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. . THE SLATED 11SCHOOL
BOOK
· Otno
·
BAHN
•.;; k CO, .lo the Clert'1
Entered n.ccordlng
to Act
of C'oogrehBS
vf1trlot or New York.
. .
01 the Distrio
L Court
of t e 0!nn itthede. ::htt.""
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SILICATE BOOK SLATE SURFACE: Patented February 24, 1Bii1; Janu•ry 15, 1661;

i

Y~. r,~~~ ~/:0~. Lbern

and Au1uat 25th, 11::68.

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~be ~;ienre Oi" -·tve~ngH~!J i~-~guage.

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A

P RA CTI GAL GRAMMAR:
IN WHICH

WORDS, PHRASES, AND SENTENCES
ARE

CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR OFFICES;
AND

THEIR YARIOUS RELATIONS TO ONE ANOTHER,
ILLUSTRATED :BY A COMPLET E SYSTEM OF DIAGRAMS.

"Speech Is the body of thought,"

A.M.,
PR I NCIPAL

OF

COH.TLAND

ACADEMY ,

AUTHOR OF "FIRST LEBiON8 IS ENG LI.Su GRA...\lltAP.," "A.NA.LY.:as OF TUE ENGLISH
LANGUJ.G E, "

FORTIETH

"Q RAMMATIC CH.ART. "

EDITION,

REVISED,

NEW YORK:
A. S. BARNES & Co., 111 & 113 WILLUM STREET,
(OORNER OF JOHN S'rREE'r.)

18 G 8.

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ENGLISH GRAll'l:MAR AS A SCIENCE.

ENGLISH Gr.A~nfAll AS AN ART.
CL.A.:El.~'S

PREFACE .

ENGLISH GRAMMARS AND ANALYSIS.'
-

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trated by a Complete Syotcm of Diagrams.

A

r y to

12mo. cloth

ClaJ.'l{'s G1·a1111nar, containing Diagrams of all

th:~entcnces for Analysis and Pursing found in the Grammar.

Chtrl{'s Analysis of tile Englisll Lauguagc-"'.it~ a
Complete Classification of Sentences and Phrases, accordm,, to
·ucturc. D esigned as a Sequel to the Eutheir Grammatic Stl
~
glish Grammar. 121110, 11alf bound.
. c1· ·t
E xhibitin"' the Analysis of
Clarl-.'s G1·anuuatic
HH •
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.
Sentences, the Analysis of Phrases, the Classificat10n an\! Moch-

cation of Words.

Mounteil.

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,.,
E 10-l"1sh GJ'anuna1· • A Practicul Grammar,
Clad{'s "e'v •'"
.
. . J· . h ~~or·ds Phrases and Sentences are Classified accord mg
lJl W ll C
n
,
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to their Offices; uud their various R elations to each other, 1 ns-

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CI:ul{'§ Fi1·st Lessons in Englisll G1·anu~ar. Design.
nnd Introductory to the Practical Grammar.
eel for B egmners, u
By S. W. CLA.RK, A.hl., Principal of Cortland Academy. lSmo,
half bound.

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the part of all, to neglect this important branch of English Education
-not so much from a conviction that the science is not important, as
that there is a radical defect in the common method of presenting it to
the attention of the learner. This was the sentiment of the Author
when, .some fifteen years since, he was called to the supervision of a
Literary Institution, in which was established a department for the
education of Teachera. Accordingly, recourse was had to oral instruction ; and, for the convenience of Teachers, a manuscript Grammar was
prepared, which embodied the principles of the science and the Author's
mode of presenting it. These principles and this method have been
properly t ested by numerous and advanced classes dudng the seven
years last past . The man usedpt has in the mean time, from continued
additions, unexpectedly become a book. It has received the favorable
notice of Teachers, and its publication has been, by Teachers, repeatedly
solicited. To these solicitations the Author is constrained to yield, and
in the hope and belief that the work will "add to the stock of human
knowledge," or at least tend to that rnsult, by giving an increased
interest to the study · of the English language, it is, with diffidence,
submitted to the public.
In revising the work for publication, an effort has been made to
rende1· it simple in style, comprehensive in matter-adapted to the
capacities the oun er u il and to the wants of the more advanced
B

Entered, 3.C:ording to .Act of Congress, in the year 1864,

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s.

W.

CL.A.RK,
U nited Stull,. for tho Northern
the Clerk's Ofllco of the District Court of t~e
Distri ct of N t.nY l: orlt.

ts of foreigners in
first learning our language. They need first to learn our Alphabetthe power and sounds, and the proper combinations of Letters-tho
4eP.nitions of )voi·ds aµCj th\!ir cla~ification according to definitions.

.

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iv
But the American youth is prc~umcd to know all this, and be able to
catch the thought conveyed by nn English Sentence; in fine, to be
able to use pra.ctically tho language, before he attempts to study it as
ii science.
Instead, therefore, of b eginning with the Alphabet, and
,vasting his energies on technic,il t erms an<l ambiguous words, h e should
be required to deal with thought o.s conveyed by Sentences. Accordin gly , this introduction to the Science of Language begins with a.
Sentence, properly constructed, and investigates its structure by developing the offices of the W ords which compose it; making the qjfice
rather than the f= of a Word, determine the class to which it
belongs.
• As an important auxiliary ia the Analysis of Sentences, a system of
DIAGr..AMS has been i nvented and introduced in the work. It is not
claimed for the D1AGRAll!S thnt they constitute any essential part of the
Science of Langunge ; nor do Geometricnl Diagrams constitute such ::r.
part of the Science of Geometry ; Maps, of Geography ; or Figures,. of
Arithmetic. ·, But it will not be denied that these a.re of great serVIce
in the study of those branches. Experience has established their im~
portance. ' Let, then, the use of Diagrams, redu~ed as they are here,
to u complete system, be adop ted in the Analysis of Sentences, and
their utility will become as obvious in the Science of L'1nguage, as it is
in the science of Magnitude ; and for pr~cisely the same r eason, that
an abstract truth is made tangible; the e)•e is permitted to o.ssist the
mind ; the memory is relieved, that the judgment may h ave full
chnrter of a.11 tl10 mental powers.
Conscious that novel ty, llS such, should not beo.r sway in the investigations of Sc.icnce, the Anthor hM been careful , n either to depart
from the ordinary method of prei;enting the Science, for the sako of
n ovelty , nor, from c;lread of novelty, to rej ect mnnifest improvements.
The old Nomenclature is refained, not because a better could not be
proposed, but beoouse the nrl l'O.ntngos t cr be gained would not compensate for tho confusion necess:i.rily consequent to such o. change. But
the terms purely technical have been introduced as a natural infermce
frmn f acts p~ly deduced. Principles a.nd Definitions are preceded by
such llcmnrks as have fully establighed their propriety. 'rhe inductive
method of nrriving at truth has been followed thr.oughout-with tha1
it stauds or falls.
'

ADVERTISEMENT
TO THE FIFTEENTH EDITION.

IN sending forth this revised Edition of the PRACTICAL GRAMMAR th11
• Author takes occasion to render acknowledgments to his num~rous
professional brethren who hnve so favorably received the forme r
editions, nnd also to express his gratitude for the vo.rious criticisms
which its use ha~ suggested. Especially is h e gratified that, with frank
and faithful notices of the omissions and defects in the former Editions
there has been a. unanimous a.pproval of the SYSTEM nnd METuoo herei~
adopted. Accordingly, the work h as been rewritten upon the basis of
the former Edition.
In making the revision, nn effort has been ma.de to perfect the work
in all its parts- to supply defects-to simplify the arrnngement-to
l1ring the various pnrts more fully in hnrmony with the system- nnd
to ado.pt it more completely to Class Exercises.
To Pa.rt I. importnnt Additions have been made; the Elements of
Sentences hnve been discussed more fully, and the DIAGRAMS are made
to render the Ann1ysis of Sentences more perspicuous. ANALYSIS discloses to the Student the right use of Words, according to established
cuatom, thus furnishing the only nppropriate key to the true Etymology
of the Lnnguage..
In Pa1·t II. ETYMOLOGY is so presented as to furnish a. proper foundntion for Syntnx ; the several materials are adapted to their various
positions in the structure to be reared.
In Part III. careful nttention has been given to make the other
branches of the Science of Language subserve SYNTAX and ha.rmonize
with it. In this effort consists the great improvement in the Grammnr
as now presented ; thit Analytical is made to accompany th.r Synth etical.
Exercises in CRlTICISM are inserted, in which co=on errors ace
n oticed and corrected by proper references to Rules, Notes a.nd Observations in the t ext .
'
Th e extenBive and constantly incr easing circulation of the original
work, encourages the hope thnt, with Its present improvements it will
secure the desired approbntion of IL discerning public.
'
CORTLAND A OADE>IY,

Ho>rnn, N. Y.

1*

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THE GRAJUMATIC CHART,

CONTENTS.
Tms CHART presents, at one view, the entire Etymology of the •
English language . It is useful chiefly in reviews n.nd in etymological
parsing.
The large edition of the Chart may be used more profitably, as, with
it, the whole class may follow the r.iciting pupil-all having their
attention directed to the same thing, at the same time. In the
1ehsencc of a large Chart, the small ones may be u sed-each student
using hi::; own.
It will be noticed that the Chart docs not give the Definitions of the
Classes and l\fodifications of words; but simply presents the principles
of Etymology ; showing, for example,
Th:i.t a "Sent ence" consbts of "Principal Elements," and may have
" Adjuncts ." That the Principal Elements of a Sentence must be a
"SunJECr," a" PREDICATE," and (if Transitive) an "OnJECT." That
the Subject m;,iy be a" WoRn," a" PHRASE," or a "SENTENCE." That
if the Subject is a ¥Vord, it is a" NouN" or "PRONOUN"-if a Noun, it is
"COMMON" or'' P1tOPE1t''-if a Prorwun, it is "PERSONAL,'' ''RELATIVE,"
"lNTERLtOGATIVE," or" ADJECTIVE." That the Noun or Pronoun must
be of the "NEUTER," "FEMJNINE," or "lliAscu Luo:" Gender-of the
"FIRST," "SECOND," or "THinn" Person-of the "S INGULAR" or
"PLURAL" Number-and that it must be in the "NomNA.TIVE" Case.
If the Subject iB a" Phrase," it is a "SunSTANTIVE" Phrase-and may
be (in form) ' 1 PREPOSITIONAL," "PARTICIPIAL," "L~FINITIVE," or "lNDEPENDfu'IT" -and may be "TRANSITIVE" or "L'ITRANSITIVE."
If the Subject is a "Sentence," it is a "SunsTANTIVE" Sentence-and
may be " Sn.iPLE" or "COMPOUND," " TRANSITIVE" or "INTRANSITIVE."
Thus, a. comparison of the Chart wit;i;i_ the General Principles, on
p ages 175-1 80, will readily suggest to the skillful Teacher the proper
method of using it in review.
The proper use of the Chart in Etymological Parsing is illustrated by
B.xEllClSES, pp. 181-186.

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PART I.

{i

lNTllODUCTORY EXERCISES .. ; . ... . ......... . ... ...... .......... .....
GENERAL DEFINITIONS.

LANGUAGE- Spoken- Written .. .....................••............ 15
GRAMMAR-General-Particular .. ..... ... ... .. .. .... _. .... . .. .. ... _15
ELEUENTS OF LANGUAGE-Letters- Words-PhraJes-Sentences . . . .... . - . 16
WoRDs-Classification . ..... . _.. ....... .. . __ ...... ............... 17
PIIllA~Es-Classification . . .... .' ..... . .. ....... ............ .. .... . . 19
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:;
OFFICES-Substantive . .. . . . .... ... .... .. . _. . 19
"
Adj ective .. _... ............ . _.... 19
"
Adverbial.. .. ......... .. . . ........ 20
''
Independent .... . .... ... .... ... .. . 20
FORMS-Prepositional. . ........ .. .. . .. . . __ . . 20
"
Infinitive .... .. .. _...... _.. . . . _.. __ 20
Participial._ _.. .. .. ... .. . .......... _21
Independent .................. _. _.. 21

S&~TENCES~~~~i~i~.·. ·. ·." "·_ """ ·. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : .. ... -;;
"

"

Principal Element~ .•. ..... .. .... . ..... :::::
Adjunct Elements .. ... ... ... . .. .. ......... .. 27
''
Exercises . ....... .. ... . .................. .. 29
Questions for Review . . .... .... ... ... . ............... 35
DIAGRAMS-General Rules . .......................... 36
Cl.assification . .. _... _. _... _.......................... 38
Questions for Review ....................... _..... . _. 47
EXERCISES IN ANALYSIS.
S imple- Intransitive .... .. . _.. . . .. _.... ..• ....• •.. . .. . 48
"
Transitive . ..... .. . .......... .. ... _.. .... __ ... 50

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ix

CLARK'S GRAM.MAR.

CONTEN'l'li.

PART II.

PART III.
SYNTAX.

ETYMOLOGY.

·• J.o•

PAGa

CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS-their Forms . . . . .•..•. .....••. ..... •. . ti9

Uses . .. .. . . ........ . . .. .. .... .. 73
73
75
Gender ..... . .•. . . ..... . .. ..• .. • .• . • . ... . 76
Perscm. ........ .. .....................
78
Number ..... . .••. . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
Case.. ... ... ...... .. ... . . . . . ... . . . . .
82
P RONOUNS-Classification . . . .... . ....... ... .. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
P ersonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
R elative . . _. . . . . . . . . • . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
i nterrogative . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . 92
Adjective . . . . . . . • . . . • • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Recapitulation .. . .. ..... . . . . .. . . .................. 95
ADJ ECT IVES -Classification ....... . . . . .. . ...............•.... . . 97

NouNs-Classification .. ... . .
Modification .... .

