Lyons's E nglish Grammar.
A NEW

GRAMMAR
•

OF

THE ENG ~I SH. LAN GU AGE~ "
FAMILIARLY EXPLAINED,
.I.ND A.DA PTED TO THR USE

or

SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE STUDENTS.

BY

T. L.

~YONS.

CINCINNATI:

PUBLISHED BY H. S. & J. APPLEGATE,
NO. 39 MAIN STREET.

18 5 0.

I

t

"I\ \ ..

TO

'flIE 'l'EACIIERS ABROAD IN THE LAND;
TO THOSE LOVERS OF LEARNING
WHO

HAV"F. ESl'OUSED 'rI-IE
OF TRAINING

THI~

l\IOST

YOUNG

U ONORADLE AND

RESPON SI BLE

VOCATION

FOR USEFULNESS AND FOR GREATNESS;

'1'0 THOSE PATERNAL GUARDIANS,
Enterod, nccoHling to act

or Congress,

in tho yea r 1850,

BY T . L . LYONS.
In the Cle rk's: Ofli ce of the District Court of the State of Ke ntu cky.

wno

AJ\E ZEALOUSLY LABORING, WITIT PATIUOTIC DEVOTION,

TO FIX THE PRI NC IPLES OF OUU NATIONA L LA NGUAGE
JN TllF. MINDS OF 'l' lIE RISING GENERATION, AND
TO HA ND TUAT LA NGUAGE DOWN, AIJUNDANTLY
Bil' ROVED, TO Tlill LATEST POSTERITY,

'l'IIIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED
DY THE

,.
)

AUTHOR.

.

L exinglon, Ky., l S:iO.

(iii)

E. l\JonoAN & Co., f'rintcr:i and S tereotype r:;,
No. 111 J\1 :tin Slreet. , C incinnati .

I

'

PREFACE.
• I?on im posing this volume upon the public, I have but one
apology to offer, an d th at is this-that in the prevailing systems, the science of G rammar is neither so conveniently arranged
nor so ap tly illustrated as it sboulU be. N otwithstanding the
great multiplicity of 11 ew systems, we seldom find a teacher
well pleased wi th his g rammar, or a pu pil much interested
in the study. T he evils co mplained of, I have endeavored to
r emcJ.y; :ind whether I lrnve been able to g ratify others or not,
I have at least succeeded in pleasing myself.
"But h e who ble 11 ds iustrucliou with delight,
' Vi11s every reader, nor, in vain shall write."

Gramm ar is easily learned, when properly taught.
Th e plan herein tl evelo1)ecl, is that wh ich is best adapted to
th e cap:tcitics and inclinations of ch ildren. Instead of perplexing the pnpi l, at the very threshold, with critical principl es,
ho begin s with the simpler elements; aml the subjects are
graduatCll , and adapted to l1is comprehension and taste.
After the rules of Orthography, t,he parts of ~pcech are first
prc:scutc d in a S!/110JISis, in whi ch some of t heir distinguishable
characte ristics a.re strikin gly se t fort h; so that tho pupil, after
a few hours' study, can readily distinguish th em.
A com1rnD of Etymology is nex t presented, in which the
>ittributcs of all the parts of speech are for cibly illustrated,
anrl vari ous exe rcises given, to be corrected and parsed accord111g to the rules of Syntax. Tho models for conjugating a nd
syntactical pnrsing, are simple, concise, and uniform; and
(iii)

iv

PHEFACE.

!'REFACE.

(if one is capable of judging of l1i s own produ ctions), they
will be fou ntl to be the easies t ancl most satisfa ctory of any
th:1,t have hcrot1.f'n rc been tleviscJ, '\\' li en th e pupil ha s gone
Lhrnuglt tbc cun1pr ud of ~ 1 .y 1 11o l • , ! ~,'.-', li e l1 as 11 ot foil ctl tu perceive tJ1e strnct ure, ge niu H, and 1e;111Ly of" tl1 e Ja.11 guagc ; anr1
he begin s even 11 ow Lo plume him self 11pull l1is lrn owledgc uf
the seie11 ce of gr::11n111 ar.
There is u c ~~ t pre~e ntctl in the, s;11J1 0 order a 1rnCAl'IT ULAT10N
of etymology, cl1lbraei11g the more cornl'lex prin cipl es autl exercises tln1,t '""re not introc1ucct1 i11to the co 111 pcnll; togeth er
witii man y t ha t ha,ve been usuali y :u 1tl 11n11ecesnarily crowtl ctl
into the sy nt:1x; so that no part is eneu n1bered wiU1 what cloes
11ot properl y 1 elong to it. Thi s rccapitul:tliun he now begins
wit h fortit ud e, a,ml in ear nest. Seein g that grammar is a science ancl an art to be u11u erstood an ti practi ~c cl , he is encour aged at every sLcp,-t,i_;-;;nrrnount eve ry obstacle.
The th ird part is-n complete SYNTAX of concise rules, notes,
renrnrks, aml exercises, well adal'Le<l to the convenience of both
teacher and pupil.
In the P1t0rnDY (the fourlh part ), the subjects of punctuatio11, elocnti on, versification, style, am1 figur es, arc trcatccl of
in a wa,y th cannot fail to interest the yo nn g learn er.
The work thro11ghont is both lucid :111d practical, and the
snl1jccts for exercise are chaste a11tl rnr1raL
'!'lie R!.ylc is neither so ,invenil c as tn degrad e the subj ect,
n"' PO elevated as to ]JC in comprehensible to cliil<lr e11.
·w1iat0vcr conl<l bo ostecn1ed norf'ul to the practical grammari ~ n, is e1nl1odi cil in lhis work; :11111 rn; :i g r~ aml idi oms are
trca tccl of in a mam1er, ngree i11 g H ttl.1.~ ta 11 tiall y, 'fl'ilh that of
man y of the most able and pnpn1ar authnrs.
F or the ~ul 1,ir·et Jll :.ttter of the work, l here acknowledge :1
p~rti c nlar i ncl clitcc111r~s to l\Icssrs, G. J3row11 , Butl er, Dnllions,
:i.ml \ V ells. ~I a11y ntl11•rs h:we been dul y quoted; hut to numerous r1u1,l:il in11s, uRc<l rn<!rely for exa lllpl es an cl exercises,
it was not <.'ntircly co nvc11ic11t, nor was it necessary to appe nd
the nRm c of tbe author, - im1ecd sonic of them have been

