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,;ct o/ Pennsylvania,· to wit : ·

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,, •BE IT REMEMBERED,

that on .U1e 5th day of Novero!>er, in. the ifort_y-~econd year of the ·independei1ce
:,C>f.'. Qie Umted States of America, A . D. 1817, ~dward
·anll Richard Parker, of the said district, have deposited
in this office the title of a book, the right whereof they
" claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit:
' "The Uni1·e~al Preceptor; being a general Gr~mmar
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of Arts, Sciences, and Use ful Knowl cclge. By th e Hev.
,
David Bl!clir; :tuthor of the Class-Book, English Grarn1', ."-' . mar, Models of Juvenile Letters, Heading Exercises,
''\"·; .. and Grammar of Natural and Expe1·irncntal Philosophy .
. \~_. Thirl:l American edition, with additions and improve;,~~·~ ' : ments.'? · '
.

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· In conformity to the actofthecongressoftheUnitcd

· ~:i'{;· States, ·entitled "An Act for the encouragement of

. ~ii":

]earning, by securing t.he copies of maps, charts, and
" ; · books, to the authors and propri etors of such copies,
~'. ·, during the times therein mention ed;" and also an act
y;_( entitled, "An Act supplementary to an act entitled,
:,j, · ~An act for tht!"encouragement of learning, hy securing
the ' copies of maps, charts, ancl books, to th e authors
.! 11nd proprietors of such copies, durini; th e tim es th erein
'.;' mentioned,' and extending the be neHts th e reof to th e
:: arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and

... r"·

:, oth,~r prin~."

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V . CALDWELL,
Clei·k nf the District of l'enntylvania .

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Garrett
. Biblical .I nst itute
;.:-;·-.·--:·-'~ Evi;n$to-n, 1llinois ,

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.PREFACE.

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nm aqtho_rofthis work has been many years
.anxious to achieve his present undertaking. His
experie~ce, reason, and feelings; prove to him,
that, in th~ progress of education, young perso~s l
• ought .to b,e enabled o .acquire correct general
"views 'o · .alksub.fec~s, 'hich may serve as ooil
for the mind in after~life, and as the basis of fur. the~ studies in such branches of knowledge, ~s;
. · .•ta future period,' may gratify their tastes ~r
..
accord
with their interests.
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Early education cannot mak.e adepts in any
~1~; • bra'1ch ·of science; at least, without sacrificing
,.,.\\ ·, every other subject to one: it ouo-ht
therefore'
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,
• ·" · to embrace the elements of general knowledge,
as the tr~e means of enlarging and exercising
th.e understandi'.1g, and qualifying it to e~g(lge
; ·~·', r. ~1th advantage 'rn any p~culiar pursuit.
/1?.~'.-.r, . To fill the storehouse of the memory, is the
• •,' • rational business of education ; and, at a season
,,;, , • , of life, when the powers of reason have not ac
·~ .
~' \; quired a useful degree of action. Nor will such
; general instruction interfere with particular stu-

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GRAMMAR

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OF

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE. ·

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I. Inti-oductory Particulars.
:)
1. . KNOWLEDGE is either necessary and
.,
useful, or ornamental and luxurious. . ·
. ·.:-i
It distinguishes civilized from savage life; Its · :;.~:;;
cultivation in youth promotes virtue, by creati~· .._: :.
habits of mental dis~ipli.ne; and by inculca~t;Jpg: ·.;j
a l;)ense of moral obligation.
· · "_ ·· 1
· Knowledge is, therefore, the best foundation . ·· -~
.
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of appme:ss.
·
· ~ <t
, ;:~ ~; Necessary KNOWLEDGE is that which sim.;
ply provides man with food; and with the means
.of sustaining Iife.
..
· S. Useful KNOWLEDGE is that which teaches ·
the arts of agriculture, clothing, building, restoring health, preserving social order, main!,
. taining national independence, and rendering' the .
, . produce of all climates subservient to the wants
J f
.
J.,: '~.•o · ~m r own.
. .
.
, !.~, ~, , 4. 0T1~amental KNowLztb,GE relates to subjects
•.~.; . .';;'.of taste; as drawing, painting, poet1;y, grammar, ": .
1 f~. °''".geometry, eloquence, history, music, dancing, ; . .;
''·· · drarriatio representation, an~ the living languages. · · ·· .~
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INTRODUCTION.
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;5 •. ~u«urious K:Nowu~DGE includes' abstract "
, cnqmnes; ~s physics,.rnetapliysics, ma1i~~b\·anch- .
. e~ of expemnental ph1losophyt heraldry,' ailtiquities '. and th.e dead l.anguages.* .
•
'
• 6. Ma.n ts. an ammal endowed with powers of
comm~mcatton, memory, association, imitation,
r~ftection and reasoning ;-talents given him by
h1i;i Maker; for the good use of which he is ac- ·
1 ountable in a future state.
'
. . 7.
hi~ unimproved and uncivilized condition, ma,1 is naked, without habitation, without
means of defe~ce or offen.ce, and possessed of no
means of subsistence, besides the wild fruits aml
. ~eo~t;i:neou~ produce of the earth.
.
':1· 8: . fo tlus <lay, many nations live naked in
.':;: caverns ~nder ground, perform no labour and
~t;' ~.pend for their subsistence en the sponta~eous
, ·.: : . y'l!?clucts of the earth, and on the flesh of animals
.'k wh1~h they destroy by simple stratagems.
'

In

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.> ·' O?seh:i~tion.Lsuch,
are many of the nations of Afri~a;
r,f' ·,· the
of N.ew
of many of the South
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.~nhab1tants

H~lland;

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Sea I~lan~s;

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Goldsmiths popular system of Geography. t

