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Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the ye
Bv ·w1LLIAM B . FowLE,
In the Clerk's Office of the ·District Court of Massachusetts.

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As long as · knowledge and skill are allo'o/e~~- tO
be imperfect, no apoJogy can be necess~ry
attempt to i~creas~ t4.~ one_· auq ·;p~rfe~t' the _other.
A history of English Gramniar' would show that it
was begmi in .~rr9~ ll;P.d - ~o~,t!i:J.~ed '~-~-·f.~~ju~c~. ..
The first Enghsh · gram.m.anans ;.were -oev19,ently -.
ashamed of their language; and w·ere more· aniious
to show that it · resembled tP.e classi~al )ang-\iages
more nearly thari lean}.ed .foreigners Sl.J~pected,
than they were to expo13e what _they .considered it~...
grand defect, the want of those changes of _ternii- :
nation, which are s.upposed·to aµthorize all the dis~
tinctions of case, deciension, mOQd, tense, ~.·, and
which, unfortunately, have beer) made the ·criterion by which the richness !J,nd perfection (if a laq~ '·
gua e. are ·ud ed. ·
- ·1!'!111!
' ~m!llllll:~::--_,,;~

for ·any.

• ng is ·. ramma ,
. , , . . . or,· e .l iterati
of Eur~pe, is, pe~l1apst t~e~?-~~f' tQ~t P,a~. :yet'aJ>:- .
peared, and the error of hlS predecessors is thmi
noticed in his preface;.
"I · have underta~en this
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BTEREOTYPEf> BY

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. GEORGE A. CURTIS,

NZW ENGLAND TYPE AND ITEaJ:OTYPE FOITNDllY.

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PRJ::FA.CE.

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work, that, by briefly stating the _ pri1wipl~f( of a, _
language very simp{e i1i itself, it may be,· 'mor~ ,
easily learned by foreigners, and its ~rue . system
better understood by our own couiltry~en. ·I · am
not ignorant that others before me, have ni;:i.de· th~
same attempt, particularly Dr. GiU 1 in, Latin}~~n _
Johnson, in English, and Henry He_xharn, m
French but none of them in the way w\l,ich ' I
'
consider best adapted to the purpose; for all of
them, by forcing our English rules to conform . to
the · Latin, have inculcated many useless rul~s
about the cases, genders, and declensions of nO\lllS-1 the conjugations, modes and tenses -of verbs, the
regimen of both nouns and verbs; and other s~mil~r notipns, which are entirely foreign to our language,·
and, therefore, rather increase its confusion · and
obscurity, than aid in its illustration."
,
'l'he reform proposed by this very distinguis!ie~ ·
scholar was not effected. It is true that Harris,
H. Tooke and a few others complained of the for- '
eign air of English Grammars and proposed either
entire or partial reforms;

the authority of h1s name.
And yet, Dr. L. says, "A competent -grall}matical_
knowledge of our own language is the true found_ation upon which all literature, properly so called,
ought to he raised. If this method were adopted _
in our schools; if children were first taught the
common principles of grammar, by some short and
clear system of English grammar, which, happily, ·
In; its simplicity and facility, is, per!iaps, fitter thaaz

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•(;

that ;of any :'~thei/l,a_~i/iiaif,; }~r. ·such. a/'P~fl~se;.

they' wQuld il:iive soi#e·.~noti~n· 'of ·wh~~hey 'Y'.~re
going about whe_ri _they ~houl~ e~ter _in!~ th~ ,L atin·
Grammar, a,nd woul~· . hardlY,'~~ ~tigll:ged . ~.o- ~'.lny .
years, as they ·noW:1are,· in. ;that ~ost 'i~~soIIJ.e 8?d,'.
difficult part of .liter.ature, with so much la~or ~L
the memory, and with . SO little ·ass!shlD;C6 of the .
understanding;"
,~ , . .
-. - .
_. :.:.· ~ <
After ti1is .-jµst
of- t!'i~ subject, .~he Iearn_ed, .
scholar, iristead Qf. makirig a p1,uely· ~nglish · G~ain-_
mar with which alL others: might ' be brought into
cort;ast, all~wed himself to · ing~aft ypoll. ' Eriglis~_­
many things entirelyJoreiITTL to it, '. so that-:the stu- ~
dent of his grarxima.r : !s. quite_',iii the ·aar!' as to t!ie;
real principles bf.EngliSh q~ammar; -')?f· L<nv:t~'s :
grammar ''"'.'as inferior;:ip·maqy res_pectij ~~•.s.~ye!~l
that were p~bll~h¢_ !n, _the . same centt!Xy, a~d "1t
shared thefr fate, unless-_it ni!l-y,be .said'. to survJ'l{e
in Murray's Grammar, which, hav~g - beenJrir7_. 1
nished with practical __ exer~ises~ : and'. pQblish~d. ~!.;
the moment when,- gr1,1.mm~r was gener~lly: m~ro.­
duced as··a reglilar · study irito . our public , and;
private schools, was - eagerly re~eived. and .verr
extensively 'used. - ~' . -. -. - . -. '·, ~ .·... :' ~;:
It 1.vas not -loJ?-g, · h«?'Yev~r, before its:g_efi~ienc:ie&:
and errors began to· be perceived; an4 a' host of .
authors, wiihout ·departing frQrp. .the ·general pr,in--.
ciples of -Mr. Murray; attempted_ to illustrate. and
simplify ,t hem .. - Soon~ oth~rs, mo~e partly, att,empt_:
ed . a radical reform, and, ' as usual,. failed. · The
• author is satisfied, by experiment, that ariy attempt
radically to change . the received · gmm~ar ' of our ·
- language, cannot suc~eed, 'even though the chang~ I*
1

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!'REFACE.

work, that, by briefly stating the pri~ci:p.le~~ of ~ .
language very simp{e i1i itself_, it may . be-, ·mor~ ,
easily learned by foreigners, and its · ~rue system
better understood by our own country~en. -I ' am
n.ot ignorant that others before me, have niade· the
same attempt, particularly Dr. Gi_ll, in, Latin, Bfln
Johnson, in English, and Henry Hexhani,- in French, but none. of them in the wa)r wJ;iich ' I
consider best adapted to the purpose; for all of
them, by forcing our English rules to co_nform to
the · Latin, have inculcated many useless rul~s
about the cases, genders, and declensiqns of no\lns, ·
the conjugations, modes and tenses of verbs, the
regimen of both nouns and verbs; and o~her s~mil~r ·
noti9ns, which are entirely foreign to otu fanguage,··
and therefore rather increase its confusion ·~ a,rid
'
'
.
. . - .
obscurity, than aid in its illustration." . . . . . . .- . '
'l'he reform proposed by this very distinguis!1e~ ·
scholar was not effected. It is true that Harris,
H. Tooke a~d a few others complained of th~ for- '
eign air of English Grammars, and proposed ~ither _
entire or. partial reforms; . but ·.when J?r . · Lowth _
published his grammar, :which is _avo~edly :. the
basis of Mr. Murray's, the same evil existed and
was repeated with all the authority of h1s riarrie.
And yet, Dr. L. says, "A competent -gral'I}niatical_
knowledge or our oumlanguage is the tru~found_a­
tion upon which all literature, properly so caUed,
_o ught to he raised. lf this method we~e adopted .
in our scJ1ools; if children were first t\lught the
common principles of grammar, by _some short and
clear system of English grammar, which, happily, .
by its simplicity and facility, is,·perliajis, fitter tlu:u~

·-,,:
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that ;_ hf izny/btl~er~ la,~ffa~le for.· mc'!(~:.P~Tf:os~;,. ~
they\vquld· have soril_e· notion" :of wh!lf;.they 'Y~re t
going about whe_n .they ~h(ml~.- e!lte~ _m!~ the .i atin'
Grammar, a,nd would .hardly,bl'. 1'lrig11:ged . ~-o- ~'.lny
y~ars, as they now 1are,in. _that ~o_st"i~~s()n;ie 8:lla,-·
difficult part of literature, with so much la~or ~f
the memory, and with' so little .ass!st~nce of the
understan!ling/' ' , ~ . . .
· . '· ·
·:_··
After . ti1is -jµst view of' t~e s~bj_ect, ~he learn_ed_.
scholar, m~:tead 9f making a purel-y' ~nglish 'Grain-_
mar with which all, others. might : ~ brought: into
all~~ed himself to · ing~aft ~upon' ·Erigli~~ .:
many things entirelyJorei~ _ to it, .so that-:the stu-'.
dent of hµ gramml!-r i~ qllite 'j,il the 'dark as to t!ie :
real principles b(Eng?i.Sh q~aminar. -) Pf· _Low.t~'s ·
·grammar ~a~ inferior,:ID,·mal}y resp_e~t~ ~~- .s~-~e~~l
that were p-qbli~hed !n, _the same century, ~d , _1t
shared their fate, ·uniess it niay,be -s aid.lo survJxe
in : Murray's ·G_rammar, which, ..hav~g ~ ~n~ ftir7: 1
nished with practical . exercis~s~ : and. P.~b.li~hed, ~~.
the mom~nt when, · gi~Dini~r \Y'as g~n.er~lly., in~rO:.:
duced as-·a reg\ilar: study irito .oll-r ' p.ublic , and·
prl.vate schools, : was "eagerly. re~ei.~ed : an~ ;v~ry.:
. extensively l.1sed ... ·:':- ._·. . .. :,_·- .,,- ·: l~ -:, ': . . ·: ~<
It ~vas not ·lb~g,· h~ev¢r,· before its:~~fiGienc~~it
and errqr.s ,began ~o ·. be per~eived; ':10...4 ~chost' of .
authors without ·d,eparting frQrp. '. th_e :ge]leial _pr~.,:,
ciples .of -Mr. ~urr.ay; DJtemI,>ted to illustrate, ~nd .
simplify ,t hem ..,.: Soon~_ oth!Jrs, !JlO~e hard~; att~mp~~.; ,
ed . a radical reform, and, ' as usuat,.'failed. · The ·
• author is satisfied, by, experiment, tbat ariy attempt
, radically to change · 9~e received · gNl;mmar' of our
language, cannqt suc~eed~ 'even 'though the chang9 .
1*

