :\ l1l11 •11 ;.d 1 T ll' onld
hn'" c you in<til c:1rly i11to _,·,i11r chil1l re11',; 1Jt"<'n>t3 t.lic love o(
rrn elty, y ~ 11.1· no 111cnn• ra l it. ],_,. it~ trn c 11:11nc, hut encnnrn!!O
0
tli ern in it nnd,,r tl1 t' n:11n c nf' fun."
rl~hc ITrl 1r? w prnpl1ct Elijah (1 li . .in!U x xii.) 11!-l c• l tlii~ wcnpo n in ex·
p0M 1n,1? llic f11_lly n11d nlH'11nli _\' or :d• ,l ntron:-t w o r~ liip nnd rcJ;a 11eu : "Crr
~ lond, for he 1~ n it•'d; citli<'r lit.• i~ talking-, or li e i .~ p11r:-; 11 in,!.!', or he is o n~
; 0~1rncy, <~r pcrn.J ,·t·11i nr1 · he :-l ···t·pdh, nnd 111 11:-tt IH· nwakcd."
Solomon H~CR rowl·rfni iritl1\' (J:;·clt.f', xi. ~' ) : "Hrj\l icc 0 younn
m nn ," "-~<'·
'
"

f ro11y i.~ of/rn r1>11tr!fr'l , 1rl/./,. 71rt:11li•1r 71•> 1r,r1·, in thefurm nfan
E ·cla_matinn; n ~ ,,· !n· n Ci1·crn d t.•rid e:-t li i:-; J H~~·u~c r Hal\,11~, hv C'X·
cl:u11111I" : "0 ex'"'·ll('11t i11tNp ret<' r ,,f th e !:I " · I llla «k r ot' nnti qu ily ('o !Td'!n l' rtlld f\lll (' IH1Cr of' Olli" ('(l ll ~t it11ti1H1 J"
'
Sarcrt..i!lt is :1n e111 l1i tlt• r1·•l :-<Prt of ir(l11y-tl1 u n:~11it <if in t<> n~e
11n tn:d nnil ~c11rr1 1 tl1C" ,-l'rl1nl (•xp rt........ i.1n nf wl iic-1 1, li11w .:. · \·l·r, i~
Softc 1H:fl 1 that it 11 1:1_:- 11ot \'i11lall' tJ1u p n 1p ri l·tit•.. : of rt..:1i11~d :-11ti\·ty.

r

.Arcld 1i:-ohnp \ \'hiLlcly , i: 1 c 11m· •:r~;di1• 11 w i t li n fr ie nd \\'It() :-:n id nl' (·crtnin
Ir1:·d.1 or;it .. rs , "T l11.·y ltn\'1.: a if n· ut c•n 11 111111 11 d of ln 11;.!'ll:t!,!i·." 111 11dc 1l il: ~HI'·
C' ~" t1c rc 1d y: 1.1 Y<t1 I nii:-t:ike, :-.ir 1 ln11~ 11:1gt· li; 1 ~ 11 gr1·:1t c111 111 11u11d 1)f 1li cn1.H
1 la: bre; l1rcn of Jo!-c pli c111pluycd t his li ~u rc wlic11 t lil.'y 81l ili vr lii111 , l i lloli old, t he dr cnm c r co1w.:tl1. 1 '

Tl 1is figlll"c i$

g~o~ruil y

u' ·<l wl;cn a dcuJ or <lyin g person

1~

insnltecl wi t. Ii sco tl\ ns tlin t of th e J e w~ wh en om S:t,·inur w~s
i;g rnizin µ o n t lio Cro>s: "ll c s:l\'c1l ntlicr'; l.1i11'.''.''.[ l1c _r :i:inot
1
!';!\VO . n H ]Lli l ](in1 r of thl.~ Jew:-'!,, qr tlie f'cPft ut l nll1)'1"1 "' o\"•·r
•. •
,
~
n
•
l
t.li e co r p~o of Oy ru i;;, w1 1o."'o l1 e:t11 :--i10 r:!n:::etl t<l l,e c·1~1- 11\1 :11H1
tl irown into :i. bo wl 11f l1 loo1l, :--:tyi11~~, at 1lie :-::11nc ii :1H·~ ~. l :1ke llu\\'
Ui y fili of \,lon11 , wl 1il'li t.lio11 11:1- 1. alw:iy s tliir1'tetl 111"! <·1·."
J~aiah r r• prc-.e11t..; tit <.· \1c:td i11 ll:idl'~ :tt<'P'lin:: lliC' 1\i n~ uf B:d 1y·
Jon in t.lii' sarc_!\stic 111:1nne r: " ls tl1i' tl1 0 111all ""1"' 111 a11e tho
enrth to trc 111 blc? ;\ rt 1Ji.,11 :il>'o l>ec11111e \\" eak :I' in·? i\r L tl1<•1l
bccc 11 ne like unto th r 1 T lic J;-;rnl·lite~, wh(·n \'11r-..w~ 1 l liy P lin.r:toli, i n tltc:ir t.c rrur :uul ii111ig na t. iu n, ~:ii1l to ?\ l <1~e~: ~· lk·c:Hl~l'
tlaerc w e re no ~r :\\'C':' i n 1~b.YPt, 11:1:-:t. tLun t ~ll'-<'ll 11~ a\\':1y tD d ie 1n
the wi111 er ncss'f ' AtH)tl 1er ~J1t.. ·c i11 1c n, t1 10 l11 11g tn lJu qn 1t\ ej1 l n: r l\
ma 1· lie f1>11 11J in B yr o n's" C l1ild " llarul.l," e:111! <> i1·., 33-1 1.
]diuic."i:5 ):; a ~arc a=->1n in tl1c t«ir111 iii' 111i111i cr_v, :111 l'x:1r111 h• id
ll'lii c li is contai11 e<l i11 llot ~qrn r's <k~r rij>li•Hl of a f'"i" in " llenry
IV.," :rn•l in hl c 1·c n tiu':; early co11 n·r,-:1 ti u 11 :-< in" I:u1ne1> :111 <1 .J11 -

-r,,

1

lict."

. ·"':..

LESSON CVIII.
TllE EUPIJJDUS1f, T.ITOTE:';, A~D CO ~O!C:\"I C .\TTO:\.

Th e E upli cmis11i is a Ycrb::il llgnrr, liy " ·liich _::i n inPffc'.1 i;tvc word or cJq)l"c~si on is useJ to tonv c·y :1 d1s:1grc·eal.iJo

fact.
Th e word,.; "11ccen,c11" :im1 "<lr park11" are tl111 s 11 , ,.,] in;;tc~1<l
of u <le:Hl" nn<l n c1i1..~il ;" u stop pin ~ p:1 yrn cnt,,, instc:Hl of \'becui nin g h ~ 1 nkrnp t;,, \I pe ri:::oliinf! c111 tlio !-' C':t ffiild," i n-.:H..·nd 01· lJ(. ·i11~
liflll~(·t-1: H sli..:\ •t \vi tl 1 iti:; f: 1tl1<:r:-:,,, i11 ~te:11l '-' f Ueing IJ u ri 1.:t1 w ith
tl 1 ~ 1 11 ; \ l fo \\i n ;~ a~l ee p ," i1 1:--tl!·l(l of H tlyi 11 g."
J\ fa ce \Jlu:1tc1 l \Jy i nt.c1npcr:11icc ;,. 11111 ,; d ciic:1t.·ly ,J,,~ c1·ili~1l l1y

Akcusi1\e:

o!

RCC : \

nacrco n \nngh and sing ;

Hi~ sihc r tr\! :-.~C:i breathe rcrfumc;

Jlix clieiks dixpl-0y ~

()j rv 'ic·i tauyht. by

SlM71d

•frrinq

'W int to bloom.''

264

Lrron:s .-co ~nr uN t CATioN.

Tll E CLlMAX .

2. Litotes ( o1· Extcnn:ition) is
.
.
c xp r('ss ''O m uclt as we mr·:in • cmpl_oy ed when we do .no.
kind of ~ynccd oc11c.
-· , :ind 11 liich t herefore forrn~ 11
"

Tl111~,

in ., tea d of

~nyin;.c.

'

1• I :iccr >t "

•. · .

•

not nppro1·0 of it."

• ·'

Ad11m, on fi r~t. 'rcing l-:1·c, g- rate fnll~ exchim s :
"Thy pC' rfc ct g-ift,
So flt,

I rln not l"l"J.•'Ct
oflc r"
f
' wo SI!"
..,.
. , ,.' \>t II • J·\/I. H l llC-i'\ ·' ' or I i 11, •t 0111l l-rntl
I,Jnr11 c yo11,". we
~a i· .. l .. ·· ' .
' <·a< o saying-," I gront!y
f'
.
.'
( .11111 .. t (°( Jlf llll~ll l .
t
l
M <":I<
ul '111·'wr "l l .
.
' } "ll or
tl rnt ·'' or fr
.
,,
., ' e,
lll \ O \ 'Cr )' d 1:-onPTe c · l l
.
,
1..
c.11c, we '''l" " If· . tl '
•
..,
,, 'c ir e\\ s to co1n111uni•'
•'
e.1 1 r,1t. tire ll\' W~ I I .. •
not be vr1-y :lfjl"Cc:tl1lc." o . . .
. . r.1' c lo co111111unicate wiH
•
'
I
I llb[('a<J Of •a1·j["ff Hr 1·
L
J o ur co11tl11ct" we , 111. " I 11
t 1 .~npp rov e of ·
· · • •.., ,
0
.

3. Communication USC's t h e ir
.
I a1_1d me, thus :J S~ urnin.r t)
I olnonn ?CC or us rnstead
.· I
·
..., rn 1 var e r o r h c ·tr ..
11 it i n~ i n id1at is ~ai•l
'l'I . .
. c 1 .ts pn 1tncrs
.
·
·
11 11 f1 g-11n' 11 Lt"
one, i:s a so r t of synccdtlchc.
.
., . u rng many fo r

or

It is often a ~i;.:11 nf the wri l"r '•
renr] c •.. ., • J•"I a lll·.lllhtc
. r 1·rpro1· cs
~ I' .rn
·
. Iucl1;.
. , ty, nrrrl of rc·'l'C<'t
.. , ~ror I113
ca t<:~ l111111iliry tu !':r i· "W
'_ 11 ' 11·nrt·rs f,>1· tl: ci1· s i11~, it in<li.
.
.'
e m11st no t U'" ./.!II
'' ·1r }", " '~C.
'· , .ll htca1J .Of
~ fl.'"111,!!", "} OU, " &c .. 1111t if J ' . .
'
ic b co ocl ern n 1r1<r.
.•
•
.
ca nn " t lie s111111o•e l to l
..
" .1 Cr rrr1 0 ol wl11cl1 lr•
·
· '
· "
.>o g1111 1y l1is
1·
•
111111 ~o 1:1r n~ to rn ~ke I111
. 11
k ' .. po rt<:nc~s slioul<l n11t cnrry
• 1.
·
•
~pe n · ol l1imse lf
Wi c rie<l11es .~.
as a n 11S:;ociatc iu their

Mo

acccptal, lc,

!-1 0

:" O ~oocl ,

Ji v ine. n

Of the rn:lrriago n11i o11, li e ~ay• : "One fle sh, <• ne ncart, ono

sonl."
Trur~ <1 i es

forni:; h man y cx:tmple;:

TUE

crx .
<1HADATIO :V,

Whiic the purpo.~c or offed o f lr ' '.
.
conceptions o f a su hject J ,
l
.) per bole is to exalt our
effect oftlic CJim·1 v .,,.c toJtyo)n< th e trnth, tlre dc~ic-n and
· ., "
ina ·c tl
·
~
sc•ntation of tlrc tr11tl l . .'. ' . ic most unp rcssivc rcp rc.
1, I\ :ll I :lllO"Jrt rr th , •) •
.
. o ...., l! c .lll ses o r circnms t a nccs m ~n n'cc 11 1.111 ·
"
'
•·
'
.i.:- se n cs, each ri ~iiw · ·
auo\·e th e )l re ccuincr 'l'l
.
· o In importance
o·

lllS .

" The cloud-cnpt to1.
l
The 1;olcmn t
, t H'.! ~"rgcou~ prdt1<-ee,
\ en.b
y
.
c i~p 1e• . l e gren t globe itself.
en, o.b. that H. IJlhr:rit~, ~hull di~~olvc." ,

''

"Can yon r:t i~c the Jcatl 1
nnd oYc rtttkc tho wings of timo 1
An d bring about ;1g-ain the hnllrs, tho tbyfo\ 1
The years that matlo me huppy !"
P ur~nC':

"Th cv have gi ,·on thee back
To earth, to light anJ life, to 1o YO and me. "
u I'll cntcl 1 it ere it g-nc~, nntl grasp her Rhaclc;
'Ti:1 li i'c, 't i:-1 warm, 1 ti::\ ti lic, ' tis sl1c hcr8clf."

:;.

The "P Jc11,11rc~ of th e Trn~gination" (Hook I., 151 - 212), an•l
A.\l<lison's "Spectator," N1>. 215, in relation to el'e nts it1 th" West
Inilie~, nre line spec imen' uC th e cli1na x.
:Ma ckenzie, 11 tlistin g11i> l1 etl Scotti >h ndvocntc, in n<ldressinu: n
jury upon tho ca•c of :i yot111g- wo111an acc nsctl of the c ri me of infonticitl e, thtt., adrn ira hl y m<:~ Lire clinux:
" Gentlem en , if <i nc mnn lintl nny how 81ai n nnotlicr, if nn n1.h·cr~ary
hnd killed his opp0scr, or a \\'O man had occaf'. ioned the <lent il o f lier enemy,
the criminnl wonld lin\·e been c·npitnlly l11rnbdH:tl by the Cornclian law :
but if tlii~ ,Q'Uiltlcs~ i nf~t11t. 1 wlin co uld t 11al~ c 110 enemy, had been mnrd crf>d

by hi~ own n11rl'>C, wlint p11 11i:"-lime11t w r 1il.l the motlier hi\\'P. demnndc<l
0

LESSON
err
• • ~fAX, on

265

J

with wl 111t cric!'i 111al 1.::xcl an1ati 0n ~ wonlJ Mhu 11n\·o Rl11nn('d yon r cars l
\.Yhat Ali:l\ l wo ~11y 1 tl1(:fl 1 wh on n wo111nn , g11ilty of ltr1111i ci<le_.:.n mother,
of tli c m11rU cr of li er in11 (\CC 1t t cliilJ-li a.<~ compri.'iod 1tll tlt e~o nii /'{J ccJ!'l in
one sin,l(l c cri1 11 01 n <·r i1 nc in ittt ow n nntnro dctC'st.ublc; in a \\'O n irm, pro<liRiOnH ; in :1 moth e r, in credible ; nnrl pt:rpetrntcd n_gnin.'-t one who.c:;c ag o

·,,..

cnllc<l for comra~i-'ion, w liri:-\c ncnr rfdativn clairnc<l nffcction , nn<l ·whos o

iun occ11ce dc~c r \'Ctl tllc liighc~t foYor. 11

The Anti-cliinrrx- a fi g ure suited to burlesque writing o r
6peaking, :md adapted to lcpreci:1tc or di~parngc an object- is th e convt!rse of t!tc clim ax, p lacing first th e most
forciulc expression:> or clauses, in stead of last.
Lord Bacoa, Pope thu s chara0terizcs :
" The g- rente8t,

wise~t, m.~an eat

12

of mankind. "

....

~G6
TlH; .A l\' 'flTHESJB.

267

TH E ANTfl'Ht.:8111.

LESSON

ex.

T H E A'.\T JTHES IS, O U CO:'.\TIU ST.

.. Trt tliis fiigm·<', o l ij<'cts and scnti mcn
.
, .
~
l • .1~t :incl. oppo~ition to otbC' rs of
ts :ti c pln ccn 10 COl't•
prod 11cc the st ro1wcr i·
•
:
tl 10 s:i mc ki nd , so as to .
<>
m /' l CSS!O ll.
Thu~ Cicero · " On
.
ono S«lo stand ·· m J
·
pu d c ncc; on one fidelit>·
ti
•
oc e~ty, o n t li e o ther i~. ·1
• on •o otlie r J · 1
"'

sacri e?e;. liere continency , there lust " ~l ece1t ; •ere pi ety, thcrt
Agmn , in t b o defence of M '
' ' o.
quently :

do, h e employs this figure most cl<>-.

_. , Cn11 y ou brlic\·c thnt llio er n
.
might k ivc done so wi th fu ll ~u·~· n ' '. hom lie scr:ipled to shy when
.tlmc, witJ1 ~ccu rc imp unity lie ~11~~cc, Jn n convc nie:nL pince, nt n pro~o
Ul nn unfn \' orubie pbcc, ut i~n 1111 ' c 11n :scru_plc to mn rde r nguinst ' t1stf r
con<lerunntiou p •
s cnsonn blc time nn d nt th e . k J 06,
'
ns of cnpiul

~he s:ime rule must l1ere Le ob . . .
.
.
pan~ons r esultin "' f;·
sci ' cd :is Jn good com.
"'
1 om co n t r a <t . tl
.
betwceu t.hino-s of the sa
-. '
icy must take p ince
0
' ' me Sj1eC t e ~
S' I {
·
.
set vi OJ>position to
'·
. , . " uos antwes must be
suvsta11 twes att ·t,
.fac11lt1:es of tlic same kind
' . '.t utes, qualities, or
f aculties.
' to atti tbiite,q, qualities arul
ExAin·r.KR .-,<;pl'.~k i 11g

flf t/io T l ,

.

"· ~
l. uncs, n wri ter sn.ys .
1 11oni:l 1 dup, Yd dear . tl
l
.
~~rQll(!, 'U.'dhoul ra9e • f 't/. 101lg' I rf'11 l U , ye t nnt d ul/ •
.
, tt' l 'ou t o't1jluu·inv, fu li."
,

Somct11nc•<; 1\ 11fitlin"; , l ·
c."' >rings to,,. ti
as, "J·'lattcry bri '""' 'rie I . T
~ '.'c i~r t w o co ntra sted truth • :
0 111c t1111 cs (·is ill"J•
l" .. 1'". ·~, nidtLnngs J "oes. ,,
1
t
.11.11 ''" tot>) only
f
o a part of ano ther wo1·d ; :H , , Vi r p:u tu a w o rd is opposed
Lu t nut O\'(• J 1Cl1elmed ·" r . ' . '.
tu o lllll}' Le u vcr..lwdowed
W It •n ·\ .
. . '
"' c1ca1 ncd, fo rearmed
'
" c ; nt1tl1 c:s1s l s 11sed Ill deti nni o n . ·,
.
.
as, - A~ ocni is II .ipeal.:wg pictu1·e .
, '.t i. .cn! letl A 11 t1metnhoi•i;
Sornct11n ~ one ca<o of 11
, II pictu1 e is n m ute Poem"
"f<oot tn fi>ot; hand- lo l1ancl."
no un ~tllnd s n ·
·
. gn rnst nnot her Cdse; ll8,

s

·

S11mttirne~ it opp1111e~ ''° orrl~ h n" ing the same dcfrrntion; n~.
" I \Hire ji· ic11dfy of f r icnd.<ltip to 11 friencl."
So111di111t•.-< :t T'n•pe r Kame is first used n~ the nnm c of n pc r"on ,
nnrl tl1crn to 1k11(1tc t he IJ llal ities of tli:tt perso n ; as," G eo rge "· ill
nlwHys \Jo C:enrrrr."
So m et i111 c~ n Cu111mon Noun al so is used in tl1 e same w ny; nR,
" llornc is hooie.''
Som eti1J1c~ (:1~ in A n tnnacln.~ i~) n w ord h:win ;i" ono sen•c, is
6ppose<1 to th<' Rn111e w o n] h a ving anoth er ~ense; n,, " Learn some
craf t w hen you ng, thnt y o u m 11y d o w ithout crrrft wh e n olcl."

T here

i~

still anothe r fo nn of An t ithesis, where words
sound but nnlike in sense :ire opposc1l; this is
. the P aro11 0111asiu, o r P un, anJ is only to ue USCll in fomil) iar anJ lud it:ro us writings : :is,
sim ilar in

"These men, fo1· tl1 c yilt ( i . c. t he golden ki bc') of F r:t ncc--Qi1 I
uuilt i n<l cerl (i . c. 0h , wicke1] 11 ess in<lc·e><i)-lwve forn1ed acons1•irn·
cy w i:.!1 ·fearful Fra11cc." We g iYe another example, nlso fro m
~h nkc ~ peare :
Ofii~f J 1utice.
" Well! tho tnlLh i•, Si r J ohn , yo n li ,·o in <Jreat infamy ."
Falxtajf. " li e t h nt b uckle• him in my belt cnn not li vo in kn .
(Jin'~(

,[usl iet .

u

Yo ur mcuns nrc

\'C r)' ~ J c n <lc r,

nnd y ou r

tca~l~

g reat.' '

.Fal.alq/f. " [ won Id it wen: oLhi;,r wiec: I would my ni ca n• were greater,
nn d my wai. t sle nde re r."

Tl1c fre<111c 11t 11,e o f nn t i thesi~ , e~pecinll y w l•e11 tl1 c 01•pns1t1on
of ti 10 w o n b is niec nrn l q11 ni ut, l,cco 1n c~ tirc~orn e. ~ing-lc ~en ­
te nce", h o w e ve r, mny nlfonl Jll ensnrc ; Rn ch n~ t h ,, f,,J:ow i11i; fn 1111
S('necn: " Ir y on ~ock t o mak e on e r ich. s tudy n nt to incrc1ue h u
• l o re.~, \Jut to di1nini.•h his desirea ;" "lf yon regnhtc yo ur <l L·s irc•
ncco nling to the ~tn n <lanl of nn tnrc, y o u will neve r \;o r oor ; ii
accord in;.! to the sta nd un l of o pi11io n, y o 11 will nc ,·er b e ric!!.."
A 111 :ni111 , o r morn! 'nying, is properly prc~cn!etl in the anti t h etic fo rm, l>cc:\llSC, 11 •ing tJ c, ii,:nc1l to Le e11gr:1vcn on t h e 111 e mo ry, the cu ntra,te<l e x prc,:,:i on s nrc n1l np ted to ~111'h IL1ksig11; r- . g.,
"T he w i.~e s hall in h e ri t glory ; L11t jhmne sh all be the 11o•rtio 11 of
f ouls;" "A snft a nswer turn e th nwny wrnth, \J11 t g r ievous icord.s
stir u p ange r ." T l1e Pro ,·e rbs of Solo m o n, nn <l otlit'1' portio11~ o(
the Ili ulc, nhl>llnd in ti ne Antith eses, nnd antith etic forrn' c•f expres sion. Of t bc !ut t e r, we huve io staoccs io the oinety-fourtl1 ". · Alm :

..

TllE .ANTITllESIB.
ANTICIPATION, CORRECTION 1 ETC.

269

" .TT<' 'hnt. pl nn tc<l th e cnr, sh nll lie not h n .
c.1 r, •hall J1c not ~er?"
c . r,

l>r. Yn11 ng wa• too fon<l of nn tit li • "

following nrc often 111ct wit/ .' I . c, ~. : tn rge
. l lrl ii~ 'vn t1nn-s .
11

'fl

O'

pas~ngea Ii

'

10 pt"n-cnnt compla111 tot :df\11rl . I h
.. .
"'hat dtAtre~!\ i 111 n!Tlnc
c <'f) IUtl C' r Ill ~<'crc t rcpinr11: Jn"tt
'
1
d1llit..•niry t0 C:\:pr n1 l.
'1'1cc, \I,. iat snt1cty I The great nre nnd~r ~
'Tl .
"' I p cnsn re n<.i ti o
ie l,1! 11 o rn11t. ~ hro11 cr}i ill
J '
I
BH·nn to labor with •"C
I
~
-11r01111 t·d h(\pe
I'
.
t 1rnu,llb kn()wlcJ •ru 1,
l
, Hro • 1"'11ppo 1ntcd · tlia kM
d L"n ppni nt ment . i7n,'t ti c~ p(ln c_. lU"no:1t 11co occu~ions nii '"-t~k o. ro~n "
}
.
.
'
t , .. nppoin tmcnt t" mi ~ ' r)·
K
l
'
l
rnn cl , g1vel'4 tr110 Jt1d•rnwnt. JtJ J t
.
\; .
now edge, on tho- •
dem onstrntion of •l1e1; i
ti: . •
ru e Jll<l~mcnt of hn m nu t liinl1'iil Mf
1c1cncy to o ur re
)I
Tl
" " "' •
t e r .Ill •11ch n otv lc.. "" till:ilJ
. t
I
HCC. iero id too mun•,.,.
llR, Q r cnxe Ion"
.,.~
.
t o sue Il q11n1nt nn d art'f .
.,.
o nro nt rg uc<l by at~-™!

w

i l CUl

,. .

1 MC U tcnc~A o ften repented .

•.•

'

Tl.1erc !s a11otl1cr S01't of A11titlicsis the beaut
• ',
cons1~ts 111 snrp risinrr
'
Y ofwhi~k
1
1
·
""' ns >)' t 1c 1111 expected
t
ti i111gs
w hit·h it h rir ws to <re•he1· .J\f 1. •
con ~t
•
f·
"'
<- '
•
llC l Wit m:t) ' b h
rn t llS; lrnt it hl'lonrrs whol l t
.
.
es 0 .
an d liurnor, an.J can ti~d
o. pieces of profo, cd ~ii-.
.
no pace 111 g rave compositio:i
'
Mr. Pope, w lio I~ r em :irkahlv fo11il 'f
.I . .
fn tJ.is ll~O of th o fignro :::) : J. n' nnt1t I CS I ~, IS often hi!!{f
111 11 0
•
"•
npe (If tho Lock:

r

"Wh ether tho m·mph ohAJI hrcnk D'
' I
Or l'.'OJ~c fru il ciiinnjn r rece ive n fln~~~a • nw,
0 r Ata1n her honor, o r li er ll <lw l1rcil'acie.
F Ot ,A.!'ct J1cr p rnJ•r· r~
·
•
0 I
J
. • o r Oll f"H n ru11:-tq 11t•rnJ,, .
r
.

ORO

ic r li cnrt, or J1crkl11 cu nt a ball

Or wh eth er li c11"en hru. I

\ 0 0111

'

'd I
'
t mt 8l1 ock muat fall.>'

Wlint
is rnllcr1 tl10 poi11t· of an l'p1
. .gmm c •. t ,.
.
pnrt, 1il some nnt.itlicsi.~ of ti i k" I· .
.'. on .. is~, ior tho mQi' .,.
'
~
In t
Rnrpnsin" ti. "ti 1
lln< I un expected turn wlii ch ·t
.'
· o ' "'' l t ie s1nnrt

fewer words it is lirouglit out\ ~1 vols the thought ; and · in !lit
• 1

IS n ways th o l1 nppier.

LESSON CXI.
.. ,

'.All'TICIPA T IOX. - CORRF:C'TT():-;", - O ~ rrss1ox.-co-:-;-cEssro:-r.­

ll:XPOSTULATI O:N

(ort

CO )DfUl'IC ATION) .-DUIHTATION.

1. ANTICIPATIO:"< (Prok·psis), i8 :\ figure uy which th o
l}leaker a n ticipates an o bj ectio n to what he ad\·an ce~, :\lld
·tct11rns an an swer to it .
/; ~· u \Vhat, then , flhaU tu 8in betausr. tt:e are n.ot ttnder tile l<u1•, but undr,. qr(tet r
' {'"!{Id forbi, I !" A nothe r example we find in Ci cero's Ornt.io11 fo r Ar~hiM:
..,,Dut it wii1 be n~kcJ, were thn!'c g rcnt m c~ n wh o nrc ce lc brntcd in i ii~ torv
.aietl nirui•hcd fo r th at k ind of l<·nrnin g whi ch y<>n M> h i;::h lv extol! lt
'WOUl<l l>c ditlic u lt, I g rn n t , t o prove th is of thc lll all ; but," &~.

2. Co1rnECTlOX (Epanorthosis), is a figure by ll'hi ch :i
writer o·r speaker retracts or recalls wh at he has sai <1, for
, the purpose of putting so mething stro nge r or more suitalilc
in its place.
Thns Cice ro: ''For whnt greate r blow co11l·l

tli e~c j11 rl ~c ~-1f thf'fl

a,.e to

~

callnJ. jl(f/qu, anrl -r;r>l ratl1er 7Jarr icide~ 1if llui r cn11nf ,..!J-h:w c J!i '-· cn to
tho S tn t.c, than w he n they hani~li cd 1" (.~c. A not.her e xample i!'.\ ~ 11 O
bnwe y ou t h! JJrav• did l M!J f l\l o•t h e roic y o 111 h I"

3. 0~11ss10:s-, o r I'1mTrciu11ssI01-1 (Puralcpsi11) ; hy which
fig ure t he writer or speak er :tffccts to cover or conceal
what he plainly insinuates or insists u pon.
Thn•: "I •hnll MY nothing of t he defendant in hio private or ind i,·i dnnl
cnpncity. I •hull not b reak into the privnry of hie dome•tic life. I •h ~ll
not wlii ~pc r in y o ur e~ rs a w o rd nhont hie integrity or bi g honor. " C ice ro
abo nncl e in th i:i ti.c-urc. As nnot li c r cxnmplc: "I pa.Js hy hi~ hc:vl!'\t.rnng
tc 111 pcr, wliich kil!ctl lii:1 motlier; I omit to Rpcnk of his ingrnti tndc to the
best of' fotlicri:t; l 11ay notl1i.11y of l1i:i cruelty to !i ii~ brothe r anll ~i s kr; l t-1i1n.ll
spe1tk s im ply of Lis be liuvior in the p rc ~cnt t.rurnmctiou."

4 . Co:-<CESSIO~ (Sy11choresis), is :i. fig ure uy whieh the
sµeak er g ran ts or yi elds up something, fo r the purpose of
gaining :i. point, with out the admisiiion of whi ch he conl<l

•(

270

C0SCF'.SSION1 ETO.

ENUMERATION, l!.vl'C.

not sccm·c tliat point. This i~ a pO'IYcrfnl
mcnt.
Thn~: o T nll0w tliat nohod
tlwn

-'°"" ;

grammatical character ; the simplest example
counting, "one, two, three," &c.

w "

I 1tr•11it that lie wn!

nj m <>ro n cnrly rclntcd to tho <lcccn.

l~a\' C nhn1y!'I been in fri~nd\l 'H ct s~rno ohli,1.p1tio_n to you; nny . t.lif\t
wlint. l• nil tJii , to t he li1•t w·11 YI co rr •ponde11co with each other; ho!
t l1at li t i8 ·v ery tlw119ldftt1~ .. bn~ J ll!~c tc~uu.11cn t f" AJ?1lin: "I aik11r1~ltJY'
,
.10 '"quite •n capnhlc of <lelibcrute ''ice "
An nd 1nirablc exnmplc 0f ti i ~ fi
.
.
Cicero in f11 ,. 0 r of .Fhc
. ' ·• igure llppcars In tlie oration of
·
· cus, lll w 1itch for ti 10
111g th e to,;timnny of the G. c·k
_•
pt~rposo of inv~li<la t.
.
I
JC . • " 110 weni Wit
c I 1 e 11t~, 10 allows them
.
' .
·
.ncsses ngninst Mt
·
e1cr rfjttn 11tybnttl t 1 . 1
·
sn ry t o m:i ke them crc<l itc1l. •
i11 w uc' wns neOOfl.
ynu

5. Co~r .\fUN'T GATION" (An·l,

.)
a fiQ"nre 11\' " -liic:li a-, ,, . k'.~ccnos1.~' or ExPOSTULAT!ON, is
. " l l :
. "J ~a ~ 1 argncs a c.-i,, e \l'ith J .. l

01 111 t. 1 11s OJ>poncnt. or 1
·l . l
. .
lh ie:ir cr
1 nn l1>Jnre<l
.
:1 "• 11<.:
f • • ••
person, in
orel er to c-om·inec the' off. 1Y
1llS llljll " ti
Cll< Cl 0
'
ttt tl !', plc!'lcls wi th him from ·1!1 t l .
·_ . ~ cc or ingrati.pricty, th!'lt he mny mnkc l .'
i)e to)'1lcs of reason and pro.
•
11111 as 1nmct .
ThnR: ''\V ere it r n
I
.. nr rn~c. whnt. wonld YO
pen tn yonr i111n•"l~t thou rr ltt:-1·'' u JI • I I
.. 11 t\11!-IWCr? Tell ine; I An..
vo11
·!
n
•
• 1< l 10 c11~c hccn ·
,
r·
..
' or \\ int c01dJ v oi 1 lun·e dot 11 ' A . .
·' o11r ~1 wJ1at would
fou nd in the "PC<:l'h ~f tho ]A rd ~~1i f
notlwr l!'OOd cx1111111lc rnny bQ .

p11rt, lnstsco11c: "('uc,ti011 ,-c
"

G.

~

iur

T0.)

. cl .J1» L1cc in "llonry JV. " second
n tlioog-lit.~, ,, (~c.

•

(AJJoi·i"i)
. . 1• 11.
•
·
1nstn11~e · "S l1 ·1 !! I
. k• , (• ,,. 1ch th'c f'0 JI o wmois •n
· '- ·
i::pra · or be 11ilf'n ?
'"
"
forcYcr on the deed I h·1 , 1·
t. Shnll I pnt n seal
1.
k
' e f iscovrrccl or 1
·
I whole \\·oriel?"
to tic
'
naKc it ·nown
DumTATIO:>

LESSON
J'.1\'lJMEP.ATIOX. -.ACCU)I CI. \TTOX

cxrr.
• •

271

..

. .' . . - .-,\Sl: N Dli:"rox.- roLYSYN·
Duo:-;, 1:.:-i:c.

l. ENummATION (or Aparitl1rnesis) i. . . .
.
in corrc~ponr1inQ" word~ eri J
·(I
' fl ·' det:11l of tlu ng.~
..
,, , cl wor or phrase hn1·i ng thP

JB

Other cxampl eR arc tl 1c following: "Hi~ di~int C' rr ~ t r (ln c:~ ~. ii ii-1 urn <lor1
liiFI kindnc~:-:: 1 nnd f11 rbcnmn ce, arc remnrknh!c ." u Dy u ~ c rie~ of rn i~c •"l n ­
dn<:t, he lo~t hi~ forttl nr, r11 i11<.>d Iii~ h ealth> nli e n;ltc~i bis fricnJ:; , nnJ
nbridgc<l tlio term of hi• natural life. "

A stritrment nf like or nf OPJlORile particulars can not be clrn r ly
andfurcibly made, im les.~ the.form.~ of expru.•ion also indicrtlr reaemblance or contrast. Corrc$poncicnce in p n rpo'e sliouh1 prn<l11('0
corres pondence of constn1ct.ion .
The ff11l o wing in~tnn ce of cnnrnc r:tl ion i~ fonlty: "II is hein l! irrf'µ-n 1ar,
"is pas.8 i on ~, liis cxtrnva,gnn t Rpending~ hi!i ln ~ i ng- of his fri c n J ~, an<l the
'l crcu~c of his encn1ies, qu ic kly broug-lit him to ru i11 ."

Correcte<l, it will stand thus:
"Tl i.!-l. irre_gnln.rity, his p :t !'s i on ~, hi~ cxtrnvng-nncc, the lof:.8 of his fri cnJ:-i.,
m<l tlie incn:usc of his enemies, quickly brought 11i1n to rui n.,,

No tliinµ; is more co111111011, in nn enumemt.ion, than an o p1 •0,ilio11 of part tn p:1rt, m1<l t lie oppo,; ition shoulJ al ways Le ke pt
c:le111' 1.y $i1nilarity in the pnrts not 0ppose:cl. H e nce the fulluwing
e~n tn ple foils: "In th e sn.1110 wny tliut J olin hin<krell TJ1(1lll:t~,
Wi ll ia111 was fo11nd to he oo,;tru cteil Ly E1lwnrd." 1t sho11 l1l be.
" ]11 tl 1e same way that John hintleri;tl T !tomns, EdwnrJ lii111lerc11
Willirun."
A few morn exrunplcs rn:iy lie 111lt1e11, In o rder to c01np:1rc ~iu1ple Enmneratio" with A nlilhesi~. " Ilo is •cnsiule, learn ed, an d
religiolk'." Here we hn"e 11 mere e nu meratio n of q 111tli ti·:1•, nll(l
t.lio W(•rds dcnotinl-( thtrn nre properly join ed in one constrnction;
but i 11 the follnwi11g, wltere a cont ras t is to be enforced, the s:i.mo
wonls are tlistrihnted into two constrnct ions, "He is n ot o nly ~f'n ­
Rible t\IJ<l lenrne<l, but he is religi on~, too ." A like <liflt:rcn ce nc·
compli,li e<l by like means, is ~h o wn in the follo\\·ing :
'~ Tl1c ~: r nr, da_v and ho11r, nrc known. " ''Not on1y the )"t""flr, b11 t th r
dny 11111..l the \i(Jnr are ki~own . 0 u He ~poke of the power and ,.,. \::;.dnm nf
Go<l." "Il e 'poke of C h rio t , Lhe rower o f G o<l, nnd the wi;<lom of G"1l. ''
1

2. If the p:wticulars al'c hurried together, so us to h:we
t he effect of ueing gathered into :1 hcnp, t!te figure is called
AcouMULATJON ( Synathrm..~mus); a~,

,-.

~

272
AS YND E T ON, E TC.

I!:XltRC I~ES

" H o wn~ c,·c:-v thin .
.
J1 un tcr, fb hc r- wJ'u\ t . cl.fl~- lr nmtc r, po<·t, m nsici nn, Rold ier,
' rn <.:C( 1 Wa!-4 li e n ot( '

A"rt in in Cice . ' .

·

.

.

,. F or I nm ' <.; •
• ,
•
1..0111nn s:
i
l" .
l er. 11.1Jcd l h:i t nr11 l1cr dc·1 tl1
..
.
p n i t1e ~ , n o r P•>wcn-1 ll " r t l .
~ · ' nn r lde1 n0r a ngel ~ nor nrf- J
n o r de j
'
, . i111 g-~ p n""' <'n t 1 ll r)r thi n ,.~
'
l
tn;:1f
rt l , no r nny ntli cr erc·u11 r . ·I· J' I
g. to co rno, nor hoigh'J;.
lov e of Gou , whi ch; , i11 C hri .·t J •.," ,,,I J•c nl, Je lo • epnrnto us from '"-"'

·"'

· ~u s

our ... ord. "

1lie 1tr-; , ( ;r sn r' ti ktt
c
.
.
t
I
ll mc, snw , C:n1 Hp 1f' n.·d ·" )r t i 1 '
.
. e r n t le l\ ,11111111 8cnnto fi f
v· l
d
• (
<: i-: r co nd " \\" 1
s
·
1
~
i r uc, an rcl i;.:io n fe ll witl 1 lii111 ."
'
l l ' ll • vc..·rn tc:i foll , tru th, ah4

~f,

in I lie <'ll1 1me rat in11 c•aeh Jnrt· . J .
J .
'
• 1u1 n1
L .I J () \ CI 1I t ' )Ji"C ("< •ll in '" \\" (! t)
I)
crc((<c (T
-~ '
l(' n e n,
.
ll( 'f" ( ' IJl <' ll l 111 11 ). · 111 <1
l
:
~
' . , i111 c <" r c c• r t :1111 c··.
'"'l'
v i 1111.a:r, f_,rrrdufion (o . \ 1 .
11 c11mst.1ncc.
'
I J 11"1 1·1 s1s)
Tl r
I
to tl icsc :ire c:il le<l lJecrecr . (1·)· .·. ~
ie •.c::1 1n-.s opposito
,
sc
cc t ein c·n t 11111)
(I - I ·

4.

\\" C'J<Y!i · .

.~

\.:i.ta ) :t S1H, -

) >:tt

li os)
or· 1"
' '
C/CS CC ll t.

'

. Incrca.-e i" I l1 c n:un e pr oper! . i ,..
in g 11 ~ t lii~ : " l i" rrcdi r ·r · .lg . '. n loM1 cl 1a1n~ n n r rof ~pN1.k.
.
, 1 111 1. er e ~ t it h ••Jl) · .
.
t 1on in Yc1tJ r C' \ "c H: ti ·. J ~
,
• > 111 (.l.:- ~ , n 1·c of no estimt·
•
•
• .'
i1 ,1 .., n n tho co ri seq n
.
•
precepts of rel iµ- ic.n ; tl 1ink on tJ , I , . . _e11ce~ ; t h rnk o n the
.
· c 1 0 1' < ~ nt lllll! lortnlity."
'S ll )l p o ~rnrr
tlic •·1scn11
t t0 J
, .,
· c
' J
1e m o re

prope rly

ll SC

the t Crlil

c•· . .

. p:iip:~ ih',

we shrill then

.
,1 rn 1. 1x, or Ana 1i :1 s 1 .~; as
h ~rc rn n o r 11.iny rnr nt nf J•r11 l(•rt v .·
'
ft~e nt Wt t l10 11 L a J1 1a,:; i:-:l r11 t c, 111 , 11 1 11/• ri :-. • ~11 ~~ 1ll r.' 11;t a j,(f1v c n1111 c 11t, l'.f' g'O\'eru..
<l 1cncc wlic u l! \"l'l'Y o uu 'tC' .
J "1. , i e " Jtl 1v 11t v l,l:Jic un: uu l n o o' " "
I

..

A ga in :

•

u ·i 11:;

Je

l'

~ H :s c:; , ll

l)lc 1 co nl <l tc nr m y uflecti on fo r my cou ntry from m,y h ea rt. "

.,. T he foll o winl! bri ef cx:1 111 plt> of elirn:-.x \.. nrlckd: " .J.. hn prr pn re<l for th e gnu1l w nrk, wl ricli Tl 10111 n' b q~:-.11, E d w:inl forw n,-,1 etl, nml Wil lia m nt l:\, t c»111 pkte1l." R e Ye r'e t lr e o nle r of t l1c' o
pnrticular•, an 1l t!ton gli th e ;e nsc will re1nain, t.lic force o;' exprc,
aion will be lost.

~

::J . I f, i n t he c111 1m c r:i t io11 of ia rti , 1 ..
•
are left o ut we t lie n
ll I fi J
e n a1 ~, the con.J imctioll!
.,
e n t ic l!:(11re AsY N l> ET O . ·1·
.
•
.
co n trnry, 111 o rd c i· t o
.'I, 1 , <m tl1n
1nnr" t11n f• fo 1. tJ
pro
~
r1well o n c:1eli ,., ,.L 1·<· 1. .
· "
• ·
ic nttcntion t¢
.
1 .. . .11 .1 1 lll o ··c « i
th e constni ct io11 rrc 1 1 1 irc~ ' .. . 11' ' l).J11 11:w11 1s :ire nsed, thnn
.
, 1 e ca
t 1c f1., 11 r p fJob
le
"
&am.pla of tf,,·__, ·- 01' • . . .
""
"
·:J8?f?U ton,

or

273

~ ror of th eir thrente llinl!• , not tho Jlntt.cry of their promi •c•,-n o, nnt t ho
· ft1ry oftho~ e accnr~c<l ~,· r etc hci' wh f) fll t h ey ro n~ cd l i k ~ w i ld hc n,ts n gain~t

o
'
1 o~o rat1 on n g:i 1 ns t Cat i l i ne ·
" Yo u rlo notJ1 •
.
•
ing , ) ou nt t c mp t no tl1 in"' .
I
}
l
'>D y iear b ut o,·cn see • n <l I .. ·I .
~• ) o u p an n othin <r wbiclt I
c c.n J comprc hen cl"
o1

Again, in Paul's Ep i,t!o to t l1 0 TI

ON EITTL\lERA TION 1 !ITC.

'

·

~

LESSON CXIII.
}:x1mc t :>ES 0 :-1
FIG U RES 01' T t m

}~ :-0- U ~!ERA T I O X

AXD OTTTER

''"''.

PRlcCEDING LESSON.

Write t h e fol10 wing ~C'n ten cl'!'< with snch altera t ion s
the pre ceding l e ~ son rc<J11i~_e s:

'l
:\JI

'spri ng, nnd s umme r, an d rrntn m n . tHh l winter, c orrc ~ p o n tl rc~pc ctin~ l y
to yout h , nrntn r ity , Qld :1ge , dcnt h . - Thc \·ili ai n i:; g0 n c 1 h!\s fled , rnn nw:l y 1
nn d d a r t ed o ff.-Thc cnc111y !'.l:ti l11 I wi ll p nr:-i.uc, nnd I wi ll o vcrt.<\kc, nnd 1
1
"
ill dl v i<lo t h e :iipoil.-D c:-1t it11tc of prin ci p le, h e r cg-nrdc d n cit li cr h is fa n1 ily,
nor hi ~ friend s , 11 o r hi s re p11 t nt.io n. - N cil l1e r thrr nt , cntr cnt y , r iches 0 11 t ho
one h nn rl , Jl () r pfl vcr ty on t h e ot he r, cn11 Jd Rw ny 1 1i~ m i n d fro m t he r<'."l •"llutio n h o l1 n•l formrd .- J n nll ~t nti o nfl. n111 l co1H.litio 11 K, t h e i m port unt rel at i(in l'
tn~< c p h1t.!C" , o f mn ~t c r~ nn d H r n· H nt~ , nnLl l rn ~ ba niJ K mHl 'vin:-~ : nnt.1 p:1rf' n t~
nn <l ch ild ren, nnd br• \ th c r~, nnd fri e nd M, nnd c itiic 11R, nn <l ~ 11 hjcet~ .­
\ Vhi1c th e earth r cm nin rt h, ~C'Pd - t.l n 10 nnd hnrv c!'l t , col d, h eat, f=. 11m rnc r,
wi nter, d:iy , nn <l n ig h t , :"> hull n0t ccn KC•. -Ho dete rmin ed t o g iv e Hp nffn\r11
an <l to co ll ect h i ~ deh tM , fi nd t0 ~ <'1 1 Iii~ oRtftt.e, r.a d to t:\h:o lc1\\'o o f ni l con n octc(l wi t h h i m , a n<l tD Jr') a h r011d f<' rCvt) r. - At orrn nnd t h e l"tnme t im e , t <>
lbtc n to o ne p cr~ o n, a n d. to r cn<l t li c lett e r of an Qt h cr , and w ri t e t o a t h ird :
nn d d ictnte to a fon rt.h , ii:s nn ncli ic vc m('n t t o wh ich p r obnbly n 0 m nn , cx ccpt Jnlin:-l C •e~n r, wa:-\ e ve r fo un d co mp c tc nt. -Il o rsc~, 11 nd dog~ , an <l mC'n 1
nnd w o m en , n nd bl•g-g a r:o', nn<l .flCll tlcfolk , nll w e r e ni in~d cd in tha t ·w ild
rou t. -~l'li c ! (1 n ~ p ro eet-1 Mi ~) n incl talcd h c rnld~, mn~i ci a11 ~ 1 fln g-l 1 e nn · r~.
p ri l'~t~ , 111n;.rii'ltrall: t-1, lrn rg C:$::'eR, h o r se-s o ldiers, foo t- sol<li e r8 1 nn. l p t·n~anl ~
in tlicir h ol i<l ay ntt.1rc .
ln11occ n cc i~ t h e re, kinJ l y p ence , Rimpl e quiet, m e a d ~ wi t h low i ng- hcrd :o.,
tun e o f hird:-i , lap ~ c o f ttt rcn m~ . e.nnu tc r with a boo k, nn rl wu r Ul i11 ).!' 11111 ~c 111
pn.ti :o'C o f lia w t li o rn~ . - H ank tu n_v co nfer, but i t will n ot of ncce .,.~ i ty i11~11 rn
re~pcct .
Han k 111i1y co nfe r i11H11 c11 cu; but wi ll n ot. 1 \f!(' t·~ :.- nr i l .v p r0<l uco
virl!w . - Il u Hii !: h t ha\· o b ~; l' n, an <l li o il'4, in t he c~ t. im11 tw n 0 f ~0 m c people,
tlrn bappic" t m un in th e wnrl rl.-Il e mi ght ba,•c bee n ·ianpy , nnJ i6 n ow
1-.:i•

iI ~

274

TH E lNTERROO ATION.

Tim lNTE RROG ATlON.

fully <>on,·inccd of it. - Tt is yn11 r dnty and yo11 r intere•t to be •t~d io118 11d
ohli 1tinll.- lt is n ot onl y y ou r duly, but intore~t, to be studiouJ Md

oh li~ i n ~ .

T t)-d:iy we 11rc licrc : to-mnrrn w we nrc gnne.- Th c ol<l mny inform tho
y n1111g- ; and Ili c y oung- ,~)';\y 1111inrntc tli n:-1c wh o nrc nd vun rcd in li fo.- V('ncr;tl dc l'!!i11de l I tht·n ~"' \' th r u n t t· n r ; fil.!t.'l'}'t now of onu con.Jiu! drop
tlint fa ll!'( to thy mc:mo ry . -Th u nc-f"n 1111t i~ g-c ncrnlly bulnn ccd; f~)f whnt )fe
lrnw nn tlil! one hn 11J, we nrc giti n rns lJy on tlic o t li er. - Thb nut h or i$ Jnflro
rr: 111 :1rkrd1J(' fo r fllrcn gth o f !'I Cnt it1lt'nt, tha11 iinnn ou ion~ l1111g11nge.-'p1f
l11·i ghcr:-1 " i ll be for tl. 11:--0 wli o h u,·e mo:o\t. wit~ tli e ~cri«ll:i pan. of mnnkiud
f,,r tlio~c who h :\ \'C 11111 ~ t r<>n ~o n 011 the i r ~id c . 110 ('an lJribc, but ho is
not nlilc to !'\ l·d u<'r ; he <'Hn b11;r, l n1t he l w ~ ll f) t th1~ po we r of g-nining; ha
(":i.11 lie, hit no 011 0 i ~ d ecei ,·cd b_,. h i111. - Ilc cmbracc1l the ca11~ c of Ji bcrty
faintly , and pur~11cd it with out rc:--ol11 ti t' t1; li o g re w t ire.J o f it, wh en ho
h1Hl 111ucli t ri hnpc: nnd gm·c it. np wh e n th(·ro wn~ n o g round fo r nppro·
1 1cn~in11. - 'l' hc ~rca t fri C'n d o f trut h i~ time ; lilll t whi ch i:5 m ost unfri endly
to lil·r ifS prej11dkc1; :rnd t h tt t, whi c h i,. con!'\ tant ly in the net of uccv111pnny..
ing- li e r, i~ l111111ility.-Ilc t.11 11:-1 h<'ta mc th e p ri ncipa l mnn in Jiis ni1ti vo
pla('C :-hy the fric 11 dJot he mad r, 11<" oht:lin cd rnnk nrn l J1 0 11o r-R ; Uy honesty
nnd gcn1 ·r011 ~ th·a li 11 j.!. ho rnadt· fric1u.ll'4 ; nnJ l1y curly in <ln:-it ry, ltei rniRed
lii rn ~cl r tn w •~ :dt h. - TlH·rc arc th r1· l' 11 w J cH0f !1i...'ur i11J.:" t.l1 u ill s o f lifu; by re'·
Ilg-i on, whi c h i:-i. the lw:-i t ; l1y i11dill'trcn ce , w liidi is th o 111 0:-; t co 111rn1rn; by
pliil0~oph y , wliid1 i:-i. t hr· 11111~t. no{tc 11 ta1i o 11~ . - J t. i ~ yd ea1o1nnt to he virtuous
u.!IJ g"ti0il 1 l11'C'llll ~1 ~ t J1at j.,. to (' :'\ ('d 1nn n,v OtltC r !'I ; it i:-1 J•l l' af'u11 t. lO ~ro w bl.!ttl'r , ht·eu 11 Mc tha t i1'1 to f' Xl'('I onr ...: 0.: l \· c ~; it. i s pli·n:-ionl to C•Jtn111n11d our np ..
petites nnd pn ~ s iv 1 1 ~ 1 a11ll kc<-•p thc in i n (l 11c <1rJt: r wi t hin tli c IJo nnds o(
r en.·wn nnJ rcl:g-io 11 , Lce:\l t:'-1! t hi !'\ i~ e mpi re j ntty , it. is }'lc11sa11t even to
mortify nn d tiulJJuc o ur 111 :-;ts, Ll'cn 11!'IC tlrnt i::1 vi cto ry.

LESSON CXIV.
Tnri: JNTJ; lrn or. .\TI0:'<.-1'11 .i-; EX O LA~[ATION.

.Interm;1(1/io11 (nr Erot«.~ i s) is n. fig nr<', 0r for m of sentc>n cc, which n«1111:st s, or [tppa rcntly rcq 11 c1<ts an :i.nsll'cr
w it hou t t.ite l<>ginl fo rrn:1l ity of a~in11in g tli c request; as
" Art th o u an gry{" ' ' \ Vl1crc are you r fathers ?"
T l 1~- c t: xpre'' t'd ll'itl1 lng i<':tl f. 1n1111 li1 ~-, wo11l1! lHl expnntlcti in
.'.'0 111 e

~ 11 cl 1 1n :111111·1· a' 1!10 f11ll pwin ~r:

u,

\Vli et.lie r

01·

JH >t thou nrt

1111gry, is wha t l 1·<'1Jlll'>I. 11 ,,,c r.. tel l 111e." "l\'l1e re yonr fotliers
arc. i:; n fo<'.t ,l'), i, ·h 1· n11 :11·c r:dled u p0 11 I n •kclare."

275

All se nte nces in terrogatin~ in form nm rh et.oricnl, oven tho most
famili ar. A tli st i11cti o 11 !ta~ been m:ltlc bc:t woc n suclt as r;-n'.ly,
nntl ~ uch ns n1•1>:1rc11!ly n ·q11 iro nn a11 s\\'c r, t.lt\l fn.rm cr b c1 11p;
deelllccl plain, n 11 d only tl10 latte r fig11rntiv c. Tl1 0 .•l1-t111 et1on 1~
unso\lll tl. lt, i~ fr:11n c<l on a ~11p po~ition tliat rl1 ctunc 1l<·g1 n ~ bt.e
in li cl i>i1w
to fvn11 tli c ,trn ctllrll of spccc lt . \Ye arc rh c t o n c ia ~ ;i
0
in infancy , un<l by :;low degrees become gram1 11nn·n '1°~ ·'ln<l lo•··
,,. cin.ns.

Th e desi crn of t l1 e I11t~·rrogat ion i~ to a wak en p:trt.iciil ar
atte ntio n t; the sul>jcct of di;;co urse, :rncl it i>l :1t1trn rali~y
adapted to p r ocl nce :i. po,,·e rful impress.ion of ~h_e_ truth ot :i.
snbjeet , as it seems to cl1allenge th e irn poss1b1hty of contradiction.
'flic Scriptnro fu r ni,J1es 111nny beautiful c:rnrn plcs of tho use o!
th is fi "urc: " lfo t li:1r. pl:intc<l. the cnr, sl1:1ll Ile not. licarl H e
that f1~rn1 c11 th eye, "hall !Io not sec?" " Canst ~lion by ~c:i r? li ­
in g find 011 t G1><l? Canst tliou fintl o n t. tlio Alin1g l11y to pcrkction ?' ' " To w lint 1rnq11»«; i,; tl1c lllll lti tu tle of your sacnficcs
uu t o 111 c ?"
Salan's :ul1lrcss to E"c i~ won<l erfnlly h e i ~ htcn c 1l by tLc interrogations w itli w l1i cli it is int C' rspcrsetl:
" Queen of 1.liis Uni\'erse! do not helicvo
.
Th ose rig iJ th rent• of <lenth; ye •111111 not d10; ..
How shoul d yon 1 By tho fr uit 1 h g- J\' C' you .1fo
To k n o w lo<l~c . Ry the th rcut' nc r l Look on mo,
1'to who bavo to nc h'd und t.n. ... t od , y~t both live,
A nd life m ore perfect huvc attnin'd than l'atc
M cnot me, hy ,·entn riag higher than my lot."

T he follow ing passnlio in thnt nobl e ~t of des : ripli vo poe m ~ ,''. T~e
Seaso as," co nt:tins a series of the most beautiful rntcrrogn.tones ·
" Fnl scly luxnri on !\, w i11 n o t m an n.wnkc, ·..

An d •n rin gi n)( from his bed of • lol h, enJoy
Tho c~ ol , t ho frngrnnt, nihl the silent hour,
T o mcditutit'n d ue an d sacred •ong1
For i" t here l\llght in Hlccp c11n charm tho wi•u l
To lie in dead ob li,· i ~ n, losing half
Tho flocting m ome nt• of too sho rt l ife;
T ot.al extinction of the enlighten'd soul l
Or cl~o to fo,·crish vo.nity lllive,

276

EXC L A~L\TWN.

EXERCISF:S ON EXCLAMATION, ETC.

Wi!Jcr'J ·i n l t

\ Vho woui -1~

·
l
f)~:i tn,!! t irnngh J i!"<t cmpe r '<l drcamst

Only bcliC\'el'4 that nncr a 1"l1 o rt turn o n th e sto~O of tlii~ world, be is to
aink into oblivi()n, and to l o:1c lib con~cio u~ner1 ~ forever."

Lo1w
. 1. Ill. fi n1,,;J1 a J! loo111y !'ltntc re111ain
,., er tli.111 i\ ntn rc t.~ ra\· c s; when cv 'r
A1td cn.~ ry l;/ 1) 1Ht1i11•r 1./L"l:->11rc " .. 't' . rnnse
To lJicss tl1c w· ! II."'
.. · .
,\1. ~ Wl t io 11t,
l l j de\ 1 0 11~ lll 'Jl'11111g walk ,~,,

·r

ExcLA
~L\T1ox
· ) , If!
. 't natnnl
·
· ( or ~v, <·p I10 ll <·sis
·
on t rnto a sentence. tl .
.
· ·
· cry earned
logical for;11alit \" of ·1ff~~ C:Yp rcsls1011 of <'_motion wi thout thcr
' .
•
• JI m1n<r t :c C'lllO tio n •
"JI· ow surpnsrn<r !" "\Vl t • ·
"'.
·
' as
. "'
ia · .1 piece of \\'ork is rnan l"
1 lic•c, cxp rco~ c<l wi Lli Jo,..1~a
.,· 1 f <)rn1:1lit1·
.
wnnld I

~o nw sn clt 111 :rnn cr as tlie followino-. ".-. '. · . >e expanded in
Yery s1 1r H'i siiw "' "
.
,., ·
l li ,i t wl 11 ch is IJ.:i~1re Ill<',
Tlw Exci,u11,. t. ~J·ll <"Xl/1'1'~::,'.,;< :t'1'·1 01,1:t wo n1h•rf11I pi ece of w11rk." :
"-· . "" ~' ,
U ir fnl ~S JOJI
.
.
,
m cnt la1w11:i"o . ~ < " 0 D l
'"'
..
o1 e 111111111n Ill vel10.
·b . . '"' " . . , . '
e:rl •, 1r l1cre is t11y s lill"? 0 ('
" e1e is thy v 1cto r_,._•·-sc. P aul
· · o
1rnve,
II

ll l' XJ"'C' L' tl· ~l :;trokc-

worse

Ll1an

d eat11 !''

Tlris <'hnnge <if constrncti on effoet~ :i change in the l0gical clr:i.rncter of tlie s(• 11 tencc- i t is no longer t lm ernrn c iati o n of the
tl1011glit a s n general propos ition, IJ11t a.5 a pnr ri c nl:tr on e ill clutlc<l
in it, a ccorni':ll1i e1l \,y tl1e r t!nson or nrgnn1ent base <! on that un·
derstoo <l general propositi o n .
" [ff. can not esait h i~ th0u g-h tfl to nny t h in g- ~re nt o r n oh :C', "·ho only bc-

ls

"Oh I

277

Jfilton.

licvcR tha t after a t-1hnrt tn rn o n tl 1c :-;tnge of tl1i~ w0rld, he i» to Bi Ilk in to
obli\·io n, an<l lo.sc hi:-i co n :;cio11:-11 1e ~s forc\·...:r. n
Tlris is u rl1 c:tMical dev ia tio n r1·1•111 t l1e p n re lo;r i<'al form of tLe

fir st. cx:1111plc, willr 110 ot.l 1er effe c t tlrnn tir e imli cnti n n of '"i nc
uc>g-rce of fee lin;; accomp :111yi11;; c11nvi ctioll. Tl1e two g rarn 111:1 t ical part.-; nrc now, ns in rl1c 'cco11tl exu11q1le, n o t no111in ati1·e n111l
verli, lint ' 'crh, aml anot.li e r ve rb wlri c h w e may deem the ad verb
of tl 1c f, ·, rml'r.
" Can li e ex alt lib th o ught!" to any thi ng great or noble, -.·.·J,o o n ly be·
il ~liort tu rn 011 tlie ::-luge o f tl ii~ world, lie iH lo l"ink i11to
ublivio n, an d. to lo:->o hlti co n~ci •)U~ n c~~ forever?"
"H o w i111pos:-1il1le tlint any one ::1lio nl~ l ex alt liis th onglit:-\ to 11ny t h i n ~
g reat o r n o bl e , who only be lic \' Cfi tli iir. nftcr n short turn o n the s tng-e of thi~
world , lie i ~ t o Mi11k into oUli\·i on, and to lo:1c lti~ conseiorn•n ct( !'4 furc\'cr !"
li~v c s tl1 a t a fte r

LESSON CXV.
Ex1mc1 si-:s

():>;

E XCLU!ATIOX

AX D I :>TErU:O GATION.

'Vhen, for rh etori cal cffc; t it is 'l, .·. l l
other of these li!!'u res 1'11stt"t<'l of ..1·'1 c_sua Jf'c to use one or
.,
' '
'
.
) 'lill('l'
tcnce, :in1l wl iich oC th<'sc r" . .. '. , ·
·. "!. Ills o f t lle sen·
• • , , .
·
'.,.., 111 Cs ls prclera t11e to the tl
rn 1.11 t1cuhr case.~ m nst l , , ·C • 1
o 1er
A 1
'
· >ell t •O t JC Rtll dC'nt's J" nd«r
t
t prese nt 110thino- more is )J'O) •
•
,.,, men .
exerci se·' · !)I' .- .'"'1
.' l l oscd than examples for ·
· , '
C'11 01 h I' to w!J1 c h let the f 0 !I
.be co111 parcJ :
•
'
·
on·rng sentences.

such fo nn~ of se ntence, wi th n. preference so tne tiin<:~ fur u1a~,
so111 c times tho 0tl1 c r, nro u<1oplctl hy e1•ery •pcak c r, n.~ often nR
the occa sio n, an<l his J cgrce of fe eling, cnll for th em .

':He wf10 nnly l1elic"c:-; t 11:1t :if1 1·r ·1 s l
JK tn !'li11k intn ohli,·ion n 11 l I . ·, .' iort ti ~rn on the ~!ng-c of the world
, •
)
·
1
(
\ ) ~l' I IS ('0Jl~ C l 1 1J
•
f
l
111:<. t wuglit::- to an.r th in g great o r i1<>i.J!1·" .
u :i li t t<~ urev c r, cannot e.tnlt

ti on or E xcl:trnation, cho osing the one or the other a~ th e
sense may seem to renJer desirable.

Tl1e tl 1on .. lit is h ero h i I l . 1 ... I
,. i1 1u- in '"li e ·· I ,
le '" t· ·Illr i·1cnl1nn
·
. ' ' wr
. t 1ont tlio
1eel
f · . ' ''"'
·
o(
. )
I
.-.; I.IP (' (I
al '1;11n loir]('/ll P"''I' . "t"
l
tin so111 0 occasion s rw1 y l . r I
~ 1· .
o.- 1 Jon, a s " 'P<l which
"
.
'.
)U
l e l llU.'t (: 1g1Llc.

not be content.

he

Ifc cann ot cxall, hi s

th o11g-lit~

to :my th inz !?Tent

._, . .

