\

FIRSrf LESSONS
IN

ENGLISH

GRA~i~iAR,
WITH A

. NEW AND COMPREHENSIVE

.ARRANGEMENT OF THE VERB.

BY CHARLES W.J BRADBURY.
:i.

••

' •

·-_;'

• .

-

.

\

\

J

--

pR.EFACE.
• as Indeed the first auxiliary may and perhaps should be re•
d. garded as The verb, and the other forms as qualifiers.
t of Tz:u'fll.Ofl a.nd yet as x_e _ The Progressive Tenses are adopted without question in
• ble, s boUId be JDl the Active V mce,
•
. h some qua1·fi
.
. the Pase.,,-el o P1Jlen ~ ..g-ar•a.
an d , wit
1 cahons,
m
6
d
is a
_...... . a"• ts c 1:ia n"e
• the same
.
.
II , however, m
.
0
_..,~G~
unif'o•-'
,.,,,....,, i.n
ffisive.
They
are
given
m
fu
the
Synopses,'
in
1
• ~av
• not su
. •
h
·
1,.~nd yet as .. ,.,.ped • 0 ut\ _ 0 f 13 0 =<Y"u ""Jt- JS
d order to exhibit the theory of t e verb: The Passive has
s a.
tereo";
be a."
tu re• · ven uoo
·
·
~:riou ' • be s
e is i: b ....-.an pa
nor JS e
"'Th"s not yet been perfectly mcorporated mto the lan"'ua"'e.
'<i~
p.O~
(Js0-9
f' U...,.
o}e 7
ue.
I
•
.
.
O
O
0
1-t caP ents· . t'-e \a."«
-"or our ...- be best usac
·n- The three Predicates are also peculiar to this work, thou"'h
0
cre ••
·re t
· every l
.
·
I
..
... 1.s .u'
el))3
~-ro"
-....~ ,t J."
..._ ..,,,, us ~....-.ay Tequ• . b. u 93.,..e, in
b
d many of their forms are m constant use.
nfimt1ves and
s::
t,t>~
e .,,,..
'Ile •~
h1C
~
<Ye ase
~eose ..-...3.t -qJ • • b'1t
\~W by w
of Iangua.,, '
nd Participles are called Impersonal verbs, or forms·, all
.,
'""
·ePV,
. a. ~
la~
t"ons
a
1
c;~ent s1ltJlC1 t there 15
It is t\,e
E:x:cep
others are called Personal verbs, or forms. (Art. 101.)
cte
i.\lll<
ted·
analo 00Y·
d b ,+.
•
"-sll-f~3otes
\)e t~s nd upon
°
in sciNouns and Pronouns are trea~
eJore the properties
i~t. e ~..,_-y a,\ys1S a «e
y to progres~ t..~ent which beloncr
to
both
are
considered.
Many
of
these
0
~nc '.
a,11
usa.,, · · .
cessar
inphs,....,.
·
•
•
•
•
s
n ~ts pend 0 11
a"e JS ne
ant acc 0
properties are md1cated m the forms of the pronouns only,
0 0
,. o.e
\an"u "'
.
11 e 1eg
ll<; ..,,._..
. cy in
"' uaO"e is a
.
b s and are assumed to belong to nouns. Hence the improA'. cura
f \ang "'
uaue.
t aching a
.
·
.i:>c -...,,autY o
. ce of lang "'b ·ness of e
b . ·hit priety of treatmg of the properties of nouns before treatteDl w 1c
h sc1en
. the us1
. "'"'
.,nee, aT is t e
erience in
dopt the sys
·lai[lls in cr of pronouns.
GraJ.ll"lll ..,ear5 e"Pb. manu3ol to a
lan"uage
bas c. d .
The Reflex pronouns are made a distinct class of per0
""ia n)' i
f t is
' tl at our
receive '
uthor 0
vinced 1 . has hitherto
.
sonal pronouns. There are but two genders. There are
"'
the a
· con
it
. 0 f 1 ts own
r
. .
\ed .
Jle is
ation than
n the basis
three classes of adjectives.
w.ius.
· deT
t d upo
.
con f l\eT consi b construe e
lt
The plan of the work 1s as follows: a u
\d e
k • the resu
. . I
I .
to
tit sbou
. this wor is
.
A definition , prmc1p e,-or rue 1s first giTen. This must.
d tba
rb 1n
be essen.
.
t of tbe ve I . believed to
at•
. \eS·
. ms be committed to memory. The questions and exercises
·nc1p
tnen
.
t JS
, rba1 1or
. .
.
,
vri ,
arrange 'd reftectlOll·
• ly all tl,e ,e
d
_ follow, and are ·aaapted to fix the prmc1ple clearly in the
'l~e
. . an
d·n" near
.
cw aru un
l
.
1· .
p
.
vation
preben 1 o ·
to certain n
"t
mind and to s lOW its app 1cat10n.
roper attention will
. cotll
\ace
•t capac1 Y
'
.
.
" 0 b seT
0'
o\"Tect'
· ., 11ing a P
·utin" out 1 s
render the answers C\'1dent, even to youn" learners The
. \\V c
asst.,.
nd poi
o
.
.
•
"'
•
ua • \"'""uage..
res5ion, a
e questions are varied m such a manner that they cannot all
,
.
There ar
.
.
\ o•i: the ~00"'es 0 f eJ1.P
nrebens1ve.
d d by be auswered unless the subject is understood. This will
•
a1 11'
nt.
b is cotllr
·
:itclu e
·
.
.
•
usu . pro"etll~ of tbe ver
. . l M.ood JS c
ture "uide the teacher, exercise the Judgment of the learner
111'
• ·uou
,_ p 0 1ent1a
f 11 tbe na
e
.
.
,.
.
.
'
f 0 r ""\le
•
dehiU
T11e
.
h
deve..lops
u
Y
I
terand
furnish
occas10n
ior
oral
mstruction.
The whole is
~
. cra.t\0115
.
wh\C
,< d
The n
· 1
conJ"o
·ucra.t1on, .
ll its 1!/J.oo s.
k. rr arran"ed
consecutive y.
0
t~O
u eonJ 0
bib\tS a
of spea mo
.,
\:,econ . . 5 and e"ll\ ,~incr a 1nanner
are in
It is not supposed that a complete system of grammar
he
t
· a.ne ,
s ,o · o
nses
.
.
. .
fits auJ1.tll d is adopted,
"M.ood. The Te
. 'and is embraced m this httle book; but that it may, by fixin"'
o "a•''
•'"e "M.oo d es anY other
.
o
nt 'P ast' and future'
•
•
•
- -' · . - " ·. - ' ·"' , , ___ ·'··"- '•' -- - """'"" "" -- ... , ••· M ' ·•· •·-··
•ro.,,
l\"' as o .. ns of prese ' ,._.. - -··'- ·'"· -·s -rea i
di"1s10
. . _. _ . ,_ __
a,. •. .-"\atura.1
..-' ·' · ·

.