Modification . .... .. ........ . .. . . . . .. . . ....... .. . . . 101
Exercises ...... ... . ... . .. . . . ... .. ...... . ......... 103
VEUns-Cbssifica tion .. _...... . ... .. .. ... ....... ... ....... . .. . 107
llfodi fica tions- Voice . . .. .......... . ... .... . . . . ..... . ... 108

Jlfode .. ........ .. .·...... . ......... . . ... . 109
PARTICIPLES ........ . ... . ..... . . . ........ 111
· 11
Tense .. .. ........... . ... . .. .. .. ... . . . . . 115
Recapitul ation ............... . . .. ........ ... . .... .. ... . 117
Conjugation . .. ........... ..... .... ............ .. ... .. 120
R eview.. . . ... . .. . .. . . . •. . .. . .... ... .... ..... . .. ... 139
Irreg ular-List ... . ... . .... ...... ..... . ... . •...•..• . ... 140
Unipersonal. ...... . ........ . •...•.... . .. .. .......... . 143
ADVERilS... . ... .. - . .... ... ..... .. .... .. .. . ... ....... ..... . .. . . 149
Classification .. . ....•................................ 151
Modification ....•. . ... . ....... . . . ............ .. . . .... 153
PREPOSITIOKS-List......... ... ..... ..... .... ..... . . ............ 156
Exercises ....................... .. . ... . . .. ... . .. 160
CONJ UNCTIONS-List...... .. ......... . ... ..... ............ . ... .. 162
Exercises ....... . . . ............. _. ............ . .. 164
ExcLAJ!ATIOKS ............. . .... . ••. ... . . ........... . ...•..... 165

W 01ws

O}' EurHONY .. . .. .. .. .. ... • •. . .. .•• •••••. • .•.. ••• ••••.. 166

Words va ryin g in their Etymology .. ... . .. . . .. . ... .... ......... 167
Observations •... ......••• . •. .. . 170

ELEMENTS OF SENTENCES-Analysis .... • .•••••••••••• , ••••••..••. 175
PHRASES
...•.....•••••••••••••••.. • ••. 178
Exercises oy the CHART-Sentences ............................. 181
Phrases . .. ............... , ••••.••••••.. 185
RuLE 1.-The SUBJECT of a Sentence .... • , .......................186

Word .. .•....••.••••.••..... . 187
Phr1UJe . ••••••••••••••......• . 190
-Sen1.e1W1J •••••••••••••••••••••• 191
RULE 2.-THE PREDICATE ... . . .... ..... ............••......•.•. 194
,,

THE V.&Rll . .. ...... .. . ......... ....... . .............. . 195

N.u:mher ... .. ... ..•••••• •. .••. . .• .•••.•.•... 195
Person . . ......•....•......••..•••• • •• : ...•. 197
Mode and Teme . ...•••..•••••••..••••.•••• . . • . 200
Voice . . ... . ... • . .• .•....••••.••••.••.. . ..•. . 201
Exercises .......... . ....••• •• ••.•.... . .•... 204
RuLE 3.-TJIB ·OBJEC.r- Word .. ................................. 208
Phrase .•••.•••.••••••••••••••..••••.••• . 213
Sentence ............................. .... , 215
Exercises .............................. . . 217
RuLE 4.-PnoNOONs-P.ersonal . ... ..... • . , •••••• •••.••..•.....•.. 219
Relative . . . . . . . . . .. • • • . •.. • • • • . .
. •••..... . 221
Interrogative .. . . .... .. ...... . .
- RULE 5.-PllONOUNs-Aiiective ...... .• : ..........
Exercises ......... .•.•. . .
RULE 6.-lNDEPfu'IDENT CASE . .... .... . • ... .. ..
ADJUNCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . • . ... . ,' .C..
iRULE 7.-ADJECTIVE3 .. .. ... .... ..... .. ... . . ,' tf/ /I/ .......... 235
"
·Qua_lijying . . . . . . . . . . . : . .
/l.
. -· ... ..... . 239
"
Specifying.... . . . . . . •
~:
240
IRu LE 8.
P ossessive..
.
.. .. ... .. :,,. i.:.. //o/,.
<............ ... 242
in Predical.e... ... . ; (: 77l .. . . ........... 247
RuLE 9.-ADvERns.................
: fi: .....•.......... ~3
RULE 10.-PARTICIPLES-as Nouns..
~ jg If .. ................. 260
asAdjecth
"' , , ...... . .......... 264
as AdverJ
~
·
265
"
as Prepr
: ~ Cl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
"
in Prer'
: - f ••.•••• • .•••..... 265
Exer'
~ .. ~ .•.••• • .......... . 267

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f .....• ... .... .... .

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CLARK'S GRAMMAR.
P4G•

RuLE 11.-INFINITIVE VERn . . • . • •••.• •.••• ••• ••••••• •••••••••.. 267
"
"
Phrase .............. ..... ... , •• , ••••••• .. 269
RULE 12.-PREPOSITIONS ... ....... ...... . . ................. . .. . 270
R1rLE 13.- CoNJUNCTIONS ................. .. ... ......... ........ 273
liULE 14.-EXCLAMATIONS.. . , ....... ,., ............ •, •••.•.• ,, • . 277
'\Vords ofEurHONY .......... .... .... . ... : .......... , .......... 278
G&'qERALRULES ...... . ..... . .................................. 270
Recapitulation of the Rules of Syntax ....••••••••••.••••.•••.... 280

PART IV.
PROSODY.
MARKS OF PUNCTUATION •.... .... ....•..••• ..• ••••••••••• •••• .. 282
GRAMMATICAL AND Rm.'TORICAL SIGNS•........••• , •• , • , •• , •• , .••. 288
COMPOSITION-Prose_: Verse . .•......•.•.•••••.••••• ••.••.•••••.• 291
VERSIFICATION . . . ......••... .... . .••••• . ..• ••• .• •• .•••••••••••.294
FIGURES•.. • •.• ••• .. • •••• .. . ..• •••• ••••••• •••••• : ••••••••••••• 298
Grammatical .................. ..... ... ... ............ 299
" Rhetorico·Grammatical
............................ ~ .•.. 300
"
Rhetorical .........•... .... . .•.•••.•••••••.•••. . .. ••.. 301

"

APPENDIX.
l..ETTERs-Their Forms, Roman,'Italic, Old Englwh .••.•.. •. •... • .. . 305
''
Capi.tals . ..... . ... . .. ..........••. .. . ... 306
Their Offices ... .. .. ... ............. ................... 308
Abbreviations . ......... .... .. .... .... ........... .... 309

CLARK'S

PUBLISHED

TIC CHART.

CLARK'S

PUBLISHED

TIC CHART.

CLARK'S

PUBLISHED

CHART.

12

ENGLISH GRAMMAli-PART

The above may be used as an appropriate

Re plants his footstepir-where 'I

A. " In the sea."
What more is said of God?

A. He " rides."
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Re rides-where?

A. " Upon the storrn."
In the lines written above, what is the use or office of the word.
"God"?

A. It is used .to tell who "moves."
What i8 the use of the word " moves" 1

A. To tell what God does.
What is the use of " in a mysteriowi wav" 7

A. To tell how God.moves.
What is the URe of "his wonders to perform" 'I

A. To tell for what purpose God moves.
·what is the use of " He" '

.
.["
,, an d " n"deli1 ·"
A. To tell who "plants
iootsteps
What is the use of "plant.s" 1

A. To tell what " He" does.
What is the use of " his" ?

A. To tell whose footsteps.
What is the use of "footsteps" 'I

A. To tell what He plants.
What is the use of '' in the wl.'' ?

A. To tell what " He" does.

for the following

. 1. "The I sun I rose I on the sea I ."
2. "A I mi:Jt I rose -I slowly I from the lake I .'
3. "The I night I passed I away I in song I .''
4. " .Morning I returned I in joy I ."
5. " The ' mountains I showed I their I gray I head& .J • "
6. "The I blue I face I of ocean I smiled I ."
7.
"Day I declines I ."
8. " Rollow I wind& I are I in the I pines I ."
9. "Darkly I moves I each I giant I bough, I
O'er the sky's last crimson glow I ."
10.
"Nature's I richest I dyes I
Are floating I o'er Italian skies."
11.
12 .
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

What is the use of "upon the storm" 1

A. To tell where He rides.
23.
REMARK.-The young Pupil has seen, in this exposition of the four
lines written above, that words have meaning; and that when they are
properly put together, they convey the thoughts of the person who
wrote them, to those who read them.

MODEL

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES FOR ANALYSIS .

A. To tell where He plants footstepa.
"What is the use of " rides" 1

13

INTRODUCTORY .. EXERCISES.

I.

:14.

" A golden staff his steps supported."
."The dying notes still murmur on the string."
"A purple robe his dying frame slwJ.J, fold.''
''At the heaving billows, stood the meagerf~ of Care.''
" Oft the shepherd colled thee to his flock."
"The comely tear steals o'er the cheek."
"The storms of wintry Time will quickly pass."
''Thus in some deep retirement wd!dd I pass
The witUer-glooms, with friends of pleasant soul.
''Then comes the father of the tempest forth,
Wrapt in thick glooms.''
"Thy bounty shines in Autumn, unconfined,
An«' spread& a comtnonjeast for all that live."
"Some in the fields ot purest ether p!,ay,
And bask and whikn in the blaze of day."·
" On thy fair bosom, waveless stream,
The dipping paddk echoes far,
Andfiaslzes in the moonlight gleam.''
" Who can observe the careful ant,
And not provide for future want."
''Nature with folded hands seemed there,
Kneeling at her evening prayer."

14
25.
26.

27.
28.
29.

30.
31.

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33.
34.
35.
36.

37.
38.
39.
40 .
41.

42.
l·

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I

ENGLISH GR.AMMAR-PART I .

_ _ _ _ _ ''The wa<XU
Threw their cool shadows freshly to the west."
"The clear dew is on the blushing bosoms
Of crimson roses, in a holy rest."
"Spring calls out each voice of the deep blue sky."
"Tlwu'rt/ourneying to thy spirit's home,
'Where the skies are ever clear."
" A summer breeu
P arts the deep masses of the forest shade,
And lets a sunbeam through."
"'l'he pines grew red with morning."
"Sin hath broke the world's sweet peace-unstrung
Th' harmonious chords to which the angels sung."
•'And eve, along the western skies,
Spreads her intermingling dyes."
'' The blooming morning cped her dewy eye.' '
"No marble marks thy couch of lowly sleep;
But living statues there are seen to weep."
"A distant torrent faintly roars."
"His gray locks slowly waved in the wind,
And glittered to the beam of night.''
" Oft did the harvest to th eir sickle yield."
"Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke."
"How jocund did they drive their team afield!"
•• How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke I"
•J The breezy call of incense-breathing morn,
The swallow, twittering from the straw-built shad,
T he cock 's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn,
No more shall rouse them from their lowly beil."

LAN~UAGE--GRAMMAR ,

15

LANGUAGE.
DEFINITION !.-:Language is any means of communicating thought, feeling, or purpose.

Ons. 1.-Thoughts and feelings are indicated]. By certain exprc11sions of the features, by gestures, and by othe:r
physical acts. This is called Natural La.nguage.
2. By articulate sounds, or by written characters. This is called Arti- ~
ficial Language.
Ons. 2.-Natural language is common to all intelligent beings, and
is understood by all without previous instruction.-Smiling, frowning,
laughing, weeping, are instances of natural language.
OBS. 3.- Artificial language is invented by men.-Soundi; are made
to indicate thoughts by mutual or common consent. Generally, each
nation has its peculiar language.

PmNCIPLE.-A.rtijicial Language is
SPOKEN and Wmrr.Jl;N.
DEF. 2.-Spoken Language consists in vocal sounds,
indicative of thought, of feeling, or of purpose.
DEF. 3.- Written Language consists in artificial characters, so arranged and combined as, by common consent, to
. represent thought or emotion.
RElL-It is customary to give to every science a name, by which it
may be distinguished from other sciences; accordingly, people ha.ve
agreed to call the science which treatS of Language

•

GRAMMAR.
DEF. 4.- Grammar is the science of Language.
Ons. 1.-There are certain: General Principia of Grammar which are
common to all Ianguages.-Hence the term GENERAL GRAllllAR.
Ons. 2.-But each particular language has some idioms and forms of
construction pe,culiar to iUelf.-Hence the term PARTICULAR GRAllUlAR.
REir. - Every Partir:ular Grammar should include all the principles of
General Grammar,

16
I

1.

i

I,

ENGLISH GRAMMAR-PART I.

WORDS-CLASSIFICATION.

DEF. 5 (a).-IiJngl~sh Grammar is the Science which
investigates the principles, and determines the proper construction of the English language.
·
(b).-ENGLISH Gu.A.11rn.A.R is the art of communicating
thought in appropriate words.

WORDS.
CLASSIFICATION.
REMARK.-In a. Discourse, words are used1. As Namµ of beings, places, or thing!! ;
2. As Substuute,s for names or facts ;
3. As Qualifiers or Limikrs of names ;
4. To assert an a.ct, being, or state ;
5. To modify an llSllertion or a quality ;
6. To express relati011S of things or-of thoughts;
7. To introduce or to connect Words and Sentences;
8. To express a sudden or an intense emotion · or
9. For Rhetorical effect.
'
'

REM.-The articulate sounds of language are indicated by Letters.

DEF. 6.-A Letter is a character used to indicate a
sound, or to modify the sound of another letter.
ExAMPLEs.-A in hat, hate, hall, hart.
Ous.- For observations on the properties and offices of Letters, see
APPENDIX, Note A.
Rt::ll.-Letters are combined to form Words.

Hence, by their

7.- A Word is a Letter, or a combination of Let..
ters, used as the sign of aa idea.
DEF.

REM.- Words are combined to form PhfasM and Senien.ce3.

ExAMPLES.-At mid11ight, in his guarded tent,
The Turk was dreaming of the hour
When Greece, her knee i11 supplia11ce bent,
Should tremble at his power.

DEF. 10.-A Word used as the name of a being, of a
place, or of a thing,_ is called
·

A Noun.
41

9.-A Sentence is an assemblage of words,
combined a<i to assert an entire proposition.
DEF.

ExAMPLEs.-1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Night approaches.
Day is departing.
William is sleepy.
Socrates was a philosopher.
Virtue secures happiness.
John and George have arrived.
God created the heaven and the earth.
"The dying notes still murmur on the string.''

USM-

Words are distinguished as,
1. Nouns,
5. Adverbs,
2. Pronouns,
6. Prepositions,
3. Adjectives,
7. Conjunctions,
4. Verbs,
8. .Exclamations, and
9. Words of Euphony.

ExAUPLES. -God- mysterious-stood-slowly-Ah !-by-a11d.
DEF. 8.-A Phrase is a combination of word8, not
constituting an entire proposition, but performing a distinct office in the structure of a Sentence or of another
Phrase.

17

SQ

ExAMPLES. -God-man-sea.-.-way-wonders-BTTWtion.

DEF.

11.-A Word used/or a Noun, is called

A Pronoun.
EXAMPLES.-1-tlwu-he-she-u-who-whai,-that.

11.

DEF. 12.-A Wo;rd used to qualify, or otherwise limii
Noun or a Pronoun, is called

An Aqjective.
ExAMPLES.-Mysteriou.! (way]-his [wonders]-the (sea].

2*

1~

ENGLISH GRAMMAR-PART I.

l'lillABES-CLABSIFIO.ATION.