cori;ast,

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should be based upon the: ll.Cknow}edg~q , piilW.iPJ~s,
~f general and particular gram;uar. : H;e _ ~i,S - here:
made no such attempt; but he is µot withqrit ~()p~,
that the public are so awake~ed to the defect,s a.~~d
inconsistencies of the popular system, that a j~qi~.
cious revision, with no unnecessary .d(!Viati_OJ1 fr?~~
the old system, no.distinctions that are not, obvioui;;)
no definitions that cannot be applied to~ practice, _l:l()
considerable alteration of coqimon 'ter;r;ns, .all~ : no
arrangement that .r~ason . wiH .not _:sanctio~, ,.11.l~d .
simplicity approve; that a reyised _s.rstem ~addr~ssed to the understanding and nc;it to th.,e. mf:Jm?~Y
alone; in fine, that
will meet with a kin
ButI if it. be contended that
this asshnilation,of
. ..
- . -. . --OUT grammar to the grammar of other la11guages 1,
imperfect as the assimi_lation must be. ,a ! best,_although it may not exhibit the pecu~i3:r fe~tu~es of
.the English language, may assistth9se ~vl;io irtt~nd
to make other languages ·their ~tudy; it may _b e
'said, let such,· if they choose, continue t~: . ~se_Jl}e
· old system, but, for th!') sake oftl~e h~mdre4-w~9_ne·
\Vho never expect to_study any grammar b'ut _ E~g· lish, let us have a grammar adapt~d t~ _oui' ~a~!s,
and as simple as the genius of 'our _to11gU:e will ad- .
mit. If the correct use of English ·can be lean~ed
by a more simple system, 'w hy should n~e.ty-:nine
be compelled to submit to one, · that he may•.receive a doubtful aid at best, injurious to' his -own
language just in proport!on to_the degree .in ;vhich
' •
its grammar is assimil11:ted to another? · ·
The time when Latin and French wete the
popular tongues before whicll all others bowed,

·.· :7;

ha~',piob~bl f.: ~1[S-g~~ ,:~yaj{foj¢ve!i'.j :-j'thei' ·~~v~i~

and · infllience~ (>f-Gr:ea(-Britain::-.~n~,.t4ese .Um~e<i
States'"wilt;·: 1ere' lori'g~ 7give·~to :the ·~nglish ·lan~ag~·
the· as~end~ncy' if
'li!ls-: not•'airea<iy. be~n~d_on,e:{
a.pd reason; proprl~ty, :~nd ".even_'.patriotisni;;~sjie~
to . requfr~ 'that:it ·should ::n9\v: thrO\v- off \tli~; C.ifrei!¢shackles whiph nui~: its ·symmettf and :.conceal· _1ts
peculi~~ beal~y, itfr simp_~icltr.-'·-' : ' :: ; - v • •: ' :.. <>...;.·~ _:'.
The ~uthfu dpes -·no_t expecUhJs. reforme_cl gr.am~
·mar,-f10wever judi~iously ~onsenrative i~ _may;_~,
to prevail agaip.si-tha(-wh:Jcli. has possession of:i:>ut
schools. unless .- it has . th~ · COU~tenan<;e of .those
teachiir~ .aili:l · scholars --W~9' lov,e ·:E/ngF~h fot''i~~
own sake "and who in their w:orks show its compass
and its po~~r..;. T~ i:"e_col_lcile ·such _t<;) ~ 4>.f~doy.tioti of
·the plan here p~opose.~, -it may be-proper -.'to.femark
that _any pei:~on qualified to_,teach the.. ~ld sys~eµi
is qualifie~ . to: teacJ;i_• t'!iis,· or . ma_y~ b~o~e ·J>g_ ~ a
. 'few hours: · Excepting -a· few reiparks m~the Ap' pe~qix, . no 'set/ -defence '·of the~ : ~ys'tem . has ; ;be~n
attempted. .,_Such - . di~c11~sions ' only : perpl~x ?h1l, "dreri arid shoula. ~ot .be'. placed in their way. -:' Be- side;,· ~ith Wallis, l:larris, Home Tooke, Gilchrist!'
Crombie, and a :dozen othe r
,,_.~!ans on ..his ·side, t~e· ·~ut _• , • • • . . o • • , " I. I . r
the quesJion·,not tO lie; whether the alterat~ons her~
· proposed :are founded _in tr~th and· : ~r~pnety; ~nd
··on the best authority; but, wheth!'l_r it is expedient /
.to · change the establis~d systeII! for any other,
howeve·r simple, however improved. .·

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PR.EFAC1'.

hibit and explain the points of difference between
this and the old. system; but . that· rio deficie~cy
may be felt by the introduction of this gra~ar,
THIRD PART , containing new and . copious exercises
upon all the rules of syntax, directions for writing
English composition, &c. &c., will immediately ba_
published.
·
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COMMON ' SCHOOL - GR'iMM.;KR
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1. IN writing ·~nglish we' use :t~~pty-six)etters. ·
. ·- '- . · . :. · _ . .. · '_
, ' - . . · . .:. .
Of these letters;· a, e, i, o, it, and ~omet1mes w
and y are vqwels ; the rest are consonants. . . ·
A Syllable is one or more · 1.ett~rs prot;iou;ice_d ,at
once.
:. . - · · . ; - . · · · . · ·
· · A Word is composed ofone or more ~yllables. :--Two or IIJ,Ore s~mple w~rds _unit~~ form a qo~.
pound word i f1.S 1 J'l.~ver.:the-Z.ess.: . ·~ ·

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:·' CLASSES, -OF . WORos:· :,·>!~.
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'2. English Word~~ acco"'rding to thei{u~esJ _ may

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be divi'ded -into eight.~lass~s or sorts: : .·-.. ., .. . ~The· N'ouN o~ NAME: ir;ch~de~ a.u ;names· Cif· p~~
sons, · t{iings or ' cictions,. visible ,.or ..in'visible j • as~.
John, m1.1,n, ~ir,tue,_ wrili1!:.ff· .
.·
~ . , . _.
The •AJ>1~c11vE: include.s air words tl'iat. are
joined to nouns to '<f,istingui:sh them Jrom . ea~h
other· as Great ' John·, Good man.
)

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FOWu:' s COMMON SCHOOL

GRAMMAR.

The PRONOUN includes- seventeen -. w.ords that
stand for names of persons, to prevent .repeatin.g
.the name ; as, "fohn, you good man." '.. ... ·· '· _1 .
·The VERB includes ~ll w~rds that expre«ss w~~~
any noun or pronoun is do-mg or has <done · as
"John, good man, you wrote." . · _·
· ' . .. ..'
The A,nvERB is joined to verbs, · ~djectives<o~
other adverbs to qualify their meaning· as '
"John, very good man, you wrote truly wezt." · ' ·
The PREPOSITION includes a few words that COrJ.vey_the action of a verb to a noun "or pronoun . .
"Jh
"
1
o n, goo d man, you wrote weJl to James.":
. .·- 1·,
The CONJUNCTION includes a few words . that
connect two words or pltrases, or continue a sen"".
tence; as, "John, great and good man, y"1u
wrote well to James."
. The INTERJECTION includes a few natural sou'll,ds
used in exclama.tions ; as, "0 ! John, good man,
you wrote truly well to JamP,s."
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Poor old man, he blecL -'' ~- - . . r . • ·~ '· ~ ·',-: ::;,; '.:~.--;
The smaU tree m_!lde a fine i:ha1r. · '. , ' -- v ' -- • :,. " _
A bad 'heart lpves agreeable -vice," -~ ·
----,..:.
We ¥nd excellent)nk
, , , ,; ,.;.
_-, · ·< f. · .l{<'
Habit will enable chila're~ - t~ 'form cor,rect sentences,
though .they may be ignorant of the rules 9f , Syntµ~ ·0. . ·
.
'. .. ..·.; . . . \_' ~ ·· _. . . , . ':-. : _,; / -~ ~f.. .~ .....~:.