,,,_ature.

Jt

fi

JS

I

I

CONTENTS.
Art.

Page

1-13 . .. . 1
3 . ... 1
11 . . . . 2

4-25 .... 4
16 ....
21. ...
16-67 ....
27 ....
41. ...
45 ....

4
5
G

6
8
9
48 .. .. 10
51. ... 10
>6-64 .... 13
58 .... 14
63 . . :-·.15
)5-6 7 .... J6

l-96 . . : .18
' -70 ....'18
74-81. ... 19
82:..86. : .. }.l2
8? '. ·· .23
92. · · _. 24
95 .... 25

Art.

Page

§ 7. Voice,
135-150 .... 36
Passive in sense and form,
140 .... 37 '
A passive may be transitive,
145 ... . 37
The Progressive Passive,
148 .... 38
§ 8. Conjugations, two, ·
151-156.' ... 39
How distinguished,
152 .... 39
The First Auxiliary,
155 .... 40
§ 9. T enses, ·
157-164 .... 40
Definition of the Tenses,
159 . ... 41
Otherwise arranged,
160 .. : .42
§ 10. Mood,
165-171. .. . 44
Definition of the Moods,
1 70 .... 44
§ 11. The Predicates,
172-190 .... 45 ·
173-182 .. .. 46
1. The Infinitive Predicate;
Verbs acting as Auxiliaries,
179-182 .... 46
2. The Participial Predicate,
183-188 .... 47
3. T.he Combined Predicate,
189, 190 ... •48
Synopses of the vl!rb To,Be,
191. ._-'· 50
Conjugation, of the verb To Be,
192 . . _-52
Conjugation of the verb To Have,
·193 : ·..• 56 .
Synopses ofthe,verb _':f'o,-Hav_e,
194, ·195 .. , .60
Conjugation 9qhe vel'.b To po,.
i96'-204 ... -. 66
Synopses_of the verb To Do; 205-208 •.. -..86
.Synopses of the Regular Transitive_verb
EdW;ate,
209-212 .... 100 ·'
CHAPTER V.

214-220- ... ·.115

l'he _Adverb,
CHAPTER VI.

-213. -... 27

The Preposition,

221, 222 . .. ·-118

-I

BRADBURY'S FIRST LES SDN S.

CHAPTER I.
THE NOUN.

ART.1.
a noun.

In Grammar every name is called truth, good-will, and devotion ? Obedience

is the first

practical lesson.

What is a noun ? Is the word Moses a noun? Ans.
ART. 3. There are two classes of nouns ;
Yes. Why ? Ans. Because it is a name. Is the word
proper nouns and common nowns.
Washington a noun ? 'Vhy ? Is the wor4 house a
A proper noun is a name belonging particu.noun? Why?. Is the word water-pail a noun? Why?
larly
to a person, place, or thing. It specifies
Is the word boy a noun ? Why? Is the word girls a
noun ? Why ? Is the word writing-book a noun? Why ? i;i.n individual, or a class regarded as.orie. It
Is the word farmer a noun ? Why? Is the word person is a specific or particular name .
a noun? Why? Is the word thought a noun? Ans. Yes.
How many and what classes of nouns are there ? 'Vhat
Why? Because it is th e name of an act of the niind. Is
the word Europe a noun ? 'Yhy? Is the. word nation a is a proper noun ? What does it specify ? Is the name
noun ? Why ? Is the word Monday a noun ? Why ? George Washington a proper noun ? Why is _it a· noun ?
Is the word journey a noun? 'Vhy ? Is the word Andes Why is it a proper noun? _ Is the name John Adams a
a noun? Of what is it the name? Is the word river a proper noun ? Why a noun? Why a proper noun ?
noun.? Why ? A re th·e words H udson R .1ver a noun ? Is the _name Boston a proper noun? Why a noun? and
· any other nouns ?
a proper noun? Is ·the name New York a proper
Wh y ? Can you mention
I why
·
noun ? \Vhv? \Vhat kmd of a noun. and whv. 1s the

1

\

THE NOUN.

---;---

--'----

r live at the

~
I
smith a metal I

work the business of the mason? By the
wrge at the is ~rought into articles of use.
·e names of
AnT. 8. &hat are the names of the days of the week?
The names I.the mont.hs of the year ? The names of the
:eneral or States of the United States? Can you mention any other
names?

>f a whole
1ually de-

ART. 9. What is

a noun?

How many and what kinds

arnon nouns
' Why is it
. Because it
l of a great
uu? Why?
Jlied to any
word tJoy a
on noun beequ11lly de1mon noun?
Jun because
I, in the sine whole. Is
Is the word
m? Why?

oles, which
y ?• "
iens. Great
father. The
vis can swim.
:avy. Chalk
viii obey my
;e and pencil
·n, and pota•. Oh I that

What is a common noun ?

Give examples.

ART. 10. (1) Can a proper noun become a common
noun? . How? Ans. Yes; by applying the name to severa! individuals in common : as, the three Charleses; the
twelve Cresars; there are many John Smiths; there are
several Charlestons. (2) Can a common noun become a
proper noun? How? Ans. Yes; by its bein"' appropriated specially to ari individnal: as, the Hill; th~ Ferry;
Congress; Mr. Carpenter.