DEF. 13.-A Word used to assert an act, being, or state,
of a person or a thing, is called

PHRASES.

A Verb.

CLASSIFICATION.

Elu.MPLES.-[God) moves- [He] planu-[Day] declines.

REMAiiB:.-Phrases are used as rubstuutes for Nouns, Adjectives, and
Adverbs; or· they are independent in construction. Hence, by'their

14.-A Word used to modify the signification of a
Verb, an Adjective, or another Modifier, is called
DEF.

An Adverb.
A mist ROSE slowly from the lake."
" The task was·exceedingly DIFFICULT."
"He came between us very OFT."

ExAMFLES.-"

15.-A Word used to express a relation of words
to each other, is called
·
DEF.

A Preposition.
"At MIDNIGHT, iii his guarded TENT,
2. The Turk WAS DREAMING of the HOUR."

ExAMPLES.-1.

DEF. 16.-A Word used to introduce a Sentence, or to
connect Words and Phrases, is called

A Oorijttnction.
"And I am glad that h e has lived thus long."
2. "God created the HEAVEN and the EARTH."

ExAMPLES.-1.

17 .-A Word used to express a sudden or intense
emotion, is called
D EF .

An .l!JxcJamation.
ExAMPLES. -Ala~ !-oh !-shocking!

18.-A Word used chiefly for the sake of sound,
is called
DEF.

A Word of FJuphony.
ExAMPLES.-1. "
.

I

There are no idlers here."

2. " Now, then, we are prepared to define our position.''
3. " Even in our ashes live their wonted fires. "
Ons.-For observations on ' Worlk of Euphony," see Part II.

offices,

,.

Phrases are distinguished as,
3. Adverbial,
2. Adjective,
4. Independent.
1. Substantive,

I

DEF. 19.-A Sub&tantive Phrase is a phrase used as the
Subject or the Object of a Verb, or the Object of a Preposition.
EXAMFLES.-1. "To be, contents his natural desire."

2. "Hi.s being a minister, prevented his rising to civil
power."
3. " I doubted hi.s having been a soldier."
4. " The crime of being a young man, I shall attempt
neither to palliate nor deny."

What "contents his natural desire" Y
"To be,"-i. e., mere existepce.
" I doubted" - What 'I
"His having been a soldier.'

''The crime of''- What'/
" Being a young man."
Ons.-Substantive Phrases perform offices similar to those of Nouns
and Pronouns.
DEF. 20.-An Adjective Phrase is a -phrase used to
qualify or limit t.b e application of a Noun or a Pronoun.

ExAlu>LES.-1. "The time of my departure is at hand."

2. " Forgetting the thing$ that are behind, I press forward."
What " time" Y
"Of my departure.''
3. " The dishes of lurury cover his table."
What " <;lishes" Y
"Of luxury."

20

ENGLISH GRAMMAR-PART I.

.AJl.A.LYSIS OF PHRASES.

Adverbial Phrase is a phrase used to
modify th e signification of a Verb, of an Adjective, or of
an Adverb.
DEF. 21.-An

In

"God moves in a mysterious way."
2. " He is powerful/or evil-impotent/or good. "
" God moves" - How 1
" In a mysterious way."
" Powerful" - In what re.spe,d 7
'' For evil.''

Ex.ul:PLES. -1.

DEF. 22.-An Independent Phrase is a phrase
grammatically connected with any other element.
.

2.

no~

"

the exercises " the phrase "the h our having arriv ed, md1cates the
time of comU:encing the exercises ; but it is not joined to the word
" commenced" by any connecting word.

Phrases are distinguished also by their f orms, as,
I. P repositi onal,
/
3. Participial,
2. .I nfinitive,
,
4. I ndependent.
D EF. 23.- A P repositional Phrase is a phrase. introduced by a Preposition, having a Noun or a Substitute as
its object of relation.
"In a my$terious way." " To me."
..
2. '' A habit of moving quicldy is another way of gaining

ExAMPL ES. - 1 .

time.''.

DE~. 24. -An I nfinitive Phrase is a phra~e int1:oduced

having a V erb as its obJeCt of

"To love"-" To study"-" To be diligent."
2. "We ought not to be satisfied "With present atta:nments. "
3. " I sit me down a pensive hour to spend. "

ExAMPLES. - 1 .

•

I

D EF. 25.-A Pai·ticipial Plirase is a phrase introduced
by a P articiple, having an Object or an Adjunct.
ExAMPLES. -

" Scaling yonder peak,
I saw an eagle, wheeling near its brow."

" T l:.c cars having left, we chartered a coach."
"Thus talking, hand [being] in liand,
.
Alone they passed on to their blissful bower."
N.A.LYSIS OF PHRASES.

T he hour having arrivd, we commenced the exercISes. .
Omi. -The office of an Independent Phrase is LogU:al, not Gram'ffUlti·
cal. Thus, in the sentence, ... The h our having arr~ved',:v~ co.mmencod

T O,

. Du.

26.-An Independent Phrase is introduced by a
Noun or a Pronoun, followed by a Participle depending
upon it.
ExAlG'l.ES .-1 .

EXA!!PLE.-"

by the Preposition
relation.

21

A Phrase consists of { Principal Elements and
Aqjunct Elements.
DEF. 27.-The Principal Elements of a Phrase are the
words necessary to its structure.
ExAMPLES.-1. "Rays I of limpid light I gleamed I round their
patJi I ."
2. "Birds sang I amid the sprouting shade I ."
3. " Manhood is disgraced I by the consequences I of neglected youth I ."
DEF. 28.-The Adjuncts of a Phrase are the words
used to modify or limit the offices of other words in the
Phrase.

I of limpid light I gleamed I round their
path I ."
·
2. ' ' Birds sang I amid the whispering shade j •''
3. " See ! Winter comes I to rule the varied year I ."
4. "With what .an awful, world-revolving power,
Were first the unwieldy planets lanched along
The illimitable void. "
·
·

ExAl!PLES.-1. "Rays

The .?rincipal Elements of a Phrase consist of
The Leader. and the Subsequent. ·
c....

Leader of a Phrase is.the word used to
introduce the Phrasc--generally connecting its Subsequent
to the word which the Phrase modifies or limits.
DEF. 29.-The

"Like a spirit I it came, I in the va.n I of a storm I ."
2. " Enough remains I of glimmering light I
To guide the wanderer's steps aright I ."
8. "The previous question being demanded, I the d,ebate
closed."

ExAMPLES. -1.

22

I,

REC.A.PITUL.A.TION.

Ons.-The Leader of a Phrase is·commonly the first word in· positionbut not always; Adjuncts may precede. [See the last example.]

OBS. 2.-When any Element of a Phrase is suppres~ed, that part of
the Phrase which is expressed-whether Leader, Subsequent, or Adjunct-is to be regarded as the representative of the whole Phrase, and,
in the analysis of a Sentence, it should be construed as the whole
Phrase would be if fully expressed.

The Leader of a Phrase may be
The Preposition TO,
A Preposition,
A Substantive.
A Participle,

I

ExAMPLES.-1. " I am monarch of all I survey;
My right there i~ none to dispute." .
2. "Taking a madman's sword I to prevent I his doing mischief, I r,an .
not be regarded I AS rob/Jing him I .''
3. " The evening star having disappeared, I we returned to th8
castle."

I

DEF. 30.-A Participle is a word derived from a Verb,
retaining the signification of its verb, while it also per.
forms the office of some other "part of speech."

0Bs.- For observations on Participles, see page 111.

ExAMPLES.-1. "These crowd around," i. e., around him.
2. " William will come home," i. e., lo his home.
8. '' Mary has come to school early,'' i. e., at an early hour.

"Around," as an Element in the Sentence, is an Adver&-for it is a
~epresenlative of the Adverbial Phrase, around him.

"Around," as an Element in the Phrase, is a Preposition.
"Home," as an Element in the Sentence, is an Adver&-for it is a
representative of the Adverbial Phrase, to his home.
"Home," as an Element in the Phrase, is a Noun.
"Early," as an Element in the Sentence, is an Adver&-for it is a.
rtpreuntative of the Adverbial Phrase, at an early hour.
"Early," as an Element in the Phrase, is an Adjective,

DEF. 31.-The Subsequent of a Phrase is the Element
which follows the Leader as its object of action or relation,
or which depends on it in construction.

RECAPITUL.A.TION.

EXAMPLES.-" At parting, I too, there was a long ceremony I in th.
hall, I buttoning up great-coats, I tying on woolen comforters, 1. fixing silk
handkerchiefs over the mouth and up to the ears, and graspmg sturdy
walki.ng-canes to support unsteady feet."

!

, I
I
1;

23

ENGLISH GR.AMMAR-P.A.Rl' I.

The Subsequent of a Phrase may be,
A Word,
I A Phrase,
I

I

2. A Phrase.-" A habit I of moving quickly, I ill another way I ol.
gaining time I ."
3. A Senlence.-" The footman, in his usual phrase,
Comes up with 'Madam, dinner stays.'"
OBs. 1.-The Subsequent of a Phrase is sometimes suppressed.
EXAMPLE.-" These crowd around, to ask him of his health."

Preposition.
Participle.
{
Substantive.

Subsequent . .

Word.
Phrase.
{ Sentence.

Adjective . . .

Word.
Phrase.
{ Sentence.

Adverbial . . .

Word.
Phrase.
{ Sentence.

PRINCIP.A.L
ELEMENTS.

PHRASE.

A Sentence.

EXAMPLES.
1. A Word.-" Sweet was the sound, when oft I at evening's close
Up yonder hill I the village murmur rose."

Leader. . . . . .

ADJUNCT
ELEMENTS.

24

ENGLISH GRAMMAR-PART I.

ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION.

25

DEF. 34.-The Adjunct Elements of a Sentence are such
as describe or modify other elements.

SENTENCES.

,,,

R1rnARK. -A Sentence may· be resolved into its Elements.

32.- The Elements of a Sentence are the parts
which enter into its structure.
DEF.

REM.-In the structure of Sentences, certain general principles are involved, which are common to all languages.
1. W c have that of which something is declared.
J0ect of the Sentence.

This is called the Sub-

2. There must be a word or words used to declare-positively, negatively, or interrogatively-something of the subject. This is called
the Predicate.
These two parts are essential to the structure of a Sentence.

3. The Predicates of some Sentences assert acts which pass over to
some person or thing.
The names of such per•ons, places, or things are called Objed
Jilements.

. 4. There are often other Elements, used to qualify, to limit, or to
modify the various ·parts of Sentences. These are called Adjunct Elements.

l

The P arts of a Sentence are disting uished as

Principal Elements and A<{junct Elements.

j
'1'

11

JI

Ii
•11
)

,.

...

D EF. 33.-The Principal Elements of a Sentence are the
parts which make the unqualified assertion.
ExAMPLES. -1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

" The I night passed I away I in song."
2. " The king I of sh.adows I loves I a I shining I mark "
3. '' There I in his noisy 11'1/lnsion, I ski/J,ed to rule, I
4.
The I village I master I taught I his f litae I school I
5. "Lend me your songs, ye nightingales."
6. "0 Liberty! I wait/or Ike."

EXAIKPLES.- 1 .

B irdsfly.
The sun shines.
"The night passed away in song."
" The mountains showed their gray heads."
"Thy bounty shines in Autumn , unconfined ,
And spreads a common feast for all that live.'
" Th e king of shadows loves a IJiining rnnrk."
" In the beginniJ1g, God ere.awl the heaven and the
earth.' '

"

.

Rm.-There are still other words, which are n either Principal Elements nor Adjuncts,-words which are sometimes used in connectioa
with the Sentence, but which do not constitute au integral part of it.
Hence,
DEF. 35.- W ords accompanying a Sentence without
entering into its structure, are called

Attendant Elements.
Ex.AMPLES.- 1. "Lend me your songs, ye nightingales/"
2. " 0 Liberty I I wait for thee."
3. "There are no idlers here."
4. "I sit me down, a pensive hour to spend."
5. "Even in our ashes live their wonted fires."
6. " Friends, Romans, Countrymen I lend me your ears."
ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION.

The Principal Elements of a Sentence are,
The Subject,
I The Predicate, I The Object.
Ons.-Every Sentence must have, at least, one Subfed and one Pred--

icate, expressed or understood.
DEF. 36.- The Subject of a Sentence is that of which
something is asserted.

Ons. -The Subject of a Sentence is always Substantive in its office ; it
may be a Noun, or a lVord, a Phrase, or a S~nce used for a Noun
EXAMPLES.

a. A Noun.-1. Birds fly.
2. " Knowledge is power ."
3. " Truth crush ed to earth. will rise a51ain."

26

1! 1
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'I
I

I

ENGLISH G:ftA.MM.A.l~-PA.RT I.

b. A Pronoun.--4. lVe come.
5. They are satisfied.
6 . "They thaJ, seek me early, shall find me.
c A Phrase.-7. " To do good, is the duty of all me_n. . .
to civil
·
S. "HtJ being a minister, prevented his rismg
power."
A Sentence.-9 . "At what time he took orders, doth not. appear." "
d.
lO. " That all men are crwied equal, is a self-evident truth.
·
Ad·JUnc t ~. is
· called a Modified
Ons. A Subject of a Sentence havmg
Sv.b/ect.
EXAMPLE.-" The king of shackrws loves a shining mark."
DEF. 37.-The Predicate of a Sentence is th~ Word or
"\Vords that express what is asserted of the subJect.

Ons.-The Predicate consists of a Verb, with or without another
Verb, a Participle, an AdJective, a Noun, a Prorwun, or a Preposition.
EXAMPLES.

"

a. A Verb only.-1. Birds fly.
2. Quadrupeds run.
,,
3. " Here sleeps he now alone.
b. Two Verbs.-4. We shall go.
5. I do remember.
6. " Ye shall not in the lofty pine
D isturb the sparrow's nest."
c. A Verb and a Participle.-7. J ohn was inJurecl.
8 ·wmie is reading.
"Thou art perched aloft on the beetling crag."
d. A Verb and an Aqjective.-10. J ames became poor.
11. Warner is sleepy.
12. "And the waves are whil.e below."
e. A Verb and a Noun.-13. God is love.
14. We are friends.
15. '' The proper study of mankind is man.''

9:

i

I
I·

f. A Verb and a Pronoun.-16.

It is L
17 .. Who are you?
18. "Thine is the kingdom."

g. A Verb and a Prejosition.-19. Its idle hopes are o'er.
20. That b11sinc:ss has been attenil~d to.

ELEMENTS OF SENTENCES.

