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KlRKHAM' S GRAMMAR.

.::EN,GLISH ·GRAMMAR,~Cf~:: _ \

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FAMILIAR LECTURES
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A CCOMPANIED BY

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N~W l!Yf?J'EM,A.TIO .ORDER 'OF
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COMPENDIUM,

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PARSING;
N:l!:'W' SYSTEM OF PUNCTU·'
.• ATION, EllROIBES IN . F.A.LSE"SYNTA:::~lO o'.t.:iu::_. -''· ~l

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AND

TO WIIIOB ABB A.DDKD,

AN APPENDIX AND A. KEY TO THE EXERCISES:
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DltSIGN:ED

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FOR THE USE OF BOHOOLB AND PRIVATE LEA.RNE.RS.

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BY SAMUEL

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NEW EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS.

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NEW YORK:

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COLLINS & BROTHER,
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PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT.
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Entec"'· '·. """·:·".::og·to Act of Congr....,· hi the year 1829, by
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!.! •· . . . . .5,4.~UE~ IUJLKHA .¥,

In the CJ.erk'•

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o~"';l ~_ih,e.,i:1Biz1~t ?o~t for l/1e.s9~~·~ R~~ct'or New h~i ·'

·. :!.'-'I' ' ' . , , .
NEW EDITION,
·' • !"'"· ;Eniered, ac00rdlng t0 .Act Congresli, In the y- 1861, 'l)f :
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· HARPER. .& BROTHERS ,
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In the Olerlt'• Otllce of the District eo'urt tor the Southern Dlstriot o!New York.

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.ALmou~ many yea.rs have. ':10~. elfl.pfl(ld siqce the ~· publication
of Kirkb.am's Grammar, 8.lld very many riv:al tr~es have been issue4
from the press; this.work still ·cou.tinues tO be & favorite with the collf'munity. In the simplicity or-t.he' styl~ and the clear ~&in· ~~

~ -~~b,,i€ct ~ ~~~efto the pupil, I>oin~~of the ii~iest !311~~~
iri.a. .treatioo of this...ilature, ~work lui.s ·~ot. b~n ~ -,,:; ·,~ ·, , : ~
The publiShers have endeavored frQDl time to time to make su.cb. al-terations as the advance in p~blogical learniD.g ·haS· brought to ligh,tj

blJ.~ iJi}he:~llD.~raJ ~?Pt\:_an~ ,V~~~'O! ,~~; Ef;l-~~t~~Y)~~e. rq~d.

no reason to deviate from the or~Jllim ~f ?. .w.ork.; ~ ., , :!
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In the· present edition they.have thought. i.t . .&9.~ble to olnit the
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"dorrooti00a" and .." Pro~lli-0~' . ¥retofore~ p.ri.nte<l. on PP-: .~,'!9
208 inclusive, and which, however valuable at the time.they were introduced into .the :wo,r~ &t the. p~t ·~ed ?t~~r P'irpe~'.~ ~~
iio~ocy of 'obsolete errors than to.serve a .useful ·~ ·,The ge11~

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diffusi~ll,~f kn~wled~ has l~d ~the cliS~ ofi.h~~ "provhicla.lis~~,~

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and the amwst. ~!¢rw· ~.tudy' Qr ~th~ .Di~~ iii o.ui:-·s4Q64i ,~'~::­
perseded ~~ necessity of these Q9gections in Orthography and';Ortho••
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epy m a work on Grammar.
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Tlie atie~tiouof both ·t~er
and
pu_pil
1s:
Ell!otJl~stly:de84-ed·t.o
:the
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valuable addition to the article on ,,Rh"lt6iio .in this . vwv.Ill~ n9.:W:~~
intr.oduced, fro~ the pen of the' ~tiri~(iq;'author~'.-~', A'.. ' ~~
It is hoped that ' the·· perusal"of· tJµ.S ·1Jlegant 'e.ssa.y.-. "OnJ;>eau~;•d
B~b~ity in ~ti~g'i will excl~ &ll ~'~~t bi·th~ study ,of RJietD~1
subjec.t too much.negleQted .ill our educational instif:.uti~ns._:: I '~~I ~er '
is invited to the advertisement on' the following ·pagei •. '·i.'" · ,c.,j·. . ·~

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RECO!II111ENDA.TJON8.

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.T/2:.TiOI .T:E A:D.H EB S.- -~..:n
MJ.N.Y teachers, after accompanying their pupila through a collI'Be of English
Grammar, have felt the want of some further treatise upon language, of a teia~k,_w¥~ shaU, give instruction upon the important subject of Rhetoric and
~elle&.letttes)iii g?eaier detail than it is possible to do within the limits of a
PW'6ly _grammaticii.l work. · • To such .we ~ould offer the worlc of Pro£· Mills,
~~ - Q\l.~~ Qt; ~~lltQt;ic and, Belles-)et¥-es, ',' a_n _e~g'1,Ilt llo!!d. 9,0mpr~~n,;
!'-1! ~! 1 IEP1~_7,.:,Q.f Jhi: lIDportant and interesting subject.
.,.,l;'r2t: .¥il,la _,has carefully adhered to the principles of Aristotle, Longinus,
ancl'Qhm~~n',' so· rar--as they are·applicable to the English -language • -and hM
adopted the8e1irmciplee, as they arf! developed.in the Ja°fge work of Dr. Blair:·
Con#nencingr-aft;er-ja · br!ef--vlew of the principles cf ;tast(!, with the {/rigiq ~f
~Wg~, ibte. ~ _,endeav()red. to. conduct the ~tudent through the various d11:
f~el\~.?f.j~is;. st"t?4Y, in the order which natm;e herself indicates, until bf! _
tlie most elevated and sublime strains of the epic and dramatic mus&.
We give below the table of contents.
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reaches

1 --0.li!'~r L 4J!otr.AGE.-§ L Origin and Pro~ess of La~guag~ IL Origin a~d Progress · of 'Wrltlng-.~ IIL Structure of Language.-§ IV. Structure of flang-uage. , r . : ·
~ CbiopterJ'.L S:rnz.-§.1. Perspumlty and Proclolon.-§. ,ll. Structure of !lentepcee.~µLC~~~.g;~e ,o~ S,en.~~l'!l"--1 IV. Structure of~entencos.
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Cbi'_pter III! FIGtrRATIVE LANGtrAGE.-§ r: Origin and Nature· of F!g-nratlve Lang:na1<0:
h>-f, J;L~ ~~ho~-4Jlegpry.-§ III. Hyperbole-Person!Jlcat!on-A.postrophe.-§ fV
~mparloon-.A.ntlt_ hesjge.:.lnterrogat!on - Exclamation-Vision - Climax - Irony --§"V:
"elMlnl,.~~ o! St;i:Je.! ·..
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. r~bji_pt,al,'..:g:,:J:n .fo»P.O;l'l\T!I

oF ... Rwui:...x Dx.soou•s;.,-§

r. 1nU:od~ctton.:..:_D1<1s;o·;

- .... arratlon.-'-§IL .argument-Pathos-Peroration.-§ !IL PronunCiatlon and Dellve1-y
::uii.tf>t_il4_1'M,&ffr/-Pl~P,.Yljlg,I~ Spe~g. ,
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Chapter V. Biu.UT-r 'A.Ni)' SUBLil4{TY.-§ I . Beauty._:§ II. G;andeur or Sub~lty ' I~
En..rnal Objects.--§ III. Subllmlty In Writing.
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ruflbiwtl!F,VJ...~~UJ!:'OE..,,,..§,.L Nature and, ~torY of Eloquen~e.::--§

µ. Grecian ;El<>.
qu'!_nca.-=-fn! iwwan E_loquence.--§ IV. Modern.Eloquence. " •
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~iuipiffi VIf! Din'l<RElfT Knrn& PUllLto-Sn.umro.-§ I .. Eloquence; o! Popnlar-..U.
IHllll-b)fes t-f-~ ;Ji:loqq_epce of -the Bar-:-§_III. Eloqn~n~e of the_ Pulj>!t.-§-IV.-Hlstorl &tl;'Ep!atO!arj"&nd ll'tctltlouo Wrltlng-. •-l• ..,_, , · " 11,.- ; ~ .J ,_.,_.1:
,_.; ·t-:•1.J.
foOba-e~.I;:l'l>tnY.,-i -L {)~Jpn an.d Nature:o,f P~tr;y.,.--§ II.. Pastoral .and Lyrl~
£oetrt'.jj;~ Dlda
b~·~c an\! D~scrlptlve Poetry.':"§ IV.__Ep{~ -P~e~ry.-'§ V. Dramatic
~trt... sCJ_ IO 't ... a h1! ~ 1,---.·· . ':. ~t;.. ~':'<<I, 'lj. ·~·/ ~AlJ,r~·); ~i~ . ~ · !l· ( j

or

• 'J':.Jb"Ef -foiifuie_iS'a:n00:t'-:i2~o: _of- 243>pages. :--.Price

63. centa..: ..Teachersjrup. .. -; .;· plied with copies fo; , e~n;i_lllllµon a_t.l~~f;pri~e. _, ._"'·, ,.,_. ,

COLLINS & BROTHER, ~UBLIS~:R.S, . ·

No. s2 warieli-stree~· New' York.
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It is well known that tho reco~endations which generally eccomp<.oy ne-.;;.'booJia
have very little weight with the public. This is aa U should be. for !bu-Work which
rests more on its written l:ciltimoniala, than on it.I intrinsic merit.a for support, .ueert.
no claims lo pennanenL patron~e. But recommendations which a.u.alyze the merit.I
of u work, and which, o'y e$b1ting ilil prol)lineJlt ,feature,a ill a strjking liih~ are
calculated to carry conviction to the reader-that the aystem . recommended la meritorioUA, the author i.o proud to' have it In his power to preaent In this volume. The following are'°""' of the numerous t.estimonlala which he baa -received, and for which he
tenders his grat.eful ackiiowledgmento to thoae li~"!'fY gentJem.e'! to. whoae q~
end polit.eness·he la indebted for them. More than:m hu.1ulrul otiiera pre,eenf.ti4 to tlMo
')olthor, and many of wh!ch are equall;i: ~ring with these, he baa D.ot ,room Jo. ~ .
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The following notice of thla work la extract.d from the "West.em Review," ._ 'Pila ·
jQiirnal la ably conducted by the Rev. Timothy Flin~ author of ." Francis Berrl&n,~
" ·History and Geography· of the Mias' Vall~y," and many othe,..popular 'and nl~le ·
l\·ork.s.

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We bad no~- at that time, aeen Mr. Kirkham'a "Grammar In familiar I .ectllre9," .but
If we comprehend the author' a dt:aign, it is no&
to much to introduce new principles, as to render more easy "'!d int.elligible '- oae
which have been long established, and to furnish ad.ditional facilitica- ro.,an accural and
thorough knowledge of our language. In thla we think be baa been su~fuJ;, -v
It.is to be.expect.e.d thl!t.a modear, unQl!auming -.ivriter, on pra..,ntins . Jiiw,aelJ:. bef01'9
the pulilic tribunal aa an author, will, aa f.ar as is consistent with his plan, avail ·himoelf
of the authority of ouch as bnve written well-on the subi"!'tbefore him. N J.Ir~ Kirkham
\Isa accor<Ii~ly followed Mr· .~Iuri:uy in -~. old, beaten track of Eng\ilh ~n on
gram91ar, fa the generol pnnc1pl'l8 of his .ac1enl"); _endeav9~g, !'t.the ,a&J"8 time, _.IQ
avoid what.ever appcw-cd to be erroneous or absuni In the writings-QI that ~uthor. and
adopting an entirely new __ srrange1nent. The , lllQSt , u~fu! .IP~ -~ - 1.q, the
treatise of Mr. Murray, is embraced in this; but in the deljnlliona and rules; It: is simplified, and rendered much more int.elligib!e. 'Th.ough our author follow& .Mr. l\lur~,
ln the general principlea ofhis work, he haa,-,i/> n~;D_ll ~Qua ina\@Dces, dilfered frpin._him,
pui:siting a c.Oll'~ that appears to be his own, anJ.j~w:!!>g opme vl'!UAble lmpro~.,.
have since given it a cursory perusal

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ments.

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Among these may be mentioned some addition"'- rulel uid explanatory notes In syD-.
tax, the arrangement of the parts of speech. the n1odd u£. '!"PlainiDg
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parslilg, mtwner of explaining some of the pronouns, and the·U ie of a 1yi10J?•is WIUCl,I

presents the essentials 9f the science at one ,v iew, 8!~ 1:8 w~. C!1~~;e,~~~

anoetolearnera.
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In his arrangement of the pllrt.6 of speech. Mr. Kirkham seems to b.a,_v~ e!'deavo~
to follow U..ortkr of1w1.uro; and we are not ablt1 to see bowh~ ·could h•m• done'better•
'fhe noun and verb, aa being the moot bnport.aot partJJ of -speech,·are. 6nt ~xpl~~ '
and afterwani1 tboae' wblch are conaldered in a secondary and · subordinate_·ch~.
By following this order, he bRS •voided the abs•irdity ao ' commoli &mung-"authon,'()f ·
· definiJJg,the minor parts-before their principals, of which they were desib'lled to ·be ~
appendages, and h&.!"TRtionally prel'arcd the way for conducting the iearnef' by ~ll;
advances to a correct vtew ol the science.
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In his illuatraliona of the various aubjecto contdned In his work,·olir author ~pearl .
to have aimed, not al a Dowery atyle, nor at the a9pearance of being lcamed!iliut' •• ..
being understood. Tho cleameaa and perspicuity ot bis remarks, and th~ir applicalioia- · ' ·
to familiar objects, are well calculated to arre.rt t i,..attdltion,and Bidthe _undentan!liill ' ~.
of the pupil, and thereby.to lo111en the labor ot'toa inltl'Ueter.•• The •pri'!clplee•'ol\ the .'•··
science ~'. •!mplifad, a>ul . rpuier_~d ao perfect{'{_ ~11 !If COn&P."o/'f.!•im.. ·'ffll. ab9v.l,~..-W/>k , ;
no 6rdi)!ary', µlind; ·having_ suc~ lielp, couJd__6t.~ ;fu.mi ,-~1t,. ·
_w tpl& P"'?"U.W:: .· ,
t1u:t the work ·appear& to· posaeas1ts .c hieftilent,'
.~._~.'¥'~ 1,t· ~'l~fi!.,_
bemg'Jlrcferred to m1uty ot\lere.
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It givca· Jl& -pl_p~ure ,to re~ark, in_refercnct tc ttb\l~U.CCes_s of~~~b!e ~
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authotr~h~f~ork _Is _bef?f" ua, that we q~o~ \-'~ th.'?-~tlr ~¥~,. T'. , ._,
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p·:· ;...!."' ;-..·~r ·.1.r ,,; J~!r.1J~.: <.; .--: ~ ·:... 1~--~ '~.>t. :' :-J<; ·.~. r• /:/~··t;;.3;;~ .,...... ·> ·. .. r".:-.::u
The following is from the pen of a gentleman -.., r the ~, formerly a . distlngnlah~

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·- Cl&aaical teacheri. -' [Exti·act fromotbe l' ·Nl!f;ional~Jrii<!&''l _,,., ,!,· o. ., · • · .1-... ' ·"
· Aa a"frknd to li~raturi;,'. !"'<!..~s~ciapy !il\'~p;;uri'inerl\lt is wii,!i_pe~ pl~~
I tillude to olnotlce 'In i.-J1ite paper of•thia 'C lt_v. lll wblell Mr. S: ~kham · ?•'>poseo to .\1.1>;
lh·er n course of Lectures on English.. GrtlniL1:U-;• To such ·as feel interqet.-d in ncq~4tr­
'.ng a b'"6nonJ Wld'~prru.~ti.cal knowledge of tbi~ useful science. an opportuci.ty tr 'nhw

RECOMMENDATIONS.

PREF A.CE.

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14

ENGLISH G-RAMMAR.

r.'lld," write; ·or -thin_k,-·a knowledge ·of grammar is of esscntl~.
cutHity. ·. .
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Dout>tless you hiive' head some 'pe:fscins. assert; that they coulct
detl'lct 11-nd corre~t any error in language by the ea~, and speak
antl- w:rite : accurately without a knowledge· of grammar·.. Now
!o.u r .?cWn '_obsrrvation ~ill soon conv0ce you, th!l-t th~~ a.sse.rtion
·15 uicorrect. '. A man of refined taste; may, by perusing good au .
.thors, and conversing with the learned, acquire that knowledge of
language which will eµable him to avoid those glaring errors tliat
offAnd the ear; but there are other errors equally gross, Which
ha'l!e not a -harsh sound, and,. :consequently, whi.ch canuot be de.
tected ·without a knowledge of the rules that are violated. Believe , me, --.therefore, when I say, that w~thout the knowledge an<l
11.pplication of grammar rules, it is impossible for any one to think,
s~ak, read, or write with accuracy. From a want of s.uch
knowledge; many often express their_idea~ i.Q _a mam1.er ,so im. prop'el' ~'a"l'l.d1obscure· ·as to render it"impo.ssible for any ''orie.. to understand them: ' their -langt1age' frequently afnoun.~, .not only_to
bdd ..s.ense, . but non-sense; ·· In ot~er : instaric:es . ~eyera,I , different
~e~m~s _ ma~. b? ·affixed to the words' t?ey .-e.mplo~_ ;. !l~d w~at
is-\ still'- worse, is, ' .tha_t not unfrequently then sent~noes. 11r.e so
I-• OO~tructed,"aS 'to COn Vey a m'e aning q Uite the feV~f!j~ . Of that,W hiCh
· th~y~tendoo·.o«· ~Nothing · of a sec"1lar .na'ture'c:;an
more wor~~y
-or:.yoli.r•iitte'ntibn~ then, thari 'the acquisition of grammatical kno\v 1-

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~""'},'~sjath" which leads to ·graminatifaii: excelierw~, is n~t 'ali: t~e
way smooth·1md flowery;· but in it you wjll find some thorns' inter-

~~rse'~~·~d ' S<Jme 'obstacles to be"surmounted; or; .in _sjm,_ple.'!an-

·~uage'J· you .Wjll' iirid, 'in the pursuit of this science1 q}any intri-

'- casre-s'.\vh1cli' it1ih ather dittici.Ilt for..the juvenile. mma 'pompletely
· 1~Nin-rii'.~~f.-': Vsllall,' therefore; as r proce'ed,_address you fn plain
1iingliage/ ahd '·endea'vor to illustrate every prinpiple _in . a:,manif~t·so;_c1~a'r a~d si.~~le, · ~~at you' "'.PJ.' · ~<~bl ~? 1;011: , e~ercise
·' '!lmil' mindt to' understand its "nature; ancl _apply it _to pracuce _as
. ! 1 ' fou"g~. iilong'fr. ~Qt I_' ~ould ra_t~V gl~e ; fJ°u ·o~e' user~~ 'idea! t~an
1
." '-'flfty'bifrhcsoundmg"words, !hflne'a~mg_ of which . y9u _w<?~la, pro~,-. ...., , ..._~~~'l>·~ ·"-1·-· t" 1_· ·'
" h'en d'". · _,~ ··,_. •.. ·. . _·· :.· · ·_. l "'- ·• .. , _
Jiau. 1 _ue"una'u e o:compre
~· •,f<iSJioutd''you'.'e\re1r"have1 an'y ~-doubts donceinirig· tn~: m1Janing of
. a1,if'o ra; 1hr 't}\e' sensel6£ a: sentence; ym~ rilqst(nc:i.t" be: disqq~i:!lgij.p,
~~· · fib'ti.:-~rseferii', ;eith;er"by studying my exp]al!-atij?ris, :9i:~bf.' a§l1:j31g

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~ :·~~ _~-- P..e~? -~orrll>C~ent td i~foq~··you; !ill' 'Y.?~-,9?ta!!i.' ~ ~l~aK \ R';J·
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' (rep'iion of..lt, ·and till an doubts' are removed •. ' By ~qarefully eXa'\cifilrig', a~d frequently . reviewing, the following ' lectures, you
will soon be able to discern the grammatical construction of our

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h, ;.TLANGUl'liGE ;i.·r :i

to'conYey.;~but ·.the. appli.c~401\;~~~l;1Jlckw. thit ~.l~n.ifieQ,

is an act altogether ar-bitl"!Lry.. «' .Wer~ ~~ere .a,ny ,na\ura ,col\i:iex,
ion'betw.een. the so.uni:! and· the thing Slgnifieci-: ~W wo~d .go«t:wo11ld .
convey th6' •8ame 'idea to the people .of ;other count~es_ ~· i.t ~oes
to oursAlves. - But such is not the fact. Other nations make u~
o(dilfereni sound~ to' sign~fi th.e sa.~.e :thwg. , .'.Thus, . ~u~ d~­
notes the same idea in Latin, and.or~ Frep.ch_._,.,_H~qge it .. ~oll~~~
that ·it··is"by cµstom -'only ,we '1eam•-to: annex•·p_articu~ar· ;1deW::.~
particular' 8PuridS. -'. """ '""'·' _., .•,_ =-- · ' .. " - "· ''·'-:- '. ,, · ··· · ...... '.
· SroKEN' LA~GU fo& 'i:ir speech"is made up of e.rticulatei s?u~~~
uttered ·by .the. 'human -Yoice .. .. :. · ! ' " .. ~- . · . ;•' : ·
- 1~M'.tJoice. js· formed by air· which; .after i_t· passes .thro~h · t~.e
glotlis'' '(a ·~all' aperture 'i.n_the upper ''p~rt ' of'_the'' wmd.p1pe;~ · ts
mocfulateifby)he 'action of .the throat, palate{ ~a.th,. tongue, . bps;
and- nostrils.
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" Wa1wERL.iNGUAGE.
Th~: ~lement,spf written la,nguage consi~f.0( letters or· characters, which, by common consent and gen~
era1: Usage, anFcombined. into words, and thus made ·the.. ocul_?-r
represe.uta.tives of the articulate sounqs 11ttered by 1Pe voice. . .
~-

'

..

! Q: ,.~; ,f""/, ~I~~)
p: .~:-;~ ~-

•

~_

r

.

.

j

~.

··-··/
0

~";. ~:

•

_,,

,._
'

'

·; . •

• ·1

•

.,
•

,\

tl

.. G.RAl\IMAR is the science -of ·langu~e.
":.. ·
~;a~~~r ':;;~y be divided -into two ;pedi~s" ~~".e.~al~~nd 'p~r~

~iqv::;;Et~~~'q;~~l;~AR ~~P,liJ:lns the-princ~l~s . whi,~h: ..~~1:1, ?o~
cnon to all languages.
. •-.
'.
p ARTICULAR
applies those ge~eral ~rmc1pl.es to
GaAMJl[AR

a

particular language, modifying them accor,dmg to its ge~rns, and
the established practice of the best speakers and writers by
whom it is use4,_.::; j;I~n({t;, -~ ~;~ ,.J n.~ Ii:. ~ ;,-;:p" ..'ft . .
.
The BStablishtd practice of tlie best 8.Peakers and w;iters of_any
Iaogu~gi;i! , i~:.the .standard__of grarpmallc!'-! a,c~u~~gr ,~ l~~: J~~ '?~{
that language. _ . .
" .
. . .. .
. , : ._ _, .. ~ , · . :
By the ·phrase, established practice, lS·1mphed reputable; national; ·and ' present usage; '" A· usage•becomes goad and lega~ . w~:~
it hii.s -been ;long1and"genei;ally--adopted.. "'"' ~ " · '«:·"' " . ~:· l
Th&· bes.t · speakers a,ul:• 111d#rs, ~or such ·as may•be ;ctmSldere.d
good' auihority in· the-use !0f language-,: a~e' th?se .who are ~eserv­
edl y : irt · ·high> "estimation i;:•speakers,.d1Stmguishod·1 for. thmr ~lo2•

ORT-HOGRA?HY'.

ENGLISH· GRAM.MAR.

culi.o'n1:and ;·other· literary-:rattainments,,· ancj .writers,c-emi.nel).t -Joi
ci>rrect tai;te,. solid matter, and· refine:d manner. ·
, , ·.1 ., • •

~t:m: ~e . g.ra'-mnurrofa perfect 1nni;uage; no 'l'ules should. be admitted; but
eQCb. as are-founded on fixed -principles,. arising out pf the - ~µiU.11 of I.hilt Jan.

gu!!g_~~\Ul\l the nature of. ¢ings; )?ut our lauQuag11 being im-ptirf~c\ it be·

CO!f!'t ne~ssa:y. in a practical treatise, like this, to adopt some rule_s to direct
us m 'the use of ·speech as ree'ulated by cvstom. If we had a permanent
and surer-·staiidard than capricious custom to re!!'Ulate us in the .transmission.
of thought,.great inconveruence would be aVQiited. They, however, who
introduce tLSages which depart from the analogy and philosophy. of a Ian·
~e, ate conspic~ous. a~q ug ,the number of th!>!l6 ~h.oJo~ that _!an~ge.
·a ud 'Ji.ave power to control it. '· ·
· .- ' ' • ,. ·
'
LUI!guage is cou.ventional, and not only invented, but, ·in ·its ·progreS11ive
l!'ivancement, 11aried for purposes of practical convenience. H~nce Ait assumes· any and every form . which those who make use of it ' choqae to
giye it. We are, ther,efore 1 as rational !l.Ild practical grammarians, cop;ipclled
to ·submit.16 the''necessity of the case;· io take the language as lt' 'i.f, and
not a.s it 1ho'ltld be, and bow to custom.

~' PHtLcisoPHICA.L Gn1..~IMAR investigates and develops · the"prfociple!i of'liufguage; as founded in the nature of things and th"e origifo~1la ws of thought.
~t also discusses the grounds of the -claS:Sifi.
cation ~of ·words, and· explains those ·procedures which· practi9al
grammar lays down for our observance.
PRACTICAL GRAMMAR adopts !1_1e .most c_~mvenient classification
of the words of a language, lays down a system of definitions
and, rules, founded on sc.i~ntifi~ prii;iciples and good usage, illustr~te:s their nature and ·design;· anct enforc es ~heir application.
··.· PRINCIPLE.
A principle ' in grammar is a peculiar· construe.
tion of the language, .sanctjoned by gooq usage, ~: ·: ,:_ •.. :·,
·. l)EFlNITION.
A definition in grammar js a principle of Ian.
g J age...,exprE?s'S~ii in a ·definite form.
· ·
. ·' • ·
'·
RULE. .A rule describes the peculiar· construction or circumit~ntial~relation' of 'words, which custom has established for :our
observance.

:~- ~-·~v..'~l.~·-:;.~·.:\
:-1_:.__.:::_. "'-.r.·.:·.'·
--.
-:. .. ;;; ~ -:h~.s

.. , '];

. ~~3~t '[.-.

. _ ••_·,_. _

1
.

::rfi·

i:. · · ~

. • .: ,,: . ·. . ENG... ISH .GRAifllUA.R~- · ' ,, , · ·

~~tit1~I~~~~:~AR i~ - ~h~ ~rt ~f:.- ~p~~~i~g ~!14.wri7
0

.tiug1th~E,ngijsh·- lapguag~ 1-\\i.t h .J!rqpri.et.y.: , ~'-{:. ~:

r··-.GRAQ.A.R

teacheS; us how to use words jn , a proper

w.anner~

rhe most important .use. of that ,faculty .caU.ed. a~ech,., ~, to.:\con. :vey,1oor 'thoughts .to· .others . • If, _therefore; . we.J1!1-Ye. a. · s~re: of
Words,1 -arui even ·know· what they signify,.' they· whle be of rii>.. real
w.e to-us u1lless•we11ca.n also . apply them .to -~practice," and1'mako

them· answer tti~ pµrp9~es for--whict1 they were invented.·· . Gra:11ma~; well. understood, enables us to• express our ~ought~ fu '. l,Y
and clearlr,; arid,_ . cqns~qu.~n~ly, in a_-~anner , ~~If~- ~1.ll ddy
the'·ingenuifJ"of- man- to- give our'words any other meamng th~~
that which we ourselves intend them to e!'press. . To be able· to
11peak 1and wi:ite . our vern~cula: tongue wit.h: accuracy and. ~le­
~~~?.· i.is,c~~;a~9~Y~ a .~??s1de~o"n O~\ ~~t-h~gpe,st .~men_l~ : ·"·· '..,
divid~d
ORTHOGRAPHY,
ETYMOLOGY) : ' ,.

Grammar is
l."

···•· 2.
'"

1

into four parts ;

~· SYNTAX,
,. . 4 ~ PROSODY. . -

· '' -~,;
. .

oa.f~·oaaAPHY. teaches ' the nature. and .powers· of

}._~tt~~~; ,an.~_)h~ j\lst~.rp~~hq_d; o.(sp~J,li~. w_qr@.:, _, ._

iis

·or s-pelli:ng. ·It te"ache~
sounds of letters, :how to combine · t4em
ip~() sylla!>les,,an_d .syllaples,into \~ords. ..
,.
_ .
-".As tbis is one of tlie first steps 1µ. the path of· literature, _i presume·' you already understand·· the ·nature and u;;e .of letters, and
the just method of ~pe,ll~Ilg_ w.o~·ds ~ : l_f y~u . Jo, It 1s upH~<;:essary
for you · fo':d<vfi!lr Jong on this part
gr.aro~ar, w~ich, though
very important~· is rather dry and unmterestmg, for 1t ha,s noth!ng t.oA~ 1 :-yJth, pa: sing .an~ 11~alyzin~ -l~f!~uagi:i, ~Qq, . the:f~f~re,
if Y.OU ,c3:n s-pel! c9n;ect7y, you may Orlf~~ q_rthograp'h~·-, ~d ,colll. •
" J 1 •.
m'e;:._.•
n'ce with·
.&yqiology and Syntax., , .
- ,;.. /"1 r• :..-ff~ •. ~;:".~~>;;_1. ", h ~ H• , ? ~- - :-:.··~·l

"'

ORTHOGRAPHY. means' word-making,

the ..differenf kinds and

o!

: . · art~ography ·treats,· 1st, of. Letters, . ~dly; · ~f B¥ll'l/1.l~s, C\"Q1 39;ly,,_ ,9f Words, . t·, -} ·· · _ .. : • • 1 · .L LETTERS. 4 lett~r is the .first prmcip.le.;. ox:
le~st P,_?-;rt,, ~f a word.
.
" .' '
The Engll.sh ;Alphabet contam,s twenty-six letters.
. They ~r~ djvj ded ·into. _vowels and conso~an~s.
; .-".\ 'vo)Vel l&> flrtJ~t1i,erjt~t1,~1mJ>e ::~erfe~tly · soundecl t
t1v itself. . The vow~is ·are a;· e, i>-o, u, and some~
, tCmes· iµ. a,Q.d Y•·' '. W and ·y are~ 0 consonants wh~n tl~ey
. begin a· word' w-sY:llaJ:>k(; ·but. Illjev~ry , other! s1tuat.1~rf
. they" are· :vowels~ · -, .;'· ', -.. --.~,'.... .-.: - , : . : : · . • :. ·
:_. ·.•roe cons'oifahf iS''''a"letter that e_annot b~ perfec~ly

~. ;~~ ~i\4·0,d ·-.w-!~~oiJt t11~.: ?~lP '. Qf. ~:.:r.oi~Jf.?s; q,, .¥,- f, -~

.All.l etters except the vowels .are consonants. _, ... ·":

·( ..-:' 1 ·1!. ':~i_ ,. --;··~ lt, -~· ; ~· ,.1 ? ~.:, ua. C\ .L: ~ -. ~?,_ at~ !,!An. c,,. ~,~J {\--f,:S l ;-;~ .
,._411 ~~r . >.·a_G~ i.THE}.S0,Pl'!DS_,i()R· :fl'HErlil)~~RS'::~ :~~::. ~j
~- <-+ ;,, af:'.t. w ~·Jlki ._,tl!f rl-- !1,1~1~ \•1.~~ 1 J!l · ... ·.~~"':".~~~ea ':"'1 : _• ~!1~
A.-A.•has four ·sound.a; the .long; as in ""~' bqsin; '~~roa"<t'fii'f 'fu
cq,/f,1fl1.all.. th&'iahor.t·;···Ji& ·in:fagol;'guui"; ·8Jldl"the 'flat}'ltnliaD• samul; Bi iD

·J

bar , farthef'.
_
.~.. ..i.,1~.,..:·--: ~,::-:a.
· The improper diphthong, aa, has ·-t he short sound of a ·in Balaam;
'l144C · ~ 8lld 1t.l:i&lQllg•soiuid .of;.Q,in; Baal .f}aaJ ,A;.ro.;o:-,J. ""- ;J!.1"' : ..' • • '"w
. ·Th~ ·Latin diphthong, .z, has the Jong '. soujid,o( ~ :~ .znif!r!l°dj Ca;Iai;'"il'fili
,so.Ille· other words: ·• But many '8uthomreject•rtbi8 ·useless ··e xcreweiice· of
antiquity, and wi-ite, enigma, Cesar.
·
'' . ·.
.,. · :c:- :u
T~e dl_Phthoni;, ai, _has the· long_soun~ of a; as in fail,_•ail;" exc~:P: ~
plaid, ..aod, again,_r{Lillery,fom>fain, Brit.a~n, and 119m~ others.. • ·-'. · -::'· .
, ·: Au-18• sound~ < like bro.ad a m t_au_ght, ~e .fiat.,JJ :m-ai<nt, lik~ ·long o ·~
hautboy,·and like short O Ill laurel. ..
f . ..
.
.
'. ·' . !a.· :'Aw _has always the sound of .broad a; as in bawl, ·era.DZ! .. ' · ' ·····' ~' ''"
Ay has the Jong sound of a; as-in pay,-de!ay. _, ~ - · ' . . _. '· - 11
B~,..,-B 4as-only .one sound; as in' baker, nuinb'er,"chiil>. " :·, .. ,,,_ · ,,.!; ·-""' :;
, . B is, ~ile'?-t when it foll~:-vs min th~ Fi;'~~llabJe;- ·as -~ fa'l'Ji;'~: ':~ept
. lll~,-<rhomb;··11nd.8U{'cumh.> · 1t-~ iilao · Si,lent•befoi:e t nr·the·'~e ~!Ja­
ble; ·as m i-oubt ,debt""' .-u.btle &c.
'" ''- ·. _i 'd!.> _,. ~ .-_.'>...,,,,~~w
· C.-C so~rui'. Jike. k 'before' a, o,,u, ,., l, t, and at the end 'of ay"llabl~'ftiB

ff*'"

~-

. ..

•

I

' -.''

'

1

~

Four o~ the ~nll-V?~els, run~ely, l, m, n, r; are. ~~d .li· !i-ith b~~use
they_ read1Jy urute-1 witll-.,ther consonants, and flow,
'it ~i~e ~bto

~~
-==-~:·.··.
~~ · ,·.··· ... ?
--

..

as

.. _,.,_

-

..··.·•·
• , .
~

..

·~ •

- ; , . · ....

.

.•

••:

..1.

...

iheir

···:- - ..·

·'
·._,,
·.·1·~~1

..

A . diphthong is .the . union' of .· two. :,vowels :'"'pr~~

AP.1:W&J9; J?_y -~ - ~ipgle . imp!ll~e.of ; the. voice.; ..as~.~i..d n
,v:oree_,,"-'.:a.u ".1n .sound. ···

., ... · :·.. •: ,.~ ... ": ·"·" ,,_ ;,, · ~ ,.,·

·· ·..

~-~i'-!£i:ept_h~mg fS, tqe . un.ion_~~f tlh:ee 'yojels ' pro-

in earl, cottag~;·curiou1,'.cr~ft; tract, c~th; . '1ictimi~c~.~- .:1t ~

~?~U.~c~~; ip hke ~anner. ; as,eau m qeaJi,:;ieU( in·,viim~~

'A.u

:; "A'"pioper_ diphthong has both the vow~ls ~uiided; as, ~.. i~ ou~ce.
1mproper· ~1phth~ng has only_one of the vowels sounded; ·as, o'a in hoai. · ·
,.,.~/)J•

::"•..:•

,· . _ '·

,•' ,'

•

,··

l o

•

-.

is

•

~

, '

•

. . ·

.-:·..c (. ;..~ ..,

•

.--

an

•

r ~.! 'J. " c.~,~ -~~

.

~

ifJ.ifl!e ·~ l\t~e o/ DP difference biitween _4erivatiye ~nd com und words.'mle ternunatlons-o~ added' syllables such as ed -es ess 'est'' an~- "i J ;• >
•
Tit .>~ • ho d l
, '
' ,
' n 'en, ence,
". . , ""'~" .~ , '>!• ous, j'u.l, nes.., and'. the ' like, -were,
'o;igi1;11i.lly; distitlct linul
sepai:aJe w:ords, w!Ilch, by long use, have been contIJ1cied and llladti ' tn
coaleHCe widJrq_tlJ.er. words. ·

J

1

}.

· ,

;

,.

"·

'· • • ,

1

.

-<H~ · SvLEABLEs, A Syllable: a distinct sou~d - ·uttered by .a-single impulse oft.he ,Vojce"· as '}t
,/ant
A word of one syllable, i~ ~eimed a' Mdndsyll~ble ~
a''Yord of.Jwo syllables, a D1ssy llable; a wora of three
sy lla?.Ies, a.. Trisyllab.le; a _word of f~:mr or more .sy~labfos~~:a-· Fo'lysyllable.
· . .. . ..
. , ... ,
--~ ~Il.;. : ~ OR_ns. . Wordi ~re artiCulate- 1)QUri_ds~ t,Ised
b-yr.common1_~onsent, .as. signs of.our-ideai.-._.,.-: <-:~; ·
. ~V prds .are of two sorts, primitiYe '.·and dei:iv.ativ.e.
. Iit.·~pr.imitipe-; word is thaf-'whiclt cannot b~·'reduced
-to ~ ~ i;~inipler .word 'in the langua(l"e ; ·as mitn good. . '
,·_, ~h~e1i-vativ.e :word . is that · which: ~ay ' b'e reduced
·1er; word
· · r- ·z;-·goo
' 1 • 'd.-q.e§s"
· ""
to·.·a+s1m·p
__
· ,···a~,, mart.Ju
,_;·. : _: •.1.),_,., ,·•
-ah::i
.

~

•

~ Y.1£ti '

ir·

vi.;J~r< t L.....7'\.

¥1? _84Und
ot

,of · ~b11tbre, e; · 1,.,and ·.y;··'8.ll'·lll · <:emre;· cigar, m.ercy . •~~c has ·the' i\(>und
a}J
when followed by a diphthong, and is pre,c_e ded by the &ecent; 'e ither pririuiry
or.Jlecoudary; as in 1ocial1 pronunejq.tion,- &c._; !Wd of ·z in d_uc-e..,.,AtLf'rifae,
.ice, n.jfice_. ,. It i.8-mute·iii arbuacle, czar-, czarin:a, tdidic,t,: '1#.ctfUiU; ·miuile~ "'~ Ch Is commonly sounded like tsh; as in church, chin'; but in words.. clt;.
rived from the ancient languagll'I, it ~as the sound of k i .as in c!\emUt; choroa;
lllld .likewise .in· forejgn names. as- in Achiah, "EnocJi,. ·' In words frori:r the
French; ch · sounds -like "'1.; as in o:b.ai&e, chttialier·( &nd also like il .whep
preceded by l or 71·; as in milck, benek, ·clinch, &c. ·
· ." · " r •
. Ch in · arch, before Ii·-vowel; ·sounds like-' k; a8 in .arck.:antr<Z, excep.t 'in
arched, archery, archer, archeMmy; but before ' 11 cpI\80nan!i ·1t' soqn~"e
,WI..; Jlll •in ,archbiahop• ·C h·ia silent Tu schedule, achi'im{ -yachl,, · drachtn.~··' '
, ·,._D•.,.-,;D. has one uniform sound; as in-death,•bandage:' ·It soWids"-like d1, or·
·i when followed by"long .. preceded by the accent;._ as in· educcite,-t1erdui:e• .
.l t also.-sounds likej in·li""andeur;soldier. · ·.' ·· ···· ' . "'" "·' ····'-" :.J .:;·..r.
;,T,4&.terniination,: ed, _m .adjectives and participial adjectiv~s; retains ita"diStinct sound ;.,a&;·a .tcick-ed .mau, a learn-ed man, bleu-ed are .the meek; 11,nt·in
. Y!U:p!l,·.the 1da.,-ge~erally dropped; as, p"auetl:, walked;'}kUlied,1aimell, -roil.ea,
&c. "'.hich are pronou,uced, :ea•t.t fJ)aikJ,'~ht, ·tiim;<l,~olJ., " ,, • . ~'~·;-·:' ,:s .. J
. .•E.,,.-E:h,aa·a:1ong :sound; ·as m ·1cheme,' ae.,ere; ··a short·f!Ound1 as m mea,
u.~ ;-.endlsometimea the :souruhJt fiat -,,.;·:u inl•ergeat1t;l_
<&n\H1f-8hort"i }O ·u

. ~. ~!~· pre~-y, ~yz~~:)<~~~~~\~Hr ~i,~~ ,~~~ . ~~?~F~ntt~·
,
,

;

·.

.E.-.F. Qa& 0J1e.unvaried ,lound';~~·-in• fa~-y, mtiffea•;-,ex¢ept--in..uj;-~!'Jich,
,when unoompciund~ ia! PrOllO\l!lCed !!"· •A-wive's pqrtion~- 1" ciiJ.ye's ~
,am-improper.,.~ Thep1hould<b~ tt>ife' t-portionfcalf'a"~~-tt. ~ ··~t . ~..,.
-, ;.G- .O ·has,·.two.aounds. :d tubard before iJ/ o, u;l, Brul·..;- and at the '!lrid
of. ~-i'e_'!~ ;_8!' ip. ff.a:f , go, gu11,.gfory; b!'B'•--Tf"B'· It ~~~' !>efo~ ,e,' i;!)!iid
, "!1-r-~q m;geniu,!:~er, Ef!Ypt.''·· ~ceptlona; .' getfg_~KP1t1, ·rnikt, and'"l!Ome
.o~ ·' !.G...is!&il
eforai..:;~·in ~g'fG•h.-t!.~iW-""J.f~ :. 'J-\..>"',n~-,. ,\ ·"~ .. ~i ;~ c~.t
.r.jia,,-1;-.I:fhas an iarticnlate "'?und;. 88 m_lat, +wi~,' '!"ull: ")1Itis'0silen( afu!i-...1

-·

_,aa."t iu~.r.{Uturic..·•rhub.arb.· J..

·•

- ,.,,,1?.'J

.•· ; h°''

:t,4'-.i ... ' ·..l.J-9-N':' ..-.. b~h...""..'r!J-.•.:> .,..w .....'•->i

.;.;B~~:~ ~n:·y'is- Pl'e~ed~~ .liJ: ~. vowel; '_in su_ch : iii's18:1:1c.~:~~-,.flw
l\~~,f, }! !§ p ot ,(;lhange_d Jntq },;,, l!S, ~qy,_ boys; , I r;lqy, he.·;cloy__a; -

e~pJ:~eJ ·words.lay, pa.y,~and

say ;d rom which• a-re furmed

~·:~;c<aµq.sai{J· ~~,~~~~-t~~~:~~mr,ou~~sf' ~nl'!f~~~· ~nj~Uj';~~~.~ ~,

False Ortkograpky.-Ow: fancys should be governed by reason.-Thou
wearyest .thysel! Ill vain.-:-!fe de_nn)•ed himself ~ sinful pleasures •
•,., Wm st.t'llllllg souJ&-Wlt;h lllodesty 81ld!Jov-e j l ' l
_· Cast JlDne away.
.

,,~~~T.i.'2",,.~~~"i..;o;~',;;.._,
allies green.
·
_._ R;UL&" IV, ! When. words

. •· -- •" --"

-- ' !'' • .

ending.:in:y,.as~time an '. additionar syl. lable-, begi'!lling with a consonant, the _y, -f f it is preceded by ~ con.
I

sonant,:i& .commonly changed to:i ;· as, haP'fJy, ·happily, 11.appiness •
.Bqt )!'Ji.en y is preceded by a 'vowel, fn -such lristances, it is very

~~~ '.;-~· : :"'!":';,'7:.,~~.. :, ~':::;':;!("'·
:tr"'i-~:o.-W,;rapky.:._His

py_f~~Y,ful hum~rs·~Tf·~

.v~l~
f\&i~lY{il~en.-:-WJillll
we ac:_t ag8lllst-col'.l8C1eni:e; we becopie Uie
des.
t;w~ers <;>(,Q.ur.
O'YJl_ peace. . - .
_
-_.
. i>!o\l- h1•1i
mind is 1llliDl!u!3n?ed

~'

· - Christiai;i11-, maydep of heroic mien!
k W a!.S.t.;u.:of· the ·n:orth'!'"of northern stars the queen!
·-" dJ-,r:i !\· .;r.,, ~· ~- -,"". : - -· V;t
'and ,words accented

l~,-rJttrLEs

cT~Monosyl~ables,

.f-,. --,•-_:•_'

·
- i ' ' < "'"'.on th1dast :SyHa~

tile~ndirig-with a siiigl~. conson~11~· that i13_pr.ec~dila bj,_'~ ~~gl~
. vowel; double that C<;>D§Onant_wii_ep. ,they assume-'·anotber syllable
thati'ter.
beg~s
to abet,au
a!le
~ \\;i~h
- - a VOW«iil
. ;- a- s, wi(, witty; tkirn, t/iimiish;; ,.,
;
,_·'~IJ,f •~ ~ r~ ~Pth1~ong , prec~~~s,, or t4e,,agce,nt,Js "!'~ ~n the ;last
!!XJt~ble, fJi-&.c.09~pa.!\~.1·~m~~ Slflgl_~,;. JiS,_(~ to_~l, tg/l.t'l!{J ;. to offe'f,J

,'{%<?.f~~ : .f'l3i~!· '?tf..¥krt,\~"

..• -_,.,) ~- :: . _, .,.:

~;;; , ,' -_;

-: •,'fJ.J'I

m§1'£'\7;_:;, Th.ilpa;wis 89Jlul!l.4~-~h.~R:We ha".e. 012~~ped our ~IT.9;111. , we_
~~v~'woD'.tlie
~«::~By ~fe,nng ,oip-:,rt;p.~nlanpe, we ·ll;Ccumu!~te our '!,Ol!- J?ala,e Ortkograpky.-The .business of to-<Iay;--shouJd. not be defered till·to.

(

~a whic~ 9.!&,h~

'f'OWB....:.P'l'he Christian Lawgiver lies 'prohib1tted mWlj'
· - -·-, •·•: · _" ··-_-", ' · •.. , '
then philosophers allowed.
.. . \. At
eve, when
aerial
'!'•: '• :' .''

·~"Ir

heaven'~

bow"' '~

r.." •r•

... ~:?\.~;;.'\-:::~~~~: .~;':·
a.I1: ~Yf.t,.~!~.:~ ,. ~~ii~~~~~·-~~gni~ ~---~~~- _ ,«{;·
~1iu_.u l~fiIB.en4Log.l,ll .<fouble-l,:•m:tak1ng-1nesa, lua;<lJl,,or

ytidi~ll1tpem;

generally omit 'onfll l-!;J a:s;ffutnu;; 'Bkillei•;!fully,
'llki/ful..1- ~-1 ,u.-:.i·n n , ~t.r,: .'.n 1":J 1 --.~?.'·'":'• '~"'" ·:s : ;.,~,!\"'.!!':;!~<,_. ;,
But Words ending in •an~ ~pu~ledetierihut 1, and~'takin1f'?!~.f,
them,.
the ;leitel!'iioul>!e.·;.'as,

~Jy.,~»:r
ff!l,.aftef.
pr4:seiw~.
hfirfn,le~~ne.U, ,eareluineaa, careleaahJ, atij/ly, 8Uectaaful."i't'1-'J1:J -. " - r Jhl1.:ob

,

1

·""if-~~-~d1il>att r,nf .;Ety,fQql9g;yi.~hi~h, ~ ;.i~tifPa..tely .connii.cte~

.wit~eiJ>econd;i wiJI,hfl"mOJie_!..amplY-t-e~p;i11ll¢._,in,, L.~ct~ re:XI'(;.
' al}ii''~Q~lj~~ ~~losophicaL-1 nqte.s ; c-hutJ "sliall ,p.o~· .,Q'eat. l.argely, 9f

-~1bnµicwuf1.!perivaticin wl1~l;l . c9n~ts, in. tracing. .WQtd,$ , to,Jor-

;ejgn4~g.uiigesttr;{[?hi.!I 4sJ,he ·pro;yj9qe,o.ft.~e. le~g~ap,9.er, r1;1-tt!,eJ
l!J_~f~the1.p1Jilologist.,:, !tii$..llO.~~h~ .hu~in.e~,..of. .hitµ ~vJ.10,Jr,rjt~w ,~

praqticpJ~ Engli!>fi' .gr~in!Pa.r.,. to .J.l;aQ6' \\'.Ord~,_ to, .t,he S~on, nor
•to- t~l;j.p~ t~e',..(}f,ook,. ,the ..J),\W}I)., th~)\i~.x:~qan~. nor the_ P.er.
sian;;J nor· is. it ~ his . pi_:ovince to exp!~in ,..their meaning,, jn,_L~tip,
· f~cli 89~· f:le\>~~w,-:Jtalian,...Mahegan,,op;Sariscdt .; .~ut" it i.s !}is
,auty"to· ieti:plaii;Y~ii:.:.prppe.rtie.S, their ·powers, their connexions,
,re}ations,.dependancies, aqcl keli-.rjpgs, -not at.the period in which
· the D@~ · rpade an irruption .into thecisland of Great Britain, nor
·in.•,~e-, y~,t·ilPi.;W~~c.h.;k~~~qfl.: ~\hi1>;~<Jdr,e~~$.. !O _A~!i.h .-11nd
'Zillah; .bui i~~! the pgrJi.i;ttlar,.PfJT:,tfJd;.m ,w]1iCil. he "'rites. . His wprds
'lllrej'~r~dy;· deri.Y.egv f~rqied,_ . ~l!lblished,, and furnished . 'to· i)is
~Q,;~e~,wyn,d ,to3 ta,k6t> the.Jll, !!-Dd.e~pl11in \ihem JlS he fUidF
,.tl!~roi:i{l<his;My; j<Wi.th,,op,\, ~y, J~eg~cl,.~_tJiei),'~ll!J9i.eni ,c;lQIJt!trµctipn
1

"'.: .

=::i~~=~:'i ·:~,'.~~~,l'.~,,:~,:·~;~ ~:'."~:~",':· .: . ~<\ :·,~~ ··,;:''

·x J·!J~~· ~:.Wt>t ,_<.1. l t!·,<1,~§StF;_J_qA;r'.JQ~.f
~:ttf;;} ..\1~ ,:- 4-,.

p:::- - ·~ ~r·;-

..

,~

I J ,.J

. . ,·

•

~;

-

,;:,' '. : . :

'

'

;

i

··.

'

•

ln;attaifging ·tl\~ ~P,11;~ o,~: SP,eecp, J.. con,c,ei,yfl .i! lH,REl; ~)~gi~.mat& -objec~~f:;; ViEl, ;w~9.ti.~-h·gi__J,UJ!1nf!.:!i'1°.hJ.9 c~ajt_-,FfP.~lical
~·:.i· µ'Jfp~ -H:µe. ii..r.i,q~ip)e, p(; qJl\~~l, µ::?-tipn - ~.~~~- w be,

?9.t ~ a;·:r~f~~~c,e ~ ~' ,e~~~tia~ , ~~ifefe~ce8: iri :the primitive meiinJ.IO!, tq; the~t qr1gmal · combmat10n~, but to ~he manne:!Hll:.'~l~. tli_ey,w:~. a~ J!T.f,$pfl~£.Pt-Pl.qY_e.~:c ,J~q~~ ,~~-r,!,x; !!-PA ~ud!J
.sta~~ oJ. .~?~t~PW·Q~!n4,, iw.~ .inme, .J1m:~ed,._ig1}qeu: Jmp~1edz.~,
-'+?,~W-~l~K< P,I,lt /~))( ~1c\~&§. , ~ qoAtm!?-n!c.a,t~,~ .~m~ll 11.ullJ.,'\ier o_f
t,~0i4.~!'-!!8.!Y~rM.JleH:IWliPPi'~i~~7. tr~9is,i;n,is~!B~Pf. ~4pu_ght. " '.fJus
-le~a~' ~heqi :to. express their, 1dep,s ,_1i;i .sh.gJ:11 19itlflc!w,d ,~ep~e~?f:l,
~Te.<},Ulf:Pl&Je:~ 1 ~~. nope,,f?fri !,b.9~~~.Q?{.~~~t.P'% 9! )\'.W~~ . ~~~~raµsi,t,1on •
.·~F.1'?,9-i."-\f,)~fieJ,~..ff,®.:,.intrp.4!l~d, 1.my:1 )Jl.Qg!fa.g~.... 91 ,.r~fip.e~f;ll}•
Ian~ ~~~p.~ o~Qptrfb_uti: El\!· , ll;lrgel .Y;J9: I~ PWS,PlC.Uf_ty 11r.i!i.ir!~g011c~.
1 ,'.Ilh~~¥l!We'~~~P.P~'.1~,:..t:\l bJ'!1:.t19,%1~s~y,~~Jh.e~ 1 , t~t ~J!l~Y ) ,llfl
,_gJ.1~ttut~t,~~H~.n1y, )j.W ·m~m. P~ -9iCP;P.~e.g."I!ir .~ i~(41,r,~
,,~_,!ts-.b.\!-.I;hM<J.9,ii S!a,tei. ,~1 "·"·~1~'"·'~·;, ,H ,__, :•~""t'T"' ;·._~,.,_ii, ,, ~ .
t.ti'.:.~ ,1w,pp.:rt2~0~Pll~,c~;~o. ~hi.?lJ,.1!'1-1lY,·~or~ bylqng11, is. ~~c~-rt~ined.
i!!l~!•.~Y..;.t~r'?ngp~l s1gmfi~atJ9R g,f. .~pal, ~or~t ~% .~Y 1ts:~P~ll~~ti1
:~~n~ orl ,,~,,~,~-~ng, '"% ,..t,!':il\~,, tf,i,e,, flilic$_ 1w,'JJ.i~,h .~~i ,P._~!h~ i in , ,a
! ,wg, ~f .~o;.ds,

. !~~~. r•~:.H.f;.;;

..

•,

\'~

.f

•

...

,)'( .. \·

,,f "l·:-'.:i~·;""!': '

;~

·..

~· ~··

>-'

-,~ ~

•'

~:<~¥ ~~~Q~~~l\Y~ i,n.whJ.~li ~\ ~{>r,4,_iS;,app}iep }g ~h.~)qf\I;. ~ hiqh
, tt\!T.epresenta, · are '. calle9 ~-·~tiNJ'..-u-O/'.fl.mP;e~'iii/t, "., ;F,,~.lt,~.,'£(Je

·I

pi~~¥i ... l~;-- &c.?'llr..e "µm,i1/Wlf~nr~bacaUS&-'th'P-yH are"'·th.e

names Q£t.whQle , specj.es;i o-i; classesi of •.thing~ ~µ;taihifig: ·many
5?.~~ i b~~-·the. names .of p~rsons,j:i!,i;ce~1,.f\re~!!;_ P:J?%\tah~d~:~s~
~c. areyroper, . _
nouns, becau.se they. de.note •indzvidualS;; ·a~,--'lt,q.
gustus, rBaltimore;J..Alps,.Hurom ·. •.•.i. .,M _.194il '':i"""" t:n!:; .. iq· ;;~'.J.\:::
Physician,·lawyer;merchant, and ·s~maker_, .ai;etcommrin nouplii
1
~~c~us~". try,~~s,~., ritme~llf~ ,·~~~~jlo. cJ..;sse(.~.fr.pi~~':ifP~ -and
LohJ,; w:hen applI~d· tq, Jdiov:ah o~ , Je~~ ~lg¥Jf,';tF~;p~~r.; ~h..aj
when employed •to•denote-heathen-0r.-false 'gods;:ot tempbral''4>rdS,
they are common
.J · ' ·• •
· • ., '· 1···_"•'·:
~- ..t···-- ..·:·

·r··.:•

. The ~.o tes'an;<l;rei:.ia'rk(tlyr()u~bjhi,t the ~W:0i:¥.:''116~~h. qf~Yio"r

imI>Ol'.tance, demand your
,

.

att~oove .and-,cllreful

. NO'r·E.$'. ~ ·

p,e_rusal; . _, .•,

,: ..

, h..''Yh!lp :W.~1?~~.n1nip!' have_a~, l\r!-i<;l.eJl~~d .JP.Jh~JP, tb!l:yi~·,.&r
~:;=..~~'~f,~~t;',f~n n~JP(~ i ;~; '~ ~-oHJa: r1:.~f.r.l7~j}er~~!'~g~~-~~~~~
2 . .('.ommon:nouns are s<;>metj.mes used te' signify .i?<div;ii~zs ; ~he1_1.'~r;t!cli:s '
or 'pronouns · are prefixed to ·them-, as," The bo:r 18 &tild10us; -.T h'ttt.p.rl is
iliscreet." In such instiµIces, ,ther ~e . 11,ear~y . jlq~a_l!)!lt\ ~p.roper:Jlouna.
3. Common .nouns are sometimes ~ubdivid~ ipto the foll~"'1.lig.vc~. :
Nouns of .Multitude;. asi The peo_ple, the. parliam_en~ :. VerbQ.l o_r;:;P'f!itJc.i,.JJial
riowu ;- ·as, If.~~ .~\>.epiµin~ig,_ ·~eajmg, , •'YJ'llijlg; llrig•.~~str~f 11DU1••,:?~ .the
names af qu~lines Q,bstriwted,_from their substan~es. ; as; kll4wled_ge, .vut~e,
goodness. Le~t the stude~t be. led to blend t~e. idea of abst~t no~s. with
tha.t of adjecp.ves, both ol , whii:h d1mo~,.qual1t1.e~,,~ .J¥~h.!l.i: ~~tr~~P.11 .ap­
pe'a:rs ~to §e fie"cessary,' iii order \Q mark the disti?ct101r :~etw:~9 .!~i:!M! _tw<;>
pii.r tif.ot" speech. · · An abstract noun den?tes'a -qual.1ty ~ons1dered apifr! (that
~· :a?s\rac~ed.)./;o?" th.e -~~-b.sl!IJl,C~ ~r b~1n? ..~- ~-~!c~ 1~-b~lo11~s.; b_u ,l!;ll Jd·
Jectiye ~en~tes ~ qu,ahty;~n_~t; ( a~Je~,too ),to thti ~l;>~!#P.<;e,,i>r)>e.1!,l~f<t ~q\ch
·!~ b,e1Qrit8 ,. :,Thfis; ·~Ji!t_en!fs• ~fl _1ohit~ -~~!..lJ. ~.f!!?O~~.fil~!}!We~.<l!lll~ltY•~. Jl~Mye
- • usage has" not ·varied:. froni the•primitivli.-significatjotk ••f MoreoV'or, let th,l;'l\d.
,yocates of a · mere- 'philosophiCal·' U1vestigatiuir.of"'.ili,& • langu~e, extenchbeir
system as.far as a ·radical analysiswi!l :warrant .th~~l and_;lWi:h Ho.;ne;i:uo~11.
·n ot';Ori.ly-ij:ousider1ad verbs; "prepos1t10n~, · con11~1?-c!'.1ons•.~ ~d : 1'1~~1~~1:!~1,18) :!\'!
abl:>reviarioJ!-S" of noµns and ver~a,•· but,· ~n · ;the~--o~n. :~,.~~'b.'htf,_ apply
them, in •teachini:; the languag~,m compl~ne,e- 1DitJ:,~th~t" ''·qp•cJiJ 1mp11~nd
what wduld<such a course nvail ; them ',agamst :.~e po":'er.o_t?<cusmm, ; a_nd~the
. influerice·or '8860ciation••and 'Tefinemeni-,1~· Jl.et. lthem1ahow'lll~ne·gnmm1a­
rian,'produced· by•iiuch a'OQu~f· instructio?(a/1d - t~ey.wilV~x-hfb! « 111 ,• pliR,0.
'sciphical' ~'miracl~ _, They.- =ighl as !Well~ unClertak'e.~p teaclrlardiit~cturtf.' b~
having-rec.OllrJ!?"td-its 1 oci~ ' ila' · rep~esente4:iby b'~?tha and~~~:; ..·In': 8da1·
•tion ' !<> •tliis, ;when-.~ -co~der-.the •great•~n~ber- of>obaolete..,w:ord}' .~~'11
-whi.c h inarly· no~'in use · are• denv~ ,' th~1 ong~aJ.·-:m~~l~g :of~h1cb ~01
.,lbe"'. asOOJltauuid; 9,11d, also, the multitude· whosers1gnifica.tlonrlfias'iil'.eh chan~ed
, . :~by' the• ~r:ineiple.'<>f, ~~ci.a?on;.it i,s. P.repastei:ous -m ;ti;~nk!~8:t •ll\ere:ivn•lo,, t~Pphicaf r;nooe of invest1ga1u1gan~·teaclnnglibeilimguage~~·th~!'~ ?r;wJ1~ch
· c-its'si "uilidanl'Y ·ean.be~.enf~ed; · 1ts1~rreotness id~terrn 1111!¢ 'ltsj11.ie. ~mr,re·
~hepd~d/arid 1Ui-.impro\<~. mem ex\e?ded. -1'. Befor,.·w~.t ·oom1il.c11~y,'j>a~eM•for
: ~V. pq)joll<lphiool.' manner ·of-:P?telopmg .'th~ )lanwia~? · Cll!' l succ~iisfoll:io: b~.m!f;de
,- ¢e,Tiie\liµin through which'1t>r.an 'be c?~prehend:ed · l!f a11"11~ ..preaentf.:ym.
· ,., .bwn~onS; relalio~,· e.nd 'dependancaa -it~ must undergo ~- thorougltroQf<liji~

"t• poetess .
...,~ ?'. Sultan
o· sultaness or ... .--..._~_,:.
Poet_
Prie,st ·. I'
Prince '
prioress
· ~. <· Testator "
:··" testatrix
,..
Prior
,, prophe tess ,, ..
Traito·r ··''.·traitress
·-.,.,.~
Rropl:et
proprietress
Tutor
tutoress
Prnprietor
Protector
Tl rant
tyranness
- . protectress
Shepherd
., shepherdess
Victor
victress
-·· 1<\ii.scountess
·songstress
· ,-~ Viscount ·
S.ongster
sorceress
.,. Votary
'-vbtaress
Sorcerer .. ·
3uiter
.... Widower
Widow
, suitress
·· · 3. By prefixing a~iotker word; as . .. •
A cock-sparrow
A hen-sparrow
A mancservant
A maid-servant
A he-goat
· ' A she-goat
A he-bear
A she-bear
A male-child
. .A (e~e-child _ , . ,
· F:male!d~cendanta··,, 11 .,
Male-descendants .
.
, PERSON. ,,_.... .. ...
~ .. 1~:<- ···

~ ·~E~~~=·

·' ..

~ger

·-'·

·· ~gr.,~~~·. · ·~i_'

PERso~ is ·~ property . of the ~Olfil' ~nd pron.OUJ!
Nhich varies the verb..
·
<.
-,; .-.·
The firsJ per.son denot~~ t.Xie sp~~er. ,'.
The second . person denotes the person
or ·:·thing
1
spoken. to:;. . as~ Listen,'..O'.~earth !"' .:>':' "
The .;third person . denotes th,~ . p~r~on or :t~µg
sppken '' o"f.as, :' The' ear~h ~hirsts." _, :: 1 • : •
'~f:-

"·

.\Noun§. ..~,\F.13 .. .';>!:1t two pers,o_P:S! .tJie . secon4~1J.Jl44.!;IJ1rd. "o/Iw~­
man, spee.1%.tQ,~.nonoun I or w~ ~ alway&-_used; . therefore ng.u~
q~ nev~:r ..b1di:Ul,ie first. person;1'. In examples like the follow1~g;'
··· ~:· -,_: ,OFM

,

P-P.:u:".9soPJ:UPAL ~L~S~IFIC/1-TJON .o~ ·vyQRD!J,. ' ·:. '.~'i;; ·..;, '

' .Acco~ii;ig to ·the me\Jiod. ·m whic;h'. philo,sophi~ii.l investi&Rtii>n's offan.~e .
ba.ve . genei;itlly-. ·lieen; ._c~ucted; ·all our woi:ds . sho~d :be -~uced10.~.,o_
~.;.~for...it.,can-be ea.siJ.y 11howri, thatfrom thl'.-1¥>1;1fl 8'ld ve'.o, a\l.th~ "'~ei:_'-.
part,a 10 f, ;fpeecoha.ve · sprun~.t ·NaJ", more.: The~ may eve.n -_hP .•~~c¥ , ~•. ;.
llll,6,...-1,Y~b1.d~not,, in· i:eality,:·ezw-e••.Jl?ti<>ns ;-.:b.u~

~er~

1~~
· ~; •.

pit:dJ14
., ..

~ll!'e · flall!t~ of !ICtions••' ·'l'he id?a.of ~.tio~ :,or~peiijg,fO~~~ .--. -. •~
ll'Hellraa,tha:,meanmg of .words·,m.ge~i:alru'13\er.ely-,1if.er._~~' .;:'lJ~
i:
p!,Q,of ~ning..assu~~· by
oe1~b!1ltecl, :~~:n,e . Topke, i!':~eo, ,ff
~.
•ex.!!11,1t,· wyuli! ~~~1~;a.beli11~1,'ul'.j>~~ .~~w~J~veJ;)p.~8f\e:
•. . •, ,:
~p.~ec~· 1 "f'" •:.t ~ ~ ., t ·~- .?--~ ....~!-.f..!~~11
·~·"". ' \ ;I ,,4;, ,. . ::- .:: ·-.- '~.1·,t:;- 'f " ·""~:. f ~ !i. A?f!~~
~· ~uU·1'f'Jlad}et:ti?Ju?.were onginiilly.',~un.IJ•.. ·, ~10eq .lf".e<l,1f£i!fr~1'llt1 .

"·

-t!te

..

•

1

. ~i.· o( aqalities;wi~en :BJI ~it,~~'~·~~ e~u(.W~;!eiis:a· 'J:;'r,ll~.fO..qjlJ!.f'~ ..
~()~ the..jatte~i!Ply- µii ,tlielI' ·manner Qf.:11l~~f10!:1,i,t¥f<1>i~·"'.D.O~ ~~

• !

'.

naine -o f·some quality , Qr.-sµ!>st@b.ee J s. t<b~e· ~ , ~ ~oiw.~~if\':~,.11!...~~
e~her n~e •.or, tqa~:'thjsl:-qµ~ty,.~~10·be, izu~¥e_d'-to ::¥.~.~p~lier ~~~
',f, e '
!"IJ:Jletil!l.e s·affix to it .t)l.e ,termlWJ;tion ·J!n,<~d, _O'('!J ; . ,whicli ~!~ell 8'1;'f?·e •. ,. :1>
9.J:.j!>in.:..:. When. we employ:tb:Ei·.words_ w~od.~n, wool:kn, v.;.e'.'ltby,;.g~ . ,..
~\:W~ ~, and .y, ,!;>y their ,own .-mtrm&c meamng, _give notice th&t:-we
4

38
some·philologists,suppose the noun to be in the first person :- " This
may :oetti~;.~~4,~t _I, Jonas Tay{or, do her~by ';gtve and gral:i);, •;
S.P.~; -~µ1~,J!&e~dent, th_;,i.t, ~q~f!>Peaker .or -¥1i1i\te,:r,:, i.n introduq~~
his own name,:speaks of h1msclf; consequently the noun is of
· the ,third;person.
· .,
··. · .,
···- - -, _,,
If 'you"'iisb; ~o understan'd .tNe . persons of ' not.ins, a little' 6obei
though~ ~,r~qui,site; and, .b.y ,exercising JJ, ,a!Ldifficulties wilf be
removed. ,, ,. Jf, l ·say, my son, have .you seen the young man l you
perceive that-the noun son is of the second•person, because I ad. dress ·myself to him; · that' is, he ·is·spoken·to ' · but the noun ma11
iS ..of!the th~r<.Vp_e i·~on; 1 qecau~e he is spoken ef'cii' A<iairi; i{ I say,
Y.P\ln_g .~n, _l\ll,~._.yo;u. ~en my son 1, 11ian is of 'th~ ~~.cq!ufperson,
an_d son 1s of the third:
., .,,.,.~ ... 1,
.,, ~ Hast thbu- iJ.efhhy blue course in the heavens, ·goldenchaired
sun ofl tfie ,sky?·"J_: ..;-:·~~-·
· .,. · ''
· ..... , ·i.. · ··~' "·""' • ·
-! <~<fJ~r., u:;ay the: .(irea~ ~pirfr '8o.·bri~hten the c~ain .~£ fdend~luP:~t~~efl. . u,~, th~t a. chtlCl may find -it,_, when <the sun tIS-asleep
m·h1s w1g-~am belund ,the _western ·waterµ,.'' 1 . ., ...:'· · _ . . - · ·-1;f.
L/1, earth. i:e~rJi.e~)1\rn /~~9.}.;tM ~ffi4ipg:~~~.~it : ·;,; ,. ; '
~rt· '. SII!k do~n, ye !'W~ntams,' ana, ye v.alleys, rise!" .- ,
1;1i1i:: ~i.:Eterna+ ·Hope; thr glitterin"·\ vings ' explore ;, ,i ,..;.;': -~ '·. :,
~~~;;:~a,rili' s}~i,ieV~~t' 2~u~ds,, aitq.P:"2ean 's wiJdest ~~o~e;~?- ,. :'.,
these examples":the :inouns, :1>un1. father,. rnount.ains, .valleys,
~P,''11.~J>~· ~re _o~ . th~ ' s,e:cond . pe,rson, and, as you 'fi!:l hereafter
•.~~~~W- ~e~!19f.111B.ll;~I~e ,~fi.e I!Jd !'!P,~!1~-~~t , :.9~)if?e,__
he!lve:r;is, ~.ky, ·
~.P.1fi.~::~~am..' : ~nends~~p, ch!ld, s~n" w,1i.;~W1J,rQ, 'f.ate1~s, e~rth,)kif.~
:~ s~ ~h P?~d~; oce.!l_n, ~nd sh~i:~ 1 . are all .?f~~ t~1rd r.ers?ll ~

:?.'

'.rm.

in~~. to:~~~! ':'.d<!;·~.r)oi;,,.t?~ names of some othei:. sub~ta.n9~s in which are

Jound

'.~.P.e~es· or, quah!~~ .of tcoo~; wool, wealth, or f{,ras~r' .

1,

. -.

'111':0"~•._!~las&i'of~10nns,- used . mstead of ·others ·tO 'prevent their ·d~

.~
. '· :~~ti.oil /Rartic!~les· ~re.· ce~yi· fo~s:< of~p.e,.verb : •:·Article~
m,tsl'l~~-i\(iY~rbs; pr~pqsitions, an<J.: conJuncnons,-•ars<contraetions •0 f iabo
~Uons:_Of.mollIUl'anchve ~bs. · An'{ a,'a,ne~ or'one'.) 'comes'.froni''a"{lnad ··to
~!'.:to;<h~p:i!O 7:ke"and· ~hat, from'. ·thi> J_\ngl~Sa,xon ve~·b th,tan;•to 1get;'as~~1; '!/;P:!li--~~_,P.era.bvf:l_?'. look' ;o. f!J ';Cofji~n; tO'.h.ati;; ' l}nd w~lc,ome :tneanli;
~~)hlit.:f~~ are;<co1ne.,. 1:l'! com_es from"th.e' Gotlno· no\m' illnli; the ' in~•
. . l\itl):e ~!C
.-~., and. aho'.'t; from boda, the·first:outwll.rd boundary;" •Throu~n,
~ ~gh.;ia-j:he·T.e11toiµ~,noµnth'fr;uh,~ mi;amng passager gate, door. , ,From
,ia:~e~U,rS~o~ ,n?~ frum, bewp.;ug, so1:'rc~,. a':'.lP?"· '.~ He · ~ame from
~~,PB~tarui.7.~!.{;(farmer!):" w?;ltteu\.ITTlfi't;we~ -gin ) IS the Imperative
. • , ,g .O:Sax01L".e!.b ~f~n; to_ gi;ve.• ·l'wilhemwn'~-( i(-iiie' or grail- th~
~)rh~·;'·•ill'(lremain.)< "B.uJ· comes from' the'. :Saxon verli"heon.utan;..to 'be
~t.>.; ;f:'.:filt:o~no~one but (be-out; leave'C'Ut) my brother: ·1 ~, .. ; ., :'l>, 1·. •·
~~hia::ibrie£L~ew 1 of the subject; is suffi_c ient to elucidate the ··mrumer'. m
. ~~,(.~~g'.< to->H.<,>nie Toqke'r principles, the -:ten •part!I of speech are
·~~:om;_~"f-~ut.;Ieam/ by no' means, dIBposed.to conced e;· tha t this'ia'thli
---~1pJ ..,,i;4\elaaaification ;.•nor.· that" it•ls"MY r:nore ;phi101ophicahw i a>

·r
·I

·AiND; ~Y.NTAX.

E'fYMO.LOGJI,

tipodes, credeuda, literati, and nlln,utiw, are alwaya plural. Bandit is now
UBlld as the singular of Banditti.
The"follollll)ng n,ouus form their plural~ not ·~ccordiug to,any g~nera.1
r:uJ.e, thus,1_lll!UI, men; woll\an, women; . child, children; . ox oxeu • tooth.
·teeth; · goose, geese; foot, feet; mouse, mice; louse lic'e ; br~ther brotheri
-pr breth! en? co~, cows or kin.e; penu:y:, pen£'.e, or pennies when' th!' .. coin
Is meant; .d1e,,,dJC_eJor play, dies for coining; P8!! ancj. fish, pea,se and. fo.h
w}ie? the species is meant, but peas ,andfi1hes when we refer to the uumher :
11S_;-'61x pea., tenfahe1.
·
i
',., 9. · The following compoun9.s form · their plurals thus: h'Uldful, handfuls ·
:c~pf'!-1~,eupfuls,; spo?nf~, spoonfuls:-broth~r-in-law. brothers-in-lav.: ; .court

,rs..

1

_;r~
foU~~~~~ fo~ their . plw1l!s- ~c~:o r~g ~ th() ~~8 0°f t~~ 1®.
~t 'from which 'they' are "acloptecl: ., · ".

.. '

.'

.

.

'

.

~

•.

r "·
I T

... ;

~;

•'

•

·

•

1'" .• , !

.•

, • . S .inlf'"far.. ; Plu_ral.
: S ing1tlar.
Ant1theSIS
_
an~nheses
Genius
" , ·Genus
•hApex -' •...... -- . ap1ces
·:>l:A. pperidix~ ·,. ' 5 append!xes or
Hy_pothesis
__
,
~ ~ app_e nd1ces. . ·
Igms fatuus
- Arcanum
arcana
,,;
•
.
·I ndex
6 ~ •. • ·
, _.,, u.~m.atou ' · · auto1nata
: :tiAxis ~ i 'i '- i....:..~ :' axes · . , ·
Lamina >

-.

• '

•

'.

-•

ti .• .

·' "

•

.

l..l

. Pi1tral.
'
' genii*
·
., genera' · .. r
hypotheses
,
igu es fatui . . . ~
· d ices
'
-~ m
or •·
.indexest
.--::>' ' • ..
lmninm ·

··=~J ~~ .".' "I~:~~ or

~:~or~da.or

·! MMagus.
d ·
·5
' .
beaus
emorau um · ) m~n 1ran.dums .
:-.;:c~". ·
· · ca lces or
Mata!ll')"!'phosil
metamorphoses;
· l>l'.i,.,- ·0 •· • . . • · .ealxes
'
Parenthesis
paNntheses · . -.
°'! Cheml:i · .. ,,.,.,.,.. -<;hp rubim or ·
·PJ1enomenon
pheuomena· -.
cherubs - , . ,._ .. _Rawui ... , .. . ~ ·5 '-rad~· or · , ...• ~
''.;'Prisis ,.
,
crises .
, .
.
~ raclmse 8 . , .
..:,·:.Critericiu · ;_
criteria
Stamen
· stamina
.
';:'Dat;um
data
·Sera_ph
{ seraphun' or ·
... D.
· ···
d
... ~reli¥' ·, <
irereses
, seraphs
'·
Sthnulua ·
stimuli
·
• " J;>el'rideratum - d esiderata
~"Effiuvi'um ... · ' · - effluvia "
· Stratum · '" ·
strata
~· .,.
~- '.'jEillipsii;~ . ":.' ellipses _
Thesis ·"·'' ' theses '
·•·· "'1c
,.:F;mp]laai8":11.\.•' .. !·emphases
· '1· "Vertex ·'·• ... "I vertice s
""

~ ·'

":.:

i ~J:b~t,.:.~:~~·.'.r:. 1 :··1 ~ncom,ia"~r ~

..\''" ' ' lffl..,.,,., ~· ,.'t encomiums

!· ... - :·: ·

'

~'

;

11

.',

~

..

• :·

•

•

•

•• •

_ .

"'''.-' Voriex · .t ...._. 5 vortices or.. , ... , .
'~rr&tiifu'·,;!J...; ~ ·~:·f.:. tei-i=a:t'ii ~}-'"1, l"l:'... , ;!~~·,•. ·~ :;. . . }'-~\·~ ,,.u.;.. ..~ :. ~ ~vortexes ~.H'-"'·j.}.
.·~~ hf ~<ot ~(t '1.r.-;?C(;'f1-. ~p..;. ~ 1fH· -r · t · 1~:·""~(!-~hl'l "fo.1 ~· ·~n-.rv:· '!l,·J f-..;t'J·'.H-'1'1 1 ~.:.-:r~:u .
Genii,·. imagi~ary spirits : geniuses; persons 'of great' mental abilities ,..,,
t1J:·we~,' ~he;11· J.>oint~r11; ~r tabl"111!-' Wco~ants,''are~ .~~t.: · i.W:lii:efiL'v;h.in
~lpl!gr~· ~geli_raic quantities; "'~;'.''!' "' "'.'!"'"!~'.' ' "' •" ,. "•1,: 71" · ··,·:

.:!'·

r

·

"7"~

...

n;

)"', ,:

.f t

1

.

J.

.

•

"'

1'

1

l

'

"'

tt;\~i?'4ngrout'and Ziftii:ti,;g•:obj~~! attrjbu.~)t( q-;ca1itie1 to objec,ts, c;,,_
_, •.'.I. .oli1eots; and s~ 9n ;, ' and on:thi§f act'Is foUI).deg .the true philoiopkical

•W.M'Wr"f~ the,iel~sificati?n, of. '~f"'u. - ·HE)nJ:<e ,·1e:n ' arrangement of words
/ - 1 ~;.f.)asa.:s llf!l?~g~1g: to _this pnnc1ple, followed by a de.velopment and·'i!lus1
. ~tiO? oj the pnnc:iples ":°d'rnles. that ~gulate 1.1B jb 1the' proper· use'lll\'diiJ.pp/.19J!;tiOJ'.1 ofwords .1~ oral and' written d1scoul'.lle,.appears to approximate: WI
~'°-1!,tru.e de.finitJon ofphilqsoph~cal grammar, as any ! 'am capable of givinlf.

~~~,,~_9i;:he )lllmfl~ of- t!~e obJ<;>Cts of 9ur perGo:iptioUB, doubtless ' constiteo!'Uitor:igm~ ~~· of w?i-ds; (if fmay be· all~ed bh.ssume 'ancli ah .

poli\Ou ~":Un

oo:a!l"iJal' claee of· words;J ' but "th'e 'ever-iictive prillciple"?r

. . . +-- .

1

•. ,

-!.:' ":' ,

CASE.:

«

.·.,:

-~·CAsE,. when applied to nouns and pronouns, means
Jlt~"..iiitfe,r'ent$ta'te,, s~tuatiOn,','or · position, they

have",ih

rel;:i,tion 't o other words. Nouns have three cases, the
n~'inin:ative,' the possessive, and .the objecti:v~. ,· . _:::"
J-... .
~ '"''I>!',
. , I. d_eerri ~~~ ,ess~D_~a!. qµ11-li.ti_!f~ o,f. ._c_ase, Jn .~nglish, 1,o. c6n*t,,not
-

I

•

....

"

-

(

•

t.':°'- ;.""'Y

lt ll

ii.t 'ili\l cftqnges .or infleqtiQ?~$. produced on ~ou_n~ .aqd pro1;10u~,. put
in the various offices which they perform m a sentencel by, _as1nimii:ig:different po'sitions in.reg~r4 .-~father. ~:o:d~.: ,.: rn _n~c,~r ":
ance wit~ thi.s definitio1_1, ~hes~ c'ases can. be .eas1_Iy ~?'-(>l~~~d . ~n
reasoning'.pri1J,ciples, foup~~q ~n the n~ture of_ thmgs. . ,, , . '. .
Now, f_iy·e grains of coq)µiQn .sense will enable any. one to .comprehend wha~ is me8;Ilt by case. Its r~a\. char~cter 1s. !JJSlr~w,ely
simple;_ but,m ~he different grammars 1t a_ssumes as m~)'.'. l!Jt;.llfl·
ings as .f[9t~.u~ 1had shape~. ·The most tbat ~as bee~. ~ r ~9-. on
it, however, 1.s. mere verb1agf:l. What, then,~ .m~ant oy ~~e _?
lri speaking of a horse, for instance, we say he 1s m a good case,
when he is fat; and in .a, bad case, when h.e is lean, and : needs
m,o_r~ 'Oat~; ·8:1?.~ in,, th,i.~. sim~e)ve apply th~: terw '.case to denote_the .
stdte ,or co1ulitipn_of .the .liorse. So, when .we place a noun before
a verb as actor or subject, we say it is in the, nominativ!3, ~e;
but when ' it follbws a transitive verb or pre~sition, we say)~ has
anoth~<~w~ .; ~tha~ is~ it ~umes a: n~w.po's#wn or situ.a:t~O'li.fn :t he
sentence: and Hus we call the ob;ective case. Thus, -the1poy
gathe~s frµit. -' ·Here the ·bay is represent~d -as acting: ~··.R~~· is,
therefore; in · the nominative'. case. But · w~e~' I say; ~ane· st,i:µck
the boy; I ·d¢' not represent the boy as the.'actor, but as the -object
of the action:.. He is, therefore, iii a new case or condi.tion ... '·And
:W hen~~ 1se-.Y1 • \~is is the ~o!{' s .hat, I do.~~o.t . spe~k of the ~y. ~~Vier
as actl'lJ{f< or as· acted upon; but as po~e51>mg somefblilg_,--; for
whicn reason he is in the pos~~ssive case. Hence, it is·clear, that
no.ujis havelt):iree,oa,ses or-positions._.. ,,,.. , -_,,' ,. <:<: .'· ;;.. ~~..
... r.: Astlie:nominative' ai1d:!Obje9tive rca~~s of:lh~ n~gµ ar~'-~~-~~-

.Id::· ·

8880ciation soon transf9iuied· tioun8 'into'.ve~b~, by ,'making 'the~, ~ber;i.-~

- cpfoy~d ui ~ particular-manp.er;· ~xpre8e,ive of affirmation:'' ' This'.'~~"i>fa-ici ·

. ple ~lso: operated in appr?priating-n~es_u_> the purpoee ;o~ a~tnbutlilg' : ~
-litiea to"1>thllrtnames ?f-ObJe~ts; an:d ~'thil'way-wllB eo~ti~te<Lthe·Cl~ !!,f
' Worda called adject:iv.•~.?:t;. £Ut"?u.te1. " )~y t}ie fl!l!!le fl,J,"UlQl~~~ - we~ fo!;IDOO.
· aJ.rthe ·other-=Qlaues.:.':-m .:.!- h!r.:. '· '"'~:... •1;~t·""f ~." ,1 -"1o1 ·p~" · _ ..r:. -·· _:_:'1 ...
-• - ln the followin.,.'exposition of Eno-lish··gre.ID.1_I18r on 'seie.nti.flc ~i;in~ifl~~;· 1
·snail- divide ·w ocls Jinto i.evln clas~:· Noun. 'or Na'r1le1/ •Ver!J1, ·'Ad1er..,ti iJe1,
:Adnou>U;:O~ Attribu.te1_,.JA.dvet:b$, Prepo,litioiu; Pr.~~i!UJ.
. d' Conju·:j/~· 9r
-. COf1,1iective1.t. 1 ~ "' ~~:';,1'1. =!lr :~· ·~!?;~ 11"l ;. ~ ~ •r , _..... ~ " ~:, :: ·~,, *:. ·1- .. -·:· "? '! r~J ~
; For an explanation ?f the, noun,:refe: tci the' body of the work ' It~·' .'.oq

r; .

4•

.

'-"t'.A:n active' ver-lP,ex<presses,:aefion :;rarid'•: ·i'"'."'"1:-"-· _,J4f1 ~'Trre"nonti~at! v'e-~casitiS
:'the' 'ifcto1f 1' or·~suoj¢ct''ot; die+
4
·.!J1·f T~tjl 'q\ t T '~·h·-··7~l •Y. - ·· ~ .-;:.. '. t 1" i ;;.1 ~.. ':!~· ·: .~~ ¥'~·1~ . -4-l

'(

:!;--.A ;-;!

\...,r'",.Jif.~t

Y~W.i'i." ~_, ,,.1P. . P.r~!M.M.:• ·'<ii;,., ,~r, ~ ... ,; ": . ·- , ,• ·.!!-'! '
1lntthi~.>exatrtple1 • w.hiQh 1is th&tVerbcf"1irY.ou,.kU?w it,,.is;th_e~ Wor-<li •
writes, .because this..wprd signifiei;i ti>;.dq-,; . .t.4a$JsJ·it ~nrn~!l:~
tion; ther~foi'e;> accotding .. tQ r;the-: defiuhio.!1 1 ~# ..;~·1aD ' ,flcli!l4·1,ve-1.P,.

And: you·, know,.:tQ01 that ,the.:11Qun..:Jo7in is ~th&; ~; there.for~y-'
Johh'-is ,inc the M.minative -i::ase-, ~o~·the Ne.rb. wntes .. ,,J_n, the . ~X!~
sionS, ,The man1.wal~The .bOy .pla)[.s--i-:Thunders'. roll*'W~k ·
riprs: fight.......yo11!, perctiive ;;that.-,tne ..w~ds .1J)lllks,,:pl.ays;..rol;, :ii~'.
ri{Jht,-are .active v.e~.hs!;-;and you.-.cannqt_he ,at a l_qss·.to,knQ~~~
the nouns man,. boy, thunders, ..a.nd wanriors, .are 1,!l the .1W1nin!Ui;V~-·
case .. .- ,r-;.._ •:- ·i .:i n·-: · .:..,.;·" r,.._.-n:. "i ;:~ · :'._':Jfr...... : . ~ ; ;.1 ~ ·q ¢-t , .~ ~.;.;
~is no . actUm.!c~n . be p~oduced., :without ~.~oQle tag.e at,oF ·.IJ)Qfi,dgy
cauiie, it follows, that every active verb must h~ve- . _some._ a~Q~~ .
agent .. ,.This· actor,. doer, or produ~er- of t!1e a~tion, - is -tp?,n~a.:
tive • . · l'fominq.tive, f.r:om the , Latin .nQlnmo,.•hterally ,Slglll&e$;,tQj·
name; but in the' technical se~~ iQ :w,hic)l jt iS. use\} in grammar,
, it .meaµ_~ ,the. nO,ifP ;_<?r. pi:P~°:ui::>.. w~c~ ,is,.t~1e.•~tf)e~t '?f. aJijnIIBHqn.
This .,Subject .or. :uommat1v.e' i;nay_~e ;·as:t~ve_,, passiv§~ OI'. /.!eff~T~..A~i
hereafter exemplified~'-";. 1• ' ·
'.-'
· .. '
: . ;; _:'. r~-- "
1

·:..

. f•'A' neuter ver:b -expresses' neither action no:i;- pasSi~Il?
~i,if'f>iing,~qf ii~tqte ' of beirl%_; 3;8,uJohn 'si.f~! ..>;.:~:~~
;No.w, in this example, .Jofm is not.repre.sented. as an a,_~tq~, · ~·1fk
as 'the .subject -0f tlf.e .verb 9iJs, the_refo~~ ·~qti,n , ¥J 1~ .\~e .nopi.~~t.i/.i.~ i
case to \he verb. ~J?d you k~o\_v, that t_h,e WOfd sits do~s " n~t ~.X-:;

;: · .,., ·~,~:,1,!HILQllQl'HIPAI, · NQ'..1',ES. ,_. ,, ., · ,.,
~· "' • . »11!
/ pJausible argument8· ~ay: be advanced, for .Tejecting·.1'euter and passive~
verbs; but:they have been fquµd to be .so conv:e~pt ip. practioe, -that tA~
theory ·which recognises ~em, )1aa ,st<??d the. test of ages., If you telJ .~~e .. '.
yo11¥g learner, t?at, Ill, the follpwfuo-,' e~preSS1011;8 1 '.\'h~. ch~ch T,t•f!· 00, 1~0 :.
fowidation; ·The: b~k' lies 'on"·the a'.esk~ ·The•l>oys remain (ar~) tdle;'lli,'? ·
nolllls clp~.rck, . book-f and cb<>yf;..are ~~pi::e~nted . '.~ ·. !!Oting~ ~d ,,thereforeflth"1;
verba reau,lie~,remaini and;Qre,.-ar.e 1 ~'.11~ 1 , he»will,"!ot htilieye you;~~ :
there ~ ·~o action that ~. ap~rent~ U! 4is, ee~s~ ·1.~iJ.; sl!,ould;J..o,u pr~
farther;-and,' by a l~borEjd a.n.d' m~ta.phy:Blcal .~vesttgattop and, ?-e,v:elopJ11~.fl}i
of •.the' laws,of.,mottollj attemp);.jo•pl'9:{e :.to..him.~t ·" :~ver:y porllon-qf·~i:te,.;<
is influenced by d~erei;it, ·ac~ve principles, ~nding to .pn;xiuc? c~ange,!'~•­
th!ll'efore,.Jlyl/~ thµlg .-10 -.,~vi:rsal. ~~~ ~ '!1:1P.a'!l_f1,J¥:;uJg, lt,,~.ni>.t.. ~::4)J,.
p1ubable', that you: could -conymce his u_f!der~t.andin:r; ~ ?ppos!ltOJ;l t.q -. ~e ~
claa'rer testimony·o.f,his 'Ben,se~~ "· Of ~nat°ii.vail to learner)!~ a»theory wlriCP, ·
t1ey': cannot· t;0m~rehend?:-~f ·l+ ~ ... ,.);~-~ "'·•t'~~ ·/}.1 ~~ 1 •• ::F _;_,.f: '~-::I.;:~.; ..
, ~¢ong ,tJ;ie .y~ri.ou.s '.tlt09-ryi~and S{l~llla4y~ ,~~ra.o1J.phi!Qwpln~~,
mar, the ingenious Ho.rue Toolte. stallQ~,p.i:.e:e,i,nJAept:; · .!wt.ullfort~teJX-..-~
principal apeoulatiou1 on the verb, have n€6'er met thtl,pul;>I.¥: ~ ,, . W~
1· 1 .:! .; " .-

~~~·.:,.appare?zta.dion,':' ~ut: a · "candi.tiQ1N>j. ~betng' ; that is, .. i\ rep.re

~~~ -~~l}n. µi:a;:nar*m-~!'-r _· ~ifte -. ·oj.~tel!~e i t~.~~~fO,re . si~ i~.' a
neuter verb.·<-'-1n speukmg of tile ,neufe~ gend~r '.~f nouris, l ~n.
formed you, that neuter means neither; from which rt follows/ tHa:t

neuterl~geri'deil implies neither: gender; tthat ris;1neither, masculine
noi-:;.feminine, - Hence, by -an easy ,transition- of thqught, . you ·
Jeam'; .that'neuter, when• applied to verb~, mel!-ns . neither of the
pt,her·two ·classes·; that is, .a neuter, verb .is 'one whjch is neithe~
aet.iy~. nOf;,paS,siye. J In these examples,' The . man stands-The
l!idl!lt~~!i;T:-Thechild sleep&--The wo~ld ex~~the words stands,
li1ie8,.-,qleep.s,l;a.nd .< e$ists,-are -: neuter . verbs; and the nouris, man;
kfdy,c_J;/ijl4{,e,T\,d warld, -ar,e a:U:in the-rwminative:case, bepause each
4':11).~~ &u~ei;~ of. a ver~ • . Thus you. perceive; _that .wh.en, a noun
ia, in_the nominative case to an active verb, it is the actor; ,and
~en .- it is: 1l,0111inative tf>· I!- neuter verb,·i.t is not an a9tor, but .the
subject' of the 'verb.
. . "' -. - - . -_,;
.~d3pm~•n6,µte~ : verbs express·being i7J genera_
l .; _as, The marr,,iS';
_l}j~gdq!Jlli - exjst; t-Others -e,xpre~s . bein&: in_some. particular state;
l"J,\•The·µi_a n _sta~zds, sits, lies,. or Ju7.11gs. ,; . ·
.
,
"
~.~ \_Vm ~,n~w.,give 1 you, two sign&, which will enable you.to' dis.
{iPg~~Jhe l{erb from. other part.s•. of speech, when you canncii
iell it by ~ts. signification. Any word _that will make sense with
_tp. W21;~;t i. ~-;v~r.b,,; : T;l;iµ:s,;W r_!111;_ .']',ri_~.i tQ.•. smp~ 1 t,o ~i!"lg,
to. h~, . to . pgp_f!ei;,, \?.-liv$),, to. br11~~e,, J1,r.e" tY-~r~s~ .,Pr, , a~y: 1 w.2.r4
,tJ-ultnv~l qonjugate, is a verb. Thus, l run, ~hou ;run nest, he ·rm_is;
1-:writej"'thou'"-.writest,-he writes; I smile, &c. ·" But the words,
oof,~ladf;'cliild;"-and 'vorld, will not make· sen,se- with 10 prefixed
~bo_yJ-. ~.!~4Y) ,t,o)vqrJ~,)~ ,nonsense. - ' 1'.'l)!~_het ~ill .:t?~Y. cpn-:

tr

'&.' <?ardel\:haa 'also rendered himsel~· conspicuolis in the.ph!lological field, b7
~.a- ~lder, ~~~;¢an any of his predece~rs. · Hl8v.iev.:-of th~. 1v-13,rb· u
-~~ ''~'l~g~~pi¥:8}r,~~l?P?.r~d:-. , , ;The:follo~~is,~e.~~~tancq qfhis t!:i@9ry
t.ri.'1-f.,1' ~,.;,,~·~
•..!,~ ")'' .!" _ ~·~ _r.-, OFI~-·_
THE
' VERB
.,_ .. ! ,,-,.,,.r._
-:11,- '""
..;:J#
. • . .,, _, .. ,.-.;. .. ~.
.....
, .• 1 .,r'.a ,_
, • ..- '"' · ·•;. · .-. .1•

.... .'if!..J..VEB.~ _iS 1!-- .- ~or.cl, -~~ich':.e.:;p.r\l_~s;_a~tµ>n.__; "!J.s, }$\iri .~f~d
;r:re~~ g:r:o/D .i .V j a~ers flow; M.oun.t ams stcrnd';.-_l am; . , ._ _ ,,

·~"';.All -y!i'rba ~ a.ctive,'and have·qne object or more than one; expressed or
JrHpl}.~.:, -The; pilla.r 1iandf; that is;-it keeps itielj in an !erect or standing
' posture;: -i f.,phQltU or·8ustai111 itself ill' that position. - They are; i: e. they
=~~rt?:;:~v~a; !lr,~:eathe air r -they !nspiri~, •viv,i.fY.t oi: ~~~o:d the~lve~~by·
~11Manj~~erbs wb9se .objects-'a re seldom expressed, always have a personal

or veroiil"cme implied. - The clo6ds nwve ;" i.e. move ihe,,,,.elvu alcing. " The
twenty miles a duy; . i. e.'marched' the111.oelvea. - The ~ moo11
_&lfiw;• :::'"The Jl\Oon_• kines or 1!.eds a shining, •keen;· /ustre; ·or brighbiel8 ..
q;fij;;\fpii,mi_w Jjiia -i~flie1 or take1 a jligh,t. ·' Talkers talk or.,speak <pord1 or
~~er8'w~ 1 walki11gH>r wallu; ·The rain ~ ·!ain:; _Sitte1"S sit ~r
n0ld1Mltia6•·or •e•n<nu.: ,. 1 ~-.. . 1 ··~··~~·· ... ::., 1• ~ \ · j.~\" tit.{ 1t u • fflhttfo 1 1.'9°'~ l"-> th tt~ ·
~·P~ . p.lllrcl"ffl .

the!ncti-.he ~ p~~~·§PeklJll.-fg · !J!li:il,p.~r~p 1 .J'~Q.. >V~~lk ,

·T~e. !~ilb~.~Pfi.Wh~Ill,CP.fF~lJ.Yt<Wfltw,n,,!ltlw,ayJtr,,l;l.grSJf;~. ~-~q!Sh

- ~ita'.fnomHUltl¥.B~tlil!;ll!lP~ ..~~;::i>!i•SOt_h ;,,h ;:,
.,,; ... ~1u,; ~ ~·
·~.'!\:· ~pr~~ ~yil,u;..11,i;~,i;W.Q,X:Pi!l~J l»;P.:'p,ar.tf! ~o,f -,llp{lec,h _,ne4h~i

cditw.hiclu camnb.e.J uQde;sto¢e '\')tl,t.qµt;I). knqw!edge.1,oL~~ Qt})f!{··
JM4e,efur8: beeomes ·o.e_c:,e~sa,i:y ,to e,xplaja. 1th\lIIl , ~<;>th J.~,.tlw..sQ.me,
·lectuie ~1.,-¥ou..1have ,bi;ien..u,.lr~ady, inf9rm~d,.Jh111, nouJ1:;i_haY\'l .W~ ·
cilses ~};.thernominative, ;the:'Pi?sse!l1JiY:ll· Jm\l; th.e qbjective. · ,.. ,.,,.:,:..