An interesting .exercise

:~"; ing a number of the first
four sorts of words on s~parate pieces of paper, shaking
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1.~~ class •. ~·' >'.:~¢: fhu,r.·.. 'Jii~~rJ.q.s,r~\' · ,4tJi.A~"J.../ .. . ·
man ~ dog , fine ·.•.: .. jhe i I ,,1\b~ \8hifi~~ dpe$ ~\fo,1Jll~,>.J
chain . leaf · fair ._ : . ,r~n:~ ~e -~ , J; ,~t /, . &eBs ,:.:nWt',at:l rijhea~t glass ~gree~b_l,~ a ; . ~f\ , _ lb.e.c~· ; bled ·'-" 11l!q'¥.~ .;
,.
breath: boy famous ' old' ·, u~ ' ' " them· ~ smoke. holds , , ·
vies
~tend poor
· hi~ thou~,~· whcfd (eared :haf!',"W;
courage mk excelle_n toad thee · . whom f~l~ / ftilt '\, ,
tree _ time . kindes~. &iqk Y,e... :> > hi~· · m~elf. J~a4 "" · .'
blood ~ir · 1oud . thm y_ou , '.;~e,r ·• wrot~ ~.'spq~~,'I~
penI · ., hfe . sm.nll . , ~d· ·'. .he
_ . ·'" ·;._ .. ,.. i Jove~
, · ~~~ed
·
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. .
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•.
Anoiher usefol · exercise 'is . made b_y requiring ,.:the ·
pupils to take t~e s'ep1m~tefwo:rd,s and !lfrang:~ ~~~~~i~ ,,
correct sentences. · Thus, · ~f the· w<;>rd~ ;~abo!e g1~~l~i.~~ :
m'.ly form such sentenceii_'ai( the ~ followmg :_': ·' ?~ ·- · · ~' ·

•.1 • ,

them together, and requiring the. pupils, in turn, · to.
draw them out and say ·to which class of words they .
belong.
. The definition of the first four classes ~ill en~ble the
pupil to tell them readily, but it is feared that no· ·definition will enable a young _pupil .to distingui8~ the Qther
four classes. If the pupil hesitates, ask him, Is the
word the name of any thin_g ? Does it st.and for-' the-·
name of a person ? Does 1t make sense with the word
'Jllrson or t~ing after it 1 Does it express what_ any .
l'"erson -or thrng does 1
· ·
Th,e words at first selected, should be .such as are'
~asily detected, and the following are ,suitable.

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OF THE, NOUN OR NAME,

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A No~N the,~ame: ofany' par·&~n,· :·~hi~g;··~~-·
action, visible or iuvisible; as, John, man, virtue, '.'
writing.
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Dir~ctions,

Let the pupjl na711~ thing~, ,1u:1d, after:i
naming things subject to , the.. senses, . let . h1m. O.li'-~e;
things not subject, to the sense~, that is, , suc~ ,as ~e. can
only think of.
.,
,cc !

4. · Nouns_ are called ' P~oper, ·when
names of particular persons ,or things;
Boston, Nile.
. . , , ... ,,·
_'
Nouns are -said to be 'Common, when
be applied to all things of a kind; as,

river. ·

they ~r~
as, 'JohF,
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they may ~'
man, city, ·
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GENDER is the distinction of sex.
Nouns are either male, female, or neither.
All names of males are of the Masculine gender; .
as, John, boy, king. .
·
·
All names of females are of the Feminine gen,;
der ; as, Mary, girl, q-µeen. _.
·•
All names that are neither male nor female are
of the Neuter gender; as, hm(se, tree, city. · '. · ..
When things are addressed or spoken of as
sons, they are sometimes masculine ; as, " The
sun sheds !tis beams:" or feminine;- as, -" Virtue ·
rewards her children.' 1
. ·. .
Such expressions are called figurative, ~nd the
things are said to be personified.
· ·
·
A few noun11 are sometimes applied to males,
and sometimes to females; ·as, parent, child,
friend.
,_
:
When applied to males, such nouns are mascn~
line; when applied to females, feminine.
When such words are a pp lied to both males
and females at the same time, they are said to.· ~

per-.

~

;·

:

;..

(

f'

:·_~\~; ~:~

<·

Directiufu.. · L~t
t~ii:ch~{~* o(wlia.t .ge~· i~
boy:
' mother . . ·: m~ld . . '1 nurse' .
<cou~in
sister
-: mlstreii's .' .· ··; p~~ ·\, ., .·· '. !ir~tJtuda ~ · frje11~
husbtmd ·uncle : .. ..~ prI!lSt ·' .,: m,oney . -~. ~ '. :11!?,lp·.
iass
.aunt
.. widow
--bonnet-· - -. flo_wer
lord
mece
-: he11rt .
. · hat.---- 1 -~ :ri'!a1 lady
r;op .
.. · captain~ · doctor
. "en~mY.
woman "- _.daughter ; :¥ t ·
'. envy_ :-- .. gu~~ .
man .
. officer ·. . . ~vutue ,,
go~.
. - fire-:

't,4,e.

?

:~~;r

~h~r

,:

. . ·!iZfute; -._ -~: .::!~a~· _.:~ f;~~i.J_: ·

The teacher itiust . s~pPly oth~~ "'o~sls! if_ 'n_ec~~$-~~Y·
until the pupil ~s farn~lianvith ihe chstmct1on of ge~- ,

de'F~i:. rurtber ex~icise; ~t: tli; :ieQ.~hef... ~ame ~h,e :ro1Iowing masculines or 'fell\iniil~s; 1,t_nd r~_qune t}l~ ~~~,11~0
tell the c_or,respondin~· y.:ci~~ o~ the. <!:t~S~ gend~~ ·~·~;;;; . .~ . · _
Mal.e.
bachelor
bea~ : ,
boy
bridegroom
brother
buck
bull
bullock. ~

o:xsteer
cock
colt
· drake
earl
father
friar
gander

. Femalef., .·... , · · M*. , . .
maid
belle ·
gi~l ·,
bnde
sister
doe.
cow

F~'f!wk· . r.___

,. ·. 'hart ·. ·".. ' . roe
.,
husba11d_ ,· .. · wife '· ·. . ·; ::, '
king .- :,-;_:::: · ' qu~e~
lad' :.... , . .;: lass : ·: · · ·.lord
lady;·man
\vornan · '. . . master
mistress. ~ .
. ·" ·. . ..:· m_ister ·:
·..· .~r~;~r _m lSS.13
heifer . · ·:" ne.ehew ·" r, m~e ... :···..: i.;_~
:.ram _., ,.. ,,.,.-·;. (~ ·ew~ . ,: '.: i;.; >:-.::.
hen . '. / _- :'~4','
· ~~ta_~ ·_'/.: ·.
filly - . · · sloven
duck · .- -. .. '.. · , .
.. -, ·. ...slatterJl · " ·
. . co.unless .. · .iton.
.· ~ ..-..:'. d~'l1.gpter _ : ..
mother · ·. · . !)tag . . · brnd. . ;.' ,
-~q.n ·. , , . /_µpcle .
: .; ·l;l'ijll,t . .· ; : " _.
goose
_~ wizard. . -·~ wL~cJ:i '.'_' . ., .
0

<. :_J-·
- · ·. ·. -... . ·

•

•

. ,r ' j

t

• .

:

.

~

Then take the f~llowirig noi:ins, where the differe~~e
of sex is expressed by a differenr terminatU,n or. endwg
·~

I

'.: :' :;·~"':" , ,- ;,~

a

GENDER OF NOUNS.

5.

!

cestor:J . .. ' - .. ;~.-:'.~:~~::/· : ~'. ·,'·l

•

I\

r
'>.

of_ the COnimdn· .'ge,ll~ef i':·~~I ·'iri~ -~6areT_s'f·an-:.' -

Dfrections. Take thE! prec_edi_ng exum_pl\ls .ail;d ,s~ow
the pupil that John is a name not given 'to every 'inari,
but Man is the name of every John, and ever/ James,'
and every other man. So Boston is not the name ..of
. every city, but City is the common name of Boston, :.
New York, London, and every other city. Nile is n9t
the .name of every river, but River is the .common name
of the Nile, · the Amazon, the Mississippi, and_ every·
other river.
· · ·
Then let the teacher name · nouns and require th~
pupil to say whether they are proper or common. To
vary the exercise, let the pupil name a noun and say
\Vhether it is proper or corrµnon; or, require him to
name a proper or common noun at once;· ,

;
' ~-~
1i~J..

'

FOWLE's COMMON SCHOOL GRA.~~MAn.

- . '.

14

~~.".·

.

FOWL.E' s CO.MMON SCHOOL GRAMMAR.

·· -.: .. ,~· ;,--_;.; r::. . :~,i;., ~.i!"\!~J· /·:~·t'· ';.J~-~;.:-.~; ·~:.:~ ... ~;.-:~ ~ =· '.:': ~-,:;..·!NUMBER OF NOUNS. ·.~ <'· , ': : : ·~ .
- . .-' ~:.:~ .:.· ' . >:.., ·:, .~ i_ , ·. ·.....·, ' ~·. ~'..~ :
6; Nui\~B~~- is. tjie ·; djstinctioii .jo,f>pne/ or _
mQre

of the word, and not by an entirely different ~ord as ;in
the preceeding list.
·
·. · · . · '
· · ., . _
. . .'·
' .

. I

'/

·'

~

..
•,

'·

. i.

I

..

r

.'

;

I

~

~
{,

'

'·

-..
;

~

·,.'

Male.

Female.

