,R..

E. PETERSON'S CHEAP EDUCATIONAL
SERIES.
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PRIMARY GRAMMAR;
0 R,

AN INTRODUCTION

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THE

AMERICAN. SCHOOL GRAMMAR .

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~~~HE

REY. Ff' KNIGHTON.
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PHILADELPHIA:

ROBERT E. PETERSON & CO.
NORTH·WEST CORNER OF FIFTH AND ARCH STREETS.
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TE\\\ I
t\ by

PREFACE.

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Entered nccording

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!he Act of Congress, in the year 1852, by

R OBERT E. PETERSON & CO.,
In the Clerks Oflice of the District Coun of the Eastern District
of Pennsy lvan ia.

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Tms little work is intended for young children,
just commencing the study of English Grammar.
· Tt1e things which they first and most want to know,
are here taught them one by one. Nothing is given
but what such beginners need. Every difficulty is·
explained as it arises. The Rules qr Definitions are
in all cases inductions front given e'xamples. Whatever is taught, the pupil is exercised on afterwards.
PART I. teaches the child to distinguish the Parts of
Speech accurately .
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PART II. teaches some of the most important particulars respecting these parts of &peech severally.

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PART III. 'teaches some of the most important Rules
of Construction or Syntax.
Questions are added for

~ON &

examina~ion on the whole.

Every subject is treated on the same plan: namely;

PETERSON, PRINTERS,

No. 66 S. Third s treet.

FrnsT : -Clear and pointed ExAllfPLEs.
SECONDLY :- An ExPLA NATro;v of these examples.

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PREFACE.
THIRDLY :-A DEFINITION or RuLE, which is an
induction from the examples.
FouRTHLY :-An EXERCISE on what has been thus
taught.

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The pupil first has a number of facts given him; then
he is directed to the points of resemblance in these
several facts, in other words the facts are explained;
then he is led to form or verify a D efinition or Rule
from these resemblances ; and las tly, he is practised
on what he has learned. Thus, the whole course is,
strictly, one of Induction and systematic Progression.

PAltT I.
l'AGR

Nouns
Articles
Au jecti ves Verbs
Adverbs
Pronouns

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Prepositions
Conjunctions J nterjections
" Parsing Exercises

The object throughout has been, not to aim at any
thing like completeness or minute detail; but to imprint on the chi ld's mind a stro.ng, clear idea of the
leading principles of English Grammar.
The author does not pretend to originality, but has
drawn from every source, both foreign and American,
as he thought proper- and when the language of
another was good he has adopted it. This general
admission is made to save the trouble of continual
quotation of authorities.

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PARTS OF SPEECH.

It is confidently hoped that this attempt to teach
the child progressively, will obviate many of the
difficulties to both learner and teacher, in this necessarily abstract subject-while the Author's American
School Grammar will supply full information to those
pupils who may be farther advanced in the science.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

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15
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PART II.
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PARTICULARS OF PARTS OF SPEECH.

Nouns: Proper and Common

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Number Gender
Case
Articles : Definite and Indefinite
Adjectives: Degrees
Pronouns: Personal
Relative
Adjective
Recapitulatory Exercises
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18
1!J
20
22
2a
24

26
27
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CON T ENTS .
P A ..TF

Ver!,: Moods

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Tenses

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To L ove
To Be
Active an d P assive
T o L ove, Pass ive
Acti1•e and Ne uter

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P nrs ing Exercises

P.;RIMAR Y GRAMMAR.

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P ART UT .

SYNTA X.
Rules: Nominative Case

PART I.

Singnlar No minatives with and

S ingu lar Nominatives with or

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Objective Case w ith A ctive Verb
Objective Case wi th Prepos it ions

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Same Case after as before the verb to be
P os~essi\~e Case
P ronouns
Infini 1irn Mood
Cauti ons: Adjecti ves and Adverbs
P ast Part iciple and past T ense
P arsing E xercises
Questions

l. GR A M~rAR is the science of language.

E xPLANATIO N.-When we speak, we utter words.
This is called language. Grammar t eaches us what
wo rds we ought to use, and how we should use
them.
2. Words are of different s ort~. The different sorts
of words are called Parts of Speech.
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3. There are nine sorts of words, or PARTS OF
SPEECH : Noun, Article, Adjective, Verb, Adverb,
Pronoun, Preposition, Conjunction and Inte1jection.
NOUNS.
ExAMPLEs.-Man, boy, servant, Charles.
ExPLANATIO N.-These are names of ,:PERSONS: all
names of Persons are called N ouNs.
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PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

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5. An Article is a w ord put before a Noun to mark
the extent of its signification; as, AN apple; A boat,
THE man.
EXERCISE II.

ExAMPLEs.-Dog, liorse, cat, cow, elep!tant.
ExrLANATIO N.-These are names of ANIMALS: all
names of Animals are called NouNs.

Which are the Articles in the following sentences?
The boy~ on th e fence. The girl is i111he garden . A man is
on the roof. A bear was growling. The li on de voured a man .
The smoke was rising from a chimne y . A fire heats the room.
Put a candle in the beJ-room. The ink is thic k. The eagle can
carry away a la mb . The wind blew an apple down . Mary 'is
reading under an oak.

ExAi\IPLEs.-Town, street, city, cliurcli.
Ex?LANATJON.-These are n ames of PLACES; an<l
a ll n a m es of P laces are called NouNs.
ExAMPLEs.-C/wfr1 bencli, desk, carpet, fire.
ExrLANATION .-These are n ames of THINGSj and
all names of Things are called NouNs.

Put Articles before the follow ing Noun s:) ink.
( ) box. ( ) man. ( ) candles. , ( ) pen .
) s un. ( ) bat. ( ) skip1Jing-rope . ( . ) ink-sta nd .'" (
)
) bridge.
0a t. ( ) dog. ( ) ox . ( ) boat. ( ) church . ·
) eye. ( ) stone. ( ) bank. ( ) watch~ ( ) car. ( )
thrush. ( ) bird.

4•. Nouns are the names of P ersons, Animals, Places,
or Things; as, man, cow, town, cliair.
EXERCISE I.

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PRrntARY GRAMMAR.

Menti on other names of P e rsons whom you know:Men ti on other names of Animals you have seen:Mention other Names of Places yon know:JVIention other names of Things you often see:M e ntion the N ouns in the followi ng sentences:The bee is on the fl ower . The bird was in the tree. The cat
will be in the kitche n. The dog was .in his kennel. The horses
are in the ; table. The bear growled in his den. Where are the
books ? H enry ran up the mountain. The goat butted the child
in to a ditch. The oak bears acorns. The c hurch is on the hill.
T here is a bridge over the river.

ARTICLES.
E xAMPLEs .-.A.N oak, A boy; THE oak, THE boy.
ExPLANATION .-These littl e words, an, a, and tlie,
are called ARTICLES. They are used to show wliat oak,
or w!iat boy is meant; whether any one is meant; as
an oak or a b oy, or whether some parti cular one is
meant; as tlte oak, tlie b oy.

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\Vhich are the Nouns in the above sentences?

ADJECTIVES .
E xAMPLES.-.'l SMALL boy, a GOOD liorse, a LARGE
garden, a STRONG man.

E xPLANAT~ON.-These

three ·word s, smal!,' gocd,
They show what sort
of a thing we m ean . The word small, shows what
sort of a boy w e mean; th e word good, shows wh at
sort of a horse w e mean; th e word large, shows what
sort of a garden we m ean.

large, are called Adj ec tives.

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6. An Adj ective is a word which expresses the
quality of a Noun; as, small, good, large.
EXERCISE III.
Which are the Adjectives in these phrase> ?

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PRIMARY GRAMDIAR .
PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

A nice p11<l<lin g-. The hig tab le. The handrnme picture. Clean
boys. A high mountain. A green field. An old oak. Pretty
flowers. The good father. Obedient pupils. Clear water. An
old tower. A sudy child. \Vhite paper. A rich man. A pretty
puppy. A large lion an<l a little mou~e. A high house and a low
cottage. A playful kitten.

horse neighs. The crows tl)' · The child walks into the garden.
He cuts a twig from the tree . They eat up the purlding. Charles
w rites a copy. It thundered yesterday. The carpenter planed the
table. The cow lows. The she.cp bleats. The pig grunts. The
donkey brays. The li on roars. The cat mews. The mou•e
'queaks. The monkey scr.eams. Tve dog barks. The lire bums.
The thunder ronrs. The lightning flashes . The wind blows 1111d
bow ls. The river flows. The ship .sails. The water freezes.
The snow falls.
Add some verbs in the following sentences :. Mary (
) industrious. Charles (
) his lesson. The rain
). The snow. ( ) white. He ( ) his linger. They ( )
in the fields. H e (
) on the violin. William (
) French.
George ( ) his kite. Thomas ( ") his top. Mary (
) the
rope.

Which are the Nouns in the above phrases ?
Go over each phrase, telling the part of speech of each word:Thu s: a, Article; n-ice, Adjective; pudding, Noun.
Think of some Adjective to put with these words:A ( ) towel. The ( ) fiower·pot. The ( ) river. A
chimney. A ( ) stick. The ( ) tree. The ( ) leof.
) sun. A ( ) star. A ( ) boy. The ( ) lion. A
box. A ( ) apple. The ( ) well. A ( ) 5tone. The
ice. The ( ) snow.

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VERBS

ADVERBS.

E XAMPLEs.-T/ie boy STRIKES the dog. Tlie dog BARKS.
The child SINGS a song. The cat RUNS. The bird
FLIES.

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EXPjlL~NATION.-These words,
rU?~s ,
ies, are called Verbs.

strikes, barks, sings,
Th ey are all words
which mean doing something. The word strikes
shows what the boy does; the word barks shows what
the dog does; the word sings shows what the child
rlo es ; th e word runs shows what the cat does· the
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word flies shows what the bird does.

7. A Verb is a word which denotes BEING or DOING·
Tlte boy B!'ATs liis brother; Th.e boy is BEA TEI': by
Ins brother; The boy SLEEPS.
EXERCISE IV .

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P orn! out the verbs in the following sentences:The sun shines.

The a ir is fresh.

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The wind blows.

The

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ExAMPLEs.-The boy walks BADLY. He rides qurcKLY. TJ;e bird.sings SWEETLY. Sh.e came DIRECTLY.
EXPLANATION. -These words, badly, quickly, sweetly, are called Adverbs. They show lww or when the
thing was done. The word badly shows us h.ow the
boy walks; the word quickly shows' h.ow he rides ;
the word sweetly shows !tow the bird si~; the word
directly shows when she came.
8. An Adverb is a WQrd joined to a Verb, an A<lj ective, or an Adverb to qualify it, or to specify some
circumstance about it; as, He .walks FAST • . .11 TRULY
good boy. He runs VERY well.
EXERCISE V.
Mention the Adverbs in the following se·ntences :The wind blew terribly. The sun shines mildly. The stars
are very bright. Tl;e world is very large. The snow is tolerably
deep. The grass is quite green. The boys swim badly. The

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PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

PRIMARY GRAMi\IAR .

EXERCISE

eagle flies exceeui ngly high. The lark sings beautifully. I am
rather tired. Ann writes well. James reads C'areJe,sly. The
girls walked , lowly. The farmer's boy works cheerfully. John
went willingly for his brother. The soldier wus wounded dreadfully. The man eats heartily.

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VI, '

Mention the Pronouns :Th., girl is clever and she is industrious. The boy is hones t
and he is diligent. The child had seen the cathedral, but had not been ·
into it. Frank loves John, because he is so kind to him. H e nry
saw the boys : he said they were going to the forest. Papa order·
cd the men some refre,;hment, and the y thanked him. Does that
Judy often se~ those persons? No, she sees them very seldom.
The house is large, but it is not convenient. The dog is very
happy: he is frisking about.

Add some Adverbs to the following sentences:The >nai l creeps (
). The ice is (
) sli ppery . The
swallow flie s (
). The boy runs (
). My brother swims
(
). The pen write> (
). The candle burns (
). The
soldier fought (
). Your si>ter eats (
).

PREPOSITIONS.

ExAMPLEs.-Tlie boy was NEAR the field. The deer
are IN tlie park. The church is oN the hill.

PRONOUNS.

ExAMPLE s.-Mary is well, and SHE is in the country. I know Frederick, and I like HIM. James saw
the boys; THEY were in the field.
ExPLANATION.-These words, she, I, hi'm, they, ~re
call ed Pronouns. They are used instead of repeatmg
th e Nouns. The Pronoun she stands for the Noun
Mary. Instead of saying Jlf ary is well and MA1;Y ~s
in the country. we say, Mary is well and SHE is in
tlie country.-The Pronoun I stands for the person
who speaks; suppose it to be Jam es .-Th~ Pronoun
him stands for Frederick. Instead of s~ymg, James
k nows Frederick, and James likes Frederick, he would
say I know Frederick and I like IIIM.-:-The Pronoun
they stands for boys. Instead of saymg, James saw
tlie bo11s· THE BOYS were in the field, we say, James
saw tle 'boys; THEY were in the field.

9. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun;
as J ames was tired, and HE sat down.
'The word Pronoun means FOR A NOUN .

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E xPLANATION.-The words, near, in, on, are called
The word near shows l!S the place of
the boy with regard to the field; the word in shows
us the place of the deer with regard to the park; the
woJ4 on shows us the place of the cliurch with regard
to t!ie liill.

Prepositio~s.

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10. A Preposition is a word put before Nouns or
P ronouns to show their relation to some other Nouns
or Pronouns ; as, The boy is ON tlie wall.
EXERCISE VII,

Mention the Prepositions:The gardener was in the ga rden . Jane is not in the house; she
is in the town. \Ve are in a great ci ty. He Jives in Philadelphia.
Oxford is in .England . Th e squirrel ran down the tree int o n
hole. The fruit is on the trees. William went to market. The
horse ran across the field. Thomas jumped over the ditch. H enry
nlm o>t fell into it. The bird flew over the house. The man Jives
uear the chur<"h. She lives with her sister. The dog hid himself

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PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

PHln!ARY GRMMAR,

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among the bu,-hes. H e w ent from the city yesterda y. The coaeh
You (
) I will go. We love him (
) he !ir>t loved us. I
) they cannot
will play, (
) you will s ing. They rea<l, (
write. I have not heard from he r C ) that time.

goes throug h Lunca ~ ter.

Put in some Prepo5it ion which will

m~ke

sen se :-

The book s are (
) m y box. Send J ohn (
) the garden.
My cousin li rns (
) George street. The pigeon js (
) the
hou:;e. The uoat Wt' nt (
) th e bridge . The clog swam (
)
the river. Do not walk (
) the mud.

INTERJECTIONS.
EXAMPLEs.-OH rw! An! it Waf> sad.
silent. Ho! come back.

ExrLANATION.-These words Oh ah hush ho are
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ca11 e d I nterJechons.

CONJUNCTIONS.

1~. An I~t e 1jection is a word which expresses some
feeling or wish; as, .Jl.h! it was very unfortunate.
EXERCISE IX.

ExA MPLEs.-He AND I. Not William, BUT Thomas.
I !tape THAT lie is well. I will remain, IF you go.
ExPLANA TJ0:-1.-These words, and, but, tltat, if, are
call ed Conjunctions.
They join togeth er words,
which we wish to connect. The word and joins lie
and I; the worrl but joins William a nd Thomas; the
word that joins the sentence !te is well to the sentence
I !tape.

Point out the interjections:-

Fie ! how could you do so? Ah me ! it is all over. Hey-day!
what is the matter? Bravo! my boys. Hush! do not make a
noise. Alas! what have you done? Oh! I am very tired.
llurrah ! we are to have a holiday.
A<ld some interjections which will make sense in the followin~
sentences:o

11. A Conjunct ion is a word which joins words,
clauses or sentences together; as, Jam es AND George.
He will go, IF I remain
EXERCISE

)! di<l you hear the .clock strike? (
)! how you hurt
me ! (
)! I have lost all my fortune. (
)! what shull I do .,
)! I oee them coming. (
)! that was very naughty.
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VIII.

P oint out th e Conj 11nc:t ions :-

John an<l Jam es haYc gone ant.
Anne an<l Ellen are sitting
on the g r a~~ . You are 1ired and v•e are not. \Vhere ure the boy
nnd g irl? H e i~ in the garden, but ~he is in ~ <~h oo l. You cannot
gn, if you do not !Parn ~·o u r lt"'~$Oll. Do it , be~au se I wi s h. I (!O

not k11 ow th a t pt'r>'<'>ll, nor do I wi>h to know him. The lio11 killed
hi:-:. keeper beca n:::e he look away his ·fooJ. I-le has not hearil
w .ethe r your <loll is brought. I will soon come lo yoll if you will
go away.
A<ld >'Orne Co11j 11 nction> lo the fo llowing 'enlen ccs :-

H usH ! be

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PARSING EXERCISES.
. To parse, is to point out th e different parts of speech
m a sentence, and show their relations to each other.
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Th~ good child obeys readily, and he listens to instruct10n .
Th e
Good
Child
Ob eJ'.s
R eadily,

Article.
Adjective.
Noun.
Verb.
Adverb.

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And
He
Listens
To
Instruction .

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Conjunction.
Pronoun.
Verb.
Preposition.
Noun.
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PR !MAU Y GH A~!M ..\R .

PRI M ARY

2.
Oh! 11ow beaut ifully th e li ttle birds sang m the
groves an d fi elds.

Oh
H ow
B eautifully
The
Littl e
Birds

Interj ect.
Adverb .
Adverb .
Articl e.
Adj t> ctive.
Noun.

Sang
In
The
Groves
And
Fiel<ls.

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She said the color of th e grass an d
b eautiful in th e spring of th e year!
S he
P ronoun .
L eaves
Sa id
Verb.
Is
Th e
Arti cle.
Beautiful
Color
N oun .
In
Of
Preposit ion .
The
The
Article.
pring
Grass
Noun.
Of
And
Conjunction .
The
Th e
Articl e.
·Year.

Verb .
Preposition.
A rticle
Noun .
Conjunction.
Nou n
the leaves is

A stron g horse jumped fearlessly over the high hedge:
but alas ! be almost broke his leg.

A
Strong
H orse
Ju mped
F earl essly
Over
Th e
Hi gh

Article.
Adj ective.
No un.
Verb.
Adv erb .
Preposition .
Article.
Adj ecti ve .

H edge
But
Alas
He
Almos t
Broke
Hi s
L eg.

EXERCISE

t1:

Nou n.
Conjuncti on
Interj ectio n.
Pronoun .
Ad ver b.
Verb.
Pronou n.
Noun.

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X.

Parse the ~entences in Exe rci ~es ii., iii., iv., v., vi., vii., viii .,
and ix ., in the same way as the foregoing.

PART

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NOUNS.-PROPER AND COMMON.
E xAMPLEs.- John, Boston, Tliam es.
J

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Noun .
Verb .
A tlj ective.
Preposition.
Articl e.
N ou n.
Preposition
Article
Noun.

GRAMMAR.

E xPLANATIO N.-Jolin is the name of some particular
p erson , John is therefore called a PROPER Noun; Boston is the n ame of a particular city, Boston is th erefore
a Proper Noun.
E xAMPLEs.-Boy, woman, house, 1·iver.
E XPLA NA TIO N.-Boy is a name b elonging to all
male children, boy is called a CoMJ\ION Noun; w.Dman
is a n ame given to all grown females, woman is a
Common Noun.

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13. Nouns are of two kinds, Common and Proper.
14•. A Common Noun stands for the whole kind;
as, boy, town, city.
15. A Proper Noun distinguish es one individual
or thing from all the r est of the same kind; as Jolin,
Boston.

16. Proper Nouns begin with a capital letter•
EXERCISE XI.
T e ll the Nouns and say if Common or Prope r :The book is on th e box. The town is on the rirnr. Newark
is a large town. J ames ma y have my bat. There is a fine treo
~• the pnrk. \Vindrnr is on the Thames . There are many ship$

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PRI M ARY

GRAThrJY!AR.

PRH1AllY GRAlllMAR.

in the r iver now . My hat was not bought in New York. Eliza
is in the garden, but he r brother~ are in the field. A hill covered
with tre es is a prelly sight.

NUMBER .
E xAMPLEs . -Tree , trees; pin, pins.
ExrLA NATT ON .-Tree means one single tree; tree is
a No un in the Singular Number: trees means more
t!ian one tree ; trees is a Noun in the Plural Number.
Pin m eans one pin; pin is in the Singular Numb er:
pins means m ore than one pin; pins is in the Plural
Number.
17. ThP. re are two Numbers, Singular and Plural.
18. The Singular is used in speaking of one ; as,
horse, pen.
19. The P lural is used in speaking of more than
one ; :is, horses, p ens.
20. Th e Plural is generally formed by adding s to
the Singula r; as, S in gular, book; Plural, book-s
2 1. These irregular Plurals must be learned.
Si ngul ar.

Ox
Brother
Ch ild
M an

Plural.

Singular.

Foot
Oxen .
T ooth
Brethern .
Goose
Children.
Mouse
M en.
EXERCISE XII.

Plural.

F eet.
T eeth.
G eese.
Mice.

Name the Nouns, and tell what Numbe r they are:That is our house. \V hi ch of the h ouses? Th at with the large
garden fu ll of flower s. Ou r baby has blue eyes. \ Vhere arc the
boxes? The glasses are on the table J ohn is fond of raspberries
and cream: are you? I like strawberries better. My shoe
pinches my foot. My shoes pin ch my feet. The m en drove the
oxen into the mead ows. My teeth ache .

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GENDER,

EXAMPLEs.-.Man, woman; boy, girl; horse, mare.
ExPLANATION.-Man means a male p erson, and is of
the MASCULINE G ender; woman means a female person, and is of the FEMININE G ender. Boy means a
male person, and is Masculine; girl means a femqle
person, and is Feminine. Horse means a male, and is
Masculine ; mare mearis a female, and is Feminine.
22. There are two Genders, the Masculin.e41nd the
Feminine.
23. Th e Masculine denotes the male; the F eminin e
denotes the female; a man, Masculine; woman, F eminine.
EXERCISE Xl!I.
T ell the Gender of the following Nouns:A king. A queen. T he m as!er. T he m istr.iss. My sister.
Your broth e r. His m other. Their father. Th oma• went to sec
hi s aunt. ThP. little g irl's un cle call~d on Mary. My sister's hnsband spoke to his nephew. A good hu•bancl is kind to hi~ w ife .
Queen Mary was the daughter of King H enr y. A son should love
hi s mother.

E xAMPLEs .-Desk, candle, glass, watch.
E xPLA NATIO N. -Desk is neither male nor female;
so it is n either Masculine nor F eminine : desk is therefore said to be NEUTER, for Neuter means neither.
Candle, too, is n either male nor f emale: so it is n either M asculine nor F eminine: candle, therefore, is
NEUTER.
.
ExAMPLEs.-Bird, child, animal, friend.
ExPLANATION.-The Noun bird stands for either a

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21

PRIMARY GRAnrnrAR.

PRIMARY GRAl\1MAR.

m ale-bird or a female-bird; so it is either Masculin e
or F em in in e : bird is th erefore said to be Contl\ION ·as
to G ender. Cllild, too, means either a boy or a girl,
and so is either Masculine or Feminine; child is CoMMON as to Gender.

vVnAT blew the trees? The wind. Wind is in the
NoM!NATIVE CAsE, for it goes before the verb, and
answers a qu estion beginning with what.
WHo
drank the milk? .11.nn. Ann is in the N oMINATIVE
CAsE, for it goes before the verb, and answers a question beginning with who.

24·. Names of things without life are of no Gender,
and a re therefore called Neuter Nouns; as, table pen.
35. Some N ouns are common to both Genders,
b eing either Masculine or Feminine; as, parent,friend,

WHOM did the boy strike? The girl. Girl is in the
0BJECTIVK CAsE, for it comes after the verb, and answers a question beginning with whom. WHAT did
th e wind blow? Til e tree. Tree is in the OBJECTIVE
CAsE, for it comes after the verb, and answers a question beginning with what. vV HAT did .11.nn drink?
The milk. .Milk is in the OBJECTIVE CASE, for the
same reason.

bird.
EXERCISE XIV,
Say whether th e Nouns in the following sentences are Neuter
or Common as to Gender:My fri end has a large house. Parents love their children. That
gar<lc u belongs to my cousi n. The bird was caught in a trap. The
enem y thre w down th eir arms an d ran away. Animals know that
th ey li ve; but vegetabl es do not. Our relations live in the country.

E:rAMPLEs.-John's hat was lost. The child's finger
'was hurt.
•
ExPLANATION.- WHosE llat was lost?
John's.
John's is in the PossESSIVE CAsE, for it answers a
qu estion beginning with whose. WHOSE finger was
llurt? The child's. Cilild's is in the PossESSIVE CAsE,
for it answers a qu estion beginning with whose.

Cattle eat g ras5.