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_ c. · th.e ,S1berrnn

th~

natives of Hudson's Bay ; aml some of

n~1t10ns; of whom, very curious particulars
. t·" \~~ll be [01~11d m books of voyages and tr:n d~, aml in
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9. Till the Romans invaded Eno-land. ··t he
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,~;,),:. r.~ on~ 1·1ve d. naked, c~iefiy under ground,
paint··~. ~·:~1:ng ., ~he1~ bodies of, va~10us colours, b~stowrng no
. -~, .,_£ul~1vabon on the
soil, and dependm[)'
for sub.
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AllTS ()~"~ SAVAGE1 LIFE.
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~&iHtence nn 'acorns, berries, and roots, 'ancl ;upon

th~~ri~iP<: il?~ · success

in hunting. and fishing "

,~ Oba.:......The ·people of England are .mdebted. to .the
wild ambition of Julius Cocsar, for the 111troduct10n mto
'.' hese islands of those arts of civilization, which had
-"" - travelled fro~n the .Ganges into Persia, thence ~nto
~ 1 Egypt, from Egypt to Greece, and from Greece mto
· , lUil.y : . whence, by . the l~ist of; conquest, !hey were
"' . 6pread over Europe. In like manner, at this day, the .'
- English are the instruments, !r?1.11 t~1e same cau~es, of
· 'Teflecting back the arts of c1v1hzat10n, ame nded ~JY a
'true r eligion, to the banks of the Gang.cs ; and of d1ss~­
minating· the same blessings, to the Africans; the Americans; and the. insulated people of the South Sea Islands.

':. ·' 10. The Romans introduced among the Bri- .
· ., . tons, all the art~ an<l knowledge which they h~tl '
· · themselves rece1 ved from the Greeks ; an<l lai<l
the foundation of that social' state, in which we '
fiqd ourselves in England, after the lapse of .
· . nearly two thousan<l years.
.~ Ohs;-To take a view of knowledge, as it has extend.: 'K ed itself from the most harbarnus and uncultivated ages,

· .down to this age ofliteraturc, science and philosophy ;
.- ~ and to rend er the whole, plain and familiar to yo11t1f-\'
• mincls, {lnd to the meanest capacities, are the objects of
·· the~prescnt work.
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~{~I .. :·Y". ARTS':'b F "SAVAGE Lll'E.

AR11S.-OF SAVAGE LIFE.

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IS. Hunting is performed by most savage na•;,'; :y:tions ori foot, and with many of them the princi' 'fi.l)Jpal weapon is the club.-:-Thercf~re the swiftest
,:.(·' ·;":.and strongest usually become clnefa.
Obs.-He11ee, Hercules, the Hero of antiquity, i!>

drawn wit h no other wc:ipon tlw.n :t cl11h ; with which,
·. alone, he is said to ha Ye pcrfornwd :ii I h is wonderful ex. '?J'i: ploits. 8omc nations, nothing i·cmo•e<l above s~n·age'!,

,._ · ''. are, however, found to have acquired the use of
· •; and arrows.

bQWS

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· 14. In ·taking· aim with missle weapons, the
precision 'which savage nations have attained, is
"..- ~· .wonderful. In·tbrowing a stone, they seldom ·r:
~:;r:t. mi~s the smallest mark ~ they transfix ~sh in the :;;'
, ,;;;;, water. ; knock down birds on the wmg; and ~
:;iA1 ;.strike every enemy with unerring exactness. . ·

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' Obs.-Every one is acquainted with the success of the ~;"
killing Goliath. . Evettlmch is the · ·~
precision«.of the S.outh Sea· isla?tlers at the p,r es_e.n t ~ay. ;

•"J' shepherd David, in

l;

: ·.1,~" · 15. One of the great attamments of savage hfe,
.· ,i '· was the procuring of artificial fire; bµt this w;is,

an art notknow.n to all barbarous people. The ·•
inhabitants of.the Ladrfiiies considered fire as an ·
.~ ... · ''·: invisible monster/ when ,the Spaniards_.first in-...
· · · troduced it am'?ng them.
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16. The Per8ians, and .other, eastern1 ua.tion~,!. ·
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· 'Tr 17' .~' Ahrnng savages, the usual mode of proclu. - cing fire, is; hy the rapid friction of two pieces
of wood till they produce flames. Havinp; no me-:;,; ta ls,, th~y .do rwt ' possess -the simple method of .
.coi:nmunk'a ting'1a ,spark to tinder; by,the violent ,: ··- ""
· collision of flint, and st(~el. ·
· ' ' ~ -·
•• ~;:: 18."' ;rt~~cl.othrng. of savage_nll\ions has refer~ ,-,;:
. -'·. ~hce · ~o lel,r.J~';.th c · mclemency of t.he weather:
·· anu :Cuusists'gcncrally of the ski ns of animals, or "
of the natural products of vegetables, prepared
., ~y . tlrn m9st ing~niou_s ·processes. : " ,
:it.-, _,
't. ',. · 19.. A p1:ecari9us l~\Hle of subsistence is so un·" ··"'~
· ·· favourable fo th e.human' species ; that it is found ,' ...
. ;.,
· that. s<~vage tribes, in a s.eries of age~, do ,not in-0'..ease:.. th~ir numbers; and; that they often' bC ~ · " ~,',
~~i,~j:rn~.\i l.together extinet~ _., •· · .. · :-· ·: '. .:>;s'.;··-,~·.'.:;,7:'·
$~~~~.8/~nrt!1e bac.k s~ttl'ernents .of~or_thAm_el'i((:ar :~ ~;··
~tR~ souls n1 the various sav~g~ tn~e~,-~o not ex·.!," ~·­
~~:.teed ·~;yenty thou.sand; wlnle, o.n..,~.:e9~al ~pa~e. ,~~
~- ,1lf c_o,p nfry m Churn, two or ' thre~'. H ·. ~~e\l -11!11- ~ ...
· lions,'alde<J.by the -arts, of civilizatii,;
e~mµ,c,h~ .
"tt 'fi d d .. . I 'd c . ,. .., . ll .•r i> "'1 "-'
. e. .~I»- ~ . an ·: p1:o v1~ e ~or. ··· ,_., t, _ 1~~.- 4 • ,._hl'r· ;N
: 21., ~~qe ·W~etcl~ed,.In_dtans-. 'Yho r.es}de ? ~t~~:
•·
stn ~ts~ th.at suri:oul,ld Updson.' s.•l,Jay;pften pass':";
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·a~e . i~. p,r~~er..v~tion a religio11s, duty_; and ti\'.c .
··rn ' th eir tenfp lcs, without being ·
, ""fpnce ~xtinguished, 'for: many hundred years ..,_
:~=::£~ence, ':they b~came: or were considered, firo~

water, sink the parts that arc immcrscc l within it.
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-"i. ·~. as~_coh,ti~. ue4