5

quoted so often, that it is impossible to tell who the original author was.
The popular nomc nchiture is left unchangecl, except a slight
dcpa.rt,urc in th e mnods and ten ses ; and this, I have fo_und
from ten yea rs' experience in oral lecturing, to be a dcc1cled
i lllJll"OVClllCil t,.
I ktvc eml ea vorccl to make this an accurate work, but it by
no means claim s to be perfect. Believing, however, that even
the hyper-critic will find in it much more to commend than to
condemn I send it out to the world to be judged by an enlightened and generous pnblic-to stand or to fall by its own
merits.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR .
1. ENGLI311 GnAmtAlt is t he ::irt of speaking and writing
the English Language ::iccording to established practice.
2. By estaLlished pruclice is m eant, reputable, national, and present
usage.
3. Th e es t.abl.ished pruclico of th e Lest speakers and writers, is con•i<lered the standard of gra111111a ti cal accuracy.

4. Engli sh grammar is di vided into four parts:
thogrnphy, Etymology, Syntax, ancl Prosody.

PART

' ' lZ:

Or-

I.

OH..'rHOGRAPHY.
5. Orthography treats of letters, syllables, and the spelling
of words.
UF LETTER S .

6. A letter is a cl1:1racter used in writing to r epresent an
articula.tc sound.
7. Th ero arc twenty-six letters in the Bnglish Alphabet;
::ind tlicsc are cliviJcd into vowels and consonants.
"[L ESSON l.] 1. \ Vhat is Eng li sh Grammar 1 3. \ Vlrn.t is m eant by es ta bli shed practi ce 1 3. \Vk1t is the s t ~unlri r d of grammat ica l ::iccurncy 1 4. Jnlo how many p3rts is
th e gramma r tli\' idecl ?-Name them . 5. Of wh a t cln cs orthog raph y treat 1 G. \<\ihat
is a letter 1 7. llo w many le tter s in the En g li sh alphabe t 1-Jlow are tlicy <livi<led 1
•To TTIE TEA CHER.-Th c riu e~ tion s at th e botto m of the p a ~ es are lli\•iilcd into le s.
so ns nn1\ \1:tlr: l es~o n i;; 1 t o ~ uit 1•upi l., of diffore nt a~c, and c:qrnc ities, Bo me m a y learn a.
le ~s on whil e others Jc:un Qn ly a. half-l esso n.
( 1l1nr kctl ( }f). ) l f th e Lcnc he r sho uld
r.hoo .~e lo rcgar.l· lh e se mar ks of 4\i\•isio11 1 he may find th e m ' 'e ry conve nient; but if ho

119.011\d choose to ciiHcgard th e m, th ey ca u gh·e liim no in co nvenience.

(7)

"

8

9

ORTHOGRAPHY.

ENGL!Sll GftAl\li\IAIL

8. VowELs. -A vowel is a leLter which makes a. full and dis -

22. 'fhe lJroper pronunciation of words, is called Orthoepy .

tinct sound of i tself.
D. The vowel s arc a, o, i, o, u, and so metimes w antl y.
10. Co NSONAN'l'S.-A consonant is a letter whi ch cannot be
distinctly uttered with out combi11i11g "·ith it the sound of a
vowel.
11. The cousc1na11.t: s a.re JJ, c, d, f, g, 11, j , k, I, 111, 11, p, q, r, s,
t, v, x, z, allll 8ometimcs w a11Ll y.

Ons1mvATION.-Tioth epel li11g and orthoepy aro to be learned from dictionaries anJ spclli11 g uooks. It is imprac ticabl e, in this place, to give
prec ise rules for th e spelling of nil words. Only a few aro here presc11lcd, and with th ese c1·e ry pupil should become well acquainted; but
iuarniu ch us they uro so mew hat uninteresting lo beginn ers, th e pupil, until
ho >ha ll have perused tho work, may omit them, and proceed to etymology.
RULES FOR SPEL LING.

12. \V n11d y arc co nso mLnts whc11 they precede a vowel in the same
Ryllaule : ""• w i11 c, twin e, lhw nrt, yea r, yet, yonth. ln all other siluaalions they uro vowels: as, law, hawk, owl, betray , Mar yland, Yttria.

Rur,E 1. The consonant/, l, ors, is doubled, when it both
follows a vowel an d ends a monosylbble: as, staff, foll, miss-

13. A 11i til1thong is the union of two vo,rcls in one syllable:
as, oi in soil ; ea i11 beat.

N·JT, staf, f cf, mis.
Ex<..:EPTIONS.-' Vus, gas, as, is, hi s, pu s, yes, if, this, has, thns, of, µs.
Jo:XEHCISE

14. \Vh cn bolh vowels nro "0 1111 tb l, as i11 r,oil, lhe 1111io11 i,; called n
prcper diphthon1:; bttt when only one is soumleJ, as in beat, it is called
an improper diphthong.