EXERCISE XV.
T ell whethe r the Nouns are Masculine or Feminine, N euter or
Common as to Gen der:The boy loves hi s mother. T he ch ild was held by th e nurse.
M y co usin is my fri end. · My brother has no enemy. The bird
8aw the ,.iake in th e grass . A parent loves hi s child. A mother
loves her boys and girls. The son and daughter of the emigrant
w ere drowned in the sea. A ship sank near Portsmouth with a
th ousand men in it.-

26. There are three Cases; the Nomipative, the
Possessive, and the Objective.

27. The Nominative generally comes before the
Verb; as, Tile GIRL cut the paper.

CASE .
E XAillPLEs.-Tlte boy struck the girl. The wind blew

28. The Objective ge nerally comes after the Verb;
i.s, The girl cut the PAPER.

.11.nn drank the millc.
ExPLANATI0:-1.-W HO struck tile girl? The boy.
Boy is in th e NoNINATIVE CAsE, for it goes before the
verb, and answ ers a question beginning with who.-

the trees.

- - -- - -

-

-

-

-

-

29. The Possessive shows possession; as, The noY's
marble is here. ·

-1

- - -·-

-~-~

-

-

ExPLANATION.-ln the sentence, The girl cut the
Girl, therefore, which is the

paper, cut is the Verb.

---·

~-

-

.

•-'

1'\
0\

I

II\'
I

l:

PR IMARY

22

PRli\IAllY GRAJ\IillAR.

GRAi\l~BR.

~ome particular apple; it means any one at all . . AN

Noun comin(l'0 b efo re cut is in the NoMINATIVE Case;
'
•
•
and th e Noun p aper, coming
after cut, JS
m
t he 0 ~JECTIVE Case. In the sentence, The boy's marble is
here, th e word boy's shows to whom the marble belongs : boy's is th erefore in the PossESSIVE CASE.

is called an INDEFINITE Article; for Indefinite means
not definite; that is, not particular. But the words
the apple, do mean some particular apple, not any appl~t the (or that) appie. THE is called the DEFINI
rticle.
33. The is called the Definite Article; an or a, the
Indefinite. lit
·

general~made

30. The SINGULAR Possessive is
by
addin(l' s with an apostrophe ('s); as, NoMI NATIVE,
'
man; 0 PossESSIV E, mans.
31. The P LURAL Possessive is usually made like the
Sin(l'ular by addin (l' s with an apostrophe ('s); as,
b
,
NoMINATIVE, men; PossEssrvE mens.
32. But when the Plural ends in s, the Possessive
s is omitted, and only th e apostrophe (')remains; as,
lwrses' teeth .
E XPLANATION-Horses' teeth m eans th e t eeth of
m a ny horses; horse's teeth mea ns the te eth of only
one horse .
EXERCISE XVI.
I:)

'

T ell the Ca>e of the following Nouns:The man
the dog . Charles hu rt the horse. The h o rse~s
hoof i> hard. The ca t purs. The dog barks. The wolf how ls.
The wolf k illeJ a lamb . The man ~ho t the wolf. The soldier's
gun is lomle<l . The cu nJ le burnt the m oth . The lion's roar is
ter rible. John 's k indne;s plea>ed the lady. The rivers overflowe1l
t he meadow. My father's fields produce corn. The elephant's
Jcity pleased my cou>in s. My siste r's writing-de;k holds pape rs.
H enry's box holds money.

'"w

'"f

ARTICLES.
E xAi\lPLES. -Give me AN apple.

She ate THE apple.

A crit likes milk.
ExPLANATION.-ln the first sentence, th e words an
apple mean any apple. It does ri.ot define or point out

I
~

l. _

_ __

23

I

ADJECTIYES.
ExAMPLES.-The apple is SWEET, the pear is SWEETER, but ·the p'tum is the SWEETEST. The pond is DEEP,
the canal is DEEPER, but the river is DEEPEST.
ExPLANATION.-In the"first sentence, it is said that
the apple is sweet, that is, has the quality of sweetness;
i;weet is called the PosITIVE DEGREE: the pear is said
to be sweeter, that is, to have more of the quality of
swe'etness; sweeter is the CoMPARATIVE DEGREE:
th e plum is said to be sweetest, that is, to have most of
the quality of sweetness; sweetest is the SuPERLA·
TI VE DEGREE. So the pond has !lie quality of depth~
deep is the PosrTIVE DEGREE; the canal has more~
depth, deeper is the CoMPA RATIVE DEGREE: the river
has most of depth, deepest is the SuPERL~IVE DEGREE.
34. Adj ectives have three Degrees; the Positive,
the Comparative, and the Superlative.

35. The Positive Degree is the adjective in its simplest form ; as, ldgh, low.
36. The Comparative D egree is generally formed
by adcling er to the Positive; asi higher, lower.
37. The Superlative Degree is generally formed by
adding est to the Positive; as, !tighest, lowest . •

..

\\'
... ~ I

I

'.

; 1·

'I

..
- --24

I

PRIMARY GRAnIMAR.
EXERCISE XVII.

'T e ll tlie_ Adjec tives in the follo wing sen tences, and t'he ir degrees
of com parison:T he w all is hi~ h , the tree is highe r, but the house is highest.

T he oak has a th 1e k1•r trun k tha n the poplar.

Th e whale is th e
la 1.·ge~t of al l an imal s. T he nig hti11 ga le is th e sw e et est songster .
G ive me a large apple . L arger th an th at? Ye 8 , the largest of
al l. L ondon is the largest and ri~ he>t city in the world . The
s tars a~e brigh t1 the moon is brig hte r, and the ~u n is brightes t. My
\Vatr h is smalle r th an that large ring. A strong man c an do harde r

25

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

ExPLANATION.-ln the first sentence I stands for
the ptrson spenking; I is called the first person : you
stands for the person spoken to; you is the second person : he stands for the person spoken of; he is the
third person. In the second sentence, you stands for
the person spoken to, ar....! is the second person : her
stands for the person spol~en of, and is the third person: me ,_nds for the person speakfng, and is the
first person.
_
40. Pronouns iw:e of the first, _second, or third person.

work than a weak man.

PRONOUNS.
38. P_ron? Lrn s are of thre<> kinds ; .Personal R elative
and Adj ective.
'
'
PERSONA L PRONOUNS.
E xAnIPI;Es.-I saw Charles; I!F. was i n the g arden,
but HE did not see me. .Jl1ary i s gone; SHE went an
hour ago.

41. The person spe<iking is the first person.

42. The person s.poken TO is the second.
43. The person spoken· oF is the t~ird.
Each of these Pronouns has three Cases in each
Number, and when thus recited are said to be declined,
as,

·

E xPLANATIO N.-The first sentence means J
Charles; . Charles_was in the garden , but Cha;les s;i~ _
not _see me. Sal ing Charles, how eve r, over and over
aga in , sounds disagreeable ; we therefore use HE instead of Charl es. T he word lte standin o- '"or Ch l
·
II d p
,
o l'
ar es,
is ca e a ERSONA L P RONOUN. So she ·is used for
Mary. 'vVe say,_ M ary is gone; SH~ went an hour
ag o: _n ot Mary is {{One; Mar y went an hour arro .
0
SHE 1s a P Enso:->A L P RoNouN.

Cases.
N oni.
Poss.
OBJ.

S ingular.
I
Mine
Me

NoM.
Poss.
OBJ.

Us

Thou
Thine
Thee

You or Ye

._l:ilr

THIRD PERSON.

N oM .
Poss
OBJ.

M as.

F em,

N e".

He
His

She
H ers
Her

It
Its

Him

It

The y
Thetr or Theirs
Them

EXERCISE XVIII.
P oi nt out the. Personal Pronouns, nnd s1ate what person they
nrc :-

3

- -

Plural .
\Ve
Ours

SECOND PERSON .

39 . A P erso nal P ro noun stands for the Noun itself·
/} ' The boy is not liere; HE lws gone away.
'
PERSONS.
E xA ~IPLEs .-J tell you lie i·s away. You must tell
her to come to me.

~~-......_----

'

FIRST PERSON .

--

-

'

26

PRIMARY GRAMM AR.

Sen<l him lo me. You tol<l he r the truth . Th ou art kind to him.
I told thee she would come. They cut down the trees, beca use
they shaded the ga rden too much. If the par_cel be l?o heavy, le t
them carry it in turns. I assure you the book is mme .. H e du\
not think it was yours. We picked some fin e blackbe r:1~s m the
forest ; they were quite ripe . Is that house yours? No, 1t 1s tht:m;.
Shall the a ir! ao wi1h him to carry the book ? Ye•. You may
le t them b~th g~ with it. John bas sm1ffed the candle out; may
he light it agai u? Send H enry to his mot her; she wants lum .

I)

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
E xAMPLEs.-Th.e man WHO was here lias gone away.
H e has lost the ball WHICH you gave h.im. H e WHOi\1
thou lovest is s'ick.
E xPLANATJON.-The word wh.o is a Pronoun which
relates to the Noun man; wuo is therefore calle~ a
RELATI VE PRO NOUN. Man goes before the Relative
who. MAN is therefore called its A NT~CEDENT, for
Ant~ cedent means that which goe~ bejore. In the
second sentence, the Pronoun wh.icli, relates to the
Noun ball; WHICH is therefore a RELATI_YE P RON OUN,
and BALL is its ANTECEDENT . In the. thlfd sentenc:,
whom relates to he; WHOM is a RELATIVE, and HE IS
its ANTECEDENT.
44. A R elative Pronoun relat.es to some Noun or
P ronoun goin g before it, called its Antecedent; as, I
have lost the book w RICH I bought.
45. The Relative Pronouns are, who, whos.e, whom,
which, an d so metimes that.
EXERCISE XI X
T ell the R elative Pronouns an<l thei r Antecede11ts :I know the Ia<l y who visited you. The horse whic h m y brot~er
·a · b ,., He was a brave man who stopped
the horse which
r1 es is ro .,. 0 .
. .
J·
riend whom thou loves! 1s sICk. I do not ,now
ran away. The f

27

PRIMARY GRMMAR.

wftse map it is. The hous~ which was burnt <lo wn has been rebuilt. The gentleman whom you met gave my sister the skipping
rope you broke. I do not know the gemleman whom you meun .

ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.
hat. · HERfan. THAT desk.
·.l\lPLA NATJON.-Hi's stands before 1the Noun hat,
and ~ distinguishes it from ·other hats; ms is therefore ca lled an ADJECTIVE PRo:<ouN. So that stands
before the }foun desk, and distinguishes it from other
desks. THAT is ther~fore an AvJECTIVE PRONOUN.
46. The principal sorts of Adjective Pronqun~ are
the Possessive and the Demons1-·ative.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.
E xAMPLEs.-MY doll. His boa:. THEIR spades.
E xPLANA TION.-The word my shows that the doll
belongs to me. MY is there fore called a PossEssrvE
ADJECTIVE PRONOUN. The word his shows that the
box belongs to him. Hrs is therefore a PossEssrvE
ADJECTIVE PRONOUN.
47. The Possessive Adjective Pronouns are
E xA~IPLEs.-Hrs

Singular.

Plural.

lsT PERSO N
My
Our
2ND PimsoN
Thy
Your
3RD PERSON
His, H er
Their
48. 0BSERVA TION.-These a~ve Pronouns
wh en they are followed by Nouns; when they are
without Nouns they are P ersonal Pronouns in the
Possessive Case. (See 43.)
EXERCISE

XX,

P oint out the Possessive Adje~ive P ro nouns, an<l tell whnt
person and number they nre :-

28

PRIMARY GRAJ\IMAR.

PR!i\IARY GRAMMAR,

Her grammar is in his box. Look at my parrot: its wings nre
very beautiful. Tuey told me that their house is to let. Have you
r;een our dog Cresar? His name is engraved on his collar. Your
paper is not so good as mine. Her doll cost as much as his bat nnd
my ball put together. Our letters were brought by your brother.
I do not like their house. Your kitten is very playful. Where is
my cut?

all

1
JI

~

I
'

49. The demonstrative Pronouns are,SrnG ULAR, this, that; PLURAL, these, those.

I

EXERCISE XX!.

Noun. Co~mon. Masculine Gender: Singular Number. Third Person. Nominative Case; because it comes before
the Verb held, and answers a question
beginning with who. (27.)
In ..... Preposition.
The .... Article. ,
Field ... Nairn . . c 'ommon. Neuter Gender. Singular Number. Third Person.
Held ... Verb.*
His .... Pronoun. Possessive Adjective.
Maio.ma's N OUil: ComIJ.l,On. Feminine Gender .. Sin'
gular Numb er. Third Person. Pos· ·
. sessive Case; Because it shows possession, and answers a question beginning
with whose. (29.)
Hand .. Noun. Common. Neuter. Singular Number. Third Person. Objective Ca,se ;
because it come!?. after the Verb held,
and answers a question beginning with what. (28.)
Boy

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS,
ExAMPLEs.-THis pen. THAT knife.
ExPLANATION.-The word this points out one particular pen, distinguished from
others. Tnrs is
therefore called a DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE PnoNouN, for Demonstrative means pointing out. So,
THAT is a DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE PnoNouN, for it
points out one knife, distinguished from all others.

