A

CATECHISM
OF

FJNGI-'ISH GRAlUMAR;
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PARSING
EXERCISES.
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DESIONED

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• THE YOUNGEST CLASS Qf

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LEAI~NERS

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COMM<JN· SCHOOLS, .

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AXD PARTICULARLY _A J?AP"rED TO THE ME1'IIOD OF

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...MONITORIAL INSTRUCTION.

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BY GOOLD BROWN,
Author or the Institutes of English Grammar,' the First LineA M
- English G_rammar, &c

No. '261 Pearl-street ~

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Svuthen1 District of New York, ss,
DE IT REMEMBERED That on the te~th day of September
A•.D.1827, in thelH\y.second yearofthe Independence of th u ·teJ
.s rnt~s of Americ~, Goold Brown, of the said District, hath d~ o~ted
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1J'..c,e ~e t•'ll:. of a boo~, the right whereof he clo.ima 811 ~uthor
• 1i IC w?,liUS .10 . O\~in~, to Wlt:
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..~ ' A C:ntechisnt of English Grammar ; with Parslng Exerciaes. De.
" ' ~n.e<l tor the youngest class of Learners in common Schools and
Ji~rucularly adapted to the me1)1od of Monitorial Instruction.' B
~.opld B!own~ aut.hor of the Jnstitutes of English Gramniar the Firs~
J, mcs ol Engh• h Grwnmar, &c."
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ln·~ynforJ?\t~: to !he Act of the Congress of lhe United States enti.

11!"1, A'll Act for the encouragement of leai-ning, by securing the cop 1 ~s of Maps, <'. harts, ~d Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of
s uch copies, dunng the time therein· mentioned :" nod also to an Act
~mitle<l, "An Ac.t, supiilementary to an Act, entitled, an Act for th~
<ucouragement ot learrung, by se.curing the copies of Maps Charts
n11d Books,_ to the ~'uthorii ·1111d Proprletorii of such copies d~rin tit~
ui:nes .therem me11t1~ned, and extending the benefits thereof to thf arts
ot dc'R 1gnmg, cngrsv1ng, and etching historical and other prints "
)
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FRED. I. BETTS
.
Clerk of the Southern District oj N ew York, r

'fus lea.ding principles of Gr&mmar may~ c9mprised
in u. few words, while its minute details may bl) pursued
and extended indefinitely; so, in ~e use of speec~, there
are various degrtles of attainable excelle11ce, =d a
child may acquire, no incorlsidefa.ble skill, while an absolute perfection is whu.t no_p ne will dare b_oast of, The
subject is of such a: nature, t~at there is sca~el;ir
~e
~r capacityto whicli the study is not·ade,pte.d\; for whatC\'. er is kno'lyn"1d.unders~od pf it; !pay ~ r~dticed to
practice as often.-as thee~ is.occ11sion to speak-Or wtjte.
, This little book intended to prese~t the first priJ)ciples of'
t4e ygu·a~~~~. Aass of
chea ·and , eas . intro- .

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of information.
When the pupil is familiar with these introductory
lessons, t'1e author's f 11.sT L1NES and ·INSTITUTES of
English Grammar wiirsupply what is necessary for };is
furtJ1er progress.
.Ne.10 York, 1827.,

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. CATECHISJ\'I
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ENGLISIJ GRA1"Il\1Alt.
QUESTION.

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'Vhat is Ei~glish Graminar 1

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ANSWER; English Gi:amri1ar .is the art cif
5peaking and writing the.English la~!,ruage cor-

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Q. Ifo~v iz> Grammar divide41
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A. It is' <fivided into fum· part!i ;''1u1mcly, Or..
t l10J.:-raphy, Etymology, Sy!\til, and Pr9sody.
·Q. Of what does Orthography treat 1 ·
A. Orth..ogra~hy treats -0f letters, syllabl,/:!s,
words, and spelling.. ·
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£:;,. Of what does Etymolngy treap . · , .
A.· Etymology tre.ats of the differen; parts
of speech, and th~ir cl341ses and ~odiuc~tions.
Q. Of whiu does ~yntax treat? .
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A. Syntax treataJ of the .reiaiion, ai:reemeut,
~overnment, and al"rangement ~rwords in 8cn-

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Q. Ofwhat l}oelf Pr~iiody treat1 · · · · ·. . . .
A. Prosody ·ti;eatB o( ·punctuation, utteran.ce, '
figures, an4 ve_rsiJicatio.n.: ·. ..
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PART L... ORTiJOGR~PHX~.
Q. Of whttt· <loeti Orthography tr.eat 1 .A. Orthog1·aphy treat,j of lP.tter1:; :ll)'lla.ble~. '
worils, and

spcHing~ .

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ENGLISH GRAi\I!IIAR.

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I. Of'Letters.
Q,. What is a letter?
A. A. letter is a chaructei· l1~ed in. printing or
writing, to represent an articulate sound.
Q. What is an articulate sound 1
A. An articulate sound, is a sou'nd of the human voice used in speaking.
Q. How many and wha_t are the letters in
English.
A. The letters in the English alphabet are
.twenty-six; namely, A a, B b, Cc, D , d, E e,
Ff, G g, H 11, Ii, J j, J{ k, L l, Mm, N n,
0 o, Pp, Q q, E r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W wi

Xx, Yy, Z z.
Q. How arc the letters divided with respect

to theii- sound l
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A. The letters ure l divided. into vow.els and

consonants.

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Q. 'Vhat is a vowel?
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A. A vowel is a letter '~lCforms a perfect
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sound, when uttered aIOne.
Q. What is a consonant?
A. A consonant. is a letter which cannot be
perfectly uttered, tiH joined to a vowel.
. Q. \Vhat letters are vowels? and what conso1iants 1
A. The vowels are a, e,. i,, o, u,, a,nd ·sometim~s w and Yi all the. othe.r le~ters are conso-

nants .

y

.Q. \Vhen arc w and consonants·? and when
vowels?
A. Wand y are consonants when they pre. cede a vowel in the same syllable ; as fo wine,
twine, yo11t.~: in other . sitnations, they are
YfHYt·J-~.

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Q. Wl1at' c_~1~~oua.~t~,;4,~~~ ~·9~~re.~~,:.~oq~~ds
before different vo~~l~,,1,., . ~ . ·.
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A. The con~q?~~~ C_Jlt~Ht,g,: ~i}y~ ::~pi;~r,en~
sounds befor,e d1Herent -vow:eIS. .. . " . , :'·-' :_.
Q. How is, t soy,nd~ ~~or~.~,:~~~er~l V(jlWels?
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. · ·:· .. ·· . . · ' :. . :·. · ~ . A. C is hard, like k, b~fo~e .4 .. .<!1 aµ~ 1 ¥; ~ud
soft, like ~' 'before
i, ,apd y ... th~,. th!'l s:rllahlqs ~a, ce., ~i, go., cl.(,~~!/. WEl. pr9.P.:Q\W,Q~<l,;ka.,, se,

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si, ko, ku,.sy.

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Q,. H.ow is,_gs_~-~n.~~(l l:i,e(o_n~ tb!;l ~~ve,r,al .vQw-

· els 1
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A. G is hard before a, Q, and u ; and .ge~l~:­
rally soft, ij,k.e j, b13fo~~ ~. ii !l.DP y,~, tlmi?;.·t he
syllables ge, g.~,- g.o.; git;' .gg1 !~~e. pnmo>,1,npec;l ga,

je,ji, go, gu,jy.
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Q. ·What qh11.racters · ro:e
lish?

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eDJ.,plpy~4 ,µi ~:iig-

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4. In t}ie ~ng~h.. ltil!gua.ge,, ~h~ )itQl~11µ1 cl1a-

racters are generally empl9y~d ;, ~P.m~~e~~ ~he
Italic; and, occasion.aJlyi ,~lw old J,!1ngtil~.- .
Q. Ho\V ' f,1.r~ the l6.tters ..'c1i~i<Wd wu~ "ref:l{>.eCt
to their form 1
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A. The letters . Ji:av*' sevxer~~ly t}XQ..(Ql,'pl~, .- by
which they ar~ distinguished ~ capitq..ls ~nd

small l1Jtte11s.
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Q. How are. these differeni fonns employ4tdJ
,A. Sm1J.ll ·let\err:1 co.nstitl,ltjl the bo~y of e.YfJo/
work, u.n.9 (<ap.ita.ls are used fo.r,the .s\l1'~ .qf !:gnnenc.e arld distinct~oµ.
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Q. What is a syllable 1
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A. A s~llahle is one or more letters pr.o~un- ·

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Ced ia one sd~nd, at1d is either a word or a
pal't of a word ; as, a, an, ant.

- · Q. ·Can · the syll.itbles ~fa wol'd be pel'ceived
by the ead
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·A.- Ye!>: for-in ev~ry word there rire . ~s many
syllables al! there are distinct sounds; thus,
gi-am-ma-ri-an is a word of four syllables . .
Q. What is a word of one ~yllable called ? ,
A. A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable.
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Q. What is a word of two syllables called 1
A. A word of two syUables is called a dissyllabk
Q. What is a word ofthree syllables called 1
, A. A word of three syllables is called a tris.
syllable.
Q. What is a ·word of four or more syllables
called 1
A. A word of four or more -syllables is called
a polys:11llable.
Q, What is a diphthong 1
A. A diphth<>ng is two vo.welsjoined iii one
syllable; as, ea in beat, ou in sound.
Q. What is a proper diphthong 1
A. A prqper diphthong is a diphthong in
which both the vowels are sounded; as oi m
voice. .
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Q; What is an improper diphthong 1
·A. An improper diphthong is a diphthong in
which only one of the vowels is·sotinded ; as oa
in loaf.
Q. What is a triphthong 1 ·
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A. A triphthong is three vowels joinecl,in one
syllable; as, cau in beau, iell1 in view.
. Q. What is a proper triphthong! .

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, OJ.l.'.rHOGRAPHY •

£.:\'GLISH GRAMMAH,

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3. Of Word~. .
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Q. What .is a word~.::· >,; ·:. ,
A. A word -is one o,r iriq~'.e, syllableBi ~po~e!.1
or\vritten astb,e ~ig1rof.116.m~;:id~a. ,_\; ~·~· ". ~ Y­
Q. How' 'a re wdrqs tlisting1;1isbt},~ 11,· ~ / .: . ·
A. Words 11re distinguished .as J!1)1!i,i_twe or
derivative :and as simple ,Or· compoun,J,.;. y; :. ' .t
Q. What is .a _prirµj,#v~ ~.ord,1 . ~. 1 . '. ·, · ,
A. A pnmitivt; wol'.4js ,on,e that is. 1~otf<:lr1Uied
from . any ~simpler . \¥Pr~ .jn the : lan~age ;_.;-a~,
liarm, great, connect;
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. . Q. What, .is: a, 'deriv~ti¥e word i ::.' .Y~ ' :
. .A. :A.der.ivqtive w~rg. i~ _<>I).e itha.! 1.~/()r~e4
from some simpler word; in ,.the ,'lan~~age ;.,.as,
ltarmless, greatly, connected.., · · ·
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Q. What. is a si~p~~ w:ord J
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A. A simple word . is.; one, th~t . lS not compounded ;'ras'; ·watch~ ,n'anI .. .. 1 ' / ·:b , ·,
Q. What is a ·comp_ound w~ro 3 . ...• ,
A. A compoun:d w;qrd ·is Qne tpat.1s. lcom.pQs~d
of t\vo : cirt ·mdt~ t simple '.words r:·fi.s;1Jli.atchwa11,
nevertheless>"~;' -.i ··~1 f:·.*"' :. i""'" ,., '' '''"·\ t·' ~-: :.n:-- ;:""~ '
1. · Q;~, How.: l sball · we• learn . to divide ..w:pr~~;Jn~to ·
syllables 1
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· -A~ ill divid~ng " words(t~to syll~bles; ,w~ are
·chiefly .to'.•be d}recwd·· b-y1tli.e,ear,.; i ~tmay~:h:-~e­
\"er 1be propen to. bbservei.t be-follmymg rufo,. _., ·
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·A. A proper_ tr:iphtli?ng i~ .a , t~iphthoug
1vhich all the VOWels "are ·:13()imded'; as,'. UO!f. ' lll
b. ii' ~ :; . '· · ,' · .·~ :·-. ·~ -.·~. z. ~t'i. :~·:,~. ,.~; · ;v~~ .... ~ - .. .. ·.
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u &~ . W:hat.'is '.a:!liiP'P.foWir.tfiph.tho.ng,1 · , r· ·.
·A. ,A.n improper tripl1~h1Jng. is a, tripqt}long m
which only i;me or two ·ofthe vowels are sounded; as, eau~ ~n bea1:'ty; ''. ... ._
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l. The con~onants should gelieially be jo~e<J to ~Le.
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To.we~ or ~1ph~hon,gs 'vl*h they rqo.!lify.

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2. 'I errmnatwns uhould generally be separaled friiri1

th~ ra<l1cal word; as, ltarm-.tess, gre.at-ly, connect-.ed~ · ·
.,. Compounds ~hould ·be divided· iuto ·the' siidple
:vords w!11ch compose them ; _ 11~, watch-man:, necer-tke~~
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4. At the eu<l of a line a word may be d~..,.ided if' ne-

cessary ; but n syllable must never be brokeri. · ·' · ·

4. Of Spelli11g.

Q. Wlmt is spclli1w 1
Spelling is the :rt of expressing words by
their inoper letters.
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Q. ,Ho_w is t_his nrt to be ucquircd?
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A. flus ~rt is to be a:cqilircd cb!efly by means
of the . sp~llrng-b~>0k or dictionary; andi liy cib:servation ~n 1·eadmi?, a:nd care in copying'.
.:Q. Is tne urt of spelling of much importance?
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A. 'r?e art ~f spelling is so important, that
any o?v1011s -mistake in it is considered dis~
graceful.

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PAR'l' IL. .. F.'i'YMOLOGY.

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Q. Of what does Etymology. treat 1 .
A. Etymolo~y treats of.the cUtferent pfHts of
speech, and thetr classes and modifi~at~qps.
Q. How many and what are , the J>arts of
~peech?
· · · ··
. A. T .h e Parts of Speech, or sorts of words,
u: Enghsh, are ten ; namely, the .A;rtjde the
Noun , the Adjective, the Pronoun, the Verb, th~.

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Participle, the , Wfl.~etbf t~ Corij:un~tion, th!'
l'reP,osition, and tp~: IiiJe<l~etioii~~ .'· 'I")-..,.....,_~--.
Q. .Wl1at i,s ,ad· 4,i,i'iicL¥'.l" ·.· ' ·_.: .· , :.. ·
A; An Artide is a word plaeed'b~fore nouns,
to limit their' signification:~as, the 'ark"; °'}n !li-k ;
the .flood, a flood. .
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Q. What is a No-ii.N:f ··'. .,_. '· , '. .
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A. A Noui1 is the :ri~llie ofli1~y pers'o n, place;
or thing, that can be kn!J.W:Il or meritioried: as,
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George, York, man, apple" trutli.
" Q. What is an ADJECTfVEf'l r;:- _,,, A. An AdjectHe ·is wwcli'd: add~d; to> ~oun
or pron~un, a'":d · gen.er~µy ex1Yresses •·qtjalit~ :'
as, A wise man; a new· hook.---•:¥ou1 ' iwq ·are
diligent.
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Q. What is a PRo~ouN 1 ·
A. A Pronoun is' a: '"°rd used in stead•of a
noun: as; The l:ioy Ioif~~ ·liis book; Ae'nas lQng
les!!ons, and he l~arµs tltem weU.
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Q. What is aV:&RBiF ( . >. . .
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A. A Verb' is · ~ ~or-d !hat 'signifies,to 1 be, ·to
act, or to be acted upon : as,-I am, l role; l ·am
rukcl.
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Q. What is a P A~TIQl~LE 1
· A. A Partici~le. i~ , \vord derived · from a
verb, participati11g .the propert~es· of··a verb and
a~ a~jectiv~ i, .~11~ . j~ ~~J.l~raUy . f?r~e~ . llY p.d- '
dmg ing, ~,,,q_r, .fi~. Wt.. e.y,e,i:b: .a.~~ 1 ;tt;¥1,~, tfl{111g,
ruled. ·
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Q .. What- is~ an An vims 1. ' ' ;
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A.
Adverb ir 'fw~rd ,added to ii 'verli, u
participle, a\l, agj~~~~~~· ·~?~ ,, a.n , ?-~J.i~,r."· ~~,V~fb ;
~nd generally: ~xpr~~.~.i:i; ~u-q~, .pl~ce,_ 4.~gr~~; or
manner: as, They are naw .~ere; studyi,Ji~ v.ery

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ENGLISH GRAlllMAR.

Q. Vi hat is a CONJUNCTION 1
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A . · A Conjunctio1~ is a word used to connect
words or sentenc~s in constructiQn . and to show
;he dependence iof tl~~ -~ei:m$ so c~nnected : as,
Thou and he are happy, because you are good.
Q. 'What is a .PREPOSITION 1
. A. A P~epositfo!1· ~s _a _word used to express
som~ relat10n of d1ffere!1t. things to each other,
an~ 1~ generally place~ before a noun o~ f,1.. pronoun . as, The paper hes before me on the desk.
Q. 'What is an INTERJECTION ? .
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A. An Interjection is a word that is uttered
1~rnrely to indicate so~~ i>trong or sudden emot.10n of the mind .: as, Olt! alas!
Q. How CAN WE KNOW ~o\vHAT CLASS
LONGS?

ANY WORD DE- .