''r nnhJ e,

h t:t.'llll.~C

he

Tl1'' 'e <1e vin liuns arc still more J cci tl c1lly rl.etori cnl , in•lic:itinf:,
In hotli in,- t an cc~ , a g r· ~ nter cl egr cc of feeling in the spcake:-. ;\ntl

EXERCISE .

Cast the follo wing

~ e nt e nccs

,.,
into the form of In tcrroo-a-

1. Th ere is no rc1u~ on, if we haYc all tlint nature c ra ve~, thnt we Hh()ulJ

(Wlr_v. )

2. Tltc L t: ~ t rc~nlntio ns nniil n o tliing, i f we do n ot p11L tli t~m i n prnct. ice.
(Wli nt.)
. 3 . To hreath l' t h e fresh ni r of tlie coun t ry nf\. c r being loiq.r t·on ftn c1l i. n
the 1·l 0rhJ 1rnd m11rky. ··it y. i i"- ,·c ry d ('.\iµ-htfut (!low. ;

.~

'

278

ltX E RCISES ,ON E XCL AilfA'flON, ETC.

ANAL EPSI5 .

/
,
J r
1
/,
. ·i. To cornc on sh o ro, an d feed ' · f ~
,..
. ..
IO n l 11x1Jry. ( W liat.)
on re s h pronS1 ons after n
•

r .

3 • . \ ft1·r ~() l011g- H l lnl ('

I.

, n 1. '''l'f''. t o •cc vou ( 11
)
6 'l'I kN l 'I 11 ot h in ,{!' i n uli
rli c Pom '1 o f l ,... , .
o w._
ry' the grnt 1h t.:.lt i0n of fl'l:j~Jn '
.
I I It I t n o r Id' tlto c1 1.1 0' mcnt of loxn•
•
'1 ,COllJjlH/ I' C to •I
l"
) .,
•
CO~l~ C!~' ll('C. .
•
'
\ JC 1Hllqa1 dcJ 1g lJt of 1t gvoQ
'. \\ c Waif td/ t"- l!rn rrow to he hn n ' ' . I
.
\ Ve ... Ji.1IJ i1ot i. c
l< r' t.icre ix no rca!-(on for not bcin"
.
. ,,
0
,·o unuc- r Pi '\Vcnrc
t
, 6
er: ~)nr pas .. ion~ w ill rJ ()L 1.;cco rn e f~·ehlc r i • n 0 ~urc wc _:-1liull he hctdtb·
.'<. No s h 11d •JW <·.r111 110 inor 1 . .
i
' ~r~d (111 1 l O \ 'tl ot the wnrl<l )o.&!J
' ' 111 nt11antholde 1t'
_
•
)/ . " I

o to-da \·.

llll

t ta ! ('Jl cr('r a11d hn .. t lir

I

t.

II

g re at purt

or lllHIJ kind

1 ~ ('l'(l\,. l
,...
·
whieh w I I I I
•
l .l~ <: n\'!·r tli r: pa
th o ft rn-. I,
.
.
u H· l o t () 11 c11rt h ,·cry f,,.w
l
L i. 1rip1 111~..; <..i
\ ··n· '° ·w .
f l
'
"'
lll:-i n ot i e;r n i11i.-.: r 1JJ•1! <1\·c i . l ·J. .
. ic u t1 1 we ll1<- wh o~o a1..:ti\·ity
o f Ji:-npp t) i11trn c 11 ~ . l ~ l 'ltll t '' '''·"e eo nr:-ic l •~ rn 1i11n t( ·1-S not i11 co n fe8sio~, •

t

I

!J. \V e ca n11 r1t e.'tpt.;rt t ha t m 11nki11d will hh•

"

n~ rake

warning. )1). i'inric
. : \ _, ..nd,\ J('<', when t hey wiJJ UOL
t"OOn l l/'1.:• l o r I hf' ir own c nn1p·11 n· . I nrc !"I) f.ic!1,<}11 1 fnunJ u!nnc, n11d SQ
t (!J' 111."'i Witlt thc11 1 s 1..:! \' C ~
11 ·l f. 'tl :-; l 10:--(' <· nx ~ ·n n t hfi tltat nre o n t ho b·'.,
NO mn.r l1

•

nw11 nrc horn w · · 1 t

.

nn c t o 1run<'1 it i!'1 t ha t. f Jin· ~ 11011! l
\'1·ry f·•()l i:-1 h to ho qni 1,.+ ·i.n . . . . ~l·<:

..

il I

CS111

wn cyr ~, nnd with only

11~ m u ·)J JI'( th ey Ra v. ] '> i t.
\
nr 1 :it •'ltllt!.( ,J ,,·.., j . I !'tr
l!J
.
··
-·
llt'<'111 111t f~1 r.
It is id1:-;11rd to I ·~ .·. 1 . . \:II i ; kn 1t1<·~ whi ch we cnnnot
w i:o1 t·r tli nn (; ('I d
]:) Ji .
"1 \\1 ... ~ r tli11 11 tin!rin·, i11 other wo ril'I t t .
i

.

' •

twi c e

(Jl ~Jn ll ('l tO h (·pi1i

I Li

(., ouo

in111. ;/i n ioru i ~ ho to be pit i1·d t Int n
· ·~
int. <'1 1'1 plua."(c nnhody
Ilut
f111w i11 .!! :-:tyic l'I C<'ll 1:"' ,.<'ry ' "l"'Y cf .. : . ~ l>oJ) <·a n plcu:o1 c., 14. A clenr nud
~1l t t• r 11pt, iL i ~ \'<' n· di(Jj{'fl~t· . . ~' 1\1r111t1d11) 1J, Tv lii r11 whn fi r.'"l t niak c ~ ti O

· ' " · l rrr
·' 1
.....'"'<"t. t ,1' re . I Iie. 1·i1<'1· 1·Jtic . . tn fr·1rcJI
•
,
• 111 0 11r, . 1 ,.~ 1,v 11 <'
1ng ,
1
ht . T licrc i s rt \'<: ry 'f'(" t j:
~
J ur• p 1i: ati11 11 t )f Lii e po wcrlJ of
nnJ uny i th e !iig lit.:!'> t nice tll~•J l ~lo." <.ht : •·r.e11<'e l1l• l \'' ('l'll th<· rn ec of rnn11ki,nd
alm ost or q11ite ns ,trcnt i" oft~ . llltll'~. ...\11d, a11 v •ng- n1 t: n, a di1f'c rcnco'
~ n :<ce n h'twc e n 0
1
' ·
17 . I t f r e'lncn tlv hn n r)cn
~ ti t ·I
ll(~ 111 1111 irnd trn•Jt l1c r
..
.,
I
·,
in t icy wh o n.r . . ?o l
.
·
..io n:s ng{un:st tho pa rt in.li tv t l
. •
u nc C:<: I. 11 1 t/h}ir oxclnm
tl1cm ~clve~ r c 11 1nr irnble i;1~ ' i o~ en~ y, nn r: the inS!'ratitndo of niunkind o. n"'
r
' llUli.::C f', lll their OW
.I
' re
ore so JOrwn rJ to tl c noun co.
n coau uct, of tho vices they
I · I1 )lll \'C ht'rn · Ol'Cn<· I
"'II•~

i·' .

Kt cnm .

connect ion lie t"·ccn the prot:isis nnd npodosi s of :i. Perioc1 ,
by h r i n~ i: 1.<:?: up the \\' ho le lll (·:ining of tlie form e r to :i
singk word , :in<l pbci ng- this \\' On1, \\·i 1h gramrn:i.t.ie:il r e·
dn11da.ncy, :tL tl1e li e:i. \l nf the lalt.e r; thus:
· lTJic ,l!ll:lrd inn of" :ny y r1 11tl11 n:1 •.l tl1c Cri e 11 tl 0t' 111y mat nrt"r .'. t':t r:-;:, 111:·
in ~ic..·k111· ~ ~, Jll." pn1dl' 11 t a1h·i.~<.· r in li\:altli; Ju :rnrci y wi ll 11 _,t ! 1l'\
lo11g a h::;c ut l'r1111 1 111 e in tlii:; emergency ."

php~i..:ia11

A.1itrinocla sis (rir R er: ipror;rt{ i.on) consist.- i 11 e:11i i 11;..; 11 j'.
:irter i11 tc1·\·e 11in g ch 11 ~ e s 1 t he " ·on1s whi c h prl'tr.Je,1, so :1s
to 11ri11g tl1 c m to tli:tt. p:i.rt or the p r ri o<l with w hich ti1«:1'
arc to mak e const. rn c tion; and t h e \\'Ol'Ch so lirou!.!;hL 11p
mav, or may not, be a e<:o rnp:mi ed by :i slig ht v::iri:1tin11 o r
addi t ion;· thus:
11 T!ic m nn in wli nm T h :i.d p!nccd fnll ccmttJ c n cc, wh o n wc<l all t0 rny
kind1n::-1:-1, who l1nd the C11~tod ,v or wh at I l)l () ~ t YftltlC l l , :i.nd who had \. O '. \'(:J
to ht: fa itli fnl t.0 nie: thix Vf r!J man., I f(lf.7/ , was t.l 1c fino:t t o bctrny 111 c." - "En·r v ~en t c 11 ('C cn11t.ni1 1cd in it ( if tlic i11trrpn•l!1ti 0 n nf word:-i. i:-1 to he
AClllcd·, lto t IH.T•' r Jill~ tf) f'u11c_v . lin t, l1_v t he 1.!0 lll ll LOll nllc~ Of Jan!,!'ll;l!..::I' ),
c\·cr y l". l.'11t c n ~t~. T :-:a \·, Cflnt nint:d i11 tl1i:-1 little lhi() k, i" t0 he fu imd i11 thl!
h r i .~i 1 r\: ~l pn'.!l'!i o f ·J~ 11 gli:-:h litcr:1 L1 1re, and tho m o:st.. ::mcrc<l \' (_)IHmc~ of
l~n gli::·d 1 litw ,''

Th e gr:1 m111:i. t ic:1l figure .·lp;>osition is o!'t.l'n u, ca wit.Ii
or the i:an1e cil'c(·t as those t wo wh ich arr~ more
strictl;· rhetorical fignres. The repetition of a word for tl1 e
same ell\1 i~, un c1e1· ce rtain circurnstan ces, called Anaphora,
and ~ ometimrs E .:lw . Of t he Apposition, the fv llo\\'ing are
so m el11i11~

CX:lll lj tlcS :

.M11 1'\ i<· nntl pne;try , art~ wl1ich nd1lro!" ~ th e imn ,Qi nntion Jlli il fr clin Q"~
tl1 0 :-;.1 ·11 ... c of 11(.•aring-, ori;.ri 11ally cx i ~ t1~ J n~ ono nn d 1l1c F. arn~~
tli i il;!.'' - " \Villiarn of N1Jf'llll!!ld y , a man wh o m the 8 11 .-..:on~ f...:11n·.! n~ \n •11
iii-\ l1n t 1.."l. \·a i11\y c 11 •.h:avorl'd t o ('h :11 1~1: the lung-1wg-e nn d in :-:tit11tion~ <·f t he
co 1111try.'' -- ·' li e wa~ in li il'4 ~ e ,· <..: n tit.· t h y1 ·nr : an it (/~ wh e n one f•n:.d1 t V1 \,c
well pr<·p:tl'l~ d for eternity.''-'' ~l nn, ~ai d lie, i:-i ho rn t 0 t. r1 ubll'; 11 l r nth
ofLcll cxp rc:-i.~~· J. h ec1111~ c nl'LC'IJ (~X p i ·ri,~11c c d." - 11 li e g:1,· o lii:-1 ti.i nd 'IJ' tf)
lvw p lcu ~urc ~ ~ 71lt-<1IULre.'( whi e ll dc ;-;t roy Lhe l1caltl1 l otlt or ~on! :111J bndy."
11

thr0 11~.!1 1

LESSON CXVI.
PARE:\"Tl!ESIS . -

.

_ , ..

,\:';Al. Lr s rs .-AI'l'OSITION.

1

I'a rentliesi.< is tl 1c i1l'crti or1 0 f
tcn ee · as "A l
·

:i. ~c nt<: n ce within :i. sen
, · ·,
mos t c\·cr y m:m (' ·a !. .
.
·
l11oks m o re to h is tc mpo1:·d ti. 1.0t J ': s wme b~ it spoken)
Anrtf.f!""'"
(o i· Rv•ro1·er1' ) ·I.ill tq 118 eternal intol'ests"
'r"'~'
·
,
, !/ i~ a mo t bod of cnforoin,.,. ti
"'

10

11~ i.:. t l 1i :1 la"t w ~l}" <1f rrco\'t.•ring- 1l 1c :'Cnsc nf :t c lan ~e ''r ~cntencc .
w!tieh, \J\· ~·J111 e., \1[lS \teen call e•l Eclin; it. ie, also, in i11 stLd 1<'CS like
this, cnll~d A nruliplo.~i.t.
'

280

2S1

EXERCISES ON I' ARENTIIESI5 1 ETO.

.
"'io-hc\l to havo n1\s!'lcd o n encl~ r~tun~ln,g
on on.ch nppcnrrn ~ m orn, n~d . '"' f
. .... the "rent cn\n111 1ty 111 life s
l l 'ilf•tl o te n prff\ c."3
~
I
u\g\1t. ~-w hen u.t I c~1J!t i u ~ l , .'..
U <luted only rc,·crscs anJ. woe.
career; th o epoch from wl1 l<: h .ll o to o

LESSON CXVII.
EXERCISES 0:-1

nm

r" '

FIGURES l:-1 TIIE I'RECEV!NG LF.SS():l(,

LESSON CXVIII .

ImproYc tlic following flcntcnccs:
By the USC', or by :t\·oicling the use
An :ilC'psi ~,

or Ant:rnaclasis;
Or, hy the insertion, wlicn ::irl rnnt:igconsly pl'actic:ible, <»
a nonn to b ring np the ~cn~c, wiLh the same effect as in usin
the othe r form~ oC A n:ilepsi~.

l . Tf we ne,·cr expe ri rncc<l the 1.ittc r cf life, wo "honl<l be incnpAble OI
for it~ i:<wcct~ ~ nthl cn~ ry one, nt tir11c!'I, mnl'4 t e xpe ri ence it.
2. J 11 lying- d1>w11 to rc!'lt, it i~ !'\\' t ·ct to 11 0 nOlc to l'ny, "Since l lof\ tbl
com'h, 111y walk lins hcc n with my .:\[ukcr ;" if, indeed, n child of dnAt w
e\'C r truly "'ny.
3. l1 u wh o, wh en he r ise!'t in t l1c rnorni11g-, hn!\ no 1'Cttlcd duty, no fixe:J
g-nod purpo~c before hi111 1 wi ll he nl111o!'lt in<:\'itnhly nnd unco111:~cion8ly led.
duri11K the dny, to ~ins o forni~:-1i 0 11 or co mmit"~i o n, thnt mu'°' t cnll for billet
rcj'r11tu11cc a t night : nn<l how 111any l111:ro urc who ri se with their minJJ
th11!\ vswnnt for evil!
4. J'\c,·er <klny till tn-mn rr0w ( for tn - innr ro w i' not yours ; nnd though
yon t-1l u)1ii<l li\· o tC'I cnjriy it , yon 11111:o1t tH1t O\' t•rlond it with a lmrdcn not ita
own ) wha t rC':1~1) 11 nnd enn~cil' llC<' tc·ll you o nglit to ho pe r for med to-d11y.
fi . \V 1J mu~t IJC"'t. inrnginc tha t. there i~, in true rclig-ion, nny thiug which
ovcrrnl'l<tl:' th o mind with ~ nl l ~ n _aloo m nnd rncltm c h0ly nustc rity (for false
idcl.l!" mn y bo cntrrtai11eJ nf rcli~.don, n!'1 fol~c nud i mpe rfect conception~ ot
virtue hav e ofte n prc,·uilcd in tl1c Wt) r]J ), o r which dc;-0gntc8 from thllt
e~ tccm which men nrc g-encrnl l_v <li i'pO~Cl l to yiclcl C:<f\mplnry virtnoll.
6. !le tha t "'Pirc" to he t ho hcnd of n pn rl.>', h o will fl11J it more difficult
to plcni:;cc hi s fr ic nd:-i, thn n to p~rplC' X Jiis foCl't.
74 Thut. n1n11 wh o p11r~uC':-- 11nl 1!t: cndf4 h/ nolt lc 111cnn~, wh cthn h(, pro""'
per, nnd t uk c, in C1)n:-tc•11 1:e 11 <"C, l1i:i lot 111n o n,(! p rin ce~, o r wh etiler lio foil,
nnd ,._ \nk to the JO WC$t 1 h • ptJi~ of t• nJurn it_v,-iH g"TCl\t in Jecd .
8. The ~Cnl· rol'tit_v w hil~ h rn hl't P ete r that. it moy give lnvislily to Pnu1,
which n l·.el l•<.• t-1 the clai ru:-t of lifllh"i'L crcditorl'l tlint it.111ny r ctnin wherewith1i\
to Mp1nntl ~ r flll i:-n1111Jl1·r-.i, wliit...:11 il't 11i}!'K11rJ ly to the poo rt nrlll bountcon~
t.J.1ly Lo t!iQl'tC wJ10 nln:ml y Jia,·c.-if, in <.· o rnplinn cc with n fn11lty custom,
wo ln\l"'t cnll it, J?f'TlC'r<t~i! y. i~ nut n \'irtll ·, hnt n widcl.Y hnrtfHl vi ce.
!' 'Ibo event in life whi ch we hn,·o m o~t dc"' ircd. which wo l111ve tried
1
4l ht i11!I l\bo11t. hy uncc.1tsing contrivnn ccA, wlJ icb we hnvc prayed to reAeh
n

rcli ~ h

•
A'.'< ACOI UTIION.- APOSI OPESIS .
HYI'EilUATO:N.- ·
'

. .

·

arr:incremcnt of

Hyf erbaton, or Transpost'.ion, Jf~· anthat,w i~i ch crr:uno
· - l .f1»ct dif!crcnt tom ·
words fo r r 1ictonc.i c e ~
" ·· .
l ~ uld linse I
. . locric wo uld prcscnlic; a:<, ,Silver anc :J .
.
ro:i1 0 1 c.
l T · 1 t,, ::::iometimcs \here is .~ ' :im"
"
G'rcal
1s t w ,oi < •
I
non<!;
. . . . 1 "tl tl1·t. 1i.rure . " Yourfat 1ers,
·
j rct111 11 U"ltlC''
JUI lie< \\I l
"
.~
roatrc:1
•
• •
I ' r . fo r c,·cr ?"
where :ire th ey'! And the prophet«, ·~o t ie!J tvc
It is then [,oth hv1•erh :1t on a nd pleo1u~m.
. •.
II •leron wlwn that whi ch slionl<l. be
l'< calle<l
!I·
"r ·l orn ltnd bre1l : 11ntl it. i~
. · . . " "/Jre;.l :uH1 horn, iut '
·
.. .
la.it come, tir,t , n. ' ·
.. ,
.,1 that nrn:1lly cornc~ h1,t,
calle<l A11rzstrnpl1e wh en f< !;'"1'Ctllillh w~,' Jlypcrb:.itun (\5 a general
' 1
1 1· ·t. a• "tl1e \\'t>O
( s lWlOllrJ.
'
1S }I :\ CCl .l~ · , • ,
.
tcn n i 11d1alt~s :111 L11rcc f1gmc~ .
.

1ran~p1)sit1 un

A

.
•
· t err11pt 1011 of the
111 .
.
.
ti
irotasis ll<>t h:w1ng 1t11 prop·
ro
l.
•
.
.
t.
ocC\~rs
less as
ramm:itic:il
constntct1011,
.
g
] .
If how ever tho mte1111p 1011
.
er a pol osis.
' .
.'
f n sn<lJcn purpose 111 tho
ft" t of e mouo n t 1ran o .
. . .
I 1
an ek cct 1101•1 bnck 'what he wm; a.bout to ~ay, it is cal e1
. spea er o
' '.
Aposiopesis, or Silence.
.

A

'

rcolathon or Incrmscqrrc11ce, is :rn

Il l

.

'

.

·c"l lefect is " rhetonctil b<":\Hty,
1 tl on thon"h" grnmnm t r , ' .
•
I h
i
,
"
.
.
. ''" "If thon art he- \Jnt, oh.
ow
if rnitnrnlly prod11ced or 1m1tate1ll.'f ·: ll its Rhapc•. nncl f11lly knnw•
An~co"

I"
,, Ho \\'h 0 h ;Lt h Fu·en I c 1n :\
l· •
fall en.
' l
. r1 tt,·1 n" <Jn earth whi c h can m" ,u n
t H:r" 1:--1 " • t--.
•
..
it:• ~0011 an 11 t•VI· \ - Nu
l
.
l
f ..J , th:tn li cav1·n np110111f>'.
·
1'T("l11 • 1" lt•ll '~ t l (I
U tl\ R
•
wi ~c l11 :1n t I cs1ru n ,... ' '
' :-..
i. the effect uf e 1n11t1 0 n.
·
'l'l1 e~<' ine i11 st: ln C•~:-', in which 1lll~ l1r~a 1c; -<1~1wn ~
11
. -, i . ·tn cx ·unpl e (If .A po:.- 1o p r.~1s:
Tilt:: f " o w int, :; ·
·'
·
i.n worJ..i,!'

1
thn.t-b11t. we i nu~l. n ot now lo8c time
" l \le\: are to yon
·
f

The desir1n of th e Aposio1ie.~is ii>., when, rom cmo

t" on
i

or

283
Tim ALLl'f!mAT10N.

282

REPETITION

AND RliDUNDANCY .

violrnt :'lffrct ion, the ~rr:iker h1·c:iks off his speech beinri
tlic se 11 ~c i~ cornpl l!t c: cl, in ord er to agg raYate tl1c pur
of !1is :1.!dn•ss.
Th11~ ,

"Le t tne cl(\~c the ~<'\'ll'' - H 11rnanity r:1~1n nt i:-n ~tain it."
Tlin:-1 1 id:-n, t he ei1rnpa~ l" i1 \ !l:ilt: ~a\· i o u r of the worl d :-i.cc1n s to hn ve li
RO f1d! o f j.!rid' w!ie n lil· 11 ttcrl'd the <.' Xtl nm nti on, '·If th o u hnd~t. kllO""f'l.
(·n·n tl1011 :1t. 11.'ll:-<t in thi ~ t hy d ay, th e thin~~ t hat bclo11;.c unto thy pui,at/'
tli ,1t l11; cn u id not g-ivu 11 tt1~ r:111 c c tn th !lt in c\· ituhl e and intvl emblo rn i~'1
w lii 1·li w n:-o en m i;ig <•n t li t: n•l • t·lliAu~ r ity nf .Jt.!r11:-i.nl c111: nn<l, the refore, hnviu:1n 111l1· :1 flil1·11t p a11..;e n11d le·! l1i:-1 t •·ar)'( :-: p e ak what lii ::s tonµ-11c co11\<l not utt tr,
lie lt'l't tii1' ~l·nt1·ncc irnr \·rf1.xt 1 u11J then 111 0!".t nwfnlly tH.ldcd , Hbut now
tl11 ·y nrc liid dc 11 fro m t hi11<• e y e~ ."
1
1\ dn 111 K \h·l'l:1n1tinn t o E ,·c i!-1 n lw:rnti ftil <' X ~m pl ificn ti 0 n of thi!4 fl ~nrc.,
d e e larn 11,·c ,,f tho lf1ftic·:-:r n~pirat in11~ t o d i~1 dny the 11 t 111 01" t co11rugc A.H t,\
d :1 r i11 ;..! i11 t h e p n•,cncu <•1" l 0q·li 11 c ~~ an d i11nocc 11 cc. "\Vla ilc i:shumc-UJOO
1

louki11g

0 11,"

\\:.c.

LESSO N CXIX .
Hl~ PITTITIO'.\'

AXD

l~ED lf NDA:>."" C Y.

R e;11•tit:on ~ra cefolly :-incl emph ati c:tll y r P pc ;tt~ either tho
same ,,· on1s, o.r th e f.>:une sen se i11 dill"erc11t ""ords. Tho
sccu1H1 o rat ion of Cice ro :-1g:ii11~t Antony contains n bca11-

!

t

tifol e x;impl c :
"A ~ t: Tr>~ n11<l plnnl~ n r<'e ~ :-=nril;p nri ~c frl) m K e.~d. eo uro yo 11 1 1\ntony, tho
n"J, c•f 1 l ii:-t n rn ~ t cnl11111 it<Hl!'i wnr. Yo n ?llOltrll, () r~ (l lllflll!-1, thnt threo of

\'• Hl r urn 1jt_>, lul ,.o 1,('{'?l ttl111t.'[li lt·rt·d i'.tl A 1do1111 ! yon lnmcut tho loss o!
~·nnr 111·· ~1. il!H:oi.t r io 11.-; <'il i7 " ll~ ! T!H·~· Wf'rf' t o rn frnm y rrn h!J Anlnny; tho
nntltf)ri1 y .,f thi tl r11· 1t•r i~ d ecpl _v ,,.1)11 1Hlctl by ..4.ntn11 1;; io ~hort, nil tho
r·nl 11 111iLit K t.lt uL wo li 11 Yo C\'<'r hcltdJ (nu <l w hnt. calumiti c11 liavo wo not be·
held?) if w e ret1~< 1n r i_2"ht l;· , Jinv c brr n en ti rely o wing to An totiy. Aa
ilt·lc11 wuK of T roy 1 ~o the Lnnr , t he 111isc ry, t lic destru ctio n of tltis State,
i~ A1t!ony.' '

LESSON CXX.

1

.
TllJ:.

1

Th e fi.!:!:11 rcs of HtJ •l'l ii io n :i1Hl Reel unchncy, are s11b<1 i,·irlN1 into th• fo llo\Yi 11 a :
'""'

L ,111rr71h om, \\'l 1i.:li <'<>11tinll l's ~ "e11 !cnr<' by cmpl 1:il ic11lly rcf».: ; ttir 1~ t l1 e ~:-11110 w 01·ll or· '" "nl,i nt tire &rr;in11i11g of clirnscs; M
"f'cru·e cro wns 011r lifo : r"rrrr bre~·I~ plenty ."

L l TI::lt ATI ON.
A 1•

or near to·
.
.
· 1 c )hc1nn"
o t' words together,
~
j\11iter:itwn is 1 1 · 1 •.
"'
Jetter or $Qlll1l1; :15
. 1.1l" "i11 wi th the $:ime
,..,
1.
"
g et li er t h .tt
'
.
'
.
.'iz
<' tlice r11thlcs.~ ' 111 ~·
.
'" ,·or<h l<\~t· lht·i
" ] di/I/ ' l ·
' .
·
'\· · p1·11.;111<r 0• \
·
. ·
]Ju111 oiute/cl({On I» :\ s1~11~; ll r ;·h v1;~c; :i ~ , , , To tl1c !:t1 I·
.
l . tl , same cnd1n,..,, o
w1 11ch
1:\\ c
ic ·
k · cl 1>llt• not. !1 r·i.11'·l"
..
.
f 1 · '"riends he wa~ ,in '

mgs o

HR '

T ll ll; A.LL1TF.RA. TION ·

284.

285 .

T ITE ALLITlmATfON.

On orncrtop ccia is ::i. coin::i.gc of words from some
sonnd ; a~ in s:iyi ng, " He !temmecl and ltauJed before
spoke."

J.

A mong tho hcH l'po cim cn111, pcrlinp~, o f A llit.crntion , arc B nrnn' "
t h ou thy lo,·c r lowly," -A kcn;iuc'• " g ho"tly .:loo m of grovc•,"- Gl'lft
" nor ci,st one longing, linKcring look bc li i ud ," -Th o nu~on 'aa " b ~
brow n , belo w, e x t c n ~i v o hnr \' (':-its hn n ~ their l1eu\•y h end,"-Mi1 ton'tt o JW
licm ot h , bii:g•"t horn o f c nrt h,"- " th ei r bare bro n<l bncks npheu~"­
" fo ith f11l found nm ong the fait hle"· faithful on ly ho ;"- nn <l " tho fool\4);.
ncss o f fools i8 fol ly," - ' ' t he t n.:nchen.1u:i <lcu.l er hnth denlt trenchorouAJyt
0
nll h er wn y:-4 a rc wuyR of 1 • lc u:-;nnt n es~ , nn<l all 11 cr pat.hK nrc pAtba ol
peace .'' of ::>cnptn rc con i po~iti() ll .

But \.i ~:rn lif11 ] :\~ al! itc rati ,·o 11 1clrc i~ w lic n t:istefu] ly nnJ judi•
ciou:ly empl<>yc<l, it is n ece,rnry n ot to be p ro fu ~e in its nse, lit
hy its q uai11L a n<l st n1l iccl 111h•1'tio11 Jan g nn ;;o llHlY bo deform ed ju.
Htcn1l of being ()rn :un en tt' <l. T he impropc t· u se o f tliis fig ure b
ncl111irably ri .Jicnlctl n1Hl cxernplilicJ liy Chn rc hill i n l1is followi u
w ell-known aml remark a bl e ,-c r,e :
H

.A nd npt alli tcm tiun ' :i nrtful nid ."

Sli:ik<pcnrc l1as nl ~o given """" 1Hl 111i rn li lo ~ p ec im e n • of moci
nllitcrnt i vo in etre. Tli 11', t he J(,Jl uwin g "" Cardinal 'Vol.iey:
41

Hc::rot l 1y 1J11t c hcr~ , and h_v hutch c r~ b red ,
Jl ow h i;ch hi• higl111c,, hvl<h h i• haugh ty head."

Again in liis

bnrl e~rp1 c

trngccly of P yramn s nn<l Tliisbe:

" W ith bl ndc , with hl nod _,.• h lnmcfu l blnde,
llo bra vely hroachcd hi • boiling bloo<ly broMt."

Also in hi s " Erclcs' V cin, "

~s

lio ph rases it:

" Thr mg-in~ rAcktc 1
\\' ith t-i. hi1:~rin g ehock 1',
Shall hr .. ak the lock&
O f pri:4on-1fnlo:-t i
J\ nd l' !J ihhn .'-'' <·n r
~ha l l ~ l1i1w frc•rn f:ir,
.:\ 11d 11 1al\e 1111d 111ar

Tl ie f1wli:- h

fo tt!~. 11

.Ancl. in 11is t.rnci 1i11g :illt1>io11 to tli e mcln ncli oly lot of tl 11)SO
wl1o, while ,Jiffu,i11g t lic r:iy8 of science n11 J litcraturo tl1rougl1out
th e w orl d, l1r1vo OC'L' O ~tnwk with liliml n('.ss :

LESS ON
c o1mi::cn o:>

1n an

OF

1.- A ULTY M ET AJ' l! ORI CAJ. LANGUAGE.

,.:t .,1,:;t :llC Of

c .. ·
. l l
t '\ <'C
metaphorica a ng 1' "' '
... tc
wo try to com.m m;1tc.ilf
gu:i.~'I 1>ug ge11tin" 1 il'I
!.! X C t

cxxr.

we can eo rn rn:u1J
. . l ~s f-.' tr "~
' ·
. . . 1. ' ·1)' use it w ltcnc\·er
we tlll:l\ Oll au
•
t o others · such Jan'
0 ur emotions
~ t hQ n:i.tur:.i.l int.e rpre1t'1 r batw~n
ll
lllllH, ...

280

,

FAUL'!T lIL:T.\.l'llOHIC AL LANO UA O IC.

F A UL'l'Y M li:TAPHOR!C..l.L l.Ai>OUAGE.

so1d :ind srnd.

On the other hnnd th l b ., 1
'
language in an Of>pnsitc •1 ~ · ,. of' 11' c. :icJo:ec nsc of sucu
~
..
· ·• ·
JC nli ll 1
']
0t ktd t:istf'. :tlid it, \\" (l
s an e l'H c111-n
11 1(..1 (''>lltl'I.L 11te to' tlic
er
l (
'
s11c l I t:iqc', \\' CJ'C tlic )li'J'il , t t
.
.
,,, rowt I c;
.. ·
.
sr· o <•xc rc1sc l11s fan c.:y· · I
J.1l1n!_!' nl:un ~l'nt c nc" c 11·1' t)
·1
I
. 'J
Jn (C('O.
, '
,,,
I Ill !.! :l)l IO l'S 811111
.
. .
(If lit· 1· l'l•l:1tl'd 1 rop<•s
Tli '" "
·'
c~, an rl tbQ
);ind, it; i1"tf'a1l o f ~.'o st. c . ~ n ill li e 110 1.<•11<le11 cy of thi11,
11 · 11 1< t 111r.- llll'l·1 11liori .. I , .
·
.
l •durc OC'l':t ~ iuih :tri sc f' .
.~ l
'
c. I <.xprl'~Sio ns
·
UI 11
. ltlll
I C /'I'') :1" / ' . '
:11111 t:1sl<' for n,;incr them l>r
, ~)
• ' '· i c .lls .Jutlgmcnt

O)'ll v \\ ' IH.! 11 O(""HIOll " I 0
.
""
"-: ·
co rn· ct in!.!' inst an cl'< 0 •· l
~ t
an~ •
1 •
11'/ii('li in st a;;ces will b·c . ~f
· at1!.1 ~!/ 1!.n.r:/~l'/'liol'!.caf lw1,r1nage;
'~
I/ ('C •t11r , • •
·l
<.Tr by \ ' 1ilrr:.ir or U)' co 11 '."t 1
- ', 11an1 c y , 811 •h 11$ "
.
"'
•
~c 1 C! tropes \\'h en •)
·
r cq 1111·es a pl:iin style. suc h ~s c . . 1 . 1
. "i e. oecns1on
)J,\'

•

•

'

C XJ> l'l'~~ 1 nn~ \1·l1c•ntl1cf'rr . ,

"'

l 1

) \I l l'O )\j i ll l rr ll

t

) '

·~ i opnm
sl11J11)!l l1avc liccf1
• •
•
> :ind ~Ile l :i s r n
L.1· mi11!.!'li 11•r li"11rcs tl1"t
· ·"" .., · ,, llr<l
111cc1 11s1~ t:•11t with
l
e:ic lo t 1icr. Tli c 1;,Jlr11r in[!' a r c i'11 <t,"11c""
of ca c·li kin1 l.
~
~ " "~

rnai11t· 1i11rd'.

l

i.,,111e

once

l

·

wg11 11

"Tl

·
ic 1' n tC' rpn$t~ \\":1~ k110C"kC'd :it l1 r:ht hj· lh o rmd1111.·.,•.
.-,
T/10 ti;!111 ·~ . hinckr,Z t<t lu·ad ;, l"lti , .

ol'

tl1 c ngcn ts.u

f'tyl ._· is i11c·:1nt fo J,C' i11 ·1111· 1 '
. . H 1 ndg.u·; !-:in tl1 nt, if tlio
•
'
'
( '"'l'C(' 1"1 1 . l I
I
!jl>i:il, it w ill 110 b!'tler t· . . ~ l ' · , ·'~ ' a 1<•1·e t ie 11 1erclr c.,JI,,..
" s:n· ll'QllJnt lo ' 10 a .
.
put lo a11 en11.
·'
·
tW(J, 01· 1·uined, or
"L(•t !ht lm rJ..: of 1ny li11 n1 hlo
nnd fl11d n11t·l 1nriwi• in !li t.: ~· 1
M

'

n·rpH·.... t flr1•1t i11to

•

•

°

Ji

•

II c Wn.'\ uii o ri tire "• it l1 n· .. ·

' ,t!'i:-;h J11,

1111,,: 1l lt:f;qd!11r wi1l 1 wl1iclt

tld~

I

l

1

"It 1 \t 11d11 ess.

'

·

Ji c Mn o n bet•:1rnc collected. ,,
'-Cntenf'
.
.
Jttt

i t, ell~ l1111. 11 1e <j>c:1ke r o · .. · ·. :I . el •<'l-' 111 ><1S 111\111r:1l c111 1111:h
. I io wonld
. . ' .. 'I .
W J!-!C
it .
II \\ 1 ILl I <. Ol':-o nut. 11 ....:c JI, 11.1
1111.1 1 _, , u1l1 er ..
.
I ll • 111 I •C ~c· c·11111 1 111 e11il 1er I
.'
I
.
plair1 won! collected ·I . I I
.
' "1' c (•11 11• n,rl'\l tli e
but would havo b~ ,·1,1 ~ • IC <l1 t1: 1~ nutl 1111g to do wil/1 bein(J o11 flu,
~
w rcc o sa " cool
ti ·
PU}'['OQe.
; . ' or some >in g to tJ,o li<llll"
i11

0 11ce lie C\'i lle11t ; fur nn 1.L...;~

llol's 11o t c li atJf 1nr19pi1; '1 1 1 (' ~ 1H 1t ~ 11i t t lie 1111rpu~r,
leL the sente nce lie pl:tin thronghont J,y 11., i11,.; fool .
' He wnfl on nll on fire with pnssion, but he

~00n

Uccnmc sul•r r.''

The 111~t :11.hor in the lnttcr 1ncrnl1cr i> nnn :il»r:d, ""i l>y i,,,;n,c;
wronc; i11 itself, lint. bcca n ~c it. 11·1Ji il tl no t. lie ll"C1l liy 0110 "'''" li:1o\
n:1l111·ally c 111ployc.J t ho lll ct:ipl1nr in tl 1c fol'lner 111e 111 licr. H11 t if
tl1e ~pe 11 kc r l1 a1l ~:ti<l i11 tl 1c fon ne r 111 c1<1 l1cr, "I le wa' 711il~ rlru 11 k
wi t.Ii passion ," tl10 latt e r rn c <n l>e r 11«>tdd fo ll<1W wi th perl't••·t cnn si stcu cy .

'"t

r

·

will :tt

ter, tl 1 u11 ~ h n n1:i~pic m:ty.

'\

A 11y tl 1ill;! .. l l:i,; ki111] in II
l
.
•C lllr>< <·rn 111te r~ o1•1·so f ]" ·
·
'
t oo or1e11
i:il, or too ,.1]·,·ct<'<I t'o r llic
l . .'. · · ~ . 1le, 1.• for
11
111 1
belier :1 tt:1i 11 e<l J. v ino ro ·i ' I
'
ie w, w111cl1 will bo
~
~ r11 p0 1:1no-111!'ru . ~ · r C.
J
u
my l111111ule req1i(•<t ,111 ,1 ('III ·rt•1111
- .tn _. ~ 'i.'
xamp
e, Atlm!;
1
l

figure in tli c 1nind , :tnd iLs i 1 1co11~i::;!c1i<'} witl1 t lio f11 ri11 C'r 111 l'1Jil 1t.·1·
o!' rl10 st:ntence

th o li 11r bor ofy ourhcn"

}, I. Ill(' ~l'<l () j J "ll l' l\if1 d 1i (':iz.t , 1'

'

'

We l1ave suiJ that he <lncs not 11se 1.l1 c rne!:1plior nat11rnlly;
thnt i~ to sa y, in nsin;; tl1c 11·., nl firt' lie dues nut i1n:1g ine tho
tl1ing, I.Ju t has uefore l1i:11nin.1 u11ly t!1c 1.Jni!I f'ael, li!tllll'iy, a 111 ~11
cxcitctl; nor 11·ill any dd~ct [,e pt·rccivetl l1y tin) l1car,·r, it' lie u11
1
dersta1Hl~ tlic fur 111 cr p:1rt '1f tlie Sl.' ll te11cc in tl10 s11111oJ 11roo;; ai<1
way . \Von.l s cc:l sc, in tl1i~ 1n:"trHl L' r , tu lie fit;nr:1 l iYt\ w iiicli Pri ginally nre so ; we nee t.hc1 11 wi tl 1 ll1u sn 111 u effect a:; t l1 0 pl:iin
words w l11>se place tl1 cy take .
PJ'lJuau ly fo w pcr""i" ll' ill pci;ccivo a defect. in one , ,f ti 1e ex . nn1pies wl1 icl 1 fo ll ow for ex(: r ci:.-;c : u li e <'lu1tlt.:r~ :-c11..:1·k'-:--ly, lik~~
nn Hs'" , n~ he is; " l1 e<'n n ~c \VO nro ~ o 11 1u cli in 1l 1c; liahit of l 1('nri 1: g
the w urd ass 1i,;c <l fu1· fo ol, tl1:1 t the fl,.;1 11·1i w l1ielt ll'en t wi tl 1 1li:1 t
nppl ication a t fit·,;t , i><, with most pcopk, now l.ist. R c vi\'O t!10

LESSON CXXII.
EXERCISES ON META T'IT OnICAT. LANG U AG E.

A cconl ing to in strncti ons in :11! tl 1e prCYious l e~son~ on.
style and on fignrativ c l:rngu~1g e, i11q1rov c th e style of tlie
following passages : citl 1c r
rcd11ei11g metaphori c:·\! into
ph itwr l:tn g u:igc', or Ly rcmoYing inconsistl'tl!:il'R, inel eg:rncies, an<l vulgarisms.

uy

1. IIo wns very <lcxtcrons in t'mclling out the view~ nnd <lc ~i~ ns of
others. 2. 1f yo u do 1wt rn ollify ruy vcn gcnnce by tl1c oil of hurn il ity nnci
pray er, it vill rend1 you with unmlti~nt\l<l lwr1.luc£1.s uuJ Sc\·c rity. 3. Iri!ti

2&8

v,x1rnct s ~:s

(JN

:-m T A l'll C!ItlOAl. !. ANOU AOtr..

oRiG J ~At . co ~tP os rr roN .

28!"1
':

injnry 'tnnd " bef0re hi• hcnrt., "' n ja iler ot the ,:rutc of a d nngocn 1 an
pre rent.-- hi~ pit.y from co111 i ng- t'orll1. 4. ~i nce th e \'t: ~se l or t l1,v nn bounJtd
n111l•iliun W <l~ wn:ckc.J in t 11 c gu lt' of th,v Fcl f'-lo \·c, it i ~ proper tliat th
tnk 1: in th ..· l'l:i ib of thy tl·11 1c ri ty , nnd (' :t :-1t the 1111c ls 0 r of r<:pt·ntanro in tht
port. ,..rsin<:e:ri r.v nnd j1 1.. . . tice, \\'iiich i.-t tlt o 1111rt ofsnft.: ty. f1. He tl ew alongtli c cour:-<c witli lc· g-~ tlt atont~t r ippe~l th v wi11d.
G. JJ;i,·ing- ~ tccn.: J cknr o f thut d ini cu lt y, <•11r h'Jr~ cs t"Oo n liron ghtu~ io ·
tlic <~1H l nf 011r j1)11rn ry . 7. 'Kn ll11m rm h111·riin c :-;~ i:-; so t->Cl'l!l"'t c BS 11ot ;.o
~()Jil oin ~OlllU a \Jny,
H. f f'alll\ Ot !'ICC Ill_\' WH)' n\1!.\' i n tl1i :; i111p•l rt11 n l C:HltV!°"...
pri r'e. ~!. I cann ot 11:-1c my po w er~ cl('n rl y in thi~ i1nporl :u·1t e11terpriH.t
10. Jro,v con 1fo rtnbl c i~ t he cnlm that come~ o\'cr t he tHHll in tho quiet n(a, -:,
ISlllllmcr· ~ C' \"C !
11. H o w ~ oothin .g- 11ro t li o J o 1n,·!'lti c nrr11 11 ge nrnnt~ of a ~
" ·i n ter':-i firc~icle i n an nm inh lo family t 12. Th e re i~ n t"1ni c when fnotion~
l\y tli £1 ,·chemcncc o f their fo rmcJJt nti on, ~t11n nnd di~nhlc ono nnothor. :i-:
13. His generosity wns tno ,:r r r nt to hr C(•olcd hy tl1r•c prud ential co1rnldnrn t i0n~ .
l ·L Hope, tho balm of life , tla r t~ n ray of lig-ht tl 1ro 11 glt t he thick·
est g lnnin .
l ~ . ~t e n who nn.• ri<"li nntl :l \' :1r [,· ion~, lr•:-:c thr·1 11 ...i (: J,·t·~ i11 n spring- whl"h
m ig- ht. h:l\·c rlieri ~ l ll• t l nll nrnnnd th(: lll.
lli . I t i-( not fr1.rn t!i i~ world
th ut any ,.. unn.·c of comfort <'an nrit-1 c, t n cl1<·er tl1 1..• g-lnn rn f•f the IJ1:-;:t hour.
1:-. T he wa rllllh 0f rn y nJfec•fion is ~11 c h Llt11t tin1c <' •l!lll f•t ~ct it n·dde. 18.
ll<' wn:i n r;.w n rd to hi~ for~ 1 and n d ··fc11d1·r tif h i ~ frie nd ~ . 1~. Il i:oi; lr·:irn ..
in,C' i ll11 1 ni 11 J1tC' ~ nil h o snyri , nn d n·111 o v e ~ tl1c 11 nint e lli g il1ili1y lhHn f! ''tH'f
rrnh.it-1·t lie t r1.:nt,. . 20. \\' hat a <·ol d lit urt site ha~ l I t H u ll i li c~ tn u when·
en~ r 1 nppronc h ii <•r.
.
21 . An id le pcn<on ploc!'d in tli c niid •t o f ""' many nr th·c, h n ~llitll(

·,
.j:

pc0 plr, l'(l'('m :-< :1 prt rifoctinn. 22 . Gi ,·o me I\ rl'~ tin g J•la ee f li r my fulcnull,
nnd l wi ll 111akf' nn n1tr:-r1Hif'ln in the g-lvl1e. 2:-i . Il e f'l111tt~ r~ t<CIH~e l c~~1)\
like nn n ~~ , n:oi; ht· i~ . ~ ·L Lnw~ nrc n o t intr·n dt d to contro1l the good , bnt
to apply t 0 tlrn hacl . 2:> . Jr ynn Rmilc rm mr , l <' 1H C n ot for the oppo~ iti on
of the rc~L 0f ma11ki 1HL ~6 . Lihcralit.'·, lik o tl1t· M11 n 1 :-iprcnJ:-1 rnli(·f on nl1 v
nrnn n t!. 27. i\fi·n·y i ~ :li11 hriglitc~t j e we l ! 1111 1, Movc n. .· i,J! ll ~ cun cxcrcii:te.
:z q, <>Iii fotl11..: r Thn.m c~ iH n ,·c ry plcn~n n t. - lflf1 kin g- r i n~r l\ t thi ~ point.
Zfl. Thf~ t rno motivC'~ o f nu r n c t i 011~, lik e t li c rcnl pipe .~ of nu org-nn, nro
\l1";1 nlly co nc<'a lcd, w hil1.i wo plaro in the fr ont , for Alio,..·, the Jeccivin)l nnd
pln n ~ihl e p r C't •·xt.-4.
:10 . L N u~ be nttC'nli\·o tn k eep o ur 1noot.l1~ a~ with a
hridlP. , n11J ti:> .o.itec-r 0u r YCftfl <:l nriJ:ht , thnt we 1nn,v :woi<l the rock2' nnd
shonlR whirh lio everywh ere nro unJ 11~. 31. 1 b ridle in 11 1y ~tru~~ling
rnu ...:c wi th dif1h·11lty, w hn lnngs to lnn nch in to n. l ~ P l dcr l't rnin. 32 . .Era~...
n1u~ r 11 rl ·1..·1..1 tho wild tnrrcnt o f a h arh:1r o 11 ~ 11>!1' . ;,:; ~' - Th e guod li lfill hns
hi:-' olouJ~ tlint in t .;n·1..·ne; rloud ; t h :1t nilly dim Ii i." fi11Ul 11n nry d11y, bui
<'l\Tlll"t c011 ciuc r. 3-1. ~ inrc tlic t ime that n ·a:.u-. 11 l1cg-11 11 to l111 d 1 n11J put
fort h her Rhoi ·· t~. tliou.i,:J.t., d11ri11g- o nr w:d<in~ honrf4, lia!i hccn nctiv o in
on ffy brcn>'t , wi thout a momeut's ~n~pc>n!-tion• o r punse. Tlio curreut of
l<loa" bne hccn alwa y s mo,·inf{. Tho wliecJ. of tho Bp iri tu ol cngino hnvu
oxor ted thomselvcr1 with po rr~tnAl m.otion.

I•

EXEIW!SES IN ORIGIN.J.L
CO:l!POSITION.

press t l1 ei r opi ni on
b
" llr>Oll wii ~t tl
n o11t w li '. r. l1 i t would
lio di.f'' , · ;e~ li a,·e see n nnrl henrJ

,;,,t

con v cr .. : :it io n.

ucu 1t

H) r

,

n;
~

1>r. T ·1tJJ lins well rn h ·." . J .
"11 C t i . t'
I. C( I In tl 1e •de r
" , ... 1 J.i co111ino 11 an d si inp le:
. .c ion of a snldect, to
r.. "';.nmc 1111 .,·c nn itlcn, n ~av~ l i e "
. .
. "i;et nnt-o f -lh (l - wnv 1'1 ; 11· · ·" ~ Uu1t_it 1!1 e11~i or nn <l ever '
J,,,!g" (ll :-o/1111ei..; ; lrnt thi~·i:'I

~ l' ." i n~ H.I 1111 p •1r t u!J t1 1c ir J Y '\ ny bttf.tt
t1' 11 11, c r w I: . 1too c.'\: pc n~l\" c . Jr' w.u ,.u11rn J t io n g}lt~ fronr iw.~
1
10
ur fnc tori<'~ ncnr th
i u1 arc ncnrc~c and c1o; i c~t to
11 ~0 , we tnko tbaw o cnn. Do no; trv o "'.ntorfoJI, nncl c11rry t ho w;;tcr com e nt. .w o build .
coo obtnin . Ex )r .. to_ xcc .wlrnt ne w, nncomm on u· n_s l'\h ort n d1!-'tnnooa
cnn , eloquently J <";5~ )011 r d1 011g l1ts in clenr 8irn p'1colrds nncl thongl1ts ro
.o rnm on th ·
b
'
angnncre
·J · •
·
l

l'LANS

!'<J}{

2V1

tmWI.:\'.\L C0.'11l'OSITION .

!<l'l"lintnge•, r est.mint:<, ~rie vnn cc~ , diffi r. nltics, stu rli e~, tem pt.nti<1ns,
i1a nge r;, hopes, fears , &c. Th c:<o will forni"h topic" for so,· ' r:tl
letters.
.· Tl1e suliject of letter-w rit ing will h -cnftcr be m ore folly prn·
scnte<l.

t ollc und tJ 1c

o cgnncc.

Denn S wi fi

ings

ccomo bcn ntifnJ whc

..., 'nnt , lf yl),'!

found no lnck of mntcri~l~co w~otc n co mpositi on u on v.n cxprcs~ed Wit]! .
Cowpor hns '1tn )t t hr, ~of·; .~r ot mtcre•t ; und we
know lb1roomhst1ok, ill\\I
··
ow o nrmlngl}'

nit

1. En n rncr.1t.o alt th
.
IC }'a r(a Of ·
u · i ou~c~, also of You·1 .,
; ou r o wn dwc-lli n"'-l
1
m ,• l
•
' c 1ool-ed1ii
" ionse nnd
or.tic a so tlic nrticlcs wl.' ·I tl
co nn d s nrrounding• E .
2 . Enu1ncrnto nil tl
'c ' 1<'Y OO ll l.n in .
··
nu.
b ns /1, of n ho r•
. Jo pnrts of o tl1 er obj ec t• vi · . .
Wtltch &c
. c, o l a C'J w , sl 1ecp, d og cat.
7. .. ot a t 1·cc, off\
'
•
n map, Look cl· k
8. E' nu111. crnt o ll
, oc ,
a · tl1 e 'l'tr1 l iti •
~uc h a~ irnn
e. nnd tlic 11 ,,ea f ., "
.
0
chalk ll )CJ' ' c ppc r, ti n, leather, ~ n o w i - o ' ·lllOtis obj ects:
, p I 'pen, ink, pu1k11 i1» . k ·
' too, cotton, wax w I
c, in stnn 1J &c
1
oO 1
4. E 11 11rn c•·nto ti
.
"
1c pa1"/s
.
.
'
·
f:iJio wing olJjects ; th e l1n/ p1 opert1 e8, qua lit ies, and ?!SC
t.10 111 011t/i tli c r
J • id, I.li e lll'l n, !li e 1;1ot ti
s o.f tl1e
'
'""C l JC f"t ·, • ,
' >O ('\'(' the
ton n kill' J:.
'
. cc , ,1 wn""" n sl .· I
- '
enr,
0 t J

;ii·

r/

N

. l

. ' ,c, .

o fdrzu ot ec1• 11

o

. •
•
po" I IOJJ IS

'

.

t..:

ig ,, a t-:p:1dl\ a Lut..

ll OI"
'
!Jt or·o
1· l
'i no1· lliorc casi· of .
. ·
\J sc ll or suit:il>I r. . i. •
lette rs 1n11v lie
--] exocut1on, tha n let ter-1rr 't.
o '. 'l ucg1nern 11 oyc<l lll g i i•in t
' wq. Tl1e onrli
f .
.
I' c.• , or to '<>rnn friowl nn
g o pnn' n t", or sorne otho. ler
•
ncconnt of •chool-<l .
1 re a.
uties-pleasnrcs,

co'.\Irosmox.
The follo \\'in ~ pbn s for introductory practice in origi nal
· ·composition, :we recommended for :vlopt io 11:
1. The prrprr. r i ng of 10rillen rrportx nf co nversations lield with
friends, of scierztific or lite rary i nfornvil-ion given !Jy the teach er,
of lectures, and of sermo ns, wou l11 hal'e :1 1110,;t impor tan t effect.,
nnd exert n in os t di rect inlluc nctl in making ren•ly writer~ . 1t is
not h e re recon 1mc nrlcd tl1:1 t ~11cli report ~hall lie lll :ule at the t ime
of hearing w l1 at hns \Jcen refr rrc11 to, bu t afte rwnrd ~ , from
memory .
2. As prcliminnry to tl1i;, the pr:tcr,ice uf l~eep;11:1 tt d,,i/ y journal of c,·cnts int c re ~ tin g to th e w ri1e r 1 b cspet:i:d ly t•) lJ l' n'corn men1lo<l n• onn of tlic lin11l'i<''t :11 1d <:asi es t cxperlionb o f traini ng n.
person to t l1 e use of t.1 10 pen in th o Cotnrnnni catio n of t/1ouglit.

,. · .

Chiefl y by pnnrning thi:-i couri'IC, nnLl ol so by recording- 11 C' r r<·colll dio111">
1

C1fsc1:mu11~ nnJ l ectu re~ .

whirh she had hC'flrLl i n tlic co11r:-1u o ft\\--n or tltrco
year~, a y on n~ ln<ly , und e r t ile writc r1 1i in strnction, had 11 cq11i rcd n mo!-1.t
skilful l\!' C of the pen, not only in re fere nce to nccnrnt c nnd full repo rt~ of
se rm on~ o r lf'ct 11 r<:s, hnt in th e prcpurin,c::- o f o r<lina ry co mpo:'l.it.ion~, and
in cpi:-1t0\ ary corrcfepo ndcncc . lt i:'I freq uency of writ infr, :-in ch n~ tho k eeping of 11 <l ail y jo nrunl impli es , that in:-su rC8. r c a1 li nc ~s nnJ e xecllt:ncc .
·.: ,.. J

3. '\\'itl1 tl1c more n1h a1 1ce<l pu pils in :t ~clionl, it w o nld be (onnJ
n m11~t. adv1wla gco u.~ pract ice tv xet rtp•t.r l, on tl11·c" or l"· nr succc<~ i1•e <.l:tys <if tli e week , one lt.aif-lt our, ·i n .iclwol, f or 10rit i nq on <m
approprirlle sul~ject, (/iven oul !J y lite teach er at lli e lime-! 110 p11 pil
ha"ing no nccc'R to bookg, 0 1· op portunity for COJl\' ~ 1 · ,;n t i, 1 11 1 b ut
being oblig~<l to a ppl y tl 1e mind w ith energy to the t.nsk in hnn<l .
4 . .1h introductory to the ~UCC(.' •~ful nccompli•lm1cot of tJiis

•r i'OETRY JNTO rROS1£.
CUA NG Tc () '

ZD2

Cll A.1' GI• OF l ' UE'l'ItT JNTO PROSE.

~chcrne, it mi:::lit. lie well to kncl 111cm fir,t to 1.110 hnbit or mnl.int
011r. :1t such ti111l'"• " 1rr ii!l'li report '!/some sto1·y or narratite!'
or .•pQk1•n /1y the t1·whrr.
:::i11cl1 excrci:«"' , 1,.,u Jd afte r\\'nnl' lie rc ,·ic \\'ecl, correclccl, re vrit.
ten, nncl l1:111ck1 l in!" 1l1l· t,·al'l1 cr for cx:u11i11ati1111 nnd criticism.'
Si111p Ji ,.i1y and 11:1tn 1·:1ln,·:<,; 11!' ,1.i le in '11cli writi11g~ Hlioulll ht

studio11.. . Jy \·11ru11r: 1g-1·tl.

G. A ' til l 111nre >i111p lc 111dl11;il ,. f ~C('llring t1 10 l:tst-nnmed ptit;
pn<e ("' cxc11q.Jilic,J in n !'11 r111 cr 1,.,,011), \\·11ulJ lie to gii:e out loa.
clo.1s fr orn thrrc lo tr n d .-tnrl1nl 1r1Jrd.•, that as many .1enle11G
m''!I /;c. ji·am c, /, c:il'h uf wl1iel1 sl11)Jlld r .. nt:1i11 1•no <>f tli e~o word$.
1\ ftcr\\'nrcl~, tli e lft' k n1:ty he nssi;:11ctl of illcorporn.ling 'tlie· fu.
tire 11.uml1cr r>f1ro r•ls into 011c ~,; ntrnre, '" n.• , a t t.! 10 sa1ue time, tp
tn:ikf·

gt1111l :'t'll:-O:t' .

;.,

'l l1i:-' bl'ing- done, the writl cn cxtrci~e~ of e:1cli pnpil mny :ia.
>:111tn;..:c '>11,Jy uc n·:11l l>c·fpre tl1e cla~;;, nn d tl 10 cri ti ci:;m of th
chs;; clicit t d up11n each ; not r::lvi11;..:, li1iwc,·c r, tl10 name of the
writer, or ,1110t·1' t i11~ any inditicluai to r idic ule fur errors discov·

creel.

LESSON CXXV .
Cli .\X Ca: OF rn.1-:r1:y JXT1) PHOSE.

1\fnrh :vh:rnt:t.!:!:C' wo11l11 h<' ~iY<'n, in l•' :trninQ; the nrt ot
compo,ition, 1Jy tl 1L' frc·c11 1r• 11L pr:tl:li,,c• of co111·crti11y poetry
i11l o fJO<HI, ?'l'fllll11r 7>rose, withon l :d tcri11~ t he se nt im cnt or
111c:111i11g. It 111:1y lw requir ell t o Jll't•scnL it i11 :ts 11 carly tlie
R::une \\'or<ls as the p ro~e style w ill a r1mit; :111J then, agai n,
t o g-i \·e the utmn't frl'e•1om a~ to t.hc \\' Ol'tls e111ploycd , provided the s:ll11e 111c·:111i11g s!t:ill he prcse1·\'c11.
'

T l1i, 11· 011111 J.c 1111r11dl't1 \\'illi tl1 c :111'·:rn t:1 :.;e of i111pnrtinl! not
on ly :l c·11 111111:ind 11!' l:ir1;..:11H;..:l-, ],11t nl,;o skill i11 tr:1<·i11g tlito t!iil't•rc1 1<"e l1otwt•l.:fl

pul'lic word~

;111cl

poC'tic fl1Tall ~4.'l lll'llt, a~

ei•n trntli:.:·

ti11i;ui,J1ec.I fro111 tl 1osc liclitti11g prose. l t 11·1111lcl :1bl! kat! tl10 \\'11 y
to tho wri ting of poetry, wh ere a tnl ont for tliis furm of wri t.ing
may e:i:ist.

2G3

29:1-

CII A NGE

vf

POETR"'
• INT O l' lWSE.

c~t pi t 1r h!'rv n on the monnt i
;1,1; .f1 ir1. n~ r ht cps in lif'.n en) ,

IMP ROVING OLD AUTfiORS .

...

Iii: ~)l/lll~jL~\!!c

,i!re1it adn11r,d \\er.
:IC Hulk1.d, t11 S!IJ' /!:Jrt
R011n:

n n q c:f N orway, to hn n mn qt fi
I I}
Of fiiM

<..:0 111puri~Ofl

;,n·d ~~ ::~1 ~.' t:r ~lie

l'l~Ca;r\~~~)l'lb~

s11rrrnn1de·l ll ll l
c.it ol J1 cl l ~11 1 vtc: on Jiiu1 ,.0,.,. ""'
~
co ' c red ,, 11 r, fl
•v
, J i t c c.11110 t o ~lie lJ ri1 k f J
I (: ; t1c,·ertl1eJo"" hot
lllH
c11lll'd 111~ il·~1n11<.j , nr1g-c·iic •. . i o l ic i11 Jlu 11 1cd :-;en , w l1 oro Ji~ ril
.,
~it/Ii t heir tit!i, as t hick H:-i j<'a' ~. ~1 1i11;', "li o l.ty c11trn11 cod nnd co11foun~
n 0 111hro~n, "h l'rc the tree:'! c<n " r uut11111 ·1, tl1at foll into th o brook~
•cnt tc rcJ •c<lgc nt l<'nt "li e ,, (J
e r o c er nn<l " liade the stream.
m:.ht
'cxcd tl1c co.,,t of th~ l\c<l S . riv ni' nttcndcd wi t h boi stcrons wi1 'd or l
,, rcn 1pl11:1r1 l 10r~crncn nn J I ... 1.:.1, " i o~c \' uv c!'I O\ c1t hrew Bni!i . ' Jot, a~
!HI C I I r
(' lllr111t~
\\ l11ic " l
. ri~, nnJ h·
•
<. tic "'ntl'l1tcf:. \\h o ''rn1
ti ' .
Jt I tre:ncl1c rorn" hnt1'Cd tJ
nn<l their bn k . ' I
''
"
ic "ale "Ii ore hcliclu tl . . •
i oyti~
, l 11 r.1 .1ri 0 t- \\ hccl:i . ~
l k
te1 r carc11sscK flont in ..,
H1.tn11cr C0\cr111,:.!' tl1c ti nod ·md . ' •. o t l lL' . 1:1.) tla.:~e . nl~Jcct nnd Jo,_t. i·...,\
at 1lie1r l11dro11s H11 l 1 I '
111 L11c nt111c >.. t (',, 11 ~1crn lli
1
' b 4
'C
<l
. _ !fl 1.i1•pi <.11,nw('•
~ t
. i 111 hl 1L t11nuznmttJ..;.
. :-;ou11 cd th f Oll•' l t ull !lie I II
,. ., . • .1 m 1 <.-.tiled ~o l ond tli1tJ.
I •
.., .
,
,..,
i11 o11 deep o f h e ll.
l
ll:t ''0~
l t::'I, ''Jr it n11:1
t l 11rt.:d it 111 t'/ l

Stn•~k by tho mni:ic of th e pnbl ic eye,
Like Mo ~c:-i' ~mitte n rock, .~t1R h out nmnin.

