THE ELEMENTS
Of'

ENG LISH COMPOSirrION.
A PREPARATION FOR RHETORIC.

HY

M1SS L. A. CHITTENDEN,
'fY.ACllf':H. Of" Y.!li G Ll~H LASliJTA O t: ..\ N IJ LTTY.H•.\1TH P:

I

u1011

IS A~ S A HJ111H

~c u oor..

,...
I

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I

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CHI C A CiO:
S. C. GHIGGS

i
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I

Al'\U COMP A NY.

s \.! O.

PREFACE.

This work is prepared for the lower grades of the
High School. The obj ect has been to furnish, with as
little theory as possible, such a set of directions and exercises as, even before the pupil has attain ed the maturity
of mind necessary for the formal study of rhetoric, will
enable him to become a tolerably correct composer; at
least to avoid the blunders, if not to acquirP- th e graces,
.of composition.
By the time the pupil has passed over th e exercises
in punctuation, transformation of elements, and rhetorical principles, he should have secured a fair degree of
accuracy. Wh atever additional practice may be necessary will be found in the Reproductions.

These Repro-

ductions are of course primarily intended to furnish
material for practice upon the principles that are under
discussion.

Another and hardly less important purpose

is to furnish the first step in a graded system of exermses leading to original composition.

All writers have

learned to write by seeing how others have written.
The music pupil learns to execute what others have
composed before he is set to composing for himself.
In putting into his own words a poem, or a story, or a
chapter of history, the pupil learns to select the proper
Ill

iv

v

PREFACE.

PREFACE.

p oints, to arrange well, to connect clearly, to adapt

duction.

diction to thought, e tc. This he will learn to a large
exte nt unconsciously, but on many of th ese important
points he will fail, a nd th ese failures will furnish the

duction omits th em ; th e ma tte r furni shed fo r the D evelopment is much shorter than the req uired essay, the
matter furni ahed for the Hep rod uotion is much longer.
Th e ne xt step beyond the Reproduction in the line

t each e r with prope r subjects of criticism.

of condensation is th e Summary.

Th e second step toward ·o riginal writing is found in
the D evelopments.

The matter given for

th e Summary is much greater than fo r the Reproduction,

This is half way between th e wholly

r eprodu ctive and th e wholly original.

The Development adds the de t a ils, th e R e pro-

and th e required essay may Le 111 ade sl1 orter.

H ere the imagina-

The

tion is call ed into play in supplying th e details of a plot,

object of th e S ummary is bre vity of expression and g rasp

only the outlines of which are given.

o f thought.

Th e Development

If th ese various exercises be at firs t ap1•lit·ol

to easy matter, stories, simp le µoems, etc., t li e pupil \\'ill

furnish es also a se vere test of style, fo r it g ives a bso-

If th e pu p il now shows th at he does not

be able to apply tl1tolll with gn·at advantagt·, i11 a 111., n •

y et comprehend th e diffe rence between good wri t ing and

advanced part of hi s co urse, to th e more d ifTi c ult suhj<,cts

poorr more practice s ho uld be given in Heproduction.

of history, sci e nce, orations, etc.
Th e Paraphrase deals exclusively witl1

lutely no a id.

The Developments will afford opport unity for the teacher

std".

to point o ut lack of ha rmony between the additions th e

~~;::

passage giv e11 is short; the pupil is (lhliged t"

pupil has made a nd th e plot giv en, violations of correct

~i--c-

t rate his elTo rts

etc.

To several of the first Developments, hints have

Developments, the better prepared will ho be for th e
original th e mes.
most deficie nt

in

-!

i~~~

~~r--··

will douht.

co1H ' ( •11-

the !){'st ways of re-cxpn·ss ing it.

The e xcellen ce of t.his Pxen,isc

p roportion , inco nsistencies of de tail, faults of dietio11 ,
been added to g uide and e ncourage tlie pupil. It will,
however, be well to give him as little aid as possible.
The more independent he is 111 his treatment of the

0 11

The

110

ex pc ril'nced teadn·r

Dr. Ila rr is says," One increases rapidly i11

the command of langu<Lge when he is required

to p;Lra-

pbrase, and to clis.:-o w·r the advantages and disa<hantag-•·s
of the mod es of expression usPd

IJ_\· lii111s('lf and otl1ns."
The imaginati\·., faculty is us ually sullicie11tly li\·.,Jy

D u t to such io clividual µupils as are

to make it early available in furnishing the 111at eri;d for

im ag inat ion, the aid of add itional hiuts

writing,- material pl<'asi11g to t.hP pupil and adapted tn

may properly be cont inued longer than to the others.

his vcars.

With this preliminary training, the re will be a n easy

imaginative work, let his effort;, l.>c

trans ition to s im ple imag-inati,·e th e1;ies.

and encouraged , and he will make th e sa lll <' i111pro\' e me11t

The D evelopment is the exact opposite of the Repro-

But e\'l'll if li e 1ltws not. at first suc c,. Pcl 111

in this as in any other line of study.

Imaginative is

vi

PREFACE.

placed before descriptive writing; and it is believed that
this arrangement is philosophical. As treated in this
book, descriptive writing is the more difficult. As the
pupil has doubtless had in the lower grades some practice in the description of simple objects, it is thought
practicable to advance to themes offering more variety
and more pleasure, but requiring more maturity of
thought and styl e.
This work, undertaken at first to supply the author a
series of exercises for oral instruction, is in every respect
an outgrowth of the class-room, and it is believed that
in other hands it will stand the only true test of a schoolbook,- the test of trial.
The author desires to acknowledge most grate fully her
indebtedness, for assistance and encouragement during
the progress of the work, to Supt. W. S. Perry; and Prof.
W. H. Payne, of Michigan University.
Thanks are also due to several publishers for their
kindness in allowing selections to be made from their
publications,-to Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., Boston, for selections from Phoebe Cary, Adelaide Procter,
Lowell, and Whittier; to Messrs. Roberts Bros., Boston, for selections from Louise Chandler Moulton and
Susan Coolidge ; to Mr. Parke Godwin and Messrs.
D. Appleton & Co., for selections from Bryant; to the
Century · Co., for poems from "St. Nicholas"; and to
others whose names are mentioned in connection with
the selections copied.
.ANN

ARBO&, June 28, 1884.

THE AUTHOR.

CONTENTS.
PART I.
CHAPTER I .
PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALS.

1

CAPITALS
PUNCTUATION OF TllE SIMPLE SENTENCE -

4
4
5

The Period
• The Apostrophe
The Comma .
PUNCTUATION OF THE COMPLEX SENT1'NlJ1' -

10

The Comma PuNCTUATIO~ OF THE CoMPOUND SENTENCE-

'l'he Comma, Semicolon, and Colon
The Exclamation Point
The Interrogation Point
The Dash
The Hyphen
The Caret
'l)he Quotation Marks
C OMBINATION OF DETACHED ELEMENTS

13
15
15
16

17
17
17
19

EXERCISES IN Co111POSITION -

Reproduction I.-The Leak in the Dyke
Reproduction IL-A Legend of Bregenz
Reproduction III.- In Swanage Bay
.
Development 1.-The Sad Little Lass
Til

24
29
34

39

viii

CONTENTS.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTRR IL

EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION -

He production VIL-Th e Sin g ing Leavf's
D evelopment V.-Two Kitti es

TRANSFORMATION OF ELEMENTS.
EXERCISES IS TRA NS FORMATION

40

EXERCISES lN COMPOSITION -

Rcproductiou IV.-The Painter of Seville
Reprod uct ion V.- Prose Heading-s
Reproductiou V 1.-The Hetired Cat
Dcvdnp1ne11t .ll.- Tb c Dog aud the Shadow
Developrn"nt. III.- A Christrntt>< Pie
De1·clopmeut l V.- Ino and Uno

I.- Personal Pro noun~
l!.- H.,Jati1·e Pronouns

PRINCIPLE

III. -

;-\ umhn of Helat.il'es in u

COMBINATION OF D ETAC HED ELE?>fll: :-TTS

RULES FOR THE

p ARAGRAPH

'

I I ' s Ch ri st1na.'
l , ·it tl e 'ac'
Dinrn ' r
.
Butte rfly
. i uc t ion
R eproc
,X .- The
·
• an<l the, S 11ail
I ) e v e.I op. m <' 11 t I X
· · _ TJ,..· ,!'\lo u s" a1Jd th•· ]<,l,.pli:i 11 t.
I lev elopmcr it :\ . -\\"ill o'th e \\'isp

!iS

58

D e velopment XL - Th e \\'h i te Lil y
Subjects for Story

CIL\f'TEI\ IV .
Se uLtJm .:e

IV.-"A nd \Vhicli "
PRIN CIPLE V.- Participles
PRINCIPLE VL- Phras"ls and Adn•rh Cl au s ... ,
PmNcI.PLE VII.- Un necessary Repetition
PRINCIPLE VIII.- FinP, Effcrt of R epetition
P RINCIPLE IX.- Omission
PRINCIPL!i: X.-"An cl" .
PRINCIP LE XI.- Clirnax
PRINCIPLE XIT.- Position of Phrases
PRINC IPLE XITT.- Emphasis
PRINCIPLE XIV __ Change of Con struction
PRJNCH'LE XV.-Th oughts not Connected
PRTNC TPLF.

u ':

,;

and .Jill

PRINCTPLES OF RXPRF.SSIO~.
PRINCIPLE

Developm e nt VI.-Th e Baby Bird
Reproductio n VIII.- Prose Heading-s
R ep roducti o n IX.- J o hn Gilpin
· I J•' a t e ol" .fa!'k
Deve lopment VI l.- 'l 'I ic 1' rng-1ca

C"'
{',)

Development Y 11 l .-

CHAPTEH. Jff.

Pm:\r1I•LE

IX

G4
06
67

GS
(ig

70
71
72
73
74
H

75

7G
I•
"'"'

80

PRJNCJPJ,E:::; OF EXPHE:::>SJOJ>; (Co"Tr"ut:t>).

P R!NC!l'L E' ,;X "'I
' . - Interr1JO"
,..,. at ion a nd Exclamati. on
PR11"Cll'LJ; ,X\'II.- Direct and Indirect Narra tio n
Pm NC !l ' l,I•: XVllT.-Invcrsio11
PruNCIPLJr, XIX. - Figurf' ~Simile
Me taphor
Me tonymy
Pe rso nifi catio11
ExRRc1s1<:s IN Co MP O><ITIO ~­

R eproduction XI. - Jn th e Tow e ~
·
R eprocluct.i o n XTT. - Prose R ea1-1 1ngs

110

Development X 11. -

l 14
i J:>
11.')

P rin cess Fuzz ·
.
. tt t XII[
.De ve Ioptnc
..
. · _ 1M·triirna's
c
·- L ittle Ass1sta11ts

Development XIV,- Found Dead i II the Stred

lH

x

CONTENTS.

CONTENTS.

Reproduction XIII.-Tbe Romance of the
Swan's Nest .
118
Development XV.-The Little F lower Girl
120
121
Development XVI.- Bullfrog Talk
121
Development XVII.-Housekeeping
Reproduction XIV.- Easter Lilies .
122
Development XVJII.-Tbe Wish
123
Developm ent XIX.-Abou Ben Ad hem
J 24
Subjects for Story
124

ExERCISEs JN CoMPOSITION -

Development :XX.-The House 111 the Meadow
Development XXL- A Farm Picture .
Development XXII.-A Morning Scene
Development XXllI.-Cleon and I .
Development XXIV.- Requi escat .
Development XXV.-The Three Fishers
De vt>lopmellt XXVJ.-The Brook
Development XXVlT.- An Evening Sce11•·
Subjects for Description .

CHAPTER V.
LETTER-WRITING.

THE SUPERSCRIPTION

•

MonTn,.- .
Sun.TEcTs

FOR LETTEH - WRITIN V

15B
l(')f)
15~J

160
160
l GJ
Hi l
lfj:~

AJ1DTT10NAL i\!ATERIAL FOR ('OM!'():-;ITlo\ .

12G
)9"'
~1

F I CTION

128

HISTORY AND TitAY EL

A:"ll

P<>FTl{Y

.

HINTS ON THE PREl'A l~ATION 01" EssAYS

1~!)

HINTS ON THE

130

lh;ir,

l\'l1sCELLANEO US

131

HTNTS ON LE 'I"f ER-WRITI:-<r.

15S

CHAPTER VII.

PARTS OF A LETTJm-

TJ,., HeadiJJgThe 1'1.ddrcss
The Salutation
The Complimentary Close and Signaturt'

XI

MARRS FOR THE

137
138

lt.) ~I

01" BooKs

i G'. J

S1·n.n:c:Ts

ComrncnoN

1 ljX

OP CoMPos1T10:-i,;

I

I
!

PART II.

I

CHAPTEH VI.
THE PARAPHRASE.
RuLE:; FOii Tll E P,u;AJ'IIRASE

p A ltAl'H UAHI NH Selection I.- Sella
Subjects for Story
Selection II.- Snow-Bound

1:rn

SEJ,ECTION8 FOR

I
~

1

141

151
151

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.. 1
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--:-·

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~~~;

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~;-

1,;,.,_._

i;t

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.

iit-

J

PJ\T-~T

!c

;':-<

·~

T.

1§..

·V

i~-

CilAVrER I.

(.;
t,i-

d
~:.t

PUNOTUATJO:L\. AXD CJ\.PITAL::-;.

~f-

-

:~

..

J n writing, obscrn· th" fc.Jlowing- clir•'d">11s f,ir li1" """

of c11.pitals:

'i"
L

·r~.o.;;_.,.-

1. Begin with a (' apital t!i., first wurd of

,r-..

i ence.

'

J.XldQ'.

r;1·E"n·

se11-

2. Begi11 with a c;q1it1d tl1 1• Jirst word of (•very iin• < n(

~~~~:;;;::;;;:~-~·· :1. Begin with r. r.:ipiLd :di

profH<r no1111s,

an•l word .~

li!i!!!!i!!!!!!!,i!!!--------------a
:!!!!!!\!!!';~e-riYc d from tLcn1: a;:; ~-

Bos/on; Lite Clllti'd :-;tu/(',,; /hr /lri.li8h nalirm; Llul (JrNk l•m-

!.:'

•1. Begin " ·i th a 1·a1•ital llltlllt' S of tl1 i11gs pr·rsundi .. d : as0 l•'reelfom, clo8e n()/ l/1y /i,f,, w "lu111!11•r! Tlie11 1cniL /., the
.Rul/er.fly's /!(t//.

...,====='fJ!'fJA.ge ;

·?

~-;"?-1··;

th.f, Okr-i~fi,1.-n. t'P.ti~r,: ,-,.n.

5. Begin wich a l'll]'ital tit Ies of honor, an d " llic ial
titles, especially wh .. 11 applil'd to a particular person

whcn they preccd" a 11an1 P: ;is __ Tlie Duke of Ed i11/1111y; l'rr·.< /dml Oarfield; Cude
111ayor Ilarrimr111.
l'\0TP:.-\\~he11 title~

likt· kin:;. <fllkr,

nt-

.farne.~;

'} f' 11 f' ral. p1c., occur frf!r.JliDl..(ly IHHl fife

~-----not followed by the wtme, the cttpitul u1·1.'.J ntJt l;e ut-1cd.

--~

•v·J .. • -

:.- . :~~

CAl'lTALS.

~~·

... :;

.:
~--·•·}~

:'~it;~-,

ri-:~:t:~
-~0::.JtrJ
~,. ~~:~;':;;i2
~~:~~

-

~~i~:~;:~......:
. ,\ ...
~"ot

~:·;~~~~·/ ·.<~

. ~"~~:

:

.

t-- ~ ~

~·::i/}~r·~

"
~~~:.~~
~ ... "'...;~
'•ti'!._

.Xtv(}~
: Y~;I:~

,']!

