THE

PRINCIPLES
OF

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

COl\IPRISING THE SUBSTANCE OF THE MOST APPROVED
ENGLISH GRAMll'LillS EXTANT,
WITH

COPIOUS EXERCISES IN PAR'SING AND SYNTAX;
A NEW EDITION,
REV! S ED

1

RE-ARRAN"GE D AND

I !I! PROVED,

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS.

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BY REV. PETER BULLIONS, D. D .
LA';°E PROFESSOR OF LA.:.~GOAGES IN' THE ALEAXY .&.CADEMY j AUTHOR Oi'
TH:E SERIES OF GR"A.MMARS , GREEK, LATIX, ~'iD ENG LISH, ETC . 1 - -

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.·: 1 -;-.,' ; ;~_\./ ·

NO. 4 CORTLANDT STREET.

1851.

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NEW YORK:
PRATT, WOODFORD & CO.,
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0" THE Sl&E PLA.N,

.

PREF -5\..CE .

Entered according to A ct of Congress, in the year 1851, by
PETER BULLIONS,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of th e United States for
the Northern Di st rict of New York.

I·
MUNSELL, STEREOTYPER,
ALDANY .

'!'hoe great
number of elementary works which have recen y appeared on
thi s subject, is a pleasing evidence of the attention which has been
besto\ve<l upon it. Amon these none has en· o ed reater favor
than the Grammar of L INDJ,EY MumtAY · an t e 1 ran;: w 1c
it st1 10 s among t e numerous wor s w 1c
ave appeared
since its publication, is a decided testimony to the soundness of
its principles and the excellence of. the system . With all its excellence however it is far from being incapable of improvement ;
and the' ~ttempt ;o add to its value as a manual for schools, by
correcting what is erroneons, retrenching what is superfluous or
unimportant, compressing what is prolix, elucidating what is obscure, determining what was left doubtful, supplying ·what is defe ctive, and bringing up the whole to that state of i mprovement
to wh ich the labours of em inent scientific and practical writers of
the present day have so greatly contributerl, can hardly fail, if
well exe cuted, to prove acceptable to the public. Such was my
design; anrl though there may he reason to regret that it has not
been undertak er\ by some one more capable of doing justice to the
subject, still it is hoped that the labor bE.towed, in order to carry
it into effect, will not be altogether in vain.
In endeavoring to avoid the minutiffi and diffuseness of the larger
Grammar, care has been taken to guard agains t the opposite extreme . The abridgments of Murray now .in
ure little more
than a synopsis of the larger work; presenting a mere outli ne of
the subject, altogether too meagre to be of much service to the
learner. The same remark is applicable to a great nu mber of
smaller works wh ich have been published· w ith a similar view ;
namely, to serve as an introduction to a more extended system.
They are in capable themselves of impa.r ting a satisfactory knowledge of the subject; and yet it often happens, perhaps even in a
majority of cases, that those who have commenced with the "introduct ion, " have neither the time nor the means to get beyond
it: an d bes ides, unless the "introduction" be constructed on the

i\e,

!V

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1

PREFACE.

sa 'Yle principle of r1rrangenien t and express ion with the one which
it. is intended tosucceed , it w ill probably be fo und worse than usel ess ; fo r when a p:t rt icub r arrongc n1e nt and ph raseo logy have
bcco1i:c fam iliar to th e rr; ind, there is great di!'ficu lty in studying
another \\·ork on the same su Gject, in \\·hich th e arrangement and
ex p ress ion arc mate ri all y diffe rent .. A Grammar , to be rea lly
va lu able, ough t to be simple in its st y le and arrangement , so as to
be adapted to the capacity of yout h, fo r whose use it is designed i
co111prchwsivc, so as to be a suJli cient g uid e in the most cl ifficu1t ,
as well as in easy cases; and its principl es and rules should be
r endere1l fa miliar lo t he learner by nu merous exa mples and exer·
ci ses.

tionable in principle, or more convenient in practice, than that of
l'.'[urray, which is therefore generally retained.
In Syntax, greater J;ullness has been considered proper. In the
arrangem ent of th e Rules, scarcely two writers have followed the
same order; and that here adopted is so mewhat different from any
other. Without regarding much the usual divi eion of Syntax into
Co11cord and Governm ent , those ru les are placed first wlt ich appear to be most si mple, and of most frequ ent occurrence. Care
h as been taken, however, to connect with a leading rule those of
a subord inate character allied to it , and to add under every rule
such notes and observations as appeared necessary lo its ill ustraNume rous examples of false. syntax (ollow each ul e