REMAnKs.-The Predicate is varied not only in jorr::, but also in it.a
functions.

1. It may assert an act-as, William walks.
It may assert being-as, God exists.
It may assert qualil.y-:i.s, Sugar is sweet.
It may a.ssert posses~ion-as, '' Thine is the kingdom."
It may assert iilenti:ly....:...as, It is L
It may assert condition-as, Its idle hopes are o'er.''
It rnay assert change of condition-as, "His palsied hand
waxed strong.''

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Ons. 1.-The term " Predicate" has two applications-a Logical and a
Grammatict1l. The Logical P.redica;e includes the Grammatical Predicati and
its Obfect. Thus, in the sentence,
"The king of shadows ·loves a shining mark,"
"Loves a shining mark," is the Logical Predicate ;
''Loves" is the Grammatical Predicate.
Ons. 2.-In Sentences that have no Objects, the Logical and the Grammatical Predicates are identical. Thus, in the sentence,
" .The oaks of the mountains fall,"
.
" Fall" is both the Logical and the Grammatical Predicate.
Ons. 3.-The Modified P redicate includes the Grammatical Predicate a.nd
its Adjuncts. Thus, in the sentence,
'' Hollow winds are in the pines,''
" Are in the pines" is the llfodified Predicate of " winds."
''Are'' is the Grammatical Predicate.''
REM.-The Object of a Sentence, being distinct from the Grammatical Predicate, is properly regarded as a distinct Element in the structuro
of such Sentences as contain Objects. Hence,
DEF. 38.-The Object of a Sentence is the Word or
Words on which the act, expressed by the Predicate,
terminates.
·

· Ons.-The Obje.Jt of a Sentence is a Noun, or a. Word, a Phrase, or a
Scn'tence used .for ·a Noun.
·
EXAMPLES.

a. A Noun.-1. John saws wood. 2. Birds build nests.
3. "Sha.ll joy light the face of the Indian?"
b. A Pronoun.--4. I have seen him. 5. Whom seekest thou?
6. " Oft the shepherd called thee to bis flock."

25

c. SaUena:i.- " It is possible tJzat Anna will come."

c. A P !tra:Je.-7. " I regret his being absent."
d. A Scntcnce.-8. "The fool hath said in his h eart, There is no God."
0. " And God said, Lei, tlwre be lig"1 ."

ADJ UNCT

ELE~IENTS.

An A(ijunct Element may be

A Word,

A Plirase,

REM.-The words "Statesman" and 11 Lex"
,,
tinguish the two "Websters·" "Oas . ';_og;,apher .a~e us.ed to dis" Clay" is spoken of. the Ph'
"Ni.inus ·• ~o- d1stIDgu1Sh which
apokon hamngfi Uen " to t 11
'
rase
there is no more cause 'for ""•larm.' an d "A nna will
. a ,, •· Se why
used t o t ell what is m eant by tho word " 1·1 " H come, is a entence
rnatical Ac(juncts and Logical Ad:functs.
ence, we have Gram•

A Sentence.

EX.Ull'LES.

a. A }ford.-1. We were walking harneward.

RECAPITUL.A.TION.

(

Word

Subject . . . .

2. ·we shall arrive ~oon.
3. " D arkly waves each giant bough."

P.

{

b, A P hrasi. -1. We were walking taward lwme.
2. We shall arrive in a short time.

c. A Sentence.-1. Students, who study, will improve.
2. Students will improve, if they study.' '
IlEM.-Adjunets are used to limit or describe things, or to modify iScU
er qualities. H ence,

··

PRINCIPAL
ELEMENTS.

Predicate . .

1 ADVERBIAL.

;: : 5 a Participle.
~ ~ an A<fjective.
~ ;::: a Noun.
( P.. 8 a Pronoun.
<1 a Preposition.

Obj ect . . . . .

J Noun.
{ Pronoun.
{ Phrase· · · ·Sub stantive.
Sentence· .. Substantivo.

l'ronouns.

EXAMPLES.

Word . ·

'

1

Adjective.
Adverb.
Grammatical Phrase. . Adjective.
Adverbial.
( Sentence. Adjective.
. Adverbial.
ADJUNCT
ELEMENTS.

(
Word ...

a. Words .-1. Webster, the S tatesman, is remotely related to W eb-

ster, the L exicographer.
2. Clay-Cassius M.- had more h onorable benevolence
than poIi tical sagacity.
b. P hrases. -1. "Napoleon lwving f allen, there is no more cause for
alarm ...

Pronoun.

'hrase · · · . Substan tive.
Sentence . .. Substantive.

Word . .

Oas. 1.-Adjective Adjuncts, whether Words, Phrases, or Sentences,
a rc such as answer to the questions, What? What kind? Whose?
IIow many ? etc. They are attach ed, in construction, to Noum and to
Ons. 2.-Adverbial A djuncts-Words, Phrases, or Sentences-'-are such
us answer to the questions, How ? "W hy ? ·where? Whence? Whether?
etc. They are attached to Verbs, t o Adjectives , and to Adverbs.
Ons. 3.- Words, Phrases, and Sentences, h aving no Grammatical con·
nection with other Elements in a Sentence, often perform A djunct offu:a,
by limiting or modifying the application of other Elements. Such are
properly called L ogical Adjuncts.

{ Noun.

~ ..., another Verb.

Adjuncts are distinguished :is j ADJECTIVE or

'

29

ELEMENTS OF SENTENCES.

ENG LISH GRA.M:l-111.R-PART I.

Logical . . . .

P!irase . .
Sentence.

3*

30

ENGLISH GRAMMAR-PART I.

EXERCISES

IN

ANALYSIS.

SENTENCES WlTHOl:T ADJUNCTS.

Birds fly.
(

'I

X

Jlirds

fly

)

F IB.ST MODEL.

(a. )

EXERCISES · IN .ANALYSIS.

31

Rur.-In the last example, the four words" should have been studied," constitute the Predicate of " lessons."
REM. 2.-The Pupil will notice that, when the Predicate consists
of more than one word, the last word makes .the Principal Assertion; the
other words perform subordinate offices. Thus, in Example 7,
"Should" denotes obligatwn; "Should have" denote obligation and
time ; '' Should have been'' denote obligation, time, and voioe. These aro
~ubordinate to the principal assertion expressed by the word " studied."

QuC$t. Of what is something here said ? ·

John is sleepy.

A ns. Something is said of "Birds."

;~
11

!

(

1V hat is said of '' Birds'' ?

A. They fly.

REM.-Iii a limited sense, a Verb may be said to qualify .o r describe

its subject.

B irds fly.
Que:;t. In this ScntPncc,/or what is the Word "Birds" used?

A ns. To tell what "fly." ··

I,

For what is the Word " fly" used?

A. To tell what "Birds" do.
(c.)

;I
l

. Birdsfly.
"Every Sentence must have a Subject and a Predicate."
Quest. In this Sentence, what is the SubJect?

Ans. "Birds"-for it "is that of which sometffing is
I'
I

'

I

asserted."
What is the Predicate?

I·
1,.
I'

;,"11
r

'l

'

A. "Fly"-for it" is the word that expresses what is
asserted of the Subject."
y&t"" Thus, analyze the following additional

\

:1

i'.1
~

•I

I

I

DX.A.MPLES.

Fishes swim.
4.
2. Horses gallop.
5.
3. Lightning flashes.
6.
7. Lessons should have

l

)

Subject . ..... : ................... " John."
Predicate .......•............... "is ~leepy."

words, so arrangecl as to assert an entire proposition."
(b.)

.;I,

la sleepy

ANALYSIS.

These two Words thus placed, form what?

I

X

SECOND MODEL.

A. A Sentence, for they constitute "an assemblage of

I

John

Mary is reading.
Winter has come.
Resources are developed.
been studied.

John sleeps.
Here, "sleeps" describes a condition of " J ohn."
2. John is sleeping.
Here, "is sleepmg" asserts a condition of" John,"
3. John is sleepy.
In this Sentence, "is sleepy" asserts a condition of John as definitely
as do the Words, ''is sleeping;'' and the genius of the language requires
the Word "sleeping" to be added to the Verb "is," in order to express the fact intended; so the other fact concerning "John" requires
the Word" sleepy" to be added to the Verb" is." · The Sentence is
not, sleeping John is-i e., exists ; nor is the other, sleepy Jolm is-i. e.,
exists; but "John is sleeping," and "John is sleepy." " Sleeping" is a
Participle, in predicate with "is." "Sleepy" is an Adjective, in predicate with " is."
W Let the Pupil, in like manner, construe and place in Diagrams
the foliowing additional
· '
EXAMPLES.-1.

EXAMPLES.

William is diligent.
5. Velvet feels smooth.
2. James was weary.
6. Robert has becom~ poor ·
3. Flowers ate beautiful.
7. I felt languid.
4. Mountains are elevated.
8. Soldiers waxed valiant . .
9. "His palsied hand wax'd strong."~ Wilson. ·
10. "All earth-born cares are wrong."-Anon.
1.

32

ENGLISH GR.AJl[MA.R-PART I.

EXERCISES IN .AN .AL YSIS.

33

God is love.

x

(..__ _G
_ o_c1_ _

is love

)

. TnIRD MODEL.

",.

A Sentence .. .. ... .... . . . .. ... . See Definition.

SENTENCES WITH ADJUNCTS.

" .Our national resources are developed by an earne&t
culture of the arts of peace."

ANALYSIS.

The Subject-" God" ........ .. .. See Definition.
The Predicate-" Is love" .... . ... See Definition.
NoTE . - " God," i s the name of a BcinP'-" Love," is the name of an
ttttri!Jute of that Being. "Is love," asserts a fact concerning God ; and
that fact can not well be expressed wit'._0nt these two Word~ thus combined.
ADDITIO:SAL EX.U!PLES.

1.
_ 2.
3.
4.

We are slaves.
Men are animals.
Thon art Peter.
John is [a] friend.

5.
6.
7.
8.

Ye arc benefactors.
I am [a] student.
William and John are brotheTS.
We are friends and neighbors.

FIFTU :MODEL.

(a. )

Quest. Concerning what is an assertion here made?

Virtue secures happiness.

Ans. Concerning "resources."

C::.,___v_ir-tu_o_ ___,~----se_c_u_re_s_ _~~---h-np_p_in_e_s_•____~

A. Resources " are developed."

l'OURTH :UOD:&L.

A Sentence .. .. . .. . .... .. .. . .. . . See Definition.
ANALYSIS.

The Subject-" Virtue" . .. ...... See Definition.
The Predicate-" Secures" ...... See Definition.
The Object-" Happiness" ....... See Definition.
ADn!TlO:SAL EXAMPLES.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Birds build nests.
8. Howard alleviated suffering.
Clouds furnish rain.
9. Columbus discovered America.
Science promotes happiness. 10. Fulton invented steamboats.
Sin produces misery.
11 . David enlarged Jerusalem.
5. Conscience demands obedi- 12. Cresar conquered Gaul.
13. John p1·eached repentance.
ence.
6. Napoleon obtained renown. 14. l\Tastcr taught school.
7. Washington secured admi- 15. Students need instruction.
ration.
16. Railroade facilitate travel.

What is asserted of " resources" ?

What resources are developed?

A. "National" resources.
What national resources 1

A. " Ou.1·"

national resources.

How are our national resources developed ?

A. "By an earnest culture of the arts of.peaoe."
By what culture?

A. By "earnest" culture.
What earnest culture r
A. "An" earnest culture.
What .yicctal culture ?

A. Culture "of the arts ofpeace."
0 f what arts 1

A. a The"

:ltts "

of peace."

34

ENGLISH GRAMMAR-

ELEMENTS OF SENTENCES. ,

PART I.

35

(b.)

Que;;t. In the above Sentence, what is the use of "our" ?

Ans. To define some particular national resources.
·what is the use of " national" ?

A. To tell what resources.
What is the use of "resources" ?

A. To t ell what are d eveloped.
What is the use of " are developed," ?

A . To tell what is said of resources.
What is the use of "by an earnest culture of the arts of peace" ?

A. To tell how resources are developed.
(c.)

Qucs. What is the J,fodijied S ubject?

Ans. "Our national resources."
What is the Modified P redicate?

A . " Are developed by an earnest culture of the arts of
p eace."
What are the principal Elements of this Sentence?

A. "Resources are developed."
qualified assertion."

They " express the un-

What is the S ubject?

j

l)

A. "Resources." It is the name of "that of which
something is asserted."

I'

A. "A.re developed." Those words " express what is
affirmed of the Subject ."

i,I

A. " Our" and "National" are Word Adjuncts of

What is the Predicate ?

I ,

t:

I

What are the Adjunct E lements of the Sentence?

" Resources ;" and "by an earnest culture of the arts of
peace" is a Phrase Adjunct of" are developed."

QUEST IONS FOR REVIEW.
PA O!!:

15. What is L anguage? .......... . . . . .. '. .. . .. .. ......... See Def. 1.
.. . What language is Natural? ,-what, A rtifici.al,? . .• . •. . . . . See Obs. 1.
Artificial language is how distinguished ?
What is Spoken L anguage? .. .. . . ... . ................ . See Def. 2.
What is Wrii1en Language ? .. ... ... . . .. . .... ...... . . . . See Def. 3.
What is Grammar ? . .... ....... . ................. . . See Def. 4.
16. What is English Grammar? .. .• .. .•.. .. . .. . ..... . . ... See Def. 5.
Wh~ is a Letter?-a Word?- a Phrase? .. . ... . . . . See Def. 6, 7, 8.
What is a Sentence? .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .•• . , .... . .. See Def. 9.
17. By their uses, how are Words classified ?
What is a Noun ?-a Pronoun ?- an Adiective? .. See Def. 10, 11, 12.
18. What is a Verb ?- an Adverb ?- a Preposition? .. See Def. 13, 14, 15.
What ~ . a Conjunct~on ?-an Exclamation ?-a } . See Def. l6, 17, l8.
Wor of E uphony . . . , . . .. ...... . . . . .. . .
19. By their offices, how are Phrases classified?
What is a Substantive Phrase ?- a.n Adjective Phrase? . See Def. 19, 20.
20. What is an Adverbial Phrase ?- an I ndependent Phrase? .. Def. 21, 22.
By their forms, how are Phrases classified?
What is a Prepositional Phrase ?-an Fnfinilive Phrase? .. . Def. 23, 24.
What is a P articipial Phrase ?-an I ndependent Phrase ? . . . Def. 25, 9.G.
21. Vlhat are the Distinct Elements of Phrases?
What are Princip al E lements of Phrases ? . .... : ...... . . See Def. 27.
What are A djunct E lements of Phrases ?.... . . .. .. . .... See Def. 28.
The Principal Elements consist of what?
What is the Leader of a Phrase ?-it m ay consist of what? .. Def. 29.
22. What is the SUbsequent of a Phrase ?- it may consist of what ? .Def.· 31.
24. What are the E l,emeni,s of a Sentence ?- how distinguished? . . Def. 32.

w~:n~~ .~~~~ .~~~~-~~~~~~'. ~~u·n·~ ~l~~ }

See Def. 33,,34.
25. What are called Attendant Elements? .. .. : . .. : . . . .... See Def. 35.
The Principal Elements of a Sentence consist of what?
·
What is the Sulrjed of a Sentence ?- it may consist of what? . Def. 36.
26. ·wnat is the P redicate ?-'-it may consist of what? ... . .... See Def. 37.
27 . What is the Logi.cal Predicat,e ofa SeU:tence? .......... See ·o bs. 1.
What is the Modified P redicate of a Sentence ? . • . • .. . .. See Obs. 3.
What is the Object ~-it may consist of what? . ..... . ... See Def. 88.
28. Adjunct 'Elements may consist of what?