I
I

THE SUJlJECT OF A NOUN.

ART. 11. The subject of a noun is the person, place, or thing, of which the noun is the
name; as, (1) The subject of the noun George
Washington is the person, of whom the noun
George W ashingt~n is the name. (2) The
subject of the noun Boston is the place of
which the noun Boston is the name. (3) The
subject -of the noun thought is that act of
the mind of which the noun thought is the
name. (4) The subject of the noun goodness is that quality of which .the noun ' good·
·
-·
ness is the name.
What is the subject of a noun?

Explain example (I).·

A Deity

ART. 12. (a) When two or more words are
united and form a descriptive name, this is a
compound noun.

pt proper of nouns are there? What is a proper noun? Give ex- ·
amplcs.

love. Pride is the never-failing vice of fools.
believed is joy begun.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF COMMON NOUNS.

REVIEW.

I,

3

THE NOUN.

What is a compound noun? Is the word milk-pail a
compound noun? Why? Ans. Milk-pail is a compound
noun because it is composed of two words, milk and pail,
and it is descriptive of its subject. Can you form other
compounds with the word pail? With the word milk ?
Is the word rocking-chair a compound noun? vVhy?
Can you form other compounds with the word chair? Is
the word sea-water a compound noun? · Why? Can you
f~rm any other compounds with the · word water? W'ith
the word sea? _Is the word horse-cart a compound noun ?
Why ? Can you form other compound noun·s with the
word horse ? With the word cart Y

( d) Verbal nouns are those derived from
or constituting parts of a verb, retaining the
verbal form, or in part the verbal character :
as, (1) To speak . is to act. Here to speak
and to act are both verbs in the Infinitive
Mood, yet are used as nouns. (2) Lying is
speaking, or acting, with the intention to deceive. Here the three parliciples, lying, speaking,, and acting, are verbal nouns.
(e) Massive nouns. The peculiarity of massive nouns is, that they have no number, but
relate to the substance or material. (See Art.
33.)
(f) Collective noun~.· The peculiarity of
collective nouns is, that they may have either
number. (See Art. 38.)

ART. 13. (g ) Some nouns have correspond- .
Analyze, that is, separate into their compo- ing diminutives; that is, they have forms indinent parts, the following compound nouns; eating smaller subjects of t~e same kind, and
and then form other compound nouns of their often the young of the same kind of animals:
several parts : · thus, goose, ·gosling ; eagle, eaglets ; animal;
_animalcule; young, youngling; stream, strea~Farm-house; bread-stuff; book-case ; hand-sled; head- 1
hill h
ache i penny-weight i watch-word i mouth-piece i lime- ~t;
' illock ; circle, circlet ; flower, flowret;
stone; school-boy; Lockport-; Rockland; Valley Forge; village, hamlet ; and perhaps ball, bullet~ cataNewtown; Springvale.
, ract, cascade.
(b) An abstract noun is the name of a qualThough diminution is generally expressed
ity, distinct from its substance : as, extension, by little, or srnall, yet a distinction of for111 in
increase, greatness, whiteness; or it is the the noun is evidently agreeable to the genius
name of a generalization, and is the opposite of the lan~age : thu~ a lamb; a little lamb,
or a lambkin.
·
'
of the concrete : as, membership, for members.
What is an abstract noun? Give examples. vVhat of
(c) Many adjectives become descriptive many adjectives ? Give examples. What are :verbal
,... ""'...-1

.-.+- .+-1-. r.

,.. ,... ..-.,..,. ,...

+-~

....,,.. , ,...

n

l-. ,... +. ~.,...

,....+.

...-. ...... .. ., r.,..

..-. .... n n (" ' )

~;

. . ,...

.-. ~-., 1

,... ,q., 1.... : ....

,.. .. ~.-.. .. .,........, 1,.. /1 \

10\

"1-:\" Tl ,~ ._

,... (!'

~)

/ ·

-l .,; \ ·~1.i~. ~ J'

THE PRONOUN.

HAFTER II.
THE PRONOUN.,

:d for or
1erson or
1, instead
· John, _I
ast word
;aw him.

5

THE PRONOUN.

word you a pronoun ? Why? Is the word they a pronoun? Why? Ans. Because it denotes the persons or
things without giving their names. Is the word who a
pronoun ? Why 't

Which are the pronouns in the following
examples ? and why?

I have studied my lessons. Give me your book. We
will recite our lessons. Will you hear us ? Thou hast
thy book with thee. He has not hi~ slate before hiitJ.
She may go, and her sister may go with .her. They have
•y using with them all their toys. I know who it is. Who is it ?
Where is the book which I use? Which is it? I know
w)lat I shall do. What .is it? It is I that spoke. Shall I
re George
do it myself? Do this work thyse1£ I use my own book.
1ere. Has
;o o? The
the river's
the ·river's
CLASSES OF PRONOUNS.

L
ART. 16.. There are two classes of pro' my, nouns, the relative pro'n.ouns, and the personal
'iy, thine,
pronouns.
iim, she,
(4) who,
. 1. THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
ART. 17. A relative pronoun is a word
1tic pro- which refers to the subject of a noun or pronoun in a preceding sentence, so as to connect
ive pro- the two sentences without any other coimec~
tive word: as, (1) I saw the man who spoke;

often has the"nature of a relative. (See Art.
91, 7.) What is called a compound relative
pronoun, because it includes in itself both .the
antecedent and the relative, and is equivalent
to that which, or those which, the thing or things
which.
Who is also sometimes used as a compound pronoun, and is equivalent to the person who, or the persons who: as, I know whom
I have believed; here whom stands for him
whom, or the person whom.
Example (1). 'J;'he man is happy who lives
virtuously; here are two simple sentences connected by the relative who; who refers to
man, and man is called the antecedent of
who. (2) The construction would be essentially the same, even ff the words were differently arranged: thus, the man who lives virtuously is happy; who here refers to ·man
for its antecedent, and man belongs to an· other sentence, although the parts of this sentence are separated by the sentence, Who lives
virtuously.
, In . like · manner . analyze the following:
(3) That house which you see is my father's,
(4) It was the grammar which · I desired.
(a) To such as are of an honest heart; that is,
to persons who are of an honest heart. · (5) I
know not what I shall do ; here, what is equivalent
that which, or · the thing which. I
know not the thing which I shall do; I kno.w
not the thing, is one sentence ; Which I shall
do, is another sentence ;· which, by referring to

to

several antecedents
ples: -

ill

the following exam-

It was John who wrote the letter. The house which
you see is ours. It was on the day that followed. I know
what I. said, and what I did.