.

lm rrnng trn lp/,1ur (no/;;~

f.:. omc we<'p to slinrn the fumo of tl10 Jcccuscd,
Sr) liig li in m erit, n11d t o the m KO <lciu:

1

I

• ho p1n n ,.rco111111r11<lctl h. \[. T . . •
fi rst J•l:tcc. i-rad o1·rr ti
. j . I .. o' ep lt Lin crsnn is !Iii~. T t' .
.
.
1c piece 1· 0 ,, ;
l
'
· · · lJ l>O
1rnh1lio 1l1u i;c110ral ~pirit vf it - •.
nrc111_ (()transpose, in orclor t.o
un d a<ccrtain tl1c mcn11in" uf.c 1·c~·lic11 li:i;1 11 witlt tl1c ffrst•se n tcnct:
pos~1 IJ /c. l fit consist of ;~1 c1>1uer• y< wo_1 d an1l plt rasc, a~ exactly ~
to a d1·an1 11 ,,r . ·\ Ctcr J . .
· • · ee if tl1.cy can not. i>e trnn ~p _,
.I
0
•
CC II1Ill" ll J! O ll tl
l
' . OSC11
WJ l J 11·J1icJ > to ori::in ti. )- ,~
.
IC lllc1J1 >er Of the sent
. · cnco
. . . ., ...
, 1111, 1u w it cn n 1, . . . .
1
e.ts.), . .11111 11:11·, and int'·il"11··1l
l
lll the 1110•.•
'
0
j e prose
'( "expressed
.
o•
11eco"~n 1-y to U>e t\\"icc ·1 .
- .. .
ou 11·J) J sometimes fi ncl 1··
· ' many 11·o··ds a
•
ex pre.<.~ lt10 same idc·rn. n l .
, • s }"lltlr n11tho r in orcler to
·1
· · • • nt \v u mn v
.
l
. '
It e:i of your own w ltcn ).
•
l •. no '.' n1H tli c11 intersperse n
m•
'
nn can ( " i t ll" Jtlt ' ·f"
n
. anner yon rnay proccod , till i·on . . .
. I c1 cct ease. In th !~
lines, wl11cli will /Jc 011011 ,../ 1· ·.
hn1 c fur11 1sliod t wenty or thirh•
ma ). lJO retained
.
"' ' ''l o ne e xcrc1· c l '"
'J
or not. jll t
. ·
' · . 'ig urativo lnngnn 110
en<le1wor to !JI, consi>"cr:t ':~las I S most conv en ient; but alw:~
.
u, 3
.
. ' '
I lt l )'Olll"se)( in t) ·
'
1\ s a n 11/11strati"n J
ll ~ part1culnr
10 1
••
·
'
i:is selected and t
·
lines tro1n 1l1c K; ,,J ,t Tl
ra n~rnsed tI 1e foJ1o 11 •
. Niglit V .
• ·o
ioui; 1it~. nenr tl1 0 in idJ!e of tl J> I ·ing

··

1e ,e apse,

O n r fi1 1u•n1l tcnr:-< f1-.'n 1 di~· rcrt
A ~ it' fro111 flt·p11ratt· .·.., . . ' L . i C'flll 't<'M ri se:
(Jf . ·
.
· t1. tu 1 • ~ 11 1 IJ1 c NQn/
\ /tr!(lt1...; 1~111d1-1 tli t ·\· fi nw
1".
'
Ily irnft. c·•)11 tu g-iu 1i <:a il' d fl •
11n1n lc t1Ucr licnrts,
Aud ~trt:a 111 1J li:oi.cq11io11:t 't ot1;1c l111r:-1.l ut on ce,

Some a~k more

t i111c

Some henrtli ia ~oc

I

o

.1 c

cnd 1JJJ(

C'j"C. '

~ /: -~11r1ons ur t diBtilJ 'd.
re , i.u ' u nnp t to me It,

Tlicy. J wcll o n prniscs wl ,ic!. t h ey thi n k they shore;
A11J tl111~, w itho ut u Ll11sli, commcral themsel ves.

Trnnsposcd, tir e passage may rend thu s :
tenr~ nro .ircncrally consiJc rcd ns nn r.xpresliion of Fo.orrow, yd
thoy nrc extremely di \" e rRe, e•pccially th0;0 Khed 1tt fnn e rnle, and fio"
from a varirty of en.use~. So1nc n.rc p o s~C!-4SCJ of hcnrt:-1 ::;o feeling, nnd ~y m ­
pntli cti<', tktt t h('y cnnnot ccn~c for n rn o m ~nt to weep with t11{'1ll tli:1,_
weep. Some wh ose emotio ns nro le ss vig-or0 11 ~, r equ ire more time t i ) w0 rk
thc11 1 ~ch·c~ u p into n weep ing- framc-~ a nd th1tli !-lllo w tli<:ir co ndoh'llCt> hy

-· Thvn gll.

thei r tCH I'~. ~omc who in Berret \\· i il n nt h c a,·c a ~inglc f-ligl, nt the w c, r·~
)fa li1·nt lic ·r, will w c('p in p11hlic le:-: t. tli f• wllrl1l Rllo11 l1l think them desri·.11 tt! of 1!11t11r:d uffertion .
'4 Lii<1~ ~{ Of'((·:" ' :--1uitt c 11 r ock," i~ t\ ('f'l111pn r i~A J1

r

:-:.0me: wt·(·p in order to i1n r t icipntu t he p rai~cR o f t lio dc:vl , to
~li(I\\' tl 1:1 t t hc.v we re the fr it· 11d:-1, to i1 11 p l,r tit at tlwy were the lJclo\' cd c•f
tlic wi .ote und li01111rahl~. Tl1t·y dw ell \\'1th f·11tllu~ ia sm on tlio~c 'll rn l iLi<' .~
of whi ch they s11pp0:-;c thcm:->cl ,·r~ pn:-:~~!:.;s c d in com m on wi th the di•c1·n~ c .-t 1
nnd i11 tl ii ~ w 11y liavc th e i1n pnrlc11 ce t0 C'H um c n d them~ch· c~ without n
I

di~l 1 k1· . J

sioglo hlu•h.

LES SON CXXVI.
U.fPROVJNG THR STYL E OF OLD AIJT11 0 ltS-AXD AllRIDGI.:\G
.\lO J) E l.t:'-1 AUT HORS.

I.Jct a h:i.lf page or more of so me good writer of the seventeen t h cent ury, wch as Barrow, be selected, abo unding
in p:i.rc nt heses, and in ill-arranged sentences or clauses, :ind
let tlic 13ame m atter be presented, accordi ng to the r ules
g in•11 i11 the p r cvio11s portio n ~ or thi~ w o rk, in as gvo<l a
style :i s the stud ent t11:i_y lie able to co1 11m a nJ .
T !1i ,; u1'k wi ll gi 1·c t·xe1Ti,;e to j utlg 111 cnt nn<l taste. Tt "· ill
111 :1.ke l1i: 11 11cq 11 ai11Led with tlie changes for tl1 e bett..,r wlii ch onr
lan~1111 gu arul li te ralli re ha ve un<lcrgo ne witliin two ci: nturi cs
pas t, Hllll it will habituate hiin :o such fl ~tyle as would g ive satisfac tio n at the present <lay.

~·. ;"

.L,

206

TRA:'\SL A Tit l]';S ANJ> I'A1'A!'llR \ STr

.

\.'

~·

T l 1i~ t'.'X r l'ri >e wo n]<] (,n.. ·<t 1' IJ 111 01·c·
.
· l
.J !lll'l' t tu 11 Jlfl l'nd h i... c· ri1i . ·
·~ I
.
.
'1.- 111 " I'"" I !1(' d ·1. I
.
u " "' wli
· 1c l1 '"' !1;lll llo! i" l<· I .111 I I I C 'Ill I /11 1' "" n1e,
J
'~e II t! IJCJCs of St\· Ju i i r 1/1 n l
I . ·,
' i11111r(.·1 ' or

!',\RA T'TIRA51!:.

'"''"i llf'J •l'm ~
UpH1 1 the

I'
' " I 1o1 <l <.bc·u
,·crcd
o t lie h st C'Xcrc: iscs ni:n· l;(' ·1 11 J 1l ,
.
·7
·
in a l;1·" '/i'"I ; 1r1111,,
· .. ·
.
.· · < ! ' lrc r1u c•nt· expnunon
01
·
•
· · . w111 e o1 tl1e (1 , ·t
·r .
u,r;e, ,,;0111e of t l1e1 1·1"<' . ,. 1' .
'" ion ti1gs <Ju11r Of$. .,... ·' ". ' l'\'111 "'
"' 1.h11
. . J' l' l'l'St;ott .£
Cl'l'lt :ind ot) . ·.
' Cl 'J t,
J

1~

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=',

:111d c1rc 11rn st:1 11 c1·.-<
)

;; :

t \\'

JH (.':-;l'J' \' I fl

:i11d

ir

J IC I ),"

011

!Y { J

0

'

.

•

ogct icr 1 ~ "J

UA_O!'l>WCr no t I\ fo nl n1·rn1\ .l i11,:Y t o l1 il't rntl _r, Jc:<t th <111 :d :-<A h1• li k e 11n tr1 /Ji m:
ans w e r a. fonl a cco rd in~ to lii:-1 ful ly, 11.::<t li e la; wi:H.: in Iii~ O\\'ll C'o llL'cit.''

,

1

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1:i1 •11•y :1 1n:111n<'r " ' > l'"'"i!J lc.

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TJ:o r11r1re c:i p:d.J c s fuil"n /" ln i"lit 'll · '
ort~/tr/l'/l J> rtssr1r1t
n1 I(l, I.,
"' .. '" .1<1,1 su clt analy.~eR n" t •'
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11·18111 ·V 11pon tl 10
fo 11! t.' tl1 erl' in r0111 111 . .
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n11 d thei1· t;"l e r11 i..." l1t, '" 11.,·11· ""." k 11 mvled;;c of
~

LESSON

cxxvrr.

. 1. Tl 1l' )11 ".i el;.
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a c1111:1 11 1t:u ir·t' ll'il Ii tl
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IC 101 ( 1 .~ll !: 1J) u ' ll;l <•' '
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u Thf'ji1,.1l is

he s-pcnk :< in

.-. : 11;.."",:.:• ·f..f .

TJL\ -.; ,.; J.. \'f'l 11,\' :" ,\ s n

It consists m C'xp :inclin~ th e 1honp;ht or thoni::::h ts
· presente(l, expn's;;ing t he m in tle:tre r t ern1,, a nd 11nld in!_','
them 11p in Y:1ri0 11s lig h t~, :1n1l 0ce:1si o 11:1 ll y , in i li 11~tr:1 ti11 ;;
·them Ly a r C'fo ren ce to experience or to li istor~· .
'Tho Bil.tle f111·11i,.hc" nn in\'xli~n,t il,Jo "'l'flly of tit<: lie~t r :i'"~~l' ~
or; su ch a. forrn of ('0 1n p (b i lio n . Tl10 ful lP wi11~ c xn 111p lu ::-!1uws
·1tow the cxc1Ti:<e i", ill ,.:e1 1e r:tl, t.n li e r"111d11cte1l :

ic ll JOsL llnportant fo
lOllll (' \:t111" t)l(' Jll t
)
,
. ""

1aoft 1111 :.:. wl'r, whi t h tnrnrth nw 11y wrnt h.'
11
Answ e r not. t h e fnl ly ()f 111 c r c taUat ire ne~s ''" itli s irJJi la r fq JJ.v . 1\ :rpotnul pmt i11:; nh·-·nt 11 ntl1iJ1g' 1nay 01l e 11 lie p nt. d fl \Yll i•ya ilt"a d ,... j ] t · 1tc~ .
An~w c r nnt the fnl!y of 11 11r•a--< n11aM1'11.P1t.°' , .f11L"'e tll'fl'llll ent. . o r ;1 r~ju 1 lic1'i l·y
like fo ily ~ lint' 11rn\·e :d i t hi n _l!' ~ 1 a n d li n ld fn . , t, ll iat \\" !ii r h i.-. g n1>d . '
ll An:-\W f' r n o t t. li e fqJ }_,, of' l'r'!lirn ,,11 exR t•y t ~1 l ly like l1 i:; own, hllt hy
mt1.rl< <:d ~il e n cc•, () r well -tim r d n· 1·ruo f.
"All :-\ W1·r 11 n t tl1 c fo lly <i f uiitli')11ily, wiLh lik e ft)lly. 'T lit rc i:-s th 11t
which F-lpt~:iket li like t!1c pie rc in g-~ ti!' a ~Wf ff•I; ltnt tJ 1c tongne o( t,\ic " ·iHO
is n~ u licali11g- 111 t di c i11 e. l n tl io 1111,11tli n f tile f"o li:;h th e re i~ n ro d o f
pride ; l111 t th e li1 1!\ <if the wi:-:c ~!t:dl prct-ter\"l! them.'
•• J\ 11:-'w c r no t th e fo lly o f JW.'t: i,··lt11u1J ncco rJing- to it~ foll y , b 11 t p ity, for bear, a11 J f.1 rgh·c; a 11 J
" fh <' lr :1r thnt I~ w l p" il w\1 l1 n lit t le R1l1lrM!I,
i\tny li1i 1,,:\1 1w \ I, p~· r h:lpl\, wi t It tt. is 111 il c.'
"An~\\"~·r 11 ,t. 1l n: f11ll y <,f 1Ytjdi •lf/ 1J IU' .•~ wir}, ~i1 11 i l nr folly.
n o li n t di ~~
p!cn:-1ed wln~n .'·p11 11r•! ('n ri t radidl·d; al)1n·c 11 11, do 11nt wait, for n.n o ppor·
tu11i1 y o f cn 11tradi1.: t i11J.! in y o 11r t11rn, to p1i.Y o ff tlic Mt1ppo:-1-cd uffrun t .
11
i\11 ~\\' C l' Tl'Jl. th u l~)lly (,f'jf,tflt r·y H'~1...·1) rdi 11 g- t.o it~ e lf, hn t turn t Q it ti
deaf car, a di:-1gn~ tc d h C!:1rt,; t'1 >r li e that tlatt<,rcth hi~ n c ig-hUn r , ~prc n<lc tli
a n et fnr l1i~ feet . F latt e ry e li e ri;.;lt c:s rri(lC, r-ielf- lo v c , and s elf- i.i.r n o ran ce .
"B11t ~ a n~wcr n foo l H\.'C11rdi11;t to li i:-4 i~1\Jy, lc~t he Le \Yi :-;c in hi:-\ own
conct:it ~' t. lrnt h-1, 11 11 s we r l1i111 ~ n n8 to rcfnte him on h i~ o -.vn fal:-; c p ri nQijll"re , lc-:<t hi:-4 hcin~ left \\'i t. bout nn nnKwcr, !-el1nnlJ lead l1irt1 tu :-.n p pn~<1
tliat Iii~ f"olly b 111111 11:->W (·rublc, unJ ~o eo 11 1ir111 liim in hi ~ 111iRt:ike . .An~wcr
iii111 , if. lw fo11 cier:; ld1n:-tc !f ri~lit wh c 11 lie i:i d cnrly iii the wro ng, if l 'Clr'~i i;l o
~t preve nt l1i 111 dduUing- otliL·r:-4.
lf*
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Sir ' \':dtt'l" ~ r·c lft , in "Tii i11u· 1o 1.· ,
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"'. . on ~ hnnld
··1· . • ~ . ' ·' •C trnn ~datro n .~ of tho
Tfill'". ' !:!'' . wl1 ich " '"' t. ."t ''•
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oc1 tn~ 1 11 a~ gooil I:: 1 . ·!. •
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(on ' o p t:rp11sc· or' in:1 k in•r ,·ou 1. . . '11· . . • •
II:-; w1 an ." wl~ r tl1e
nnd · ·
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t;11nil1 · 11· 11· i1I !I
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g'l\' ifl ~ \ ' 1111 l l tt~ C' t> r11 r11 ·111 I 1·
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Tli: ~ t:i~k <JC Jl' ll'flj >l 1r r1si11r;

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• I pie J•.1 11n •·· to \ l'J' ll t· on
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genera ~nh·

,,·110 do1·~ n~)t m;1kc n prnprr use of lib n·:1 sn n. \\" lie n
frilly of 71rr ,-t.-:i r1n 1 :tll:-\\\·c r lii 111 n vt witli folly , l ni t g-i \"c a

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inoro corn-

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298
ISOURCE8 OF ILLUSTRATION.
BOU R C J';; OF I LLUSTRATION .

LES S ON cx x v~r
T
.L ....
SOUR CE S

OF

1 LLU S

The follow irw <ourc . ,.r ·11

TRA TI ON

•
es O.; i ustration may be resorted to•
( .) Smllle anrl .lletapl1or.- T /i cs0
.
.
•
~n <l <>tl 1,·r lionh:s.
• !Oil) be so nglit 111 llie Bibi
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mrer{t.~ anrl n-1.jc 3rr1 i11 s - X
l r11 1•1.: rl 1.• , ln 1t tlic "Pr '"I~· I 71» . • ut o nly Sol<>mon's Book l•t
"L 0 0 .
iJ\ LI Jl.t
111!0•01 >/iv" 11 f T
~·' r is r" I'm1·crl" " U r •
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nppe r Tre ncl1 1•
u.in ~ " lln n db · 1• 1·n
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. '" \\•Sc .H t< g'nod rrren 11" l! f
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Dt tlo
(3.) Tl1 e cren t 8 of D 11·r L. .
'· u ri n ,}i mnterial.
• · '
!I ~ 1 re - '\ b ··r trl · 11 I ·
•. • •
'
wny a cc ident a r1<•blc . , 1.
c, s ll (> Wreck n roll
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uc r•rnp In1·ed 'to ill 11 -< t r• tc
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c -a rr. y occurrence
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( _.) l / 1,,fory awl 1Ji117ra}'l1y -T'
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pnrt 1or1' of 'ncrecl S 'r . t .. I.
"e ll>torwal and blogrnphiCllf
t: 'I • ur,, a one nre J>Cc 1·
l .
I.or t I16 ill1 htr:i 1io n of
. ....
·" ia r Y n cl1 in 11rnterial
· ns ~ llt· (ject · bu t t"
!I •c«e o t l11·r liist o ri<' < " ' i·' "'• •\ i n.,ral. and 1·'-'·I'•g 1o
.
.
. " '" 1'' "'' l''1 J>li1 cs ·11
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v
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· wi co11t ri b11 to a largo acldi.
ll<·1·"
it.
o~c
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.1
.
b eg-111 nt onco tl1e 111·•1etico 1· . ' . c •J1 11 11 e11u lo tl10 yunn" to
"
.
. o ll1., e1·t111/! in a C
U11 ' I er appl'op ria te J <"
I
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orn rno n-pln ce Hook
J
' ·" "• su e ' J11slo1·icnl
I 1•
•
< cnts as rnny be rne t wi t I1 1' ti .
. . ant u1og l'n pJ1ical iaci' .
ll
IC CO llJ'8 0
f J ')
i ca~ t to cntl'I' rl'fere11ccs to t l10 !>00 . o c a 1 Y . readi ~g; or nt
top rc.-< lll'o il/11s t rnterl .
k and pngo 111 winch suoh
(5.) Ma nner8 and '"'u3 t
•
11
v
om.1 n, ord entlless illustrations.

- - -LESSON CX XIX .
A DDfI'lOX A L S OU ltC E,._ OF

lLLUSTltA TION.

l • 'I'!.
p liysicrrt SciP.nr·"~ '\ l'C ...
· Le
•
.
, ' · "' '
r:i.t1 011 , o n C\·crv sn / 1-c "t I
.... . 0 0 )) 10 1\ s Ro urce of iil us. ,,
· • '· ' •
n \\'n t mrr th , . ·f'
.
.
Wc 1, t o r clicc t. ll'liat ill · t.. .
"' '
t i c ore, it will be
<l ~ ·
·
llS I . lt. J(IJIS of 1111 )' rr · .
·
Cl'i i·e lrom Zoo /oir\· l'n
Jl
.
,., 11 c·11 topic We may
my N t .. I 1'1· ,..._' 'rn Ot:ln_v, PJ1 v ~i olorr}' A .
t

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n/ 11:;01,Ji v Pb ._· 1G
"" , · st1 ono.
.,
.' ~1 ca
co ,.,r•rap liv
.
. • ··u1d CJ ienu~·

-. try.

From Mr. G r0scr' s little work on " lll n ~tra tivc Te:i.ching,'' the follo win g a pp rop ri at e ill11 str:itio ns arc J.ra \\' n:

Th o <lnty pf a iil'm, 11 n 111 1J\' alilc a dhe re nce to t h e t.rn tlt i' tl111o<
, illu,;tra tc<l frn111 Zoology :
H L et 11 ~ tak e n walk on tl1c t-1C' H-:1l10rc. Dn you Rl'C tlrn t rC1u nd , point •..!J
· py ra111 itl of :-::h ell , r1J:-; t i11g- o n y o 11d c r rock! Tli a t i ~ th e h o11bC of Lhc Ji111 pu t~ t li e n11ir nal i~ in:->iolc. 'I' ry to lift up the Hh cll. In vuin-y o n can1111t
mo ,· c i t . U:-:c :di yo11 r [1l/TC ; it is of 11 1) ll\'ail. 8 •, d1'sciy d oe :'I; tlic linqit·t
cli n g ti) the nwk, t lin t nlLh1Jn,!!h y o u lll llY b reak t h e ~lu :ll, } <.1 !1 l'ann< t r emo\'o it fn •111 it~ pi :t..:l:. L e arn n h.·~."'i Oll fro m tl1i.'I li ttle en._.nt11r1i . Cling
cfot1cly t.n tlic ror k uf ri:1l1 t; k:t c,· c ry nt.tcinpL t o \\'itl 11lraw y o n from i~
onl y ma ke y un r gra~p 111 o rc fi rm nn<l rl':~H.t lute , tuti.J i:rnffcr nny thing, y<!'n,
dcatLh it:-; el t', rath e r t!1an loo;-;c y o u r h olJ . n

'J

1

ihtron o111y m ay thus Le cmployctl :
u You t-ny tl1: ~ t t hi.;rc urc JifH cult ic~ in t l1c BiLlc wl ii~h you canllf')t ex -

pln in.

Tn1i:; ; Out l 1DW m any diflicultics nro t he re in God':s otlH: r hc·ok-

th e b oo k ,,f <· r1.:11 tiL·ll 1 Yo u cann ot e xp lain h ow yonder f-ii!,·t r ~ :-1lii11i11~
moon i:-1 kt·pt in it~ 11pp oi11 tc1l p11th , ne ver t 11 rni11~ n~ide, IJ11t ci1·\·li ng- c0nt i nuall.Y Hro un J nur c1lrt h. Yet. yon k 11 o w tl 11lt it re a lly d•H' =" t h i~ . An J
so t lw Hilde h a .~ it:-s 111 yst c r ie8 ; if it li n<l 11 <1l , it. wo nl J n ot b e li ke t ile ot ltt: r

wo rk" o r \.ioJ ."

The "I1nport1.ncc of those c ,·e ry -<l :ty occn rrc nccs, wliicl 1 are
often tcrmetl tri!lcs, " is thus illustrntcd fro m Chemi s t ry :
It if" too oflcn forg ot.ten h ow g-rcnt nn infincncc t h o litt1c occurren ce~ or
e n.ch Jny have o\·c r Ol1r t h n 1 1j.{ht~ n nd di~ pol"iti on ~. Th ey fl.ro cn~ r a <'t.i ng
u po n u :o: , c il h c r for t:! On d o r fo r e vi l. ChcmitttH tell us tha.t a ~ inglc gro.in
of th o •11bstanc e cal led iod ine will impnrt co lor to 7000 times i'.B w eight of
water. I t i• s o in t h e high e r nffoi ro or li fo . On e com p nn ion, o ne hook,
on e hahit, mny a ffect t h o w hole lifo nnd c h oractc r. W e •hon id be ever
wa tc hf'n l lcot n ur benrt•, w h e n we ]rus t strnpect it, beco me t in ged w ith evil.

2. Tlt\l U.•rful rwrl the Fine A rl8 furni sh numerous il!u,tra tionB
of " ' " r"l a n1l oi lt e r ~ nl ~kc t~ .
T l re D:q;nc rrcu t y pc p rocc ~~ . fu l' in stan ce :
u Jr o wcYc r pni nful tl 1c tro11blcK nll<l afll iction.is o f tl 1i::. lifo 1n ay

h· ~ ,

Vo

l: n o w tlin t t.hcy nrc se1J t fo r o nr g-cioJ ; nnd it iK qui te c~ rta.in t l1 nt 1 l( ri .l[lit.ly
i1nproq·d 1 they will n :nd e r ll K li ol ic r , and t he refore h a ppier, a lt iln11 gh, n:;
t h ~ B ible :-1uyl'l 1 th ey 11t first ' :-:cc nl g r ic \· 011~ .'
You lia\'C oft c1 1 f' C'C"l1 :1 dag 11 er rc nty p u portruit, nnd , I dare :my, IH1 \·c nJm ircd itl"- won dorf1il arcnrncy .
!low foi t \1fu l i • the wpy ! c1·cry featu re, every li ne o f tho original, hns hcoa

ponro.y od ou t ho ~n rfaco of the pol ished met.41.

Mu ch r.f th i\t

:'f

.f

"lrnn ~o

t"

300

sour~C T·:s

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iLl .liSTlcATIO N .
f'TOa!ES r:; TH E D IL\'.\t ATIC F ORM.

prorr.•s '""'ca rried 011 i 11 11,, ·h11·!.-. T lio l'" rl l'Hit. was drn .r n in n <lnrkcned
box: ll: .. 11 rn:Ticd i111" 11 di1 r k,.11nl "'"•111 , 1111•1 l1iddc·11 l'r11 11 1 l i: t d ul'i il(l1t

1~

'..lllfil c·11"1 1 1•11rl. nt' 11:,. i11:;1,,-1· gr1• w d1·;,1· 11 1" 1 /'""'"• ·t. ;;., ii' G «d pl.ice" 1
i::
d11 rk d1:1111/.1:r .. r 1dllic1i .. 11 . it;,. lhilt "" 11111.1·
111 11 re like ll hn
- ll1:1t l i e m:iy i111 p 1·c>s JJ ;, "'"" i111a;c 11 11iro J•L 1i11 ly 011 0 11r l1e11rt• • nd
li1·c, ."
'·;~

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3. Ji'icC/011 , H1r. li aq

,\ ll0.i:111·i~s, 1'11 r,,ldl's, F:d i lc,, T11lc~, 11111) Lo.
11111·1"""~ ol' ill1H ra 1i ,111. T I111s, " Tli c fi1lll

1;c 11 ds, nre 11 se f11I 1:1r
<>f 11sdc,s
IJO:hl i11;;, " 111ay l,c ,/i ,>11· 11 l•y ' "l'i 1 a Fa l1 lu :is t11 e fullow-,.'
jog
:

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f t1p."

itself' '"'"'"I" 1.. r,_,. pal111 1 '" " I i11

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few wec k3 cli mucd

" J l. nv ol d 111:1yr.<t tl1011 i>c ?" 11>kcd th e nc w-cr11 11 " r

" i\ l1<111t a /111ndr ..:d .\.<':trs !''
" ;\ f1011t 11

tall"' ,\' Oii , i11

l11111dred .'" ""'', 1111 d 110 i11l :cr ! 011ly ll'« k, l iia 1·e
ft'\\' (' ;· d:l .\'s li1:11 1 ·'"'II " "l'lll _l '(:;ll'.<."

"1 J,11,,.,. il:,n " '<·II ,•· n·1·li".J

u,,.

/( l'Oll'!l ft!

p:d11 1 : "r1·<'r.1· •11 111m cr of nix life n

us
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ti10111::1<
wilt
"li111l."d
In.:." "l' '""'""" """ '"' pro 11 t!

n" t i. ., ,, ::rt, m1J "" Hl1ort-li 1'od

4. P vctic Q11 0!,1 /io11 11(:011 i'11 r n i,/1es a li:11 •1•y :i 11<J beautiful ill ustnlliu ll uf, 11 l:jc·ct.s ll/"11! w liicl1 ll'e 111 :iy l11J ll'l' iti 11g.

2. Fnr

p11rpn ~ 0"

() !' il111:.-t.r:lf i() n :ir111

g 1 ' t"' ~\t (' r l rnpre~~i1):l,

301

A DlllT!O s ,\ r, SUL' i :< ; J·:s

rn et lio d 11 (" i11 ... t.r 11 ct i u 11. Tl111 :-1, i 11 ~ 1111 w i11 g l111w to procec1l \ Vi:--(·ly

~~

oorr('(' tin g the <\ rr or~ of 011 1· fri e 11d , li e n 1 1 vi~ e s o ~ to 11nd er:--:f :t11 1l
fnlly th o p n ~ i ti o n of tl 1: 1t fr ie1H1, tn sec w i tl 1 Ji b e y e ~, r c 1n C' r11htri 11 µ;
t lt~lt er ror npp r;l r~ re:-i:--on :ildu t11 :ill w l ic1 em brace it.
H If,' " ndd:;
}1 C, H i11:-; tend uf t ]fi:-' WC keep :i t :\ flj ~ t illl f; ~, a11d fu lJ nin.'ltC <' X J> l' i..'~ ·
s i on~ ttf rt:p r 11\i:tti1111 :lt a 111:\11':-i (.' !Tur :-: , W C 11 1;1y ;_!1':1tify ntlr +\\\· n
c o 11 ~ori 11 11:"' 1 H ""~, lH 1t c an du l 1i11 l 110 gu1Jd .''
Il e tl1c11 pi°t )l:t·1..:1l:-; tliu:-i
to ill 11s tra!1) l: i,; 111c:111i 11;; :

lro "" "' l'" " I' 11111· ('." '"' ' 'l' l' ll to (li:>t: n •e 11 11 li111 t p a s.Qes beforo

1'_1' 1.'s nnd <':i :-s <•pe n to 11 01 ico nll
ll fll 111·0 in ou r i11tcrcourso
wi 1l1
T11l' s:1.1·i11;.:.< ,, ( 111 ,•11 - a c:i.<11a l re1na1·k- nn
"" ' '<'doi(• r"i'••l'f .. d to 1i- - :i /:l1ra.-e 11., cd·- 11 e \\' .' l'"1' Cr itc 1ns-11ulf1y
111' f/,<»c• 111ay lie l11r11"d t o a ;.:-ood :t/'('.•11 111r, 11 11.J 1; ,,. t.liis p11 rp(ISO
,J11 ,11 ld liu '11>1·<'d lip i11 the li ll' // 1"' '.' ", 111· r cc11rtle1] in t\ co in111 oni1
,.>k, wirli
np11 ro)' riate l1cadi n g- to i111)icrttu tlic sul1jec1
wl:ie1J
l1 id 1[,,
it, "' " )' il lns tr:i t,._
1
tlll•111

ti.a t

in tl 1c

'""Y

lid ds

o l'

11 :i1 11 n:-0111·

lie '«Cn a 11 d k:ir11c,J 111'

<Jll r /l:Jlo 1r-1 1~c11.

fo,

, •1 ~

" FHt.l 1cr,n l'l fl .\'~ :-t !itt h: t liil.\ 1 ~i ! t i1 1:.: 0 11 Iii~ cr i1 ·\.;1•t 1.y tlic lin:l'<i ·l l• , (•Jl a
w inte r C\'l·nin,!! : "Fatl11-r 1 I !'l'Ci :i. lig-lit 1 a l" t rn ng light, out tlic wi1;,\ 0 w ,
O\ ' (· r ncr0~:-1 t lic rna d . u
'' l\'nn:-1e11 :-tr 1 y n11 sil ly chil1l, tlH·rc: b no 1~(>\ l se acrn:::i:s th e road, nnd there
L'HJ"\ liu 11() JigJ1t th e re t!1i:-1 tiine nfni.J.!lll.H
' ' H nt 1 1.."1..:rtai11l y ~cc OH(\ C1tlH· r - 1l lar,:!(', h rigli t lig- lit. "
" K ~ ) :-o.i11.:l1 tl 1i11;!,'' in:-;i~t :-1 t\ 11 : fat he r ; I \ itC'a1 11wL he ~ o . T li c· re :.-- rH•tliin:::
on: r tln:rt: t li i1 t. r:;rn l111r11 . I ca n ~ t.:c ont
the wi ndo w p1y:-;c:lf1 nnd it i:i

vr

be

l. Oh..erNr li, 111 , co11rrr."1ti,,11, :1111) 1lrril!f 1·,•,,,/i11g, w ill su pply
m 11cl1 ill 1i-trnti 1't· 111:1111'1' lo 11" ll<"d i 11 11111· wr it i11 g-.

I

;~

i n~ll'it d n:' lh,:i 11;,!" r1a1Tilll·d in i l1v urdi n;1ry t1 \\..' tl11 Hl.
Tli v writill,!!9
ofi\fr . ,J:i c111: .- \ l1hntr , ow e 11111 cl 1 11f t heir intl'l'('>•t a nil 1·:d 11 c• t11 t l1is

T h i~ i ~ one wny of (•n mh11 ti ng- error .
Tl 1e bn_v i!'I Hil l' nrcd , nnt ron Yill l't'<l: :111.J w 1:n; he n 1·11, a wed l1y pare ntal a11 thu rity 1 l1u wn11ld llt 't c \· C 1l

0 1" J 1.1,lJ.-ff HATr O,\,".

i

0 1" .~{or ir.'< ,'(/: of(/,/ (Jtrtf ,l( (nnft//!J ln• JJrf' J< Pt-,/tfl ?°11 lJtC dnn nf({ir J f1rff{ 1

all a w\ iitt: th:l J ur ti l l0 \\'. 11

L E SSO N CX X X,

'

·;.

'inrirlPnt.,

i

1~.r

,~

1iilc1h·t:d.

u " "l11· rc ?n :'ln_Y~ !\n0tl1cr fathe r, inn ~irniln r ra!-'C. A nd tli·•n;..:11 fr1-.m l1iR
u 't\ n choir }u~ <'an ~<'C t lu; lh: ld ue rnss the rnad, hr f{OC:-t. t.') tli e d1iJ,l 1 nm1
p11 tti11~ \1 i ~ (',Y('~ c l 0~e to Iii~ ~o n· :-1 . ~n .n•t , u \V lll'ru l h.:t 111 c :-1cc .n
"J\ \1 ! l )'(CC it : well , ll O W I w nl k 1-1 lr, wl y with 111 0
to tlic window .' ,

ur

T l111' 110 le:ub t.1 10 lJo_r 11 p, nnrl , ], o w ~ liir n t li 'I i:: r·o n rn h of ],j3
illu s io n, in ll r e flec t io n o r \ h o fi re fro m a pa n o o f g l:t• 8.

11 11 11 1:111

..
LESSO N CXXXI.

~111

Dr.11 J\ iki n l1a;; ll' r itt.e11 n fin(' di:1ln;; 11 e, c11lit.l l'd " Eye's a i1 d Nq

l~ycs,
•ir "Tir e Art uf s l'l'i//;.;," tliaL
by ti:,• }'11111 1!.;, in this connect ion.

IJl:'lJ

l•u rea d with g 1·eat

j11·111it

DES C R i l'TIYE

A

W P.I TING .

<1<' ~c rip1

!i t. :rnec~
~ 11 i~lw<l

ion i ~ a stat em en t of th e partic nhr c1rc11rnb y \\' li ich pc r s n11 ~ , place~, and 0hjcct.s, :ir• · <li~tin ­
fro1 11 otllt'r pf' r ~nn~ , pl:ic0~, :rnr1 ohj('('.1S.

,,

,~-~ If

..'·

303

.
" ) R i wsc1un 10N.
Qll l·:STlfl ;-; S •"
·

302

nES CRJ PTI VE W RITINO .

The deAc r iption
a nd cou 11 tenance.

ef a JW'«an

«01n d i m~.$ r~Je r&

only to tl1ofigu.r1

"T.rrih W ft ~ t cnde r~e r ed , hut R:ich cl wa ~ hcn11 tifnl nnd w c ll~ fa\"n rCtd.
11 ot.T0~Cp li Wll :-1 11 good ly p<'r~vrn, und wc lJ ~ fu\'r1 red . " u Jn nJ! f ~rttf.: \ thOf'(j
't'"H!'l 111H1c to he ~ 0 l' Hnt h prni:-1cd as A l1 :-:m lo111 fo r Iii ~ bcuuty , from t he aotoof I ii ~ font r.\·ei 1 ti) t hr. cro wn () f h 1f'4 licn<l , tl 1cro \\'tt ~ no Llc mhlh in li im.U
"Tli o !'4 !11t 11rt~ « f \V illin11 1 tliu Cr.11q 11cr0 r w ni; ta ll , un d tli c co 111 po~it.i o n of
lii~ h r.n('~ n 11 d 11111~C-k!'4 n ncomrn011 !y ~ tro n g- ."
H T he c x tcrio r o t' Henry V,,
fl"' wr!I a~ l1i:-1 d1 1 p·•rtt11('11 t 1 w a~ t:11;.:11.zi11 g; lii:-4 ~t at11 rc was f-l o in cwl:1.1t nbo\"O
tl1 0 middl(· ~iu·; Iii~ cn u11 tcmu H'c bea11t if11 I; ii i~ lirnbs g e n teel und slender,
lmt. fo ll of \'igor.'
1

D c.,cr i11t ion.< 1~ ( a p erso n svmdi111 cs n ·f er on ly to appeara11e41
man ners, or habi ts.
" A nll he fi nid unt o t hrm , \ Vhat.

1na1 11H:r

to n 1(;t t yo11 , and tol d y on I !u:-:-1c w0n b 1

o f man

w a~

h e w hi ch cnmo np

J\ n d th t;y nn !:lwcrcd him , Ha "'"

n n lttt irv 11 111 11, nnd g-irt w it It n ~i rd l.; o f ll· ut h«r ui.Jo ut
tt uid 1 lt·i~ Elij alL tho Ti ~ l dJit ~ · . ' ' - :! )iri n ~/~ i . 7, R.

l1 i~

loins.

And ho

Somrl im'"' I he rle.•cr ipt ion nf ri p er..a n ·rrfer.Y to li i.v niental f acul·
tie8 or allll inmrn ls.

-----

I h a ,·c ~<' <' n a ~ O il o f Jc~:-i.c- , th e Bct\1 - lcli c rn ite, l 1 '\tis cnnn in~
in pl ayi ng , a nd n Tll i;..d1iy vnlian t 111an, nnd n m :rn o f w ur, 1\lld prmlcnt in
m nt l cr:-1, u1Hl n c0m<:l y l't'r:-;on , a nd t li e L o rd if5 "·iU1 laim ." -1 Sam. xvi. l •
11

Il~ho l d,

0 XF(lnn .- A t <.'nllr~c h e conti n ned li i:i Kt nd ic!t with
nll dilij.!CllC'<' . nn•l w:i.~ nn ic<'<l tli ('rC' fi.1 r lii n n tt a i 1 1111 c- 11t~ , nnd C8porinl1 y for
hi~ :'I.kill in l'';.!ir, by w hich ho frcq 11 cntly p 11t. to ~ il c 11 rc thorSO who con·
tC1H lcd \\'ith Ji im i n nnr r l ifo. J' \ 1) 11 11111 1 i11d c 1·d, w n~ C\' UI" lll Ol"O d c:< tOrOUS
in t Ii <' nrt nf r t·11 .. 0ninz. A r l11n).~11 w: 1 ~ ,;n co l1ro nght. ug-nin:-<t hln1 t:iut ho
d c lil!' hl ed tn perJ' lt- ' h i• <>pp<' n« n l" hy hi" cx pc rtne•• in •op l1i• try . Il e ropcllcd it. w!L h in\li:: 11 :1t io r: . l l t, h n ~ lic:c n 1n y Hr..r. t care,' says he, ' to 11ed
t l1a t, my C':l tl ,"'0 \\' II~ srn r.d 1 u11d flC \ 't.:!'l c i l h c r ill jo:-1 t o r Cllr n c~ t., to d efend t h()
w rnr1K ~id o o f n flllt'~tio n ; nnd Al1an 10 0 11 rnc i f I cann ot defe nd t ho righ\
after :-4 0 1111 ;c h p r: 1cticC', 11 11 .l after Jia vi n g- bco i ~o cn rl y ncc11 ::1tomcd to ec pa...
ratt• t r11Lh (r1"1 1t1 fi d :·" · liof\ 11. how nr t f'u l ly soe ve r th ey nrc t wi" t (:d t og ether.' tt
B JoH :-; \\' t:~tE \. AT

-.,+..;,, uJ /11y' 14

11

l .ifenf

JJ ~e.;(!f'y. "

So111 ct in1<-s tlic £l,.,,r ri11 lion / ,, 11nl (/. f a. pe1·son , but r(f a, character.

s ' l• t l1e d1." cription or :1. /-'.<)O il wi fe in t l1 e last cha pter of P roverbl> .
Tl 1is 1le <c ript inn cun< i<t~ i n :rn crnnn c rnti11n of pn r tic ub r ·~ .
A d~sc ripl w n of 11. I'ltt ce ma y include its siturr.tion, climata, pl"O·
tl ur.l ion.•, both of n!1ture on d a rt, an d i ts p ecu lia1· beau tiu, curi0&ir;.u , 11.dMntagcs, a11 d inronllen ic1tU11. But such fu ll d~riptioo s

LESSON c xx x 1r .
QUJ<:sn o ~ s

, IO!' A.S F OR DESCR1PT10 1'·
sUGG ESTI Y E Ol·
. .
• .

;,. Prepar i11g a

I deas • •
to S 11 ·r;ncst
"
or P ersons :

.

D escnrt1on.

Q ne.~ 1 w 11 .•

1
'
com rle xi o n, colnr <><
.
.
i" nrnn cc , Pit.at n re , lo r rn ,
W I ,t i • t he p c r"" '"'1 nrr , ,
.
W hi ch
. . \h e nn1 1~ , t he iin n d ~ l. & e.
n ee - the chtlractc r i11 d1 catcd l
c~ ~~·lwi.. i:-1- th e cx 1 1 rc~:-;i rn1 " ~ cou nt c n n
.
. ~ un t\
e l1 i ~ 11ro111 i n e 11 \.. fr at n n.':-1 f \ \· ' It ... n<'Cl) m pE~hm c 1 1tM, att a1uin <,n t. ,
nr
p1.; r:;o n a rn u · 1
\ V\\ :1t a re t li e :q..;:l' ,
.
.
~
d · O~itio n v f t l 11:
ocrHp:ttion ~
intcl h:d11111, rn orul, ~oci 1ll charact er, nn l
\\' l1:1t '" Lli c
h e .Ji~tin gni;ih~J !

pcr~o11

1:

~

.

<r vice~ or nrnnncr~, i.s

F•l T w \mt partic ul a r v 1 rt H t:~ , '

&c.

2 • Of sensible and

' '/here\:\ i.t~ -'\Th:1t. i.tt- it

.

'

ate Objects :

.

i lif.Ullm

'·

• > ~ W h o " ·n• t h e mo «CT 1-

11\:1 t l t · n 1 '

Wboo vu

304

EXrmc1sF:s 1N DP:SCRI!'TION .

ci rr11mRt~ncr"

305

il• 111•,~:·

:><''
it. mn<le ?-U11<l r•r wli ot
1-Whnt i., it like '1 -Whot ift
te11dc.I 11.<c ! - I.< it wl'!I 11.J ;'l>rcd to '" 1eh 11.<u 1- J lnw dnc• it cn111p1irc "'iiw.'
<•Ll1n 1° l>j,'<' t.< of'" ,;i1 11il;i r /;i1 1d ,, 1· 1,, 11·1·''"" l-\Vi 111 t 11r1: t lic be11tJNt• ir. c1m, ·
fc·1·•, 1.11" di•;idl'1111 111;.:e• it rn·urc.1111""
it., cn1"1.it11 e11 r. i'"l't•, n11t,I.'
l"" 'l'erti e.<, a11d di111\'11.<i1111;, 1111d rd a ti"I!• lo e11e h ntltcr ?- Whut /,I
cnl or, "trt·11;.:11t, d11ra!• il1ty ~ -( >!' wJ,,. tlii111,..... d""" it rt•111i 11d one 1- WJ,.t\.
duco it ill11,tr11t•' I ·- \\' hat i111p 1·c;;i111i; c1,,.,, it c01>1·cy I &c.

~-\\'ltat.111·c

Dc~rri11ti "c r<>rnpn;i 1i,,n~ ,110111,J

l1.:> 'o n rr:ui;;i:'<l, nn1l so written, ,
•kgrcc a~ j>o«,il.J,., tlie plensnro .' .
.
tl1c i11tun1J :ttio11 w/1 ic l1 1nig-li t l1 a1·0 liuc·11 d crive1l fr11rn
1tct11:il ['l'eSc!!<;C or tl10 t!ii11;; <h:<crilicd. It;,,
to
end "'
tl 1a c t.lio writer strun;.:ly i11 1:i;;i11c ll1c pn·,cnce o f tli c ol1jcc t
scribt-d, so Hi l.o sdct't j•1diciu11.l!f tl 1c />1'0111inent '"' 1nore :; triking "
r,,

~1id

to r·,,1111111111ic:1r c, in n' gTl':it

:t

11cccs~:1 ry

l~nll! rc~, spccijj

tlii~

tho .'~.

.·;:-

tie· ~

i~

tltcm picturc,,']uel!f, 11nd de.ycri/Je i111pressicely.

.<;-.

ExE nc rsI'.s.
De,r1·ibc, 1. Yo n i· n:iti,·c j>hce, n11tl snrroun<l ings.
2 . . -\ llY ri \ 'Cr 01· srn:d/c r ~ I rc:un .

3. /\ ri11·p1·irc \\':ilk, or l'id ,., n11d Urn scenery passed tl1rougl1.
·.!. 1\ p:1rty t(•r pi c-11 ic, l111 111i11 _
::, 11r li.-..J,ini-", '-\:c.
0

5. T/1 · """" '"" 1tf .< /•\ l!di11;; '"n1 0 l"'lid:iy
-- Cl 1ri'1 lll•L .<-f11t1rt /1 o/' .) 1ily, & c.

8Cason-tl1ank~giving

G. Yo nr li:iloit ., 111' s t11dy-p11r,11it nf pa r t ic11lar st111l ie.~.
7. llaliirs ,,f you r i11st.r11ct.111· 11' 11, JJlnd(•' 1t/' le:i c l1i11g.
8. So111e 1•111.Jic "<'l'n.<i•on-c11n"·crar i•111 of a l'l111n:li edifice, open.
ing ,,fa j>nulic liall, l'<'Ccj> t io n of so111c great IJ1:111, &e.

LESSON CXXXIII.

"

\\'/111e1·e1· as1•i1·l·s to l, c a fi"' 'd d('.«·1·i1>1i1·0 wr ile1· 1nnst ndopt
rig•• l'n11.-/y I l ie p(•r!l. }11//'.ntcrl b.'! Sir IVitLte r Scott, w/1 0,
),,u; llo
i11 t/ois ki 11d o f wri t i11 ;;, eit/1c•r ti1r :;ty!o of /1111gnage,
01· 1;,I' f!it/1f1rln<'•s 11nd a cc11r:11·,1· i11 Iii;; \\' 11rd · j> ict 111·cs. :\Ir. Mcn·it
<i f t/1 0 lobor ioltic/1. S ir
( in J,,,ckl 1arc's " f.ir \J 111' Sc ott") tl11 1s

perl11q>~,

'"j>Cri,,r~

j"

'·"

'Peak~

'

d

lJ'rdter peiformcrl to .<1·curc <lc,: umc!I and originality in lti.l doscriptio11, nf 11r1tarr' :
;'\ Tlli S\lC -

" V11 l1i; ,.i • it in;c J\ ,,kcl1y, lie "';.1 l<> 111c, ' \' 0 11 lio " e l) lle n Ri ven mo
m11 tcri;d, 1;". )\ l'< >!111111ec; '""'' I "'"" "j:O)<)d roulici"s l'/l\'e , 1111d H!l olti
cl >11rcli 01· the rigl 1L" 'rt: " \l't· rndc: ""L, 1111d lie 1<,1111d wl111t li e wa11ted in
tli" 1./d ,Ja1c 1p111 rric• of' lhig-11 ;>1 , 1111.! !111· ro1i 11 1'll Alil•1·y of' E;c)(lc,tono. t
ol'"'l'l'l'd lii111 "" !i111r """'" f f'et• 11,_ /"c11 l i.1r little •vit./-;lull'a,, a11tl !1•rb1
(!,.,: a,•,.id.-11 t11!!.'l ;t•·ew il r •11t1uf, a1 11 l n11 J/i c 'idt: o!' 11 h.,Jd crni:, 11c·nr )1 i" in.
t~JJ• lo.J C11\-.., 1>f·(;!i." llrn zil; "'"' ~" " lol n,,1 IH•ip ""·'·i11 1,1 , t h111. 11" ho Wll.• JlOI

Ii

} ll'!'U

UC

f"'

NAltRATlVIG COMPOSITION.

l'lWSONAL NARRATIVE.

P1c R~ OXAL

307

N A1tHATIV1,.

The foll<l\Yi ng- dircdions for th is may he ohscncd: Im agine the ordinary e\·ents of your daily experience. l>11·el!
on the subject till you fvel an intcrc.,;t in it. Ask ronr~<.'if
the q11esti:ons, what did I do first, wl1at did I s<:e, wl1om
did I meet, what was sai<l or do ne by me, or by the per~on
met, and other questions of the sort. Tlie answers to snch
<.Jt!L'stions presented in a connected onkr wili fornish the
desirc<1 na rr:Hin'. An example is suhjoine•.1 from "Smart'R
~fannal."
·
1. l\h

II1sTOHY OP' T oJ·f•AY .

I ros e at si x (1'cl ork. Jt "·11 .i n fin e ~11mmcr·~ morning:. :rnd a~ tny hrrnr
of st11d_v W;t~ not till :-<C\"<:11, I went to take a wu!k. Tli e air \\';1~ frl'~h ; tlie
finn shnnc; llnJ tl1c !arks were l"'li11g-i11g .ulJQ\" e my liend. 1 p;1:-:seJ tlirn11gh
coni-tkld:-1, 111eadow~, a11d pa:->tnrc;-; ~ rctnrnin~ L_y t.li 1:; road il1at wi11d:1
with tlic ri\·cr. H<·af·hi11~ \ionic at the 11ppoi11tcd honr, J ~Ht do\v11 to 1ny
tu~k, nn1.l f'tCpr1reJ for con;-;tndn ..Q', p:1r;-;in,i:, nnd i"Cnn11in~ twt: rit._Y l:nc :-; (i{
Virg"1l, heg-i1ini11g ut the sccnnt..l Hunk . Tlicn we b rc::ddiu-.;t1.·d 1 :rn._i pbyt··l
for u11 Jionr. At niiw l \Y{;llt up wi th my elm:;:-;, nn.J g-<1t ::-;11 ('('<::-:.::> !'1ill:·
through t he lcl"!'IOH 1 liad prepnrt:d. F ron1 ten ti1i twdvc we wtr c employed in writing nn<l ciplt<.:ring ; unt.l tli cn cnrne our 1c~svns in Li:.;tory a11d
geogrnpliy; urtcr wlii<.:1 1 wo di11c<l. " ' hen dinner ,\·as O\'er, we had
nn<Jther honr'l'l play. Our leRFtO H in Engli ~ h fo1lowccl, and the dra,Yingmuster en.me at fonr. At tln~ I had n lc::1$on in music, which occupied mo
till 011r C:\"Cning mcul. Aftcrwn.nls came tho dancing-mn~tl'r, n1al he ti rc· d
us 011t~ :-.-:.. t liat, 11aviug- furnisl.Je<.l yo11, nt your rcq11e:--t, with thi~ hifitory,
I am glad to suy good night, nnd go to hc<l .

It is plain tl1at nil tlii;; migl1t lie n litrle mnr(' 1•:irtic111a r izccl.
Th e twenty lines of Virgil nre St:1tell, l1ut tloe other Je,;sn1" nre
spoken of in general terrns. Tl1 e rnornin;;'s \1· alk mig-ht rn1·e been
rnore minut el y describe,] , niH] the 1iel<ls ~pecific<l. Jlut il is 01.Jy
fair to leave to tl1e nnrrator n cl 1"ice of circ1rmMn11ces for !1c>c:ripti .. n; it i,; in tl1e H·lectin n tl1nt lie sl1ow:; Iii:; t:1,t e; nnd ],;, ta, le
will i111prnve, if lie ob,-e 1·1·e, how i:1r lie foil,, nn•l l1ow far lie "111:cec·.J,, in e very attempt to frn111e a description of t.lic ki11ol ln·1·c
cxe111plilled .

2. 1'/i.e nm-ration of a story unconnected with yoursefj~

will also be a useful occasion of trying yoni- powers.

cj

;

.

308

..

,
I
I

i\'Af:HAT!ON OF A STORl.

I

1'
D o11h t lP ~ s t l1 is orc ~:;i o n li:-ts ofte n h:-tj>pcnct'l .

'

Wh:it you

h:t\'l' l1l·t·11 l " !,l l1y o n e 11e r son you l1:1 1·l· rep ort.t· rl t o uth n\j

:rnd y ou !ll:1~· l1:11·c n·l:tt c <l in a 1rorsr, or in a lictt cr mnn.
nN, tlie ta lr 11· l1ich y on heard. Your :iim m11st lie to 1-&
l:itc, in the l1est mann er yon c :-tn, 11·h:1U•Ycr 11:wratil·o if.
propns crl: :di tlnt y o m t;~a<.:hcr 0Hgl 1t to do, is, to pn( ·:
yo11 in 1•nsscs-i 0 n of· t he s 11hj ect :ind tli e fa ct s ; :incl ll'hC~
y o 11r cxt·1T isc i., liro11 g lit to l1im , t o 11• >i11t 0 11t to yo11, :is n
guid e for C11ltll'l' :1 ttc•rnpts, liow it rnig l1t h:i1·c liccn better.
S11 pri<J'C Y''.11 n 1·c r(·1111i r,..1 To tell, fr(llll (·:irly r :o1n:\ll lii•tl•rr-tth c story or le:;e 111l .. 1· C:111 1ill11", n11.J 111" s<:l .. 1ol1nasr.er of thti
Fa lisl'i? S1 :i rti 11g " " this " 'IC;:esti"e ti1 l0. nn tl p1«•, 111 11i11g j'<• ll IQ
kiln\\" lli C l't "·I , (1r lt1 be t1•l tl n f i f, (J (' ! 1; \ \ 0 it. r e:tcl tn .)'O tl 1 } Oil C~n
h:t,· e n11 11illi t·11 lty i11 n: pn rti ng 1l1e fa c rs 10 nn111li cr pc1~on,_.
n:unl'J_r, •· 1l1:it 1J1e ~<· l11 1 < 1 !t n :1~ ter li: l,·ir1g 11111101· li iH e:1 rc t l1 c sonf' (>f

--- - -LESS ON

0

nll t l1c pr i11"i J"il 1:1111 il ics nt' tlic pla ce, le.I t.l1c111 011t of tl10 tow n Un·
dt'I' pn:tcn cc of a w:i lk f,,1· J>le:is11ro nnd cxerci;;c, a111l then went
nn<l µ-a,·c 1l 1c111 11 p to tl 10 c11111111:lll il cr ot' 1lio l1t·siq:;i 111; army ; 1.lllt
Ca1 11 i ll u ~ . di:-'d: ii11i11 ~ ~ twl1 11: 1~1: 1 1e:->:-o, ref1 1 ~c·.d to 1:1kt..~ :1 clv :u11n ~e of it,
1
nn<l ,., ..1,.,·cd : lie l1oys fti tinµ tl 1e "~· J111 .. l111:1 s1er \1a('k into tl1 e ei ty."
i\'l1Nl y1111 11:1\'C 1 1:11~ l1rid ly l'PJ'C'!l t('i! t!1u f:I CI>', yo 11 11 111)' 110 l'O• .
ri 11i1·ed lo wri te tl11..:11 1 d~ 1 w 11, :1t1c! ir11pro \· e t!it..· cll~· ~·t uf 1l1e wliulc
l>y c c· r1:1 i 11 :u\1liti 11 n..:, \\' li i\:11 will 11ot 1': 1il to !" ll;!:!t: ... 1 tl1l'lll :'Clq~~ to
y11nr f:111 cy. 71rori frd !J" lt tl1 i1d,; l' /')'!J c11 r,;e.;t/11 on 1rlM1t yo n /iriv8 IQ
1

co111nu111i1;a/ 1·, fln d tr y . n.v y 1n1 (! ()on , fn ·m okr t /1t, .ilro11y1'.;;/ h1'pres-

Rin n you ,·1111 011 your n·nd<T . Yo11 sl1n11ld, in tlic fi r:-J, plnce, Ct.>n·
f- id l.'r w li :ii. cp 1nli t il'"' t Jf l1c:1rt iir 1ni11d tl10 cl 1iuf aC':l11rs in 1lie ~t o ry
c;x l1 ib it ; n11 >1 :·011 11 1n.'· ~l.:lf <' tl"' "c r111alities by way of title, a~ tho
n1oral purp n:-:c 0 r in1"-· 11l i i1ll of yn 11 r sto ry.

\\" i; (' n C': un il!1 1s . in t ltC' r :1rl y l i111 •·:-- ,-if· 1~ · ·11 1«, w: t f.l lws i(·,!!i ng- F11l c rii , n city
wl ti . :: 11 he l"l l;!l'd t o t l1 1• J• t' ••p l1· 1·:1 11 1· ·1 l<'a lis1·i 1 li e w;i...; 011 <: tiny s nrp ri~cd t!)
Ml!C :\Ill:!!\ :q prn:\•.' lz i 1il1 L !"rt otll t lit.: t 1 •Wl1 1 w J11 1 \ rro n ).! !:t, witll )1ill! ll IHltllbC r
11
o f l1oy:-: t l i:i l.. :-> i ' l "! 111·, I 1· 1 li l' 1111 1kr Li:-: l ':\l'l '.
•· (';111 1i ll11s,
:-:aid the 1111\11, n~
s 0 011 11:-4 Ii<' w11 s i 11 t i i<" L!"l' ll l·rul ':-: J'fl · ~ t· J H.'(', •·I ~l~ ·li,· c r i1H t) yo ur lin111..l:-0 tl iul:'O
y <.1u tli"", nncl in d<: liq .: ri11 g- th t.· 111, I th: lin: r VJ y u 11 tl1 u 1: ity )'ll1111ro bc"icging.
ntn a ~c11noln1at"kr; 11rn l 1h 1· re i.-1 lh•t o n e i •c r :-> r111 pf u11y rank i11 thll 1.-iwn, r

.

J 11 the :let of c omp 0 " 111 g,

cxxxrv.

11111 r h

:l•h·:1nt:ig1' 11·ill 1H' ~~:i i n c d

• y onr rC-J'llf!'.l \:ln c c to
,
.·
.
I
k (.t·L l ll1 " 1 •
· •
.
b)" 11 0t 1hi11/;i11[f 11 ~I II·:'·· 1'' . 1 nr fr:lllli' ~n111 e <1 ('('.;'\Sl On
1' h it
'Jiii ) .,
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l
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11
1
it 1.Jv c ontl· 111 lli g
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·
Ei itit.::ti·n1· to r e<:O•·
1 .
.

.

.

. ' •1 . ' In" ple:tse•

~ il l\.

.

"

ii

'

fo r tel\111" :i sl<>I ) '· i.t u · ·
. .
ii ll'tll'<l w1Lh Yn.<r
"'
· . .., while YOll 11"' 11) '111 ·
· ·
]('r·.t y r1nr expression.
. 1
... ·t 1hl'lll y o11rs vlt , o r
~ . •
. : ' tl· •m do1n1, !lilt 1·01 111 . .
:
.
·l '
ll
' fl . : 111, .. :1c q1ml''l .t st) c,
"11hJ1·l't.; " i 1t e
·.. ·ct them. . i1b '' i
,
.
1
11 c ·. .
\ . . ·\ ·· :is i,; \il \l'l1h•rt 1c
g c t :rno th l'r t oeo
1 . l \I"
'-'llt' 1 ,\ ,.. 1 \ ~
lf
·1sv
vet
lW
t
s,
0
1
c1
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11
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1
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C .. , , ,
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·r r · ) n11m:1'"
.
. . . l '.1 t t·r t li :1t i·on .-lin 1i11l
o r1li11:tr\' 1111,..11w s~ ol l '.
.
• , . . . • 1 \ '111\>l ."': :1 1111 If \.' l l
.
.
.. \ ' l
i11 yu11r i11 ,..t. .1 l
.
\ 1· . • . i11 r 111111•1 n11 cx.1 t< <
.
'
"ht 1 \) k C l' I' ll' • II (. ~ l
.
l . I . .
\ , illll ll <'ll C<' rd " . 11<; 1 ) 0111
nnt.. 'l 1111 o u _
·
11 ·n<.;t' ' tl1r 1.111'..·..:; 11 tl." · l1• ·r :11111 hi!!li1·r, t Iio1 1g l1
st:-t111brtl ot exec: e
]lr :i 1. .., ns111tr 11g ~ ·
·
1 f
:it1l:lll]'\S m:1y l )<! :i · · ·
.
im:i"ined st:111 <l:n·< o
of c xc clknt'e 11·!111· l ) n111
"
l
11n:1t.the <1i•grcc
. . . . h lle 1111atta in ed , :t11ll p e r i:qis
c xcelle 11 <.: e l1 old s 101 t

;'
I

·1 . .

t:1i11al>le.

1

...

./

l.'100 !{A Pl! Y.

Fr:n~r

311

/I ~rnmcA K JT1sTonY.

1. 'fl 1e nnin11 of t l io ~ f 01ynnw1.~r ot. Ph n onth . 2. The d e ~ t rn d i M 1 of
Tc" nt Bo><to 11, 3. The Bnttk ,,r B1111kcr', ll il l. 4. Tlic C:ipt.lll'c ur ~1"jor
Andre, and the treac!tery of Arnold. o. ::i111ith and Pocahont•'·

X ,-. in:ATJn: o r. S T.1·1·1.. ,11.. -..

.

·

··

.:\ l

OF

r.

.
-,\( '.' I' ~ l·. t~,.~r
-J'·.xousrr llisTonv

1_1

•
•
In d e n~ l o 11 11w 1 '1<- ' C: .111 l 1 . .
b0oks ot' refer~~l('C i;11 1~t \I ic ~1.1mll:1r ~lil•Jcets wliieli follo11·,
ti.
.
.. JC cntrre y dis1>\·nscrl .· 1 l .
te t1111.e c~f 11.:ritinr;
P · ... .
·: · 111t1~urm,q

already rnadc by tl;e· le· .rcp;i1.1t.1on. lo1· Wl'i ting, it' no~
•
.1111 e r s fire 1·1ot1 " t ]'
nia d e Lefore the tirn , f
..
~ ~ Ill ll·s, may be
.
c o \\'ntuw. l111t tl . I
.some mten·al het11·cc11 tl
,,,, ' .
ic1e s1011ld be
1c prcparat 1 11
l I
.
,
and no notes, C:XC(") L of d ·1t ..
::in. tic exercise;
·
r
· e ~, s11011 1rl be t:1ken.

°

' 1. The Enrl.v Penpl e of E11glnnd. Iii F· .
.
'
~tnr_v n j 'ti H· j~D lll;tf]~ and t/i(• ~ , . t l r cl ,\l t~. of the h 111n u11 In\'ll~i o n . the
tlic111. 2. Ilow E11,, la11d r·1rn.1· ·.' t; (\ t ie H :·tto 11 ~ ""li () u tlic Homnu~' left
.Fiwt...; in tl 1c llis1 , ,,·~,. '1· '-~~
ir 1 " po :-;!'<C:'l ~ l (•ll of lht S11xo11s
o CJ. f
,
•
'
n.JIHr J\ /fri· d
4 8
.
.
, . o,
llC
f\{'JL fi. T/10 I!:i t t!t• of Jf.i . . •in~•
I . . . , • tory n t Ca 1111to f°l'b nki r\n' tho
Three S o n~ nf \\" i!l i·1111 ti,.'(;-."' nil ~ it:-t 1111n 11.a li11 t c C n11:.:l·qnt:11 cc:-t
'~ ,..."]'I
IC
•HH j1• t_· r •) r
ti . ("
. v.
10
.
'
t l ic1r Srrcrn l D<· ~ti n i •·"I
icir ,01Hl1u: t to eaeli otli&r 1111-'
:l n
. . . ,.'. ~1'1 !e'J"- (.l... 11"1/T-I
"I
'
l Jenry I I. ttnd Tlio111tht
' u
•
<'elect, wi t h the r~ .. 11 ('
l
1('t,\\'f'f'JI
far t h o f1> rt1111e1"1 cit' Hil·i1 nr;l I'. . . 111• i ·11~11~fc~ - \V hut tlil.'Y were nnd how
1
·
tI l
'
'
• \\ f'' n• ennn<~ <'t ' I ' ·11
ln.i;r ie }11d C lillrll {'f (•r o f' J\ in
J I
'c ,.1 i t I ic 111 ,• ~l . F11et1-tMl1ow
111 - l11 !'l1i" r F
tl 1e ~f ·I ·
·
•
• •
""'' 111 tlio Jli >to ry ol
• :\1< <>I
11 \. _
.
. ' i 1r1"1t :ind 1.a!'lt l>11y."I
C;cr.lina l \\'oJ..,cy.