:~:.%;~
,j;~

.
......
~~~;~fd

(

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lll!llilll!i!I

2

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

PUNCTUATION AND CA!'lTALS.

6. Begin with a capital names of Deity: as -

hims1~1f

The Almighty; fh e 11\finife; the Jlfost High; the Divine Savior.

7. Begin with a cap ital pronouns re ferring to D eity :
as-~

n

17t()lf

!Ital /11' 0f"f':·.:f

NoTF.:. - H the refe rence

jll'(! _// f' f' .
l~

pcrf1• ct ly <"l1·11r the rnpi!tlil'l Hrc

~onwtimf'~

omith·d.

8. Begin with a capital names of the Bihl<>, and any of

9. Begin with a capital names of streets, months, days

th f' wPek: n~They lfre on W11.<!ti'11!fl"" Stn·d ; the 11w1dh of Att,qusl; it i.;

.Friday 11wr11in:;.

10. Begin with a eapital 11allles of rdigiou:s sects, aud

!lS-

7.lhe Ilefn111utl1'1J11 : l/11 · /)r·r1orr1/i'f}n of l nd,,p PndPnCf' .

J :l . Begin wit Ii a eal'1tal ti"· words Nortl1,
\Vest, when 1tppli('d t'J parts of :t co1 rnt.r \'.

~ont li, Ea~t,

13. Bogin with a f' apital tli c first word of a dire d .
'luotatio11: as Cwsar cried. "Ji.dp

111 c ,

()a.l!<iiu~.

or I sink."

14. The pronoun T and tl"·· i11tc rjection 0 are alw:•ys
capitals.

Exercise

1.-Corr<'L:t

tlw

IH•I'

tlie ngt· () (

u11g11..;t11...;,

nur tlw

l)(

!iri w ..., <•f

l'lizalwtl1.

11.

china, intlin., Palt:-;ti1n•, q.~y11t, gn· (T l', Hlld rt Jlllt', 11r1· !"IH'< 't •~:->i\'(·ly
lig-htc<l np by the Ma.i•' "li~ url, uf !Juy . 1:!. ll .. was 1l1l' .\11111.,r of a
tract on the frcncli n·;-oi11tic•11.

~~,
sacrifice a Sheep. 14. The print·" or wal.·s will ""T'''"l 'J""''"
.tfyjlf.1'.. ····--~ Victoria upon the Throne or England.
JI\. lk i' also ('ailed th"

t.<~._

C'a pitalization of the follow-

ing examples, and g·i1·1· tl11• rPas"'' for !'\'cry change.
1. Tile Pi>i11l<>r by Iii, ,f,; j;; Llir. 1·.1 , iw.liau lil'l1t uu uugfull walb.
'' Tl 1a"k hc>LYCll , i'rn i11··rc·: ::. ln thnt ;lfonsion was frrc-hrnrtcd
hospit.ality. 4. l s thi ,; c<•11si st .. 11t. with ch ri:;tian Principle? fi. I
will come mondny or t11e,d11y. (i, Th<' Juke o! wellington is Dca<l.

-

etcrnnl, the invi:-;ihle, ilit' infi11it r , th e lwi11g uf "lh·i11g~. lti. 111 · \\'
_ york City is on J\la11lmUrr11 isla11d . 1 ~. Tl1<• l 'it _r ,,f n1·w Y.. rk '' ""
~::---.~='_ the Island of 1111t11l1att a n. 11-1 . lluri11g tl1c "''"'"" •w <: ll j'ati<•ll ,.f
~

-~~~-:;_-- england,
1!,··'~~
~.- - -

'/ (Jrie.<.

1 l. Begin with a eapital namps of important historical

e Ye11 ts:

neit her tlie ngc of 1wrick.".

Leo X., cu n conH: at all i11tq t't}m1iari:--~>ll ''·itli th a t

-~C-~-·-

~2!-.ft.:-::=.'

political parties: as The Proteslanls: /he R"p11.!1lica.n.,; the

I'.

~·"'i~·-'·:

The Holy Scriptures; /lu; Oosptl of John.

()r

-~~--~L-

its books: as -

to t he Stu.ly of the holy ,;< ·ripture,.

-· }<;very american boy is n possible pre,-id c11t n[ th e 1111it cd Slnf•''·
. Ii. The Guests wem e 11tert.11 i11"d hy l\layor ri e" al hi ~ Hc,id1·1ict '. 110.
';"""'-_ 84 union pince. 10. in poin t o[ rc1d fu n ·<' and ori gi 11alit1· nr (;,.11i11s ,

~-~

~. : ·.~

.:•.".i.·. '.·.,_.•._ •.·.... •

;';.J;.·_

~:-

the latin language hnd g rn.d111dl_\· cu1ne i11 t u

11:-:t' .

1!1 . \\·t ·d-

_ ncsday is so called frolll \Vo,J..n. n11r fon·f111l"•r',- (;,"] ,,f \\'11r;
Thursday, from thor , the Orn! of Tl11111dn; f1·i.J11,·, fr""' Frca. 11,,.
Goddess o[ l'ea('e
:.?O. l >., Y•>ll ' l""'k frc111 ·h or g•·rman: '.!I. 11 a',.
you st..udi cd gree ~.;. and lat i1 1: ~-·2 . TJu~ wliig- l\lini:-slcr~ wt· re co111-

polled to

yie1<:3u, : : '.:?: ~,: .:~;: :'.',::'.::::;,::' "'"' '• '"
"' lum•ly

' twa ~ . thnt gr.,] hi11 H•l[

~('Urci' ~l'l'lllt~tl

tht'rt' t t1 111•.

&"
PUNCTUATION < >F THE SJ 1\ll'LE

~1'::\'fl;;;-.;c:1<:,

To enable the eye t () a pprche11d rn"r•· n·ad ily t li e s1·11·'"
of a passage, certain marks are used called Pu11ctua. t iu11

Marks.
These arc:The period
The comma
-...----~--~ The semi-col on

-The colon
Tho apostrophe '
The hyphen

The
The
The
The
The
The

interrogation point ?
exclamation point
quotation marks
dash
()
parenthesis
caret
I\

4

Though the first exercises in punctuation are restriote<l
to the simple sentence, it is evident that the direc tions
will apply equally well to the clauses of complex and compound sentences.

..,,

Plurals ending in 8 add the apoRtropile only: as The boys' hats; the lwlie1;' books; the horBe-''

ma11e8.

.;;;..,_'"' Rule 4.- 'the apostrophe is used to denote the eliHion
of a letter or sylbble: as I't'e found it; 1.e'l! come lo-11/orroil'.

-'-----

THE PERIOD.

!!

f,

PUNCTUATION AND CAl'ITALK.

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

Rule 1.-A sentence not interrogative or exclamato ry
must be followed Ly a period.
Rule 2.- Abbreviations, Homan numeral;;, headings,
and signatures, must be follo wed by a period: as -R1tv. Ja,nlf'5 Rolrl1ri'11: .lfrx. W . S. JoneR: llen ry VII I.

Exercise 2 .-1 11 tl1e fullu\l'ing e xa111ples make whatever abbrev iations wo11ld J,0 proper, and punctuate according to tho rules.
1. Tlib work is edited liy ,Joh n Geor;.:c Morri,, lJ.:>d(•r of llivi11ity.
2. The H.c vcrcnLl ll l' nry Ciia 1·Jes l'ulter w11., ,·011 ,-,·c·rnted Assistant
Bibhop of Ne w York. ;;. ,\li,-tc•r ll 1· 11ry lni11g, the English ndor,
arrived in this countn' nn Sun<lm· n1 nrn i11g. 4. ThP foilowiug rt'"•lntions w ore offcrcfl by D flr tor Flint. ;;, Colonel Il ow1ml is the g11<•"t
of th e Hnnorahle J111111.·s Frn11k Hndge1-s. G. Tlw cnr11ersto1rn of the
church which is to lie errcleLl o,·er the spot where the Emperor
Alexander l r was kill ed. WflS lniJ on T hursday in Snint l'olcrsburg.
7. The Pres id ent
th o 1Tnif r 1l Stnf r~ lives nt '\J\fn,hin gton in the
District. of Culurnbia. 8. n .. 1i1J .. nw11 S!Pwarl, Clinton, and Corn-

THE COMMA.
Ill appos1uo11 are with t he ir modifi t•rs
~ be

set of! by commas: as-

1. Lear, king uf JJrilllin, had three dauvhln·-'. :!. Jfr. Jlut!heu·
Arnold, lite eminent E11ylic<l1 pnet 1rnJ cnlir, 11.rrfrnl in .Yew l'urk
!rist month.
No1·K.-II' one of the te rm~ 1... a general titl e, the commli
Th e apfJ~fle Jo/111.

i 11

omitted;

Hl'.I,

Quun Victoda.

Rule 6.-Nouns independent by address must b<' ~d
off by commas: as 1. 1'/y son, yi1·e 111 e 1'1y heart.

" 0 1·cfrd

/11' 1',

yo,,'re a 1/i1.<t,i1

fellow!

Rule 7.-A noun used absolutely with a parti ci p ll·
must be set off by cornma::<: aRIlis father bein!I t!eurl. th e 1irince a.<rnule.Z

tit ~

pauy, BosLon,

Massachusctl~.

H.

Prc~itlcnt

Brown. Doctor of Di-

THE APOSTROPHE.

Rule 3.- AII
end ing in

8,

nou11 s in the singular, a1H]

all plurals not

form th ei r .posses~ives by the addition of the

apostrophe and

11 •

n~ -

1'he boy'8 hat; llte m e1t-' hook.-; the ho-r.•e's mat1-e.

Exercise 3.-Give r ca!;orn; for the mark~ usr>d
following sentences.

111

tli e

1. Diogenes, the Greek philo-;ophPr, lin•tl i11 a t 11h.

eomc, I11go? 4. Tliu rain hal'ing cen..sl'd, the""" J,rokc f.,rt h 11.gai11.
5. 'fhe butterily, c l1iid of the sum1 ner, fluttl'rs in the 01111. 6. '!'he
kin g's crown was the p rize.

Exercise 4.-Punetuate the following examples, and
give reasons..

...
t-

thron1'.

or

vinity, Doctor of Laws.
10. C harle~ Ilubuard, Master of Art~.
11. The death of Professor Chapin occ urred in September, 1883.

~'\

'·

".'ft_.
...,,·.
~! ~

6

7

PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALS.

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.
1

1. Thou Lor<l art the light and life of all this glorious world. 2.
Tis excellent to have a g iants strength. 3. That spirit being dis missed a third arose in the form of 11 child cro wned. 4. Bmlmntio
a rich senator of Venice had a foir daughter the gentle Desdemona.
5. Night has been stylc<l t he 11strono111ers day. 0. My story being
done she gave mo for my pains 11 world of sighs. 7. Fairest
Cordelia thou art most rich ,being poor. 8. You are the queen your
husbands brothers wife. 9. 0 sleepless God forever keep both
living and <lend. 10. The Queen was accompanied hy her son
EJ.ward Prince of Wales. 11. .Tames Russell Lowell the United
States Minister to Grent Brilnin is one of the grentest of A-.nerican
poets.

Exercise 5.-Fill out the blanks with a noun m the
possessive.

Make simple se ntences.

1. The - - - t1ecision was good. 2. The - - rays wrrc rn il11.
3. The - - - sports wpre 11oi,y. .J . The - - - wings were heatiliful. 5. The - - - kni,·es were lost. 6. The - - - life Wll.'! rctireJ.. 7. l\Iy - - - arrirnl was unexpee!.ed. 8. The - - - re("eption was enthu~in,,tic.

Exercise 6.-Fi ll o ut the blanks with a noun in apposition, in the Yocativc case, or combin ed with a parti ciple. Mak e sim ple sente nc·C''.

/

Rule 9 .-Contrasted words or phrases are separated
from each other by the comma: as 1. Truth is not a, sla.gnant pool, bnt <£ fount ai1i.

2. It ·is twl

Rule 10.-If one of two worrls or pliras<'s has a mod ifier that does not belong also to the other, t he word s ur
separated from each other uy tl11::
He is to lwve the lw•1xe,

11 nd

1mud for f11el.

Rule 11.- If mo re than two words or sl1o rt phrast''l
_are used in the same co11structiou they must uc scpa ra tcJ
by commas : a s 1.

Indn~il' I/ ,

honesty, and temperance are f8.<l' I/',."' lo na11pi-

2. Indu.8/ry, lton t'...;/ y , frw1n' n1n cf are el'5<'1t nhu L lo lu1J'p1.11P.-<.'f.
NoTE . -\\'l\('n

all

the n ·. ird ."I urc

cu1 11H ·t ·t1•d h_\' (' 11 11j111H·ti 1lll."' !!11• U>tillllil'I

mn.y be omitted; ag, i ndustry and lw11 uf y und t emperance are ttM elllitll lo hap-

. piness.

'.::,~"-- [(... . Rule 12.-\Vorrls

111

pairs take a com 1t1 a aft er each

pair: as "c.;1:nk or s.11·/r11 f/c e or d ie,
heart lo this 1·,,/1'.
1

su r1·i p1~

or pr~r i . . !t, T yi'1 ·P m.11 l1 r11ul onJ

Exercise 7.-Explai11 the pu11duat.ioll.
1. Trnth rrn1l Yirttll' a re tile Wt"alth <> f al ! t111·1t . :!. Trntli. Yirft1P
m·o tho \\"l'lllilt of all l'll' ll. :i. L1·1td, ].-1ll1 )"»Ill" Wi ll).,:"' . ~ . r .. 1· all

1. Nero - - - WH.s a great tyrant. 2. Messengers came to---.
3. - - - we rc~mcd 'Hlr jott rnoy. 4. Come - - - to see my
6. - - - the army
book. o. Tho dwelling- """' that of
began its march. 7. .Acce pt, - - - this g ift. 8. H er father is-- - .
9. 0 - - - help me ! IO. - - - th e prisoner w11s released. 11.
Benctlict Arnold - - - dic< l in obsc urity. 12. - -- her sititer
returned.

wns b!H.nk. bleak, an•l gra\". .'i . F<>r all wa ' l1lat 1k and ldvak att<l
gray . G. Tl1011 gh d eep , yet <"kar. 7. H11t 11uL tll 1111· rl'! 11rr1...; da .\·,
-or the swef't n.pprortf' l' <if e Yv11 11r n1nn1, or ~ i g h t 11 ( \'t·rnal l1lnn111 ur
surn?ncr's ro:-:f', or fk>·e k:--:, or !1 C' n! :-', ()r h11m a. 11 fa e,_· d iri 111'.

Rule 8.-Two words or short ·phrases in the same
construction are separated from each other by the comma,
unless connected by a conjunction: as 1. Slowly, sadly we laid h1:m down. 2. Slowly and sadly we
laid him do-wn.

1. Punish gui1l c in struct tlt e b• J)'. 2 Pay suprc tt tc ant1 undivided homage to goudt1ess and tru th . 3. The riel t al<' 1111<! drn 11k
freely. 4, The f•oll ~g c i~ a large li g ht snndstonB s[ rn,·tun• with red
santlston1> trimming. 5. Rash fruitl ess war is 011ly splendid 111 nnlc·r.

1

Exercise 8 .-Pur1duatc, aml

~i\"()

reasons.

8

THE ELD1ENTS OF ENGLISH CO)IPOSITION.

l'lJN<;TCATWX ANJl C ..\ PITAU.;.

6. Earth and sky land and water mountain and valley bear tmces
of di vino workmanship. 7. lle cou!J \\Tito aml l'iphcr too. R. The
L1\bbliug brook !he azure sky the !ang-le<l fen o( fern a ml flower. 0.
A very round Ince and a nry flat no>e . JO. The long warm lightsorne summ<'r <lay. 11. Th .. y fl<'ll" lo tl1e h01!pr eo nntry tl1e uppn
day. l'' Holly rnistleloe red berries ivy t urkeys nil Yani:;hcJ

man's son inherits H J•ILlicucn learned by lwiug- poor. "· In shurl ,
Master Echrnru lmde fair to l.J•c 11 literary wo11<.ler. ti . ."l!y 1•ropc>sition is, therefore , t.ruL'. 7. Otl1<.· rs, perhap s eue11mhrrcd with tc>0
much baggage, prt.:fc:rre<l ,]('sccmlin;:;- th e strcarn.

Exercise 10.-Punetuatl',

in~tantly.

13. llis teeth they elmtter chatter chatter. 14. Bottles
and boxes aml lm111111c1·s aml rocks. ( L">. His eyes hnrl a fixed idiotie
prl'pO!<teroas stare. Hi. Dark <lark was the gnrdcn. 17. You belli

in the steeµlc ring ring out yom changes.

0

18. Ue was thinking of

an animal a li ve ani11wl ratl1cr a disagreeable animal. HI. Free
wss its genial face its sparkliu;:;- eye its open hand its cheery voice
its unconstrained demeanor and its joyful air. 20. It is great to
live to labor to suffer Cor great p1blic ends.

Rule

n11d i.:-i,·e r e :1sons.

1. The Engli sh dc~pcrutely a ssai l• ·tl l1icl not yi~hl nn inch . ~­
'Twas b11t tl1(' ear..,;::1ttl ing P <'r !he stony str.·"1. ::. H•·y1t11<l nrc·
·- - - -iu.ountains µibl ull muuntaitb. ·1. On the contrary l1P i- un:d,!t; tr•
·come. 5. Hs Jt'<'t ob-.crndJk• lwnrat Ii the am pk fnlds "[ r l1<~ gar·
ment were bare.

C. There were j•iil's o( ftli•ert.' 111"''·'· 1tlld iJruw11

recalling in thPir frngra.ncC' nnci('nt walk s nn H111~ tli 1· w(ind~.

7.

Generally spcakin~ his comluct i,; honnrnble . Ii. ;llr". Crntehit welcomed her warmly ki~sin~ li(•r a dnzl'n tirn0s and taking ,i ff ht•r
shi1wl and bnn11• ·t with 1~ffl<..'i 1Jt1:-:. /Yal. !I. ?\()\\' HJ1 l llH·n 1uq Iii•·
long~dra.wn ('rnwing uf n <'nck nc·l'idL llta.lly 1twak<'ll!'(1 w11ulil sn11nd
far far oiI from ~ 111r1 c fann ho1hL' uway u1nonq- t1i lii! !~ . iO. It~
limbs were gnarled an l fanta::;tic larg-e enough tn f1 H'tn t r1n1k~ [(_JI'
1

13.- Participial and adjecti1e phrases uot re·

1

strictivc must be set ofI by co mmas: a:;-

1'

1. The horizon was of a fin e yoldm tint, changing gradually into
a pure apple .r;rcen. 2. JJrum lJones, sorely smitten with lo1>e and
jealousy, sat brooding by himself rn one coraer.

1

ordinary tree:-;

the air.

twi~ting

dnwn

alr nu~t to Hie

earth

11. A few rough logs laid side by

1111d

~idc

ri..:ir;!...'.' ngni !1

scn·cd for a

Non: .-To dechle wh,;ther lh• plua•o ls re•trlctlv• or not, erpand lt to 11
clnu~ c

ancl 1kci1lc 118 1nHlt'r Htd(' TG

thiek arnl thin s lo:i1:,; 1lyi11;.: nnt! sp11rb ll1t,1i i11;.: at c•1·err l.ou11d.
13. The school-hou se bci11~ dc'<crtc'J soon f,·ll lo ckcay. 14. At hi:;
easel eagcr-e~·,,,J a p:Linlrr ,;tancl" .

Rule 14.-Inverteu pl1rases, and phrases standing parenthetically between the main parts of the sentence, are
generally set oiI by cornma~: as1. To fh.e wise and good, old age presents a scene of lmnquil
enjoyment. 2. Truth, hkP gold, ,qJiine$ /Jri_qhler by colliswn.

-.~.et
,."'
?.,.
';~. ------

,;~;

1. .lt

is,

mark of 1cisrlmn lo live 1.·1rllio11sly.
<tlily is, no du11&1, <' q1w/ily of high i111porla11re.
flu'n,

rt

2. Punctu-

Exercise 9.-Explain the punctuation.
i:
l~

1. R.olantl's dPath. too, is snpernnturnl. 2. Tlie stra1wc·r how ...
ever, qui ckcne(l hi; linr"' to an eq 11al pace. 3. 1 threw ~)['~ ~ ~l~e
~hutters, atlmitliug a !luoL1 uf urillinut lUOOlllight. 4.. The poor

.Ma.kc simple ~entences .
1. The architecL---b11ill the colonel a rnnc:·nilke:; !. 1•al11•·"·

2. He }rn.d

Rule 15.-Adverbs and short phrases when used nearly
or quite indepewlently are set. oIT by commas: as-

Exercise 11.-Fill out tlw blanks witli a partieip ia l

__,>'•.:<.l''_·"·_ _ _ _ phrase.

-··~~~~r::·..

---

n, low forelH·ad, a11tl >111all sharp H"' - - .
:l. 'l'iH·
venerable nian - ---trnik Iii" fri1·11d wnnrily l1y t lii · hnntl. 4. B.r
the roadsiclc two li1.tl!! bt•gg-nr (•hiidn·n lift (•d !lj 1 ll"it· dnl1·fnl v"i1_•1·~
;), Tl11~ \rt1r·wnn1 vel~·ra11------- l11l1l :--ig11i!k·l ltl" jH1r1~~,..:.n
of returning- (o hi~ 11at i n' vallt ·y . n. The y1~ar:-\ had lHirrit·d 1 1n~
1

ward---.

7. Th e departing- su u shine fell upon thc111 - - - .

8. The orator began to ,opcak---.

10

PUNCTUATION AND CAPITAL:'\.

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPO!:lITlON.

If the clause is rcdditfonal (that is, if it merely adds a
thought without :imiting the mea11i11g of the ant.PcPdent),
it may, without d111119e uf se11 .,e, he C011\·Prted into a11
..,independent clausP, a co-1Jr<li11 ate conjunetion and a p•' rsonal pronoun lwi11 .:..; put i n tli e place of th•• n·iati'"': as-

PUNCTUATION OB' THr•; CO\fPLEX SENTENCE.
THE COMMA.
r

J· Rule 16.'- The Noun clause srldom need>i to be set ofT
t>Xcept wlwr i long, or when rC'semh ling- in fonn a q11o t atio11:
1. 'l'h(tl yo11 luu·e u·ro1191·1/ Ill e doih l/jij)fllr in 1/1 ls.
Mt.ys, tlwl truth is bea1tly ond '"'"'tl!J lrnlh .

1. They eagerly inquir\'d what l•ird it was.
ing thnt o pe n a1l1110 11ition i,i

"!'''" di•gracr.

-..,.,.~-----

2. lt is an old say:J. That. !Ill• l'arlh i;

rV!w relates to persons , wl1iclt to tlii11:1s, 1!111t t o <:itlwr
person,q or tlii11:1s. In r1·stridive clausPs, t!ilf t is gpn1•raliy
to he preferred, if euplto11y allows.
e;L:.;:_ _ __ ~OTE . -T/wt 11". !l !'w d In

pn·ferf'tH'C' lo IDIW ur ·tl.'hidi t'~twt"iu l!y Hflt'r th,.
rrnperln.tive degn•t', ufler who, *W,.U, eN'r!J, no, rtll, a11y, ertr /1, ll'tt·y , 111 1d fr e--~=-'-"----<>•""'
after the per~H1al pronrnm"'. - Ktrn.L'"' UU.AM)IAH.

Exercise 14.-l..:xplai11 the

roun <l is now well k nown . 4. Jl o w he c1t111e by it I c11111wt imagi1w .
J. Who WIJ.>l the •.uUwr o( .Tuuiu:;':; lct.tcr:; is still 1.• lllysl.;,ry. n. 'T i"
good you know not that )'Oil are his hl'ir:;. 7. Whalel'er is is right.

Exercise 1 3 . -Forni compl1·x

s1·11te11c:,.~ i>y th· ~ a1ldi -

Hrt•('ks bcliC\"Cd - - - .

Rule 17.-Thc Adj<>di"c clit11se, when additlonal
or pa·r('11tlu'li,·1tl, 111 u:<t ],.. ~··i oIT hy cornmas: a;i-

J thrice pre11e11led him a kwgly rro1m, u·hich he did thrice
.-~Ju&.

The Ad j ective clause, wlte 11 restrictive, is too closely
con necte<l t o ad mit of the co m 111 a : as Ile that lea1i,s 011 hi8 ow11 slrenglli lean.son a brnken re.ed.
Sometimes a cl1rnsc may be punctuated as either additional o r restrictive, but with a d ifierent. meaning for e~oh ~
case.

p1111ctuatio11 .

- - - -- --1. Thon >HL Lile rni ns o( u,.., 110 1.lest man t.hi>t tner livtitl iu Uw
tide of ti1ncs. :.?·. i\g1·. t.liat lt':-'."'il'!h the enj"y111e11t~ of !ifi', i rwrt'a:-;1· ~
~11) desiro of Ji,·inc:".
:i_ The rna11 that hail the li11e i11 Iii' ha nd ""'Ill
forth eastward . 4. I, t.l11tt ,11'11i1·d thee gold, wiil g-ive 111y \wart.

tion of noun clause~; •l•·scri\_11• ti1,_. use of eacl1 .-lausP,
l. Can yon tell me ---·1 '.!. l """l<l 11 l1Host llll\'!• decl1u-ed
- - - . 3. How ~hall I know - -- ? 4. When ~hull you lelirn
- - - ? Ii. The lrutu of the matte r is- - -. f\. - -- was 11.
myst ery t-0 a ll his friends . 7. He insisted - - -. 8. A crow ob~f'rv~l - - -. 9. Noll(''l v will f'VP!" know - - -.
JO. '!'he tuH•ient

thr£c11 pr!!s1'nled him a kinyly crow11, mul ""did tlirir1' r1ft1-'<'

it.

:!. K ettl.;

Exercise 12.-Purrctuate, alrd grve reasons; Jescrib e
the use of each noun clause.

11

L.:~.~.i. '.,·.~-_•._·~.· : _
...:=E:re.- -- . _

Exercise l 5.--l'11 1H:t1rnt", and gi ,.e rl'asons.
1. His entrn1we. w1Ls 11nh<»1rd hy tlw ollk er who ""t. .i.:azi11g at lh1·
..;o;;~i·i;;~'li2'r'f.;'J;;o......;;-.;"""'U~e. 2. Curse:; u.lwa.y::s rt.~vil 01l lhe hea<l of hi1n whv i1upn:-Cill•·~ Uwrn.
~We nat urally look with ~tr(>l\f\ "motion to the spot where the
4. W oe tll the hand~ tlmt. Rhc<l
this ' costly hlon1l . il. Tfo po i11te1l sil••n tl y t.n the lirt> tnwArd whid!
~~the figure 111lv11nee1l.
G. Thcrn are me n living whu <:n1thl stty tl1:it
~---"-·Y::-J
. ife Wl>S nut.J1ill'( tn lll!l ('.Ullljl:tl'l'>l tn 111y loY•: fnr Y•>ll. 7. r did
so nd to you fdr certain ::-;1uns (d' ,i..:-,,Jd wlii<"h yutl denit'(l 1111'. ~. ~;_,lf- reRpect is th" 11»i>l1•st. g-1<1·111•"11i with which a rn:in may " J,,1/w hirns.. Jf.
9. Ichnbnil who Juul l\P r1·li~·d1 for tlii:-; :-:.tra1 1g-1' 111idnight con1 panion
-· now quickc11P•l l1is sl1•Pd. 10. The ri"h aecepted gout Mal "!l(>plexy
as things that rn n myst•·riuush' in rcspl'dahle families.
Exercise 16.-Fi ll out the blanks with ndjecti ve

~~;;:~~e;L
~a~u ses; justify your pu11ctuatiou .
'

·

~. 'fhey could fimt on ly one apartment - - -.

2. My eLiltl ~ 11

- - - appeared lrn11,ported with joy. 3. Show me the roorn - - - .

12

THE ELEMENTS OF ENOLISII COMPOSITION.
PUNUTUATJON AND CA1'1TAL8.

4. He remembered all the joyous ,ccncs - - - . f>. I look with pity
on the crowds---. G. Ile - - - never can he wise . 7. I lllll
satisfied with those p!Pasur
.
f orgotten the
· · ..· ·s - - - . R. . rr'a'.e }OU
precepts---? !l. Only tl1os(' boob C•>llH' down tu us___ 10.
They all joined in lmnentrng the exile of the man _ _· _
.

PUNCTGATION OF THE COMPOUND
::::E:\TE:\CK
COMMA, SEMICOLON, AND COLON.

Rule 18.-Adverb clauses must be set oJT from the

~,,,.

"·/.:"" Rule 19.- A comma tak es the place of an omitted

rest of the sentence by the comma unlt•ss the connection
is close. The comma is especially necessa ry if the clause
stauds pa.rentl1eticaHv
· · J
.
.
• between the· parts of. tl. ie prmc1pa
clause, or if by mversion it stands first: as-

i

Rule 20.-Thc parts of a co111pound predicate,

m H1rn. o. If you would not J,., known tn do a thing nci·cr Jo it.
If llo Lnt touch the I111<11nfain'. (Ji,.,.. ·srrinkA' · "'• I ;/ll),f;UH.gf' W;t:j
.

1' ".'' 11 us that we mi;;ht s11y plea~ant L11i11gs to e!H:li 0lhei·.

8. '!'he
lltye one 8lu11Jbered on a~ gently u.s ii it hu.<l been i·ocke<l in a lac-0-

tnmmed <:r>\<li".

PS·

.. pcci:dly if lung- and diifon~11lly modilled, must be sepa·
rated from each o ther by tl1e Colllllla: a s -

Exercise 17. -Punctuate, and give reasons.

tl,

noun or verb, particularly if without tlie comma the
llomer was the greater genius; Virgil. the better nrtist.

1. As they waU..ed along the /Jani.: of !lie 1·irer, they saw at it
little distance an old man. 2. 'the ship heai•ed so that lii•r !.:eel stood
1·n air.

1. \Vhcn Ph emy cn(ere1! the CH\"(• the laird was nowhi'rc to Le
fom_1u. 2. \Vp !11•arJ a tl'rrilic nuisf, "-" if torrents of water wer..:
rollmg <lown the lllOllntain • a• llow 1111\{'h
k1"n 1lei· Tl f•aveut~tou
.
-·
s
than . _we
ure
Lo· en.di
ot-li·,1·
1 4 'J'! · •l Lf
l
-·
·
.
_
_
•
' • .•
".>llf. 1 i . e say me y<>t will I ttu~t

/

Jn the bes/ [woks f/l'tlli l/l ti! /u/ k /o 11.8,
thoughts, and pour lh1'ir srJ11is into ours.

gi1·e 118

/heir

//W8f j>•tCtOllS

.i;."--:-:'.f

Rule 21.- lf t.l1e ciausi:s of ti"' cornpou11.J s•·ntr·1wc

:'i&i'F.i
3:rC short, or i r t '"'Y am
;s~~5~5~rrenerally snth0ient; "" -

closely

CO!lllCCted, the CO !lll!Hl

·:~~Pf',~

The J_Vormaus nrlhu!, anrl lhP day wa8

-~~'"\c-

Rule 22.- lf the clauses of the compound

is

lo.~!.

~re Jong, or not clnsel y -<m1rnected, the sem ie-olnn, or even
" a colon should lw u~t:d : as /i:·j~'.;,:~;~:;-:'.:
_________1,,_ }Jolts nud /J(t rs are not tlw !Jest of our in.,..,/,_'/u.ti1JnB*· n(lr ·l.s
~~·~·~'~~~~~~i~tl";ewdnu~ in trade a mark of wiRdom. :!. 1n et~J wt.lf'k of gcniu~

:';5.4~':

Exercise 18.-b'ill out the . bl_anks with adverb
clauses, describe their nse, an.J justif_r youryuJH'tuatiou.

--=::.:::... "

1. The stranger heanl some one rrv for help
JI.
. you so unhappy- ---~'
g la<.]] y returned. home - -- . ;;_ !Iuw arc
~?
4. Not one of them had Lrought tl 1c erowns for his ransom ___'
5. I will ohey them in I.his---. fl. They resolved to detain hi 11 ;
-.-. - . 7. She was con,idr·retl so wisl' 11 princess---. 8. His
<lih~eli<."tl W&S 80 remarkable - - -. !l. Great talent wifl be of little
in-ail - - - . 10. ~c king reigned Lul a short time -·--.
\

~~

we recognize

=:""
·~:~.-:~~
., ¥5·7
·;. ~ ,.,
- ~~°""'a-8(}'rt

our ow11 rejected llwugld1:1: they come back

of aJ.ien-<iied

nuLjr',JJ.i y.

to "·'

with

•

~--- Rule 23.-The clauses of a compound sentencP, if

-hey contnin comnms within tlrnrnselves, aro commonly
· ~-,~pa.rated from eacl1 otlier by the semicolou; if they eou'::._:,__·_~·tain semicolou~, they are commonly separated from each
'17ien shook the hillR, a·ith tlwnder ricen; the n ru1:1hed the .•!fed
c::::;:;;;;=:':===;~fil~flr, tlritmt.

to

L ,~='.:~~·:-?:~

~=

14

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION .

PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALS.

Exercise 19.-Punctuate and give reasons. (Study
also the punctuation of "Cleon a nd T," pagf' l 50. )

EXCLAMATION POINT.

l. It is excelle ll t. to l11t1-<' a giant.':; :;tn•ngtl1 li11t it b tyrannuL" t.o
use it ns n g ia11L 2. EC'onomy is 1w d i:;gnu:e it is l>cttcr to ]il'c •>11
a litt le tlarn to 011llin:• n great <leul. :J. A wi:;c rnnn seeks to out-

s hine him self I\ fool to out shiu e others. 4. Jl e dot.Ii noth ing but
talk o( his hor,:c :fln<] he lllH kf's i(. I\ g l'<'lil ll!'l •l'1>j>l'iatio11 to his own
good parts t hat he ca n :;hoc lii111 lii111'1'lf. !i . II is knife is :;till in
his ha nd n n<l stn·11 gL11 ill l1is sinc•ws all d a ne w ercalc<l aspira tion in
h is hear t. (l, Timr ""'11t "11 am! at la sl lwr<' ill th is han•l of 11Ji11<> 1
hel<l U1e wedding lie1•n '" · ·7. Tlir1·1' i-; nr.tiiillg 111.,rr univ,·r"dly
commended than a fine day I.l ie n·1.,011 is t.h nt people can co1111ne1ul
it without c1n-y. H. ,\ n •'g-<>l! s t always spcab of himse lf either ill
p raise or ce n~nrc Im ! n mod1' <:1. 1111u1 ,-111 1110 JJ iaki ng himselr t.l1e s ubject of hi s co n ver«ntio11. !I. hnn1·0n· i' ,;11pp lc n111l can bend b11t
'hoµcsty is firm 11111! upright nrnl 1·jp].Js not. 10. Bcwnrc of Jitti<'
c x~en "rs n 'mall kak will ,i11k a g r··:d .-l1ip.
11. She W!\lk~ beside thr silent shore
T he tillc i ~ high tlH' breeze is still
No r ipp le hr<'aks the oernn -fl oor ~
Th" 'i1nslii11" ,.JcPps 11 poo the h ill.

Exercise 20.- (_\>Jnpletc tli1•8e compound sentcnees
by t he additio n of one o r more independent clauses.
Attend carefully to tJ1,-. punctua ti on.
1. .Experieuce keep" a de111· ":houl
2. 'l'hc co1111t do11htJess de~i red to deal jnst.ly - - - . :i. Lord Ilacon was <:onviet.•il of
l'C<'ci,·ing liribes - --. ·L Tl11: 11nt rnorning wo 1d l ~et furw1wl
together - - - . 5. Coii1111hu'< ' " ''""·in d thl' world to be ro11 11 J
6. I was not conten t with my situation - - - . 7. The
king himse lf was thonght tn be a1n ong tlic sin.in - - -. 8. Yomkr
palace was misc<! by ~in!.;lc ,[ones---. !J. He spe n t sonHl limt•
in wamle ring a mong the mou ntuin s - --. 10. You will Joubtlcs;,
either squander your wcnl t h by negligence---. 11. K11owl~lg1i
will always predom inate over ignoran ce - - -.

11)

Rule 24.- I111.t:rj<)C !.i1111s, and cxclnrnatorv words,
phrases, and sentcn c('s, 111us t i> e followed 1,y tlw cxcla111a·
tion poi n t : as 1. 0 lhnt I h11d !ht 1ri1u;s 11/ rt d111 ·r 1 :!. Oh.' /,,,w min and
''2::1.ransifory are rtll th i11_qs here /Jelow.' :J. Ho use , ye Humans! roust,
4. lf11. 1111. hn.' ,-,. Il1irk! l111rk .1 I hear /1111/s/eps.'

(For other e:rnmple' "•'<' Enr"i"" CT-l. l

INTERROGATION POINT.

Rule 25.--E\'c' l'\' se11tl'11e e or expresswn asking n
nrn st h e fol lowi·d Ly t lie i11tl'rrogat i1111
point: as1. Wli11 rlid

1jll1'

('////II'

811 /11/r f

:!.

Wlter- /,, !JOllT 1;"111•x nn 1r ?

your ganlbo!s? .1101rr soJl,ifs.? yuur ln1r ....·ts. of 111trn.mnd, Iha/ w,.,re 1t unt
ri roar ?
( l•'ur utl1 "r l'Xa111p!.. ,. "''" Exl'rcise n:q
The intcrro g-atio n, wli1·11 used where in the clcclarati\'(J

to Bet lite /a/Jle in

sentence a colo n o r semi colon wou l<l be us1•d, must, Ii kc
the colon or semicolu11, be followed l>y a small letter. (See
last example a ho,· c. )

·Exercise

21. -

l'un;·tuatP,

~}:;

...
"'.• !

~-;

'·';~
'·.:.
'

a nd g "·c reason;;.

1. O C:"d '"''"" """·c·y '"' Thy elfil,J
\Vho:'c fiiitl1 in Th"" grows w.-ak anil :<1111111
A 11d ta kt• 11u~ t·rt~ l !()~(' it nil
2. ll:ul the n God }l('ar.J h('r l11ul lie SP !Jt
llis 1rn;:el <lowll 111 flt-sh iilld blood
fkforc hrr i ·:-.d~ ll a nl<-11 st.ond
U. Oh for t li<> pnrplt' han·,..-t~
()f tho 1lays when J was ynn11;<
For the merry grape-:-laim·d maid,·11~
Awl tho jJle1totlllt 81Jllgo they suu;.:4 . I pray you what is the nest to mo
:My t>mpty nest

'l':~. i~
~~:.;

~·

-~,:..;,_.· •!'-

16

PUNCTU.\TLON AND

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

And what is the shore whero I stood to see
My' boat ~ail tlown the west
Can I call that homo where I anchor yet
.: 'l'hough my g-ood mnn Ill\~ 1<niled
Can I call that homo wh ere my nest was set
Now all its hope hath failed
5. \Vho does not love the 1\fo rchioncss and l\Ir. Richard Swiveller
Who does not sympat hizn 11 ot. only with Oliver Twist but his n1lmirable young friend tho Artful Dodger Who does not bleSI! Sairoy

Gamp and wonder at Mrs. Harris

_,.,,--

~1·

j

17

CAl'ITAL~.

7. Thon Jill.le Lrit:by pnek
\ViLli a11Lie toys so fu1111ily hPstuck
Light as t.li e ~i11;;i11g l1ir1l tiJHt wi11t-,rs !li e air
The ·<lour !.he dour he' ll tu1nlile 1low11 llw stuir
Thou diLrlillg 11C thy sire
Why Jan<' l11•'ll '<'l his pi111Lf"rn afire
Thou i1111' uf rnirth n11'1 juy
111 lu\·e's dt~ar 1·!1Hi11 so :-;lru11g- :-;o l1rig-lil, a liuk
Thou id "! .,f ll1y j•lll'l'llts lJrnL !lie l1vy
There goes my i11k

THE DASH.

THE HYPHEN.

Rule 26.- The dash is used to denote a tlUtltlen break
in the sentence, or a suspension of thought: as-

Rule 28.-Tlie liyphc11 is w;cd tu co1111ect the parts of
a cornpuu11d word: as -

1. He had no malice in hi., mi11d,-no 1·11.ffles on hi.• .<h-irt. 2. I
take - eh! uh!-as m111·h 1-.u·l'l'isn1s] ca11, .!Uw/11111 0011/. 3. Upon
that 1 k iss yo11r hand, r11ul I toll yort- my q11ee11.

Rule 27.- .Either dashes or marks of parenthesis
may be used to enclose an expression parenthetical in
character, but too independent in constru ction to admit
of the comma: ns1. I delight and 1con1frr nl Jfr. Dirl.-m,.'s genius; I recog11 ize in
-it - I speak with awe anci re,.n·e11cc-" commis8 iun frnm the D1:vin<i Beneficence. 2. Approach a1ttl rcarl (for thou cmu;t read) the
lay gratlrl 011 the stone benmth !/IJll n[Jcd thorn.

Exercise 22.- Punctuafr "nd explain. _
1. Isaac of York for it wa;o; 0111· /Jlcl fricrid wus nt length able to
explain. 2. Chi ldren dear wns it y••,l crday <'all yet 'o nco that sh!\
went away 3. "Lovely" "Stop" raid l\Ir. Weller ringing the
bell. 4. I ehcm I forget. 5. l'erlutp> he did sco Nora Heaven only
knows R.n d so died. H. ·w1i,, d""" nnt 'l"rnrnuo the chief of t]i ,,~
iilustrious fam il y who h~ing 'I ri"kt·11 L•y misfortune wi&> ly nrnl
greatly turned his attention t.o cmlls the accomplished the epicure1.111
the dirty the delightful JIIi<'AtWhC'r

Dininf!-lolde.

J•'dfu w -s/11</ent .

Rule 29.-Tlit>

hy)'li«11 is ]'la<·r·d at tl11 · <'lid ,.fa line

to sl 1ow that a part uf tl1• ; last word has bcell l'arried over
to the 11C.\ t 1i1w: as JI WM the hall u( 1Vllh111n Ru(ll•. the lw!l n·!u.cl. hrul reso11nded with <1cclainaii,n«' u.t /Im inanyllr<tliu11 of lht1;rty

kin[J~.

THE CARET.

Rule 30.- H a letter, word, or cxpn•ssion is omitted,
place a caret where the omission occurs, aud int. .. rli1tc the
..,.--- omitted part: as with

The ol<I ll'all" 1are hu11y, scarfot.

THE QUOTATION MARKS.

Rule 31.-J\ direct quotation is enclosed within quotation rnarks; tho i11,·ennl co11111rns are placed at the
beginning and tho apostrophes at tlie close.

If by tho

introduction of expla11atury remarks, as, he said, tire quo-

18

PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALS.

tation is separated into parts, each part must be enclosed
within quotation marks.

;; She paused a. minute, and said earnestly(~ want to go- I want
t How long do you think it will Le l.iefore the
:n gels come for men~
•..,~Many,many years 1ny prec ious ODO r-<tLid I)shudcleri11i.:ly;for truly
looked so like them 1Uiut I IJcgan to fear they were clo:sc at h1rnd •
2.~nderley is just the sam~'said John/4 Twelve years have
e no change-except in us/i Ami he looketl fo11dly ,.t, his wife.
· think the chorus and comment on all life might, IJc i11cluded in
-0 brief phrases given Ly our fri end Shakcspcnrc, 011e to u .. 111lct
,e other to O~hcllo ,•'Tis very strnng; anJ 'Tis IJcttcr 1~ it is'. "->~
3. Passengers and crew,-111cn 1woruc11la1ul children cro wded the
- forward part of the ship. Joh11 May11ard stood al lhe helm. Tlie
flumes burst forth i11 n ,;ln·d. .,[ fire. Clouds of smoke aro::.e. The
Capt"in cried out, Uv·ougli liis trumpet.
'Jolin l\l aynnrd I'

ery much to go

Rule 32.-A quotation within a quotation is enclosed
in single quotation marks. (See ·pages 35 and 3G.)
Rule 33.- In a succession of quoted paragraphs the
inverted commas are used at the liegiuning of each para.graph, but tbe apostrophes are used at the close of the
last paragraph only. (See pages 35 and 36.)
I. - The first word of a direct quotation
begins with a capital. This must be understood to refer
to the wltole quotation, not to tlie parts into which it, may
be divided by explanatory remarks. The capitalization
witltin the quotation must be determined by t he ordi11ary
rules. If the quotation consists of a single word nr a part
of a sentence the cap it a l is 11ot g-e11Prnl!y used.
H EM ARK 2.-A direct quotation is generally preceded
by a colon; if the quotation consists of but a si11gle 1>e11te11ce the comma is o(ten used.
R1mARK

H.KMAl'K 3,.- Au exclamation or interrogation point, if
belonging to tlic quotatio11, must stand within the quotatio 11 111:trks.

Apply tbe preceding rul es to the following cxalllplcs:
1. "Civility," ~ icl T1fl<ly J\f,rnt11g11<', "Msts nothing 1111d hnys
cverythinb." 2. '"Bq;inni n;.; n ·l rrat !" cried Napoleon. 0. ••Tu
the persevering mortal,'' ~a id Zoronslcr, ''the blessed Immortflls arc
swift.'\"-4. ::iome one lms sait!, "What nu argument for prayer is
co11t1Li11cJ iu Llic won.ls, '011r Fa! l1<·r, wlii.-11 art in ] f pavcn ! ' " ( Fo•
further J<~xnmplcs nntl for the cl i"t inct.ion between Direct 1111J Intl.ired Quotation sec Principle .\VI l.)

Exercise
23.- Punctu
rrt<', rrnd gi,·e reasons.
,,
\'I

j :

1. Eye has not see n I repealed blind l\l uricl thoughtfully. can
pt•<11i\t_' ~'T L lil'n~ ..
:·~

~
·,~:

~.

19

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

Yt·s 1111y <.:bi],[

Tl1<.:re is nu d11rkm·~·' al ail_

I:\ '

.

.

.,

. ·,~ .

J1. ye 1a.yc r"'lr ,1
•.~
''Are you at the helm·;
I .

-

) )

.

•5\yo,ay<;sir /
,'\
docs she hciLd? '-.')
(l,South -cast. by c1~'-'l 1 sir !
., "i
i.Ulea<l her soulJ1-c1~ (, aad run her a:;hof(', saiJ. the Captain•

' now

;·

·~c>:c-

COMBINATION OF DETACHED ELE~tENTS.

_4;_:,~-~-

By the cxpresl:!ion dctu1·hcd eloncnts i>i mca11t the: different statemeuts into which a sc 11tcnce may be n ;solvcd .
Take for example the foll•nving- :<P11tc11cc:
Having these powerfnl 1<piril8 obedient tu his will, Prospero

1<"~·
~·

~:~-~
~
.;;

---

.~::~--

could, by llU!·i r rneans, command the u•ind« a11d the

wat'C8

uf the

sNt.

This may be resolved iuto the followiug dctac/i,ed t:lement.~:

4t:_

Prospero had these spirits olmlicnl lo his u•ill. They 11•fr" powerful spirits. Pro.•ptero could cummanJ the winds. 11 e cu1i.lil com1111ind the wave;i of the ua.
1'hii; lie cuuld d<J by mewui of lhr.;e
~pirits.

l
!~-~·

r·
~-

'

'
~'

20

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSI TION.

Exercise 24.- Bclow arc given several groups of
detached clemeJJts. You arc required to eombiue each
group into one well arra nged simple sentence.
EXAMPLE

OF

DgTACnEo

ELEMENTS,-f [e11ry of Nrwarr"

were faithful nn ll lm·ing hi1-.1~. They clenrell t.h" g ro11ntl of wr·•·•k
They brought wrtl.c r in th e hnll "w of t.hl' ir winp. Tll!'y hr"11 .:.::l1L it.
:from the river .A•:so p11;;, With this waler they ·'J•ri11kl··<l tl10

ground. ThPy k<·pt. it. gr"" '' ·
8 . Herc he fo 11n1l the king of dn.y . Th<~ king "'"' tln'"'"d i11 rt
purple gnrmc11L.
It WllS "J•kndid.
Ile mis S<'akd on :1 tl 1r""'"
(;.;;.:;~~-- 'The throne sp:1rkled all ov1·r with hrilli:rnt ""'"rnl,J,;,
Ile !ind a
diaJcm 11p"n Iii -; ltv:11I. Tlw dia.J,.111 had liri ght. rnY .'.
9. The h1111t,...;111:u1 wn:-: Jiran• . 11 1~ wa:-; f111'."lt1·l1 wi!h ,·ii ·t 11ry. IJ, ~
boldlv darl'd t.!11~ ~f .ra1 1~1:r tu appear and 11111.iut.ain \i\...; <' ]:1i111 t 11 !]It'
~--~· q11ee1~ or Lh o vallt>y. '1'111' ,..; lra11gt·r wn.~ I.li e t•lli' wil1i Wc!l't' tl1t~ wl iilP

ti'ft.••

placed upon the throne of Prance. It wa.i; dm 1e /,y ;1. /ragirnl i·i·c1i l.

iii

21

PUN CT UATION AND CAPITA Lfl.

It wc~s done suddenly. Ile WCUl the great clutmpi01 , of I'rntr 8 fa.11.hmi.
, CoMBJNED. -Suddenly, and by a trar1ical umt, fli:nn; nf
Anr rir·r e, the grecit c!utmpion of Pm/!J<jfan!t:xm, ,1., 1.• ,faccd upo;, u,:,~
1
throne of France.
1. Tltc 11 egut iati1111s lm<l bee n nearly co11cl11Je1l . This Jmd boe 11
tlono by tho Earl or Bristol. Tto WIL~ a ~J'Cl' ial n111'1a~sador tu l/1 0
court. Tho court wa.s that o f the young king Philip IV. Philip
IV. wit:; lirut.her of the Infant.a. The nrgotintio11s W<'nl for t hu

jerkin. Th e hr·a11lif1d ( 'IJ\t hild1•. WllS t.lte q11N•n of th e· 1·:tll 1•)'.
JO. lie pa30<•d in nl. l.hn t:<'lll.rnl door. ![1• slipp1•d -;oftly .,,.,.r thf'
floor of mosai cs. H e knelt. lli,; c1rnq1a11ion kn .. Jt. 'l'l11·r kr1 elt 111.

nrnrringc of Charle:; with tho :Sp1111ish pdncf•s;;,

~. They adv:rneod ngai11 st tl1u d11rnipio11 '" 'l'h1·y adi•anc·cd together. Their spcnrs were levelled. Thei r ra11ks w(• rc closeJ. IL
wns a sight to mnkc tho bravest shriuk.

th1~ liU.lt~

Tilt' alt ar \\'a ...:

11pn11

of tl1l' l e 1npl t~ g at1•-.;.

! !H· l 1 ·f1 .

Tl1i"' lw did

11·11

Jl,. W:L." dn··"' '' l i11 ti"· li1·1·ry ,,f 11 11' .c:"d.
lie hore n h111Jl'h of 11 .. wers i11 o n" h;;11d. IJ ,, h»r" 11 litt l" 11111>- ,,r
cl11.y in t.J,., •>I ill'r.

0

plui11 country gcntleni:rn. JI,, rnanag• ·d !ti.' l'l'f'J"'1ty witl 1 11 ,k ilful
economy. He engaged in 11chl sports. iro n ·nd 11111 1 111 ,,tJjf,.ti:d
upon the pas t and tho present. This lw did with inte llige nt
curiosity.

Exercise 25.-C<Jinb in c'

(•:H·li 0f tl1e

f,,JJ"" in..; g-r0•q•s

so ns t.o makr' mw w1:ll arra.11 g<·d 1·11111;1'0 · or
co111pl1'." sc11l1· 1w 1~.
1. T'n<'al1<)tll .a s wa_i. : rt h1·a11t.if11l lndi:tn girl.

4. The euglo m..,; tho go11er11l of tho oinb. He wns !um! prcsst~l
OJ hiti Cllelllics. llis Clle11 1ies WCl'O tho licu.st.s. ·ll o sent f.!J o }11;!. Jii,
commands t.o join Ll 10 urrny of Lhc birds. The HW111low carried )1j,
commumls. H "'"" in vain .

Iifo of SmiLh.

~h1•

1·0111;101111J

l1atl

Sill' w1Ls J1Jarri1·1l 1.n a )"Hiii .~ 1·:11 .~1i ..; ) 1 1iia11.

wns :John l(olr••.
2. 1\11 i •~11 .~li~l1

~.'\\·1 ·d

I Ii"'

tl1t>

11:·1 1n t ·

.·,

r1H l 't: snon af Lcr land1·d al Di"]•pt'.
It wa...; llll• :t ·r
1.hn com m:u11l c1 f Lol'd \Villour.;!tln-. This " ·° 'i'la1w1 · 11·:1." I ir11,.h.
The king wa.s t.h11:-' c n co nra~e< l to eo 11ti1111e the eonlt·:-- L. Tl11• <' )11t1 ·:--t.

o.

6 . Suddenly Pluto appenred. l'l uto is the stern god of the uu(l urworltl. The cntrnuce of U11.tle:J yawned. P lu to rosu up from it.
He was in hi s chariot. 11c (]rove fo11r 00111-blne k horses, T!ic
horsos wcro sno rting fl1unrs ILlld ~1 nokc from their ll Ostril s.
-=:::--7. Ev ery year these oinls Vi:litcd tl io tomb o! Afemnon. They

tJllt

days befo re Li1<'. f1·-;ti1·:i.I.

3. \.V11s hingtou pu8sessed 11mplo mean~. H e 1·csi d .. d t1p1Jn his
estate iu l · irgi11in. This cs(;1tu was called lilt. Vt'l'll<>ll. )J., wns n

l'un was a rustic god. li e was a rlelightful ercut11rc. He was
a grotesque creature. H e had gonc's horns a ud 11 tail. H o luJ.tl u
l>cuttl, It pug-nose, 1111<1 hoofs. Apollo once got in to u. IJllnrn• I willi
11101.
This WllS <luring Apollo':> exile from hcavcu. It wa8 whil t1
h o was wmulcring about on ear t h.

a!Lar uf t 111~ \·ir.i.:in.

ll. J\ pri1•:-:t, fi:t.;.;:-\ed

