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81 erat10u of respect,

IN'TRODUCTICJN.

Sm,

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Yom· most obcclicnt,
And most humble scrYant

J.
1~, Clifford. St1•eet

.June 2u, _f8i1. '

'

RIPI'INGIL\M.

THE nrt of nn·anf;inp; and cxprrssing oiir
ideas is oflhe utmost utility. Knowledge~ howcn·r various, arnl t;enius, ho\YCYCl' brilliant :t- .
Yail but little, if lheil' result cannot be eommunicaled with clearness and faci1ity. Yet obsenation shews that excellence in this particulal' is most uncommon. lt is by no means
11H 11 sual to meet young men, rcspedable iu
dassical acquiremcut, who, tuc unable to ill ustrate famil ia1· topics when offe red to their attention '~
~
: , The causes of .th!s deficiency l believe are
'1 ariou~; but they' do not demantl inquiry here •.
The defect has beei1 felt at1.d acknowled goo,
and therefore no probable means s~ould' be omitted .for itti removal., ·. , · . , · '· .. · · .
,
'rhe art of English composition consists of
two di(3 tinct branches : one· is grammar. which
teach~s tht> cor~ect dependency.' of)vords_: : : t~e 1. 1
other IS · a practical umo H oflo~rn ~nd rhetunc, . ·
which teaches order and ' elegauc~~ in the _cori ; ~ _(
ception and arrangement of ideas. · · · .: · · :. . .:;~~
The former of these branches lias bern so .:
ably treated by· the diligence and ingenuity of :j
Mr. Lindley ~lurray,. that furtherimprovement \.~:
seems to be·· almost precluded .:. . but'Jf~ying "~!
lnentionetl English grammar; l cai:nwt:ffrn,it; thw'. ·. ·}
e1lportunity of endeavouring to co:rre~{an. opin~ ;" :f
,

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J~~~ ~in!' wltieh is. enterlained by many persons, tltat
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it is a pursmt unnecessary to those ,~·ho are
- ,.'.
a.c quaintecl with the regimen of Latin.
~,
.It is true that every language 'is formed upon
):
principles "\Vhich a1·e common to all others ·
~i
but it does not follow, either that a kno.wledg~
J
of thes~ principle~ . will ~each the peculiarities
by which the various dialects of mankind are
· · contra-distinguish3d, or that the Latin grammar can inculcate the particular features of
ihe · English. The opinion which these re. marks are intended to correct, seems to. have ·
arisen from the persuasion that our tongue has
been derived from the J~atin . If this were
the fact, it would not sustain the inferc11ce
which has been drawn-an inference which
is contradicted by the experience of every one
who has studied the Persian and Arabic. 01·
the Italian ancl Spanish lang ua f; es. .But. the
fact is othenvise~ l<~nglish has been formed,
not of L :i.tin altogethe.r, or even in the ¥;realet·
part. Its origin and genius is Saxon ; and the
structure of· it is Saxon to this day-except
that it has drnpt niuch of the Saxo n iu!lexi(m 9
and bec.ome more simpie. · Thi~ happen s to ali
· languages hy lapse ot' time, and the effort of
the mind to abbreviate and facilitate expression.- · 'rhe difference between ancient and
modern Greek consists principally in the loss ·
of imlection : an ancient Greek verb, with its
. participles, consists of eleven hundred terminations : a modern Greek verb has not more
than ' an Italian one.
· JV.e ,are also· iudebted to the Greek, the;

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.1ii

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.

French, the Hebrew, '. and otl~eit_s},fo~!l-~ .1~~1\t.~~£t~~; ·
. f
d' }. . d 'd t d . ·. .d ..,~•tt ,(·l,,·1 ... ,,/ ,.,.. ,. \., I
tucle o ra 1ca an , ,a, op ~ / :W.~~ ~-·f~' ~..,.~. ~-1!-;;' : ,,.~'._.{; ·1
~uage.. thu.~.deri~ed mustl~a,•e · ~:a~y ·p,e~:U} ~~.~;~:-~ :;:.::'
ties; some incorporat~d :w1,th lhe JMH~.s~s,..,~t, h~S."/:~:(:~
imported, and others '" aris.i ng fr6m,. stich ~!1. heq1· \f~.:.
erogeneous com~in~ticm ;; · 'fhe~e .:pecul_farities,G'-:\:::~.~~~ I
~annot b.e _apprec~atell .b y the knor.:.l ed ~e of ~a!.: :.1):·~~: I
in only, or of any other-language~ .~: It is the ~1d~:-t,.,' .:~~
om, ~ 11~'* in.; fact·.C:9~~V.t~1te~:~ ~hti.:g~·e.~t~st" cliff~·~·~~t.
ficulty~ in tlie· attamment of d1ffe!ent ton.gues. ~.-· ~::
The idiom"of out native la1:1guage is' incl¢ed ae~·.>. \JI
quired by habit~ ·> 1'he l'oy<who learns ' ,Latin~ i~ ::··=~~
or the gii·l who l~arns French,.obtahl's ·the:.tl~e.:< ·_'. ~~
! ory of grammar, hut custom renders fam 1lrn.r .
.
tl1e practical part of the Yernacnlar ton;;uc : it
lJcco1ncs indeed so familiar, that to many; the
j study of it app~.ar~ supe:i:flum~~· · It .~ppear~ to b~,
more rea<lily·''c.augllf"bj' th e :car than tau gl1t l)y .
' rule : a shrewd hoy or a well bred woman, is
i
sometimes · struck · more .forcibly by , n.n im pro-.
1wiety in their mvn language, than a . scLolar~ .
]lut it harclly" seems ·to ·result from tJ1ese ob~ 1
f servations; that ~'a • k!1ow~ e d.ge .of.
~c~u~a,~e ·
1
:
tk.Deri:lcm·.y of \Vortls wi.~ ue out.E1:1neu, ·, w1tn -i1
_ out a ~a~·ei\11 r' ega~~(fto : the _r~~-0~1 ~iid eircum- ·
, . stances ;·.~ whjc.l•·: constitute ·the differnnce he-',
tween corrept. and ungrammatical di_eti<m. •
· A . faculty-; acqui_retl . by : use, conducted by · ~ ·'
hnhit, a11d tri~d by .the ear; carries lis OU' with.:- out \he labopr of reflection; , we meet. with no obstacles in ·our': progres.s, "o,r:: we do ~ot. per- _
ceive them ·: we find' ourselves able to proceed
without rules, a~1<l we d? _not· suspec~ that.they
1- /.: ,may be of use. :Hence, .a grammattcalstuc.ly

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of our own language_~ until lately, formed nff
11art of the ordinary course of 'instruction It
is how~ver ' a defect which no other advantage~
ca1i .supply~ .. Much p~·actice in the' polite world,
and a gene~'al acquaintance· with the best au_, thors .• must undoubtedly be considered as ex~
. cellent helps ; · but e'ren these will hardly be·
sufficient. A critical knowledge\ of ancient
languages will be fouml still less adequate to·
the purpose. Dr. Bentley, the gl'eate~t critic
;_and most able grammarian of the age in which
. he lived, was notoriously deficient in the know.ledge of his native tongue ; and he is not a solitary instance ; grammatical errors are plentifully scattered ovr.1· the p~g"s of nrnny otht•rs
of our eminent writers. \V hoever, therefore,
wishes to .w rite and speak ll;nglish ·w ith elegance and . accuracy, must study the grammar
of this lan~uage . as lrn would that of auy olhe1·
. With Which he desires LO ue aCtjU:tiule<l.
I h ope tl1is cligrcssion will be p:.trclonc1l : lrnt
the subject of it appeared to me to be too important to be disregarded ~ when it could be introduced without .any great impropriety•. · · ,
. . The second pi:tl't of the lliscipline necessary
. to acquire English composition, it is the obj_cct
of this work to exvlaiu aud illustrate. ·
•i. hc word logiC-:- is formi<lauie to youn5 aml
nni11fo1·mP.tl mirul~, vP.I. it. rnu~I. he the fo111Hhtiu~ ~f su~h -a tr~~ti~~ ~s Ll~i~.· No one ~~1-1 ~~·­
rauge his thoughls upuu au.v suhjed witl1uuL
tlrn nse of rt~ ason ; and logic is nothin g more ;
than the art of rcaso11i1rn:.
·
.
The j,~<licious and in15~nious Ur. Watts,_lias .
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l

analyz~t~?•1 o( ~In~ se~e. llee -,k~· an.~ ~h~, ~olW";in.g : , · f j
pages
up<;m,
th¢ ~ugg,es.
bons_'ll_of-:-:his
· =L,
•
d'- ar~. . ,...formed
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10

subj~ct

01.J.ght ~:n.e.c~s~,a,·ily-~ to:,:.un_d~rstan:~+it~} -.'~~1J!i
they ought also·:tp ~b~ ~~le . to 'a.PJ.>.r~~i~~e.~~w~1_a!~:· :'·: :,.iin;
ever. they .mea~ to.:_d1scuss_- th~s ·.1s call~.d " p.~r7,? ,: ·~1]r
cept10n. : As sOo!J as th~J;ubjec~ ~~ Ul)de~·stood ;'. ~' -.<)

an ~piniq,n ;}s ;f~pii~c!.~'1\lJin.· it~~wl1~~4:J_s Je~·med_;.- ··· 5~

•'.·:JI'

the J udgm~i1t:;·,~~ '~h~:,~o~si<l~ta~iol1s·_w liielf'pro~i;
duce that ~udgme~t a,re d~~gnat,ed arguments~ -~'-: 3 ·
and th~re 1s .wantn1g ·, ~mJy ,'the;:fuetho4 . of; ~r:..~< .'_::¥.
ranging tho~e ·ilrgtiments wHI(perspiCuit~~;~· tO. :'- · · ~:1 i:
1·~ntler com11~ete the ·ability for mental discus. ' · -j
!'Hon. , ·
·' ·· · .·
.
· · ·:.<~'--·-·' · ; .. , :,
But these ·n:re not sufficiei1t ·fo~· ·any«):n~ ~1~~- :'. - .-.--~:
is desirous . of e~ce~liugju ;~,nglisJ.i.~.o~p_q!'Jitfon;. ·: ... :Ji
Great effect anses from the cl1oice of lan,.,.uaO'c
.·
. ·w 1nc
. 1i wor d s may"
. ' . 0be · bar.-' · ·
an d 't]
. ie,. lrnl'lnony m
ranp;ed. There iS sometimes an- affectation of ~r~ating a poliih~d ,s tyle with· c?ntcpipt,',l>µt it ..
is mrleecl affect.at.ion .· ~~: Instruction is more·'sii c~ · . ·:·

llii

c~ssfuI · :vhe.u adm~n~s:t ~rel~ ~n ·~Pll'.as~ng (orl!l~\: .: :~·I!

.1;,

I
l,

d1scuss1011
m~r~ mt,~~~stm~ :}.~, ~19_gie~_. ,: with- ,: · _:\::
elegance •.-1 ''.I he. Jo~ty,_~-~~11~~m}~ a,n__obJ~Ct of . · ·
solemn - ~onternplat1011 · ; ·but · tl1e .flowers ~ with
which it is ~doniecl/add - to : the ,sublime .the ··
C}lal
. , _·ms . of

beautv· •·· >' i _·;._. . ' ~· ··- · " , . •' : ' ~-·." · .,, ' " .. · .- ·-: ·
I
.f
In: pursuanc~ oi this . ·general, . u~iline · .i lie \
t p resen t work is <lhi<lell ill. to three· parts~ ' :~The~-.
1

~--.·~

·

:· ~· ~ ·

..:..

each .·

first consists of the perception'form ed on
I prn1~oseu su~jccf; the second includes. tl1e, i)el'~
c.ephon .aull JU~lgment; and the third :coutains, ,.

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·~he · p~rception,

judgment. and argumentation;
arrangecl m the form of correct themes. . ·
.;'· Considerable· recourse has been had to the
works of d.i stinguished writers ; and the author acknowledges aid from tl,e labours of Addison, Jolu~son, Blair;· \Vatts, and ·o thers. Selections . from these have been' introduced, as
n_iodels .of rttasoning and composition far more
)1kely to be useful than any which the weakness of an author's self-partiality could be induced to oft'er. Yet he has 1mblished some of
liis own e~usions ; not only that he may appro.ve himself somewhat competent in the art
. winch he professes to teach. but. also that lie
may by his own composition, be tlrn more con, ve1~iently enabled . to illustrate the principles
wluch he l~as laid down for the p1·actice of others.
·
·
·
Great care has been taken to render, this
· treatise suitable .to the capacity of youthful.in·,· tellect; and eligi~le for the important obj~ct.
which it prop~ses to , attain : yet the a~thor is
sensible that this iwodtl§tion may derive improvement from the suggw.itions of others, and
be will therefore gratefully 'a ttend to the aclmonitions of enlid1tenecl criticism.
·
. .. But af~er ~ei·y exertion to (amiliadze the
,a d of English composition, it would be vain
to hope that youth ·will he taught by books only, h~wever intelligibly they may be written . .
Works of this descd11tion must be useful to
r ~uch pe,rsons as feel their own deficiency' and
:tre desirous of obtaining the assistance which
.~u~b 1mblic.~ti~ns profess to give.' ' r.rhey will
\

. I

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'.?ii/~' ~

·xiii

xii
ll£1:ve ·-been made on the · puLli~ semiuaries of
learning ; yet the partiality ancl vene1·ation

1

which have been entertained toward them bv
illustrious rank, parental solicitude, and sound ·
discrimination, seem in no· wise to be dimin~
ishe<l .
Of the few things which perhaps remain to
lJe wished in tl1e economy of public schools,
·probably we should desire more particular regard to the .cultivation of English literature.
But even · such an expectation is suspended by
:a momentary consideration.
The unremitting assiuuity which is re11uirctl
to form a good classical scholar, leaves hnt
little time for other pursnits .. , An acquaintance with the works .of antiquity, is tbe first
requisite of a 5entleman's eclucation 1 and · .an
indispensible qualification for the stu(Jy of
the learned professions. All other acquirnments are suborclinate to this ; and when this
is on,ce attained, other pursuits become famil.
iar. It is .therefore by no means exceptionable
that the first and chief care of national scholastic establishments, should be directed to this
great attainment. · Let it not : howeve.r be imagined that the art of English composition is ·
disregarded. The discipline of Westminster
school-beneath whose sacred shade some of
the brightest ornaments .of Great Britain have
been formecl-.-requires the exertions of its students. to be empl g;ye.g) jg . EpgJJsb f,qmpositiWJ.

, ininster, ;sch~olto ,be.~ fmind ,irt:its:'solicitutj:s In-'. .·
eulcation of '.rcligious.w~rship>· ~·-On, ev_=ery: Sa~. bath «l~y; ·on ,! every:, S2,t1.trrlay•:· and ~: ,an:.~e.very
dav.·aptJOinte(l by:.Urnichurcb ·: to: ·bc, k~pt"h?ly,
th; 'Vestminster. s~holars.,.~~1·e~ rtrqajred to ~ ·a;t.·".
t end divine sen ice." ~: Nor is this all~they are. :-' '
enjoined to exer~ises upon the scrii:tures ou~e
in every week, ·and - G rolius de .v~1:1tate ~ll'bw ·
gionis Christi3:!JIB, i~ ,;one · of t_l~e~~: , Rpporntecl ~.­
readings. ·. These circumstanc~s con~er.~n<p~~~ -~
lie education the highest eulogrnm•.__; ,':.. ·-· ·--· ·.
In these .days; ·wherein systematic infi<lelity .
is so industriously h1sinuated~ uo Christian ·can
withholll from puulic schools the tribute of
cor1 li~tl admiration.
After the sine.ere. opjuion " ~vbicl1 ..the , a~thor
has thus . t;~pre$~·~4,;.,o(}~~c\':1.~?-Von~ : i~ ' pu_~l~e ·..
schools, he entertams · n.n ~,earnest· h~pe that- lns
work will not be considered as.an at.tempt to.in-...
terfere with the eCOllOIDY {)j . those respected es.. . It
tablishments·. : He ):: is ;·ratber. inclined : ~o, _en- .' · · ·
courage an .humble exp~ctio.n . that .h~s\ w?rk ' .· · ~[
will not be deemed unworthy of their service, . · ~:i
nor inconsisteut '. with ,t heir .established r~gul~~~-'
tions,*:: ·. ·· ... ~· :, -. ;_,~~J:ik~:!thi~;;:•.~:::)~~:f·;~~-:Y/~i:·~:~;~,:~~;<

.

th~t aill~~ugh ~~v~ ~~J'i-c·;e~. ~V.es·t-'

*I, heg leave to say;
l
··
minster school as the more pPculiar ob,ject':.of n;iy · humhle ·
praise, it has not been with . the most': re'":()t~- int~ntior~ of
inculcating a disparagement of · the oJ!l(}r ·~m11l11r es~n;bh~h· -.,.
mente. But having been ~ngage1l i~ the extra tmhl?n of :
some students in that school, I felt rrt)t_1elf more compet~ot . .- .,
to speak of that, tb~~ : of othe~- n1lti?!l~.l : )af~~~~i '.;~· '.,: h .· ·.. ,:i
"'

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XIV

'rhe introduction is now conclnclcd; and
,t he work goes into the 'vorld with the author's
most ardent wishes, that it may he acceptable to
tl10s1~ wlw teach, and to those who s tudy the

i\.llVERTIS.ElVIENT'.

art of English co.mposiUun.

T O THE

I
ii

SECOND EDIT ION.

I

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THE notice . whi~h :thi s little book h as ~ oh- .

i t,ained , gives me an as~ ~dt:n.ce that, the: wishes
f I entertained for its success and utility have not

.

been disappointed. I · cannot better express
the grateful s~ntimetits which this p~qlic. ,pat~ . ,. , .
1 ronage has excited,-.. ~~art · by}rendering tq :·th:e .
prnse~1t ' edition ~v~~y ).~P;~o,v.~1:lle,n~ ~~ . c, ~~ : ?e~. __
stow.
. ··-. : :·: ·. . , · ' ;' ·"\ ...· · · .;., · ·,-. .
I 'The book will be found ·considerably . en- ..
largell by additio11al exampl~~ _ ,iU1:1str!;Lti",,e .
the. rules it former}y c<;m tained.' A list of $,ub >~·.: :·jects bas also been adc;led, for the ~x~rcis~ ;of ::
students, in the ·first ~)1ree ,parts of, the,' ~~~k~~~·
But the · chicfpeculiarHy:' or · this· editio.·n 'con-:· ;:i' .
sists in the fourth · p'a.H pf the ·work; ~ the '. whole :>\ · ,
of which is an increasi: do· the former impress., ~~· ''· :- ~!.
ion.
· ,
,·
. . '. ' · ., .
·:'
The object of this p ortion of the -\rohiine,
·~
io discipline the n;iiud into the practice ~f <lis-.:f • ..
covering and procl~cing i~s own res.ourccs ~\1]1e'}_,: ·· ·/
, n1les contained . in the former divisions,; (~~Cl1 , :;:'~ .. '.~
t~1e art of discussing subjects by tl!r~~ oper~· : , ··.: · · ·
t ions, those of definition judgm_ent~ aj:td. a1·gu-.. ·... · ',·1
111entatiou ... ··.According_ to this · mode, .' t}ie ,stu- ~·. '.· ~.~
I

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=XVl
! •

dent has to define the subject proposed, to fot1u
an opinion on it, aud to state the reason s upon
which that opinion wa8 obtained . Uut it 'vill
OCCUr tu maoy versons, that it is l!Ot SO Pasy,
as it may at first seem, for a youug person lo
ascertain and express the considerations from
which his conclusion or j udgment bas proceed- 1
ed. The ouject, t11ercfore , uf the additioual
part, has uecn to furnish rules w Jiich 'rill pro- t
bab1y remove the apparent tlifficulty.
· I will ·notsolieit indulgence tu this attemp t : 1
because those ,who are <aware of the foconYPU-' i
ieueie!! ·in 'framitig such precepts as· will expand:thc youthfulintelled, will makes1ifficient ~.'

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J.i:XPLAINED AND lI.1LUSTUA'J.]!:J),

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is only tli~_µ1iufo~ure" !lf 'a ,d~dama·­

tion~ e~s<iy;orati_gn., orsern::ion . '- .In eadi"of the.s~

species of com1)osition: -ll ,·snbj ed' is proi)6~ed,
. an inference. dra WU ; arnf arguments
to:' sripi1prt ·and,; a;~tJ10i-ise: that. - conc,lusion.· :~ :lf .
no more.- be · iiidisp~usible ·~ iri ,.' these/e~terirled
writings, neither,can any thing.furth~r beµecesr, · .
·s ary to :'con~tit. utea.: theme .. ' ·.. '. . ~ · ( ,:;.i· :"·:-:;:·': f~ ,;·:,; · : ·
The-- comme.ii~e·iQ.enrLin f; tlt~ ~.- ai{ "o(~li~era·EY · . "

·auc\ucctl

eompositi.on,, require~ ,no: Niig 111:<ii:~:~~a~ "~~ g~n~:·,~ '.:~.

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t1e exer.cise · of.· reasqn;'.J 1• No ·pne~";. attemptmg ·;· 'i ;
this accomp1ishment,""·cai1 . hope: to ' arriv~ -'aqm:.: · "·
mediate perfection ::- the gradations of art"arc-- .
alwavs 1ahorit)i1s. 'The U1em·v a1Hl itliurn of the
laug~;ag;c must he iirstattained ; fot· who can
express his ideas hy words the relativff, deJlentlency of · which- he has not . ascertained.
The habit of considerin§?;.various.subjects.'"and -·
of arranging the thoughts '. 'vhich they suiiest, :
is .the next ~tep ~ = ··· and the: acquisitioll' of; ~, clear.'.:
and: elegant.. habit. of expression~js the last-re..:':
'luisit~.· for j ust aiul ·graceful compo,sition.>.-_',, ~

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:18'

.The first. ~f these qualifi~ations may be ou :.
tamed by d1hgent application to the ntles of
~rammar: the ,secoml by _frequent exercise:
and the last by careful perusal of the IJest a uthors
T ies c suggestions may seem of little valu e
i n the iuitiatiun of youth. B11t to those of
m~Jrc mati~rc yc:~rs; who may foel the propriety
ot consultrng tlus work, t he observations will
not be useless. lnstmctors know. also. that
books arc seldom employed by yo~tth hut from
necessity : and all that the ~utho1· of such a
puhlicatio11 as this can hope Lo do for youn°·
persons, is to pomt out to teachers so11w HHHlc
by which the imprnvement of their pupils may
'be facilitated. 'The remarks which I shall adva11cc wil1, I trust, he e<prnlly acccptah le to
other readers.
. If, when a subject, is Jll'oposed to a student,
1t w ere to b e a ccompanie<l hy the qucstioH to
h~m, " what clo you un<lerstan<l hy the suhjed
g iven to you ?" H is answer \vuu l<l fot·m the
·definition, cir· first part of the theme. If ' ' te m/ : :pera~1ce" 'yere ~he proposition, the pupil's per. ~~pti~,,n of it might he; "the restraint of pas ~
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s1on. . ,
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· ·· ·That young persons may not be precipitated
·into· the arrangement - of their own confused
. id·e as,. the pla!l. of .this ·.\~ork' requi~es that they
should be fam1har1zed m the practice of defining whatever is offered to· thnir attention.. It
: is also probable· that such a habit may be of
use to· them,. in many future concerns oflife •.
· Besides, scarcely any thing can be more · e_vt. ·

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dent; than ;the,i:a~s!1i·clity~ \ Of i.~xpecH~g a goml ~:;:{.~!1
essay-upo~_ ~a{~u_bJeet'!.~~l. 1!~,h _,_1Jl~~ )V.l'_~.~~r1'.~~-~-s . '. ~
-.10t clearly understantl. ..-,.·L.~:~:~-:<. . }". - · -. ~-;.-1 ·; . ;.1-:,,-•.
• 'Vl1en tl~e · stulietit is c a1;a1)1~:, ~f nmkh}g-fur~
thcr pro~ress~ his own · tlcfinition may l!e rr-

r

turned to him with another t1ucslion, _,_;_"\Vhat
opinion do you ente1'tain upor~ the.suhject ?"
If it wel'C ,, temperance/' winch· it has uccn
assumed he wo~1ld <lefine to be '' the restraint
of passion,'' his a1l.swer to the .second question
would perha11s be, ' that it leads to hap11iness." This answer would, in tedrnical language, uc tcrmctl the j udr;mcut.
.
JJ the pupil have been familiarized with the
funner 11uestionJ_he _\Yill have little,ditliculty
with this one ; ai1d may therefore, with lcsH
delay, be forwarded to the third -part of the
\York.
It is hardly necessary to observe, that the
respective answers of the students should he
made in writing ; antl that as they advance,
· the same qu estions which had l)een propose<l
_to them in the first and sccon<l ., stages of their
progi:ess, should be continued j~ the third;"
.' . The o_nly. rem filuing ~ q1.1:~s~i~n1 _ t(_) .he giventotlie schola1\ willbe "puhyhen his ·:definition. ancl

opinion ':( are: r_etui~µed ·,.,_to :hinf; :. i t:,j s ..tl1is :: .
''What are:tlie . -reasons . which .J1a". e.induc~d·
. you to f~riµ' tbatopinion ?.,.?~ - :, ~·: I~o:- tlciis que~,t ion· · ·
- ~e inay. be i~agined . to: ans ~ er,: _· '-~ ..that as ~Un• . . ·'' _c ontrolled < p~s~ions :~lea,4,;-us r.,.to: ,wick;edness
1 .. ~'. and _turb,ulenc_e-;'.so .te~p.~ _rance --;.co1~ gucts : n s ·
, · · "to w.o rtb and .tranqmll~ty_ :, ·th~t¢veu m .w orld- ·
·.; .f.\}.Y:_,~a~rs' it -fouiid.~~ ~-be =a.g~~qP'.:tio healt~,

is ·

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/ an<l 1:iches ;

f~r it forbids indulgence

i11 e1h ·

N'ow ifl;e,haU been .' taught th'at ~1i~;~u~Ji

occa./ . · ~­
sions; .he -. sho~lµ thiµli~o.f;a 'man,'Yho' is : ~ili~rjent~i' : · ~~

'~ ~rvahng luxunes, anu ~nculcates econom ..
m all the departments of lifo. 'TI t 1. t I . j
" been
so O'
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ia
rn~
·1, ·
" ' .t . ;:-ienera ..v esteemell
, ,· ....., 8 1- 0 i·ai·]· 1\..c:Sa-·
'"~n· ue m every syste!u of morality; and that
"~ e~son and. o1Jservat10n bear testimon . thaf
It Is a quality essential
to r-ood cot <l Y: .. <.1·
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. .. ly' endowed ,witk this :qual~~y/-:a13·~; ·se~·in~w~at'
respect he diff~rs frQm othe_r-:tn~p :: ,. o_
r ,If he h~d
l · been
tau'g ht :to thihk fof'a ·man.'w.h o ·:hi . void ~f
I this ·endowment, 1' and to"]Jiark in:\Vh_a .tiespect

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he had formr·d of telllpc-

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\\ere non· to lie 11hn'1l ·11 LIdC
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an:,wu, and thus Lu nppcai· as tlie result of Ll '
whidi it~-~
p1 t:'~ll med
t o 1irn-c j_)!'O'"'' e'''l'-'
il. t I· ere won
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a1:~1_11nc1:!s or _ co11sidcratiu11:.; frD!n

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111 the prcsl'ut 1•.1Liliou lirnn·,···1· I

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ierc; hut hare added in the fo11l'tl
pa rt, sonw rufo .s hy wl1ich l ho1:e
Ow s t11rlc1i~
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may.
.
. lw Pnn.hlc(l
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. (o di- ,_.. roni· , ,-li·tt
, -, ,,. ere. i ,·H •,
L~Jht'. l.ernt 10~1s wl:ic.liyassc·d ilirnu~lt hi s win1L
h~t.n cc.n. tl.1c <lelu.11lwn . a1ul .iud ;.:;me11l.-li :1l
'' l11eh lus rncx1)erieuc1·, lll the '·11·t 0 f' tl ll!l{lflO'
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Iia1 1. heeu u11a.blctu ITeolle··i.1
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. Ills allcuded to Ihe jll'O'.''t'l'S'-' 'l {: .· 11 1•
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wn; it mnst hn.Ye obse1TP1f 111·,,. f1· .' q.l H' II il 1, . :l
J,oun ;.; m1111l1 wdl form a .J11st conc111siu11 a'nd
vl'tl·e·tr·
·· l1 "L exp i <llll·
· t·1le fll'i 1w1'pln ''
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" Ile. 11. 1as procee<leu. A boy \Vt. ll COll11<
. ,. 1.Pllt I·
J pronounce honor tu he indispensable lo a re .
spcctab.le d1araclel'; aml his a~sert.ioH ,vill
l.iave ansen. not from the mere anthol'itv of 0 ti
·
I.ers: Im t f ~·om re tt ~chons
which have•· passed
~through l~1s ow!1 ~m<l. Yet when rPq11iretl to
support his opm~on Ly argument, he will Le
able. to commumcate scarcely ·a single idea ... .
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he als o differs ·fr om·· ·others, "'tl1c:,·h oi voulcl
lrnve no difficulty to explain himself; · he woultl
sLale these dislitictions · and scarcely auy other
argument would be -'Ynnting.
Comparison a.ml contrast arc. incleecl the
. chief operations of the mfotl'iu every sp ecies of
inYesLigation, and if. gently inculcated into
those who are coiumencin5 the art of arranging;
theirthuughts, it docs not SP.cm exfravagant to
believe that ·they will produce the most useful
effects .
I have also introduced another exercise toward accelerating the · progress of students in
the art of com1wsition : it is that uf an alyziug
short essays, aml se1ecting the definitions,
judgments :rn<l argunwnts .
'r'hc utility of
such a pradiec 11ce1ls little illustration. B ut
t.o make · this part of the discipline perfectly
i1tteliigil)lc ~and _somcw\1at n_!orc easy, I h~vc

given exa_m1lle_~ _ of its lll'~ctice.
'Vith : ·respect to the · embellishments of
similes and authorities, they are not indispensable to any common species of composition.
They ai'c no_t ahvays to be found without diffi culty, . and " seldom . without . some . portion of
genius and iuforniation : when they are,obtain-

-· ed ' they'reqtiire ~ to h~ introduced witl1 ' consid.
Mrable care.: ·Is it-,n ecessary to ·make a boy at.

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tempt all this? If he ever shonl•l have a taste·
f?r goo<l authot·s, and a genius fot· ele~ant writing. these things will come of themselves in
tl ue time. '
;
.· ~ su~~cribe to . the well known opinion oi
Qumchhan,that youthful fervor should he chcr!shed, rather than repressed. The e.fforts of
.JUn~nile fancy hold out the promise of futurn
talent : they also arc proofs of a hoy's de-;it·c
to do his Lest: and such a desire 'should be
cncourngl-~11.

. llut_it tlot•s ~10t follow Lhat there is any pt·udcucc lll te:tchm;.!; yontlt. that a simile is a ncc:s;;;ary 1nrt of a uew composition which cons1sls altoi,;dl.wr only of a few li11es. If the style
of l\11'. Addison he a just criterion. chasti ty is
prcfe rah!P t.o luxnria;H·n.
.
H u l e~ for writini; w ith drgancr :ire nnmer_o11s ; 1i11t f('ff
them are lTUllCl'.U.lile Lo pl'aC-

*'
,,· ·. ·
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· ~elected for the imitation of students : and sun~ ..

ly these must be " ~qui~•.lent ~ toa l,1os~; of rules.

I have also introduced some passa.ges in the end
· of the work,-which could no\be u~e'l a.s models of themes. I had hvo objects Ill dorng so:
one
was, that ·students may have specimens of
r
l
t the style which celebrated writers have employ~
ed under 1'Uch circumstances as a theme could
not include ; the other was, that the volume
may he uscll as a reading hook, as well as for
its professed purpo.se. Aft~r all t~iat can be
writlcn on the subject of tlus treatise a great
clcal must be left to the skill and discretion of
·teacl1ers. And if this work slrnll be of usP to
i11strnctors or students~ the Author will obtaia
-the ~ratification of which he is desirous .

L

hce~

or

· rhc careful teading of a1)provcd au-

thors, and cant.ious attempts at imitation. afford,
I believe, lhe best instructions i ~-: ~ aJr . .Hlair 01;Rhet01:ic is a work which should be read by all
persons who desire to understand the use of
figures. NT r. IJind]ey l\f IJ1Tay may also be safe- '
ly consulted, not only 011 the mere grammatical dependency of word~, but also on the mearna
?f attainin,~ perspicuity and elegance in writ-

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,

.

. The object of this work is ·to point out· the
mode b_y which.the art of arranging ideas may
be e~s1ly ·obt~me<l
That · elegance in the
practice of tlns art may be inculcated at , the
11a.me ·time, the choicest examples have been

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NOUTH ~n ~ ~
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AGE.

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· Def. A vice }H·acticable at all times, and hif Def. Youth'ls the. s~at~_jn which life c~llll!lonly · ; > · :.i
eve_ry 1;lacc _: th e o nly passi uu ,, hicli can; ~pp ca.rs. a : h:mng ai ~d :flow ery s prrn g . Age~ C-

•

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never l1c qmct fu r wauL o f iiTita tion .

tlie penoll at w h Lch y outhful s trcngtlt
::tnfl hcauty ill'C frequently exchanged fo r
fceLleuess and deformity.
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JJp F 'rt(\ 1• . l . .
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TTTr: DrTY O F
Jl.N P 'l ' H AN K S Ol VI N C .
t1: e s 'rn.r cc of all !Jeanty, onlcr_, anrl hap -r .
prness rn nattu·c.
i lJCJj. The first exercise of pious gratitude .
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Dej: A gc11eral coincident foclin o· between two l Drf A quality which pervades every part of
perso11s.

f

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T11c nc s u F

human life, arnl tends immediately to
render it secure, comfortable, and honouraLle.

f

LY1,c .

Def. A vice which proceeds from folly, mcanJ
ne.s s, and wickedness.

·

M ,O DE STY AND A SSP RAN CE.

Def. .Mod~sty)s .U~~ · r~~~~tim~ of an i ngenu_o us
Def. A habit which may be defined to· be the · : ·mjpj,' w~e_P,-.: - a~~~:Jm(c_o~mitt.~~ --an ac-: ,
em~lem of purity of, mind.
_
·
. . - tio~ for .w.hic}l~J~~._,,~j~li~r_··c.-~ns_~1·~s·_:. himself; . -._
cLEANLrNEss.

or fancies _; th~t h ( .. 1s .exposed to the cen-·.
su1·e Qf others. ).~Assurance is the faculty - · ·
'of saying _and .!'d9i~~~/ indifferent ::things _: <

sLoTu.

Def. llabitual inactivity of mind and body,
,I

\RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE,

w~thi°11.t ~~y une~_si~~s~-' .~~ :e~otio,~ -in_t~:,~, '.

'

. .Def. A dispositi~n. amongst religious parties.' .

mmc · · "> _:._, -; ···"-~~,~;{_~~· :,;;r;:_:'.:l:_~·· -}- ,,;-;<:;>5;:: t)~jJ '. ·
and sects, ar1smg from an ophiion of thefr
_ : ~- '/ " coNTENTl\JENT •.'.:."' ·'f' , - -. ; · • · - ·"" -~ o~vn infallibility~
· JJef. ~rhat tra~_q~H ,. ~tat~"~i~~~d ,':i~. ::whi~h the. cirA.m 1·v.
· agitation~ of anxie~y ~ andc_ disappoirit1;11ent

.Def. I.Tb be lchi~f dcharlact~ristic of a virtuous and

ar~ no 10!1~er . r.~~~·- _·.._
_-'·:. ~:.: '.:.~~::--/J.~~' . ::~1~ ;J..-. ~--' ~·

:

. - -.

era ' m~n . .
! combines almost every .
._
.
._ ·> r ~.ou.RAGE.,
,.. .
•1
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good quality winch can ad~rn the human i . Def. That state _o f min_d ;w~i,~!~- s~ffers no _~iS.:'.' .. ·::..
!mart; .and ex~ludes the vrnes aµtl f~il- ,. __,. :.: · ~ay .fl'om dange~~ · ·- -;~'/:·: :' ·:'-/}- ", , ; ;/~~?~ . : ·:
. i~gs,vlnch areu1separahlefro.m an unkuul . . '~.. _ L >":"· <'.'. · -_, · :1':,,0 ~- 02 · .. .';." ;, ' ,,,.- ;c_' -. · ·
rl1spositiou
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30·
ON

oun.

A FUTURE s'' l'At:t'.

KNOWLEU~E" 6F''

Def. Our knowleclge _of a futur~ worlci' is very·
1mpei·f~ct

; our ideas of it are· faint and

c9nfused.
HOPE.

Def. The chief source of · human happiness ..
}

· ~~IE;< DANGER 01<' KEEPING

BAD COMPANY'.

JJef. Th~ d~nger of kee11ing bad company,,
consists in our aptness to imitate and catch
th~. manners and sentiments o( Others.
DEATH.

Def. The diss~Iution of corporal existence.
ON 'I:HE "NEGLECT OF EARLY IMPROVEMENT.

Def. The neglect of eai•ly improvement is that
great inlet to misery and vices of all kinds·
the !1-ot know fog how to pass. our vacant
bours.
.·
·
'
~ ... .

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PERSEVERANc:ru.

Def. .. r~~ re~o~lltion to . persist in any undet.,,
takmg wh,1ch has been comme11ced.

.

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such manher th.at pupils may p1·oceed O'radual-

ly throng.h
var10us
forms o·f di' scuss1011,
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JnDr.<l 'll 0
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to thr1r """'"'
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;ck~owJed ge~;rositi~ns, '~~i~h the v,~-:'' ·,:

pil is to ~lmplifiy ~nt! · llhrntratr., . ' ~ :PcaJh 1s ·
common to a1l mankincl. 'is.of this descri'ptiun .
1 liavc two objections to this sort of practice :
in the firsL place its tlil1ituHy ; and sel'.011Jly

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f.-.
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i t n-11i~ t i1~i :vn.
;t_ t.:

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i.u o·i\ e
._

~

tu

VUllii~
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mi111 s a11 i 111~orrcct rn ,it, of li1iu,ld11g.
The tlifilculty , is iucleed sutlicicnt1y appat
f
rent without much examination .; hcca.nsc the
proposition is evidently a judgment m· cuudusion which has already · been obtained from
cousi<leration tu vvhicL the student.. has ueeu
no party.· The youthful min.ti wher~ employed iu the discussion of such a 5uuject, mus t
therefore reason - backward, or as logicians
~ay, a .. posteriori to discover the arguments
upon whic~ othe! mi.nu~ _ ha~~ ~ anived at the ,
pJ:oposition ,' hef~r¢ _bun. >.'. It } .S i -true that such~
sentences ? a1'e gene'rally an ~~ asserqon, which_
' even ·the ii1fant m~nd recognizes an<l knows
to he inclubitable:·· '/But this ' _c ertainty creates· •
a real difficulty -; it seems · absur.d · to ., y~uthful
intellect : to prove :W~3:t ho ' on~ . has :~loubted, .j
·~
an<l the p~p~l · th~~!ff()~-~:_wiV~out. 11:ny":_~x~rc_ise · ~ -,;_
ofreas~n, )V1t~~.l!t :b. ~n~ .~-co?sc.1_o_u _s~_~si~.of .dem.·
onstra,hon, writ~s, b~ca~se h~ : n;i,4st !wr1te some-. ·
thing, whatever . comes,. ipto: b~~,)iead, which
- in any manner · appears · to be · related to the
subject before hilll, · withqut;lwwever havin~
]1is capacity e_nla~gecl . ?r · invigor~tecl. ,But besides these c_ons1derations, may it not .r ea- . t
sonahly ;be enqll;ired, w~yethei~ \the mi_ ~ -~ , which : : j
bas been .accustomecl _to take propositions for· "~·-·1
~ranted, will not - ~e h~ 'dan;;er ;of acqui~in~, - J
I

·snr rLrc Sl'R.n;cT S J\C\"TI TflEUl

Cfl:'\TH~:,;r .~ .

P eRcc anll 'Var.
·\Vaut antl Plcut.y.
lguorance aud Learninw
. H:tppiness and l\rlisery. o·
Virtue and Vice.
· Parsilllony and Prodigality.
. Hope ancl Fear. . :
· lleward and Punishment. ·
.Beauty and Deformity
Affection and Hatred. · Arrogance and Hnmility.
Order and Confusion. ·
· Carelessness and Caution.
· '2onten~ment and Uissatisfactiou.
Emulat10n and Sloth. . ·- .
·
According to a very c~mmon acceptation of
themes , I should now introduce 1>1·011os't··
fi01· tile 'ISCUSSIOU
f'
•
I lOJJS
of stu<leuts
~r1
.
of ti
br
t•
- ·
rns many
rn _PU ica IO~s on tl1e.mps speak of i10 other St!bJects for tlus exercise than those .of gen. ,

.. .

- .

. .I

..
'I 'I

I : •••

ltabi~s. of cre~u!ity, inactivity of thought~ or
Jll'ec1p1tancy IllJUdgment? If we compare the
J>rohable effect of proeeedinO' by connected ar} ··:,'!ij. e;ument from the consideration of simple snb) ,. /<:" J~ct~, .t o some clear 1·esult. which that consid: /:ii, : et at~on lia.s produced ; w1tlt the habit of ac.
! 1[ ; i ~ cepon.o; without hesitation . the conclusion · of .
',·
ethers ~ml amplifying or .illustrative of those
c.on~luswns, can ~here be a doubt which practice is the more likely to be usefnl and which
may be the more reaso.nably expe~ted to pro- :
duce a correct mode Qf thinking? . . . -. · . -

tij:,;· .. ·.
: ,L.1~ :,c·
:1·fi1!d·(

.

'

,,

,.

r·

-,
l

I

I

- -- - --

I

ongl1t to awaken· every man to 't he .active
prosecution of whatever he is desirous to
11ei:form.
'· FLA,TTERY.