<·

orl'""'"

;: ' "

I-' 1<0.11 Ro ,1 1Ax

o:·

l l i s ToHY.

' l . T'hc L l·.!!o..' t h.I o f R o11111 l 11~ :1nd Pl'rnuc~
'> •
•
tn<1 D ea th or J(,. 111 ,1.-. ~ l ., I · .I " . ~· fhc F n11nding-ofRornc, d
h
I.
. • ( ,L: C' ll (. nl lorut1 1 ltlH.l c .· ..
'm
,.,, :n y w ii...: h ~1..·n·iris T111ii 11. 11 i.:· · I ..
n1111t 11 .
4·. Th o Strntn
f tl
· J
:--, i1c- . . . t\'l 1 h.1nir or p
a icr- ~11- aw, Tarqn i11111:-1 l'ri:-<(' 11 " . '"' . ~
·"'.
\ Olll e, SllC"<'elal <:d hiH
("ndc<l t11 th e C'0 11dc11111 a t in 11 r.f 11 ~ , » .. l ~ ry ot tl1c Co11~pir1H·y which
G. St o ry of M11ti11::-1 S1.·a: ,·vl a
.I L .~ n n ~
J.~r11tn .~ by their o w11 fi1tJ1cr
· 7 · ~ !l.H'Y 0 1 Co n uL 111ns.
·

uc

''!

f'H d.\C

CH1-:c1.\:i,;

1f1 : :. T11wr.

~· 1."

The Srrntag-(• 111 of tlt c \\r1)flti<·11 Ji o r·, l
.
Siege, t li c Grcl'ln:l obtui11cti po ... :-t -..s ,.
/"?J. ).r wl11 cl1, nl"te r n T en l"cnrs'
t h o last ldllg ol' Athen!-1
:l D. ·. c. :s10_11 o . roy. ~. l'utri ot i:-:111 of CuJ .
of t110 l' d. . . '" . 1onyf'l:l!l8 ot s ,·rnc
111 s ,
1111 <l DnmocJea · ::ito
(IU en t Sw ord. 4 St . r D
·
.
ory o. "DlOU lllld l'ythias.
'
ry

'"C

LESSON CXXXV.

,.
!'

HlOGTt APIIY.

:··

•,,,

T he pmpose of l1iog ra phy is to place before the reader
the characteristics of some particnlar person, as (lispJayed
in the actions and events of his lifo. It is a succc:ssi1·e account of the events wliich have ::iffeded or lli~tinguished
him.

~

!

,•

'

Tho 7;,pic:i t.o be t re:itc<l :ire sncl 1 as t.lic· sc: 1. N:\111<); 2. Family o r desce nt; 3 . I~d1H~a1i1111; •!. Circ1111b t:wcc5 n11<l i11tl11c11 c e;;
n1fecting cl 1a1·:lctt·r; 5. ])oi11t!S; G. Su rrol11Hli11 g-~, ~ncli :l:-\ :uarringo, f'ricn1l~, lit1> i11 o~s , &c.; 7. Effects proclnced in l1i111'c li' n11d
on ~ncicty; 8. Oltnr:u~tcr; !l. Sicknc;;s and <h:at Ii; l 0. J:,-sult•,

per1n:i 11cn t ,,r (1tl1cr w isc.
A very brie f' ill11"tl'ation o f thc•o tnpic• mny ho tl.u~ 111·c·,cnl<:<l,
in tlicir onlcr \\'lii ch 111i glit lie writte n out, :1~ nn cxc rci:«', i11 foll:
1. " ' iilinni Sli:1k~pc n rc. 2. J ohn Slinkspcnrc n1H.1 Mnry An.h·11 , dan ~h ­
t.c r n11J licircs?i of Arden of \ Vclli11gcotc. 3. ~tratfo rd Urmn11 1ar-~ cl1 o ol.
4. lli:-4 fot hcr, n wool-t.lcalcr nnJ g-cncral h otiic r; L..t:1u1tif1tl nat ttrul ~ec11 c r.'·,
hit1toric rc n1i111 ~ccncc~ prc\·al o.! 11t, und grenL 111 c n t.a l activity uf the ng-c.
5. Love an<l plcnsnro pursu ed, i ntellect nwakcncdt nn d pby:-1 . G. A! in a
Ilathuway-tlircc dn11g-l1ters an<l lL son . 7. Th ca t ri ced i.:011 1a~ ct.iPn .oe, pn oli t ~,
reti rement, &c., popll laritf, n11Ll cvc rlastin;.{ hon or. 8. Sn\'ing, ~c 11 i al
in co111p:111y, wa ttl1ful 0\ll"r p roperty, he cdlc:-\l:' of !'11 11 1c, co n~ 1.: io11~ or f.!1'\:a t nc-~~. t.\:: C. r1. St ratford, 2:kl .A pril, aged :~2. 10. <..;o lllll HHltHl~J/'~, t~diti o 11~
1tnd '1' 11nntio11 ~ , bi1lgrupl 1y, his toric \'aluc or' writi11g:-1; 11 ole~ o f Iii"...-, pliilo8o p hy at1d 111 0 ral~, i11q1qttant c~ti 1n11t c~ of hi~ works, IH l)\111111c11 t ;ol. 1 a 11J
tfoetio n clltt.:rtainc(' fur l1is m c111ory .

The follo\\'ing rnl es apply to Biograpl1ic:il Cornpo~itio11:
1st. Confine the incidents sdccted for narrative to t hose
closely conncct<'<l with the indi\·idual.

t'

j

TR~ V ELS .-

312

lll!'TnnrrAT.

C0~!1'0:)!T!Ol\ .

"
21 1.
. Gi,·c .i·n ·~t, s t :i.t c m c n t ~ oi' fact•
1 f: . .
partial i1o r ad n· r~·1t i \"C·
.
. . , . , an < air, 1. e., ncithe•
., l I t ti
..
'l' .\l"J>' 1Ll o n~ of c h:wll·tc1·
v(.
_,c
ie~tyJ
' nat
' ural.
. . ·- c lJ e l':l'-'}" , clear,· clcgallt, •but

•·"

'l

.tWVE.LS.

nnthor~; nnrtnri np; th onp:11 t c1n th o pcri0l1 hy rc!1cction"; tl1cn,
taking ~<11nc st:111<1:1nl work on cl1ro11<>logy, a1111 notin g t.l1L' uw"t
importrt nt c ,·c nt5 gh· cn tl1crc·i11 , w u rk tlic111 up in the unk r gi,•cn

Ui~t.oric:ll

nbov e.

n:wration (1cm:rnJ s- 1. Sk ill in t11 e sc1N:ti on
:l\1<1 :1rr:1ngCllll"llt or cve11ts. :2. Fi1ll' lity . 3. J)in:n-»1t.y of
i;t.yl c ; sin1l'lil'ity, g r:LYi t.y, cl1:1stc 11 c ss, :11111 ck: tl'l1l'SS lll'i11 g
" d1i..:f O\·er :1\l."
}'0r cxampks : n efo r to lhn cr ofc';; 11i~tory o f th e 1Jn\ tct1
State~, Prescott's 11istorir;;, I nin::;'s Co\ umli ns :rn•1 'Y:1ohin gton, J\lotley's Dutch H cpu1Jlic, A1 ,botl's Histories,

i .,

:1

!

'

\'
!l
-,! '
'

;.i

i.'

I

~.

I

'
l

Hume, Robe rtson, G ibbon, Ali son .

Thr~c

shonk1 ]Jc

inlNc~t.i n ~,

n :iYel, simple, ch r on ologi-

cal; :u1<1 t'ree from r go ti s111 , s :1t ire, or c:i.ri t::i.tllre.

LESSON CXXXVI.
JI TSTOJ:iCA L CO )I l' OSlTI O '.\ ,· Tn ,\ \ "F- T..S ., KOVJt LS.

I. II ISTO I' r.
H ist
. l :llns
·
f _
· o. ry c011
a rccnr1l of nati o nal
o1 lll:1 t 1on :is r cgart1s the :ist
e vents, for ou r in.
futurr .
P ' :rn tl o ur g uidance in the

1t w on1t1 lie ~r[ltifyi11g lo 'ln"te l:tq!t·ly fr,,111 t\ 10 nn m cr<• ll'\ :~n <1
l1i~Iil:.- i n t c rc>ti11~ T 1·;1vel:' to !' .Ji,;ti11 ;.(11 i.-l.etl \Hiler,; of l \1(' i,,.,.,c11t.
ce 11t11ry. wli11 l1:1vc f:l ,· .. re.1 tlic \\"tor i•! wi1 l1 their ol"'er·.-:1i i,. n." :111 <1
crit.i<-i""" ; lou t. tl1i; volm11 c ;1lr\'a<l y u ·:111'ce111ls ll• t' li111it" "ri1(in;1 liy
rrt>pll~<.:tl , :Ill>] rCfcl'C' olCO JJJll • t \JC 11\at]C tu t.h C c\:l~S of '<\"< J l"k ti re -

forretl ti>, for tlio rcqni :'it~ ill 11,; t r:tti o11:'.

I.

i

HT. No n: u1.
J . I lie g~nµ-r:11•l1i1 ...1I ,,,·111 :1 1·i ~in ~u Hl I I . Ii 1111 Ji1 , lo:·1 cnl writinn'"
,., •
1
. '
' -'"' 1<·:1 t i:11·ncte ri,1.ic• nf ti
e«11n1 ry. 2.
, .
.
< 111 . •1111 1 t 1Jl' lr cl 1rn11"l"" '
. .
.
io
in tlie conntrr i!o.•sc riloc<l .
1.
.
-_}, o1 t.1 111 l' of occnrren co ·
.
. l lll Ill ll C J1r lil H1rl lllf
'
'
c111p .iye<l to i11t;r-"1 ·c I
.
~
,.. con nt.n cs. 3 ~fe11n5
1.
" ' i :i pp ii1\"~' and 1hcir t~ t
· •
p u ' 1c we lt':i rc wl .
I
c ~c s . 4. Obstacle~ to
r: lFl
. '
ic11cc t ic•y nrn~e, IUHl how I . .
. .. .
a. <>rn 1 ot go vern1n l'n t .. .111,-. 1·1t1 1uo11•
.
ovcrcom o•
ci v]J t nIC}l " ern
1. •
c.1:1n
fi 10 1
.
.'
nt reI ig1
1 p:C'' . n11 1l
..
l.
· ' ll C:ltl<> ll flll(] •. .• 1
. 11n>
. ~ t.h eir
irn p11l1lic l1np1•i11e"
~ ·1·1
._ice< o111-t ic1r 111 1lncnce
Tl 1 ~

follo\\"i11g

p~rli <' 11la1·"

•k111:in<l nttcntir11 .

.

.

J·> .

dT~c t'

1

.

8. ll"111t•, ,·1I H l f"nre1.·r11
. ]"di e \·ollll'll
on wlio111
progrn•~.
fl C
l
10. W·tr' " " .I
~
. . •.
<>II < it.i o1 1 of tl10
· · , "'-' c111 :c ~ :tr{,... ti : .
.
.
·
'
. '
ie1 1 on;;1 11, prog1·css, nnJ
.

'•epe111ktl.

peo 1•k

n,,nlt~ .
b

l•

ie ll1Pll 11 IHl \V

In tlio nttemi)t tot.i e.•"t n f
o b\'tter th 111 t '
I
'

(1.) In ge neral, the inc idents, tliongh 11s11:illy connccte<l
:is cau,;c and L·ffcct, and lea ding t0 so!llC detern 1inl'tl r esult,
s!touhl n ot. be too oui:im1s and direct, t li:lt the un ce rtain ty
m:1y stirn11bte curiosity :u11l sust ain in te r est..
('.! .) 1ksi<l l's this, 1mil1uDilily, u11 ity, /(/Id roriel?J r!f 1·li r1r111'lcr "w l i 11 c1:de7lt 111 11st

~11n11ltl

b1~

of;sen xcl.

Tl 1e

,j

...
:
;

1:!111ru cl O"'

he distin ct, \\·ell chosl'll, snst :1ine11, 1111ifunn, :1n 1l
en11 siste11 t ; tl1e incide11ls clearly tr:ll.:ed , well arra11 g c.l,
skil1'11lly varied , aml so iutricn.tc as t i > lie illten~stillg.
J.t

nnY l1t•tnric
.

.·1 l
·
'
' p c i "' • n o exe rcise can
ne t ioro11p:li ~ti 11l_v of tl10 pc ri o<l 111 t.ho best

'"'

":-:!

HULES FOH LE'l"l'L:H - W J{J l'lXQ_

iJ15 •

RC LES Fuli l.ET'l'Elt-W JtITING.

ht~ ~tlH

l
'
.ll' tl.

" . ! 11 irrit i11:J to

Tii is is one of th e r1 ec("'sil.1c.', on e o t 1c . r
may Lcco1nu orie u/' tli e liig h aeco 111pl ishmc1Jts
G r c:1 t skill and exc01le11 co i11 tho pcrl(m11a11ec vf it shuuld
tl1 crdoro be earnestly so11ght, anll, if possible, attained.

~houhl

It
be lli:itle as mu c11 like co11vc1-.-ation ns pos,ilile. It
should comr11u11icat·e on p:lper wlirtt you wo uld co1111 nunicnto
o rally to }'onr co1Tc.<po ndc11ts, could tlicy pre,c11t tl1C"n1seh•es
fo r o J OU . TJ10 !ic,t pr('}Nrration fo r it, tl1c rcfo rc, ifl to con::;ider
wl1:it Jou w ould "'Y \\' ere I lio tirn c l\>1· co rn·er:<11 ti o11 very Ii11iit e<1,
ndrnitti ng of' 11 0 111 11rc to lie :.;aid tlin n y o11r lettc r-,/J(:ct can in·

uc-

elude. Tiiis tl1011;.:l1t w ill g ir,• c" 11 t i.-<cJJcs\ tci·>c riess, iinpurtnn ce,
n11<l cornprc·l1c·nsirl·11c:.;F; to c \·e ry '('1Jl c11 cc.
FO il

'l1ree

1. The S/!flc slwuld ba simple
bo

ob~cncd

a11r{ 11f(t11ral, ""that wl ric11 slio11]d
Bji ri;;liiliJJc.-<;. 1111d wit, l101rc vBr, if
may l•c l1:ip1 •ily 11nd t!!l 1·a11111geo 1J,)y intru-

in convcrsntion .

spontan
Ju
ccJ . eous ancl

cn~y,

2. 77ie sr:1le sl1ou/,z not be l oo
Hppe111· e la bo rate. lt "11;,:lrt to l, c
TJi e iies t letter$, cor111 11 0JJl.r, :ire
ty, ll!Jc] e r t/Je cJiclation Of a
:1fllJ•idi
gir1n t.i(1n.

ltivli!y po li.,/1ed, n:s it will tlieu
11ca t nnd co1'J'cc t., u11t 110 J110 1·0.
tlioso wlii c/1 aro Writtt• n wir.h
WllJ'lfl J1 en rt Or ll gJo ll'i11g im.

Ot i

~

·-

,

tl1u

' 1·
~Olli''

\\I' t ' .

it. llie . so
f . ·t

l .:i

IL

n~

.
" 11111lilew
co

.11.:

:;. u1>Jt~ct ;

. I, t liir· .Jh<l) "1
witl1·' tl1e '
a11t
. .. ' twriC' le
r"" tlr1 11"
o to <
.. " a11cl
t 11a t ·r 11 tl1e 1110,\I, I' t
,.,
I . s 111') t•c t really
l · . ·li:dl nut. \re fl,'-' "
all tl 1Jtt lie .
. 111· co rre, po1JC e11t. "
,· ' J .. u] }''u
SJ>ic11"11" in an11e r, tk1t J ol . . written. Let l\(lt lire' fl) c.
. el .
l '
rni , uJJ de r,ta lll1 " ·I ,,'lt ",·ou i.t'
liH·n L;-;

c11111 111 11n.conrte,oy

"'~

1

tl.i1w !liat

l\:'}llllc~,

"'Y

·
to u1r1it :lll }' ·llJ\ i'" r t .·lllt pa rtJ
.1 cu
I '111118l
be adttpktl l II tl' c og~
·, ' . {UJ <,. -'fl~
t<1
~I. 1· ''l/ C " 'i c'llri'u
of the ·' YI ,c t
ri dieu!ou ' . •..u "] . t
'.; •
lL \\'uU ·1l I 1.\l
u
11
•
.
tawmcnf
, ">j' o11r c01'1'e.~po11u,e
. . n . ., to rt J'Crrnn
" f rn utnre J1 1111< ' .. 'o
1 ·1 I in tl:e "u n c H r:1111 a'
'.
. ·r ·r 'llld varied nc1111 11cto :i1111c 0,]11,~:ltl'l
11 <
1 1'>er.;011,
" '' t o a 111a11
of J,•,u,,JJI n~
l., :.
w1iul< I in C<> U\'el'nn
·
·t "llidc
l•
11
1n e nts. I I L' i,. c• ~ 0 od :; C J:~ U ll l ll::- t:i
11

{ r

"

Lr::n1ci(-\Vr:1nNo.

~o

•

n~e ~1S
~revt !/ Colllhl'h
h
, . l .. ., are "l'l'rn p1·1 :ite · 1" '
,. , -.,· e r s:iy :rn y
rc
"II . ll ow . s1~co11d l ;'

1

" ·1

s ·1 tiu11.

nl'I.F:s

slwnld
'·
°1ir stntements
if l U!J1/U,;
f lf n•..
. ,.~~
nff:i irs .,r liuoinc''"
a. man o . '. , . -" > ul o'· the l111.;i11eili5 e i:1 .

.
Trntl1!'11l11e~s irn<l im po rtan ce rn

knoir:in:?·

.

u That

. .

\\'ritc r "i .< ek11rl!' ::he b e,t,

.
.'
. l>l''L 11J:l} •t<:d tO
cpi ~tul:iry
l. t: ·](t:'," <'IV"
~\1~11-d\\e ·,jlldi<'1>111'
ir udor11c:d, ,~J11cli
l ,r.ra\·e und t11 0 r r ch inrn c. ,
vl11 \.·il n pr> J ,....
I.'-'

1-1

' ·111~1

w l1etl :. ·r """Y ' . ' to phce all.I I•• i'"rs" "; '
_' ti . .,., !•·roe, '"" :·-.
the '1ii•j cd, t•> t1111c, I
d i,.11 ili,,,I ; "" """" " '" ' " 11·1in: li1·d .,·, n!rd
m c llL•rrlK t1•1•i c,; , "'"' c11111 ; .lll<·
llr111.te r;, i'"Y• .' i;1 ' r., rn 1;d ,.,, ,\
t irc·I"". 011 r , ,
. l \11111wr•><1' '
I J
nnd 01 il y "" · "'.
j' · ' llhjcct.' "l'"rkli11g "'"
.
t' •li re,;
.t li 11 i, 1c
foccti»I ll o; "" J0C ll
.c11rl,:· lli,;l, cd wit I> rlr ctn '.'ICll 1
. .'" .. r11:d1111ardc 11l; in
t'l rj' udd1 e:-;:-;c. ,
.
I l · l HL 1'lllll.1t111~..,
I . ,.
.
C01l l fl lll le ll '
. d . 1
• Tl pt:J"("(ll ;t :-ilOl\l .J cll h l
•ff ir,..; d i1 C ll a l lt J•I.' . I
•· ·Ired pcrro "'
'""!'"'"""'"
· •
.•
11
\I'l l r por.''
•. · "1111d SclllCl>ti»ll"; 0 11 1•. "· . "tylc ;, " n\'11 JIC\'c;o11r)
eXli fil"t a l \ 0 11,
. . , 11 1 tl: 111.-1cr.
A d1tlcn.:11t
'
. IHI t(I wnu1cn;

·1~d 1 rilli11~

'.'r ..:,

~e11ot1.

l · · ~ 11i..:11 ""'1 ' c ·l ',. t o 111 c11 , .i
0110: "" '" i·c1,c, .. :., old l' ''"l .Je , u11d t<• Y''"-"'\'. . Lo •cliolar;, un cl t>J tlio
Oil lit e "11111 e l "l"L" .'. • o the i(l'l'at , and to tire l1tt c '"
to ri cl 1, ullt..l to pom ' t
<l to familiar companions.
ill.iterate; to

~t runge r~,

au

3. TVl1at lir1.< l•ccll .<-ai-l dues nut -im1,fy tlwt tlie style or manner
ofwriti11:111111y /,,. '"trdc.v.< or s/orcn!y. Jn wri tin g even to a most
fa 1ni li:11· friend. a C< Tt:ii ll dC'g1·c·c of nttcntion irnd cure to please,
d1Je to l1i1" a11d to J'<>lJ!·,cJt:

i~

4. IJJ leti cr-11·ri1i11 p-, 11.; in t <>11\· e r"'1 tio n, it i:s neressa1·y to attend
to atl t/i,; rlcco r ums 1r!t ic/, our <11.c n cltaracte·r , a11d t/1 at qf oi/1erH,
d emrrn l s.

LESSON CXXXVIII.

\\",, Hl1u 11 ld ne •; er ),._,rude o r di:.;1·l·,;pec r.t'11 l.

i~,

5. 1\11 01i1 e r l!•>od nilc in le llH- \\·ri t ing
tlrnt w e 1nust never
s.tl/ wl1at i~ 11ot true, and .•houfd ,,e!dom tell 1c11at i,s not worth

, _ SI'ECDfE'.'1'3. •
IT'ION AT. RULES l', 0 R LE'l'TER·WRITING.
,
'
.
l tt .,.. ·1• 'I r e lllC1
l i well·wnilen eb ' t , •ibove
', ,
II
1
~uc
Tlie ca re it l perusal o.f
.
e. in
newspapers ; n ' · . n ,, n
in go0<l. Hlllliur,:, StJrn
e t1111 1"
•vith 1•er~vn• wlro wnte we '
w1'tl1l ar
11
. 1 frC•/UCUt cor ..i e,pou( ence '
regu
a1.u
.ADD

s.

316

nuu:s

L'''I"r
..
"" EU· WRITING.

FOR

LJCrnm-WIUTING.

elton liJ bo·prnctiser1 a•
lllo<' 11' f I
' . nrnong tho hc~t ni
f
. • 'e II , o r11:<1n t•nt:il, and del i '1 1. :
cans o excelling in t bij
9. Jn il'[ters (If r·· . J •
g 11111 n1·t.
.
, r. .
i 1~11 1 ,/1 1r nncl ·tr
.
proJC"8tons, and o/ 11 1/'ect , l ' . ·• c('f1'. 'n, beicare <if cxtrara
t/11111 }"•>11 fe el E .. :· . C< sent1me11tol1.;m_ Never , . .
{/nll
01111i 1• .1
•
xpi c'' 1" 11 " o f 11n:d1 c r·d il>,
expi es~ 111(),
:- II •l:lL }"ull l'X1•:·('~.s 'Ill J
• . ' \J ,1flflc/ 1ment Sn111e1im••
1(:r ... oi <'
1 )
' ' t r11 11v e xpo :-ie ) .
.,.
<· 111·.., ·'l"'1 ild lie wrirr, ·. .
<·11 to n~ proac l 1. Let.
c<.lcd 111:111 11('1-, nnd J," li 111i1,.,1 t Cl! /11 111 ~ 1110,t p1·11d,'11 t :wu Ull·
t.:lr.(.' J'."1 of i11r r11d 11crion ~
1 I
0 r 10 llC('<hion /"e/(. rrt·d t
I
It i .
I
' . ~ (' ( I I 011~ 1'('1'111 . J
o. II

.n<. , "'" ,,
ll

I

" " '''" to lc· l\· o ti
·
<"
< to tru1l1 'liorii J
'd
n:i1110 pf 1110 )'<'1:, . 11('1 11. "': '<'a lcd, and tn place on, LI ',, 0c pn1 •
0
11
1
10 .D0
·
t erl'1 11 111 t roclrrcci]
•e unck tl1c
·
nnt rerrrrd ,1 t 00 ·
·
letter. It is
·
·•
}o1"1nida"1e n ta.if,; (/,~
..
· not to l1e J'C"ll rdc:d n"
Wrtling of a
fi111e wo rd• l'll
t
"
•"IL trinl of,) i'I
.
I
.'
1)1 y cn111pli 111 e11 t' n J
. ' ' 'urn<1lop/av()(
t. ie cnrn 1111 11 1ic:ir iPn t
- . .' ' ' < p0rnpo11s expres ... ion .. l> .. .
think ·ind 1·
o ~or 11(' 1n cnd , ns if p r c"e nt c1.
:-s, utns
.
' .
c<.·I, :i nd d,·,ir('
It .
.
' t wli at. we 1·c11Jl1•
\\ JJl'd< t I· I/ ·
·
I.<, lo ''< •I\·
· /'
J
. .'
•l'
r 1 r1~ ..: 1111,...t i111 11urr·10
. : . ' in cw llnd si 11111lo
11111· 111111orta11r·1· w / . ·I .
, t '"lie s1111I · I li e n ti ·1
f .
1
'
_ ,
•IC 1J et 1n·1yL.
. '
irig:"to Jnt
ft lo w, pnt r/1 <.·111 :ill i11; if""; lc · ~vlli k re,;t 111 :;. Jr tirne 1111.J pn ~r·
t.l1e o tl.•er linntl a ll i' ,.,·I
'i. ,
c o11 t t.l1c 111ost. tritli 1w If.I .
rr11·
'
. " I I 111·1,.;o ll I
O'
nn
o I lltg you r sl11.·tt drawl , ·J c ""C', 11 11 cl do n11t, 1;1r tl1e r:ak
JI ' ~ t
l
'
11 n " •e11 •·011 I ' 1111 I .
o
"l l e and
·
""
t 1111" to « ii· ' '
· l· i.lo 011 !! urite iii,,•• ze911
J e
'"'
" ·
G t '()/( all C/'rQ/';j in -'pellt//t/ l/l ( I
(
~Q() f1 ft//d, 01/.t atudl0!/8ly
· . fie v~e of
l lit
· puncturtt'
•(lramm
. ar, an, l rlicto ric. · \\"I
. c' 1;. ,,'t"s,
\ " l"I t,
.
.
lt:ll t/Ju le1w1I
.
1011,
. ' t' ) n l to1ncs j11,-t.ifr 111 0 net 1· · 1 ': ' llf y1111r lcrter nnd 1/10
110/ I
.
. .
( I \' II • t .
.
CJ. e11g-1l1, $v tJ 1a t tli e n1aiu ;
. " t. . J JHfo 11a1·n;.tn1p/1~ of.-.:11 itll,rlt.
"1' 1cs 111:1r
. c11 cl• 1 /1 c <'.u11s11· 1ered uy
J2 . A sto1 h cp rnJcrji..,
111rt/1od f
. / · 01 n a 11 <l tho "ererrtl ..
· '1 . rtrrrw~1111f7 tlir '" "tter tit
}1(11'(,t of 11 letr er, tho
- Ll1c~(' ll1111Rs in:iy lie k:ir11 cd r..'011 e ~o mmc11ce111r11 t and the cloM
pc11de<1, '<lllJ (; of' ll"l1icli ln1·0 I
I I I ( ) 11/Jill (' J'<Jll S .•p(•cf rnc11s np '
·1 111111 !"', 1·n1rn a i'L' C'l"lt I
• 1<' 0- n ro111 •.·d ' \\'Jt
· I
•
•
l
( ,
1
'
,0 111 ( •n
,,. rl ·
. 1 . i . so1ne s/j1r /it " ii er• e111 c111e11"s Lelit·r-\\"ri rc:-. "
'' " Cll l l t.(;d "Tl1c Ladies' and
I t rt ·1p: i rr~ :-< <1111(• indg-111 ., •
'.\: l1ct l11.: r we ."i.liotr!d ~0 11111 .' '.~ Hild g-011<.I ~ i·n!'-'1', in ccrtni 11 .
.
l""I

,

Sir;,, or wi1!1 "Mo1tbr11 ,, ':.' llt.: n ktlt:r \\"i t/i .:.'-'ir,', "Vcnr -~~~?;q•"t0 <lt.:c1do
_,,"D)
~r ·
' " u lJ\ fl·nr~\l:1dm
11 "l'M ·· •
:Su,
Myd
1·ur
1
cur 1 is .. __
I
'
~\ ucar Mathn i ., ,
,
no nJoptcu dc-11c1 l · ,
. .\" ',.,.,. ,\[;,,. - - ." WI · ,1 , . , or , J\!i.,

ti es.

1c s on tli0 re Ia ti \'C po~it i on

'

Re lath ·c:w u-c of
•

zw

H:

_1

ot li1 clw i:>J1onJd

and familrnrity of ti

co ur. . c ial dr c.s.~cd b b
)' t o tilles of ro/ation

JC

t.l 1ri Re nf ~hnnt the ~nmo nf!e , or in timnto frlcn<l:-, m ny be nd ..lrcgscd
by tlicir Cli ril"' tiu n n111 11 c ;: 11 .\ fy dcu r Fanny," u i-ii y dc1tr li:dw ard;' ...~r:.
The na 111 c o f the pcr."lon rt.:f"crrcU to in the n <ld rc: :-1~ , if in~crteJ nt all 1
may Uo placed Ml th e~ lir~ t li1w, ut thu le~, on tl1 c fi rst pngc; tW on t.llo
lowest line, al ti n: left , 0 11 tl 1c l:t.'.'it page .

13 . B e
te11," nnd

ca r~ful

1cliat you 1crite, 'i nco "wli:it is written 18 \rrit.\1 0 11 rod11('ed )1111 1; 11 i'rer tl1 e occa-i »n w l1icli J>ro11111t e<l
the let.I.e r. \\'l 1at y11n w rite 1nay cost 11 11 a\"aili11g n •r;rct tn y1111rSc·ll', o r 11 11 l1:1p1•in<· •~ :111d iJ1j11ry tu otl 1e r,;; tl1 crefore, "lliin k /Jefure
you iorilr, awl thi1,I.; while !JOit a re 10rit i119."
14. I t is a 111:1 1.k r of l' Xpc•l ic ncy t•i rrns1cer erery letter, r~1'' ir i11;;
an answer, o.• ~oo n a.i pl'flclic11lde. Th is will sa" c yon nn1l otlicr,,
perl 11 q1~ , frum i nco11 \" c 11i c 11ce or 1l i.-n ppoi11t1 11 e11t.
I n 1n:itlers of
li11 si11cc;.-, d~lay 111:1y lie a t~e nrle<l wiL11 i11j11ry to par ties conce rned.
111:1y

From a Yo1111q L ady at school to lier M ollicr .
My
frfl fll

nF: .\HE~T 7\L,~D1A-A ltl 1 011g- h

y on 1 fqr tlic

lir~t

j•ur.

whicl1 they

I wn~ 11 lrn 0~ t henrt-h roke n :lt pa rt ing
lilt!, I felt th at y <111 w o11ld nc ,· c r )11 1\· o
ow 11 g'OOd; and I hope 1 1u1t nvt u11~ratufui

tirnc in

J11 y

let 1111; 1p1i t lio111e l111t f'() r 111y
cnou '.!h to pn.:fc r mere :-1clli~l 1 i.rrat itico1t ion to future w el f;1rc.
l ti 11 d ~clion l 11 1uch l-.:!-1.~ di~ngrcea b lc than I l1:1 d expected.

Tli C' rc nre , r f
conr:-tc , 111a11y vuricLi c ~ of Ji:-~po:-;ition-for n geJioo l i.~ like n litt! c Wt.irld.
bu t, f1,r tl1c 111 0 .'l t part, the f[irls mak e thc1n:-1 <!l ,·cs very plta~ant t ri rnc.
Jiir~. - - i::s ki11dnt.:SS itself, nn J 8 Cl:i Hll CXa111 plc of ll1lltllal g •)Od -w ill tr
all o f 11~.
My !"ltndics nrc, I thi nk, profr rcssing ~ntif-1,focto r i l y, nl tlio ng-h l 1\m 1 o.
co ur.-1c 1 in t\Jc back i,!r011nd u~ yet., c:-tpcwiall y in n1 y Frc11 cli . T he in u:'\i ·.}
ma ~tc r i3 rath er pa:'\~ionatc, c~. p e ciaily if we pla~' 0 11 t of t im e , whi ch ~- 0 n
k 11 ow 1 d cu r Mum11m, lt ."l<: d to h e 1111 t111fr1 rt1111at c fo11lt of yo11 r J11li a'K. Bnt,
lie tukc:-\ great p1\ i n~ 1 an<l yon wiil h:n·c lc:-1~ to complain of in n iy pl 11yi11g
wh e n I return.
Jl nw 1 \Hn'°' V> kil"R n.nd (•mbr:tcc you ngnin l God hll'"H you, dcnr ~'fnrnm:l,

and bc1icvo

111 0,

You r

"

,

317

C\"Cr

affecti onate chilJ ,

To llfr•. - - - - .

Am10ui1ci119 t11e Vacation.
]\fy oE.\l~ P AHY.'.\" Ts-lt is wi th 111 inglcd fe el ings of r r .(..'T Ct an.._l p l t· n ~ n rc ,
t liat i 1u111n1111ct..: t\n1t Ll1c tcr111i natinn Of tlii 8 Jialf \'Car'~ w ork il'l tixt:J t:H
the -th in ~ta1 1L. I ~inccrely hope tlint I Hliid l not "on ly fi nd yo u i11 (,: Xi..:d ~
lent hcn !t h, hnt t \iut yo u will L•c sati:-'tic<l with my i mprovc 111e nt l"i1J cc l
lut left home. No p11ins hn"c been spnrc<l by nn y 0f my teachers to rcn-

i:
j

!·

319
LE'l'l"Elt-WRITING·

1f l con in nny thing r etnrn the favor, it will give me urncli
1 :.un :;ir,

To--, E~q.
i \ ,Yule re']ucsl i1i:J

l our~, u1uch ob1ig('d,

the. J'c1ymenl nj a small Deb t.

\) ~'" ~'11:-l ""'"t rcn1in1l yon that l •till h oi,1 yonr dnc-h';l\ fur the

A rldra «ii,n"

Y OG

>::<TU'. ~rr.~-J \..... .· "

trllt "or a Cl

fl }"'

'"~.to

•.!'

of F"fty \).,Jl ar" , nnd h<>['C you w"\l

' .
er1csh1p.

' J•C tl 1nt fn
:; " l'e\'i•" . .
i11 cl ose tt!,tirnr>ni 11 1---or --, that
1 il• l ),c t>1111
1
I 1ohu1
I' 111
'""
i 11 •h e I'
"• nnJ vcntnro to
·
" ' "" " 11.' C ill \'f)I · .
,
.
'
IJI C o f b11•i11
"." ln 1n;i1 rc r";.:11lan11· i11 I". 1·1 . "'l" " li;hnie"t. M. lrnl . .
pnrsno,
) 'Jll t lint' :-tl 11) 1\ Id \' . I
l ic d
<1f 111 v d i1t1' . )
o f i1fo nro :;nch
••
•
.
• •J t l 1• 11 10r
..:~.
11 11
I
•
·
1
1
,o acquit 111y scli' to ) "' i ..
.. " " wi t ' )"Jlll' cn11fiJ;-11<·c,. I ~' hnllcnn
only ns•urQ
.i :-.,lfl :~ f:tct i r. 11.
:-<pare 110 pnins

Int~c•~ ~on

i~eh:1 '";.!~'

( ft · t11;1i 11, (; (" 11t\L'l 1\ f'll

'fo -

~ le~:tr=-- .

- -- ·

- - , £gq.

In an swer to the al!o·re.
hnf'l'Y in hci n;.; nhle to inclo•c y o u the tilllll fvr whi ch t
ha \'c " " "" 11\rc:ocly tc•v \u n)! y011r tic\,vw. A8"11rin ::( you t\111t unfu rcsec n <l"'"
11ppu., 11t111 c11t• ha\'U ucen the so\u C•W"e of \\' !l ilt or pt1nctuality,
})Y.An

Srn-l

nm

Bclic\' O u1 0,

y our oLcdic11t ':-c· 1Tant,

To

Rlllll

You rs , very tru1y,

niu ch tro11blcLl for read y m oney.

\ l/l •' J1\' Y f)
j 11 nrc .Iii w11 11t ,,f, , n(I "k
rl· i ·, nr n1l ,· c rt i,c 11w11t in tho

"'!'''"'""""

~i,·c it e arly uttc11tio n, "" l nin ju s t n ow

D1;:u·~ir,

---.

l ou r oh1igcd o.nd faithful ser\'ant,

- -.

To- - ·

Dela ying the I'ay111ent of a Debt.

Sm-1 really n111"t belt of you to defer the settl ement of you r nccount
t'i\I 11\'tcr the m"<lJ\c of ne xt n1onth, whe n l shnll bo in n con dition to
111 cct yo 11r Jc1 1111n<l. Hcgrcttinf( th"t circ11mst<inccs prevent my \)cing more ·
i1ro uq1 t in nttc ntio n to your w1 :ihc:;1, rc1nain, Si.r,
Y ou r oUcJ.ic nt

·ro '.\Ir. -

T!ir. A11.•1ocr

D.

f.Alt - - - Ii o w n-ri cn· 1 J
.
d nzc:11 \'f>in111 c, , w) 1ici 1' 1 '· 111n.t<>i lf'llrOr~"" 'ri llne• · I
C•Jn tl11 c 1n c11t, u11 J will ' "'! '" "rll
the t<' I' . ". I •end yo11 l1nlfn
ha\'u J n nu '" ' e re """' ""'" " und " "C )'< >11 to- 11>1,..;.: 1011•11c"' ,,r your •ofn Hc •·u·c c)
·I . I.uUL I II H1 i1111t..' l ,1 1L !1·1v
• 1..·. Ul ' Cll "o \'11 rin11•l •w
. i11or11111,
µ. I • I1n11IJ
\':'''":'·"e ll'.
, j c 11gngcJ tlmt l Lu\'G

li~l 1 1c11

\ 1:-11111;; nitH.'Cl"l'lY to ti " J y o u bette r
1 u111, d ea r - - ,
'
. Yo1trl'i t!\·c r

.So•-1 - .

i11l.<!r~Rti n"' .

On returning

ri

- - --·

- --·

,1 ns1cer to a L etter wlicitio'.f lt Loan.

,olici~ing

M "· J) 1•..1n f) 1u ,- i 1111,·o i 11•t roooiv " cl yonr letter
t h e \onn of
'f\\ c"t} J)u \lar><, 1111J "t >(ivc; 1111; 111n ch plcn'urc t hat l h«VC it iii my \""'"'r
t<> \,c 11l,J1: to """"" "11ud11tc •0 0\cl 1111d v11\11 cJ 1< fri end . I tli c rcf'lru
110
'""' " i" t"•r"""·,l\ 11;.; yo t1 11 ch eck nro n Mc••r• . - - for tlie "hove "" '"•
ir:
wh 1cl 1 1 bq; y<•U will •n it your conv enience, nnd tl1{'rd1y

\n>< ~

rci 11:li11rs"11~

!

bli>(u

Y our oldVrmcl
cry sincere friend ,

uffecti onntclyt

T o Miss--.
Jl>:Ar:

HC T\'t'-n t,

---·

'1'o - - - Eeq.
An Ind ta lion to a Private Dinner.

1'

J0 1-ro1ccd E ook

111c ' u11 d ' "r: t h I· t'""'rn
·
accc yt on the l10o k wl uch
you were )". l
l>e tl1
I'.' my best tliank• fo r \'O
k' "" ' c11011>:l1 to
,. ,rn 1 rn~t ructl\·o, An d 1 ha\·~ lt~r. indn,·s~. The work ia
' .Ln m11 clt g-rati.tietl hy it&

"'"J

Dv.An - - : :My olu fricnu - - is corning to tako <l\n ner <•ith m o
nn - , t he -th , anJ I hope y<>n wl\1 coin e ond join 11', nt Ri:<: o' clock. I

320

::-. <>TJ·.i' ,· <' \ !
- ' (DS,

l·.TC.

I·nrtic~, and f r 111't , ·0 11 will ti. I
... ·
1111c ustiro
) '>Ii i :-- ,

321

T.KITli:RS OF' COWPER.

C \ ' t.: r

truly,

-- -

.

l hnY C wri t ch :irity, nnt for popnlnrity , h.11t n~ wrll n~ I cn11l(l 1 in h0pos
to do g-ood ~ nnd i f the rc,·ic wc r ~lio nld :<ay, "Tc, he :-un., t.!1l· g1 · ritk r11 an · ~
inn Re w c nr~ M <.: th od i:--t. ~h oc~. y1111 rnn_v knnw by li e r p:\f~~ . n1nl ta lk fi f

·'

I;
I

g rn cc, that ~li e unti her l1urd lw vc littlu n .: g-nnl ft ·r the ta ~te :111t\ fo:-ohion:-1, nn1..l ru}i!l!! p :t~!'liOll!'l'. 1 l\ 11d Jwidc ni n.'( p\11y 1..1f tli c lllnd r r:1 day : 111 1'1
tltou1id1 t·tlw n ~:-;.u 111 c 1t b0r rl1w ct1pl11111c 1 111Hl i w w u111l tlt(·ll \\'•-·;,,.ir :t titt•·ri nJ!
nlr, ' tis o n ly h..: r pl an t o c:1tc h if l'llic c n n Llic g iddy an d '""ay. :1:-1 they ~n
that w ny , Uy n. producti on , on ll IH!\V con~ t r11 et io11; 1'1-iic l1a .-. l 1ait.cd 111..: r t1:1!• 1

in h'1j •CI"' to ~n:ip ull tlint 111 ny cmne, witl1 n !"tllj.!11r -f' ln rn.' 1 J !i:-i r•p111i t•r: in
tliiM wi ll fl i't. IJe mni~~; ' t i:i w !1:tt I i11 te 11d 111 y princ i 1 ai end; 111hl ii' f ~nc­
cccd , an d f· >l k!'( :-- hnuld n·nd, t ill a few nre brt11 1gh t to a ~l·ri fJ ll~ ll1u11}...'l:t .
I slio1 1h l tlii 11J.:: l :!Ill puid, f11r nll r liaY C ~aid nnd 1111 l ha \'C d on e , t\1(111.uli r
lHL\' C r11 11, r11:11: y :1 ti111 1· , a !'t 1·r a rliy 11 H.: 1 11" far " ~ fr,.11 1 l1cn('e t0 the e n d .. r
my ~<' I H~e. n11d l1y li1111k 11r c ro ok, w rite un utli c r l1CJ'1k 1 if 1 \i,·c and n111 h \' l'C
un ntlw r y 1.:ar.
I li11\'C lu.:l1rd ht: fun·, o r ll ro .. 111 w itl1 a 1k•<1 r luid upr1n ~pring-!l , :1111i ~n f' li
lik e tliin;!:-i, wi1l1 ~ o m11 cl 1 nrt , in c\·cry part , 1.l1 11t "111: 11 yr111 wl' 11t in .... (111
w ere f~·r..:cd t o h<:gi11 n 111i1111 ct pace. w i1 h 1111 Hir n11 d n C'l'<lt'C 1 l"\\' i rnn dn C"
n.ho11t 1 n <'w in n11<l n ow o ut, wit It u deal o f :;t a t1..·, in a fig-11rc •>f 1·i .i.d 1t. \' i1LOl1t pipe o r :-ot r i11g, t• r uny !"- 1: d1 t l 1i 11~; and llO\\' I 1111\'C wri t , i n a rhy111in:.r fit .
whnt will mnkc y o n dall t t·, n1nl a~ ,yr11: 1hh·11n('t\ will kc e 1• yon :-1t i ll, tl: r11 1i.:li
ug-ai11l'4t yo11r will, dn 1u..: i11 ,; 11 w:1 y , alert and ~uy, ti ll y,')11 ('n 111c t<1 :11 1 1..· 11d tl f
what 1 lm\'c p c 11 ncU ; wliitl 1 t! 1u t yn 11 111ny tlo, crc :\lada1 11 a 11d .\'f1n n m
q u ite w n rn 0 11t wi l li j Dg-g-i ng- a U0 11 t, I t: 1kc 111y h.:un.· , n11 d here you r 1~ cc i,·c,
tt bow p rv l'0 1111t.l 1 d o wn to the g ro und, fr vm y n11r l1n111l1lc m0,
1

A 11 1111· / (((finn to
.i\fr. ~. ':-: C'urn p li1111·:tfs r" ;\it
fl:t ny to di1111i.: r , . 11 T i•t ir . '· ·
ol,,Jj;;c.
. :~u.iy

~
• J

~r.

n.

rrc .. ,· 11!"'

.

/ ,'1•;11'! '"rr f 111
.
'
· ' " ~,
!! luc .!11.r it11tio11.

11i :o1

l 11s tn,·itali rni t' . ·1·· . .
11 1

w. c.

cn1n

i1·
I i111r11t-t to :"Irr S

J1 .ir."i d :1_y 111.·xt.

'

. .._ . , n n1

I

J\f'"C't•p r~

lrm. Cu 1r.pcr lo Wm . ll11y fry , D!J. .
with plt.:i.:: i nro

\V r..~TO:-.', Ap,· il !?'.'\, 1 7 ~.1 .
D f:An Fni Y.Xl' A;-."11 l~i: c1n11·. H -- l~t·l1cr late t l1a 11 flf!\'l·r, un.! !1\·1tc r n
litlln 1! 11111 11111\f: nt. id\! llnd 1 lwt·n a l. hl1i·rty t" c"n~ult rny i11cli1111tin n~ ,
l \\Piii •\ li :1\' t: a n~wc rcd y•111r tr11 iy kind un d all'cct.h11111tc letter i111111l·d i11 t1.· ly.
B nt. I u111 the \111:--ie:-- t 111a11 1di\'t' i un<l when t!ii~ CJ•i!'ltlc i!'I. di;.i;p:1t<.:hl·d yo u
will he ihc 011\y n11c qf 111 y corrc~po11dct1t:1 t o wh t' m l ~hull n<.1t lie i11 dcl 1tl'd .
\\I l1ilo I ,,·ri te tlii:"', my poo') r ?\lary ~ it~ 11111tc, w hich I cn11 11()t wc.·ll he11 r 1 11nil
wh i1·li, t<1~ctl1cr wii11 w1111t o f ti rn o to write muc h, will 11a\' \J a L'ltrtail i11;; 1.:l"fcct IHI 111 .r <:pi:-ill(• .
.M y 011 ly :-.t ud .' i ng- ti111c i:-1 ~tiil ~l ,· c n to IT1) m cr, n ot t o rorrceti •Hl :i nd
11 111 t•11°l1t H·11t <•f him (fo r th a t i~ :tll o,·cr) 1 hnt to wri tin!r not.cg. .]>1 h ll:->" 11
li a :1 r· xprc~:--cd a wi :-1 lt (i>r kOflll' , that the u nlea rn ed may Le a little il l 11111inat1 ·d cn 11ct:rni 11g dn:.:~ic ui "4to ry and the 111 ytlwl o,1Zy of th e n1 11· i1·1d..;; :ind
Iii!'( lH.: lnl\·io r t o 111c ha~ Lee n tH> Jibc rn l that I cnn n·f'n~c lliin 11• \thi;1:.r
J•11), i 11)! i11tu tl: u <ild Crl'l:k co 1m111.mt:i to nt Llilli.l:i 111 c . Hut it i ~ 11fl 111a tlt·r
1 111 11 tlto rn urc like H orn e r.

~h·

E Hr yonrs, my dcnrc:;t lbyl cy ,

w.c.

i !

'.

322

COWPER AJ\"D JOIIN'SON.

323

FOinltS IN CLOSING A. L ETTEH.

and to oh,cr ve with what attention you d istinguish the tempG:-., di spositio 11~, un t.1 nhi\iti...:~ of \'Our c mHr1ani o n~ .
A lel t1.; r may h e ulw:~y:-; n1nd c '011t, nf th e h ook=' of tho morning, o r t.nlk
U1 c en.: 11i1 1:.;, aud a11y Jctt,c r:; rro 11 1 yo11, my clca rc:;t, will be w elcomi.: t n

or

S . J.

Your, & c.,

Th e f urmnla. at t!ie close of a letter dcscnes consiJer:i11c attl'ntiun . Tli e fl>llowing forms, taken from the letter,;
of distin gni ~h cJ wri ters, m:i.y p rove useful ancl instructiYe :
F1 •111n

lrr1l.1 Ru.-:.~ell : '' I11 all circum s tances I rcma.in 1 Sir 1 y on r <:o n s tantly

obl ig-td fl' i1_·11d a11 1l l5 l! n ·un t ."

I'r,.,rn Jfr. Ji ,/111, DJcl·1· : t t 1 s h:1ll l)e Ycry ~l:vl if, in tlii~, o r nny oth e r
occ;1'."in11, I 111;l,\' he ;d1 lc to d o y1 1u n11 y :-:. e r\' ice ; fo r wit!1 g reat sincerity n11J
rc ~1·t; et.. l :u11 , :-:.i r, y o11 r tn o..,;t li u mlilc :;c rnu1t."
F, orn D-ird S/,aft elib ury: " So farewell.

I am you r goo<l frien<l

yon."
Fro11i the 1tmne:

bovk!'\ ;

L1...'\

se r vo

-- · -

a th.l {;1 ><..l

° Co nti nnc to i n fonn mo of y our r cndi11g und of J"IC\\'
be wi t h you."

Jii ·r11n Dr. !Jod1/rULr1c · H 1'\ ut m e rely in furm, but w ith the ntm o~t !-'.in ccr ity and t c 11 de rn c~~ o t" hr nrt, 1 um, de a r S ir, your n1ost fll.i thful and uff~c­
ti ona te fri c nJ, and !111111\,10 serv ant."
Ji'rorn

;,Yat/i rcni1·l 1.Vr:at :

4'

l urn , my dear and wort1 1y friend, most faitU

fu liy an<l c11tirely yonr8."

From JVm. CuujJ<r: " YonrB, my <loar fri ond,"
u

Yourg ever:''

"Believe mo, my dear friend,
Atfectionntely yours,"

w. c.
W. C.

w. c.

H I lo\' c yon and yonr~; 1 thnnk yon for yon r continu c<l remembran ce
o f me, anJ t5hull u ot C(·u se t() he tlici r nnJ yonr
Alfci..:tiou atc fnen<l and scnro.nt,"

W . C.

" Your, , faithfully,"

W . C.

l'rom William Wi1·i:
"ln

hn~to,

Yours :i.Jfoctionatcly,"

W.W.

324Cflftl:ECT10N

,_

3~5

AND RI;;VISTON.

"I nrn y0n r.q , M-1 nlw:iya ,"

A Tl1 Ni., or Di...•n!rrl i !ln i ~ nn nrgnm cntnth·o rli ~rn~•ion of
so1n c ~11e:-: 1 i nn 11r pri) '. io:.: itl on in l iti·rnt11n\ ~r~ icnce, or th coln.t::·.
Tl1 e t c·nn Di.v1ui~-<ilion i~ np p1i etl to an n rg- 1111H! ntnii\·e cli:-:c11:-':-.ion

"\"cry ~i11cr:rc·k
Yo 11r

fric~1~1 nnd obed ie nt dbn·unt1"
W. 'IV.

w. w.

"Our Jo,·c to you nil,"
"G c-d blc" ..1- 011 ~o r

" I am -w J1

C\

W.W.

•

er nn d ever,, ,

,

W.W.

y need I tc/1 y on wlia t ?"

W.W.

" Lo,·c to all ,

W.W.

"Your c ,·cr nfft..:ction :trc fri cn LI, "
~

T lumw~

" Onr· lQ,·e utt 1· nd _\" (01 1 nil.
l' uu r fri··nd 'l

J~fff!rso n :

'A CL'Cpt tl1c

n s:-; 11ntlh..'C

~

o( my

1 •

~ C\

IV. W.
.

er,

.
t1

!I dcntJi,"

w. w.

co 11~l:'1n~ fri cnJ::ili ip and l'Cf(pcct,"

- -----

Tu. J.

LE SS ON CXXXIX.
E S S ,\

Y:'>,

Df!"S J::HTATro:-; s

- . ' !·;Tc;_
U nLl cr tl 1is t r rn1 :ire i11 cln l · l
· ·
actc r :ind .J,.,, j, ,. 11 :ir l
. <. u ini trngs il ifft·r('nt in cli:ir.
1
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.~
'
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IC
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; if 1 .Jl'"f'l'('S
('
.
1
1 0111

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t li <! c:trh· I ,. 1
·
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<>
. ~ , u~itl <.:1.1011.~ ol t.h(• :-;l·l 1oof r

llll' nt

'

J"' ncring
, .. ·~

~ r11 cd prrforn1a11c-t·s oi' I J • ·I· ·1·· I
- - ( H) ll •, to tl 1e rnost
,.
Jc ' , 1 "' n-nt..
'I'/
o r c r·1·1r1·.
.
I
t r.
ic term si"'·
•
1111 (!/1( Ill L ('
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0
) .
s11 '.itTt, :in.] is " «11 .. 1.. t/ /1·
1· l
' , l 11 <:11 :111 o n of' ~orn e
.
.
.~
. . .1p11 '"' Ln ~1 10 1·t .1111 l 11 1
1
·
/' l'C"'', illnst r:1ti 1·l· ut'
·
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1 prctendi11"'
S<>ll i() J> 1l:JS(•S (Jf /if;.
.
·:>
l

•1r.1 <•s :in 11llo1 ;;1t

c

- o r '<1111p s kt·t<..: lic~ :ir 11 l : . .
, 1 n. 111n e r~, or mor·lls
. .
.
. '
( '.I JI i <:I Sllb u!' /it,., .
'
.ls :1p/)C!:1r rn the p:ipl'rs of 1/ 1(' ; .,· , .
e 1.11y ill:ll.t c rs, sneh
mo.~:-rn l1<·1·il·11- ''lI l l I ,'f·
.
/l l dator, :ind in the
1 .l"; J~ llJ(•
ti . r
.
more
otll(.ff art icles of ti ,
.~
' 111 ie e< iturial:; and sonlli
'

IC ll l' \\'~/':Jjll'l' .

A n olal 111r:tro :1r1<l ., _1.:-.;l•
.1 111 a11• c
•;i·, W!J o1·0 it j ~ Uri cf; 0f J/·act.

c .. ~· 1

\.

L

-· • J UC:\r~ l 1IC

StrG<IE:-\l'I O:'\ S T0 Till!: TF.A C JJEi! I :"{ C(JlH!r.:CTI ~G C o ) tP OSlT I0~!3.

1. T l10 1cn cl1c-•', in tl 1e n1 11011 nt. of c11rrcc ti 0n lie,towc<l , >!tn11 ),]

.1\ g :ii11 , y o 11r:-i,"

El

.hnt is rnorn li111ik.l in its ran ge of topics tl1nn th e T! iesi;., or Dis scrtnt ion.
Tl1 c term D i.•putat ion is applied to ornl rc n$onin{i~ cnn<lnctc<l
on opposite si11cs of 8nmc question of phil oso phy, law, po litic~ , or
religion.

/"11/lt• uf

J/·eatiaa,

]1:1\" 0 l'( · ~p(• Ct

lo tJ1C fl gC 1\Tld p r11 g n;~~ nf tJ 10 p1 1pil i n Cc l !1 lf 111 ~ itiPll .
\Yi 1h b t· .!.!in ncr ~, t!uJ le:-'~ c l1allg'O tl1:tt i:i n 1:-tdo i11 cn1Tcl°!i11i; 1!10
C:il1t1p11:-:ili1m, co11 :-:i:-: te11t, wit I1 perspicllity find cor r('c.t.n t·~_..; . !li e lw ttt·r; f11r t~1n g-r(•fl t rt. cl 1:-tng-c 1r 1igl1t <1i;.;co nrnge <'ffi1r t.
"· ._~ 11111 :.- t
a l l~' ''' t !1c writer t o c :q11 ·t·s~ l1i_..; own id ea ~ , n ritl u11ly 1nnl..: o f'!il·!1
slight nlter a t i on ~ ln tl 10 funn of c x prc:-:si 1>n n~ tl1e r11 le ... of good
c o 1n 1111."'- iti11n rtHH1Br itnper:lth·c. \\' itl 1 1nnrc n<lr:ln ced write:·~,

w l1:11c1·0 r cl1:111ges nrc ncctk<l, not only fo r co rr ectnc~,, unL fur
ckp;:11 :cc, may prn 1•erl y he ~u~gcst c d.
2. lt will be 1; ,11 1Hl :11lv:111ta;;eons t.o rcntl bdoro !lie ch"' w lt:itcn·r i1111'ort :111 t l • l c 1 11 i,J,0~ h:wo liecn found in encl: C• )ltl}'<•,iti1rn ,
wi il 1!111lding, l1ow cvcr, tlir- name of tl1 e wri ter; n1H l tl1e cia..;s
~ l n111ld 110 req 11c., t cd to prnpnsc co 1T cc t.i011~ in Ppf;11 ini;, \ on:-:tr ucti on, i dc:1~, or nny tl1 ing cl -c nreding co rrection .
3 . J\fler ~ 11 c J1 Ct>ITCe li1111< lt:tV(l UCCn lll:l<]e, tJ1c ('O lt1pn, ifl011
fil10iild bu C11J>i c<l cu1-rectly in n l1ook provided tiir tlint p111·1 ""' ':\
nm! p1·e,c rv e1l !~11· 1'111.uro c11111p:t1·i,;on with s ul" C<)'l ent prntlu cti o11.".
T l10 laJ,ur, nn•l ea rn, n111l time tl 11rs employed w ill ue well re wa rt!ctl
J,y t l10 hcnelicial effect in secu rin g g1·cnte r accuraey :rn<l cx celknc<J
in ful\lre essay~.
D11:ECT 10:o;s !"OH TllF.

Rr·:>1 s 10:--1 ov ,\

1. F•>r t ho com' c11i c·n co of t!t e writ er, it

Co~1Pn s1T10:>1 .

i~

hest t•> writ<• 11p0n
kl l~l' -sl 1 ce t ~ of tlio ordinary ~ iz e, lt nvi11g- ;\ c:1n!Lid c r:tl>le 111:11·.c- in t··1
tl1 e lvl't nntl 1·igl1 L linn<l uf 1l1c p:i ge lln· cu1-rc:ct iu11", "'"'u lt! tltt·y 'Je
{~11 1 n tl tlC' f1€·:->~: 1 ry .

2. Anl<ln;; t !ic 1!1i ng; rccp1iri 11g nttcn.tion in revi si.11g,

11 ~-c

tl1csc--

1'

'.

i'

If
t li o
T
, . ~P<' I lll g, tlio pn nct n11 t ion, tli e ti<
, .
'.n.u k, , npo> tro11 l1 c of ti 10
. . . .,o of c.1p1tn1 i c t te1·~ qnntnti
Jerd ,. I ·• .
l""'<'>S11·c ca~c .. i.. . . ..
:
on
" e, , .11 11 1 r 11 lcs lur !'11 ri t .
i.1n ce ''' i:r1111111uttI Ian 11 11n .\· '. H.:-:
1 o . e o r r e c t II'"'"''. '·'·I '"IH 'i.~•r,·
p
..
·
·
.
.. ,
' ec i:--1011 , L nir1· "11 <
1
111 I l ~ I , IHJ :t:'C'L' /'f : t i11, I . I c .. Il l t '" I•:iC
".
. res o f' l"J . ."1 ' "
, , I I I ie f:~u
t
/
u • " ·'o, ll'licJ lie r ·
·
>ee,, " Jt
no un ;.:, <;i- litr rl :y in <·011 :;tru c1'1
:-\OJI11 (• df t !1c :-<e11 te 11 ce.s aru r1u t
11
lll'l"ll l "
1.
. . l";).L'< ll lf p /'ttragT:tp h:-i.
i t . ". . ' Itri< II' / i CJ /icr t I i t.~y are JH'o/lcl'ly
~ 1 011 o f .
.
I
·
h ll1J po rt: 1nt t
I·
1· ' .

I . .t

I'

• u111 1i

\\

u ri' fl ('C'1 11·d i11·,. l o i i~

i.:

fo r 111 0 w lw1 !..! CJ( it.,. . nt r' .· .:·'
1
"

•

·II· 11

'

' ""

"in.-1 \o

fll'opei- dh j..

:1

.1.1 e -1, _wl1 c 11 r oor 11 f•;111rH1t J

'I'll ·'· I ' I,., nt. 1l1e <·11.J .. r n . 1· ' · ' " .. t .'l 11no. .a'I'te 1· tl1 0 s1· Ii11" JJO
.•
·
I / ){ • l lllls t
J
'.
V 0
11u ,r. ""l '"' 1da ('l'd i11 li 1c ' . I ' . . ••C /' :ic,•d u li.r1 •l1cn (·) · 't
\ ·
"" ,r, o t r Ii. J
•
, J
, 1Jt•1 · tl1e "·r ilt•1· J " '
. .
. " l' lte r.< of :i ~ ,·lh ulc
) .
'"·'
~:1 1 ('/11 Jl y
.
.
J
•
•
~ll:l! " 11. clc:11· .,f all :u11l.i•'f 1iJ 1· nl . •ev1s,·1! tl10 C1> 11 1posiLion and
:1r ns l10 is :1liJe ·1 . . ~
~ ' ' " Ct1r1t1 (:' :":, nnd o1 l1 el· l I· . ·I ' '
'., • <.:tH I C<'t '1'1d I
t:llll ;, J(' i.: os
UI'
I

327

SU lWESTI.VE "TOl'ICS."

SUGGeSTI V E QUESTI O NS

1

1

'

:::1uc, to Ge rn lJ1 nitlt'd tu Jl.1e ;.:·a l'i 1'.''.11;1 ~''''.' e copy of it slu11ii<j' IJo

b1n _' ' fl one o r Lo 1h t-i dc::- ot' \' " cl
<.:1, t .l v11 1 ~ lwn i11cli c8 \>f ln " 1'
wl11 t1 . ,
.• I J•W'C 'l S .
r
.. .
. I ' •O lc:acJi cr m:iy ti l .
o , . . ''" l<'O "'r t!1 e correct.
" ' 1t ll l'CC>>ary tu ~ o pplr.
.1ous

:o

•n ee inn.le!

\\' ,,_ it d" ne fo r hi8 O\\'ll personal b enefi t, or for t he hon or
nnd ud ,·11 11ra}.!' r· 0 1' 1u 111t li c r ~
( Ii . ) //,,u· /
11 "\\' wa:"' I lie itt" l , !n11 c ~ l! Aw w e re th e wnnh !'. pok •·n -0pr 11 ly
or p ri\'Hk ly ~ \\ ' ;.1:-> it d 111L: pa rti aily u r tl1.iro 11g ldy ! 111 wl 1at Lc.: 11 qwr a 11 · ~
frHll ll' 11f' 111i1td :

!f .'

1

.

}

( 7. ) 11)1(' {/ t \\' l u ·n w a :-: tl w t liin g- . !1 1111 : •) r ~ a i d 1
( S. ) JI'/, !// F rv 111 \\ li nt 111 1it i,· ,·:-\ 1 u11 d ,,·it l1 wha t re: :rn l ~ :-1 i n Yi c w 1

s(.Jl l:'..! .,r tlt c·s(' q t t(·~t i o11 s :tre im·o h ·ell in

tl w T opi t·s

\<> be <;(i11 sidcrl'd, ln1t t 11<')' ar c g i\·c11 ltc rc \.n~ e l lt e r
Jll !l ltt•1·

l\ <) \\"

:l:<

•

t

:t

nf ('rill\' L'll ie ne<' i11 t hi11 k i11 g u po n o n l in:wy s ul 1,iects.