Wh.t p~- .,..'°1,iical Aqjunct.i1

.,. ...

36

ENGLI8ll GRAJl{l\1AR-PAJ'T I.

GENERAL RULES FOR DIAGRA:MS.

RULE 4.-The Object of a Sentence is placed to the
right of the Predicate-attached ;-as (3), A, and (3), (12),
and ( x ), n.

DIAGRAMS.
·1n

REb!.-The office of an Element in a Sentence determines its
the Diagram, according to the following

37

po.mion

RuLE 5.-An Adjunct of a Sentence is placed beneath
the word which it limits or modifies_.:attached ; as, (4),
(5), (6), (7), (12), (13), (14), (17), (18), (23), A, and (4),
(5), (8), (D), (17), (18), (19), (20), (23), (24),n.

GENERAL P.ULES.
A.

RuLE 6.-If the Adjunct is a Phrase, its Leader is attached to the Word which it limits; as, (15), (19), (25),
A, and (15), (21), n.
RuLE 7.-If the Adjunct is a Sentence, it is attached by
a line to the Word which the Adjunct Sentence limits; as,
the Adjunct Sentence within the dotted line (6), is attached
by the line from (2) to (9), A, and (6 to 19 inclusive) is attached to (1), n.
RULE 9.-A Logical Aqjunct is placed beneath the
Word which it describes, but not attached. [See page
39.J
RrrLE 9.-The Subsequent of a Phrase is placed to the
right of its Leader-attached; as, (20 arid 21) to the right
of (19)-(26) to the right of (25)-(16) of (15), A, and (22)
of (21)-(16) of (15), n.
·
RuLE 1.-The Principal Elements of a Sentence are
placed uppermost, and on the same horizontal line ;-as
(1), (2), (3), Diagrams A and n.
RuLE 2.-The Subject of a Sentence takes the first
phce ;-::is, (1) and (10), Diagrams A, and (1), (6), and
(25) D.
RuLE 3.-The Predicate of a Sentence is placed to the
right of the Subject-attached ;-as, (2), ancl (11 ), A, and
(2), (7); (11) 1 and (26) 1 n.

.

RuLE 10.-A Conjunction used to introduce a Sentence
is placed above the Predicate of the Sentence which it introduces; as, (a), used to introduce the Sentence (I, 2, 3),
A, and (9), introducing the Adjunct Sentence (10, 11), A,
and (o), introducing the Sentence (1, 2, 3), n.

RULE 11.-A Conjunction used to connect vVords,
Ph:rases, or Sentences, similar· in construction, is placed
between the Elements connected; as, (IO), connecting (11)
~to (7); n. [See also Diagra, pag.e 41.)

38

C)'...A.SSIFIC.A.TION OF SENTENCES.

RuLE 12.-A R elative Pronoun or a Possessive Adjecti ve used to introduce an Adjunct Sentence, is attached to
the " antecedent" by a line; as (6) attached to (1) and ( X)
attach ed to (22), n.

DEF. 44.-A Transitive Sentence- is a Sentence that
asserts an act which terminates on an Object.

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCE S.

ExAMPLES.-1.
2.
3.
4.
6.

REMA!lK.-Some Sentences assert the being, condition, or state of a per.·:
wn or of a thing-or an act which does n ot pass over to an Object.
Othcrn assert acts which terminate on Objects.
Some Sentences assert but one fact-others assert more than one.
Some assert an Independent or a Principal Proposition-others a
Secondary or a Qualifying Proposition. Hence,

Sentences are distinguished as
I-ntransitive or Transitive,
Simple or Compound,
Principal or Auxiliary.
D EF. 43.-An I ntran sitive Sentence is a Sentence that
asserts condition, being, or state- or an act whioh do_es not
t erminate on an Obj ect.
~

I

.

I

Virtue secur~s happiness.
Industry promotes health and wealth. _
"I thank thee, Roderick, for the word."
"The king of shadows loves a shining mark."
"And the eye and the heart hailed its beautiful
form .''

Ons.-A Transitive Sentence has at least one SUbJect one Predicate
and one Ob/ect.
'
'
DEF. 45.-A Simple Sentence is a Sentence that asserts
but one proposition.

EXAI>1PLEs.-l.
2.
3.
4.

William sleeps.
Mary is cheerful.
Virtue secures happiness.
"The king of shadows loves a shining mark."

EXA~1PLES .

I

1
1
. 11,

39

E NGLISH GRA.MM.A.R-P.A.RT I.

4. God is love.
5. Mountains are elevated .
2. Errors aboun d.
6. Fishes swim.
3. Mary is cheerful.
7. " On some fond breast the parting soul relies. ~
8. "Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight."
9, " Satyrs and sy 1van boys were seen
Peeping from forth their valleys green."

lovce

1. William sleeps.

shin.

Ons. - A Simple Sentence can have but one Suh;ject, one P re.dicate,
and-when Transitive-one Ob;ject.
DEF. 46.-A Compound S entence is a Sentence that asserts more than one proposition.

ExA)1PLEs.-l.
2.
3.
4.
Ons.-An Intransitive Sentence contcLius one or more Subjects and
J>redicates-but no Object.

mark.
n

Am1a and Mary study Latin.
'l'em perance elevaWi and ennobles man.
Robert studies Grammar and Arithmetic.
'.'Slowly and sadly they climb the distant mountain,
And read their doom in the setting sun."

Ons.-A Comp:mnd Sentence hus more than one SUb/ect or Pre.dicat1

or Ob/cd.

·

.

4-0

ENGLISH GRA.llrn.A.R-P.A.RT I.

41

CLASSIFIC.A.TION. · OF S ENTE NCES.

DEF . 4G (b).-In a Compound Sentence, th e Principal
Elements which are compounded are called Clauses.

will

2. The s/.ars will t hen lift up
their hetuk and rejoice.
IlEM . " -Will lift" is
Transitive ; " rej oice" is Intransitive.

lin

then

up

rejoice

Ons,-The Compound Clauses m ay be,
1. The S ub:jects only- Warner and A rthur
study Grammar.

3. " I will never pant for public honors,

2. The P redicates only-Warner studies
and recites Grammar .

~.

Nor disturb my quiet with the ajfo.i.rs of state."
' ' ·who can observe the careful ant,
And n ot p rcrvide for fut ure want."

D E F. 47.- A P ri'l'lcipal Sentence asserts an independent
or a principal proposition.

~
I

I

EXAMPLES .

5.
disease

~ 6. The P redicalcs and th e Ob:jects-Warn er studies and recites Grammar and
~
A rithmetic.
7. Th e S ub:jects, the P redicales, and th e
I ff J
(it')
Ol·rfects- · Warner and A rthur study
and recite Grammar and Arithmetic.

Ons. - A Compound Sentence may have more than two clau ses.

j
l

L
r

!

Friendship, L ove, an d

Fri eud :::ihip
XI

i: Love
&
Truth

abound

T~ uih

vitals

her

(~warmed
Q§O)

D EF. 46 (c).-A Comp ound S entence, having one or
more Transitive, and one or more Intransitive Predicates,
is called a M ixed Sentence.
EXAMPLES .

1. A mortal DISEASE wAS
upon h er vita.ls.

b:)2.
x co

"The

FUR

WARMED

a

DE.A.It . ''

3. "HE HATH BROUGHT
many CAPI'IVES to
Rome."

abound.

"Oxygen , Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
constitute the chief elem ents of organ ized
matter."

REM.-Sen tences wh ich h ave Compound Predicates often have
Objects appl icable t o only a part of them. H ence,

Time

was

He

EXAM P LES.

i

mortul

D EF. 48.-An .Auxiliary S entence is a Sentence that is
used as an Element in the structure of another Sentence
or of a Phrase.
EXAMPLES.

1. '' A mortal DISEASE wAS
upon h er vitals bej()re
Cresar had passed the
R ubic()n. "

1. " T·ime slept on flow ers,
and lent hi~ glass to

2. " The FUR tha.t warms a
monarch, wARMED a

Hope. "
It EM.-" Slept" is Intransitive; ''lent" ls Transitive.

REMARK.- " That wanns
a m onarch" is an Adjunct
of " fur. ''

BEAR . ' '

42

ENGL1SU GR.A.MM.A.R-P .A.RT I.

IJROU'Jil1'
3. "He
HATH
many CAPTIVES to
Rome,
lVhose ransom did the
9eneral coffers fill.''

He

CL.A.SSSFIC.A.TION. OF SEN'fENCES.

43

DEF. 49.-A Su.bstantive Sentence is used as the Subject
or the Object of a Sentence; or as the Object of a Phrase.
EXAMPLES.

1. " Tho.I 9ood men somelimes
commit/au~, can not be
denied."

4. "SWEET WAS the SOUND, when oft, at evening's close,
Up yonder hill the village murmur rose. "
5. ''The bounding STEED you pompously bestride,

2. Much learning shO\llS how

SUARES with his lord the PLEASURE and the PRIDE."

little mortals know.

6. " I HA VE a. TEMPLE in
every heart that owns
my influence ."
REMARK. - "That owns
my influence'' describes
''hen.rt. ''

7. " Oft as the nwrnin9 dawns

' - - - - - - - ....,_---~----~ 3. He refused to tell what

cau.o;es muved him.
4. '' Thal all men are crealed equal, is a self-evident truth.''
5. " Yet Brutus says he was amldious. '.'

SHOULD GRATITUDE ASCEND.''

Rra1ARK. - "Oft" modifies " should ascend." "As
the morning dawns" limits

DEF. 50.-An Adjective Sentence is a Sentence that ig
used as an Adjunct of a Substantive.
EXAMPLES.

"oft."
love th

8. "To him that wishes for m.e, I AM always PRESE"1T."
9. "These lofty TREES WAVE not l ess proudly,
· T hat their ancestors nw,;lder beneai,h them."

own

1. '' HE that 9e.tte.th u·isdom
LOVETH his own SOUL.''

2. THEM that hanor me, I WILL

On5.-A Principal Sentence and its Auxiliary Sentences constitute a
[See Ex.rnrLES 1, 2, above.l

HONOR.''

C!Ymplex Sentence.

RE~I.-An Auxiliary Sentence is an Adjunct of a Word, a Phrase, or
a Sentence; or it is used as a subst~ute for a Noun. Hence,

soul
bis

John

3. JOHN IS not ADLE to tell
what he knows.

Auxiliary Sentences are distinguished as

I

:1

I '·1 ·
~ I
' I

l
l

Substantive,
Adjective, and
Adverbial.

4. " That life is long wliich answers _life's [/Teat end."
5. '' The man of wealth and pride
Takes up a space that many poor supplied."
6. " H ere I come to tell what I do know."

- -

I,

44

ENGLISH GRAllfl\I AR-

PART I.

EXAMPLES.

They

x_____

k_ne_e_ie_ d_-:-r:=-J

1. " They

lmeeled

before

they fought."
they

2. " Teachers rejoice when
their pupils improve.''

RECAPITULATION OF DIAGRAMS.

1.

he would be a bondman ?"

Il as e" describes" who;" ''so" modifies "base ;" " that he
would be a bondmen" limits "so."

EXAMPL ES.

r

·1

I

I I!\

NoTE.-" That we misjudge" is a Sentence, used to limit the application of th e Word "it." Hence, the Sentence is an Adjunct of the
Word. It is called a Logical Adjunct because th ere is n o Grammatical
connection between the two Sentences.

and safety.''

J

.a Compound Sentence-Transitive.
~ Ex.-" Stai.e conforms and rnodels life."
.a Compound Sentenoe-'l'ransitive.
~ Ex.-" Spirit unfurls light and u·heels
~
course.''
·
.a Compound Sentence-Transitive.
'Ex.-" Wisdom and virtue elei;ate and

K

~ Ex.-" Youth and beauty tread rmg

H
I

ennoble man."
~

.a Compound Sentence-Transitive.

M

.
and shout raptures.''
·
. . .. a Compound Sentence-Mixed.
Ex.-''HebreatJiesfragranceandsleeps."
~f=:;::;:::::>
..... a Compound Sentence-Mixed.
~ Ex.-" Fruits ripen and yidd repwsts."

N

~ ..... . .... . . the Principal Sentence.

~
~

L

COMPLEX SENTENCES.

1. It is possible that we misSee page 28, Obs. 3.

I

~

~.________,...__,,Ex. -'' He

~

N-n
judge.

.. .

a Simple Sentence-Intransitive.
A '-----A..___}
ExAMPLE.-" Landscapefades."
B ~ . .... a Simple Sentence-Transitive.
\.~)Ex.-" Masfer taught school."
c ~
a Compound Sentence-Intransitive.
~
Ex.-" Lark ascends and sings.''
~\
a CompoundSentence-:Jntransitive.
D ~
Ex.-" WeaUhandfreedomreign."
~~ .a Compound Sentence-Transitive.
E ~~~~ Ex.- " We beheld moon and stars."
~·
.a Compound Sentence-Transitive.
F ~0 breath) Ex.- " Urn or b1113t can call breath."
.a Compound Sen tence-Transitive.
G ~ I I
promote) I '
)
Ex.-'' Liberty and union promote peace

REMARK.-"

4. " lVhcrc ii·ealth and freedom reign, contentment fails."
5. '' How dear to my heart are the scenes of my childhood
When fond recollection presents them to view."
G. "These lofty trees wave not less proudly
That their ancestors moulder beneath them."
Ons.-A Sentence iti sometimes a Logical Adjunct of some Word in a
Principal Sentence.

FOR Sfu";TENCES.