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.11. By leari~ing.the definitions of tl~e parts of speech,
and then cons1dermrr how the word is used
Q. Is it easy to dlstinguish th_e ./jrlicles .?
.11.. Yes; the, an, and a, are the only words called .articles, and these nrc rarely 'any thin O. else. ·
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Q. How can we distin<ruish th: Noun -2
.l:l . lly. adding to it tl~e words "I mentioned:" any
word. which thus makes complete.sense is a noun; as, I
mcnt10ned peace-I mentioned war, &c.
. Q. How ca~ we distinguish the ./ldjective l
A . By. putt~ng a noun after it: the noun thing or
thmp_ will suit most. adjectives; as, A good thing-A
had tl1111g-:-An odd th1pg-Many things.
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Q. How can we distinguish tho Pronoun?
-.11. By observ.ing that the noi!n ~epeated makes the
s<1.mo sense : thus, th e example ·of the pronoun above
mar,bc written without a pronoun~" The boy loves th;
boys book; the boy h(l.S long lessons, and the boy learns
those lessons well."
Q. lfow can ·wc <listinguiHh the V erb.2
.IJ. By observing that it is the principahvord in the
sentence, and that without it there c.an bo no sense.
Q. How can we distinguish th~ Participle?
0

.IJ.. By ·observinglit11·.d.el'.jv:ation, and placing :ii after tu:

/;e or having: .as, ,T<di13 . !l•1iting,.baviP.~ written-To be
walking, h!lvingwalked. ·
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Q. How can we distiu·guish the Adi·erl!l . . , .
A. By observing that ·it ge11erally.'(J.118wem,to .uihen?
where .2 how m-u.ch .2 or how,.~.,.,.,~s,-" Ho,sp9ke fluently."
-How did he speak? Fl-ueiitly. . · · · . · ·
Q. H!>w can _we distinguish. the Con,junction .2
A. By observing what words .it Joins together. ·
Q. How can we distinguish the Preposiiion .2
.t1. By observing that it.:.viii guvcrn tl~e pronoUI1 them,
and is not a: verb -or a par.ticiple; .al!; .IJ.bO've them--about
them- after them. ·
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Q. How can we distinguish thB' ln(er,jection .1.
.fl. By observing that it is utter.ed anii written as a,
mere exclamation; a.s,_W~ay ! ·-

EXERCISE

!~... PARSING.

Q. Wh'at i~ P~rs~ng1 .
,
A. ~parsing is· the resolving of a ·sentence· according to the definitions and rules of' grammar.
Q. What is required of the pupil in the FmsT
EXERCISE in Parsing 1 .·
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A. · To distinguish and , define the diffe~ent
parts of speech. Thus :
" Charles took the a.ppJ~ ,and pared it neatly with :i
clean knife."
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Charles is a noun.~A no1i'n is the name of any person, place, or thing, that -~an b~ known or mentioned.
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Lpok is a. verb.-A'verb ·is a ,word thafsignifics to 'be; to
pct, or t~ be ac,ted upo:i, .
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the is an 1!-.rticle.-An·art1clo 1s a word placed befo;e
nouns., to limit theh: signifjca.tion.
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apple' is a . noun:-A nou.n is the name_..of arzy person, place, or thing; th.a t' pan be known ·9r ~en.tioned. , ·,-, - ·
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·and is a. conjunction.-4- conjunction - is ·o. Word
used tQ connect words or ' sentence~ ·in «:onstruc-

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}'or.;lfe..1if11~e; )l.rul.j.tiw;i.,s.td®e:..-.,-Jle •..~~ma.n~d; Ji.nd
Y·;,.; .,-,.bi!';~, ' ..;'I:' . b·

tion, arid .to show the ,depcndencoo!o fthe torihs g'c j
f:onnc c t.oct,

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·.: __
... ,... . ·.

. ._

pared i8 :l vc rb,_...:_A verb is a word that signifies t~ be
. . . to act, or to be a'cte~ ·upori'. .
·
•
ii 1s a pronotl:'.'1--•A pronouri·.is a \Vord used ·in stea<l
ufu: uo·un.
.
n'eat(y is n.11 a.<lverb,-'An adverb is a word added to
n '1etl1, a partrciple, an adjectiv e, oi: an oth er ad- 1
\' erb, and g~merally expresses timo1 pl ace, degree,
or rnauner.
w'ilh is a preposition.-A 'preposition is a word used
to express ~ome rela.tion of different. things to eac h
other, and w generally plu.ced before a noun or a
pronoun,
ct is an 11rl1cle ......:..An. artic:Ie is a . word placed beforn
noun•, to limit their signification.
clean is an adjective:-An adjective is a w'ord add ed
to a n ~:nm or pronoun, and gcneral13' exnresses
quality.
· · ·
·
r
.
lmife is a noun.:--A nolm is. the name of any p erso~,
placo, or thrng:, that. can be known or rneutioned .
LESSON I i
The Lo Ito ~o<l f~rmed man of the d111i.t of the grouml,
nnd breathed mto !us nostrils t he breath of iife · and m a.i1
became a living soul.-Gen. ii. 7.
.'
And the Lo1w Go d took th e m.an, and put him into
the gardon-01' Eden, t o d ress it and to keep it._.:Gen.:.ii.
15.
'
LE8SON

II.

An<l out of the gro1:nd tlie LORD God for~ed every
beast of t!ie field, and every fowl of the air; and brought
:!iem unto Adllm to sue what he would call them.-Gen.
ll. 19.
.
And Adam gave nallles to. ii.!! cattle; :tnd to the fowl
ilf the air, a1id to every beast oft.ho iield,.;....Ge~. ii. !20.
LESSON

'III.

. Let ~II the.6atih i'ear the LbR.D. let nl! tho i~habitanw' .
of the world 'staud_in a we of him ~ ·

it.stoo4, f~ste::f:"'f~'fl!!\ of~iii.

·

· ,

.·.-..· ~·- .. L~~sgi·;.i~-.~~~~~-~-~ :>t_-~- .i ~-_.~\f-~.- ·.·~:~-' ·
·Ctilh~fye -chililren~ heii.rligf.t\:\W.~'illw.. Iiwitrt~ach ·y·~u

I

the fear of the'Lolln.-Psalm· xxxiv. 11; ~. :: · ''' · '· :·"' ·
Create in'meiii:.clean heq.rt;O·Ood; .and .renew: .a pght
spirit withi,l ·ipe.71,'s~lm 4· 10., ·
" ··
LESSON

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IiI

v.

' A wise son maketh :a ·glJd;'raiher; but

,,

1,

II

a; foolish man

<lospiseth his mother .--'-fr?'!i· xv. 20. · · · . . . ·· · ·
The thoughts of the. wrcked a!e . an . abom~natio.n to
the . Loan; .\luHhe wor,ds ?f the pwe 1!.f& pl!!asan~ words~
-Prov; xv. 26.
. .
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·, ~·~

OF 'l'HE . AR'rIC_LF.
,
-<
•, .•

· ,

,,

'."t

Q. What is an article ~ .
.
A. An ,A11icle is a wo1\d placed before nauns,
to limittheir signification,; .as, TM ark, an ark;
the fiaodj :ajloodi,.. ·/ , - · ·
· ·J
,
Q. How many ,articles ai;e therel , . , , . ·.. ·
A. 'l'w()"-'-ithe ·and an or q; f9i:.an and a :,are
only .different forµi!(of ~me ai:td 1.the same·:art1cle.
Q. When should an J.>e ,l.\~ed? .
· .
.fl. Ansho.u ld be. used w.h enever th.e follo,wmg wo'.d
be.,.ins with a vow.cl sound; as, An art, an·elld,.qn .h eir,
an°iitch, rm oun<;o, an ,hou.r,.
.wn., ,., ' . . '
.
Q. When should a be used~ .
·', .. . ·. . . .. · . , .
.11. A shoul.d beu:11~d '-".hP'!1~Y,~L\hE!, follo~y~g .word ~·~~
o·ins with o. oonson.o.!1t sound; as, Jl, man, a ho~so, a
~<lnder ii oriil,' ayew~ · duse, a cw~r, 0 a humour~
· ·

an

.. . Q.' Are. thei:o'..a.ni -exceptions to~,tq1eae ~ulc~!

.,! . .

,.iJ . No: .for th.a sottnd, aqd no~ thelettrr.,gov;llrns.t)1e
form , ofthe article • .Thus)lA.ti.q,µn~ed r,equ!~l\s a~fore
it; ;i.s, /ume :,., ~ .si~~.AH{eµif~:i.1y ~c,q 'iir.es <in.; · 11.,B, an
h4rb. Anq t\lo'&.<il:\'1d8of.1011.n4~y1 e~,en. ·~h,.ll'q e~p~~~~ed
'<by otber',lette~,~tcqulre a,·~d not an, be'rorc the;"l, 1JIJl1

~

a

a one, a unit, a union.

. '.\·" .
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ENGWPt -~"4~1t.

~.- How al'e tho two· articles:·distingw&bed 1
A .. 'l'he articles are distjuguiShed · ~8· the
definite and the indefi'fl#e; .
.
Q .. Whi.c h is the ,,q~i~. a,r.ti~l~ 1 !MI<l wlmt
does It denote 1 .
.
·
· A. Th~ definite a;ticle is bhe., which denotes

'

some particular thing or thinbrs; as, Tlt;e boy tltc
oranges.
'
Q .. Which is .the incl~finite article, aud what
does It denote 1
·
A. The iiidefinite artide is an or a, which deno~es one thing of a kind, but not any particn~
la1 one; as, A boy, an orl;mge.

.ll

OF THE NOUN.

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Q. 'Vhat is a noun 1
A . . A Noun i!' the name of a.n:t person1 placel

or tlung, that can be known or mentioned;
George, York, man,. appk·; trutlt.
Q. How many nouns are there 1
A. About twenty thousand fire hundred.

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Q. How are nouns divided ?
A. Nouns are clivi<led into ~vo general elm...
ses, proper and common,
Q. \Vhat is a proper noun 1
. A. ~~ P,:oper noun is the I1anie of some particular lllu lVI~ual or peo~e; as, Adam, Bo~ton,
the .liudson, the Romans:
~· What'is a common 1i'oun 1
. . 4· .A common ·~u>i 'is .~he .· nairie oi a ~.ort,
~nd, or cla~s of thmgi>; {l~ • .Beast f>ird . '.&s]t.
insctt.
' . ' ..r '

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• MODIFIC.AT-IONS.
Q. What 'modifications have- I'louns 1
A. Nouns have moditicntitin:s of futir ki1ids;
namelyi Persons, Numbers, _Genders, and' Oases.
\

381

CLASSES.
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q. Wha,t 'pailiculaS.:cla:8'e8-ue iticluitdi:ariie.iig'.) Om·
'tdc;>n noun~}J ...::~?iJ' ··.i~~;f!!h.· '-\ ~~ "'"1W ·.~. . .·.~..; ~~ <¥
~- .
.11.. 'The pa.rt~c~a.r «:,~~\ fpt,lff.t~Rft <l;~~~r~J.\.~~
verbal, _a.re u~!!a~l.Y.m~l~-~~4. 1!'!!.1?~.ll. , c~~~~1,~~}1ml~ .~·
· Q. Wlrat 1s ·a' collechve"ndun ~ · · --: . ."· . . . •·
.4. A collective noun, on 1wuri of multu:1ult; 11 the n;j,me
of many individuals together; -is, Cou11.!:il~ meuing"committee,jlock.. ., · . '• .. : c rl.-, ._ ....., · "· -.. ..
Q. What is an abstract noun .?
.
. _
A. An abstract noun is the na.me of 11omo particular
quality considered a.part from· its substa1Ne; as . Good~
ness, hardness, pride,fTailty.
··
Q. What is a verbf!.l noun?
.
A. A verbal or participip,l naun. is ~e name of so~e
action or staJe. of being; -1\..1\\l i/1-.f ormed fcom:a ".erb, like
a participle, but employed as aifo'un; as, 'I The triWn.ph·
ing of the wicked is sh:ort. "~Job; xx~ fi, .

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,.,.. .

i. ··riie Persons.

l

.

Q. What lire Persons .in g1·ahniiad ·' · .~
.
A. · Persons, in grammar;. ·are ,Jriodincahons
t.hat distinguish the s.peaker,,the hearer, and: the
person or thing- mf1rely sp0~e.n of.
. Q. ~ow inanypersons. ~re there_, aud what
are thev called 1
,
A. 'i'here are ~hree peraons ; the fos,t, the
~econd, and the third.'
·
Q. -What is the first peNion-1
A. The firstper-${)ii is.•tb~L;wl~ieh ~e.not'fis t,he
speaker; as1 ·~ 1, .}J'U:lil; b!lv~_ writteli. it. ~' . ·
Q. What is the,#ceriit:p~rs~ti .t . . , '.c

JI

A. 1'~e ~e~9~d'}et~9~)~~~~i.jjhI~l .d.enptea

the hearer ; ·as, " "Roberl, wbo d1i:l flus~",~ .

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18

ENGLlSH µUA!l~!llAR.

ETYl\{QLQ~Y• . •

·. Q, . What is .t he third person 1
A. The third person is that which deuotes
'the p'erson or thing ' merely spoken pf; · as,
" Jaines ·loves his book."
· Q. To what, parts of speech does the distinction of
l'ersons belong?
· .
.Jl. The distinction of persons belon.,.s to nouns pron ouns, and finite verbs.
"
'
Q. ·whai. words are necessarily alike in perso.n?
.Ii. Pronouns are like their antecedents1 and verbs are
like their subjects, in person.

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.11. The dis~inction . of ~umper~ l>olon~~ ,to. nouns, p,rci:nouns, and fimt~ verbs. , .
..,,. · , ... .·
Q. What wo~_ds 1 11-~e .n ~co.~~;trily, ~FJse ~. nUJ:llbl)r ?!:./1. Pronouns are bjrn theH" a~tec~de!;lts· ~~d V\)rbs !ire
.
like their subjects, in nilmbor~ · ·

'

2. The Nunibers.
(~. ' Vhat are. Numbers .in grnmmad
A . N um hers are modifications that distin <»uish

1rnity and plurality.
·
"
Q. How many numbers are there, and what
are th ey called ?
'
'
. A. 'l'here are two n{unhers, the singular arnl
t lie

plural.

,

.

Q. What is the siwi·ular number?
:
A. The singular nu~ber is that which deuote'.~
b t one; as, The bo.I/ learns.
Q. What is the plural numbed
· .!!.. The plural number is that 'vhich denotes
nwre than one ; as, The boys learn.
.. -· Q. H01y is the plural i1umber of nouns i·eO'uln rJ v foi·rnc<l ?
·
·
"'
'. A . .Tlw plural nmnber <;>f nouns is regulariy
liirm e d by adding s or es. ·to. .the singular; a:s,
{i:wk, books; boz 1 boxes.
· .
.
·!: R• Is the plural.llvo1· form ed irregularly? .

•':l. The plu·ral .of n~any p<:>uns is formed irreg,"!llarly ;
as, !lwa, men; c!y,i,ld,;fhild~en ;_. knife, knives; . and -?thers .
. which may bo se,cn rn the larger grammars. .
:_

. Q. To what parts of speech . does· the cfistinctlon of
numberS'be!ong

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3. '!'!te <:feriders.
Q. What are :Genders.in grammar.r · .
A. Genders are modifications that distinguish
•
,
" ·:
objects in regard to sex.
· Q. How many- genders are there, and. what
are they called ?
·
·
·A. There are three genders; the masculine,
the feminine, and the·neuter.
Q. What is the.masculin'e gender 1 · · - ··
A. The masculine gender is thiJ.t which denotes animals of the male kind; . as, man, father,
king. ,
·
·
Q. What is the feminine gender1 .
.
A •. The feminine gender is that which denotes
animals of the female kind; · as, woman, motltcr,
qucein. . · .
·
· ·
Q. What is the neuter gender·1 ·
,
A. 'l'he neuter gender is that :which 'denote9
things that are neither male nm; female; as,pen,
ink, paper.
Q. H~w are tho sex~s distinguished in ~ra~mar ?_ ' .
.11. The two sexes. !).re dfstiqguished in three wa!,s : : .
1. By the use of4Ifferent names; as; Bachelor, maid;
boy, girl; ·brother, sister ; buck, doe; bull, cow. · · ·
2. By the · u~e of dilfere~ t , terminatio;ns,; as, .Jlbbot,
abbess; qdministrator, administratrix. . .
·. .
" ,
. • 3. By prefixing an' attribute of disti_~c.tfon'; a.S, "coc~­
sparrow, hen-sparrow·; man-se·roant, 1maid-serpant; , hegoat, she-goat'; male relationa,female relations.
' '
Q. To what.parts ~f'speech do-. the genders belong .?. J1 . The. genders belong only to nouns and prono~ns· ;

A !1

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' ~ ETY\110~0(;.Y•.

:ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

Q. What is the .-0bjective. c~s-eJ · :'...: ' . ·•
A. Tpe objecti'!J,e case is that form .. ~~ state
of a noun or pronoun which :denotes ·the ~object
of a verb, participle, or preposition·; ·as;_Tknow
the boy ; tie knows me. · , · · " ·.· ·
·
·
Q. What is the objecf'of a vei:b, participle,
or preposition·1 ,. , .
· . ... .: :n,:
.A. The object of a ·v.erb, participle, or;preposition, is that w11ich answers to whom~, 01; w/iat
after it; as, I know whom? The boy..,.....He
knows whom? JJe.-Boy and me,._'are therefore
objects, and in the objective ~ase.
.

and to these they are us11~Jly applied agreeably to tlu1
orde;r of nature.
Q. What words are nec&,;sarily a.like in gender?
.!J.. Pronouns a.re necessarily of the same gender as tho
noims for which they stand. ·

· 4. The Cases.
Q. What are Cases in grammar 1
A. Cases are modifications that distinguish
the rnlation~ of nouns and pronouns to ,-0ther
words.
Q. How many cases are there, and what are
they called 1
A. There are three cases ; the nominative,
the possessive, and the objective..
Q. What is the nomi1~ative case 1 '
A. 'The nominative case is that form or state
of a noun or pronoun which denotes the subject
of a verb ; as, The boy runs, I ran.
Q. What is the subject of a ve_rb 1
A. The subject of a verb is that which answers to who or what before it; as, Who runs 1
The boy-Who ran 1 1.-Boy a.nd I are therefore subjects, and in the noniinative case.
Q. What is the possessive case 1
A. The possessive case is that form or state
of a noun or pronoun which denotes the relation of property; as, The boy's hat, my ·hat.
Q. How can we distinguish the possessive
case 1
A. By its form: the possessive case of nouns
is formed in the singular number by adding to
the nominative s preceded by an apostrophe;
and in the plural, when the nominative ends in I
s, by addi!1g an apostrophe onZ?I; as, (singqlar,)
hfl!/s, (plural,) bo.tts'.