1-~·crss\;'.s~qi bts}t~ -Th&p·ossessive "case··denotes· the
~§§P'<:s'()r_ r.r, s.om ?thfng··· ~as .This is. ~ahn°'s 'horse~"'' 1'.'"
t!-~ · ~ .... ~j't! lh,.: ~~ t-~+n i_. n: ...itJ.. ,_!',~ .? 1 1 · l\ '· ~1:.t1'?-rJ9li r.., ·.1 ~ ·~,..~ t"f\ ·Jor, • •.
1

-t

..

. hiif'l&ipri!8sion-.'.implies;>: thatrJahntis the: ow,ner or.. posse.~·s01,
c>f;;i}}e:·horSe'·?rf~,d, .that .harse isi.t he ;property,, wJi.iAh,he ·ppssei;~s.•,
~WhennJ~say ·These '1ue~·the r.men's.,'11nd- ,those·" the.Jioys' ha.~,
'tbe,.. iwbI \Vo'ra!:I; .1• boys'· hats/' , plainly ~ convey.1 the. Mea,. i.f ,they
· li,a';'&ii ~y~eaningn at •aU; that thet,boy1:11QW1.t QI' 1)9$9e§,s Jhe battj.,
U.S~muel · Badger ·_sells boys' hats.1?1 ,Who o.w~ 1 t,he hatsJ .Mi;.:
Baag~r~ ·&ftow !'is; that•fact- ascextained i~'"! Not ,, by, ,the: ·:Word,s,
'-"'ooystl1iat8;1/;;whieh, taken,•.pyo themselves;-d.mply,,;nqt .t,ha~-~hey,
a'il!':tA:/r>:;Badger's·hats·; no1~ · that ,t11erare;for l1oys,;.b11t that:th~y
- ~hats';<?f. :· qr ibelonging to, or. possessed .by.boys." But w,e ,infer:
~·the' wordS ~nnecteµ with' the pl;i.rase,<.f,' boys'. .ha~/Hhii~ ,the
·jzfs~~~~ffi'?T~;y~t; as · the phrase- ,lit~ral~y;.de~o~e~,.m
.,', . the ; actµal
po~'fil¥i1rui"of >
tb'e hats. r1.!fhe ,posseSSlOil. !S · ~t1c1pated ; ,-·,,,,." .. ·, • r
·' ; fo 't~e phrases, )ine;hats,..coar~e .hats, ·hlgh-C'GOU!T?ed,h,~,,br.pad.
brf,71}.me,d hats, woollif'[I, -ii~w, ten, so111.e., thes,e] mary h11ts, .t~e _wi:irds
~nj~icf!t- are.,11..dJectives, because they re~t_riiit, q~alify,
· ~e.~ne .
t!l~~/'~ Jia.f1;. ~~\th~term 9oys' ..dr:.es"npt d~~.ri!J..e~ or h~~t t~.e
.~ean~lt!(of~ h{ltsi;._ Boys,' therefore, lS ·not,.».&. spm~ :suppO/i,~, aP
a,aject~"? " .x:i,"
,. ,.. .. .
· , " '"' ,~ .h~.~) .-, ~ -~ - .,,,<; , .... 1,
~~~~:g~~llt~:.. fuastei/' c : D°-~s •the -slave :possess ,t~6'. · ma_ster 1
Ye~~tU'h,e-slave ftasa master. ;· If-he-has hm~, ~en, fi.e .po~ses~es
~i¢.~.T'l!~ .~usfai.µs _that ,relation to hi~ wllic,h';.we, q11ll pq~~s§!ion.

o:

,

·~~f -~

l .

r...-•

- •

,

;

..,.,.

,

:;::z ,~-..

·~·,

• ..,.,

··notin:;,.,.butw heiiT say; '!'John, write-·-your copy,"1write.ia called a ;verb.
w4Y,~~th¥' W?,rd_copsider?d a no~n in one construction, nnd.a ver~ in Iha
.otber; wli'en' bOth· constru.cl:!ons,:until you pass; beyond ·t!;ie word wr1te,.are
rJ~d!J.:(.:alike':f)' lf.lwrite does not expi;ess .action in•the fo~e,r. sente1}ce, neiBW1"'1'¥ ,0;ii'mtlio"latter; for, in both, it ~is '·~troduceiHU: ~e··SB..l]!E! m8,l\IlJlr
'Oil eCien,tific principles, write mtlllt be ,cons1der~ci a noun ·lll !Re latter.S<)n
iiiifce~fo?itdoes not 'expre&1 action, or make an affirmation; buUt m~~ely
'fi<i~:• ~fae~on :Which I·wiah John to perform, and .affirmation .is,.the jriJ.';-eiitial.meamng. '·
. ·,
. ,, . f'< -., .. .. 1
~J:l!!i''Verb~in tbe infinitive, BS well BS iL the imperative mooq, ·~ div;eateil
~~ !'l!IJ:!P,.a~t~1;or:ver~ttl fo:ce:: In ~ot~ ,~~se ~oode, it _ia ~w.'.1Y.~ p.r~.~n~
!lia;:~!Y§~iv.atate:,<· '•,a;·'.-'..~ "-r; '""..,__ ,,. . '>' :..·:r · ·-~ .'!\ ~ ,,., , ,.,.,;)\ ·.: ~
ill'r~ qmnO.,j'~ ti iay-tO•a' eelWW.lt, ,!' .Wine,!'-li11 lllfe~. tjJ.af I' ~~ wm~io

VER!IS.-.'Tit'J.tfsrrrv.K""A1i-IJ. ·Niif~slTI VE.

b¥~tlie:vero ~i.!lnd·th~'Or>Je~tfve',Uaftei~· ·~ " ~ ~~~l~~~- er

struck<the servant, George is tn"the nommaµve, · ani.l~ttv~tif'iif.
the·'objecti ve ·case ', bn~SW..heni I ~y'~iie'¥lValli rstr4ck Ge<Jrg~
. servant, is .j.w the nominati ve,'case'; 1and<Gef)r.ge i~ :lu rth.et;obj!lQ}i"l&.'
~~~.
pe~<(~h'.~: .i~~t C<µe ;~~a~~·,t~i~~er~o.,t .~~ ~,~~
tt~11.o~. na~~ ·~1th :,i:egai:~·~ ·o,thtlr iwor<_l~~d _'''": ~ ' 1if .1~~. .
. · ~.fa IS. ~p1~me,s~ ~~~· d1!Jip;1.d~~.l~"'~l{~ ··c~.; Qf{,:a;;~ . ...
shall, therefore, take up~th1s subject agam, · w~en) Qo~\to glJ«i~
you ran :expla:natioi;i of!t~~ :part.\ci pltiiJl.ll~. ~pr.epasitjpn}; ·:£.) ~ /iJ. .~
. " Besides th"( three ·cases .a.lre11-dy. expl~J,U~fi,.,_IlOl.Jllli tliJ'~·891X\e~I
in th~,i:ii>'?in8;~~e, pa~e, in~J?en~nt~:s::i;ne.~m.eJJ, ~ , p}~, ~~~r.Jlr~
case absolutej"' somet1mes 'Jn apposition lD the sa~EhC~, f.tnil
· sotnetihies'.in ithe ·.nominativer·or-·eobjectit e · ca~~ .after"\tlte .'~~ut~
wfe, ·9r 11~r ~n activ:~·intr~iµye; or.pa"Ssi~e -ve1b.i.::'·~h~·~ 1
are .mustril.ted· in Lectu: e X'. ~ne'i,n, ~~.e ~l.; an;I-~~r~i~~. ~Y;. · ·

rou:

• ,, ..,._ ·,··c. l.:,.

1

• ,·,

•..

'.·

....

• {

.#•

.

_.. ...

r

',;-

;

._r. rJ

'.1 f•N. ~.
~~p·~:stl±ie".~ertJ~:t,J:.an~~~!~~;i)v!}:,e*~~~~~~:Mt~~~ -~
.lj ,wJ.t ; 1-, ; .. 4CTIVE-INTRANSI*i'\L~ " Y'JtRB~~
1

_mmat~ .Q~ ~n. ol;>J.~~t. ~. ~ut ·- .•-HLh -'·f.'.:. :.:·:\ 1 !}:-'~' '?\;"~~!
~4.U:~ctive:iY..erb us:im11ans.i~iut;)whe~.the~et.io~' td~

rl{Jt;.t~.r;mip.ate1;on. ia.~.t a?je_~~ 1~W3!1l~k,~~Wf{~ti.:~~· ·# Y,"qu .pe,rceive. t~atth~ .ver~ .walks,.in ·,thise:ii:ample,:.is 'n~i­

tiv~~l9~pau~e· ..tbe'. action.does ;no~ ·v.ass -o~er'W ·.ti.rnobj~·~t~;:~mii:f.,

~ctio~Js,:co.nfillecho th~ ~genrJohzp~J~~ii7f1llC:i.wipg~f~ •.~r
g~lil~a.lly. enabl!!";Y;o.u .tf>· d1s~m~1.11sh· il';~a7tS''~~~r·~~~b '~':°~' , ..~
tr~~l41'.f•'4 .Ar.rr '\V.er.~;· t.~~:· w~ll ' ~~~se11~ .~w19j~t?~w,o~.C

· t~~,..,Jlr,~

pei so.n, :a~er1 tt, ;i1s. trans~~v?). ifcy:~~~e'..y~rb~.~~
~lg.µ;- .kl~t>Af_lp,;cpnque{; x~ach; ..tubd1µ1~l·~er~~~~ ~'/f;~.Ulf~~~
s~, J 1 !9,ve 1 a·.11~rspn . o~ tl1:!-1ig-l •can )1elp\~·i~r~cn:.?~·,·!hz~~R~"i
~~;;,~~~~ce~yt>u·'k~ow • that -thes~4'.:er~s 'ar~;.~~y~, '~~~~f,
~~~p~ye "'..erb 't'.111-<ll?t ~ke-se~.w1't;lfth~~l!~~~2.1~~f:
~~~· ~hp:rY~.. by th~- 1fo!IO\vmg ._ e.Xl!.m Rles,.'~ s11fi!e! ~~~ej)!?1if;.
Qg,1j.lf~~wa'l!f?:fiy, !'!We.,~~ot; : say;.(1f . ,~.e , 1J1~~Q."t?.'sP~~~!E~
f,~ea~ ,per,.yon·o~ tlm;g-rl, goa.iJJe~s<f" ,!)!' lhi~ ~-......;.h~~?8 y~Q~~
..

ce1ve that these ·verbs are ·not irans1t1'\'.'e, but ' 11).tJ~!JsJtW~· "!tf~ ·
'If. you reflect upon these· e~amplesJfor ~ f~w ffi.omeiitS;.·ycu 'Will'<:
.h~ve a Cl.ear conception of' thir nature'·ofJ.hansitiv~.f~ih.a . intn\risl~ . ,
tive·:.verbs~"·«Before ·he lose this' ~~ bjecf,l'~ciWev~:i. 'if,~.,, ~ecc~a!'r:
farthertoremark, that some.trans1tive·and·mtn1:ns1t1ve-ve l:!s'.e'Xpr,Q;>Jt "
w~t,.WCalled~a·,rrent,abor:mora~- ~?t~on!::~~~ oth~~t.a :~~,,~~,, ,·
orrf>hysi,cal action ~10 ,Verbs expressmg"'tlle \:!1ffe . e1;1t' "affe~t1on~ol(
ope.ration\!· .af, the : mind / d!i!note " moral"\\ctl6ns1;l'<ae~ Bfub19'1 76Ced' 1

, ;.ot.;sp.ee.<;lJ.,~ ;,i~Jiev-a~r~~. 11aizi •.. , t\Uppri: Ss:i4om and Gomor.m
::.. th~ .. .Lo.rd r~i~d fim d ¥HL _-Oriro,stone,Y ··'. ~ •!must go. the,J,;,whiilB
, 'lf,ng{h. "- .'i,!J!ball 50<?n..g~q.4,e i t0,ay. of, l!ij<Jtli~~rth.:'. . . . -~1
-~· .. N1;nv 1?4{!!fa.ft.t9 .turn ba.c~ Q.gJlin, and peiiis~ this lecture 11atJ~ht­
..ively; after~·~~ich · you nilj.Y, .parse,. systematically, the ..fol:lo'w-ing
exercises. c9nJajning.rn;1µ,n& -)n,the three cas~, <: and · active ytra,ri. sitive v.~~-Q~,, ,-1 ,... _,.,,_ ,.,,, ''; r ·
· ·1)-ttt ...;.W. ~· ~ ,:t•bi•1:.ilJ;
:
.. ,._.;. ;..; ; . T_b.e p;r::i!'}teJ:prints b<?oks·~¥,l: J~ _, v1.:·'i 'i~~'~
·"° '.;f-r,inis.Js.·a :verb; .a .word, that <Signifies»te- d~etive,rit' exj>reM·
es action-transitive; 1he action passes l overi__froril-.th.e ''riotn iniitlf e
: !~'printeri'Uo·.: the object i i.'- books ",.:.;...third pers!Csing\"numb'~oe­
' ~(l.use:the·.nominative . printer is::with.:whi.c h: it ··agrees!t;ti>"· P. l:i >
" . Ru LE· 4. The .V!Jrb must agree with its wminaliVe case·in number
a~dperson ..~.-.-·.> ·" · . ::· ..
·" "· " ·1:• . .,-, .•c,k ·:·:If! ~ ' f :! ~ -~_.
T<i D.e?lined,,,.,.l. pe:s. sing'.;J·.p_
r.int; l21,;pers~· tqoucpri?~.eStf~ ~~ts.
he prmts, ·or the prmter. prmts;:_a nd·so· on. :·:c_, . '!" ' .1 ~ ·'.' ,,.,_,.,,,,!.
,j•:Books is a noun, the nam·e of a ·thing-'-common ,' tlie namer or:a
~rt-,0f,,things;......,neut. gend; 'it denotes ·a· thingiwithotit "Sex~th;i~d
pers, .spoken or-:-plur. num. it· implies more·-than ' on~nd'' i'rl'1the
9bjective case, .it ·is the object .of zthe; ~<:ti~!J,- ej(pres~ed by the activ.e-tr~n.sit.iv,e v:er.b " _prints, " and is ' gO\•ern~' by' . it-',, ccordi~g · to
. . RuLE :~o ., Acti'!J~,-transitive '!'erbs:go:ven:, t[ie. obj~_cli~e ca~t · ·'':i( .·.
'.fhe noun books 1s thus deplmed-Smg."i)o~. b~k~ pos,s. _~J,c's,
pbj. boo~-::'-7Pl UT. nom. books; poss; · book.sl;;obJ. ·boo.J.ts1· . · ~.):r1<
. :.;~V~E z~. ·Transiti~~ v~rb~ l{overp._tf!_e}bSec.ti~·e :c...ase):iJt~f.'}s,
ti],~y ,: req~ire the noun or pro~oup lf ol ~owmg''thetJ!Jo •-Q.e ~m
;case'-,; l.and .thisrequisitiori is goverriment!· 'P·ronouns:'!ili~Efa 1 na
. ti<;:u1ai··J~n:m to suit ·each ·case ·;-. buHioun.~ ·h'iiv~4rroi.>1 :,. We "c.B;Wi,Bt
-say, She s_truck he,~ ( ga:ve''t he -OOok !they'.""' Wli)i 'rii:>trr Be- 011:~ -the genius of Gurlariguitge•:r~qu'ites 1 the pronoun ·'follo;w~~g
~:traQsitiye; :erh?oq>reposition ·fto isra1'piepositioiiJ1io:'lissJWie~Ttiit
J!lNn -Which 'We call the' objective form ot case~~ ' A.~'co'rcJingJy~lfle
.cl?!'lstru,q_ti.on ~hould .~e/18.he;;strudk-·~;tFga~ve' t~·e:'b_q?,~ !fo'fihe1fi~

'Yi¥
.:

to

~~di':!-gau1, ~the ·1~l_ustrat1on ot:'. ~~:~~~~~~~t'.?J '~~; ag~~~~-~ '
11-~1.·i;"~t ' ~ !""'') ••l'EXEUCISEc::! '·fN"~PcA'lt~TNG. ~·:: .. ~ ..:: .. "~- .
·~ ( :- l. )-.

.,,,....,..._4.'Y::..

\.!.4.J.1ci:'.:;.

~ 4~~·t°t\.

~"'r.\.l

,,_

. ....... ~

"'0

~~> Sf• ,. _...., ..l ~ ·~ ,..ii ;.,

Trans. verb.
J!qss. case • ., , . Qbj .;, i;(U.l;.• l"-~-.
JµJiu_s .. , ., ..,".. pdntl:!.,. . ·;·,,..,:, 1 ..c)lildre~l:!? ., _· •. priwe~fl· ··:'; h'....
H:V:r.r.je( ·. ·: ... ma~~~ ;-- ;.. ·..·: la!fies'. · (,.L,~:·, . l>O:o.1l.e~. . ~·""."'
T_~e iierv~Q!1. :',,. ~ats,,,...... " ., ;;: .the-.ll)an s . ,.. 1."-!-;:liors.e. "'~ ·:-(':Y·
e~l~~Q_prs .,~ ry: ...J~~c!s , ;"1. , 11 ";1..J-"·~"!}Je~.i;~apt:~r 11\~ ll'l1~ster .., L ,~_,,.,;1
;;Q~ b()Y; "" ,_,,, struclf• •.. ,,,. , . that maJl; s.,· · ,, child;; ~f~L~-,'

Norn. case. ·

~r!f~$,N,l~.«·,;1· t;- ,_ ~ ·t'l<~-"' ml!;1:r (~:.tho$.e·Jioys'.-\W-~;QaJJ; ~.t~T" - ~~ rt
,[!W ~~p~st;,•.!~i~.HPk•-".4:-w.i ·,i ..~ 11 :.tro~ rne~ch~tli-:.¥~1-.·u~ .J. l.:~

.N'Omn.:tue.r..ur ~'1'4MJ verb:

-IP,iJsa• Cdse!··,c,/t:J.. Obj. ·ca8e. ' ,..
., ·
f19~R ..,,r;; : 3, ~ranslat_ed , ·· ·'l · Homer's,>\ ~~
Illiad. .
· · ·"'~2
.QilJ"'m~;.~~!.'~~ 1 ·-'pr~Ul~ed.
:· } :f\.fil9'8 :~/(• . " f~lease;· I· :-1"1
~~6J-'-~-,-; c(;uiquered .··
D<}rius' . •.
army/ : ' ' .-.J;~i
P~~i1-1fi.i... ;_
, ..,;met,., ,-.
the'enemy's • fie'ef.... · ··· · -:-'· ··
WasJijngu;in
obtained
. his country f'l freedorri.' ·

~~~$ -'·1:.~ t ~we~P~·.. · ., • '· the~~4-ntai~'~ , bro:w •. ..
1

lNi>T2 ·I. ·The words ·the; th.at; tlw•e, ·~:r k_il, yc:-a need not parse
*~~- ~$e· p088llJ!lli;v81.case,.ja.aometimes governed by a noun under
1

~'!:J~Jl i~]9~1\~.:...~ ~p?n'Ul~ssoll ] ·' , "~ . · ' · "
· -~!lX~~.biiei;i _analy:zing -nouns ill .their, three cases; it ljie:·
comes nec~-ry, to present, in the next place,' the declension .ol
~~~~- fw-,y9u ll!_u~t dee.line every noun you ·parse: Decle11si011
~~an!J ·putting a noun through the different cases : and· you \viii
~fl~;e-'..,t,~~,;jtJiq,,yos~e.ssive case va~ies_ from the nom~native in its
te~in!nat.iqn, 9r endmg, but the objecttve case·· ends·hke the nom:
in¥ti\'.~~-r;.:'~he _) io.minative· and · objective cases. of· nouns,. must,
tli.l',~ef.o;,e,~"'~wtained by their situation in .the sentence; or"by
-!i~i,qg..,iJifuoffi~ ithey: per..lQ~·m." , -..., _,; ._ ~
,_, .. _ • ..
.a·: ' · ·J.m H-~ DECLENSION OF':NOUNS. '
\It lt~· - ')"SING.
PLUR; · .
.. .
" .SING,'
PLUR. . .
••~
•i..
'~
. Qfn~ ,) J.cing .. kings ·. ·._. · ., Nom: ...,..m~ii . , ., men " ""
~~· iBi:~·-:-iirng's' !'kingS.' o-~- · · · "Po~s.""" man'$ ,, ' men's ..
... _oj:;; ..1..t\"'t,'.t:., .-:'°'· · r.· · •f·-'_., .• ,.,. Ob "'·'.·P· v 'c: ·,,~,, ~•-· · .·,-.,
,1
''-"¥ ~
cntf•g.,. . ~ipgs, ,
IJ: . mau.
.m ~n .
. ·: w.ci~i'i!'Y,7>_4, ·l\i{-0"; parse·d:every_wqrf I~ 0~" pf,ece.dii.i'g~.e~'iiffi;
~·J.(~~~pt .f~· thg:t, .tho_s.e, -~~d liis,) JOll n:iay_. p:_9o;ied w1~h..,'!1e
~~ ~~~~lV_xamples. m ~he fqll?~mg , elf~_rc1~es1 m_.~P.i.9...1\,4'-~~
p~ " ~d,f~!IDJ,,~1!d , aptn:e-mtr!lns1,t1ve ver?s,_. ,.. ,..,, r...~. ; __. ;_.
f

I

..,'#- ~:}~- ~l/n-. /~.(:'.·~~1Jdlqfk, i~ct~CfS~S, .y~aJ,)y.'.' ~~·0· •1,1 •JJ•1 _ •IS.
~· , ~f.!!:4101¥1,~-a.. ~m_ne.. denpting .a~imal~a m9un.. of•. multi_.:
1

~1:1q~/ 1' ~&W.fi~" many. ip. pne . collect1'le. body-..-.ll)asculine;,1Uld
r~~,\itw.e: ge~naw, :~~~oting. both sexes-third,t pe~son, spoken,_ef.,...,.

'Stµgular--..nµ mber, 1t denot"1S buLone,ilock........and .µi the nominativ.e
case/ it-<is 'the active l'lgent of the verb "increases,.'' -and governs
it;_1lcc:or<li.n~r_~ _RULE -a. 7'he nominative case go:verns the v.er~
(Declme"'t~~i:1 ...... ,. ,_. .
..
-~·:·.
.. ,
~:'.{~ea-teai_ii:PJ-a· verb, a -word-that signifies , to do-active, it'ex~
;presses action;.-.intransitive, the· action ' does :not pass over to·:au
-~bj~~t~f the third person,r sin'gular numbe'r ,:< because· 'its nomi.
·nat1ve-q.,fiook<Ut conveys-unity of idea; and it agrees with" fio<.i.k !~
8:~ ·reeahlf to~ ;o!:. ~.. : ·~ !.\ ;," • i
.
. ..... · ·~·
.
··-~ · ~!U ·.
: ~yr:.&:'1.0.• ,, :it noun ' of multitude conveying unity oji.dde{J., m~.
4

·\®4i 4 ·v1r1PW1pr~psei'1«' with # mt/ier$i1lg'ldar.-'i.A..:'.<,;,' ·~'q·

qi};

•._•£.l'YMOLOGY ..OW .~.YlliTU;: c• >'

.

. ;T~~--~~~r~;- . --:~. t\Y1pklii. c. ' : , . ,J
, T1Je. ;;~1q. .' :, . desoe11ps'.. , , .

'of"Pars,i ng th~f- no~;..,.i..:-Repcat i<then;or<leD:Ofrtpil'.rsing the. verb•.,,..
Wh~f-ryle.
'.,_;()li·.·,,pp.hr 'fn ·'p··arsiiJg«' a ·.'.noun' in lhe' nn&:;essive
:t!'l .. T - J~ -. .,, ..- ~ -'? '' J., 11~_-.,;r ., ·!';:~ tr~Ja.: '?'!: : -..i_ •• · i •~:' ,1· ~r'fi,..i.-. ; •...-:". , . ... t.".:.~ '. +.~ -~~ ~,- •
.case·?-=WJ1atp.:!;.J.le,: i11 ,Pll!'~m&:Afpqun J,ll, .th~91Jl/[l_atp:e pa~ a
. ·\\'.'hat rule , apphe~ m par~~ng :iii--verh i,.,..W~u,s._,fll~~nt,b1.,g,g~
«ii,r~rpe~.t.!, ,~~~,xf.la~n r.l!Le~~-~_;;,t;~·an~ : 12.'-B~ ·~,~at rule. a,_lla _-,~lj".·
_µ,omi.natw~,~n.C:\,o,bJ eCt\:V'j,P~fi~t~r:· ~o.11ns· ~!low.i; !'":7'"BY'. whll.r:S'lgq_
can }'.'~u d1st.;t1g~1sl;\ a ,t,@~.tir,e:1 [l'l<~11 .. ~J:l 1~i~~!F1.ve ~ V:l(.~~..u;rro
_,,. o_.
.trans1tlv~ .verbs.ever expre~s a rn.o:r.aZ. action 1-;"l:".i\'r~.traiwij;v$1APl
· Weuter vifrbs' ever -used"as ti-ansiti'v& ?~ive some' exii.mp1es·;.of
. fr ' ilsltive ·vet~i,wiM·· ef.8 · ·-411 ahW'v~rila1 ob· ~c't8.~W'har rrifo ~o

who prefer it,•! herj3 pi:ese.At liq.

. -2g._- '. }? _pa.rsing. a ~erb "agreein/{-;yit.h. ~·i;iouii ·or:~4]iitu~e.- ·~ ·

0

N6"i~~cii8e; -."(-1 fii,iran. ' verb: • ·yo:m,,: ca'se~·· ·. , Intra~. verb; .,=·'.
~&-n;'?.~J"\'';. _c)'!, '!Ii .~,., .',!11Tlf' _:x:!j: ,: 1. 11 -· ·.: .;-~ .., , . ~· ·• ; · :· , ~'
,.·~"'"i.J.!~kl~r
~e .·w:si(
~ oi,q..~; ··d~~: 1-~.. ;~T'~~"i~ilkp ;:,-. ~ ~:·:·
,., ,.!r:..1-.
' -...;-;.vr
.
... ,~;~1;.."!!~· ·.i 4·_,. ,, . . ;;,'·
.. r®1e11,r~''il:b "1l<P-~·r?~~-~~-~ ' ;.:;:i .11.~ .ffe.O,<:>P,, .;, ' .l~~f!<~-· ; ·:,., ,,. ,,, i·;

~

'

'

'

~~~~;., '•'.~'-_:.;~a~~. ~ '. i:f,
ff.IA.If:+ r-; ,;:.fly. ! ,.,

~

' ·•.L :·

.

..;..

~ ~Y~i!.... ~ ,..~ .. '-· .~oxe, , ·~ _,. .: .. , T~e,r,iv~r , _; .flo,w:i. _ ... .
-..1 . , _u~a~~1-,-~;\ P.er1s,~;; ;; , ,. , ;~:1'),ie. .n~t{o~, .,,'· !D:C?UJ:H,s. . , . , ,
~Jf}i•~P->f9X~!'.(W~ ;Ul.:grani.µiai; .de.p,eIJ,d~,; ngt~n the nun~ber- o(,
~-Q~~~s!\::;Ygu., p,11-.f!!.e,);>µt . oi;i ) .he aq~7!f.on ,)V:4J<;ih rou_, g1v.~ -~l~
~_l,l.h~c,!~;,' 1 .YoU:..~y par.se .Uie same ,e;i;er.cises .severaLt111u~.t1· over. ~· ·
· For.the

~:Pi~~

1

gratificatiq~ <;>f those

, c1'• fr..J(J• • ,_· • .

.-

-

.

.

. . .

. .

.•

,'.

~i[,,~~~~~;<;i~t!r9.,~i:;s; ::;:s~:v_::~~ds~~.ti:~~ltlv~. ·. :'. :: : :·L~.:
1

.it~~er_q J.4' tl:a.iiizif;i v_e wh,en ,.t})e actioµ .ai.feg,t.S r:iiJ1 ' ol;>ject H\11
"Earthquakes rock kingdoms; thrones and palaces are. sltak~n1

•

:~~~~:~a~:~~~~~;~ii:,~~ce~i~
~.~.~.•.:u~J~~~;~· ·.1.1ar,;,
~u;_i~d
"!,n.:..?.1~-~
!"~~· ··
. :_."_.
·
~\ ,'~
,l ,'",,, ., j p l

'

,),.I a·\.\•)_·

•

;....,

•

,

. _: .••. •

I

,;.<-·

. :./l,,1f,

the objut, but .il10t· the. agent, of the

- .T4e_, noiuiuative to a passive. ve17b,, is

~ti '. "" ,t·/ • 11 "• '\••" .' '·-'C: 1· ·h'- ',H •1· '1.-« I /,.~ I ,.:,; ., ;f -.of'·'--''l ·
,~#.~~t~ ~~~~itf ¥,e";Wh_e n it hl\Si.n~ obj~ct: ;, '~s, -~f··~Jie :water'

C~i)ipo,p;,me,~~-.l; am .he . .w.lio 1was,. ~lld ..µ;~.js ,to,c..ome;;':

;,;:

~~IW ..,xercise ·on.,wha~ ·:YOU ' ·havc .1beemstudying;~ Iro wilbnow·
~9~to'.~ou :a: few: questions;-all !of whieh ,)'ot:i ~oughti.to ·be 'ahle•to

\"J~ 0 •
:ir·
r..:'biIESTTQNS NOT A NSWERED..lN"i>ARSING: ,, ....
~,~~~ -~~1~( :1 ~ p: ·1 -:"t!- r1: :; ""'ft- , : ' . • "\ ••.• ~· ·:c..'l:; ~ , J f . ... Ii"~-,~ -"' . . ~ . r- ·. q ~
&PB.W:ier:hefore:you proceed .any-farther • . .. > ,•;r
..

.

.

·-.

\.

. • ~ - ''

- . ·-·"' .,

.,

'

•

.

.

-i

·- i .

:!

t.

· · ./

',.,.

- . -

th.~~~R,~il ~~p;;genernl _divisio~ Qf.gram.mar does .the :secon'd
§)i{!~~~~OA1WJ1at is1, h.aseqJ h!l.· ~!'lie. iwswi~::or. classifica.
~. ~~Hwr.~~-.Yi>u a!lcert11-in.J he pa1t·of ~P~Qhit~hiclr ~"w.ord·
lit~9!1.8¥;l~~~ii~, ~~:me~nt ~Y-its man'{l-er.qf~ea.µip-g-~~N:aroe:~h~
W. nil~ ;.fi, liJ>4!!:.P..&~rr-WhicA., Qf,,t.h~s~ , ,~p,I cpps,ideied ' tlierm.ost
Iw.P.R~t1n;:Jly,,w~.t,->~igll•,JI)ay, a .nouu ,be,dfr~ijpgufahed ~:-:"""How,
m.Y\~_9( ll'Q.gruf..are~there _?--, W~at :helone; t.o nouns ~ }V,h~t

~xMOY:-9.~~IDl.~.(1 . 'Yh.~ ·dQfli;; -liltyq!ology,, tr~at i~o;,w~at,i.J0j3i.

~~n,.~~&i~-~-!U't1.~~n_d~!"~~i:~~Y~-4.P.l!qs..1,:7-;JV,hq.t_, ~:Pef­

~..;~~.Y~liJW.P.lh~~e_,,;p_puns ~:M!J1~t-. ;1s,.;,numbe.t.~,,

M,~~y. JlJl!ll~~s ha ve,,..nouns 1-:--Wha.M s 'ca:se,1..,..,,.How.man~.
)}t~;.,~~IJ9.~~kc.J).~1Casj3 • Cpnsisb in., .th~-r._injlections , of' a
,fW~km _ , 7JP!¥1.N:; ki~ds of rY.e~·hs ,,\lf.~ ; t4e,·e,1~By,.,.w4~h~ign
~j(l:i :N6,r~b~..JAlo"V.nJ.-,.,..W ha.t:>b~fong i>.tJ.Q ve,r~l,,-.Wha;tiil&sy-m.
tliesii-1:'!".ltf\Vb.at !s.analv11ii>-1-,..WJ1a~ is'. pa-r~ing-:?~RspeaHhe order'

do

,fdu a:pply~lii:iiii.i·s1iig i\io~~:m ffie'-Obfe~JiYiC<itseT"'E ¥pfain"£Ul'e·
veying plurality of idea, what ruie ·do··you
.

, ...

.

applrt~

'· ·~., · · . ·· : <
~ ~

QUESTIONS ON TIJE NOTES.
:dWl~ther the learner b11 z:~q~ea ~~ &n;~!lr the followWg: que~tj_oq~,P.~ -~ot,
1
'.is; ·cif course, left il{icretionary' with' the~ i&chi;r:<: ' The'_'author uike6-ili6 Jibert:y,-tci·mggestithe expediency of not, gflnpi;ally; pn~orcing. isuch a requisition.
""1AW;lM.pµ.pil;.goe,~, t/lroug~. th~: bq?1' a. se_c,olld,!•"'!'-. :. ; _- • ; • ·., :. ·:·;·
~~,l\!11~ ;~Ulq; ,par.li~iP~!!l ·~DAs._;_\YhaF. are -~b?~t,,nog.n.~
W.h~t;ie dte
d1stmct1o)l between abstract nouns and adJectives 7..:....What , . ara ; ~ffi!:a!
nouns 7....:..Artifiqial nouns 1-What· is the"distinctiqn be.tween ·materiaJ '8.nd ·
·immi:lte~'Dotliitt-1.;.....Are notina;.evin.i'of..the.1nasculine411<J,feminiQe ger.1\i~'fi,
. Give ·elWIJples.-.-Whe!I are.~OOJ/.Jl,J,laturplly. neuter, ~onverted-into th,e-.~ .
.~W~llL,!1f .fe,tqin!Ji?,, gei;i4e,r, 77\JJ~e .i:fUmpJ..~·=7Sl'tl~ ~\s>'Ae)foiin~;-}.lui,~:.'it'?
~V!lYB m the smgwaJ' number,;:...:;p.om:e that are~ nlways )>liUB.l.;..!lgpeftk'.eome
lliat are' fa the 8ame r fonni.i.n;b'Oth iiumoefs~'Nam<t<dll th.iWaribua~f- •
·fonning'the pluralrnumbei- 0['110~. ...,.Dtiiw.hatui.im~b!lr ~e;:unuw ~·

h

Jfl!.41'8>
!lO.WlB

(:IZ~.,ii.µ~"!M.1-;-~\\mb9-- th~ -.P1~1:~ :.~~/~l\q,_"nY,g._,~_;-- 1

IJ4.ndJ.ul
cupjul
ipdf"!!ul
.-otl!er-in-(aTD. cour~martial.
·' · • •
...... !(.
- .i ~
· yt-~ L~a.r~,_, --~~ 1 {.t'.'~~?llu. ~
. ;a ~:; .'~_; :- , ,..,.frlri :...

-~ ~.r.1. ' __.; ~ .

•

-· . ·

.,.,, : ·r '!k- ·~Q.:~~nu~~;.~m, J)U~t ~W:~J?~9~JHp~Ll'~,,9'f~t-='"~1'-" · '~-~,,;
;-;..Wh\J,t· hait t\&Ually. qeen, the .obJepl .pf philo!!EPHI~~ : ~Vjl'ng~tm~ i>_i'J_~ ·

g~e 1,*(J?llilC ~2."2"':"1?'? tl\MY'?-tac;pp;H,~«jp,!!DB,'\n~~.l!P.~ <;O!fP,':~~\?.~ of. 'Y!>~
dep~nd . ?-n, -~~u- .ong1nal.lmport !-:I~ ..µie ·F ower of 8!1-"<:>c~po~ ar_ia ~!JSl<;>"m ,
e~c1.ent m c~nn~g ~he ; rad1~ m~artmg a SOJ?e :wor'!~1-:-"1Ja've- "."oi-d1~l11~(
trms1cally a ·s1gmfie11.tion'.o( the11' ow.n; · or'ia thei.t-:meanmg·1,.ferentcal ;.'•1~· ~- ·
,JJ.19b'M:f"'8lom· ~-, Rsliig7;1~d to:the\11-J (p.IH?e, 38.~ 1Y.<{)lat fact is;~ th~ ,
.trn1'. :nhilo"°Rhirol ..p.rincinle of classjfication 7..,.,.n_
~ljilosopl,ioa) . =un ~
;r,T"J',l'l'i,tfL!"•l..: .-."""I
_. ' -<,r.·..,,•:; .,.,,,.tbt_.i-c., ,,. .r.,,..iil· -~,.;:;f;efu,ie
, , . '· '1 ,..H
. '1 --;, r;;:f"'rth;-- ~ .•
mar;- .n wcu lB supposeu <O oe e .ongm ,fh~ :•o · ap.eec ow w.,TB" e
others foniled "fronf that'7.;).;A:oVf'mruiy pe.:ts of 5peecb::.;pay;~'*°gnf!Midlo ;
1< .sc.ientifio developl'.llentlll'.ld '.ar~augement of1the princ;ipt!!ll of<'9ucliw!W~1.~ i
l'l~ll/-8 ,them.~Wq~t)~s~91).y ,!!,ii.ye w~,~l1&\·.WM1Y}1/-!ng~'!·H ~9t..'l!P~~~~11,;
(~:J.:_~p;~t ~~ ~( tf.\'~ .l\~·~ml'1,'fl\11f f';\~.,01: of, ~d ag~t,'.t_~e P!'lll~~~:.
~idi !'l:'Saros 8.11 <verbs:AS dctive'.i:-In 'w11iit«moodlf·.,are « veros. .wied,om\.~u
~1M!ef1-~ C'Pag'i?"~srp::rcHve<l~~8iiiP1eti-:¢~r-~ oE.,temiinatimliif~
ul,tetk;·•; a'1d~;! and'Of the.words to alid tU>i1 ~....,. ~""'' ;,,.;.ii ~.:n...ul~~- 1
; ·:
. '··- ;·' . REMARKS ON-YERBS ' ANP' 'NOUNS. " J; ·· 4'f >ll!::.S. ,;.,.,,_'t ,
·. llYou hav~ ; ali:ead_y · beeni-infonne'd; 't~t~r~~ a;ittli~ tl¥,SH~fiot-llin't:~ art·•
Wi:&peeill}ciptoul"language1r.:e.cd .$4oon.~ y-0_1,1, Qf, .lj4ep-;iJRl~~~ rf .9R!W
ttU~oµ~t,you...e,11.nnot 111~pr~s, a.tkouifli.4= !l!.>mm\IWAAW aii )<ka,.."!~~~ -

-

,

{lJZ;

NOUIU t'A:Nll :t.¥EB.~AX~G.

~-!··!gE~p_IS~S .. -JN-1;B.4~n~,G~r:-"

- .· _,. ,, .

..

fl

-

tnt'king .useiof '1HV.e~bj iC'iJ:h~ ~~pre~\l.im :i!PR._lill~:· .Vr~.rb11;~r~~.1,1.q.~.o!!l¥ .
~~r "'9'!~er, pf,,beJTf!• bl!t l.ik."wse•i~~;th!fft,df\\r~.pt q<;t~m.,wi-<J. ~~; ,;
~9~ .~tc_~a¥es,8;1'd thin.g~, ~hether.nuunateor lDalllmatiJ. '.~ yet I ban, :.
giV'en 'yqtr ·c;mJY'a partial descnpt.mn-of\''.~ 80i:t'.of'wpr~s; ..but:"!hen you.!11'"'
66,t~r.'Pre~red to comprehend the subJ,ect,.Icwijl expliµu_ajl;Jli,eu; pro.IW'ti~, ,
arid~sbow you t)le proper ·mnnner.qf ,usm9;lhlllll· , , ···- ... ·::> .,. , ... : .
. ,.µ, ,
f~,w;o~,tba_t'1~ gene;ally a noun, sometlmll• beCflmes & tJcrb; ana a ·verb
.is'fr~guentl}'. used as ~noun. ' These 'changes depend on the 8en'so' whiCn tlie· .
worp C!>_!lve:ys; or, rather, on the office it performs in the sentence; Lhnt it,
thlf""'411ne11m which it-is ·nppliM to thll1gs.1· .Foi.tinstnnce ;.-glory is generql.J,y
Bdlil\UI paa,, ~ !1The t;1'>rY ,of µ~·,; tl!;pn11.:: J,3ut;iLLsny, I g/p,cy i.n reJ.igiR~;,
O~i~,\\ f~~.d!.~ V{!CkJ'.fl'!~~~.1 .UJe Vf.9rcf, S:!'?;.Y qe_~\)m~s ~ Yll!,D:, .:r~e, l~ve o~ '
JlU';lf 1'1.~f?~taflh ~n ,\h1S_ s~n!e'!?e, Zvve lB .a !WUli; m the next, it JS a' tJcrlh ·
Tl~e'y"'l~e-· 'Virtile. He'- 10alk• eWiftly ; Scavenge1·s ·&weepAhe' •streets·1 1The>:
BllJp:-•<Z~ 1V?ell.'. ~!:\. t/l~se . phrases, the._ worl}s, w<Z{~ .. •IJ?rep,, and 1ail1, ~re
verbs; m the followmg they nre nouns: Those are pleasant wulk1; He take11
1 '
a broad sweep; The ship lowereu her 1ailJ,
,

;\,Q:i,~.~. yoti..fi.e~,it· is i~p_as~iblE;J for
to become a gra1,11marian ..
w~thout . exerc1smg your · judgment. · If you have sutl).cient reso- :
lution to· do· this, you will, in a short time, perfectly· understand ·
,tlI° ~a~Bf~-~~~ ·'..°ffic~. ~f_}he,~?iff~rent: ~arts~of speech, their . vari~
o~,.\fr~~l't.J;~~ ~ll~ J;~Iat1gl)~, ~~d ~~e ~V~~ ' of. 'sY.~tax_· th~f- applr ·
ta.them .;; and,, !Il a few lVeeks, l,Je. aoJ.e, to Spi;J!].k and_wpte aC!,:U~
rately. ,, But you must not take things for granted, without.~~ ·'·
a_~ipin~" t~~ir ·proprietj and 'correctness. ' No; · · You are not;a
m~';;g1fima~.°'4~.:o'l boj;:ma~hiize :J' b1;1t ,afa~iyn,~l bein&'.': · 1(.o!l. m~gh!, •
~~fortlJ..to:.think met.l\od1cally., .tq,re43on. soundly, and to z_ntii;sti;
g_ate< ·every - principle ·. critically. -.cDon't. be.: afr~id'. i.o · tltink for.
y6urself:• •' You · know not the high destiny that awaits you. You
know not_the ~eight to which you may soar in the scale of intelle.~t_µ~J exist~nce . 'Go on, then, boldly, anq with· unyielding perse~~':a:n ~: ; and ' if you do not ga~n admittance~ into the temple .of
fal'!}.e, strl,ve, .!).t,Jl.U hazardsi tp ,dngk pf th,e.. fountain which gur.
gles from its base.
· '
' ·'
.

·you

· ·'1f..l~HJ!t.rNfd ·1r -.~ ·

'
.~ l?' i~!l

·- ..·. •

· -

1•

11

-.

. k'.l.ER"'ISE~
IN ' FALC::!E
"'-1 . .
?':"'1 • .• ' .• ~ ,, ... ,.ti'•~-.

·

~ ·-·

'

~VNT
'A ' V" ...."t.~i::"·
-'"'''\·"'
''·
~..,.
~~~ ""3 ~f}t·
·\•·-.:i7""\-4

.~or~J, T? ~UL~ 12. A. nQlJ.h i11 \hii pgss_e~iye ·~cas~, sh_qul4,.
,!lh~ays be ~1sc:ng.u;shiid by~!Ji~ . a.p,o.sti:opht:i, ~r l'f)a_rk 9f, ,e li,s}pn_;
. .. , ..
as, ·,The ·natzon a -glory. · '· " , .,
_. 'Thftt
~rla
boqk is' •q,
cleaner
than those boys• books:
1 41I J
",
! 1 • --!'
•
i. -;~t.•,,, v.f .. .. ..,.
f
• .
<

•

_

:

·

·· ·- .

Not correct, becaUBe .~e nogns;gir4 µ~ ·boy~~e.fe·.,b.otb 'ill tlie~'pos9e8siv
· e;ue; _lllld, ·therefore, reqwre-. the apo~phe, •by;. which-' thex ,ehoul9, .1)0 disb.ngnished; thus, "girl'•, boy1'," BCC!Jrcilng to ~11 preceding NoTx . .. [lie.
peat the note.]
, .
·
·· ·
·
'

,, , 'fhy a~}q_e~tofll yirtue is not thine.

.

. '!{~e 'Writer.bf· this aen;ence meant on~ Mcestor,.- he.should ·h~~.,,.u;se;ted
ibe"'llpostrophe· after r, thus, " ·ance.t<>r'1 ;" if more .than one, ofter 1, thua

•.,
·1 >.virtue"~ - but by·.neg,lcchno -!!":"' tlie apostrophe, he haa-leJL
ancea or•
• . '
"'"" ,.,. .. T"R\J:~ ~'- •
Tu.
d tho!lll8lld ..
his' inewtln" ambi!!Uous, nnd .:..we •·:taruw i;,!IW~ it, . '""•an .a
"
oth'ermis~es •mi' will often ·meet with, demo\lstrate tl~e ~th of my decfaration, namefy, that "' without t:h~·~owledg(f-and ·applicatwn of gr:1mm8l' .,
n1!es, you' wi\l often speak ana·' wrtte m · BllCh,a ~~ - 88 not. to,?" vndJ:f"<
itopa./I }".oq muy now \urµ bai;I!.<an.d'<l'e.exam.u1e ,the_.<t il~u-q.t11>~ of ~ea..
3 .. 4 and ·12 Oil pnae 52 nnd then con·ect the followmg examples aboutfi11~ ·
fun~s over.,
..~ _.· ·.-..' '.:1 ·~ ; . -! fi·;t'I"' .':.. . ~
i
; - . l• l
>• ·; 1.i~r~~
i.

,'

· ~A mo'ui~r~·-;;~;1<l~r~es~,~~d-;/aih~~ 'Ca~~~_a:'reinat~res ·iiai'ff~I.

maifa;'advanta~e.

.Wisdoms pi'ecept's·form. the :~ood ~ mans ' Yl~~:
resi and happiness. They suffer for . consc~.e~c"'.: s ~a~e., . ge;ls.
reading _Cowpers. po,e,rp~ :.Jam~ bpqgpi J,9hnso~ D~c,~on~.~ ,,

'' Rut~ 4 . . ~- ~erb '. rn:i~.t ~gree · '..~~~ ~~~ ~~?1~:1-ti~~ in ·,nun:?r r'
and 'person·. .
-····;.
.. _.,
~,'"
...ThQse boys .improves rapi.dly. , The me~ .\a.R~i:s in,_ ~he_}_i~\d.
N.o thing delight some persoqs. ',L'hou shuijs tlie) %h!.·.. ~ ff.~}~~.,
: nq~_4o_itr. · _. Thq reil-d~ .wen.
,
.
, ,.
Ilt~ow' ou cnn con·ect these sentences Without a rule; for they all ·baye !"
hanib soun~,which offends the ear. I ~h yoq,, ho.w e.v.er, t<;1 wi.op.t the.ffil~,,
of correcting -!lrrors by oeplying rule!! i. for, .by-~~-by, _you .-.Y 1ll mee,t f~e"
errors fu composition wluch -you cannot c~rre~t~ ~.Y,~u a;-e 1&1 1 ~~-t ?.. , /
u licaiiOn of - ro.mmB.r ~r.ule's. · -. - \ ; > .-?~ ~.· ·~ .- ,.-. ' 1 -·:•:-- ~· •• - ·"' ·'It''?
P&ow let'u's c~early understand this--~th,_Ru!e.~ Recoll.cct,_1t.~pl?bes .to,~~ .
·~erb, and nof to the noun ·; .. ~hen:ifore, m t~esc e~pl.:s th<;> V!'~b l!'} ':9ITTlM1!, ,
matical. · ;The no\m .bo'!f•• jn the ti.:st sentenci:1 lB of ,tPCl. third ~er_so.n R~ur~,
ond:tbe' verb improves .is of the third person, s11ifl'!ar;. thi:re~o.!e•. Rule _4 th LI
violuwd, 15ecause the verb dulls not agree with·ita -nommab.ve m nv"!b~r.. ·. It- h0 uld be " boya improve!" !fhe verb would· tb~n be. plural, and ngi:ee .w1Yi,
lta nomin~tive ·acco1"<lma to ~e Ru!~. .In t4e;fo~Jlq sentepce, t~~. v.~n;b g.o~ ,
not~ aa.ree .in erion with: i~ uomin4tive. Th~ ,!5 ,o~;the s~con4. pe_rs,o!C', ~
UlllU'li• ~f .
th!rd. 1~ s_ho~~- be, .. thou sh_untl~Bl, ~c . . 1'.?U mar.c~::,:;~_
the otlier sentences; .and, . like~se, the _fu_llowmg exercJSe&, m ·
·

t!fe·

"..

- •M,:

F A LSE,' SY.NTAX.

;!

'

.

"" l :.\.

variety of, Rlea&ir~g objects .c~arin. the. ey:e., .· ':£'~e rumber: o~
inhabitants 'of th-~ United ~tates _exceed nme millions. ~~tt;:~
but vairi and foolish pursmts delight some pe_rson~. · ·
. , ·f ·

' A.

.... - l

"!

• •

•

•

•

•

.

i

• - • ·,

:

•

f~

\ • .,. ., -

.:"In' vain o'u r flocks 1;1.nd fields"in_cre.ase ou~. ~u,ire, ..,.• "' ,,,..;,,.; .. Wl.w n our a~µn.d11n,c:e ma~~ .~~-~wt~h..f,~~ . ~pr~.~, •. .'. t ..,t 1;
,.,While e:v~.r and ~.I!-on! . ther~dfal\sd·..
_.. ,..'. ...,· ~ .. _'·.'.~.. ~~-' i·.~;,.·~~.·:.,·.
•.~r Huge, heaps of'- ho.a ry, .mou1 . Ell'. c, .. w.11o11a.
_ . ,. ~~ ~ . . _
.:u•· ': ·'·<' .·~:·!':~...; ,_,. ·' : .:..:.:-'•· )_. "'" · ·v~" •·w].-'':":,,:i-~.. ·

-~~l.U:: ~:tt..11:, P<t-'tl -~1."~ ~"1-

0 1 ..

l'f , rn~.-!----t ·~f

k·; j

' ;. , ~}"c- -1,... ...,

,

if:..~~~·

~,iEi ·;·2;~t . ~!·~~ ;... x~;.~~~~1B-<:7 . :~ i-:.~~·; :~. <~·~i~~~:

~ _rHil"'t!

,. ,.~-Lv.41..

tfJ ! · -,_
-z $

~ t;:~t fT'tlOf.:-.~A R'T'T~T :R_S . ·-_!-,ij· ~ i;',.. "'( . .:. :~ J

i-

."~tt~ ... _ !.lttif.t.:;.1.a-"'"rttf.~~:~··a , ?:;. f~~1. _,_ i,. ,.:i .,., "!"',~ . ~ · 1

.,

.\\.tH ·

-,,j!~~·,i~ ~id~: i:~i-:"a 1 •word" pr~fixeq· "to" nouns · .to limit
the if signification j as; lz man, the ,WOffian. . • .I.. <

:·~1'h~le:~a~~.. oµ1y_t;w;o· }l~#cl~~,,::~, Qf 4n; .f1Ad l~1~

•

,A

:<>If·.~n ~is-1 '. called1; the,indeiinite, artfole. . ~he, , i.s: -.c~f~~­
'the'tlefihite'.'a'rtide"''"· · ;,· ;ir•11~ ~-1,:,r . .-:-:-i . l ,;·1·.1. •l. f; ,. .,, ,:, ..i

~~~~t~~~~~iei~;ff~~1:~b~~ ; t~s~-~o~~u~~.. ?,n.e::~:·'.~~

. _The definitt? article generally limits the noun t~ ·a

.P.~fh~.ular_ ·obje'ct;· or .coIIection, o_f o~ests ;.1 a~'. ~tlle

ho.use the men.' ' · ., •.
· c.-:.1 ., •... · -· •••. •."~, ""·1 ,.,~·~t'f~
t.,;.o .. ~, ••~ . ' ":••••
. •'
•. ; ~ ~ .
:.~~a.,U . c.l{l-iqi.§, ~f, ~,a.rtJ9le tA;~ ,%e~Ha.\~- ~r,a,i;i~ ll:~ a,,d,i~#ic,l
·~ ~.·~!l.!isP,~~ch,~oug!_l.! ,not _tq -~El ~4rn~U,!(<! J11,ll. ,~c~~~t;W<?,. cl~\M°A·

-ti~;,Qf;'~P.'.~·· ·. · ,2.f anp t!i~; tl/,is an~ ,tlu;r,t, ~n, few.,.iµid f<1~.1J~,
~d.; ma,n~· o,th,er , wq:rds, a1:~ ~sed ;,o ,res.;rigt;, r..~ry;.'.or .d!~ne,,the
M)gn~ti,QIJ. 9f tjie .Q.Q.!ll}s ,tq >x!l19h ,t,hex. l!re_;qin~d • .'. They, fuicflit,
~er,~~r~,-~i~ . p.r-pr.J:iety, ,be, :r~nl{ed, -;UiJ~~fr.; the ~g~he~~l ,hf~-~~R/·

Jl:~~tlf~ !n~~es, ·: or

D.efimng .,Ad;~tiv.es• .-. But,. ~s: there ~s..11
:m~,1;L-'<i;l'jjj•hiyctfon ·.i,l,l their ..narticular . meaniri" and . ap',oJ ieatfon
~ "..i~J l';'I• •'". '"' · -'· " •!1• * ""'' ' "'"" .- .. -..-.:;.->? : '• 41' " ' 1', ·· .·. ; i . ... ·.J '
A4wrN a~e,q.l,ll,J~.. Rj 1¥~P.aJ:L,te. e~plftp,jltJgn :, . ,gp~c,e, l!Q fl~.ll-9.J.1,9N
f.d•Y#ntage;woµlqJ>e .ga!lled,, by.. rej'i)\:ting,the.ir,~ta9lish~d ,ql~~[~
~P-9.!JL~f[ ~~tjcles, pumerals, an4. <le:mons,'.ra~ive~, Q,nd .by fib:frig
-J~~ miw. qame~;.,:.,,Jh~: char~Y,te~, 1m~.}l.ppl,y.l!.~l,?!1 _of_.i: 'a?~ tfi~
can Pe learned. ~ i.soo~ .''o'.li,e1' ~hey a~e ~t:yled· ai:ticles, as -,w~.ep
~ey a1,e .<l~nommate~ ,~ecifying ~r ~ejjnirig adj~cti.ves.
·
tn T'1te-, h1s1ozy: of this_pai:t~ o( spe~.9h \~ very )~nef.- . As there .are
Q~~~.:a.rti l~~,~~A· !Z~.. ~~~ ,¥ft!;·-.~~~':-¥µr:.!llow ;th~m i~.Jier~.~~~'.

the occur.~ - . '';"

...;i,,,;. ·

•

.

•.

•;;.~ ..... ~ ~·

.; "

f"

·~·

r.. •·'4:. • ....H

~

.. ·;. •·

"

- A"noun -used without~ a~ ~rtiqle~· qr ~ny othe-r· re~tri;tive; is
taken in its general sense; ·a.s; "froii°'is abundant;" "'Gold is
b~\IY;»;! ' "Man' is· born· to trouble •.'~ I:Iere we ,mean, fruit and
gold in general; an4 all men, or ma11kirul._, .; ' , ·., . _... · • f t'
. . Wh.er;i we _wish to limit ·the meaning: of the noun to ()111' -qbject,
but to no particular one, we employ a or an. If I say, " Give me
a pen;" "Bring me an apple;" you are at liberty to fetch any
pen or any apple you please. A or an, then, is indefinite, be.
q~u~ it . leaves the meaning of the no1m to which it is applied,
as far as_1egards the p~rson spoken to,, vague, ,or indeterT!iina_~tJ. ;
· 1

01•..

&TYMOl.OG.Y-! ANIJ, 1'..l"NTAX.

tui.e -;'M~ iThe•wind,, blows-;"' .": Tha11 wolves 1 were. how ling in ·-.tll.6
wop~,

. :&tln\ tltese, ex~mples; we>1'dc> no.t:rrefer ·to ,:11;ny pa-rticµ~r ·
lunatjes,.poets, ·1o,vers;-horsi:s, dogs, ;winds,. waive~, ii.n.Q...woods,.,P,1,1t .
we -·refer-to these ·particular classea -.of>~hings~;in .contra<l.istinc.tion
to·oth~1>objects or clasl)es.,,, ,'f he .phr11s~, ,1 " .N eith$i1>the on.e nqr. t]~e
other," is an idiom of the :]anguage. .
1 , ".,; 1, . · ,., , . :'!
'··~£){.c~ll:'s.-This method•·of·elucidat!ng the' articles, which' is.popular with

Blair, \J'.n~stley, Lo wt~; ,J o~nso~, ~arrJS, . ;8eattie1, Cootej .Murray, and1 many,
other distin~JShe<l ph1~olog1B,~, 1~ <lJ'l"arGi;~ .by 8!/m!J, oL our !119\:\eqi..writeys,.
~~~ p~:.P.i;.<l~~g .~t Yti.s Jh_?!>P" 's ~xce!i',~\.e>nab~~. tjiey__b( nil_ t;n~aiu· ma~~ 'it
a1me~f.. ~!l-t. 1tought, there!ore, to be reJected: ., •
"•
.. 1.:
' ".1 · ·'' ·
E!'-cepnonable or Iiot, they have not been able ·to supply' it8 place with,one .
t~fis..,more .<;01•venien,t in practice.' " ~either .have .they; adop\e<l one le,, ex,
cep:iQUable. The truth is, after all which can be 'done io rend~ the defini.
tio.us ~d .. rajes. ?f gr~a1: . ~ompr~\1i:msive ii.n~ ·i,iccu,ra~! t!!e;>'. will' stiµ· b_,;·<
foM'i\i.yv!1en 9~1t.;cally, ~xamme~
men ?f learm!115 .ai1\f sc1~11ce,, ~H~.1 :e ?,t lesl ,
e:~H~J>,ti?Jlli,~l.e .. , .The.se ex~ep~ons ~<l imperfections are the'. unavmoabl~.·.
coe.IM!Su.e qce. of the imperfections of the laugua«e. Lanruage, as ·well· 11!1 ..
every- thing else of human invention, wilt always 'be impe;]e~t. Coru;equent- '
ly, a pe.,.f~~, system of grammatical.frinciples, would. not_·aui.t
A p"."~je'p~;
~n;1.ar. ,'11i ..l)Qt be., produced, unt1 som~ perfect bemg. "."ntes. ~t for a 'pt rfeP.t.!fl!l~ge i . and ~ perfect lanisuage v,:111 · no~ , be const~cted, until · ~onµi ·;
•uper,lmma~ _agency .1s c;mploye<l µ1 its production.·. All grammatic~ priz.ici,
ple_S ~d ~yatems . which . are not pe1fect, are exceptio11able_;_'. · . ··,. .. . · ,.. ,, '} ·
-~~~~. _;t:t-:.!~,-:·NOTES.' .
. ·. :.
. -~ ! : . :·~:--·:: :_z;
--;:'I·. The, arti~l~ is•o'!'itt
. ~d b.efore nouns implyin~ ;the different vir~es, vi¢Fs,i'
~19ns, . :qu~1ti~a, sc!ences, arts, met~s, herbs, &c. i as;'?· MR<f~~ty .¥1 becom;.
m_g ; F'_ahekood is od1ons ;, G;rammar 1S useful " &c: .: · · ·- -' ' · • ' • '. ,, ''
'·2;"'1'l:ie'. article is not'Jirefixed to' proper not;ns ;·. as, Ba;.r~n killed Decal"..;:
ex~p-~ o;:_by way.of..eminence, or for . the sake ..of distinguishi,ng,,a .p.a.rticu}ar
fam'µy Lor when somti' 1loun is Ul)der~tood; as, ~ He is not a F1·ankl111; .He i.il
a. Yf~. 'lr,.o~ th.~fu:mily ?f ~ke Lel)s; : We 8ail~~ dow1~ t~'i' (riyerJ M.iSsoliri~•<
. ·lk A.n_adJective.'is frequently placed 'between the. artiole ·and the-noun'W!tli'-'
wpi(:q, ,t jie arJ,jc)Ei;·agreeS'; as ,_'l.A•good looy-1-aq indWtriotU, niaii.~ · $omil;tl-"
ti~es ~e iµljecti-£e precede~. the l!-rticle. i .118 ".As great.a,IDl!Jl .¥ ~exan~ i ·
Suek a shame." · · "·· . ·.. " 1 ' ...... 1" · ' "
., ·
··•·
"
4.'fo'·l·eferring to' many .tiidivianal8 1 when:we<wish iO:bri~g each separaw· '
ly ,vnder .consiP,eration,:.the.;fadefinite.iw;ticlis )s ..soll'.l~times. .plaeed. betwe.e n. ·
~-1~i~tire,.mfz"f ,l\lld .a ..ii~itlar_ n.ouu ;,~a, _'t,r,<;)ter,t1171an;Y. -!'. f'.O~~~'i'4-f~"arA
its ofoshmg head; ' "Full many a flo1oer 1s born to blush unseen." ;_,
.
5. , rhe definite article the is frequent!)' applied to adverbs in the 'cdmpar11/
tiv~ or ~uperll)tive degree;\ .as; J• .'('.ke "!ore' f'examine ·it; the bette.,.· I like iq
~~. ~tlu{a~tpf· '11Y:.-,: .. ·. 1.'« ,, ... ·.;_'
·.·,. ·,, ·,
1;

br

'it::"

1

1_:

1

:

•

••

-'

••

··<':

. .·:

~<;>'ti : may proceed--and par~e · the following articles, \vhen· you ·
shall have committe~ · this ''-""' " 1 . ' ' 1 '~ ·' ' !"'"""'·> .,,.,..... '. " ,.r: .. '"'"~
.
·''.SYSTEMATIC ORDER OF .,PARSING ... l. :~.1 ,

'tV.hi,~i~de'r °iJf ;.varsing :· an·:4,rt~cI¢, ;'i:$·. ilD ·. afti'cf~fl- ·
·?_::,_
a firiit · cl fodefini e . · rl ·\v.l-. ?:.::.:...• • h'. ~
at~Wli}Xu.
.. a ..~ "'! • . ,~ ~.E~ •.,. .·,. . .t .L ~::\. ,..,,i1.~ ~.,..,. \,,,\Y'i!J, !14\
what n0un does .it agree ?~RULE• .~:1 · -:.n~,.;.r; ,.;'. .,k,, ,r-(}j.f:.J/

.; .{';ff-"

~->· : .
. JI He ·is the- soifl>f: a' king.' t<
~ jp~Js ~a·n ·ii.--rticle, a 'wofd 'prefi~d "to"aSn?u.n' 10 '.~im_i! its s~i~-·'
cnt!or1:.:.-definite, :it limits ''the ~ rioun 't<ta 'pa'rticu~r objecl~Jt ~~~
• longs to the noun'."·80!11 11 according _to ' ·. " . ·. ·" .
~
' RULE 2. The d-e.finite article,the bel011gs to nouns in the sin,,,uu?ar
or plural number only.'
- . .... .. ; ' '
T. ·: '.
A is an article, a \vord .placelboofore a noun to limit its:sigri.i~
fication:.:_indefinite,'it'limits the noun to •one."of a . kin~; ·but to no
pa)'t.icuJ_a r one-i~ ·agrees~vi~h::''. kii;i~,~~ ~~r~ea:b~)'. .t? "' .: · :. ",( ::'.
~-Rui& i.- •'·The article 'a !>1'.'· ~ ' ~gri;~. ~i{h ~~~ i,.n foe .~n,zyJ4t·.
nwnher. · ~
., · · ! •. ~ ...·
· ..... ,:.•l
.
.,
· !t"" ''""'' '"
·I .

.

·'·

•

.

•

"NoTE: 'B'y ~-Onsidenng the orl~nnl in~aui~g:or this ' artic~e, the froi>rietf.:
of 'Rule 1, will appear. A or an, (fo~nerl,r wntte11 a11e_.) bemg eqmvalent~
one, a•1y one, or 1ome· one, can~ot be. pr~fixed ~ no1;111s m the plural nurnb~r.,
There is however an exceptioI). to· this rule. A IS plac.ed . before a pl~u-.il :
n~#
!lhyof't~eJ?llo~irig"adjec9ve.s c!!!Pe 'be~e,ei1'~he, article'.lin9:~! .
nouµ: fe•o, g'T'eat, ma,.y, .doze>•1 ku11.t/.red,_ tk?tUfl.nd, million, as, .a few ,~~·, ":
~i-'88l)g ~us~a, 4·c . .. , · · '
. ·" .. · '.: .. '" . _ . . . . .,. ,,: ''" ; ..,

'when

After having parsed these articles seyeral times, over, plellSeeto' .
reJ.f~hi~ thirg l~c;:t!Jre ·t111:e_.e. ti~~~.} · ~I'li.en ,tu!",!l_bac~, and ,~x~: ...
iqe the seconi;l lect.gff} .c~1t1p~l!y ~.9.?!i~l'Yl{!g ,f.o, R!lf~e.. ?Y-!1fY::·e-f¥W:!
pie according to the 'directions ,preYi.ously ·given, \Vtnch w:1ll pre:r'~'.}'Qu i.o, parse ',systematically, ~U the. articles,,P.oµns, and .YerbS
i\l these su])sequent
. ;. • .: . "• . 1 "_' · '"' "·· ~ ·', .- ·'' · ~·::'.'" "'
~;.-:.'.' ' - I . ! • EXl?I.~C~$E~ l~ : PAR~I:N<J•." ·.. :: .''. "'~ :', ..;,
- ' l\ , ?ira·.sin~s. r .~n _e ~~1e mes; .. ,~pi;~t~~~~A~;isJ,-,. "T~e :g11i~~F
tu~e - purs\lEt , ple~s~.rlJ ..,, ..;J'!'ie.. ~e~p~! ,J.~!\P!UJ1~ ., ~rl~!}J: Ii '. gn.l!h ,
· Farmers ·mow~ thao.grass•: iEar~ersl:- hQys spr~ad the. haY.·"-•1Th.e.,
clerlpiells 'the merchant's goods: ·,J , Arr ostrich· outruns an Arab's
h!irs:e'. ''" C~crops"- fou'i1aecr .At11ens~::·~• aa:11iJeirinv'enied 't~( 'teJ~sE,
co.11.e,, ... J.ames Macphe.r~n ~trl}~l.a..t!l~ .Q~~a1.1 '~ po~rns, , .,§J.r. EqLI\•,
cis :Drake'. circumnavigated the :globe:.' ~:Doctor Benjamin Frank.. ,
lin" -invetited' the''' ljghtnin &.rqdi 4"·W ashin"tC>n :·l'rvp1g 1'wroret'!Jl~
I

~'articies,
~t~lfi~o;which,
t~ 1~tf~Jii·
~;.:::;;i~~~:::i: th~~:i~~~~Jj~:~:~~~·~i?.~i: .
\\·ith the . exercise of your :own· discriminating .
pqwers, 1W.il1" ena.ble, you. .~q.,u~.1t~m,,wiih prppriety • . Bu~ l.>efQ~e
you' procee'1, ;>lease to answer the following ·. - . .
;,,~ n;.,·

QUESTIONS..; NOT1 A~~M{~RED _IN _.~,,i\RSING. .

. !J;o}v-. r,i;ann-.rJ.ic!1es .a..te;· tpe£~T77.~n 't~~.i _st;!~se,i.;i a;n?~µ tit~~·
wli~p'.i.t,. ~~ po 11;rt1q!~- ;to \lf)}~t;-.1.~})-:;;Ir'~p~l}t ..t~~ ::W~r o.f.p~~~11?~, ..

. aiL\irt:icle ...:::...What rule' appltes '1n:' p~rsmg the defi1!ite article 1~­
. What (r\Jla in parsing the iiidefin'ite·'{i ' '. tf"~·' ~ i - ·' ·; {r • '1" 11' ..,,.,,. •

I

£TYMOLOOY AND. SYNTAX.

I

J

'

. QUE;STIONS ON . rm~ .NO'J;'~S.

..

•

L'.f,»,e~x:e Y"~~ ·~o!liiii i~ 't]ie'.arti~e ·omi~'l~i~· the ai:ticle:-{u .ey~r ap?µ~
~}'.'e_rb'-]~1,·e; 'lfll111,p\e1.7~ is ~~m~anipg,oJ-q O}\:a;. t~Y~wi ~
e&()f ~ P.~eg,_b.efol'!,11 {IJ~, no~~li},~Ffi'!P::V::?-~t ~;e;~~!kf .an~ t~ d~~r.1:~~ ~

1

,

~t~\!~t" ,~., E~~!lQf~~~ .}~t.~;A;~~~. ·.~p.ir'f1\1· ... · ~i10 '
NOTE TO RULE 1. An' is used before a VO\Vel or silent li, and

<L,,h_ef1;>r.~, .a. (fp!Jsona~t..Qr .tdO¥&..,a.iid, p.,l~o,)).~fpr~ the ~or~ one .~·,

·

•, Jt 'i.8 not only disagreeable to the ear, but, according to this note, imprope~.
to say, a npple, ~humble sup,Pli~\~,,q_!! 913;;g ~!' !,!uiv;e1:sity, because fhe word
4P.P. ~ ••9~pms .,with· I!- vowel;'l'an~_•A:;.~s, hot~ eounf,iid m .the word h1tmble,. f~r
which-reasons a sh ould be a,nn' the first ' two examples; but, as the h 1s
eoup.ded in hero, and theu ~ongip univet'~ity, a o_ugh t to be prefixed to these
'i"~ :,, .thu,r a ri ,apple,
·.hum\>le 'suppliaut: ·;. h ero, a unive1-sity. You
iiul •
· t the followina · :·, ..
'
· ··
'.
~;1,~1~
. ~fc!"/ r<;(, 1 1 ·; .,·;'. '»··'-' i,; . cr -. ".'. ,,, _ '~'l'"'"•td!'. , Jl · :,_ -

an

" ... ';"' .· ---:· .,.
·j . h
-... i'd',.L,!-x, "!' --,
~~e.Jl.8,my, ll }P .5.~1!!Jl. , .~ , _
Q.ur, ,a,n horse, an . era ,, a.n. -:,1 eip:.~
an$heathen, an umon-, a umbrella, an- useful boOk, many· an -oile-,.
'l'.hi.s -U! an hard saying . . ';l'hey ~et with an,_heav.y, •l9s5~- ~
~ll9kgi¥ e·~hat--iqr, aQ.J:to f.se. t··,,.s '" ~·.- ,• .,, """~··. ·, ~- . ,
,v,,'!·•W

· "· · ,. • · ~- .

'E_XA 1VIPLES."·'

, ,IA>.; : ~'!i.;Ht' ,.~·.1 · 1· .:,i. d·. ,;iii"" ..,

;,l :i. , ..• . ,.;

:>-~p ~4-.W RJJ_I;f; . ~, ,, .,'!'.~) .l!r.ti«\!W.. 1.1.\'~ Qft,~T! ~P\"~ReJ~ pm_i\l~fk;,

i~ew 1,1~fii- ihe~,~«~~c!~1 h!!;J~rnv~ :!1-VP)ie.~.'; 11-~c.or4fng..tB.i~gir.,.f:l!~i
- ~:o[larac,t;r.; .fls,.- ,,G,old ,~s cq~1up1,1og,, .7 fie _. sea .J s. g t~eTJ,., -4; ~ ia.-llo-l?--11. 11 Lt_ ¥oul_d 1.b~ ,+mp1;opw·,,tp;~y r· '..fJU!t g,oJ<:l,~, g_o~.IBR i
.wg ;?.>Sea..~ 1s. ,green ;·. Lion 1s paid, • .- , 1, ., . .~. 'l-. ,-;,,-, . .. -·~-.-.1 , .if,
-~!' The · grass is,·goocl fQr,)1orse~; ,a11~k,tli ~ w,helJ.I, for men. Grass
Js good ,!'q, . t?e , ~Qrses, and ;\V)1eat .for the tnen.•: ; Gra~ 19Pl',s, w_ej l.
Wheat 1s l?hghte<J-, .
..., ,; .- :: . <- .• ~--~~ , ~,_.-. ·~.:· - .-:i-,.. 0

.T*,

the-.fuat'of..tJ1e~ sentences, wi;i-are •n?t-~peakiug. ~(- uuy .parti9ul!l\;k'ind
·Af"ilIJ(lr!• ·o·Ma.l.efll, Ulllther do we wish to ,luwt tha.rnµw 1u.1g lQA111y p!lrtwuJar
£''<,.~P, _!l1 fi!l'!£i ,9f ' ar~ or ' quaµ} ity of ':"h_ent; 1,mt _w ti .'!rn speakiJjjl ,'!f ll'-~51!
, and.,wJ1\l_~t'.gj,!1e~·ally, . theyefore tbe 11rt1clti th'- should lio onuttcil. i- In tht!-se·
·~u.~iifence i we ido'not-refer-to any:clefi11ite lki11d,"qnalily, or uumbc r i'of
~#_t. ·~' 'IU_ni;,' but1AI PO~~nnil 'JD!)ll-<ge,11!'l 111ll Y t:.tho~ ·is,.-the ier-ma a~t1,b1'r.e
.- ~J,ofle!Vl.ta . 1~/,,o~ specjc1., tlltlr,ef?r!l,_ th~. ai:.ticl 9, ~h9,u ld- l~c 0µ1it19u,,und !lie
~nJ~AC~\9J1~414 1~eap. \~is,, ''. Gr\l;SS _lS g~OIJ fo~ Ji.q1'l!~s! •'.1.ml ~-hea\ t:!~· P{~u.'.', •1
- tii the •tJ!trd RUU fourth examples, we ' WJSh fo l nmt Oil!' D}C:Jlllllg W l}ll!
o.cr9J'•.~figi:a.•'u9d ·~ok~af now o? the _ground, whicJ;0 iu ~on~li~cluciio'ij :·10
~ps\' he,retofu -:e; ~·111sed,, ·are ' cous1dcr,eil •\19 •pa~~cu~r oh.Jt1C! ~;. therefore
~~)l:.-!.'....'..£'.Aq~!JISll)f>pks w.cll; The ~ht'ui \.R bligli too .'~
• · · .~; ,
ti"'

NOTE .2 ..

·when ·a"~oun ..is iused in.its :g rneraz.'sense, the article

~houl~ ~e 9,r:nitted; a~, " f,o~tr_y_ is a pl ~asing art;" "Or(tnge1

gr91r,,w ~«-~v,p~·le11~s.!' "'" -_ -~ __ ;, _ . .._ ·. ';,.

•.J..J'.i/(t.: , .. , 1:::\{:.SE.:_SYN'FAX.-'.....

":Jt~

,,14~rp. m,

; , · _: ·~- ! ,

_

. '"·

il'C;!l; , but ~Jy,n'_;i,n ~t~~ )ie,l~1-;-_,d 9-~s
~troh q)t:How does ,the tobacco sellJ ,.,.,'1'1Jo..tolmcco,.,£q'_.dcni -~)'.~w
do'l'"you-o like' the 111t11dy of the ·-grammar ·1· •{l!he" ltriimmard s ; o ·
·. , ._ ' . ,_ "

the .garden, 'grqwll

.
gt)l

~m~~..~~~p;. i ~~h~):nat~r,'f.U~; .b13. te~phli~e'.? ir~, Lee.
;; .In_:~»,Jg; ,iyo~_:ffi,!1-Y "geni;m!~y~_.Joic;,'Y· an.,adJ~9-!J·V.«h_hy
.ffymg fl. . ri.pun,. or prpno'fA~l• ''" (•.: .-"1,"o; );;,~_ - ~'~ c:•wt;: ... ,..,,..,.,._ ~~
'

' i wor~s enrJ!#g ,i?- -~,1ar~_;prese~~'partieip1es. . ~hese a;e
· -~ . _u ently use~ \~~'.· adJeC~~es; th~m~J9r~i mo~t part1c1p~!!.; WJ.11
make sense >w1tji. the add1t1on of ~'he . ,w9rd thing, or any1.i:>tbl'.lr
nou.n, afte.r t~~,_;~- a pka,s~11g -tnip./~~'t~;~oving spec41.cle;:,;fJ~~
denng rml}s.. " - . . .
. ' . . ;. :
' ' ·: "
· ,l n-th7 La!~ ~anguage, an.cl, aj.l!;l1X otli~r8,'i'adjectiv~s, like nq4~s;­
have gender, number, and , Clt$1ilS QULlµ .-,t he. .Enghsh . Ja1}gU!lg~ 1
they hav~.. ..neit4e:i:, geIJ!le~, ..pp~:~~. ~~e._r, .'fJ.Of case. These
~roperties pelori~ . tQ,,creaturt;~ an!i . ~lti'l!{J~,, and. not to their -.~Ufi":
ties; thereforE;J ..ge.:Qder, _person, numb!l_r1 l\nd case, are the,, pi;o.
~~:tie~ <;>_f1z~1~,).~fnot of adjec~v~'s:. ~"-.i .
. . /.:f W
•

/ -.. • '

•

~

' -.-_

,

1

.

'

. .., • . _, '~

>.. ........

.{' · Adj~~tj~~-$ .~~,,varied _ o~!y "Jp, -~~press. ~he .de~~.~

~ · q[.compar~son ~ ~

They have"th.ree a·egrees ofcompani ,

·~ son, thePCisitive; the G6mparative:_and the Superlative. ·

· .- · :• 1)e' po~i#ve · degree · expresseS'J•the :quality ofr'~nfob­
, J......
iP'et~vit110-at-"'--an·y·" in crease.
·O'r MimitruriOn'
'aS:rt ko"o~' ~ !'.' ~.:. tR- (-.\- . 1°1~ (.· ...~·· «Q.A;.. ~-::t!. .~
, wise
great
·, ·..--·
·.
-" .~,;;->;
· , .._' ~· · ·~.v~v
•·
'
-. . , •
.
.
... .. -~ ·- '- . • .~\. \.. .....,_ :,,. ~1, . .
--~1;J.:)f e' ~~copfp4rali 1:'e . degr.e,e .increases ~
.Jes&erisi1.he '
~ositiv-~~foFsjghificatfon;it: as,t · ~better.,' wiser;'f greaten
.. t

..

or

t;SS Ujsfi.·•,(\.r.1,.·,__.

:ii

i; . . '

\'''~i~ fl. .jil_-~~~ ¥t.IJ.'l.\-\ <r~J;~.i.~ • ''y~ i~-?-<'.¥

''J.~e1'luRerl~(ive ··degree' ·in:~r~?ses\,~~l~~s~jis'ii~:po:~~

Yii~;~·,~nli~Ji:iAAe~f'or:t9:W.~¥.t .\1~~e-r; ;~t;: :oefl,-:fi/z--;t ;t;
,;/-; · (.,',

gr.eq,/est
wise . ·'-' ,_;r;2_:~:·
:·::..~ ;;-.· ·.. •:... - .~: -, '· ~ ·- · ~~·" •
·lrleqst
·::. 1, ,,:Y-(·J:: '. , , • ~ '

l

;;· .

1

,

.

.. ,

;

....

f1,·

.,

·;

\

74
A.'.l.ECTIVES,_::PARSING.

That gr.eat nii!ion W°'! once poweiful; but no·N it is•feeble. :
:.}?Jellf..'.if> a~ ~ad~~~\~vE'., a ' w~rd_ ~d~~d to a nou~. ~,? ~xp,ressJU!
q1,1~Ii~y77'posi great,_co~. greater1 ~µp. gre11test~\t )S 1q the E9P.
·itiVe, degree; it expresses the quality of an ol:iject without any
iricrease··or diminution; and belongs to the noun "nation," accordfua to
~l?RuiE 18. Jl.djectives be~ong to, and.qualify, 1wu1i.s eJ:pressed .o-r
u1iderst00d.
,
·'• Was is·a verb, a word that signifies to pe-neuter, it expresses
neith~r action nor passion, but being or a state of being-third
Re.i~n: ' sfogular, because its nominative "na.tipn" is a noun of
' multitude conveying , unity of idea-it agrees with "nation,"
agreeably to

Rui.k 10. A noun of multitude conveying unity of idea, may
liave a verb or pro1wun agreeing with it in tlte singular. ·
·
·- !fpwerful is an· adjective belonging to "nation," according to
~!il~. 1$.~· Feeble belongs to" it," according to Note 1, under.Rule
18• . Is is a neuter verb agreeing with "it," agreeably to Rule :4.
· '·''Bonaparte entered Russia with 400,000 men."
" Four-ltundred-tltousand js a numeral ~jective of the cardinal
king, it is a ,wi:Jrd used in counting, and belongs to the noun" men,"
Q.OCOr<ling to Note 2, under· Rule 18. Numeral adjectives beb.rn&
lo'fl01ln8;"1Dliicli ·nouns must agree in number witll ·tlleir adjectives.
If, in parsing the following examples, you find any words about
_w.Jµqh y.-0u are at a loss, you will please to turn back, and parse
l!-11- the foregoing examples again. This course will enable. you
to.er_oceed_without any difficulty. .
. ."
.
• ·.:..,fi.:Z2J'ew:is an ad\(erb. Of arid to are prepositions, governing the
' nouns that fqllow. -them in che objective case.
_. ·
, ..
,_, 1,!;£(.E,RC1$F;~ lN ,BARSING.
_ -~~~n~~plent m~n h,elP.s in~ige!1t Reggars. Studious sc;:~qlani
lea1:'1 ~.8;?Y. To_n~ lessons. ·· ' We,althy merchants own large sh'ips.
~he ·heav.j1sh1ps bear large burdens; the lighter ships carry less
burdeDs. ~Just poets use figurative language. Ungrammatical
~pressions ,otfend a true .c:itic_'s ear. Weak critics magnify frim~rer~!81 · .No c9mpos1t1on 1s perfect. The rabble was tumulcouni;xion wit~ .the word, givin~ place to.others with which, from so~

d.c,ntai.aiuaes, ·It has been lissocmted. ·
·
·
·.
· ,, !J'.w.o or 1h1:ee insta!1ces will illustrate t.lie truth of these remarks. In.ao
IUIOJ<l,lll >Engl1sh ·ve1'810n of the New Testameut, we find the followina language;1~1· 1, ·Paul, · a ra1cal ?f Jesus Christ, untC' you Gentiles,' ~ &c. ~. But
who,-11.1r·the pre~ent. ac~~ptation of the ·word, wou,J dare to ?-air" the ' gre~t
apoatle-4f• the ~-.entill's a rascal? R<L1cat formerly meant a aeNJant: one
clavoaad·to.the-;interest Gf another; but
,. now it· is nearly synonymou.S·witb

tuous. The late-washed grass. looks green: Sha?y~rees:~a
~'delightful ar?or. · _':f'h~ ~et~ing su_n . ~akes -~ b.ea~t.1ful·:apf!tia:­
"'aiice ,' ~he variegati:d rl!-mt:Ow app_ears m~re .beauttfi..iL ._, E_p~!JP·
·nondas .wiis the greatest of th_e _T,hebiµi g~ne:n1ls; P~lopJP,.a.~ \V.Al'
'ne'xt to. Epaminondas.
~- .,
· The first fleet contained three ~~~4red ~~n; _the_ :iecor.~~c?.n­
'taine<l four thousand. · The'·~arth '<?ontai_ns one thouSf!t.1:l~ . ~4[~n
"inhabitants. Many a cheering r,a y . brightens the goo\),.·QJan 11
pathway.
·
· .
. .
·'.".' .
· N(>TE. Like, Wortk, Th!J lldjectiyc;i lilfe is"a c9n~c~io,~ .o ( .~~ ~~~w,W.e
'likened and generally has the pre.f?Ositwn ~11to un~e.rs~<(d after -~ ' 'a'S}l.!l ,•;
'like [u~] her lirother';"· " They are unlike' [to] hrm.' · .:·The
, g ~~- ~
heaven is like [likened or made like] unto!!' house~older.
"
,.'
The noun wortk has altoaethJJr drophed lb! 88;WClllted words. . 'I;h13, i:lotb
:
'
'
:!,
'
'
o
tk
worth
te
o
is f!JOrtk ten dollars a yaf4; t)la~ IS, r ~ c_lotq 18 if ' c'
.• W, ' ~ -~1
by tke yard or for a, one, or every yard.
, . .. ·, "'lJT;
Soll)e en{illent .phifologists do. not. admit the proprie~y of suppl~g an...i: -.•-P:~ler lik~, 11;o;t!J,, ere, b.ut, except; 11-n4.tkan, bl).} COQl!ld.e r them prl;~l~
Ano~alies, ill_th~_latter par~ Qf
wor,lf· ''. ,., .
. ,• ''". ... .' ' , "·'·.
REMARKS ON ADJECTIVES AND ·NO_CTNS:_· .
A critical analysis· requires iha t the adjective ·when·~d 'wii!io'u ~~~.)no.-qp,
~hould be parsed. 8s {lil !l!ijecti:t'e. .belonicing. to - ita noun · un!iera~ ;.1~
'"The~virtuo~1 [peraons].and th.e, sin.cere l'.Per~on~] are , l!l~aya ie11~•:
''1i>roVidence rew~rds the ,gl(o4 (P.eopl~,J!ll!d.Pll;ll!8)es,*?th
·b~~"il~ l!-n .
" The evil·[ deed or deed1 J t~at m~n do, hv es. aftet . em, . ,;"', 1 1
: '·· ·"The good [deed or deeds]~ oft mterred with ':heir bones.. ~ . ;\: ,:-·
. J3.ut SOJlletim~a the ~j~~ve, . by ~ts ma~er of ~eaw.ng,.~e:;im~. 11-:11~"'!
f\ll..d has anoth<:>q1djec..nr.e JO!n.ed·to it.; , ~, ;. · theocl;iitJt'..8'"°4• . . . ~e.,yllflt;y
timmenaity] of space.'' .
.
.
. '. ,. ' ·°) ~" ":."'.:. - . ,
' Various nouns placed before other u~uns, assume the ch~rac~r~Qf <W,'JeC··
· ~h:e'l. JICCOrding ,to .their manner of meanmg; .ns, "Sea;fish.,•ron ,',11_9 ~· -~
:v-1 gold watch, corn fi!lld, l}iea~~ ground:,.mountain hef1ght. , ·• . s
" The' pnucip
. . l e w h'ic h recogms!'s
' . cu1.tom. .-no the .sta.uda.rd
0. grammatJca
ac.·
·rds
d 1J~fy
curacy, might rest for its BllI,'port .On !he UBa.gc;' of o~ly '"" WO •a~ '•. -ia
all the subtleties of innqv_allilg sk.eptu;s to !lamsay It. lf the_ gem,b~.,a.n
'analogy of oiir lanlruaoo were. the standard, It would be correct to OJ ~e
this ~alogy,- and ~y, <;,Good, gooder, goo4ell; ~a?z ~de~:-~~~}~ b~,
littler littlest ; much, mucher, mucheit.'' "By tkw mean;
, , ~~ . e
i, But such a critt>rion betrays only- tho ·-weakness ~·of tho-who at..
.:~~t tO 'establish it. .Regardless of the do!rnl88 :aud ed1cts:-0f ~-''1'.hfi.o­
ll9phical iimpire; thii good sen~ of .the pe?Pte. wl.ll _ca't86 the% ~.;1t'!'>.~
.
'atance, as well WI ill a thousand others, .to yteld t? cu•~n:• llPiJ. ~Y>-: .·~'

4:

ew'
'l "f

.!fis

:menae

- ~llain:: .

· h~'

oai~rii:

..

·

~j~~i.nt·h

Villain once
DOM . of the'
which IS ni>w
·the term; but it signified one who, under the.fll~ 11ystem,:repted:vJl'L'!°ld
land~ of another · Thus, H.enry., th~ VIII. says to A Y~ : 9r ,tenapM ~
F ' ~·
' · ·
·· · ' 'l.
u ,.,.
receive·
out o· "R'.na
.....,
vou are an accom,!!bsh.
e d .t jiUain,
_. ord-~~ th
. a t :(!>•.
,. - ·£'1:QQ
. illal~·;i
~'iiblic treasury.'" ·The.word· Viliain! then,'has giv~.n up I@on~ ,. 1 , ~ ·
Jkoome 'the 'representati¥e' of a' new ·one, the word tenant ·havmg lltlpplm~
!i_t.'1-« To , rove that the meaning of. words . ckang~s, ,a , ~~Xll:iuunp
·!IOiiJd b/nlduced; but with the intelligent reader, proof IR unnece88&l'Y•.

,,.,

ADn:.cTJV<ES .....,..FALSA...sTNTAJ<.

ETYMOLOGY

J.ND SYNTAX.