Male .

abbot
abbess
host
actor
actress
Jew
administrator administratrix ion
adulterer
adulteress , _ marquis
ambassador ambassadress moiutor
arbiter
arbitress
. patron
author
authoress* . peer
baron
baroness
poet
benefactor
benefactress priest
caterer
cateress
:prince
chanter
chantress
prior
conducter
conductress prophet
count
countess
protector
deacon
deaconess
·shepherd
duke
duchess
songster.
elector
electress
·sorcerer
emperor
empress
sultan
enchanter
enchantress tiger
executor
executrix
traitor
governor
governesst
tutor
heir
heiress
viscount
hero
heroine
votary
hunter
huntress
widower

-·

Female . . .
hostess '·.~
jewess .
lioness .,·
marchioness
monitress'ii·
patro.ness :
• peeress :
poetess ·
priestess
pr~n~ess .
pnores!§ ' . . ·
prophetes~ ·';
protectress
shepherdess
songstress
sorceress
sultana ·
tigress
traitress
tutoress
viscountess
votaress
widow

Sometimes the gender is determined by placing
the words male or female, he or she, cock or hen"
man or maid, or some similar word, before a noun
of. the common gender; as, male-child, female'-:
child ; he-goat, she-goat ; cock-sparrow, hensparrow; man-servant, maid-servant. ..
• Sometimes Author and Monitor are applied to females. ·
t ~ovemess is not a Governor's wife, but an instructreu.

.. ,.

than one. · , ·
... " .. .. ~. -, : ..
· " •·· Nouns have two numbers. , · .,, :.:' . < . <~ . 1 . - . . .
Names of ~ingz~: th¥}g~ __ar_e ~n, t.he '#nffu_~'fr, n.u~:ber; as, hor$e, man.. ·,; ·. · ..o·: ;. . : .. , .,' _,
Nouns wµich, are ,nofnames of sin$le t~ings are
in the plural pumberi .-as..{ /wr~es, men. , . ~-- ~~· ·,
The distioction or :singular .and plural lS gen-·
erall y confi11ed t<:> common· Iioun:;i:.,, or names;: but'
proper names, ar~ sometimes - maae ' plural! : and
should then, perhaps1 be c:a lled c~n, nouns ; ; a~ ·
"The Henrys, lVilliams and Marys of England,. ..

.

I

•

'.

",;

• .'

'

.

:

;•;,.... , : .; • •

"

~

.'

·.~ ~,.,.

•

~. '. : ;

rr

Directions. . Let the t~acher ask >the pupil. the number•
of the following· nouns; . · ·
· --:--., ';. : · ··~-, ·.

gift
'
dollars
quill ·
book
slates .

l~mps . : lath ,
star ·
sack.
lad
bags

paths
hill
pills
dre,m. .

guns
inops
hat ·
saw
paws_

hats ,
.Charles
Joseph
p~pers .
wig_

What is the- singul~r of the follow/ng noun~?
chairs
pins
eyes
.prisons
insects ·
pears
hearts
nations
birds .
horses : .
apples
hands
houses
beasts
' · dogs .
girls,
tools •· .·
hands
:· arms ·'
axes
~ears : ·
hairs,. ·l'.ats ,·; ;'. '· 'heads
toys
. What is the ptur4z, ~f the:foi!owi;;g ~ou~ ·1 ·:- ·: ·: >
log
word
' m!lid
. ' table·
~vheel ' '
art .
letter
finge; . ·, . roof
top -_ , .'
bay .
. cap · · · thump ~, ; . log
cqver. ~ .. .
po,le
barrel
part . : , , post·
. ,. wave
key
handle .
cheek . . ship ·
ba,r · ·
Now ask, what letter was added to these singulars to
make them plural. r
·

,.

I

-

•:

11(

l'OWLl>' S COMl\lON SCHOOL ORAl\11\IAll • .

·•....' .

·:Exercis.e.~Am..the ;plµr.~ _of \lij<f.QIJR.~ng '.l!.AU)l::i· , ·
sheaf· . ' ' gulf ,: c.' puff: "· )::: hoot :,,~-~~'(;! proof ~ ::! •' i ~;
chief
fife · · . ·wharf- ·. . 'fief .; ... :.i staff. · · ; .
cuff . . ... self . ,· skiff . - . scarf'
. .
' ~eaf
._'. .whi1f. .. :/ sqiff ·:· ,\ di~ta~ ('.
dwarf . · roof ,
.mischief _cay . ~ . -stu,ff .. -": turf., . ~- ~e ·~ .
half..
gnef-- . ,_: )11tnfo ~ '·. elf '. ·.o . Jeaf ,
life
· cliff
· . . shelf
ruff
· ' -· . wolf
··• •
,
••
,_
# ; -..
.

The plural of nouns is generally formed· py.< adding the letter s ,to the singular, but there . ar,e
some exceptions.

;..

s;

Exceptwn l. When the singular ends in x;·
ss, ch, (not sounded like le,) and sh, the pl'ural
is formed · by adding es ; as, bo:i:, boxes; kiss, .,
kisses ; church, churches; wish, wishes. ·
But ox takes o:i:en in the plural; and ch," when
sounded like k, takes .only s: as ·1JU)1iarch, '11'!(on:..
arc/ts.
,.
•·.

., . . ~. ··( ·: .··, ·~· ., ~, ·;· .. / '. . . ._·; · :·.)
Exception 3 . . ·When the siugtilar :ends in.:-y;'
\,

with a. consonant or the, vowel ,ie befor~ it, the · y
is ·changed into i~s; ~nus, jly,.ftie$; destiny, des-

'

.t inies; _colloqu'¥, cf!_Z/pquies . . · : . . , •··•· . ·

follp~ing
Exercise. Ask, what is the plural . of the'
. .
- ·.
.
nouns.
dish
mesh
birch
latch
box
witch
blush
morass
tax
mass
crucifix'·
inch
march
ass
torch
sex
. rese~rch iJotch .
dash
thrush
crutch
brush
dress
branch
match
·coach
marsh
peach
arch
lash
s'titch
wretch
mess
lass
fox
press
bench
torch
flash
hiss

. . . : ,. : .

· But if ·any vowe_l,.but u comes: before the.. .y,
only a;n s is added; }hus, ~ey, keys ; ,__boy, bm;s; :. ·;:

" . --- .

'.
, .J, .~
.. .- _
. -~.' -' ; L·. . • • ; _; .-,: .
Exercise: Let th;-pup.il it!ll or write .the plural of.the
·, . .,~ .
following nouns . .'" ·/ '
· ·
....., . day
·mo~1!ey ·" '· ·aca~e~;. :._~~y, i · :,:,.'. :~le~ .~.:;: .•:
cry · · · · .valley '- legacy. . · sty · · • '. ·· .alloy. ' ' "·:
fly .
money
luxury
joy . -.· ' chimney ·:"'
play
c.onvoy_ · · piracy •· bl!oy · : cal!"-mity · ·
ray
. lily , .· ·. penalty_. . key
· " soliloquy
attorney .
sky .
puffy
heresy ~ toy ··
destiny ' · duty
. journey · ·
boy
lady .··
ally
alley '. : , cruelty_ , folly
. r~lay . ·

•

I

E:i:ceplion 2. . Wj1en the singul_ar ends in
or
Je, the plural is formed _by ch.angrng .[ or fe mtQ
ves ; as, loaf, loa~es; .wife, wives.
·.
But the followmg, m f and Je, only .take. an s

) t .

J!Ja;cePtion

in the regular way.
·
chief, fief, handkerchief, hoof, dwarf,_gulf; fif~,
mischief, · grief, proof, rQof, scarf, turf, stnfe.

I

4. : '. Mo;t

•

~

· ~ • ~......· "

•

.,..,>'

"r :• • .'

no~t!s~ .end in~~ :i#:i ~'. T~~Is~

es in the plural; as, wo,_wo,es_; .potato, potatoes. .... .:, :
.B.u:t the .words ca~to 1 .virago, olio, seraglio, .nun.;

cio, junto, . solq,~ tyi:o; two,· octav~, : du9~eG~mo1 .
quarto, and all ~o~ns th.a t eQd in t9, .except ·potato, only take JU~ ::, in 'the . regular w~Y:; thus,·

Nouns ending in ff take only ans in the · pln.:ral; as, muff muffs; but staff has staves_in the
plural, although distaff has distaffs.

canto caµtos ·folio· "folios.
'

.

:

·.

J

. >·. • .

' .

• •• . .• ..

· · ·.· · · ...-. ·;
• '(... • '~

.· '

2'* .

.

. ~-;.

. ' • ~. • .

~ ·;

'1,,·, 11

..

'

.{..,,..

""
•

~

J,

~

-

:

-

.;.