Wlw, which, and what, when used in asking questions, are called interrogatives, and
are said to refer to .the subject contained in
the answe_!"; and the word· denoting this subject is called the subsequent, rather than the
antecedent: thus, (1) Who was there? Ans.
John was there; here, who is said to refer to
the subsequent, John. (2) What have you?
Ans. I have a book; here, what is said to
refer to book as its subsequent.
Interrogatives, however, may be u sed as adjectives, or hypothetically: as, (1) What book
is that? (2) Which way did he. go? (3) Who
is wise? (See Art. 25.) Here what is .an
interrogative adjective belonging to book;
which is an adjective belonging to way; and
who fa used hypothetically.
To what are interrogatives said t-0 refor? Explain examples (1 ), (2) . What of their use? · Give and explain '
·
examples (1 ), (2), ( 8),

2.

THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

·AnT. 20. The personal pronouns are so
called because they show in . themselves ·of
what person they are. (See Art. 48,) They
include all the pronouns except the relative

\

?RONOUN.

THE PRONOUN.

7
and of whom we declare, He is happy. (2) Who
is there? here wli"o is equivalent to what per:, . son; and though it assumes the existence of
'f a real person, it designates none. Pronouns
er are often thus used hypothetically.

"

e

How 4t pronouns often used~
explain eEmples (1), (2).

Le

~t

Explain.

word our of the plural number? Why? Is the word
ours ? us ? ye ? you? yours ? they? their ? theirs?
them ?

Nouns ending in double f (ff.) h
- h
ave generally t e regular ·plural by add.
B
ff
rng s.
ut
ART. 29. Is the word man of the singular number ? sta
formerly had for its plural, staves. (Art
.
·why ? Of what number is the word men? Why? 63: Ex. 15, 16, 17.)
Woman ? why? Women? why? Child? why ? Children?
. (5) There are noun~ whose plural is formed
why ? Boy? why? Girl? box? houses? trees? books?
irregularly: as, man, m en ; woman, women.
ART. 30 . What is the plural of the word man? wog?ose, ge:se ; foot, feet; mouse, mice . die'
man ? child ? boy ? girl ? box ? house ? tree? stone ? dice or dies · p e
'
nny, pence or pennies . ' cu_,-'
dog ? ox? church ? mouse ? clock ? inkstand? chair ?
What is the singular number: of boys ? girls ? children ? ful, cupfuls ; court-martial, courts-martj~l.

Give and

Which ofthe pronouns in the following ex-

l~ amples !\re used hypothetically?

boxes ? foxes ? oxen ? houses ? trees ? dogs ? ·stones ?
G'If the singular ends with y, how is the plural for~ed ?
windows ? glasses ?
ive examples. 'iYith a vowel before the y how? G" .
examples. If the singular ends ·with for fi~ h . ? E1ve
ART. 31. (1) The plural number of nouns ample
Wh t
.
, ow
':x:. s.
a excepti ons? Are th ere nouns wl
1
is generally formed by adding s to the singu- ral is
formed irreo-ularly? What . th 1 ·1.iose p uis e p ura of man ?
lar: a s, singular, boy; plural,. boys; so, house, woman ? goose ? "'foot? mouse ? die
?
?
.
court-martial?
· penny· cupful ?
h9uses ; hoe, hoes ; cuff, cuffs.

a- He that hateth suretyship is ~ure. W'ho is a ~ise man? .
e- They who seek wisdom shall find it. "\Vhosoever will, let
him come. I know whom I have chosen. They who seek
I know what I said. For who
:ie goes up your winding. stairs will ne'er go down again.

>n me early shall find me.

•

do

(2) If the singular ends with x, ch soft, di,
•
ART. 32. ~ the following examples tell
or ss, we add es to form the plural : as, box,
of eaeh noun and
d
boxes ; church, churches; lash, lashes ; kind- hthe number
th
pronoun, an
ness, kindnesses ; and to some words which ow e p1ural of the nouns is formed : end with o we add es; as, echo, echoes; but I love my father. Your book has lost its cover. Gi ve
· not to all ; as, folio, folios.
me her bonnet. \.Ve will obey our teacher. Come with

IS?

·e?
lex
ins

ich
>Wself
s its
'hey
s.

the

and
l of

1ject

THE PROPERTIES OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS.

ART. 26. Nouns and pronouns have number, gender, person, and case.

§ 1. Number.
ART. 27. Number relates to the question .
whether one, or more than one, is meant.
There are two numbers, the Si'fto<rular and ·the
plural.
(1) Those nouns and pronouns are of the
singular number which indicate that but one
person, place, or . thing is meant: as, a man,
a town, an animal, the iron. .
(2) Those nouns and pronouns are of thenlnrl'l l m1mhP.r whi~h indicate that more than

•

What is tire general rule for forming the plural of
nouns? Give examples. W'hen do we add es? Give an
example of each. "What of words ending with o? Give
examples of eaeh. •
•
How is formed the plural of boy ? house ? hoe '? ball ?
dog~ horse T e'ock? mon arch? box? gulch? sash? kiss?
hero ? echo ? folio ? key ? cuff?

us, Susan. How do vou <lo J ane? Th
h
boy. ,Thy cheeks are• red. 'I love · thee ouArart tha appy
·
e ese ap. ?
I Iune.
pest
'Ve can make ourselves hap b d .
PY y 0111 er 0aood
.
"
to ot hers. Did you see that mouse ? H
?
ow many feet has
a d og · Geese are webfootcd. H e was tri'ed b
rt
· 1· ·H ere comes the instructress What · ya cou ?martia
The tree is ash.
.
·
· 15 a c1rnrc 11

(3) If the noun i n the singu_lar ends with y,
without a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) before the y, the
y is changed in the plural into ies : as, fly,
flies ; beauty, beauties; but if the y has ,a
V("IWPl h Pfrn·P i1-. thP <YP11Pl":'ll l"lll P nf l'l rlrlin o- g tn

ART. 33. Massi~e nouns are those which
do not refer to number at all, but to the substa~ce, matter, or mass which constitutes their
~ub3ect, and are of neither .nmpber, or neuter
rn regard to number: as, money, granite, pride,

THE PRONOUN.