0

1

rnight ot.lH·rwi:-.:.1· l11tY1' liN•n lio111·l1 •...:-.; ,

~ '

t:r~

~

a.

Robe rt WILS th e 1·lde,t ~on or Lite !o;;;rl or ,.;,,,.,, 1[,. "'"' h1rn
Jl c wns t.n lm bro11ghl 11p in the·. h1 11 hehold of Lori] ll11r-

in 15()7.

leigh. Thi s m 1,; al. t Ji,, n•q111·,-t. of i IH' E arl.
4. In 1:)11() 11 llomi11i c1rn 11Hmk h1•1·:1111t · po pe.

.. . . ._

Jle wa-;

:L

111,,nk .,r

lif1· . II " \\' :LS a Zt'al .. t. 11 ,. """ di- tinc:11i-l l"ol l1it11'··lr
as nil in q u i,i lnl'. IT(• ns,-n111Pd 111•' title P[ l'i11,; \'.
o. The lighting went on. Jt l1e~a111 e eve11i11g. 'J'J ... n t l11· n •yaltJ11, SC\' C?"e;;L

•''

~'
.(

22

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

ists had a decided advantage.
from the town.

PUN CTUATION AND CAPlTALS.

They compelled the enemy t,o retire

3. They roilc forw1ml. They nirncd a st.m ight c-011rs" for I.h e
Ohio River. They rocle <luring- t he whule night. Tl1f'y 1lid nul st• 1! 1
to rest. Th•' Y h;dtcd in th e morning. lt wA.,; fo r a sh nr t t i11Jt'.
They trnvellcd nll that 1l11y. Thi:y trnvclle<l th e followin g nigl.L.
4. Wash in gto n clelPrn1im'<l (" 11mke n11 fiirt.li .. r 11 tt• ·1111•L '" l1"l 1l
I,ong Island. He cmliark1·1l hi' t.r""P' i11 hoab. I le l1llid .. 1 l tli<"m
in safety in New York . Ile 1litl t he :-:arnc with the~ 111ili lary slt>rc,;
and artilll'rv. All this wa s 1l11n c with a l'r1Hl1·ncc 11111! al•ili ty wl11f'h
was consm~mate. During the time he wu.s fn vo retl l>y 11 1kn:-:e fng .
·"'-,( 5. Tlwn lJH' 1wnt col l.11gc·s WC'!'<' st ripJ>ecl of e\'t'I'}' :tr! i" lc uf f11rJ ~'1turc. ll<'l"C hu111lrPds of fa 111ilic· ~ had li ve1l in c< rn1for t. Tl11·y
were once eh1'1·rf11l tlw .. Jli11gs. Tl1 e ir ,J,,,m; we re "l .. s1·•l. Tl,.· farni -

6. Prince H enry died. It wn.s in his nineteenth year. It was
after a short illness. It was on the 6th of November. It was in Hl12.
7. London was startled. There was extraordinary now~. The
Prince of Wales ~ad gone to llff lrid. Villiers had gone to Madrid.
They hnd gone pm·ately. Villiers was now l\fnrquis of Buckingham.
8. A slave made his escape from 11 cruer master. He mn<lc his
escape to a forest. Here night surprised him. He was force<l to
tnke ~e in a cave.

-U. Andre hu.<l crossed tlrn river. He int<•rJriP<l t.o proc<'Nl on
lior::;cuack Lo New York. 1le passe<l through the Am<'ricn n liiw".
T his he did safely. Ile was again on ncutrnl ground. !!,·re he was
;;eize<l l1y three men. 'l'ltcy w .. ,.., of the .American lllilitia.
10. The lio n hdd out ib paw. Andrt>(>les exami111." i it..
Ho
fn111Jd it i11fian1f'ci and swollen. Jlc louke<l more closely. A thorn
had pierced the bnll of the foot. From this tho lion was suffering.
11. The Hriti;;h t.roops h,-1d •'Xf'lusi,·c possession of Bo~ton. ThPy
wt,re hartLs"t'd l1y t.111' ll<'l l\'ily of the patriots. This act.i\'ity wa.•
incessant. 'Jh"y w1•re ham~se1l for a 111011!.h . The pnt.r int" cu t off
tho supj>li<'s frnm I lit~ intrrinr.

fro 111 priYal e ('1i rni1 y.
f>. 1\lnddin \\':lid:-'

- ~ ~~ . ,...

sln.vt'S eot tin in.

bring- clishc';;.

12. The invading ban1l marchPd tow11rd the town. 'I'hPy bore 11
' ' tri-colorcd flug .. An eagle snrniountl'tl tho flng. Thr"" !<Oldier.l
from lloulogne lmd joined t.111 ,rn. A young licnf.t•n11nt from llonloguo hn.<i joi11Pd t.luHn. lfo w1~~ lil•ntenant of t.hc 42<1, n.nd hi~ 1111111<•

brgTt.n to
H. Tt,

giYP

way.

S0f'Illl'd

to t,hn f•liargP .

(i;•11it •

fr1 1111

l1 1L'-i

:-;q1111•

~lr:1i :.::] 1:w :1y

\·a1 1i ...,Jlt'd .

unknown 4111arl!'r.

,Ji~iil'S arc of gold 111111 si lY1' r.

lL }11'_~an

t11

Till')'

:--:1•ltl 1· lH•a\·ily l11wk

impn:-t"il>lt• tn iuJ,·a11<•1•.

Ill'<'

T l ll'y
li»:qwd

in.

11p1111

tl11 1 :1ri11~·

li n <'lw1·r"d

11 u:-11·lt>"':"" ..-.in1 .~gi 1 ••
Hnt ( 'q)porJ\ \\':\...: 11 "r11 i(· .

tlw111

Tlil•y

nn.

T! w y r 1· !11n11· 1 !

Tlw_v drnve ove r t.l1n <~1·a..~hi11.~ ti1nlH'r.'-i.

an i111pet11nus to1T»11L.
!). Th e kc0pPrs IH•l1l Lia• wick1·I. gate <>p»n.
Wt'rl' \\'('Hl'i1·d.

IL

\Vil:-'

likt•

Till' l"'"i 'l" li: 1-l ··11· ·· l

Tlil'Y w1·r1~ <'n\'e n ·d wit 11 dll~t.

follnw1•<l clo'l' "l'"ll 1111:111 .
10. \Va"iiin .~1 on e 111hark1·1l nl1otit l1a lf hi:-; ft•r<·1 's 1°11 I h1' P1· l awa.re . Tliis wa."' nn tl 1P (·\·cnin g ,,f ('liri ~lnrn.~ .
l[~ · t'1 11di111i»i\ Iii"
pnssng<' thn•11 .~l1 thP ni :..; lit. Iii...; Jl1l:-i'-'H~1 · wn;-.; im1~· 1 kd l)y lli\:t!in~

C01ll}IO'll1Ul :-;cntf'llCf'.

1. 'l'hey pm·<'hasNl thP Sprrtlw€'11. 'T'lwy hirNl th<' 1\foyflowPr.
'l'he ~pecdwt'll wns n vessel of forty ton~. 'l'hP Mayfl ow<'r carried
u lrnndn•1l a1Hl eight.)· tons.
(

1

11i:-:1trln\· wa.." JTdJJ('1'd In frn.g1111'I1L'i,

'l'l1c

I-Io nnng- Jii 111 ~ 1 .Jf in front.

Exercise 26.- Com Line each of Llie following groups
so as to make one well arranged compound, or co11trru·fnl

t>.t·:~1y Ht Sn.h:lrnq.~· .

Tlit•

f11tid.

'l'lH'V ('~Jilli'

No Koldi(•r will l() 11.~ <'01d1..·nd in ~ 1H'li

below.

was Alndcuise.

2 . It wn..~ n hlornly struµ-.i:dr . Th <' f1P11l'rnl lost ,jx th onMnd
I[, . t• \ ·ai ·11ai1' I f i111 -.:p nirk. Tl1i.·~ li~· d i d i111111t·dia!.1·ly. lif'
111ardwd 0111. o f 1110 Tyn'I""" fNrif.<•rv. I IP finally c•ollc•d 1 •1 l his

Tl1i ....; n·lii·f tht· 11ari:-:lH·s <·nuld nqf. ~1qi1· i y.

up witl1 JllL''tls a11d fruit, .
7. The g'!'J1t·r;ti :-;tn1;.:~! 1 ·d lirH\"i'ly. lli :. .; 1ihjl'< ·f wa~ l<) c arr:• lii-.:
mPll tJirnut:d i tJ 1 i"' w11--:ti11 ~ fin~ . lli~ trnnp~ :-;11~:t airwd t)11' 111 :1''i l1:d
cont f'sL TJii...; t!wy did fpr ~olllt' lirn 1· . Tlw twad < If thi• ( ' 1 1 l1t11111

t;,

111 ,•n.

Tlic•y w1·rt• ;.;t·•·kin.~ n·L··f

lics WPT"0 wa1Hkri11g al,•.1t1L the t''111 1il ry.
.:-.:

I

:~

j

ire.

)ff'

st..ni~.!}.~li·d wi!li :-- n(lw-~·d!1J'l11~ .
lri

'
t..lH• otiL1io;-.;f.s of' tlu~ l l 1':-; ~i a11".

~This lw dicl will1 \'>·ry sligl1I

I"'"

Iii' la11d1·d hi ." 11w11 1Lt Tn,111 111 1

1r1111"!1in~ .

!!1• n11ul1· !lw 1nai11 lfod y 11ri...;0111•r:-;.

•.>11 Iii'"'"" ,i1k.

24

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLIS II COMPOSITION.

EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION.
You are now to have some exercises in connect ed composition. Th o first exercise may be call ed R eproduct ion.
Th e poems given are to be reproduced in prose. R ead
the poem until you th oroug hly un derstand it, t hen lay it
aside, an d usin g t he list of T opi cs to aid yo ur memory
write out the sto ry in your o wn words. B e care ful: (J)
To m ake a contfouo11s .•tory, alt the p oints of which
m ay be 1tndcrstood 1,,it/wut a k11 01oledg e of the p oem. (2)
T o tell it .fully enough to make li p lca.qi11,1J cjf''ect. (8 ) T o
prese1·ve tlte p rop er prop ortion of pa rts. (4) T o avoid
rltyme. (5 ) T o avoid t he languag e of tlte p oem. In
reading th e p oe m, consid er well whi ch parts are essent ial,
and which mig ht be omittcrl without breaking th e conn ection, and, of th e more important parts, which demand
most time.
REPRODUCTION I.•
TITE LEAK JN TITE DIKE.

PUN CT UATlON AND CA PITALS.

And lake these cakes I made fo r him 'rtiey nre hot. a nd smokin g yet:
You h11.ve time enough to go a nd come
Before the sun is set."
Then the good wi fe turned to her labor,
Hnm111ing n simple so ng,
And lh nug ht of her husba nd working hard
At th e slui ces all day long,
And se t t he t urf a-Llazing,
And liroug ht t he coarse Li nck bread,
Tha t he 111ig ht fi11 <l a fire a t night,
And find the laL lc spread.
And now with face n.11 glowin g,
A ml eyes as Lrigh t n.s t he <lily
Wi t h the thoug ht of his pl cn.snnt errnnd,
He t rnclged along t he way;
And soon his joyous prnllle
Made g lad n lonesome pince.
Alas ! if only lhe Llind old mun
Could h11.ve seen tlm t lrnppy face !
Yet he somehow caug ht t he bri g htness
. Whicl1 his voice a nd presence lent,
And felt the sun shin e come nnd go
As P eLcr came a nd went.

And now as the clny was sinking,
The good <lnmo looked from hor cottage
At t he close of t he pknsant day,
And chcrr ily called lo her little son,
Ontsillc t he cloor nt play:
" Come, Peter, come I I wa nt yon to go,
\Vhilo I.h ero is light lo see,
To t he hut o( t he blin1l ol<l man who lives
Across t he dike, for me ;
•To TITB T KAc mm.-'l'hc c x ch n n~c nn<l critic is m of papers by members of
the class Is lln exceedingly profita ble e xe rcise. For marks to be used In crlUclsm, see page 173.

And the wind bega n t o rise,
The mother looked from her door again,
Shncling her anxious eyes,
And 1;a w the shacl ows deepe n,
And birds t o their homo come ha.ck,
But never 11. sig n of P eter
Along t he level track.
But she said, " H e will come 11.t morning:
So I need not fret or g rieve
Though it isn't like my boy at nll
To stay without my leave."

2fi

2G

TIIE ELB,\fENTS OF l'NOLisrr COA!l'OSITION.

llut where was the chiid delnying?
On the lwmewnr<l way was he,
And across lhc dik1\ while the sun was up
An hour alxive the sea.
Ho was s[oopi ni; now lo gather flower'!,
Now li stening to th e sound
Of tJ1 e Wra tJ JfriJ Wl\f,('t"> th, Jiiug
Aga i11:-1t th"ir nnrruw bound.
"Ah, well for us!" said l>c ter,

PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALS.

And th e l Kly -he llll.s seen tho dungcr;
And, s lrollt.ing " w il1l a larm,
u(. the ,;ei;
onk
Ile [oreC'S. l ,,~
, tl1t•· wei"hl
"
· s11wle
Wit.Ii the strc n gt. I1 0 f I1l. "·
" llrlll.
Ile list.ens for the jny f11.J euu 11d
H. foo ts tl·p pas~i 11g nigl1,
, · l I.i's l'll r to 1h e grnllllll tu eat eh
IILjS
'l'lu~ n.n:;wt•r to l1 is ery ;
.
A111l he hc1u-,; the r<•11gh win<ls Llow111g,

Of

All( l

" Th at the galt.>s arc good and strong;
An1l 1uy fol/l er te nd s them carefully,
Or they wo uld not hold you lo ng.
You' rr a wii· k1·d 1'P.,1 !" ~aid Peter.

But iwvc•r an

Hll'."\\. l ' t . (~' O lllf'S
. j0

Si\\'C tlrt~

,,f hi :; eall.

" l know wliy yo rt freL 1rnd chafe:
You would like t.o sµoil our l11rnls anti homes;
But our sluices keep you MCe. "

1l e S l '(' S Jlt) htJpe, Jiil Stl t : l'fll' ;
I [is fet•l1)t-. ,·oic e is l1J~t :
.
Y et wl11<L shall li e du IJ11t w11t c h antl wait,

An1l t.h(• wal••rs riH·
l'l'hu

!Lilli

fall : .
111111

Thn11 gh he p<'ri>li Ill his ]'Ml

But hark! U1ro11gl1 the noi se of waters
(.\Hues a lo w. clenr, trieklin g sou nrl;
Am1 L11c cl1il11's foee p al es w it h te rror
As hi s blo:;:;u111s <lrop to the grouml.
He is up tho bank in u. moment:
And 'teali ug th roug h tho sand
Ile secs a stn•>t m ri ot yet so largo
Ati his ~li-•ndPr .-hild i ~h hnn rl.

'Ti.~ a l{'(/1.· i'n f/,,. dike! Hu is out a hoy
Unused to fenrful scrncs;

But, young·~~ ho i,, he lrns lonrn e.J f.o know
The <l read ful thing that mcnn s.
.A lcnk in the dike! 1'h1; 'tuutest heart
Gwws faint t lw.t ny tu h c.'l.r,
An d the hravesl. rnan in nil t 11 " Janel
Turns white with mort1LI fr11r:
!<'or ho knows t.he ' " utllcst Jra k mny grow
To a flood in 11 sinizlo. ni;;lit. ;

Aud he knows lhe 'trcng-tlr of the cruel sea
When loosed in its a ngry might.

So, fa intl y t·1Llli11g awl f·rying

Ti ii tho s un

i~

m1 t!t·1· t hP

,..,Ro,

''
1r a. 11( l 1111 1ani11 .~, till the sturs
vr.vi 11 ~
( 1ull tC out fur c 11111pa 11 y,-

lle thinks .,f h is hrot lll•r llllll :; i:;t.er
A>l1•f' p in t lwi r ,-,.fe warm b,"];

il11

t. hi11k~ .,f

hi,; fallter aml uwt.lwr;

, " ·" (:in
,._ _ nnrl d1·ad:
1 .· ,_,l1i111 sl'li.
LI
1
AtHl
b ow . w l L:ll H.: 1l ih'ht i-<. '' 1 "r •

or

or

•

Th cv must Corn 'n "onr! fine! him l\l h" 1. :
. k'S h C Cl\ n IPaYe tht> place
Tiil t. hi:• 11 CYC r thm
Where duty hul ds him fast.
'fhe g\)l)<_l tl1111w in tJi,, t•ol.Ll>go

Ts "I' nncl astir with lhe lig ht,
F , •r thought uf h er I.i t LI e l'.l •tt·r
1!1L~ ],,•ell wit.h l11~ r all rnghl;
<•s th e 1•atliwlly,
• ,
l now:--·1 1e· w·deh
A s ucstcr-c1·c :;he had tlo1 1t• '
But " :hat
d1ws she sec so strange a n J. black

1\ni

Agitit1't the ri sin g s un?

27

28

THE ELEMENTS OF ENOLTSH COMPOSITION.

Her neighbors are benring between them
Something stmight to her door;
Her child is coming home - but not
A s he over cam e lieforc.

" He is tlenrl ! " she <'rics-" my darling!"
''

11

I
· J

I

A rn1 tho st.11rl.Ied fath er hem"!<,
And comes, an1l ll)oks the way she rooks,
And fears the thing she fears,
Till a glll1l shou t from I.he bearer.1
Thrills th~ ~trickc n man and wife:
"Give !.hanks, for yo11r son has s1wed our land,
And Clo.J has s1wl'd his life!"
So th ere, in the morning sunshine,
Th ey kn <' lt aho11f. I.h e boy;
And every lieatl was !Jared , and bent
In tearful, reverent. joy.
PHOEBE CARY.

TOPfCA L OUTLINE.
INTRODUCTION.-{--)

(

1. Peter se nt on his errand.
2. Th e mother's preparations for her husband 's

return.

DISCUSSION. -

Peter on his way to the blind man's cottage.
PctPr nt the cottage.
Th e 11101.hnr's nnxicty at his absence.
P"t.er on hi s way home.
11 is •li>cOl'ery of the leak in the dike.
His bran) <l1'C<l.
!>. JI is thoughts <luring the night.
10. ll is rel111·n horn<'.
11. Th e I Jumks~iv ing.
3.
4.
5.
G.
7.
8.

CONCLUSION. - { - -)

NoTE.- Yon notice fhnt. i11 this poem the re Is no qradua/ l eading u.p to the
story, thnt Is th ere Is no lntroriur.lion,, ut'ilh t· r ar c t.h cre uny ge noral commcnt 8
nt the clo•c, thnt le, th ere i • no Co11clt18ion.. There le only the 1tDr11 ltffelf

which in an outline

or to pic• I• rn ll crl

the DL!C?iuion.

PUNCTUATION AND CAPlTAUl.

REPRODUCTION IL
A LEGEND OF BREGENZ.
Girt round wit.h rugged rn ount.aius
'fhe fair Lake Co nst.a nee lies;
In h er Lilue heart reflected,
Shine buck tho starry skies;
And watching each white cloudlet
Float silently and slow,
You t.hink a piece of heaven
Lies 011 our earth below I
Midnight is there : aud silence,
Enthroned in hcave u, looks duwn
Upon her own calm mirror,
Upon a sleeping town;
For Bregenz, t.hat. quaint city
Upon th o Tyrol shore,
Ilu.s stood ,.\Jove Laku Co ustunce
A lhuu:;.and years and more.
Her battlements an<l towers
Upon their rocky sleep
Ilavo cast their tremblin g shadow
For uges 011 the deep;
l\fountuiu 1md 111ke and vulley
A sae red legeud know,
Of how the t own was s1Lved one night,
Three hundred years ago.
Far from lier home and kimlred
A Tyrol mtLid had fled,
To sen•c in tho Swiss \'all ey><,
And (.oil !or daily bread;
And every year t.hat fleet.cu
So si lent.ly untl fast
Seemed to bear farther from her

The memory of the past.

29

30

THE ELEMENTS OP ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

She served kind, gentle rna.sters,
Nor 11skcd for rest or change;
Her friends seemed no more new ones,
Their speech seemed no more strange ;
Am.l whe n she led her cattlo
To piisturo every day,
She cca:;od to look and wonder
On which side llregenz lay.

PUNCTUATION AND CAP1TAL8.

With uuxious foecs one Ly one
The women gathered rouml;
All talk of flax, or spinning,
Or work W!IS put awuy;
The very ehil1lrcu sccmcu afraid
To go alone t!l play.

One d1ty, out in the meadow,
With strangers from th e town,

She spoke no moro of Bregcnz
With longing an<l with toars ;
Her Tyrol home seemed faded
ln 11 deep mist of years.
She heeded not the rumors
Of Austrian war and strife·
Each day she rose co11tcntcd, '
To th e calm toils of life.
Yet, wh en her ma.st-Or's children
Would clustering round her stand,
She sang them the old ballads
Of her own native lnnd;
And when r1t morn and cveniug
She knelt before 0od'8 throne
The accents of her childhood '
Rose to her lips alone.
And so she dwelt: the valley
More peaceful year by year;
When Sll(ltlc11ly strange portents
Of some great deed seem<.'<l near.
The golden corn wn.s vending
Upon its !rngilc stalk,
While form ers, heedless of their fields
Pac<.'<l up and down in talk.

The men seemed stern and altered
With looks cast on the ground; '

Some secret plan discussing.
The men walked up uud dow 11 ;
Yet now uml then seemed wuldiing
A strn11ge un certain glca111,
That looked like lances 'mid the tree:<
That stood Lelow the strc!Lm.
At e ve th ey all 11sscmbled,
A 11 cam anrl (]011 bt we re fled;
Wi t. Ii jovial laugh Ll1ry fc a,ted,
The huarLl was nobly ~prcml.
The cklcr of the vill1;ge
lto1'C up, lib gl1L"5 iu huml,
Aud ericd, "We drink the downfall

Of an accursed land!
"The night is growing darker,Ere 0110 more Llay hn.s fluwu

Bregenz, our foern11n's stronghold,
Ilregenz shrdl Le our own! "
The women shmnk in terror
(Yet pride, too, had her part),
But one poor Tyrol maiden
Felt death within her heart.
Beforo her stood f!Lir Bregenz,
Once more her towers arose;
What were the friends beside her?
Only her country's foes l

31

32

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

Tho foccs of her kinsfolk,
Tho dnys of c hildh ood flown,
The echoes of h or 11101111tains,
Rec l:iim c<l her as their own.

Nothing she heard nround her
(T hough sh outs r ang forth again),
Go11c wero t he green S wiss valleys,
The pnsturo and the plain;
Before her oycs ono vitiio11,
Aud in her heart one cry,
That m id, " Go forth, 81\VO Ilrob'll nz,
And then, if need lic, die !"
Wi t h Lrc 111 bli 11g J11~Lc 1111<1 Lreulhlcss,
With noi 8Clcss ste p sho sped ;
Ilor~cs and weary cattle
Woro stand ing in th o shed ;
She loosed tho strong while c l111rge r,
Tlmt frd from out her l11111tl;
:::;h., r1101111t.-d , a11 d ~h" L11rrrcd his head
Tow:ml her native l11nd.
Out - o u L in to the darknes.'<, l<'n~ter, und still morn f1bL;
Tho sr1100Lh gmRs flies lte liind her,
'J'hc chest nut wood is p r~t;
She iuuk~ u JI; clo uds are hca vy :
\\'hy i>< her s t<·<"d so slnwi'tkarn·ly l111' wi11d itt•.-.:id1· tlw111
Cun p1tss tl1<' rn 1~s fiH')' go.
"Fa~dcr!""sl11 · t· ri1· :' 1

''() ,

LL:. di·r!"

Elc1·,·11 Ll1" ~i111rch i.Jclb d1ime;

"U (iuJ , " ,/HJ cries, "help llrcgcnz,
A11d L1ri11.L:" .:ue Ll1cre in !.i 111td "
Bllt J.. ud cr tll1l11 l11·lb' ri11gini;,
O r J.,wing .. r 1,J,., ki11e,

PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALS.

33

Grows n earer i11 tir e midnight
Th e ru ~ hing o[ tho Rhine.
S lu•ll Hot tire roiLring wiite rs
Thei r hcacllo ng gallop d1l'ck "/
The steed Jrnws LaL:k in terror,
8hc leans aLovc his neck
T o watch Lhc fl ow ing uarknes,;, 'flw Lank is bigh and stecp,On c pause - he staggers forwiu·d
A mi plunges in the deep.
She sL ri vcs to pi erce Lir e Ll:tekn ess,
Arul looser throw:; t he rei n;
ll e r stcc<l must lirc,.:;L the wiiters
Tlmt d~h abo ve his m a ne.
ll ow gallantly, how nobly,
J le struggles thro11gh Uiu f.,11111 !
./\illl ~i '.e - in the far di~talln:
:-ilrine onl ll w li ,..; lrh .,f h1111H:!
l i 11 I Iii ~ :-;t ... ·ep li;u 1k li1 : hl'a.r:-; lwr,
\
d 11,~,w they ru ~ h 11.gai11
1 11
1"\iward tl1e lwi::l1t:-1 nf Brq.~1·11z,

TliaL

tiiWf' l' a\1.1Yc

til e plai1i.

Tlwy r1·:tclt t lw .~aL1· ,,[ l)r 1· ~1·r 1z
Ju:-;{, as thl' J!li(l11ight rin .~:--.

And

Ti,

1111\, i' O lllt ::-> :--L·rf

riir'l't .

Hn"·~·n!. j-.;

l j~, r

a11d sold i1·r,

tiH' 1ww:-; .~l1u l1ri11g:--;.
:-;;\n·1l

!

t'J'I'

dayli .~ ht

l 1at1k11w11t:..: ar1· rnn 111 wd;

Dcli:u1<· 1 ~ ~-~T1 ·1· \:-:; tlw ar111y

Tl1al 111:u·,·l11·s "" Lill" i:lnd.
And if lu d1·1·1b lit ~r 11i e
f"l11oJ1],\ 1•1Jdli-ss fa1111' 1~1· pai1l ,
nr 1 .,~ 1 ·nz 1ln1·~

\\·1·ll

\1)

l1()11 1 ir

Tiiv wJIJk Tyr"I nwid.

,...,
')_·;.f

34

PUNCTUATION ANO CAl'lTALS.

THE ELEMENTS 01? ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

l\Iy talc b t,rnc, young gcutlemcu,
As tiurc 115 you were born.

Threo huntlrcu years 11n.i v1111ishcu,
Aud yet upon the hill
Au olLI stone gateway ri:;es,
'l'o tlo her honor sti ll.
A11tl there wheu llrei;enz womou
Sit spiu11i11g i11 the ~hw.lc,
They ti<Jc i11 quaiut olll car ving
Tho Clmrgcr aml the llfaiu.

"lily tale'ti all true, youug gc11t1emcu, "

The foud old lio11l1l!11n c ried

U n tu the :;ulk 11, angry lw\,;,
\Vho vain olwdic11ec tried:
"l\li11cl wlmt )'t!ttr f:Lllicr ""YS Lo you,
Aml don't go uul tl1is tide.

,I

Aud when, to guiml old llrcgeuz,
By gateway, tiLrcd, and tower,
Th1.1 w111«lor paccti all 11ig ht, long,
And ealb t'w.:l1 pa=->:--.i11g hour:
Nine,"" Le11," ''cl e ve11," he cries u.loutl,
An<l t.lieu (0 crow n of l•'amc!)
\VhPn 111i1 lni.~I1l p:u1.-.,1·s i11 tl1e ~ Ide :--:,
lie c11lb U1e 1uaidcu 's rn1111e !

"Just sueh n. shiny ;;e.I\ a.s this,
::::>muulh ll.S 11 po ml, you 'd say,
An•l wliil" g1ilb flyin g, a11tl t.he crn[l~
lJuwll l'l1a.11111·l 1na.ki11t; way,
AtJtl lsk t1( Wight., all glillcri11,; liright,

p

AUEi.Al 111·;

Seell l·kar fn11n ~\va11ag-u Bay,
"T!l(' l·h l\1·ry P1•i1i!, tlic · i\.a.1·1 ~ lx·yu111..l,~

P1tueTER.

.J u:--.L a:-< l•H\ay

y1111

:--n_·:

'fhi ...; wa:-1, I 1i1i11k , tl11 ~ \'t·ry :--L•1 ll l:

TOPICAi, OlJ'I'LlNK
lNTltOUUCTION.-Dctieriptio11 uf

35

Lake Cu usLllnco 1111Ll the eit,y o[

IJrl'.'-'. L'llZ.

I. Th u Tyrol~· ....i r11aid1•11 :--:e r ving in I Ji,. Swi ss \'all1·y ......
:.l. [{urn ors of ,\ 1istrian w11r.

"'I.

\Vlwi·"

~lw wa:-\ i111r

!li.·k, p.,Jly. :.11tl 11w:
liU\n :-;i..;ti·r, :-.ti's ,-~

A ""'"" .-l1ild, j11.,.1, t1mwd l.l1n ·• "

1

;;, l'n·1i;1rnl.io11s of tho ::iwiss fvr tho euplurc
V1 sc u s s10N. - ;

I ·I.
I

Tli·.ii ,~h a. liig lad a1id h11hl,

ll1·'d carry il1·r l1k•· a 11 y

Br".'-'."llz.
Sn·111· :t.11111·

,, .\1Hl l>i1·k wa..s 111i,:..::!i! y f11111l j •f lil'r~

or

f,.,,f,.J

f>. Th o mnid4·11 '~ ridP to Bn•g-enz.
Bn~gt~llz snn·d.

:-;iel,:,· 111·d ~111 111. a.nd ,Ji,·il
!>11]\ wa:-; i·i,:_:ltl 111•11it]L.., p\d.

F11r 111qflwr

l H.

CoN<..:LU~luN,-llow Hn•ge llz hol!<•!·e•I tl1t~' 11iaid.

\Vl 11·11

.~ \V~· --a1 . a11d wa!~·lwd a li11 \1· l)oa.L,

I [1·r 11a1111· tl11•

REPRODUCTION III.

1111r:--1·,

,,\ltil~f:--1. fr(Hl\ \1irtl1. 1' 111 ft.Id;

i1< •:ml.

J\

q111·(:f

4

Tri1·k:-1y .Ju.11e, ' -

uld Lu\) la.id

up a:...hill'l:;

l\11l "" cu11lt! s1·" lwr 1•lai11.
• ·' 'I'wa:-1 Ji \·1!.

a 11 1l

ft tr!.y

'Tu ~1.·•~ li- ·r , iu 11l J\1 )1 lm11\ li1·r u11,
y1·ar."'

;t.::.·( J,

t\i:-..;l

IL"i

a. dl.'a.l 11f pain.

.J1ht. .-.;1ll'li a11(it!H ' l' 11111rr1:

Thi· Jb!11.. ·r11 1t ' ll

w1·r e

+111

f IH· l~ea.cli,

'l'lic n •11pcrs i 11 ll1e cu rn :

":-;,.;.i l>ick Lu

1111', •

Lcl', haYl' a J>llll:

Father will 1w ver kuow;

---~

-- ."' ,t_. 1~

3G

THE .ELEMENT::; OF 1oNULISH COMl'O:::i!TION.

PUNCTUATIUJ\

He's bu~y in his wh est up t.ltere,

37

,\ N IJ CA l'l'l'A LS .

"l pulled too: I was bl ind with fear;
Hut I co ul 1! li car !Jick's b reat h

AnLI ca nnot sco us go.
'f1hcs•) Iand:;rnen arc s 11 rd1 Co \vanls if
A p111T of wi11d dut•s ld .. w !

Cu 1 lli11.~

I J11!lv

and

goill ,L:, a:...;

li\ tuld
1

('rt·j ·l' lw111 ·1d 11

111

Jli:---; jadu·l., iu1d ritd, li (fld lii111 :-:o :

"•I've OcC ll to France lllld !Jack t hree ti111 ub :
'YJ1n k1l!Jw ... lw:--t , d ;1d or
\Vh (' lh er" , Jiil'"s sl'awurtl1v
!lolly, wilt /.!:U to S<'ll i".

\ V., roW<'<l (.,,. lift> o r 1leaU 1.

ir 1t ·

••t.' 11ot ?-

"\Ve al 11 ""t reacl 1t» I lhe slll'llL'red hay;
\Vt• l'u 11ld !-\('t~ fatlwr :-:land

,\11d Dolly hHgl11 ·d, :i11d l.11:.:-;..:1·1! liin 1 ti;.:lit
1\s pl1•aol'll
1

"I -1un't

U l'"r' 1111· Iii 11,. j .. 11 y J1,.11"
llis sit"lde in Iii> l1a11d;

'~ '' ' '" i:u1dd '"'·

Th " hf>ll'<'S wh ite, th" yellow !idols,
T l11' saf1~ a1i1l l 'll·:t .'a11L la11d.

:-:ir:-:. tn i,Ja 111 e poor Dick:
\Vl1at he did, .'tll'o· I'd do;
lllf'fL11,

And ltHlll,Y a sail in •'('rid;sy .l ane'
\Ve'J l1ad w/11·11 ~111· wa ." ,;•. w.
F<ttl1er "'" always ~liaq .; 1<11d what
llc said J"' 111.·a111. it 1.<,u.

"i\11.J ()i..l; , tl1t111c;l1 pal.: 11s any ghost,

l f a1l (J!tly

~-~

,(h,•

( 111"

"f

ri1a11agc Hit)' i1(Jat

\\•'I i i - -

e11d

l1m·l1.

11~)11 . L

1L1t•l I !11·11

I felt the cl 1i i~

n'nH·rnh·r 11111l'h h11f. that

"

lin\·1· l1t·1·11 wr0<._·k1•d four ti1ncs sinc1• llif•TJ,
S1·~ · 11

q111 t•r sight.:-:. I'JI be hound .
t liinJ..: f,dk:-; si•·i'J' lwt11'alli tl1t• d1't'fl

/ •:o i i· ,.r ,.,.,.,,

1

.:\~ cal111 a~ 11nd··r grt1t111d. ·

(,.I' II "Iii--

"l~ 1d . (lj,·k

Just ro1111d 'O ld lf:t1T'• :11111 l1is \\' ift','
T/1u~e l'n('k:-; tl1 t·n• , wit li i11 liail :
And we came had-.:-d'y1~ w:1.11t to ht·nr

The

(ild iad '' \Yltt' ll up

\"1lll :--' '1' !'111 saf'1· a11d ~(i1tr11l;

AuJ l>ully cruwl'd, ' l'le ~o to sea t'
The jolly Jill It: l:L<;<>!
11,.

!Ill'.

And roar of blinding '3<.!a.

A~ lll'at. as l'\·cr wa .....

"\\""II. sir.s,
;_/y j:lt·l<t'I,

11i

JJ(iw,

A wa\'•.' ndl«'1l-•lr1.. n,·ht·d u~ tlirt'i':

"But llu\\· '11c ,);y h 11.J llvl u cloutl,
The btty iookc<l smooth ,._, g ia":
Our Dirk c·utdd

~aid

'\\ ' l~·n· all rigl1t.

ut l.lw old

lll1rn ',;

lJ111o t.hP gunwalt· "f

Dick shouted, 'lloy ! uown sa il ! ' tm<l pulled
\\.i lh all his rniglil. a1nonc;

'fhe whit-0 sea-horses that upreared
&> terrible and stroug-.

I'"""

j)j,.J., I

1111~

hnat.

!<'ltiati11g l.;1·t·I 1ip. IL!ld :-;ing

hlc•?

"Ay, tty, we c~u11c l1:1ck pasl tlmt point;
llut lheu '' l>1·•···z;_• up-~µrung-;

a11tl llollv'! .. _ .. \V1·ll,

I :-;nw lii1n ri:-'1', and t· li11g

011t. loud, '\\"line\; 1><>11 '/'

it('llr him

r··t

As clear ns anytl1i ng.
- - -- - --

-

---

" '\Vhcrc's Dolly?' [ no answer mwll':

For :-:Jin c1rnp1}<·d lil\t' a. ~-tnn o
Down tl1 rnugl1 the tll'l'J' sea, and it el\)~tl:
The litLle th ing wu:; gone.
•

. ---;;j

·- ·~
·-

t''.~...'11

,,f_·..;:::_;

= ---

-~~A: ,
-~jo

38

Tl!E ELE;\1 ENTS OF
L'N' l' r ISif CO '
. "
' ,
nl POS ITION.

PHNOTliATION A ND CAPITALS.

'Whcl'c's Doll?' three tirnn 8 · h
' '· • t cn Dick loosed hold
Aml left mo th ere 11lo11o.

*

*

*

*

We will call this exercise Dcvelop111ci1l. It is, as ynu
will sec, largely or£:;i11rrl co mr os it io 11 .
The pod l1as
omitted many thin gs tliat your imagination can sup]'l y.
For cxampl<", y1111 c;i.n t."11 ?r./i.n t.hc lit.tic gi rl was, you can
descrihr' h e r cominy to SC() t l11• king, lier dis appoint 111<'11t,
the lool's of tlic king, how lw <·ha11c1·d to SC'<' lier, etc. ft
w ill not he JH· C<'ss:uy tn a<ll11•r< · st ril't l_v tn t.h" stat.1•1111'11!.s

*

"It's five 11n1l fni·1.y year ,i11<·r thPn,"
MuU,,rr d th o l>n:itman 1.:Ta\·.
.An<l dre w his rou;;!t hand n': .,. his c '-r:s
A11d stnrcd ac ross th e liny.-

" .T thL Ii ,.e a11il fu r ty Jt'nr, .; nnd not
A1wt.l11·r wurd did R•y.

of the poem; tli<>y may lie vari< ·J at pl<·as 11r<'.

"But Dolly ?" ask I.h o r lti l1J rnn
• nli
As Ll 11 •y abont him sia n.J .
"l'ool' 1.">oil ! ~ho flortl<'<.i l iit'"' l,· nr xt tid o
\\' ilh S•·:11r.·1 ·d ;,, l11·r l1:u 1d.
Sh e·'~ IH1ri~ ,d , ,·1· r tl1a l

hill Y'"'
Tn 11 l'i1111·r·l>.rar,] "" L111.J.

00

part 1:rmsi.<:f1'11f

'

11 •. ·1 1 li 11 d

~-=--

1'

llINAll MARIA

Mllr.orn.

I
Discu ssroN.-'l'h CI fisherm a n's stnry.

J
I

.~~~t

•.

- lO) ' ·

J. ]In ,\· 1.h(' liav I~1nb• 1/ HI
t.i11w th(' i1wid .. nt

u,.,

ffif

'"

~I

·~''-

('ll. JJJ P

tl11'

To

!--:l'i '

y1 111

l11·r··. niy Jn...;_..; '! '' ~11id

ht·.

lo ~1'1 ' fli+~ \.;i11g," :-<aid ~IH·,-

1111· ki11.i...:

t ·i11111·

ri1ling l1y,

"\Vl1y tlo yn11 WN'J'· rny· 1a~ .. ·1" ~ aid hf'.
' ' B1·(·rt.11~~·

lh nt I

~ad," ."'aid ~ h1'.

11111

"l•\H· wlit ·n llw J,ing

---r:;:-----

<"lLI JH'

riding liy,

1\t1d all !llf' }H'''Jll t• r 1li:-:1 ·d n (' ry .
T w:l.;.; :>-:n ~111;1 I l. I C"n11 !·I 1111f :-:•'t'.

Aud tl11· rd<>n' d•• J W('<'J• ," "'tit! ,JiP.

OC<' tllTP11.

I
CoNcr,u~TON.-Thc rtTect of the story.

·,

-~-,,-,,---

2 . '!'h e thn•c chil.Jrrn .
'>
"'· llicli, 11r11pu::-al tu take
IL l1oal.riJ e.
·1. TJ11, ri,J,._

"'1''11 ·11 w1· 1· p 11(-, 11H1n•. rn.r la:-;:-:! ·· :-<u.id hf'.
··~~~

-

.

·-

' ' /\ 1itl 1•rny, .~n11d :-:ir. w! 1y nut .·~ " said :-: 111 '.

''Li fl

11p

you r

P }'P~

of

l101111iP

hl111 •.

Ar11! l1 >1 1k a 11t l ]r)11k 1111 ~ 1lir1>1 1 .~ li a1 11 l tlir1111 !. ,'.· !i.

rJ. Tltc ll<'1·.id •·11L
Tio,. f:d1.· 1f lhe diildm •
11

l r:

df·n·lol'

1

~

TOPf C AT, OU'l'LINK

(

to

\\' liil1 ' all tl11· 1•nc:;1·r l"''' J>I•· 1•ry ,
'(:11d lil1·:-< ...; !111• l\i r i .~. and lull .~ li\·1• li0 !'
A.nil ll1Pl'l'fdl'l' :-: iL I !11 1'1'." snid .-.: 111· .

wn ,·rs 1lanrr1 I.

.

" \\T\1y "' it
"I

'J'J
:::- nPf$ ,
. 1e IJo}s rn11 1111' lo plar;

INTRODUCT!ON.-'l'hl' t1 8lll'rrn:rn's a11v irt• fq t. he J

otlwr part, and

1'111•: SA I> LTTTf,E LASS.

ii:'

--;~· ,,,

'1'110 1~>11 l 11111n f!'ll lo m1·11d i11·,,.

r:J,n,.

w it.!1 P\'<'l"_\"

the part.s 7n·"71 orfi"11fll!J.

I!1it. wh 1·n· j >ii·k Jii·."', (;,,,j 1,. ,,,,,, .•.. .
( ur Uick al, j1Hlum1·11t dnv. ,,

And I.Ill' s11n shonP, llll•l
111 l/ll i1•I. .S11·a11ago Hny.

i\Tak<' a

full, con n ected story t Ji,. sa11w as in Hq>roduC"tin11. 1 'rd<•r
dfr1'c t narrnt.inn to indirer t. 13., ();u-1• ful tll rna k<~ () \"<>ry

~('(•,

:ff

.,,

DEVELOPMENT I.

el\/.nr say tlH '

j

ki n~

1 n111 Li ll' k i 11 g.
T

y< •ll 1"111ild

I Hll :-: 1·f·.

niy la:-i ~ ! " :-;aid 1~ 1 ·.

.M A H.llAftET .ln11N:-:.uN , in "~1 .. Ni('h.-ila.~.'~

'

t 1:
.~~ ~;~- ;
~j

·----'-·-----'----- - - ·-:~-~~

TIL\NSFO!l~IAT!ON

01' ELEMENTS.

41

. ·
"l TIH.: I•;nglish foughL """/>alt l el .'!· >)•)
--· TlH'n:
· kings ha\·e
.
iation. - . .
. .
';,.. ,
·, in all ilace8 and ul 11/I lun e.,
left a nmne!Pss pyrarn1tl. ~_}. ( oud t.
l
.
?

present. wt"Ll 1 u,... ~'.>.••· \Viii .VIJii ""0 to that pince u•i/hout r!Pl11y.

CHAPTER IT.

, !1'~1 Exercise 28.-Trn.nsform tl1 e i1(/i11itivl's a1Hl ;11n:t;·?''~V
.
??":· /ii~Jcipl_cs
to a ny o tl i c_r kind
. . . oC oord or phrase element. J•,x -

(!{..

1

TRANSFORMATION OF ELEJvfENT8.

pl am every trans ro1 m,1 t io ll .

Exercise 27.-Transform the italicized plirases to
words, and the italicized words to J.)ltrase.~ or to other
word elements. Explain fully every trurn;forrnii:tion. E.carnples :

1. The ciH! of writi11,; i:; lo
1. The l'lld of
s/ i-1tcliun .
inslrud.
2. Whnt cause withholds you
2. \Vhat Cl\tlS<! withholds you
then to uwurn for hi rn?
then front 1nu1lrn/11[J fpr hi111:
3. Enrning is having.
3. To eani is to have.

l. The Tower wns long a prin-1
1. The Tower 11•:L' long a priucipnl residence of !h e ki11gs. .
cipnl myal rcsidl'nc·,;.
2. \\Tith eyes of llwughtfnl
ear11eslnCl!8.

1. Too much t.i1nc spent 1'11 st1Hlies is sloth.(~,_ r was yrslf'nlay
much surprised t.o hear my"'' I f ri(·n d c>1lling n11t to ,liilin i\l:d 11,.,ws
.
., Tl IC poc.
. ·t Pope wns. noL c·o111<'11t
not to disturb t.hc congrt•g-a!.1on.
'->. . .
It is always II m11rk of short-sightedness to be unp.1to sntisfy. 4.
·
f .
~ G II is wl1ol e
tient of results. fJ. Dyi 11 g j, not sport o1 a till 11. . . .
~· l ' I,
.
. . \..~
~ It
>c '' I.r nin1 \Vll.S to encourage lli~Hll!Dll
. . i.
' not 11 1•osil.1onr t1J
\.
· 1·1"l 'l'• to cl 1an•"e
sired H. At this I ime the Wl'ltl Ii('r Js
" · t'l'fI'H'll•
· . , ;·.
'9 It• shows a fY}'t_·ater ge11iu::.; .
. 1<.espea r·toluwcdmwnlll~(a11Ill.S11a
e .
.
.
•
•
,.
''.
10 . IkiJlfT
ban
th·rn
his r-..llot,.;p11r or .J111111s
la,1Lr.
. " great 1s l11'1n.~
· 1 l
'.
.:
t
l 11 A •'T<"tler curse cannot. befall t.he ttH"t ww
m1sm1ucrs 00< •
•
" "
.
.
. II
•·I t ··
.
. 1·
, fllC.
"
1"- · Bcl1('\'lllg"y1rnr<rnn
than to he <l cpnY('<1
of
iis·I''
•
. . 1011,.,1,,
t
f
. lnw. f 01. )OU
.
i 11 )'OlH pri vale hcurt 1s rue or
believing that wl1at. JS
all men,- tlu<t i,.; gen ins.

I

2. With ey<'s fho11gldf1tl and
enrnP.~f.

NOTE.-ln nil the exercises of this chapter, mnke whatcYcr otlicr chttngcs
the required trnnsformntlon ncccssitutce.

1. Never

cvPn from trnpicai shores was richer-liucd ocean be2. Sho bcgnn in a rrry so!rmn 111a11ncr. ;;, A fra lllo of rul((,mant, ll son! of fire. 4. I stoo,J before lhe cntraucc to llcmry the •
Eightli'.9 clonpcl. 5. Great gales of brass ricltl_I/ wrved. 6. On
what foundntion stands the u•nrri'or"s pri<lc, how just his hopes, Jct
Swedisli Charles deeitle.
The sides of t/1e mountains nro covcrc<l with trees. 8. He p0,5cssecl n .•lro11!f n11d lfrely irnnginnlion.
9. His style has nil the i·igor nr1<l conci.w:nes.• of Swift's. 10. Sl1all
Briloti1J languish?
l. l.>11nt.c, poor and banished, was not n. mnn
to conc .. 11lte men.
A complete and ge nerous od11cntion fits 11
man to perform j ustly, shf[u!fy, nnll magnrmimoui;ly all the ofl1ccs
of pence and war. 13. Plays were originally acted in i11u-y1m.1s.
14. We waited with great anxfrty for the dnwn . 15. Ile was a citizen worthy of esteem. 16. Tho pilot proeccded to the wheel i·n
silence. 17. llc clung wW. still grea.ter pa..~•'ionalene-88 to two theories. 18. The F riars were of nece.•.•ily thrown into 11 }1tsition antagonistic to t he Engli'h rnlc. l!l. She clung to it jiertdy 1\11(1
lenndouslu. 26. The Co un cil rn•·L 11t Trent: in HO spirit of concil-

held.

"~'

0z:

i1

Exercise 29.-Transforrn at least oncphrrrsc into a
dependent claus1J. Explain the chang-c and dcc11lc whcthPr
it. im.oroves the sentence. llxrmiplc.~ :

G2.

~o

}','.ri! 1111>f1 'S .'

L-

: . Rl'ad not to co11 tradict and
1. ncrul not that you rnay
ronfute.
contradict and confuli-.
2. Wlten ~i·e had regain.Pd lliP
·2. Ilai•in!/ '"f!f'""ned tlrn main
road, wo thought ourselves out of main roarl, we thought 0111·5\'lves
danger.
out of d1<1Jger.

11RMARK.-Aim constantly at brevity .

Of twr1 forms

!!!!'Jl

IB

nm

42

ELEMENTS OP ENOLISlf CO MPOSITION.

43

T RA NSl'Oln•IAT I ON OF ELEMENTS.

of expression in other respects eq ually good, choose the
shorter; as th e phrase is usually shorter than th e clause
and s impl er 1n constru cti on, it 1s well, sts a rule, to
rc<l uce clauses to phrases or even to words. Tho clause,
however, has frotiucntly t.lie 11.<lvantagc in being clearer.
1. I nm old-r11sh i!n11·d enongh tn :vl mi n• Lord B:won.

2. Hav8.
Next murni11g, on lookin g- for M ig11on nl•)ut the h u11 se, Wilh elm did
not fin1l her. 4. Drawin g nrar U1 (' c ity. tl1Py hn1l a mort; p1· rf1•ct
view of it. u. In skating ovrr t.hi11 ice, nur sn fpty lies in n ur ~P•'Ptl.
6. Before or.Jeri11g- tl1c e hnrg-1\ Napolr·o11 had rarrf ully t' Xa11 1i11"d
ing lu•t·o1ne n.

di~~enfPr, Bnnyan i:-: i mpri ~o1 1 Pd for twelve yPn.rs.

the ground. 7. lfc Uroppcd fhfl 11111n nnly n n his ('<'asi ng- t.-1 ~tr 11 g-­
g J., . . S. I ul.ht'l'l' C'<l hi 1n to loe 111111·!1 ""I. .,f' l>n•ath. !I. J~r lo r.i tl1t• r,

tht~ --F:n.rl of i\lnrrn.y, \\'as 1'f'f'a!Jf'd rrorn l1ani ....;li11 1t·nt to

:Wt't> Jd.

tlie

regency of t. hc realm. 10. TIH'Y hmng-ht, hrr Prnssrs a nol c·h ap J<'I , to
lie lile.-<sed l>y l1t·r tw1c l1. l l. I i>Pli1·n:•d h i1 11 lo i,., in IL lnei.J interval. 12 . .Tonn nf A1·,-, pmys you lo work 11 0 rnnrr. .Jistriwli .. 11 in
Fr:u1<·1_~ . 1:L Th0 t•o11111·il pf \\':tr r1 ·snln·d fn ndj1111rn 1! 11• af !at'k .
14. Th P n ohle~t work l.11 lw 1l111w i11 Trc•l1111d wa.;. In bring- 11ho11l a
recu11eil i11Uon bP LWN 'Tl Cal.l1olir 1111.J P rotr•tn nf. 1!i. Tlw g1 ·rwrnl
h u1T11r l'Xc il.etl liy ll 1e 111as.-<a1·r" of St. Harl hnlnmrw complPtrd the
r ui n of the Cathnl i<! r·a11sr. 111. I Ir 1·rsoh·,, ,J In anl.i<'ipalo• t l1t· 11UM·k.
17. l hclievet.l him to be hvm·si.. 18. Ca11 yo n I.ell me what rnctl1ot!
to atl o pl.? HI. n1•mnst.hr111•s is sai•l to li:m• I ranscri!l{'i] six I i11 1ps
the hbt.ury ,,f Tl1110y•lide-<. '..?O. Tl11· S1•:1rl:111', nnt.wii.11'1.anding
their aust.f'rity. prnp·d I.hr g-011' to ;;r:ttil. ll1<·rn l h,-, lwr11!1if11l with
the guud. 21. V <.ioHl ! that 11w11 shn11ld p 11t an enemy in t heir
rnoufhs, to ~tt"\nl n.way U11·ir l1r11i1h !

Exercise

30.-Tr:rnsfor1 11 1!11 · ,f,11e11dP11l clauses to
Exl'bi11 tli e tra:1sf"rn1at.i1111 a. 11.J decide wh ether
it improves the: se nte nce. Rcm11ples:

phrfls;•s.

1. D o ward resolved that /1 p,
would forr,e an engngem.ent.

I

wt-i'

1. Jl ow1ml resolved
rm. n1qoqrment.

to

retrrnt. 17. T!i·· r1111111111i~·-... wl1i\"li
the pr1\:--;, ·11 t. t i11H· w1·ll 11r1':-.1·n ·1·il.

Exercise 31.- Tr:uis t.orm thl'se sirn1·1\,, >«'11f r·1 wt>~ In
eithPr rn11111111111.! •or· ,-,.1117•/o-, nr if I'"ssil ,1, . t" 1.. >( !1 . l<'.x:llld ,J..ci,k ll'lwtl1t'r it
. !' II II •\'' '"•' !'\'
tr:l11.-<f••r111a.ti1•11,
p1!l,ln
..
'
impro v 0 s tlw s1·1il• ·1 W• '.
A loud rorr r o( /11uyhler
the olhf'r

l/11·r·1,

Sr lh loo/,· u r 1111nd

u·11rl:1J11'n.

/-,_,·,nn1if, ·
f1 ·u111.
111111/1"

tn11_(11s.1' 1//1f.

( '1 11tln11 ·/i-1/ 1·omJ 111 1111d. ~.'1 /uurl

n11rr u( /11 11_1;/ifrr l111r.-; / fr11'11 !/11·
ul !1rr

lou/;

~l'fu-/,· 1111·11.

(IJ'01t11d

it

111/

/J/111/r'

,'-..,', -/ h

f'Oll(1Js.1'il!y .

ffJttii rnor o_{
('om1d1'.r .-- A
/u111;Jit,,1·, u·/,/r!t f,1trsl from thr
"//,~,,. t!trN' wur/,·nu'n, mad,-· }··.'rlh

force

2. As flu'.~ proposihon 1:s
2. Tli-i.< proposiNon being ad•
milled, I 11vw sl.tt.te my arg 111ne11t. milted, I now st.ate my argument.

----·

/1~ok oro11111! r~n1fu.v1lly .
NoTF..-Tn t ro1l nf' ~

1lfCn8ary ' hut d o Hot drnng'l' th e t11~ 11f'l.e.
l I \\·or'"'
win
( · art•
'

,.
i

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

TRANSFORMATION OF ELEMENTS.

45

• · 0 entrance was, tho
2 On th o west side where t. I10 cnrruig
,
oiic n 3 Y cL how cu
·
ti
d
the ~tone arclnrny were irow1 1
.
.
.
gates un er 1 'I-1 or th e king surroumled as he was .Ly g u1LrJs, w,.,;
compass the l ca"
·'
I u Ltldrcss
.
4 13, ·c studied how lie mig ht s11p1• y y t
~ no easy matter. . i uc.
l .
. bers unJ slre1wl11. 5. The
0
I Lt ho h ckel Ill num
and stratagem W It
'
fl ·f g j>ict ures or sky !LBJ JanJ,
. I t ·till and glassy' re cc lll
.
river, h it ICr o s
.
.1-..t . as the ureczc cume crecpmg
d dark rl[>plo at a uls a.nee,
J
JlOW S IOWe a
.
. .,eca
, tl'l.Oll
in on.Jcr thut equality
.
.
Th.18
. a necessary
p1
c
.
up to 1t. Ii.
bod ' , 7 The whole 1ml!o n
was
. l t be prescrvctl between the two
ics .
.
.
.1
8 IL
rmg l
.
I t U E npcror !mu abd1caLCu. .
b eard with astonishment t 111
ie ~ 1
.
, ·'I I• 9 Martin
,
.
1111 that s uccor w1LS unposs1) o.
became evulent to
.
Lo · Frfurl in the yc1Lr
J
ti 10 son or a n11ncr, was rn 111 ,
. Luther, w 10 was
LS stunned . antl Lewihlercd,
1483. 10. The lncli>lll monarc1i, w1io w1 :
A ·it th1Lt is set
,
.
L" ·l' r llin"' around l11m. 11.
c Y
saw lns. fmthful su · Jl~~tl s ~2. ~le then dispatched James Douglass
on a 11111 cannot lie
·
. · ,I t survey as near! YllS
d s· Hobert K eith in onlcr that they m1g I
.
f
.
I
an
ir
I' ·l r rec which was now i1dvane111g rom a.
they could the Eng is I . o
I E . li-11 h orsemen <lmw near, IHJ
.
13 \VI1 en the kmg saw t 10 • ng ~
I
.
. f
kirk.
··
to look at the m rnorc nc1.>r Y·
1 c before his own orce
d l'ttl
'
advance a
. .
.
ur icr W!LS his mother's !ms·
14. The very circumstance that tho us . r
. l ' d •u of his
bn.nd, filled Iln.mlet with remorse and blunU,-d t w e g

1. On his head he wore a brond blue bonnet with a tult of scarlet in tho centre. 2. Behind this woo<l, nn<l sepa~atc<l from it by a
high wa ll of stone, ln.y a succession of heights co vere<l with grass.
3. On this cloth there is n massive silver waiter with a decanter on
it. 4. It was n low house with smooth grn.y thatch an<l buff walls,
looking pleasant nn<l mell ow in t he evening lig ht. o. Stretching
myse lf out upon the moss in the sh ad e, I waited; 6. The small
brown hand is laden with pea rls and diamonds. 7. Night, coming d own from the weste rn peaks, breathed odor, and coolness, and
healing bal»arns. 8. The river, roarin g far below, could be reached
Ly a si ng le plunge. IJ. Tho fame of Washington stands apart from
every other in history, shining with a truer lustre and a more benignant glory. 10. Wealth gotten by ill-means is an eternal reproach. 11. Every goblin of ignoran ce did not vanish at tho first
glimmerings of the morning of scie nce. 12. Yo1~ cirnnot do wrong
without suffering wrong. 13. Many times Mrs. Transom wont to
tho door-stops, watching and listening in vain.

creature.

i•'

Exercise 32.-Trnnsform to either 8imple or compound sentences, or if possible, to both. Notice the
change in prominence given to different parts of the
sentence. &ample:

pt•rpose.