, - -·y---....

3. "Who is here' so base that

he

45

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCE S.

D EF. 51.-An Adverbial 'Sentence is a Sentence that is
used ns an Adjunct of a Verb, a Participle, an Adjective,
or another Adverb.
(

----------~-

0

'lie-

loveth soul.''

.... Auxiliary Sentence-Adjective.

Ex.-" That getteth wisd07ll."

will make a ology •... . .... . . : the Principal Sentence.
'-~--·...__P_ __, Ex.-." He will rnnlr.e apology."

. .. .. . Auxiliary Sentence-Adverb.

Ex.-" If J ohn has injured you."

0-o
P -p
Q

~discourag~
-._____;.....

(

Man

Ex.-" Findingfaultdiscouragesyouth."

. . . a Senten ce having a s~ntence for
· its Object.
- - Ex.-" Man exclaims, they come."

Xexclaims '(c:::::::J=::>
-

. . a Sentence having a Phrase for its
Subj ect .

46

ENGLISH GRA.MMAR-

2.

PAR'I I

CL A.SSIFICATION OF SENTENCES.

PHRASES,

Leader- Subseqi"nt.

P'ACIK

. .. ... . .a Prepositional Phrase-Simple
EXAMPLE.-" Of Java. "

R~
R2

1'

.... a Proposition11.l Phra.~e-Compound ,
and sofe.ty.

In t::==pr;
enic=e::.,

Ex.-" In peace

safety

L____

s

Gain ing ~

"

a Participial Phrase-Simple, Transitive.
Ex.-'' Gaining time.
1

'

. . . . . an Infinitive Phmse-Intransitive.
'.lb dream ."

I

Ex.- "

T

an Infini tive Phrase-Transitive.

T2

l~~ :E;.~;,"Togivegijts. ' '

U2

. . an Independent

Story

u

. . . . an Independent Phrase-;;Transitive.

~

Ex.-" B oat having left wharf.

x
I (l • '( )
L
lh nv :ng le ft

whnrf )

,.--

:j

gaining

~

r

l
l
i

~·1

tim e

·

1_ I~
Vi ~~

~
~~ 1
~

X

I

y

I

·

I

'------'

Phr~se.-Intransitive.

Ex.-" Ston; being done. '

being done

z \._____J::l.__}

COMPLEX PHRASES.

.

..... a Participial Phrase the ObJect of a
Preposition.
Ex.-" OJ gaining time."
Principal Phrase Prepositional , or ~n.finitive.
[1tive.
Auxiliary Phrase Prepositional , or Infin·
Ex.- " On bed of sea"-jlowers. "
.a Participial Phrase , having a Sentenco
for its Subsequent.
Ex.-" Saying, we will reply."
. .. Adjunct Word-Adj ective or Adverb.
... Compound Adjunct.

RE~r.-1. Wi th the exception of the last two, the above Diagrams
arc adapted to the Principal Elements of a Sentence o~ of a Phr~-se . In
th e exercises which follow, these Elements are vanously modified by
Acljun.ct ' Vords, Phrases, and Sentences.

2. The whole Predicate-consisting of one, two, thr.ee.' four , and
· one D"agrnm
on thQ
. place d m
somet imes fiv e wordo--1s
1
' as exh1b1ted
•
following pages.

47

QUESTIONS FOR REVI EW.

38. Why are Sentences classified? . . . ... . . . . . ... .. .. . . See Remark.
How are Sentences classified ?
What is an I ntransitive Sentence 'I .. . .. . . .. . . . ••... . . See Def. 43.
May Intransitive Sentences be either Simple or Compound? ..... .. . . . .... ". . ......... . . . . . .. . ...... See Obs.
Make Intransitive Sentences . .. .. .. .. . . . S imple.
Ma~e
"
.. . ..... . ... Oumpound.
\ 39. What is a Transitive Senf,ence· .? • •• • . •••••••• • •••• .. . . See Def. 44.
]\Jake Tran$itive Sentences ... .. ... . ... . S imple.
Make
'' ·
.... .. . . . . ... Compound.
What is a S imple Sentence? . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . See Def. 45.
Make Simple fl.ent~nces . ...... . .... .. .. . I ntransitive.
Make
.. . . . . .... . . .. ... Transitive.
What is a Compound Sentence ? ......... . .. . ..... . .. See Def. 46.
Make Compound Sentences .. . ... . . ... .. Intransitive.
Make
... . ......... Transitive. ·
40. Vlhat are Olau= of a Sentence? .. .. ... . . .. .. .. . . :See Def. 46 (b)
What Elements in a Sentence may be compounded?. See Obs. (1- i ).
Make Sentences having Compound . . .... . Subf ects.
l\fake
''
... . .. . PredicaUs.
Make
... ... . Ob:jects.
How numerous may be the Olauses of a Sentence ?
What is a Mixed Sentence? . .. .. • .. . .. . . ......... . . See Def. 46 (c).
l\Iake Mixed Sentences-1st Clause Transitive.
2d Clause Transitive.
Make
41. What is a P rincipal Sent,ence 'I . .. . . .. .. . .......... . . See Def. 4i.
What is an A uxiliary Sentence 'I . ... , .. . . ........ . . . . See Def. 48.
42. What is a Oomplex Sentence ? .. . . ....... . . . ... .. .... See Obs.
Make Compound Sentences.
What are the offices of Auxiliary Sentences ? .. ... . . . See B
B y their offices, how are Auxiliary Sentences distinguished ?
43. What is a Substantive Senf,ence? . .. .. .. ........ . ..... See Def. 49 . ~
llfake a Substantive Sentence that shall be the S ul;:ject of 11
Principal Sentence.
lfake a Substantive Sentence that shall be the Ob/ed of a
Principal Sentence.
What is an Adjective Sentence? .. . .. . ..........•.... See Def. 50.
llfake Adjective Sentences.
44. What is an A dverbial Sentence ? ...... . . . , .... . . ·.. . . See Def. 51.
Make Adverbial Sentences.

- - ---

48

ENGLISH

GRA~1MAR-PART

I.

E XE RCISE S

I N

A N ALY S IS,

every grade-from the most simple to the most complex. T he Teache r
will find exercise fo r his judgment and discretion in assigning the Sent ences to bis pupil.; (for analysis) according to their several capacities ..
2. The Teacher will find it interesting and profi table to his Pupils to
11.ssign t o each at least one Sentence, t o be placed in i ts appropriate
Diagram-drawn on the black-board extempore, or on paper by appoin tment at a previous recitation.

--,----------..:-=---~--"-'~-~___,

EXERCISES IN ..AN AL'lSIS.

Othtr
REM.-1. In t he fo llowinir Exercises will be found Sentences of

-

EXAllPLES

49

applica.bk t.o the same Diagram.

2. The studious pupil J seldom fails in his recitation.
3. _The arr~gant pedant I was q~ickly banished from the colllpany.
4. Such br~ght examples I seldom fail, ultimately, to please.
5. ~hat bnght meteor I flashed brilliantly athwart the heavens.
6. 'lhe young aspirant I never succeeded in his effort.
1. Our brightes.t ~tudents I are also foremost in their sports.

W

Let each Pupil make a Sentence adapted to the same Diagram.
ADDITIONAL E:"..AMPLES.

SIMPLE

SENTE..'>CES- lntransitive.

1. " ]vow f ades the glimmering landscape on the sight."
landscape
the

glimmering

A Simple Sentence-Intransitive .. . .. . .. .. See Def. 4:l'

~
AlfALYSI S.

1.
. l
' j
I

The M odified Sitbject . . . . "The glimmering landscape."
The Grammatical Subject . .......... . .. "Ll'ndscape."
The jJf odified P redicate .... "Now fades on the sight."
The Grammatical Predicate . . . .. .. . ... .. . . "Fades."
ADJUXCT ELEM&'>TS.

0If

{"The" . . ... .. . . .......... a Word.
" b"
the mt l,J<ZCt, " Glimmering" . .... . ...... a Word.

~ " Now" . .. .. .......... a Word.
.
0If the P recl icate, " 0 n t b e s1g
· h t " .. . ...... a Ph r ase.
CONSTRUCTI ON.

Elements.
O.!Jict .
Now,
t ells when " landscape fades."
Fades,
tells tdwt '' landscape' ' does.
T he,
tel ls 1i·hat " landscape."
Glimmering, t ells what " landscape."
Landscape, t ells what "fades."
On th e sight , tells u·here '' landscapefadu. ·'

Gla.ss.
Adjunct of " fades. "
Predicat e of ' ' landscape.
Adjunct of " landscape."
Adjunct of " landscape.' ,
Subject of "fades. "
Adjun ct. of '' fades.''

P rincipal, Element,s similar-AoJunds dissimilar. ·

8. " The big tear I then started from his eye-" '
9. "Morni'sfaa I brigl1t.ened with gladness'. "
10. "His aged eyes I wok faintly through tears of joy."
11. " We I came to the halls of Selma. "
12. " We I sat around the feast of shells. "
13. " Fingal I rose in his place."
14. " The sword of Trenmor I shook by his side."
15. "The gray-haired hero I moved before."
16. "On the pathway of spirits
She wantkrs alone."
·
.
17. "Th~ song of the woo_d-dove ha.s died on our shore ." .
18. "And on the stranger's dim 11.Ild dying eye
The soft, sweet p ictures of his childhood lie.'•
19. " His hair fall.s round his blushing cheek, in the wreaths of
waving light."
·
20. '' A flood of glory burst& from all the skies.''
21. " The long, bright days of summer quickly paM«l."
22. '. 'The dry ./eaves whirled in Autumn's ramg blast."
23. " The garden rose may richly bloom,
In cultured soil and genial air,
To cloud the light of Fashion's room
Or droop in Beauty's midnight~."
24. "On Horeb 's rock the prophel. stood,25.
The Lord before him passed;
26.
.A. hurricane, in angry .mood,
S u·ept by him, strong and fast ;
27. The forest fell before its force ·
28.
The rocks u·ere shivered in its c~urse ;
29.
God 1m1 not in the blast." (Seep. 258, Obs. s;)
5

ENGLISH GRAMM'AR.-P ART I.

50

EXERCISES IN ·ANALYSIS.

SIMPLE SENTENCES -Transitive.

COMPOUND

1.-" The king of shadows loves a shining mark."
king

(

-~ove•

L::J \.

Knowledgo

•blnlng

mu

•

Simvk Sentence-Transitive .... . . ..• " .. . See Def. 44.
4

ANALYSIS.

~

BENTENCES.-TramUive.

I. " Knowledge reaches or. may 'l'each every

lwme;'~

~~;k-~

..

r;;:1 r

shadows •_)

~A

.J

51

The

Subject ... . ... ... "K.ing."
PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS.
The Predicate .... . ... "Loves."
The Object ........... " l\Iark."
lf'
Sb'
{"The" ..... .. a Word.
O'.! the u uect,
"Of shadows".a Phrnse.
ADJUNCT
ELEofENTS.
Of the Predicafe,
{ >f' h Ob.
~ "A" ......... a Word.
O'.! t e uect,
? "Shining" .... a Word.

.
PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS.

.AnJuNar ELEMENTS.

home
r ~och

every

ANALYSIS.

{The
The
. The
The

Subject . ..... " Knowledge."
lst Pred~cate." Reaches."
2d Predicate . "May reach."
Object . ...... "-Home."

Of the Subject. . . . Of the Predicate. .
_
{
Of the Object .... "Every."

ADDITIONAL SENTENCES,

Elerru:-nU.

The,

j
. j,

.L
I

I:

King,

0 f shadows.,
Loves,
A,
Shining,
Mark,

Office.
t o tell what " king."
to tell who " loves mark."
t o t ell ichat "king."
to t ell what the king does.
to tell what " mark."
t o tell what " mark."
to tell what the king " loves."

Class.
Adjunct of" king."
Subject of "loves."
Adjunct of" king."
Predicate of '·'king."
Adjunct of" mark."
Adjunct of '' mark. ''
·Object of ·" loves."

Other EXAMPLES applicahle to the same Diagram.
The science of Geology illustrates many astonishing ftcts.
A love for study secures our intellectual improvement.
The hahit of intemperance produces much lasting misery.
A denre for improvement s~oukl possess all our hearts.
6. The use of tobacco degrades many good men.
7. A house on fire presents a melancholy spectacle.
8. A man of refinement will adept no disgusting liamts.

2.
3.
4.
5.

~

Let each Pupil make a Sentence for the same Diagram.

~ Let the Pupil read only the Principal Elemen.t s of the abon
Sentences. Thus,
Love secures improvement,
Then let him add the Adjuuc~ to eacb word.

Having the

PRINCIPAL ELD!EXTS

similar in construction.

2.
3.
4.
5.

"By thus acting, we clierish and improve both"
" Whose potent arm perpe!uates existence or d~troy8
" For which we 3hunned and haled thee before." .
"Hcpe; like a cordial,.innocent though strong,
Man s heart at once inspirits and serenes.'•
6. " Hence every state, to one loYed blessing prone
Conforms and models life to that alone."
'
7. "Mighty Alfred's piercing soul
P.eroadu and regulates the whole."
8. " Temperance fortifies and purifies .the heart."
9. " Bright angels vieu:ed with wondering eyes
And hailed the incarnate God."
'
IO " Who does not receive and entertain a polite man with still greater
cheerfulness ?"
11. "And oft tllat blessedfanC?J cheers,
And bears my heart above."
12. " That voice of more than Roman eloquence, urged and sustainea
the Declaration of Ind ependence."
13. "Th6 pew te r plate Qn • the dresser, caught and reflected the flame.,"

•

• See K· y, pages 21 nnd 79.

K~ERCISE.S.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR-PART I.

52

In the beginning, God created the heaven and the

I. "

IN ANAI,.YSIS.

63

1. " Gan storie(l ~rn. or animated bust

Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath! ,,

earth."
God
In

tl~eling

ANALYSIS.

PmNCIPAL ELEMENTS.

ADJUNCT
ELEMRNTS.

The Subject ........ " God."
The Predicate . . .... " Created."
"Heaven"
and
{ The Objects . . . . . .
"Earth."

l

Of the Subject . · · · · · · · Of the Predicate ...... "In the beginning."
the 13t Object . ... .. "The."
{ Of
Of the 2d Object ... .. . "The."
CONSTRUCTION.

Elem:nts.

Office.

()lass.

"In the beginning," tells wkn God" created. "
tells who "created heav- l
" God,"
en and ea1·th." f
t ells w.'u!t " God"· did.
"Created,"
tells what" heaven."
The,
tells what "God created."
Heaven,
joins "heaven and earth."
And,
tells what "earth."
The,
tells what •' God created.''
Earth ,
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES,

2.
3.
4
5.
6.

