a7
20

NASHVILLE, T ENN.,

NE~V

A

CERTIFICATES .

SYSTEM

July 18th , 1859.

l\fo. S. S. CAr.uwEJ,r,,
1 h :rrc loo ked t hrou gh Caldwell's Grnmmar--a portly octavo of 3!)G
pages, adm irab ly go t up. '!.'his is one of its distin g uishi11 g features-its
size a nd s ty le. '1.'hc author seems to have spared no p:~ius to make it
~ up c ri o r to all oth er work s of this class. A p ec uliarity of this Gr:Hnmar
is th e large space devoted to exe rcises in parsin g-the repetitions arc
woll ndnptod to fi x t ho pri11 oipl cs in the student's mind. 'l'h e boo\c is end orsed by mnny li tera ry gentl emen, some of whom arc expe ri enced
teachers, wh ose yenli ct .is of more co nscqucnr.c than min e. The :\,Uth or
·h as made a few corrections in t his scco nll edi tion , which I think decided
imp rov ements. L et [.hose co nce rn ed g ive it a fair trial. lt is a Sonthern production; and Sou thern ers oug ht to patronize li te rature when it
challenges co mpariso n with that which comes to us from ol.h cr qnar ters.
'l'uos. O. SuMMEl\S.

OF

ENG-LISH' GRAMMAll,
.

IlY THE STU DY OF WHJCJJ

YOUTHS AND ADULTS
ll AY DECO )1£

ACCOMPLISHED GUAMMARIANS
IN

THRJ~E

OR

FOUR

MONTHS,

J

·e;

s·E C 0 N D E D I T I O 'N.

Nm>Dliil!e, 'i!Cenn.:
P R I N 'r E D F 0 R

T II E

AU T H 0 R,

AT THE BOUTil ERN MET UODJST PUTILI SHINQ HOUSE.

1859.
f'

't/

"

i

'. '\.:.

i

l.1/{f
~~ '· . l .
\.

\,l

}t) ·(.. (}.',_ ( v ·i •' V i

C.c1..i ct t c' r: ( -L

•;

":·

I

'\
()

.

,, ..

... ..

. ~

~

·)

•'

... : L (., ':. .', ~,(

CERTIFICATES.

'

s. s.

CALDWELL.
DEAR Sm : Agreeably to your request, I have made as thorough an •
examination of your work on English Gramma.r as my limited time will .
allow; and I am decidedly of the opinion, that, from its thorough,
~uialys is and frequent repetition and explanation of principles in the nu-.-"
merous ex~rcises given, that for Foreigners and persons wishin~ .to ac--·
quire a knowledge of the English language without the aid of a,'.I:eacher, .
it is. superior to any work now published. Also, for Teachers of large ·
promiscuous schools, having little time to make necessary explanations,
your work will ·prove an invaluable auxiliary.
·
very respectfully yours,
R. M. SA WYER,

·.\
'·'·.:..·

Formerly Principal of Franklin Institute, ,
St. Mary's Parish, La. ~·
NEW lnEUJA,

LA., May 9th, 1855.
HoL111ESVILLE,

, 'fl

'.-<,

, :,I

''

~

LA., Dec. 18th, 1857:.

DEAR Sm: From such examination as I have been able to make or·
your grammar, within the limited time allowed for that purpose, I am
convinced that it will prove a valuable ·addition to the useful text books
r ecently contributed to the public. 'l'he Rules which are announced in .
terms clear, simple, and suited to the comprehensions of all, are fol- :
lowed by such ample, practical application:;;, that the student of ordinary ·
intelligence can scarcely be conducte~ through the work without becoming familiar with the structure and grammar of our language. The
work must cbmmend itself to . all who examine it, more particularly to
thoRc engaged in the vocation of teaching, whose labors it will materially diminish. I trust sir, that it will meet with popular favor, and be
brought into general use.
Very respectfully your obedient servant,
GEo. R. Krna,
Ex-Supreme Judge of La.
SrnNEY S. CALDWELL.
BATON

'\
. I\ '

•

·.I

.:

RouoE, March, 1858.

l-IoN. E.W. FULLER: From an examination of the MS. copy of Mr.
Sidney S. Caldwell's new system of English Grammar, submitted to me
by you, I am induced to give it as my opinion, that he has done much
towards uniting the practical with the theoretical. The principle and
the application, the doctrine . and the illustration are so blended by him,
as to enable the student, with but little effort, to understand thoroughly

'

2

CEliTIFICATES.

of the English fongua gc. I t.rust tlrnt 1 ·,
, i1 s
a . o1s m.1y c duly appreciated by every school teacher a l J
his work merits:
' , nc t. iat h e may
meet with such enconr!tp;cmcn t
ltcspect.f'ully yours, &c. ,
,V. J·. 1Lli\ll LTON

:is

S tate S u pc ri11 fc n•l c 11 t. of l'ul, Ji c Edu c:i ii'on.

LAGllA NGJ:,

3

CERTIFICATES.

f_~ ~unclam~utal principl e~

KY., l\foy 27th, 1858.

Without making any rna:~al innovations upon the pth1ciples of 'the
science, or th eir practical appli cation, as fo und in other popular treatises,
i t presents the subj ect in its simplest and most natural form, clearing it of
nil obscurit.y; and by the numcrnus ntH.l varied examples ·in Parsing,
whi ch it g ives under each Rui c, it easily initiates the learn er into t he
a11:1.lyr.atio n of the E nglish l:ingua ge; at once famili:trizing him with
\JoU1 the reason and app lication of the definitions and rules.
I venture nothing in saying, that you will have rend ered an important
se rvi ce to the cause of education, by t he publication of your work;
;111d I sin cerely hope, that you may meet with that encouragement and
.s llcccss, at the hands of a liberal and enlightened public, which th e high
merit of your Grammar so well deserv es.
I have the honor to be, dear Sir, your obt. servt)

A. L. •ruc1rnR.
I concur in the opinions as above expressed.

A.

EDWIN DAVIS.

From the examination I have been able to give the prepared Grammar of Mr. Caldwell, I feel warranted m concurring fully with the foregoing opinions.

G. B.
Editor of the

From th~ examination I li avc mad e of the
Eng lish grammar prcpared by Sidn ey S. Cald well I concur in
thc
op inion of the H on.
George IL Kin g.
' ·
FRA NKLIN, LA., I'Anrsn OF

Sr.

i\L11w,

Sept . 23tl, 1858.

.

Ihmrty GrnnoN.

FilANKr.rn, L.\ ., Sept. 25th , 18,58.

I lrnvc JU"t. examined
·l-' on E~ 11 g 1·is1l irrn rnm ar by E\idr1 cy c ('al I
b' · I ]•a wo1
we, ll.'. w ']11. c 1.1 ·1"
I
~
·· to the ' '"eneralil
>J.
. , cyonc tOuJt., mu ch snperior
v ot'
. "" < -

m .11 s now 11 1 nsc . and I
,
b
·'
g 1.m1.
tc;icl1 crs thron ~h~ 1;t t.hc sec no. reason '~ 1iy i.t sh onl~ not be ;ttl optccl by
wants of l i'orc ig 11 crs . ;iJsoco~1~~J~11t I }11111~ it ,pccul iarly adapted to the
8 0
lected th e ,tud , wh~n
' .
om O\\n co untry, who have ncgsuch a dcfe,ct i,·; 'thc cJ1 01~toc'.~tn "1")"o;~ "~llwlt~o rnay aftcrwarcls wish to corrc~t
•

~

•>

~~ : t u

C

llll C.

FRANKLIN, LA.,

s. s.

A . M.

Gazette.

Sept. 30th, 1858 . .

CALDWF.T,T,:

You r work bears evident .marks of great care and skill, and ripe and
accurate sch obrship. It excels most grammars in these particubrs; by
its fuln ess and detail, it will satisfy the inquiries of the advanced scholar;
by its plainn ess, it is suited to the necessities of beginners; and it
will be a suitrtbl c compan ion, n,t all stages of their progress. For these
r1u alitics, I cordially recommend it to students and teachers.
G. w. LANE, A. M:.

FRANKLIN , LA.,

CUAltI.ES BrtOWN,

SHEPHEltD,

Attak~pas

Sept. 30th, 1858.

l\Ia. s. s. CAI.DWEI.I.,
In complian ce with your request, I have examined your work on Engli sh grammar, and although m.y time was very limited, and consequently
my exa min ation a very cursory one, yet I can safely say, that your
work j nstly 111erits my high est commendations; and it will, I have no
doubt, be well appreciated by an intelligent public.
Very respectfully, &c.,
JA s. T. FONTAINE, M. D.

4
S.

s.

'·

FRANKT.IN, I.A.,

CAI.DWELL,

5

CERTIFICATES.

CERTIFICATES.

Sept. 301.li, 1858.

I am of the s:1111e
opinion, with re,i:rard
to yoi11· 'uo1·k
·~
,,
on J"<.ndish
gr:rn1mnr, as ex pressed b A
y
. L. 'l'uckcr, A. E. Dav is, a nd G- -. l'>. o
c.;1·1cp herd .

H.

c.

J> AL}'llEY.

Mlt. S;

s.

Oct. 3<l!. 1858.

FRANKLIN, LA.,

UALDWEr.L, '

With 'r egard to the system of English g rmnmnr that you have now in
manuscript, for puLlication, I am sntisfied, that it will meet the approbation ol' all T each ers, nnd every one who may be fortunate enough to hnve
a copy of it iu JJO~scssio n.
·
H.espcctfully yours, &c.,
ELIHU ALLEN .

MR

·

S S C
·

·

FRA NKLIN,

AJ,DWEI,f,,

LA., Oct. l st 1858
'

'

I have examin ed, with considerable ca r
.
' .
-. '
.
g rammar, and I h ave no hcsihli on in c c, y~m n c11 sy s tem of Eng lish
t he same . A work on ti'1c ']•' ·I· ·l lxprcssrng my. cordial approva l of'
,_ . l
_,11° is t an"uno·c
0 'o c wlu cl1 WJ·11 m a t er1·a I ly
aunl o-e tl1 e lahor of t he T . l ."', t ti
a n n c~1ui s iti o 11 of th e. i·cc· u·1·1cc.1tcl ]1 ~1, .ii I 1e same t1111c that it will foeilit:1ln
1
,i1ow ec ue Ly the
'l ·
] ·I
·
t I10 w:1.nt o f which has lonn· b ci ~ n fe lt i n'
.
pup'.'.
IS at cs1t ~ ratu111_;
the or-.111i on, that t h e o·1"1 111"'111 ·11· -. ot.n sc hoo ls ' .1 11d I aJU fully ol
o "
• :you now oJlcr ti1c 1 bl'
']j
·
matci_-ial.ly to supp ly thi s dcficici;cy.
1 u 1c WI SCI'\'C nry

FRANKLIN, LA., Oct. 4th, 1858.
From the ex.amina.tion which I have mad e of the treatise of l\lr. Sidney
S. Ca ldwell 011 Euglish gram mar, I am ;satisfied that it is a valuable improv0111cnt upon the works of other authors on the same subj ect, now in
!I SO in thi s co1.mtr,y; and I very fully ag ree with the H on. George R
King iu t he favorable opinion, which h e h as ex pressed of the work.

J.

W1 s_l[1lllg yo u every success in your cnterpr1'sc 11·l11'cl1
serv
e, - am yours, respectfully,
'
i ts merits ti c.
'

J.

1'1R. S.

w.

FRANKLIN,

s. CAI,DWEJ,L

LYMAN,

l\J. D.

LA., Oct. 1st, 1858.

l ..

Agr ccabl r to our ;. 0 1
work on E1;cr]'
qt~st, Ilh ave irntcle a lrnsty e:i:amin at_ion of yo ur
. . tl
·.
o JS t gi ammai nm althouo·h I a
an ee with the
·k ·
'
.
. .o
'm a" me · int rny acr1ua1nf. ..
.
woi IS nc ccssan 1y lrnutccl vet I l . t J ·
.
it the m eed of m
j' · _
_ '· J
'- 0 llO
lCS!tate to y1c]cJ
1
will s upply a want. ~lt~:;, f ~~ ;~~~. ~~?~·ofa.ti oll . I am p crsuatlod , that it
lon g, to sec it gc ncra.lly in i.rod u~ctl. s Cl rn our sc hools; and I hope, ere

1

V ery r espectfully,
Ho~IER.

SIDNEY S
"

·

C

FRANKr.rn, LA .,

ALDWEJ,r,,

I hav e examin ed vour system of rr .

II.

FRANKLIN,

s. s.

0

Yours respectfully,

R . N. J\Icl\Iu.r.AN,
Co ll eel or of C u, 1-01 ms.

LA., Oct. 4th, 1868.

CALDWEJ,J:.,

wi t h pleasure, it sh ould meet with gencrnl commendation. The examples
und er each Rul e illustrate, in a clea.r mann er, the principles of our lang uage, and ini tiate the student in a proper appreciation of the same. I
have found your definitions to be lucid, and npt to strike the mind. It
wi ll, T haYC no doubt, b e a powerful au x iliary to T each ers; am! it should
command the cucoura gcment of all those, who are the friends of edu cation.
It remains for me to cong ratulate you, on the tcsult of your labors ;
whilst I a.rn, very respectfully, yours, &c.,
ADOLPHUS OLIVIER.

Oct.. 2d, 1858.

permitted m y attention to it I , o ta11:.m:ud ~n :~o far as my time has
sition to thc li' st of'
]_ '
.nu com·rn cc it will be a valuable acqui.
·
our sc 1001 bor>ks 1 · ·I-1 .
. · ·
been more thoro o-J
. t
. .. · ·' ·
.m s my cxa u11nat10 11 co1dd h a>c
m e ntl it to the ;1t1'.~1~~rr~ ~;~?.s \ng? o.f tlhehFystcrn,.l find m orq to. co mit leaves littl e 'to b ,
'? . __
.c.ic ieis .t.n ~ t e irnbli c. In my opini on,
it trcnt-s . 't1·1d I th~· dl c~1t1e.~l as a.n cxpos1t1on of the ]11'inciplcs of which
,. · , •
rnc i u csc rv c~ ·rnl l l10 0 ·, 1·11
·
·
s upport of all wh . I· I .
.., '· l . . p Ji, w . r eceive the libera l
'a
,
·1
·t
t
'
ose
.i.Jo1s
autl
stntl1cs
it·
is
so
CDllll
Cntly
c·1lcufotcd
to
f •Cl l a. e.
.
•
•

WALKER..

I l1 ave examined your new system of English grammar, and I say,

SMITH.

d

w.

FRANKLIN, LA.,

S.

s.

Oct. 8lh, 1858.

0ALDWEr..r,,

My cxanti!l ation of your new sys tem of Grnmmar, has afforded me
nm ch interest,; and I r egard it ns a sourc e of pleasure to r ecommend it
as t.hc most complete system, on account of the brev ity and perspicuity
of its Hul es, and the clcnrncss of their exemplifications, that I have ever
scc11. I most. sincerely cong ratu late you upon the accomplishment of a.
1York, wl1ich, in my op ini on, aflortl s such g reat faciliti es to the student
for acqniring a knowled ge of the co nstru ction of the English lan guage ;
and wit.It an earn est wish for your success in introdu cing it, ge nerally,
as th e Rt.and:u·tl work upon gra.mrna r, I r emain very respectfu lly truly
yo urs, &c.,
I-I.

c. WILSON.

6

7

CERTIFICATES .

CERTIFICATES.

FRANKLIN, LA. ,

l\1R. SIDNEY

s.

JfitA NKUN,

Oci. 0th, 1858.

s. S.

CAJ,DWF.LI.,

I h:we examin ed yonr System of

]~n gli sh

Grammar, and I l1:wc no
h esita tion in saying, th at,, in my OJJinion, you lrnvc accomplished much
in m:ikin g clear and lucid to the student, many dillicnl tics to be fo und in
th e old f<ys tcm, by a co 11 eisc meth od of' clncidatin g t.l1 c v:wi ons prin ciples
of grnmmar, an d by g iving many examples to illust rntc yo nr deli11i tions,
:~~ wr ll as th e many ex :1111plcR of parsing, aml correctin g Fnlsc Synta x,
in which you apply tl1 e plainest Hnlcs an<l Notes. I think yo ur Systc1u
possesses man y peculiar merits, and wh r n once in t roduced in to our
schools, it will soon reconuuen<l itself, as being so far superior to nil of.li er
g rammars which I have seen, as to supersede them in a short time after
i ts introduction .
.
"'W ith my best wisl1 cs fo r your success, and h o11ing- tl1at oth ers who
arc better able to judge, rn ay forlll the same opinion of iLs rncrits , I am
very rcspccti'ully yours, &c.1
'l'nollIAS J. FosTmt.

s

D. D1mNJnT.
LA. , OcL. 22cl, 181i8.
PAmsrr

OF V E RMILLION,

LA.,

Anm; v1LLE ,

Oct.. 23 d, 1858.

8. S. 0AJ,DWELL,
In complian ce with your request, ~ have examined carefull y and critica lly, your ucw Sys tem of ED glish gr:unmar, and I fe el mu ch g ra tiGed in
sayin g, t.hat it is, in my ca ndid opinion, ccrktinly destined t.o supersede
all other grammars, now iu use, in our puhlic schools, scrni11arics, :ind
co lleges : in t his opiuion I bcl.i cYe the g re:1t budy of 'l'c:ichcrs will
co ncur full y wit.It me, al'tc r 11 ay i11g given it a cri tical ex:1 1lli11atio n.
Y our grammar will ttlso ]JC well adapt.eel to th e wants of th ose atl nl ts, who,
in earl y life, kw c g ive n litt.le or no attention to thi s all i111port::int and
most useful scieJ1 cc, whi ch is th e key by whi ch we r eadily co 111prehcncl
t.hc i11lri cac ics of th e Yari ous oili er sciences of our b11 g u:1gc. 'J'h osc
adults who may be desirou s to bcco1 11 c :i ccon11ilishcd g rau1111 :ui ans in th e
sl1 ortcst possibl e t ime, rna.y easily effe ct their object in a few month s, by
8Lud yin g your system of gr:L1nm:Lr.
1 rn ost earn estly recommend to all our publi c nml pri va te Tea chers,
:i s well as all youths and atlnlts who rna y wis h to sLml y grarnm ar wi thout
th e aid of an l nst.ru ctor, your invaluabl e work, th at th ey rn:1.y t csl; th e
j1tst.ucss of my r c1narks; fo r canJidl y, I c:in sec llO reaso n " ·hy it
~ !tuuld 111.1t beco me t he 'l'ext Houk ol' :ill t.!t e l'ubli c aml priy:il.c schools
of our CflJllJnon country .
'Wi slti11 g yon all Lh e S!1ccess co 111rn cnsu rate wit,h your nobl e and meritorious enterpri se, 1 r cmni11 , very rcspcctfoll y yo ur t> bctl ic11t ~crrnnt.,
A~LBH Ol S J, L ACOU P.

CALDWEJ,L,
S s•eni of En"lish irrammar, I
· 1 car·ef nllv
vour new
Y F_
o and" syste_mut1c
.
I-lavin cr exannncc
J J
•
•
ti
t lucid
·
""
·
.
1
\
,.
snre
that
1t
JS
ie 11105
· ln vour several rea t must s:i y, wit11 1nuc 1 P c.i, · · '
. . .
· ell
tl t I ]t·we c' er ex amm ·
J
•
'~.' r cn ti oc on gram.11'.ar .1a - .. cl; ;u1d th e .man y examples giv en of pa.rsmg
ViCS o11 Lhc lcn 11<11ls of spec
' 1 . . . <l the man y examples, wluch you
'. 'lt"t!
C.ly
·u11l t.o•TCt
JC\ ' . , Jll t' v pc1·t'\Jlllll
. • .
•e1··1l
L1Jf' lll ' I )() LI' l sc.p.
.
.
.
0 . ·1
" to ·1
" lC SC\
l
L 1 oJ 't ·1 \~e
' yn .1.A ,
'
o
d . 1'
l1a vc c;ivc11 am c~ rrcc cc ' b
. , l.' t, 1 Lhrourrhout yo1Lr work; au ti c
ch can c ".LO ,1 le~ ' h you" treat of Punctuation by
]1arts ol' speech wl~1 'C
'
) Jl
clea r com pre11cnsl\ Jll'UlU
- ' Cr J1I W llC. l' le aml correctm"
0 nl)ar Ya
•
' nuu1 crous cxa.mp
,
lcs under every •U
'
t
o-iyi n'"
·ledO'c
of
every
1rnportan
.
"'
""
. t
. ce a thoroug 1I 1-i1 ow "
. .
of th c111 , you seem o evm
'
. . 'culiar faculty of commuuJcatrng
principle ol' grnnnnar, and to yoss~~ ~1fc~1 a clear and brief manner, that
" our cl clinitions a.HC1 cxplnnations J l'I
lc1·stallCl them. You have
"
11
d lt ma.y rcaL 1 y um
,
.
d .
,·oulhs, as we as a n. s,
<l
1c1·ol1s cxarn1)les of 11:1rsmg an co1. ·'•"11·e11
·
1
t
·11
t"1t1
ons
an
nu11
·
'
·
.
.
suet ap 1 UH_ I<
d S t
thot ·111 rntellirrcnt you tlis
"r ectin o-,
v t
an
· I· yn. , ax,
· " ' a practical,
b
•
throu g1JOU(, .J!,
ymo\o"Y
b
'
y ocqll.ll'e
Jf
not 3.
"'
·11
t d •out' wor' HI.\ '"
'
•
•
nllll adults who w1 s u Y)
.
f'· v 111011 ths without an rnstructor,
,. " l"11l\l!lar 1n a C\
·1
.
'
t horou<»h knowl coge O< "' •
'
f
otlicr
svstcm
of
grammar
J '
~
whi ch "'c:i11not b c cl one b ), the stm1y o an Y
t ·'itl.i ouch cncounwemcnt
as your
within my knowledge.
0
.
1
tl . t vou m:i y mcc "
"
•
l srn ccrc1y iopc, i.L " . j "' th t its Jllerits may be n ghtly appre' ro rk justly dcscrvcH, a11<l et c. on"', a
tf ll
ci·1tcll by the i11 tclli gc nt publi c.
yours most res pee u Y'
'

•r

I li:wc cxami11 cu Mr. S. S. <Ja hlwcll 's imprnvc<l System of J t~ n gli sh
g rammar, as han<l cu to rn c in 111 a11uscript by the auU1 or, allll I t hink it
entit led to t he co11fidcncc aud liberal patroJiagc of the publi c.
FRA NKLIN,

Ocl. 25lh, 1858.

I

'fuos. G. WILSON.

G1.Jrn 01t ANGE , PAR!Sll OF

\
I'

ST.

Mr...

\

l

I
I

MARY,

Nov. lGlh, 1858.

S rnN EY S. CA1.mrnr.r1'1'
syster11 of English g r:11nniai·, and
.
· l . rcl'u y vo ur nc°I\ ·
·k
l h:tv c cxammcl
. c~
l ·' 1.t .
l eciclcd improv ement on any wo1
I gi vc it as my 01nnton, t iat
been a t cac]1cr for many
is a
o(th c kind, Lh:it I ]u~vc c~~~~ls~.~:~t is ~:~ne~sary to lead the minds of
Yearn , you appcnr to 1, now
1 k , ·] 1 e of th e principles of gr:wmrnr:
"clnldrcn,
.
t el ,g .. st·ep to 11ause and vi· ew t I1e
yout lis an cl ·.1l111Its tot 1c · now
'
.
l
I J
. . easy "tc11s an•1 a C' cq
to lead t Iicm 1JY \ CJY '. ' . ri' 11' ' t11 c . att·1in th e most 111orough rnow ccµ;c
scr ncry ~tround th em, Ltll u~:i ·~ . .
l
'"t~ao·c.
You hav e prcscutc<l the
11
of th e structure of th~ J•,;~gl\~ . . ~~0 oi ~ phase~ , an <l illustrn tcd th em
\',~'\his respect, especially, I think, that
prin cipl es of g.r::11nnrnr 111
by a.mpl r. , co'p1ous e:samp .cs .
tl c1· "•stern of "r:irnmar. Hy one
.
·
· 111cn
vonr
wor l( ·JS grca.tl Y st
. -or to any, o · 1 ··) iii:iy in o.a, ver y sl1 ort tn11e,
.
.
t .1t da tl y an y yomw man ' '
.
1
' '
.
"' ·'tl
t 'the aid of a 'l'cac icr .
11o ur' s attention o ., '
'
. t'1c·cl <'rarn111 arWn W l IOU
1
hceon1 c :t gool prnc " ,.., ' l
'i
f' tli c yon ths of our country,
·11 J 1 th·1t ·iro-c c a~s o
· .
f'
j\ lJ y 1rork t lt:tt WI
C(H
. '.
' c f
·1 cnJ tu re (O th e attall1lllC'll t 0
wh;J haYC 11 ot had th e pnv ilc~f? o. ea t Y. sh0l1l<l' certainly be hailed by
s t hat o <> t amrnar ,, .
f 1.
.l .
i;nch :·1 use f u science a.
·
I-I "' .
tl , t •on will be as success u 111
all , :iR a blessin g to om race. - ot'n g : a c;usc it to become the Text
in tro1l11 ein g your work to t.h c pnb/ c' ~~. ol · .and that you may be :imply
]3ook in t he sch ools and colleges o om .im ' '

H " "'

f

t ..

8

CERTIFICATES.

CERTIFICATES.

co mp ensa ted for your a rd nous labor of se veral years in comp os in g it ;
and that yo u m::iy live to sec it become th e s tandard work of our comm on
co untry , I am ve ry r esp ectfully, yours, &c. ,
STErnEN J. DAvn :s,

prch cnsiveness and the copiousness of its Rul es and examples, r ender it
equall y suited to the pupil of maturer ag e. I think it well deserves to
b ecome th e T ex t B ook, bot h in our l'ubli c schools ::ind the higher institu tions of learnin g in our bncl ; aud with my best wishes for your success, I remain, very r esp ec tfully, your fri end,

Pnstor of the l\Iclh. E . Clmrch, South, 11t Ne w lhcri11.

9

c.

S.

FRANKLIN ,

s. CAT.DWELL,

FRAN K LIN,

l\fo.

LA., No,-crnber 20i.h'.1 858.

CAJ, DwErJr.,

I lrnvc examin ed your N ew Syst<'m of E n p;lish grammar, ns carefull y,
as th e limited time allowed me would permi t; and ii" nfford s rn c mnr:h
pl eas ure to express th e opinion, tha t both in desig n aml excc11ti on, it.
m erits th e hi g h est pm isc. The work ~ce nrn to h e t he r esul t of Jlltt ch
labor nrnl r CSC:Hch, based up on a,n in tinrn te and th prough knnwl e1l g c o f'
th e En g li :~ h 1:11J guagc ; and it embracPs, iu a, con veni ent a11 ll comp endi ous
fo rm , ev ery t hin g r r lat iu g to I.he snhjr ct. Fro m it.s simpli city, it seems
admirnbly adapted to th e 'rants uf' t h o you ng beg inner; whil e its com-

s. s.

LA., Novemb er 20th, 1858.