15. A triphthong is the union of three vowels in one syllable: as, eait in beauty, icw in view.
0 I.' SY

LLAJJJ,E S.

lG. A syllnble is one or more letters ]Jt"Onounced by a single
impulse of the voice : ns, a in acorn; an in nngle.
17. A monosy lbblc is a worll of one Ry liable : as, far.
18. A tli ~sy llablc is a word of two syllables : as, far-ther.
19. A trisy llab le is a won ! of three sy ll::tbl c~ : as, far-ther m os t.
20. A polyi:yllable is a word t•f rnnr e than three syllables :
as, far- rng -in-ous, ar-ti r.-11-la-t.i•Jll.
0 l'

~:

l' ELL I ii i;

~1. Spelling is the art of exp ressing wurcl s by their proper
letters, antl of rightly dividing them into syllables.
8. " 'hat j,. :\VO\'el?

n.

Nam e th e \'Owcl s . 10. , ,,·ha.t ii' ;\ co n:;;on nn t? .11. N:une
thE' conso n:rnts. 12 \\'li en nrc w nnrl y L'On sv 11a.nl !I ·~-f:i, · e ex :1111ples. \ ·Vh e n ::ire w
nu d y ,·owe ls ? E:"Can 1p!C':; . ( H). 1:t. \Vh ;1l is a tli phll 1on~ ?-E'\:amplcs. 14. \Vhcn
i:; th e lllli On of t wo \' OW<· ls calletl a proper dipht.l1ong ? \"\'h en :rn improper 1liphthong 1
J.5. \Vh ::it is a triplitl11rng 1 E:-;:amples . ](j, \\'lint i : ; a i;y ll alil <' ? E xnmplcs . 17. A
mono!;y lJ ahl c ? E~amp l c .
Jfl . A lli s!y llahl1! ? Ex:nnple .
H}. A tri s yllable 1 Ex·

ample.

~.

A poly syllali lo !

Ex amples. 2 1. H'haL is spe ll in~!

1.

~"ALSE OJtTHOGRAPllY TO DE CORltECTED.

With rn y st:if in 1"u1d, I shal pas throu gh th e valley. \Vel may you
!!lies that snnf wil inju re you. Oxygen gass supports combustfrm.•
RULE. ~.-No consonant is doubled when it elicls a word,
except /, l, aml .~ : as, corn, wheat, hemp-NOT, cornn, wheatt,

hempp.
ExcEt•rJONS. -Add, ebb, iuu, purr, butt, buzz, egg, odd, err.
Jo:XEltCISE

2.

' Varr is nu Cl"il. \ V c have a new rnapp of M exico . Gell n snugg
rodd from the sod<l, anJ tapp the tubb in the rnudd. 'l'o er is human.
'l'h ere is luck in od numbers.

H ur.E B.-Every consonant is doubled b.efore an additional
sylbble beg inning with a vowel, when the conso nant both follow. · tL s ingle vowel and ends a monosylbble or a word accented
on the last syllable: thus, From red, comes redder: From

abet, ubelling an ll abettor.
Exc}:rT1011s.-X and k are never doubled.
J~X1'~1tCISJ~

3.

lf we rob a robcr, what shall we gaiu by rahing?

L et us hegi11 at the

• Exercises relating lo the exceptiom, are marke<l in italics.

10

br g inin g. lf we admit th o m an th at we admil.cu before , tvhal sha ll he
g h·c for a<lmitnnco~ Thnt wll he<:am c wif y at our r 1111i 11g a11d ovcrsc liug.
'l'l1 at was co11fe ri11 g 11 0 favor. 'l'rackkin y on ic1~ i.o.; pc rl'lr·x:d.11.'/·

llu.1..1·:. 4.-U the fin a l eo11 sn11a11 t fo ll ows :1 llil'l1il11111g, o.r if
the n.cec11t is nut on the last s.rllaLl e, or if by nddi11 g tl1 u syll:i.ble '"e remove the accent, then ll1c fi11 <d consoua11t is not
doubled: thus, From bear comes bcan:11!J : Fru111 baller, buttered : Fro 1J1 n:f'er, i·qfercncc.
ExccrT10>1 1. In bias a11d worship , sa nd J> arc i:ruc rall y doub led before
the su!lix : ns, biassing, worshipping.
Ex cJ-: >TtoN 11. Sonw wrilrrs don ble th e fin :il l 11·h•l n ll1e acce nt is n ot
on th e last sy ll abl e: !hn s, Fro111 lra vrl the y mak e /ra vel/er: Fro111 model,

modelling.
EX J'!lt CI S Jl

'vVhy are

4.

Th e hu111111 er is nsc<I for h'1111111 r rring.
][ avillg Joanncd tl 10 1110 11 ey,
it was hi s l'rr !'crre ncc to have tho deht ca n cell ed .
\ \'O

toilli11 g for nau gh t?

J\fini stf'rs coufr r in co 11 fc rre 11ce as~~e mbl c d.

G.- Prin1itive 1' word s cncling in 11, drop one l Lcfurc
less an Ll ly: thus, From skill comes sl.:illess : F rum cliill, chilly.
H o LE

R E >tAJtK .-All and f ull, whr n pe rma 11 cntl y j oiu ed to oth er words,
comm onl y dro p a n l: a• , al•o , mirthf11I.
Jl XERCI S .E

5.

A man w ith out skil l, is s kill ess . They had full m earn re and 1rnre
fulll y sati s fi ed. Thry were all so atte nti ve, as never lo need reproof;
aml they wero all so chee rful! a11cl happy.

Ru1.E (i.-]?i11:il e is dropped before adtlitional suffi xes Legiunin;; wi th a vowel, Lut ref,ai11ec1 before th ose bcgi1111ing with
a c011 8onnnt: :1s, lovin g, lovely.
J<: xcErTI O:'l 1. \Ve w rite si119 ri 119 a 1ul swi11_qr.i119 , to disl.i11 guish these
wo rd s from si119 i119 a11d s'vi11_qi.11y.
ExcE rTI ON 11. To pre serv e t.h c so ft sou nd of c and 9 1 in wordf; e nding
iu er a nd ge, th e fin al a is not dropped be fore able : as, pcaceaLle, manage:d>lr .
l ·: xc1·:l'TJO~ 111. So me \\'ri lcrs do n ot tlrop I.hoe be fore nhlc. in th e worrl~
blrm1ahlt'. 71roruble, wova ble, salable; hut write bla. meal1lr, pnrccablc , move ·

a61e, saleable.
• A 1ui m itivo word i1 one that is not fo 1m ed fJom nny simp lc1 word in th e Jangungo .