Adjunct of" created."
Subject of " created."
Predicate of " God."
Adjunct of" heaven."
Object of "created."
Conjunction.
Adjunct of " earth."
Object of ''created.''

for the same Diagram

William loves his study and his play with equal attachment.

God, in the creation , has displayed his wisdom o.nd his power.
J\Ien gather the tares and the wheat with equal care.
We, at all times. seek our honor and our happiness.
Students require of the teacher much instruction and
patience.
7 He educated his daughter and his son at great expense.

ANALYSIS.

PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS

ADJUNCT
ELEMENTS .

1st Subject ......... "Urn."
2d Subject · · · ··· · · .. "Bust."
· { The Predicate ...... " Can call "
The Object ......... "Breath.';

Of the l st Subject ....... " Storied."
Of the 2d Subject ....... " Animated." · ·
Of the Predicate. . . . • . 5;; Bac_k."
. ~ To its mansion."
Of the Object ......... f "The."
.
I "Fleeting."

1

ADDITIONAL SENTENCES,

In which the

PRDWIPAL ELEMENTS

are similar.

2. '' Dlumin~tcd '-i~on and regulated Z.iberty shall once .more exhibit
man m the image of his Maker."
8. "The hunter's trait and the dark encampmeni.3 startld th .ild
beasts from their lairs."
·
e w
4. " Their names, their years, spelled by the unlettered mu_se,
The place of fame and elegy supply."
·
5.
"Thy praise
"T?c widows' sigh!' and orphans' tears embalm."
6. Hill and valley echo back their songs.' '
7. :: Then S~rife and Faction rule the day,"
8.
And Pnde and Avarice throng the way."
9. " Loose Revelry and Riot bold, '
In freighted streets their orgies hold."
10. "Here Art and Commerce, with auspicious reign
Once breathed sweet influence on the happy p~"

5*

- - ~ ~ - -~----~~----~----------

54:

EXEROISES .IN, ·ANALYSIS.

ENGLISH GRA:MMAR-P.ABT I.

1. " The L ord up lifts his awful hand,

I. "And the eyes .of the sleeper. w~ed df;adly and chill."

A nd chains y ou to the shore."
waxed

dau ly
and

chlll

ANALYSIS.

PRINCIPAL
ELEMENTS.

The Subject .... " Eyes."
{ The Predicate .. " Waxed deadly and chill."

ADJU NCT
ELEMENTS.

Of the Subject { " The" · · · · · · · · ·a Word.
Of the sleeper" . a Phrase.
{ Of the Predicate." --

ANALYSIS.

PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS.

ADJUNCT

ELEMENTS .

Tlie Subject .. ... . .. . . "Lord."
Th e l st Predicate . ... "Uplifts."
The 2d Predicate .... "Chains."
{ The l st Object . .... . . "Hand."
The 2d Object .... . .. " You."

·
Of the Subject.
·: . . . . . . . . . "Th"
e.
Of the 1st Predicate . . .... - -Of the 2d Predfra te . ..... . "To the shore."
"His"
{ Of the l st Ob~ect · · · · · · · { " Awful."
Of the 2d Obj ect . .. . · · · · · · - ADDI'l'IONAL EXAMPLES,

Jn which the PnINCIPAL

I .

ELEMENTS

are simil.ar.

2. "He hem·d the King 's command,
And saw that writing 's truth."
3. " F or misenJ stole ms at m y birth,
And cast me, helpless, on the wild."
4.
" T hai the p age unf olds,
And spreads us to the gaze of God and men."
5. " Now t wilight Jets her curtain down,
And pins it with a star."
.
6. " They ful filled the great Jaw of labor in the letter, but broke it
in the spirit."
7 " Then weave the chaplet of flowers, \lnd strew the beauties of
Nature about the grave."
8. " He marks, and in heaven's register enrolls
The rise and progress of each option there.''

NorE.-'l'he words "deadly" and "chill" describe "eyes," and
&re therefore ADJECTIVES ; but they describe by making (in connection
with "\Vaxed" ) an assertwn. Hence they are ADJECTIVES' rn Pn.EDIC.ATE
- they constitute a part of the Predicate.
AJ?DITIONAL SENTENCES,

H aving Ad;'ecti~es or P articiples in Predi.cai.e.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
l 2.
13.

"Age is dm k and unlovely."
"Bloodless are these limbs and cold."
"Now, therefor.e, be not grieved nor angry with yourselves."
' 'I am ptrplaed and conf ounded.'' ·

"They became agitated and re~tless."
"&de am I in speech, and little blest
With the set phrase of peace."
'' What bark is plunging wid the billowy strife,
And dashing madly on to fearful doom."
" The wares of the merchant are spread abroad in the shops, or
stored in the high-piled warehouses."
"How finely diversified, and how multipiied into many thousand distinct exercises, is the attention of God !"
" Contentment is serious but not grave."
" The promises of Hope are sweeter than roses in the bud, and
far more flattering to expectation."
·
" For cold and stiff and still are they
Who wrough~ thy walls annoy."*
• Wrought nnnoynnce lo thy walls• .

\,

56

ENGLISH GR.,UIMAR-PART I.

57

EXERCISES IN .AN ALYISIS.

I. " T ime slept on flowers and lent his glass to hope."
COMPLEX SENTENCES.

1.
on

Time

· fluwens

THE AUXILIARY SENTENOES.-SUBSTANTIVE.

1. " Tliat all m en are created eqital is a self-evi&mJ.
glass

truth."

bis
bope

are
ANALYSIS.

I

I
.I

PRINCIPAL
Er.RMENTS.

The Subject . . , .. . " Time."
" Slept" ..... Intransitive.
The Predicates.
and
{ "Lent" .. .... Transitive.
{
The Obj ect .. . . ... " Glass."

ADJ UNCT
ELEMENTS.

Of the Suqject . . . . . - .
Of the 1st Predicate." On flow 3rs" .a Phra se.
{ O.f the 2cl Predicate." T o hop e" . . . a Phrase.
Of the Object . . . . . . "His" .... .. . a Word.

"l

ADDITIONA L SEX TENCES,

PRINCIPAL
ELEMENTS .

The Subject.·

equal."

{

We sigh for change, and [pend our lives fo r naught.
Willia111 gOlS t o school, and p url!Ue:J his study with zeal.
J ames stays at home, and spend5 his time at play.
We shall pass from earth , and yield our homes to others.
Fruits ripen in· Autumn, and yield us rich repasts.
Other

MIXED SENTE.'ICES,

ADJ UNCT ELEMENTS.

Of the Subject . . . . - O+'
•
{ '.I the Predicate. { "A."
" Self-evident."

ANALYSIS

of I.he A uxilia1ry Sentence.

The Subject .. . •. " Men.~'
P RINCIPAL E LEMENTS. { 'fh
e p re d"icate. . . "Are create d"
,·
Of
the
Subject
.
...
"
All"
..
a
Word.
ADJUNCT E LEMENTS. { Of the P1·edicate. . ",Equ a l."*

with variable AdJ~·ndl.

7. '' For Spring shall return, and a lowr bestow.''
8. "The waves mount up and wash th e f ace of heaven."
9. " In silence majestic they t winkl~ on high,
And draw admiration from every eye."
10. "Its little joys go out one by one,
And leave poor man, at length, in perfect night."
11. "But the black blast bl ows hard,
And puffs them wide of h ope.''
12. "·wreaths of smoke ascend through the trees,
And betray the half· hidden cottage."

Sentence.

)

.
{ "Is" ...... } a Verb and
The Predicate.. " Truth". . .
a Noun.

A dapted to thf savio D iagram.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

l"T~~! ~~e~~=~ la

ANALYSIS.

ADDITIONAL COMPLEX SENTENCES,

H aving

SuBSTANTIVE SENTENCES

for their

SUBJECTS.

2. " ' I can not,' bas never accomplished ,anything."
3. " ' I will try,' bas done wo11ders."
4. " That friendship is a sacred trust ,
That friends should be sin cer~ and just,
That constancy befits them,
·
Are obsw-vations on the case,
That savors inuch of commonplace."
• A word suvBtituted for tho Atlvctliiill Phr<ll!o, "[will<} oquaZ'[rl(/MB] ....

58

59

EXERCISES IN AN.A,LYSIO.

ENGLISH . GRAMMAR-PART I.

AUXI~Y

1. " But Brutus says he was ambitious."

SENTENC.ES.-ADJECTIYE.

1. " But they that fight for freedom: undertake

The noblest cause mankind can· hctve at stake."

X

(_n_ru_in_•_X.___•_~'_·•__ ~

But

A NA LYSIS.

The Sitbject . ... . "Brutus" .. ... a Word.
The P redicate . .. " Rays" .. .. .. . a Word..
PmNCJPAL
ELmlENTS. {
. . . . { "He
} a Sentenoo.
b'ltlOUS
.was,,amTh e ObIJeCt..
• •

A COJrPLEX SENTENCE.

ADJUNCT ELmIENTS.-N one.
ADDITIONAL COMPLEX SEN TENCES,

Ilaving

./

j

.j

I

i _.

SunsTANTIVE SENTENCES

for their

O nJECTS.

!l . "Go to the raging sea, a.nd say, 'Be still."
3. "But tell not Misery's son ihat life is f air.'
4. " ' And this to me ?' h e said. "
5. " Crosar cried, ' Help me, Cassius, or I sink.' "
6. "While ma.n exclaims, ' See all things for my use,"
7. 'See man for mine,' replies a pampered goose.' '
8. " 'Will you walk into my parlor ?'
- Said a spider to a fly."
9. "He knew not that the chieftain lay
Unconscious of bis son. "
10. " He shouted lmt once more aloud,
'My father! must I stay?' "
11. "We bm;t,le up with unsuccessful speed,
And in the satldest part cry, 'Droll, indeul !"
12. "Then Agrippa said unto Paul, 'Almost thou persuade3t me to
be a Christian .' "
13. "A celebrated writer says, 'Take care of the minutes, and the
hours will take care of themselves.' "
14. "The little birds, at morning dawn,
Clothed in w:um coats of feather,
Conclude that they away will roam
To seek for milder weather."

15. " I tell thee thou art defied."

ANALYSIS

of the

PRINCIPAL SENTENCE.

PRINCIP.AL ) The Subject . . .. "They" ..... ·
ELEMENTS. The P redicate . " Undertake" .·
The Object .... " Cause" . . . . .

l

ADJUNCT
ELEMENTS.
·
.

l

i

a Sentence .

i

{" The" ....... . a
"Noblest" .. . .. a
Of the Object . " [That] mankind can have a
at ..stake". . . .

ANALYSIS

of the

1

rmp .e

Trans1tlVe.

"That :fi ht }

Of the Subject . {for fi:eedo~"
r Of
the Predicate .. - -·-

s·

Word.
Word.
Sentence.
·

FIRST AUXILIARY SENTENCE.

PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS. {The Subje?t · · · · · · · · '.'. T~at.",,
The Predicate . . . . . . Fight.
ADJUNCT } Of the Subject. . . - - ELEMENTS. Of the Predicate." For freedom". a Phrase.
ANALYSIS

of the

PmNCIP AL ELEMENTS.

SECOND AUXILIARY SENTENCE.

\

'.;

The Subject . .... " Mankind." . ·
The Predicate .. " Can have."
{ The Object ... [That] understood.

ADJUNCT { Of the Subject ....
ELEMENTS.
Of the Predicate . . " At stake" .... a Phrase.

· Of the Object. . . . • - -

60

J;;XGLISH GRAMMAR-PART I.

Thus analyze a:id place in the same Diagram thefolwwing
ADDITIONAL SENTENCES.

3. And students who love to study, merit the highest honors which
teachers can give them.

4. And actions which were founded in justice, produced the good
result8 which we h ad in view.
5. "But such as seek for truth shall find the richest boon which God
to maa can give."
6. " And I who bleed for thee,
Shall clflim the brightest gift
Which thou canst yield to me."
7. "But he who wins at last,
Shall Jove the very toils
Which forttme round him cast."

EXEROISES IN AN.A.LYSIS,

61

23. "Around Sebago's lonely- lakeThere lingers not a breeze to break
The mirror which its ~aters makll>•
24. " Cold in the dust this perished heart may lie,
But that which warmed it oD.ce shall never: die."
25. "'lie that by usury and unjust gain incr<ll\_seth his substance,
shall gather it for him that will pity the poor."
0

jl1fr' Let the Pupil place Sentence 25 in the s.u bjoined Diagram

THE ADJUNCTS VARY.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

.

. ''

13.

14.
15.
'. I

I'

I _,

I '

16.
.''

17.

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

"He that walketh uprightly walketh surely."
"There is something in their heaTts which passes speech." ,
" He is in the way of life that keepeth instruction."
''I Jove the blight and glorious sun
That gives U8 light and heat;
I Jove the pearly drops of dew
That sparkle ' neath m." feet.
I l ove to think of him who made
These pleas:mt things for me.''
"The boy stood on the burning deck,
Whence all but him had fled :
The flames that lit the battle's wreck,
Shone round him o'er the dead."
" I Jove to hear the little. birds
That carol on the trees.''
"Poverty and shame shall be to him that refuseth instn1ction."
" Wisdom resteth in the heart of him that hath underntanding ."
"Understanding fa a well·spring of life to him that hath it."
"But the noblest thing that perished there
Was that young faithful h eart."
" Thou lmst g-reen laurel leaves that twine
Into so pr011d a wreath.
Thou hast a voice whose thrilling tones
Ca.n bid eacli -Tife-iiuloo beat." (Page !!139, Note 1.)

1. " Our proper bliss depends on what we blame."
bliss
Our

dcpcn<l•

prapcr

on

•• at

~-"--w_h_-'-'.;..;'·;__...,;
A COMPLEX SENTENCE-THE AUXILIARY QUALIFIES A PHRASE•

Elem.en!$.
·offices.
"Our" .............. . .•... , ......... ... Adjunct of" bliss."
•; Proper" ... . .......................... Adjunct of" bliss."
"Bliss" . . ......... . ........... . ....•..• Subject of "depends."
"Depends" .. .. ... , . ..... .......... ..... Predicate of" bliss."
"On what we blame" . .......... . ....... Adjunct of" depends."
" Wh t ,, ~ [That] .......... . ........... Object of " on."
a ' ( [Which] .................... Object of " blame."
"We" .. . ....... ... ..................... Subject of "blame."
" Blame" ... ......... ........ "· ..... . ... Predicate of " we."
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES.