To rr. eet these views of what a Gra mma r for the use of.Schools
ought to be, the present co mpilation has been made : wi th what
su ccess, a discern ing public. to whose judg ment it is respe ctfully
sub rr. itted , \\·ill decide . Utility, not novelty, has bPen ai med at.
In coll ecting material s, I have freely availed mysel f of the labors
of others who have treated on the s nbject since th e days of lHurray, and parti cularly of those whos e obj ec t has bee n si:r: ila r to my
own. L E:<xrn's "Principl es of E i~g li s h Gra m;:,ar, " deser vedl y
estee med i n Bri ta in the hest co rn pen d fo r the use of schools which
has yet appeared , I have adopted as the g round plan of n:y work .
The work s of l\Ir nnA Y, Ax ci:s, CO'.'XE'.., G11.\"'I', C1:mrnrn, H1 Li:Y,
and other5 jg tbq tY'f'354·e rpllqgtjqp pf my frjepr! p r R§(''f.,1P
wfoch I ha,·e en.1oycd free access , hav e bt:e11 consulted; and from
a 11 of. them has been carefully sel. coted, conden sed , and arranged
1
,
·w rntever seemed to be suitable to my pu rpose. For several vauable suggestions, also, I a m indebted to Dr. T. R. BEcrr, and
everal oth er literary friends, who k in dly examined my MSS .. beore they were sent to press, and free ly co:11municated their sen·men ts. On the whole, it is believed t hat there is nothing of
.uch i :-n po rt ~ nce in lliurray·s large r Gra mn:a r. or in the works
subsequ en t \ni te rs, that will not be found co~dense<l here .
On I he subjec t of E ty n:ology , much expansion has been deemed
nnecessa ry; I have therefore g enerally content eJ myself wi th
st at in g ns ults 1 wi thou t emh•trr.is:;i ng the work " ·i th the p·rocesses .
oft en tedi ous anu obsc ure, "·hich have leJ to them. In the clas ~
si f1ca t ion of words, al most all writers differ from each other. and
t hough on th is subject there has been much disc ussion, no~hing
has yet been proposed which, on the whole, appears less objec-

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PRi'.:FA C E .

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re s
ey belong .
e pu
0
of the pupil, there have been introduced at in tervals, exercises on
the preced mg rules promiscuously arranged; and at the end, promiscuous exe rcises are fur~ished on all the rul es and observations ;
the whol e forming ~ body o.f exercises, containing pe rh aps not'
fewer exam ples than Murray'~arate volu me of Exercises on
the Rules of Syntax. In this, economy as well as convenience

5:::;'~::i;1'15Jf f1?!'r'.'J!1r b"';mo::..:

• • • •••9l'hese principles, has been introdu ced in its place; and
the whole furnished with questions and appropriate exe rcises, in
order to render every part famili ar to the mind of the pupil as he
advances, so that no larger treatise, and no separate book of exercises, will be necessary. The arrangement of the exercises on
syntax on the same page with the rule which they are designed
to illustrate, it is believed, will greatly diminish the labor, both
of teacher and pupil, in going over this i mportant part of the
subject.
Another object steadily kept in view in this co mpilation, ·is to
render it a profitable introduction to classical studies. While all
languages diffor from each other in their mode of inflexi on, and
in some fo rms of expression peculiar to themselves , usually de
no minated idioms, their general principles are, to a very great
extent, the same. It would seem, therefore, to be proper, · in
A"

r-:::;=;:.:..;..:_ - -- ---

YI

PREFACE

construct ing grammnr5 for different lang uages, that the principl es, so far as th ey are. the same, should be arranged in the same
order, and expressed as nearly as possible in t he same words . ·
\-Ve re thi s carefully done, the stLidy of the gramma r of one language would be a very important aid in the study of another·1 aud
the opportun ity t hus afforded of seeing wherein they agree and
~,·here m they differ, would o{ itself furnish a profitable exercise
rn co mparati ve g ramm ar. But when a · Lat ia grammar is put
rnto the hands of a boy, differing wid ely in i ts arrange ment or
phra_scology from th e Eng l ish grammar which he had previously
studied, and then rn due t1:T1e a Greek grammar differen t from
bot h, not on ly is the benefi t derived from the analogy of the differ ent la nguages_in a g reat '.11 easure lost, but the whole subj ect is
mad e to appear rntol crabl y intricate and rPysterious. To remedy
till s evt!, I resolv ed , some ti me ago, to publish a series of Gramm a rs of the E nglish, L at in, and Greek la nguages , arranged in
th e sa me order, a nd expressed as nearly in the same words as the
g entu s of t he lang uages "'·ould permit.
Thi s seric> has now been so me time before the public and
h as been received with a degree of favor fa r surpassing m~ expectat10ns .