: lesson. town. · Each State has its own capital. The town's locaFather's tion is pleasant. '\Vhere is .Mr. Brown's place of business?
's boots.
1. ·H ens'
3. The Objective Case.
ART. 55. _(a) Objective means belonging
lowing to the object. A noun or pronoun may be
and in known to be in the objective case by its fol?
lowing and depending upon a transitive verb
sh, lock, or a preposition ; and generally, if it be a
pronoun, by the form of the pronoun : thus,
licated (1) I saw John; here, Jo!tn; placed after the
's.
tra,nsitive verb saw, is in the objective case.
Jcludes (2) I saw him ; here him placed after saw is
he sign ~n the objective case ; but (3) hfm show8' by
e last : its forr:z- also th~t. it i~ ~n the objective case,
T . F. for by its form it 1s d1stmct from he and his.
·f (4) They go to school; here school is in the
•use
o. . ob'~ect1ve,
.
.
p1ace d after the T>
, reposition to.
te 8 yn· ·
· (b) The noun or pronoun which denotes that
in which a state or an action ends, or ·in which
;sessive the relation denoted by a preposition is com- .
person, plete, is in the obj~ctive case: as, (1) You need
nee the. a book ;' here 'book is :in the objective case·after
lied ·b y ·n_e~d, wausethe .state denoted by need ends,
1oma's's or ls c~lete, 'b y the _word book. (2) He sold
' the "house ; · here ·house is ln the objective, b~­
•mitted, ·ca:use 1.t . shows the object in which. the. action .
3 mine, sold ends:
(3) They are at· home ; here ?tome
.e omit- completes the relation denoted by at.

'What is the meaning of objective? How may ihc ob- :
jective case of a noun be known? ·And how besides, of
; easily a pronoun? Explain examples (1), (2), (3), (4). What ;
:i.l ~ as, is in the objective case? Give and explain examples :(l),
e

is ·my

13

THE PRONOUN.

to be in apposition with the precedini, and is
§ 5. JJ_eclension.
in the same case: as, Webster ~the statesman;
56. Declension is such an arrange.l'he River Ohio; I saw Mr. Jones the speaker;
ART.
! call the good the wise.
ment and variation of words as is adapted to
.
..
. show their number, gender, person, and case.
When ar~ nouns, pro.nouns, or phrases m apposition? ,
Nouns and pronouns are declined ·althou h
What of their case ? G1 ve examples.
··
· ,- ·
·
'
g
·
, m regard to nouns .these properties are but
Tell the case of each noun and .p ronoun in partially exhibited by their forms.
•
the following examples, and how you know:- • The declension of verbs shows their number
. lesson.. I !• and person.
.John•s book··.'1s on h"1s desk . He can read his
have your pen. Thou art discreet.
This hat is mine.

Give me that slate . .

'T!i,e· l)ecle1;sion of Pronouns.

~RT. 57.- (a) The\ relative pronouns who,
whicli, that, and what, are imperfectly ;declined.
Prescott, the author of Ferdinand and Isabella, is also ·T he declension of who shows its 'ca~es, but
does not show its gender, number, or .person.
author of Philip II.
Which, that, and what are invari~ble, except
REVIEW.
that they have the same possessive as w!to .
What is case ? Ho~ indicated 1st? 2d? How by the They are declined as follows : '\Ve 'II attend, every one, td his own,
And let other folk s' business alone.

·

: form of the pronoun? How by the form of the noun? (2)
'. eHow ~esides by the form? Expla1\i (a). Explai~b).
Singular and Plural are alike.
Explam (c). How many and what cases are there? Nominative Case.,
Who
Which
That
What
What are ofthe nominative ·case? How may it be known? Possessive Case,
Whose Whose . Whose
What of .titles, &c. ? What are of the possessive ca.s'e? : 'Objective Case, ·
Whom 'Which
'That
What
How is the possessive case of nouns generally formed in '
·
·
,
the singular? In the plural? If the plural does not .end
The . compounds of who, which, and . what,
with s, how is the possessive plural formed? What of with so, ever, and soever, ·are declined in the
some nouns in the singular ? What of a. double posses- · same manner, ·so !far as · decliried at all.: as,
s.i ve? Does .the form of the noun indicate its case? What ·whosoever, whosesoever, whomsoever, &c.
'if there are several ·words, &c. ? W.hat is the rule for ·the
possessive? (e) 'W hat of the latter noun·? {aa)? (bb)?
What is declension? What of nouns and pronouns?
What is the meaning of objective? (a) How may the ob- What of.verbs .? What of the relatives .~ Of who? Of
jective case of a noun or _pronoun be known? ·E xplain which, that, and what? . Decline who, w_hich, that, what.
•
What of .the compounds of who, which, and what? Ex~
examples (1), (2), (8), (4).
_Define the object~e case. (b) . illustrate it by exam- . ample.
)'
pies (1), (2), (3). 'What is said of apposition? What
'
'The Declension of Persondl Pronouns.
of the· case of words in apposition ?
. ·
'