.Ntte.-.;l beat·;: !b~, ; worse, worst; little, le11 , leaat; much, more, 1nu1t ;'! :fl By
tAi• P!'!Cms " " f' \Vhat i1 the netos 1"
·
··
.<
.. ~·~jilj'ra';;d.rd'·ip the · using of adjectives and other qualifyjng words, ca~
~~~t'b~ b&en~ ,'o ;.you'.~ langua·ge·'will frequent~y '8:mount to absurdity or nousenW.1llf.ijt' the lollowmg general remark, wluch lS better than a dozen rules,
put you On rour ~ard. \~henever :fOU utter a s~ntence, or put your.pen OD
I?a11er;to write, ~e1gh well m your mmd the meaning of the words whlch you
are about·tg employ. See that they convey preci~ely the ideas which you
-wish to express by them, and thus you will avoid innumerable errors. In
i!pealtmg >of. 'a man, we may say, ,with propriety,.- he . is very wicked, or ex·
·ceedinfly lavish, because the terms wicked and lavish aro adjectives that ad.m~L9.!. compar~son ? but, i_f we . take the words in their ~ternl ~ccep_tation,
th~l!~a solec}Sm.m · c~llin~ · a man .v•ry honest, or .exceedingly JUSt, for tho
')vonls,.k.oneat' and J1tst, hter;:'ily ad1mt of no comparuon: In pomt pf fact, a
inan'iii ·Jioiiest or-dis/w nest,fust er unjust: there can be no medium or excess
,il). ~his respect. . Ve ry correct, very incorrect, very right, very wrong, are
-comll).On expresswns; but they are not literally proper. What is · no't correc't; must be inco·r rect; and that which is not inco'rrect, must be correct .
what is not right, must be u:rong; and that which is not wrong, must be
'Hgh't ~ ' To a'void' that circumlocution which must otherwise take place, our
besf'sj:>eak:ers 'ii.nd writers, however, frequently compare adjecti\'es which UO'
not lit~rally admit of comparison: "The most established practice;" " The
most uncertain ll}ethod ;" "Irving, as a writer, is far mo·re accurate than Addison;" ". The metaphysical investiaations of our philosophical grammar•, are
•till'tnore incomprehensible to the fearner." Comparisons -like these, should
generally·be avoided; but sometimes they are so convenient in practice, as
to l~nder ' them· admissible. Such expressions can be reconciled With µi.,
principles of. grammar, only by considering them as figurative. · 1 ' ·1 •·
_ Comp!J.rati,•e ·members of senteuces;·should · be set in direct oppoaition to
~~- ~the.r; as~ "'Pope..,,.asrich, bu.t Gold s~ith waspo~r." •. The follo~g
Aenteuces •are 'inaccurate·: "Solomon was unser than Cicero was eloquent."
'· -«1J.'b&principles 'of the 'reformation were deeper in the prince's mind than to
be ea..Uy eradicated." This latter sentence contains no comparison at all; ·
il1'1ilier' does"it·· literally convey any meaning. ·Aaain, if the Psalmist had
.. 'ilil.id, '"I"aip •the wisest ' of '?-Y . teachers," be woufd have spoken absurdly,
- bec11us.e the 'p'Ju:a.se 'would tmply; that he was one of bis teachers. But m
·si1Y,mz; " 'I am''wisel"~han i:ny teachers," he does not consider himself one of
'1.!m,but'plal;es'bimaelf in contradistinction to them. ; ..
·'
·
l"\1"'t: ',.. ., ·

'f

t'~,

,.;, ~!)fO.~ _ J.OU

,..ia: •
~'LI

r·

f'

~\

',J

,

I

, .

.

,

•

proceed any farther, you }'Pay _ans~ve(the foljcnvµ1g

QUESTIONS
NOT
ANSWERE.Q
:IN 'P ARSIN<;}.·
1>.1f .:I ·
•
, .•
. ;~
,
·
. ·
•
•

.•~, .What is; tbe .disti,Action between a .noun .and , a,n · adj'ective.1.;.
· .Byi~·hat isigll'i may. an · adjective be know.n 1-Are participles ever
-µ~~f.11-s !~j.~~~~ve.s 1-:-Does ge,nder, persm.i, number, or case, -~~­
•lq!_lg to~ adJeCtlves ?-How are _they ·varied ?-;-Name · the three
~~r,t;l-~ ,gf,,coP.Jpa.ri~on ..,..-What effect have less and least in com.
IJlaringLadjectives ?-Repeat the order of parsing an adj~c.t1ve ......:.
•\Ybat •rule •applies in parsing an adjective ?-What rule-- ii) ,>ars
,_ 'i'I,'f)~ 'y~b a_greeing with a noun of ~ult.itu.~e c~nveying 1!-T!ity{:of
-- ~ ~'7!71)\'.',l;iat.;!Not~ . should_.be applfo\i m . p~rs1pg..,,~n,,. a.dJQC<t.1ve
..W~J.CJ.~ ·belongs .t? . a pro!'.101:n. ?--,-What . Note m parsrn~ ·;1i1,meral
adJecttves/1- uL..

ri

.v.. : ~

·-· ....., · · ..!""::·_

1

_

.,,.

:-:.:

, ..

JJ

d . .:_ ~

: ;, ~-J .1J!t:- ~

QUESTIONS ON THE NOTES .
. Repeat all tho various wayl}· of'.fgi;iajpg: :! · Q.e~ee_s of co.mparison, me~­
tioned in the first five NoTEs.-Compare these adJecllves; ripe, fr,.gal, mu- ·
chievom, ·happy, able, good, l·ift]e! mi+e/l. !ll'.. ~'.'3!• near, late, old.-Name
some adjectives that are always m the· snperl~nve1 and never c~m~_.­
A.r.e , compound .adj~ctives c9mpai;ed 7..,.,.~V,h8;t l!l. Sl\'d;of.:tfie ~~oop, &1k,
and of' the adyerb·ve,y?;-When, does an, ndJectJ.ve become l;l no~! 1 -~~at_
character does!a :nonn a.s5ume when placed befor~< another. noun k..,-tiow~.
you prove that custom is the standard of grammallcal accuracy 1
• <}V tJ
. QUESTIONS ON THE PHILOSOPHICAL NOT~S , u.
- How a re adnouns divided 7-Wbat. constitutes the true charac~P ~l ,-IUI
adjective 7-What are th~ signification.and denotement 9f 1l;11pe,r~11pa~o}!N1
w, ed, and ig ?-What do_left . and o""" signify 7-1:'ame, tl_ie three ·w,i in ur
'(l'hich restrictives are applied ..,-Uo.w was ·nUJ'.I\erati?n ongiu.ally ,performed_T
-What is said of t·wain, twent'fl, score, an~ the ordinal nw;nl>ers .17~hat..l;Sl
said of the changes produced m the merunng of words, by the pnnc1ple of
a.ssociation 7 ,
·
,;t
·\·, .. _~ (.la ~'

. .

"". c;

EXERCISES IN FALSE SYNTAX.

N oTE. 9, under RuLE 18_. Dpubl \l C,ompa_nit;v~s , 11,nd. ~u.r~rla­
tiviw should be · avoided; such as, worser, lesse~, mo:e deep_~r~
inore ::wfokeder, &c.: chiefest, supremest, ·peifectest, rightest ; Jor
1nore perfect, most perfect, most supre:'11e? &c. : ' · ' ' : ' · ''" t
.. Virtue confers the ,most supre~e ~1gmte on .~~J ~nfi it sh9_1;1!d
be his chiefest desire. · ·
· · · · ., .
" . . . " 1'
'." He ' ni~de the 'grea~er ligh, t. ;~ rule . the day, _and the ~~s8.~.r1}1i~?~
1
. to rufe: 'tne 'night. .. . .
.!
•
•
•
.
.
,_ • ' ' .' · '

,·The· phrases "most sup~eme," _and "c~iefest,'' in . the : first senteilc~, iire
i_ncorrect, pecause supr.eme aud chief are m.. the, sup'1rla.tive .4e;;ree, W\tl}oqt
havin" the superlative fonn super~ded, will~h a,cJ.d1t1on µrn_ke~ th~,m do~~
sui;ierfati".es-,, Th.ey shoulJ be wntten, "confers supreme.digmty,. and ., .
chief desrre. .
. ..
· • ·b " b 1
.r Wfl' ean say; one tbing ·is lea. thw_i another, or sm.aller than a!lO! er, ~~qse
the adjectives less. and .1maller .a re m.ihe c.oll'.Piiffitlve degree; bu~~e phrase
'.'.le1Ser light,'' in . th!l seco~d seµteuce, 1,8 m~ccu~te . . Leaser ,IS a d~u~1"
comparative, which, accordmg to the precedmg Note, should .be ~QI~~·
Lesser is as incorrect as badder, go,ode.r, wox ser . . 1'_Tl!.e ~matlerJigl:\.\...,....~..9Jild
be leBB exceptionable. Y011- q;;i.n. correct the fo,llowmg without my W1111Stance.
1
Correctthemfo-urtimesover. ' ' · r, .i..t
• t
•
,. • .

.. The pleasur·e~· of. the 'understa.nding are i;iore prefe,fakl~ !4;.~.n
those of '.imagination or sense... . .. . ' .. ,.;
. ... o! ,Jo .•... ·. - The t~ngt:ie is.like a ..race-horae, which runsthefaster • the·!~~
11er weig~t it:-carri~s.• . · ·: .
· ·
'
. · ....: ·
. .':..: ;.", ,;
. The mghtmgale's voice 1s. the most swee~est m. the groye.t.'"~ ,
• TheJ\fost Highest hath creattid .us .for,-his ,glory • .;,,, ·'-·~·..ti,,.
-r. He was admitted·· to the ohiefe.st offices.
· : . . •. : .:. .-., ·. · :..•1 ~
-'" "!'he first witness gave a !strong proof of the fact; .the_,, n~xt . ~
ipor\) stronger still ; but the last witness, ~e~111.Q:S~ ~tr9ng~r ,9f ~lJ.
·,... He gave . the fullest . and .the.. most smcer~ cpl'09f ,oLtl_i.''. tr}ler
&i0ndship.: : ii'·.

u~

· ·« 11 r.

·• ..; ....., ;·._.... "'1.. 1 1 - ''"~.\.: ~-·

~·

..

-·· '"'·

n~~ LV;J,~ srJ

ET1'11rOLOGy; ':AND SY.NT.U:.

h'

r.x, J~ ··~ ~· ·· ''·· •
~.1~:/tJ k1 ::~~. ~:.;·,·. ·~--"
. .,,.,ld

~V, •1

l" '

; ,..
r, ~C'l'UD:r. ·
,·
. ~..
..~

v.·. ...

i. ,.;i .·; •. Qf ,P,~:R,'tJQJPJ.1.~$.

\~ ~-.
,.

-J.,·

:. ~ ~,;B~.~'!~.cIP"~E is ·a word de~ived from 'a,vert>, aaji: .

i, ..

~~e~ ~.~}~~. na~~~ of a v~rb, and·also .of an adjec~

".I!>~~~~~~~~' t~ree .participles, . th~r~;e~t' 0 ; . imp~r~ .
f~~f:,. J~~. perfect; ap.d the compoun~ · - · ·
· · .
·~ ~lt~:~~~~~t .?.r ·~mperfect parttc_iple de~otes action
"~llM!.t!·· ,go,~~~p.,u~d'. Ol,lt ...not perf~Gteq. ·n always
e~_ ;/~ · zngJ ;_~'. r.ulzng, being: "I am writing a -lette,r._..... _ . _ . . .
_ . , .,
fi:~i' P.~q~~-·.J>~rt!sip1e' _de~otes a¢ti.on or_he~ng _per~
-~ ''b~ :..q.r, C"~s.4~eq. ·.., :Wh~.n .derived froni · q. regular~·

;~r .~;_ ~~ ends m ed, and .. cprresponds with ' the imper-:~t'<tense 1 as; · ruled, 8?11-~led :'."The letter is written."
,, ~hf~L compound parti~1ple implies action' or beiri .

co~ple~ed before the time referred to. It is £ · · ~
. . h;Y ,~qi.qgirlui.vi~ before the perfect . p' a~ti~ipl~~m:s
h.Jt'l/df!g'" ruled;; hq.v_!ng·been ruled: " Having writte~ th~
1~t~r-, · he mailed it."
'i t "

'

..

w~'i 1h~ ..ti;~~ P.a.tticiple, _ ~om.es frol!'l the Latin word participi~ '

s ~~~-ee~a es. tc+partake; and this name is given to this pa11 of .

' i!:{l~tfti~~,;· · 'i ~:P i;artake~ of the nature of the verb and i;if the
~.. "'u.~~
::;:':;;
...:=;-~·"
:::-v-~•
::,.,7.·~·=
ii:-'·"-:::-:..'~!.::·-·:-:-::-:-:::--:-~~--:-:-:-:-:~~i.._
_ _:___ ~.........
- .
. • . .
•
I

· • , .

,;~

• PH!LOSOPH!CAL NOTES ~ .

- - fl_l~«<?PI~ .fonned by add.in a to the verb ih
·· · :
'
• : Ing 81gmfies the same as the no1m bein
Wh e te~ndation mg, ed, or en .
. of th_p,.verb the compound
d h
en pos xe to the noun-state
~Vl)rbal;denotement. . It 'j'i::;~li~s ~ha~~~' 18
_expressesba continued state of'
: C<l!Jtinued. En is an alteration f
h a
meant Y .the verb, is bein~
a ~~t;actio~ ,of, dede; .and the te°rmt~~~o~8S~xod 7rba!izing adjm!ct; ed is
Parn.ciples'endmg in ed or en usuall d
au ' are a contract.ion of ed
or ~~d &!ate of what i~ m~aut b/th=~~:bthe
dekde! doe~, did, done, •
a Pn1*ed or print-done b 00 k
l
·
e oo 18 printed. It is 8
lll~<UL 'fh b 0 k 111
. 1 .
' D!" ll? I a one as the done act of pri u ·
h
·0r,~?; ·it.e - 8, . • mtten;_ 1- e. It hWJ received the done orjin~h'.:.~ a: .

ra·

Tt_dob

. · ·.P~llciple~ ~bear the same relation t . b th
. !,~~!~~~e, .be atyled ·tierbal ~}::ti!~s. atB:U~i:s ~~ !; ~hi~t
.
ouns, appears to rest on a sandy foundation " .In·claa&i r

0

; ,..By 1!1any writers, ;the p_a_~i~l~ i~ i;:~~ed ~i~ the verh, .8;1ld
P.:eated , as a part of it; .but,. as• 1t',has-n~'l)ommative, partakes .o.£
the:n11-tu~. of an :adjective, req itires many.,syntactical rule8 which
J!:ppl y 11-ot to. the ,V\lrb, and, in ·spme ·o ther. respects, ·has properties
pqq'1-Ji~i; ,,l(l. itsolf, ;it is b~lieveclnthat:its character.U ·sutlioieµtly
4iSJin~~ _from th~ .Y~d>. t t<l entitl\l it :'to .t1:1e. r8:11k.o( a sega~, fB:~··
of :sp\leph. It 1s; rq fact; the .connectmg link: between,· not oqly ,
the adjective. and,the .yerb, but also the noun .and the .verb,·-· -~' •"r
All participles are c~pound in their meaning and office; :1,ib
verbs, they exp1'€ss ac~1Q~.lin.d being, and. deno~ ,time._;i· liU!d, like.'~
adj~ctives, t~~y; ..descA9e, t~e. .n?uns _of whic.h. .. ~Y.~~~· ,\h~
. a.ct1on or b.eipg . .. _In, the ~~nte~JCes, The boatqia.n, j~ £1.'~~ ~~'-.
river; I see. a !'Dan laboring m the- field ; CharJ!l~ is stffn4ing,-; '·
you perceive that Jhe ·p,a,i-ticiples crossing and ifzqo~)xyress;the
actions of the ' boatman' and the man, and standii,g,-ib,e ~tate .qf
being of Charles. - In ;,t!1.e~e. ! r~spects, then, -~~! :~~~~ qf!;iJie
l}?-t1:1re of v~rbs. you al~o n.ohce,.. tha.t.~hey, ~f8ryg,tt~1f s~y~~~ .: .
notins'ass9c1ated with them, hke descr1bmg '\),djecttve;s ;. an~ tJW.t, ·
tµis ,re.spect, they participate the' prope,rties of adj~c~v~. " . ~n:d;
fllrthe~!11oft;i 1 you, o~s~rve t;h_e y deno,w:iu:tior\s \yhiclJ.. ~r~ fitill .gomg'
·oil,;. _that i~, i1ccmp~!e 9,f. 1frifir;.is~¥f,d , ,a,p_ti'!~; .f.% ,_~h. .r~~l!­
,o/~ <?~!( ~1!em ~'!,'lP~rfe~/ p~;~rc1~Jes. . . _. ",, . . , ;• \ "~ . /.J ., 'i
' Perha,p[! r can illustrate their character m9rfl cle11-rly.{: W~e?
th~ imp~i:f'ect ·Of present and perfect'participl!;lS are pla®d 'befo:i;e .
no~ns, _ they b_ecome de~ning or. des~ribing adjecti;v,es, . and'-~r9
denomin.ated participial adjectives ; as, A l,qving, COJ,llpaniqq ;;:{l:..!l$! ,
rjpp]ing stream ; Roaring winds ; A wifted.l.Mf; ,Ap a~cqmp~li.e(l
sc!i<:>l.a r. - . ~ere th~ words lot?ing~ riJYPfing, roaring, ·?f~d'; ~d
accomplished, describe or define· ,t he IlO\µl!i W~th :Which , th,ey , . ~
associated. _· ~nd .where ·the p\lrticiples· ·a re· 'plac.ed .;afte,r·-.~ir ·
i10!ms, they . l}ave, _also, _this descr_ippye __q~~.lity . . ,,lf .~- ~y, !'. sea ·

··

..

in

.

fying words; we ought to be guided more by their .;.,,,,ner.of mean4tg; ~1
11eiP ieferenlial meaning, than· by their primitive, es8entiah1gnification:." ·f
' "I have a broken plate ;" i. e. I have a 'plate-brokeio ;- ~ · 1~ have b~ ·a ·
plate-'.',. i)f J;bere,is ~o !1ifft:r.ei}ce in the went_ial.yµeaning pf~he,wo!'1.bf"?keio, _
m these two constructions, it cannot be demed, that . there JS a vade ..dilfel'!
ence in the meaning inferred by custom; which difference ' depellds "on the
manner in which th<; term is applied. Tim forI!l;fi>r c9~~~qn!1enotes;th~t ·
[ posseis a plate, which was broken,.(whether with•or 'w tthm1t my agency, ta
not in,tima~ed,) ferhaps, one. hundred or one .thousanc!. ye~;ag:o. ; ,w~as, -'_
the -.meanmg -o the latter · 1s, that ·I performed the' at:t of redncmg ·the plat.a
ffOID, a ~hole ~~broken state; and it is - not ~ti'?a~d wh~¥ier. 11 po!l!'6.~ ~ti _ qi' some one else. It appears reasonable, that, m a practical grarrui;iar, !'l
fua,t,iany :Word which occurs in · collStructions ;differing '&I ~deTy;Jmay
perly bo classed .with different .1,>ar~ ·of. sp~e~b. ·< Tji~ .il)~ti9n . ~~·
establiahea the propriety of retaining what we call the pfrfect'leiu·tof the verf>. ·

l>ro!:

8Q

ETYMOLOGY .AND &YNTAJ:,

the~oon rising; The horse is running .a, race ; The dog is beaten ;
1.descx:ibe,,,t he several objects,. as a rising moon, a running horse;
lindi&1 lieatenidog,.as..weH as when l place these·participles before
~~un~. ~.i: rrhe . same word is a participle or a •participial· adjeo~~·according -.to its ..manner ef meaning. - The preceding- mu~
- uatjon;.i:how,ever,'·shows. that tnis distinction is ·founded on -a -very
s}ight shade of. difference in the meaning of the two. T.he fol.
lowing(e.¥.amples w.ill enable you to distinguish the one from the

other.

. -i

,;:i,

i,

~

.- • •

:di i ;·,,,;uP_ar-ticiples. ,

0

•

•

• •

.. "

·Participial adjectives.

1

S~?:~~e~~n.··~~·~~· '.,
,see the s~tt_ing sun . . .
See _,h~oon rising.;> ·
See the rising moon. ·
H ear the roaring wind.
TJle.,wind is roaring. .
'-'H~twi{'is 'b'roken. · · ·
The broken twig fell.
The anchored vessel spreads
TJie.'vessel anchored in the
. r1 bay, losi'her mast.· ·
her sail.
·
u"'Tff."e-l.resent"or ''imjieifect participle is known by its ending 'jtj
ipg1i-iis~ ~oii1ing,'riding';hearing, seeing. These are de fiv~dfrorn
iB'-e'Ve~1fs/ :Jloat~ ' ride, 'hear; and see. ·But some words ending' in
~~ are 1ncit iiarticiples; such as evening, morning, hireling; sap~
'li:nf,0 uninteresting, · unbelieving, uncontrolling. When you par~i;i
~-wg~d l~~ing in i1YJ, you shoul~ always consid~'r whether ' it
~oAfe!I from'.a ve'rb or not. ·There 1s such a verb as interest;'hence
oty~ll{,n1cfW-'that 'thi wcird ·interesting is a participle; but there is nd
-'S{,lpJitv~lr a.S 1un'inferest, consequently, uninteresting can not be'·a'
<paf'iiciple': ~but "it 'is "an · adjective; as, an · uninteresting story~
'..Y;Ou•_wiW,be able ~ry easily to ·distinguish ·the participle frorri"
the_ether' parts of speech, ·when · you shall hav~ acq~!red ·a more'
~xtensiv~ knowledge of the ve.rb. ·'
·
·
· · · i ·• 1 •
:W.Speak'1-the;:iparticiples· from · each of these· verbs, learri, · wal~;
thun~ &mile', sail, conquer, manage, ·reduQ.e, relate, ·discover, over.:
~.~:~!s~~gage: . '""Thus,. Pr~s, lea171ing, "Perf. learned, Co~·R~
liavl!!lfi;:Zfg.~fl-• ,.' Pres. wq,lking,. Perf.. walked, CQlllpound, having
\ . ,, ,, "' , .~
wa/ke.d ; and so on.
.a-.!'ou_i>may :no~· comwit the order ·of parsing a' participle, an~,
then'°l1roceed :w1ih me . .· · .
· ·- · ·
·''

. ·:.

:~i~~~~!T:~~·;. ~~~- ~~~.:- :. . ·~·. · · ·; . : - : . '.::: :· _,~. ~·-'.: >~ ;.:~
viSY.S:VEMATIC :ORDER . OF .HARSING. ,... . «' ''' 1

·i.< 1 :,,..;;..;~;;

~~inte :,~J'de~'. of pd,rsing

a PA'.Rric!I>r;E;· is-.a P.arhci(

Rl~fa~Q!,v,hy'7:...:...from what verb is it dedved 1.7rn~i!~·
~*~:e~ :'. : prese~t, perfect, ·or compound, :and .why f
'¥to' 1 wh~Fnoes 'it refer or belong ?..:.:.:. :Ru,i.E."";: 1 ,,. -::. _'.""i
~f:'fe-i~~ . ~'f ~~·'J>'\~ ~;. ·,.:{i,, --~ ·. -'· .·:_.~·I , .
~ ti ,l~!J<J~1t~
0

<'

•·.

-,. •

..

~2 .

which you cannot par~ correctly and systematically by refeu:ing

·10: your<co'mpend for definitions and rules, you .will please to_tµin ·
>flackand ·-read over·again the whole five lectures. , You mu~t e~­
.ercise· a little patience ; and, for your encouragement, pe1miUl.lJl
tO re,rriin'd you, that when you shal~ have acquired Or thorough
kno~vTedge' of 'these'· five parts of speech, only five more · will
·remain ·ror you to learn. Be ambitious to excel. Be thorough
fo•your investigations. Give your reasoning ·powers free scope.
By studying these lectures with attention, you will acquire more
grammatical knowledge in three months, than is commonly
·obtained~ in two years.
·
·. ln·the following examples, the words purling, crusted, slumber.
mg, and twinkling, are participial adjectives. There and its you
may omit.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

:11.Pr!*1-<l?,!eft. the . h~rd grazing.

The hunters heard the youn~
dog....~ii.rkhJ.g ., The.old fox l}~ard the sportsman's horn soundinL"..
_D eep ri~'ei-s flo~flong rafts. Purling streams moisten the earth'J~
~urf~ce~ · The ' sun approaching,. melts the crusted snow. Tht>
slumbering · seas calmed the grave old hermit's mind. Pale
Cynt&;A' declining, clips the horizon. Man beholds the twinkling
stars · Adorning night's blue arch. The stranger saw the desert
ttiI~tie . llending there' its lowly head.

i;: '

£.

. ...,. . .,

,. - . ~ '

I

\

I

•

REMARKS ON PARTICIPLES.

,: f.e.riciples frequently become nouns ; as, " A good miderstanding; ExcelIwt writi:-ig; He made a good beginning, but a bad endinf{ ."
r·conob uctions 'like the following, have long been sanctioned by the best
B\)-tqqrit.:es : " The goods are •elling ; " " The house is buildin!f ; " " The work
is now pcl>J1hing.'' A m0derri innovation, howeYer, is likely to supersede
. this ·inod"l oi expression: thus, "The goods are being sold;" "The house ia
~e~~t(built,;'· '. ',The wor!t i~ now being 'fl"bli•hed."
-':,.Yo~ :ll~i.y now aqswey thes.e .
,
: :•·;.-·: . . · QUESTIONS NOT. ANSWERED TN: T'AJ!.8TNG.
1
·"'

'How 111any'kinds of participles are thei;e ?-Wh'at is the endt.ing . of a pre.ient participle ?-What does a p~rfect participfo
denote~--~ >th what does the perfect participle of a regular ver.b
:.t;,P.1: espq~~ i;:;-:-J.'.l.1,~t ~ ~om pound par:icipl.e ?-From what ~or'cl
1~$·, tJJ.?/. t~r.IT\ ra,rt;q1pl~ ,denved ?-:-Why IS this part of speech thus
, nall]ed 1-}\'. her~i11 does· this · pii'r~ . of' speech 'partake of the nature
··o'f. 1/erb '?-D'o all paiticiples participate the "properties of"a'd.
;j~cpyes 7:.:_ln ~·hat respe'ct''?..:_When al'e ·participles qalled 'pat. ·~tf.9PiO:l .at_lje{1tives ?.,-j G.iv!'. exan;iples.-How m~y a prese?t. _parti.
~c1~le_,,~!l ~~c;iw~ 1:--:-Repea_t the order of ri~;~m~ a ·:part~c1r_1{i:;"':""
,.~t;;!lJEl. t&P,~~~J .1~ _ p_ars1?1? ~ ·P,rese11t part1_c1ple }-..:...~li~t · R.?~e
m parstn~ a part1c1p1al· adJect1ve '?-])o partrc1ples vary m ·! then

.!s

a

•OF . A'DVERBS.·

ETYMOLOG1 AND .SYNTAX.

·'I

,
. t'
m· ordel' to ...aree·with their subject or aotor.1,,--What.
<termma ions · ·
-,,
h
bj ti · ·
govemed
Rule applies in parsing a noun ·in t e o ec ve case, . ?-G'
'by a participle ~Do . participl~s e;e_r bee~~.~., nouns , . . ,1v~

~e~a~~~~TION~ ~~

TaE . PaILC~SOP,HlC'AL

N~J'E~T . J

'~'a~~·~~ p~~iple~ fo~ed 1-wh@.~. does' th'i' }in.P~~fec,t part._,~X,P~'~

.'fi
. _hat

do peffect partic~p~es 4e?ote1,.,,

.. ·' ···", .' .. ,. ~... ,

, ,.

·~ .

\.' I . - r

".. '

•)

..

LECTURE VI.

~ ~~:

•

:~·

~

A.DvE.RB

.~s a ,w 9ra ~se_d}<?

; t

' ~ i \i

.

I
•

I

1''

OF AD;YERB.S,

An

'

. ...

modifyJhe

seiise ·o~

.~·:v~rb:ca participle, an . q,!l;ect~ve,, or _anotP,e~-~~~~rb,i ..

Recollect, an adverb never quahfiesd a no~n . ... !toJi~~es ~r
me , ·an nodn
. . change.
··
Of ..the . four 'parts of ·.speech abovena.
k
· ·· ns to pro uce some
'.•· To 'modify or q~lif°~" l~~ s~ow~~~s style excels Irving's; the
The adverb modifies..
);
b excels expresses'the affirproposition is affirmative, an~. e, ve~ le excels not Irving's, the
mation. But when I say, . ~rt s s -Wha(is it t.hatthus modUies
ls'? : Y~u' . pe'rc~ivethat
'assertion is changed to a .negative. b
,
h
· rr f the ver exce
"
.. ·. · ·.
or changes t e meanm"' 0 · .
d has
wer to reverse the
it is the little W?,r4 no.t ._ ThNot~en is a~odifi.er, qualifier.,or
•
' ,.,
_. ·; ·;...· ·\
meaning of the sentence.
negative adverb. · :
d
· · d~ fy · the. sense of a verb or. parWhen an adverb is use tot::io I ~~er. time or place, in which
ticiple, it g~nerally ex~resses e :Ccidental.cir~umstance r~peot­
the action is performe ' oT~om~an rides gracefully, awkwa-rdl:y.,
ing it. In the phrases,
e
.. ,
·
, ,,,.

'P

'i1. ,

•.
,, --. ,, '. l>HILOSOP~lp,A.L .~o:i:r;s..
tinll
;.d
. •
·.·
.
os{l;6rity of a people essen LlY, !"ll~
As the hp.ppiness e.ru~.. µicyeo.sm~na\lie' arts and. as longueg_e, ~ all~~b\ "slt: .t
on their advanpeIQ.en~ ip ,science ·.
' · ,. stnctly identified with we~, 'i
lime purpo8es a,nd legindat~e=g~ation which continuesrtbrou~h' s~
·mp.y:naturallv be &uppos~ ,.
ress in the forml'r,- will·not-~e .neg ..eo .,.
0
cessive genernttor.s, stea~ly to
the latter: . The truth of this ~~:c
'of the cultivation ona retinemen
an
0-es;'employed ·the En~!¥
.
'illWJtrated by those , •whofi have,
fo;r
,
m ,.::i: ag0 r ·-"o'u·'g ht • 1 . .A.nlon"'
1ts'·refulo· fil ti'an£IDlSS10ll
ID
6
D·
gua.ge as their roediu,m or ' e . di.ires ·by which verbs anQ. no~,~ve . e~
:ments ·~ay ~e raD:.k-;_d tli~d P;:~fortn whit ~e. c'!11 adverbs,.~trib~
so modified and contrac. .
. for 'l presume it'vrill be readil,v ll? ..
'boDJunctions; e.nd prepositions·
,

p:of

ETYMOLOGY. AND SYNTAX.

~ :/i<idly,-a'unfily-; slowly,1.& o:.; ·or, I saw theiman riding swiftly; sUno.ly,,-

0~.,.qy, .ver-y fa:st; ,&c., you perceiYe :that: the words gra.cifully,
'•awkwardly, very:fast,&c., are adverbs, qualifying the verb r.id_es"qr
the pa~ticiple riding, because they express the mannerin w.hi.Cb
the ~f.J1/)P.. p_eflQtf;ld ,PY." tp13 ;v,e:r,b .arid J?a;~icipl.e, i.s done1 ; . " ; ,
__ , Jp..,~'~'~ Rh_r.!l~es, I'he man rides daily, .weekly, seldom; frequently,
ijien, .sometimes, never; or, The man rode _ye{lter<lay, ~eretefo1:~,
01zg since, long ago, recently, lately, just now; or, The man will
•1de soon, presei~tly, directly, immediately, by and by, to-day, hereafter, you perceive -that all these -words in italics are adverbs
quali[ying the meaning of the verb rides, becaus~ they expres~
the tim~ of the action d~pgted by tbe verb.
,
Agam, if I say, The man "' lives ·here,:near by, yonder, remote,
far .off, .somewhere, nowhere, everywhere, &c., the words in italics are adve~bs of puu:e, because they tell where he lives.
·in"i.~rg!>s.JMe~~~8: ,q_lijllify ad~ectives, and . &omet.(nJe.s,, othElr ~de:r;:i~l ,~f;~ ~?'.ie ' ~~1~e,. nwst . ~1se,;. or .more · wi.sely,' most ,wisely.
Wliclll an ·ad-verb IS "'-Jomed to a? 11.dJective, 9r·adverb;dt •generany
:e~ft ~h.e fl,eg7:_~, of .90.mpar1so,n,;}o.r adverbs, like, ~djec.ti;ves,
. ipe lil&J"~~,of C?!'fl.P;ll:;~ Ison..." Th.us, 1nthe phrase, A skilful a rti.&t,
.Yf~~}l',,_t).ie,
,P,r}.Jec~~ve. p/s.ilful is in the pos!th:e d~gree .; by~;' by
•PJ1 r-!1l~.1flip; !!:.d~~.i;q, ,mpre, h,efoie ._ ~b~ ; ap~ect,! v,~, we, incr~~e.,tlJe
.4~ru-~e @~ty~ dEl~o{ed. ,by the adJ~ct1ve Jq, dm. pompai:ati,¥0,;
,M_, :4J[qi:~ ~s!MJ. i.!J artlflt.:.=. .-and. 'f!!OSt. r\lpders i_t superla,tive ;, as, ·A
~~L~ .1 U'HL~r,tist., . ,AQ9 if we pl!\ce more and most !:>efore.ot)le.'r ·
~~~epp~,·;~a _ejf~qt is .the ~ame; ai;, skil(ully~ more skilf13.1J::,' 1J~~i

.

~ fu.JJx-s .._, ·" . ..
-ro ,1?~iI1Jtq.· ;r'.ii:CQ¥~ARL$QN

Positive.
Comparativ~.
..saqn,c ch::iv ;.i ~ •., •:" sooner, . ,
~
ftfi.n,
10
·.:ii,:> :,;/q ·1·• . • . .oftener,~ ...
.mu 11 ~~ii1.eJ,•« •1r., ·"-more i ·
,\\"el: ;~~11 ;:e{· ''-"'. b.ette;, ,
J
.
!

fa-r.-

wi;e~

·-. -

, tustl
.
'' i·~ .
D

_;r.J

J ...

farth

m
f

r

.

Of A.r:iy'.E;,RBS. ' . · .: ; ~i '

1;

· " · "' 1
Superlative .. ,, ;,,"!:'!·"~
"~ · ·· soonest••. ·-. .. . . ,
... oftenest. . .
,. "'-'[!
most
·
., best.'
."
.;
:fi
arthes!·
most W1Sely •
.
most justly. "
· _ , least j,ustly ..-.- ·, ,..,
1.

v. ;

er,. I
ore wise1 y,
•

'~l'ii~fi · ~;;-"":,.,!\,.~- :-: mor~Justy,

iiJ~,r.~ i«t"-' ,.,,;;_;,. -~- l!lSs.·;usrly, _..

~~:~:~n:,!~ner~lly, ~no.'v

an adverb. at sight; but

sometan~s

~llB ~g of~eS!fi as \yell as c..oy1o~sn;.ss and perspicuity in laniruaae _is . th!!
~-~ 't.v. re . n_ement..i. T .,..~,.ai:i 11pJ';l~USe amoupt of time i&a "!;;Gatb'.is
~ !J"H ~);' ?f ildv!lrbs, ~e following develqpment will clearly dem')~
.Al!iiJ>ig;;~t .r.W o 18 successfµ.l iu contj-actina Que mode 'c;f
',
·ha.' :
~ r:Nh.irty,millj~~,
cfaql>tJ.e~i~9~~ .~u~Ji fqr:!flei{bPi~!fi~i°" ! _t~
1 0
" . ,~~ §tQ~e11.pre~ · "< !!6.,w<,>r-? l"~'\1 ''Y'l 1 iMce!~~1nvj~e~;,.,qi;i~e\V:.M~'

lyouowill ifind: it . more 'diiljcult to-: be· distinguish~drthan ·any:. o't~er
part of speech in the -_English la:ng,uage. .Ji;w11J\·'therefore; ' gtve·
you some signs which •will1assist,.you a/little. ·. '· ,· .-· ''. · n '· ·.'
Most w.or.ds ending· in ly are adverbs; such ag; polit~ly, · gr~ce­
tfully;' judicirusly. ·:> An Y' word. or. short .pHrase that ·will ~ answe!
-t~ any 'one of the. quei.1i?ns, how? •ho~ much '?._ wJu;n'l , or where!.
i111an, 'ad verb.;-:as, The·m v.er. flows ·r-apidly ; ·He •waiks •very f?st ,
'rre has gone far away; but he will s001~ return :;,r •She smgs
sweetly; They learn none at all. How, or ~n what · man~er does
the river flow 1 Rapidly . .:; How,,1 does he walk 1- ; ·'Very fast.
,Where has he gone 1 Far away. When will' he return~- Soon.
How does she sing 1 Sweetly. . HC?w muc~ do they l~arn -. · None
,ri.t-·alL• . From ·this illu!ltration;- you perceive, that; if you_ oould
.aot ,tell · these adverbs by -rthe., s~se, ·you wbuld· know· them ~y
·their answering to the questions. ~ However, your better ~ay will
.be rto distinguish adverbs · bJ:'" ' ?onside'~·~ng· the effi?e 'they · ~~rform
,in .the isentence ; , or . by · notwmg their grammatw~l relat~on, .or .
their situation with respect to ·other ·words. To gain a· thoroug_h, ,
knowledge of~heir real .character,.is highly im?ortant.\. ~apUiWff.~ .
fast, far away, soon, sweetly, &c: ar~ : known to · be, ad';_~rb~. by,' :
.their;quaVfying-the sens~ of ~erbs."" "!A. ve~ygood'c 1~en wntes
1e:rtremely •well.I' " Well, m' th1s •sentence, 1s··JCno'"'.n to be ~n ~d­
·.v.el'b • byi...its.",q~lifying · ·the: sense: of .t~e ·verb wntes ; · -ext;em,ely,
ihy .its endmg m Zy, or- by its bemg Jomed to ·the .ad_v.e~b ;well !o
qualify: :it1; , and ver:y-·is known· as an adverb :t>y· 1u.- J~'.°mg the
adjectivegoorl. ,·.:'.·'·"'·,
·"'
"
·, . .
.1 :·Expressions like these, .none. at all, a · great deal, a .f~ days
ago, Z01zg since, at leizgth, in vain, whpn they. are. 1;1.se_d to deg ote
.the manner or' time of the action of ·verbs·or ·part1c1ples, are ·generally· called adverbial
phrases.
' :,'..' : ;.
, ;
.

<..,

,,

i86

ETYMOLOGY ~ AND < SYNTAX.

.,eollvemence, be reduced to. particular-classes. . . . ,
..
..
1. Of Number; as, Once, twice, thrice, &c.
,!:lfJ•.10.f <5h:der.;, as, .First, secondly, lastly, finally, &c. . ;
' "\3.•t•Of-Blace-; as, ·Here, .there, where, · elsewhere, •.anywher11i .
• -· \ somewhere, . nowhere, herein, whither, hither, thither, ui).
.. , - wa~d, downward, forward, backward, whence, thence,
. ,_1.... w.h1thersoever, &c. ·
,
· ~e-4. ··f!f'.. Time ... ,__
''
'"'; Present; as, Now, to .day, &c. _
,,
Past; as, Already, before, lately, . yesterday, heretofore
hitherto, long since, long ago, &c.
'
Future; as, To-morrow, not yet, hereafter, henceforth
·henceforward, by and by, instantly, presently, immediately'
. · , 1/
: ere: long, straightways; &c.
• ·· ~iml! indefi.nite ; as, Oft, often, oft-times; often-times, some'.
.' tunes, soon, ~eldom, daily, we~kly, monthly, yearly, always,
:'.',.,
·1'. • · when,. then; ever, never, agam, .&c.
. -~ '.5.:: Gf Quantity; as, Much, little, sufficiently, how much, ho\\
·
··great, enough, abundantly, ·&c.·
.. · · ,~;· "
~:. ?f Mi:nn~r or quality; as, Wisely, foolishly, justly, ' uir~
''" ~ JUstly, qmck1y;" sl?wly, &c. Adverbs of quality are" the
·~'' •' •mos.t .numerous. kmd; ·and they are generally formed · by
. :\~·' •11addmg th~ termu~ation ly to an adjective or a participle,·1 or
•' - by . changmg le mto ly ; . as, Bad, badly; cheerful cheer.
fully; able, ably; admirable, admirably.
·. ' · ,.~ ~ ·
,, .1· Of D~ubt; . a,s, Haply, perhaps, pe,ra.dveotµre, possibly, per.
""" ".ch1tnce.
..
11-1~·'·,,Qf .A_ffirmati.on; ·as, Verily, truly, undoubtedly, doubtless',
·
certamly, _rsa, yes, surely,, indeed, rellolJy, . &c . .. · , ,
11
9. ?f Neg_atwn; as, Nay, no, not, by no means, not at all
"" "·' in no wise,. &c.. ·
.
.-. - t
.::~~~-O.f Interr~gation; as, How, wpy, wherefore, whithe;r/~d~,
,, -: .. .,and. sometimes. when, whence, where.
" ", . ·, .. '

.iii,
"f:~;ife~·). ,1 t•~, .~?n~ction of al:-one. 011-ly-on~-like. " A,f,..so~llth°'e
~~ . __mg. . , ver-:-an .a_ge. · .' Foi: ever and eve,.:;._for agei and ~g'ej, · , :Ever
1

·n:;·

t~J .., ..Of;CiJmparisQn T

·atJ, Mo~e, mos~ '.better, . best, worse, worst,
less, least, very, almost, little, alike, &c.
. · . · ... , · n111

.
'"'·

NOTES . . . ,. '
·"
contains but· a smaU ·portion of the adverbs in onrl lan
'guage, . •Many a~rnrbs are formed by·a combinationof.prepositionswitlthe
~verbs , of place, here, ther e, wher,t; i . as, Hereof, , the.~eof, w,her.e?J; ,hereto,
the.reto, whereto ; hereby, thereby, 'whereby; herewit!/,.therem t~! wb7~e­
witli; herein, therein,-wherein; therefore, (i. e. there-for',) wherefure, ,<1. e.
where-for ) hereupon, hereon, thereupon, thereon, whereupon,'whereon, &c.
2. Som~ adverbs are composed of nouns or verbs and the'letter•a, osed
.instead of at, on, &c. ; -as, Aside, athirst, afoot, asleep, ~bo~d, ash.ori>, abe4,
aground, afloat, adrift, aghast,·ago, askance, away, asunder, astray, &c.
1. This

ca~orue·

You will now please to read this lecture four times over, and
i;ead111lowly E\nd carefully, for ., un}.ess .you understiin? , w:ell the
nature , and character . of this. part of speech, you . ,will be . fr~­
quently at a loss to 'cHstinguish . it fr9m others in . co.mposit~on.
Now do .you notice, that, in this sentence wh!ch you haf e JU~t
r,ead, the words slowly, .carefully, .we.ll, apdfrequ,ently,_afe a,d'{erbs 1
. And. do you again observe, th_at, in .the .que~tion I hay_i;i .jµst p~t
tp.-you, the w.ords ~01() and just are adverbs 1 .E xe,rpise.,a WtI~
sober thought. Fifteeµ minutes spen~ in rellei::.tion, ~i:e :worth
.)Vhole..d1,1.ys o.oqupjed iI;J. .careles~ reaqipg.. _,.
, , , .... ._ ~" . !,,
. In the following e~ercises six _part!! ,of speech are PJ.'.~se!;lted,
Q\1-mely, ~ouns, Ve.rbs, Articles, Adjectives, Participles, and Ad.
.¥,Elrbs ;. ai;id I beUe:y_e _, yqu are ~ow pr~pl!-.re4 to parse,, the_m .all
. ,. agreeably to the systematic.ordex,folfr ,t,ime~pvex: . . _. 'fh.ose,:wPrci;J
-; in italics are adverbs.
·•
~
.
..-~ "·

.

\'

, .: ., SYSTEMATIC ORDER · OF PARSING. · ., ·

~

!r The order -of parsing , an ADVERB,- : is-an ad~etb,
'and why7-what sort.7-what does it qualify 7· RvLE. .
<;

,

.

. ,,

. ,.\ .. ,

.., _, "''

"My friend has ret.urned agairi; buthis heal~h is not very'f!.ood~~

r Again, ,is_ an adver~, a, .w:9r~L u~ed Jp ., mo~fy ¢e,; ~~.~of a
-v~rb-of time indefinite,.it · expresses -,a period of time no~ pre-:

·~j~e)y 'defined~it qualifie~ t~e verb·'(has ~et1:1rned,? accor~ng ~ ·

11

. n?t syno~yp:i~us ~,th. alv~·ay,s. Never-ne ever. It signifies no a ~e-· ~
l'f-r'~ of ti."!e . . No, cqntraction of not. Not . a modification '<if ' ~hJ. ' '
· 'IWlH.1!.l!:~attght. "He'is;i:ot'greater"...:.iS /ire~ter in natt ·ht~n
}!,Hf
, ff.d rift IS'thi: past part. adrifed, adrif'd, 'adrifti froni th~' SaxoD. '47:;jJ~6\'
,ad.rifan, to dnve. Ago, formerly written ygo,, gon, agon one a
;, 'iB ~
past p~ of the Yerb to go. It refers to tune gone hy .· 1·, f - ,I·
., e1
".par_t· a~r.dren;, from the '!'erb s01ulria·n or asoudrian ~ se :.: ~r, · 0 8~xpu
'' £l_oft,
l1ft., .on lyft; lyft . being,th.e.:Ang!o7SaiRri w9r'Jfor~ir 'trlp!J;,-;;::
,, ~ray , t e pa~..of strr;ef!an, to B11'1lY· Awry; part.;c}f iO,.Yihati" to''w11'th'e'" '.
Needi--.•eed-,.; anciently, nedes, nede is. · "· · ' " · · ' '' · ' · ,,.:q;:o • 1

B'-tlf-1

h

87

' ·-.&.DVERBS;-PAJISING. '

,,., f.Adv~rbe,.1 though, very n.umerous1;hJay, for. the· sake of practical

·

" ·TcMoit,"the infinitive of tcitan,:to know. " It means, to be: ~ ~ ( 1 ..
. Ay pr yea si~ifies have .it, et;joy it. Yes~ ay·es1 ~ave, poss_ess, enJ?Y-~·
:Our' 'c orrupt 'o:-'!{t1:or- thA c;ier;·ts·the Fren~h 1mpe~tive, o_yezi ht'.ar! ·ijstell.
ll ~tiaiflht ~ay-by _~_s!ra~ht · way. · ~ile-'ID~eel; I'?nod'Ul which . ~me'lh'ing while• or whesla '!taell round: · 1:•1l-to whil~.
'
.- · .. ·!. ""'
'"'°Per, Latin,-the 'Enalish 'by. " ·Perhaps-per haps, J?er' cruu.ice: , . .. .
1..':'l'hese''exaniples or ·c'ierivation are 'given' With"the view to mvite the .atteii-.
'tion of thi,-•intelligent pupil ' to the · " Diversii>ns o( Pu?"le!, by John Ht!_~
ifOOlieJ'hJit:\ { 1Vt~c<-'1- .1~P,l '•1 1"'! tt1 .· 1 . ~, ~ · 1 \:. · ' ..,,. ..,, , -1.·: ~ :-. '
\ . ! .
;.· · ... J ··

ETYMOLOG-Y-A.ND•SYNTAX.
,tn<RuLR 29. ·«Adverbs qualify ver/is, .·par(iciplea,,.:, adje,ct(l(,~s,, q11a
other adverbs.
. . .. . ... .
!, •·r•u:;.; _, . • ~- ;
.
J

,.,.

Not is an adverb, a word usecl to modify' the sense of'an ad.
:Y,e~~f D~g!ltion, ~t.• makes , tpe ass~rtio~ nega~V€l . ; · t?~t. i_
s;> it '
:.:?b4n_g~ .the .propos1t10n from,. an affirmatnre to a .nega.Uve:;.r.aqp ·

_·it qualifies the adverb "very, ' agreeably to RULE 29. " Adver.fu ·
.q ualify verbs, o/c: . . .
.
..
. '
~·dl
, .;, Y:eryjs an .~.clYer?, .!!- ~o.rd . u.~~d, tp. qu11Jify ·the;.~E)_nse ~ o.f'.:!ln :ig~
' )~t~ve-:of . comp.anson, it. compare~, t)le adjective ''.good,P .and
· qual_1[i(s,it_~ccord.1n8 to-RULE 29. Ad~e-rbs qualify· adjectives, <Joo.
r"· s ;r_: , ~
-,..-f

:,-EXEJWISES IN. PARSING~
:

-

-

•

.

..... -~ .• '
•

..,

-· · ;Th€! trav_eller ·described a lofty castle decaying gradually..
· ~ery· fe~ literary men ever become distinguished poets. · .'Dhe
:great: Milton .excels no_t Homer. · The Roman women once·, vol•
:~ontnbuted their rn?~l precious jewels to sav.e the cityf.
1,u~n.ly
. .N!~ny small · ~treams ·· un'.tmg, form very large nvers. · .rThe
river Funza fallmg perpendicularly, forms·a vast cataract. ,Atterl:.
'tive· servantS always drive horses ver:y carefully; negligent ser:
vants eften · tlrive horses 'very carelessly. Assiduous · scholars
imp~ove v~ry fast; idle sc~ola~s Iear_n none at all, · Friendship
·eften'~nd~ m love; ·but lovP •n fnendsh1p, never. . .
., ;
.....) . .,•.:.-1 L1 ,,,.

I

-1

.....

J

-

~

•

~~,ve,ral adverbs frequei1tly qualify ~ne verb: :Have you walk~~ ­
l'f~t '11,et,~uite'far enough, perhaps. !fot, yet, far, and enough, qualify ·" ·nave
'Walked ·.understood;• perhaps qualifies not; · and quite qualifies far .. The
adverbs <:lways and carefully both qualify the verb ".clrive :" the forlll~~ el'c
presse~ time, and the latter, manner. Once and voluntarily qualify the 'verb
'·' contrib~ted ;!', the former expresses n1t>;We1-, ' rin~ !he latter; ·manner. The
word their you need not parse. ' The active verb to save has no nominative .
.The. Iio1ms wve and fri~n_dsh.ip, following in, are in the objective ~ and
$'?,Yj'lrue~ :by .tljtat prep_
,
0s1tjon.
:: No1:'lil:

· :. -- .).. , · • ·-~ kEMARKs

oN AnvE:Rns:"

tDh'1f'C_e ,'whither, whenever,_, wherever, till; until, before, otherwise; .while, wh.erl·
•fore, &Q •.IJ'.lJl.Y bEl prop~i:ly .called adverbiaf ·conj_uncti~11S, because they paz;l)c.i·

pate the natui;e both ?f adverbs and cOnJunctwns; of adverbs, as they de-

~ote the attnbutes either pf t·1me or place; ,of conjunc;ions, as. they ganjofa
•

.

.

b

1

1

6

itds· as9ociated~ w].th •othe1' ~worde~' \~~t~"! ·\\'.' !°'! '

1 : .,

•;: 1 , ;

•1 1 'r;r~ \'~\. . i ··

•au

•"'"-t

"'>1~:~

ik'A.n adjecµve-niay, ill :general, be·distingiriShea from
alm'rb by. this'rnlei;-.
wlien·il' word qualifies··a?-1Wttn or prono11n; it 1is an· 'lidjective; ·burwhen~iil
qualifies1ilverb,·participle;.:adjecti11e,-01ttadnrb{iitis an·adierb"; ··.,~ , .,t.u •to'
Prepositions are sometimes erroneously called adyerbs, when their nollll!I
·ore ,underjitood_... "He rides ab.o-ut,;", · that..~, llb Qu~ . the . town, Cf!U'!~'T':!I; or
&ome../.hin!! else:·· "She was nea·r [the act or·miifortune of] falling _
; " ";But
1• do not after [that time or eventllayi <the blam& !o_
n >me.'1 ~· * '·He~i:i'dOtrni
-: [the ascentl from the hill;" "They lifted him "P [the ascent] out of the pit:"
\· "The anpefs above; "-above .tU'-" Abo~e these lower hea'ven1, to us invisi• . ble, or dimly seen,"
.... :: . ,. .. , ,,,: ~.: :--.-.. : ..... ': . " .7 , ~ :i

Before you proceed to correct the following
_Syntax, you may .answer .these.''-'· :., it-:J <:! .
,

ex~cises . in . false
, '.., 1· 1 1

.,

!\ '1}1

QUESTIONS NOT AN:~WE,J;ll~_D IN p A~~l.J,'{G~.~ .L

/(11Does:an adverb·.ev.er;-qualify a · noun,1.....,....What·, parts of,_speech
does it qualify 1-When an adverb qualifies a verb ·or participlej
what qoes it express 1-lVhen an adverb qualifies an .adjective
on.adverb,: what. does.it generally express ?--Compare some a~
verbs.-By what signs may an adverb b_e known .1 ,-Give exam•
;'ples~-Repe.at some adverbial · phrases.-Name the different
classes of adverbs.-:--Repe&.t some of each class.-Repeat ·the
order of parsing an adverb,-What rule do you apply in parsing
anadverb1
,,.
,· ,_