PREF ACE TO THE REVISED EDITION~
N e\\· pbtes for t his work ha,·ing become necessa ry, the opportumty has b een em bra ced to i mprove the work in such a way as "
t o r ender It stt!l more w orthy of publi c favor. Seve ra l of the
de fin1 t1ons and rul es ha,·e. been r ende re,\ more stri ct ly accurate .
I n rr.a ny places, obse r vati ons and remarks have been in t roducer:!
where the~ seemei l to be necessary to co mplete or elu cidate th~
subjec t .. 1 he etymology of the article which stood before , is
n_o"', as It should be , placed after th e noun; and that of t he pa rticiple is placed with the moods a nd tenses, before the inflection
of the . verb , tn stead of co min o" after it · In these t \.VO instances
·
o_nl y, _i s t he ord er of th e sections changed. In the verb the designat ion and arra ngeme nt of tenses fi rst adopted in th is G~a : 11 m ar
but which were subseq ue ntl y change·], are here res umed be in;
con sidered as a ltoge '. her better, bec ause more natural and' appro~
prrn.te. T he for mer des ig nations however are pla cer! ·
h
.
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rn parent eses , (except the imperfe ct, whi ch does not correctly expres•
the import 0f that tense), that teache rs may adopt those w hich

PREFACE.

VII

they prefer. ln the observations on the tenses, an attempt has
been made to r ender them more full and expli cit ; and in the
inflection of the verb, negative and interrogative forms liave
been intcoduced after the active voice.
In Syntax, two or three rules have been altered, where it
seemed desirable for the sake of greater accuracy and simplicity.
S0 much of Rules IV. , V., and VI. as referred to the pronoun,
ha-; been omitted, to avoid the confu sion occasioned by uniting
two subjects (the verb and personal pronoun) under one rule, and
all that relates to the Syntax of the personal pronoun has been
placed together in special rules under Rule X. The exercises
under these rules have been rev ised and made to correspond to
these changes . In Prosody, several defects have been supplied,
and the article on Co mposition has been cons id erably enlarged.
To make room for these i mprovements , the li sts of questions
heretofore intersper,ed through the work, and the utility of which
has been questioned by distinguished teachers, have been removed
to the end of the book, where they are pl aced together, so that
they may be used or not, as the teacher may direct. F or the
same purpose, all discussions of grammatical questions h ave been
removed from the body of the work to the Appendix, and suitable refe rence made to them i n the text. In this position, they
interfere less with the regular progress of the work, and may be
consu lted at pleasure. By this means, also, an opport unity is
afforded of ·d iscussing the several subjects, when it was thought
important, at g reater length than wou ld have been proper in their
place; arnl hence, it will be seen, the Appendix has been considerably enlarged.
· By means of thesP. arrangements, the leading parts of t he
Grammar are made to occupy nearly the same place as before, being seldom more than one page distant from their former pos ition.
This revisal of the work has been gone i nto more thoroughly
now, to avoid the necessity of ever hereafter making any changes;
but no change has been made which w ill occas ion any difficulty
in using this edition with the other, as the parts introduced for
the most part belong to the N ates and Observations, and to distinguish them are generally enclosed in brackets .
For further information, reference is occasionally m ade to the
Analytical and Practical Grammar, in which the subjects generally
are treated of with greater fullness, especially in Syntax, than
in this compend.

VIII

PREFACE.

PLAN OF THIS WORK.
1. In this work the leading pri~ciples, definitions, and rules,
forming by themselves ;rn epitome of Grammar, are printed in
hrger type, and expressed in bri ef, accurate, and simple language,
so as to be easily committed to memory.
2. All that is necessary to fi ll up this outline, and with it to
form a CO!J1pl ete schoo l grammar, is inserted in its place in smaller
type in Observat ions and Re marks, not to be comm itted to memory, but to be st udied more fully in connection with the leading
parts, ·in subsequ ent reviews .
3. The whole is perspicuously arranged under distinct sections
and heads , all of wh ich are numbered separately ; and now , in
addition to th is, all the paragraphs are numbered by a running
series of numbers, rendering it easy to refer to any particular part . ,
4. At the close of each part of speech, and frequently at intervals nnd er different heads, Exercises , si mple and easy, are introduced, for the purpose of rendering the pupil fam iliar w ith each
step as he goes along, and better prepared for entering on th:i.t
which is to follow .
5. The leading rules of Syntax al ways stand at the top of the
page; and und er each is presented, in special ru les, in small
type, or in observations and remarks in type sti ll sm aller, all that
is ne cessary to con-1ple te or explain the subject of which it treats;
anti then un'.l er t hese are furnished examples of fal se Syntax to be
corre cted-an exercise of great importance , to render the principles previou sly st udied, and their use,_ famil iar to the_pupil.
6 . For the same purpose, nucnerous exampl es of false Syntax
under all tht• ru les are furni shed at the end, promiscuously arranged . In correct ing these, it wi ll always be proper to s hew
wherein they are wrong, ment ion the rule which they violate,
and give the rule or the reason for the change made.
7. In Analysi s and Parsing, it is important that one uniform
method , the shor ter 1he be1ter, provided it be accurate and fu ll ,
should be pursue.I ; either that here recommended , or such other
as the teacher may prefer; and that the rules, when repeated, be
repeat ed accurately in the very words of the text.
8. The subject of ComposiLion, at the end of the book, will be
a proli table study fo r the pupil after he has stud ied the grammar,
and fu rni sh the mean.
tantly appl y ing its principles.
instead of
m et hod, tlie s

INDEX AND TABL·E OF CONTENTS.