Def. False praise.
,
Judg. The proverbial admonition "beware of

<

•

flattery," although applicahle to every age
and rank of life, is more particularly suitable to .those · who are . entedng on the
scenes of the world, and should hope .to
gain tlie praises of the virtuous and \v ise~
only by good conduct ancl real exc.e llence.
I'.'ID USTRY. ,. .
~

Def. Thr. instrument of improvement~ and the
foundation of pleasure.
~ Judg; ;· No affiuence of fortune, or elevation of
· . : rank, exempts.the possessor from the .du.
r
ties of applicntiow and industry. : for in" dustry . is the , law of our being ; .it is the
., ·,demand of nature, ofr.~ason an.d ,of G~<l.
lt lo

:

SWIFTNESS OF TIME.

"neJ

I

'

"

'

•

.

"fhe <l~y and the ~ight suce~~il eacli' oth -

er-; the i·otation of seasons tli versifies th c
. year ; the sun rises., attains the .meridian,
· ·; declines · and sets ; an<~ the moon ' <wery .
· · night chai1ges its form.
i
..Tudg. Let him who desires to see others hap. py, make haste to give while ]~is gift can
be enjoyed ; and let him who seeks his
. own happiness, reflect, that. while he
forms his purpose, the day rolls ou; and
·\
•f• .

-

'f

38
POETRY.

.•

THE Dl'S PENSA'J'TONS

01<~

J

j •. .

>"
·,

· DPJ. Providence interposes for the relief of
man, supplying his wants in a thousand
extraordinary ways.
.Judg. The preservaiion, the eujo.vments . a1lll
the empire of, man demonstrate, that at all
times a beneficent Goel has been the friend
and the pt·otector of human life.

:

D•f A ,gene1:al

•

•

•

......

~·~-~ ~-:
..

Def. A vice practicable at, all times, aucl . in
every place : the only passion which can
ne_ver lie quiet for want ~f irritation . . "
·.Ju¢g. To .avoitldep,avity like this. it is not
necessary that any o!le should aspire to
hero is 111 01· saucti ty ; f111 ton ly I h at lt c s h on l(l
rcsohe 11ot lo quit the rank which nature
assigns. and wish to maintain the dignity

-of a human being .

. r·r:.

·

P:ef. "fJJe fouu<latiou of houor awl esteem; aud
the source of a.11 IJeauty, order, and happiness in nature.
· J'udg. One virtuous disposition of soul, is pre.

7'1

·

]:;.r'•i \

.) ';:;-:·} • . '

••• , ..

->-·

C~inddent ~eeij~~·~ Bt~een hvo
:'

'I•'RIENDSHIP.

· "·-· · ". ·

· .

·

persons . . .11 be the cal~·e . Qf ,·every O~lC.~ to· .
Judg. Itf .sh
_ou .\ ·. r· ·-1·1 r 1~m"~d· attachment;
ti f 1 in a we t'
~
. · " J1e a1 l Y .. .. .:. :i.': ;: • .1-... t 'te';in"'·selectino>
a:
, · · : bue. 'n0t :· to :~~~t\P~'.e~~l La_ :.:. ,J~·. , ..:\~; -: ~">"·
friend. . . . ... · ', · :· ·. · ·
· · · · '. .· · .:
.

0

.. ,

.

,

•

."'. ~ : , :., ; '

. . THE VICF. ,OF . LYING.

• --•

•

'

. .~ A . . e th~t' pr~ceeds .. fr?m Jo11y,.m~an.w
DP..,·
VIC d
· kedness. : · . · ·. · ·
·. · .
nes~, an .· W~C . . reat : bond . of ·soc1~ty :

Judg~n~I ~!~e:·~ ~~~! mut~lj~~~F t~ere 1~ _a~
· ·end of al~in~er_,ec:-~~~~~: ~'..~:?~~<·~ :~~:i..-.: :::;'," ·

.

..

'·

.. I

t

.r

_L

PROVIDENCE TO MAN •.

."

f ;-,..

• . ;;

· l Mt•e a'.test'i1afil ral;ae~~~ p lis lr-·
ferabl_e todt iel ?r f ~s . ; .. a11'd 'of ' 1nore "va~~e·
ments an a n,11. . ·' ·...,.
1cl ~
than ·a~l tlu~· ·trea~~~~~: ·~f}_~? ~or · , · "

lJef. An effort of genius ancl art; ' producing
an association of exalted and brilliant
ideas ,in language harmoniously ananged.
,Judg. As ·it engages attention to subjects <le.
serving of regard, it must always be es.
•teemed one of the most fortunate endow.
ments with which the human mind can be
invested.

·1

,

CLEANLrNESS. . . .

.

:. ·

;·

A habit ~hi~h may ·h_e· ; d~fin~ed; t~ ·b.e the
bl m of.purity of
.-_.;,: ,,, - - cl .
-· . em .e . . . s a reeable to others an ea. Judg. It renders_u . ~t- . . n excellent pr~_servto ·ourselves. 1 is.a
... ·.
·t 'th
.sy_ . f l . ·1-t h .• 'and is incons1sten w1
ative o . i~a . . ' . · dr
. s everal vices of. muul and bo ~ •
.

Def.

m1,nd~'. :·

40

. . and sects, arising from an opinion of thefr
,
own ·infallibility.
· .
'1v,dg. l\tl.en ought not lig.htly to condemn each
other. We shall bejudgecl by a God of
love : he will judge us ' accordinO' to the
faithfulness and sincerity with wlrtch we
serve him. ·
CIIAHI'l'Y.

-· Def. The chief characteristic of a virtuous and

liberal m~nd. I! combines almost every
· good quality winch can adorn the human
l1eart ; .and excludes ·the ·vices -and fail. i~gs w?~ch are insepar.a ble fr.om an unkind
d1spos1t10il. ·. .
·
Judg. Blessed and happy i" he wl10 is successful in the amiable ambition of inheriting
this quality.
·
YOUTH AND

Ar.E.

Def. Yout.h is the. state in which life commonly
" ?'ppears a ~Inning al?-d flowery spring. Age
1s the penod at winch youthful strength
· and beauty are frequently exchanged for
·· · '
feebleness and deformity.
J.udg. ,The former of these views of life is too
gay ; and the latter too gloomy. ':l,,liis
, world is neither a paradise qf flowers nor
a "wilderne_ss .of thorns.
~
·J

THE. DUTY OF rRAlSE AND TIIANKSGIYl l'iG .

Def. A . debt and Jaw of uatu·re. '
Judg. "rhere _is no~ a more active principle
.
1

. than gratitude in the mind of man ; antl
. . surely . t.hat whicb deserves it~ utmost

v

,

·42

agitation_s of anxiety and disappoi~iment
, are no loi1ger felt.
..
·Judg ... _.Ooulcl we but. consider that · aftei· we
hay¢ overcome the-ithaginary obstacles to
·our Te pose of mind, we should still find
some fresh source of discontent; prUllence
and reason would enjoin us to be content.
CO URAGE •

. . D.ef. That state of mind which suffers no dismay from dangei.·.
,
Judg: It niay be em1lloyed either as a most
useful, or a most disgraceful qualification.
ON OUR KNOWLEDGE OF A FUTURE STATE.

De.f -- O~u knowledge of a future ,state is very
. im.p erfect ; our ideas · of it are faint anll'
confused..
·
Judg~ If the discovery we1'e' more. imperfect,.
it 'wouhl excite no. desirn of immor.tality ;
if it were more full and striking, it. wouhl
.1·ender us. careless. of life •.
IlOPE~-

JJej. The' chief source· of human happiness ..
Judg. It carries us forward· through life; aml
,guides us at last to an halcyon. haven.
'

'

THE DANGER OF KEEPING · BAD COMPANY.. .

Def.. The danger of keeping bad· company, .
.· consists in an aptness to imitate and catch'
· the manners and sentiments of others .
.Judg .. He who at first was shocked even at the·
appear~nce of vice, is formed by custom,
into .a; · p:rofligate leader of vicious pleasures~·
, " ,.
.

.;~

,.....

-~

'

:

ON THE ADVANTA GE S ARI SIN G F R o i\1 L ITF~ R A RY ED UCA '1'10N, -

Def. The mind natnrally limited by its weak ness, becomes endowed by literature witb.
the ·w isdom of pre'c edin °· a wes.
u u
dllaf!,·. P oets, orators,- histol'hus, and philoso p hers. all the p;reat mastri·s of thi uki n()'
and writing, l1c come incor p ornJ ctl
t he mentnl en e 1·~i c ~ of him, vh o has nh tai11cd, by cduca tiun, the keys uf k110\rlcdgc.

' T.

.7

wilh

Tl ! E

L'\ ! t!f~TY

constancy, of friendship, of fi delity, of
. gratitude, ·. of compa_ssion, : of ~ integrity ;
_many of which escape t~e . notice of the
irnbl ic ;_ and ar e perhaps onl y ob served
lJy G od and goOll angels.
-· -·
'THE PRF:SEl\CE OF r;o1).

JJef. G od is every where in·cscnt. _
Judg. If we walk with God in all his ways, as
he walks with us in all ours, we shall tintl
-1i)
c lJl.
.I P
'\_, l ' 'l•
I J' ef·1
vt. n

.Vrf. The oITsprinµ; , nut of confusion hut of

Def. The -th11e. after sun set..

"..· ·,

Judg .As tlie affectionate mother stills every
little noise· that herinfant may not be dis-turbe<l ; as she draws the cm~tains around:
its bed, and shuts out the light from its tender eyes ; so .God draws the curtains of
darkness around us; so ·He makes all'.
..
things to he hushed and, still; · that his,
_}'a rge family may sleep _in peace .. GOOD DISPOSITIONS PREVALENT AMONGST MANKIND. -

Def. Gc)odness is universaliy approved·.
Judg. It hath ever been. and· it is still in theworld, that instances are not wanting of

0

1 1

11' n. 't.I.;
.... o ' to
_, lr
,![,_C.''
\.Ji.'

~
t::- '1 •a
I
.ui.u

f;ooD HU ?t:Ol T[t,

J)pj. A habit of being pleased. · ·:
· Jud~. -Gou1.l humour Loasts no faculties whid1
~ every one'' doe s ~ not , believe· in his own
'.
l
- .
..
11 l
+ f
p mver,
_anµ.l p1ea~~~
pr1~1c1pa._y :ry no ,, o -~

NIG HT. -

'o'
l'

th at r ule of us., " R ,r.ioicc
iu the Lord al "
ways."
..

! lf' NA 'rt : t:.E.

order.
J u.dg. T he three com1n·cJw nsive divisions un ;.
<ler \rhi r h aU th e bodie s \Yhich belu11 ~ tu
thi!'i eart.h at·e commonly arra n ~ed, are ,'-~n,.­
ima!s, ·n~ geta.h l es, a nd minerals.

ven ~
No•1
. _ _;U,
1... s ~

••

ii =-

•"'~U'"
J.~~~
; ~·1 g

_. .

..

."-. . .
.

-, , ,;_.

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.

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-

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. '

,· ;

_.-,,~ ).'_:

-. ·. T-~~!._~h~,ND !SINCERI ~Y, - , -.

,

,- .r ,

,

.. - _

Def. The: union.~f,~ppearanc¢ and reality •. .-, .
•Tu.dg. When ~t trian has · o'ric_P. forf~ited the rep*
1

--:utatio-n O,f"l1is ~ integrity,~ he is setf~st; and -

nothing ' _w ill ~- th_en "serve his ,'turn;; neither--truth nor.. falsehood ~<: d~....'~tr.\J':<::"· ··;.~ 1 t:~' ,,·:;;-:~;, :,
;
- - ' ·; . ' ... ~ ::"--'_:-':'".~-'i''.'. (r~

".' ,':-:'·' '( -,_'

· -THE PERSIAN

LAN~UAGE.':; : ·>t: .. -- ;.

'r [fj
.-·,
1

tj

]Jef. A laug.?age rich; me1odious)tnd'. 1~legant -::;i,._ -)\-~~1:
sp?ken -_ror man~ ag~s ~y 1,th~ "- ~r~.~t~sti-1\i:-. · {_ 1
prmc~s 1~- t~e p~ht~~t . c?ur_ts.,~~ A ~~~H ft;~~;,{~_-',.:

in _wh1c4_, a_ number of, admira~le/wor.~r~:¥ · ~ [1
_have been written by _historia~s,, p!1i~~~~;··." ·! I'
._pl~e1;s a,~d poets. ___ ,;,,:~,: .._1 · _, c -., ,1/ ·;-~ ~.,,:· .-· · · ·u
·/

_1_.

~

.:

-:

•
46

' ·,

Judg. It cannot fail of clelightil1g those wl~o
love 1 to view the great picture of the untverse, OL' to leatn by \Vh:.tt deg1•ees the most
obscure states have tisen to glory, and the
- most flourishing kingdoms have sunk to
decay. rrhe philosopher will consider
these works it contains, as highly valuable, by which he may trace the hum1u1
mind in all its appearances, from the rudest to the most cul ti vate<l state; and the
man·of tflste will undoubtedly be pleased
to unlock the stores of native genius, and
to ~ather the flowers of unrestrained and
luxuriant fancy. _

· .

'

~ofm

PRINCTPLES IN EARLY
LTFE.
.

Def. A full conviction . in youth of the obliga-

'

~ ·-

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.-

.

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. '

'

.,

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.'

. ,'

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.,

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...

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.

'. .

.

. I

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1: ..

•• •

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--:.:.

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·:- .... •

...

•

'

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. '- '-

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f

'

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-

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.

......

**~'~~HE· 1Jupil J)a~_ing ,~cquir~d.th~· :B:d · 9f ex-· :_
p~aIQ.rng 01~. defining'.. (he . s1ibjeCts,-' p!·~posed to :

!nm ; , !1.n d of fo~"!n.ing:' ~tl,, ~~pr~s·s_i_ r:i~'_ l}i.~. ?Pinr~.

rnn or Jutlgmen~.~?~,~11~~.}.~'. h~~--w,1}.! _ n_~~; he .~s.k.- · ·
tions of morality and religion.
ed·''wl1ata.rethe.- reasol!~fi'Y!1-u~~1!ld.~ce~\ lum to : Judg. He who has adopted them will go on ,_ fo1m _tl~at Judgi;nent ?" : I hose reasons when ·.

his way rejoicing ; and will experience the- _ w~itten_ hetwe_e n the :d~~~-~HPIJ~~u)£l.: :J~i4gwent,:'; ·
- ·path of the just to be~. ''as the shining
will complete t'he theme:··"·'.·;<-,,, :.""' · \. !·: ··. ·. '.": -~: · · ·.
]i,,.ht,
which
shineth
more
'
a
nd
more·unto
I.n the following exampl!fs; · uie-jns_truct9~ wiJC·
~
·~
..
.
· the l)el'fect d::tL "
~
.
liave
an opportunity . of
showin()>
·· tbatin all"the =-~ •
.
. .
. .. ..
0
Instances \Vhich arc arl<luced~ thcs.C~three coii.
stituents . a:re ~ to. be found ~: ·-. buUt!mf:tbe tlefini- ·_

.

.

- ·

fl

-

Hun ·a11µ 'j ud-gm~_~p~i·~ rr,eq U.P.~~~19.'.L l~n,il~d -~ itl~ . <
thP arguments,_·. to ~' c~~ceal .. t~1_e _·~ mechanical

/

structure ' of the ~on~p~~ition_:··· ~l.~Jl~ . eJei;i1~-cie~ ;.
of thought and languag~, _the"t~ache:f"c.an more
readily and. c~earty;; poi~,t,~ · :ou~~~:.: t_J#1~<'a~y· 1 rules',r{i ~:~.-.;' ._ ·:li
. can be expected· to · do~.:-r .To'·dis~rimihate.,.the,~~'--·. · · -~di
energy and,: t,he -~rd_~r· !~f'~tg~';fienthti~~,'.),~ii.d_)~-~~ . . ·-.[.I
' suggest tl~e. P.~9u,lia~it~~s,.?l ~tyle:· n;11~~-L~f 4on:e·~~}~\~ :~r

2 .. '

:

.

7

lby oral t(\l~O".: ;; .T.¥~,~~T!"~t,.tp, ~~ ~~:~Y;;S,P;~ ,: i , .··

-

. .' . ' ·. .4~> . ;''.~ ':'<·:~~~,·~::·~::;~

i!1g: .. ::, ~~~in~ss:~·'. i~

fCific i·ules, would only swell the book with pre- .
eepts, which would not assist tutors, and would
be useless to those, who persevering to obtain
elegance and. facility of composition, devote
their attention to goo~ models of writing.
oN rRocaAsTINATioN.

eo~)ij.? i1~Y.: as~!l~iat~~~~::~~t45'.--·~,, :~~

tin~td1ty. ;.?·.rE~t~~r ~.r~~r ;_o_rigd1allyp1:6})1b1ts jen:~>,' ... ,"

'(le~v.m1r.~,-·~QY~;in(using ~:despaif(·o:fdsuci'.cess~;~:oi{ :~···~ . ·:.:~!
the; freq~·fn.t !aj~u.1·e.·or ~ii1t~~oJ1~t~J~~f!j~ggl~~;· 1~an~-.: -'; ·:' -':.~(
the. ·con,~;tap.t"des.iie of, a/.oJC:~hfg\1alJ.or;:::hlipfis~'· ! . _· :«:,~i
by .degrees, fabe .t.e troi·s :, ·0~1. the')ni~ll fr(~ ,· t1. .~i~i-f;;: ><. t!

Among all who sacrifice.fut!lre:,advantage'to - · ~
lll'~~en_Vi?cl._i ~~,ti8-P.;.~¥.:~a~9e~y~~!!!';r;~!n' stj.)~~t~e .. ... ·J'.·
~s ; ~t~o~~-:~~~i1a~ ;,. ~u~_!l{~!·~~tp~~-~v~s ;t~'. ~r~e~e:: 1n; . ·.f.
~tllenes~,·..' 1,j,_g ~h-~!s,( ~;~·:co~:~·?P.! ~d.-·! ~~--:s~~~; e~~ , · · : 1~i
J?yment ,of iu9_r~ . o~· ~ess po~~e{fo ·gr~tifythe·pas.;. " '. · r
s10ns ': tn. 1t~to .negl,e~t ouf clu}ies,:;inei:ely to :av6~d·
· '.:.
· the .i~_b~~· -~f n.~ rro.1~~i~g .JJ1eµt~(~' Jabor ,,~hi,c~· is~-.·'i
nlw,n.~ ~ punc.tu~lly i·ewarded) -1s surely to ' smk ·,.,· :.~..: 1
unde1.;
pfaiions:•;:J dleness ; never ,can''·:."'
.

The folly of allowing burselves to delay
what we know cannot be finally escapetl, is
one of the genei·a1 weaknesses which prevail to
a greater or less cleg1·ee in almost every mind.
It is, indeed, natural to have a particular i·egar.i to the time present and to be most soli. citous for that which is by its nearness, enabled to make the strnngest impressions. When,
therefore, a11y s11arp pain is to be suffered, · or
secure- ti~ari'cj'~illity;\.<11f·e:'c~lt7of'..reason:: and'\)f ~""<\; :
any formidable danger to be incurred, we can
: · · .'.',
scarcely exem11t our&elves wholly from tJie sethe . slu.gg~~·;~;r~B}l,:~~~9~-~f~~t.f;.i€i~~fti\?tt~ia~e::._ ' ·" ~ - ~
du cement of imagination : we i·eatlily believe
force t~, dl'~Y~ 11,in f~·om _1~1_s :.dow_n; . ~1ll;be'~loud·- · . , ..:
that another day will bl'ing some support .or
enqugJf\l~~,,~~~!~tl-~t'.~~.~-nj~J},'~~~-~~l.~~· P ~.'; ": '~~l~ose .. _:,;·
· aclvantage which we now want; and are easi:inoments, ·;wh~~h; ·1ie::. _c a.nno h reso1,te',-to~~ make . \l
ly persuaded· that the moment of necessity,
_ugef~l b~~A~:Y~ting-~lt'e:D.1 . tf. ~~~~;}.gre:at· }ni,siness , .. .-;;
which ·we desire never to auhe, is at a great
. o( ht~ ~e1~g~ )'.V~~J, f.t~ll ..IJ~}usu~·pec1 by., po,wers :~ ,, ,,-,~
· distance from us.
tlrn~ w~l~f~,?~~l,~i\ye· t,Ji<eni>!?~'.1 iJft?t~~f:tsal,~~q~·.e- :~, ~
When evils cannot be avoided, it i~ wise to
. m~i. ~e ,.~ ~-~\r-~·'4?'-~t;\Q,~:JX~~!·J~~~~~-~:: ~~~rt(h.~. ~;, ~nd . _·. >,(
contract the
. forbul
l~1_ni;'.l~ f~_l,,.f~
JqY!.l\~~1~t;li~1s\so~des!rous/.
io : ·:;11"
1 "'·~"~ · .,., -.::,' , :If.I .:..,:t=1~·,_ ··
· interval
1 · h of
·11 expectation~· to meet
app· ropr1ate·
the misch~ef~ w nc w1 ovet·takeus 1fwe fly;
·
.. ,· ·-~ ;:;-•(·i·· i.· · ~'-;,.,.;_,..:·!'''~'f.'7·1J:t1 t,.~~\J ! ~: ·1·!:·< ..; · · ·~ :;.
n n d s Ulfer only their real malignity without the , . · 'The
t yf tba.t lite Ca'titib
l cil1;g, oil gbt· · :·.-,j
confticts. of doubt. and anguish of anticipation.
. to ~. wak~n.,~~~e!~~~ari~~~: tli~'.f ~~t~~. e ~'l_Jros~~uti~l! ': · ''!
'l"o act is fa1· easir.r than to suffer .: yet wo . 0 w.hatev;~J:',1 h~.~:1.s _;cl~sn·ou~~ to.: pe,rform ;"'~:-;lt tis
.·, 1
every day see the j>rogres s ofl ife re ta rd ed by · "1 tr_ne t!1 ~ f d ~~l\t i'ltiiiY,l illtei'cOp't; th et Sw ift0St· Ca}
:
tlie mel'e i·epugnanee. to exertion, and find mul- , :- t~e(;~ b:~t:~f\v,.~o:i_s:;_ c.~l~~H:~~.~. the~e~ecutro~~of ·
l
tit.udes i·epining al tlie want of. that, which.no- . : ', ~ a.n hon~st_!?:.~~ei:t~kmg.~}1~s·:afle-asy~hi.;_hQnour .. ~·)
thing but idleness hinclers them from enJOY?f fallmg , in )us rank; and ·lrns fought .the bat-· · ·
~ . -tle, though he missed the ·~ictory. -~ J OJ;lNS01'f.
1

:W~:tl}:!iiill
c'1·
cinis~ie'i\{l\¥ii\t'Piii'.~e~th~.;10se~t'ic'pa.'vilion~'fof-

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FLAT'rERY. ·

-:, ]natte~·i:is (alse prnisft : ..and is either ', 0Jf~1:.<.
ed. to tp6se :by )VhOin it 'is ~ altogether lllllne~·1~;.
~d .; . tir is given, to ap .cxt~nt b,eyontl '~hat winch
tr.uth can authorise~ .'., hi either case, reprehension is due to' those by whom it is· administere d, arnl contempt to those by \Yh om · it is rc .. , ' '
ceivell.
, "
·, Interest is generally the motive of a fl.att~r-:­
er·"and weakness is the.:most charitable 011m'io;1 ~vhi~h c.an be entertainell ,o f that mind, 1>y
·whom the sycophant is encouraged o~ en~uretl ..
In the forme1~ there is a wanton v10lat10n ·of
truth · wbich· can hardly he lH'aetis~ll wit??ut
sotne incentive : in the }atter there ~s .a foolish
self-partiality which is really to. accept the
gli tter of un tl eservecl a.}llll ause.
.
. •
. 'l'he. 'm ise.hief of ffatt~.ry, falls on the_111d1vidt1al h v :whom it is received : . who, like the
unWtu·y Indian, ·heedlessly reposes on the ver •.
thne be11ea£1'1 which \hereptile lie~ conc~a~ed.

It reta1~ds improvement, paralyzes emulahon,
,and ex tinguishes evei·y motive toward landab~e

exertion. ·

· · .

·

·,· · 'l"o youth, therefore, it is particularly dan.·~ e1·ous ; and the t>roverbial ad'?onition " · be. ·ivare of flattery," altliough apphc;able to eve~y
,age and rank of life, j~ ·more J>art1cµlar.ly smtable to those, who are entermg on ,tl-te scenes .
~of .the worhl, and should h~pe ..:,to ·gain tl~e
praises of the virtuous and wise' ·only b~ good '
:~onduct

and real excellence.

ltl PPINGJ!AM. ·

1
.,

·~

I

-

I

'
.;/
.

then hec.ome the

{;Ulf

of time, nntl the poison ,.

of the mmtl : they ·foment ba<l passions, they
weaken the. manly powers, and sink the 11a.- ~
tive vigour of youth iulu cu11tcmptible · cffcm- ,~
iuacy.
. lluu11 BLAIH.
S \\° il"J' \'F. SS 0 F

T DJ F..

'l~he dny

ntHl the ni~ltt snccecd · en.ch othrr ;
the rotation of seasons diversifies the year ;
tlrn sun ri-.es, attains the meridian. declines
and -.ds ; ancl the 1110011 every night cha11~cs
its form. ·
·
lf the 'd1rd of lifr. 'rhieh rolls thus ~ilent]y almi~. ·pass on thrnu~h 11rnlistinguisl1:lhlc
uniformity~ we should nrvcr mark its approaches to the eno nf it-:i COlll'SC. If one liom·
\vere like another~ if the passa ~e of the sun dill
not shew that the day is '"'~1.stiu~ ; if th e
clian.ge of sr,::i sons flit I not impress upon u" the
Hight of the year. if the pads of ti me were 11ot
variously colou red, we shouhl nc\-er cliscrrn
their departure or succession, hut should li,-c
thoughtless of the past and careless of the fu-

tu1'e,-without will, and perhaps without power, to co111pute the periods of life, or to com·
·pare the time which is already lost with that
· which may probably -remain. · But . the course
.of time is so v_isibly marked, that it is f'.ven obserYell by nations who l~ave raised their minds
.;very little above animal instinct : the1;e ·a rc l1U·..:m an ' beings whose language does not supply
them with. words by 'Which they can mnnber
. five; but
)\:now of none who have not names
fol~ . day ancl night,, for . summer and winter.,
.

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Yet'. .tl}ese ,~tl~onitions , of,natµr~,; ! lrn;\:v,evei; ·: ' ...~;i:;~-1

foi:ciQ,l~,, ; •l!«!.~~~er.. iQ11W~~ttw.n:~e,:~. JL~:'.\~,gr_:~,fteJ( , '·~l
Ya 111 ; .·. and .,i~rnJ.ly . 'Y ho _m_::i,,·ls,w1 th ~~.c~x_acy · ~J.1c;~

I
f

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lnpsc of thue, appear to ·1rn,'e little- ·~ici1s ibi1ity·
of. th c d. ~c:li1~~ l~f J~fc ... .Ev,ery H! a.1.1 l1:;t~ c~!J}ll~::-,
tl1111;; to do, wluch . he prucrashnales ; eyery
rna11 has faults to conquer, which he dclaJ-s to
combat. . Fr.0.1 )1.tldsinatten.tion, so ge1}er:;tl a..i1cl .
so mischievous, let it uc every man's study to
exempt himself. Let him who desires to sec
others happy, make haste to give while. his
~irt can IJ<~ enjoyed ; and let him ;who seeks
}1 i.-; own happiness, reflect that while he forms
his puqJOse, the day rolls on, and the " night
comes, when no man can work."
JO JIN SOM.

•

f
f

TEMPl::RAN.CE.

'Temperance may be defined to l)c the reI straint of passion. '.Piiat it is a quality ossential to good conuuct and happines~; reason arnl
l;•·.
_ ohsernttion bear ample testimony. · So highly
• . i nd eed, has iL.always ~c_e.1~ _estcqnctl.; that j t
t
~·auks as w v,irt~rn in .e very- .~Y~tem of morality.
},or af' unco~1tro~le<l passions lea.d us to, wick- ·
e<l1iess - a1ut -,~urhulence - ;,': : so ~e mperance :con ..
., .· duct!li us to 1 \vo1•th '.aiJd _tl'.anqui~lity_>:--:-1J~ven. in · . :
worldly affair(~ it . is: found · tQ: .be _·a:.. gt~i~e· . to - , ..
. ,· 'health a1ul riches '. ; '. for it:(~rbid§ h1c~ulg¢nceJ~\ .

, ·. enerva~ing· 1~1xi,uie~~ an~ .i~~~~~:~.t~,~ ,~_co.~~~±;:i~;
). ~11 th~ depa1:tment~ of hfe.~ _;,'' :rF <.:: ': _ ;··~~:;~ ~~f'
· " ,Its best recQmmendatimi: is i· t() ~ be .,found >iµ.
'. its~ effects ;:·and no .·one . who .is . c9avfocetl~tlrnt
· • ~ <'. ·. '. ,~ / ;"··:-: "i- Jif~a ~:::~ 1~ '. ' ; :.' f\z1::r~,,f~: :.J<< ·
.
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,/~ranee loads to · IHfss; can hesitate ou: atJ. •.
···..:..._"'-·:. . _ ;Ilg to it through life. · · U ,JPPINGHAM.
'

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hens10ns; as .well' as ourselves ~~ ;We,may.;iTecol ... .:·_.
··.'lec.t ·"'li~llh~~·~. ·'s<)nietime~fpJs~~a~:iri(bu r'frl1iii£1~~ · ·_..:;;i
1

Resentment may be distinguished into ange1~
and revenge. .9..nger is the· pain we suffer upon the receipt of an injui·y or affront; with the
usual ,effects of that pain upon ourselves. Re.·. vengs. is t_he. .·inflicting of pain upon the person
· who has InJuretl or ·offended us, further than
· the just ends of punishment ·or reparation re-

:w h~tihr~ ~)ia ~~\be.~il~~-n ~· t~.~?~y'~p~~t ~.~~'~f!L~

. •·~-

quarrel ; ·and·.1.magme ·tiie/ same j o·:,he'".pass1ng:-· . y
'in · ~l!f.~~ve:r ef.~ry:s1?mJi~d.Vn~~v\~:j,:~fh~~~:;;\~.~~O:~~ .: ·~

: came~seusible~ ofouf~·misbeha;vio:ur,:.\'\vhatpalli... j,
:;ation~;~'~-~~'p'~~t~'~i~~!cfiri it;~_and :'expe-cted: otli:ers ·~:-:1
· _, · '. to':'p .~f~·~~Y,.~1iif~gti~~~,W~f:~(~i~~f~!fe~~~~'P,hf:~h1e ·~
· ~ kindness ;t~'an(l~.feltHhe·~· ~uperiority ifotH1>ge'rle"' . 1~

, , . , rous~_.,' re~ept.fo_n-j::and,"+ea~y,~1 fo1~giv·:~e·~~ :~.;'~~-\1ow ~) ~'.

tj_uire~

to

•

~ :=-~

i;;2;;i
s~~d.~!1}Jr~li~J~ps, a.~~· tl~. e~r1 .'':.a~},etie_~~,~f4.1JIB;1~e~.. : ~-~­

~

· ~ullowing: th~ possibility of mistaking the mot1ves from w1nch the conduct that offends us
procee<letl : how often our own offences havebeen the effect ofiuadvertence, when they were
construecl into imlica.tions or mal ice ; t he intluccment which prom1ltet.1 our adversary to act
as he clicl, ancl bow powerfully the same in..
tlur.ement has at one time or other operated up. on Olirselves ;. that he is suffering 1rnrhaps UH' der -a .contrition' which he. is ashamed, or w;mts
?Pportuni~y; to confess ; e1nd how ungenerous
it 1s tQ trrnmph by coldness or insult, over a
spirit alrea<lY' humbled in secret ~ that the re. ; turns of kindness are sweet, ami' that there is
"neitlier heno~r, nor virtue_, ·.nor utility, in re· sistin·g: tl1em: To this WC should r~irtici1brly
aclvert ·: for too manv think themselve~ bound'
keep alive their in.dign..itiou, when they find
. it r1ying aw:ly of it~ elf.'
'Ve sho1..i;ltl re.me.ml.er, that.others lwve their;passions, U1~ir. prejudices, their favorite aim~,.·

A

-

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~¥ :~"· _~</·~~~~~\~;~:

their ~ fears, .· t!feir cautfons, ·their itite).-e~t~/ tlieiri

RESENTMENT.

i .
. '. · ,,. . ,·
· . .
Refledions proper for thi.s purpose are the

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. nci.~se'c~ution '~1:cvitcd.:, on:1~_~:sphit·:withiour'.

I!.

hcforc'lllamctL < ,.,,_·- 1.• • :~
..
,. <. ~~-d:9d,g_~t!ii~-Jh~)n~l~~~.:r:icY:~o..f'~ngc(; :)1~~ ' it . . _
;
. · 1·cnd,ers;~~1:i-~~ltY~:!1H~;:J~:~!~~ts?~t1.~W.'.~~~E~~nc1 $.P-9,rt ' -~.
. of all ahont l.1s··;.:.·ti1e 11u·,onvenn~nc1cs, . antl nTc . · trievable llliSCOilUUct, into WhiCb . OUl; ifascioi}.. -·

! ·· t.y,~~n~ :~.ef~~cf~'.fti'.j1i~ti~y't~i~ :~~n:l~~: ct.1. ~-,' ~ur- ,~ ·
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·.selves·:_:,vhicl:i
we
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:·!ty ha~ S?J.l~~t~1p~.s~- ~e~ra.yc~'.~ .~~;'J!fi:-J1:~endsHips _ ·"

[

~.

·1t has lost its ;,;. -anllthe sore...~epe~nt.ance, . wbich . _

~ pn one.'accq~1~1for:other,' if'aH\1 :l'fs~co_sts;~s ~~',;'
1= , .-_.;•;-; If is'. tie· cessary"~!therefore'; ' fo '.hahittiaie: -oui;-

l'

· · : . . · · selves· to::thes¢5e.~ec.tio.ni~· ti)t theyi~arfs~-~-s·p(fo~

f, ;; t~i~efu~1_i: ~~\~J.i~i'.~~~.~1~iwh.~"ti\1~eyf;~lf ~~h:ted,.

J . .. ;_tl~at is, in.st~_utl~':~~W?/l :~~h~_,re~~1I.~_~ ; ?f,,~u~ - rnJ.ury
ii
.. or a~ront _r~a.n~~-w1th .· s_U~h : for~~'_a:r;id ·_col_
o rmg, :,_:

f . · · as. hoth~ t?:~~~Jga~te·, t~~ ·par?)fys.m S·~:t9u:r~1i~~r,, ~-

r·- '.

~· at ' the , tun~/iir~I ·at:)ength ~o _ proc1~1ce':~ai(~J_tei·­
'i · ·· · ation · in .the temper.and · dispositioidtself~.ir4:-~ffe''"'

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~~":J"',:· ,·.:.._:,._; .-- ' '. ; ::.~_>

· .... . ....".· ·

~ ''·>·:~.~.;:. ·. : ~~·: · ' · ~····?~::;FArE~~·, ,~·\.,,.:i,..,,._, .. .... ,. ,,~"'·; "":,::,~ ;1:''~~.;.-<-. ,
_;,':: . ,.... .. .,
· ., .. .. : ·. ·

--~ ~ ~i:-;:- f P'- -{- ~- ---7
; _~'~'!~t:--/j'- --~~;c -~7.

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. !58
'rHE FOLLY OF

~ ..._ A11~er

ANG!rn.

[ .·Hut~~i~;~~~}tfbFappe~~-- that a1~f;~fi~e ~rl:~y~: :·
i uprqa~~ ~' ~.:qj~~~,l.i•!W1t J~lter .' any. 0 one'swpinio~Q~/-- · · .
l . hJs,- }111_.4~!~\'.t~~W·f!.g,):oJ:, ' ga~i;i ~inflµ,«}µce.,'1,~x~~ph{·,, .~,
·c:

is the great clistnrlwr of. hnnrn n life ;

th~ clnef enem,Y both of public happiness 'amt.

private tranquillit.y.
<
•
Pride is un doulJtcflly the ori O'in of. ·1 uo·ct' •
l m t ]H'H. I e. l'lt.rn every o thPr
. . p;.1 s"1 io
n n . if ~it once
~
'
break loose from reasun; counteract~ its own
puq~oses.
~ passionate. irntn . npon the review
of lns da!, w~IL have very few· gratifications to
()~et· to his pride, when he has c~m.,idered how ·
-~ts · ontrages wPre horne, and in wh at th ey ar e
likely to end at l ast.
.
The,sc sudden bursts of rag e generally Lreak
out. upon small occa~1ions : for life, unhappy
as it Is~ cannot supply great Pvils as frequent.
ly as the Dian of. fire thinks ~t to be enraged ;
therefore reflect.i on upon Ins violence must
shew J1.im that he is mean enough to
driven
~rom lns post:by every petty incident, that he
IS the mere slave of casualty, and that ' his
rc:ison an cl . virtu~ ·. are: ,in . t~ie· :, power of · the
1v1ncl. · ,
. . -... _. ·, . . .. · . :.- .. ',~ .
~ One motive there is
these loud· extrava~
gancies, \vhich a man is careful to conceal from
others, ancl does not always discover to himself. r He -that ·finds his knowledwe ·: narrow
.
'
b
'
an dl ~is. arguments w~ak, is somdimes in J1ope
of ga1nmg that attention by his clamors which
h~ · cann,o,t otherwise obtain, ancl is pleased
'- with· reurnmbering, that at least, he made him~
self heard, that he h~ul the · power to inlerrupt
thrnH'. w ~l~m he ~onld nnt eonfute, ancl suspeu.d
~b~; dec1s10n winch lie ~ould not guide.
·

[ · ov.er<.t hose ;•Whom :fortune .,c.n<rtatui·e4:·,bas· :made ,. .. -:
his dependents : .· ,-·H~ 'may:affrighthis : ~hihlr~n,. . · ·
'[ o.r harass h is servants, ·but the rest ofthe'wo:fld
~
will _look on and)augh ; an<l,he ·will a(lcngth
J .perceiy,e.;'thUit~.J1eJbt~$./~ only~; to ; i;a:ise~::. con1cmpt ·
[_: antl , b,a.tIJ~.d..,·~~.I!~t:th~t)1.e·:lm.s :,givl'·ll~ .llp ;r.~he,'feJi .. .
' ·city~:. 9f!l:~jfl.g:~<iy ~dFWithoµt~igaihing': tlffJ1oliof•,·
~ ofbemg .reverN1_cett.:·.:, -~·~ ~~: · -~ ·--·-"~~~.;-. : ;:.':-~..- ·. :· '.\~:~
~
\Vhen a man has once suffered his mind to
~
be tlius ·:vitl.ate<l, '. he·' hc~o1n~~ t-ii1e ·of the···niost
. . b~.te.ttitfin~L qM~PPY;~ ii,t:qeiqg$~ ~~~} 1Ie· can[giv.e ... J
: ' n o~:_sy:~ii~·i(y~~~J~h~~¢Jf; · that' 4c :sh~ff not, at·f hh (
.

I

.: n~~~~~~~t~Y~~>t.~f~ll.~n~t,~;'·b,Y:~S.911J~~~~~-~e.i:t_:t~·~~s~· . .- '·'.
ort -r h1sr <lea£est jfr1P.1I<l '•."-or ·~bi:.eak;; ut ..
i,
·
• P· -·"' .-..'-Y>< ··1 •·'1;1r"t"'·=~"''f.t''"'"'·.··a· ··~-:... .~!f' 11·"''£_<;~~"~-,;·~· ·"- ' ·· ~P,~m ;, ,"- ·:!
s~me r s .1g _ 1 .~~~~\~J~.. ..ir-tWPl~Jti. .q~.~:Uj!p'~termif;.~bf , · -~'.
1

be

of

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· rude~~s.~~:~(~~µ~~~v~e~·-~b~·~ p~rfe ctly[;:(gi·gottiri?· :

·",I

w.h~e:ye\r~-~9_1r~:e~.s~~_;~~it~}hi~,~~-~~~~fi\fjq~y~li~> .:~
su.sp~c1~0? - ~~~~ sol,~c~t~µ~ ·:· of.ra · 'nia~ 1 ~'Yl~o P,\ii;y's ·~ ·_ '

, ., with . a ta.m e, !1g~r, : ~fayay~ ·u nder; a·)leces~dty';· of ' ·

wa.tcM~g'. the·., ~~.~~~~f:~i~::#'l~h~ff.:~~-~~et,C,·~~~:~·~!~~f_.. ~

!