THE PRONOUN.
•
THIRD PERSON.
persons
(3)
Singular.
Plural.
1gulars:
Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter.
Common
or Neuter.
'he first
Nmn. Case, Himself Herself Itself . Themselve;
not de- Poss. Case, His own H er own Its own Their own
as the Obj. Case, Himself Herself Itself
Themselves
l to be
.ry.
ART. 59. (a) It will be observed that to
form the Reflex pronouns, the emphatic pro·
ural.
nouns own and self are affixed to, or placed·
or Neuter. after, the possessive cases of the Sitnple pro·
nouns, except him,' tltem, and perhaps it, which
·, theirs
are in the objective.
(b) We often find the forms ourself and your~irs, are
self use.d for the singular, although our and
~when
your are properly plural.
·
·
1mitted.
(x) Your'n, lter'n, his'n, tlteir'n, though conpossestractions of your own, lier own; his own, their
e omitown, are considered low and improper.
;vithout
{c) Nouns are.also rendered emphatic by own
exceed
an~ self: as, the boy's own book; the !llan'~
~Tters is
self. Nouns and pronouns sometimes have
mitted.
both own and self: as, his own self, the man's ·
own self; thus, self is used as a noun. Self
cline the
is also used to give emphasis to an adjecµve:
id of the
·
, '
icline, in as, the self~same day.

ne. · The
Do
indicate
singular
? What
? What

Decline the Reflex pronouns in the first person. In
the second person. In the third person masculine, femi•
nine, and neuter. 1Yhich person has a distiriction of gen"
der? How are the Reflex pronouns formed ? What do
we often ~? What is said of your'n, her'n, &c. ? How
are nouns 1Jlde emphatic ? Give · examples. What of
1e follow- the use of both emphatic pronoue? For what else is
:s. Is it self used? Give example.
seek not
lter.

THE PRONOUN.

(a) Proper nouns in the Singular.
Norn. (!) George (2) George Washington (3) Boston
Poss. • George's
George V\Tashington's
Boston's
Obj.
George
George Washington
Boston

15

•
Plural.
Shepherdesses
Shepherdesses'
Shepherdesses

Sing.
1\Tom. ( 11) Shepherdess
Poss.
Shepherdess's
Obj.
Shepherdess

(b) Proper nouns in the Plu.raL
Nam. (!) The Mills
(2) The Andes
Poss.
The Mills' (Village)
The Andes' (sides)
The Mills
The Andes.
Ol>J.

Like boy, decline most words: as, tree, flower, apple,
hour, garden, rainbow, valley, key, pie, virtue, ornament,
ewe, eye, moon, science, octavo, hoe, woe, (and sometiJbes) water, iron, lung.
.
fox,
decline
also
church,
.ditch,
kiss,
sash, box,
Like
Nom. · The United States
glass, &c.
Poss. The United States' (troops)
Like beauty, declin,e also fly, fancy, tory, jury, lady,
Obj. The United States
story, copy, &c.
What is 'Said of the declension of nouns ? Of their
Like shepherdess, decline words ending with ss: as, witnorninatiYe. and objective ? Their person ·? Of the num- ness, righteousness, goodness.
, her of a proper noun? Declin e the three exanwles of
prope,. nouns in the singular. Dedine the three exam~RT. 63. In general, the possessive singu·
. pies of proper nouns in the plural.
lar and the posse~sive plural are pronounced
The Declensio n ef Common Nouns.
alike ; that °is, they have tM same sounds : as,

ART. 62. (a) Common nouns which have
but one numeral form, both for the singular
and the plural, and those which have but one
number · in their meaning, are declined like
proper nouns ; as follows : (x) Nouns with only the Singular form.
,· Nam. (1) Dee~ .
(2) People
(3) Moose
Deer's
People's
Moose's
Poss.
. Deer
People
M?<Jse' :
Obj.

boy's, boys'; fox's, foxes'; beauty's, beauties'.
There are, however, exceptions to thi13 rule ;
as, (1) In the word house, the sharp sound of
s is changed in the plural to the sound of z,
and this makes a different sound in the possessive: as, house's, houses', pronounced houzes'.
(2) Some words ending with tit change the
.

.

sh.a rp th. into th~ flat TH ; as in the word truth :
.Possessiye singular, truth's; Posf?~ssive plural,
truTHs' •.·. ~.o also the spund of th ~s ·changed
. (y) Nouns wuh only the Plural form.
in the plural of bath, hearth; sheath, path, latl:\,
5
Norn. (4) Bellows
( ) Tongs
(G) MMeeaannss'.. rriot_h. But .not in .the w. ords -youth, length
. ,'
· Poss.
Bellows'
Tongs'
Obj.
. Bellows
Tongs
Means breadth, . depth;· heath, girth, ·broth, zenith,
plinth. . (3) Except also all words which do
Like deer, !lecline also sheep, swine, cattle, wheat, sloth;
not
form their plurals regularly, that is, by
· pride,: whiteness, wisdom, iro(l, vinegar,. and all massi-rn
nouns, aiid nonns and pronouns of only the forms of t4e adding s or es: as, man's, men's ; foot's, feet's;
singular number. · In regard to the pronouns who, which, mouse's, mice's, &c. (4) Except some worQs .
and what, and their compounds, see Art. 57.
endi~g with for fe: as, wife's, wives' ; elf's,
T.ikP. hellows. decline also scissors, lights, (meaning the elves'; wolf's, wolves'; self's, selves'. But not

THE PRONOUN.

Plural.
TruTns
TruTHs'
TruTHs
Plural.
Wives
·wives'
vVives.
Plural.
Staves
Staves'
Staves

's

Plural.
Geese
Geese's
Geese
Pl;,ral.
H eroes
Heroes'
Heroes

Plural.
liers, brethren .
1ers', brethren's
iers, brethren
tral.
or Cupsfull

Jr, .cu psfull

11.
iartial
iartial's
1artial

ned with the
a repetition
Ghus:-

17

THE PRONOUN.