• .,. rn

. When t?e wC!rds therefore! cons_eque'Tl.tly, accordingly, and the like,are ib~~
~~~XlQ~ J!V!!h.other. COUJUUCtJon~, they,. a~e adverl,>s; but :whe11 t,liey, n!J·
-~!U' s~_gll;~ th~y arE\ .~om_monly considered conjunction9 . .,
' · ' '"
The words w,h en ·and wh£:re, and all others of the same nature such as

ie1'te-n<:e•.

£hrases like th? , '.~llo~1g;Jlu~y a;p_,.s~ne,rajly: ~'?o~~e~~ _.adverbs of time
He came [to ~u] li:ome ye~~erday, \Llld Will set , out agam . to-d<f-'!I·" l-l.ere
they·are nouns, if we supply' on before them.
.• . ,, · , . <': •· !': 1,ll
.1'tf~ .WQ.er.e muck [ we.alth., (ak1J.l.- or BRWl~g <!llae.J.is :giveq, ,~!fC/d iw~,
improveme~J ~ illh_b.~ .{~,qW-;~!1 ;, !fhuc~ ,¥t_o.P~l'~rbtli\l't,n &i'i~-'!!J.e cl ;.J,t kih,8'~~
.e tter to wnte t an starve.
n t e rst ·two o
ese examp es, muc IS an
tiil:jecnve,r,because' it qualifies · a ' ·nowi:; ·in· the ' last;"-!iit ·adverb; l::iecim.ie" it
qualifies the ·.adjective' better~:,· In :shbrt;,yoa;must·determine' ,t() ·what'.:Pa1it•of,
speec:q _a word ·belongs, •by its aeme,-0r:oy -considering the·.~,, . in ,whieli

. There are n;iany words that are sometimes use_d as adjecti~es, and sd~~­
·tunes as adverbs; as, "More men than women were there; 1 am·mOr.e dill.
ll'e?-t. than he." In the for_mei; se~tence more .is _evidently an adjective,.for ., t
ts Jonied ~o a .noun to qualify it; m the latter it ls au _adverb, because \t qg!ili·fies an BdJective. ·There are others that are sometJmes used .a.a nouns ~and
-..o~etimeslat<•idverbs; ·as ,," to-day's lesson is lon~e; tl;iai;i yes(e.;.day.•1; ,:'_ _In
tlu.s example, to-day and yesterday are nour s in tfie posRes•ive ·case·; . -~t\t. fn

Repeat somo adverbs that are formed by comb_inina pnipositiollfl WitQ. ,adthat are co°lpo~~d.of ~f!:.arpcle a ~d. ~1ouns.
.--What. part of speech are the words, therefore, conaeqv.entl'!f, &c:?-What
words are style~ r:dverbial conj11ncti'?1"8 ~-Why F' ~~y _so ca).led 1-:-ls ih'e
Bam!l word sometimes used as· an adJ()Ctive, and· sometlines ·as an lidverbfJG.\Y.~ exq.Jjlples."."'What is said ·of m'f!'k. ?-:-1\Y ;whi.ii rule .cap .yol,l .dis~guisb
an adjective from ari adverb 1-Do prepositions ever bec9~e -~:Ve~hs} __ •1,, .. ;

y~rbs . ?f p~ac<l·~.Repeat. some

QUESTIONS ON THE ·PHILOSOBHIOAL -NOTES;~ ,, 1-1:- '
How does the use of adverbs contribute to the conciseness of language?illustrate the fact.-What is said of ly, like, and quick 7-How 'are the fol.
l\iwing words composed, alway.•, alone; only, also 7-What iR the meaning
of ever, n ever, not, adrift, ago, asunder, aloft, astray, awry 7-Give the sig·
nification of needo, to-wit, ye, yes, o·yes, straightway, wh.ile, till, and p er.
·., NOTE. . Learners need not answer the questions on the PhilosophicarN otes,
.bi !Pia or any other Lecture, unlesa the teacher deem it expedient.

90

ETYMOLOGY'·AND SYNTAX.

,.

NoTE 3, To RrrLE 29. Adjectiv~ · ~re 'sometimes imprope~iy;
applied as adverbs; as, indifferent honest; excellent well; mis~i:~bl~ poor :-She writes· elE)gant ; Hi:i· is walking slow. .
·~
u.sed; becau.se adj!'.ctives do not express the degree of w:ljectives or a4ve:rlis;·
but such modifications are. denoted by adverbs. ·, Tbs.phrases should, th!'(Qoi '
fore, be, "indifferently honest, excellemly well, miserably ,poor." Elega1Jlt
awl •lOtD are a!i'o inaccurate, for itis not the office of the adjective. to -express
the.· manner,: tune,o~ : place of the . action of verbs and participles, but -i tw•
the office. of the.,adverb .. · The. constructions .should be, f' t;lhe write.a elegp;il/ri .'"
ly; He 18 walking slowly."
. ." "'"

.You may correct the following examples several times ov~rf"
and.explain ,the principles that are .violated.
· · · .. : ., \h•
1

FALSE SYNTAX.

· 'f.11':!.t .,

He speaks fluent, and reasons coherent.
•,Fl .
She reads-. proper, and writes very neat.
'l'hey once lived tolerable well, but now they
poor.
The lowering clouds are· moving slow~
' ·
- :J •
~~ behaved.himself submissive, and was exceeding careful not
to give offence.'
. ""i
. N OT_E 4, TO~ RU:LE 29. Adverbs are sdmetimes improperly 4s~4 "'
mstead of -adjectives; as, " The tutor addressed him in te.rma .
rather warm, but suitably to his offence."
'
·..:~ · /.

l

~he.''adverb' suitably is

incorrect. It does not express the manner of th~' 1'
actton ·of the verb ".addresse-d," but it den<?_tes the quality of the noun terml
4Pd~od .; f~.~hich reason it should be an· adjective, auitahlc. •.. '""''~•ft)
d • '. ~ •

FALSE SYNTAX.

The .man .was slowly wandering about, solitarily and distressed~,1
·H~ '}..ived m: a manner agreeably to his condition.
, ,, ~L··"
. ,'f.J1e ,sWdy, p(~ypt~x . sh,oul9, ~e prevwusly .tp ,that of eupGt¥1!: •i

~ He~·i~t~od·u~~<l ·hi~~_elf i~ a manner very -abrupa/

0

..
·,

·"'> •. . ;... ;-,g ~ .. ·
.

" '~

.

"'-~

_'\:·;..
· C"!'['!rmably to 1their vehemence of thought was their -vehe"l
menc'e-o'f 'gestu're: · • • · ' ~·
· · - · : ' • · ·-- · -. · ., -'•If"
I saw him' previously to his ·arrival. ·
.J

~

•llGfl !~ '

• ...

~

. . . , ....

'

•:0.. {'\

~1 1 "t•

~,adjectives. indifferent, exc~lJent, and miserable, are . here. ill).properly;

, .

. 91 .'

• !'REPOSITIONS.• ·.

,EXERCISES IN FALSE SYNTAX.

.

),

_; ~ .t

..

l

- .- LECTURE.. VII. "
l (

.. ;,·
.. 'J'•

OF PREPOSITIONS._

;•.

.,..; -. ·

'";

-~, PnEPos1T10N is ~ word .wuk4 .·s~.r;v~s, tq,.cow.~ct
w~rds, and show the relation·between-them• .i. • ,,,
1:t,he t~rm :pr;;osii:i.On. is derived 'rr~~·the two :L~h~~ ~vords,".pre :
!,llfch ' sig~ifies b.efore, an~ pono, to ?lace. ,Pre~?s1tl_on!j are . ,so

called, 'because they are mostly placed before t,he J).Olj-n~ ap.~. pr?l)pims
which they govern in the objective case. .
.
. "
1
1 ,Tl),e principal prepositions are presented in _the · fo~lo~mg hst,
fhich you may now comm~t to memory, and thus you· will be en~
·i~~ed to disti~guish the~ . f~o~. ~t~~~- . P,~rts :pf spe:ch whenever
you see them m compos1t10n.
.
,
.

A LIST
over
·. ·· under •
through
above
below
·" between- .;: "
info ;
beneath
.~J!lip, . . .... ,from
..
Tf#poµ~
. beyond
.

OF THE PREPOSITIONS.
'
at
ii.fter
· betwixt
· near
about-, ·
· beside
up
against
athwart
dQWll
unto
toward.ii . .
before
' ' across .
· iiotwithBtandfug
·behind "'""·around '"
dtit 'of " '·-~ ,;, '
off
amidst
instead o_f · · · ~
__on µpon
t.hr<mghout
over ;8:Q~t • •'
am~ng
.UI!d~rneath •.~.f~~dlllb to ...

''T'hi~ li~i'c~ntains . ~any words that. are sometime&. used as COll·
. juw:µons, and sometimes_as adverbs; but when_ rou shall have.
~ome .acquainted· with the 114ture. of the .pr.ep~s.1tlon, .ai:d. of.the
(:9njunction and. adverb .too, you.-w1ll find ,no difficulty;. m ascer~
Wning to which of these classes an,y word :b.elongs.
.
.
;<iiBy looking at the definition _of a · pr.epos1t1on, you "":ill notice,
. tbat~it1 perfor-ms a double office.m a · sentenc~, namely! it cannecfa_
1itords; and also shows a relation •between .them. ' I· will ·first sho~
·y,ou<the, use and ·importance of · this · p~rt. o~ speech·as a connect.
ge~ ,.}:Vhefl c01:i;i is ripe-::-Oct~b~r, _ ii i~ ga~heri:q~th~ : _fiel.<J.7'.
!1••'1l,:·;· .; ,,.: .,.:,·; .· ~.¥,U-9,~_D!Hl~AL.,~Q?,"Ef?.

',., .•.. ' .';

,. • •,..i

"p;~"' nccording to l:i. .Tooke, is the .Anglo-Saxon and GP.tlnc noun/rum, .
~gi~u;g, source, author. "»e can,ie f.rqr;i (l!e~n'l#,ng) ~he$ter.''._. Pf
~!l supposes to be a fragment of the Gothic and Saxon i;ioun ··afo~a.,~onse­
gµence, oftBpring, follower; ". Solo!llo?, the ~~n .of (offspring) _David:
~
or.off, in. its modem acceptation, signifies dis;oined, sundered· A. fu.ece oJ
,off j the. loaf, is, a piece disjoined, or separated from the loaf. The grance
of or off the rose.
.
.
. fuc .
For signifies cause. . ." I write for your satisfaction;" i. e. yo.u r satis non
~uia. t4!! c.~e. By.or-be is the iu,i~rative l!yth, .of ~e Saxon beo,., to be.
_WiiX,)he imperative of !Cit/um to JOlll; or, when eqU1valent to by, uf "'Yl"

ETYMOLO'GY' .A.ND SYNTAX.

PREP OBIT.JONS ~._,;.l':A:RSING.

men-~ho_ go-hil~-h!ll~b~-s~et_s,-which they put the eah
Yo~ pe1ce1ve,that. m this. sentence th;ere .is a total want dfc~n­
_µe;ion. ~nd meanmg; but let- us fill up each vacancy wi~ -~
prepos1t10~1, _and the ~ense wi!l. ·be clear. - ~•: When corn is ripe i1I
9.c~9~rr,_it _1~ ga~~1.ered -~ ~1e fiel_d by me~, who go from, hi l~fo ·
liill w1.th b~sk?ts~ mto_wh1di they put the e·ars." · •- '-'1p ·j · •. ·
:from thm .1llustrat1on you are convinced no doubt ;that ~-iliV '
lan()'u
·
·
'
..
' · '9:r ·
-h~· ~f.;,.)Vqul~. b~ .. v1iry defic~ent .w1.thout preposit10ns to connect
t,e J;.~1'19!1.~ e'!w~rd~ ,pf w})~ch ~t i_~, 'cbmpciseq. :... rt 'wo~ld ·· 'iri".t~c'
.toh.
P,\lt,
·..
Is,
o _spe~c
at P?r(or~s th_1_s . office; bamely," the con ·uri~ ·0ff'
pc.,;' in' ')Vhich
-~~n! .tq~~' ti).~ .n~ture_ pf aprepos\t1on:1 ~$ .. \l. ·c9nnective Ji 'rtM1.
Ii>,; P..~ jlrJ,y_. llfhed .tq tliJtt ()f a .C?njuoction. . In th~ · n'exf ~- ~/'11
you how prepos1t10ns
. relati<YJl, ..

•press the different relations existing between· the IWt'and the other

lpouns, stairs, bed, table, window, house, street, and water:. ; . '
~9HA preposition tells where...A thing is : thus, ''. The pear is on the
-.:ground, under the tree." '.
' . ':- ·· ' - · ·
.. ·1.
·to •Brepositions govern the objective case, but· they do not express
··an .action done to some object, as an 11:ctive-transitive verb or. par/tfoiple· does . ... When a ·noun or pronuun follows a preposi_tion, it
' isi ·n ,,the ,'objective case,. because it.·is '. the:object .oLtha·irela~i
. expressed by the preposition,. and not the objE1ct of"an action. ,.- ':
)• I can now give y.ou a more extensive, explanation of'the olijec'/#ve 'case; than that which was given in a formerlecture. . l'havP.
' "alr~a~y informed you, that the objective case expresses the object
~f-·an ·action- ·or of a relation; and,' also, that there-.a.terthree parts
pf;cspeech . which govern nouns' and : pronouns ' fu :the o.bjectiv,e
·case, '· nam'el y; active-transitive verbs, ~ participles derived from
,transitive verbs;and prepositions. A noun or pronoun in· the obTl~e , pqy:'s hat fs ·~'(Ider his arm . . In this ' expression wh '
•tjective case, icanhot be, at the same time, the object .of. an· action
relation does, the preposition under show 1 You know tl;at
· ,a11d of a relation. It must be either the object of .an _action or
and ai;n are words used as signs of two objects, or ideas . bu~ ·
.of a relation. An\! I wish you pafticularly t.o remember, that
_Is
t_he
of a.
you can think of: it is
~ .1,1.~u~. or pr~f~!-1.° is __g~Y,!l:'.~.e~ .~Y a, !~'~!7sitiv~. ~erb
the
ex1stmg
between the two obiJee ts. H enc~
Jl.,t , _..9w~~pev~~
.'t, pa,-rt:p1p~~;, 1t is , the object of _an:. a~tion_;. ~~? '!".~? ~utor
ou sign of the relation
·
•
· Y ~ay . ~e~ce1ve, t11at smce the word under is the si n ,of tha
in8tritcts 'his· )iupils; or, The tutor is:. instructmg fos pupils-; but
r~la~lO~-e?'IS~ng between particular ideas, it al!!O express~S arrel~
:~-l'1~nevei a " noun or 'pro.noun is governed' by a: preposition; :it"is
t1on ex1stmg· between
the. words hat and arm• •vhi'ch
''"•iht11·
tJre'.CiJ>ject"of a'"relatioit ;" as, The tu to~ giyes good instjtict~on'lo
f
•
words are
we
Iii~ - u ils. ' .
·.
. '.' ..
' ' " .. ·- . !i• .
representatives o ~hose ideas.
.. ~;.1'r ·
· . _The_ boy holds his hat in his hand. .Jn this sentence the 're ;
: ; /.1fo1;e yo~ ·, pr~cee~ _to ·pars~ the .fo1Jb~!~g ' e~.a~pl~~; j>l~_ase
s~tion _in shows t~e rela~i?n existing between hat and hand, ~r·.~ ·
~ 1 review 'this lecture, and then the whole · seven !If the manner
, ~1tuat1on, ~ relati~e pos1~1on, ea;ih has in regard to the other. ;And;
:'~rgvfoiislf re'c'ommende~,'niu:nely~ read cine 'o( two lsente_ri,ceS, :arid
if I say,. The boys hat 1s on his head, you perceive that on showi
ffi~f, ~?q!~ .off · yolfr b?o/<. ii.n~ rep?at them,_t'h'.o or." three.times ~ver
the. relation between hat and head Aga1·'n 1·n the · · · rh
-·ID ~~ur. 'qi.m'd; . . This ' cpur~e ~\Till e~~ble._ yo~· t~ ret8;_!n . th,e nwst
Th . bo h · · ·
.
··
'
express1u s,
. e. y_t rew hIS_ hat up stairs-under the bed-beliind ;the:'f&,i
. unportant ideas advanced. lf you :v1sh to proceed ~~~1! ease ~ytd
1_advantage, you _.1:1,1.u,s t hii,".~ the supje_
ble--through the wmdow-ouer the house--across the street.:.l.:into
ct-matt.er o_~ ,the. ;preceding
the_water-and so on, you perceive that the several prepositions·ex.,
.lectures st.ored m ·your mmd. Do not consider 1t an Unpleasant
: \ask to comply with my requisitions, for ' when you: ~hall h11:ve
than, to be. " I will go with. mm " " I · · him wil
.: .
i
the Gothic noun· inna, the interior.of the't~it. '
1 go."11Incom011fr.o.JD
· ~~fli~n'. ~):i.P-S:f.~'r', ~ou w~l :understand, ~evenj>art~ of ,,s peech; a~d
boda, the first outward boundary· A .. '/.'ha cave or ce 0· About, from
·; 1!1111. p~ree 1110Je _:will r_~mam to he le_arned. . . , . .. . .
·-'
_
or thorough is
. · If you have complied with the Jor,egoing r request, · you may
·
means .passage, gate; door
'· · .
: . ,. '"1" .~
~ommit the Jqll,Qwing ordf.7'!, and then ;proceed; in: PJl:~g.
co!~~i~~gtb~oi!;pb:ra·h~nvde,- bbee·lowwi,,tbhe·sti"hde, be~sidea, be-neath.; are formed,_bj

a.~m~u~~ :1th_qt~lll}/;, ~_oosei:i~~- Teer~ h9weye~~· ~no\he~·~a:J
~Jv,s,~~\lt,l>fl_~xpla11;i_eq1ri,~ecture
lec:tt1-re\'.O.\i~lfi
:~;ds~how

ex~ress -~

1p_![le~ no~.

sig~

l:i~~t4

~
m~r J~'~

t~ing

~e:::::.~~ethu;::;,~oufth

:i::"f>:i~ic6 J:ib':J:iti~~ ~Ju~~iJ';~;•

··
,.1,. ·
"
•
e nouns fore k 'nd z
Neath-Sacx.onneothan neothe hasthesam . 'ti f' • ' ow, 6'de, n.eatN;
b•-twixt-be'"and tw,;_i n'. - A d~al prepositi:;1g_n~ ca 70~ a~ nadfr. '',J!e-twei .if
~,!?Iace,_means, .be pa~sed that place.
·
e-'!lonu.- ei?f'~~~d :_ ~:~~
A•

..

.,~rr~i;:~t';.~~t:gt~,n<aJ:if:'d
·th, ':"')0oit~•ta1utj,ng . .' " 'Any"urder"t&.'ih.. .
,,_,,,n it. . , . , . ..
r er, 1• . e1-not euectuhlly ·withitani:Uii"" .,
-,.,,- ng ·

~ •

~

~ ·.

.

·' ·; :..~ ....,u, . t,.~,

.::.i·;._1 ..., J'

· ·1~:J
.

,W
•' '.:~
,]

0111

+.!'),:~·::. ':.,: 'SY~'.fEMA;:I.:IC cm.D~R ··_o_F '. fiR~IN!.~·'· - '·
:· ;:J,Tl~{,oj;,4er of _pg.r;~jng ,: ~ ,~R!=;o~1'r;~P~i ·:· i~,;~.. a· :·P.J;~po­
,.,&ition, .a.n~ why '!-wha:t.does l~ c:onnect~~wl}.~t ~~la·
Uob~·ct.6~idt shpw 1 _·

·

' · · '.: :·..:· ,:: , ~"' ·

.:>

. _,, ''" '~l'llONOUNS •.~, •· •.'

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

~· 1 "- ~·

;, · '

"He saw an antelope .in the wilderness:" .

1 · ,.

'

In is a prepo.sition, a ·word which serves 'to connPct .word;~~

,show, the.. relation lietween them-.-it connects llle words ~· ante.
Iope ". an d " w~'Id erness " -and shows the relation. bet-wei::n · th~.
,;'-Jfdderness ~s a noun, the name of a place-com. the rui.iHfi·or
a·· .~.rt .or species-neut. gend. it denotes a thing without~sex~
'. t~d -~ers. spok.e~ of~sin~. nunr. it implies but one=-and in,•tlie
'ObJ~~tiv~;~as~, 1t is the o.b,1ect off a relation expressed by the ;'prii
pos1t1on 1 .m, and goy~rned by ·~it, accor_ding to
.. ' '>'{~'l

,. Ru_~.. 31: Preposµions gover-n the objective case.
,1 .. _. f~
''" ;The gemus of our language will not allow us to say,..Starld
befor~"he; :8'and the pape: to they.. Prepositions require the piil.·
~~ou~ f~llowmg_ t!1~m to be m tpe obJectiV-e form, position, or· ci&&;
tlus reqms1_t1on,, amounts to government. Hence .we i sa~
·· S~nd before lnm; "H~nd the paper to them." Every
po:;1tion expresses a relation, and every relation must have .an
objec~:~coµsequently, ·every preposition must-be follo\ved hr;'
~g_~ o:r,-pronoun in the, objective case.
. . · ..\ ~!.\:
-"', ._
EXERCISES IN - PARSING.
:
: :,TM ~alJ.wise Creator .bestowed the powei: of speech upon--~J:.
fo~ 1?~-,m~~t excell~nt uses. Augustu~ heard the orator 'pleaa,iJli ·
_the. ~l-~e.nt s .cause, m .a flow of most powerful eloquenqe: -·'.·'Ft.ct,
,Py;l)thJa ~,!lm1les serene~! over nature'$' soft repose. Life's .v8:~
m~ schemes no more d1stra_ct the laboring mind of man. · Se · fit'
f!U_.Y·s s~bbed PompeJ'. s_tandmg on the shore of Egypt.
- ,_;o,, :i
1
". 'A b~am of tranquillity often plays round the heart of the.· trulv. · ·
~19~ ~an. 1'.he thoughts of former years glide over my 8oi}P
~e. S\\ilft-sqootmg meteors over Ardven's gloomy vales. · ·: !,.,;. .
. A_t ~he approach of day, night's swift dragons cut the 'c1oud1~
ful} fast ,; and ghosts, wandering here and there; troop home tif
church-yards.
•
Love still pursues an ever devious race
True to the wjnd ing lineam~nts .of gra~e.
i; ~oT_ic.-irhe words my and and you need not parse. The noun" mete;ra,J

!11d·

1ii:ea

o1do~ e adver? "like," ia_in

the objective case, and governed by ..,.tJ
un ers d b' a.ccordmg to NoTE 2, under Rille 32. The noun "home" iii
gov~rne .. .z to unders1?-od, according to Rule 32..
.
•
",
.
. .:;;\J:l
REMARKS ON P,REPOSITIONS AND VERBS.
• A noun or Pr<;'noun in. the ?bjec;tive case, is often governed b a re'-·J
ti_lD .::11.~erstnbd; as, "Give li•m that ?ook ;" that is, "Give -t!at book° to ,.,
~un,~ <'•ft~!i,~~~ was </\l!l ,~ay 'Y8;Ddenng," ~c. t~at is, on ope, day .. <t,Mer "
cy gives a.u.iction a grace ; that is; Mercy gives a grace to affiictio~ '\ See ~
~ t'!mder Rule 32, .
.
,
. .
<! -. e able to ~ake proper use. of pr~f,o~itions parti~'ui~~ - ~tte~1iq; 1il '
reqUllllta. There IS a peculiar propriety to be observ1ed in' the usti of'b~"atid

e:·

· l(it4 I .., ~ .M~ ~~~..~ ~. s~ b;VoJIJQ(llJligk;,'.'.}~'<f~e;~!W .1ak6J! by s11&~
gem, and killed with a sword." · \Put !he on_e preposition for the oth~r. and
'f,.y;." He ·waJks by l,l staff with moonlight;" "He was taken with stratligem,
~-killetHy a ·e~oi:d ;'_' 'an~ it. wm appeat;' thlit the latte~ expressions differ
. ,the--fol'llMll' lD mgnificat10n;•mQre than one, at first :view, ~mtld be ·api
~·wagllJ.e .. ·:
.. ·'"
'". . - ·
~
·~ ·... ,,<o,.'' .
t; .Y ~rb,~ a~ ~ften com1;wund~q .9f ~' yerb"~q ,a PJ:~fOIJ,t!on u 1s, l!> ."fholdL to
~loithstand, to · overlook; and this compos1tton ~VB!! a new memung to• the
fe~b; ·as; to 'understand; tO Withdraw, to forgive .. ,._ But ·1he :prep0sitiori *lii
.Jl!Ore .freqµen.tly. :placed after the Y\lrb, wid; separately·froin it, like_an.11\d·
V~rb i in Whtcli &lt:nation it _does .n~t less }~.ifeqt ,~\l ,""W\e of 1 !}~e y~b,._~
S!\·e it a new meanmg; and 1:i ~ ,ml\tan.ci:s, whet!i:er t~e;>repo1>1tio:i .IB p~ed
either before or' after the vero, if it ~ves a new meanmg·to the verb, it may
be\consid.ered as a part of thn;erb. \' Thus, to call meanll' to thr0111; · but "J
""~ .up.an, account, signifies to;compute? t .; therefore up is a -part of. thQ 'V~.
'.f~ p~s, to j(:dl on, l.f? bear o-µt, to rive, 01'e,:, co~r,ey. Y~1?' -.d!ffer_9ut_,,¥1~
· !Dgs from what , th~y ~oul~ _if. the pt'@po~~ons on, ?~• !\11d.'!"er, iv.~re,.,no!
; Used. Verbs of·thlil kmd· are ciilled · co~pouna verbs. · ' ·
' · 1"-<:r

.,.,.~·ly\)u may"~ow ' ~ns~e~ tl1e'foll6w'mg '·"
~!(~

..,~.

... ; . ' .

'•

•'

\

/'. •

,._

••

•t"I.~

! ''"'

' .,,..,, "j!<·
\ .... .:;....:: ..,,\

'·" «'--l\'t''·
;.i.f~f.L•.P\~.t> :

a{".t.t QUESTIONS NOT ANSWERED IN PARSING~' '::--" ·
.
.
..•
..
. ..... ' ... . -~
~· .
,,
•
,i;.. ....: :·."t.~ ..... ~'\ ., ,, , \ ~.ti
-"'.. From what wprds ,is th.e term prep<?~tiOn ~.erived 1-Why ~- 1"
. thus named 1-Repeat the list of prepositions.-;:-Name the thre~
~$, qf ~peecq that .gov.erµ nqun~afl,d ·WO.I}O,uns jii; t}ie~-f?!:ijec.tjve
· !l~·-7.W.ben is a co.u n or. pronoun ..in the, obje9tjve ,~, ,. ~h,~
~epjiict .of an action 1-When. is it the object . of a relation,1:.
~pe~t ,!-Jie or~er .Qf parsing a prepositio.n.""."'":W,:hat-. r.µlti do,.):Q4
.l\)lply i~ _,parsing a noun or pronoun gDverned by a prepositi0,n 1J;ioeiJ. every. ,preposition require an objectivf,l case after. it 1-.;rsca
. ~QJ.Jn cor. prououri. ever governed, by a · prep_qsit!on m:ide,rstood 1-.,..
• aiv.e ~xampl.es ......-What is said of verbs compoundeq..of a .ve~p
.. tnd preposition ?-Give the origin and meaning qf the . p,reposi•
. lions explained in the .Philosophical Notes • .
~ t.~ (,j

·i - ,. '

LECTURE
''

...

vm

OF PRONOUNS.-

·•· A .PRONOUN is a word used 'i.µstead of a, noun; a.n a
generally to avoid the foo freque!.lt repe_!itio:p. of the
same word. A pronoun is:. likewise; sometimes· a
~tibs~i_tute for a sente.nce~ or' memb,er "of '.a'"senterice.
., ; Th~ ~~rd p~~oun comes from the 'two Latin worqi;-~Pr~;'wh'ic\

~J;!leansfor, or

instead of, iµid nomen; a ._ name, or

noun.

.Henee

"0
ETYMOLDGY AND SYNTAX.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
97
you ·perceive, 'that pronoun .
'fi
~~11•" ·:: · ·. 1 · ' .. : . ,. means or• a no~n, : or instead of .a 1 ·· I. OF .PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
., , ,,. "
.,,;gJp ,the,.., 13entepqe,, ''. The' man is ha
. ··
· . •"'
i
P
P
d· f
·
h d f · th "
".l.lseful ; , , you perceive that ti ,: ppy, h~ is 1 ben~volel,lt; h~..~
ERSON AL
RONOUNS are
~s i_ngm~ e . ront . e
nopn man; consequentiy lte m~~t~rd he is l!sed mstead of tho "relative, ,by their -denoting the · person· of t}le nouns
~oo, that, by making use of th
.e a pronoun. You observe•' for whicn the! 1.Stan_d., Th.er~ .ar.e " ~v~ 9f ~~~In_;,
~v_oid the repetition of the noune ~ronoun h~ in this sen.tence, w~ thou, he, she, it; with their plurals, J:Ve, ye qr · ypu.
~u:nce, \V~uJd be .rendered thus ~~' for WI!ho:rt the pronoun, th~ they.
, ,
. ,;, '. ., l •
:'~ benevole?t ; the man is useful.,', . The man ls Qappy; the man ,
.
.
,r
y.c.PX J ookmg agajn at the detinr·t·
.
. ·
To pronouns belong gender,"person; number,' and
~0,l,IDS , alway;s..l-4znafor DOUnS b /~~> yodU Will nOtJCe, that pro! case,
, 1 " r., .
~ I I'\ i \ '
re-peti.tion ofrnouns ·Repen·' u
ey 0 not always avoid th4
GENDER.
~Vhen we speak of a man, .we f!ay, he, h~, hif(l;
the"'·s·ame·"'h1'ng·
aga.t'n··• Jn tzhum
means re11eating
.-.or me.nt1'on1'ng
. site,
' 1iers,
'
, h. e~. ; _a)l"I,:i 'Jl·-h~
·' we
. .
. l n , ·--.~
e sentenc
,; ,
.
. w.h en we spea k. of a woman, _we say,
country," the 'pi:onouns l
d
e, 1 come ·to· die fdr· mY: spea~ of"° thing, we ~ay. it. , Hence y1;m _p.erpe~ye., ,th\j.t ge~de.r.
SQU who speaks; but ' the · a~ - my, sUJ._nd for the name of ·the 1per!
belongs to pronouns as well as to nouns. 1!1xarriple; · '' The;genb~cause the name or no~n fc not ah~oihd' the repetition of that name' era.I, in gratitude to the lady, offered her ltis nan~ ; ..b.iif,,~fie,
1 •
"'11 . p ronouns
or w !Cf ththetl.' pronouns
are used, 1·s'
' k nowmg
. '.mm,
decrme d ~cceprmg i., • ,, Th e _ pr~o91,ll/"
,. .
d
·not .d'mtintionerl
• .. , ·, '1 at ...
.d
not
s. us .~
0
!I: ".,qi . the_repetition Of the .nouns for 'wh ~ h U~ person,_generalJy him, in! this ,septi:ince, personate Or represent th~ ll,0,UP, ·lf~ffl; I
.~ 6u~s 'of' the ]irst and second er
.. IC .t ey stand; · but prethey are, therefore, of the masculine g~n?ei:;: h.er ~n._d: s.J~, ;pertlon of nouns,' and sometime pth sond, sometimes avdid -the repeti.
SOl).ate the lady ; therefore, they are fem1mn.e ,; an.d it repriis.i;lnts .
''' ,A ' J't'
""'
. Th,itJ. ";11
1 tl e ' 1arther
...
illustrations of eyh o not
. · . : ,·. - ·'· .:. "' 1.1
hand; for which reason i~ is of the n~uter ge.I)- d er~·
,;,., ~s.. Importan'ce,"an·d 'also that its t t e. pionoun ·will show you· its : tration shows you, then,.that pronouns mu~t be .o.f th~ .i>amp.gen- .
If.. we:ha d no pronouns
'
' in ournaIan{)'
ure JS very easil Y compre'hendea:
'
d
B
..
'
"
r·
. to' ,
der- as the. nouns are for w~icil ~hey s_tan , . . ut,, ~ U]ll. a~
buage, we should 'be obli<Ted·to
the variation of the pronouns to express the sex; . '
'
express ourselves 'in- th1'
s manner· " A w
b .
an dr to la
- "the · man ·that the
· :'
oman went to a-man1
G d h
t l t th th· d
·
by a -gang of robbers . as l~an was m danger of being murdered
en er- ' as respec on y 0 e Ir person ' smtions ro: att~cking th~ man.ga~fhof robbers had made prepara'.
gul'-r"of the' pronouns, he, she, ·it. · He is ·masahline; ;
11~~ ~~man's kindness' and
e_man thanked the woman'for
she is feminine; it is neuter.
'· \'. ·:··
ttlP;':ma!n's 1' self, : the m~n l~fta·st~he ma? was unable t0' defend
..you· niay• naturally inquire, why · pronouns of .the first' 'and
neigh?or's."
·
e man s ho.use,' and· went 1to a
second. pe.rsons are not varied to -denot~, the ~ender o£th~i..f, nquns, l
This would be a laborious t I ·
·
..
"·- ·- i1
as well as of the third. - The reason 1s obvious. The first per.
pronouns, we can express the s~t~ e 1-~ndeed ;_ but, by the help of
son, that .is, the person speaking, and the second pe:rson, or the .
and conciseness· " A w
' e eas · Wlth far greater ease ·
person spoken to, being at the same time the subj. ~cts .of thi:i dis- '
lie w ·
·
oman went to a ma
d
n, an told him that·
course, are supposed to be present; from which, and other .cir- ·
as m great dan"er of'·b -- "·
wlw h_ad made prepa~ations fo~~:f'mu~dei-€~\ by a gang of robbers
cums(flnces, their sex .is comm.only known, and, tl!erefore, the
lte'f: kmdness, and, as lte~was unat~ckml? lmn. He thanked her fo;
pronouns .that represent these p~rsons, need not ~ marked ,by a .·
~ouse ai:d went. to a neighpor's.,, le to defeud himself, he left ltia
distinctipn of gender;. but the thir.d person, .that 18, the .person or
f'Jf feu · look at these ' exam · 1 . 'fi ·"
.
thing spoken of, being absent, and in many re~pects un)mown, '
-'1L.!J.1.oss to tell. which words :r:s ~~ ew · m~ments, you _cannot be '
necessarily requires the pronoun tl).at stands for it, to be .\Darked
~t .WM .tlJ;:.r..~llst.and for nollJI/ nouns' and you :w1U QQ~fVEi!,
oy a distiQction.of gender. . ·
· ·
. , · .
·
· ··
:·~fJO,Q.QUI)fi ;~~-:ge.r;ier\l.il di~'·
~ '11 '.; :' ;;~
,In parsing, we sometimes apply _gende,r to prongw;i~ of the fi:rst ,
- ~{h~~ersanal the A.J· lf:/ .. Id~9 -i.nJodhtee ,k:1r;idsi
aq..Q._·.siwop,d .pe~0n, ~nd !1-)so to ~h~: plural numbero~-.tb~ "'third :;
'
'
,•)'ru, ' < t · , · l .LJJ./,)~Qtwe .. i.)..~d tP.,
'/) l. :;' ' '. -· ' I
pe~.ll ;_,bU~; these, have ~O. peeuha,~.!onp · to rdenote 0ei.11:g~nder; '·
.QQJ.lm • . n;fhey: fi.'r..e~.ali ko.O~;;tb
·7}·,,.,-1,l(f ,~4,v~~:nrotherefore they have no agreement,_:Yl·~i~e!ipe~t,;;will.t~t\1~»~1l
·
.. '!i ' .. IS.W:J-.~ts. To- •'~\-001B1a
which they reor.esent,
·

\1,

I .

., ..:

. th'

·,.

ETYnlOLOGY A ND SYNTAX.
·r.· ., ·cI,('J"
: ;.·· -~' •.t· ·.

PERSON. ll~PPr~D~_Jh~ye, :t_P[~,~ i,P~f~Olf~- in ey.ch
. number. .
·'
7i i1j, iS ·the first' pers61i'
,,, · ..
~
·
..
t( Tii/j~; i~ the 'secqnd person
Sing~ciJ::
' .... He;
she~ or .it, is the third person
....
.....
•' \
•
':
· ·We, is the first person
}
•, fe. ~~ ! you, is th~ ~econ,d, pe~~on.-,; Plural.
They, is th_e third person ·
: l. ~~

L#

•

Th1s ,a'ccount of, persons will be very intelligible, when-_y ou
reflect,Jhat 'there are three persons who may be the eubject (}f
any discoµr~'e: first, the person who speaks, may spe!lk 'of h~m­
self;~ ~e~pndly, llii may speak of.the p~rson to whorri he addresses
himself; thirdly, he may speak of some other person; and_.as ~he
sp~~l{ers, thE_J persons spoken to, and the persons spoke~· of, .ffi.~y .
bl'._m,a.~~'/ ~: ea?h of these person~ must have a plural num?er.. .
: ~~~uns '.9f .the second and thud person, always agree lil p~r~.,
son "w1th: the ·nouns they represent; but pronouns of the first pe.rson; 'do not. Whenever a pronoun of the first person is used, it
r~p~e~~ts noun; but nou'ns ar~ 'never of t~e firs~ ~rrr3l°~! _tpe~;
fore' these 'pronouns cannot agree m person with their nouns . .. ,

a

-~

P:i;onouns, like nouns, have two -numb,ers:-:t he singular and the plural; as, I, thou, he ; we, ..
ye or you, they.
,
r., CA.S~ Pronouns have three cases, the -nominative,
the~ po~sesS~ye, and the objective.
: ·"~·~t
- l!IUMBER. .

. ',·){'

..t~

Id

.

,

::l'n the' !next place I will present to you the declension of the
penional' pronouns,· which declension you must commit to memory ·befo~e · you proceed any farther.
1'he· advantages resulting from the committing of the follow- ·
ing dl!clension, are so great and diversified, that · you cannot be ,
toci particular' in your ·attention to it. You reeo!Iect, that -1Hs "
sometim~ ~ very difficult- to distinguish the nominative ' case of' a::
nburi i.ifrom•:the objective; because these 'cases q_f no4ns are-"hot'·
marked by a difference in termination ;--but this difficul_ty is 're~"
nio~~·~·~!'lga'rd'"to ' the personal pronouns, for their · cases a.; e
atwa:ys =k nown· by--their termi11ation. By studying the dedensi<>'#·' YOQ:"-WilkJ~earn, n?t <mly' the cases of .~he ·pron?~r_ ~· puti§.1~,,tli!:ir "'..,
gendel'S',"persons, ·and numbers .. ··· .. - ,
·-"IJ . , · _,, :. ·-=·Y~-'1'1
~-.;

><": ~ ••

~.

.

- '. ·).

f

.

Sing.

;_. N0m~ thoµ, · .
.~ ..Ro~~., thy·or.thine,
!:??/.;.t~.e~:. THIRD PE~SO~. ·
· Mas . .Sing.
'- Nom. he,
:~ . P~ss.- tiis,
. Obj~- " hiip..

- THIRD

~~;.;-,;:Sing

.=·

... .,;,~-. ·_

-Nom.'.she,
Pos~. ·her or hers,
· "~ ObJ· "·her. -

!veut. Sing.
· Nom. it,
' Poss. its,
- '"'Qb
... .')·: . 'it:
.

THIRD

• >' • \

ETYMOLOGY A.NU SYNTA.X·

plura.,l. ·' Ina~ntion ,to this peculiarity, haa· betrayed, so'llle Vl(ritef8 .into: the
erronecniii ' conClusion, tb~t. because 'you implies unity 'when' it represents a
sinqular noun, it ought, when. th]lS eµiployed, ·~. be foll owed by ~ sinpitlar
verb; as, "When 111a1 you there 7" " How far was you from the pames 7"
Sucq a construction, however, is not supported by good usage, 1wr by analogy.' _ lt is as manifest a s:::ccIBm as to say, We am, or we i1. Were.it, in any
ell.Be; admissible to ~onuect n sine-ular vBrb with yo_u , the use of was w~mld
still be. upgrammatical, for this lorm of the verb is co_n fined ·to the first :aud
third persons, and you is second person. Wast being second i;>ei;son, i.t ~q"'.ld
_ apprqximate. nearer to cor:~c~ness to sa:r,, you wast . \~e never use the inn·
guiar of the present tense with you :.....you art, you is; you walkest, you
1Dalk1. Why, then, s)lould any attempt be made to force a usage.99 unnatural
and gratuitous as' the connecting of the sing.liar verb in the past tense with
,thi.s' prol1ou,n,7 In every point of view, the construction, ~· When were' you
there 1" . "How far were you from the parties 7" is preferable to the other.
-~:''r!i~ ~~;:as my', thy , his, her, our, your. thei~, ·~~e. by many , deno'mip~ted
po•se1sive adjectiy_e pronou11s; but they always stand for nouns in the possessive case. They ought, ther13fore, to .bl" classed with the personal pronouns.
That principle of.classification which ranks them with the adjectiye pronouns,
would also throw . all .nouus in the possessive case among .the adjecti\'.es.
Example: "The lady .gave the gentleman lier watch for his horse." . ln·;this
aen~uce; her personates, or stands for, the noun" lady," and his repr~nts
"1:!3!1~¢.an.~' ; This fact is clearly shown by rendermg the sentence tbus,
"The lady gave. the gentleman the lady'• watch for the gentleman's horSJl."
If lady'• and .gentleman's are now1s, her and his. must be personal pronouns.
The same remarks apply to my, tlty , our, your, their,and its. This view of
these words may be o!Jjected to by those who speculate and, refiµe qP9n·, the
principles of grammar, until they prove their non-existence, but it is belit;iycd,
nevllrtheless, to b~ -baped on sound reason and common senS13. , . . , r 1
~'1 ;¥iat, thine,.his, ihers, aura, your1, their1, have, . by many :respectable
grammarians, been considered merely the possessive cases of personal pronouns, whilst, by· others, they have been denominated pronouns or nouiis in
the nominative or objective case. It is·believed, however, that a little atten·
tion to the meaning . and office of these words, will clearly show the impropriety of both these classifications. Those who pursue the former"arran9e·
ment, allege, that, jn ,t)ie examples," You may imagine what kind. of faith
their• was; My i>1.e asures are past ; her1 and yours are to come ; they _applauqed lliis conduct,, but condemned hers and yours," the words th.eir1, her•,
and y01•r1; are I!~P.'on'!-1 pronouns in the possessive case, and :governedi by
their respective ' nouns understood. To prove this, they construct the· sen·
tence thus, "You may imagine what kind of faith their faith wrui ;-her
pleasures and your pleasures are to come ;-but condemned her c(]'(Jduct and
yo,?/r; W"fl.~'*'' or. thus, "You may imagine what kind of faith the faith of
thl11~ :~;f:,...the ·p leasures of her and the pleasures of you, are to come;~ '­
but condemned the conduct of her and the conduc.t of you.'' But ~he!je col!!,·
a~ptions, (both of which lire . correct,) prove too much for their purpose' ;
for, aa ~n a.1()'•11 .supply the nom1s after t!J.ese· w.o;Us, 'they are resolved ~to ..
~~nal 'pronoun.a of kmd·e~ meanina, and the nouns which we supply:
Uwa .:!.\eirA-'becomes; their b th : , hers, 'her pleasuz:es ; and yours, your .Pleas- .
u~: ~hl• erjdently.giyes J, .tw<! w~rds !ustead. of, and a!.togetji~r !flBtjnct
~ .f!rst; jl!:l ~at, m .paN:ng, their faith, . v:ve .are ~ot, I.I\ re~1ty, !1nalyA\l&,t4.eirt, , h,H~· ~o otJ:ier wor·1s of which theiri JS ~e proper repre~ntl!r .
~!Ji ;: 'J,Jie,8f.OOiiB:r~~. ~o. prp~~; .with:eqUal fo!P.~· the, iinp~{'-~ety,'i>f' ~~'.;

fr.PJ!l ..

~~ ;Jll!'~ly lllIIIP~ pt:Qnollll8 .0r.119~ ,~. *e•ill<!~~\.i~e p~ obJ.e~~~ll -.
~... ·1Y11.ho~t_ attempt1ng to develop ·the ongmal or 1ntriru11c meanmg Of'

uralizina ad'un ts, ne ands, which were, no d.?ubt, fo~t;rlY, ~?t~c~~
o ) 'ttl which' they now i:oiilesce for all practiCal' purposes,
··~?11 ·~~i~:t£o: to know, that in the -pres:int applic~tionofthel!OP~
.1.t. 1/1 , ~ 'i nvariably stand for, not only the p~rPon posse,ssmg, b~t, ~-ix
no:uns, ey i
l. h . 'vas them a 'compouii.d character.' They may, D

th_~se ilil -

::.

~i:~~ -~:i;~~~~~~~n~m1:~~fe .~ffi"c::·U,:Da.. ~~:~~\~a;~t~fi\i

'lit/er :Worls; and, "l:onsequently • mdcludmg -~wo cdswi:es~Ttt:?e' iri the'tliunip'ile,
.
d . 1 ti
hat be parse as two -wor ·
•
:eompoun ~ea .ve w. h 't kind of faith theirs ,;,a,s," tkeir•is a compounQ. ·~d
"You may rma!!lne w a
· · · ·
a w.ord """
"·
"e uivalent to their fqith. Tlie•r. 2s a P!"n?un,
· ~!'lntal p~rn::~ ~ personal, it personates the pex:s<?ns spok.e n odf, ~der,s db.;
ms ead .
'
d . the possessive case, an governe J
third pers. plur. numb. ; &c.-an ~ ·
· h name of a thina &c.
"faith " according to Rule 12. Faith is a uodn, t e
't. Rule 3 :'()r if
R.~ -~nd in the nominative caae to" was,".an - ~overnshatl k'ind of .faith 'tJi.i
,.,,...,,
.l
thus " you may rma!!lne w
.
we render t ie
sentence
'
. h
" . ti've case to. " was' " , llll,_d
_
" I'. 'th would be 111 t e nomma
.
faith of them was, Ja'. .
d i - rued b ·-,. of:""Rule 31.:'" ..,,..
the"' ~ot~ld be in t~e obJectidve t~ase, ~~ •
pron~uns,
will · doubtless 1be
..,, ObJections· to th1s -metho 0 tree.. g
.
d tood after the.oe words
'
c
d' b th
who assert that a noun 2s un ers
'f '
pre1erre
Y ose ·
'
this is assertion without proof; for, 1 a
•and not represented db)'. th~h bBut pUed .. If the question be put;·whose
noun w ere understoo . lt mig. t e sup
. h . the word book is in'clubook 7· and ·the answer be, mi~e, o~rh; 1~:i'~ar !:'::,ht supply it, thns; 'mine
ded in such answer . . Were ·lt no
c Th~ howe~er, we- cannot.do, forlt
f!ook, ours V?O~, hers ~~k, and so. ~t whe~ the question is answered by,a
would be givmg a .do e answer· rd b · k is not included, but implied;' as,
0
noun in the po~sesahiv~ c~~ej th:F'''. that i~· ·Jolm's book f Richard's book." '"
Whose book 7 Jo tis, IC 18 ~ s'
itll I
tin the compounds tDAal,
· This view of the su~ject, with0 a pbr ·t~d~:i~~e public; belie'(ing,~t
1
1ohoever, aud others, isf resp~~~ Y !fy:i: of words, 'Will coincide witlLme.
tl1ose who a~prboved? a cd~t;: 11. :1 these words 80 superficially as to nlllk
h
wer the following .interroga.
Shottld any still e ispose
them among the simple pronodmsh 1~dt ~~n ~ .as ;tyvo. wor~, :why not
tocy: . If 4Dhal, when compoun ,.s o
. ·,
' , , ,.,_ .•
mine, thine, his, k~r1, ?urs, yowr•, 'and ih~~r• are used in solemn style, before
0
• :$. lrfine ~nd. thinei mstead ~ my
th~· as "Blot out all mi1&e miquilies;~
a word begmmng with a vowe or Sl en '
d Hill •always hwi -the 'aame
and ' when thus .Used; they are ndt--comE°ffive•John hi.a book ;- That.d!3sklu
limn whether simple or compoun ,. ias, · · the
ssessive Clise· .as, Tak'r
his."' ' Her, when placed b ef?r.e ~noun,~ lll:
po. as Give the hat to Miker hat: when standing alone! it IB 1Il the o_bJectJve case ' ' .
• .
' ..

1h:O

[1

·f1

'· Wh~n you shall have studied ~hi& lecture attenti.yely:, apd:c~;
mitted.Jhe declension Qf tlie. pe..rsonal , pronouns . yo.u may :c~.
1
lheJollc;>wing . · " ·
; '\"
"' i •. · SYSTEMATIC ORD~R OF p ~RSI~!f'·, ... : .... .,,..,;,

' ..; T~e ord~; 'of p~rsing . aj"p~RSONAL

PRONO?N,

i~

d'
;t is assel'ted ' that my, t\1y, his, her,'our~
:.[;~J.11 . the note pex,t , .P~~ce mg, I ·i - . What ~an mo~e clearly de_ruonstrate
yoilr,aud tb<?jr.are perso1111_1 p;ono·tbs. ' this latter construction o{,1:he WO~
the! co'r rectness· ,1f' that")iSBerti!ln, t an ll
"
• , Tli-e raith ·;,r ·them,""th'e wi:lro
• All ad ' · · that ' · · the construe on,
"
'J ·
·
--· u
tmt,
'm. . 'd f. tbia·conc1usive'reBJ10ri:-it'repreeenta a
theirs f .
·them'is a personnl pronoun· an or Q*
1

, : I . _'

·

.. , ·

i-\!

,., · ' E'7'YMOLOGy AND Sl'N'l'A.X.

~~:q:u!.1~:'.¥µ,q~ ·why?_ Pe~so:qal~ an,d ; why ?-persi;>ti
:f.\;,;~,pY;~~~-~n~:r and · i:iumb~r, ~nd· why ?~Ru1.E·; .
~~...."~Jl~ ~'Yhyl::'7RV1-.E,~,D~.clme.'it.' · ·. ' '

· · "''':·

·-: ;~'rhr.:re':a.re ·,m~ny peculiarities to be observed. I·n par ·: · .. ".

1

!!2na n"ono · · .i.
· d'
'
.,.,e,r
. ifferent .perso.
ns ; .. tJ1erefore if sing per
. h•
. . ' · · .y9u. w:~ .
.~Y,~r,Jo parse th~m cprr.eotly,: y:ou must .
-)9l~he·DijlJJn~r, in whichth fill .
pay . paltlcular. atte~t1on
L
•
-.
e o · o.wmg are analyzed N
··
particularly and you will ,·p
.
h
·· ow notice,
. : · - .. . • •
. .
erceive t at we apply on! one rule
f.! 1~-!.in9,.~y, and two . 4i parsing thou him an/Ju: · ,
:'" • f!t11!!' . 1-'.·~ "'" ·1: ·:: "./saw my friend.'~. ' . ' ·
y. ' ·
· " ;·•.f~IS ·8; pronoun, a word used inste d f
.
. : ,. ·.
:~~f::ih~~"~hk pers~n speaking, und:rst~od~~~~\e;s~1:~t 1d;~ .
. ! • l?p~a. er,......si~gular number, it. implies but one ,
.
thbel actorRand ·
'case - ov t4e
b
. ' agreea y to ULE 3. The ·nom
~ • > g, · ·. . :1'e~ • Deel med-first pers. ·sing num n
I . ·
•uY or
mme
obi
Pl
. ; . , ,. me.
ur. nom. we poss o· r • om.
. , .poss. .
..,.. , My .JB a pronoun, a word used inste~d . f. u or ours, obJ ... u~.
0
·personates the person s k ·
a noun-personal, It
'the S'ne k .. ..
pe~ . ~ng, .understood-first pers. it denotes
. · "· a ~r-srng. num. It Implies but
d· h
0
it is
... __ . •_, ' ""' ;r•.eu.n s.I_
n,

:!:~bn~~::}:.v:n;ags~~~~~=P;tsents

~~=~!~fy·e~~te~&~:Si~i~n.A;
.

·

•· '

govern~~\)'. at~e I~~u~ ~. ~:~eyJ~~

runm or pronoun in the

u_g'!1/erw:d by: the noun it possesses.

nom. •J poss m
·
. ·
,
, . . : , -.Y.or mme, obJ; me.

h··

~l}r,ll,, pb;.

µ.s.

... ·

subje~~dt~:

·

Declined fipossessive. c.ase,
. - rst pers. SJng.
Plur nom w
.
.
· , · e, poss, ou.r..or

. 'dk~i~~~'~g .man, tlzou.hast .deserted thy comp~nion, and left

'.· ·'l'JWu',.

.

, .

·;- u t"» .... . J~ JtPr~qoui:i,

h~'fn

, . .

~

...

lj. . w9rd used instead of
"
" · ,,
· · ·
a noun-personal
. ,..;,I.. .. ""!!", eli '""wan,.
~s~col)..~- .person it represents th
... '
b ,
.
. ·. e per!!.Qn
....s~en....~mas . . gend sin"
:forI"wJiic.li it t ·d
.
.o · nu.m. ecause ·-the ,noun f' man/!· is
, , . . :
, ~ _
a
n
s,
accord
mg
to
·
0
.: ·~UtE 13. '"Personal pron
. · ·
. ·
!_'

1~

personnt

..."?Mc~...t,he_y · ~t.and in gender a7:J.1:u~U:, agree with tl~ nouW! for
" ,..,'f;/U;Ju ls Jn the nom case 't
·
· ·
'
the verb -.. hast . deser;ed " , Id represents. the actor and subject 'ot
Thenom. casegove:rn• th; vearnb gDovernl. s dit agreeably to Ruu:s;
·
· ..,.
.·
ec me -sec per
·
..P?!TI· ..th ~u, pos,s. thy or thine; ~b1' . thee.' 'pl . s. smg. nuqi
.wss...~q~rJ:>ryours; obj. you.
_u ~. nom: ye or.;xou,
_
_,,. Hzm is ..a ..pronoun a word used . t d . f .
' _._ ..
cpersonates '"compadion "-th . <l ms ea. o a noun-personal, it
" "" • ,- 1
•r pers. it represents ·the !'.! person
.;
•
.
i.mdei:stnod. •1What then 18
· th · · th
·
· ·
<>~l;.9b,¥ipue that •if th '.
'
eir, Ill e Ph.rase,.<~ their. faith1" .:. 4 't
~r-j'Up~nta 'ihe
18~ personal pronoun, their.must. ·b e, al.so 1C~~
Ull as .the former....... 1 ~ 11 ,t Ntrl =• ·~ .
.
•
'.1~ , jt •• ·'•··f ~-:i~

' ' .ll(>Wl

.=e

.tbe

.

.

.

!

~

108

.spoken.. of-~:-ma:s. --gend: sirig. rtU:m. ?.eca\is,e 'tli~ nP\lP. "QOmpanion"
is,for which· it :sta:nds: . Ru.LE ' I3:; rPers; pro; · ·fc. '·· (Repea~ ~~e
Rule.)-Hirn is m ,_th!'. opj ective case, .the object of the action
e~pressed_ by the a,qtiye.transitive verb·" .hast left;" S:nd go'¥. by
·.!t; J,tuLJ'. 2Q. .Ai;(i:ve-trans. verbs -gov. the;obj:Jcase.Li: Dec'lihed~
.thirct pflrs. .UJas. g~n.d,. ·sing, r·num. :n0m.•1 he,_possJt,hiw; ;obj >filin •
'J?lur,. nom.-they,-pO§S.: theiror.-theirs, obj; ·thehr;rl : < .. L"-'~.La · ·ro-.iG
~ ·.:.~.Thrice I .raiSr.d.my .voice;'·and· called the ohiefs·•1b: ti6mbat;
.,h ut they ..dread,ed 1the. force·of my•arm i ~ ' " ,, " »1-11 ; · · 1• 1_, 11f'rn ·I"{
· Tliey).s a .pronoun, a word used instead_ of.11 noun-persona:If \t
represents" chiefs"-third pers.- -it denotes the persons spoken or...:..
mas. gen£1 ... 'plur. num. because the .noun "chiefs"·~ ·is for ..'Whieh·it
stands: RuLE ~3. Pers. Pron. <}c. .(Repeat -the•Rule.) " It s
~he .. nom. ·Case, it represents .the actors and subject 1of the"Verb
."dreaded," and governs .it: RULE- 3. · The : 1W'm;.·;·uu~7gi>v. · 'Ole
verb. ' Declined-third pers. mas. gend .. sipg.- . n·uni. -n6m:-' 'li!!,
'poss. his, obj. him ... Plur. nom. they, poss. their·oP ·theirs;: <>l?i·
them.
.
. .. , :\· . · ~ -"·· ··~· _,:.-¥,,IJ.
1

NoTE. We do not apply gender in. parsing the persoruil piono1lll8,' (ex· cepting the third person singular,) if the . nollll8 . the~ repreeent< areuunder:stood. ; aD;d ._the :!]fore ~e do not, in.s11c? iJ:!staD;ce~, apply Rule ,13, .. But w!M>D
·the
noun ~18 expressed,
gender
should• be applie!l, and.tto0
~qles. , ·. ...:· J>-.•h"
~J )..:',
f. '\
• •
'
•
'
.
.~
I

"'T

EXERCISES .IN · PARSING.

~ I saw a man leading his horse slowly ·iover the D.e_w iondge.
·.My .friends visit me very· often··at my: •father's ' office :·~ }\'e"nil}i •
prove ourselves by close application. ,. Horace, •tho1r le_lirnest
ll}_a ny lessons . . ·~char~es, y.ou, by your·diligence; make ,eas-y~woi·l{
«if .the task given you by your.preceptor. Young ladies, y oq: run
over your lessons very carelessly.. The stranger 1drove~his"horses
.'too far 'mto the water, and, in ·so doing;·he drewned them~·~..,•. ;.i.
<" Gray nior~ing :os~ in the ·east. ·. A ·g~een na; ro\V Vl!.le ~RH~~ft<l
before us: Its wmdmg stream murm~red tlirough the gJ:'Ove .
·The dark host of Rothmar stood' o,ri~!itfrbai:iks ~i,t~,their. ~},q~:Jipg .
spears. We fought along th_e va~e,; · ~hey · tlea. ,: Rotlp:qa,r~up)c
1
'beneath ' riiy s\vdrd: ·•· nay: wa.S~ desce~ding in the west;'when·:tl
· 'br~ugbt his arms tO Crothar . . The ·aged hero felt them -with"''hiS
hands.: . joy bri" htened his thoughts. · ,, -" .. ···• ·., ·... _,J .w m ·i 1'- ~' '.·'
. . .

., ~

'

.

''

;..

: ':.

,;:

.... ..1;

t...,. µ i i•J ,";/! ;f .

· --.; Noix. Horace, Charles, and laf!.ie1, a.re. ·of the ~.!>n.d. -~reo~,_~d. n~
case independent: see !luL.E 5, and N.oTE. .The first you. 18 uaed ·\11 .the nom.
poss: and obj.. case~,:....If represents Charles, therefore . it is ringular·in·•eense,
,,although plural in, form.; IQ. the n!"Xt _<1~mple ,.yo1! ·pereoajfi.~. -~
. fore:ii Is plural. Given is a pei-fect participle. . ·y~u. following gi;vep., ia S5'V~
;; emed _'b y' td understood·, accordirig to; N >TE 1, under -~~ .32 ...: .>R.1f'LPll!fl.f':t~ll
~ compo~J , verb. ' ·. .A..d is a conj1;1I1Qtim1: . .'fhe fi:s~ J'a -~~!'& ~~.l: ~ ~
aeoond tu represents stream . ~ .-f:.· ·,.... ;.
·
""
·
·• •
• "· ~·

an
104
•

1•.¥ ·~ ,
..... r',i. ~ '~ I·~ S~'J;A:~·
.
You
may
now
pars
th
r.11 O\YIDg
.
..
_,• ~;ir.:'•'.
·- ,_... .
' .e -e io
, tim!ls
.
- _"f , :fl·"
. COMPOU
.
. . ~·exampl
. . i;is th r.,e
over
'l;
" -:."
. . . ND PERSONAL I PRONOUNS . . ; : ; .
J ul,iet, retain her pa
' d
· •· ·
·.,;-l Xours ..is a compound
per, an present ·yoitrs."
·'
· - · ·
·personal p;~~10un,_ repre~enting both the
~~rand
the thing possessed
~:X:iwr.1s. a P-ronoun, a word used' ~n is eqmvalent to ,your paper.
'fersonates "Juliet"d
. mst~ad of a noun-personal" 1't
-secon person it
,
•. ~n t,ir,-:fem. gender sin numb ' . represei:its the person spolil - form,) because th~ n<~~n Julie:'. (s~nguia: in · ~ense, but'plural
}~·~·· ~~r~· I'r.or:- <J-c.-Your is ~ ~heor owh1c~ ·1t stan?s: Rule
. ~ss~~.l<;>IJ, and is governed by"
~. ssess1v~ case, it denotes
..• 1 ~ or pron. <Joe.
(Repeat tlap~r,l accordmg to Rule 12.
.J?.~iµi.) , Paper is a noun th e u e, and decline the pronam f ·
' . e name of a. th'mg-common, the
' • · . e, ,o, a. sort ·of things-neuter
.~yt_ ~~-third . person spoke f. gei;ider, it denotes a thing with.
. h e. obj. case
'
. implies
.
.ane...,.,.
" " ~d mt
it nis oth-smg
b' . nu mber, 11
but
-~·~~4:1V1&itive_yerb. "p;esent "ea~d~ect of the action expressed
,fP,~e:tr~nsitive. verbs govern th~ o'bj. ca~~verned by it: Rule· 20.
{

a.... ~". ,, . :

, ..

~orx,. ,S~ould it be ob:i'ected th

.

, , -:I

· · '!JO'Ur book, y:Ur house,r;ou~e=nno~hle:n
at '!JO'U d
-more·than
~'that it· :ne:1s
yo!1r paper, any
·

particti.1ar
.,
- •

l

'1'/'hole~ome

ETYMOLOGY A.ND

U V f.

Ji'imifi ~

~

~ve no definite meaning e othno,
let !t re born\l. iµ
cation 18 always determined b '
er words; ' but thel·
EV
Y the nouns they represeni. ·

. .. .

mI

... ~ERCISES IN RARSING

';-..--..7". ·~- MIDJUre.d
her book and so1'led
· d sacrificed
.'
.dminA.
y firien
hi fc

.
• .
mme ·• ·hers IS
· "uetter than
,-~e~
,
Y
.es~rve
reward . yours :e/trtd~ne to secure yours: 'hfa
are _n ....t. thin
'
1sgrace.' He
• 1 b ....
;;-:ro
iT -:"r,? ' r~ . e, . ~re to ..come
w I Ieave
nry s a or11
of
M
-your
.
··~or~ 1ours
l'l'i. ...m~q·
. .Y sword· and e our
. . •£orest.'l of beast$
.• 1Jfo:r1tL ;...She under . d .
. . y
s a1 e km. .
.
" ...

n::'.: U,1~

nn~

the llllbsta ti
stoo . • 18 nommanve to s ·z d ·
;rhe verbt/'f1 part of mine, ufter than is
the first l"xample; 35
. . . , , , o secure and to come ha:
'
· is, understcYJd. Rul
fllYi your• ' thine we ,
ve no nominative. ,. Th
·
.e , .
. '"l't.f\-J:i ' • ! , .. ' , ' · . O'IJ.TB,
and •"OUT& , pe rsonate nowu.
e pm,nouns
. d mine .

· ..:'. Ji.<>e'the;wa.ri .

'!/~T,
.

~'!/>

REMARKS .ON IT.
·
'Wl erstood
.
. t of a propoc knowledge f th'
.
.
been greatly puzzled
to little pr?noun it, many
d""'""d ...: tifor~, and, see~ingly, contradictoryposhe of it, or how to· account .
··.
c aracters It is ·
· :-~· ,.,y,,~wmters . of every d
eiyier in the nominative or
'.J'hey· 'use ·it without
'
li
.e ither. to ·represent one p
y,
thing, or more than one It is
and, ·very
masculine,
-·A:'1.ittle·atte<-'tior a
of sentences taken in
ember of a sentence a
I
"' on to its true ch · ·
,. .
II\aSS.
.
',·
~.Y~·hJt;tformerly written hi~ ac:a~~cr,
will at once strip it of all 'its. ~' .
0
1
ve:b haitan.
is the P!ISt
pll58.tio "'to .that. meamng, the assumed orig' all a~d, and, therefore, like its ..
• ;:;r, .. ...
pel'llon,
y o esom,e.
no respect,
aP:.
. or gender. ' , ' aw
lAw; in
'. '. i. !its
e~- the

~~v_e

:,~~~: !:r:t:~

~e:.r.;::,oothic
~ 1R-~~er,

ho~ ~is

gra~-

objec~~~~ption:
~e'

freque~f/it ~;~~~~~na~:.

~1;1mber

~

~t !~a~~ ~heT~o~p,

"1/ia 4~

cedir!o~~

fome=~ ~~

,p~rticl;~- -

whol~~01pe

-~kp ~-

' l!Jiii (l.a w) is.a
law; :or,.that (law) ia a
la""
1umed (law).ts a wholesome law. "It'ia the man; I believe it·to·be them' :"
•:..;,the 1aid (mail) ia the man; thfd (mali)°iS the man: I believe tke 1aid '(pe1
sons) to be them ·; I believe th.at :persons (according to the aocieut applicaof that) to.be them. . " It happened on a summer's day, that many·people
people '-"ere .a.ssemb\ed:
th.at, or .th,e..n .id
(fact o.r circumstance) happened on a summer's c!ay.
. _
· ·
·' l" It ; according' to its
modei-n ti_mes, 1s pot refe_rred 11:!' a
noun understood after it, but is cons1dercd"n· substitute. -· " How Ill it Wtth
-,ou·1"
ia, How,.is -y our .state- 01' condition l" .,,"It
. ; It freezes
a hard winter;·" -The rain rains; 1'l;e f,roat.frosts or freezes ,; . The,1aid ( \v,in·
, ter) ia a hard ·winter. " It ia delighµul ti? see brothers and sisters living in
uninterrupted l ove to the end of their days." · What ia de1ightful t · T,g
b_r?th.er• an.d.
living. in uninterritpted love to the end of their day•- It,
. this ,thinr;, 18 delightful. It, then, stands for all that part of the sentence exconstruction.;
pressed m italics; · and the sentence will admit of the
I' To see brothers living in
love t9
end Pl-,. theU; }dala,.ia
" .. ' · _" - · ·, ,1
delightfµl."
·
' .,

-~on
;,~<;'re a,ss~wbled," &c,.=~iany

ac~epted"r_neanin~' in

tha~

~

rain~

;~Jt:u

1.••

sis~ers

uninternip~d

-''

i~,

followin~

th~

OF ADJECTIVE PRONbUNS.

·.

.

~: .

!'.''.4,.DjECTiVE PRONOUNS, PRONOMlNAL .Apni.cTJVE$;

-or, more properly, SPECIFYING ADJECTIVES, are a kind
·of adjectives which point out Muns by some distinct
. ..
.. · ·..~ ,,,..... -.:in _;..~~:specification: ·. ' -- ·
Pronouns and adjectives are totally distinc:it ·in"tbeir 'chlirS:cie;.',The former st.and for .nouns, and ne:ver belong to them.; the
to
a11d never ,stand fo_r th;em:.
,th~1g .as ..an ad;ectwf,-pronou71,c~nnot_ ElJCist . . Each, 'epe,ry, ~itp_r,
lh.fs,_ tfiat,
the xesidue, are
- ·::·

lii.~tei: ~i;_lO"(!g i:ou~s,
~q17i§i ~ther, ~l!-n_d

~e~c~, . s~c~re
p~re a,dje?.tixe~;

. .. Those . specifying adjectives commonly ·c~lled Ad~
-jective Pronouns, may be divided into three sort~: ;
the d_istributive, the. demonstrative, and the indefi:n~ite .
T_hey' are "all known by the lists.
.
' ~~- .: ".
'-I. ·T he distributive adjectives are those that dencit~
the persons or things that make up a number, ea.ch
taken separately and singly~ List: each~ ~very, e{tMr,
and sometime.s neither; as', "Each of his brothers is
·1fi' Jayorable· situation;" "Every man must J.cc9U.n;t
·f~,r -~~~"'s_elf ;" ".N~i?her of them is industrious.'!.-' . ,,:,

a

introd. uce~

These distributives are words which are
into . language ill its refi.ned ,state, in order to ftXp1:e~s the nicE;Jst shades
'and · c'olors · ·of thought'. ·" Man "·must account for ·himself;"
·"Manlcind 'm ust acco:imt for themselves ;'' c'I All men must ii.c~~~nt.
,£011\ ,themselves.;"
men, . women, u.nd "childi;e.n ; mu\it .:11>Q:.

t~,..All

.. 01

"106

107

ETYMflJ.OGY AND SYNTAX.

··none. :. O.f.the~:e;,0;ie .an~ oth.er- .~re declmedlike,nou~~

-~J,lQ.tJqr_.;tb~~Jxe.s i" ".Ev.er.y.man rn~st account for hifilse]~I'

Eao.h of '.the~~: Q.S~erticms c9i;iveys .~h!;l sa,0.1.e'. fact · or, lr.utJ1... ,._ p.~t
~he · .last, instead of presenting the whole human family for the
~}!! ~:·· to - ~o.ntemplate in a mass, by the peculiar force of .everf1,
· i:liStrzbutes ' them, and ·presents each separately and singly ; a:nd
.,. whate,ver .is affirmed of one individual, the' mind instantaneously
•.ltransfers·to the whole human· race.
r

•

•

-

-

-

g·.- The .demons~rative

are. those which precisely

.'E?µi.t o.ut the subJee<t to which they relate. · Lis,t:
this and that, . and their plurals, these and those,· a·nd
former and latter; as, "This is true charity; ,"that
~~ . only

its image."

'

a

:_.;: T?~r~ : is b.µt slight shfl.d~ of difference ·in' .the rpeaning apd
, app}1ca:Uon of the and that. When reference is made to a par.
. ticular ; book,. we say, "Take the bqok ;" but when we wisl{ to
· be very pointed and precise, we say, "Take that hook "' or if it
' het'netir hy7.1•,Take this . book.". Y.ciu perceiv.e, th~n. tha.t .ih~se
"d.~monstra~wes haye \l,ll tpe /or.c.~ of ihp defjnite, ~rticl~, p.,n,d a
·litLJetn1ore.
• •
·! . , ~ r'. .
, •.
1
*
t
,,,,

1.J l['kia·and'tlte1e refer to the nearest· persons.or things, tnal nnd tho1e to the
,- most distant; as," These goods are supe1ior to those." Thi• ant) these indi·
.CJ!'l rffl~i !JtH~ri o~}!!a.t me,qtione$1; tha_t and those, t)ie former, or·,firat·rrien·
. b;On~; .as, '.'Both wealth and roverty are temptations i 'tliat tends ' to · ~xcite
•::-; •
'pi'ide;t1t'U; dis'c0ntent:" ., • •. ·; · · ~ .ii.
; , . .1
. . . .,
. "Some place. the bliss in.action, some in ease;
· . , .y .
'. , T.hose call 1t pleasure, and contentment, these."
· • ·•
th<?se; , As it is the . of6c.e of the pers\>1,ial .th~y .to 1:.,y•restJnt a· n01JI1
.P.l"l(Yl\l~!y lut:..qd)lced, ~ ~'tr nonc.e, t!1ere appears to b e a "] 1_ght d c;iparture
· fr~ a'!a:logy m the' followmg application of •1t: "'.{'hey -who """k -lilfter wis' tlo'?, •are ;sure; ;to . fi,114 :9er: · 1;he'!I tl~at sow in, tear~;.som eti~~s reap ~ jqy."
., T,~ia usage howeve ~, 1s well estabhsqed , and they, m such construct10ns, ia
• '!lenerall.rem{>loyed 111 preference to tho•e: •:
, ,., ~

. TR:•Ji,

.:· ~Jie· rlie 'indefinite are · tho~e :.which . exp're:s~ '.i:ljeir
-::~\!1>j~~~ in ; a~ •indefinite. 01'.. gerwfaj.,. maI}Ue_r. . '. .~·i#'.:
iome,.;other;1 any, >o-ie,, all, , suc'b; 'both .i~saine., ...cm.o.ther,

Another is declined, but wants the plural.
· .. ,.
•.l.
•

...

• \l.E aclt'·tcliites to two 'or more persons o~ thirigs, nnd· si 0onitios· either of th
t~o, or every one of any number taken ·separo.tely. ..
,. .
- ...
.- E,v~r.y ,ffll!l:tes to sev~ral. per'!Ons or things, a,nd signifies each one of them
·11.1.l. taken separi\tely.
·
·
'
:~~· lfft~~! r~lates to t100 p~rsons or things to.k~n se~arately, and sign!fies the
.one or the other. "Either of the three,''. ls an 1111proper·exprP.ss10n. -: It
·should be, " any of the three. "
·
~ rNtither unports 1tot either ; that is, not one nor the other; nB , "Neither of
n1y friends was there." When an allusion is made to more than two, 1ume
~¥-".1:1ld be used instead of neither; as, " No1'e of my friend" was there."

'~

,1.

.

•

•

.•

•

'

•.

,

,

,

t,

•

1
'·1 "." ·•

·z

1

"'t

The in.definite adjectives, like the indefinite artic~e, Iein:e,~£:
meaning unfixed, o~, in ·soi_ne. degree, :va!?ue . . Wit.h .a ~ght
shade of difference w . m~ani.µg, w.e _say, , q1v~ we . a P!lP,~liel/J'le
paper, any paper; some paper, arid sp oq. : l'h(?u~h th~.,~smls_
,restrict the meaning of the noun,. they d? not ~ l~ to 11·P'YJfflfi.'lar
object. We therefore· call them mdefin1te.
.
. . .. r
1

' These adjectives, or adjective pro'nouns, frequently h<:long f-!> .noµns up\l,~,I".
stood, in which situation they shou).d he p~ a.ccorclfugly i. ~· ''..YQu ma;r
iake-.either; . He is pleased with this book, bu~ dislikes
(book /1.,AU.(~~),
have sinn~J but some (men) h o.ve repented.
· ."
·

'!'4'

The ~ords, one, other, and. non_e, ~re used ·in ·both
numbers ; an,d, when they stan.d for no:i,ins, Jl:\ey,.~e
! ,not, acljectiyes, but. indefinite p~ono?.!~ ; .. ~~>' ,:"· rl'be.
great ones of the .world•have their fa1lmgs., : ·· .,So~e
..men increase in wealth, _while .otl~ers, .d~c.i:.~.~~e(~;~' ~~-~.
~~.,capy.;:lt" •_, • '
.. '
l,
\''\_~l{ .
1'

•

\

,

}'I

;

..., I

The word "ones," in the preceding example, d~s not ~~long
to a noun understood. If it did, we could supply the nowi. J (he
·n.ieaning is' not " the great one men, nor ones ?1eni" t~erefore.one
Pl. not an adjective· pronoun; but .the ·meanmg IS,
~t
,.· ineri of tho worl!i;'' therefore .ones is a prono1,u1·. of :thE!\ m<i~
· kind representing the noun men understood; and. it,?µgil.t Jto . b~
pars~d ·like a pe:rsonal pronoun. T~e word ·others,,m .th~ , ~~~t..
example, is a compound pronoun, eqwvalent· to othen_rm.::n ~. IW!l
should he parsed like mine, thine, o/c. See Note 4th, .pag&,J..QO'.
I will now parse t':l'O prono1,ms, an~ then presen~ some ex.am- .
· pl es for VOil to analyze. ' If, in parsmg the. ·fo!low mg exi:r<;.~~
. J 00 at loss for. definitions and rules, p1ease·. !-e>'re~rthto
~ "You Slloul1
,
·d
c0mrrutl e
.the compendium. But before you procee ,.you ~~y " .. , ,..r ..
fullowing
.......... , ,., . : r ,. .. .. ''. .
.. .. -..... ' ' . . . .

1 -1:he .

a

t . , . · sYS'.l'EMATICORDE:I~ :oFPAE,.SIN.9·

.'l.' 1 1\·\ : ~1.

.. ;· ;;Th~ · -order.,,of · parsing an ADJEOTIV!i;. P~oN_Q~~~
is..:.....an adjective pronoun, an4. why!· -dist~ibu~~Y}~•
. demonstrative, or indefinite, and W~Y:~~to .w.Ji~t\J?,9i~
1< do~s H beloH~' .~pv~t~ ~?,~t!~~~T~ ~t ~fe.1,·1--RY,¥?~.
;'
'" O~•
man inslt\l~~· m•rn)l ,Q/]ie]:S~. > • f t ~ ;;·3 D •
·~ , · ·' ' '->'"':" f' ·· ·· dject1ve .. speoi·
, ~ ~~ OM is an.adjective l>T.~µ~,. of »~'?1. ~ 1~~- !1 ,.!·,-,'. /·· "'~'·

ETYMOLOGY
¥

, .., _

ULA~IVE :f'.~?NO,UN~·-~
AND SlNTAX.

•

•

--·,

•

fically poin_
a no~-·
· exp1 esses rt~.
. si;Q.iect_J~ an.;;
indefiilite
; ti;i, out
gener~l
inan~~rde_fin'
• .~e~Jtl
-according to' ';·
!_
,> . 'an ue .°ngs ._to the·: noun ".manJ'f;i,

or:

JtuLE ' 19 •
un&ritJfod:'·~

"l "i!J'ih . - • ._ _.

Adjective
l
'•- - .. , prono
,,
- ~ns beon_g
to -noitns, expressed· h
0,

•

'

- - . .. ·- .

1. ;

.

es ls a compound · p-·
, ·
•
· _ron~un . mcl~ding bOth !LU ad' ~div~ '
prb'no\ 11iJ.<a nd a"iio '
adNi'ctiv'e ·ri 1 un,.,
IS equ!valenttci 'other 'men :...Oth'eJr_1'"
, . ;.i .. _
, • ,rol}oun .1t 1s used
'fi !!"
,,
: - . __,,an
it ·exp·
i'ts' SU
, bspec.
jeCt1 Ill an .to ddesc,nbe
fi . < its
e ongs to men: Rule
. h. II\ ~ ;n,1te ,m anner, an·d ·
: (R 19
bnaine
1 d,e noting persons.-.:Com
e rule.).
is a
~he~ ooj~ctiVe case •it is th m~~' .c. (parse It lil full;) and in
the transitive verb·.. instru ~ .~ JeJt of_;he _action expressed by
tra~ive verbs cfc.
c ' an gov. by it: Rule 20. Aeti~e- ·

~nd

mCI~li'rt1ie;

r~sses" .

~-!·>

.?~ .)'.

0

'

epea~t

!

l

·~}.t

l. < T

>

¥;rd

~en

-

noun~
-

•

nou#,"~ .

'"

:..
Those books are mine "
T)!J.~e
is an adjective pronoun: it
.fi .
.
red ~emon'strative it . · ' s~eci es what noun is refer'.
it _riyl~~P..nd agrees' witlil~~~sely po.i,~s OkUt tJ~e subject to which
bei:"-iccording to NoTE 1, -und~~~ule oo
19 s" m _theylural num,
must
· nouns
·
M:agree
· in number w·,-t'•
• 1• t'tLeir
.. pronouns
•. . .. ' ,
me
IS
a
compound
pers
l
.
sessi>r<l and th . th'
ona pronoun, including both th' .. · ~·
u
.. ~
. ~·
mg possessed
d·
·
e po:s;.uy Is ~.fpron. a. wbrd used inste~:n f is ~qu1valent to my books . .
for~the• name
bf-the p.erson s
k' o a noun-:--personal, it stands
Pe1son,
.
. denotes th"' '
"
' .• ,, .
pea~er-smg.
number i't . pea
1· mer-first
b"
it
S't d . ' .
' · imp iesb ut on e-an d m
. t he T)(\ss ease-<
endtes
possession
and
I (
I
IS O'QV. J " b ] "
. l' ';' •
'
1
- • c _ Repeat the rule • and "cl ec 1·me theoopcs, accordmO'
) E" to RulA
. . -r
12
e name of a th'
ronoun.
ooks is a
n. oun,
-> • thth
mg-common & (
.
.
anu- m . e nominative -Oase after "
, " c.
It in full;}T~'verb to be admits th
are, . accordmg to RULE 21
-,;q~,.. =.-. : '
e sarne case after it as before it. . ' ,;;
.

.

Ad_Jec~ive

pa~se

.r - ,.._.,. '" ;- '.' • -.E:icERCISES IN p ARSIN G
, _
': . :f¥ch incµVldµal fills a s ace .
.
•
., .
.!•
htlle . ... ~hese . men rank ~m . m .creation. - Every man helps ti.
rhat book belongs to the
1reat ' ones of the .
...
abor, others labor not . the fi .'
. e ongs .to me. Some meB
decrease. Tne ·boy w'oundeJ1~:ro;~cr~ase m ~e!l-lth, the latt~r
oq_~& ~•.llfQne pe.rforms his dut t - bird; and 'stole the young
~~!~hi:~. FOl\lR~~in of t!)ei r, mj~~ra~f~ ~~~:!. None. of th9se ;pool

tutoorn~h~~eb

~r.
In parsmg the diatributiv
_l~,1 1 .,apould,be
applied.
.
e
, .:i,• LI! -

III

world.~

'

, . .' ;
, ,_
-- ;
pronommal adjecjives,
Non
" nn.:I_ '
,. ,
,, ;T• ;~el

I

'-

--

pJP ~.()}P~ ~prd. ?f.phri:i-s~ go.ing -~.efore,

. etherantecedent: " ·They

'Y~ch is ca~!ed
are' who~·whicli~'tin'd flia,1;'~;!.

,., ,. '.f.h~,.:vor1, qnt~ce~~nt, comes from th.e two. Lati.n words, ante,
· i bcfpre, and ccedo, to go_. Hence you perceive, that antecedent
means going before; thus,"
happy who livesyirtti9us}y;
is
"lady
~0% .~?: We .w]fo .~pe!J.-lc from,,,e~pepen9~, ' , &c. .T.,he ·rel1J.ti:Ve
' ·w'l_i_o, 'in the~e se;itences, relates to the_several words, ,man,, '"lady,
-tliou, and we, which words, you observe, come befqre' the n1lative:
'. they are, 'therefore, properly 'called antecedents.
· . _ •"
.. f.- The
is not varied on account of gender; persoh, or
~[\umbe.r, like a. per~<)Ilal pronoun. . When we use a pers01:1al pronoun, m speakmg of a man, we say he, and of a woman 1 SM •
in speaking of one person or thing., we use a
of more than one, a plural, and so on ; but there is no such variation ,of the relative. Who, in the first of the preceding examples, relates to an antecedent of the mas. gend. third pers. sing. ;
m the second, the antecedent is of the fem. gend.; in the tliird;
it 4s·of _the -second pers. ; and in the fourth, it ls of the first pers.
_p,lur. num,. ; and, y~t, the relative is in the same form in each
.e~ample. Hence· you perceive, th11-t the relative. has no pec_u liar
to -denote its
pers. and num., but it always agree8 .
.with its antecedent m sense. Thus, when I say, The man ·wM
1wri~s, who is mas. gend. and sing.; but when I say, The' "/a<],.ie,8
ll!"!w ,'!_Vr~te, wlw is ·feminine, and plural. In order to ascert;in the
gend. pers. and num. of the relative, you ;nust always ~ook at its
1!-fitee?den~.
'
· _. ; ,_,

-1;·Pl\~s

1

t~.~!

Th~mari i~

who-. r.~ lieve4 ·P?Y)fa~~s:; ;r1~~;-YltP J?.Y6!lt,.~~

re~ative

suig~lar "j)ro no~ri',

f.w:m·~

~end.

WH9, \Vmcli, and THAT.
·
Who is. -applied to . perso~s; which to things' an(j
,brutes; as, "He. is a' friend who is faithful in adversity-- ; .. 'f,he bird which sung so sweetly, is flown ; ',This
is the tree which produces no fruit."· ·. ·'. - . ·' ' ' .- -·~'
' -r~a,{ i~· qfte~- U.SE:l~ as a rel~tive,, to prev:enttb_e tqo
freq_uent repetition of who and whick. 1t is applied
both· to persons and things; -as,•" He 'that ·acts wiself,
·deserves
praise ; Modesty is a · quality · th'at highly
•d .
~ · . 1\·~'
::.3: ,orn~ -a woman. - .
-.
·~..:
)J r...

.

,

,

. ;•

. •

•,f

c

~ ;., . . OF . RELATIVE PRONOUNS • . ":.:.;-.,.~·
.;~~A 1ff~_ }>:t,rnNoUNs ·are s·uch·· a" ' .. I ,_ ..t. •
_ ··,
-- - -. ···.. .' " . . \.., ' · . ~ , , ·"· ·~J" r;re,\rj~)?-n:
a P,:.?~1 in
r.!I( ~~~~{al
•

10.IJ '

J

"1

•••

'.

-

•

J

,,.

NOTES .
- _ 1. Who ihou1d never ' be applied t.o iinfmals. The , followillg application
·of-it is erroneous :-"-He is 1ike a bea1t of prey,.who destroys
i•i!t1'
.1t<11b0uld-,\;>e; that deatriiy1; &c.' ' .• -.I"
10 "'"". -" "'" " ·' ·" ' . ' ·. -

witqou~
~

c

·' ·I1.F;LATIVB PRONO'l1N;;f··
.

Ho

ET'tMOLOGY AN~· SYNTAX.

01

1

may a
·parti~Sar p~,.!ersons

adjective-.~~~ ~j~h!i'ie

F~Te

t~

'°" -

si:per!a'ti~e J~~~~ u:,;brs~s w~el¥; t!iey '

~:Jed

a~~~e

th~ -

tive pronoun, the combin:t~ever.1s annexed to a,rela~
pronoun_; as, whoever or on Is ca~led a- ~ompound
whatever or
?F
.

-~oever~

ichat~:e~e~~ver, whic~ever_ w~(c~r

: -,-__ ~::mgLENSION OF· THE RELATIVE PR . . . , .,_ l~
'""'1\T
' SINGULAR 'A.ND
.
O~OUNS •.ti.

1
.
• . , P·
PLURAL.
· : H" ·~ .:i-iiil
"
w h oever,
"oss. whose
h '
· Ob'IJ· .whom. ·:; -li•
"
w osever'
" whomever· i1
" . wh
w h osoever,
Wh'
h d
· osesoe
" whomsoever.
·
-~
. i~ dan_ that are indeclinable exc ve[, h
_ ~s use · as the possessi
' . ~p t at whose is sorri
, 10ther: doctr.irie whose
case of '!°hick; as,
at
which are punished. :
;"'. tliat= is,' the
among our,b.est1writers. but th
.of th.is. license has obtained
~-.m~n~ed, .for it is depa~ture froemconstr~ct10~ is norto be recom.
whose, whom in
plam. pri!-1ciple of ·gramiri'ar
their _ayphcat1ons, should 'be· con'.
. iped to rat10nal beinvs. . '
·
That mav be · 1 d~
- · '
· ''
· '
. C'
. d " .· • ;,: , _. ori'th
use as
a pronoun
·.
. ' it
.a n'pea d'
· ·
.,ion,
TJ.-epenamg'
.
.
. e ·offi ce. --which
f(Ject1ve
• ' · and • a c onJunc.
· - . ,~t IS a relative 'only.when·it'c
. r or1!1~ m _the sentence.
tpe . sense. p.s
to who cir which
.. ~ay e our best friends . .:Fi- ., " . ey-_t t (who) re£!ove .
0
t". r:?
tWng
:( which)_you·· ¥S.
·
'Oelong
' s u)•f' r •• • ·
• 1ff ,1.8 a emoni::trative'·'· ;, ··· ·•·" · -, ·,1''*-•
, 1: "- -~ . • -- 1. or powts out so · , · · . , -,
.~ujective, when ft
either eiprJss:ec!
.. . , . . .• . -"W-heti:ihiz{ is neitjer· a .;
.. t belc:igs to me'( 1Giv11
conjunction. 'D; «
nor an adjective pro.
... ., ' thal'
· ' ' ln' aH1·e'"1\'
care that _ev_eo/ d.ay1
- he.well
-·
-'· ~mp
·11 - oyed
. •11,• 1 The·· wcira
,, _.c_ 11-nkged to who or whicli
d _1{ a.st
be
l;O,?- JlOW i~ is not a re!at' . -- ,es roymg ·the· se'n se" t"fie' r'le'" '
'J1.n - ··· • . -;, .. 1 . ...
1ve IJronoun .
·h
•
10re
,rrr>
noun. for \vhi h " ' · 'does it point out
YP1' ..
jt
~unct1on.
· ··· '
.....
- ~ztt~C~h
tnerefqre'~ii.··
·
•1''\l:··t;--.,,:;;
.:tt:•

.uom.' who;

follow:~
T~: Js~mshe~

er~of·

~ name'Iy, w~o,

a

-~~!11°~rt 9l'l~troy_~J\lg

~-~5irejnsiruction." 'Tl

"'ls' ther~
'folio~

~

.~;~e c~nl?ed

ed~er)'.',

t~id._t

'i:t':El/~?'t aa, "}letur~ t!::.: ~~~l~U;~~OU_ll,
·~~~\.! 1 ~"~'
T"k~l~tiye
with~ut
~eptence1 'c·ann~t

~ P,.,,11+.'?~..f,ar
~eit e~
-1·~!~e .~ron9_,h~/ tJt ·' i t"c~hhoo:·~\h':· ~11o,!Y, ·ji-~O.t'aµ·ii~-

4

If you pay particular attention to -this elucidation.
of the word
1
s-ihat;you ·-wiH find no difficulty' in..parsing it;-- -·W liert it·is a '-rela- •
or an adjective prq_noun, it may be known by the signs
;
whenever these signs will · not apply ·to it, you know it iS a
·conjunction.- ~· .- .,, ..
, · · · , ..
.;1f.1 Some writers' are apt to make too•free ·use'of this word. ' I will
.
you one example 9f
wh1ch may_
· ·•caution. The tutor said, m speakmg of the word that, t)la.t
-·. that that .that lady parsed, was not the that that that gentleman
'-·requested her -to' analyze. "· This sentence, though rendered inel- cegant by a bad choice of words, is strictly grammatical. ·. The
\,first that i.s a noun-; the second, a conjunction; _the third, an-ad·
) ective-·
i the
a riou{i ; the, ,fifth, a rela.tive l!rO.
noun ; the sixth, an adjective pronoun ; the seventh, a ·noun'; the
eighth, a relative pronoun; the ninth, ·an adjective ·pronoun. ''The
meaning of the: sentence will be more obvious, iC rendered-t~us;
·,T he tutor said, in speaking of_
_w ord that, that that that wh.ieh
·that lady"parsed, was not the that which that gentleman
&ill

11'2
• . Wl..o should I -n~ t b e applied' to child . - · ·
t:kild
-.Wlt 10h- ~- We _have
JUBt seen'.'. "·~ _ I• 1-. ~~ °;i· b, It is wcon-ect to say·•> '!'-seen.
.
_, ' ~· .. !"s,\o~ e "The hil
' ' . ""
,J. . 3. Wkick
bJlied '
- ' . " ,c. _.. d_th.¢
'80fnth
-of two, or a
when we wish distin,,;;;.h 'o "l',.'
o
e two? JVk - k .
n among a numb · f th
oneper.
' 4 Th
.
ic o1 themishe7"
ero o ers·· •as "JVk " '
. .
at,. Ill prefe
are qua!IB d b · · · rence tq,. tQho or which · 6 r
" ' ··. .. '· '·: !'»"•
:
inxth'e
madmen that the ' Id r es II., kmg of Sweden '
y. e pronoiµmal
'. . 5, 'II hat is em wor ever saw ;-He is the aame ' was one of the Breateii
'ing; " Who that
after the .interrogative who m::in:hat w_e saw'before:" '
1
. . \Vh th 8.Q.Y sense _p_f religion, would huve
,the,,follQw•
· . · . en e word ever or
·
gu ·
. 1.

~~ve

gi~en

;~t.pd-

~:give.

~tfrcinte~. t~t,

pron~un

se·rv~_' . fl~a

~hat

~our.th,

~e

·her to aI).alyze.

...,

..;'... .... r ...

.

·
•.

.

.

req,~~-sted

,_
.

. -

..

-w
,. ·HAT
. -

.

-

·
.

.,,

,

-.,;."What .is generally a compound relative, including
.',both .the.; antecedent and, the relative, .and is equiv.a~
1.- lent to that which; as, '-' This· is what I wanted;"
the
which I ,
7· '-.

~!~~t i~JJh~t w!i_~~h, ~r,
.What is compounded of

~~ing_

wh~ch that.

· These

want~d~

wor~s·have b8en

a~
what~h[ich-t)h.at

contracted and inii.de t6 cealesce,
part of the . orthography of
both being still ·- r_eb!-ined :
; (which-that.)
A.iiciently it' appeared ' in the varying forms, tlw. qua, qua .th.a,
.qu.'tha, qu.thµt;,qu.hat,-hwat, ·a nd ·finally, what. · ·. ·" -·· · ''' .,.,.' ~-~·) :lfhat' may be \l~ : as· three kinds of a pronoun, :and ~ an
'.-interjection.it, is equivalent. fo' th.at'which, the thing /Dliich,
'·'oi
i :coJ'llpound relativ.e',beeause' it iP.clu1ies
, both tb'.e :s,nteeedent and;the '. ie}ative";·•ll.lr, ".1 will µ-y ,what'(tHat
:.;which)
delicacy ;"-. Whilt you
·
of -your·
'lif.e'i"
) hat-is;' tho.fe tnings
you' .r,ecollect, &c. · ·i •. ,_.
·
:. ;,;:(When w'Jiat is a' compound·
;you: m.u'st.1i.lways p'a'rs&it
:'..e.8 two ·wordii·; :that is; you flluSt parse the
part--•J a
.fiou.n,:·and givejt a \Cll;se ; ,
part you may
like
_;
gi
if 8: _case'
•preciidmg examples; tha't, the · antecedent .part:of .what_, :uF-1qrrthe
"' .'ob\;. case, governed by . the verb "·will try:;"' 111hieh; the

~hen
tlwse~s.whith,.ifis
can•_~ :(ound·:i~r'feinal'e·wft~ ·mos~ . pl~asufe, ar~- the"virtu~µ~:actions
w_h,ic~
'rela~ivei

~

recoll.eci~
~t
~ ·~·
anteced~i;it
th~ r~}ative
an~lyz~
:·~nr~ot~er rela_tiv~;:· yin~
'. ~i~~~i~.-~-- ~n \~_e ' ?,r~tt?f,.tbe
'~\atlve

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNT A.X.

pan, is· ·in the nom case t ic
b
·
. . ·o can e. found " "I h
.
U(_!.tat (.1.. e. that which,
or the thing J. • h) h .
ave, h~ard,Whoevei: and whosoever are al w iic
as bee~ alleg~d." .,.l;'.:
,be;parse.d like the compound wh!~ ~oa~p,~und relatives, and sho1,1)~
I:;> bound to enforce the laws " I , h. ' Whoever takes tha,t O<tth '
~lent to he who, or, tlie man .who .n ~ Is s~ntence, whoever is equiy)
.l~ :bound," &c.
' t us, He who takes that oath;
. . Who; which, .and what when u d .
. .
. . l_
called -interr_<:i_gative pro'ri~uns
s~ _m askmg questions, are~
kin<l; asi "· Who is he 1
°{.re hat-Ives of the interrogatit e '
!le is t e person 1 W!1at are y 0 ;1
doing 1 ~'
•
•Interrogative pronouns have no ant
the word or phrase which is th
ecedent; but they relate to
subsequent; as, " Whom did :~nsw~r to the question, for their '
have you done 1 Notliing" yA see . The preceptor. Wha;t
op.posed-to each other in sig~ifi t?tecedent and subsequent are
dmg, or going before . and sub ca Ion. Antecedent means prece.
after. What, when 'used as a~ef~t:~t mea_ns f?l_lowing, or coming
What, wliich and t"at
\vh
. . rogat1ve, is never compound
1
'
'
en JOm
ed . to n_oun~, are specifying·
·
'
or adjective
pronouns
in w
a d"
Ject1ves,
case, but are parsed lil-e a· f '
h1ch s1tuat10n they have no
Or.'.~indefinite kind ; as: "U~~~ !~~! p~onouns. of the demonstrative
hQR~,_,tq . 9q_qie. ;!' "What i
h ic . ~rom1se our twelve ·tribes
h?-Whou_made, . foul ~~n~::,r~; r~'vicious endure! Wlia~ ha v~~
!tat and which, when joined. t
..
.
,I
are ~enominated interrogative pron o _no¥nsd_m ~sking questions, ''
~ IS that 1 . Which road did he t~k~~~' a J_~c~~ves; ~s, " _W hat
l¥ha~, whatever, and whatsoever wh.
.
' ;.
soever, m constructions like th t{ 11 i~h, whichever, and which.
nouns, ~ut not compound relativ:s ~ ow:~fi' are compound pro• .
!er was, admitted, is unknown . Gi~ea;:_?
n what char8:cter But. .
I~ what name you choose;
.llfature scare largely endows'wl. t
use h~r treasures; Let him t kia ever. appy man will ·deign to , .
course he will." These sen ten a e w ich course, or, whichever
character, ·or, tlie character in
~ah be rendered thus ; I• Xhat ,
Jcnown j Give him that name ~/cth . utler was _admitted, is·uzi.
~ature scare endows that ha ' ' e name _which you choose -; .
him take that course or th ppy man_who will deign &c . Let
l ·
' · e course which h
·11 ,,
'
·'
·
~tLv~ necessarily includes .both an
e w1 . , A compourid
hese compounds, you will notice d antec~dent and a relative. '
1' o .r;iot mclude anteoedents, ,
th_e first part of each word be'
pronoun, that; .therefore theymc~~~e trtwle the, or the adjective
com_pound :l"elatives ...-:- With-- re ard o .properly be , denominated
·theae.;prQDOun11;oit , is a. sin l gfa , to the , word ever ·aonexed : to ,
gu ar ct, that, as soon Da wo •·
I -.
.
,
· - -. v"ana yze .

wi. .

els·

!_;

RELA;1'JYJ"~ fRQfiPUI:J.~,·;;-:.f.+,~~ING.

J!f

~fl .,'~orcl . to w~ich it},~ subjoi_ne.g, ever\ is -~~ntirely . excluded_frqW
tne senteµce •
•ii"if'ha~ 'is sci~~t\!JleS used as an interjec~on; as, "But whp.t !
- ~1 ti1D.' se.rvant a dog, that he snould dq t~IS 1 Wltat.! rob us, of
?ET ,pgpt of s_uffrage, and then sh_u t usu~ m .dunge?ns ! "
. ·
have now c;io,me .to !he mo~t fo~lll1dable _obstacle, or, .~( J
"rnay so speak, to t_he most rugged eminence ,in the p~th of gr!l!_ll~
· ~a~icll1 science ; ,Qu.t .be not <;tish~~rten,ed, f?,r 1·_if you cigr :get
~fel.r over this, your - future course . will be· _in_
terrupted wjt~
only. here ~nd there !1. gentle elevati9n. It will "require i;;lo~~
application, and a great deal of sober thinking, to gain a clear
conception of the nature of the relative pro.nouns, particularly
the compound relativ~, which are not easily comprehended by
t~~ . young learner. As this eighth lecture is a very imporpmt
on,e, it becomes necessary for you to read it carefully four or fiv~
tiines over before you proceed to commit the following or_d er:
Whenever you parse; you may spread the Compendium before
y~u, if yo_
u please.

,·, :zeu

SYSTEMATIC ORDER OF PARSING.
·~..The, order

of parsing a R~LATIVE PRONOUN, isand why ?-relative, and why ?-gender,
person, and number, and why ?-RULE :-case, and
why ?-·RuLE.-Decline it.
. ,· -~ fl.;. pronoun,

.

"This is the man whom we saw."

:' Wli'om i~ a pronou,n,' a word. .used inst~ad .of a noun-;i.:elativ.~
it relates to " man" for . its anteceden,t-mas. gend. third pers.
sing, num_. bf:lcause ihe,R;ntecedent '..' man" is with which it agrees,
ac.9.QX.dipg to . 1 , , ·-. ,_,. • • •, • , • · .
•
. .,
RllL-1> ~4~: Re"laJive proiwuns agree with their antecede'll.tdn gen,rJ,er,, person, and number_. Whpm is in the objective case, the
objec~. ,Q.f the action, e_
xpres'!e.4 .by the active-transitive verb" saw,','
aq9 g9verped. ,by.it, agr~eably t,o. · -_ , ,
:
. .. .. ,.,. ,,., ·
. llur,.~ .1,6.,,. Wlie~ a wmi71ative , c;omes .between the relati.!Je-..and
th~ ~erq, ·the rekJ,tive is ·governed by . the following verb, ior. .some
o_tJter wor.d. in #a _own member of": the sentence. .
. .,·,,
, Whow, jn_ the qbjective , case~ _is placed before the verb, tha.t
gover.n~ .it,, _
a poording to Non; ,1,. under llule 16 • . (Repeatr .the
Not~, and dec!il;),e .who.)
.. ·
'
,
.,,
· .;
', , . . . "From. what, is record~p, he appears," &c.
,·
-W hat ii> a comp. rel, prpn .. including both the antecedent and
ihe relative, and is equivalent to that -which,-0r the thi1ig.JD.hic4.:r,
Q'~,,ihe , antQGedeat. pa.rti ..of .wliat, .is.. ,a noun, .the .. nam,e ·-1of-. a

•

00

10*

114

ETYMOLOGY A.ND SYNTAX.

thing-;iom. the name of a· species-neuter gender . it ~ . 'r.~
:a:-th~d pe:son, sp?k~n of-sing. number, it implies' but 'cit. ~ill
the"p!~-pt ~'o"br~o·m_ci;,se, ldt ,ls lheb o?ject of. the relation expressedfb;
.. '' , .an gov y 1t· RULE 31 (R
·- r
aI1d every other·' Rul<> to ~vh1'ch 'r " ) . Wh 'epeat the Ri,i!f· .
' £
"
reier
zch th . I " ·
~a~~ . wha.t, is a pronoun, a word used :
' e r~"a~y'
tive, 1t relates to " thing" fl ·'ts
dmstead of a noun-rel~
or I antece ~nt-neut gender tbt ~ ·
~h. h!J'. smg. number, ~e,cause the antecedent ~· thing" i' . ~rt.L'
. ic it agrees,.accordmg to RULE 14 'R l
&
s :WI,.
lS • ' th · ·
·
·
e · pron. c
Whic!i
' ~ix ~i:omT~ase lato. the. verb "is recorded,., (lgree~bly t<;> ;,,o

·arso ' .

. ":

. .:

e re tzve zs the nominative case to the
b
'
~ t1f:111'Z~li.ve comes '/jetween it and the verb
,
ver ' w_h~
"
w
h ' h ' ' L . ,' •
'
•
'
·v'1
r~~Wha ..
.
iat ave you learned 1 . Nothing."
.,,;,

""t• ' '"n J·td1s ba pron. a. w.ord used, &c.-relative ·of the • t . "':1 '
~ ive "m ' ecause it ·1s .
d .
k.
m erro~
tb''tne" word '"nothih "
~se, m as mg a . question-it refen
' ~~Li::'! l'7 'W7i g1 for Its ~ub~~~uent, a~?ording to " ' . '1•llil9 ·
to the word or phr!:e ;:n':z~~kon. zs of the ·interrog. kin~; it :r'ej"er'i
0

subsequent, 'which subsequent mffs!he ansu;er to the .question, for'iu
Wliat is of the neut en/:f~e zn case u:zth th~ interroga.
~!-lbse~uent "notliing" fs wi·t~ h: hh~rd pers. smg. because the
'pronlf agree ' &c':..._It. . . . w_ w it agrees; RULE 14;" 'Rel

YE~· ·

~f· the:• acdve-tr~Ilsiti~e~nv~~~ ~~~ha.easel the '"~bl~ect of the acti.qn1
ve e&arne ' and go,v. . bvd t,
agreeably to RULE 16. Wh
the' Rule:
.
en a nom. c. See NoT~ l; undel.

.

.

'

~

l

<' J.

. NoT.E. l. You need not apply end'
"' ·
when: the·llilBwer'to the questiozlis· .tpers. andd numb. to the inteIToiratin
t_, t •\f -...•-l
• . . .- ' WHO W no - ~~presse.
.·· ~ . .

,,-.,Truth d , ]' .
' RICH, WHAT.
....
·
.,., .:i
an s1mp 1c1ty a t · ·
· · --·1
-in hand. The fl
. re w1? ~sisters, and generally go hand
.
. '· '
oregorng expos1t10n of the " l .
1s. !Il"accordance·with
the usual
th d f re ~!Ive -pronouns,'
,.,,. "
.
me o o treatmg th
b · ·r
n'.rl }~er.? . unfolqed according to their t ' h
.em ' . ut I
. be f~und to be very simple, and doubt{ue c aracter, they wo~1.a
rJ~x1ty, on the part of the learn~r,-wouf~s~hmuch labor and p~r,
.2r}he,~ords called'" relatives''
.
er~by - be saved. J;"i'
J h1s is ·str1dtl)r'personal; ·more so 'in:ltod o~ly, is a pronoun-;- and
.µi!_ln 11ny other Word 'rn our Ian 'ua e~ ' I~ ~e except 'J-a·n~ V?e;
to persons: ·;_ It ·ought to be 'cla g d·g,.:_\~r ~t is always restr1ctl;!d
~f;'f.hou!' lie, slte; 'ii, we, e . ou sse_ 1 t e personal pronouns;
well as who. Whicliy /!iyt ' andd tJ.hiey, relate to antecedents,~as
ta' an w at' are alw ays a d'Ject1ves.
· -~
Th ey never stand for ' but
1
'orcss~d - or implied . . They s~.,w~~s ~elong to nouns, either _ex.L""'.
. . .
· ·
~a C<mnect sentences '· ;
· rec1;;y
• .' ·"1,rn. many
. . · O ti ier a d'JeCtiVes
:if "W .
.
. . . ?
- kiJ Rupplies the place f h' '
· ·
· · ;: :
o w icti or wh:at •. anu•
"' its.
· peca<WUJl
"'
J

11

RELATIVB "PRONOuNS:~PARSING.

. ~~!' t

Who

115

came 1·· +.•·a·: wha.t man "icfi.at .wo7nan, what person.;":;:,;.

¢~if'fiiiaJ; ~b~iiin; &r person, c~r:ie 1" ~"'Tiley heard wha.t..Jsaid?~

they heard that (thing) which (thing)) saiq .. ."'!lake wha.t (or
whichever) course y9u please';''-ta.ke th.a.t course which (course)
lP.lf-:.pJe~~ tq ta~e.. \' ~t h~ve .~ou. d.~rie.1" ,i. e. ~hati ~
'{J't, or . deed ·hav? :~o~ · qone·1, 1 ifI;Wh~-~ ~~ng if -also 'd1d · ~t ~Jer~•
<Mlem.Y..n<.J§ W'hich ·-will·' you take,P.'-.:....w7"~h "'book, ·ha.t, or .-sol'I_le~
thing else 1 . "This· is the tree which '(tre¢) produceJ!..ilO . frw~3'

·

" f!Je . t~t (man, or whi~h man) acts wise~y,.- deser~es - pr:~ise,' ~li'>I'
· oon'f.hey -who. prefer this method <of treatmg the"'' relatives,'1 ·are
<at ll!.b~rty to aqopt it, and ·parse· accordmgly. ·· ·:' :. · ··· ' .":-.·..~ ".:~
rsc; · ·· ..· . .
r
,_·
.
t"· "·\· .... . ..
"' .
.
1 ,,
~·"
EXERCISES 'IN -PARSIN.G. ·:
':·· ,..,,, .el
~/f!ie rrian wllp i~tructs yo~; i~b.o;~· faithfuJJy:,,,~:'.fhe.,pqy,,\f)JO~
fi.P._struQt, l!'larns .well. ,, 'L'heJady·whose house we occupy, ·bestqws
many. charities. That modesty which highly adorns a· woma:n;·
she possesses. · · He ·that ·acts ·wisely deserves praise. ~his ~i tile
tree . which. produces no fruit. I believe what he sayfi. ' He
p~aks .~hat . he k!lows.
Whatever purifies the heart, also forti.
,~e~ ~}.. What ~oest~ thou 1 :Nothing, What book ,hase you~
4.:Roeqi. , Whose hat have1you} ~- John'.\l· Who .does that..work :1
l;J..~IµJi · - ,.Whom se~st . ,thou 1 To whom gave you the .present.1
;\i'hi?h p~ .did ho . ~k~ 1 Whom ,ye, igneraptly worship,- hirn,
flE%H~a.te) uµ tp_ yoq. ~ .hea\'d what he said.. George, you. ma~
.Pursue whatever science suits your taste. Eliza, take which.
t:Yllf pa~tern pleases you best. Wh.oe¥er. .lives to see this republic forsake her moral and literacy. i~titutions, will . behold .'her
liberties prostrated. Whosoeyer,.-therefore, will be a friend of
#?.~.. ~o~ld, ~ t.pe ~n~m,y of Ggd.,,. , ~ .,:
, ., ,
,. , ,.; .r
~

1

t

•

: . Nn'l'E.1 :The nominative -case·is· frequently placed after the verb; and the ·
_qbjeciive.C!LSe, beforii .the ,verb...that. go.verns i~. Whom, in every sentence
~xcept one,_ko!f_se, mod!lf_IJI, b,Qok, h.µ.t, pen, .4im._the. ~d wkp.t an~ w'J,jfh, ,!Jr!l
reiative part of the first two wkats, are fill m the ~bjective . case, amt&oy~~liji
by•tl1e several verbs ·that follow them. 1 · Bee' RuLE 16; and NoTE L 'Trte' 18
norp.. afte11 is, according .to RuLJC 21 - Thing, the -antecedent part of VJllt:itne.,.,
i-a, ,!lOlll-, tp "fortiji._e~. ;" ,fl!h.i~k,,thii relaJ;i~e·, I!l!>l'·t• is .no111. tq ,'.' pµrifiEl•· '.~;: .. NO_t/;f('K.~ governe4 J;>y, ~o, .'\llct pqe~. by, kap~,, Jll'de~~" ' H,enr!J..~ ~o~
~veto doe1, unders~O(l· · WJ•oae and John'1 are gov~rned · a~z:diug to l!HH
i2• ·· I, thou, you, him·1 &c. represent ·nouns w1dcrstood.' Him, m the lastseno
.ience but five,. is governed by declare,-and I is nominative to declare .. ' Ge_,,,,,g.'e
tp,d E.li:ea ~ ~ tl_ie nominative ~ indcpende~t ~ ;Rule 5. :• W~e11.<1,r
acwnce," ~· 18 eqwvalent to, th,at sci~n.ce wMck ~µ1ta, your l!l&te ;-;-" wfl.ic.J:e~er pattern;" "i : e. tliat pattern 'which ple~s"you best: Whoever is a COi~;
.~ . ;J:he second person singular . of do, wheq used as a principal ve~b. is
8pelled 'with an e ;' thus;·" What thciu tkeat, do quickly ;" but when employ,;ed as an auxiliary, the e should be omitted; as, "Do1t thou not beh.Old"a ro. c:K
lwith;itahi3adot'heath1'-' · 1 ' . ' .,
' > -:. - 1 '< ·" ~' ·)i ·..S :.. ""

•

uo
•

j

·,

. ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX •

pound relative; he, the anteced t
Ta~': 11-grees with you . understoodn
"see:" Rule -2.5. · . · .
· ·

" . . ..•.. .

PRONOUNS.-FALSB SYNTAX.

.
·. .
'
rprt,
I~ ~o~mahtiy~ to." will beho!~• .
oraa e mt e infinitive· mood' after · .
18

' .

.

.

'

+1~~ l

111

~e, r~fer.4-Giv~ examples.-To what do that and those refer~
~i.ve examples.-;Repeat all the· adjective' pr~nouns.-'-W~en !'-dh
pronouns belong to · nouns un~erst~d, how are . ~ey parsed_1-

"if
When they stand for, or represent nouns, what are they called?. ic sometlmes relates to a member of a
.
. sentence, or to <l whole eeiitence, for its antecedent: as " We
Give examples,-R~peat the order of parsing an adj. pi;~moun~­
commandnients, which is the :.Vho!e d~e ~fquire~, to fear ~od and keep'bla
Wllat»Rule do yoti apply ~ri pal:Sipg 'the indetillite ~dj~~tiv~ p.ro,. ·
<?( man 1 " To fear God and k
{! man. What IS the whole dui,
ri'ouns?....:_Whii.t _Notes, iii. pars~g .the .distributives and demon~.
phra.e is t~e an.tecedent f.d which.eep IS commandments:" therefore, this
stratives 1
·
· ·
· · ···
T~«:> COnJunction a1, when it follows such
.
· ·" .
uom1;0ated a relative pronoun. as "I
'i manj, 0.r same, 18 frequently'deWhat are relative pronouns 1-Repeai them.-From what
taete ;''. · that is, with those who: or them 8.crr;J',:,,a_:e ~\h,8,"cl.- aa have a riifiJied
words is the term · an~ecedent d~rived 1-Wh~t . do~ _ avtecedent
~adVIBe others, look well to their own cond et·" ·h .Let au.ch a• presume
mean ?-Are relatives varied on account of: gender, person, or
!" o presume, &c. "A• maa aa were o d . uc ' t at is, Let those, or tM•
numb.er ?-'To wh~t are who and which applied ?-To what ·is·
is, they, those, or all who we:e ordain { ba1}ied td eternal life, believed;" ths't
'":stimonials as were adduced on a f, e ' e eve .• '.' Ho exhibited the aama
tliat a..pplied 1-=8hould ~lw ever be applied _to i~rational beings or·
mals'which were adduced &c B t '?nner occasmn ;" that is, those testimochildren ?-In what instances may which be .applied to person!iJ:'T;"".• ·
elliJ.>Bis ·which a critical ~al ~is ,.~ ' 1!1 examples lik~ these, if we sup 1 l!!e •
'Q~c.li.1_1e t4~ _rel. pronouns,-Can 10Mc11:..and that· be declined.?,.,...
ha~!!I!ll~on; ,thus, "I am pl~ased Ji~bes ~s to do, as will be found·f/bil 'ii
IS that ever used as three parts of speech ?-Give · examples.- ,
".~e a refined taste i Let such persons as~~ p erson•, as those persons are w.hp
, QUEST
.
-' s oae p ersons are who presume,•·~
Wl!.at part of speech is the word what ?-Is what ever used as
·· '
·
IONS NOT ANSWERED IN p
, ·!.di
three kinds cif a pronoun ?-Give ·· examples.-W~t is said of
. From what words is the term ron
.
A_R SING. ·- :'
whoever 1- What words are used as interrogative pronouns ?~
always avoid the repetition of n!ns ~~~er1vet?-Do. pr?no1;1~s
Give examples.-When are the words, what, which, and that,
pronouns.-What distinguishes th .
ame t e . three kmds Qf
c.~.lleq adj. pron. ?-When are they .c alled. interrogative pronoin, .
pronouns 1-How m
e personal from the relative·
4i.!l-l~.Nljectiyes 1-:-,What .is said o/ whatever and w!Uchever ?-r:-:r.Jil,
them.-What belo anty personal pronouns are th~re·?-ReBei;~
ng o pronouns 1-Is gend
. d . 1 ~·
what ever used as an interj.e ction ?-Give examples.-Repeii.t"th&I
1
1
personal pronouns 1-'I'o which ·f th . . ~r app. e i<> all thji
?tde_r.pf p~rs_ing a rel. .pron.-~Wh11-t ~ules .do YQ.U apply~ par.sof the ·personal pronoun h
o
er? is it applied ?-Which
' u:ig a yelat1ve ?-:-What J,lule~ m parsing a compound relauve 'J.-;;
their gender 1-How . s ave no peculiar termin!ltion fo denote .
\f hat Rul~s in· parsing an interrog~tive 1-:-P~s the relp.tiv~·
in th . d'-"'
many persons have pronouns 1-Sp k t i.!""''
err Iue rent persons -How man
b
·
ea .1uem
which ever relate to a sentence for its . antecedent 1-When doe~
How many cases ?- '-Yhat are the y1~m e1:s have pronoun.s r;·:;~
, the .conjunction as become a rela.five _1 -;:-0ive examples:
pronouns.·-When self is added t yth D_eclme all the personal
" EXERCISES IN FALSE SYNTAX.
~r.e .tl)~y c,alled, and h9w are the ~se~ lersonal ~ronoun~, what
NoTE 1, to RuLE 13. -?.When' 1it·'n oi.ilior pronoun is the subject
In sense ?-Is it ever singular in
1 .
When lS you smgular
of a verb, it must be in the nominative case.
·
thy, hfs, her, our, your, their, call~~11'. ·e~on ~y are the words, mJ!i ,
. Who will go 1 Him and I:. · 'How does thee do 1 Is thee well 1
are the words, mine thine his h
P
a pr?nouns 1-:-Why
compound pers. pr~n. ?__.:Ho.:V ~:s, ours, yours, theirs, denomin·ated
r ". H~, and I;" not proper, bec11-use the prononn him is the ,BUbject,, o( he
What is ~id of oth
2 R
you parse these compounds ?=
verlhoill' go.understocid, therefore ·himrllhoUld lie in tlie nom.inl.tiv.; cilsj}~ ~ ..
ers · epeat the order of
·
·
w;orc;ling~ th'3 a,bow rjou.11 ~Repeaphe ·~on:;) • Him•and I are cionnect;:.1
. parsmg a P~r89.f!a!
P:ono!1n:-What rule do ou a l .
ed by th~ · cqnjiiJlcti~~- i',M.-• ~d tifm. ~ .,iJ\ tJie .. ?J>J. ~. aµ<;l I ip. ~ ,no!Xlr, ;
fi~I pe~son, and · in the n~m. c.f%et~~.\~~rsmg a prono,un· o{Ji\~
therefore:· Ru.Lk ·33d, is: VIolated. (Repeat the Rule.) .In the second anq ~
n9un , is. in the possesSive cas~ ·1 , W
at . rule when .the pr.a;
th,ird ,!'~Pl~, thee should be thou, acc9rd.ing ·to the No:n:. ·The verb;s; dQe• J
and u, are of the t)lird person, and the nom. thou is second, for which reason ,
personal pronouns of the second~d t~~t dRules apply in ·pa-.fogin parsing the compounds ou
Ir . person !~ W~at"Ri.il.#~ '· . the verbs should be of the second •person, · cio•t liui and"art, -agi'eeabl7' tO ~
R~L~ ·1i ; Y?q UJ!11!COJr';'f~ ~~,o~~r 1 ~~1!~,.f,o,u_r t:Wi.ea ov~. ,·.: " . "
of the pronoun it?
, ' y rs, ours, rmne, &c. ?- \VJ1;it is sair
· • 1"
•
•
· , .. FALSE SYNTAX;
,,_;, ·' ' ' •·.·. · _.,. 1 ~
·. \VJ1at are atljectiv
· .· · ;
·
.·
d,
icai:li "relate t. o 1!.:.pTroonwohuatns d.-:-Name the· three kipds,,,.-.·What
dlim 11,nd :me' went" to t6wn·yJste~d~y':'"' 'Thee· ~~~\-,i:;:~;t~g.~Y,~~
'..Wu;r
..:.:.•;'f.•.• • relate
~" ' •
•I
•
"''P'J'··11 l
1 'T1
'
?-What~
: .. .-rnes
.• ,. .,,.,,.. ;.,. r.e ate. , ...,.......uo what doe11 Him who is careless, will not improve. They can ·wHte"'a s we~.
oes n.etther import ?~To what do this and
Wh' 4

.REMARKS , ON RELATIVE PRONOUNS

r.

ws

w

.

...

~1'P.P .~.. 7~!1:\s. ~~t~,~·' m~iJ!'!JoP\ .._w.IJ.!$ .e.~P.~pt~d .... ~ lI~.1;..~nd .I i~'
s{l~eril(;~~I!!~ :,. l ?ave,µ,i~~~ gr,e~t~r p,;~f}c1e_.p<::Y:.t~a.n lp11_1. , }Vlj.q~
of~ l,~,x. acq9~1¥1S~.s!. ~o. y~u t~k ":as there 1 · .Whq,i:n, ~l
t~ ~J~qf.,b~~ im~o~
. ' ': } ~eF!i9_es'. ~!1,d. r n o.. flife ,o f .~'?~or bes~<?W:.it'

JNrn. ,., . . ......•.,1
·1
...~ 4ri/·~~: 'to,, R.uii;:.13,., P,.ersonal .pronouns ?eing 'u11ed ·tq Nupply'

'lP,9q ..

f

-.

.

..

•

•

.

"

.

.

• ., ••.

tlie place-of nouns, should not be employed m the same memhi>?
of the .~~.n,tence with the noun which they represent.
. ;
. .

·.~>· . '~.:.;. ··: ".
60

· i ~, FALSE SYNTAX.

:._..,,, · ·~

,, The -111en they -11-re there. · I saw him· the-king. - 0Qr cause 'it'
iS'justr / [\fany words they darken speech. That noble gen,eral:
w'l10J<h~ ' gained· so: many :·victo;ies'. he . died, _a t : last, ' in ' .t>r_i,iionl .
W.ho, m~tead· of gomg.. about domg· good, they ·~re co.nt.m uaLlr_
domg :ev1J; ·t ·.. . ,,_ ...... . .. .. . -•·
· .i.,.,., 1

.;~:. ~~~~r;::eding ex~m,~~es, _~e, ~e~~ p:o~~~ sh~~d ,li,~ o~.ii~'
:'.~Ti · S; ~ RuLE 13. ,, A pe:sonaJ )ronoun. Ip. ;the:?1?jeq,iiy~ : ·
case, should not be used mstead of these and those. . :
·~.-. -.;:~:,,
. FALSE SYNTAX.
. .... - .

1

1Remove ·them papers from the desk. Give · me them boo~s;>
Qivl'I '< them. men . their . discharge. " Observe ·them three t}\ef!l'."
Which of-them. hy,o. persons .deserves most .c redit 1 .' ·. '·' ·• >l.t.1~
-· m· all'the~e examples, those shou!a· be 11-sed .ii. place <;>f them. ·· The use'~r·:

the:pers0nal, them, m such .constructious; presents two objectives after ·oQ!i'
ver.b or.preposition.

This is a solecism which may be.avoided by employing'
. . , ~l.'J.1,

~_i<!Je~~[ePI'<!nolill.
in i~ steiill.
•
-

r

~

'1. 11,,

·, LECTURE IX.
.
OF CON!UNCJ:'IONS.
-

· 1 ·.f

'

.'./·
~

J

','

I

1i)

..'~ l _;:..l •

..

~'~- .C:o:~.fp~cT:r;oN: is· a _part pf speech that 1s ~hie fly ,

used.·.to.connect sentences,·joining two·or mqre. ~iaj:;~
pJe'~et.it~n9es . into one ·cornpqu'nd -sentence: its6fi1:e: r
ti1~~. e,~'. R,ormec~~ ~nb:~. '\V<?.rds f !8c? '' T ,,hQµ ·qnd Jie af~,
happY,, .~~caus~ you ,are.good. .,, ,., ..._ ..... "~ ! ''°"'" "'"b''" -.Mr-

..Conj~n¢i6~s are · those parts of language, 'which: by.: joi~ingi1
sentences in different ways, ·mark the ~ connexions and various
~~~d!lnces _of hurpan .thought. .'.!'hey, bel9ng .to}~gu_age.«~ri9
lDtlW
rAfinAJ;l.Rtate,
....
rt~
~ . ~ .~ .
'('

•t;\

:+- .: .' . . •: •.•.,-:'-••>
.. .

. ·,•;.
- • ,:'·:','/:o,:_j411·1ll;
,.,.
'
. ""

I

ETYlUOLO<tY·. 4.ND SYNTAX.

the use of 'this part· of speech so ·cleady, -~~rto· enable you fully~_

"ti
cs>~l?f,~hend J~· · T~~: fol'.o:-y_ipg 1 simpl~ sente~c~s a~q n1e~~1''.
- or '§entences, have no· relation ·to each
·other until they are con:J

nected'. by:conjunctions.•; He labo~s ~arder~mqre successfully_:,;~
, d;~.: ~~ .T.h~t man is healthy-h.e.,i;i te.~per~te . . B_y fill.ing~;!IP, thel
•. .yl}CJt~c1e,s m thes~ sentences w1tp ??DJ P.!Lctloi:s, .~.o1t .wiJ!, 11.~ ~tll\ll"
1mportp.nce of this sort of words : thus, He labors· harder .and
IJ!O:\'e sdc;Jes~fully .than I do. ' . That man is hea:Ithy ·becau8e
is
' teinpei:ate.
·
" , I : . i . r 1 " :;" '

lie

· '{~~onjuµctions are divided into two sorJs,;the-Cop~d J>.i.:>j unc~iv{). , 1. . · • _. • . ··•
: 1•
..: ·H
I. The ConJunct10n Cop'l!-Jq,(ive serv:~s. to ~QPllEiCt
c~d .,continue,, a . sentence by joining on .a."Jnenioer . . which ·expresses an -addition, a supposition, or a'

"' :-W3i.ti1v:e
1

ca~~~ ; ~as;' ~' Tw~ '.ana : ~htee ar~ f!v~. ; I~ ¥0 .if.1.
h~ wiu~d.~fempany rn~ ;·Yog ~e haJ?pr ~e.ca~e]~µ~
are goo . . .
. •.. ., :·

1

•

'.

'"> In the · first or these examples, and joins on p. word that ex. .
jresses'"an addition; in the second, if connects ~ member ..that
' wflpliea ·a:·"Bupp-0sition or condition; and 'in µie third, becaus~ cori!I
hi .l
nects a member that expresses a

came.

: ,_;, . _

1;I~. ~ Th~. C.o?-~?nc_tio~ J?.isj~n~t~v~-~~~~~s t<?,c~n!1~~t

(111~ .,_ppn_tu;m~ a septence ,by JOm~ng: qp. -~ ) Jiell\fie.t'
, . t].!~r~~J?resses opposition of meanin~ ; · as, " They.
came1:wiith her, but they went aw;iy:w1thout her.'~. ,,
,.,. : But joins on· a member o.f this sentence "which; exr.resses,' not

! '9#1y;&0~e¢ing

added, but;also, dyposition of ~eanin~'J
t . ' .·1
>The 'pdncipal conjunctions may· be known by the follo,\Ving'. .
· zu~;- which: you may no}v2·comrni ·to memory. • Some ·-words~ ini'
:·"~~.·-1.~ts, ."are,,-~o-iv~ver; f~eq~e.~ •IJ ··u~~,<! as ·adverbs, 1and 1 _so,1!1e-!
., • tim.ea as.prepoSitIOnS; but If_you s_tudy well the nature bf a\l_the".
.:>:-¥e.renti r5'?~ts· of : woi:_ds, YC?U c.annot b_e at a l?sa to ~ll_ the;11~~ o~
·"'~~~h of\ any word m-_the_!a~guage: ·-r•- ·
.
.-.. --:~ :i

~:-:..;~cJ·~~: '~ : :

i""" ~- . _: .•

t;.

:_,.:. .-.'· ;

C'1£

:-s::-.

;(!·;: ;

... . · . .
:
.
,; . . , t°J-: ~'.'"? .-.tl.t~ a!C: ·,~ ~
!RILO~l'¥ICAil · PPTES •.~J,t........ -~ +.•,.~i!_-W·-: f

~;'~OU ;-'!l~fW~ . Pri!ipipJ~~' our, c~~tive ..; ~lllll/-.only denom.inated ·prJp,o1i-

~ =til?,f!!,8¥. ~1,1¥Ct¥>~ 1-Jl!.E! put OQ-~ ,P,&1:,p,f_ sP.6.~'. pi:e distinotioli;-bel,'\V.iie tr.." tMm"li.~}Dg .~'i'reJy tcecllDlc~ . Som~ ~ODJIU;l.Cti0'!-9 .~~ only~-~ordi;.fBJild;
l!OD1.9" P~po81~o-qa--connect-.entencea. ' They•are"denved frori:l n~l_insJ'and .
1

l'lw.~iv~rot; .imd. the time has bee°:, when, perhaps, in our lan~~e, tliey-'aµi~noC:

; P{\i:fo.wi. 1tb,e.~f6~, 0£ .c.onnectiTe'; ;;-, :- i!! · •r;. • . ~'it>'fi<\Z.: ·"~fl!ff ~;f~
.t, ii 11 ~••'f1!1l 7011,to_b~lieve, that I would 1,1ot Wilfully h~ a fiy;'~ Here, ia: the .

+!t

.~en1~l~~~~l!!~1

•. . He .whor every morningrnJ~ns1 ~~ µa~ctions Q.t\ t.P,e;...ln ·andi
follows out that plan,!C_14'ries, ona threa· . :i th. ~t w·:11 · · ~Y•:i_.
thi'Ou h th l b ·
· · ·• ·' ,., _, ,,
...,.. ,,.
-+ · gw<te 'fd.m
IJ'j"I'hg kine a Y~¥?-~~f~th~:mostJ~µsyclife ..... ~-"" 0 •• \ 1,. 7 .. il'. ·

wtaz-J
'" . ~\~~J..Hk.6;:~,,a..s1r~en_
e ~?.u~ ~~1Yar.1,for.com~it~ th~t· fulr~
~ ; ~Ii:~
~I fe~r. the co11~quence •. \ ;, :•• '..:·. -.' '.;,',~\tiir
" ",. . j

1 ··

en now, where_Alp.me solitudes ·ascend,""' - • ,.;;,w11u~¥F
:u.<-;r; · ~l}jJil!3v q9~p :.~ . ~~n~,y~ J1gur ~ sp~nd; _.,; . .: .1,.; .,1, . ,:
;~~ . ~.. ~t;Hli+P.~dqp.high,, APQYf:I ~he s~orm's career, ; ,, , .~,j
'fWll)!:.l#~A~Y<~"'.M~ 't'.h!3nt ll :h».n!lr-ed f!'!~lms ~ppe~r ~...,. ,.,.1,1.f
•).
" 4- ,i . 1\las · th~ J.oys t.hat fortune ~rings, .
... .
: .. ,· ..1
.Bl!T • •• · {l ~J'!'\-~l!-g~ aHd decay; ,
· .
(m.l ·· . . Kna ' fhose who rrlirtcf the pa1try thirigi~ ·..~
~J" t?. t ·1More: trifling 'still"th~n thev. , / ,,, ,-,, .'-!'. -\ • ~

3fJl

NoTJ:.
r'.
· ·
ed b ' ·In
th the ._second. sentence .0 f th e 1ioregoma
exercises 10· hjcJiie

ern

.,,lo

Y e ·ve~.,. , to kide, accordwg to Ruu: 16"
is nom. to plam! "'FoUO,,,s B!ITeeB with . ho d

go •
•Ji .nom: to carries;

If, ·

'

"

~1 ~;,Jl)I; a~ ~UL1' ;l! wh; d '-l h1D .un ersto •and lB connected
Then rettJa;d 'bi 'in the ~oj, ':,~e g~v b'+·.t ~· k·mRg ,gi:e T· A. reJlla:rd .to me.

understood-· N

R

·

•

· Y gave•

ULK

20.

Me

by ~

lB " OY

~.oi>v'I b·..l !,.o~fi"Jo:;1 · 2u~E d32. _RThe .phrase, coin"!'i~tiu.g that ba'rb"ar;,,a.act

~~pend'

c~~ .gqv;:., h.r'

'J' .'
11: ,un er
ULli: 28.
Hou.r1smthe b'
·
"RV.LB . 20< 'Look' is connected to 1et by d.
'J·
~
~·
!l9•.4"'!1r" Xkat is , goy. bv brina1• RULE 16 anT,h ui:x ·3 .....

R

' ""c

~

p·uo ~., .;" fr .lB ~m; U? ar.• un?erstood ;. .Ruu 35.
', '.X'... ~(J~ .: r..,,,_;, ._cAs:e;s .OF NOUNS. . '
tnivl,

'TM ·

···

J

'Q

'

. ~n~,f~niter

•

010

Joy,.~
a·

l.8 nom to

.

.'.,..

· !

7'

. ·,.;;.

more: e~t~:~i/;

Iec:ture;·l· promised to give ypu a
the ' cases of· nouns . and as they
.
.
llituations, a little difficult to be asc;rtain;d I will i:_re, ~ - m~.~~­
~kS'oIJ, this subject. .But before you proceed nr:r her sorp~'
Pj!.~alvthe -examples in the exercises· 1· ust 'prese~ted . sb yo~ t~
-· to p1ay
. in the subjoined
' o ser.vmg
r Rarticul
' . . ar '.1-tten t"~on . tot h e rem~rks
NoTE,l
~ . reillll:fks w.i\~~~~ ;ro~ ~1;1ch ~n _an11lyzing.
,
~ po~, ~; ~~etime_s ._no111ma.u~e _to a verb placed many lines .
. .J.the poun. You must exe~c1se. your judgm'e nt 1. . tn· , . ,
ter. ~ook at the sent
·· " li ... · · ·
. . 1:1 is m~t-.
Wi~"'i'c'c lf~ i (': ~ ~ ,, . • ~nee ln} . e precedmg' exercisis b'eginniiig-1
- .i.
'
e w o,. ever; .mornmg," &c ; 'and see if'y ouc'cak' find
....~. .,~e~? 1;". .~vh1ch_ he is nominative. What does . he do 1 ' He'
ca~
- a thr,,ad
rre" then
-~· yerh·
.
.
• !{\'.~,,,.. 1on
fl;"wh·""'<l
'T ,..,,,,&c
.. ,_.!; f~''•·
... ,, 1.·5 n,9,m~.nat1ye
to th~
.
eµ~. .. . at oes who do 1 Who pla'ns,'Jl.!i~'\v.Iio'fio 1tO.'' s,..&0·.:
e11>itDM,1 1B ·n om ....to,plans ·and wlw understood · · . ~·. ~~.'-· -~
ollowa.
. '
... .,,. . . ...._ ,.1s nom~i:iative;t.o. ·~·ation ;of

Tb

Th

-Ml? ~.i.~(•t.A'.'

.. ·

r ,. ... ,- ..