. Oba.-~All animals swim without instruction; because
they are unable to lift their fore-legs over their heads.
Th~ secret of this art tlcpcn<ls, tlica, on keeping <lown
th e hands and arms, ~tn<l acting 11mlcr th e water \r ith
them. The parts of anr body which rise out of the
1

·:',

ter:ihe'y h·a~Vonce ·acqulrecl, or . discovel'~d fire, - ,

,keeping the arms and hands un<lcr the water; in
, p Jotruding only the face and part of the h~a<l out
_ of the water; and then using such action, as will
direct the body in any particulur course.

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·~s ~~g~th~.r~~t\qruiJoqd /aud . ft'.~quen~~ ';,

f~wa9t; dunng t~~~l~a~e i ~E;\-n'. ah1m,al:/1.,t.''•;
H~l1cet.1:h~ origin ~f:6bspi'.btit_0and~sbcia1·mee. 1.~ ··
•, · · ;f · · ·• lied )ite~ fo~ ;
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• : ~l'.: ; ~:_a,.nd;:by,: restt~iriing Fh~ exercise\ cattle-,
,~ l~YRHJ;;,\s10n tfae•,rJ to get fat n:iuch",s~p~er.
~~,.;""· , 3~. '}i)irmei:s;arercallecfarable Jarm,~ts,'. ~hen
) ' the:X !j~~~;<~l~e.Qy ;e•pployed-'i'n .r~~ing · fioyn and
, . ~g1~ai(!;; ;and ·pa~tu.r-e_ o: g,r,ass:far.mers, when tl.iey
'&J:.},are ~,pgag~p iri ·r~Ji}·i~g ,and fatt.en_ipi s~1eep,'!1nd
<~;i:;:other ~ 1ve··.stock.
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~~y,(~{!33, :Z:Farfus.l v~~ry' in : size, · fro11\, fifty · to ..one
~itl1ousanl1 fi'ac~es. ·~, /\.raole · fa~ms. · 1 · ar~ \ genera II y
:~sD;i"aJl~'.r~:t~~~',}h~s~_:.emp\oyed i11·pas tu re, or graz- .
ing~:?~Jt~ose~ ' fro111 ?:IJe· to ' two ht_t~dred acres ·
· , t:e.1 t~ ·!!!1:>.~t~~~e6c1al, ~o th~ occ,up1ers a9d the

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il8 ·;:are' <)ivided i.iito ··clayey, ,loa.my,
h'tfll?f' ·~atidyfgraveUy, peaty,.and rnoor.r~ :'~he
;l!l-J..~Y~_ncp~a\ny ~re 8alled's!•,ff or s.tro.hg ~?~ls;
n<tljhe :s.al\~Y and gravelly,)1ght !!~nls •. •. ,'. "
.. ...Soils•are barren, when they consist of; too
·-:bf.one kind ·of material, do uothold mois·~ e:tJil{ate~foo:'sha]lo·w~. They ,ar.~ Jertil~, ~~~n
hey corifain. a: due mix tu i:e ofsev~ral pri011t1"ve
''ths.with veO'etable and anim$1-'inatter• ..;
.6~·it'o rehd~r a ba·rren soil'fertile, itrequiree
~j~~i(t~qll~!'.l~ly t~1r~~d up t? the.air, an? to ha.ve
"·a:n·ur.~s·~m1xed ·;w1th · 1t': which. manure$-' cons 1st
· r.·. inlihar"~ u hg~;- d ecayeg ;vege tabt~s, lfm~~ mar I.
~eepings Qf.sfre~ts" &c.,' . c. :' • · • : .:.··>.
)t37. •rln , c'ulti~atitig: th~ . sod, ,~ '1e: cluef: II11ple.., ,.
. ie.n,t~ ofi t~~: gar~~ner are the ~ ije; the hoe, ancl ",
he matfock:;t;ahd 2of . the 'fa . o; • . e pJ~ugh, t~rn . ·
rr<Jwrth~: rg) l~rf~the. st ythe~-~ iiJ.;~the:t_sic~ •.e..·~, ...,\
Ss!t-(:A,~:a:~.ii~"{~:s.s\(>u of .th~·~~\~ ~rop~Kte;," d}~ to' .
~1 . pover1sh i.t,p~:,,~p~1~;a ,ro~ati~ntuf;cv!f~!¥~ · · · :·

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, , AGRICULTURE.

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'.•!;'ponds.,;: ·Farmers ~l ~~ise_ 'extraet. c_y<le~ f;om
?;!.,appl ~s; perrJ'fr.on\~~~~t'; .~n<l, deh ~~-o~~ '. \Vines
· .•from ,,var10us; fruits. ·'· }~ ·"
_,,. ... ,, -: . . .. .
··";~~54: ~1 • Every.;farm-h·ouse"· is provided '.:with a
~f;; ·kitt]l~ri~g~-rdet?,"f~r .ihe"cultiv~tion of vegetables
t~-. _and frui~s; ~ rr~~-Art of Ga~denmg forms also one
. ,c. of 1he most,, usefui and delight.fol ·br.a nches ~f ru-

't;ra!' ~l!l"(!~oyment. ·. ~~Beside_~

k1~h ~ n-µ;ardens

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· j the • blackber~: the_al.<ler-berry,,h~J'>S, 'f'

but'it.now ·enjoys goose.berries; cur- 1 ·

I,e·s:J.:S,!'!ars/. plums, · apricots, pea~hes,'f;.