GRA>nIARP-:r"i.ao~~j~.".c.°.~~~ :~: :~~t:

Qucst:ons on · · · • • · • • · · • • · · ·

.:::::':': ::-:: : : : : :·:·: -: :::·:::::~u .

PART 1.-

0RTHOGRAPHY.

iii~rn;~~r~;~~~~~r~.f;'.;~: ;,;<~>ii/.:f./;ii+i:.:.
0

Ge neral rules for · .. • · · · · · · · ·
PA.RT n.-

>>E~

ET\"l\IOLOGY ·

r~r;~£5J1if:'.U~J:;1; \:'.il\!i!i i!'.\l'.i'.li'.:.:I

Number of, Plural, R~1~:~ . . .... . . .. .. ... .... ... ..... . . . . .. ... .. 13

~.~:~.~~~~'.~,'.~:~:··>':': : ·:·: :·:·:·:::::·: :::::·:::::::·:·:::::: \g

Case of..

Nommauve , Const~ction of, ac;; the rnhject ......... . . . 59
As the pre.d1cate. · · · • · · · · · · 104
Independe ut · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 127
d
f
...... .. . .. ... ... 1()
Possessive, how form~ ' use 0 · • · · · · • , •• • .•• • ••••.. • • 17

on ····· ··::: .......
... · 105. lOG
• . .. ...... .'.. 16
b;
By Jntrans1t1ve Verb::. · ·-··

Obsen.·au~ns

Construction of·· · · · · · ·

msG~~.;; 1~~d· ".j.~;;1 ;;;~~~ -~·c·tiv~~ Verbs::: :~: ~g

Objective,

By Pre~sitious. · ·· · ·.·· · ~: :: ·. : :~g~
1

11

n.

.... ....

Of time, plac~'. .'~.e~~~ ~'- ~~~~::.~?~·17
Parsing of, l\ileth?d of· · ::;i~ • :::: .• ~ • ·• ••• • •• •• • • • • • •••••••••• • • 103
Con.:.truction of, Ill ~ppo::.i
..•. . . ....• . •.•.•• •. •• •• •. .. . I S
ARTICLE, Defi11 itio1~ and U ie of. :: :·.:::::······ ... . .... . ... . . · ·· · · ·· · 123

III .

Co11~:1 r~c~?';h~f·iV£e.1i1~d

Par::.11~r;1111111
..

ADJECTIVE,

g~

n

~f

omparis

of. ..... .. ....... . .. . . . .. · • .. •· .. , .. ; ~

Observa1ions ou, Numerals ...... ......... .

? 0 11 ~f

all(\ Observations on.····· ··· ·· · ··· ···· · · · ~i

Ir;e,,..ular .. . · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · ··'' · · · g7

ructionof~h~· C~~p~;;1 ;,~~. ;;1~1· S~p~;l~li;e .".".'." i i5,· i.~~
Parsing of the, ~'I~t.hod of, Exercises on··· •·· : : ". '. '. ~::: : : ~ 22

Const
m
1.

v·

P aoNouss. 1 Defini~ion oml d1v_is1onfof · · · · · · ·:: ::::::::::: . .... ..... . . 22
'
p _ l D eclen...;i,1on o · · · · · • • • ·
'23
er::.ona' Ob5ervlitions on•· · · •U' • · • • .. . • •• • · : : : : : : : : : : : :2.l
P arsing, Methcxl of .. .. ·· ···· · · ::: : ........•. .. 99
Construction of · · • · · · · · · · · · · · · •
24

Relative,

36~~~~~~;'; 0~1~ ~~~·/::::
Parsmg, Met

:.: : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : ::

:~~

. .......•• , ..• 101

Construction of·· · .. • · · · · .. · · · · · ·
26
Interroio.tive, whati O!JservatiOJli on·· ...... .. •• . .... .. • ..

x

CONTE NT S.

