412

lJL\LOGUK

m:-~111s of the tlcbatc goinµ; on among the perso nages, he rece ives a
f'.ur and full view of both sides of 1'1 c argument, atH! is at llic same
t~mc amused wi~h polite conversation, and with a display of consistent anti well supportc<l eh:1rac tcrs. An author, therefore who
~la~ gc1:1ius for executing such a composition after this mannc~" has
1t 111 his power both lo instruct an<l to please.
But the g~·~atcst rai:t of mod•~ rn di::lloguc writers have no idea oi
any co.nipos1tion ofth1 sso rt ; and b:tting the outwa1d forms o1 convcrsa1.1on. an1l th~t 011" <r" ~ k ~ :' '1'1 :111n 'ly1· :i 11 <1,· 1, , ii i.' ,1, 11 1" 11 1..
~ ;11111~ :h 1f 1:p· ~Htfi: 1 1 r :-: r ;1!~ c· i:1 p(·i
i ; 1 1 • _1 u .~ l1uuL tile \'¥1.u l t~ .
l.le
sr~.ts up n P'1ifnfhc1Js, pcrh~q; :::; . :111i l ;t 1'l,iL.1l1on1.:" . nr ~ 11 '\ . .-in rl :1 n :
n ir<• , :r l1 1·r J11Ul!! .il ''"ll•j>l111wnl,;, :1t1rl :ilirT ,1 ,!1111ri 11!.:; !Iii' i'11w11• ,, 1.r·
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~ m:in nf k.11 ·1 11 11''-'· 1111 d11u!11 , :rnil u!'.:~•1:Hl J11 i111·i 1,:,., : :111 , j tf 1,. 1>1 h· r
l.' :1. 111:111 ilf ,11·:111·, :« ·I np 111 [ll'fJJI" ·' ' ' .'< 11:w lrivi .tl ,,1,l'"'I iri 11 ;;,
n 11·i·
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au l.111J r c:111;1 '.1I s11pp11rl. II j, Iii" f',,rn1, 1\'ill10 ul Ll1L' .'piril , ,,[' .... 11 _
Yt'rs:1f1fl11. l ]1,. rl 1:.il" .:.::i 11· ·' ' n ·,., 1·1u 1•111 f""' " liut to 111ak c a11·l;,11·:1n[ inl?lT~p11011"; :ind l\r,~hnnlcl " -i 1h 111 urc p:1 lic11ce l1e:1r lh1· a11t.li" r rn 11 .
lmu111~ :1h,· :1y~ ln _r•·:r ,"111 l1i111:;clt', :r11rl !'l'11101T l!t l! ubjcdions tltat are
ma<lc l:o l11s pr11 n·1 p l r~. lh a11 he: lr111ili! r' il \I il11 tlic llllllli':i 11 i 11 !-': :ip p('a l'an cc of i.wo jll' l'~Oll ', "·horn\',". ',;,.,-, lr1 L1: i11 rca litr nu 1111n·c t li :lll ni1e.
Am o: 1~ flw a1wi1·11 1 ~, l'l:i1'1 j, 1'i 11i:11·11i ft11· ll1i· lic::i1ly "['his dialo!.;ues: Thc_sre111·r_,•. :i11 d 1.li :· "ir1:111 11.<L1 111'!'., of 111:111.r of lil!_'lll, ;11 ·c 1
l~ ca utd11ll y. pa111t1·11.
Th e cl11r:1"l1· r.' ,,r· the ~u phi ~ l~, 11"i l11 11-lium
S?c.r:ilcs d1~putc d , ar~ well dra1\· ~1: a 1·a ri dy of p e rso uage~ are exh1b_1.ted t~ us; we a1:c mtrodu{;c_d rnto a r eal conversation, ofte n su pP?• ted with much life and spmt, after the Socratic manner. For
richness an~\ beauty of imagination, no philosophi c writer, ancie nt
0.1· m?dcrn, is comparable lo i:'l_ato . The 0~1ly fault of his im ag inati?n. 1s, such an excess of fcr1.d 1ty as all ows 1t .~ometimes to obscure
!us J~cl .~mcnt. It ~rc qu e ntly carrie~ him into all egory, fiction, enthu s 1 :~sm, a~d the a ir~ rep;ions of mysticai th~ -)logy. Th e philoso pher is, al t11ncs, lost 111 the poet. But wh e ~Lcr we be ed ifi ed with
the matter or .not, (~11d much edification he :.>ften affords,) we are
always entcrt:uned with the manner· and left with a stron<r
impres0
sio1!. of the s~1hlimit:y of 1.hc author'; genius.
. Cicero's ~1alogucs, or those recitals of conversation, which he h a~
rntroduc~t!. mto several of his philosophical and critical works, ar('
not so spmted, nor so char~clcristical, as those of Plato. Y ct some,
?~ that De Oralorc cs~ecially'.arc agreeable and well supported.
1 hey show us .conversat1011 ~arncd on among some of the principal
p ersons of ancient Home, w:th frec<lorn good bree d in" an<l di<rni
ty. 1:he aut.horof the elegant dia~ogL1e: De Causis Cg1'.r11plrc Ela~
quenlzre, wl11ch 1s annexed sometimes to th e works of Quintilian,