J:ise j;·u11 1, .'i_J ;cc i 1:s lu G'enl/s .- For cx:1m1 •10, \\' C l'l'rt11
in p,, l. l .1, ,,f tl 1c J"l1'li 1·11(111' o ffcTin g of th :1 11k~gi\·i11)! ; tl1 is
'2.

1n :ty lc:1il 11 ~ t o rl'll e<:t vn t.hc 11:<t nre :<ntl desi:; n of ;:acri li ccs
i11. [J c11 erul, aml to trc:1t the snl1jeet thus :
1. C111t!">id cr t li e ~c n c ral li i:-. to ry of ~ n r ri ficcsF rPt11 .:\ lid ':> t i 11H.: v' Mu :; c~ , ill t.:l 11Ji ng th o ngc of J ob.
FnH11 ~( 0sC:-\ ti > C li ri ;-;t..

:1

.,

'i

2 . T h eir rt.:;d dc :- i .~ 11 u1 1t l i11 !-\t J'11('ti,·o lct'SOllS .
3 . T lic i r a daJi r:ii io 11 t o till c h di.::-.i ~tL

4 . Tlu.: i r ntilit.y

LESSO N CXL.
"TOP

. ., ,,

r e~

S UGG EST!\' ].:
- OF ID E AS .

[.T hese t o r)·JCS ai .e c1cnvcc1
.
fr
•. .
]\lan u:i.l " a nd .
. · 1 om ~ t urt c 1·an t's "Preach er's
'
p r csc ntccl Hl a co11dc11scd fii r 111.J

l. There a rc
, ·
. '
c~i., aw. ']Ucstion s w l · ·l
ic co n~1 de r:i t io n of a ~ L'
, i1c i, o n cn t erinn- npon
tsclt; :is llll"JJ1 ~ of 1·' .· u .1cer, sl10 11 ld he 1 iro1 1o ~cd "" .
' ''
(' ICJl lf l<'' Or j'. .
'
to One's
"
c u oet111 g t lio 11g lit. Th ese

tl

(.1. ) rr~o f rcfl·r ri ng to l iiu
6u<.li n t l11111 r
n;;cut-thc perso n who 1 ·

<l

(2. ) II'/,,. ~ ·, W I
"'" one or spok en
.
i :1t h;1 .~ ho done or f":1i.I '
( 3 . ) WhcN!
W here ui • t 11
'
.
'
e: pok c n l
u
c u...:t1on ta k o p1·
7.
.1ec, or wh ere were tl1e words
4 ) ; ··
(
'!I 10 ir1L m"'11 n 1r f Ih· \\' .
!J.ll l h t •n ty w:v.; the tJ . ,
.·
lint mca11:i " ·as tl1 c nt'ti o I
< ) ,,.
11 1.g •:u .( I
"
<
vno,
or
bv
wJ•3
0
( v , , -or whom f F
• . •
llr w hom , or for what, was the net d
one., or the n~~nr.

1

•

•

t11 11 :;.

3. D escc}l d fr om C eJ111s to Spccies--from t l1e more g ener:1! tu t he mo r e p:tl'lic trl :u· :
D r. ll lni r, o n I' i1il. iv. 5. J f o, /erafi11 n b th e ~c n 11~. l lo f': i ;n~ , c: x crci~o
1n f•d l...'rn tio n: l. I n .v on r wishn ; 2 . In yo nr J>'irli1.LiU ; 3. I n .Yn\· r e:.rpecla"i.01u' ; '1. 111 y o ur pl.eas itres ; f> . I n t li c i nJu lvenc~ 1f yu1J r passio1tJL
I'

4. 'I 'fi e vr<rious }Jartir; ulars belonr;ing l o t!t e th in ;1 de·

.>cril1cd .-Tlic sc may be prcsc ntc J. in:.\ d escrip t.i1·c, a rh ilor:<oj>l1ic:il, or an hi ~to ri c :tl manner.

LESSON CXLI.
"TOPl CS"

~ll"GGii:STIVE 01' l D EAS .

5. Ol; sc1·ce tl1e R elation of 011e s11lyect to otlicrs.
T l111s tii e iclea of Go<l ns a Fa ther, s uggests on r obliga tion s an<l
<lnLie.~ t.o l>iui n.• Chil.dren ; t.lH> iclen of Him ~· a Sovereif!n,

F ..

,,

323

su GGESTIVl' ,, TOPI CS.

SUOGESTIVIC " TO PICS. "

Bll )!,<:e,t• 0111· d11 ty of re"110ct nnd ohl'<l icn co a~ S11 ld rcl•; if he
i" l1d 1l up tn 11~ as o nr J!Ja .1 l er, t11i' s11ggest.s o ur duty as Scru m Is.

Doclr i11e i" rcl:ite1l f0 othe r 1lorlri11 e ; rloclr in-. to precept; p1·ivilcge to oiliglftion ; J11·0111iscs to threalc n inys ; hop e s 11 m;csts f ear 1

j oy,

329
.

.
·t ·n''n rc o!
·i ~1 · Jn drnw1 n~ n 11 01 t. " , li e
. n f11 ict i n n ~ nn<1 nnn ~n n1 \ 1 , .... t c" u r instr uctions s\.ut11J
1111 11ct ·
1 \nJ a ssoc1,1. ,
c \ 1 ar:1t·. L~r , tlic iniluc n<.:C o
•

no ticctl.

S(JITuw, & c.

Type,, in Sc rip t me, sn;:;;e~ t t l1 cir nntit.ypcs ; this in clud es typl·
cnl pe rsons, typica l i11 s t i t11tion~, and typical c1·eot•.

LESSON CXLII .

6. Obser ee 1clietlier some tltin[JS be n ot supposed wliich
a re n ot c:rpressed .
Tl111 ~ , nn nrri nil nt n certnin plni-•o snppnses a pl uco of setting
,rnt; a coven an t "nppo,;cs c1111tr11 c1.i111? p n rt i e~ ; n reco11 cilia tio n
~ 11 1• 1 » 1 scs pre 1· io11s cnn te,t (JI' ill-f,•eli11i; ; n vi cto ry Sll['p<>ses enc·
1nie:-: , :l rin~ , ('11 111ita t . l o :-; ~ o f tt·1-r i tory . lt:c .

i\ "Cl'"'"'' i" often 1•rn pe rly trr:1tcd un de r tl1 0 two henils, of (1)
wl1a t i> i1 11 pl ict! ; (2) wl1 a L j, e~p1 · c,;, c 11.
};,nm1 •lc fr0111 E1•l 1. Yi. 10 : ' ' Be "trnnir in th o L nrJ ." I. W hnt i• im·
plinl i11 tl1 e \\' Ord, -( 1 ) T l1: 1t Ch ri; t i•rn• 11111· " need 0f • t rcng t h; ( ~) Thnt
t l tc',v hnv c 110 ~t rc n :.rtli in t h e lll:-'l · h· c !"'~ (:J) T liut tl1 cro i:; cn011 ,!.!h in C hri ~t
._1' · ~11!'1 tli u L ord . I I. \ V!ia t i :-i. C\" prc!"l. ."ICtl, 41 B e l'l t rnn;.r 1 " & c. Th e re nrc two
tli i n u~ to wh id1 the!'I C w o rd~ c ~ h n r t 11:-\ -( l) T o rely on Ch ri st fo r strength;
{2) To do t l 1i ~ wit h n :-1~11rc d co1didl' 11 \_·(' .

On 1!111 nl i:('r li:rn1l , it. i.- 11,c f'11 l "0 111 c t i 1 11e ~ to <'On"i'k r wl1at i8
11 0C im;1 linl i11 :in y g i \·c n dl'cl :ir:i tinn, or tC' x t, 11f 8 c: ri pt 11re~ or to
po i11 t n l1t. i n ·1rlu 1{ .Y.C/1,'t('S it. i R tin t l r 11 e, tl~ .J11 J1n x,· ji. l G; " ·li :i t 1-1 ins
nrc 11 n t in <'l nded i11 :--:01 11 u g-enc ral c xprc :-;~ i o n . .:~ Ilu h. x. 2!), &c.

7. R r:f!ed on th e p erson .•p ea!.:1)1g or ar;t in.q.
Thn ~ : \ Vli et li<· r l l1<' y l·t~ wi="'c

( 1r

nn wbc ; k ar11 c1..l

0r

1.

i,!.!'n orn n t; ri ~li tconl'.\

or w ic ked; 1111 golr1 0 r 11w 11 : cide r nr :-4.11 !in rdi11 11te; Ycnc rnbl c or nt.ln•rw it"c;
ol d o r y o 1rn g- ; w l1ctli<:r th<'y Jin ,·c p rnpc r nnt !w rit.y lo ~ u y o r d o w hut i15
re fe rred to: w ht:tlicr t l11·i r 1·xa111pl u l ie ~1d 1 1 t11r.v o r th e reve rse ; wl1 nt rcns on ~ t xifltc<l tfl r-:hAw i.!i 1: pr•1pri...:ty vr improp ri ety of words uttered or
ncti o n ~

perfo rm ed by

tl 1t'll L

In <•ll r 0>t.i111:1 te of cl1:1ract.cr, w e m11 >t. 1li8crimin ntc between ' nch
:1C t~ n ~ :1 n~ do 11c :ifl r r

11 1:ir 111·c

con,i dL•rat ion, nnd ~ n c la

tl :"

nrc don~

li: <' l ily. \\' c cnn \.l" ~ t j11 i!!-!"(' <•f cl1:1 rncter wl 1e 11 n •>t m i11t>< nre rorn11 ,·t·d-w l1c·11 a cl1 :111ge of" :- it 11 a lin11 t11ke~ 11l:1 ct"", nnd wl1 en per~0 1 1~ supposu Ll10i ll SClvcs to lio unuu>crv e<l . It i8 also di sco verc<l

a te n.f' P erso 1< s nd·
ancl til e Sl
'J

~UGOES'lT\"E

330

331

"'l'01'1 CS ."

SUGGEST IVE "TOPICS."

!"'·t·rC'l.\• nll rnl1l ic in.f11ric11 1 and the ~rime CO \lf~ C p rob:-tJ,ly wn~ p11r~11ed in
fl').!ard

1•ri \·;1te nt1l':-<..
1!11.; l~·nn:u1 ( 'Jiri:"tt in11~ wt· rent tl1 ;1l tir11c .f!':·e;1t l,v pc r=--cent cd, und
ti1i1t !1y i he .l l' n'=', ;P::1i11 ... t \'; ]1n111 it. wn1il 1! lin,·c l•l ·c ll '-'11r:y tn c .X cilt: tl1tlit ·a1iit·11 l~ ll!!l/111."" :1.. h1: i11:.: 1l1c ~11•.il ·l'.l :..; n t' 1l 1l·ir di~likc 1111•1 l1 a ll'l' d .
ll cnco
tli t.: pn.!{'(·1 1 t 1111·;tl l '"' , 1 ' l11;1 ·L 1111! tin: 11 11} .... t viul \·11t c 11t·111i c~ ofC!tri:-;t 1 l1i~;.jr):< ­
t 11

A ~ a i 11,

pc·!, ll!Hi ,\"dllt' .... l · l \ ' t• :-> .ll
'J'IH· Jii-1i11t:t cli:i rnl'! c t·i:""tic:-: of 1w:·:-: 1111 :-:

n~ 1 , lre.-.:-:c; \ ~1in11lcl lie kept in Yi cw;
nl:--0.: he t'l:ltc u f p1·r~rn1 :-: a~ to \r11r ldl y 1.: ir<.:11 111 r: tan t·c~-wcaltl1 , i11 t'nnni.ltin111 &<"'. T he: c:o 11sidt.:rati1.•:1:-' fH"C:-i.:·11tctl 11rn st. Le :rnitc<l to these \·nril!ties,
in onkr to inakc a sui table i111pre:!:':-:.ion.

12 . Consider the principles of a 1cord or action.
Jn 0!1 101· W<ll'<l", co n><i dcr tho sonrcc or origin ,·;hence tlioy procrctlc1l - t l1:H , in c"n'l'<JllCncc of w l1i cli tl1c wnnl was 6Jll1ken or
tl10 " "1i t111 clnno. Su 1!10 Sc riptn res pr,,cee<·l <111 tl1 e pri11ci1•le tli nt
rn ·:n i~ a dcgr;lded, ignorant, :i11d h11ilry lH.: i1 1g. Tlii s i::; us:; umctl in
ull ilti d<1 ot ri11 c~, prc•ccpt', prumbc~, &c.

LESSON CXLIII.
LESSON CXLIV.
"TOP I CS" fTGGESTl YE 01°' I DEAS .
St.:GGESTlYE OF 1DEAS.

13. Consider CO!l.SC!JllC/'/f:es rind h~fcrenc1;s.

r p,mr1rk(lblc in

Tl1is is tl1 e CP ll\"Cr~c or tl1 0 J' l'CCC <lin;r f«pi<', nn<l k;Hh in to point
0 11 t. tlt(~ tffl'(· I ~, t!1c µ;1h11l 01· o\·il c· 1111 ~t·1111 c 11<· e~ , i1 111nediato o r r e1note,
' "l:i cl1 i'oll ow :\ word

Tl10

i".fi:rc 11~ rs

( 11"

:1 11

rl1a L i11 :1.1·

net.
l1e dra\\' 11

fr n1 n :rn y d.wtrithl or precept,

so \\'rite 11 ~ to le:tve no Ju ~t
f.'.1'<>1111•1:"' f;, ,. tl <e .. 1._j ce;ion.; of 11 11 oppone nt; nn1l ii' !1 0 c l1nrg,·~ yonr
(1pinin11£.\ with h:ld con ~eci1 1enc0~, yon n1 n~t nnt on ly <li~p r ovt~ tlte
:.111·;.rnrion, i 11 t l'l"l'"IJ un tl 10 o tl1er li nll<l t l1at good conseq ue11 ces
nre to 110 ('\lll :-" idt •rl·il.

Ynt 1

111 1ht

0

wi li tJ.,,,. frn1n thl'm .

I 4 . Ji,:fTect on the purpose
q~/

or dcs i_r;n nf a word or

ion .

f:i:ty s PPpc· : H r11 C\'(•ry WOl'k cn1 1 ~n lt 1lie n11tl1n r's C' ll11.'' T1) lie
nc•111ai11ted \\'ilh tl1e FC11pe of 1,;;. \l' ri li 11 1-j, or t.lio end l1 tl !tad in
\'inv, jg t.o posses• n key to all Lli11t he say•.

'

I

i'

:336
whrn h e hooie <l th e wi th e red i1111Hl in the prr,enco of the Tk Md inn • ~ml
l"' !1a ri..;L' f'."' , t \i i.-. tnp i c lc:1d:-; n ~ to n otic1! the dii l'ere nt. ki nd . . of int ert: ~t wit.h
" ·li ieli t ln·:-..1_· Y:lri :111:-< (·l::~."' C :-\ wo11ld n· ~a r d t:ltc ovc11t, in t:u ll :'ICq 11 c 111.1u of tli ~ it
BCVi..:ral pc ·~ 11\iarit i e :; o fcd1 1cat. i0 n :ind opi11iL)l1.

'jl•
'.

LESSON CXLVII.

,,
l

"TOPICS' ' SUGGESTfYE OF IDEAS.

2G. Disti11gui-'h, D1jinc, Diuide.

l. \V c disl ingu£sh, when 11·c consitler a thing in differ·
ent Yic ws.
Th n•, Chri s tinn f:ii th m ~•y lie co11 si1lcrc<l wi th 11. vi ~ w t.o j11ol{fi·
cation, o r wi1l1 :\v iew to S((nct1/fi:rrtion.

Jn tlic f11r11w1· \'ll·W it it
wnr b, a l11 l in tl1e ialtL' I' i t is tl1 e JH' i ll<'ij•l u nn•l Ctlll
of g-11od works. So a 111an rn:-iy lie Cn ll :-- idvred \\'irl 1 n·f'-' re ne<• t6
ciri1 soc it l!f, »I' wii.11 r0Jercn ce to dm rch.fc1!010.<!1il'.
P l1: :t1h .•1·:' :1. t tl10 h:u· often 111:1ko n:-oc o f 1l1i .. ; t o1ii c :
H (; l~ i: t l e ni c n 0f t. ln! .i11ry , wllllt my le arn e d hrf1tli1•r l11\f4 t.""iJ ~'()fl i8., Jt:O
" l'Jl""~d I<>

d11n l1t.. p<: rt'.· ctly co rrec t.. :1c c0 rdin;:!' to ll io c11~t·:..i wlii cli Ji u lwii! d t&d i
t
thP ~i~ t•n:--e~ t 111·111.:d 11po 11 tt diff~·n.'ll l. p<•int., und l1t1v1) no rd 1!tir>n t n t h. t~~M:
\' n n nri0 ea Ile d 11 p o 11 to d ccid1 •. T he ci1'(' nt11itttrn e<~ ,. ul"o (~ f the""" tlrt!' t~
~1tl1t•1· otrc qnitl; dilli. ·rr.n t 1 u11d r('qn i rc it n·ry d iffo rfl11t tlt:dl!.itln! ' ~ "11\t
r cg11rd t o Ji :-o. pnt l'd dn.(•t rin r :-s o f pli llot<'-flj d :y n r n,•llK·\un.
1 T l 1e co11f1 HJt 11 li11;! "f c111c " il :ject wit Ii 11nother hA' )l;'l t tn
n i m; t of 1.l 1e errors wl1icl• nre 1n h (' f<>nn l in 111<1 Ohri;,tl4n

•llft.r't.

11.s "· li ~ r c 11e na nC<'· 1s r n nf1in nrk1l wi1 Ii r<'pJmt nno~ 11.11.! tut> 11hs@t~
t.io n of t.lic pri c,;t wi t h I.li e p:irilnn of l1 N \ \ ' ('fl .
Wl1cn c ,· e r we pe rceiv e 11. Rnhj ect t op<>'•'~~ "<"'c rnl Q't11"lh
t t.
fvring llllH: li fr1111i on e :rnot.l1c 1\ \\'\"'\ 1 11n~t , in tl 1() flNt. plm!~, tll. i\.,,
t.i11g ni. . Ji t.\1e 111. 'Yl1crc one ~ubj 1·ct. p·..._~e~ o;.(· !4 prol'crti (·" wti leh l"1tU'
F.0:1 1e .~l.'nc r: li resl' 111 Ll an co lD t.l1o:'u ut' u tl1 t..'.r ~ubj ·ct~ t t h\t.t topic i~
:i!..:u r \ · c 1ti i r~d .

·• .D1ji1J e. To iin p:u-t o ur i1l(•::o 10 ot her~ with e k:<nH"-'.~
.1ud f'urcl' , \\'\ ~ must not onl y 1 lis tin ;:; 11i ~h them fr om other
idea:'\ wi t h which t.lwy may have been confoun•kd , but wo
mu~t proceed t.o define what i8 tlills J i s tin g ui ~ h ed .

' ' •!

'f! I E Ul'ATlo.V.

~··ni enr:p",

~peed:,

di1·i,Jc ii: i11t., p0ri"cl'.
wn,.,J , ; ,, ,. in to pr.rts of
' " ll<'il!I, ,\·•· .
A l"!!i o· i:11< w .. 11/d d i1·id., it i1 1Lo clnpte rs, S('Cli<111;
1•:11·:0;.- r:opl«, :ir::11 111 .·111'. 111·"1•1>,i1 i"" ' · id~" "· JJ c wo1J/d di 1·ide1
! l i t· J•l'OJ• u:;i1j ,,," i1<1, , 'l 1Lj,: <'/ 1 ul1jvcl, J•rv pc rty, c:111 se, eJll:ut, &c.

---OJcATION

01{

Dr sc ounsE .

fac1~

I. 1'/i c T11tror111ction (1 .) Si10uld be easy :in.] n:it11rn J, 11111] 'ltould
thc•rclo re 11 t>t 110 1'l:11111ctl 1111til tltc s1 1l>stn 11 cc of t l1c di sc"'" °'O iiM
st urli ed.
Cu rrc·etnc:;s in
is i11111111·t.:in t,
l ho
lit.,u·e1·.s :11·c· nt fir.,t "'""" di.,po.,et] to t' l'ilio:i sc. (.'l.) Tl 10 i11 1. r,,•l11c.
lio11 slto11l 1l lie ""•d1·<, :ind 1101. J> t'<>11 1isc too m11cli; :1111) tli g 11i fl"d,
as s1 11·i11µ;i11g f'r1•11t n cn 11 vi1 -. l.iu11 of Ilic i11q101·111nco of wlt nt nf1 1'l'w:11·d -; w o 11:"·0 lo s:iy . ('f.. ) (; c nc rally, it s l1ould ho <':1l111; l.>11t
t.ilf·re :ll'u t1t"r·:i- iu11s wl1e·11 "' ' al>rnp t n11d vel 10 111 cnC cxorrl i11111 iK
i"'l'i;'t: l/y 11 :i t1 n·:tl :111./ JH"'I'" '" (ii.) ft. sl1 011 )d not n ntici1,..11c ""Y
lll:Jlc•1·i :il p:11·1. of t l1v .s11hjvr·t. (G.) I t s l11111)d J,o 111·op•11·1io11c,] i11
ii-11;.:111 :11:</ ki nd lo1 l ite: 110.J.1· of Ll1c di sc11111·se. fo a tli .' e"11rso 11t
t i"' hr, "'"" ' sl:n1i/d /, ,. l:i kc1 1 110 1. I» c111p l11y 1111 in1n1tl11 et iun wlti cli
il1 <' 1•i•l'"•il,• C"llll««I 111 :1y l:1y l111ld ul' :111tl l.111·11 tu l1is ad\':1111111-(<'.

cxp1· ~~,iu11

·~l
<"'1>re.~se1[

lCl .

~

n~

II. Till• r·11111/(:iut io11
tl1e s 11ftjer ·t sl1o uld he as ek:tr :rntl
di ., t i11 et :1.s )'•).-<.,il1Jc., :111.J
in 1ew .1 11 t1 phin \\' ords.
\\ r i1J, tl1i.-< is <" •11n <' :·l cd t11e di1 ·is io11 11/cl1e s 1tfje..1, or t he
111 l i111 •, .. r 1'< ·1n:irk. Tl.is 1n1 ·1 l10d ,>f· t/1" cli~eonrsu 1na_v Lu

an ti .

0

. "1 " .

~

. 11
. ' ·h1Jc; tlt c othe r.

.
.
' Ss:tr\'
.
.
J
.• w Ii tel"" c JJCCC.
"
I
' est J>Olrl
ll)>C
..
2) g, ... ;11 \\'ill1 tie
s111111r
1 toh-t
t.1 0-<C
wl.i clt arc 1.u111'IL Ilj)V ll
j :u l)
I .
tt1 11 0. Jir:it.<" di :-:e1 1...;:-.;.,; 1,
t j>l'O C('C(
.

t l1eAC JI\

(

' "' ""

(

ti re( fdrtll t'l'. 0
. .·" 1 .. ,J10 11 ltl cxkt11,r, titc• -.i11ject..
.
o) ·1·1,e , ,· c r:d rl111' "' " ·
. . , t:itcd ' Jll•tilcl be as
.,.
. I i ti " '~ i11 t·t
1in(1 1:"> ,
5
(·1.)
T l1c il'r111s i11 "' l '.'r
l
· ....,, I'" '"' lrle.
cleat· 1111• Cllll"l•e ' . . . . ' 1. lt l•:t.J.; he Jun llll l! I Cl'U ll~.
1.
1
• t llll t· ' lie tll\·1-1<>11• , <'· !•l' j Ill (' (' 1111•C
. q11c11t'C'1 :11111 shn n1J ue
(ii
(G .).) I,j\(' li:11•
1•r ilil'i , ion l '< nl
C'll" ilL' :--f h- ~<>t1gJ1t.

•

.

\ ( n'Tatwn.
III. Tli e L :i:p l1cal1on o ~
' . ntl
•

•

.

·

1•

t o lw rorwi.;c , nro
1
· l tl11.1
le !'lt:nr nml rl ·1sl ·111 c t ' In. l•. e p r. .. l1:il
. J ..tlc,e ' f:icb l!/ "' " w / ""'
0
'
,
.
(•t t Ill" 111\ l l
I
,
I t
. 1 I 'll" lCtni· l •"" 'n ' . ,.,
l .I
\ 11\'llt <o il Jill - .
<' '- e11 : 1: 1 c '· • .
. J," .J i.s <'<••11·.-e arc gr1111 111 c• . .'
.· ""'"1•/:111f·u

·1·

~11 \• ... t 111 1c11t.

11:1 r1..., id

t

)· • ·..:

nnd

(•v e r y 111 a!(•r1:d

c 11

.

. - ,

·~

rh. lc-. , ··1
1· .tee.,
cl 'll"td l'I'~ n11d l ll Ull" \1. ·<rd
.
. lit
. e· !'" l
,..
J . , f ·1 f·I...; : 111110H ll('c
ti) g iv1.· pru I •: t"
. r.I
J i o ." , l
I •1 1•' .,. ·1' nr
'"
"""
.
l c cl c·.<c n uec
. . 1'-l l •c
.
< ll' l'«i'v rt" "' I'>'"" lo ' .All 1--tlpt· r I\ t I•>t". circ11 11i-1 :111n·s '· ' ..
'(i'ire<' t 1J t ltl' i1n rr:t1i \·e .

~

11\ ' 1r i \ 'l' ll In l l:l lllt')
'

1

Pl lli

Ltt• iJ.

~on-<

~'

I:

:h

{-

1~

,.

' l .r. r th e JJirision.
:100thrr;
J (
•·" 1111
. . 11 , lislin ct frorn one
1 ,t h c 1c.1 } ( ·t.
( I ) T l1c
sc vcr:i J /•:ti"
·
1 . J le an y other p:u ·
ll C pnrt ,J1 011] , inc. :It
'
·l ntaffc• nf ' irt11 c.
noIt" wonld' be nh~ 11r1._l to pr0p o"c
n •nt flr•L of nlld
t lic "'
" . T he fi<>L uf
. tof ttc111pcrn11cc
Jll:-il.cc
"' CC'On •\ \y nf' tli~: uJ\·a11b~e~ o

;

! r

I

"" es

~encral

(~.)

339

ui ,;cou HS!J:.

· _i· s n ot ':ir1.
.
.
. l' (''Sl'<l , or when tl11s
..
:rn rl t 1dl~ C X]'
01«1er IS ('SSl' l lli.11
f)l'lll:tl
(
• I ·d. /lll' l l10(1.
' ..
,.;_,,,J i/", it 111:1~· b c a c<111ct:i l . . . 1lii 1w ~:1ifl s h onhl lie'(' .11 ·
I l.
·\' \'!'\' ' ' " ' "
t 1s1·0 lll' .S(; .' <"\ ( I\
• ' .. .~l' y and c::i;;t'J Y j'u r \I' J1·\t,
.
'"r:iii:~
' ' l'"1"..t ~ t '' I •r e I>:1re tl1 e way n:1t111.1 '· .

·~ 11

J

T he l'll )L'S now to b e gi1·cn :lJ1r11y in
to a p opular
o r:it.ion o r address, a tliscour!'ic at the lm r, or in t/1 0 p11 ljJit.
Tit o pa rts that eomposc a r<•g 11 hr <li.-;co 11r8c are 8i.'<:
l. 'l'l1c i11 t ro1l t1eti o11, <lcs ig n ecl to pre pare tli o l11·arers for
the Jisconrsc. 2. Tl1 c !'tatcn1c nt of t li c s 11l\ject. .'J . T ho
cxpl:rnatio n of thu
connec ted 1ritl1 it. 4. Tlic· 11.'lO of
:ll'g1 1rn L•11ts t.o s1qJport Ot1r opini ons, and to <1i." 1>t·o1· • th o11
ol' :in 01 •111)_,it e cliar:tcter. 5. J\il<lrcss to U1 c passio ns, if th
st1l1ject :1d 111i t of .it. G. Co n el 1t~ i o11.

he~11

U lt

IS t ;) f{i/]0\1· ·

LESSON CXLVIII.
TllE

TllE () J{ATIV:S

I

!.

<'omp:irinr:: i t "·i tli nr SC' tlin r: it in con lrnst with some o!hC'r l"lll>jc·r t "' tl1i1 q::; ('l), l•y i11 cp1ir i11g into c:1u sc ~, or trnci11;; ~ff~C l6:
('>), l y J'' •i11ti11;; out ex:111'l1J,·;, or ''JiJ!C:tling to tlie fecli11g• of
0

} \':lr,: I :-'.

l \ ' . 'J.'/u; ,·I r:111111 c11 /utivc Part.
,\1· g 1t m1.• 1 1t ~ :1r c ( 1), 1u hl! invclllccl; (2), to be properly
1t,.,.:u1_<:;l'<l; (:1), to he l'Xp 1·t~:;c '1 in :;uch style and rnnun cr s
to g i\·c t h1.·1 11 Liil.'i,. f11ll ll.ircc.

l\..; tn tlicir <trmn'}ement (1 ), :ivoi<l bl en<ling nrl(11Jnl?1J t.• <lotl·
(nsedly t••;.:elliC' r, tl t:it nrc ut' n sr pnrnte n:1t11ro ; (2), it is beot, ~I!·
er:ilJ _,-, lo nrr:111;_'.o tli c a q.;111ne11ts in the ol'Ul' t' or th eir ~trcn g t.1
p11tri 11 ;.: tl1 e Rtr< >1 1;;p;t, ]a;t; (3), wl1 e11 tl1c nr;.:ur n cn t~ nrc Ml.t i •~ •
t<>t·y , it i" l1l»t to tre:i t tl 1<•111 :r pa1·t an<l <l i;ti nctly, \Jut wh~n th 1
ar0 w<·:1k ir i.' lwtk r t.u r<111 ll1<·n1 into on e nnolh\'I', to gr,.up tl1 DI
t<>;.:l·ll1l' r, 1!1:1.t l1v 1111inn tlic•y 111ny gi,·e s lrcn;:<tl1t o1 h rtr1<11111 nt:
(»), :w;.:111111·11t' , Ji., ultl nrit be c1n ried t.oo far or multipli<lll too
1>111 cli, 1·.. ,. 11 ca11se i., tl111s suspecte1l of weakn ss.

-·----- - -

LESSON CXLIX.

Y . Tl1 e Ptill1ctic.

"·

VI. The Co11clas io11 .
11111st vary \\'il.lt t11c slr:ii11 <if tl1 0 •li Olll"ti'.
rn flWS
tl1c p:t lii l' ti,; J':ll'L ,J 1n 1rl1l f,, rrn tl1 c c<111cl11sion. H tlt e tlli'C<'fl~
bec11 cl1i<:tly arg11 111c:iltitli1·1·, 11 ;i1111111i11" up of tho nrg11t11\lnt, 1m.J
'j'j,j,

pr1...'!'3Cn t i1 1g- t l1Ct ll ill Ull(". Cl e ;l l'

\ 'i1· W, ll1 Hk'\f4

1\ g t)1Hl

()n ll t l n~doft,.

ft\

sern111 n", i11i'crn11ces or r,•tk cti .. 11s !'1»1111 wl 1at li11~ i...-..,n Mid, 1111\)'
ro1·111 tlw clo,e. B11t. C/lf'Lj ;Jw11 1d ho l:tke11, llo t 011ly t lr11t tli..-y r!MI
naturitll y, hut t.liat tl1C'y ~ l i oul \l ~o much ngrco with tli e strnln 11{
tho previous d i,co nrsC', ::i~ not. to break its 1111i t.y. Jnforeni:. ,
lwwcvf!r legitim:itel y dr:1w11 from t.he doctri ne of the text, h11\" 11

342

F OR:'II S OF AIWUMENT.

Th11!"1, f" r in ... trmrc . t fl n pr r~o n wl~r.~c ~(\le moth· ~ i~ ~ cn :'\11nl c nj nymrn~
it w .. 1dd ht· inq•11=--~iiil · i111111nli:llcl,v to n .' COllllHl'lld te:rnpcrnt1l'U 11n or\.H ..
nary i:r1111111!,...; l•11t :111 :ir;:nn!t'lll, 11ii.ul1t. \Jc
111

i1~ (, 1\"1•:· . 11;1111 °·iy .

th:il l •y

:1ddr c:-;~cd

tn tlt11t. \' 1.:ry 11 1oti \ e

1".: Ut1' l ' rH l1e<.: tl1e :-;~ ·11-.c,:~ urc p rv~1.· n· 1.:d i11

:a

11• ul!l1y -.1a11- . a 1i.I j•n1:"L"ill 1·1itly i n a l1elt1: r .:cJ11llitio11 Ii.JI" rt..'~C i\· i11~ t ho

J• l1·.1"'11 r t·:-o j···1..- 11l::1r t1' l i1•·111.

)J"/1,·11

r111

1rr:1111111·11t .;,, /111ilt UJ11JJL

llli!

1n·nfl'.<.•erl princip/rH or

f! f th e }' (' rs nn 1cill1 'lr/10 111 1r e rt..r(!Ul', wl1 etl1 c r Liie npi11iun
J. e l r11c· <•1· J;iJ , <:, it i" on •11":1Ur11e11 /11 rn ail lw mincm, nn n1ltlrt'~" to
Ii i.• J'l'•!li-.•.<l'd 7•ri11r i;1lc.•. Si. Panl ofte n u'cs tliis nq;111nent, w]1('n
lie n::1 ,p11s wi1l 1 ll1e Je"·", :111 11 " ·lien lie ~n.1·•, "I gpenk 11~ n in nn ."
3. A r:iumcntum ad dvctr i11mn (an n<l1lrcss to knrni 111', or to
pc: .. plc· "!' l1::1 r11i 11g), is :tn n1l 1ln·ss wl1icli prC"s11111 c~ 1l1 c n11.Ji cnrc to
lJO i11:-.trlidl'd i ll SOlllt.! lil':IJH :J I Or l11·a1a:l1 t;s nr JC'ar11i11g in Wi ll •)a
111;111l.. i11d at. l:1rg-c do 11 11:. p:1 r tici1 ·:tl o.
v;1i 11i1111.><

Ti111<.1, f,,r i11-qa111 ·l\ a pl1 ysiei:lll, a bwyc r, nr n d i\'in f· , di~co 11r~i11ir tll ntt
•mdi1;111.:c ·· I' lii:-1 pr•1!"1·:':'io11 al I H·l~ tli rc 11, wo11 ld rnuk c frcq11 (' 11t 11 ~<' ol i) u,
a r u 111n,11(111n rt.d dodrina m, a 111 od c of addn.·1'4!" w h ic h ho \\' (lllld n<'t hojn,,. ~i·
fl e d i11 11:-i11 !! if d \..,\·onrs ing- (• n th e ,·c ry ~ n111 0 ~ul1jcc l:' t o nil flrdl nrtry D'1lt \ cncc . I l L! w unl d tl 1t.:t1 1 in ord'-·r to t-:11tcc(:d 1 he co 111pdlcd to 01 11 1•l"Y ~uhJ.,
11rµ-:1111t•11t:-: , fir s11t·l1 w.- nrc a dapt<·d tv ord i1111ry kn o wlcd~o: n11d uot titf W
liad i11;-; tr111·t1.:d hi :3 audi to r.:) could Ile, \n t h effect, 0111ploy nny oth r.
I·

·r

Thr. ~rnt imcnt m a~· be ~rc cinl or 11n i\·rnml . tn nncl~n t ltn...-1 ~ .t
('If 1'.' 1li: 1g-11 r;1:; w; 1 ~ a ble to ;-;ih:nce 1rn y op11o~i tio n nm l')llft hl• ft:<tl,•11'·1'{ "'•
[•lc"l l1y an.•1-rl11g. In ~11pp1l1t o l' a pr"'po~ it.i nn , thnt t lrn J11l""\"" h\~t( ,..
l'O (i11 .-.P ,/1,ril). l n 1111).lcrn tinH·~, a ~ 11cu k ·r niny pro<•11ro n~l1ul u \1 1 f·"lf ll
H•.:i l·11 t ilh: tr11th wliii:li li1 ~ i ~ u11:d1 lc \I) dL'lll'lllfl.lrntr, by nt1lrm i11J.t it t o lpfll C*fl
n:-1n· 1·t11 i 11cd p ritH· i1.J (' t1f:-1111 11c .::-1 t11 1J li :- ht·<l ~·wh ·11c•·, or tho \li"<'"' · ~·r ~· o(....,m,
1:tc rcdi tt:d 11 hi\ 1•;-;r 1 phc r. In tli i:-1 t'n:-:1· , i11 ·--Lt.·:1d '>f th e 11 1•11n.1pri:tlt· 1'1•).,it..1
11r11q 1·, \1 0 ll :i•':-\ t !n: 1t1'!J U!Uet1,tu111, rv l t"' f'icun. d w m..

5. Argu111rnl1nn ((lljiile m (:1 11 a1l•lrc>" to rcli .,;i11ll" fuith ), i• 1i1:\
w liicl 1 n ~p .: ake r 11,e:; wl1~11 lie gnrnn,b hi:; nq;un1c.11t su\.,l y "" L.
n..:li~ i t>11S t t'. IH.:! s (1f J1i::; li e:tr c r~ .

\\"i t h rf'~:1n.l ln an nrg-nmrnt thm; zronnd1"d , it

11 111 ... t

1 c c,·i1k•nt , ....,,
1

A RG'G '.! ENTATIVE WIUTfNO.

T\111~

we can :-:a.'·, :i n n1 1k i ~ :i t r •· f', an d :1?1 f·l111 b a In·· ·, ;111d a ,·inc: i ~ a
T it ;;-:. ~lit ''' ·"' t!1 :~t tn·1 '. i ... a ge1111 ..; 1 and tl1:1.t O:lk, c !r1 11 ni:d ,·] r~\.! ar1.!

trN -.

ftl H.' 1.: it::i li !H, k r tli;lt

j 'ilrli1.:1 :L1r .l! l'l!11 ..... .

Gl'llll"' nnd ~pe c ie:-; l1ave

l'l'Cl.'rencc

to 1noral

idl':l:-i a:":"

"· ell

:t .-i

11Jiy,ic: Li.
Tl111:-1 we: rn:n- ~:n·, indn .--t n· i:-i. a ,·irtn t'. frnza lit Y i.. . rt v ir t 1H~ . t1.::npc r:i; 1<'u
b n virtll('. T l.ii ...; :-ti in ws t liott ·,·i rliH · i:-1 a ~1·1 111:-(·, a ni i tli;1t i11d 11:-:.t ry, :'r ;i;::iiit .'·,
ru1.t ll'1t !J" 'l°H1 11 ·.. ;1r1 ~ it:-1 ·QJ ·<·1·i 0· ..:. \\'l i\11: n ~··1rn:-i. 111:1.r lie d i\"i d·.·1.. l i nto !-1p•;ck !'I, cn c li ~ 1,1· 1 · i 1·."- 111.:y lw :-: 1i!.,\i\·l, kd i11t11 i11di,·i.\i1ul:-1.

Tl 1c

) 11\Hl\:

(Ir

1'•·:1 :-i( \11i11 ;!

tl1at n <·l...'rl:1i11 ~ in: c ies

and tlH·11 t11 ;1tli n 11 11r

rr.1111 (f CJ/ lfS :lfHl ,'i}lf' (';f'S i ~

~ 110 \Y

l\\(.'f(·l ." ti)

i:-; pn 111L'rly cLt...::--cd 11rid•: r :t t•e:- 1:1in ~ 1. · nt1"' ,
dt· r1y pf tlie ~p c cie ~ wli;it ;·uu 1r1:1y :dlirrn Pl'

d \,!11y 11f 1l1 e ~~llil-" .
T hn~ ~: n n

lllil,\'

~:ty :

All

frn i ~ i~ 1 1.~ cf1d

t0 li e nl tl 1; tli c• 1q·p1e

i~

a ).;i11d Pf

frn i t : tl1t:n.; !"•1rl: tlit · apple i:-' 1i~\·i'11 \ t.•1 he; dth. Tlti:-\ prirH ·l 1•l (.; 1,( rt·o1:--:•·ni:i.:.:,
fr1·111 ;.: c..: 111 ;:-i. t" :-.p(·;•i c=-- . i~ the ., 1dy kil!.J (•f n ·a..:.n11i1 1.!.!" i 11 \\· ]ii<·li yn 11 !_":ti11 :1 r1 y
t l 1i11~ hy 11ln{·i n!.!' it. ( a:<' :i\ 1n \'1.;) ill i lic f 11 ri11 nf' " · tn1 t i:-: <"a iled ;t ~y Jl ...::i:--rn .
An•I e\'t.:ll i10...·rc l!it· 11r~ •1~1 n:11 t g11i11 .><1 r1 •11!1i11:.r i11 J•<1i1 1t r·,f:-:tn·11 :.rtl 1, l111t S•itHI"

~.'

it µ-;Jin:-. a lit1l u in p1 1i 11t qf ._: k;1ri11_· :1:-1 1 1>r at lea:-\t it g-iYc:; a c1':ar 1·r
stu te 11 1t·rit 11( tli c 111 (: u11in;; Pr tl1e n:;1" 0 111·r.
tirnt·~

Tlit• f1il lo wi11g :trP tli c cx.'l1nplt: ~ gi\'l'lt in th o L o;_.: if' o t' J)r.
\\' al.l s :
11 Evl'r.v wi ekcd mn.11 i ~ trnly rni :'l crablc ;
All tyrn11tl'I nn: wi··k1~·l 1111·11;
Tlicrcfon~ id l tyrun t ~ 11 re trnly 111i~ c rnblc .
lit·

tl 111 t'~ itl\\'n y ~

ill fear is n (\t li:1 ppy;
t11t! 1 are :tlwo1:• -~ in f1·ar;
Thcn.: fn n.: co \ ·t'.l.011 :0: m e n arc n ut hn ppy.
C r1 ,· ctr't 11~

,.

\Vhnl:-\0C\"f'.r fo rt l1 c·rf't 011 r :o:. nlvntio n i~ g0oe...l fo r U8:
Sn111c af'!l iet.ions fn r tl1 1' r 0 11r ~a\\· : 1 ti011 ~
Th e re fore :-> O ni e atlii ct i <i ll:1 arc gl)o o.. l fo r 11~.

N r:·thin .!! that n111~t br r<> pcnt (·d nf ; ~ tr11Jy dcsirnb1e;
rcp c nt C'd o f ;
TiH.: r~: fu rc t. lit·rc ar c ~ ..Hnt: 1.J c a .i Ul'c~ w h ich a rc no t truly

S11nn; p l l ·a.~un·!'\ nin:-i t he

In tlH.:

n r ~ t. ...: yli P.~i~ 111,

tllt' ~ l' \•("it' :-" 1

H

:d i

th e

gclllh

i...;,

u. J~n.· ry

wi cl..: ei1

tk ~ 1r:d,~ 1~ .'

Jn:'ltJ, -,

tyr:111t~."
i'

.

111 t lii.~ :--~ ·c111Hl ~-y l11~.~ i ... m, '' flc tha t'~ :il \\" :1y .. ; i11 • l.'fll , l .-1
:ind 1~ nY ~"' fn11"' n1~n ,, l '." t.lH~ ~pC'(',lf'"I 11ri d('r th~}t. g-<·nn"' .

(:1 ' 11 ·1:-0 ,

11.

,. . ..

~ ,

1

a1 1d

· · 1:" T ATl\· 1·: "\\' JUT!NG .
A I.·ou
' ·'i
• .L

3-±G

''

.A RGG'r>Ii':NT ATIVE W RIT I NG .

Jn t he tliir<l ;:yll•';;i<m , "\Yhntc,·er fo rt h ers onr ealnition," is tlio
:1 11d ~n1 11 l' :inlic1ion . . ~ i~ t l1c ~pecic~ .
In tl1e f,,111·1 Ii '·' llogi,'ln . "No1lii 11;; that 11111~t he repented of," i~
the /:l' llll:-' 1 :111.J · ~ ~111no plc:1'>111·c~" i!'I li zc ~ pccic~ .
I 11 11:it 11 1.,iJ l•>gic, '"0 do not n >c t li l·~o ;;ylJ.,gi'lll.' . " 'c Rho11l1l, in
tl 1<: :ll>L>Ve c:t\.: (•..:, ex pre..:.' our l'l' :\..;1) 11 s i11 tli c t'u ll1> wi ng 11l:t11n cr :
~l·n11;;: ,

1

1

'

I.

;\ ll tyrant", nrc truly u11f;i•ra! 1lc 1 bce:UI:-'<! t.Ji cy n.ro w iek<.1d 111en .
l'•H' t'IP1 1 ~ ni <: 11 arc 11t•t l1npp_v, i1e<:a 11:-1e ti1cy nre ul wu yg in t'cnr.
ti 1.. 111t· 11 11\1...:tinn~ :lre good f1 )r u~, bcr au~c th ey fort.he r our Rulvution .
.8 ~ rn c i· ica;oi res arc n•1t dc~irnLl~ , l1ceau:-ic t.l 1cy 1n nst lw r epe nted of.

LE SSON CLI.
/. 1DS J X ,\ Jt( ; U MENTATIVJl: W R ITINO.

Ct111s e,

1~:;;;: r· t, A11 tc1wle11 t .~, Conserp1c11t .~,

A r(j1mct.~, nro

vthcr t1•pics w l1c 11cc i11tern;tl arg11mc11ts arc de r ived.
T.et it he i1nngi11e1l t11at n "l'cnkc,. li:is to r ccom m 1Hl to Ii i• rrndi·
,,,,., tl10 f"11·1ie1il;t1" net of gcncn "ity :tl ,.ca<ly s11 ppo< l , 111111H1ly,
n grnnt of ,.eJicr !•• nnc w l 10 lms bee n u11 fric1111ly to th m 11nJ
tf1,-i,. i111l:rc"t•,-l1e 1nig l1t. ,.cn~o n frc11n th o net iv If 11 n cai.-n o!
cc1"t:1i 11 dli:et~ tlirtf. 11111,t f.,Jlow: w o n111y exp ta priori, or 1111
pc11de11 tl.r or cxpcri\'llCC, Ill) wo11 l<l ~11y, thn!; \\"
hnll 00 r '!\'Art!
hv 1lio ,.~"i'"ct :111d c<ll'c111 of rnen, nnii tlio frn·or of l1cAl' n.. ~
op port 1111i ty of yi c·lding ,.tJicf 1111<1 r ~uch d1·e111n: t Jl , h' miJll) ..
:irlirn1 !O be 1110 \\'Pl'k or hr:L\·\'n in nrCJ I" t o try tl1t>ir ~llfl!f<-..l
:111 :11"g11 rn c11L wl1 i.-l1 ;, tak,;n from tlin .f1»11l Niil , or tl t t:l('lt
1<1lir1 11 ' :11111r7lf>«r. a~ tlic c:1n>c ol' whnt is H:itc1l to l'Xi•t. 'l11h 11i
i:-: an 11 J>riuri :trg-11111t·n t.
Ti1c <>l":ti rn· 1lien c;illing the :i i tent ion of !ii~ n111li11 rs tn th
i11:1 !l . " .J i,ot 1«»,f'11l ,; n to, mil'liL arr.;110 from t lrnt. :i~ nn ~[Teet for wlokh
n t · :u 1 ~P "·:1~ t< 1 li<· f111n1tl ; ·wl1ic:li r.:u1~0 lio 1 n i ~h t ~ 11 )\ jq not Tn r<•ty
t 11 : ry tl1 eir J!C11(·1·n ... ir :·, l111t to pu ni :-il 1 tli o lnn n f, ,r l1i ~ former 11 u~
fr it•r 1dly ('nnt1 11 <·t. 111 1l1e 11l.
l~nt il1i..., 'l J11hfl'rinri <·1111cl1i...i11n h('C'ntne.:i. wlit·n ~tntril. :tn nnld ·
Ct'•!rnl, ll1n1. j.. :
ftlJCnt~ .

111 ..: : \_\",

with prol 1ai1l t) rn1 1 rt·
t 11' ;'\{ 1H" tn iv,Jd 1l f\:0. 1111 1C \Jij~

:t -. 1:1h •:ncnt cnn n C'ctl"tl

:\ t11011;:: li1(':--f' r1 i NSfl/ll f ' J/f,'(. tl 1f'

fl'Cltl.'l OHC

i11 lf1r f)l" /a nf lioir.

348

i\ 1;r:r·.\ ! F.'\J A T 11 I·:

i 1·1 ;1ns r; ,

340

ARGL')ll·::'-l'l'. \ Tl\' F. \l. HfTIKG .

F r1-. 1n tl1t' n•l:q•f:l!i,,n ,,f <' r·ri:ii n nrra11 ,!!r 11wn t~ to nn~wc rr£>r trdn pnrp il Q. (' ~ ,
ir1r·1· r t L:1r tli•·-<· 111T:111~e11w:1t ~ w 1.:n; if,. ,...i!/t1r./ tf , 1111 :-< w e r tli c:--•' J 11rpo:--r-:-(,
'l' h11... . 1]1 1· t'.'l' 1-i ii•bj •t •··I f. )r ... 1.(·i::'.! ; \\ t ' i11frr 1li:1t it \\'a:1 1u:1d1· f;11· tli:1t
pn1·11., .. ,.. :--;1 ·1· l' nJ ,._, · ... ·• i\ :it11r:1l 'l'l1c1.!1•.!!y .' '
F rr 11 1 tlw :11;11 1i !;·ld pr11( ·1'~ id' d 1·..;i ,!..."ll in tl11 · w0r11l, w r i11frr t l1t· 1· xi ."' : (·twr:
nf a /J,...: lr.'nr r . Tlw:-1e i:ffcl' t . . d1 ·n•.1te i11tt:l lige1 1i.;c 11111d '"'tH· •~ Wt:! i11fcr t li n
,..\: i ... 11 · nrt· 111' an 111 t r ll i,L:'<' rit ( :n 11~f~.
}\ '.Iai n. frr"•lll t!ic 111 :1 nill·~tatinn o f c c·rt11i 11 nttrih11t c ~ n r <p tnlitil' . . in ! h 1 ~
w nrl.;;-1 <d. ('n·a t in n ai itl p rn\·i i lent(' , w e i11t'1·r I he cxi"'lt"llC't! of thC':--t: :1 tt ri !.i1t ··~
nnd q n:tliti c:-i. in tl1 c /J,,'1-lli(1"nl (.'a11 .'1 f' . J l1.· 11 (·f·, we 1h·111011 :-;trnt1: tlit P'·"·,·r,
w bdr•111 , g"M 11 \n!":-; :-i- , n11 1l 111lwr n l tri1. 1 1tl'~ r) f (;1 .\ l. \ V1.: 1•r0\"1.! tlu· ~·1 11.1 1 1 ( ·:--:-.
oft; n d by li 1('!:"1 , ~l1 1 1wi11!! tlwt tli~ '-\"'•rk~ n f 1wt11rc :'Ire :o,() 1.•i 1H:-.tr1 1l"ll'd :t ... I''
p r1 rd11 <.: r p \t-;.1:-;ure 11:{ Wt: ll a :-1 :1 1ili1 y tn lii:-\ i1 1tt·llig1..: 11t e r ca t nn·:-. . ~ c ': .-\ ct :-1
'.'\ i\·. 17.

"' t•

1

0

In

""nc w :1 y II"(' l'f':l'r>ll 011 tl1 c na t ure a ntl tlircroc lrr rd l/1e
111i11 d , nn d on 1l1 e c i 1·..:u111.- t :rn ces \Jy " ·li ic li ll" e :ire ' ur -

I lic

1111111'11'

r11111 11l1.· 1l .

tr:lr'ing
fr.011 1

111 0

it.

117'-

Tid~

\1 1111 11:1 <.i :1 enp:1<' i ty f11 r l.(: in::r happ y: w e i11r1·r tl1!"'lt Jic wn"- d('c:i!.!ll<·d tn he
~ l ;111 \ 1:1...i. n •'11 J•il \.:i 1y r"r il t'1p1iri 1q! k t1 11\\ J .,:, \~ c: " ·e i1 1 f~: r 1! 1a t 111· \\·11-.
d1·~ i~1H·d '" ;lt' (jl lll"L~ l.; 111 •\\ l1'<l :!l'.
l\L111 \1; 1~ fnL·1dtil·~ 11 d:q• t i•d !11 : tll i111111or ta l
!"\a l.l; t•i° c.\.1 :-. h·nt..:l· ~ We i11f1.; r t. l1a t. lie i:-\ dt.::-.ti1 1t.: d tn i111111orta lity .
!1n1 ·1 ·.\·.

f11 J \1 L' ~ :Il l)(~

W: l _Y , frolrl

\ J1(' tl!l1"l\1t11 (':0: , ')ll:lJiliC·~,

<1f tl1•.: 011im al crc11/ion, \\'<.' i11rl'r

I.Ii~

:)1111

(•: 11 ;:1C ifie -;

dl', i0 n or lin:tl ca11 :;0 111' t l1l'ir

cn': 1t i1111.

F; ,,,,1, rr111 sts .form on important pn.rt of l/1 c i 1,,·01;;1rit ion i n
r 1r.11.rs 1 ~( 1·irr·1nn :~l r111. l irtl

c1:irlc11ce.

Tf wj· :-.l1·•W that tlin pri~f"IJW r h:11l :i
f,·1uT . ~111 · h a!'I ll\·urict·, n,; \'1·11_!!c . & r . ,
11 ti " 11 t<' co11 H11it it. th i~, \\'itl 1 otl1« r
t e nding t u pro ,·c tha t be <lid cr1J11111 it

~t rnn.z rn n ti\'C fo1 r c011H11itt i ng il tt' 0fn r had l'(tHtcd Ucf11r1:hi111d n d1·1 .. r11 1i1tcin:u n"H~Lill l f'C'~, will Uc COH!<idtn:d ns
it.

LESSON CLII.
AIDS l:S- A !~Gt;) / E:>T ,\ TIYR WRITING.

Sim.il.it1rd1·, Pun:ty 1!/ c!l .w:, C11ntruries , .P rn71ortfrm, A

Ji1rliur i, :in:
ll lL'll!~

11 :111H·~ o l'

:tr l' il l' ri \'etl .

ot. h,·r

t. o pi e~ wlt e lll'l' i11 tl· J'l1 al

arg- n·

'·
'.

'

350

Jrn AS01\ l 1\0

FlW~!

CO~ ll'AIUSON

lii ~ ft)l'l)l (' r :'l.r ~lltll('llt'.'1 c)l\ P:t'!1(.•['n~ it.\·, :111<1 ,

hy

1 ETC.
c 11for~ in g tl1 em

t'c.

1n11\"1• tl1c pa .. :-i11 11'. l:v 111i ;:l1t. rfl !l1/>rt re ~C'llL·ru:;i1y to tl1 c s1111, wlii <'h

>< l1i111 ·< :dik1· 011 i'r11i1i'11l :011 .J 11 111·r11i11"1rl s11il".
:\ ::;1 i11, in <•r-.ll' I' 111 ~111'1n · r.e Iii,; 1;1r111 e r nr;.;11111 (· nt, tlo:1 t tlro <':l '-O nf
t i"· 111:111 11e,·clin~ rc·lic-f was dL•'i"11etl in l'r1 l\' i1 1"11cc to t ry tl 1<'ir
gl·11\·r i1 _,. •H' rlll'il' fai1!1, l10 111ig!tt. i11:-:i .-. L tl 1nt 1l 1ei r uw11 (' 11:-tu with
l''''l"'''i. 111 <:11d i-; :i 7un-allcl 01· rr111rlogo11.• ('rtso 1<1 t llnt wl1i<·li i ~
lir1111;;l11. J.,·1'11 1·~ 1J1,·11J'c·l,·c.-;; deal \\'it. Ir Llris 11i:lll, 111 0 wriltr 11riglit
!':iy, ti -.i (;1,d d1...':iJ.,. wi t! 1 you:
1 • ..

" \\'c 1lo pm:·

i~1r

merry ,

.\n ji tl 1:1; ~:1 t 11\! prnyc: r doth kat.:'11 11s all 1 t•) rcnJC' r
'l'l11; d\''·" L"' c•t' 111~·rcy . " -.-.,/,al·.•'[ll!are.

Fn\ rll Co 11/r11r;cs i.1 10 wrikr rni ;.; l1 t ar;:n o ilrat tl1 0 prn posctl net
c,f gc1H:r\ 1:-.ity wi;! lJr int; tl1c c:-.!ec 111 o!' men :1 ~ a reward.
Iii.:: 1ni1!'l1 L ~ay : u :\ s St""l ibl111 r s~ !iring-!"\ co n tt; 111ptnnd excrrnti1)n, ~enrrv...
iiy l1ri11i!':-. lH1111H a 11d :q•pl:tn:'.H:; :\!'I :-:.1..•llisl111e:c;:.s rsli11t :-1 out tlic ll)'IH} lllt lilc" (
1 11:1r d~ i11 .. I, g-1:1H·n,.-.i1y opens t}iq:;c i")' n1 pa t lii cs, t111 <l di rects thom uU LO tho
g' • 11t· 1:1111 :-; 111a11 ."

l"i'o111 I'1·oporlinn lie 111 :1y :-t ri;u c

ti JU~:

f. 1 r m:rn to <'qua! tltc hnunty of hi s h c sv 1• n 1~· r<."ntor1 hnt..
l1" 1w1 y ll!'Jl r()ach it. i11 a cc-rtai 11 Ji nnd 1lo d <.·~rc , nnd tit gr<'ntcr th d ~.
tlw 111••!'!..: 11·· :1rly wdl lie rc ::.e1 11 l1iu 1111• Cn::tl <tr wli o for111od hiJu.

1t is

i i1 1 J • f 1 ~sil1le

] ,:t<ll_r , in or1ler t.11 (•11 f',1r t'e Iii • ffl'[f "lll l'llld rrr 1n11fri:m1. 11

prv.J

tin t rrJrrrd t o co11seq11r11cP.•, tl10 write r 111i ~l1L M)', Ch t if, ith(•ll
rcg,11·d to '111·li Cllll'C'']ll<' r r~r~. it lwl11" '''CS Iii~ l'\'nclt•r In yl lit ~
rclie!' desirc rl, tl1c11 a fur linri. " 'ii 11 tll<)~e hnpcmlin)j C-C,llM!q
in viow, tl 1cy ca1 1nnt lint rc~ol \' O t•> yield it.

(

,.:_

L E SSON CLIII.
TtEASOX I :"<.: F l :O)I

EXAM f'LJt:;.

Jn rc:isonin!:( f'rnm cx: unplr'.~ , "·c a 1l1lncc cxn m pl e~ in proof
of tire propo~it ions we seek to c>LabliBh. Tlin s 0 11 r Savi ou r
~puke ,

J\fark i i. 2:3-28.

An other i.n sta11 cc is the following

l°r« m H.cv. Sidnn_,. Sn1iil1 :
\•.

FRO~[

ltEASOXING

EX A ~! PLES.

3fi3

A YALOG!C ,\L HEASONING .

d~l'i./e>i

Th e r"imp lr nf Tlnvid, n mnn C•f
pi1·1y , ;, ndd11ccd to •lie\\'
t.i •Ht in", ."" " .. r n>:c•· >,ily" i' " "iri 1·" Ii"" "•i;:l1r 1,,. Yi .• l"ted t<• """'' 'Y l1tnr-

~ : r.

.\l<1 t . .\ii. l -I ; :'ii.i t. xii. 2:1 4 11; ,/,,/111 ii1. l -L
1

J/,,r.,/ i11i1111ctio11" 'll'P. r:/!1·11 0');11 ·rr·I {1y S ;ri;1!11r11l PXft1P71le.v.
/,., .,,.,,,n in:1 /'.'I 1·.r,111111/,. is in [/l'f'<tl u.vc 11nw1111 {111c!f•' i ·.v, l•y wlr :rt
i.' rni lcd rt '"'"" i" 110/1,/, 1/1: 11. i', a rr <'X:11n1.Jc i1J puinr .
Wi"•n" "" " ' ;, i1> di .<1•nl<', tlil' 1>111n ;,, tn "" ""' rl111t 11 r"'c 'i rnil :.r to tho
pr1·,-cl!I Ii:" a !r,·:"IY 1.,.,.n dc C'ide./. 1: 11t rl11· •: .\ ar1>1•l u «r " " "' 11dd11ccd will
ll"t, <•I' "·'llr>I ', /, l' tlt c 'Hrnc in HI/ it, «irc·n1,"f1tn"c' 11' tire Cil.•c rnrdcr lri11J.
11' " '. il >t·rc "" •n /.I lr,,1·e l•crn " '' gr,•11n• I l;•r 11,., law "1it, '" tire /'<•int
w.,n/.I rlicn li:11·,. lwc n ulrca•ly . /,.,.i./,.,J. H1>t it;, ti"' nl>jcct or tir e 11Jvoca r .. r.. ,, l,.,w t '"'r t lie "" ·' " '" l,/11,.cd •··r:ddi .-J,,.,, 11 1•ri r><·i 1.Jl', 111111 t l1at tl1i.,
pri11 ci 1·le l l•11.' '" ra l1li ., J1n/ 11·ill "l'J•I;· lu Lit e ''" ' " rrnucr cur"id crati•.111.

811111r/i111 r"

t // i

i1ulhi1furtl r,ft.,r. i,v add11cr•1lJl1r l/1 e

1111r71o~c

not. of

i., ! 1i 11;; i•fl !. r>f orerl /11·u1ci11:1 n gri1 eral /JJ'i11 c1j.1fr; 11:; ;fl .Ma t.
,,C:<l
\.. :li./
l --n.
,\ , 1'\:t 1111.Jcs C:l fl ofi..: fl 11<' 11dd11«crl nfl l»11li .'idc·• of a 'J>tPsfin•1,
w l' .- /i: i/ I l1:11·l' to lntliincc onr .« ·(. '!f <J·om;1 f r .1 rr{/1( / 11.,t unot!1c,., in
•m lc·r· lo .i11rlc;(· ui' 1l1 e pr1./1;d ,il i1y of tire <·:i,c rrrrdcr c·1 ,11;;idernti•111.
,,I/( .11, a d,,1 ,.,, 1trc a r :1 111J1r1</,,. T/,,.y 1111 p1·0 1·u :<11r11(·!lrirr;;, 01· li•rr.y
0

he·'" :1111.Jivd :r ., r.. / 'T'l•l'e :' nr111·!11i11;:, 11 11,J 1l1cy ;;/111rr ld, 11'/ rerr

l'l•-

l:ikd, lie " "·' "l'i:ilcd 1ri1li Ilic 1•rirrci1du wlri c li tl 1cy are a <lllp l.cd to

J't°P\'1,.•,

Tl rtc rn le i li:1 t 1rlr c rr ."" ll li:;r,. :11!1·a rrc"1 l nr;:nn1('11t• c non;;l1 to
l 'r"'" ' .'"' '"' l' " i11 r -""" , /,,,rr/d :1,/ 1·""'"' 110 rr111r'<·, rr1:ry bu c 111;J rced
by 111<; 1;11 /1111·ir,;: ··/;'i~;li. ir'i:n l.'c.,.,u11 .•fur , Jf1.ic11ce : "
Tlie /'1·i1 ... ., ••f (',,,, .i,; i'"·' " i"!.i' rlir .. 11 gl1 H"""'" r./,u )'1 d.Jie a111!1orit·co
Wf•lif. I" •»1•1·r li i.11 1tl. rf,,. i;;i r<'.< of ' rl1 •• !•"1·11. .-\f 't ,. r· " " '"." l1ii:li - r/,,11·n ·0111 1
1•li111 .. 11r., rl 11 · 11 111y ,,,. """'" I: "'l'•.> ,/; , )' l11y 01>1· j"y, wo wi.• lic.J to r"cuivo
yo11 wi t h the r«T•••l'l s o r II Jj lJ lll•.'l"'I" artille ry, l.11 1t we 111""' l >IJL be(>() u ble t.o
li re tlie "'""''' " ·' (;.,. «i.!!i• l<-c11 """·' " "'· Ju lhe lirst pluce, we l1t1vu nono;
euo•1111lly-" ".lf.1· !!" ' "/ f'rl ,. 11d," , ,, ;d tl1c prin r-c, "tl1 c Jirot
io Oh

gooJ

l n i!I

CX('U."i..!

tli c l •:li 1..: r

LE S S 0 :N

ru1~ion

:;~\·c11tN: 11."

ltF \ SO:\l:'.'IG

-·

LESSON CLIV.