,"

Q. To ,vha.t parts of'l!peech a·o the case~ belong? ·
.fJ. The cases belong·only t0'11ouns and·prQnollD:s;-. ·
Q. What words are ne~essa,riJy ,alµ.e , in ,:ca;ss;? · ~,:
.11. Words that denote the same t)i19g, a11d,.explam one
an other, are put in the S)l.Ille case; as; ." Pau:z. t~e,ap,as­
tle."-" His name is John."-" Yo~ ~orum~n ~.~cn:' ' · ·

The De~lension ofNou~s,,~ ··;
Q. "rhat is the ded~nsion of a 11ouni1
A. The declension' of· a ~·noun is a ·regular
arrangement of its -numbers· a.n d . cases. ,:Thus:
Sing.
Plii.r:·
' Sin7'.'· " .r :.p~u,i-. · ··.
Norn. friend, .Norn. friends, · Nom. fox, " Noni: foxes,
Poss. friend 's, Poss. friends', Poss. fox's, Poss: 'foxes',
ObJ. friend; Obj. friends. Obj. f'.?x; Obj. foxes.
Nom. man,
Nom: mep, , Nq1n. fly, .,No11!:flies, ·
Poss. man'&, Pois. men'll, Poss. fly's, t 'P.os,s; flil)s',
Ohj. man ; ·· Ohj. · men. '·. Obj. · ~y; · bbj:" ~ieii: .

EXERCISE 11.-PA:&SING;:, ·:.
Q. Wh~t is required of the pupil in the :sEcoND ExEnc1sE in ·Parsing 1
·. · :. ,;,: · ·· · ·
A. To , 'distfriguish • and ·defi.neAhe .·dijfer.ent
pai·ts of speech,·and the' classes and 'niodifi,ca,tions
n_f the. nrtirle.~ anrl nnuns. Thus: '

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22
" The house fell.''
':['he ie th!l definite article.
l. An article iR I\ word placed before nouns &c.
~ The definite article is the, which denotes, &c.
house is a common noun, of the third perso.n, singular ·
number,ne~ter gender, im(} noll}inative case.
1. A noun is the n11;me of a.ny person, pjace, &c.
2. A common noun is the na!lle of a sort kind &c
3. The t~ird person is that which dcnot;!i, &c: · •
4. The slDgular 11umber is that which denotes, &c.
5. The neuter gender is that which de.notes &c: .
. . 6. The nominative case is that ~orm or state, &c.
fell is a \·erb.-A verb is a word that signifies· to be, (o
act, or to be acted upon.
LESSON

J.

Tr~th is the , pro.per o.bject of the understanding, as

food is the nounshm!lllt of the bQdy.-The present is by
no mea!1s ap age for indulging ignorimce. A person
who thinks ·to have any credit among men, must aboo~
lutely resolve to take ~ome pains in improving himself.
LESSON

II . .

Stud~es serve for d?ligh~, ~or or~ament, and for ability.
The clnefuse for delight IS m privateness and retirina ·
'.or orn\lment, is. in ~i~course; .!1nd, for ability, is in th~
.ru?grnen t and disposition of busmess.-Reading maketh
:J. lull man; conferen.ce, a re11dy m~n; and writing, a n exact ma11.-Bacon.
LESSON

'

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III.

_T_lie legislator, the magistrate, thf,l philosopher, the
nnmster of the gospel, a.nd the schoolmaster, are hon·
<Jurahle and l!Beful characters ; whose labours contribute
to civil~ze the ferocious, to restrain the vicious, to enlighten the ignorant,. and to protect and enc 0 ~rnge the ·-.if.
tuous.-,-P. Waki!field.
·
LESSON

IV.

. It is requ.ired in every work of art, that, lik!' an organic sy::itc~, its P!1rte be orderly arranged and mutually
connected. bearmg each of thorn a relation to the whole :

wh'en d11e re,gard ii! had .to tQ~sep~~~i~ll\~~ ~e . qave ,o.
sense ofjust composi9on3~n4 iio far~ ple~e~ wi~h the
performance.-Ld. !(amu. . · .
,
·
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•.

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t

Lssso111.v : ·:,'
Entn1ty exte_n ds p&llBion beyond iudmmediate objeet.
The Swiss suffel< no peacocks to livo; because the Duko
o~ Awifria, th~ir. ~:cieri.t ~n~iny.! ~?P~ ll, Pe~~cic_~'s t~il fo
b_is crest. .SJ1~h;?r, !L~d ~(/re ~r.ansifory etiiofions liOIDB•
times have· the same·effect;· all';
.
•Fellow, begdne; I ®nllot broo~ thy eighi:
Thie n.e wsha.tlrmade thee a most tig:lymiui.'-Shal:.

OF THE ADJECTIVE~
Q. What is ~~ Adjecti~e 1· . . . :
.
A. An Adjective is 8: word added to a nouu
or pronoun, and generally exptesses quality: as,
A wise man; a neio book.,-You two a.re diligent.
Q. How many adjeetives: are there?
· A. About nine thousand,.

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ct..ASsEs~

·Q. How may adj~eiives 68 .dividedl
A. Adjectives may be div-ide1f iiifosix clMses;
namely• c,o.ramon, prdpe,r, .numeral; pronominal,

partj.£ipia!,· and eo111po:1J.1l.~

.'

. .. .

1.,.

Q: What is ·~common · adjeetive f · · ·
A. ·A CO'IJlffUJ'f' : adje~iv:e)s..any op~in~ry epi~
thet ; rui_,, GotJd, Jiad, pe,aqtfuZ. . wai:like. ·
Q. What is a proper"ad~tivel ; . .
.
A. A proper adj~tive is -one that i.sforined
from a: prpper .n~me ;. ,f\S,. ..tfmei:Ua1i, ·PZq,ionic,
Q, What.is a. fiumerol ·adjective t
·,: 1
A. A nuni.eraladjeetive

is

rne tiraf e:ip.resses

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ENGLISH O)lAMJUAR.

,.

· ETYMOLOGY.

I

1·
I'

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a definite number; as, One, two, three, four, &c.
First, second,_tliird,fourth, &c.
·
Q. What is a pronominal adjective 1
A. A pronominal adjective is a ,- definitive
word which may either accompai~y its noun, or
represent it understood; as, "All·[men] join to.
guard what each [man] desires to gai1C'-Pope.
Q. What is a participial adjective 1 ·
A. A participial adj~ctive is one that has the
form of a participle ; as, An amusing story. ,
Q. What is a compound adjective?
A. A compound adjective· is one that consists
o~ two or more words joined by a hyphen ; as,
1\ ut~brown, laug Mer-loving ,four-footed.
MODIFICATIONS.

Q. 'Vhat modifications have adjectives?
A . Adjectives have, commonly, no modifica·
tions but comparison.
Q. What ·is comparison in grammar 1
. A. Comparison is a variation of the adjective to express quality in different degrees; as,
hard, harder, ltardest.
Q. How many, and what, are the degrees of
comparison?
A. There are three degrees of comparison ;
tl.ie positive, ·the comparative, and the supcrla,twe.
Q; 'Vhat is the positive degree ?
A. The positive degree is that which is expressed by the adjective in its simple form; as,
liard, soft, good. '
Q., What is the comparative degree 1
A. The coinparatiiJe degree is that which ,
exceeds the positive ; as, harder, softer, better.

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Q. What is the .fjup;t}lative d~g,fe~ l
A. The superlative · ·aeg;ree,·is tqat which is
not exceeded ;·. as, liardest;_softest,,.best•.:
Q. How are. adject~vesregularly . comparedl '
A. Adjectives;.are regularly compared when
the comparative degree. is fQrined by addin.g er,
and the superlative by~ adding est to them; ,as,
Pos. grea~, Comp. greater, Sup. greatest:
Pos~ wide;- Co11p. twider;
Sup. widest.
Pos. hot,t Conp. hotter,: _Sup. hottest.'
Q. T.o wli\lt 8;djectives are er and est' appli-.,
cable 1 ' · · ' · ''·· · · ". ' ' · · " ' · · ·
A. The regµfar m~Hiod of ·c~mparison is
chiefly applicable to inonosyllabfos and l#ssyl-:
lables e~ding in.. y or "mute e" , :. --~ . · .
Q. Is there any oth,er m.ode of expressing the
degrees 1 · .
·.
··
. . .· ·
.
· A .. The . qifferent . degrees qf a quallty may
also be expressed, with precisely, the same import, by prefixing .to th!J adj~ctiv.e ·_ the adverbs
more and most; as, wise., 1hore Ulisc, most wise;
famous, rnore famous, .rµ,Qstfamous. . ' ' '
.
. Q. How are the degi~ees 'of diminution expressed 1 .
,
, .,
A. The degrees of diminution are expressed,
in like manner' "by the adverbs less and least;
as, wise, less wise, le(l.st wise; famous, .less famous, leas,t famous.; , .
·
Q. What a(ljei;tives are c~i:µp~ed only by
adverbs.
' ·

·t

• Words ending in e drop that vowel, ~vhen ~ syllable is added ber;inning with a VO\V81~ · .
·
··
., · ·
t Words ending with a single·consonant
a single vowel, generally double that consonant, when a syllable is w41¢ begilllliDg with
~. vowel.
·

after

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ENGLISH GRA.MMAR,

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.A. l\tost adj~ctive.s of'more than one syllable im.1st be compared by means. of the adverb~ ; b_ecaus13 they 4o not _admit a change of
termmat1on : thus we say, vir.tuous, mor.e virtuo·~s, most vir~UO'US; but not, virtuous, virtuouser,
virtuousest.
Q. What adjecti~es are compared irregularly 1
,
·
. A; The foll~nving, a<lj(lctive~ are compared
m egu!a,rly : g go:d, ln;tt.er., b~st; ba4, or i.ll~
wflrse, wors~; little.,.. les.~~ lea,st; 'fl!,uch, mqre,
most; many, more, most; fm·,fartlter fartlrnst ~
late, later o~ latter, 1.ri.tes.t or la$t.
'
. · .. '
Q. Can all .~cije~~iv~s
~ompareij?
A: No ; the s1gmfic~tion of inan:y wi~I not
ndm1t of degrees; as.~ rigltt; all, several, ~·

be

EXERCISE 111.... PARSING.
· Q. What is required of the p~pii in the Tu11ID

in Parsfog 1
A. To disti~ish and define the different
P<:ats ?-f speec_k, an4 the classes and modifications of the artic.les, nouns, arid adjectives. Thus~
E XERCISE

"Give higher prices."
.
.
Give is a verb.-A verb is a word that signifies to be1
. to ~cl, or to be acted upon.
ltighe1· 1s a common adjective; of the comparative degree • co?1p~red. thJ!s, h,igh, hig~ier,highest.
J. An aJject1ve 1s a word added to u, noun, &c.
2. A common adjective is an)r' ordinary epithet ..
3. The comparative degree is 't h.a t which exceeds
the positive.
1rict~ is a comrn9_1.J. 1l9.\lJ1, c;if 0.1.(l thi,r4 person, plurar
.
nu!Jlber,, 1Je.n,\\lr gel)de.r, and objective case. ·
1. A noun is the name of" any p.erson, place, &c.
2'. A com~onrn:,iu11 is the name of a sort, kind,&c .
3, Tlle th1:cl person is that which dencittra, &c:

ETYMOLOGY·

4. 1;Jie pJuiaJ li!J.m lieris tha~ ')Vhich·lfo!J.Ofes,&c,
5. The neuter g.ender is that which denotes, &c.
6. The obj.-ective ca.so is tl;iat'form or 'stu.te1 &c.
\

. LESB?N.

I'..

. ,

'

' The sceptic suppos.es ~hat the strongest, ·~care.st, full"
est evidence, is not sufficient to ~arrant belief; 'and tha.t
Pyrrho's universal doubt was a bettor and hig1ier philost;1phy, than the firmest, purest, holiest faith. · .·
LE~SON

.

IL

Faith is that blessed tree which produces the all•liealinjl fruits of wisdoll), virtue, and trl!I;' :felicity; but it is
of so fine and d(llica.te a , na~ute, that it ~ourishes not
in the cold an.cl barren-soil 'of. man's heart, without his
incessant care,' and the enlivening inflriei:u:e ·of-, the holy
Spirit.
.
'
. LESSON'

'

Ill; ' "

The faculty of thinking.· j1istly, is a ' more desirable
talent than that of eloquence in speakiµg; ·the one being in order to ab. advantage only in· expecfuti.ori, whereas. the o.t he.r is the assured n;iark of u, mighty, advantage
·
already receiv\ld.-:-How.
.· LESSON IV.
It .would be a ,great pomt gained in our itiligious travel ,froni conjecture to oonfirmdtio.ti,;_if wo \~ere con,vinced that we can have no true iJea of any divine attribute;
but, by its own .~nunedia.~.e m~nifestati~~.-PilluiYn:
LESSON
l

v.

.

~

•

0 God! forasmuch as without thee we are not able

to please thee; tiiereifully grli.nt,' that· thy Holy ' Spirit
may in ~11 thi!1gs clil'.ecf. an4.iulq our he~rl.fl, through Jc~
sus. Christ _!HU .~ord.. ,Amen ;.,,.,-.~l'!lplan P?;ay,er.

OF THE PRONOUN: .
Q, Whnt. is a :Pronoun~ .
4. A fronau~ ; is .wont 11sed in:S:tead of a:

a

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·\

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28 ·

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

noun: as;'l'he .boy loves his .book; he has long
lessons, and lte learns them well.
Q. How many pronouns are there 1
A. 'f\irenty-und their variations · are also
twenty-making the -number . of words of this
class foJ"ty.
. .
Q. What is meant by the term antecedent 1
A. The word for which a pronoun stands is ·
called its antec1)dent, because it usually precedes
the pronoun.
CLASSES.

I

~
I,

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.ii

:i~

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t

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f'
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;j':i .

Q. :Info what classes are pronouns divided?
A . . Pronom~s . are divided into three classes;
personal, relative, and interrogat·ive.
Q,. \Vhat is a personal pronoun 1
·
A •. A personal pro1wun is a pronoun that
shows by its form of what person it is.
Q. \Vhat is a relative pronoun 1
A. ! relative pronoun is a pronoun that represents an antecedent word ·or phrase, and connects different clauses of a sentence.
Q. 'What is an interrogative pronoun 1
.A. A~1 interrog ative pronoun is a pronoun
with winch a question is asked.
Q. How rna11y and what are the personal
pronouns?
A. 'l'he si11ple personal pronouns are five:
namely, I, of the firstJe.rson; tlwu, o~ the -second
person ; li e, site, an it, of the third person.
The compound personal pronouns ~re also five:
namely, myself, of the :6.rst person; thyself; of
the second pers<;m ; liimself, herself, and itself;
of the third person.
Q. Can you mei1tion the relative pronouns 1
A. The l'elative pronouns are who,' w1iUlt,

what, that; · and. the com.polln;ds .whoetrer. .or
wlii:Jsoever, w.hichever or· wlnchsoever., .. whatever
or whatsoever.. . . · . . · · ·. i · ·' · · ·
Q. What are the interrogative P!onouns l
A. The interrogative pronoun~ · are :the same
in form as relatives; namely~ wh,o, winch, JOltat.
Q. What is there remarkable of the_relativ(! ~hafand
its compounds?
·. .
.11; The relative what has this peculia~ty: when .the
noun is expre8sed, the relative pi:ecedes 1t, as nn ~djec_­
tive ; as", •• What money we had was ta.ken away ; that
is .11ll the money that we had, was ta.ken away. But,
a very common ellip11is. of the n?lll;l• what. usually
stands for .both anteceden~· and rel.li.tive,: ~d represei;its
two cases at once; ail, "RBJSe what 18 low:; tha.t is, ~1ee
what part is low. ~, this se~ee~.what i~, equi~alenty>
that which : as," Raise that whuh 111 low ; that lB, Raise
that part which · is low. The 1compounds of what have
the same peculiarity.,
. ·· . .
.·.
Q. What peculiar1ty has the relative that .1
••
.fl. The relative'that ·c annot follow the word on which
its case ·depends: thus, it is ea.id, [ J-0hn, xiii. ·! 9.] " Buy
those things that we have need of;'' but_we1cannot say.
"Buy those things of that we have n~ed."
,
Q. Is the word- that always a relative pr'?n~un · .
.fl. No:- that .is a relative pronoun when it is equ~va­
lent to who, wh 0.m , or which; as; "The days ~ha~ [ wlu9h]
are past, are gone forever." That is an adjective wh.eu
it relates to a noun, expressed or under~t~od, afli:r. it ;
as, " That book is new." In other ca~es, it is,~ conjunction; as," Live well, thatxou may die well.
·

by

MODlfICATIQ~S.

Q. What modifications have- pronouns 1
A. Pronouns have the saine modifications as
1 10~ns; nam~ly," Persons, Numbers, . Genders,
and Cases.
·
The Declension of Pronouns.
Q. What is: the declension of a pronoun?
i

I

-

11,,.,

30

ZNGLISH GRAMMAR:

A. The declension of a · pronoun is a regu·
lar arrangement of its numbers and cases. .
Q_. How are the simple personal pronouns
declmed 1
. A. The simple personal pronouns are thus
d£clined:

:i

s:
1, of the first person.
ping. Nom. I, Poss.my,ormiiie, Obj. tne;
lur. Nom. we, Poss. our, or ours, Obj. us.
.
THOU, of the. second person.
Sing. Nom. thou,
Poss. thy, or thine, . Obj. thee Plur. N om. ye; or you; Poss. your, or yours, Obj. you.'
HE, SHE, arid IT, of the third person.
.
HE, of the nidsculiiie genilfr.
Smg. Norn. he,
l 1 oss. li_is, ·.
Obj. him.
Plur. Nom. they, Pb~s._ their, or theirs, Obj. the~.
,.
SHE,ofthefemininegender.
Sing. Norn. she, Poss. her, or hers,
Obj. her;
Plur. Norn, they, ·Poss. thejr, or theirs, Obj. them.
.
I.T; of the neuter gender.
Sing. Nom; ,it,
Poss, its,.
Obj. it;
Plur. Norn. they, Poss. their, or theirs, Obj. them.
Q_; How are the compound personal pronouns
<leclmed?
·
. A. The compound personal pronouns are'-smg: myself,_plut. ?w'selves; sing. thyself, plur.
yow selves; smg. liimself, phif. tlwms,elves; sing.
liersclf, plur. themselves; sing. itself, plur.
t!temselves . . Tl~ey all want the possessive case
and are uhke m the rion~inative and objective:
. Q '. How are the relative and the interrogative pronomis declin.ed 1 ·
. A .. The ' ·relative and the interrogative pro·
nouns are thus declined :
.

WHO, applied only to persons.

Smg. Norn'. who, Poss. whose, Obj. whom;

Plur. Norn. who, Poss. whose, Obj. whom.

31

,ETYM<)~QGY.