IV. Pnoxou ~s, Arljec1ive, Division of· · . . . • . . ..... . . . .. .

b~:ri~~~~~~~-~ :::::: :::: :::::.·:.: ::: ::::::: ::::::~

.construction of . .•.•• ••• ."·· ········· · 27
D ernons trat1 ve .. . . .. . . .. , ..• .. .. . . . . • • • • • • • · · · • • 97
.
Cons truction of. . • • • •
' · • • · · · • • • • · 28
· · · · · • • • • · · · · 97, 98
I nclc fi rnte .. . . . . . . . . • • . • . ·
V y
Parsiu• Method f
· ••· • • • ·· · • • · • • · · • · · • · · 28
·
E R B , p e fi n i_tion an d D i vi si m~ ~ f....... ~-· · ·· · · ·· · · · · · · ··• · •. ••....•• • • -~~
~~u~~~ nive a~ 1d Imru1 1si1ive, defined·:
· 30
. t v 1~1?11 of1 Ill re ~pc<: t ufform ·· ···· -~-1
Js t.ngmshed·· · . ·· · ·30, 3 l
Aux1\1a ry, what ; Obse rvatio . .. ... . .... •. ••• •• • . •. . .. 3 1
1 01
J~it~ec 1 i~11 of· . . . . . . . .. .. .. . ~ ~. ~ · • • • • • • • · • • • · • • • • • •• • • • • ••••• • 32
\ 01ce , Ac ti ve and P as:;ive def1 n~: ::::: · · · • • · · ' · · ·' • • • ·" ...... 34
• • Obse rva tion.-; OH ·· ·· .. . . :::::·· · . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . 34
,
1
M~oods
, Dcfirnt 1un and Dii;tinct ion o(. : . ... .. ... . ... . ... . ... . .... 3-1,
O bs~n·nt.i ou s on. .... • •• •. •• •• : : ." • • · · · · · · · • • • • · • • 35
SnbJ 1.11 ~(· tlve 1 Co1Lo;true t ion of . .. • . :: . . . ...•.•• .• . ·36
T
. . I nfii11t1\'f!;, Co n<::tructiou f
. . ... . .. . . . . · 11 2
cnses, D1stmetio 11 and De fini tion of .. ~. ·.:::·. :·. ::· · ···· · ··· •· · · 111
O bse n ·ations on . . • • . .
· " • • • • · · • · 371 38
p . .
Cons truct ion of:..
· · · · · ' · · · · .. . ' ...... ···· ·· 39
nrt 1c1pleci, Definit iou aml Ust:of.. ·. : : : '.:·.: ·.:: : : · : · · · · ••· •• • · ···1 24
Pres\!IH.Aetive i11 a P UEsivc se1 . •.•... . · · · ·4li 42
i As n V~r al
ise .. ........ . .. .. -42
r
Cons truc tion of··· · . . . .. b No wi .... •• ... · · · •·• . 43
Nm~1ber .a nd P enson of... ... . ... . ...
·" .. . . ... · ... • .... ... ·109
Co11Jugatm11, and Fo rm~ of . .
. . . , ..... ..... ... • .. • ... .• . 43
R eg':l!ar, to lovc 1 Ac tiv; v~ ice ..I~~fl
43, 44
~ars mB' of th e1 l\1e1hod of · . . . '. .... ~~t1011 ot ........... . ... • .... 45
N egom·e fo rm of . . . . . . . .
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • •• •• • • 48 40

'd·a: .:.... :... ......... .