.

](l>:ASO.\'f,\;(; l· r:.1.11 ,\.\',\f. <l1 ; 1-, C•n rJ•Ai;r sox, A:\'O CO .\'Tlt.\ST.

n1•

ti1i ng

fr1_i r11

f'ron1

it ~

.·! 11"/"f/!J,

ll' C ITJ (':l n , rr•:1so ning

l'<'St· rubl:i11t'<· to

:uiotlrer

lo

ill11~tr:1tc

The f:iulc is :t fictiuous cornpo,1t1on,
['of th e falil c (~o
. .
·I. ·I r j, t·:tlkd tl1 c m.ora
. . ..
' ' ll L
. .
I ' cm11lovcd
t o ilh1 ;;t 1.1l c
,aC':iJJffO)ifJSifwll,
•
J(•.\ l>«1....\!l'.C• tiic falJk I S COllllllO ll J
111 ,,rul trnclts) .

-- -- ---·---

ny l'(.>:1~011i11g

CL V.

111· F,\ HI. ES A'.'>/]) l'ltOl' l':JUlS.

thing.

:tL011~

.

h ;, ""?·1ll l'(' l''''llY
· 111 \ ·

' •

r 1. : ~ 1,..;111 1· ·I

. .

i1csicr r1 t· t1

. e r.). " f I l ft ., 1'·, 1Liu ,li i. l! ld .l •t':r
I l1: 1t 1li e rrJ:tf'/1!ll
. r
11

1
, tu ,·t1 1\'
i.:llll;
e_
• 111 . r;tl
.

..

' ·,;

to wl1if' lr t.l1e i'""i"" '' '' " J

p.f·t>Ct ~. tlie paraiJ!I..');

(linL· i11 i1; d:lk rs 10111
..
r';"·'· lie l "l ' I'l1e'"rcs11lt.-i:11
I · 1 ·11
(IU l y ll [,·t1
r.ir- I.r."li en 1· r·op<hltt1<ll.

·lt ·1:-.. 1~
··1inir\;d

354
Tn·: ASO.\" ING llY F ABLES AND PfWVEHll;;;.

355

ln:sc;·: IPTIY E 1-:EASONING.

Jn tho li1h:c f.,1i n•I in T.nke x v;;; . 1-», the pmpn"it inn lo h,, il1 1rnt.r11 trcl lR
: /, ",,,fl·"'"" '-'' ... 1· l' •·1» 1·1·,,,·:i1 1<•c- i•1 p r:: r• ·r. lln t t l11•1\• ;, n n N".,."'Pn11do 11 r o
lw 111· ,.,.,, ;ii .. ,,,,,,.f,i11 .·1·_1· " I° 1111 · t;,!,J,. "'"' 1l1e 1•:11·1;,., 1.. w1,., ,,, ,.,.1·,.,." " ''" i<
,,, ,,. 1, .. J,, 1:,,.1 . 1/ 1·· 1:i1.< ,. d1·<i1-., "' ' .'111 :il l ;» 1n i" n •) /' ih l« rce from tl1 is
1•. ;111 1 .. 1,.. , ,.,,, 1,;,,,,,., .. I• ''' " "1 " "' '"'' " '' f ·11/.. ,·i:i r : "• 11 <: 11 t .

!:_;

0

T lre 1;. 11 ,,ll iuc: ;, "" ' '.\111111<1, · 11 1' l ire 11-1· 111'

/.',,! ,Jc.-. :

LE S S ON CLVI.

Tl111 t •. ,,,;,, ,.,,, .,. ;,, , ., ,,. J, ;,, ,1 •d' "1· ·rit ;, ,,fi ,.11 " ·' ·" •eintt:d w it h ldi cre11 ey
i"" 1 ii:; ~ illn :--1 r:1 Jt· , ! :

;11 ur11i t l1 1·r,

;\'::1ldin~MI,

DESC. Tt!PTIYC

(11< . / ! /,.· fl•11r.L " - ,'\ mf'ilill111·,,, _
, 11igl1t in g 11l e was Ono
' ' J'/.,
,J,, _,. i>"'" 1" 'cd " I" '" h 1· 11 l1 11w k . ",'\, yn 11 'i llg- ·"'' r h11r11 1i11g ly , " he cx<.:lain11.:.{1 • lt o w (.lcli ciHt l.'ily rn u.... t y ou tu .-.;t e !' '

111 " ' " '' .,, · 11 ,,, " i'nl.I"·' ., f' /l·:·' "r," n,.:i011 • :11·r· n:tril,,1t.-,! 1r, n ni 11 11ll• , liec11 11.,· ,.,.,.,,,; ,, 1111i11 1al.< ,,,.,, ·' "rl""' "d t n r•·1 'rt·- <·111. c1·n,,;11 d1:1r:1<' l1 ·r, 11 r d ioi'" -ili "1" . T /11" tl:t• 1:. ,11 ;_, tlio r<·1 <1·e" ·11111111·,, <>f' ,.,,,,,.,,::•· 1111,J r11 11!! nu,,;, ,, ;, _,. ; 1) ,., 1: .x . n f' 1·111111< 11 <: : tl1e f'C11 t •Jc k ., f l•c' :1111y; l.11 t 1i1 c r e are fol>i es

: 1 iiirn:d~

11re i11lr•1i..ln<."LLl.

<.::l~C'S

·1·1,,1,. " T l1· · d ii'1.·• ·,, ; 11111" 1 """" ·I I,,;,./,_"" '1':·11;,, " I' " •·liiid i11 t hc "· ny
·l•·t·"" ' ''" " i1,'• ,,, .., s0 11nd
" "";"" • l•n1 "" "'·' •11·· ·nr i11"1 ,;, .i, ll wy <I •• 1101 111 1;<1y. T i, ;, is "" 1·1did obj,•,·ti .. ,, '" 11,.·11 1 '" ni) ,. , 1:. ,.
.. ,., 1,, 1,, ,,,,,,,1 :i1L1ir.< 1.- c 1nns t bo
c·o 11t.1: 1Jl <·d wi1l, 11 1,;::/ 1 ,J,. c; ,·,. , . .,( pr . .J,,,/,j /11y . 11 i.s 11 ,,, 1•11 1"1.., f' tri:e 11· i.'<I0111
1
t o rnl •:11 it 1t1 11· c-011d 11,·t l • 1/,,, g 11 id:1 11e,; 0 1' t/i is l1ig h d<'g- rcc o i'1•r1d,a i, if1t.v,
1,,. ,1, .. .,1, 1 " " · """ "1,, .,, 111 · ;, .,:,i 1,,. "ill ll •d

.,,,,.~"id,, ,,

~l ·r.-.1xo11i11;1 j i·11111

7>1·oct1·?,., j_, l1y ri ,r- 11 p1d i,.·11 1i1111 ofa
i11 .Ji ritl 1J;,/ <':t '(.'. 1111 ,) f ril< 1111 1/l' t' i /10 ci :rss
of' 1:•·111" :11 1<1 'l "''·j, ., _ A line iil11-r ra t iv 11 11111 y Lo
ill Dr.
1.-- 1·;111kli11 '.-; ~. l )uq r L~ ic1 ::1 rd '.-; ~\ l 11 1anuc . ,,
Tl1 e 117 ,;,lc

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/Ill

T:E.\ SO:S-l:S- G.

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~n

wl1e11 \\·c r1 cseribc

T' c· r f'X :lrnpl C' : \V r·r(' a k 1"t11r (•J' P !I :1n :1to rny t o d cs1·ril ·t· :1 1 . ~ ~ ·.\ · " , with t! : ~
Yl t".·; (lr ~ l 10,.,· in .!!

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ii:-:

• ' •Hi~ir 1 1di11n to li i .~

JH1thin'.! n:on• .

~ll• l W

that it

111 q •i l:-1 1 1l1 a t, \Y1Jt1 l\l L• t· a d ·.-~; cri i·t i• ·ll ,
d c·w rih1.: t li l! 1·yt·, 1:1 !' r. l r·r ! 1J

\ \',·n: :t t\1 (•r.J,,_~ i: 1 !l t q

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1111:...;t l1:i\' t;

:111

t ~IT ' ik;-o;('!":!'i i<\ll
~ t..: 1: l'al1·y·:' 11 i\':1t11nd

i 11t 1·ll ig-L'l11. a :1t l1fl1' , tl1 « Jl

, \·011\d hel'"llH: a i::- p c:c i111 c 11 u:' d 1·;0. cr ipti \ 'C n · a;-;n1iin ~.

'J'l 1 t t)lf·~.'· · '
1

] 1i all nu1· 1't'rt.~011in:;.~ ;;r1·:1[. · r1.<".f 1~ -i.'( nurrlo r:/d1'.~r'J' ;j , /iun .

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l.

a l! l' \ \ ' l:lw, li e l1 eg i 11 :-; w i1 !1 d<':·"' Ti h i n~/ tl iP
p rt'.~l· r 1t. ~t:tll...' n \' t !1(: L't·.r, :--. l1 11w :-: w li:tt i11q 1rc1 Y t· 111 e n t i:-; IH'i..:l':--.-.. :ny,
:t 11d t l1 1.: 11 11ru pn-"t''°' l 1i:-1 r1: 11t L·dy . A lawy er npenf.> iii:-; ad1lrc•:":.-: to tl io
j11 1·y , by fl 5t :t t~11 1 e11 t of tl1 e Cil ... (' ~ tJ 1iS :H :1 tC! ll i: t1 t. j..,. th::-:c r i;di\·v.
1 ) e:->c ri 111 i~ n1 :-: o f p; 1'-' L (·\· f..1'1d -.:, a1 1d Pl' g oo d :1 1111 h:1d cl 1:11·a ct 1.~ r .. ; , f11ri;1

n.

J' ro1 ·( d1s 111·c r!flen tl1c 111nr 11f s
Ti11 ·y a 1·u not
11 .,11:d! .1· \' :t /': tl ,/ t· 1J 1' l1L' i:1g /' 1' <1 1·,, d l iy l' « :1.,,, 11 i n'..;. T/ 11 '.v :ire
p1·rl\" 1•d l. 1· ,, ]"C'IT:1t i'-' '' :111 .j r·x p 1·rit ·11('1·; l11 1t. r d \: r ring
('/1i1·rl y 1,, 11111r:i!-; :ind 1n :1111 11 .,.., , 1l 1t·y /'" " "-'·' ' "il.1· :t 11 rn ral
111 1i 1·1·1·,..; ;tJ;1_1 ·, :ti;d ' " 'll( ' l' ii j , nfit •11 L':1.' y In i' "illL 0 11(;
i11 11 ·/1 i t· li tl11·y :He fln i l' <':iii1,:·1l.

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t1l1j l'c t wi t h a Yic·11· l o r l':i s, 111 a li o u t ir.

n~

T ii l' dr:1i;111 o.ffruh·s is to trae li
i;rnc ra l rn a xi111 s a 11d p rnpos i1j ,, ,,, _ \\'l1it'/ 1 "' e nre tn np rih·, as"'" "'"Y l1:1 1·c oera> i"n, t<> p 1·11c.
fi1·:d i''"'l '' " I", i11 <> ilr j• ro~1·c,, t.l ir011;;l1 l it;.,

ill \\' l 1i1: !1 /lo

A~I>

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n la1· .~ ,· l' " 1· 1inn o l' 1!1 <'

r-

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Jn t r :1 c i11 ~ 11 10 (: fl'l· CI :-;

f<
c-:-;

:t i ~." 1r1 r· :1:-:1 1re tl1a t. \\' (" dv ~i r c 1n 11 a\·C

n!'

n1 -

1f' rvd t ) \' :i\ 1:111 1l 11t 1(_·d , t!1{ · 1· ll'c<"!:-i ;tr0 son 1et \J n('Sc ad\':111t :1 i-!'t·o11-..l y
dl..' . . . cri l11· d wi1l 1 ~~ i·1 ·nl . 111 i1 11tl P 11 1· ..... .
Iti di·•« -ril·i r1:_.( ;11·t ~ 1, 1' i 11.i11 :-: tiN· 11r r' ! 'i" l" f' .'-l~ i; i11 .

11 :1\" f~

it. i.-t

~··l.i •>JlJ 111·<·f'"s :1r_\ U i

1'1 ll ll _'-" f1 ) 1'111 ~ o f n · 11 ~ 111 1 ill~ .
T l1c d t·:·H'l'if•Lini1 i l:--<'1 1° wi!I
t11" 11nll y l'rr1d1it·f! 111 1 t! 1t_; ir11 11 r1·.-:1'-' in n t lia t cn 1!ld !11: r1L 1ain1" l 1.y 1!1e n 1.. .-: t
r vr ·1 1n r :-:.1 •

1•r .. ronnd
~-

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it is

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l 11

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to

:--) 1.. w Ll1at

tli{' y

i._ ·!I Ol! g' lt lP d1 ·:-:., ·ri bu tli1.:1 11.

Inl a r o(i<1/i1·r:. li1; 11so 11i11 r1 . - T / 1 i~ i ~ a fo rlll <> I n· :< ,nn-

i1 1g 11y

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tl1 c rc :trC scn·ra\

k i 11.J~ .

hy q ne.-.:tint h :1J1 (l :tn ... wt·r..:,
Jt i ::_; a 11l1' :1.... i11~ 1111 'tl1 P d ,
lw c:\ll 'o t l1 e t encl 1er t ak e,; tl1 0 nt.l itmlo of nn i1: q ui rer, nn il tl10
lc:H 11<: r sec1ns to c1>1 t1·cy tl 10 i11fo rn1 :1tio11 w ugl1t.
( 1. )

T li1 - So r rntif:fr/ 1

\\' ldt·h ]:. ;

11 l:111: 1µ:0d

in 1!10 fu r1n uf [l co 1111 iH 1!1 CP l1\' e r :.. : :1 t io 11.

T he rcn so ni ll !.Y

a l\r:1 y~ nri .-..('~ •) 11t r, f ~·, nwt.ll"t n(!' n:--~ · · r t1 · . l

1)r

l; n• l\l'!l

in the

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~~'

356
l :'d'l([( IWGATi l' F

•

l' l•' , .
.. ~t ls 0 :iJs o .

357

LAWS 0 1' AltGUMENTATIYE \\'l tl'J'IJ:\G .

LESSON CLVII.
LAWS OF AH ( i U .,!E X TA 'l' l\' E

W rt !TJSG .

Some of t.h e la11·s \\'l 1icl 1 1>1 1.gl1 t in gcn r·r:ll t o he ohsc 1Tc <l
in th e 11resent:tt.i o 11 o r trn t. lis to th e miutl in :ngnmentati vc
di~ co1 1r ~l's, :ue thus st:1letl by ML Neil:
l. l\c1· ~ r

j•l'"I '""" lo pro1·c

:i

f'clf·c l'i clc nt propo.• ition.

Pr0o f i:-: inq1r,~~ ib l L'. Tile ntti:mpt i ~ i rk~omc, rt ~ w ell H:-i d i~plen~iniZ to
tl:c ;·arti e!"! 1u ldre:-:.:-<1..:d : irk :'IO nh· 1 he ciw :-;t! t l ll.')" already aek 11f)wll'r\gc the
pn' Ji":i it.i 1 •11; u11i..l di:'pl e a~i n :; , lJCca 11:-ic it in :-ii twa t<.: :-t a 'nlll t o f cnp1t1.._•ity in
thcll l.

2. lkgin 1\'i tll :i elear ~t :it c nwnt pf yonr s11 bj .::ct, t\l' ll'i lh an in t rrnl11eti1111 wi1i cl 1 "·i ii 11:1t.1 11·:1!ly lc:ic! tn tl1at .
It' nn intrqduction i:; u :::~ d , it ~ l1 0t1l( l he :-<tri k in~, appropriat e, ar. d
prop111·ti1111;1t c.

3. Ol · ~c·n· " :t n·µ:111:t r ~1·q11en ce i11 your nrg11111cn ts, tk1t c:H·lt one
mn r 11:11111·,illy lead to U1 e oil1 er.
4 . l.<:t y1ft1r c l 1i c f" :trg111 11(· 1Jl ...; be few :n1l1 cC1 gc nt ; :tn d l!1 :-tkc t1i ern
l.ic:i r n-< d irecily on til e 11oi11L lo li e 11 ro l' e11 :1-< p 11s.-i l 1I ~.
~ 1q 1 1·· r!!n ot1 =-- 11r~~n111c_·nt~

d rit t:e :-;t r1111::.i:l' r 0 1 a· ~ 1 1..· x !1ai:..;t. pati e1i('f', and cn -

c1• 11r;1;:,· t in: ide u t!1: 1t w\1 .. n: Wl ·: 1k 11r ~ 111 1w11 h a rc 1i.~ t· d 1 tl 1. .·. p ui 11L io wouk.
l f 1l n~ t"1; w ur l..! :-1t.ri111~ 1 tlH·y wil l !Jc c ir1:d 11;1I .

f) . Expn·.:.1 y (t1 1r 11r g: u1 1 1c 11l ~ in fl'.-\ fr~ w

wnrd...;

H"'I

po,,.siIJIC',

r c>r1 ~ i ... t-

c11 t, \ri: li pt.·r~p i \ ·11ity .

6. \U11 . . t1· :1 ti1 •n~ :--l1011l1l be !-iO i11terrni 1q..(lc1 l 'vi tli :l.:·grn ncnf .; ., ns
t o r1·l ic1·e :111d pl c:be t lce mind , :1 11d tlc1 1.• pru <l1 1ce v;ir iety \\·i1l1v11 t
c11nf11 ~ iot1.

7. i\ rµ:11ni cnl"

~l 111 11l 1 l

l1 e :1rr:1nµ: c1l in tl1e inl' ersc orck r

<>f

tl1 c· ir

i11 1p11 r l:l!H't..~ :

r e: 1r.

tl1 1.: 11..: a ~t. i1tqH1;· 1:111t tir ...;t, ti 1C S tl"Ul'l 6°C~L h::tdin g lip ti1C
T l1e_,. Ml 11H dd i~1nn a <'li111 :1s.

8. 011 1«• -i11 :.; :1 rµ: 11111 ,·111,; ,] 1n1ild lie c1•n,i1lcred in tl1 c iotrodnotiun
ur exu r<l iu 111; sum;i\'C uue,; iu tlw ci me ltbiu u.

SiDl.CafON· W 1'1TlNO .

8ElC\l< l~ . \\"lffrI ~G.

LEssou CLVIII .

.Many of the fJl' i' n·r1in.c;· kssn11s al10 1llid 1u Rn'\gcstiona
l1 iglil .\' :il'J iro1 >1 ·i:1tc tu t lii., ") •ec ic;s o f1nitiil g . .Nolliiog wiil
li t:re lJe al:r:inptcd li11 t to /H'c•.-; rn t :i g c nt• ral \'i ow of tho
1·:1ri .;1 1s 111 c• 1lwdi; o l' t1 ·t•11.Lin g n tex t of :)oript111•e.
:I . In llw 11irrnogcme11 t <:f rt le.ti, tliu fir, 1, l.lii 11 g h1 lJt' <'Olldidcrl.'d 1>1,
\\'l.c•ll
1cr llic rc lie ally ll1i 11 g wliic/1
t·x['la11111in11, •lll ti i k•
t u r'11 rni,/ 1 it.

l'<:<jl1irt:.~

"<~11 •0

2. T l1c; text sl 1n1 i), ] :il\\'ny;; lie t:ik 0 11 ·in llit· p 1·,•c i., o
which
i1 . - Le:11"
,·i.
w . ' i11 con11 t-cl iu11 wil1 1 1.1 10 co 11 tcxt., a 11 d lie l1«·:t( ••l Jn that

:~ .

T i,.• co1d ,:xt

·L T lit·ro :ire
tupicrd.

I. T/ 10

supplio ·.~ 1/10 1110.<t. ~ llil al.Jc i11tn,cl11eti .. 11.
111cilt ods rif dfrision- 1/1 \• textual :in<I th<'

11f'r:c' ll

L\l'o

1\~llural

]);,, ision-1;,11.,win g tlio ord e r ln wl1i<i.1.

w ords
o f tlio t l' xt 8l a11d; ""
/\re
:

to ll

Epl ics. i. :>,

Gli111tl1,1 '~

;\ g r1 nr ·f1 d 1H· k1 1 n\\' / ( ··! ~·1nr·11t - " Hl1'"'Pf•d ho OoJ!t
t ill" 1111<1, ,,. 11 Lid1 l'n •d l1Ji.s"'" G·ici- '"fho f•
Jc.-"tr· -..Ti
: 1.',.,
!1ri ... 1."

h

JI i.iun-11

tlirr'!lft1;:ir l;a.j

3. T hu 1·,•r(. ~·r•1t \•: liy l t<~ liJ, . . . :-.:. 1•:-; (; ,,,, • 1 ' lI1 ) l:nt li l,l '"''tir•d ll'l.t.i
4. TJ ,.. ;hn i!n.fe ,,j' I hi, I ,J,.,,, ;n:: " \\' i i 11 ttll l,)'"'"i"l(•. 11
:J . 'f i1c 'lu.du re {•I' J; ir1d 11! ' ll1••111 - 11 ~ 1· ir i t 111d !JI C;'(i-ti 11g-"'. ••
n. The ; 1!1(1 ·e wlitn·, ,'(-(~. - · · 111 i11·11 ,·c1dy Jiln tc1<. "
'·

l1111·/11111t

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l11: /111:-; 1111·:-<M;, J 11s - - •i Jn

or
O J'

Cli rh~ L J c~ul'I."

111

()(1s1 rrr1fio111il ./Jir i sio11 .

I. \\' /1" " l<:Xls ar" ·· 1,·:i r i11 1l1v111<t' h 't•.u, l!i ero i ~
tili 1·:1 iiu 11 , a11d <•l>,;v n:t t i.,1 1s 01 ,/ y s lio11ld li o 111 a du
t1... nt·l1.
1

1) 11

Vil

2. i\f,"t l1i ,t1i ric:d text-; 1111ht. Le discu;s<'1l liy
Irt11ry'• Cu ni111 i:: n tar.\·

l't1rnisl1 e~ ::«lrnirnblo cxn111plc".

llef•• I ••f ('~·
what t l1t·y

ol.i~erv

f'i\"\_•1 1 tl1:1n

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t

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nn

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c·:-:~1t i1110.• ""•r.J, .. 1 1I·>.. II ,· F'1·· B111·dt.·:°):
tent inl <' ll:l1'd 1,, lu' i·on. .

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tl1•<i µ: 11 i11 c1· en· i1"cn1 i. • , • " ] ' t .. 1J.
l' .' tll "
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Tl1a l variet y ' 'I 1 tJ .L ui.t )
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11

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pr 1.. l p: 1r111.!!

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V EJ:Sll· TCATT0'.'1 •

1

yi p)<l ing ),;, rnind to tl1<1 i11 1p1·L"" io n "·i1icl1 tl1 c pr.-.1ninrnr, i<l c:i. ,,f
11°.\I j , ~:il1·11l:tted 1., 1•rnd11,·c·; a di,·e r.-i 1_,. <>f lll L"l l1 1<d, wi 1l10 11 t :111y
dirn:t
l« :t<l :i in ii, wi li 1! 1(•11 :.l111•1.' t. f'., llu w, uf co ur.,c, fro 111
{t

~ 11;.,T

Ct. \ 'H ri t.·ly ill ll1 0 f('XI:-: :t!!d .'-\ t1 !1j('C!:-i

t11 c 111.~L·ln..~."'.I .

L ESSON CLIX .
T l! E 1n:1n:w; OF l'OETrt Y.

An rxccllcnt \ITil C" r, tlic h tc P rof: Jfo 11ry H.cc cl, rccornm c 11cls the \\"1 it i11 g <if \'(' rs c•

as :lli i1 n1 •ort:111t l1 cl p in al.t:1in.
I fe ~:1;-:--:,

in g a g oojl urn ."' r\ :-.tylc .

l-: 11~J; , ;, I'''''''""

Ti1'" .'t 11d_1· <•t"
h1·i11 :: in ,• :.," . 11 tli 11 it y wi 1lc tier: p1·c•.9e, :c d1., it.< , ,(:e n in :p .. r: 111 11 """ i11 : J,.. 1:,n11a1i., n .. r" ;:" '" I I',." ·' " .• ty lt:. A r11ind
1 1~ 1· t1rr11 ·" ; Jy l 'l'a··f i,·: d : i'\ J)r. F r:1 n k!in "-; ,,J...... n .·d ! Iii ... ; 11:1•{ Jiu l'C·co 1n11 11 ·:i,/ ._., ] t /,.. ' i 11 ".\· ,,, · i" "l'i IT 1111 •1 I 111· \I ri l i 11,c; " '. 1'<' >" '1" i'" r I iii.< 1·1·n· j'lll' /'Ostl i
" '''" ,, ,,, . .. ( ; ;,,. '"11 1-,., ., .. J" lri< r•w 11 nn·il " "' J·:11;:li.l 1. I L ;, a •1• c,·ie;; •; f'
1•11 r i.1· l nri 11 ing (..,. J' i'" "' ll' r iti1t;: ' ·l,i ,·lr I:•: ,.,., ..,,.,,,,"" "•·.! , lr:11·i11g l'cc"" ;(llizcd
i i i11 I,; ,''"'" ,.,,,, . r; ; !,,, , ;,, ;: ;:il'l·ll ";.:•·1111i11 1: C" J• i•>lJ .'lih.< :111-I '-""l ll llrarrd uf
!un;.:rr ;r,. ;••. 'i" i.i.< ,.,.,.l ,, irriy i.< 11·r n Ir rdlcd i,, 11, 1.. .,, I lr:•t :rll ilr u i:r1·11 t Errg ii ,Jc I'"' "''· ('/ 1111 1, .. . ,. . :-: /'<'11 '- ·r, :-ll1;1k 'I " '""'"· .\ l ilt• •ll, DrT./ r·rr, c-. " '' l'CJ', IJyr.. 11,
::; .. ,,ll rt·: ·, u11,J w.. ,.. 1..11·1·nl 1, l::l''c di <J•lr>.lc·./ l·igl r i" " l •' I".< "'I''""·' " ll'ri tc r.<.'

i~

tll:t ~L

1'1Jv tii; C"<111q11Hi1in11s
dc ·pl' n.J _:..;1·t·:1 t iy ni t a n:t Liv u
l'll d<>11·11 11 •1 1L 1;11· ii ; y et 1t f i ts !,; u11d c'1t;1ru ·/1.'I j;J/ . 111r i t i 11.;1
'tl"t'// /11. Ct'J'sc, 11u1.'I !11. port fi e rff·71r/rl' d l1y a 1·1.tr1;/ itl a 11d
Ji"f' ')11 i::11t / /f' l"11su l,
·1rllfJ

e.rcd

milt/11;;

111

Ct1 r !y !rji',

r;/ tlu;

(,!!"!/•~

71m·fi, u ,s 1 1 ·111.e111(1l'.'/-:t

\\"OrtJiy o J' :tdt' )'li1>t1 lr_1· :i ll,

1

LESSON CLX.

(!l tlt osc
rn ul also !J.'I compr:lt:t. ice that i~

J'l"ud1r r·tiu11s

lt1. t/1is -'/ >1'1·/1' s •:/ 1·•111>)1/1Stl iot1 ,

.'b d11i ly e11111 m r111i .. 11 wi 1lr tire ll'i ., , ., lire illte!l igent , tlr<: w.:!l-inf.Jr11H:.!,
'"·' "'' ' i1111 t111i 11 i11;: 1!«·i1· rr,, ih .. 1·.. 1,:rr:cd e r ; " ·' 11·,, 1:,,.,, , ,.,, ,. 1:r,l,·;, ;;1.yl1J <Jf
1· .. 1;1 e r.- 11 1i.. 1r, :r 11 •l 111:: 1111<·r,, i•y t lr"' " ll' il lr 11·11 11 11 1 \\' ,• l1ri11:: ••111·., vh·c; i11tt1
fr ,.'J >l• llt ,.,., '1 111·1 ; ,,, ;;11 •·111·/ .1· :c111I , ; 1., 1;,. ,, , 1:urr ili :11·i1 _, 11 i1l1 ti re pout.< ea11r11 ·t i:.1 1 t .. ;,,,; .,,,. tlr·: 111 i11 rl \I ir;, ",, .,., . r..,. r' " "li l' <:r<> :r i i" "'• a11d lo 11 id in
;,:-il'i11;; !<> 011 r t !'""!ilrh "'"I "·11 : i111<·11 t ; 1111d ,,f1.• c/'l'aliu1h Lice p c>cti,; lu rni.

D1· . .folu:.-1111, i11 lr i..; '· r,;,.,,, 11 ( tl1c l'"L'I', " i11 J;_;rn" 11., that Cowl..y, hlillun, :r11 d l'u110 :11·L· 1l i,:ine: 11i, l1 1 ·d 11111,,ne: 111 0 E11;;l i>h poet"

\' E 1:,; l i' I C'. AT t 0 N •

This is 1l1 c

''.'t'rsvs
.·
, ..
o f in:11,111.~.
·. ·. '
1

:11"1.

l1c'il1•~

a

Jll (''.1g11 r c• c1

succ('ssi<>n
Of . '\ ( "( '. ("l\\.l'I 1 .I, ll •) lll<"
. . l l"l" l' illt") . S .I JJ. tl,j .<. .• ]·~v the fornwr i.;
, t, 1!1c· ,.,·l
111r u t1 \l'l11 c li st.TL"'" or ~-oi ce i ~ l:ti<1 in
lll ('!\tl
~- hl1ks
'

llJT:ln_f!.' V ln ( •I Jt.

i·

Ol

.

\\ {

)}'cl-.:' ~

C.'lll 1i: t 11 111 1!..'.,

. . '

. .

·.l.
~ n· u1;l:tr

cci·tnin n11rnher of
sylhtbl ~ ',

following

YE J(SIFICATIUN.

Each '11ccc""i" n or g-ro 11 p of s11 cl1 sy ll nlilc,.; is called a mca-<ur~,
or _(,iol . T l1e.' c me:1"11·cs w<:rc called .feet, Lcc:rn ;;c n111«u g tho
(;,.('..);, tl,,·i1· ti111c (i11 pro n1111 ci:tl: in 11) w:t,.; rt>g1 da tetl Ly tl1 u 1;1('!. 11(
tli e ( '1ir y plivu:-: 1 Pr dirl't'! nr nt' tl 10 c l1oi r..,.
•
i·11·sr i~ of twn ki 11d ~ 1 /t'h ynH3 a11d JJl1t-nh; vc r~e. Rl1yino rp_.
•111i1·c·.-; tlio Jm,t. ;;.1 ·ll:1l1b ol' 1lifl'ere11L li11 e,.; to bv11 111l alike, sud1 line;i
l1vi11g 1trrang-L·d i11 ~ 111 110 r l'g ul; tr o rder.
\ . ,., . , "~in ll'l1icli Ll 1cro i ~ 110 s 11 ch co1TC>'J1011(len ce of s1111n1l, con·
bl i 1111.u l>l:i n k ·v crsc>.
V c1·sc5 a re also di.,tingnislietl uy prw81ts, wliicli, in rend ing, occur
at rcg 11hr or rneasmed <l i;tnnccs. Tlie fina.l p11u so oconr3 nt tho
curl of c:H.: h lin e . Tlic cwsu ru l pauses (so called boc11u~ tliey .;;11 i
or (]ivitlo tl 1c Eno into two m c m bor8)1 occur in ot her pn.r i.t of tht
l ine or verse. ·
A S/((,n2a. co nsists of f\ certn in numlil•r of v r~c", < r li nt'!I.
Cui111lel (nr lJi.;t idi) ;,, n. stanzn of t wo n: rse~ ; n Triplet, or t h ro(I.
A llemislich, i" l1 alf a verse. B11t tl 1i8 divi8ion iri a ot t\lwny11
equal; one of tl10 lial!~ vc rscs 1l ucs nut alway s co nt11 io the i;amo
11 111111ier of ,yll : dil~s :v; tl1e 0Ll1e r.
Sc€ Ul.'iivn nr sco11ni11u, i::; tlie net of d ividin g n. ve rso iuto tho
Ji1 (';1'1ll'Cs OJ' leCL tJ 1at COlll!' f1SC it.
;\ 1·01npkte 1·c1.,;o (or li11 e) is called r1r:utttlectic; if Ji ot. ~o mpl c tl'.',
it i" n il :ed mtalcdic; if i t ]1;1s :L re1l1 tn clant syllalile, th e 1·e rs~ i~
1·alk1l liypermcler or l11111crcah1leclic.
J'(rs i/i1.:ation 11.'R JifJ_'( ert, ~n far as conce r n:-< n 1easn rc (H u~,: :; Mr. M11lli j.!'1\11 ),
wli.::1 1 tile arr1u1µ'C 111 ent. n f the word :-> in a \' l! l':'C i:-1 ~11cl1 t lia t.1 n.·g-ardcd a!i 111ero
p n•l"tt' 1 t li e rld:tUn, f<Jrce \\·J1 id 1 tli P :--yll al1l es dcrn :u1 d fo r t: vrret.:t pro nnncint.i 111l c- n rre~ po 11d~ wiLl 1 t lie di; 1un.11d:-:1 vf' the n wmrn r e of tl 1c vc1·:-1u; in <>:l11• r
,.,·prd ....:, Y\" h L! ll Llie g-nnLl Jri'o 11u 1H:i:tti o n of a ptl!isuge nn t urall y p rod nC'u:-o. rndric:il !n 1,,. •l uti_, .. T ri 11~·1s WC i nay ad d, tl1aL t he 11crf1..'. Ct.inn o r vc rs<\ il:-0. rq;urJ ~
1·11n :-i.t: :-\, en 11 :; i:-.t :-< ii 1 ;-;.H :1rr:tn ~ \i1 ~ I he wo rd:-:. t !iat.1 li c Jll etri<-n l pu 11~<.:~ dc 111 and L1tl
L•y the la w ~ 1•r i !11· Y e t·:-; ,'. :-.h all •}1,,.·c11r ut pl:tl'C~ wl ic ru a JHHl :-iC i8 nll ownhl11
wi 1lio11t i1 1j11ry l•• t lio · :-::1•1 1;-;t· . \ Vht'. ll i n b0Ll1 tl 1t· ....; ~ .: rc:-:.pcclf~ the dc11 1a11d :; o(
t l1c pa rt i l' ll la r 1111· ;1.... u ri: H i !\..l t ~ •n 11 c-C Y c r~n an; l~ ()1 111 •lied wiLli , w it.lio ut. ,l!T ('JH ur
d q1 11 r t lll\' ! !'1·t:1 tl1v oroliH ;1ry 1! ran11nal.i C'al a 1Ta11gc 11 lt":llL nr lnti g' llH g'C t h11 u i~
1dl o"nl ·k 1111tl l1.c ···111in_:.! i!1 1,r 11 'tirnl en!l1pos iti1111s, t!ie vursili c:! Liv11 is govd,
,.,.. !i11 :i :-: r v;_! ;ird :; a! i In tl rl1.\ 1t1e \ ir rl1y 111 c ii-! pn..:s(:lit).
0

J\il tlio fc·l't. 11 -~·l in )'Petry ('On.,i:;t cit.l ier nf two or of tl1reo
'' ii. llll e-, :111<1 are red11cililc to oiglit kintl "; nanwly, fo ur of two
~}'lhl,.l"" :t nd i'1<1 1r o f tlirel', as follo w~:

A D actdc-

~ ~

At~ An;phi h r:lch .._. .\ n :\n:1p <c ::-L ....- ....- ~A Tri \J r;lch ....- ..__,, .._.

accc n ti..'. 'l ' a l1

..._,

J L11c last

uni"\C

364

lAMBlO VERSES.
'Wh5.t.pHrn

re

VE r1SlFlCATION .

Ex. 7. - Tlt c ~C \" Cllll l /llHJ last f ;rm of 1aml1ic 1n ca~urc , is rn :hl O Hl'

liCrnJ

;~hat f'l' cnc·:-1 '~J'pcarl

J0
N1 1

Re.i."r'lt

lll U l.h11 J"i•:-1()

,')f

l n t!l l.J ll ;•L:S.

longer glo \Te.

lt ':iOm ct im cs tnkcs, or ~L 1nay tukc, an ndditiounl !$hort riyllublo;
i:fp f}n

Tl1i:-1 \\'a ~ n1H ·i ~ ·11tly \\' ritll·n i11 '•In' li11<-·: l .111 i t is ll <.J W l1 n ·l~ 1·1i i11tn twn,
tir :"il i..· 1nltai11it1 ·..; t'1111r 1\·1·!, ;111 .\ tl1e ~L·i.:•.HHl Ll1rl'L' -

a rnt1n11trlln,

B1..·~idc ft

tl 1c

fuuntnln .

Ex. 3.-T!ic ti1 ird [ui-rn co11:'l i ;::;t!'\ 1.~ r t!trte l arn lni~ e:i.

rnpl:\ cb fiir fi r
Or

T r:1:i:- j•n r 1.·.J w 1il1 1!. 1· ,·kw, I'rn lost
I H \\',.11<h.: r. ln\'l.'. an d 1•nd ... u.

ri..)11r,

or oli::;cn ro,
' Vl11~ r o who !1·:0.01111• I~ the nlr,
Or wher e thiJ 11111 ~ t h npu ro.

lt so111cti1nt.:."

ad11ti t ~

fi 11n O U:-i

:-..l:t nz: l ];1..,f :..:i \· v11 , i :--. l· :d! vd c··un 11u111, nicl l'I', nr n1e:1~1lr•'­
\Yli l·ll t lH 1 \'\' 1':-:1 · (\i 111·) (_'111it:1i1\...; !'\Jtl!" ia111,,ll ~ l· .;;., it j.., c:dl1.x1 lon'}
1nrtrr; l111t , .,. /111 rl 111f'f r c wl1L'll it. l1:t:-: tlirv u ia111L11 ...;e . :. in tlH ' lir :--. t.,
H:Ci •rid , :111.l f111:r1 l1 v1·r...:(':-::., ;1 1111 f1111r ia1nl1u..: c• :-; in tl 1c li1ir11.

Tli(•

u!'an nddili 0n:d :-i !i1'1rt syllnl>ln;
Oiir

h l: ar l~

E x. 4-.- 'l'lic f1 1ntli for1 11 i:-i
1

nfl

1111u lt·

And 111ny

l i1 n ~ ;-· r

limgilhh.

_In

11p f•fjintr l 1m i 1rn~ c1'.

F. x. ri .- 'T l1e lif:J1 ~pt~t: i e:-i. <if farnliit: c n u~i :.; t~ 11f }it:e l nn: ~ '''"°" ; • r:d 11.
l12 11! rt Nllt • r.

:allcJ lamhir.J

l!0w !t)\'e 1l, li iiw vn! U1.·.J ltnr{'. !i\' ii.ll ~ th Oe nOt,
'.l\ • wlw111r1·l 1.tcd.111" by wh11rn lw gut:
/\ hl'll l' 111' du!'\t nl o uo r.·111 11\111' 11f t hN' •1
,Tb a ll lho1 1 urt., nud a ll thn jlrn ud i-,! 1 : d) b{'.

!teroic 1rn::a:-.11rc_ 111 i tt.e. !'i i111 pl C':-1 t f1 inn tt

1.~- .'. 1111,

I

.. Ll .

\\ i

1

l

.1111 ~ 1 1 1 •:111 , 11c1 · : 1:-iin n~

Tit~: ~ l·!lq ~ld'dl w ;·L·t•· 1 lh~ .i:k l t'~

l~ nck .~

:n ~m ilk\•

r1 11111 1 i t;\!n ~

1 ,1

.. ~ . fl ll{ ,,
:ign :ciil>le vn ri dy.
<1:":cRy 1

lll t:ll a wuy:
~~:1t llx'd hiti wor li. h i."l 1'1H"ini; p1nvc r l'OJ1Hll ;13·:
r 1•o lm f .11· 1' 1\,H' lo s:,<I, thy '" " " .A f~tf.'til(h rdvns..

ntv

fo ll Iv du:--t, a1 1.\

a11

-- yl-

sen·a 1we ol· tl1i :-; r11k.
111 ~ii 1 • rt , t lic·. "-r11 ng l\1(' :1 ti 1Hl of tl1 c :1C('L'nt 1.-< :1. ~rc.:_·::t f: 1u h in
Vl' r:-- ific :1; i 1Hl.
T l ic wurd :-:. s \11 iu\d lil~ ~n d i ~p n :-:c11 :::-: t o c rl' :d e :t cv :· t:li11 11 wlud y in tlie e;tr, \\'i tl 1unL 1:1bPr tv t.l 1c tongu e i n }1I'iit1111H·i:l·

T lw \ow i n g- lil'nl w ·1n·l ~ r-111\Yly o'e r the l1·a,
Th e 1•lon~l11 11:H1 l11J 1111·wnrd 1•\ 111 \r1 l1i:-1 \ \' 1; nry way,
An 1l h.: :n·v~ tliu w111 !d loJ tla rkn c:-;!i a 11 d Lo me .

cn rn~i~t~

}'6 r tl1 lt1J r1r l Liit M tli1:'ll. : br! !iilmbll! !l11cl li~ wl~e.

'

011 1!10 "-' ' 'l"· 11

Th e c11rf\:W t nlb t l11: lu11·11 of l' llrti n)..( dn}·,

Th e ,\Jexnn1lri11t: i.-1 ~ 'l!H r• ti rn f's ill \J'f11!1H:1 1d i11 t () lir-rnic rh vriJ<•"
/"ll' ''l'.1 1 r] '

~t l'L.·~:-; falls

p r \'iolence tn l lH~ 5Ct1 Sl'.
1
'f l1•0 t'lt~ itu· .f~>1-JIL u!' \'t·r~c c o n~i:-; i ~ u f fnnr lien)ic li ne:-: 1 r l1y1ning
nlt\'.rn :tt.-ly; as tl1a t (lf G ray :

r ffi .
la111h11sc:~~ ; bnt
liy tile :ul111i~:-i.inn 1~1' f •tli Pr rcet n:'\ Tr•)cl i .. c-:-1 ·11. ·t ·I· ., \ '
IL i • •·I
•
•
l
•
'
"' ' , ,\t_ \ r ~ ,I fl ..
_i''l. ... t ~ , t " l' . , IL I:~ tapi1 1le nf n 1a~1y rnriPtiL'!'I.
J]1.\ ccd, fl H )~t,oftln~ Jo: 11 .,\ ioo h
l <11 11111<•11 .'. ll.l:H."illr:~ r11a_y ho \' <iri t.:d i 11 tl1c :intn e way , n~ w cll 111" by tl H.~ J if •
fcn.: 11t p L•:--1t111 11 i i i thei r pat1~1.: :-< .
Ex . G.- T!1 c· :-;i\t ii r 11 rn1 <i f' fa111hi (· 1 is co111rn only c·tl il:d th (' -4. l 1• ; •
11 H· :1 ~11r~ . It L'1·H1:..: i t-<l :-:. o !' .~·/.•; I:111 1 \J11:-11 ~ ~.
'
,
.. £ . _an1 rrn 1

\I ;; ··d
· ,

:1cc e 11I 11r

tio;1

n:-: \\'f..:.fl V'1-.\:\\', · u~ ll1111ln0.i!'I ti'\ 11;-;r.: r:
N ('xt. 1lay tl1c, fa tal pr••cPdl,ill will J• i•'!\• l i
Thns 1111 , I.ill w bU01 11 j:; p u~ h\l u11L o f life_
Th i~ i ~ cn l ll-~l tlir.

:i ll 1111.: '"u 111 e.r1...:un·s t.110

l: thl1..·"' ( :-:ec1H11\ fd1lrtl1, (~c . ) ~ and e \·cry linL·~ ('1lll~i1!1..'• r1.: d J, y it . . 1·1f, i.. : ,
Ji1r 1n •,- l. p:trl, 11 11.Jodiu u.. ; in propo r l.i1111 l1• tli<; ~t.ri c lnl· .. .: ..;; 1>f tlie (1 h-

11 1f wt: nrY !\15:n,
F ind out th t: pl' ace ftt l h cr111 it11g1J.
1\ t. libt

Tli e SJjCl/.~rJrion tdonzri co11 t:ti11 s ('i g1 it. 1in c~ in li crnic lll C':1~nn\
f111l ""·(' d l11· :lll :\ lvx:111J ri1 H· li 11e. TJ 11; flrst. :\1Hl tltinl li11e~ rhn11 0
wi t l1 eac h .otl1r r; th e scc o 111l, f<1 11rtl1, lffth , nnd 'cvcntl1; ti111 ;;i.xtl1,
ei;.;l1tl1 , and 11i11 tl1. lt i,; tl 1e ' Ja n za i n whi ch Spc n,er wr11t c l1i8
gr(· at pPVill ~ ·T i n· F:~ (' ry Qu «e11." BL·:lU i e':-; ~ ~ ~l iii..;trd n i-: \\· ri t. ·
1
t <.' n i11 tli e ~:111 10 111l':t-.. 11rc, fr o 111 wl1icli is extrn ctcU t11 e f111 l11w ing

1en

Bli\ll Z:\:

wl1 c· 11 t lit~ winlf·r-i;:.t0 rrn l1a11 {'(·f\ ~l' d t0 raYP,
l!~; 1'";1111'd til l: :-;1H1\\ ' ,Y \\· : 1:-;ll' HL t\·t·n , to \' iew
Tht ~ d• Jtld . . t !lj •Cll• l n 11:-: , rrn m l lie A t l n11l l C wa\'O
ll igll l 1•\W·ri11;:, ~ :1il al1H1 g the }i<Jrizou blno;

Ot't

0

\' h~HSU'JUA'rION.

366

VERSrFICATIOl'f.

When, 'midRt t1 1e chnngcfnl RCencry C\" j)f 11('JTr•
l'~an cy n tlwn~rn nd wondromt forln1' <lc11crl"t1 ,
.M ore wildly great Lli:rn e ver rwnd l Jrcw;
H1)ck .-., tr,rre11t~~ ~1ilf:-t 1 11 11d ~ l1n pe~ of g-inn t ~ito..,
A nd gl itLcrinJ,: cl ill'" on d ill:,, nu cl t\flry NlmpArtt rlttt."

1'rocluiic verse i:; of seve ral kirnl;..
E :c 1.-Thc
'Jllnlilc.

~li o rtes t Trnd inic vcr:-ic co n!"!itit!l

of ono T roch~1' and a 1

TU.mU\t cei'-'o~

Sink to

pt·nc~.

Th is mcnsnrc is ::lefccli \'C irJ <lignity, nn(l can so1dorn
)CCn~ i on~ .

E x. 2.- Tho • CCOllU form of th e T rochni c ~"""-1•1'!1 ..,, ,,,,. r~;
!ikc wisc so Uri cf, tliat it i.'I. rnrd y u:~cd for nny \'~ ry ~.erhnl " p~~'l~
<) nth ;~ m1)11nUln,
Hy n f11Utd.11ln.

It sometimes contain~ two
blc ;

ft:d.

troc l1 cc~,

or

witb ::tn cadJiti('nAl 1

n~ ,

Tn ll 1~
FalJlrs

·lnr• nr Olfl.
ph~lnly

tvld.
•~ ,

Ex. S.-Tlic third specie• co nsi•t• of tlt1'tR trochO<!il;
"WhOn l';nr hOar L" Aro mOnrnTna:

or of three trochee•, wi t h nn additional long •yllnhlo;

°""'

HU :c. tl ~ ~!I m1irtl\lt'

1611 ( i\r nllnJ;ht:
J ~ li~ :" 111 ,·nl11 fr11m i' ftr lh l!'I e-.:mgh! ;

Bli:"I".

I\

mulvf' orth111

J\' t": ,~ r \\'h nil1·~

~k1.

Mur1"h, rr7:

Tht, rc you r.n1111 1•t ""'<'k In vain.
}'or to ~·~t·k li er I ~ t~1 l!!\l n.

Ex . 4.-T hc fou rth Trocl1ai c "recic• co nsi•t11 of fvu r t~h~; ....,
Round Us r1"1 nrs

th ~

tt: m{l l;s t

10 ud~r.

T his form may take an nchli tionnl long •yllnlrlo, no follo,..1:
fol~ M1 :: r
B i~L

<ltn11 r'. r fn hTI" rhnJ,..,

/l. rarll l !' I",

rndd y , fri t, tuiU (&.Ir,

Bnt tl 1i:-:. mr a~ 11rc i ~ v ery 11n 1·0n1m on.
Ex. =-~.-T l 1c lit'th Tro c!iaicspc:cic::s is likowiflc nn co mrnon. lt hi
'Jfji.v• t.ro :lice;.
All t h5t trUl k

rm

All tk1.t. tlin:•ll tn

fi"'t(l t (lr rT1fo Tn c: hllrll'>lfl,
nn•l i(/\rrM.l\.

palnco~

o-o{fls,..._.d

3G7

PO ETI CA L l'A USE S.

Fn\'<WR t n nn ne, ~ to nll ."l ie f' Tlli l c ~ C:\te nd~ ,
vi t ~lie n:je1..'.t ~, ~ Uu t 11 1.~\"l:r 0 11o..:c utfL: ll d .....

W l1cn tl1 c p:rn'c 1;,11; :1r1er tlic: ti l°t li ,y] J:i l,I,\ .l i\'i 1l in;.r il 1c lin o
into l\\· o cq n: tl p~n·t i 1 11 1 ' , t.l 11· 11h;l 11 dy i:-: :O: l'l::--. iLl_y :ilt l·r c·1l. T l1 e ,·cr~e
] n,«~ S tli:1t lni ,k :111<! ' j> l' iglitl y :i i1·,-w l1i" li i t li:td \\'i tl 1 tl 1c fm111 er
a11 " <' , :111'1 ! 11..'('11111 1.._·:-; 1111 >1 ·e ~11tu• it Ii , g1.·11t k , a nd Jlnwi11 g- .

] 1

Ex ... ·.\ ll ' Ll·:. -

----·---LEsso~r CL XI.

F!L'nt ;.l ~1111:..;l ti t H · ~ i·f' 1li e :-11 11• tlc :-1 ... niin d,
E n•-' li J'r"y" r :h '"'' ! 'l l· d, ~ a11d L'1 11..: h w i:·~ l1 rc:-: i;..: 11 \ 1.

'\V lie r1 1l1 r· p:11h0 p rue1 •<:d .. .; to f',,lJo w tli e six tl1 ~y l l al il c , I.l ie t c11nr
of !li e 11111 ...: i(' 111..• 1·01 111...·=-- -...ctl v 11i11 :111d µ- ra\·e. Tl ie \·pr:-:. e 111: 1re l1 e ..;, nnw
,\·j1 J1 :t lllo:·e ~Ju \\' :t lltl lJlt':t --ll l" l·d

fo n1 1c r

jt:I Cl' , tJ 1;ill ill

t: itJ1e r

ut" l i tt.: tW 1)

!' : 1 -. 1 · ~ .

ExA M1·1. i-:. - Tl1 c wra th o f

P \· lr 11 ~ ·

:-1n11

()f' a! J tJic (_; l't"e ia li 'V Oe:-( 1

i Lh c d i n: f'1tl ~prin ,::r
! I) g i n.Ji l t· :...~, ~it 1 g !
1

B11 t. t.l1 c ;: r:1\' C ~ .,h.• 11 111 <· :uk11<'c ]J{'c11111f';; s lill 11 H>r{' sP11 .- ihl<', " ·l1 Pll
t he: J•:l \h e f':tJI , ai'tl' I' tl1c ' ""'· 111 !1 ,;yll a l1 il.', wlii e li is t l1 <J 11ca 1·(.,,;
p l;1n , t" ti ,.., ""'l .. r tl 1c li11 ,, 1J1;1 t. it c:111 11cc 11py .
ExA~fl ' l. E. - :\ nd

in t he

L0 1 i;;- l 1 ~ \'t : d 1

d csc·ri l't in n U m11rm11r :;t ill.
ad ,_1 rcd i.ka :-< ! I a l l adi L' IL

l"J1! r111 tl 1

fl e, id1:s t.l1 e ca:.wrrrl, th e re :i re so lll d i111 ('S lesse r o r ltal.f-pausc8 1 ns

In tl1 e li11 1.· s. :
\Va nn~ '

i n t h o ~ 1 11 1 ," r d ri·:-- h t·:-1 ' in tl1 c hn :ezc ,
i 11 t \1 e ~ ! ar;-; / ' n: 1d \.]1, s ~, .111 ~ ' i n tltt.; l ref·:-1 ;
Li\'C;-;' t h r•) \l ;.! li a l! !i !'1.: , '' t; Xt l'11d:-;' tliro 11glt ul l e xt e n t,
~ prc u d :-1' 11 11di\·i.J L:d,'' f 1p L· rat c :•/ un .. p c n t .
0

Gl tn\· .~ '

LESSON CLXII.
R lJLES F O!t Tll E r1 : 1;-; c 11•,\[, 0 1: C .1cSt: H AL PA GSE.

l. T l1l' rc sli pn],] b e <1 11 ly

flll C

pr in eir :il

(IJ°

fu ll r:111 sc i 11 n li ne.

2. T l1i ' 1i: 111,;o 111:1 :; \I C<:u r :1rrc 1· tl 1e f;• nrt.l i, tl1 e tif't l1, tl1c .' i x t l1,
01· 1l1 t: ' "''1· 11t !i ' " il :il il e. Tl ii ,; di ,- tr il111 t ion ,,r t li c 1• :1\1 '<: l:tY ." '1
1·1 ·11r1 11:11 i. 111 f.1 r 11i\' i di 11 i-{ E 11 .~l i ~ h lwruic V l' r -..c i11 111 !'u ur ki11d:-:.
E;1i· l1 ki 11d, as aLuv c s l1uwll, Ji n!' it::; o\\'11 pc·cu li;.u· l ncl'ldy .

FINAL PAUSES.

370
5. A full prinse should

nen~r

divi(lc ri word;

thu~,

A no ble s11pcr i l\11it y i t crnYc".
Ald1 or, a pcrpc(tnity Hho 11IJ ~tnn<l .

The srin1c rul u doe;; nnt. npply to :i lutlj~pa. 11.<e, wlii ch, being
sl1t•rt. a11 1l ,.. ,1 1q•:trat in:ly sl ig l1t , b 11 ut (lisag recalile tl1uugli it di,· itl\l 11 w1•r1 l; n.-,
Hd1.·nt ! lf''I" \\"11ll.-1 J who:-1c dnrk so in c ronn d I contai n1'.
F<1 r her ! white: virJ.{i ll ~ i hy rne ! ncal~ si ng.
111 tli 1.:~e ! d1·1·p :-111li t w.l l!:o\ ~ nnd llW I ful celh~ .

Yet en•n li c:·c· tl1c 111cl1>1ly s11ff0 r> in some degree. It is dc8ira,.
blc 1111/t a 1ronl s11011hi l;c prv1101111ccd without any pa.tt8C l1t t 1cun
it.1 co111ponr11l 8!(1fa/,{r.<.
4. 'J'/; e /1e.-t 1•!110; ji1r !hr full JHWSI! is wl1ero tl 1crc i~ 11 pnu ~o
in the se nse ; liut tl1 " rn 11\"Y lie :1 pansc in tlie rn cludy wl1c1re tho
sen,o re1piir"s no11 e, l1 11 L it, 111:1y not co1110 :lftcr any wo nl in11iff··rent1y. Su1,1e ""'rd.-, Jik,, sy llaliles of t he sa111 e W1>rd~ , uro ~o i11ti111ately cu1111 cc tcd a~ 1111 t Lo bear a sepamtio n even by u pnnso ;
li en cc,
u. J\ snbstanti1·c 111 u;;t not be ~cpnr:itctl, by n pause, from it.,
articl e ; a::-. ,
Ir Deli:.

~mile,

tlic

! liowc ro

begin to sp ring.

It sl1onld be pro nouncetlJf Delia ' mil e, ~ the flo wers begin to spring.

6. Tlie f1Jll pnnso mn~t not come bctwce11 rin a djective and tho
n ou n fullo\\'i1 1g it, nn1] <[llalilie<l by it: tllll~,

or tli011~n.n 1 l

hri gh t ~ in hnhitnnt=" of air

The :->j 1 rit r~ of tiery

The

rc~t,

I t.err11n.!{a111,~

hi:1 111a 11y-colo r'd

U roUc

inflam e ,

conccal't.1 1 &c.

Bnt w l1cn tli0 nunn precedes i t~ a1ljcc til•e, n foll pu u ~o mny bo
interpo;<.'11. fo1· a ct111 ce l'tion of a no un may be forni etl Lliough nuact"P 11 1p ~uii c t l liy :-in :i.1lj~c ti\' e .
7. Wl 1c 11 a n :1il\'l:rli pr,·cede" the vcrh, i t shonM no t bo sep·
nratt·d fn1111 it l1y fl fo l\ j•:lll'C ; II' li en it ft>\\ows I.lie ve rb, n paU~()
rnuy be int.erpo ..-r,.l. llc-11 i:c t l1c'c lines :Jr<' 11 1m11.:l<>1lious:
A n~ l

\\'ld rh it

1 1111..J ~

1i H'<'DlllcH yon to fori-;ut.

1Tit' ~Ile t_]1in~ :11 a<lly ~ tn di~11erso IUJ t11torc.

LESSON CLXIII.
HULES

F()ll FJ:--;AJ. l'AUSE$.

.
.
f
.,
1 ·t tli o co ncln1li11" pau,;e lliffcrs
1. 1n th e llr st line<• a U•ll\' c' .
. 1' ·d ~ tl1 c line a11•l
1' 1 . ,. . t ·111 fr11m tli o crc,n r:d p:u1 so tl1,, t, t 1v1 es
'
ill e, 11 ,L • . .,'• • . i " ru \e:-0 Hi ilv t o it.
.. ,
1
l1 e11ce t\1<> p1cccilin,...
· . ;. ; , c
,]l't (tl iat of llic scco11 11 J111r)
111
1
9 Tllo c orn:lu1l111~ pa<1'C o . ' " "
.
- ..•
11 . . •
~.
1 • .. there be "\,;o a p:1n se Ill t\1e ,~n'" ·
l. llc L
;, not 1-(l':LC«lnl une,., \ ..
c.] . · ]\\' n\" S to be conclmktl w ilh some
it. !'111\1111·,; t\ 1at a cou p ct ou., it.1.1 ·.- .' i1t <f "co111111«
T l1is ,.11 \e
.
. , t \c•ist to L 1c a111un
' " '
·· •
.
clo'e rn t\1e sc noe, :'. 1.' .\ t tl c f illo1l'iW' ilcJl'intion,; arc fo unu 1ll
i:-i ~el tlu 1n t.ran :-:;r; rc~~C( , >ll
i
l
o

l'ul'e:

!\ o tliill~ i:; f •rnit;;n: parts rcla~e to w ho lot
One nll -cxtcnd111.c:, all ·prcsorvrn:; soul
Connects each being-

~'.

POETIC ·1· A USES.

372

POETIC l'A GS l<::S.

An other:
To drnw fr esh t(,itJrg froin th e~ venw i H.1-iwrr~,
~:i·:tl rrinn rai1dJ\Jw;; e:ro they drnp in ~h o wel"fJ
A \,ri:_;-ld.t:r wa;-;h-

T"

A [feJICl'lll '/"II/,; i", tl1at tl1e '<'l1~e 11 111st Jl (' \' (' l' 110 impnirl'<I or
ob:-.:t·urvd l1y tl1t' 1•0:-.;ili1>11 of all}' pan~; e , as it i:-s tl1c foli owin g lines:
U l,Y %1.·;-1 > Jfr~L ~i n puLdie ca n ;:-\, :-i l n~ fo1md.

And:
'\\'liu ri;:;ing 1 liigli

~

tlrn i11 111 1..: rinl :-;cC'ptrc rui8-cd .

With re:.;pcct to i111;e1\,io11, many w11r r1~ wliich cnmwt b.:!tir ti
~epar;tt.iun (l1y ;, 1 1~11 :.;e) i11 tlit-ir 11 at.urnl ordt'l' 1 nd111it n p1111,;1) when
inve rtc11. A111l ir. 111ay \1<1 :Hl1kd, :lial wl1\•n t wo word:J, or two
lll Clll ber;; of a :>L·11Le111:(', i11 t.l1cir 11af11 rn l or•l<'r, rnn lie ~i'p 11 rnl<•1\ l·J ,
a pause•, s11 el 1 s1·p:1r:1fi 11 11 io; ,,)w:iy o; :1ll11w:d•k• i11 u11 \n\·11rt1·<l o.nlN'.
An invert.c1l peri11tl, wl1icl1 rlcvi ;Lles 1'1 ·.. 111 111 0 nat11r;i\ 1rnin ol
ideas~ require::- to b~ 111arke{1 in ~\H ile 11H.: a~llf'P 1 ('Y(:ll hy J,flllM~~ itl
1hc '<!ll'L\ t li:li. 1!1 e !'•l rh 111ny 1;,, 1li,: ti11 ctly known . T11ko th11 fol·
lo win g c:.\:1111pk':
.A s witli ('Pld

lip~~

l

ki~;~'d

t lie

~a(·rc d

n·H .

\Vitl 1 otl1cr lwantie:-; ~ clinrm n1y partial eye!'\.
l'nll i11 111 y ,·i ew ~~et. all tho brig-lit llhoJo.

\Vit!i \Y <J rd~ like tl11::"e I t li e trr)op:-i Uly ~!'i,~i\ rnlc<l.
Jbek tn t.h l~ :t ......-:.c 111 lily r1.\I i tl 1e thro nl£i!l.!l trnin.
?\11r for tl i ei r g ri ef' G ·. ~: u (;r t;ei u11 li o;-;t, J bln11H:.

Tl1e ''"" () 1Yl1•.·11 tl1"' 'l'[>:ll'i1(iu11is 1n 11clc nt. fii tl d o~(l 11f th<• fi r.it
]i11 u <11. i.!1<; C•lllJ•ict. :
.F1>r ~-p~rit~ 1 f'rel!,1 f'rc1m 111<wla1 law~, wit h r :1 ~ t·,
As::;111He ,,·iiat ~e).:l"' rnitl wl111t ;:ihaptf\ th Py ph• o.u~c .

Tl11· 10:111 ,;o i,; t ule r:i.blo '"' ~ " al. t11c c]o,o of t.lio r,onpkt, for tl1!1
r ea,;11 11 j11>I: 1w11· :illggesrc1l, tl1at i11 vcrtl'll llll'lllUC r s l'Ntlliro ~omo
sl i g-L t l';ui:-;e i 11 tl1e su11::-:0:
1

Tw:rn where tl1 e plane-t ree ~pr1·ad~ it:-1 i:tl11H.h·~ nrrrnnd

Tlie ultar:;

l1r·an~.d;

and fr on1 tl1() en 11n bliug- groun<l

A n1 igl1ty drn~o 11 hlwt.