11

ORTHOGRAPHY.

ENGLJSH GRAMMAR.

ExcEM'ION 1v. From dye, ( to color ,) comes dyeing: From hoe cornea

hoeing.
ExcEl'TION v. Some wr ite rs do n ot drop the e after dg, but others do:
ns, ·acknow lcdgc111 c11 l, ack 11owlcJg·111m1t.
ExcE PTJ o N v1. Iu tli o wonl s duly, ( from du e ,) truly, ( fr om true,) and
awf ul, (frow awe, ) the e is dropped Lefore the conson ant.
Jl X l~R C I S E

G.

I r ide now, and I •h all bo ride, in g l o-m orrow.

I saw lii111 write , a nd I
nm sure ho is au excell e nt writcc r. M e n o f se nse, aro se nscible , and act
se11sc ibly. It will uevor erase, for it is ceasless. Tho enliro nlfoir was
rnli rl y forgolt.cn. T hat little girl is singing her hair. 1'he horse is man-

n!Julile a.ml pcacable.
/o;•ly.

Log1oood is used for dying.

1'rue love is truel y

lluLE 7 .-When y, ending n. primitive word, is preceded by
n. eonsonant, it is changed to i before any acltlitional worcl or
syllable except ing : as, I try, I triecl, I am trying.
EXERCISE

7.

The firs t wns m erry; th e seco nd m e rryer ; the third , merryest.
pity a pity able obj ect. l Ve try now and we will cont inue triing.

'vVe

RuLE 8.-Finn.l y is not cbn.ngecl to i when it is preceded
by n. vowel: thus, fr om betray comes betrayed.
ExcEl'TJONS .-From say, co mes said: From la.y, laid : From pay, paid.
EXEltCISE

H e porlraicd th e consc ~u e 11 ce• .

8.

He was very much a nnoid .

lie lo.yed down the rnoney and vayccl the forfeit.

He sayed

ET YMOLOGY.

13

31. 'l'he p:ir ts of speech arc distinguished by the manner
of their application. 'fh e order in which they arc explainccl
m this work, is presented in the followiug

· SYNOPSIS.

PA R'l'

I I.

NOUN AND PRONOUN.

ETYMOLOGY.
23. Krn1otonY treats of the different sorts of words and
their various modifications.
24 . '\·Vonl s arc th e sig ns of idcns.
25. A word is primitive or tlcrivalivc-simple or cornpou11d.
2.G. A pri111 iti1' e word is one th at is not forme d from any
other word in tl1 c 1:111 gua gc : :i s, w:itch.
27. A derivati'e word is one th :it is formed from :i simpler
word: as, w:itd1ful.
28. A t;Ompuund word is the uni on of simple words, either
j oined by th e l1 yphen (- ), or permanently consolidiited: as,
watch- cliain, watcl11nan.

32. A Nouu is a word that expresses the name of an object.
33. A Pronoun is a wonl tb nt supplies the place of a noun ..
31. Th o nam e of eve ryth in g yon C'111 see or speak of, is a noun; bu t
I, thou niul yon, hr, "l ie, a ud it, are th e princ ipa l pronouns.
:15. T ho nam e le11 chcr is a no1111, !mt I is a pronoun .
Th e 1t:111tr )l llJlil is a noun, but thott or you is a pronoun.
Th e name Jam es i s n noun, but !.h e word he is a pronoun.
Th e name 111 ary is a 11 011n, but l he word she is a pronoun.
Th e nam e slierp is n noun, but lhe word it is a pronoun .
NOUNS.

PRONOU NS,

T e:1rl•Pr

~You

IT hou

Pupil
J am es or boy
l\I ary or girl
Derr or S h crp

Mos t of- lhe compo uncl words am corn<olidak d an d wrillcn as simple

He
S he
Tl

l

f

No111i11ative
case .

words.

2\l . When an addc<l syll able is plnced before a radi cal word,
it is c:illcd a prefix; a8, re-prove : b11t when vl aced after it, it
is callctl a suHi x : as, fonr:/itl. Tlie same may be s::i itl of the
co111poulllh : nR, man-servant, hn•l-lord.
30. \\Torcls arn diYid cllinto tl1 c follow ing eight clnsses, called

lVhe11 h< !tad .found the sheep !te laid it upon his shoulders.
Here th e word shre,'J is a 11ou11, for it e xpresses lh e n a me of a thing;
b11t the word ii i8 a pronu 1111 , br cnus1' it s upplies the place of th e noun
!'he 1•p. If we do not use t.h o pronoun, we nwst rP.peal the noun: as,
W!teu he 11ad fo 1111d th e •hr.r p he laid t!t e sheep np on his s houl de rs. Bltt
it is more e legan t lo ' "~ lh n l'"Onou11 to su ppl y the place of the noun. "

l'/l.RT 8 CJ !' S l'EECll .

v1<;Rn.

NouN.
J 'r,ONOIJN.

v Eltll.
Au.rncnv.r..

J\Dn~ r.n.

l'rrnPOSlTION.
Co"irnNCTION.
I Nn1n .rncnoN .