. s_avage. ·-~~1~~l:!>pgu;ntJH~row };t:• tj~1·~1~h~ffi~t,,-tJ.; .., ,{.;"~. -: ,
· ·' · ~ Ifj~/!.el~le:il~~~~iitjr~~P~·t,~0.ta~(l;{(qr;·no.rs.et~ · · .j
that ~~1s ,ae~~~~.tEit~~-~A~~9~pu,t;,~empelyesrin',i~1is ,' :;!
W?-~ . W_h~~' J~~-~~-~S_'. ~0~gr~ r'J~.e.~!:"}J.S~~11.e::~.~s, ; s~~e ': '., ..J
tp }.e~oll)pel!~e ,~91em:~f9r - ~~.Y:'~n~1gl'.!1it~es_-~~-~~Q, ,. . j
< h~ . :rµ~d~ tl1~~n.,,suff~r: :;~t"i~';l ;ljJ.sX1s9~thefrorind : o~a'~ l;
.. p~~~irnat;~: ni~~,~~ ~if~·;;-.' ~~ ~~~~-1\tf~;~~s (tl.~.~18)~. iie~'( _·, .
, he ~~. f~1:~oµ_s,::.w?1c~ -~n~ ;~1~.tu~,:.: 1f .l.tf{~ ~ · ~-"f: · :: ,

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o~!~J;.~~-' h1pi. to ·d1sc?.8:r~e '. at~ the;-re~ul'Jf~.\ .. ::.~>J. ,·\
son; •'"' ·He· ~pends hlfh hme 1n:outrage ~and~a(!~:f".·, ·, ,

knowleilgment ; in injury and l'eparation::.7';:~~: · .' : ·:
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·Nothing is lnore misera.hle

01• despicable
man : his rngc
into habitual

l~v1n the ultl ngc of a passimrnlc
srnk~, by decay of strength,

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· Provi<lence . interpo ~es for , the . rc1~ef .,of man, .
supplyin~ his want~ in a t.hou"iil'nd cxf.l'iton1i..:· uary wav~s. ·. \Vhat woulcl ha.v~~ become 1,f him
th~ eC:rliest' ages ~ 'h:u11i~ been ·alfaii.~onc.d''t<l' ' :

in

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~oetry is an effort of geniu~ an<l art ; · pn1.
c.lucrng .an association uf exaHeu a1id J n·illiauL
ideas, in language harmouiClusly arrano·c11.
The pruductio11s of poetical talent l~ave always , been regarded , with i·cvcrcncc and de-

light . · lt ; is in this region 'of l_iter,aturn that
the, huma1,1 mindllisplays the extent ·an<l .vari.
ety ?fits powers: · ·It gives beauty and .energy
to pious, 1p.01·a1, and heroic . sentime.nts. .T .he
wor~s of : Homer, . Virgil, . Milton, and still
more, the effusions of the saci:·e d writers:· bear ',
ample ~esti~ony o.f its powei~s . . Po_~try general_ly improves with the progress of civiliza ~
tion ; and . in propoi'tiun to the'' re1lue'meut . ur
manners, even subjects ~f less interest obtain
new charms by the embellishments of tasteful
coµiposition. . Hut tJ1c admiration which is bestowed on the fasdnations of this 'endowment.
is it_icreased by the .c onsideration of its utility ;
for 1na.~mud1 as it .engag~~ atteut~~n to subjects
cl~servmg of the highest regard, 'It. must, he esteemed one of the most fortunate ,endo\.vmeuts
·~ith whicl;it~e .human m~ud ,cari b.~ · iI,J.vested. :.
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his own reason still 11nai1led · by · cxperieuce?
'V here .Jound .J1~ ·Corn; which at t his ::.day:sJ~on- ,
[
stitute~~-a ..p1·in.~.ipal -p~u{ ofthc food .·o(so many
J, natio,iis·:? '~)V~19;t~li~h t (~·hi{rj·;J~.grien} tlir,~j ~·aH.:.a.xt ..
'
so. si111 l>h.< .tha1 .. the · ni.os Csli1'1}id ·.· of--n1a·nkin-rf.:is- ·
f capable of lt~arnin~ it : :ltHl yet SO Rlll>llllll;; thaf·
~
the. most intellic;Pnt nf animals -never can pre-·
i · i<~nd to practise ~it ?: ~ There is scarcely an an- .;
~ · imal Lhat silJlpOtts.its life lJ)-.. ;'·cgc.f:ahlcs. whid~--- ·

POF,TRY.

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'l'HE .·Dl'SPENSATIONS OF' - PROVIDENCE', ,

J>Penslrness ; the \vorld falls off from aroun1l
l1lm, and he i'3 left to prey upon his own heart
in solitude aucl contempt. · J orn•sox~ ·

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RIPPINGHAM.

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l1aS- ~10 tcla_i!y~. ¢x'peri,ence_' of;'theirre·pro.due:tion, - -...... :.. - a.1i.cL\vhieh ;do.~sSn.otieniplOy-i J~·-_ que.st 'of those -..: · . :
tlia c ,· ~tiit:~~it~fii).al)\:·~-m~re:=.c~c>'m.b~1iaH~fn·s:Jl}·~,;!-..~~~
.!i:rl \.-·..!
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wou 1d ·ha ye 1?,e~ti n~cessary fo~.~1·e~(;~ingJheJir;~~F
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If, Pi~oviderice.1i:\d · abandoifedJli£an.~o'liim·::1~~~ '.:;>j

· self,, . :on,.·«L.1\·h·c. ~~flin.. .' g''iJ~Jfu,th~·
,.c';.f.:ea~~'.;. 1: :}(
.
:. . ·, h.illid~f>f}~~~
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tur; :what ..woul.d : µave··~e~ome · or~·~~i-~ ..?:~~ 3f~I~6l:f, ,''. i
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euu ld Im ve su hJ¢cted ·to·hls :m_th~n.'1ty~"so ·many:1" 1··

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animals which. stu'o d 1ri"no"need~· of:~hifu·~:'~which.:·-- - ·.~

s~rpassecl t:i~~~-:~~~Il.~.l!gt}·n~~P,~ed)~#~t~~~ng~li;~-~··.

J. , ; u~ less r, the ".li.aµ_~H-:wh1eh,-.~ n()lw~tJ:ist~ndmg l ·~'{f .. ·.

t ·.

fall, clesthi~d him' stiltto:'f'.nipire:n1~d1 ~umble~ /·
.f' their · beads -.to ; obedience c to~ his :.,vHr? ·;.:,The ·, ;
preservation;:·the-:.enjoynie_tl.~s)\ ~nd~t~~:;~mpir~ :· : '. l
l of mari lleinon'strate~· that at~aHJimes:a -b~tl.eti;,.~~.' -:.. !
:I" · :.cent G~d·- has ·b,e.e~;_the ~.~~1~~. d};~~~~p1;~te~fb~~~~.~~·~· · · ·.1:
· lmman life ) : d:,., .-- · ·· '::.: \l.~ .1p:~1:<'''-F' '.1.:J('.~
.,;('-- .
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Envy is almost the only vice which is praciicah 1c at all iirnes. aucl in C' Cl',V place : the f'
-un ly passion which can neve1· lie <p1iet for want ~.
vf irritation. Its effects, therefore., arc every
irlicrc tliscovcrahle_, and ils attem1>t~ always to ·ll
!Jc 1lreadud.
'1'h c frcqncncy of envy makes it so familia1·
i.hat it escapes our notice; nm· clo '"c often re;
'fleet t1pon its tm·pitudc or mali~nity , tiH · n
happen to feel its inlluence . \V hen he tha l ·
has given no provocation to malice, hut by at
1cmptinr; to excel in some useful art, fincls him
self p11r~11ed by m11Hitudes, whom he neve f""'~:
:-:a·1,-, '' i!h im1>1acahility oi personal resent
mcnt ; 'dicn ·he pcrc.civcs clamor and malice~ ~ ·
let lon::.:e \1pon him as a -1rnblic enemy, and in
'~itetl by every sfratag;em of <lefamation ; when [
he :hears th_e 'rnisfortunes of his family, or the
_,follie.·s ·o f his youth, exposed to the wprlcl ; and

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-- evei·y failute·· of conlluct, or defect of nature,
·· 1!-ggravate.~

·and ridiculed '; he '. then . learns to
abhor those artifices at which he only laughed
before ; ·and ' ~iscovers how much the happi-'
ness· of:life would be ~dvanced by the eradication ·~f envy fron1 the human heart. ,
,·
· 'Envy is, ·indeed, . a stubJ10rn. weed ~of the
mind, and seldom yiehls to the culture .of.philosophy. · There -are, however, considerations
'\vhich_, ·: if carefully ·implanted anll dilig'e ntly
propagated, might in time overpower ancl re ..
-press it ; · since no one can nurse it for the sake
. of _p,easure," as its e~eets are only shalne, an".:
g u1ili, ·and perturbatu.>P•
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VIRTl'E •
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V-irtue: is the fouudation of honotH' and es teem. iul(l thr. source ,of all beauty. oriler, an cl
ha11piness. in natu1:e. It is 'vhat confers va lue on alt the other endowments a1nl qualities
of a reasouahle bcin~!: : to which they ought
to be absolutely suhservirnt ; and without
which, the more eminent they , µ.re, the more
hideous deformities anllthe greater .~ur~es they,,
become ,
.
~'' ·
~Iany of the en<lowments auu talents " 'V.e
- · now possess. au:l of which we are too Dpt to be
proud. 'vill efas·· Pntirely wilh Ilic present
state ; but virtue will be our ornam~ut .aml
dignity in every future state to w liich we may
be removell. Beautv allll wit will die .. learn~:":'. i- ~ing will vanish away, antl all the a.rls of life'.
~. :::::
be soon forgotten ;' hut virtue will rcma.iu for i i, j: :;
ever. This unites us to tl}e whole rational
l.J} creation, ~n9. ~ts us for conversing' with a~y
:i:!~!
order, of .superior natures, an<l for n, place . ni.
:\t}1!
ariy part of Go_d 's .works. ·· · ·
.
. :!1\l!i
, Virtue procures us the love of all ~.vise trncl
1
!i li! .1 · _· good beings~ and rencl~rs them our allies n.nd
:i,!!: 1\ . friend.s. · llut what is. of unsp<takal)l,\· greater.
!l!;1i;
con.s·e 9uence is, th~t it makc.s -. God ~ur ·friend, '
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ass1m1lates an£1 mutes our nnnll to 1ns, a nd ein .
,i '.·\lji:
ga~es hi~ Almi.ghty 1iower in our. defence. ,
j\!;i..
Huper1or bemgs of all ranks are . bound by
1!.1{ ,
virtue no le~s than ourselves. , It has the same
1
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authority in all. wor~ds that it has ~n this. The
" !
further any bemg _Is aclvancell . 111 excellence ,
~nd i1erfection: tlie greater is his attachment h;,
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/ ., ~ven ~f prudence,, ~m hon.e st confes.sion wo.uld:
., .
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<,· serve us better., , :.. . ;. .
'fhe i~eam1ess ·of lying · arises ·from 'the
co,var<licc which it 'implies. · 'Ve dare not
bol<lly ancl 1iobly speak the tr~th~. but h:.tve l'C-·
· course.toJow subt.erfuges, wh1ch · ~1ways, show
ri, sordid aml 'disingenuous mind~ ~. lleuce it is,
that . in the .· fashionable world the word · lim•
i~ . ~l~y.ay~ .·~~~·.;~~~H d as ..~ te.~11( of p~~.~ilh~r. : ~·elll'oac l.
: .~_.'.
.· . · . ~ . ·
.
.. · .'; .; '·· ·,
1'he wickedness of 1ymt; consists m its per.:.
verting one of Urn.· greatt;st , bless~t)g~· of ~od~
the use bf speech, in makrng that a . ~1~~h1ef to
mankind which was intcncletl for · a benefit. . ,.
·Truth is the greatest hond of society ; if one:·
man lies, why may not a~1other ? Ancl if there
is uo mutualJntst, there is an end of a\l in_t~r'." .·
course4.
. .
,~
/:~.·~~: .~ .
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Au equivocation_ is u~ar1y related to a _lie.
~
It is ad inlc1ition to deceive unde'f words :of a, · .. I;;;~
double mean in~, or _. words ~ w hiCh; .'literally . .. ~~
l · . speaking, . ar~ . ll'l~e . ; .'.a,n~ is, ..~lJ.~_an!. 'cri~_~i1,iat. 1 1~;
. ~ with the most downright Lrea.c!\:Of h:uth~~~.A. · ,
. . no_tt, or.siglr~~'maj'co1iye,yr[tjfe'.'~~~ff.~:c~(i~UY'as~· · :i
l
· j . : :: the mos LdeceU(uFlang\1age .:.i:i}.,:·;~~~,,...,. ·,:.· \·~~: · ·, · . ,,

aid aml counsels of some one in whom he may ,·
confide : and feels how much his sorrows are
alleviated .by the. participation of a sincere
friend .' ·
·
But all these consiclerations of incitement
3:nd approbation toward this amiable _disposit~on, must be. accompanied by those suggestions of prudence, which inculcate caution i11
tbe ,c hoice of confidants : a1lll point. out the
clangers of yielding implicit trust in those
whose sincerity l1as not heen ascertained.'I'o .the admonitions of prudence, history .adds
tesbmony of the mauy trngical eveuls which
bave follmved too easy confillence in prelemletl friendship. Jle it therefore tlw care of
every one, to be faithful in a well-formed at .
.tachment ; but never to be precipitate iu sc~
. lecting a friend .
. RIPPING II.'\ l\L
. THE VICB OF

LYING.

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'I'o warn us from lyin?;, we slwu ld do \vell
to consider the folly, tl~e meanness and the
wickedness . of it.
·
.· Tbe folly of lyin g cm~sists i~t its. defeating
~ts dowtn pt udq~osetl.. A ~~ab1t of lying is general1
. ·,_< U ncf~r:,ti{~~l~eild,\()f:)!JU:g"~~yj)ie ·C Y:icn{i?nedi· ·,'l!
y e ec e : in ie enu ; and ,after detect.ion I
a breach '.·'()f':·'p1·oiriFe:~~~~~{l~y·ety~~·n:gagem,cnt~:- ~ i~
the. liar, instead of. deceiving, ·will not even b~ ,..
though.
of}he~:. 1~ghte~t/ikil,i,d ~~ ~fioµIU:.: Ue :~,,I
. beheved when, he ha1)pens to spe~k ,the truth.
1
punctually ' observ~tt'· i:~ '; . a;P,a,1h~~~~b~~:ao_~~gµot .
,, Nay,. every single .lie is attended with. such a - ·-.
,. ,, thiD.ll' hi'ms·~1~ bo,i1~i;dlli!~sli~hi~~~pl~§;~!jJ~~ii~~~s/·~1
. ·-var.iety of circumstances which lead' t~ , a · de-.
·. teetion,: that . itis often ' discovered~ ,. Theus~
. l~r little pret~l}.~-t•!~O].l}~;~~~.~~~;r~8~~.~~?.{1~~n~'~~~~st;J
rt;,_ .=....
· "'->.r,f. •.,,_,,
man'·~ . . ,. . . ·~:. ,11. ~(i.·· ~~ J~.~/~~r;,r; . .~. ~ ~f1:;~\ ~·rJ:')~·,::~ ~'1~~
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.generally made. of a lie is, to cover a fault •
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.but as tl1i~ end is sel.clom answerec~, we on];
: .· . .·. ' · '·t. . .. ... ; ... ~~ ':' r.i<i.1,1 ·. ·}r.~·.~; r-e :; .:u:1,;.~ . :,,'l:,J<.'Y-Jtf.if!·~·'
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aggravate what we w1sb to conceal. In point
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C:Lfi;.ANLTr\ESS,

Cleanliness may be defined to be ~1 -·• ..
t.lem of
·
· ·
.
"rn e>Ul-

. purity of mmd~ and may he recom~u~nded under the .three following heads : as
it is. a I~rnrk of 1:ohtcness ; as it pt'olluces af~
fecti.on' and as it. bears analo O"y to chastity of
sentiment.
.
·
~ ·
·
· ~l1"irst,. It is a mark of politeness ; for it is
u~1v~rsallj: ag:eed upon, that no one unadorn. e w~t~ this vntu ~ can go into company with . out.gnrng a mamfest offen~e . 'rhe different
natwn~ of the \yorld are as much distin~uished
by their ,c!eanlmess, a~ by their art~ and sci.
~nc~s.
l he mm·e they ·are advanced in civil.;
;1ahon, the _m-0re they co1~sult this 1ntrt of po,

l

Secondly, Cleanliness may he· said to be
tl~e foster-m9thet· of affection. Beauty com. ~o?IY pr?cluce~ love, but cleanliness preserves:
.it. Age _itself Is not una_miable. whi_l~ it is pre~
served. clean and unsµlhe.d : hkC' a piece ot
meta~ ~~nsta!1Uy kept . srn.ooth·:;,tnd bright, w~
look on it ~1th more pleasure· than on a new
vessel that is cankered. with rust..
· _- I might further observe~· that as cle.a nliness·
renders us agree.able to uth~rs, jt lllakes us ea~
sy to :.ou.rse1v.es' ; -that i~_ is an ex~ell~nt ~"pr~~
·- serva~1v~ of health.;,_and that several vice·~ d.e;
struct~ve both to .mm~ and .body, are incons_ist- ,
ent, w;1th the habit of 1t. . . ,
··
. I~ .the ~hircl place! it bea_rs a' great ·afralogy .
Wt.th-<;.hasbty of s~nhment, and naturally in!p1res refined feelings and passion~. '\Ve find
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from experience, . that.througl1 the preyalence
of custom the most vicious actions lose their
borr~r by. being made · ftuniliar fo t1s. On the,
contrary, - those-who live .in. ~hc. 7 ncighborhqod.:
of good examples, Hy from the'iirst appearance·
of what is shockh1g .; and. thus pur~ ,a nd unsullied thoughts · are, nat~ua~ly suggestedto the
mind by those objects Jhat nerp~tually _encom~
1m~s us, w~~!1JJ1~y ar~ beau ti(~ l .~n~ ~leg~nt in~
their kind.-~--::·~;-~,~/:··_ -. · «. -· ·· .. · . .. - ··' ··
In tl~e ·' Ea~f;\v
the warnith .'. of_~ the climate makes cleanline~s more in1mediateh rie=· ·
cessary than in colder C(Hllllrie,s; i~ ~Sa p~rt
religfon : the Jewish law (as well as .the Ma.: ·
lwmetan, whic~1 in some thing~· c()pie~ after it/
is f_llled \vith - b~things, puiifications; anll other
~·i~es . o~ .th.~ like .n.at':1_rc._ ! ati.ll w.e . l'ead. several :.
1nJu~1cti~~r <?f ~his lun9-_1p the b~~k of Deuter- .

here -

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. , . ADDISON

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·. .·.I~~ ~~1~l\;i~t~i:1u~~~¥i:i~~t~i~·~i~~?J~~?:·. ;,

1·. o,7~~fti?t:;~~f;.~:~~~~l~~;;~. ,~:~;:E:,,,,·;;;:.~ . : :;~

~ The wbole.-:strµc_tur_e ~~f\our u·atJii'.~~ ·'. a4(JJJ~~·~. ;'. ;""i;
-· - who1e·'. condiH({ii~·~t.=~-ur::being'-:.~-p1:~fv,e 1JlfoJ1.toU~f .:<j;:

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. . body;,and~~(t~{e:~t·~~ii}i~fs79~l~'~Ji,~!~d{ard'in~~- ,. ..:
strum.e n ts ·_ of action,:~ .andi. 3,~l\l:~.Ji;t9.~§.i'::~JP-Plt?Y~.ct , . ,;;

·in the ''igm;ot1s1~1itsuifi~fJ!ifl'ilPi!i:~l' · ._/ ~t i!3J>ri~~~'.i.0~:j[i
1

1~tby: ~Q11.stai\:~1~~~1~.~~J~~tt~~~t~t~}ei~~¥U°,'ve~~·; R~i-~~i~ : ~I~
be preserved ·.in, a "_ soundc:.~~nd,J~.1t~}thft~l~sJaJ~.:: :e- ;;
. -.. . 1~ tl1.e .yo,dy be~suffere~JP:·)::;~c J#.fi~#)o,i~g :~!i~J!_tit~~~ ,:: . 1'.

.r.I ..

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it '~.ill lo~e , i~s strerig~h ~; ~~~~ bec;()~~-~·-:~)P,~~y~,t:~:· .'_ . ):'.
disease ·; , at the same time ·t,h'e ·menfa;1'.f:t~ll:lt~~s-- . · \
will be sn\dually enfoebi.eu~ and .the ..w.holc fa...
.
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. ~·

70
hric of' human happiness be mulcrmincd by
fretfulness a n<l splecu. lt is, on the coutr::ry,
a matter
constant experi.ence, that a regular
com•se of bmlil y exerniseis conducive to health,
exhileratcs the spirits, and contributes to tlic
easy and successful employm ent of the intellectual po wers.
·
.
·
'rhe frequent application of the mind to study, establishes a habit of thinking, which ren-

of

ders it easy and pleasant to engage in. any
kind of scientific or literary pur~uit ; whereas
a miu<l w)1ich. remaii)$ long uuemploye<l, loses

its capacity and vigour, and sinks into languor
.and stupidity. As the ea rth, if it he indus triously cultivated_. will produce fruits in rich a-

bundance, hut, if it be suffered to lie long un ..
tilled, will b.e over- run with weeds, which will
be r ank in propor tion to the richness of the
soil ; so the - human iµind, if cultivated with
great' assiduity, will yield a plentiful harvest
of knowledge and wisdom ; but if neglected,
will so{)n be overspread with the weec's of er1·or and folly : and tt,e. poison0Qs1:weeds · -w ill
spring up in the greatest abuiluance in . those
minds which are by nature capa ble of produc·ing the most excellent fruits.
.
·. 'ro a mind thus corrupted by indolence the
w ords of S olomon m(ty be applied : · " I went
by the field of the 8loll1ful, and hy the vineyard
of the man -void of uncl erstandi,ig, and lo ! it
was all grown over with thorns., and_nettles
Imel cover ed the faee thereof." 'rhe unques tionable truth is, tlrn t man is made for action ;
and his. fa1;u.lties, like metalic instrumentsi if

- 71 they be :not1~biished "\Y.~q~ ~ using, , wULbe __cou• sumetl •with the rust ()f u1clolence.
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RELIOIOL'il 'INTOliERANCE,

ENFIELD..

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Christians were permittecl to reside in a large
portion of _A ra~ia , be.cause the cities. of ~lecctt
and ~ledina form ed a part of it. Neith er J CW S
nor Christi:u1s· arc allowed to be present in E~ypt, at We openipg of the canals of the N' ilc,
l est hy t heir impuri ty, they should prevent the
overflowing of its waters.
·
... 'rhc ~1 o hammcdans arc unjus t toward s th e
Christians. antl the Christians towards the
~1 o l rnm1!1e(lans.
No T urk c\·er entertainell
the least doubt conccming the unity of the
G odh ead; and yet they have been accu~c 1 l of
wors hipping the stars, and in mauy Christian
hooks they are tennctl Pagans.
Thus mankind. more or less, shun atHl
despise, ridicule arul cnndenrn, one another,
beci1use .P.acl1 professes the only saving religion. . Thus t he cru ~:ules swept away two
.m ill ions of co mbatan ts ; a n <l they we re undet·~
t a ken in the true spirit of intolerance. for the
extermination of intl!lels ~ ancl for a conlhmatiou
and extension of the tme fait.h.
T'lrns ha vc
pri nces hccn stimulated to convert the world
i n to a hell . and in the name of :t God of mercy
to persecute arnl torment those whom they
ought tu have tn·nfr<l with lm·c n.rHl comp:tssion. \Vhoever i11rnµ;i11cs that anoLhei· caunot
possibly he a virtuous man who does not beli1-.ve all that he believes ; whoever conflemns
.all tlu)se whose wav of thinkin~ in rPliµ;ious
matters , floes not ~oncspond ,; ith ·his;':'\vill
na lurally be an enemy to the greatest p:trf
his species.
·
.·
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.' , ~[en ought not thus lig htly to condemn eadt

of

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other. '\Ve shall be judged hy a Golr_
of ~u,:·c , ;
h e w i}l j u dg(u.s·:·~l"cCo~;i.li ng ·,t_o Jl)~.~J:t~q1f~i~~:ss-­
and sincerity· ,:1th:'wlncl~ .w~ , :3,,~~~e . h_rn~ : -"''Jl:l~~<:
hope of sal vatwn is not grounded on .t mau .s
faith, hut on his ' sincerity; irot o·'n his opinioii~i
a1ul knowledge, but 011. the worth~ness, purity,
and intcg t~ity ~f his l~e.art ahtl lif~ < . .. . .. .. _
ZIMMERMANN.
CIU1U1'Y.

Charity is the chief characteristic of a virtuous and liberal mind. It combines almost
every good quality which can ::uloi·n the lutman
hea1.'t, and exclu<les the vices ani.l failii1gs
which are in-;eparal>le frmn an unkind disposition .
The relief of \Vant ai1t1 -\vretcheclness, al .
thou~h in itself n1m·itorious; ·yd forms only a _
small part or this excellent attribute. ·· Neither·
envy, pride, ahg;er, or falsehood, can exist iu
the same b1Tast 'vith charity : Lut forbearance,
humility, mildness ancl truth, are amongst its
necessary constituents. Every character which
is admii·ed for the pi·actice of those virtues c
which make indivicluals amiable and interesting;, teaches the value aml ' exc~llcl1cc (,f this
transcendent (Frnlity.
The good Si1i1'i1i·ititfr
·. is the subject of universal in~iiisc ; _:tt'H.l th~
spontaneous goml nature which he tli~tflaycCl
' toward the \ 1 icti111·of c.hiClty i~ .· e111 lfa'i1r.ecl by_
· :.:: coi1tr'a sf with the tit1fee.lil1g ·indiffefciice' of the
· 1)harisee arid levih~. :But the 1o'r'Vivit10:'fc1np' ef..
"
b
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the genei·oiis affection, tlic l'igi1l fi<leUty,. aiid

patient sufferiJigs' of

Jose'pll";
G

e'xl11b'it

clial'ity

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ihey contemplate
life as an enchantin~
scene, . inviting ,to action, pregnant with \lleas~
ure, and rich in hope ; an cl they wonde1· at ,the
JlCeV islmess arifl \)Cl'Verseness ofthose Who can
find in the world nothing but causes of vexa·' tion and complaint.
·
.
· . '~ 9pens in each heart a little ,heav' n."
Such is human life i n prospect.· '_ Let ~snow
!Je is hkc U~e m~atulerin~ stream, tranquil in
for a moment consider how it a1Jpcars to those
1tse1f; :u~cl cldTusrng hmtlU1 and frrtility whithwho view it in ref'l•ospect.
ersocvcr it flows.
ll1Pl'INGJIAM.
The gay illusions of youthful fancy are now
all vanished: 'Through life they have m~t with
YOCT IT A~D Af:E •
many disappointments, perhaps with many
!~l young persons life commonly appears a
heavj' calamities. Plans which promised great
~hmrng aml flower~ spring, which yiel<ls a
things have failed. ·Those in whom they conthous~nd present delif;hts, and promises a sumfitlcd have deserted tliem. With this appear~
mer nch1y laden with precious fruits
;rhcy
ailce uf the ui1eei·tainty :.uul Y~nity Qf all earth· Jiayc heard, indeed, that it sometimes happe1;s
ly possessions, they_ are at length arrive<l at
th~tt storms and tempL~sts rise to darken the
the period when yonthful strength anll beauty
hnghtcst ~·ky ; and they are tolcl that the snman>. cxchange1l for feebleness an<\ c.leformity1u c r au d au tn mn of mature li fc must lJc at
when the senses arc benumbed, aml desire
lengt Ii succeeded hy the µ;loomy \Yintcr of
fails.
~ge : hut Owy think it ~\'11011,y 1111ncc.essary to
The companions of their yo11th having droptlamp the ~r<lour o.f their present pursuits IJy
pc<l, oue after anotheL·, into the grave, what
turnmg thcll' attcnLJon to events apparently so
woncler if at four score they ask:;-Where ·is
i·ernotc.
·
the world into which we were born ? What
From these anll otheT causes youn er 1>eo1.1le
wonclc.r if, with all thei1· own experience of
.
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en.t er up~n! 11 ~~ w1.U1 the most sanguiue expedm isfortune, and with their long observation of
:"tions ui mHlrns m every event an inexhaustthe ills of life, the worhl should a1lpear to th em.
ible fuml of delight, aml of seeing all their
a dreary wihlerness?
·
schemes and enterprises crownell with success
If the former of these views ·
life he too
'rhey ~ehold F~mc standing i·cady to sound
gay, the latter is certainly too gloom.y. , 'l"lrn
the pra1~~ of then· talents au<l merit, and ~"or­
true medium is tbe aspect under whid1 life is
tun~ wa1trn~ to reward their industry. Thus
seen at the milhlle station, iu passing . from
·delighted with themselves and their prospects,
youth to
Hy the hr.lp of long experience
in the extensive and affcctiug views which every good man is anxious to attain.'
• Blcss~~t ancl happy is he, who is succcssfu l
~n the a!mable ambition of iuheritin§:; that q ual1ty: wluch, to use the beautiful la1w11a•,.c of
Pr10r.
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· a1~d q >al re!l cdi~rn, it is clearly ascert1-1incd that
tJus. worl<l .1s nc1th,er a paradise of flo\vers nor
a w1l<lern;ess of thorns ; tha.t thou o·h trouble
and sorrow i~re the common "lot of m~rLils, this
sad <~ccount is, through 1he bounty of Divin e
P1:ov1dence, commo1.1~Y ~ar ove1·balanccd by
en~oyments :u1<l t)l'<illi1 cai10ns of various kinds
annual, socia~, and intellectual.
ENFIELD. '
TH E DUT Y Of<' PIL\I S F. AND rfIJANK SG IYIN(i.

'J;l~e t}u,ty Qf pra,i se ~.1},tl, th,h1 k sgi vin g is, a
clebt .an.<l ,l a1'Yr o( ?Pr W!.t:ux~. · We had 'such
fB:C~l~t.!:~ p,; be,s,t(l~~:ed on_Uf, by o.u r~ C1·eator,' as
lJ1~U~e. Up . ~t\}}il-bl,e of s.a,ti s(yiug this. d,e ht. and Q·
IJ~y1pg .tb,1~. 1,~W; ant,, .t.h.e y never, _therefo1:e,
~H1· ~_mp1oJ~ed, mQJ'e I}atqrally than in this occupatian. Wl~en God _Juul finislied that g<)od ~
ly frame of thm g s winch we call tlu> world
~nd put. to_geth~r th~ seYeral parts of it accord~
~ng : to lus rnfimte wisdom . there was still w a ntrng a creature. in these lo\-ver regio11s, that
c_o uhl ap~r ehe nd th_e b eau ty, orll er a.nd exqui.
~1te c onti:1:nn ~e of 1t : that, from con templating the_JJ.;Jft. mig ht b e able to raise itself to th e
great (.JIYcrJ and do l1ononr to all Ilis dLl'i bntes.
Every thin g, i nd eed, th at G od madr, did in
so me sense g lorify i ts aull10r . i 11 asmud1. as it
c a rrie~ upon it the phi n mark 1111<1 i 111 l;1·ess of
th_e Deity, an d was a n cifl"ct w orth y of that
F~rst C ause from wh ich it flowed ; and thus.
lmght the heavens .he •said, at the first mo ..
n~cnt in which th ey stoml forth, to" dee]are
Ins glory. and the firmam ent . to show bis han . ,
dywork."
··

But. this was an imperfect and defective glo ..
ry ; the sign could be no signification l~.ei~e b.elow, while there .-.;\Yg.s na o~e .to,:, t-a~~ poticepfi~ ...
Man , th erefo1·e ·:r. \Vas ~ forme~ . :Jo~~. supply t1ns.
want ; end ue d with powers :tu.find out and to
acknowlellge these unlimitell perfections : · and
the n put into ' thi'3 temple of God, t_h is lower
world, a s the pri~st -of n a ture, t~ offer: tlp the
incen s~ of than}is and: p raise for ~)1e mute and

ins_ensible. part.of. the _ci:eation . .--- ~ _· · ~.

·

This d uty -of·'.tlianksgiving takes the 'surer
hoh\ of us by that s trong bent towar<ls grntf ..
tulle which the Author of o'ur nature has implanted in it. ·--.--rhe1~e .is not a uiore ~ctive prin~
ciple than this in the min,d of man ; and surely t hnt which.dcservesits .utmost force5s God, ,
· the g1~e at ~~nd ,uni v~rsal ben~f,actor, ·from, whom
alone · we .received w hat ever·\ve _e ith er h ave or
are , and to whom '. ,:Ve · ~·an ,repay, nothing bl1:t
our praises and.thanksgiving : to whom there".' ,
fore be glory and pr~ise · for ever !
_

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ATTERBURY.

. COilil\lON HONESTY.

It cannot surely . be denied, .that the quality
which pervades·every part of -human life, aml
tern\s immetliatcly t~ render it secure, comfort.
able, and lwnonrable; is , itself one of the.
most honourable which can he possessed hy a
lmman creature : . and such is that uncelebrat-_
eel virtue, \J\ai,n. u uas~.u ~ing ._moral honesty •
.Without it, ·..s.o~i e ty~-. is _a._,, den of thieves, anl\
men a re to each other ~w'o l ves an d foxe.s. ,.: ., ·

.~~v~ry da,y's ·e~p~ri~~e.e -~vinces.. thejti.stness

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of ~hat . r~pres~n~ation in the ·S criptures, in
wlnch it is . said~ that the heart is d eceitful
above all things, who can know it? Jn the
most trifli ng .iuterco.ursc: where n either pleasure 1.10r proht .arc m 11~cw, the propensity to
t1.ccc1t appea.rs m the l.1Ule promises, profcss w us, compluneuts, winch arc mutually made
usually. lrithout any sincerity of regant :1ml
often with real and inveterate aversion. But
where interest is in view, the machinations
made u se of for the accomplishment of mean
and mercenary purposes are often such as
might characterise an infernal agent. . · Plausibility is; at the same time; worn as ·a cloak •
3;Dd.he·_who has a design on your purse, you;
. hfe, or your country, will assume all the appearai1ce of cordial friendship . anll unpolluteu
honom•~ It is well ' k~nown, that· the graces;
the agreeable qualities, as they are called, an cl
the appearance of the ·· most amiable virtues,
have been possessed in · perfection by men
, ~ho finisht1d t~eir lives with ignominy as vic.t ims of the la\'~· · ·
.
· Indeed, this comn:lou honesty, as it is named, is far less common than our pride is wil-·
ling to suppose : hut if it could be introduced
in all the employments of life, the golden age
would be restored.
, ·
· ·
Early and late, by night aml by day~ in season '., ml ou~ of season, a~ the bt.ripture stroni.;ly
exprt>sses 1t. l would ·inculcate the justrl,mark
of the moral_poet. that an~ionest man is· th e> ~lO·
.lllest work of God~
·
KN ox.

, . , .. ~lOJ)ESTY AND ASSURANCE•

I' know no two words .. that have hecn. more
abused by the different and ,wrong; inte1~preta­
tions pt.it upon them, than these · two, 'l\'l otlcst.'-;
and Assurance ; aml shall therefore etideavot·
to restore them to their true meaning, to prevent the idea of modesty. from being confoundecl with ' t hat; of sheepishness, and to hinder
impuden ce. from passing for assurance.
I clefine moclesty to be the , reflection or an
ingenuous · mind ~ , when a in an has committed
an action for which · he eith er cens ures himself, or fancies · ·th at he · is exposed.' to the cen. sure· of otliers. For this: .re ason ; a man tr uly
modest: is ' as ·much· so ,_when ; he: is· afone ~ as in
com'pany " {~ncl; as i subjectl"to ; _a r blush- in his
· cl'o~et;. · as ~, .\iv.lien· ;:,Ute'·:!.e~.es '_OD : multitudes~ a re
· Uponhim.·r. t:~: ~ ·i~~'. .:'~:._:. <,:;_~;~-:. ; •·~·-·.·~'.1 · .. ;,_. ·., · ' < ;;:- ·~
· 1: take ,assurance_..to be.the'facµlty of a inan;s .
possessing· hi'ln.~elf~" or o,f; sayi,ng:. a~d1 .doing ' in:different things·without.anyJuneasiness,or enio ..
ti on ii1 tlre · mitllli · · 'rliat which gen~ral1y g~ves
a :man · 'assurance/ 'is' a: moder_ate: ltnuwleclg~: of
the world:·; ; btitrauo·v.e••all, :!· a; miriit/tixed:~ 'a nd
· determined{in itsel( .to_.do' nothing ' ~gainst : the
i·ttles of honour anll;d ecency.>.:·: ··\ ·c·
"" ·
An open.an cl assui·ecl : beh:p}o';lr. !s: tlie natural "co.l1sequence ofsucb ,a i.resolution L · Atman
.t lius ·armed;· if : his· word'SmrJ actions.-be i at any
·~ime · inis\;e11r.~ se~n.ted ~- ~,~ti1:es). ~.~~hiru. bims~lr, ·
and from a consciousness ~f :h1s iownn nte@rity;
assumes 'force' '(-.nough'. td;d~~pi~.e tbe-)itt~e ccn­
sures of iio-norance:or
·'. malice~'<:
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Evel'y one ought .to encourage in himself the
modesty · antl as:5m~ance which I have,. here
mentio~ed. A man without this assuranc~~ is

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lervals .fropi .the. cr_t!lllt,\:,t~Jb.e: grave ,in wlii~4
fe ar s and mor lificat.io.11.~~fl!'e.\not j o_b c fou 1Ht ;·:j:] t ·
is therefore :no ~wondei~:that contentment should
h~~ ·t he i~;tcyoii~ haven. ~or'evej~,Y~p~t~:~it •.· .~:rf1~·~
luslor r o f the world , rn p,r e seuhn~ ~ ,.,the s tru g - c
gl es
compdi.tion , on 1,Y 1lispht)'S' the caµ:cr ness and rcsolu lion· with ·.\v.liich~ ni,\._nkiiHl°'li~tve

liable to · be made uneasy by the folly or ill
nature of every one he converses with ; a man: . .
without modesty is los t to all s_e nse of honor
and virtue.
F1·om what has been said, it is plain that
modesty au~ assurance are both amiable qual- .
~ oµg ~1,t to , ,9;vtj r ~ o,u.e::Lthe~~l>~ t~~sl~,s ~ f~ _,,tp11~c1 1~il
ty. And; ·alth~>u gltJh~ ..plul~s~tphei:s ~; of . every
ities, aml may very well meet in the same per~
son. \Vhe n they ar e t hus mixed and blendetl
a,g,c, ine;l,llcatp ,, t,\vtt~tJ,1jf.·r §~!il·~,: ~f, f~'~i,ipJ)s,,.~\! !.t.}J,i,1~
th~
.r each of a;ll, yet .i:n . ~v1:l'Y . con<l 1t.1.m:i ,<:f \xi st~,
together, they compose what we endeavour t o
cn~ e we find it is, or._is.. tho ~1 ght t0)l~r;, .a. flr,,i; ,tiug
express when we say a modest assurance; liy
f
(w~m.
never-to. L.~ . attained .. .. Yet surely ·· s(Hue~
which we uutlerstautl the just mcauing het\\·cc~
bashful ness and imp mle ncc.
lm~Ju.l suggesJious~ , may.. b.e .made by, co_t~1pa.ri~,
.
~011 . with the · state of oll11·rs., . '\Vliy will not
I slrnll conclude with ubsci·ving,;, that as the
CllYV au<l. amhit.11))) '.:1!_'-'_B ~;_u :;!icd .\vid1 'C01!) 1 ~ 0 same · man ma.y be lwth moclest a1Hl as5urcd, so
. .--,. . . . .
it is also possible for the same person to be
t~ n ~e~· r :;\ ¥.Hy dQes·:t ht'r:poer..:man•r.epin~··,when'
b oth impudent and bashful. 'Ve lrnxe fre he pcre.civcs the s till '\>oorei\tha.1i \1im'...?,~~- . :\Vh ~~
r1 uent instances of this strange mixture in peotlO' ohj ects .<listu1JJ ~1.sto, w,hi~h \~-~·. lli:i g,h t.Le in~r · .., rn:~
ple of depraved minds and mean education ;
(lifferent withouUhJP.i'y,: : or:da.ti.g~-~· )~; ...,)~e . i:n~ke. , .~rm:
who, though tl1ey are not able to .meet a man's
ourselves · miserable·by 1 ,trifles~'.· antl~though~su1i-~ · ::.: W'
~yes,
pronounce ~ sei1tence without confui~~uncled byi all' the • ingrecli~nts . to: comfor.t, ..~x-~·: ·:·(;~ ~
sion, can voluntarily commit the grea.t est vil' elai~ 1 in:.theilike:~pi_~HAot~. ~~:rµan.):l.f:y:e~i. a~J,thi.~; : Ji:
lanies, or the most indecent actions . ·
. avaUetlvmc: . 11oth1ng .sq: l 9~g ; _a~. 1' se,e )\~ orde~a1 1
ADDISON ..
. the \Jew~ a,t;\:the:.King ·s1·,ga,t~:~~ ':~}' ~~,9u,hL \Ve.:p,u t:
· consider;·' that:after,w.e ·. ha:v~i 9Y;~!':~q~~ :~_he1 1m.~ .
CONTEN'l'l\fENT.
nginary ' obsta,cles ~ fo , (»~n:1frepo~e·,~.t1 .; ~'1!ind, ~, ~~:
The object of all human exertions is con.
should stilli i,hid•1 , so1~e :,fre~fr::~~(>l;ir~~j~~f;'dis<wn~~ ·_
tentment-that tranquil state of mind in which
, ·tent:; · prudence i:dnd~· r.eas9n~:;WQ~1l~l.\~pj oin: 11.~ t.~/
1
the agitations of anxiety and disappointmept
lie contenti · ~· ,v e.; 'should thcif:it'tts.t~ ~ t~i !; ple~~.;/
arenolongerfelt. · .· ,· . . ·..
.
. .
ures :·which our:; cii·cum~ta:Q.~;es}iwll~t~v.f!f ~ th~y~.
~rhe life of man is generally a series of.con.

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:lict and uneasiness, and there are but few in-

mayJ:IJe/ _c~~: ~ffo~:d: ;;:':~n~~f0f.Hh·i. ~~. ~ ~~np:e~.t".:~i .

by. piety: a lid . .r~s1gnatlon ,~ ,a;chlress: ptJ.~sel':es,; ·- ·
nuder every calamity, to the Authu1» of: exist~

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,'rhese . ~r:e:fl~~t,i!J~s_;~.~~,a~~ "9.,s ,}hat th~ ~:x~~l- . "· !!~
1c1~ce · ~f ·, RP,Pf?·t;e,.J.~1 );~,~~1~~~; ; ·:~1\a~}~~ }y~n~ · .ir

'encc, in those words ~ eq u~lly sacrell antl s ttitable, " thy will be done."

of it,does not -1nd1cat.e .:i,Jmcl... l1cart, · or a: weak .
understanding-; .. an,d that..ik~ay. bc employed
-either as a most _useful, o~· _ a· most disgraceful
'l~alific,ation .
' .. · ~lIPPINGHAM.
.

COl'll \GP..