other words are declined like deer? ' Vhat like bellows?
'\rhat is said of most common noun s? D eeline boy in
both numbers. D eeline fox. 'Vhat others are declined
like fox? Decline beauty. How is the plural of beauty
formed? Ans. By changing y into ies. By what rule?
(Art. 31, 3.) What other words are declined like beauty? Decline shepherdess. What others are declined
like shepherdess? Decline <lie. What is generally true
of the sounds of the possessive singular and the posse~sive
plural? (Art. 63.) Give th e examples. 'Vhat is the
first exception mentioned ? and ex plain it. Decline house.
'Vhat is foe second exception ? -Explain. Decline truth.
What other words ha,·e the same change in the plural?
Do all words en<li~g with th have th.e same change ? .,i\7 hat
words <lo not_? Decline youth. " 1 hat is the third exception? Decline wife. Decline wo(f D ecline, reg~arly,
strife, and cough. \\'hat of words en<lin:z with ff? What
apparent exception? D ecline staff. Decline stave. Decline muff (reg.) D eeline. .1onse. Deeline ox. Decline
hero. Decline. heroine. Decline broth.el". Decline cvpfull . Decline court-martial. Decli ne, with the cinphatie
pronouns, George ; The Four Corn ers; The B oy. Declin e
also, by the examples already given, man, woman, foot,
echo, folio, pailful, spoonful, brnther-in-law, cousin-german,
knife, elf, dozen, unit, gross, quire, octayo.
GENERAL REVIEW OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS.

are

ART. 65. (1) ljouns. What is a noun? What
the two_ general divisions -pf nouns? w 'hat' is a . p roper
noun' · Are there any proper nouns in the plural number? Has . any proper nou.n both nmnbers? . Has any
proper noun a signification in itself? What proper 11<Juus
require the Article (the) before them. · Ans. Plurals and
·significant appellations. :Do proper nouns generally requi1~ do they gcnera~ l y r:ject, the d:scriptive idea?
Ans. •
y generally reJect 1t. What is meant by the
sub]ect of a noun? Aris: That of which the ·noun is the
:name. 'What is a common noun? Can you mention any
classes of common nouns? vVhat is a compcmnd noun ?
What is an abstract noun? What is a collective noun?
0

Properties of Nouns and Pronouns.

and what cases have nouns and pronouns'? vVhat do
words in the nominative case denote? How may the
nominative case of a noun or. pronoun be known? Give
examples. ''Vhat of titles .arid terms of address'? What
of exclamations'? 'Vhat do words in the possessive case
denote? Give examples. How is the possessive case of
nouns generally form ed in the singular? Give -examples.
How in the plural ? Give examples. '.Yhat exceptions
in the plural? 'Vhat of some nouns in the singul ar? If
the name include several words, &c. what? What is the
rule for the possessiYe? (Art. 54, e, aa, Ob.) What case
of nouns has generally the same sounds in both numbers ?
'Vhat is the mea11 i11rr of objeciive? 'Vhat do words in the
obj ective case denote? · Do noun s have different forms
for the nominative and objective cases? How then can
we know their case? (Arts. 53 and 55.) Do pronouns generally indicate th eir case by their form ? What two ways
then have we for determining the case of pronouns ? (Art.

ART. 66. 'Vhat four properties have nouns and pronouns? To what does Number relate'( How many and
what numbers have noun s and pronouns? What nouns
and pronouns are of° the singular number? Give examples. What nouns an<l pronouns are of the plural number? Give examples: Are any noun s and pronouns
common in regard to number? Give examples. Are
there any nouns whose meaning does not allow the distinction .of number? Give examples. What apparent
exception? . vVhat ire common in r egard w number?
Give examples ( 35). .Mention some nouns which have
the forin of the plural and yet the meaning of the singular
(36 qu.). Others which ham the form of the singular and
the meaning of the plural (3 7). 'Vhat is a collective
noun? Give exampl es.
vVhat is the general rule for the formation of the plural
number of nouns ? ( 31) Give examples. When do we 51.)
add es? Give examples. How if th e sin gular ends with
y? Give examples. How if the singular ends with/ or
ART. 67. In the following examples, of each
f e? Give examples. How <lo nouns ending wi'thjfform
their plural ? Mention nouns whose plurals are formed noun and ·each pronoun, tell its kind, its numirregularly. How are formed the plural of man ? woman ? ber, its gender, its person, its case, and the
· goose? foot? mouse? die? penny ? cupful? cour t-mar- reasons or rules for each: tial ? brother-in-law ?
Washington 'was the father of his country. A rainbow
(2) What is gender? How many and what genders are
there? .What nouns and pronouns are of the ,masculine appeared upon the dark cloud. A word fitly 'spoken how
gender? Give examples. ''Vhat are of the feminine good is it? The hand of the diligent maketh rich. A
gender? Give examples. What are of either gender or good name is better t.han wealth. What is a ringlet ?
common in regard to gender ? Give examples. What For who goes up yom• ·winding stairs will not·come down
, are of neither gender or neuter in regard to gendrr·? arraiu. I was there myself. The book is your own: She
c=n choose for herself.
own friend and thy fath.er's
Give examples.
friend forsake not. Leaves have their time to -fall. We
(3) What is person? How many and what persons speak f01: ourself. Gentleness will win, but pride repels.
have nouns an<l pronouns ? ''Vhat do words of the first I, ''Visdom, dwell with prudence. Mother I Oh· what a
person denote? Give examples. 'Vhat do words of the name! Is your father at home ? This house is J . E.
second person denote? Give examples. ''Vhat do words Smith, Esqr's. I know not w:hat.othiirs may think, Ev. of the third per.son denote ? Give examphis. Of .what 'ery one must act for himself or for herself.° He was a mem: person are words which denote the speaker ? Of what ber of the United States' senate. The jury -ivere detained
person are words ·which denote the one addressed?· Of four hours hearing the witnesses' testimony. To what

Thy

rAX.