.
s;i.<·,an ."grapes-a Jl exotics,
an d · fi rs t· ·V';·
.. . Jn .Englan~ 1 aQout three hu!ldred yean ~
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: :56;.~Withi~ a few years; the bread-fruit tree · r

.ha;:b~~~~transplanted from. the islands of the ·,

·South ·Seas to' the ·West Indies ; . and all the ra,re -~
spic,esJ n~tiv'.~s of~he,,E~~t Indies, are n~w ,cu_lti- . ,
forl~in 'the West Indies. · · · -. · : · · ·
"

57~'lrfhe . P.otafoe, so consi<lera~le and · whole- ·_

p~~i~·~o,r~ion of'otir ~ood, was unkriown in Eu- ;;
,'.,.,. ~~e~. apQut:two ce.ntur~es ago; apd -~as brnu$~t._.
. ' f rom.:.A.tn'er1ca by sir.Wal tet Raleigh.- fhe pe~10d ·
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is"on·:
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(500 'years before
Christ,)'
wheh
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~ • -In~~h_e~'.·pres.el,lt ~.eciiti_on,~ tlie~-'lo!_lg_- P.a~gl'~plis ~(
'1J.een p~rpqsel['proke~, for the eas;*~f~~~~~~t~!le~
, ,. -.'- ~1.1.t: t~e; ~~pl~e,i:_s r~m~n t~~ same;''1;'; ;f:· '::'. ,.:, ~:"<r.:'':'t
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orGlia_rd51) .flower-gardens,,~a~~ ple~~~r,dens.
,;:<.5:5·J~lf the art ofGardemng, the fru1ts~~one
·afCoflhe.i-world, are propagated and culttvate<i
:·t·~ .!~e'r:. tlimatis~ato wN~h, _a t first, they seemed _
· ·~- 'lltadapted * .,,,, ·. 1' · •.i • · ·' ' ··' "
·
:,.,,, ~JrrEi;igl~n-~(th~}lnly nativ~ · r~~its w_ere ·~

• '.~~.~ J.~:~~ fj'

. .~.- ~·. AGliJ(fuL1;l'.JRE--', '.

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'~ ;_:.~ :.~!.:: ~ ~:·· '--~ ~ ~- - ·\.~ ~~~~ ~-~~: '~~
. J{~aKw!ts · brou_ght }~t~~Euippc;_fron\;Asia~))!'l
_ ,r~-:; Peas, beans, l!-.~4.~Jl olher ·grarn, are .ex..,_ ,. · ~
t{'1 nn ·E·ngla·n<l ' ' .. _,,.:'.,:,__(.
' - - _;(., ,-._-"'-Si
JP~~;- ~.1 uch, alst;i: ,i~.:~i~/~r~ of man, tha-~ -h~ irl\!,·~- ~;~
roVes whatever he ·culhvates;· By graftrng buds / ,]
'f"superior fruits ori·ordinary sto;!_ks, he amends,
. ·'.l
· 1J1J~e\(~11 alters, the' natufal produce pf-the tree ;_ ,·~
!UJ1J,'J;iy'.ma1!.~giii~tan<l' selecting his_seeds, he _im·~
",. ro~-~~ .a,~.~ ;~q_larges .pver.r. ver;etable proc.lu ~ twn .. _."".'.'.,?
~·,;;,~.. 91,~JP-the art ,of.: .Garilehing, ' t'Yo; _thr~e,. -·ot· ;:::~
plJ~ons may der~ve am~le s_ubs1stence, lroi;i ,:' - .1
~acre of ground 111 cult1 va twn ; but there ·~ ,_ _...~~
_Wn_~"co~n.try, without'cultiva:ti_on;·above Qne Im:- ,,.::·
)n;1~l~a~!tant t_
o two_s,,qu~re n~iles· ; ~nd e~en on ,; : ..~,]
l~~l spa~~· subs1ste.nc~1s · obtamed, w_
1th ~1~cul- ;,c ~;-~
~;; ·.~µch are th.e tnumphs of art over n.atu1e !. , ,., " "l
' .O;, In England and '\-Vales there aye_ t~n mil• ··.' '_
101.1s ·or inhabitants; arnlforty-seven millions of · .· ,:j
·}_es. o(ground; of which, nearly fo1·ty rnillions~c·~~'.A
t~,c.ultiva~ed, or are employed-j_n gt_'~~~~g,~~~tJ{~~·
~ othe1: eight [fr~ waste; , _ ,...._· ;:. · ...- -~~
here, are, consequently, four acr.es o,f_caj,t1v_Q.-__ -~:.:1!
. l:g~ound to cv_ery ye rs.on ;·.arid n~ar}j a1i~}~,el: .,~ ~~~~;i
re, of that winch 1s uncuJtiva_ted, " .
· . , ;o.
Obt ._;,,lt h~~ing be·e;1 asc~rtaine<l,'that a~ _acre ?f land · '~
•

} )°a~s~fi.g >~~g~tables, there :are, f r61t.:l?:~_r<lens, or

·f

~--~i~ ~. ~

.J: ·'.'.~~, ·- >
..

i

1

1

, 'ployed as a g~r<len, will prohdti~fe r egul~r su b~1s~Eence --P·~.
r fou t' persons ; if follows, t at 1 t 1e grounc m 1_lg:ncI ' w~s thus cultivated, it woi.1Id support a popul~ti
·A
,;1i(i0Jnillions; arid witli various allowances, at least 100
,,.
-J~qi1s, y~ ten tbn~s its pre~e.nt number. ,,.The g~oiu~d- · j
ui1cult1vated, might, perhaps, be made to ma.mt.am
, ."'.
pi-,csent 'rtumber of inhabitants in plenty. ·' 11 ' '
.. ;
~
'
";"' '
.
. .
.
-.
;9
.
·~i;.§acJ ofa/l~ pe.ClJl,ti! C:OJlS.Ume \ ~ ~Vt;iry,.yea~~._. ,- .~=

Wl~{~i;.:q,ft\vlte~~~~!g,~t~e-!1·.b.~s(1els):~~mg t4 _"~
'ce of',half an l\Ct'e~; thr~e bu_shels pl barJe,y -- :.:J

···~i~J~~t~~~:,·~~~~;7~~J~lr~~·:r
c··~·~.~~~~.Jii
.1c;"'¥.'.;~~~i~~~:~;'- ·~~~:ff+··~..;f\r~.-:'7~~·-:~~
'.