C onra~c

is that luhit of mind which suffers
no dismay amidst. •la.1u~er.
This qnality obta,ins µ;cncral :ul mir:ition :
not only lw.cnuse it is the son rec of hProi-.m ;
bnt also a~ it is the characteri s tic of those" who
guanl the community from foreign hostility.

• . ON OUH. KNOWLEDGE 01<'. A

FUTURE STA1'E,

Our knowledge -of -- a - future ~- world is very
imperf~ct ; . our _ide~§ · .9..f..J.t ~re ,f~int and con fused :'. -'1-Iappy '· mornents~.;;: indeed '-:tlien~ · some~
. times arc iu the lin~s of pious men, v1'11en, se ..

Pc rh:ips there is nn other endowment which
more immP<lialcly leads tu honorable <listincti on than this. The ll iIDCs of conquerors stancl
first in the memory of mankind : their fame is
least coeval with tha.t of thcit- country. I!!..
Englantl, we venerate the names of Milton and

at

Shakespeare, of Newton and Locke ; but to
the remains and memory of N Clson, vencra~
tion is lost in genera\ enthusiastic devotioQ.~
, -But' there are · nevertheless some circum.
,_
stances, to which~ in considering this subject~ · ·:
_a llis'p;~ssionate mind cannot be insensible.~
'"
'rhe first is, that as courage is a natural en- " ;'
dowment, and cannot be acquirefl: · so no de.r
gradation should be attached to those who cannot boast that they possess it. · It · may also
,.
be observed, that though courage is an useful , .. ::
quality, it is not of itself eithet' virtuous or ami- {.
. ~ble : and though It·may lead to glory, and
. eontdbut~ to national security : yet if may al- ' '
so 'be employecl in the vilest occup ation~-in
. those disgraceful habits, w bich reduce man to
·;:
.a. comlitiou _of brutal ferocity .. ·
.- .

questcrcd from worl<1ly cares, and borne up on
the wings of divine contemplation. they rise to
a near a1i<l transporting view of immortal !;lory. But such efforts of the mind are rare,
ari'd ·caunof1oug : be supported. --~ · ·- When the
spirit -of meditatio1i · subsides; thiS- :lively sense
. of. a.future s1tate !lecays ;_::_ and .: t1J.01igh the _gen.:.
eral ~elief_of :· ir:_remain, ··yet even · go,od men,

when .they :l'eturn to.· the ordinary business aull
. cares of life, seem to rejoin · the multitude,- and
to re.assume ,the , sa~1e ;hopes_, ancffears., 'and · > i
interests~~ whi~hJ11:flu'~n~~e · th~ rest of the 'Y.Qrld:· ~ . ":·. :1
, Undf:r tl.rn ~~~e o(_tl1~ : ~l~1gl~ty, our-educa"'.
:q
· tion is iiow· g:o,\~ g~mi~'!Ji,:o~ :r~< !llm;t~.1 t~: an 'im'. ,~
~ortal stat,e •.1 '{!\-~ .1.i_iu~h l.1~.h~ I!!,J.~tm upon us,
~~.
as we can - h,ear ~ · ~1thof:It '• InJ~ll'y;~f ~Wlien the
objec.ts ?ec9~e.· too·~.-~:plen~i<l a1id~~~~,71l~ng ~?r
our sight,, th~· curt_~!~ is dr_a wn . .\(-·<' }• ~·.: · · ·/ ·. ·, -~, :;
The great 4esigo of_all t~~:;n,owledge ·~ and ,
in particular of the 'reli_gi~u~ k~~-'Yl~~g.e ,~,whic11: God hath afforded us, .1s·, to· j~t US· fqr d~s~~arg.: ·
.ing the · ~uties of life! >Jf.)he. diiS~overywere
1
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'· ~ ·~ ~

-:, . . . :~~,·~ ·: :~" -~,< ,:

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• •

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.:· ,

84
more imperfect, it wouhl excite no clesire of
immortality
; if it wei'e more
o.
. full and strikin <:)'
it woul<l renclcr t1s careless of life.
llLAIR.

.

,.

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.

:~.'; ; : ,~·- ·. . · ': .·'"-: ·1.··::'Lr:--;~L
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,, -· · ·:-- · 'l'ilE DAN;_GER OF 'K;eEP:ING n'.AUCOAlPAN.x~ n<: ·; .. ·.'

. . ' . ;· t>~-~ - ;.:::;_ ,; .~·: , i . ; ·,;:: ,;;-{;1·1 : 17.~·... ;. ;~ .· < ._-._-' :. '/ '
!~e -clang~r of keep~t•g: J>~d, ~. o,mpany, :µ1ise~,, "

pr1'flc1pally ,from· o"'r. ·; aptncs~ ' to ; irii~ta~e._'. , aulf.'
~·: :catch the: mannei·s , a-qlt is.enhmen,l!ii .. Qf :othees • .
~-- ~.n our: t.MHliesLyou,thAh~ ;cpntag\oRof,~~anners .·

.

_...... ~-·

.,,?...-_';,

,-,...,..,

1

HOPE.

. ~01.rn, even. though m~supporte1l hy probalJihty is the cluef source of human happiness.
~n the da_ys. of adversity it sheds a benignant
!1ght_to d1ss1pate (\espon<.lency: in prosperity,
it porn ts to some unseen s1lhere, in which prosllerity itself shines yet more brigl1tly.
There is a pleasure fo anticipation, which
often · surpasses that of possession : for it is
un~lloyed by the satiety and disappointme~1ts
wluch often accompany the completion of :mir
wishes. In the affairs of life, pcrseveranc-: is
supported by the expectation of success. The
cares of parental solicitude are _beguiled by
the prospect of the ·infant's fulnre years.
l~ven the wandering mcdicant, when he be .
-holds comforts which .he cannot.partake feels
some con~olation in the thought, that he may
yet be as blessed as othei·s.
·But in those awful conditions when the
worltl ceases to amuse or flatter ; when all
· sublunary bliss, Jades even to ;expectation,
· Hope attends the couch of, death, and points
to ' ' another an(l a better .world." Like the
breeze \vhieh wafts the , gli<lin!!; vessei, it car1·ies ' us forward tlirough life; at1d g.uilles us at
last tu an. halcydn ba-ven.
. RtPPlNGHAJIJ,

·~ ~s ol>se~vahle ~;f~J~: ~e.b_ oy .l:e.t.inc~rmble :rir, l~av~,:

, n~g _ anylea.rn.1:1~g · IJl.f'faJ,l~ct 1_11.,to h!~.fw; e ,easily ,
< d~scover fr_o1:11 lus. ~r.~t acho:11s, an~1p;ld~ .~tt,e,m pts 7'
, at Jangu~ge ,_ the: ku~d : ~f p;~rsqns \"..i~lt~hpnr he ,,
. 11~s b~e1! .bro~ght .llPi : ·~-~.e see th~· eq,r.ly,;_~p!·ing ,~ ·_
:- of,a1 . c1v1hze_d: .e~u~;~t~on,: qi· the _first,w1lclshoots i·' ·_
;··_ of.rusticity.:; .~ ~~ ·.;; 1 f~ .I :;··;·i 1 ·,~·( :.._.;}~<: ;,<>-'. ~;\~~~;~;}:>;{; ;,- .~:;:~ :·
__ . .A..s he enters further. j?-t9) ,ife>.his ,.behav!c>ur_, ~-.:
manners, and cJ1nv~rs_at,01;1,:,,aU,. ;take -their cast :' ... from .: -~t~i~~:romp:~:~Y1. h~ i' ke.e{1t~· : ;'. : :, Qb~e_r"v.~ :: th~-:~ ~
.;;
11easant,.}an_d :the:~:man~,q£,teducation·~:-~~ the- (lif_ ; ~·. --· __ ____;
'_ ference is.- striki~g~ , ~:· Ai1d- yet God.has·b~si:~~v.~'-- · _._,_'. ~~­
. cd eq_ual talents on' each· : - the - 01ily ~ differ• •.~ ·
ence is, they; · have b.eeu throw:n into different ·
' scenes of·life/and .. have ·had'. commerce - with ·'~-. l)erso~is of <liffe1'.ent statipns. :'. . .~. ·. · - · ·· ·
_
Norare:mai!.luers. ~n~._1Jeliavfo,?r7_ ~lor~:: e~~Ji"y~ .__ ·ea~ight, ..,t han, -~pinions- a~1d- - prn~c1plest . In.- ·
'. clul?boo(l antF y<)uth-· we/ n~tura;Jly,-- adopt the .~ -- · - - ~
'.: sentim.e:n~s -of (h_ose · ab.out ~ UfVi r tin.~1 - as -;~ve __ ad..,: : .
: ;"' va1~~e n1 ·l~fe;:ltoiWJew,9f.us1 thiuk,~fpr; ~:rnts_el v:es !~~:;··;_,~;;;~
1

~ ~ _h()~v:many.:.of:_.us,cai~e'. satis~-~d, ~, ~t-itli=~ *ak~ng:Our;;_;=:_-:,:~~!
, _op1mons at second::liand •.-.: -;_, ,,;~ c:- -"--~-- -~' '-';> - 0

-

'

··

: ~, __ ·-~~ The great pow.er:or ¢u.stom ."fo11ll;ls_. a,uot.he1;~~i~::;· -~-- ,..
~; _ guiµ~nt against keeping bad ~c?mi1any. ,-:~~.H(nv ~·~ -- : -" ~ever _sh?.cked we ~ay be ~t the first a1,prOache~t
·

~

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_., . _!_, _.., __.... ~ ·-···.··

86

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87

·:i;:~l~:~~r.;~1~:r~~.l~;:~~~r~~~~~:~i:~:~!!~ ,.;.· :.~: .,;,:':',2::,.:,:;;~~\-'.t~~·~~. :?.:!;t~:::l·':·:·::::.'.•.1

au d this i.s indeed a. kind lll'ovision· of Nature,
· ~ /;~r.11~'::dis~olutio·u of- corporaL,e.xistence,, is re
to ' rendei~ labour, am1 to,il, and danger, · which , · , , .- subjeCt ' Of ~ instructive"considel·ation •..'!.As'. it is
are the 'lot of a· man more · easy to him .. , rrhe >-,;. .a,n · inev.itahie~ eventjL clain1s ,fhe _;wps_t , serious
rtt~v· ~oh.lier, who \remhlc~' at tl1~ ·first ·e!lcountcr, ~ , .: ....: · conte!Uplation;:; ;,so:. tl1at._jts .·. l;\pprol;l.ch~;'.nrny be
be~omcs a hardy veteran in' a few campaigns . .· { ;,-;· . felt ~ w.ithire'signation, .and .its ,,s~m~?ns obeye~l
ll<i biL \·enders clanger familiar, and of course · .... ,with cheerful )l9p.e ~·;::.:-::' ;<;. ::, ~; , :.). \·:·'.1(:~>-. :· ,: ···· ' ·
ii1tlifferent to him. .
. ·.
. . : . ;: ·~ . ' rrhis .' attenti,on:i_~ 1the}·in~r.e~ pruue11t,. siu~e it
;But "h~bit, which is intended for our good,
,is univ~rsally :. k110\vn "_tbat - the -visitat_ion of
· may, lilfe .Other kintl appointments of N atlue, · ;~ " death · is.'1;eceivecl :· ~ith feelings widely 'di:fferbc '' ctmverte<l into a mischief. .- ';'fhc·1 -\vcll-:dis'"
· ent. ~,_; When it:is_the .clos·e . of ·a, life: which has ·
J>0sed youth, entering ~rst ~nto bad co· rn·pa.ny~ · ·' ·~been' '.em'plo.yed,~ i~ ~it~tie antl :b,eneii~ence, ~t is
is sllocked 'at whal he sees and what -he hears.
.' distiligu'ishe~ .~ by 't1~~nquillity· : "but.-'whell' it is
'.fhe go0<i' principles which -lie had imbibed · . :"· . 3.t.I1e' terniinati.On. ·of ~ - c~areet of:vice, it is embit1·ing in' his ears au alarming lessen against the .
· ter,e<l:l(y'.:th,<(p~iQ,:~~1 :s~gg~st~ons.~.o~ remors~~
wicked1H'SS of his co1111mnions. ; . Ilut, alas ! ·: ". bf reilectio~1s :.qf.· ~::1nisspent~··-_u~profitable; and
thi'l sens ihility is only of a clay's continuance.
:disgraceful ' existence). · .-T he ~~at.lr' betl .of. ex'l.. he next jovial meeting makes the horrid piepiting 'yorth is consecrated by _ ~he tears .o f filt11i'e of yc~3tcrday more e:tsily endured. Virtue
ial piety ; · of' conjugal affection ; and ~rieud~
· is soon 01ou~ht a severe rule : · an inconvenient
:ship's solicitude. ' llut such endearments · sel. l'e !3.U;aint ; . a'- few, pangs of co~1science now and
<lom attend, and never can.ameliorate the last
then whisper to him, tlmt he once had better '' i.
mo'n1e1its ·of,, -\rice.'· .. The »retrospect ,of life · is ·
thoughts : but even these by degrees <lie away,
Llack'c ned_with gpilt ; tfre pyospect.of fuhl..rity
and he who at first. was shocked· even at the · ·· ·is' shadowe(l :w itl{foars.· . . Conscience .is n.rm ccl
-aptlearance of vice, is formed by custom into . .' : with _te~TOl'S "~ and the appalled·_vidinl- 'of self.
a profligate leader ·of vicious pleflsures. ··. 80
iniquity 'yiehls. the~ribt~te. 9f.,naturc iri the h~r·1rm~s :of convulsive : a·gony.'~o",Jv:· 1;~;. 1.·. ;:'i .'. . ,. ,'. 1 ,-. :.,<
catefully should we oppose the first approach- ' , ,
es of. sin ! so vigilant shouhl we be against · ·,: . ~/,;Yet far more formidable
jg the consider'a tion
1
so iusiclious ·all enemy .!
1''.
'
.\ ':'_,,;' ( of death if 1 -V1e;~ed :as· c
the co-mmencement: of 'a
G1LPIN. ,, ' ;;. ;(._ · .1rewi"state'. of '~xisten~e; 1,jn,., ~hi~h tl{(·tei10r 'of
.; '·
· ., , L:·; ·..;ni.tn:fal liJe 'is to he .the cdteri01rof fufore>niise·:: :/., :ry:.;·'.er ·1 bappine~s. i . -~Y,:et,·'L.SucJ{is·: th,~~ ~ode ' in
'ft~ ' '::.:.
·. .
. .':,·f 1/ :> ''
.

··~

which Christianity requires that human dissolution shou.l d be regarded.
. ~... or this awful event it behoves every one to
:be ready : :a nd since the hou1· in which it may
come upon us is uncettain, there ·is an indis ..
pensable necessity upon all mankind .to be pre ..
p~red for i~ · by virtuous and pious · Hviug~ ;· ~·' · . .
RlPPINGHA!\I.
ON TH~ NEGLECT OF EARLY IMPROVEMENT•

.

,; !
·,
.'
Wh~re ,j:s not ;a..,.gre-ater inl~t to misery and.

v1ces ·of -all ;kinds, than ,the not knowing how
pass our ·vacant ,h ours. -Ji""or what remains
to t>e ~ :~d~:me.i ,When ~ the ,first :part of .the.Jives of
. those· who ,a1·e not ,brought up ,to .any manual
-employment., .lias slippecl away' without an ac:quirecl relish for ·readit)g, -or taste for other
.rational satisfactions ?-- That they . should
. pursue · their ~ plea.Sures ?-But; i·eligion apart,,.
._conunotLp1·u<le1rce will \varn them to tie up the
.wlrnel as they begin to go .d own th~ hill of
~to

:l-ife. - - ·

.. -

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~

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·

Shall -,tbey ·then .- apply themselves to their
studies '? Alas ! the seed-time is airea<lv
past ; the enterprising and spirited ardour ;f
youth being over, without having been applied
.to those valuable · purposes for · which it was ,
given, all an1bition of excelling upon generous
·and'laudable sclrnmes -c1uite stagnates. Ifthey
;Jiave not . some i10or ·ex11eclient to dec~i \'..e the
'tim~, , 01·; to speak more p1•operly, to dcbei ve ·
- themselves; the length of a d·a y win seem te~' 1<1~~~. t:o those '\'ho llcrbat>.~ have th.e tuu·easoni". ,
•

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_ ,,

-'.·~- ~ <' ~~_.;_~~~~4tt ·:_;:.-~ ,: - :~·;~~.:'·: --~~~;:,~_,: '~: -~ " ::·.~-~~
grom.Hl"; a soul'·dis . · ·=~. -: ~uiei'r,·min:ds,.:·e~hihi(~~'. ~~~-E{tb~;~~h~~y(~fr.'~e;~~ - _;_:~ ;

9Q~

- :-~ ~

'°-;~ide

f

tract -~f uncultivated
, ~ell;1pcred, with spleen, remorse, and insensibil- ·. ~,
1ty of ,each ratiorial satisfaction, darkens and ,
disc~lors ever~ object. 'l'he cl~ange is not in
the times, hut Jn tliem who have been forsaken
by those gratifications which they 'w ould not

=·s;:v~ra1ice.',.':~-~ ~lomifaiiis~~- hav.e".'~.bee.~r~1e,v£lled,.

, an"<-Lvas_t ,-~ 'a:queducts ·have ~been .·made,. byTe:peate-d:Strokes of the ;pick-axe-and • spatl~ . ; :yet
!if the:sirigle ;· operation of either· instrument -be
· compared,with the effect which pel'severance
Jia~ ~ma~lethem aCCOID}llish, ·a . m~xture of -WOU;.: der .a nd ~ emulation -must-ensue. ;..;,Such .exam-p}es ·teach..i despair ,how ... ,much .may ·be overcome hy --resolution' ; ·an_d-·- thateve.n in competitious, the ·,weaker -and·less eli~ihle,m~y, ·like
the tortoise, _whose rerseverancc surpassed the
. swiftness of the ; b~ire, conquer -the aJ~parent
. auvantitges' by ·which they ,may 1be •Opposed.
'I" here .is anothet· ~ consideration: . to ,which no
:. one sho~id .: be ~ :il~sensiul.e•: ; 'it :is this; :. that.
_ -, _ )"pe1~~~y~r~~~e~~f~11ly::goe~. ~ fa1~ to, insure ·suc-, . :_. -~ess;\ but.UU:lio7robt~1:1s ,~10~0~~- ·for 1 thos~;~vho,

forsake.

- . ~-

How much otherwise is it with those who
}iavc treasure~ up au inexhaustible fund of
knowledg_e ! . 'Vhen a man 1Hs been laying_·
~:mt that time Ill the pursuit of some great and
Important truth, which others waste iu a circle
~f gay . follies~ he is conscious •of havinD' acted
'up to the'.i lignity
his nature ; and frgm that
eonscioris1~es~ . there results a sereue comp1aeency, winch, though not so- violent is much
preferable to t~ie pleasures ·of" animal life. He
~an. travel .oh ·from-st'rength ·twstrengtl! ·; for,,
in _hte~ature ~s · in . w:fr, 'ea~h new iconquest he= ; :'.'_ :~Althougb ·, tbe least ·_, fortuna:.t~, -~ 11ave :f been .. thega1ns 1mpowers 'him to:push his ·conq~ests still 1 ... • · :inost, diljgeltt~!.: ~·: <}-.;~-- _· - ·~-'::~ · ·. ,R1P1::1NGHAM•.
furthe~, a~id_ ·to .en~arge the emJ?ire of ·reaso!1·· ~"
~-,;~~).~ :;·~:.:·~: :'. ~ 0~~~.~~i~:(:~:, n~: 1 ~;~ ~ ; '- ,,,-":;> _:<;
Thus .l~e is -~yer in a proo-ress1ve ' state still , .~.,r - .,_ ,; · ' · . . ~ : ·•.';,; ;
< · -_ -,-· . · -:' ,
.

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.. inaking.-new'a~_quirements,~still animated with, ,; <,, >·. -/{,, Oo~~ei:e.ncejHs_i/Jte. : ~el.~~~~~~-~ff,.a~-·, i_n~~~.i~}e; ·~~:'
liopes._o f .futlfre. 'd iscoveties..
:SEED • . , ·~ ~Y' _:1 :i;~ler.·. ; ;" sb,oth ::,,an~1~1pa~1~g,,~h}Slf:~~~~~ncth,~~.ag.c!.
· ".e.
·b,o d~ In:@
.. ' ,_•·l 't s e.xe.c ut•1m_
,_ ~~ ·'.·~. :..·,f,._"J,_~~':J;,. 1>~~1,,_~·.~.:.~·;:1- ":_:;~·/ ....~~~':. ~::~ .. -~!
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PERSEVERANCE~
- - ~ } · ·. ~ ·'. :f~:~1Ien.ce1~aris~f:;':tlie:¥.terD(},ts,~;w,.nrc11?::80 : :-0rt~n:t;;:
If the commencement of any undertaking be .~ ·~,'. . , -> 1ui~nt guilt;~·~i:id~i~e-· ~n· prop(}·~~~ii>-~i,t,?"its~:ati:oci:. '·.~";ji
laudable, the- resolution"., to p~rsist in it must' \ ;_';? ::,ty:~ : 'In_Jhe;f Jiis,tony'f:of!"~11. natj~~!1s, t_hed;yr:~,~.~·- __:: ~:
I ~till he ,
more meritorious~ · ' 'Little '. can be 'done
' . '',\ !and the .' oppress,~r; , • the<~ rblo0l}y1;_3Ald'j;be ,fl,a:gt« >;~,
; witho~t d~termination ; :' and·'.certairily··no g1•eaf' . : ·;r~ ~ ~-'.. tious~.-h~¥~ i:~~~n~ everqror~~~d;:?,ut, ''his / f~_arf~l,j/''l
;: acquireine*t can ' be· ·~~de '. wi~liout patieiW and: .: }·-, ~:unquiet, -; ttnd»"!:restless "• ; :.~ subject ,to ,·5.alar)Jls;;' . i
·1._ steady. application. · T~e stupendous works. ;~ ~>:. :~.:.\.al;l,d; ~pprehen_slons of~aU-/11iJaceount~~l~~-Wd:-~:.'- -.7
1;:_.,~3:rt w.ith.' whfoh t~e world' abounds;: and the ? ~(_- ::~0And/'., ~ur~ly,;· do: :;live_(u.m~e~;sµf-~Z~1~V~~{(e~! -.·.:~ _i
; ·t;rt3_~~:re_sources which somtfme11 accumulate in- :: ~':! ,-· /}from~4e,J;l~~~~t ofi~~1te4r;p~~4JA~t1)•~•i;<... -:1·
1

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::~ -,r::.~~i«~{~1f.t~;'.~-~::.-:->"

·

~·e::i:•lv

t:

tµr~, - f1;om:: thc, ~unionitions :

.'rn_~t' l:E.;o oue of the most s-evcrc (Hllf1s~1 n: " 1~ · ? l YV'!HC!l human nature can sn ll'er.

. cous_ol. at~i,01?.· ""Jii~~1 .~t. yields i<?'. a~v~rsity, and
the recteahon·,wlncb
it -~ affords
to virtuous
pros,· - - . ~ ..... ' "t.:. ... -z.
.r--., ~
. ·-:. .
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.
per,ity,~~~;r~.'.:,: ~!-i1011g the · ?l.e,:ssi1~gs -which arise
ftoni-11 -lileiGty education. ·· Religion, philnso.,
· phy;-e yei·y. great subject on , which t~ie reason
of ma'T1~is.-. ~~p,loyed; an~rl in ·w~_ich h_is interests
' . .are 1nvolved;:obfain;illu's tratiori ·.by" this-fortu-

''·hcu :Ji ~ ~;yudd threatens us with auy of.its
e:v• ~s. we · know . the · exiJ'mt an<l · llisc~ru the
hm_its of the (Lm;:;m.. \Ve sec the ~ quarter, on
which \Ve are expo.;;e11 to its attack. 'Ve
· mcasnl'r. Ol!l' own · strength with that 'ef our
· ad~ers 1·y; aml. can take precautions., either
· fo1" makmg resistance, · oi· fol' <~ontri viu n· es. cape.
But when an ' awakened consci~nce
. pl :tces b~fore the si1iner the just venge[\nce of
· the Almighty, the prospect is confouudino·
, becau~e t.he (\a.ng;ct· is houn«llcss. ··' Iti8 a <la~l~
un,kn~nvn ·w hich threat.ens :, him. · .The arm
that ' Is stretched over. him, he can r)eithel' ·see ,
Hor resist
0.n every si<lc he : dreads it ; .a1Hl ',
on every oh.1ect · which surrounds . him. he
looks with tenor, hecause hP. is conscious that
. evP.ry object can ht" employed against hii11. as
. 'an 1.~strument of wrath.

·
· · 1
O~ the ad van Inn ii;eS arising

:i 1 " " :
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~: '. lj' ·
·

··~"'·

Yn;tt~-:~ ~i\d~~ aje~t~.:.;.rQe,~;~;-,~.r~~{)!·~' )1}s~or~anB,_
-' ~m.d.<1?h~Jft~1Jp)~~~s.·~ .- ; a;lt~h,~-~~~t;~3:t _)1:\asters' ;of
· . , tlnnkmg and Wi'lt.1ng; be~o~e lllC~r;p0.1:'ated ~Vl~; ,

~-'.; · th~\Jmental. _.errergie~,: o~ '. hnp W,}10. i h~~ ,-outa1n~d . ·
;··:· ,by :ediu~ati~n ~the ·, key:"'pf,::k!loW.!~qg~~-1-~ .~ H~ppy

.. · },t_i .-l~,im-~elf,J~.~Ji~,~ ~·~~1~~~lD:_i~~l~. : auµ .troqsce,n.d- ..
scbola;~}~~f.,. ~1~~1
. . ~ge an~d .~()untry, -.may ~if- .

- ·., ant

· { · .·f useJnstr'ii~:tr~n.1"•n,!l,~d,eUg!1 t.Jo~µf~flldnd,-: ~n·d; be

.· fr_~\yar.d.~~;.-~~~~~~~i1~~~~;~Ji~;ap~l~~-~~-s_'p~ ·~!~~
' VIrtuous_~and~WJS~.1 t~F{ ~f~~ ~~ ~?z:;_:"lltiIIBINGH:AM"- ~"
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'• : , . : _;·" " :_.;: 0f:<T.itE~'VARIETY~ OF .'~ATURE • .>· ··,' ·,
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. ,'.·'<·;l\~~~_,:: ';\:·· ~'·~~ .'~-..' ·/::_~:;.,"°'".-:.,_:·' ·: :-,.:·~-·--'.··;, •. -~-_:: , - , .. ·,· •:.-,· ,: ;,•'. '
:_::.:''I'he 'vn:rJe1ywhicb.appearsin:uatur:e;istheoii~ :· 'i
'
fro u~ 1i te ra ry e d.. s'p 1: ing n o.t:~f .c~ ~f?.siop~-b~t ?f\or!1~r.}· Th?a gh , :
ur.nt1011, comm <~n observation a Ifor' Is amp le . : ibe;forms 'of..11,tilJ".'lll,u.~l~~emgs;,l!rjlsJi:l).ely :d,ver' •· · ·
p r:•o f T hc mm d, n:ttn ra11 y 1!mite d by _its : '; ' '. ~i~ e~/'s o;.l tJvi:tf i~<is}'P~~p;,:p~· il\ll/l,> ~'SJ~ tQ':~tid,

ON. 'l' H

~~ ADVAN'f A?,~:S ARISING'

.

of:th'~ _ past; , the,

F.ROM ylTER:\RY EDUCATION·.

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w --U:k~1ess, hecom<'.s e~dowecl by literature with , .~ t'·. - ~ui" tlie ·: who1e~co~l_)ass; o(~~t.ur~,7~;0 .orga~1_zell _
'the - w.1sclo~1 of pre~edrng ages :.and· th,us cmei;- . · ,:, >.;:_: bo~ie's_;,perfe~~tly),ttF~~;f~'~ t{~~'~ip~~~,t~H1J~:bound-· .
g.es ft on~ its own h~tle sphere? 1nto,the. ·ex pan. .'." -~- ·<~1e~s varietY..:-we'?':. n;iay,~observ.e}'tli~i·m.ost,:perfect . f
&1ve_ 1·e~10ns of genius .and sc1encP; · Hut it is · · ~· \~.~(1·egul. arity~ ?~..r1~hi~f regu!ar~ty?._·i~'.}of:.'.two .~kinds . ·~~.,,'
·
m th<'
co
ty which '
'that i-;_of
·.· hte.r~ry e 1 lucat.101~ _confer~, th.at . it\;I advantagt>s · :: y:.:,· That 'of'gratlatioi(~h,ietly.:~pp~a1·s"!in·:- ankm_~t~ :: '.:1-- ,1
.' Cnll~L~t : t.he a<l •.litlon: winch lt malt~?s t'? 'krtP,W ·;: ~-. tri~~tti~·e~'~where!bei_ng·s:·: pos~~e~~YdiJX~y~~fj:)~~"i.~rs;':·_, . '
J<:•l:!.;t> an(t ~11~pp11H:ss : th:- \neans which it p1~o-- .! :::-.::.:.-~a;ti)J:~faetilt_ies; tbtoui;b :a,'~i9ug~,s~~~~i$ip~l,e~~lt
.
1
:udes for actm~ wisely with r1?.gartl to t'·e·
::, ,;:.'
1rr,;;·.'·'fL~J-,f:\'=*~~·l
•;,._;.,~,;,.~.,-.
l l · fu~·
· ... - .·~.. ·· .,_ .:}ft
· · ·;~ ' 1 ~4-for~:,,,·,~~--;;,
;,.~'11,f)'"'~,_
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me~e "'°'°u~ si111~rio1·i
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"grailiitiotii"iaudf,tbafjlf,)1-!l;:i~ange,mll_iit'. ,}';~

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not lw3or.d 11P.Q~1J,he; ~ny~l.; ,J;\or ~lrn., liar~h saw .-

scale of e~cel· oCthe~.: .~:arn:~t1t~1:·:k;ii:-.\..ll·,·lll~l,~ ; ~r~ ~tr~~~~,l~~?, up~n
_le nee. .TJrnt of atTangemeiit prevails through , theif;.iq~(~t·:Jl.tj~'~f".;'::~Jtn~l ·.Hrn ·:~nfant. ,~epos ~s I~ "
· the whol ~ '" visible wodtl ; each i1itlividu- , ]J~acf~-:a;n~~ !?~.cu:r1ty. :0~ 1theJ~ ~~~ID; of,it.s :moll)er: ;:
~l possessin~ some qualities or characters, : , D~rl,l~~~ !' · .i~_, -, spi:. e.~.d Q ".'~r ~h.e_ sJ9~;s , .~l1.d •·\<,lark- ,.
in common with some othei~s, "\.vhich enable the \ ness ': is; upori );h¢.;;: gt·ound: ev e~ry;.1. eye - ~. s . ~hut,, .
spectator to · consi<let· them as belori crine: to the ' ·and ''ev~·ry : hari:cf 'is"-stiH -~/·Y ,; ,;:i:." ... · :-; 1 .·,,;,,c- ,•<.f. (·, · ·· '
· sau~e sp~Cies or kiml; and ·each spec~s~ par- .
·~· Wh~- ~ta;kg~ ~~i~e :~f..flii.:~~~P.1~ ~}~.~.11.:·~!~~·y.··~!;~ .
takmg with some .others ·of common appea1~an- ., ;:: sunkr;~q: sl,e;ep 1 ;,_ ~:Wl,!ttJ!: , ,t,h~~,. : ~il:P.D,:<?~ dele~~. t!1 ~m- ,
ces. ·by means of which they may be classed
se.lves.~Sn~1: ~.e.~'.:-,ift~l~11g~~~-':~pp1:qa_~ ~~.~};-.1) 1 ~re , i
under ~ome gen~ral description ; tiff at _length
is an :·ey~'.qhaH·nev e~<: ~l eeI!s"'. ~ t here : i.s~ ,a,4 , e~;e '; :
··we arrive at the three comprehensive divisions . , that::sees . in .the: ,darkri~s.~ ~f !1pght as Wf}~ .as.: 1 11 . .
the ) J.rightes,t •s.11n: s. h. ~ ~1~~r r.·J'.Y,he.9;_: 91 ~r~ h.1 ~ A~,~ ; ;
··under which all · the bodies which belon;,. t~
this· earth .are comr~10nly arraugeu......:..anin~als,
. ligb.t.;,o J',t he ·~~n; · J~·o.1:;_9ft,,t he;; tµ9 ~lH ,; ,. ';V, h~~~ th ~ re• ~ ·
vegetables, a1Hl minerals.
ENFIELD.
, . is· _;no ) amp: in; tl1e ·.~1,o.1:1.~e, ;n<,>~' at!-)'; ~ta_r .tw,rnkl1 ~g ,:, ·
'! .- . ' · 1
NIG·n~. ~ :_. _. · ·: - . · , · · · ,i }hrough_"~h~ . t i~ie_lf;.~12~-c.l-~ ; .. ~~~~t 1 ,~y~)s,~~~ . e~ery ,

hold i_.n g

h~s. propet'. pla~c in .tJie

r. ,

· "t

· · The sun has set; the' uigl1t dews fall; and
the air, which was sultry· and oppressi ve,- ·be~
comes cool. The flowers of the garden, closing their coloured leaves, fold themselves np
and hang their heads on the slender · stalk,
, waiting tJie return 1of day." :
· , -·« . ·;
.
- · 'l.,IH' birds of the grove have · ceased th eir
. warblings ; they slee p_ on the boughs of
· trees. · 'fhere is no murmur of b ees aron1Hl
-tlrn hive, or amon gst the honeye d woodbines .;
they have finished their work, and now lie close
ji1 their waxen cells. · ·
.
.
. _.: 'fhe sheep rest in the fields upon their soft
· Jle.eces, and .their lou_d bleating no longer reson mis from the hills . .' There is no sound of
the voices of the busy multit~cle, or of chilclren
at play, or the· trampling of fee t. and of crowc.ls
hurryiug to and fro. The smith' s ham mer 1&

.

.

.~ ·.;_:. ~~~~~~e,~1n1 1\~lr P~,~ c~~$~~i~J1~ 11Y1:l~~?h~~:, ~:Y~J;~~.~~~·~Y'. ·

,· -.' ov.er -. ~lhth~Jatp.~l\~~:~q~th.ez ~~1 ,t_,hj. :'~-,i:·r· ,:\ · ·,,,",,., .
~- ·i; );js;~he.
1tb,~.f;A\~.~ p~,3W~~is., :~:.O~.~- ~) . l!is l1 ;p1~ '.
~ - is '.:: a\~y ays , ._str~tch~~,;>.O,ut,,~v;er.:_q~ . t;_H.e_\ m at\~.,
1. sleep;", toj~ .r~fr.~~ liry~.:'.~·~1!jn 1 w,e! a1~e.:;~e~ry : ) rn
,. made nigh~ ,tJiat we _m1gh.t sleep :in · 9met· >. A,s .

eye:

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••

the affectionate mother shlls evrry httle noise, .
· "'' ·that h~rjnfai1 tbe< not disturhed .-; :_as .. she. dr~'Y~--" ·
t he J~~~t~i~~;'a~oµ~.d: .its ~·e.~f, ; :n1.f~f· ~V,utfout .tl~e .
1 :·
. ligh l-: from ,~_ its .. te11der : ey~~ , ; . so, _~19(\J<l~·aws the
· .·. curtains of darkness .a r ound us Lso he . makes
. all; thing~ t~o be, Jm~hetl ' and' sti\l:th~t .!•i_s Jarge
· ·ramily.-lllay ,sleep in peace.: : :.· ·:.>·. , .". ·, · ... . .
: : : .,:t, ~V hen th.e .-dar_knes s has _p;t_s~ed , .away, , apd _ .,.
'. U:; the,~~e~~m·s Q( .the , morning s_u n strike through ;
: ·::}:;:YP-1:1~:., ey~,- l~(ls~- l~egin. tli_e -d,ay~'Y,~tl(pra!sin,~ ~od; -_
''""L· "":.whi)'., -,l~ (,lS ~'. .t,alrnn ~~1;e .; Qf;Y,~~~~-!~r<?;l.1:g.h ~p117r n.1g~t. ;..
·. · '. '> ~19:W,~rs,~,,w4eJl ·:you~ 8pe~,::~g~~p'.~ ~pr_~1~~; Y,Q,tlr .
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leaves and smell sweet' to his praise;

Birds'
when you awake, warble your thanks amongst
the green boughs ! Let his praise be in our
liearts wllcn we lie llown; let his praise he on
eur lips when we awake.
BAnBAULD.

a disposition. to commisserate and assist thcmJ
_though he · could expect from them no other re.
turn than thanks. - _
_Histor_y ,abounds wi"th examples of men who
through natural inclination, through gcuerosiGoon DISPOSITIONS PREVALF.NT AMONGS'I' J\IANKIND.
. l Jiave cone
l
., _.
_t .y anc1.,_no bl eness ·_ o f' m11H,
great serGoodness is universally approved ; justiCe,
vices to thefr frie.!Hls, to their country, to stran~ciuity, truth, sincerity, candour, beneficence.,
gers, ~_ to ~,foreigners, to_ m~nkinc~ in general ;
mercy, ever liave passed, and ever will pass,
who;' to ac.~qUJplish: · tl1ese ends, have denied
for virtues.
-- . ,
_thems_elv,es ., many _~dy~ntages _a1ul l)leasures,
1
'fhere is no man wl10 does not desire that
lrn;e encountered _lllany inconveniences, hard ...
others would exercise them towards him ; even
idups and . dangers, and have even lost their
' they who are deficient in the practice of them,
lives,,- without a view ·to · aiiy ·worldly -recomyet pay them the <lecentrespect to -think and
pense, except perhaps that q1ey hoped and exspeak well of them. · - .
pecte,d .to be honored, living or dead, by those .
"fhere is no man who does not' conclemu ~-·~~m .tl~ey_~ h~d -~pliged, __and by judicious ancl
fraud. malice, cruelty, treachery, ingratitude, ', _' -: W~<?lt~1Y: persoµs~:j',A,nll _this ~urely cannot greatinjustice, especially when be is made to expe..:- -:, _: Iy-- der()gate from their virtuous ~leeds ; it only
1·ience the ill effects of them.
·
- : , _shews that, besides , a natural sweetness of
No man ever actecl u1wightly and honorably,
: _tcm1>er and -greatness of soul, they had also ·
'vl1odicl not feel a calm serenity,a complacency, _:, sum~ regarµ to reputation, and a desire to stancl
aull satisfaction : ,_ none ever pm·sued' wicked: -- __fair in the opinion of the public ; and to receive
courses with0l1t some llegree of shame aud re- what they justly cleserved, the, love and the
gret, and sell' condemnation, arnl some strug- ~ FCsteen;i ~ ()fJhcir fellow-creatures. - ;And -- why
gles of expiring virtue.
. · not? since God himself requires onr acknow- None, except here and there a urutc, ever _ 1eclgmcnts _a1Hl. our affections for his loving
- received great favours and henefits, who had - ~ _-kindness. - Thus it hath ever been;-and thus
not, out of mere natural ingenuousness a :_:::-~- it is still, in the wol'ld; insta1ices -a1;e not want-.grateful ·sense of them ; and an intention to : - iug qLcuustancy, oL fi:ien<lship, of :fhlelity, of _ _
testify it, an<l to make somewhat of a return.
i-s g~a}itu_~e_, of_compa?si?_1~, of int~grity, ~~~~y Qf,~L: __
'No man, except hardened' by a· long course -. -winch escape -the notice of tlrn public ; mul
of villany, ever saw others in gl·eat pain. :uHl' , - are perhaps only observed of God and good
\Yant, a~d sorrow, and distress, and found not ·, -~- ang~_ls, being sel<lom transacted -in high life,
~nd under s1)lemli<l roofs ai1d palaces. -_
, ·

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sleep to guard us, in our watchin;:; to r.c fresh us,
and if_ ~ve \valk\v_ithQ-od in alll~is ways, as he
wa:lks )Y~ th us in all ours, we shall f~m1 per·.:.1let11al rea~ous to en aule us to keep that rule of
his; ·''. llcjoice in th~; ~.onl always~,, .

THU PRESEN CE . OF GO U.