123

SYNTAX•

•

. ART. 237. When. either the subject or the mood, tense, and conjugation·, and whether
predicat~ is limited ,or qualified by andtlier en- they are regular, transitive, · active, or preditire sentence, the whole is a complex sentence:
John, when he was young, learned; as all
in early. life should, to improve his :precious
time ; here,- wlien lie was young, though it is
its.elf a simple sentence, is al.so a descriptive,
and limits or qualifies the subject Jolin. So the
simple sentence, as all in early life sliould, and
th~ _clause, to improve liis precious time, are _aci.~erbial phrases; and : limit ttie verb learned;
thus making the _whole a complex sentence,
each simple sentence of which may be analyzed separately.
John is the grammatical, the simple, the
leading subject; and John, wlwn lie was young,
is the logical, the complex, the complete subject; learned is the grammatical, the simple,
the leading predicate ; and learned "as all in
early life slwu!4, to impr~ve . Ms precious time,
i~..:the lf}gicq,l, th~ cqmpl_ex, the complete predi.~ate ;, .· as_' p,ll .in' early .. life . sliould; ..taken . to' - g~t.h~~; .. ~~ ,«a~ ,~·d~e~t>~a~ . p~ra§e;, .~in\~!in,g,th~
-01e-a,p.mg .. ~f _.?ear~t:.d,f.·,b'µt .U" yre , spppJ,y;_ !!-ft~r
· ~~e . a~~~fY s~qu.,ld, th~ impli~d £>riricip'a l v~rb,
. t-~-~s, . a~ ,
in ·e~r~.Y
·should~ l~api, it · becomes 'itselt a simple sentence: · : .
. "
~thus,

ER IX;.
~AX.

exception in regard to the subject? What besides the .
simple subject and predicate? How many and what kinds
o~ sentences are there ? What is a Simple sellt.e nce?
Give e~amples. • In the_example, Jolin is ltappy, which is
the subJect ?. Wh~ch ~s the predicate
In the example,
T!te boys write, which 1s. the subject, and which the predicau:? _What one word contains the copulate · and the
attributive elements o'f tq~ predicate? In the example,
Th e leUer ltas been written, how many and what words
contain the copulative and the attributive ? Give the exa.mples 'of simple sentences in which the simple subject and
simple predicate are limited, and show by what words. ·

·r

ART. 236. A compo~nd sentence consists of
one or more simple · sentences,· connected by
one or more connective words : as,
· ' '
(1) John and Charles write; this is a com~
pound sentence, foi ·it lii1s tWo subjects and
tw,o pr~di~ates; thong~ but ··one·predicate is
eJS:p!essed, yet another may be supplied after
the other subject: thus, John writes: and
Charles .writes ; supplying the verb requires
the change of the plural into a singular verb.
(2) John reads and writes; this, too, is a
compound senten<?e ; though there is but one
subject,.yet this subject is implied before each
predicate: thus, John reads a'nd Joltn writes.
,

'

I

•

Wpat is a compound sentence 't Giv~. and explain the
·
1st example, Give and explain the 2d example.

.

_µfo

aµ

::;

~t .

l'

·~:-··:. ...~ :'

'

..

• .....

..~~ ~-

·-· .":-_' ..... ·,; \

'•

... .

.'

....<f·,.;

~"·

•

:.: :'

., ~RT. 238:. Analyze the foll6Wing sentences;
that is; show each grammatical subject and each
logical subj~ct with,, all 'its .p arts; the , gramm..a:tical : predicate •atid · the logical predicate
with all its. parts ; analyze each . distinCt part,
both of' the logical subject and the logical

cates; show how the sentences and parts of
sentences ~re connected . .
ART. 239. Row de,lightful, how useful, how important '
is language ! It makes our friends dearer; it awakens .
joy and love; it makes the distant- seem near·; it records
the actioi;is o'f D1an)cind fo·aii'agesi·anil,in all co~ntries; it
1
is .the repository of science; s.cience, iri!leed, C()uld not have · 1
a name >witho~t la~guage. "But 1,a,_nguage' ·is often mis- ·
used. By it the false . deceive, the wicked pro'fane sacred
things, a~d m?ny talk foolishly, ~r_, trifle with t~e . feelings,
the charac_ter, the rights <;>f.others_. .,..Words, JitlY, spoken,
are like apples of gold in. ba~ets of' silv~r. Tricks: by
which the ungtiarded are betrayed, tend to produce constant and universal distrust. The soldier who executes
his cap~in's orders does nq less than the captain himself
who. gives · him the orders. , These are what· are termed
adventures. Her hair is go!?, her forehead _the Elys!an
fields, .her eyebrows · rainbows, her eyes suns, her cheeks
roses, her lips coral, her teeth ;pearls,· he~ neck alabaster,
her bosom marble, her hands ·ivory; her whiteness 'snow.
Words in ·their primary or imme'(liate ·signification · stand
for .ilQ.~hing , l!utJhe r;ideas ~n-~ t~e,~wil1.~- ,O'f P,iin ~~at .~.seth
them. ·A' child h~ving taken'. I!Ptice ~ o( ,not.~ing ;i~ '.tb.e_.
metal which he hears called" 'g'oldZbiit ·.tJie·'trlrrht"~lii~iif.;

y~~~r: ~9\~r,1 ,.~.e . ~P:~~~s ~~,.~~~,j-~1 1~i ~~Iy .:tq:,~1s~Ne:i ·qf ·

that color, a!ld n~tlimg ,!ll~e t,~~!!a tj_e,~fo~ h~ ~Falls:',the
Ba:Ine color ,in_ a_ny ·2the~/.tliil)j, :g°qJq. ·,~~:4-~otJl~r;"'~ha'( hatH.
l.>ett_e r observe~,' a~_ds:f.<? ,sJii,ni!lg_ Y.~1io~1:itr!l~t°~eight; and
~hen the,. sp~n~ •g~K>':wh~~ .. '1,{ fs¢s ~k~,tati?~';for;~ 9omplex .
idea of. a shinmg . r~~lgw ·-.1Zn¢.J l\~,y~ry ' we1g¥~y/:substance. /
Another adds' to ·. these quaJitj_es~ 'Nsibility: ·and then · the
w?rd, gq~1(s~g~~e§. }9 h_ime . ,bqdy; 'b_r_jght; y~llow, ·ru~ible,
and .·very, heavy: . Anothe,r adds · .D:ialleability'. ·· l:ach· cif
tlieie ii~~s , uanftlie 7:~~;d' }~t:r:;.:teii . µ¢'..'has ~cca~io~·:'t~ .
expressthe,iMa'wllict'i::h?'ha~ -:-apifli~d :ro·it~;- :But-ii is"~B- '
dent that each can apply 'It-only to liis own idea; nor: ca-li .
he use it as a sign o'f such a ·complex idea as lte has not. -

eg

..: .
i·