29

.

.

Tell the Demonst rative Pronoun s :I do not know that lady. These pens nre not worth much. Give
me those wafers, if you please. These pears are too ripe. Will
you take this? It is not so ripe. I think that ice is not strong
enough to bear those gentlemen.

RECAPITULATORY EXERCISE XXII,
P arse the sentences in ..Exerci !::'es xii. 1 xv., xvi ., xvii., xviii. 1
xix., xx ., and xxi., after the following manner :-

SENTENCE.-Tlwt little boy in tlie field held
mamma's hand.
That ... Pronoun.· Demonstrative Adjective.
Little .. Adjective. Positive Degree.

Iii~

VERBS
J\IOODS.'
50. The word MOOD means J\IANNER or MODE.
ExAMPLEs .-Tlie butcher SELLS meat. Henry PLAYS
at marbles.
EXPLANATION.--, The Yerb sells in the first sentence
?'.ndicates or asserts what the butcher does ; sells is
therefore said to be in the INmcATIVE MooD, for Indicative means indicating or declaring. So the Verb
*Particulars of the Verb should be deferred.

3*

30

PRIM AR Y

GRAMil!AR.

plays just indicates what H enry does. Plays is in the
INDICATIVE IVIoon too.
ExA!l!PL~s .-I shall be angry if he SELL my box. If
he PLAY fai rly, I shall like Mm..

E xPLANATION.-In the fi rst sentence the Verb sell
with th e Conjunct ion IF before it, exp~esses doubt a~
to wh ether he will sell my box; SELL is therefore in
th_e SUBJUNCTIVE Moon. So it is doubtful whether he
will play fairly or not; PLAY is therefore in the Sun·
JUNCTIVE .i.\foon.
ExAll!PLEs.- I CAN SET,L my own box. I 111AY PLAY
now.
ExPLANATION.-The Verb can sell shows my power
to sell my own box; CAN SELL is therefore in the PoTENTIAL .lVIoon, for potential means ham·ng power. So
I may play, shows the power or permission r have to
play; MAY PLAY is therefore in the POTENTIAL lVIoon.
51. The Indicative Mood indicates or asserts a
thing, or is used in asking a question; as, I prai"se;
I am loved; docs Ile love ?
52. Th e Subjunctive Mood denotes a condition or
supposition, and generally has some Conjunction before it; as, If it rain we cannot go.
53. The P otential IVIood denotes possibility power
obligation, or inclination; as, He may come; He can go'.

31

PRIMARY GRAJl[Jl[AR.

•

A good child loves his parents'. James mended !us sister's doll.
My brot he r can swim. Bonaparte was born in Corsica. I mny
pick that flower. If he send a letter, it may go. If a child
tell tales , every body dislikes him. I must leave soon to-night,
for my father expects me. I should like that book. I told my .
faiher that he could send the ball for me. If we waste our• time,
we act foolishly. Fred$'rick said that he might go. The fir-tree
!\rows in cold countries. I do not know nrhether I can visit the
country next's ummer. If your friend travel there, you should do
so too.
\

ExADlPLEs.-Go out of tlie room. PLAY with me.
llenry.
E xPmNATION.-The Verb go expresses a command;
Go is therefore a Vero in the IMPERATIVE lVIoon, for
Imperative means commanding: So in the second '
sentence the Verb play expresses a command or reque#
to Henry; PLAY is therefore il)lthe hi:rERATIVE Moon. ·
E xAMPLEs.-To PLAY is pleasant. He wishes To Go
to-morrow.
ExPLANATION.-The Verb to play expresses the action of playing in the widest possible sense. It does
not say, I play, or you play, but simply to play. To
PLAY is therefore called the I NFINITIVE Moon, for In.finitive means unli'mited. So, to go is taken in the
widest sense; To GO is therefore in the lNFI.NITrVE,
55. The Imperative lVIo~d com~ands or entreats;
as, Go to school; Bless th.o u me ..

54. The Pot ential Mood has one of these words
before it: - Jl1ay, can, must, might, could, should,
would.
EXERCTSE XXJII.

56. The Infinitive Mood expresses the meaning of
the Verb in an extended and indefinite sense; as, To
play is pleasant.

Tell the M ood of the followi ng Verbs, whether Indicat ive, Subjunctive, or P otent ial :-

57. The Infinitive Mood has the particle to b.efore
it ; as, To play; to love.

,

;

- -. r-

32

Pl\IMAR Y GRAil!nf,\R.
EXERCISE XXIV.

,,

Tell whether the following V erbo be of the Imperative or Infinitive Moods:Go into the garden. Fetch my hat, Charles. Tell Mary to get
dinner ready soon. Ask Henry to bring my gloves. Send him to
bring the inkstand. Pick up those apples. Snuff the candle. Why 'I
To give more light. Bring the picture to the u1·tist. Lend me
your box. Try .to learn the le;son.

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

33

of the Adjective; as, Thus tliey lived, LOVED by eac!t
other. HAVING LEARNED his lesson he went out. •
EXERCISE XXVI.
Point out the Participles in the following sentences:
They am washing their hands. There is a picture painted by
James. Here is a plane, used by the carpenter; Being tired they
8at clown.

RECAPITULATORY EXERCISE XXV.
TENSES.
59. Tense means Time.
ExAMPLEs.-You WRITE well. John WROTE well.
He WILL WRITE well. You LIVE ·i n· Hackney. They ·
LIVED in York. I SHALL LIVE in Pittsburg.
ExPLANATION.-The Verb write means present time;
You write well 'Now. WRIT~ is called the PRESENT
TENSE. Wrote means past time; it does not say that
John writes well now, but that John wrote well SOME
'J\!ME AGO. WROTE is'called the PAST or IMPERFECT.
TENSE. Will write refers to a future time; · He will
write well at a TIME TO COME. wILL WRITE is <;alled
~a FUTURE TENSE.
So the Verb LIVE is PRESENT
TENSE; LIVED is PAST or IMPERFECT TENSE; SIIALL
LIVE is FUTURE TENSE.
60. There are three main Tenses; Present, Past,
and Future.
EXERCISE XXvU.

Tell the Moo<l of the following Verbs:He lives in Chestnut Street. He may go to-morrow. Sencl the
mnn away. My father wished me to tell you that he would be
glad to see you. Ir your sister come, ask her to wait for me .
Henry may go 0111 to amuse himself. Then the bop wen t home
fairly tired out. Bring a ba~ket to hold 1he fruit. The fruit is
ripe. ThMe pears may ripen on the wall. If the postman hr~
a lette r, ta ke it in. 1 expect to hear from home. Then th;°
children went along the road. The servant broke a w'itulow.
Tell her to fetd1 a glazier at once.

E xAiYIPLEs.-The picture TORN by the girl was pretty.
I believed the story TOLD by her.
E XPLANATION .-The word torn shows what the girl
did; she tore the picture: so far it is therefore a Verb.
But it also gives a description of the picture; it was
a torn picture ; TORN is therefore called a PARTICIPLE,
for Participle means having part of one tldng and
part of another. So, told partakes of the nature of a
Verb, because it shows what she did; but it also partakes of the nature of an Adjective, for it describes
the story-a told story. ToLD is therefore a PARTI·
CIPLE.
58. The Participle is a certain form of the Verb,
and partakes of the nature not only of the Verb but

Tell whether the Verbs are Past, Present or Future:The soldier ran away. The knife cuts well. The knife c-.11t
the boy's finger. The knife will cut the wood. My mother seut
me a plum-cake. I will send you some. My Mamma thinks I
reau better. The candle burns dimly. When I went down · into
" cellar the candle burnt dimly. A cnndle will burn dimly in

r

- -,

34

35

PR!l\IARY GRAll!MAR.

PRIMARY GRAMMAr:,

· 62. Had is the sicrn
of the ' PAsT PERFECT TENSE,
0
l had written.*

damp place;o. I :;h all always love my parents becaurn they al war
lov" me. They wip go into the country soon. I 8ee your brother
every \lay . H e :;aw you yesterday. We shall both see him to·
morrow, I hope.

•

FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT.
ExAMPLES.-He WILL WRITE well.
WRITTEN the letter by dinner-time .

PRESENT AND PAST OR IiVIPERFECT TENSE.
ExAJ\lPLES.-Y OU WRITE well. John WROTE well.

He WILL HAVE

ExPLANATION.-In the sentence, He will write well
nothing is expressed about the Verb will write but
that it refers to a,time yet to come; a future hme.
WrLL WRITE is therefore called simply the FUTURE
'l'ENSE. But .in the ~ente~ce, !fe WILL HAVE WRITTEN
the letter by dinner-time, two Cll'cumstances are stated
with regard to the writing: I, that .it wilf be com'f!lete.d, He will liave (quite) written th~ letter; 2, that
"' 1t. will .be comple~e<l at a time yet to come, a future
time. T~e Verb 1s therefore FUTURE, as referring to
a future hme, and PERFEc:r, as sbQwincr that the action
will then be quite finished. \V ILL H~ VE WRITTEN is
therefore the FuTURE PERJrECT TENSE.

ExPLANATION.-In the first sentence nothing is
shown about the verb write, but that it refers to the
present time. WRITE is therefore called simply the
PRESENT TE!\SE. Jn the sentence John wrote well,
nothing is expressed about the verb wrote, but that it
has been accomplished; it therefore refers to past
time. WROTE is called the PAST or IMPERFECT TENSE.
PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT TENSE.
ExAJ\IPLES.-Y OU HAVE WRITTEK the letters. John ~
HAD WRITTEN the letters before I came.
ExPLANATJON.-ln the sentence You have written
the letter, the Verb have written shows two things:
1, that the action of writing is completed ; 2, that it
is but just now completed . It is therefore PRESENT
as regards time, and PERFECT because the action is
finish ed. HAVE WRITTEN is th erefore called the PER~
FECT TE NSE. In the sentence John had written the
letters before I came, HAD WRITTEN shows two circumstances about the writing: 1, that it is completed,
and 2, that it was completed at a past time, that is,
befor e I came. It is therefore Past as referrincr to a
past tim e, and Perfect inasmuch as the writing is
quite finished. HAD WRITTEN is therefore the PAST
PEHFECT TENSE.
61. Have is the sign of the PERFECT TE NSE . Pre.
sent, I write; Perfect, I have written.

63. Shall and wi'll are the signs of the Future Tense: , sliall have and will have of the Future Perfect. FuTURE, I s!tall write; FUTURE PERFECT, I shall have
written.
·
64. There are then in a 11, six Tenses: viz. Present,
Imperfect, Perfect, Past Perfect, Future, and Future
Perfect.
65. T.he PERFECT shows an ;ction fini-slied at the
present hme; as, You have written tlie letter.
66. The PAST PERFECT shows an action finislied at

*

Thi•.applies only to th e Indicative Moocl ; but it is not de•irahle, at this stage, to puzzte the child with the whole form of the
~~
.

t

\

I

36

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

a past time; as, Jolzfl, lzad written the letter before I
came.
67.
The FUTURE PERFECT shows an action that
will be finis/zed at a future time; as, He will have
written the letter by dinner-time.

FUTURE TENSE.
Singnlar Number.
Plural Number .
lsT PERSON
I shall or will love
We shall or will love
2ND PERSON
Thou shalt or wilt love You shall or w ill love
3RD PERSON
He shall or will Jove. They shall or will love
FUTURE rERFECT TENSE.
lsT PERSON • I shall or will have
\Ve shall or will have
loved
loved
2ND PERSON
Thou shalt or wilt
You shall or will have
have·loved
loved
3RD PERSON . He shull o·r will
Thev shall or will have.
ha ve loved.
loved.

EXERCISE xxv111.

Tell the T e nse of the following Verbs:Th e ploug h tears up the ground. The plough tore up the field .
I have read the lesson . They will see you at Chris·tmas. I had
se1it off the parcel before I heard from my sister. Your cousi n
will have left our house by six o'clock The soldiers have jw;t
ranrnedfrom the West Indies. The ship had sailed before she
reac he d Cha rleston . In ten minutes you will have been out two
hours. The news had reached the city before I left. We shall
visit the rocks again, I hope . That ship sails fast. We shall sail
next w eek. The frigate sailed Inst week. The vessel has sailed.
The c~ pt a in had sailed before he received the letter. We shall
have sailed before that tim e .