· ·

,....... -......a

.
- •• ~ou w~thout. refie'cti.o!J; like'. a pile _' •1 •" ' ·'.' t ' •
.i-f•1!l.. • .~-~~-41,Wlt4ou}. 1nha,b1tani, •to ruiq ;;uris.~' . : . ·,.' :'; }"'l
tk~AJXic}' tQ find the v b
h' h
• ,. • -••· ·• · -1
f'tfte~~Ulj~ '" .· .. .- : ' er-. to ,.w ic the.•noun soul in .-this: sen

-~iho\1 1 'tjfl~l!if1a~~~U'e;i·p~1;·
,~n~: 9.~.e~ti_on 'f t~hat do~s~ a~"soUzi
O
o
Sucli a sou'l·ruM tb ' ih; Uk'~ ii'~!.W ~.It~

-

ii.~

"!eliif·e~s; a \thirig ; aB;i~'l-fo•umtesti~ el'>it·askB a :qua$
tion~r .as, ~'Does . he wri.tc ?:, ;°WihQ"!Wr,;ottl;that-1 'lN'!hi:,\

~WJty; ~p..c·tli>,-i,t ;-ll1."•il.:;·-€>.F>4'ij!"}

·Ueons•.• t:4~•1.- :1iqv_ ; fl';?;/~~{tib
The ·M'do:ri'. 1f>r~-: M6.Dit()f'a: 'verhmeatl~ the· m~J~
.in.-whicltits\'actioaj'.passiony.or being~isi. ;repi:esented.
irj~f)S~ ~i:'~\sh ·tQ, assert'a t11ing~1 po~itivelj, I use ~h~; d~clar~~~

i

HH~~;v..w~~t4~r'. P~~~:1:e1y:. or ·r~~r-Y-~f ·~- t\1'*~·1'~1 ~~

-~L ;itR,1~·1:11i~gtf ,;~l~t~~,~~H~~~\l:f,:,.·_ll~l\~1~1%~d~,
~ l\V$! ~ 1hIW!HP}>P1't.~0~" ,w>v.iR?es_,,_,1Vj~y~~~n,f -~~i~.itMW~~
~·~-~tl\Y:!l.p;!-W>~~~ ~¥W~o~· ~.~n~4??.:-'i'.~~;, :~ .'!.f!f!M..,.'!J~
y,~u · .·o, ,,,., -~ . ' ,. •' .•.··· · ' •" ···~·- · •,. . ·. ·oir,.,;!.).'.)i< i»'''-'1i·•1iH\

oil'.o<i9llrreijce1ci('wh~ch ' I- wish .to speak;'· :is doubtful:; arid 'theil:J

fil~,~~~9~·: ~~~.CJirE;:~t ~itively/bu.nVmu~t .adopt:.a11ot~e~~ rngtJiilfi't

e~press1on•;.• thus/ lf·the man walk; ·he. wdl · refresh / h1m8elf'f,WUH.
th'iblan\l breezes •.»·,This second mode or manner of. repre~fiWiii
lft~i'ptjari;~ls 1 caileq -~ '.~unctivior conditionizl1mddei ii d' :chofl
'\"\ ~gil.i.Df ~~';s0µie~es eniploy1z1i :Verb ' wheil' -We ·do nc;it··w~ttij

?i'-'T he; subi~ii¢iY,~:~.:.Q~g~9:t~ :tL.ll#IJ:>go~~\c{;ii~~: ~'WR~IJ.~
HPPJ-U~at~otl,. ~~.l!-~Y .e.thi;r,, ?t.;Pttgh.t ,tQ.ft~ ~PX~El.~~~; ~~~;:. ~!!

llJ

9;V~x.~,.lfh..¥1i.'f90?!1,.._hp,w!lX.~Wi91ff.efl'\{D~~ei;1~,_J-1:~m,,f.h:~(W$.:~

~~Ztfi;~ .Ji·.~~~'.'Pior-:io ·. repr~sent ~h.e action_· ~ ~~~·dor:b(u! o:;::co1tt

-~W .'1~~~~~'\'b*~tvt~~;,~<,\ll-:;,.~~i-1lfi?,;,~a~~Y:~f~lf,. ~~~

~/·.,manner: •;1,Put .we .w1sh ;to 'command ·some··onecta•aotm Mri

'ih1ln".u;~ tlia'im~er~tive or com.maiidini mode, _a nd ·s ay;'Wa/Uf;jiii?
..A:np:when,. :.we do not · wish to command a man ' to ·· aot,.'We\Samt«
-tihl"~t1 ;\Qlllu'de· tO his-power or abili.tyfto act. · i ·. Trliµi.fourt,h.:m0da1of
i;ep:oo§lenting11abtiQn~ ,;is . :called' Jhl'l .PQtential·, Jll,o9e. ~ ¥; •;lffil.;'f~ ·
JDalk:; ,~ He· couUl ·:walk; The:: fiftJi . and last :· m<:><iel 'called-1 1~
,Y,.../i!Jif(v.;1.or u_nU,mit,ed rp.o~e, ~e. employ in.exr,re:ising 8:~ti<>P. ¥~­
tµi1'1m1te4; 11_1anner ; that 1s, without confimng·1t; ID respect to h um..
.j;k\¥d 1 perso~r··fa any ;parlicu1ar•agent;; ·as, 1 To.-walk,'1to~
Thus you perceive;· that the 'mood/ mode; o~ i;n!LW)er}~(;;i;ep,r~
;Wg itl.!e . action, .passio!l, or being of .a verb, must yary . accorqi_n~
to.J]l.e_qiJferc:inf
int~ntions of the mind.
·
~ ·
·" · · ·
.. i!.
.• _
t ..
~re, ..we!? !ls~ign a .ii_arti~ular name Jo .e~ery ch~nge in -~
m0de1 or-rrianner, of representmg action or be.mg, the. numberldf
mqods in our language would amount to many hl.!-lldreds." ~_:. ~yl
#.Jja4 pr~cip,l«;i 9f, diyisioIJ -~~-~~~r~~a_t, if follo;wed o)Jt ~n .deHoil#. :~.Q~_ Je.!lcl. to gi:eat pe.rplfi~ity, 'Yiiliout . pro~uci~g '_liny)f~
c

'

•

•

•

.

•

•

•

;

•

""

~ncial J8~1:1H·,.'-A~e "~~~.Qft,i.P(~r.. l;1;l!-TI~s,_ ,ip !J~; JI&~~~;:~
1

t:Jl~l Cd!ii~nien(l_e _~d :aa vantage' c;>f ther-learnert ar& 'ci>hcemed?Jf

~~e}i.~
.;~e.,4 ll h!l.'tlipO>.·in:rii:i\ger_rie?~' ti~ pr~fe~~,bleq to:_'~.l,itf;'.fco.n~~i~i·
l !!UJl )llP,t:umiw;arei,hat pl.a~~b~e 0 9b1~ct1ons·JilaY.'. be._'r!\isE!d. ~~1!:1 ,.
@· ·· bUt'~haP'atro:hgem~t ·c~nnot •.be':objecte~· to;1_rl;·);~M1!i .. ~ v
i(,{ ~.C.'flt;!j~>.J •l'll'>°t' q-. h~i~;'.l'· · r·"n ~n:i;•J 1i:t;;•• <•J -.Wt~~ , , _,,.,.,, ·r •1f tf*l:l'l ;,,Wt:}!
't~rf,,!Wf·~ .a.f!".~Jiy~ ,1nq~~ o.f .v.e.rbs;:the,In~~u~~ t~

'SubJun.<?t~~e, ,t;p.e., Jmperativetthe. P~te~ti~l{'.~g;$~!:'
lnfinlt;J.~ : ·

"'

l"i ;;• 1' ·"'.•

· ,~. .

'.

' '

.

:

'·

' ·' ; ,··'-'"fl. .:i-J.-<:{\l

, ~~~
:;:r'"*'.\'i~I';i,')' ''\"··: \,"'''r.fi . ~; '.'~ inJL~~ i1-J,-..@~L1f'" :."'
ht~"'W ,in...-~ -.X~ q»Jit A(~.W~lYi ·,~, Hf..,_ J,Ef~,.fl~~\i
~

.

1'

.

~-I)th~,!W~~-· . ~P~,~~~,:of.:c•~~.W~~~~~' i~~!'~~~-1.·Q~~fl'
~9-~~"- p.su .~unctp'.El! ; ... ' .. '"r'·

·

., ,_. !..',

,1,: ; L U , ' '· '.

-~ · ::.. ci::·, ,~,,~~

i~v Whe i SuB.JUN~TIVE :-:MooD; expr~sseEft;;tctio~,~:~
.ii_
tpn'?9r 'l>eing' in '.~. ·doubtfur·oi<condirtorial
n{ii.nn~1
'.'I,\ ~
<P,: \\•>-!\ ~i:.J'.~

or ' ..' '"· '
~1~~n·~ 1 Ve~o~is; F 80a~a'.J1 f r£-'wbr<f'tliat i~x ,,.g~es
1;?9r~~~Pjt~~fJ~11~
~{~~~d~~ibii/dqlibt;.
'
f
u9fi\r
.
:
~
;
~is_
h
tS1:lit'the,1 ~UBJ:pNCTIY:~ ·Moon'; .as, '":Jf; nelstudy;~a
M.i;

;

;.

-;". 'II :· .'. "'"· ,J\

:.

1
_. WilPf
. rii·p·rove"'f I willt respect .him:',-'· thou:g'huhe Hhi'd~
··1· · c' i 'l{e:: will. ·nqi J:>e:.. pru;dqo.e.d; ·:ipJ.l¢sS;.c·henr.ejii'iJJ ;
tI ·: e beeli.
'lilcrllave .coif'uere ..;, _. ·.,~a.-)
'· t
..1h... ..rb·
,,,t'be.re'
.-.,·'·tlie:W
b, ..,. -· .,9 ~,..,, . ., ....,,, ,. ,q__ ......•.
·· ·"''
~· :ifa~.,i,.
.) , .... . . ...... . .. .c;\t,
'L\~'6

~;'- i

,-ye

<:ic.i._ ,e~~

ere. , "._ , .

·:,, .~: .. _,: ~:>

a',.•

'< . . ~ ..;;.;.r:fr,fi·

lfi!fQ'he~.conjunctions'if,· t/wtighj~un~'s; i.iI) 1the ·pJ~cedu_ig eX..!l-~P1~

·!lipres~

condition; Cloubt,, &c. _;: !herefore, the verbs. studY>:.'-cJJd.e,

rep~nt_, and had peen ar~· in the subjunctive mood. . . ·: . ,,, _·r;'i
···;:<1'
. :'A:~y-~~
~i$;~oo<l'li
'ilxi'eriill
"attE!ndtd b' · 'ani>lli'~r -V'\;fif"
!;)~!?,:!"~
.. ' pj,OOU..
..· ..... .R;;,.OU -;0·b·c•
.• , ''"'--t~
: ·"i.: Y LY.11.·•·. ,,:.:;·t·-: .-...~:Z· r·"' ...--~~'-':2.lili~
m~1oµei;.
serve;
..,.. eiwu
of \.ue uno ··wr= 0 <11e·11,..,.,.,..1 I!'

'fk

'f:..,s'

w.»P;4 :wf>!..-El.:, ~~f!Q.\l~ ,tJ?An: m_§ti:~c~ve~ . !Je. has fou~~n m~s ,;
JiUI l1*1,'.t"Og~til)ll1 • <pla;tive, ho?_"lati_ve, proviis~ve, precautive, r~q~~

tnit.~tive-; l&ci ,;:But ·a8~fa1r>,as"philosophical' (4o~tfriicy;,'t!t4

l.!I'<lle.+tem:pi11diGative-..1~ -Jiiom.~.the1·La.t)~:w/:~oi·MMif4~'(#;

• · .~~~,Qle. l~gitil_!la\e., P;t9.Xl\l~p.£,~An"djp~µ_,v~e' !P,oW~~1~~i:4

l>l\~llU;!atwe.· mode'; :as, Th~ man walks;. but sometimesthe'actio!1 ,

1Y

U6

.x ~'.l'IOODstlOP ~'iTll

BTYWto&Y \\NJ1.CBYNTil.

~ iWnnies";'.~ntainSa '~ilrb'i.n'.the illdicati~; ~ood, ii-@:the !a~r~i:tit'
~~Jieiiti'al'~ r•·t;. ~-:.!;~.'~ , :~:,.,i;l;;,,~-. ;.~\~~~:"i~~-~·1~ ,:~:::?',§' · '""'

"

-:;,.,o. _, UTl.AneJ£er +l.e ·c;oninn,,tions ~ ·t!+9~h u~aa ezce....,; 111"M
~;d',.._.
n~tl''lJ:i">i
!;'1_:
•+ir,::11 ~w-t
" '"' '____ _
..th
,..e •'' · ~B
.co -.•fl'~
enc •~1'
or. ' ouo
e ver' b"s !.i..!::
umt .io
~~'.: ,P,.P.mouu.
te ,~'j~lfllg~
· ·~ ·i·l e-,,.ti.t
...,..•. aay;·-w.a"u
··"·•·:i..:>~- ...efil'··""•-m·
--··"
e "UOJµAc,,.ve
· ,as ,••·,-rr.Y..._
. i · ne n
ou "·eve.ry
w ·Wt · umu
' fr'fui n;;,···;,, thilt"'i's\1.ith16~~iii"·~ · rid~'out'"h.li~r;i-~ . Bq't~~
~~~}:,i!.i~~tions d,ii ·iiai implv doubt~ &C. the ve~bs'"thai:'foUoW,ithe'm:areiii

'! "'?"
1iliJ.':·

a'C&li · ~~'r) ro . '';~' the "niOM"1 '~}«'!1'.lhou· J;'! hfll~.1»; ' QU.f, ~'"l'i-..J-;·.m.

~ :·~ ·/~~ ;;~· ~,,:'·illlc .; ~~~ -·

dicag:e,r.fui?lit .-.~!, .•,.

~1i#~l:iii11ihe~~~~J~Rti()~~~tii~!¥.9rb':tJ>.~tY' .~~ll,~~·Y~-~~.

r;

T

~

. ;;:~.:~b,e IM~E~A'ri;v:t: Moon is ·lisep fore'offi!iian~~'
~h·..'CO.]~:• " ;).- ~~..., ~ ..1:.~ ·"'' , 4'1 1 ~ -. j, ~~l:f -.·~·~'-< · Jhrf - .:•'t.5Jrg' :li'{>~o<''fUl<Til·P . R
.e'at 01,tmg,,,-~nu.eatmg, ..,o,r, . pel1Jl~
''·""fi!<C' -~ :-p_l:lpf.!J:t

ETYMOLOGY ""'JN:;S,XNTAX.

. of . the verb · ·in-the · indfoailiie-<' tnOOd,lo/bu•Cwill 'find ·do·difficultY ~
conj_u gating it through .those. that. folio~, !or .in -the conjupation
tliroughiall<>the moods, ·there is· a great· s1m1lanty111~l( ~ ·""" •
I'

,.:.

•
'

.

~

'·

•

.

..

:. SuBJ.UNC'PV:~, J\!pop,.;. · (

--

"

..

.,1,.t j ~

l

.•

-

1

~

1itl 0'!Ji',('N

_,-/Ii

-- ·'- ..
•" 4- ..

Present TeI_lse,,or, .wUpt,i9_!!1 future.-Conju!if.#lle, f~·
, .:$ing'JJ.lar. .
; .. -: ,,v/J/Uwl~·. ' 0 '
1·. ,I f, ,J lo.\!.e, ;~"' L . A·
l-.;;·. lffuwe-ilov:e; .~~ • .-If th.ou· lo.veji• ,,,_. .,,,.,,, -2. l¥Ifty-e•.tm-~6d. love .
3.'°) f he.. ~ov~... .
. ,_ ,3,.'!lf ~~y lov~ ·.. l
Look. again at the--oonjugation· in:'-the· indicative ·preseut, and
you will observe, that the form of t4_e .Y,e.~b differs from th~ fonn
1
in the subjunctive:.. The verb· i'h' 'the"present ten!le;._p~ ,J!is mOod,
doe~ ~ot vary its· term~nati9n on ~_c~o~nt, _or, !1~.W~~:?r· ~eI]lPn.
This· is c lled" the con;unctzve form "ot' tHe·.,verb; ·lfur sometimes
the verl'i'ih tli~ subj.iin_ct~ve moo~, p;es~nt tensXi_ isc?njugateq in !1.1e
,.sa..me manner as it: 18..ln· the. -wd1cati.v.e,.. with . thlS excep~n; if,
tJwugh,.imless, -0r some other conjunction,is prefixed>:; --as;""..._.._.

Indicative. form~
Singular.
1. If I love, . ._ .
~- . If thou 10v~t,
3. ' If he' loves. ·· -

.1

Plural.
1. If we love,
2. If ye 'tr you love,
3; If they fo~e~ ,

.

· - .. .
· ,~~:~
~·
t •
The -following general rule will direct you whe,n.Jjo. use the
., µm.jµ11c.tiq~orl}l:...of the verb,_and w:hen the. i~d~~ipa,, . ~~W~ a
~-: verb in the -subjimq.tiye mood, p~esent tense, .has ~future ~ig!1ifi­
. cation, or a reference tof:u.~v(r..e ti,mEh-Vti;~ conJunct1ve form .sho.ul~
• be used; as, 'f_If. thou prosper, thou shouldst .~~- ~pkful;
' "IJ.ev ~i,11 , i;\ai~t~iJi his -pril\cip\~;i,}h,91tgh Jie - ~s( .~!s - ~5!8-~;"
t ..tha~ is/ If tpo}l_'s.li.f!-'tt._etilwuliist prosper; t~oug~fle_~~~Z:,or a/"'!"14
lose, &c. : _B ut ·wnen a verb m _\h!l _,~ubJu~c~ve .mood,. pr~nt
t te~~·-· l\~~- n.o _r~fereJl~~ to future'-' ~m~t· t~ ~nq_1p~!}y.eJq~ ought
ei t?- '1>,e_ u,seg,; 'MJ. '.' :Uql~ h~::'l.~.n" -<.llk:!lt £~,!!~Y:~· P,~, ~~J"9.o~bly
.• 'f~ithl e~s.~:, .. :.:J3x-tJ91
.s Y..2 ~ ~~roe~ve;lli11:t :wnen,}!· X~-~ !!l}Jl~J!fes• , e,Il_t tense of the subJunCt~v.~ rp~d1)~!f.! a futur? s1gmficati?~~ a'!1
11
~~-.a~liary is al:w,ar.~.-¥p.der~tood ·before l!, f?r whwh l.~!1'8.8Jl• iri:,Jhis
construction, th~"t.i:irmm.ll,t1on of the _prmc1pal verb never yaries;
;;-~as; "'He' will not <b~come eminent, 'Unless'he ·exert. }\imseJf~ ~\:µiat
.,~, is unless he shall··exert, or sliould ··exert· himself. ,JfhiS -~ of
' ·rt.he ·imbj_unctive·!l1ood'ou-ght- to b'e ''ealled·l he! tfli~tifa!_f.i!.~ure:~
~1~ . ..; 'fhe .1mpe;fe~!i.: the -P-~Ffe?,t•. the _plu~~rfect 1 ~na _tfie_ni:_s~ fu,t ure
l" 'tense$l: of' thU! •~nood!~ ar~ - c?nJuga!ed, 1~ ev~rr ~~s~_ez.t,,". h~~the
tenses'"i'ot'"thc :mi:lrna.t1ve, with this exccpt10n; ' m' the ·uub
'f ..

••

'

;·

1

13

· .•

'

-

•

,,.

•

•

.,..

t')

jUil(fRve~ mpod, y, ~njwiQµon .W.n:iJyjug.doubt, &c .. is .pr.afix~ ;o
· .~e y~rb. . . .! ·" !.
.
•: ~r -'l".:.
.·.·,
Jn.·tlie ~cong/~~µre ien~ of th~ uiood, ,the.,verb,.is conjugated
thus: .
.
.
Second Future Tense.
1h Singular~ .. ,.:c ·'
'•' 1• ,,. _,. Plural. · ..,
1. If I shall have loved,
1. If we shull ·have •Ioved,
2. Jf ..thou ,shalt have loved,
2. If you shull have 'lo'vedi
·B• ,If he,shall 'have loved.
3. If tney shall 'nave loved".
Look ~at the';sakne'tense in the indicative mood;· and-' you : vill
readily per~eive the•distinction betw,ee~ the two conjugations: ·
.
IMPERATIVE Moon.
,: , '
· .·. : Singulf._r:. : · · ·
'
Plural.
. . ·~J~
. 2., .Love, -01! Io!~ thou, or do
~ •.: Lovti, ·or love Y*" or ·yqui01
. .t,hou lov~.
do ye or you 'love. _;,..}_~,'
• t).

•

l

•

~.

'

.

•

· Nou;,~ 'We Cll;Dllot. co~d; exhort; &.c.l either in

.

plUt

or future time'i

tb;e~~ J~!pn, ~_mpod, IJl, aj)Vays in the preae'Jl ..tell$)•.?.\
POTENTIAL Moon.

,. 4 ,

~"'"" ",:_\

" .... •.in-· ; --,.,.,...,•. - ·- J~lui:iel'fect !J'-ense> .>f .,,.· ~-

-··-,..... ·: ~~· 7;
•
· Si~lar.
.
Plural.
· -~: ;~
"'" .1,., ! ,migni,· could, would, or J...•.• W e·might;could, would, or
should have luved,
should have "loved, "':-'2. Thou mightst,-. :._cou,ldst,·,~ ·7, .2.1,Ye~ _or you might, . could,
wouldl!~ :<--011 shouldst
,:
would~,-,~@®ld,, have
.,J 1a.ve l.o;ved, :·~ 'i• t·
'·1! rsjl9y_e,4,.;t krn:'a. r ? ·:. '...:I. ·:
.3~ J fe 1 nµg~t,:,P.91J.l4, wpul,4, , •. ~... "'.l'4~y,1 1IQ.ight,lAQMld,,;;w~udd,
or should have loved.
or M_ouli,l;hav.e lQ.Yed-- ;
By examining carefully the conjugation .of_the verb !hI"?ugh
tlus mood, you will fi.n..d .it Yery..ea.ey..; .. th,wi, ~Y.c;>U will notice~~~t
whenever any of the auxiliaries, may, can; or must, is placed
before a verb, that verJ>:.~< in~~JW~ti~l mood, pres~ tense;
might, could, would, or stwuld, renders it m the... potential mood,
-imperfect tense ; ma_y_, {;an, o.[ , m~tM.v~; r µie ~eifect tense ; and
might, wu"ld, would, or shou"ld have, the plupeifect tense.
u~ ;.,·~ .... . , .-;• ,,., d lllF~l'fJVB~ .Mool> ; . b.,, r..AJ1NJ- ut H..i
~-. l>res.: Tense~ •lfidove. ·~ '~" fjrl'~rf.-.'I;ense..- ...;Il'o:have lOV:e<l.
.
.
..PA,RTICP,'f'.E~d
.
. ; ; , ;._ ,
Present or imperfect;'" ": · · ·'"
Loving. ' .~ · · .. Loved. -"~" ' ". · '
Perfect or passive,
' " ": 1. r ~ •·
· '
HaVID
· · g loved 'l'-.;r••
"· ""' 1r
Compound;"~':~:
.. ,
NoTJ:. The perfect participle of a regular ver~; corres~n~ e~y with
the imperfei:t tense; yet .the former may, at all _times, be diatin~ ~m
tlie 'latter; by the•follo~~·rule .:· · hi• composition, :th~ · .imperfe?t~~~"'o,L~
verb ~ay1 has a nommatlve, either expreS!fod1or-unpiied: ·.tha~ec~
ticiple'tlet1'1' has. \-. ·.
· _, .
._ ·,
·• r. ·r .u'

For your encouragement, allow me · to inform you, that When
you shall have l~P;:,i!i;id to conjugate th~ ~v~_rb to Zove1 y9µ wiU:¥P.
able to conjugate ;a~)he regular _verQs_ )l). the Engl~sh langU3ge_,
for they are all conjugated precisely m .t he same l\)anDeN .t:Br,
pursuing th.~ folJ.?.w!#g direction, y~m ~8:11! in ·a very"shott ~~,
learn to coiJ.Jug~t~;,-J!ny ve~b. ConJUGl\~~ _,.the v:erb ~ t~ra1i~
all ' the moods and;; tease~, m the first ,pe~n smgula.r, .~}thAhe
pronoun I bef~Y.6: it, J nd spea~ the .:Parti_~~ple!!: _thua, ·~Ii~°!1~ve
mood, pres.!t~n~f'!;i'rst pers. smg. fS,fPiie,; ·_ ynperf. tens~, I dzoo~·
perf. tense, I ·"411~ } f!ve_d :· and so· on1:.tlj.J;8ugh .every. ~ood ~
tense. Then conjJlgate it in the second .pers. smg. ·'w1ili- ~e P,J.Qnoun .f.hou ·before it,i<through all the mdodi! and· tenses·; ~th~
. die. mood, presi::~,iW. second .pers. i~~l thou ~est ~ ,~1~
tense, thou loved.t?,1Rlld so on, throug&-Mie - whol~. ' After.S,filj~~
conjugate it in i~~- third__Pers. sing. wJ!;hc~ b~fore-•1t ;- an1 .~
the first. pers .. plur~l(~v1th we before ~t?.'1'•hk~ ·r:nan~el' ith~~
all the moods an~'.~s. Although~Ji?~iyode of-proeedure ~'11.

-''.".".!"~G.¥¥t~.{ .~''\Ii

at

fiist, ·appear to be laborious, y~t, e.!i"it'is necessary, I fru'~i you

wiU , no_t h~~itate ·;_t?,· ~d?pt it. My confi?ence in. yolll" p~rsev~.­
·rance( mdfrnes · me'1o recommend e.ny--Course-which' I know· will
tend to facilitate ybur progress.
" ·: •
, :
,bl-When 'you shall have'··complied -With my requisition, you may
Conjugate ·the following verbs in the same manner; which will
c:nable- you, hereafter,. to tell the mood and tense of any verb
without 'hesitation;. walk, "hate, smile, rule,, c0nquer, reduce; -.relate
inelt, ·1!1un, fail;,,. ...;..-.
r"!!.:1~

l .

:

~

•

•

~(

h

;

t~ '

"'·

;-.:·_<"

""''

LECTURE Xll

., ·~~·;.;,
J'~ <\J~

OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

IRREGULAR verbs are those that do not form
their ·imperfect-· tense· and perfect participle by the
addition of d or ed to the present tense ; as,
Pre1. Tonie
I write ,
I begin '
I go .- ",

Imperf.

Perf. or Pan. Part.
written
begun
gone
-~r

I wrote
I began
I went

(
\

Those marked wi~:~ ·~
epmljtimes conj!J-gated regularly .
,
.,
h"t
Pre1. Ten•e.
Imperf. Ten1e .
Perf. or PtL11. Parl. ~:
Abide
abode
abode
,,
Am ·
was
been
;'.
'A:me •;.
arose ·
arisen
A'.:w8.ke t-.
• ,~,,. •
'' ·awoke, R
a waked
Bear, to bring:fortk
bare
born
~ borne
~!'!ll"J ~ C!Jrr'!I ; . ...
bore
•• , ... !.\
oe~
beat
beaten, beat
1
Begm ·
' ·
oegan
'' begun
'Bend
bent
bent
·Bereave
bereft, R.
bereft, R.
Beseecb l
besought
besought
JJid ' :· ,
' ' '" bade, bid
bidden, bid
llfud '
.~-. :· bound
"c·' bound
Bita
loit
bitten, bit
Bleed
bled
bled
Bh>w ,
blew
hlown ,
Break
broke
broken
Breed , .. "
"· · bred
bi-ed
._. brought.
. '·i»!1.c 'tJ<•
<Bring : ' "" '
•· · brought
·
~ .l'h_e following is a list of the irregular verbs.
~

rl' ·

·.B~ ,,2.:t·'T...~'ft f.fj, · ·~r.·: built 1, Jt ..~.···~ ;..)..' ; .
~B
. . . ~/fjg\r 11•1-r .,,,,. i\h1, ,b,urst; R., .•,.

uy

·

bought

,,.,,t4 ,

" · " ·

,.c

,bu!!.t F

. •• •

~ ')<;

Ji.p- ,,(.

_,,;...i:~i;t& i•t ,•1w c>f.J

· Imperf. Ttlfl.'•· '
Pre•.- Teru.1::
'\!"":. · •·} cast ·
-~·
·Cast
'
..... ca~(iht, R.
Catch
· , .• chid
.Chide
., chose
Choose
clave, R.
Cleave, to adhere
,,.,,,
cleft or clove
Cleave, to aplit
Clina
Ju clung
1.• cloth'\,d
Clotl;,e
Come
came
Cost
n· ,; cost ..
Crnw
, crew, R.
Creep
,. " crept
Cut
cut
Oare, to venture
. '· durst ·
R&OULAR
Oare, to challenge
Otial
d6!!1~ R.
Dig
dug, R.
Do
did
Draw
.. ;: . drew
Orive
. drove
, ... , drank
Drink
· Dwell
dwelt, R.
!<:at
,· eat, te
Fall
"
fell
Ftled
fed
Feel
felt
Fi ght
,. _"· fough't
Fiiid
found
Flee
.., , fled
Fling
flung
Fly
-· ·~_ flew
Forget
,_,,,,_
forgot
, ·"
forsook
Forsake
Freeze
\• froze
Got
,.,.... got
_ ..·-'"" gilt, R.
Gild
Gird
.; ....,,. girt, R.
Give
<·~· gave
went
Go
Grave
graved
Grind
.. . . ground
Grow
;.d grew
H!lve
. had
't ·'

:;:!a R

~:~~

,_,_,<

Hew

".:" hewed
.··-· hi· ·1

H "'
'1.ute

H
Hold
Hurt
Keep

.,

N:

. ·- 1 ,..

Wtu

.<~

, . .. J'erf. or Pa11., jf,pp ,

"., -·-:.~ .;t

cast

·· t.i •.

, .. ,, .caught, R.
chidden, chid
, chosen
· ·" cleaved
.,.., _cleft, cloven
'1>'.oh,u1g

. ,,,, ., ,

. L,

.:<.Ala.d, ~ .....

· "
'

•

.li>t

~~~ 1-~, ~

n•·.,.·

:""'. come

. • ; oost
· crowed
crept
· cut
' dared

'J.J-)

''" ,/,

~ . ~ dealt, R.

.dug, R.
·.,,.• ;.1
done
·-~·
drawn
.. "
driven
.
.drun!>,, drank,*, , " .'
dwelt, R.
, ·~·,
.. , eaten ·- .
. : _.,
, • fallen.
. f(
fed
., .~
felt
, ... ~- , fought
; found
,,_,. lled
flung
~ •• ,.., flown
, ~ · . .,forgotten .
__..
forsaken
, ,". .. ·<'" ,frozen
· . ·" .g?t t
,.•.: , .;,. ~lt, RR.
;·· .,, .. g~t, ·
"··•· given,
gone
: graven, R. ·
- ground
·~"f ,grown
,, ,.. .{ had
........ .
h
B
'"''

' '·"'

-~·:·· h:fd

.

., .; ,hewn, R.
. · . hidden hid
'..'1· ..
·;·

'rut

-~;~~;
.~i" ...
· ·

~"'
h.A!i~t

"'~:~· held
.,,. 1,,_ held
-,.,~!'~
• . , ...... hurt
;i·· ,., hurt
;,..,.:rc ··
... t~'J kept
~· ;J,kept
.,., , ,_ 1
Kill•.. . .
_........... ,~~ '""':-r kint, R.
. - -,.t knit, .R.
. ... _ . . "~.r~~"'"!f
* The men were' drunk· i. e. inebriated. "!'he toasts: were driilil!:lli.1"'.
t Gotten ia aearly o~t~W. · .-JQ'. comp0widt·fo~gotten;•ia.atill in'g~.

Pre1.~~'\ ":<'. -,.;-,

Know
Lade
Lay Lead
Leave
Lend
Let
Lie, to
Load
Lose
Make
Meet
Mow
Pay
Put
Read
~dncf
Rld~•

.__,._ ·""""-· laded
""_;..~~ laid

,.. ..,,_,ded
; .. , _,,_;:,,left
•. • _.. -;:;> •.•,;..; lent
_,..,..,-. Jet
lu dotciil~:. ~' il,;;-:~iay
' ~-.,~,. loaded
· .-~· · !oat
••, ·r- •. made
_. .. ·met '" mowed
..,.w;• paid
put
. "· read
:" •.-' , rent
~
rid

.- ,

Ring
Rise ,,r,.

,._. '-

"- ~· ., rode

. ., rung, rang,
r"U~~ , ' ·.iY'f·-'

Ri..-.

l"08e

· rived

__ ._ -

Run
Saw
Say
See
Seek
Sell
Send
Set
Shake
Shapo
Sha.Ve
Shear
Shed
Shine
Show
Shoe
-Shoot
Shrink
Shred
Shut

t~-

-

.. sawed
,_ aaid

·_-: _,..,.,,_ Perf. or ·p~. Parl. " "
r-

•{y_known

;. · ' -.. laden
laid
·'"'--' - - led
...... Jeft
lent
. ·• -- let
.;;··· ... lain
•·'-·• laden, R.
·-· lost
_, .... made
"1
met
_ . · m~wn, R.
,,, .- ~- paid
_, put
., - read
rent
. rid
rode, ridden•
rung
risen
riven
'!J
run
· sawn, R.
said

.;~t;.I

,..,.;_
- ! ....... ~ .....

.

......;:_,,
;

... ... -:'
_

;···:

Prea."'!'etUJe-.-"":• ·,., " _... 1 J:mpeef• Ter+1~ ~. Smite
Sow
Speak
Speed
Spend

.

~:~

;

s'tride
Stnlte
String
Strive

Blay
Bleep_;, ..
Sliq8 ..

~~$,: · .·
.

';!"<%.-

,-samote
· · sowed
'spoke
· :. sped
--spent
•. ·'.spilt, ~
spun .
• ·~- .~pit, spat
_.,_ split ··
·'spread
sprung, sprang
stood
'
· stole
: ,.i~ stuck

Spm .
Spit
Split
Spread
Spring
Stand
Steal
Srlck

;

.Own, Jl.

. ;

-

·

sped ·

'

., ""-!
' i1 ~

,,,_:apent

"" .a_piJI( lL

~4pit,_ .pitten,"1 ' :, • ·' ,•f~
11pUD

•

~ ;'split'-

· -·

1,;; aprOad _. ·
- ---•prung
- ~ stoqd
· - sfulen
:ti..tcatuok: :

-~~

Strow or strew
Sweat
- Swear
BWell
~ ·~-sWelled
Swim .
- ~ "'' ·sWu.m; swam
Swing
Yl,.1-c "swung'
Take
. ,. took
Teach
. . taug~t .
Tear
tore
.
Tell. ..
. _.,_ .· ~·- told _., ' - '
Think' . P'-'-'''-''" i- ,;.._~ought'
Thrive
,., .,.-- " ; ihrove, Jl.
Throw
:- threw
rhrust
~ - thrust
Tread .
'." -~;.,,. :-trod ···-•·
Wax
• -<· ·:.:waxed Wear
.\v...l-wore " '

Pt:":f,--or p""°'p_..,.,_,;.:1.
. -:.;... --...'

-'-~ Blilltten · ·

'-spoketa

-:~:~~

' . strode, said
.\··~struck
strung
strove
ed
ed
, .. -strow or &trew
·-, swet, R.
swore

,,_.: ·

J •.,_,..,,

(•· •
" -~
1.,-;F

'-·

.. ' .

.,,, ;
?»."J

I· .

~--~{

' stridden
'
' .n
'\:·irtrocli: or''si:riclte1t
s-.:11
strung
ed ll
' atriven
Sstrown, strawed, ,_, ,
;, ~ , ·or strewed
"""•wet, 1L · .. _.- -_tl
· ..

•worn

·ewoUeil,

1

~

'BWtJ.J::ii ~
·'- .,,_,_,_ ,-•Wlllll
----taken
·-< .;--taught
"' tom
,:_., - tolAf'
''""""'~'thought
,,., '~' -thriven.
· -· thrown
•· .. '. ·thi-ust'
" _,. "'·-trodden
_ --:-:-·"- ,.!.cwaxen, R.
··-· \-f..!,wom~'
-iw. . woven
.
·
r-·~!Y't.... .~et,~
.
-.•·1 -,;9pt

; ..r .

~

.~·

-

.•.Jt.. wove ;-.. ·
-~·:
~:< ,:-Wet .et ~.
ii:- -f:' ~r Weep
--~· wept
f··r~. ,,_..· "
wm·~r I
--"t woii .. ..... .., ,,I
.... ~ Won:
; 'r
..itJ
Wind '
· - :y - '· woiind·f -,1 1';'!1'¥1W :~ /\"!.-Wound
; «-·i'- mil
Work · · ·
" c---" ~,;}l'WI'Ought; worked;li• .,,.__.,~wrought,· worked "~' ;>/f<>9
Wriµ.g _,
-~--;- ~g~ .~·.Z;-i'" -•' . . ~~~~g
' '.:··. ';;£_
Write . _
. : - wrote
_
.., · wntten. · _
... ~·~·
·:in familiar writmg·-and· discourse, the folio~; and some other verlia';'ara
often improperly tenirinated by t instead of i ii; as, ~·learnt; ~lt;i ipilt;
ntopt, latcht." ._They-should be,-'.' learned,-spelled.-~illed, •topped, bi.tcQ.ild.:"
. ·

.{t

s::l
- y_,-.; ~ •.
Bit

-~ ·

Sp~-

Weavtt • ·
Wet.·-·

s·

8~,

Imperf

-,..~_, knew

•

·I

.

You may no-W,:.'conjugate the follow,iiig · ii:regular verbs; dii'tii
manp.er si~llar_to the ~onjugation of regulal'. verbs : jtr.i_Qej ~g_.in;
bind, do; go, grow, run, lend, teach; write. _;lihus,.to,amse-;.lnQ.icfl!;WEf
' ..
""i s\)1tt~~t;~iki§ ~&itete."""':: m.z a .:;:;µ@. •-· .

ETYMOLO&T AND SYNTil.
~~>~-.

_7: :. ~

./ ' ~

, ,~.LUxlUAll.\' ~ YSJUIS,·i ' '

mood,·pi'el!.,tense;J:irat person,sing. I i;i.rise; imperf. tense, I arofl1f;
·perf. tense, I li_av~:arisen; and so on, t~rciugh all th~ ~oods;11~~~
all the tenses of_"ea,ch.mood; and then speak the part1c1ples: _t~ll_.jl1
pres. arising, perf; ,irisen, comp. having'· arisen. In _the nexf
place, conjugate_the .same verb in the second person sing. through
all the moods ahd' tenses; and then iii the third person sing.· and
m,-~he first &~JJ.l,· . I)!).'ir~I. After tha~, yoii may proceed ·in ·.tllll
lame manner with.'the words begi.n,'bind; &c.
.. '
:_ Now read the eleventh and hvelfth lect.ures four or five times
over, and learn the' order of paril,ing a' verb. You will then be
prepared to parse the following verbs in full ; and I presume; a~l
the other parts oLspeech. ·whenever you parse, you must i:efer
to the Compendium- for definitions and rules, if you cannot repeat
them without. I will now parse a . verb, and describe all its p,io~
perties . by ..applying .the definitions and rules according to, :tlw'
systematic order. ,
.......,
"We c'ould not accomplish the business."
Cou/.d/ac~omplish' is a verb;·a word which sig~ifies to do-active;
it expresses aciion....,.-transitive, the action . passes over from ·the
nom. " we" to the object "business "-regular, it will form its
imperfect tense of the indic. mood. µ.nd perf. part. in ed-poiell-~
tial mood, it implie11. possibility or power-imperfect tense, it de.'.
notes past time however distant-first pers. plural, because the'
nom. " we" is with · ~hich it agrees, agi;,e eably to RULE 4. · "A .
verb must agree, &c: Conjugated-Indic. mood, present tense;first pers. sing. I ac<;iomplish; -imperfect tense, I accomplished; ·
perfect, I have accomplished; pluperfect,. I had accomplished-; and '
so on.-Speak it' in · the person of each tense through all the
moods, and conjuga~e:; in the same manner, every verb you parsp.'

.:.· ''E XE. RCISES IN PARSING.

"-'1
·<h·'\!J

These exercises·cdnJ.ain a complete tJari.e ty of. Mooda and Tensea. , ..,, ·i

I learn my lesson well. Charles, thou !earnest thy lesson'
badly. John, do ypti write a good hand 1 · Those ladies wrote ·a'.
beautiful letter, but they did not despatch it. · Have you seen, the
gentlemanito-whbm..f,·;gave thelJook 1: ~JHe· has gone. They;had'
received the . news ' before the messenger 'arrived. When 'i'\fill
thos_e ~persons return 1 My friend shall receive his re'Yp.rd, _ ije'
;,ilLhave visited -me three "times,.if-.he 1come,tO..mor-ro.w.'. w J ··
".•If. Eliza~study diligently, she will improve. If Charles stl.J,d.ieshe does not· improve.· Unless that man shall have accomplislfed
1).is work by midsummer, he will receive no wages. ,, Q:dando,.
obey:my precepts,.unless you wish to inJure yourself. ·Remem., ..
ber ·what is·to!d ·you. The ·physician may. administer the medi.
·

:.

-t~.i~i.1 · · · -; ~t

•fr" ht:'\ -i,,.

r1 , v( •.r:-

. :;:

,

.

, . '-b,.
'himliliat
'n~riiJght
·
b t p .dence on1y . ca.n
· !!ess i't'• _.•-J .t.bld
•
•
..
.1 ~\.
Clile, U 10:'1 ., , ... · · ·1-ie·mi ht have gope" last ·weP ,k . ha'µ·f;'.
go, but he ~ould not.
l . (~hat is, if he had conduc:1•d. <'Il e..
. conducted himself ~roper y '1 . ns. Young Jagi,es, .h~t nw h9!\1
Boys, prepare to rec1tehyou~e=:~~d. Study~dil\genlly, _whaLP.Nf '
you repeat what you ave_ T 0 rrect the spii:it 0 ( d1scdute~,
0
task may ~e ~ll()fte~ ! )'.?~; . d . co "To'dil;: forf'tioti'.s 9,oifnt·ry,
let us consider how hftle we .o~en:e· · . 'Po s~ek' Goo is '.wiS. l ·
How can we become wise 1 .· . .
. · .A , .__ ,l
JS g onous.
.
t'.
1 Active benevol_ence.
gYW
dom. What 1s true. grel!- r;ieSl!. .
·
;, · ..·'
'· · '!
man is a great man:· ·
- .. .
·
!e'· ·.. •·
. .
t
d kat in the. last ,t')llo'O ~xam_p ..,s,;iwi
l,'luTE 1. Man. follo\\\lllg · gre~ ~- :d t~ ai~jo,f o-ne'• counJry, are ~emp om. after is: RULE 21. To see h' ~ ' ·
ase to ia respective~· : RULE 24.
.
h put as t e -nom. c
·
R . 03

btirs of sentences, eac
.
..
d absolute. NoTE un er uu -·.
Tho verb to correct is th~ mfirn.tive _mo~ .
'th', ii. ~k th~ rel ..tive pa~l · ~·1
d
,
ass1ve
verb
agreemg
~· w.1 ~ '
May be alloll.e 1s a : P.
f 'hatever isWl adj. pronowi, agreet\•g
wkatetJer. T,h~t, thti first part o w Hea;, following lei, ~a repPat, llilluwtask; and ta•~ is gov:crn~d..bJ. atu1a. without .the sign· to, a:ccordmg _tu RuL>
ing hear, are m, the mfimtive moo are ·: ·RULE 23. la told, is a passive_ver~ .
25. To recite lll governed b{/'rep
t 'of whatetJer . and Y,OU follow~~»-!"
agreeing with .which, thti r: t;lve p;uunder Rui.F. 32:
'>, " :
: ." :
gummed by. to understood_'.fNthnTE ~un fo/ which it stands is not exr.r~~
2. In parsmg a pronoun, 1
e n
thin ·uniie,Stood.'·· '.
.... __,"".:
you must say it repr~•<1nta ~o.me. perspn or
g
, . . '
. ._ .'

an ''°''·.. ' ,' " ._ .

(• .

f; :

~'""r

-

l

I

''

';'.

"

LECTUB.l:i ..XIII.

_OF THE

:

1--

.

..J

;

·,'

~

AUxrLlAR'Y;xM,~ii(.AfaR qif.~ql.y)'. : v ~:R\~(-,-~:;
. .

.

RBS 1 ... .-.

l
,,, 1:,-:
·
,
'
.
. h - fin w'n
remarks till th ·
Before you attend to t .'~l ,do O; '11,gto rea·d a;,.ain. \Yhat is s_!\ i-i
w.il - o we
·'"' "' ... ·
Aux1·1·1ary Verbs! you
.
·
XI -· : i40'~· 7,ll'he ·short aecQ.u 1;
·ti g them-in .' Lecture
• page
~.
.
' b ,, I .
respec ?
h .
lication" in .con1ugatmg ,ver s.; . iav,
there given, and ,t el~ arp 'lia'r to you ·· and you have un~oµbt·
already made thheqi qu.1t.the strr;~eir. help . V:e ~nnot conjugal!! ~y
dly observed t at, WI ou ' · ·
'
d · · fi ;.t oft.the
~e ·' b · ' e nt an !~per e.,, t. - ·
0 the tenses;;excepMhe: pres_
',Ver m any
.
•~
· ood and<the ·p~n~10(1th~rJUJ1peta;­
'l'fodicatidv.~ . afin~;~u bJ ~~~tit~~ 7orm~~ion of all, the~,~ther 'i~msea,;;tli%
''tiv.e an in m ive.
. . ; , . . . .,.,; . '· ,,,.,. ,,,,._ "-'!; .s.· . ·tf;i
''are brought ·into reqms1t1on·. ' \• :· . t' • ' ~
. • aatioi1' ·•
\
Hl' Mo t oh the auxilia.cy· ·v~bs - ~re.-dEpe:°"t1ve 1Il 1@.0.il°!!g· .. ' : ;" f.
ii
' . !~ ' are,'used· only _in ..some oof ·.tha1:U)oo~.a :!!-nd-,~t81)~ ~\
_;s, _they
ted' with ·principal v.erbtJi1 the;H1,i:~ CQJilJ!l!-11-l~ql
whfm unconn,i:ic,
·.
, . I , _, ; ...,. ,. . -t>- ·'-"ri , &-;.·;,,.:. lfif
..
,.
11'
·ng,manner:
.,.~,.-?, ' "-• "' ;. ·"'•.t:. " ""'l - -- ·
· · · · · .:
t he• ' 10 .: OWi
.
,•
, .
. . ;;y_,
i. , i)(·~-. ~ ,-.,·<f (Jbfj!&i:I.
••
i
t: , . ,
.; _" , r. " fir'~M i"'.! ~ ·t('~ -1-uJ.1 ,>.<. _~l·~ ~· . ·-1'· .
'
'
, " d ·'··
" '" '
....
•
.i'
'
. ·' · ~·

.

_,,,,.._ I'.

A:JJX~U.IARY 'V~.,~ - ~,; .· · .:

1
·additional

f

~,1; i' •1 "'",
' Pree.
T"uoe.

~ ;S ~ ·· .' ma"' tbou -mayst/ he.o:may ···: !!~·'. r ; -~hJ• ~ 1 :ti!"<'P. · ·
' · · mg., \V ,, - yeo~yotniiay.theymay. ,.;_ ........ ~,. ,.., ·
..
'
.
.
P,lm'< . e may' .

'r

;. H..l VE. 'i . Ha~~6 is in'•ireat" :aemand~ .' No" verb·· catl}be-; oonj.Q:;.

gated through 'all' the'' moods linll' ten5es'without it." ".:.Jfave, wheti
used as a principal verb, is . doubled in some of the past tenses,
and becomes an auxiliary ~itself-; ·thus, Indio.·-mood1 pres.• tense,
first pers. sing. I have ) jri:tperf.'tense,' I had; ·perf.-'I have ·nad;;
pluperf. I had had ; "first:futi 'l, shall or :will 1have,; sec. -fu~ ,,I
shall have had~---·'siihfi.uituve'f'f>r'esent;'if' 1 l "n'il:v.ep hnperf; ·t:i.f
had ; perf. if I have had; pluperf. if I had had; first ·fat. -if I
shaJI or will have; . geo. fut~~if·il> shalt<llil.ve>had.-·:,1Imper. mood·.:
have thou. Potential', pres~iit,'bjjay~ ·Qa;n;·orillust'have; ·imperf;
I mi~ht, coulq1,)~0l:11~~ 9;.,~Il?.\i!.g;hay: ( pei:~, I~~m~t;:·c~~; oi;::m~~
have had; ph1perf. m1ght, .eoulq,',VoulcI; or . ~hould have'1lt\i:I.:
Infinitive, present, to have; perf.ft0-~have had. Pii.rtioiples, ·pres.
. <
having ; perf. ha<f; . compollild;)liiving 'llad. "· . :. ' ( ·
B~. lri the ne~t. ~l~.c ~rrm1:p~~Sft~r{q'i,9li~~'?~~~~)µgatf.?.n;~r
the 1rregular,11e;uter ver.~i.,~e;_ ',Yh1cJ.i. ~ .1pr a11J1hary -~henevent
!~ placed before the perfeci p11,rti~iple· of another verb, buf'fu
every other 'sit!JB:tion, it, ~ ~fi<;.i)Jf'l. i~r~;' - .· . •.,. ' . . ' 'f'-~.r:
•' ·To ·BE.-INDIOATfVE·"MOODO .,. . '
·'·
0

r

Pres. . SSing. I am,. thou art;·'he, ·she,"0r it ia. •. '
Tenae: · 1 Plur: We are; ye' or ·you 'are; they are. ·· -..·'
"'
~'-,,·::
Imperf. J Sing. I ~iia,"thou ~a~t;· he 'w~:
' · ·• · '
.
.
Tepee. 1 Plur. We were, ye or yp_u 1we.r~ · they were.
P~rf. .. J Sing. I have bile~ ·t hou haat:.lieen, he hath 9r has p~en. · "., ~:.. ,
Tense, .· 1.f'lur. ,We have been, ye or. you hav,e, been,·they.,h11!;,.e ~¥J?.,b"-o'f
P lup. J Sing. I had been, thou,had11t been, he had been.
·
· -~
Tense. 1 Plur. Wii"ha(l been,)'for-you had been, they had been. .
First
{ Sing. I siliilt'or will_be~· ~ou shalt or ~It b'e;·lie shall: or wi!1 be.
Fut. T. Plur. We shall or wfil:OO, you: shall or will be, they shall or will be.
Second J Sing. I shall ·have' 'been,' thou"Wi~t · have··.been; he wil~ .have been.
Fut. T . .1 P.lwr. We shall have bejlll, •you will hay.a been; they· w¥I hay~jjll,

·Sui!J-u'NcTi:VE' Moon. · ... '.· ·'··"" "
.• ~1 fil
b~/iH'~ bt ( ' . '· ,./ · "·'"' · ' i'nr":·~
or ;you be,; if they be;.;"'"''· ·: ••r•. :i; ;,,:. ''l'·•f'. • ~·
):~P,erf. jS~,-~-It{ier~ if ~9fw~i't; if Ii~. :w~i'e:' ·"'~::' · >-:-:· ·~-: ~
i

Pres.
.l Sing. If I b~, if thou
Tense. > 1 Plur.d f we. be, ifye
J:Eiese!,

·_'

·l ·~lur,. · If-~e were;' ~fye:. or.'1you •Were;,if•they-we~1, .....,,\lir.,~il'" '<i>

. · ,Th.e _neuter .verb to he,~,ai;rd all passive verbs, have ..tlvo"iOrms
~iµ the imp~rfect t~n~e .o( tb.1s'"mo6di as'' well as in the pres~;t_;
.therefore,; the' following rule may serve to direct yq_u.in··th~ }>{~per
use. oC each :.form.::. When -,the 'senten~ implles :cloubt;~1!ll.R~
tioll, &'°::!lnd.;f:he' ~euter y;~rb ~e/or,-the iJassiye -_.r,er~j,is)1~,'f:i~
a: refel'.ence to ·pres1mt or f~ture tune; and· is; e1,ther·,fo~ovi:eari,Of
· .preG!lded by another verb' in ~he . imperfect · of)th~'.}X>~ep~~t,~~
the conjunctive form of the imperfect tense mnst ,~ emp1o~
as, " If lie were here, we &hould i·ejoice together ; " She -might

gQ, )4er~ sha·,l:lO . clispo~ed." i · ,ijut. ~hen . ;there is nq;,refereppe. to
ple$.eaj 9r; future tiip.e, an<l ..the, verb~~ .neither fqllowed . _n,or "p,i;~
ced~d by another in the potential imperfect, the indicative form qf
thEi,1mperrect te!}se ,must be used; as," If he
ill, hE;J did pot
ma!te it1known.; '.' "Whether he was absent or present, .is a mai.
Je1• of ne consequence." The general rule for usincr , the . ~on '
junctiv.~ /~~l'l'l ~f,~he vi:ir~, is pi;ese~ted .ol) .page · 141), ~ S~e, ~k~o;
page. la5.•... !· . . -• ;
., ...
. .
·
.
• ·'

was

b 'Fhe _pe~fe<;t,1_pluperfect, ~d .first.fqtur,e tenses qf the subj~ctiv~ moy~:
~ ..Pf!~l!'ga\e<l: m a mllilll~r ~rm.ilar tq the correspondent tenses of t)ie indic't·
J}_'(.e,-,', ~he ".!l9ond fotqre:u conJugate1d .thus'!."
· ' . .
•' · , ·
~
.- •. Qllc1,LS~11g,)f ! ,shall have .been,, ifth~u shalt have been; if he shall,&.::,
F_u.t ; T._ ( l'lur, It;;we spaUhave been,.ifyou shall have been, if they, &c.' "
··II

· ·

·"-·' '

·'

' IM~ha;rv~ '-Moon.

:-i'. r.I

~11. ; · .} Si?ig. -,Be, or be thou; o.r d~ -thou be.

'
·
~~:i;!r,.-.. (.f.lttr· .Be, -or'be ye or you, or _do ye o·r you be.

}- ;,_ · . .

. ... ·

PoTENTIAL Moon.

" ·

.

or:

.

' .!·

Sing. l may, can,
fuust ·be, thou 'mayst, cllll8t, or. must .he;, .h· ~
Pres.
may, can, or -must be. ·
·
;. · · . ' ' '
Tenie. { Plur. We may; !lllJl, or. must,.l;>e, .ye or :you may, can, or must bto,
they may, can, _or must be.
_
0
I mpen.
•
-" ~ •>Ing.
I mig
. h t, co uld , \fOuld , or: should be thou mi~htst
-· ' '&c .""''
'h t, co uld , ~?.uld,_ or
' ~.ho~d
'
' you mi'ghi,
"
' &y:. ·, ··.J
T ense. Pl.uT. W e nug
be,
Perf. 5 Sing. I may, can, OT must have been, thou mny~t, call8t; &c.' ., ... ,
Tense. ~ Plur. "".e may, can, or must have been, you may, can, OT inust
Pluper. 5 Sing. I mig~t, could, woul~, ·J;- should have been, thou, &c. · ;
Tallie. -~ Plur. We might, could, would, or should have been, you, &c.''I' 1 ·

&J

.

1.

{NFINITIVE . Moon.

'

.-,• ;-, , '· P.res. Tenae,

To be. ·

-». ;...., ·' ~ ' '• " · _. . -'

Perf. Tense.

. _:

;. "

To have been.

.

'-PARTICIPLES.

. · ...Pres. Being.

Perf. Been.

.,

'

Compowid, Having been.

,,

""ThiS' verb' to ' be,·though very irrertular in its·conjug·a tion ·is·by
far the most important verb in ·our language, for it is mo;e frequently ~sed than ~ny oth~r; :many . rules of ·syntax depend on
constructions as.soc1ated with 1t, and, without its aid, -no r passive
verb can be c?~Juga'.ed. , ~ou ought, therefore, to make yourself
perf~ctly familiar -;with all ·Its cnanges, before you proceed-•.any.
fa·~er.. f'h' ·, .. ~ r
\
-~ ~' '
•.• ,
•
,.. · - 1.; "..
l

. ·The_.cases

..

,

'- 'i: 1~

IJ., PASSIVE VERBS

ef nouns

'

•

•

;

.

•

...

,. :-;.; • ,
,j.1f

t'h

are a fru itful theme for investigation, and ·
~~on., In the •-progress o.f these lectures,' this subject hB.11
~~e(f4en~,r. ; eng~ge~ . our atte~t10~; and, ·now, in intrOdµ,ci-ng'l to
¥01.t(notice the· pas!l_ive verb, It will, perhaps, be found bOth(inte.
~~/t,an? ~ro~t~blecU>l:e~~?t ?ne mor~ view. ~hljo:.li0pli~Ji~V4t
~.:i .l!YJ°., '·'.- -t•Jh; '(',' · .1 ·.·->.. · <-1 " !- {O> (.' ·" of. _;\'J~~j~''~ "-h f", ·,
""''' .. !":'"'. '

·;·«·•··.·"'

·.· ..\i\v ',

,

• .' '·\ • -.·

; Every ·sentence, ;you ~re_qol~ect( mu~t -have one finire ~er!>~_
more than ·one, and one nomina.tive, ~1ther expres~d or ·.II"?P.\i1~
for without. them, no sentence can exist_.
· · The ~ominative is the actor or ·subject concerning-. which :~e­
'verb makes an ·affirmation. T_here are t)lree kinds' ' of 'Ilo.~m~­
itives, active, passive, and neuter:: , i
' ' ... i . • · ' ' " .... . , ..- .- ~, .
·· .· ·The ·nominative ·td an' active ·verb, is a~tive; ·because 1t pro~ue,~• _
· an action and the nominative 'to a ' passive verb, is pas"Sr:1le,'ifbli-:
'
.
..
\.lb
""'"
·cause it'receives
or. endures t h e. a..,ction-·e":~re~~eu,
.):' 'tl
,_ 1eye~b i '?'"''.~'

·' . -.A.~ Pas~iv~- v erb-,'"a,~·~~ie8 ,- 'a ctiori--r.ecei:V~?.Qt~

dured ,by the· person or thing which is the. nomina-

as, '~The boy isleat~T,i-_~y ~is·: father;",. ~:·~~-::

tiv·e ;

You per<;eive, th.at the !IP_!ll~,~~tiy~' ~?i,; in40th,is; e~amp_!e, is I.lPt.
represented as the ' actor'- b!lt !-s ~h.e _ obJ.ect .o f t~e acticm,~xpre~!l
by the verb is beaten ; tJ?at 1s, tlw boy receive! or end"!'rep ~h~
action perform,e 4._ .by his,, fa,tlle.r; ther~ fo~e . boy, 1~ a P%flp(l n9~­
inative. And you observe,:t.oo, that the ve~b ~ beaten, denoti:s
the action received or endured- by the nommative; therefore...u
beaten is a passive verb'. ·.' ~ "' ·. !_ · '. ··· .
. ,.
. . ., . .. ,
. / lf-c[

s~yi' foph.-ki~~ed-,'t_h~' ho~~~;:Jo~n·:1~ ~Il. 11c~1v~ n9,~m~q\I~

because he p~rfor~ed (Jr p'r~u.<?.e~· the ac.tu~_n; Q~t 1'.}- ~ay, Jo~~
'!fJ(;.s. /cir;ked by tjle hprse,, Jq,hn; l~ , p._, p~rv.~ 00 m!,!la•l'l'.e, pecaµSj;l
he recei¥eii or endured. the a..ct1on. . . . .
_- . -· _,, '.
< :- · . • t - ·,-·. ·- The nom..inative to a neuter verb, IS neuter, _because 1~ d~-not
produce an action nor r,~.c.eivi;i_. on~ ; ,1!,s,lJoh~ sits ~n the chair.
John is her.e •.connected with the .neµter verb sits, -whtcll ewre.~e/l
simply the -state .of being Qf its, nommative; therefore 1ohn, JS a
neuter noinil;lativ.e. , " . . . ,., • . -.
..
··· ·
: .._ .•• ,., . .. ·· .-·· :
I-will now illustrate the active, passive, and neuter nommatJ.ves
by a few examp~es.
I. Of AcTIVE N oMINATIVES; as, "The boy ~~ats tile ~ dog_;
The l.ady sings; ,The ball rolls; The man walks., . · • . ~. ·.;;;
II. Of PASSIVE ' NoMI!~ATIVES; as," The boy: ~ bea~~n} The
1-afy is loved; The baZZ·is rolled; !he man was killed._, .: .., ~~l- .
- III. . Of NEUTER N OMIN 4-.TIYES _; as, ',' ,Tll~ . boy remams ic'ile--,, ·
'!-':i1e t/i.dy is beauti(ul ; · The · ball lies on the . ground ; 'I;he ~F .
l.Ll'es in town ;~ ,.. !1 · t -~! ;.• - -·
.1 · •
•
"· ' ~ · · '' • - \ • ~~i -.: . . · · - !"
,_.Y>.0u 1may:1now..: proceed·to.the conjugation 9f - p~ive .~er.~,;~ .

n'·<r "'' "l .., '' 1t · ·· +"h':~ ,.,~ -

. ·~~fi~~.ive ,,Y.ex.}>s "''ilr.~ ~a_ E;. ,,r~g'«. qr,.~ e~-~V· e.,,. ·
if:l e,q,_;_ , a~? . ~al'! :lqY.e4.~ -~JIJ:J cqnguer..ei/..:-r:f:· .• !-'->r< i.t..i::·
".~..All P~si~e:: YerJ:>~_art:/Qwed. by a,c;id;ng the per-'

• •

. . . . ." ' •

..

..

J·.

\--<·"

14

•
ETYMOLOG,Y AND ,S.YN'.l'AX.

{~t£lf~~~~i~b~~~· ;~~,'.-~~~~~~.;~~~!:ti<iv~i ·v~;,~~- ~~,.~u~~
, . J( you. place.,a .p~fect,;J)~~~ipl~-: of an 7 a.ctiv~tr~ilive ' v~rb

.~.:i;, ~is n~l!ter Vfl~b: be, in any; mood or tense,, you will have, a
passive verb m the same mood and ·tense thai the- ver.b ·he. w:.quld
.~e. :Jji_if _gie P,l!-r~Ciple w_ere not"tis.ed ;_, q,s~ Jani slighted;' J,,~a. s
-~t'P., d:':)Th ~1,l,I be,: slzgh,ted; If I be ~lighted; I ~ay, can,.or
-~E~t ~,.s~i{{htbl:1 .i}~~ ...H.e~,c~· y:ou perce1v~, that. w?.en you sh~ll
hav-6"1eamed·the conJugat10n of the verb be, you will be able to
conj ligate»any passive'verb in 'the:English language.' . , ..
,.;~';l'he regular passive verb to be loved, which is .formed by add.
ing th~ perf~ct Pll.!~ic,iple loved tq the neuter verb_to be, is conj1:1·
ga.te<l iµ the followmg· mannei: :
,
.

.

'."<'-·· ·' "• . '.To-)3E · LqvEn:....:iNnrcATrvE
ptj,'~: ·~SS{ng: ··1

' r ..

Moon. '

am loved,' thou ~t loved, he is loved. ·

••
.
"
Tense: ~ Plur. We are loved1 ye or you are loved, they· are loved. '""' ·».
iiJ?.p~rl;"S 's;'R,~/J. was foved, thou wait loved, he was loved. ; ..- ., ; "- ' '"
.1J;'ense, !. ~ Plur. We were loved, ·ye' or you wer_<l loved, they were loved : ...
'l'er.fec't.5sing. I have been loved, ~thou hast'been loved, h. e has bee·n·iov~
TeUBe. ~ Plur. We have been loved, you have been lqved, they_ha,ve,,&c;;
:r
_luper;J Sing. I had been loved; tjlou·-hadst ' been loyed, ,he.had .been,. &c.
Tense. · ~ Plur. We·hacl been lo.ved, you had b1f(ln lov.ed; t):iey lill!i be~p, ~·
J1'f!i~: -~.s Bini,.;. Is}iall ~r--~~ be l?~~d, thou shalt or ~t b~ loved, he ~.
F1lt11re. ( _Plur. ·we siiall or will be loved, you shall or will be 1oved, they, &4. ·
S~cond S Sin15. I shall hav.·e been lqv~d, thou'-wil~ have been :oved; he, &C...
Future.·{ Plur. , We shall have been' loved, you will have been loved;·&c.

1

- ~,:~ _, ;, '

... · · . 'suBJUNCTIVE Moon: · · · :

..

"" '; 7
;

Pres. SSing. Ifl be loved, if thou be loved,·if he be loved! ... ' . '' I'.;. :;
Tense. ~ ·pz,,,r. -If we be foyed, if ye or-you be loved, if they be·loved., >
lmrnf(. S· {Ji.1Jg. If I .w ere loved, if thqu. wert loved, if he w
. ere loved. . .. ,
.T~,.. { etv.r .. If we were lQved, if you Were loved; if.they-were lo:red;~
This mood has six tenses :-See conjugation of thit Y.llfg ·tp b~.;· ;.i , J,,
"

'

..

IMPERATIVE .l.\:fo.on,, ··:. ·" ; , . .i'...

,_, ..

~·.

Pres. {Sing. Be thpu loved, o:r·do t_hou -be loved .." ;".
Tense. J:lur. Be ye or you loved, or _do ye be loved.

·

·~

'- :·:.»

l'
,1.(

,.

, ':.'< .J.
_ P~~· . Sing. I may, can, or must be loved, th~~ i;nayst, canst, o_r must, &;;.·
Tense. · Plur. We may, can, or must be loveq; yqu may, can, or must, ~ ..
Imperf. SSing. imig~t; could, would, or should be loved, thou mightst: &.c. :
Tense. ~ Plur. We might, could, would, or should be loved, ye or your.~·,
Perfec
. t J Sing. I m.ay, can, or must have been loved, thou may.st,.cansi,; &c.Tense; { Plur. We may, can, or mµst have been loved, you, ~y. Ca.I\, ·&c.
· ,,,...,,,,.,.,-,.~.
si'nfi5' I 'might, 'could," would, . o~ should lW.ve been' loved, '. thou ,
Pl!lP.·. ·
migh~t,, c;ouldst,. wouldst, oi: should.st ·liave 1 be~n 19ved, ~­
ti~i
l~.T 111W? ~mght, c~u!d,, wo1ul~; qi:- shoµld ~have l?.~en~Joyed, you.
""~ '!!' · · '!'.· 011ght, could wottldi 1>d1lio-ul<f.have ·been''loved; 'theyf' &c.

t

,.

PoTENTI.AL Moon: ·· '·

•

.

t!f(Jo

· I3cfo1:e you proceed .lo tli.e a.palysi;i of the following e.xaB!Rl~
yvu ·may read over the last three lectures .carefully an~-,1\tteftr
iv2ly; and as soon as you :! beco.me acquainted with all tha( m
understand ne~~I! ~11 the.principles'i¥.fl
been presenfod, y~u
.,r~gµlar consJr,u.c~~on~ of our language. · 111 parsm~ ~ verb 01
1
any other part qf $peec)l, ,be car~ful to pur~ue: the :_~ysteP!!1if.c
'P.r.iJer, .and ~9 cq.njµgate . e~~~y :..Y.er~;; ~ntil"yo~ · ?~?~~?'1~zy~~
I l~ 1t11 ~.II the mood~ c;i.nd .tense.s.. .
..
.
.·
., .· · ·
.;U!e. ~{uzyJ4, . lir+i;~,}e.~ri.,.PunfsAe4,, b~f~;e ,h e_ ~oi:in;i!~t,e~~t.? ~t~'ai
~-: .(• : ~• ;,•· · .-. ,, .: ,..,, :cloµp -~.e~ . '. ., . . .. ... . .. ,.,_ f"
· Shoul1l have been punished Is a verb, "a word that s1gmtles
~~.~~sly.,e,,.i!,qr.no~eJ. action _~ec_e ived o~_end~red . by .the ~g_,
··it 1s formed by ·addmg the perfe,ct part., pumslied J? .t9,e;q.ifr.f!.t~l· V~rb to be-regular, the perf. part. ends in ed-poten~~! l!\19Rif,
''it 'jil)p1ies 'obligati~n, . &;c.-pluperfect tense, it denotes· a.,p~St '!J~
·.which wiis p1:ior' to the other'past time speCifieq by "comrr.iitt\!df ~
tthird , pers. sing. num. because the nom. "lie" is '. with -.wh!bbfit

wm

:-

)ig~es· i R:ULE 4~. The .~erb ,must agree; &c.-Co~fogate·~;;~Li.4jji.
'rnpi>ff, pre~. " fense, he- is ' puni~hed; imperf. tense, h_e w.a~ ·P.9!X· .­
.J§.IW<l; perf. ten11e,, lie ha.s been 'punis)led; an'd so, oi;i. ' °?p.i~gat8

it through all the moods and tenses, and ~peaJc tp~ ·p11,p,itj1P,t~~ '1
~}~''.',., .. ......1. . . .EX,E~QIS~S lN PARSING;. · · .· ··;·•-,11 ~ -

1

~~olumbU.s •discove~d,u\.merica•. · ..,Amedca :w11s .dts,cp;v.~rj.4£jg

~!]plumbu_s. ·

The preceptor is writing a: letter.- ; , '£he -letteds ~~
·ten .by the precept~r. , .'J;'he work qan be do'.Je. : The house ~ou~d ,
,ha:ve :been built e;re t.hi$, had heJulfill.~d ) tis p~oznis~ . . ,Jf'V '
b~;lte~ by that man, he will be punished. Y ouf!g ,maq; .Jf ~'W
Wish to be resf'.ectea; you· mus! Qe. J11~re !!Ssiqu;ius. :8eing rw .
1Cill!lft ~qiS1e!!P,1,s_eA,_J1e. l~ft J~e, ~~s~~tut19_n : ,1;H,~ 1s ~eap,i;i,~
'they are tal kmg. He may be respectea, 1f he ; oecpmHtmo,re,
mgenuous. . My ~orthy friend: ought . to be 'himh~ed '~oi;;·his ·li}l.ti&

1

,

Jiowel

v~~ent tj;;;;Ii~;:z~~~~~~~Sd?I~· ~pAR~~~::'!J:~ .

All the most important pririciples of the science, together ,widi .
many ~f the rules, have now been present~d and ill~~trat~·
But betore you proceed to analyze thi;i _followm~ exercises.~~
1nay turn over a few pages, and you will find all the rule!i~P,~­
sented in a body. Please to examine them critically, and."fJal'lilb
t!hl'. u_umples unde:- each rule and note. · The example~, you"1vill
notice, .are given to illu~trate .the respective rules'a'.nd'notes.-uric.ier
~hick they·are plaeed; hence, by paying partic~111~aiient1ill..JP
.
a ? d clearll t?
meamng an'a application of all the rulc~··antl notes.·.~-:...~ if.'i' '#¥-

~~~~ .Y~!! "Y~ll ?e. ~n~bl~d f~lly

~~mpr~h_en_~'f:Uitl
,

W;

< · .YEP,BS.l T·-:-PARSlltPJ '·'i '

TYMOLOGy ANP_0SYNTAX.

•

J

.

.

.

~ ~iliarl . ·a~quainted with all ,the,de~

.

.:As soon as you become a , "tlierkwith

~

facili.!J; _yo,~

.ma¥ pm1t

. ~mh1?0,)~.% Y.~~ c~_n ~P.P.fY t"alw~;ys ap'ply ilje·rules_~. f Syn.~~·.

' ek ,in parsiqg,; :'?1:1t. Y.9U,1I!uf-ing''·'th~~ aefjcitJ,oµs,_y,ou ma,y: prqhen you parse ~nthout app
d ·. th fol}owmg-manner.
. f
b'·l 't .. " . . . .., .
eee m . e ~ _ ... . th ·tr'ue badge' o · no 1.I Y· _ . , .•. ~ .
l~,,,...._.. .' . '·'' ,. ".. . t"'E'.~CJ:
,:,J,
B
,
,e, :J".·r'·fth'e': nPUter"'g' ender;' thiril ''p~wi.i;i.~l.
.
"Ommon,.o , ; "" ·'": n • , : ' · ' H .,. ' ,,,if D ·r.R 3
':.JJ!t11~cy is a. llOUl!""·
·- : 'ih · ·minative, ·c~se iQ. Is. ,...ft1!_7Pb? ·
"\iingular nurriber;and ·m ehno b;-. , . . :• ..... ,_•; ..... ~''';-' '
. ·
·./J.,overns
· ..C ative mood,- presen_,
· '- 1 ~"t" t~niie:.
'i:.T.,h~ nominat~v~_<;,c;-s_e
' ."Ht""erover
""indi'
.·· •:
~Ts an, frregufl!.r neuter °\'.~ <>!: . "m
,,. g _with "Illercy ,".a!}gppg ,
·"'
°
'
'
·
l
number
agree
·
·..
·
·
'
. !J!ir<;tpersqn, smg.u.!I.+. · •••• · _,
·
·
· :·· : , ...,
1i,c; RuLE ·4. The verb m~t -ll[51'ee, &c: _ to" badge"- in !the r &ll,l·"
.,._T. ~ .. _ i a:-definite . aitwle, ,belo11P1~~ . .• , h .. ,~..; i·~- :...~!" 11,,,..,.
.
.. "
.
U«C.
. •'l<\.~\l ·f·'e : IS.mb~r-~
UL1':' 2:• ' 'f.he,.,' ~' eJf,nf.1
.~/fr:ttf.lf.-.,t e' '"d""l:~.:1();.J:'
q_ tn' lfe'
11u1ar n~
·.
·~"'"··
"
'
"'the·
~!i.Ye
.
degi:ee,_\1-~
.. JW~-..· J??,!'r'.',, .·
"'-·e
iS an adJeg_t1 V~ IJl • " P;~ . , .b ,,..,,, " -&·c _-,,_. ,.. ' ,.- ,J . 'f '
,. 'ii<.l'r"'•
~ badge-:~'
· ·' RuLE· 18.: ' ,·Ad
ect.ives
e~'"5
" · • erson;,·sin~lar
·• . .
I '(}
•
' ' third
'"1" J3adge"iS' .a nou,11 'co~·;
~~~t~:s~e4A::,"1s~" ilha:p\ifl~f~Jli>%~
0 1
'~m~er,
.
1
r
nd
i~
t4~Y,,
m
!'!!1.
tfpt "ti ·Rur.E 21 , · .'.I'/~ verp_
~,Q~111~Yi
... 'oh with "mt?rcy, . aq~or mg . . ; . .
. .. · .-:_ ,' .
.
.
"
.
•+ter •t a,s.: bel'ore it. .
b'l't "''"'nd
·:·~rufvfl·
the ·sanie. case. a,1.' . "'
} '. ., "badge" and"'' n.o I ~ . ' . i:'r-1"·
®-'i'.9J 'i~ a preposition, connec mg~ ..,,; 'I "" '"' .. -~ , . " • ....,._.,. .
'·showing the relati~,n~ ~;t~e~n !~:~;: mas;. and:: fem. gender, third
. ~ Nobility is a noun ·o . ~u I
' d•gov.emed«by "of:" RuLE
. ·
d " n the:.obJ. case,.a.n
·
·person, smg_. .an • l
the objective ,case~ ,, " ' ~' . . --~Pf' .,. - I
.Sl. · Prepositio:13 govern
PARsING."· ~,,, . -·!" :l_ ~· ·;'
1,,
- ·- - EXERCIS~S , : _
.•
. . . . M .• ~
1
have 1earned amISs.
.· . .;
• Learn to unle:irn what_y;Zt i a trifle ;" that ·my ind1.scret1oi:is
i
What I forfeit for ~yse '" ~nds 'in e fo 'the heart: . . ~ .. , , •\
.. hould reach my posterity, wou 'fi to the ·wna· am'l;ntHm 2f ~e
1 . Lady Jane Gray -fell a sacr1 c~........ · ~
·. ._,_ , -"~, ;#
, ~uke of Northurnberlan~.h"' ~.
consider'the senate anil ~o_.,,'King Missipsi char~e
i~ son kin aom of Numidia'. . • -:"' t~
P.le '(>f Rome as prop:_~e~?{;;·?,f,._~tlsra~l
8.11' iheir'·~a~ts ;"~~~
'.'.:.Hazael .smote the 'c I d enf. :his actions,· .plainly. appeJ1.ra:.tQ
' 1from- what.is Jeft· onhreeor ·ho "'t rc'or.e saw him to.,be, & man ofr.'ii\0.J..1·,
"' lfave· prove d,· w h a t ' t e ·proo
i e · ·
. -,.
• .. ._ ,r .,. 1
·'~c~, ,cruelt!, ,and bloobd.' te wh~t men, fi:om i:nen wh!lt ~P,inl.8
~ Heaven .hides· from . :i;u s .
.
. -.
"' , ...,.,
know: '
· · · · · ..: · ' ,,. " 8 dot hear 1
· ' · ' _.,..... '..
.. H th t formed the ear, 'Cal} ,
...
·
... r"
i·
e a
.
, . h r · let h1m ·hear.
.
He that ' hath ears to ea ' .
din
ples is a. transitive v.ex:b,

!., . -. ·"·:·:·.

..

· . .. ·

1

ls

.'n'oun '"
~tf

1

·iN·

s to

m

he

h.

~ NoTJil. 1.

"-' '

. 'the first

Lea;n,m

0

of .t he prec.e

. tood to tke rut "'
·' ' ' ·-i· i-e-

verfromthenom. y~uunders
g e xam

. :l
beca.W!0 the action p_asses
In the next
llK .-ntence for i~ obJ.e ct: .Rux.11:.. 4. 4

I * -

~l(.llmpl~, qi,p,t m!J, ~!.,...IAf. .

ETYMOLOG-Y •.A.ND';SY..NTAX,

l~ihotild 'reach my pone;ity, is a•part·of a sentence put.,a s ·,~ ·nQ~
ti> th,,\l verb wQ'Und&, according to the same Rule.
. " , -.. ; "--:.:;·at( •

'2:- Tlie"noun6 acrijice,' fu ·the third example;·is nom. after tµ,e activ:e-ill.~ •
siti~e v'6rb 'fell i RuL!i .~2.; : The noun r;oprietora, ·ii;lthe next sentenee,ljw,'
the' 'Objectivetfa1se;<mid -plit ·by · apposition .with 1enate 1and people .: · RVLI
or ~ovemed by'conaider, understood, according to :Rui;E :35. --~ . , ,. .f;<>
g;' Ill the fifth example, what, following proved, is a compound relatiV:_
. T~nf..,:the, ~t~cedel}t part, is in"t_he nom. case after to M, understood,.~.
pq,t, ~y .~ppo~~ti?~ with ~ei accordmg to' 'Ru~11: · 21, and Norx. ~·».1h~4! ~ •
relative part, ·11 m the ObJ. case -after=to be expressed; and 11ut by. appilJ!l, •
with ,kim, ~ording to the same Jtuu. ' Mqn.-is in the obj. CllSl,l,,pu~,by ~ .
posi~on with which: RULE 7-. · The. latter part oJ\ the sentence may· be ·~
raJ.l¥ t:endered thus : He pl!!inly _appears to have proved to be that·b<ue ~~
acter<.ltc"klch"the··prophet fore&aw · him ' tQ be, viz. a man of violence, ·cr,ueltf'~
and blood. The antecedent part of the first what; in the next.tell~!lce,
goyemed by, Mdea; and whichr thiHelative part, is governed by know,qude ·
stood. The antec_e~e!l~ par~ of the. second what, is goveni,ed by ~ide-_ 1¥1, ,
ato'od, and the relative part 18 governed by know expressed;
· .. , ·
.~ .
4. The first he, in' the seventh example, is, in the opinion of, some~~
to . ·!:'an h~ar understood; ·but l\1r. N. R - Smi~, a . distinguished. B,J;ld ~·
arum, suggests the · propnety of rendenng the sentence thus.;.:'i¥. .
rme,d : the ear.-Jormed it to hear; can he not bear.7" The first-_he: i:ll._v
the l~dixample~ 'isredundant; yet'the construction is sometimes adillisaib~,~·
for\'tli11 exprewoh'ls' more 'forcible than ·it· would be to say, " .Let him .~
who hath ears to hear;" and if we adopt· the •ingenious method of. ¥r. ~
the-_jieilte!lce is . gra~atical! and · ~1 be rtmdered th;iti ; . ' \ He ~t- ~
~ ha!.~ · ear• to hear, let him hear. . ·
· .
_ ., ,• J:,_'"il:• oo
n1i

-- C/w>=J...

~.EXERCISES: ll'.1(

r ,ARSll~:G.

"

· '"J.''· >-•. "·· · c'Idioms; anomalies,.:and intricacies.I. '!The wall is three feet high."
-2. "His son is.eight years old.'~,. · .· "'· ··
8. "My knife is worth a shilling."
,
.4.ji She is worth him and all his connexions.',

· :.5•. .- ,1-He. has .J:ieen .therethre.etime~." · .

· ", Th
.,,,6 •:j
_. ~ h.!-.t cost , t en__doll
. ar~; ". c.,•~ :
'7. The Toad weighs a tun.

. '.

....

~-.

r-;·o· ..

.q:

"~
- · 'I

. ,. _~'\'
· · '""~·
·' t•

. .. . -i' : _..... ,
.
. . 8 '. ·r,"Th
.. . .e. spar . meas~~;!..,lllnety
e~t'.; .-., •. r~
.... ~: .~~ r '.....,,~;:'~ •
• ~EHARK_s.-:-A~maly. ~ _~eriyedJrom th~ , Gf,\l_e k,. ~..~Yi.on; .~:~
·~; _
that.18, withp-ut, ~"!ilarf,ty. So~e. giy0 .1t;t1 denyatio,n -thus;; ia~,' from,.t_J;ia· Lann, 'a{>,Jrom,_ or ou~ of, an\l 119rma; a·rnle, or Iaw; ·mem;iB"ai!' ou~
law·; a ·mode of express10n that departs from the rnles,. laws,- or ge~
~6' .of. theJanguage; a construction, in language peculiar to.itself.> . l'~ "
it 18 a general. rnle of the language, that adjectiv;es of J)D,e. syJlapl~ !U"e co~
pared by adding r, .or er, iqid ~t, or ut,,~ the P,.?sitive.degree';.·liut gcu~i beV •
ter, beat; bad, worse, flJOrst, are not compared ·according to tnelgene~e.ilt-8
They are, ther~fore, anom~es. The- plural number of nouns is gene,Rill;jlll
formed by addmg s to the smgi,tl~ : m~n, ~n; , V)"Qman, u;ome~; child1.q/til- ·
dren; penny, pence, are . ano~ahes. The ·use of newi, -mean•, · azm#,' and
amen.di, in the singula.r, constitutes anomalies; Anomalous constniction8iare
ooi;:ect according~ cui!tom; but; a:s they' are departures fro_m. gene~ rulea,
b~ ~m. they c~~t _be ana1yzed. ' " ·: ''; ,, "• . · ''" :',.. "'.'-!".~·\I' :~'-•Pl'Ji
An"idtom, J,atm 1dicma, a consti"U~t10n pecuhar ' t<Ya·langaa.ge.~may .·be an

fi '

. ., '""

.

"'A.NbMALtES.~PA.'RSING :'

The verl>-let, in the idiomatic .examples ·under number \,~al/ lll> ~~
tive specified, and is left applicable to a nominative of the first,, ~tjiri!£1 ,
thiro· person; and of either number. Every.:action .ne<;essarily depeAt;is,llu~
agent or moving cause ; end. hence it follo.ws,• that , th~ ve,b,_,i,n•.~upl1<i;o~
tions, has a nominative understood ; _but as .t hat no~a,tive. is nq; .P~~j
pointed out; the ~onstructi~ms. may be c;onsid_ered, !lnomalous.
, ., ; . 1
' 'Instead ·of saymg, "Lei it [to] be enacted;" or, -"lt i1 or shall be el\a<;i;;;i.
''Let him [to] be blessed ;J' or, " He ahall be blesl!0d ; ~'. " Let u& tw<i\•ID
vey,'! ·&c.; the verbs, be enacted, be bleued, 1urn, &c. acc.~qing ; ~;·ll-ll. ,i\l,iqm
of. our lan~ag~, or the poot's lic~nse, are .~d ill ¢!' ~mp.erat,i!'e,,~8J:•
. with ·a nommative of the first or third person.
·. .· '"''."';!!I!
· The · phrases, methinlu and •nethougkt, are. ;81\0mali,es,,in w.h ich 1;lii! ·~J!l\f
~ronoun me, in the 'fir.at .person,,is-used h1 ,plll96 o( a nomin~~;­
takea· a verb after it ii:t the third; person. . -Him ,Wfll> B,D,cjently ns~;ip,jµ.,~.
same"mann'Jr ;r as, ... him ·thute, him thoughtP. ., -T here was a. petjUil .. w~
thesaconstructioW1 were.no.! anomalies in our language. ]fornu~rly,'.wJ:i~ iif
call •the•objective ~es .of our pronoun.s, were. em~J 0 yed. in ,the ji8Jll!):.m~
as our,present nominative• are. ·'' Ago 18 a. contract.10n,of agqne, il;i,e P!lll~:~
of to g~. ~efore t.his particil?le ':"as c~mtracted to an adverb, .t he no~. y~
preceding. it, .w as:m the nommative case absolute; but now the ·llP,llJl~ruAl!l!Jl­
amounts t;o an.anomaly. • The: expressions," ~eueral
. ly spenking,", 1,1JJcl-'! ~ .
sidering-their means," under. number 4, are. idiomati.cal Mil iwolilaJllJJi~W­
subje~ts- t? 1he paTticipl~s not beinq sp:cified.
..
· _,,.,.,~· ·
-' ;According to ' the genius of Lhe English language, transitive verbs fUl-W~ .
positions•require the objective case of a noun or pronoun. afte.r them; p.µ~
requisition:is all that is meant by government, when we say,. that , ¢~~ of. •~ech -gov~m the o~jec~ve ~ase. See p_age.s 52, 57, .and 94. . Tlui•.•
.
pnnc1ple applies to the m!e1Jection. " ln!e1Jections requ~re t~e ~b;~ct.ii;~~
of a pronoun of: the fast pe~on after them,; but the nomi.native of q npJ!ll,Qlj,
pronoun of ·the second or -~hird. pei;son ; .as, '. !.Ah m~ ! .. Oh thou I 0 IUJ.,f/?!111¢
try!" To say, then; that mteIJections require particql.ar cases afte.i:,thell!,
synonymous with saying, that they govern those cases; and this offi~ gf'1llii ·
interjection is in·perfect accordance with that which it performs in th_e .I,.j"t.ii\
. and many other languages. In the examples under number 5, the first'...,··
·is in the objective after " .ah," and the second me, after_ah understood·;, thut,
"Ah miserable me!" according to NOTE 2, under Rule 5.-Happine11,
number 6, is nom. independent; ·Rule 5, or. in the n 0 m. after .Q, llCCQl:din8'
to this Note. The principle con
. tained in the note, proves that evea~i>:~
. .
o(•the lj0~nd person is m the nominative .case; for, as the pronoun ..of:J.118'
second person, in such a situation, is always nominative, -which is-shojb ,
its:-form, it logically follows that the noun.-under such.circumdtances,.alth .
it has no form to show its case; must necessarily be in the same CWlelBJ!; •
pronoun. P Good, pleasure, ease, content, that," the a·n(.ecedent ·p~o
'"wha.tever," and which, the relative part, ru·e nom. after .art undel"/\~j
Rule 21, and name is nom. to be understood.
-= .. -~ ..,~ .. ,· ,.. •..;Jf;ll
The second line may be rendered thua; Whethel' than art good, .or ;w)letlier. .
thou art pleasure; 4-c. or be thy name ·that [thing] which.[e.ver, thing] it zuay
be:· puttln!J be in the hnperative, agreeing with name in the third J?tlr~n. •
·: · ', :· l~'t
Something IS nominative nfter art understood.
EXAMPLES.
... .. ~,

&Bit

nnaer

1. ·"All were well but the stranger." . "I saw nobody but the

stranger." "All had returned but he." "None but the brave
deserve the fair." .. "The thing they ciu1) but_pu:rpqse,, they post.
pone." "This life, at bqst, js but..a dreat:n.,'.'. , ' IJJ.-.~tfprps bu,t. &

if'..'' t

.