· ..... "'.' .... ·· ... ·......

~~~~;~~:i~'. ~· f~~:: ir::: . . . :-:-_:.·.·::.·::.·.·::.·.·:::. ·::.·.·::.·.·::.·. ·:.:'-. g~

P assive vo1ee, Iu flection of ... . •. . •. •... .. . • ••.•.• . .. ••. . . . ~·. 55

:::~:~~~~1'.-.., ., • • !•••••••••:••••;•••••••::;r~
Cons t.rucrio11 or Concord ~i ~,;i~J; ·i ~ ~ N~ ": · · ~1 · •.. · ·· .... · · ...... 05
V\'ith tw o nouno i'n conne;tivn :'_1~,~~t. ~·~ :: .' • .' · • · • · · • • · • • • :83
.
ta ken ~epn
I
· • ·' • • • • • • • • • · 93
\V.11h 11crniuati\•P.i; of diirere ra re Y~· ·· ...... . ......... .. . ·84
VI A "
\ ':1.th collec tive aowis · ·· · ··n·t· pe r~on.s .. ••••• • •• ••.. • •. . • . g5
·
D ERB, Dr.fi 11.1~:o n . a nd u~e of... . .... . .
" " .. •• •• •• • • ..... • ...... 96
Cias.-;;i ft ca non of, and Obsenr t' o '· · • · · • · ••• • •• ·' • ·" ·• •• · · · · 65
r:arsu1g o( the, i'\fo thod of UJ;~ I £ ' s o.n .' . .". . • •• • ... . ... •• . • . . .. 66
Lo11..s1ruc11011 of... . ..... ~ . .
xetcISe~ on . .. ... .. . . .. ...... 68
.,
P osni1111of· ·· · · · . . .•.• .• • .• : :::·· · ········· · · ···· · ········117
VII. I RJ!Posn10xs 1 J?t!0 11.it io11 and use of .. . .. :::::::: ::·.: "· " .. .. " • .. · 11 8
I;1s~ ,c:>f , <llld Obeervn tions on . .. . ...... . . . .. • •••.• .• .. 68
I a r:-.11 1r,, ~Ie t hod of and Exerc ises on ...... • •• ••• . . . ·~9

·

V III I '

,

Co1 1s~ ut·11011 of.. · ·· ··.....••. •• •

. • • •• • • • ... ' ••••••

,o

L ist of, Use of, Observ .
• •• ••• . ..••• .• • • ••• •.• 92
Pars ing , l\fethod of ..~t~~ns on ...... . .. ....... ... ·70
IX _ C .· .
C o11~ tru ct io11 o;· .... .' ~ •• •• · · ·· · · · · · ··· ··· ··· · ······ ·7 l
O~ J U.N CTIO xs, D efi n.i t:on and Divis ion of . .. .".'.'.' .'.' . .' .. • . ... ........ • 12 0
Pars mg, i\Ie thocl of ... ........... : • " •' .. · · .... • · • .. . 7 L ·
Cownru ctiou of
· · • ' "· • • • "· • • · · · 72
PARiI)(G. E trmolo«ical
11 3 114
Specime~1s of ... ~ ..1 ~:i~n of ·" ' "" •" · " .. " · .. · , .'.. 72
.

N TE RJE CTIO x s,

XI

CONTENTS.

ri "fi;: '."" ................... ....·
Rules for, rmd Exc rc is: ~·d · ·i ~·:" ... · ......... ···· · 74, 75
,
.... .. . · • •·• • ••• • • ·· ·76- SS

PARSI"N G, S yntaCtical, De fi nition of. ••••••• . . .' • • • . . .••. . ••. .. . . 132
Specimen• of. .•.. . .. • , .....••. . . , ...•... .... .. 132-134
PART 11!. -SYNTAX,
SY NTAX, D efi nition of • · • • • • · · • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 86
Ge neral Princip\eli of, P arts of .. •• · • • • • .. • • .. • • .. • .. • • • • • • 87
RUL ES OF-viz.
.
RuLE 1.
A verb mu~t ngree w it!} it5 nominative ... · •· •• • •. •. · • . • · 88
Spcci ul ru les. uuclt: r Ru le I····· · · ·· .. • .. ·· .. • • • • • • 89 ~
n
A trnn5iti ve v~ rt in the ac tive voice , &c .. .. . .. .. . . . . .... 90
Sptc ial ru les unde r H.ule II .... • · • .. · .. · • .. .. · • .. • • · .. · 9 l
iu.
P repos itions gove rn the objective case, &c . . .• • .. , • .••. i.12
rv.
Two or more substant ives sing ular, in co1111ec1 ion ~ & c . . 93
· v.
- - r - - - - - - - - taken se parate! y, l\ c . . • · · · • · 94
v 1.
A verb with nominati ves of di ffe rent person~ . • •• .•• . • • .. 95
v 1t.
A ver b with a collective noun . .. . ... . . . ....... . ..... . 96
:vMt.
An adjective qualifi es the sub~ tam i ,·e , &c. , . • . .. . . . .. . , . 97
L'<.
\ Vhen two per3011s or thing!'. are contrasted, & c • • . • •... •. 98
x.
Pronouns agree with the nc uns 1 &c ... .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . 99
. xt.
T he relative agrees with its antecedent, &. c · · · · .. •. · · • 101
Special rules and observation;:; unde r R ul e x r. . · •• ·• · • • • 102
XII .
S ubstant iye s denoting ~he same th ing, &c· ·· • . . ..... · 103
xni.
T he pre<l1cate subgta1111ve after a ve rb, &c. · • • • • · · · • · • • 10:1
XI\'.
'l'he posse~sivr. case • • · • •• • · · · · • • · · • • • • • · • • • · · • • • • · 105
x v.
" The n the present partici ple is used asa noun , &c · · · · .. 108
:X ' ' l .
T he present parti ciple with an a rt icle befo re it, &c · ·· ·109
x v1 r. T he '(>SSt participle is used ufter hav e and be , & c · ·· · ••• ·1 10
1 v111. 'rhe mfhuti ve mood is governed, & c.-·· ·" ............ 111
XIX.
rl'he s ubj unct ive mood · ·• · • .. • • · · · · .. · " • • • · · · •· · • 112
xx..
Conjunctions connect words or sente nces ·· · • · . .. · • • • • • • l J 3
:x.xr.
Some conjunct ions hav e correspond ing conjunctives. · ··· 1 U
x x n. Comparative de gre e, and the pronoun other, &c .. · ·· ···1 15
x x n 1. Double comparatives nncl s uperlat ives, &c · · · · · · •• • • • • 11 6
x x rv. Ad ve rbs modify ve rbs, &c . ....... · · · · ...... . . ·• . .. ... ]17
x xv . Ad ve rbs are f<?r the most pa rt placed 1 &c . . · . . · .. • · · · • · • 118
x x vr. '11 w o n~ i:tatives in the same sentence, & c • · · • · · · · · · · · · · 119
x xv11. P rcpos111ons befo re nam es of places ·.· · ·· · .. · · .. · · .... · l 20
xx vnr. Certain w ords rutd phrusc s mu st be fo l\ owecl, & c .. • • · "· • 121
xxtx. 111 the use of verbs, &c . the order of time, &c. · · · · • •• • • • 124
x:x:..-x.. ' ¥hen a me mber of a se ntence re fe rs to tw o difte rent
cl auses , it should be, &. c. · · · · .. · · ... · .. . · .. . · •· · ·) 2.6
XX.."{1. Case absolute · · · · • · · · · · • • · · · · · · •. · · .. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1'27
xxx1 t. '£he ar ticle A , &c .. · · · · · · · • · • · • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · · · · · · · 128
x x x 111. A n e::l\i p£:. is is ad mi ssible when, &c .. • · · · • • •• · · • · · · · • •• 130
xxx1v An e.ll ips is is notnll owab\e w hen, &c ....... · .. ..... ... 13 1
S YNTA....x. · Prom iscuous E xercises on Rules of. · · ···· ·· · · · · ·· 135- 1-16
· 1 Miscell aneou~ O bse rva tions .. · · ...... · ·• · . .. . ... · ... ·1 46
I mprope r expre~s ion8 cor rected. •• ·•· · · · ··· • ·· ···· ··· · 150
P UNC T UAT ION , R u\et:> for •
151-1 57
Abbreviations . • • • · · · • · • • • • • • • • · • • • • · • • · · • · · · · · · · · · · 158
0

0

00

00

0

0

00

•

. . . . ·•

..

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

0

5

~-~'~.!if~ph. .".

·. 1~ii

Capijols .
:·.". ".". •• : ·.".".".".". ".". ·. ·. : : : : : : ·:: .".".".'. •• '.".".: : : : :
R hetorical divis ions of a di scourse .. .. .. · .. • • • • .. · • • .. · · · · · ··· · · WO
Composition, di fferent k inds of, Prose . · · ··· ····· · · · ···· · • · l GO, 161
P oetry · · · • •· · •• · ••• · · · · • · • · . . -162
F igure•, v iz. of E tymology · · · · · · ·. · · · · • · . · · · • • · .. • . · •. •· · • oo 161
O f Syntax and of R hetoric• ·•• · · ·· · · • · • • • • · · · · 164
Poetic lice nse .• · ·· • · · · • • • • • • • • • • • · • • • · • • · · · • · 168
PART I V.

PROSODY.

PROSODY 7 D efi nition of. · . · · . · · . · · · · · • • .... • • • • .. · • • · · · • · .. · • • • 169
E locution· •······· . · · ·· ·· ·· · . · ·· • ······ · ··········· 168
\1 er~ ific ation •••• •• · . . . •• • . •••• •• · · · • · · • • • · • • •· •• •• 179

Iambic V•r<• •· . · .• .. .. · · · · ·· · ·· · ·· · ·•• · · ...... ·· · ·1 72

XII

CONTENTS.

,:::::::.~;g;,J,:)

;:; i il

H 111t.; for coi rcct und elegan t writi11g •• • .... . ••• ••• · 184

GRAMMAR .

APPE:\'D!X.

:;. gr~'l~!'n~;i~:; ~r :~,~;.~~ .-.-.-~ ::::::::: :::::: ~:::::::::::.·iii.~

:~;.'

li;;;
~~r\~,

EH;;
XIX.
xx.
X.X.L

1·

~he 11ou u ur snb.stiultlve. ··· · .. . ...• •. . .. ... .. . . .•. . • · • 196

f~}j~~~j"}" •i:

!

•

:

i

!•••••••

1·

l"
I

..

;J~tl;cc· u ve pronouns . .••• ••. . • .• •. •.. . . •. •. . ..• . •••• . •. •>us