.~-~:~~-- .. -.
~~l!-~·

..

GEOGRAPHY.

. , /;':GE.o.GRAP,HY. ,
. . •. ... '

\.

~y..!' in Europ.~ ~ 'Co~sta.nli119ple

. tllforoper) : .,;; Paris , .. " ; .. ·
r/~P~~··,~y U~rne •
'i ,: ~i.: ·'~:.~ '"/"· Mila~ ·
ria · 1 · , f:i>;,.", , Florence
. 1e!s .$.t:;!es· i :.c, · Rome
_.pfes ... ,. 1~;:,-·: ~:. Naples
·Pbrtugail•
,;. -: • ·d~ Lisbon
~..··~
,·,< ,, ; / ' ; .
.
•
. IJtJtH'~; . ·, • Madrid
(itairfSi: Ireland I,.ondon
.

.:'

'.

" .. .
:f, .. -

net :swiftj for .silver-eels;reno~'d; .'.

~f; ",JV"atio~;,' . :.t' .• ·~: Chi~/ Oities. . .
: w:~den ., '• - ~ ; :·· Stockholm ' . . ·
'{Rtissia in Europe·::. Petetsburgh _
:.~D_enmark» ~.. ·, f~J· Copenhag~n •
Prussia. ·'i« ,.• . .'; .:. ,Berlin ·
.. ·
.ola6p··3'"··:,{~ . :;.. ·1~ .Warsaw
1a • . · l
· , Amsterdam
~anic States. Dresden ~~:.:' •
· a:(~t! .· : • .:~~.Vienn~ ·~ ..~~-

·/".~~;::,i:::Y:Li~1r~f{t

31do.- '"
8 do, ·
6 do,.:: ,
3 <lo .. " .
18 do. ;:.;
23 <lo. 1
s <dlo .• (.· ·
32 0 1
2 do,i .
4 do.~'·
2 do.~'1
2 do.
6 do. ·
4 du . .~
11 do, · i:~
·. 17 do • .-. 1;

. 1.6.f Eu~ope has.three inland seas: the. Medi
ft*neari; the Baltic, and the White Sea; and its
o.~~s are washed by the Atlantic, the Bay of Bis.: ".'

y1 the English Channel, the Northern Ocean ·
f."George's Channel, and the German Ocean;
1
: $17. The .great European rivers 'a1:e, the D_
'ti,\lbe, the Rinne, the Elbe, thew· eser, ~he l\·h it1"
~il.rl,
,O~er, i~ Germany; the ~Volga and ,il,1,
~ . !ll(Jer, m Ru.ssrn; the Rhone, tlie Garonue; a!.1
c,. u?·'Seine, in Franeoe; the.'thames, the Seve.r
:t: ··:)n<l · the, Humuer,- jn ';Frngland; the Clyde~,i
.BcQtlaml; ·and the•Shannoi1, in Ireland . .. ··~;1.
., Obs.- The rivers of South Britain
'·" .... \
. are thus <lcscribetl
. ; ""''('.
..if.,..;...,__
. ~. From h 1s oozy bed, ~' , :·:::t· ,

l\ie

..

.. ·>; Old father 7'hames ·advanc'd his rcv'rend head
~.J;:. ~.\ronnd h,is.'. t)]rone the sea-born brothcrs · ~~p~tl
· · · W.ho swel\,w1th tribut<"i.ry urns his f\ood: · ·.:
'·'}'irst, the:!fatl\'d authors of his ancicnt 'name .. '
:.r,~'~/.L'..ht: ~inding. lsiB and the .fruitful ·'l'ume ~.~./ ·