xxxnr.]

an<l so111r·tii;1cs to tho.'c ofTa cit11 s, h~s h:ippily i111 ilal.cd, p c rh~p s has
excelled Cicero, in thi s 111a11ucr of writing.
.
Lu cian is a tlialoi);u e writer of mu ch emin ence: though his subjects nrc seldom su~h as can c~1titl c him to be ranl~ctl ~mong philosophical authors. Ile has g1ycn_the motl cl of lh? li ght :rn<I ~1u­
mourou s di alogue, and has carr1c_d it t.o _g rea t perfection . . A cha1 act.cr of levitv, and at the same tune ol wit and pcnctrat1 011, ch sl111 iruish cs all J1i.s writings. lli s great ohjcct. wns, to ex pose 1h c fnl.l11cs
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[J.c ell lollu11ed by sc1ual n10 Jc rn :.u tliu 10. l'u11lc1;cllc, i11 p:11 Li•:11~.'." i\- f' ll ,; ;,.,; rli:d i1'. ..'.."'l"'..; n( ii1i': ....:<ir·t. \\ · i1i· · l 1 ;1rr· :-- pi·.i:. ~Jil \.\ ;1111i
!i't l :·,: [.1 q· r·\ 1: 11 ;11·~1 1 ··~ , \ ".. \1111"," ("! :11 < 1 wr·~ 1 i11 :: ~~,. ,; l w, 1!1t· _\ ;ii!
l i~ l '()! llf' Fr r·:\(' \ 1111 1,~ 1 i 11 !Ji..; !i·1 11d ..;, l 11d;·r 1!, f"t ·\ '. . l!1i1 1.~-.: iir ! 'f HllfHJ '-' i-