CALDW E LL,

H avin g g iven yo ur " New System of En glish Gramm ar" such examination as to sa tis fy me, t ha t it will prove ::i very valuable book for th e youth
in our sch ools, a nd fo r th ose of riper y ears, I chee rfull y r ecomm end it
to p upular favo r. It is s uch ::i work, as has bee n mu ch wanted for
tc:w hcr an d sch olar, c:il eulatcll to relieve the on e from mu ch lni.inful, and ·
of't.c n p ro fi t less drud gery , and simplif:ying th e toil of the other. The
Jeadiu g ch oi.ra cteristic of yo ur sys tem is simplicity, whi ch enh n.nccs
g reat.ly its valu e ; esp cciaUy as your e fforts h av e been directed in frnmi1w
it l.o th e cduc:i.ti on of the yo un g ; while thi s proruincnt fe a ture r ccon~
m cmls it. cr1ually to th ose wh ose early edu cn,ti on has been defectiv e, ni1cl
to fo rei g ners. These m::iy learn h ere, as corre ct .a kn owl edge of th e
;;t ru ct urc and peculi ari ties of our sp ok en and written language, as from
any ot.hcr work; and m ore easily wi th out a teach er, tJ1 an from :my
g rnmrn ar n ow in use. There m ay exist s imilar works of 'lofti er pre tens io n ~ , bnt not one of mor e m eri t. I h ope its p opularity may be as
wid ely diffused as it deserves, and that it may b e ge nerally ad opted as
the T ext n ook in th e sch ools of our common coun try; o.nd more, m ay
yo ur yea rs of l1 arcl toil i11 the preparation of your valuable work, b e rewa rded wi th substn n tin,l ben efi ts to yourself, is the s incere wish of yours
truly,
JoIIN A UGUSTINE S~IITII.

or

F nANKr. rn,

SMITH.

J,A., November 1ith, 1868.

"'\Tith pl eas ure, I h ave examin ed yo nr N ew System of Ji}ngli sh gramm :u,
'vhich is, in my es timation, grc:Ltly s up erior to m1y oth er work of t h e
k i11d, tit at I h:wc ever scc11.-Your several Trcati cs on lan g ua ge, g rammar,
E ng li sh g r:rnnn ar, Ort.h ogr:iphy, ]1;ty111ology, a.nd Sy ntax toge th er, comp ri s in g th e ten par ts o f speech, of whi ch you first treat. briefly , aud then
111i1111tcly, arc g ive n in th e clear est poss iul c mann er; t l1at yo u th s as well
as aLlults, ma y r eadil y eomprch clltl Utc111 in :L very s hort ti111 c.-Aftcr
trC'atiu g of each of t h e ten parts o f speech in th e mos t lucid mann er, y on
t.h c m ust cu 11 eisc, sys t:e111a tic ord er ol' pars in g it,
g ive m :1ny cx:rn1pl cs
:1 r; well ns m:lll y cxarnpl cs of cu rr e c t in~ ti1.l ~ c sy ntax in whi ch it is misa ppli ed: whi ch is 11 ot d une by any oth er au th or on g r::mnuar, wh ose wor k
I 11 :we h nd t h e l1 ouor to cx:nn iuc.- Yo u nlso pnrsc m:i.uy exer cises compris in g a g reat vari ety ol' exa mpl es of th e ten par ts of sp eech; whi ch
I h ave n ever see n clone in any other work on granun ar.-Your ltnl cs
nnd No tes of Sy 11 tn.x a rc co ncise, aml t.hcy may be easily corn p rch cud cd
by t he you ng lca ru er, as well as the adult; and I 11 otieo tl1at yo u l1 av c
g ive n a g reat many cx~unpl cs of Fnl sc Sy utax un lk r ever y H.ulc wl1ich
can be v iolated ; ::ind yo u lrnve corrected nearl y eve ry exa mp le un de r
each H.ulc, lcaviD g bu t few e:rnrnpl cs to h e correctc•l hy t h e pupils. Your Tren,tise ou PnDctuat.i o11 'irill ccrtninl y enabl e all th ose, who mny
stud y it, to b ecom e accompli sh ed lm11 ctui sts in a, sh ort tilll e; as you
have g iven man y exa mples of F a lse 1:' u11 ctu:it io11 und er eve ry rul e whi ch
cau be viola te d, ::ind corrected n earl y all of t hC' rn. ] n rn y opinion, yo u
seem to h ave made ::i vast i111prov c111 ent in th e mode or teachin g g rammar;·
a nd I sin ce rely l1 opc, th at your iuvaht:1bl e work rnn y prove to ]; e th e
T ex t n ook of Olli' la nd , on thi s all important scien ce, whi ch is th e K ey to
a ll oth ers ; and tlrnt you rn ay be amply cornpcnsateLl for your anlu ous
task of scve rnl yea rs in writ in g it. - V cry respectfull y yours, &c.,
.J ou N U. GuHDY.

i'llrt. S. S.

l\'.l.

I

I
I
\

I

\VE l1a vc cxami11ed, as carefully as our limited leisure would p ermit
the proof~shects of "A NEW SYSTEM OF E No r,rsn GRAMMAR,'' by Sidn c~
S. Caldw ell, ::ind are pleased with the industry and fid elity exhibited in
th e t reatment of t h e subj ect. 'l'hc ex er cises are rcm;frka.bly full and
elaborate ; and a studious pupil cannot fail of being g reatly benefited in
th e fa it hful use of the wo rk. Mr. Cald well appears to have spared neith er
tim e, p ains, n or labor in l1is attempt to produce ::i p erfect work; and we
h eartily wish his enterpri se abundant success.
NA SH VI LI,E,

Feb. 14, 1859.

A. A.
F. n.

S Tr r T.
STITT.

10

CERTIFICATES.
NAsHYILT,E, TENN.,

Feb. 26th, 1859.

. . cl 'Our work entitled "A ~cw S,ystcm
I have at your reqncst, exa:u111e )I t' ' t ~ become fauuhar with all
Of ·
.'
·
, . " . nd without t 1c 1111 0 '
l ,.
Eiwli sh Grannll.cll. , .1
. l .
I · ·lt 1•0 11 k aiu(lll " the lll Ol C lll
l
"'
·
·
.
·
·f'l
ti
t
it
l c~ervcs a 11 .!.!
"
'
. ·:
. . . I ·,
't o tl ct·ul~ I :till sa.. t1s l CL
ia \\'h
. ·tJ· I l'IS S t l'lJ C,I· 111· e iuo
·ot
Ill its ]H'111 s.1 1,
"'
" ''
l .
·
''
·
i11111ruvclll e11 ts of tha t c aRs.
. • ',. • :t possesses a wonclcrl'ul va n cty .
1111
1
·
·
)
'l e 'lt the sarn e " c. i
"
'
1
I
f' s"i
.
iLs s11np I CI ty ~ ~v i1 . . . . k
" mbi nc a process in that Jr~~nc I o . "u .
It would be d1ili cult, I thrn to c~ ] t l lo the capacity of the yu uD~~
cncc whose grade wou ld be so we ate ap J.c ~vcll chosen and embody scnt1, ·
;l'l
·tntion
s are tnpI auL
' ·
t u[' :t l·-.i1ow be0'11111er.
ic I·11 us,
:
"l
t l cyond the' attammcn
•°:>
•
·111
· ·i ultot 1C S lllCll )
' f'dl 'I
mcut,5 t.hat w1 JC use .
l l
that this view may be vc n ic JY '
ledge of g ramurnr. I smcerc Y, 10~1~·1bors urn~ he amply rcw:irdcd.
practi cal expcrinient, aml that) our .' &,
l tcspectfully youis, c.,
N EILT. S. B1t0w~.

S. S. CAI.DWELT,,

I
f
f

I

CERTIFICATES.

11

NASHVILLE, TENN.,

Feb. 28th, 185!}.

'l.'o produce a good Eng lish Gra1.111nar is to confer a public good; and
from the slight examination that I have been able to give the work of
.l'IIr. Si<luey S. Caldwell, I think that it is a production worthy of comrne11 dation. Good i11 it.~ arrangcmcut, just and coucisc in its definitions,
wit.Ji an m111 Hwtl vuri et.y of excell ent examples, it will affurd the private
lea rn er a just :111d comprchc11sivc view of a very importn.ut science. 'l'l1c
limoral
ttle toand
its excell
value.ent seutiments contain ed iu the examples given, add no

A. P. J\l'FERRIN.

NASHVILLE, '.J.'ENN.,

Feb. 28th, 1859.

H aving partially examined the work of l\'Ir. S. S. 0Jaldwell on English
Gramrnar, I con cur fully in the se11tiinents of the Rev. A. P. l\l'J~errin.

of 'l'cu nessce .
Hon. N . S . B rown i's 'an Ex-o·overnor
t>

H uo n CARROLL.
NAsuvn.LE, T ENN. ,

Feb. 28th, 185\J . .

MR S S. CAJ.DWEJ,J,,

.
S t
of Jfno·Jish Gr:unn1nx," aml I
·
" 0
·k as well
as th e mann er u f'· its
:
I · have
exam ·rn ccl Your "New1 ys. cm
of
ti
e
woi
'
"
· p l'f'
· g· tlus
l
cthod
I yrn
,
hi ghly approve t ie HI . . . " I I rou,,ht to the task of snn
cxcc uti o11. yon have rn:.1 11 d. es t'. y , Jtl e "'c x1Jcricncc and rcfl ccti<J11 of years;
t. b rau e h of lc·1rurn
·, jf as .a pub most
importan
. . ·k ° Il · uust soon COllllllCll d l.se
lrn:c produced
a wor
w uc i J
aud you

r

lie bcnefo ctwn.

.
\:;
R es pectfull y yours,< c. ,

J·ouN L . '.l'. SNEED,

s. S.

CALDWELL,

. NASHVILLB, TENN. ,

March 1st, 1859.

An exau1iuation of your "New System of English Grammar," just
published in this city, satisfies ru e that it is an invalu able addition to our
c:it:ilognc of school-books ; and it should supersede, in a great measure,
all others of its class. Its arrangement is ad mirable in every respect.
Neith er t.J1 e teacher nor the pupil-not even students who desire to
acq llirc a kn ow ledge of Grammar without the aid of a teacher- could
desire a work better adapted to their wants.
R es11cctfully yours, &c.,

Atlorncy -Gcuernl of Tennessee.

w.

HY.

SMITH, .

Editor of the Patriot.

NASJl\"Jf,LE , "'
.th. :Nl
' N .,

Feb . 28th , 18.'J\J.

J\11~.

S. S. CALD\\' r-:r.r., . .
. o l of your "N cw SysLcn;t of E11.gl.i sh
I y constt
. : lc1"1)Jlc
11lcasurc in cxa1111nu111
g
..F ·wo
• nx l by
" yu1!rse
.
]lf Iwitl1
l . re,, t-tcl.::en
c
U r:1rn111ar," .JU St lSf' UCl ' . -~i.1_ f'rom m . irofcssiunnl c11 g:igcrn e1J ts wou .c
it 11'ith as inuchI ca re ns_ lc1.m.c 1 't ·II t.'JY,,1tyour
Prospectus re.prescntctl 1t
1
licnnit.. I nm p caRCl,
] s.'ll' ' to
"
' lbllC I dcl . )Jl.)'
'llTann·ctl, nu t] cas1' Iy co1ulll'C(
" "0 fu ll v am .[ S<I
.. 1·IS·1·,1
'. . 11ui .i I 11c f"1' ct
!Cl
. lie '111 d CVCll 111 01.c COi.i 1r1 ct.ca.
l>
,, '
.
t :111 t1c1pa tc.
c ' '·
·'
].t I
l1 cml cd tl1 a~l r. l1ad_ 1,caso11 0. fo rms C· f lTi uglish G ranunar ?xtaat, .t 1a ' .
>Cl'I Ol'lt.y to .1 11 of.h c1
.
J
·t· ad ·m..l work in Ute schools
"~ li1· uil'
. ,Sll]'
ul•l
]Je 111110·I·1 0...1..·1Liucd to sec it rn a1 c as ,1 ,
nf' our country .
1\ cspcc tfully yci m s, &c.,
J'A ~ li': S Il. JlH UCE,
«

Etlil c• r of .NnshYillc Gazct.tc,

Mrt. S.IDNEY S. CAJ,DWET.J,,

NASIIVILJ,E, '.l.'ENN.,

llfurch 1st, 1856.

I liave with g reat pleasure examined· your Grammar, and I give you
most cl1 eerf'ully rny opinio11 of' the work. So g radually and methodically
docs .it irnf'old th e prin cipl es and struct,urc of our lang uage, that the mind
is led to purs ue the pleasing inquiry without the consciousness of fatig ue;
a11d fr om t.hc cn~e of the acr1uisit.iou, it is astonished at the amount of'
i11forma tion obtained. Th e "System" presents all the beanty of' a rnnthcmatira l prob lem, the solution being effected by the continual use of
t.h e kn ow n, for th e di scovery of the unkn own. It is essentially an cxcclle11t l'iJ stc m of logic, th e conc lusion inevitably fo llowing the premises.
'l'o me it appeared lik e th e dawn of mornin g upon a lovely landscape;
th e slwJes of nig ht g radually diss ipating before the ra.vs of intellectual
light poured upon the subj ect uutil ench obj ect within the prospect rises
clc:1rly and distinctly before the view, and th e beauty, ~ymmetry, and

CERTIFICATES.

12

order of the whole became irresistibly attractive. I h eartily commend
the work to [lll who delight in the study of the philosophy of our comvlic[ltc a.ncl compre hensive lan p;un ge.
ltcspcctfully yours, &c.,

I

W. G. 13n.rnN,
Attorney a.t. Ln,w.

I
I

satisfied me that your thoro~ ·h
.
.
t~ncornmon diligence you hav~ a~q~amtance
-w:1th .the subject, and the
by ample exercises, must aff:~.~ l~ attem,Ptmg it.~ elaborate illustrapursu.c th e s tudy of Oltt' l·1r1 0 ..·
_glreat ass1st.ance to those wh.o would
"
uao-e wit rout
I ·
you abundant success in~ wo"r·k "
dan ora rnstructor. ..Wishing
d ·
.
.
' · "
so commen ab!
o! n,1 ohJ cct so desirable I sine . 1
c, an m the furth erance
sideration
.
R'cspectfully
ere Y commend your work to pub!'
yours, &c.,
IC cont1011

I

Ni1.snvILLF., 'rENN., Mn,rch 1st, 185!),
:MR. SIDNEY

s.

CAI.DWEI•L,

I h[lve, as you desired, cx[lmined your work on Englis11 Grnmmar, ancl

I only regret tlHLt rny time was too limited to :11low as critical an examination :.i s I li::td wish ed to give it. Y ct, I think, tlrnt I :un j us ti ficd in

~:iyi ng

th.at it is :i work of sup eri or merit, and it deserves [lmply th e patronage comrncns urntc with your labors. IL is r eadily to be seen by thm:c
who [lrC fami liar with the Gramrn:irs of J\lurrny and Kirkham, that many
rules and passages, whi ch , to the beginner , would seem diiiicult aml ob~cure, lmv c been so si1nplilicd a.nd explain ed, thn.t. h e who co nl cl not
compr ehcml them :it :.i ghn cc, though h e be a yout.h , must indcctl be
stup id. 'IVith a wish that your bhorn, which, I tl1iuk, a.re the m ost
arduous of a.11 others, may be rewarded ])y the public favor and p:1trona gc,

I r emain your obedient servant,

JOHN]).

L

I

.

I
i

Mn S S C
· '· ·

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMllNT

.

'

·

·f

·
ISHAM

G. HARRIS

Governor of

Ten~essse.

13n.nm,

'J'h c very hasty cxnm inn tion which I was able to ~ive your" New System of J~n ~lish Graunnar," while a cory remain ed in my possession,

CAJ,DWELJ,,

..

' ~ c.,

S. S.

N~srrvn,LE, TENN., March 28th, 1859.

'

IR~

P.

JONES.

NEW OntEA.NS, Lt1.., April 7th, 1859.

CAJ.DWET,J,,

I· h ave
work o11 E.,,nrf 1·ISl1 Gramm · • 't]
"lyexamined
, · cd your
cmc.
l\
nemd
opiu'1
. ti "'?
ar wt I some deo-ree of
rnt rn clear
"
.
on IS
cou11~rc Iic11s1vcncss,
it is su 1e;.ior
··. ne~s, system, accuracy, and
p_ubhsh cd. It see ms to
uit t? .an~ .ticat1sc of the kind hith erto
e1~n cr to devote a modern ai~om~t u~pt~ss1blc fo~· an J\mcrican or forw1thout succecdiu nrr i11 1·11 "ast e11.· n"'
. tlo
~o tlus f aclnurnblc Grammar
. le 11rn~e
n 11c1 I
' '
rn111mar t hat I ll·rve
se
.
."
b
.
No
'
en appro·tc cs t P cs. o our lnn "rrua"'e
<> •
G
acquisition
of the Frwlish I
'
, I as a means of facilitatin"' the
b
a.11guagc .
o
R espectfully yours, &c.,

ml

·
NATHANJEJ, CROSS.

NAs11vu.1,F., 1'ENN., Mf\rch 10th, J8[1\l.

S. S.

I h ave carefully examined vo ur "New S
,
.
and I am convinced that it "is
d .
.>:stem of English Grammar,"
work of the kind now in use a e.c1cl~cl unpr.ove~ent upon any other
class-book in schools, and ou i1t ~:h~le it .c~rtmnly is well adapted as a
as sn ch . . Its principles are gso' s· , \.Yfi o~rn10n, ~o be generally adopted
yout!ts and adu lts may study it su~~~~) ~ I~ ' a?f its rule~ so plain, that
II op111g that the 1rnblic may s cl' I s u y wit iout the aid of a teacher
·
' pee r y come to a k
l d
f ·
·
. am, very resp ec tfully Sc
now e ge o its superior
mcnts, 1

Hy request of J\Ir. Sidney S . Cald well, I have ex:n min cd his "System
of En gli sh Grammar," just issued at the Southern Methodist Publishin g
Honse in Nash vi lle. It is based upon the Grammars of Murray ancl
]{irk h am, but thei r systems arc h ere elaborated, amplified, and very
copiously illustra.tccl by cx:arnpl cs aml explanations. For that class of
persons called lJy the ancient G-rccks, Opshncithist.,, lo he fou nd especially
in t;\1inl y settled parts of our country, wh ere hut few schonls exist, and .
wlw <lcsirc at :i. la.Le a. ~n, to acquire a knowlc•l µ; t'. o!' l•~nglish Cran1n1:1r, we
know of 110 work so wel l :1llapLctl nr; ~Ir. Cald we ll's. A caref.'nl pcrm:al
of it can hardly fail to give :1 comp ete nt k11owlcllgc of t he subject; and
h ere l hop e the aut.l1 or rn~iy receive a suitable r eward for the labor he
ha s evi de ntly b es t.ow ed up on h is work. ]J he h~1s pro<lu ccd a work that
will enable t he youths of our count.ry thr~t lmvc not h ad the benefits of
an early cdncation, to suppl y, to this extent, this defect, he is, so far, n

CAMJWE LT,, ·•

.
' N ASJJVILJ.E, Ti;NN., March 28th 1859

· , A LlHVE CL

Very respectfully,

NASllVJLLE, T}:!rn., M:trch 2d, 1859.

s. s.

LEJ.LYETT

.From the hurried• ~xmnination ivcn to our "
Grammar," I am satisfied th t
'II b y
New System of En"'lish
e a valuable acquisition to"' our
sch ools; and it is certainly t11ae b1 twG1
· I
'
' · · cs
rammar tlrnt I ]
.
· rnv e seen for those
w Ito wrs 1 to le:1rn the E no"'"is·Il 1anguagc .without
a teacher.

lHR.

Mtt.

w.

.

ocal Editor of the Nashville Daily N'ewe.

Attorney at Law.

public benefactor.

13

CERTIFICATES.

I

.;.i

SAMUEL HARBY

Editor of the N.

o.

u'ee.

15

CER'fIFICATES.
CERTIFICATES.

14

a work called for by the progress of the age, and that it will assuredly
become the text-b ook of our sch ools and colleges. Hopin g tlrnt you may
receive front the h ands of a g rate ful public a h and some reward for the
ma ny yc:trs ' labor whi ch you hav e devoted to the perfoction of this work,
I a m rcsp cc tf'ul ly yours, &c.,

AssuMrTION, April 2ith, 1859.

f>IR. S. S. CAT,DWET.l"
l
J•' 1· 11 G1·n1111n ar with so me en.re, aml
·
· ·1·
· wor - on ·.iw is ' " · '
· d
I have cxa m111.c
y_om . '· I . · 1"'
s tu· me bettor
fitt.cd ic•r lac1 ,_
l ll '" t nt 1 , soc1n.
•
I (I ['
I l1 :l\' C !Ill l 1cs ·11·.a.t.IO ll Ill co•t)'
• • . ,..,
•
.
• ••
correct k11 ow lec«c
..
.
f' 'I
,,·ao-cd 111 aer1u111 ng a
"'
tati 11 ,,. th e stn<l1 cs o " iosc 0 11 " · "
·l
. . othe r work whi ch h as fall en
.. "'
l , k" o· our l:1nn·ua•··c t. wn .u1 y
I .
wr1t.111 g am spca ''.'"'
T l "'.· " r .t of t he meth od ad opted, togct1cr
nml cr 111y observation.
i? .s1mpl'1
ct1l y . le" l·1"1cl down ancl th e fuln c~s
u " '
·'
l rcc1·s1on
with t.h c c1earn css nm. P
. o.... 10 l by
well-selected examples, leave

J. A.

fo;E.

ATTAKArAS COLLEGE, NEW lDERIA, LA., l\fay 17th, 1859.

s. s. CAI.DWELL,

1
11
with whi ch t h ose rul ?~ ar? . l nst\.~:c~f the kiml; and I t h er efo re t rust

Accept m y sincere tha.n ks for a copy of you r "New System of Eng·lish Gramm ar," which I rece ived through the h ands of Dr. Epperson. I
entirely npprovc of your system, and I am thankful t.o mee t with a work
whi ch will a.id me, as much ns my pupils, in our mutual labors. 'l'he intcrrogatiYc form iu which it is written will be a grea.t h elp to the memory; nnd th e numerous examples of parsing and correcting given und er
eac h ru le will re nd er my assista n ce almost unn ecessary. '!'rusting that
your hbors may be uni versally n.pprcciatecl, I r emai n yours, &c.,
1ARTuu1i CooK,

li ttle more to b e clc~n ecl lll a wo. \ lcscrv cs to be into all our school~,
tha.t it will soo n b e rn t.r~dt~cccl'. a\ id\,~· th at. most i~1portant d epartm ent
whe re yo un g p ersons a1e m st1u c e
nf lcarninrr.
f 11
"'
yours ve ry r esp ec t u y,

J\'I n;i::s TAYJ.oR,

Uember of Congress from La.

P rof. of E nglish Lang. and Lit.. at lh e Atta kapas College, La.

NEW Orn.EANS, L,,., May l Gth , 18G9.

S. S. CAJ,ll WELL,

yo ur work , whi ch
I take 111uch plcasnrc "'. .ccnrnm cn tlirw. to thntelrsuhlic
yo u in th e successful

NEW l DEllIA, LA., l\foy 18th, 1850.

o

i

is the res ul t; ~ f m ore t.han ~~1·.~nl.·i· .\~~~~~n:l~utions of t his Sta.to. Yon~·s
teachin g of (Jra.unnar rn _scvc·\1'1 o. : t be of iu cal culabl c advan tage m
is :t pract.i cal wo.r k; allll it w1, p1 ?Hb cotcstcd by t h e su ccess which has
all onr schools, if its usefuln ess u1<1 y
. .li11t nnturi1w it<' gc ncrn l plan.
• t . ch cr wh en you were
·
o
"
rtttc nd ed you, ns .1 c.1.. , ' .
lf:tre I r emain r es pectfully yo urs, c.;,c.,
·with the b est h opes i vi jOUI we ' '
J\.i:,mm'l' Voorurn:s,

From an examination of a" N ew System of Euglish G rammar," by
S icln ey S. Calclwcll , of this State, I mn satisfi ed th at it is a work of a
hig h ord er of mer it; th at i t possesses all th e adva.ntnges of the systems
0f Kirkh am and Mur ray, and fr om its g reater perspicuity, fuln ess, a nd
fac ili ty of compreh ension, it deserves to be introdu ced as the text-book
in our sc hools.
Wi\1. ROBERTSON.

Supreme .J udge of La.

NEW ln'EllIA, LA.,

Nmv lnERIA, LA., l\Jn y lGt.h , 18fi9.

.

.
• . ·. 1. "New S stem of ]~n gli sh Grnm rnar i'.' l,_y Sid1 hav e 1ust cxan un cc ,t
1 f 11 . k tl ·it it dese rves public pa t ron n cy 8. Ca id well , of th'. s St:1tc, am
l, un •· '; n l G r~rnrnar .of our public
· t l· Jd 1.u c rntroducerl as tie s ..,uiu a
a.~c, n 1Hl i s l OU
seh ools .

JOH N

J\l oo 1n:,

Ex-l\Icm. of C o n g r c~s fro1n .Ln..

\
I
l

~fay

19th, 1859.

J\fo . s. S. CALDWEI.T,,
.
After a cui·sory exam in ation of your "N cw System of E nglish Grammar," I h ave no h csitn.tion in say in g tlrnt you have attained a desid ernl;mn rnnch r equired by teach ers in imparti ng a thorou gh know ledge of
th e Bn g li sh la ng ua ge to their pupi ls. 'l'h e brevity of its rules, and the
clearn ess of th eir exemplifi cation s, cann ot fai l to fac ilitate g reatly t.he
labor of the stud ent. Hopin g that you may meet with th e reward whi ch
yuur labors d ese r Ye, I r emain very resp ectfully yours, &c.,
A. DuPERIOR, M.D.

NEW l DERIA, LA., l\fay lGt.h, 1859.

Mn.. S . S . CAr,nw1:u , , .

..

.

mm cmla.tion to t h e many oth ers
·· t t' yo111· "New Sys tem
.
"
. 1 t the "'l'Cfl. me1I o
.
th at yo n l1 avc :ilrcady receiv er' o.
oil 'ti'
ccll eucics of th e U rnm ,
.
" It r 11b111 cs ·1
ic ex
,
. ' 't
of ]<; n ~lish Grnmm r1r.
CJ t
•
ti simplified . I th1ui;: J
mars ~r Kirkham a 11 d J\lurray, whte I a1c g t e.1, y

I take o-reat pl easure m nd.cl rng my i eco t

i ' . '.,

NEw IB ERIA, LA., i\Iny 24th, 1859.

l\In.. S. S . CAT,DWF.LL,
I h ave exam ined your "N cw System of Eng lish · Grammar," with cons iderable nt.t.e ntion . I hax,e always considered Lindley J\Iurra.y as the

16

CERTIFICATES.

.

.
b' t and I do uot think that an}'. good Grnmb cst uuthonty n pon tl1 c s~ JCC ' , . hn so wid ely fr om l11s as t h at fo lrnar co uld be constructcc up on: t11.Y p J~ut his work is confesse dly u nlowcd by some very modc1~rw1~. ei:~rnrnon sch ool in strnction; ltc11 c_c, I
su i ted to t he pnrposcj~.~f.0H 1'.1~ ~avail:1blo i11· his syfitclll prese nted Ill a
am !:!;lad to sec a ll. t 1.1. JS ~c.~ )_ ti so 111ueh tl1a t ii; uou d, n.1td yet ne w,
l lracLical form, and rn co rpfio r:t
'1vt1 I , p"ll.cd ·it the
of th e work, but
k I
at rst S I" i ap "
•
·
in your wor . . wa s, • . ' t ·. "'d 'cons idcrin o- h ow mu ch space JS occu0 11 takin g up .a srn glc :5UbJ CC .' .111
d
"111 le"'s of fa lse sy nta.x-n ot t.l.1e
o- an
ex"
.
pied b y th e exerci.ses Ill pn,rsrn
• ,
oj
l
·k PT find tint iustcad
o f I)C .rn g
least impoifant pn,r ts of tl1 c w JO e ~o~ -._k
. ·1ble for 'its real co ncisen ess
the Gnrnmar 1s i emai. •
·
d
di [use an cxci~ rs!Vc,
'
It ,- cs rue mu ch pl easure to ea rn
and stri
m:rnfingctrncl1~tt: l1 asg l~ecu so decided, a 11 <l I tru st1that
1 ctly logical
'S of t lu s
rs CL 1 wn • ·
d
1
·ill
that
tic su cco
' . sncss.
. of I1.w in ,,o· done. a on·oo wor ' ·' yo u 11·
· ·iddition
to · the consc1ou
11
abundant p ec uniary reward for
I
y cry res11cctfully yolll, , &c.,

c~ .