'!\

~i~i[,, ':'J: ' ·.:!;::.:; .' '•'. ,/.; .~?~(

't

lf 9',-, ~=.~

. ,

·-

•

. ! ,:t •;·_
'ildo'n. 'slow, with!Yerdant alder" crown'd .. ;:.:..~-~';;n .
. . ..hose~ clark streilrns .his fl~>W'ry islands lavei L:~·:::~'S~
nil·. lialky. Wey that 'rolls a milky wave:.
· ·.~ ~~':-:':;(~
herbli.J.e' transparent Vandalis appears : -{
,' .~ -. .-.;:;•:;.;.~ ': ~
j:.. gulRhY Lee his sedgy tresses rears: •
"-t;-_',,---...~
·nd .s~llen Mole that.hides.his divi.ng flood:
~~~..;: ·"'.i~
!1d ·f!1Je~(.P,arent stam'd with Damsh blood .-r~~~;~. .-. ,· --~

, i§. ' 'fhe ....mountains of Europe are, the

Al~~:~~.·-'f~1

~\S"\Vitz.erlan<l ; , the Pyrenees, between Fr~nc~,

::<}i

·p~~:·Sp~in ; the Dofrafelds, i_n. Norway i •'the:;,_·/ . /;~
. ~.ls~rrn Wales; and Ben":N"1v1s.and Bcn 'J~o:--2~;::'~~
ond,'111 Scotland. It has also_.three -vokano(iitJi-;r.-·
r:burning mountains; viz.Etna, in·Siclly; Vesu-'.':'.i·"t..;;
'us,' near Na pies; and He9la, in Iceland. -"· ·:;=1
~$1,9. · T~e British empire is composed of twn
· ,~
,.~ge · islands, Great Britain, . and . Ireland, 11-p dr:. ~t}.;
veral small ones, as the I~le ·of ': Man, . Isle,. of "~
Jght, theltt>brides •. the Orkney\ Jersey.a~d .-,:·;,,~
nernsey, and the Scilly-Islands. Great Bntam , ~:. .:
·~roo. miles long, and 250 broad; and Ireland" -~,,j
P,9/long; and 200 broad. Great llritain includes ',! I
~~tl~ml . on the north, 'Vales north-west, 'and
· :-J
~i~~~d, on the .south, ~~st, a~1d west. . :~. "~--:~
-~O: ~l~nglaiul is sub<ln1<led mto 40 counties, .~s. -:'=t~
low~!.
~·..
. j ~ ~'(·_,, I

. ·
~lJUes. -, . Chief 1'owns.
•

..

· • · . ,,
"\ ....·.;J.

'

CfJuntie.Y.

•'

Cldef Town11;

rlbUJiiberlanclNewcastle
r)lafu ";\b·! ~ ..Durham
umberlancl
. Carlisle
·$titi(ireland :. ·, Appleby
f~hitei:l:.-'.;,l •.. ···;·York
'eashi' ~- :-~ Lancaster
"sili":e·'$.'-;.·'{' · Chester
·" 1r~{C3;; Sl;i~ewshury°

Lincolnshire
Lincoln
.• ,
Rutland
Oakham :
-"'
Leicestershire . Leicester
.. i
Staffordshire
~tatfonl. . :,...:
Warwickshire
Warwick .. J
Worcestershire W 01-cester
~
Herefordshire
Hercfonl
.\
Monmouthshire Mun mouth
\r&~;;i, · · ~. nerby Gloucestershire Gloucester
~~µ1. Netti~gha1n .oxfords}>ire · ·;": J)Xf?r_µ ·

·e

.

::~f~ ~ .·~•~.\.·~-~·;*.·.·:'.~·:'}' .
)'?""" •. ·

,., '

; i?-~i._~~·~ .. _~ 'i'".~'

',;.:..:

,,...;~

.......-

•·,•

. lj

·'~ ...~

. \ ....J

'

~· .-.1-) "! ,- ~.I

~1; . ·~~i!~-~~: . ~!:J ~.

!'"., ~ '~' - · ...~' 't

· ..

~- :L~~--:
.~~O~RAPHY.
. .,,
' ~~;· ~- ~-,: :s5:3;,S.ou.~h America )s watered by. the ·lari. .
.,:.-, tne.rs 'tn_t~.e · ~?rld, as _ t~1e Ama:z.ons, La P~aW
· .;· and OrQnooka.; :Jn, th~, Andes, 1t possesses'. t
\{,_ bl~l~est .chain of ·molnitains, some of them fo.u
mtle~ IHgh: ~n.d .\ among them are the most p ·
· • 1d1;1chve g~ld ·and silver-mines in the world ,"-1
"! ;:, ·· S54. South.of Peru.is Chili; and south of Ch
, ~, the inhospitable and frozen regions of Patagoni
.
r ;e.r;r~pel, Fu ego, or the Land of .Fogs, is the mps
:U t~~t·ly regi~n <l( America, and Cape HC>r, ~
;eitreme pornt.
·
··•.
S,~5. The following is an enumeration of,; .t
1

>.

g~nized district.s and countries of America:;
i .,'P
~-'l '"
• Y• ',
:
. ' . :. NORTH AMEUICA.
.t

\'

,

'

, Jvatib111. -,. 1 ~' · Ca~ta!s.
.nited .States, •
Washington, about
parifa~ Dominions, Salvador,
•
.
ti.~i~h · P~ssession~, . Quebec, •
•
jltivc Tribes, :
~
.
.
·{f,ESOUTH AMERICA.
pamsh dominions, · Lima,
.
ortuguese Domfoions, Rio Janeiro,
.
ativc Tribes, .
olith Sea Isla'nds, . .

;s56. Th'e Pacific Ocean contains numero
lu.~te'i." of islands, called the Soci~ty Jslan'

.~e,"- Fne1~dly

Islands, the Sandwich Island
,,~i!lips's Island,' &c. al,l discovered J>y the. EJ{
i.sh .within .the last'fift.fyears. ' The'inhabifah ·
)-ve ,in ~ sav.age. state_; . ~,11,H the history~}:iy. ~ill
ot~s _. o:f; their s11nple. ma~rners form th.e,~~.~·
:v9,yagefl of 'Valhs,-Cook, and othe'f,~;ti,-\~
~J.'J .M:1ps ·are exact clt;lineations .. o ·:th''
' ~;;i-N~t!i~~ ~e~ ~tQ ;:viewed as frol'!l·;~~n: ~~lj' ·
~i~:~?Wh}t~~'9!,1<1fo_g to a $r~/e-, i~t~\y~~ "

r:

·~~it\\~.-~~~~~~l1>.-~·9.r .rt~~-~~:· ~;,: ·
0

. "'',:-.~;_{

...

~!.~·

.. • ~·, nE"-Gu
"- ttg,
u ~,.i\..

:.,,,-'.i. \,.11:.;~'.· -~',µ

'""~· 1 :, . 1 .'~"'·~.

op~of

A~ ~- ·~:. ~ t;, ,}:

;. . .· ,.-....~,...~.. [f. ,131.P."'"'
,.~ I~ )~"'·:-;_.;., ~ -~ ~:,(•.?·f:n~:. ·;:).·. . ~-~,:~~-:-~~( ....
'.'

. . .,

~

.

.

••

- .~,;'.'Ill~, • . ,, . .,~;·_, ~" <T~'.;;..i,ci~

a ;map ·is/ ~erera)ly1; the;_.f10rtl~i·~ f,h&-?-~·~·',

~th~ ,south, the nght-ha:nd is .\he east,.~.~!d;.i;;,':

t-hand the west: except when ·these pomt!' .·;~-:_ _
n_dicated by.a ~Ot~pass engraved oilthe .ffi~pit'9\~
•t he north 1s rn<l1cated IJy afleur-de-(uce•.:.. ~-:-.,..,:..·
,'1"1.;__lt woukl'be well to con.Ve)' the idb of_the;; ~-'-:

~: ~ple 0£ maps to chil<~ren, by sJ1ewing th e~n ·a ~plan-.' ·''""
e. place where they hve, or a map of theu· county ::-"""

'. )ct, laying· it.in the position of the places.
· · -·r;:;~.,:,
,Young pe.,on' 'hmoltl be t>ugbl the "'' ofm•p" , , ,~
eans of th:' P1'ohlems in. Goldsmith's Royal ~tlas. ·~ ·~:.-.~~. ~~.

; ~8. 'The tigure~ runm1~g from north ~o s?uth, ~-.;;~,.,

..south to north, at the side of a map, m<l1cate - - ;~·
~lptitude or distance in degrees or minutes ..:.....;:~d
~i the equator.

The lines across are m.ere_ ·-;;~

. -~ s. to the eye, to connect the figures. o~ ~ach .i ;;.~
':
(~!ld a1:e calle<l the para.ll~ls of [a.t.ih!_~~.n,r,:.,~s- ':
1gures increase upward, 1t 1s·north laJ1tu:d~:~~:.::.... ~
)Jow nward, it is south latitud e. ".""'·'" ·;r"'"'~"'' \-'' ,,. _
S9. 'An ima o-in ~ry line, which passes ove~~;t~
y place on ~1e earth , fr9m tl~c .north pole. W :.':,,~
e~s.outh pole, is called the Mend1an; and th.e :.! ~

i~,!ii.nce between these meridi~n~, measut e<! .a.J--.=-.,-~~
ufe quator, is called the longitu de. .
, . ..~

, ~~~~c . figures ~t the botto.m and t.o p ?t. the map .· " ~

1catc suc h di s ta nces between mend tans, and · · ·'/:
~J ines wl~ich join tl~em a~e called parallels-_of. :,.._J
ng.iJ~tde.' The lon g1t.ude· 1~ east when the ·d1E;-~, ..···01'
'fif~· rncrease from lef t to nght; or west, when ; .,!ill

"!;fi<rures increase from ri 0 ·h-t to left.

~ht : ~ee
.1.1,~.

the opposite ;nap
sttn:ly, and copy 1t.

· . , ··

gftl~.~ -~Ji?le'wol'lJ 1''. ~ii?
. r'I!

:,

) .. ,;,,

· .~~ A globe is a r~~e rnblance'c~f the earth or ,-

· ·~

-~

-~

"

· s,1_;:For the facility of workrng problems, . - i
t.it\i~u~'d with
"'''-1.

a unive1·sal brass ~neridi~ti. ; .·
.•

,,. ,/;.

":i

. {~·/;,~ ~tf: /, {(: . " , -:· : ' ,\;-.-~;~ . :'.!-//'

;.-~

~ "1.0RAL~(t\ND.~'nELIGION.

· /"'f;':0·~ -' .., i • ' ' . ,, ·',./ .· •. ' , ·,.
-'.
.,:~.
:71~:,l"ith , a·univ,ersa~ 'woo4en horizon ; · ~itlf fl!l'lii!
1'"¥cirCle ,t o red~ce its:molion into time·;·with <t'cb
f p.ass:to s~t·~t'due· no~ih :and south ; · and'',~i
'. ;- guadr.~!1~~:\~ "~~~sure~ d i~ta~ces and al titud
.· . S?l J~~,~hr earth~ wh1c~ is S6fi degr~es_t ~
.,.f[.Sj\tf..PP,QS1.t~,.~9't~e Sun rn eve~y 24. hour~
urse; -5,{~grees turn to and from the Sun
' ·~"'~fio~Knd' one degree .in every fouif m(
- _

. 1·

4

. "_'it;{t ~~ . r~f? _

s. ;.. p .

·· ·

·

.. :.i; ·' : . . .

.,

.1,

.

•

'~

• .. ;.' ' .

'

e::'.hour of the day, therefore, at d\ffere ·
'""~5''P,~nds on their differ~nce in longitu~ ·
~~~~1n the above proportion; all places:.
.i~'.m~ving under the Sun, ·or having .r-tµ~J
~soonet than those to the west, becaus ·
~!\! ,turn~ from·west to east.