•

.. '

POTENTI AL MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.

INDICATIVE MOOD,

lsT PERSON
2ND PERSON
3RD PERSON

PHESENT TENS E .

lsT PERso:<
2ND PE RSON

3RD PERSON
lsT PERSON
2ND PERSON
31m PERSON
lsT PERSON
2ND PERSO:'I
3RD PERSON
lsT PERSON
2ND PERSON
3RD PERSON

SUBJUNCTIVE nIOOD.

PRESENT TENSE .
If I love
If we love
lsT PERSON
2Nn PERSON
It thou love
,.. If you love
3RD PERSON
If he love.
If they love .
The remaining Tenses of this Mood are coAjugated nearly li)<e.
the corresponding Tenses of the Indicative Mood, except that the
Subjunctive Mood requires a conjunction affixed to the Verb.

68. THE VERB TO LOVE .

I

37

PR!i\IARI.' GRAMD!AR,

PluralNu mher.
S ing?tlar Nll'mher.
\Ve love
l love
You love
Thou lovest
He lo-vcs.
They love .
IMP1'RFECT TENSE.
I lo,·ed
We loved
You loved
T ho11 lovedst
He loved .
They loved.
PERFECT TENSE.
We have loved
I have loved
Th o u hast loved
Yon have loved
They have loved.
He has loved.
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
We had loved
I lrn d loved
You had loved
Thou hadst loved
They had loYed.
H e had 1.o ved .

Si1tgularNum.ter .
I may·or can love .
Thou mayst or Callft love
He may u r can love .

Plural Nitmber.
We mo.y or can love.
You may or (,)an. love
They may
can love.

or

11\IPERFEC'P TENSE.

lsT PERSON
2ND PERSON
3RD PERSON

I might, could, would,
or s hould love
Thou mights!, could•t,
wouldst, or shouldst
love
He might, could would,
or should love .

We might, could, would
or should love
You might, cou ld, would
or should love.
They might, could, would
or should love.

PERF1!:CT TENSE.

lsT PERSON.
2Nn PERSON
3RD PERSON

-.

I may or can have
We mayorcanhaveloved
loved
Thou mavst or canst You may or c~ have loved
have foved
He may or can have Theymayorcanhaveloved
loved.

I

38

PRJl\!ARY GRAMMAR,
PA~T

PERFECT TENSE.

Swgular Nn1llher.

FUTURE TENSE.

Pl'llral lVnmber.

I might, could , would We mi g ht , could, would or
or sho uld have loved
should ha ve loved
2ND PERSON Thou mig'ht>t, cn uld.r , You mi&ht, could, would ot
wo1ild>t, or shouldst
shoulu have loved
have loved.
3RD PERSON Ht1 mig ht , could , would They mii511t, could, would
or should have loved.
or should have loved.
lsT PERSON

lsT PERSON

I s hall or will have

l s T PERSON

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE .
We shnllor will have Leen

been
Thou s halt or wilt
have been
Heshallorwill have
bt:en .

2ND PERSON
Let us love
Love or love ye
Let them love.

L e t me love
Love or love thou
Let him love.

3nn PERSON

Singular Number.
Plttral JVmnher.
We shall 'or will be
I •hall or will be
Thou >halt or wilt be You •hall or will be
He shall or will be.
They shall or wi ll be .

2ND PERSON

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

lsT PERSON
2ND PERSON
3RD PERSON

3RD PERSON

PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE . Loving
PERFECT PARTICIPLE. Loved .
Having loved.

69. THE VERB TO BE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESEN T TENSE .

lsT PERSON
2ND PERSON
3RD PERSON
lsT PERSON
2N D PERSON
3RD PERSON
lsT PERSON
2ND PERSON
3RD PERSON
lsT PERSON
2ND PERS0:-1
3RD PERSON

Plu ral Number.
Singular 1V -umher.
We are
Iam
You ure
Thou art
They are.
He is.
BLPERFECT TENSE .
We were
I w as
You were
Thou wast
They were.
He was.
PERFECT TENSE.
\Ve have heen
I have been
You havo heen
Thou hast been
They
ha 1·e been.
H e has been .
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
·we had been
I b;id been
You had been
Thou hadst been
They had Leen .
He had been.

They shall or will have
been.

PRRSENT TENSE.
l sT PERSON
2No PERSON
3RD PERSON

PERFECT TENSE.
T o have loved.

CO~!POUND PERFECT PARTICIPLE.

You shall or will have bee11

SUBJUNCTJ.VE 11100D,

INFJNITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE .
T o love.

39

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

I

Ifwe be
Ifthoube
If \U)U be
If. he be ..
If they be.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
lsT PERSON
If T were
Ifwe wer~
2 No PERSON
If thou were
If you wE! re
3RD PERSON
If he were.
If t hey were.
The remaining Tenses of thi< Mood are conjugated like t he
c_or respon<lmg Tt:nses of the Intlicntive Mood, with b ut fewexcepllons.

•

POTENT IAL MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

I

j

HT be

lsT PERSON
2ND PERSON
3an PERSON

Singular N?Lmber.
I mn y or can be
Thoi1 mayst or can st he
He may or can L., ..
.

Plural Number.
We may or can be
You may or can be
They may or can be.

IMPERFECT TENSE .

lsT PERSON

I might , rould, would, or We might, c,ould,would
shou ld be
or sho11ldl>e

2No PERSON

3Rn PERSON

Thou might•t, conld• t, You m i2h1, could, wou ld
or should be
w o 11ld <t or <hould•t be
He might , could, wpuld They might. <'Ould, wou ld
or should be.
or should be.

lsT PERSON

I may or ean have been

2ND PERSON

Thou m a~r~ t, or canst
have het1n
He may or can have
been .

PERFECT TENSE.

3.Ro PEil.SON

w~ may or can have
he en
You .nrnf or can have
been
They may or can have
been .

'

..

..
T
40

PRIMARY GRAMi\IAR.

PRIMARY GRAnll\IAR.

PAST PERFECT TEN SE.
lsT PER SON
2Nll PER SO N

3Rll PE RSON

tion is done to the dog. Is STRUCK, is therefo,re .:alled
a P ASS IVE Verb. ·In a Passive Verb the 'sufferer of
the action is placed before the Verb, and the doer of'
it after it.
·

P lural N wm.ber.
Singular N u m ber.
I might, could , would, or W e m ight, could, would
or should have been
should have been
Thou mightst, couldst, You migh t, could, would
or should havtl been
wouldst, or shouldst
have been
He might, could, would They might, could,would
or sho uld have been .
or should have been .

IMPBRATIVH MOOD.
2Nll PERSON

De thou or do thou be . Be you or do you be .

.I

INFINITIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.

PERF ECT TENSE.

To be.

To have been.

PAR TIC!PLES.
PRESE NT PARTICIPLE.

J

Being.
I'E RFECT P ARTICIPLE.

Been.
CO>!POUND PERFECT PARTICIPLE.

Having been.

KINDS OF VERBS.

In the sentence, Slie field my liand; she, the doer
of the action, is placed before the Verb held; held is
therefore AcTIVE. But in the sentence, My liand was
held by her; hand, which is not the doer of the action,
out the endurer of it, is put before the Verb ; WAS
HELD is therefore PASSIVE.
And so also in the fifth sentence, Jane snuffed the
candle; Jane, the doer of the action, comes before the
Verb; SNUFFED is t'herefore an AcTIVE Verb. But
in the sentence, The candle was snuffed by Jane, candle, which comes before the Verb, is not the doer ~f
the action, but the endurer of it; WAS SNUFFED is
therefore a PASSIVE VERB.
70. An Active'v:rb expresses an action that must
have an agent or doer, and an object; as, I praise

J ames.
71. A Passive Verb expresses an action done to a

ACTIVE AND PASS IVE.

ExAnIPLEs.-John STRUCK the dog . The dog IS STRUCK
by John. She HELD my hand. .My hand WAS HELD by
her. J ane SNUFFED the candle. The candle w AS SNUFFED
by Jane.
ExPL ANATIO N.-ln the first sentence, the word struck
is a Verb, for it means doing something (see section 7);
but th e act ion of striking passes over from John to the
doer: STRUCK is th erefore called an AcTIVE Verb. In
an° Active Verb the doer of the action is placed before
the V erb, and the sufferer of it after it. In the next
sentence, dog, which is a noun before they erb struck,
is not the doer but the sufferer of th e action, the ac-

41

)

person or thing, and must have an object and an agent;
as, James is-praised by me.
72. A Passive Verb is known by the Past Participle
being after any part of the Verb to be; as, I am-

'-

loved.

T

EXERCISE

XXIX.

Tell which Verbs arc acti\•e and which Pn•sive :The wind blew the house down. The house was blown down
by thtJ wind . The boy broke a window. The window was broken
b y the bo)'· The doll was found by Mary. Mary fo und her doll,
Henri• saw his sister; she was dres•ed very neatly. I wrote the
letter. The Jetter was written by me . Your cousin sold his horse.

4•

'

r
4.2

\

PRIJ\IARY GRAMMAR .

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

j

The grass is mown by the man, but it i• turned over by the women . We are loved by our friends. She is praised for her industry.
I send a parcel every day. A parcel is sen t by me twice a day.
I nm told that story very often. The door was burst open . They
burst open the door. I was told that the ink was spilt by Harriet.
I like cherries, but they sometimes hurt me . I have been injured
by eating unripe fruit. The ship was tossed about by the winds.
The winds dashed the waves about.

43

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

Per3on.
Singttlar Nurnber.
Plural Nwmher.
l sT I shall or will have been loved We shall or will have been
loved
2ND Thou shalt or wilt have been Y ,m shall or will have been
loved
loved
3RD He shall or will have been They shall or will ha\·e been
loved.
loved .
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
!'RESENT TENSE.

Passive Verbs are conjugate? ?Y adding the aux i~i­
ary to be to the Perfect Participle of the Verb, m
the following manner:-

Illll'ERFECT TENSE.

73. PASSIVE VERB TO BE LOVED.

lsT
2ND
3RD

INDICATIVE J\IOOD .
PRESEN T TENSE.

Person . Singular Ntt1nher.
lsT J am loved
2~D Thou art loved
3RD H o is loved.

POTE NTl.AL MOOD.
l'RRSENT TENSE.

l sT

\Ve were loved

lsT

I was loved
Thou wast loved
3RD He was loved.

2ND
3RD

You were loved
Th ey were loved.

lsT

I have been loved
Thou hast been loved
3RD He has been loved.

I had been loved
2ND Th ou had st been loved
3RD He hud been loved.

We have been loved
Y ou have been lovc<l
Thev have been loved .
\Ve had hepn loved
You had been loved
They had been loved.

PERFECT TENSE .
l ST

FUTURE TENSE.

I shall or will be loved
Thou shalt or wilt be loved
3Rt> He shall or will be loved.

lsT

2ND

2ND

We shall or will be loved
You shall or will be loved
They shall or will be loved.

3RD

I

l

~

-

-

We may or ean be loved
You may or can be loved
They may or can be loved.

lsT I might, could, would or
We might, c0u ld, w0uld or
•
should be loved
should he loved
2ND Thou might•t, eouldst,wouldst You might, could, would or
or shouldst be loved
should be loved
3Rn- He mill'ht, could, would or
They might, could, would,
should be loved.
or sho uld be loved,

PAST PERFECT TENSE.

lsT

I mav or can be loved
Thou mayst or canst be loved
Jie may or can be loved.

IMPERFECT TENSE .

FERFECT TENSE .
2ND

If we were loved
If vou were loved
Ifihey were loved.

If I were loved
If thou were loved
If he were loved.

The remaining Tenses of this Mood are, in general, simil-ar to
the corresponding Tenses of the Indicative Mood

Plural Ntt111her.
We are loved
You are loved
They are loved.

IMPE RFECT TENSE.
2ND

If we be loved
If you be loved
If they be loved.

If I he loved
2ND If thou be loved
31m If he be loved.

lsT

·-~

.. ___

._

~

'

- .

I may or can have been loved

We may or can have been
loved
Thou mayst or canst have been You may or can have been
loved
loved
He may or can have been They mayor can have been
loved.
loved.

44

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

PRIMARY GRAMMAR .

sition,. into.' betwe_e n the Verb and the - ~oun field
followmg 1t. So m the sentence, The boy sometimes
sleeps on the grass, SLEEPS is a NEUTER Verb, for no
action passes over from the boy to anything else. You
cannot say, he sle.eps the grass, but he sleeps on the
grass.
But in the last senten,ce, The man cuts the grass,
cuTs is AcTIVE, for the ac'tion of cutting passes over
from the man to the grass. No Preposition comes
between the Verb and the Noun following it.