:.~ a ~ ~n

CERTIFICATES.

si;,~

yo~u· ~Jo1s.

WM. K. Doum.Ai;:,
I:.cc lor of the Churcl1 of the Epiphany, Ne w IIJcria,

L~ :

T. B.
llfo.

s.

FRA NKLIN, LA.,

S. CALDWELL,

WIIITE.

Juno 1st, 1859.

I h ave r eviewed your Grammar attent ively, and I cheerfully add my
own opini on of its m erits to those test imonials whi ch you already possess.
Y our system so simplifies t h e study that a thoroug h knowledge of our
lan g un gc can be acquired with but li ttle laJ:or eith er t~ pupil or teach er.
Bcin n- too th e only sc h ool book of the kind emanatrng from a South- .
:u1d' from a So uth ern press, it' p ossesses peculi ar claims for its
adoption as a tex t-book in the prinmry schools of our Southern States.
H espcctfully yours, &c. ,

crnc1~'

.
FRANKLIN, L A.,

17

books in the mos t simplified and comprehensive form, being well adapted
to r ender the study of the English lang ua.ge plain and easy; and I hope
that it will be gen erally adopted as the standard work in our schools and
colleges.
Yours resp ectfully,

JOSEPU

1'. HAWKINS, ll:LD.

i\Iay 25th, 1859.

S. S. CALDWET,r., '. .
.
. ·t and n o small deg ree o f satis fa ction,
J. h n,vc perused , wr.th .1~rncl~ 1111 ?i cs '', . " 1'o sa v t hat th e work comN S t
of E 1w ltsh (_, ramm.u .
J
.
f
your "I cw ys cm
o
.
. cl ti . t I prefer yo ur syste m o
111·1mls rny u11qual ilicd approbation , :tut] _1 .tyct 1~nbli sl1 c;l conv'cys but. a
. . ' . l
1
. . .
.
h r to11 "'UC to any o ic1
. . . cxccllc
tcaclnn .g our
. am1 rn.111y
ncws of t, 1c vo urn c
. tvcrnac
I' tlu10· Sll[JC"'rJ.Ol'lty
.
.·
..
·· t
. lor tcd b y yo n the m1111 cro us
fe ebl be es
(. t.mm c o 'l'l;1l' m
tc rro.,a t11 c S.) S .c111 ,tl 1
·
'
.
f
n ow cI ore· rn c.. · ·a· nd corrcct
o' . .
rn o an. d tit <'· ,.,,;Teat
' COlllIWch c11s1vc11
l oss· · o
CX:\lllll CS lll l,pa rsrnt g, ]·10'C 't k· 110w"'1'Cd nc
. of' t J1 0 ('11"1111111<11'
of
our
a
ng
ua
gc
' .
·
·
yo 111· rules o sy11 a.x~ P · , '
. . wish to icrfcct thcn1~cll'es 111 l li at se t·
1
\Yi thin the _r each of a.II " ]i n llll.1) n . " l ' ,s
Y on h :1.YC 01·crlovked ll O·
Cll
ic wor
t Jck1.1
·1.- c to th row addi. cc- th c rn os t H.scful
·1 ·a rn oug
f tthe
· w 1,1'u..c'1i·'vOttlll sc1
'
thin "' 1in t h e co111 p 1 ation o
<l ' ·t . t of all s u11crflui ties in t he eyes
. " . It
tl snb JPCt or to ivcs 1
'
.
. b · .
t 10n:d igb t ·on .ic , 1loiirn
. , . ' o- soo n to l1c.n
.. tl1at
yo ur Gr:.imm:u· "Uis. crn g
• •
of newI cg11111 c1s. ·
b .
·l S t l b t t hrouo-h on t t h e uwn, as
.
l t ] " not only 111 t te ou 11 u
o
.
.
t'
1lu ions
111• co 111111 0 11 sc I100 ls, as weII •,13 in the . hi oo·h cr 111st
""'C .ll cra I1y kal ·np ec'
.
,._ .
u text- JOO 111 0
t
· ve ry respectfull y yo uu;, 1\.e.,
of learnin g, _[ h ave t h e h onor o rc marn ,
.TONA 0'. vYlll T.Jo:,
Edilol' of th e Franklin J\n.nncr.

NEW ln ERIA, LA.,

June 1st., 1859.

S. S. CALnW.F.LL,
" t emo f E'i··w
lish G ramm:u," it is with1·
.
. d ·o 1tr " N"w.,ys
o ,
Ha v mg cxam111 c )
't
tperior wr1rk on th e strn ct ur c o ·
·
1
1
rrrcatla11Jilcasure
th atcombm
_[ ~ronot;;
~ :~leucies
~ur
g ua gc. It
cs a ~f
. ie P,XC~
. of seve ral s taud <ird tcx t-

S.

S.

CA1, mvEJ,L,

TmnonAux,

LA.,

Juno 14th, 1859.

·w e lrnvc ex amin ed, wi t h co nsiderable care, your "New System of
E ng lish Grammar," a nd we h ereby n,pp end our unqualified approval of
th e. work.
V ery r espec tfully you rs, &c.,
BANNON G. THIDODAUX,
E.
BLAKE,

.

w.

Attorneys at Law.

S.

s.

CALD WELL,

'.l'mnonAux

COLLE GE , LA.,

June 20th, 1859.

li'roru a u exami1rntion of your" N ew System of English Grammar," I
do not I1 cs itate to concur fully in th e favorab le opin ions already expressed
of your work . Con fid ent of i ts superior ity over oth er treatises on the
same subj ec t, I h ave d etermin ed to adopt it in my institution as the textbook of t h at branc h of edu cation, t h e prin ciples of which it so clearly
an<l th oroughly explains.
Yours r esp ec tfully,
·
CHARLES S c mFFERSTEIN,

TmnonAux,

LA.,

A.M.

June 25th, 1859.

Mn. S. S. 0ALDWEI.L,
I 11avc exam ined your "New Sys tem of Eng lish Grammar," wl1ich
you were kind enoug h to put into my h ands ; and I can 'truly say t!iat
with your mann er of t.r cating tl1e subject I am mu ch pleased. I t hmk
i t admirably n,daptcd to the en<l which you seem to h n,ve in view.

It will

18

CERTIFICATES.

CERTIFICATES.

furnish a valuabl e h elp to ll1osc t cacl1 crs who lrnvc not, the .time t~ cn~ c r
into minute cxpla11 :1tions Le fore th eir classes. 'l'hc stmly o!. the .~'. n g!1 sh
l::tn g n:i gc is too muc h neg lected in rn:my o~· our _seh oo \:5 :wd se111~n :mes ;
antl :rny work th:tt pro111iscs to i1n·est tlu s sul•,i ect with :1 n ew 111t e rc~t
:>h oukl be l1ailed ns an i111portant nildition to the many vahiabl c t cx t-1.1 001";
n ow in use.
lt cspectfolly yours, &c.,

A. E.

'J'u o~ r.

CENTREVILLE, LA., June 2itb, 1850.

s. s.

CAI.DWELL,

I hav e bxaminetl your ''New System of English Gra~n111ar," am~ I_ :im
gratified to say t l1 :1t fr om its concise arrauge~ncnt, pla11111c ~s ?f d1ct1011,
and practical utility, it is Letter calculated to impa rt an :1n:dyt1.c:i l knowletl bcrc of lhc ]~n <::>
n· li •sh lan 0n- un"'C t.h an any other work w1t.h wlu ch I am
acquaint.ell. A s l co11 siLlcr it grc:it.l y s npc n or to any of.h er Grammar t hn t
I h:wc ever see n, T t rnsf·, t.h:d; it, will Roun b eco me the s!.all\lanl "·ork or
onr sc hools t hroug hout the co untry .
V cry r espectfoll y yours, &c.,
t)

NEW OnLEANs, LA., July 1st., 1859.

lllJt.

s. s.

CAJ,DWELL,

I have examined y~ur "New System of En g lish Grammar," with a
g reat deal of. care, and it affor ds me much p leasure to be able to add my
rneo111111e1nht.1on to tho~c of the many distingui shed sch olars who h ave
c:rnn1i 11 cd it more criti c:illy. 'l:Yith ont intcndirw in th e slirrhtest de" ree
b)
b
b
'
.
. .
to l I1sp:1r:igc our cou ntry ma n, L_mdl cy .Murra.y, the father of English
Grnm~Jf <ll', there arc to b e found, 111 your work, some new a.nd add itional
ru l ~s ".Ii ich g r catl_.Y faci litatc t h e pa.rsing and correcting of sentences
wlu ch would be d1ffi c~il t to do ~Jy the rul es of any other system within
my kn owlcll gc. Hoprn g that it may b e Lrought into general use in
o ur co untry, I am very r espectfully yours, &c.,
ISAAC E. :i)fonsE,Ex-1\Icmb cr of Cong ress from La.

•

A. LnE, A.M.

1'ltt.

Nmv 01tI,EANs, LA., July l sL, 18li0.

s. s.

CALDWEJ;L,

CAJ,DWELJ,,

I 11:1Yc exa min eLl , wilh ca r e, your "New System of Engl ish Gramm:ir," an1l wit hout l1 csil·ation I pro11oun cc it a. sup eri or work for Rty lc,
simpli C' it.y, and eo 111pr c li c 11 ~ i vc n cs~.' to any ? t,hcr that I have ever see n;
th erefore I c hccrJ'ull y recommend 1t to pul.ilic patro na ge.
0

l:.cspcctf'ully yours, &e.,

J. hay c taken much pleasure in th e examination of your "New Sys tem .
Grammar," and I can truly say, t l_1at in my humble opinion,
1 ~ 1s far better ada1~tcc! .to the wa_nts of _pupils of a.11 age~ and capacities t!1 a11 any otl1ci Gi~mmar _with which I am acquarnted . Your
work is r c111arkaL le for it.s admirable arra n ..,.ement perspicuity of style
a 11d the IJrcvity _of the d ~finitiou s and rul ~, as ~ell as the simplicit~
::tnLl . coiuprch c11s n ·en css of the lan g ua ge used throug hout the whole
t r eat ise_. Fo r thc~e and many oth er excellent qualities peculiar to your
~rork, _I m ost cheerfully r eco mmend it to 1rnblic patronage, and I hope
t l1:1I; it may soo n beco me the s taudard Grammar in all the primary
sc li uuls of our con1 111 on cou n try.
V cry r espectfully yours, &c.,

w. c. DUNTON, A.M .

..WILLIAM C. Crtow,
Attorney a.t La.w.

NEW ORLEANS, LA., July 4th, 1859.

NEW 0RM>ANS, I.A., Jnly 1st., 185().

s. s.

CALD IY ET.T,,

J\rr: . S. S.
.

I have carefull y cx.:nn inctl your English Grnrnma.r, anrl I hnvc no 11 csitat.ion in pronoun cing it one of the rn ost pr:ict.ica l worl;s that; I ltarn cnr
seen on t.h c s:irn c ~ nhj cc t.. I consiLler it p:.irticul:irly s uited to the wants

of all p rrso ns w h o lia~·c not had the b en efi ts of ft Grammar education in
th eir yo nlh . It is i111prn<~ iblc for :iny one who c:ii; r ?ad .t.h c l <:nglish l?ng 11 :1~c nut t.o co nq1rch c 111l eve ry rnl c aml <:'\:ampl e rn it wit.h ont th e a ~~ 1 st­
:rncc of a lcachcr. lt i ~ :ilw m::ll adapted to the uses of all sch ools and
araLlcn1i cs.
011 rs with r csv ccL,

Y

J. G. PornDJ,XTEn.,

Ck•imrnn of lhe Co mmitt ee on Books for t.lt c Fir~t Dist.. of New Orlenni'.

-

?f .E 11 ~:di sh

NEW OnuaNs, LA., Jnn e 30th,1850.

s. s.

19

CALDW.E LL,

Th e g lance 011ly whi ch my" engagements permitted me to take of
yo ur \1·or k on English Gram11 1ar, ha s satis fi ed me that it exhibits t.lie
c:1rd'u l r es ults of !:\rcn.~ cxpcr.ic 11 co, clllsc application, a1;Ll patient study.
~ d1'.ubt_ 110~ that 1t w1! l adm1raLly subscrv c th e objects which you had
rn n ew rn i ts preparation. I trus t that yon may receirn an ample r e\ranl for you r l:ibors, and that your exaq1plc may stinrnlate oth er SouthNi1 teac hers to uncl r rtak c th e publication of other \forks in the 'l'arious
<lrpa r tlll cnls of popular edu cation.
Very r csp cctfnlly yours, &c.,
STEPHEN GAY

Wri ting Editor of the New Orleans Com. Bull ~ti n.

20

CERTIFICATES.

A NEvV SYSTEM

NASHVILLE, T ENN. ,

l\Irt.

July 18th, 18G9.

s. s. C AT,DWELI,,

OF

I have looked through Caldwell's G rammar-a portly octavo of 396
pngcs, nd111irably )!O t up . 'l'his is one of its disting uishin g featur es- i ts
size and style. 'l'hc au thor seems to ha Ye spnred no liai11 s to 111:1 kc it
(i npc rior to all oth er ' ro rks of th is class. A pec uliari ty Qf this Gra 111mar
is th e large spn ce devo ted to exer cises in parsing-the r epetitions arc
well ad apted to fix t he prin ciples in th e stud ent's mind. 'l'li c bock is endorsed by man y li t.c rary ge ntlemen, some of whom arc expe ri enced
teachers, wh ose vcnli ct. is of more co 11sc'luencc th an mine. 'l'hc :rnth or
·]1as made a few corrections in this second ed ition, whi ch I think decid ed
i111pro ye111 cnts. L et ! hose co ncc rn cLI g ive it a fair trial. Jt is a 8 outh c rn production; and Sout.J1 crn crs oui:;ht to pn.troniz c litera ture when it
challenges comparison with that whi ch comes to us from otli cr <p ia rtcrs.

ENG LISI-I GRA~f MltR,
JJY TH E STUDY OF WHI CH

YOUTHS AND ADULTS
JI AY BECOME

'l'uos. 0. Suill i'lF.RS.

ACC0 l\I r 1 I S H ED GR Al\f M AH I ANS
IN

T H B. E E

0 B.

F 0 UB.

WITHOUT TH E AID

lU 0 N 1' H S,

OF A TEACHER.

BJ
SIDNEY

S.

CALDWELL.

s·E C 0 N D E D I T I O 'N.

NnsDbille, m'.rnit.:
PRINTED FOR THE AU'l'HOii ,
AT TUE 80UTil.ERN METUOD I ST runus m Na n ousr..

1859.

'ff. tl 11

.c 'j

PHEir ACE.

I

.!

t

Entered , cieeordin g to A~t of Con gr ess, in the yccir 1858, by

SIDNEY

S. CALDWE LL,

in tlic Office of th e Clerk of the Di 8 1:rict Court of th e lTnited Sta tes for th e
En.stern Distri ct of Louisian[t, [l,lld th er ein r egistered, cicconlin g t.o sciid Act.
n,QBJm:r l\L LUSJIEP., Depul.y Clerk.
ATTES T:

STr RF OT YP ED ,\ '.'\'D rRIN'f EO JtY A. A. ~T IT'r, sou·r1.11; RN ].(l':T JJ ODISl'
· .
l ' UUf, JSl-ll NG llOU SF. , NASHVH .LE, Tf. NN .

I

IT is ge nerally conceded by literary men, that GRAMMAR is
the science of language. 'lt is also ad.l llitted by the most
learned men, that Lindley Murray was the most systematic
author of the geu eral principles of the English languagt
Sin ce the clays of M urray, many philolog ists have endeavored to simplify his mode of teaching English g rammal', that
youths and adults may acquire a thorough knowledge of this
all-irnpol'ta.nt science in tho. sho1;test possiLle' time.
W e frankly admit, and wi th much ple..'tsure do we assert,
that, in our opinion, Murray's mode of teaching grnnunar has
Leen gr eatly simplified by various philologists; but, we think
the most important parts- of grammar have n ot been clearly
explained by any author on E nglish gram mar, "\vbose work we
lrnve h ad the honor to examine. It will be r eadily admitted
by all irnrsons who understand
th,

ant corr c .
which th e pupils study, sh ould give nuny examples · of the
clear es t systematic order of parsi ng· evel'y part of speech; •
and he should also give m any examples of the clearest, briefest, am1 simplest
~
under every rul
candidly, that •fo clcem the few examples of the systematic
0rder of parsiug and correcting, which are g iven by any of
th e vari011 s authors whose works we h ave examined, altogether insufficient to enable the pupils to acquire a th orough

.

.

..

(iii )

lV

PltEl!' ACE .
PRE FAC E .

knowledge of En gl ish g rammar in a few 111 0 11 t.hs. \ \r c Luwu
emle:wor cd to s upply this d efec t, uy g iving a g reat mnny
examples of a co ncise systematic o_n1cr of pa rs ~11 g each of lit e
ten parts of sp eech, as well as a bncf systcmntrc order of currccti11 g the mn.ny examples of Fal Rc Orthography _and False
Syntax, under ll ici r r espective Ru Ics t l1ronghou.t tlns ' '°r k.
Those p ersons who may wish to s tmly grnrnrnar, aml \\·ho
wi sh to purchase th e best g rnmmm for th eir cltilLlrcn, gener ally consu lt som e teach er, in order to obtai1~ the uest \\·o rk.
On the i u trod net.ion of this work to th e pubhc, we most earnestly solicit all su ch persons, as ·w ell as teach ers, t o_examine
j t, tlrnt they may sec the gen eral plan of the g reatly nH_prov ccl
m et.h od of t eachin g grammar, which we profess to k we
made, b efore t h ey u tty it.
.
I11 treating of Ll 1c gc ucrnl princip les of g rm11.mar, ,\·e J~ a.:e
i:ikc n Mnrray a1HL Kirkliarn as our g uid es; t,J_t0ugl~ we ddlcr
wi th Ll1 cm b oth in a few imp ortant points, w lu ch will u c see n
Ly the students as th ey prnt;ccd; th ose poi n t.· heiug clearly
cxpla.incll , t]mt tl1c pnpil s i1my jmlgc for t1wms6 ~ves . As Mr.
S amn cl Kirkham fm11k ly acknO\\·lc<l gc<l, t.l1 at lits work wa s a
m ere simplifica tion of l\Illl'rny'R .~ramm a r? :::l~ <lo ~~c atl1~1 i t.,
tli at onrs is a work, by ' dtich .K1 rkham is snn jJhilcd . \ V c
hav e used every possible exertion to simpli:f)r Kirklinm in a
rnnch ,.....,nTcnter llcl!
'- ·' rcc, than he simp li(i cLl :Mnrrny; but l1ow we
l1av e s ncecc<le<l , w i ll
It is an-0'-tt.t--,,.....,._~
--~ ~ i rovc r JS app tea.
1provc lllen "" tn 1. LC ar A a1Hl sciL:1wci-: tltro1 1 g·l ~ont
the civilized co untri es of the globe; a]l(l w e cl1 ccrfnl ly
submit this w ork to the t est of t l1c strick:it exa mination by
th e most able co1moisscnrn of the J£11g l dt lang uage. \ 'i! c
have endeavor ed to nsc the plaines t language to cxJ_J ress om
ill cas in such a m a n11 cr nil to b e nn derstood hy tl1 c youn ger
pupils, as w ell as adults; aml we s inc~rc l y J:op c, _ ~ 1.HL foci
quite co nfid ent, tl1a t. we ]rnyc succccclell 111 so sunplifylll g the
m o<lc of t eaching g rmnma r, that nll pcrso 11R, b oth yontli ,.; a~Hl
adnlLs, w l10 may stnrly thi s 1\-vl'k, mny b e c 1~ a li lc:l to acc1u1re
a thoro ug l1 knowledge of ] ~ug li sh grmnnrnr 111 a few months.

v

This w ork is des ig ned as well for those foreigners who
annually emigrate to our co untry, as for tho use of our
sch ools.. So me
throe or four
hundred thousand foteibo·u ors
.
.
come, mrnually, to the Urnted States, a large majority of
whom arc unacquainted with th e English lang uage ; and our
co nut.ry seems to d emand a system by whi ch th ey m ay r eadily
learn to Rp onk and write it correctly in · a few months. As
soon as su ch foreig ners, who arc ge nerally adults, shall Jrnve .
lcarn?cl to r oad t h o English language, they may, by th e study
of tlns 11·ork, become good practical grammarians in three or
fo ur m onths, without the aid of an in stntctor: It will be seen
t l1at we_ t reat of tho general prin ciples of grammar ·by inter1·ogal?nos, t h o a nswers of which, immediately follow the
quosh o'.1s. Every t hi ng p ertaining to each and every part of
sp ccclt is clearly exemplified by questions and answers, in such
a ma nn er that tho pupi ls wi ll n eed lrnt li ttle instruction from
a. teach er; a nd yo u ths of fifteen years, or more, a nd adults
will b e onalJlcd to s tudy, hy this system, almost as well without a t oad 1cr as witlt one.
J.l'or th e boncii.t of thos~ perso ns who may wish to kn ow
the go n ~rnl plan of this work, w e n·ill g ive a syn opsis of it in
tl1 c preface. After treating briefly of language, grammar,
&c., we treat clearly of Orthog raphy, and g ive many exam pl.cs of correctin g F a lse Orthography, under every Rule.
'\ \Te tl 101t treat hricfly of tho several parts of sp eech, th at th o
pu!1 i Is i~1ay readi ly clisti11gu ish them, as they proceed; ex cep t
tho Art1elo, Perso11a l l'rououn, and Iutei;jcction, of which we
t rt;n.I; in tT1c t; ]ea r st p oRsibl o ma 11 11 or. \ Ve tltcn take up th e
seve ra l p nrts of sp eech, aud after treating of each of th em
.
'
w e g t\'O many examples of th e sys tematic order of parsing it,
and correct ing False Syntax in which it is misapplied. W e
thou parse m any examples of the teu parts of speech by the
sh ortest systematic order of parsing. vVe then treat of
Syntax, anfl co rrect nrn.ny examples of False Syntax under
• every H.u le in which those exampl es are g i vou. \.Ve then
tn'at of Proso dy a nd Punctuation; and ive correct systematica lI.)' 1T1nny examples of :D-,also Punctuation under each Rti le.
\ Vo theu g ive the Appendix, after which comes t h e K ey, by

PREFACE.

Vl

·
iu
which the proper correct10ns
arc 111.D.ll e 1'"01· every sentence
•
.l S . . t , 111· cl1 has uot been corrected under its r cspoctF a. sc y n .ax, w
ivo Rule.
.
l
t
'\Ve will remark, that we have written more ti.an vvo
111n1c1rcd paO'es of manuscript, in giving the system~t1c ~-L~cr
of l):irsing:::.the ten pm· ts o_f spc_cch, ~~1d c~rrectrn_~ ~.n s~
. •·· in wl1ich they arc m1f.lltpp l1od. [he systcmat1<; o1clm,
'S .Y l\ c.tx, .
. . .
Ir ·_ ·1 l . , , l " . 1 U t
.
. . a11l·l (·0·
O"t parsrng ,
, 1·1·ecting
· · ' rs smnbr to. ~1r_c uun s Oller
. . l' J
.
. l :1 of tl1"11 hi s as we discard many supeif uous
ours rs n101e H .
'"
" '
. •
,
·1
both. in. })arsing
aml correctmg.
'Iho:_ng
l
'von1s useLl l) .iv 11.1111
. '
~
.
.
. .
we have taken :Murrny and Kirkham as our gmdes m '~'~1h1~g
.
l
·1·11·0111"1·1~ that the o·enoral plan and mJ,a.11get1ns wor <, '"c w1 . "" "' ·
::i
• •
•
•
_.f .t t111·olwhont is entirely or1grnal with us, and
t
1ncn o . l .,
:::. ·
· '
·f 1
·1
shc\1tlc1 it iirnvo as cflicicnt iu the advanc:1:1cnt o. t wsc. pup1 s
t 1Lly i't· ns the author ant1c111atcs, he will. fool
.
W 1lo 111 fl-)' R ,\ ,
,, " '
'
.
·~ •
an11_11y n:c·ompcnscd for his arduous task of seve ral yoat::; m
L

•

SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.

writing it.

I

As we profess to treat of grammar, in this work, on a new
system, and a different plan from that of any other author
whose w ork we have had the· honor to examine, we propose
t0 make a few suggestions to you; fo regard to the proper
H1:11mor of nsi11g it in your schools. You will p erceive, on an
examination of this work, that by its ai'rangement, it is
desig ned to relieve the teacher, in a great measure, from the
burdensome task of pointing out the lessons to his' pupils,
aud explaining their lessons to them after they shall have
recited them. Permit me to assure you, that by complying
with the following requisitions, your pupils will acquire a
thornugh knowledge of grammar in three or four months,
if such pupils are over fifteen years of ago. But it will generally require six months, and in some instances, nine months,
for pupils from eight to fifteen years of age, to understand
grammar.
"\V c propoRe the following snggcstions.
1st. You should requi1:e your pupils to read their reciting
lessons to you immediately after giving them, that they may
understand them; and they should read the sentences which
arc not designed to be memorized, as, well as those which are
rcr1uircd to be committed to memory. If time will permit,
they should read te whole of one lesson, as given in this
work, at a time.

;iiilll!ll~
8'!3i!!i!HlifliSM1'1£·~e_J;9 commit
~ ill, then, learn them with pleasure,

ti
anc commit

memory in a short time.

You may
(vii)

SUGGES TIO NS

Ylll

TO

SU GGES TIONS

TEACHERS.

think, that som e of the le."so ns g iven tl1roughout tl1is work ,
arc too lo 11 g !'o r yo 11r ]'llpils Lo g et at one t im e, in w11i clt case,
yo n w ill, of co lll''il', divi<lc them t o s11it t h eir se veral ciip:iciLiGs.
.c th o
2
011

w1

·111t

a g rca · m va11 :1ge

.~ yo n1· pu >
cad, several tirn cs, tl1 oso <[llOs Lio 11 s
f\.!Hl all S\\'C J'S which :trC ll Ot tlQs ig ncll to be m cmori~e tl; :1.lLll
tlrny sh onltl cmlcavo r to imdorstaml well th e varions cxarn11lcs
o-ivcn to ii lustra,te tl tOi>C a11 swers. I Ve h ave trca.tCll of Ort..110~ r:tphy in so lucid a maun er, tha.t stmlents may readily nm1ersta nd by r eaLlin g, se veral tim es, the qu estious and answers;
lrn t tli ey sl1 ouhl lrn rcquircll to correct all tl1 e e:xmnples of
]J'al so Ortl LOg rapl1 y under each Hulc, a1H1 ap11ly th e Unlc
e1·e ry t ime t l1 cy correct~~ .'C ntcnce, Ly rca<liu g it; anll \\·li en
t.11 0.r sl.tall havo co rrec lc<l :d i tl 1c cxa111pler-; uml c r a. Hu ie, Lh 0y
· 111
,.
..
. :_ __
-

it

.~

-.:

~

~

, . . _._ ;-;;'::. b ..