Consider that God is every where p resent
a n d then ymL will study to Le every whcr~
GOOD IIU:llOUR.
l
l10ly . •
.
o d is every w icte present hy his llOWer.
HeGrolls the orbs of heav'en with his hand, he ·.
Oo<,>.~l . h umotn: m~y pe .de-finell a habit of bqfixes the earth with his foot, he guides all the
ing pleas_e~l 1f.~: po.nsJ~_nt and 'perennial softness
creattues with liis eye, and refreshes them ' or:. ipan.~1~r;· easn!e~_s·,. of ,_app~oa~h, and suavity
with his influence; and makes the p owers of
of d1$po_s~.~10,n; hk~ t)lat wlnch every ·man perltell to shake with his terrors. There is not
ceives in himself, · wl1en the first tra1isports of
· one hollowness in the · holtom of the s ea hut . '· ne1Y felicity have subsided, and bis thoughts
!ie s.h ows himself to be Lord of it, by sustain- : · · are.o.i1l y k epUn. motion by . a slow snccessiou
lllg there tlie creatures that come to dwell in
of .s.o ft impulses. · Go0<l-humour is' a state be. it: and in the wilderne!;s, the l>itte1·n au<l the '. twee~ .gaiety ". ancf un~oncern .. ; the act or estor~, ~he lion and the elephant, live upon his : .. ma!•~!iol),_ ~L a . jn,ind .a~; leisu.r.e .t o regard the
llrovis1ons, and feel the force of l1is al~nighti- . ·:; gr. at~fi~~~~9~1. <_>~,~nqther. ·_; .,~ 1 ' :.,. .~
. . · ,·
ness.
- ··
, · · · ·· I t . is · _rn;iagme~V.bY:. m~~y, -, th~t -: whenever
°!-'.et every thing you see rnpresent to your .: . tliey aspue .to.,please, ,they are requir~d to be
sp mt t11e ~resence, tl1e e_xcellen!'Y, aml the . ' men ·; -, ~!'i.i_2, s!Je \V. Uie gl~~Jles~ of .their souls
· pow e1: of ?od. In tlrn !ace of the sun you : . ~ : !iY. Jl1ghts oC JIleas anfry, . and bu'rsts oflaui;hm a y ~ee ,«;tod's b~auty 1111 the fJ rn yo_u may) i'' Jcr., " Bu,\ ihg,11g.h Pie~s",DJ~U. may _he ~or a h m.e
foe\ lus heat• wa1·mrng; -'~ the water Jus gen- i ;' hea1:di)~1th_; a1wl11}1se :, a~. ~ : ad11nrat.'qn,, .:t !iey
tleuess to refres11 ;you : .it 1s I.he dew of heaven ) " ~~I ~p1!',;;d.e.11gJlt·..'!;~~l~~g;,,; ,.;}f.e . ".1/J oy .. t11.e m
th~t m":k~s. your lield give you hrea<I ; in all'. ; ..i ";.ht.t le, ·:1/}:n!\t~~ll;iif'~1~y~}~'.~~s1~~·~ .a[l.d !'ioo<ltlnn gs 1t 1s t~ ~ bounty of God tl1at min is ters to; .:;: ' h;l'!l,oll}",. ~~f t)i 'a?·~!e·,!5"'~ e.~_.,\l: : ~ ~11 e ~ n crtn n en:
your necessities. '
·
· .·
~~ ' .. , ees. ght~er1~g- ·, with · the~., su1~, ~ but":!_sQ~n turns ,
. This Consider":ti on of e. J.? ivi'! e pres eii c• l :\); binp !1:
tg.)'.
.!l' ,!J,o
· .· , ; .. .· .
· is ":Pt to. p ro~u ce Joy and reJ 01 cmg 111 God : we; ;;;.,', .,,,\:i a1.e t Yf S ;. t\I ·•go '!_d, h!Jm,Oll r.; · a~.· a01 ma!, .JI~ r -.:
... e. ~ J p ..y~~ ge!,~~l~ ·:.f~'_~g1~anc.~~ ; :-} he.. on~.o':_e_ r-· ·.
· delight in _beu~g of t~e same · housel1ou~ll with'- v.~ :l~m
Goll ; he IS with us 111 our natural actions to:· ' t < P~-YY'. ~ r~ . ,w.ea1~ . spirit.~,. aJ1d.Jl~~...,0t]ier recre~teil .
rreserve us! iu
recreiltions to resll'ain ns; : \ • o.?J!+re:-;iyes .the.m . '.-·•
!n our pu~lm acbo?s to applaud or apJlr~ve us,, . ~.. g1ve,s.g,iµ,e \'. a~u;
l)~~;,ers..e~\).!g's\:~~~ t~~n· .
in our private actions to observe us, In our. '· ;~ . _- . · ,··· · ··> , :..: ·. ·
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faculties to accompany its towcrings, Ql~ are
left bchincl in envy and despair. Good-humour boasts no faculties which every one does
not . believe in his own power, and pleases
principally by µot offending. .
.

JOHNSON.

TRUTH AND SINCERITY,

; Truth and sincerity have all the advanta- ges of appearance, aml reality. If the show
of any thing be good, I am ~ure sincerity is
better : for why does _any man dissemble, or
se,em to he that which he is not, but because
be thinks it good to have such a quality as he
pr~tentls to ? for to counterfeit and dissemble
,. is to put ·on the appearance of some real excellency. · No~r the ' best way fo1· a man to
, seem to be any thing, is really to b e what we
would ser.m to be.
It is 11anl to person ate autl ~d -~L p~rl long ;
for where truth is not at th:..'. lrntto;u, 11alLire
will alwa.ys l,c endeavol'ing to.rdur1i, ~{1Hl ''"ilt
peep out an<l hetray herself one time· or otheL
'Therefore, if any man think it co11ycnient toseem good, let him be so indeed ~ and tltc n his
~oo?ncss will appear to cwcr,y b()(fy's sa lis.
!action; . so that, upon all account s, sincerity
Is true wisdom.
.
·
Particularly as to the affairs of this world,
integrity has many allvantagea over all the
fine and artificial ways of dissimulation 1tnd
deceit ; it is much the plainer and easier,.
inuch the safer and more secure way of deali,ng; it bas, les.s of trouble aiul.difficultyi of

e1itan o·1emeut· ·' an<l . perplexity' of danger ~n<l
hazar~i"in it;. it is thcshorte.st anl~ nearest ~vay
to._,our ~ 11 d, carrying us ': tln ther in a , str_a1_g ht

::~·- . . liuc, anll will hohl~ out and las.t longes~. ,
· · ·The arts of <lece1t and cnnnmg cpnlmually
o-row .wcak~r aiul less effectual to -them that ·
.·~~ .. ~~e .then{.; : wl,1.ilc, in~egrity gains s~~·ength .by
. ; , '. use~ 'at"id.tbe. tnore .itmllonger ' any man p~ac- .
, · ···tis·e;. if th~;' g\·eater ·. ser-vice it does hit~, by . con. , . . fiL'J~1f;~ 'liifi,,rei)utalion,' and encourag;mg othc~·s
. ' .. to;,rq~tise· thl:; gt~eal~~t truth ttnll conftdence ~n . ,
: ' · '~him. ;_.which i!l air · unspcal~able advantage.in , ~'·.:::.'r the bn.~iness :,tn.d a:ft'aip ?f life. . · ·. ,;
· · :" · }l
. :··<i~"3rr\Hh :is _al ways ~cor~s1stent '. w.1th itself, a~1~
need~ nothing to help It Ot~t: , It IS a~ ways neal
,ha1i<l ·. sits.'_ "upq.n -pu:t;, lips, . and ~s ~ead~ to
.:"'dt:op pi1t :b ~fqr~:,re,~ai·e awa.~·e :· :a. he is trou--~.
'(.; ·hlesonie ·'" 'and: s_ets ca : in~n'.s · 1nve~tiou -upon _the
~ rack,: a1;d ~ne.·trick'' n.e~<ls. a _'gre.at ~any more
make it goo.d-" · · It_is ljke a.lrn1ldmg npo~1.a
false foundation, wlnch contmually .slarnh in
neell of props to shore it up, and pro.ves at
last more chargeaJJle, than to have raised a
substantial building at first upon a- true aml
·solid foundation. · Sincerity is firm and suL.
\ · ~. stantial ; :·there is : nothing - hollow or m1soun.ll
,, . , ,~*in it; :and, because it js }!lain and open~ l~
>
"--·- fears no discovery.
Of tlns. the · crafty ~nan
. _ · ·: is' always in dant;er, and ~v-hen he th~nks
·: ·;_~· --~ ' '··he' ·,walks · in . the · dark, all lns pretences : are
,;~ :, -~_,... ::· so". transparent, that l~c . that . ~uns 1~ay raad
< " ·::- them ; he is tJ1e· last 1llan that iu~ds lmnself to
, _· -,- , ·be . fom1d out ; while he .. takes .it for granted

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that he makes fools of others, he renders Iiiln- . ~-- ~: s'(;). ,yarious_,.;,we ; ~~~l~cno,t hi:tV~"; expeet_~~-tl~af- . ·
i,_elf ridiculous.
·
·: r ~ a.riy slight': ppwer ~.would--: rous~·. the nations ·ot\
.A.dd to all this, since1·ity ·is the · most com·- . ) >--~~~ro·p~~:~f~p~a~eir,;in.att~~Fo~ .~,Q Hy ~n.ll tli~~ .
penduous wisdom, and ·an ·excellent instrll'- ..; ~;W,oul"«},)perh!tpsJ1n.ve p~r.s1s\etl u:!:d_e~p1~mg :_1t,
ment for the speedy dispatch · of business • by :; 1P-- tf;tJ>:iy.;, ba~?,PPt ·_.be.en ·anim.~ted.;by,", the: m.ost
c1·eating confidence in those We have to deal ? f~- JlOWerf~!~~Jlcentrv:~,th~t can. lB~Ue.~~e.th_e m~nd
with, it saves the labour of many h~quii·ies aml .; -~: ,~: of. man-':;)nt~i:es~ .was·. the ~magrn wand winch ,
lnings th_ings to an issue in few words ;'it is · ·.· : \'.~ ,hro\ightJh~~.3:}[..-~iJ~~~ ·-~~rdrcl,~:;)nt~resL -~ .,
l_ike travelling in a plain beaten road, which ._. ~,< wn:s ., the- _e,ha~m.:<':Vl~1_ch.~ ga:ve : th~ -la_nguages oi
,commonly bring,s a ~a1_1· soo.ner to his journey' 8 . · .: / the :E"ast·a.~·real ''and· s~lid .importance~~,,·· By Qrie·
end than by-ways, in wh1c~r men often lose
_·~ ~ of_,'C:' th?~'~ . ;~·reyo!vti·~~~--:~.'whic\J. ..~~o~ :. hum~rr pru:- .
themselves~ In a ·word, whatever· conven-- · · _., -, : de.n~e could : h~ve ·/Joreseen, the·· .Persian lanience may be thought to be in .falsehood arul :.:;:~t_gµ~g~_Jourid__: it~ ;:W~q.Y-i1!~o ln~ht :; _t~at' ricJ1 ~nd
-~
· d.i ssimulatfon, it is soon · over; but their in.:i ,. ~, ".ct~~!.~~~ate_d ~,mp1F_~; ,.~~~~ch;JlY.~ t}~e · ~our1shiJ,lg·
'
· , e.on~enience is perpetual, beeause they bring .":: -'~~~~~.e'~f~ur,;~.Qµirir~_rc·~ f.: has / h~e.n the source· of._ .
~:.a.~an under an everlasting jealousy and sus- · '.· ~:iri'crediblex wealth~Jo ~Jhe}merchants ._ of_. Eu • . ·
p1c1on, so that he is not believed when he: , ~-· ::~·.·'r~\l:~:~~~[~!!::v.~fi~_tY.1~,~f: ;I~~· o.'~~~:; ~t~h~~~;~?ee?:·,1}.g~·(;~:.. ·
· speaks truth, or trusted perhaps when he· '.;' · be·m~n~1on~~:A.~.r.~:,.: .·gay_~,tl~e.0 ~n~l-~~lj . nat}?.D~~ ·
·: m~st~.~~J~rt,~1ye. ~ p~~~r)n::that;~;]{1ng4om. · : ~ our .
_m eans honestly. When a man bas once for- ~;
:Indh(co~p~ny ; beg~n to tak~r~nder ·their pro -· feited the reputation of his integrity, he is set
_fast, .and nothing will then serve his turn; nei- , . ~ teCtion tb..e ~;·p·riiices ·~·or-the~ cou~try, . by w-lrnse
'.
ther truth nor falsehood..
'r1LLOTSO N-~~ -. "- protection.they, gainecl ·_ t11~ir first settlement :_
~- -~ .. a number of important affan·s were to be transTHE PERSIAN J.,A.NGUAGE~
iupea_~e ~-nd, ,yar,'.~etweeu ~nations equally
The · PeriiiaJ~ language is rich, mefodioris,. : >· je1_tJ!l~· ~ "9fp.11.:faii?~b~r; w~o liad pot tl~e· com'r .
a:p.d elegant. It has been spoken for many ;'.. ::: --«~morijn strufi!,ent :~.f.. c.c:mv~ymg , then• sentiments ;·
'
ages by tlte greatest 1ninces in the politest _.:. ::,,;z.~~tHie:::Je~viti1ts :o( 'the~ 66mp:ii1y,_; re~eived lettersl:S.SyrX~t(H1~y could not ~·eal1,· and~w~re ambitious
courts .of Asia ; arnl a number of admirable
; ~~~f;ti~~!?gaJpj~,g tit~es ..oC"}Vli~ch. Hicy: could not .coni.-o
wo_i·ks have been )Vritten in it by historians,.
philosophers, and poetsJ who found it capable· :·. '-~ ~t_P~-~1~~!1.d.:d_he ~:-meanu1g _.; .1t w:1s (oun~ highly
of expressing. with equal advantage the most .: " '7d,;inger_o us· t~ employ : the. natives as rnterpre--.
:)! ~·~~~~,}~~~\~~pon. :wh6s~ : :ti4~Hty . they .· could not de•
beautiful and the most · elevated sentiments•
, Since the literature of Asia was so much. .~~ ;;:~:~<fop~_nc\ .~('ancl· i.t ··was ~ at'la~~. discover~d, .that ·they
.,;' ~nrglcr.te.~l, aml the causes of that neglect were- .11 tP-~: · : _mft~~~\~~pJ,Y. ~~1e.wselve~: - ~o, .the . study of the

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:Persian language in wllich all the lclteTS from ': ;; who '. \,J.nderstands Arabic, 'Persian;· and , Turk~ .
the Indian princes were writt~n. ,,_~ . few men .:~ ·:_· i~h;'·.ni~y,:.n.~t\ravel ' with . sat!sfac~ion; or ,.trans~·
of parts ancl taste, who · resided 11~ Bengal, ; ':: . act~.the·; most)mportanLaff~u:s _with a~vantage ·
have since amused ,themselves- .with the ' lit- ,,~· 2·;r:~tif{cf sectfrity:'.' '._\- . 7~ <: ... ,',;Y</fi·:,. ~.r~'.1/ .. ~ ·. > _,· >.\ ·)
eratt!re of th~ Bast, and hav,e spent. thei~· leis-. .~ J·,:: ~~"':;A~'fojh_e lite~atur~. <;>f Asia,.: ~~ -'Yilt not, per~.
ure ~111 r~aclmg the poems 8:ml .ln~tories . of :; :~-:; hap.s/be' J~s~~ntlally :~s-~~~~~ to~ the .gr.e ater. p~r~
Persia. fhe langaag;es of Asia will now, per- {,'.'.-:. of mankind; : · who J1av.tr~e1~~er. -.,leisure :nor in.
' haps he studied with uncommon ,ardor. . •r h~y \ ~~· clinati'on·td.-. ¢.u)tiv'a.te:~o ..ex.te~~iY,e ·_ a ,· b,ranch. of
1
are known to be useful, and will soon be fou1icl · :~;· · learniu'o- ~ ;-i:JJufth(~_~yJI~ai\li'(~atur!l-rhistoi:y of
insfructiye and ente.rtaining.. 'r!ie ~alu~bl~ ',~~~ s'~ch :mfgbty:~~.,pi£~.~-. ~uf,~?~.ia/P~1·si~, 4rabia,.,
manuscripts that enrich ;om· public hbranes, · ~~- _ and.''Tart~ry ;~( can_1rn_t: fa1L of~ d~l1ghting · _thos~
will . b~, in a few years, elegantly ,printed : : ,,~ Who .\love to vh~)V__ th.C' great · p~ctpre of the ·!Jnit!1e ma1~ners and sentiments of , the eastern !1a. :_: ,\ :·:: ~~~r~.~; or ~.t<?, ;l. e~~·I?-~' ~~::what _c~~g1~e.es.Jhe _most ob-·
~rnns .wil' be perfectly .known ; and the ltm- .: i.-' s~tj 1~_tt:Lsta,tes ·'.;ha,ye)7,s~n-~t_o ·. glo1·y, ~nd · the· most ·
Its ·of o~lt -knowledge w1ll l~e no less extended '.' /_ . :fl~#t~s~1_i 11 g 'k.~~g4~~-9:_lu~ve s_u nk ~() · tle~ay ;. the

_.,_

t~an tlrn bounds of our.empire.
• ·'. ~:---: p~i,1)9 8_(1,P~~~/'Y~n~c;~~s}d,~r}h~~~,.e :~oi;ks .~s high;- ,·- ~'
A kr~owledge of t~11s l~nguage, and of .its ~ . :' ly:~a,~1~"J:>~.e;,(b~~~H!~J:i:~~,~:·1!1H::,r.'. !r,~~-~-,t~e.)n1Tan

-

: _: min'd ~i:n><:a)l{itswarious:;appearanee,~, .fr()m_;,the ,
;: ·;F~ ruic!~¥t-,~t~~Yl1~:-.~·o~~:~.'.culli.v~ted~~tat~-~: ::.~: ~µd ·:· the
: --~.- nian~~of·c:h(sfo\W.ilJ;_nn,dou~_~edly,r_ be ·:pl~a_sell to
-~· ,~ 1in.lbcJ{tI1~;sf_~r'e,'s·"6fnativc ~-enius, antl to g~th .
.~ ~ -,- er_ the -flo.wers ,': 9f unrestramecl and luxuriant
; >.'.". :fai~cy.\) ::'·~~;'.\:~ · .. ~ . . ~1.m W ILLIA)I Jo N ES.__:1mproperly called the language of the J\iloors, ,· ,!._ ,,, ,. ~:·~'~ .... ·,_~ .; ;
,
'.~·"·::, ,, "- :,'_) -•.
contains so great a number of Persian worcl:s, -_, t > ;~.2~·~:"i;?,~1./· o,o~m~~rn,_1Nc1}'~Es .;1~¥AR1:'X >!-'1,F~·; . , _ ,
that I was able, wi~h v~ry l.ittlc difficulty, to · ;: • _·-~·~CT~,, ~~~lAe'::~: ;~~n~ ~~~1to · fbr~ ·a plan of
reatl the fables of P1l1la1 wluch a. re translated · ,:- · :,~.. : tl.-,. . · t..,.t. - " ·1 · h · 11·e-n1 ay·,·safely -a<lliei·e tliro'
·
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-~ , con uc o w nc
.
,
._
u~to t iat 1~1?m ; ~ · .L ur us 1·~ c~!!.-~u_ns ·en J. ra~ .;,; '_: " tlie.,_\v_hole · .~ours~ of-life, ~wo th~ngs. a~e requihic or Petsrnn words for one oubnmlly Scyth , : .8 •t / . F. t " tl the acqmre a clear idea of the
ian, by whickit has been so refined, that the . :;1 -~"'.:· \ ·{·/;~ ./rsd ·:·}~ bli~h a ·J~U-c"onviction.: of the
~~tlern !dngs of :~rsia w~re fon~ o.~,, speak~ng f~;-- :~.i~:;!;~ls oj~1~oralii1/,and r~l!gion' ; -"scco!1d1t in thm.r con;ts . in ~hoit, them Ia scarce a ·:\ ;.:;., l ~_ ..;_thafhe _study .his ~)\'.n partu~u,ar capacity,.
country in Asia or Africa from the source of . ··~": y, ;<;;•;-r•iL·,_ . '• •
.
.d . ' d·r . . rf ·, ..·. : ,I
the Nile to tl;c wall of 01:ina, in which a ro:iu "" <· -.. ~-~~-~:~!i:~l~~trn_p.s, an ' cm:~. i~ lOil ~Ill ,.i_, e~ -- ~

· compamon, the Arabic, will be attend ell with
~variety of advantages t.o those. who aC(J~uii:c
it; the Hebrew, Chalda1c, Syriac, and Eth1opian tongues are dialects of ~he Arabic, .an cl
. bear a.s near a resemblance to it as the .Iomc to
!he Attic Greek; the j:irgon of Indostan, \;ery

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. "\Vith these let every young person ma.kc
lus entrance into the world-with delihcratc
me<litations on the scene which lies before
liim ; with serious reflections ou the importance
of human life ; with rational principles of morals and religion ; with a prudent arnl well digested plan of life ; an(l with determined resoJution to adhere to that path whi ch his reason
and judgment have led him Jo choose, as the
path of safety and liappinc£s. ll c will then
pursue his journey through life iu a steady
course of manly virtue, unsecluced by the allurements which may assault him on the right
lia1ul a1ul ou the left. In the midst of the applauses of the wise an<l good among his-fellowcreatures, surrounded with the fruits of his
early virtues, and triumphing in the consciousness _of lrn ving made a wise and hn ppy choice,
11.e will go on his way rejoicing, and will experience the path <rJ<' the just to be '' as the shining light which shineth more and more unto
the perfect day.''
ENFIELD.

1.07 .

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ARGUMEN'rs ·PRODUCED . BY COMPARI~o~·
AND CONTRAS'r. ·,

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. ~ A~TER tll.e "yp~t11ful . s~ud,ent ~hall h~ve

acquired ',the : -h,a bit , o.f tle~ning ·and ·fo,rm~ng
judgriieyts,:UP,?D.; s~bj~~t.s ~1:op,o~ed ~(? h11~1,. he
may be at : some)~~tl_e_ cl~~cul~y. 111.- ~sc~r~amm~
or analyzi~~ thQ ,r~~so~s Jrom:,·_ ·-,~~~ch ~us ~on­
clusions have ·been .formed, · ; .. and wlnch, although' he,is ·_con~~ci()~f;. ~f . PO~.~~-s~ing, .h~ is nevertheless unable· to express.. ro assist s~ch
noviciates in the ad, I have a~~e<l this fou~th
part_; ' tlie object o~ .which i~ .t o shew;.the nuirf.
ner in w,bich _gooll,yrite~~~ frequently argu~· by
the conipai·is~n)~.n~~ co~tra~t ~f · char~~tei·~.;an~
obi~cts. ·> This ?D-.o de .w~ll g1v~ t}i.e .P-up1l a ~ab1t
of great. value m a~l '.d~scussi.on.s, _~u~cl .w1i~, .I
hope~ w.1thout multiply1~1g rules· up?n h!m, ~n!­
tin.teJ1im into the. practice of 100~1.ng 1.nto lus
own mind for thoughts. anl' .fac1hty inr p~·o.ducing tl1em for t1ie .contemplatiQn of o.thers~
.' 'l.,he examples ne.e d· n~Lbe ve_ry: num~rous,
' as the attentive minll will' sQon acr1 mre the lial:>it, 10 inculcate which is particularly the obje~_t
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of this part of the work. It may not, however,
wis~ by-Ji.is, wisdom 11appy by his h~ppin,~ss~
He .reaps the 'benefit ofevery .cli vine ·at~ribute__; '
be amiss to suggest to instructors, that after
they have obtained from their pupils, the def. 1 • _a nd lose$·:, his;.: ~w,Il~. insuffi..ciency in t,he·:,rulness·: .' .
of i- infinHe. ' pel'fection~.~·'.··:ro make· our ~ liv~s ...·
initiou andju<lgment upon any subject, partic" more easy to us, we are comm~mle<l to_put .our . _ ·.
ularly those connected with the human charac.trust in 11im, who is thus ·a ble .to relieve . and : ·
ter, they will assist the stn<lent's view by ask~ucc.our .u s ; the _Divin~ goodness I12v.ing_-macJe .·
ing him " what is . the difference between a
such a . reliance la; .d uty' ' notwithsta'nding ': .we .
.
iierson who has this quality, and one who has
should bav~
:been ~misera
.Ql~, ,J.had)t._pe~n : f'?r-: not ?" the answer given in writing will exhib_t : •' ' .l,__.•.
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it the arguments which comparison can fur...
. "Amoi1g sey-ei:a1 motiv_e_s w.llich'migl1t. b~ mad~;··
nish.
use·of to recommend this -duty. to . us, I shall on~~-~·TRUST IN GOD.
Jy take notice'_ of t\ios~ tl1~t .f~llo_)y•.' ···~:;_-~·:~:.< ~~~:::::···:•:_:
~rlie natural homage which such a creature
'l.,he . fir~t an4. ~troriges~ t, ~s, t~1at we a~e p~o-· ~
mised;
he: willnot·fail those . th~~p_ut _the1r.trust · ,
as man owes to an infinitely wise and good Be•
l..
.· ~ . ;{~··: ,._..
:,"\.',,. '•.'F'···
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· ~·:i·'. ·f~... <r:;-..··~\ -~ •
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Ill lllU. -..
,- :..,><··~. ";,,.iit;::· ",." ..,. .. · , ' - . -, , ing, is a firm reliance on him for the blessings
. llut witho~fi~i:~o~s. i~·~ rin.g '}the'.~·s~p~rnatural :and conveniences of life ; an<l an habitual trust
blessing
,w hicl1 ~cc_ompanie~ _ this .duty;,. w,e m!liy :
in him, for deliverance out of all such dangers
observ_e , that,' :.i~ ·. ha.s ·~~- nattw~!.-~ene\c;:!1cy · to _·its ',
and difficulties as may befall us.
own :.- re~ar4~ · :_:<"ox; i~~<' 9tl~e,r:· ''~~r~ls, rth~t - this :. ,_.
Tb.e man wlIQ always -l ives in this disposi · ,
firm trust anU conti.den~~: 1n the gr~a~ Disposer.:.,·
tion of miu<l, bas not the same dark and mel:' of all things~ cont~ibute-· very · mu~h. .to the get- :: .. ;'
_a ncboly views of human nature, as he who conting clear o( any' affijc.~~~n,, o,r,to: the· ,..b,e~ring ~f .·,: .
. siders himself abstractedly from this relation
: it manf11lly. )'· A perit~~ ~h~).~eheves.· J~e bas lns ~~ ·
to the Supreme Being. At the same time that
:
· suceou~: at hai1~d~·;" a'.~.4 ~:Jh~rh~:::-. acts- jn~;tl~t\ s~g~t. .be reflects upon his own weakness and imper ..
of his fdeml, · often '. eX:e.r ts· lumself : beyo.nd lus · .
fection, he comforts himself with the contemabilities ; and do.es'.'."wonde~·s Jha(~a~~\ not '.t o ~e ; .•
plation of those divine attributes, which are
matched .by ,one 'Y h9 is' nc;>~ · a'nim~te~ · ,y_ith ~uc~ :." _
employed for l1is safety 11.nd his welfare. He
a confidence of.success.·· ·~'rrus.t ·in ·the · assist~ '.~:,: 't:
:fincls hi! want of foresigl1t made np, by the
ance of ~n Almighty- Jleing; ·n~h1i·~lly. produ~;- . omniscience of him who is his sup1>0rt. He
es 'patience, , .liope, _c heerful1''e ss;· ·~nd ' all~oqie-r ~:," .: ..
is not ·sensible of his own want of strength,
dis
positions' of 'mind, .w hich . alleviate ;th.9s~ -. ca_
-";
when be knows that bis helper is almighty.
. · 1amities that we are -not ·able to remoye. -'. ~-~:>
In short, the person who has a :fh-m trust in the
, :<:·;. "-:·... . , . - K : "·! .. / . ".:.~·.·>.:·-,.: ~;/·
,Su11reme Being, is powerful in his t>ower,
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'1-,he practice of this virtue administers great
·c omfort to the mind of mau, in times of poverty
and afiliction ; but most of all, in the hour of
death. When the soul is hovering, in the
last inomcnts of its ·separation ; when it is just
entering on another state of existence, to converse with scenes, and objects, and companions, that are altogether new ; what can sup. J>Oi't het· under such tremblings of thought,
such fear, such anxiety, such app1·chcnsions, ·
hut the casting of all her cares upon nn.r, who
ilrst gave her being ; who lias comluctcll bc1·
through one stage of it; aml who will always
be present, to guide a1ul comfort lier in her
progre ss th rough eternity?
ADDISO N .
'J.' ilE PlJEA"'lil.tE G ItE S!J LTL\ G FRO.il A PR OP E R US E OF' OUR

'

ber lustre ·of his _w isll.9 m anll ~~Ol!ncss. . i'rh~
grea.test ministe_r. _of l:it_atc .. has .noL~~t·e h.u~,1~
·?ess to f<lo/ii~-.a· public . cap~a~~ty, · th~.n-~1~ie, .. ~~~l

. 1~1~l~ed · ev~1-y · Qth~r n).an,.m_~~ .- ~n,.d :;-~n:, t~~e 1.~':_:- .
. tired and :still scenes of life~ .: Even-n~ Ins prt'vate' ~v al ks, every. thing that J.s . visih,~e ·c~}nvJl1.- ·
·. ces him there -') s .1-.resent. ' a . ~.eing : invi~ih1e.
·Aided-by n_atm:~1L p hilosqphy ;-.;:J1e"i:_e.~.~~ ~ P~f1~n
. legibl~ tr~~~s 1.~.f. t.~~.· J?~vi_~ity, i~_e_y~r~~t~~9g he
-"~eets :. _h~· ~~~s}h~.1)~1~y, ~l! e".'.~i;y, .tre~,~ a,s .~e)l.:
·.as .~loses d~<\ !~ th.~ . ~'~~·µ~n9.~µ~h.,, t_~?,.ugh110JJn: '· .t,
..so 'glaring a 'mann~r : ~nd wbeµ.J1e .. ~e~~ · him,
he· adores -· him. ~ with the ·tribute Q( ~. g_ratef~l

.hea~t:· . .. ::~:~;\~~;~~L;~;i ~a. l'"-;:~i~:f3,~5J~ '~~~t
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.·that. gu'~ru~<~:·}; !~:i~ep~~~~~~~}~,,\_~~~g~?\' a!ldU1at

.. stud1~.~ . opene;s~ _. '..Q~'J?,~h!1-VIQ!!ri',::,.wJnch :"' ~·e: so
·:: frequ_ei;i~l_r me_~~: w.iJ.~\~-~µiqn,,~ -~~ .~. ~ tJ1~~)yorld. ·
1Iappy tl1at man, who, 1inembarrasscll by
·
.
-·. S. m1hng; yery~Nft~_n,)~.~tP,~:..~.~ p~ct, ~~nd .. sn:i~-oth
·vulgar cares, master of l1imself, 11is time, aml ·
-·arc the · words, .ofthose .\Vho · inw~:rdly :. n,re· ~he .
fortune, spends his time in makiug himself wis- 1
er; and l1is fortune, in mak~ng others ( anu . · __· _ ., ino_s(r.e ady'."to .lh~µ.li · ~~u ·: 9f,pt!1~rs.:·· ,0. 'rhat, c_~!l- ·
chdstian -vJrtue, .consis_ts; :-,n ot .
therefore himself) happier ; who, as the will •·,., . doul~ ' which
in . u~~'.; fai~·~iess.~~~(,~~i1~~-cli, -·: 1~ilt ._. iii:•. f.aii·ness :c,r ·
and undcrsta11lling are the two ennobling fa.c- .
ultics of the soul, thinks himself not complete, · . . beart. ,-, J _t \n,~y.~:.~~-a:ritt~e:;bl?:Jl~~i~h~ent. of e.x- ,
. ternal_cou1:_l~.sy, lmt sypplic~. ~.~s pht~i~, w~~h._ hu~ " '
till his ·un<lerstanding is beautified with the ' . ·
mane ,and :· generot;\~·· hlJ~ra!ttY, ..~of_ !'~~~-tp!~ent.. .
valuable furniture of knowle<lgc, as well · as · .,
.Its
~. :manner·$-·: are·· µn~ifecting,;1 .and .its ·prof~s-·
ltis will cnrichell with every virtue ; who has
- sions · conliaL.:·: E.xem11t; ·:,\ou~,ori~ ;.'·ha1Hl ; f1~?Jn ·.
furnishe<l himself with all t)ie allvantages to
.·'the 'dai·)l jealousy Qf a sus1Jic~9us .~}nd ..· i~.)(no· i·elish solitu<le and enliven conversation ; wl10 ·
le~s i·emoyetl,~~.o~ ~he.J o,the~·;· : f~·o~: tlJat~;,:~:~,s.y .
when serious, is not sullen; and when cheer· ,.c~·_ed~~ity 'w bi ch is ~~po~e,c~::- on by..~-v:e.!~Y~~~.c-. ·
ful, not indiscreetly gay ; · whose ambition is, .
c10.us pretence. · It 1~ pe~~~~t}~ ;?~~~~s~eP:~, ~Y-~:~ ru .·
not to be admirml for a false glare of greatness, but to be beloved -for the gentle and so·
F AC ULTIE S .

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-.-~ .~True ·candour~Js;·<:,altogeOier : ·clj~e,1;en t fr·o!ll

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Cuc st:n'. eTity qf Q~h~rs . au<ls to the crime. l_-Ie
liste.ns
·c almly· to.the apol,ogy of th.e o_ff~nder, .
extensive knowlcllge of the world, and with
· ancl J;~a~ily ·a,d.'».its 1. ev~.ry , ex~,enuairng . ~u;~q;in..
<ltrn attention to our own safety. ln that va1·ious intercourse, whi ch we arc ohl i ~,. e d to car- 1, .; sfan,~~~~-jvh.~sJu~quity can sugges~. .H m~.: m~~~ --.
· soey er ,:. he :· ~~y . blam~ ,- the _pru1cn1~es ofany
. i·y on with persons of every <liilcrent character,
suspicion, to a certain deg,ree, is a necessat·y· . r· .•:. sect.Jn·,par.ty, ·he 'never confounds.~ under one· : . ·
guard. It is only when it exceeds the lwurnls : general censure, __ all 'who_. ~elongJo.~~'1at party . ·'
or sect.' ~«; He charges the~ not w~~h...suc~l ~on­
of prllllent eaution, that it de~C'nerates into
. seque!i~e1~ _· . of '.tl}.~ir .t.~P'et_s, ~a.~ :~th.~Y. -: refU!?,e:and
vice~ 'There is a proper mean'- between un- ''
disavow.~ '· ~·From .one : w~·ong . op}µ101~.,- l~e does
distinguished crcd ulity,a.nd uni vc1·sal jealousy,
n.ot ;·i~f~r-th~;
sou.ric.' pd_nciwhich . a sound understanding discerns, aml
; .?ple~ . r:n~r fr:~~. 'o~~e .: :~~? ~~'tii~1~> , .cm.~cl~de tl~at .
which the man of candour studies to preserve.
Ile makes allo,vance fo1· the mixture .of ' . all, regard to ~on.sc1~~~. e,1s. oy~:r.thr«;>wn. :, Wh~!~
he." beholds ·the mote · in'.. In~; brother ~· eye, .
.evil with good, which is to be found in every
.
·
1ie
·1:emembers '.5-... the, be:aW:.. :-'in \1is~ own~" '~·- 11ehuman cha1·acter. I-le expects none to frn
·. ·... commise1~~t<~s·;~_·h~-P.~.~~.:::rra}lty·'. ; . ancl "juclges. of '
faultless ; and he is unwilling to believe that
·., .·_ ot_h ers_:'accQrllj~g\tj9:·. :t~e /. p,r~~.c-~pl,es, .. by '~,:!nch there is' any without some commendable qual.
~ he :wo~ld U~inl(it~~~'~P~-rp~e.~ ~!1~~:· tl~e~ s4o.u ld
Hies. In the midst of many ~tefccts, he can
ju<lg~·~· ~f' ,h~n;t,t./~t~~,q...:~J~vord,. -~'-~::Y- ~~!.s ,. n~e;t\ :i:n<l
tliscovcr tt virtt1e. Under the iuilm~nce of per.actions
in ~the clear -· sunshine--of,~ du,tr1ty ancl
sona,l resentment, he can be just to the merit
g~od-~n-atµ~~~/;/~p~f.~1'9t ·~~: 't~~(d_~~k a?? :s_t1llen
of an enemy, · He never lends an open ear to
shade, ·whicli.' je~~~µ~y · ~D:if. u~r~y~~pint ~l_irow
those tlefann.tory i·e11orts an<l <lark suggestions,
over
all cha,ra,cter~~
. ·.. •._ ''. ' ··: .'- ':.' ' ... n~.~ lR:.... .
which, among the frihes of the censorious, cir- ·
,
·.·- . !.
culate with so much rapidity, and meet with
::>>~·"·:<·;~. :-·~·:.~l~~E~~r·.·: :, : ~ ·,_.
/~~:,.:
so rcad.y acceptance. He is not hasty to
··.' ·· Wlio _· a,_rt)h9.u~ · o . ip.an;- tfoit pt;e~um,est_ 9n.' "
judge ; and he rcqnh:cs full cvitlcncc before
_ thine own :,w1sd~~ -?; ·, _ '°r why.u.Qst,., tnou vn:uµt
he will condemn. A-; lun g, :.~s an action can
..
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; thyself on 'th.~ne. o~µ acquh~ei:i:ien;t~r ?, 'fl~e ·first , ..
be ascribed lo dilforcnt motive s, he hold s it as
no mar}{. ol' sagacity to impute it always to the. : : ·· sfe11 towards. b~ing ':vise, .is. .to \lnow .that .tboll-'
art ignorant. ; -- and' i,f · thou~ wou}dst not be est ·
worst. 'Vhere there is just gronllll fln· <lonht,
teemed .foolish~ ·in · the ju~gment of o.tliers;
he kee.ps his judgment mulecidcll; and during
·· cast off the ,foJly· of. beirtg<wise: in thi11:e-~?.~-n
ihe 11eriod of suspense, leans to the most char·
eonceit · · - · · · ·- · ' · :: ::>;. · "' ·. , . · · .:;.; ""· .~.;. •·.
itable construction· which au action can bear.
;~
-c~-plai~ ·g~r~ent b~s~: ~~o.r~~th ~J;>e~~ut(~- . ,-When he nmst condemn, he condemns with
...._~., .
..K~
. . _,, . . '. y·-. 1·e~ret ~ ~n<l w~thout those aggraval.ions which,
·.·
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fu I woman, so a d?cent hchaviom· ls the greatAYPL1·CA·T IO.N ~· ·..
.r'.:i.: ; ~· ·
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est ornament of wisdom.
·
Sinr.e the.tlays tha(are l~· ast are "gohe-for·ev-.
The speech ~f .a modest man giveth lustre to,
.
er,
and-those. that are .to, ' c~me, ·.·may not.:"ct~tne
truth, and the d1flulence of his words absolvetlt
·to thee, it behoveth thee, ,0 man;tg .em1Jloy the
l1is error.
'
inesent time,;·withm,1t i•egt·ettirig' the' loss· ot',that · . ~.'
He relieth not on his own wisllom • he'
which is past; or -t.oo much _depeiuJip.g · o~ 'that ~, . ·i
weigheth the counsels of a friend, anll re~eiv- .
. I t is
. . to come. · '-'····
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,. ,~ · ·, ~ - ·
-.
wl uc
,;-,',::· ;·r· <. ·;:;- -~.. · · ~ , , ·~ .
eth the benefit thei·eof.
·· 1,his instant is,, thine, .th_e ..next·is in.the womb
He t~rneth ~way his ear from his own praise,.
o{futurity, and,'. tho.u;knpwest 'n ot .wha{ it.may ..
and beheveth it not ; he is the last in discov·1·nP''. l"orth ·1,·\·.·. ~~ ,~ .._,,.,.-;'
-!. :, ·· ...:rJ:rJ~,: -!f.·',.,. .;:. ·
· ~ .\!. ./',. . ·'. \1' ·! ·~·-lf_f
::.."':~:~ ~~,:~ .. ;.~" . ~· ,; _...
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br ~ · 11
~ring his own perfections.
..
~
What~uever:.;
thou
-resolvesf!
:to
/
do;"
.
:do
·it.
. Yet, as a veil adlleth to beautj-, so are his.
· quickly , ; :'.(lefer , not~ _till tl~e ·evening ~ ~vhatthe
v1l'tues set off by the shade which his 111.o<lesty
·
morning .may, a~complish; '. :; · -· .,· -.·;;') ..: ·;~. '.'."casteth upon them.
. ·. :· ldlenes~c is_J~1.e- parent o(: want :and of pain;
But behQhl tlrn vain man, an<l observe the,
. ~ut the"'lab9ar·;. . ~f, yidtie bringeth ~ .forth pleasarrogant} he clothe.th himself in rich attire, lrn
1
; ·" ~re. 1 :' ·/~.-:: :·, ~!,i; 1>t -fl~:;, .}:t .:~: , : : , ;·'>< ": .:~ - .-- :- ·. ·• '. ~. - <~
'Walketh In the pubhc street, he casteth round
· :: :_ • ~rhe -hand_',of .~~lige~ce defeal13th .wa~1t; pros- '
his eyes, and courteth obsei:vation.
·
He tosseth up his head, and overlooketh the · ' , ', ' pe1·ity :and-. s~c~e. s, !~ :.a.re ,~he)n~l.ush.;ious · man' Si
attendants.",_· :;,. _....... "'·.~:· · ::""': ·: '. - ~'- < _ · ·_ ' -· _
poor ; he treatetl1 his inftfriors with insolence · :· .
·: he that'; hatli:'.:
acquit-ell
.wealth, that
. superiors
.
. return look down. on his,' .· , . ·~ ::,.... Wh~·-is
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111
.·' hath risen to powe,'_,: tl)at•h_1i:th clothed himself
pri,le and folly with laughter.
. .·
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He despiseth the Judgment of others, he re •. ,. · :· with b,onour, that is._spoken o( in . the-city with
inaise, an.d· that sta:1~deth before the king h_t his
Heth on his own opinion, and is confounded.
council ? . Even· he that hath shut' out ldlen~ss
He is puifed up with the vanity of his ima-. - from~-'his ·. h~use ;.f:a nll h,a th s~i~ jmitO::: SloU11f·
gination ·; his delight is to hear and to speak of·. _.
"l~hou. . art mine enemy . . .'." ··· :· ', ....-: ;•. _ : ,. · ~ '-':"' · '
himself all th.e (lay long.
1
lie swallowelh with greediness · his own , ·- ·' .He rise th U,ll ~arly ,' ant~ Heth (l~wn late '; he·
: exerdseth _l1is minll witl1 contemplatiou,.' aml
praise, and the fiatte1~ ct· in return eateth him.
-' his ~ody with a~tion, : :oind ,p,r eseryeth the health:··
up.
EcoNOMY OF HuMAN LIFE~.
•'
· · of both. · . · : "'.- < . . :.- _.,. · ., - . ~ · , .:~;:::'.t'..: ,..
):·'
.The slothful ma1i' is 'a burden to l1in1self,'iiis: '
".:
~ :.bours ,- bang heavy o.n · 1~is.' bead , ; h~" loitereth ·
\ ,: .. ·._" .:~,- ~~:o,ut, · ~ud knowe~~ . not· ~ha~ h~ ; ,'W<!~ld':.d.0+
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His days pass away like the shadow of a
cloud, and he leaveth behind him no mark for
remembl'ance .
His body is diseased fo1· want of exercise ;
he wisheth for action, hut hath not power to
move ; his miml is in darkness ; his thoughts
- are confused ; he longeth for knowledge, but
hath no application. He would eat of the a 1mon<l, hut. hateth the trouble of ureaking its
shell.
.
liis house is in disonfol', his servants are
'vasteful and riotous, and he runneth on towards ruin : he seeth it with his eyes, he heareth it with his ears, he shak1~ th his hc:ul arHl
wishetb, but hath no resolution; till ruin cometh upon him like a whirlwind, and shame antl
repentance tlescencl with him to the grave.
EcoNO.MY or' lluMAN LIFE •.
DISCRETION.