The clouds rolled away to the
Simple.- TM cltn,ds, ,.olling
east, where they lay piled in f ealh- a.way to Lite eaJJt, lay piled it•
ery mas.sea tinted tuith the latJt f eathery '1""'88e8 tinted t.Mth ti~
rays of the 8Un.
last rays of tlie Bltn.
Contracted compomld.- The
clourls rolled away to the e&it, and
lay piled in f eathery maJJBes titiled
utiih lite last rays of the .mn.

. 33 Transform to either simple or complex,
Exercise
.· I . omi

.
ossible to both. Notico the changes Ill ti e pr
or if p
.
t
f the sentence. Example:
nence given to different par so
.
.
was at
Simple.-Elizabeih'spatumce
Elizabeth's patience
. b im at last worn out, she poured
last worn out, and she poured her ~r ~rmies across the border.
armie8 across the border.
Complex. - As Elizabeth's patience was at last won• 0t1l, Bite
poured her armies across the bor-

REMARK.-The prominent thoug ht should bo put in
the independent clause; the subordinate thought, in the
dependent clause.

der.
.
1 for the first hour after starting, but by
1. The path was lone y
. tod 2 There mn.y be mount-

1. Even n stray rnbhit sat nibbling- n leaf in the middle 'of a
grassy space, with an air that sccmetl quite impudent in so timid a

·
.. ,,
b ' t begn.n to grow more amma •
,· and y 1
•
th
alley but none n.rc v1s1u1e.
a.in paths leading inward from e v
'

~

..

(1
I

I

J
; ii

. ~'I
,I

I

11I

I

.:
I,

' ~J

46

TRANSFORMATION OF ELEMENTS.

THK ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSlTlON.

3. He turned his body to lay his Jittlu s tick upon his lmndlo, and I ,
heard tho clank of tho chains upo n his legs. 4. 'l'ho clock strnck
eleven, and tho duke with his body-guard rodu out o! the castle.
5. They prococdctl, nml th o imlicnl io ns of approachini; lu.nd seemed
to bo more certai n. 6. l'hilip pressed t.hc matt er, uml then Lord
.Burleigh took upo11 him self to u.nswe1· in u. high tone fur his mini:;tcr:S .
7. Tho country lx:c11111c softe r and lovelier; the road grudnully fell
toward I-Icrisnu, the richest and stateliest Lown of the canton.

Exercise 34.-Transform into simple sentences· by
removing all the prc<lic<ltc verbs but one. Notice the
changes in the prom inence given to different parts of the
s~ntcnce.

E.cample:

I

Tlte tiny birds ali!}ltlc1l 01i tlw
'l'lte tiny bfrcls, aUghtiti!J 011
walks, and hopped about in p er- lite w1tlks, hopped about fa J>erf ect tranq1,illity.
feet tranq1tiltily.
1. lie starlcll lo his feet, and ~azcd bewildered 11t the child. 2.
The wind changed to the suulh, allll wafted soft 001111\ry od ors to
the shore. 3. A !urge l1lac k veil is cnrcf111ly adjusted over the
crnwn of her cap, 1L11tl falls in s harp co11tnL::it on t.h u whi te folds
about he r nec k. '1. J1mn walk e,J in mlva11ce, lislc netl for the tinkling be ll s of the coming miimab, nml i;c lccle<l pl11ccs for crossi11g.
5. They shot out from the , Imm 0 11 every vc~ l, sciwd tho cargoci>,
tmtl threw the c rt)\I'' i11t.o t.hn sea. G. s .. 111e of th o 111on) 1h1ri11g nf
the privu.Leur;1 s wopt dnwu 11po n Ll1c !-;p1rnish co1~,1., pli1111lerctl tho
churches 1rnd convc11ts and rct11rnc1l home with the :;ncrcd vc::i5Cl::i.

Exercise 35.-Kxprcss, if possible, by
tho idea co11ta in c d

in eaci1 italic iz ed Pxpres:sio11 .

EJ:fl/llj>lt!:

I

A grnnd flourish or trnmpcts
A grand flourish o f trumpets
1.in11ounced the prin ce 11nd /lie 1•wno1111ccu the princo iilld Ms
persuw; whose rlnty ·it w 11.o lu al- rctin1l(;.
tend upur• him.

REMARK. -Thi s is an " x e reisc not 011ly i11 trn11sformatio11, but i11

hrcuity.

he selection of comprehensive
thought briefly i1:1 t
ut1:1 into one word what a pour
A good writer l)
l
.
Decide wh e th er in any case tic
writer j>uts wto many.
is as good as the single word.
expanded f orm
·
· •ty that cmmul be di;'·l stood a few mom<.n1ls Ill n11x1e
l
.
e g1'r'lic attacked Lhu fort with !L force that could nut ie
scribed. 2. I y .
. . , l ·mlor tlml wwi uwlimmc<Z by clund.j.
reiristed. 3. l\1oru111g aro~ Ill sp c . ko [ortl 1 into !.< shuut in which
4. 'J.'hose who were looking. o1i litu t . d·UC<Jd b!} the a.ci'iun of the
I
. . . •d aml which wa.s 1w pt u
ever'!) voice ;omc '
ti l I ad been hired wore Hear y
" Tl I L<.lcr. o [ the troops ict t
. I
will. o.
ic ci
~
. J' ':! •\gtLinst the Jews tl'h tc'
all slain . . G. Ile abo [elt U1e lprelJU. '.c~ to• ''1ve· no farth e r troul,\e
I
l
7 I c l cs llCu
o
' were felt by cill I te p eup .e.l I".
. l ·, need su mmt!f kind ser1Jiw~ .
·
•
1dcre1
il'lll
t1I
Llv
1
J
to those w Iw Iui
ci
. .•
• . ut ·d by (ttla. ck8. Meanwhile the Jori! o[ the ~as~le, wl..ilch ~C1Sl)():111::::1 oc( ngo uy. 9.
.
l 7 ·ch wcis ·i11 uanyer, u.y
ing enemies, nm w H
.
7 · . .. zf 10 Tlrou
. L
t io u to his i«lk lo wnsc .
.
This was II strange Ill erru p
.wJilY°which 'ii is imlJ
,
uliutl
in
slru!llellt
Q
SO!ll
l
l
l\nd I nrc b u t te
II
l ·'y · -, ursuiiw his aiWH, cmc
. I l . d 11
c was s cau 111 1
"
possible to uni t8 an ·
· ·
ti
(Put as adjc('ti vo in lir;t
'· l
ed aside from iem.
wuld nu t ue nrn
. . , l a.:; to be lix cd u ll the
. The features wcrn so 1i:.1111kct
clause.) 12.
.
.
. ,, l never be rcmut"cd. (All verb
.
[ ti nl the i111pre."1SWt1 COi«<
mind so } wm Y t
.
1 , ,. . · , ( 11 .. v,·ll.v
.. :
. .,
13 Il e wrolc for n nnltvn so lt:~ Ho\1 :-i '
.
~
lumtmg Jucd .)
·
.
. .
.b~ - lo suli.<f"•J tlt1•ir ,[,.,, .,.""·
·•
' " t //wt tl 1N1« LIUJIUS:j~ .
· ·
I
a11tl CXC li,,CIH C
,
,
1l
!11' sl( , ria1 1 ~· • wc r o t ie
.
, (
) H. j\" wn ~ . 1u
·
•
(1\dvcrb Ill pla~"'· o ,,u.
I.
t / 1 l1dia1· '"' ,/i11hl ,,..;.tn1u.
.
. . II
. . , ·n:n lo (l.'i/,·in1J 11w'," ton.'< , ll/> '
1\11cl 1 Lo1~, gi
.
_1
t uurn"l"'"'" iv .t•J''"''
.. ·t •le i..., Wl ·i i~ ht v, co111le 11 :--1t:t'
a 111 1 no
.
lG. ll i:; b ·)
..
o
..
l , 1 ,,, ·1wnll·y tif t lw 1wn·

1 Th

?1. er

I I
tr T\1 ·v w1rndl'n'1l at t "'-· ( t ""'c
i.
1.. ,. J \ ,• 1t·ilfll~ tu tl i~t i i1 .t..::11 i~h
'"
•
.
, re living in tl1 c1r / 1111e.
I
pie w w ue
.
. . . .. 1 •1 . t /a.<ls /11tl <l .,/,,,rt /uni',
- . . . , d fr1illl w l1 af. l:-' lllll\ 1·1 :--; ,\ ' \\ i.~.
.
wha.t. 1:--. lo('
, 'l'I . ,\ nk dai11 wa.;-; ('rt,wd1 ·11 with
I t . "/l I1«l fon ·1 ·1·r. 1:-i.
ll \I"
I
.
"
from w ia 'll l
hi i'fht-< u•crc lo d upluy
horse men Jrn,;ll'11i11~ (11t11" p/1icc w 1icrc /1te • . ·. .
.
. " k· .r lit thei r skill in hurscnuinship and u•tlh th" lance.
lo {J c nnrfrrs oo1 .

a. :single word

U11e of' tlic principal n 1ca 11s of

stat-

47

in moc

·JI!/

I .' • A,,"-..J'il
'

I

.,!

I

•

.

•

I 'fl I,,,,_,,~,.·
I

I '·

. _ .. /

1

'.I'

,·'I

48

':( .~

REPRODUCTION IV.

'Twas morning in ~cvillc; nntl brightly benmcJ
The c11rly sunlight iu one chamber there;
Showing whcrc'cr its glowing m<liaucc glc111ne<l,
Rich, vnric<l beaut.y. 'Twas t ho study whcro
Murillo, the fnmcd painter, came to slmro
With young l\Spirnnts his long-cherished art,
To prove l1ow vain must bo the tcncher's care,
Who strives his unbought knowl edge to impart,
The language of the wul, the fee ling of the heart.
The pupils came, nml glnncing round,
Mendez upon his canvas foun<l,
Not his own work o { yestcr<lny,
llut, glowing in the morning my,
A sketch, so rich, so pure, so bright,
It almost seemed that thero were given
To glow before his dazzled sight,
· Tints 11nd expressions wnrm from Heaven.
'Two.s but 11 sketch - tho Virgiu's headYet was un cnrthly beauty shctl
Upon the rnil<lly beaming face ;
Tho lip, I.ho eye, the flowin g hair,
lfad scparntc, yet blc11<lcd grncc A poet's brightest dream was thcro l
Murillo entered, nn<l amnze<l,
On the mysterious painting gnzcd;
"Whose work is this?-speak, tell mel-he
Who to his aid such power can call,"
Exclaimed tho teach er eagerly,
" Will yet be master of us all,

'.'How came it, then?" impatiently
Murillo cried; "but we shall see,
Ere long into this mystc:y
Sebastian!"
.At the summons came
A bright-eyed slave,
Who trembled at the stern rebuke
His master gave.
For, ordered in that room to sleep,
And faithfu l guard o'e r all to keep,
l\I urillo bade him now <leclare
What ra:;h intruder had been there,
Aud threatene<l- if ho did not tell
Tho truth at once - th o dungeon-cell.
"Thou answerest not," 1\1 urillu said;
(The boy had stoo<l in Bpeechless feo.r);
"Spenk on!" -at last he raised his head
And murmured, "No one has been here."
"'Tis fabe I" ~cuu.stiun l.Jcnt his knee,
And clasped his hands imploringly,
. .Aud said, "I swe11r it, none !Jut me!"
"List!" said his master. "I would know
Who enters here - t here have been found
llefore, rough 11 ketches strewn around,
By whose bold hu.ml, 'tis yours to show ;
See that to-night strict watch you keep,
Nor d!lre to close your eyes in sleep.
Ir 011 to-morrow morn you fail
To answer what I ask,
The lash shall force you - do you hear?
Hence I to your daily task."

•

4

•

•

•

•

•

"
'. ~

' ':(

Would I had done it!- F:erdinand I
Isturitz I Mendez !-say, whose hand
.Among ye all ? "-With hail-breathed sigh,
Each pupil answered,-" 'Twas not I!"

EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION.

'l'llE PAINTER 01•' SEVILLE.

49

TRANSFORMATION OF ELEMENTS.

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSll'ION.

•

•

50

THE J<.:LEMENTS OF ENG U SH COMPOSITION.

'Twas midnig ht in ScviJle; aHtl faintly sho ne,
F'rom ono small Jump, a dim uncertain my
Within Murillo's st uJy; all wcro gono
Who there in plcu.sunt t11s ks o r conv cr.sc guy ,
Passed c hee rfully the morni11g hn11rs away.
"1\nts shtv1o wy gl1>0 111, a11d l1n·at!ile.":-; sih-ra·1•, :---a \·u
Tlrnt t.o :<lt<l thonglit s and tort11rin g frar ll l•r1·y ,
Ono uright-cycu Liuy WILS there -1\lurillo's littlo slave.
Almost a child - th at u(>y hat! see n
N ot thrice Jhe s u111111crs yet,
But g eniu s marked tl1 u luft.y bro w,
O'er which his luc ks o[ jct
Profusely c url ctl; his d1 eek's dark hue
Procluimc1l the WILl'lll uluotl flowing through
Each throuuing vein, n mingled tide,
To Africa antl Spain allictl.

".dins I wlmt fot o is mine ! " he saiJ.
" Tho lai;h, if l ref usu to tell
\Vho sketched tho:;c figures, - if i do,
Perhaps e'en more - the tluugco n-ccll l"
Ho breathed IL prayer to hc:wcu for aid;
1t came-for soon in slu111 bcr l11itl
Il o i;lcpt, until th e dawniug day
Shed on his humule couch its rny.
" I'll sloep no more ! " he cr ied; "and now
Three hours of freedom I miiy gain,
Before my master comes; for then
I shall be but a sln\'C again.
Three blessed ho urs of freedom ! how
Shull I employ th em ?-nh I e'c11 uow
The figure on that canv1LS tmccd
Must be-yes, it must be effaced ."

He seized a brush-tho morning lig ht
Gavo

to

~be bead a softened glow;

TRANSFORMATION OF ELEMENTS.

Guzi11g e nraptured on tho ti ight,
Il e c ried, "Sludl l eliaco it 'r-No l
Tlmt breathing lip! that Li;:a111i11g eye!
Etfaco the m ?- I would rather die!"
Tl1e lnr"r of ll11• l11111ild" , \a v"
Oa\"t ' pla.t'e lo lit e 11'crpnW\'l'i11g tlnw

Of the high feelings Nalure g""'' Whie h 011ly gifted sp irits k11ow.
He Lnuehcd t Jiu hruw - lli c lip - it seemed
lli:-; pen.·il }111.-11~11111 u 11uig-ic power;
The eye with tleepc r feeling \Jc11111ed S.•ha,t.ia11 t he n forgot the hour,
Forgot the nrnslcr, a11t1 th e threat
or punishm e nt :.;till l11rn g in g •>'l'r him ;

For with C!LCh tou c h, new bcuut ic~ rnel
A 11 d mingletl in the focc before him.
At lt·11gth 'tw a :; fl11 i:..;l1l'd; nipl11ri>11:-·dy
lle ga.z1·d - eo 11\d a.nglit 11111re lwa11tePll~ he!
Awhile ahsorhcd, e11trn11t:1·d lw slornl,
Then stnrteJ.-horrnr c hill ed hi.ti ulvo<l !
llis 1111tsle r 11111! the pupils all
\\~ t ·n~ tlu ~ rc

e'en al l1i~ :-: ide 1

The terrvr-strickcn slave wns muloJll<·n:y would I><• 1k11i.·d,
E'en coultl hu a,;lt it -so li e 1ln•111etl,
Ami tho poor liuy ha lf li[cle:;s seemed.
Speci.;hkss, hcwildereJ. - for f\ space
They gazed u pou that pcrft:ct focc,
Eac h with 1m artist's joy;
At len~th Murillo :;ilcncc brnke,
Ami with alicctcJ. ste rnness tipokc.. \Vho is your master, boy 'I "
"Yo u, Soi\or," saitl tho trcmLliug slave.
"N'f\y who I mel\n instruction' gave,
B~or~ that, Virgin'~ head you tlrew?"

51

54

THE ELEMENT::> OF ENGLISH COlfPOSITION.

TRANSFOIU.fATlON OF ELI<:lIENTS.

REPRODUCTION V.
PROSE READINGS.
To THE TEAcmm.- It will doubtless be d es irnhle to give also prose selection s fo r r e production. Th ese hn ve been n cces•n rlly omitted. They cnu, ·
howe ve r, be g iven nt plen"1ire by rendiug the clnss •omcthing suitable for the
purpose, us. for cx nmplt ~ , !"0 111 c o r llnwthorn c' e fl hort s tori es, C8peclu1Jy the
myt.holog lcnl one•. (Sec nl•o Chnpt r r VII.) Th e prose c1111 1.11ko the pince or
some of the flc lccll one given, or cnu he nddcd wherC\,'C r more practice Je

d ee med necessary.

REPRODUCTION VI.
TIJE HETIRED CAT.

A poet's cat, se<lnte nnd grnvo,
A s poet well could wish t o h11ve,
W11S mu ch 11tlllic te1l to inrJ11iro
For nooks to which she might retire,
And where, sec ure as mouse in chink,
Sho migl1t repose, or sit 11nd think,
Sometimes ascending, debonai r,
An apple-tree, or lofty pear,
Lodged with co nvenience in the fork,
S ho wnt.ched th o g11rdoncr at. his work;
Sometimes her ensc nnd solace sought
In a n old empty wntering-pot;
Th ere, wnnting not hing s11ve a fan
To seem so me ny mph in her sedan,
Appnrell etl in exneu·~t ~rt,
Aml ready to be borne to co urt.
But lo ve or char1 gc it seems has place
N ot only in 0111· wiser rnce;
Cats al so frcl, ns well as we,
Thnt pllSsio11 's fo rce, and so did she.
Her climbing, she began to find,
Exposed her too much to the wind,
And the ol<l utens il of tin

W a.<; cold and comfortlcss within:
She therefore wished, in stead of thoso,
Some plnce of more se rene repose,
.
Wh ere neith er cold mig ht co me, nor arr
T oo rml cly WJLnton with her hair,
Arnl so ught it in th e lik eli est mode,
Within her master's snug 111>0<.le.
A l1 rnwer, it chnnc<'•1 , nt. hottorn lined
With lin en of th e so ftest kind,
Wi t h s uch ns merchnnts int.rocluco
F rorn ln<lin, for the lzulics' use A dmwer i111pe11tling o'er the rPst,
ITa lf open , in the to pmost chest.,
or llrpth e no ugh, and non e to spare,
Invi ted her to slumber th ere.
.
l'u ss, with llcl ight beyornl e xpression,
S11ncycd t h e sce ne arn1 t.ook posse:iisro n.
1lL'e tt11tlwnt. at. lwr Cll.!'-'C, e r e long-.
And lull ed 1,y her own h11m-11rum song,
She left th e ca res of lifo lwhin•l,
Allll slept n:; she wo ul1l slee p h er last;
l,
Wh en .111 ea rn c, 1i o n s~.,wifi· l•·
J ineli11e1

The ch1u11bcr-nu1id, nrnl ~hut it fos t;
By no nmlig"nity impcllc1l, .
But all unco nsc ious wh om it hel•l.

•

A wnk ene.1 hy the ~hlwk, cried Pu ss,
"Was ever cat ntt.e111lc1l thu s!
The ope n dmwcr Wll ~ left, I sec,
"!'vl en' ly to prove n n ~s t for me ;
For soon ns I w as well co mposed,
Then cam e th e mni1l, nrnl it wns closed .
.
. ti. I th ese
kerc hief~. and how sweet!
Jl ow S Jll OO
,.

Oh, what a deli cntc retrc1.1t!
I will resign myself t o rest,
'Till Sol, d eclining in th o west,

55

56

TRAN SFORMATION OF ET,EMENTS.

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

- Forth skipped I.h e cat., not now replete,
As erst, with o.iry self-conceit,
Not in her own fond o.pprehension
A th eme for ull the world's 11ltenlion;
But modest, sobe r, cnretl of all •

Shall call to snpper, when, no doubt,
Susan will come and let me out."
The evening came, the sun descended,
And Puss remained still uno.ttemled.
'fhe night roll ed tnrdily o.way
(With her, i 111l<'1·tl, ' l was nc Yer do.y),
Th e sprightly morn her course renewe1l,
'fire evening grny again <'n~ucd;
And Puss came into mi111l no more
Than if entombed lhe llny before.
"\'lith hunger pinche1l, and pinched for room,
She now presage1l approncliing doom,
Nor slept a single wink, or punetl,
Conscious or jeopanly incnrre<l.

ll1·r 1101.ions h:;prrl>nlind ,
A11d wishing f11r a p\11.«t' l)f rest

Any thin g ml.her llmn tL d11:sl.
'!'hen stepped t he poet into l>etl,
With Uri ~ reflection in hi s hell.d:
M(lltAJ..

llewo.re of too sublime o. sense
or yonr own wort.Ir and 1·01l f'f'fl'lrnc<' t
rr1 ic 11\llll who 1ln·a n1s hi111:-'(•lr so grf'at,

That nig ht, by chance, tlr c poet watching,
Henn] nn inexpli<'nble scratching;
His nolil e heart went pit-a-pat,
And to himse lf lw ~niil, "What's thlll?"
lJ c drnw tlie <·11rt.a in 1LI. hi ~ ,...idt:..,
Ami fort.h he 1w<>1wd, J.111. nntlrini-t spirrl;
"\.,..et.,

hy hi s car

57

And his irnportn.nc•e of s11eli Wt·igld,

TlrrLL all

11r1Hl11<l,

in a ll llraL\;

dollt',

1\f11 s1. 1n11\'t~ and act fl)f l1im 11loTH\

\Viii k1u·11 i11 ,.;drool of f.rih11l tLti•J11,
'!'lit• f.,JJv ur hi:; exp•:dali<•ll.
\\' ILl.IAM ( 't•Wl'ER.

dir(•('l1·d, g1H·~~t'd

Somefl rin i; irnprisonr1l in tlri' el 11•sf ,
And, doubtrul what., wilh pn11lent co.re
Resolved it sho11!1l cnnti11u" there.
At length 11 Yoice which well ho know,
A long o.ncl mclnncholy mew
Saluting his poet ic cars,
Console<l him an1l dispell ed Iris fears.
He left his bed, he tr0<l the fl oo r,
And 'go.n in ho..~te the drawers explore,
The lowest first, and without stop
The rest in onler, to the top;
For 'tis o. truth well known to most
Thnt whntsoevcr thi ug is lost
We seek it, ere it come to light,
In every cranny but the right.

~----

DEVELOPMENT II.

:---'--

·rrrn nou

AND TIIB: S!lADOW.

ToPI CA l. OuTl.lNE.
INTRODU CTION.-(---)

( I. A dog

\

J)iscuSRJON.- ~

l'l'O>'Sl's

a ~trPa m wit.h o. piece of meal in

h is mon tli.
2. Think~ his rcnPction in the streo.m is :mother
<log.
3. Tries t.o snntch th e meat from tho mouth in the

l

stream.
4. Loses his own meat.
CoNCLUSION.-Moro.1: the punishment of greediness.

58

TRANSFORMATION OF ELEMENTS.

59

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

Tell whn.t dog it was; how he got his meat ; how he came to be
crossing the bridge ; how it hnppcne<l thn.t he <lid not know his own
shadow ; whn.t dog he thought he recognized in tho brook; whether
in attemptin g to sciic tho meat ho was acting in acconlnncc with
his n11t urnl <li s po~ iwon, or whether there were some exte nuating circumstances ; how he bore his. punishment; whether he learned any
lesson, etc.

DEVELOPMENT

m.

Ino and Uno went into tho woods,
"
Quite certain of knowing the way:
· 1.1t I " " You 1ue wrong I
" I am. rig
They saitl, going along.
And they didn't get out till next day I
Inoa.ml Uno rose up with the lurk,
To nngle awhile in the brook,
But by contrary signs
They entangled their lines,
An<l brought nothing home lo the cook I

A CHRISTMAS PIE.•
Ino and Uno went out on the lake,
And oh I they got dreutl!ully wet I
W'hilc tliscnssion prevailed
They carelessly sailed,
And the boat they were in was upset.

One night, while peopl e were asleep,
And not a pussy-cat was nigh,
Somo rats ran through the p1L11try door
An<l ca rried ofl' the Christmas pie.
And ho wh o stood to carve tho feast
Ila<l a ll n11tl more t han he could do,
To cut the pie in se ven pn.rts
Aml please ~nch hu11gry pnrtner, too.
PALMER

Cox.

Talk nbout the rats llS if they were persons. H ow did they find
out about the pie? Were they all in favor of the haznnl ous undertaking of carryi ng it o[? Wero there any unu sual <lifficulties in
th eir way? any 11n11 s1111.l i11 llllCl'ml'nL!<? Who wn.s tho boldest among
them ? Wbero was pussy ? Ditl she interforo finally with their
pleasure?

DEVELOPMENT IV.
lNO AND U NO.

Ino a.ncl Uno am two little boys
Who arc always rciuly to fight,
Il ecau ~e cnc h will honst
That he knows t.hr most,
And the other one c1111not be right.
•From "La..rg<:.l!tlnUQ_r_ Little Render•. "

Booton: D. Lothrop & Co.

Though en.ch is entitled opinions to have,
They need not be foolishly strong;
A ml to quarrel and fight
0 ,,er what we think right,
Is, You k11.ou', nml I k11ow, quite wrong.
JosEPillNE PoLLARD, in "St. Nichola~."

I

;4-

r'

i,

PRINCIPLES OF EXPltESSION.

61

EXAMPLE 2.-Tlie barons were ounu11011cd \Jy their ki11gs when
they were compelled by tlw'ir wauts or their fears to have recourse
to their aid.

'CHAPTER ID.

Is it the wants and fears o f th e barons, or of th e kings'!
Here again we 111ight repeat the
noun, but a better way is to change th e numlicr, aml write
king instead of king.~; thus, 1'/w barons ioere su11wwne1.l
by their king iolwn h e ww; cumpelled by !tis wants ur !tis

The meaning is obscure.

PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.
Th e pupil will now proceerl to the
"d
.
som , f th
·
· cons1 era t 1on of
~o
e s impl e r princip les of rhetoric. Th e f II d'
chuss10'.1 of these principles must of course be le ft~ tl1sr etorics but en rrl
b
o ie
.'.
ou':" I can e lea rn ed e \•e n at this sta"'e to
I
I
0
I
e na J e nm to avoid ti
ie g rosser blunders into wl. I I
would otherwise be lik e ly to f.tll
'1'1
. .
lie l ie
I.
• .
ie pr1ne1ples treated
f
re e r c uefly to th e two qualities of st le ,
st?-engt!t.
· Y • clearness and
PRINCIPLE I.- Personal Pronouns.
EXAMPLE 1.-Thc farn1 cr went lo his neio-1 Lo
kis cnttle were in Ms fi elds.
.
"' • rand told him that

This sentence evid ently lacks cl
I .
' ·
earness.
t is not I
w I iethei· the nei[Jltbor's c·tttle .
. l
e ear
h
'
'' ere Ill tie farmer's fi eld
~rt efarmer's cattle in the nd'Jlibor's fi Id 8 T
s,
it w
·
·
ie •
o correct
e llltW1st Ill some way make pe rfectly evident what is
m eant.
e might sulistitute the noun in' e "
say· 'J'l. , fi
acu case, and
.
te armer told llis neigltbor t!tat tl.
. 'b
cattl
· ,
te neig11 01·'s
e were in lite farm er's fields. B t th"
. .
.
unn
·1
u
is repet1t10n 1s
ecessar1 y long and awkward If howe
I
to
t
.
. . '
ver, we c mnge
irec narration (see Principle XVII)
ev
.,_
.
• we ca n express
ery. poss1u 1e mearnnO' with perfect I
fi
"'
c earness . as The

a·

armer went to /tis nei[Jl1bor a11d said "1r
' 'l
in my fields."
· '
our catt e are
00

fem·s to h ave reco urse to their aid.
PmNClPLJ<~.-l1 ulicate

clearly t!te antecedent of perso1wl
Cl earness may lie obtained so111eti111es Ly suLstituting direct for indirect 11 arra ti o n, son1etimcs liy
repeating th e a ntecedent, someti111es by duwging th e nu111ber of one of the antecedents, sometimes by changing the
order. O ccas ionally sentences in th e mselves not cl ear may
be tolerated if the context gives the meaning easily and
unmistakably.

Exercise 36.-0f the following examples, correct all
that are faulty.
1. His friend told him thut he was sick, aud thut lw ought to
send for a doctor. 2. Iu giving 11c&:riptiu11s ur l.attle~, ho never
referred to bis OWll exploits, though ho WUS o[lc n in the tl1iek cst
parts of. th em. 3. A Loy asked his father how ul1l he was. 4. He
told him that he was going to visit him at his hou:;c in the cou ntry.
5. Elsie's mother diud when she was quite young. G. Thu lml cunnot leave hb father, for if the lad should leave his father, hi s fat her
would die. 7. I remember thnt puppy story. I took it up in my
arms, \Jut it slipped through a11d \Jroko one of its lCbrs. 8. 'l'he mnid
told her mistress that her sister was coming i11to the city, and thnt
she wished her to mee t her at the station . !I. He told him to go to
his fnther and 11.sk him to lend him five dollars. 10. He was aurprised, he said, Umt he had not procured the release of his friend.
11. The boy came to the schoolmW!ter at all his leisure hourR, and

!'

l

•..J.·,l

THE ELEMENT
· S OF E NOLI SII COM POS ITION.

P ltl NC ll' LE,; OF EX l ' ltJe.-;,;foN.

lea:ne<l . so rapidly th at he rcco rnme111lc1l him t.o a uobleman I
res ule<l Jn the neig hborhood. H e was as rwl>le in mind as I
¥~10
birth and I
L · .1
10 was 111
'
10 pa roruzeu 1rim a nd sen t !rim to sc hool.
12. In th e foll owing story whid1 13nrto n Leib of Billy w ·1r
tho comw a ·tor p t ff 11 ,
1 mrn s,
'
II
I y s ro1111•rk s LD:;cll 11 :r an d corrct:t t hem .
" So do wn I goes to the sta lile · I
·
w1 t 1 Torn Flynn, 1rn 1] to ltl the
man to put the sad d le 0 11 ltii u. "
" On T um F lyn11 ?"
"No, on tho hor:l(!.
l ti
olT."
, ' 11111
te ll l s /irM}k h a rub wi th l1 irn iurd rv<le
" S hook ha nd s wi t h th e hor::;o, Billy ? ..
" No, with 'l.' om l?Jynn ; a n1l th en l rin le off u p th e BnwPry %d
w ho s ho uld I meet i · c t f
· • r111
.
.
" ro 11 o t he 1fo we n • Theate r 1 ut T
Il I
ltn · so J g ot JI
t
I
!
·
'
0
111
um J',;
o llll l 1 ·o l th e boy to hold him by tir e hcu<l."
Wha t! hold ll am blin hy Li re hem!( "
" No ti I
.. . '
if o iorsc ; a nd then we went and lmd EL drink together ."
' Vhnt. yo n a nd the horse?"
.. No, urn llnd ll a m lil in; Urt ll afte r tlrat I
~
mounted him 11gain,
a nu we11t o ut of town ."
"Wha t! mounted Hamblin again? "
"No, tho h orse ; und wh en I ., t t il
U
b
'
,,o o 11rnha nr , wh o sho uld be
ic ro ut To m Fly nn, -hc'd ta ken a 1Jot her hor:;o aud rode out
ahcau of me; so I told th o hostl er to t ie him up "
"Tie '.rom Flynn up ?"
·
" No, tho horse; an d wo lr n<l a drink toge th er"
" \Vhnt l yo u und tho lwrsc ~"
·
"No, m e 1111 d T om F lynn ! "
F '.nding his a udi tors by th iti time in a horse l11.1wh
up with_
o , Billy wo und
I" N o w, ~ook here, - every timo I suy horse, yo u say Hamblin
an1 O\'e1·y Lun e I say H a mblin, you say horse. I'll be !urn e<l ·r '
tell you any m ore about it."
g
I I

PRINCIPLE IL-Relative Pr onouns .
EXAllIPL E. - l l e was

' suicid e IJy flr i11g
the bcd-dullres .

IL

ILITo:;Leil

in lied, turd a tle 111p l!-d lo eu n 11 11i t
uo/ttc /i he had (; o>ll o· 1·1'kd :llll<>ll .~

pi~/u{ at hi s head ,

'I'o wl1:tt docs t ir e relati1·c ic!t fr /i. r e fl' r '?

Fn1 111 its l'"si-

ti o n i t o ug l1 t to re fe r t o /1 n 1d, l111t frnrn tl 11· se 11 s i: 11··· luruw
it re fe r::; to pistul.

A sl ig lr t c ha nge i11 t he o rde r w ill pm·

ve nt tir e s u gg<' stio 11 o f a1ru tl rc r tlra11 t !t c t n1 u 111L·a 1111 1g;

thus, by j irin:; at his h ead a
cealed a nw 11g tft, , lwd-dotft es.

Ji i,~ t o t

wltidt lte fwd con-

P m N<C ll' LE. - I n d ieute cto1r!y lite' w 1leeedell l

t'ive prono1111s.
be

<I

rd11-

Tir e " s in of wlri d 1c ra ft " m ay co 111111 on ly

avo id c< ~b .Y p la c in g- t.!t c r ... !at. ive

c lose t. o

it .~ a 11!1-c t·d•'l rt.

Avo id 11 0 l u 11l y s tw lr p os it io n s a s w o u ld n1a ke tl.c 111 ca11ing d oub t ful, bu t a lso s u cl r as wo uld s 11g-gust a tt i111possi-

b le o r a bs urll 111 ca 11i11 g .
rely up o n

tir e

Do 11o t , exce p t as a la st n ·so rl,

pu11 e lu a ti o u

l o llla k e cl ea r a

doubtf ul

p a ssa ge.

Exercise a7.- 0 f th e
all t h at a re faul ty.

fo ll o wi11 g

e x amp les,

COJT('('l

Gi ve r e aso ns i11 full.

1. A li ttle g id went to a n e ig h bo r's house t hat had liglrt.-l1l11•'
eyes a nd go lLle n c urb. 2. A c h a ir w a~ sen t lo ti re j o in c r"s llr at. li atl
IL brok en liac k.
3. L ost:-n whi le rnbl.Jit by a lady tl 11LL lms 1•i11 k
eyes 1L1lll long ca rs. 4. Durin g t he l' rocess ion a chil d was rnn ul'e r,
wearin g tL sho rt red dress, wh ie h ne l'er spoke a fterwa rd. 5. We ha v!l
rece ived IL basket of g rn pcs fro m our old fr ie nd J ones, for wh iclr Ir e
will accept our co mpl ime nb , so rno of whi ch a rc 11 01\rl y t wo i rw hes
in diameter. 6. Bes i<l cs this he had on n cloak extcmlin g ha lf-way
d own his thigh which was eolorell c rim ~o n . 7. Th e H o m irn~ cngagec1 in the Macedo nian W ILf in consequ ence of IHI utt ac k 0 11 At he ns by Philip wlrich was 1111 ally o f l w me. 8. Il er hn :'1 1a11d was a
gallant colonel in full-bottomed wig 11.nd gold-In.cell lui t, tha t wns

THE ELEMENTS 01' ENl:I.!SH CO~ll'OSITION.
l'lt!Ni:ll'U:s UF EXl'i(i':,.;s10N.

kil!c,l 1dnu1ul. !J. Ou P1«·'1 'itle are f>il\'1•111 .. :Ji., fu r 1wdeslria11s that
arc fru111 ~ix to cigl1t fed wide. JO. They fursouk the olTicPrs comrna1Hli11g them wl1u were killed. 1 l. ,\ l'~ocln111ution has been
bM1c<l from ilfl'cc:c, warni116 all I rnc i.._· l1c·1·crs Lo prepare fur the
corning da.y, wlii cl 1 11a::; be1..·11 widi·ly «il"i'lda!t:d and ha:-; LTcuted a
g r<.:at <leul of exeitc 11 H't1t. I:?. To ll:i, gw11p l~cl<111gs the lg111111u-

you 1111" t ll "".·1• rnnrn t lian ul1(•, 11~c if possidill't·rcnt \\11rcls; as /l"hi,·ll tl1•tl; 111>t 1r/,/,-/i 1r/u-,.li.
. .
~(/IJH•t i111t·S
1-\e nicnibcr to 11.'-'l': tliot i11 restr1ct1vt~
(. I a11.-.;i·~.
blc

the l'Xct~ssi\·(~ ust~ (Ir

\\',~d de11 l!t!<b, first m11dc k't1 0 \\'fl Ly Dr. lllar1 t.e ll , whose
Ludy was twcJ1ty-ciglit. to tl1ir1_1· f1 ·d . f.,ng. l:l . Tl1e fruit was iu
We

a le.

1-L 'fwq

1111•11 11p1·r1ed

a

anLc..:cc~dL·Jit,

tli c

dun, of the

gla..-:;:--; caus which

] f·

antececl ent.

pnH1011r1s c;111

S•lllll'li111l·s

· _'S
phrasr-, and s~>11H·t111H

.·diow~~·a-,1· 1 1\Ud

i1\'

I Y I.>y

nr1 ..

lie a\·ci1d1 •il !iy rt·1wa ti1 1~

t·l1a11.!. .';i11.~·

I

1·Lt1t:::i1~

a

l ,.

c"111p t· t 1· ..,.

a

to

r1·1..:;1.-;t 111!.t
.,

t hl'

se11t,·11u·.

rcmol'cd $1~.000 Wllrl Ii uf d '""'"'"1' a 11d jewel r·y, j t1ot after t.ho
uoors were oponell, with wliieli they walked away.

Exercise 38.-Corn:ct all tli"

f:wlty exa11rplcs.

Ex-

pla i11 f1tlly.

PRINCIPLE III.- Number of Relatives in a Sentence.

l. Tlic:

J<;xA~!Pf,E.- In a pleasant 1list ri et u·hich lil's in Lhl' "11 1tlll'r11 j'nrt
of Yurk W>t..> an uxte 11;;ive furc;;t , u·hich in 1rneil'11l 1lays exl1 ·11de<i
O\t•r a greal<:r 1•-.rt uf t110 cuu11lry wlur/1 Ji"' uct11·,·e11 Shctlield am]
Vunea,,ter.
h

frn1tl

~-

[ fVJll

key:-;

be corrected by simply 0111itti11g the first and
last wlticlt, together with tire V<'rh, t h us: In a plcasa1tt district in tlie southern part'!/ }-urk 1ras a11. 1•:rte11siu,; fur csC, w/iidt in 011.cient d11ys e.,-t1·1u!crl n1·cr rt ,r;reater part
of t/1e 1·01111try l1d1rec11 /•:/1 Jfi1 /,/ 1111,/ /)1111Nrst er .
ex a111ple ea a

1

llt~
(1

Jiad

\\

l HL
· l 1 w:.:..-i lilack

t!11·

j,, t'1Hi1il1·rl1;da1w1 ·

\\;l.~ ." li:·! 1t.:11 1kd

w1·i.~l1t.

11f Ila· r11 .-..ty

-..id 1 '.
1•

1

\\'hich p(•\\'c l" H!JCl \'i~dvncc

· · 1I1(·11·
·
grat-1ly
·1

!

·

i 1 1[ 1l t' .":--• 1 r· :--·

'l'iii:-< !tad

\\'Hl'l:l d1·l1al1·

l11'\'ll

<·a11

i111li1·1

111i~n1

..;. ~

<'t

I

rath 1 ·r tl 1at~ l 4 >

.
:--.t ·1tl,·d II!

l'HIH't'l"llill.~

il

·1
1·1n1111·J.

tliP ·' ''\"1·1·al

.
!II

"

·!J i \ ·! I , .'l'fj \' r

arl\1Ullc1.~1·:-<

w/1id1

n11d1l1'i(flt'-i

'·~

], 111 .-.
•r

il

rid

l'/ll'I J i!1:--.i--t1·d

··1d1 · rpr1 .--~ ·. I fwy

Jmd at !,·11 .:..:-t Ii iklt·r111itt1·1l 11111111 1111· f1L!1.· \'>!1i(·li ,..,/ 11111ld lw awankd
t Iii• t111)1a111 y

~~CF-

flH·t11,

I ).1· ~"l 'll !J1 i1 1·r
..., tl1 1• ,[ ,·1r1a111!:--·\\·iiit ·l1 tlwy IJ1;1 \.i•.

UjlUll !ta\'ill _
!..'.· f~i!" J1j-..; J11·i·11!tar :--l 1at't' lll 1 11 i -.::
- - po..
-- - ;;·~ -

J 1ri:--• 11w1>.

5. Jli "' ri·i .:: 11

\\· ;-l''

l il\ 1· tl1e 1· i111 i._... ,. 11f a liriiliallL <Llld rapid

,~ tf w ftte1if]
\V I tit: I I . . _ I li HJ l :"\ Jll t i l l ,_,
'
1 ,,~\1 11

n ece:j:-:.a1.y a111 I
1111i \ 'l'l'>1tl

111t·k .. r,

\\l11tli--.!1ld,ar 01t111 1la111111-

1,i 1 r·tt·ril•ill' li·•lil wlitl'l1 is i1"l1t11t ly ,wal[.,11cd Ill' ''Y
,J

,...,

,

-

d:irl\ ll 1 '·"" ·

t;. Tltt' :--()fl aitil _::i·iiLk· ri\1·r }11111 .'\Y1'\'f1 ·" tl1 r11u .::h a11 a11q 1liitl1°·nl rc in wiiii·li i ·iil! i\":ll j., 11 i..., ri t·lily l1it-11d1·.t \\ ir ti wu111lla11d ; a11d 11 lt a
· .... ,d · 1"r · •"l l l w ri\t ' r \\i11 1·l1 I"' \\v!l 1kf.·11d1·d liy ih
Jltulllll. \\" I 1!\' I l a:--t.,
"

ll

•

walls H!id diti·llt':-<, ri .-.::v:-; t.Jii:..;, aiwi1·11L \'dili1·1-, wl1i1·!1, a:-1 it." ~ax.111 _1 11a1111~

irnpli es, was, prnvi 011 , tu Uiu c11 111!'1e,1, a re,ide11co uf the lungs uf

5
~

· 1
l J;l.."'lll

11

1':11glawl.
,,

I

l i t!

wl1i(·l1 :--.111'1'111111d1·1l it .

t'Xt·t·Jdiiig a 1111i1iard wl1it·l1

11 11 wi·;q1(1!\

wlii"!1 l i ll !I :...'.' ;ll l1i"

ft:ll int u

t111itttdai11:-;

I fl' It ' 11 11:I 1. I: 1 •. _ 1.n 1.1[

1

l'mNcH'LJ<;.-Limit as far as J>ossible t/1e 11umber of
relatives in a sentence m1less tltey all refer to tlte same

::·.L J'l'.<.Llll

•
r 111~
·
, I.1 11 \\it !1 '"l i.-l1 J...,r:L l:J . ..:\!,11\' 1• a l l / 1,. lia·l !lrnL 1111iw1H
rt· . . . ~ 1 111
itcs har e IH •t· ii frt.·iita·i i tly l\TH1\\"1i t(J :-.1d11 1iiL 111 1!11· 111tt·rr11• :--! 1·vJI,

ii; often i1npus:siblc to !<di , wl1c•re se \' cral pr01wu11s

a re used m th e sa111e sefltc11cC', wfil'thcr tlrey all refer to
tl1 e same or to di!forent a11tccl'cl1·11ts.
llere tire pru11uu11
?t:ltir;/i has three diliere11l a11tccL·de11ls . Tl1is is \<·ry """ fusi11g.
It is morc m·cr \'cry easy to ;;o 011 111 this way
adding clause to clat1se Ulltil as i11 the fa111ous, '111.i,; i.:i t/,e
cuw witlt lite c rw11pled !wrn tlwt to.<scd t/1c duy that worried Ilic cat tltat l..:illt:d tlu: r11t, l'lc., there is 110 proper
eoi 11J eetiu11 b<.>twec u tlw !wg111J1 i11g a11J tho end.
Tho

lllUUJi Lai11

the :--:l1adow~ or llw

66

67

THE ELEMENTS OF ENQLISH COMPOSITION.

PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.

7. Mrs. Glegg inherited such a bone, which she h11d inherited
from h e: gran~moth c r wi t h a brocaded gown that would stand up
empty, like IL s1lver-hcadcd walki11g-stick.

7. After rcsi<ling at the north for some yearti, lw was callc<l
whom he had fonne<l the acquainlunce
of at Cambridge.

to London by a fri end 11ml

PRINCIPLE V. - Participles.

PRINCIPLE IV.-" And Which."
lrnYc n book printed at Antwerp, and whioh w~
ouce possessed by Adam Smith.

. ExAMPLE.-H i~i11g from th c~e elcYated talJle-lamls, the trn1·eller
will see lofty ranges of grnuite mountains.

And should join lil.:c elements, but l1ere it joins a
participle and a re lativ e clause. To corre ut it we must
com·ert these into lik e elements ; thus, I !ta ve <l buok
printed at A1tt1oerp, a nd oner; p uss1;sscd by Adam ~mitltj
or~ I lwue a book that ww1 printed at Autwerp, and tlwt
was once possessed by Adam Smith.

vVe iustau t ly qu ery wli e tl1 cr it is tl1 e lr•tll ,.l/o- ll 1aL ri:;1·H,
\Vlii uli word is li111i luJ L1y tl1u jMrtic:ip le "r
Suppo:si11g it to be rllllfj<;s, we lllay uun c d tl111::;: Th e
traveller 'llJtlt sec l1~ /~.'I r1111:1cs •f u1 ·1 11tit1; 111 ,u1 /l t •1 i11s rising from t!t csc elcu 11lnl tal1fr -ll/7ul,;; or, N isi11;1 fr"m
these ctcval ed table-lands are tuf ty n111.:;es uf yranite
mo·u nlttins.

EXAMPLE.- I

PR1Nc1 PLE.-A co-ordinate con1·unction
as "and"
'
'
"hut," must not stuud befor e a rdctt inc, unl,;s:; tlw cu11juw.:tion j oins the relati'Vc clause to anotlter rdatiue clause.
Sometimes the elements mus t be transform ed, sometimes
the and can be ' omitted.

.

PRIN CIPLK-.Tndicale clearly t lw u ;;c t! ( 7)1irti1·i1·ll's.
Like relativ e

pro11ou11s th ey sl1ould :sta11 J

a s n ea r a s

possible to the noun to which they refer. Do not rely
upon th e pun ctuation to make a11 obscure pass a ge ek ar.

Exercise 40.- Correct all faulty e xa111pl .. s.
Exercise 39.-Correct all the faulty examples.

Ex-

plain fully.
1. Miss liur<l c11stle is about l o mc1' t her future l111"l11 111 d ]\fr
l\larlow, son of !:lir Ulrnrl es .Marlow. 1111rl wh om she h1 1 ~ nPver '"·en:
2. H e now Yitiits Mrs. C11 1·c11dis h who is <1uite deligh tc.J with him,
and who rea<ls him IL letter from t lmt "!Jeggarly c11ptain" aml which
she has just intercepted. 3. Jt is ~ai<l ll 111t there w1t.:s under the tree
a <lrngon wi t h n hunclrod heath, a nd fifty of whi ch wero nlways on
the watch while the other fift.y slept. .J.. I saw her again lid1l up
with ll fe\'IJr s ho had caug ht in her vacation and whic h proved fatal.
5. In his girdle stuc k a h1rgc weapon hearin g th e 1111111e of n Shoffiehl
whittle, and which was man ufactured in th e vicinity. 6. Mrtt. Harriet .Bowers, widow of Jo1mtl11rn Bowers, and who has held the
position o! postmi.streBI! at Morrisville some nine ye11rs, died on Sun-

Explain

fully .
1. J<.osm noml threw herself on her fot:e the 111om e11t she saw lhu
rloi-: trembling from heiid lo f.,ot. :.l. A i><>y n'""'"l lkt'frn111, wl1ilo
d1·iv i11 g- n. horse', was kick ed in the 111111tth hy tl1u n11i111al, k 11 01 · J..:i11 .~

out h is fr ont tee th. 3. l saw four white cows s ilting " " tit" 'l"P"·
4. There are n11111berless canals bonlerc<l with willow s eor crcd
with saib. 5. Sc rooge follow ed to Lhe winclow, d1 ·,;1"·rnle in his
curiosity. U. Th t:t'C islands are Ll1 e n· :; iderH.:e uf wild f11wl (· 0111 pn:"cd
of rock with u s light c0Yc ri11g of il<'rhu gt•. 7. A J><K'.k et-book wns
found by a boy 11mJc of le11th c r. 8. She walketl wi t. Ii a lamp >H: rt>,s
the roo m 8lill burning. !l. A yoke u( ox e11 w1L' !Jougli t al aucliun by
a former of H.e>LJing weighing ut ku.:ot 2,500 pound:;_ IU. 'l'urni11g
my eyes toward. him, he begnn to pl>Ly upon the in:;tru111 e11L in his

hanJ.

11. Hoping to hear from you won, believe me truly yours.

,.

,;:

~

:·

-~

68

12. The hotel was full of guests, badly built, very combustiule, and
unprovided with menns of esc11pe. 13. On rnising the window, the
m ouse ran out through tire wires of the cage. ~ 4. The foth er and
broth er of IL lmntl~ome :uul highly nccomplishctl girl in Boston
h~ long trca! ctl her cru ell y, ::;he snit!, an<l lm_vinl\, fall en in lo~e
With IL yo ung man, expec ted soo n Lo ml\rry l11m. ,~15. Th o tram
co nsisted of four coaches, one 11111il nntl one express car, with seventy-five passe ngers nuoard, carrying the mail aml $8,000 ot silver
in the ex press snle.

PRINCIPLE VI. - Phrases and Adverb Olaueee.

ExAMPt.~.- Ho
bee n married ·fo

ct

wns drfring nwuy from tho church wl1cro ho had

coach m ul s-i:c.

Was he married in a coac h an<l six? It see ms to say
But as that is absurd, it must mean that he was
driving moay in a coach and s ix. To say this clearly we
have mere ly to chang e th e positio n of th e phrase, thus:
IIe 1cas drivin,g moay fo a coach and siz from tli,e
so.

clturclt wltere lte had been married.
PRINCIPLE.-Place phrases and adverb clausea in such
a position as clearly to give tlte meaning.

Exercise 41.-Concct the faulty e xamples.

Explain

fully.

-LJ·

This s tono is erec!A·d to th e 111c111ory ot Thomas Faulkner,
wl\o was ncc i<leutnlly shot, by hi s brut her as a token of Iris affection. 2. H e \~ e nt to town driving 11 fl ock of sheep on horsebac k.
3. The bill of faro wns not so good us it should l1avo been alter tho
/1' '1riends ol the institution decreased. 4. Miss Kellogg received
$1,000 for s ing ing two ballnds, aml 11 superb bracelet ot diamonds
an<l rubies. 5. She listened to tho proph ecy he told her with great
care. 6. Our house wns built by a queer old gentleman with seven
gnblcs. 7. A young woman <lied yesterday not !ar !rom where I

JO.

PlUN CI PI,ES OF EXl'RESSlON.

THE ELEM E NTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

69

.
· t"10n. 8 . Th e ghost t old
h ·ng in a beastly stnte of mtox1ca
1
• ti
Jen b)'
Hamlet that he had been murd ered while slee ping 111 10 ~an to bo
h . broth er. 9. A let ter was written by Mary Queen of Scots
IS
to Elizabeth afte r she was excc u t cd a t I ier own req
, uest.
delivered
10 There will th erefore be two trials in this town nt tl111t t 1111e, for
eri.mes which tire punishable with <lcath, if a ftill co urt s~101ild a~~
t d 11 An<lre w Smvth has been se nt to th e Reform Sc hool o
· 1'> F'or
f
en .
·
·
t of disorderly conduct for a term o . t 1iree years .
~.
accoun
t
C
ng
ge
ntl
cm
1 ·-A first-class piano, the prope r ·Y 0 a you
·
. 11n abo ut
sa
to e.
travel with a rosewood case an<l car veu. 1 1egs._ .13. A littl, e mouse
],

was preac

• t J10 r es.·1<Ic u ce
. of 11 n ch 111crcl111nt w 10
th t had' Ii ved fo r ye11 rs 111
liv:d in Afric11, without being cau ght by th e c11t, began to luwe
. ,
· f 1 · · · ·If 14 The plump Jnrnll o nl stood Jenn
very good oprni on ° icr s~ ·
·
.
,.
·kcts down sta irs.
.
, ·nst·
mg
ag.11
, , tli c doorway