·

,

f .
- ·t' ,, · '"If he but touch the hi\ls, tliey
ure o enJoymen · ·
· f · · ·ti•

.l':'~ll y m::~, . "·Man is but'll.·reed, floating on the cu,~rent·o tune.
w1 smo ·
.
.
rty h is ·content.
-~ 2 "Notwithsi"-n.dmg ihis·poye ' e
l ·b ·1 -~A" "'The
·
'"
d id " "The app es 01 Sf!J·· ·
-rl•·a. " Open. your han. w e.
. , ,, ' " Di:iii}i · M.c;;.;Qf w.s'..e

'Purest cl~y .is that. wh;;h burns .wh.it~~ -.~ .'.', ., ,, ... · ." : ... ;\ .
,not the P1enan sprmg-.,...i' . . . . - . h .. , 1" &c ._ u·wliliJ·if
,. 4 "lVhat though the 'swelling surge t °.11: see
" • , . . ' ;.,.,
•
.,, . • 1 .
'"d1" &
'1
;the foot 'o'rCiain;d the· dust to t~~.a,_ · ,,.._c... .,~ : · ,.. , :. '"'"w • . r

t

'
.
th
rinci le of aualySlS assumed. by. ;nw~ o
Rnu.RKs.-Accordmg to , e P.
disjunctive conjunction ;,and
18
~ur most critical philologists! ~ut :o:'~eait many case, 88 a prep-Osi;ion,
" agreeably to the same authonti.es, totax under- Rule 35 • . They· maintain_, lthat
8
;would lead to error. :ee. f:e 1Hce ·is to •join.ona member'Qf a ~nee
•Its legitimate and un . ~via g . o .
~ .:thereby forms an, e~P~.to,
which exprusea oPPo_sitUJn>f>f meamng,ro sition contained in th~ P~~
or takes from the universality of, .the P . po·1s-·e· character 88 lf'conJUUC110n
1
"~
·
1
member ofth e sentonce. Thatbit-austams
1 will be
shown
b;y'the folloWIDg>re&O
u• 11 t h e e~
~a~ples under mun er ,
,, ,,.,
''lJsa.W
ma
II
11 but the atranger [wa1 1no, ,toe ...
• :i ,.
tiou of them.-" A were we " ' .. None deserve the Jair .b~~thllJwaoe
.nobody but [I aaw] the 1trang~r . • th thing which [the'.!{ ought to dq;.and
[deserve the fair."] "They postpone e id . ur in to do." " ".!fhis'life,
do not,] but which [thing] th~y .caru:i°1:: Il [~J, not unboumkd.'.f~
<at best, [ ia not a reality,} .but it 18 a rf en: o ent.'? "If .he .I~ th&@lls,
0
.,ion] but .it alfo!9 8 a scanty measure the J ~11 smoke;"-" If he. e31,~t "'
1
but exert ,.o greater poi~e·~z "P:~ t;:;ut ti~; fact] if he touch them, thW will
greater power tipon the •
b .
but he is a ·reed floating on the current
smoke.'" "" M':'n is not a·st
ei?'g, ntencea,liow~ver, if I;.mis~~ ,no~,
of tjme.'' This method of an yzmg ,i6d hil sophical writers who, m therr
' is too much on the plan o~ our prdte.nmbin~tio~s often overlook the modern
rage for ancient ~nstruct.JOnll:tio~o of this wo~d. It . appears to me· \o ~e
a.ssociaU!d meanmg and ap~
of the word to consider it an adverb m
more con~isten! wit~~hfollo~~lf he hut ( ot;ly, merely) \au.ch V:ie hills
wonstructJons like
.
.,. '" ' .
les like the following, a.re genera!Jy CO';j!~oo
!they will smoke.'' .
.l ";,Except and, near, m. examp
t h ' ·" "She stands near them.
But
1 ,
• • • • • " All went excep
im'
.
h constr.w:,Jc but instead of except, m sue .
•as prepos1t1ons.
em~ ?.YAU went but he [did no( B'o."} Q~,WJB
•many contend, that wh~d
0
0
,tions, a nominativ" sho
Vof •
'ahle • but the period will doµQ~~!\8.IH'."
tpoiut and many.others, cuatom lS mhe co~idered prepositions, !l'nd! m ~q.­
'rive, when but, toorth, and. like~ ~ariabl be followed by an • objective~·
structions like the foregoing, m
tilr_ the practice of supplying an ellipsIB
This will not b" ~e cas;e .. h?we".er,
after these words 18 entirely ~ppe ·-ed by the preposition notwithJtanding,
Poverty, under-D;um?er-2, 1S ' g.ov~~ hite ~d deep, uµqer , nu,mbe~ 3, not
Rule 31. Thfl adjectiyes wide, IOJ' ,. ~t ~ ualify verbs: N o!e 4, .~er
· only express the ~iuality ~ no~·.-!'hat thou~" and" what if," is an , ~ter·
Rule 18 .-What, m the p rases
ed b the verb matter• understood,
~~~o;~':t\e~ h-what dost thou fear, thot1;g~
rogative in the objective
or by some other yerb ; t U:•» " -w8hat would you think, if the foot, whic
thou see the sweµmg surge
· d to be the head 1"
·'
is ordained to tread the d~t, ~ir~.
.
.
•
d
ral

•;,.,,t:i

£n

d . ..

· ·-

.

.

h8"'

· · l
th same word is use . as sev.e
.
In the followmg .e.xamp es, .e. •. · d ment sufficient to compo:11s of speech. But· PY (:lXercisipg;,JU g
·

prehend the meaning, and by <Supplying what is underst()Qjf .

'Yi.U1~ ablf}.;t_o.ana,lyze4 bem. correctJy._. -, - . .
,.,,A,_c:•.,
.
,. '':EXERCISES IN 'PAltSING; ... '" · ,. ::,.,
;: <-,,·!··1 like w!l~i au'·'<lislik~; · ·- •· i ;,," - ,:•• , ,·-·.;:·.· j • •
• C.

'"'~'~·Ev~rf cireaiurr' ioves it.ii-like. <-

:~.'~tig:r; e~vy, -~d Hk~ p~ss~cms,

" "'

'A,,

1 • -'

;

·-

__

are sinf~I. ;·~. ·; ""'·"~ :~ ; __
' Cha'r1ty, h~e the .sun, hr1gh~~ns every ~].i~~f1t,i_u;~1y1~_ 1t~_,,.1·
Thought thes swdler than light.
-- - · · " "
He thought as a sage; though· he felt as· a· man.
-H~y qften. proves_?est.~~ff!~~e;~?, v~~~~ti<:>p; _-~: _. . ..: _, .
.. I Was happy to hail h1Pl. ll\lmy_fnend, .
, .. , _-; ! ii,•
. Hail l beauteous stranger of the wood. . · ...
·
The more I examine the work~ the better- I like it. ·" ·
.T,_ohnson is a: better writer thaq _§terne> ' ' .
Calm. was the_. day, and the scene delightful.
,,___. •.
-•- We may expect a calm after a storm.
"""T<:i'Jiz:eyentJ!assioh 'is 'eas,i~(t.lian tq calm it'.
"
~':--lr · · · -· .·
h I" . .-:i, ".i(.~ e-r~~'rj
-,.,li..~
~"'~' · .. §.i;np air~l§-~PJ!W: ..9. ~~~-· ,,,. .• ,,;. .... ;' ."' -. . ""•h!~_ f--;
-~·!Gwk often .casts a, d_amp over our spr:igh_thest hours•.~~ ..
w-~~~!f Bodie~ aiun.I?, the ·~und tjiuc4_more than hard "on~· ~
~,
Mi Ph'. m,oneY .h~
h~en'· ex· Pen<,led.:'
*~oPh
- ·- - .--:·' ,_.,.. -- -'" ,; ·~r,,. . ·· "!·
:.'?. !.; < lpl tcJ wrqm. nl~~h- ~,giye~.~~ij,~h._ will. b~ ;i:e\J~i~ii '.
1->.at
. IS 'much ·better:to give than to receive. :. , . "..-,
1
• ;:'Still"wa:te~ 1--iins' deep; ·· · ~ne labored to still the tumuit:~
j T4ps(two· :r;oul]g proffigii:tes ;'.'ein~in st~l~ ir~ thnfr§pg~;·; "'.. They.wrong themsely:es as well as their friends. _ ,,:,.,_.., _ ·
· I wiWnow ·present· to· you a few examples in poetry; -· Parsing
~~9~~fY! 1)-S it . br~gs ;fnt_~ i:equis~tion a h~gher. d~g~~(of ll}ental
,~ertiog)han: P,ariSm~ . m pros·e, will. be fo.q.n<! _a m;o_~~-iA~J.ig
and:, profitable ,exerclSe . . In this kmd of analysis, ' in -orde1.Jo
·c ome' af the ineaniriP' of :the ·author, :you will find it necP.ss

<-.:··· ;

··•

•

·' ... -

#f47i#iis~"hiiS'fatx Ii.age~ anaslif ~y.' whafiS '.ubdersiooa_,.·Anil
~~ ~]r:Ut~a:ve.Jh~ 1n~J'af m-e~niJg, 1U.:P.i[~~; ~», :· ,. ~;;·~;if"~.,.,.:
4'l;i,fiJJ'

:tti '." ·; '": ''

-""""''""''·--·'.

EXERCISEl:p:N"~'f~~l:~(E >,' ~'..i; ""·

:~~~T~9:r~.;i~o, ,Uo,P.B._~AJ\U!.!1~LL. -.;_,,,, -~-~., ....,~

;.''-:'_.l'. Et~rnal H<>p~ '!.~"then:yon'4er'spheres sul>lime

... ;· _.·.~ 11 ,id •
}:~: ~>e~~~.1r tJ:ieir ,ti.rs~·tjot~s to ,)lq\!_~4 ·14~;m~rcJi;ot;'. ~,'/'.:1~7 -~~"'!<;

beg11n,;""="'but;,not.~Ade,.~,.,;o

~ .:,.,ii"¥'!

-:· :ThY.J?yous Y?1;1th
{m
•'
•; ,'_·When ;all the;s1ster planets:,hay~ dec(i.yed-;;; ,: ::-~!.,;.;"'..'1' ., -,,110_.
' 'When wrapt m tl~m~s- ~e.j:~alzhs of. ~thr-i::glp~·~"/''.:~/'.''/:llt ·_
. And Heaven's last thunder shakes the ,world below·· · ri. !11
I;: Thou)' undism~y~~i' s~al.t"O'.er 'the"rliiriS'lsmi,Iii;!f.!,>..-iL;~ {i(J ;; i
"" Arid light thy tcircll'at 'Natiire's'lbheial'· pi!e! fi;>."W '' <r'<!l<f'

.'f.'RANSPOSED.

•

' ~Fo1nsee~thnu, "ah !«see :thou a-· hostile· world . to .raise .its;terror&;

-and see thou ;ir .hostile world:Jt& : spread its .delusiv.e ·snares;; l°Yet tread her (virt~e~") · ways.with doubtful ·steps. ... < :, 1?
.,1. 0
how ·s ha·ll .J I-learn . to meet · those · terrors with .. a .prepa!d4·
•heart 1 · How shall I leam to;guard my unexperierwed feet .from .
the thousand snares of the world}
.. f.l,'lfi.
THE MORNING IN SuMMER.-THOMPSON, '· - .:. ,, "~;"'!!\:
Short is the 'doubtful ernpire' of the .night ;:
And soon, obse!want of approaching day,
The meek-eyed morn appears, mother of dews, , . , ,
At first, faint gleaming in the dappled east, · ·
'
Till far o'er ether spreads the wid'ning glow,.
.·
_ And from before the lustre of her face ·
White break the clouds away, ·
'

•

TR,\NSPOSED.

'

.,

. The' do~btfi.~l empire of the night is short ; and ihe meek-eyed .
Ulory_i, (which is the) mother of dews, observaM of approac)tlng
~ay; soon .ap~ars, gleaming faintly, at first, in the dapphife~·
_till the w1denmg glow spreads far over. ether, and .th~. wh_iJB
clouds break away from before the lustre of her face. · ' · · · •
, NATURE BOUNTIFUL.-AKENSIDE •

-:

.- · -Nature's care, to ap her 'children just,
With richest treasures, and an ample state,
Endows at large whatever happy man
Will deig~ to use them.

.

TRANSPOSED.

.. ;

Nature's care, which is ·just to all her children; larg~ly en~­
do'"'.5? ~ith' ~ichest treasures and an ample state, that•pappy man
-' •"1,- .
who.will deign to use them·.
'

-

-

,...:·1•-t

.. ' N~TE. ·: Mat, in' the second example, is a comp. 'rel. .The anie'cii)ient· ·-.
Par~ .18 gqv. -by teach un~erstood i !Uld the relative. part !>Y t~ feiJ.l ex~~
. Xq._ahun and to pursue, m the third example, are m the mfh)ltive moo<J,,,gox.
by th.an, accordmg to a NoTE under Rule 23. Faint and from ; iii' ihe- ~tb .'
example,, are adverbs. ~adverb; in poetry, is often written in the fon:ii'OI' .
an B;<iJectJve. J.Vh.atever, m the last sentence, is a compound pronoun, and ii
?qmvalent ~? tk;zt an~ wh~.. Th.at is. an adj . pron. belonging to "ipan ;" t1Jlw'>
IB nom. to
will dl'.l1gn; and ev~r is e_xcluded from the sentence in sense ·•
SAe page 113. Pan;e these examples 8.s they
transp08ed and you
I.ind the analysis very easy.
· · ..
· · .
<·~ ,
,/'

are

will

IN PARSING. '
1
WE.A.~Tii:'
-.· . - _, '. ... ,.,..·'"'.' '<~.

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
GQLD,
NOT
.
- ''"·GENUINE
·''
~
..

r- · ~ ,,.

Wher~, thy; tnrn ~;easui:e 1 Gol~ _ say.s,, " .i;i9.t,'k .~e ;''
And, "' not m me, · the-Dia,mqnd1 1 ~, Gpl1)~ , poo[;/ · ·

:

·

.:.

,

o'.EJUNSP..QS.11J), " ' ,'..; '"· . t:•:: ' , ., ,-. :H

:)"'" Where is thy.true : treasur.e.•1,i, Gold·sa.ys, .'l·lt is ·;no~ inane;"
'.~Jand the Diamond.says,, •'J:t ~is i not: in.· me/~ '":Gold :is.poonl '.{)
. · ·!f:!OUROE -OF< •FS:IBNDSHIP~L4-J)&>.0¥ Ol1NG~·: : 11;,lJfi'

Lorenz6;J]>ride"repreSS:; 'n orthope•t<Niiid ·,_-; HJ .,, .,·;) ,JI; 1' '
"' ·
A friend; but what has•found•J1.,friend in ·thee,
· .
·" , . . .. TRJ.Nspos:~1:i.- -,·:~ , ,·.. ,~ ... '·'··-·~ "."· :ff '
9 c
_;;;Lorenzo,;r.~pr.~ thou : pr~de, ; _, ~or .h~p~; •.~ou ;to µaj :a £ru:1>Pt,
. · p11ly in him -wl:igclia.~,~lr.ea,dy,Joµ_~i,l, . ~. $A~i;id; inAlle(l· ,,, ,...,.~1 ; i, ,
' ., ,,,,.

-:
· r•·
en

· '
' ..c .TRUE G ,REATNESS;,_;;l?oPE"''. ·· ,:i., · ; • P 1'.t>··' ;·:, "'.
Whonobleendsby 1 noble;• means~ ohtains, . ·"' " ' ·,_. "" ' ''""

Or, failing, smiles in,exile:. 6r.;in :chains, :-:u .. · "
Like good iA.11reliusJet.-him ,reign;·or·bleed. , 1 ·_, ,
.Like Socrates, ,that rnan:-,is ·gre11,t indeed.- -.. ,mi'·

(.

.

TRANSPOSED .

> ,~... ;.,, .. ,

• •

..,,: K '-•

i -,· ... y,,,

"

,,., ... . ... · ':><•'• ·'•i"i'

· .IN-VOCATION.-POLLOK•'

,;c.,,.{ h .i .. ,.:~~.di . ....

That man is gr~at indeed,.. le•" hi~ to '' ~eig~ .. lik~~ ~;to~·g~
. <!Aurelius, or let . hini to bleed like untoSocrates, who optains noble
~nds . by, noble means ; or that mancis g~eat. inde~d~ .w~o, f'ail;in~
'. .iJD:.ohtain noble ends by nob\e .me1ms, smiles m.ex.ile,or..m ,~

i:

>.

~:·, Lili; ' ..,,,

··

. .

Eternal Spirit! God. of tru.th ! <to· whom:_; ,•" ;:-. ,,,;; i;,i..~·}<'
All things:seem.a,s they are;jnspire,my: song; 1' .
My eye u~119ale : . Jl1\'l.,wh,.11-_t ~ f!\WJ?W-rl..qe:,y,i~g}J: ;..-,, ~;,,,..'i
And shadow, w.h11-t, 'Y4ile) of things,,to porn,!'!, _,, ;,~ 1 ·1 .. 1
As past rehears¥.\g, s,i~gi · Mll::t!A9~gh1,AA,!l. .p,l,.l~., ,-, ,r·/;
Severely sifting out the· whole . i\l}l~ gJ:"IUlt. · .,3 , r; :;i ·;d. ~
. TRANSPOSED.

'O'. '.

.. Eternal Spirit! God .1of. truthLto .whom ' all .things 1 seeriito be
. ,·as they really ar.e,.:.inspii;e ·thQu,:my song ; «and .unscale .thou. QJ.Y
eyes: teach thou to me the thing which-is sul:/stance,; andtea.ch
thou to me the thing which _is shadow, while I sing ofl~jngs
·; wMch are to c.ome,. .a s one. sings .of thing~. which. are._pa~~~r­
" sing. Grant thou to me. thought:and · phraseology .wlucliDshli.ll
. ·,~·eeve;rely sift out the::whole.idea. · .' . ;.;. .......: '. .r. ,... : , ,.ot ·1k(•Y{
1
"
•
. . . .· .' '.l'HE, :\rQ-Y
-A.(>B oF ·Lm~.
How few, Javore.d : by e:vfry ..element, "'" ,;, · :•· · · "":CJt•:•,1!
,,,nns . W~th ~~eli'i~:g~ils· ~-~1'~. gp<>d the· pr2m~ed po.Ji,: ~i .; .r, , "'.' '.
r·~ .W1tll all ther1: .wJ.SiW!I fre1ghte$l ., .Y~te}'..J) th~ . ..,, .i.-: .... , " '
-~ " Fre,ig4~!f~th·P.ll. ~t(U°f-.Wf~-~!~~Jl_ ~l:llJll~... . ·:i • ! ' "
a",, . Frei!. fi;orµ , Q1Jf?fort.\!~• ~Q.t :frgm.~!!>tµl'.!l,f:Ne, ·
..-·1 .;
·"' They stiH Jir,e1 ·m~!l ·iL~~;wh~n is ,man:secure 1.
~': ,. ,,B
, . As. fat.al4im,e, , J!.l! >:St~.r;; .'f,lwil"J,l.$:of<{y!lll.f8
·· ;,.. ; ,,.g
<b B
. ·e~t"
.· .. 4.owJ.t;th~if; ,stre.~ ~.;
,,J heJr, num~rlt>88 iescapeio ''"'''>'!
,{ ,,
~1
. 16

1

ETYMOLOGY,_AND; SYNTAX.

, ;_t -·~

..
In ruin end : and, now-,:.their•.proud success
. ,
.,·.,,•But pl11-r.ts new .tenors:.on the vfotor's brow . . .i! , , , u•,J, .rt,,~
What pain; to.quit the world just made their ow,u~ . ·-•-i-rih of:'
. Their nes..ts so deeply downed and built so high!--=. .'-.
Too low they l;>ujld, .who build beneath the sta~s, ..,,. '· ,. 1
'W

; '

•• . TRANSPOSED..

'?Y

• ' .-.. .

"

L

. '·

__IIow__f~w per.somi~ fa~ored
every element, safely make the .
promised port with ·swellmg sails, and with all their wishes· frEiight.
ed ! "Yet even t~ese. few pei;;onslwho'do safely make the ·prdmiseil
port with all the1.r wishes freighted, soon complain. Though they
~e f~ee from misfortunes, yet(t~ough and ·yet, corresponding con.
JUnctions, form only.- one-connex1on}they -are -n ot .free · from the .
course of nature, for they still -= are men :;, an'd 1when •!isl man ·
secure 1 ·Time is as-fatal to him, as •a sform is to the"-ina-r iner.!he rush of years beats down their strength; (that is, the strength
ef•'4kesefew:; ) and their numberless •escapes 'tmd iIJ..-ruin:: -a nd
then their pi:oud· success -only._ plants new terrors on .the,.victo1"11
brow'. ' , Wh_at .pain it is to them to quit the world, just •asthey .
have1 made 1t. to be their own world; when their nests are. built
so high, and when they are downed so deeply !-They who build ._·
·beneath the stars, build. too low for their own safety.
·(
' REFLEcTroNs oN A ScuLL.-LoRn BvRoN.
.,"
Remove yon ·scull from out the /i>Cattered heaps.
Is that a temple, where a God may dwell ?
Why, ev'n the worm at last disdains her shattered cell '!'' · Look on its broken arch, its ruined wall; . ' .· '' -,~
Its chambers desolate, ·and •portals foul ·
{Vi .c1Y1'.s, -this was •once ambi~ion's airy hall:-·, '
"V m' !il'li~ dome of thought, the ·palace of the soul. , f'"
J1;1.i:-Behold,·.,through each lack-lustre; eyeless hole;·
.,.~,.~l i ff'he gay· recess of wisdom and: of wit -.:
' ,,
.-;~··1.And <passion's ·host, ·that· never brooked' control. ·.
·Ui.1t;,Ca.11 -all, saint: sage, or sophist ever·writ, ·' " '' • '"'"" .J ·
People this lonely tower, this tenement •refit 71 " ' 't·i•· 'd"'h'ltli
, TRANSPOsEri. ·
'" ~- "
· Remove thou yonder· scul!'-out ·f'rom the scattered he'aJ?~.
that a ten_iple~ where a Qod ,i~ay :dw~,11? Why, ~v,im 't~~~we~m
at last d1sdams _h er shattered cell ! ' Look thou on· its broken
arch, and look thou on its ruined wall, and on its de~rila'ticham.
b?rs, and .on.its foul po~tals :-y;-s,'}his sc'ull 'was otjci/ am~i,tion'a
air~ hal,l , (zt was) the dome of t.~oi1ght, the palace :of\ the' suul.
Be o~d tho~, thr~ugh each : lack-lustre, ''eyeless!i hoJ'e;•! th~ . gay
_recess <0f1 ;w1sdorn · and· of wit, and · passion's , host,'whfoli'' hever

·i• · •

.I'' \

'

'.-DERloV.ATION'i\-<H'"

< ·

"brooked control : " Can aH •lthe Wol'ks whie;h saints; ,or · sag~· O?
sophists have ever--writteIY,' repeople·this lonely •towet; or" can.they
refit-this -tenement 1' "- · .; c,, •.. , • -.r ·, ,_ ;
-~.;
· For your future exercises in parsing, you may select pieces
from the English•'-Reader, •or- •·any·•other •grammatical :work. I
have already hinted, that .pa:l'si-ng·J·in. poetry; as; it bringa more
i!l'lmediately into requisitiofl'.the reasoning faculties, than ~ing
ill prose, will -necessarily . tend -m ere· r-apidly.1to , facilita~ ,'ty,,qJ.Jr
progress: therefore · it -is ,advisable .t ha,t your .J4tui:e , e~r,cises .-in
this way, be chiefly· confined to the.,analysisof poetry. ,1f.teviioJlS
to your attempting to parse a. .piece of poetry, you o_u ght .a,lw~y,a
to transpose it, in a manner- similar to.the.examples just p,I;e.,Bl'ln~d;
and- then it can'-be as easily.analyzed a,s ·prose.,·· ":i ,_. . ,; :.:11:.• ;
Before you proceed to correct the following exercjses m..· f~
.syntax, ,you , may- turn back , and · read ovf;)r the .. whole .,t,Qift~f;ln
lectures, unless you have . the subject-mattei: ,, e,lre_adyr~~d ,..iil
,yo_u r mind.
-.- 1 • :.•"'£1" ii U- l!'.!.·
?k ,• ,

···"'l·r1

•,

• i

L

•

.;.. ·

; r'I

"

.:,

•

-~~ !~.:

',; 1!•;' /.i

.•• .
·, .. :;, . l

•...

..: .,..

-~

11 •,t

. ·· · ~::-

,., .·:.· :t-·J. ,

r ,:1: I' • :
'-1!1;:;

~,'

· r~ ::

t· i : t

~'';

:}• l

• ·•· ~~:t!b

LECTU,l.U1 XIV.

.

'

U·

1W.
,

OF DE.R IV ATION~'
'
At the commenceinent o~ Lecture II., I informed y~1,r;~hat

Etymology treats;·'adly, of derivation. - This .br11pch .of: E~n10l_.
ogy, important as it is, cannot be v~ry. extens1vely tr\lated n n .an
elementary work on gramIT\ar: Jn the course oft~ -pr.epeding
lectures, it has been frequently agitated_;- and now,l ,.Bpa,Jl pffer 1l
few more remarks,, ~.hich will doubtless be -!lseful in il.l~~ting
spme of the various methods in which one word -is-derh:eddfrom
another. Before ·you ·proceed,. however, please to .turn ·Pa<l.~ "and
·read again what is advanc.e d on th.is subject on:page 121'.tianduin
th'e PHILOSOPHICAL NoTES. .. .,
·
· · , r'.1•,_ :,~.,,~
•" "1. N Ouns are_derived from' ·.yerbs.: ·; ' "
·
" "" ' · · ·
. 2. Verbs are deriyed fro~i:n n.ouris, adjectives; and soIT\etimea
1
trom "adverbs. · " • c ' ·
· · ·-'
•.• 9
·t
1 :--r. d· H·ii
~r· ·a ... AdJ"ectives are' derived 'froni' nouns'. •·
I " 4'. ''Nourui'B'rtl. j deriVed fronl'adjectives. ' • ,·1 {
. ··;:1111
1
1
' '" ~~. A~~er~s. are ?~r.ive? f~?~ ~-d~~ci~ve~. "' r ' ' _ · '.-• 1_1 1 '.'· I
" ·-i." N ouns· are "der1v11d from verbs ; · as, from "to _love,'r comes
1
~''Iover :" i froni"'"to visit; v'i~if~r;" ' from' Wto sur.Vive, sutiiver/.'
~C'. -~. ; ~· .~1::\ I• h l'"~i~ ; . , t·· · t
,!-'. :i..' . .•.r,. l · .f~:l t •l 1 .... .', ;;: h·.) ,~T,j~
j ;

In the r~flo~lng i~~ta:;1 6e~,' 1and

'r

iii' many' others',' iCis difficult1tb

ETYMOLOGY/-AND ·•SYNTAX.

There arec. so .-ma:ny ·otner ways qf detiying ·words frO,~)>pe
ADother, that it would be .extremely difficult, if not im~ib\~ . to
epumerate them. ' The, ,p1:irnitive, }YOrQs o-Lev~_ry la.ngµp.g_e ' {I-re
very few; the derivatives form much the greater number. _;-A
few more instances only C?:n· be 'given ·here. . ·
,. .. ..'
. Some nouns are derir,~ffrom ,9$.er ,npuns, _hy - ~d~i,qg.;;-the,,;#l~·
mi nations hood .or head,. ~}J.ip,. ery, wicJ, r,ick, d.Om, ian, ,..,., an,~
age.
.. ·: ::.·
N ?~ns endi~!S in hqod, oz: h~a_d, ar!'l s11qh ~- sig~:fy c~~J~£W.For
qualities;. as, , Manhood, ..k,n1ghthq9d, .fals.ehood, . ~c ..... .,""''"t
Nouns.· ending in ship, are .·thoSe that signify o~ce, "'mplQy·
ment, state, -or condition ; as, u Lordship, stewarqship,' part:i;ier~fi p, ". &c. So.rn~, noµn.s in: s?iip .are. d~_ri.V,eq fr.om ,~~jec;iY.~-~,i~_(lS,
Haid, hardship, &c.. ~·-",
;; "-' c' .. "' : ·"'"'
~-- Nouns which end in ,ei:y, signify acti1;m or haqit,; asd -' ~l~-very,
foolery, prudery," &c. Some nouns of this so~ ,C0\11e fri:>,m · adjl'.JC~
tives; as, "B"rave, bravery," &c·.
. ..
', .; _ ..., .. : .. ,._;
Nouns ending in wick, rick, and dqm, denote doipinion,.j.l.!.r.isdiction, or · condition ; as, " Bailiwick, bishopric, kingdom; duke.
dom, freedom," &c. ·
·
·
· ,.,.
Nouns which end in ian, are' those that signify professi.o,P; . ~.
"Physician, musician, ~:~.&c. · Those. that ·end in -. ment ancl age,
come generally from the French, and commonly signify the act
or habit ; as, " Commandment, ~ ' ~f. usage."
Some nouns ending in ard, are derived from verbs or adjectives, and denote ·characte:- or habit; ns, "Drunk, _dnirikaro;
dote, dotard.'' ._. . . . . ; 1 ;,,, , "";: "''' .. . . ;.___,;;~~~~ -,' '. \
Some nouns have theJo.nn .of diwinut~v~ ;., hut .these. {I,):'~, not
many. · They .are formed ·by· adding the terminations Jrin,,lfng,
ing, ock, el, ~nd . t~~ li,k~; as," L.~~~ 1 _11u~bki~i , g~os~ · 1~1!.l~~_;
duck, duc)dmg; hill, h11l 0 ck ;- cock, cockerel, &c.
· ....,- ,.

lletenpine-r,whether the -•verb.. was deduced from the •J1Qun,.cu: lq!J
iimih 1 \froni· the' verb; ·viz: · •1,Love, -to love ; ·hate,· to hate ; .feart1tA
fear; sleep, to sleep; walk, to walk; ride, to rides· act, .to,~P.~34
&c. ·I ,',,I<-;

;.,. • '

•f

2. Verbs are derived from nouns, adjectives, and someti~es
from adverbs ; as, from the noun- salt, comes "to salt;'' .from-tl1fl
·adjective ·warm; "·to ·warm ;'! and from the adverb forward, .,''. f.o
forward." Sometimes they are formed by lengthening the vowti!i
0r soft_ening the consonant ; as, from ·" grass, to graze ; '.', sometiinelj
by ~ddin_9 en; as, from 'I length, to lengt?en ; ·~ esp~cially .to •!l\!~
1ectives; · as;·from ".: short, to shorten ; bnght, to bnghtf?n."-,- il
H~. ·Adjectives are derived from nouns in the following manne\l_;
adjectives denoting plenty are derived from nouns by adding..Y.J'.
as,.from" Health, healthy; wealth, wealthy; might,mighto/,?!.:&c.
• >·Adjectiv·es denoting the matter out of which any thing -is made,
areL~derived' from nouns by adding en; as, from "Oak, 9akeµ~;
wood, wooden ; wool, woollen," &c.
. , , '': ' ~'(
· Adjectives denoting abundance are derived from nouns by add;
ing Jul; as, from "Joy, joyful; sin, sinful; fruit, fruitful," &o.
Adjectives denoting plenty, but with some kind of diminution,
are · derived from noun_s _by adding som:e; as, from "Light, light.
some; trouble, troublesome; -toil, toilsome," &c.
Adjectives denoting want are derhied from nouns· by adding
less; as, from " Worth, worthless;'' ··from "care, careless; joy,
joyless/' &c.
.
.
1
.
Adjectives denoting l,ikeness are derived from nouns by add~
ly.; ..as, from "Man, m,anly; earth, earthly; court, courtly,': ~Q
.., ·..Some adjectives are deriyed from. other adjectives, or f~o!Y
no.~ns~ by a~ding i-4/1.: t_o t_he~; ~hich term!nation when -~dq~·~~·t<i
ad.1ectlves; -import;; d1µi1nut19n, or·· lessenmg the . quahty; ~1
~·•.White, whitish;-'' j, e. sor.n.ewhat.white. When"_added.to \')O\\!lS,
it. _si~nif:~s ~imilit~d~ : or;; te,n dency· to a ch?:racte,r,; as, ':.Pli1~
iehildish., : t~!e4 ~ th.ieyuµ1, · ~ . , ··. ~:
. _
, ... ,. ;. ·.i· l'l
Some adjectives are formed from nouns or-verbs .by,.addr,pg ~
termination able; and .those ' adjectives signify"' capiicJjty ~ JilS,
::fl,Answer, ans.werable ; · to qh\U}ge, _changeable.'' . . _ ,_ ; ~ .
4. Nouns are derived from adjectives, 8orrietiniesby"aai{i,µ~' tR'?
termination ness; as, "White, whitenes~; S"(ift, swiftneiis ;'{ some.
times by ~ddin~,th or t, and ~aki_ng a s~alLJ:hll:)l_g~ ;w: ~ipj . ~f :
the letters, as, Long, .length, high, heigh~ .. ,, , ·" ,, ....,.. . ., ,
·.
~di• .Ad.ve:r:bs · of quality are derived frorr adjecgve§,: b}:tacf~g
'ly;.,Q.r. .cb11Ilgwg:ffi. in;to ly / ,j1.nd den_ote the same: quiility(:~~ the
adjectiv~ from which they are derived;
fiom "' ,b8.se,n·,~6fuef ~
1
6f basely, ~·~ ,frpip .'! sll)Vl'.', iSlo;wJy >'~from. . ''.~~.Plp, 1 11tPlN~'.":1 ' ~11 1

as,

·1

·oF ' PREPO!fr!'!OHS USED AS PREFIXES: ,_,, ,., - • ·
I sl.ell conclude thia lsc·~_ra by presenting _and expl.iµuing <&Ji!it...of -~
e,nd Greek Heposition.s whicA, .a re, exterisively used , in ~g1*/J! cu .,pr<lqxes.
By- carefully ,Q\-U<lyiJ;ig !heir filgpµic,etioz:, you w~ be b~tJ~r q~~- ~ \!.~'
derstmd t!:,o me:in1r:I\' qf_fit!:ip,fi';; ~-or~:.:~-~ t4e CCW.P.9~\~~1.\J.f .'!'l},:i';h: ~~
. eute', and of which they orm n materuu part.
·
·
I. LATIN PREFIXES.
, A, ab, abs-signify from or aws.y; IJ.8, 11-11ert, ta tur:l from; ab1cct, to th~)W
away; abJ-tract, to draw away.
·
·
Ad-to or at ; as, ad-here,. to stick to; ad-mire, to wonder at.
A.nte--meana before ; aa, a,,te-cedent, going b<'fora.
1 . '·.
_.. . Circum--signifies _round,, about ; as, cir_cu11H1.avigatt, to sail round.
,
Con, com, co~ col-togetner : ·as, con-join; to join together·; com'-'pr'e11,' ·to
press together ; co-operate, to work together; ·col-lapse, to fall together.
CorV.ra-against · as, contra-diet, to speak agauu;t.
!, _.,.

·

'

15*

.

.i74

ETYMOLOGY".

, , _D~-J;om , do:wp i c~• de-dvc~, to, take frQ!Il ;, dd-,c4f,Ul, µ,. go down.
D>,_,d.,__,,,,under. away; as, di-la.cerate, to tear asunuer; dis-trnss, ti) scud

away."
·
'"
_·£ ,'Jif/ ez-out ; __ as; e-ject, bJ throw out; ef-jluz, to flow out; ez-cZ..de, w
s1;1ut out.
·
.
• • i~
Extra-beyond; as, eztra--0rdi11ary,• , beyond what is ordinary.
·1
I n , i111, il, ir-(in, Gothic, inna, a cave or cell;) as, in-fuae, to pour "in:
:rhese pr?5.xes, "'.hen incorporated with adj ectives or nouns, commonly revprsti ~ ~ell' mearung; ljS, in-:ru!ficimt, im,.polite, ilrlegitimate, ir-reverence, i1'
re1o!utt.

'-"'~~f:F·~~Yl'.erH ;, ps1 ~r-!e~9•~. to yut bQ:W?e0;.

,,.

... : . :::·4

iniro-withiri, mto; intro"'Vert, to turn within; iT.tro-duce;·w lea1f irito."'
Ob, op-<leno'te opposition; ' as, ob-ject, to bring against; op-pugn, to opl>-isei
- •i~e?rthrough, by; as, per-amhulate, ro .walk through; per-hap•, by haps.
Po1t,..,..after; as, post-script, written after; post:fix, placed after.
Pro:, pre-before ; as, pre:fix, to fix before.
·.
.
· Pr~for! forth, forward ; as, pro"1Wlm, for a no.u n ; pro-tend, to stretCh
pr~ect,

ro shoot forward.
·. . · · • , ; .• l ·1
" ~.-.past, peypnd; .as, preter-perfect, pastpei·fect; pre~r-natural, beyond ihe course of nllture.
.
r. R~again or "back; as, re-peruae, to peruse again ; re-traee, to trace b~ck.
Retro-backwards; as, retro-spective , looking backwards.
'
·. •Se~aside, apart; as, 1e-duce, to draw aside.
Sub....,-under; ail, mb-~cribe, to write under, or 1ub-1ign.
Subter-under; as, sUhter-jluous, flowing under.
,
• Sup~...- ubc.iye . o.~ .over; as, super-scribe, to write abo-;e; 1uper-viie., to
ov~rlook:· 1 .) • ' .
. .- .
.. .
•
r
•
1i :Trana-over,~ beyoµd ;- from one . place ro another; as, trc1.,-ptwt, to carry
\l.Y~r ~dra~·gr,~~·· to pass J?eyoucl.
. ,
II. GREEK PREFIXES.
• ..
' .,f.~signifies privation; as, anonym<Jus, without name.
·i4mphi,-,both or .two; as, <!mphi~iou1, partaking of both or two nature5, .
.Anti-agninst; as, anti-masonry, against masonry.
·
' "-!
~"Dia-through; as, dia-meter, line passing throu&"h a circle.
,., ,
· Hyper-over ; as, hyper-critical, over or too critical.
·. ,
, ,Ify~under, implying concealment or .disguise ; as, hypo-crite, one~~
~rqblmg. h!S wa1 character. ,
.
·
.
_. ;
.,
·~Me~.,:-deQot~s ,chang~ ,or transmutation; as, meta-morphou, to chanae tile'
1
shape.
;-,
· -·-·
i·
.: ·. b1 .. <t
!''!ra-contrary or against; as, .para,.._doz, a thing contrary to reoeiveg
9).lllll,pn..;, '.
. .. ·. '
.
•
'Peri -round about; as, peri-phra1i1, circumlocution.
'
· i •
.'" Syn,.1yl;_ ·1 ym-together;'. as,·1yn-taz, p)acing together; ''/11'-"d, a
mg or ~.mmg together; 1yl-lable, that portion of a word which ia takeu ·to- '
ceth'er ;'-'tyn-pathy;·re11ow-feeling, or feeling together
.
'"'
forth ;

1

a

••

•

-

meet
'.

I

;

~-

! . •,

WfrEI .;\DDITIONAL

EXERCISES IN FALSE SY~T~X,.

The third part . of ;Gr~Iluiiar is - SvN"'i'A:x, ,-Wbi~li
treats .of the ..agreement ;and .go:v:~rnmeiit· o,fi w,~~'
and of their proper. arrangement .m•a sentence. h_, · SYNTAX consists 0£. tw.o. parts, Concord"?-°d·,<f.overnrnent. .

.·

.; ,..,

·· •

_ ":'" >"

'fl :

is the agreement which o.ne·.wAA97~
with another, in gend?.r, person, number,;.er cas~--.
f/o:.
CoNcORD

.

..

•

l

-

For the illustration of ~greement and governmen~, se~ ' ~~~
52, and 53.
·
.
...
. ~ . : .· ·;1-1. ,
For the definition of a sentence, and the t:i:ansposiftQD' 01,,.11&
words and members, see pages 119, 124, 128, and 167;. '. (
'
0
The principal parts of a simple se~tence ~~ gi.~
I

nominative or subject, the verb or attr1b~te, or ~9fd
'tlmt makes the affirmation, and the object; o.r thmg
affected by the actioi}of the ;ye:i;b; a,~, ',',A WlS~ man
governs his p.assiO'Jis." 111 t.h1s _sc~tence, ~?,2;.~~'"' t,he
subject ; governs, the attribute.; and p~s.i~ ,Qi~
.

. ..

;.

·~

. '-"""'t .."'·

pb1c!~utAs~ is t~o 'o~-- fii~re"<io'~Cis ·r1ghtlY,~'fiu;f .l~

gethe~, making sometimes a part of a senterrce:~d
-sometimes a -whole sentence.· . ,. . .
1•1-·,. r.rl l
ELLIPSIS is the orp.!ssiqµ, oL,somc WO,~q,.Q,l); 'f~_,
in order to avoid disagr.eeabla.and unn~cessary re.eetitions, and to. exptes.s· our, .ideqE?_ .con~1sely,. ~)Vlt~
strength and efegance.
·• :.•:;. .. , ·
In this recapituladon of the rules, ·s yntax is pr~sented1.in : a
condensed form, many of the essential NoTES bemg _·om~d.
This is a necessary consequence of my general plan, ID' which
Etymology and Syntax, you know arn blende?· Hence, to . a~- .
quire a complete knowledge of Syntax from this wor~, yo_u .rqy,,t
look over the whole.
'
" ·· -·

RULES OF

~YNTAX.

RUI:ES OF SYN1AX.

. Y01;1 may no.w pro,ceed ~nq parslf the fol!olfing ?.dditional exercises m false Syntax; · and, as you analyze, ~ndeavor to correct
~ll. th~ !'.rror_s without looking _a t the Key. ~f, i.n correcting tl)ese
examples; you' should "be 'at a loss in assigning the reasons why
the constructions are erroneous, you can refer to the manner
adopted in the foregoing pages.

a Or

EXAMPbES ' OF--FALSE'"SYNTAX •
Frequent commissi;n of si~ . harden men i~ it.
Grr:at pains has -bee1ftakeri ·to 1•econcile the pa:rtie~ :· :~
So much both of ability a,nd ~erit, ar_e selqom foulld.
.. >, The sincere is always 'esteemed; . . · · "
. . '" '.
Not one of them are happy.
. ,_ .
.
·
'
What avails the best _senti~~nts, if peopl_c -~? n?}Jj.~~ :!'.'ffahly
to· them 1· 1 --·~
:tt:'
n.>~r'i ~ 1
- ~ ..J .
_i
·. l r ... ..
. '~
- .. :
Di$appointments sinks the heart of man ; but tlie Jr~ne\\.afl10f
hope give consola~ion.
''
. ·· - --.
. . · . · . : · ' : : .·
The variety of the productions of genn1s, likQ that · of the
operations of nature, are wit~out limit •.. : , ... ... · ,;i,; 'J.;::P?f'<'
:1-A variety of blessi,ngs \lfave bee~1 c9n,ferrerd, ..upPn,,i,w.~ · ~'-\l~-¥'l •
Th?u ca~not he~! · hiII1; it is true, but thouu . 1?~l, _do, serim.~
' lo relieve him.
In piety and virtue consist the happiness of- ma:ri;· ;; : ? " p :/.;
1.:
- •
••
0 .thou, my .·voice. inspire,
· · ·
_· _:. ." ...~-- ..
, -, ·· ·Who touched ·Isaiah's hallowed _l,ip~.. \Vit~ fJi:e.~ :.-~:- ~~ :.::-:·~ ..
Note 1. Will martial flames for ever fire thy mind, · "" ._ .
And never, never- be; to Heaven resigned 1 . _
.-;,,He WaS"lli :man whose,,inolinations led him to h'e' eorr.µpli a,nd'
.. !:tad g.reat abilitie~ to_!l\an:;ig9 t_he QIJ.siness. .. . " .... :::"'~""' -..,, ~
, Note 2. The. crown of "virtue. is peace..and honor;., ·····1· •' :.> .•· .,,1f
t·~·His ·chief occupation ·a•1d enjoymerit •werecontrov~rsy. , ·; ·, ·
1

RULE I.

d:.H'trhe. articlean agree's ' with nouns in the Sln• .
;Cular riµmber. only, .individually or collectively-; as,
'A star, an eagle, a score, a thousand." · : , '~:·m
· ii'} 'i) f-.t:w · 'y·> ·, . .
., 'RULE I:i:
.
'
The definite article the belongs to nouns . in the. ..
·#TigUla.r: ·o r pl~ral number .; as, " The star, .the stars ;
the•~hat, ·:the · hats." .
~
n· ' ' ~. ii. /f :

:"":

.A, IliAe..dist;inction in . the meaning is sometimes effected by, the
use 'or omission of the article a. If I say, l"He behaved with a ' little· reve,renJ(e," my meaning is ~sitive. But if I say, "He behaved with little reva:·l'Eince,"· my .meaning is negative. · By the · former, I. rather praise. a person;
hr the latter, J dispraise <him. When I say," There were few .men with
him," I speak diminutively, and mean to represent them as inconside'!L!Jle;
.w.~reaa~whEl.n
. I
!' There. were a. few men with .him/ ' I avidently i.Q.tend
tQ~e . the mo.11t o them.
.
.
. ...
J ' <i,' '.fhe indefinite H;rticle 8ometime8 ha~ the meaning· of every .? r e"t.c~"; ~~
~ !l'!¥iy coat five shillings a dozen;" t~t IB, ' every .doz!"n.'
. . _ ; 1 µ]1
·
. ",A man he was to all the country dear, .
· · 1. ••
, •.1.» H '. 1 ~1 i.• ,,. And passing ·rich with forty pounds' a · year!"
'·
~tis, I every year.'.·
'.
.,
·
,- ff · • ·
' ~~- When eevei-al adjectives are ponnected, and express the various ci.ua.U~
ties! of!thfugi~.individnally different, though alike ip name, the article .ahOUl.d
be, repeated ; but"when the qualities all belong to the same thing qr tliin£a,
the~ article 111:1oul~ no~ b_e repeated. "A black and a :-vhite calf," sig;nifies;':A<:
bllll:kli°alJ ; ~d,a white calf; but ".A .black and white calf,'.~ clel'Cnbea th';
~frcol9rs 9fqne calf.
..
,, , , ~qri: . l.

sar·.

th · " <

.>t ' ; .;l:_.'c

'

RULE III.

·

•l~

. The nqminative case governs .the verb; · asf j')1

-l~arri~'thoiPlearnest, ·he ~~arns, they learn." ·· '. · 'l ~·:;

-~~ (rn

, . RULE IV. :
.
' J•) m
!l/i'fli:e'. ver.b must agree '.w ith 'its no~inative. m.11.um::.
ber ·and ·person ; as, " The bird sings~ the bird~ sing;;1 · ·
:. · .. ·'''

.thou -singesf." '· , , .
· ... . ... _ . , ,. , ,.,. , , ;1.1 .
.!. 'lll'dTt' 1. · Every verb, whim it is not in the infulltiye mood, must haveia IlOlDi, ,.
:~ ~r~ on-implied;, ae, '' Awake,. arise;" that is, .A wake ye; :arise '!If · '
: .:~,, ~4'<n. a ;verb ~omes betwee? tw~ no?ns, either of w~ich may . b.l/~ CQ!r l

1aid~r~ ·as the subJect of the affirmation, it must agree with tha.t which·.1'

t:illii'e,.'llliturally its ·'s ubject;· as,-" 'J.lh~·wages. of.•.gfo·. ;;..-dea1b~ 'His•nie.at''tli41 ,

loCQ.ate and wild honey;" " His pavilion were dark tQateri uud, thick;-~lo~d.t1 l"~

·'

· • ••

,

, .

., J

-·~ h

•

,· ,

•• ~ ·.;,.

··\!I"

1 \ ~>

IU

ii

P.

RUI.E V.

,

_1

..

,

' ,

When an .ad<;lre&s js IDfi:~eL ~4~ 1;1.?~1}. 9~..P:t;9*9uµ,.
addressed, is p,i1~ ~i;i ,tb;e.:Ilon;ngat1y;¢J~as.e iri{J;p~~;
v
,I.Plato, .thou reasonest well; "Do; : Prim; sa1~

aa,

··my uncle 'T6by;" ..

-

·

_

~

·

.

' NoTE h A no_U\l i~ inqepenclent, ":'.h: r:i ~t has no _ ;:~rb.,to . ll~i-1. wi~h >_t. ,
h "'2 '. Interjections requir~ th~ objective ,case of a pronoun of . i~e fi.r•£ ~!~n
after them but -the. noQ1mative of .a noun·or pronoull;of·the aec~ ojftAit:<l
·· person ; as: " Ah ! me; Oh ! (hp.w;, 0 J, 11.irtJlil..''
.

fl i

; .... , , , .-

r

"..

" .- ..
RU:f-E V., '.'.. , _

,..,..,. -,., ..

1

:;.,.u,,,.. --..'f'

-J~c.t.\. :n,oµn_- qr wonouli~ pfa9~~ ~efo1:{} .a parJ.i.~i?.l,~,_~~Q;~ . .

,~ping. iri?ep~nclent of the. rest of · ~,he seµt~~~~?#..Ji~ i

\)the nomu;mtwe caS~J~qs,0{1.f:t~; -~s?i ...~~/1.I{L.~ ~(!J/lgr{iiJ.,

a:lLyirtu~. i§JqstL;7~(;',':{(,h~ .-m~ ,b~p;tg ,:r,.¥eri, :'1\\~; ts~Jte!-

,,Je4 on.': .. .. .... . ' ,, ....,.... "•'.;' . '"·• "''·"! ,.,

<..

''" •

·

.:i: ' -

1h, N~n:. Every n(1lnlnative-clise,'except_-the 'C8.lle absolute .~nfltidep6!11lent. c·
lr. 1hiiuld belong ' ·t.o-..sou:ie~verb expressed: or ·underetood; 118;' 1 o whom-tbllll,
ildam;" that is. spoke.

Rll!J!S OF SY,NTAX.

&ULES OF SYNTAX:.

~

::
FALSE· iSYNTAX. •· ·
· '_ )~~m -:P!'lstroye~, ,
Or won to what may work his utter lo1>s,
._..;
All this will follow soon.
.Not.e .-Two substantives, when they come together, and do not .
·gignify the same thing, the former must be in the genitive case.
,, ,. ,Y,iJ,~ue 1 how~v:e~ it ma,Y be neglected for a time, me.n a_r.e. ~
~onstltuted as. ultimately to acknowledge and respect genmqo
'y.:l,ll0J;it•.. .
' ' . ,,-

,

.

· •1

....

RlJLE VII.

1

.. .;,;.- ~"'.o, or. µiore nouns, or nouns and pronouns, 'sig. nifying the same thing, are put, by apposition, in the ,
same case; as, "Paul, the apostle;" " Joram," the
'. king j" "Solomon, the son of David, king oC IsraeJ,
wrote many proverbs."
· ... ·
NoTE. A noun .is sometimes put in apposition with· a sentence; as, "The
··sheriff has just seized and sold his valuab!e library-(U!hic/i. wa1) a misfor·
· tune that greatly depressed him."
.·

FALSE SYNTAX.
. We Oll.\(ht to love God, he who created and sustains all things.
The pronoun he in this sentence, is imvroperly used in the nominative'case.
It is th~ object of the action of the t~ans1tive verb "love," and put by apj>o. sition with "God ;" therefore it should be the objective case, him, accoi:ding
' tv Rule 7. (Repeat the Rule, and correct the following.)

,m I ~'l-~1'.Ju.Jiet and her brother, they t~at you visited.
u.
• They slew Varus, he that was mentioned before.
', It was John, him who preached repentance.
. 1~ Ad~·s · and Jefferson, them wfw died on the fourth of July
. 1826, were both signers and the firm supporters of ,the DecJara.
tion of Independence.
.
Augustus the Roman emperor, ..him who .succee~e,d., Jq!ius ..
·,~Q~r,. is varipusly . de.scribed ,by historia,ns . .
KlJLE VIII.

,,

;· .... ·T,yo or more nouns, or nouns ·and pronouns, in
singular number, connected by copulative-con/ j!ID.ctions, must have verbs, nouns, and prono.uns, :
agreeing with them in the plural; as," Socratesand ·
·Plato were wise ; they were eminent philosophers."; ·
:• th~

NoTJ~ 1. When each or e11e1y relates to two or m.o re nominatives in the
•-'. ~. :.~thol!g)i couuect.eq.by ,a co.pulatiye,-t~.e v~r~ !'!lust.agree wlf4.each
.of. them lll the .smg:ila;,; as, "Ev1r:y leaf, and ever:y twig; a1>,d evei:gJi!roppf
water, teema WJth life.
.
.
,
: .

!

2 . .When the singular nominative o( a complex sentenoo, has. a,nothcr, ffljlll
' joined to it with' a preposition;.it is' 'cusf9mary' to . put the Vero 'anq prollOUII
\ agreeing with it, in the singular; aa; ~· Prosperify with humility, f'eackr! jla
possessor trul;r amial.>le ;" ." Th,e Gen~~, nlso,oiu ,conjunction with ~ officers, haa applied for··redress'. " '"
'·, · • ·' '" ·
' "' ·~ • "' 1 '' • ' l.
0

.

.
. . F#
Coffee and sugar grows
large quantities.

.SE; SYNTAX.

. "' .
in t~e West Indies : it is exporte-i.. in
·»' ''.'J
·•.
. . . . ·.
.. ,,.·,,, ' ·d ''"
. ."'

TwQ singular n9UAS coup~~d,.,tQgethe. r, Jorm a p.Iuragdea: .., , Th~ 'fp,f'J;>,g~ow•

is improper, because it expr~ssi:s the action of both its nonunati!el!~ '" c?ff~u

and sugar," which two nommat.lves 11rl! co,1,m ected PY the copulaj:iy11,C9.nJ;iwction, and ; therefore the Verb should De plural, ~O'llJ; and theQ. l; ~oiil,d
agree with coffee and augar, accorJ4tg ~ Rnllf s. .(lleMBt .\4e. B,We1) '.l'he
pronoun it, as it represents both the noUll!I, " c,offee and sugar," ou&h also to
be plural, they a!!Teeably to · Rule 8: The sentence should be wntten•.thus,
"CoS:e? and ~ugar gr01JJ in ,the_West,,~ndies: t~ey_.are ~~~11 ~Fge
quant.lties."
,~

· · Time and· tide waits for no man.
.. ""'-·'·:
Patience and diligence, like faith, removes mountiu.Ds! , , ,
Life and .health is both ,uncertain.
Wisdom, virtue, happiness, dwells with the gol~en mediocrity.
The planetary system, boundless f!pace,.and·the immense ocean,
/
affects the mind with sensations of astonishment.
What signifies Hie counsel and care of preceptorn, when you
think you ·have no ne~d of assistance 1 .
.
,.::.
Their love and their hatred; and their envy, is now •perished.
·.:i Why is whiteness and coldness in snow 1
· '.:
'"';··
Obey the commandment of thy father, · and the · IaW-'<>f/thy
mother· bind it•continually upon thy heart.
, . · · "·'
Prid; and vanity always render its possessor despicabla·,,in·:the
eyes of the judicious. .
. ·
~.. ·
There is error and discrepance m the schemes of the .Qrthoepists, which shows the impossibility of carrying them into.effect •
EXAMPLES FOR THE NOTE.
Every man, woman, and child, we.re numbered. ). i• I j .'·

Not proper; for, ·although and coqples thmgs toge~er. ~~µ,fq~~$1 ;llie
whole at one view, yet every .has a contrru:y e!fect: .1t dIBtnbnte!', t~en;i,_ ~!1
brings . each separately and smgly under cons1derat.lo~. We;e numbered '18
therefore improper. It sh?uld be, "'llJa& numbered," lll the 8¥?-gµla,r~~o&;<l·
ing to the Note. (Repeat it)
•
.
·' _ ,. Ji JH ~ •
• When · benignity ap.d gentleness re~gn m our breastsi every

person and every occurrence are be~e~d, ~ 0~ -~?;~~f~:pfable
light.
".
·
RULE IX.
, , •,
.... I • ) •

Two or more nouns, or nouns and .Pr,o~oifti:~, in
singul~r nu1nber~ · c6nnected .~X..<\isJM~fMY~~f<?P.·

·"tlie

RULES OF SYN.TAX.

llULES~ OF . :SY-N'l!AJt'..

~ jqnpt~<?ns, ·1~mst' nave· verbs, nouns;, and pronouns

That nation .was once ;powerfub;:; but now; th,ey .8.:l;e JeeP,lf)r\.1·. .

·~r,~e1~~ _':"1th the~ in r the singular; as, "Neitlie;

'k..;, ~_J

,_, ~" ,

Jofill nor J'ames has·Iearned his .lesson."
e~~~= ;e 2en ·si.ngul8!

ribat.>W.bit

.,.~ ~

,.. .

..

FALSE SYNTAX

.

·'

, " O;fi

·.

r'

'.fP!' ;r~rb, have caused,~ this senten,ce,.is impro erl used· h
"''·'·
be<:8UBe l~ ?Xpresses the act10n not of both 'but of 1,
yth : jlil t ' eh. ,Plural,
of ·1ts n 0 mmatives; therefore -it eh Id b' .
e . •ier e one or t e other
then it would a:~~e with " ·
ou · em ~he em;<ular, haa·caused).and .
1
.f~.P#~HJl.~ J!.µlp~:), .
:~r~ce. o.-_neg.hgence, ' a~eeably , to.. ;RUie.9,

h , :.

·.. s i n ,

of

c<?llect~~~ ;AQ~Q~ br~~:u:~of
1~ul~tud
.
"tf!'Q'·"unit11eof -ide •
··Ii · · h. · · · · ··· ·· .•e,, C?-.P.P.Xfly,_,

1

. A

!:'% ::"•"'.· ,.,y, ,.. ,,

. . • ~'

_gene:a !,

.

!1-s a verb or pronoun '

-.A.gl'.~e.n;i.g.:w,~thi1,t.Jll the sin:gular·.as "The
t"'"' '': ~,,., 1•
·IJ.arg""'·and
t·
•
h
Id
h
h
,
'
.
.
mec
!lJ.l!"w.as
. u; ·.
i · e
t ree ours." ·
.;. :::;.:~:.;~ o~ "
• ., _NQTJ: ,,

_Rull!• 10, and 11 are linrited
. · th ·, ·

: · ·.

"' ,.,. · . .,,: . .,;

'.;·'.E? . <';~ '-'o.<.i . '..· . , .· ' .
, lll e1rapplicatiol!-. eeepag~5P,'.
o; t;~,'l~ ;'°' " ·" ., •. , F,i,\LS~. ~Y)~f'f AX:
· · 1 , .~;,11 ,.; 1 0
·
~ . pat~on a.re powerful.
- · ·· · ·• · ·
·' ., • ·,e 1••>'<'Lt""J.'"• .~

. The fleet were seen sailing up the ch

1

i.:,;1 ,,i

p~~pn~r·
l
·
.- "
e fiqck · d t h . ,; · · ·
· ·
. ll- pums11mcnt.
~1~·r· "' •,r , ·, ,11-n ,, no. t .e 1eece are ·orowrhtt b .. th "
·
o '1~~-,~!\ep,~(l'rd~s'.·ca"re~ ,. ' ·• n'.~" ~ · ~',:-: ·/:.~f.: ·:·· o,..,. ,e!_'~.;f;~o~~fllu

fH .Th'f..\l.El 1.Cfllurf:h have no po.w er to izif!ict
1

;', ,'I. . • --

•:.

~

, . ·.
' ~ '·'
Ne~ther wh1tene.s s nor redness are in the or >h r . '·
·: \ '
i; :.·1~M~-either
of them
are ·remarkable
for .precision.
P· r y y. -. ·!7'4f
·,·; ((.s
·
·
·
·
· · ·
. an is not such a machine, as.a clock or. a waicli '. wh.
. mer.el)l. ~s· they.11,re· moved.- , , . . ... · · · ~ - ... 1c . mgr~,,
Whe·n sickne . 1. fi .
. . "· . ' . I ; ' " ' ·: c,:.;;:'J' ,~.
't
f ti. ss, ~ ~mity, or·rev:erse of fortune · .affect ·Uiifthe
. ..Clf:U'I ,1Y.x.O · r!endsfop Is proved. .
.
.
'
·· · '· '
, - .'.'.)
_L,_Man s happ_mess or~.misei'y are, in a .gre~t
'"'wiiaw.n 1hanfis.1, , .• ., :: " , .
•
_ _• . ".
.measJJ.re,_P\l.b}nto
Despise no infirmity
mind .or bod
,
" ., . ·:·
-~•; ~~,t~ey ma:y be..thy own lot. .
y, nor any cond1t~o~.:~f;
1
1
· ~i11h~1p:rlllc;ei~~::~· w~lLa.s the people, :w. ~re blamewo;thi,:,:' ·
•

-~/i.,.

~\_ .: • • ''BULE' rxI.~· · .. , :.

r.; r\ r.

~

·..· '"'

,...,

: , _. ,,.,". ~: ·, ~

. ,

-

'

;

.,.,

• .,

'

.

'i '"---

My peopl.e ,doth not.eo~sidei:-~ -,. "
. . ' .:, · ' · v ~,,;.,_:~,. : 1,
. The multitud~ ·eli.gerly pu:rSues · ple~ure~ ·as"its chi~f'·goo'd!<
The committee was divided in it!$ ·sentiments,' and' iflia!'i'1'efer..
red the business to the genei·al meeting.
:The people-rejoices in that whiclt should give it sorrow, ·-'

''"''Ignorance or negligence .have caused thls mistake. . · · '.'_i.»'.'. ·

,t::l!l•.Ac~ircle, ol";a,~qua:r..e a~e ,~h~·sam~ i~ idea.. .

•.•

A noun of multitude, conveying pluralit.v of \Q,ea;·
mus~ have,,a -v~rb .pr ~9nou,n: agre;ein_g with it iu;, the
-plural; as,, 44 1The ·cQi.l/acil wer,e.,diYiil~4 iµ their §,e.pti-:
men ts."
···;"·".Ji.
FALSE SYNT'AX.c' " · " " ' · E• ·w,L .

p1:on9U1l8, or, a nc;mn. ~nd pronoun, of dlffe~~~t: ·
h . ?~'lively conn~cted, the verb must agree, in person with
• ". !Bp. ac .nearestto_.1t; as, ·" Thouor .I aminfault·lo'1th6 ·· ' ·
to blame; I, or thou, er he, is the author of it" But 1't
'u id b b · ~ arl~
.'!!':Yt. ".Ei~_her .~ am to blame or thou art" &c ·
. wo ·
.e , <:iJ~~Jo.
'·"2.' When ·a 'disjdncti
· · • b · •· · ··..
· ·'
.
"pliiral' one t}fo Cverb' ve OCCUrB et',"'een a Stngular noun or pronoun and 8
··1Jioitld' en~Jiill . : .mt1Bt agree with the plural noun • or pr:onoun, which
h;~; , . .-& . " ,y bi; P}~ next to ~e verp; 11e, " Neither poverty no · ' "
.,,..,i:'e.)D~Olll\- to·h m ·" " I
tl.
ffi d d b . .
r ric,..,1
''· • 'Con.S-ttl:icti !:is Ji]('1 h'.. '0 r ;~ey were o en _e .Y it."
·..
..:,, 1
,.; ,_,~; " .... , P . . . et ese ought 9enerally to be avo1ded.
·· ··· •. • ·• ' ·"
.· ;oi: , •..,::;.,.·

-

.

......;

. · RUL.E XII, ···

.. -····

··

· i.,

,.;'

-'-'i· ·.·

A noun or pronoun .in the possessive cMe,,..i~ gQN•erned·'. by ·the noun it possesses; as,·'! .llfan'-s -happi..
:rie~sT'. "Its value' is gre~t." " · ·
, ~ ·> .«::,_,;
Non: 1. When the possessor .is, described . by a circuntlocutioni the J?Dll. sessive sign should generally be applied to the last term only; as, " 'fhe d~e
of Bridgewater's canal; The bi.•hop.of •Lant/.aJf'J e.~c~Ue11t, .9!?9.k; 1'~9!1'"
·. tai1~ .oj.tfl,e gua~d,'•. l!olli!.6." .This usage. , howe~er, o?-ght gene.fal!Y}ll ,be
. ~v01ded •. : The ·w:ords do not hterally convey the ideas mtended.: Wbatp.on·
. sense to say," Thie is .the governor of Ohio'1.houseJ" ' . , ,. , .: ·Hrf:'.···'
,, , ,,2. ; .\,Yhe!,! n9~
th.~i,~Q~~'?, ca.se~:ar'? .~ \\P,PO~it)..oJ!, . ~~ foll'?~l!i:h
other m quick succ.ession, the possessive s1gri IS generally iinnexeq to~~"
·.. only ;..as, '' For .D(Lvid my &ervant's sake; John. the Baptist's head; ·'l'liil" , · ·
. · ' was' built in conse'qU:ence 'ofDe ·'Witt 'Clmtnn~the gi>#ernor':. adViee." •.t. ,:
. . But when a paus<; is proper, and the 9overning noun not expr~;,®e. ·
sign should -b!l ap.P\ie.d to. ~~'l. fir~H>gsse.s~1v~_only, an4UJ1\leptopd l'Q,f!!~rest;
-~ '.' J r~side at Lor4,Sto'('11lqnt'1i ~y .ol~,P~t:i;9.7!-: f!l!d b~e.f,a~t~r.", , ,, ::"?' .. • ,
3. Its, th<;, p_~ssess1v~ c~e of.:t, ~,.of~en llD.J?rop~.rly ~ed for 't~s~ or; _u."·;
as, " '14 my'"book'¥ ''lt1 :h1s," -'&Cq Lmstead 1off!' It u my .b ook;.:or;f\Ti#"-tny
· .bqok f•It i• his; or,.'..T.is hie."
·~ · '"' 1 1i; ·:J , .• · ·
.
4,. ParP,ciple• fr_eque~tly ?ovei:n nou;is and vron?uns in the posses:'iye .~;
,JIB, .•;. ~ ,case cif h1s · ma1e1~y ·1 dyi1!-g Withqut ·lSSue·, &c.; Upon God 8 -'kamng
'·ended ' an'· bis wgrks, &c.; I · remember ·iu being ..,.eckone,d " a:.greai; ~~pl~~~ 1
. At my coming in he said," &c. But in such instances, the par.ticiplei:w.itl:Gta
~ adjuncts'mayl be considered a l!Ilbstantive.phrase-,-accoi:ding to N9te,.2,:R!i}.e'28 :
5. Phrases ~ike these, "A wpr~H>f:~J:Yi'~~~'Jg~Qn.:(ryi~q'•,~ !!-, ,f[9~~rff !
Joseph's; A fnend of mine; A ne1ghbor of you.,.s," do not, as·some haye'impposed, each contain a double >po8ees'siv&/ or two possessive cases, bat they
fW'lX q~ ti).~, qonetrued ; " A Yl'.?f1l- .of (out of, pr, f!"f.11'1 the '!u~e.,. ?f)c~as~
ington lrving's wor~; that IS, One of the works · of WashingtQ1Vl'l'f1tng;
! One of th~ brothers of Joseph; One friend ·of myjriemls ; -One l!-eig'\:IQ.!>~u:>f
siour neighbors."
. .
'; .,, , : .. \ .. .
·: . ··, . · · .' . .- 1 • <'1"'

m

.

1

·

FALSE SYNTAX.

,'

· · .;,~

f'ii;fl,

~;.' ·~~~e~~~~~!~s};:,~:~~:~~~:!to(~;~~:·~~t&~~e.fl~J;~~·; ·16

RULES. OF. Sll;NTAX.

. R.Ul..ES · OF SYNTAX·

;· .James ·l-fart, obis book, bought August the 19, .1829,. ..:•.:~
Note 1. It was the men'!!,· womeJl'.s, and children's lot to s •
g~eij.t qala:m jties.
.
_
·
1
,.This is Peter's, John's, and Andrew's occupation. · " 1 "
'·' 'Note 2 : This is Campbell's the poet's production.
, .. ,.111
· The silk was purchased at Brown's, the mercer·s and .ha.l>Jl.{·
dasher's.
'
,
Note 4. Much will depend on the pupil composing frequently:
Much depends on this rule being observed.
The measure failed in consequence of the president negl6cting
to lay it before the council.
·
UULE XIII,

~

Personal pronouns must agree with the nouns for
which they stand, in gender and number; as "John
writes, and he will soon ·write well."
il

.

l

'

.

'

.

.

.

NoTE. You, !hough frequently employed to represent.a singular _noun, is
always pZU?:aZ in form; ther~fore the y~ rb connected with it should be p,l~;
as," My lnend, you were mJStaken." See pages 99 and 100.
··. , ·I l

FALSE SYNTAX.
Every man will be rewarded according to their works.

··
·'

:-,. incorrect, because the pronoun their does not agree in gender or number
with the noun "man," for which it stands; consequently Rule 13, is violated.
, Their should be his; and then the pt'onoun would be of the masculine·gender, singular number, agreeing with man, according to Rule ·l3.·" {'.Repeat·
the Rule.)

An orator's tongue should be agreeable to the ear 9.f the,jr '
'audience .
1
•
Rebecca took goodly raiment, and put them on Jacob . .''
'f!J.ke handfuls of ;ashes, and let Moses sprinkle it towards 'hea1
ven / in the sight of Pharaoh, and it shall become srnalLd,ust. 1.•
. No one should incur censure for being tender of their repu: tation.
·
. ,
t~r·.JY.ote. _.f!orace, ypu was ?1,aIT)ed ; a;id I t~ink Y?U was .wortw
•"Of •censure.
· · · .., "" •
·!"'"W}tness;· where was you standing during the transactio; 1
... ,. , ...
-aow far was you from the defendant·1

·t-.

~ ·'' '
•,

..

· .

BULE XIV.
'

·

. '
'

• u.'·t•

: .:,.,·- 1. -·.
..•·('

lJ'' '-f<f

•

., -~."Relative pronouns agree with their antecedents,; in- ·
·gender, person, and number ; as, "Thou. who· ./f)v~st '
wisdom;" "I who, speak ~r9rr! experience."
·t
Non:. When a relative pronoun is p~eceded by two antecede~ts of diffo::Jnt.P!"rSOjlS, the relative and the verb may agree ·m 'person:with e\ther, btU
not wtt>.iout Tega1d·to the sensd ;. as, "'· I am the man.wko comman&y.o;i,11' or

" Th8 meaning of the ,first qfi.t.heae ex·
" I am the man wh.o command8' you. ,~
d ·t thus. " I who coxfilna.nd
:·amples will more obviously apµear, ,.,, we.ren e~· i
.
'
. h b
fix d with eithe~ of the pre.
you, am the man."
When the a!ITiiement .of the, relative ll5d ehen heout . the sentence
I
ts •t . USt be pr0SCl"'V6 t roug
I I
ced.ing antece en ' ik ~ ll thin .. that stretchcth forth the heavens alone r
am the Lord, that ma et,. a
gs '
"
.
.
' ..
that 1 preadeth abroad the earth by myself, &c.
·
" · '

·"as "

-a

FALSE SYNTAX.
.' •
Thou who ·h~s b~e~ ·a witness: of' the fact, canst stat~}~ ' h' ·h
The wheel ki!Jed anot~e.f man, which make the_~1xt. w, ic
· ·
have lost their lives by this means.
Thou great First Cause, least understood!
.
'Vho all my sense confined..
.
•
N t 2d part. Thou art the Lord, who didst choose ·Abraham~ :~d brought him forth ·out of Ur of the Chaldees.
BlJLE XV•

•

.. i• ,4!-

. The relative is the nominative ca_se to ~he verb,
when no oominativ.e comes between it ~~ the ;;er~;
as,. "The.
. master . wh,o
. , taught us, was emment.
FALSE SYNTAX~
.. . 1.
•
If he will not hear his best friend, whom shal~ ~be s~~t t~ admonish him. .
.
·
.
· b
f:
: This is tl!e ina~ whom, he mfor.med me, was my ene ac ·.

klr.

.

.

RULE 'xvI.

. . '"'"

When a nominative come~ between the rela~ive
and the verb, the relative ~s gove~n_e.d by t~e- fqllowing verb,· or .by .l'OP~~, other ,wqrd m its o~n ¥,1.~'JI}.be:,
of the se.o,tence; as, "H~ whom I serve,,is ,eterl).fl,l.
N TE 1 Who which what, the relativo that, and their ~mpoun~· e'DCTo who;,..oeve;, &c., though in the objective hcase, ~;e w_e.'/.s ~"lYf( e.
'
b
"H
h m ye seek has gone ence.
.
· fore·-t~e var
e
have an ~tecedent to which.jt rejato;:s,Jiitqf!l'h~2. d,very_ re
as " Who steals my purrn, steals trash;" that.u~k,:' welo.
pressc · or imp ie • •
,
d the like are sometunes: edin'
• as "On
3 The nronouns whick1oever, 'f'"at.aoever, an
· ·1 divided by the interposinon, of the ccrrespon . g ;noµns ..~ .. ,1. ,_Y'.
ganty
.
k"
h'
s"&c
.•... , ..
which side &oever the mg: cast \S. eye '·
.
ly used instead of"the· con. ~" l•~" Tt- -'L-••u
4 Tho pronoun what LB sometimes improper
· ·ti.on t',,,at., ""
3unc
QQ' "He would
. . nClt believe but what I was m .:'f"u ,.,,\t_, ,"!'!' ~-..'

\'ti' m'::i
r d.

~b,e, .'' bn~ t'1!-at,'' ~.

'

FALSE SYNTAX.

.

.

'

··" ; ,. ,

.... .

.~

ihe frie~d ~ho (si~cerely esteem.
_
l
h" h · the object of the action expres!led bv
proper, because w ' t ;;:. :~, 11' nomiriative case 'lt ouil:ht';t'l, b6'w1io~

That is
Not

0

tQe .~f1~~~'/l.. ;£~~?, · ~ ,esY.'~e~r;t1 ..~ f,Jr._~~.. ~ 'l

4...o "\.:

~: · ~,~

>._r1# t

.•_) •J f,t.i

l

1'84

--

RULRS OF SYNT.U:.

in· the·'objective • and then 't

Id b
Rulfl6. (RePe~t the Rule \ : : d
-govern~ by; eiiteem,·according:,,.,
' 8.Qc.Or g to_-R ule .i2Q.,,., ' '. T~
the friend whprri I sincerely e~tecm.','

a.I!

::,:~ey ,w~c( mu~h is__given to,. wj\l hav~ ,m,u ch to a~s;e;~o-r~ ":~
.
o~ .the c~aracter of those w-'lo.. you "associate w'.i..
:; . "'"''"
own will be estimated. _____
.
- · · ""
· ,_, ·1-'+'>t YP..W:
He isba man who I_greatly re~pe~t. ·.;• ··" "'' -· • ,,, ,o, ...,.,,t . ,,J.!
O ur · enefactors and tut0
l . ·U 1··'b_ ;.,,'"· _,. , .. , , r~ . ~re--_th'_e pe~sons who we ought to .
,,Br;j;>h8:r:11 .}r.p, ,w~..s>~gl:it, to . b~ g!.lltef~l ' to. · · · · : · ~ · .; ·r ,_ ·u t' '"
. ey . who conscience and VJrtiJ.Ef- support may ···1 ·, · ·~ th ·'
caprices of fortune .. _
. c;·_ • ,
. _ '
. sm1 e , at
e _
Who did you walk with 1 "~ :. ·
,,
. '., ,,~:·"· · :: U.:it.l
. t, Who __did you see there?
,(
Who did you give the book to?
RULE XVII.

" " ,2i.~ 1!

'

~ When a relative p· rono ,.. f
t{iid · ··
un is o t 1e mterrogaiiv~
:U-i."'' -~ !i r~~er,s, t9 t~~ word,_or phr?-se _containing the '
:nswer to the que.StI~n for ItS ~ubseqitenf~ whi~,h,sub.
a eq~e~i must agie.e m case with the interrogative·;
's, , . ttose book IS that? -Joseph's ,,, " W~
·you this? John."
'
w . ~~ve
1·

•

~

•

~~

#

~oTJC • .. Whether the interraa ti
· .· ' ·. '· ·
~oubtfnl ;" but'it 'i.s 'cer'ta1n that th~ vl!-fi~ally r ef ers to a subse'.luent or ,~c;it,~i.
interrogative.
. _e su _sequent should agree m case with the

:, _, .

,._

FALSE SYNTAX.

'·

- -;. .W,:no gave John those books? Us · Of h
d'd.
J'
thAm 'l • -Of b k 11
w om i . vou buv
'i ·.1rw k i r-·
u. r oo. se er, he- who lives ·.in "Pearl-street
. . ~ .. ~ t1 -r
i
ho walked with you ? My· brother and h'
. .. - : ._,.,.
.., ·'.l\Vh
·. ·11
..
Im.
, ' . . :t !RU
;. c.; .., .-~ : ,. ~c~o~pany me to the country 1 Her and me~ ; ··t·)

.,,.; 'Adjectiv~s :belo:ng ~~'L:~tl~~:lif nou . · .' . ·:~- . .~--.,.
o,r,understood . . as "He · · ,, dy " I1S, e,xpre~~~.H:,,
'~?Ian-.~. , , _,...
. . _.is. a .goo
_ , as well as a_t__wise
,.,. "
7

....,

o

'

'

---'NOTit I. '- '.Adjectives fre uentl
';
·. ·· ' ' ,-, 1· .
He is industrious." ·
q .. yhelong to pronouns; as," Iam miserahlt· ·
.
.·
·
~H"J.:!< ,.--:_- ~ ;; ~~
· ber"with their adjectives when ~f~h noun~._ w7k~ nouus must agree' ill riuzn;''
fathoms." But some an~malous
~n~ md; as,." Tenfe•t; Eighty
tion to t~is i:uJe; as, " A fleet of fort -,~1. ~ti;,e expressions form an exc11P.
3. Adjectives sometimes belong to ~erb ~ h T.100 h_u~dred head of cattle.''·
of a sentence i as, " To see is leasa . s Ill t e ':Ilfim_t:ive mood, or to_a part
for pyx c::ountry is glo:rious." p
nt' To be blmd is unfortunate ;...To die
~ · · 2 : '~NUm13roJ adj~ctives belon

f\ ,

""'·

and fi"r

ac~rin~t~~:b:, ::t:e~:! toth~oqd:ri.ttyhe fethn~mgs\lf ~ther'
adje~#v'e,s:~~ tpe .
m connexion with' tlie
0

action by: w.hich •that ;quality· is ;produce.d ;· as, ' f Red lwt iro11,;; Pak "'b.'ue
lining; Deep sea-g"'''""' 88Bh.; . The .apples -boil soft;- Open your bi\nf~-;
The clay burns white ; The fire bums blue; Tho eggs boil hard.'' " ' ·
·
5. When.an adjective is preceded by a 'preposition, and the_noun is .understood, the two ·wordii may be considered an adverbial phrase; .' as, ·u lu,.gqne.· •
. . ,, ' ,
ral, in particular;" that is, generaJly, parti!Jul,arly.
6. Adjectives sh01pd be placed next to the nouns which · they' qtiiLUfy ;· as,
"A tract of good land.''
· -~. • · - ' ;:'·
·
~ 7 --~V'f e shQuld 11e~raJly: av:,qid, .c?JIJP:\1~·ii1.1M.9-<ih ~j~tiX,f/8· 1\1/; dp, :~W~ J.l~ly
admit of comparison; such as, mer~ impossible, most impo,._ihle; ...11!!J.re ..,...
'conquerri.ble; m,:;re.perfect, fc.;' S~il'R~..1.iiiis -d_n 1 lidjeitiv~s; page 7-lf.!
8. When an adJ,ecttve or-an . adverb JS . used m: companng ?two. objec,ts, i-f
should be in the comparative degree; but when more than tWo are co~­
pared, the superlative ought to be ·employed; !lS,} ' Julia is the talkr of .the
two; Her specimen is the best of the three." '
·
-: .
. ,:....~ - , ~...

? '.f

FALSE SYNTAX.

Note 2. The boat carriescthirty, tun;-,,
' , '.fhe chasm ·was twenty: foot->broad, an_d .one-hundrtid {athoiii. in
depth :·· ·
· ·· ·
.
' ·.
Note 6. He bought a new p~ir of shoeiti and an elegant 'piec~ .
of furniture . ·
·. -. , " - · · · · ·
· · · ' ' ,., •
My •cousin gave his fine pair of horses for a poor tract of land . .
Note 7. The contradictions of impiety are still more incom•
prehensible.
··
. -~ ·
It is the most uncertain way that can be devised.
This is a mo'r~ perfect model than I· ever saw before: ·
Note 8. Which of those two cords is the' strongest 1
I was at a 1oss to determine -which was the wiser of_ th~ three:
RULE -XIX.

.- •:'

Adjective pro.n.o\lns ·b'elong to nouns., exp~essed or
'
_ ,
understood ; as, ".Any ·man, ·au ineo." ·
.

.

.

. :' J

~

·"'

_' ·'.

.

. ' ·.

·'

.,.

J

l.• .'! 1

.-.,• •

Non l. ' The demonstrative adjective pronouns ·m ust agree in number
"
with their nouns; as, " This book} the1e books'} thaJ sort, tho1e sort:B."
;2. _Th~ , pi:9pomi1~al, aiijE?c.tives., ~'!f~, ev~ry, ~f,ther, 71either, a7!_o,ther1 ipi!f pie,
agree with. nouns · m the smgular number only; as, "Each man, every person, a'!-"t~_er l~ss 0 u;''. , ~s~ · the J?luptl_po)llis conyey a ,colle<:tive" i~~~._, ~
·~Every BlX months."
·
~
-. ,. "' - ·
. 3 .. Either is often .improperly employed instead of each; as," The En:!f'of
Israel, IU)d Jehoshaphat the. king-of Judah, sat .e ither of them on his thron~
. Each si9J?-ifies .both taken separately; either implies only the one or the
iakei,i.iu.sJUJJ!l~lvely :,7"." &;lteach;on ~i1 throp.e ."
,
.. . . _-·, .~~~: ~

!>t¥-

FALSE '. SYNJ'l\X_."

. -

.,

Note I. Those sort of favors do real injury.
.
They have been playing this two hours: '- · · · ' " ' 4 '
· These· kind ·of indulgences sbfteri and injure the min.d. _:
.,
,He sa.',V.Olle pr_I_PO!~. pers01:ts e.n,t,e r\.th.e garcfen.
... • - ~ "
Note 2. Let each esteem ·others .bette~than themselves. "· - "
-

·16*

RULES, OF SYN_'l.'AX •.
RULES OF SYNTAX;<

There are boJie8, each of which are so small as to be invisil>Je.
Every pers~n, whatever their station may be, are bound by the
laws of morality and religion.
· ·'
Note 3. On either side of the river was the iree of life. ' ,i
Nactab and Abihu took either of them his censer.
t.f
RUI,E XX,

,.

Active-transitive·vei·bs govern the objective case;
as, " Cesar conquered ·Pompey;" "Columbus dis~
42~vered America;" "Truth ennobles her."J ~ '
FALSE SYNTAX.
Ye who were dead, hath he. quickened.
. Ye, in the nominative case; is erroneous, because it is the object of the ac.'
!:ion exgres~ed . by the _trru~sitive verb "hath quickened;" and therefor~ • it
eh~ul<l>. e ·you, m the obJechve case.. Yo1' w,oulcl then be g,o verned by "hatlj
<\mckened," agreeably to Rule 20. Active-transitive verbs /<overn thi ~bj'ep,
· ~ 'l f; l i

iive case..

Who did they entertain so freely ?
. They who opul~nce has. made pro.ud, and who luxnry h¥,, c~~~
rupted,. cannot relish the simple pleasures of nature.
· ·'
He and they we know, but who are ye 1
She_th~t is negligent, reprove sharply.
.
He mv~ted my. brother and I to pay hm, d. visit
"Who did they send on that missio11 ?
They who he has most injured, he had the greatest re~1~
love.

'io

RUI,E XXI.

The _verb to be ~ay have_the same case after it -~
ye fore It; as, "I a~ the man;" ·" I be.lieve ii t_o Ii~V~
been them;" 'f He IS the thief."
. · ,; ·;r:,;
Nori;; I._ When nouns ~r pronouns next preceding and fbllowin"' the verb
to. be, signify the san;e thinrr, they are in i;pposition, and, therefcfre, u{'tlie
1ame case. Rule.2l 1a predicated on the prmciple contained in Rule 7 ,1fll!l
. 2. T~e verb to be is o~ten Ull.derstood; as, "The Lord made 'me
'.H e
m.M.e.1!-i·n pohfit he was; that IS, "The. Bord made me to be man· He iIDid
NFJ'? Jie .t~a( which he ";'as-" " They desired me to call them b~eth.rd
I. e. by t~e name of brethren.
" They named him John:" i.• e. by
~A,
of ,John, or, by the name. J obn: put1Ulg these two nouns in apposition. ~-'""
' -

.

• '

FALSE SYNTAX.

·l

~t 1

.

'. - - - .
',\v · '\

I know it to be they.

lm:pr_o1)er, J?eca~se ~tis in the objective case before the verb "to;be: ~·an'd
';h.•Y IS m_ ~he n~m1';1'1hYp after; cousequent!y, !lul<;i 21 is viola ted. <
ii
m 11ppos1t1.on _~~h it, the~l':fore they ·shoul'd "be"them,
i.lie ·objeC:iive iift!~ to
be, accordmg to Rule 21 · -(Repeat ~tl.1e Rule:: ·- -- ·'_"T '. ~-1. J ! "r"•V\ "' .
0

in.

Th

RULE ,XXII.

Active-intransitive.,and ,passive- verbs, the ,yerb. to
become, and other neuter verbs, have the same cmie
after them as before them, when both words refer
to, and signify, the same · thing~ as, "Tom struts a
·soldier;" " Will sneaks ;:i: scrivener;" " He was calleq
Cesar;" "The general was saluted emperor ;J' ," il'hey
have become fools."
NorE 1. Active-intransitive verbs sometimes essume a transitive form,
and govern the objective case ; as, " To dream·a drzam; To run a race f, To
1Dallc the horse;' 'l'o dance the child; . To fly the kite." '
· '· • 1·,
2. According to a usage too common in colloquial style, an agent not !i~i:-:
ally the correct one, is employed as the nominative to a passive, v:irb, which
causes the ve rb to be followed by an objective case without the possibili,ty of
suppl)_'ing before it a preposi?on: thus, "P~tticus was offered a b.rse. •o:m b,y
the kmg ;" "She was promised· them. (the Jewels) by her mother; ' '" Twu
asked a question." It would be .better sense, aud more agreeable . to , the
iuiom of our lauguage, to say, "A large sum was offered to Pitiiciu ;" "The'!!
were promised (to) her;" "A question was put to me." .
· .. . "
3. Some passive verbs are formed by using the participles of compound
active verbs. To smile, to wonder, to dream, are intransitive verbs, for which
reason they have no passive voice; bnt, to •mile on, to wonder at, to dream
of, are compound active-traµsitive verbs, and. th"rcfore, admit. of a p11Bsive
voice; as>" He '1Das lmiled on by-fortune; The· accident is not to,•bd )'-onderc_d at;"
.
~ .. ' f : - : .
' ·,
. ' . \
r' ~"- 1 ~
" There are more thmgs m heaven and earth, Horatio, "
• 1 . ..
" Than are dreamed of: in .your philosophy.~'
, r ,1·
,

ma.i}.

the

B1o1 _composed, 'it is me: ·, .; "· 1'
· I would not act thus," if I ·were him.
Well may you be afraid ; it is him, indeoo.
,
· Who do you fancy him to to be ?
Whom do men say that I am? Whom say ye that I am 1 ·
If it was not hiin, who do you imagine it to have been?
He supposed .it was me ; but you knew. thati~ was hiµi •.,; ,

,

ye

. :

RJ)LE

X~II!!.,

, · , ,

, • , ..,'1

, A' rb iii the infimfa~!3 mc;>0d may he gp-y;~f#;d
by a verb, noun, adjective, participl~, or_ pro.noll,n..;
as, "Cease to do evil;!'., " We all.. have our talenlto
be improved·"
" She is
eacrer
to learn·"
"They-. are
'
b
'
preparing to go ;" '" :beLhim.. do it."
1

ILLUSTRATION.
The supposed principle of government referred to in'lthii.
rµle, may be thwi illUBtra~u. .In th.e. ~ntence, " Ce:!Be to do evil," the ,peculiar manner in which cease IS introduced, require$ or compel• us to; put tho
verb do in the in.fiajtive mood j ,ruia; according to !Jle geriiiis of our ian~d;
we cannot expi·ess this act of ·doing, when thu8 connected: witli 'eaai1m1a'lly
other mood, unle~s we change the, construction·of tho seTI.tence: ' ·Henco wo

H36!
say, .that cea&e governs the mood of: the verb do. Similar remarks may lie
applied, to Jhe words talent, e1,Lg~_r, pr,eppr§ng, and, h.i111, 1·~ .tbti i;e~pectiye,exam-pl.es under the rule.
--• ' · •
·
· ' • • lL I '·''
7
• "M any respectable grammarians re for the ·government of thill mood iiiva.r!ably to the preposition to prefixed, -whicl1 word they do not, ?f conr~, Pot\· •
s1~er. ~ .par.t of the verb. Others con~end, nnd with some plausibillo/.,',that
tins mood lB not gov!'med .by any p~rtlcl!-lar word. If we r~ject the. i~~ of
g~vernment, as applio.d to t~e v.erb m this mood, the followmg rule, ·if, i!ubetJ.tuted·for ;the foregomg, might, perluJ.pB, answer all practical p~rposes; I
. '-. B.ULE • .o

.!•

A verb in the infinitive mood, refers to some noun
or:.prorioun, as its subject.or actor. .
... ,. .,,
ILLUSTRATION of the examples· under Rule XXIII. "To do" refer& :t,0
tli.ou µ:nqer~tood for its agent; " to be improved" refers to talent; "to.1.~arn,"
to Ghe; "to go," to they; and u to do," refars to him."
·
. l'.'.'OT)I: 1. T)le infinitive mood absolute stands independent- of' the re.at of
the sentence; as, " To confess the truth, I w as in fault."
~·

\·. 2. The infinitive mood is·sometimes governed by conjunctions or ad<verbs:
as, "An object so high as to be invisible;" "He ill wise enough. to deceive ;,:
"The army ill about to march ."
' !
l"!

· ''.

l :

RULE XXIV.

· · The infinitive mood; or part of a senten<'c, is ·fr&.
quently put as the nominative case to a verb, or the
object ,of an active-transitive verb; as, " To play"is
pleasant ·;" "Boys love to play;" " That warm ·di'.:
niates shorten .lVe, is reasonable to suppose;'' ""He
does not consider how near he approaches to his end:"
' 'NoTE . .. To, the eig11 of the inflnitive mood, is sometimes properl)""omit., .. _..
. ted; f!S, "I heard him •ay it;" instead of, "to say it."
'

RULE XXV.

... •·"·1 ; 1\

The verbs which follow bid, dare, need, make~ se~;
lzear, feel, help, let, and their participles, are in 'th'c'
i~finitive mood without the sign to prefixed; as, "He
~ids me come ( "! dare engage;" ''Let m~ go;"
. Hell? me ~o it;" 1. e. -.to come, to go, to do it, ·&c
:~,I;I,e ,rn.hearing me recite."
· 1 :: ·~,
~-

' . .- , . . ' . ' ' - F'ALSE SYNTAX:
_l
, .-'Aj
·Bid him to come. ·
·· ·'·"" :'' ·~d
He durst not to do-it without-permission.
..:ii.;:
Hear him to read his lesson.
'
It is the difference in their conduct, which makes 1111 to ap·
prove the one, and to reject the other.
. :
. ·
' ·'
't'!'l'H,J~J1ett~r l.ive on, ,a little, th;i.n 04piv~ -8: ·gi:~at ,9,ea.I;~ ·: "·~,~ ~:
- .... J. wuih -h1m •not.wrestJ.e ..with .his h.,!l-ppiness. 1 · , ;.~.·~· ,,, .· , ..., . ,,,,,.
~1

~·

· 1

4~ :. 1.·, ;~··-1·~J

,

t '!! ·: ·

•

B .11.L E lXlC.U···-

:

J

"' · ,

·~

1-:-

J,•

i"· "'1' ·'11.

• · Participfos have·the same'·government 'a~ tpe:~~J:ll~
have from which they are derived;, as, .'t I saw,. ,tlie
.. ,r ,.- "_ _ .
tutor instructing his pupils;" ·

NoTE The. ~re&ent participle wi;h th~ definite . ~r;ticle. th.e b~fo~ i~ b6'
comes a noun; ·and ·must have 'tlie -preposition of after·!t. · ·The Bll'd of< m~.st
both be used or both be omitted; as, " By the obser.vmg.· of tJ.-uth~,y<1u "'\Ii ill
command re;pect ;" or, " By obsenv.:ing:.truth," &c .

: · ~-' -F'A.LSE' SYNTAX."' • · 1 · :·; u::'~''
Note. We cannot be 'vise and' good 'Without . the taking-p~ins
for it.
·
,
"
. · .
The changing tim~s and, ~ea_:>o~s, the removing -and setting up·
kings, belong to Providence. alone.
. .--, •. 1 ·
These are the rules of grammar, by observm~ of whic'h' you
may ·avoidmistakes. '\: .. ·
· ., ,. ··
- '. : · .,, ·: ~
1

·

: R'IJLE XXVII.

; 1.

The present participle re(exs to. ·some noun or
pronoun denoting the subject·or .actor; as," I SEfe a
boy running." .
..
·"
. ·.'' '' ".
·

., . ,

.

, BULE . X:;!(VI~J:;

' "

,

, · : , ~.

,i\;;,.

The . perfect partic,ple belongs, .like. an. q.qJ~CQ.~~~
to some uoµn or pronqi,m, expressed ()r . ~~ei:.~to~~­
as, " I saw ~he boy abused."
. .
.
. . _'\
NoTE 1. Participles of ueute.,:v.erbs lta'(!" the ,same, case afte.r thelll_Bf!.!>";
fore tJiem;

118 ,

" Pon/.im pjlat§ bemg.,Go:venwr of Juqe,a ,

!llld,. ~erof~~°'

, , -, ' ·
' .
b
'd d
' Lb
2. A participle with its adjunc.ts, .may 's ompt2mes e con~1 ere .as. a _?U stantive or p.,(l.l"ticipial.phl"ll!l.e ,_:wJ.1ch, p\1!11!16 ma:r. !?,~ . fu~..su.bJ~t of e..t)t,1!•tr ·
the object of e. verb or· prepqi:ipon; ~' " Tt;kin.g,ro711. ar;ot er IDt . . . ·~
knowledge o'r assent,' is ciilled 's~alillgd :I-Ie"studie to a.void e.xpr:·~~"lf
•e./ f too se:verely-; .I i::=ot Jail. ?fkawd'ng .fTWbr',; ~· i IJr, r.;.omi,n~~fJ, ..s.
a 11 d "perforpiing. buf little, ~6. ~ecome . ~sp~c,a !!·
..
i' ,. ,.
' 3, 'As the nerfect narticiple ii.nd th\l iropeifect tens.e of.~~ar~erbs~
,, a:,~
· - · ·
~f"'
f - th · ,,_ ·
··•
11St be· •~ 1-~n tharthev be 'nQt
SQ~~tll)J.e~ wuere.~t u,i, eu;:10I'!P,- c;lU''( '!R
,.,.,..,..,, •li ' rh· 'i;b• · :..:.~!1 iJH· .
.;t;minately ~ . It is freque.n tly 88Jd, ', H;e .b1eguil, or, , _f!' ..,. !lo":'-' -~1:l:f " ~
run • for •he ran;' • He coro\l,' .(or 'he ..cw;ne .;_.,th,.!' P~rti~~pl,e!f" ~'11°·tit ~?.~
. ~ns~; ,a.D,d': ll\?-C~}pore· frequentlr1B.,,/~;u:,i~
\l sed 'instead .of the · imperf!'c,t
_, •9'f th'
· p~~c1ple,',
· as·' ' I. had
ior
· " te!\iU
peifept tense empl oye d .ll)S
. e ·"" ~
. wrote
·.1;:f tf{)'":lia'•
had written;' 'I was chose,' for ·• I was chosen; I have ~t, . o " ·
eaten.' • Hl.l would have spoke.;'.- '1'°-ken. ., ..!Jlzle _overrun hill gwde , -_()f)~r
ran. "The sun had 1:9se ;'--risetf, ,
.";'- '--"' .:i . ,',,~ • ~ -' · . .{ :
Tetrarch.," &c.

:I:i

:e1

.

,...n

FALSE. SYNTAX.
;,.• s· ·,.n , ~1~:'1
I seen him. , I have siw'mahy'.U<oh~ . . ",'i -~, , ;,., ,:!\ '"..:.17 ~~· • •

Seen. ill improper, the perfecfpamdple be!ng used in~ad -0ftbe1rilReifeo
tense of the verb. '· It oughtlti<><11*! ' 1 • ·.J . aa-C :h1'm,'~ aocordmg· :to 'N~~-13 ,., •nav•

mo

RULES ' OF ;. SYNTJ.X.

RULES -OP ' SY.NTA:X. '

~aw is al~~ erroneous, the imperfeaUense'he!ng em ploye-1 inste_a'~ of the per. '
!~P~ partic1pl<(. ]he 11erfect tii~.ll 9f a .verb is ~orn\ed b~ p.o!JlbmiµgJ;9Q"]mxilUU'Y have w1,th its perfect participle : therefore the sentence should be- writ ·
tenJ lhuB, ~'rI ha.Ve aeen ma.Iiy a one'.:" Note 3.

t ' ·: t~ ·i' '' 1' ~' ~. 'l ~ FF1l
Note 3. He done me no harll1, for I had wrot~. my le.tter qefOhQ
he come home.
:''.:,Ha.tl'not that misfortune befel my cousin, he would have !V~nl
to.Europe .Jong ago .. ., - ,.
. , . , . _ '·· .. . ,,;,
The sun had already arose, when I began my journey.
Since the work is began, it must be prosecuted.
~,., J:4e .~rench language is spoke in every state in Europe . •, He writes as the best authors would have wrote had they wri~
on the same subject.
'
'
·' '' '
RULE XXIX.

Adverbs. qualify verbs, p~rticiples, adjective$,Jmd
other adverbs ; as, "A very good pen writes extre-meft
Zr, w~ll ;" "~y liv~ng' t~m11erately,_" ~~·
_ . · ":~,
NoTE 1.

Adverbs are i;enerally set before ·adJecnves cir adverbs 'after

T~rbs, pr ·be.t ween th13 au.riliauy and the ;verb.; as, "He m_ade ,a v.er:g ~qnaihl4

.

RULE XXX.

Two negatives ':destroy one another; and are gen';
erally equivalent to an affirmative; as, ''.Such thrngs
are not uncommon;" i. e·. tpey are commpn. ,, .. ,

1?,

· Non. Wh~n on~ of tJ,ie two ~egati_ves. employed is join~
~thi:r
word, it forms a· pleasinll" and delicate va;iety of exJ?re~i~m; ·as';· l!lll' an1
guage, though inelegant, l8 not ungra1l1Illatical ;' that 1~; it Jil'."~tical.w
But, as two negatives, by ,destrQying eacli ~ther, are equivalent .to ·an af.
finnative they should not be used -when we wish to convey a negafrv~ mean.
ing. Th~ following senten~e is .therefo~e inaccurate: " I cannot P:\'. no I\\l!ans
allow him what his argument milst prove." lt '~hould be," I cannot byf'ny
·
'· · ' ' ·
means," &c., or, "I can by no means."

.
FALSE SYNTAX.
Note, 2d part. I don't know noth!ng about it.
. _ !:., ,•
I did not see nobody there,. Noth1pg .never affects her.
Be hoµest,,)lo.z: ,take no spape nor sembl,ance of disguise.
· There cannot be nothing more ,insignificant th~n vanity,
Pre?_ept nor disciipline 'i~ not 'so forcible 11.s exan,iple.
· ''
.

,

RULE XXXI.

: ,. ,~

.

dISCourse, and was attentively heard."
'' ·
·
-· hJ
-2. When the_ qu'.11ifying word "'.hich follows a verb, expresses quality,
must be an adJecnve, but whe~ it expresses manner, an adverb should;bo
nseq i as, " _S he_!ooks cold; She l?oks coldly on him ; He feels war•!' · ,He
feels warmly the msult offered to him." If the verb to be can be' subslifufua
for the. one employed, an µdjective shoul4. follQW:, and not an . adverb" al ,
" She looks [is 1 cold ; The hay smells [is sweet; .The . fields fooJr
gree11 ; '.f he app1~s taste [arc] sour; The wmd 'blows [is J fre&h." ! ~ ; I'
3. It. is !10~ stnctl:r pr?per to npply the adverbs here, there, and where . to
ver:bs signifymg motion, mstead of the adverbs hith,er thither -whither· tlfus
"' He came here [hitherl hastily;'"" Thef ~ode ihere [thitherj in two. h~uis:~
" Wh ere [whit~er] will he g_o 1" But m familiar style, these con'siructiQ~
are so far sanctioned as somenmes to be admissible.
·
· · t, ·' : "
: 4 .. The use of wl~er.e, instead of in which, in ~onstructions like the folio\~.'
m~g1 _l8 hardly admlSsible: "The immortal sa«es of '76 formed a 'cJt~te~J
"(./l,Ct:e [i71 wht ch] theiq'ights' are .b oldly asserte~,TI ; I •
" '
'. •
' ~~·· • .,
- ~)
5. As the adverb~ .hence, the11e.e, and whe1~ce,,literally Mpply the-nfuce, oft
all'?~ ~d pr~pos1:ion 1 ~here appears to pe a so.lec~sn:i in _emploYJng a pr~:1
po~on m ..conJ_UllcUon with them : " From whence lJ; follows ;" "He cam6
fr'!"' ~~e:nce Slllce ~orning.'' · Better, "whence it follows;" " He caJll • ·
The followmg p,hrases are' also exceptionable : " The then ffiini8.
(hence.
try,;'.'. ,.'.' The above _argument;" " Ask me never so niuch dowry"' "Chart& .
~e "~'fer _sq wisely;.", Better, " The m!ilistry of t;i.cy tim~ or peridd ;" ." T~
f!:~t;eding argument;" "Ever so much dowry;" ... Ever so wisely.'" : ~<.! ·~}
' ·-·
FALSE SYNTAX.
. .
.:' ..:i. )~

P~epositions govern the objective case; as,\" He
went from," Utica to ·Rqme, and th_en pa~~.eq thf9.'/fgA

· Note . 1. It cannot be impertinent or ridiculous therefore•ito
re[llonstrate.
·
'. He was ~leasing not ofJ:~IJ, ,beclj.use he wsis v'!-in., , ... ;
_.
...,
1 1
..,j~~§.e,J]Jmg§ ~:RQU\d..l>tt.J.l~VElJ:; ll!3P~\"a,ted .. . ' ' c •""•/'" ..} ,,.,,. ,
, · We_may. happily .live, though our .possession11 aro ,small.1, .,~:..,,

.,N9rx I ., Th~J>repositiQns (o .andf.or ar.e . often. uµd'."rstood , c~~y;;be~o~
the pronouns;· as!" Give [to] me a b ook; Get [for] him son:i;e_papei;., .1 : · '·
2. To or unto, 1s, by s~me, supposed ~ be u_nderstoo~ -~r ./ik(} and<tipl~,
as, " HEtis like [unto] his bro.t her ; S_h e lB unlike_[ t?] him.
Qth~rs: co~er
thia mqde q(. e:xp~ee.sipn. ~)~iow, _ of tJ:ie langl!age, Bl¥! mll.lll\a,W.,tbJih,fak,t
g"verns ih.i' objective following it.
..
·

ie ,

r:re"

J

"i

Redfield.'~

FALSE SYNTAX.
Each is accountable for hisself.
They settled it among theirselves.
It is not l who'.- he·is displeased with.
Who did you go with} , _ , _
,,.
Who did you receividnst!uction from 1
RULE XXXII.

.. , . ,
.

ti:f'

", .

~

Home, and ·nouns signifying dis.'ta.nce., time; w~!!'
h_ow long, &c. are ge,nerally governe~ ~Y:~a~ ~~~g9~1t10n understood; as, "The hor1;le ran a rmle, -, lle
came home .fast June;'! _" Mi foerid -lived.!four"y~Urs
!l-t.,col.leg~;'~ tl).at is,
th:r.ough the ~pape_ oj,a.,~l~;
qr~ ran·. o_v~r. ~ ~pace cµUed .1'!- ~ile; ' toJ;n~, . l]P.~~~~
last June.;, dur,i~g [9_y+1 y~~r~, ~~~·•-< .. , ,,. , : ·.. d

ran

.RULES OF ,S\'.NTA.:it.
SYNTAX

3. N?=s signifying .extensi_on,_dµra!Jo9, _, quantity, quality, or val11e, are
WLti:!~\lt<'!- govern111g wor~ ; '!-8• " Thi:i. Ohio is one thousand milei, l,Qllgl
S e !II ten year• ol~; My hat 1s worth ten dollars." These are sometiine!
8!!!l!IW-,er1+aµ~Jt1~es.,_ t~~e page,.163. r.. ..
·
, 1r ;..,
.
.
.
RULE XXXllI.
: :, : . ( , t.S ·~

Siif.

"·qonju,_~qil'oii's ' con'11ed · noun~ ahd pronofr~.s \in\ i.~~
s~e C,~~:; as, " The master ~a.ught hef aµd, w.~: t .<i
write;
He and she
are associates."
• · o"i>I
... .
.
. ·,
.
. ~

•· • ..i+1:

·· ·

'"

FALSE SYNTAX.

.:,':."M:){ hrothe·r an·d him .are

~

.

.. J

- .. :il

~ . .. .
grammarians.
. .- U~:J.~
· Y?u and me enjoy great privileges. ·
Hrm and. I Went to t!ie. city in company; but John and hi;
returned without me.
, .B~tw~e!?- J,OU _a._nd I there .is. a. great di15pa!ity of years. , ., '/~

RULE XXXIV.

.

'

. , :.

tl,ie.ii<;nhin.ative.mus~ be re.Peated; . as, "He·may return, but he wi!l-.not tJ, 1 ~ ;
2. ConJunct10ns 1mplymg contmgency or doubt, require tlie . subjwio"J'.;;z'
.

3 . . Theh coaj~cti~ns if, though, unless, except;' whether, and lest geneiiilly·~.
reqwre t <l subJuncnve mood after them.
'
'
- ""'.
~· Coaj~i;tio~s of a positive and ~bsolute nature, implying ;;0 douli't re:· '
qwre the mdicative mood; as," Aa Vlrtue advance•, 80 VlCe recede1." <;; ' l·

. •: ·'; ;_~.;..

< Did he .not tell me his fault, a~d entreated m'e t~ forglvefufu 1 ·
Professmg regard, an<;! to ~ct differently, discovfi!. rs a bas.·e i:pjnd: · .
~Note· I..rHe has: gone .home,. but may return'! _.JT ~ - .,-<;.tt· ··
J 'l'.P..~~ attprney . executed'th~ dt;led,-but. ~!ll ,.write, ;n,qr.~,\ ,).~t'l:
,1 -JiQl,e.2 • .I;~Ji,a!l .~al.k 19~day, upless.it r11rins. h
~-·· ;f . , · ··
4,e .!lC<lUlr~s nphes, they will corrupt his· mind. ·. - ~~i; !!Of"
~:t~~... ~ ~::' "'- i . ..: , ' c_,,..! ' BuLE xxxv.~ .. ::., . :,~_;'> .n-,::r \ ft.c ..

uo

:Jt.

\.~ ~,!~oil~
· 9r'~~t6nou~ ·(ollowing the~ ~onju~1ctiotf.:
1

th.an, 'fts; or but; IS h~~llll~;~We' ~? ~~· 'Ve~b; ofk'of~~ne1~

witli

•

;, :J... H''1 \.•J!11t

r->-!n?:o l,1~(..·, ~~{1 ~'nt>:Y J~

,

·,"f·

··' ·

.···.Ac.

.-1 -_ ..·

.. c.;. •••• f1

,.1..

.-..

~. 2. An ellip~is, ?r omiss~on ?f some words, ~ fre~uentlr ~tf.c¢,. w~p

_ must be suJ?plied m the =4.m oi:der ·to· PS:BEl grammatically ; as, u ~9-Jli
.~;;" that .18, ~ lfle; :• T? sl~ep all mght;'" 1. e. through aU; t!e_ ni~hJ r' ~e
hu gone a journey;" 1. e. on a JOumey; "'They walked a league; :~ <t: 9"1,.
a, .spacecafkd..a le\lipie . .. _' .-; ·. ·.~. :·.r ·.: ·~ 1. ' ~> ,_'-:·, ~· ·~::".. ·,~ !f,J ·
3. When· the '01Il188i.on ' of ·words would obscure the &enae, ,:>:i"w.u.L:. ' .jta
force 1 they must be expressed. '".';- '' ' : {. "· .,. i,<·~ ""; ~·. ;: ·<~ . ·W4, In ~e use ofprepositions1 11!1!1. °"'o.rdil ~t~late ~ eachoth,!lr,· w?,8ff~..u.J4
pay particular regard to the "melL!Jlllg· of· tlie w.o rds or 110ntence~. ~W9,Ji~th~y
"·~onnect: all the parts of a.senten<?e ·should. correspoi_J.d to eacl:i·,of:!!t\r~ :~ .i
re~ular and clear construction t~~ghout spould b_e oare!Ully preaerv~ ~· , ·

FALSE SYNTAX.

·, ""'·'

They are much greater gainers~~ m~. ~
.
. . - ~~;.They know. how. to w!1ite as· well as him; · but he ia _a ,better ·
_grammarian than them. · · ' '
., · • ;.~ ..'Fhe)"'Were il.Hwell· but him.
• ' ·~ "
' I '.~ '>~
·. · ~o.ne w~re. rewarded but him an<l. me. _· ·
.·
Je~~s' sought no~.~ hilt they ~hq had gone a~t;~y.
.
~

ll:r:f~l~R~S , ON .T Jm ,. 'f~~~~§., ,1 ."' :~. -~\.or.!
use..Q.f "..'ilrbs, ar;id: o~her w_ords .an~ p.h.qi.~ :WJi:'.i:h,. m,
point oJ,n;me, relat~ to ~ach other, a aue· regard"to'"iliat ' rele:tl.gQ
should· oe observed.
.
.
. - .. . . . v

· ,- 1.

In ,~e

~ .fust; ;J of sayhtg,' " The Lord hath give~;~d the :Lord hath taktnt av,&y;;,
we should say, "The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away.'! Instead
of, " r remember. the' family more than ~enty ,years;" it should ·be,.•i• I~·
, r~memh.cred the family m~r.11 than tw!)nty'years."
. . .. • ·· .~· :

, · 2 ~ The best rule that can be given for the management of;tli~
phrJ1$i;s . 'YJ?c~~.iI} poi.pt of time, ~~J~te
to ~ac4 oth~; is tJ:iis. very ge~r.IJ) pne:' Obser:ve what . ~ -~e

i ~nses, and of :vord_ti an~
ru;,<;,es.saril_y_ requi~es.

. .. · ' . ·

·.

, ._

.

J ,

"'' To say,'.' I have visited.~asltji:t~yJ!!.;las~ .~1:\mm~~.;. . I h.ft111: se,en .t;4p·8m · ~
more. than a mo';lth ag9."' ~s not goOd.. f~~~e .... \ The. \'.9.\lS~<;tl~i;is,_ ~~~!?Jflie ·
"J visited Washmgton; &c.; I saw ·the :work;·&c." "Thls ~ode ·of expteaei"n haa been formerly much admired,:"-'' toiu fqrmerly'liliich adiillieil·"
.· "If I.had have .b~~~~re;!! , '\ li- t4¥.<l>bat\e~1'JJ;Pjiqr" · }~JClf~
· known him," are solec1Bms too gros~. to i;i.ee.d correction. We can say,"f~f!e
b~en, I had been.; but wh~t sor~ ofa ~qie '!s!· had have be~n.1, .'fog~<i.tn.,;)l
. befQre' ~-difect1t>e verb:o~g~t,1s ail error equ8:11Y· gro"'! anuillitera~ !;:--'· ~ad
. O\lght, h~'(~, 9qght.! :,, ,:,rbis ·.111 8.11 low;ll,Vulga11511:1 as. the. u1111. of~' ·~"lfl ;
~~ hizzen~ ~pier;f:p,r.tf.e~, b.aynt, tit~ P.,'~' . I !~~4. 1~ I te.Tr~·
~

J:im· .· ,;, ,:.·· ,..

by ,a. verb or preposition, expressed-or··'under'.SiStai!f
M>j"'~J,l~'~;>u · a~t wiser- than I t qm!,J ··'H··sa~nob-O'd~·
fJut...f
T. ·
, 1;..i;_,.
s aw J- hun." .,_. ., . ;' ·· . ,._,· ..··· t J ' ...' • •. ·-. <r;.;.f.,!;u1•1
,., i <r -r·~,.!

~~w~.l'1Y'T~li ooajuD.btion ·~l)'wh~iflt i.B;·coluie'ct.edf
::_:~;.~ ·-rY/-·
wm., 'i8 eometimes, though erroneously, oolied' a"reli:itiw" ' ~ ·"~•J':bb'tl '

~ ,up~~~~
-~~~ ?Uier•/!'~~:;
~t_ is, ..~rffi4,,.~ ,,....,...,~t\>~;-~
-''A..::,
., ~ · ,-·.~.~
·- ··.·>!
r~~ ......

_."page~ ll.6. :

:

{·li~.u. t-< . lfhen 4ifferent moods and tenses are connected by conj\mctio

FALSE SYNTAX.

TENSES.

":' .'

Conjunctions ge~erally connect . verbs · o( iik~~
moods and tenses ; as,.· " If th.ou srncer<?ly desvr:e,
and earnestly pursue virtue, :she will assuredly · be
fo1pid by thee,: aµtf, prove a r.ich reward." .
._,/I
i:i'd~ 5~.ter them; as, "If ?7 ~tu~~!- ~e~ w¥J.)~pfove." See. .pages 135, l~,'

OP nii

·

l a·.<When:we' refer ·to ·a ·pasti' a~tion· orevent;' and ·no part ef"1hat ·
time"'fa."which ·.it 1ook ·place-; . relnains,\tl~e imperfect: tense4should1
?e' use~;, but if there is, stµ! rem~1rilpg S<?,me~ w~-~Ii)~;<\Ji~~ <
-4L V\',l)i9.4 w~ q.~~i;e,,,,.~t..: t: lw ~h,¥Jgv~ ,1*9,D. d~.;ie., ; Vie pefie,&t
tense ~hould be.,employed. \... 11.,,-. ·'>" .. -~.-··"' .,;., •.
.,.~ . .-...i1i<'\' .,,:~ · .
' Thus, we" say, " Phlloaoph~re made great discoveries in tho' lut cetitury ;'
17

•

I

w ~y.);lh -~N~~ l,\\"t, );t\ar,;"_l>ut,·")',!W.\1. ~· ~Je.&.· t'i;tfls. ~~e.l:!.lt.i!. · •
w:ry, year; weelif: day, &c. we ought"lo use tlie puJ·ect tense; as; { lfhjl..-9
ill!!W hA'(,~ ;~}ie .. ~~M d.il!c~>Vep1;1J1; ,in_. tile P.!;e"<'.!'~ , clluttµ,"y ;" " H¥Ji.iu'be~
IP~ .$lllic~cp ~ye.ar, ;" ) ' ~ ~~ve -;•~1h.~ _pre•id!lnt's 1!1e~~ "tb,is
·· ·

.;_~

~J.'l.!l ~Ja.~qflf, ~pof~t ~eW~, thJS m~11ll!lg ;" b\'<;aiise.th~&.e eve
~!~
'f •'-~~!11.~~ yc;ar, ~ik. w.<Jed~a' lll!d r~;dhal.,hflllld', ~~k.tpet '
a r..-· o Wllf 1:en._,, year, wee , au ay, o w 1c s:pe,a • "1< ,
.; Ii)._g~nei:al, !he perfect tenae may be applied wherever .t4e~zictjHq'i8 ';;_9;.;
'\ieetea''Wi'tl{the" present time'; by 't he 8.ctua!' 'exis~uce eit,her '~' im 'l'IJl..uip/
of
uah. it l':!l!-Y have been nerfoniieci''m1iliy cetitUrles l.~\l" 'l:ull, "

/;

t!i'tr nor'ihe'work~ . ',;o-iV"i-eili~ins"'the'
'nerf~ct
te~e'
t-f' t!o~'
.fuht l:'oi'
'""' R ~ 18.k_· ~-- ~:r•r
1 , . ·• !"t_1r- ~A·· '"i r<"T1
r1~'"·'- .
u i
¢r

• IM:,,,.

•.,

. ~e it,be&r•.' · t\ilt q,qght._fo be, " '<\'h.i,'ff proy~i;~~tq,. 44.Pe..li~m,wrff!f!f/&c . .
...1?> ~~·M.hhn'}v.ould; have atr6rdea' me p1eii.8Ure'iill'my'life.1if .CorrebtM,,il, To
il<l,12e •etn him;" or, u To see hiui 'would.'qfford :ine'' pleasnre;''' &ci •lfhe ,

·arguments wcr&.sufficient.to, ,hav,e, sa.t:i8fieduallitwbo~ heard \therh·:'·~•t.Were 1ufifo~.~f9 sqtUfy.:I .-/.' Jlistory pifi,ll~~s \VOulci h,av:e r~~1tit .diffii;ffit~have
' ~ented · such specie~ pf beinas "'-"·to invei¥. sucli a species.'' ·
. ,

a

. 5. :GeriE\faf a'.Ii<l -r ..riiut'abl~
. fr'iftii~ 'i>u - ~t"flf "e.f;leX'':fe~'1la ·" the
esent teri~e'.°"' .. , .,,,,,._~. 11..,., ' 1ti ·'!1l;. ""'1'illt>'l ~"'mi , . ~J. E"" ''X!ei·· ~i .

~sie!ld' 1of ·~yrng, ii Hii·'dl'd:'nork:W6~'.Hi~t'!ig~t1'B!i<l1iwii'.'~ty~"1~'.?~~.'.'. .

Th~ preai;h~~

v~ry. ~~J?dt~ly,,~ ili~t 'whateyel".i~

twenty and eii:;ht ;" "
said
!
·f
useful, was gocxt ;\' ·ll My..:.Appmi.~ni. W'9.\IJ4!JWt~e."'.e;~tJY~111<WaiJVay& .
'a'~
o Pri,i,i,~~ .m 12~1!\eh!!. • ,w;~, ~;r.
\.Jli~~J~M
advantageous;" , J'qe,. CQJ¥lY:Uc#~!!,\I; ~ t# R!i,,.,:'o <\'if.i.:~'lu¥. · l!!<J~nty,;" .
ho:f~sfill
'·'" b~t'7;i- ..•'!'9Yi~~st; . ,., ~PaUSl.'J ,t e ~;,nTeh~ · OD ~!:,-?L~Jte• .P,'illlth ' "~hateverj• u~!lfuf, is good ~Y,:•: V)f,t~?d~~!!o.l).Vays ,W:)-ia11-.W..g~iw1'.',. !
·
, u we canno proper y say,
e rum pnests li&:~•
1
~I.aimed great powers;" bp_ca~ th~t order is}lo.w.. extiuct. We o1ught, then~,-·
~~PLES - · IN· -FALSE ·:S;YN:rAX ,;.PRPhll§CPOJlSLY
tore, to say, "Tbe Druid priests claimed_ great powers."
.. ,
tW .. -. . • ""·l ( .. ·' ·u,;i.: .1AA\RA.N.O;Jl;_
D,.,..,,,,,, vli . '• ,.,.;;_;'., I .b~W
T!.1~ fo!-Jo~l2 examples may·tierve' still' fa'.rther to illustrate the :pro:Pei ,use
;w,€ii8tclqre,µie, P tvin,,!;l. ~(jj;Qg;rh.e. wJio.is fJiO.llil ete.r~ty .tmeter~ ·
~:~pplicatJ.oni of ;the tenses. d l My brother hiis · recently been ·to Philildelphia. It should b~, "waa recently at Philadelphia;" b~~ - ~ a.cl.wry
· On these causes depend all the happiness or misery -,,w hicb
recently refers to a tune completely past, without any allusio~ to t~ pre~Al!.2 ~st ,aqiong -ipen .-- i•.-· · , ;
"c "
: . . ·... .. , .
,: .. .. • '
time. "Charles is grown considerably since I have seen' lihri: the~last 'Wp~·"
Tj:i~·..en!'l wi~I! wh~LW!l .haY~.,~ost toJea,r, ,ar!'I thq~ of,ou~ 9wn
Corrected," Charles h.aa grown/ since ·l"~aw ' l!im,"' &C." ' •• Payrn~nt 'Was .at .
b~c;\l'ts• • ' -i~!J- ,, 1).· _,·. ,.,, .• Yl :- /..' ;!\IJ !,;l,'lhr.1 t~ ~."1, .... ·l n_
.
length i;nooe,_ but; n? r~son ass1~ed for 118 bemg so-Jong postponed.'.'•Ji Cor:>
rected, 'for its h.41'"''1' qeen ,so. jol)g postponed.'' "They. were arrived an
· ' Is it me or him who you reql.\estedJo go 1:· " . . .·
,
hour before we reached the city:"-" They Ii.ad arrived.'~· •
, Thqugh great has b~.en his iiiso.beqiel!,ce e,n<;l his folly,, , y~t ~he
;. · ·.~ ,r,?.'>'1worknjen ~ - c?mplete th!' building a~ l~e ?m<t I tal.j:e po,s~ssi 0n.
fr..,. ~t,sh.ou41 be,_" :will Ii.ave completed the building,"&.;. " .This cl!cill\!f 'si~cerely ac~no~~e.<lgias . his .mis99np.u_ct; .hfl.sb.q,ll .be (Qrgiv;ep. ~
piece of workmanShlp was preserved, and shown to strangers ·ror·more'ih'an
Qi iJJ.l;iei;-\} ,;\Y~,rn,.ip .t.b ~ metropplis, m.uch to l).muse t.h em·"' , . ... .
¥ty years past:":-" h.aJJ been preserved, and been shown · to' sirane-ers;'" '&il!! .
: By exercising of qur ·memories, :tJiey a1:e ~mproved • .· '" . ... c,,
;l.liad .rather·wnte than -b.eg :".,.-"I 10ould rather write than .beg.I!.. .J>l .
r . l/iOQ the :morrow, .because be would have known the certainty whereof . b:i1.Y..e prop!Jrty 'of, .~y (.rjenil,. I mfl.11.n)loi.s .boo)ts ~d .furmtqre;
were wholly consumed. . ,;.'" - "" ,. .-. .,.. · "' ""' ".\'l-V;. : .... ri r r•-1
P~ :Wn:\ ·accused of the Jews, he loosed him from his· bands.'' It ou &ht io ''
be, "~cause he would know; Pr, being willing to J.."11.0JP,'!1&c~n '!..'.f.he '.h1Ui'd " MJ\f!l'tlence. IJlight;g~ve us respeqt,in .t he eyes of -the; vu)ga,r; 1bu1
HtrP.·l\'fd, \ f•ord, that .I n:igh~. rec~~-;e ~y sight.;' " '! If b,Y,a.J;l;Y<.me~~ I ilugbt
iYil cJlqt; i:e.c omoien4 us to t4e , wi:;.e ,a~d good.; . . . . . ·, ,,..~ ;
a~ .Ull00 the resurreCtJOn Of tlie dead." I In botlt these ·exluripJeS •ma
The cares q( .t_hjs, wo,dcl, they, oi.len~ pho~e the . gro~vih o.f:v:irtue
wowd· be 'P".efera~le' to might. ""I feared that I ·shoqld·have ·Jost the ~a'ro~ -.
, ~~y ¢-IJ.t ,hono_r: me, I. w~ll:.:honox,; and them that. despiser me,
~ ~~ved: ,..,,,,<; that I sh?uld'.lo~e.11 · " It would · have -afforded .me do
satI_sfact:Jon, if I could perform 11." It ought to be, " if I could hav,e perfonail'
she.II be lightly esteemed.
.... ,-:
ed 1~ ;" .or, " It wo1u4 oJ!prd .me no satisfactiop, if I ~-~11.Zd p~rfort?i.it.'' · ·~A~
!lsl>intel\ded to ha;ve called last .week,_ but ,P.Quld _not,: , .1 .,'. L
de!l1cat:Jon may serve fo1• alillost any book that has IS · or sfull be pubfuhild·~
1.1i i'.Ph~ .fields look freshly and gayly.smce J h1;Ham. · :;:-i:· ·~,:,m,1
~''that '!iai bf en, oi'.will be tnfhliahed." r •
~ ·1: •
~1n·•-· .• Hl'iU '.ttl';u ;

"'fg

:;Y•

1

Pf

1

:;t.Jn, ~rder ,t~ • ernplo; the

'"

•

•

·'

two , tenses of th·e· infi~i;ive-·'~~

:/tif:~\v~e!r~~:=~cula:. ~'.~~?~i.? n s~oul_d ~~- pai~ t~.th,e.. m~.~~iij ·
. .Verb~ '..expressive : ~f. °hop,e, 'Je'Sf.re, in,(ent~, ordomv~n-¢;. Q~g~
to be followed by the PRESENT tense of the Infinitive mood.· ,1 '\Q

r:

''. !-ast week futended io· n.aJe written," is impr~pe'r . .The' intentl~;ro"i
wrwn!!I. was·! tlten presene 'With· me; 'and; therefore, the · construcrionr sh6'uld
The following examples are also mll09urate · . •
. o~p ~r!II .bef~er _ th.~n I expep\e4.to Ii.ave found hiz.n ;'' "My ·pru:pp8e ~ffi·
aftei' spebdmg ten _months niore in commerce,_to ha·ve withdra.Dn ~.Y,-~ooitli
to ~other ~?untry. · ·They shoul,d be,''• exreited to find' him ;"· .,., td ;,;;,th'drou
m~,~h~~·'·'t"'"": 1 t: 1 1: ~ ;>;;f'b'f tn~~.. '~~:u'
1
,. .}, '· ~ • i,, ~ li,9'1k . '"..\\!'W , ~:J ye~,)~l.f· tp. q,e . ;l'f,ri.\!!'\~ , .by ,th9, Pti'Wii -~~~9

f,!'•,," l ..1i:ite_nded to write."

.

·.1

j11The .book is printed very neat, !rnd.op.. fine 1 W.9.Vfl.r PaPf'l~...:;·.:
. I have recently been in· Washingt_on, whe,rel . have.5eeu .Ge.u.
j\ndraw Jackson, he who is now president. ·
... , ;..: .:· t .
, Take the two first, an,d, jf. yo,q plea.Se,, \he.three.la!!~ ,· · '"''
' The· Chinese wa.ll,is thilj y .f~t f!igh' .. . ,,..... " . ,., ,, , . 1; ~l
.i:1J.t.is an uniop. .supported by an hypothesis, , men~ly .....
ni I.have sQ.W..hin;i. . ~h.o .yQu .mi:ote,to,;.. and he:.iwould h.av.ti .,came
-n-·,,1·. A
back with me, if he could.
11 1,Not one in fifty of those who .call, thernselV.e1;1 deists,.J,in,def$(and .
!he -nature of the religio~ which th.ey,,i:eje.c;:t.. J;.;, '' . , 1, ; ; ·-·; ii-.\,
·./ 1
0 If th.ou studiest diligently, thqu will become le.arned.
" ~~c&J;iQn ,js not,atw nde~.: t1> .prope1ly in ·Spain .. -. " ., · ., .: .. ~'~ ,•..

1'00

FALSE 'SYNTli.

-:f He 'k:nq,w'd it was his. .duty; and hi) ough~,..t4,eref~1-e, tp !jl9,,lt_;f
Th~ugh : the.-·measlll'e Jbe··mysteriou~ ·- it', fa ~Q.t• J1llworthy\,Qf cy;9Jir
_ He has little more 'of the great man besides t~e title. , ·, c;·•l •
attent10n.
' .
- -\
.
...
'
- ;r
..-.,:. Richard acted very independent on the-occasion • .-. • -t·· •'l
In his conduct '·Was treachery, and " in .his- -words, f~ithless'
professions.
· ·· ~~ · ·
_ ·
·
. -We have done no i:nore than _it was our. duty_to have -~~ne: :~:J}1.
The time of my friend entermg on busmess, soon ar11vep. , ·
After I' visited ~urope, -I fE'.tUr!J.~d to America. ' . · · . . 1
-, 'His speech is the most perfect specim e~ I ~ver saw. _ r~.• 1 ,. _
I have. n-0t, nor- s~ail n'ot;;oon&ent't<:> a propos;µ so unjllljt. '' / ~
----Galumny and detraction .are sparks '."h1ch, if y.ou .do,no.t.blo,w
I. ha~ •mten.ded. yesterd:i.y to 4~v.e w,al)l:ecl- out, 'Qut.. I _p/l~'J~ . .l>~e~
agam d1sappomted. ·
.-.. . ,
.:,, , : ._ .:.. _ ,:
t)1~y will go out of themselves.
. . · , . _ .. --~ · ·f'C .
.,, •. Thos6.two·authors; have. each of .them the1r.mer1t.--- , ,. ,_
Five and eight· makes-thirtee'tlt; . b~ . fr?m eight ,l~vea..thte¢"~, '.·
t<llll• Reasons,wnole ·pleasure, all .the joys of. sense, - :·
If he ·goes to Saratoga ne:i.:t, week, it.will ~ake-.eight t1me8 that
Lies in three words; health, peace, and competence.
.he has visited that renowned watering place. -- ·; - ·'
:
h "A great ma.Ss of rock~ throw_n togethe; by t~e hand of-natu-re ·
,. I could not convince him, that , a -·forgiving disposition was
with wildness and confus10n, strike _the mmd with more grande.ur,.
nobler than a revengeful one. -:T .consider ·the first, one of:;the
brightest virtues -that _ever w~s or can. be_po~~ssed -by. I®n;} .h;!lr
tha~ if•• they- were · adjusted to- one another with the accur~~t;
symmetry. :· ··· "' ·"'" -· .
· '
·.. •.,." .-, · ·
,, .. ,., ··.·1·
The college consists of one gre:i.t, and several smaller. edlti~~ ·-·
A lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery ormur~~i'l
He ._would not .believe that.,l~o.nestyi was the,. best p9ijoy;,, -J
·
/~·t:Fhe-side A; -with ·the sides B a:nd C,. compose the_triangle!. :·. , _
The edifice was· ere.c ted sdonel' than· J, expec_ted .-it, to .h1we, been.
-.· Surely, goodness and· mercy shall follow me all ·the1days;9f •my
· If •some persons opportunities were never so favorablet itheY·.
life; and I will dwell in the hoY-!!e -of the Lord for ever. - · ;.' ,,,
would be too indolent to improve.
··
- ·
- ' · · •· ·:
If a man , have a ' hundred· -sheep, an<l · one of -theII1 be ;g0ne
~dit: is ·reported that the governor will come here to-m~rrow. '1 .
Beauty and ·innocence should be1never ·separated.• •' ·,· . ·~'''~~
a.stray, doth he ·not leave the ninety arrd nine; &c. ?
· "
Extravagance and ·folly :may . reduce y-0u to a situation · wliere
, He -m,ight have completed his. task soo.ner, hu~ he <:Qi:ild n9f do
·it better.
_~
..
.. . . . _. . . · f,
you will have much to fear and little to hope.
" ··- ·~_-::. ·;
-'"w Not :orie in fifty of eur modern infidels are thoroughly versed · · The most ignorant and the most savage tribes . of me1;1, .,w..be~
In their knowledge of the Scriptures.
.. : · - -" .._,.. ;;!• '
' tliey have looked round on the earth,.-:and -on- the heav:e11s, co.uld
not· avoid ascribing"their- orcigin .to some-invisible designing :cause,
-ii· V.irt~e and. mutual confidence·is the soul of friendship, ,,,w~~re·.
":-1u1d· felt •a · propensity · ~ ad?re _their Cresto~. .
· . . _'. ., -··!·,
these are wanting, disgust or. hatred often follow -little·differeJ_J.c,!l '
t':~
~.·
·. -. ~
·"
· '•. _ )
• '· An· army .present a painful sight to a feeling mind..
,.
.. -T o .do good to them that hate us, and, on no occasion, ·to~}' ·
revenge, is the duty of a chr~stia~.
. .
'.
:
''.; ·;'?" .
- Th!J .pq\~~e,;1'-~cco~p,lis)l_~~ ~J:i!lr!~n~;~SJ·Q~~; 1;1 1/?~ra.pl~~a ,d§t.all
CRITJCAJ/':NOT~s · AND OBSERVATIONS.- ..
his pleasures: the·rude inhabitant of Lapland IS nappier tlian1ri!11"
~ · . -,-. ,, .·-; ...
--~· ·"-<.;•
There-are·principleS' in man, which. ever-' have; and --eV61"'-WJ111
l.OBSERVATlON° 1. · Tbe fol!QwiJig a,b1>urg .P.~~ .~lflO!I!lll~ ti!~
incline-him-to offend;.·'·· •; . '• . ·;-it • r
• •.;.,,.. , '. • ,- :.. •:
.,,'1!11-Cred degk and elsewhere, a_l;lould be qarefW!y av.ot~.e_d ,l;iy .~ ~w;~~f'
'This is' one of the d~ties whiph re'q uires·great circudispec.
gii.rd ,cqqi~on ~eDSjl.~v;;I\ ~ing ~h,El-!W!?-A!'i({IJ;i,4 three ~t,.yepj}lS,'.'1,i._iflie4
1-n .
·
·
•
.
. ,• •
_'.as if there could be ):nore .t;9fin;un~ ~~t anq . Q~ !M!h . · ~h~r~f niai ~El.· a
1 h.
- .1- hey: that.,hqno:r. me, theupyi 11
. :,/., onor. ,,. : ·.. ~ \'., -~ i -_, ·~·' · ·
first t;wa, a second two, <$(c.; ·11 a_ fi'l:~t'.thre,e, -~ . seC((nd .(firee, a - last'~h?:ee. "
,_- Every church ~nd l>eCt h!\i_~ qpinio.p~ ·pe<;iill~I -!OJli~l'_\lSeh~;e_.,t
"Wit11in 'tbe tuio li;,st C!mturiea ;' 1' - .fl The seCQnd· sylla]:?le : of . the ·thr:ee.
. Pericles gainedrauch-,an f!.Scenciant10¥er .thii- mn:~~s . of,the-,A ~
.first words;'-' '"Tile' three jirsfof-these·orcthoepists have,Iio:i:ule .by.which
. ' their .pronunciation is .regulated :)'.""""'!.tlJ.e_.last'twa,centuries ;".,._',"tJie.-:t'i;jli!
4l.ialis, ,that he;, might; b.11 ...sai<i-to--attain --a .mE>nai:.ch.icl!ol1J>QWP, _
Athens.
·
' :. ·_._ -· ·· '"' ~ '' ·41'•"· .c•.~...., _,~- three words;" "the first three of these orthoepists."
r- .:·•· -· l. f..'< IDhou; Lord,-whohath permittl;ld affliction ti>'cQme u-poniuEJ[shall
' ui&. ·A<ljectives..s)loqld ~9~ ,be <Hsed-clts> .tixpr/lss.~the ,1;DaJ1ne~ . qf:~9P..
deliver. us from it in due time·. ,:' .. ·~-.-,-~ ,, .... , ... , ,.: 1 ·;•;.1~'-:"'- _
";The higher tile river, the SU!ifter it.. tJ.owf!;;: ."Jaip,e§ ·ll)a.i;n!J_, ~
· ', ~ That wiiter· ha.s gi·~ep :us·'a~ ~qcoll_rit 0 (t~~ - fuanner \iii ¥wU:~
: tha!.l. J:uliet1.. ~e sees _if&epe;r iflto the ~~ne Jb!J.p, she:".,--" the ,.more
''
·
·
·
•
·
..
• · · .:i
h. h ·· h ~JUI
· awiftly it.f:l.~rws ;''. '' le~~fitS mgre easily ;far-ther, i~0 ~e m,illstqll,e;'' ,j' He
christianity lia_s fu'Nl).(l,rl:y Q_eeiji-J>~pagateµ:if~o11g,,t ec: e11-t . ll+!~,,
conducted the boldest of any:"-" tile most boldl,y.·~ ·
. · ·
U*

,;..uf"

> ,,

:n:-.:

, -•

'

.,_.

•

.,

· '· ;·"

'.·"

•

.,,, .

,,.;,-

.,

l'98

CRITtOAL ' REMARKS.

s: ~ore".'.f~quires'th'an' after' it::

c'!'he"followin" sentences· ifre 1therefo're .
improper: "He was more beloved, but not so much adm"ir.e.d,- •atJ
Oi.J:i.thici•'~ "Richard_iil:rnqre 11ctive., . but not ·so Jitudious,. as. his ,comp¥1ion." The legitimate mode of supplying the ellipses in' these 6omtr.uQ7.
tions, will show their grosi;i impropriety: thus "He was more befOv~cil ·
as. Cinthig,;'.' . ·~ Ric~~~d is· n;iore ·~ctive .a s his c;mpanion," 4ic . . " :'."
.
~'. - ,Adye~bs, as illustrate~ on page 85, are generally substit'li~ for ·
. ~o or more words belongmg to other parts of speech.. "Will you accompanY..•me to .~urope next summer?" " Yes." "I)b ·you . believ.jl:
tha~· the voyage· will !.e store your health?". '·' No.'·' · In these:· examples,:
the .adverbs yes, 8:'Ild w, are substitutes for whole sentences, an.d, :therefore,, do not qualify any :worcls :iinderstood . . , Yes, in this instance, liter ·
~!y, me;il!.,S, '.'.I will accompany you to Europe next summer;" and
"I, fl,o.not believe that, the poya!Je will restore my health." Manl oilier
" ',., "'1
adverbs 11re often employed in a similar i:rumner.
'. 'Wljtrsar,, ~· iS Often improperly ' USeQ," instead I o'f the·. adverb ' flrst' :: ~f
good deal, mstead of, much, or, a great deal. ·
· ·
· ' ' .,/ I
5. A niCe 'distinction should be observed in the use · of .'IUCh> and. iso~.
The ~ormer may be employ~d in expressing quality; the latter, in ' expressmg a .degxee of the quality ; as, " Such a :temper is seldom found·"
"So bad a ,temf'.eC is l}eldom _ fou~d." !ll- the foilo"91'.ing examples, .fflr
sl\9\:1!~ be use4 ,mstea4 o~ suc~i.'. .' lI~ 1s,, such ar:i extravaga11t yo11;ng
man, that I cannot associate. with lum; " I never before saw sUch
ll\l'ge. trees."
·· ·
· · · '.fl
The· affected iise of cardinal, instead of ordinal numbers ought not
. 1'tat.e d. "0n page, forty-five; " "Look at page nineteen'"".....;,t
,
•'
to , b.,e 1:n,
.:11

¥, ·

forty-fifth, nineteenth. ·
·
· '- ·
· ' ' · " '. "' · · · A J •
- 6.- In the · :hoice . an? applic~tion of . prepositions, particular ·-regard:

should be p~d: to their meamng as established· by .the· idiom ·.of our1
language and the best_ .~s~ge. , '~In my proc~ed.inITT, I . )lave· :be!Jll;'
actuated from the conviction, that I was suppoiting a righteous cause·" .
"He should have profited from those golden precepts·" "It is co~­
nected_ to John with the ·conjunction and,"' " A ware that there is in
. the _mmqii of many, a strong predilection in favor of established
us~gest-;;A He~w~:made~ rni.ICh oi;i ··at Argos;" >',~They are resQlv~ of •
gomg ;_ The ram has been .rallmg of. a long time;" "It is a wor~
deser~:ng· of encourageme~t.. · These examples may be '· ·corrected •
th~; · .actuated by t~e convi?t10~ ;" "by those ·golden precepts;'" "1>y!
tj:i~ conJunct10n .!fild; "pred_
ilect.lon for;" "much ·of at Argo11·"
gomg ;'.' " falling a long time;" "deservin" encourao-ement."· · ··~'
.
7: The prepositi?~ to ·is used b~fore · no~ns of pi:'ce; wher!J ' theyfol ,
lovr . ve;bs or participles ;·of mot10n ; as, ·-« I w ent ' to ' ·washingtoD."·
But at is employed after the ·verb to be .,. as - " I · hav.e 'tb'een' at· Wasli"
.
""H
'
mgton;
.. e h.as. been to New York,' at '.home," ,&c. are . improper."
~he P.repos1t.lon ir; is set befor~ countries, c~ties, and large towns; "Ife.
lives ~n France, in Lon?on, in P!nladelphia, in Rochester." But befor~ smgle houses, and cities and yillages which are in distant conntriElll;'
at_ is co=~n!y used ; .as, "He. lives at Park-place;" "" She resides ri#.
_Vmcennea.· - People m . the northern states may say "They live ··iff.
New Orleans, or, at New Orleans." ·
'·' ·; : , ,.,1

·""mg

.
bs-•'Y. Uth"~(.40,Sfi
8. P assrve _a~e.nts to v..e r . µi e 1?fi~~ve .mQ?d,

sho~d'

not

:'

~

emplo.-i;fd!as acfjve agents.. .T.Q.e. follow11;1g~ar~ .solE;cJ,'IIIl~ i "/rpµ1,;b.,q~ to
let ; " Horses and carriao-es +n let ·" " 0 9ngre"-q has · mµch S~~ ,+~
1
pe:roml.~t!iiS' se8s_ioh ·;" be~a.u;;f'' the' ag~iit8,'
iior'ses aii&lcq~:;'
~_n-d .business, which are really.passive, are; 'according to:these •collii~
t10ns,-~~;ide,~ ¥, fCl:,iV;e, _! ~'!\El , ~X:Pf~ssio_nii.
s~ouJ«;I; p~~ '. l i:~QfWl c-.t"R
1
be let; ,, "Horses and' carnages to be let ;' "milch ~usmess '{;()"fie) iir-

hor;;e;

formed.

,

.U<,'l>lJfkP. n')

....~: Awiigu1TY."'7":_~' ~ othin'.g ~,more t<;> '.b!l d~iii!~d ·than wili.d9~.v~ot
liif!:CfllJI c~Q.',e,gt1 ~or ~ischm. is,9e.rt;i\i~Y. !;A9r\l. W.,},le qesirii...<1 ~J!'l}9~· ·
but as a figu~ative expressi~n,'.1~'i3 well est'.'blisned li:ria ~e~d~'thl1t,~l~
"A cro:w,JS a large.plack.bird,:'"·-alarge, b~ird:"i"\ 1 ''3rr-F,:'.!1 ''
'.'.I saw a ho:s.e-;-:-fl,Y: cl¥:~1,1g~ tfie wyi,\:\o~ :''.-! .~TI'· \l "l:rf.~efi.{I. ' lH! 1;_
I saw a ship gliding under full Sail tlirough a spy glass;" '! ·saw
through a: spy glass, a .ship,gijdi11g u.n der .full 8ail.' lJ'';,>' 11'.. . :!i:!::>.h '
·." Qne~may;, s~er how ,tjie; .w;o'rW go~ wit,J:i, )?.alf an,,eY!l·'?,d:~.R'\!P.fl'i s~
with half an eyE;; how the .;w?rlc\_go~?- " : '
, . ~, . ;ri·-~~ii?. ~".. , '.>'
1
" ~ , A. grel)Jt s,t;Qpe, ~l}at l. ,h~P,P~ltf~ tq fin?, .af.~r I!- !gn~ , se~CJii: Jly.;_U.\~
sea. shore, served me for an iincnor." ThlS arrangement of llie' .mem-"
b(;lrS ll;nd circumstances of'this 'sentence;- confines th~ 'speak'er's~eli'7'~~- t0
the sea shore; whfreas; he meant; "A large stone, whiCh,''aftefl '&" !Ong
search, I happen ed to find by the sed sho1'e, ·served 'riie•for an,anchorY ' '' ·
!.' I shall only notice· those called personal .pronouns;" : Lshalhwtice
<Jnly · those called personal pronouns.
· ._ ' ·
' " · ..
10. TAUTOLOGY.-Avoid words which add nothing tg the_,,B<µlSe ;.
suc!i asJJ ." Np?p extl,\nt, free gr,atis1 slow rnope 1.c<(ld snow,' a)1.0~ . &w:i, a
flowi1ig stream, .a dull blockhead; wtse sag~s.'" ' "I ari:i iust . i!-offii!'ro g_o
there;" I &.Ill about ·to go.
• · ""'"r·~·ri; ' : ·•~ · .~<Jt•f!I"> ,·J
1
· i L ABsURnrT1Iis " A.Ni>." :Ii.iP'n oPi:iiETris:"..:..:.." Fcan ieam lliifu'-'ma.ny
things." · Itou,ght' fu be; ""'I i:an t.each him. 11 • · To· learn, "-uri~<itquire
or receive information; -to··teach; rneans•to' 'communicate i~ : · ..;~..,i ~ff: er :.
: "I don'·t' think .i t is so." You do think, that it~is not so:,+,Jcfi':;,· !.
Evr:r, alwqy,s. .,''J. have ever b~en qf
mind." ,;l _.haye qz~,ayo!
been. Ever and always are not synonymous. Ever refers,, to,.,one in-

*

~?!W~ p~·.io,~ ,o~~e; -~• . ".It !l~ .~ ~z: b1mFe, ~ic~ .: ;·'l·,cµ~~f~~

'Jii.r.c:J:: pardon. 'The former signifies to release' from : aii' op1igatfoii:
which refers to the futiire; ·the latter,· uHorgive·a n'eglect~r'Cninet}ia£
is past. . "Excuse me for neglecting to·-call yesterday ~ " '[l(iir~e.
Remember, recollect,, We .'r=einemb.e r"a thing which ~.e · .retain in'. _-0ilD
rpind; Yle reco"/l,ect _it,. w:h§~, thoµgh 4av.ing. g?~~ :from : th~ .$4,..:we
have 13owe~. to J:aU?~ back. . ,. . , • :
_
.. •'~~,., ' ~·rt ,.,-n
,:' De/e~t, dffe;~r.icy. A ,thin~: wl.llch .~s in.co,n,ple0,,i!!-,-~y:'.\:>f)\f,j.&t~
is defective; atotalabsence ·of.thething,iS'deficiency. :'· '~" . ·· . ·
This subject will be resumed in the appendix to this work. · ,a.
0

·

. r:

i •;

'

,... ,._ :-., . , .,
;---~
). ~,

. . ->·

' ~ ,;;,;.

· I·:,. ·::-'; _..._ J

-·

-t; .._

_,,.. ,.

1_,I

'•;

,• ' . . .
,;,,,. >

~

C)~:.l : " fJ •£ t1'.1 1:; .,

tf

j, •
i

- . • _:

~K • -'

•

,f..

•
··· 1, .

..,, ; .

• ,

:~~:,~·

1.

...

::°'!\'

,;i•'.,<·'"

~:... . . ·': ..,... -~:\~ .-"":!.Y-1

. ~one~. Tones are d_iffer~~- ~%.fl~~_phasis and pau~e~; oon.
in the mociula,t1on of the voice, oi'~ the notes or. var1auo~ o!

s1st~ng

· sQund which 1we employ in·the 'expression ·of-·our ,sentiment.11. i' . ·
Eipp,l}as~ .affe.c~ partioulaT \W'Ol".ds 11,nd. pµFµe::i;; bl\t tonflS-fitf~t.
~entences, paragraphs, and s~~~_ti.rnes a whole ?!soourse. ,- ·!,. ' _l , . ,

: ( .. - t~ ;:. ... : · >. Yz::,,.. .. ~: ,,,..·,.,)·;>r.-'. /~ ;:. .~_,;;: l c~ '. N:n.t
.

·

..... i·· a1. ;,

~ u.

~

· ~·1· "', .• ,TT~C':F
)';· ~i\.'l'J~,l!.·.... ( ' ' t .c- --~" •' • ) •("!
'PuNci', '"' ~oN~"J •. tJ;i
:u.. ·· ~ ·: fdl '"!:l"! ''d r· "~ . 1
.. , '.tYr~~f '" W., ~1 ~h~ . ·; ·· ¥ iJ.t\le iWJt,~~~~~ ~1 :1
po~1t1on_ -1_nto". -~~-~tenc~~.' or: ·parf_s· ~f_ .se~~~~-!;es,;'/~.f> _
po1!1ts or stop~, ip . ~:rd,,~~- ~O}fl~~-~-!~~ . ~1-~~r~P:!-.P~J;"~~" '.
wlnch th~ sense ~d an 1;1ccurate g:r9nunc1a.t}On J e.. ..

..

P,.

q\ifref. "": : .' ::' .' ~:.~ ···~··: «:;:\ ·: ::· 1:;.'/._:·~- ~-.-"~ ~ -'· ,_ ;:.·:' .;·"'

;'J.:'4!'1 C~ ; i;ept;e,s~PUj.. t.~~· i~~~{~!lt. :P,!Ws~.i ihe. ~~ic~°'f';D,.
Pl!-:u.~i;i, d_o,1J.b_Itt. thitt qf .~~ ~qrrum1 ; ~-~w ~PQm'"~Q~Q.l~ "th~\.~f].~M!.. ,
semwolon_·; ~i:i.4 .~he .~ei;i~q., .tclo.u,~l.~.,t~at 1 9f ~~e. q~~9n. ; ; x -- "~. .i;-'. ~.

~uµc\uatmn 18, a._µiode,rn ~ - T.4\i an~1ti;i~.· \¥Brtl ..~~t11:-ely _ :y!l!Cq~~
w:i\h the use qf pqin~; an<l ~-ro1<1• n.ot o~Y .r<.\~.l\f an)'., ~ll!~~ctio~ _Iwe~"
be1 . and p~!1ods, but- also'wtthoilt any ~1Btmct1ofl of• word~: ' irhlA._cuat'I_i;it '
contmued nil the year 360. befoni r Cbrjst. - ._ How --the ancients · r~~~ ­
wo;~•,_ .written ~ this. manner, it. ~. ~~!IHY.: to c'?n~eiv.e . . Afte;, the J>rl\Cti~.
of JOllllilg words togetlie~ had ct;a.Bea; n<;>tes of diiinn.cnon wer? p_l~c~ a\ ,tl,i.o,
- end of every wpr.q.. , T]lis priu;tu:11. contm_qed a cpna1derabl~ tmuf. • ; . •t .1 _ ·
• -.&,s it'appe'!-rs tha,r t4e _pr,ese~tr.JlSa,g? of po~t& d,id µ~t ~e ~Jl""ife.
manuscripts andi monumental 'Ulsct:iptitil;lfl ;were'.1!e m11);:,ki!.9~"'Jf l;Dll~i>Al\!Pfi-· .
conveying knowledge, we mllll~ .co11clu<le, that · It WllJI., wtroduce<f. ~t}j'. 't\16
art .o~ pz¥lt~g . . ll;e)nir'?_d.u ~tigri .~as,)>;o:\V~"ief, wd~~ : _,all~~ ,,&.*'ts. . ~i~ '
&ot'' appear at 01ice:' 'The ' colonl senncolbn, and · note of-admiraeon ,: ~ere. ·
produced some 'time•afte"r the others- <;!llrud vllole.lset; as.they, ~w ~ ­
became .established., -;vhen-,lo;iarning-,and.;refW.ement, h_a d ._µia9.e i;;q;i@.q~ra~l!>
0

pro~~t · .,11 - ~~.·•. ..'.u ...~;-- t. t.!1

~ t~ :,;...,; -i.; ·; ~ -., 1.;.-,;, ~ ! n ·.,.-....- ~ - , . .; ~~ f · ~~ · ;i; -·
As the rules of punctua.tion are founded a.ltoge.~e~\Qfl;~~e:~~ : .
mMi,qiµ consti;uctiQ!).i of::11en\~n~~~. , ).b.eir., a.ppUi:iµjon. 1p~~s,up,~,
on t~e ,pa:t· of,.the ..st.~de~t; a .. Jmo,.~l~dge -. of. SY;.p.,~ , 6~~-b,\ _
they ·admit · of except10,ns,.-~qd re.qq1re. a ,,q~;:in,u~;. ;§X~ f.el.
judgrne~t . and lite,:ary.taAl,fe ~~.a,pp;l)'.il,l~Jh~ 1 Jiropeffr, !J.i~Y".~.@'.'?l
gr01;1~4!!l!tr.~ a.1?-,4·J¥~~ im.e i;~i\JH}i R~llMP a~1 ~He9t 19A· .~).'}~"'"' .., t .

· ,.'l'he g_rea~ .-i~p;or.tanc~. ~_K ~J!w~g,A, l'.t~Qrp~b 7..k~~}Yi!Wg!ti~.,

punct911?on, a.I\d .of att~nd1qg;Sti:1_c_~J: -~? ~~e ~:~Pi¥xati,_9~,~:1t~-!~f'1' ·
is established by the ,srngl,e fact, tliat _the rr;.ean.i"f!J..<if.a ~ s~,nt,,er!C_'f_,~T,

efte.n tOtally p1rverted by the'1 qmi.§rion or.. 11~isapplicatwn Of,pmrJl.s.

To i11ustratf;l: pie,,C~\frec~1,1eM:.9.f tjt,i~; rew?.,.r~. nu~e.i:oiw,,_.e:JJ;~Qlpl~
!1'ight be selected. The follo V) ng bOrder on-the ndIC\}lous: ·' I-Mr•
Jared H uiton havi.rig gone f9' se'a his Wife; qesires thii pr\lyers- of ;this
ohurch ;'' "Tryon,·who escaped from' tlie jai1 Qll 'Frid~y la.~t;:is':Z~

· ·P U:llOTUATION.

~rfd_' t'inip)po~fii_n;t~'~!~ ~~- heJfe1- ·1;N~1i :~e,j9~VP~ i5kt 'tJtfR!f.~

year& of age,.-has sandy1hail', light eyes, thin visa[J'e, with ·a shvn
iiose' tu'rned·up about six. feet high, &c.)' Corrected; "MrnJared
Hu_rtori,~ha:vfog · gone to sea 1 -his wife desires the prayers· of' this
c~mrch ;""thin visage, with-a short nose turned up, about -six ·feet
· · ·
·high, &c." "" ' '· ~· '· · ·
·'· Be.fore one enters upon the study of punctuation, it is necessary
for !um to understand what is meant by an adjunct, a simple sentence, and a compound sent.ence.
An adjunct or imperfect phrase contains no assertion, or qoes
not' amount to -a \pi:opositibn 'or sentence ; as, H Therefore ·!' '" stuclious.of1praise.;l!. '"in the· pursuit of commerce.''-For ilie ·defi.
njtion of a .sentence, and_ a compound sentence, turn · to page 119.
;f,'Wp.en ,two o.r more adjuncts are connected with the verb.in th!)
sarne ma~ner', and by the same preposition or conjunction, ·i:ne
sentepce Is _compou~d, an~ may be resolved jnto as many sirppie
ones .-as there are ad1uncts; as," They have sacrificed the'ir h~alth
an'd Jorttine ;'at ·t?e shrine .of vanity) pride, and 'extravagance.,,
But .when the ad1uncts are connected with th_e verb in ·a different
~!i~n~r;-the ·sen_~ence is 'simpl~ ; ,as; "Grass of an excellent qlflllif,_y/ 1g produced m ·great abundance' iii the northern reirions""of 'ciu~
P.9YJ.J.JrY
., ··.~, ·.. _:
b
...,
1' .iP ••': 1,,
! . ~;"! ~ 1.
n!

"t.11J .1.6 \ :

vU

Jt... V J

~·I

:..iv
1,.·

'

'A.r

~

·

•1

COD.I~!-

• ..

.Is 'certainly permc1ous';" '". ~here ·1s surely ·a. _p~ea.Sur_e m.lbenJfi_-'

cellce." '
• ••

.. ,~., .~..

: ...~i'i~r~u~~.i":. f.u~ctuation,--Id!en?ss is the great fomenter .of all corruP::
\1?!1S ,m ftie ~m,11:i-n ~ear~. The fru1nd of order has made .half his- wav 'tO
vu:tli'e. "' :A:llfinery' is.asiiinollitleness. ' ,_,. ·" '' ·· ·· . , .. •··
:•·n ·-.~ ,. •.,
·!!i .... J

. .,P:z.er.c~e1.-The_ indulgence of a harsh disposition· ·is the'' introdnctidii1

to

~"~!'Y-· ··· To -~ tota~ly mdiffe;e~t~tD praise o_r C?DBuf e -iB:a :~a~ defect
~g~. ~~ 1'I:h!l.!lllte~1xture ,of- evil · m ·human ·society 11eryes· ~-~xercia~
~!l· ~qff~g gracj\s lllld virtues of. the good·.
.

.

,

.

'

,.

!

.

:

\~

. , { ..

' __ :~ ·-'""

;

.r
=::.i.

·' RULE 3. ~V~en the connexion of the different. parts of;.a, '.aim.l

pl~ .~nten~e, 1~ ~n~e!rupted by _an adjunct of importance,r_tne ~(I:
JUnbf,,must:. ~e ?1stiqgmshed .by a , comn:ia before and after it·· -,1!$l
·;~~-~o~~: 1~, ii{ma~¥ respects, very imp~rfe9t.· · ~~,)~; j~e!efor,~,
rl& much P.ppl'O\fed. · . But when these uiterruptions· ar.e~ slight.

•

•

.-

.

......

-·

•

~~- :.!i'l· !;
•

•

.. ) ~ r\Jb1_.

-

~

-3

'!:,. l \,.i. :

E:urci1e1.-Lord-·thou hast · been our dwelling place -in· all · generii:ti~
Continue my dear child to make :virtu!!. thy chief study. ·Canst thou ·~xpect
t~ou betrayer of inno~en°': to" es?~pe "the· hand of ven~eance ~ "' Death the· .
1UDg of terrors chose ,a pnme mmIBter; Hope . the ba1mrof life:>.l!OO~'wl.
under·every misfortune. ' Confuciu8 the great Chinese phil080pher Wll/I ezirl.:;
nently 1good as~ell 11.!·wlse. The ·patriarch ·Joseph is wrillustrioDB' examplli
of true piety.
' ,,, ,,-' ' : "'"· ;.l.~..i ..
n1-

'

b....Wtf"-•'"'"......
":; - a · .- ' ,,,.·1 t;'; •1,. ..
f. . .• . !'. · . ~ : _, 1: .£.·>l~-t-. :.·:.• ~J.-•t ""~·-~ •"M"l
., RULE 2. When a .simple sentence is long, and the nominative
~~c:co. mpa11ie.d ~ith a~ inseparable adjunct of.importance, '. it<may
adm1~a ·comrqa>1mmed1ately . before. the -verb; as, \! 'Fhe goocktaMe
ofY h:e:pr-ese.nt.-age,-·has not allowed, us tq>ne[J'lect
the cultivation 'Gf
th
,..,;.. ris,~... rang-uage; " ·." T?O m.any•.·oj the,0 prctendedfriends~ip'a
.•. e~.g
ef yout/f, are mere combmat10ns m pleasure." .
. ' ~ ;r,frt

~·

~ !

I;· ,1

- •'.'

.

....

. , . ,.;,:· .. ~<.~ ... -·=·,~,•

·

•

RULE;, .4._,.::r,I,i~ norriJn!ltiye,c;lse ind.ep.eride.nt, ;and;no.uns1i.o.:,ap.
po!?ition- 'fhe~. ac;gpmpi,i.Qjed wi~h; adjl,Ulcts,-must :be..distiiiguiahed
~y ,coz:n~a,s_ ; .<Ls,'' .!Yfy, §011-, giv.~.: µie '· t.hy · heart ·;~! ~~~D~ai< r~,,J.
writ~ to. ex pr~~- my grat~1,1\le for, youqnany kindnesses ; ~hN,arn
obliged to you, my frienf4,.for :your many. , fay,~1 ; l',),~ .l?altl;'1he
apostle, of the ():ent.iles, was_eminent for his zeal and knowledge./ '
',').'he butte'ljlJJ.i ·cfii/4 o_f .~he:· symmer, fhHt,e rs in· the. ~uq;" :;;~1; '..,,
.,But if. -t1/./9 ,i;iou11§ iµ appositi9.q: are. unattended \\;'ith adjii.nq_ts,~~.
if they form only a proper name, they should .- not be separated;'.
as, \'Paul the · apostle, suffered -martyrdom;''· 1'-The "8~
{ejfer~on, wrote the : decla~!ltion o_
f , ll)Clepen4ei:i,c~.''_: - . ~.~- ;:,~~· .!"J

,.,.£JlLI~}'L.'J'h.~ ' n;~~per~~ of· a : ~~m;il~ ·sen~en~e:-8!io!;11Cl. ,n.1>J,)n
g~O,~iji,~J?.~ ..~P,a?,t<r~.. by a .com~;.. as, "E,very. pati ,oL!l!a~r

swarms w1Lh living creatures."

"1>',.;;

• •·

Exerci&eJ .-Charity like the sun brightena ajl its objects. Ge;ntleWllll-is
in t~t? the great avenue_to_mu~!'-1 enj~)'Illent. Yo1;1 ~o-~a~~ yo~f@mgs.
Humility and knowledge with ·poor apparel ·excel' pnde ana 1gno~ce Under
cpsfly.,attll:e." .1'he best: wen often experience· disappoint;tnen'ts'.: ·1Ad'rioe·
should be seasonably administered. No ~eP, pe~vlim!l'Ul_'ll.WllY.11.:hicle'
the real ch~ac~e~~ :· .·;~ :-: :~H· I ."• . , .._1.. •· t ··yt '"'!~ 1 ,,, ·.·,i n -"1,.\ n/ ·

,.

' RULE 5 . .The nominative case apsol.ute and the infi.nit\.v~;roood
absolute with their . adjuncts, a partiqi,ple with- words. -depending·
?n. it, an~, generally, any imperfect phrase wliich rr.iaY_,be;1'~~o~\re.~
mt'o ·a ~simple sentence, must _be sep<Lrat~d fro~ 'th~ -rest 'Oftlj,'
~ptence by~commas. ; _as, ~~ Hisfa~r dymg, he succeeCl.e«t·w th~
estate,;-'! ,; '-T,0 .confess.the 'tr:uth;.l was .·in-fault ;!! ·'·'· The-!ltin~1 d~
proving-.tli,e :plan,-·put · itd n· eKecution-;V ~'-He;' having•'ftnisl1i4,-YifJ_
ac_(l..demical course, has re.t urned home, ·to pr9sepµt~ hilfo:oJ:.~,~'l.
StUdies." · ·
·
..·f· ·...- ..: ;··' .o;· • . : .- ·\"' ~ ':', ~-J ....... ~ . ~r {;;"f'. ~ u--' 4
... E,..,~rcise1,-.Peace .. of ·nllnde.be~g"se~u;ed we .may ·~le at'~o~~c:
T-O:enJoY preB<l.n~ pleasure h~ .llllfrjficed_ h18lfu~~- ease:and.'tepu~'t,i~'t'1l~
talents {onned·for 'great, enierpnses Could>•noe'fail·of' tiindenng·~118Ploe
ll~US• . The path of piety an~ virtue' p_ursued .wi~h ·a finn and·_cohB~~- ~p~~l
will assuredly lead to happmeSB.· All wankind compos~ one family ·1111e;or
bled under tha eye of one common Father.
' l "-''.'' • 1 · C:.."1 ·Nll'.lli. · ·

csm. ··ou

-". 'RULE··6:":'
""~:'·,.!PJ>~~
i~ j;:
· ' . . ' ; .A . ' ... P·. _11"il'"f$eWien8e'~"
" " '•
·~~S't't'~'re8o1V'M
,., ...f~-i::.;11
ones by placmg coµu:~as between:- i.ts members; . as;. "·:T~et#e~y;,:;
the ·wE.Ste,.and' t~e-!lissol~tio~ ·?r~~~la~t· m~~ atr«;;_c! 6~!,_..sJ>j[}~;
and suggest a tram of serious reflecuons!
~- ·
C• • •

. . . . . . . . ., ,

""'

204
I

.

PUNCrti:Al'l9l'l •

·~

. •'f;O)'.{!Jl .or l;JlOTe nqtp~s, yerb~,
adjec;tiYf;lS1 participles, or ~d,yer~,
1

cio~ll'ect~d

by fOI.J.jUq~tions,

exp~~Ssed OT UDdl;lrStOoi!i musq~ ~ep­

arated by c"ommas; as,!' The husband, wife,* arid d1ildr8n,t suf,
.fi;i;red irf:!mely ;". "In a lette,r, we may advise, exhort, cori1fc?rt,
r~@:
cl ~jscuss ';" "David was a b'rave,"'wise, and ·p1ous m:i:tj;; '
1
'~ .
f.l;laring,.s.~,rving, and loving his Creator,.lives' for a .rio.ble
• p.ur.j>ose; ~· "Success generally depends on acting prudently,•stead.HJ;' a·nd 'Vigorously, iri what we undertake:" ·"'··.,'"'·• ,._., · · ,,.,
.
·'.f\VO or· more nouns, verbs, adjectives, participl~s, or '!tdve'rbs,
. 00cµI'ring fa•the same-construction,' with their eonjU:nctions under, ~~~··mu11t' be ~eparated .by commas:; ~as;""! Rei;tsonr-virtue, _'il.?s~eron!J great aim;·" :.! ' Virtue supports m adversity, moderates m
prosp'Eirity ;" "Plairi, honest truth, needs no artificial covering ·; "
''.:We are fearfully, wonderfully framed."
,,... · ~·.
t~- ...., .... · ,...: ... . ... .

•

• ·

~- ~ ~ • . .. :_- .. r

....

·1

~·.;

l

._ ... ,

E::cerci&e.r~..,..,-Yf.e,

have J;!() reason.to .complain of,.the. ~Qt . pf µµ11p/,or .of ~be
.~~q!li_ty: .'!f. the world. Se.n ~ua¥ty c?ntamina~s the body. d~pr~sses, the
understandmg deadens the moral leelmgs of the heart Blld degrades 'man
from bis·rank in creation;··· ' <· .,,,.
· •
. ..-.. ·:· .. ,,,.;
'. li
,.. ~lf..oonceit PlJ'SIUilption and obstinacy blas~ the pro~pecU! of many; 11youth.
He is altern<i~ly supp_or\eq by ,~ia fatper his _!lllc\l! apd ~. eJder,b!f W.fl,r·
The man of. VJrtne and honor will be tmsted relied upon_ an<l esteen:ied.
Cop.sciol!Jl guilt renders one mean'spirited timorous and· base. . A,n ·upright
· mind, will never. be at a loss. to discern what is jus.t and . true lovely .honesl
'- !4llil pf,.good : report.. . Hahira . of reading writing aud thinking ;lll'e<th11..dnd.i&. P!lJlll!l,ble<qualificationa ofa goo(! student. · The great business of life is. to,be
eipployed-iudoing jilstlyloving mercy:and walking h"wbly.with our CrE1ator.
'fo-lil!e soberly rigbteonsly and piously comprehend• the whole. of .onr duty.
In our health life possessions connexions pleasu res there u.re c~u~s of
i...illtlTb1f co~ectneS11 and importance of this rule appear to be !\<> obvio'us; as
to-render it .nota.little ·surprising, that any writer, po.ssessi.u~ the leas.tdegree
qf .rhe.i<>rical . taste,, sbou.)d.,rej~ct , ~t. I,11m ·!>pld to 51ffirm, W.l\t)!. is <q~ed
~~~VWY'.~~rrect re\l(ler Blld S,Peak~r; .!fnd :r:et, strang,e ap.it,may ~c51, it .i:i!
' g0\leriill.Y: "10lated by thos? prmt~r~ who punctnate by tlie enr, 8lld all ot4ers
. Wlio 'are influenced; by1:he1r ·permc1ous example; thus, ·'I The b.ead, the; heart
. ~ the -han<li, .should. be . constantly and actively emli'loyed i.n do.i ng good.'~
WbJ,4o. ~h!l_j ll.P.t~t. the comllla-:whtlr'l .the <;onjunction,is under~Jood -7,1- It
ronl~ be d.oin.~ no grea.t er violence to the principles of eiocuti6n'; t.lii1s,'
'The head the heart and the bands, should be, &c." or thus, "The' bead tho'
heart, and the bands, should be employed," &c. Who does not perceivo
- ~,t. ~e . ,J.W:~r pa\IS0, :"W_heJ!l th~ co~junction is exprel\Sed,.is as .i:i.e«e"f.1ry so
. ~'?Jopn,ei;, ~her~ \h? cpnJunctlon IB understood 1 And, sincii this. is the
c~" 'l'.f~t f8Jr .ObJ~ctlon _Cf!Jl l>Jl.made to the follpwii;)g ll!ethod· of punotua-.
~on 1.. , .The .head, the lieart,.and. the hands, should .b e ·eonstantlym nd-ac~re\y,,~'fployed ?i. do~g go11d ;" :." She is a )IVOmar., gentle, sensib!e, well·
, .. educate~, and religious.
. . , .
.: . . ~ , '·
· t ~ a conaideraq~e pause .it\ pronu!J.ci<1;tio~ i.8 ueces.s a,7 bet;eep the)ast
:i~un and th!" verb, a comma sbou!d ~e mserted to denote i.t ; ·but as no pause
· w'. allowable betwti011 the last ad3ecnve and the noun or between- the · last
~verJ;> and.tbe.verq, t4e c.o mma, in such instani:iea,ia. p;operly.oJUitte<l.;; .tthus
! DaVtd was a b~ve, wise, ani:! pioµ1 mµ.n."
·
'