WHICH, applied to animals imd thing1. .
·Sing. Norn •. which, Poss. ~*· Obj. whii:h.;
Plur. Norn_. v:bich, Ross • ......--, ,01>j_'. '}'4,ich.
· · WHAT, generally applied to things •
Sing. Nom. what, Poss, - , Obj. what;
Plur . .Norn. what, Pos.s. - , Obj. whl).t.
THAT, applied to persons, animals, and things.
Sing. Norn. that, Poss. - - - , Obj. that;
Plur. Nom. that, ·Poss. - - - , Obj. ihat.

Q. How are the compound relatives declined 1
A. In. the same manner as the simple: they
all are alike in· both numbers, and the com·
pounds of which an.d w!tat wim~ the possessive
case.

EXERCiSE IV .... PARSING.
Q. What ·is required of the pupil in the
FouRTH EXERCISE in Parsing 1
A. To distinguish- and define t!te different
parts of speech, and the ·classes and modifications of the articles, nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Thus:
" He thou'ght so."
.
He is a personal pronoun, of the ·tl1ir4 person, singular number, mas_culinr. g!Jndcr;aiid nominative case.
1. A pronoun is a word used in stead of ii. noun.
2. A person·af pronoun ,is·a. pronouri that shows, &c.
3. The third person is that which denotes, &c.
4; The singular number is that which denotes, &c.
5. The rnasc.uline gender is that which denotes, &c.
6. The nominative case is that form or state, &e.
thought is a verb.~A verb is a word that signifies to be,
, to act, or to be acted upon.
. ·,.
.
so is an adverb.-An adverb.iEJ.a w9rd added t<,> a verb,
a participle, an adjective, or arruther adverb; &c.
.··

I

.

.

, * Whose is sometlmes used as the posseesiv~ qase of which. J as,
is,divi.ne~~'-.lJlair. .
.·
.. , ''A religion whosc ·.Qfigin
. ·.·
A4 .
' ... . .
I

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ENGtJSH

GXAMMAR;
..·>

Pray b'd
1iim remember
.
LESSON I.
1
:
wh t h
.
was c;liarmed, when he' !au hed :t t e said; and h.Qw htf
ry I often ll\ad~ of•ll),,Jselt>
h. 1he heedless discoveward I wa.si.~ my', d~mbl d ..'~ ~11lembcr. how awkbefore company ....,..Steele.. e I~QJ~~ne(l. ~o:.11a.i;fls him

··~ ". ci,Asst~ ., , "· .,
~
Hpw · aie verns divid~d · w,itb r.¢spect. to
the·
. Jr ti.o.rm 1.· .. · · , .· .·. · .· · ... . .'·.•~. .. ..· · . . "

\it

. . Q.

are

Er
.
.
LEssoN 11.
. ' tan, Ill !us account of z· ' 1
o1 us, the· pretended critic .
i\f' if wiser tha,n all wh
~nd Plato, and thoug ht him~
that this Zoilus had a overay l goneb Qefore hill1, tells us
u. pnn his breast but
h . ong e.ard that hung do' wn'
,
'
no air 1,1
J118
· h
·
· ·
ea.c;I, which ho
a.ways kept close shaved .- B u dpoln
.ge,
·
w !10 wrote against Hom

eh

t

. IU

• .

If you Will both
OU ::~ON
th a t we may be a/th h upon me about four o'cloclha ve my own coach in r:aal:.e b~fure. i,t i!I f:ull, I
lells me be has. got tho ~
ess to attend you,. for Ji>hn
. ·
~ore"Wiheels mended.-Add'
..
ison.

of

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S!ie
t h
LESSON· IV
cas er eyes
' h
•
t.hoso that. wete p;1111 . upon, erael~ tpen. turned them on
t>fteu looked, ~n the fi~I'. t~1.~e Q,9:w.th11y li~e~ her, and
. . . . · "lur11.~ ma~ll m, her ownahadow··
Wh
.
LES~ON
.
at.soever thy hand fi d ti1
.
. .
might,: for ihere is no w.o k ~ e
tq, dP,1 d!I It \v,i,t4 thy
n()r w1sqom, iµ \qagr~v.~, ~'..
d~v1c~, JlQr k,npwfr;dge,
Vl h;i.t,soev"t. "Vil be"1 ll. t1tj ~J!f, t,4p1;1,goe11t.-So/omo"' .
<l th
.~ ' "' 1 ' /1- ~ -,.,, 1n, tq t tJi · · · · · · "·
1'Hl e
. ~.m&lj}:r,es, W.Qfµif suffi li
·c!'ll)~~lv.es have
,..,A I ~.. l;f..fl,g/i.r.ft
,

v.

'

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... .

iPT

tq

a,:..

~

Mi.· THE 1 VE·R D

'J. What is a Ver~ i . ·· '
A. A, verb iS a. Word; th . . " . . .
.
act, or ta he. 4rit~J. ~on; at signJii~$ to ln:i t 6
Q.. Re;Ho'v Ul~ny verI?~ al'e ihete t· .
A • .. Ct!lltcg.l'~ . ". : · · . - ,
.
otlicr.;:; ha~e r e' cl' o'' .manad
.. .. . ns-s~,. eighttbousa:n~.
.

~ ne no ·mu.re than 4·13c»o. .. ·"''

,,..!I .

· A. Verbs
-divided,- with respect t0 their
form, into two classes; regular and irregular .
Q. What is .a .regular ve~b 1
.
· .· .
A.. A regul,ar verb is a verb that forms the
preter~t and the perfect participle by: assuming d
or ed; a:s, lOve, LOVED, loving,.i.OVED •.
Q. , What ~s an irregular verb 1, ·
.
A. An irregular ver~ is a verb th!!-t does not
form th.e preterit alld the perfect pl:\rticiple by assuming d or' ed.;: D.S.> see,.. SAW\; seeing, SEBN.
Q. How are verbs divided, . with respect to
tacir significati9.Il 1 ,
.
A. Verbs·
ili::vided, with·, respect. tQ their
signilicatiQ.n1< into four class.es.;. <ictiv.e-transitiv.e,

are

·I

::'' .I.
'I

a.diiie-iv.(~a~itiv~, ifa~sive.,. ~n.~ .neut~r.

· ·
Q. What:iJ!.aD Qetiv,e-tra.nsitive.. vetb,1 .
A. An aati'v~.-tr.an$it1.ve ve.,b 1s-a. verb-that e..'<}l.re~ses a~. a~~~on which h~s some pe~on; or
thing for its tibJjjet.; as,, " Cain.¥ew Abel." ·
· Q. 'that~ all actj.v:e:-iptransiti:ve verb 1.
A. An adive•intransitive· verb · is a. ve.rb that
expresses an act_ion which · h~ no person- or
tlliug: foi:.it,s· obj~ct; as, "Joho walks." .
Q, Wh1;it1is a. p~!!ive veJ:h 1 ·.
. A:. A pa.ss.ive ·verb is a· verb that represents
its subject, or nominative, as being. a<:te.q.upol};
as, " I am compe~led." .
. .
Q. Wh~t is ·a neuter verb 1 .. · . . , . .
A. A neuter, verb,.js'. a..verl;> th.~t.exp"es,ses nei~her :tc~i~ ,~9r "p,assion~; b,u_~ ~PJy, befu.g, or a
state oi bel]:UVi all, " :Tho_u (lrt~he sleeps."

'1

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ENGLISH GR.\ll1ll1AR•

l\10DiFICA.T IONs.·

Q. .,V:hat.1nodificatioi1s haVe 'verbs1

Q. What is the' ~mper~tlv~ lll9 ·fql'~ of~~~ ·

i/<

· ··

. A : Verbs 'Jia\le -mddif1catious of foui' kinds;
namel)'., llioods, Tens~s,_ ~e~·sons; and Nilrhoets<

11

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adt
6
JmpeTat~v 11J,QD¢ -.\~~,db~ · . bortipll··.· ·
A . 'fhe
. ·d 'n commal\ ingd~'.l' .. . - ~ '
verb, ,~h1ch1s use . 1 . • a~·;\~ De art, tboui'~~
·entreating, or :perJlllttmg' -·~ 1 • m:"-'• Go in
."Be comforted."-'' Forgif!e
•
.

'

I

39.

:ETY)lOLOG).'. •

I. The ll:foods.
Q. What are Moods in grammar 1
.
A. Moods are different forms of the verb, each
61 which expresses the being, action, or passion,
in some particular manner.
Q. How many moods are there, and what ·
ai;e they called 1
A_. There are five moods ; the Infinitive, the
Indicative, the Potential, the Subjunctive, and
the Imperative. ·
.
·
Q. What is the Infinitive mood 1
A. The Infinitive mood is that form of the
verb, which ex~resses the being, action, or passion, in an unlimited mariner, and without pet'-'
son or number; as, to read, to speak;
Q. What is the Indicative mood 1
.A. The indicative mood is ' that form of the
verb, \vhich sifuply iridicates or declares a. thing; :
as, I write·, you know: .Qr asks a question ; as,
IJo you kno!/J ?
·
Q. Wh~t is the Potential mood 1 ·
A. The Potential mood js that form of .the
verb; -.yhich ~xp1:esses the powe.r, liberty, possibility, 'or' necessity, of being; action, or passion;
as, I can read; we must go.
Q . .What. is. the Sulijunctivc mood 1
.
-A. The Subjunctive mood is tba,t form of the
v.h'b; whicidejJre~ents ti1e_t>e1ng, acti01~, or pu.sioion-, as co1idiriona!', (foubtfol;·or contingent; 'a;s,
" If thou go, sec thut tl}ou offen.d not." , .,
·

,,

peace.

'f
I

I

l·,

'.I

'.I

I

. ~. The Tenses.

Q. What are tenses 1 d'fi
. cations of the verb
. A. Tenses are t~ose mo .1 .
.
which distinguish tune. .
there and what are .
Q. How many tenses are
1
.
they called 1
. t nses . the Preser~, . the
. ·A. There arpe -~1xt t~e Pl~'Ylerfect, the First·
the erJ ec ,
:.c.
1mp er+ect
J' ,d the Second-future.
.
1
future an
Q. What is the Prese1~t. tense hich ex resses ,
A The Present tense lS that w
"pl hear
wha~ now exists, or is. takinp pl,~ce ; as,
.
noise . somebody is corning.
1
a Q'. What is the Imperfect ~en:~at which ~xTh J1nperfect terise 1s
. d f
A.
e
4
k lace- within some per10 o
presses what ~o~, p "We . saw hixµ.last week;
time fully past , as,. . .,,
...
bis' behaviour.
. ,.
.
I admired°
·
· h p rfoet tense'
.
Q. What ts~ e em . thadvhich e-xpre11ses
A. The Perfect te e is 'thin some period of
what has taken plac~, w1 " I have seen .h im
time uot yet fully past , as,
. . ..
,.
to:.day."
h Pl
~ t tense ' .
Q. What i~ t e uper ec . ·
,\'blcb ex·
A. The Plu.ptrfeGt . ~enst 1~ .tll .. ·. a$t ti~
.
.. · 1 d t-,·en plaee.~tA(>~ l>- , . ·. t
press~s .w 11~~ /'<1: . tc;"""'l
· .·lt _d ~e~n hi.~~ j.bo.n J ~n,e ,
ment1Qn~cl: , . !lS., ,."'.· ·" · · ·
.. · ..' .
. . '.·

;t:

··yot;: '\~lmt !'s tJ1~ ·Firs1-!uttir~'~en~e 1

.. 1
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1

I·

I

I 1

I

:~

.I
'I

36

,1 j

,1. 'l'he Pirst-future tense is that which expresses what u1ill take· place hereafter ; as, " I
shall see him ag,ain."
· ·Q, :what .js the Second-future te nse 1
; ·A: -'fhe Second ...future tense is that which expre s>es wh at will' have taken place, at some fn':.ure time me11tio11ed; as, " I shall have seen him
by to-m orrow 110011."

3. The Persons and Numbers .

Q.

'Yl1ut arc the Person and Number of a

verb 1
A. The P erso n and , Number of a verb are
those modifications in which it agrees with its
~ub j ect or 11ominative.
Q. How ma ny persons and numbers have
verbs?
A. In each number, there are three persons;
and, in each person, two numbers : thus,
Sing1ilar. ·
1s t. per. I
love,
:2d per. Thou lovcst,
3cl per. He loves ;
I

I. '
!

i

'
I

. 1

I
·, 1

.I

Plural.
]st pnr. We Jove.
2d per. You love.
3d per. They love.

Tlte Conjugution of Verbs.
Q. What is tlrn conjugation of a verb?
A . The conj11g·atifl11 of a verb is a regular
arrnn~:eme11t of its moods, ten~c s, persons, numbers, aud participles.
,.Q. ·\~·1'.at a:·c tho l'ri11 cipal Purl.< ia t.!10 conjngation
U! II.

E'fYMOT:OGY.

El'\GLISII Gll..Hil\!ATI.

\'t~l'V:

.1. There <:re four PRINC IP.U. PA P.TS in the conjugation ot" every simpfo and co1i1plcte verb; n:un ely, the
Present, tliu Preterit, tho lm;mfect ParliC'i]ile, and the
Pe1fect Participle: a verb which wunts any of these
parts i~ _called defective.
Q. What is an Auxiliary in grarri1nar?

. 7 . --\.n .--1.u:<·ilim:lf is u sl10rt verb prellx~d to one of the
l'rinei;11d imrtB of an other verb, to oxprcss:S0Ii1e particular mode and time of th e beiug, action, or pasi;ioJ1.
Q. Vihich are tlio auxiliary verbs:? · .
.11. 'I'he auxiliaries .. are do, be, liave, shall, Will, in.a:;,
can , u.nd must, with· their variations.
· ·
·
Q. Are these alw'1.y's auxiliaries?
.I:/. No: some of them, e8pocially doi ·fie; and lta~e, ;m~
: d~o used as principal verbs.
·
.

.f

<l,. How are verbs conjugated?
.1. Verbs are conjugated in the following
mann er:

Conjugation of the regular active ver'b

lOVE.
Principal Parts.
P rescn~.

P reterit.

Irnpe:.ject Pariicipz•.

Perfect Participle.

I,oving.

Loved.

Love. Loved.

INF INITIVE MOOD.
P'/' esf~nt 'l'e'nse.
To Jove.
Perfect T en,:;e.

To hav'! loved.

MOOD.
Present Tcnse.-Love, or Do love.
INDICATIVE

Singular.
love,
~· l per. Thou
Jove-;t,
~d per. He
loves;
1. I
do Jove,
:J. Thou dost love,
~ . He
does love ;

Plura!.
! st per. \Ve·
love,
2d per. You·
love,
3d per. They ,,Jove.
I. \V.e do love,
2. You d.o lov~,
3. They do love.

» t rcr. I

lm11e ~fect Te~~.-Loved, or Did love.
Sing1.1l<ir.

Plural

loved,
2. Thou loveilst,
Jorrd ;
3. He
J. I . did lo\•e,
:..t 'rhou djdstIOve,
3. Hu
did love ;

l. \Ve
loved,
2. Yon loved,
a. They loved .
I. We did :ove,
2. Y('U did Jove,
a . Th~y did love.

I. I

Pe?fect 'l.'e';ise..·-lJa-ue !Oved.

Singular.
I. I
ha\•eloved, ·
2. Thou hagt loved,
!ms lo>cd ; ·
3. He

. .'

'.. .

Plw·al.

i. 'Ye _liuve loved,

~.

You have loved, .
3. Tiiey have loved .

,I

·1'
1.

l
:i
'·
i!

·,

!

j
I

39

);}TYMOLO&Y.

Piupe1ject T ense.-Jfad

loved.
Plural.
.,
r. We had lo•·ed•,2. You had loved,3, They had love<l,

Singu/a1·.
1. J
had loved,
2. Thou hads t loved ,

3. Ile

had

loved;

&.iJJgular.
love,
If thou Jove,
3 .. If he , love ;

First-fitlurc 7'erue.-:81Vill or will love.

3. !J I)

1'I

I

"I

Plur:. r. L

Present Tense.-Love.

\

!

~

II

I
1

Si11e;11 lar .
.. I
m:!y Jove,
.... . Tho u mayst lo,•e,
... Il e
rn"y Jove ;

Singular .
l. J
mi{Tht love,
'fhou mightst Jove,
He
mig ht love ;

Te nse,. --J~lay,
Singular.
may have love<l,
2. Thou mny;t ham loved,
3. He may have loved ;

Pe1fect

L

1. J

S ingular.
J. J
m;gh t have loved,
1
t. 'fl:ol! mi~ht~ t ha ve lovHd,
». H 1'
; !'J.~ t,; !lt have loved ;

ca~, or

must

SYNOPSIS.

Pfrst .pen on sinff!tlar .

Plu·r~l.

I

'l

!

T hi ~ i.;:; n ~ t:

Ind. I love,. i loved, I have loved, J huil love<l, I shall love, l •.llllll
have loved. Pot; I may love, I might Jove, I may have loved, I might
have Jo ve<l. Subj. Ifl love, If I loved.
..
r

Second person singular.* ·.

J.. W e m1ghtJove,
2. You· m~ght Jove ,
3. They mlght Jove.

can, or must have loved.
Plural.

Plural·:
mi ght have loved,
:.?. You might have loved,
3. They might h3ve loved.
l. W'e

.

i.s gener ally used Lo expr ess some conditio'il _on ,yhich a

·f!1t t.fre acL v u o r evcn·L isa.fltrmcd ,_and is thcreforecon1idered by ·~oUle
"'nrr,·1:-:1 .J:·: :-1:1s p ":Jn _eHi.rqc;.rl fb\·rn cf the fu tarc.

·

In d. Thou lovest, Thou lovedst, Thou hDBtloved, Thou hadst lo~ e<l,
'fhou wilt Jove Thou wilt have loved . Pot. Thou mayst love, 'I hou
rnightst love, Thou mayst have loved , Thou mightst have loved. Subj.
If thou Jove, If thou loved. lmp. Love (thou), or Do thou love.

·

I. ·we may'have loved,
2. You· may have loved,
3. They may have loved.

Presen:f. 7'ense.-Love.

Plural.
2. Love [ye or you) or
Do you Jove.

PARTICIPLES •
Im1,erfect,
Loving.
Perfec"t,
Loved.
Compound,
Having loved.

love .

Plurcil.
J . \Ve may love,
2. You ma-y lo\.-e,
J. They may Jove.

~ U BJU;o.;C 'rJVE MOOD.

I

Singular.
Love [thou] or

\

Pl 1~wfecl 7'.-l([ight, could, would; or should have loved_,

I

2.

Do thou love ;

l111pu f ect ']'.-Might, could, would, or should love-.
'l..
:J.