P AST PERFECT TENSE.

Person. Singular N11?nber.
P lu ral Number
l sT I mig ht, co uld ,wo11l<l or should We might, could, would or
have been loved
sbould have been loved
2ND Th ou might<!, could et, w ould,! You mi rrht, could, would or
or >l10 ult1't have been !m·ed
shoul d have been loved
3 RD H e mi ght , conld, would or They might, could , would or
should have been loved.
should hnve been loved.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.
2ND

Be loved, or be thou loved .

Be loved , or be ye loved.

INFINITIVE MOOD.
PRESE NT TENSE.

To be loved.

PERFECT TENSE .

74. A Neuter Verb expresses the being, or state of
being\ ofsom~thing; or an action not passing over to
·
an object; as, I sleep; He runs.

To have been loved.

PARTICIPLES.
Being loved .
Loved .
PARTICIPLE . Having been loved.

P RESENT PARTICIPLE.

EXERCISE XXX.

PAST PARTICil'LE.

CO:'llPOUND PERFECT

ACTIVE AND NEUTER.
EXAMPLES.- James TOUCH ED the chair. I often SIT
on the chair. J ane RUl\'S into the field every day. The
boy sometimes SLEEPS upon the gras.s. Th e man CUTS
the grass.
ExPLA NAT!oN.-In the first sentence the action of
touching passes over from James to the chair; TOUCHED
is an Acn YE VERB.
But in the second sentence. the Verb sit does not
pass over to any object. We cannot say, I sit .the
chair, but I sit ON the chair . The Preposition on,
comes between the Verb sit and the Noun chair which
com es after th e Verb . SIT is called a NEUTER Verb.
So in th e next sentence, Jane runs into the fi eld every
day, RUi'S is a NEUTER Verb, for the action of running
does not pass over from Jane to anything else . We
cannot say, Jane runs the fi eld, but must put a Prepo-

45

Tell whether the following Verbs are Active or Neuter :-

'
r

I

I

Run into the garde n. H old that paper. The <log will bite a
stranger. That horse kicked the groom. The coachman lives
over the stable. I swam over the river. The soldier fell lrom
his horse. My little brother burnt hi• finger . Will you step into
_the library? Theooy stood on the wall. The cat leaped through
the window. Write a letter. Thomas painted. his wheelbarrow.
The man bent the bow. I feedf1Y chickens every morning. Will
you come with me? Let us go into the meadow. Iron sinks in
water, but it will float in quicksilver. Tea grows in China.
Tell whether the follow ing Verbs are Active, Passive, or Neute r, and al so their Mood and Tense:The bee stung the lady. She was hurt very much. T he boy
has driven the lilOW into the lane. Th at book was given to my brother. I had lent my bat,to him before you asked.me. The sun rose
with great splendor. The reapers will bind the corn in sheaves .
The bird w ill fly away. A stone has been thrown into the canal.
The prisoners will be bound. The doors will be shut. The ser-

•

46

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

PJ!JMARY GRAMMAR.

SYNTAX.
RuLE 1.
ExAMPLEs.-He RUNS. They RUN. Thou RUNNEST.
I AM loved. He is loved. We ARE loved.

pent had crept near the child before his father saw it. This desk
has been made by a carpenter. His horse will be sold to-morrow.
A good child is loved by everybody.

EXPLANATION .-Runs is the Singular Number, Third
P erson, and therefore a~e e s with its Nominative he,
which is Singular Number, Th.i.Nl·Person: No othl!r
Numb er and Person ofthe Verb would be correct, as
he run, or he runnest; for then the Verb would not
be of the same Number and Person as its Nominative.
So we say they run; the Verb run being Plural Number, Third Person, and so agreeing with its Nominative
they, which is Plural Number and Thifd Person. In
the same way runnest, which is Singular Number and
Second Person, agrees with its Nominative thou, which
is Singular Number, Second Person.

EXERCISE xxxr.
Parse the sentenres in Exercises xxvi., xxvii ., xxviii., xxix., in
the following manner :-

SE NTE NC E.-The bee stung the lady.
The
Bee

Stung
The
Lady

Article.
Noun. Common. Common as to Gender.
Sin gular Number. Third Person. Nominative Case ; coming before the Verb,
stung, and answering a question beginning
with what.
Verb. Active. Indicative Mood. Imperfect Tense
Article.
Noun. Common . F eminine Gender. Singular Number. Third P erson. Obj ective Case ; coming after the Verb, stung,
and answering a question beginning with
whom.

SENTE NCE.-.8 boy has been stung.
Article.
Noun . Common. Masculin e Gender.
Singular Numb er. Third Person.
Nominative Case; as it comes befor e the Verb, and answ ers a questi on beginning with who.
Has been stung Verb. Passive. Indicative Mood
Perfect Tense.

A
Boy

47

J
I

I, being Singular Number, First Person, requires
am loved, which is the Singular Numb er, First Person,
of the Passive ,Verb : he, which is Third Person Singular Number, requires is loved, which is the Third
Person, Singular Number, of the Verb. We could not
say, I is loved, nor he am loved, for then the Verb would
not be of the same person as its Nominative. We
should be using the Third Person of the Verb , with a
Nominative of the First P erson, and t.he First Person
of the Verb, with a Nominative of the Third P erson.
75. Ru LE 1.-The Verb agrees with its Nominative
in Number and Person; as, I am; H e is.
EXERCISE XXXII.
Point out the Verbs ; tell their number and person , and say why
they are in that number and person:We are here. They speak well. He walks badly.

The bird

•
PRIMARY GRAMMAR.
flies fast. You learn correctly. Are you tired? We live in Pitt:>burg. They have sent us some grapes. You write better than I;
but he wri tes better than you. I am in a hurry. Thou sleepest
soundly, friend. Rome is in Italy. The fir is an evergreen. The
pine-apple grows wil<l in America. The lion lives in hot countries.
The polar bear is fou nd only in cold countries. The monument
at Baltimore was built to commemorate the late w ar. Bats are
called hand-winged aninials. Coal is found in the Middle and
Western states. The fi sheries are valuable to this country. The
eagle flies very high. The boat has gone to Cape May.
Supply proper Verbs:The book (
) in the box. The books (
) in the box.
I (
) in the garden every morning. Thou (
) in the garden every morning. He (
) in the garden every morning.
We (
) in the garden every morning. He (
) good.
They (
) not go.od. I (
) tall, bui you (
) s~ort.
We (
) fond of fish; (
) thou? In hot countries the
inhabitants (
) for an hour or two in the middle of the day.
We (
) at Bristol : (
) thou visit us there ? He (
)
at five every morning, and (
) at ten at night. You (
)
better than I ; but I (
) better than he. We (
) not rich.

R ULE 2.
ExAMPLEs.-He and I ARE friends. James and
George RUN. Cresar and Pompey WERE great generals.
ExPLANATJON.-In these sentences the Verbs are,
run, were, are Plural, because they refer to more than
one Nominative. In the first sentence, he AND I BOTH
are fri ends. In the second, James and George both
run ; Jam es runs and George runs; but instead of
saying so, we put both together, and say James and
George run. So not Cresar only was a great general
nor Pompey only; but both were: The Plural Verb
were, must therefore be used.
76. RuLE 2.-Singular Nominatives, connected

PRIMARY GRA.AR.

49
I

'

by and, require the Verb and Pronoun to be in the
Plural: as, England, Scotland, and Wale6,form Great
Britain.
·
EXERCISE XXXIII.

l'oint out the Verbs in the following sentence-s, and in each say
why the Verb is Plural :-

I

The boy and the girl laugh. WHere are James and his sister?
Charlotle and Mary are here. James and his friend travel together.
He and I live in the same house. My father and mother have
been to Saratoga.
Supply appropriate Verbs:My uncle and aunt (
) at home. Your brother and bis wifo
) not to be
) near Logan Square. The pen and ink (
) with ~ach other. The lion
found . The cat and the clog (
and the lioness (
) separated. .The sailor and the .monkey_
(
) running up the rigging.

RULE 3.
ExAMPLEs.-He or his brotlier is wrong. James or
his sister is there. Ehza or her cousin LIVES at Bri:;tol.
,
ExPLANATJON.-In these sentences the Verb is is
Singular, because it refers to one :only. In. the first
sentence, He OR his brother is wrong; that is, ONE of
the two, either he or his brother, is wrong. In the
second sentence, James OR his sister, ONE of the two
is there ; they are not both there, only one of them'.
t~erefore t~e Verb is Singular. So not both person~
live at Bnstol, but only one; the Verb therefore- is
lives, which is Singular.
77. RuLE 3.-Singular Nominatives of the Third
Person, separated by 'or or nor, require the Verb and
Pronoun to be in the Singular; as, Either Jolin or
liis brotlier has the book. ·
5

.
)

50

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

PRin~Y GRAl\1MAR.

EXERCISE xxxrv.

You should help her. My sist~r wore a beautiful dress. Yes!
and I almost tore it. The horse kicked the child. Thomas has
spoiled his pen and blot,ted his paper. y ciu may bring me u book.
Supply Pronouns in the Objective Case:-

Point out the Verbs; and say why Singular:Ellen or your sister has your box. Either the dog.or the cat is
in the room. The house in Bridesburg or the house m Frankford
·
has been given
u p . The collage or the .house is to let. The pen
or the paper was bad . . J ohn or H enry Jives there
Supply the proper Verbs;I am told that the cherry-tree or the apple-tree (
) to be cut
down . Harry or his cousin (
) a bent .. 1:'he yacht or the barge
(
) to be got ready. This pen or this mk (
) very bad.
E ither the horse or the ox (
) into the garden sometimes.
Neither the river nor the canal (
) frozen over.

RULE 4.
ExAMPLEs.-1 struck HIM.

1

!

He hurt

ME.

They

ExPLANATION.-ln these sent~nc~s, the words him,
me, us, are Pronouns in the Objech".e <;ase, ~ecayse
they follow the active Verbs.
Him is Ob~ech:'e,
erb struck I struck-whom · Him.
governe d by the V '
·
h
h
1
Him is governed by struck . So, He urt-w om .
.Me . .Me is Obj ective, governed by liurt. They love7 Us Us is Obj' ective, governed by love. The
h
w
om ·
• he, I, we, woul d of course b e .m
- correct •.
Nominatives
78. R uLE 4.-Active Verbs govern the Objective
Case ; as, He held me.
EXERCISE XXXV
Point out the Objectives in the following sentences, and say
why each one is in that Case:J touched him. The wheel crushed my doll. He shot a partridge . I saw your cousin. He said that I hurt you.
"How doth the little busy bee
Im prove each shining hour·"

.

.

Our friend s love (
). I saw J ohn; I saw (
) on the lawn.
1 have not heard of Jane for a long time; but I hope I shall see
(
) at Christmas. 'w e love (
) because they love (
).
The bee stung (
). You should love your mamma . I do love
(
) very much. Do not hurt the dog for he would not hurt~
).

RULE 5.

ExAMPLEs.-He came to

I

love us.

51

I
I

I
)

ME .

He ran with us.

ExPLANATION.-The words me, us, are Pronouns
in the Objective Case, governed by the Prepositions
to and with. In the ·first sentence, we say, he came
to me, not to I, because me is the Objective Case of I,
and to, which is a Preposition, always has the Objective Case after it. In the second sentence we say,
witli us, not with we, for us is the Objective Case of
we, and with, which is a Preposition, always has the
Objective Case after it.
-

,

79. RULE 5.-Prepc_:isitions govern the Objective •
Case ; as, I sent a book to m11r.
EXERCISE xxxvr.
Point out the Objectives in the following se ntences, and sny why
the words are in that Case:~
Diogenes lived inn tub. Saint Simon lived on n pillar, Charles
the Fifth retired into a monastery . Mah omet pretended to see his
visions in a cave, away from all mankind. Charles the Twelfth
of Sweden fled from Russia in to Turkey, and was besieged in his
house lit Bender. Reading .is on the Schllylkill, which is a river
that runs into the Delaware. The fir-tree grow" in cold countries
and on high 1nountnins.