.

deca¥i·im~~t:i9.l)'l .wt~:' . Jl~~\~,,aki~l,yt;~f'.lf~\i~Pr·' .AA
idle trll¥J;ig !!PCietr.. \II Jle\U".•~ 1\R.~\l~, ~.}!!-,!;~5.'WJ0~;,., -··· ·~ ~f.-J>.t~rson bad been seriously affectionately aai:ionlSueu u~t 1!'1 ~!411-

, . .;·
.. RUL~ , 7 ~ . Com,p8rfatiw, .s.~nterw~!l ~h?.se me~ber~. arli,"!!~2f1'
and. ~E\nte_nce.~ .._cqnnec\ed .with rl)!a~ye,_;PJ:'Ol!~\!-1\5. t~l1·.
, , oA
w.hq;>.~ !\µt~ti~~I.l~ ~ r~~trifte,<;! .9f ,.l,\ffitt.e.,i .W\.O
., · .~P.~.
~qµ~,
h ·
·
• s "
r'ilian
sho.ul..i4 . ,iot bE} !>tiP.a.ra~$) d. ·~
~ 1 a. r:;o~.•·
!\ .i ,· ,., -.~...1 om
.~~<"· . ,..,.~"":t!."'
riches;"'' No .preache,r~ ~~· l!e S4G?~(ql ..a;>,.4W~~~,. ···~~.~13.W~
what Lhaq r~j.1t,f(t~~ ;'.'· ;~,$#lJ;~~~11i,1"~· t!Je" fqftifi..c.~ ·1~~t~u.e,

must. Jn.a,ke. ; ~' . ': Su_b~fP.2J .f,t;ot\1 , n;l.l!-,lfY; . l\}Qd~J:l:\>~4~~·"''i~~ ~y

be found .in .Shakspea·re, .apd .ti;ash .w.ill,,.re.i;p~!I),. i ·· '*"'¥-'\J.~: ~ . ~r. ;!:'~
In this · last exan:ple,_. t~e.,~n1?n·
is not of "ma,n in general," ,but .of "the m~1'.... who.~
~ 11J~st
esteem."
·· ... t . · · ·. ".·.' -. --·· ·-~:· ."' .. . •·• l . ri~ .. .:tr•. .
But when the antecedent is used in a !ieneral sense; ~ ci>mma
is properly' inserted before ;th'e-.relative ;' as."~' Man;;~lw·~~n of
a woman is·of few days; and full of trouble ;" "Tqere, is.n~ i:J!.arm
in the fe~ale sex, which-can supply the place of virtue.'? . -;;.·~
·This : rule is equally •applicable to . constru?~ons in ~hi~ th ~
1
relative is 'understood ;'·as," Value duly the pnvrleges you enjoy;;
, ··.• "'· ,,c)
that is, I' priytleges W~!clJ,°.you. enjoy.''

man wlwm you mo&t ~stee.m."

r.o ..

· Exerci•e•~....;How much better it is to ·get wisdom than goid•! The ifriend-

~hips of thif ·world· 'cruFex:ist ·no longe.r thaiv irit.orest '.Oe~ents •them•.;~t

whut is set before you. They who ·exC1te envy will easily mc?-r cenSUl'e.'."'4 A
m!j11 'wl;io ~ .of· a detracting spirit will misc_on.stn~e the m,~t·:P11.1ocei;tt l'I'~"
that can be put together.. M~y of the evils which o.cc~101t .oo/ ~.omplajiits
of the world are. wholly n:nagmary.
.
.. ..
The gentle mind is like the smooth stream which reflecll! eY.':'1'.. <.'bJ<;C.\ m
ill! ~u 8 t proportion and in ~ts fairest c<_>l.ors .. In that unaffe<lted civih,~h1ch
sprpgs from ~· g1'z:.tle mmd .th.ere' IS' an mcomparable charm . .1 !Ibe~ _Lord
walm l'·serve IB eternal. ' This IB the man we saw.yester.day. " """ ,,..•• "1

· ·~ uLFi. 's,.. \Y.:hen· hv.oW.orilii.o.f ilie'8am'e . soit;· a~e: eo~~~tw!7!>Y

cbnjunction<expressed,. they: must not be se~ratecl, ,;.:-as,,'lJ;.iher­
tinf, ca:II z:eligion, bigot;y·or suyerstition. ;'' ".True:~~~rth:~s. m~­
esGanlI' retii:ed ;""The ~.tqqy of. l!aty:al ?1~t?171... ~~P..l1P.$,,,.<wd
eltyates the mind;" .~:, Some .w~n. s1µ delr~erately;. ~ p.f~l.IUlptu­
ousy.'1 ,, When . words: are.· conn~cted 1: in :' pahr~;:,t~e .pairs· ::only
shcild be · se·parate·d · ; "' as,~"'.". There ·rs· a n!\-tura.J~d1ffe_re. n1'?e ~pet1!,een
'
· ·
~,.. · ::1 " ·" • "'' • •:.i·" .... 'nil
rr··-~ •rw1 -;tt:".
tlf~\.t a..rµiA~~~rih.Y.~li~ ~: ifl£"1J'\{t~~.\\'.h~'<!?ITT1d. ~ba.,, ·"" 9,,,'Y..;j,~ :r,.;\f>· l..~er
we 'at or. dnnk,Jabor..or. sleep, we.s ou. , e .. tempera.t~, . . ." ·~
Bit •if· the ,partsJconnected,>by a ·conjunction are not'-1sho~,Jhey
ma)be separated by a comma; as,·• Romances· m.a:v.' b~ ·sa:1(f'to'be
mis~able rhapsodtes; pr,~apj,~r~?s ' iriq~rit~y~s.T:: e.~~l't~' ·~,'.-~.' :
R'

1

rc

E~rcise•.-ldleness : bring~ forward and nourishes·;many b~?'p8.ll8lons.
Truefiendabip. ~vill.-at -~.. tilpes,avoi<;l.a ro!!ph or carelell!'·behaVJor;'. · ':-1.ealth
ancl ~ace· a mouerate iortuoo and a few fnends sum up all the und .1lbted

lS

l'UNCTU"A TION.

aitjcl~ ;0f;t"._~}'o~ '·fe!i~ity.' Tru~ '·is· fair . a.ud -artless . s1mpie BD4 flinoero
·nniform •8:nd cons1Stent:·· · Intemperance destroys the strength of our-bodi.is
and the \'lgor of our mmds.
- ,.
·· ·
. ..
· ' ....< .,,