--------··----------------[Li ~ SSON ~ . ]

()I" wki. t d11r :: ~ · ty 111u ln ;.:- y tn• al '? 2 ·L \\ · h ~L nro word :: 1 '.!:-i. A
word is in wh;i.l !' 1.:1h•? 2fi . \.\l hnl i" :L primili,·e w11nl ? .i':x ;11np l1>. ~7 . A 11cri rnt h·o
wo rd 1 F.xampl<'. ~ ~- A co mpu11 11 1\ word? J•: .xarn l'l cs . 2!). \\lh :lf. is an :i il 1le d sy lln .
Jilc , li rforc a r:tili .. :1 1 wurli, cu l\f!d ! .K x:1111p\e . 1\JLc.: r a radie;il, w lnL i ~ it called ! l::x"ample. :m. Jnto liow m:rny c las ses arc wnrds d iv iile1l 1 Name th e parts of 5 pe~c h.
~

~ : I.

3G. A V crb is a wonl that expresses an :iet or a state: ns,
Sheep run : You are puvils.
:~L lfo w nre th e pnr t11 of speec h t\i s t.in g11i shc111 ( %). 32. VVha.t is a nou n 1 3:1. A·
prono11n ? :J.f. \ V ln•f. i., IJ1 c 1rnm c of e t•l'fyt.hin g )"011 cn.n !!:ee or spertk of1 'V hut arw
lh r. prin rip:tl pronoun s ? :1:;. \Yh :i t. p;irt o f' speec h is the wortl te acher 1 I 1 Pu(1il 1
Thou or yon? .l:un <' .~ 1 li e? l\l:iry? ~ li e 1 S hec p1 It 1 Name n numb er ofnoun1:
N ~nt f' sh prono1111 s lhal nr:i in th e uominativc c<tsc .

tL•~SSON '.1.]

:-'.G . \\"hal is n vc rh?

F.x(l.m(ll e~ .

l :.! )

.;

ENC:Ll f.' J! G llJ\ i\IMAR.

14

38 . E xce pt are, auy verb rnny 110 used with J, thou, or 110,
before it, : as, L learn, tliun lcom l'., f, J,,, !co ms . J speak, thou
speakest, li e 19.Jeuks . l fear, thou f1Xll'ts/., he fea rs. l am, thou

art, he fr, she is, or it is.
\ Ve say, I teach, or teachers teach:
They ml vance, or pupils advance.

You learn, or c bildren learn:

nm,.

Thouarl ,.
is, .
l.I. o

f-' li inr,,
i-:h i11 c::: t,
shiu es.

1'rwns itil·e Verbs.

tell,
tell est,
tells.

\Ve do not say, he tell s /, I love thou: I !.ell he, he admires slie: for
pronouns in th e 11nmi11ati1!e form (35) , ore not placed ns th e objective case
nfter tran sitiv e verbs. (See pronouns in the nominative and iu the objective casi")
41 . A 11ou11 or pro11011n in th e 1wmi11a.ti've case , r cpresc nls the produ ..

ccr of the act or Rtate, and n>ual ly comes be.fore the verb: us. / leach.
Thou art. ]fol th e obj ective case represe nls the receiver of th~ nclion,
and usually comes after th e verb: a•, I teach him. Thou art teaching
me.

INF[,ECTIO N OF vmrns-CONTlNU.ED.
I ntransitive Vcrl1s .

15

SYNOPSIS.

37. H e:. a the verb ru11 exprceses on net inlrodu cecl by t.h e noun sheep.
The v erb arc ex presses a sta te i11trodnced Uy the pronoun yo 11.

l'ltO N OUNS.

love,

lovesl,
loI' CS.

~

42. Such verbs as do not require the objective case after
them, are callell intrnnsitivc verbs: as, I come, I go, I fall, I
rise, I shine.
"Vo do not say, I come thee : Yon go me.: I fall him: Yott rise her:
for these verlis being iutransiliv e, are not used to govern the objective
case.

i\Te
Th ee } Objrctive
lli111
case.
Iler.

ADJECTIVE .

. :39. Verbs may he eas ily distinguished from oth er purls of speech by

43 . An adjective is a word used to point out or describe a
Rubst.autivc:
(noun or pronoun:) as, T !tat sheep, tltose sheep,
tli nn, n11d he , before tli t:m, cnn not he u sed as Yrrhs. \ Ve 11wy say, I
Th at young
sh in e, thou f:hin e~ I , he !-' hin es; hut not, l 111oon, 1.liou moo11cst, he moons. small sheep, large sheep, white she ep, black sheep.
'V f' say, J !': ill g", th o u f= ill f!CY-i l, li e f:i n g~; hut 1101. , l so u:,r, thou sou ges t, he sheep is yrnl{e.
Those old sl1eep arc tu.me. J.'ltc deer is wild
songs. IIr nce ~ l1i11 c and Rin g- are. \'C'r !J ~: , l111t moon and song arc uolu1s.
-it is swiji.
infl ec ting them, for word s t.h nt cannot Le infl ec.tcd with the pronouns I,

Y, XE

I~ C I S "

44. Any li1nili11g or describing word m ay be used as an ndjective:
thu s'. in th e fo llowi11g exa mpl es, each italic word is used to point out or
<lesc rrbe the noun sheep-th ey are th erefore all adject ives.

\) .

Distin g 11ish the nouns and verb" in the following list:

4.5.

1\lonr.1,. - Droom is a nonn be en. use it expresses the ntimc o f rln ol jcct..
Su;ccv is a ,·erl.t became it e:\p rcsses ~n rtct: thu s, I swee p, thou swcc pc s l, he sweeps.
1

1'his, th ese, one, two, a., any, soqze,
i
DEscn1111Na.-Gnutl, bad, hi,qh., luw , short, heavy, dull,5

L1IHTTINc_:.-

SHEEP.

Pl:ice olhN limiting and describing words before the uoun sheep, and
]]room, sweep , <far, l./l'i 11 /clc, c{or.k, slrikr, burn, u;ood, lovrsl, heart, opens, call Ihem adj1·cti 1·cs.
trunk, rii:er, fio11w .