I

Pl·u ral.
1. \.Ve shall have loved,
::l, You will have loved,
a. They wilt hu.ve loved .

Preswl T ense.--MaJ!,

.~'

IMPERATIVE MOOD .

POTE.NTIAL MOOD.

I

.

1. \\:'e will love,
You shall love,
3. They shall Jo ve .

S emnd-Jutu.re 1'ense. -S hall or will have loved ;
Si,,.gular. .
1. I
:;i1all have loved ~
., Thou wilt have loved
;1 . H(~
will ha ve loved';

. a. If they love.

This tense, us w ell na lhe impeifl/Ct of the pot~tial m'!od, W>lh
which it is frequently connected, ;a properly an oonst, or mdefuute
tense, and may refer to time past, present, or future,
Singular.
·
Plural.
I. .I f I
loved,
I. If we loved,
2. If thou loved,
2. If you loved;
3. If he
loved ;
3. If they loved.

2·~

shall .love ·;

I. If we love,
2. If you . Jove,

. · • . Imperfect Tense.-Loved. ' . .

1. Simply to ~xpres s u future ac tion or event:
S ingular.
.
' Plural.
1. J
shall love,
J.- \Ve shall lo\•e,
2. T hou wih. love,
2. You W~~I love,
:J . Ht.:
will Jove ;
a. They w1!l love.
·?. Tn 11 ." prt~:S-a promise, volition, command, or threat:
S1:nr:::nluf.
l. I
wi ll love,
·2. Tl111u shalt lore.

Plural.

l. lf l

~.

Third person sinO"ular. ·

fad. He loves, He loved, He has Joved,1tie ~ad loved, H e will love,
He will hll\'.e loved. · Pot He may love, He m1ght]ove, H e may h11v~
loved, He might have loved . Subj. Jfhe•love, lfhe loved.

·First person plural.

.

Ind. \!Vo love, We loved, ·w e have lbved, W e bad l~ved, We shall
Jorn. Vvc ·shall buve loved. Pot. We may love, \Ve might Jove, We
u : e/h~velovcd, W e might have loved. Subj. If we love, lfweloved.
""ln the familiar use of the second person singular, as retliined ~y
t.:i e societ)' of Friends or Quaker.11 , th.e verb is usually varied only 111
1:te present tense of the, indicative mood, uuu in·the auxiliary·hast of
the perfcct. Thus :
·
·
Ind. Thou lovest, Thou .l oved, Thou hast loved, Thou had loved,
'!'hou will love, Thou will have lo\"ed. Pot. Thotl #nay love, T~ou.
might lol'e, Thou may have loved, Uiou might have loved. Sub(J. 11
•hou Juve, If"t.Wui lo\·ed. Imp. Love (Utou], or Do thou love. See
Insti tutes of Eiis!ish Grammar 1'· 42.]

41

ETYMOLOGY.-

[)econd person plural.

. ..

Sec<Jnd-:future Tense.

Iild. You love, y;oll. loved, You have loved, Toti, h_ad Jov~, You
will Jove, You w.ill:~ve loved. Pot. You may Jo\>6,. yw0 m~h•1ove,
You may have loved, You might have loved. Subj. lfyoUi\olve, If
you loved. Imp. Love, [¥e or you], 07f Do. 'Y'I~ )f>_
'<e•

t

.1

Tlrird·1Jt1rs<>11 plU'fft~; _

_ ,

Si1tgular .

Plur4l.

l. I
shall have been,
2. Thou wilt have been, .

I. We shall have been,
2. You will · have been,
3. They \Yill have been.

3. He

will have been ;

..

POTENTIAL MOOD.

Ind. They Jove, They JO,•c11, They 'rlave !<Wed; They li:MI J<ived,
They will Jove, They
have loved. :l'ol. They may-. lovS,· Tirey.
might love, Tuey 'l'"Y have loved, They might_have !<Wed, 871bj. It
they love, If the)' !Qvtd.

will

Prel$ent Tense.
Singulm'.
1. I
may be,
2. Thou mayst be,
3. He
may be ;

Conjugation of the irregulti.r neuter verb
1•

BE.

I

Principal Parts.
Be.

INFINITIVE MOOD.
To &e.
PTUtAI Ttno•.
To ha,-e been.
Perfect Tense.

'I

rI

Present Tense.

\

2. Thou wast,
3-. He
was;

~J

Perfect Tense.
,
Singular.
.
1. I
may huve been,
2. Thou mayst have been,
3. He may have been;
Singular.
might huve been,
2. Thou mightst have been,
a. He mii;ht. have been ;

1'!1li'lit.
1. 'Ve ·are,
2. You ar.e,
~. They ai·e.

Plural.
might have been,
2. You might have been,
a. They U\i!lht have been.
I. We

'I

lrnperfect 'l'ense.
Plural.
were,
2. If you \fere,
a. J( they wer.e.

l. Ifl
w ere,
2. If thou wert,
8. If he
w~re ;

I. . If

we

IMP1':ltAT1VE MOOD.
Plu·ral~

.
1. We had been,
:!. You ha~ been,
3. They had_been.

Pirst-future Tense.
l:ii,.gulu.
shall be,
2. Thou wilt bo,
3. He will lie;

I. If We be,
2_
. Jf YoU be,
3; If they be.

Singular.

Phn"al.
1-. We hsve been,
2. You have been,
:i: Thlly have been.

Pllipcrfect 1'ense;
Singular.
1. l
hud been,
:'!. T!Jou-had•t hecn,
3, He had been ;

Plural.

Singular.
J.1fI
be,
2. If thou be,
a. Ifhe
be ;

l'lu~/zl,

~.

Perfect· Tense.

l

3. They mny have been.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

h We· Were,
You we11e;
3, They were.

was,

Sin:gu~.
1. J
have been,
2. Thou hwst been;
3. He Ju 1s bce11~;

l.

Plui,al.

I. We r,lay have been,
!!; Y_o u may have been,

Presenti Tense.

Singuiar,.
l. I

Plural.
1. We might be,
2. You might be,
a. They might be.

l. I

8ill£tUl.:.r.
I. I
nm,
'l. Thou art,
3. He
is;

I

.Imperfect Tense.
Singular.
1. I
might be,
2. Thou might.>tbe,
a. He might be ;

Pluperfect Tense.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

I
I

Pdf Pa'lif,
Been.

Imp. Prrrt.
Being.

Prel.
Was.

l'rts.

Plural.
1. We . may' be,
2. You may be,
3. They may be,

,
l'lural.
11 We 81Ulll Ile,
!l, You will ~'
s. Tiley will ht.

Presr.nt Tense:

a.

. . Singular.
Be [thou], or Do thou be;

De [re

P AltTICIPLES.
.Intpt:trfect,
Being.
. Been.

-P•~J.ct,

Compound,

·~

Plural.
•
ytm], or Do you be.

.
Ifa1•i11g beeii.

.C~>GLISI!

.i

GJtA.\Bl.Ut.

Q. Is ihcre any other method or o,;011ju~·atiug·
act ive and neuter verbs '!
A. Active and neuter verbs may alsl) be co11jugutei.l by adding the Imperfoct Pariiciple to
the auxiliary verb RE, through all its changes; as,
I ant writing; He is sitting. This compound
form of conjugation denotes a continuance of
the action or state of being, and is, on many occasions, prcf:erable to the simple form of the

Imperfect T ense.
i.

I

Sin!"lar.
was love<l,

Q. How are passive verbs formed?
A. Passive verbs are formed from active-transitive verbs, by adding the Perfect Participle to
the auxiliary verb BE, through all its changes :
thus, from the active-transitive verb love, is formed the passive verb be loved.t
Conjugation of the passi've verb

BE LOVED.

Perfect Tense.

Singular. .

I. I
have been loved,
2. Thou hast been loved,
3. Ho
hns been loved ;

Preterit.

I mp•rfcc t P articiple.

Perfect P a?'ticiple.

Loving.

Loved.

INFINITIVE MOOD.
To be loved.
Present T ense.
T o have been loved.
P erfect Tense.
I NDICA TIVE MOOD.

Present T ense.
Sing1tlti.r.
1st por. I
nm loved,
~d

per. Thou nrt lo\·ed,
3d per. He
is lo\'ed ;

.*

P lu-ra l.
..
l st pqr . \ Ve
ure loved; .
2tl per. You
11l'e IO\'etl,
3d per. They nre loved.

Ia l~ C coutpvwi1' fo1~ms or conj:1~ntion, the imperfect partidple
is smnct1mes taken m !l 71a;.~ive sense ; us, " The gooJ~ are st.lling ;
t~l~ ships are lmilding :'' and the per.feet parti.cipl~ of an active-in rrimtSll1ve verb, rnuy hA.ve a neut.er signiflcnti on; u.s, . ' ' I am come ; He i 1'1
7'ise n; They are fa.!len ." 'fhe former a re passfrc, uud tl1e latter n~-tC•
ter v erUs.
* Pru;s~ ...-~ YCrbs ~ in Er;g-li:-h, nre ah vay'! ,ofa c01npom1d form.

i·

Plural.

I. 'Ve l!ave been love<i,
2. You have been loved,
3. They lillve 1Selin loved.

'l

Pluperfect T ense.
Singular.
had been loved, ·
2. Thou lmdst been loved,
3. He
had been loved ;

.

Plural.
had been loved,
2. You had been loved,
3. They had Ileen loved.
l. We

First-fi,ture Tense.
Singular .
shall be loved ,
~. Thou wilt be loved,
3. He
will be loved ;

.

I. I

.
Plural.

I. We . shall be loved,
2. You will be loved,
3. They \ Viii be loved.

Second-future 1'eizse.
Singular.
·
l. I
shall huve been loved,
2. Thou wilt have been loved;
3. He
will have been loved ;

Plural.
l. We shall have Utien loved,
2. You will have Ileen loved,
3. They
i1ave been loved.

will

Ii

j:

POTENTIAL MOOD.

Principal Parts of the acti·ve verb.
:Present.

l'lural .

.,

I. We
were lovea,
2. You were loved,
3. They were loved,

2. Thou wastloved,
3. He
was lov ed ;

l. I

H~ rb.*

Love. Loved.

43

ETYMOLOGY.

Present Ten8e.
Singular.

·

l. I
may be loved,
2. Thou mayst i.>e loved,

3. He

may

be loved ;

Plural.

l. We may be loved;
2. You may be-loved,

3. They mny be loved.

. Imperfect Tense.
Singular.

Plural.

1. I
miglll be loved,
2. Thou mightst be loved,
:1.

He

DI ight

be loved ;

J. We

might be loveu,
2; You might be loved,
3. They might be loveli.

Perfect Tense.
Si11gvlar .
Plural.
mny liave been loved,
1. We may have been loved,
2. Thou mnyst have been loved, · 2. You mny have been loved,
3. They may have been loved.
3. He muy have beeri loved ;
1. I

Pluperfect Tense.
Singular.
..
1. I
might have been loved,
2. Thou mightst have been loved,
3. He
might have been loved ;

Plural.
l. We might have been love\1;
2. You might have been loved,
3. They might liave li6en lovolll.

,:
1·
,.

45

J:1'Y)lOLOGY.

SlT ll.J UNCTIVE MOOD.

Preswt 1Tense.
Singulrz r.
I. Jr I
IJc luvetl
.·~. 11' tllou be lovcti;
3. If lie
IJc loved ;

I

Singular.
J. If I
2. If thou
3. If he

Plurc.L
I. If w e be hweiI,
~ Ii you ~loved,
3. If U1ey be loved.

Imperfect T ense.

were Jovecl,
we•t loved,
were loved;

Plural.

I. If we were lcwed
2. If you we.1·e loved:
3. If they w ere loved .

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

!:

S-ingul..zr.
[thou] lovedJ or
Do thou be love ;·

~. Be

' l

Plural.
2. Be [ye or you] loved, o·r
Do yo u be loved.

, PARTICIPLES.
Imperfect,
Being loved.
PerJ<ct,
Loved.
Compound,
Having been loved.

•I

)1
i

Q. How is '."verb conjugated negatively ?
. A . A verb 1s conjugated negatiVely by placmg the adverb not after it, or after the first auxiliary: in the infinitive mood, the adverb must
al 1Vays precede the preposition to. Thus :
Not to lov.e, Not to !rave loved. lNn~ I love noi,.
I do not love ; I loved not, or 1 did not Iovc; I have
not loved; I had not loved; I shall not love ; I shall no!
hav~ loved. P oT. I may, can, ar must ll'Jt love; I might,.
cou,d, wou ld, or should not love; I may can or must
uot hav e loved; I might, could, would\' or should not
lira :e loved. 8U1JJ. IfI love not;· IfI loved not. PA in.
.No, loving, Not loved, Not having loved.
lN .f'.

01·

Q. How i ~ a ver.b cenjug:ated interrogatively?
. "~· ~verb 1,s C011Jug.ated interrogatively, in the
md1~at1~e ano p~tential moods, by placing the
110mrnat1ve afber 1t, or· after the fhst auxiliary;
as,

bn. ~o I lorn? Did I love? Ha ve I lovcci ? ffad· l
laved ? ·•lin.11 T lo ve' Shall I have loved ' P oT. May

call , ur 111r.;sL l love ? Might, could, would, or should I
Jove ? May, can, or must I have loved? Might, could,
would, or .should I have loved?

Q. How is a verb- conjugated, interrogatively .
and negatively 1
A. A verb is conjugated interrogatively and
negatively, in the indicative and potential moods.
by placing the nomin.ative and the adverb not
after it, or after the first auxiliary : as,
!Nn. Do I not love? Did I not love? Have I not
loved? Had I not loved? Shall I not love? Shall I not
have loved? PoT. May, can, or must I not.love? Might,
could, would, or should I not love? May, can, or must I
not have loved? Might, could, would, or should .I not
have loved?

Q. May not the adverb be placed before the
nominative 1
A. Yes ; and when so placed, it is generally
(though inelegantly) contracted in familiar con- ·
versation, and joined to .the auxiliary : as,
I ND. Dont I love? Didnt I love? Havent I loved?
Hadnt I loved ? Shant or wont I love? Shant or wont I
have loved? PoT. Maynt, cant, ormustnt I love? Mightnt,
couldnt,. wouldnt,,or shouldnt I love? Maynt, .cant, or
mustnt I have loved? Mightnt, couldnt, wouldnt, or
i;houldnt I have loved?

IRREGULAR VERBS.

Q. ·what is. an irregular verb?
A. An irregulai· verb is a :Verb that does not
form the preterit and the perfect participle by
assuming d or ed; as, see, sAw, see.ing, SEEN.
Q. How many irregular verbs are there ?
A. Grammarians reckon one hundred and
seventy-seven : the tollowing list exhibits most
of them as they are now generally used. Those
marked with the letter r, admit also the re!!ular
furm .

,I

-

· l'
~--~~-:----:-=----------c~'

-W
I
I

!

:!

E.XGLISir

·~(~!"m!l .

t~ .."~e, :t

_... , .,

\\,1:s,

~t~r,

B<"'l'

lJeg m,
lfrml,

,,I~

i

:1:

besou~ht, ~~ought.

., IU.'

;!i~~tl

Lit,

!Im.,
:81.i:u~,
tt1~ e , '
r.ri.nf!,
J;:11ld,
lH,.,.t,
H11y,

bled,
Liew,
Lr( 1 K.~,
brrd,,
Prqug.1t,
built, r
bur>t,
\Jougli\,

j' · .. ,

1:•~stj

( ~~ !c

i,

r~"le,
i-; ·~00:1e ,
<~ liug,

\Cmc,

{._ n.."Op,

j

·j

1.
q

Tl
'I

i

i

·1

!i

'l

;I

hore,
beiit.,
heg:tn,
he111, r

lmde,
00\lllCI,

~o:,t.,

!I

Per.f. Ptt'Yl.Pre~em.
rillo<te .
been.
hon:e .
lJcuwu,
begun.
hent. ,.

~~:m~<:ch,
~HIJ

:l
Ii
' ,,••

r;,~t;eri~.

;, ~c.t:,

(_ U\,

!J~·nl,

'~~~'
l'"

. .'
lJJliW,
Drf"lun,

n~v~,

Dnuk,

B~vdl,

...1.t, .

t:ull,

F:~f'
... ,

~.1.g ht,
~.:nd,

J•, 1 ~c,.

~. Im~,

l'. ,IY , . .

l:."''"ke,

Jin''"""
~-~ti

:~·l,

c,.n·cl,

<"Rs~,

t·auglit,
chld,
choi!le,
clung,
came,
cost,
rrt 1p t, r
ni\\
dca t,.r
du"
: '=' r

T

f.Ld~

dre·w ,
<lr,·amt, T
d rove,
clru.1.1_!<,
dwcJt·, r
ut1',
1\:11,
1~;d,
. fdt,

~ought,

found,
JI ell,
Jluug,
llew,
ILrsouk,
fi:o1.e,
ll?l,

:r~It,
~1rt,

r
r

'H~.\~11\-L\ l~.

bidden.
hOUl\d.
lJJtten.
hied.
IJlown.
1.J:okcn.
lJred.
Lrougl.1t.
built. r
bun;t.
pou•h\.

cusC

Givf!,

Go,
Grintl, '
Gro~· ,

Hnng,
Huve
Hear,'

muc,

Hit,
Hol<l,
Hurt,
. Keep,
Knool,
}(nit,
]{riow
L•<le '
LrlY•'
Lev.<!

Lenv~

Ca~ight. r Lend,,

ch1<lde11.
chosen.
cluug.
fome.
<;Ubt .
c.rept. r
Cllt .

deult. r
d.•Jg.,.,.

<loue.

llrawn.
rlresrut.o T
dr-iven.
<lrq1ll<.
dwelt. r
1·11ten.
fit.lieu.
f~I.
iclt.
foilght .
fcnnul.
11ed.
flung.
IJ.o wn.
fons•ken.
frozen.
got.
gilt r
girt."

Let,
Lie.,

Lo~c,.

!\fake,
\Mean,
!\leet,
J'ny,

J\ut,

Q., U.tt,
·
I . . eut.1 1
lltave,
Rend
U.id, '
Ride,
Ring,
lt.isc,
Run,
~tty,

:Sea
Seei\,

lSell,.
Send,
Set,
Shake,
Shed
Shin;,
Shoe,

Sf:Wvi,

ShQC>t,,

Pr<:tt:.rit.
.gm·e,
\vent

groui~cl,

grew
liuug' r
hnd '

heu~<l,

hid
hit,'
held,
hurt,
kept,
l<nclt, r
lmit, r
lme•wvladed'

Pr. 1J. P1.1rt.·.

gon~

b'toU;td.
~w11

ung ;.
lrod ·
he&id .
lliUdeu
hit.
.
held.
hurr..
kept.
kueJt. r '
kuit. ~·
~nowu.•

~den

led

laid. ·
led ·

Jeni.