1.~here

are many more shining qualities inthe mind of man, but there is none so useful as.
discretion. It is this, indeed, which gives a.
value to all the rest; which sets them at work
in their proper times aml places ; and turns:
them to the advantage of the lrnrson who is pos-sessed or them. Without it, learning is petl:uitry, antl wit impertinence; virt':le itself looks
like weakness ; tlrn best parts only qualify a_
man to he more sprightly in .e rrors, and active
.to his own prej ullice.
·Discretion· does not only makt- a man the·
master of' his own parts, hut of oth~r men's •.

The discreet man finds out the talel}t!ll of th()sc_.

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lie converses with ; ' and.. k:nowsJ~2'!~tQ · ~~pply\ •'
. them to prover uses. ·',~., Ap~q~!l,i~g1y;~i~~;'Y~ :l~.?~-! ~.· .,
1
ilito particular eommup1tie!' .,:· ~n~ ·· d1V~Ji'1p1:1~, 8r·':'-· 1 · ',1
· men; :we ma.y · o~sen~e, · t.h at) t . tS. ·?t.h~.-. d1s~~eet .· _1 ;!
- man, not .the w1tty, -, nor~he)ea.1·~~~,,in,~1.th~.· · _,·!
1
brave, ,vho g.u it,es ,the ~onv~rs.atu~n," an4t g1_ye~ : ·
,. . measure's to societyiS,_A.111~n .w~th_ grea.~ taJent.s,_
, , but voitt' of ..(lisc.,retion,,·. is. lik~ .~~olyp~}emus_ .1n ·
· the fable, : str~1ig'i:~ndJ.il~.!id .~; ; £1Il~~ed -0 'Yith \8:n
· irr,esistible'fm·ce·t~vhich, L:for ~waJ!t~o~~.~1g'1t, 1 i~,
of no. use, t·~-::]1itiir ~·.~ct~;; i~f;, ..·.~~;~~ t. {:~'.l. -~:·:~~~'Ii:l:.;'t~~--~ >.-;;:
.:. 'rl~ouo>h a~ m~ll'·has.' a1l - 9ther~.· perf~ctio11:~, yet , . _
· if he warits '.d iscretioa .h e· will be>1of..;, noigreat
consequence~i.~ : th~:jyo1~ld , ;:'.· 9µ_·th.-~ c~~tri:iry, if
he'.l1as thi~ · s~ng\e · ta}ent i,n p~rfec,t~ou, and ~ut, .. a commo.n ·.s har.e of:ot}iers, l\~Jn.ay do.. ~l1at .~ ple(\ses -;inh iis':par t\cQ.lar:j·stati<lri'p.f .l _~fe:~ ·~;~~- ·_
: ' At ·.the' s'ame' time~·11 t1~ai1"t'1inkAiscretio,n the' most, useftil\alent
~e'''mast~r: of, .J
.lookl.1 p~n. ·e~n~ipg'. ~o
t~je' ~c.co~_Plis ~1me n~ of .
little, · mean, ' Ungenerp.us:J~ m.1n4.,s._ ;- .. ,:p~~~.ret~on·. · ·
' points out the.noblest ends to us. ;, _and p~r,sues '
; ' die .: most prpper) ~nd · Jaud,able ':m.e~J10~s/ Qr at- _
tain,ing' ~h~m : ·.cu~~_ing)1~s only pr1vate.;. ~eHisJ1/ _
nims, ; · ~n·~rsticl~s;_ a,t ~ llo.tl~1ng•.~!v~9 ~l}y,-.- ~ak~ . \~r'
· them" succeed: ·'. ~trDiscre.tion ~1._as~-~lar~e ' ~n(l -_ex-, '. · _,_
- '·, ' tended '·: views:\-:_:·arid' ~ :. like'· a <. 'n~}l'~rv.r_~~l-~d c!e; -,
· · ~ommands a 1whole hor_izc;n·:- . cul}_p1~g is, a: ~lu~cl ·
--or short-sightetlness;·thaf,:tFs~o.v~rsJJ1e ; ~u~ut., .
' ,. est-objec~S Which• are _: n.e~~.. a~ h, a~d,-' -~ut, IS n~t~·..:_; ", ~
able to'. d1scei·n thiugs.;:at":;t ,~~s.t,a~ce. , i' : Des1~we"'. ';r
• J ·'tion; ·nie more i~· is · dissov~r.~~_,!J;1x.es : a~: ~.~:eater ·
-atitli_o rity ,to tJie perso~'1 Wl10;· poss~.S!:'C,S).h ; .e.un-. ·
. . .' ni~1g, wheri .~ once if is' · t}et~<;i.~~d(_ Jo,~.~ s.-?.~·~ :force,, .

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anti makes a man inca1Jable of hri110'b 111(7'
· . »·. ."~ ' '·' '. _··. ·"- ~ .- ._.. _;._~-...» ,-.·:: · ,- · ·.-:. ~""·'~
~· - . ·
~ ..
'-"1U·otit
· .t~ (", even those events which he 1~1ight have done, r • 11a~e~~~~~~r\t~.J~~%· it(.g~~i;t~ ~n~::g~~~tdesig~s~-~­
l~ad !rn passed on~y for a plain man. Discrc- . ·In t_he.: iy~~~;,?t~m·
~?-:~P-~v.~Y~W:~r~-peus ,~o _th~m ,,1tsr·
t10~ is the pcrfe~t10n of 1·eason ; arnl a guide to ,._ - ~lesse~ · 1 and.~holy:<'. sanctu~.,ry_.:·~ that ._ s~nctuary;.
,us .111 t~ll the duties of life : cuu 11 iug is a kind ·.. In '.Wluc~- the.· ~ ou~de~: ~.eart,~1s _hea}e<l, . and· tl~e ;
o~ ms~1uct, that only looks out aner our imme- : ·-. weary·_m1q~~ -~§:-at res! _ ;,~_wh~r~~. ~be c.a res o( the!
drnte I~ternst and welfare. Discretion is only -,: ': world -~~.e .. fo_rp~,» ~11:' '--'~ .he.~~ ~ :~t~ _;i.umu)ts are ·
found. 111 men of s~ron$ sense and good under- ..- hus~e<l~ ,· a.n~ -.~1!ts -.;· ~.1.~.e~~e~<-41sa~pear ;,;..,,~h~re
~tandrngs : cunmng is often to be met with := , .g~.e.atei: · obJe~~s :oP~!!-;:P?out:.Y.~1 ~.w1,tly1n )~-ny \ylnch~
in brutes them~elves ; aml in pm·sons who are 1, ~the:~wp~~~ ;11~~s,~~~s:~~·~'.';~~r~. ~.m~x~ ~~.~r~n~ ~~ky·
hut t~1e f~west removes from them. In short ;. s.h1nes~::_an~La.:-§\~e_e~.~f1.~~d::~.~1~~1:t~! t;ht Jleail}S·
~unmng IS only the mimic of discretion ; and , , o ~ th.e~" ~~~ft~_d 2 ~?ar~7:·. ~-'. ~P, '_Jh~~.~. .:; mo}~ents of
it may ll.ass ?-Pon weak men, in the ·same man- , : . llev_?ho~, : a; ,prn~,~ : m,an; J?_ourmg-_ Q,~.t';-1~1~· \yants· ·
uer_~s v1vac1~y is often mistaken for wit, and : ·and s.or1:~;}':'.f~.; tq aR ·:.A~~!gl~~Y.. S .uP.P.orte.r, .fe~ls· _
gravity for wisdom.
Ann ISON~ · that ~1.e :1~.:1i,g.~\l1eft :\~Q},!t:i-1.·y, '.al!.t\ f~rs:1'ken in · a ·
· ., vale_of. wo. li\ God is. w1tklum; , Christ and thet
CHRISTIANITY.
. . ;ho,lyA: Spirit~t~~~~~wi})1 ·~ him··: ; ~~1 a1id_.. though he
. ~he religio!1 of Christ not only arms us with · . sho~lu _P.~ ~,b~te.~.~e~~~of,~·~~ery;:,rJ.i~nd-.on . e~rth, ~
fortitude agamst the approach of evil • but . · be C?-nJ9.01p u_p,~::1p~-t.,h,e·ay~n.!~~j a··:f)~iend that ··
·supposing evih to fall upon us with theit· J~eav- ~. -, w~lLneyer ·~~.i.e;J:t_'}~~m.:''.J; ':1.· ~>· ::-~: "?;-1·~·,,· ;· BLAIR.-:<·~
iest pressure,
·: . . ..~:'-:' 1 }~ ·f).>:{;~f·~:::~i,;~.
: ~ 't : ~ . :-. '-<':~~;.: -~i ._; ·;.:::. :;:-. ~ . , .
h"it lightens the loatl by many
• con'1.-1 ,·: .; ..,.-",
,_,,.. -:·-.•:;...:.' ..." SJ:JSPICION • .c.-'.·.i·':- ._· ..,•.
•
so l a t ions tow 1ch others are sta11gers. W hilc
' ~; ~· '·'"'}. · · ·,.: ~~·'\::· ' · .;~ ·-' c ''";: .: :·~·;r.,•. r- >-· -- :- ' . ' ·· ·
bad· men trace, in the calamities with which .· ." :· As a_~usp.i.~i~us spirit.is the ·source of many
:.th~y are vi~it~d, the hand of an offended sovc- : ·<· ~ri1!1es_~an~; c~l~1!1i~i,esJn.. tl\~ ~. orl~.' ~o . it is .the.
reign, Cl~rishans are tayght to view them as .~ :: ~ .. ~prmg~_ ~-f~·-~_r~a1?.1,-.~~~~ry ___ ~~9- ~.the _person_~ho ..
the well-mtended chastis~meuts of a mcrcifu l -;: · \:::· Jnc~µlg~~ ·;, ~~~1·~t· ~1~;~J1?en!ls ;~~'?ll .~.e...
a_nd ·
F~ther . . . They hear anudst them, that still ·; ; · ~m~~~ ~~JP_::;?.e·_J~~~~'.-·~~Wfo~t "'_1n-}J1~s.~ '. wlwm:he
voice wh!ch a good conscience brings to the ii· . . pos.~~ss~s~ i_-'"~e!ie:,rhg ot~er~ t? b,e )1~~ .enen11e~,
e~r : " Fear not for I am with thee ; be not 'i ·· .., he ~!~l , of-t~~urs.r <~a.ke. · t~rnµi '."suc~1 ~·',;- Let h!s·
chsmayed for I am thy God." They apply to. -."' _ caution _. be-, e~er ..:so.. gte.at., · U~_e.·,:a.~per1ty· ~f. In~.
the~selves the comfortable promises with ~: '.. " t.hp~~h~s. w~l~ ~ftei1, b1~~ak _o~~ i~ ~.\sneh3:y1~.~r ; - ·
wlnch the gospel aboun<ls. They discoYer in :: . a~~ ·:.1~ .1e~_u1n:. ~9~ ."~,u.~pe_ ct!!lg;' ~nfl . ha!.mg;Jie ,
these th~ ha1?pyissu~ decreell to thefr troubles ; -; · .. w1ll -~ncur .~usp1c1~n' an.cl,~hatre.~ : : : B~s1~e.i i1he. ·
and wait with pahencr,,.till Providence shall ,
~~t~rn~l ~wi~t .wh~c,h . he,;Jraw~ .upon.:l~~:mself,
. ansmg·from ahenated.friendsln1>;J:>roken
con.
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fid-ence, arnl open enmity, the suspicious tern1wr itself is one of the worst evils which any ;
man can suffer. If. "in all fear, lhere is tot·mcnt," l1ow miserable must IJe his state, who '
lJy liviug in perpetualjealousy, lives in perpet- :
ual dread ! Looking upon himself to be sur- i
rounde~l with spies, enemies, aml <lesigning ·
men, he is a stranger to reliance and trust. :
Ile knows not to w horn to open himself. JI e .:
<lresses his countenance in forced smiles, while ·
his heart throbs within from apprehen.s ions of '
!'iecret treachery. Hence fretfulness and illhumor, disgust at the world, and all lhe painful sensations of an irritated and imbittere<l.
mind.
"rhe suspicious man , baviug his imabination
filled with all the shocking forms of human
falsehood, deceit, and treachei y, resembles tbe
traveller in the wilderness, who discerns uo
objects around ·him but such as are either
dreary or terrible; caverns that open, serpents
that l1iss, and beasts of prey that howl.
IlLAlR.
FORTITUDE.

Perils, and misfortunes, and want, an~ pain, ,.
and injury, are more m· less the certain lot of
every man that cometh into the world.
It behoveth thee , therefore, _0 child of calamity ! early to fortify thy mind with courag~
and patience , that thou mayest support with a
becoming resolution, thy allotted portion of human evil.
·
As the camel beareth labour, aucl heat, and

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FOil.GIYF.NESlS.

'l"'he most plain and natural scntimcuts of
equity concur with dh~ine authority, to cufo1·cc ·
the duty of forgiveness, for of all the 11assions _
.which invade ,the human breast, rcveuge is the
most clirefu]. When allowed to reign with full
tlomiuion, it is more than sufficient to poison
~he few pleasures :w hich remain to ma'n in his
}Jresent state. IIow much soever a person
;may suffer from injustice, he is always in hazanl of snffcriug more from the prosecution of
revenge. The violence of an enemy cannot
iuJiict what is equal to ·the torment he creates
to himself, by means of the ·fierce and desperate passions which "he allows to rage in his
8011 l.
Thos e evil spirits who inhabit t11e regions
of lnisery , arc represented as delighting in reYcngc and cruelty. :But all that is great and
good in tl1c universe, is on the side of c]cmcnc y a1Hl mercy. · TJrn Almighty lluler of the
worl<l, though for ages ofrcn<le<l IJy the unright •
.-~ ousness, and insulted hy the impiety of men,
is ''long suffering and slow to anger.~' H!s
Son, when he appeared in ·Our nature, exhibited, both in his life ·and his death: the most
illustrious example of forgiveness which the
worlcl eyer beheld. If we look into the l1istory of mankind, we shalLfind that, in every
age, they who have been respected as worthy,
or admired as great, have been distinguished
for this virtue. Revenge dwells · iu little

.minds.

.A noble and magnanimous spirit is

I

PAR'r THE FlltfH.

.

.rot:;ttiou is con~tantly pr.es~nting us.:\yit~ some ·
useful.; and. agr.e_eable alteration ; : and ~l\: the.·
p1e.a~ii1@";µo:y~Hy~of life ..~is~.s ~~rom the~e' na~~i'·\
archan<r~S. ; ., npt, .are \VC }es~. 'n4.eb~~(.~ to _th~m:
:f~ ~mariyi. o(it's solitl »comfort's. ·.~ It:ha:s' heerr
f~eq.;eutly the ,tash'. ~of ~lie :mor~Fs~ 'and ·p oet; ~o
mark-. in ~ ·- P~11~~~~~:: ,P·~ri~~~·, _~ . the · '1~1~~i~ul~r.

'rII~ ·student is ~tow prese11tcd with a fovr
short hss~ys, by enunent writers, to be analyzed accordrng to the arrangement cxhihitcll in
the first three parts of this work. In each of
f~llowrng compositions, there are a <lcfiniti.on, J~tclgmcnt, and arguments, which the )Hl1nl will select nnll write. separately.
He
shoul~ also carefully examme the connection
by winch all ,the parts arc holden together,ainl
may, by degrees, ~ndeavor to tran~pose the or<l_er of the. reasonm.g. He will thu s discover
either the unperfcchons of the form in which
they now appear, or he will observe the
s~reng~l~ they possess from a judicious mode of
d1s11os1hon.

t!ie

Tirn SEASONS.

Amon~ the great blesilings an<l wonders of
t~1e creation, may be clas~ecl the regularities of

t-nnes ancl seasons. Immediately after the
fiood, the s~crell promise wns mn.1le to man,
that seed-tiule . and harvest, cold nuu heat.
sum~uer ancl wmter, (lay and ni~ht, should
cont~nue to. the vet:y end of all things.
Aceordrngly, Hl obc(llfmr.c to Uwt promi se, the

~ha.i~~_s , ~Htr1~~?:t;i.v~n1~;nc"~~. .~r , e,~~r~ : :~~_an.g.e , :;
and , 1ntl'ee~,1. .~ucl1=-1 ~ll~rl;l'.l,!p-I. 11a~{f.. , ob~eryab~t~i

u p-0k{1a.41r.a.1Ji~fJ,~tY.~~~~!:1l!?,(V~ ;-~· ndel~?hl~ul i ; _

since tbe. .ble.s!!l,1ng _wJ1i~li .• ~very ; . 1:11ontl~ _ br~ng~.
along wit11it, js ' a'r'r'e.sii~in.staµY,~~ 9f:th·~ 'Yisdoni

and~b.oµn.ty of,~hat~_rpy~c\~nc,~, ,Whi~li~·~g~la.tes
the-·~10.1·i~~rPt~t~e:·~~~~~ ; ,:,:~·~ : gl~:~.: ~j~ ·;'Ye c?.~~
tem1,late;1 ~v~f,e,el· .a..nr;QP.~~-~~.tY!
.tQ". a_dore,'.\\' l!~Ist .
~ - " . ~. ~·- 1 ·· ~: . i ... ym'· of:1 'seed~.· so\viil(J' . it' 'ii
we . epJP~•;.p} ff . ~he ,tt.. J~ I.,, .; " ' ~n ~
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ti.{~;~e-~~~~, ·r;~p~Jf.~ .~#f ~-::1;~.~h'f, i~"~\\i, ·~v hi~l~_ tli~.
liu~Mndn1an.:..~r.U;~t&: ·,tf),;:,tll~, pp~QIP- 9f :_tlie.. ~~rth
sQ.p.~l,i . hap,y,,t 1 YJ~~r;.' ;· ·

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Sur-ingvp,~e,se~~-: 1~~i 1'Y.~q'lr.~ ;s:<;;_~~~- •?~ J;i.v~ly · ex~

pectation . . '~hat ·. wln~h ,~?<~)wfo.re . s?·~n, begins novY to <hscover signs of.successful vegetation. The, labou1:m·, obr;;,~rve~ t~1e ~l1;:t~)f;e, a1Hl

. anticiP,a~es.. the}1,arx~~1~ ; :.11.e.)v~~cli~~- }l.~e.. p,ro.

g~es~3 ~o.f.»a,tl\t'e£.,. ~?,.4 :. s.~11.~~}~! ~1e~· 1n~~~n~~. :
.w.hil~ , .tt~e . m.~n ~f .c?n~~~p1at~p~ wrtl~s · /0 rq.1
1

with th,~ .~veni,ng;.~~v~lst tp.~ f.r~grl;lnc~ of flo,v~
.. cr,s,..an-ll }n:omjs~s .ofpl~nty'. ~· ~-~rr~turns to his
cottage til!'.d.~rkncss' close~ . ~l)e· seene upon ·his

: eye.~ . 1]he_1~ .!_.cpni~etl~; ;~~~e: h!~r~~~.t; , ~~e.~ :, ~he.

· )arg~i w1s.h .1s _. s~t1s~e~,1 a~1f1 th~ ,gra1~~r1e,s of
. natur.e .a:r.e ;loaded with. t~~ - means o~·hfe; e'_'en
tQ ;-~ ~ : luiui:;y; ; of - ~bjih.d:_tnc~.~· /f.he~· ppw.ers · oi

lan1l'~a~~
~are~,
unef1\l,~\
fo ~~l~P. d.escr_ip~un :of't11is
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S CJllPTUITES.

'fhe great laws of morality are written in
our hearts ~ and ma.y Le discovered by reason ;
hut our r.e ason is of slow gl'owth, and very
unequally dispensed to different persons, liahle to error, and confine<\ wit.hill very· narrow
limits in all. If; therefore, God have vouchsafed to grant a particular revelation of his
will, it becomes us to receive his inecepts with
the deepest reverence ; to love and 11rize them
above all things ; and to study them constantly, with an earnest <lesire to conform our
thoughts, wor<ls, autl actions to them.

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''.) · ~ ; :. ,": · : YOUTH ..

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coi;ivincedt "on ·rational groimcls, of its divine
authotity.' :r·Al ' pre.s ent· such inquiries would
de~·and " more' :study;. and ·greater powers of
: 1•ea~onhig; than' yo~r ·age-admits: ·It is your
par.t;' therefore .'.'till yqu ·a.re capable of understan~d .h1g ~H1_e: 'pi·~oJ~; to believe your parents
and' teael1ers; that :the holy :..scriptures contain
a 'frue :.£bisfory.' of facts; a true recital of th e
laws . given by Gou to Moses; ancl of the 111·ccept~( or"oui· blessed Lord .and ·sa·\'iour. deliv- .
cl.·ed from his ~. 0W'l1 mouth to his disciples·, and
·1·epeatt:~l:';- anct,.~"Q.larged,.' UJJ_o n : in the . edifying
. e1listles'"'of l1is :..ap'" o$tles>.;«.:"i.
: .h~ \;. -.· . :, . .<;... :
'i; ,
• ... · •
\.,
:;. · This ;..s'aci··~(f.v,.olU:me ·m~s,t.b,e· the rule of your
life ~ ·~:.~: 1n°' jt ,,yo·u':-~illt fi.n(L. all rfr~ths necessary
to b"e· belieV,e(l ;'.! ~ncl 'plain .~rid_: ea.'s y clirections
foi.· :the"! practi¢e"'~f :~."ev.e~·yJ . ~uty.· :'.~ Your Bible
·must be your ·c1.1 ieCstudy anll ·µelighL" ... ' · ·
'

THE STUDY 0¥

'•

~·· 1As you ad,1a1ice i11 yea1's and un<le1~stan<l ~
ing fyou ~\\r~ll ..be 'able to · exam~i1e for •-yourself
the , evi<lences' ~of the Chri~t\an .religion, an_d lJ e

·happy se.n-sn11. ·It is the cntaival of nature :
sun and shade, coolnes s :uul quietude, cheer ..
fulness and Jllclody, love a1ul gratitude, unite
~~ ren~e~ ~very ~cene of summer delightful. ·
1 he d1v1s1011 of11ght au<l llarkness, is one of
the kindest efforts of Omnipotent 'Visdom . .
Day and night yield us contrary blessings, and
at the same time assist. each other, by giving
fresh lustre to the delights of both. Amidst
the glare of day, and bustle of life, how coul(l
we sleep ? Amidst the gloom of darkness, how
coul<l we labour ?
,
·
·
How wise, huw benignant, then, is the pro- ' ·
per d~v~sion ? The hours of light are ada.ptell
to activity ; and those of darkness, to rest . .Ere
the clay is passed, exercise and nature prepare
l}S fur the pillow; and by the time that morning returns, we are again able to meet it with
·a s.mile .. Thus, every season has a charm pecu har to itself; and every moment affords some
interesting innovation.

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~ · Youth. is the season to form religious hab: its ; . the . earl~est ! vrinciples are generally the

- most lasH~1g; and those ·of a religious cast are
. seld~m -· wl}olly .lost. ·,,' ,Though the · temptations of t~1e \vorltl piay.·now· antl tl}en dt·aw the
"\VelJ-principle<l youth '. asicle : ., yet~ his princi, p'es .being contim~~Ily at war .with hi s prac, tice~ t)lere: is. ho11e, that · in the end tlie better
•pii.1·~
,o,: erc~me :.the ~or.se, . and hriug on a
· i·eformation: whereas he who .h as· suffered hab ·
its : u! ~ice ~o get possession· o~ ·bis youth, has

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. little clmncc of lrning brought back Lo a sense
<>f religion . Some calamity mnst · rouse him.
I:le must be awakenetl by a storm, or sleep for
ever. -How much better it is,. then-, to make
that ea~ y to us which we know is b es t! and to
form those hahits now, which hereafter we shall
wi s h w e hall formed !
·youth is introductory to manhood, . to which
it is, prop erly speakiug, a state of preparation.
Durin~; this s eason we must qualify oursel\ cs
for the parts ·we are to ac.t hereafter. . In manhooll we bear the fruit wJ1ic h has . in yon th
hcen plaulcd. If we have sauntered away our
youth, we must expect t.u Le ignorant men.
lfimlolence and -inattention have taken an ear·
ly possession of us, they will proua.bly in·
<'.rease as we ad van cc in life, aml make us n;
lrnrden to ourselves, and useless to socictv. It
agaiu ,we suffer ourselves fo be misletl by · v(
cious inclinations they will daily get · new
strength, and enll in llissolutc lives.
Ilut if we cultivate our minds in yout.11. aml
attain habits of attention and inclusfry, of virtne ·and sohriety, we shall find ourselves well
prepared to act our future parts in life . : and
·what above all things ought to be our care, by
t;aining this command over ourselves , we shail
be more able, as we get fot'ward in the wot·hl,
to resist every new temptation as soon as it ap.
llears.
·
GILPIN.
1

FJfJIAL AFFf;CTlON.

W e may . venture to assert, Urn.tif a .11ian .has
any well. wishers,- any benefactors on earlh . to

~hon~ li_e is. bomul by indissoluble· ·t~~s, o~ 'g rat1tp.de, lus..parents are the persons. · ,~ · ;" · :
. ~nd,eed on;e is willing· to think that'J.nany of
tho~e / young ' people, whose ' 'behaviour is so
blameable, 'are not sensible ·of the ·uneasiness
it .' occasioris, ·1101'. - ,at, . all aware how much au- ·.
gttish}is _·endu.Fed 'on thefr acc(;mnt> · ·. · ·
· · .: They! j.~µ'1) ,h·e~dles~ly forward in :the broad '
an~- ~p~n~ p_a~.~1/~~·d _ Jiay~ .·µ? thgugl~t"but of the
pleas4r~ '. tl,1~y",l;t~·e pursu.1ng: · · . : _:
·
: ·Y ·et ·sto1}/ ybung )nan' we beg, a ·little, to look
to,yards tbypoor .paren.t s . .i. ,.rhink it not too :
1n_~ch'.: ~o'..,~~s~_o;w.: a · ·mmµent:.~. r.eflectio~ · upon,
thP'~:~ '.~Yl~{) · n~ye~~ f?rge~thee. ' ~ecollect what ·
they' hav~ ~ doue' for'-tliee. ; : ll,e~1ember an· all
it~deecJ :th oil' ~·a~'s (riot<; ! ~las_ t i~r Ilacl :been thy t
lQt; f h~dtn.9f thilr ~a're: ·.of .:thee · begun ··before •

tEou':~?u1~~t~~~~~~-lj.0~r;o~· ·Up?~~.any· th~tjg> - ;_

..;-_ ,N.ow:- ~o~ P~?,u~, ),~.e~f..~ill;e .d, · !~·~~?rable, · thou~ .
coul<lst then ' _only. a~k bye:wa1lmo-, _and ·move ·
the~n ·with' Uf,i''.~eaf.~ ~~-, : ;J\ntl)l~ey~>~· e r~ ·.!11.ove.d f
th~n·. he.a1:ts were' touched ·with ~hy ·tl1stre.ss : ,
th~Y. 1 , i;~l.i~v.;~ ~l : an~: 'Yl}tcl~ed __thy .-~~1.1;~, befoi:e·
thou .kn:¢. west . tlnne ~ ow1L necessities or then·!
kind~ess ; ~· thef~:f..~ot~¢(~ ~. th~l(; _. tJio1Ji' k1iewest .

no~· - ~I~aF1 ~h~'ii 1 w~sf:mi~ed ; :~,t~w.u - ~~kedst · not

. ~o~ ,b rea1; .b1;1t ~l~ ~y_f~£1 ' thee~ /. A~d.~ ever s_ince,
·~ short,_(for th~ r~rhcula~s. are too many to be '
r~~o~nt~cl~ ~mJ:t?o':Jnany ~µrely to,be ;all utter.·:
ly: 'forgott_e n,) 'it". has =been · the ;' very : prii1Cipa l
- e~icleavoifr,'- employnient;' , ~Ud',' stuuy of <theh>'.
.". li~es /tc>'do ··service ' tothce : "{·.~.;, ~ !. _ : /.;!.',,_.i·
1
·. · ~ flnd h~ln ~·mber~ fo1<bii_s>~too.: is{ ofiiou1e~t; . it
". is ·all out ·or piue, unf~,igned 'affection.' , OtheL~
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130

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friends mostly expect their civilities to _be ~e­
pai<l and their kiml offices returned with interes't: hut pareuts have no thoughts like these.
'l,,hcy seek not thine, but thee .. 'l~hcir r~~anl
is real, and hearty, ancl urules1gmng. J hey
)1ave no . reflex views upon themselves ; no
oblique o-lances towar•ls their own interest. If.
by all their endeavours they can obtain their
child's welfare they arrive at the full accorn ..
plishment of th~ir wishes. They have no higher ,o bject of their ambition. Ile thou but happy
and they are so.
And now tell me : is not something to be .
done, l <.lo. not now say f~r th~self, but for
them . ? If it be too much to desire of thee to ·
be.: ~ood, 1 and· wise, aud . virtuous, and· happy, ,
for - thy own, sake ·; ye~ . be happy for theirs .. '.
Think- that. a sober; upright, amlJet me add, ·
a- religious life,: besicles th~ blessings it ~will
bring. upon thy own head, w~ll. be a .fountain of
unfa.ilinO" comfort to thy· declrnmg pa.rents, and
~
.l
•
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•
make the· heart of the agcu srng ior JOJ.
What shall we say ? Which of these is ·
happier; the· son that make th a gla(l father, or ·
the father blessetl with such a son ?
. ~,ortunatc young man ! w_ho hast · an heart
open ·SO early to ,·irtuous delight~ : and . canst
find thy own happiness, .in:i·etur1ung ; thy fa th.,.
~r's , hlcssing upon liii own head. .
·
And happy father ! whose years have bee.n ·
i)rolouged, (not as it often. happens) to sec Ins
comforts fall from him one after another, and to.
become at once ohl and destitute ; Lut to taste
a new pleasurP. not t'J he found . among the~

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pleasures of youth, reserved for his age ; to
l'ea11 ·the ' llarvest-'of all his cares and labours;

in th~, duty, aff-0ction, and_ felicity of his dear
chilct ··_:llis very look bespeaks·the inwanl sat- .
isfaction of his heart. · 'l'he infirmities of age
sit' ligh_t' on him. Jle feels not the troubles of
life'" : 'he :smiles at the appr()n.~h o.f death ; sees
Jiimsclft'till living and honoured in the memorf' a·i1:c\ ~ the person of his son, his other, <lenrer
sel(;·: ancl pa_s:s es down to 'the receptacle of all
the living,jn the·Ju1nes$ of content aud joy.
.;·,~

-·.- ·,·<.!· .. ''.·):·

t•. -..:,..! . ·'(". ::·~;,~ :_~··-.~;·.;·_·:!'

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-: _THE

· ~IAI_tMONY . 01''

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OGDEN.

-.. ~·~ .
NATURE.
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Thr~:nglloht'!the~u~iv~rse tl1ere is a wonder-

ftifpr_oporH9rifog cifone·:thi~g~a another. 'l"he
~iie .of ariiinals~··orm.aj1" 1espedally, when considered w.itli
.~tiler animals, or to the
pla'.nt~ '.Wh.ich ·grow_,arprind ·;hi_m, -is . such as a
I regard to his conveniency would have pointed
out. A giant or a pigmy coul<l not have milked goa~~, Te_ap~cJ. corn, or ~i.owed grass : a giant
;could not . ll~y'e'Tode a :ho.r se; -tra~n_ed · a vine,.or
shorn a s!leep~ ·with the· same bodily ease as
, we <lo, if at all. · A pigmy would have been
lost amongst rushes ,or c~1Tied off by binls of
··prey.· . · . · ..
.
·
c · ·1f may be observed,:likewise, that, the model
J and the materia_ls ' of the- human body being
I wl;t;it they are, · a .m uch greater bulk would
- have.broken down by its own weight. The
.~ persons of men ~ho much exceed the ordinary
~ stature· betray tlus tendency.
·
~· How close is the suitableness of the earth

:r·t?sper:fto

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·eummn.ml are called forth : resignatio.n Lows
aiul sea. tu their several iuhahita n ts ; and <>f
.~;ubmissiyc to the decree of Providence; . while
th ese inlrnhitauts, to the i>laces of thcit· ap. faith. and hoi1e Jift Ol1l' ·vi,ews a1id desires to
pointe(l residence !
. .
.
-· - - '. -. ·
· heaven.' · .- -.
'rake the earth as 1t IS ; and consHlcr the
· ·From th~ vale of sorrmv, ho'v changed, how
corrcspundcucy of th~ powers of ~t~ inlrnLitrefined, do we rettirnto ·the active and pleasurants ~ with the lHopcrhes nml comh.t10n o.r the
able scenes of lif~ ! . ·As the vei·dure and fragsoil '·' hieh thry tread. Take the rnlrnlntants
r.an~e succeeding .'t~ . a · s_um~rnr's shower ; so
as they are ; and cor1sider the substances
llUre
.and Sel'.elle, SO 'rich ' in virtue, SO flourishwhich t.h e earth yiel1ls for their use. 'l'hey ean .
ing in evltry gen~l"OUS ,;sentiment a11.tl enuearing
open its surface ; antl its. surface sup\llics a~l
quality,
is· 'the·- mit)d ·which · affiiction has imwhich they want. Sn ch IS the ~cn~th of thmr
pregnated with the _see.d of ~elestial happiness!
f;1cnltie s, aud such tl1c constltnhon of the
· Cease then, . 0 ma.n , ,to anaign the wisdom
g.lobe, that this is sufficient for all tucir occaand goodness__ of_thy. maker : and rather learn
s rnns.
to follO\y .th~ ~J~x.ample ,._of his Providence, by
When Vi'e pass from the earth to the sea,
_
extrac~ing_fr~m(tµe
1pos(pitt~r pl~nt. s their confrom laIHl to water, we pass througlt a great
change ; hut an adequate chan~e aceompa.nies . cealed virtues:~ ?:W,_ith~ a ·heart full of grateful
adoratiun,1ookup t_o'.hiiµ~ . both·. when he pours
us of animal forms and functions, of nnunal
upon_theeJh~ b1:ighf pe.a~s 'of. joy,· and when,
ca.pa.cities and wants.
The earth in its natu'r c is very different from the sea, an.d t~1c . , . with the sam.e h~neyolent,ile~sign, h~-·raises the
cloud of sorrow.' ~··:, .. ,.... · -·: ·- ' ·HouGHTON.
sea from the earth ; but one ac.conls with 1t~
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inhabitants as exactly as the other : and lhe
DIFl•-IDENC~ OF - OUR .A.DJLITJESj A ,MARK .O F .WISDOl\I. -.
correspomlency iustitntml Ly Divine 'Visuom
· · .As
·a hsolu t~·
ectio~ ·~r 1~n~lerstancli~g;
Jlervaues and harmonizes the whole.
J> ALE\.
is ~ impossibfo· : b~ -m.akes the near.est approad1- .
es to it, who has the: sense to di~cern, : aml the
A1J V'E RSl 'rY.
humility .to acknowledge,, ' its imi1e1·feclions.In every a,.o·('
adversity
lias
lH_'.Cll respected ·
1\'lode~ty al ways ·sits · gr~·cefully'. upon youth ;
0
.
as the school of ' virtue. There ·the wm· l l l is
it
covet·s ·a multitude of.faults, ._and doubles the ' .
1
unmasked ·: there the voice of cunseieuce is : lustre of every virtue which it s_e ems to hide.: ·
heard : and the claims of futurity are felt.
the perfections of mep being like thoie :flowere
'rhere, if any where, we are taunht humility: . ., which appear more beautiful when tbeir'leaves ·
the tear of penitence begin~ t~ flow : the sou.l - are · ~ · little contracted ' and folcled ', up~ tha"
.
/
-·
. __.
is attun'~d fo sympaJhy : forl1tndt~ a.Jn\ self•

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thi~ world partly -for th~se of the . n~xt. Let
· cacl~ of tb;se occupy, in the distribution of o~Lr
when ther are full blown, and <lisp~ay them'.- ~- time, ; ~l!~\t' sp~c.~ · which pr~pe~ly b,elongs to 1.t.
selves, without any reserve, to the view.
, Let not the hours of hospitality and pleasu1e .
We are some of us very foml of kn my l~dg~, · interfe-r e . -w ith the discharge of our necessary
~nd apt t? value ourselve~ upon anyprohciency :, affairs ; "and 'let not what .we cal~ n~ccssary
?n the .sciences. One science, however, ~here ... affairs, encroach upon th.e fame wl1~ch is due to
1s,, wm·lh mc~r~ than all the r~st, and that Is t_he
deyo~ion. . ~ro -every thmg there is a sea~o11:,
f3C1Cilcc of hvmg well ; wlnch shall remain,
and a time for.every purpose under the heaven.
\vhcn "t~ngues shall cense,'' and'' 1u.10wledge . If <we delay til\ to .. morrow what ought to .be
shall vam~h away." . As t.o new_ notwus;o a~<l ·, done to~<lay, we overcliarge the _morrow with new doctrmes, of wluch tlus age IS very fruit.
a burthen which belongs not to it. We load
ful, the th!ie will come, when '~e sliall have no
tlie ,wbeels'
time, and prevent them from car1>lcasurc rn them : nay, tLc tune s hall come,
rylngus along . ~mooth~y. He who every morn.when they shall. be exploded, and would h~ve
it~g 111ans the transactt()n~ of the day, and ~ol ..
!Jecn forgotten, if they luul 1~ot been P.resen cd
lows out tliat ·plan, cari·ies on a th!ead wlnch
I'll th?se excellent. bo~ks Wlnch con tam a COil·
will guide,· Ji~~ ,through the labyrmth of the
!utaho11 of the~u ; lilrn rnse_cts ln·eserved for ages · mO.st bu,sy- life~ ·: . 'rhe - on~erly ~rr~ngement _?f 111 amber, winch otherwise would. soon have · his tinie is like _a ray of light, wlnch tla1·ts i.trcturnecl t~, the .comn~01~ n~ass of tlnngs. l~ut
se1f througli all his·_ a~~irs. But_whe~·e no plan
a firm he lief of Chnstrnmty, and a practice
is laid ._where the dispo.s al of . time is surren~m.ita{)lc lo it, will support an~l invigorate the _ derecl 'mei~ely · ;to the _clian~e of inci<lt{µ,ts, .aJl
ma11l. to the last ; :uul m~1st of all, at ~ast, at
thinbs lie hmhlled ~og~thc: m one cha_?s, wluch
that important hour, winch must dcc1<lc our · . admits ueilher of <lislnbutrnn nor i:_e v1ew.
hopes and apprehensions : aml tl,ie wis<lom,
· · · · ~, . -· "
·, ·
.· .
EL.HR.
which, like our Saviour, cometh from above,
. , .· ·
1
. . ~uM.\N LtrE.
will, through his merits, bring us thithe1·. All
' .. · 1 , . ·
our other studies aml pursuits, however differ- ,lluman life is as the journey of a d~y. \Ve
e~t, onght to be subservient to. and ccutre in, : i·ise :in the morning of youth, full of v1};or, ~~n~l
this grand point, the pursuit of eternal happi- g_ full of expectation ; we set f~rwa1:c~ w1_th sp1nt
ness, by being good in ourselves, anc.l useful. "' and hope; -with gaiety a~d with chhger!ce, aml
to the wofld.
·
· ·
SEED.
tl.·avel on awhile in the direct road of piety! towanls the mansions of rest. In a short time,
T.WE DUl'l'RIIlU1' 10N OF OUR 'l' DIE .
we: i·emit .~ur fervour, and .endeavour to find
'!"hat \lortion of time wliich GOll has allotted ~
·i o us, is intentlcll partly for tlie qmcerns of;
0

of

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.510ine mitigation of our duty, and some more
spair ·but ·s hall remember, that; though the day
easy means of obtaining the same end. '\Ve ·$ is pa~t, and their strength is wasted, .there yet
then relax our vigour, and rcsul ve 110 longremains one effort to be made : that ,reforma-.
er to be terrified with crimes at a distance ;
ti~n is never hopeless, nor since_re endea.vourli
but rely upon our own constancy, an<l. venever unassisted ·; that the wanderer may at
ture to approach what we resolve never to ' length return after all his errors ; anll that he_
touch. We thus enter the hffwers of ease, and
who implores strength and courage from above, ·
repose in tlie shades of security. I-Iere th1e
shall fillll danger,a1ul difficulty give way before
heart softens, and vigilance suhsides ; we are · him. ·- ··
,·
Drt. JOHNSON.
then williug to cnquirn whether another ad- ,
vance can nut be made, aud whether we may
not, at least, turn our eye11 upon the gardens or ~
pleasure.
We approach them with scruple
and hesitation ; we enter them, but cuter tim: '
orous and trembling; and al ways hope to pass
'
through them withoL~t losing the roacl of virtue,
which, for· a while, we· keep in our sight, and
to which we purpose to return. llut tempta'· '
tion succee<ls temptation, ancl one compliance
prepares us for another ; we in time lose the
.
:
liappiness of innocence, and solace our disquiet with sensual gratifications. Ily dcg1·ccs, wo ,,.
let fall the remembrance of our original iuten~ t
..
tion, and quit tlte only adequate object or ratim1ar desi1~c. 'V c entau~lo ourscl vcs i11 lrn- c
siness, immerge ourselves\11 111xury , and rorc· It
through the lnhyr:nth s of i11co11 'i f:uw.y; till the ~
tlarkness of ohl age begins to inv:ulc us, n.tHl I
disc:tsc an(l anxiety obs trnct our ·w ay. 'Yo (
then look hnck upon om· lives with !1orrnr, ·w itb
sorrow, with repentance ; and wish, but toQ,
often vainly wish, that ·we had 110t forsaken
the ways of virtue. Happy are they, my sou, · I
who s.ha.11 learn from thy example, not to lle ~
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{14