Yarie/.y in 1·1•r"e i"
F:llCCC'S~ i \'C

lill ei

rtnd o ug!it

1i11t \11

i/111~

l1 : 1\·i1i~

11i e

~f

llie prn1,.1!.-/\ n111nhr·r oi

]>:lll"S(: i11 t!iP ~ :Jl!H·

11 ('1 ~ 1Jr, C.\: \'. ('jiL

t11(· 111 li<.: r :; uf :\ t l1u11 ~l J1, ;t:-;

"

lo th e plrtcc
wlH•l 'l'

tl1t'l° t '

i--

11

11l:1('t.• i"I

fnti g- 1 d o ~.

t1r1ii'~ 11"1l1i 1y i11 t h(•

in ! l il\ f~1llu\tdt1 ~ i.:x:1111J1k~:

--- -- -- ---·

LESSON CLXIV.

375

RHYMING S YLLi\IlLT!:8.

374

ACCENTS IN v1msrc.

1 t -. n o ;;y\ \n'.)l c mn;;t lJe pnt in

from tho pau~ o by a short. ~yllnblc. Th o former b cl o n ~5 to line!
or 1!10 li1A a11d third ord er; tl1 0 latter tu t.li oso uf tho .,ccontl 1rnd

l'u 11 r1Ii .
Ex:11111 1 k~

of tl10 fi r:;t kine] :

:-::.r11 0oth flow t.li c w.Jvc~ j tho zcphj1 r A gently plny,
Hcl i11da >nil led ~ a11d nll t he world wao guy.

ll e rai"ccl l1i s azure wiiucl

I and

thn~

hrgn n.

Ex:un pies nf 1.he other kind :
T hc1«' ' "-" three g-'i rtcr"

! half

n pnir !lf gloves,

An d al I t.11 0 trt)piiic~ ~ uf Jiis 1Vr111 c r l(H'CS .

Our l111111hle pnhin ce I is to tr nd th folr,
N ut a ieS' plCati ill l( I though le6' glorious eare.

I to th o i:iroun<l.
It is ri grea t d(ftcl in /lie compo.<ition of t:cr$~ lQ pu 4 lolfJ 1t.,l'll
i11cr1}'r1/,le of an acren t, in tlte plru;e in here th i., ncccn t ~hmil<! b~;
n nd 1111 single circums/ll nce cont.rilmfrs morn l o tlir. cn c1·uy ".f i:en;s
I/i nn lo Jilll nn important icorll inli rre the acr.wt ali ou /1L b6-,
w1 1rd t1 1at mori b a [>C'Culiar c111pli:isi8. Tl1 0 fvllowing nr faul ty
An et hew tri1111 1plml

nre hc~

lilleS :

or

lca \·in g wha t ~ is ll :lfnrnl nnJ fi t.
J\ot yet pur).(cd olr, I of 01> lee11 n11<l sour d 10<lnin.
l\o pa n.Jou vi to! 1Jb;;icu ri t.y Kliou\J fi 11 J .
\V hcu love wn:-s all I un cn:sy moonrd1'M cnre.

Wh e n t his fault is at tl1 c end of a lin e thnt closes n conpl ct, It
d estroys the m clo<l y nltogct1 1cr:
nn t of thi ~ frarn c the bc:'\l'in g:-( , nn<l t ho ties ,
'l'lrn strong co 11 rn:ctin11~ , ni ce tlt; pc1nlc11cieto1.

For n full e r cxli ihition of t ho snlij ect, co11s11\t 1h o A n th or'~ edi-

tio n of" l\ r\lnc:;' Elcn1c11t,," whe11 co th e 1•bserv11tions on Pnn ~ca
n ncl A cce n ts li:1Ye bcc 11 drawn, pp. 300- 342.

?.rtrh ntlit'r ln f11rn\ :1 n1l ~o nnd; tin . 1.

,

rll\' 1t1r wi1l 1 i r-cl i'.
I I ·It ' ., 7 t t!te Rn> ll ,d' ~ /" lf, r.
·
.
· l i l 1·i· 11 ,,1/1f < 11.. 111
I
5 lt j~ t< • 11e 11ol 1c(' 1
·'
, •
l uq h :\nd <'110 '"' ' '
·
.
I
, . I . , .. ~11c \ 1 \\ 111 t I:--. ,I "' 7' ~ 1 •
frtl crs. co11.'<l l l 1t f c ,. iy111 r , I• i. 1 \..: .
. .
. 1· \ · t h a t rl1y11 1e \ n .
.
, · 1- . l ·tl ·r' :1 re nut. '' o \ ;")
. •
..
tl 111 ttµ:l1 <.: 11 d1 1 1~ Il l :--1111 1 ._u
l.'.
l
'1 ·J • l \H' Oll0llll CCt1. 'i li e \\'P rth
•
J'ff
\"'Ill lll SP\\\\l
\\ \~I
• l
0
i.r<-: ll1er, 1it: l llg" ' i L' c .
. .
. f . · 1 yet Ucini; ol ti e :--:11 1.
IJI(lf :til l] /" OIIUh t li1•1q; J1 ll1t\ike lll Ul I,'
.

t;o ll nd, rl 1y 111e t11µ:;cther.
. . . tlic } ~st t wo :-.;_y1 l: ii11 e~ to
• i11 trn1;liccs r c']1111e
1
i i c to
() l, ·111 c··". •·l\llin·
"
"
1
\ rC•1' tiro tlie a >L ir i·'
''-·111 \itl''n \Y itlt :1 c :ld)' r ,
·'
r \ 1y .1ne .1 tl 11)'C
r l ' ··'

· 11 \ n

I

' ·

.,,,w1wnls / / ul t en I f•,.

n1 fJ r C n 1l111,· r o1ts ' ic r <. •
I
.
ll 111!Ir• the ~l ro11r!( 1" nn1.I Iit ll. er i.~ the 1 i!Jll M .
111[!·'!!
., .
•
, ... r"c t r hy111cs :

7 . '} 'lie

1" 1• !0 (/11;
'

r/iym·
-

Exa1npks vi :-.tru11r; aw 1 il1. I

I
·
rr'd
lt i~ n ot thnt I may not un·c 11 1 ~ nc th e wonud
For n i v nrn.: t.~:-trnl fa 111t:-1. , or u11n ,.. ·' 1
~
l
1 \1 · 1 i t h cC H CO l\c C ll
1 h \ccl l wi ~ \1 :1 ' n1H, :n _t 1 '\ l t\ow'\l un boun d ;
i

\\'it\1 H }11 :-'t wt· :q 1on, \ , \, t
\·
I "1 \>\' Ot c it- l/,on >hall l:t ,o
l f
1
To l I11.T 1. u t t.
.
· \ \l . ·t, h(; :-:. ouah t :1 n,
1) t H F ,

Tliv \'1·11 .~ t' <1111.· l\ " ·1111.: h"" Li~

.

·'\e ~-1.kc-,..,

\\'\ . ·I if / \1al·e n o t 1akv11 1·>1 t l . .
r
, . kr
.
II\. I
. . .
l ~11..'.l' l \i11t. t l1 t1 U s lial t y1..: t ,l \~ :' .
'.
But lcL tli;1 L l'""- · 1'
()i"ufr /krro,u .

1 l . · 1 1' 1•"" 11li on·, nbonmlini.r'l'li1n6
1
The rl 1y111 cs 1. 11 tl "'• fl "' I '"'" ' l .i ll· .•I 1, ' rl ,.
;· ri ch nn11 st.nrn f: .
.
1 ·owcl ·1r \" pn1 \11 . 11 .1
1
c <111 ~nn n;it ~ :t lt C' r t ' " '
,.
11 1 1·\ ·111co iL will be ,,\)scn·c,'
111
,
r.
"
ti
C
\"U\\'d
:L
L
>O
I)
.'
.
t] 0
c n11 :-: 111 1:111t s li l'J u1c
i
.
l
1 · · l 1j · \n tho ~ c c1HH1 to,1n i
.
\ \" . ·t re Ill t IC[. il !C 1 J
""" ll1t likc; Ill t IC " '
I '
l . .. . ·XCll\\llill ctl i11 tl 1c ll CXt '1 ll0 ·
•
• . 1. ' ·c
Tl1ea l11n·c ru c> .uce.
h •ll rl 11, nu ,'-'- ·
tati c u:
. .
1\1· )· ':::l d eath
Tlirc c dn:::' bc:f111 c my
H

i:

,\r

... ,

\Vo w:dk 'd hy l.~l"IL"""1 n c rc :-i.h ~),e, .
'
't1
P,w eC t !:1kc t', :-:\ 1 ~ !'l.:tid wi t \i f;dt<:rtt1f! OTC<l 1 ,

"l 11e' ·•r
• ·' J1.·1ll sec t hee more ~ 11

J ohn l 1··1
iM Tl -

T~ u r. Es J-"t11: inrYm:-.;o SYLI.Aflr.Jt s.

1. The ~yl1:tl i ic> 111 11>t lie nccent<·cl syllalilcs.
2. Tl1e vowel sn1rn,z.1 11111,t be th e sa111c.
3. lf 1l1c,-c sy ll :1l1l1"> c11d with cun sunanls, tlio co11sonn11t 11 l
f'Plllll l:-:. Olll :-it 110 tJi0 :':11llC'.

4. Tl1c cc;n :>o nnn t s pr ~ .·~ .i ing the Yowcl m1i;,t li e <1 ilfo1·(:ut fro111

LESSON CLXV .
nnJ.
less

376

IMPE1u·1•:cT

rm.-~rns.

n(·:Hh· .1 pprnncl1 tn "1111r nc,~, a11d l1 c ncc n.ro le~;, 0 1· lil Lre im l'erfl·Ct
i 11 I !1vir

r l1y1t1L':..: .

J . Tl 11·rc- ;ire rli:'J lllP.Y

,.uldre,isctl to tl1e C!fe wl1./,;l. orr 11nt, r l1ym(•

?Clfl·n. ruldrt ssrrl to ll1c ern-, :ind l1L'11 Ce a1·u 1u1t 1\dr11i:-i:-- H,Jo: lu111.I
:11ld b1•111I; /J1 ·f'1rflt. :111d /J c111Jrit/1.; iocrcn.M ~t 1 1 cl Ct"t .'fC.

'.l . f.'/1y11u;., 1r/, 1·11 //1r·y ·"J1u1d rdi!.·e ore rrd11iissildr, tlin11gl1 t J.r,!J
ilUfrr to tlu f'!Jt /11.j(1nn; tl 111 ,, M11l n"'t stole; 1·ye 11111! Hk!J ,' ~mile
w1d i.,fr.

<l. :\...; 11 i-.; l H•t :111 ri1·iicul:tt~ ~ onnil ir. i .~ not. t o ho C(l11n.terl in tl1 0
uf a \\' ••rd; l1L·11ec air nntl /1 rl i1·, I nntl /11'r1h, llH> out
UCC:llhC parts ucfnrc tl1 1J 1'0\Yels a /\!Hl i lll'l) nol dff.

hl'ginn i11~
h·L~itiin:tl (',

fert'll t.

E.cmnpfes nf i111pe1:f1·1;l rli ymrs:
1\11(!

witl1 11iit 11U e ra11<' r , ~ilYC'

Vt.:al

r o11 11 d

tn l1:1pp,y 1'•111\.-.

1l1n F1h r11~ o r tti~ h
"' i •t.: 1..·dd uru~ obh1<1uy,

iL:i

That we ht:cn ni c ;1 pnrt of wl 171t lr H:-1 hc·c n
And g ro w 1q1011 tlit..: ~!" '>t , all-:-icei11g lrnt. l!O ::fCC n.

lb.

Of' 11 11 c11;1111or\J g-qdd c ~:-<. :111{1 tl 1c cel l
Haun ted !1y Jw ly Jo ,·c--tliu t_. nrl ic~t o rn clo.

Do u 1n.E, Tirn•u:,

A:'\D

lb.

Mrno uc HuYMK~.

Tl10 f, ,1Jn1r i11;; ex:1111 ple'l arc t:i krn from

Ti1n i:;:i1l:-

Fuwlcr's En1;1i ~l1

( !i; 1r111 ,..; lr;111 :.: purtil\~~1
F111 n·y \'ic_\\ill~

Gl':l!llJH:11·:

JJm1ble I.:!1v 111l!s, w l1c rc

i<yllaulc:

1111

una ccc11t.c<l follow~

1111

occentuil

.J o .\~' t · t1 :-:1 1 1 11~,

(Jhl

The ~ptwti vc An~ nm n clnirn\1 by r ig11ts
A1 1 arc lt<.:r fv r li or l.11ver;
An d C\·cn in w i 11t l: r'~ da r k , col d n igl 1 t~ ,
A el rnnn he eo iil d di.-, colJeJ'.

F
.

r
ct

tli·tt
•

r va:-:1 11 1, !--l lt'li
.·

rr1'• JP"l\\

di ... ..; q11:t!H'C
.

mni~nl:tll\~,

11i' t'· 1111it a1 11 >-1 ,

Hollin;.! in tl }t· a1HkrD
All :d •i>,.· ,
Uitli c 11 r,l, n11know n,
] It· 11 ntk t· ~ Iii:-. tnnan ,
i\11d ,·a \i:-; l1\·r gl1•1:--.t ,
J',, r i·\ i ·r, ,.,· •. r, i· \ 1·r ln8 t, ;
1'\r1 \V wil Ii t'11rit·~ :.:. 11rr,,1111dcd,

0 .'· c iin111ort:il god.-. l wlt :tt i.q thro:rony f

1, , .. 11 airi ii~, c1'11f•111 11dtd ,
lie tr1; 1Jth l\':-01 lw :.!;lo \'; ~ ,
Anii~J:..t \:1 1,1 .. ;··p·s :--.110\\'ri .

j

Byron..

Ye1·y l1npr1'jil'( ftir
l 1L' \.\\'e i...'/l tl1G ~~il 1-

\Yi t110 ... :; tlic f,,JJvwing

r\_·IL

()r wl H·rt.: l lv h r 11~ \Yat1•h.: r -:;,

:rn necenle1l 'Yllablo fol lowed by two

(>J1 111.111, tn", i11111 J•)r t al 11n1n ! wl1at i:-4 J11i i lonl/lf·npy f
0 \t·nrld th at. wa:-! 1tr 1d is ! \'i-·!int i . . co~ 111 oyo11.y/
So mo pcn1dtJ lrn\' C HCCl \S t! tl IJJt.~ or IJJ.i .ia 11 t1irop.'f.

11:111!..!"ing

B1..:.ilde tl1 1..: Lill

:tl't~

rl 1.\' l 11t·..:.

. • i " l l. \ l!l'
p. 1 ..... .
l .. 1 .
\ ' L·l' .\ ...... ·11 -- 111).\

1\11\\' 111 1.l1 · r

. Trrbl!: J.'!1ymc, ,]1< 1\\' s
11 nac'~ "11 Led ' YI hlJk' :

.

tLc 1,l 1·a:--i11 ;: . i>lv11 :--.~ 1 1~ a11 g11 1;-. l1 1.

any f.;e \" t:re 111' ~(.' \ H ·\J~~
j ect a1111 t l1e nH.:J,~dy h

lfcr ro111, nn,1 hnlh :ind flrc • i·lc joy,
F· >r tl1i.'I t.i n1 c. were hi~ rea sons ,·
Jn :-<l111rl.1 Y \1nn .~ T.ovu·l"I n g-allant boy
Tiint likt:~ a ll tiine.-; a lld seasons.

:...11 r1· ri . . ing-,

J 'il'ii:'l l l'l: t ' <rll!'lil1 .'..!',

... ~ -.,

. 378

37!)

PRELlMINAJnES TO vrmsIFICATION .

BLA.NK VERSE.

.
t t ncneri1l ru.le that each line
In lilnnk verse it is :in impor ~n '
shall close with an i 111porla11 t icvrd, c. g.:
A i\ i ~

LESSON CLXVI .

\\" \mt tl1 11 nµ;h the f\ d 1l he l o~ t,
IV •t.

h·:--t. ~ t\ll'

1111tc)11 <pteru\1\c

wd l

Iv o f rc ,·c n• re 111 1111 r)rtu \ liat c ,

·t

•I\ \It l :"' l\ t.. .
;\11d c r111n1).!C l H! V(;r

. .,. ·idd

,... .

t11 f't1h 111 1t. t I )
.'
A nil wha t ir; u\~o not lo lie <1\'c n .: 0 111 0 , _ 1 t
·
:i
wrnth
or
m1
r.r 1
T liut ~l n ry 11 c n ; r:.; l Ill 11 l I L
n l'arat!Ud Lo6t.
Extort fron1 inc.

JJLANK v1ms:n:.

LESSON CLXVI I.
I'R:EI.D!l:"'ARlES TO vm:Sff!CATJON .

·
scan various kinds of
1 . The c:i.siest prel iminary is to ot. each fo111ili:ir to t 11c
i;erse, an cl to reuckr t11c 1ne:i.sures
miml.
.
' c11liun nt fi r~t to ono ki nd , the lu111h 1c
Jt wi11 liu hr.:;t, to co 11hn c t1 1c
•

JUCiH311rt' !4, a~ Uc 111~ l

\

,, tt

-I'
Th o H l.!roic i::s ndn pt ct..l to
. lly for rl1v1n e ur l.th~1:k \·cr=--e .

.... · 11 111 0 ~t. co 1111 110 n u ..c .

tt)::;c,

.

. .

' l .

kinJ of ~11l1j cc t, a11d I ~ illtc\. cqll.l
Y
.
, t
o .Another preli111i11:iry, is tna

ever

..

.

.

f arr '1Y.ot11.q 1nord« in
o
. . 'J . ' k' l'· or

....
.
ti . 11dilions o.f certai n .i111 ·' 'J
p roper order to m eet w /cu
or tlie JJassage. Thc8c
to t i e .~ e n s e 'J .
vei.se, 1n'tit o11t rer7urcl
•
,
l
:ire called ·11 onse11,~e ·1Jerses. hxamp e:
JJeroic 1·erse.

f

Th ei r robes oh Rcq n i o n~ nt their wholc.~o m c are,
O'er hill "'P PlY th eir bee!. uud checrtul cups.

.

the prov id in [J of e;n 3 Another usefnl prel11n111:11)' J:;
.
l . l
. . .
, i1Jords t /,at mrry be assi,qne( ' as t _icy
t!tets snitrrbfe _to un!J
. f,· t . , · n every good ck~cripu o n .
•

he ro ic ,· ~:r~ c , by t0t:dly tl 1r11w ing- n:iid c thu trip I h•, 1r thl' •t< llt~ . J' )•· · ~<­
t1'{{"l l1 cr, in wl1icli J>ryde11 nbc.,1nde<l. Dr,· tlc11'11 \' ll r~l i1 c11t l oo, 110" · ~t ,
l1u; very i:rcu t 111 c rit; a nd , like 1111 Iii; pro<l ticLI n~ , h11!1 111 11~ h !'fl ' 1i;l ~ .
w i1 l1 rn rc lcss11 c <,. Jt i; no t se> M111 ooth r111 tl o r rvc~ a ~ J>O t>a'~; IL b, Iv'<*~
e,·cr, rn orc rnricd and easy . Jlc s 11 hjcctH hi 111solJ' l ~s~ W ;.h o n1htilld•.J> f(
tl1 c S(J ll SC with tL C\l U)•lct ; HllJ frC '(ll c ll l iy ~l\k 08 lh •1 lib tlj of Jl\A •lr, h
r c" ll'lct.• run into 0110 un oll1 cr, wi th "omowhat of the fr !om or~.
\'C l ~

.

cons\ itute so 1111port:rnt

' ..

:t

•

e:<

• r

111

e

•'

i

.

•

r \Ji-• f 11 ·1 ]it i C' or J' 1'<']1<' 1'l \ C, 0f 1111 )" 01)J\ll epithet. (ck~rrqit'.'~ 0
loomy c:iYcrn, exl cncled
" 1.. ;
.
- l . l ~ 1 wr1e wu1u~, ns (f
1 .t
l' ect) Coll>' l" \ S. l: I L I C I "nd ' \\' "O I'(].; ;/I.IC·I I US hal'f-fillcd V:l!;C, 11)1 (/, deplain; or ol cu111po u
. . ' . 1 meek-eyed moo n , 11ea •
washed rouin, ln1u;hler-loia11~1 11) mp i,
1 irong pnssion, &r.

,,
11

Ii

280

rJn..J ..l'II
" N ,·\ JU F, S

PJ{!.;LJ MIN AI~ms TO v1m.snrIOAT!ON'.

lf' 7111.« ion were the word, •n cli r-pitl1ct.s ""· tho foll owinir mlgl1~ ~
lct:tCd :;R :q 1 plicat 1IC : ~lron(/, imptt1111t1.'r, /Joiiin9, ardent, 1Jtl1 t1'1lf'fl~ 1 'Uftgt~r

aM-e, il're~;rtlar , br1i:;teroull, lrnrritl., gl!1m11y, aad, 1~u1rtJu, i.111.rlatubk,, tll".tik!j~
s1·1;ere, lf(•rt·et, btit1J., fluminy , unbridltJJ, unrulv, cr u.tl, "''~.mtbk, /tf.od ~
l'trutty, & t:. 1 ,tc.

TO \'EitSIFl C ATI ON .

381

•

li!uch nj Ili c beau ty of 1le.•cri71tivo poetry J~poni1'1 on a 1'{fi~t ;
el tpi l ftrt.,, a11 tl Jl(~ tt co ;.rood cnro sltv11l1l lio vboen-ell !n ti
use oft 11<•111. 'J'hry should ?Wt lie mere e.rpldtiv~.,, tO till oil~ n lh14
or ttJ rn ~ke t lie rl1yt11e c111Tl'"P"IHl. E \' ery epithet ~} , llllc 11i1..h t
nLlcl n n w idea to 1.l1e wonl ic q11alitic~, or nt fon t C\'u t (l le vAt•
its know11 sit;nificat ion .
clwic1!

I'

LESSO N CLXVUI.
PRELDilNARIES TO y :i:;:n.·nnc,

no.. .

4. A noth e r p rel imi nary is t!i.e finding fJf rll".Jm48 k> ct>~ ..
respond willi woi·d,, preS<.~· iued, o( which, fol; tbl$ }.Hl'tl.l0: 1 - '
the tc:wl1 e r may give ont a Ii ·t-an exercise to l>o -Oil •n 1·
pcatecl , until considerable facil it.y shall bo ncquit•cll. 1'
t h ose wh o i11te11 Ll to make ,·ersificnt.i on 1\ p 11r. nit un<
l :\
p ractice, such a work :ts " ·w :1l ker's Rhym~ n g D icti n. ry"
Wl)Hkl pro m :l great ;;m·in g ot" ti me llO d irtb OI'.
(1 . ) T l11" if tlio wonl '""i;.:110d ll'Cre u.,,mc, t h o foll owing pru mnong t hf'ljjJ
w lii cli rhyn1C wit 11 it : ca nH· , dun1e 1 :-: n 111 c , g-unw, 11u111 0 1 to.IU ().1 frm 1P, shau o.
iull:1111c 1 bcl:n1111·, on::.r ('a rn c, d1.: t'a111 c, 111i:-" 1JH11 1c, &:..c.
l 'e1.fed ,.Ji,'J m e.'i are , ni 111 , cl ai111, 111 air11, OCl1lu 11 n, doclnim, cxc1Aim,

ft"'"'

~·1 drn·i8~ i.ble ·r h!J11U:J nrn, Un m, hnm, clom, ~ littm, dn•Ul• ~ 'C.;
ii (' ni , t l1<: 111 , pld c~m, & c. ; t J,c tn \'. , sclic me, r erun, drco m , glenm, &o.

clai m, n ·cln im.

882

l'RELIMINARI!i'S TO YRl{SIFIOATION.

PltfLLL\llN ARlb:S Tl! Vb:ltolFlUA'l'IO:V.

To rne it tnlb of rnY nged plnin•,
An d !.H1 r ni11.u t nwnf-1 , n11d rnill(:d '1'1l8fie1 ,
.An d llli.lllJ!led lim b ~ nnd dy in it }? roans,
An d widow:-1' tet1rl'I, 11nd o rphan ~ ' ttobs,

383

r.e•
nro
Tt iR n c o rnpn~ i t i o n o f fou r te<'n li. ne~ n f t lLC Ramc lcn"th
• . Tl1t'•e
. . . . li 1
. f··..;t
>I. . 1 .,·r n l"IYlhhks ca1.:li a11d di\'idcd intn tw1J d1\·1:-.111n:--, t i1 , i .. J
'
l'!l.:
.
'
l . '
.
I
. .. ·I . ..., . t li l' fl.l.'l:"ll
Cl ll brnc i ll !.!' t !JC lir:-:.t l'ig\it lin e:-1, \rJ 11c/ 1 l ' f 1l tlUl ll lll L_L\,() I l) !lll . i . . . , ~ { \ \ \ )
. . t· d .Jll:o l\\ot
. }•<iii
. ..)";., 11 r t i 1!'(: (: lrne:-:. l':h· l1_1 (' n 11t.tllllt
1_
d i \·i ~ i "ll i~ ~ti\1 d1nd
I ll ti f<!l"lii\V

r..\Ill h'.IC ,

A 11d 1111 t lwt 111isery ':1 /111nd <Xrriferd
To fill tlic 1.'Htulog11c o f l1un~Hll woce.

111 11 r c rli n 1 H:~ .

Tl1c 11111ltiJilic:1tin11 C>ftxe rci>C'~ of' tlii s kir1<l wonl,l i::renf'ly
prc·pnring- 0 110 t o write original verse!< in rhnne. 'J'e~cho·
will find no (liJllctilty i11 pr<>paring the exercise a ~bovo fo!liCllt d

IW'r

i11

'J' h 1: rl1yn1 c!i i1.1 tl1t· :-iu 11nrt:-1, IH)\\' c \· t.!_r , t\tc .11.11 l !, tir-..t lin.e
l•r t he ~11 111 c rtdl.'=--. Tl1c l1 (':-1<l :irru11 gc 1111 :11t I ~" L e1 1.: I ii. I ·j· \' 111(' ~
r lt \ tii cs wit.Ii the 1;111rt lt , tin; i-ifll1, atid Lin.: ci~l 1 th; a11 .J tlH~ :-i\' C •. '!ll 1 1·

~,-, ,·c n1c~·1

f~·nncd

,.
!

"

wi.t.11 t. l1c t l1i rd , 'ixtli, nnd H1' 1· e 11t l':
. . . . . .., nrc
in r e;pect t•,
.J\11 r1thc rap1•ro\·c durrun~\: 1JHrnt 1 :-1t l11:-;. tli)lll 1.: .
. ··1 · I . :-i.i~ t l11111 d
tl1c th~t, f,rn r t, h, tifth, an d eig-htl 1; t _h o :;cc·~n d u11J t\111~ , t i ~,· ~ l .i°Ll1 iuHJ
SC\'c nth; the nin t h, clcvclltl1 , nn<l tlurtcc ntb; urHl t.li c tl!ntl i, l
'

fourteen t h.

LESSON CLXIX.
\7ImSIFICATION-( CON'i'INU.Jo:D).

6. Ano the1· prelimin:iry to V c1·silic:ition, is tlic li<?fuM-.·,
m e11t n.f lines to tlte demands nf verse, the worcl.9 <>f tchi II;'"
l"n:e been disarranged. The words must Le r stor d
s ucli order as the rne:1s11 re, or the l'hym e nlso, llllly rcqnif
(l .) Ile place the words in the following lines ao !I.ii q ,
conform to the rhymes pcc11lia1· to the Sonnet:
·
IVJ1 en I roved Inst t.hcse green windinjj wood-w11lk$,
Slindy " ''Cct pntl1wny s n11d i:;rocn ll'lndlng wulk1,

Anna woul d oft-ti11tc' s<:ck tho sil nt "~ uo,

In the l >ne r<:t rcat h e r bt:zuitic~ ~J1ro11ding.
1 lic:.r '"' more in the •l1nd<o he r foot.tops; ·
011Jy iicr inrng-c in tlic~c p lcnRRnt wnyg
)[c 'cll'"""' dcri11g meets, where ln haripier dny11
Wi t h rlic foir- liaircd mnid I free corn·ol'l< held.
Tl1 e lit tle cntl'ngc whi c h she Jov ·d I p il!"INtd,
T ii c c('1ttag-e wl1i el 1 di<l once my all contain;
Of dnys it ~p:ikc wliicl1 eo11 1c ug-uin 11111st. nc'cr-'T o r11 y li eart :-:pakc, an d 111 _ hcnl't wn~ lllO\'Cd m\1cb.
'' Ge11 t le 111nid, l\OW fair hcfjdJ tl1 cc, " sithl I,
·
1

1..-

A11d tur1H.:d

111 e

fr1)111

tl1 u cott:ig-c

with n ""i.i.ch .

To pn·pnrc tl 1c wny f'nr pcd(>rntin g tho cxcrci ~e jnst glv<;>n, 1
m~y Le necessary to m1ticipate whnt wns intended for 11notl11:t'
clrnpt.er, nn<l describe tho SONNET, of which an examplo fq tm~. :

nislie<l nbo\·C'.

In tl1c nbo\· e e:rn111ple, tlic rliym es <10 nnt exactly conform to
eitlrcr of tl1 u arrnngementsjust desc ril>erl.

(2.) Put the word s of the following '·: crscs in till'ir prop~r
pl:tccs, so as to confvrm to the principles of the Ia111b 1c
T'etra111eter:
c1o ~ ed tl ic c0 n cpH·ro r'~ way lll'f11ltld,
1\11 ll li·rl 1t.1 1i11.r.-1 sl111 w\ _l t he di.-.tnill. It ill
'V /ic n: tlw~e t 17ut drL·11J r111 dHy wh o i <·~t
Stood, faint nnd fow , h11t still fcnrl c:-.H l
'l'!ic putri of:-' zea l, th e H<\ldtcr'H l1 0pe,
Di111111'd fvrercr, n11<l foreve r e ro ... :-;'<lOli ! wh o w l1 :.1t h croc~ fe e l :-; l1all say,
Wlicn n il'::; lo8t UuL life and lw11or l

1\i irlit

Of frc cd0 m':-; d rcarn the s nd ln=--t hn11r,
At1ll :-;lvwly hy mo ved \'al o r' M t,n .... k,
\Vhil c Uu~y watcli\l 11111 to till tn 0 ri1i11,1.(t4 l>L'l\Jn
And gi,· o tl 1e111 light to dio s l1 0 11 /d ri :1c !·r11 c rc i ~ u world where t-10111~ nre free,
\VJ 1erc tvrants nat 11rfl' M bl i :--:8 taint not;
If dcutli I_,~ tl1nt worl<l ' 13 bri,!!liL t)pc ning,
Oh ! wl10 in tlii~ wou ld li \'C a ~la\·c {

(3.) Place in right on1cr tlie words of th e fo]]Q\\·irrg
Speiiseriun Stw1zrt :
All C'arlh :ire fltill 11nd li ca\' (' n-tl1nn .!!h nnt i11 i:-.l cr p,
111 o~t Ur..:atldc:-<::- we j!l'OW ~
And as we 8ta11<l Milcnt to u d ee p i11 th o ug-1.tri :_Still wo nrc all cnrth nnJ hcnl'cn : from the high host

llut a1:> wli c 11 fccli11.z

To the lnll'd lak e of stars and monntt1in coaBt,
All cooccutreJ is in u life ioten•c,

1·

!:

384

':ri'._cr~ n o~ n1Huun,

'

ETYMOLOGICAL FIGURES.

l'HEL!MIN.AlnES TO VRRSIF'ICAT!ON.
n or lea(' is lo5t nor nir,

ls1.1., vl be;u1g- hut,h a p:irt nnd n sc n~e
I !I th at wh<cl1 ,,r nil ;, Crcato1· nn<l <lcfencc.

•

385

!;

p.) l~lacc in proper order the WOl'Js of tI1o
pa~;;agc 111 Blank Vc1·se.

LESSON CLXX.

~J'. , fri e ndl y to the hest pu r~ nil~ of tnnn

Ji:TYMOLOGJCAL A N D SYN TA<:f!CAL :FIGURES .

\'irtuo:
D o rn cRt tc lilt> p,l~:-1'd in l'llr",d plcn~nro r
Fe\\" tl 1y v·t'i' 10· J\.now1 nntl t I1y ~wccts few tntStu •
TJ
r' l)" fav ors th o11t.ri1 111any boa.st, nnd uffect
t
lo dioo~c and u11 dc r,tnnd tli on Irr thu! r own.
Rut fooli> h man Jii~ fH'QJ)Cr J;,J' , _
I•• Wl'O,l(QC~-. ,..,, t .
A I 11. I'
:"{ =-' li st prngc11itor ot·cn an l Q ...
I j'
J
f
". """<iso tli o11gh p l11cc<l (fo r (En1IHi.n
th •tfu' hM _., .,
~I li c1· ) •)utlif'u l hc n11t y """"trace• let't),
1' 11r tr. t11'1 1c11tj ny ~11! 1 ... t11n t1ul l1n ppino~ft.
Se.'-=11t1~ f0 1· cnntcrnplution l'o 1n1'd, l\111,.l to nttrttC
Ot \\J~d (l !Jl tlil' lfl(•\\l!l g' l" C:C d:1 • tli•\t .!> l
H • ,
~
· , · ' 1ggcnt,
)
lJ\ I.\: P1(:n:-; 111g- 111111,!!c: t l1 L
·y present,
t n cnd ly to ,r"c:ieu, t o t l1 011glit, to

r

The former relate to certain modification;; of tlic form

of won1s:
1. Aphmrcs1\ is the omi;;,ion of one or more of tl ie first letters
of a won] ; as, 'gan, 'scape, 'mid, 'oo·vc, 'neath, 'gai11 11t, 'havior,

I'll remember,
'.\.

S11rli reflcet1ow1. w~ i11cll oriitu t110 J1 '1 Jr t

fx- .i· It ti ic, 111 ·tilt.. I' and co mp o ~c tho pn
"'s~ il)U
' $.
s~

._uc!11 ~~enc~ ns tli c~(' , ' t i8 hi~ s11pre1n del' '11b
To ucfilc witlt blnnJ, nnd Ill! wi th ri ot. tg

(5.) It is recom mended to the tcncber t ~ - '
·
o (Uctato fr~
q 11r1 1tlv to ti , J
" .•
ie. c :iss, passages of rnrious fo1·m" f
•
"llli wonls d1~phccc1 :is abo ve, to be ro .rl o . p,oc ..ry
by tl 1e st11dcn t, in ordcl' to cult' t p p~ y m:'<mg~d
melody of i·erse ::ind to ac . . tvtl:i. e a ta.s te for tf.Tc
, . 1.
' ·
.qmi e . ie art of nrrnn '
1
'. . 0 1 < s _Ho as to meet the dernands of tne1~1
· ·. ~gm,
k1n<1 ol 1·c rsc.
w:f m,,.,~v ry
.(G.) Tlrn,."Titcr of ve rse mnst be :ic uninted .. , ·. ,
w1 th t.li c J1 w11rcs or Hhc·to1·'1 c J. J 'Jlq
' not <mly
•
'='
· ·
• a 1 ent y 1 ustl'ntcd b t .· 1
t.h.r F1~nn'.s ol'. Et;:molog-y and Syntax..:..and al~; w~tth '~~;.:
tun g 1,ll11 ,llat1c.1.l 1rrcg 1darities and 0th r
!' . . • •
which poets arc :illowed to indul()'e i' n e. pecu 1n1,·1 t1cs.1u
J •
•
o ,
view of t tc chili
c11 tics cneonntercd Ill mcetinrr the cl
d ·f' . •.
"'
eman s o verse.
.

fo1· began, C$C!lj)C, ami1l, above, beneath, ngaiust.,
Lehavi or, I will rernernli cr.
. 2. Apocopc, omits one or more of tlie ]:1st letters of a worJlho', th', C, o'clock, fo r tl1 o ugli, tl1e, to, of cluck.
a. Syncope, c nts ont one 01· more letters from tl10 mi<ltllc ('f 11
word; as, e'en, se'ennight, wa l'1·y, heav'n, o'er, plum'd, rais'd, &c.,
for e1·cn, sc,·c11niglit, watery, &c.
4. I'rostliesis, prclixcs a ldtcr or syllalile t o a wor11; as, adown,
m1·ceasccl, bepai ot, agoill g, bclo vctl, enchain, &c. , for t!own, ceased ,
&c.
5. l'ar((qoge annexes a lct.lcr or syllalile to a word; n~, withon ten, awaken, lioJ,l en, kindly, fo r without, awake, hold, kind.
6. DhC1"esi.1 8eparntcs a diplit/1ong ill to two separate souncls and
syllaL!es; n•, aerial, rfilentte, coordinrrte.
'l. Sy11w1·e.~i-• contrncts two Rylla\1lcs into onCl; us, lcarn'd, do.it,
lov'd, in~tcn<l S learn-ell, do-est, lov-ed.
8. TmCJ1is, is tho i11 scrl.iun of a wor<l between the cl emen ts of
a componnd word ; as, w!tich sido socve1·, lwio l1rng soever, to us

i

!.

'.

\

,,

ward.
S;-;<;TAOTIOAT. FIGUI!ES.

These involve ck\llgcs in words, in position, in meaning,
use, or omission :
1. Pleonasm, wl 1ich i ntroclnces wonls not necessary to tho
structure or complete meaning of a sentence; ns,
Up, 11p, dnll awniu.
1 sit me down, &c.
J'ho moon herself ia !oat in heaven.

17

i
t

:-

/:

,.~l
~... ,

SYNTACTIC.AL FIOURES.

387

l'OKTIO DICTION .

2. Ellips1\ is tl1c omission of a word or words in the const.ruq.
tion of a plirasc or ~entcnc0 ; a~,
St. )•der'.• (Cail 1c clral). " Jo be, or not to oe-thnt's the Qll OAtiou," (°'r,
" 1\111 I to lie , or not to l·c-that'" tho (jnostion ;" "Alt, incl" for " Ah, l'itt
1ne I" "D():-1t :1 ~ k ?" fu r "Do=-'t thou ask ?n

3. l'r1renilies i,i introduces

Ren ten co; a!=l,

11

circumstance within the limits of« "''

~~

~I

"ll

''!!· .1•

rapt, se~u·, "\:c.

"Th e wh ole city came out to 111 cot Jesus, nnd when tlte-y snw him, tliry
besough t him to depart,'' &c. Hero city is to bo regarded ns mcnninir th.4
' p aop/.e ef t/,. cit,'f. So, in the previous instnneo, BO"ut is put for tho po111on
wh o has n danntll's" soul-or sout is peraon iticcl.

' r

if•
.

"From the far-~f! i•les cnclrnntecl."
f:

" Fron\ the wrc'-.'.k of liopcs far scnttcr'd,
r,_,mpest-.Jl1atler' tl,
F1onti11g, w1lslc, a.111..1 <lc~olatc."

or<lcr tu incrc:1so tlie vivaci ty nnd variety of composition; as,
" Great is Diann of the Ephe.<ian~ ;" "Ho wanders •artl1 around;" 11 Now
coma we to tho Ja,t ;" "A trwn he was to all tho country dear;" " lii8 wk);

"Of vice-mtail'd corruption; they," &c.

•ubltime is hoard nfur."

"A gray and vrief-wom aspect of old days."

6. Enallage uses ono p:irt of speech, or one form of n word, !n :~: .
·

3. The nat1;rnl and prose arrangement of words is often departed
from; for instance:
(1.) Tho nominative follows its verb; ns,
"Florri somefrrtgmmt.9 of n son.g. " "
"Nor wants Rome interclwngd of r nlo.
"S o p ass'd lie," &c.

(2.) The ouject precedes it.s verb; ns,

LESSON CLXXI.
POETIC J,ANGUAGE AND CONSTRUCTION'.

Not all the specifications that follow are peculiar, hnt.
they most abound in poetry:·
1. It is lhc custom of poets to employ words.and phrases wh!o11
nre nntiquntc<l, and Reldom or never used in. prose; as, ·

.

2. Poets delight i11 compound epithets; ns,

Ilypcrbaion transposes words nnd clauses in a sent-Onoo, in

denoted.

r

(l

Of verbs: ken., 1.V"nd, trow, astou.nd, rue.
Of ad 11u/•.;: ~ft, inly, /,apl!f, &c.
. .
!,
or ,,diecliv<'• : /,litlu, born, d.<Lrk•onu, darkl.nv, dank, douv

"A clnnntlcss soul, erect, w/w smiles on den th. "

tho place of another, M an adjective for nn adverb: 11 'rlioy l'illl

<

"'r'
·'

In addition to the words above quoted as not used in prose, may
l>o ment.ioned-

4. Syllepsis involves the personification of a word, and tho uro
of it., not uc con1ini; to st ri ct grammatical ru les, but according to
the sense obviously intentled by tl1e writer; ns,

1mcce.~sive and successive rise ; " "A world d81JoU to llniv rMl .
wreck; " ioe used for I, or ye for thou, when n single i.bdfrido~l

'·fv

sle;p

The planets cry, "Forbcnr P'
They cl11>'c onr double <larknc•s: Nntnrc's glo'Jm,
And (kinder s/.ilt!) ou r intellectual night.

v.

(
'·

"Of fentnreo stern, selvn)?.!l"io well ywp'J." "
t L \\' li en, where, likes md be3t, l cun co1111n_and..
arod"
i t \V n~ nc\·cr knig-l1t o n ~roun<l uwte be w1;~1 }um comp
•
"Thy \'nice we hcnr, nnd thy be/,e.<ts obey .
"To f eel me in the solitude of kine:;."
.
,,
In su11t/1, lie was a Htrnng-c and waywan.l un{/llt.
"Il e \\'a 8 ((J weet, n li tt le rog-ni:-1 h png-c.''
. n
" Sir porter ~at l1i1n down, un<l turn'? to
nga.in.
" H'itfwulen that wouh.l come a li enner fulL

"Who had Hccn him then hcul deem'd

Ry the proud steed-like t 0 ,sing or his

cm"~;"

"He li ttle m e rit~ bli:-1~ wlio others can. ar~uoy .
'
"Tho which to gain aud keep, 11~ Haenficcd ull rest.

(3.) The adjective follows its nour: i

l\S,

" Gleams Ely•ian
In tho tropio clime of yo uth."

( 4.) The verb in the infinitive precetles tho
depends, or by which it is governed; n.s,

w~rd

on wldch It

388

POETIC DICTION.

POETIC DICTION.

(14.) Foreign itliom,, not nllowed in prose, are nlhlwe<l in
poetry ; 11~,

"W hen fir.<t thy Aire to unrl on cnrth
Virtue, lli~ darlin~ child, de," ign'd. "

(5.) A<herhs prcce<lo the word9 w hich they modify; as,
"Th e pk>ngl11nnn h"mewar1l plods his weary wny."

(u.) Prrpositio11s succcct1 the ohjcct depending upon them;
"W l1e n henuty Eden's bowers wiihin. "
"T lw Mus es fair, the"c peaceful shades among."

(7). Athcrbs arc in>erled between

(15.) Tlie nrticlu is often drnppcd ; so ulso i~ tho relative pro
no un :
u Like shipwrec:li:"d. mariner 011 df~trl C1Jast."

to nntl the infinitive; ·as,

"To awwly trace tho forest's shady scenes."

.

(8.) Tho irn pernti ,.o mood is used in the fi rst nnd third persollJI•

~

"1'urn teen moment fancy,:; r:-ipiJ flight."
" J}e man':-t peculiar 'lNn·/;: lii~ t-olo dcligoht."
"A11J wliat iR reason ? Be s/16 thus defined."

"l•'or ·1:-\ t.ht:rc nu:.{ht. in t-1lc~p can charm the wi8c \
" . Ai,. l>lackcn'J, roll'J the thunder," &c.

(16.) Tlie nntccc<lc:nt is very of1en omittc<l; n~,
So pas:-;' d lie; ·wlio liad seen lii111 then , liaJ dccm'<l ,
Hy tlic proud ," &.c.
'' IVho JoYc:-1 1 ruvc~; 'ti ~ youth'~ frcnzy.n
u

(9.) Ellipsis is •norc frequently and brgoly used tbnn in prose; wi,

•: •1:0 wli om thu" Atlnm:

(i. c., spoke)
' &rosR Jie who j11dgcs so ."
" Time ·is 0111· tedious 'oni( Rhonld here hnvo
" Bli::ts i~ the ~nmc in snbjoct fl!'\ in kinf.t
J,. who obt11i11 defen ce, or w ho defend."

"lmbi ttcr'd more from puvi"h doy to dny."
"And drow•y tinklinys lnll the distunt folds."
"Tho ploughman homeward plods his weary way. •I

(17.) The auxiliary only of n compo u11d tense is often u'c<l. nnd
the pr in cipal vcru 0111 itted; ns,
\Vhut for onr~clvcs we can, is alwny~ our~ ."
A ngch~ coul.d no m o re."
"\Vliat would thi::\ in.an J Now upn·n rd will he sour."

B

ending."

(10.) A<ljecti,·~s m·e often connected ~vi th nonos which
not properly q11nl1fy; a~,
.
-.

u

they do.,

(18.) The noun is rcpentc<l nfter tlic pronoun thnt roforrcd to
it; ns,

" It ceased, tho m clnnch o1y .nrm.J."
.. .

(11.) Or nn<l nor nre used in the plncc of either nnd rilitMr ,• ·....;_

"My banks th~!f arc forni•h eJ with bee~ ."
"lli• prayer Ii• .uith, tl.tis h oly man."

(19.) The comparative follows n positive; 1l3,

·~

" Or by the lnzy Sclicldt or wnndcring Po."
"Is n or of hen Yen nor earth."

(12.) A<ljcctivcs nre um] like nbstrnct nouns; tlfl,

(18.) Intrnnsitive Ycrbs arc rnn<le transitive;

as,

"They Ua«Z
The rnrnlt/a11, nnd /alk'd th e flowing lieart."
" Ho f/Ulurn'd no rcercnut friend ."

"/,nud and mure loud was hcnrd the sou nd ."
" rVide and more w-ide, the o'crflowings of the mind."

(20.) Nonns nre uubreviatetl; a~,
],{fJrn ftl r m orning~ Jielm fo r IH 1l1net; in'l'{te for t nrget. ; .fuunt for fonnt
r,in, (~ c .; eve fu r C\' t:ll i11 g; acclui11i fur ncclnmutivn; con.~ult for consult"
ti v n ; l•Jr8 fo r learning.

"And on U10 bo11ndfr.,. of thy good ne•s calls."
"Mc:mw hilo whntc'cr of beautiful or!'''°•
Sublime or dreadful, in enrth, sen, or sky."

.;.

" Could ~a,·c the !'on 0f Tlicti~from. to rlie."
H Ile k11e1u to 8?°119 und l111il./ the \ol)y rhymr. "
u Yet. to tl 1t:'.r ,;c ncrni':-' will tliey ull ol1t'lf'tl.''
u Gil't n:t· to sei ze rich l\'t·~u,r':-1 :-1hich.i of gol<l."
"Long were. to tell wlrnt. I lrn vc !"Ccn.''

(21.) Aujocti,·es nre nburc ,·intoll; aH,
Submiss fo r snbmi88i\'e; lwar for h onry ·
tlr1ad fo r dreadful, &c.

y<r1 for

yonder ; WM for lor.ely

~.

·' _...

~·

~-

,~,

390

Pm:T IO DIOTION.
VA R!ETIJ.<;S OF POETIC COMPOSITION.

(22.) Verbs nlrn nro nbb rcYinted; ns,
Op~ fur ope n; l ist , for li:itcn; ·i llu me for ill11minntc.

(23 .) Prefixes to ,·cr\Js nrc ~11ppli etl; as,
Di~pnrt. di.. - tuin : ..,,·nni:-1h, ernnvr. lu•di m.
.
.
, .
· or prcfixc• are omitted;
lure to r ull11rc1 wail lu r bcw .1
a i , rt u1;e 1or bereave, \,.t!:c.

ng

'

(2·L) H.cl;tli"<l prono1111;; n111l other conn ootivcs n . <l
r c1no ve1l lrn 111 tl1 eir regular positi vn:
n a<lYerbs are
~ i:ot hnlf '0 <lrcndful ri•r• lo the Bight
' n."n'~ do~. tl1c ·''cnr when f\t1 t11 mn ''' ciuh~ "

' Erect th e 8la11dn rtl tl1treo f n11cicnt ni gh t:;,

(25.) Tho anteceden t. i ~ ofte n placecl after tho r eJa t•v .
" w~ J
.
1 c , ns,
w arr.~ th ink one t.l1ing- nn <l an oll1 cr te ll
.My so11l Jctc~t :i liim ns the g ates o f li c ll." '

(2G.) Tl1 e ad veru tl1r.rc hi·l"n ,in
I
·'
g g to ~ 10 Iii 't part of a clause is
om it ted · n•
"

'

'

'

H'aa

nang-li t aro 11 11d lmt im ng-cs of rest.''

(27.) Arljccti ,·cs nm nsc<l for ach-erbs:
" Gradual sin ks tlic brcrzc."

LESSON CLXXII.
VAR!.ETIJ.:S O l-' POETIC CO ll PO

,.,,

SITIO:>r. -

•
NAIUtATIVE p OETRY.

1. .d ie Epic P oem.

In th is the pnct tell" the •tor. and .
.
)' ·
ns li e lnys clnnn to inRpirat io n hy tli c Mn •e• 1 - l '
1 :rn "11n "e nrln t <l
, . , 's
l.
·r e to t n~, hI.is ~npposed
cl1arnctcr, rnust he elc \'iit 1 "u "
1 ntnsriws·bl
· ·
c<nn n" eegn
J
wr111t1 g' t lie !'"et ncn.' i·
li
·
' · 1 e. n < m111ntic •
dn C'e<l who <·n· ·ti! r1 . npi•::,ir;;, ut various cliarnctors are iu trn.
''

~

•

11:1 L

I~

:-;:1 )I

An Epi•; l', 'l' 111 i;; tl1u rl'ci1·;l in ,- . . '
.
p1· i, o. T/ 10 nw, t rer u/. rr ., ,' . . c1se fJt ."oin e 1ll11 st l'io11~ enter· .
of !Torn er "Tl .11:7 . ,. , c '"·l'"'1lion• of I.h is ~0 1· t are" The lli •1<l"
1<' ·.11 c1<1 of Yi1.,,il th 0 "J .
.
'
]
·
0
r,. ~,o •1111! 11 10 " l '
eru ~nem Delivered'' of
.
,
' •
· itr:H 11~c Lust "
Ot!t er fonns 0,.,. a 8 J' . .
J
'
:;ne, ns <l escr ihed b D B
·
. ·
T he mixed, such r"' luc "Fae , Q
,, .
Y r. eatt1e, are (1. )
r) ncen of Spon•er, an cl the" Orlando

Fori n,o;n" of Ar i<'•tn ; in wh ich am Jes;, probabil ity, less uui ty, an<l
i.;n::it ex cr:1 va:.;:u1 co of inv enti on . (2.) The Hi«lorical poem, in
wl 1i1·l1 1l1u e,·e 11l~ nm 1-(Cll Cr:illy Im <', ail(] arranged i11 clirouo1c1 ~i cal
o .-ckr. ;;11 .. 11 "' cl1e "l'li:1r,alia" ,,r Lucan, nn<l J\ d<l i sn n'~ " C:•m1·:iig11 -" (:1) T l1(: ffl'l·nic 1itle, wl1icl 1 is w\i olly or ncnrly fabulous :
'"" 11111ru un ity 11 11<1 reg ulari ty than the fornie r, an d t urn s for the
111 <•,t J>nr t up on s11n 10 one ev en t. Snch nre somo of tl 1e talcs in
Ovi d's "Mct11111orpl105es," :m<l so me of tho ser ious pieces in Ch:rn cor's " Cante rbury T1t!es." (5.) The D idactic Bpic, in wbi ch
1
th ere is more pli il osopl1y than narrati ve ; such as Milt.on 8 "l':1rn di su He~: 1i n cd." (G.) Serious Roman ce. ; such ng Fenelo n\; "Telc·m :1chus," n sort of p rose poem. (7.) Co1uic Epfo 11octry; rn~h
a~ " Dnn Q11i xotc," nnd "liu<li brns."

2. 1Jrw11.ati.c P oeti·:;.
(1. ) 'J' li c 111 0<1l·rn r0g111a r Tra gedy of five net,. Jt is the oflice
of tr:1~<;1ly 10 exl1il>it the characte rs a111l Lcha,· ior or 111 cn as they
11 pp1::1 r i11 'o""' of t.110 mo re try in g :uHl cr itical sit u:< tion• of real
lifL'. l t. .J.,e, 11 ot, like t l1e Ep ic, exlii\Jit ch aracter~ by the n:trrntio11 n11tl .i, ..,,, ,.i1' 1.i1111 of th o poet, b11t the personage~ tl 1e111schcs
arc '"t lll·l°11rc 11 ,, actill g an<l Rpcaki ng wl1at is su itnl 1lu to the ir
par1.ic 11br cl i:1rn cte t·~ . Jt is a k ind of writin g whi cl 1 req uires an
e xtc 11 ' i vo k 11 owlcd;.;o o f tho world, a nil a deep insight into the
worki rlf;s of tho l1111J1a n hear t.
Tli o style nn1 l versificat ion of trn gc<ly onght t •> \Jc fr ee, cnsy,
11n1l vari ed. Jlh11k verso i ~ bc~t a1lnptc<l to it.
(2.) T l1e 11111ch:rn re;.;nlar Comedy of five nets. Tl1 c best ex, nm pie is Shnk, pe1 1re'~ ".Mer ry Wives of Win dsor. " Th e p:uti cnlllr :1i1J1 of Co1J1edy is to h ol<l up t o ricli cnle th e fo ibles, foll ies,
i111p1·01 •ri<:tie,, nwk wnrcl neR•es, an<l vices of mankind; wh ilo Trage•l .' · clc:nls in the [!reat sufferings and passion s of men.
(3.) Tli e hi.•lnricfLl tragi-comcdy: such ns Sh nhpenro's Juli us
C: P<:tr, lk11ry IV. , Tt i1·.!1anl llT., &c.
U .) i 'oelicol tr11rr i-cmnrdy: •n cli as t.hu Othello, 1lam1ct., ~fn~.
\ ,,.ii i, a11tl Lenr (If tl1 e srt11ie :rnt l1o r. Thi ' kin<l j, ge nc rnl ly fo1rn1 k 1l
i11 lic-t.it1n or n11 y oh;c nrc tr:1di tio11; t he f11rrn er is a detail of tl 1e
l1i,;c. .. rical events >lllll delin nti<>ll of real characters, w ith ~0 1 110
occa:;ional d eviations from historical truth.
(5.) The Ballad Opera: n ~o rt of com ed y or farc e, with SOIJfr'
or hnllndR incl 11decl.

,..

r

f

r,

DESCIUPTIV1::

302

I,YRJC

1•or.:niY.

J>O~:Tln·.

(G .) T lie I'a.ilornl: sucli ns ti p
.
an<l tl1e Ed1w11c., of "-1>en- .' .b .10 :istornl' of P.ipo nml Phillips,
o
._
. CI , Clll"jll'C«t"ll<:1J 111tl 1 r l
or solilo<Jliy . ';\li lton\ " 1 .. · l• . ;;
'
.
0 ' 1a oi;u e form
cfoath of Por. " CL>mc ii il,)tClt'. .. ~,l Hnt! ;\[aso n:; "Monody on the
0'
O
JIS C 'l SQ
(7.) Th lJramrilic Pa.~/o1'ftl. a· ~· '. t
in vc r.:iC\ wi t 11 ~"""" o1· I ... . o1 of co1nc1ly, or trngi-cornccly
~·
" ' cs 1alt: r<pcr ·, 1
I ·
1.
sons nre ~ llJ>jl<J'C:•l Lt> 1 • ·I I 1 •
M:l' :1111 Ill \\' iH: !t tl 1u per11...: !"' 1c11 i c r l "' 11r
.. ,
.
1- ·
try. Tl 1e "l'a;.tt• r Fi.J,," 1· (' . :.' . 1'""""' l\' II>I:( III tl 1e cou n~ro of tl 1iH !"' {) l't.
u 1ll,lJ 1111, Hlld th u H 1\1 11iu tu" ur Tasso,
(8.) Tl 1e .Va.•/,; : a ~<• r t of tr~· /.'.IC
•· . J>llClll llJOI'O wiJtJ
.
.·
j
·
,n d more ornamc11k1l in la1f" "" 1I11111 ,
n 11wcnt1on
be. Milton ' "c
.., u.. ,.,c
a regular tragedy sliou!d
·" ·
1>11111> IS tl10 he,t specim en.
8

m ore

p:irt.i~nlarly

to tho event;; nnd p:issio ns of rural life; such

as Shenstono'~ b:1ll:i1l in ft1nr i'rt rts.
6. The Lj1 ic E ,tl/arl, wl1il'li i; 11arrntive, r1n<l <l esc ribes :icti•>ns
,H. e v ent~, ci Lli cr warli ke or tl 1)HlC:-<tic , a~ ~ ~ CliC:" \' Y Cl1:l...:...;," &c.

7. Elegy: divi<led int.o, (1.) Tlie z1l1iialirc ,·k;!y, e:q•1·e,,i,·"
of ;;orrow, as Pope'; "Ekµ;y on a11 Unf1> rL11nato L:Hl y." (2.) Tl 10
morctl el eg-y, cxprc~si\' C of 1nor:1l ~cnti111 e n ts, wl t.1 1 an :iir of c li~­
niLy a1Hl n1 cl :1nclwly . Gray'" "Eleµ;y in n Chnrl'liy:i rcl ," is tiie
best poe111 extant o f tl1io< ;;p ccies . (3.) Tl1c cpi.<lulary ckµ;y , (•111 ·
brac ing vnriou :; suh,l ec:S in t lic fo rr n of a 1eUe r in ,- crse, w ith 1\
1nix ln r~ 1 .f' <~011lplai11t an11 t c·nde r llf'~:":. T'1) pe,~ H }:l ui=-:1 to A hc1 ar11"'
i,; th e li e't in c111r b11 ~ 1> :1).'.<'. (4.) T l1c lot·c ch-;,'y , •k•i!!11e11 f.,,pl ca:-<urc a11<l n111nsc1n e n1. (5.) Y(i\ln g':; H Cu1npl:lint,, \)c\nnt:" t P

the elq;iac cla:<~, and 11111 ~t lie co nsid erc1l n~ n species l1y il>c ll'. it.
l111s 1unch snbli111i ty nn•l p:1tl10:', mu ch cJ,'g:1 nt Llc~c rip1io11 , "'"1
d e \' Ollt and moral sen ti ment., 1lclivc ret1 w it!t uncommon et\l'l'g}'

L E S S 0 N CL XX II I.

of o:<press:1> n.

J. YHIC J'OETl!Y .

1. Tli c.l'indaric Ode, whi ch :1d 111it :< l>ul1l{'1· fi .. nrc•
.
.
more ,·:ir 1c1l li:1:-111onr 111:111 n11\· o tl 1er f, .
. "'
. , a~~ 1cqu1ros
am plcs : _ JJry•lc11'~ .. ·A lc xn ndc;··s Fca.<t.,':1•~;r'.:'.•• co111po~1 L1011.~ Exnnd th e Deat Ji of 1lie \\' .1, 1 J" 1.. 1 .
,.
· - , Odes on I octry
•
I: . I '· ·''
I 1111h1"'
0 1l c:; are 011 1p )oyccl
.
rn
th o pr:1i,;e ,,r l1<·ro~ .
·
· ~
c'
=<Ill1 Ill t 110 cclt-l11"it1011
1· I ·
ac 1iov C lllCill~.
·
o t 1e1r rnartinl
1
2. Tlic llurati. 111. Odr wli" J J
. .
..
<lari c, and I L·>'~ w1·1,J11' .'
1·'c I ins n 101 o ~ 1111plic 11y 1l1:1n the Pia0'" () 111\'C llli OII •. l I
'
rn o ny. CrnY\
Ode-:. Oil '81>1.-111 H, on Ai'
"" ' """111 ,·:in~ty
~
< ver~i, ,.
I
E of liarq;e,
Dry1h-11'.<
(),J ,. Oil St , . .~ .
·
.r ' "
"II ·.tun Col!. '
.
·- . vcCI 1:1, :i nd iw111 y ut' ti 1 l) I
..
s1ue, l1cl< 111 .I..(

t Ids

1, 11

1

cl:t~"'.

·

''

t

(·s vi Aken·

.. 3. Tl10 })(•..,·ri1,ficr. 01/f, " ·li iclo •·1i11t . I
.
111e two Ill•"! r,·11 1·1rl ··ii I
l_· . ' t io be:i 1111 e~ of' 11:tt11ro.
)
. ..., I c lllH.'111:-' pf t 1 1 1 ~ "'O ff •11 . I
1
.
· ·
• · " t oo :\ lci:rn an<l
t I 1u .l c 118uru~o ot' .Milt
mo11io11
s.
"" , w 1"'''1 a ro exrJ11i ,i 1cly l1e1111til"til nml hnr4. Tli e Son'!
1 .• f"C1lll )J( 1: .ll!. O ll nil:q .t ed !
. .· .:1 ~HI!\,
.
.
111
tcn ilecl nor. , 11 intH·li to 1 ·II . , .
'
o 11 111- 1c , :ual •
.t
t
.1 ,,u 1y or 1•re,c11 I I
1· I .
0

l"' Xp l'C~!:'
'

c :(

I

tho i<>r111 ul au
]' II

5.

.e

l.

!-.tlllH! l1!ill) ' \l l

Tl1 uSa r IC...'
jJ

·~d.J rt''"

'

.

i,l'.'~11>11,

. .

(Jl/~/ I:'

.

•
1

D.

ti

t
t)

ll"

.

.

)0(• IC:'!

!bJoy , S11rrow, lu \'P,

('11111 11 11..:vd Oii $ t) ll l C

r~l i ritJU ' ~1

t>

lllltlge:.;, ns

'-'\:.c.

1. '

.

" · 1 'J ed, 01 ben rs

L'l t._'".

""t"'"tl J,,1/l.l(l, II C' :1 rl y :i llil'<l to Il 10 Rong, lt11t refe rring

LESSON CLXXIV.
DESCIUPTlVJ' l'O.ETltY .

Descri pti,·e p oe try j, cmployet1 to describe t h 0 :1ppcr1rances
anil obj ects nf external nnt.nrc, an<1 i,; to be fonn<l mor e or le<,; in
c,·ery p:on1l poem.

Til e Scaf\<Hl~ 11 i~ unif11rmly 1lc!'l.<'ri j"' ti \·" , o r 11Parl7
it ha~ hcc11 c(' 11 :·m rod 1.on the J!ro nnd t llllt Lll':-:('ripti••n.1'10 11~h
hh! ld y orrn1111entnl , <11 1_ght not tt' t't) rtn the c:-i.~cncc of it . Jl<1\\'li V1.· r tlii:-1- is n
dclig- ht..ful w 1rk, un1.l 1.h.::-:cn· c:-1 to he ~t 11 dicd, cr:.peci all.v l1y tlw yn:111~ ~ a~
it draw~ tl1t:ir ll\tl'llt.ioll lo the hc1111 tic·:-. or n 11 t11ro, 1111~1 11 l 1<1\ll1d .... i11 1·i 1ilj!",
Tli n n1i-t11n. 1s pocni 011 u

Hfl,

t~1r whh_·h
1

Ulld bCllC\'0 \C l\f :-l l'l\ ti lfl t' J\ 1M

in it!" ,·cr:-1ili<-ntio11; a1hl

i~

1

11i~

H

ca~tlll

Of°

ll\ •lt)le 11ee' l i:'< !ll Ore fo11 1t :I '""

i11JccU one uf t.l al tu o :o;.t pleasing

pn(· 111l'i

in the

lnn >;1 1S\;.!' <' ·

Parndi'; "Tnlc nr t.lio ll crn1iL" i,; fl bca11t.ifnl 11e"1·ripl i,·,, 11:i;Toti .. 11, 1.11 t "" 1J.::,urip1irn poe m snrpasscs in iityle }l!ilto11':1 .\l le;,:1-. 1
nn•1 Pt· n• <" l'"~o .
Tli u I':]'igrll'm, strictly ~<> cnllc11, i~ n ;;hort copy nf ,·10:·.•c", "·ritt en on ,; 0111 e occ:1>io11 nut v ery impo r tant, 11 111! endin;.: with an
ll l\C'X pcctC'<1 t nrn of wit..