- --- ~!!!!!!!_~-··· . ···•-•t--&lll!lil•••"'"-ti.•..-..n.•~ili.--••......~~-

-

•
I
I
)
y
0
will p e rce ive, t l1 nt w e treat clc:i.r]y of th e Article, on its introduction, as it is the most simple of the teu parts of spcec]1.
The pupils sho uld understan c1 every tl1ing p ertai ui 11g to the
Article and t h e svstematic ord er of parsing it, &c., b efore
'
J
they iwoccctl further; arn1 they sh onld, th en, stn<ly dili gently
the oth er parts of spccc l1, until t hey ca n r ca<..l il y Ll istinguish
them in comp osition . 'l'hey sh oulll tl.tcn study tl 1e N ou u,
until t h ey ultll er sta1.ll1 perfectly a.ll 1ts i1ropcrties, and tl1 e syRtcrnatic orde r of i1arRi11g it, &c. In Jike mann er, 1hcy Rltonl<l
stully each of th e otl1 cr parts of sp eech , until they u1Hlcrstand
perfectly all tl 1e p rop crtie:i p ertainin g to each, aml t h o systenrntic or<..lcr of par8in g it, &c. Tl 1cy sh onld parse one or
two lessoHs eve ry thy, as time will p e rmit. Dy stmlyiiw
atte11 ti1·cly t h e systcnrn.t.ic order or parsiug each of t h e t en
i1:irts of speec:l1 , aml the or<lcr of correctin g False Syntax,
ou t thi s wo rk , they will parse nnd co rrec t
no·iveH t ltrn1wl1
0
flu entl y all t h e examples in cnch lesso n in a v0ry Rh ort tim e.
The students sh ould l earn perfectly the order of i1arsiJJg 011e
I

I

II

I

TO

TEACHERS.

IX

~a rt of sp eech , b efore they att empt to learn the order of parslllg another; ni1<l th ey should parse every example iii each
lesso ll , b ol'ore lhl'.Y procec<l. to l arse the examples in the next
lesso n. 'l'J1 cy shou ld s tudy t h e onler of parsiJJ g each part of
~1Jcccl 1 hy 1:ca<lin g th e examples parsed, nutil they ca n p arse
~~ Jl.uc 11 tly, 111 tlte examp les g ive11 , w ithou t makin g mistakes,
I ltcy 8l1~ ul(l cwleavor to unde rstan d each lesso n, as they procee d, lJc loro th ey comm ence t l1 c n ex t lesson; a11<l. they sh o uld,
try.to r emember all the m os t imp ortant poiuts iu one L ecture,
befo re t h ey commen ce to study th e n ex t L ecture. They
shoulJ eml cavo r to umlerstand and r ememb er a.U the most
imp ortant p oiu ts in the first part of this work, whi ch treats of
Etynio logy mH1 Syntax co mbinecl, b efore they commeu ce the
study of t he second part, which treats of the R ules and Notes
of Syntax:. They sho uld, however, correct the examples of
l l'alsc Sy nta.x uncler each Rule, whe never, they shall have
1.Jecomc familiar with the t en parts of sp eech, and before th ey
comm ep.ce the study of the Rules and N ates of Syntax, whic4
mus t b e determin ed by thei r teacher. They should parse every
examp le in a lesson, if time will admit it, and thev should
parse eYery sen ten ce, an d correct every example in F~lse Syntax gi vc n in this work, b efore th ey quit the study of rrramm ar; after which, th ey will be enabled t o stand the t est ~f the ·
most c ··
!!!~·~lll!ll!!l!!!!!!!m•4th
Sy
e
u es w w are
de
.
m e:no n ze( ; anc ·h ey will always r eadily
apply th em m p:wsrng and correcting any sentence in th e
Engli.·h language. They should correct all the examples of
False Syntax under each Rule, unt il they can correct them
flu eutly, b efore th ey prG> ceecl to correct the examples und er
'.li e n ext Rule. By studying attentively the order of corroctrn g False Syntax under each Rule, the students may easi ly
correct all the examples under the Rule, at on e lesson, w ith
t l1 0 greates t facility. \ Vhen the stu<l.ents shall hav e com1~l ct,e ll t h e study of Syntax, they sh ould pro ceed to that of
l'r~sotl :y and Punctuation. Of all the acq uirements in th e
vano us branches of our edu cation, P unctuation is one of tltG:·

x

SU GG E S TIONS

TO

TEACHERS .

ny l) Cl'Sons " ·ho n:re good scholars, write all their lJusiuoss
·ansactions, letters, &c., without ::my other pansos than
ommas nml p ori oJ s ; aml some persous wr.ito a g roat deal ,
.ml use only tho p oriQcl. Ag recribly to th e usual m ot.h od of
rontin g of pnnctuation, it is diflicnlt to learn properly; n1nl
h ose who study it, g encrally punctuate cli:fforontly : h ence,
h o neglect hy tcnclters in instru cting their pnpils in tlii s :1llnp ortm1t hrn11 ch of their education. It will b e seen, tlrnt w e
·cat of punctuati on, in this work, in such a clear a nd f'illlpl o
utimcr, tl 1nt pupils nrny cnsily acq uire a th oron gh anJ co rcet knowledge of it in a few week s, or a m onth; aud nil
hose ,\'lio study it, will pnncturito precisely in tho same nrnnnor. Th ero arc only eighteen Rules, "-hich sh ould be m emori2ocl , n 8 well as th o doJiuitions of tho vari ous p:1uRes. '.L'h o
pupil s slto nlcl co rrec t every example of ]i'also I\rnctuation
under each Ilulo, and apply tho Rule to each exa mpl e, until
they can correc t rtll of them with tho g rea test ease and
facility.
Such arc our vi ews with rogrml to tho Rt.ncly of g rnrnmnr,
and we hope that you will not fintl th em inappropriate in
ad vancing your pupils in this m os t u seful . an<l important
science in the English language.
.L

~

-

-- -- __

,__

-

---

. .:.

-

. -

.

-

• • -"'<........

Trrn following Address is given by Mr. Samuel Kirkham
iu th e :first part of his Grammar, and we think it so approprin.tc to tho minds of the young learners, that we insert it, with
pleasure, in our work; and we sincerely hope, that all of the
youn g students, who may stucly· this work, will r ead it, before
they commence th e study of grnmnrnr.. As· we have tak en
MesRrs. Murray an<l Kirkham as our guides, in writing this
work, onr inexpressible regard for those authors, h as prompted
us to open thi s 'vork with tho address of tho latter author,
and to close it wi th that of the form er author to young
stud ents, as given a t the close of his g rammar. B oth
:1<Mrcsscs arc well calcu la.tocl to incite a g reat desire for literature, anll to impel yonths to pursue their various studies with
thnt ardor whi ch will ouablo them to reach the summit of the
la.lld or or fame:

I

" J\fy y OUNG FRIENDS,
· "You are about to enter upon one of the most useful, ~-ncl. when rig htly . pursu ed, one of th e most interesting
studies rn the whole circle of scien ce. If, however, you, like
many a misguided youth, are under the impression that the
st udy of grammar is dry and irksome, and a matter of little
co.nsoquenc o, I trust I shall succeed in r emoving f1:om your
~1mds,. all such false notions and ungrnunded prejudices;
for I will endeavor to convin ce you, before I close these lectL ·
that tl · ·
but one of r eal
ac orn

Xll

A DD R E SS T 0

T II E Y 0 U N G L E A It N E It S •

ADDRESS

and t1igni~y hulllan irntnrc, nnd rn cliorntc ti1 c co]l(liti on of
m an. G-r:11111rn1r js a leadin g lJmnclt of tlrnt lcarniu g wl1i ch
:tl o11 c is cn pahl c of unfok1in g n11c1 m aturit1 g the rncn tnl
p o,,·crs, mid of d cvntin g man to hi s proper ra11k in t11 c scale
of i11tcll oct ual existen ce ; -of th at learning wl1ich lil'ts ll1 c·
Ro nl from earth, and cnnblcs it to h old co nv erse with a t110 usn1Hl \\· orkls. In pnrsuin g ai1 y and every oth er path of sc ien ce, yo u will di scover tho truth of these r emarks, and fre l
its fo rce; fo r yon will ftncl, th at, as g rmnmar opens tho door to
cn :-ry d epar tm ent of learning, n knowl edg e of it is iu<lisp c1.1snblc : nml sh onkl you not aspire at di stinction in th e rcpnhltc
of l et- tore;, tl1i s Jrn ow lo<lgc c:rnnot foil of h cin g s_crYi ccnhl c i o
you , oven if yo n arc dcstine1l t o pn;is throug h tho l1nmhl cst
walks of li fe . I think it is cl ear, th at, in one poin t of v.icw,
tr]';\llllll:t.li e: ll. knowk<l'!!"' C "llORRCRRCR a Lk Cif1iYO ac1n1.111·:1• p:c 0 \"l'• l.'
t1
C\'Cl'.)' otl1 cr brau ch of learnin g. l' cnrn:rnsl1ip, :ll'l t.l1111 d 1e,
[rcooT:i1)hv astron omy, hot.any, ch emistry, and so· on, nrc
... ,
~
·''
Jiiglily nscfol in their n 'spcctivo places; bu t 11 ot one of t l1 01n
iR._so m1i versall y nppli cablc to practical purpoRes, fl S thi s. In
C\' (' t'.)' si1.11 a t·io n, U1"t<
l er nil circum Rt:mccs, on n.ll occ::tRion;i ; vd1 l' 1t yn 11 sp eak, r c: ul, write, or think, a knowle<lgc of gramm ar is of essential utility.
"Don litless, you l1 avc h cnrd some J• Crf1o ns assor t, t h at. th ey
cou ld <ktcct arn1 correc t any error in l:rn g nagc -by tl1 0 car, and
R ]W~tk aJl\1 writ e accumk ly wit.hont a knoYd cfl gc of g rnmmnr.
Now, y our own oh,,01·vntio11 will soo11 co nvin ce yon , Ll1 n.t lhis
asse rtion is in correc t. A m an of r efin ed ta ste, mny, by
p ornf1in g good ant.h ors, and co11v crRin g with tho lc:irn ocl,
ncqniro tl1n t kn owl oll ge of lan g nngc, which will enab le 11im to
avo id th ose glarin g errors tl1 ftt offcud the ear; bu t there m e
oth er 01To rs eq11f1lly g ross, wl1i ch ]1 avo n ot a h arsh so nnd , and
con se1}lw11tly, ·w hich ca.n11 0(-, b e dct.<:ctcd without a lrn owlo<lg c
of t li e rnles t h at arc viob ted.
' li cvc m e t]1cr cfor e when I

TO

THE

YOUNG

LEARNERS.

xiii

their language frequentl y n.mouu ts, n ot only to bad sense, but
non-s~usc . 111 other in stances, sovora.l different m eanings may
? c afhxe d to th e words they employ ; and what is s till worse
IS , that n ot u nfrequcntly, t h eir sentences arc so coustru cted'
~s to con vey a m cauiug quite th e r everse of that which the;
rnt.cnrleu. N o.tlting of a secular nat ure can be more worthjr
of yo ur n.ttont1011, t hen, t han tho acquisition of g rammatical
knowledge.

-

~

"Th e p a th which leads t o gmmmaticn.l excellence, is n ot all
t lw wa~ sm ooth and fl owery, but in it y ou will fiu<l some
thoiwi interspersed, and som e obstacles to b e surmounted· or
. .
.
' '
m. s1111plc l:tn g un.ge, you will find, in tli c pursuit of this
scrnncc, man y iutricacics which it is ' rather difficult for th
j nvonilo m ind com pl etely to unravel. I sh all, th er efore, as
JH'oecell, a<lclross yo n in pl:till la11 g nagc, and endeavor to illns
t nito ~\·c ry principle in a ma1111 cr so clear a nd simpl e, tba
yon wdl_ b e able, if you exercise yow· mind, to understand it
nn.turc, a.nd apply it to practice as you go along ; fo r I wou l<
mt her g 1vc yo u one u scfo l id ea, tlrnn fi fty hi o·h-souudin
'vords, the m c::111 ing of which yo u would probab~ b e un abl
to com preh end.
." Sh ould yo u ever h ave m1y <l ouhts co ncerning t ho mcanin
of a word, or tho so use ·of a se ntence, you mu st n ot be di
co umge tl,. but p ersevere, ei tlter Ly studying my explanations,
or b! askin g some p erso n competent to inform yo u, till yot1
ol>tam a clon.r 001J ccption of it, and till all doub ts are
removed . . B y carefully examining, and frequently r ev iewi1w
tho fo llowrng lec tures, yo u will soon be able to discern th~
g1~anm 1 atical _co 1~strn ctiou of our lang ungo, and fix in yo ur
11111:ll th e p rmc1plos by which it is gove rned. N othin g·
dclig h tR youth so much, as a clear and distin ct knowled o·e of'
any branch of science whi ch th ey arc pursuing ; and, 0 ~ the
otlror 11an.cl, I k 1:1ow t li ~y a rc apt t o b e disco uraged with any
branch of learmng which requires mu ch t ime and at tent ion
to ho und erstood. It is tl1 c evidence ' of a, w eak miucl liowor er, io he clisco urngocl by the olistnclos with whi~h the
youn g ll':1r11 or mu st exp ect to m oot ; nncl the h ost mca.ns t ha t
so n e:rn ado1Jt, in onlcr to enable yo u to overcom e the difl:i-

.XlV

ADDRE SS

TO

THE

YOUNG

LEAllNERS.

t l1 0

.1

I

I

I
,
·, w
ca cu a ·. ct, ·o expand arnl strGn g tltc n the
intell ectual facu lties, in ns rnnch as it invok es a process by
whi. ch th e mind is mlllresso ll , nnd n, kuowlc<l go of gr:rnnnar
communicated in an interestin g and familiar manner.
"Yo u arc awar e, rny you11 g friends, that you liv e in n11 age
of li gl1t and knowledge; a u age in ·which scien ce ancl the
arts arc 1nnrchin g onward with giganti c strillcs. You Jiyc,
too, in a land of liu erty; a ln.rnl 01·1 wl1ich th e smiles of
n en,v en beam wifl1 Ull CO llllll O ll rcfol gen ce. Th e tnnnp o f t.l1 e
warrior and th e clangor of arms no longer echo on our rno nntn in s, or in our valleys ; 'th e garments clye<l in Mood l1 ave
passc<l away; ' tl1 c mighty stru ggle for ind opcndonco is over;
:uH1 yon Ji\·o to 011j oy tli o rich ho on of freedom mid pro8p c ri ty wl1 ic1 was purcl1a sc<l. with t he hloo<l of' 01 1r f:d l1ern.
These consid erations forb id that you sho u!.d ever b e so
unmindful of your c1uty to you r country, t o yo ur Creator, t o
y o urself, aml to s ucccelling genoratiom:, as Io uc con Lent to
g rovel in ig noran ce. 11.crncmb or that 'knowledge is p ower;'
that au enlightened a 1lll a virtuous peopl e can nev er be
enslaved ; and tlwt, on th e intelligence of our youth, r es t the
futnrc lib erty, the i1rosperity, tho happiness, th o grandeur,
and tho glory of 0 11.r b eloved coun try. Go o n, tl1011, "·ith a
laucblJl c ambition, ::md an unyiol<liDg perseveraHcc, in the
path which leads to hoJJor and renown. Pross forward. Go,
aml g ath er lnurcls on tl1 e hill of sc ieuce; linger amon g lier
unfo<liug beauti es ; 'drink <loop ' of h er crystnl fouHtain; nml
then join in 'the march of fa1ne.' Dnonw 199 !'!!%1 '!!'0 yjr~n o n sj ancl you will be 3rca.t. Love God aud servo him , :rn<1
ldtt I th nappy .;;

Be

ENGLISH GRAM MAR.
PART FIIiST.
LECTURE FIHS'l'.- LESSON I.
LANGUAGE.
Qu.ESTJON

n ~NSWEH.

l. ~\TJ1nt. docs Lang uage imply, philosophically?

It _1mph_os those natural signs by which man and
same . sp ecies. of tho whole animal creation commm{icato
to each other thou· thoughts, affoctions, nud d e;ires.
<
, JC

Q. 2 · How may 1a.ng unge be divided?

A. Into Natur al,, Artificial, \ Vritten, and Spoken.
Q. 3. \\~ h at t~oe.~ Natural hnguage imply?

A. It i1:1pltes those . signs which uncivilized man, and the
?m~otspec1ols of the anunal creation, use to ex1)ress their fcel-

rngs .o oac i other.

Q. 'l. ~Vhat .docs Artificial language imply?

. 1:-·

It nnplies tho

1:180

of words by civilized and enli()'htoncd

~~l:~~J s to comm umcate their thoughts and ideas to each
Q. 5. What are thoughts
0f

?

:.i\-.
They are ~ho natural instincts which
tue whole ammal cr eation.

occur to t h.e brain

Q. 6. What are .ideas?

~l'hleyfare th e impressions whicl;i. thoughts make upon
1e mrnc o man, after mature reflection.

ti A.

Q. 7. ·w hat are words?
(15)

16

ENGLISH

GRAJ\IMAR.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

A. They arc artificial so unds used by men to expr ess thcil'
thoughts n.nd i!lcas.to each othel'.
Q . 8. What is Written bngungc ?

A . It cou sist.s of words aml characters rcprcscnling words,
rc<luccd to w.ritiu g.
Q. !). Wh at is Spoken lan g u:1gc?

A. It ~on s i s ts of artil ieial so und s and wonls uttered lJ,Y
men to express th eir ideas to each other.

Q. 2. Into how many parts is g ram1mtr divid ed?

A . JTo ur. Orthography, Etymology, Syntax:, and Prosody.
(J. 3. \\That docs Orthogr~phy tea ch?
A. It (·c.nd1 es _thc nnturc al1Ll powers of letters, and the just
mcLltod of spcllu1g words.
Q. 4. OC what docs Etymology treat?
.A . It l.rcats of the diffe rent sorts of words, their variou~
modifi cations, and their dcrivatior1.
Q. G. Of wh at does Syntax treat?

LESSON IL- GRAMMAR

A . !t tr?ats of tl1 c a.grec mc11t. and government of words,
and of thou· proper arrn11gcm cnt rn a sentence.

Q. l. Wl1'1t is Grammar?

A. It is the science of laugu::ige.

Q. G. Of what tl ocs Prosody treat?

Q. 2. H ow may Grammar b e divided?

A. Into Universal and ]>articular.
Q. 3. '\Vha.t tlo cs Universal gr:umuar cxpla.in?

A . It exp lains the pri11ciplcs which ::ire common to all
languages.

A. It treats of the mo<lulations of the voice according to
fl1_e usngcs of the lau g nagc we speak, and the sentiments we
wish to express : hcucc, rn its most extensive sense it com,_
11riscs all the lmrs of elocution.
'

Q. 4. What docs Particular grammar cx pl::iin?

A. It explai ns the principles which arc pecu liar to any particular lang ua ge.

LESS ON IV.-ORTHOGRAPIIY.
Q. l. Wh~t is th e rn c:rnin p; of th e 11·ord orth ography?

Q. 5. ·wh at is the sta ndard of g ranunatical accuracy ol' any lang ua ge?

A. It means word-making or spelling.

.A. It is the es tablish ed pract.ice of the best speakers and

Q. 2. ·what docs Or th ogrnpl1 y t each us?

writers in the 11 Rc of that la.ngua.ge.
Q. G. ·what arc tl1c esse ntials of Parti cular g rnmmar?

A . 'rhcy are Principle, Definition, and Rule.
Q . 7. What is a Principle i 11 grammar?

.

A. It is a peculiar confi truction of the langnage, sanctioned
by good usage.
Q. 8. What is a D efinition in grammar?

A. It is a princi_plc of language cxpr cssccl in a clefi11itc form .
Q. 9. ·wh at is a Itnl c in gramma.r?

.

.

A. A TI.nlc tlcsrribc8 the peculiar co nstrn ct1on 01: c1rcnni st·nutial relation of worcls, which custom Jias cs!ah lrn liecl for
our obscrvan cc.
LESSON UL-ENGLISH Gll.AM1IAR.
Q. l. What is ]!:n glish g ram.llHH'?

A. H. is the nrt of spo:1king and writin g tl1c English bnguagc witl1 propriety.

. A. It tcr~chcs us the different sonnrls of l.etters, how to combrnc th em rnto syllabi cs, and 8yllablcs into words.
Q. i.l . Of h ow man;: th ing;' docs Orthog raphy treat?
A . Three. It treats of letters, syUablcs, nnd word.s.
Q. 4. Wl 1at is a letter ?

A . It is the first principle, or least part of a word.
Q. G. H ow many letters arc th ere in the E rJO"li
sh alpliabct · and how
0
arc th c.v divid ed?
.
'

A. Twenty-six. They arc divilled into vowels and consonants.
Q. .G. Whi ch arc th e rnwcls ?

A . 'l'ltcy arc a, e, i, o, u, aud sometimes w and y.
Q. 7. Wh cu arc w and y Yowcl.·; a nd whc1{ ::ire they consonants?

A. Tl1e.r :-ire Yowcb, wl_icn th ey do not b.cgin a word or a syll:11Jlc ; hut when lhcy bcgrn a word or a syllable, .they are cou-

so11a11 Ls.

Q. 8. ·what a.re the co nso nants ?
2

18

ENG LI S H

GRAMi\I.AlL

ORTHOGRAPHY .

1\.. Th ey arc b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, tJ v, x, z,
nnd so metimes w a.J1<l y .
.

oi in voice, Oil in sound. An Im 1 .
• D' I . .
.
of tl1 c vowels sourn1 eJ . as
pobpei J ~ ith oug has on ly one
' " ' oa in oat, ea Ill bread.

Q. Q. ·\\'h:tt is tf1c 111c:ini11g of lltc wo nl Yowcl ?

Q. 21. What is

· A. A Y owcl is a lette r t hat can lJc perfectly so uml eJ of
itself; a., a, e, i, o, u.

::t

syJlaL le ?

-11-· It is a tfo;tinct sot1nd uttered by a · '

voice; as, a, an, ant.

Q. 10. ·wh at i.s t h e meanin g of the worLl co1wJna nt?

.

. " srng le impulse of th e

Q. 22. What arc words of one t
l .
,
' wo, t ll cc, fo ur, or more ~y llabl es
call ed ?

A. A Co ll so n:rnt.is a letter that ca nnot be perfectly sou nd ed
·1Yitl1out tl1c ]1c lp of a vowel; as, f, l, in, &c.

~ o~Yso~~s tof 01~1/''G~bblc a.re called monosrllablcs .
. WO S} a CS a.re called dissyllables.
vV OI_<iS OJ .~tree sy llab les a.re caJlcJ trissy ll ablcs

Q. l l. GiYc ,:omc examples i n whi ch w aml y are conso n:rn t3, aml
so me, in whi ch they :ire vo\\·cls ?

VV . ,

'O~ l

• A . Th ey arc conr,onan ts in was, watch, water, aware, mcard,
yes, youth, vineyard, &c.
'J' hcy arc vowels in .fawn, pawn, d1cmj, cow, clownish, boy,
day, key, lady, loyal, royal, &.c.
Q. 12. How many letters may be u sed as vo wels?
A. Scvc u, five of wl1i clt arc alw ays vowels.

S 0

JOU:!',

.

Q. 2..i. H ow nwny· ktnd. of wor ds arc the ·c?
A T Tl
I.
. " o.
icy a re Primitive and D erivative.
Q. ~+. IVhat arc Primitive words?

!1-·
.Primiti vc words can not b . 1 t
gnc
j, &c.
e s 101 en e d ; as, man, j oy,

Q. ] H. ] Iow 111:111 y ]cl.t crs :ire alw:i,ys co11sn11 :111ts?

Q· 'J'i
~' • W Ii::t t ai·c D e n· Y~t1· vc words ?
A . Dcri~rati vc words ma . b e rcduc 'J .
. . .
as, manly, Joyful, gi-ievous,
to mo1.c sunplc words ;

A . Ninctccu, and twcnty-011e arc som etimc(l consonan ts .

de.

Q. 1'1. How arc the consona nts lliviLlcLl?

c

A . Into mutes and semivowel s.
Q: 1.G. '\Yh at arc mutes, and which arc they?
A. Tl1 c mntcs ca nn ot be sonnJcd at. a·ll. without the aid of
a vowe l. Th ey arc b, p, d, t, k, aud c aml g hard.
Q. lG. \Yhat are scmivo1rcls, and. whi ch a rc th ey?

A. The som iY owcls barn an imperfect so nn<l of th em selves.
They ar c f, l, m., n, r, v, s, x, z, allll c arn1 g soft..
Q. 17. Th e fnm sc n1i vowcls
kn ow why t h ey arc so called?

z,

m, n, r, arc call ed li1p1icls.

D o you

A. J3 cca nse tl1 cy r eadil y unite w ith other conso nants, and
flow, aR it were, into th eir sou nds.
Q. 18. \ V h cn two vowels arc uni ted , the combination is call ed a diphthong. Can yo u g ive so me exampl es?

A. Oi i n voice, ou in sound, ea in eagle, &c.
Q. Hl. '\Vhcn t hree vowel~ arc uni ted, t h e comlJin ation 1s called
triphthong.

::t

Ca n yon g iY c so111 c exampl es?

A. Eau in beau, iew in vicip, &c.
Q. 20. D.ipl1 th ongs arc of two k imfa, proper and impmpcr.
d efin e th em ?

.

o~· more sylbulcs, ar c called poiysyJlables.

Ca n you

A . A I'ro11cr Dipl1tliong ]1 :rn both th e yowels son1Hl cd; ns,

LESS ON V .-:--SOUNDS OF THE VOvVELS.
Q. l. II01v ma11y so unds li as A?

A. 1 ·,lias foL'. r sounds.
] st. lhc Italian sound . as in bar fi a
~c<ll.;l1:lhe lol ng souud ; a~, \l~ name 'iJa~ce:~r.
u •
" 10 rt SO
I'.
'
4th
Tll C \
. l uu c1 ; as, -·u!·Ja.r;ot,
glass.
. . i.e I one. sound; as, lll ball, fall, wall.
Q. 2. H ow many sounds h as B .'t
A.
,has thr ee sounds.
1st.
lhe
lOJJO'
SOU i l ·
. mete, sea.
2 l 'l'l
h o
it ' as, in
3~ "r·~ Im s or~1 sound; as, in met, yet.
·
· prey, vein.
" i.e sonnu of a Jong '. as, rn
Q. u. How ma ny sounds has I.'t
.A. 1 h as fo ur sou nd s.
The loug·
sou nc1'· as
. , Jn
· fline pine.
1st. 'J'I
2cl
1
· . 1e s tort ,, 01 rnd . n · . ;
.
9 cl 'l'J
le '
' ' s, 111 uic1i, pm.
utl.·1 'l'1lc sF~u nc ol :f u shor t; as, in bird first4 .
· machine,
.' marine.
·
. Le ' rcnc i sou ncl '. as, in
Q· 4 . Ilow many so unds l1 as O?
A. 0 has t hree sou uds.

If

OltTHOGRAPUY.

20

E N G L I S JC

G RA l\!

~l

3cl. The souud of j; as in gmndeur, soldier.

1st. Th e long sonnd; ns, i;n note, tole.
2d. Th e sho rt. sonn<l; as, rn no ~, got.
<> l 'l'J 1e so nu cl of u short; as, 111 dove, love.
o\.

Q. 5 . How should we pronounce adjectives cndiug in eel?
A . 'I'he ed should be distinctly sounded; as, A learn-ed mau;

A wick-ed p erson; Blcss-ed are the meek.

Q. 5. l.fow i11 a11 y ~o uml s has U?

A

Uk1s live sonn<ls.
·
1s.t. The long so und; as; i.11 illbc, cube.
2il . Th e sl1ort so un<l; as, ~n tub, 1.: iib:
Bd. Tl1e so nrnl of ,1;n; as, mus~, w1.10n.
M.h. Th e sn11ml of e sl1 0.r~; mi, :n uwy. . .
'"l l. "l'Jie
sh o rt souml of z; as, m VW!}J, business.
,),
-.