2. "What thou dost not know thou canst not tell."
3. "l opeak not to disprove what Brutus spoke."
4. "Seek not to kn_ow what i.l impi:oper for thee."
5. "Dut here 1 st:uid·and speak \vhat I do know."

6

62

ENGLISH GRA.MMAR-PART I.
AUXILIARY SENTENCES. -ADVElUlIAL.

l. " .A.ncl when its yellow luster smiled

O'er mountains yet untrod,
Each mother held aloft her child,
To bless the bow of God."

EXlmCISEB IN ANALYSIS.

.

63

"Aloft" ....... , ...................... Adjunct of "held."
" Her" .. . ..... ... , ............••..... Adjunct of "child."
"Child" .... ...... .. : . . .. .. ....•..... Object of" held."
"To bless the bow of God" ............ Adjunct of "held."
A.'IALYSIS

of the

AUXILIARY SENTENCE.

"When" ....•.............•..•. Introduces the Auxiliary Sen~.
"Its" . ... .. .........••.... ". ...•...... Adjunct of" luster."
"Yellow" ...• ..... • ...........•..•... Adjunct of" luster."
"Lustei:" .... .. .... .... . ..... . •. ..... Subject of " smiled."
"Smiled" . .......... . . .. ...... . . .... . Predicate of" luster."
"o· er mountains yet untrod" .......... Adjunct of" smiled."
A.'1 ALYSIS of the ADJUNCT PilRASF,S.
"To" ...... Introduces the I'iirase-connects ,_,bless" with "held."
"Bless" .. .... ... . . . .... . . .......... . Object of " to."
"The" .... . .... . ................ ..... Adjunct of" bow."
" Bow" ..... . ...... . . .... .. . . ..• ..... Object of " bless."
"9f God" ............................ Adjunct of" bow."

A.'(ALYSIS

of tJi e

PRIN CIPAL SEN~'(CE.

FIRST laIO D:r::L.

PRINCIPAL
ELEMENTS.

The Subject . . · · · ·" Mother"· · } Simple
The Predicate· · · ·" He)d':; · · · Tr:msitiv,e.
{ The Object . ... · ·" Child · · ·

(
j

Of the

ADJUNCT

ELEMENTS.

SubJ{'.e~,tAl~~~~~'.'.:::: : :: ;~:t

" When its yellow}
luster smiled o'er a Senten~e
Of .the
monntains yet un· (Adverbial).
Predicate. trod" . . . . . . . . . .
_
"To bless the bow ta Phrase.
Lof God" ..... ··· f
LOf the Object . . .. " Her" ...... a Word.

I

SK :}ON D MODEL.

ElemmtJ.
Offic~.
''And'• .... .. .... · · ······· · ···· · Introduces the Principal Senwnce.

"When its yello~v luster smiled"
o· er mountams yet untrod,

l ........ . Adjunct of" held."

5
, th ..
Adjunct of ' mo er.
"Each"·,;······· ···· · · '···' '· · ·· ·· ..... Subject of" held."
'' 1.1other · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · ·· ·Predicate of'' mother.''
''Held'' •••••• l•• • • •• ••• • 4• •• • • • •••• ••• •

"Of" ....... Introduces the Phrase-connects "God" with "bow."
"God" . ........... . .... . ... . . .. ... .... Object of "of."
"O'er' ' .... ." . .. Introduces the Phrase-connects '' mountains'' with
'' smiled. ''
"]\fountains" ......................... Object of" o'er."
"Yet" ... . ...................•....... Adjunct of "untrod."
"Untrod"; ..... ..... ......... . ... . ... Adjunct of" mountains." ·

p-- Thus analyze the following

ADDITIONAL ExA.lIPLES.

2. " Wherefore is there a price in the hand of a fool to gat wisdom,
seeing he hath no heart to it."
S. "Yet do I foe! my soul recoil• within me,
As I contemplate the d1m gulf of death."
4. "If we have whispered truth,
Whisper no longer."
6. "Speak as the tempest does,
Sterner and stronger."
6. "The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way _
of righteousness." ·
7. "Their advapccment in life and in education was such that each
ought ·to hayc been a gentleman."

* Page 269, Note L

..
64

8. "The sweet REMEMBRANCE of the just,
SHALL FLOURISH when he sleeps in dust . ..,
9. "But, when he caught the measure wild,
The old man raised his head and smiled."
10. "There are sumptuous mansions with marble walls,
Where fountains play iu the perfumed halls."
11. "The earth hath felt the breath of spring,
Though yet on her deliverer's wing
The lingering frosts of winter ciing."

appeal~ to our minds, and
exercise upon it our ow:n reason-taking into respectful consideration what• others say upon it-and then come to a conclusion of our own, we act as intelligent beings."
~. "Before we passionately desire what• another enjoys, we should
examine into the happiness of its possessor." '
9. "With what .loud applause didst thou beat heaven with blQssing
Bolingbroke, before he was what thou wouldst have him be!"

7.· "When wo consider carefully what•

PROMISCUOUS EXAMI'LES.
1. "The troubled ocean feels his steps, as he
EXAMPLES

Of SUBSTANTIVE, ADJECTIVE, and ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.

JjE'!!r" Let the Pupil name the Sentence below adapted to this Diagram, and place it in an exact copy, written on the black-board.

It

. I

1. "If you would know the deeds of him who chews,
Enter the house of God, and see the pews.''
2. "The man that dares traduce because he can
With safety to himself, is not a man."
8. "And, as I passed by, l heard the complaints of the laborers who
had reaped down hi8 fields, and the cries of the poor whose
covering he had taken away."
4'. "The time must come when all will have been said that can be
said to exalt the character of any individual of our race."
5. ''Mysterious are his ways, ·whose power
Brings f?rth that unexpected hour,
·when minds that never met before,
Shall meet, umte, and part no more."
6. "My henrt is awed within me when I think
Of the great miracle that ~till goe& ou
ln silence round me."

65

EXERCISES IN ANALYSIS.

ENGLISH GR.A.MM.AR-PART I.

strid~s

from wave to

wave.''

2. "Beneath the ~pear of Cathm:i.r rose that voice which awakes the
bards."
'
.
8. ''As they sat down, one said to his f~iend on his right, 'We
shall soon see who is who.' "
4.
" He sunk to sleep
With all the nameless shapes that haunt the deep.'.'
5. "' Go to the mat where $qualid Want reclines,
6. Go to the shade obscure where Merit pine1,
7, Abide with him whom Penury's charms control.And bind the rising yearnings of his soul. t
8, Survey his sleepless couch, and, standing there,
Tell the poor pallid wretch thai, life is fair."
9. "It must be siccet, in childhood, to give back
The spirit to it.s Maker, ere the h eart
Has grown familiar with the ways of sin."
10.
"·wheresoe' er our best affections .dwell,
And strike a healthful root, is happiness."
11. "A. man of refinement never has recourse to proverbs and vulgar
aphorisms."
12. "Across the ocean came .a pilgrim bark."
13. "The bark of the trunk of the white ciak is frequently variegated with
large ·spots.''
11. " The u·ood of the young stocks is very ~tic, and is susceptible of
minute di visions."
15. "The flowers put forth in the month of May.''
16. "Night, sable goddess, from her ebon throne,
In rayless majesty, now stretches forth
Her leaden scepter o'er a slumbering world,"

t See Key, p. SS.

·• Pages 92 snd 222.

6*

66

''·

ENGLISIT GTI.A.:.I::IL\.R-PART I .

17. " Vulgarism in l:mguuge is a distinguishing charaderistic
company and a bad education."
18. " Th e wood of the sil vcr fir is n;t m Lich used as timber."
19 . "The hemlock spruce is not much esteemed for timber."
20. " 11lilton ·s learning has all the effect of intuition."
21. "IIis imag'ination has the force of nature."
2~. "Ilcaven from ull creatures hides the book of fate."
23. '' And as Jesus JXl'!Sed by, be saw a man who was blind.''
2·!. "If a noble squire had conducted himself well during the period
of bis service, th e hon or of kbighthood was generally conferred upon him at the age of twenty."
25. "Another bright day' s sunset bathes the hills
That gird Samaria."
2G. " One glance of wonder, as we pass, deserves
T he books of Time."
27. "A fretful temper will divide
Th e choicest knot that may be tied,
By ceaseless, sharp corrosion.
28.
A temper, passiona te and fierce,
11fay suddenly your joys disperse
At one immense explosion."
29. "But no mere human work or character is perfect."
30. "The profoundest depths of man's intellect can be fathomed."
31. " In the loftiest flights of his imagination, he can be followed."
32. " None of his richest mines are inexhaustible."
33. "Then began lie to upbraid .the cities wherein most of his mighty
works were done, because they repented not."
34. " That secrets are a sacred trust,
That friends should be sincere and just,
That constancy befits themAre observations on the case,
That savor much of commonplace ;
35.
And all the world admits them. "
36. " The dilatory caution of Pope enabled him to condense his sen·
timents, to multiply his images, and to accumulate all that
study might produce or chance gupply."
37 . " Dryden often surpasses expectation38. Pope never falls below it.''
39. "Dryden is rtad with frequent astonll;bment40. Pope, with perpetual delight."
REM. -For the encouragement of Pupils who may not be able prop-

EXERCIS~S

67

IN - SENTENCES.

erly to ann.lyze the more difficult of the preceding Sai;itences, the fol ·
lowing Exercises are simplifled-

·

1. The Principal Elements of the Principal Sentences arc printed in
'' 2. The Principal Elements of the A~xiliary Sentences are printed in
!:lie let:ers ;
3. The letters in the margin refer to the appropriate DIAGRAMS (fer
the Principal Elements only) on page 45;
4. The for= and the offices of the Phrases are indicated by appropri·
ate references.
TnE AllERICAN FLAG.-J. R. Dr<ike.
Wh en Freedom, from her mountain i.;,eight, *b
Unfurled her standard to the air, *b
I. Sim TORE the il.zure ROBE of night*a
And SET the STARS of glory•a there;
I . SHE .MINGLED with the gorgeous dyes•a
The milky BALDRIC of the tikies, •a
And STRIPED its pure celestial WHITE
With strcakings•b of the morning light ;•a
Then, from his mansion:b in the sun, •b
I . SHE CALLED her EAGLE-BEARER down,
And GAVE into his mighty hand*b
The SYMBOL of. her chosen land. •a

B.

1.
2.

3.

Maj estic monarch of the cloud, •a
lV ho rear' st aloft thy regal form,
To.hear the tempest-trumpings loud,tb
And see the lightning lancestb driven, tb
A.
When strike the u·arriors of the storm, •a
A.
And rolls the thunder-drum of heaven. •a
A.
Child of the Sun,• to thee*b 'Tis OIV.&.'f 1
To guard the bannertc of _the free,* a
To hovcrtc in the sulphur smoke, *b
To ward away the battle-stroke,tc
And bid its blendingstc shine afar,tb
Like rainbows, *b on the cloud*b of war, •a
The harbinger of victory. •a
B.

• Prepositional

Phra~e.

a .A.djecti"e Pllra:!e.

b Adverbial Phrase.

.

t Infinitive Phruso.
c Independent Phraae.

ENGLISH GRAMM.A.R-P.A.R'r I.

68
5

A.
A.
A.
B.

6.

:u.
A.
A.
B.

c.
7.
8.

9.

10.

I
I

lL

I

12.

I,

1·

13.
14.

A..
A.
A.

Flag of the brave, •a thy FOLDS SHALL FLY'The sign of hope and triumph*a-high.
When spwk:i the signal trumpet-tone,
And the long line c&mes gleaming on,
(Ere yet the life-blood, warm and wet,
Has dimmed the glist' ning bayonet),
Each soldier' s EYE SHALL brightly TURN
To where thy meteor-glories bum, *b
And, as his springing steps advance,
CATCH WAR and VENGEANCE from the glance ;•b
And, when the cannrm-mouthings loud
Heave, in wild wreaths, *b the baU/,e-shrau.d,
And gory sabers rise and fall,
Like shoots*b of flame•a on midnight's pall,*b
'There SHALL thy VICTOR-GLANCES GLOW ;
And cowering FOES SHALL SHRINK beneath
Each gallant arm *b that strikes below:
That lovely messenger*b of death.*a

rlag of the seas, •a on ocean's wave, *b
A. 'l'hy STARS SHALL GLITTER o' er the brave ;*b
A. When dwth , careering on the gale, 'b
S weeps darkly round the bellied sail, *b '
A. And frightened waves rush wildly back,
Before the broadside's reeling rack, *b
c. The dying WAXDERER of the sea•a
SHALL LOOK at once'b to heaven and thee, *b
And smLE to see thy splendorstb flyib
In triumph*b o'er his closing eye. *b

B.
A.
B.
A..

Flag of the free h eart's only home, •a
By angel-hands*b to valor*b given,
Thy STARS HAVE LIT the welkin DOME,
And all thy HUES WERE DORN in h eiwen ;*b
F or ever*b FLOAT that standard SHEET!
Where DREAT!IES the FOE but, falls before us,*b
Witht Freedom' s soil beneath our feet, *b ·
And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us ?*b
; See pnge 233, Obs. 7. See also Key, p. 4.'.S.

. !'

PART II.
ETYMOLOGY.

RF.HARK 1.-In PART I . we have considered1. The Strw:ture of Sentences and of •Phrases ;
2. The Elements which compose a Sentence or a Phrase;
3. The Classification of Sentences !J.nd of Phrases;
4. The Analysis of Sentences-Proximate and UUimate.
Rmc. 2.-In our progress through PARrI. we have seen,
l. That the Proximaie .Analysia of. a Sentence consists in resolving
it into its immediate Oomtil.uent Ekmenta.
2. That the UUimate Analysi.! of a Sen~nce consists in rnducing its
Proximate Elements to the WoD.Ds which compose them.
REM. 3.-We have next to consider t)le history of WoRDs-considered
as ultimate Elements of Sentences-including
.
1. Their Formation.
8. 'Their Olassifica.ti.om.
2. Their Functiom.
4. Their Modifical,i.om.

The Science of Language

em~race·s,

I. ORTHOGRAPHY-which . treats of the Structure and

Form of Words.
2. ETYMOLOGY-which treats of the Olassiflcatioti
· ·and Modijfoation of Words.
3. SYNTAX-which treats of the Relation and mutual
.IJependence of words.
4. PROSODY-which treats of the Arrangement and
Utterance of Words.,
REM.-A true system of Analysis requires that the lUnctions of Words
be discussed previous to the c-,onsideratiol;l of their Elements. Hence
we have placed an outline of ORTHOGRAPHY in the Appendix to this
Work.