52

•

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

Supply Pronouns in the Objective Case :Give the penknife to (
). My mamma told me to bring a
), but by (
).
book for (
). The book was not Jost by (
Y ou must go with (
) if you can. The property belongs to
).
(
) and not to (

RuLE 6.
ExAMPLJi:s.-1 am HE. That LADY is SHE. WHO
was the MINISTER 1 That GENTLEMAN was HE. The
CASTLE is a fine RUIN.
ExPLANATION.-ln the first sentence am, which is
a part of the Verb to be (see 69), comes between th e
Pronouns I and he, which mean the same P erson.
Therefore he, which comes after am, must be in the
same case as I , which comes before it. As I is in the
Nominative Case, HE is in the Nominative Case too.
In the sentence, That lady is she; is, which is a part
of the Verb to be, comes between lady ai;id site. Both
these words mean the sai:ne person . Therefore SHE,
which comes after th e Verb to be, is the same Case
as LADY, which comes before it. Both of them are
Nominative.
In the sentence, Who was the minister? the interrocrative who, before was, which is a part of the Verb
t~be, is Nominative; and minister, which comes after
was, is Nominative as well. So in the n ext sentence,
Th at gentleman was lie; he comes after was, a part of
the Verb to be, and gentleman comes b efore it. As
gentleman and !te both mean the same person, they a.re
in the same Case. The las t sentence, castle and ruin,
both mean the same thiner, and have is, which is a
part of th e Verb t? bP., b e~w~~n then:. As c~stle, whic_h
comes before is, is Nommahve, ruin commg after, 1s
Nominative too.

I

I

1

..
\

PRIMARY GRAMl\rAR.

53

80. 'RuLE 6.-Tbe· Verb to be has the same case
a.fte'. it as b ef9re it, when the~ouns or Pronouns
s1g01fy the same person or thing; as, I am !te.
EXERCISE xxxvir.
Point out the Nouns or Pronouns which follow the Verb to be,
and suy what Case they are :I am he. She is a good girl. You are the teacher of the class?
No ! that gentle man is he. Cresar was an emperor. His father
had been an officer. Cromwell w as Protector of England . St.
Domingo is an island. The queen of England is an absolute mona rch. H.enry is a good boy. Philadel phia is a handsome city.
Bonaparte said that. England was a nation of shopkeepers. The
way of the just is uprig htne ss. Babylon is now a w aste . I know
that Sonrates was a wise man. H omer was the author of the
I liad. Emma bas been a naughty girl. Iceland is a very cold
country. Sahara is the great desert of Africa. R ome w as once
the most powerful city in ·the · wo.rld. The oak is a noble tree.
Men are animals, but nil animals are not men. Gold and silve r
are the precious metals. The whale is the largest animal in the
world. T in is a metal: coal is only a mineral.
Supply the proper. Pronouns:).' fndeed ! I
Is th at man the carpenter? No! I-am (
thought it had been (
~. Who is the nrtisi? This lady is
(
). Is that gen tleman with the blue coat your cousin? No!
it is (
) who is dressed in black. Are you the port.er? Yes !
). Are you
I am (
). \Vhich is your sister? That is (
snre? I believe it to be (
). Whe1·e is the gardener ? That
red-faced man is (
).

RuLE 7.

•

E xAMPLEs.-HENRY's dpple. My UNCLE'S lwuse.
The 'BoY's playthings.
ExPLANATION,-ln the phrase Henry's apple, th e
last Noun apple belongs to the first Noun Henry;
Ht; NRY's is therefore the P ossESSIVE CASE. So in the

5•

. I

54

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

PRIMARY

Gender, Number, and Person. In the next sentence,
the Noun lady is Feminine Gender, Singular Numh'er,
and Third Person; the Pronoun, ·which stands for
LADY, is SHE, which is F eminine Gender, Singular
Number, and Third Person.

8 1. RinE 7 . -' Vhe n two Nouns so come together,
that th e latter is considered to belong t o the former,
the form er is put in the Possessive Case ; as, Richard's

82. RuLE 8.-Pronouns must agree with the Nouns
they represent, in Gender, Number and Person; as,
Your sister has been !iere, but SllE is now gone.
EXERCISE XXXIX.

EXERCISE xxxvm.

Supply proper Pron ouns:-

P oint ou t the Noun~ in the PossessivP. Case, and eay whether
they are Singular or Plural:-

The gardener rolled the paths; (
) did it by himself. Tell
Emm a (
) is wanted . The boys will play at cricket till
(
) tire them selves. D id you sen d the parcel? Yes, (
)
went by rail way . Your sisters h'ave gone to (
) own room.
The boys were looking about for (
) bats; but (
) could
not find (
). A man loves (
) own children better than
(
) loves another's. Washington was a great general-by
(
) prudence and (
) skill (
) conducted affairs to a
successful termination . (
) re sid~ at Mount Vernon, near
the city which is called a~r (
) name.

My friend's orchard. T he <log's kennel. The child's toy. Our
baby 's coral. The soldier's arms. Eliza's doll was in Jane' s box.
T he chi ldren 's foo<l was on the nurse's table . I ran through my
co usin's grounds . Washingto n's hatc het chopped his fa 1her's
che rr y tree... All mankind 's concern is charity. The boy's good
conduct makes his parents' happiness.

Your 8-ister's house is next

m y father's garJen. The queen'" crow n is kept at the T ower.
Milton is buried in the Poet's Co rner. Kin g Solomon's Temple
was n inety feet in lengt h. Pompey's pillar is in E gypt. T homas's
le tter w as found in Cha rl es's desk. The ship's anchor was let
down at the captain's command. The ship's p rovisions are
spoiled.

RuLE 8.
ExAMPLEs.-The sailor is hurt; HE fell down.
know that lady; SHE lives near us.

RULE 9.

I

I

E XPLANATION.- In the first sentence, the Noun

sailor is Masculine Gender, Singular Number, and
Third P erson; he, th erefore is the only Pronoun that
can b e used for it, for he is Masculine Gender, Singular Numb er, and Third P erson.
HE th erefore
agrees with the Noun which it represents (SAILOR) in

II..

55

phrase, .Jlfy uncle's house, the last Noun !wuse b elongs
t o th e first Noun uncle; UNCLE'S is therefore in the
PossEss1 vE CAsE. In the phrase, The boy's playthings,
the last Noun playthings belongs to the first Noun
boy's; BOY'S is P ossESSIVE.

apple.

I

GRAMM~;

t
l

EXAMPLES.-The baby loves TO LOOK at the light.
lt is pleasant TO SEE one's friends. It is our duty TO
HELP the unfortunate. Endeavoring To DO wel,l has

boon

t~e

cause of !tis success.

ExPLANATION.-ln the first sent,encet to look is in
the Infinitive Mood; and it is put in the INFINITIVE
Moon by the Verb LOVES: loves to look. This is an
instance of one Verb being put in the Infinitive by
another V ERB.-ln the second sentence, to see is in
the I NFINITIVE Mood, governed by the Adjective
PLEASANT: pleasant to see. Here is an instance of a ·
Verb being put in the Infinitive by an ADJECTIVE. -

56

PR!i\IARY GRAilli\IAR.

In the third sentence, to help is Infinitive; and it is
put in the INFINITIVE by the Noun DUTY: duty to
help. Here is an instance of a Verb put in the I~­
finitive by a Nou N. In the fourth sentence, to do 1s
in the I NFINITIVE Mooo; and is put in the 'I NFINITIVE
by the participle ENDEAVORING; endeavoring to help.
H ere is an instance of a Verb put in the Infinitive by
a Participle .
gg. RuLE 9.- A Verb in the Infinitive Mood is
govern ed by a Verb, a Noun, an Adjective or a P;trticiple : as, He delights to please you; It is delightful to
please you; It is his delight to please you.; Hoping to meet
her he urged forward.'

l

i

EXE~CISE

XLI.

CAUTION 2.
EXAMPLEs.-7'he horse has FALLEN into the ditch.
He has BROKEN his leg. He is TAKEN out now.

CAUTION l.

l
(

r
L

how the l etter is folded. Proper would be wrong, for
proper is an Adjective and cannot qualify a Verb, but
only a Noun.-In the third sentence, the Adverb
distinctly, shows how the cMld speaks: distinct would
be wrong, for distinct is an Adjective, and cannot be
used with Verbs, but only with Nouns.

Supply proper Adverbs ending inly:The nightingale sings (
). Try to speak (
). Do not
write (
). The soldiers fought (
). Do you loYe me
) ? He (
) promised to come. He has conducted his
business (
). Does she not act very (
) ? He sees
) now. The ploughboy whistles (
). We live (
)
). Our old horse
together. An industrious man works (
travels (
).

EXERCISE XL.

I

57

84. CAUTION 1.-Never use Ad~ctives as Adverbs;
say, The girl speaks distinctly; not distinct.__

Tell the Infin itives, and the words governing thern :The boys try to pl ease their tearher. We love to be in your
company. Bonaparte tried to conquer Europe. \ Ve eat to rnpport li fe. It i" my fri end 'f intention to comP. to-morrow . Do yo u
intend to see him? Oh , yes ! I am anxi ous to make h is acquaintance.
The cat is afraid to come too near, for she has been trying to steal
some meat. L e t us strive to assist the wretched. He will make
an effort to succeed. Try to overcome difficultie s . You will be
bntter able to go than I. Fearing to turn bac k she quickened her
pace.

ExAMPLEs.-The boy writes CA REF ULLY. That letter
1'sfolded PROPERLY. The child sp_ea.ks DISTINCTLY.
ExPLANATION.-ln the first sentence, the word
carefully shows how the boy writes: he writes carefully. Careful would be \~rong, for careful is an
Adjective, and can only qualify a Noun, and we want
an Adverb, carefully, to qualify the Verb, WRITES.So, in the second sentence, the word properly shows

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

ExPLANATION.-ln the first sentence the word fallen, which come~ after has, is the _Past Participle of
the Verb to fall. It would be improper tc use the
Imperfect Tense after has, and say has fell.-So in
the next sentence, br'IJ!cen, the Past Participle, comes
after has: the Imperfect Tense, broke, would be improper. We must then use the Past Participle after
the verb have.-Jn the third sentence, taken, which
is the Past Participle, comes after is; took, the Imperfect Tense, would be wrong. But is, is a part of the
Verb to be; therefore the Past Participle must be used
after the Verb to be.
·

_.,,.._
58

PRIMARY GRAJ\lll!AR.

PR!MAR Y GRAMMAR.

85. CAUTION 2.-Never use the Imp~r~ect .Tense
instead of the Past Participle. The Parhc1ple 1s used
after be and have. Say, The river is FR OZEN over;
not froze.
86.
PRll SENT TENSE.

Break
Shake
Take
T ear
W ear
F all
Beat
E at
Freeze
Speak
Steal
S ee
Begin
Drink
R ing
Sing
Drive
Give
Lie
Ride
Rise
Write
Fly
Know
Throw
Choose
Run
Come

Hi1P. TENSE.

FAST PARTICIPLE.

Broke
Shook
Took
Tore
Wore
Fell
· Beat
Eat or Ate
Froze
Spoke or Spake
Stole
Saw
Began
Drank
Rang
Sang
Drove or Drave
Gave
Lay
Rode
Rose
Wrote
Flew
Knew
Threw
Chose
Ran
Carne

Broken.
Shaken.
Taken.
Torn.
Worn.
Fallen.
Beaten.
Eaten.
Frozen.
Spoken.
Stolen.
Seen.
Begun.'
Drunk.
Rung.
Sung.
Driven.
Given.
Lain.
Ridden.
Risen.
vVritten.
Flown.
Known.
Thrown
Chosen.
Run.
Come.

..
'

59

EXERCISE XLU.

Supply the appropriate words:-

'f he basin was (
). The child wns (
). The stone
has been (
). He (
) his lesson; but he did not llni•h it
Th o lesson was (
). The bird bas (
'- )over the bcuse.:
I h.nve (
) ten miles on my brother's horse. He (
)
away. He has (
) away. The lady""- ) that song s weetly.
He (
) me a letter; but~ have not· (
) to him . The wind
)
has (
) the frui t from th~ tree$. Some of the apples are (
)
but I did not steal them. My dress bas not been (
several weeks.
•

fo;

PARSING EXERCISES.
EXERCISE XLI!I,

Parse the senten~es in Exercises xxx1 . to xli . in the followin&'
manner :SENTENCE 1.-That gentleman's gardener was ordered
to fell the tree, because it had been loosened by the
wind.
That
Pronoun. Demonstrative ..
Gentleman's Noun. Common. Masculine Gendt>t.
Singular Number. Third Person. Possessive Case, according to Rule 7. •
Gardener
Noun. Common. Masculine Gender.
Singular Number.
Third Person.
Nominative Case; as it comes before
the Verb was ordered, and answers a
.question beginning with who.
Was ordered Verb. Pii!lsive. Indicative Mood. Imper,
feet Tense. Singular Number. Third
Person, according to Rulll . l. •

'*' The Rule should be repeated by the pnpil.

60

PR!ll[ARY GRA!':.MAR.