(~. G. JI nw rn:rny sonllll s h:1s ll ~ 'rl'. cn i.t is a. Y ow ~l ?

.

A. 1v. Jin s lJnt one son ml , ,,·]11 eh. is that o± u, 1 n now, ho ~o .

Q. 7. 11 O\\' rn:u1 y soul1lls l1as }~ 11· :1 c 1~ it is a. yowcl?
A. y ·11a :; t wn so und ;: , wl1?11 i t JS a Ynwel.
ht.. Th e long sound; as, ~11 rh:;m c, thym e.

211. 'J'l1 0 short. so 111Hl ; as, m w1tty, system.

LESSON VI.-SOUND S OF THE CONSONANTS.
1. Jlow Jll:tll.): son111h has_D ? .
.
"'J\. I11i: is ln1t on e snrnHl ; as, 111 /;ri r Iicr, 1V l m lJei-.· JJ i::; sil
ent
•
•
_
1
i·l"
"''1111" ") ll·il1l c · as, d111tf1l, dcl1t; abo \\li
en
1t fo 1
I. - t.
I 11;<11'(.)
. 111
Iv
"
v
'.
< .
l
{
•
" ' "t
lo11·s m. in tl1e r< :illl o s.rll nlil c ; as, tu111 {1, comb, lam i , e tc. ' cxcep
i l 1 UC Clllllb, rh mub, SllCC/{}}/ U.
Q. 2. How man y r;oumls has C.'2
1\ C' k1 s ihrce so11111l s.
~] s·t. 'f.l1 c sounll of s, l) c forc c, 1,· nnt1 '!); ns 111 cc11f, l'1'.11cir,
/
'l.

ma('y.
, lJ c:lorc
,
. 1,,
. l t.,· m; in ca rt, cotta.IJC,
:211. 'J'h e so Hncl of. "'
a.,0,11,
·.
1 7·,
.; l ;J'i'1 u so1 rnd of z in discern , srra{ficc, str:c, ::t1H SI(! 11 r .
(_<,i s rnllt~! in arli11scl~', c~ ar, czarina, indict, ·picluals, a 11 Ll 111 11sclc.

r/lf, ('roff d oth , tract.

Q.

A

n.

Un i\' lll:tll y

Ch

f;Ol llt LlH

21

AR.

.

l1 :1s Uh ?

three so11ml s.
. E
7
J s.t. 'l'l1.e so nn(l of I:; as in chem.isl, clw!·us, achi:h, .1noc i.
2rl. 'The sound of tsli; ns .in chi~n:h, chm'. a rchbzs_lwp:
3\1. Th e sound. of sh; :1s 111 chaz51', machine, chcwlie1.
Ch is si Ien t in schism, vacht, dmchm.
]in s

Q. '!. U uw rna.ny sounds has D ?
.A. D 11n s three sound s.
.
1st. Its nnt11rnl sound; ns in dollar" decz1lc.
2 cl . Th e so nm1 of dj; ::ts iu Cllucate, verdure.

Q. G. U ow sh ould we pronounce verbs ending in eel .'i!
A. 'l' h c ed sh onkl not b e distinctly sounded; as, I walked;
H e learned well. ; Y ou tallwd; It fla shed.
Q. 7. H ow many sonnrb has P ?
A. I!' has two sounds.
1s t. It;; natural sonn Ll; as in fan cy , 1m1.(lin.
2c1. 'I'hc sonll.<l of v ; as in of, hereof; whel'eof, thereof.
Q._ 8. How rna11y sounds lias G?

A . G lins two SOlrnds.
1st. H js J1::t1·c1 before a, o, u, l, and r, a11d at the eud of a syllalJlc or word; as in. f-;<t-}/, go, gun, glory, grand, wagon, bmg, drag,
&c.
.

ns

2Ll. It is soft hcforc c, i, a ntl !I ;..
in genius, gi11ge1" !J//111/Wsti~,
&c., CX<!l'[lt j n yet, gew.r;mo, gimlet, etc.
G is sil ent before n; as in ,r;nat, gnaw, gnomon.
Q. D. J fo1i' rnn11 y sounds has II?

A. llh:is Oll ly one so nucl ; as in hat, house.
It is s il ent iu hJur, heir, and herb; also nfter r ancl t; as 111
rhetoric, 1·/wbarb, thyme, rh.yme, 'l 'lwmas.
Q. J 0 . .How 111:my f;O unds h as J.'2
A. Ja l 11rays h as U1c sound of g soft; except in liallel11Jah, iu
which it has the sound of y.
Q. 11. H ow ma11y SOllllll s lias f{ J?

A. IC always so11 11d s li ke c hard; and it is placed before e, i,
and !J., \1')1 crc c woidcl Le soft; as in key, !.:in,r;, s!.:y.
J( is s1lent b e fore n; as in knife, kn ell, knoc/.;er.
.Q. l~. How many sounds hns L J?
A. L l1 as a lways n, soft li11ui<l sonnet; as iu love, billow.
often sile nt; as iu half, calf, talk, walk, chalk.

It is

Q. 13. H ow maB y so u11 ds l1 as llf.'t

.A. 11.f lw s but one sonn<l; as in murmur, inonwnent; except
in comptroller, in which it sounds like n.
Q. 1-1-. H ow m:my so uBcls lrns J\T?
A . .Nh:t<; t1uo SO Ulllls.
.

ht. Its si mp l c sound ; as in not, noble.
2cl. A compound so und; as in anlcle, banquet.

22

E N G L I S II

G R A M 111 A R.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

23

1V i s sil e nt after m; as iu hymn, autumn~

Q. 24. H ow many so und s has -'Y' .'f!

Q. 15. H ow man y so un<ls li:is P

A . .X h as three sounds.
1s t. The sound of ks; as iu excuse, exit, extent.
2d. The sounJ of gz ; as in exact, exhort, exist.
3cL 'l'Le sound of z, " ' h en it 1.Jegins a word or syllable, as in

.'!? ·

A . p h as hn t one so und; as in slin?er; except in cupboard,
d rc7J/i oard, in w.lti ch it Jrn.s t.he son nd ot b.
. ., .
pi s mn te in v~alm, tempt, empty, cmps, raspbe1"1'y, p hlhlsic, 1 ecc1)!t, P tolemy, ai1d a few oth ers.
.

xiphias, Xcr.res, .A.-enoplwn.

Q. 25. H ow m nny so unds h as 1~ when it is a consonant ?

Q. l G. H ow rn :u1y soun <ls h as Ph ?

A . P h h as two sou nd s. .
.•
.
e> • •
1st.. Tl te so u)l(1 of j ; as m philanthrop,1;, I- hilip .
2~l. Tl 1e ;;o t111Ll ofv; as in nephew, Step hen. · ·

A . Y, when a· con son an t, h as but one sound; as in youth,
York, yes, year.
Q. 2G. U ow many sounds l1 as Z ?

A. Z has always the so und of il:tt s. ; a s in fr eeze, brazen.

Q. 17. H ow rn any so un ds has Q?

}\. Q has .n hrnys t h e so11 11.d of k; am1 i t is invari ably fo llo" -ed by u; a s in 2itick, q11.estwn, 2ucen.
Q. 18. U uw rn nny so umls h as H ?
A . R k1 s two sou 1Hl s.
ht.. A ro wrl1 sound ; as in bard, can !, regard.
2<1. A s1n o~ t h so n ml; rn> i 11 B ome, nver, .rn!JC·
ln 11i u 1111 :1ccc n l'.c<l 1.ern1in ation ?'C, 1.hc r is so 11 11(1cd after th e
c; m; i 11 jibl'C, ccnlrc, ?llll 8811r:rc .
Q. HJ . H ow mnny soun ds h ns S?
.A. 8 h as tico son nd s.
.
.
.
1st. A s harp hisr::i ng RO lllHl; as rn. sam~, s1s/c1'.
:M. The so 1l11d of z; a:-; in nrnse, Ins, wzse, b~1s.?f .
Sis m nt.e i n isle, aisle, COIJ'S, demesne, and vi:sco11nt.

LESSON VIL-RULES FOR SPELLING. .
Q. 1. Cun you recite

Il.ULE I. ?
A . 1\fonos:yllaules endin g in f, l, or s, d o uble the :final 0 1· endin g co11 sonunt wh en p r eced ed by a sing le vo wcl; as in sh~O;
mill, pass; excep t in of, ij, is, as, has, was, yes, his, this, us, and

thus.

FALS E Ot:.l' ll OG llAI' IIY.

I. JJ c t h ou li ke the gale, th at moves t h e gras t o those wl10 ask thy
aid. 2. Th e ngcd h ero corucs fo r th on his staf 3. Shal m ortal man be
111 orc j ust th an God ? 4. F ew perso ns kn ow t h e ya.lue of h enlth, til th ey
lose it. 5. Our m::rnu crs sh ouh.l n citl1 cr be gros, n or ex ceediu g ly refin ed.
li. I h ave m ore ca re to st:1y , t h an wit to go. 7. It is n o g reat m erit to
.<pcl prope rly, bu t a g reat d efect to do it i ncorrec tly. 8. Ja cob worship ctl lt is Creator lea nin g on th e top of' h is strrf 9. W e m ay place too
li t tl e, as well ns too m u ch strcs upon dreams .

Q. 20 . H ow m~ n y so und s li ns 1'?

A. T l1:1 s t1co so 1111cl s.
]f.:t. Its 11n t ural Rn n111l ; as in ta.ke, tn11pt, tul?'"
211. Tl1 c soutHl of t.sl1 ; as in virtl.lc, naltl'l'e, f eature.

I. Jn co rrcct. -Thc s, in grns, bein g prcce~ ed by a sin gle Yowcl, sh ould
be tloublctl; thus, _r;n iss :- Hnl c l st.
2 . l11 corrcct.-Th c J; in sit ~(, b eing preced ed by a sing le vowel, sh ould
be doublctl; thus, sta.fl R u le 1st.

Q. 21. H ow m:1 11y so u;1tls l1 as '.L'h.'i!
'}'fl lia s t1co sou11Ll s.
.
.
.
l Rt. Th e nspirntc so ull(l; :is in thml.:, tho! , tlnindrr.
2d. '_l'lt e yoca l so um1; as m those, th e, thine, SC?jthe.

A.

Q. 2. Can yoi1 r ecite

llULE II. ?
A. M on osy llables ending' in a ny consonant b nt f, l, or s,
sc·lclom d o nhlc tl1 e fin al co nson a nt, wh en it is preced orl by a
fl in g le vow el ; as, man, hat; excep t in add, odd, ebb, butt, egg,
err, i1111 , burr, purr, bunn, and buzz.

.Q. 22. H ow rn:111 y Ro1.111<ls h:is l r?
,
A . V h as al1Y; ~ y s 1.l 1c sulrnc1 offlat.J; as i!1 umily, lo1:c.
Q. 23 . H o 11- m;rny so unds J1as n~ wh e n i t is a co n ~o 11 :111t ?

d

.

A . ll', 11 ·h en a co 11 so11 an t., h as but one so un<1; as rn wor ·~

·wonn.

·

· l

l

'

l\f is mut e 1.Jefo rc r ; as i.n !Dr?J, 11;rr1p, 1r r m.l:,c: n .~? lll
an~u:cr, SICO J'l l , &c. ]k f111 't; l>, it is 1n·on on11 ccd as 1f 1111tten
nf't<·r t..11 c h ; nil in wh!J, when, 111hat, which.

.FALSJ, O[tTilOG P.AI'llY .

I

l. N one eve r "11c11t, nw;1y .wu7cl fr o111 F i11µ;;1l.

2. IIc r cj oiacd oYct· his
3. Olonar lies bl eedin g on t he bcd1l of d ra.th . 4. · l\lan y n trapp
is se t t.o i11 snarc the fee t, of y ou t.h. 5. A cmT sig nifi es a carria o·c of burd en. 6. ln t h e n ame of a dr11gg or a plant, th e mis tak e of a 7'·o rd nwy

.101m.

0

EN G LI S II G R A l\I l\[ A R .

ORT JI OGRA PUY.

cnd:in [.!;Cl' li re. 7. Th e fi .> in of a fish is the li mb _h_.y whi ch h e ha lnu ccs
hi s b~dy, :1n J m ov ~s in t he water. 8. l\Iany fa111tl1cs arc Sll ]'[JOrtcd Ly
the busi ncss or m a k rn g inatts.
U. Nor un<l clightf'nl is t he ceaseless lminm,
'.l.'o him wh o m uses th rough the woods at noo n.
10. 'J'l1 c weary siwn h:is made a g oltl cn sr,lt,
A n<l hy the bri gh t tra ck of his goltlc n cri n"
U c gives tokcu of a goodly cby to-morrow.

l'h ouhl be chan ged to 1', to fo rm the second person singular of the verb·
t h us, ltcririest :- l : u lc i.ltl.
'
5 . .l.n co rrcct. 'l'h c lJ, in dismay, being preceded by a vowel, sh ould
Jtr1t be c ha11;;e1l lo i·, to for m t he perfec t participle : it sh oulLI be d i$1nil!JCd; n.grecab ly to Huie iJ J .

24

h t. In co rr cct .- 1\ s sad1l docs not cnLl in / , l, or s, th e 1l s hou ld not
be doublcLl :- ng rcc:i hly to ltulc 2Ll. --H.?c itc it. It ~ h on l d )JC su d.
2. In co rrc' ct..-A s san n 1locs not end Ill f, l, ors, tl1 e n sh oukl nut !Jc
donblcll :- Unlc 2d. -lt sl1 011ld be son .
3 . In co rrcct.-1\ s lm ld d oc~ 11 ot end in f, l, or s, t he ,z slwnl d 11 ot he
<loublcd : -H.nl c 2d .- l t sh ould be bctl.
,!_ In corr cct.- As lmp]i docs not encl in /; l, or s, th e p shou ld not bo
doubl ed :- H ulc 2L1.- l t sh ould be frap.
5 . In corrcct.- As can· docs not end in f, l, or:>,- th e r sl1 onld not be
Lloubl cd :-Ilnl c 2d .- lt should be cm·.
G. In corr cct.-A s drn.'}g docs not cm! in /, l, or s, th e !) ~1 1 o ul d JJ Ot b e
doubled :- H uie 2<l.--lt should ho dr ug.
Q. 8. C: rn yo u r ecite

lU fLJC ff[. ?

A. \ Vol'<l8 endin g in v, form tho p1m:a1 ~f no11 ns, i.ho persous of Yl' l'h8, perfect particitilcs, comp_nrn t t\·os and snp orlntiYo8, by cl 1n11 g i11 g .11 in to i, w hen t11c Y .rn procock <~ hy a c ~ n­
son::w t; nr.: , spy, sp irs, I r.a 1'1'.if , 11 1ou earnest, h e ca1:n.cg; ca1 T~CI',
carried; lw11z1y, happiCI', happiest. 'l'hc i ~ rosc n t part1 c1p.lo rot.:-1; 11 s
th e v, tl1 nt i may not be tlonl11o.t1 ; fl s 11~ carr,i; , carr!J11>.'J. Dut
wh en 1; j ;; procc <lc<l by a Y O\~·el , m s11ch HH.; taJJ cos ns t he nlJovo,
i t is not ch :t n ~o <l iuto i; as boy, b(lys ; I cloy, !1 0 cl<_>!J8; ('\:CC' v t
in lay, ]Hl,I/, a nd sa;1;, fro 1~t wl1i ch n_re fo l'11\Ctl lau l, ] )l(Ul, nml sew!,
nml their co rn pon rnls inlaid, w1prud, immul. ·
.
FALSE ORT IIOGilAl ' ll Y.

I. O ur } nu·.'Js i<l1 oul1l be go'·.r rn ecl by r~:iso n . 2 . Th ou wc(11·.'1;st tl1 ysclf in va in . il . U c dr.11z1r.rl l1 11 11 sclf :ill f' rn r11I pleasl! res . 4 . I\ c shall
not b e lw7'1'.'J"1' fo;· po~sc~s i n g t:i lcnts an 1l :'.fTlue n cc'. 1111 l c~s \ \'C l<sc th em
with Llisc rct io11 . G. T he trul y gooLl rn rrn 1s n<> t 1'.1 s111r,, crl 1.'y p ovc r~y .
6 . E re fr esh 111 orn i11 g sfrc;1k tlie cas t, we 11 n1st lie n sc11 to r d" rm yonuer
all ics gree n.
7. \V in stra£i11.'l souls with motl cGty aml lo1·c j
C:ist Hone awa y:
I. In cnrrect.·-'1'11 0 y in .fr1111·,1;, hcin g prcr edc<l by n. co nsonant., sltoulJ
be clian ged to i, tn fo rm th o p lmal; tlw r-, fanci.'c.~ : -Util e 3d.
2. I nco rrect. - 'l' l1c ;y, _i n 1cca ry , l1ei11 g precc<l cLl !Jy a consona nt,

25

Q. 4. Ca n you r ecite
RU LJ~ IV. ?
J\· I Yh eu _w ords ell(li ng in y assume an n.dclition n.l syllaule
b og mm1~g w tth n co nsonn n t., the y, if it be preceded by a co us~ 11 rt 11 t, is co nm10nly chang ed to i; as, ·happy, happily, happ111 css.
]J ut when .1/ is pr eceL1ed by n. vo wel, in such insta.nco!'1, i t is
~c 1 ·,y. rnrc ly ?l1 a.11 ged to i; as, coy, coyless ; ·boy, boyish, boyhood ;·
JOY, JOy{css, )Oyj ul.
FAL SE OltT ll OO P.APU Y.

l. His rn ind 'is uni n OucnccLl by fm u·yful humors. 2 . 'l'he vessel was
h.crr.v:i; l.IJ l:tdcn . 3. \ Vh en we act n" rti ns t co nscience we become the
d1•.< t1 ·r.11"ers or ou r 0 \\"11 peace. 4 . 'l'h ~ com e(IJ MSS of youth arc Il10Llcsty .
:i:1d fr ankn ess. 5. ' Ve rn :iy be ]Jla>ful, an d y et q uite inn ocent. li.
l<ro m o ur ge nera l co nd uct, out· t.n1e clia.ra.cter can be p ortraiccl.
7. Ch ri sti.an ma,'Jdcn of' h ero ic mien !
.
S t:i r of t he north! of nor t hern s ta rs. th e q ueen!

1. In co rrect. T l1c !J, in fa11 r!J, Lcing p receded by a consonant should
be ch:111gcd to i iu fanq/u l ; -H Ltl e 4 t h.
'
2 ., Inco rrect ... T h e'!/ ~11 lwa r,y, being p receded by a conson:mt, should
]Jc cua nged to 1, Ill hcav il.1J ; - H.ulc 4 th .
:;, J ncorr cct. 'l'h c !J, ia d eslro!J, being preceded by a vowel, sh ould
not be. changed to i·, in d cstrove1·s ; Ru ic 4 th .
·
4 . In co rrect. Th e lJ, iu coinc~y, being preceded by a consonant, sh oul d
,
be cl1:1n ged to i in co m eli:ness ; ltulc 4th.
. 5 . .l 11 co rrect. 'l'l1 e y, in play, bein g pr eceded by a vowel sh ou!J 1not
he cli :1n g0Ll to i, in plu.!Jfu. l ; llulc '!th.
'
·
6. 'Iii co rrect. 'l'h c 31 , iii p o1·tra!J, bein ()" preceded by a vo~el sh ould
not be change<l to i, in p or tra.'Jccl; Huie 4°th .
'
·
7. Jn_con:cct .. A s m u.id is th e.proper way to spell the pri mitin word,
th e 1l r~ n 1·:1tn·e is fonu cll by ackl1ng en to the primitive j thus, maiden,
agreeably to ort.h ography .
Q. G. C:111 you rec ite

llULB V. ?

, 1!',· M~~ 10sy lln.~les, a n d wonls accen~ed on the last syllable,
1:: ncl rn g \\•1th n. smglo eonson n.11 t that is preceded by a sin(l"le
VO \\'el, clonble ~h at P.onso nn. nt when they assu me another s}·ll:tble th at beg rn s with a vowel ; as, wit, witty ; thin, thi11nisii ;
tu abet, an abcttcr.
:Bu t i.f n diph thong p recedes, or the accent is not on the la.st

26

ENGLISH

GRA i\IllfAR.

OR'.1.'IIOGRAPHY .

syll able, t 1.ie. co n son~n t r.e)ll..," 1• ns single ,· as, to toil, toiling ; to

3. Inco rrect.. Dull sh ould drop one l in dull:;, agreeably to Rule 6th,
which says, &c.
4. ln con cct. Will should drop one l in wilful, agrceab)y to Rule 6th,
.which sa,Ys, &c.
5 . . Incorrect. R estless should ret;:iin the double s in restlessness, agreeab ly to Rule Gth, whi ch says, &c.
li th. l11 cor rcet. Bliss sh oultl retain the double s in Ol-issful, agreeably
to H.u lc Gth, which snys, &c.
'i . Inconcct. lla rmlcss should r etain th e dpuble s in harmlessly,
:igrecably to lt tic Gt.It, whi ch s:iys, &c.

o.fj'cr, an a.Ocnn,r;; maul, maulen.

FALSE 01\.TllOGltArllY.

1 'l'hc business of to-cby sh ould not be d~fered t.ill to:m.on :cm·: ~:
'l'h :t·t, l:t.w h :t S been anirn lcd. :J. " ' hon W C )1 :WC Oll[S[1'1J>Ccl Out CJ; .o~ s, ' H
4. . ]lv,) dc:Ji1ri111•1
· on r rc1•01Jta.11 cc,
we
.1
c ou
1
. Wll ll t i) c i ·~ce
l l'l\'C
"
,.
.
t accn111u
t
I
'I ' .
'
.
r; ] >11 11· 1s slt nu.ld he 7>r·1w.ilc1l Joy thc11· 111:; .rn c ors
o · · 1'
«11 rrr111s.
u - -·
l · ·
·
·J
7 ·1 ·11· l 111·1n,·
'.1111p<>rlan t <f1t <'F.,-.\ll 11· ...
"
(j . 'J'l 1:
c C'lir
, isti:i n .Lawt!;. tVC r ws pro iw1 tc · • ,
t !ti 11 o·8 1r it iclt t he h ea th en p htl osoplt ers all owed.
b
•
. 11
7 . At s u11111 :cr eYc1 wl 1en hcavc u.s ac~· 1 a J~> W
S pa 11 s ,,-ith b ri g lt t arch th e gli ttcrw g lull s b?low. 'L'hus rn•>tirJ1 cd th e 11 apl cF~ man; a thm 1dcn·111.r; so und
itolled rou inl t!t c :;hwlden·i11g wa lls, :;JJ d shook th e gro um1·

Q. 7. Ca n yo u r ecite

"
FAJ,SE 01.tTIIOGr.ArIIY.

ir:

l . S edalncss is beco1uing. 2. J3cholJ the JJalncss of his fi1cc. 3.
Gnillcss perso ns are esteemed !Jy t he vi r t uous. 4. Nat.mc's bws are
Uanilc-'s. ii. lhalc bch a.yior, a nd in dece nt l:i11gu:igc, arc pec nli arly dis:Jl'lUfu! Lo yo uth oi' eLlucatiou. G. In our reasonin gs, our minds should
be si11ccrly em ployed in the pursuit of truth . 7. All these with ceasless
prnisc h is works behold, both clay :in tl ni g h t.
8. . Stars ru sh ': nl!ll fi11al ruiu fi erclg driveH
llcr p loughshare o'er creatiou !
!l. H e is cl11c1,I/ en titled to credit. 'io. 'iYisdom alone is trnd:; fair: fo lly
on ly appears so. 11. '.l'hc tru e worship of God is an importa nt an d awefnt service.

lt.11l c 5th.
. ·
· accc tcd 0 11 th e last
G. lneorrcl,t. Tl1 c I, in 1•rn.hibit, w.1t ~c 11 JS. ~1 ot i; 11
Rv ll:i!Jle s lt ou lJ not. l>C d oubled 111 prohi/J1tCll j hnl c Ji li.. -1. l • . ,
t
., ~ J ' ··eel
'l'ltc r in !JlillN th 1111dcr, aml shudc CJ, " l!C l .nc 11 0 •
·
l
1
nr·o11 .. . ·
'
'
7
·
'
·
tl
n
n cc~11 i.cd OH the l:1f:t . ~y ll a b! c, sl~o uhl not be cl ouh 1CL 111 !] it,crwg, l 11 <leri11!J, :i nd slmddennv ; hu lc vth .

ffULB ~I.?

.

•

A . v\T o nls e ntl i ng i 11 <lo ub le l, rn t.n:l~ 111 g ncss,. frss, l;y, c1 t Jul,
nf'tcr Lli cm, gen ernlly om.it o ne l; ns,julness, sl;illes~, j t,tlly, sf·!~~
j ·1tz.-n ll t w ord s u11 di np; rn n11 y cl onl>Ie l e~.ter excep t l, .i 1H.l t.'.J~ .
· . . lc"s lu 01· f"ul al'tc l' them r etn 1u l the lloulJle lcttc t ,
i11 g nr.c,s,
as, ha1'mlcssncss, carelessness, st10l!J, succcssju ·
0

,

·"

•

'

• •

.'

12. - - Nature 111;1dc a pa.use,
A n awrji1l p:1usc ! prop.lt etic of her end!

_

1. Inco r rrct. '.L'hc s il e11 t c in sedate, sh ould be r etain ed in sedateness,
ag reea bly to Hule 7th, wh ich says, &c.
2. In corr ect. 'l.'lte silent e in p ale, sh ould be r etain ed in paleness, •
agreca l> ly tu ltul c 7t h.
2. ln correct. 'l.'lt '1 s il e: nt, e in gndc, shoultl he retained in g1l'ilcless,
n°Teeably to J~ u l e 7 th .
!J. l11 co rrl'ct. 'f lt e si lent r in dnc, sh ould be omi tted in dul!J ; it being
a11 cxccp ti u11 to H.ul e 7th.
10. l.ti co r rect. 'l'li c si lent c in fru r., should be omitted in tnr.Zv; it
being a11 exce pt ion to H11!.: 7th.
·
11. l11 corr0ct. '.l'!t c ~ il c n t c in awe, sh ould be omitted iu awfiil; it
bein g ;111 exception to Uu lc 7th .

FAT.SJ'; Olt'l' llOGI.tAl' II Y.

] . A di il!nr.<~ ,~r. n e r ally precedes a fc~·cr.

3. 'J'o r cco111m cml Yirtuc to oth ers, our li ghls

2. H e is wcLl
~ IJOu lJ

111 c711llncss.
shin e bri g h Lly, not

dul!l!J .

~ ile n t ~tr:111 r-;0 r r;tootl :111~n7. >l to f:(' C
Cont.e111p t of wealt h, :t1 lll w1 l~/n l poverty .
. .
:
·
l
·
-·
·
·
·ice
G
'l'
hc
ro·1d
to
th
e
M1sful
5 R cstlr>mr•ss of J1t111r 11111w 11 s 011 1 p c. .
ki~1g.
. '!.' I arrnws. uf
r~uio ns is :is ope n to th 0 pc; 1 Fa nl. as .to . the
~ 7. 1e
caluum y fall hannlcs.'!J :1t. tl1 e fed uf. vn'tue.

4. 'J'l1 c

l. Jn co rrect .
Gth, which says,
2. Jii con ec t,.
Gth, whi ch s:iys,

RULE VII. ?

A . llcss, less, ly, or Jul, ad ded to words ending in sil ent e,
docs not cut it off; as, paleness; guileless, closely, peaceful; excep t iu a few w ords; as, duly, truly, awful.