139
. ~ere necessary, would direct . the 1;1n~~rstanJ ....
· } ing
that point . . ·· But ~n the-begmnmg o~..·" '
narrative it is · exfremely, difficult.to .. de~ei·mine'.
at which of the circumstances that form .t he ac-'."_
·count, u;e interest and p~rspicuity .oi th~ r~)ation commences. ·I tlnnk, however,. it is .a. , . . . .
APPENDIX ..
· very good praetice for young J?e~sons, t? ..take _,;_ ~
the out line of a story, and put it into then own -~ '. ·
languag~ ; and tl~e~ sl1o~ld aftenvards .com- ', · ·;
pare their r,ompos1bon '!1th the s:i-me. stm Y as f':
told by an approved wntm·. · It is lln~eces~a- --ry to name suitable subjects. The d1screhon
0°f teachers: can -best d~termine t~1~ exampl~s­
THERE are several specimens of com110-·
which . are adaptell to . the . capacities of then:
sition, which, from their nature cannot be rescholars. .. ·
·c
·
duced to the structure of a theme. Narratives,
',.; .
..
...... : ' ',
. ,.
descriptions, and famiVar letters,. are of this.
.
"'IAN\
·
character. 'fhere are also many choice spe-Man' ~~~~i~i~r«~~I i~· hi~s-eiri .is ~ v~ry 11~1p ~
cimens of writing, which, although of a class
that generally admit5 such an arrangement ;: · · les~. and .a:'.vei:y ·.wretched ·, being.' He is ~~b­
ject _ ~very -mome~1t to .·,the '. great.est calam1tiesi • ·
yet have the distp1ct parts so ingeniously in-and misfortune~ < He is be!?et w1t~1 dangers on
terwoven as to rl1ider the separation of them
all sides, . and ·m ay· become unhappy by numfrom each other very difficult.
'
berless' casualties, which ,he cou1,µ not foresee,
"That students anll tutors may have an oppor·
norhave preyented, bad be foreseen th~m. :
t'ul'lity of examining such instances o.f compoIt is our comfort, ,while we · are_obnox1.ous to·
sition, this appendix is made.
so
many acdd.ent~, . that .we are unde1· tlie careI know it has been saill that narrative is tl1e,
. · ef one\°Vh~ directs contingencies, an~ lias in li~s­
easiest mode of writing. I am not anxious to.
band~ - the management of every thmg th~t l&
conceal that my opinion is directly otherwi~e ;
capaQle of annoying or oifen~ling , us ; .who·
and as I hav~ never seen any IH"acticable rule
knows the assistance we stand 1n ne,e d of, and
for commencing a narrative, I am the more in-·:is.
always ready to bes~ow .it on 'thos~;lyJio ask
clined · to continue my opinion. In subjects ·
it hl.m. - '
':' :_, ,.· .
.: .,.. :. :·:' .
for discussion there is always a clistinct peint
· · :". The natural homage, _w hich sucl1 a creature
-upon whidi the mind is immediately fixed • ·
bears.to SQ infinitely :wise
and
59od a beiQg, _is
Rnd clear and practical precepts, if precept; ,
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.,served tliat au unjust 's entence, wl1ich h~ l1at\
su'1'ered to take ejJ'ect, was now punislied by an
ui1just sentence·upon him~e1~. · ,. He forgav~ a~\
his enemies, even the chief instruments of· hut
death • but exhorted them and tl1e ,whole · na'ACCOUNT OF TIIE EXECUTION OF KI.NG CHARLES THE
tion t~ r~turn to the ways of peace, by payin~
FlltST.
obedience to their lawful ·!!!overeign his son and
successor.-At
one blow was his head severed
'l~hc street Lefore 1Vhitchall was the place
from. his ,bo<ly. A man in a viz or P.erforn~ed ·
;.t;.. destined for ~he execution : fo1· it was intcnd"
the' office of ' executioner : another, .111 a like
~d, by.choosing t~at very place, in sight of his
disguise;· held up · to the '.spectators the hea.d.
own 1>alace, to <lt~play more evidently the triumph of popt~lar Justice over royal majesty. , . streaming·· 'vith blood, .and' cried ~loud, Thul
is. the:head of a traitor.
. . , '
When. the kmg came upon the scaftoid. he
It is impossil;>le to describe the grief, indigfound it so surrounded with ioldiers, Urnt he
nation,
~nd . ~stonishment, which took place,.
eou~d not expect to be heard by ~ny of the peonoto'nly anwng the,.sp,ect~tors: who ~were overple . he a<l<lresse<l,therefore lns discourse to
whelm.e4~ }Vith ~;,i ,~o~d _of 13~rr~w;:, but throughthe few persons who were about 11im • particout the -',wllole . na~iOn;> ns . spon as, the· report of
ularly Colonel 'l'omlinson, to whos~ care he
this
'fa.ta( executio.n ._·w as ·: conveyell ' to them.
had lately been committed, and upon whom
Never mQnarch, . in. the fu U triumph of succes&
as upon many othe.rs, his amiable deportment
and victory, w~s more_ ~~~r to- ~is .P~ople,, than
had ~rough~ an entire c?nversion. He justifihis · misfortunes and magnanim1ty,_\ns patience
ed h1s OWil Innocence In the late fatal wars,
and piety, ·hall rendp,rell this unhappy prin.ce.
and observe~ that he batl not taken· arms till
In 11roi;>0rtion ·to thei.r ~orm~r delusions .. winch
after the parliament had enlisted forces . nor
·
had ammated them aga1n,t lnm,wa!' the violence
~ad he any other object in his warlike oi>P-raof, their return to duty · aI').ll affection ; while
t10~s . th:in to preserve that authority entire;
each rep1·oached himself, either with active dis\Vlnch lus petlecessors had transmitted to him
loyalty towarcls him, o.r . with ._t,oo . indolent deHe ~hrew not, however, ihe blame upon th~
.fence
,of his . oppressell cause .. · On weaker
parl~am.ent ; but was more inclined to think
minds; the effect of these· complicated• pas.: ·
!hat ill instrument~ had interposed, and raised
sions ·was , procligious. ~Vom~n a~e said ~o..
~n the~n fears. ~nll .1ealousies with regard to his
'
·
have
cast forth the .untimely fr mt · of their .
inlent10us. I hough innocent towards his peowomb ! ! others fell into c9nvulsions~ · or sunk
ple, 1~e ~cknowle<lge<l the equity of bis
i~~o such. ~ :q.a.elancpoly as · atte.nd.ed them tfl
t.xecution lll the eyes of his J}Iaker ; and ob~

'

firm ~·eliaucc on him for the blessings and
c?nveruence.~ of life, and an habitual trust in . ',
Jum f?r del!verance ont of all such <la1wers
and difficulties as may befal us. ADn1so;.

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their grave : nay, some, unmindful of the1n5elves, as though they couhl not, or wou ltl not,
survive their beloved prince, it is reported suddenly fell down dead. The very pulpits were
be<lewed with unsubornetl tears ; those pulpits which had fo1·mer]y thurulerc(l out the
most violent imprecations and anathemas against him. Allll all men uniletl in their detestation of those hypocritical parricides, who,
hy sanctifie<l pretences, had so long disguised
their freasons, and in this last act of iniquity,
had thrown an intleliblestain upon the nation.
HUME.
Pl'rY.

As blossoms and :flowers are strewed upon
earth by the hand of spring, as tlie kindness
of summer produceth in perfection the bounties of harvest ; so the smiles of pity shed
blessings on the children of misfortune.
Jle who pitieth another recommendeth him.
self; but he who is without compassion deserve th it not.
,.£he butcher relenteth not at the bleating of
the lamb ; neither is the heart of the c1·uel
moved with distress.
Ilut the tears of the compassionate are sweeter than (lew-drops falling from roses on tbs
bosom of the spring,
Shut not thine ear therefore against the
ories of the poor; neither harden thy heart
ttgainst the cala.mities of the innocent.
When thcfarthclcss call upon thee., when the
widow's .heart is sunk? and she imploreth. thy

i43

assistance with . tears of sorrow ; 0 pity her
., aflliction .1 and extend thy hand to th~se who
h~ve no~e to help them.
_
·
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· When thou seest the nake<l wan~erer of
the street ~hivering with cold,, aml <lesutute of
· habitation · let bounty open thme lrnart, let the
. wings or' cl~arity shelter .· ~im from death, ' that
· thine own-·soul may live . .: ._ - , :
·
Whilst th·e po~J.r man groaneth on the ~ed '?f ·
sickness, .whilst_' the .unfortunate ·languish Ill ·
the' horrors of a ·, dungeon, or the hoary l!eacl
. ofage . li~ts up . a feehl~ . 'e.ye to thee for p1.ty;
O ·how- canst . thou r10t _In su1>ertluous ~DJOY­
.ments. re(J'ar<Jless of their. wants, unfeeh~g of
' their ~'oe~ ·! .... - _' :. _Ec?~oi.~Y OF BuMAN ~IFE.
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GENE~AL 'R ULES , 'FoJ:i' THf1 ATTAINMEN'r OF KNOWLEDG,E.

_: Dee 11j'. ~·imp~e. ss ~:~ y~~~ : - ~ind~· )vi th the ~.ast
inq1_ortance of a -,~oup_<l .Ju~gmen~, and the ~Ic~
and inestimable ~ · advantage of. right reasomn_g.
Review the insf~nces of your own .misconduct
in life and observe how many follies antl sorrows ;ou had .escaped, if fro~ your ea~ly years
had ta~en due l?aius to Judg~ aright ,.c~m!. cerning persons, . times, .anll tlnng_s. . I ~us
will awaken you . to lhe work of. 1~provmg
your reasoning p _o wers, and of s.e1zmg every
opportunity and ad.vantage for tlns eJ?-11.
, Rea<.l .the ·a ccounts of those vast treasures of
. knowletlge wl1ich some of the <lead have possessed and some of the living <lo possess, and
be ast~nished at tlie almost incredible adv~n­
ces that have been made in science. · Acqu~1nt
yourself with some i1e1·sons of great learnm~;

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that, by comparing yourself with them, you · ·· and prejudic~s, au cl ~· give . it ·. an- ill ·habit. of ·
tnay acquire a just opinion of your own attain- '~ thinking _. : ::~_utpenetrate into the de,pth of mat- ·
ments, and be animated with a gcne1·ous antl : ters as f~r _as . your; ti_m e aru1 .-circumstances
,will allow . ./:
. ··
·. . . ,
· ..
laudable emulation to equal or exceed them.
. Once a day, especially in _the early years of
But remembei·, if upon a few superficial ac.
;
life
and study, examin,e what new ideas you
quirements you value alHl exalt yourself, as
have ~.. gai:Q.ed;: :and wha·t advances you have
though you were already }canted, you are
made
in any IJart qfknowle<lge, mullet no day
thereby erecting an impassaLle barri~r against
~) if po~sible,, pas_~ ~~"':~Y witl.1~mt some intellech~- ·'
nll improvement.
Presume not too much npou a bright gen- .~. al g~m; !t.was ~- ~n:~rell rule·a.mong the ~ytha­
goreans, that they ·should every -evemng run
ius, a ready wit, and gooll 111uts ; for these
thrice_over-the actions 'and affairs of the <lay,
without labou1· a1ul study will never make a
and , ex=:tmin~': wh,~t : 't heir · conduct had been,
man of knowledge aml wis'1om. Persons of
what t~ey)!a~ ·,~.d?1ie;·:· and what they ·1iad nega gay and vigorous fancy have often fallen inlect~d
,;-·ass_u red _; that · by . this ,: method, · they
to this mistake. They have been acknowlwoul~'. m.a~e;.a ·ra.pi(l: nrogress · in tl~e path of
edged to shine in' an assembly, autl sparkle in
knowle.
d ge ~ui~~~v!rt~e· >·t· -~; · -·~:; .-..,'· c., ~W ~ TTS ~
a <liscourse upon common topics, and thence
1.
.:'·,.~{_
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',;--:. ACCOUN~"'OF THE 2A.Dll.URABL~~ CRICHTO N* . . -, . .
lrnva res0lvell to abanllon reading and study:
~
~ .~
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:...±- .
••
• "\ • but when they had lost their vivacity of ani·~:~ .vi~·t.~~;!.~i~y~_VJ~~gil~ i~._~~t't~~~ ~cc~·pt~d when .:
mal nature and youth, they became stupid and
. : . it coin.es iii. ~ac~pleasitig".· form >''--'I'he· ·. person ·of
sottish, even to contempt anll ridicule. It is
,·: CriChton' .was emin~ntly beautiful ; but -' his
meditation, and studious thought, that gives
. ::. bea~ty was . ~o[lsjste!lt •'with "such activity and .
good sense even to the best genius.
.strength~. t.h at ·ir) ~: f~nCing ·· he ·,_ wotil.d spring-·at
Exercise your reason and judgment upon
all you read, for, if your learning be a mei·e : :: one ,bounlJ ~ upon :._ ~is antagonist'; and h~ used '
the_swor<l)n .eitl~er ;<, hand. with such -force and
accumulation of what others lrn,ve written,
dexterity, .that sca,r~e . any one h_ad :courage to without a tlue penetration into the meaning,
eng~ge lii~~ , : · ,.. ·_. ··
. · · .:: ·_ '·
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and a juclicious choice and determination of
. Having studied 'a t St.:Antlrews; in' Seotlan<l, A
~our own sentiments , your head has little bet. ., lie went .t~ P~ris in his ~wenty ~first·· yea~· :·and i
ter title to true knowledge than the shelves of
.. · affixed _on the gate«of-the i ,college of ·N avnl'l·e,- '
your library.
. a _·kind
:of challenge
to . . .the
learned
of·1::-"'that
·uni.2 · ·
Do not hover always on the surfaces of
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*This· youthful pr0tligy, .according to ~b~ ~est'authorithings, or take ur sucldenly with mere appearties~·
liveu from alJoµt 1560to1582.
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a nces, for tliis w ill fill the mirul with crrm;i!
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versity, to dispute with them on a certain
day ; offering to his opponents the choice of
ten languages, and of all the fa.cu Hies and sciences. On the day appointed, three thousand
auditors assembled, when four doctors of the
church aml fifty ministers appeared against
11im : anll one of his antagonis ts confesses
that the doctors were defeated · that he O'avc
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lll'oofs of knowledge beyond the reach of m:rn,
and ti.at a hundred years passed without food
or sleep would not be sufficient for the attainment or his leai·ning. After a disputation of
nine hour~, he was presented by the president
nnd professors with a <liamon<l and a purse of
f;Ol dJ and <lismis.setl with repeated acclamations. ·
lfro111 Paris he weut to Ilome, where he
malle tlie same challenge, and had, iu the 11resence of the }lOpe and cardinals, the same success. 1-le ·then visite<l Padua, where he engaged in another public disputation, beginning his performance .with an extempore poem in praise of the city and the assembly pres~nt, and concluding with au oration equally
unpremeditated in commendation of ignorance.
These acquisitions of learning, however
stupendous, were not gain.ell by the omission
of any accomplishment in 1,which it becomes a
gentleman to excel. He 1nactised, in great
perfection, the arts of drawing and painting ;
he was an eminent ]lerformer in both vocal
and instrumental music ; he dancetl with uncommon gracefulness ; and on the day after
l1i:;; (lisputation at Paris, exhibited his skill in

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, , h~rse~anship , before tlie · , cou~·t ~, of _ France, ·1
.....~,\vl1ere;·, at : a .',p~blic'." match · ,of . hltmg, .he bore
·. : away' the. ring upon his !ance: £.ft~cn tunes t?:
gether. · He exc,e ll,ed · hkew1se ~n · domest!c
games of less dignity .and reputat~on ; .m~d_u1
the .interval between Ins challenge a.n<l ~hspu -­
tation at Paris, he spent so much oflns tune at
, ,. , ca1·ds · dic-.e,~ ~t1ll tennis, that a lamp~on '~ as·
fixed ~pon t~1e; gate of the Sorbon~ie, dirc.c ~rng
those who would s~e. this monst~~. ~f eru<litrnn,.
t~ look.foi· ·l1im at 'the tavern.
.·
· . .
· So .,extensive was his acquau~tance · with
,}ife and ·marinei·s, ·: that in an 'Italian com~<ly
: co~p<;>secl by. ~ii~self? an~ ~xhibited before the
.court of Mantua; he IS said.. to. ha ye personated
.,
fifteen di~erent characters. llis..memory was so
:, rete1l.th•e, th.a t, ;hearing au orahm.~ of a~ · ho.ur,
·1.ie : wo~ld ~~1·epeatif. exactly, a.n d 1n .the ~ec1tal
follo_\y the~ '. speaker thro~1gl~ ~ll the_va: iety of
ai1d··~· gesticri1ation. -: ·.:· ,· .: . ~ '..'/: ' . '
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·· · · Nor -'\v.as l1is.':'sldll,in~arms less>than I? ~ea:n~
ing, or ·, his courage . inferior · tu lns skill.
'l.,here was .a prize-fighter at Mantua, W~lO
had defeat~d · the·. most celebrajt~d masters 111
. many · pai.·ts ofEurope ; , and '. 1111\l~ntua l~all
killed three who h all appear ed .against }nm.
·Crichton . · looking on his sanguinary success
with inµignation, oirere(l to stake fift~en h~ndred pistoles, and mount t~ie stage··ag.amst ln m:
·. '1,he uuke of ~Iantua with some 1 eluctancc
conse~ted · a1i.d on the day fix ed the comlrn- .
tauts appe~red. The prize-fighter advanc~-d.
with ' · ~t·eat violence · and fiercencs.s, · wl11J ~,
Cricht~Il. · c.Qutented himself calmly to ¥vu.td.l

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. l1is i~asscs, and suffer him to waste his vigour
1>! lus own fury. Crichton theu pressed upon
lnm with such force and agility, that he thrust
l1im "thrice through the body, and saw him ex ..
llire. Ile then divided the prize he bad won
among the widows whose husbands had been
killed . .
'J'he duke of Mantua having received such
proofs of his various merit, made him tutor to
_Jais son \rincentio di Gonzaga, a prince of
_loose manners an<l a turbulent disposition.
But his honour was of ,short duration ; for, as
he was one night, in the time of Carnival,
i·~mbling about the strnets with his guitar in
Jns hand, he was attacked by six men , masked,
.and op·poserl them with . such vigour and address, that he <lis1)erscll them, and disarmed
their leader, who, throwing off his mask, discovered himself to be the prince his pupil.

Crichton falling on his knees, presented his
own sword to the prince, who seized it, and
instigated, as some say by jealousy, according

t.o others only by drunken fury, thrust him
through the heart.
'rhe court of J\'lanttrn testified their c ~-;iee m ·
for the memory of Crichton by a public mourni~g, ,and the palaces of Italy were adorned \vi th
}Hctures, representing him on horseback with a
1~.n~e· h1 one ha:i;_icl, anll a book in the other.
ADVENTURER~
THE GROTTO OF AJ:"TJPAllOS.

Of all the subterraneous caverns now known,
the grotto of Antiparos,
.
. an inconsiderable isl-

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i'n 'ft1e Arcl1ipelago, is_: the. mostremarka~~ .
file .. a's ·weil. for its extent as for the, beauty of
'
· · .... t•10ns. · 'I"'l
· celebrated
its ·sp'arry
incrusta
· 1.is
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. cav
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ern was ilrst ex11lored by one 1\{agm, an. I~aL­
ian tra\Te1le1~, in the sevente,e th .c entury. ::, . . ; ·.' '.
, ·"Having been inform~.d," _s~ys . ~ie, ' by
the native!' of Paros., tliat in th~ l~~tle islancl of
Antipat~os;, whichlies . abou.t , t~o miles from Urn

_former; ,a gigantic statu_e· w~s to .be; seen at the .
. 1nouth of' the -cavern, t'ie ·1're1!C:h · consu~ and
·\
myself ~·e~9lv~~l
.pay it a: -v1s1t.· . . ·. ·:,,
,
" After w.e', had: landecl on the rslan~l,. a.nd _
. walked· about' four miles through: the mul~t of
btt.au_tiful: plains _and': ~lopi.n~ woo~llan~~' :'W6 .
at length came· ~ to a h~tl~ lull on ~~he · , side .of
. which ya\y, ne,d~; a)io~-r1?le cavern, ' ~hat ._b~; its, .
·'; gloom'"''strucl{~ ~us(. ~vi th·. terr~r; ~nd _al~o~~ re~- .
. pressed-· curio~~ty.'· ·. 'Recovering~ th~.;~fi~stsur:-:
· , ·I10wever,., we_!, ~~ tered·
p1·1se;
.
·'.boldly-··
,._:and:
. . . had, · .
not p1·oceeded' r•abo'ye ' twenty.· " paces, , whe~1 · the·,
s_up
u 'posed_· 'stat~~.:of ·; ~l~_e l piant._ ~ pi:e~e~te~ ~.tself .
· W our -view. : '·' We "quickly · perceive~, .' th.at .
what the i'g~_or~nt nati yes had: ~~en:. terr1fied~.t~
as a· giant', ·:was : nothmg more·. than'.a. sparry ·
·concretion formed·.by the _w atyr d1•oppmg from 1
the roof :of the -cave, at1<1: by -degrees h~1·<lell;-­
i'n~ into. a : figure: which their fears had.trans.;.
. formed into a monster. . · · ~ - : ' { ·. ·. · . ·' ,.
· · ' ·''· Incite~l by this - extraordrna~y-. appeara'!ce:;,
··we were'·i.nduceilto proceed still furthep -1nto1·
.·. this ·suhterranel;ln abosJ.e~ ...."'. As '. we ·. proceeded.; ,
. , ne'v woiiders ..; offered ~ themselves;:. 1 t~e_, !?,P8:rs;; ·
" ~ormed ~i;ito trees .apd .shru~s; pre~ented:~~ ~md~ ,

ro

·ofyetrified'grove; som~:h1te, sp~e grecn,_~uull,

150
all receding in due perspective. 'rhey struck
us with the more amazement, as we knew
them to be mere productions of N aturc , who,
hithertp in solitude, had in her playful moments . dressed the scene as if for her own
amusement.
· " We ha<l yet sceu but a few of the wonders of the place and were introduced only
into the portico of this amazing temple. · In
one · corner . of this half-illuminated recess,,
there ap1rnarecl an opening about three feet
wi<le, \vhich secmetl to leacl to a place totally
dark, and which one of the ·natives assured us
contained nothing more than a i·eservoir of water. Upon this information, we made an experiment · by throwing · down some stones,
which rumbling along the side of the decent
for some time, the souml seemed at last quashed in a. bed of water.
" In orcler, however, to be more certain, we
sent · in a J_.evantine mariner, who, on the
_promi~e ofa ' goocl reward, ventured with a
:flambeau 'in ' l1is hancl into this narrow aperture. · After continuing; withirt it for about.
a quarter of an lwur, he returned, bear"ing in his hand ' some beautiful pieces of'
wl1ite spar, which art ·could neither equal orimitate. Upon· being;· informed . by him tlta~- .
the place was full of those beautiful incrusta!tions; I 'Ventured in with him about fifty paces,.
·anxiously and ·cautiously (lescenlling by a.
·ste·e µ· a:ncldangerous way. Finding however,.
'_that we came to a precipice, which ledinto a,

'spaci0us .·amphitl1eatre,_ifl may so call it,_stilt

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- ~ tleeper. lhan any. other part, we returped ; anff

:;~, being provi 1 l~d : with a ladder, toh~h 'and other-

. -~·.. things to expidite ourdecent, our whole __:co1ri:. . ·
: ~ . .' pany, one .by · one, · venture_d Jntu ·the same
opening; ancl : <descending 'on,e after -· anot~1er, ·
we at last saw ourselves · all - togetl~er, in the,
most magnificent part of the c~vern. · .
, \ .· · " Our candl_e s being now\ all·lighted . up,.
). ,, ·and the whole place completely:, illuminat~d,
. never· could the eye be.presented -,.wHh a more
. ~~' glitte.r ing or. _a-:mm~e' magnificent ·scene. - -The·
.· ., whole roof·lning with solid icicles, transparent
as glass, yet. ha~<l~s marble.: ,The--eye co,uhl
-- scarcely · ~each·-·the ~ofty -- ancl) 10ble'-: ceiling ;
tl1e _·si(les were re~larly .formetl · of' spar's, and
. , the. whole presented the)d~. a ~ Qf a ,superb ~hea- ·.
.tre, illuminated :by;:: an : illilmense profusion of __
lights~ . ·The · floor >consisted' 'of:::~glicl,·marhle, ·
' ,.. and' jn ' seve1~al . places . ·:· magnificent:~-· columns,.
thrones, -altars,' , and :other objectS)"'appeare<l·
as if nature had d~.s~gnetl to ;. mock . the.curious
-. productions of ·a1~t. ·.-!.- Our voices upon speaking:
,. '. .. · or singing, . were redoubled to· an astonishing
- louclness '; 'and ·upon· the fitingof _ agun; ~ the ·
noise and reverbations ·were almost deafening.
·"In the midst. ofd his g-r ancl · amphithe~tre· .
,rose a ~oncre_tion ; about fifteen .feet : hi~h, that·.
.. ,-in · some measure.resemble cl an· altar;· and we
,. : ·-caused-: mass/c-'to·~ he: ·celebrated . there. · 'rhc·
. , - . beautiful -colµmn -s that shot up:round . the altar·
.~ . ,-. I appeared'.,like~ ::c_andlestickst ; :ancl ~ many other
· . ,~: natural.objects ·:· represented~: :ihc· cus.tomary .or- . . · ' !laments -of this rite. · :·. ·, · - -·,. · ·. ·.·. /' ·· ·
· .·
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~ -!i. ::· Below~:..: even"' this. r. spa.cious,~'.g~otto .

there· .

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seemed anothe1·

cavei·n:::wn which I ventul'ell

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ou~::fanr.y~ \;;'\j,;

with my former mariner, and llescende<l ahuut . ~ ,;with a rich variety ofideas; · propositions~ words :
fifty pa~es IJy mcaus of a rope. I at last anive<l: · ,,, alid I>hrases._ · It is by this.: we .know ·tha·t fire "
at a .small spot of level grnuml, where the bot- ~. will burn, that the sun giv~~Jight, ,~hat. a horse ~·
tom appeared different from that of the am- .' .. eats gra~s, that an acorn produces :·an ~oak, that "
pl1 itheatre, beiat; composed of son?e clay., yield- '.,man is a being capable ·of reasoning arid di5int; to the pressure, antl into wl~1ch thrust a. ~. course, that our bodies -die · and .are .carried to stick to the depth or six feet. In tins, howev- ,)he grave, and that o_n e-.. generation .;,,succeeds
er, as above, numbers of the most beautiful .. .another.
,All ~: those "' things : which )we.·.lilee, .
crystals were formetl ; one of which particu- , ~ which w~ hear orfeel,:..which :,ve ;p,e rceiv,e .by -~
lal'ly resembled a. table.
, Sense ·Or· CO~sciousnes~, ~ or., which'.-We '.knowe'._in
''Upon ou1· egress from this ama~ing cav- . rn, tdirect m~nnerwith sc,a rcely any, . ex~rcise of
crn. we perceiv~d a Greek 1nscription upon a 1 ',<0ur reflecting faculties ;or-0ur r.e asoning p~n_vers,
rock~t the mouth, but so ohliterate<l by time : ,,Jnay -: be included (:-mld~r·1. the;. gene1-.a}, n~me of
that we could not read ittlistinctly. It seem;.. ''observation: ·,.,' ·· )~··.;,:._~ ::· .·.~,, ~-.-....: ,,.,., .· · ed to import, that one Anti pater ha<l come hith- :•w Reading. is ·:that: 1~eth~d :whereby _:· we !ac·- . ·
er; but whether he pcnetratetl into the '1cpths , , quaint · ourselves ?1 'fith·~;wlrnt . · other ;_ me:n . ' have : -.
of the cavern he <loes not th~nk iit to it~f~rm '.' published· to :tl1e ,worl<l-; in..thei;r;.~uµ}p·<?,~s~.tions~--­
ns." 'fhis account of so beautiful and stn~rng : 1 {rhe art~ of ·reading~and:wri~ing -;are·:of.~ infi.nitea scene may serve to g;ive us some i<lea of the'. .advantage ; .. for rliy. ;t~em ~;we are'. m~de pal·tak- .
subterranean wonders of nature.
· :ers of, the sentiments;"}·observ~tions ~::.reasonings ·
GoLDSMJ.TU~. · and improvements, of: all the learned .world, in
, :the most remote najions," and· 'in fo,r mer ages,
DIFFERENT METHODS OF 11\iPilOVlNG IN KNOWUEDGE.
~._almost from the })eginning of mankind. '.i»
'l~here are five emfnent means, or methods,. l -· Public: or · 1nivate··-lectures are :such verbal
whereby the mind is impi·ovecl in _knowledge ;: ~ ,instructions1as . ·a re given by -. a ,teacher, ,w bile
aml these are, Observation Iteadrng, lnstrnc.... 1 the learners attend in silence. · . We learn in . .
tion by Lectures, C?nv~rs~tion, and 1\ile<li~ll'- · . 'thi~ :manner relig,i on ·from the. pulpit; philoso- ·
tion ; the last of wlnch is in a more pcculuu· · J phy:-or theology · from: the . professor's chair ; : :
manner called Study.
.
· , ; ·and: mathematics, .by'. a teacher .showing us.·va- ·.·
Observation is the notice t11at,we take of all:. . 'rious theorems and problems;· that is, specula~
occurrences in lmman life, whet.h er tl~ey be ~ 1 ~ions or practices, by demonstration and ope.
sensible or intellectual : whether · rclatmg to , ration, with all the instruments of art necessa~ ·
per.sons.or things, to ourselves or. to others. . It~ . ry to those operations. : ·'·. · . · » .. . . · ·
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Couver~atiou is another methofl of improv·

in(}' our minds wherein, by mntual discourse
ni;Li:s FOR rnrRov1NG TH~ Mm?>; ·1,;,,···'/ .: ' :.~..'. '
an~l inquit·y ; ,;e learn the sentim~nts of others, -~ Let the enlargement of your kn'owled~e J~e .:·;
as well n.s communicate our scnt~menls. to oth. one constant view ·and design _in: .Hfe : since
ers iu the same manner. Som.ehmes , ui<l.cetl, there is no titi1c , or place., no transaction, oc- :·
the atlvantuge is only on one sHle ;_ as ·w hen a currence, 01· engagement, which excludes us·
teacher and a learner meet and ~is~~ourse to· fro m this method of improving the'.mit~cl. ''. · · '·
gether; hut frequently the yrnitt, 1.: mutn~l. . ~ 1'V lien we 'are in·· t~rn Imus~ or 'in-·Jh.c ·city, .'·_
U n<lcr the hca(\ of convcrsal10n we rank <lis . .where,·er we turn our eyes .we.see the · ·works ·Qr, .
i1utations of various kitllls:
. men· ; when we . ar~ .in the' co~rntry ..we''behol<l,"'
· Metlilation, or slmly, rnchules those exei. more of the works of 'Gou. · The skies, the
cises of the mind, whereby we ret~<ler all tl!e grounU: above ancl hcncath us, and the animal_
former melho(ls uscl'ul for om·. increase. rn aucl vegetable ·world rounc:l. about us,
en ~ ·
true knowledge and wisdom. It IS by ~edita. terh1i11 0u_r ~bserv. ation with,.ten .thousand .varition we confirm our remembrance of tlnng~, of ties.
·' · ~ .
. · .. ,
.... " - ,
our own experience, and of _the observatrnus ~rom obseryation ,of the day · and.the night, · ·:
we make. It is by meditalu.~n t~at we d_raw !he hours and the :tly~ng mi~~utes, 'learn a .\vise ;. ·
various inferences, ainl establish in our ~m<ls improvement of time, and be. w.atchful to "siexe ·
general principles of ~nowledge. It IS by eve~y opportu.nity .to incre_as~ in . knowl~dge.
meditation, that we fix in our mem?ry whatev . · :fi rom the vices and ~olhes .of others, o~serve
er we learn, a1ul fo1·m our own Judgment 0 what is hateful in them ;'· :consider :· howc such.~.
the truth or falsehood, the strenpth or ~eak· practice.looks in an?ther per~on,_an<l remem- ;
ness of what others speak or wnte. It IS l~le· her, that it looks as 111 or worse Ill · yourself. ~
t.litalion, or stu<ly, that draws out long chum -"rom their virt~es . leap1 .so..1p.ething 'vorthy of ,
of arcrnmeut. and searches antl fin<ls deep a~<~ your imitation.
· . ;· · · · .. ,
· · : · ·. · ' · .
lliffic~lt truths, which before lay concealetl ll .• l?rom your natural . powers, sensation, judg- __
c.larkness.
·
.
. ment, memory, hands;feet, /({c. make this inEach of these five methous has its 11.ecuha ference ; that they were not given ' you for nothe
, atlvanta~es, by which it materially a~s1sts th thing, but for some useful employment
others· and its peculiar defects, wlnch nee good of your fellow ·creatures, . your' own best
to be 8 ~1 pplicllby the assistance of the rest. ,·nterest and final happiness. ----.'>.~ · .- · :
'V ATTS : · ~hus from every appearance in uature, and .
rom every occmrence of life, you may d erive
atutal, moral and religious · ob.s ervations to

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entert::dn your mind s, as we.H as rules of couinvestigation o( any subject, and we shall oft~n -,_
dud in the affairs relatins tu th is lifoJ an<l tha_t
he taken captives by mistake an~ falsehood·~ -, :·s ·
. ~{ ATTs····
which is to come.
·
·
· ··; .· -a·
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J,et the cil'cums tauce" or situations oflife be
'· •
-~
' · · • ·
what · they will, a man should nenw neglect
At>VA~nAoEs OJ.<' runLtc woasmP. .
· -· ·' ·
the improvement that is to he d ei·ived from oh~n~epe~dent. o~ the p~cu~iar· object ofpublic · ,
servation . .L et him travel . into the East or
religious assemblies, many collateral a<lvanta-· ·
)Vest ludieli, anil fulfil the tlutics of the miliges aro .derived fro1~ them which · the liberal '
tary or mercantile life the1·c ; let him rove ' · lhiuker will byno· ~eH;ns desv.ise. , - 'rhe ·re- \
through the c:.u th or the seas fo1· his own hu- · cur!·tmce of appointed d~ys of i·.e st ~nd leisure., :
mour, as a trave ller, or pursue his dive1·sious
wluch, hut fo1~ . this pnrpose, would never 11ave .,,
in what part of the wod{l he pleases as a g en- ·. been appointed, <livides the weary 'montl1s of'
tleman; let prosperous or adverse fortune call -labo_ur and servi~~~e ·with ~ - s.epara:~ing line of
him to the most distant parts of the globe;
a br1ght~r colour.; -. The church is a centre of
still let him carry on his know lc<lge, autl the
union . fo~; . 1~eigh.bors;, friends, and tow.nsmen ;
imprnvement of his faculti es, hy wise obserand it is a reasonable and . ·a pleasing ground
vatiotis. By these means he may rentler him·
of. iueference in our attachments, that we have··
self some way useful to mankind:
" walked to tpe house of) Hod in company."
llut in making your observations on persons ; Even the common greeting~ that pass ~etween
take care of indulging that busy curiosity,
tho~e who meet -there, are 'h~llowed by ~ the oewhich is ever inquirinµ; into private and do- . eas10n of the •meeting, · an<}, t'b.e · spirit of civic
m·e stic affairs, with an ~ndless itch of learning ·i urbanity is mingled with a still sweeter infu •
the secret histories of familie.s. Such curiusi< - .sion of Cln·istian courtesy. By the recurrence
ty lJegets suspicions and jealousies_,, and fur.
of this intercom~se, ; feuds and, animosit~es are
nishes matter for the evil passions of the mintl, , . com11osed, which intelTupted the har;mony ·o r
and the impertinences of discmuse.
· · friends and acquaintance; and those wl;o aHe not also too hasty to ere.ct general theo- , · voided to · meet, beca.use they ·' could i"not for.
l'ies from a few 1mrticular ohservations, ap~ ' . give, .are led. to forgive, being obliged ,'to meet.·
pearances, or experiments. This is what the · .· Its effect in hti1~ianixing the ' l9wer , orders ,· o.f ·
logicians call a false i1Hluction. A hasty de- ·. society, and .fashioning their manners to .the
termination of some universal pL'inciples, witli.:. ;, '. ~rder and decprum of civil life; is appareritto
out a <lue survey of all the varliculn.r cases . .every . reflecting mind. The poor. 'vbo ·hav~
which may be inclutletl in them, is the way to '· not formed . a habit of attending here, i·emairi lay a trap for our o-wn understandings in their · ~~·om
week
.
. to week i~1•' . their
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sue thence to places of licentiousuc8s more ~or­
did ; while those who assemble with the other inhabitants of the phtce, are brono·hl into
the frequent view of ther superiors ; th~ir llersous are known, their appeat·ance is noted · tho
.
.
'
u1q~11rrn g eye of benevolence purs ues them to
thell' humhle cottages, and they are not uufrcqu~ntly led J1_ome from social worship to the ·
soc.ml meal. If the rich aml lHrnr were hut · ,
thus brought together regularly an1l universally, that single circumstance woultl he fouml ·
sufti.cient to r emove the spnalidne~s of misery,
an~l lhe IJittcruess of wa11t; and poverty would
e.xrnt onJy ~s a. sober shad.e in the picture of
li~e, on wlnc h t he b cucyolent eye might rest
w~th a llegrec of complacency whc u fati gued
'Y1th the more gaudy coloudug of luxury and
show.
BARHAULD.

.

.

CAU'fl ' !NS AGAlNST JI.l.,

ror.: ol'C'l'

JN COMPANY.

Oarr.Y.'·: it~1 ;,: ou iu~o company nll. th~ gaiety
aiul sp1nb, uut as httfo of the g1ddrncss of
youth as you can. The former will charm··
-~ut the latter will often, though innocenUy:
implacably offend.
Inform yourself of the characters and situa.tion.s of the company, before you give way to
what your imap;iuatiou may 1>rompt you to sny.
There are in all companies more wrour; hc:u.ls
than right ones, and many more who deserve
than who like censure. Should you, therefore, loulllly expatiate iu praise of a good
·~~tality, which some one in the company noto-

riously want!, or decln.im against any ill o.tie

1

with which others are notoriously. infec~e(l~. · "'. ·
your relleetions, however, general. ancl ~nap- .
plied, will be thought .person~), aµ<J. ~~v_ell~d . ..,
at those }Jeople.
·
·· .. ,· ·,· ~:~'>
"~~
Cautiously avoid talking of the. domestic nffairs either of yourself or .o f otl1er · people..Ytl o?rs are nottlh!ngtto, th~m l:>\1t t~clioµ.s ..~oss~p:.
. ieirs are no ung o -y ou. . . . . '.; .
Remember that tl1e :wit,humour;' an.d jesis,
of most mixed companies ~re..' local.'. · They
may thrive ve1·y well in th.at p!.!ol'ticular soil, -b~1t ?
·will ve1·y seldom bear·t.1·ansplanting . .· Ev m;y
c(Hl)pany is differently circumsta11c.e d, and ha1
·.its 1Ja1·ticular cant .aD:d .ja~gon: whieh m~y
. :give o.cca~ion to wit and .mir.t h within. tbat ~ir. cle, but "vould seem :flat and insipicl .i n ~~y other, and the1·efore will not'bear repeating. ·. ·
Take great care never to repeat in 01u~· ~~:xµ1)a11y what. you )rna},'jn anoU1er. - Things s~em- '
ingly_ indifferent J,Das'hy circril~tion' bave much
·graver cm~seq_uen,~es than,you:.w ould imagi,n e.
Besides thei·e .is .a gener;al t~f.it ~rust in eon:vcrsation , by which a· n~an -is obliged not -'.to
repor.t any thing out of .it, though he ·is not iµimecliatcly enjoined .s.e~r.es.y. "
· -~ ·. :
.
N ot·to per.ciev.e .thelittle ·w~akn.cs_s:f and tlrn
idle hut innocent affectations of t11_e company'
. may be allowable as a sort of llolite d9ty. :The
company will be pleased with.. · y ou :if y,on do
this, antl most inohably .wil,1 not 'be teformcd
·by you if you , ~o ~1pt. .
0.•ms_TEHF;U::.LD
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'l'IIE If.ISTOH Y OF' OJ\f AR.

Omar, the son of Hussan, hacl passed sev . .
enty-five years in honor and prosperity. The
favour of three successive califfs fillctl his
house with gohl and silver; and whenever he
appeared, the benedictions of the people proclaimed his passage.
'l'erres trial happiness is of short continuance.
'.fhe brightness of the flame is wasting its fuel ;
the fragrant flower is passing away in its o~n
o<lours. The vigou1· of Omar Legan to frul,
the curls of beauty fell from his hcac.l, strength
departed from his ha1uls, aml ap;ility from his
feet. He gave back to the califl' the keys oi
· trust and the seals of secresy ; aml sought no
other pleasure for the remains of life, than the·
con verse of the wise, anll the gratitude of the.
good. ·
: The powers of his mind were yet unimpaired. His chamber was filled by visitauts, ea. ger to c:itch the dictates of expr.l'ience, and officious to pay the tribute of admiration. Oaled,
the son of the viceroy of E gypt, euterecl every
day early au<l retired late. Ile was beautiful and elol1ucnt ; Omar admirncl his wit, and
love<l his docility. Tell me, sai<l Caled, thou
to whose voice rnttioiis ha\'e li stened, and whose
wisdom is known to the extremities of Asia.,
tell me how I may resemble Omar tlie prudent.
'rim arts by which you havc ,gained power anll
preserved it, are to you no longer necessary
or useful ; impart to me tlie secret of your
conduct, and teacu me the plan upon whick
your wis<lom has built your fortune.