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f•11·11i -. h"' 11n111· 1,j tlir"" :i<' i·c l;111"" '' ~·,, !' !q·i'll'."in:.:; f'!i:11 :1f'l<'I'-.< i1:lt1 li '.Jii,
,,·lii("l! tliL' ;1 r·\i \·r· '''r·t11·~ :111'1i1ili1·1 · '-'li11~ ~i1 ·1 ~ ili•l1t...; ril. 11 1c dr:qp;l :1f(rird. I !1•11r r l'r\\· :i11iil n r ' :i r1· r· 11 i1w11I f', 1r r h:ir:1ri"ri,1i1·:i l : \i:il n ~1w
011 ~r ai-c ~ ui1.ic: f'h. 01w '-'f' tl11: 1110 ..;L rt'111:1rk:ilil1· i11 tli<~ l·:11~·Ji~li li111"'ll:r "" j -; :1 "· 1i!i'l' ol' llir· !:' :· \ :'!.:;f'. !Jr. ] l" nn· i\l11r•'. 111 h is ll11·11 11·
Oi:1~1 ~1 1 c:-. rc\ : ,Li:1:~ lo tli e f"J:111d :ilin11< nf 11:\lu.r:il n · l i:~inn . Tll'<11~lt
hi :; s1.:1 .~ lie 110\\· i11'0!l1C1111·:·1sl1 1·c 11hs1 il .. t1'. ~ 11d Iii;; si1c:1kers Ill' 1n :1rk " ' l \\';Iii the :11' :1·l1·11 1ic slil1'1ll''·' o l' lho~:c li1 i: •·' · ·'·1 ·111i c di:rl"!~111 1 1 < :1111 nialetl \iv a 1·:u·;e1.y ()[' cha r:1d1 :r. :in d:\ spri:~lilli11( ' ' ·' of' co1 11·r.: rs:ilio11.
hr~\'lllld ·,1·h:1I :1rr: l'Ol il!l ltl li ly 111<'1. 11· i1\i Ill \ITiii11 :~' 11f liJ1, l;1 11d.
.Bi~ l wp lkrk e!cy's lli::l n'.~llt'S ron r1r.r:1iw ~ 1ii:::.1·x islr· 111· c nf 111:dl('J', '.l'i
not allcrnpt any di ~ pl ny of ck1 r.1ctcrs; bu1 .. fur11~s l~ :111 11 1slanrc 11 1 :1_
very ahstrn ct suhj cc t, rend ered clc~ r :'!.!Hl 1~ i.cll1gil> l c by 1111·:111 s o1
conversation properly mana~cd.
.
.
..
I proc eed next to '.n ake son~e ohservaltons on ~· ~t_6.l ary_,wnt 111 g,
whicb possesses a kmd o~ ;111ddlc place Ir:!tw~~n fhe SCf~~us at~d
amusi!}§-~pee-i0s of ct>mpos~t10n. E1l1Stolary wn1111f; ar.rca1 ~,at 1st
stretch iHto n v· ry wide ficl1\.
For there is no suhJ CC L
view:
1vhal~ver, un which one may not coin·cy his th o u gh~s to the publi c, in th e form of a letter. Lord Shaftesbury, fo'.- 111 s l~ncc. l\ lr.
H arris and severa l other writers, hav e chosen to gl\·e lh1s form to
philos~phi cal treatises. ~ut this is not s.u!ficient ~o class sucl,1 trc~­
ti scs u!lll cr I.h e head of epi stolary compos1t1on. 1 hough l11 C) h_c~u,
in the title pa.re a L etter lo a Friend, after the first address, the fr: cncl
disappears, a~ti we sec that it is, in ~ruth, the puh!ic '~ith ;~ho 1~1
the author corresponds. Seneca's Ep1stl.es are of this soi t. I h_c1c
is no probability that they ever p~ssc<l 111 corrc~p::iml c 1~ce, as 1eal
letters. They arc no other than m1 s c~llaneous <~1ssc l'tat1ons on mo
ral subjects· which the author, for l11 s convcn1encc, chose to put
into the cpi~tolary form.
fc;v cn wh_c i:e one writes. a real Jette~ on
some formal topic, as of moral or rel1g1ous consolal10n, to a pe1son

t"'

0

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H4

EPISTOLARY WRITING.

[ L ECT. XXXVJI.

LECT. XXX Vll .]

EPISTOLAI:.Y WRITING.

115

under disfrrss, ~ nrh ns Sir 'Villiam T cmrlr h :1.< "-rittrn to th e cnun lcss o_f l·::;.sr ·" <>11 _r lil· dcaL11 uf lier daughkr, lit.: is al lilicily, ull such
occas1on~, to wnte wholly as a divine or as a philosoph e r, and to
:issu1.ne ll1e style and rnauu er of oue, without r eprehension. \ Ve
consider t:~1 e nutho_r not as writing a letter, hut as com pos ing a discourse, suite d pa1:t ~ ul· r
h . ·· -uni
J some one person.
___B. ·.
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g.s1t10n, sub-:..:-

•

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,.