18

FOWLE S CO~iMON · SCllOO\.. {:JRA!\lMAn, :.
1

. ·<·-! 1Sing_~di:p~:.,~~;~~~-Kf~~·~:.f.~,r:ez~-9!·~-tt'i;~~h·s~1~:~ aid~-de-cal?p - ·- ~- ~l~f':'.:{;' a..idel!-d_-~'=:C~~P. ~1:~~~~n;~
.~ ­
co~ rt,-01.ai::tial : n;1.;,'ft_;!.<f:"-9,0w:t$-:~arH~~j1 . ' ;· ': · .. ;;..:;:•
p nc~.c.11~r~nt;:~;;'itfP,i1; :.::,~·,: li'H~1urreq_(,~:..:.j: :·...1 ;~ '1. .
~ousm-.ger:man -> ~·.;_ir.;'.: ,)i_ :c-0µ1!1~s~ge~q ...... · i::, /.:.
fa ther:-m-Ja w, · ~· -,::(. ,:-'.~ Ja,the'rs.-m-lQ.:w.::.' 1 · , ~ . :_'.;·;
l_ieir-at-law - . · :.:'.:s- ~--; ,, h~i~aHB:~v::~1;r~ _'.~J.:·.::~~

Exercise. Let the pupil tell cir write ·the plural of the
., . . .;;; .. ; !iu'.
following nouns.
'
·echo ·,.:.,. "".
potato
grotto
two
ju.nto
virago . ·;J · ~
octavo
nuncio
tno ·
WO
. olio · -:, .. ·. '
fo]j(}
punc;tilio hero
canto
cargo·
seraglio ~ i . ! portico
solo
motto
volcano
calico
negro ·
, tQl:nato c:
mang(}

•'
).:

f:

Excepl'ion 5. A few nouns form their plural
' ..
very irregula.rl y .
~

....
;

Singular. Plural.
man*·
men
woman
women
ox
oxen
child
children
S brothers
brother* { brethren
sow*
swine
cow*
kine
goose
geese

Singular.
Plurql.J:
tooth
teeth;· .·.
foot
feet
louse
)ice -'.
mouse
mice
die (a stamp)
dies · ·
die (for gamiug)
dice .
penny(name of a goit~)pe;i.ce
penny (t/w eoin itself) pe11nies

Exercise. Give the plural and requ'ire the singular,
or give the singular ancl requi,re the plural, of the above
nouns.

E:i:ception 6: Some compound nouns do not
place the plural termination at . the end of the
word; thus,

a

• M11ss11/ma11, not being compound of man, has mussul111ans.
Brethren is now used for members of the same c4urch or society,
and brothers for sons of the same parents. Sow and r.01!> have also
the regular plurals, sows and cuws. Swine is _the old plural sowen,
as kine is the old plural cowin. Hence it is doubtful whether
swine should even be used in the singular any more than ·kiue.
So1D is always feminine, but swine is of the common gender.
c

r

.
·--·
;;'

.. ,

·,

.

vespers
kinsfolk :2 ;. embers{:, ,.;.:--.; pantaloons ·
matins
scissors . . . oats . _,o,' <~~goOds ";.;: • •.i~
riches
snuffers.... ,_. ' . me.a sles
alms· _,.: .- . 'folks - ... tongs - . ' trowsers ·: . ·. bQwels ._
; - . "\
. . .· ,.·.·" . . .. · :' ·:>· 1:"·•· : .
and .the . for~i~ri _ w~{~s.,; 'Hi.J..ip.<!cf1!s,~#.ffJS;~ '. ina_nef,.:lit-"
eratt, minuti;e. .
·
· -. _.~ ·
">'--' .
Some noun's are us~d i~ bot$. number~ '\Vithput
any alteration) as,- ·: ··:;;::·r..- .-...·.-'i;<·.' =
. .--; .;,r~ ~-~·'.'_,:t..i.\-. ,·
.

.

•

deer .
sheep
pair
·hose . -

. .

•.

:

. : . , ... " '

. ·•. : . • : . • . ' rl ~/ .. ; , .;~

? ' :!

3. ... . .:. ...

~- '

:y11ins ··· · ~;·-. ·n~\vs' .'. ·<'ri.i~!!i~rn.a:~.ip_~ · ·
oc,l~s . . .
hiatus - : 1Qe~aphys1cs .-_means · . ' seri.e s =- ·-_politics . .
: ga_ll~ws :--. . : speer~~ ·_':. ,. etpjcs,'.&e.' : ·

. ~. .. ~ .. . ·.:--~.~~ :~ ·;. ~.~~l :~f ~ ',. :~. .~-~ ·/,: _i!~ :: ~:"l.: ~ .:·: ~ .:_.~

l

~.

.Pease, .mealiing:the·kind.o(food, hasJio plural I
but p~µs, relatins to th:~. nu~er of ~eeds,- is . the
plural of pea ;
· '_._-,: .. ·.;
;'':1
Ashes, th_01.1gh al~vays plpral i_n _Englarid, is gen.:·
erally considered
~mgular m Ne~ England. Th.e'
'
.
. .-

··> .· ·. :.··. ,..

'

·-

.

.
~ ~ " ~ ~ ·~·.,·: ~; ; ... (" . ·:, _
::,. -.~-~~::<_
; :·~,,:- ·-.!:4:·.~~~ •
Exception ~7, · · SOme:n'Ouns ha,ve :nc:r•pl_ural,~ as 1
silver, gold, an~ ~ther·: names .of metal~; · patien~ei
gluttony, and · ?~he~ h~nie~:-: _
9r, :VJ!~u~s .Pr',:vjceS-';'
beer, hay; and' o~her things• that· are 'w eigbed· o.r'
measured. . But when diff~re_nt_ sbr!s.'~~;these'ihi~~
a~e mean~. a: plural ~or~ ~s.' ~R~~t~µi~s u~ef ; : t~~~~i
we say~· wuies, sugars, ,(ea,s. . ·· -/-1. ·_• ·: ·-. · ~ '· .. .:
.. ;_ . . ·.~ ~·.·:. ··:~-~.::~. ;;. ,: ' :·~ ;:; .;<·~- -~ ~-~~~~~ ~1~- ;' . -:.;. :.. .:~·~~ ~=.:::-~
Some nouns.
ar~ used :only in th~~
plu~al; :as-i'. :
•
•
. ....... ~ ' •
,
• 1 ' - ~ j ....& \
• ~11 :. '" : .1

•

20

FOWLE' S COl'rlJ\lON SCHO.OL . GR,Anll\L\B._.

singular, ash, is only seen in the compound, words
pot-ash and pearl-ash.
·
· ~ · ,. · .:
Pish is sometimes plural, although it ha.s the
regular plural, fishes . Some names of fi_sh ::art:'
both singular and plural ; as, salmon, shad, &c. :
Pair and couple are someti.mes plural, though
we say pairs and couples also. '
·
·
Exception 8. Some foreign words that ·haye·
been used in English books are allowed to ret.a in ·
their foreign plurals.
1.Definition'.
Plural.
Animalcula, a very small animal, Animal~uh,B: · . "
Antithesis, opposition of mean-ing, Antitheses:.
Axis, the line connecting 'the poles, Axes . .
Basis,
a foundation,
· Bases. · · · · . ·.
a critical moment,
Crises. . . .
Crisis,
Dimresis, two dots over a vowel, . 1Dimreses:· ·' ·,
Ellipsis, t!te cutting off a lettf;r, Ellipses. , ,
.Emphasis, force of utterance, Emphases.
Hypothesis,
a theory,
Hypotheses.
Metamorphosis, a change,
Me~amorphos~s.
Apex,
the peak,
Ap1ces.
in
Algebra,
Indices.
Index,
a table of contents, Indexes.
Vertex,
the peak;
Vertices.
Vortex,
a whirlpool,
Vort.ices. ·
Calyx,
aflower-cup, . CaliCes. . .. ~ .

Singular. ·

•.

·
~ Appendices,
an addition,
l Appendixe.~ ..
Appendix,
a secret,
·Arcana.. · ,.,
Arcanum,
Datum,
ground of an opinion, Dat!1-. .
Desideratum, a thing desired, Desiderata. ·. , "
Effluvium,
a smell,
Effluvia.
Erratum,
an error,
Errata. ··
Memorandum. a slight record, Memoranda.
Stratum,
· a layer,
Strata: ·
Cranium,
a skull,
Crania·.

:&'.&

Fowu:'s

though in the singular number, requires ·the 0th.er .
words that_ refer to it to be plural; but when -no .
such separation of the ind,ividuals is implied, the .
collective noun is singular and requires its verbs 7 .
-possessive adjectives and pronouns to be so.
.

Fowi.E1sr~o~f~N~~8lil>q~aa"ii.iili~. ·f~~

COMMON SCHOOL GRAMMAR.

)

Exercise. 'l'he following are some
lective nouns.
nation
drove
assembly
tribe
herd
corporation
army·
swarm
society
'fleet
JUry
committee

---

of · the coz-·,
church
legislature
party
school

..l ,.' ,

Jokn, go af!d ·.tell: G~gf'-:th~i:,;;I;~lj\i(~ftit~~f~~~~'.{i
hear his lesson. ~ ... .;. 1 ""~.=. :; · ·: 1:!. ~ ,...-:--:: t .'!~'f· ..~..~.. :-~.. ~ .. .-f~l:;-~ ...'!: ~:J\_~.a
I, Victoria, que~· ;'o(Eiigz~iid; i:~th~~~ · -: )r9\i\~_my

·, '

o.ffir;er, to commit' the traitqr•\1fprison: ",'?''. ·>,!, ~~. ~·. r
Mary~ send the h'ook.tif y~~t ' s%ste~/~n·<l·;t~U '~e~ ·'Ch:i'.f'

I, your teach.er, recornmen~ i~. . .
, .·,
-_. . · · ,:;-. :,
.
.
. . .. ' '.' .
: . ..~ . . . ·. ~-. : . .. . ' . ~- . .'· •. ) ··,
Then, take an'y ,book and fet the pupil select nouns ·
and tell of what pe_rson ~hey are.
· .. ·
·

.