To fell
The
Tree
Because
It

Had
been
loosened

By
The
Wind.

~

Verb. Active. Infinitive Mood. Present Tense ; governed by the Verb was
ordered, according to Rule 9.
Article. Definite.
Noun. Common. Neuter Gender. Singular Number. Third Person. Objective Case, according to Rule 4.
Conjunction.
Pronoun. Personal. Neuter Gender.
Singular Number. Thir~ Pe:son; according to Rule 8. Nommahve Case,
as it comes before the Verb, had been
loosened, and answers a question begin·
ning with what.
Verb. Passive. Indicative Mood. Past
Perfect Tense.
Singular Number.
Third Person, according to Rule 1.
Preposition.
Article. Definite.
Noun. Common. Neuter Gender. Singular Number. Third Person. Objective Case, according to Rule 5.

SENTENCE 2.-John or his sister has opened the door
of the library.

John

Or

Noun; Proper.
Masculine Gender.
Singular Number.
Third Person.
Nominative Case; coming before the
Verb, has opened, and answering a
question beginning with who.
Conjunction.

PRIMARY CJRAMMAR.

His

\

61

Pronoun. Possessive Adjective. Masculine Gender.-:singular Number. Third
Pers?n; according to Rule 8.
Sister
Noun.r' Common. Feminine Gender.
Singular Number. Third Person. Nominative Case; coming before the Verb
has opened, and answering a question
beginning with wlio.
Has
} Verb. A~tive. Indicative Mood. Perfect
opened
Tense.
Singular Number. Thtrd
Person, according to Rule 3
The
Article. Definite.
Door
Noun. Common. Neuter Gender. Singular Number. Third Person. Objective Case, according to Rule 4.
Of
Preposition.
The
Article.
Library.
Noun. Common. Neuter Gender. Singu.l ar Number. Third Person. Objective Case, according to Rule 5.
SENTENCE 3."7""0ur grape-vine is trained agai'nst the
cottage: it bears the finest grapes.
Our
Pronoun. Possessive Adjective.
Grape-vine Noun. Common. Neuter Gender. Singular Number. Third Person. Nomi-native Case, coming before the Verb
bears, and answering a question beginning with what. • ·
Is trained Verb. Passive. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Singular Number. Third
Person. Agreeing with its Nominative
grape-vine, according to Rule 1.
6

62
Against
The
Cottage:

It

Bears

The
Finest
Grapes.

PRIMARY GRAMMAR,

Preposition.
Article.
Noun. Common. Neuter Gender. Singular Number. Third P erson. Objective Case. Governed by the Preposition against, according to Rule 5.
Pronoun. Personal. Neuter Gender.
Singular Number.
Third Person.
Agreeing with the Noun grape-vine,
according to Rule 8.
Verb. Active. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Singular Number. Third
Person. Agreeing with its Nominative
it, according to Rule 1.
Article.
Adjective. Superlative Degree.
Noun. Common. Neuter Gender. Plural
Number. Third Person. Objective
Case; governed by the Active Verb
bears, according to Rule 4.

PRIMARY GRAJ\lMAR.

The marble table . A severe winter. The howling tempest. The
industrious bees. The idle boy. The whistling winds. An ea;y
lesson. A finnl reword. Tho final reward. The noblest prospect.
The better part. The weaker man. The tallest boy. A poor dog.
The prettier cat. The newer dress. The oldest ha!.
EXERCISE XLV.

Point out the Pro1io?tns, with their Ge1'der, Nwmber, Person,
and Caso. With what -Verbs do the Nominatives agree? (Rule 1.)

ij

E XE RCI SE XLIV,

Point out the NO UNS, and tell whether Con•mon or Proper, also
their Gand"7 and N1tmber :Point out the ADJECTIVES, and tell what is their degree of com·
parison, and to what Nouns they belong:A good heart. An obedient son. A strong body. The verdant
fields. An obtluratc heart. Au irksome task. An odorous garden,

H ow are the Objectives governed?
We honor them. You e ncourage us. Our hopes flatter U$.
They have frequently deceived me. Your expectation has failed.
I had forgotten it. We completed our journey. The accident h¥d
happened to them . He became resigned to his fears. Do you instruct him? Our hearts deceive us. 1 have searched for it, and
I found it. They searched the rooms but she was gone. Whose
books are those? Which of these apples is yours? 'His esteem
is mi• honor .
Now tell the V erbs, with their Mood, Tense, Number, and
Person; also with ~hnt Nominatives they agree
EXERCISE XLVI.

PARSING EXERCISES.
Point out the ARTICLES in the following sentences, and tell
whether they are definite or indefinite, and with what Nouns they
atiree or belong:-

63

r

f

l

r

T ell the Adverb&, and what Adjectives, Adverbs, or Verbs they
. ·
affect or agree with:T ell the Prepositions, or what words they connect-what Object ives they govern :The work gradually came to an end . The task is scarcely
learned. This book is nearly new. The wind blows ve rystrong)y.
'\Ve often resolve but we seldom perform. The sun ri~s early in
the morning. It is not properly ours. They traveled through
France, in haste to;vards Italy. From vi rtue to vice the progre ss
is very gradual. By diligence and frugality we. amv~ at wealth.
Bv his imprudence he was involved m new d1fficult1es. H ow
S\~eetly th" bird $ings ! He lives within his income. He rellres
to rest soon in order to rise enrl y. His father, mother, a11d uncle,
reside at R~me. She behaves occa;ionally with greiit propriety.
'\Ve are wisely and happily directed . I am fearfully and wonder.
fully made.

64

PR IMARY GRAMMAR.

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

NoTE. It 1s suggested that the pupil (after being required as
heretofore , to select some 1>articular part of speech from the whole
Exercises) make use of the m again by parsing the words in their
order.

QUESTIONS ON PART II.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
.30.
31.

QUESTIONS ON PART I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
13.

14.
15.

16.
17 .
18.

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

What is Grammar? (l.)*
How ma'lly >Orts of words are there? Name them. (3 .)
'Vh at is a Noun? (4.)
What part of speech is John? And why? (4.)
What part of speech is cat ? And why? (4 .)
'What part of speec h is village? And why?
What part of speech is table? And why?
What is an Article? (5.)
How many Articles are there? Name them. (5.)
What is an Adjective? (6.)
Which is the Adjective in the phrase, A tall man?
What is a Verb? (7.)
Whi ch is the Verb in the sentence, The boy rides well? And
wh y? (7.)
What is an Adverb? (8.)
"Which is the Adverb in the sentence, Helcams quickly? And
wh y ? (8 .)
What is a P ronoun ? (9.)
\Vhich i' the Pronoun in the sentence, The workmen are not
here; the!! have go ne to din nu? And why? (9.)
What is a Prepo, iti on ? (10 .)
Which is the Prepos ition in the sentence, Oztr house is on tl.o
hill? And why?
Wh at is a Co njunction? (11.)
Which is the Conju nction in the ~entence, John doe1 not l1w10
11mch , anti he w ill not try? And why?
What is an Interjec ti on? (12.)
\Vhi c h is rhe Int erjection in the sen tence, Oh! I wm so sorry
for you? And why?

65

i

*

The•e numbers refer to the sections in which the answers to
the questions may be found.

II
I

What is a Proper Noun? (14.)
What is a Common Noun? (15.)
Are john, Jamf.3, Comm on or Proper? And why?
Are li.ouse, cltild, Common or Proper? And why?
How many N um lier> have Nouns? Tell them. (17 .)
What is the common way of making the Plural? (20./
How many Genders are there? (22 .)
What does the fyfa,culine Gender clenole? What does the
F e min ine Gender denote? (23 .)
32. What is the term used for a Noun of no Gender? (24.)
33. What is the term used for a Noun that stands for both Genders~· (25.)
34. What Gender are boy, girl, ltorse, 111.are? And why?
35. What would you call friend, bird, lwuse, wafer, as to Gender? And why?
36. How man y cases have Nouns and Pron61ms? (26.)
37. Where i• the Nominati\•e in _a senten ce? (27.)
38. What question is put to find out the Nominative?
39. Where is the Objective in a sentence? (28.)
40 . What question is put to find out t~e Objective?
41. What does the Possessive Case show? (211.)
42. What question is put to find out the Possessive?
43. In what Case are the Nouns in ·the sentence, Witliarn carried
his sistei"s doll? And why?
44. How many Degrees of Comparison have Adjectives? Name
them . (3'1.)
45. What does the Positive mean? (35.)
4u. 'What does the Comparative m<>an? (36 .)
47. \Vhat does the Superlative mean? (37 .)
48. Name the Articles, Defin ite and Indefinite.
49. How many kinds of Pronouns are there? (38.)
50. What is a Personal Pron oun? (39.)
51. How many Persons have Pronouns? (40 .)
52. \Vhat does the First Person stand for? (41.)
53. What does the Second Person stand for 1 (42.)
:'i4 What does the Third Person stand for? (43.)

66

67

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

PRIMARY GRAMMAR.

55. What are the Person s of the Pronouns in the sentence, I fear
he tells you a falsehood? And why?
56. What i> a Relative Pronoun? (44.)
57 . Name the Relative Pronouns. (45.)
58. In the sente nce, Th e man who was here, is gone, what is man
to who? (45.)
50. What is an Adjectiv e Pronoun? (48.)
60. What are the two chief kinds of Adjective Pronoun s ?
61. Name the P ossessive Adjective Pronouns. (47 .)
82. How is a Possessive Adjective Pronoun known from a Per·
sonal Pronom1 in the Possessive Case. (48.)
63 . In the sen ten re, I s that your g love? No, it is yours, which
is the Adje,,tive Prnnoun, and which the Personal ? And
why 1 (48. )
84. T ell th e Demonstrative Adjective Pronouns. (49.)
65 . How many Moods have Verbs? (50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 58.)
G6. What does the word Mood mean? (50.:
G7. What is the Indicative Mood? (51.)
68. What is the S nbjuncti ve Mood? (52.)
G9. What w ord often goes before the Subjunctive? (52.)
70. What is the Potential Mood? (53.)
71 . What does the word Potential mean?
72 . What words always go before the Potential? (54.)
73. 'What is the Imperative Mood? (55.)
74. 'Vhat is the Infin itive Mood? (56.)
75. What is the sign of the Infinitive Mood? (57.)
76. 'Vhat is a Participle ? (58.)
77. \Vhat rloes th e word Participle mean?
78. Wh at is t he Mood of the Verbs in the sentence, M11 father
said," You. may go if your consin come." And why?
79. What i< the Mood of the Verb< in the 'entence, Tell the man
to dr£ve away t!ta cattle, now almost scorched by the heat
of the swi. And why?
80 . H ow m any mai n T enses are there? Tell them . (60.)
81. What important form has each of the main Tenses? Name
the fo rm for each of the T en<es. (64.)
82. What sign bas the Perfect Ten ,;e? (61.)
83. What ; ign has the Past Perfect Tense? (62.)
84. What sign has the Future Perfect Tense? (63.)

85. What are the Ten ses of the Verbs in these sentences? And
Wh)'? He Rays ho s!tall tro to-morrow. I told h'r tlwt 1
smt to lt<r hrotlier. I shall hav• heard from oitr friend by
tltat ti1ne. So you hat'e come to town .
BG. How many kinds of Verbs are there? Name them.
87. What is an Active Verb? (70.)
88. What is a Passive Verb? (71.)
89. How may a Passive Verb be known? (72.)
90. What is a Neuter Verb? (74 .)
!Jl. T e ll the kinds of Verbs in the sentence, I told ltim that our
house was burned down, and he unfeelingly walked away.

1

QUESTIONS ON PART III.
02 . Wh at mu st the Verb agree with, and in what pomts? Give
an instance . (75.)
93 . If Singula r Nominatives are connected by and, what must
be the Number of the Verb? And why? Give an instance.
04. If Si~~ ular Nominatives are r.onner.ted by or, what must be
the Number oft be Verb? And why? G ive an in;;tnnce. (77.)
95. What case do Active Verbs govern? Give an instance. (78.)
90. \Vhat case do Prepos itions govern? Give an instance. (79 .)
97. What case does the Verb to be require after it? Give an instance . (80. )
98. By what is a Noun in the Possessive Case .governed? Give
an instance . (81.)
99. What do Pronouns agree w,ith, and in what points? Give
an in,tance . (8'2.)
100. How are Verbs governed in the Infinitive Mood? Give an
instance of each. (83.)
101. What cH11tion is to he observed in the use of the Adjective
and Ad ve rb?
,
102. What cauti on is to he ob•erved in the use of the imperfect
Tt'nse, and the Past Participle? (85.)
103. When must the Past Participle be used? (85.)