ADVERB.

40. Ruch nrlJs as m1uirc the objective case (3 8) :1-Hcr th em
4G. An Adverb is a word usccl t.o modify a verb, an adjecto corn plct.e t.l1 e sense, arc callccl transitive verh s : as, He telli
tive, or another adverb: :is, Sheep run slowly, D eer run
m e, I lore thee ; I tell him, he admfres her .
swiftly.

l\lcn :1-ct bmve1y.

Very brave men act very bravely.

:l7. \\"h.i.l docs th e' Ycrh nm C); press ?- The verb fffO .1 :18. Jl ow m<? y any ,·c rb be
~I. \\'lin t <loc !l. n noun or pronoun in the nomirrnli ve case represent 1-Does th e nomina·
us e cl 1- lnOc ct t.lie n rh lr.ani with t.li e pronouns I , th ou, and he, before it.-Infl e ct the l! \'e cn sf' usua ll y l't1 '.n e ~i c forr: th e verh, or nft e r it 1-\tVha.t does the objective ca se re pre·
nrh S pe:ik , Ferir , Am: Sh in e, '.1'('11, Lo,·e . Nam e four pronouns in 1hc objeetirn c nsc . 39. sent ? ~ Do c,; lh c ol'.1 e ct1ve c a :-c come Lefor e , or after the ve rb 1 42. \'\'hat verbs are
ll ow m ~v Ye rh s be il i ~ ling:1n s h r d from oth e r part s of ~ pc cch 1- l s n wori\ tktt cn nn ot be call d 111t r:H1 siti \·c ·~ - E xa mpl es.
infl ce:tc d·, r· nl\e.U a ,·c r\J 1-InHr· l'I l he following wo rrl s, :rn1 11 e ll wh P.thN t\11"y nm \' e rb s 01
[Lt. ss o.~ ·I :] 43. \\'ha t. is an adjec tive ?-E:rnmpl es. 44. "Vlrnt word ma y be use<l
not: :3 hi1w , .!\'loon , S i11 r, , ~OH!!. ~ ; ~ ,. Exerc ise 9. <10, \ Vhat nrf" tran sitive \' erbs1 ns an .~dJc : t n· e ? -1 :). Name some limiting adjecti"'e!.-So me desc ribing acljectirn~.
16. "nat 1s an ;1cJverb r-Exnmplrs.
.
Exnmplr s.

2

\

\

17

16
Jltlucrb.

.fl dJect.i cc.

.;Y o11 11 •

T'crb .

Jl dorrb .

very
very

wi se
discree t

Jll C ll

act
ac l

ve ry

women

JllO ~ t

Jldvcrb.

wi sely.
di sc reetly.

47. Jut.he firnl. fonn111:iry ~ x ninple , Ili c a<h·e rh irisrly mod ifi es t.h e verl
act: i. u., it I.e ll" h o w th ey a <:!.. 'J'h" a d \' c rL 1wry m url ili es the adj ec tive

wisP, anJ tlt o adv-c rh mosl nwdiftcs th o ad \'e rh wis1·ly

'! 8. The allYe rb cornmo11l y modili1:s the su 11 sc of vcrl1s, by
telling bow, when, or wh om t-. hc acLi<111 is ]'erfun ned: as,
LfL;lics walk lww ? _i;r11cejitlly, briskl!J, ni111lil!J, :sfo1d!J.
'l'h cy walk wlicn? 11u1l', the n, 1?ftc11, alWii!JS, 11e1•1·r.
'l'bcy wn.lk where .2 lwre, t11 err., anywhere, cvcry1d urc, now!tere.
REM All K 1. i\iljccf.il·,.s wi ll 111alrn se n se lry pl ac ing n ouns after them:
thu s , On e s hee p ; R ed dee r; 1/ra nc m e n.
Jt r. MA 11 K 1 t. ;\dvcr hs w ill co rn111 0 11l y 111akc se nse hy plac in g th em
arte r \'Crbc<; as, Men a c t ho w, w l1 0. 11, or w h ere? brrwcly, now, here.

EXJlltCISE

lU.

g'"""'"'"

50. 'l'lin pre po, ili o 11
the ol•j<'c liv c case, anrl will 11ot admit the
nominati ve case after it. \ Ye n e, rnr say fr om I , lo thou, with lte, about
sire; but ih e prn11 o uw; fullowi11 g pre pos ition ", mus t be ia the obj ective
caf:c : a ~, w ilh ltim , ahn ul her, C::)·c.

51. Th e lran <il i,·e vcrh ( ~I, ) a11rl pr<'JH"ilion ur e the only parts of
sp e~c h th a t r c rp1in· llin ol1j(•clir 1J ca:;.:o ani:•r the m.

52. H 1-: :\I A 11" .-l'rnpo:;ili o ns a11d t.ru us ilivc verhs, alik e , gover n tho
ohj cc live c~1:•e. : ;1 :-: , Ahot:e me; love 111 0. But 0110 di s li11guis l1al.ilc <l ill'err11co lre l.w1·e n tl11 ·•0 t wo part s or s peec h is, I.hat ve rbs lllll)' be iufl ccted
with T, 111 011, and li e , l1(' f11re tlie 111, lllll pre pos itions 111ay not; thu s, we
!'ay, 1 lovn, thou luv e~ l , he l ove~; hut 11ol, I ubove, thou ulrnvcst, ho
alro vcs. lle11cc , lnve is a vcrlr, I.rut above is a pre pos iti on.
E X E Jt U [ S E

JHovEr,.-1 anOrd , Ilion :1lli.Hrl es l, li e nffor d s : .l} .f{ord is a '·erh,
J alt e r, 1.1!011 aft e rcst, li e arlcrs : .!Ulc r is a 1n cpos itio11.

fo1·,

011c0, sl ro11 g ly, every, lwo, twi ce , t.hrce , thri co.
Hastil y, o t'te 11, four , fourthly, dark , nice ly.

rRgPO S ITION.