'

-

General Exercise. Let the teacher name the nouns .
under the various exceptions, and require the pupil to
give the plural. It is so easy for the teacher to do this,
that a promiscuous list is not given.

THE PERSON OF NOUNS.

•

t

•

- ~~...-···

.

,i_ \ ·...,.·:

•,···

Exercise. Let the pupil tell the Person of ea<;h noun
in italic type in the following sentern;es,

• • •(

·,

<\ ".

' 1,..

·:; ;::·:· }

.'

,. ~ . ; .

~ -~ .-~· ·_1::

', · .

• •

:'

an

8. When a nou~ cio~~ ai1y thing it i(
agent;,
as, Waterflo:ws . .- ... ."_ . : . ... '.;- ·, . ;· .- ~ : ., . _. :···
:When a no~1ri 'has. io~~thi~!t do.t1e .. t?'.it~ Hi~
ob;ect; as, 01ve ~o<f t~e prgise-: .·. . ,· ·"'< \, ~
When a noun ne1tP,er does . ari.y· thing nor has
any thing done to it, i.t is said to be iridepend~t ,·
as, Jolin, I have told thy · father ~ -- Vir/ue ,being
lost, all was lost. . , :·

iiri:

.

'

Sometimes the object of an action is direct,· as1:
·
He sen t his child; ch!lilbelng the object.sent.Sometimes the objeyt is 'remote; as, He sent his
child lo school; in which sentence scho.ol is .not
the obj~_ct sent, a~d . yet is rem~tely a,tfecJe4 l,>y
the act1011.
I "·

7. Nouris which relate to the person or persons ~
speaking, are said to be' of the first person; as, . I,
lVilliarn, speak to you.
·
Nouns addressed or spoken to are of the secon~
person; as, Motlter, give me some bread. · '. · .
Nouns ne'itlter speaking nor spoken to are .9f.-the
third person; a·s, A king is only a mm~.

·'

\. .

·. -, ·....
AGEN'TS .AND OBJ~CT~. · ..

,•

Ask the pupil what each noun is a collection of, and • ·
what is its regular plural. ·Then see if the pupil ' can.,
add any collective nouns to the list. These nouns s~ould
also be mixed with common nouns, and the pupil b~
required to say whether each is collective ·or not.

__ : ·

·. ' " .... -,': . .i '· .·..

.'

.

'

' ~ ·;..· "
"\

•

•

• •, • •i-- '. :''

< /,

•

., . . . ·,·. \ ·_'··-

'

'

'

' • •'

•

'_·; • .'

'. ,-._

•

... -...... :·,·~ ... -~

' • ; •.-; ; ,....

;•', ~v; :

-'•

~et tJie . te~cher · · a.sk which is 'the -~g;ni and which the direct object in th~. follo~ing' sentences. '

Directions.

.J

-

'.. •.

t

'.

'--: .

·.. , • ·\.

,,_"'. _:. . .

Men strike boys, ~ • .. ,.·:Worms·eat aniiria:Js. , : ,. ·
Boys strike dogs. .
."Ani111als drink water.· ,.
· · Dogs kill cats. , .' ·
.. -Water wets land. -.·· . ··. Cats kill rats;
' Land -bears flowers.Hats eat cheese. · · .
Flowers perfume air.
Cheese breeds w?rms.
. _ .Air su_ppor~s_,Iife, . .... ,:;. ·
Show the pupH that the

wiu,n~ w~rd m~y

be

~cent" in .

o~e · ~entence, and object i~ 'anotller~':.th.e · .;,rtbography
being unchanged.
· ·.
·'. ' ':~ · ••. . ···"'
Give more such sentences; ff necessary·, .. a?.d "tnefi
require ' the pupils to form similar 3-entencei! <'of·their
own, telling the agent and the object of the ·action. · · -_,,
Then take the following gentences, and asi. for _the
agent, the direct object; and the remote objec~~ '-~- :. '
John _received a letter ,from 'Jane. Mary left the book at ichool. · ..
The servant led the horse ta the river.
The man ga~e Andrew* a dollar.
Religion promises virtue* a reward in heaven • .
Temperance saves men from suffering.; Children, obey your parents in the lord. '· _ , · ·
T ime hurries all men towards the_graiie· '. .. . -

fu~nish a~

·~

ex~u;pl~~

The t; ach er must
.many more
alf
may be needed to make the pupil familiar with 'the . di~­
tinction of agent and object, and of direct\ and remote
object.
·
·
Then require each ·pupil to fortr_l one . or more sen·
tences including first a direct, then a remote object, and
lastly, both a direct and remote obje~t~
-

THE ADJECTIV_E. __

.

'

-

9. An AurncTIVE is a word used to ·distinguish .
one noun from .another; as, good ·m !m, 'bad. ·man,
old man, young m·an, &c.
·
-..
c

...

Di;ections. . L et the tea~her : say, you are'.!11.l poys,
(or girls,) and it would be difficult for me to ·distrng~ish

J
I
.. r

l
I

....

~

"' The pupil must here be told that· the remote object is' not
always placed after the direct object. This is usu<J.llY the ·cas~,
however, and perhaps the best way to put the pupil on liis guard
-against mi$take is to n;iquire him to jllaee Aiidren,.. af\er ·dollar, .
and supply the omitted prepo~ition.
·

FOWLE'S COM!i-ION SCHOOL GRAMMAR.

VI. Noun Adje~tives ; a_s, tin pan, JJ'.!~e po~m,
&c.
VII. lrre~ular Adjectives; .as, ; each, thi~, ,&c,.
Each of these classes needs a more particular
g.escription.
· .
1

I.
':/

.--

QUALIFYING ' ADJEQTIYES:_ .

q. Qualifying adjectives not -only distinguish
one noun from another, but they also serve to
compare nouns with each other; as, great' man,
greater man, greatest man:
·
·
.'. D egrees of CortJpari~o~.

,

.'

. Snch adjectives as admit of_comparison .have
three _principal degree_s, called first; second -and
third; or, positive, comparative and superlativ_e ;*
thus,
·
First or Positive degree, great
lwise
'fine
Second or Comparative, great-er wis-er · -- fin_-er
great-est wis-est ·fin-est
Third or Superlative,

'.

Directions. A sk the pupil to compare the fo~lowing
adjectives.

'

.

rich
-h oor
ard
soft
mild
safe

cheap
loud
sharp
dull
full
kind

wild
green
gay
pale .
bare
base

round
squ_are
fiat
sick
thin
big

-,

soft
deep
'slim
red fit
long

It will be well to let the pupil write the degrees, · thal
his attention may be directed to the following- r~le~. • -_
·'

"".l "''

"" Th& simpler terms alone would have been. mention.ea, did. not
the English resemble other languages in tbis respect ;'·and - ~here
!his is the case, the author has generally used the terms a!-I'i:ady
muse, though perhaps not always the simplest ;md'best . . :··

1. Adjectives endJ~lgiin.. a: ~onso1!3:!)-t 1 .~dd _ef;. fo!-th~ _­
comparativ~,· and .est -for the_·superlauve. . · ,;;,.,~
' 2. Whet~ a sing__~· v?-lv~~:CotP.es b~f~re •th_e ~<?p,s9_-" ?'
: · nan ts 1d "g ·m-' n ··or P lthe·- consonant .must=-be-"
' , '
'
'
'
' r '.
- .
.
doubled.
!_wt-test.
-.,. >''..-;
!'-'" ~- '
' as ' hot-,- hot-ter
,. '
. .
.~ . .
3. When the adjec.tive alp~ady epds ·in e, a1wthe_r\
e must not be added; ·as, wise, wise-r, y;ise-st. ·
·. !. . . . . .

~

..

.- .

-: ·:·;\,1· · >-< ~; . :
R emark to the pupils _thar-f~w. adj~cti')'.~s .of_ n1ore \hii:n one ·syllable are. compared 'by addmg r or e:,,- st or./e~~ .. ,
Ask a pupil to compare ir.reguld:r,·, s~iliible," q,ffection~ ·
•.

ate.

·

·: - · _ ;../

; :_:

;

l

' ··

"\'

.. ·-

, · · :'

_

When he finds that .this '.will make awkward woros; :
tell _h im that such adjec_t1ves ,a'i:e ' c~mpf.tre~ by .plac;ing
the wor_d more or '- less -before • them for the l::omparative ·
degree, and pwst Of letist _!or_ :t~~ sup~r~~ti-~e j - t~uS, ~ _,·:; _ J
Irregular, more irregular, , most- irr~gular. _, ! Irregular, . less irregu-lar,
least, irregular. ·· -:...
. -. \: ... ·'
Sensible, more ·sensiqle, - mpst-_ se11sible • • , ' -. ~ . .Sensible, less sensible,
-least
sensible. _~
j

So let
fu rious
amial:ile
pious
sociable
~

.