)aj1), '

ien·

let,

lay,

lo~t,

m:idc

mctrn~, r
intt,:
paid
ptit'
<)._Uitf' r

re111, ,
refl, rrent
rid '
1

ru·tl,g ,

ro:;e

rwn.,'

said,
so.w
l:iOU~ht,

i;,1.
1&in.
}dsf.
ma(le

1Titaui.. 1"

1uet.
rhl
ut."

quit. r
ri.•ud.
reft. ~·
nmt
r.id .
rf,1«ie11.
rul1g.
i·ll'IJ·n

rt\U. ·
Ertit!.
~een

8011gi1l~

tiOld,

so!d.

sent,
i;ot,,
shook,
•hed

sent.
s.et.
•hakrn.
•hed
•'11>n°e, ,.
ijho<l.
shown.
s.hot.

s\lon~, ,.
shod, .
showrJ,
. shot,

Present.
Shut,
Shred,

gi nm.

lttt'
J1iu:,

rode

4i

E'fltl\IO LOGY.

..
_+ Aftet. the l'refrl'ii the lcArner sbould insert the Imnerfer.t Part-i'"'-t''e, wlndt is al'.\'llY~: fO"!'DlP.(l by adding 1'.n;{ to the p,:f:scn', or R ov~
-n '. :h:~ Yt' l'lJ: Oiu ..: ~ ....'l/11 u',i;, _. aliude ~ t1lidit1 tsab1nlc.
·

I

Shrink,
Sing,
Sink,
Sit,
Sia)',
Sleep,
Slide,
Sling,
Slink,
Slit,
Smite,
Speak,
Speed,

srend,

Spill,
Spin,
s1iit,
Split,
Sprencl,
Spring,
Stand,
Steal,
Stick,
SLing,

Perf. P11rl.
shut.
sh reel.
slirunk. -

P1-eteTit.
~hut,

shred,
shrunk,
sung,
t>unk,

sat,
Hlew,
slepL,
slid,
slung,
slunk,
slit, r

smote,
spoke,
•ped,
spent,
spilt, T
spuu,
spit,
split,
spread,
sprung,
stood,
slole,
stuck,
stung,

Present.
Stride,
Strike,
Striug,
Strive,
Swear,;
8\weep,
S\Vim,

Przte~il .

&Ll'Otle,

atruclc,

J!erj. l:'a.l'l,
~triddeu.

Sll'uck.
stru.ng . r

iif.ruug, r
strove 1 r· : atl'l~en . r
swQrn.
swore,

sung.
sunlc.
sw_e pt.
swept;
sat.
swum.
a.wu.m,
wlnin.
s.u·µng
swung,
.swing,
slept.
takeu.
took,
Take,
slidden.
\llught.
taught,
·reach,
si_ung.
torn.
tore,
').'ear,
slunlt.
told .
told,
Tell,
slit. T
tlJpugl)t.
tbo~g~1t.,
wmitten. Thin!>,
thriveu.
throve,
•poken. · thrive,
tti).-OWJ\.
fhrow, · Uin;w,
9ped.
thrust.
thfU:;t,
hrust,
spent.
nod, .
tra<ldqu.
wpilt. r
~ead,
W~J;l!·
wp.re,
ear,
spun.
· '\vove11.
\JOVe'i
Wellve,
spit.
WJ>P,~ ...
)'~ept;r.•
Weep,
split.
won.
\von,
Win,
spread.
wound, r wound»
Wind,
sprung.
Willi\; r
>rqnt, r •
Wont,
stood.
wr,ought, r wrou~\it. r
Work,
stolen.
wrung',
wrun .
Wring,
stuck.
.w~ote
w.1•jue11.
~file,
stu~g.
1

DEF EC TI.V E VERBS.

Q. What i1' a defective verb l

is a verb which want;;
some of the principal parts.
Q. What tenses do defective V!')rbs l!lck 1·
A. When any of the principal'pl\rts are wqnt~
ing, the tenses usually d1;:rived from those parts
are also wanting.
Q. What cla'Ss of verbs are I).lOJ3tly def~ctiye ~
A. All the auxiliaries, except do, bef and liave,
are · defec~ive.
.
.·
Q. How many defective verbs are there 7
A. The follo"~ ing eight are all that are now
oin common use; except the infinitive phr.llse t&
wit.:
·

A. A defective verb

F'
I

''

I

I'

"'"'
11

)j

II

ETYMOLOGY. '

;fo
.P"tesen. l .

Beware,
Cun,

:May,
J\iin~t,

Ought,
Shall,
Will,
Quoth,

"

Preterit .

Imp. Part.

could,

might,
n1u.st,

ought,
should,
would,
quoth,

OF THE PAR'l'ICIPLE.

~

I

Q. What is a Participle 1
A. A Participle is a word derived from a
verb, participating the properties of a verb and
an adjective ; and is generally formed by adding ing, d, or ed, to the verb: as, rule, ruling,
ruled.
Q. How many participles have verbs ; and
what are they?
A. Verbs have three participles, the Imperfect,
the Perfect, and the Compound: us, Imp. loving,
Perf. loved, Comp. having loved.
Q. How is the imperfect formed? and what
does it imply 1
A. The imperfect participle is always formed by adding ing to the verb; and implies a
continuance of the being, action, or passion.
Q. How is the perfect formed? and what
does it imply1
\
A. The perfect participle is regularly formed
by adding d or ed, to the verb; and implies a
completion of the being, action, or passion.
Q. How is the compound formed 1 and what
does it imply '~
A. The co111:pound participle is formed by prefixing having to the perfect participle ; and implies a pi·evious wmpletion of the, being, action,
nr pa~sion.

49

Q. How can we distinguish a. participle, from a participial adjective?
.
.
.IJ.. By observing the following four ~hmgs: 1. .9.~­
jectives are genera.Hy placed before their nouns; part~­
ciples, after them. 2 . .!ldjectives genera.Hy denote qual~­
ty; participles, action.
3 . .!ldjectives generally; a.d~t
adverbs of comparison; participles do not. 4 . .!ldjectives often have a. prefix which belongs not to the verb;
as, uNjeeling, uNjelt. .
.
. .
·
.
Q. How can we distmgu1sh a pa.rt1e1ple, from a. participial noun?
·
.11. By observing the following four things: 1. . Nouns
ta.kc articles and adjectives before them; participles do
not. 2. Nouns may govern the possessive i:a.se~ but not
the objective; participles may govern-the obJective, ~ase,
but not the possessive. 3. Nouns may be the subjects
or objects of verbl!I; partic~ples cann~t'. 4. Participial
nouns express actions as things; participles refer actions
to their agents or recipients.

EXERCISE V .... PARSING.
Q. What is required of the pupil in the FIFTH
EXERCISE in Parsing ?
A. To distinguish and define the different
parts of speech, and tlte classes and modifications of tlte artic'les, nouns, adjectives, pronouns,
verbs, and participles. 'l'hus :
"A judge speaks sitting."
..'l is the indefinite article.
1. An article is a word placed before nouns, &c. .
2. The indefinite article is an or a, which denotes, &c.
judge is a common noun, of the third person, singular
number, masculine gender, aiid ~nominative case.
1. A noun is the name of any person, place, &c.
2. A common noun is the name of a sort, kind, &c.
3. Tho tliird pers9n is that which denotes, &c.
4. The singular number is that which denotes, &e.
5. The masculine gender is that which denotes, &c.
6. The nominative caso is that form or state, &c.
.<peak! is . an irre.gular ,activP.-intra.nsitive verb. frnm

l)1·
,!.
I

l.

I'

'I

·,I

ENGLlSJI GRA111MAlt.

''!'

speak, spoke, speaking , spoken ; found in the indicative mood, present tense, third person, and singular number.
] • A verb is a word that signifies to be, to act, &c.
2. An irregular verb is a verb that does not form, &c.
3. An active-intransitivo verb is a verb that, &c.
4. The indicative mood is that form of the verb, &c.
5. The present tense is that which expresses, &c. ·
6. The third person is that which denotes, &c.
7. The singular number is that which denotes, &c.
b'i lting is an imperfect participle; from the neuter verll
sit, siit, sitting, sat.
1. A participle is a word derived from o. verb, &c.
~ The imperfect participle is always formed, &c.
LESSON I.
Thou studie!lt diligently. He reads
well. She never sings. We do not blame you. You
are discreet. They did not stop. It was not I. They
saw me. My father detained me. Your mother taught
you. Honour your parents.

I Juve ora nges.

i:

LESSON

II.

Pleaders speak standing . He thought we slighted
J1im. I wish we had known them. I shall endeavour to
excel. Do you know your lesson? vVe must be ready
to recite at ten o'clock . I shali have learned my tas k ,
LESSON

III.

Robert heard his mother coming down stairs-" Oh,
ho!" said he to him self, "then my mother has not.be en
out in the g.arden, and so Frank has not met her, and
cannot have told her; so now I may say what I please."
JI'!. Edgeworth.
LESSON

IV.

She asked the old man if he lived alone. "No, little
!ady," answered he ;" I hav e a cottage on the other side
of that meadow, seated in the middle of a little gardeii,
~vith ah or~hard, and a small field . "-Berei~t?h.

51

El'YM01"oGY.

.LEsswi V.
The ·desire of the sl1Jthful killeth.him; for liis hands
refu~e to ia.b gµr,-Y !'it a lit~e shiep, o, litil!l s111mller, a
little folding of the bu.nds ,to sleep: !IP flpu.H thy 1,1overty
come as one that travelleth, and thy want as.ll,n nrmed
ma.n.-Solomon.

OF TllE ADVERB.
Q. What is an Adverb 1
A. Aa Adverb is a. word added to a \•erb, a
pur-tieit1le, an · .adjeetive,. _or an .other ttdverb ;
nnd generally expresses tune, place, de_gree, or
manner: as, ';['hey al'~ ·nDW !~~re studymg ver.1/
diligently.
Q. Hi:nv n,1a11y adverps are there ! .
A. About ~wq tl1ousqnd s~x hundred ; ilµd
most of then1 .end ID. ly.
·
C,L..\S&ES.
Q.- 'ro what olasses:may adverbs be reduoed ~
A. Adverbs may be reduced to four general
classes; namely, adverbs of time, of place, of
degree, a'ud o·f manner.
..
. .
Q. How may adverbs of time be known ?
A. Adverbs of time generally answer to the
question 1flur11. ! or !i<JW oft~n? as! Ne1JJ, lately,
lwreafter, then, alwa;11s, thrice,. daily, &c.
,
q. ~()\V may acive~bs of pl;i.ce be known?
A , Adverbs of pla,cc generally answer to tho
question wfiere? whit~erl or whence t as, Herc,
tlure, somewhere, !tither, hen1<e, &c. .
" Q. Uow may ~~verbs of degree b~ ,l<;AoWn 1
.f1,. . A.(lvt;C~·bs ot'<l,cgrec g_en~r~lly ,n-nswer ta:the
que.stion liow mud,,! ~w, Clnefiy~ fully, vcl".11s
r!lmtgl1, .m:.;.lficir.ntl!J, fi/9,1:, hardl'I},

&c.

' '

i

,I
'I

ENGLISH GRA!llMAii.

ETYMOLOGir.

Q. ·How may adverbs of.manner be known 1
A. Ad~erbs of manne1· . generally answer ·to
~he quest10n how? as, Well, ill, foolislily, truly,
haply, tints, so, else, &c.
Q. \Vhat is a conjunctive adverb 1
A. A conjunctive adverb is an adverb that
performs the office of a conjunction, and serves
t~ connect sentences, as well as to express some
circumstance of time, place, degree, or manner; as,'' Think on me when it shall ·he well
with thee."-Gen. xl. 14.
MODIFICATIONS .

,fi

I ·~

~

I

, N

I

Q. Have adverbs any modifications 1
A. Adverbs have no modifications, except
that a few are compared after the manner of
adjectives; as, Soon, sooner, soonest; often,
·
oftener, oftenest; long, longer, longest. .
Q.. What adverbs are compared irregularly 't _
A. The following are irregularly compared :
well, better, best; badly or ill, worse, worst;
little, less, least; much, more, most; far, farther, farthest; forth,furtlier, furthest.

OF THE CONJUNCTION.
Q. 'Vhat is a Conjunction 1
A. A Conjunction is a word used to connect
words or sentences in construction, and to show
the dependence of the terms so connected ; as,
Thou and he are happy, because you are good.
Q. How many conjunctions are there 1
A. There are about twenty in common use;
and a few others now obsolete.

!J:_ _ _ _ _ _

CLASSES. ·

Q. How are the conjun~ti~ns divided?
A. Conjunctions are divided into .two clas.s__ .
es, copulative a1id disjunctive.
Q. What is a copulative conjunction 1
A. A copulative conjunction is a conjunctio_a
that denotes an addition·, a cause, or a supposition : as, He and I shall not dispute ; for if he
has any choice, I shall readily grant it.
Q. What is a disjunctive conjunction 1
A. A disjunctive conjunction is a conjunction
that'denotes opposition of meaning; as.' "~e
not overcome fby] evil; but overcome evil with
good."
.
· . . . •.
Q. Which are the copulati:ve con1unct10ns?
A. And, as, both, because, for, if, tliat. ·
Q. Which are the disjunctive eonjunctio,n s?
A. Or, nor,. eitlter, neither, _than, though,. although, yet, but, except, whether, lest, unless,
.save, :notwitkstanding.

OF THE PREPOSl'l'ION.
Q. ·what is a Preposition 1
A. A Preposition is a word used to express
some relation of different things to each other,
and is generally placed before a noun or a
pronoun ; as, The paper lies before me on the
aesk.
'
Q. How many prepositions are there 1
A. About sixty: , the following are near!y all
that are now in use: Ab11Ve, about, across, after,
against along amid 01· amidst, among or
4mo11gst, around, at, athwart-Br:fore, behind, ,
bP,lmr, 1'mMtli, br1:id~ fir bnidu, bP.fwcm 01· be-

~---~--------

ENGLISH

Gl!AMMAI~.

twixt, beyond, b.1;-0onccru-ing-Down, dui·ing
-Except, cxccpti11g--For,fr11m-:-In, into-Notwitltstanding-OJ, ojJ; on, out-of, over, overthwart
-Past-Round-Since-Through, throughout, till, to, touc/iing, toward or towards-Uuder, underneath, until, unto, up, vpon-TiVitl1,
within, wit/tout.
Q. Are these 1vords always prepositions '
.//.. No; most of them may be used as adverbs. For
when it signifies because, is a conjunction; without, when
used for unless, and notwithstanding, when placed before
a nominative, arc referred to the same class.
·

OF THE IN'l'ERJECTION.
Q. 'Vhat is an Interjection?
A. An Interjection is u word that is utterecl
merely to indicate some strong or sudden emotion of the mind : as, Olt ! ala,s !
Q. How many inte1jections arc there ?
A. There are- sixty or seventy in common
use, some of which arc seldom written : the following arc the principal, arranged according to
the emotions which they are e:enerally intended
to indicate: 1. .Toy; hey! ~io!-2. Sorrow;
()hf ah! alas .1 alack! wclladay !--3. '\Vonder;
l1eigh ! ha! strange !-4. Wishin:r or earnestness ; 0 !-5. Pain ; oh ! alt / eli !-6. Coi1tempt; pugh! poh ! pshaw! pish ! tush !-7.
A version ; Jolt! fie ! fy ! off! br,gone ! avaunt!
--8. Calling; lw ! sol10 ! holla !-9. Exulta1ion; aha! huz:ut ! heyday! h!U':rah -!-10.
I,aughter; !ta, ha, lta.-11. Sal11tat:iun; welcome! liail ! all/wil !-12. Call to attention;
Zn! f,pfi olrl ! lnok 1 sr. 1· ! liar/; '-1 :~. C :1ll to ;;j~

55
leucc; imsli ! Ii iol ! mmn f---"14. Surpris« ; tilt !
lia ! liah ! · wltat !-15. ' I.-:rn•.
r uor; lwigltlw
!
: .o
.

EXERCISE VI~ ... PARSING.
Q. What is required of the pupil iii t:he S1x·1·u
ExEr.crsE in Parsing· !
··
A . To dist-inguislt and define the dijftrcnt
parts of speecl1, and ALL their classes and modifications. Thus :
, "0 ! be persuaded, u,rid tarry longer with us!"
0 is an inte1jection, indicating earnestnes.s.
1. An interjectfon is a w.ord that is uttered , &c.
2. The interjection of wishing or earnesliwsti, is 0.
be persuaded is a reg-ular .passive verb, from the a c. ti1·e verb persuade, p e rsu~ed,persuad·ing,p ci·s1rn­
ded-passive, to he persuaded; fom:1'd in the imp erativ e mood, prese.nt tense, second person, :e n d
siugular (or plural) number.
.
1. A verb is a word t)1at sign.ifies lo be, to ·a.ct, &c.
2. A r egular verb is a verb that form s the , &c.'
3. A passive verb is a v·e·ru that 'repre~ents, &.:~.
4. The imperative mood is that form of the verb, &c.
5. The present tense is that which expresses, &:c.
6: The second person is tbat which deJJotes,1 &c.
7. The singular number is that which denotes, &r.
and is n. copulativo conjuncfi{Jll,
,
1. A conjunction is n. word used to connect, &c.
'2. A copulative conjmiction is a conjun ction · that
denotes an addition, a cause, or a supposition.
t arry is a reguhr neuter vorb; from tarry, ta1·rfrd, / 1:r1'!Jing, tarried; found ·in the imperative mdod,
present tense; secon~ porso1'i, singula~ .(or plural)
number.
.• ·
·
·1. A verb' is n: word that sii?nifios to be; to .act,_ &<:.
Q. A regu)ar verb is u. verb thn.t forms '.the, &c.
3. A neuter verb is a verb that expresses, &c.
4. The impemtiv:a mookis that form of the verb, &cf
.5. "·The pr;iscr, t tc'rise .is '.thflt · ~rhibh':e:t'p1e!;!se~, :&r.. ·~
• 6. "l'hci :si:crY;; tl,p'.lrS1)n-is' that,w!i.i cb .<loriotc!i, &.c. ·
.

'•

.· ··.