(:Jbs.-Bristol is .nearly 120 miles, or two degt~es
London ; it therefore· passes under the Sun eigll
. utes later than London a.nives at the San; and of co
:When it is twelve o'clock ~t-London, it ,wants . eight ,
nJtes of twelve in Bristol for when it is twelve in Bri
·ki.;i ·eigh(minute!f aftei< twelve in London.' .In:wor ~.
uch problems, it iS simply necessa11' to bear !in•,. ·: .
_h at the whole earth ~f 360 degrees turns round_, ·.•
OU1'.8 ; and of course, that the clocks every wl.ler~
µpropor tion to the distances oftheir.·mer1dia.n~.
'.~erence1 of their longitudes• · ,_. : .· . . ,' \.oai'.
1

~~·

.·

·. -? ... :t(

..:->.t~.' .· '. '.XIt· Oj.,-,fotals'ttrtd,Relig

.: ' "' 362. Man' will not
'w ell atlapt~'a ''
:,, ,state, unless his conduct be ,restrain~:d
>~1 spect for others bey~nd what is impo~e .
-'~:•that is, without ·he'' be actuated , by~:a ·
'· ·. sense of what is right, and by feelings

be

,;_ . f~t. h~vin~ .dQ.!J.~,~wJ1at_~s wronw_,_j--"::,,.

~~·~~~~ '~~35~~ :~~~~; <:~~: -~~~

t' ,:;. .~.

!·~>

')

··t,:- . ,

·r_.f':;n"
· .;;'~"I'll' ~~<./-

.-.ltA"•MA"'.

: .,,.,_ ··1(·,

U

'

lU

- 'r, ,.

•

fi

'

'

.

..