-

( \

'

I

the pupil ~ompare the _following adj~ctives :
. moral
generol)s -,: pelJvish. . ." avaricious
sorry
pitiful destitute · 0:ccid~_nt~l
distant , mise_ra.ble
beloved
'abu1?ive ,--fearful' dis,consolate ·righteous. exptessi:v.e
..

j

+

••

•

••

,

~

• •

•

11;..~·~ ,, _

The pupil may now point out ·tl\e a_djectives in, ,fq_e
following sentences, tell their degree Qf c~llipai;isqn, and
compare -them. •To keeP:· 1Jlive ~is. ·forni:er. l,e~so~~.Ji~.:
may-be__requjred t() -~)l-- the' -n,ilrpb~r and geq4~r ·of -the·:
uouns4
,. · ~ . ..,,
.. ··. -. ·:'.' ,
'· .. . .-~.:~_~· ;.
wise man .
, .gi,rls n_wde_st-a.nd_a¢i~~~~·;. _ .- __-. 1 •
~iser opinions.
_gentlem;en piore JUSt. -· _-- - •
.
,visest actions. most respectful bo'y s. ·
high tree.
· ... , . · co1d feet ; war_m heart. .-.- _ : ':.1 '
lo.ngest lines.
le.ss freq~ent showers.- --' :~ ~·- .--:
.. 1 .hi~~er. and stEjepe_r mou~1t~in~-'. . .
drier' paper;
oldest men .
-. dry an~ du"i< fy :venther> - · _:- ;:
1 •

•

·

2S

FOWLE' s COMl\ION

long lesson. ·
generous persons.
happier times.
warmest wishes.
chaste conduet.
driest fish.
holier ties.

I

_1 .

FR~i~~~:ffl~~~?~~~~£~~~i~t~'A ~3-

GR"4M!IIAR.

longer and la~ger ,sticks~1
oldest ,and poore$t c9a~~~ - . ' ' '
Je~rs, less terrible;
-. , .,. ; r·'.•
most _righte~~s · jµdge's : . c< more white and delicate ·hands.
least te111perate habits.
deer less _swift and cunning.
,. , . -

'

•

SCHOOL

.

.

J : .•

-

· A few adjectives of this class _do not adn:iit of
comparison; . as, supreme, eternal; ,everlastirig, omnipresent, perfect, faultless, and most other · ad,Jectives ending in less; for it- is ii;bsurd to say mor~
or less supreme, &c., .although even educated per'sons sometimes fall into the error. - ' ' ,. ' : .
. :A- few adjectives are irregulaily compared~ ; · as,~
Positive.
Cornpa-raii11e.
Superlative.;-. -~ ·
good
' ootter '
best : '
bad
worse
wors_t little
less
· least
"' · -~ -:much o'r many more*
mos_t _,
near
nearer
. neare.s t or next_ .
old
older or elder oldest or eldest -·
foret
former '
foremost
first
late
later 'or latter latest or last
outmost, utmost,
out
outer or utter outermost, cmd · uttermost
/·

· l

or

. It should be remarked that, although it is cU'~torimry
to allow but three degrees of comparison, · yet, between
these three, there are many other shades of quality, con.~
stituting degrees, which it would be difficult to name. ,
Thus, besides great, gr_eat~r, · great_est, we h~)'.~ :: ".~ry
-11- The positive mow is no longer used, but it is seen in more and_
;wst which are contractions of mower and mowest. ·
... t Fure is only used in compound words Hke fore-tell, fore-ooJ.e:·

·11x'~ome

w-0rds of which it is a part, thee is improper!)' omitted;
as; for-ward, for-bid, &c., while in other words the e is improperly .
.,
·
added , as in therefore, where/are.

.' ;,

:·

~~--

great, , too gr~!it,,;-~g ~~f.7.ah,;,.~·,gre~t, ,,e-;c.ell_4i_r1g ;gr~atj.
grelJ,t en.~ug~i- ~-~~!~ :~~~aJ;£~4,e~ -, gI~;!.y".'th,ri9it~ ~~af1
nearly gr.eat, trqlv 11Teat,· ~c: :"t: '· .·. _,, :r~ ' ~ .,.='.·:--·0,1~
The pupil n{a, ·~OiYt_o1;;/%iit~'~U- woras' ithulifad"d'.~t1f
adjectives to · ~o$~a_r~{$~p:i·'.i\r!fcallfid- ad~~rbs.~>'JF! '- 1 ""• .

,,"

'' :'' "-' ·,._.· ·_ , '.: ~-:?'",?~~:~jt~·. -. :- ~ ~-- "~_:"~ '.: .'-:'.:;;;~~II. '

VERBAL' AI!J)l;<('.f!VES; ;-,,. ' : :· . : ...f··r~·c' ~

_;a)lj~cJiyek, ;r~~:, ~~Je9ti~v-~; ~eri;~d

12. , Verbal
:
from verbs., .. ,_, '.; <' i -- -'.c ,.;-.·. ·, ·,, ._ .- · , : .. ,. '.-;;~ ,:_,_~ t ·: ..
· . Sometimes· 'the'-ver.li~is.: µ~ed., i~; ari a~jective·\;hb';
out peing ~cbanged;~_, ,as, .. go:cart,:. tell. . \Afe, :gfin<h.
stone, pay~ro~~' tf.ra;w-br,idge;,.but 11s, i!l ,WO~t : ~a.s~~'­
_the a_dJect1ve ts umte$1 ,to tl~e rjoun .J;iy-:,a hY,Jl_h cn
or ·-without_-OU.Yi' th_~_,:;wopj _:,i~ , .C,ll;lled :~~ :P.o.m.p.o,u~id
noun. ·' · -·
~- >'-·
t. -. .
.~ .'·,: · ,- :-· .:. <-~·, ~. ·i.< ·~ -.- ._
..
·, Every .vei:b_ ln. ?1?-r ,: lan&~ag~, h_as~ an ~ adierlive
(ormed by the ai;Id1t1q~. Qf1 ~~~,;" tfius, ·go has . gping, lqve has fov,ing; •set h'.~~ fp(t.ing.·, :''}:.:~:, ::1~.t.-~t ,
Every verb,, except a ·few irregulars; lia~ a~otlier
adjective formed' by adqing 'd or i d '(9'. the;'.'v erp ; '
thus, kfll -has killed, lop('hmt loved, 'wed ha's :wei
d7d, &c_.
' ~- • .,- >" 0--~~ '. . ···'/' '. , _ -. ---:_·:.'• -•'

.: .· . ._: · _.

.

<

'

- "' . ' ;

'·

',

:

" . ,,

(

,• '

-

!1_irections{ . ·':fhe :teacher may .r~quire e~ch ' pupil,._in

wntmg, to add ing t<;> the fpllo\'<mg ·or_other, verbs~, till
he understands the form,atiqh:.of Jhis -adjective.- • :, ·: . ·
\Va:rn ·. the pupil, when thli; verb eods in e, to leave· it
off when h~ adds ~ing: ; ..as, write);tjri/ing/ '· ·, ,;~·'- : ·i " ' ,_
. "Teach hnn, also; _that :ver.b.s o( oµe syUable, and-; also
those of niore tl1an' ;ope,-if U1e ·; a·~cent'.· is :·oir 'the. '-11!'.st '
dou_ble _the fast , Jette< i(jt be b,;¢, g, 'm;
o~"t;
a s1.ng~e vowel ' before; it~-< thus, ~ lag, . lag·ging, hes(!_t,
beset·\mg, &c:' ' Th.~ ·-rg_le }S the sameJw~ ~d4_~ng e__d, ': :,
_ Then)et_:th~- pup1_L add e~ ~ t~ · the . following verbs to
forr:Q. an adJ_e_ct1ve.
· . - .. . -_:
· .· . , . , , · , '"

n,i'p

hope
force
end

..

\vhh

· pray
" firep~r~,~ >:-·: for~ ~-. ' :
use
need. \ coµsi_st ;. -- ~dap_t ~- ~ . regar.q .
consider ; ' "· attemp.t· ·
concein.:·:- " possess •·
' . 3'*" , . 7 - ._: ,-.. . ~- • -~ -. ' r•(;.1 - :;. ·:~; ~ :.~

~o

omit
add
pass

retain
constru.ct
belong

·class
describe
appear·

_. answer : -pack,
exp.J,ain _ ·- callJl _move: - .- }llind__

- Explain to the pupi'l that th~ Irregular _verbs ·ha~~· an
adjective corresponding to this in ed; and to lead_. hiin to
find .it, ask him if it is corre,ct to say,
·- "
·
I have selled.
I have seeked. I have breakecl.
I have writed. · I have setted, - I have heated~ ; I have rised.
I have sinked. I have knowed.
I hav.e falled.
I have goed.
- I have buyed. · "
I have maked. I have taked.
I have teached.
I have runned. I have eated~
I have readed; ~ >
I have seed.
I have beed. _ I have founded, -~
I have finded.
I 4ave putted; _' I have feeled.
'

He may have further practice in the' table of irregul~r
verbs on a subsequent page.
·

.

;,~k; ;

-1 •

Some verbal adjectives may b.e comp~red-1 __as,
knowing,
more knowing, most knowing ;·,,
more loved,
most.lov_ed; · · - _loved,
qut, generally, they express the condi('ion- rather
than the quality of the noun to which they are
joined, and are not compared like . qualifY.ing
adjectives.
_ .
,
.·
.
The chief peculiarity _of verbal adje~tiy·es is
that, expressing action, they may . have obje_c ts
after them, as verbs do.
· ... _
; __. \-~i

-------

,_

_ - If the pupil asks Why they are not ~~rbs, :1Jien? s~y.
beca_use they are joined" to nouns like adjec_tives, _arid never have an agent as verbs do. It has . been ,11hown
that verbs and nouns· may be used as a djectives. ' -; . . -:":
III. AND

IV.