~~~~~~;i~:~'.t~~:~L ~-;· ~:;·: ~ ~~ :·:·::~ .:~ ~.:;· ~~ :· : ~; ;-~;.J~i

Th ~ p~ruc1p!e m tn~ Ill a pa~.sivc sense • · ..•..• , . •.• . . · 211
T \ \ o hr.st, th ree last , &c • •• • • • . . · .....•• •••• .••.••• • • • '>15
First Wld Sf'"conC • ••• • ••• • • · • • •.. • • •• •••• •••••• • •• • •• 211

...

I. GRAMMAR is both a SCIENCE and an ART.
2. As a ScIENCE, it investigates the principles
of l~nguage in general. When thus used, it is
denominated GENERAL or UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR;
and sometimes Co MP ARA TIVE GRAMMAR.
3. As an ART, it teaches the right m ethod of
applying these principles to a particular language,
so as to express our thoughts in a correct and proper manner, according to established usage. App. I.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
I

4. ENGLISH GRAMMAR is the art of speaking and
writing the English language with propriety.
5. GRAMMAR is divided into four parts; namely,
Orthography, Etymolog y, Syntax, and Prosody.
[6. Orthography treats of letters and syllables ;
Etymology, of words; Syntax, of sentences; and
Prosody, of elocution and versification. ]

I

i.