• " m'e one

0

.1e

most celebrated

~~llections 1d1ich

th e ;im:ienLs lw1·c ~ive11 us, in th e cpi :; tuh r y way. _l hey ~re elcg:i11L

and a1n1ahle v iew of the
an• 1 po 11·1 c ; '111 11. !';·' 111'1>t.I · "" \""1"'
· · .r ]>lcasin•r
,.,
l
Jl11t, :ic·.corclin~ to th e v11lµ:ar ph:·ase, they .sn:cil to~ m'.1
, [ lllf' l:imp.
Thn· ar r'. too clf'µ::rnt: :Pul fin e; and 1t 1s not r as) t
1
'l\·oicl thinkinrr , th.:i.t the autlio1· is cn ,;l i1 1g :111 eye tol\'ards Ll_:e P'.i1>li c, 11-lit.:n he i·~-:qJpcari11c; fo 'nitc 011ly for his fricrn.ls . N? tlrn'. ~
i11d"cd j,; niore dii!icult than for :i.n ::n1tlior who pnhhs~e~ lns 0" n
kllcn lo divcsLhim:;clfcillo"cllll'r <>f:l1.tc11lion to t\i !' n111nw 11 "flh•:
.'
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1irli if',,
,,, 11 1.J i11 ,,·Jiat !1(; says; In' ,,·l 11 ('h rn•·?n" . '!' H·~orn r~ :n . .
f
~~n·, ·:dil c lii: 11111 llla 11 o f p:nts \n>uld lie, 1l, '.'".1tho11l ,1t1.) cu.hl1.1111t 1>
this sori., lie \'IC I"~ wr!lin~ t" lii s i11Lillla lc lnL·11 rl.
.
{'i r~' r n ' s l·:i1i stlc<, fli ort.'.!;h 11"1 so sl111\\_,, as.tLuse.of Pl111y, arc, on
several accuu1iLs . a Lr more \· :1!1 1:1 1il •: c•)l!r .,· f1r111 ; rndc<:d._1.h(' llH"I.
y:ii 11 :tl ilr: ('iJll1 ·<:tiri11 of ktl«rs <'\l:i :tl. i11 tlll_\" l:i11'.',fl:1µ:.r:.
l lw _1· .1 r c
Ic tt c rc:; of' rc:d h!1si11c~~ , \\TiL1.c i1 1n tli1 '. ~~r(':l;t'sL llil~ !l uf Llic ~,~ 1 ~~ ~n1n­
pr1sed wit h purity and clq:;an ce, I.Jul. \\'itlwut the kast. aflcct:'.l 10'. 1;
o-reatly·
to their mcnl ' wnllcn
1nlhoul any
111lu1 l \\·IJ,at ,.1u- 1,[s
a 11 l,
__ ,,,
,
.
l -c·.
t.ion of being puhlished to the world.
For 1t appears, t ~~t Jlcc:o
11 r:v P.r kept copies of his O\\"ll kllcrs; aml we :11T who~l; rnclchtul
lo the can: of his freedman Tyrn, f11r Lhc lar~c 1'. ollcc!.to11 that \Yas
l!iadc , after his dea th, of tho:o:c \\'liich an: 110\V ('\L:mt, an10.111!1111~ lo
near a thousancl. ' They con lain lhe most aull1cnt1c rn'.1lcn:il s of the
histor y of lltat a~c: and are the l:15t mon11111enls ,~\11ch 1:f'n1:i 111 uf
Rom e- i 11 its fr ee state; the greatest p ar t of them be1 ng "'.n llr:11 t1: 11 i 1w Lliat i111p urlantc ri sis, when tl1c rqlllhlic \DS 011 th•" point of.rnm ;
th ~ most interesting situation, perhaps, which is to .he found 11; the
affairs of mankind. To his intimate friend s, especially to AU.1cus,
Cicern lays open himself aml hi s ~1 eart, with entire f1:ecdom . In_ th e
course of his correspondence with others, we are 111lroduced into
acqnaintance with several of the principal personages of Rome; ~ncl
it is re markable that most of Cicero's correspondents, as well as !um-

c,'.

.1 \llthor.

..

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* Sec his letter to Atticus, which was written a yem: or !wo ?cforc hi!:; d~ath, in
which he tells him, in answer to some inquiries conccrnmg his cptstlcs, that he }~a~ no
collrction of thern, and that Tyro had only about seventy of them.
Ad. Alt. xvr. ·

30

4 l'l

~ell', arc c·lr•p;:i11f

:111d l'llli k \1Tii 1· ;· ; : \1 lii<'l1 ' :C'! T •"; fol ' :" i. "J, '1· : 1•:."
1
idr~ :t nr fh(' Lhff' :Jlid 111:tlili C1';; oi' ,,,,,, :1•""·
The 111n.,f di.' I i11p;11 i·,licd cu!Jc< ·li •111 .;·,, lcii•"rs in 111" F". 11 :Ji-!1 l: :•g11agc , is fh;it of J\I r. 1'"1"" ll i::1n S11 iU, a11t! llicir frii•l!d,, ; p·1r1 k
p11lilisl11·d in !\'Ir . f' op l' ·., 11·0!'];,, :t1 i.J 1i:u1ly i11t l111 , 1·11 1· 11 .. ,.,i <.,.,:;1 .