161 ·
Young man said Omar, it i~ ~r li~tle u~e ~o
.form plans of:life. Whe_n I !oo~ my ':·~1~st· ~,}lf­
vey ofthe world in ·my · tw_e~t~eth yea~, ha~urg-_
consi<lere.cltl1~ V,arious CQt;ichh0;~s of. :mau~rnd,
in the hour of s,o litude 'I · saill _thus · to lllyself,
lcaniug~gainstac~darwhieh ~pr.cad Hs branch..
cs over .my head : ,. seventy years _ar.e allow.
e<l to man; I have ,yet ·fifty remanun~: t.en
yea1·s I \Vill allo~to · th" !l~~ain1P.e~~ of kn,?w:
, . le.<lge, aml ten l :w.ill .pass in fqre1gn . countries.
I shall. be lel\rnc<l, an4 therefore shall be
··ou red ; ·every city · "":Hl . sh?t~t at ~:f a~·rtv~l,
and e\ ery .s tudent · will s~h~1t my fne11Usl~1p.
'rwenty ', ,years thus pa,si;ticl will store my ·mmd
with images which I . shall be bu~! the re.~t .of
.my life .in combinhlg ancl c_ompar~ng. l. shal~
revel in incxhaus.tible , accumul3:tlons of 111.tel.}ectual riches ; , I ,shall find new ~ pleasur.e s ·for
every .mnmcut, antl shall never :more .1!e \V~a­
:ry .of 1nyself. . ,J wiU; how~ve~. n?t d~via.te - t~o
far from the peaten_track of hfe: b~Lw1l~ t~Y
what can be fomul .in female delicacy. I ~· 111 .
marry a wif~ beauti!'ul as the· ~o~r~es ; ·and
wise as Zobeule • .with her I will hv:e tw_enty
. every
years within the ' subm·bs of Bagd at, in
illeasure that wealth can p~rcliase, and fan cy
can iuvt>nt. 1 will t.hen retire t~ a rural dwelling, pass my last _day~ in obscurity and con. templation, a1ul lie silently down on the bed
of death. Through my life it shall be my set- .
. · tled resolution, that I .will n~ver . depend upon ·
· .the smile of princes ; that I will nev~r stand
· ex.uosecl to tlie artifices of cour~s, I will ne':er .
pant for public honours, nor d1stu~b my qmet,

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with affairs of state. Such was my scheme of
life, wl1ich I im1lfessetl insensiuly upon my
memory.
The first part of my ensuing time was to be
spent in search of knowledge; an<l I know not
bow .I. was. diver~etl from my design. I had
no v1s11Jle nnpetbments without, nor any ungovernable passions within. I regardc<l knowled~e as the highest honour, and the most eugagmg i1~easure; yet day s~ole upon day, and ,
month ghcletl after month, till I founcl that sev- .
en years of the first ten hatl vanishetl an<l left
nothing bchincl them. I now post1;oned my
.. purpose o~ travelling; for. why should I go
abroad wlnle so much remametl to be learned
at home · ? I immured myself for four years
aml studied the laws of the empire. 'rhe fam;
. of my skill readied the judges ; I was fountl
able to speak upon doubtful questions, and was
command eel to staml at the foot-stool of the califf. I was heard with attention, I was consulted with confidence, and the love of prais0
fastene(l on my heart.
I s~ill wished to sec tlistant countries, listened with rapture to u.1e relations of travellers,,
and res~lvetl some hme to ask my <lismission, ,
that I 1mght feast my soul with novelty ; but
my presence . was al w~~ys necessary, an cl the .
s.tream of bnsmes.s hurrrn<l me along. Sometimes I was afraid lest I should be charged
with ingratitucle ; but I still proposed to h:a.vel! a1J<l. therefo1·e would not confine myself by .
1

'MftlTll\ ~ C.

In my fiftieth year I began to suspect th8rt
...

the .time of travelling was p·ast, and ' thoughf it
best to lay hold .on the felicity yet iir my power, aml indulge myself .in domestic pleasu,-r es_.
Eut at fifty no man easily finds a woman l?e11:u- .,,
,
tiful as the llouries, and wise as ·zobeidc.., 1.f ,,·1
enquired and rejected, consulted and deliberated, till the ,sixty seconcl year made.;·me a ..
shamed of gazing upon girls. · I hall now nothing left but retirement, and for retirement : I
never found a time; till disease forcecl me fro~
public employment. · · · . · .. · .,.. · -· • ·
Such was my scheme, and such has been its
co~sequeuce. With an insatiable · thirst for !
knowledge, I triilecl away the years ·of im- '·'
1>rovement ; with a restless desire of seeing '
different countries, I have always resi.ded in ·I
the same city ; with the 11ighest expectation of
connubial felicity' I ha Ye lived unmarried; and
with unalterable resolutio.n s of contemplative
retirement, I am going to die within the walls
of Bagdat.
·
· · . : · . ·.. JOHNS.ON.
I

.CHARACTER OJ' ALFRED, KING OF ENGLAND ..

The merit of this p1·ince, both in private ·and
public
may with· ad vantage b~ set in opJ>OSition to that of any monarch, or citizen,
~vhich the annals of any age or any nation can
present to us. He seems inlleed to be the complete model of . tliat perfect ~haracter, which,
under the denomination of a sage -or wis_e man,
the philosophers have be~n.fontl. of ~eliueating, '.'
i·athtw as a fiction of their imagmat10n, than in .j
l10pes of ever seeing it reduced to practice ; s~ «:
.h~ppily were all his virtues tempered togeth·. i..

ure;

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HSt~

er, so j_ustl,r were they hlcmh~d, and so power~
~ltll~ did each pre, cnt the othe1· from exceed.
1ng its propi~r hounds .
.l~c knc.'~ ho;v to conciliate the most entcrpr1srng sp.1nt with the c_oolcst motlern.tion ; the
mos.t ~l~stmate perse,·erance, with the easiest
flex1lnhty ; ~Im most severe justice, with the
greatest .Iemty ; the grc:ttcst vigour in commaml, with. the grnatcs~ affability of ucportm~nt; the lnghest cap11c1ty and inclination for
s.c1ence, with the most Rhining talents for action.
Ilis civil :uu~ lii~ military d1·tues are .almost
?ll ~ally _the .ObJcct~ o.f onr ad~mirtttion, except~
Int> onlJ '·th.it the for mer, bcrn g urn re rare am~ng prince s, as well as more u sefu l, s~em
clnefly to challenge our appl:uise. N nture al. so, as if ~ esiro us that :30 IJright :1 prn1lnction
of her slull shonlcl be set in the fairest lio·ht
had bcsto~vefl Oil l.1im all .lJOc~iJy accompli.'3h~
~cnts ; vigour of limbs, d1gmty of shape anc.l
air, and a p1easant, engaging, and open countenance. Fortune alone, l>y thron·ing him in.
to a barbarous age, detH'ived him of hi s toriails
worthy to transmit his fame to posterity. AI ..
fre<l died iu the year 897, aged 52.
1

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lJUME.
1'>ESCRIPTION OF 'l'HE VALLEY OF ABYSSINIA.

!h~ place, wh~ch the wisdom or policy of
anhqmty had de.,tmed for the rcsidP.race of the
:..~hy s:inia~ princes, was a spacions valley in
t?c lungdom of Ambara, surrounded on 'Jvery
stde by mountains, of which the summits oYer~

bauO' the middle part. The only passage by
whi~h it could be enteretl, was a•,cavern ·that
passed under a rock, ~f whicldt had long b~en
· disputed whether it was the· work of natlge or
of human inllustry. "fhe outlet of the cave1:n .
was concealed by a thick wood, and the mo~th
which opened into tlie valley _was closed 'Y1th.
gates of iron forO'etl by the artificers of aucient
days, so ma;sy , that :JiO ~a~ ~ithout t~~:. h,~~~
of engines coulll open or shut the~. ·, , . .. '
i--r~m the mountains oµ eyei:y . s~de, - r1vulets
. descended that ·filled · all the valley wH? . ver- dure ancl fertility, and formed a lake. in · 910
middle, inhabited by fish of every species, and.
. frequented by eve1·~ fo'Yl whom n~t,ure has
. taught to dip the w1n_p .1n· water. .: , l he)~ke
di!ilcharged its superfluities by a stre~m which
entered a dad\. . cleft of the mountain. on the
northern side, and fell with dreadful nmse from
necipice to, prc~ipice, · till · it · ~vas 1 heard . no
1
. mo~~,·l:e sides of ,U1~ · ~~u~t~i~s ~ere: 'covere~
, with'trees; the banks of the brook~ were. cl~,. versified with.· flowers ; every blast shook spices from the ·roeks, and every month dropp~d
fruits upon the ground.' ? All animals ~hat bite
the grass, or browse the shrub;.whe~lier. tame
or wild, wanderell in this exten,s1ve cucu1t, ~e­
c.nred from bea~ts of; prey by the mo,untams
which co.:ifinecl them. On one par_t were flocks
and herds feeding in the pastures, on ano.tber,
all the beasts of chace frisking in the ~a.w~s ;
the s1wightly kid was ~lou.rnli~g on -the / rpcks,
t.hc subtle uoakey frohek1n~ 1~ the ~-~·ees, a1ul ·

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.the ·solcm.n cl~phant reposing in the slm«le.~
All the d1verstons. of the world were brought
together, ,the blessmgs of nature were collected, and its evils extracted anll excluded.
JOHNSON.
CHARACTER OF GROTIUS.

If we fairly estimate ho th the endowments

a!1<l th~ virtues of Grotius we may justly con~1der hun as one of the most memorable men
who have done honour lo modern times.

He

co~bined the discharge of the most important

tluhes of active and public life, with the attain!11e11t of that exact arnl various learning which
is generally tbe portion only ofthe recluse stu·
dent. :f!e was distinguished as an advocate
aud magistrate, and he composecl the most valuable work on the law of bis ow11 country: he
. 'Was almost equally ce1e1Jrated as an historian,
a scholar, a poet and a divine : a disinterested
statesm~n, a philosop1iical lawyer ; a patriot,
who muted moderation with firmness, and a
theol?gian, who was taught cant.lour by hi~
lear1.nn.g. Unmcr.ite1I exile dill not damp his
patrwtism ; the bitterness of controversy did
n?t extinguish his clrnrity. The sagacity of
Ins numerous au<l fierce :ulversaries cou]cl not
·discover a blot on his character ; and in the
mi~lst of all the hard trials au<l galling provocations of a turbuleut political life, he never
once deserted his friends when lhey were URfortunat(', ·nor ii1sultell his enemies when they

w.ere weak. .

81R JAMES l\IACKlNTOSH.

Hh!AN

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01\, TfIE ~USERY Oll' : l'RIDE. .

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Ahasu~rus; who is ~upposed to:be the prince .·
-known among the Greek . historians ·by the.
uame of Artaxerx_e s, had·. allvance<.l tff th&\
chief dignity in his kingdom, I-laman,. an A .. -·
malekitc, who inheritml all the ancient enmi-..
ty of hie race to the· J cwish:. nation. 1 ·. He: apt'!.:
pears, from wbat is recorlled -of:. him; t91iave':·
been a very -- wicked ·minister.--·. Raised 'to ·
greatness without · mr.rit, lie ·. employed · his ~·
power solely for _the gr.atific!1'ti~n :.of.his py-·.
sions. As the · honom·s ; · wlncll': he vossessed ~
were next to royu.l, 'h_
is ; pride·· was · c~rery <lay. :;
fell with that servile hom·ag~, which. is pecul- ;
iar to Asiatic Courts; an<l all the servants of·
tlie king \ll'OSlt·atell : tJ;cmselves; before him~ :­
ln the midst of this g~neral adul?-tion, one per- ·
son· only stoo11~d .not to ' ·H aman. · This· wa1 \
l\lordecai the Jew·; ~who, knowing this: Amalekite to be an enemy lo' th~ people of(iod:; and,
' with virtuous indignation, 1<.lespising .that in.s o.,
lence of, p1·osperity -wit11' which, he ·s aw. himi
lifted up;" bowed not~ · nor <liclhini · reverence.~
On this.ap,pe·a rance of disrespect from: Morde ..
cai, Hamaii ,,.,was full ofwrat}i: but he thought
scorn ·to lay hands on l\'Iordecai alone.?' Perf!Onal revenge was not suffiCient to satisfy him.
So violent and black' were his · passions., that
he resolved to exterminate -tl1e whote nation to ·
which Mordecai belonged: -_: Abnsing, for his
cruel pu1·pose, tlie favour•'of'.his credulous sove~
reign, he obtained ··a:' dea,r·e e to be -sent forth,

that against a. certain day; all the J cws'tbrou§li'..

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~mt the Per~ian dominions shoulll be put to the

sword. lVlean while, confident of success, aml
blind to approaching ruin, he continued exulting in l1is prospel'ity. Invited by Ahasnerus
to a royal banquet, which Esther the queen liatl
prepared, "he went forth that day joyful, an<l
with a glad 11eart."
But behol<l how slight an incident was sufficient to poison his joy ! As he went forth,
be saw Mordecai in the king's gate ; antl observed, that he still refused to do him homage : " he stood not up, nor was moved for
him;'' although he well knew the formi<labla
designs, which Haman was 1)fe1mring to execute.
One private man, who despisell hi5
~reatness, and disdained submission, while a
whole kingclom trembled before him : one
spirit which the utmost stretch of his power
could neither subdue nor humble, blasted hig
triumphs. His whole soul '\Vas shaken with
a storm of passion. Wrath, p1·ide, and desire
of revenge, rose ii1to fury.. With difficulty, he
restrained himself in public ; but as soon as
he came to his own house, he was force<l to
disclose the agony of his mind. Ile gathered
together bis friends nnll family, with Zerech
l1is wife. ' lfe told them of the glory of his
riches, and the multitude of his children, and
of all the things wherein the king had promoted him; and how be had ~Hlvanccd him above
the princes and servants of the king." Hu
~aid, moreover "Yea E~ther the queen suffered no man to come in with the king, to the
banquet that she hatl pre11are<l, hut myself;

a n<l to-morrow .also am I.invited to h~1" with
the king." ·After all this · i>reamble, w liat::is
the conclusion?-" Yet all .this availcth me..
nothing, so long as I s~e - . ~1.o.~·t\epa~
sittingattheking's · gate.~' · '.. : :.. . -,. .
: .. "
Tlte sequel of -H aman's )1i~tot'y I shall~not
now pursue. It might' affor(lmatter,for much
instruction by the conspicn.ol!s ju~ticc :of God
in his fall · and ptJnishment · Hut . contemplating · only. the singulaJ, sitnati~m, in .which .the
expressions just ·q uotedJ>resentJ1im, .and the
'· violent agitation . of .}1is .mind which. they. dis.- · ·
play, ·the .following reflections . na.t~.rally arise;
I-low miserable _i~ y.ice, when ·Qne guilty pas,. .
sion creates so much torment !.how 'un~vai~ing;
is lJl'osperity, when in the height.of.it, a singl~
llisappointment_can destroy the ·r¢lis4. o_f all its
pleasures! how weak.is human natu:re, wl1ich, .
in the absence of real, is thus prone 'to form t.o
. itself imaginary .:\\'.OCS .·! ' ·: ;'.
. ' .... : ·:' BLAIR • ..

.the'.Jew:

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TRiAL AND EXEC lj TION OF .'rIIE EARL OF 5'l'AFFQlllJ.
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"rhe ·Earl of;. Stafford defended ,himself .· against ·the · accus_ations .of :tbe: house, .of ~ .Com~ .
mons, with all i .the, ·,pt'esence of. min<l; judg-:
ment,and sagacity, that ·coulll hc~·expected frpm
innocence · arid ' ability; . His i•childre1i ·;were
placed beside him, ·as 'he was .thus · defending
his life, and·, the . cause: .; of .his r9yal ·J nuister •.
Aftet~ he had' in a· long : anil eloquent ~peech,
delivered · without premeditation,. confuted all
the accusations of< his enemies,- he ;!thus .drew
to a conclusion. f'But, "my1ords;I have~ tro~1~
bled you too long : longer than I ·should h~ve
p ·

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l101~e, but for .the sake of these dear pletlgcs,
w~nch a r;amt rn hPavcu has left rne."-U pon ·
tl~1~ lrn. paused; droj)ped :.t tear; lnokecl upon

·Jns duldren; and proceede<l-" 'Vlrnt I for- .
feit for myself is a ttifle : that my indiscretions
should reach my posterity, wounds me f.o the
heart. Pardon my infirmity: somethi11glshoultl
han~, added, but I am not able ; and therefore I let it pass. Aml uow, my lords, for myself. I have long been taught that the atllictious
of this life a1:e overp~itl by ~hat eternal weigl1t
of glory, w111ch awaits the rnnoceut. AlHl so,
my lords~ even so, with the 11hnosl, tranquillity,
submit myself to your ju<lgment, w he th er that
.Judgment be life or death; not my will, but
tliine, 0 Go<l, be <lone !"
llis eloquence and innoccucc inuucctl those
jndgcs to pity, who were the most xealous to .
cmidemu him. The king himself went to ·the
l1ouse oflonl s, and spoke for some time in liis
llcfencc ; but the spirit of vengeance, which
'rncl been cl1ained for eleven yeal's, was uow
HJusc<l ; ;mtl nothing but his Llood couhl give
the people satisfaction. lie was cou<lemned
by both houses of }l:trliamc11t; antl nothing
remained but for the king to give his consent to
the bill of attainder. But in the 1>rese11t commotions, the consent of the ]dug would very
e.asily be dispensetl with ; aud imminent dan •
ger might attend his refusal. Charles, however, who loved Stafford tenderly, hesitated,
and seemed reluctant; trying every expedient to put off so ureatlful an oflice, as that of
signing the wanant for his execution. While

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lie continued in this agitation of mind, arnl
state of suspense, . his doubts. were at last si 7 ,
lcnced hy an act of great magn~uimity ,i.n the
condem.ned lord. , Ile received · a .letter from
that unfortunate noblem~n, desiring· th.a t hi~
life might be made .it · sacrifice, to ob~ain re~Oll·
ciliation between the king and his people : ad.
ding that he was preparecl to ,d ie ; and that .to
a willing mind there couhl.be no injury• .. This
instance of noble generosity was but ill repail~
by his master, who complie~ with, his i·equest_.
He consentetl to sign the fatal bill by commission : and Stafforll was beheaded on 1"ow.e rhill ; behavit~g with. all . that composed dignity
of resolution, which . was expected from hjs
character.
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CIIARAC'fER OF , JA:\IES I. KING

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No prince, so little enterprisi~g·a~1d -~m· ~~iof­
fcnsive, •was ..ever 'so ..much ~xposed to .the op.
posite extremes of .calumny- apcl ftattery, of sat-·
ire an<l panegyric. ·. -Ancl the factions which
began in his time; " being' still" continued, have
made his character be n,-, rnuchdi~1rnte.d to this
l~ay, as is commonly that of prince-.; who arq
ou1· contemporaries. 'I \lauy virtues, hm-rc\'Cl'~
it must he owned, lie was ll0sscss~t1 of; but
not one of them pure, or free from the cont~\­
~5iou oft.he neighlwrii1g vices . . His generosily
. liorderc<l on profusion, his learning; on peda n try, his pacific disposition on pusillanimity,
his wisdom on cunning, his friendship on li ~ht
fancy and boyish fondness. 'Vhi1e he .i ma~
~in ell that he was only · ruaiutainin~ , his .own

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authority, he may perhaps Le suspcc.ted in
som? of his actions, and still more of his pretens10ns, to have encroached on the lilrnrtics '
of his people: "\Vhile he endeavou1·etl, by an
exact neutrality, to acquire the good will of all
his neighbors, he was ablcto .pres.crve fully tlie
este~m and regar(l of none.
His capacity '"ras
cons:derable, lmtfitter to di~cuurse on general
maxims, than to conduct any intricate husiJle!!-S.

His intentions wercjnst, but more adapted to
the condu~t of private lifo, than to the govcrnn1cnt of kmgdoms. Awkward· in his person,
au cl ungainly in his manners, he was ill qualified
to command respect ; partial and mulisceruino·
in his affections, he was little fitted to acquir~
general love. Of a fochle temper, more than
of a frugal judgment ; exposed to om· ridicule
fl:om his vanity, but.exempt from our hatred by
)us freedom from pride and anogance. And,
upon the whole, it may be pronouuced of his
character, that , aH his qualities were sullied
witl.1 .wca.1rnes5, aml emhelli s iie<l b,y lrn rn:1nity.
Pol1t1cal courage he was c e l'i a. iniy de niid or:
au cl th e nce cliiell.r is <kri vecl the s~l!'On;!; p re; n ~
dice, which prevails ag;ainRt his pers m~al lir~~\- ­
cry; an inference, however, which m11st he
owned, from ~cncral experience, to he extremely fallacious.
·
1J uM.i::.
T!!E cr_,os H OF r,mf:.

"\Vhen we contemplate ·the close of life ;
the termination of nm.n's designs and hopes:
tbe sileu~e that now reigns amon~ those who,

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n. little whilc- ago, , were so .bqsy,; ~r. 1S()1. g~y _;i' ,.
who can a void .being toqche~. wit~¥ ~e)\rati~OJ~S ·
at once :nvful nnd teu<ler ? What h.e art but
then warms ·with -the gl~w.- ~{ 1;um~1~ily? . ' ln: ·.
whose eye does. not· the t~ar _g~tth~i·,,,. or~ ~evoh~.~. ·
ing the fate of. pa:ssing· aml short ~ivled n~nn? · ]3chold the poor.n:1an, .who lays down -~·t last
the burden of 1 his ·\oV,earisome life ..'.- 1:N,o ·. mor~
shall he groan - under the ~oacl
pQver~y .. 'a ntl
:· toil. No more · shall he .hear the:ins.o lent calls
of the master~ from ,:· whom he ·. rec.civetl ,Iris scanty wages. No . more : shall )ie. ~c . raisecl
from needful slumber on .his . bed
i;;traw; nor
be hurriet\.away fro~~ hi~ : ho'mely' meal, to ~n~
dergo the repeated lab.o tus of the ,<lay... 'Vhil~ ·
bis humble grave ·is prepa~ing, , . ~_ nd, a.few ·.voor
and decayed · n.e.ighbours • are'. c·arrying -~ him
thither, it is good for us to think,"that t.h is man
too was· our brother ·; tl!a~ for hiip. the ~gc<l at~<L
destitute wife; · and ; _the . · ~rn~~1y:_-ch~l_Jren, now
weep; that; neglecte.d ' a~ he 'Y,~s by _
the,werlti., ·
lie possessed,, .· pe_rhaps, both a sound undyi;·
standing and .a .worthy. heart; .' and ~s - ,n,ow c.a.r~ .
1·ied by angels to rest ,.in Abral~am'·s bos9J:11.- .
At no breat distance ft'Ql!1 -' l~J1.n," .,the "gra,' e}s
opened to receive the · rich and proull nrnn'.
:For, as .it is .saill with"emphas~s , ~.n.Jhe p~ra- ·
ble, " .the rich m ~m also d~ed, and was lmri, ed.'' . I-le al~o .( die:<1 ~ }I:i,s r~che~. ,prevented
· Jrnt hrn shar111g:i th~.. s~111~. ,f<~t~ . ,':Vltlt tl}e poor
man ; perhaps lltToug~ r luxµ,ry ,tJ1;e y acceleratecl his doom. 'f:hcn, ! irnle~d, -"the· inourners
go al.Jou t the stt·ccls'; ·' : a1Hl while;- iii all · the
pomp and magnificence of wo, hii .funeral is:

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pr.epa-ring, his. heirs, impatient to examine his

will, are lookrng on. one another with jealous

eyes, .a~1c! already. beginning to dispute about
the tl1v1s.10n of Ins substance r-Onc <lay, we
see can·1Cll along the coffin of the smilino- infant; tlte flowei· just nipped as it bco-an to blos som in the parent's view : and th~· next day
we behold the young man, ory0ting woman of
Llo?ming form arnl promising hopes, laid in, an
untimely gt·avc. "\\Thile the funeral is attended h5: a nu~erou~ u\lconcei·ned company, who
are <.hscoursrng w 1th one another about the news
of the day, or the ordinary affairs of life, let
our thoughts rather follow to the house of ·
mourning, an<.l represent to themselves what
is passing there. There we shoul<.l see a flis~onsolate family, sitting in silent grief, think·
1ug of the s::ul breach that is made in their Ht.
~le society ; ancl with tears iu their eyes, looking to the chamber that is now left vacant_, and
to every memorial that iuesents ilself of their
departml frieud. By such attention to the
woes of others, tl1e scllish · hardness of out'
hearts will be gradually softened, antl melted
down into humanity.
TIJJ:: l'L ANE'L\RY A:°'! D ~·F.nR E S'fUIAJ, W GR :AJS C U~ ll' -·\IU 'l'LV1'~ 1.Y

l 'UNS IDERE.D.

rro us who dwell on its surface, the earth is
by far the mu st extensive orlJ that our eyes .
can any where bchol<l: it is also clothed with
'Verdure, tlistinguishc<l Ly trees . an<l a<lorned
with a variety of lJcau tifu l decorations; where:}.»,, c\ , ~ ~ :11• " :!. · ~ '.1i:· F !:~~: ,, 1 ~ on '~'~ '-~ t ~r U:() p1~_n -

14;¥:.

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~j't._
.
. l1
-- ets, it wears a un.ifor!ll .aspec~ . : . lo9;~~s all lu~ I
minous ; and no
a
To .
\,
,ings who - tl well af.jstill - grpatc~1· · dlstanccs, it
entirely disap1)ears. r= That )Vh.1c.~~ W? c<~ll_ al- ;
ternately the morning a.ntl the. C".emng star, :( as · ,
·in one part.of the. orbit she ri<les fo1·emm;t. in tlw ~
1n·occssion of night, in th.e ~ther ushers in and J __
anticipates the .· da)vn,) is a planetary world. ~
This i>lanet, and the fo~u otb~1·s that so wonllerfully vary 'their mystic tl~ncc, are in themselves dark bodie~, an~ shn~e only l>y · rcilcction; havfi fields~ and seas · itntl · skies of their
own · are furnished with all accommodations
for a~imal subsistcrice; and are su111rnsed to be ~
the abodes · ~Cintelledual life ; all which, to- ~ ,
o·ether with our earthly habitat.i on, .are deperi- ~
dent 011 that grand .dispenser· of.Divine · inuni-- · ~
11
· tlcencc, the sun; receive ·their light from the · distribution of his 'rays, and :clerive their com·
·fort from l1is benign ~gency. ;· :; ·· ·_ · · ·
· I·1
1.-.hc' sun, which . sc~ms : to llerform its daily '
stages through thc'' sky;·is i.n ;this i·espect fixed .
. a1ul immoveal.>le : it is tile great axle of heav·_:en about which the· globe
inlrnbit; and oth- . ~
er ~nore' s11~c_ious · orbs, \~he~~ t~1eir stated cours·· :i
es. The sun, though -seeunug;ly smaller than :·
the dial it il\umin atesf:is · ·a.h undautly larger :~
tirnh t\i~S ~V~Ol~ .ea1·fl);. on_
\vhfoh: S? .mai1y Jofty .: ,
_mountams r1s~, and such ntst oceans i·oll. '. · A :' ,
line extending from . si<le_l~ -:side thr.o ugh the ·
centre of that rcsplendl•nt o~·b, woul<l . measure '
m01·e than eight . hundred~ thousand miles : a L
o•irtlle formed to go rotrnd ': its .circumfe1·ence, lf
~'oultl require a length' of millions. ·Were its .·f

l~rger ·urn~ ~·p-ot._'·1:

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solid coutents to Le cstima.tcd the a
i.
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o' ct w ie m ou1· uuderstandin•" aud I '
almost beyond the powe1· of hrno·u:l~', <t
J~
pt' (-' SS
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o · ~c o ex
l c \\ e s at t ed at these reports
pl11loso1lhy ! Are we re·uly j.o
ct·y· ou t.111 a. t ran.
l
s port ~f Slll'pnse, ,, How miu·hty is the u . o•
who
so t>rodir•·ious
a t:>fi't·"'-' ,• •at lll. 1(Ce.
crn<::)
u
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rt ne, from age tu nq', so e11urmo11s a Ill"ss of
11. ,lJUC.
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' " 1C t US attend' Olll' philosophical o·uitlC8·
u .
and. we slmll he brou~lit acquainted wit~ s lee~
ul~t10!1s more c:nlargml and more i11flamin;,l
rJns sun: with all its attcntla11t planet~ is
bnt a ':cry little part of the ~ran1l machin~ ot'
the ~1111v~rse : every ~tar i though iu i:tppearauec
no h 1,gg~1 th~n the diamond thal glitters upon a
latly
s rmg, IS reallv
a vast bo·loLe' 'l'tl"c
ti ICSUll
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HI s~ze an<l glory ; no less spaciou s, no less
Jumrnous, than the ra.tEent source of ti
s'
ti t
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ay · f u
rn every star, is 11ot barely a world but t1
centre of~ ma~p1ificent system; has ~ re.tint~~
?f ·w ords, I.rradiatctl by its beams, an<l re vol\' .
mg romnl it~ atfrt~ctivc iniluence, all which arc
lost to ?~Ir sight In unmeasurable wilds of tl1.er ... l'hat the stars api_ie~.1· lil~c 80 many d~.
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murntn
c~· antl scarcely
d1s• t1no·u1sh·ll]
· (
·.~
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i~. owrng to the11· Immense a.1Hl inconceivable
~h:tan:e. Immense and inconceinlblc indeed
rt is , s11.1ce a ~all, shot from the loadc<l cannon,
and ~ly1!1g with unabated rn.pi(lity, must travel,
at tlns impetuous rate, almost seven lnmdred
. thousand year~, be.fore it coulll l'cach the llCill'cst of these twrnklm~ luminaries.
·
'Vhilc, b(-~lrnldin g 'this vast expanse, I learn
:my own extreme meannes!'.l, I would also dis':

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cover the abject littleness _·o~ . ~ll .1terrestrial
things. "\Vhat is the eal'lh w!th al~ her ?s~en- ,,_ .\
tatious scenes; compared with ~lns astomsh- .
ino·ly oTatlll ftll'nitnre of • the slues? · What,
a ~lim speck, hardly p~rceivable in the
map of the universe ? It is .~bserved by a
very judicious wi·iter,.·that if"the ·sun '·him~elf,
which enlightens , . this ·part· of. t~e creation,
were extinguished, and all the l~ost. of pl~net~­
ry worl~1s, wl~ich mo~e abo_ut .lntn, we~e · ann1.hilatetl, they .,wou'd not _be missetl by an eye,,
tlrnt can take . in " the whole compass of ,na~
tu re, any more tl~an · a grain .of s.a ntl upon ·~he
sea shore~ The ' bulk of wlnch • they consist,.
and the space' wl1ich they ?ccupy, are so ex:cee<lingly little in comparison of the .whole,
that tl~eii' loss · would scarcely leave a blank
in the immensity '. of ·-God's .. works. If then,
not ou1' globe. onlyJ but . this ~lu;>l~ system, be.
so very . diminutive, what · i;s a k _1n.gdom or a
countt·y ? ·' '\Vhat are a .few .. lo~<lsh1ps, or the
so much admired · patrnnonies of those who
at·c styled wealthy ? . Whe~ I measure tl.1~~
'vi th my ownt 1litpe pittance, they swell rnto
\H'oucl anu bloated dimensions : but when I
take the universe for my standard, how scanty
is thei1; size ! how · contemptible their figure !
Tbe.v sln·ink into pom1l0us nothint;s. ·
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Just pu olislietl a11r-I fol' o-nle nt Potr c r's B onk>f.nl'o, f'<)ngl1k r~psic, ( N .
Y.) and at all the principal B ook sto1·cs in the United State~,

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AN EASY GRAMiHAlt OF GEOGJtAPHY.

.Accompanied with an Atlas of seven iU1tp!'.
By .T.11.COJJ TVILE B'I'1 'S;
Tlie Geogrnphy and A tins sell nt the ' ·ery' mo rlcrntc pric e of Set·en
.Dollars and Pifty Cents the IJorcn, an<! ret11il at

Seventy five Ce11ts.

REC01lIMENDA7'IONS O"fi' 'l'IIE WORK . .
1\-fr. DA~IEL H.

BAnNEs, A. J\£. Prindp:il of Dntclt ess County
Acnd e my, whose repu tntiou ns n pul1lic Ten c h er of Youth, s!nndiJ
11s l1igh ns that of a11y m an in th e state, has politely communicated to us hi s l'piuion, in the following not el'oughke c psi ~, 2d June, j 81-i.
.1\fr. POTTER,

I h RYi? received n copy of your "Easy G1·ammm· of Gen,g1·a ·
and in answer lo the request the1·cn·ith communica te d, I nm
happy to inform yon, that the hook, Hs to its plan Hnd an:wge rnent,
meets my entfre apjn·obatia11. Til e m eth od of pl:tci1 :g th e exercises
immediately after ench p1·incipal tli,·isio11 of the glohc, and nrnking
th e m to include Hll the important facts pl'ev iously laid down, appears
to fie Hdmirably 1:nlcula led to facilitate th e rapid and cnrrcct progre~s of th,e. students. Th e prop1·if:ty nf c!Osing with :istrnnomy is
obvious. I he m:ips :ire n c:,i tly exec11ted, and being hound separntely
from th e hook, will Le hi ghly use ful and co11Yenie11t. I dr> not hcs~tatc t~ s~y, that in my estimation, this compendium of Gcog1·nphy,
1s prcter nbl e as n first book, to 1111y "hid1 l have seen. I &IHdl ndo•it
1
i t imm ediatc y in my dcpartm ef!t, and re commend it to the a~s~eiate<l m:istcl's in this in stitu t ion.
Yom·s rcsprctfi11ly,

pliy,"

D. II. BAHNES.

~Ir. Anclrc w Hcci·s, fr o in
c~ivc'. I~ is now enga ged in

who111 the fol!o\\ ing note has IJcc n r e.•
th e a rd1~ ous n11!l im portal! t u 11 d e1·t.:iki 11 g
ol w1·1t111 g a Ga/ellcei· of hw natn:e state, Co unecti~ut, similnr· in
llbn lo Spafford's.
·

1\Ir. Potte1·,

DA!\'nonv,

14th JuJy , 131'4.

Siit-I h:n·c tlwrn11glil y cx:i mi11 cd l\lr. \\ ' ill ctts' '' Easy Gi·ammm•
"./ Ge'ngmj1hy" with the aceoml'nll) in g Atla s, p11l.ili shetl hy ) OU; Hnd
I ·mi ;;lit with mnch propriety l il 11eedfol) e11tc1· into th e p artic1.1lars
of its liigh merits an d great utili.t.y ~ b11t sufiice it tu say, that I ltn,e
bee n an old lcac l1 e1·, i11 the usu al mode of Ueograpl1y nnd i\ slronomy, and I am now constrainetl to s:<y, that I reg~·et th e m:in y d:t ) ~.

'llrnnt1 1s antl 1 may evct1 say )~ears, I hav·e spent in teaching ac~m·ll: \
fog to ~he usual Bobks, ouly for the want of just .such a one !IS ~oil
have hit upon: .For young pupils · it certaiulY, exceeds any t~mg
or the 'k ind ] ever saw. · To study Geography and As~ronomy with- .
out .il1aj1s, Figtwes, &c.' is HS absur~ as to teach a ch1,'. d .to call over .
t!te Alpfoil.Jet without seeing the shape of the letters. 1 he .couvenience of havitw the Atlas Ly itself is olH"ious, a~ !t must b e cm.1stantly .''f-~ '.t
usell j, 1 searchbfor an answe1; _to every ' question, ~hich 1 readily con"f
ccil·e will Le a kind of !'leasing la Lour to the scholar, and soon make
~' d
-l1im ·1 proficient in Geogrnphy. •
. . . Yo111·s, &c.
ANDHEW DEERS.
.
•
·

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'rlu! following lette1· .i s fi'om the aut!ior of tji~ P<fz.etteel' of the '
~·tote oj ..'Vt:w-Yor-lc. · i' r
- ·
. ·~ l ~
· '

·

Alha~y, ..7th Mo. 4, 1814.' · ·.

··

. ,.

Esteem ed 1''ricml,
I h ave examined thy "EASY GRAMMAR OF GF:OGR:'-PHY"
book,
Ill comam l ti I C ' r \'J' L n• s ' ,, wi th S(>me care. l •'or an elementary
.
•
f
I
mon scltools, the pfan meets nly en tire approbation ; llm~ so a1· as
liavc Leen able to oLserve, ii _is ~' c ry well ex~cuted . . llerng ~ch ea p
a 11d useful hook, it ought to, anll ]tl'Obahly ' ~. Jil, fin~! !ts way rnto ~vl had been lonbo- smce sohcned,
Liy se\' et1al
.e cy SCJI 00 1 ·Ill ti I e state
'
•
•
.
i•ersons employed in the instruction of youtl~, to wnt~ a wor~ oft 11~
kind 011 the sam e plan, and am very hn-ppy to ~ ee th.it my p1ospe~t
i:ve l;ibor· may lie dispensed with. ~Vishiug. thee ~·cry great success Ill
tin· liternl'y enter1)l:ise,
I 1·ema111 thy friend,

•

IIOHATIO GATES SPAPl''ORD.

Paraclete. Potter.

' ' \ .' . \ : ~

'.~

.f \

,.

~ ..

; ;.

_.r•

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. ~. .

,/· }_,

:Mr. R. O. K. BE NNJ!.TT, from whom the ~allowing letter lms.J.>een re·
. · l is a teacher of the first stantl111g ancl resp ectaL1lty, v.: h.~.
many years been employed .'iu the city of_A!b:my. .
··
·
'
· ALBANY, June 24, 1814. " .,,,
near Sir-Your" Easy . Grammm' of Geography," and accom. : .
\
11 anying Atlas, have been duly r eceived. · As an elementary boo~, it:,.,
-~
is justly entitle(! to a preference to any I have seen on the subject. '"
It supplies what has long been wanting in common schools and ~cade- :
·es and what I have frequently heard called for-an easy epitome .
nu Geogt·aphy,
'
·
I c~ Icu 1a t e d to · ex er • · ';~r. ' of
at a moderate pnce,
an d on a pan
.cise the ingenuity., as well as the · memory. o~pupils •. T~n;roughly,.~~,,
convinced of its utility, I shall lose no ti.me m ~ntl"odu~mg it mto my;·:,
.school · and ; shall be much rejoiced to find 1t soon m general ·use.,:·,;
The iis~onishiug and truly gratifying changes which have taken' place:"; ·__in the political aspect of Europe, will render it necessa_ry for. the · cOll;l• ·,
· l'iler to make in a sccon<l e~li~ion ( whicl~ I hope ~ d'.scernmg pubhc j. ·
lvill soon call for) some tr1flrng alterations... V\i.1shmg ·yo-. .all t.he ·;
.£uccess to which the merits of this hook justly entitle Y?u, I rem~m» '"
Your obliged humble servant, ~
H. O. I{. BE-N~ET~ • .- .. · ._·

;;:~v~~~

Mr. P.
·,:·;

)

.·:>;;;

w

POTT.ER.

l': '

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.f , :J

\ !j

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··

.,.

}.fr. John Griscom, a Teache r of lhe firs t rcspectaliilil.y i11 the city of
N ew-Y 01·k, has f:wore1l us with the followin g note.
l have cxnminccl nn "Easy Grammar ofGcog1·aphy" prcp:wed
l1y Jacob 'Villclls, nml tlo not h esitate to say, that the auth o1·, in m .r
o pinion, Jrns fully attained tlo e ohj cct he hail in view ; viz. to imprm e
I he po1oular litLle work of Gol<lsmith, and especially to atbpt i t
mo1·e completely to lhe youth of this counti·y. Th11s imp1·oved, I
c onsid e r it as one of the \Jest G eographica 1 co mp clllls fo1· the use of
American Schools, which has yet been pulolishetl.
JNO. GlU~t:O i\J,
New York, 7 mo. 9th, 18U.

Tl1c HEv . .lonN HEED, A . M. He ctor of Clol'ist's Church . in tl1 c
,-illage of Poughkee psie , has favnrc1l us with his opi11io11 as l'ollo ws" l h :l\' C ex:unin ecl i\lr. 'Villetts' "i'~ A SY GnAM\\lA n OF GEuGJlAPHY,11 t ogetl1t'1' with the ~faps accompanying it, aml thiuk it. d c ci<leclly th e best compe ndium of Geography fo1· common school s yd
presented to the public.''
-

- -..c:::>c:::>

:zzz: :;zzz:cC1::-o---

ALSO,

Just. puhlish ~ J by P. PoTTF.n, and for sale at his Bookstore
in Poughkeepsie, am! at the principal llookstores in !hr:
United States,

The Scholar's Arith1neiic,
. For th e use of schools in th e Unitc1l Slat.es :-By Jacoh
... Willetls,authorof" An Easy Grammar ofG cographytKc.
E:rtract /rum the Compiler'' I}re,fncc.
·
Aftel' stating that sonie impt'ov e ment has li cen attempted iri
~r rani;i11g liis work, aml simplifying tae Itul es, th e Compiler says,
· "But the improvement upon which the compil e r \>laces liis pt'ill•
cipal reli a nce, as ghing his work a tlec.icletl supe t'iority o\·er any other
work of th e kiud, is th e qu estions which h e h~s iutrocluce<l on the
different n1l es. These q11cstio11s, if properly used , c:11111ot fail to be
of imvortnnt sct'vice in giving th e learner a J> e rfect und e rstanolin~
()f Arithm e tic, lmleed it i~ belie ved that no methocl hith e rto cl c.i•isetl, is so effectual for makiug the scholar thoroughly maste r of his
11tudies,as that or re quiriug him to answer qu estions, embracing all th e
'I mportant 1rnrti('. ulars of wl1at he hr~~ been learning. E:'!pericnce h :1s
vrovcd th e utility of this method in the 'tmly of Gcog1·apliy, ant.I the
comviler of th e following work, is sanguine in the beli e f, th a t it will
uot only h e found equall y useful in aonclucting lc rH'11 c rs to a knowledge of ,\ rithme tic, bu t th~\t it may b~ a1lrnnt:i:;cou sly i11 tr0tl 11.;ell
·into most otlt~ r !tudies.''

I

r.