I
I

l

•

2

BULLIONS'S

SERIES o:i, GRAlllllIARS,
AND ELEMENTARY CLASSICS.
P UBLISHED BY

PRATT, vVOODFORD & Co., NEW-YORK.
This series consists of the following worxs. yiz :
I. PRACTICAL LESSONS IN ENGLISH GRAMMA R etc .
. This little book contains a brief synopsis of th e leading princip les of English Grammar, every p.art of which is illue•rated by
a great variety of exercises, of the simplest character, adapted to
the capacity .of pupils at an early age
II. THE PRINC IPLE S OF ENGLISH GRAllfM ..\R etc.
This work is intended as a schoo l Grammar 1 for the' 'se of
classes pursuing thi s branch of study in the comm on schools or cif
the ,iu nior classes in academies. It embraces all that is i mp'ortant
on the subj ec t, expressed with accuracy, brevity, and simplicity,
and is peculiarly adapted to the purposes of instruction in public
schools ..
IlI.

THE ANALYTICAL AND PRACTICAL ENGLT'>H
GRAMMA R .
This ·work, designed for the more advanced classes in schools
and academies, is prepared on a more extended plan than the
preced ing, though not essentiall y different from i1 . Th e arrang,,ment !except rn syntax), the definitwns, an•! rul es ·are the same,
but ·wnh much g reater fullness in the illu strations and exercises
i ntende.d to lead the student into a thorough and critical <1cquaint:
ance wllh the structu re and use of the E;nglish language.
IV. EXERCISES IN ANA LYSIS AND PARSING.
This little work cons ists of selections in prose and poetry fro :n
stand a rd writers, so arrang~ J ~s to furnish a conven ient and progress ive covrse of. Exerci ses Ill .A nalysis and Parsing, in every
van ety of style, w it h such occaswnal references to the grammar~
as are deemed necessary to expl ain peculiar or difficult const ructions. To th is is prefixed directions for the a11alvsis of sentences
anrl models both of ~nalysi s and parsing.
•
V. THE PRINCIPLES OF LATIN GRAMMAR.
This work is upon the foundat ion of A\!am's Latin Grammar.
so long and favorably known as a text book 1 and combinl!s with
all that is excell ent in that work many impo rtant cor.rections ar.d
i mprovements suggested by subsequent \.•riters or the results of
the author's own reflection and observation d~ring many years
as a classical teacher.

VI. JACOBS'S LATIN READER .
This work forms a sequel to the Grammar, and an introduction
to the study of the L atin classic authors . It begins with a. seri~s
of simple and plain sentences mostly selected from classic writers, to exemplify and illustrate the leading constructions '?f the
language followed by Rcarling Lessons, of pure an d simple
L atin, chie tly narrative, by which the pupil, while he becomes
fa miliar witb. the constructioh of the langu age, 1s also made acquainted with many of the 'most prominent characters. and mythological fab les of antiqu ity, as well as w ith the leading events
in Roman history. Throughout the work, references are constantly made, at th e foot" of the page, to the Grammar and . fotroduction, when necessary to explain the constructwn or assist the
pu pi! in his preparations.
VII. ClESAR' S COMMENTARIES.
In this work, . the plan of ~he Latin Reader is carried on
throughout. The same introduction on the Latin irlioms is prefixed for convenience of reference, and the same mode of r eference
to the grammar a nd introduction is coutinued. The Notes are
neither too meagre nor too voluminous: they are intended not
to do the work of the student for him, but to direct and assist
hi m in doing it hi mself. It is embellished w ith a beautiful map
at Gaul, and several wood-cuts representing the engines of war
. used by the Romans.
VIII. FIRST LESSONS IN GREEK.
This work is intended chiefly for those who begin the study of
Greek at an early age; and for thi s reason contains only the outlines of Grammar, expressed in as clear and simple a manner as
possible. It is complete in itself, being a Grammar, Exercises,
R eading book, and Lexicon, all_in one; so that the pupil, while
studying this, needs no other book on the subject. The knowledge acqu ired by the study of this work will be an important
preparation to the young student for commencing the study of
Gree)<: gp~mmar with ease and advantage.
IX. THE PRINCIPLES OF GREEK GRAMMAR .
This work is intended to be a comprehensive ma nu al of Greek
Grani mar, adapted to the use of the younger as well of the more
advanced students in schools and colleges. Both in Etymology
and Syntax, the leading· prin ciples of Greek Grammar are exhibited in definitions and rul es, as few and as brief as possible, in
order to be eas il y comm itted to memory, and so comprehensive
as to be of general and easy application . Thi3 work is now more
extensively used than any other of the kind in the country.
X. GREEK READER .
This work, like the L atin Reader, is properly a sequel to the
Greek Grammar, and an in troduction to the study of the Greek
classic authors , and seeks tO accomplish its object in the same
way as the Latin Reader. See above, No. Vl.