· wrth both hand s 111 h1> I1UC
I l
· a
15 I-I > was stnbbetl with his own daggt•r which he 111.H ' rnwn rn
·
" nt t 11c cur 1Y age ' if tliirl)'
qunrrel
, · 16· S he was lHlricd from
_ · ]St..
Thomas' Church or whic h :sh e Wll S a Jife-J~ n g ine111hcr. \Ved n e~ '.I)
17 I snw an old womnn knitting with t\ lto m11n n ose.
f
orenoon.
·
"
I .. ., l to wnteh th l'
18. Eight shots were fired by tho~c that wr re p ~cu .
,
house without effect. 19. Jn Swiggs Couuty, (,co r.g111. tl1t1 ot 1itr
day a d eer was kill ed running with a railroad shovel in the hands of
one of the workmen.

.~

PRINCIPLE VII. - Unnecessary Repetition.
E XAMl'l.E.- ao<l l',s eternal ' and his existence
and without end.

i.~

without begi1min9

Th e itali cized e xpressi o n has the same m eaning ~s
l It is th erefore s uperfluo us, and slwul <l be o miteterna .
ld · t"
]
t e d . If, howe ve r , it is not intended as an Il l I Iiona.
thought, but as an explanati on of eternal, or an emp iatrc
way of re-stating the same thought, then the and should
be omitted.

PRINCIPLE.-Avoid all unnecessary and unpleasant
rqMtition either of sound or senae.

..

' ~I
•'>

70

THE ELE~fF;NTS OF ENOLTSH COMPOSITION.

71

PRINCll'LES OF EX l '!\ESSTON.

Exercise 42.- Correct all faulty examples.
1. Ho ha<l t.he entire monopoly of the whole trade in salt. 2.
Charles ho.s his pockets full of a great many appl es. 3. This play

aboun<ls in n great many lau i::hahle S<'Pnr;<. 4. The names of ou r
furdallll'rs whu ca111u bcfurc 11' sJ,,11d<l IJe h1·l.J in rev e ren ec. G. The
man of the forct.olil proph(-cy luul at la~t appeared.
pity that writings should he writ ten i11 I.hi ' rn11111wr.
l11ul a n immc11se great li ig- chart.

G. Jt is a great
7. Tire man

t! . I le is " royal messc11gcr sent

Ly thu killg-.

U. Jiu is tlw lltliq'rs:d fa\·oritc of all tlmt know him .
10. 0 culd, eol<l, rigid, dreadf1d ]).-:d.li, '<'I. up thine altar lwrc, and
<lrc•ss it with such tenors as tl1 0 11 l1a.'L at tliy co1nm1.u1d. l l. lll1llly
lmrd an<l tryifl g 1litlic11l t ics ar" i11 his pall1. 12. She was ll\Tl·ssaril_v ul>ligt'd t.o co1n1111111icale ii lo !i1·r par1·llh. l:L I :-; p pnf.. ~01110
tiltlo in thinkin g Of this SCCllC, l\ll.J tJie oiJ1er tlJi11 g s f ha.J SCPtl.
1·1. 'l'he .-..lHJfl 'S are 111lial1it1·d Ly \\'a rlik~ ! a1 1·l 1H1-, tile CJH · 111it·:-;. l:J.
Come to-morrow nt. eig-ht 0°C' l<>ck I'."· in the aftcrnnon.
lfi. Slw
was /l WL'1dll1y widt•W lady . Ii. 1L mts well li ;:lit.·d up wil Ii l•rillinnt lights. 18. At tli u pol irn SL1'Liu1t hn '""" n•1 ·0gniz•·d as an o ld
01Ten 11t•r, HT\d wn:-i n.fl1!rwnrd :-:-eritt·11 ctd to a. ll.'t'lll in ~tntc j>ri ....;un a.
few weeks lat.er.

PRINCIPLE VIII.- Fine Effect of Repetition.

not lll'sitr1tc to n'}'('(tt , y· hy rf'pctition the tlwuyht can /1e expressed more clearly or more
PmNCIPLE.-no

vigorouslJ!-

--~--.

~·
;.;.-'

"t':':';.-

~.~f;i;.:
-~.-.:,~·

.

ft?:

'y

Y,

!\ rnhi•r11it\· is .,ft.<'rr c:tusi·< l J,_\.· tire onris.~ I. 1·>r1·11ositiun, nf the,. ,.,.!, 1<ft"r
sion of tl11• ,.,,(!lli1··', .,f t w
than nr us, (1 f t Ji,. ,,, •tl Ji11 n..t j, >ti I liul, .-\<'.
T'r:is1·11·1.E. - .

2. But it

(

l ()

Wlt.8

r.. r

if I),.. larl should lc11ve

a provision ho11ora/,/y nrndo an<l lto1101·ably be-

BJ; foreign ha11dH thy
By fot·eiyt< hands t!iy

.Jyi11 g

" .'"~-' were (>J .,sPd,
li 11ilis eornpose<l,

dCCL' lll

likes

!Ill'

:-;a_y,

l1<'lt<'r t/11111 _;;011.

f,cftl'r tl111il you

. !11 ·(/, ·r t/i •rll /u· {i /. ·1·.-< !/''"·
'

0!

. , f
rt t 711,
2. 1)on t. orµ; . .
.
11111l I 1it;

.

l . • 11

I

.
I
·fr>r ~t'l"l'1 ' rl s1u· '

I

11 ·
t/, 1• •'f!'l'ifi1' r • ful' o/
•
I
I 11 ri11!t1l11 i11 t11r11-

1;01// 1 ·1r1f.'
fl

H><> ),

;)

I/If(.'

1<.

.

· ·

,

f

,

,

. . ·t t/utl the vout h
•
:
i
)!' doors . ~a y' l )1 i11 t o1 gt ,
.
.
ing /11111 i!l/c '·
l ti t l tlr<' in •rst•·r, etc.
. tl . g·rrcat<'r funl of tlrn two, arr<
I.I
,
, .

t111n,

war-;

stowed.
ll.

rr ..

L

Th e following examples illnstratA the fine effect of
repetition.
1. Tho foil t'lltltlOL learn 111.< fflil11 T,
!11:s fat!ta, hi.~ fallu•r wn11ld die.

PRINCIPLE IX. - Omission.

/J /1

•

cli1 1n· l I a l way~_I l l l"
.

.,

.

.. ·s. /111'. :11111 ·1r1'{[1
· ··l°/S( · ~:l •\ '
] ""!
"ll , .. ·t
{.I/' .
f! . 11.....:/1'1.I a 11! l a. 1'.V!t)' ·" Ir/

Such :t ch11rc l r a

'-"
.]
,,UC l

·tt tl11• siglit .,f E11 tn11 o·l1t 1" n·j.,;, .., ,
l
,_.· fi·ienil very fr<''i 1"' 11 tl -"• '111 ' ·1rt18
?r!in
nisif1•1l
l11s
•
l
r nxus,
rii,·tk<' hirnself known
dfrl ati;il l1y his natura I alT•·..t j, 111 t.u
h
.
't
li..tat.l·•l,
etc. Ot erw1se I
c;:
. \' anrl 1r 1iu was (
.
tn I Lllll.
' .•t.,' '
I
· was dictate' .
. I me,·tn that J1'lor10

a

4. l<}, •1· 1'11

mrg rt

\V:tS

72

THE ELEMENTS OF ENG LISH COMPOSITION.

"13

PlllNCIPLES 01' F-Xl'llEMSION.

.PRINCIPLE X.-"And."
PRINCIPLE XI.- Climax .
RXAMPLE. - Thr ns t ronornt•r wns a t Iii > I (•lcseop r, mu/ the gr·eat
s hips were laooring over the WaYes, rmd the toil ing eage rn ess of
comm erce and the fierce sp iri t of revol ution were o nly el 1J,ing in hricf
r es t, and sleepless statesmen we re <lrcadi11g the possil1lt• c r·ises of the
morrow.

One of the most common faults in young wrifrrs is tl re
unn ecessa ry use of and. Tlic ands <'an often he orn itt!'cl,
or the se ntence can be so transformed that they .are not
needed. In the <'xnmplP, all diffi c rilty can Le al'u id ed hy
omitting th e first t.wu c.:0 11ju11 ctiu 11 s; t. lrus, J'/1 e astrvnom.er

10as at Ids telescope; tlte great .~11 ip.~ were laborhlf/ over
the uxtuc,y; the tuiling eapcrm~ss of com m erce and tlte
fi erce spirit of revolution uvre 011 /y cMin;; in britf rt:st ;
and sleepless statesmen were dreading tli e possible rrises of
tl1e morrow.
PmNClPLE. - Avoid an unpleasant repetition of "and."

Exercise 43.-Ticmove all unn ecessary ands.
1. Tl1l''C objects struck ll1<• n n.t i ,-r~ with trrror, nnr] t i,,._,. hr_i::-1111
to r,•,;p«d th ei r new g11 c:>ts HS n bilpc rior ord•' l' of llf'ing-s, 11nd con-

e!ud o<l that they were the children of tir e

s 1111

nnd lrnJ

Jc~ccntlc<l to

vis it the enrth .

ExA~IPLE. -\\-c JJl: l). dll

di e

«1 I UlLU:i I ", l I 11..: ~ /tee~
l
• '

.! 1c ' 11 11111 •\ I •e,

ign01ninir111sly and un I !ti' sru.[Tuld .
Notice that the parts arc arra 11 g-0 •l ·111 orr j " r t Jf s1r«rwtl1
,...
'
·
j' rom ti l e' IJ< .g·i 11 11irw
the st.rcnrrth increas111g·
,_, t<>. tlr\' 1·11d. Tu.
die slave; is worse t.lian to di e: color 1ish, tu dic on tJr,, s('affold is the worst uf all. 1,u•vt•rs.,, or in '·tny
: way cl 1angc
.,.
st
o·t
}
.,f
tl11
:
se
11l•·11
t·e
is g" 11 ''·
11
tllf•
11
1
l
l
1
thi s on l'I', a1
, · · "'

I ' l'"r t s ''..,. ' l ·'1 ' !1/1 }Ji' t '
l'1nNc11·1.E. - .·ln'<li 1!/•: 111
·
·
·11n tii1 • /' ·11>!
order nf s/ro1;;t!t, l" f /li/11
/II:/,,.,
: •f{•r··i/,/,..
.. ~ "1'
an arra11g,_-·n 1f· 11 t, I:-;
.l 1'.' I

c't

,·/i11111.1· '

t l1at is,

Ill

1/1 1'

:-;111·lr

a /111ld1r.

. 8 44.- l'' e -arnur<>'c•
xerc1s
,.., · in order of climax.

E

ll

f

( 'l•a-..1·

tq d u

il !

l'\

~h·al 11n

ni nrl' !

:2. lit•

J. Ticarn to .Jn "" ·
. . · . . ·, .i, .. 1 • Iii,;
11 1•
.. 1111c:, o ftl11 . Sa111J111'
Iii. ., .
1
_
. •.
then 1l 1 t •\\ fl. }Ill I_J.i. i ( • ft)>',111T
. l na
. 11 11•·f<11·l·l'il11ll'·1111tl
l1 isa><cr11l 11plal\ill."
"·
cr11cifixio11 ; t ib
•
~
.
. IP ,...u
. IT'.
p11l1lit•_(' IHI.-.
It is g-reaL lo lah111.
u · lo }j\·(· · r.... /"l'l'lll.
'.""'
. . . 4.. 'l;:,,u
..
. ., 11111,,
. 1. I iowt•r . and fn· c·dll lll. rh• Ir I I .
wh11t did he ,;;1t·rif1t·t'
•·<>11 1111!
.
I. • . f the l•'rl'lll'h l•:rnpirr w11 s tlyrng :t>llll• i·1.
'1'111' p o11dt•ro11s 1111\f' lllH I _VP
.
. .. ' .\ .
1;
\\ .. . >"1111

r, •11•!1·11 ." . e1 ·1 1....; l 1in ,!: . ~ !11111111!~ tl ii111.--a1 1(l.~ <•Tl i·\t·J_\ ·.! t . . · .
louk l.11...,, li11• t/1ru 11t' iif (;11d; 1..·l111r1g t· HIHI ik, ·ay j ia\1' 11_1· \ 1· 1 ri·w·!wd
.
. ·Ii iiw,.., p·, 1.,t . 11 ' 1.111
thn.t. t li 0. WlL\'(""
eter11il y Iiarf' Iwt'n 111:-;.
.
. 11 1111.;
,....

~

"r

. t I IL!..le,,·oluti1111 (1f ug1
·.s l1a,. . rn·,·1·r 111u\~·1l JI.
.
1·· ·t•·
· \\'J:-jlt
. to lrarn p 1c. Hj>llll
. 1, he memory of Napo!Pon. t lw. . · 1r,
l hn.vf~ no
. .•.
.
I · - . · I . l v Ji() 11\l'alb the \\'()r;-;t <1f m1·11, tilt' 11u1.-.;f arl11!1a1)
whr•lll
lvg.ut ib •.
. .
,. ..
H If wt· 11111 , I dit',
of dl' ~Jlul::-. o r tlt t.' 111 11~l a111litl1()11:-: i1f <'uflquu111:--.
:
.,
.
l
I
I
.
.
,.,.
bv
lli
e
hri
irlit
wat
1~
r~,
111 nrild1., l1tiJHlLlkt if J1 r. 1II11 t•r 1 ll' l' l'Ul ::>\. . • .
,..._
.
.
.

.,

l'CllUL1JH·tl 1111;-.liak cn'

2. F'ro111 nll these symptoms, Columh11 s wns conflllcnt. of lwi11g
1wnr lftn cl, am! on the eve uing of t he 1 llh nf O..rnl11·r, hr ordt·n·d '"
the snils tu

uc furled,

nnd the ship to bri11g '"·a nt! stric t watc h to

be kept, lest they should be drivPn o n "liorr in I hr night.
U. The11 did .il~nens pass o n hi" way, 1111.J th e goddess J, .,] lii111,
1u1,] Urn fiaml' s gnvb p ince to hirn, nnd th e j111·dins bnrrncd liirn n<>t.
4. Tiro dnyl ight hn<l <lnwn c1l upon t hr g lad l's of t.he onk forests ,
/Lllrl the gree n boughs g-litt.crc<l wit.Ji n.11 I he ir prn rls or rfow, llrlt] tho
hind letl he r fawn from the covert of lrigli fr•rn to the ll!ore open
wnlks of the green woo<l, nnt.1 1w huntsman wn.s th ere to wntch or
inte rcept the stately hart as h o puced at tho liead of tho antlered
Lerd .

,

.
.
l" t· 11 ' . ,...
1" , ' t· r.. r Uli I'"''
blc, !111tLlc
! lf we 11111 "1. flc:lil,
· \"t ' ' ! If \\" 11111.-t
· .
q._ . \\'llJ\t_.. /\.pit'('('
11f \\' 1n·k I~
sln.1u. d1t(•r. k•t. u~ sl.u 1.~ ld1·r our t•nt·11111·:-;.
.
. , . . •.., .
.
1·
I w lil·e an nn.rl'l ! i 11 form n11d 111n\'111g- hP\\ '\J•lt . :""
lD flll I Ill n.c .l ull lt1
\
_,,...
11 h11 W 1wl,l1· i11 n·n, I . l l • ! in a111•reli\'nswn ho\\ Jrl, c a (wt
o.nu nc i111rn' c .
,
k
f
I 1· . "
. . . rn
. f ar. ir 1t·l< .,.~ ,. 10 . \Vhnt ·i11
''"''·
son I how 111tmrle
. I ."l'a c' o '"""
' ..
·I -.
,d ,• a.dl.' !11t>1t
trous e l 1n.nces.. o [l 1a· 1·1·-i>n ..'1rltli's.·1tp«><i11tl1e 1111111111t·11t
.
_ · I,
of b eing to.ken by the insole nt foe, rind sold to sluvery; of lll<1VJ1Jg
accident..~ by fiood and field.
r

..

•

'

74

THR :ELlO:,\fRNTS OF :EN"C:L!c<H

CO~!l'OS!Tr·ON".

Pll!NCl!'LES OF

PRINCIPLE XII.-Posi tion of Phrases.
Prnxc rPJ.E.-1 . .Pit-ruses s/1.0 1t/1l 1wt fi e 1·rmrd1•d ,11 , ,fros1
autly tuget/u;r . 2. Phrases may oft1m lie plared 1oitlt
f/ 11 0 1! 1JJ;:cl at th e beyi111U:n .' l r~( t/11' sf'n(enre, rg71N·irilly
i.f it is desire<l tu t!truw lite subject fur empluo1i.~ tuward
the end.

first. lfovorse the order, place the d"pendcnt clauso at
the end, and sec how much is l11st i11 stre11gth .
PmNCll'LE.-I>tw·c tlu' c1111•lu1l i1 · 1u11·t of tlu: staiCJ11 l'l il ,
1

~u•
~ -;,,

ft2 ~!:~
~- ~711

11/1nts1' ur ,./,u 1s, ·, 11{

generally collie at the

1. Tlwn,

tlinll

w1111\1!

hr

nlt'll

l11irLk11, ~ajleJ fro1tt Ji1d l on a voyn,~ 1: 1.1,

l~~ ).'-1, un \\' edn e:-.d.tH' 1nun1itP"
. tI
, .
. (,
-·

r.,

ll1111d(•t>, l'-'<•pti ·tnJ 11 .r
:--: . ••\ hrazf·11 ~ l 1 tlrn• of . 111-.;fj('f' ~tnod

j•illJiiU !"i(jllitr1· ,, .u1wt~ 111 nn nrwi~ · nt

f·ity.

w!1ns11 llltrlll'

f

110

~I

lu11ge r l't:1ne1nbcr, rai:..;ed ni11rt 011 a '·0!1111111. uplinld iHg- tho ~alr-s in

~

iLs Jdl. l11<111l, and 111 iLs rigid. n sword.

in

t.l1e

,.,,.1,

U ('rulll\\Tll.

'.! . I

fall:--.'!.

ng•'" ,L;iidi·-.: n w a y.

.'-it.Jlllcd

s tl11~ d ! j11 ·11./-

Exercise 46.- C nrn·ct all tl11 · faulty exarnpl•·s.

L'ap~·iin Jul111 ilu111l,le, of about thr01~ linndn·d nnd fwi•ntv fnns

ie

..-\

1' 111/.

e11t <·iallsc is not oft,·11 tl11· 1·11111l1al11: u11L" it s liuuld ll•J t

ilny 4 ·~ in hP-nt, wlJ1•r1 -, M;1y 11 . 1 -1·7~. in tlw :-:1·\·P11lidl1 Yt·ar <if lii:-i
a.gc lie expirt~d. 2.; '· Tlio Fnrfnt'~hirr~ ~t1•f111lf'l", ll?lf!Pr 1hP ('~IJllll:l/H "i or

111

t/11 '

Ex·

plain f'11ll y .

l. Iii~ lor1bl 1i1 • i11 "'"'" dl'~Tt'l' r1·1"w"r'"'• JJll'di i·al ,._, _,j,j 1 u 11 ~"
lia\·j11g l1eeu olil.aincd, and wn."' t'o!1\·1·_,1·d t.11 Iii.,;; ffl\'iirit .. villa Pf

•... ' '

(!(

1ri/u, l/u r

Exercise 45.-l'ut the phrases i11to the best possible
po~i tion.

E\l'ltEs,;JoN.

i11fi11it.e

11wadows

4.. 'l'l1t ' lol't·ly slur> J.),"_

i1f lwa \·1 n. ~ i )1'lil h·. 1ini• 11,. oni·.
1

Slw e nte red the door uf Un~ airn~hnus<~.'· \\' 1° 111 Ji 1.1glhruugl1 tlw :-;LrP.ef.s des.·rl••d nnd ~iiPnt nn n ~; 1 Lhat/i
U1 c lock of Uio \-Viek1· L which t'i"''"'il

i11f1)

/Ji>r

~Jlli i ·f

I1Jurr1.

.'"i.
\'t'll )'

6. J 11 J 0

t!if• c 11 ~tln giLnfi·n,~nf. thn

dca.d hour of rnidrtiglit., Uiu png-e put Urn k<'Y· when nil Wt\.~ ~j] , •rit, in
Uie ganl1 ·n.

1wvi·r

n hl1·.-..:~"d

falb't

d(1\\' ll

if l w1·n· all ~·\IJH·ri1 · ai1 :L .. . : l :1111 :111 1':11gli .··d111rn11.
~l1J1ll

1•TW

jj' t\l!HI ta\\1· .. . j

hy

nn t ·

ti• thy :-; id, .,

lw !.. '." 1t1lwri·d

Uo

111

t!J•1l' P , t>l'

G. If

if ynu 1 i<'k ],, ll :-' '(
nq\ n · ,·1·11.~·· if ~·i111

it. la11 .!. d1

and :--l1all

\\E·

:--:.

Fi1 ll1 1W 11w.

/ll'l'

lwa:--t ."'!

\J r a

_\'IJll

Ir

1f

l 1<1 i r.

1i1·i1·i\

yu 11

t!w l'l!l!! train

ll."i,

d.

du

7 . \Vlwn·

i ,Ji.,·d'r'

/!Pl

\\'t' }Hit

d w,

:'II!•\\'

f11\ I. . .

wai1i11;.:- t i 1 lw \.;1 il1· (l.

11\'.t'll

\"(' Hri ' 1111 · 11

if \ )11 ~

!

II. !,t·I

i i ....

al

Jt.:i. . ., t

nm.kt• <llw 1111iJ\~ t•fft)r! , a111! ld 11~ fHi l lik1• 11w1i. i f w1· 111 11 --t fall..
Tlwrr·

is

11f

\\'lH.: l'•· a 1 1~ 1 · l... ;

du\\' ('

poi:-:.1111 us,

wn111.~ 11s'r'

~ 1 111i(l lwr•• l ik·· fat

flw1v j..; f r1 ·1·•l• 1r11.

if

}'l'

lll'\"j · r!

:L T!w ~·. >11 :-\ •· i

!1·:-0'-', t li all jt l :-- \ a j11'1llid 11f I1 l·~di. H ay .

ln·nd. r . ~iJ..;. rii--lt i11.

Wt' lit

tit· r t· r !

-l. Tf1,,ll d ii .... 1. a1 1il ail tliy .L'.' (•111 i:-; Hl' l' 1 · 1 1 1i1i ~( ·; tl 1 ',

~cal1·:--: d·1 t 11rl! li11 t i11 1Ji ,· 1· ... . ! i111 al i1 111
ft•/ll'

as

i f 1111111

fllltdyr .

arm~. 111'Vi'I' !

111:·

rny da:,.:-,i.:t·r, 1uHI

lwr1· 111 \· 1ml.: ,·d

ltl.

l 1r 1·a>l; '"·it!1i11, a !wait

d1•a.r1 r ll1all Pl11l n ' .. ; 111itH', ri1 ·IH' I' t lrn11 g11ld: lakt· iL f11r!l1 ,
1

if 1llllL

0

L11011 1~1:.-..1 a

!IE.id.

H11J11an.

1:2. If

y11 11

11.

dan ·,

d~)

T l11l11 l1n·1d.,:':-;t .

lliy i11 :-; trn11h~lll if t.!1011 d 11."t,

1!1at 1ii ir1 g a g11. i11 .

PRINCIPLE XIII.- Emph as is.
did .. .; f ('\'t•r il1y a ~ar f a tl wr
fo tli nncl rnn~t nn1J1dt1ral ·m unlrr.
EX.\:'ttl'LF,.-

Jf

T!it, j1ri11eipal t.liing· I i1at t lie (;!inst \\·isl,.•s t o ti•ll J la 111 •
kt is f lull Le (ll<.u11leCs fadwr) \Vas J//l(·n l1'·1 'f'd, aml thnt
Hamlet must rc-vcurr the murder. Bllt hy the sam~ princ1 ple

PRINCIPLE XIV .-·- Change of Construction.

Tii i HJ

as in Cliniax , tl1 e l1·ss i111J>orl:u1t. part mu s t be p ut

t~~X A ~l l'LE 1. - - Tlit· t11rr11 1d !11·a r 1 arid I !11• f4111.~111 · tlu t! '"" ri ·tuly.

01"' 11f' th1·s1· 1111t111s is l1111il1·.! l1y a 1r11rd an d the " t l11·r

hv a. f'lrtusc.

Nutl1i11µ: is gained i>y :-;11cli au arra1Jg(·111t.._·11t,

and much is Jost.

ready t1111;;w'.

Say ratlwr, Tiu: 1·orru1,t lu:urt and the

76

THE

ELE~fENTS

l'RTNCl"PLES OP EXPUES8!0 N.

OF ENG LIS IT COMPOSITION.

EXA.MPJ,E 2.- His fa oe and figure we re e minently handsome, and

.he had engaging and noble manners.

In the second clause, mannei·s should be pnt in the
same construction as th e words f rHe a1Hl .fi[1ur1', that is, it
should be the subject. Say, and !tis manner.~ were enga11ing and noble.

not c!ta11,r7e unnecessarily t!te construct ion of a .~en tence, as .from a participial phrase to
· a n i?~jinitive, from a word to a p/1rase, from a plwase to
a clause, etc.
PmNCIPLE.-Do

Exercise 47.-Change to simi lar constructions.

Ex-

.
.
.
I
, ' Divide into
ever to do with Ins being a c ergyman s :s011 .
.
·11·
.
t
each
1nrt.
as
Gulds1111t!t.
1n(tS
two se ntences, f1 111g ou
·
' '
'
.
_ · ti , , "ll rttj" o/ f'oll us, lr.;th" sun cij' r1 po1_11· ,·fn·;1:;1111111. 111. - ic l I . • •
1
[.
,. r1r; 1-/ i!dlwod li e l"ul tf,, , sl/utll-1w.1·, Ilic s··urs
1
r(Jllf,.
/( . '- 11 -.
l

of whi('h he bore t!u·uuyh hfe.
PRINCIPLI~.-IJo not crowd into the same
thoitghts that ha ve n o relut ion to .;ach other.

Exercise 48.-Correct th e follvwing:
u lie o f cl1•I hi11", but all
1 11 is lacad W >Lti :supporl eL1 1JY 11 '""
"'
. I
.
.
. . I . . ~) I I • was full of rt.' lltorsr·, a.111
fforts to restore !l[c were f1 i11t c'"· ~c
l
el
"
<>f hi~ 1u-111 ur as la c eli111becl 1low11 the 'tcep cnq;,;, cuuh
t 10 c 1a11
'
n
J' .L •
a• lie leaves u. wire• Ulll I. ~e. \t'. ll !';(·I I 11 :--,·
be lil'al'd for som e iti uUIC<.'.
.
. . ·t·
t l uy the new s papers at h1·e mtlhon tlul ars .
antl lrn; estate ls es IllllL et
1

plain fully.
1. H e decid ed to vi sit the go1·gc, nn11 if he saw any of the party,
he wo uld a sk for his dog and g un . 2. I le WIL5 inferi or in Loth natural nLiliti es nnd t hose that arc 11cr11ii1·cll. 3. Th e oltl inform the
young, nnd the young animate those who nrc n.dvnnced in life. 4.
I r e mained 11 long time consid erin g th e number of things connected
with this mn.rvell o11s briclge (the LriJgc o r death), llJHI to S!'Cl the people falling just at th e tim e wh en th ey .;:ecm (•<I to be enjoying themselves. 5. Th eir bn s in c~s is t.o tleprec iatc humlln n11tnre, nnd the
co ns id e ring of it unde r its worst nppcnmn cc8. (i. Th ey give menn
i11t<:' rprct11tion~, nrn1 motives that am base, to the worthi es!. nc tin11 s.
7. We live in the past Lyn knowl edge of its history, nrnl we hnve
h ope 11nd nn!:ieip1Ltion in th e future. 8. Almost every object that
nttrnc ts our notice hns its bright :side and thnt which is tlnrk.

PRINCIPLE XV.-Thoughts not Connected.

sentence

"

•

'

COMBINATION OF DETACHED

•

ELl~MENTf=°.:;_

_ ,)

111 the following exercise the pupil is required to comb.
the de tached ele me nts into o ne or uwre well arran ?ed
me
I
. ( lly the Principles of Express10 •1.
sente nces. App Y care u
A riv er nm at t.h c foot of
'/
ExAMPt.ir..-Del<tch~rl }., eme11 111..
. '1'1
10
I The nvcr w11s ele>LI.
b1111 ket·
,
I
·11
The
rive
r
was
tlcept Iw 11 ·
[
l
The mcu.J uw
river wns boumlc1l on one sitle uy IL slip o meat ow.
..··I
Tl . river WlLS uoulllle1l Oil th e
was lcvt:I. Th e 111eadow wa" 11 e 1.
. "'
I
.
Tl
1 mo u wu.::; [or t 1e gcc,c.
other sitlu by !L kind o( common.
. ic co n
'l'I ' I
•~ d
. · U e 1•reen sur faec .
ic) RY
Th eir white feath ers lay scnt,,.,rc . over i " .

there i 11 the summe r season.
ExAMl'LE.-Goldsmit.h wns a clcrgymnn's son, nnd very early in
life he hnd the small-pox.

As these two statem e nts are joined in one sentence,
they should have some natural connection; But surely
Goldsmith's having had the small-pox has nothing what-

b. d
At the foot of tho hill mn a clc1\r, <lcep-banketl
Gom ·ine . .
.
. . ··! le vel mead ow, nml on
·
boundccl on one s1'1e Ly a slip of rie 1'
.
river,
f
ll village geese who,;e wl11 te
the oth e r by a kind of common or ic
•
.
.
y scattered over 11.8 green
feathers during the summer season 1a
surface.- Jrvinp.

';

- -·---~-----·~-"'"- "-;µ

='-*-;:

B~if

;' ;

I.,
'

f!
l~ '

Ii
I

I

78

THE EU; MF. NTS Of' EN GLISH COM POt:iITlON.

l'l\lN('ll 'L~;,;

Exercise 49.-This renowned kingdom wns trnve rsed by sierrus. It wu.s traversed in every dircctio11. ::;ierrns nrc chains of
lofty mountains. '.l'hey 11ro nuk ed 11101.111f~ti11s. They arc rugged
mountain s. They rond cr the ki11 gdo111 nlm ost i111preg11uble. They
loc k up within their cmbmec, valleys. Tiu~"" vall eys arc of prodigul fcrlility. They nre verdant. They are rieh. Tho ki11gdom is
washcu on one side uy tho J\!edi te rrnnean 8cn. lt is situutcd in the
southern part of Spain.
Exercise 50.- fi e cho~ fifty horse men. They were his brnvest.
H e m1ulo a circuit. Did it seeretly. Took post in 11 na rmiv glen.
G lefl opened in to a defil e. Defil e Jay betwee n roc ky heights. The
1\loors hud to pa!;S through the defi le. (Pri11 ciple IL)
Exercise 51.-The pnvilio11 of the king stood on a rising
groun d. Piwilion was 11111g niflcc11 t, ampl e. Thurner of Castil e and
Arrngo n erected boforo it. H oly Standanl of tho cross erected
before it. Ground commanded a view of th o wh ole encampment.
Exercise 52.- Erasmus was born on th e 28th of Octobe r, 1467,
nt Rot te rda m. Tho same yeur Charl es th o Bold bccaruo Duke of
Ilurg undy. Bmsrnus was born four years bcCoro tho battlo o r Bar11ct wns fought. Battl e of Barnet established Ed ward th o Fourth
upou hid t hrone. It was a great bi~t. tle. At th e s1uno time Willinrn
Cuxton was ut \Vcstminster. U c was se tting up his printing press
thcro.

U1Hld1.,,~

E
cise 56.-At l a~t the coaeh blopped. The driver ope ned
xer
the doo
r llc told US to ge t O U t • \V C> di l l 'w • '\Ve fo. und o11r,elv csf
. I
t .of a lnr"e tave rn. Its briglr t aml ruddy w111d nws tol1l .,
111 ro11
.
· t t lP" lm rdtl
e blazing fir es owi t hin. These fires
soo11 rn1u1e us forgc
·t1. . I the lo1w cold ride. The welco n1 e of the hostess s0<rn maL1e
o the ha"'11
-·· o f. ti. ie, Jong' , cold ride. The bo1111 lt'o11sI 'upsusups
forget
n ~ 11. ps
I. .

~r tlrat smoked upou the>boa rd soo'n ma•fo us forget Ure !tan ' nps
of the loug, cold ride. (I nnc1ple XV.)

57.-Thc march of the Gree ks was throu gh an unculExercise
.
. l
f tJ 1is. C'o u n t 1')' fa red
.
l
t
tivatc< eou n r ,,. · 'fhe •sa vngc 1nlrali1 l<L11 s o
Tl
They .had 110 oth er ridrcs than a brecLl of lean s 111:ep.
ie
hardly.
.
.
. , This.
fl
··) of the slrt•ep
was rauk lll H1 llllNlVOry.
. by reaso n of
es l co ntiuually fcetli11g upon $Ca-lb 1.t. (P r111c1p
· · · le •XV)
their
.
. 58 . - Tl 1·,~. "'" l'c·' rt n11d goo<l rnan •l ied on tl1 c 17t h of
Exercise
I
' ·~ 1GS;J
Ji u le rt f.>e hirHl !rim tir e 111e n1 ory of 111a 11 y nob c
Septcm.,,,r,
t'
H o left· a 11111 11crous fu1n1.1y. (.Tl 11..
cc of t hem .were S<.lll.'.
11 ·t ll o wus the he r lo Ii is fu t her's v' rt ues. II c
ac ions.
ti
George Wlls re c t cs · ·
.
,
..
1 Jt
l l . to Iris fath er's pri11cipal estates Ill Cuml-"" 1lam.
was a so 1c1r
·
·t t d 1 II . wa<
I t
-t of his fath er's property wns s1 tm c .,
e
.
was there t ta mo~
. •
.
Th · ·ounty had fo r
:shortl y after elected member for . tlro co11nty.
Is c
sevcrnl ge ncrntions returned tlus [um1 ly t o serve in Parliament.

-

Exercise 55.- T ho godLless of False hood was of a g igan t ic sl1\turc. She advanced befo re the front of li er nrm y. Somo paces.
Lig ht began t o dawu upon her. I t came from Truth. It wo.s <laz-

F alsehoo<l began i11 '<~ 11 " 1.11
J Y 1·,_
·, fi•d
' o. ~li e lotJ ked likt: a. huge
?.ling.
I '"'"'l tt ll<'L'.
of 'J'rn t l1 '' l'phunto rn. Not lilw " n ·a
.
1· l
\'1111 Jo'i d,e lr c,< 111 fd l aw ay e ll .lrt· Y·
1 11
proaclre<l. Cam e ' i nearl'r.
At ti
·i ·irw <• f tlr0
i ·hctl a111id th e brig ht ne,, o[ lrcr pre, e 11 ce.
re ' ' "'
I .
s
.
1·
:-) h rs go out one afte r ;rn ot iei.
.
I Su' ti . ' 11 ·ss of
sun constcllatwn s grow t 1111 . ' •.
.
. . ex. I lll"lllSlr
c< ..
IC gLX l l
'\Vhole he1111,phere
o r s·t·,u...
~ is
o
Fabehood va11ished. So lrcr whole army v11111shecl.

w•~

Exercise 53.-The tea was pourc<l in to cups. Brilliant porcclai u. Tho m1pkins fringed with gol<l. Tea presented to tho ladies
Ly sl1wes. S laves were Turks. !'resented 011 their knees. Lu<litlll
sat on cushious. On the g roun<l.
Exercise 54.-The floor was coYcrcd with vast sums of gold.
It rose on either siLlo of her. In pyra111i1b. I wondered at tho
am ount. In q uired. There was virtue in lier touch. The snmo
virtue which the poets say a Lydia n king possessed. Could convert
what sho pleased into that precious metal.

OF E x 1·rn;,;,;10N.

(Principle XV.)

.

Exercise 59.- A white chariot wus now approach mg. It was
. ' be•! . d the co uslablc. H was clraw11 Ly t wo wlr1tc
an ope u space
lift
. ·k . . .
ti
alfreys P alfreys co vered with white damu.sk. Da mas s11 ept re
p . cl . Above tho chariot was borne a golden ca nopy. lt m1ule
grou.u . 'th s1·1,,c•1· bell" In Urn <:Irr.riot su.t the oLsc rvctl of all
IllllSIC WI
~·
.
··1
·
observers. She WIL'l Quee n of E ugl a llll. Quee n at h.1st. _s ic wus
· re beautiful occasion of all this
F'ortuno's ph\ything of th e I rour. Tl

.
111

/

!

80

PRINCIPLES OF EXPHESEION.

THE ELEMENTS OF J' NOLISII C011POS ITION.

glittering h ~mage. Sho wns Lo rno nlong upon tho waves of this sea
of gl o ry. She ure11tl1c<l .th o pc rfume(l in ce nse o r greatu css. She
hall n ske<l l'.er honor, her self-respect, to win this greatness. She
lrnd won. '!hero ~h e sat. D rcs~c•l in white rol'~~
~ · . Tl c1. f u1r
· I ·
fl
11ur
owed loose o ver her sh o uld e r~. A lig lit coronet t•ncirel cd lHJr tempi •s. 'l'ho coro net was o f g oltl a rn l diam o nd s. Sh e ~ecm e<l at that
l10ur th e mo~t beautiful of all 1~11 gla11tl's <laughters. She :;eeme<l
m ost favored. (Princ ipl e I I I.)

Exercise 60.- N egotiations wero openeLl with the chicftnin s.
They were ca ll ed chieftains. They governed the neig hboring
tri bes. Cupidity, jealousy, an<l prid e were found a111 011g th ese savage rulers. Their c upidity was in satiabl e. Th eir jeal ousy watc hful.
Th eir pride punctiliou s. As much so as u.mong th e potcntat.es whusc
dispu tes hall sce mc<l likely t o mflke the Congress o f lty s wick d ernal. P One prince lmte<l the Sp1111ianls. The reaso n wns that'' fine
rifle had uec11 t11kc 11 away fro m him by the Governor of Porto Bl' llo.
lt had bee n t.11ke11 011 th o pl c>< that such a !'Ille was too good for u
re<l n11111. O An othe1· loved t.he Sp1rniar<ls. The reu.so 11 was th a t th ey
had given him n slick tipped with silver. On tho whol e thu ll CW ·
come rs succce<le<l in making fri elllls of tlw abori g in a l race. One
mo1111rch wore a cup of whil e ree<ls. H w~ adornell with un ostr ic h
feath er. It wu.s lined with red silk. Il t1 wore it wi t h priJe. lie
was 111ight y. He was the L ouis the Great of th e istl1mus. J le
sce 111cd well i11cli11cL1 to lit e stra11gcrs. ltcceiv ctl tlr em lt uspitalily in
u. palace. Palu.co built of canes. Covcretl with paluwtto roy a l. li e
regaled them with cal11L1ishes of a sort of ule. Tho ale was brew ed
from lmlian corn aud potatoes.

RULES FOB. THE PAH.AGH.APH.
1. Combin e into on e parag raph all the s e nteuces that
pertai11 to 0 110 dis tiuct t o pi c.
2. If a paragraph is v e ry lo 11g, co vc ri 11 ., a J)ll • ~e
0
·t may b e d 1nde
" . d.
o
o r so,

1

3. A paragraph s huuld n o t co n sist of a si11:;le s e nt e nce ,
un 1ess th e on e s e nte n ce ex Ir a u s ts tir e discu s si o n of the
topic.

Y ery short parag raphs do 11 o t loo k w e ll.

Exercise 131.-Thc l\0111a11 Emperor marched o ver 11 suIHl y desert. H lies bctwcou E 111csa and l'11l111 yrn. H e w11s J><'l"J >e l11all y
lmrnsscd by th e Arabs. The Arnbs were rubucrs. Th'"y were act ive
and d11ri11g. li e co ul<l 11 ut nlw11ys 1lcfcllll his 11n11y. l<:s1•c•·iall_v ltis
bagg11go.J Tho Arnbs ca111 c in flying truup8. Th.:y waLclll'd th e
m ome11t o ( surprisc. Tltey cl11tlcd th e slow j>llrsuit .,f t l1 c ltu11 11w
legions{ Th e siege of l'11l111yrn WtLs 1111 obj1·d 111orc di!l it- 1.lt a11d
important. E111pcror pressed tlw 11tL11cks i11 [>Cl"sun. Wit.Ir i11 cessa11t
vigor. Was him self wounded with 11 dart. }'l'l1e firn111 css of Zc11ol•i a
was supported by hope .. Zeno bia was Quee n of Pal111ym. S!HJ
tho ught tliat fomi110 wouhl t:0°111pcl tho llo1111rns tu rcpu.:;s the dc,;c rt.
That the ki11gs of lir e East(Wuuld arm-4Jiemsc lvcs in her defence.
a:'J\uticularly the Persian mo1mrnh. 'l his wa.s rc1~~u1111ble. The P ersian monarch was her most 1111tuml ally. Perse verance of th o
Empe ror A urclian ove rcam e every uhsl.11.d e. rle was ai1le<l by fortune. Tiro P ers ian councils hnd become distnL<;tcd. This di straction caused by tho d eath of Sapor, the Persian ge neral. l'crsia 11s
sent inconsidernblc succors. Attemvtcd lo relieve Pll.huyru.. 1'.:m-

4. It is not w e ll t 0 beg111
·. a parag rap I1 with a long senteuce.

5. Th e transitions fro m on e paragraph
should n o t bo a b rup t .

to

81

another

G. Each 11ew paragraph slrould b egin on a new lin e , and
about an inch to th e ri rrlrt o f th o mar rrj 11
O 11 pape r t l1e
.
o
o ·
width
of foolscap, tir e ma1vo in :slroul<l b e about 1111· lllC
· Il 111
·
.
width; each paragraph would there fo re b egin two inches
or so from th e edge of tir e fJaJ)C r · If the ·p ape r use d is
·
narrowe r than fools cap, bo th m a rgin and ind e utation for

l

paragraph sh o uld b e pro p o rti o nally less.
S e e how many of th e rc rnai11i1w e x e r c ises should be
divided into two or more p ara[Jrap!:.

li
. '·>'
.,,,,,

•. '<"/1~•

'Ir.

82

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGI,ISJI COMPOSITION.
PlllNCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.

peror easily intercepted them. Zenoliii\ resol ved to fly. She mounted
the fle etest of her drome<l11ries. Hcaehed t ho lianks of the Euphrates. Euphrates is sixty miles from Palmyra. Emperor's light horse
pursued . Overtook her. Seized her. Brought her captive to the
feot of tho Emperor. Pnlmym surrendered. It was treat.id by the
Emperor with unexpected lenity. (Principle XV.)
~

•

-i;:xercise 62.- His Maj\)sty, King William, landed at l\farg11te.
This was known on the fo urteenth of November. There had been
some days of impatient expectation. li e landed at Green wich J11te
on the fifteenth. Ile rested in the palace t here. It was 11 st11tely
building. Under his 1iuspiecs it was turning from a p11lt1Ce into a
hospital. Eighty-six coaches came next morning to swell his train.
It was a bri gh ~ 11ntl soft morning. Tho cot1Ches were fill ed with
nobles, prelates, privy councill or,;, nm! judges. Il e w11s met Ly tho
Loni 1\layor and the Alderm en. This was nt Southwark. They
were in all tho pomp of oflicc. The .windows were gay with tapestry, rilimuh, and flags. Th b was so along the whulu ruuLc. The
fiu est pnrt of the shuw wu.;; the eruwd or spcctnlors. They were
innumernlilc. They were iill in lh l' ir S11111lay cloll tin g-. 011l_v l110
upper chi.sses of other countries could a!Iord to wear such clothi11g.
The King sai<l he had never seen such a multitude of well drc,;:scd
people. Tho King w11s g reeted by indications of joy and alTcc tion.
They lasted rro·n th o hcgi11 11 in g to the end or hi ~ triumph. Ho
(•n tnm1 his conch at OrPe11wiel1. Tlr~ nliglil"'d fru111 it in t he rn urt
of Whitehall. Ho Wll8 accolllp:mie<l .from tho first momeut by one
Jong huzm.

EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION.
REPRODUCTION VII.
THE SINGING LEA YES.
A BALLAD.

I.
"Whut fairings will ye thut I Lriug?"
Said the King lo hi s J1wghters three ;
"For I to V uuity l<'air 11111 boun;
Now su.y what shall it bo?"
Then up u.ml spake the eldest tluughtcr,
Tl mt. huly tall u.ntl grnml:
"0. Ltri11g 1ne pea.rb a111J. di u.1 11 u nd s g reat,

Am! i;uld rin g-,; fur lllY hand ."
Thcrcufter spake tile Sn'4>l~l daughter,
Tl mt was lioth white aml red:
"For mo bri11g silks tlmt will stand ulune,
Arni "i;ul,I eu1r1b fur 1ny hcu.d."
Then c1\111c the t urn of t he luasL t!1lllgliLcr
'l'lrnt was whit.er Urnn 1.l1isi.lo-down ,
Aud umong the gold of her blithewme hair
Dim shone the golden crown.
"Thero came a bird this morning
Ami sung 'neath my bower-eaves,
Till I drenmcd, as hi s music made me,
•Ask thou !or the singing)cuves.'"
Then th e brow of t he King swelled crimson
With a flu sh of angry i;corn:
"Well lmve ye spoken, my two eldest,
And chosen as ye were born;

83

PRIN C IPLES OF EXPllESS ION.

84

THE ELEMENTS OL?° ENOLISIL COMPOS ITION.

"But she, like 11 thing of pcas1111t race,
That is happy uimling the , heaves";
Then he saw her (lead mot her in her face,
Ami said, •·Thou shalt have thy leaves."

II.
Ile mounted >i111l rode three 11nys n1ul nights
Till he cn1n e to Va11i t y Fair,
And ' twas easy to buy the ge ms and tho silk,
l.IL1t no sing in g le1L1'cs were there.
Then dee p in the gree n wood rode ho
And asked of eve ry tree,
"0, if you have eve r 11 si11 gi11 g leaf,
I pray yon to give it me!"

•

Dut t he trees :dl kept i heir co unsel,
.And 11e-\·er a. \Y urd said tin_·y ,
011ly there s ig hed from the pine-tops
A music of sc1t (nr away.
011iy the p11tlcring a:; pc n
Made 11. so u1Hl of growing min,
That fell e ver fa.st-Or 11nd foste r,
'1'111'11 r111t., re1l t.u sile nec aga in.
"0, wh ere shall l Ii nd IL Ii tLle r\Jut-pagc
That would win both hose and ' hoon,
Awl will bring to""' I Im ' i11 g i11 ;.; ll'a\'es
If I.hoy gruw u11d e r l.h c 11wu11 '{"
The n lig htly turned hi111 Wall er t he page,
Hy th e stirrup 11.:; he rnn :
"Now pledge ye me tk e truesu111e word
Of a king nnil gi> nll ,-,m11n,
"That you will g ive 1110 the first, first thing
You meet. at th e ('a.~ llc gate,
And the princess sha ll gct. th e si11ging leaves,
Or mine be a t.rnitnr's fol-0."

Tlw King'' he11(l tlr"Pl"' 'l ll)H >ll Iii' l•r<'ll' t
A 111n1111•1d, a~ it llli ,!.!hl. he:
"'Twil l h ~ 111 y cl ng 1 " l1P ti11111glil, and ~aid,
" i\'!y faith I plight lv lit<·•·. "'
Then \ValLer tnok from 1w ~t. hi s heart
A 1•:wl;.·l .- 111all a11.1 l i>ill ,

.. Now

.~iv1· ~ ·1 H1

tl1i:-;

11>

tin· l' ri111· 1•:-;,...; 1\ 111w,

Tlw si11gi11g h_·1 l\'l':-i an : I l wr1·i11.''

111 .
A'f:i th e l\in~ rutl e in a l hi :-; c·astk ga.IC' ,
J\ n1aiclt>n to 11u ·t·t l1i1n ra11,

And •· \\',·l• ·n111 c" fo i.hl'r ! ·· .- l1 l' laugln·,l and .. ricd
Tog-1·1.l ll'r, tlw Pri11~·1· "'-' .\11111'.

"T 1o, lwrP t.lH' s i11!.!in;: J,-,a,·r·"·''
••,\n il

\\'Ht',

1p1oil1

lit>,

l111 tt!wy1· ·1--t 111t• di•arl"

Slw \.,.,!... t l1t· i ';wl\ ··1. a 11d 1l1i'

-..: 1Hil1 '

Del'j.Jl'll•_·d d nw 11 Lt"·1w:ll Ii I li t• I •'Ill'.

It d1 •e pc 11ed d•)\\'n till ii. re:o._.i,..,J lier l1~>1rt.,
\11d tl w 11 g 11 --. lll'd 1q ~: 1 .:: ai 11.

1

Anol li .~hit-d J,.. r t.-ar' il~
'l'l'ILli --.l i :: 11n' :-:

Llw

""Iden

"I ll

t lw ~1111~11wr ra 111.

And tli1· fir -.. L h·af. wlw 11 ii wa :-; j'l'1'tll'd,
San:,:: •·I :un \\' alli·r tlw i'a .~'"

Awl !lw :-;1~1q..(S I :-; ing

'11 i•a th

lhy wi11do\\'

An· rn y 1J11l y l 11 · rit.a ~i · . "
Awl tlw :"'~ · <'() lid lraf sa ng-: ' 'B u t i11 t lw la111l
'l'h :l.f. i ~ 11 Pitl ll'r

1\1y

111 1 1·11rll1

11r~t~a. .

I Hr1· Inn\ -.: (1f 1111Jrt'
Tl1a11 111ri1•1· tlii;-; ki11 g d11111 ':-; 1"1·1·.' '
l1d1· a11cl

Anil lli<' tliirol jp,.f ~an!:: " J\p mi111· ! I"' min•' ! "
And PH'!' it ~n 11i:: , "l\c miiw 1·•
Tht• 11 sw 1•; •f1 ·r it sa n g and 1•\'1·r ~wr:•PtP r.

Ant! said , "I 'tun t.hinr., thin e, thi11c.

85

86

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.
l'lUNCll'LES OF EXPI\ESSION.

At the first leaf she grew pale enough,
At the second she tnrne. l aside,
At the third, 'twas as if n lily flu shed
With n l'O'C's re.1 heart's tid e.

""

l\JoUwr Puss rnlmly
Following slow,
J.JiStl•J1i11~, - < '.; llJi11g

Mi'<•h !- illl'oh ! I '11:-; .~ fu111t1l l.l1crn,

J\l11t h··r

"Good eo1111sel g:we t "" hird ," said she,
"I ha,·c my hope tlorie" o o·r,
F'or they sing to my very hc11rt," she said,
"A111! it sings to t.l1t'm ('\'l'rmorc."

A litlk lwap,
])ow11 in I Jin cl1·1·p gra~~,

Fa:--;L a:··d1·(·p.

.Juy
She brought to l1i111 li<•r J,,a11f!' and trnt.h,
But nnol ill'oaol f•nrldo1ns th1·c~·,,
Awl he lllndc lwr 'JllCCll or th e broader l11n1fa
H e held of his l11te in fee.

ALl.I ~O~,

in

' '~t. Ni(·hnla~.··

1Jow did it happe n that littl e "Golden TI air" \\':tlldl' rl' • l
\V"S
\\'!oat
did
· e ?. ''\Tl1·1t
away f rom I1om
v
,
,. she seeki1w?
o
.
sloe say to he rse lf 011 the way? \Vas sh!' afraid out 011
]) CSC l'I·1 )C ti. IC 1110 ti IC r's <liscnv c•rv
of th e
th e prairie?
J
chil(l's absencl'. DesC'rihc th P sPnrch. Picture as \'ivi<lly
as you ca n the fi11di11g of the slel'ping child.

,JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.

DEVELOPMENT V.

TWO KITTIES.
DEVELOPMENT VI.

Two little kit.ties
\Vamlcrr<l away
Into the prairie
One summer day.
One on two fe r.t,
Hosy a111l fair,
Almost a haby," Go>l<lP11 ll11ir."

THE BAnv BIRD.*
Poor lit.tie haloy-hir1l
I I it~ fallr11 fr11111 a t.rrc,
An'l 'lnw11 in th n ln11g gTfl~S
T~

"F'our frf·t,- 11:-:r· les~,

Eyes fast r lo'C1l,
Dorne in a lonskt'f.,
The other 1lozc1l.
Sea1·c·hing in trJTor
l~nr arul wi<lt\
"Golden I lair's " mother
Moaned and cried.

87

..

f:rying •· Chr>P! ( '. hee ! .,

Silly littl1• J,11J •y- liinl I
Oh, wl1at 111:1dc yon try
To f.,J low 11rter 1111w1111a
Befnrn yon co11l1l fly?
Stupid little lo11by-bir1l
All 1lripping with the min,
Now go to your nest and wait
Until mnmmn eomes again.
•From" Lnrge Print for Little Headers."

Bost.on: D. Lothrop/!::, Co.

i.
i

... ;:..,

88

THE ELEMENTS OF ENOLl:-\JI CO\IPOS!TJON".

Perhaps it is a ch il rl talkinp; to the hinl.

I'l( !SCll'LL:-\ OF EXl'ltl-:Ss!ON .

He mny have

Sm1tck w0nt. th<> whip, rn1111d WPnl the wht•tls; wt•re

fo1111d it i11 tl10 grass, and 111a\· I><• tryi11~ to put it hack i11

11 Ii·

1 wst.

REPRODUCTION VIII.

l

1q1

!w gnl,

i11

f?or :-;iuldk-tri'P

PROSr. RE,\IiTNOS.

\\'lit>ll

~ 11

l'ilfd:ti11

Julin Uilpin 's

Wt'l"t'

,. 1,,. w a '

~ pu ll~ ~aid

,,f f.1

}11·

r1·r111\\· n:

;)111!

11H 111 "

tu ill'r 1kar,

l,~• 11 •11111

ln\\'ll.

rnarrit·d we have

_ _J__

'f

I

1l

"To-morrow i~ nnr w.-.ddin~-·l:•r. nnd "'"will illf•n l"f'J'flir
I

111 , . ...

i...;! 1 · r' . . : ' ·I 1i 1 l.
1

i

11 _\·._ ,· !1
1

a11d 1•air.
l r ·I 11: • I r•·ri ! l 1 n ·i•.

:1111

\\'1il !ill t!w i·lmi ... t·; :-;,, _\" ••ll llllL"' t r i l·· ••ll !1

1

r1·:11·l1t·d liad !w, Iii:-:.

)i.•

/11·

jd11riwy

:-.:n.w t !1n·1·

~<Hi ll

,.\rid

\ ' r,11

rPpli<'11. "I do adinirP

•l" '- 1·l

1

lit )'

n~

w1irnanl.;ir;d

all I !1··

\\"nl'ld

\ \t'l"i '

11~1wl1

-.: 11i! 1·i\ 1• 1 t!wir 111i11d.

l:wl• !

"1

witli lw; .. yd I iring it
1

11w, 111y

katlwni lwl! lil-

<1 .. 111

ln wl 1i1·h

l11 •n.r

111y

j,

~ii\\' ~l r-....: . (; il t1i 11 (1·Hl"t'f11l -.:1111i '.) li:1 •! 1\\-11 . . . 1,1111· 1,. 11 i Ii ·'"' f,i11tH1.
Ti) Ji. ii .\ tlw !i11 11111· t!1:t1 :--l it' !1•\"1·il. ;111il L1..-\ I ii --. :1 r •. a111 ! '-• •\1 111!.

E 1wli 1.. ,ttl• · hntl "('11rli11 .c: "' "" tlir.. 11c:h wliit·li 1111' lwli llt' dri·w,
/\nd i!ll\J~ f\ L~ot.llt• 011 t'llf'h ~idi·, f1l 111:tki' Iii :-; l1aln1wt~ lrt1t'.

\\' 1· \\iii!)\' f1 1ri 1i--dwd wi!l11~11r n \\11. \\-!Ji1·l1 j . . 1,.. :!1 Lri:_:-l it a11d ('k11r."
.l.1!111 {:il11in l.;i-......;t·d hi ;-; ]1 1\· in~ wif1·: (l·1 ·r_i1 •_
, -,.,j \1 :1...;

Tlt 0 IlldrTtill~

('lltlll',

l l!f'

1· l 1:1 i"' '

wn . .; (,r,. 11'_'."lif. !•11 :

iw

111i11.1.

wa...; IH•t.

alluw t•d

ll1ri·1· door~ (11T 1 i1f'

r·l1:1i -.:1• \\":l'-'

l~iit fiiii li i i~ -....11d~ :1 '"-llH"l<•llP·r 1-.1;11 l l11· 111 -.>1ll 1 Iii -.: w1·ll :--11111\ f1 ·t·I,
. .: i1t.i·1 iii~ i~~ · a-...1h 1 · ~<lll111 triol. wl1i('l1 ~: 1l!~·d l1i111 i11 Iii...; "'•·al.
~. -,,"Fa ir! .a n 1 . . : 1,flly! '' .l11li11 lw (·ri1·d: !1111 . • l11lin lw 1·ri1·d in \ "JL111;

Tlw

1

Tlw lr•il

!k·(·aiiw IL

gallup

" ' " 111 , ir1

' l1il1· «1f 1·11rl1 :111d l't';lL

:--L1yi·d, wlw r1· 1l1•·y· <liil all g-1'f

~"· :...:lt~n\lill _g" duwn, a~ t1t'1•d:--; lw 11 11 1...,1, w1 1•l 1·a11111 1t ~it 1qiri:;lil .
II•• !! r :1.... 1w,\ tlif' llllL!\I' \\'itli IH•llt iii'-' l1a111b, a.nil d..:t' w ith al l
111 i!,..':lil .

'!'11 dri\'f' 11p Ii> 111P d•w 1r . l1· . .; J :dl ,]1n 1i!il ':L_\. tli:d :-- !w \\'H. '-' pr1111d.

~11

1lir•• \\ .

l •1 fi11d

:l fr1q..:·al

:·, ·t

if!

l!l, -

~ix [•n·ei1,HS ~1111ls,-alld :d ! ag•1g t11 da"l1 t! 1 ruu~l 1 tl:i\·k and tbiul

·~
~(~0 J

::~~·;''.if:~
~~~\1,~~