Ml. A Preposition co1111 cc t.s words
between them; Ex a111ples :
'.L'hou guest ji·om
come to
I
She walk Hu·il/i
1~

:it\ n 1li ~ ctin·

•rnll shows till.) rebtion

;1ro n11d,
a ro 11 sr,

in ,
i nfo,

behold,

forPwa rn ,

Down~

lwlo w,

beneath,
beseech ,

:1bo11t,

al ,

011,

Drow11,

alJ11 ~;e ,

over,

ulle nd,

of,
offond,

hon or,

ove rtake,

fo r~1 s

ilf''

u .:;e11. -- I.~ di ~ crc d :in :1dj l.' 1: 1in~

'1 1. In tlw r::rtmplc: ',-,.,. .111"i .<.:t: M n1 ll l' f. m ns! 1 1:i .~ r f.11 . ' lin\\' tlnr~ ' !111~ arh·crlJ 11; i ..;r l.11 n10tl itf
th e n :-rh 11 rt ?- " ·h at 1locs th e :ulvc1h rrrn m odi(\· '1- 'l'h P ;ulH•r h 1111J.>:t? '' ~· llo w <lt
:uh·e rh s m odify 1.lw !"Cll!"P o f vNl1 <: ~ - ;\':1mc ~ o n w :i th ·c rl1' or ma 11 11 c r. - f:o 111 e of t ime.
f!o 111e of pb ce·. - \\"h al l imitin g o r d l• nilt i11 !.!' W'lr ...J..; w ill 111a kc !; l' ll i e w ilh noun s afte
th c 111 ?- - 1·: .xa mpl cs .- \\"hat11 s 11 :1 ll y fi1 ll1n\" \' Prh ~ 1-E"1; : 1mpl<" ~. - 1 ·: .\'t:' r ~· i 'e HJ.
[LF'SSQN .'i.]

} m e.

thee.
him.
h e r.

CON .JU NCT I ON.

GR. A Conjunct.ion is used to cnnncct worc18 or sentences:
as, Yon m ul T. Y rm ri se or fo ll. Y eu ri se, but he falls.
ITc re lh n c n11,iu11c; lio 11

a11ll con n ec ts tli e fwo prn11 01111 s yuu and 1: Or

con1H• c l s tl1 n f.\\'o n· r hs ri.~P. a11C l
t c n eP~,* l ro u risr.-/11,; Ji1U.c;.

f all: a nd I.mt. Col! nr cts f11 e

two

se n-

f>4 . 'l'hon g- h ~ t•nw. c". 0 11j 1111 c tio11~, li ke prPpos ifi o 11 s, a re u ~c d lo c o nn ec t
words, ·y ·1. lil" rlJ i .. .; :t 11!:1 rk ed d i fl~·: re n ce i11 th e f11n c li o 11 s of th ese two pa rts
of s p(''f' c h. P n·p0~: ili l111 ~ gorcr11 Ili c o hjf'c.tivc case (:iU ) , alld will n ot :..tJmit the n o 1ni11 ~1li l'<' :1ff ,. r tl1 L' 111 , as follows : The brave mrn, with he, rel11r nrd. This Ke Hlen ce is ir11propnr, h,.r.:1u so th e pronoun hr. is of tl10
11011ti11al.iv c c:i:-:e, and il ~ h o n Id be l1i·m in the o~j ecfiv e case aflr. r the pre p o~ i1io11 11·ith. Jlnt C' 011 j11 11 Gfi o ns do 11ot gov,..r11 th e cnse lhat foll ows
th r lll : ll n 11 cc we"')" Tli ry a11 rl h e relnrn ~d: They or h e re l.11rne<l: As
1

rnc.
th ee .
liilll.

or n11 ;u \ n•rh !- <!i ·:e ii " fld n• rhial form . -<1in"' nn exampl e it
fir an. :uh•c l'h '!-G iv e it s ;ulvcdJiai
form. - l: jq• rm exatn p! e in wh ic h ho l li IOrn 1s : ir l'? tl'iC' d . ( .1 ~ ) .
wi s e

whi c h bflth

Old.

i\ffonl ,
;\fl Pr,

Distinguish the :idjccli \·cs an!\ :ulv c rh:; in lh 1? f11\11n,·i11 ;; li :; L:

One,

J1,

Dis l.i11 g ni sh ih c Yc rh• and prc po• ili o11s in I.h e followiug lis t:

·tfl. ll l'fiJ11! a J Ht>p 11~ it i (1n . - t ·:.,.: 1 11qd c ~ . - l n th cSl' cx :1111plcs 1 do you fin ~

th e pronoun s arte r prc pns itiom , to 111 · in I.h e 11 0111in a ti vc 1 or in th e object i,·e case'?

,,. E \·ery SE" nte ncr. 1.on l ai ns a nom in:1ti t·c case :111d a \·crh.
60 . \\ "ill a

pr e pm; iti ~m

admit th e nnrnirwt in:i c a se af't er it 1-C orrect th e followinrr ex.

pre ~s. iflnc:: fr om I ; 'l'o th o11 ; \Y i1h lir; ;\lurn t c:l:c . 5 1. \Vh at l wo parts of " PCCc ~ r~~
quire tli P o l,jP1't in• t·:1,;c :1li <' r th e m? ;,~. M r nt.ion on e di ~ tin !! 11i s lt:ild e iliOl•re ncc IJ e.
11\·e" n th e lr:in ~ itil'f! Y<' Jh :11 111 th e pn.. po s itio n.-Ex :unp lcs.-\\· 1ia1 part of speec h is
:d.Hr;e ?- Lo ve ·?- E x rrd .-; e 11. (;~ ). ,'i:L J) f' fine a conjun c t ion.-Ex:imple s. 5·L Do
conju nc l.ion .5 1 li ke pre po s iti ons, ~O\'Crll the objective C3se 7-E.-.:amplcs.