I, I

I

'

Ir

~
,,
'!

'"

' 7. i'he singular mtrnbor ra th.at whi6h-denot'es, tic'.
longer is an adverb of time; of Hra. comvarative d&'
grce; compared t.htw, long, longer, longest.
l. An advel'b is a word added to a verb, &{;c.
2. Adverbs of time ge1'ierally an~wcr to the; &c.
3. Tho compar:i.ti.vo degt~c is ~I.mt w).J.ich ex.ceeds,.&c,
with is a prepu'sition'.-A preposition i.s a word use4 td
cxprcs~ 80mo rolation of different things to each
othet.
·
'US is a persona! pronoun, of the first person,, plural
number, m;isculine (or femini1_10) gender, and
oujective case.
1. A pronoun is a word used in stead of a noun .
~. A personal pronoun is a pronoun that sh.ows, &c.
3. The first person is that which denotes, &c.
4. The plural number is that which del).otes, &c.
5. The masculine gender is that which dllnotes, &c.
6, The obje.c'tive dasc is that form at state, &c,
LESSON

1.

Having' given thlli brief a:~cou,nt of' Leander; I asked
my follow pass·e nger if she thought Leander less huppy
for his religion.. "No," said she; "I wish my Eoul were
in Loander's slead,"-.f. Campbell.
LEs~d!I II:
Of the Eriglish, languia:ge l/.,li had bco;J!l a distinct ani.I
pleasing reader fronl His chil?lhood ; n ,or 'l(as he Jong in
ac (1u;i'i11~ a very accumtt; pronuncia,ti<m. of the. learned
tong·ues, and more especially of the Greek>-';:.Gilp1:n. _

ti:ssoN lll.

When we make professio11 of olj.f fa,ith, we. stand ;
when we uck1w~led~a.ou(.sin~, o.r s"(I~ upto G9d for favour, w.e fall down: tJoca.usa the gesture ofc0 n~tancy becvmeth u.s best , in. the one; i!l tho qtlJer the be)la.viour of
humility ,-$00.~t;· _
4~~s9!-i

IV;

. . The letlui-*.6!'. iH~ al,P~'lo\>st, fqt111~J. b,Ylha 11~~l!r11-.l 'mo.
tions ot' th ii piti\it~ ;, il~il l!l\I. gieat1 variety.. of syl~\l,bles,
coi'nj:orn<l Cif llitt6rs; 'a nd form~d 'w~h a.lrnod equ:il \'e•

locity·; an<l the endless number ofwozds capable of being
framed out-of the alphahet, either of more syUables or
'Of one, a.re wonderful.-H~lder. :. LESSQ·li"

v.

A directer infiu~nce from the sun gives fruit o.'better
savour and a greater worth.-South.
The smallest planets are placed nearest [to J the sun,
and [to J each other ; whereas Jupiter and s ·a turn, _that
are vastly greater, are wisely removed to the extreme
regions.-Bentley.
LESSON VI.
Aha ! aha ! our eye hath seen it.-Ah so would we
have it.-Psalm xx.xv. But yet, alas! 0, but yet alas!
our haps be but hard haps.-Sidne_y. 'flit! tut! here's
a mannerly forbearance.-Shak. Ah '! wellada.y ! h()W
long I must endure this pining pain !-Phillips . .llh ! oh!
eh !-What ! beat a philosopher ?-.11.h ! oh! eh !-Mol·iere. · Love, when once past government, is consequently
past shame.-L' Estrange. ·

PART IIl.. 1.SYNT AX.
Q. Of what does Syntax treat?

A. Syntax treats of the rel8:tion,

agre~uent,

government, and a1"rnngemei1t of words_-m sentenees.
Q. What is the relation {)f wor.ds ?
A. The relation of words, is their depeudence
uccon.Jing to the ·sense.,. ·
Q. What is the agreement of w9rds ?
A. ~l'he lli:,<rreement of words; is their similarity' in person, number, gender.., case, mood, tense,
or form. ·
. .. - . ·. .- . . :. ,_ _ · · : · . Q~ Whatis ~the·iov:ernme;it of Words 1
A. Tlie g'<>vtrnment of words, is that power

~IJJ

•t
.'

59

£NGLI3H GRA!ll!llAlt.

which one wor<l has over an other; to cause
it to assume some particular rno<lification~ ·· .
Q. What is the arrangement of words~·
A. The arrangement of words, is their collo•
cation in a sentence.
Q. What is a sentence?
A. A sentence is an assemblage of words, ·
making complete sense, and always containing
:1 nominative and a verb.
Q. What are the principal parts of a sei1tence 1
A. The principal parts of a sentencf), are tlie
HiBJEcT; or nominative-the VERB-and, (if the
verb be transitive,) the OBJECT governed by the
verb.
Q. What are the other parts called 1
A. The other parts depend upon these 1 either
as primary or secondary ADJUNCTS.
Q. How many kin<ls of sentences are there?
•'1. Sentences are of two kinds, simple and
compound.
Q. 'Vhat is a simple sentence 1
A. A simple sentence is a sentence which .con•
veys but one affirmation or negation ; as; HMan
is mortal."-" Some. men. are not wise."
Q. \Vhat is a compound sentence?
,
;1. A compound sentence is a sentence which
may be resolved into two or more simple ones;
as," Idleness produces :want, ,·ice, and misery."
Q. 'Vhat is a clause?
A. A clause is a subdivision of a cpmpound
.. sentence ; thut is, one distinct part of it.
(.J. What is a phrase 1
.
. ,
A. A plirase is two or more words whiQh ex-press some. relation of ideas, witl10itt affinnation

6t ~1egation;

as, . "By the m.eans appointed"" To be plain with you." _
·
Q. What words must .be suppliec;l..in parsing 1
A. Words that are Oll\itted by ellipsis, , and
that are necessarily understood in order .to complete the construction, must be supplied in pars"'
ing.

-

.

RULES OF SYNTAX.

1. Of Relation and Agreement.
Q. How many rules of relation and agreement are there'?
A. Eighteen ; which ·take all the parts of
speech in their order; thus:
RuLE !.:_ARTICLES.

ARTlCL Es relate .to the nouns which they limit:
as,
"At A little distance from 'r:iIE ruins of
stands AN aged elm."

TifE

abbey,

RuLE IL-THE No1111NATIVE •

A NouN or a PRONOUN which is the subject of

a verb,

must be in the nominative case: as,

"I know THOU soys/ it: 'says thy

LIFE

the same?"

RuLE III.-ArrosrTION.

A NouN or a personal PRONOUN, used to explain a preceding noun or pronoun, is put, by
apposition, in the same case: as,·
".But he, our gracious MASTER, kind as just, .
Knowing our frame, rcmombors we are dust."
RuLE IV.-ADJECTIVEs.

ADJECTIVES relate to .nouns or pronQuns : as,
" He is a WISE man\ though he is vouNG."
'· RuLE

v.....P&Q;o<ouNs.

A PtwNOUN must agree with its antecedent, or

~

,_

tiU
the no u11 or pronoun which it repi·e:;ern:;, in person, number, and gender: as,
"This is the jrimd of wuoit I spoke; HE has just arrived."-" This is the book wmcu I bogght; IT is an
oxcellent work.."-" Ye, therefore, WllO Jove merc11., te.a..ch
YOUR sons to love IT too."
RULE Vl.-PRONOUNS.
'Vhen the antecedent is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality, the PRONGUN must
agree with it in the plural number: as,.
"The council were divided in THEIR scntim¢ntG."
RuLE VIl.-PnolliOUNS.
When a PRONOUN has two or more antecedents
connected by AND, it must agree with them in
the plural number: as,
··
''.lames AND John will fo.vour us with THEIR. compa-

I

ny."

.

RULE VIII.-PRONOUNS,

'Vhen a PRONOUN has two or more singular
antecedents connected by on or NOR. , it must
agree with them in the singular number: as,
"James oR John wil1 favour us with ms company."
RuLE IX.-VERns.

i
'I

'·I
. I

I
I

II
I

1
I

'

61

SYNTAX .

RuLE XL-VERBS . .
When a V ERn · h as two or more nominatives
connected by AND, it must agree with. them in
the plural number: as,
" Judges AND senates HAVE DEEN BOUG~T for gold;
Estcern AND love WERE nc\•er to be sold."-Pope. ·
RULE XH,-VERBS.
'Vhen a VERB has two or more "singular nominatives connected by OR or Non, it must agree
with them in the singular number : as,
"Fear OR jealousy AFFECTS him."
R
XI I
ULE
I .-VERBS.
When VERBS are _conne~te.d by~ conjunctior1,
they must either agree in mood, tense, and form,
or have separate nominatives ex.p ressed.
.
RuLE XIV.-PARTICIPLEs.
PAr.TICIPLES relat~ to nouns or · p1·onouns, or
m·e governed by prepositions : as,
.
·
"Elizalwth's 1-utor, at one time PA YING her a visit,
found her EMPLOYED in nEADING Plato."-Hume.
RuLE XV.-ADvEnns.

" I know; thou knowst, or knowest; he knows, at knoweth."- " The blrdjlies; the birds.fly."

ADVERBS relate to verbs, participles, a<ljectives, or other adverbs : as, ·
.
"Any passion. that uinJTUALLY disc~mposes our terni'.cr, or unfits us for PROPERLY discharging the du.ties of
life, has AIOST CERTAINLY .gaiiied a VERY ·d angerous .as-

Ru LI~ X.-V Enns.
"\Vhen the nominative is a collective noun
conveying the idea of plurality, the VERB must
agree with it in the plural nuinher: as,
"The council WERE DIVIDED."

Ru LE XVl.-CoNJUNCTIONS.
CoNJUNC1'IONS connect either words or sen'tences: as,
"Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me AND
thee, AND between my .herdmen AND t.hy herdmen; FOR we

A VERB m.ust agree with its subject~ or nom.inative, in person and number: as,

cendency."

m

.

"'"h""·"~Bib!<.

·- ---~~~~

62

l:NGLISJI UKd.M.l'IIAlt.
RULE XVU.-PJlEJ10SlTIONS.

PaEiiOSITWNS

show the relations of thi.ngst as7

"The house w11sfo1mdcd ON a

ro'ck~"

Ru LE XVIII.-INTERj ECTIONS.
IN'TERJECTIOl'/fl

ha\·e no dependent constme-

tion: as,
"0 ! lot not thy heart despise nie."-Joli,ison.

2. Of (]ope1''({7)1e~'' *
Q. How !TI(l.llJ role~ Qf g.ovemme,nt arn the1•e?
A. T~e following !;even ~H'e. ~ll tJ:i~t a,re ~equisite
in parsing :
RuLE

XI)L-TuE PossEssrvE.

A nl)uq

or 11 pronoU.ri ·in the. l?i>ssessive ca~e, is
governed by th~ q~ll}e of tpe ~hing pc;>:>s.esse.d: as,
"Theirs is the vanity, the Iearning thine;
Touch'd by thy hand, again .Rome's glories shine."
l}.uLE XX •..,.,.,T1111: ()B.JSGTIYE.

Active-transitive veFhs, and their imperfect
and compound participles, g-0vern the objective
case: as,
"I found HEn assisting HIM."-".Hmnng finished tho
wo&l(, I s·ub111il. 1r."
·
RuLE XXI.-Tn~ f¥MJi: C,i,s:E•
.i\.ctive-~ntr~1~:;i\.ive, passive, a11d neuter verbs,
and tl1eir p~rtii:ipl~s, tal•e th'e s~me C!lse after
as before thein, when both words refer to the
same thing· : as,
·

"lie retu1·ned aji-irmt,f, idw came· a foe."-" The cli.ild
was named John."-" It could- not beAe.a ,
RuLE XXII.-TnE OnJECTIVE.
Prepositi~Qns: gov~nl the objective case : ~s,
'~The .llrra11gem,11t of won!. i> treuted ofln the larger gro.ffimars,
.,/

•

.

I

63
'
" Trut!i''Und ·good ar~ ·one ;
·
An<l beauty tlwellslin tl~Amd they-iii her;:;1i.~• ·'l
TVith likepartil:;i]ialion,':';:-:'-.,9,ke~e, _ ;- .'· ·; --·-

)

I

: , • '. ~ !

. .

RULE

r.:

~ ·

·l ·1

• • ""· I ~ ' . , ,

. ~-

X~_l!~·~'.J:'.li& lt<Jll~~Tl~J;l, -

'l'he pre_posWgn _ Tc> - ~g~yejps _' the , in,fin,i~ve
.to -~-~ finite
verb: as,
., .. -.. ·., >, ,,,
"I desire-to learn."-Dr. J.ldam.-. _

mood, and 4o~i,>91Y.' .~oµ·n.~c~s'. it

. Ru~E XXfr'
....,-,T)j~-- l~FJ NITIVE~ .:.. :
. ,. --'.·i ' -· " •i - ,. . . · .' •
•
'l'qe active verbs- _bi<l,(iJ~r~ 0 -'f.eeJ, ,,near.., l1;t,
make;' need, ~ee~' arid ' tn~i'f.;j>a;!,tj'clples~' take the
infinitive 'a fter the~n; }~ifh~U.t' t13~~,P:~~~o~it1on To:

as,

.

.r ·..:_

· _: , ~

-,

~:

-

· ·.. --

:

" Ifhe bads ·the!l -~C]Jl{J;t;hQW. dl/jr~i-.t4~~tay)~ .

ltui.E
I

•

xxv::-..Tm: 1~;o·i1."~~so?uTE; ·
·. '

,}

•

~·

j

i

•', .;

.

.

I~ •

'

•

'

•. '

'

A noun or-a pron,oµn is '•put: a~solute iq· the
nominative; when ·it~ c~sc• · \)epend!i· qn no other
word: ·as,
' '. .; ": . -:,. · - · .. ~ · "'·
"He Tailing, ~l~o' ~li~lf· 'me!)t f!Uc~ess?'.'.2.••He that
hath ears to hear, let nifo-he:l.rl'---:\•·:Master,is' itll?,'" ';\ .
1 :~

.• < 0 .

EXERCISE1

Q.

~.;; · 1t

....# ;~,,--.

f·t

~

VIt,.;.:_FARSING .... ,_

Wl~~t is' reqµ,ir~.<l 9,f_thl(.:~M~ir ih t~e
in ·Parsing 1·,.;

SE-

' - . ..•.
' ''
. A. To distinguish·flieil:iffere1it ·parts-ofspeeclt,
~1.i.d tlceir class~s~ . to''"~~~tia~, ,tl~eiF m_odifications
in order; 'to po~nt out their relation, ..ag;r.e_e'P_lellt..,,01~
f;OVernrnent; d7id to"ap'plj/tlte'Rules of Syntax.
VENTH EXERCISE

1

'.rhus .:· ,

,.

· ; ~"~ - " , , ~ . : . .. , 1

•

.

"M~n 's hl_ghkt lnter.es~cCin~ists ln virtutr/' · _ ,
Man's is a commounoun1··ofthe .thlr.d-perscm,siogular
nuo:!b\lr, 11,1asql,!l~e gc~<ff1f~J~Qd P913il~iY.!l eflll!e,: and
is governed byci~te~~t;, a¢1Jor~hi~ _ to R~l~::x..!x; }Vhich
says, "A noun or a prqnoun.m the posses~1ve -case,
is governed by the name of the thing possesserl."

ii4

65

1':1\'GLl.SH (iHAll!MAR.

highe.<t is a common adjective, of the superlative d11~
gree ; compared thus, high, higher, kighest: and relates to in .!cre.st, according ,to .l;lule iv, which says,
"Adjectives relate to nouns or pronouns." ' '
interest iR a common noun, of the third person, singular nu1J1ber, neut.e r gender, and nominative case :
an~ is the·subject of consists; according to .Rule ii,
which says, '"A noun or a· pronoun which is the subject of a vqrb, must be in the nominative. case.'! ·
consists is a regular· neuter .verb, from consi.rt, consisted,
consisting, consisted; found in the indicati vc mood,
present tense, third person, and singular number :
and agre.es wif:h its nominativ:e interest; according
to Rule 1x, w\uch says," A verb m.ust agree with its
subject, or nominative, in person and number;"
in is a prepoHition: and shows the relation b etween
1ri·rtuc and ~onsists ;· according to Rule xvii, which
sayR," Prepositions show the :relations of things."
virtue is a !JOmmon npun, of.the third person, singular
number, neuter gender, and ·objective case: and is
governed by in; according to Rule llii, which
says," Prepositions govern the ol,ijective case.".
LEssoN 1.-RuLE I.
The Hebrews drink of the well-head ; tlie Greeks, of
the stream; and the Latins of the ptiddle.-Jfal?. ·
Th e m'e rchant gains by peace, and the soldier by wil.r ;
/he s hepherd by wet seasons, and the ploughman by dry •
.!.l bear, enraged at the stinging of a bee, ran, l,ike mad
into the bee-gnrden, and overturned all the hives;-L'Estrmige.
. . , ,".
. r . '" :
LESSON II.-RULE II.
'
.,Vhen .the la~yers and·tradesmen brought cxtr.avagant
bill~, Sir Roger.wo!c.a .pairo,filciss9rs:in his pockeh With
which he would smpa qua~t~r 9f.a yard off nicely ..~.Brfm thnnt.
·
·
·
TV/w ei:er is really brave, has always this comfort whe·n
he is oppressed, thnt he knows himself .to be. superior lo
,
those wlw injuro him, by forgiving it.-Pope.
'Tis there thou tellst of kings, an<l wlw aspire;
1Vho fall, who rise, who triumph, icho do moan.

)

l
I

"

LEssoN··llI.;;_RuLE .JU.. '
Augustus, Maurice's' onlf b°iothe~,.. pleaded his right.
He considered· it a.s a manif~t · proo[()f the king his ·
f ather,'s extraor?ip.~ry, ~,artial~ty_ ~owai;~ his rounger brother, now duke of Orleans•..;....Rodertson: c,.~. ' · · · ·
I, thy sc!iool~{e~; 'pa:vi; iii~a~' tlla~:mor~ pro~t ;Than other pmices ca.n, that have more' tiine ·
For va,i ner ho9r1J, and .t utots no( 'so careful.-'8/iak.
'

' "

; .•

ti· ·~ • ~- '•\'

·.-.i ( "

"~

j· '

i. ·\ •¥,,

I l,_

•I " " I ' ;

LESSON IV.-RULE IV.