f1- 111 11 !<1\1 t .. l •" '.

Full --..lil\\"\y p:i("i 11 g 0 '.-r tli1' :--.1iHJ('' wdh <·1t11li 1,11 a11d ~1Mtd l11·1·d.

dP11r,

·-

P~·

ln1...,fy :--w1)ril. \\·!11·11I1in1·x1·n·i:--.t· . "

k11t1\\";

l,J11otl1 1\lrs. Gilpin . "T h1tl.',; well ":tid: nnd, for I hat. wine

pl.·:t"'11r1· ~ ltt' wa...; l 1~·1d. :-.: !11• l1:ld

1

\\" 1..;1•,

Iii" \iHi~ ri·tl «'1 1111 \.;, wi ·l l l1r11 , Jw1l a111\ 1wa1, lw r11:111f11li~· 1l1 l
]ij 111 lll<llllil•· i1i >1wi•11!_!"ai11 111~1Jl hi" 11ir11!1 l +· "t1·1·1I,

"

t111

111·lf·1 · .

Now ,, .1 •

l111f, •\JH'.

.:...:·;tod rri1•11ti t.iH' ('/llt•lld f' r will 1··11·1 Iii...: i1 qr...:.• In g1)."

Tf1at t !1q11gli

fifK;J·~
~~~-~:

IP ili' ~i 11.

\\'1J11\1I !r1i11l1lt· \11111

Tl11·1 1 11\· ,.r nll. t l l1 d 1w 1 11i ~ld \,,. (·11 11 i1·1 ·•·d

;tr· k 11fl1·r w1 ·. ''

:1r1· :--lit·. 111y d4'art· ~ I dt·:1r. ! lH·n·(111··-· il -.li:dl ht • dnne.

I :1111 a l111i·11-dr;qH'J' 111.ld,

And

1d'

.;11"4

~~:j

.-11 .... 1j~1111·r...; 1·1111i1· 111.

1

If,.

~

d1~w11 :1 .~ai11.

,::uiw; f1ir J11 . . " 11f t i111•". a11 li1.ii::l1 it ~ri t ·\ ··d l1i111 . . . ,H·t·.

] 1111 ~ lH·fiit'•• t l w 1·11 --. :1o111j·r...:

•• (_;(., •• J

"'1'!11111.~lt

lfnf., fj,., l\,"1 1 llL Ed111011lo11. all i11 "cl1ai "t:

;-;1·:l!T+'

cat1t1·

~i<,>\

'~:{~

mad .

\\"!1t·ii l~i·t t:·: -.:i·r·· : u 11 i 11 ~ (·: 1111 1• 1lJ 1\\· 11 :--l11ir-.:, •• Tlw""\\ i1w i...; l1·rt l11 ·l1ir1· l'

1 11 ·1·11

:l 111

a -.: if ( ' Ji1•np . ., ii\1'

lia~!t' tq ridi', 1.111 :--1~i11

l.1tniing- r 111111 ,J Iii~ \w;1d,

tlii\\"!J

H!'w;i -.:

<: ILP!Y

(1f ''l'1'•!i1

w:1.-.; :t f'itiZf'll

A tr:ti11-l1:uHl

,. -..i . . f ,. r

1111ckr1v·:dl1 .

-Yt·L lii "~ 1 ,f pent·~" fllll wi·ll lw 1,1,..w,

REPRODUCTION IX.

~1

fulb ""

John (;i\11i11 a l l1i....; l11iJ"-...1:~ :--. i~k :-:.1 ·i;,1·1I f a:-:.1 fill· t\1iwi11.~ 1ti a 1w.

.Awl

.l1.li11 <:i!pin

llt'\'t'l'

g!a1f;

Tlw "t . 1ri •'" diil r:tt11t·

J1 1 Il~

~

lli' lJ 11 r , 1'. who Ilt'Yt·r i11 tli a1 :-:qrf lrni\ l1rt11dl··d lu' t'll lwf,1n\
\\'l ml . t!ii 11 ~ 1ip•• !l I ii:-; luti·h l11Ld g tit. di.J WtJ 11der wore and more.

:~

~t§;i~
~-J'.

~j

~l
......-~·.-··

~f\~~
t.i:'~.:;~:

.L~J

90

Pl\INCJl'U:~ OF EX!'ltE"::>fON.

91

THE ELEMENTS Of<' ENOL!Sll COMl'OS!TION.

The

Aw1•y we11t Oilpi11, 11P<·k or 11n11g-ht; nw·ay ""'li t. hat 1t11(l wiR";
lfr littl" dn•a1111" ! when lie sd '~" ii. pf r11n11ing >11eli 1L rig.
Tl1t• wind did blow, Llw l'loak did ily, lik1· ~tn•:1111er ]1>11g llll1l gay,
Till, Juop a11d bull.on fa iling both, 11L last iL flew away.

Then might 11.ll people wel l 1liscl·rn the bottlr•s he hail slung;
tlt'\\'

the windows a.JI,

i\way Wt 1nt <filJ•in, wl1t 1 ltt1t h(·! Jd.._ lanJC· ~n1°n 'pn•atl ar1•111 1d:

•• Jf,. i·arri1'S \\·1·i.~li! ! lk ri1l~·.-; a rai·t·'. 'T i:--f,,r a tl11111sar11l p •HIP•ll"
A11d ." > I.ill, a~ fast as Jit~ 1ln·w 111'ar, 'I.was \\'uI1d1·rf11l t() \'i1·\\"

Arid !!(I\\',

lt"'

J]t' w1·1d

g'Hl1• ....; wjij,.

opt 'll flirt'\\'.

)1,;wi11~~ d(f\\'l\ Iii" r,·,•J.: i:1 _:~ rw ~td f1tll )11\\" ,

T l11· IHi1!!1·:-; twai1i, lw!1i111l hi..; li:wk,
Uc; wn ran tlie wi1w i1110 tlw r11ad,

\\°!'l'i'

111():-;f

-:J1 :dii·n·d al a.

11ii1·1111:--.

t1J ht'

tl11'

f;·i1·wl i11 s1u-l1 a. t.ri rn,

gat1·, and tl1 11s

at~c'j1:-;!t·d hi111:
lllt'

\'\>II

11111st

1u1d >l 1a ll !

Now <lil11i11 had a pJ1.,1sa11t. wit., :rn1l J.,,·,·d "li111.-ly j<1kt·;
U11h 1111l11 1111 ~

1·1d1·11tll·r, in

ht"·

1111·rry g11i:-i1'

~i~olu·:

' 'I <'illne hccan:-;e y11ur liurs1· \\"~nild t'1)1tw; a11d, if I w1·ll f11n· l1nde,

1\f y l1at and

wi .~

Tl11~ 1·al1·1id1·r.
l~ 1 -111nwd

wt! l

S• 11111

ht> l wn· ~ l l1e y

ar1~ 11 p1

in

ttH• l't

1;1d

!"

rigl 1t .~Lui fd find tii"' frii ·nd i11 1111·t'f'~· pin.

lii1n lH•I.

c-.i11 .!...:-!1 · word, !)iii to I l11 ·

;1..

11 1:

lt1'1t:0-:1' \\' 1·111

>! might. lt1 · t'Illll<' with !mt. :wd wig,-11 wig tl1al 11 .. m·d

\Vltt·I il'•'

! wl 1it Ii J.
/\ IJaj ll • il 11111 1·1!

tl1t•

it " kirHI.

1·w·li 1•t1 J1wl y i11

\\·11r:--:i• f11r w1·ar. -

!il1)\\".

lie l11·ld llwrn

:--:t>1.· n,

!wa~l

\\'/1i 1·h made l1i>i horse's lla11k:-; 1~) :-;111(,t\1', a."' llwy l1a1l l1a . . . 11 ·d 1 ~1· 1·11 ·

''Al.\·

Bu t. :--it.ill he ~i-1·nwd

And

:-;1«~1 1

~ai•l

,l1dtr1,

t.(1

Iii~

:-;pp

''\\'hilt n<'ws: \\. hat Ill"\'., ; y., 11r ti.Ji11;:s l1·ll ! 'l\·11

And

Awl e1·c ry 'uul cried u u l, " \\',·II dtt1lt'!" 11s l•>11d "'he ('ould l1awl.

flnw ill !L l.l'i('t.~ fJi1~ illl'lljlikc llH'll fJit·ir

an1a.zt>d lo

Suy wliy l.iare-hl·atl1.·d yon are cull it.', or why ynu 1·11111e at nll ! "

1\ l10U h~ swinging at t·ach sid(•, as liath lwP ll .-.:aid or ~11ng .

Tl1t· dilg . . 1Ji1l lmrk. tlie l'liildn·n ;-;<Tt'alni·d. up

~ale11 1 ler,

Laid d11\\'ll Iii:-; 1ii1•i'. ll1·w t.11

f'arry w1·i:..;ld, with J,·1t!lwr girdl1· l)r1wl'd;

i..;

llp , ;uirl

twi1·1 ·

a.-:

in Iii -.,
l1i_~

ti 1n1

1!111...:. :-- h

11

\\'1•d

Iii"' n·ady wit.

a-.; y1\lJ!'...:; tli.·y, l!wrt·f!1t't', Jw1·t! -.,

lit.

11111...:f

B11t kt. 1111~ s1·ra.p1' tlw dirl away tl1al li a 11 .~:-1 11p1111 ynur fa t·1•;
:u1d 1·at. for \\t·l!

y1HI rnay l~P

i11 It l11111gr .r 1·a-..;1'.

11

[•\ir all :11i.~itt. :0-:1'1' tl11• lHdf ),·-111TL-..: "!1il da11~ii11~ at }ij-.; \\·ai "I .
'l'J111"

all! ! 1rt)li .~!1

J111·rr:·

[-dir1!._'.'1·HI:

!1 · ·-:1· :_:-a11il 1· •l"'

Ji,. did 1ilay,

H

I r.)..;

If \\if1· :--lHi11ld

And till Ji ., 1·a1111· 111J(., 111•' \Va, !1 .,f J·:d111"11t"11 "' g-11_1".

111 '. \\'1•1 !1 li11;:

di1~1 ·

day, ar11l all 11w w()rl 1l W1H1ld . . tar,,

;lt l·:d11i( •Jl1< 1Il and I

~ii, t11niiti~ j,1 l1i...:: 1111!':---•·

lw .-: nid, •·I

~ li1o1ild

1111 1 ir1

di1H" al \\'ar,._"

!ia . . !~ · ! 01 1!in1 "

J\11d lli1'r1~ h1 ~ tlirr·w tlw \\'a:--:h alio11f. nn hnfli :-:id.-~ nf ll14• wny_
.lu:-;L lil..:1• 1111!,c; a. lrr111 1l!l11g--11HJJ1, i~r H \\'iltl g-1u1:-;1· al. Jllay.
A l. l 1)i1 111 11d i.11 1 l1i . . i11Yilt.~ wif1'. fn111i liw l 1;i.l. ·1·11y, ~pi··d

llll!W,

llt~r h·ndPr hlJ....;lm11d , wr11p[1 · riri~ 11 11 u ·h i·1 -.:1·•' li1•W 111• did rid'°'·

Ah, l1i(·kl!·:--;-..; :-:tH' 1·1·h arid
1

h1>i'1

!1"'"

h~a . . . t

l·'.1r, \Yilik liP -.: 11aL 1•, a ],r:1yi 11!.. '.· :1...:..., 1!i1l
":::-ii up, slup, .Tul11J U ilpi 11 ! l1t•r1· \ 1lw l11

•ll .' "'t': , .

! l11·y all at

"T/ 11• di111H.·r wait·"'· and w~\ an• t ir1·1 l ! " ~aid (; i I pill,
f{11t y ..·J Iii;-; hnr:-;1• wa:-; l\ !d

:1..

i •

DIH'P
:-;11

ii id i·ry;

a111 I!"

\\'lwn·n! !1i:-; liur~1·

l111t1! at11l 1·!1·Hr .

...._)11 .:..:.- 11111 -., t

did >JH1r1 a-., itl' !1a.d !w :ird

;t

lifl!l

J\1id g<t.lli1jwd uff witli all Iii:-; lll igiil , a:-; lw had d

1

J' 1iar,

i11t ·

lwf1)1'l'.

whit ir!1· li r11 ·1 l !1 1 iarr.\· ilH'ri·;

1

Ji or why'( Iii ,-.; 11w1wr !ind a 11(111...;1._ fiti i 1• '11r11il 1·.-:;1 1ff,

:d .

\\'ar1•.

J\\\': 1 _\'

\ \ ·1•iJI

li t• l(l"'
~n li\.,y Hn arrow ~wi (t. Iii· llr•w, ~li1d.

sd 1li1l lw fly-\'\'1ii 1·h }q·iri _g-s

l!l!'

liy nn nr!'/11·r :--:1 ro11g-,

lo Iii!' 11 1i1!1lh' ~Ir Ill~· :-;1111g-.

Away w1•1d <:ilpi11, <•11!. !>f l1r1•:dl1, a11d

Tiil al Iii,; frieJHi Uw

! f.1 r w!ii(·l1 lit> 11aid f1ill d1·ar;

l'lli<-11dt•t"s

·"'JI'•'

a ,;..: :ri ri:-;I. hie; will,

Iii., liur'e at i1." L ~ Luod ,;till.

t;d1\iH.

111HI <l\\"ay \ '>1'1 11 (; j]!)in":--;

tl1 1'!l l :-'IH•!Wl'

N\)w l\li:-·d .n·s:-; (;i]pin.

1liall tlw 1ir:-!.
wilt'll

r.1r

h a! and wl;.~:

wl1\ ··~

l!tt'Y

\\'1·n ·

t()! I

:...;J1e :-:aw lit•r ht t.. . La11d 1~usti 11;..:- d(>\\'Il

ltd1) l Ill· (·( 11111t ry far a.way, ~lH' i111llt·d '~111 lialf a

f "l"o\\.'ll;

Li~.

,;

...
92

THE ELEMENTS OF ENOLlSH COMPOSTTIO.N.

And thus unto the youth she ~rii1l, thn.1. 1lrove them to the Bell,
"This shall be yours, when yon hring bac k my hushnml snfe and
well."
The youth did ritl c, 11.1111 soon rlid mee t .John coming bn.c k amain,
Whom in a trice he t.ri('(l t.o ~to p, by cntrhing at hi s re in;
But not performing what he mrant, am! g"lmlly would have done,
The frighten ed steed he fri;;ht 1.•1 l mo re , and m:11k hi111 f1c lcr run.
Away went Gilpin, 1u1t! away Wl'nt po~ tltoy nt. his hc('ls;
The poslboy's horse right g lad to 111i's th1· lum bering of th e wheels.
Six ge ntleme n upo n the roml, thn .' 'rc ing- Gilpin fly,
With postboy sc·11.1npe ring in 1111' r1' 1tr, they rn.isc1.l the hu e anJ cry:
"Stop thief ! stop thief! - a highwayman!"- not one of them was
mute,
And nil and en.c h th11t passPd that way di.! join in the pursuit.
Aru] now the turnpik e gal<'' agai n fl e w ope n in short space,
The tollmen thinking, as hl'fo r1., that Oilpin r0tlc a rn.ce.
And so he di<l, nml won it too, for he g-11t fir,t to town,
Nor stopped till where he hml got up he tlitl again get 1.lown.
Now let us sin g" long live th e king," nnd Gilpin, long lirn hG,
And whe n he nex t doth ri<l e abroad may l be there to see.
\VJLLIA)I COWPER.

DEVELOPMENT VII.
TUE TRAOTCAL FATE <W JA CK AND JILL.
Jt'lck 1111<! .Jill "·1•11t up th e hill
To •lrnw a p1Lil of wnl1' r;
Jack ft.II down fl.nil l.>r11kc his crown,
And Jill c111uc t.u111bli11g after.

PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.

DEVELOPMENT VIII.
!JITTLE JACK'S ClllUSTlllAS DINNER.
Litll c .J1l.<.:k llvrncr sat in the corner,
l•:a t.ing hi s Christmas pi e;
Il e put in his tl111111b tllltl 1111llctl out a plum,
And said, "U, wliat a brave Loy 111n 1 ! "

REPRODUCTION X.
'l'HE llU'l'TEltFLY .AND TllE SNAIL.

All 1qist11rU;, insolen t in place,
Remintl u:; of their vulgar race.
As, in the :;11u, hi110 uf the uwrn,
A llut.terfly,Lut newly born,
Sat proudly pe rking on a rost\
With pert conce it his boso n1 glows;
His wi11 0 s, all glorious tu bchnld,
Bctlro1•pc1l with azure, jct, and goltl,
•
Wid e he tlispbys; th e spa11glcd tlcw
Hdlects hi:; eye:; and variuus hue.
Jl is now forgotte n fric11d, ll Snail,
Bc nc11th his ho use, with sli111y trail,
Crawls o'e r the gnis:; ; whom when he spies,
In wrnth he to the gardener cries :
"\Vlmt means yon pcn::;ant's daily to il,
Fro111 eltuk i 11;; wcctb to rill the soi1?
\Vhy wake you to the 111ornini;'s care?
\Vhy with new nrts eorrcd the year?
\Vhy g-row s the peac h with c ri111so11 hue,
Ami why the plum's inviting l1l11e?
Were they to fea:;t his taste tl csigneu,
Thal vermin u( vomcious ki11d?
Crush then the slow, the pilfering race;

93

1

.,

94

THE

ELF.Ml<~NTS

l'HINCI i'LE.'i UF EX!'l(J<:,;,;1uN.

OF F.NOLJSH CO , fPOS!TlON.

So purge thy gnnkn from rli.'g-rac•~."
DEVELOPMENT X.

"\Vlmt ILrroga11eu I'' tho• ~11ai I n·)'liPtl;
"lfow in~iil1·11 t i;-; 1Jj1.. .; t ai- t pridi·!

lludsL Llwu 11ol t/111.', witl1 i11 .•1 ilt Yain,
Pruvolu·d rny 11alic1nT lP t.: '1m1ilai11,
I lwu cuucc1dc<l thy nH'a111:r birth,
Nor truced lliec lo Ll1c :;e 11111 uf earth.
For st.·arl'l' 11i11t> !-illn :-i l11t\'t• wak<'d tit(· hour~,
To swell Lhc fruit and j'Hi11t 11,,. llowcrs,
Si11<:e I tl1y l111111bkr 11(,, 'ill'\'\')·,.d ,

111 La~u nncl sordid g uise nrmyPd;
.A liidl'uU~ iusect. Yill·, lllli'l1•a11,

Yuu drago1·d a.

;-;.lei\\ "

a11d 1Joi:)ttJllL' train;

And fr"111 y~ ·11 r ...;I 'id c·~· l11 J\\1·f.-., dri ·\v
Foul lilm, uml spun tho dirt y clue.
i nwn niy l111111ltlp li fv, g11rn1 fri1 ·11d;
~11ail { wa:-; Loni. 1n1d :--\riaii ,...,Ji:1IJ •'tHI.

,\11d wl1at\" l\1tll1·rlJy;

THE AfVU::iE ANJJ TllE J•;LEI'IL\NT.
To1·1cAL ()L:n.1~ 1-:.

•

1\ 11d

,.,,.r

I'll '"'

1 111r

a:->k f,H. n·:-;t,

Y""r

frii·11d,
lf yu11'll old\ ,!.'.i'·" 1111· tlw I'"' of L'."l ' l
TlmL l11·s aL ··,,11r ju11rn1·y\ e11<l."
And after tl11· light \\l'lll tl1e lml\c little- '"'Y•
Tn1dgi11g ;il(rtJg

:">! f

l1<il•I;

J\ Jui I !1 1r1ki11;: 1if all tlw 111i11g-; !1t·'d l111y
w .. 111[,.,·f11

l1iJt

I l'"t ,,f g,,[,J:

and

a f1Jll-riggl·d :-;h ip,

t1f 1wppvr111i11L dn•Jl." ,

:\ 11d al I l li c

W' 'Y

k inds uf tops."

Will o't li " wi "I ', \\'111 ,,' fJ1,. wi.'I'·
J.'!t"•\' d11w11 nl la-..L i11 ll :--wa111p.

lie p11 L 11nL l1is la11l1·rn and \'a 11i .,l11 ·d away
111 tl1e l'\'c11i11g «l1ill a11d danip .
litllt' h~1y W l'll L
\\'l'L a11d tin·d 1111d ,.,,Id.

1. The Mouse rned<; llic El1·plia11t.

:i. Boasts <i f lie r ' 1\\"11 :1.L'."i lity .
( .J.
J, s1111clenly H·iz,·d l,y a cat.

~­
q
4:

'• Nl'YL'r !'I! r1111rrn11r,

_A11~! ll1v 11c>11f'

l~TRUlJ l'•:no ~.- ( ---)

:-.lo\V

la.1t!l·n1 true!

a11d o\l'r llll' hill ,
(:ladly I' ll f,,11,,w Y""·

.J\l!d all I In· 111arl1i1 ·:-. 1 l11·rt: 11n: i11 I !1t· Wqrld,

DEVELOPMENT IX.

]~ itlie11l cs h;s ~i1.1 : a11d

1111· y •111r

(ii<' JlH·;11J .. w

Alld a
Juli:> (i,\\',

2

~li(1\\'

Uvn

.. ..\ hullM', a11d a l1ur:-ie,

,\111! nil lhy ra<;c (a 11111111·r1>11.' "Td)
:-;1iall j1 ro\e uf cal l·q,iJlar l1ro·1 ·d .. ,

f~

"\Viii ,>tiie Wl'i'• \\'ill 1«l l1t· wi,;jl,

\\'1111 t lw

,\f J,.,1.

IJ ~ .' ::.' lit 1t a LatL'l" j1illar, dr1·.' .'-1 ·d ;

D1scu~:--;10N .-,

\\' II.Ii 11"l'IIJ·; WJ:-;J'.

llH•Vt•ment~ .

~/Ji\'L"ri11g JJr)flll',

1L.: lia.d co11w , ala."! !fl l1i:-; j11unu·y':-; (•1td,
UuL will'!'l' wa.-.; lllt' 111'1 uf ,t...::u!d't

05

···'·

·- -

96

01~

THE ELEMENTS

ENG LISTI

'DEVELOPMENT XI.

Lilt!.· 11l1it·· Li !:•
~a!

ity a

~t n J lf',

Dri1111 1i11.'.: au i t w;1i1i11 g

Till

ifw :--1111 :-;J1,iric .

fr,];

LiLll1·

wl 1il1· ! ,ilv
b Jif l illg lier lll'aJ.

Lillk 11liite Lily
~ aid , •• it i~ ,:_:-nnd;
Litll" 11ltik Li l_, ·,
c :1 .. t.1. ' ' ' "

r... " 1."

'"'"

Lit1 l1· wliit1· Lih·
Jlrc-.-l 1,1;,. a 1.,-j,( ,.,
Sl1 i uiu~

wiLL '. \ LiLLUc.."'.).-_..
:\ nd t·rn\,-n,··d tl{'qdr-.

I )r1" 'l 11'1 Ii wit !i p<un ,
\\"al.1·l1in .:: a11d waili 11 g
l•'ur f\11· w1·!, rai11.
111111•·

I \,ai 11

i:--: f.-1 -.... 1

I ' t I JI,

f;il ii 11 .~~

w Ii ii,.

;1 .:; a111 ,

1

\\"Ji,.,, I ""' t l1i 1·,t.1·
'l' o lia\"t·

I

r 11 111 :

a111 :--I r( ,11.::1·r ,

; \ t '\\'

My

11w1·

! :t It I

)]:-;

!1 ~r !1 ~"J ~U 1: o lii1 1 c ,
j ~ il j 11

:d i I • ' J" fi ., ·f.

.. Tl1a1iL:-- !11 1 l w >l !li "'!1i1w ,

'j ' jl ;l

+-

] I \,; -.; \

1I

\

l 1I

I'~ I l l I ,

1 ""( •

t~~

Lill!.- 11!1il,. L ii v

;'i''(

f~;~~

J, l1;q•1 •.1 ac:a111 .

l
l

l
_}

111 this exercise your e ntire iv ork, cn.'11 tlic plot, i~ t"
ll l i ;l \' t' 11 l ' i ti J t ,. ;L I IC I 11 1111r :LI I () lJ I ! i I I t.
) ' ( J

tupics

gi\"t._"/I

l1J

I(

a .....,;..; 1:-.t

\·1Jl1 .

s11l>.i1'.-\S.

~

Tl w C:l1nn ·h ;\fo::"''·
St·li11t1l.

J.

v1_· i11~ art.· 2-'-1

full."

c~f:J;

. '"'~
-~~\:_:-·--,·

l•'lyi".C.: h: it1·.'·

'i'Jll' \.itilt'L at1d t!1l'

( I r

::~~

·~

\ ;,;:~l'"~1.-.'

J~1i"t'lH1:--Ji.

T lwT11rtJ.. .,j,,," :.11d tlw l\l111·j:.y .
'l' lw :\l11 :-- i(·11l l·:d1H ·:Lli1 •1l 1•f t!H·

l<'r 0 1 ~-·:

Cl 1ildr1·11 .

l'tl!lll'·

,\ Lovki11g-g-la.s ss U)'111iu11 ,,f Llie \\'urld.

7

f ,i Ir

Sai li 1 · · (;,, (111

N11w

1

Uu

('.111q,J:ti11L 1•f tl1 •' Tnwr1

Aml lill i11 g it up.
Tiii I J..

k
I

! 1 1 1~; ·".\ ·~ E 1!11(·;L1 i(111 .

l,ily

I I 1 i!' !I' 1 ! ~ ! It'!'

Li 111. · "I 1 it .. Li l.1·
:--:i111t
\' t•ry :--.W1T f ,

l' l ayiri_~

Liu i1· w i11k Lil.v

LJlt I•·

L\l'HES:';ll>N.

0

1- -

L i111to \\/iii·· J,i i \·
~1111 :--. !iitll' !1;1 ....

PHl1'< ll'Ll·:ti IJF

COl.ll'O~lTWN.

c

-;~~~

':~

PRINCIPLES Ol' EXf'llESSION.

Compare also the ·~xclamatory with the tleelarative form
in the followi 11 g cxan1pl<~s, a11J sec how
vigorous tlie exclamatory fur111 i;; :-

CHAPTER IV.

1. What a wilcl ellllr.:,:e tht·y /

PRIN UlPLES 011' F~Xl'HESSlON.

@1

•

K"'

(COSTIN U l·; JJ . )

-i f'-·

PRINCIPLE XVI.- Interrogation and Exclamation.

,l;:.
~:...,..y-~:;--

lllll!.:li

more

1. Tiley 111ndc a wilt! clmrge.

mmk
.
1 _ . "'"·'· There are here rnauy gl.>IJ<lly
2. IUuw 111auy gvu<lly CicJ.1 t'l'l'al.un·s.
tures are there here!
3. U h"w l lorn tl1y law I
:i. l Ju ve tl1y luw.

I

~ ~-

Com111011ly a sc11tt:n<.:1' us1·d dcelaralivt·ly lia,,; a different

~ ': -

mea11iug from tlie same St'11ter1ce us"d ir1terrvgativcly.

Dr . .Junes went tu 1Jostu11, lr as a very differeut llll,aJ1i r1g
from, Did .Dr. Jun es go tu 1Justull? In tlie intcJTuga-

-

-

Notice also that i11 tl1esc forms tlic c 111pliasi::; 1:-; uftc11
irnTl·ascd l1y

(1111is::-1iu11

uf \Vun_ls: a:::t -- --

JJlen·i; upon u.-;.' is 111ore fun·ilde t l11u1 1lluy llu·y huct: 11u:r<'!f 11/'""
inure fon:il1le than ll i;:j 111un;-;/rons.'

tts! Jllo~u;lrou:;! 1nunslrons.' is
it i:; ·111.on~lru1u;!

tire questio11 is 11o t always for the purpose of <1htaining

P1•1NCIPLE.- IJl!tere
an onplur.ti1: t:J'.jln::;siuil t~/ a
thought is d1;.~h-,;d, J1r1;/;". tlw e.i:d11,1wtl11ry nr in.terro:1•ttive (urm to the dedar1llioe. The u:;c of tlie:-;c lor111s fur

If you ask, Dues Uud pervert justfrel

emp.hasis must not, however, bt: too fn:<p1u11t, l1ut 11wrcly

tive sente11ce, tire yuestio11cr duPs nut k11ow wli ctlrer or
not Dr. Jones wcut to Boston, and wishes t o lean1.
information.

tire qucstio11 is not put for tlic salw of a11 a11swer.

But

You

kuu w what would Le tl1 e answer. lt is 111erc ly an c1n7J/wlic way of sayrng <Jud dues nut pcr·v ert justice.
Th ere are ma11y such casl'S, wf1.,11 tir e i11tcrrogatitJ11 is
mere ly a11 crnplmtic way of making a stal<: 111 u1t.
Cor11pare tlie followi11g i1ilcrio::;-;itive st·11le11ces witli tlie
same expressed declaratively; a11d see l1ow much more e rnpliatic the i11terrogative forms arc:1. Who can tkclare the rnigl1ty
I. Nu n11c can declare tho
acts of tho Lon.I?
111ig lity ad:-; of the Loni.
2. Ile that plnnteu the car,
2. l le· that plnutet! tlw t•ar
shall n c not henr?
must sundy be alilc lo hear.
a. Cun a mother forget her
a. 1\ 111othur euuuot IK>Bl:iiuly
child?
forget lier child.

the exception to tlw gto11cral u:;u of t.110 declarative.

Exercise 63.- Change fro m tli<> i1ilcn·11:;11t i11t: tu
th e declarative form. Nute how 111uelr is lost i11 c11a:f.'I·
1. \\'lieu ea.JI tllt'ir .~· hii·y fwh·f 2. S1111H· !'l'dt.y .i::-ood 1111· 11 w1·r1·
boys once . \Vere yuu 1u·v,·r a l•oy, l\lr. S 1qH'ri11t1·11d 1·1it ·r :;. ,\n·
the gtrb all aiigeb.!' l>o tl11·y 11ever du a11ytl1i11g wr1111g'I l>u girl'
· . 111
· ~<..:
·· I100 }'I. llu M" iris• llc'H"I" need tu'"' "·1.ld.-d I
n ever nui. I\e u11y 1101:-:.c
4. O these wumcll ! these wo1m·11 ! Could that girl have l><:ell 1>l11yiug- off ally of hl'r crnp1ettish tric-1\s i' \V1is hn l'-IH'•J11ra_
g•_,1111·11L of

the poor pedagogue 11 11 11 mern shiL111 to sccurn the 1·11111111esl. .,[ lib
rival?· llmLV cll u11ly k11uws, 11vt I! 5. A 11.J f.,r w liat '" i.I I Ut1s
appnmtus of lrnstlc uml lcrrnri' Is it because a11ytlii11g s ulistu11t111I
is ex peelctl? Nu. Tho blir 1111.1 J.u ,tlo il,;;·lf i:; tl1 u c11d l''"'i'""'''l.

6. Ami wlicro is lie to exert his tnlc11ls? J\t h1-.rm-. lo 1• ._ _su'.·u, for
where clso ran he obtain u prulitulilc cruJiL for thci.I' exertion?

100

!' 1'11\<'ll'l.FS

7. JJ;c'-' !lit· g t'lltll'rnar1 rlu111 ?

Ila."\ lit· r 11111;1/ffr/y dul!t_:(

lit ~

~\·1·'. a /"l•\ 'k L·L ( ·J~ · ;\\" t' .:

\\'tL:)

i 1 11i i1 1.~ t o 1IH · t·Jid < ,f ] 1j~ :-- ,,. Tli.
1 4
'l'l1 c re Wa:'l :-:('a1·1·1__·
\I
I I 11' 1itl 1 ·rt·~ I t )iat. '';ts IlfJ t a. \'i1•l at i
a
·un
1111 of the
pri1ilo·(O"t'o uf l l1t· ll"li >L'. Bl!L I ol1,J 11u L uill ) 11' 111
tu 11nl1·r,-w!iy?
hl'ca11 .-.; 1~ I l ie l1111i!nl l;1k1d ." 11f :--11 111,. 111 ,. 11 1·,. 11 ,[,. . · ·
1 11. 1111JH.. 1~~itJlt: fur
.
Ll 1e1n tu IJt: !::ie \· e r e u•illivul l11·i 11 g 111'f1arl i: ini 1· iif:ir·\· .
111qiarlia111l·1Jt :try

8 . \\'l10

lll HA. il'

f!.· 1tt•td

f ru11 1 till'

!\l't ' ll,

f1 1ll

Jrtt ltlfj

"!

\\"! 111

1 1;11! 1·

I /11·

>I l l!

\\.1 11• . \1i!/i /iri rig ll u wcr~
I OVl• li e~t. hllll', ' Jlrt'lld ga rl1t11d .>a1 \'<>llr fed?
God! let. th e t o rre 11f ,, Iii«· a ' li n 11I nf -11ali" " ' •
Au swer! a 11 tl let lite ice-p!:ti11 , 1•1·110 , (;.,(! !
ClullH· y 11u \\il11 r:1i11J,, ,\, ....,-,..

or

Exercise 64.- C l1 a r1 ,!!•'·
, 1·rnm t I1" c:rc l ((11/(((ory t o tlie
declarative. l::llrow ho w tli P. SC!l tc11c" is rcmlcred exda rnat.ory. N ote tire loss o f e !l c rgy i11 tlie clia1Jge frum the
e motio11al to t ir e matter-of-fact fo rnr.
1. H ow sweet the 1110011light ~Jeeps upon I his ba1rk! !:l. A Ii orse!
a horse ! my kin g<lom for a hnrse ! 3. I lia 1· " wpJI !1('1lin 11 ,,J 1t 111 ,, of
0
.
my J _ut.ws. 0, hnw cxf.errsi,·c they nrc ! what a fair 1111LI guo<lly
1r~hcnlu 11 cc ! 4. For, lo! the hill s nro11 11d, bay i11 t heir early green,
gr vc srle rrt lluu1ks. 5. 0, pkasn ntly tho harvest-mou 11 look cu 0 11
th em through th o great elm bough s J
G. How poo r, how rich, how nliject, ho w augus t,
H o w co mplicn lc, how wo11dcrf11l is 111n11 I
lI o w pnssi ng wonder JI c who mr1<lc him suc h I
7. llow the lit lukc shines,- a phos l'h oric sca A rr<l t he I.Jig min comes da11 ci11g to the curtl1 !
8. An heir of g lory! a frail c hil d of Just!
lielpless imm ort,,d ! insect inliuitc I
A. worm! a goJ I - I l rcrulJ!c at ruysclf,
A.nu in myse lf n111 lost.
9. A. boon1! - the Li ghlliousc gun!
(liow its echo roll s anti roll s !)
'Tis to warn the home-bo und ships
OtJ the shoals I

111 1

E\l' l:l·:,; ,;J(IN.

ll£ :---l\ y

l·'r,,111 I iio · J",,1·1 ; -- a c l1afl .,f li .c:l il !

J "')....'.

~1·1·~

iL fadt ·.. .:. ;t 1td Llilir1 ,;.:, ka\·i· -.;

(J(iJdt·ll

Exercise

}lill glori1111 ~ as t J1 e .!!n it·=-- ,,f IJ~ 'aV i·n

It til t'

<1!'

iJ1

f' t l lT11\\.'"\ ti!! ! ]1l' 11igJit

!

6G. -- l ' l1;111g" rr .. 111 tll<' ,f, ·,-f<o·u/i'1-. · Ill t l1c

t ,~r ,.,Jff'' I I tJ 1i .

--~­

t"

g-iv~ n 111 0 l!Hr~i ~ ~tn•ngtlt :

·-·
;;~,;.

d cr.

~ -

ht~

- - i --

:L

\Vilt

Tia~

th1Jt1 ha:--;L nnt 1·lotlwd Iii . .; ll•·i· k \\il/1 1111111 111n11y :- ; i1 111dii·ati <t1 t.'-' 1111!
1/w1•:
\\'1ir1l s 11111~, tlw1·; t]11J11 l'llll~f , 11' '1 . l ;i l\•' l1i1n 11s

ll'Yiatl1a11 \\"ill l! f~ t rnali. c·

rH1t ~1wak ~· )fL

1 )

n se rvant forl'n·r: th n11 c;ui ~ t !le d 11lay wi!li

lti111 n:-; \\"i tli a Lird .

·1.

\V e will not :--;11\11 11il, a11d 1·p1J S1•11L lliat w1· <1\ll':--1·]\·1 ·:-; .'-'l inl! lw ~:rP111 11 l
to

powder, n11d n11r ('O lllllry a 11d its riglits lrrnld1·11 d wn

tln ~t.
Wf'l'f'

0

;., Tlw
u.1 1 ~l)llC'.

tr:H·t·s

or

iii

1111 ~

l1('r l'ar! y t"art ·s, li e r :"1 lllT1· r i 11g:--;. a11d fati_~ll! 'S ,

fi. '!'lit• Jianl1 ·:-- I

la .-...k i11

till' W1 1rl1! i ~ lr i t l1 i11k.

7.

Cul o!T f,-orn all l11 111c u[ r••yal l'il'llll' lll')'. )'<• ll an· 11 .. 1l1i11c: . )'"ll •·an

be not.Iring, but outln.w s. t! . Th c;;c roa rers (t li e "''"'"") •·are li<>f liing
for t il e lilLlil C of killg. !J. \'oil <· alln" t put your hand in t lw lire
with out being hnrn r d .

Exe rcise 66.- Chn.ngc from th e declarative t o the
exclamatory. Note t he gain in energy.
1. They liish us with th<'i r Lon g nr s. 2. Th ~ sce n!'s of my ehi ldhood nrc dear to my hcnr L. 3. Th eir melody forete lls n wnrld o(
merriment. 4. Th e fenrs whi ch s uch n. sit1111Lion rnu't in spi re a rc
boundl ess. 5. S ighs hn,·e I.Jeon wnftetl nft c r thnl ship; pmye~ haYc
bee n offered up nt the tl cse rte<l fires id e o[ home. G. An<I th e stnr
which t.J1 cy snw in the cast, went lw fore th em till it came and stood
over where th e young chil<l was. 7. These arc nobl e in sli tutions ;
thi s is a comprehensive pol icy; this is a wi se equalization of cwry
political r\dv11 ntnge. 8. Our hearts were beating when wo snw Lhc
army of the L eague drnwn out in long nrrny. IJ. l\lar cried lo t hem
to put their lances Jown. 10. Th ere never wn.s such a k11ight in
fri endship or in war as o ur soYcreig n Ion!, King Ti eury of Nnrnrre.
11. H e commanded them k1 fix bayonets an<l charge. 12. King

102

THE ELEMENTS OF ENOLISJI COMPOSITION.

Robert who wns st.amli ng 1w11r the thro11e, lifled his eyes, nnd he
13. '!'hey c ri e<1 to him to come I.Jack before tho ruin
fell.
wn.s alone.

. I

PRINCIPLE XVII.- Direct a.nd Indirect Narration.

(I

The direct form o f sp<'cch gi1·es the tl1oug/1t ol an!ot.her in his own words; th e indirect g1\·es l1is tltougltt
I
011ly, not hi s wo rds: as l>frerl.-1. The <>mi1l11 •d old srhnnlmnste r ll R<'<l t o nsk, when
tl1 Py hroughl. him a lll'W p1q1il, "But. 11rc yo11 sure he is not a
t.111n c:c ?"

2. "Do not tro11lil e yn1 11-;;f'lf Ion much 111io11t th e light ll)'Oll your
s tatue," sa i,] Mi c haf' l Ang••ln lo 11 young sc ulptor, "the liglit of
the p11hlic Sfj llare WilJ tl'sl. its 1·aJtw."
111rlirecf. - I. Th e eraliii<•d nld ~c h oo lmnster use.! lo nsk, wh e n
they bro ught him I\ new pupil , wh (·l.f1c r I.hey we re sure lie Wt\S not a
d111lf'e.

2. llfich ru'1 An g<'lo t.o!t1 n yo un g se11lpl,1r 11o t to tro11ule l1i111 self
t oo mu c h aloout the light on lois staluP, for the light of the public
square would lest its value.

P1nNcrP1.1c.- TVh ere <'1Urgctfr c;rpression of t/1ouglit is
d esired, prefer the direct .f11r111. of 1wrratio11. to t/1 c h1direr·t. Sometimes, how c1·<' r, <'rof'r~y loas t.o he sacrificed to

.
t hi• boys who hn.<l \l('<'ll
2. "1\fy chil<lrcn," sn.1<1 nn o11l mnn. o" . chil11n·n y<•U will
.
l h n figure in 1.1 ilark e11t1 y,
my
" '
fnghtcn cc
Y
.
.. l
our;;eh'es.
.
. 'thi1w in t.h1s wnr!,\ woi sc t inn y
. I' I
ne ve1 see nn)
" ,, .- . n . ·I WelJst cr, .. 1 prnJ"''e to 11h11 c iy
3 "For my;;clf, saul anH
1 I .. lmll sla111l
· . .
I , · nr 10 sf's whieh I have fl\'O\I' ('< ·
'
·
the pnn f' 1plcs nnd t. ic I' l .
I ·l II d o j11stic<' to th e
.
I I1 , 11 II wh o stan•l !Jy it.
'If\
l.Jy th e U1110 11, 1111• )
··
r . Tty in all I say, nnd
. ]'111 "' Io 1 J• e \ 14:st 0 Ill) JI 1ll 1 .
whol e co untry twf'o ll "
· .
II . I
l m<'an to sta11<l llJM>ll
co untry 111 fl 1 lo.
0 r !l
act fort he 1"""' l
I 8·I II know lint. o ne
· ic
. . I
1 11 , ot lo Pr pl11tf11l'lll.
m
th e Co 11sti t 11l11111.
II <'<'•
'
ulry 's 111 y U••J",;, a111\
'1'l·1
c
e
nd
s
l
1Li111
at
slmll
Uo
my
eon
.'
co1111Lry.
'J' I . " (&e Principle .XIV.)
I · tI
rul Is.
ns - lu' Jt.,J to t l1e cl m1·-:.:• .• W'l· ·S WO\ll\tl1·1 Ill 1e
1
V Ir
4. \ " <', a so, .
,
1 l
. , ·i\'(·11 II Sl 'C lllld loall ; 1111.J,
.
I
I ·11 l' l'eSs ing f11rW•LJ" ' IC l <'t<
wnst; 11_1t., S .I
'
k
11 ·1· I !illH' and llH•l'IHlly.
.
..
1 1
was st.rn c II 11 '
'
h11v1ng dec 1.\ c•1 I. ie 'ay,
" I .. ·, l tn n .. m.. ,·r n .. ar l1i111 ; .. kl
.

I

form.

R11:MAR1.;.-Th e i11dirt't'l fnro11 usually r f'quircs tlo e use

the past t e nse instead of the prese11t; it requires no quotation marks.

Exercise 68. -

l l~ c11t.1

a

11., -write,

·
"l1:in~111~

t o t l i"' / I'r , ., ·t f• •r11 1.

Punctua.le aec orcl .111g- t " tlw rull's .
1.

ne

J\I ai~t r!' sn ys t.ha.t. t o kn nw how to wnit

j,;

tlw gn»tl. •"'" rPI.

Jlf~ \·e r n\:Lke u s lie Jowu eu11h ·1d 1·d
2 . !'ope says tlont f1un c can
on ., 11 r ,].-,:•th-beds.
k
C< ""e tn cmi. a\· crrc< l ti. ,,l. t .hP 11<'\"cr · new a man
3. Dt•an S wift

o(

~ 111·1·i ·:-;-.;.

who b .Y in hf'd nr :t ln1~1r 111n g .
.
I
' ' r 'l I )l'('•'l!lhP r
'
I
. I· t I t II' i 'O \ll :--i •' 1• '
'. ·I. . •• f11J1 ln·1r1gJ'c· at1 •~ I l.t ' I I
1·
·1. \\ .1.s 1111 .,
·
.
.
, f th .. 1•ub 1c
. I1e 10t.
· \ ~··furalungt1111l'111011<u
tour .
Ill .
) ork,h ·
11 e.

llf'l1 ( '('

1. Dr. .Tohn~n is rrport.•.J ( .. l1a1"<· sa iol; "Tf 11 boy says he
looked out of lhi8 window, when he looked out of tltat, whip him."

' ' S11ppo rtn11•,

i

N ote the loss of c11 crr1y.

of the tltird person ins_tead of th e jirst nnd .qecmul, and

, - ,t

the •rlll" .
•
,. Sf'(' Ill<' ' I·inp. " ll '-· was <'lllTic•l In ti"' n ·ar,
n o t 111 y l1ra1·e re11 o\\' · ·
·
.
i ··-t
"'i'h•·r ru11l
·
.
t • to qtu' 1u; h his I. 111 s ·
un<l tlw y brought 1illll wn Pl
I. ..1 "\\'ho ru11'i"
k c th e .,m .. ,•r o n whom he < fllh •
1 ., ,
th ey r1111 . spo
·
. ·
"Tlw 1-'r<' ll l' li, "
-· 1· · 1·r· lol11nd was fast "},li111g.
ask<' •! \Volf•', "~ lb i "
1 .. " •·What •• "rie•l tl"' .. xn·
" rj\'("> \\"LY (•\"t•ryw
\ {_•f('.
repli!••l t.hc o iccr, g . , .
. .
('
,,r ,.' •. 11 , I•> O il1•11 t·I
"l - tl 1")' l'llll nlr1· :ul y r
_to, une
.
pi ring hf'ro,
' O
·
.
L .th all , .._.,.,i I» ( 'l1a rl1·.,
. 1.
. . ·I \\',,\ ,1 1',; n·· •111ll:11 w1
·1
l111rt.011; li1.J 11111 "'""
I iti\' l'~ ',, Fn 11 lll ' I I u.y~
.. I H·fl l l'l' "" had '"""""
l1 f1111·
1tive r tu e 111. 0 IT f· "
n
. •
I I
.. · . l l d1<· hap1•1 .,
' ] 1··
r
''Now , 001 H1 p1.u s 11
.
o11<'ar ly •l••:11hw 1t.1•"lll"! ·
. I II . .. r1, ;, .. 1.. r v.
, I ih
.. "'l1iril
4•:-;c:qwd 111 l w
a11
~
.
Tllt':-'t: were hi.s Wtl1t·I·
!"'i fl~
.

Ill

brevity, in whi c h case t.loe i11dircf'/. form 11111st lie use J.

Exercise 67.- H e -wri1.~, cha11 g-i ng to th e iilllirect

103

PRIN CIPLES OF EXl'llESS ION.

..,.,...
11.l
11
;j

i

104

TUE ELEMENTS OF

I'NOI.rsrr

.{'j

CO MPOS ITION.
PHINCIPLES OF EX. l'JtESSION.

coaches on the clay preceding Christmas, and that he h1«.I three fine,
rosy-cheeked sc hoolboys ns his cornp1111ions inside.
5. All this ti1111', howc\'cr, Pnmlom's fingers were half unconsciously busy with the knot; :mil h11 ppc11i11g to gin nee nt the flowcrwreathed !nco on the lid of the cncl1nntcd box. she seemed to
perceive it slyly griuning nt he1-. Sl1c thought thu !nee looked
very mischievous, tLIHl wondl'r<'d if it smiled L>ecause she was doing
wrong, !Lllll she l11ul the gT1•nle!it 11ii111l in the world to run away.
But just then, by the 1111•1·ps t ncc id l'11t, ~he g1LYO th e knot n kin1l of
twist, which produ ced wond erful l'l •s111ls. Tho g old co nl 11ntwi11ed
itself, as if by mugic, nrnl lcrt the uox without a fa stening. Pnndora thought thnt the stm ngest tl1i11g she hnd ever known, am]
qucstionc1l he rself as to what Epimctl1cus would say, and how sho
could tie the box up ngnin.

PRINCIPLE XVIII. - Inversion.

Tlte groves are sweet, 7'1te .fields are verdant, Gilpin
toent away, arc al l arra nged in th e o rd e r of (l) sul.ject, (2)
predicate, (3) complement. Tl1is is the most cornrnon
arrangement, and is ca ll ed the natural or [Jrammatical
orde r.

Now c hange this order.

Place the adjectives

811Jeet, verdant, and the adve rb a10ay at the bcgin11i11g, as,
Sweet are lite groves, Verdant are tlie fields, A ioay ioent
Gilpin. vVhat is the e ffect ? These words by bci11g placed
in so unusual a11d prominent a place attract more ctttention/ that is, th ey arc m o re emplwtic. A11y clurnge from
the grammatica l order is cal le d iii/Version, a11d the se nte11 co
is said to l1uvc tl1e inverted o r cmplutti'c order.
The subject, or any w o rd wh oso usual position is at or
near the beginning, is made cmp li atic by being thrown
toward the end;

th e verb, or any word whose usual

position is at or near the e nd, is made emphatic by being
thrown toward the beginning.

In general, a word b!"comes

emphatic by being placed in an unusual position.

lV!t~r:c~:;::·~~

in

is desired use tlte inverted
prefer:nce to lite gra111.I . t'
and inte rrogation,

1

PmNCIL'.LE.-

105

iJ I
!~1 ·

11,
11

I

·l

or emphati c order oj .
matical. Inv e rsion, lik e cxc ama ton '
must be used sparingly in prose.
.

1)

Cl 1a11 'C from the inverted to the gram' g ,
·d · . re rendered emphatic
Show what wo1 s a

Exerc1se 69.-

matical order.

by the in version .

.

.
..
ll"C an1l re<l hi s tearful eye.
2. Ilca11t11. Bent is hi s hen.<1 of ,., '
k
[ ti . for{'st. t1pp111 g
1"
;J Bcltin1l lit e lilac wa 11 0
'
l
ful w1~5 the ni g ht.
·
On the ri i·(' r frll he re 11n1
t ·u ii rnr ·irnse th e moon. 4 ·
.
~
its s um m1 w1I I s 1 '• .
.I
le·un of the moo n I ig it. u.
I
1 I c]
an chc' n trcmu ous g •·
there throug 1 t IC Jr
·'
·
f the wltiJ•[•OO rwill so11m c •
11
.11111 ne·Lr th e not.c o
.
'
I .
th e nci"hbo rin g villngr,
L ouil 11n1l sm' en •
I
I an ti a non t 11 oug 11
o
l
like a flute in tie woo1 s, . ' . I
I ln1111c1l int o s il <'ncc. 6. n
l f ·ti· c . 'LW> LY 1t fl oatc1 an L L 1
.
. ·t
fnrt.lrnr 1\11! I ll I I '
.
' [ , F czz i w1;; onr 'as '
··
'
.
· l 1k In ca me" 1-s.
.
and yo1111" wornl·n
cam e '' fid11l er w1tl1 II m11 s1c- "" .
·1
I . m1• ·di the young men
o
s11bstnnt i1Ll s111. 1 e.
II ea
, '
· 1, .. t i • ". ate lln•I broad is the way
. t II C l >1.1.s·I 1I css: • 7 . W11"
OmJ>loyc<l Ill
l" . .is I "'"
was and young; hut, II Ias.'
I t l ·t 1·uction 8. ·' al! s 10
·
!l
·
" . . it the Jcscrt nf life. · ·
that !cadet 1 " (cs
I I 1 ')'nm! vast anu s11c1
1
. oke frnm t.he roofs,
before her extclll ct < rcai
A1w!'l11s sounded, rose no sm
.
.
. h
From the ch111 c no
"' ·
.
,
Hound he tl row8 hi s
I
1
lights from th e w11Hl ow~. 10 ·
1
nn< l g came• no
· · aml di srnny.
.
lmleful eyes tJmt witn esse11 huge nffi 1ct Qn

Exercise 70.- Chan
emphatic order by placir
positions.

" r o m the grammatical to tl'. e
the italicized words in cmphat10

Explain th e effect upon the sentence.

We lai.1 him down slowly nrnl sadl y. 2 · The ni g ht wns
4 wilt/.
Now
. 1t ' ' r fair women arn1 bnwe men.
.
3. The lnmps shone bng i o c
.. I I d lad all things in her
.
.
nn<l gray tw1hg 1t 1a c
f
sti ll evening ciLrnc on,
.
l nn<l the coming on o
" Tl10 breath of morn 1s swee ,
sober livery. o.
r I king of day comes.
. " . sweet 6. The power n
grateful evenmo
IS
•
I
. . .
. 1h . ast 7 The \vor 1I o f God ciround 118 IS
yonder, reJ01c111g rn , e c .
. f G l
'thin us is still more
·
b t the world o
()( Wt
indeed glorio1ts; II
.
l l as it gleamed and <lanced on
.
8· The moonlight
was ove y
gl orious.

1.

II

'·j
'1·.j
: t

I

I

i
'I

,!, ·Il

I

::.1

I

II

1i

•!'.I
L l

'.'

I~

i

106

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.

the waters. ll. The sleep of the dead is deep. 10. 0 Peace, tlt01t
art l011ely; lllHl thy rli£ldren are 101•1'1:11; nn<l the pn:111s of thy footsl"ps arc lovely. 11. Th e shout that cclroct! wus .rnbfirne. 12. Th e
fic1·cc rushing o ( the raglrs' wing-' rn rn c down. 13. Th ou nrl the
g-ale of spriug in pence; thl' r11011rrtain slorm in war. 14 . Tir e Pyes
g leaming on lire terrilit>d llonrnn s through the foliage were theirs.
15. She stretchl•tl o ut lr cr ha111l 111rd touched it limi'tlly.

/

/

PRINCIPLE XIX.-Figures.

hat rows on the thorn by the wayside. .4.
her eyes as the berry t
.g
l'k • the ccn.sin•• of exq uisite musre.
And when she luul passt\tl, rt w11s I e
.
" . . IJ cxerc i;;e. G.
•
!'kc
children's legs, 11npro\ es Y ·
1
5. An aut hors pen,
t i . ··trtl'""IC lo..,.etht•r lik e
·
J tl c smoke-wn>il 1 ~ ~ ""
"
I It! watc·hctl th e flarn es flll•
i
I . ti t1·1 .. of I he cn rt-wlil'd l11y.
.
·
·t
,., Nr·nr 11111 re
"
foes 111 a burn111 g e r Y· '·
.
.· .. , f cilliler~. H. Lil(l• a
.
. . ~ rudH• cn ilt«I ro111Hl 111 " <.11c 1e o
like a fiery · . l•ti I I . ·kcst c·11·11a"e I ' I·,
. the heliuel.of N1LV1<rre.
.1zu 1
g11iili11gstar, a 11111 i e , " " . :
"L''•' IK: •uiling the chi lilr.,11, who
<) 'J'lwrc curls t he srnnkc o f Ill) col.Ii" '
g
l I lm· his
•.
.
. .
' , I<'' at th e iloo rway.
10. And grt'"" l llH ' . .
cluster, lrk c grn1 · • .
ll fl . 1 rn whcr<'
salt is spr inkl ..11. 11.
t " klt>1J lrk t' f\ CiL lll C :LI
. , •
shrLrp <>yes '' 111
'
,
I . •I the brnn c hes a tr«1111ilu11s
011 the river ft•ll !JPTl1 llll•l t!rrrC t ll O ll g I
•
.
f JoVC Oil U
I' 1 1 like I he swee t thoughts "
g!t'1Lm of tir e moo n ig '. ''.
',.,
S ~ · rr I)' tllt'y follnw. ·d 1 l1 c fli g ht
lllll
.k(• 111·•l n111 l d rv 1011s_><p rrr t. . 1~. ' ' r
I
l
I I ·t 'f f I
.
I><' rore II, H' 11 I · Ii low 11 •Y t IC ' IL.' ' a .'""
r I · •ho was sl't•ed111g"like 11111
\\
a ika.d
]pal' ovt•r tl1e dt"sc rt. J.'l · WI 1ill'·.as the snow were 1
locks, and his check s as brown as the oak- lea\ es.

~

·'

There are ce rtain forms af expression called ./i'(q1wes,
used by writers for tire purpose of givirrg strerrgth, clearness, and beauty to stylc'. Orrly a few o f th e more
common figur es are he re treated; as, Simile, ..Afetaplwr,

II~

M etonymy, and Perso11ffication.
81i\IILE.

rr

METAPITOR.

we say, T!1 e soldier .fougl1t like a lio11, We do not
m ean tlrat Ir e fouglrt. irr e1Jf'1"!J respect lik e a li on, that is,
with 11 lion's.tee tli and claws, hut tlrat Ire lr ad a lion'sjin·ceness, boltlness. \ Vi re n th e p oets say, .Iler teetlt were like
p earl, th ey mcnn merely tliat her tP ct.11 are 10/iite as p earl.
The soldier and the lion, tlrn ftor l /,, n 11d the JllY(?"/, Ira ve 110
r esemblance cxe<'pt in tlris oi1e point. \Vlrerr obj ec t.s irr
most respects dissirnilar nrP s lr owrr to lra,·e in orre res pect
a similarity, the expression is call f'd tire figure of simile.

. in
., lite . fiqltt
If we say, Ile 1f'rt.~ rt l wn
. ' we <lo not mean.
that Ire was tra11sfori11 e1l .mto a rum, LI ut m e re, ly that he
,
fo1wht
as fi e rc e Iy as a I'1011. \Viren
, we speak of tire golden
,..., of t li e wap I es, we do not mean that · the leaves
aree
leo veg
JJ Th
f ol l hut that they are y ellow like go .
1
ma< e O p; l '
•
l't
f /" ce11eR~
1 til e 1·1 nr1 arc alik e n11 ly in thrR <Jil!I. ' yo . l<f1"
•. '
man an<
·
' ,
·
Tlris
th e leaves and th e gold on ly in th e quality of color.
.
. . called
m etoplwr. Metaphor
canl l be
form of comparison
is
'
.
1 d to simile by introdu c ing the connect ive. Go (en
ex pan e=e leaves l·'!.·
Silvery
=moon1 ,,e go l (l ·
leaves
beams rnhite as silver.

You will observe that tir e two parts of the sim il e are connected by like, than, or rts.

Exercise 71 .- Jn the following similes tell where the
resemblance lies. I~e-write, e xpress ing in plain language,
the idea contained in tir e sirni le.
0

1. The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold. 2. And
the sheen of their spears was like stars on the see.. 3. Black were

107

niooubewn.~

fI
'

followi~1g. metaphors, and
as possible into similes.

Exercise 72.- Explain the
turn as many o

r them
,

1. Beh ind the 'u·In.ck \Vall ~f the forest, tipping its summit
f with
3
silver, arose the moon. 2. Thy word is a. lamp unto my eet. •

108

THE ELEMENTS OF ENO LTfHI COM POSITION.

One burnished Rhcc t o f lil'in g go ld, L oc h Katrine lay beneath him
rolled. 4. Ilnlc and hearty he w11s, n11 oak that b co,·crcd with
snowflakes. 5. Love is th e la1ltlcr on which we elirnh tn 11 lik eness