17"

....
~

'

·..

394

DIDACTIC l'OETRY.

In tl1e selection of circum.•lrmces h e.• tlie great a.i·t of picture.vque
icscriplion.
(1.) Tile~· shoul<l 11 ot l>c c0mn10n 011 0,, l>11t new nnd oril(inul nnd such
10 will druw attl'11ti0n.
(2.) Tliey Kl1n 11ld purticula rir.e tlio object an d
murk it dt:li11 it t:ly and •trr.ngl y. (:! .) All tlio circ11111K tn11cc• •olcct.cd
!4ho ul d co rrc~pond in the cfft~Ct; that i:c, in d c:;cribing n gn~at. object, th ey
~h o n Id tend to nugrn11dizc it, ; nnd in dC:itribi11g n gny 1111 d plc11!'\1lllt one.
slio11ld t•.:nd t'' bt•nntir,,·. (·L) Tl1..:: ci :-l'n111~ta11cr.14 slio 11l ll be descri bed
\Yitli !:'irnplieit_v nn•l t'1•11 c i .·"1t:llt'~!'\. J)n· \·ity contribute" to v ivacity. So

6111ir, Lc<·t11ro XI.

J)ll\.\ OT!O PoETHY .

This i~ dc,ignerl to gi ,·c in st ruction in philosopl1y, nn t ural or
morn], deri 1· i11g it• narnc fro m 11 Greek w o rd whi ch signifi es "to
tench." Of rlii .'< class i~,
(1.) Tl1e I'li ilosophical l'oem: '!1ch ns A rn1 st rong on "Hcnlt.h,"
Akcn,i1le\ "Plea>" tire:. uf J111 :1gi11atinn," Pope'~ "Essay 011 11.fon,"
"Oitl er'' hy Pl 1i llip,, and "The F lcccc1" hy Dye r.
(2.) Tl 1c Cvmic Satire, cxl1iuit ing th e follies of mankind in such
u ligl 1t a' tn rnal«J tlier11 1·idicnl1rn~. Dry<len, Pope, and You:i g
li:ll' o prodt1cl"l tliis >pccics of poem .
(3.) Tiic Scriou.i Satire, wl 1i c h inYCighs ngninst the vi ces and
cri 111 ~' of 111n11ki111l . I t;; 'tyle is 111oro vehem ent and solem n th an
tho preceding species. Dryden and Pope excel iu it, tho funner
i n l1i~ "Al"'nlom an•l Al1it.l1ophel."
(4.) Tl 1e ~Ho ral .Ej'istle, wl ric h p1·csents themes in philosopl1y
1
c ri tici:;tn, 11111.l tl10 aft/1irs of commo n lifo. Hornce is the great
mn•te r or 1liis •pccies of verse. Pope also has snccee<le<l well.
(5.) Tl1c 1lfvral Apolo1ue or Ji'able, i~ designed to illustrate ·
some one 111Mal t.rnth by n shu1·t :illegorical tale. Gay Is eminent
11m o 11 g EngJi,J1 poets a~ a wri1·e r or Fable.
The gn::1t art of rc11rk 1·ing a tlidact.ic poem interesting, i$ to
rclic,·c a11d a111u'o the r ca<lcr, liy co nn ecting some o.greeuble Episodes witli t li o prin cipal sul•ject.

395

SUBJECTS FOR COMPOSITION .

lt1<l icro us, by prese r ving the mnnner, o r the phrascol o_g y, nn<l
in1portant. and solemn, t o lnvol ous
l ltl ""· tte1·, '°1·0111
el1 nngi11g tic
.1
au d vu li:~ r.
, F
1
or 111ock-licroic poe 1 11~. the licst urc t!t e "Bat.Lle of l11c . r< 1 :UH
Mice," «i-ru 11 consly :i:;cribc<l l<l If1>lllcr; "Tl1c Uun ci:id" n n~l " 1.{a }'_''
of rlic l.nck" hr Pope, tlll<l "Tl1 0 D ispensary" liy Garth. l' ichl1n:; s
"Tulll Tlrr1mli;' is n 111ock- tr:rgr~dy; Gny ';; l'astornl s arc :l hnrl c~<]:ic
on tli o ]~tl u .c>: n c· ~ ol' V irµil ; l'rior'8 "J\J111a" is ludicron ~ , d1dncl1<',
and full of ex11uisilc li111n or.

g:

4.

U.
7.
H.

~-

JO.
J J.

12.
13.
14.
J:;,
ll'.
17.
18.
l\i,
20.
21.

22.
23.

LuD1c no us PoEMS.
Of many ~ort" of pn«111s tlie e111] is to exci te langht.er : such are
mocl.:-l1croic poc 111 ~ , rnocl.:-tragedfrs, mock-pastorals, and ridiculo~

24.

fpitap/i.,.
Any fieri un~ writin1r rn;iy he t11rnerl into h11rlcsquo, or mnde

2<i .

27.

Chil tlhood.
Yo uth .
Old n,gc.
A morning- wnlk.
An even ing wnll<.
A ~torm 0 11 land.
A blorm nt sen.

~; .

.

2n. llcncli t• of studying the mode m
llll'l/.{UHg'(:~ .

Ni~ht.

Spring.
Su111mcr.
·Aut.111nn .
Wi11tcr.
The city.
Tl1c country.

~D., ·;:_-

K c ic ncc~.

2. Tlic cvcnmg.

3. Dny.

~,:.

30 .

llcnciit~

of Rtndying- English
grnm lllur nnd rhet.0ric.

31. J3 c11dits of

•tnclying E11gli • h

literature.
32 . Benefi t" nnd proper rn el hucb of
reading.
33. B c11dit; and di~ad rnntn::::cs of
readin g nol'cls an<l other lig-l1l

literat11re.
34. B e nefits o f rcntling- history .
J,io1;rnphy .
35.
p•>et.ry.
36.
llC\\'t-t!1np~r~ .
37.
88.
f C \" i(' Wf'(.
A 1110011li;{ht RCcnc .
3\1. Benefits of literary corrc,1w11dAd rnntng•• of •olit11<lc.
Ad,· antug c;s of society.
cncc.
4.0. Dcnctits of tnw cllin.z.
Advn11tngcs of or<lcr.
Trn c polit.cncH~.
41. Bc n<:f:it,g of hun Lin g n11•l fi!"hing-.
T il e nrt of m11king one'" sel f 42. Dif'advant.ngc~ and jne o rin~ ni ­
cncc~ oftrn,·clling-.
li~Pl'.Y·
43. Importan ce of t.iie babit. vf n1 ed The rnlnc of n g-ood chnrnctcr.
itntio n.
The causes uud cl"ils of fomily
q1iarrci~ .
4 4 · llllJ)o rta nl'U of forming liahit.'i (If
T lic i1<lnu1tagc of clnssicnl lea rnc lose ob:-.cn·ation .
iug-.
-!5. 1Iabit8 of 1u.•atnc::-s.
JJcneftts <1f the study nf rnathc- 1<3. lluhit• of i ndustry.
nwtic•.
\ 47 . Habits 0f eco nomy.

.
..

Sll n.r F GrS 1'1ll(

311ti
4.S.

1T abi1~

' · n~t l'<

o f ei n· 11 111 :-1pC"clio n

1: .. 111111·k• 011 what it snys ofhn·
11 iili1 v.
'TI H· t•rid inn 11 :-iyl 11m.
I! PH:-><' nf rct\;:.;o fo r

r1111tit 111.

40. 1i 1lbi 1:-1. ofcourl<':" ~·.
fiO . I l1d •its (•f 111l·ck nt·:-1:o1.
51. Jl:i b it~ of rt.·l1g-in11:-\ de rr1t 1•d1.
!)2. Hc:-i pert fo r cc111:-<<: i ~'.ncc.

!t:!. Tl 1t• :tlfll"· ii OHf-10.

r,~ . l\C' ~ pect

'. !;} ,

r.t! \ ·nd c r~.

~up rr i 11 r:-1 .

to

0r

ti on~ .

!J7. It:-i i11 1l 11e nr.e in clcn1ling the
l j·111a !e :-iex .

d 11 11·1~.
ri (\.

A bo ill i11)jt1·0 ,·i ngtl1econdition
o r tlic i 111r1 r.
.:\ l~tJ in pru111 0t i11g ~cicneo nnd
t l ie nrl :'.
ll'O. .r\ l:"'o in ad ,·anci ng rJo mel:\t.iC hnppi n.·~~.
JUI. lt!'I ir dl11 1•nt·e on the humn n in•
to ·l\,.(·t.
Thi · pr••grC:;\~ or Cliri!-\ti:rnity.
H11 1y ,,r 1w1m1nti11g- itH progrr.ss.
~ t dlind~ of pro 111oti11g it!! prog·

Thu Or:1 11i ,. <•f llie 1.l crr.
Jkmtty atH i n,J,·:111t:1,!.!<·s of r:1 in .
0

Iii.

G2 . B en ut,v an d :11J,· a11ta~c-=- 1.lf~no w.
63. B c:llll)' and adrn1 :t11!.! :-i ,,f flow1

e r~ .

G~. Descriptio n nf ·"onw :-.trf·a 111 .
6.\ . DtM•rip tio 11 of n 1111>11 111ai n.
Gil. l>1:~('ripti11 n 11 f a ,·u\te,·.
Gi . Dt:o't.:rij'tion of 11 ,·iilagt..
r,8. A co 11111ry cl111 rcl1.
GD. 1 nr:d c ust11111::.
70. H11rnl • po rt , ,
71. Hural tli6con1fn :- 1~ .
72. Cily Ji:-;cn m \"rn·t~ nnd pc·rilr< .
73. C i1y nd \':llltn;.:e~.
7·L Scene~ in a rn ill.'ur.
75. ~C'CIH:s l\l u rnilw:1.'· ~tal i o n .
7G. 'l'!tc telt',t: nq d1 .
-;·r. 'Tl1 u po:-.t-o fli <'C.
78. 01w11i11!.{ <1t' t liP mail.
'i~ . 'l' l1 e po\\'t·r 1 1' 11rw:-p r1p e r~.
~1l . T l11.! lll'rll:L'!•'.~lti.: .

~:.!.
~;; .

f.\.j ,.

85 .

sr..
&7 .
B~ .

r l'~~ .

110 -.. Tl10 "ncinl culture impor ted by
l'llri:itimd tv .
· 1or;. Tl1 e n1 o ral c. :11.lturc which it con·
f1· r~.

11\7. Tl1c lii;!tt it. tl1rows on n future
t-1Tnh: .

JM . On ti.,, resur rection of tho body.
lf)fl. \'11ri t11t:i fo rm~ of ido lnt ry .
l 111 . \"ari ' ·ll~ s11pcr~titiond .
111 . J'\ntinnal e 11 :-sto 111~ .
I:! . !"ation:1l jcnlousic;;,.
Thr. l1;dJ .. t-l11• X.
] 13. E \' i l:i n f wm·.
T l11: co 1111 1101 1- :-cl10Hl.
. 11 ~ - J-: , il:o' of pol.rgwn y .
1 l L •. l>rnr 11 ati c cntc rt ainmc1 1t~.
'l'h1! 1· 11 ll1•g-1 •.
}\·11 1:t\t: R1.:1 11 i11uril'~ .
i l l ti. 'fi11)llght~ ul the beginning Of
Ncl't':"sil_r nf popnlttr r(l 1u:ati1111.
1,Jic yra r.
Th e lia l1it 11!' 11ttent1n11.
117 . Th1 , 11 ~ hls at llic clos e of tho
ll t•W }'ridi· di1'1pl:1y s ih1 ·l f.
y1•:1r.
Hc111 ;1r k:") 011 wliat tlil· Bil1 !e ~ ; n·s 11 ((. Tli•1t1 ~ li t:-\ at the l>e•ginning o' t
(,f tiriJ".
.
t1 ·nu 11f ~trnly .
1

1-il.

1\ ., ,du11" fort he dcnf nnJ d umb
fo r the bli nd.
1\ :-1yl 11m:-\ for the insane.
I nllncn l'
Chri,tianiLy iu
f11u11d ing b e nev olent indti ltt·
1\ , ~· \11111"

ft•L .A ll'ubili1y t o itlf'l' r i rJ r~.
f> ·' · Kindnr:-.:.:-1 t" l1n lt t·~ .
fiG. f)ur uhli:.:ntion ~ tr• the I1•)J':o'~ .
,.,7 . Our o! , Ji;;atio 11 ~ to t !i(; e1JW a nd
t!te ox .
r.s. Oar ol1li~:Hio:1~ to tltc l1ir· I~.
5~). Tile C\· e r- \·aryi11g- beauty o f thP

I]

I
I

SU BJli:GT:'i FOR 00:\IPOSlTION.

>S !TI ON.

397

119. ThoHf!hl • nt tl1 c clooc of n tcrrn 150. A j o nrn cy throu gh Cnn ndn
of "t 11<1,,·.
W est.
151. A j ou rney from Portinncl to
1 20. D11t it.::-1. t.•1 n<·h1 11 1 l inul(·~ .
)\\
ontrl':tl.
l'Ll. A jo11n11·y to :o'01 11c plucc.
122._ l111p nrt111 1cc <Jf } lllH!l Unlity in l fl2. A jou rney frnm Al bany t o ~I o n­
trcal.
~e i11,o\-1lutic~.
153. A jonrnry from St. L o11i:" to
]23. Plca:..:.11n.: s ot' R(' liool.
1\ cw Orlcnn~.
J H.
of !t ome.
o f vncati on.
1fi·L A sail up th e ll11 ll ,on riYer.
12.'i.
A ,nil up the l'otomnc rh· cr .
1:!il. The oe('upnti1>11s of tl1e form e r . ] 5:""•.
A ~ail up th e C0nnccticnt rivrr.
l ~i . T he occupationi-; of tlic 111 t r- 1G6 .
chan t.
l f)7. A !'I.ail ll p the Ohio ri ver.
i 58 . Is i b"'t t o cncc>t1cn1:c the cclc128. The o cc 11pn tio11~ oft.he sailo r.
brntinn of the \,irth<lay• of
12a. The oc~npati1111s of the carpeng- rcnt rncn ~
t e r.
15\J . 'The 1H·et: :-\:o:itv of o t ~ cnti0 n t.o
)~~. Tl1 0 occ11pati o11:o' cd' tl1c mnson .
henl t h, in ,; life of st11d y.
131. Th e oec11patio 11s of the p riu t~r.
A JlOOd h eart H C CC~Rary to cnjt1:·:
132. Th e occn putio tt' or the cnbin ct- 160.
th e b<'nn tic~ nf n ntur<" .
rn nkcr.
On rcadin~ merely with a \' ic w
133 . Tlic occn patinn:-l of the tnnn c r. 1 Gl.
to nmn~ c mc11t.
134. The occ11p:1tions of tho blac k·
'V \iicla wnl\ th<: greate r r efo rm·
"rnitlt .
\ 1 6~ .
e r, Peter t ltc ci n: at. of H 11!":-1\n 1
1 ~5 . The occ11pnt i on~ of th e c11gio r l l<: n ry V lll. uf En:.:la11 <l l
ncc r.
it):). V t:nturo n oth i11g , ~ain 1wtliinµ- .
J3rL Th e ocenpntit1n~ of t.11 0 Clli to r.
On true p11ti1:1u·e n~ llii.;tingni ~ h~
1:11 . T he Ol'Cll p11 t i<.:11 s of the n11tho r. l1H .
ctl fro1n in~ cn~ iUility.
1111pnrtnn..:c <ii pcr:-i c \·cruncc .
\
A jo11rney tl1r u11gh t he State o f \ 163. A ~nil f n1m :-=. t. Loui~ lo St.
P:n11'!'-( .
New r ,,rJ.:. .
A rid e thrvugh ~fl clii~nn .
H O. A j011 rn ey t ltro11gh the State of 16G .
l' c 1111 :<.yl\'an i~l.
167. W hich i• th e rn o"t enlightened
nnd civilized country ut the
141. A .i ''"rney t h rough the State o f
prc,cn t t ime 1
Virginia.
A journey through the Stntc of Jr.S. N c \' Cr tl)O old to lcnrn.
1

I

H~.

C onn oct ic11t.
\ l lJU.
)4 3. A jr>11rn cy th rough the Slate of j JiO.
~{ac-..~ : 1(;]11\ :o'('tl ~ .
1171.
114. l !i t l1c gutnc of huckga111 111on to
ltc c n co u rng-eJ 1
1172.
Tl1c Rlntc 1111 <1 pro,pcct• of Clo iii. I
The ~tntc nnd pro~ pcctf4 of l'cr11 . l li 3.
The 8t a te 1111<1 prospect" or ~[ex-

Power of mu ~ic.

l'ow c r o f eloque nce.
D oc• cli111:1l e nffccL toe charnc·
ter of n pcnplc 'I
On the L(':ll1ty n1h.l hnrpi nc~ s of
n11 i11 gc111 11111 ~ di~poMi ti•) n.
011glit t li c !"al e of ard e nt t(pirit",
for u:-1e a~ 11. d ri 11 k, be pro·
l1 i \1i Lt·~l hy bw 'f
l CO.
! _ K eep
ont 1J t' 1lt- l1t.
I ~ frn icidc a 1•n1o f of co urage , or ] ,.i.
A j 1t11r11l·Y tl1ro11gh \\'n lc ".
uf 1 \11..: w1111l of it?
, 175.
A j o unwy l1rO!l:fh S•:vtl ur.tl
H n. A jo 11 n1t' ;· t\P·11H;.:h Ca11arln East: , 17 G.

i

·.·:'

SU11JECT S FOR COMI'OSITION .
2 .• ~.

177. A }'nrnoy th rong-h l rrlnnd .
178. A journey tl1rrn1g-h En,!.d111u.1.
1 7 ~ . \\' ho io tl1c hero or l 'araJisc

1210. The c xi Rtcnre o f God.
1
1 211. Th e wonders ur t •e eye.
212.
"
"
1rnriJ.

1 213.

),o,L !

180. A jn11 rn ry f ro m ~c w York to 2a.
Sun Fran ci~c·o .
21G.
181. Tl"' S1111 J\\'i eh blalllb.
l 82. 1' c11r<l-1>iayinf( n justifinblc : 21 7.
Ull\\1 :-. t' llH.:llt 'l
~18 .
l S3 . Jln·e.~·t tL ~late nnd p ro~pcct:-; of t l!l.
?\ ('\ \ ' Holl a nd .
~:!0 .
l S·I. Th o \f o,L l11.li1.1 [,Ju n d >.
1&5. .Mvll 11n111 1(".l nni:-;111 -h u:-i iL pr•)dnccd rn1 •rc c\·il than good 1
I SG . Th i! ::itutc 1ui d J'n)~p ec t=-- o f" Brazil.

1

121.5.

l

1 ~7 .

l::Yil s of

inl('tnpcrnn~(' .

l f'8 .

ign O rit!l ('C' .

1sn.
190.

s11u tl' and toli:1eco .
opinm .

l ~l.

fa~ lii ll ll .

1"2.
1\•3.
104.
105.

,g-nmcs of chn n<:c.

Inn oce nt nm11 ~ cm ent ~.

Rui 11 o n:-t a1n11 :-1erncnts.
Tn"LO for "im plo plcnenrc, .
Th e ht:a11ty of na t11rc cnhnt1cNl
hy n~:-1oeia ti11 g it w it h t he Crt>;-

~c1ilpt 11rn .

tc:iclic r.
n1 1 t;..:-i ~Lrn t.c.

stutc:-rn nn .
r' Cl'\'all t.

rnnstcr.
:-;tcw;1r1 1.

f't11dcn t..
Ung-.
lfo l,it • of the d og .

0

k!1 11 tt l ci..:oc k.

C'ilt.

a11d rat.
lien ali~l cock.
ox and co w.

2:!8 .

T1)11rnarne 11 l~.

11 o r~ e .

2~~1 .

Tlic d11d - its
wi ckcd n e:-1.:i .

; :!;}G. Tucit nn ii t y .
· :?:H. Drn111a t ic c n tc r lain m cn~.

12=FL
1

, Jc1tlo 11 ~y .

~D~. f'el f-to n t rol.

240. Tr11•L i11 UoJ.
!!41 . F cwtitu.Jc.
ntor.
12-i2. Affcctnlion .
20G. C ooJ cm<l l1nd tff1·ct:-( of n <li- ~·1-:3 . A 111otli c r 1r1 influ e nce.
c 11 lc.
2-l'L Ob lig-a t i o n~ to a m oth e r.
207. Tlii11 .~~ , fl:i wt.di a ~ lwok !".1 1 to \Jo '2·1:1.
" fothe r.
fi\ t u <l i cd.
~{G .
u
h r0t ln1r.
205. ~I o nd i11flncn co of pninting a nd 2·H.
u ~i/'\tcr .
~09 .

d :111:.rl1 t c r.
pn:;tn r.

D rr\c ripti on o f o ther ga m es.
T l1c $ pa11i :"\ h bn ll-1.miting.
Glad iat u rial s h o ws .

idien cs~ .

(~ n cs t illltnbl c nmu ~<' me11t~.

wi re.
:-i lJ fl.

.l ' lcn:-;11 rer-s of vont h.
Pro per re~tr~i ntil in c hildhood
and youtl 1.
T.Jie g:tn 1n at. 111111.
'l'\1 c, g a111 0 nL baLtl cdo ro .nnd

"

~-!~.

T ho wondcrn of tii~ b1111an 249 .
frnmn
2[>0.

Ohlig-ati ons to k in<l nC' ig lihoi-a..
to t h o :;11l,b11 th.
pulpi t .

I

J1n:-; l.Hl1 1d.

sick nc:s11.
pro•pc rity.
advers ity.
Dangers o r cl 1i\Jh ood .
l'l e a~ nrc s of ch il d h ood .
Dnngcrs o f yout h.

abs urdity an d

2n.

tl 1 cprc .~ :".

lihrnrv.
~.-. 3 . T he f11it\1f11l fric' ll•l.
-

111i11 d.
The lcs"ons tllug ht by henl th .

bein g 0YC rw o rk cJ.
2:.10. Dcci:-;i<) ll of ~.: hn ra ctc r.
the pre" .
T he 1Jccc"'' ity o t" being nl,]e to
the ~la\· e - trn t J,:.
~l'l)' l\:n,
1~6 .
1111 i ll- te111 pe r.
l Oi.
En vy , it" blld d frcts o n t he sub ·
c:xtrn,·aga11cc in cxpcn196.
.i<"Ct "" well "" object.
:! .....
;, ...
ditnrc.
- ·)•) . Fluttery .
Hi~ . E\·i ls or r~1111 ri oUR!l(' S.:--.
I ~:.;-L Sin1Jdc r.
200 .
la n;c cities.
; 2~;) . Tnlk11tivc 11 c:s ~.
20 1.
!!02.
203.
204.
20;).

Chli,!!ation :-. t<

2 :1~ .

11 w1 1 ~c

27:1.
274..

'.!7 5.
~~G .

277 .
278.

clcpl1nnt.
c roei,Jilc.
\\' hal e.
porpoise.
oyste r.
singing- bin.ls.
pigeon .
swn !!o w.
n:-;,t 1·it·li, & c. , l_~C".
H onesty the hcs t policy .
I 11n:: nt io n of th e m arin c r'fi coin-

T ho domc.• tic lifo of the anci ent
Egyptian .'\,
'..l ~1 4_, Tlie tlo111c:-- tic life of tlie He ' lu·c w:'.'.I.
2'.\5. Cl1uncc r o.n d bis n.g-c .
~tni . D rr<le 11 n11 d hi ~ H~C:.rn7. T l;c ~:t1 11 cati o n of .tile fl.C t 1:-;(· ~ .
~ 'J S. Tli c l{t:t'o nna ti0 11 Htl<l cr Lut ~i c r.
2f1!l. Tl1 c E11glis! 1 R(•f't.n rn atinn .
8UO. Tli (J clrnrnctr r o f B yro n.
30 1.
30~.
C"wp.,; r.
303 . 1\ m c rican nr i:-- 1.l'Cl"a;,.'y .
:rn-k }ll •1ra l ::rn \,li 111ity.
:HJ.) . l l1111 1c.
Ql) 1i. Al e xand e r t.lic Grcnt.
3tl7. The Cr ns;nl~·s.
30~. The i1d!11t1: ec 11f lliu tine llrta
u pon t r11 e rc l i.::w11 .
~00 . T he u:-:.c of a di,·cr:->ity of la n -

I
1

~·

gnugt.!~ .

1

310 .
311.
3 12.
3 13.

~ di ;: i011:'.'.I

i.u tvlcrn11cc.
T lic U nio 11 .
Tl1 c art of pll~a:-.i ll f! .

E111 11 lati o n.

3 1·1. l'rQc rn:$ t inatio 11 is tli c thief of

tini c.

"

31;, , Op1:ning- of th e ports of Japan .
27~ .
:l l G. Ball ooninl( .
3 17. Sknti 11g.
;31 ~ - J\11 1t l'i L·:lrt n h•,rigin..:'~ .
3 1\1. 'J'll e t ll'ect of !iCt:!tirinni .~ nt nron
the gc nernl ~r r(' ad and inti np a!'\R.
crwe ol' C l1ri:-;tim1ity.
2~ 4 . Tile itwcn tio n o f t he nrt of 320. 'Vo1111111':-1- r i;.:111 :-1.
printin_!!.
: ~:n . D nii di ~rn u1td tlic n rniils .
:! S;;. T h<: i1 1\ •·ntio n f'l f tlic art of dn- ::;2~. The RC·ntirnl'nt- 11 \\' hate\'c·r i~ ,
g" llC ITC\H ,\' Jii! lg'.
l:"\ riµ-l1 t 1 11 f' All:-;idl'l"t ·11.
2~G . T l1t: i11,·e11t iu1 1 .,(' tlit'.: nrL o f l<: le- 32:i. Sl 101dd ! lit: 11 1ai 11 l' !zd .. r p11r:i :·d1 f: l"•t] d1i11g.
tl 1v.nt ht• Lite ro•t't1ri 11 :1ti n nf tl1·~
2 ~ 7. Tlie in \'l.: 11 ti o 11 of t li c cottn 11 -g in.
\·ri r11innl or tli u 11 r1:\'1;t1 t i1n1 of
11

'.! MB .

tl:ic:-; ('.•) p C.

2 .-.:~ 1.

111 icrc1:-:cnpc . 324.

c ri111~ ,~

])11 1~~

di,i11 :(' r<·:-i tcd \1 t·ni!\· 0h: n 1:0
'2:10. l ' rnpc r d't :-t rihntio11(11'1111r t i111 c.
(':\ i ~t. lllll•ll! !! lll\'ll?
2'.1 }. Tli r. .Jo m u~Lic lifr n!'tlic l~ ornan:-- . 32;; , Tiit• trial~ nr l l ll: t('JH:h i:r.
~n 2 .
:) :~1 ;. Thi· t ri; 1L"' ()f t \11' ~! 11 •knt .

{·_.,

368

l'OICTICAT, l'Ausrm.

3G!:l

POETlCAL l'A USTi:S .
.l<'avo 1·R t.0 no n e,

. C·t !'I,
·
v l .t~ 11 C l.cjt.:

I to

nll sh e • mi le• ~ x tcn d~ ,

UuL n ever

o1h:11 J :-1 .

0 11 c c

.•

.
fift h " ·lhlrk il i\' i<li n;! tile 1111e
Wl1 cn t.1 1c pnn-c fall~ afte r tl 10] . · ) ·1' 1,· ·1', 1n1·'"l The ,-c r~c
•
l
•]i (_ • 1~ ~ e ll:o:i J J .1
int.o tw o e'] ll:l l po rt1lln,, t IC me _> j ·, .·I ' t I 'lU \\' ii.Ir tir e f•>r111 er
I " fl ,i w111
. 10.
g y 111r,· w
, , >1 cJ 1 ·ind
loses tlint bri' ,·!·' nu <1 ·<>I ri,Ji1l
p •."U
• "8C, '·rnd lieco1n es inorc ~ nwoth, g e n t. r, •
. 1
i

I . \.

'-

•

I . - i o f t ir e ' rotlc'8 m11H '
11nc . l ' .; ./ eueh wi,h rc,i g n\1.
End i prny e r a ccc pl t..: t , ; •1 l.

Ex .u1rLE.- Et crn:il

. ' f,, lJo"· tlt e ' ixtl1 ~yll:t l 1l e , tl >c t e nor
Wli c: n th e pa1 1' c pr<>CL'C'<b t <
·1·1 ' ,- ·1·-c i1> arc li c, n11 w
l1t•t 111u t~ j i.: 11111 rt. 11 d g1"tY
' C. I '"in c<:i .t li e r t• f t l1c t wo
\Vitl1 a i11ore !"' Io w a11 J 111 1.:.
.. 1, 11 rc1l pa ce, l '""
form e r CU:-' C~ .
.
·
of t li e u1u -.ic

LESSON

:-=- 11

di rc r11 1tii11g-l
•1m ng
Ji:xA~II' L E. -Th c w rn t h,~ f' I' ·l cn•··o' •0n
··c.i ; 0I t ,ho
.r oJJe~~,
Of all

T here sho1ild be ::t p:1nso nt the clos
where n o pa.u se i~ reqnired hy t ho
sense, o r cwsural p:msc, is ·nt , or uot
tlie verse, and i;i nntnrally mntlo bt
r cHtli ng of t he n rsc. If it nlwn. ·l\ t
place, monoto ny would be tho rc~ult1 ....

"Ill.'

. ·( J

ti1C v r c Cl:JIJ \\'

c. '

t

"

liccoin c• sti ll innre ~c n ,il• le , " ·li en
lln t t.li c 1!1':1 " <.' ~olenrn cn11e 11cc
. !· \· !·· w J,i c l> is tl >c nea rest
- f'" JJ ,· "nf'tnoth e r·rn,c
.c' t !1 0 ~ C \'(; ll llr ~) j " I l ,
.
'
.
I
l
t'
ti
c
lin
e
tha
t
it
Call
OCCllJlj .
P l:lce to t ' " c11 1 "
'
.
• •
J\ HI in th o 'm ooth <l cscnp
· t'10n I rnurm
.
ur 8\111.
Ex AM I I.E. - L oIrw- IO \ .Cl,
1 nu·' o rcd id cu; ! I uli 11J1cu .

" l , tl ' ere arc someti111 es leoscr or half-p attse8, as
I3 c,idcs t '11 c Clesura
In tli e lin es :
.
~ ' i n t l H: tweeze,
\Va rrn~' .in the~ flnn , "" rc frc.;:.!11Ji, c~~11111.
.; ' in I l ic t ree~ ;
Glo
w:1
'
in
lhc)J'(fl\'t\
irc'1!~dc;
o
.
:
tt~;,·
d :'\ ' tl 1nJ11 g h nil cxton~
Lh·o~ ' tl 1ro11 g 1 a
1
·
~p rC lt<l::\ ' Ill I t 1·I\"J.
I C t.1' " O!)C ratc l'>' llll H-}H.: u t .

LESSON CLXII.
RULES F'Olt 'I ' ll!!: l'Rl N(;! l'AL 01 1
On lie r w hito hrcn •t I n ~pnrJ<l i 111: ti'
a)f
Wl1i cli J e 11·" m iglrt Id '" f 11110 l11Jl<ld J!11doro •
He r l ively l()oko j a " flr iglr Lly niiud <l i;11:l?.l(!,
Qn ick as her eyes I nud n• unilx'd 1111 l.lio ;

, , _H ' \T '
C .~c ,,..,

PA USE.

• · rin r i ) •1 1 o r foll pnn ~ o in fl lino.
J T l1cro sli onl<l li e o nly o n e J•
I ·f. ·ti t ire fi!'t lt tho ~ i x ll 1,
·
. · nft cr tl 1e o u1 1,
'
2 Tl1i • p: rn,«:: m ~y occ ui
. .
·
f tir e p·1t1"u 1:11'>• ti
.
- ·!! · \,, Tl ii~ <11 , ll'I 1J ll t l O !l \)
..
: II' 1!1 e ' l' \'en t li ~.' ,l 1 e.
,
. - . , ., i11 to ln11r k1111 ' ·
o
.
. . l' \'i di1w E1 q.,:Ji ,Ji li er" 1c \C l . C
'
/u l ll ll l n t l " ll lnl I I
o
J ' t • 0\Yll p ecu\i ;tl' rncJ .,d) .
Ea1· L ki 11 d , n.s aL u ,~ c sLu wn, n1s l
:j

400

SUDJECTS F1.

l:,ITION.

401

llUilJJWTS FOR COMPOSITION.

rcn- 1'

827. Th e co m pnrat i ve ser vi ce
th:ri;tl to 11 rnnki11d h.Y Cu l111nb 11 ~ an d ~i r 1:-taac New ton.
:J2~. Ca:-i.t 111Jt pc:1 rl~ b1·l~•r1.: ~ "· inc.
32~ . Chri;ti11n• - t he li;;l1t o f t he
w o rld .
330. A ne w .i 1 rov m s,,·ecp:-i clcnn .
831. The Hi h h: " " an o rJinn ry rending-- hnfl k i11 M<.: hoj1 l!{.
ll:J2 . ~take liny \\'liilc the ~ un sltin cM.
333 . u B1·g-.111c tl11il cnre. 11
334. A re p aroehinl s chools to be enC'Ol l l"f\,!!Ctl

1

a~,

pri tle t o be commended 1
. li e fop .

3;)~'. 1'11c garn e!:'tc r.

3GO. C lwraetc r us nffoctc<l by phy•i·
cu l a11d m orul

.) 1;1 . Hn11 1e

W HB

CJ

11scs.

not b·.i ilt in n day.

31.;~ . Lalior O\' CrcorncK all

tLinge.

, 81i~. C iv ili zn t ion in Af'ri cn.
30 4.. Pr()grcs:i of Christiani ty in .Af...
ri cn.

ar.5. h

lnbor " lil es8i ng , or n curso 1

366 . Stnt c ot' c,lucntion in Turkey.
3117.
"
"
Chi nn.

33.i . '.l'hc Cool y-t ra<le.
:-tr,s.
"
J npnn.
3:;G. 0 Yer-nn x'ict\·.
3G9 . fa tc11 or coffee, ns n drink, in·
337. \Vhi d1 .t{i\'c~ mo~t plcnsurc, fu ct
,illri o11 s 1
or ti.:1 io 11 ?
370. E rn nlu tion in 8choole.
33S. Cl 1ri :"ili un ::i - thc ~a lt of the earth. :17 1. U•e• o f biogrnphy.
j .. -,)
8 ~ ~ ­ T he .. !'1,,...t., 111·rn
"
hi:-;tory.

o·iO. The mi1~c nd k':11~<lf)m ns a s uh- I J;;~

I

Man, ncco untuulc for his opin·

je\'l of i11q_•:-'til!'alio11 .
ion:'.3.
Tl1c \'C'gctub lc kin;!do m also.
374 . I " it expedient to wea r moum•
The n11i111al ki11gJ0111 :ll!'\o.
ini; np pnrc l 1
"T ire hnLtlo i• not to the
~lnk e hm1te g e n tly.
~ lrong . "
:J7fi. He,ist tl 1c beginnings of evil.
3H . Tlic ri\·~r Gang-rsnnd i t ~ tow n:-i. 377. I" n lie C \' Cr ju :;titi 11ble l
..
3'\.) .
"
Da1111 Uc
''
~'
378. Sh o 11 !J t he truth 11lwnys . b~
34G .
Th nm cs
• 1·o kc n J
047. lifuy we expect the Y.nµ-lhd1 1nn- 3iQ . A \·oid ex tremes.
g11 n,g-c to hcco m c uni\'cnm-1.
380. lfo m11n conq nc ot in Britnin.
3·~. 8. 011~d1 t KCCr\Jt rm oi <~ t.i cs to be nl- 38 1. Th e wi,<lom of uimiug 11t per•
}owt~ d i 11 co llegcR1
fe et inn.
81U. Th e loca:i t ic• of the Engli Hli a~ 2 . A e ultivn tecl mind ncec•snry to
un i \' C r~ i tic~ .
mnkc rctircr11 unt ngrcenUlo. .,,
850. Th e locnlit ic• of t he Scottb h 383. Th e want of pc reou nl be:1111ty n

137,;,

351.

1111h-i: r~it i c !-<.
1:-t it ('\'er 11dvi~a l1lc

freq 11cnt cause nf virt11 0 n.nU,
Ji oppi11 cS!-(.

to net fro m
poJi, ·y ra ther Lh nn fro 1Jt p nn - 38·i. T he in can !i of renderi ng old nge
cil'lc ~
li onoruUl c nt H.l co mfvrtnblc.
Th·~ l11J iV1·r:-:-itic·i-t of C<' n 11:111 y.
as;, . Tli o c.li~O J \' all togo of pul,Jicly
~tutu of 1·d11c:11i on i11 ~pui n.
11 d0pti ng n new tran sluti on of

I

city
t,lie Bible.
11nJ co11 nt ry lifo.
38G. O n t he m11lt.iplicntion of books.
8.)5 . Stnte of cd11cHt.i() n i11 S onth 3~7 . T~1 e rnl11e ofnn hone't mnn.
Am erica.
388. Mn:-:.ic, us im nrnt1sc111 ent.
S:>G. Tbc
Wc•t.
I ssn. Th e in fl uence of fas hion.
Cn111 pnrnlin; udv antag-.:ti o f

.,,.,,,.t

390 . Th e fcn r o f gro "'in g old.
414. T he t en cle!1cv of Si r W alte r
Scott's wri ti.n_!!~.
l lj rea<li1 1g, or ob::- crvntioo, the
better ~o nrl·C o f knowl edge.
41 5. T he tcndc11cy of L ord Byron's
Compa ri •on or Alex1111 de r, llnnwritings.
ni ual , nn d .Napoleon I., t1s 416. Th e tenJcncy of Dicken"' writ ·

an .

ge 11 c ni b .

1

D;1e" m o rnlity ndrnnee with
ci\·iJizu tio111
894. Co111p:irati,·e selfi,hnes" of th e 41 8.
nii oe r a1Hl t.he p rolli).(11te.
4rn.
J :l th ere rcasn n t0 "' rro•e t hnt
420.
other p l:11 1cl:-1 :lrc inlinb itc . .l 1
396. Is chil <lltooJ 1.h c 1111p pic:it peri od o f life l
121.
397. Not 1111 is g old t.lrnt g litters.
4'' 0
3~8 . l11tl11 cnce of C ro mwell.
" l'ctc r the C rc:1t.
390 .
423.
" C l1a rlcs l l.
400.

4.0l. Th e

nLl \'itllt fl )!C

ing~.

1417. D ocs poY crt y or ri chc8 d en:lop

Bn.

and Ji::inJ\·on-

tagc o f crilil·nl n.:\· icw~, to KCi · 424.
c11 ce :1nd li:cr;i t11 rc.
402 . Ougltt '' l:t\\')'cr t.o ,\cf'en<l w h l\6
ho kn o w:i lo be tlie wro ng e. idc 425.
of n cn11~c 1
403. Are w o 111c n ecpinl to men in 1 421\.
mcntul p o w er~ 1
404. Co mpn rati ,·ee,·i l oflosso f •ig ht , ,127.

and of l1cnri11g.

cliarnctcr lic!;t.

Enrly ri:-5i nµ-.
The Jo,·c o f m oney, the root ~t
11!! e,·jJ.
Is lnn gun~c of hum an or of divine o ri g in ~

ha. p11hlic tri lie preferred to a
priq1tc cdnrat ion ?
:Expe ricnec nu invul11nLlc tc.nchcr.
l:vil comm11nie:\t i ons
g-0od m;111n c r~ .

corrup\.

S. lto11 Jd the c0 11r;:;c of f'tnclv in
ac1H.l c 111i c~ and colleg-r~ , fo r all
pupil. be the • :im e 1
0

lncxpcdi cn<:y of <lc \· o ting t oo
nrncli ti n1c to 11 cco 1 11pli~linicnt~.
N o nne • hould Ii,· e fl'r J1 irn sr l(

:1l t)!lC.
011i(l1t m n1cs nntl fcmnlc• to he

ctln('ntcd at t.li c

~H iil e ~ c hool

l

4.28. JR t h e pu lpit o r the bnr m oro
fo\'orn ble to cl q11 en ce 1
-129. Th e tendency of th e &tnd y of

405. W as it ri :,:ht t o execu te Majo r
1\ nd r61
406. Exnmplo bette r t hn n precept.
407 . Tlic Cn1 satl cs- thuir c trccte.
408. Do r cnl or i111nginary evil• c1111RC,
on the whole , the 1u ost MnU'cr ing 1
4.0~ . T he compnrative be nefits of fi re

n1yt l1 r1 loµ-y.

4:>0. Stree t b e1r1!'llry.
4.31. D ocs tm1 1ptn t ion

tho
1
432. The ns•ault• o f Infidelity up on
lr"Rc n

hl am cwor t lii nc~~ of t; timc

nnd water.

Chri :-:.tiunit.v.

4 10. Is it lrn e t hnt "Ev e ry mnn is 433. T he cle:uth of J uliu• Cre•n r.
the rtr<'i1 itccL of l1i :i o wn fo r- 434. A ro wo111P.n 111 nrc }li\·cn to r 0 ....
tune ~n
\' Cng-« U111 n 1111 ·1 1 ?
411. l:; it ex pc41ic11t tlrnt. w o me n 435. 'Va~ tl 1c fa te of Si r 'Nn lt<:r nn~ h o nlJ \'Ote olt tl1c lmlloLleig- /1 d o~(l rn:d ~
bo x 1
431). luti dcl tc111..l e11cy iJf Popc'i:; H E.i fla_v 0 11 ~Iim."
412. lly wl1i ch i:-\ rnnn most i tro n,irly

i1dlUt:11ccll--hy hope , or t'c11 r ? 1, 4.37. ll c wl1 0 giYi..•s
·il 0. A.I nmt :tg-C:i of ad\'crsit.y .

I

tfl

the poo; '"ill

not Hn r1.hi 111 !'l.df t he r ooror.

"
I
I

402

403

SUBJECTS FOR COMPOSITION.
SUDJEOTS FOR COMPOSITION .

I

Bible rcl igi0n kno w• n othing of 4G1.
1uo11lc::i lllld lic rrn it:-i.
43!:1 . l' rniso is n tcl"t whi c h proves 4G2.
i·ithc ra m:i11' :-i. prid e or piety. I
HO. A "".'° 111 puthizing fri <.: 11J. ri;frctilics !4-03.
th e spi rit.
4-11. F rt '!"""t change of bn«in cssnd- 464.
'1

It is good to cnlcnlntc how "

th i n~ will c11d.
W c 11 ro not to expect perfection
from 011r fcll ow-111 cn.
Tli e mo::; t po wurl'nl nonnrcb
can n1)t dcfo11t. d eath .
A 11 men nro 11uidcd by n Di ~illo

v c r~ e to :-:.n cc c~~.
l)rovide11ce.
442. Oq.:rprai:sin.£{ n man, mnk cs him 4G5. Tito hup py nrt of learning not to
nn objrct of envy .
spcnk too mu cli, nnJ wlicn wo
•143. \\' c 11111~t nnt. g-i n 3 tl wt p raise to
do spcnk , of speaking to ttomo
011 r fri end which Lclo n gs t o
good purpose.
God 011lv .
46G. L e t ns a,· oid spcnking evil, na
4H. li e wlio iistcns to lies will be
well us doin,!? evil.
s11rTOnnd cd by li1n".
467. No gnycty will put off donth.
·1-1 5. Di,cip!ine i" t li c order of God'• 4G8. The IC1w of God i• tho gl'cntc•t
go \·crn111 e nt.
snfcg unrd.
4-16. Jt ;, wi"lo 111 to keep every one 4G~. Nothi11 g so effectually hi<lce
i n li b proper .stnt i1ln.
whnt we nre n~ s il e n ce.
447 . A nge r opens t lie ttood-gntcs t o 4.70. Do n ot vi • it y our ncil:(hbM so
JllHllV C\'i}i; .
ofte n th at ho ~hull ~ny, "lt is

4-i8. Tli c 1:...:a r of man makes n mnn
enongh 'f "
m con ; t he fear of Go d makes 471. Ho is truly rich who clcsiros
lii1n great.
noU1ing.
449 . G ood m e n IO\'C thei r worst enc- 472. Ho who considcrg conscqncoccs
rni c~ .
wi th too mu ch 11Ltcntion iij ordinnri ly n mnn of no oonrngo.
4o0. Ti rnc-sen· crs.
4(;1. Sel f-kno wl edge will mnkc n s 4'13. D o good to ltim who does yoq
huml)lc.
evil.
,
4G2.. L c•so ns ta11ght by the nnt.a, tho 47 4. Commit not th o fnult for which
conics, tlie l o cu s t~, nnd the
yon re p rove others.
"pi d<: r.-J'rov. xxx. 25- 28.
475. Count thnt " lost <lny io which
4D3 . J\ g 11r'" excellent praycr.-l'rov .
yo u hu vo n either dono •Ot\10
xxx. 8 , 9,
good notion, nor ncquire<lso1.110
n•oful k no wled ge.
4.-.ij.. T he l11<ly ' slook ing-glaas.· -Prov.
xxx i. 10- 31.
476. Do nothing withont de;ig n.
4~.i. Th e d d-i!! r<·mnrk nft he lc:uned 477. Never tru ~ t to uppeurn.ncos.
( : r0li u:·~-l• J ha \·c ~r ·11 t 111y 478. It i" n d oubl e prc•e nt wh oo
lif'l· in labo ri ou;-;Jy doi 11g- :10Lhg iven with n ehccrful co untonnncc.
i11~."
4_t,G . Hic li l~R ':m i.Im t.n tli c rn scl vcs 47U. Ir yo11 wi Rh yonr enemy never
win ~~ . ancl fly uw a .v ."
to 1<11ow yo11r secret, nercr <li1:,7. ( ;\·tl i1 1;: uiu.I li 0:1rJi ng-.
vulge i~ to yo11 r friend.
-1 :,8. Uoc 1111d alrnec 0f Cod's gifts.
480. The best-ex pend ed riches nro
4 .-1~) . ( ~ n11 Lcn trn e 11t wi t h f Hlr lot.
those which nrc given for
God'H Rn kc.
~r. o. Hi che' do not make m e n hnppy. I

4f 1. It will be more rrnfit.nblo for
t hee to adorn th y in•ide than
tl1y out:-iiJ e.

Th e poo r fon1 n ncrc,.nry nnrl
u:scful part ~ f .-.: (wi 1·ty .
508. In rc j1r111wl1ill .!.!' tli 1· )'Pof, wr rc-

1507.

nwniL::- tl11:c.
483. 'l'h e 111itH.l 0111.r uff,·,rJs co ntent-

484.
4.85.

ment.
Sudd en prosperity.
A wise 111a11 may gain fru1n th e
society of all.
The 1111cc rtuinty of life.
Drenml" .

(

pruuc !1 tl1c '' i.-.:d•H11 , ,f<._:.iJ .
M 1,\l c:-.ty i ~ t.lic lrndgc ur w i8-

.482. J,aho r for t he otl1cr li fe tl 1nt

J o rn.
.510. Soft. word"" t l1c \1cst

f(' IHCdy

fo r

liarJ arJ.{n 111 c JJ t:-<.
511. The t(n1_g nc ~ h o wl-I the mnn.
51:?. K no wkdgc i:-i wcil usc<l wl1c11 it
i.~ di:-'pCr:-it:d .
01 3. N otl1 i ntr \11 d 0 111r ~1ic 1if can
cri rn pt n:-: :t lC \ hl· n l 1 ~l'llCC Of iO\'C

486 .
4S7.
488 . 0l"ltentnlio n.
nn ll pence .
480. Sca11dal.
:Jl·l . G o J s l:c :-; LliP111gli ;ill i. ii.~g-u i s c·~ .
4~!0 . i\t odcratio i1.
491. Th e trn!y · piouii n11Ll amiable 5 15. '1'1ie co 1111t<.·11111 H.:c tlie indt.:X 0 f
the l1carL.
foniilv .
492. Tile tr;1 c patri ot Io\·cs bi:' co un - &1G. The hrig-li tcRt Y·.n~ nnJ Uit tcr c-::.t h<O;i fl ow frv111 purtllt:1'
try , un J ni o urns o ver li e r c:l1)

li tar t~.

b1111:t it.~ :-:.

403. G od '::\ B ook i8 n ot on ly a g-ni de
t o a bcttc r wo rld, but al.:;o a
g uide tliron~ li tl1i~.
494. Money wro11g ly gained i; n
c11rsc .
495 . Tlie lio nest ind 11,t.ry of the
poo r.
495 . R i;;liteo u~n css is bette r than
ri c h es.
497 . fil odesty is the bes t fe11111lo or-

G17 . N o t c11rtl1 1 lJn t }icav en , uttrnct:'>

tlt e trul y

wi~ e.

15 1~. \V c !:'pea k wisely ,,·J1cn we spcrtk
fl CfiSO lli\ bly .

51D. The co ,·cto us :t.rc rn c nn and un.inst.
J _
0 . T he p ruden t man tl:inks befo re
j ,,_Q

he

I 52i.
\ i1~2 .

~ peak~ .

Fcrnnlo nn tl 1 o r~hip .
Dist ill .l'.'ll isli e t.1 r('I Hnlrs.

f,13 . Th ey t}rn t learn wdl llnd ohcy
w ell , nrc li kt.:ly in ti111c t o t eac h
4D S. Li !•cnility brin gg tho best re"· ell on d t o rul e wdl.
tur11 s .
4.~9 . I1nportnncc o f nn i nterest in the 524. 'V i~d o 111's grn n d lesso n is tho
Divin e fa\· o r.
foar of Gfld.
;j2.). 011r w ist!" t dc:ci . . ion 1:-. t{) <l l·tc- r.~('f1. J: e,·c rc nec fo r p nrc nt H.
rninc I lrnt. "\\ l111t e \'cr plt:11~c .~
GOl. Dilig-c11ec n oL co lltc n t with mere
God ::- lia ll pl t ~ H:-t 1 i 1 1~ . n
dtsiring-.
602. lie i:-:. a wi~c trade r wh o <l ea\:-\ in Ft~r. . M <111 pr0p<1:-:t:~ , 11111 G11d dil'pn .. r·-.: .
;,~ -; . T lic l1cst wny 1~ that. " Lil'l 1
k ll< •wlc·dg-cft.\"Oid :-o; 1-1 in.
503. Tn 111rick at /"\ in is t o l:rn g h nt
r.2s. Th e wi :->c 111:111 11 , ~ .~ l-'t") 111 •·1i1in.:.:
O ll C'r' ruill.
g-no<l t0 ~"Y q 11 nll O('< ' ll~in11~ .
50·1. 11:n1ghty dt.:po rtrnc11t t o \\·a r(.ls
inl'c ri or:; is i:;i 11 ful an d :5clfblt. 52~. If we mak e r el i g' i"ll 011 1" lJt1 l"'t ·
l1C:-i8, G t•d wi ll mak e l t ou r
601-;. Trutl1 i~ the ce ment of t' Ocicty .
11;1111 c 11 t.

t)u6. Moc kn c:<s is wisd om.

hlc 5~e<l n c~ ~.

~ ,.'

.

SUBJECTS F'OR COMPO:ilTION'.

SUilJECTS FOR COM POSITION.
630. Th ew i ckrtln c"'nf , nw i ni:;~t rifc", 1553. l'ricle, t.h c preRng e ofrnin.
nndofJiss•Jlv ingkinJl yfricncl- fJJ1. ll car both 5iJ e• bdorn detort5liip~.
1n ini ng- a q1 1cRtioo.
631. llo t l111t hy Gotl"s g-mco con - 555. Co nte nt io n• botwoen urothon.
or 8iMters.
qnc r ~ liin1 ~elf1 i~ th e grcate::;t
556. Cnrc 11bout tlto w ords WO
co nqu e ro r.
•pcnk.
632. ' Vllllt. ~Cl'ffl:{ to rn;i. like clinncc,
5~7 . Riches prorn nte pritle.
iH with God <lc:-\i.i..;n.
Poverty pnrn1 oteli humili ty.
083 . J..o ,·o in a cot.tng-e belt.er thnn
Fri endsh ip m11 s t bo recip rocnl.
Rtrif'-, inn p11l11cc.
53·1. 'I'r11 0 dig11it y f.!OC8 Uy m e rit, nnd 51:0. l\1urrnuring ngnin::it God .
561. He i• 11 ot wise who hastily tnkes .
i1ot hy po:-; itio n.
offence.
· '
635. Sin n e ri:; i:: trcngtl1 en each oth cr~s
.5G2. Kindnes• t o G od ' s poo r, is conh an ds.
si<lcrccl '" kin<lno~s to Him536. ' Vc ~lio u kl 11(:\' (! l' rrjoic:e in tllCJ
s elf.
calnrnitic~ o r othc.; r:-i..
j
i>37. Ag-ctl p :Hen t~ ~\1ou l<l n ut l>c '1.'311:) . Ang ry pcn-1o n~ never wnnt woo.
rl' <;kn11 cd a b 11rden.
;j(H. Men p roject, bnt God ovcr ru lcR.
638. :M oney i~ o ne or th e grcalC8t
ca nu ptc r8.
565 . lt i• bette r to hn,·e a hMrt to do
good, anJ wu11 t nb ili ty to do
53!1. The way to prrsc rYe pCfl('C in
it, thnn t.o hav e nb ili ty fo r it,
fami lies n nd co:um uni tic:"i, is
nn<l wnnt n henrt to d o it.
to m ake the best of ~rn ry
.SGG. Sin mny be p leaMnt in the e(lll1·
t l1i11g .
mi;dion, b ut it will be hit! er
MO. Tile pnt'\~ i onntc rri:m .
111 th e r eflection .
•
54L I ni:rratit11de is a eritnc wliich
5&7 . It is goo<l in every t hing to net
Ood w ill p11ni sh.
wit It deli IJcrntion .
54.2. ExLinr:11i , l1 the ti r>t Rpnrk of
c011tcntion , ere it liccomc n de- 568. Tal e-bo11rc ro nnd 1l ntter ers ore
to be 11volclecl .
strnct i,·c Jlnrne.
5GO. A bnrgnin mnd c by frnud will
M8. Ne\' Cr p!llllntc•i 11.
prov e n ],)Ring bnr11nin."
[>11. <.:o n ~tan cy, tho te't of friendt4h ip.
'1570. 0 11r entcrrrises aucoccd as God
directs n: cl d i•po•es.
S u rc tyMh ip is in ge n e ral an act
of i111 prnd(· J\ C('.
5i1 . Dctcrmin< whnt y o u cnn bet11tow
for h oly purpn•c• , nnd the n
1.\46. Am hition ofic n end~ in ru in .
bestow c h eerfu lly .
517 . Mn n y a one lins p:iid d ear for nn
1111 hriJlod t ong nc .
f>72 . Con><cic nco, God'• l ight in the
ROll l.
M ~ . Cl.ild rcn, a hlcr:':;ing o r fl cnrse.
5-1'.t. Tl1 0 grc a tc!" t W/'1111;.rs o fa:n done !J73. T ile old nn<l t h o young •h o11hl
mut ually c:;tccin en.uh ot li er.
HlH.!t:r tli c c11lor o f d· •ing- ri:,dit.
A cool hcnd wit\ 1 a w:irm IH:mt. ] [174 . l\[ull o fte n thi nk:i liis wnys r ight,
whe n Go J ~cc e them to bo
Ml. T n ne(p li l'C kn o w!ndg(• WO lllll !"t
wrr1ng.
ho urdl'nt and tli li g-t· Ht.
T llo p rodi:;al und tJ1c idl er arc 1 :.,7 .~ . Dil i;ic ncc, essential to suc1~e&1
in life.
fooJ H.
i

I

I

I

I
!

1

I

405

l

Occupntion s p ur~ u c d by men COO. No certain ty of to- morrow.
wh \d 1 •houlJ bo r eli nqu ished GOl. I~n\·y-a1 1 i rnpl.acul1ic p:il":-1i•1n .
to wo11 1c n.
60'.l. Coaroc faro (:\·en, witlt I\ w 10 l
nppctite 1 ~ 1 1oulll be 1rn~ Ul:r vf
677. T hu \'OlHri c ~ of" p1ca~n ro often
th a nk 1"11!11cs.s.
Lccomc the vi eti 1J1~ of p1)\·crty.
1

67 8. T ile w ick..:d, vt'te n brougl1t t o
tho ''cry trouble w hich tl1 ey
tlc~igtl\.:d fo r the riJ,! l1t~ (111:-1 .
679. Expcn::-:e:i ttlion ld be pr,J J)O rtinn c J t.o 011r inc•Jll1C.
6SO. Tli o ~o that wo11l,l kci:p tli~·1r
f-1 0 11 1."4, n1 11 !'$t keep t.ht:i r li p:'\.
58 1. Th o H\f!rc ehow or cl c1· vtion i'
h a teful to (i o,l.
682. There can be 110 SHC CC~:i ogainst
Gv<l, no r with o ut Goel .
GS3. G reat ri clws oft e n bring great
cn rc~.

G O~. ~in 111 11kc~ 1111: n cownrd~.
G04. !\Ian wn~ 111.) t framc \.l for soli t11d c , Unt ru r soci.;;ty .
, _
1JQ;,. \V t: nm 110t i~orn t o lie id 1e, bn t
ea c h one :-11 1~J ulJ uttcnU tv n

I

propl' r call i11:;.
iu 1i . On pan.:ritnl indu lge nce .
G07 . Lire uf Mo:-1e~ .
D c bornh .
GIJ8.
J oseph .
GO~ . the l'rophet Samuel.
GIO .
A brulrain.
Gll.

1

I

'312.
1 fjl:J.
1iS4. A gooJ nnm c brings comfo rt.
685. T he ri ch ll rtJ poor tony l>c m11 - fi H.
t11al ly h elpful to cad t othe r.
Gl 5.
586 . M a11y e,·il; might, hy forc,igl't Glli .
nnJ r efl ectio n, be a.voidcJ.
Gl7 .
6 18.
687 . Early \('"'011• hi,;t long.
161~.
688 . T he id lo nc,·er waut exc11sc~ .
G:2ll.
58~! . A void tli o t c~ty 0111..l u11 ~ry.
' li'.Ll.
G~I O . Nc,·c r i11,·1u.1 e anotli e: r'R r ig-ht.
691. l nJ1 11'try i~ tlie wuy to pro1uo- 1;~'.t.
tio n.
09 2. Tl1 c re lief o f opprc••cd inn ocence u. A.Plcrn n Jllty .
G2·:1.
W e nre 0 11 t of plnco wl1 cn we
opo th o digni ty anJ cxt rn v n- 1 6~.5 .
g llnCC. of tliose wh o rn Prov i<lcncc h :ls ploccd nbovc n ~ .
oH. 11:\rJ '"'· ord~ hre nk n o bone~ , hnt · t3~G .
!'IOft wo rJ:'( d o.
G~7.
P lo:1R11 rc8 of s e n se l o ~o their
~\\' Cd U Ct'-~ liy c X CC~ . . i vc w~ c.
G28.
G~(i. )(i11llnc.::-<:o\ lo cncmic:-! i~ tl1t:: best fi29.
conque ro r.
5D7. Sln n<lcrti would no t be so rc1\dily
Hpok cn , it' JH >l, rem.l ily Leard.
G30.
5~8 . T l.Jo govern 1llC nt of o ur tcm- G3 1.
pc rs.
r,32 .
1,
5U9. Av oid qunrrelsoroe persons.

.Joi).
"i-iclicminh.
Q11cc n E;tber.
](11th.
Du,·i J.

Sol0111on.
Paul.
Du rcfL" .

Martyrd om of Step11en .
Pan\'~ ~ li ipwrcek.

l\.e1 11edy for di:-..e1_.ntcnt.
.Mo ral, p<1l; tical, nni..l reii"ious
e ffe ct~ of printi n~.
l rnp nrt;uH.:e of go verning tho
t e mp e r.
Effect of' t he Engli "h t r3n s;a:ion
o f tl 1e Bible 0 11 style uf compol"it i tJ n.
l ' lcn."411re!""I o f ri:-i1 ed:\H1ll ol"J'ititiity nlld tl1e ci\"ili Lica of
co11 1HH>11 life.
}' h~ HS lll'C:i O f' fl g"Hr(1 Cll ,

D~ity of 1Hi11r11i 11g life nnd

or

sen· in){ f.(1eic t y L•y LtuJ1d)lc exert io n.
T ile be•t method o f re nding.

Tl1e pro p riety of sporting.
It is easie r to ulamo tlllUl to do
br:t.t.er.

-~

4:06

SUilJIL01'll FOR. COl\l.POSfTIO N'.

6~ 3 . It is foll)• to frn r wl 1nt one cnn-'658. Jfiut is n hard nut.
not nrni<l.
6;> ~ . My No iR n" 1rood n~ your Ye~.

63-1. I t i• r,r0o<l iishing in troubled GGO. NcYer do evil thnt good mny
w ntcr~.
come of it.
635. It iR hr.rel to swim against the 661. Ne w come, welcome.
Rtrc111 n.
GG 2. New loves drive out the old.
63r, .•Joy i• ii kc the n .!:llC : one good G li~. No corn withont chnff.
day he:twcen t.wo hnd o ncti.
G~l4 . No 01 10 is content wi th hi s lot.
G37. J»di:C' "hould lH•V C two ears: 1165. No one is too ol d to learn.
l•ot h al ike.
1)(lfi. Not nil worcls rcqnirc £111 nnswer.
033. L:itc rcpc ntnnec is scltlom worth 667. Old true• nre not to bo bent.
mn ch.
u68. One bents t he
nnd unother
G30 . Lr•" a<hi ce nnd m ore h nnd•.
cntches the bird.
G-10. Lip conrt.c'y 11\·aib n1u~h and G6~. Ono fool praises anothe r.
eo•ts li tt.lc.
670. One bnsonlyto<liotobopraisod.
G11. J,ittle brooks mnke grcnt river•. G71. 0110 hulf the world knows not
G·l2. J,it t.le by little tho \1ird builds
l1 ow tho other lrnlf live~.
its nc~t.
G72. Ono learns by foiling.
G·~3. Li Ye and learn.
673. Opportunity make• Lho thi of.
G·14. Look hcf'cwe y 011 lcnp.
674. 011t of n g reat evi l often comes
&4f;. I.ri ve begins nt h o me.
n grcnt good .
G·1G. L ove 1111cl poverty arc l1nnl t o 675. Ont of th~ nbnndnnco of tho
conceal.
h eart the mo11th •penk cth.
647 . Love iirows with oh ;tac lc~.
67G . Prnctico mnkes pe rfoct.
G4 8. Lnvo r11 le:1 without. law .
fi77. P riclo will bnvo n fall.
G ·l~ . Mak o 11•0 of the 8llll while it il78. l'ruiHo" fi ne dny nt night.
Hhi nc;.
G7fl . l'rombing is one thing, perform·
650. M1111y conks >poil the broth .
in g anoth e r.
G5l. 1'l:tny head~, 111a11y mind~.
nso. Saving- iM ~ctting'.
6.52. M11rric<l to-dny , mnrrcd to-mo r- ~81. Win<l nn<l tide wnit for no mnn.
row.
G82. Second thonght• nro bc•t.
6.'i3. ]\fon y is u11 <'pitomc of hnmnn 683. Sorrow seldom comcH nlouc.
po wer.
684. Tho g oldon key opens every
051. Men nrc rare.
d oor.
655 . lllnrrying i• cn,y, but house- nso. Tho nrt is not in making money,
but in keeping it.
keeping i" Jwrd.
GoG . Mouth of honey, hcnrt of gnll. GSO . Pro,·c r bR nre the dnughtcrs of
dnily experience.
. G!i7. Much chatter, little wit .

'"'"h,

TIIE END.