: . , irlii ch is accc ntctl ou th e last Fyllah lr ,
1 I 11 con e Ct.. '] .'li e 1., 1'n clr.(rT
sho;ilri be doubl ed in drfcind; 11.u lc .5l h:
l . l I· t ~ ·lhl le
9
ln cllrrcc-t T he z i n ann1tl, wlt1ch 1s aecc ntcc 011 t
.1 ~ ·) [i J l'
b 0 :i;g p;·c1:c~l~~l !Jy a 'sin gle Yowcl, sl10ulLl be doubleJ Ill wwu n i

Q. G. Can you r ecite

27

Clii:tl sh ou ld d rop oHc l in ch1:lnp.,s, agreeably lo ltulc
&c.
n, J
Dull sh ould <lrop one l in cl11lncs«, ag reeably to u e
&c.

I

Q. 8. Ca n you r ecite
llULE VIII.?
A . ·\Yhcu word s eucling- in silent e, nss urnc the t ermination inent, tile c shon lcl not be cut off ; ns, abatement, chastise-

28

ENGLI S H· GRAJ\IMAlt.

ORTHOGilAl'HY.

mcnt allurcmcnt.-Ncn t, like other t crm i nation s, ch a.11 gcs !f into
i, wli e n tli e '!! ifl prece<le<~ h_Y a. co 11 sonaut; as, w;cu111pany,
accr;mpaniment; mcrr!J, i1w1Tw1.cnt.

rncn. 8. Grntit.url c is a f m'CCiulc and active principle ir] good and generous 111 i nds. !J. It is h:i rtl to say wh:it diseases arc cw·cabtc : tlicy arc all
under the g uidcw1 cc ot' llciwcn.
·

FAT.S E OB.T IIOGrtArUY.

1 A 1' m1i cious· arrcrngmen l of our ~ tuui cs fa cilitates hnprovmcnt.

2:

En;01 ~;.,; r mrn t is (.?;l'C :it l'st 11·'1 c11 11·c lc:i~t nc"d it .. 3 . 'l:lw .o,lw t111 r•'.1t ~t
th e cpid~ni c is qui le pC' rcc ptib lc. 4. 'lhc ~Ludy uf .th~ l!ing hs h l.: ny1 .1fc

is ma kin g dail y wli:wicmcnt. 5. 'l'h c g rratcr our rnc.t/ 1:irn/s to. c\- 1.' t 1c
grc:i,tcr ,~ ill be onr victory :iml r eward. G. A f;p cl.l ot s1.ck11 css 1 ~ _o:tcu ~
~~/w,t i's m P.i it aml tlis(; ipl i11 c, to 1uotl erntc our afl ec twns for Lhc tl1.111 ...;8 of
this lifo. 7. Neith er p leas ure ll OI' busin eHs s ~1 oulcl .cng russ our Lime and
affections : proper season s shou Id be allotted for rctirm cnt.
8 . 'l'o sl1 nn all ui·inc nts is not km.I,
,
To mimls rcsolv' tl, fore"11a rn'tl , and well prcpar LI .
9. E xcessive m crr!Jmcnt is th e parent of grief.

I

I. In correct. 'l'hc silent e in desire, should be omitted in d esirable ;
agreeab ly t.o Uulc 9th, whi ch says, &c.
2. In correct. 'l'h c s il ent e in cxc nse, sl1 ould be omitted in inexcusable ; ag rccnbly to llul c !Hh.
J. !11<.:nrrcet. '.L'h c s il ent" in ser vice, being preceded Ly c soft, sh ould '
be r ct:1in ctl in scr vi.'ccaulc ; l{ ul c Dth.
7. In correct. '!.'he silent c in r cvei·se, shoulLl Le omitted in 1·cvcrsiblc;
nQTccabl v to Hui e Dlh.
~ S. In con cct. The sile nt c in f orce1 boin g preceded by c soft, should
be omif;tcd in f oi·d Ulc ; it bciDg nn excep t ion to Itulc 9th.
9. In co rrect . 'l'h c s il ent a in cure, should be omitted in curable ;
ag reeably to ltule !Jth.

Q. 10. Ca n you r ecite
. . ct The sil ent, c in a.rrrt.ll'J'', shouhl Lc .rela.i11 cd in 111'/'a ngcl. I nco ue . . .
. l I
. l . .
mc11t.
m cnt .· n11 d t1i c sil ent c in 'improve, shOLLh JC rcta.1 11et 111 ·111111rurc · ·'
:wrcc~1hly
to 11.Lil c 8 th, whi ch s:i,ys, &c.
.
.
. .
0
2. ]u co rrcct. 'J'hc silent r. in cll cuurogc, sh ould he r chrn1 cJ in r. 11 £0 10ogcm r. 11t · a" r ccahl y to Hui e Sth .
.
.
3. In /o rr~c t,. 'l'hc silent c in l! Ua tc, sl1 ould be r ct:1111cd 111 u atcmcnt,
:-wrcen hly to ]11dc 8th.
· J ·
7·
'" 4. ]ri corrcc:t. 'J.'h c Ril cnt; c in adwn cr, sh ould be r ct::un c m w i, m1ccm ent : :i. 0 Tcca.h ly to Uuk 8 t.l1.
.
.
, . . ,
.
5. 'rn ~ rrcct. . 'l'h c 8 il c11i I) in ·in citr, should Le r ebme<l 111 1nc1fc11tc11ts,
'L0"TccalJly to Hul c 8th.
.·
·
.
'
0. ]n co rrcet.. 'J'hc y in m c1T!J, should be cli an3cll to i m manmcn 1 '
agr eea bl y Lo Utile 8 th .

u

Q. D. Can you r ecite

ltULJi; IX.?

.

.

29

.

A. \Vli cn words elll li11g in sil ent e, assume. the t crrnwaL1?n
able or iblc, th e c sl wi 1ld ge u ~ rall y b e cut oil; a s , blame, bla nablc ; e11 r c, t'llrnblc; sense, scnst?le. .
. .
• .
]Jnt ii' c or q soft eom0s befor e c 111 ilrn on g 111a.l " 0 1 tJ,_t l1 e ~
i s r c h1i 11ell in'wonls co lllpouud ed with aulc; as,11cace, 11cacca blt ,
cha11gc, changeable.
FALSE OllTll OOllAl' llY.

l. Kn ow ledge is dr~ irea u fo. 2. J\liseonnn ct is 1:nc~:c1tscHu1c. 0. Ou.r
rnLur'1l J cfccts arc not clwrgcabl·; npn11 us. 4. \\' c are wad e t~ lJc sc1i: iw7Jl~ t o others as well as to onrscln•s. 5 . .EYc1:y pcrso~1 aml. Linn.~ co n· •.11 ,1• l'' > •.1111.,A·ir
""Jot l and dc"
1n• :uhf,; .111. om
n ee t ('I1 WI'ti I ,~l' Jf'' 15
"
,..,
•
J <'.)~. S . . G.
·II
Errorn :in<l 111 iscnn tl11 r t :1 rr 111 0.rn o·cnscr1Uc n1 1g11or:1nt., l 1''.'.1 111 " " c f
11
· st ruc-t·ct I P'" '..so 11._.
" -, . Th e di 1· 1nr·
rn
. , hws
• · arc not rr'1·er:;c1Ue l•J • 1u._c o

RULJ!] X.?

A. \Vhen ing or ish is added to words endin g in silent e, the
e is g enerally omitted; a.s, place, placing; lodge, lodging; slave,
slavish; prude, prudish.
·
F A L S E Oil.TUO G!lAI'llY.

1. Lnbor and expense arc los t upon a cfroncish spirit. 2. An 0Ul£:7cing
disposition is totally 1111 co11n ected with a c6ngei11g hum or. 3. By
wlacc i11.r7 th e sorrows of others, the h ea rt is improved. 4. 'l'he in:tdvcrtcncics of youth may Le ex cused, but lmavcish tricks should always
mee t wi t h the mos t severe reproof'. 5. Chronology i3 the 'science of
conip utci11g a11d [tdjus tin g th e peri ods of time.
G. Conscience a11 tidpntcin,g time,
Alrc:i,dy ru es th e un acted crime.
7. One se lf C1pprovcing hour, whole years outweighs;
Of' stupid stare rs, aucl of loud huz zas.

l. In co rrect . , 'l'hc sil ent c in drone, sh ould be omi tted in droni'sli;
ag reeably to ltulc 10th , whi ch says, &c.
2. ln co rr cct. 'l'h c silent e in 0U1i7c and cringe, sh ould be omitted in
obl('] i11.1 :i ntl cri11g i1•.'] ; ag reeably to Ru ic lO~h .
. 3. I 11 co rr cct. Th e sile nt c in solace, should be· omitted in solacing;
ngrcea.L l.Y lo Rui c 10th. ·
4 . Iu corrcc t. The s ilent c in knave, should be omitted in lcnavisli;
agrec:i.Lly to ltulc 10th .
5. In correct. The sil ent e in compute, should· be om ittc·d in con~1ztt-i;1g; ngreca]Jly to ltule 10 th.
.
G. I ncorrec t. Th e silent c in antici'patc, should be omitted in a11ticizv:t£11;1.: a .~ r cc :d) ly to ltnl e l0tl1.
7. 111 co rre ct . 'l'hc s il ent c in a11pro'vc, should be omitted in anwov-i-11g; ag reeably to Rul e 10th.

30

E'l'Y MOLO G Y AND

ARTIC L E .

SYNTAX .

Q. 11. CrLn you recite
RU LE X I.?
A . Coi11po1111<1 won1s nrc gcncrnlly spcll eu in th e snme
rna11 11 er ns tl1 c si1npl c word s of w]1i c~lt t J1 ey ar c eo 11q 1n 11~ul c c! ;
ns, g(r1ssho 11sc, sl;yt1:1;/it, thcrtb.1;, !1Cl'a{f'lcr.-Ma11 y w o1'(!B 011cl111g .m
do111Jl e l, arc excepti ons to t lirs r nl o; ::tfl, alrcacZ1;, 1cc(farc, n:lfjut,
J11ljit; n ml· also the \\'U rlls whcrevcr, chrislmas, lwnmas, &c.
l''AL S}: o n: l'llOfiJtAl' HY .

1. T he J ews' zia.«n·rr was i11 ~t i t11 Le1l in A.l\L 2G13 . . 2. _Th ey ~:'. lu te
each oLhcr l.iy to11 cl1i11 g t li cir fm·he(1(/s. . t:. 'J'l1 at .wlll ch rn so111 cl11 ncs
ex ped ient is nut·, nLl1coz;s ~o . ,1. By hclp111 g om 11c1µ; hbors, we arc fulljilh'n.IJ th e moral law. 5. \\Tc m ay lJC hw ·(/ul.l .to others by om ex a1npl e,_
as well as by pcrson:il injmi cs . . G. \\'h e r~ dil q..;e11 c.c ope 11 s tl1 e dour nt
the 11 1lllcrsta 11 cli ng, :iml i1upartiality keeps it, tnlf.h fmds :1 11 c11 tra11 cc r1!lll
a. icclln.nnc rcccplion.
7. Th en i11 t he 1<cal c of rca:' nin g Iii(: ' Lis plnin ,
'l'l1 cre nllt ~ t h e Sl) 111.1char such a r ank as man.
S. Till Jl y111 en bn.1u ~ h t h is l11 v-dd i:1htcd hour
Th ere Ll1Yclt no j oy i11 E den's tosy bower.
fl. Th e l1 r.atl r c1'li 11 c1l , l.lw lnoR<' l1t' tl hair,
'l'lt c lim h8 rt:l :ixcll, th e 111 011rnf"nl air :Sec, h e looks up, a. 1cofnll smile .
:Li g htcu s hi s. \YO -\\' Orn check awh il e.

1. In corr ect. Th e Ll ouhlc s i11 pa s.5, sl1 ould be rctai11cLl 111 the com.
.
pound word p assovr•r; agn :cnLly to Jln lc 11Lh. .
2. I11 co1Ted .. T he c in forn, i; ho11ld he rct.:111 1ed m th e compound
·worLl .furchertd:; ; ngrccnhl y to Rul e 1 hh, wl1! ch R a~· s, &c .
3. In co 1T1' ct.. On e l i11 rdl, Rho11ld be 011llttcd JU Lhe compound wor<l
always · it l1ci11 0°· a11 cxccpLion t.o Hnle llt.h.
5. Ti~eorri:ct. One l in fnll, ~h ouhl b0 011 1iltc<l in th e co mpo u11 LI wor<l
hnrtful; it bein g an cxCC ['f.i on tu B.nlc 11 th.

31

A. It mean s sentence making.
Q. 3. OJ' what <locs Ety nwlogy treat ?

.A. It treats of tl10 d ifle rcnt sorts of word s, th eir various
lllod i fica ti.a ns, a.nu t heir u criva.tion.
Q. <1. Of what docs Sy 11 tax treat?
A . It. Lrcat.s of t h e ng rcc rnent a.nd gove rnment of words,
and of their prover arrangement in a se ntence.
(J. 5. ELy111ology tre:its of three things : what arc they?

A. lRt. It trcnt.s of t h o classili.cation of words.
~ti . 1t explains the properti es p eculiar to each class of
\1·ords, a n<l t lwi r Yarious m odifications.
3cl. It t reats of the derivation of words.
Q. G. From '1·hat bngungcs is t he English b11gua gc derived?

A. Orig inally from th e Saxon, Danish, Celtic and Gothic ·
h~1 t, it ~w~ Leen greatly . enrich~d by :ic.ccssi~ns from th~
frrcc!.:, L atin, French, Spanish, Italian, and German languages.
. Q. 7. Jl o1~ mn11y words ·arc supposed t.o he ·i n the· English lang11:1ge,
rtcr dcd uct.111g proper lt :lll! CS, and words form ed. by the inflecLions
of Ycrbs, noun s, and adjectives ?

:l

-A . About forty thousand.
Q. S. The fo rty thousand words of our language have been reduced to
ten part.s or Sj)Cec h. Ca n you recite them?
.
•

. A . '_['ho Article, ~ o.u n, Pro1:10un ,. Verb, Parti?ipl~, Auj ectiv e, Adverb, l'repos it10u, ConJun ctw n and Inte1;i ect10n.
Q. Q. "Whi ch of these, arc co 11sidcrcll ·the most important parts of
speech ?
.
'

J:-· Th e

N o;in a nd V orb; for wh ich r eason th ey are called
minor parts
ot sp cecl 1, the fo te1;i ect10n bcrng th e least important.

1n?JOI' pn rts of speo~li. . A ll t~1 e oth ers a. re called

ETYMOJJO GY AND SYN TAX .
AHTICLE.
LECTUJlE IL-LESSON VIII.
ETYHOLOGY AND SYNTAX.
Q. 1. Wlwt docs the word Etymoll)(]!/ signify?

A . )t sig nifies the orig in of words.
Q. 2. What docs th e ·word /5'.'! ntux mea n ?

LESSON IX.-ARTICLE.
Q. 1. What is an article?

. A: _An. Article is a word prefi xed to nou ns to liinit their
s1g nd1cabon ; as, a man, an orange, the riv er.

32

ETYMOLOGY

AND

SYNTAX.
ARTICLE.

Q. 2. How man y :irticlcs arc th ere in .the ]fog lish la'.1:~1:igc ~']1~ : arc
A . 'J.'l1 crc a rc oH ly two nl'ti<.i lcs JU our h1 1g u.13c.
.)
a or a11, n11ll the. ·
(). i.l . Wlial, is n or an c:tl lcLl ?
.
.
A o r an is cal led the iml cfimtc nrtrclc.

A.

Q. -J.. Wh: 1t is th e callcLl?

.

.

A. A is prefixed t o a plural nonn, when nn.Y of the nt1iec, 1.iv<•s f el(), ,171w1.t man!J, dozen, h imdred, tlw11sa'.1d, million, /Jillian,
tritlion, '/WtdriUion, &c., com es betwee n the article n1Hl tl1c nonn;
:I.~>, A f em lll Cll; A _r;1·cat man}; p e rSOJl S ; . A do;:en mnrul cs ;
A lumr/rcd c·c11ts ; A thousand doll ars ; A million inlrnuitants ;
A tn'/{iun in sec ts, &c.

A . 'l'li e is called the <1 d im to article.
Q 'i Wlr1t tlor~ the ~·rnrd i11drfr11 itc mea n?.
ind d i.nito
. . m ,,ean s unl'mu·1·ec1
A. , It
. . .,1 .or . an is rcallt'e.. d t l10
arti ; lc, lJccausc i t is lm limitcd m 1t~ a1•P ica .w11.

33

LESSON X .
Q. l. Tli c nrticlc is seldom prcLixcd to jn·op er noun s.
cx:rn1pl cs to i llnstrate t his fa ct?

Can you gfr c

30 111 0

Q. G. Wlwt. docs the won! dcfin it~ _111 cn11 ?
. ]
A. It m c:-in s limi/~;rl._ '! 'he _i s .~all c d th e d cfilli tc artt c o,
h cc ausc i t is liwited lll its :l1Jl~l 1 ca t 1 ~ n. . . ?
(). ~,. \\' ha t is the ulli cc (lf the iwlejin1.tc :.i.1 ~,1 c. l ~ - ·
•
11 l
t tl1 c n oun to o n e

.A. Jla l'l'on kill ed D ecnt.ur; P op e translated H o m er 's Ilinll;
\Va shi11 gto n lo ,·otl his co untry; Authony munlere<l Cicero.
Q. 2. \\'h en ma y we prefi x tl1 e art.iclc to a proper noun?
A. \Vl1 e n ir e wi sh to dis tin g uish su ch nouns from othe r
prop e r n o11n s ; as, \Ye came d o wi1 the Ohio riYer to Cairo; H e
cro R.' e(J tlie R ock!J mounh1i 1rs ~He is uot a Frnnlclin; H e is a
L cP,, or of the fani ily of the L ees.

~

Q. :J. Ailj cc li \'CS arc of't cn placed bet.ween the ar t.iclc and the nou n
wi th whi.ch tl 1e ~1rli c le ng rccs . Ca n you giv e some cxa111ples?

A. Tl1 c i1ukfinit c arti cle g c11 c!·a y _u rn "". o;tar, an cnglc, a
o f a ki 11<1, indi vidua ll y or collectively' as, ci
»core a th ouRa ncl.
'
..
. I ?
0 8 Wha t is th e offt cc of the dcfim te art1 c c .

..c"'
A . 1 he

·l'

•fi11it c arli cJc limits the i10llll to f\, par
l c.
,.
, f 1 J. acts . as the mau , the arrny.
ol1j ect-., or co llcc llull o o'
, '
'
J

1· ~ 1

s

Q. fl. No 1111s .g c nr.r: illy h ave tr '\;.~~
I11 'Tli:1t sen s? i r; :1 _11 1~1.111 uscl ' " c
adj cct11·c prefi xed lo _i t.
1 .

hr

1Cl l '

.

·ul; ctivcs prcf.ixc1l t.u t.hcrn.
it 1:ar;' neith er nn arliclc nur an
01'

. . fl" F mit i s
a lrn llll :rn 1 ;
. . . , l 1 11 a o·c· nera se n se, ' .., J\. I l; 1S 11 SCl . '. :-o
. t· ] Jc
]f C l' CWC rn c:m fr uit
G 1il I i" l1c•tn · . Jllan rn Lo rn to toll > .. . l
·
.·l ·l · ' ·: .' ·a,l mid all m e n or mcm f,:uu ·
:rn d go t Ill g Cll 0 1
1?
L

'

'

•

.
re w l 1·1t k• .1m] u [' i1 0··'111s· :-;l1
' ouhl t.hc arti cle be om1t.tcL
·
, .
.· ,,. th e difl c re 11 t Yirt ucs, v ices, paRA. J k fi1re no trn ~ lll11'1.) 111 1"' . t I' l1 nlJi" niHl fl'u i!R ; a ~,

0 ] 0 ]'

~

,.., . . . . ' co

'
· ·
c ii n 'R ·trl c: 111 e a "' .
o; iow:, r111 :11l 1.ic· R, R_c 1
.' l 7'., ·' l ·s nt1i o n :-; . ] ,ore is a 8 1ro11 g
Jl[or11•s,'11 is l1 ecn111111 g ; ]1a .,c 1001
<111 ·1li't·1· of yo 11 ll1; Tr ees
. . 'l' 11 i ' Iii " lll (lflt <' ~SO il 1,
'
J
•
'
p:t
sC'
10
11
;
,
r 11 i ;,
.-·.
i· .. tl c R•, ion co of lanµ;u ~1 ge, ,.;,e.
]nake a for est ; u /' tll1 t11ia rn J ,_,.
~

\.·flt

I Yer nr•JJlic1l to nrl verbs ?
"
.
·ili cd to ndvcrhs
Q. 11. Is th e 1l efi111 t~ :'.r ic c ~ . :
1
A. It is. Th e c1 cfuu t0 article ~ s f1 e]qu.~n '.l_Y nn
'l 'he more I ox.
.. r . ' ()!" s11pe 1bt1ve (_ cg1 ee' as, ..
rn ~li e :o mpm.t i:I<, i·1 - 1·t· T like tl1is the least oi aJJy.
am m e it the bctte1 1. '-e ' · ·
.

•

L"

Q. 12. \ Vh:1t is the rn cn11in ~ ol' a, or a n ?
A. A or an m ean s o11e or any on e. . ?
to a plum.I noun·
Q. 13. \ "l Il Cll ·IS a prefixed
.

A. A good lJOy ; An industrious man; The immortal signe rs
of th e Duclarntiou of Imlcp cndcuce .
Q. 11. So1 11 cfim cs th e :iilj cctivc i1reccllcs the article.
so111 c cx n~1pl cs of this kind ?

Can you giYe

A. A s !Jl'ca t a mnu ns Alcxantle r; S uch a shame.
Q. 5. '.J.'I1 c inJcfi11i lc ar t icle is placed bct1rccn the adj ective m a ny and
a si11g 11lar 1101111, wli cn 're rc rcr tn scYcr;il persons or tl1iu gs, and wish to

hriug each 1•nc ~l' pa ratcly under cousidcrntioll.
a111plcs or this kiud ?
.

Can you g ive SOlllc ex-

A . Many a man lrn s srrffo red marty rdQm; \Vhere many a
roschll!l r enrs its blu shin g head; .B'nll many a Hower is born ,,
to 11! us lt un seen.
Q. G. _\ 11i cc di stin ct.i on is sometimes effec ted by the use or 011 1ission

o!' a.

Can yo n g irc so 1n c exa.mplcs of this kind?

A . IC I s:1y , "He u c lrn. ved with a littl e r e ve re nce," my
m ca 11i11g i s p os iti\-c. JJnt i f I say, "Ile b eh a ved with little
nwe rc ncc," .m y m eanin g is n egative. Dy the form er, I rather
7Jraise a p erson; b y th e btter I disprnise him. Again, wh e n
I say, "'l'li orc " ·ere f ew p erson s with him," I sp eak climiJJll t ivcly; wlte r C'ns, when I say, "There w ere a few persons
with him, " I e vi L1cntl.r intend to nrnke th e most of thmn.
Q. 7. Th e ind efinite a rti cle sometimes has the meaning of every.
you g i1·c som e cxa1Dples of t his killll?
·

A. Thc.r cos t fiv e shillings a d ozen; i. e. every doz en .
3

Can

ET Y ~I O L OGY

34

1\

ND

SYN1'AX .

A R TICL E .

\\"'IS .t(l '·11·1 1·l1
' "
, , (' O UJll .1' ')' d ea r,
. 111:i11 I. ' . . 1 "'1' '1 tli fnl'(.v l)O tllld s a }'l':t l'.
.J
•
A }J> 'l"'" lll ' " l'I C l 11· ·
11 t • · · b
.
l . . .,·s Ili c v:1rw11 s
.
,
·l
·
.
·~
:1rn
('01111
c
•<·!.cd,
:i
11t
<
!X
!''
'-···
•
..
(
l ~ \\' 111·.11 ~ev t •r;.I :1 rl,1u 11< 1·11·
t· ll11111•"h ·dik e 111 1i;1111l', th e .i 1 "' ' '
• 1· . I 11 . ( I (' l' l' ll
"'
'
.
I . I?
I
. l'1 ti1
'S 11f' il1 ill ·!.;8. Jll t IIVlt l'·
11 '1 ) Y" "11
. ...e s1111
'. i. . c'x·1
r 11 .1 -·
· · 1111.J.cs uf this ;1111 . l
11
t!c·k ~l1 0 11ltl Im rl' pcatct.
dll.
,·
·~ II" A lJ:iy, a nd a 11·l 1i te, :11 11. c:l
J\ !\_ b lack, :.11111 a '\\ ]11l e c l '.
l three l1 or ses, ol d1 t... , ., •sio·11iJ)·• Lwo ca vc,.:, aHL .
!"n r re·1.-' 110 1.··l·

]

A

C

n

0

fo rc n t co ltJ l'S.
Ll in "' or Lhin !.::s, th<! a r. p
sam e 1 " ·
·· .
1.. lclrn <>· to t.1ic
(
' q
·
w
h
l'
n
lite
q11:1 it.ies -' '· t "
.
e
<· · ·
l l'· in yo n on e 00111 , ex·nl111
. • lcs vi' t, 1ll S 1; 1111 .
ticl c shonhl m•t be rr pcn tc~ . ." ·. A ;c1l and hln c li ng ; A gTec 11'.
A . A ld ::ck nn11 ,d11_te e'.1.1£ '. "'. ni f' the diffe r ent cu l o rs of
J
ye 11 O'\\. . ·i i l ·i, l· l-, ""IH1 wlnt e c.1t,
, t .. i g
;m e ca lf, on e l1og, and o ne c.1 . 1 Z . ·c Lh rrc wo rtls. \\' l1y uo \Ye
.
tl t
. 11 nnt t ir, n1
..
Q. 1 0. Jt is cl'l tlc11lt /~o ~;t~'cl ~~ iu om lan gungc?
.
f'ay that; t.lt crc arc o11 y n
:isc th e snrne sig nif1cat1o n , they
A . 11ccnu sc JI al.1£1.,'.l nt. 1.,.l·1,11(l s of n onn R.
. 1. t \) < r wren '
·•
U C .lll l>' p1·e J'I XC<
• .. ]?
,-,
l . l r UI S IS A prcl1xel .
1
() 1] ];d'urc \\'l 1:1L ;,1m o not . . .
..
·'th a consona11 I, i,
.,,.
·
s
b eo- rnum er i H . "
A
I
t
A A is prcJixeLl to n oni i.1 o ·cl o1~c . as A pen;
w;
'
·
j
IT
'
\11(
1
t
1
e
WOl
,
'
1
·wl1e 11 so 11 11rl e< ' u O il <:> , ' .
.

A]

A unimi; J\ [a11 y a one.
.
. ri , p
;
k' t1 r noun s IS An p1c IX. CC •
0 1 ~ . Hr. fore ,r J1:1 L in o .
. IT vitlt a vowel,
" .
.
. - l t . OUll S u ccr111mn o '\ '
ll
A A 11 i s prd rxec o n
· l ·9 heir An wnbrc a.
.
l
l -t . as A n an> e, A ll
' .