with U r•!.

6. S wPct 'l'C\·i o t , nn thy siln• r ti'l" t l1t• glilri11 g lial!'firr·s

IJlllzc no more.

7. All tlesh is g rass.

tl. Th e Lonl is 111y Shepl 1crd.

0. "Tia• tnl <'. 0 Poet, whi"h th v li1·~ hn. 1·,. tr,J,J," I said ," is ""'"'b
of rubi es set in gnld." 10. 01'l·r 111.' r l1r:ul lhc stars, thP tlinui.:J1ts of
G1H] in tlw h<'1tVP11s, slinn(' in the eyes of rnnn. 11. ,\II I.he wnrl.l's
a stage, 11nd all th e 111en 111111 w .. rllt'll rnerl'ly pl:n·rrs.
ll!E'J't JN\' :II Y.

Jf

we

,,;ay, Tlte

1/()ils, '/'li r

kettl1:

1111111 >U11u k1 •s

l1is }'l/!1' ,

we mean tlic ir,-1t1~ 1· i11 t he k\'tlle l1oib, tl1e 111a11 s111okes tl1e
folnt,,eo

i11 tin' pipe.

The ki·ttk and

the pipe and the tol1acco,

!"""'

t }ip

water it •·011ta i11 s,

ll<> t a single quality alikt',

bu t they go so 111•cc·ssaril_1· l"!.;"tli.-r tl 1a t. c·\«·ryl1n,Jy 1111 d1·rsta11ds what w" rn can wlic11 ""~ .>J•eak of nn,; for thP <>ther.
'J'/1is flgun·, yo1 1 sr'f', is rHi t a c11111parisn11 of obj1-.:c t~, a like-

11ess of Cl!rtai11 q11a lit.i1•s, as in s1r11i},. a111l metaphor, l1 11 t is
11'/lll C of one olijcct fnr tl1at
of an other icillt 10/tidt ·i t is so ,·fnsr-1:; rnnncctcd rlu tt 011e

merely the suhstitution of th e

wilt Sllf/[JC,~t lite other.

Tli c figure is cal le d m etonymy,

tlrat is, : 1ta11ye oj' u1111w.

:-;" w e sn,·, I/,; st 111/frs Sl11tl•<'-

speare, tlrat is, Slrak .. spcarL·'s pf,tys. Tiu~ !Jlittcri11:1 steel
dcscend1Jd, that is, tlin .~word wl1ieh is mar!e of steel.

Exerci se 73.- Explain 1!11· foi i•)\\·ing mdnn y 111i c·s.
Co11v!•rt eac h s1•11t1•nc1~ in t" iit,.r:il l:u1g11age.
1. The 1ln111kard ]nYcs his l111llk :2. ,\! "" ~hali Jin• hy th!' swpat
of his brow. 3. This dish is m ' li r•o,-. j;,.,J. ''- Tl"' l"'n i., 111i glit j,.r
tlitLn tlin sword . f>. T/11'y haY(' \l1 1~1· -.; a11 ! tlie Jlfl•Jdtt'f~ . l1·L tli0 111
Ju•nr t./1 (•1n. ti. Fair she wn s !1) f 1,'litdil. Ilia:. 111aidt·11 l)f s1 ·\·1~ ntc·r• n
1

!"t11111111~rs.

Byru u?

7. TIH · lu·dgt·:-:

:lr1·

\\"lti1~· \\"1111 ~lay.

IJ. Socrnll's drank tire fat11l 1·111' .

H. Uo yn11

read

!fl. A fll'ct uf thirty snil

ti, ,.

t l 1 ,. , " ' " .

th e ol1l l1a11ds '"'" l "

Ill. Ill Ullt le) J w.

l'l•:l\:-;11:-> I I'll ',-\' 1'11 IN .

THE ELEMENTS OF ENOLISU COMPO!:i !TION.

PIH Nf:l PI.ES OF EX PllESSlON.

Cleurnes.~, cnerf/y, rul(l hea 11t !I of crpression are incre(tsecl by uj1ulicioU11 ·u.~e offi:;ures. Caution,

Fueti loe!ti11tl, anJ opics l••,.;i<le,
llUt..!:S\J, .lUll \..a l 1 1.' 1,....__11 ',_Lt.: ed 1 u. 111l l ~trayeJ,

110

PlUNCIPLK.-

No11e to cu l111 se l, JHJIH)

howe ver, 111ust be exerciseJ. by tlic pupil wli e11 li e attempts
to use figures himself. He 11111 st :we that. th e figur es used
are appropriu.Le, u.nd that one fig ure is not 111ixed witl1
another.
.)

T!1r1111.~l1 tlw !it • a\·y ~ lwarh.· d la11d ,

(; n<>d 111011 prny1·d wil 11 l1all'd l1n-;•Ll1:
"~lL\'l'

EXERCISES IN COMP< >SITlUN.

c:/l;

REPRODUCTION XI.

'

to help,

\Ve nl t!te royal llllLi<l.

her, J,urd, fl'r Thou ca u :,l. :,ave-

~ave Eliz;dwlh~''

Jll11,i11g i11 1,..,. dr"ary " " 11 •
Pa.ci11g, ;Lil alt'1W, rqr li u ur ~,

j'

!11" ]1ltl l' .~ard .. 11 ,

'"I

\lit~ fruw11i11 .~ lo\\.'l'l'S,-

'Twixt

IN TllE TOWtm.
the river Ll eep and I.Jack,
\V"" lu·n..: U1c CtJ Ulltle:-;s 111a.... b i-tri:-;P,
Lut1do11\• T11\Yer lift.-.; it.:-; ~trt.'1 1glh
Tu tltu E11gli ~l1 ~kw~ .

:<,
·t""j
s1~1w I y (' !'t'!f t - I-I tt . l ',.....
,..... II"
,..., \\'t'<'J<
'

Cc11turics ngo it stood

Not." fool nii~lit cru'-' li e r p11tlt,
Nor JL !iignal llll'"t her eye;

By

~aillv dra _:_: _~l-d t.lw \i1 1_:...,::t·r11 1.L: da_v;

Not a 1)ri _-. . 11H ·r 111i .~ !1L dare
Evcll LP r.,:larl\ ·1· l11 •r way.

li ri111 1..,; now, am! sccmc<l to frown
Ou the river's rolling Ow<l,
A11d uu l_iond o u tuw11.

Thu s the edid of the Lord:.;,
l\11..:t in
111 tlw

t_'t Hlll 1·il

liigli.

li\·,-d <"l1ildn·11

'fht'rl', oue day , kuowing 1111t
If for life or if for d eat h ,
Let! a pri~oncr th rough it:; gate,
Came Eliza1Jctl1.

lfaby d1ildrc11, full nf g lee,
.Arnl they nothing knew uor <:ure<l

Not 1..,; ycL the l11111gl1 ly qu ee n ,

A

'r r emlil in;;, passl'd s!1t, 1111·""-'-'.ii the door,
lJoor uf dread and door of doubt,
\Vlicrc :;o 111a11y li11d gone ill,
Nev-er to corno out.

f111Jr,

Wlmt the law might l..:.
1ww

Tli; 1(.

Hutu prin ces:;, yoi111g- aud fair

\Vith 110 crc. wu Ill'"" hl'r h ead,
.Save of gulden hair.

T11\Vl·r

A 11d,

lt-

l
l
!!

I

1.Jayfl'll"w 1.l11·y spit:d,
wa~

al I ll"'Y <:lLl't' d ur knew .
lo h1111cy -l11 ,f_,

lil\1~ flj,_•:--;

t:ltraiglil. t.o lier tl1 ey llcw.
It was Yai11 '" t<-11 1l,..111 nay ;
IL wa.s vain Lu ~ltul tltu Joor;
U mlcr, ove r, any way,
cut the ehi!Jrcn four.

w

111

112

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH COlIPOS ITlON.

In, like leapiu g Ji11 es of li g ht,
\Vent t hey, dm1 c!'d th ey, full of fuu ,
Flo wers in thei I' tiny hamls,
Flowe rs Ll wmscl vc$, euch u11e.

PRIN CIPLES OF EXPRESSION-

Th e n the great L ords chid the b11bes
(Wl1ile tho pare nts h eld thcil'. bre11th),
A11J forbad e them to go near
• • Dame E lizabeth " ;

Soft am! sweet th e pri11 cess s mil ed,
But, by ,;.>111 e i11 s t i11ct i,·e art,
W ell th ey k11 c w, t he littl e uncs,
:::ihc was sad at heart.

'l'hrcalcning he1Lvy pu11i shme nts
S hould they dare to Jisol>ey,
Or to pass the se ntri es set
111 tho gard en way.

l\I uc h they l<> ngcd to ca.so he!' pui11,
Aml th <:y fo 1111<l a little key,
Pic ked it up, and liru ught, uuJ said,
" l\I bt ress, you arc free.

:::io re ly grieved t he littl e 011 es
For their play n111te fair 11nd good;
Oft they s trov e to rea(;h the gate,

"Now you can unlock the gate,
Arnl can go auroad at will ,
Onl y pl c1~-;e cu1nc l1ack som etimes,
T o us c hildrcu slil l. "

F ur the so ldie rs, tnll a nd s tro11 g,
Stood to le ft and stood to rig h t,
Ami the mothers kept st ric t watc h
On the m, Jay and night.

Whe n th e mig hty Co u11cil-Lortl s
Heare! the a rtless talc, one 11ny,
or t he c hildren and the ir wor<ls,
Angry me n we re they.

Only once, a tiny boy,
::;lipping past the guardians all,
Sought iulll fou nd a little h ole

"These arc little spies," they s wore,
"Lutte r-carrie rs - dangero us I
W o must look into this t.l1ing.
llring th e m unto us. "

Pu t hi s r< >' Y lips tl1 e rcto,
Whis pe ri11 g, "lllislress, nro you the re ?
I can I.iring yo u no m ore flo we rs,

So be fore tho Co1111 e il -J ,ords

"It was m111 g hty tlml we cam e,
So the g reat , gru 11d L ordships said"The n he heard th e sentry's s tep,
And he turn ed. 1111d llctl-

W ero the littl e c hil tlrc11 led,
And o f all th e ir acts aml words
They were qucstio neJ.
Ilut the lmbics nothing tol<l:
There Wll5 11othing they could tell,
Save, "The lat!y is so kind,

Ancl we love her well."

113

But they ne ver could.

111 the outer wall.

F or I <l o not dare.

Di tl th e Princess hear th e boy?
Or, 11sto ni s hcd, Jong to know
What co uld ail her little fri e nds
That they s huuned h er so ?

I

I

-·;;

114

PltfN C I 1•1,i-;,.; OF

THE ELEMENTS OF RNflLI S ll COMPOS ITION.

Ditl she ever see k th em out
111 the h11 ppil' r 11ftl' r-day,

Fin e dres:; is we ll; I.Jut 1lu11 ' t. lie v11 i11 ,

\Vh1·11 , he r eig n t>d g re11 t. Eng land's qu ee n?
- 11 isto ry d oe:; no t say .

()fall t he j1•1n·b '!l l' ath t l1t• '1 11l,

Hu t th e te nder chiltli:;h t a lc,

A ln 1·inc; lw11rt 11 11•1 will i11 i: ha nd ,
Not 1lres~ , mak e fri end s iu nil)" l11lld .

Lik e Prin< 'l'SS Fu zz in

l1l'I'

'~',:
~/

r
cif
~

di:,dai11.

:~.:

Ko ne call IJe lirig l1tcr !h a ll th is 0 11 P, -

Lik e a fra gra nce from d ead Howe r,
Linge rs yet, u11d n1akt·fh s wt•t•l

.~,'
~.I
(~

\;_
?-~

L o nd on "s g ren l old To wC'r.

DEVELOPMENT XIII.

S ti ll it :;lan ds as the n it st ood ,
::5ullen , s t ro ng, um! seem s t.o fr own
On th e rivc r"s rolling Jl w d,

1

And a tnwcll cr fro m far land s,

Lil ti e k nown or t ho ug ht of th e n
Hy t he ha ng h ty Vi q; in lln ee n
An d he r 111 er ry 111c11,

.MA llBL\ 'S LI TTLE ,\ SS ISTAKTS.*

~

f

~

}'

~·.
t

Trippiu g o'er tli c rn cud o w,
Wi t h li tt le h ea r ts s0 guy .

'"

Th ey li ve j ns l. i11 ti ll' eo ttug-c,
U utl c r11 rnt h t h e hil l.

S tnmling 'n c11th its l ime- worn d oo r,
Wh ere th e bu,y ri ,.er run s,

t
;,_'-l
(;

But t he y help l\Iarnnui in working ,

~

With earn est h ea rt and will.

Smil es to-d a y, re me ml.Jcring

"\Ve're ill a m111a' s a ss ist.anls l"

Those tl cnr li tt le on es.
S u ~ ,11< CuuL IUuJ::.

REPRODUCTION XII_

I

Th ey wil l cay Lu
And lu<il .. i1 ! g

11(

F UZZ.*

'Tis tiaid, ''Fin e fea t he rs ma ke fin e l.Jirtls " ;
N o tl o nbt we mu st beli e ve th e wonb.
Ilut "Ilundsom c is t hat h a n11somc d oes,"
Th o ug h all can 't dn •:;,; lik P P r in cess Fu zz.
•From "Our Lilli e Oneo nnd Tli e Nurse ry. " Booton: llu •sell Publishing Co.

~-;1

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i!wir

(i

f 1H·1 ·:-; ,

\Ve know th eir t.ule is tru e.
l\\AltY

PHOSE HEADINGS.
DEVELOPMENT XII.

-~

~:-~~
~~:\

Bring ing ho me l11 0 wa sh,
T o help l\l 1uuu1a t o-llay.

And o n L o1Hlon town.

PRl~ CESS

11 5

10'-l'ltE:-i:S ION" .

D. BlltN I': .

;;,,-;

t1
DEVELOPMENT XIV.

FO U ND DEAD IN TUE oTIU:E'I'.

T.

I

f~
;,

'~'."

The labor is oYcr n11d do ne ;
'!'li e s nll h as go ue d own in th e west;

~;,

Th e bird s are as!t' ep, e ve ry one,
Alli! th e wo rld has g one t o its rest -

1S

•From" Jingle• and Joy•, " etc. New Yo rk: Ca••ell & Co., Limited_

~~

r;

~
·'
~;

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nm

ELJ;UENTS OF ENGL l ::>H COMl'OSITlON.

::;Jeeper:;

L ed ~

01t

of rlow 11,

'Xcath co\·t·r of .-.il k
!'-\1

of!

~ 1/J

II"

l'ltl Si ' l 1'!.I·::' OF

f1.,11t

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II!(' I 1

l, i 11• ! l .\ ! 1a I]! l !

;1

REPRODUCTION XIII.

Slc!'pe rs 0 11 11101 l1 " r':; brea st.

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Au d

little :-- ll'..-pL'r nil

01 ie

VIII.

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117

118

THE ELEMENTS OF EN G L! S ll CO MPOS ITION.
S hiill s trik e livli es into tro uble,
A s hb s wo rd strikes in r n to d e11th.

"A 11d I he sll'l'd , it shall be shod

l'IU N Cl l' LES OF EX I'llESSION.

119

And kn ee l ,]own J,c ~ id c my f eet. ' L o , m y rnast e r se nds Li1 i:; g age,
Lnd y, fu r tl1 y j>i i,y 's cc11111t.i11gl
\\'h at wilt 111 0 11 e xd11u1 gc f1Jr it.i''

All i11 s iln' r, lto t1 sl'd in azt1r1',
A11 d lh l· 11 11111e , hall swi111 t he wiud;

A 11d I he hoo f,; al o11 g th e sod
S hull lla >h o nwa rd a 11 Ll ket•p m ea sure,
Till the sh c ph e nb loo k ue hind.

•• A11d th<) fir s t Lime:, I will send

A whil e r "se hu1l for

11 g 11e rd o n And U1c seeo nd t.i 111 e, 11 g lov e ;

B u t th e t l1ird t.i11«: - J 111 ay hem!
Fro m my prid l', and a 11 swe r -

" ll 11l my I O\"l'r wi ll not pri ze

' Panlo n,

If h e co m es to t.a ke 111 y love.'

All I he i;l » ry t hat h e rid1•s i11,
\Vl 1e 11 he gazps '" ' Ill )' fa ce.

II " wi ll sa1·, · 0 J,on, t hi11 e e yes
B11il 1l t l1 c shrin e 1.i y rn ul uliidcs in,
A11•l I kn eel he re fo r t hy g rac-e .'

" Th ""• 111·, tlic 11 - he sha ll k11 ed lo w
\ Vi th t i1e red-man sti-1~ .J a11 ea r him \ Vhie l1 shall see 111 In und e rst 11 nu -

Till T at1 :-' w f' r,' Hi ::\e nwl g-o !
F o r th e wo rld 11rn sl lm·c nlH I fe!l r hi111
\Vli 11 n1 I g ift, wi t h heart nnd huml.'

•· Tii L' ll he will n ri se so pal e,

I s hall f1 •1·l 111 v o wn lips lr1'l11lil o
\V itli "_,.,.,

r 1111"1.

11 01 s11r,

N11 tlil ess nlllidl'n -lir:t n '. •Fare we ll, '
I will 111t er 11 11.I di ,s(• 111ld1·• Lig ht lo-n1 o rro w with t o-day.'
"T he n h r'll ri1k nn1 1111g th<.' hi lls
T o th e wid e wo r ld pn' t t lir ri 1·c r,
Th e re In pu t awa y 1111 wro ng;
'.1'1 l mak e st rai ght di s l ri rt ed will s,
Arnl lo c- 111 111 .1· ll11• lirc111d rp1ir c r
\ Vlii e h till' wi e k"d IH· ar al o11g.
"Tl1rrc ti111P,; ,-hall a rnung font -page
Sw i111 the ~t rca 111 1rnd climb the m o untain

" Th e n t.lie yo u ni; foot-page will runThe n 111 y luve r w ill rid e faste r,
Till l1 c kll l'L-1'- lh at 111 y kn ee :

'1 a111 a duke's eld est su11;
Thuu sll111l ocrf,; tl u ca ll m e 1111"tcr B11 1. 11 1.. ,.,._ l 1.,,., L11t //1c.: .1 '
~· Ill '. will li.i :-1:-; me o n t ilt' mou th

Th e11 , and lead 111 e a s ll lo ve r
Thro ugh t he c ro wd s that prai se hi s deed s :
A 111! wh en so ul-ti ed b y o n e troth
Unto h i/II. I wil l di se1Jl' e r

That

s\\'a11 's

nes t

a 1n o 11 ,;

the rec,l s."

Lilli e l·:lli1', wit h lwr smil u
Not. y..t, l'l1tl ed , ro,-e 11p gaily,
'l'i<'< l t li e l1on1wl, d o nn ed t he sh oe,
Ami we nt. h o 111 e wan l, J«•lll1tl a mile,
~cc, as sh e c.li d clai ly,
\ Vllllt m ore eggs we re wi t h the two.

J ust to

Ilu shi11 g thro u g h t h e dm-lrce copse,
Wi11di11 g up t.h e st ream , light-h earted,
Wl1 e rc th e os ier pathway le1uls Past the uo u g h,;, s h e stoo ps -

anJ stops.

Lo, t h e wihl s w11n had d1:, e r ted A11d !l rat h11d g naw ed t he reeds.

I

'
'.~·

120

T HE l ;LE)JEJ'iTS OF ENO J.J s lf

l'ltIS C ll' LES

CO M l 'OS ITI ON.

Elli e 11·c nt home sad and slow.
If ' he• found ll1 e lu r e r " ' 'l•r

HULLF IWG T,\Ll\.*
Crodnnk. r rod11nk ! I ' m Lhc wi :'P,I. frog,
Th at""' '" lh·ed i11 t Iii > 11111tld y hog.
l k """' I li l' w .. rld , t.l1t111 g h t.l11·y say I'm g ree n,

11 c=--t n111 11 11 ,...,
p· t l 11 • ,.,.,.'I:-, . ,,
EI.J Y. .\l\ETll

121

'EX l'l tf:SSION.

DEVELOPMENT XVI.

'.\'i i l1 Iii~ l'l'd- rnan >ll'C·d,u f ' ' ('Pd.;
. Sooth I k no w 11 .,t! 1,11 1 I kn o w . ,
• li e C1>1 d1! 11('\'t·r ,Jio w Illlll
. - I H ' \ '1• 1·

T'hat. :< wa n\

or

liAHHETT ilH Ull' NI NO.

F ur I '"' " it a ll iil' l1 i111l a

sC: l'Cl' ll.

'"'''!'

Cro1t l1111 k . e rnd 1111k 1 I
1t sf' hoo l
l>o w11 in t,1 ,., , !m.l y, ll'lll• ·t')' pool.
Til t> yo11 11 g- 0 1u•s karn tn lli,·e and :o;wi rn ,

Ano ! tl1t•11 '""Y ' i11 g " l1·111 pe mn ce hymn.
Crod111 1k. c· rool1111k! I ha,·c a wife ;
B11 t. ,he 1Lrnl l 1w\·r 1111 ... t in ~ t rife .
All know T 11fl 1·n >'>LY " i\<•rc ho ig!"
\ Vh ich 111t' an ,; I 1i,1t, 1'111 " 111odcl frog.
01t.H' E

II.

K sAPP.

DEVELOPMENT XVII .

•

Tl wy

"'' '1'0 11 l1 1\·i11 ,:: c·n 1111l f'• ,

Aw l tl1l'_\' l 111ilt a 1·., :""··~· n 11~ t,

H.i g- 11 1, ,q 111gl y i11 t l1 e t l1i t.: kl't.
\Vh L·re ll1 e lilt !" wift· 111ig-hl. resl,
\\'l 1ilP tlil' l111 , hn11d hirol was bin ging
Ii i' l11 11d11l '"·ro' 11:t<lt»
A11tl lhl) wil it· hirol w11 ' bt ening
111 t l1 L' 111iol-<I. of l1·af,· sl111tl e.
l\11 L " " " <111.y 11 e rn l' l l111Tl ll' r
C a1111~ ~ l1 uo l i11 g liy 1hat wa y,
1\1 1rl t h1•n· w;i:-:. iJ11 t.

(• !l• '

l1inl 1w ~ ti11 ~

\\.l1t• 11 1..·a :11c tlw 1·\11 .... •· Hf day .

• Frn111 u ,Ji11 g les nnd Joi·· .··

t:tc.

Nt! W

M .IHY ' ' · B1t1 :">1 f;,
York: ( ' u:-i ~e ll & C o. , l. i111 ilcd.

""Fr•1m "nor l .Htl1 · f 1 111·~ and Tiil' "?\ 11 r --1 · n · ." Ho!'! ltlll: Ht1!'l!'lt'll Pulil h-hi1 1g ( 'o.

t Fro 111 ''.Ji ug lt.·f'i tu1d ,J oy~ , " di' .

N1; \\' York:

l 'tl~ H t·ll &

Co. , I.l111ilt'll.

124

THE ELEllENT:; OF EN GLIRll

CO~IPOS lTI ON.

PltINClPLl:S OF EX PltE!:!l:l l ON.

. a :.,·1 '" l , \\'i11Juw D id.
Wh1tt Lhe Mask~ rn
·
·
1
Lil\\,• Bl•lll\11' Ill . he J Ia .v-Jit'lil.

DEVELOPMENT XIX.

'!

~/

ABOU IH::\f Al> ll P.M.
Al101 1 B1·11

:\dli f'rJJ

( lllit_\' l1i :--

t ri Lc

Dulli e'6 Christ.11111s.
.
' 11' .
'1 ,lrn Adv r- nt HI"'' :-; i i f l. l Jc·T .. .·,·~ u1 1 c rs .
J\lr~ .. l l'. llkill s l'u,,.lk .
lf uw '.\lad g l' r;r·ar11t·1 l 1.. c;\;a1
. c.

i111·n·:1='(1 !)

Awuk e IJ llC 11 iglit frn111 H d('l' f' drc•n111 nr J1t ' H f_' j1,
And :->ll \\' wi1l1in th e m uo1ili.~ ld. i11 Iii:-; t·uo tn,
~fakir1g- ii ri d1, a 11d lik e a l ily iu l,/110 11J,
An nng-t·l writing in a l1onk o f g1dd;. 1

An -.: w,-n, 11,

'''/'!11· 111111w .-.. 1•f

ll 1· 1diPd l!w 110:.,:-cl .

1111•_,~· w!t11

~:1id .- \hn11.

1ui r11' 11!11• 't "

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111(1r1'

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It t ·anH· 11 :.:: 1i11 Hili1 i t ~: ri·;tl w :ild ·1 1i1 1:: li:...:lil •
.;\ rid .' /1j1\\' 1·d l!w 11:11111' ' ,, · )11 . 111 l( •\1• •· f (;11d lia•! liJ,· :-: . . . 1·d,
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On the 1.Jealh n11d H11ri11i ,if

Hird .

11

Twu 1,are11L Hird .' 0 11 t.lt i· l\11f !1i11 ;..: rif' 1/;,•ir Xc~ L.
l\f p,]it11tin11s of a ('/i11rcl1 :\f.,11""
1

Twu I>n l):.; i 011iJr i!it l" 1 1 f lh1·ir .\li.-...!n ·. . .:-.1· _..,_
'l i!i• Experi ence uf H ~ ilrl'.l' I>1dlar.
1

'f'lw Crv w 1111,J t lrn S t::U'('(•r.,11.,
'J'h" F lo wt' r and I li e ( ' J.,111h.
rrh r: 'I'e a-kt!tlle!s S n 11g.

Tlie l>anel' n f

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•· .\1 1d i:--

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ThP Snnw l•',,rt..

had rnadt • 1:1 ·11 Adl11 ·111 ho ld,
1111 · /•l"t''."!'tw 1· in 11 11· r11 11!11 /i i..' :--ili1l,

Ex f't'L'din g
1\1i1l {,,

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fli1·irr· ·~p1·c·l-

125

127

LETTER-WRITING.

CHAPTER V.

LETTER-\VRITING.
A pl eas ing a11d i11stru clive Cxf'r<'isl)
is th e co rnp ns it.ion
Tl It.. P 11 P 1·1 may wrilt! of
a ct ual occ urrences, or
may draw upo n l1is i111ag i11ati u11 .
A le tter co nsists of six parts:1. H cadi11g.
4. Dody.
2. Address.
!5. Corn pli111 e11tary Close.
3. Sa lutation.
G. Siguature.

street, or post-office box. (2) Th e date of writing, that is,
th e day of the montli, the mo11th, a11d th e y ear.
Th e H eading may occupy th e right of one, two, or
eve n three lin es at t he top .o f th e page, leaving a margin
at th e top of not less tha11 au i11 ch and a half. 111 all
except busin ess le tte rs, the H ca rli11g may be place d below
the S ignat u re, at th e left margi n.

of lett ers· •

Tirn

HEADING.

Tim Anmrnss.

olfae;u s;r: ueae/

c!f7ham ,

c!Jl!;oched/e-t, ofe-£(,1. <ff/a-u{
clftJeaa-ta. c!f'ho·mfao.n, W tou.vn fo Cfdo.,

EXAM!' LES.

din d

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oldta-n, @,,:: 0/

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Th e H eading shoulrl co nsist o f: (1) Tl
.
.
ic name of tlie
c e1 i s writte 11 ·111d 8·l
l1
all th e ite n 1s ll eces.. . f
' '
iou c contain
sc1n o r vour c .
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.
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o 1respo 11 t c 11t lo kno\ .
irec 111g 11s answe . . .
v 111
r' as, to wn, co u11ty ' state , num b er of

place fro rn whi c h tl1 c 1 ·tt . .

126

,tJ

Jefaw/e.;f

~/ 9oa/on,

c:#rJaaa..

&fde'ZL.;fa-dn dedclen?,
/jf sz>0·~/ e//.v di,
.fJte-1-toe/, olfaech.
By exam inin g t hese e xampl es it will be see n that th e
Address co ns ists o f two part:; : (1) Th e nam e and titl e uf
th e pe rso n addressed. (2) Th e place t o whic h the le tte r
is to be se nt.
The address begins at the le ft margin, and may occupy
one, two, or e ve n three lines just be low th e heading. In
any except h usin ess le tters it may be placed near th e le ft
margin 0 11 t he lin e belo w the signature. In familiar le tters it is often omitted.

u :TTE!t · I\' J(JT I~ I;.

128

TllE ELE~!Er-iT::l OF EX«L!Sfl C0\1 1'<) ,.;JT IO N.

TrIE SALUTA'l'l<JN.
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upon t\1,• ~ ;ini c· 11111~.
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tion.

(See Mod e l>; of L<'ttns.)

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130

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TH E E LEMEN TS OF ENG LIS H CO MPOS I T ION.

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THE }; LE)!E NTS 011 ENOLlS II COMPO:;ITJON .

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THE El.E~IENT S OF ENHLl>ill CO Ml'O~ITICIN.

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138

THE E L EME NTS O F E NG LI S H C O~!POS!TION.

5. Copy a nJ fo ld wi th neatn ess. It is an insult to a
correspo nd e nt lo >Se nd a let t e r c are less lv writt c ll, or
bl otted, or awkwardly fo lded.

PART IT

SUBJECT:-; JC()Jt LE'l' 'l'F~ lt-Wl\ IT l :\ U .

Taking th e lett ers g·iv c n ah o Ye as models, write letters
o n som e o f th e fo ll o wing subjects : From llog D ick !o his alJsc1:t ma ~ tc r.
T o S1111f 1t. ( •I a n .:::.

CHAPTER Vl.

•

F ro m Dolly to li er tn i>' l rc""·
'J\-, (\ 111~i11 F'a 1111i1 ·, 1h· :--~· r i l1 i JJ g Clir bl tmts.
T'u 1\lu1t111w , g i\'ing llll necnu11 t of 1\ vi ~ iL
To Papn, de:-:v rih i11 g

:-;0 11 1l·

1·ern a rkaUl e c\·e nt.
; I

1"'<"} an a h:->Pnt :- : 1· ! 1C11)l111af 1 · ~ di : : <: U:5::- ing ~ cl 1 u u l Inatte r s.

'fo a fri(·1ul , lt· 1iing- th 0

nrw~.

T o Pnpn , " l11li11i.: ynnr npi11if> 11 of l>o<>h you nrt• rea <li11i;.

'fo a fri end, giving your opinion of certain pulJlic cvcntti.

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ll L' SS.

·L Try l" r "i1rrnl1w1' any J' l'ntl i:u· ··~:,.,·Jl .. 1><« ·s ,,r tl111
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;,_ 111 j•:trap l1r:t s i11 .~ l' "'"t r-.1· , dri 11<1!

tn· [,, f", ,jj(!\\'

:ill ii ~

SELECTION I.

:-; 1·: !,I'
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\.
T .\ \.\·..

p<wt ie fli!l"hts; c h:rn gPs nf lig·11rati1··· '' ·' J'r<'ss iu11 s an• :ill nw:11.J,'.

I l:.-· i11~· 1vrit1<>11 llw

1:.

!"''''''.!''.

11ri!...'.·i11a l, ;111 1 ! 1· 11: 111 !..!·1 · w! 1; 1lt·\1·r •

.'•· ll

the~

\\'itl1
111 :1.\

i11:id-

l1:11·r' ""J'iPrl.

1·f'rf1 ' ttfh·

:\

1•nrnp:ir0 it

x 111 ···~...:..1.q1 ....;

p:1.-.; .. .; :1 _:..::''

i11

111:1y

'/';1 1.. 1· r. 11 , ..,,11 11111•· 11,.
!111 .....
//,/1/

.. 1

i11

:1

,·ar11·I \ <ii' w:1v~.

i'·d 1 q\\ · 111 _~- 11:1r:111l1r:1 ....,~ · :--;

;,, /" " 11//1 J ' / 11 I / ' I/

/ff

1. Tl1•.· ~1] 1· 11····

11: 1r:q• li1 ;1...;··d

t·\-•·! 1111::

r1•1\\

(Ir :\!1l!1JJ1 ' s

11 !! //// //,{,' \' ('/1(1 /.

:q1r 1r •1: t1 ·l1 •· 1 i,

:u1il

twil1'....'."lll

l1ad

W l: !j •] •· ·il 1iw 1·;11!l1 1!1 :....:I'

,._ .

! ' ]" ' ' j

;--.;1 ! 1·111

t '\ 1'! li 1 1~ \\;I', I i "\\ d1;1\\" ll l ~

i111!1··1 ! 1:-.. I\ 11!'

! •JI .

;1 11.J !!1 1· 1·:1rr l1 \\";l .... !"lt\"t · l -

l\\ ·1 ii:_' l 11

1·:\ ··11ir ~ ~ \\-:1--- ~ i· ·: 1; I_\ : 1;111 r 1•:tv!11: ·
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a) f1 :tt ! \1

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dti."k) \1·1i ~·r tw 1!i _:..:,-! 1t

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l1it 1! ( '•1\·1· i-1·1i i iw

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r:•• \'.

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w · ,,f 11 :1t11 r r'.

ar id

\ ' ·' 1: .-\ 1 · 1 11~ _,-.; i-:.

I ' ll

ll1!'i

j · I I ' ll ..

111

Tll J·: J'A llA l'lil\A,;E.

142

THE .ELEMENTS OF ENGW:il! COMPOSITION.

. ·11 ,.
,tt-r ruol,; of 11ak. •
_
1 11 n\\ ! 1, • 0 1111
. 11·
·11 . trq" ·. .. 1 ~n
... 11,
rlll catttt' t rw.;, Ill!..'.·. w1 . l .L ~
, .
. .
..
I
ill
ilia!
t111l1i,;
111a1•k
11'
t')'''
1>own ti
I e I Jll l l' i '
.
· 1·1 1tr
Ofl "" ti id the \,an ks
\Vas no t I """
.
0( river or of sy lrn11 lakeld hear .
I llHllll e 11 rowed
Tlte tli1• o[ oars wil It wlri..!1 tie
H er shallc•r» p11 shi11g e\'n fro111 1,1 ,.., 1•rnw
1 111 " 'u'·I the shore.
A c rtl\l'll of lull ),(, li g ht rip[•,.,_
I I I Ii <·· 111·iidt·11
a11d s ite t.liullg lil,
Twu lJrnl I11• 1...
:-. tlH
•
'
.. I. I _. , ,.. ··I W•>1d.J l wt:r.: lil;c Llw111;
\ \ 1t 1lll 1 ·\ :-:t. 11..

or
11rni1l oftc11 cam e to th e open win <low o ( t. l1t~ 1lwclli11g, urul, leaning
tlwr<', wo11ld li sten to t he ple1b1tnt babbl e of t he st ream, a so ng old,
yet e ve r new.
Wh en sp rin g !Jrought forl.h the noddin g, !JJ11e-cyed \'i olets, she
plucked them from the strea 111let's bank, and carri ed tl11·rn home to
mlorn her arbor. 111 s111111ner, wh en ull the rnnlurn with ered
beneath the scorc hing M iil o f noo ntirn e, she sought a cool retreat
ucncath an ovcr-hangi11g rnek, alll l li ~ trncd to th e l!lllsi c of the
broo k, while he r thoughls drifted away in idll' fllnl'y.
She was i11 the f11ll l.Jl oo111 of yo 11t h, li er fig11r" w11s Lid! 11nd
wo1111t11!y, am! her l'lear, trn11q11il <·ye ,Ji1111e \\'ith lifu u11d <lllring;
hut her <'aim faec was 11' pass io11less as one n11>1dd1·d by a se 11lptur's
hand t o plaet' i11 k 111ple w11lk
l\!1111y J,wc r:i l1e" l"11·1·.J I l1 cir alfcd iort lil'" " lll'r, IHl l. ~ 1"' ri1li .. 11l e<l
love, a11d f/i(•y excited i11 her 111) ull1cr e111oli on than tl1aL of s11rprise
at the folly uf their wunb.

\4)

No

1

l·'.ii· tlll'll l n ii _
:.:;ld ,l".tJ f1irtl1

:t1(1JH ' ,

1n 1ra 1~1~

'l'lw 1ni '..:\d y l'i\·;·r:-:. duwuwar..I tn t lw ~~ ·a,
1 111 .. Y"" r,
.. . \11 \\H' \ H"(H~\:0I · 1l \,\· I ' 1 \1 ,., >11'"\
.\11d ll\)W:ll'i\
,.....

~'rnlll•~

1n 111 " ,.,.,,\ ,·allt•\'S.

PARAPHRASE I.

Discriminate betwee n th e sy11011y111 e s * babble, prattle,
dtatt er, clt at. Study e specially trai!i11g, dell, sylvan,
,,fHttlup, }Jl' UW.

p ARAPHRABE II'Twa~

her dPlig hl. to wander wh ere wild vi11eti
O"crlurng th e l'i l' er",; brim, t.o cli111h tlu' path
()( woocll11111J ~t l'Cll llllel. tu it,; lllOllll tai11 :' J'rings,
To si t oy gl e:uni11g wells a111l 11111rk helow
Th e illlnge o( lir e ru shL'" on it~ "tlge,
And, ll cep !Jeyond, th e trailing r lo11d s that ~ lid
Across th e fair hli1 c span·. J\u Iitt le fo1111l
Stule forth from h11n gi 11g nwk; nr in th e side
Sy11011 y 111 1· b np1,\i l· tl lo w11rd !" that huvc nearly or quite
Th ere nrt ', hu w t• \'c· r, f1 •\\' word:-; tli11t !i nn! 1·x11c1ly 1h c sum e

• N OTE.-'l'li c krill
the i;um o nH ·11ni11g.

m cuniug-. Tht• p11pil. lh l'r1..· ron·, 11111.... 1 11t1t "llJIJl• lM' !hut ull rh1· ry nn nyrn ce giv e n
in tt1c <ll t tlo11ury in dl!lluiliun o f 1l word can lH' 11:-:cd ll H 11ubsli111ft:H. For cxu111plc, 1ho11g h kill, murder, nml os s 11 .•·t1i11al~ 11ri · ~~ i' 1·11 11~ 1" )'11011 y nu· ~. yet tlu! rc is u
mnrkt •d di~ti11ctlo11.

A m a 11 lllll.Y he ~;ill ed without being murder ed, ttnd mur·

dcrcd without being a ssat>l3i11att d.

,,t,vccu worship, wlurej bet.wee n 1.iile,
Discrimiuate b(
Tn this arnl the fullowiug exercises,
lt ellp, accumulate.
.
make a careful stu<ly of the .fivures.
"I wou\J know
.
·
.. . . how lhcir chi e f~
\Vlrnl raC<'S dr1111\ I.heir W<tlCI ~,
Bear rule, a n<1 how men worship 1.hm·e, am! how
· t l ev 1ee ll11•y fnun e,
Th ey build, an<\ tow Iial. qua111 l
':
·
ti
· s lately ships. ·' ,,
\Vl wrc sell. nrnl ri \' er 111cet, icll"
.
·. , · I . . a111l what tree~
\Vli1ll. fl• ) WL'l'S !ll"t) Ill t 1ICll gait c 11 '".
' ·\
n ear fr11it wiLhi11 their orelmrcls; in wh at gar J
· .iays and how
'fheir bow111en med on I 11u
'

:o

144

145

Tim PARAl'HltA ti E.

THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLI S H CO.Ml'OS IT!ON.

The n Scllii hun g the slippe rs ill I.he pu rc h
()f thaL broad, rnst ic lod ge, and all whn jl<Lssctl
~dm ired their fair co ulex lurc, l1ul 11 o nc kn e w
\Vh11 ldl tlll'l ll uy t h e l.n·uuk. And ll O W , at le 11 gth,

Th eir maid e ns b intl th e wni sl n ntl h rni<I tliu hair.
Fl c rc , o n llie:'e hill:<, 111y fa[h (• r's liu11 '" u\· rl ou ks

Bmad pa:<t.un•s grnzl'1 l l1y llod;,; aud l1 e rd s, 11111. there
I h ear tliev '[' l'i11klt• th e grl'at plaiu s wit 11 t urn ,

Jllay, \lit1 1 h e r l\u we rs a n d s in g i11 g bird s, liatl gu n e,
A 11<1 oil l1rig h l s lrcilllls am! i11tu d ee p wells sh o ne

And wah: l1 it..s !'.'ipringin .:. :- ll}J; and \\'lu.: 11 the g r l'l' U

ls 1·l111ng1·d lo g•dd , lli l'y e 11t th e s le 111 ,; and l1ri11 u

Oll ll tlay, at 11 0011,

Tlw lm1·n·,;t. in, and ;.: il' e tl1 e 11ali1•11 s l1n•ad .

Tli c hi g h mit.l-s 111llllll' r ,- u11.

And t.l1 (•r" th ey he w 111" quarry i11t o , Jiafl s,

!"l• li<L was 111i ,.;sc1l from the a ,;c us l o111 ed lll Cal.

And pil u llJI g l11riu11 :->

Th ey so ug ht h er in h e r fav o rite h a 1111ls, th ey luokcd

I L' llljth •s fr\ 1111

lht• riwk,

By ti "' g rc:it rock, ,111<! [ar 11lung th e strea111,

Arni <·lii,1• l lh1• ruol " " '"'"'"tu ,;ha pes uf 111<·n.
All tl1is [ pi11e lo"'''" and wu11ld l111\' e seen,

And sh uulctl i11 th e sulllltli11 g wo0tls h e r !HUii• »
N i.,hl came, a ut.I (o rlh t h<; so rrowi11g h o1i'c h uld we nt

But t.liat 1 a.111 n w o 111a11i lung ng-11. ''

,,

tlw 111aid1·11 drl' alll,

\Vith torch es o ver th o w ir\ c p11sl11re gro unds

U ntil , at le11g-l!1 , 011f' 111on1j111 ·n rl y ~pri11 g-,
Wl11·11 a ll lh c ;.:l i,;f.1· 11i11g li e lob la y white wii.11 fn1s l.,

To!'""! and lhi<:k et, 11mrsh a n <l liri e ry dell,

Thus in

h1·r watult·ring~

did

A11<l s11lila r y Yall cy .fa.r awa y.
Th<: 111 o rnin g came, a nd Sella was 110!. fo 1111d .
The ;; un c !i 111 bcd high ; th ey :;011 ght h e r st.i ll : the nou 11 ,

~J in ,;a111e half lirt•athle" wh ere he r 1110!.licr sat.:
u~ l'l', Jll olJH.'l'

dt ar, '' said
1

::! lit\~'

what f Jaase fv lllUf ,

Th e hut. 1wd sile nt n oon , h eard Sell ><'s 1m111e,

Up1H 1 our rintlt'l.'s lia11k; t.wo slipJ•PI'", white
As th u tnid-wi11t er ~ now , and s11a11g l1·d o'e r

U tt e rl'<l with t• despairing c ry, to wastes

\\' ii.Ii t wi11kli11g p11i11ts, lik e s tars,

O'er whie h th e eag le hove red.

tt11d

~f y rmrru· is wr1 _
111 ght i11 :-- iher; n·w J,

on th e etl ge

J f'l'ay,

PARAPHRASE IV.

th y llJ 'J llH.·ri 1111w in lwa\·1· 11 ,
Ga;·i: at u 1~· IJirth; a1Jd ,,m., tli cy fit ru _,. fed ! "
' Sc JJ a,' tl1t· 11a111 e

PARAPHRASE III.

Diserirninatc b c tw e" n prwloit, 1·1wtiow;, di.screet.
Study espeeia lly dwr111·ter.s, 111..11stfr, r u.~t ic, cu 1ttexture.
"A clai11t.y pair," I he ;1ru1k11 t 111at.rn11 Rnitl,
"But t hin e lhey arc 11 11!.

..
I
l
.

We 111ust. lay th e m by

For I.hose wh11sc can:less hands have le ft them here;
Or haply they were j1lan·.J lics id e the brouk

..

.

•l.

T o ht• a snare. I 1·a111111t "'"' t li y lllLnHJ
Upu 11 Lh u 1Jo rcler, - u1ily ,.J1aradt·rs

or

111ysliu l1111k """ di11l arc there, lik e signs

Qf

SO!llC slrn11 0c art; 11ay, daughter, WClll'

them not,"

ru1wz;; , u;f.J1trl t: r, 11 11 r11rix>?d, rt,11!,1,1icsiice ially wnl1er, in1,pal.~e, :rilt.utt, 1· r11;; ,

T>i scrim i na tr; Iid w ce 1I

:

~·
~·

. 1 l
1.<11.e1 •

St ud.)'

~ ddics.

A s I. h e sun
St onpe<l t ow anl th e a 111bc r west. to lJl'ing the clt"e
of t. h iit sad , scc11 111l d 11y, a1111, wit.h red eye",
Th e mot h e r sat wi t hin h e r h o m e 11lo ne,
Scll 11 w11s al h er side . A shri e k of joy
Brok e the sad sil e nce ; g lad, w11r 111 I.ears we re s he•l,
An•l won ls

0[

glaolness ut.tc rcd.

"Oh, f11 rg iv e,"

The n1ai1l e n s1ti1l, "t hat I c ouhl e'er furge t
Thy wish es fo r a n w nH~ nt.

I jllsl. tric'I

The slippe rs o n, ><nHLZC <I lu see thc111 shaped

So fairly to my feet, whe11 1 all at once,

14ti

TUE ELEMENTS OF ENfl LlS I[

CO ~!POS ! TIOJS .
T il l-: !'A IL\ l 'll JtAc;f•;.

I felt my steps 11 pbom e nntl hurried o n
Alm ost. us if with wings . A straugc d elig ht,
Ble11l wit.Ii 11 t hrill o f fear, o'e nn ust,ered mo,
A wl , ( 'I'll I knl'w, 111y pltis lii11g- ste p s were set
Witlri11 Ur e rivulet's pcubly bed, 1111tl I

S ea-thong 11111] sea-laee. l kre tlw ta ngle s1° re1ul
J r,; hr·io:Ld, thi ck fronds, wi1.lr p lca:;a11L l.1uwt· rs beueat.h,
A111l ufL we I 1·.-,.] a 11·,. , 1,. 11 1' ['l'al'I)' 01.llld s,
~l'o l t,(·d w i t li rt >~)' sli t•\ I....;, a 11d t ll(_
'1 1c·c l(n 1kL·d i11

Was ru slri11g dow11 lir e c 111Te11t. By my s id e
Tripped o ne as be1111tif11I as ever loo ked

At eav c n1 s of t he St' a

Fro111 white d o u,b in a drca111, nntl, as we mu,

T he 1l wdkrs uf Lill' J ee p, in 111 ig l1 ty hl' nb,

S lr e talked willr m11:<il'11! voic,., aud s wee tly laugh ed .
<Jayly we leaped the crag, and swa m Ut e pool,

L ung trains o( du ! pit i tis r u ll i ng th rnu gh Lire bri ""•

Lay iu

ld111..~

w l1t JS 1'

twilight.

r uck- l't lu [ l'.d

.A :-; wu tllu\'l'd

l1 alb

al iJ IJ g',

Passed l1y 11.-;, revl!re rd ly I.Irey 1mssed

11 :;

l1y,

A 11d swept. with di 111pli11g eddil's round the roek
And gl id ed betwee n slrady 111eauo w Lmnks.
'

l!u ge wli:d1·s LlmL dn:w fir e wat..rs after U1c:111 ,

Tir e st rea11ild, bruade 11i11g as we wcut , Leeamo
A swc lliug river, a11<! we slr o t alu11i;

( 'ha.;i11 g I. he ir prey; I ,-l111dd.,n:d a,; l h1·y 1·a 11 iu ;

A torrent

a.11tl

lti~l l·u11:-i lia1 11 11t er- sliark :-;,

Uc ll tly tli ev t111 ·11Pd asi du and g ar l' us r uu1 11. ,.
Il1· rv::1. 1,n,\,,. in the 111 .. t lw r, •· S1·ll11, 1!.-ar,
Tlii .-; i.., a drL'a1t 1, t,Ji e id!t·:-il , rai111 ·:-;t drl·a111.''
'· Xar, n1ut lwr, 11ay; lwl1u l1I t Iii . ; :-:1· a -g n·l·t1 ... l·a rf',

By slat<' ly to wn s, and und e r le1111iug 111asts

or

:;t l'l'llll l,

galla n t l1arks, ll tlr linge red by tlr c slr ure

0[ i1loo111ing gan Jc ns ; Ullll'1tr.J , IJ lllVllJ"d sti ll ,

Tire sa rnc s tro ng i111pube lio rc n1t) Li ll, at last,

'Vu\'~ 11

\ Ve c 11 te rcd Lhc g reat dee p, and passed li cluw

'l' wi1 1cd frn111 tlw di s t a ll'.

Hi s l1illows, into U<J11 11 d less spaces, li t
With 11 grccu suw;l rine.

Tliro 11 g·i1 Lit e g rl 'tLL wat.er=--, l1a1le 111e Wea r il lt u 11 w A 1.ukc n that m y talc is Lriw.

u l' :-; 11t·h

t, lirl'ad .. ;

a~

ll l' n _: r li11111a11 l1a11d

Sh e wl1 u le d 111 y w ay

PARAPHRASE VI.

PARAPHRASE V.

Discriminate between /d,{eous, !Jltastly, grim.
especially mazy, frond, dist(~!!; screen, dulse.

S tudy

Disc riminat e b e tw ee n 11.ll!JI', e11or11w11,s, i111 11w1tsc, Of tst,
munstro it.<.

Study es pec iall y ab.'Jss, wr(lldets, c1dl, 111idril1,

] Jlwn11wt, dun•ny.

H ere were 111ig h ty groves
Far down the ocean 1•11 ll cy,;, and Letween
L11y what miglrt Sl'e lll fair me1uluws , softly tinged
o rnnge and wil h cri111 s11 11 . ll e re arose

\Vi ~h

Tall st.e ms, t lral., roott:d i11 I hP d,·ptl1 s below,
Sw ung idl y with the 11101. io ns uf Lire sea;

" 'A 11d

kL' l~ }',

::lire :;aid, 'the ,-lippcrs 1.lro u hast fo 1111d , fur tl1u11,
\Vh c 11 :; hod w ith Ll1 e n1 , ' ha lt lie lik e one. u[ '"'•
Wilh powe r l.o walk al will t he oeea 11 tl o11 r,
Among its 111 o n:;truu s creatures uuufraid ,

And he re were s hrn l!beries in wlr ose mazy scree n

An1l (ee l no lo ng in g for tir e ai r of lr cave 11

The c reat ures of t he d et'p 1111.ttlu l11rn11t.

To fill Lily lu ngs, a111l sc ud tire warn1, red l1!utod

Na m ed th e s trange

grow t h~,

lily friend

t lr e pretty condline,

The Llulse with c ri111 5011 leaves, and, s treaming far,

A lo ng tl1y m in :;. But t lr o u Hii a lt pas:; the hour:;
In da nces wit. Ii I.h e se11-ny11111h s , or go forth,

To louk into the myst.erics of I.he auyss

THE PAllAl'HRA8E.

148

TJH~ ELEMENTS OF J<:NGLISH COMPOSITION.

Where ll C \ 'C l' plumm et renc hml. And lhou shalt sleep
Thy weariness away on 1low11y l.mnk:;
Of scn-1110,;s, wh ere I he pulse:; uf l he tide
Shall i;c ntly lift thy hair, or thou s l11dt float;
On th e soft e utTe nls that g-u forth and win1l
F ro n1 blo Lu i.-;lc, aml wand e r l hrv11gh ll1 e sea. '
S1> :-;pa ke n1y Jet ! o w-\·nyagL~r, ht·r wunb
So1111din;; like Wa\·l·il'ts on a su11111H·r ~lior1•,
And then we sl11ppcd l1L·sidc a l11111ging roi:k,
\Vil.Ir n s rnouth J,.•1wlr 11f wlril1·. """'"al. its f11ot .,
\\'here t hree f1.1ir c rc1>1111·L·,; Iii;" l1ff.-;..J( wen• sd
At th e ir SC'a-haillJll <' t , nisp a111l j11i1·y s lalk s,
( 'ull ed front the oecan·s mea1lows, 111111 tir e s weet
.ll!idrilt of pl1•asi1nt k r\\· p;;, and gold Pn fruit s,
ll roppcll fro m tlr l' trct•s I ha t Ptlgc t Ir e so ul he m isles,
And gat h ered 011 the w 1l1·c·s. Kint!ly th ey prayed
That l wc111ld sliare their nr ea l, lt!Hl I partook
With eager appPt.it..,, for long had bo: ca

lily j ourn ey,

1uid

l ldt l.lrc spot refrc~hcd.

PARAPHRASE VII.

Discriminate between hi[Jlt, tall, lofty.
cially pimwde, 111olte11, .fi!ll11dcr, opprcs8.

Study espe-

"A mi th e rr we wu 111 le red oIT amitl Lire groYes
Of cora l, lo fl il'r I lra11 I Ir r- g ruw t lrs of t·ari.lr;
Tire rniglrti1's i, c"dar lrfts 1111 tnrrrk lik e t.lrl'in;,
~, . h11gt•, :--o

liig-h, l o \'t'Hr1l l1 l' H\' t• 11. n o r n v f' d1n.11gs

i\Ji(·y s a.111...l l1owers :--o di111.

\Vr~

mnn•d

hf•f .\\· t•Pn

Pinnael cs of lilack rue k ; whic h, from lioneath,
lllolte n by inn er lire~, so sa id my guide,
a 11 s h etl lo ng ngo i11to the hi :;~ ing brine,
That. qu c n elr cd am! lranl cnct! th em; and now they stand
.llrotionl es:; i11 t.hc c urrent s of the sra
That part and fl ow arouml them. As we went,
W c ]'Jo ked into th e holl ows of the abyss,

· 1l ll ie II cYcr-restitl>'
w a t P.r:; swct'
p •
'l'o w Ilie
.
o
.
.1.. 1l • I lll" white sptm·s
l
The sk eletons o( " iat , s, . ie ' "'
·
f ·1 I J · 11 bom·s n f m e n
Of uarwlrnle >tnt1 o · ' o p" '
.
. , L, rill,; u f fou 11 d .. re<l lmrk s.
Shipwreck e<l, 1u111 rnt1-, 1r )
·
.
D own t h e j,]111· pils w1• l11ok1•11. a11tl 1111,;le11e1l <> II.
B11L lwauliful thr· i(11 111!:1in' nf tl1t~ se1~
.
f.
l] : . 111•,\. tl11· ,1\\·vry jo·b

"

l'"lJ!" 11[)\\'ll!'ll

•' i'" n
· ·1 l \

j1\Jll

l t\ l

l

J .· . •

him: hr i11t•• th e :tznrl' .•11111. ,
~ p1 , 1ra1w
.
•
.
.
I . •"l'~ · u\ .\i-'•'i'
.
[\·I\~·\· ruiiwh-.1
wrtl1 ti. I.'" . ~_
.,. ·.
J\111 I \V 1l l' l t:
,_,
·
•r11l ~hook, a~ ~ }Htk1·:-;. 1.h1• g111n111t·n11g a ll
l
1
Q1ti\"l'J't•( •
:--=.11 w1· w1u~d 1·n· d tltr11Hgh

, ,f

11

"l1 ·r,, I ti I :i I \.-n'-'. 1Ii

Tl ! I·: !'A IL\ 1'11 lt.\:-;E.

150

Tll 1': ELE\11 : :--;T::; UF J::-;vLl ::i ll CO.\ll'U::ilTWN .

sun.rncTS FUU ST01\Y.

That gmzctl the bank, t hn I ight on th" rPrl e lonilR
Tl1t· trt'l' :-; , wi1!1 <d i 11 11 -i r /1 1i:--1 11 r l l"\..'llllJli 11 ,r ka\·e . . '

"

Fr

1

I la~ (:lt-ar ~ 1

1111

yc l .o.: i r nn!!'f·I.\' was

f' e a111 ;

Of 111:in - ,- ~ ... ! l1~ P !

-..: , , , · 11 ,

T iii'

Ill\'

() r

! 111·1· :1:.: : 111 1:

ri \ 11k ! :-, 1r1 11rr11 11 ri1 1:_: j•;1!l1. i11i! i l

\\1·

up

<'Uti1 1:..:-1• d11i1 r.

II• ;l \ ' II

r •· i ;

· 11 \

1\ J !d

Li --~ ( · d

1· 11 111 !11 1·1 .. 1·

1

I H 1\\"

f

; ! ._: : I

1 1" , 1

.. "

1.

j, ·.t \

I 11 · \ 1·r

Il ,

! \\
1·

'l'\w \ \ . 1--l 1i i 1,L'."

11\ 1', a 1i. !

;I "i • i

i;

\\ I I

iI

\ '. i 1, ;

r, I 1· 1 11,

~

I i 1 \ ,j , J. ·

~

T lw (~ 1 11 ., . 11 ,,f \·:ai1 1L.. w 1.a11il .

T l1· · 1. .. 1.1. II .\ l'l"· W
T l 11 • \\:: c: 1··al 1·'1111 .. .

1·;t!ll~

'l' l11 ·r1· l"n d 1·rlv
I :-- ; i \\ "
I li ·r Lw~ · 11.1 111 .. t'•' . I 1.. q ], I !w . . _ Ji 11 1 ·~ T . .; ,.ff.
< Ii 1 '. ',\ 1: I 1 \\ i 1 : I · I. ,·I · ' ), · i i:..: i 1 I 11; \ i 1 11::.. ~ 1 i !'•. \ \ "
~ l y L1ir

rl' \ lt' ~l1•J'l!l:1 \• \' :--- I )r 1· ;1\11.

\):i i..;< ~ \' i --il

:--;, 1 .. 111 • •

j 11

:. . ~ 1, , \\ :

1·

;1 :._:;! i 11 ••

P ARAP HRAS E IX .
111 ·1 \\· 1 · 1 · 11

1 {I {: /

1 (I '

l

-

"r

/, 111!,

I

le • \ • · l•

i )

11 I

11

>j !llll iii.

as Lr id :-01 iact ~
{ 111 )-~·

I ) 1t

•

/ 11 11 ' / t. 11 11 ,

I

1

·~ :-.;.

i r 11i11

11
111;1\·

, rr ; i 1 t !

-

t

Ir' t J t. I I

l :->

1 l \ \ ' t ·I i i r 1.~··

r 1c JI

t.. ' .\ J ~, • 11 :--; t • <l !'

;1s

I H . 11 1.:..:.'

"

l11•

1/, /

I 1 1 " 1' r If'

I I 1.-.;
' t I J •• ()I· 1)( l,-.;i{ ('

1· .

i,(

111 1 J , 11 s 11! ; 1, 11

•' "i 1.1·
1 , ,· /-...· .

1111 1I 11 I 1·

tlii· \\"IHil c i11to

j

hf' nul / i71 es , n niit-

' \ 1 1 1 II • I

"" l ' I' 1°11 I I ,. t' I I''" I-

1!fH 11 1

11• 11111
1

,· 1 ,· ,.·,

1 '" "

part :ti

!; .. ad

1 11,. 1't·111;ii111 l" r

t •· a ~ t l

"' \'""i" l h·

:-:111 '1 \'

sf'' JI ,·/1ii111 ,

/!'If )I I JI

I

''"

f /,

"

I / ' '
II

I " /'• /,," / , . / ' "

111 /.Ii 1 1 ltS ,

(; 1t1 r1r/111rs.

T li •'

:-- \ I I\

\,ri· ·f

t.\1 :l l

J ), ·1·1 · 11il •t' !"

,Lt)

\{,,, ,. , \,,..r1 "" ,, , ,.r 11111 - .. r ~r: ·1 .
1 l;11 ·k \ \

•.\ 11' \

("i t '1 \,.,I . ' ' ." \ \ ,.

;1 !

J\•" I[ !

111,.

! 11 • r, ·."-' t .

SUMMA R Y I I.

\\Tl

F a ir; \..;i1 1d .

SELEC TI ON I I.

. ) ' , .\

\ >i~('n1ni11alt '

1; I · 1),., )\ l 11 • . t j

\ •!

Tl"' J,.,. I\ i11g .

.\ 11 .\ti!til , i·1~~:r111 ·l 1 y t)r a :--:i1a111~ ·.

SUM MA RY I.

(Ir

""n·l'11 ll_,. tu

,\ 11 ,.nd

hf'n.rt

i/ 1 u11~· j 1 1,

j

;1 ~:tl11 I 11 11·1 1· ·d . 1111·1 1· i: 111:J .. r • d

Hcs idt.· tli b

r 11 11iary.

a11 i\J i ·

:1 11 <! ... f,,J 'J""d :i: 1d t 11rtw1l ,

,\11d l io _::• T 1 d, Iii ! I ti 1.. 11'....'. !t1
.\ ;1d 1i 11· ri

i111ire

LriL'<l \)l'furP, 1111i1ati11g

ilti~ , .

PHr!1'd l ic l'.r t't' H Lin • Wid 1·ry \\" r ld n11d
...\11a a s \\t.· j1Jt1r111·.\1·d 1q1\\';trd. nf!

()ri!..:i11al ~t1iry (If

o,

Liflin g ;t11d l1Hn •rin g- f ,1 fh C> n ·, [J,. , , wi 111 ]
The ir l11·111wl11". ,\ , I "'"k ", T " "" tl 11· in all

<>i' .. ;-.:,. Jl:t ..

111

l l --

111111··

A

,,, r\i ·iil :--- ···· 11 111 1;.;:

li

J:n ·:i111 "s l'rn· 111 s,aI1tl

:1111\ 1o11 t il\1111 ...

1

'- ;L 1 \

L

1· I ' ' l 1l

.... \ ~.: '1i 1

1o1·,.1i\wl" _\·,

]t- -.. -.. 1 l 1a11
\ ,, f,, 1,. I I

1\1r i ·at ,

1
"-

r/1,'j ( /1111 ,

152

'I'l l E l ' A It A 1' 111(,\:-iE.

THE ELE:\I ENT:-i O F E XU l.! Sll CO)ll'OSIT JON .

A li:ll'<I, tl11ll loil 1,.,.,,. .,;s "r ''"ld .
'l'iiat clit ·( ·ki·d , 111id-\'1•i11 . 1111• ('in·li11g· l'IU'e
(Jf li ft ·-l 1ln11d in !!tt· :-- liaqwr1cd
Tht~ 1· 0 111i11 g

p ARAPHRASE X.
.1"

11f I li e ;o;Jl1;w-~ t1_i1·111 tuJd .

'rlw wi11<l hl 0w r·a <:t :

irlf1·fr.

<•(\\' l' l' ll }!lifi'/1(' ! , 'lf'()l/I t'f,
] ) j,, ·ri 111i11at" 1)
'
f
;wlficf1', /111 1/i'!f, "''1'' r111il.
I

f;t ('i' ,

'''l)( 'l'i llll y -'J'

w~ limrd lite roar

St 11dy

//'(Ii'"

Of Of'r·an nn hi"' wintn· :--:ho n·.
A11d fj·l! th1• :--:tr•ir1g 11111 ..;, . tJii-,->1iJii11 ,L: illt'rt·
Ht·;d wi 1l1 Ii•\\' rl1Y l !1111

<!lJt'

i1 ila 11 d air .

.1\lt•a1n\·l1i le we did n11 r night I~' t:l111 1 · 1·~. ­
Bru11gl1l in I Ill' wo11d fnn11 u11t of dtH>I'~,

Litt<'n;d lh·· •!all,, 1111.\ f ro11 1 ti1f' 111\JWS
H.aked down th(· 11 .. nt 's-g ra" f1 or f he eows;
ll1·nrd 1/11· Ji,.r . . . · w.liir1n _
nll.:..: f,,r Iii--. 1·11r11;
A111I, ..;Ji a rpl:· 1·h :-; hi n_!! l1 n r11 nil lidJ'Jl,
J1n1i1tlil'ld, 1k •w11 llH • _. . ta n chi1__111

'l'h·· ~·111 ! h· -..:li :tk1· t IJ(•i r wnln ut

l'ti\\':--.

h ()\ \ ' :--; ;

,,..,.,.i,

\\"!iii,., f"_Tr in;.: fn1111 Jii , <·arly
l i p1111 tlH· :--.~ · allj./d'..: l'"l•· ,,f l~iri·!1 ,

atHl t 1)w1•r-.;

'!'lie <:oek hi' l'rt•slcd hel 1111•f. l>Pnt.
And dow11 hi s <p ie rul o u~ ehall;;ng•• KC HL
U nw111·n11·d l 1y 1111 y sunseL li,.:lil
'1'!11 '. gn1y 1Lt: rhrk 1·1 11·d ir11 •• 1 1i.~l1l . ~
1\

11 igl il

ll!:tt1t·

l 111;1ry wit!i

fllf•

'"-Hrlll

Aud w l1irl -dH1 H'I' of 11in ldi11ding :-; f11n11 ,

_A.", z ig1.ag, Wa\•·ri11g· l•i al!d fni.

( 'r":---..,·d a n d
}\ I 11

l

c·rt•

! Ill'

1·c·r-r;1-..:...; 11 d
l ':t

t hr· \rin_;..:·1·d
rl \' I It ' 1] I i I lit ' 1·,1 11 :·'

.-.. 11uw.

Ti11; wl 1ile d1·if1 1•ii1·d I Ii" 11 i11dP W·fn11ni',
.And ll1ro11gh til•• g la :-::-.; fiH· d(lflH ..:- li11 (· 11p:--;f __,
L ooked in lik e l1dl and 'h c1'lr·d g hosts.
1

StuJy carefully tliis li11e e xample of dt:sc r1)1tion. Before atte mpting the para phrase, mak e as minute a n outli11P
of topics as possibl e ; then from it write freely i11 your own

way.

i!':

"'

~

low,

154

155

THE PAi'Al'lll.>.\ ::i E.

THE ELE~rENTS OF EN"OLISH COMPOSITION.

To guard our necks and ca r~ fror11 s11ow,
\Ve cut th e so lid whiteness through.
A 11d, w lwrc 1 l11· cl rift wn ' d •'<'Pe~r . 1111tcle
,\ l111111d , walled a11J u\·erlaid
\\'i1l1 dazzling c ry , tul : we had read
Of rnrr• i\l11•lclin',; wo ndrou s c:ave,
And to o ur P\\Ti hi:-1 nn.n1c w~ g:tYC ,
\YiLlt lll H! I} a wi ~l i the lud\. wen.'. •.111r::;
T u lest hi s lanq!s s upernal puw ers.

PARAPHRASE XI.

Tlw
l l ad

111 11:--1c·
l11Tll

1\nd.

1·'

i1 1 oil!'

'l\1 lia\·r·

ll"'

i·1111111a11i1 111 -.. l1i11,

lo11dy lif1·, l1;1d µr1_.wn

1'1 1 a\11111:--I

l1ur111111 tu1w.

i )i,r'l'i111i11ale between l1r11tr:, hu1st ; hr-t ll'rcn SUUl/!Je,
l1ur{1uruus.

p ARA PHRASE XII.

WP renched t he IJnrn with merry clin,
And rou,ccl tlu' prison ed hrn!f'' within.
'f'l11• nlcl h"r''' tl1rn 'l hi ' !0111.: ll f'Pk 011t,
And , grnrn with W() llll e r, l(llZCd uuout;
Th e ro<' k iii s lusty gree tin g sui<I ,
And forlh his spN·kled harem led;
Th e oxe n l1lshec l t he ir I.nils, nnd hooked,
An<I mild repronch of h1111gcr looked;
Th <' horn ed patrinrch of the shee p,
Lik e E:;ypt. ' ~ Am u11 ro used from s le<' p,
Sl1ook Iii ~ ~ngf~ ht>ad with ~, ·~ flirt' rn11to,
And <'llll' l11bi Z<'d wilh sl 11111p of foot..
All dity ll ie g11;ly north wind hore
Tl1 e l c~(N• 11i11;.: drift ii..; hn •alh bd"re ;
Low t· in ·li11 g ro1111d its so 11the n1 zon e,
Tl11 : :-. 1111 I l1ru11gl1 d11z1.li 1 1~ :-11uw-111i:;L :,hvne.
Nu cl111n:: h-hell l«11t. ils ('hri, lian tone
To t lw :-;ant.ge air, no sot'ial s m oke
Curl ed Ol'l'r wouds of s1ww- li1111 g oak.
A ' o lit.ude mnd• • 111 or(• in t.e 11so

By

drl'!ll'}-l«• iCcocl <.:ll' lll c ll b ,

The shr ieki ng o f the 1ni mll ess wind,
The moaning tree-boughs swaying blintl,

"lly cttrio11:1 mi111ic, p eil(le11 t, trammels,

.

St iu 1y cspcc 1.l

'

visiUe.

l rm 18 fi (f 'f r 1'd,

\.., nH:ht dre w

iit1,

an d,

fronl

the ,_·r f· ~ l

J~JlJl\\-.. \1111\ 11d~1d \\11 \\!"'t
Tlw sun, a snow- 11, u\\'II lt'll\L'i\cr
,
' "ltlk
tit<'
,
nl
h•'
l'in~
hank,
. 11l . 1,,..11 r-1th
'• l'tllll :--lg
111
•
l
\\"' piled wit.It «arl' ""r ni g J,Uy olll<' k
<If wood a~a i11~t t i11• l·him1H.' )'~l1a. l'k,~

()f

\\uiH\t1l

Tiu~ ,.;1~1·H l11h, ;..:;rv1·1 1, l11 1g··· . ;11Hl 1 \1\l'k,
. t . I •1• I IH · '.'I !1\1 t I 1;t,('\.: -~ t i1·l\ ;
f\ Ill I 1 •H I ~ I
'l'lw \.;IP d I\' f 11 r1 · ..; t i··l.; \:ii •\ i-q1;1 r! •

Awl till1·d· \1PI w1·1·11 with i·t1rio11 :1 art
Tlw r:q. ~~f· il \Jru:-.\1; t lw11 l1t 1,· 1·ri11 .~ tJt•flr.
\\' ,· watr li ed tl11 '. 1itA n·LI hl az" a~pcnr,
tl11· ,«l<-.'llll
I !1 ·: \l' i l 1 ll" -\,;1qf 4' 1'lW I\·\·t . {..,l ll"ltl
,-.
...
O n wliil•·\\'a :-- ln.: il \\";1.ll a11d -..a ~ :::inµ- lwit11 ~ .
Unt il Lli1• idd , r11d1•-furni :-:- lwtl ruuJu
l~11r:--t. fl•)\\'cr ~ li\,,·, intn rn~~· hl11111n;

Whil e r:11 \i,.11t wit.It ll mi111i e fla111e
011t;i,le 1lt e ,; parkli11g drift lwc·a11H',
A11d thrn11gh !he 1.,1n•-bo ut:l11·tl lila•·-lrt:e
Our own wann hcarlh ~eemcd blazrng free.

TllE

The c·rn1w arnl prndPnt fntlllllH'ls ~hnwc;cl,

The T11rk_...;,' ln•ad:--;

Pil

\Yith

tlw a11dirn11:-: glowed;

1111

\lJH·

litlk yt·ar

tflt\

F·ir

111in!<'li',

A11d

\\' f1i-.,rwr1·d till' ~,J,\ rl1~·1111·· ·· f~11dr•f' flil' /n'e,
'f'h1'n' tl11· 1f't!f'/u·." un· mu/,-,-11!/ frn.''

:--.ti11\V

i11•iiill1 ...: ll\H•tt l 11T gra,·1·

ha-. lai11;

JI"\\",\\ !\I'll ;--llllll lH ·J' ;-.<! Ill ! 1 \\'\!I d"

.\ lid l1r1•·l"

\\"/1r11 _ft!"I ' 1,11/ 1/ou1s. l111r11.~ 1111-rrdy .

~till?

ag1• > --

Tl1l' i·l1i\l w1·i .~l 11 (,f 1 \11 • wi111,·r

\Vliil•· <·iiil•ii .-11 fatwl'. l"'"llll'f to tf'll
'Tli1• 1111·a11ill!.!' 11f tli1·

tho:-;1~ lctrg'P "Yt':-' llt'l1~.ld
ll\t _'

lb7

l'AIL\l 'l!IL\ C'I·:.

a11.\

_li\11\\",

11;\l·(. \ ,. · \I \,j., .. i o a~a!lt,

l

1r1·nil !!1(' 11l1·;L:--. a t1l

I

:-:1·t'.

1~atli:-- w··

tl\t' ,-\., Ji.1 -:-11ri1d\kd

! 1·dd,

:-- 11.t

i frail :1 tl1\ \\t·ak
:--.lw \1 1\'t·d \ , i :--.t·t·k,

\\.l1 1'!" •' ••I\ .... \1t · l • -Hll•'•\, \ ...

:·-·d1°•110 al i i:-- f11ll: !111· l1ill - ra11 _~t · >ltHid

T\w l1 il i:- . i.\1•

Tr1111--!i g 11r1·,\ ir1 th1 · :--il\·1·r tl11 ,,tl,

Y..t. f•1 i \.. wi11:.:;

l J....;

\\'i1l1 dark

!J!,1\\' t1 :--ll11\\"s

I '•·11d whit•'.

'<l\ -t '

1la . . !1ir1 ,!. . :" ,·11 1, !
\dJt·!"('

:--1•1111·

n 11il l\1·1·11,

.--h11rp l'a\· i11u

~11't'11·l1

al their back .
\':,q· Jd aiid :--ti1 ·li a n i _~liL

i

iL f,_·ll

wltt·r1 · 't·f'

_ j

l-r

tit~· ~··ild1w...;:-; Yi:-.:il~!t'.

To lllal\1·

*

*

\\1·11!
<· .. 11lt·it\.

llt\•' ](1111\.-d

'" y;

itd i·y( ·
· · I I
\ l Iw
\"11]' :o-."!\H '111ill ;..'." :_: 11[W \\"I ii •· l > \"ll '

1\J,i...,J !iUi 11 .~· ! La! 1111warr11 i r1.~· ii g lit,

\\'lii1·l1 111i!y _
. . t·t'J11t·d

!. ..,:Tt'• ·l\ 111 .J111w':-

I ~1J\ :--Ii 11 I

Ag:1i11-.. / 1i1 .. 'sl r ili·tn·-...::-:--111·!1 ;1

I

fti\I i1f \"\·1·':--.

Tit" :iir 11illt '"""lti>'c'; :ill ilw l11ll·,

lw11d111·i1>• lttnwd 111 f'ild1y ld1w k

l<' «1 r

111•· wl:··i-1 · 't · l"

i · \ · ( . ..,,

Tl11' l 1ir•I:-. ar.1 · r-'.hd; 1 lw \1i-i( ·r 1"• •--1' 1il\-)

'l'<11>k .--l1a1!.1\Y, ••rt Iii· s1H11 l1r" .~-'.T •·1·11
(Jf

l\ 11\\• 'I'"

*

\\· a

it w i1 Ji

i·1t r

(I

!!

i.:.:11,

,\ J.,,, in all f; 11111l 1:1 r 1 l 1i11 ~' .
l 1l n. ~\\'•'I' I !mt l ,\,)I J]l l'-', a!l• I l 1i ["(I I \1a \ ~i 11;:..; ,
..,,. lw·1rt • n·1111 ' t1dwri11g tlt1'1' ,
i \ 111I \'t• I ' ( I1
,:\ Ill 1 11 n .! ri~·lwr t \1al! ,if (i\d '(
<

'

•

~ a k i11 tliy irn 111 11rL1 l i1 ~- •

PARAPHRASE XIII.

I Ji'<·ri111 i11 a t " l,1 •lwp .. 11

I" 11u-11J1, 1· ,

n ., .,,7(,,.t.

f1illy this li11• · .J1 ·s1·ri1.t1<• t1 of a/''!'-'""·
1\:-;

<1111~ wlit1

lwld

lH'l'~t·lf a

11art.

Of 111! '''" ""'" 1u1<l l"t !t .. r itl'rtl't
Agaiu . . L tlw l11• •l"•Pl111 ld l10..;nr11 1eH.n,
l l pu1t 1111 ~ tt11t1ky-l11·ai1!1·d 111al
( •u 1· yo111 1 .~p~I and o ur di•an··..;f :-;at,
Liflit1.~

lwr

largt', :->W!'f'f, 11~ki11g PY('S,

Now ltat.!1 rd w itl1i 11 tl1 c fa1lcle.'' gn•c·n

Aud holy peaec: .-,f l'a.rnili'"·
Oh, loo king frnm some heave nly hill,
Or fr•Hll tl :1 · :--.ii ad 1• <•f :--.;1i1i:ly pa1111s,
Or ~ilVt>I'

t't•tt1·li

or

ri\'t'l' <:alms,

Study care-

\\'l1:t\

\'] IH ll ;..."."• ' i·:lll

\\' ! l:l j

1' 1;\ ltl

......,,,.1i \\,,· W>'iil\\1 I 1i .. 1.l'!

111,·11· t lw 11(':11 ·\ ;111.l .~"lol
I
Tli,· \,,,·1'. l11ttl 1 kfl iH lr1t --t w1!\1 iiw·(
't'

~';l I J

Awl ,~\11k 111 lit'·· · ~ \a\1· nf \•· l'l \•"111,
\\'111·11 i'11(il at1d lu11g- tip· :--.had••\\·:-; g r11w,
11w1 't tlw 11i;:l1\ tlia! ~~>(111
~\111\I :-.hapc :t!\(l :--.l1ad.iw \)\·1· rtl•1W,

walk 11)
l

i·aiiill'1

ki·l tlia! tl11iti

;1rl

f;1r,

~ill<'t' iwar at. 111'1·d I lit· a11g1 · \ ~ art·
A11d w}ll'll tlw :-;1111-.;1·1gat1· ~ 111i\1ar,

~\1:dl 1 111Jt :-;P•' j\11·1· wai1i11g :--la111l,
And. white aµ-ai11:-;t thr- i·r1·11i1q.~ :--.tar,
The w1: lccl1J1C (1f I \iv l11·1 ·\,(ltl i11g lia11il?
.J()l! S U1tf.E~!.EAF \\'111TTIUL

158

TUE l!:LEME.N Tb 01' k;.N ll LISH COM POSITION.

EXERCISES IN C01'IPOS1TION.

nm

Jl[E ,\DOW.

•
ic lt o u,;c, so m ossy trnd brow II

\Villi its c111nhro11s old !>l<> nc

A clear s umm er morning. A quiet stream boru cretl Ly ru shes
and I.r ecs. O ne large tree leaning o ve r th e s tream. P ond lilies
upo11 its surface. l\lossy ston es . Birds s in g ing. Catt le standing
in the waler, or coming to <lrink. !::iuitnblc rctl cc tions.

It s t,.11<l s i11 n s 111 111 y n1t·1td<iw
'['J

DEVELOPMENT XX.II.
A MORNING SCENE.

DEVELOPMENT XX.
THE JIOU:-;E IN

159

THE PARAPHHAt:lE.

c lti11111~ys,

.:\11d th e gniy n x1 f slo ping down .

DEVELOPMENT XX.III.

Tlt e, , t rees fold U1 cir ('),.•rcc n arm"v ._."r O UlJu
·' h.,, _
I li e trees a cc n l 1tn• old_

CLEON AND I.

And t lt e wind s go e lt1;11ti11 g ll1 ro 11 g-!1 tl1 c111
Aud the• s 11nl JL'l 1111s droip t he ir g o ld .
'

Cleo n hath a milli on acres; ne'e r

Th ~ 'cow,; lips !<pri11 i; in l it <' mars lt es,

Cl.c o n d we! let. It in 11 palace ; in a coltagl', I :
Cleo n hath a u oze n fo rtunes ; 11 ot a pe nny, I:
Y e t the poo re r of t he twai n is Cleon , aml n ot I.

] he l'<N·s bl oo111 on lit e !till
An d, , besid e lit e IJroo l·\ in ti IO pus' 1. 111·0,
] h e hcnl s go fr eui!lf.i at will.

J,ou 1 s ~:

C' ll A:\'DLJ::lt

l\IovLTON.

Develop tlti s descri1Jtil'e poc
I
I
·
rn, lllH weave i11 with it a
s,'cteh o f. a 111•rso11 wh o s e li o 111 P .)'n il 111
• If
ay s 11 ppose t hi s
ot 1s" '" tla, 1'ft·ad o w ,, lo I .
T ·1 I·
ll CtU'd j'f
I
.·
"·
' ' " a ..lrnnwte r fru1n
•
1 c, c 11111 g 1nor li o we v .. t
.
. I
.
. . '"' '
t •, o s111t your purpose.
Tlti
111
•' "' tl1 e lollow g tli c1tH·s an·
.· .·
.
s
.
. p1111 c1pal ly d e::;cnptive b t
narratwn need not be e xclud ed cu tire ly.
' u

DEVELOPMENT XX!.
A FAR]\[ PI CT U il K

11

<J ne hav e I:

C leo n true posse~seth a cres; but lit e land scape, I Half the charm s lo me it yield clh , m on ey c annot buy :
Cleo n h nrliors sloth nnd dul11css; freshc 11ing vigo r, I:
Il e in ve lvet, I in fu sLian; ric he r mun am I.
Cleo11i s11 ~ lav P. l.o grnnd<•ur; free as th o ught am I:
Cleo II f1 ·cs a !'t '11ro uf doe tur~; w ·1·d uf IHlllll liavt• I :

\Vcalth- s urruuml ctl, carc-c nvi ro 11 ed, Cleon fours tu di e;
Death may co me, - he' ll tint! 111e ready; lmppier man am
Cleon secs no c harm s in Nature ; in a daisy, I:
Cleo n h ears n o anth e ms ringin g in the sea and

I.

~ ky;

Nature sin gs to m e forevor- earn est lis te ner, I:
State for state, with all uttendants, who would c hun ge ? n ot I.
CHARLES llfACKAY.

An o ld farm -ho use n ea rly hidd en m11on, .
Fi eld s of grni11 . lllt·ad o ll's .wi11t c111ile
g. b ees . Ampl e barns.
between fiel ds Me b
.
g razing. Roatls running
•
n usy in t 1ic field s. Children guthering berries.

This poem offers a fin e opportunity for contrasting
deseri pt ions of both landscape and persons.

•]

11
160

THE

ELEMJ<~ NTS

01' ENGLISH CO MPOS lTlON.

DEVELOPMENT XXIV.
l t i':(~ U 1ESCAT.

161

THE PAltAPHltA SE.

DEVELOPMENT XXVI.

Drea min g in th e ' lidin g t id es.

THE lllWOK.

li er qui et dream o f life tl 1i~ ho nr 111ay cense.
lkr l'eacd 11l l.(· ing slu wly pa sses hy
T o so me nwre perfect J'Cace.
ALFltED TENNY SON.

DEVELOPMENT XXV.
TH E Tlllli<:E li' ISI!EHS.
Three fi she rs W(' n l 'ail ing 0 11 (, int o th e w e;;t., 011t in to t he west 11s the oun went d u wn;
E11e h th o ught o n the wo u11u1 wh o lun·d lti111 th c bl'sl,

And th e e l1ildrc 11 'tno1l watchi11 g t lt c 111 n ut o f th e lo wu;
Fnr 111e 11 11111 st wor k a nd w0 me 11 ll ll t ~l wee p,
A11 d t here's littl e to ea rn a nti 1111111y to kee p,
Though the h 111'bo r ha r he 111 01111ing .
Three wiYes sat up iu th e li g ht.h o use lowe r,
A11t! th ey tri111m e< I t he lamps a' t h e s un Wl' HL d ow 11;
Th ey loo ked at the sq ual l a 11tl I.h ey lo<•kc•tl at th e ;;h <•w~r.
Arni th e 11ig ht -rnc k

(;ll lll C

ro lling up ra gged llllll u ro wn;

Jlu t m e u 11111st wo rk nn1I wu11 1c n 111 u'l 1n ' ep,
'l :1,; ;i g h s t o rrn s lie s udd e 11 nrnl waters d ee p,
Ami th e haruo r bar be 111 01111i11g .
Three co rpses lny

0 11L

o n the shi11ing sa ml s,

In th e m o rni11 g g lr 11m , as th r l id1• we n t 1low11;
And th e wo m en nrc wee ping tLIHI wri11ging thrir han d s

Foe those wh o will never com e hom e to the to wn;

~

~

1

An <I faire r she, bu t, a h , !1nw '00 11 to di e !

~

~3

F or m en mn st. work and wom en mu :;t weep.And t he soo ne r ib over , the so1> 11 cr to slce p, Allll guoJ-uye Lo Llw lia r a 11J its rnoa11i11g.
CllAllL ES Jo\il'i<;SJ.l':Y.

Fnir is h1 r ('d l fH~~ in it '- 11J n,_·r-,
\\'J,,.r .. }"" l11•.,11ol w11k r "l'l'd ly, ,!owly, glides.
It secs itse l f fru111 l11atd1 t o base

D

1 com e fro m h A.u n ts o f coot. A.llll hern,
I rnllk e fl smlll c n sall y
And s park le o ut A. 111 o ng the fern,
'l'o l>i eke r d o wn a Yall ey.
n y t hirty hills I h11rr y 1low n,
O r sl ip Lctwcc n U1 e rid ges,
Uy Lwc·11ly t horp,;, 11 lit ti e to w n ,
Anti haH a lll111llre<l uri,Jge:; .
Till last li y Philip' s fartn l fl ow
Tu j11 i11 Ute liri1111ni11 g ri vi.: r ;
F o r 111 e11 11 my co me n.nd m cu 11111y go,

But I go o n forever .

I cl111U.c r

nvc r ' ' ""Yways
ln liLll e sha rl's and trebl es,

1 uubl>l e int.o e1ldyi11g lmys ,
l bnbl1l e o n th e pcl,J.les.
\Vi t h m a n y a c un·c m y bank s I fret
Hy many a fi eJ,1 nrnl fall o w,
And m a n y a fair y fo rcland se t
\Vitlt willow-wee<l aml mall o w.

I chnt.tc r , c hatt er, a s l fl ow
'l'o jo in th e ltrirnmin g ri ve r ;
F o r 111 (: 11 may com e anti rnc n may go,

Dut I

go on foreve r,

lj

G
~J

~,~

,~.
~

lti~

THI:: J·:LE\!EXTS OF

EXCl.hll !'U\ll'OSlTlON.

ltiJ

l'AH cll ' lll tAS~:.

TllL

I \rind nLi1lll. and i11 :111i1 nid,
\\'1ti1 !wr•' a li),, ........ 1,111
... \11 d

l 1t'I"\' d

~:1!ll11.~ ,

!l ,j i i11·1" 1· ;L ! 11--( _\ ( J" :1 1d ,

. \ 11.\ 1wr1· ;1

:1d

1 i i+ · 1·1· :t .- 1' , t .'' 1 1 11,~,

1·, ... 11 '"'" " ' i I'"\' I
\\'i1! 1 11i;11 1\ ' :1 -..il\1·r:· \\,• 11 1·rl1 r1· a

k

Ti11..~

J'\JHl dr1t\\' 1111'!11 nii :1l1·11~.:- . :1r11i llt1W

For

l ! l\'ll 11i;i _\· ("<i!l!t' H ill!

l-'ai l 11f llw J,1·ave:-;.

'l'!w l.:-'1 '." 11f l'+·flcib.

'1'1) jl 1i 11 t lit' l 1ri 111111i11~· ri \·1·r:

go,

1!11·11 Jllll\'

('Ii n--! n1a-.., !·:\ ~·.

l ~11L J ;~11 <•ll f ~ •l't'\1 ·r.

Sli • 11, .
,\I 'i '[, . I: i"""" ''·
La r-.

DEVELOPMENT XXVII.

Sw{'f't

l ip

w11-.; !Ii~· ·"•lll!Hl. wlw11

}'t-•IHkl'

The .·,·. a..; I

Tlw

l11JI t/w \·i ]i :l~(·
1111-.. ... i··

!. wi1f1

<1ff :111'\" t 'llir1 . ~\1·]1 1"11

<":tr1·).. ....... "it ' ]1""

\

l!

I

[ ' ~t

:-;ti111 i·

\'( •l l

·,

11H'Hlt·1it ,

l1a11'

11r

d1·:-...; 1· r11i1i(111

a

l.11,,1111.

Tlw

t•f

f1ill<>1Yi11g

:-;11111t· p1'!'~1i11
:,uLjcCL~

way

a111\ :--I••\\' ,

111i11;.:l111 .: : 1111!1·-., <·a1n• · :--11f! 1· 111·il 1'1 ·11111 li. · l1•\\

:-;tdH ·r lit ·rd 1li:d.

l•1\\·1·,\

11 1il L111: 1id :--1 1 11.~.'." .

111

1111 .. ·t

! l1··ir

.\'• 1111 1;:,

'l'h e n1 -1i :--)' .~i·(• .... (• t!1at .:.:aliLkd 11\·r tlw !'()ti!,
'I'hr pl:i:·f11l d1i!dr"ll .i11-::t !Pt \,-1,1...:,, frn111 ;..;chn(il,
Tii c

\\"t·a\·t·

\\'liu111

l!l\lrlll !l l" ]'11 ...;1_',

Till' :--WHlll l' l"'!11 •l l'-i\1• ;L...; 1111·

Tl11 ~

;\ l ~i! : \_,

wat(·l1-d1 1~ ' .. .; \'11 i1 ·" 1!1 :d

li:t:.cd !lll'

And tlw ]1)ti<l li111~!i 1!1;1r '! '' ,\\1· ,~,,.
Tht·:-.t: .-Li l 111 :-.\\tT! \'l 1l1f11-.i t ' ! I .-..1111 :.:ii!

And lilll'd

t'lli: l1 pa tl>( '

wl1i-..1wri11~ wir1d,

\;1< ·:111! 111i11il:

~ l1 1·

... )1;u ]1 · ,

tlic i11g-litiH:....'<tk !1:1.!

111;1•l1._

ULl\'EI<. ''()J.il> .' liTIJ .

;\ t ' l11in ·l1\<1rd \\ l 11·r1· a \.'r11·11d

Hllri~·d.

I.ii· :--

A11 111.J :1111 1 "'"I11,.. :ll1lk1.
,\ \\i1·l\1·1 ,.

'l'•·J11·11w1it

_..\ IH1Lt"L.-..r11i1!1
.·\

\vl11 · 1T l ,1\1·:~

~l11•J) ;1111! tl11·

H1 ·;11·i1. ;111d ( ']11ld1· +·11 at

Tlw ( qd .hii ;u1d n

I h' ~1._·r1 h1 • Ind !1
pt·r~<lll t~ithl'r rt·al

H

HriL\·1·

J,111!1· 1.a~l.

l ,l ;wJ.;:--r11itl1.
1

! ' la y.

l' r1-...1 11( · r.
1

t !11•
{)!"

;1 p111':ll':llt1't'

11r1t1 .:.~; 1 11; 1ry .

df'nts yon m;1y haYc !ward <>r n·ad.

arid i'l1ara<·tt•r c)f
l 11tl·r\\l'a\·t· ~<i111t·

.'.'-oUtrH'

i1wi-

:--;rn11t• s1il1j"cts arc>-

Till' l'1cddl1·r.

Tlw .\j•j1l1·

Tlw Tra111p.

'J'l w ;-;.1·i .--:---( 1J',.., Uriiu h· r.

Lillie l\an:f.,ut..

1\ 'I't·1wl1i·r.

A Gipsy.

An Ult! Sclioo!111alc.

\\ ' «111i;111.

Al l lHTI0:\ .-\1.

\1.-\TLl(l.\I.

JI. l~1-:1·1:n1q·,·TI< • '> <•F
111a1111t· r ,

uf a

FOT~

:\ Dl>ITI():\ .\ L \L:\'l'J·:UL\L
\ '(J\ l I' ( l~JTH l \ .
J~1'ilt'(J<l111 1 11111, l i!Lij•l1r;t."i!I! .~ '. t·tc·., 11 1:1y
1

,:. .:: t\ "1•11,

:--. 1 1111(_·\vh;1t

lt1l'_\',

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lr:t\l·l,

f> n1:1d h ·
~(itlH'

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to

111.1t· ·ri :tls nf

d ie

:t l l.t1! 11 iri:ll

'H'

:trl·

1·1··

tr

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I., I

111 ....,, . •

1!

I'

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l11 11,,. ~a111t•

C(1t1la111

~1 111wtl1111g

1!11 ~

.~ 1 · ,.ii· :--.

Hri 1I.;..,:-(·
~l1t1\\

"\.wl\·1 °11

'l'i'llll_\ >• 111·:--:

··I ,,1ra, 1'

l ' 1(·.

\\·i1l1

~' 1.:~1::--;. -- :\ :1 rr: 111 ·

111·

Ii d1·t;1il <ts

:1:-; 11111,

J1is -

S('1 • 11~·

,,· 1tl1

111.!....:.··

L ·' ;t 111 1.1 (·:-; ()r ·" ' 1111 :1 i. 1,.

, 1· 1!•.
! 1 11 ...

11•Jt ' l l1" .

t.~ 11(· 1'11 . ..

(J\\'11 \\;1y,

;11

I .ii I k I \·1 •j •l(· 'd' ! lll'

al:-i11

g1\1· 11.

'J'l 11·

tl1al

t' r1· t·l y,

:1

< · 11i! .

td'

l1ri1·!' _...;11 11111 1;1r\·

·

i ·i I' .

· 1·· · ~..., I .

-"~ . ,

r 1··1~ - 1

·•

1·\1·111:-; 1111 111t

11 • .... ;[

i 1·· · 11J ~ •

dLdt· ly i 'r'

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1 r ·..., • •

1... l, ! \ , .r r 1,, . 1•.- 11..•.

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I(

tit" ;_:Tado• i'•>J' \\'ltio ·li

l !1· ...;i:._:·111··

l.

f J \l

t

l !Jlt 1·i1

\\ l

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11,.. 111:1111
lt

1....

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I \ s 1t:1:1 1·.-:1
i'
l!

II

I"

('1·1!-

['4.

I'

a<ia1•to ·d

ill

jll •:-.:-.il .L· , 11dt·r1 · :-. t i11 .~

:q1pl1t·1l

fi1 t11i11,

JJlt'tl1 111!s

vuur

••

l:1 .: 1·1~«i!i\ 1 1111 .' \

Ill.

111 tiii:s cliaf'l<T we sn:..:~·r·st how th e m e th od:; alr eadv

"ll 11 r;1ii11 :--

(tlnl ·at1l;ly':-.

It·"; I ~rya1 1 t ':-.

•· Tl1t· "a!·

11u L· J11s

a:--\ --

.-..t (1/'\

I'if11·r":

('a:--!

l'u1:~1.~. -- -

:-:11111tT

put i11lu prusc !:illurL

11;;,

Ht!: ('()\ll'(t :, lllu:\.

l'"rt "!' tl1t'

111( i\I.:..: 11t' ) J\'

f( l l!J ltl

'!'It•' \\Tilttt~ ' o.t' .\Ii'-' .\[,,,II, ,\ It· -

t·l o·.

1;1 l ll .\L 1\·r1 1:

!\.• ·iii,

\\ill

1·11· .,

l>,,,I~ •

.\1.111,lt,

',q1-

a)...,q f11rr1i"li : 1d1 11i1·al,] 1· r11:111 ·r 1: 1I f,,r

t l1t ·--t•

. .\ It·

t • \1·]' 1· ] --1 ""' .

ad:q>l:ill<>ll ul tl1,. oe ~uit.!"\'ts tu tl1·~ :tl11 l1ty a11d
t 1,..
t

l'" I'd

Jll'L'ds

11nhl tH' ldt c nt 1rch· t o tlt e jud;..:T11f·11t of

uf

tho

'· rH ·f tt· r.

l\' . :--1 _\1\111:\" "': 1:1.: 1·11 :11·.-- Tlt•· .. 1.,i· ·· ·i
('('dill!.! f'.\.('f"cl:--<·s is 1· /,·/,/
S(' l'JH·~,
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t

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.~f ' • 11~ \". -

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a

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"~l1llld ,\!11 llo ·1· ,"

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' · Ui \ t' r111 11uth

rnr;

A 111111111\ _\ !.

VI.

B1(H;1tAl'llY_-Gin~ a snrt of liiug-r:qil1_\- of sorne

ur

c l1aradl'r

fil'liur1; 1l1at is, t r:t<'l' l1is (";tl'l't'r \\ 11 l1u11t

g~u·,l tu tliP <dl1+->r cl1Hr11t•f,·r:-;, n · l:1{1 · Jri~

fr""ly

}<>Ill'

tJ\\'11 "i'ir1i"11 ul' l1i11 1.

:--;1 ·r <1t1.~t', fr 1111:

St·<ift ' .. . ;

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I 1i1 · kt·11-... ' . .; " ( 'i1 ri~1

:\la1111t · ri1i;..( ' ;

'' l\'ll!Jl1111·" ; .·\r1ful fh11!_~-'. - t"I",
f r11111

1LdiL1\ ";

1 11:1--

l,1.i ·;,"l1· _r . ti11 · (lu!law,

rr , ,111 ) l11 · l,1·11 "':....

rr .. 1: 1 ~ ~ 1ak ··--ii1 ·: :1·,

. ., 11 h _\·

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:i

)f j-.. . .

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fr .. 111

··jJ)ir1 ·r'l'i,\i:--l ";

:\ .. J1d !t-'"" ·

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.\l 11i1w]1 ' -.. " .l1illl1

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s11r11111an· ,,f a11 "ritir"

!\ f nr h!f:i Fal!n

la ...;":

~~; T)P

H;1!•i 1·-.. ··: !!11!...'.-]11"·. , \ •· T1i!11 Hr(1\\"!1 id !<t11--·l 1y

F'n" ·~ ·· j\nLin~ ·=-n t_'ru5-r·e 1 ' ; Johus.--:•n 1:!

;--.;t · ~d t 's • • i\larrr1i1H1 .. ;

~l1;il.;:i· :-- 1wan·':-- "UI

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1

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.. r ,\1n•·ri1 ·a..

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~Ia 1 · } - <~111·1 · 11 1·1" :---;1·1•1;-... a! l,1q·l~li • \"1·11 t_'a:--!!l'.

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j

\\ ";\ 11 · 1" )1

; :;·

Tlw

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·~

f""'

1: 11 1t

:--:i 1 j l lt ' t'!""·

Lu(Jk or play: as
l\i!1!..:--..ky\ ·· \\'a1 1·r

r"J!"" i11µ; an: a

l\;1ki::!1

( ':1r.,] "; ;\11 · .~ ~!1·rri li1 ·..:. fr.,rn

l l(111wr ", !·;ii11d .\l 111 ;,· ], f1 ·.. !1 1

Hr 11ii1 ......

f('-

g·1v11 1g

l·:,:i 1111,J,._, ar":

I li1·k1·1i:"'',-.. ·' ~ l<'i1 .. !1t "" !'\ !'-1\J ,.i .,· ":

":--:i11,ri1·.-.: fr111t1

1:xp!u;l:-:5,

Tlie

.\l .\TJ:ltl \ !.

I(

i,

l~hi11 1_:.

(\1 11, -1 ·11

J<li1:11,,.1l 1 a11d 11;,. l·~;11·l !•t'

'!'li t' .\ !l 1:1 ! 11l

1

l·:. . . .--:i ·x.

1" :1

Lady Ja11e 1_;r .... y .
Tl,,. (' 1q.111r•· ,.f Sit \\' ill inm \Y alla<'f'.
\\'rnd~n r t 'n<: t ir.

iw"!.," t•tc .

'i'\ 11·
'!'hr

~i11T• · 11·l··r
H:l! t

,,f \'1i1·L!1 1\\·11.

\r• r, f } i ;: -.1

!tt ,: ~ ... .

Tl11· F:il1 ,, f \\'.,).._ .. ,

T i1· ( ':i]I : lil 't• ,,f

asPl1 1!.nn· l 1\ "f,j,·('"
.. (J111'1 ' 11:-' 11f
~t111 ",

IL

0
'

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l:11!...'.·L111t! ";

1>11

< ' l1 :1 ill1 1':--;

' ' l,a 11d

(if

~!rit·li.latid\

tlit •

Al id nigh t

l1°l1·+··.

01n <: r:\AI.

i':-;,.; ,1y,;_ ---l\'r1 t»

pl:i('<'S, ir11·erit i111",
\'\'liat»n ·r Yt11r

.. r-i:__:·i11<1i

<'ssa1·s

npon

uf fal!lO \l S

1·1<'.

:in'

'j'j,.. j);\('J.:"

.. r

\\ · ~·-..t1ni11..._1.,r

l ,(•ll([t1!l •

Al1ht·:· .

l 'ri r 11ir1,:;.

ln· i11g':-- ·• .\lf1:1111l1 r11 ," 1· 1! ·.

tlien1(·s drawn fr11111 l1ist"ry, tra,·el, 1li-s('ripti(Jns

Tlw '\ •·\\

irit"r"sl»d 111 :1 11il 11isli (,, p1irs11n

~,] •<t]

\\' j \ ) iillll (

0

/l \

11

·r.

J ,.) I .

Tl1e \\'l1it•· 11 .. 11''"
Tlw

fully, \\·ii i l'urr1i.,lt :111 "\'"·il»1il t l1t'l11<' l"·r writi11g.
lndt'f'd vou 1;liould rltlt n•:id so rn11"i' t<> ()l•tain r11at1 ·rial
for writing, aH Y"U should wr ite to fix in tltc m ind the
matt<'r already read.
mnn'

\

T lw 1.-- ia11d (,r ;;1_ 11, J, i l :l.
Tli•c 'l\•w 1 ·r .. f l,i'l)]!\i,]) .

~uprt·rnr·

( '1111rl.

Tl11 · T ·· k11 l11o111·.
~\;11 !l Jli t

.t ti ( ' 11

\ ~ ..

'J' 1~ ! • ;\ 1:111 1: ri 11·1 111·1 · ( )r 1 ; l ,, . . ~ .
Tl1 l' .It·--- u it .\!1-.. :-- i(111arii.-;-.; iri \""ortli Anll:' l'ICB..
The

Co n~11ira(')'

of Po11lJa.(·.

"f

a 1•pru1•ri»t•'

168

THE ELEMENTS OF ENOLISII COM POS ITION.

ADI>ITIUNAL MATE!l!AL FUH CU.\11'0:-i!T!ON.

lGD

''

HINTS ON THE PHEPAHATION UF ESSAYS.
1. ~elect a theme which you thoroughly u11Jer::;ta11d,
or upu11 wl1i ch yu u ca ll get aliu11Ja11t i11fun11ati o n.

2. Narrow your subject as much as your k11owlcdge of
it will pNmit. For C'Xam1i li-· : T/,,. lllstury '!!" U1111J!Ull'do·, or 'l'/11• L.~>f'S of (,'11;;p,,1i·d, r, i,.,; lu Le pn: f'crr cJ t" tlie
uulimit cd s ubj ect C1111powda; lt1t/,_.i,1;li h1 t/w Tuwer, to
tl1e u11li1uitcd ;;uoject, T/11; Lij<J uf Rateiy!t.

3. The firnt <-'sse ntial is it/eris.
books, or any ot h e r so urct~.

LParn a ll you can from

Brar in mi11<l als" the grrat

trnth tliat there ·c a n h e no cl.-·ar, lt>gil'al 1r·rilhtf/, without
clear, logi cal t/1 inking .

u
·t
. !'

IIINTS ON TTJE USE OI<' BOOKS.
]. "I ca ll that the best tlw111 P, whi ch sl1nws that the•
buy l1as r ead

((Iii{

t!tuu!Jlit .J(1r

!ti111~1:1.J~·

that t lie

Iii'.\

t

lwst, which sl1t>\l'S that h e has read scn•ral l><•:•ks, a11d di-

r;psted what h n l1as rPad; :111d tl1at the worst, wl1icl1 sl1ows
1111 l1a s fullu1v.,i! Lut u1u' Louk, a11J fulluwcd that 11:itlt011t r1ficctio11."~ Dn. A1:x0Ln.

~hat.

2. You 111ust. 11 ot copy frrn11

y<Jltl'

autl1nritics thPir f1m-

.</tlllf/';' their .Ji!JU.!'~~. tl1cir un!.r u[ pn:sell( i11 g a s11Lj< ·c·t.

Also, if yon lio now a11y //11>11!/lit ll1at s1·•·111s to 1,., origi11al
with au author, you sl1ould <listi11ctly state tliat you lia\'t'
done so.

Cnpyi11g frnlll a11tl1orit it's \vitl1 .. 11I

a1·k11uwl-

cdgi11g it 1s ca lled by the hard 11am8 of ;1!u:;iurislil, that
4. Take nvtes of t lie though ts that <·omc t u yul1 u po11
yuur ::;u!Jject. i\fanv a gnnd tl11n1gl1t will lw f'org"ttt• 11 if
not put immediately upon paper.

'"• stnt!i11:;.

:1. 1'/1c/s

arC', 111 gl·nera.I, not tlw 111·01• .. rty of auy

i11clividual.

Oil•'

You thcrl'f'orc lia\·e a ri g ht tu l1 ·ar11 frn!ll an

5. Arrange the wh o le subjPct a ccordi ng- to a definite

autl1or, a11d, l1avi11 g made th " k11ow!t-dgc your 01/'r1, to

topical plan. Tl1c t o pics ::;huuld lead naturally and easily
fro111 Jl"i11t tu pui11t.

us e it again in your own way and for y<>ur uwn puq1osc.

ii. Du rn•t be ~ati_,fl, ..J witl1 tll!' lirst or 1·\-l'll t '"' ~N·ornl
writing. You will lit> a111ply rf'11aid for cnrd11l n·\ls1011s.
7. Every e:;say must co11sist of at least thrf'e paragrapl1s; the I11lroductiu11, tlie D isc uss iu11, a11d tlin ( ;onclusion.

Th e Discussio n, or body o f th e essay, may be

divitled i11to as many paragraphs as seems 11ecessa ry.
As in prepa ring f'ssap the pupil will o ft e n ha\· e to
obtain his infor111:Ltio11 d1 idly from Louk;;, lw JJJay fi11d uf
service the following:-

~11:->CF:Ll,i\?\E<>US

1\nciP11I. Tillw K1T1•ers.
Tl1t• ( 'urfr"· ·
fkll.-.
\\'akliL·'·

A1uli 1'l1 11,,_
Tlw l{cwk '.ng ( '!wir.

The ;.;pliinx.
'l'lie l!i,tory uf tlie Novel.
'!'lie l111l1 11• nc n of tl1e :\uvel.
Fa :·d1i(J11;d J!e l•'ul!i1·:-;.

The Taking of Troy.

s1 111.rncTS.

,\lil•IT!OS .\ I,

] ~ 11

'fhr• ! 1r;ith nf f_•idn.
'i'!JI' ]l,•,,·, · 11'. ,.j .l-: l il

An
·1..; 11 ! 1'

1 !! :1:

Tit\'(' ! ;\r:w1 1· r <,f !lw !<11 11,r• -·-- .J. 1, 1·1il1ine.
'l'i 1··

1.r

l,if,.

1111 a:.!,~

FOi' <·<1.l\l'<hlTl<IS.

\',...111l•H'.

'j' ~I( ' ~t i'· \'.

\ \;\ 11.

Tl1" :'i] .. r:il \ :it1 111·1 i' ,. « l" ~":ip .
'i ' l 11·

~.111 1: 1 ('!:111..;.

\!ATEIUAL

,r J: \:l I l i !I 1:1 1 i· ' l 1" .

\' il \ 11• \ (

('I 1a i ! 1·rt 1t11, 11H' I:. ,\ ! •.. ,.!.
Tlw l·:di!'

'! '!1(· i·,, . ,,f 1i1· 1! :11:<! .
( ; :1

ri \ l;t J, l i. t I w l 1:1 I i:1r1 ! ,i ! '" 1 :1 I· ,r.

( l r] d 11·1i....,'

I 1,., •Tl l t I " ! i ;1r\1

'\') 11· lli--t 1•t' \' , ,f 1i .•'
L1 ·;tJ'1:it <..'.: 1·I i ',

'.

:11:..: i i-·!1 l·:\ l1l <'.

,j,:,

Tl 11·

; 11 l•oi l

11

1' 1lw

1iJ!1 :11ii1:111 1-; • ,

.\ L1r111 {

l1 td1;111

r .\ L1:--L:t .

'!• w l·> .

(; 1·1·at

.\.·!

'i' f 1t •

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r 1·-., ,1 · ".

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l 1 I'

~ j ;I

.\ l\ 1 • .; !11'1

i ··.

l<>:i"T i•· !W l' i t1 {; :1t 1l•·11 i :1:.:.

Tiw .\li--l1 :q 1 (·ii

!1·1· .

t

1111\\'

).I ;1 l~ i ri .:.:: a J '. 11;l1.

l•" c:

<', 111"

j ( )

(

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'I' )I• . I '"I-~~

Tl 1i: 1k ':

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j'

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T l w 1: .. 11 1:1:1
Tl)I' ~ i:1 1 t

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T!w !\in:.:- 1)1' tlw

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J,;i11·

:! l t 1l JI'
;1 11 • 1

I;" I ~ \ I i i
T h,· t ':q111 1r·

i! :1 l ]11 \\1+ II.

T1 ·ar-.:.

Tl1 1· l\1i! ! 1·r!h· :1:111 tl1· · l ·~· ·i · .

! ) 11t· l "' .

F. 1\l l<') . ,w, ·r..,_

! ' :tt11l · •l:t'

)r

1·

ll11 111t 11i1 1,;..:-

i'.iri\ '"' .

•:!

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a

lr·ili :'. \;1" l-: .

i~1 1 rial

t•f I li ' ~··1•1.

.1r .:\1 1·,L

:--:.1111\\ .]1;1 lli 11 :: .

.\ I )1':-'(·ri1 "1

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! ·: 1r1 1i \;tl.

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Tl1" .\J . .,, r <

1.r 1i w

';, 1\1kn F l. ·1·\'("

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ir1~i·1i1 1.

l,i::l1t-l1111l "- 1'"' ·

< 'a 11 d

.\Lt l, 1i1 _;· .

.'·

1.\r l \·1 ·r t j-.( ·J J\t'!l 1 ...

EJitors.

Ci e~ rn .

l 1!111t\t

'l'l w

1

J !!!-.;.

!

'li:i 1 ;w \ ,, r 11f \\. ,. ! l ii 1~t ( 111 .

\;r i i i-..) 1 \:11]

Tlw

I

Ttw

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i

Cin11Prt11a.

.r :.; an·i.--.~ 1 1:-- .

0 •

Il l ] 11•ii 1t.

l\i•]'11;-.: 111 .

Tlw

\~;t]il•

(1f l \11;1\.;-. .

TliP ( 'l1ara1·!1·r nf \\'w..:ltingtun.

l 71

l "'•)

·~

AIJlllTJO;-;AJ. MATEIUAL

FOil \'O\!l'O°'ITJO ~.

'l'lw Brit i:--.!1 al .\ !1·\:1/ldria.
j);u1i1 ·l \\'t·li:--l1·r a> n1 1 t>r;1tur.

'J',

•ll.~IJ1·-.;.

!; 11r1 <

M.\ HKS F< Jl{ TlIE CUl\l:EC'Tl0'.'1
'l'I< >:\:-;

! ·~ ( •yn l 1 y i 11 I;, 1111 !:--;.
~J,

J>;(

'l'lit ~ 111arks licrt ~ giYL'll ar1~ !ls1·d

i1 _·. . .

<W

< 't

J\l I 'OSl-

J,\, pr•H1f -rt·ad 1·rs arid

I" i 11 ( Prs.

S!1;u ·L!1,:--;.

'1·J1,. 1··1 , r· t 11i/. :1 r i, ·11

~

,

r :..;,

·f

,

l...,

T!w !!:1hi t' ••f tJ1 ,_· J; cc·.
:\ i1'\;\ ! I•},.!" J !:1!J JIj!11 )1.

1. Changing.- Ir a puint, l1 ·tt<-r, '""nl , .. 1· 1'111·:1-" rs
t i• !>1• ('l1angt'd, dra w :t li1H· tl1rq11g!t it. ai1il \\ riti· tl1t_· c~)r·
rel't p1•i11t, ktt c·r, 11·urd, ur pl 11·;t,-.;1· i11 tli11 11 1:1r.c:11 1.

'1'11,· J:11ll•_. ri1y alld J1 , L iia11g~ ,,.

::. Omitting ..... Tf a i'"i11!,

CtJriu.-::; itv.

1.:tt .. r, \\'«rd, «r ;·1 11:1-.·

I"

rl'l1e Tri11nqili;-; nf Stf n111 .

lw 0111itted, draw a l i ne throng-Ii it a n d put •l (1/d1', t lrat

Tlw ( ' l1:tr<wl 1·r (Ir 1:_\

d, .-.:lru.'f) iri t !1 1•

1

L1·:--_...,1;r1 _..: fri1111

1.'< ,

111:1rg·i11.

111, 1 . i r~- . .f \:q ~ .. ~ 1·,11i.

'l'Jw (;t'IJlll" ,,f
Old Ag" .
}'urt· ...,J

r1 , 11 .

t ••

:d,:;·:11'

3 . Inserting .-

/'.11·.

Trt't'' ·

?\-:--;if 1!1"f' ~~ ~ .--. t -. ~ r' man.

If' a 11"i111. l1·t li'r, "'"r.I, <>r 1•l1rn,,· ;_, t11

he inse rted, put a ean,t., , , where> t.lrP pn i11t., INt •"r, wnrd,
ur pl1ra-.;e sl1uuld lHc>, a11d wrile i11 the rnargin "hat is t.o !11>
i11s~r1 ~ 11.

,\] ' I I".
Ti1t·

l'

~ j l_'t_·1 1 .

\\ ' I I

I: 111, ·1· \\' ,.1·.J '·

1)!:1t'\'

T/ 1, · l_J!iligat1 u 1i ;") 1:( .. \.irn ·1_·1ca. tu J~t 1 i..:l1111d.
't'f-H· :-;h\ 1· T r;:di ..
~('(d !

i:--IJ

Tl 1t· <'l1:tr;w!i·r 11f J,a l·';1y1· ! ! •· .

l'I ri·i1·,

tl)t ' lll

t /111....;,

\\ 'il 111 11

() ;

<t!l

indi ca te it tltu;.;, / - I

if (j 11 (it ;t t j ~JI l

11

J

ark·"

:1

I I

1· ;1

! )(I~ 1 /"• 'l I)! I ·~.

\! :

:tll _!..'.1 •., 11111', \/

if a h,r]>h<·n, tl1 11s,

4. Capitalizing.--- Ii'

jl, wl-...

Hr i ! i .~J 1 ( lr;tf, 1J' ." .

iii II a

/I.

s111:1ll l··ll•·r ""·"111 1.. J,,. 11ril -

t1 11 as a 1·tt111tal, dr;1\\. tl11T1' l11it·s 11ndt·1· 11 , Ht1il \\·r11~·

111

1·r1r.

1 l11· llr:t l'C:' l 11.

,\I•.l \k!'Ji ( ;/'! ' <' i' I',

'l'l11 · Ul1li;.:<tli u 11 tif J.il11'/'I\ !1·.l~di11 lla1r1;irh•n .
Tlit· l-'ti!11r1· (1f ,\11wr :•«L .
A I) 1 · f't · i1 1

·j·

11f

_\auUi ii it_H..:.

l\Iarla Tlw 1 ,·~•1.

Cliark., .\ ll. uf S1n·dl'IJ .

dra\\· a sla11t ii11,. 1!11·1111_!..'.·!1 it. a11<l

\\'I'll•·

ill tlw 11i:1r:.c·111, !. ··.

(tltn "low•·r •·as•· ' ' .,j' tl1•· 1•ri1it•·rs, i.1·., tlw "cas.·" \\ll('r<'
s111all i<>tt•·rs ;in· k••jlf, \\·l1icl1 i.-, li1·lo11· tlw c:11•it:ils).

5 . The Paragr:1ph .- If a 11··"· 1•ar:1!.,'.T:11 •l1 is 111 "" i11al tl1•· lir,1 ""rd ul' tlw 1ww par<i·
graph , and •: 111 t lw. 111arg111,
d1,·a1<-d, p11! a

174

ELE~!L'HS OF El\«LISll ( O'!J'<J,-;1noN.

THE

If two parag-raplis 011i.;ht tn

i,,.

p11t i11f•> 1J11c, d1·aw ;t

lin e from tlie finst \\' urd uf the 111 :\\· 1i:11·agrapl1 t" tl1 ,. fa;;I.
word of the precf>di11g·, a 1Hl writ1·

r1111

i11

in the margin.

if a paragrap h is n ut i11d e 11ted (that is, not lw g 1111
Lack an

tll L·li

u r su

fru111

t

l1r·

111:1r .'...! 111 ) ,

pla,·•·

;1 <· a1· P t

"~h1<rr·

I lw i11d1 ·11tal io11 1•11.~·l11 lo lw, a11d 1ila1·., a •111adr:1I, [J , i11 tl1u
111argin.

6. Syllabication.-11 a syllable or le tter uf a won.i
oug ht to b e ca rri e d over tu thf> nc.xt lin P, e 11 t' lose th e syllable in a braek e t,

I,

put a c aret in th e place to which

the sylla l>le i:s to Ge carrie d, and writ e "'".,. in the margin.

7. Transposing.-[f a word or phrase iis to be transposed, draw a <:11r v1•d li111• l1f'lw•• t• 11 tliP1n, passing- ab o ve
th e on e

2. 11tl

b e low th e o ther, and write tr. (transp ose ) in

tli1 • margin .

8. Closing up.- If the parts of a word are written
s e parately, joi n th e m by c un·e s, and pla ce similar c urv es
111 the margin, thus,:=::.

9. Query.- lf t li e

corrcct111·~s of a w o rd or statement

ts qtH,s tion t> d, 11rnk e a li11 n arou11d tlte qu1•st.ion e d part, ..i.11<l

put an i11t e rr :.:gatiu 11 p o i11t i11 lit e 111arg 111.