: \~ R,U,~E 9; 'Where the v'erb of a 'simple member is understood,
a '?omn!a ~. m~y, in ·some instances,- be · inserted; as, ' J From law
ar1~~s~.,,s;~~unti'. ? _from s~~~rity, curiositJ'.; from curiosity, know~
~~~f.3~:
~~t _m, others, 1t 1s betterto omit the ~o~ma~; .''.'No -sta_..~Of!'}s. ,sp _
fogh, ~o~power so gr~at, no.~haract!'!r so tmblem1shed," as
to exempt men -from the attacks of rashness, .malice, and ·envy:"
' ~~!'~erci'se•_.:._Ks acompanion he_ was severe and satirical; a8 afrieridl co:p. .

..

.lii~us 1ll}a dal}gerous. '.If -the sprmg P';lt forth ·no blo88oms ;in summer;ther,e.
will!be no beauty. and .m arrtm:nn no f~wt. ·s? if youth be trifled away .with·,
'!&RPR 0 v,ellj_6Jt,t
·.!fl"-&JW.~d .~'Y'· .i:ll be.· coi:~.mpt/Q!.e.
llPd.old,
age
J!Pserable.
·
'·
· ._... ~u .. - · ·
'
..., :..t; .1.l
..,
~

'. RlJ~E 10. When .a simple member stands ~s th~ obj~~\',qf ~ ~
F.ecedmg verb;1and -1ts"'verb may. be. changed ,UJ.to3 he.j @!litive
inoo.dJ;.the, ·comma »is · generally omitted ; ·:a_i:i, i' ~..-suppPs~}lclhY;4'
ust;.' changed, "I ·suppose .. him to :be at. re§t ..~L .,:,, 10 d ;r;_, 111 .~'~'
But when the .verb to be.is followed by a verb in the infinitiva'~o.od) which; by tr~nsposition; may · be made the. norpinatives !lse .
to :1t,"..:the ·verb to be 1s generally separated from ·the - j.nfinitiye by ._
a comm.a ; as'. " The most ~,bvious remedy is, to wit~1drri1!! fro]!! ~ll
a~~°:l(l,ati.ons. w,zth ?ad .mm; . " Tjrn first al).d most ol;iy.1c,ius r~megy
agamst the mfectlon, IS, to W!thdra, W .from all associ~tions With' bad.
rilen.~ ue~• ... ,

.....

.-r :

~...

-·

1

,

~

•

-;'

:-~~.·..... ...~

7:r ···

·';~~~b'i;e&.~Thetbeli;;:ved~ ?e was 'dei:d::

He di~ rlof~~ow that~ Was ~ '
mD.rl! ' f'knew she was still alive. The greatest m1Sery IB·to be condemniJd '
by Qur qwn hearts. . The greatest misery that we can endure iS ·to be cc\n:

~e~~

b'

o~: RW:U -1!~~· .

.

1

•

_. '

•

. .

•

•

. ' ..
_

. ,
••

r·~

!"'
r··.

l.n,•_L,-!>ii' ··.·-.1 . ~ "''-·
· NO,T;J<;S,
.,., ,· . . , , ,. ,,
1. Whe~ a .conjunction is -~parated. by: a phrase o~ member ·frQ
m.lhe ~w;.~
~~ ~ -~~1c)l 1t,b~l.o_ng~, such mterv,.nmg phrase appears to 'i"quiri; a CO!l\'l'.la
n . ~S1ti l'.xtrei;ru~Y;·;, ~· " Thez ~et o?-t early, 'a nd, before the clos"e ol! the' di.y,
ani+ecl"at the: ~estitied place:I'· This rule, howe'ler, is not generally.follo'l~
by~_ur·:btil11t1wnters i ':18• ·!' If- t1!-QU. .seek, the LQi;d" be ~ -be f<?und, oj\~
. ~t"
b,14 _1£ JBO!f foi;:sake 4im, he will cast the,e off fqr ever;" "But i,( the
ta coqnecteCl are not short a comma may be inserted "
' · 1 ' " \ , ,, ;><tl
1
~ l?.'l~e.iiil,'Vei:bs sucdeeding·each. o_ther'in the u;finitive·m'ood / and ha g •
!If ~mO!l'<'dependance,· ma:f be · dmded; by commas ; .as,. •+,To! relieve.~11-,

ipcij9~to,~mf()l'Mhe ~at:tl1cted;-to prp~ct ~e- ~nocent,~~. rew~~ ~1.S~;

llf-~~ human?,Fif. nf'.9.lr;i ~°1pJoyp1en~. . . .

.- ,. :, , - ,. .,,
- 3'.'' :A'.' remarkable express10n, ·or a short ·observation somewhat in ih~r.mi
of a, 1uotation, 'm ay •be property marked with' a c~mma; • as;i• It' h •a '
~B ~ride to say, I do not kn:ow_;'h ". Plu.~rc_h calls lying, the vife of 1l N ·"
'" i'· i~ !wn words are placed m opl;'os1t1on to each other or with om~

~k~ variety-, ffi~J :n~t,~~:A~iii;i~~lw,4. RP s~mrr.i.a ; 51 ~: ;· ,'.

: :; ·

. / .... :; Th()' d~ep,_ yet clear; tho'. gentle; yet not dull ; · '·'
· , .;q,' '
· ·! i,sl..ong, w1thont rage; without o'erjlowing,jull." " ,,._ . . ,~'.JI.
J.{fqcla.%1!~,'fo;, t~i~ frail; imp~i'fe?t stiit,e ; are often found, not >c)nly-· "oitinth. bot Ul llppos1t1on lo, theJv1ews nnd concluct' or each'othei<.!' - .•. ,
..-1H

2Ui

209 -

. NoTJil •....·lu, iµ~~ like the (ore;;qjpg,.,1?8.I\Y respectable P\lDCtajs~ <,llllplgy ~qe- cplpµ, lll$te!¥1 of the $Bm,icolon. .. - • _
, . ·: .
. .. I
.:~- u....~··
·
coLoN.
~
~
/T

•••

•

.'tHl·

I •

• "

..

:

:.,lrr·

...

,- ·;r,h ~;'Q~l~~ .i~ ',us~d t_o divid: a · ~en.tenq13" into t~vo _or·mqr~ ·parts

Iess_ ..~9~.Ft~d tJ:ian .those which are separated ·by ·a" serriwolon ·~
b~f not .so independent..as separate," distinct sentences'

".':: .. "' ... ;.

\f!JT'~~f;' ~V_h~n· a. ffi(lrpber of a sentence' is complete in: its.elf, ·

~4f:. WlJ~w,~~ ~y .so~.e .~upP,~e,~enta_l 1:em!r~, or farth·e rrillustration

of.~1f'.,~J3.~J~c;~,.the _colon i;iay ~e pi:operly eh1ployed'; as;:" Natu·re

felt h9~;}~ab1l~ty to extncate herself from ··the ''ConsequeQces of .
gu~t. the 'gospel revealed· the pl arr · of diYine internosition .and•

8ri~.:·~."'~ '.'. G,rea_t work~.are performed, not by strength; but by per!·
se~e'fa_pc~'. : yondei" palace was raised by single stones·; yet you
·· .
-·
··:,
, · .,
see' its height and .spaciousness." · ··
I

-.

~

J.

Ii

,

t,

, •

•

.

,

•

E.xercise&.-Thii three great enemies tci tranqwllit;r are 'vic.>stipe'rstitfon
and idl_e~eaa vi_ce' whi'<;h P?i•o.na. · a~1d ··disturbs ; the· mriid· with• bad1 passions
snp~rsuuon wh1c~ fills 1t with unaginary ·ten:ors idlenelill wh~~ _.!o~- it with
ted10usness and disgust,
:. .
.. .
W~<;n we look forward into the' year which is beginninu what do we beliold' !l!ere 1 All my prethren is a.. blank to onr view a dar\ unknow:q .pre-

ae.µ,ts 'l.~~-

·

•

.

;"

-

NOTE.

. . . .:

•1

.

-t.~~;'-.~~~t;.U. ·~·v ..:<J ~-· ·iO-~ .

.,_ :."' '":i...,-0-J!J.'t . . .:

y:·-~t;

h

.

.

.

.

.

·~

,

. . ~~(J.,4IJIATofl.V l"OINT.

'

.

.

The note of exclamation is applied to expre,ssions of Sl}dqen
emotion, sUJ'prise, joy, grief, &c. a"nd somet\mes to invo9ation:>
and addresses; as, "How mu9h vanity in the pursuits· of men !"
" What is more amia.bie than.virtue!" · '"My friend ! this conduct
amazes me!"" Hear me, 0 Lord! for tjly:Joving kindness is great!"
""

~

i'..- Ii• ':

I;

aF.,4\:ie;~~~:ti~~;u~ful

A. parenthesis is
remark, i?if h :m11-y, be o_mitted . wit,hout · irijµr\~g the gr_am.n:ir.-~,i~al ~~nstruc_!iq.P ·;
as, "To gain a posthumous reputation, is to save _'a fe"_Y ett~rs
( fo~ ,!fqa\)~-~·.11!1-\Il.e g~~iq~~J) Jr9f.1~,Q?!i :.t~q:" . : ,~- . . ·, _, ~.:t ".i.'t;
·" Know, then this. truth;. (e.PQllg~ io.r-. ~,l\ll: t..0)~1;10,w,). '>1-'i<>·'_. ·-}
•
i "1
" · ··· , · ·
· i..
. ,"Y'
r.. 1iw~ ~.1qne.'. 1s .~~l!:PP~~S~tu,~\~\' !1 " 'i\i•'-' . , ·,, ___ .; !-'''"' ,.,~:.- .

a~ .its close; as, "Fear God."

"j

.:

The interrogative point should - not . b.~ employed in.c~s ·":here

why l.;wept.

. w~~;l} I\ ,s~nt~Q_C~ !~ . co~plete, and' SO independent a~ not to be
co~n.ec_ted _w1th the one which .follows it, a period should be inserted
"Honor the . patriot."";"'' Re§!pect ·
virtue."
·
·
· '
: l,p. th~ ..use oJ m,a ny' of 'the pause,;, there is a diversity'.'o f: practice_ among ·o ur best · w:riters and-grammarians. Compoul}.j:l. sen.
t~nc~s oonnected·· by conjunctions; -8.:rei so~etimes· .di11rided1,by 'the
peri&I' ; !is;" Recreations, though' they may be·::of. 'an;.-irinocent
~in~, r,!)qqjr~ ~teady go~.~rnm~nt.,tQ.· ~eep - ~~~~ WiJhfn a 'due and
hm1ted· provmce. . But, such. as.. are of !J.D irreg~la.r. and vicious
•"-1w.tqr~; _are. ,noi· to be. go.v erned, b.ut 1 to .qe,, l;>an.i,sh!!d f r0m &\Wry
· ~~l-r~gQ!ated • mind.' " ·· ··•
.1
,· '.
..
'·•<, .. ::
:<I'he. period should follqw eyery _ abpf!JV:i~~~ ~ord .; as: «' A.~ D.
N. RU. S. Va. Md. Viz.
'"';..!; Mi:" 1 ··:~·"'.""·..····'. ·;,,-,",•. ,... ,,..
. rr, , 'r"t:I , .,.,v v ,• ..ir,_. , ;' ...: . .... h ,, ,,:..~:-,....,.l¥ ), ;1.-'·~

.

is only_said, ~?at a question has been. asked _;_ as, ~ '. The Cypnans ·l!-Bked,:me,

':r· ,

PERIO,D.

-

INTEKROGATO.RY POIN·r.

and_a · st.i~l greater pau.~e- is necessary, in order to mark .the .c on,
n~r;:tihg' Q'r' concluding sentiment, the ·colon should be ·applied ·. as ·
"A di.vine legisl~tor, ~tte.ri?g hi~,y~~ce .fi:olll, ~e,a".en; an. a)mighty
gq,v~Xl):Ql;~ st~e\9h111g forth his arm .to pun!sh or r!Jwarq; mforminrr
"'s 9.f .Phl~.IN~t.a,ial . rest prep.;i.red . for th.e righteous hereafter; _anC:(6l
indi~~}iOJ?, '.Lnd I W~'f!-~h ~,\','.O,itjng the Wicked : these are the COnsiq.'
eratwp_s . wb1ch overawe. the world,. which support interrrity and '
qhecJs guilt.'?,
·
·
· ·
·· - t:i - ' • .. ,
. ,.

.

The note·of interrogation is .used at the ~nd.of .an interrogative
sentenc~; as, "Who a.domed the heavens with such exquisite
bP.auty 1"
.' '·
. . ..
· : · , ...

... .

_RUI,..E 2. When a semicolon has preceded, or mor'8-th;tn one,

. - ·i-1 ''

·.

The· Dash, though often used, improperly by hasty and incohe.
rent writers, may be introd4ced with propriety, where the seoteqce·
breaks off abi:updy '; wh~!E! a significant pause -is requii:ed.; O!•.
where there is .an,,mexpected turn in the sentime.n ,t; as,". lfJ~o\1
art he, so much respected once-but, oh .! how fa!le.nJ, h<4~Jl.ig.~.
ded !" "If acting · conformab~)'.' ·.to the_ wtll .of.o1:1r Qrea1ft;;-rif
prumoting the.,• w~lfar~ pf, J¥~kmd ~OU~d ~ ~-· ,~f SeQ,\1?:JQg .f,i:r -.
own ha.ppi,oess ;~.are . 9bje,ct§ of .tp!lJ1ig~e_s~.J¥O?,len~: t~~..Q.: W~..;l\r~:·,;
loudly called.-\lpon to,:cultiv.a.te. l!-Ild .e xtend .the .great ...mte.rµts-,of.
religion an.d ;virtue.'!- " . .
.,
. .
. ., ' . : \
A dash following a stop, ~ep.ot~s that the pause. is to be 8,r~~t?,~
than if the stop were alone; and when .use<! qy)W_tllf, J:~.q.\Ur~'- V.
pause of such.length: as .t he sense only f'Rfl _ rlP.termi~,~,, - .
''•.
. ·/ ' Her~.Jie~"the &"re.at,,,..,-Fal:ie.. marhlrv~ her~ t , ; , ,,, :. • · ·:,.
· "Nothmg--·but-··sord1d dust 1hes .- here.'! ' ·-· · , ·".. ~ ....--.

.

~OTJI!··· T.h!l ' p~P,nth~sis .g?neJ:ally; d,eQQ~ a mod!'~t11 ilef;re~w» of~.!h«i:
voice j and, a~ the ;1arenth~tica! .• n111,r~~ -~<>.~ n.<?~t . surplv_,th/:' p 11c~. <:>r,'~_pomt, ,
the ~laµse should ~~ ~9.~~ml!\l~1e~ w;i,th e':?:(; •.top ,wh1?h the .. sei18e_ won!~ ·
reqmre, if the parenthetici:il cliaracten were 'llt>t' used~ It ·ought' to tBf!IW ·
nato with the' sarp~ k;ind of ppiu~~..Vh:ic1J: the..m~m~~}:°
that pr.eced~ i,~' ~
"He lovesfn ohly;,(I •pel!k of fne~1,1~~l.l») who ~ not.J'i~l?\l'\,TI'fl:~&! ilS t.11 .
pfirlllert o 1ove. . . ,
. .· . · . .
.
.
·
.
· h ' . I ' (' 1·r' ·r' 1.-.-. ~ ' ·!b· ).• w!" '· ·' "" ~'.'' •»;; ' ~• i. •'.'>i" ._
" 0 .r "Yll~ s,o oitg 1n ue 1, · .~~g.~ a:? . e .... ·,.;
;./ '·
·
·
4l
"Lent lleav'n ·a-··parent ·to ·the ·poor and me1
·

1vis:

..
1

.

18 ..

;

210

211

VERSIFICATION.

~a~nthes:s, .bnwever, contaiuirig •f;ne1:~ogations or exclnmationa, furm !ill
?xceptl-On .to thi~- ru.l e; .as,. .., If' I.graut , his request,. (and who cogld refuse
tl.'L) ~.a.ball !!<lcure h1& .este ~m , and attachment."
··
•·

.-i,.';, i>-,< ': ..u.•osl.'~OP.~~ ~~p QUOTATION: ..
.. ..
1
:.:•The Ap?strophe ,is .used to abbreviate a:wo1:d, :and.-als.o to
t~e. pes~ss1~e,~case. of .a , noun; as·, "'tis, for f4 .is;, ·tho,' for though;
°_'.~ -for .oue~; .111:A.ma1!' .s poverty.'
·
"!
.,,
.
- "'A Quotat10n' marks a .. sentence taken in the author's own Ian.
~~age' ; as?' "The, prop~r study,of mank~nd is man.':: ..,., " .
. · W·hen an author .representi: a person as speaking, the .language
of t~at person s~ou;~ be designated by a quotation; as, At my
~n~mg; 1?, l~e sa1~, Yo? ·~nd the physician are come too late."
AJ. qu~tat10n contamed.. w1thm another, should be distinguished by
two single commas;" as, "Always remember, this ancient maxim·
,.,~~'?~Y thyself.~-~'. ;.
. .. " ,,: .. ·;
. . . ·
·..
· ·

marl<

~IREC'I'IONS FOR ~ljiINq -"~PITAL L~~:.:~ns.

It is proper to \:>~giI,l 0 }vith.;~ 1 CJlpi,ti~J,, ..... ,

.. , ,
ey~rY, ~!!1Jt}l IJPe,. .. '. • ·, ·. ~ . 1 • .
._.2...tfo~er names, thi; !lppeJlatio~s of t,h ~ ,Deity,' ~c . t as, '' Jarnes,
~mcmnat1, the _Andes, ~uron ;" "God, Jehovah, the Alm)iJity,
tfl~§y.pr~.me. 6e1Ilg1 .~rov1del1c~, tt1e fioly Spirit,':. ., . , · .
-"'<l· · AdJ ~9u.v.~s. der1ved, frpm pr~pe_r : na~~,s; .th~. ~it!~ of bqqks,
nouns w?wh _are. used as the subj ect of discourse, the pronoun· J
8:.nd
mterJe?t10n 0, and· every line in poetry; as, " American,
Greman, E'.nghsh, ·French; Irving's Sketch Book, Percival's Poei;i:is :· I wr1te; Hear, 0 earth!"
0:1 c,,, !,, Jij . ; :'l i<.i1'·

·,fJv; ~~~ ,firts!,)VC?[d 9.f.

t?e

..

·~~? J..c.e~;...:: )_ 1 ~.:L..

~

.h /.) . , _

:.~ ' -

.;;..'f;l"i'~ ,,,. "~· ·n ,.~..
\

- ~

.

&t>; "" ~1<l<l""" fi·· VE

~: . ~.,~ .J

,.

· ··,. I •'.

' •• ·., · · .. ~

. ':

A:·P:PEN D'lX ;· ·

...

They are 'called feet ;· beqaJ~e 2i{i°s- bf th'etr aid that the voice, as
it 'were, steps afong~through-: tbe' 'vefse 1lli; i: meal:nire'd·'pn'ci3~1 ' .;..
·

•~

. ~ifl~ftft'r;;'"'~-;

,.,;:"! ; .. :·~ ~:~~ ;.";..

!i:· ~Pqr;~y}s ~he'fa~g~·~g.~_~f p~~sl9ii7?~ pf~P,ii,vr:IJed)~ji.glna#on .

. V_E.RSJFICATION, m En$'l~~h, 1.s. the h8:rmon; ous arrar,i.gemen.t of a
particular n~m])~~ ..a11d . variety of accented· and 'unaccented sylla·
· · ··' ' i ·
bles, accordmg to particular law~ :. · · ·
. .J-!!vn~E is the correspondence of_ the sound of the last syllable
·
i!15>9P.llJ}.e, .~o .the sound of the last. syllable in another· as
· .!..m « ' .Q'.er.the glad wate~s of' th~ dark-blue ~e;,' · ·
" : !

·
· " Our .thou,ghts ~boundless and our.souls ~free ;"
:- '~.;··~ LA~~'. VERSE ..coi:isi.sts in poetica.l thoughts expressetl"in regular

.. ,num?ers, bu_t wllhout the correspondence of sounq at the end of
the hnes,wh1ch constitutes rhyme. . . . . .
• '·
.. .,,.,
• ·" P_oETlCAL FEET consist in a p11;rtic~lar 11-.rr~gemei;~ ind connexion of a number of accented and :unaccented syllables.

,

'-

,.J.

,

f!

•• . " < " ' ".. I

<ti! · ~ ~~

~ ~~

,i'l

·'

r: ; ! ..

/

! ·

~~--Tk isYLLABLr.;:.,;

~ i.f ;,

;i.. J p '

·

A, 'E>ao.tyie '-• U:w·~ .. ~ \'"111°1 ·~\

.. ;, ·, ., . -!. "!.. ~!! ,Aqiphibra,cJ1,~_,.-:i~Jr.;"W\ 't
. tj,, · l

.

c:c

- ~ h~Wc~~~~:'J1~ -~~J.. f :~"- !

A Troe
has' il1~·<·first ~ '" 1~i:;i~ ;k:6c;·~·iiied' i bd thiria&~·~·na~:
cented
a~ienn: p~tti~ 1 ~"' .,,, -· ._, ,.'". ~,.~- i ;, : . . ;'. ·•
. . :. ~estlcs~ l)l<?!tiils t9qJ~r. nau_iht. _ · ' ~, :' <' ;',~ ',~ ·
And IarrR.?Bs _h.~s .~1\'f .~~~t ·;~yp~ble' .~ni;-9c;D;te~, ~~q)~~Jt~1 "~c·
•
cen te · as etray coq.s1st :
.1 •
1

fief
t a.s ;

'P.

' , Th"e s~as ' s'hiili\vasfe,' tbt'~ki~s i~ srii6k'ecid~ca'.y; '~" ,.,._.,

","'' •

A Dactvle bas . the.'first\ iylfabi'll. ~cc~nte<J; ~ha: tlie'' \w6''lO:tier'
unaccented ;"~s, ·r:.a.bbr~r';.rp6~;i_Me': ,,, I '": ... ·' ' '1.· . 'H·~l .. ' " '
From t)le low p:ea~gtes: onlil,s , fii1len ~~ture:·'· ': : ,. i •;
;
An Anapaest has the first" two syllables unaccente~ 1 11,-nd the
.
last accented '; ' as,' Corifr!ivene,' acqufesce :· · · " "'' . .t;.
~>\.t the cl<is.~ . ihe .?aY;1 w~~n t,~~ ~~m~e(~s ,~iil~~· _ '';"'.1 .'~ A Spondee ;" as; The ·pale· nioon': a' Pyr.rh'1 c; · a:s,/'~J~l:! 'taB
.~ ree : .Jlf! ;\m_phi)n:ach ; , (ls, ,D,elightfii} : a Tr~br,ach:'f'"as;, Nu.

1

Y

~erable:'":~.:.·'~ ·<•:;.·,

l'

'HJ~.~':,:;,:/

,·I< r,

.

· ,:,"

I .~ .' -'.·~

• ;•

::·~,~:;":,:

~,(. 1 · :

I

-1.~i..~.

:RBETOlt.ItJ. ;-: , .,
GRAMMAR instructs . us how .to exp_ress our thoughts correci.Iy~
RHETORIC teaches us to· expre~s i therr1 with force 'an'd·-elegance:1

<

.
.
.
. .
RSfFICJl"l:JON
0• '·' «:".•!.,. ' .. ~';~._. ,r

-'"' DisSTi.iABLx:'
A Trochee - o
An ia!J;lbus o -

~. : ..

r>

All poe tical feet , coqs~t .eithe~ o( tw,o, or. ?f 1 thr~i' sy~bles; and are nr
ducible to eight kinds; fou.r of two eyllabfos; and foilr'of 'three, as folio~!

The former is generally c~nfined t~ th~ co~ect application of _wot ds'in con-'
etructjng sin_gle l'BntE!Ilces.: ~a'he .!att?ll' i:ea~of the propi:r cho1ce·of worils~
of .t~e happies.t u:ethod '!f :cons~ructmg sen1~nces;-of ~elI'"m?St ·!'-d.vantag~
ous' alTangem.,nt'ln formmg -a d1scou,rse, •and of .the, van~:~dsiwwl~q_wili·
ties of composition. The principles of rhetoric are pnnc1pally" buedl:on
~os.e unfql_d~ · lpl.~!}11!'8~~.. jp ,the , sciil.n~e ,of ~~= · :,~fff,e ,~ap.:iu:­
'l.u,amtance with the latte~, and , mde~d., w1t}}, fh~ ~beF~..\!-t~;: ~ a :P,r~~ID:
site to the study of rhetonc 1;1.n d belles-lett1·es..
· · .•. .. · .' "'. " '
i.

)r•f,:-

.

-~~~ 1 ~ f}"":'::t~ . ·1"( CO MP'Os1~T10N·: ; ·.·-~·

.

j.

-: i.

~

!fJ ' · ~.....

l

~~· i~id doWri"~s 'a 'mk~i~ ~f' eterri~} 'h~f!W th'ilfk~od
the fo\!.HQfl.!l9E · of. ,all. g~<;l..JYti~i~g.,: 91.1.e:~~~lIB ..und~r•

It may

sense .is
st~µds. a ,~u_bJe1 g:V~FJJ• ,}l:i.1 \. !~~~fCf.ily:w!~~ i!! .~r.o,?~it. .,. , ,:~. ,
Rh~~qri~, o;) P!" ;!'ri of. P.~ry~io,1;1, ~i;quU:~s.,1!1 a wn.ter,,the u~~o1t;~~~-~ood

sense, and a hvely ·a'!d' chaste imagmat10n. It is, then,. h~r. provinbe to ~h
him to embellish bis thoughts withr·.elegant-'and 'appropnate>lan~age1 vtvid
imagery : and an agreeable variety. of expr,ession. It-ought to be bia ipm, • -~
:
·
4' To: m.a rk th.. point where se rtse and dnlness ·meet."·
1

'"s; .. - ~~ ¥~,1:-J.'~~lf~l,.(JPJ:r"-~ ·.~.P -~~~~!lfJ_,lY ·-

218

..

::e-t.e peculiar manner I? which we express 'our ~o~ce

tions ~LJ>
rifi .. · ! .,

•1

.
of language. It Is a 1,>icture of the ide s wh. ~
1!1?f1ds, and of the o.rd~r in . ~hie]). they ar
ii.
-~
~ q_uaht1es of a good style may be rank d d fl pro 4QP. ~1
· perspicuity and ornament.
' _ _
e .un er. ~wo heads,
. PERSPICUITY, which is considered the fundam .
l
.
gOO,d .styl.e, claims attention fir t t0 . l . enta qµahty of a
and
dl ' · · ' · · · · ' s '
smg e words and phrases •
... :cd'"~fOli:Jl y, to the construction of sentences " Wh.
'd'
ere 'wit . respect to words and h
. . . .
en cons1 •
qualities, purity propn'ety " d P :~ses, It requires these· three
p .
'
, -.n preczslOn.
- · . . ..,
-1;1 .tWJ f!(,C?f .l;i,ngnag!l consists iri the use of such words a d
h
c??s ruct10ns as belong .to the Ian u
. .
~ sue
s1t1on to.words and phrases b I ~ age which we speak, Jn oppo-

)::}(.f>4f

. alfl

d

<~p;~~~;;_;: J~~y-~~~i~t, ~~ ~~i~t~~~:~e~~~~:~~~~:~~~h:~~~~~
h~ ap~ropnateq tq the ideas which .we inten IC l t ~

est Us(lg~
judicio ' ·r (I _to e:i:P.1ess b~ ~hem.
1
1
low. expressicins arid ·to worcls - cius ~PP c;~t 0~, 1p opposition to
significant of the ideas whi~h a~ p ;ases whwh wo~ld be !es~
union of. pur't
d
.
Y~ wish to convey. It is the
p~~~pi6u~us: .1 Y_aQ . prop'.1ety, wluch renders style gra~eful and

IJ impf~es th~ir por'r ect and

Precision, fr~m pr<Ecide~e t
t ff. . . .
'
superfluities, and pruning the ~xc~ o.' s1%mfiesh retrencl"!ing ·all
exhibit neither more nor le
esswn m sue a manner as to
ss an nn exact copy of the ideas
intended to be conveyed.

lt

8TBUCTUBE OF · SENTENCES

' ;A ..proper construction of sent
· f
•
ip !Ivery ·species of- com osif ences· is o ~ great importanc~
• m!JiHot~, i!\ pur 11;ti~n~ion it.10n, that we cannot be too strict· or

fo

_,..£Jeg~.of.,slyl11 requir~s- ua - enerall
· ·
·
~O~ IUC,CC115jon ;. a' monotO~OUB y to atoid manr short Or Jong· sen0~~ . lillj} · thll.~CO.IIQile~cing .of a pie~orrespti~mdence: o .one memhe,r to 'w,i.
~nte~ , ...... ,,. ,,
~ ·_ . ·
e,.Bac on, o~ , paragraph, with a long
· T _he qualities most essential t~ a .. fi *· . .
'
" ', <c>;,

.- Clearness~ Strength, and Harmony. •. per ect ,sentence, .ar:· U,n_~ty,
UNITY JS an indispensable
rt
f
.
_,..tence implies a
prope y .o a correct sentence. ' A
-;;;:-..:.;.. . . ~- - .
n arran o-ement of words i
h. h I
pps1ti9µ· is expressed. It m
. d d " n w . J~ on y one- pro.
fuek l'parts ought to be SO clos?i'' In ee ' COl~~l~t of parts ·; · but
the · mind the ' ..
.. ,
. y bound togeth.er, · as to make ~n
~~,:;r ~;., .. .! ,.1qi~~e~s~o!1, net of ma.i:iy objects' b"ut' of' "Onl:f . ••
-. qµt~.!~.PJ~s~r~ this ~i;iity, 'tl!!l- f.t11Jo__,v~ng rule:/i~a · b ·· 3f,,;:
J;.r 4'~ •C<>Ur.u of the ••>Uence th
' ' . · - · Y ~ ~s~.i.lt*J
_f.O•~l.. Ju.{!'\'e~eentenc~ fue e . ' e ·Beene, .~u~d be changed" a. littl.e .aa
11-.poaaib"e, o~hi1 t01 be oont.Wu'!;r:~e le!ldhmg...of ~O"'.llrning word,.wbich;;
· roxu t e l'egmrung to the end of it.

rbe following i!ent.ence"ia ncit' cimstructe"d &ccoiding to·this ·riHe f "- Ailer we
tame to anchor; they put me on shore, where I was saluted by nil my friends,
who received me with the greatest kindness." . In this sentence, thougb the
object!! are sufficiently connected; yet, by shiftiiig so frequently the plkce iind
the ·per•on;· the tesscl; the shore, tDe; tkey, [, and whd, they appear' 'in'·119 aiilunit.ed a· ,..jew, that the -minn is Jed to wander for the sense.- 'The 'sentence
is restored to its proper unity by constructing it -thus :.. .\"H~vii:!g .pome. to anchor, r was Rut on sho,, e, where I. ':"as salu\ed. hy: aJ.h-wy frie11.%, wJ¥> ·received me With thi! greatest kindness:'' · ...... · .r- · ~- ,, . · · '"" "" - ·'
2 : Never crowd ··~nto cine sentence thing,' <Dhich' hate i o" little'{onn'exibn; ~'lilit
tJuy tDould b.ear to be ditided·into two ·or more aenteiu:e.: The ·violatio'!'of¢hia
rule produces so unfavorable an effect, that it is safer to err ratlier, .fJy tOo.
many short sent.ences, than by qne that is ciyerloaded aµd cpnfused.
3. Avoid all unnecessary parenthesu. · .,
· · ' ·
" "'" ~~-'
QLEARNESS.
Ambiguity, .:-Vhiph is opposed to clea~n~sS,''?Jlay

arise from a bad chofce, or a batl arrangement of words.
A leading rule in the arrangement .of sentences, iii, that ih'ofe
words or 1nembers most nearly~related; should/ be filaced tit the 'dil.
tence as near to each other as possible, so as thereby to make their
mutual relation clearly appear. · This rule ought to be observed,
I. Iii the poaitian of adv.d-rbl. '" By greatrieas/' ·8ays_~)\1r. Addison, " I do
~t only me~ the bu~ . of '!IlY single obj!'ct, but ~e ' 18;rge!less of . ~ whole
,,ew." :fhe tmproper s1tuat1on: of the ndverb onl.y, m this:senteuce; ·tender1
1

it a. limitation of.the verb.flUlan; where.as ,the-author hi.tended .to hav:e:.it qualify the phrase,· a •ingle object; thus, " By greatnesti, I do not m,eati :tl/.!l 9ullr.
of any single object onl;t, but the largeness of a whole view." : · ·
:., · •
. ' '2. In ·tJie po&ition of 'plt.1-aiea a11d' me'mher•: ~· .. .Kre"these desighS'whfoh"imy
man ·who is born a Briton, in any circumstance'!; in any situation, oup~t . to be
ashamed or afraid .to avow 7" , Clll'rected :. "A.re thes.e -designs wtrich -any
man who is born a Briton, ought to De asbaxued or afraid, in any circu~
ce1, in any Bituati()Jl., to avow 1"
_
3. 111. the positioii of frmoum'! " Tne.\-efeHirice of' pronoun to its noun,
should always b!l so clear tha.t tDe cannot po,.ibly-mi•take it :~ otherwise! the
noun ,ol!-"ht t\) be _repe,at\l!L_ ."It is ,fqlly, l'? · E.~e~~.to .a~ ourselves .~
the .acc18ents of life, by he!'pmg up treasure!', which ,l).9thing can pr9t7<'.~ ~
agamat but the good proVJdenc~ 9f our Heavenly Father.'' · Wkich, .m ·UU.
sentence, ~rammatically. refers to treamru; . and this would .conv.e n ,.'tbe
whQle .penod· into nansenBe..... The sentence should have ,been. ~co~
ed, ." ItJs. folly t.o pre~nd; by haap4ig ~p treas~ tQ 11rm:ounel'Vea! a,,~
the accident• of life, ao-ainst tDhich J?.Othing C!1ll protec.t us ·put il?-e .!~~
~eo~e of. o~r Heavehly ~a~~z:~;; . ."" . 1 . •1 u~.~ ~.. !-'~t,,.,_:tr ;s ~~ ~iltrt"L.At- : i ~ ·~.

a:

STR!'NGTH.

By ~he strength c;i,f1.a ,. ~~p.te~ce j s .we'1n;, ~q~h, ·an

11:rrangell}e,n~9f i1jl .§~y.,erp.J W.Q!~ ~ll:Ilc;l ~-.m~yi,qers,Jls.~&¥hiJ>its_.,;the

_~gse ~ _ t~!!J>!J~t., adv~~t?-g~, ~4,;giye~ ,e.ve.:y .->!;oi:\i ,~1'.!c\. ~gi~~
!~Jue . w:~1ght an!l._f.orpe_. · d .· ~" : . ,..,..,,. :.···: " ,,, ,;,If ·

.,,,_J.

The -first-rule for:promot4ig:.the 1tr.ength.Qf a.aentence,.is, ·to take-Jit ~l redundant wqrtl.a ana'. ~'"1he,-a, ..Whatever 'C!ili be eaaily supplied.in the
mind, ~l>uld ·generally be.~~;, :thus, '' ~qntent Wi~.~~~t'vllig, a::~Pl.;
he refused"the · honor · of: it,"· 18· better thari to sayr" .Being content'Wlth' d&
aerving a:triumph,!! &c • '. .l.IDhey'1!etllr1led; back. agaimt.o Jheiaam&:cqfri>m
1whence. they cam9 •,fortli.''~ .. I fuwei expunge ,from Jhi&;·short sentellce:..~tc
"10rde-:which,'aDI me.r~ osuletives,it'Wi!J .be.,.muc;h more • nea\ .end forciblei ·
HI

.'

,, '·' FIGURES. OF ·SPEECH.

.

,· f~~i:~s .oJ'.· ~p~e. ch ~~~·:-~~· ~e~p_ri.l)e.d ,;~~ that language. which

l!> piompte? either by the 1magmat1on, o~. by ~h~ passions.

They
generall~ ~mpl:r so:ne departure from s1mphc1ty of expres&ion';
an~ . ~:ii,:1i,1b1t }~e.a.s. ~n .!!- manner ~ore vi".W . and · impressive, t~,an
c?~l4 ..be. done. ~y plam l141gµ qge..,,, .,E:igiu:es hav.e bee.n c0mmonly
d1v1ded .mto two great classes;.. Figures of. ·Word.y, and, Figures
of Thought.
. · ,. ,. · ·
.
.
.
, · '
!"ig.u re_s of . W,9r4s,,,ar_e,.g!l-JAed 'I;ropes, an.d con,sist in ·a word's
b~mg empl?yed to signify som~thing that is different f~omJtt? origmal-,mel!nmg ; ·so that by a)termgthe wm~d, we destroy' the figure.

: · .. Wbe1;1 ~!'_' say ·of n pe_rson( th.nt·he ·has ·a· fine ·t,ast~ in wines; tbe·word' ta•te
18 .~86.d ~ its coi:i;~on, ht~ral sel)Se; but when we say, he has a fine ' taat~ ' for ·
1'8-!11~g! ·poetir? ~! mu~1!}, we . use tJ:e ' wqn} .figuratively. "A . good, ll!llil
~DJo;r~~nif?rt ·m t~e nudst ol a?versi~y,''· ~· s11nple language; but ·whe il'it
~said, "l'o ~!ie upnght ~here· anseth light m dar~nea1,'l 'the same sentiment
18 exp~d µi a figurative s~le, light is .put in· the, place 9f•comfo'l't, an.d
darkrfH1 .IB used. to suggest the idea of adversity·
· · ·
· ..
." .
· Th~:Jollowing ar~ the m~st impor-.ta~t figures :
. 1. a·METArHoR 1s founded on the resemblance which one ob- .
Ject' bears to another.; or, it is a comparison _in· an abridged form ,.

1

. When ~ say of some great. minister, " That he upholds the state like a
~r which supports th_e weight of .a who!~ edifice," I fairly make a coni" panson; bu.t when I say of such a mmister, " lihat he is the pillar of state,"
.ths:word pillar becomes a metaphor. In tthe latter col.istruction the .com
paruon:.be_tween the .minister and a 'pillar; .is made in the mind;· o'ut it' is SX·
,preased without any . o~ .the wor?~ that denote comparison." ·,, "".° • ,,
,, , .,.
•: -~etapbors abou.nd JD 1allwntmgs.· . ~ '"the script':ll'esthey may be .found
m \Mt variety. 1 hus, our blessed Lord l8•called .n vmo;a Jamb. a· lion, &cc

,-. -,..,.;<RHE'PORIC.',lf'T'•

216

.,,~· · ffJW?~ 1.~WAf:!d9~ .• ~~- . ~~<l;S<?fP.PCf1!4,. i~ "'~it;r~gu.r.~/ ~y~~l;iJ
we a~trlul!tf? 1_1e an. act10n .to inam~~,9~bJ9~~· t<i~WJ.iWh~f.:~J,1

1

~~ i~~,:e;r~p4;te~*--!f~r,f<~i~~· Hf"~~tb~;~~-EJA~~n~i~P~"~"' ,

~~eFr~e ,f!pq~!f t .o~,,;i:lltnPt\\Qn' s ·. b,e.1~g4r._e,tlesaP,,or,~':a •·dureaselel

bemg..~.t<eiif14;. ~.s.llph expreS$ions• show tffe~ facility;'witlfwfriclr
the-mind· can iiQcommodate· the properti_iis' of 'liv:iJig"oreature8 ~
tbfogm th~.urrefinanimatei"Jr.1j·"' J:.A uJ,iU -~, ~·r.~ ·.~,.,~·~~- ,.t-h.1.

.u 1.J1~e,UQW'.ng.M.~fil).e: e..xamples..ot:Uha fi~e.; t_•l11 i~ ;.~_;c;: . ~fJi~~,;~
, '" Ch.eer'd with the grateful smell, old Ocea.n 1mile1,-" . ..-~"~<;~I,..:,.
" Tlie WildemeBB and 1'the 8oli~ pl-~a ·~hall be ~!.. ~ fur l;b.;'~
~~
., ·rt'"8~·reJOlC$
'··"".:..·" " an
' ·' db! o·BBOm
"'"'·"·. es"t
""''' e ~
. ' ,, .. .•
,, · ...'°''
''··.
d086
rose.
. ·.. -.;.~ , ~>w
~ • _·
• .,_.,,_
( ·
1

· ·•

'~'t_:{~¥jM~QJ,')t~~l,S".~l1i~~ie~~!>r:sp~e, ~~~~¥-~tfl~~~.~P.I''

or dead, .as ..if he were present and hstenmg to us : '.~ . ~:agdr~si. -_
is frequently made to a personified--0bject; as, '·' Death · is swal'.
lowe_d tip- in ' vi<'.toJ1. 0 d~g!h,I w~here is. lh.Jl sti.¥i?.1 O'gr~"e ! ·
where is thy Vict0nyi1fH,Urtr?° Nk!·A. '~.r.J1> -.-. ~ . ': :'" r· ·
."Weep on the rocks of "<l8;ring win~s,

p ma~d

of. ~t?~6T.~ll,ci ~Y..fiii

~$d10S>er1 qi.,1n'l'e1/thqu: •fa.ire~ ,th~th~gbost of'the··hillll, ~heu 'it· mbv~ ·
111 ~ t!Y!~~.AQQ~y.~,.th~si}eni;e , o.fl;Mqn;.eJl~~1; .,;.,,{,i"1W·~fl1'.'.~~f;
~...iiA:N.T.rrHE::;ISifri..iComparisoQe-isl<fQunMd ;;cin'l'-tJle 'r~rublancif,""1

antithesisVon,,the· cont·rastJ.or 9pposition1.iofitwo.objeebi; ~~;~>->
-;;<~p(eJr:1•1f ·ycfu .. .wisQ.. ui' ellricli a:!"pers'6I!J '•~yr not' &l'i~~fim ,
•'Vi{.~liµJ;.te-4.~11;.W! W:.f£~.r~•·ll , I :'3TJ!!:tf!::>.~;. r''ci.f,~$ljn'i:-t;:-~
-~diif' ll.iqw~B,OLJV.QJ: >E:U<iGEB.A'flON.;'~Ons1sts)_ in-3 .llf~nifyi,p~vi ..:
ol>ject-. ibeyornt :its natural • b0unds~':'A~8Wift<@~-\he1~n~&e:·7
W·hite. as•:the ~ snow~r:asi slOWJ aS' a~ snail~;l)<tancJ.l~ tJie'i,1.ik~"f'.are ?e;i··~
travagant•,hyperbo~esJ/ :• ::""'.! ·: 'l'-• '.! ' !.~. ,.!~'4:v".l'i""'S
.:i_:i.. i
b. . f tal1. o>i· u r·•· .,. L'!: ;!: ,,.. _,,,. ~bl' r 1.:,, ,,, .. L C "'
_: ,....-,: .aa,w . ~ll' ~ c l~ ,. &:- a.a &~ roca: '·O · 1c~·A ".'~q~e..tµ',:-tne . .~~ ur;J~{
a~W,.Jb~,~g P19$l!l ~ -he ~t ,on the ahQre, likJ" a,cloud pf.milt 'o n the b.illil•'f' .
·_,.iq:,vts10N·;isf~produce. d; .whenj»i_ri re.~tizi!r aofnefbm
~@a~Jii 1:
(>ii.st;'IW&'jUse .theqn:ksent!tensetandide~cribe it·f8.s•abftfa:il . . .• , ""
b~for-lJ.pu}\;eyes. .• ll ,-rt '"'"1 ~-·C'·1Jt1f' 1-~h<-m~.;& l-i'l.& ~ ~m . Fl

n:

' ·

t
. h

'

=

:till!~WlL9GtTIG~.\~h~:Ute-zy;J~.~f;'i&.µlttl.Fo~fJ1?e1U:~::

ask. a- questjomwbutr-twpciu1r}e!l(a7q~:~'t~l}glY.°'~&tei

•
•
·
'tbatJl.- B
-·i
=
-""·"

•• .- .....

t~eytMtOllllhaiffi-rm~~~eny-'-_
...ith~g~~{earn'estiiliss7A.lie,, ,

putfm · th~rf'Qfrti'FOt: 1at-q_uestiop~t i.&:l't~*J =~~{tfl...i'~ .7'

·r

. •

. . ~Baiaam-e~d
.
. 'Hirliself:':_tO~'B8J8.Ji,,PP1J;P:& tmd~~li\ •
~ ~. r fi J:Ji!tb~fr.:-l..l tl
" '-'
~rJ;:.,·iT JJ 0 •~~t - · 1..'-.;c- · .fl.:: • ·" · ,, .. ~ ,;..;;.~ • '""'J
.. , .th
-~ ~1 ·::fil;1»<fitM~"'qiJt•~~.. . J.\9., i;i ~~ , . ~.-,,
•
1 0
.
. . 1 1.Q
. f~.
.

~1!.tjm~~lf,u~,,.;~)~~ riwt.(~, ·•.

~.
-!!'>''lll'l"f'.l'lll!\ ~ ~"""&
,,,.owit~ ; •
-~~
- :.P!~.-A~
"'inU:!ltlQIF!cJl?.>.;•i£-U.~~~ tp~l*'Q•.£~i: '_t'.'-.~~Eif ~, ft~. - J:'ll
·· .I·

1

< •

... .,o~
· .,,,..
.t~".' _..;;:ttha
nr: ~
· · ' '" ' ;r..Qr
·. ' JW!1•.@''1'(,~1od.,,.Gw... . to~.:..
~)"...fJ > !S., .
- '

~~- ~~~ 0.v.,~ ·....~~ :~~·1!0Jff!Ai ~~Yi .. ~-~
'<J> ,l3·."'1RONV 18. expressmg 04rselves m .a mann~~~~

~·""""i

Wi

lhoughts ; not with a viE<w

to,

21'1

BEAUTY A.ND · BUBLI.MlTY,

peceive,' but .to.. add: force. 10•(1Q)

remarks. We ·can reprove one for 'hiSnegligence, by saying, "You
have taken great care, indeed." ·
·
' : ' • '··. '., ·'
The prophet Elijah adopted this figure, when he challengiid'- tbe priestS of
··· Baal to prove the truth of their ·deity. ·~He mOcked thein, and said, 'Cry
. alpud, for be is a god: either he is talking, or , ~ is pursuing, or. hlJ.~--011 a.
J~~py,, or, .P;6'81:fiel!-ture, ~e..Bl!l&J?llth, a.p.!l mwi,~ ~ ,\Y~~ , .,,,, ;,
, 14. AMl'LIFlO,&.TION or CLIMAX consit;>~ .,J,ll .•h~1gh~uig ... aTI:.the

,:_n _, -• ·

pircumsta~Cefl of an object c;>r· ·act_ion, ·wltjc4- we (iaj!l-)? · p~~·fo
a( strong hg]it.
.
··
...: ~· . ·.I :• J . -..,.~...~ i -·"· · :·~ •
••
1 '
.. : >;()icero gives a _livelr instance or. µi\s figux.e, Vj'~&p; ~e ~~, i· JJi !a: ~. w.m~ ,tl;I
J ..> •

•·

• • .>

,

put a Roman citizen m bonds: it 18 the height of gull~ f,o ,ll!X?urge. hiii;l; , ~e
· less than parricide to put him to death : ·what name, theli, shall I give· ro tile
act of crucifying him?"
· .... , ·-' .. , . ·;;. <· '-'· h ·«~ •i.:
,_. ,"L

"·
••. ]>t-

:t

0

it

t

~ .•

t)

• ' ·:,i. , ,

J,

•

:;,

;:

BEAUTY ANJ) SUBLIMITY;o · ,:
.

·,

.,

.. -.

l ·

-·~·\'i'i'.:°t~·~:~~· -:-~

,:;!',.

')·.·

H

.i.:

lJ

'·

• ••

;1
~:·:

!

:t:q

"i1;
.

'

i'iJ. its. na~iVfiJ -11igi:1ificatio~, h\ pr.o.perly 1appf,Opr~ted..to
~bjects of sight only ; for though objects .o~.the other:l!l)~!lSi such as
the 11oµn\fs of. musi<;Jll ins~r.um.ents, -0r- the:·l\moothness;'.a1,u:hf!Oftness
pf surfaces, may be ·!logr,eeable .yet they ca~_no~ .Qe.. c,:a.Ued.beautiful. 7
.'. The. qeauty, of visi.ble objects is - 0~ 1 .t)VQ· -)cin4.; ;iirst,..i~t~
beauty, or that which is discovered in .a singl~ ,ol?j~t, · wit,}i9ut ~
laf\on to ,ai;iy. ,other; and .secondly, r.elativ_e .beauty, or•.~~]Yi'hieh
ls,,foun.ded, Ol! th~. different, relat~ons~of obje$. ,. In~o, -l;>~uty
'is purely ~-q_object. of .filellJ!e ;,,for it is_.evident .that ..to. pe,!=ceW.e. the
peauty of a spreading oak, or of a flowing river, notlµii.g .,more is
,re.quired ,t han a simple ac~ of vision,. •.. .'.J,'pe perceptio11 ,o f r.e~atjve
·beauty is, however, accompanied with an act of the und\jrstandiitg
~nd re1lecti9µ; f9r of a fine instrument, or .an -..elegant - ~~lime,
we ,49 ,JlQt . p,e~c,e~;ve ~he relative. beauty,until we beyome acquainted
~ith its use and destination. Intrinic beauty, it will thus !lop~,
, is. ulti~ate ;_.,whil~ re~tiv.e beanty must qcpen<l ·'1pon.. -tfi.e .3'iapW.:ti-On of som..e, ~eans to a~;Wipo,i:~nt, ~nd;-or:wPHrJ><?~v~A :'°P.ii.4·
:; Jp,t~insic and.relaµve .b~a)f.ty1 ~~!le jx)#ie i.Ippq~nt qirc~~ce,
that they are both equally perce1ved 1 t,QJ1~long W, ~~ ol,ijec_t.,.o:. ~
.i\i ,evt4\ln.t W~~ r~p.~cPP ~~form~; tb~1wit.Jl,f~_pectJ.p , the:.!*
~t. ~t will, ,u,<J~ be so. read~y..iM!mit~ed. ~r Fof,,~stp.~~ th~ ,.\ltjlity <?.ft
~f~e pio,ugh, ~y make "lt-' lln O~J.ect of,-".~~~10{l ;,~b!1J;;:tl!.ep. .--:1i\
(~ould not see!D to follo:w that .utiJ.ity ~~u~d .~!! t4~~ .mst~l}t
,!'PPe~r. beaut!ful. The b!:Jautr. <?f e~ect is, h~'!~xer:, bran .easy
trans1t1on of ideas, transferred to: th.e .~us~d'~,d :1S;:P,~rpe1yed.1tp /b,e ·
!?Ile principle ~,f t~ii c~~il < i~!f.. · 1'~Ull, ~ ~t?-Pj~qt~4~?tuj.e;,~7in.Fri:im Pro£ A . MILIB' "Outli1i& .of ~ and ·Bellea-Le'ttres,'' hY. per:
... B~AUTY 1

1

.•

,1 ml88lon

of the author.

... ·

10

'

·

. BE!AU'.l'Y "!AND'" SUBLIMIT'Y.

;t~nsic 1 k11a~~;~mayaP,:p~i;~ rbJia~t~tfr1:1:U'(i:ltility ~~·~~

to be f.orme.d , ~ccord,ing . Joi so:rrie cJirtai11,JQl<;,· :rh'\ls,. ll circle1-,"':
s9.uare,. oi;..a ;tri.angl.e, pl~.aajls '. the': eye :by .its; .regu:larity,,.as a .beau-..
tifu) figure;.- b.ut still, a certa)ll graceful va.rieiy !s ;.p,e1:9.eived W!be .
a 1?-uc,h moi·e · power~ul prio~iple..of beaJ,1ty..thf1ll ~·egularity. ~~Regu- .
lanty. app,ear~ bea.ut1fu1; 1 ch1ef!J,·•he<:;ausc.; ~t ~-rmggl'Jsts i.,,the,· i<l.eas ·of •
fitness, prop:iety; an? ,use ; :; bu,t ; N:a~Ul'c,$ho is,t<lQ.qb~$.sS,.the; moit
g1:aceful artist, has, m :all. her!•oniai:iel)._tal V(Orks, .pursye.d_ ,;vari.e ty,
WJth an appai:ent ,neglect of. Tegnlanty, ·.j l " ,., • k"r~,., 1 , ~ ., ,ttf:~;·,·
As . an ill?strati\!Il'Of. these , remarla!. we. obse.rve 1.t hat ._cabinets, •
doors and. wmdows, are. made;,aftor a .i:egular ,fQrrp, in-1c.ubeSrandr
parallelograms, - with: ·exae.t .propor.t~o:n ~-of . parts ; ,alld! t)ie~Lpl~,!lBe:
th.e eye, bec3:use, bemg works of ut.1bty; they are. by.~ch digul:ei!
the better smted tO, th.e en<l.s fo,i;;wLw)l ,the;y; were -.des1g.nedx <; But
pla~ts, flow.er8!,,and ..leaves, , al,le ,_foll of ,y~ri,ety, '-~nd .d},Vei;liity~: ,_, Ar
?traight canabii. an. insipid .fi&°ure; in coml?ari~Qn , ~ith .a ,meander- •
~ng nv~.r. , -Cones a~d pyramids .are beautiful; but . ttees.;gro..:w.ing
in ·their · .natural ._wil\}ness,< are , much , morl) "beautiful- .t~™ w,b:en.
trimmed .intp pyramids ; and cones. rrh.e apartments ..of a;:. hoU&e
must be regular in their disposition,.for, the - convenience .of'. its.inhabitants; . ~ut; a 1garde~, .wli~ch : is-, designed ·,mereJ.,y (or., 1 be~uty,
would. b~ smiply d1sgustm~" 1f 1t hadi-as much ., uniformity,,aij.d
orden ~n..1t.'l. .parts.lll-'J a d:w.eUmg-house.: 1ii ,,, .r ;.. :iit·~n ~,, .•·.u 11·»~:1
_,.~ot1?n,,, t~~")l.ext . sou_rce,,_of• he11-,uty,,.d s im ;its~lf ;pleasiiig•;·~ li.nd
bodies lilJIIOtion: are umfor.mly preferred ·to ,,thqse·at rest. ·Alt :is,
howev:er, to .b? remarked that gen_tle·motion:onl:y.1& beautiful ;.\such
~ a . ~1rd gliding, thr.ough~ -the air; .,or,.the .·&mooth- •r uunin'g of:a.
l~mp~d stre~. •' It _must. al_so..be .ob?erved, th<1-t motion ·in Jl..straight .
Simplicity.·~ . . ) ~" J : .. .;· ·r 1.·1 ·.·;~ / ' ~ ~ -4tt~,7· ...~JJ: ... J;;:i:-"'·' ·~ ...;,£~ . •
!me 1s no~ · SO' beautiful as ·m a wavmg ·direction;- 'and tha~-inqti.Qil ;
upw_ards- ,1s ..more, beautiful .t han .motion i· downW<ards. .· 1 •1T~e'.,ieitS.y1
,·,.Color,1after simplicity itself/ affords; perhap's,\ the clriJost...;iltrud~
curlmg moti.op. :of flame and smoke is pecnliarlyJ•eauti.ful.- ~ . ,_, .-;: ,.,
i~stau~.e · of b~auty. ···The'·· only cause. for~thi~ ·~q~~Iity~ib.;'_~b~~p~~­
' _In. s~me..objects.' color, figure, aml inotion aU .unjt.e;··:and r)"hen·
perbiipsr the structure' of.. the eye, which mchnes 'us't6 recei"Ve' 1c\lr~
taiti~ modifications of the · rays'of· 'l ight witli;;mote..,pleisur6'itlia1L
. this. ui:10u oc,curs, 1t .r.enders.·the bea~ty.; great§r,.and more;-.oompl~ ·
T~us, m flowers, .trees, aitd. ani~alS; W,0..•often,pe'i:eei.v.e ,th.e-~ellcacy .
ot?~rs. Association of id~~ ?as;'.proHa:~lYj ir~Vi~li~~ue~c~'?':o!'!'~'
g~e~ •may·appe?r more, beauti_fu~ :by:b'.~~n·~.,~~rl_n~~t!:~·~~~~- l~~M' . of color, the gracefulness•Dfi.motion1 anq::sometimef\>ease;ofiJno.tipn.
The :mqst complete assemblage.-0£ beautiful, ,objeGts· ;t4at · 3n,·any .
~th r,u ral scen~s and . Prd~pec~s; 'w~1t~,;~it~:m~o·c~nj'e't:_~~~l~fu~
vdiere .be found;--i_s. pres·ente.d ,by;•a richiiiJ;tlfural· l~nds.¢8,pe,,Q.i\'.e1:si­
Wl~~·~~e-l. se~en~ty of•· ~h~ sky:·.• ~ndep~~~~~~ -0~ . E,~O'bi~~lb~s'f~
fied.1.w ith P,eldsi:~m .Ye~<lu.tji;\_,scatterec1 J tree&"' alld~ i\o,w.e,ll\1 aiuJlJ1:h1:g.thlBi.kind, ·all tha~ we can furthef'ObservEJ"Fespectirfg'MlorY ~~lli
water., .and•.,;grazmg ;ammals. a.If ,to ,,these,~b11 . Joiiie.d.~sf!lmt\Joir(the
thos~- "chosen ;for · their beau~y are; gen~ra.~~t.''.'de~F:'ate~ iat~\er'ft.ll"a'h ·
p_r?ductions of art, s~ch :i-s ~n arched:- bridge:\QYe~ -a P,ver,\ smoke.
glarmg.1"-'"Such ' are .the · feathers · of · several, 'kirlds~ofi brrll fi"tit~
nsmg\fro.m .oo.ttages-m the .ml4st-JOf«ttees;~ndkthe idistant1~tew1·;Qf ·
le~ves •.of. fiowers; :and the fine var'iatioii ~iCblors''exnft>i£eW. · tlfe
a fine building, we then en)oy, in the .higbest,peif;cti~P; ! thatig~y,:·
sfy.<aVthe:f.ising a~q · settin$ of t4e sun:1" ·n 1"' ',.. ""'" ·";"'. <: . .n'.JfigureJ.bpens 'to·,us forms"'o f beauty nfore coii:pfex: 'nd tii~e'Hit! .
ch~erfuJ,.., and. placid sensation;>lvhich .always accoinpatiiea. the .senfied t.han color. ·. HcreTegularity presents· itself»"as 'the"first ·
-sation· of it.he beautifuh .·)!i;,1 'r, i ., _, ·-t t ,;. • "" ''·'·' i ;·r 'i'••-··t: 1 r.•...1H 1,_,._,,,.,
··The .,beauty oLth e. human .countenance is ;more ; .complex .than ,
of beauty. By a regular figure WC mean one whiell...

strumelit,~ or a theory of dropsies . o'rl,fer..ru-s.:.f-tM'-h'en, ip~Jllq~!JJI•
T~l~~ve1 ~.ea~ty;,u,µit11. 0il! i;~.e . ~~~~~~tV~AP:~ lre? · ·
1lnd , iface,'~the~ibeauty-ilien :oeco~eB'ce~qu,isiteY .. •
.
.•
~ ,Fronr tliese':•gene!al remar~~.iwe:,;~¥s:·~no~~~,,tl!!bY~~~
larly, the several' Classes "of'"bbJects m<Wb:1ch.\(beauty'mbst~rem:a ~­
Slbfy1appears', ~land 'point' 6ut;'as far · alpossil:%i, he~eJfiil-fwitHn­
'ciples'. of beauty•in each oftheni:'''·"Witli ·tb'iS!vfow: we' lih'iill%'i'ti&\
first · the beauty of simplicity; ' secotidly,'"the be'.li:i ' "'1 p cbf~r';
1 b'eautii of'~oR'&~'f•
lthirdr
I) thet beauty· 6f cfig
" ure '' 'fourthtv"'~tlie
.
'>.t.. '
.
J7
~
!
"J.. ~.....
:;~
~fW!y, ."P~· b§a~~~ O.f' ~4e'.,h~~an''~oiin~~n:a:~c~ ; ~11;nq~ :f;J5j!\um ·.
as applieCl to writmg and discourse.
"~ .. t'. l · t' ·~ . ~. ~ '
In all the works of nature simplicity 'forms' a very important
' part. It also equally distinguishes works of art; an9. hence profii.Se
ornament, in '-p.ainting; ini g~i;deni{lgf iri a'rahitecttlre;- and &JsOl"in •
dress, iµanners, and language, exhibit 'a low and corrupt taste. It .
isl 6Il' •thllil'Jiririciple •that /no' sitigle:quality i'# 1a:riec'e'of.tli,eeli~m .'
·nio.t~'. str?n~~Y ~?omme~d~'. ~t t ~hari,· si~,Pl~pit;t-t'._r~iot~ll'e''ca~ ~t~4t · .
wh~.n ~h1~' 1 <J~ahty',prevaiis :it w1ll ·' b~t,tel';':m~~yer 'th?'.~:p"ji_ry~~.jRt /
wh1e~w· ~s 1nMndedi bu~ 0 ~1mply · beca~se 1~'1is . th\i~,-. ~. ~1?i~~, Y\of'd .
beautiful,-.:· So also s1mphc1ty m behav10r ·and· manner~ifileon~t .
witll: the' artificial manners of' the·prestirlt 'perio'dfhaWaiNmCli~
,-ing-etfect,l-!aµa never·fails· to gain"'oQ.r'':affect'i,9ii iand 'este~tur.Jr,lf_q
b~auty ?f ·genera~ theorems,' fr?'iri- :ne'!f~cili~f.;wi~~:1~J~~~~. ~~ef.'~
be 'apRhed 't<? ·vanous ' ca~es, arises fro'? "~his ·s~~e·i,p~mcip~e• .. an~ ·'
the-general· laws of mot1on)'boundless · as• they· are m the1r 1 p:ifenr
tions; =derive :their ·peculiar interest and -· beautjif'roni '<..thei f;'1~

..

w&'V

BE.A:U.'llY« 'A:ND 1 SVBLIMiTY;J

22T

of heaven, or the boundless eiq>anse.,'of)' the ocean: All: vastness
produces· an·i-mpressidn 'of':·g~andMr j·;;btlt ' it< sfroiild~'oe•remarked
that ~pace ~xten~ed in: · !)3~gth; ,aoes ,not ~akii : ~b/stj4ng ·an im~
. press10n ~ m height _or depth. Though ~ ~.-;boundless plain be' a
grand obJe.ct1 yet a high mountain, 'to ·'!hi?li · we look up, or an
a w~-ul ·p~ec1pic~ho.r«~we_r,.1whencl) ...we >loO:kt 'd~w.inon' rtlfo •1objeets·
w ~ieh>'he' bel?w, 'is stil~finore: sd',..,it:r~·e !fexces~i~ "gmn.~eutl?of~'tli~f
fomament· ar!ses.. frol_lli:i:ts~height,I>Jtined! ·ti:> · its 'lOOu~fdless'' e~nt•1
and-th11t o~'the •oo~n,\ ~o~ ·from·~.ts' exte~tialorr(fl'but·fi~·i~ ip~
:pe~ual ;:notion•and•me~1stibls::foro~! 1,whereV'er~pac~4srcon:cilmedli
1~ ,1s -ev1dentct;~at,amplitude, 1or:-greatnesg1of~ extent;1 .inifonei~fo1 enlt
s10n oz: other, is ~ecessary ·to grandeur;,r·-.flJfcwe»rembvtfaHib(nindsi;
!tecordmgl~f fror;i» anrobject, ·we :imi;riooiatmyrlrender'!tit't ig.M:inll j '
and·he.n~, i~fi?iteu sp~e~t endl~ss,_ nu~IYeFs;· :and· 'e teMaindlir!'ltion'
fill ·the mrnd•w1th-great ..1deas/ rlt;-,1,e;i,1• ·1 . ··!! ~·:: 1k-¥;n ~t, . 11~\· '1•)
sublime'. ~dea_s;;,tlfei'most·•copio'tis• soutee 'is torhe-~foiirid,i'ili''thec:
exertibff•of. great pow:er>mut1forceti.'t-' Hen'cil,'ltliti' graiidelfp~fJ.eartni.,,
qu~kesiYand'.f;bil~ning.> IDOtiritains) <()f tgreat ·rcon1fagrati6tfs';ttof. ·th~'1f
b?isterotrs· oeean7 tt>f ithe temp'estuohs storm· i'' of:tb:under:antMight.! ;·
nmg-;'.· and:;·OJ.h'all;..·tber ·unoommbll" violence·Jofi : the~'1llemehts~i [A:
, ~tr~am;··as. weJ befor~·:·ob11erve'd, -which ffglid'lisilillon~~;gent1Y7Withiih~ ·
· its,trb'a'nkaf~Si;a-1beautiful ob11lc't · i butr-wh'en'1>ittpreCip"itii.teStitsel.Pw1th•'·
.
·t
. . 'd
. J
'
,
· th e · ~m~e uosity<an 'lnoise' ' ~~t ai• tor-rent; .it~iriimediatelytb"ecohi&i'i•s:1:
subhmei oner1m A; race -hors.e· is"b~held~ with pleas"Ure; Jbutt·it<' is "'the...
wa'l' 11horse',11'"W hmfo·"ineck ' is -,'TClothedli.!with11thunder !11.fthati carriesi•
w~th -~it "t~e':idea df-1~blimity - 'lThsi~<engagemenit>·of~t\vo~-igiiieat~~., mi~si' as ·1bs the:.l·h1ghest>1.e xertion ·bf·.,h\J.man·r pbwer, 'llombiiies' 'il1?
vanetyi<pf) ~urees" of,l'theL·subliraE'.',. and:•h\is,'J!iacwr..dmgl)",'iiOOeriti·
. alwayiiieonsidered.-one of.i: the •mostt stcikirlg· amh1nagnifrcenl;," specit~·
, ~acle~•th~~ can".'he;e~ther·~ resented1 t<Y tlf~1 ey~"'9rt~x~ibited'•tottlie f.•
imagmat1on ~~~•h'1'-' '- "ll" l ff \~l t •i ·', ,::· UiltH:f;ir!Jt :>Jill~""1 · J' ;lbH.f·~
It ma! •fartheF »be·'.O'bserved.:that<alli ,ideair;iofc·.th6'•1sol~n~ i1?rtlf<
aw~uI·· 'k md,' a~d ev.en,,bordering' ' ~~ ~~d·~e~ribY1f;"itetid ! gr~tl(y:l!.Ur
ass1stlithe•-s_11bhme>;'1suclm-as darknliss;t:ll'Ohtude;·,a1fdtr~~~~:f HJIB.a·.•
fi rin_amen,W w.hem4l:lledir.Wi1ih stani~catter~d ,fofaucb'<.Vast nurtJhets:'t-'
andlWith.! i!u~llifriagn-~ce:'nt, pr.ofui>idJ)i~tllikes!thelilliagiiiatio\i·ivithE-t·
a :1I}Qre _awnewgli:~n~e~r~::tban 1 ~h~rr. ''\Y.'6'.y.tewi:it:fOO~g~t~~&du~1alh~· ·
th~- ~phmd'Or'()~ tlie .'sun;m;~he1 deep ~o?-~d··;of.t a'~grealf.11-0el~ tmi:•th:Ei''.1·
stnkiroig•of•a ·great 'clockf •laj at"any>time{ gran~lp:1l5utt lieardnam'id\i>
theusilenc~ i,'3.nd«:stiliheSSl 1 of.~:the11,night,i :the'y!•J;beoome ·"<ldnb~#tiG'.·~
parkn es~ ' is: ~err ?Ommonly•appJied-:for•'liqaing ·subl.jtDitY, ful£~ll otiri,4"'
ideas •;ofh the?Iileity; , •; t•<~'Ile' maketh ·;tlarktl'ess i,.his') 1 pav1ilibn&i "b'~ ·' .
d welileth-'i_n •th~-thick ~lmid~·'.'ri · Milto_n has1 v~17 ;happily.·expr~ssed}. (':·
tbtr sameqdenim 'the" followmg · passage-:·i ~· r.-11 ;.. . . .,•!• '~ µ :;,., ·~ . ' ! <., +1
1

; •Gf:

0

•

1

22.2

-stJBLIJil.lTY.

BEAUTY '" AND

-';t--1·:,. · ~- _... J. 1t .-i : ~ ·,., -.-.·~· 'AHOW'ioft amidstf) .,.,.H•t ..1_.,t.:h{•:f J" ·- ~;..-,,.:.~. : ..,_ . •!ii.
,;~ ·.;.. .~--_ ~-.• ',T.hick ·cl®dl!..and 4ark,. does·Hea.:v.en's ~,fµUi!g~Sir~f,,;.i t~~ ·

ander, and brought· into the..1.,pr,el!ence ... 0£. the . conquer.or, being
asked how he :wi~hed.. to•. be..treated;;l'eplied, ~ Like a. king;" and
..;. ;.• •;;..,, Q!!Q9.Sli'.w ~id,e; .h.~.:&!9..ri,..Jln9AA'.J1H..~d,. . 1 nl,. ··~~·n. ·, :rn~.n·
Crosar, chiding the pilot who was ·afraid -t o· Mt ou1f,with him in a
.., ·· . And with th11 m.ajesti of !lal:knes.~··round
'{: •_'<-: • / f. Qirc10ifhiifthi-oti0.' "' ~ _.~If :': ,r ~ .., ~;..,·,i· -n, ·~i i~t ~
' ~ ''i~ ~\.=~
storm to cross the Adriatic sea, "Why do yoir ·fearl · You bear
·,
' ... . :_(
. · •. . . . -~-,-..-:3.,. <"··~
~··.
-~
··:··-~ : .~,:f.· : ~.1.tJ
the fortunes of Crosar ;" are good examples of the moral or senti· 10bscurity, :we may farther remark, is. also . favorabl&.fu 1the:sulr
mental sublime.- '<'l . ..,..... . ,.,;;<!J V1 , ,,.~f-- '-'" ..,°'Gr.-, "- ., , ,. _, ,
lime.' .-1; T)iQvgh 'i~· renders the object fadistinet; yeUhe! ·impre8sion
Y~o~ thepries }laveJ;>_e e:p(or.m f}d"tp ~~#a.irir'Y~i ~e ;~re
may--b e grand; ·for ai! ,Burke ' has" fogeniously,observed; it iis"one
able ...to..:discover. some.i0n.e -disti\}plr. qµaJitx, ~ w,hich; ~eAiffer;­
ent objects. that ,pro.duc~ -tl,le. s.~blim,e c_~uci~ :, .,§ozA,e'.:)l'ip•.e .,;iupthin~· tQ'~~e ::an' idea ;clear,. and -~another' to'.· ID~e "i~~I aifeetin~to
the: ~at1on.• .' Thus, ·almost lill<.tli.e descr1ptions- 1givennto 0us-of
posed ; that aµiplitude, ,or, gr.ea~ .:e~w:Qt,Joineq' wit.4 , s.~p!i~ty, js •
the,• ·appearance!! ' of•supernatural ;.-\)eiiJgs; •carry. ·some<•BUblimity·lfo
eithe~ im.m~diatcly,. or remotely, t,h.e.fup9.amental ql!ality or.• ~vhat­
them, tb'ciu,gh :the conceptions -which · they afford us · b tr"eonfused
ever-is sublime; . but .we have .see11 . that . amplitude is co~finc,d to .
one , species of su}?lime. objects .only_, ..11-nd cannot, witn any prP:.
l'nd indistlnct. ·Their sublimity arises~ from -the' ide"SS· which 1 they .
•always :co~vey,. of superior force and ' might; j?ined ·with··an awful .
prjety, . be . app~ied . toth~mall.
. . , ... , - ,.. . . ,, .
obiieurity. No i4eas it· is evident; are.<so sublime< a'.sthoseooonn'ect.. B.urke CQll81dered -terror.. th~, gr.eat· sour~ of the ·sublm;i~; and
ed ·wi.th··the. 1.Supreme:·Being.;,;,;.:the·most<Unknow;n;.but the1greatest
argues,_very ing!lniou~y, , t!;iat ii.Q, . objec~ ,-~ve.. ~is.,.chai:acter, but
of ·aU~bject.6-the~ ·fofinity-off w·hose·< nature;1and~·theJ:.~rni~ .
11uc~-t ~"p.rod\lCC: iillpress~on~ of _pain ·aw:l...dang~~: ' If. ~.!;) ·~egar~ .
subhm1ty·m ;..t];i.e. ab~tract, t~s, may. b.f'l. a~rictly; ,t;:ue; f9.r it ~ ~V,:!7
w;h.~;diµlltion; toJ:D:.ed-1w!th~\he'.:~miiipotencei ~~'hi81>.<'>"'.'e~houg.h .
den~ thak1I.tany..tembl&<-09Jec.ts are. h1~hly sqblime, au~ th,at.!lu~
th~y-:llJU"p.11.\18: .o.ur.•c.o.nc'eptions;'"yet''exalteth'ell!~tG;t,Ji.~'1Ugli.eSt$gre,e.
·- ,Di8.orMr;.4L}so;•is not ;onlrvery favorablEi"t()·ilie.4:sUb~~j>p,tiit .
limity doea.not, t)l~efwe,_.ref¥!ie.:~:~c(l .~itf. ..lik~ _i<!.~:of, ~ii:
o.ftAn;-'heigh.tens it. ·' Things~.that~are': strictlyJiregU.laJ!:l-andi.fueth<>Qi,.
gers ,,Qra~d.?ui;,'!J hQV{ev.~,c J>,ea_rs.s&:Y~U'~~~?nt. :re~tWP. ;~,~!\or
cal;:arel:_ratelf sublinie;- becaus&we· see .:ot.h'E{ limits ~-on;.;. every t~di,
~ ·.l!ubl,inuty ;~Jl\"P,~ h~,iler~~ps,;~E,~~!§.Wij~~P..1AEf!;we~A. ·th.e
and:feehou.ts~lves~' confitied; there-' being 'll-O.'irc)oiri·::for th6i$iniildito :
~tzy1butes, Qf ·sll,bliµiity. a!1~ giand~Q.r" 1*~BP1~:.Dl,Qf~, ~~~~~·i~~
m··&ny..other.1ca.se•.__,, While .terror see~ to ·pervade ·.t he. sublilii\l, m
exert · -al!)1 grea~ . ejort; : On'- tl/,is "pril!cip,le.fi: .grea~ mass''of4;tooks
thrown , together- by: the '::hand ·of ".nature~with · wildness;· al).d: e.onfu..-,
many gta~d~ Qbjec~ ..t.lLere is · ~Qt:-.t~, .S~IP.ajl~t .?-egree .o{ it; !l-8 . i_n
sion, .strikes·.the · mind with more · stibliinity--than j'if 'ithey,,w-ere·:ad- '
the ·magnificent prQspec~ ~f, ',\'Ide ~:qaeq. pl1?-1:q,s, ~d ·•. tjle , starry
justed:w :pJle another; by: th:.h most:aceurate 'symmetry.~~&1~ 1
~ainlill~ ;:.al,ld,_ajw.,in_1m~y1 of:thps~~~;t:aL_~pp~i9,o}!~;~Ji4 · .~~­
sible, ho:Weier;' to ~ reacli - the grand d.iru:'TWorb co~ al1if ~spec:ially tune~ts .w_hicb; we CQJJ.teµ:ipJ~~{~,tji. ~ ~«:8t .'W1!;!1J'~9:~-; .. ~ .
where tlie.:inaterials
which.':the·.structure ·is· rwed>'are>.1'>£: ' as
. .._ c.Ali!lou, .on,~the 1C{!Iltl:acy~ JP<<lg~cy.· '.oFR08f.~1qJfJP,;.~ful:J9.,e<?:ry, pf
' :Bmke, rdijic~s, r;.al,togethe).',, t.b,e·. 1dea.,,o.(,..m~te f.SUpUJmt7; and
dimenaions;:and the~.ti.me. when: tliey wer6"-broughttt<>geth~i:-1.~
arg~edhat :where~v~~--~hi.s q:i~ty- is- fo.ri~~1)ts )X:ifj~~rice" to. be
~ P.ack ~- :e~o.~ 'antiquity.·_' S.uch_ a_stru~ture• as'-'Sto~e.hen~~n
attnbuted to assoC1at1cun .w:Jn~e ,,Lord tRaJU~·11!..liw _mvel!tigatJ.ou
8~1,&p~;;.:plam,; ).J;l. England1 ~xemplifies thISr·rem:ark1. i~;,f~~
'.J.'h8: JJWr~ '.Qr·.11entimenta.Lsublimef.~l'ifrinn'f·~~xenio~ ,; -. . of .the,sq.bje.ct,. se~~ 11A, oover ~he ..\l:li.9.1~ :gfq~<f.ilieil~.h~ ~tnb­
of.·µi;li h\UDAn"mind, :Oi:~e'i'tain ~ectipns,"lo~ actiqns;pf. ~~~~.;; :
u~ ·-it,·.into .int:rinaic -and ¥.elati1JP. ·~R~~y/~,p~~J!,-' lio~e.ver,
mighty,...force ~'! PQWer; 'Y-ll~~heri:~t~:qQ.~dr- 'wi(lj..., terro( or nqt,
~i;~Wf~ t' fllh,eserwilt be"fowd ·chieji,y QVi'thl\tt~~->:\W.liich"-~es ..
wheth . eµ;i l
A ;" . ·
' tin ~oi:· ;. 1 . ... · -1i" Eaia 'be ···-·· itle
ID.1-4~ii ·tb.e:,~:of~ mag.Iianilnir ol'he\P1Sili.,'!an~,Jillin~· th!fmi~:r.
. Cl) E .P QJ.~.'~~"-· ,g . ,::_:p!~~ · ~ ""4N~ ;Jte;.,t "
wiQI. ~tion; ·~q •elev.11-tiug.-·it ~~bove!itsel~~eet"-M:..ett'ect ,
th8Il. ~~ ,~ ~~t,:,l!~;i:.fa~e~ ,,1$q6l. ., ou,i,;.,. o] sJm;a11?.11. ~)>~ .
~~ei:Pelj':! eµnilai-: :~... th.e~·~ffeot whi9h"iiJ.lpi;odiicea.,b~th~~Wl;lot: r
cons.1deredi.~e ~qam,e_n~L q~ty~qf,·th~~~blPIJ.~:;..;,1¥1. '~~re . 1s no
grand~obj®t.ft in:matµre. \ .Wherereid n ''.s'6I):le .eritica~~nd:;d~·-a .,,
s~bl.4Qe;Q.bJect ·P1~ "Y1Uch ~Pi~.~ld~r;9~.str~~:-- 11- a~:rq~~~ ~? ~p~ ..
e1th_e r directly or md~rec.tly:, . en~r. ... ,
... :.. ,; · ·.• : ;,, . ' ·
•
~- 11it"Q3tio.n,. we behold a :nui.n ; uneomn:f.o,Jily' 'i~trepid;-'al}d:,rest.ing; t
. ~ID>~~i.ty ip.. cQI!lp~sitjp~ si~~s: s~~.'..a;:4~r;i.PtioIJ; _c;if"obj~-~J:.S,
~PQi!.·.\i.~Ws\iperio~:tO' passion' and .fear; -animated.':by'som.e.gteat 1: '
or ·exhib1tio~ .Df, sentimenf,s,.)V
. IU'e js'1bb.me m ~themselves, ·as ·
pr.i:QciplQ;~ ~Ape . Ci?ntempt ,:~f , popular ' opinion, :·of~ selfi~ : '_' ~~t~ ·'·
shalh-:-.give;_us ;a>.str-9~g JWpr~iision . of/'theii{ t
funnd~tiorl ':m.~st ··
ofJJ_a,p_ge,l,'~;0i:_'.P.f.,Matlq ;'we·..ar.e 11t~ck''w.~th ar.~l).se':<>~~~~~e;_'.r"
alway,s;~_,l.aid>.;ip.
;.th~; natu~~ of
the '9bj~c.~ ;desc~l)ed;
foi: . uriless ·it ,
ThWI l'orus, a gallant kmg ofIJl.dia, when;ta1'en 'pr1~~eji:i~e~·.f ;, ~
.,.
... . ·.
.
•

...... ... . . . :

• ...

J

_:

-.-

1

1

·of

if

0

1

Its

.

"

b9.6qch. a.nt-0bje.ct-tha.t, if ··e¥U..Pi.tf;d;; t9·'1.s :i~ r9alitnmuJq1 ~ • • •
ll!l ·ide:ii!.11;. el~v~ti\lg1.~a1Vfu# >lil @~ipiifJ~.ilt!!t~ft(;'q{.t'.
.
..
t1ou,;. h!U'l!eyei:.,we~ d1;i.wn,. .;1.th:1J,lot,,!lnti#e~£~ 11~@e.~ <s
Th.is1ne~.!l~"l'Uy,:~xe.lu4es all ,~h.J~ct.it.i.ha~~~!l~Iy. 'Q~a~,fg
~:
o 11legantJ ~1{Jt.,4 ,:-,J :i~"'t•<it ,~!'!$ '~' · ~.>
,
• ·_. '.;
We,way 3lso, ,re~p._rk .~haql;i_9 qbj,~~.t :gi.~t,_.ijghoi:ily!P.fi ·~~ '

SJJ.~lll,ne,<thp.1'~itim!!l\ft.~.be4ii!jltJ1Wf~~tfis:-.i.B1~it.c'fuP'. Aight(1a:it,iib.~~~

.

. U!Jf~~U4~§leiffi411\pr.~jqni;qf,fW;:!l4tr<)!IW!ll;#>~t A6!ic\iQ~ ·f'jUi1
st:r~gtb.,gw.it4~?~sc~~ti~s~., -~nd,~p!i.~~y,, '!f.·1ifac.9'~P_!ieijptiP:~ :
·<leptipd~- c,P,WIy >'-lllPOll: th.~,J.weloc.-rn:1p..i;!lS~JQ~ i-t4~t~iP~~j; Pl\Q~
has. of1 the .: subject '".h~ch:' b.,,e.,,~~b,~pits,~.~nd1#.P.0Jk~bl'lingw..eepli
affected.and warmed by the sublime idea which. he would corivey;'
If his own feelings - are langl)id he cannot inspire !us -wit}>,_ any
strong emotion.
': , .: ; c. " ,, . +•· ,,d .~- '.
.It· is, generally speaking, arn..wi.& ~ewost · ajJ'.cient,i,authors..that
we ..ar.e · to look. for. the most strikirigcinstanccs of'the .sublime~ .;· c'l'h
~acly.:agei¥~f+the""wQrld •and <the' r.~.<'!.e; unculti.V.~te<il.lst~t~~soeil!*
appear 'to hav.e been peculiarly-favorable-to; the strong, emotjons:.o'fu .
sub.limit>~.:· '; qllie ,genius 10£ mank~n ,_ w~'!-;the~~pron<t..w ad-fl
mji~ ·?~:-a9d *to~i~Q~.e~~·~'l~:; ~~~.~i1$<_t'~i;>_p,pn,ajLl~~ •.wf~W6).V'!a,~••:
str~e .,& b.J ~ts;i: th.en·. ,1LP,~g1AA,t!<~lh'\lY~~i ¥,ept;r;glo,1".J,..I%•<1!11 ,, - t
' ·;
pass1on~,raire~ra1sed, .to."the ....,utrqo~t.d~'J1:ie~pQught~~'~·
'
themselves ..boldly, .!1-nd 'IY'.ithout rajraint.1,,.Jn.,_.t):ieM>rogq:esal"Otl _
ciet'J, ,tlie' geniiis·!.and· ·manners"of' menf; have ndergoJil)> a 'ch~D:ge .. ·J.
more favora~le to .accurac.y.~than :t~ :~treng~h- -qr_,,suf?,J.ilp.jtf..~,. :~~ ' · ·:!
l l1he.. saered-.Scriptui;_es,ri:if allmn,t111gs, e:ithci;i ~cfePU!oi: •nu>llern; ~
afford :t¥e highest··instances,.of th'e sub~iµie:, ,1~:+h6l!d61WJiption3:1:~V ••
the· Deit.r.~~~Y:fihe.n\{ ar\)1 ~wndei;fupy1nohlei .Q.~thl £r9n:t;@~,,g1:e~t~~ • • ·
of th.e:'°PJ~~ci!.HtIAcLfu>tii,,tq;'t. waµ,n4~ ,qfJ~PJ¢fl'1-ntm~-1~.~..~~~lilffg r · ·
co.uM s~, the-~mblage.,-0£, aw;fUl and ; 1>u:P~1.4~.teS\l~- '·
to us. in~ ~hat:-.passage 1 in .,the eighteenth Bsa1m7•-i· .~ch'14.h~ "
peaiilni;e1: oft.the: Alniighty1is ;thus, describetL: ~.~Ini;IDY, , di'strei?il:•lt¥. o.
~au~ hp~ th'em~·<t< :fre)ieard.my'voice- {i}i~,i~~I.P ~ t,e!ripl1Jjl{lp\t .. ,
my:.. cry" came.b.efj}J'C Him....1JThen,..tP..e4lart~~h6oJt. and -tTjlinh!Ad,;11
the foundations also~ of· the,, hills .. ~ere~· mQv,004. becaURC1 he w•« •

..

~rot~. ~ -~~'?05~~§ t_he'')?.e~v~i;is:_ :i.n.CI~ c~ni~: ~ornifi;i<l1d'r~ness~~'/i

under '.His .feet;~ an~ 'He aid 'rid e. \l.P-oti;~l;i.pi;l).°P:,i1'}R4: ~J..q,;lly• ".'Y~~~ 1;
He .,did>-fi)l..upoTll ,the wings iof .tM,_.wi_~d: .JJ3:e.n tn.adq. ~arkne&Stkl1s•()",
i;ecr,et . pla~~ ;111-Ii!'li pavilion. ,r-orind 1about B;imiwere, dark-:waterSf1_1i1_1tl •
thick .c louds oJ t1! c sky."
. .·: ,., . -._, 1,. ::·''·.,'1 '1• '.7,..t' ••·:~:,, '!1; <'ilkl "
::<;;<>;i.cIB,'eµ_e~:;;al?-a : sil:nplici~y ar~ ;~~~,entiitE~o \/.~ubli~~. :.w~_i.t;i.~ ·
Conc1seness" l8 ,- properly ·opposed ' to 1superfluous .expressions;J i.ui.!lc ,,
simpl~city;• to!'stndied i.and: p1ofilse ,Ol'Il!lill~I!ti·:·• TJ!:e:-u:e.as9.ns ~~ji1~ ,.,
de.fe.ct•tin1
either .is. ..,peculiarly'
1burtful! tO'·:tb'e;.r suioJlnie~· iS;t·ihab
Jlihela . .
•"1" ·, .. ...... .
., _
• •••
~

~

~

1•~1'\·""'

"

!"

.KEY

'10

.THE EXERCISES.

~ ~·

COMMA . .

,

Corrections

,. ,

..

of the Exe~~~es 'in'. Jl~nc:tWi.i~ .'

I~leness U. the

. ., .·;.~~,

great fomenter. ?f.oll ·:corru.Ptiona.·in·lhe ·llu~ .)'f..,beart. The·fnend of order Jias:made holl',hia·way to' vn·tue:·· ' All finery 18' a "'
sign of littleness.
·
i• !.··. 1 ·?::"• ;-_· · :~· > •.;.·· .:;l,.J_ .
RULE 2. The indulgence ·of a harsh' disposition, U. thed ntroduction . to '
future misery. To ·be totally indifferent to praise' or censure,U.-a .real-d.efect>' ..
in c_baracter. Th~ fotermixture of evil in• huinarfsociety; se!'!Ves .to exercise~·
the suffering graces and ·virtu~s· of· the . ~ood: ·_,r. \,·· !
., ... c, ., ., .. ". "·'
RULE 3. Charity, like 'the stin1bnghten1 nll· illl 'bjec~· Gei.tleness U.; '
in'· truth, the great- avenue to 'Q'.lUtual enjo~ent.· ' You, •tOo, have your• fail t
ings; ·Humility and' knowledge; with''pQ<>r-~apparel, ·excel pryde"l'Jld ignort-1'
o.nce, under costly attire. The best men often experienee"Jiisllppoin'tmentai!:
A.dvice should be seo.sonably adminU.tered.t~No assumed behavior can alway~ •. ·:1'
lude the •l"!lal charactiir. . _ • ·
..' _ , '.· . . •
,• . ·. . ·
·· i .. .:..:\.•,; ~
RU~lJ< . 4, · 4>.!'d,,tliou .h!\!'t .beel,\ - Q!~, dw.~~ -W,ace ·· ',a,l!g!lA!lrn!io~~ ~ · ~
Co.ntinu.6,' wY•Jiear; J;b ild;;:t.Q:mii.ke -vii.µe ~y c~e( s~y: ,,_ C~~t ,pioti':!l:i§ -' ..
pect, thou ,betrayjlr o( innQs;eµc;e, .tQ• e~pe the h?'.Pd of ivJlng~cjl 1 , 1?11af\lf; "the 19ilg. of. t.errors,, cl!os~Hl,!pij_me. m.~\:8P• _Hpp,e,, W.e,-;.b(tJ!n 9f.life, ~gii
us ';mder e'veTY misfortuiie. Ci;mfuc1us, the g:e.I!>~ · Qqwe~, £~i!Q..J!!>,{lhe!., yi:ai!;" ·
ommently good, 8:" well as Wl!!tl· .. ~~~; p~tJ.,.~h-'lJ;~~I!.h ~~. 1 an illustnoi;w
oxample of true p1ety.
,HJ:. "J~· ••r L···r!·' ,:_..ii ·":-.&,""'~if': J~i f\t~\t
,,.._'.ir.-s~.~: •
RULE 5. Peace of.mind being .S<lcured, we may smiTu'at'misfortune. To; .. enjoy present pleasure, he sacrificed 'hhl future ease and ~!lputation. Hla
ta!eu~ :ronnec:l for gr?at PI\!-'lrp~s, co1;11d iU)~ ~l '\>f, rep.d~rm$ ,him ~~i~~
t1~u~ .1< Th,e path o(p1ety ~d virtui;-, pursued. Wlth a flrm and con8!8Jl_t"Bpmt; "..
w1ll assuredly lead to happmeBI. All miinkmd c9mpose one rainµy,1 ·~Ji> ···
\>loo under the eye of one ·common ~'atber.
•- · · ._,, .•..• ,,,... • : ' '.'",;5."
· RULE 1.

A: COMPENDIUM OF ENGLISH GR
DESIGNED, NOT TO BE STUDIED. BUT TO BE SPREAD BEFORE THE LEA~~E.Rd.N PARSIN(},

..

ETYMOLOGY.
.

I
•i'
,,

; :,i /'..

r

, ·,

NOUNS~

" place,
A. ' NOUN i8 the name of any person,
,
or thing.
A common noun is the name of a sort or
species of things.
,
A proper noun is the name of an individual.
A noun signifyin~ many, is called a collective noun, or noun oJ multitude.
.
The masculine gender denotes the male sex.
The feminine gender denotes the female
SE;X.

. The neuter gender denotes things which
have no sex.
,
The first person denotes the speaker.
The second person denotes the person or
thing which is spoken to.
The t~ird person denotes the person or
thing which is spoken of.
.
The singular number implies but one.
The plural .number implies ll}Ore!than one.
The nominativB case denotes the actor or
subject of the verb.
. ·
The possessive case denotes the, possessor
of-something.;
•
1
The objective case expresses the1object of
an action or of a relation.
VERBS.
.l

A VERB is fl word which signifil19 to BB, to
DO, or to §UFFfR.
An active Vfrb expresses action gr energy.
An active verb is transitive when the action
passes over from the subject or nominative to
an object.
An active 'lerb is intransitive when the ac..
tion does not t,erminate on an object.
A passive verb denotes actiou received or
endured by the person or thing which is its
nominative.
A neuter verb expresses neither action nor
passion, but being, or a state of being.
Verbs are called regular when they form
their imperfect tense of the indicative mood,
and their perfect participle, by adding to the
present tense 1 ed,. or d only when the verb
ends in ~
_
Verbs are irregular when their imperfect
tense and perfect participle do not end in

ed.

ing no nominative, consequently, neither per- note the persons of the nouns for which they
son nor number.
.
stand.
·
· The -p~es~p.t . ~e~id. eP.p. ~~~i ~f~ctj.~P;·~.~.r ;;.:.,..A;o1~gr~~1f!lf>l'W .
·~~ ; !tJ.nsk
. ·_of.- ad.
._;,_·
even't;t} prE>;i:en.t tiinp. /:\. '~~Ii;.~·
?lf.;{'/ i11.cyve!()VQ'j"~ ~ill ..
tl's" ~_1-}9irt~:a_~
Th'e"'imperfect te~e ilenotea'Wa':pui..:aetiOD lirict.~pecitrcafio~~·-1,~)d ·f: _;~:
or event, however distant.
.
The _distrilnf.tive_ adj~12 e pronoum · ate
The perfect tense; _denotes past time; and those wJiich denote tlf~· ~~ns or things that
aloo conveys an allus10n to the present. .
make up ~ number, eacn · ~ken separately
The pluperfect tense represents a paSt ac.. and singly~ · ·~ ~';~ ~ ·
.
The demonstraiive-.. are~'tho'se which pi'e.
tion or event that , trans·pired before some
other past time specified. ' cisely point out the subject-to which they· reThe first future tense denotes a future . ac.. late.
· · · •. · ~ll''; :' · · :
•
tion or event.
The indefinite lite>ihii§e'' 'which. ·point out
The second future tense represents a future their subject in an indefiijite or general man.
action that will be fully accqmplished, at or ner.
·
· ""• ;it~;i · · '
·
before the tirrie of another· future action or
RBLATIVB PRONOUNS are such as relate, in
event.
,.
general,. to ~me :WoiJ:t~;-e.It111se, go}ng b~
ARTICLES.
fore, whwh. is ~alled Jl}.e~~c~dent. _ · · ., ,.
An ARTICLE is a :word prefued to notins to
limit their signification.
The. indefinite artiUe li~its the noun tO on~
of a kmd, but to no ~particular one. · · !
The definite article generally limits the
noun to a particular object, or collection of
objects.
~
ADJ~OTlVES.
~
.. ·
An Ann;CTIVE ~s a wo~d added to a noun
to express 1.~ quality or km!!.
1 · ·•
The P_OS'ltive. degree exvresse.s the <!u~hty'
o.f an obJect without any mcrease or dimmution.
1
The .c~~ra~ve _degr~e increases orlessene
the positive ID s1gmlication. ·
The superlative ~gree increases or ll!ssens
the positive ti:>· ';1ie· li~h~ oF lo~est degree.
Words used m cotmtmg, are called numeral
adjectives of the cali.dinal kind.
Words used in numbering, are called -nu·
meral adjectives of the ordinal kind.

1
·

PART,IOIPLES.

·
CONJU ~8.;t!o.NS. .
.
,
A CoNiuNCTiON is a ·part 'of speech that is
chiefly· used · ~to connect~ sent~mces, joining
two or more s~ple sent~nces mto one com•
pound sentence : it sometimes connects only
words. .
. . '-'"l''t;!·r.. ,,
·.
.,
A wpulative conjunctiml. t1erves to connect
and contin~e - a senten~ ~ by j~i~ing on a
member which expresses.an. addition, a eupposition,. or a cause; ;:. . ,;;. t;: ·x . ,. ' :"° , .. :.
A conjunction disjunditJe 1:1erves to connect
and continue a sentenc6f· by joining on a
!°ember wh,ich expre~
. S,,'iJJ?pq;iti.·on _o f mean.
mg
· -· · i;•. ~ .' t , 'i '·
•
i NTERJ~CT~·o N~. ~.
·
.... -· ___i...
An INT~RJECTION i~ a "1,ord used to express
~me P~P~ Pf !lIP<?H.fJB ~. $@c§~~~f.·
.
·

. · - .., ..1 !J.

,

·, . '""'.•. ,,t

I
I

<>.•

RULES OF SYNTAX.
J

I

A PARTICIPLB is " a word derived from a
verb, and partakes· of the nature of a· verb,
and also o.f an adje~tive.
The present participle denotes action or
being continued, bu~ not perfected.
The perfect participle denotes action or
being perfected or finished.
;
The compound participle implies action or
being completed be~ore the time referred to.

'

RULE 1. The article a or an agrees ~
nouns in the singular number only.
RULE 2. The definite :article the belongs
to nouns in the singular or pl~ral, number•.
RULE 3. The nominative case governs
.
the· verb.
""' ·
RULE 4. The verb niust , agree with its
nominative in number and person. ,

NOTE 1. Every verb, whenlit ia not,in the infinitive mood, mo.st have a nominative, erj>reesed or implied.
. .. ' . .~ ..
An ADVERB is a_word. used to modify the 2. When a verb comes between two. nonne, either
sense of a verb, a participle, an adjective, or of which may be considered 8a tlie 8ubject of the
affirmation, it must agree with that which ia the more
simply ~dicates or another adverb.
natnrally its snbject. .
l
·

ADVERBS.

The indicative mood
declares a thing, or asks a question.
PREPOSITIONS.
The subjunctive mood expresses action, pasA
PREPOSITION
is a word which seryes to
sion, or being, in a doubtful or conditional
connect words, and show the relation between
manner.
r
.
, . ;;
The imperafive mood is used .for command- them.
ing, exhorting; entreating, or permitting.
PRON 0 UN S.
The potentf~l mood impli~!t possibi!ity,_ lib.
A PRONOUN is a word _used instead! of a
erty, or _necessity, power, will, or obligation. noun, and generally to avmd the too frequent
The znji.nitipe · mood expresses 11-ction, pas. repetition of the same word.
sion, or being, in an unlimited manner, hav · 1 PERSONAL P~oNOUNs __are those which de·

- ...

- ---·· -

- ..__....._

____

__ ___ ,
..

I •
~_,,. _

----

'

· RULE 5. When an address is made, the
noun or · pronoun addres$ed;- is put in the
nominative case indepernUtit.''-" ·: · . ·
NOTE 1. A noun ia independent when it has no
verb to agree with it.
l •.c •" . ,: '.' · · •
2. Int.erj.e_ctiona require the objective.caBe of a \'rononn of the fir.t person after them, but the nommative of a notlD or pronoun of the aec<?M_or third (M?rBOn.

, RULE 6. A noun: or p~n<>hn pl~eed before . a .·partipiple, !lnd '.~e~_g, ~R~~~4e~ of

RUDES.< ~OMMITTED TO ·MEMORY.
ist of l~e sentence, is in the nominative
,ubso lut'c. '
·"9~· <~X~
. ... :ninatix.,e case ~~cep,i ~e.,,~ _b,.,
11tit,au<fi1~~ . . . .~nt,,~booJ,d '
J_lg ~
-· iSO!ll~·.verq,
~.
·· 'atil<>\!," ·, ti''·'....,· .. "' ' ' 17;1 :·~,:i' J!· •-" · ,. ....... · '~ .· 0 ;¥~·,-~:·~>,;. '·~
JLJ!i. 7~ Two · ·o r ,,,more nouns; 'or " n6uris
a prqrrun.~? ~igq~fying the same,Jh'ing, are
t, by appq1~1?n 1 . !n the same case.
TL E 8.'1 T#o · or more nouns, or nouns
· 1 ; ' th
·
l
·· b
~ ronouns, m . e sm15u a~ num er, con·___ d by copulattv& COnJUnctions,! ~ust h~ve
"bs, noun~ - an:d· pronouns, agteemcr· with
-- in the pforal
. · c i:>
'
. , ·.
."
·
,
r~. \".hon eac_li or etJery relates to two or more
a!'Jves ID .lthe singular, al thou Ph connected by. a
· u~at1ve, the-,verb must agree with eiwh of them m
smgullll'. •
'
·
- -TLE '9. i Two or more nouns, or nouns
>ronouns in the in I r amb
.
s . gu a. n . er, con. .•
j by dISJUnetlve· COnJ Unctions;: ~ust ha.ve
·bs, nouns, and pronouns, agreemg with
·
:'
: ~ in the singular.
rE L when singular
n uns >~
• · nd
in. of di.irerent persorJ,1:~ diajl,c'ii~~fy :on,"'1, the verb must agree in person with that which
·laced neares~ to it..
._
,.
•
1rhen a disjunctive occurs betweep.. 'L ~gular
Ot' ;:>ronoun and a plural one, the verb must
with the ·plural noun or pronoun, which should
llly be pfuced next to the verb.
.
RULE 10. A collective noun 0~ noun of
" 't d
·
.
.
f "d
,.. . . u e, conveying um 1y o 1 ea, may
a verb or pronoun agreeing with it in
ngular.
1
::W LE lH A-noun of multitude convey· TJliirdlity bf ideii,' m~y have a idrb or pro'agreei1_1g with it in th e plural, ·
·
rLE ll£.A ndtin or pronoun ih the posn .1. • ._ • r '"'" "' . d b ·. th
. · ' .- .-. " •
~· ve case, 1S go~eme
Y e ~ 6.un it posses.
:
pt· ~· Partieiple~ :frequently goveni' nouns and
19 m the posse 881ve case.
~··
,
.. JLE 13. Personal pronouns.must agree
h th
[_ "'h' h th
stan'd' m
.
ey
gene nouns ior w ic
r
. o

,· ft pd number.

.

thou&h firequently employed to represmgularnoun,18alwaysplnralinform; there' Lne verb connected with it should be plural.
"ULE
R
.
r'
.
'"..
14.'. e1at1ve
· pronouns...agree with
antecedents in gender, person, and numr~. You,

of the interrogative kind, it refers to the Word the prepo•ition .o/~r it. The 800 ofmmt both be
. .
or p h rase contammg
t he answe r to the que
. s- 1186d or· both be om.Ued.
. .
ti~P. S~r it!! ~bsequpit,, 1Yhich sp~s.'l<lueet m,~st RU.~E 27 · "The prese~t . pa~c~~le refe~ . .
:;,arM .ixf"case ·With the interrogatlflt;'. ~>;." ; " !O ;. SO~e noun Or pronoun~ deno~g the _llulJ::~....
·=
· ·"·' ,· .. ... ,. . · · · - ~
' "·
d' .r· 1 Ject or actor ·
.,,• RULE. lS,:;AdJectives·belop~ . ·~n ,: qua·
L · . · .· '· ·... · ·... ; : ·'· ·. ··: ·.· •· i.
ffy' iiou·n.s, expr~~d iir underst · ;': ~~-'. " ·· . R U K 2.8; ! he perfect participle belongs, · ·
NOTE 1. Adjectives frequently belong to prono~s. hke an adjective, to aome noun or pronoun;
2.. Numeral adj~tives belon& to , n_ouns., ·w!rlch expressed or u.n?erstood.
•
nouns must agree ID number Wlth their adjectives,
NOTE 1. Partimples of neuter verbs, have the same
when of the cardinal kind.
·
case after them a.s before them.
3. Adjectives sometimes belong to a verb-in tho in2. A participle with its adjuncts, may sometimes be
finitive ~oo~, or to a par.t of a senten~a.; . ·v
considereda.sasubstan~veorparticipialphrase,.which
4. AdJecb.ves are often used to modify the sense of phrase may be the subJect of a verb, or the object of
other adjectives, or.the action of verbs, and,to.!);t-press a verb or preposition.
th<> · i"ahty of t~in&s irr connexion with t~~ tion by ~· As the porfect participle !1nd th~ imperfe:ct te~
which that quahty 1s produced.
·
"»").~.- .
of rrre·gular v"rbs, are sometimes ·different m their
5. When an adjective is preceded by 8i ptepos1tion, fotm, care.must be taken that they be not indiscrimi·
and the noun is understood, the two words. may be nately wed.
.
considered an adverbial phrase.
. ·~
RU
. LE 29 Ad
b
l'fy · • b
RULE 19. Adjective pronoun~'"b~i~ng !O •• l
d . . ·t. _v er ·ds qthua I d vebr s, par.
.
.
.
d
."
tic1p es, a jec 1ves, an o er a ver s .
nouns, expressed or understoo • .. .,.,_~}.) . · p;
NOTE 1. Adverbs are generally set before adjecNOTE 1.. The demo'!strativ!' adjectj'(!''Zp~~ tives or adverbs, after verbs, or between the auxiliary
must a!!'ree m number with their nouns. , c.•. .
and the verb.
.
~· T'he pronominal adjectives,. each, t1ie,.Y~ eith~r, 2. When the q~g word wbi.ch ~ollows a verb,
neither, a=ther, and one, agree with nou~ .!Jl.the sm- expresses quality, it must be an adjecb.ve, but when
gular number only.
' ".;_':<--_
it expresses manner, an ad_verb should be used. IT
. RULE 20. Active-transitive ve,rgs_'gpve1Jl the verb~ b~ can be substituted for the one employthe objective case.
· ". ., "-· ·
ad, an adJecttve should follow, and not an .adverb . ..
RULE 21. The verb to be may have the
RULE 30. T wo negatives destroy one
·
ft .
.
11 · .
d
11
· 1
same case a er 1t as before it:
~ - ·,_,.
another'. an are genera y eqwva ent to an
. NOTE. When nouns or pronouns nert; preceding affirmative.
and follo~g t.h~ _verb to b~, .signify.the •a~ thing,
R ULE 31. Prepositions govern the objecthey are in appusition, and, therefore, m the'llt"me ca.... ti've" case
· . .
••
.. ···~
•
•
·
· RULE 22. Active-intransitive 1ind5j>ass1ve
R UL E 32. Home, and nouns signifying
verbs, the verb to become, and ot,h~~:f neuter ilistance, time when, 1ww long, &c. are gen~­
v~rbs, have the same qase afterjH~~~ !ls .~e; _r3lly l?.Ye'1J.ed by a preposition understood.
f~re them, when .both words refe,J; % ~d ~ig- NOTE 1. The r sitions to ~d f<>r are often unmfy, the same. tln.ng. : .
·· ~ ; .:Jj~
derst.ood chiefly tefor
e pronouns.
NOTE 1. .~ctive-mtranSltiVe Terbs..em;ite~me~ l18r 2; To'or unto iii und:rs ..a"· - lik~.and unlik~ • .
sume· a tranS1b.ve form, and govern the o~ective casi
3.. Nouns signifying extension; dura • , "
2. According, to a u8age too common · m''colloc'j_uial ~uality, or value, are used without a governing wor
style, an agent not literally the correct..one, is empfoyed a.s the nominative to a passi";e ~v~r}>! .wpic4
RULE 33. Conjunctions connect
causes the verb to be followed .by an qb;ect•!'• case a,n,d pronouns in the same case.
with.o.ut the possibility of supplying oelbi:l3 ih pre: · R ULE. "4 Co ·
·
. ..
·
po81tion.
r .• ' • . . ' . .
. ·J •
njunct10ns _ g.ene:a!~v con.
~
nect ve. rbs of like moo_d,s and. tenses • . - .' - '
R U LE 23. A verb in the ·infinitive.mood.I
may be governed by a verb, noun<•adj"ective,: < , N:qTE l . When rufferent mood; and - ~~s ~
'
con~ected by conjunctions, the nominative must be
participle or pronoun.
• , ·
I repeated.
>, .
R ULE EXTRA
A verb m" t.he'i 1l::,~,,_.t• ! ::» 2. ; · Coniunc.tions.impl~· conti'~ncyor doub, t,~
•
wwl IVE(
"
·~
mood, refers to some noun or pronoun as its qmre the subJ~ct1":e
m
after em. · , ;:, ''> ':•.:
1 unctiona~i, tlwuvh --- '·•• ·-·e·«
b'
t
t
.
l.
.1
3.
The
con
su 1ec or ac or ·
"
P 1 " ' " • • · - · r"
•
·. ·
,, whether, and led,
gene y reqwre the subjuncllTe
NOTE 1. The infinitive mood absolute· stands in- mi>od after them. · ·n - · ' . , 1 •
•. 1p ,_.
dependent of the rest- of the sentence! ,f i"- · - ' ' 1 4 • .Conjunctions of a positive and abeolu~
2: Th~ infinitive mood is sometimes gov.~med by require the indicative mOod. . · ,, · , , ' ... , } ,; .
conR~unUcLtioEns2o4r adTvehrb": fin't' • -~~ -~ .:'' . ' ·- ULE 35. A n otih,.or'' proiiohii- folibiVing.,
•
e m 1 1ve monuf or part th
·uncti" · th.a ·
· · · :i.. •• , · ' - · • • · on
n, a.8, or UU<' is nomma· fi
·
h
e conj
1y put
o• f .a• sentence, 1s requent
,. . d', b'y a"'Ver
•
b "Or
-.;; n:re:.
. ~'. .
Ii' .t ~ nom
f 1· ti.ve to a verb, ·0 .-., g ov~me
b
th , !\S
ma~1ve cas~ .to. a ver , or _e o ~ect o an: . ition;expressed ·6r imdenifoo<f. ·• ·~~··'if~.-:; ...
actlve-trans1t1ve verb. · .
· ·: 1. "; ,,: . ~ ~ ...... .~~"«;;!""~'.' 'tt ".J '"~M• .. ,~t:=i ·· _ ,..., ~"· •
NOTE. To, the sign of the infinitive mood; is som~- .NPT,E }· .T):ie S0.DJllll".~~n.~·~lj~ it 18 ~~ted~··
times properly omitted.
·
·_
. - Wlth the · pro~otm aucli; many, iii lllDI!> ~ ~ml!jnh"M ,

nature

. ~ fE. When the relative is preced.id by two an1dents of different persons, the relative and the
h must agree in person with that antecedent which
I
tlse requires.
·
J LE 15. The relative is the.nominative
';e to the verb, when no nominative comes
ween it and the verb.
·
- -yLE 16. W hen a nominative comes be·
· ·' ·· , · ·,.
called.a .,.elatit>e pronou.._ " · · · ...
. 1>. ,
1 the r11lative and the verb, the relative
RULE 25. T he verbs which . follo)v-. bid, , 2: .An elli~ or ~miaeion :qf~~...~;.;~ ...
, . 1-erned ·by the following verb, or by some
1
~ .:·
.er word i ·its own membe r of the sentence. dar.e, 11eed! r;uzke, see, ~ear,fe~!i hefP,,.~[et, andi 9uentlyad'.11 ~w,hic!~~pp~~
th~1r
pa{timf>.les,
a
re
m
the
1D!i~ii,
y
'~
mtjo~
_.
1
11.:::ii~~ltb:"J;:l'
aof~(WOO!d
o~tbe:
0
·" '1'E 1.
, ·which, what, the relf!tive th.at, and
~ompou ds, whomet>er, wlw'ITUOl!fJef', &w. though without, the sign lo prefixed. ; " J. '.'~'i.-6~. "· · ·~ .'sense, or;weil.kep.i~~ 'tiiQm!i¢.be ,e~
RULE 26. Partw1ples have. the.sarjie gov. ·..! 4 ,:I~ the..UBe;'l?f'pie~~~~~:..
I
obje!'ti e case, ·are always placbd before the
I
:
tl , · ·
emment"aa' the verbs have froni which the to~oth:rf..:.wa~°'l'4Jl!l")l~hi~l&il'
d · d ·
. . ..
':mean~g. !J.,, w_e 'WO(Oru&'Ol!~~ncea .w deli tb8J'<~
:. Every r.tiv~. miist have an antecedent to which
are enve ~
. . ..,,_, ""''" ·•' · nect;i all. th!.partii'pf. aiaen~~·~~
elatP,ti,' eitl:pr ilxpfessed or implied. .
NOTE. The present pa:rtic1ple ""tbi,the definite: w eac1i, ,other, ~dare~. and 'clear~­
Jl..E ~~:. . 'Wheu'
the relativ~
:pronoun is articl!' tM befo~ it, becomes a no~. ~ · tP,~l havel ' #oug1JPu} ~!?'~~.bO cl!re~ri~i:ved . .,. ."" ' ~ · ·
I
. -"
. .
.
•

,

-. .•;-.

jt~~f :_~->· _. ~..;P~!... ~

J'-·

' I l"-1 :'

i:, , ~r: -"'
--::..:.. -·-...::.{'

'

•"'

... .......... ~- ._. . _ _ ,,___________

fj,~ ~

I ~~·1,-0'·

"I

:"'.':f,1

1ftl1J •~r,)!~~

t\

...;.:.: lj\\

J·--:.~ ____ :_:__, ---

.,..

ITD%0ftPzrlarY;~,J

;.~-i."'l

•''~Jr'

_ _:__ .....__

_:_.:;_....:.-..=.-'--...:..~:._

...

,

-~~

.;

-~

"{

}~

.': ~

:; ;~

"

' -..
!
.:"_' ·f

;.·

';

;:; ,

·' '[

"·'

·!~

'

.

.i\

., .
,•·

:·
I

·"l

;

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