ENGLISH GltAl\11\I All.

18

brave men as he returned: Braver me n th a n lie returned. If the objec·
t ive case fo llows a conjunction, it is governed Ly some othe r word and
not by the conjunction: aR, S he re.tu rned with him a11<l 111 e.
J. J S 'I'

55.

Ant.I,
Or,
'l'hau,

0 \o'

c

0 NJ

u .' l c·r

I 0 N ~.

t
l

COMPENDIUM.

Co nnect words or sentences.
NOUNS.

As,

57. A NouN is a word that expresses the name of an object:

B ecause,

as, Moon, boy, John.

1
J

]Jut,

Connec t senten ces only.

If,
Though,
Unless,

P.XFl lt CI S l\

12 .

Distingui sh prepositions :i.nd conjun ctions in th e foll o win g li st :

At, a nd, or, over, than, towar<l, as, above, before,
Beca use, of, if, throu gh , th ou~h, uu\ cf:s, unto .

I NTERJ EC 'l' JO N .

56. An Interj ecti on is an exclamatory word, used to express
some passion or emotion of th e speaker: a~. Oh! ah ! alas!

fie ! fudge! away!
EXERCISE 1 1~

60. N ounR ar e of two kinds; common and proper.

J)j stingui sh th e p:u ts of ~ pce c h iu th e foll o win g li st :

Jmnr.s, T, man. he, eh c, il, sh i ne, c 1.rw .~, go , gnod , large.
That , forty, Lri skly , 8W ifll y, now . tl1 e 11 , lo, at, O l'<' l', a nd.
O r, th:o11. " ' · O, fi e ! littl e b~y• , Y' "' nrc '.'c ry rud e
idlo on
th :il lw11 ch.
T l-IF. l 'G l' fl ,- 111 1h e fo r<'gu i 11 ;; ~ynop<• i s , y ou hait• t l11• ..
in mini atur e.

""ti

To
J\ Jl 1.lu: p3rlS or !< p• •f' 1•\1 \l ;n c Ji cc n llTl'Sf' ll l Cd with ~O ll lf' o f t h e ir lii s lill :? lli o;; \Jit \Jl e c h a r·
ac l e ri s li c~. Ev ery w o rtl i :1 th e la11 ,c11:1,!!C hf' l o n ~ " t•) rt ll l' nf llt P ~ f' 1· \::t ssc·~i hut how to
:irr a n !!U a n 1l 111o d i f \• \'.' f•11l~ 1 (I C1:onl i n!? 10 c !' t :1h l is h P1 l rnlc !<, .r on h ;1\· e )'C'! l o lea rn. The
p a r t!: · ~f !< pf'r 1· h , in. 1h f' s a m e (lfll e r. ~ ha ll n ow be furlh" r 1•s pl a i1w1 l to y on in a 1·o mpc•n·
cHo•1s mn nru: r, an1l if ~·0 11 \\·ill pf' rSC \·c rr in lht! st1Lti y, I promi.ic you, your wny sh all be

is m oo lh, a nd yo nr ta s k comp a ra t in· ly Ji ~ ht.

\

55, N:im c f"tlll T c 1111jnncl io n s lh nt 111;-i y conn.e e l. e it he r wu ri l i ! or sc nt ences.-Fi ,·e lh i\I

co nnect se n t~ n ccs oul y.- B xcn:isc 12 .
Exerci se 13.

If objects had no names by which to call them, we could not speak of
anythi ng, and tho powe.r of speech would be useless. If the moon, for
instance, had 110 name, w e could designate h er, as the dumb do, only by
mea ns of marking aud pointing.
aS. Every th ing that w e can see or • peak of, has its name; and the
11 n111c Ly which it i• cull ed, is de nomiu ntcd in grammar, a N·OUN . Lo o ~{
aruund you und ca ll tho uames of a few thin gs, und remember that every
11t1111 e you ca n m e ntion is a 1wu11 .
The n ames h ouse, door, window,
fl oor, table, c ha ir, book, map, \Villiam , Mary , etc., are all nouns.
!i9. The ohj r.c t. that you see, is not itself a noun, Lut it is only the name
f•f !he ohject tha t we ca ll n oun ; nn<l it is tho n ame, and not the thing
it"c lf, th at we. emp loy in la ngu age, ns the symbol of n u idea.
\V e here descr ibe a circle ( 0). Now you may give this figure any
nam e you pl ease, and wl1atcvcr name you give it, is a n oun. You may
call it a circle, a ring, a hoop, a Lelt ; but these are only several nouns
o~press i11g the nurn os of th e fi g ure.

J6 . lVh al i ~ a n inl c rj r.c lio n 1-E:u .tYl pleii.-

(il. A co111mo11 noun is a genera.I name, common to things
of a sort, class, or Fpeeies: as, R iver, rnouiitain, town.

G2. A proper noun is t he particubr name of an individual
n;unc of any class or species of things: as,
Oliio, A ndes, Paris.

ol 1j cct, a nd 11 ot the

Oujec ls may be represe nted in languoge by a ny number of names, both
!!Cll rral a nd appropriate.
[ L. ~~ssu s 6. ) 57 . \\~ h:-a l is a 11011 111-Ex ampl es . 58. VVhnl do you c a ll the n ame of
eYerythi ng th at yo n cn n sec or ~ p e a k o f1- J\f ention seve ral nouns . 59. h it the ob.
jec t itse lf, or on ly the nn11H! n[ th e objec t lh ;il we call noun 1 60. W h at nre the two
kin'h of 'louns ? 61. '\,V hat is a conu;10n noun 1-Example!. 62. A propel noun 1-

EX\\mples .

( J9 )