••

a s1-

l e n t h, a n t u s lO l ' " ' .
.
1 . . wh ich A and An arc
cs 111
Q ] R Will Vl.>ll read tIic ~•J11 t! 11•in .-,o· cxarnp
· ., ?
.
.
eri,;
11rcG.
,
~~l
tu
th
ei
r
rcf'
pcd
1vc
nuun
s
.
f'
. " IT 'Jll a l1 o usc, . a
l) ll 'l' , ·'
l J) •11· a :\II "' - c '
•
.
}\
'\
l
J '1 CO ll t ;~ < O ' ' '
'
'J J 't 1'1 \.'C l'
i\. 1 s t.. . ):l ' "
' .
11 0 1111 a p r 11, :t q1 11 ' '
.. '.
· ·iud •·'(~ , :t kit.c, a 1:~111b , a. i_n.'1.11 ; ~\'nte h 'a :x iLd1ias, a zo 11 e, JIW l l,)'
. S il\\~,
;:-. a,
. t U ll , aUllL O ll :t l· l t;L,.1.
'
rL
c)

t

'

. l -=R t m1L,,
i :iu
or a 11 -gC', an u m~t 0 11 e.
·
ern y a n rn
·
1
2cl. A n aco rn , a1i10~111. 'lll lierb n.n h o n o r.

brolla, a n h o ur, rm
' '
'
.. · " thcA rt.iclc?
1 111 '
·t e tl ic.Orucr
·
. Q 1-L C:rn yo u rec1
. ofp
. al s f ," ite
ar t icle, and
w ] iy ?.
:"\. I t is The d cfii1i te or IU LJ>c -1;1 11ar si11 0- 1l1 c <l <'fi1 ·
'
]
't l e lo 1w ?-.,,n <..
·
1° { · fl 1c
'r o wha t n o nn coes i . J , ':' " 1- h cl ti 11 <rR to a n rr(.l;er i 111
i1it e :i 1.t ic le, w e f;o m ct1rn.0.s s.11,)' .'o-l··, . :w ~cabl y to Nole Jst to
cornp a.r a t1.· vc 01. s u11c rla t i vc < co 1. eo' o

1 1~

Unlc 2 rl.
. 111
. . ·oin o· the i Hdrfi ni te Artick?
Q. ·15. What Itul c appl'. cs yn
·i.'. "' . i l e <~ci i or:illy b el o ngs to
}\ T'nl e 1st. Tli c i 1Hl r f1n1 tc ~Lt
1fi·t1l y o r c o lb .:t 1v ely ;
.. - ·~ - l . ' •w nlal' J1 n 111lJ<.' I', lll< t \. lt '
n o u1 1.· J ll t ie s 1.1'°'
c;cor c a th ousa nd.
a s A s tar an cng e, a .
' ,

f,.

35

Q. lG. What n11l e appli es in p:1rf' ing tl.1c defini te Article ?
A . Hul o 2tl. 'l'l1 c d e fini te a r liclc l1 clon gs t o u o nn s m tlie ·
!-' i11 g ul:11· or plural Huruoc r; ns, 'l.'lze star, the s ta r:::.
Q. .1.7. WJ;,, t Nute appli es in parsi11 g A , when it is i•rcOxctl to plnral

1 11 1 111 1 ~?

.A . No t·c l st to Jlnlc ht. A m ay b e p refixe d t o a plvfo l
11 011 11, when nny of tlic ar1j cc ti.vcs f ew, great many , dozen, lnmd1wl, t/1ow 1md, million, billion, trillion, or quadrillion con Los b el.1Yc1m t l1 c a rt icl e aml tl1 e n o uH; a s, A fe w men ; A g r eat
111 :rn.r star ; A d ozo u marbles, &c.
Q. JR. Wli:1t Note :-i ppl ics iu parsing the tl cfini t.c Article, wli cn it is
['rcfixull t.o :111 aclvau i11 thu corn parativc or superla tive tl cgrcc?
.A. Nu(o l s t t o l l nl c 2J. The J efini te arti clq is fr equently :ip1.Jiccl to cultci·bs in t liceomp arn ti ve o r s u perlativ e Lleg rce; as, 7'/ie
inul'e I examine it, the better I like i t ; I like this the least of a ny .

Q. HJ. Wh nt Note a.ppli cs in corrcctin.~ exa mples in False Sy ntax,
i11 l> hi ult An is imp roperly used i11 stcatl ol' A.i>

A. Note 2d to llnle l s t. A is u sed b efor e a consonant. u
lu ng , h 11·b cn so unded, and the word one.
,
Q. 20. ·w hat Note a11pli cs in con ccting examples in False Syntax, in
wl1i ch A is improperly used i11steatl of A n .'l

A . Note 3ll to Hule l s t.
It, arul u sh ort.

~n

is u sed b efore a vowel, a silent

Q. 21. What Note appli es in correcting cxn mpl cs in False Syntax, in
whi ch the dr:fin ite ar ticle is irnpro11crl y prefixed to uouns "-hich arc used
i11 n fj c1u• ral sense?

A. Note 2cl t o Hulc 2d. IV-hen a n oun is n sccl in a general
se nse, tli e arti cle sh o n lcl h e o mi tted; a R, J.l forlesl!J is Lecomin g; ;
Falsclworl is odio1u; ; 'LJ·uth is i111111 or tal; Gold is corrn1>t iug .

Q. 2J . Wh :1t Not.e ~i pplics in correct ing cx:unples in F:ilsc Syntax .
in
whic h tl1c li ouns are 11 ot used in a general sense, nnd the article should
he cx11rcssctl ?

..A. Not e ~kl t o Rul e 2tl. \ Yh e n ::i n oun is not u sed in a
g-e ncrn l s@sc, th e ar tic le sh o ulJ b e cxp rcsseJ; a s, A lion i s
bo lcl; 'l. '/zc sea is g reen.
1·;1•cry t.l1i11g of i111 port: 111 cc in rcl:itio n to th e ar ticle, has bee n o·ive n.
pk·:i~c t.o ~t11dy tl1is p:ir t of' ~pcccl1, un til yo u can an swe r ~JI the
'fll <'S tions wit'.11 f:1 cili ty; whc11 yo n shonltl proceed to parse all t.he cxan1)'l cs of tl1 e Ar t.iclcs, gi1·c n in the foll ow in p; exercises.
Brforc you cu11H.n e11 cc t.o parse th e cx:l!t1ples in tl1 c Exe rcises, you
~ lin11ltl rua tl . t he 111a1_1y cx:_impl cs give n of tl1 c systc1na.tic Ord er of l)<m'11 1~· t1 1c Art1ulc, \rh1 cli 1V1 }] c11 abln you Lo parse this part of s pcl'clt ,rith
t.l: e greates t case am] flu ency. You sl1 oultl parse the Articles iu th ose
ro 11 will

ART! CJ, E. - C 0 RRE C TING.

(.;(i

F. 'f Y ill O J, 0 G Y A N D

S Y N TAX .

cx:1111 pll'.~, 1111 1.il _yP ll am p(~ rfe«i. l ,Y f'.unili ar wit h tlni onkr of' pnr~ inµ: t.l1r111;
a11 1\ .Y"'' "·i\I alwnys 1ic1 rnc t.lt c111 f\uc11tl y in Lhc 1'1 )llo wi 11 g l'.Xt'rcif'cR
tl 1 r1.11 1 ~d•o11 t t l1i ~ wt>rk. ·wh en )' Oil ~!t all , h ave lc:i.rn cJ l' cri'ec tly Lh e
unkr ui' parf' in g th e ~\r ticl e, yo u sl1011l1l th c11 r cacl t.he rn :111y l'xa n1ples
gin· 11 ni' tl1c f'_ys le11rnt.i<i--nnl cr of corrcctin.~ F alse Sy ntax. in 1Yhie h the
:; r1 i1· l< ·s :1rc 1nicappli c<1 , i: 11ti l ynu h r,en111 e q11iLe :f:1111i liar with tlt l' .. nlcr
n l' e11 iT"e li11µ: lh c111 ; wlwn you f' hon lcl cnn !·d :i ll th e c:rn11qil1•:-; ul' liaise
~y 11 t : 1x. in the fi,J\1•w i11 g ] 1: sc rc i sr~ , 1yhi ch cu11l:1.in eYcry varicly ol' 111a1111 er
in whid1 th e artid('s c:i 11 be mi f::1ppli ed .

PA ll S ING.
EXF.llCISES IN !'AHSING.

now. ll. A dnllar. 4. A fan11. 5. A !:!: 1111. G. A
lrnt..
8 . A ki11 ;:?;. 0. A lord. 10. A mnn. ], J. 1\ iH1 1111.
l !. . A J1C'll· l B. A qHill. H. A r:1r.nr. 16. A sai11t. li i. 1\ tl 1011gh t.
17. A yi11li11. 18 . A ll11 in11 . ]fl. A w<1i d1. 20. A x iphi as. '.J, ). A
v111!f.lt. ~!. . J\. 1'.011c. 2;\ . A sco re. 2-1·. A th o11s<1ml. :>:). A mil!i1 111.
'.21;. ,\ f'1 :11· pn,:011 s. Z/. 1\ gn'.:d, rn a 11y l1f•1n;t'S . 38 . A dnz<' ll i11 :1rl1lcs.
'..'.!"I. ,\ h11111lr l'd (·t•111'<. ;:o . A thn11,:11Hl dnll:irR. Ul. A inilli nn in h ;1 hit;1ntR. ;u. A l.iilli11n im<ccl.s. 80. A trilli on ;1t n111s. i\ L ,\ qu:1 dri lli1;n ::t\tl.> llll , . gr>. i\.1:111y a 0ne.
l. 1\11 :ipJ>lc. 3 . .t\u c11 e111y. :;. 1\n i11l;s t.aml. -!. Ail m: 111.~c . ri.
•\n m11brcll :i. G. 1\11 l1\111n r. 7. 1\11 l1011r. S. 1\11 l1 cir. !l. 1\11 h 1~ rh.
11.1 . A n u11(:lc. i ·1. Th e 111an. 12. '.L'h e 111 cn. ] ;~. Th e Rl.:1r. ] ..L '.l'h c
~ t :i r:: . J G. 'J'h r. l"'.'i· lli . Th e bny s. 17. Th e la dy. ] 8. 'J' l1 c l:1di 1•s.
HI . Th e plan et.. 20. 'Jli c p!a1111ts. ~ 1 . '.l'lt c s11n . ~:!, . Tli u 11 1t11111. :~ ::.
The E ar! 11. ~-I· . Th e ?l/f/n ' I cx:1 111in c if;, f,l1t\ l J1•f /r·r I lik e ii. ~[). Th e
\ Jl')fC WC get, th e ?;wre WC 1·; a11t.
iu. 1 likll t.his Lite /r 'l (S/. 111" a11 y.

1.

_II,. binl.
2. 1\
'j. A jml,µ:c.

l. A is the in dc fi11i t.e arti cle, :t won.1 wl1ich li111i l:R il1 e 11 u11 n t.n un c of'
kind , hut trJ no p:uti(:11 l:1r 011 c ; it. ldt>n ;!:s to tl1•.; rn>1111 l1inl, :1µ:n·c :il1 ly t,o liulc -i ~ t. T he ind t· lii:i !" :ir f.ie lc g1•111·r:i ll y Lelongs tu norn1' i11 the
~ i11 g ul:n m1 111lier, i11t.l h·iLlt1:1ll y or c11llect.ivc ly.
~- A is tl1 e indefinit e artielc, rt worLl "l'· hi eli liu1its t.l1 e noun to unc of
:1. k iml. ]Jilt t.u nr>p:1rtic11lar 11 11 0 ; it. bcln n,c;s to the 11uun crow, :i g rcca hl y
t.o L:.11l e h t.-H cci tc th e J:nl e.
g_ A is lhc i111l d i11i tc nr Li clc, n wnrtl whi ch lim .itR the 11 n11n to onr. of
a killll, ]rn t l.11 11 0 particular 011 c ; it belo11gf: tu t he 11uu11 ./otfHr, nµ;rccalJ ly tu Hille ] ,;!..
,L _, f is ik1 i11Llefi11it·, ,, nrtiel c, a word whi ch li111it s the 11111111 to 011 c ol' a
kin<.l , but to 11 0 p:1rti 0nl:tr one ; it belongs to th e 11 01111 jiu·111, :i gn·ealJly
tn Hnlc 1.s t.
::~g . A is t.l1 c i111l cfi11it r. :1 rli clc, a 1Yonl whi ch li111ils tl1 c 11 0Lrn to one of
a kind , l111t. tu 11 0 p:1rt.i e11l:1r one; it. hC'l1111 g~ lot.he no111J sr:orc, a~ree:i bly
to H.nle ht .
·
:!.G . .1l is the imlefi11ite article, a wonl which i ~ so111 ctirn es prc!iXL'll to
plura l nmu1 :<; it belongs to ih e 11 01111 p rr.so ns, :1 grce:il1l y tu Nnte ]Rt to ,.
J:nl c ht. A ma y lie j1rt:fixn1\ In a plnra l 11 on11 , whe11 :111 y of' tl1 e adj cc- 1
ti vcs}·1r,_11n·((l 1/lW>!J, clrJ.: 11, l11m d1·t•d? 1/1 01£.<rnu l, miflir:m , billiu11 , ll'iftiun,
.
or qw1drd/ 11111., corn cs bct.1rr.c11 th e art1dt; au1l the J1 u1111.

:1

0

37

27 . A is tli c i11 clcfini tc article, a word whi ch is sometimes prefixed
plnr:d 11ou11s ; it belongs to the noun lt on ses, ~1grccably to Note 1st
.l:.11 lc ] st.. J:.cci tc it.
28. A is tlte i11d eli11itc article, a word wl1ich is sometim es lll'Cfi xed
pl11rnl uou11s; ·it Lclongs lo the 11ouu marbles, ugreeably to Note 1st
t: ulc J st.

to
to

t.o
to

20 . .A. is the iuLlcfi11i te nrtick, and belongs to the noun cents, Note l st
to Rnl c ] s t,,
::!). Ai:· : the ind efini te art icle, ;111Ll l.>1.ilongs to 0111.', llul e 1st..
·1. An i~ Lit e i11d c!i11i tc nrt iclc, a won! whi ch li1nits the noun to one
of a kind , but to 11 0 parti cular one; it belongs to th e 11 oun apple; agrccaL l_y t11 .lt1il ll I st.

~ - An is tl1 e ind efini te article, a won! whi ch limits . tl1c nou n to one
of a kind, lmt to nu particuhtr one; it bcloogs to the 11ouu enemy,
:1grccal.ily to Huie ht.
.'J. A" i ~ t.ft c ind cu11ito ~1rli <.:lr., :ind belon gs to i'nli-stand, Ruic 1st.
4. _, {11, iH tl1 c i11d cfi11i te urtic: lc, and Lelon gs to oranr;e, ltule 1st.
11.. 'f'!lf; is ll1 c defi11itc :irti elc, a word wltie l1 limits the noun to a particul:tr ol.1juct. j it IJe l11ngs to the J\ OUn man, ltulc 2cl. Tli c ucfi11i tc artide Lcl1111 gR to noH11s in tlr e sing ular or p ln rnl nu111her.
l~. Th e is f.he ddittite ~irti clc, a word whi ch limits the 11 0un ton p:irt.i cnl:ir nl'.ieet ; it bclo11 gs t.o t.l1e 11 onn m en, ugrccau ly to ltulc 2d.-Alw;1ys recitn th e Hnlc.
J!\. 'f'f> ~ is the definite arti cle, nnd belongs to Slttl', l111J c 2d .
1-J.. 'l'l1r: is th e definite a.rticlc, and lie.IOJ1 g1l to sta rs, H.ul o 2d.
~+. 'l'h.c is th e dcli11ite nrticlc, a word whi ch ic: s•)11w ti1 ncs prefi xed to
a<lv erl1s i11 t.hc co1J1parnt.ive or s npcrlntive degree; it belongs t.o the ad\'\' ril ·11un·1·, agr1•r•:1[~,. t.n Note ht to ltul e 2d. Th e llcfinit e art.ic lc i8
fn~'l"• ' tilly "Jll'li c< l to :11h·crbs in the enrnpara.tirn or superlati rc degree.
'/'li e i~ till: dcJi11i tc ar tiele, and belongs to the adverb better, Note 1st tu
ltulf\ 2d.
2U. '/'h r, is the tl cfi11it c nrti clc, a nd belongs to the aLlverb least, Note
1st to Hui e 2d.-1tccite the Note.

CORUE CTING.
:ExJmCISES I N FAJ,S:E SYNi'AX .

1. A n ·bell. 2. An cart. 3. An drum. 4. An fri end. 5. An gu11.
G. A11 l1 at. 7. An union. 8. An youth. 9. An zone. 10. J\lany <tn
one. J 1. A nppl c. 12. A cneu1y. 13. A inkstnnd. 1-l:. A orange.
lfi. A 11111/Jrdl:i. IG. A un cle. 17. A hour. 18. A h eir. rn. A
l1 011 or. 20. A herb. 21. J\. 11 horse, :in l1 crnlc1, un heart, an hc:1thcn,
rt n uninn.
22. A ncorn. 2f!. 1\ n uscfol book. 24. J\I:1ny au ouc.
!~ii . '.l'h c g rm:s is g noll for horses, nnd the wheat· for men. 2G. Gra >'s
is p:no'l for th" h nrscs, all(] wheat for the men. 27. Gras~ .looks well.
28 . \ Vl1 l':it i,; \,lig lti cd. 2U. Corn in th e gard en grows well, but corn in
th e flclil do(~S nol; seem to g row. 30. H ow rlocs th e toba cco sell ? 31.
llow do yo n li ke t.he ~t udy of' tl1 c p: rn.mrnar? 32. A candid temper is
prnp0r fi.i r th e 111a n. 33. \Vor]d is wide. 3-L The man is mortal. 3;j_

BTYllIOJ,O OY

38

. 11•

,.

].

t

S Y N TAX.

NOUN.

n!i. '!'h e earth , the ai r, the
<:l cin cnts oJ' the old pl1ilooup hcrs

1111"0 tl1 e death .

s. ~'('. J'l.,ur

_\ 11 11 I 111·rscc 111 r <1 _t:
lire, :i nd t he wat Ct ,11 L

AND

LC

. s \ I..,,
" COl'"SU ll'lllL
l'rll l11·0·111
1 !l ••
•
'

:\lid

it sh r111l11
•

1,.. .."1lH'n1Tcc
" ;2t1 to l',11 1c, 1s·t . .ii. is used hcl. orc
. '" . . •··il.J y" to N otc

pr1: 11 ~. e •. .1,.,1cc. .

U2. Incorrect. A.s 1nan is used iu a general sense, because it signifi es ma11k1:11 d , t.hc dcfiniLc article shoultl I.J c omi ttetl, agreeably to Note
'.21! tu H.nl c ~d .
;;;_;. lu co rrcct. As ir e rnca11 t.hc plan et 011 'l\·l1ich we lfrc, the dc!:iuitc
:irticlc should be expressed, :igrccably to Note 8d.

] 1;1yc a
tt co n~o-

l l nntl (.li e w on] one.
loug, h whc11 sou11lc~:. «.w ith a co11 so 11a.nt, it should l1 ::tYC a pre~- InMrrcct.
J\ s car~ lc,,m;·
fi xrll, ;1grPcnh ly to No t.c 2d tlo l~ul c ] ~ttl. a. COU"Oll'IJlt. it sh oul11 l1 nYc a
::. .1.1 ;co rrcct. A s dn11n ' )cgms wt . i .'
'· . • . '
wdi xcd, ;1 !-!'rccnbly tl)·N ?t,c 2cl L~ H.ul~ 1st: co11 s1J n:111t, it should Jiayc a
l _j J
· t
'\ " jrwnd bcr··111 s 111t.h ,\,
-· nco iTcc · , _"
- ~ l D H 11l c :I sL
prclixc•J, ;1 ~~rccnhly to N ote! ""\
'. ·tl a co nsonant it sh ould liaYe a pre•
'
-.J . 1...ll CO
. l..I Cf·t·· J\· ·s g un )e'"lll
o S
, "J
j ·]l 't...
fi xctl , ng rcealJly to Note ~ d t? J. 11 ·~1 .s .. consoll'mt it should h <L'\'C 11 prcli Jn con ect. J\s hut hr.g llls w1 , l a
, ' '
. ·
1 I t N lt, 9tl to H11lc 1st
I' 1
fix ed :1!,!l'Ct'll i y o l e - .
'
.
"t sh ould h ave u. pre ixct '
- 'J,·ll'O ITCct.. J\ s t.li c t(. JS long 111 1tn irJ11, 1
'· · ,
F t '' ] t Hnl c 1st..
Jl t
[l"TCCab1y
-' O C -"
· '0l'L1 Ol!C ~li on j]l ]t,l\'
C ( ' rwcfi xctl, n\:;l'CC. a J Y ·O
"' ]0 . ]11. <·1)tnrr1•c.[..
'1'1lCO \1
•
•
~
.

JJ a11 t,

38

11

NOUN.

?

LESSON XL- NOUN.
Q. 1. ·what is a nonn J?

A . A Noun is a nnmc; as, man, Jam es, tree, knmdcdge.
Q. 2. H ow rn any kintls of nouns arc there ?

'fote '..' d tu Jl11l e 1st.
7 I .
' th ·1 yowcl it ~l1 o nl d l1:11·c rr11 pre- 11. Tn f·nrr\'d.. J\ s op11•) ll'g', ns w1. ' .Jin is' n~c<I ]Jc lurc a \cn·.cl, a
, uL". . . ''•J<~I Lo hulc 1st.
fi :'\ r Ll, ~I g n.~ c: I 11I .Y 'I 0N
.L

~ iJ. •. n t 71 , nn<l u ~li ort.

A . N on ns arc of two kintls, common and proper.
Q. B. "\'h:it arc co nim on nomi s?

l

.
··ti a yowcl it sl1 oulJ have m1 pre] ' ! I n(·1>l'l' <""t..
A s rnr: niv 1rg 111s ~ 1 t '
'
'3 tl to• ]. \. 11l c l •st. l · ·l/1 it Rli Oll 11l l 1: tYC an p refi xed-· [l!,!T()f';l I ! Jy trJ N1 ) lr.
•, •
· I:,' i ll< '<•rr• ·;.1.• J\R t.111 \ n 1s sl1ort 111 um i1! ' ' '·
. . 1 I1I I 0 N11 I. ''<l lo 1:111" IRf..
Li , l
fixe·1-d.- :l1'"
"T ·1·: • .Y
Rli onhl ha ve an pre XLt'
·•. 'A '~ "lli·. ."c' h, '.rn' . ~1. :1 1·c 11 t, ·111 ziow., 't
I ,
j .
l lC:O l "l' l' I' 1

A. Commo n No uns nre common nnm cs ; as, man, tree, river.
Q.

\\' hat arc ]Jropcr nouns?

.A. Proper Noun s arc proper nan1 cs ; ns, .John , Eliza, Ohio .
Q. 5. ~\'h a t :11:e co111n1 cn1 a111l prnper 11 u1111s ::; ig nif:Ying rna11 y eall ctl ?
A. Tl10.r nrn ca lk tl Cn ll cet i\'O Nmllls, or No 11n s of M11lti-

·1 orccalil)' t.11 Note :J tl tu Jtnlc J_st.
] J . Z1 1i1·sc hci·rild, hcu rt, :111d
' c
·
\
ti 7 18 SO llll lC lll
· .,
. .
•
.
:.n. J ncPn <'1·t. l _ s . lC . i . .
tl1cv shoulLl ha1·c a prefixed , a;;1cc·,1
. Jo1JO'
,-, 111 1111/01!,
7l l'lf f·/H ' 1l' ~ll H ] (\i p 71. lS
v to Note ~ ti lo Hnfc 1st..
. . f 11 7 it sl1 n11 ltl lrnYc a p refixed,
'nl1l1::.
] l\ ('!ll'\".'d .. J\ F, t11.c 1i rn long Ill
H.<r
'
' ' •
·
"1 C '>l
to J:11l cht. 7
.I ll "t o·c H C'l'rl1 S(' llf'·<'., ll I c.
- '
.
.
,
....
]
"•""
l"T('l':t ll.I •)' lo- 1'"
\ • . • <S •
[ 1(' l<' Ol ,1.l C u .,c, ·
' b
]' ,
•) ]
._,
, .-, . .\ 11 c11n1·d.. J s !71]o ... •1111' it ] 'l' " l'CC:l lJ lY to >
,rol e•' 'J- r] lo .. •n1c - l ·
l •
d1,li11 itc ar :i,.\,, 8l10 1ild JC orn i .c•l , . "' .. "11 ', ~rtic \ c sl1 oul1] he pn1il iC'cl.
.
l . • "·<· 11 c1"• 'C ll f'c, . l " .. . ,
1
r .
"'' iil' ll ;: 111 ·1:1 1 13 11''<'1 111 ,[."' " :· .. . - · .. n·pud j (,r li nrscf', ;i!lll 11' 1c:1t . 01
-Tli e ~e11k1 1 ec ~l w uld re:1 il, U1.1 f's J.1 "'
rn cu."
. en are ll SNl in a. µ;c nrr:1 l Fl' ll ~C', lhc
o (i Jn c,,rrcct..
J\s ho r.<r'.< l.l ll'..I1 m , , '1 l {.) .Nntc 'Jcl to ]\ul r ~tl.
- .
. l 1 \ 1 l 0 rni ttc< fl"' l'CC:I ) y l
.
.
'
'
"'
\ .
. f'C llC!"ll 8(' 11 ;;(' IJ U(';\ll 'C \iC
1kfinitc nrll l.' c i' JO U l JC
• . . . ·s i~ not uf'Cl m a ,;
' '- · '
·1
'27. I 11 co rrecl.. , , r, !Ji•1 ll'·
•·
] li "te . .ti .. \e sh ou ld be ex prc:,,c, ·
. ' l SS
the ( fl Ill ' 11 · v '
.
l
1·1111 J.8 na/ llf'Cll ;11 a gc 11 cr<1
llll'?ll th e Jll'ef'c nt. erc•p ui gic ... ,I '" ],
.
1
" j
}' l ' •> l
11' ! Cll a l u
•- .
•
.
'
·w rce:dJly lo .N 1Jk 0 t 1'-' · .u e ~ ·
Tl
c
scul
cncc
sli
uu
l<
l
J'Co;tot,
~Zm1. c, t.li c :irti clc r-:l1 1;~t1d ]Jc cxpressct.1 - .. ' ' '
..
" 'l'lil'' nT:"'S
l1111lrn
1\'l'l\.
l
.
,
..
1
"n
il
''<
'
Ili
c
1l..!111il
n
~ "
·
~' I 111 •t 0 ·1· 11l 1c1· ,. , ; • "
:;J. '.111 <.: nn ·pef.. As!;mm.inrrrJsH.t " ' ;, :) [to ]lul e:.:' il.- - '.l'li csen1
.
] j J
'tt'd nnTec:1blv t.o l'" ., ~ l
'I "
:tdll'Jc ~ 1 1111.I < IC Ol\11 t ' , , _
J'i°. ' t l•f' stu.Jy uf <•T (llllllJ[\l' .
t,e 11 ce shu ultl r1::11l, " H ow uo yo 11 1 ,c. . ~ .
.
"'

t}.

tud e; ns, rmn!J, people, jloc!.:, herd, 'l'lrn (/un:;rcss of the Uuited
States.
'
Q. G. As you shoultl umlerstnnd th is part of speech, before yo n proceed tn Lli e next, " ·i ll yo u read the fo llowi11g exa ll1pl cs conta i11ing the
severa l k iwls of pouns ?