' Religion la;~ t~e . ;t~J.e;i ·~liligatlo~s upon men, to
~ake the best proyis/on fo;' th~(coili/01'.iqble ·subsistence
m this world,·and their salvation iri the 'next...;.:;Tillotson.
This J<ilse,'
~'doub.iing 'disposition · is· intolerably
inischie,vo~ td s?Ci~tr.~:Sf~t!h,· •· . .'.. .. · ~ . .
Of all our sepse,s1 ~~~ . s1ght'1s . th11 · most ·clear! distinct,

wii'JJ:

various, agree~~{e, : a~d/dmP,,'r~h~n1iv~:~If,erk,ky.'

·

LESSO~. .V.-RULE
.
. "' v.
. :
'
I deman~ wM they. ~~ ..whom,.we scand!Lliz.e by using
harmless t~mgs ?"..A~ong . qur1elve*·•· (hatagree in this use,
no man will say tJi,qt, OJ?.C of.us_ . ~~ C?,ffj11~ive ~~o . an
other.-Hoqker, ;) .,_. .. . ... , .
,
· . ·
.The ~ll;d' may p~o,\7~ w~ll. e.n°.'!J~h, if fae ov'-ii~:: soon tl).ink
not _too well of hi7f!:Self, .and (if,he] will bear away that
[whuhJ he heareth ~f hu.. ejders.-Sidney.
'

~

~

LE~so~ VI.....,..J;'tuLE YI. '.,.
..
The garrison, struck with te~;or at 'th~ sight .of an en0

emy on a quart?r .whe~e they-had thought themselves perfectly se~~r~, im~ed~~t. elJ'._t.b,~c._w.. dowq t[i,eir .ar~s.,Robertson. · ·. ·~. "' - "'· ! ,>.,·--:--:_..-..~~·: ·.·~.-.··,- _;
· He, in the:nam~· ofthe'diet: signified-their app~o~ation
of the system of doctrine'whieh-had' been· read.-Id. ..
. IitssoN VIt:....:.RuLE vii.
. .We. no,w,,b'~Jie:ve ti1yC~per¥cnn system ;' y~t 1we~~Jiall
still use the popular terms ofsuii-rise 'and sim: set ·,dnd riot
intr?ducii' a 11cw_;i•eda'nti c descriptiofi: Of then1· froirl the
motion ofth,e · c ;1;rth.~B eritley. •'' ,, .. -~· ,.
. •'

'

. ~1

ti6

1'NGLl8.f;t tiftAMMAK.

Simeon and Levi are.breti).ren:

~n11trumonts

SYNTAX.

.'l 'he box, or open fraQ'le of-woo cl; i:n't o·whicb-corn·is put
t o be ground, is called the, hopper; _ . .. , ,. "

of cruelty

a re in their habitations.-Gen. xlix. 5.

LRSSON XHV-~RtlLE

LESSON VIII.:--RuLE VIJ.I, ·
The whame, or . bu_rr4(1-fJy, is vexatious '~o -horses in
s ummer, not by stinging tJ:ie111,, bt1t by butzlng ll.r~u,nil
them with its ccasol~ss hlun, and tickling then.t 'in_·s_~ iclring its nits, or eg·g~, on their ha.it.
·
Neither brass, rior copper, nor silver, rnto.ins its lustte.

XIII(

·A lu:"urious court is:the nursery of diseases;· it breeds
th~'?· 1t eri.eoura,ges, nourilhes, an<t' ·entertains tbem.-

L lEsti-ange.

·

__

.

· __ .. , , , ·' · ,.

_

Kiiig I'I\~dic'nu.te, 'i;niqst D~nes 'ii.i)d' S~0 ij~ stout~
Carous'd m nut~brown a;le~ arul'ain~d'on ·g rout:-Xing.

Li:;ssoN IX.-RuLE IX.
'When an angry master aay.s to. J.ij s s~rva11t,. "It is
bravely don.e !." i.t 'is. \lll~ way Qfgiving a stive~e rep:ro:i.eh;
for the words are. sp.o/.;~~ by way
sarGw;/11 or irQµy~,fVatts.
·
Somewhat i& p,roduc~d_ of nothing ; (Q·r lies are ~uffi­
cient to breed opiµio11 1 al)cl opinipll brings oq. su~­
stancc.-Bacon.

L:essO'N XIV ."'-Rv'l:s-

nv.

When Tom got t? the ~hop/there was '..n obo,d y in it,
but a poo~ neg~ .g;dt W.lth. ,_ ·~w;h: o(:white feathers
sl.~!fhtly tie~ t.~ t)ie end of a. long .cane_,.Jlapping away
fllJl.9-'nqt•lc'tUing them-'-" "I\s'u.,jl!,ettrj:,>iCtu,e !" said·my
un~le _'!'olly~'' Slie 'ha<t'liufiel'e~-pehe'i:!ni\On 'Tr'lin; u.nd
had· lea;yn.ed'mercy.""-;.lSterne. . ._, , '>;- ' ~·h · ,- · '
'l'h01'.6 ·1s not~ing sllli!ir ''tl1an a 'eraffy Jµ.;a:v~ o.utwiUed
and'beatenuth1s own ·play:~~·&~~ng~.
·

ot

Li!:ssoN x-.-Ruu: X•
That profane, atheistical, epieurea.li ra,lible, \vhom the
whole nation so tings of, are not inde_ed what they "VOliii
themselves, the wisest men-in the world,-'-South: - · '
The nobility ~scaped; the poor people, wliQ hi~d- been
deluded by these i;-ingl.eaders, were exei:u4ed-.-Addisoti.
'

67

· '' -

L;i;;s~oN XY.-lt.u:LE xv~

,Perlt~!!s there w&_s n:othiuli'~g;e~ ~oii;1n all J,>1}8t ~es, ·
1

and -wli,1ell "we.~ -n Wll 'public•uet,' io-''lie11 a.ttestii-d as' the .
rc11urrectioacif' Chioist;-'.:.W!ztn. ·
.
•· - _.

R_e aso11.•~lain.;Zy d~liv~red, a.~.d alw~.''-af\e~ one Ui~n-

~~~'.k:!:~'~~~~~J;~r~l~=~~n~ras~~o.dnnmds, enter

I

L1:ssoN Xl.-RuLE XI :
Destruction and death iay, "We havl) heard the fame
thereof with our ears."-Job.
Sin taken iato the souJ, is like u. liq,~or pi>111:~ inti> a
ves"el; so much of." it as it fills, it a.Wo s~Qllff; tb():toll,llb
and tincture g.o together •..,..Sou/A.
A foundation of good sense, and a cultivation .~f~I) ~
ing, are required,.to giv~ a B'laBOl)ing to r.e,ileinent, 11i11d
make us taste the blells.ing.-Dcyden.

, ;E.. ..

'

Li;;sSON XVI.-Rvi & XVI,
'
Some, from vnpiJ'yor e~vy,'de~pise. v.a.luabl~ bouk,
atld throw oontem_pt upo1nt -by- wh_o leside,-l.:.J'VaJts.:
Good or evil ~ct1ons, commandEid o;-:pi:ohjlll,ted'by·la'.i\is
a~d precepts ~1_m~ly· llloral; •may be , resol'ved 'intp ··some
dictateea?¢•prme1plcs of the1a.w 'of'n'a!tiire1' impri'ntijd·
on man's heart at the creation.-;;;.lfnire; ,_1\ ' ~" ·: ,.,,,, ' ·.,

a

('

Li;:ssoN XJL-RuLE ~u.
Who believes a stOO"y to.be true, w!ien :u~~LluJI'. the_ ~i.me
nor the plu.ce is mentioned l
' · The magnet, or loadsto11e, has the peculiar property \)f
attracting iron, an~ rendering it m agnetic.
. I

, ,

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LEssoN XVII.-Rvi.E · XVII;
. The birds wore in a. mort11.l appr~~en81 0 tj ojt)!e beetles,
til! the sparrow reasoned' them'..inlo·1u.l}derstallding.-.
L Estrange.
.
. · ·b .~.> _ .' ·~ :4 .. \1.,,;..r · ' ~ •·- ~ t _
'!he prize was a guinea to be 'eonferred upon' ihe'abl~t·
whistler, who could whiatle clearest, and go· through.' his

t n nP. ·!1·111:.nu. t 1 1tu :r hm .Q" . -~Adtfi.~on .

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llNGLJ;:;H

GRA~l~IAU.

69 .

SYNTAX • .

Plutarch, in his life of '11heseus, says, that that ago
was producti vc ~(men ef prodigious staturc.--Broonie.

u11t.o you the Spirit of wiodom and .revelatio1i in the knowledge of him.!.....Paul to t!te Ephesians. .
·

L>:ssoN XVllI.-RuLE XVIII.
Lo! the wicked oond their bow.-Redeem Israel, 0
God! out of all his trouules.-0 bring ,me out .o f my ·
distressos.-0 that I had wing~ like a ·dove !-Psalriu. .
Alas! alas! that great city! .that was cl~t!1ed in. fine
linen, and purple, and scarlet-and decked witli gold, and
precious stones, and pearls !-Rev. xxviil. .16.
O how thy rising heart would throb and beat!
Dryden• .

LEssoN XXIII.-RvLE xxnr: ·
and my people,'. ~:b~ .~troy¢~ to. be
3[ain, and to perish.-Eother, vii., 4; :, ·
' · ·
.He ~ever suffered any body' to waitth~t c~me tO speak i
with him, tl1ough [ o~e came.l . upon l'-.mer.e visit.-Eell.
He has gone to d01t •.;.....He 'had leave to go•..,.;..He loves
to ride.- I rejoice · to hear it•..,.;..I am>dosirous to.wiiJi- .
~ratf.-It is best to do so,_.:.I was. about to write.-Bemg taught to obey the gospel, thfly
better than to

..vye .a.re sold, I

3Wtar.

LEssoN XIX.-RuLE XIX.
Sibylla of Cleves, the elector'• wife, a "'.'oman. no less
distinguished by her abilities than by her virtue, m stead
rif abandoning herself to tears and lamentations upon her ·
husband's misfortune, endeavoured, by her'tixai;nple .a•
well as exhortations, to animate the. ci.tizens.~Robert­

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ixrV.

.
. LES~ON XXIV."'-R~LE
Bi.d mo .come unto thee ~ii.· ~~ water'.:..'.:w~ d~re not
~ke ourselves _of the rnimber;,.....We heard' him iay; ·.~ 1·'
will destroy this temple."-We: have ·heard him Mjleak
blasphemous words.-Let himgo•..-Lllt wl'pa.r~: jjyar•.,,.Lct not your heart be troubled.-Make them 1it down
b,Yfifties.-They need not depart,_;_I saw .a star fall from .
heaven.-Ye have seen him go '. into . heaven._;_I have
heard 1ay of thee, that thou canst 'u nderstand dream
to interpret it.-Bible.
·
.·
' '

.son.
L&ssoN XX.-RuLE XX.
The Italians, perceiving them.Jelveo almost eurround_ed,
cast themselveo into a ring and retired back into ;the .c ity.
-Hayward.
..
'
Poor SIJJl.Clw they' persuaded that he el)joyed a.great
dominion, and then gave him nothing to subsist upon
ibutwefen .and manna.lade.-P,ope.
' ' ·

·a:

LESSON XXI.-RULE XXL .
I am he.-Ye are .thcy.-Is it I .?-Who .are. ye ?-Art
t hou he .?-lt is /.-That same is.he.-Tb.is is Ju:.--Jiun
not Ju.-Wh& a.rt thou ?-JVew Testament. ·
A father ~Ill.}' .see his child.r~n ta.ught; thqugh he. hi~self does not turn .sc/u;ol"1-uster.-;-South.
·
The king was reputed a prinec niost prudeut._:.Shak.
L~,• •ON XXII.-RuLE XX U.
I .also, after I
-0{your faith in t:;1e Lorii ·,Jesu<1,
and l1Jve unto u.11 the sa.i nts, cetrne .i iut' to gi 1·e thank~ for
:gou, making rnm1ti<n1 •Of !/OU ;LI m y w·aye,-s; tl•at l.lie God
,.,f 0u r JJn::r-d .11~..-·1~ Chri~l., Hte Fa fJ1Pr of [Jfor)/., HH~~Y ~:i v-t:

·

he.;d

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XXV•...:...RvL:e::
:XXV. -· . : .... . '
.
. L:e:ssoN
,
~ . , ·~', ·-: . .. -.~ r·..v .
. . Such being the emperor's' Wlue~~ .t~ pe~ce~ he ,
ha.4 the address ,t o fram~. the . tre!Ltf o~. C~espy ~o ~ to .
prorM,1e all the ends wluch he had ur view.--'Robert1on:
Lord, behold! lie whom thou lovest,· is. sick•'-'Ltua-..
Yu~, come forth.-F~ar not, dq:ughter of Si1J~ !.,.,.Little . ~
children, yet a little while I am with you •.,.,-Sif:, come .
down ere ~y chi.Id die •..,-Wt/man., where 8.re' th08e tliine
accusers.-Gospel of Jo/iii.. ·,. ,.,.
., " ~.'"''"· ., i . :" " ..'
. He that is without siii amorig you, let liini fusfust ii.
!tone :<t ·her. [John viii. 7.)..-:.He that gforieth, •let· him ';
,)ory m the Lord • .[2Cor. x. 17.]..,-Your.jatheri; wh~re
:ire they? and the prophets, do thoy \iv11 forjlver? [Zµ:4..
1 • 5. J-0 thii depth of the riches both of the wisdom and
knowledge of God!-:-[ Rom. xi. ~ f'' '.'-' 1'" ·.c> ,,;.-,(,.: . ;' '" ·

70

PR0$0DY,

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
I I

Q. What is the use of the Note of. Excla111a. . .
.
A. To denote som.e i>tronw
O)". suddeu et11'0•
0

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ti~?

PART IV•... PROSODY:

tion of the mind: as,

Q. Of what does Prosody treat 'I
A. Prosody treats of punctuation, utterance,
figures, and ve1·sifi.cation.
PUNCTUATION.

Q. What is Punctiiation 1 .
..
A. Punctuation is the art of dividing _compo·
sition, by p~ints, or stops, for the purp~se ?~

showing more clearly t~e. sense ~nd relation ot
the words, .and of notmg the different pauses
and inflections reqUired in i·e.ading;
: '
Q. What ~e the. princi:PaLpoint'\, o~ ,µi,.a~s 1
. A. The ;principal .points are . the fol\QwA,Bg
eight: thet?om~[,J, th.e Sernicol~{;l; the ,Co- .
Ion(:), the Perio<J'[;];the Dash[-], th~ Note
of Interrogation.[?]. the Note of Ex~lam(ltio~[!J,
and the Parenthesis (()).
·
· . , ..
Q. How are the different pauses marked 1
A. The Comma denotes the 'shortest pause ;
the Semicolon, a pause double that of ,t~e c~­
ma; the Colon, a pawe double th\lt .o f t,be seilll·
colon ; and the Period, or. Full Stop, a _pause
double that of the ·colon.
,'
Q. Wb.a tis the ·use of t~e Da-sli ? ·
..
A. To denote an unexpected pilUSe 'ofva'r1able lengtlt: ·as, " ' l mulilt iµquire int() .the -a~~
fair, and if-' •And if!' interrupted the farnier. ·
Q. W'hat is the ·use oft-he .Note of'l:nterroga· ·
tion ?·
.
..
·
A; To designate: a question : as, ·
"In life can love be bought with gold? .
" .! \re fri end ship's pleu•ure• to be snld ?"

·,

.

·

.. 0 let mo listen to tha word~ <:if life !"

.

Q. What is the use of the Parenthisis i
A. To distinguish a el~use hastily thrown in
between the parts of a se'ntence to ivb'let1·it does
not properly belong:

~.

·

· '

·

" To otl\(ll'S do (the 10.W is not severe'} . '
"Whu:t to thyaelftb'oil 'wishest' t:o:oo doiie•"

...

UTTERi\NCE.

Q. Whatj.s Utterancel ·,
" ..
. A. Utteran'ce is the art Qi :foeal ex:pfossfun,
which' inClud~:s the prifrciples of prouiinbiation
and elocution.
- ; . ..
..
· Q. What is PJ'tmunciation l
·
' A. Pronunciati01i~ aJ>' d.1sth1g~ished froµi ~lo­
cution, is the utterance o{ worch titk.'Cb sepa-. -·
·
."
1'ately:
Q. · WMt l"nowledge does' :pr6hu11~ia1titHi re-

quire r

·

.

.·

·

·, ·

. A. Pronunciation t·equires a kno,vledgc' of
the just power.11 of the letters in' ~n: diett'co~i­
nations, am!·of the force lintl seat jjf thil accent.
Q; What' ilr e-l'ocutiohf
_
.
.
.A~ Elbliutloo is the utterance .Of; wora11 ,tnat
· tire arranged into sent<:nces, and· (o~in ' dis~
course.
' ' '... .,, ,\ '
· Q; What' k110Wled~e does eloeution·~requ·fre 1
A. Elocution requlnis;ni krlo_'!l~dg~;·_acrlthiglit
application, of emph'a:Si$,·paitses, h1tleetl&!lif,,l\nd
0

tOJ)P,S,

:

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:

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;

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J.:l'\Gl.ISH GP.All!MAJ:.

FIG UP.ES,

Q. 'Wltut is a Figure, in grammar "I
A.- A figure, in grammar, is an intentioual deviation from th e ord in ary form, construct·ion,' or
application of words.
· · ·
Q. How many' sorts of figures are there·?
A. Three; tigurcs of Etymology , figures ot'
Syntax, and figures of Rhetoric.
Q. What is a figure of etymology 1
A. A figure of etymology is an intentional
deviation from the ordinary form of a word .
Q. What is a figure of syntax 1
A. A figure of syntax is an intentional deviu,tion from the ordinary construction of words 1
A. 'Vhat is a figure of rhetoric 1
A. A figure of rhetoric is an intentional de-.
viation from the ordinary application of wordB 1
VERSIFICATION.

Q. What is Versification 1 ·
A. Versification is the art of arranging words
'into lines of correspondent length,.· s.o as to produce harmony by the 'Fcg1,1lar alternation of syllables differing in quantity.
Q, What is quantit!J ?
A. 'l'he rpuwtity of a syllable is the relatiye
portion of time occupied in uttering it; every
Hyllable in poetry being considered to be either
long· or ~lwrt.
Q. "Vhat is rhyme?
_
A.· Rhyrr.ie is a similarity ,o(,/>ound between
i he .last syllnhlc~ of different Imes.
Q. ·What-is blank verse.? ··. ··
A. Rlan k vprse is verse without rhyme~
Tf!P.

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