~:-_:::.:~liich . dired th.~. Constru.ct.ion o'r:lan. gua·se~~~, ~~
(t~' ~te11:.d · of a 1·ule fpr·evNy word, a

;,',::>·.are

n~~essary'._to •regulate

forty

few

tu.Le~~ji~ ,

thousan4 . ~?~

. Oli11.,;,_For the details of grammar, i must refe .
:tP. atudent.to my owri Practical Grammar; or to any
~·?.:., ~,o..der?. grammar which is not too long and, comP:~ t

·~./~~· · .387: !t~l ~ame~

of ,things, are · c~lled "·nQ~
,,, ,~i,,ual~~~~s. ~~. thmgs1 are ..ca~.,~e,4, .a~-rzbuns.~ ~
ttives. ir. · <· .... · • ·
>·
,,~~
· , , .' · "'·.
Alt actions are expressed :.by' verbs. :} -; '
. H ·w_ords; which 1p.odify a.ctions or , q~.a.1.itj_
.~ca}led · ad-verbs~,·
.
. · , f/t.
. l1~Words, which describe the p<>sition - ~£:·
"

,,

,

•

.,

I

, 1..

.

. .:

~ ·¥.9-;'.,th,ings, ·.are called pre-positions. ;J,
1¥~"t!?t4~' which a.r~ used instead of noµn

~f!·~qs/a.re called pro-nouns. _>• " ' ~·~

;l ~()rds, which are used to join ·Sent
/Pa~ts· Qf se~tences, are· cal led cun}unc~f.
. :.: T~e ,w ords a or an, and the, are called art
~~'~he: ~~~lamatory words, which ' exp,re~_· .
estness Or ~urprise, are called interjectiori~
~ 88. The ·first written signs of' w9rd11~
r~bably. hier!Jglyphics, or characters ·whh;ij"
p,r~s.~nte~ the ,Qbject named by .· the ' cha.~ac
atid,,of cour.se,,.t here were nearly as 111any ~ ·
: e1:s·'as ideas/ ~ The characters now use~#
. igus·ot'.th,e z~ai;ic: and the Pla1i,~t.s:i11:r .
. ~ri~ ,oJ tl1~s kl.rid-of character' ;c arid .s~K)~
.t ~snake,'whe~ used to signify e t~,r.niJY,
: 58~. The invention of letterS; :~b!il°
~-·- W~h ;i.ll s1:>:unds could be rep.resent¢.
lo~ s<'.l1ne:'.wJ$.e 'man )n.the .reign ",t>f~

_·q',,,..,,~
:?e~e1~?~:!J~i'·
·; ~i~p.~&.~~n.
~r.i.y~,~·.1
r.... ~ .,
«;.,;:..,.;,.;,., ' "'"'
, t·,_·~~ ~\.~·i{

--~

':-

j

A.-.:. ~H ::~ ::.,.~·~?~f!-4.
. • ' ., . ,.;

..

;~' r:~t~ .)i£ ~t:r~~ ~<€~~

~·.

•.

, :·

~

o-

-•

..,r . •~ ·

. e ~prop~gation and preservat~o~ of knowlei:lg~,
t.1 ~nablmg us to express a m1lhon of.wor~s, : 1f
!~~~:desire· it, by the various combination·of only

· · !e~.ty-four or iive characters. ·
. · : ·;, :.
. .Oba.' 1.-=-I~ the _GREEK LANGU.~GE there are ~we~t~-

' '· letters; of :which seven are V()Wels, and seventeen
nants ~- . · • ·
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-"' A;.qia.
-~'?'er. . -

- rU.µ,µ,ii - AE>..'t'a.

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( ,!i'-~ 144
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; "' GRAMMAR.
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:ft · :,595. ·:After.having acquired a stock-. of .,.wonle
?·f·:. ,., by ~eading and copying the best a'1-thors,and ~ll
. : ; . ing in good c~rnpany~ we should.learn to arrarl :·
:.. ': ·~ and -combine them m a sentence with ~legan~· ·
'''.·)ind in such n1anner, as exactly to,express.ith ·.
e we intend to convey•. ~nd no. otl~er th
1seris_
.. . .-~ th11f Sense j - j l power of wntrng w)uch IS
,1perspi~ui_ty.
· · .
~ . ·.
· ·, • ,<
:\~•,_S~6~ ~fhe great ru.l e for the attainment of.(~ ·
'· a.rt:of.co{Ilposition, is to conceive; ourselves; th
,se'n timent,which we purpose to convey to othe_1
.bj.]r~viously reflecting upon· it; as it is imposa
l>l~'·tQ 'expre~s .clearly, to ot~er, s, what wo;do liQ
-~· ~n understand ourselves. ' • · '
·• "1,1
.~.~ '397'.' 'Ve should never· desire rto • expressd
~,>m'a-~J;)deas i~ orie sentence; . but'.dispatd1 1 tl!~.
~ ·c ne ~.fter another .~n- their proper order ; and ",·
:~'.fin~ ourselves to1siihple and short se·nte.nces, ·
~.\Ve have acqui~ed facifity ~in the n1anagemeµ,.,' '<
~:~them.
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can ,

, f?, Ob.,:. -The,best exerise in writing and ·speakin~: i8 ·

r.eaii'a short story, , aniKthen Wl'itC-or :'speak it"lt\. .
ph:aseology • .' Such an exe~cise daily ·~m1tlqu
o"i liome·months, would teach the several arts-.of ~.J,>
hif1°\Vrit.ing, and, speakipg, at .the s_ame time. 'ii f'. , , '.I

'Wi

:r'."S.9 8. We shoutd•avoid ·all quaint phrases,,()&

. w§f~~~ vulg~c)?roy~r~s. and fore!gn i.ei~tpsf;,~a
· .~~Jt~ :?u~ ~ho_1ce·:ff,om _the phras.eol~gt)!f~t~' ~

()dN',ew .festam~nts, or the worh of4Ad.

~fiakspeare ~· and avoid the latiniz~~ .Ph~/i
~U~!J-~ns?~; -a nd -~he . <J~li.ic~phr~~~~l~O'~"' tr
4>tner·
modern
w1:1ters.' ,.._, .. ~. · ·;i. .:'
t:'!;r,.
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'Obs ....,...'tfappily, tl~e ;tra~~Jation ~pf·;~?ei_'.~.c

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.rved to prese.rv;~ o.llr langqage :;\..,o~vt ~.

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