I

.A. ht. Cornmon N 01uis; :i s, rnnn, men, woman, women, boy, boys .
girl, g irls, brother, s ister, fatl 1er, mother, tree, river, sea, mountain ,
occ:i 11, g ulf; h:i y, s lrcarn , town, eity, cou ntry, home, lake, po1 ul, l1 ousc,
],ook, pen, iHk , p:ipc r, l1orsc, a11i111al, birtl, iish, fow l, du ck, hc11 , cli nir.
table, cksk, furniture, bed, kuile, scissors, shrn rs, hcll uws, rnuffcrs, ·
to 11 g~, sliol'cl, spade, hoc, plow, consr. icltce, meekn ess; mild ness, goodness, gentleness, t..rnth, pi ety, virtne, l1 oucsty, dishones ty, falsehood, Yice,
sin, hope, peace, fri endship , ch ccrf'uln cr-s, generos ity, &c.
1
2d . .Proper No uus ; as, 'l l1 onws, Hober t, ' Villinm, l\I:iry, .Jan e, Ellen,
.Joseph Smit.h, H c11r_y 'l' hn11 1pf'o 11 , Dr. J.lc11j ami n Franklin , Sir Frn ncis Drake,
.J:osto n, A lbr1ny, 'l'roy, New York, Pliilncl clpl1 ia , Jh ltim orc, Cin cinn nt.i,
] 'ii tRh 1 r.·~. f ,,,111 i ~Y il l 1 ·, N cw Orlra11 ~: , 'l\:0 11t.11<· ky, Te 1111 <'~s ec, M i ~sp11 ri , L1)aisi:111a, Texas, ( <1 lifi1.rni :1, l:urupe, Asia , Al'ri. ca, J\m cri ca, J~n gl::11tl , France,
U l' rm :rny , A us tri:i, Hu f's ia, , \mazo n rircr, Miss issippi riYcr, Mi sso uri

40

ETYHOLOGY AND

SYNTAX.

PERSONAL

. .
-, 1- . ,. 111hi11" J\ ll cn·hm1 y rn ou11b1i11 s, 1\ 11<l<'R rn o11 11ri'.'Cl', Oh1 0,:"1Vcr,, l.• o~,~~ i;',;~rn1; 1,'3rn ~li~hi p;l;11 , hke 1•: ri c, l:ik c (~11i;1rin,
t,a111 ",.bkc.111pr.11<11
· ' : L u·• II ll'( 1[·· '"1l'11'(1
r11i ·1
ll11d~1111 R ]1:1• y,
. M .
(', 1.I l' 0['C" Ullll'
V •
• ., - U. 1111 ".1 - ~ 111ex 1cu, _I .• u"' · ·t ..'·t r '1t eri11 .. 's si.rait- Istl11 11us ol' J l:1ne11,
J:ay ol ]_1'. ,<iy, _ ~a\ ts s s 1,tl" -'
"'
'
.
ht.h11111s o( 8ucz, &c. f' l C 11 t' - kiml whic h arc c~illcil Culkrlt\'C
"l Uo111111on Noun s o tic o cc n c
'
fl I· 1 . . l ] . ·c
uL.
.
f J\l_11 lt't
as ~u·1n.y ' fleet' ll <~vy,
1 u de., "'
.
\',oc ,, lcll' l 10\ '
1Non.in« 01- No1111so
'' .
11, . . ' . 11 r Jllllltitnd e 11a.t1ou, COlllLlll ttcc, l c.
'
propl c, ralJJ c, .Nl~SClll) .\l" tl c·· llr.c'. t.ivc ki11 cl whi ch arc ~.ilso c;1.llcd Cull 'I
p 'O jlCl' Oll ll 'l u
lC
u .,
'
f
"
'
'1
' •o I. __ 1
•
{' J\l lt't l •. 'I" Th e ](ousc o
.til e
·orN01111so
11.1 1-mc, . .,, .
. L-·0111.111.0!IS
,
· Nr
l ccttYC
;
l o u11~,
.
'
't
.
.
'
L
'l
c•,.
,,,
c
·iml
Ilvn
sc
of
l
u'j>!'c.,c11t"-.
f L . l i C ·c·1t 1, n a111 - I 0 D 1 ' 1- ,
.
.
.
Jlo 11sr, <~ . . 'fJI< s.o
,1
f die United St.ateH; The C'c11 cn 1l .11.<S~/11.//rcs eo_11 st1~-11.tc the' ~vngL1 css ·oz l , . , f' K cut.ncky. 0 IIuusc of hn,,1;
b1!J ol:' Lon1sw11a.; Ili c '<gio a me o
'
L

Q. 2. ·1[ow rna11y k intls of pro11ou11 s are there?

A . J'ronouns are of two kinds, I' crsonal and Relative pronouns.
Q. 0. ·what tin l'crH011nl prunonHs tlcnoto?

A. P c l'so urtl Prououns denote tbc persons of the nouns
wl1i <' l1 tl1 cy represent; as, "John wri tes, and he will soo n
write wel l. "

0 Ja-urnlcm., J crnsalcm, &c. l . 't r s arc Coll ective nou ns b ccallf' C
YoL~ pc.r?civ~ tlwt, _t.11c wo·r~i~i/11~~\~ ~~;c,coll cct i1·c body. 1<111 ~;l w1.il1l
th ry s.1grnry many pc1 so11 s ol1 -1 ~· l o{' th ose 11 onns arc not coll cet 1Y c
.
1.
'
1 , cvc•r tha-t t. 1c p u1.1 s
rc111 c111ucr, 10.\1 · • '
.
fl · ·l· . I crcl s dro ves r; 1bblcs as~c 111 1J11 0~ ,
.. A. cs fl eets nrLv 1cs, tic. ,s, t
,'
'
'
, . ti '
i1 ou 11 ~. l's,
. 11111
·. '
' 'ttccs, '\:c.., ·ire
IJCJu1 1:;, hut nu t Oi .1u
multitml
nations,
cumm1
, . conunon
collective killl1.
Q. 7. ·what. is the meanin g of the word noun?
. .
- sio-11111cs
. ·~
- J\11 thirws
:ue
1A
It
fL name.
L, h ave names, aml those names
fl l'.crl
\..
' "l
·
tl 1;1 t, '•VC, C"" ll .s"c
'T
f any tl 1111"'
, ,, lcar
,
, tu stc, smc "J ' , l,
11 01111 s.· 1 fic .11a111c
o ' '1 :1HJ ..,,
:till
. . 11 01111
11.1111 c.sol' ·tll
• t.hc·, :111i111al , V<)n-et:a\,lc,
"'
I
0 1' / 11111,, ? ' IS .L
•
-- . •
l
c·ill
tl1
elll
C0111lll4111
1
1011
ns,
li
cl':
lll
.
l l
lo · o 'll'C ~I O llll S .1111 \IC '
. ~Cl
i111n
cr:i •111 g< 111.," 111 CS
.
, '
l !Ol ..SC 111111<'' J !' 01''' ' sl1
Cl' Jl ' :-io-n: il., ::111111:1'
·
· '\ 14 tll'\11
't.h uy arc 00111111 011 11 ~ · , ," ' 1.: .·1' f' s] 'wll'llc tree li erl> pl.111t , ll11wer,
1
t . tlcr
twcr 11(111 u11t, J.1,
·'
'
.'
.
JI·
l
'
tog,
ca' p.in
.~ · '
.' l · ·]· , o·tts o·rnin rn uu11tnrn, l'l \'CI', a,c,
'
.
l t Cor n r ye ha)· 1.11 C}, ·- · > o
n:rass,
w
1
ca,
'
._
'
"
'
l
_
!ti
s'
i
lver
iihtin:i
con
pcr,
z111c,
.,
t . mty LOW ll IOllSC go ' '
'
' J
occa 11 , :5ea, conn .1 y~' J' t irl; cn we 'o·ivc 11 a111cs to rn a11 y ol' t.h r'c combra~s, u on, steel, l c. .>LI
b . nq J 011 is N·1 1lo lc.:011 1:1111<l]':Il'tC j
l 'OlllC rwu11cr nou11s , '", ' · ·
,
ti
111011 110\HI
i\
··1
'I 'J:JY
. . 11'1··~ ltl> l'SC
· 'J lS, sicy
· JCC
• • rJy
l CJ"'
' 1:.1Jver.J )' 1)1\J' j\ 1ll1c
J\Iary Jc, c11 illlp«o n ,
1·1 ." ,; t 'I'o'rn . 'J'l1·1t li on is 11<1111ctl Dauco;
l . Jl · ow Cherry·
r i <:.l
'
· '
.
' '] - •.
J,,o''
. c1 c .ts ca .11 CL
, l . C(:i,~ar.
name JS Brutus ; I la t p.n'l'ha.t panther
• .... , That tiorcr's
o
r ot's 11 a.mc is l'oll, &c.
Ma11y cx:t111pl cs of n ou n ~ li.a~rc b ~en give n in this lesson, tl1 :1t you
mny rc;Hlily 11cet1m c q11il.c !n111il1ar wi t.It this part of i-;pecc li, l1el'urc yo1 1
co 1~1111 cll ce the stULly of" the pronouns.

Q. •J. '\\'h at is t.he offi ce of the TI.cbtive pro,noun?

A. Tho HC'lntivo Pronon1t r elates to some noun or persona.I
pronoun pt·occdiug it, as its antecedent; or it refers to so11.1e
ILou n or p cr so n nl pronoun succeeding it, as its subserzuent; as,
"'1' !1.e 11/fln who i11s truds you labors faithfully;" Who gave you
that 1JOuk '? John.
Q. 5. What disting uishes the Personal from the Relative pronouns?

A. Persona.I Pronouns always denote tho persons of the
nouns whi ch they represent; whereas, Reln.tive pronouns do
not; l1ut tl1.('.Y always agree in ge nd er, person, and num~er
witlt their autccod o11ts or subsequents.
· Q. G. [fow rna ny perso11al pronouns arc there?

A . Five. 'l'ficy a rc 1; thou, or you, he, she, and it; with
their plural s we, ye, or you, au.cl they.
Q. 7. llow m:wy properties haye pronounB?

A. Four.

They arc gende1·, p erson, number, and case.

Q. 8. Have all the personal pronouns a peculiar termination to denote
tli ei1· ge nde r?

A. Tlwy 11 :wc n o t.. Ge u(l cr Jrn s r cRpcet o nly to t.lio third
perso n Ringular of tlie prnuouns, he, she, and it. 'Ile is masculine, she is femini ne, audit is 11 c nter.
Q. !) _ ,\\Th ich of' t. Ji c pcrnona] pronouns h:wc no })Cculiar termination to
tlcnotc l-liei r ge nd er?
.

rEllSONAL PRONOUNS.

A. 'l'lio jlrst a.ud second persons, both singular and plural,
and the tltinl p er so n plnmL

J_,ESSON XII.-PRRSONAL Pl10NOUNS.

Q. 10. H ow many p ei·sons h ave ]' l'O nou ns?

A. Three: the first, second, and third persons.

inRtcacl of [), u ou n ,

[l!Hl

gene-

41

rnJl.r to avo icl the too frcqneut repetition of the noun Yd-1ich it
roprcse u1s; as, The man is l1 appy_; he is benevolent; he is
u sefu l.

•

Q. l . ·what is "· pronoun?
A. A rnrnOllll is [), wor•l m;cll

PRONOUNS.

I

Q. 11. Can you ~pea k the persons of tl1c Personal i1ronouns ?

388

KEY

II.

Ex. SO. Th nt th ou mayst be well educated. Rule 4th.
E x . 8 1. If h e do not opprovc my cncle:wors, they will be an ample!
rcw:1nl. Nol e [hl to Uul c HUth n11<l H11l c 17th.
E x. 83 . l g nora11 cc, or the want of light, _l11'0dnccs scnsun.lil.y, co vctous n c ~s , aml those v iolc11I; co ntes ts with others about trifl es wl1 ieh
occa s'irm so rnn ch misci·y an<l crim e in th e workl. ltul c i:Hl<l a;td Note,
4th to ltnlc Hl th.
- \ Ve will close thi~ wor -, by g' vin g th followin g Achlrcss to youn g
st~1d c 11 ts, by l\[r. L111 d . · Murrny, . t i e end of his g rarnmnr. W e
tl1111k, thnt th e Addr c s IS so well ada tcd to instill :t love or literature in th e minds of yo uth, tl1 nt '1' C ould cons ider our work in co mplete withont_its insert on ; and. we s· cc rcly. hope, tha t cYcry pupi l wh o
may study tlns work, w I r ead 1t · 11d we wJSh th ose wl 10 read it to fe el
nssure<l, that we m:e net_u:
. y the same motives, iu insertin g it here,
as t he author was, rn wntrn g 1t.

ADDRESS

TO

YOUNG

ST UDENTS.

389

,,...------'
,•

ADDliESS TO YOUNG STUDENTS.
t

.~-.

" '1'1rn Compiler of these clements of the English lang uage,
l1opcs lhat it wi ll not be inconsistent with tlic nature and desig n of his work, to make a short address to the young perso ns cngngcll in the study of it, r especting th eir future walks
in t-11 c pn tlts of literature, and the chief purpose to whi ch they
s1tou lLl apply their acquisitions.
"In fo rmi11 g thi s grammar, the auth or was influenced by a
desire to fi~•cilitate your progress in learning, and, at the same
tim e, to im p ress on your m ilJ(]s y1rin ciplcs of piety and virtue.
Ile wished also to assist, in some deg ree, the labors of those
who arc cultiYating your m1d crstandi11gs, and providing for
you a funcl of rntioual and useful employment; an employm c11 t calculatccl to exclude those frivolous pursuits, and that
love of c:wc, nnd sensual plcmmrc, whi ch enfeeble and corrupt
t.Jtc minds of runny iuconsiclcratc youths, and render them
usclcRs to society.
" ·wi thont you r own exertion s, th e concern of others for
yo11r " ·clfare, v:il l be of li ttle aYa il.; wi th thcn1 , you may fairly
promise yoursch -cs success. The \\Titer of this address, therefor e, r ecommends to yo u, nn cnrucst cooperation with the
cml caYors of yonr friends to promote your improvement and
h np[iin css. '1-'ltis cooperation, whilst it secnres your own prog ress, wi U afford yo n the ltcnrt-folt satisfacti on of knowing,
tlmt yo u ar c clJCris11in g the h opes, and augmentin g the pleasure:> of t l1ose with whom yon a.re connected by the most
cndcari ng tics. H e r ccommcmls to yo u, also, serious and

,I

.,

..

\,

...

~­

\ :•

·..

, J ;'l

3()0

A D D I'. E SS

T0

Y 0 U N C:

S T U D EN TS .

ADDR ESS

olorn il' (l \'iom ; of 1ltc Rtmlics in wl1i ch yo u rnny Le c11g agctl.
\\Tl1 atcn•r rn:ty lJC y o ur attainments, n ovel' nllow y o11 t·schcs f·o
r es t ' · :d i,.: li oll with me re literary nccp 1i sitio11 s, n or wi th a sc lli ,; Ji
or co n t rnctccl appli calion of them . ·when they aclv:111 cc 01il y
tli e in teres ts of this stage of b ein g, and look n o t b eyolld !l11J
prcsc n t tra nsient scen e, t h eir influence is cir cum scribed ,;- _iti 1i11
a \' ors n a rro w sph er e. 'l'hc g rea t busiu css of thi s life i:::, t"
prc1iarn a ncl qualifJ' u s fo r the enj oyment of a b ettor, Ly c11lt ivati 1w a pure and lrnmlilc state of m ind, ancl ch eri sl1i 11g·
l ialJits o f piety to wards G otl, ancl lJcn ovo kn cc to m en . ]<;\·c:·v
tl1ing th at prom otes or r etards t his imporh:tnt w ork, is
great rno m out t o y ou , ::111cl claims your first ancl m ost sori o1.1,-.:
n ttc n1 io n.,
" If; tl1 cn, th e cultinttio1t of let ters, and th e aclva11cem e11t
iu k11 01do dge, a r c fo uncl to strength en a ncl enlarge yo ur
m inr L;, to pm if:r ::mcl exalt your p leasures, and t o clisp osc yo u
t o i•i o ns and Yirluo us seutirnonls and co1t<.111 ct-., Lh ey pro<ln cc
cxce ll c11t cffi.:cts ; wl1id1, with your b es t entl oa, ·or s t o irnpro,·e
thorn , :111d tli o D iviu c blessin g sup cralltle<l , will not fo il t o
r e1ah•L' yo n, ll Ot 0 1ily 'rise :rn<l goo cl. y ourselves, but al so tl1 c
h:ippy i11 s trum c nts of <lilt'11 si11 g " ·jf;tl om, r cli p; ion, au d goo<l11 ess
:1ro111 11 l yo u. '1'1111 :-; i111Jll'O \"t•(l, yo u!' :tt'qui :, i Li o 11 ~; l1eco 111 e l1a11drn a i(I::; to virt.lto; :tnrl 1.. 11.ey mny c\·c11tually se rve to i11 ctw 1so
the rmrnl'll s "·hi clt t.ho S 11prcm c l3 ei11 g lias pro mi sed t o foitl1 i'11l
ancl \1·e ll- tliroctccl exe rtion s, fo r the p rn m otion of t ruth n.tJtl
goodn ess am ongst m en .
" ]~11 t. j [' } O ll ·CO Ull lc ract tl1 c ]I O J> CS of }O llr fl'icrnls, and 1Ji c
t cml cttC'j" of t h ese attainm ents; if yo u g row Yniu of ynnr
r eal o r irnag inal'y di stin ct io us, and r cg::ml with contc1111>1 ,
th e v irt uon s n nlotte re<l mind; if you snffo r yoursoh cs 10 li L~
nl1 sorb c<l in o \·c r-c n rio ns o r triflin g r;p ccu lation:.< ; if your J10:1rt
n11<1 1• rin cipks b e <lcbasc< l a llll p oiso netl , L,r the influ o11ccof
co rrn pli ng a11 ll p c rni cio1ts l1ook ,.;, fut· which no olega11 co o f
co rnp n .~ il i o n c:1n m :1kc m11c11ll s; il' yo ll R[> C11<l so nn!C'h ofy o11 r
tim e iit liter ary c11 gngcrn c111 ;:, ns 1o mak e th e m interfere wi ih
hi g h e r occ11 p at io11 s, arnl lca<l yon to fo rge t., fk1 t pi o ns :111(1
1Jen ern lc; 1t ad io11 if> tl1 c g rc:it cn•l o l' yo nr lJein g : if suel1 11 L~

l:i·

l

T0

Y0 UNG

S T U D ENT S .

391

ll1 c nnh:1pp,Y misaplJlicati on of yo ur ac<]_uisit.ions au<.1 advantngcs, -instcncl of b ecoming a blessin g to y ou, they will prove
tl1 n occasion of g r eater condemnat ion; and, in the h our of
se rious th o ught,
they may excite tho painfol reilections,-that
1
i t w ould h::w e b oen Letter for yon, to have r em ained illiterate
a ntl nnn spirin g ; to h ave b een confined to the 1iumblest walks
of life ; n ncl t o have b een e ven h ewers of wood, and drawers
l)f w ater, all your tln.ys .
" Contemplating the dangers to which you arc exposed, tho
sorrows aml disl1onor which accompany talents misapplied,
nml a course of indolen ce and folly ; may you ·exert y our
u t m os t CJl(l cavors to avoid them! Seri ously r eflecting on the
g reat ontl fo r 1dtich you w er e br~rn ght into ex isten ce ; on the
b ri g h t and oncournging examples of m auy ex cellent young
perso ns, a nll o n the mournful cleviations of others, ·w ho w ere
o nce p ro mi sing ; m ay you b e so wise ns t o cho ose and follow
t l1 a t p at h 1d1ich loads t o h on or, u sofulu oss, and trne enj oyme n t ! 'l'his i.:; th o m orning of yo nr life , in whi ch pursuit is
anlent, a nd obstacles r cn,di.ly g ive way to vigor and p ersever a nce. E mb race tltis favo rable season; devote y ourselves to
t h o acqui sition of kn owledge a nd virtue ; ancl humbly pray to
Uotl , tl1:i t .l l.c rnay l1kss yo ur l:t bors. ltollcct ofte n on the
n<h a11bgm; wl1iclt yon posscR:J, nrnl o n the source when ce they
nre nll d erived. A live ly sen se of the privileges and Llcssings,
b y wlti eh you h a ve b oeft tlist.ing nish od, will induce you to r entlcr to yo ur li oavonly F ath er, tlie just r etums of g ratitude and
love : a1Hl tllwso fruits of early g oodn ess, will Le r egarded by
Him as a cceptab le offerin gs, and secnre to you His favor and
pro tectio n.
"\\Tlrnt cver <lifficnlti os and disco urngomcuts i~ay b e found,
in rcsi~tin g th e allmemen ts of vice, yo u m ay b e humuly con-·.
iitlcnt, tltn.t Divin e misistancc will b e afI:ordocl, to all y our g ood
niv1 1)ious r eso lnti ons; and that every virt uous effort will have
a corres po 1t<lc nt r c: wai·tl. Y on may r es t assure d t oo, that all
t.L c a d rn ntages ari sing from vicious i11dul gen ces, arc light and
co utc rnp tilil c, as " ·ell as excee din gly tran sient, compared with
th e su lJ;;ta nti:il c11joy m cnts, th e present pl easures, and the

i>?
[.•.!''1-'.. ·"

-<·

,,

~·1
:::-- '

,,' '

302

ADDRES S

TO

YO UN .G

STUDENTS .

futur e h opes, 'vhi ch r es ult f:rom pi ety a nd virtue. 'fltc Holy
Gcr ip tnrcs ass ure us, that' 'lihc ways of wi sdom arc ways of
plcasant11 ct:s, and tl1at all h er path s arc peace;' 'tlrnt, r eli g ion
k1 0; lit e pro111i c:c of the life tl1at uow is, aml of th at wlti cl1 ];:
to eom c ;' 'and, that the trnly goorl mau, whatever may be
the co mlition allotted to him by D ivine I'roviclencc, in nil
t hin gs g ives iltn11ks, and rej oices eve n in tribulati on.'-f::io mc·
o t' t l1csc se ntim ents l1avc 1> 00 11 fi nely illu s trated by a cc lebr:itc< l poct. 'l'ltc a11th o1· of thi s ad dress p resents t h e illn stralion to yon, as a s triking- ai·1<l lJCa uLiful portrait of virl11 c :
ffith l1is most cordial wish es, that yonr h cnrts aud lives nrny
CO ITl'spoml to it; ::111t1 th:tt. your 11appincss here, may be :tn
l':t rn cs t of happ i ncss h ercnftcr.
"'K now tli cn t his trn lh , (enough fo r man to know,)
Virtue alone is hapl'in P.SS below;
'J'lt c only poin t where hurn an bli Rs sl:lllrls still;
1\ml t:isloo th e gooll wit.hout tl1 c foll to i ll:
·where on ly rn c~·it constant pn.y receives,
I s bk~s' d in wl1 at it takes, aml what it gives ;
Th e .i•1y un u iuall'd, if it s en<l it ~ai n ,
~'\ nd ii' it ]use, attcmlctl with 11 0 pnin :
\ Vill1ont sat iety, t hough e'er so Lless'<l ;
Anll but rn orc r cli sh'd, as t he rn ore clisLrcss\1;
'J.'h e broad est rnirlh unfeeling folly wears,
J_,ess pl c:1si11g fol' than virtu e's nry tea rs:
Good, from each obj ect, fr om each place acquired,
Fo r c1·cr cxcr cis' tl, yet never tir\l ;
Never Plated, whil e one' man 's opprcss'<l;
Never rl cjcctcd, while an other's bless\ [:
A n<l wh ere no wa nts, no wishes can remai n,
S in ce but to wish more virt ue, is to gai n.F or him alone hope lends from gun! tu gorll,
A nd opens sti ll, and opens on his soul ;
Till lcngtl1 e11 'd on to fa ith, aml nn confin'<l,
It pours th e bli ss that fill s up all t he mind.' "

\

I
{ ,

)(;

'l'

l'

)
....

INDEX
P.AGE

ADDRESS to the youug learners
Aw1'1CLE. -'Clear Treatise of
Pursing
Correcting
ADJEC'l'IVE.-Brief Treatise of
Clear 'freutise of
Comparison
Notes
P arsing
JTixercises to be pursed
Fulse Syntax corrected
A DV.Eltl3.- Bricf Treutise of
Clear Treatise of
Different Classes of
Parsing
l~lse Syntax corrected
AUXILIARIES.-Clear Treatise of
Conj ugation
ANOMALlES.-Remurks
Parsing
APPENDIX
Address to Young Students
Cer tificates
CoNJUNC'l'ION.-Brief 'l'reatise of
Cleur 'l'reatise of .
. List of corresponding
Parsing

11

31
36
37
51
220
228, 229
230
232, 234, 236
.
237
238
53
2,13
245
248
250
111

134
200

~L

·'

291

378
389
1

. 57

(

.. 261 '

268
270, 274, 278, 282, 285, 288
( 393 )

( •

'

394

INDEX.

English Gr:nmnar
J~tyrnology arnl Syntax
E xe rcises to be p:1rscd .
Exercises in P oetry parsed
in l'rosc to be parseu
in Poetry to be parsed

INDEX.

PAGR

PAOF:

19

3
Preface
40
PnONOUN PERSONAJ,.-Clear 'frcatise of
179
I'HO NOUN ltE:f,ATIVE.-Clear Treatise of
180
Whieh.-That
181
Who
That, Which and Who
181
Antecedents
182
183
Subsequents .
183
Interrogative Rclat.ivcs
18-!
"\Vhat and Which
18-!
Which refers to Persons
18-!
Who, What and Which
185
Subsequents are understood
185
Whose and Which
185
'.l'hat, as four parts of speech
What
186
Which
187
187
" TJrntever, &c.
Declension of the Relatives
188
Compound H.elatives .
188
"\Vl10cYer .
.- 188
\Vhomevcr and Whomsoever
189
"\Vhat, &c., as Compound Bclatives
190
I'arsi11 g Personal antl H.clativo Pronouns,
193, 196, 200
Iu terroga ti vc H.clati vcs
201
Compouml Uclatives
202
Compound Personal Pronouns
206
Bxcrciscs to be parsed
208
F;i.lsc Syutax corrected
209, 210, 211
PARTI CIPLE -13rief Treati se of
49
Clear Trea ti se of
213
217
"- Parsing
PnErOSITION.-Bri ef T reatise of
5.5
Clear Treatise of
25-!
P arsing
257
J'RO SODY
355
PUNCTUATION
356

20
23

Suggestions to Teachers

16

30
294, 2%
. 2() (;

..i

. 300, 301
301, 302, 303, 304, 305

False Syntax Promisc uously arranged, corrected

349

Granunar

lG

I NTERJECTION.-Clear Treatise of

59

K ey I.
K ey II.

385
386

Lan guage

15

NouN.-Brief 'J'reatise of
Clear '.l'reatise of
Gender
Person
Number
Case
Nominative case Independent
Nominative Case Absolute
Nouns in Apposition .
Parsin g
Parsing Nominative case to N cuter Verbs
1
Nominative case to Passive Verbs
Nominative case Ind ependent
Nominative case Absolute
Obj ective case governctl by Transitive Verbs.
Nouns in Apposition
False Syntax corrected in the Possessive case

39

OnTHOGRAl'IIY

60

G2
G4
GH

GD
74
75

79
84
85
8G
87
89
91
93
17

Sounds of the Vowels
Sounds of the Consonants
Rules for Spelling

395

7

~

i.,,

396

INDEX.
PAO &

SYNTAX

VElm .- J:lricf Treatise of
Clear 'l'reati sc of
l\loolls
Tenses
Auxili ari es
Signs of the ?>IooJs aml 'l'cnses
r
Conjugati on
List of Irregular V orbs
Conjugation of Auxiliaries
To BE, Conjugated
Pass.ive.-Treatisc of
Conjugatio11
N cuter in the Passive Voiec
Dcfoctivc.-Trent.isc or
Illustration of 3d :ind 4th Hules
Parsing Act.ive lntransitirn Verbs
Neuter V orbs
Active Transitive Verbs
Passive V erbs
Defective V orbs
Quoth
False Syn tn,x correctccl

307
4i
95

103
lOi
111
lH

;

',,'

.

I\

117
130
13-!

UlG

140

HO

~.

14!)
150
153
154
158
lGl, 163

l GS
172
173
176

,,, .