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er fr'~ " f11>111 1111~ f':"ill H !1 i1 ·!1 I i1111J( li 1·d lo l'!i"y' s l·:pisl i.. ,,
lt H>
rn11cli sfild r :llld rcl i11P111c11L ln ihi' v;iri c h' nfldif'I'' f':·11rn dilfni:1il
}>Prsons, c~11lai1H :d in llt:tl. 1~ollc.0. fio11 , " .,, li;1,J 11 1.1 11\' lh:>I :11 1_· 1nilll'11
~ i lh c.a:;.c~-a.i1tl~'l--l,e-a-11loi{t1l-~i111pl ic i I}~ Ti" "c u!' JJ r. 1\ 1IJUiI111ul, i!!
parti cular, always dcsc l'\'C !:hat pr:iisr,, n.,:111 Sffift's :ii"' :tl'C li ll :t lli'f'lC<l; ant! as a prnof of' th e ir i1ci11g so, ll1Py exhibit his cliaractcr fully, with all its defects; though it: WPrr. tn he wi slwd , f'11 1· tl1c lio1 :11ur
of hi~ rncmury, I.hat lii s cpi sto l:iry i: orrrsprrnrlc 11c i ~ '1 :1.J nu t l1L'C ll
drain ctl lo tl1c dregs , by so 111an y sur,•essi1·e p11lilil'aliu11 s a~ ha\·c
been g iven to the world .
Severa l of Lord Bolin ~illD1<..e1s aml of
Bishop Atferlmry's Jcttcrs, arc ma sterly. The cc1;s urc of wrili1w
letters in too ar tifi cial a manner, fall s he~iest on-ii11"cf'ftpe= rin1s-etf.
1'hP-re is visi!Jly- moTc study, and Jess ofna tt1re and th e heart in hi s
letters, than in those of some of hi s eo rrcspondcnts. He had formed him se lf 011 the mann er of Voiturc, and is too fo ncl of w rit.i1w like
a wit. Ili s letters to ladies :ire fnll ofaffocf.at ion. E\•c n in w;iling
to hi s fri e nd s, how fo rccll an introd uction is the following, of a Jetter to Mr. Addi so n: 'l am m ore j oyed at your return, than I should
be at th at of lh c su n, as mu ch as I wis h fur him in lhis melan choly
wet seaso n; Lut it is hi s fate too, Ji kc yo urs, to he di spl cns ing to
owls :ind obsce ne animals, who ca nn ot hea r his lustre.' ll ow still'
a compliment is it which he pnys tu Bis hop Atferht1 ry ! 'Though
the noise and dail y bu stl e for th e publi c be now ove r, I dare s;1y
you arc sti ll tendering its weH:1rc; as th e sun in winter, w hen seeming to retire from the wo rld, is p re parin g- warmth and hcncdict ions
for a bette r seaso n.' Thi s se ntence mi r;h t be tol cratctl in a harangue ;
but is ve ry u nsuitab le to the s ty le of one friend correspon din g with
another.
The gaycty :ind v iv ac ity of the Fren ch gen iu s appear to mt1d1
advant.ap;e in th eir letters, and have give n birth to seve ral agrecn hlc
publi calions.
In the l:ist ap;c, B alzac :ind Vo it.urc \\' Crc the) two
most celebrated ep isto lary writers. B alzac's rep11t.atio11 i1ukecl scu111
dec lin ed, o n account of hi s swe ll ing periods and pompous style,
But Voitul'C conti 1111 ccl long a favourite author.
lli~ co mpositi on
is ex tre me ly spark ling; he shows a great dea l of wit, nn<l r.an trille
in the mos t en tertaining mann er. llis only fault is, tl1at he is too
open and professed a wit:, to he thoroughly ngrecablc as a letter writer. The lette rs of .M adame de Scvi~ne arc now esteemed the most
a cco mplished mod el of a familiar correspondence. They turn indeed
very much upon trill es, the incidents of the clay, ancl the news of the
town; and they are overloaded wilh cx trn vagant com plim ents, and
ex press ions of fondn ess, to her favourite clnughtcr; hut withal, th ey
show suc h pcrpclual sprig htlin ess, th ey contai n such easy antl varied

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is lik clv lo he eon s1dcr_ah lc'. both ~l
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l r 11't 0 fthc hum an Jl1Jr\(.
of th e ~realness :inc c i g~ Y f .
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w ilh these 111 ru e. H St ourfancy
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uotl ratio facit, ct h1 sto1ta.
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*cc Acco m modating the appeara nce: o t l.111 g~ .o to th e course of e ven lg."
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