I

NUMERAL AND ORDINAL .ADJECTIVES.

13. Numeral 'adjectives determine the number,
Ordittal adjec!ives determine the o~der of things.

St -

FOWI.;~:ii: 'COI,,:Mp:N.~,SC!{9_0.I:fGRA~~All'. -

FOWLE'S COMMON : SCHOOL : GRAl'II.\UAR.

. .All, numer~l ·; adjic~iv;,es·t,bi¢-\; th_e w-o.r~9~~~;-ji;~e _
JOmed to plural Il0Up$ t·as;:· two- meQ, .i{Cn~ ~:u~n, &cJ
·AH ordinal;- ~~jecti v.:.e s ~ ar.e1 ,jc!!ne.d'. -(o'._ :si~gulCli(,.
nouns ; ~s, second man-, : t~nt{i ·m.~il,~~c. ·- :.::~,-,t'·J;- ·

.

,·.~ --

'-.:,.·)..~: :· : . .:'. ;: . ~_·'~~-;~

..

.;·~ :;1:~: : ,,-":.:~k'~ ­

DirecJi1ms. Let ~ha )>up}l . tell tqe ord,inaf ~dj~ct!v~
that corresponds to' ane, two,· thr,eei fo_ur,_~n~- as . .!UipiY,
more frnrrierals a~ · m_ay. be . n\ly~ssary. : - ~: . (. :- ·:, -.;. '. .
Then a~k the numeral that_.correspondir ,to fir.st; _sec·
and, third, fourth, &c,, !ill- \he _pupil li;now~ -.the cHtfe.r.·
ence. · ~ · · " ~ ·:·> ~.,~.~· ;~ ~::~;:._-'. '.. :.:,:. ·' 1 ;~?, - }•_
:t... . ~ ~-:~ : ~~ -~ · . .
In-the_following-•sent~n·c:ei:i- let1' the -pupil,_~Qint 'o,g!_ :~he :
adjectives, and say whetpe( ,~Q\lY~ll;fe - nu11w~ ..~r -~r,di_· ,
nal
·
- - • --.:.. · · ~ · · ,.
-·· -"' · "' ~~~t man : - : - ·: thousa~dtl;;i~e~;_3Q5
.:"'.·~;'.
_one ·dollar.
-_ .:million<me!l .. -.' ;'-_ - twetvei JJ!onths/ -'
ten pence.
:200 miles::.z ,.
lSth-yeai;.; ,-; _. ~), '
tenth house:
- fortieth free~ - - .· lesson IX. .'. '. - · ·
second class.
-ninety ninth -sta!: ·chapt~r .XJ(:X .. ; ·
three bottles.
84 boq1£s. -·- ·. -hundredth ti~e; _
verse 28th. Y : ._ ·twe~ty~first~hild; . 177Q I>O.ll?:ds~ '.-i1 ---{.,. - _ ___ . . ·; .
·. ~- . i'-1·1-':J:

da;;.

\ -

Neither numerals' rior ·oi·dinals are -ever · com.;
pared,
- " ;, ,... " !""-.. "-·!''
-- --'-- . . ~: ~ . ~, ,. . .'-.:, _.: .:!.~:~"'.:.:....~" . .
...,.,. ,. ,..

V. -.· 'P9SS,f:SSIV~ :, f~~Eq1:IyES:· :_ ') ::~ _ , _; -''.~
-. 14._ ·Possessive . Adjectivet-e_xpr~ss ' pO:ss~s_si?u,.·
and distinguish nouns "frorn i each other ,;.by~ sboW,'..
ing to what they _befong ;· ;a,~, my"bat, :JohJi!,.S--ha~.,- These_~djec~i".'es ~r.e._ n~ve,r ccim~~;red. -T-~n,. _-:·r~
- Possess1ve · adJectives Illay be', d_1:v1ded ~nto two.
cla-sses .
· : , -- ; :,c ·; --'- , _,_,_~ ; . ;~; :.·
- i. Words for~~.d ~f;q~ p~~riotuis_, - of ·. ~hicJi'Aiie
following is a· co~plefe ' Iist. _
-· · .
. ;_
,

.

my_·mine
our
ours

thy_·_
thine

h1s - '. .their · --.-'
-.: her theirs ._ . -. ·-".\
_ your -·~_:,,< hers '',.:·-_,_ whose _":· _-.:)<
_yours :~ ' its • . · ..
: -' .w
e ver- _.,.~_
• hoseso·
'

32

FOWLE'S COl\Tl\lON SCHOOL .GRA!\1.l\lA.R;

'"''.y mine' our ' nurs ' show- that the :possessor . is
.J.r..l. '1 '
of th(( first . person.
· . ·
·
. . ~ "',. :.'-. · .., :
. Thy, thine, yow-, your_s, show that !h~ p~ss~ssor ·.
is of the second person. · ·
·
.;
His, her, hers, its, tlteir, tlteirs 1 ·show· ·tJmt !be .
.
possessor is of the third pers<_?n· . .
Whose is used to ask - a quest10n, ·_and }lH:Y beof any person. The compound, adje~tiv~ wh9se.-,
· . · . ,· · ·, .. · . ·
soever asks no question.
My , thy, Im·, our, ydin·; their, its, are used -when .
their noun iminedia,tely follows them. . · .
Ours, yours, hers,· theirs, are always used w:hen
· the noun is not expr~ssed.
. .
, . . ..
Mine, tkine, his, may be .u~ed with or. w1thou_t
the noun to which they are Joined.
·.
.· .

·.

Exercises. The best exercise on this first class of
possessive adjectives is to ask the pupil w.~at ·.p~rson
they point out, whether the speaker, .hearer, ·or nellher.
Refer him to what is said of person, under ·the no:u~.
It will be useful also to · take a book, and, whenever
the words occur, require th~ pupil not . only to t_ell to
what noun they are joined, but . to what noun they refer
back as the possessor.

15. 2. The second class includes a va&t IlUrilher of words formed from nouns ·by the addition ·
of an apostrophe and s, or of the apostrophe only;
as, John's, Icing's, kin~·s'.
·
Rule 1. If the noun is singular, . the adji;ictive
is formed by adding both the apostrophe and .s;
as, John's; Icing's: .·
·, ·
Rule 2. If the .noun is plural, and ends in · s,,
only th~ apostrophe is added ; as, l~ings', pens'.
Rule 3. If the noun is plural, but doe_s not end
in s, the adjective_takes both .the apostrophe and
s j as, rnen' s, 1nice' s.

Rule 4. ··Jf ;the~ singulafeqds,iwsl ;si, w .ce;. the
sometimes.: be ~omi tted aft~·r. 'the' apO~trophe,_ espe.cially if Jbe · ·ne~t 1v9pd_ pegius·'wlth·an -~or: a
soft c.·~ thus, · Fraru;is'-~i~~er, '.goodri~ss~ sake; conscience'..- sake/ Andrews'~cement.«,:,;, .-...y,~. ::,,1 · · <'.: ·~

s may

.

·-~ -

.

,

-;: ··-·

:~ · ~'o

·::_-::-" ::

'·:}~

·\

-~-'!.<~,/

. Remark.' ~ Jn regard. to . this···fo1irtH IUle, ~f'°1'J,\J.St be_
allowi;:d that .usage ls : .not .u~ifoim·: · _Perhaps, t4.!3 safest ,·
rule is Oilly to _o.mit. the s .:lJ.fter ilie ·i.ippstrpphe,.;w_lu!n its
pronunciation in a se2arate szllable wo.uld· offend an·ear
of good . taste. ·- Evit-y" one ~vquld· objec~ to tp6: expr.cssions, boys ~s ' hats, 1iorseS.'s ho9fs; . goodness's ·13ak~. ·
:_ .
.
~- .
.
"'
'
\.. '·. .
'
,.... . - . . .
.
'E;xercises. It IB important. that the exercises upon; the
ppsse~sive adjec~iv~~- for~ed from, noun~,· be_ writ_~~m ,a nd .
exam med by the teach.er; -Let the pupil, tJ:ierefore, turn
the, following :,.singular· · nouns into adjec\ives; : thus,'
fa:th~r·~· lmit~~r's," ~~ ·· a.c~?rd_~~g to :RJl_le , ~· _:: :''. .. ,
father
· hat - ·
: wiµg_·.;
- · glass
0
sis.ter :
echo ' ·,'
tooth -. ·; ",.
brother "
mother ··:"°' bride
• · ·ox·... ,,,_. --:7- .candl~ '·
boy . , - · . bottlehorn · ·
shoe · ·
'book ~ . .''- 'brush ·~... .
m:olif$e ~
.~oot .
loaf
. ·:>'' goose". ·.. .
king·
; .·.- eye"·< ·) ~
_a rm
·
church .. ,
queen . --- :,,- , horse .
· • \voman
wife
eagle
.child '.
man
·'life ·
knife . ·
. '·. sea .·.
leaf'.
· «alf
·. a.ttorpey
foot ' .,
. : treaty ··
moth
fish ·. ~ . . ~ _city
penny ·
. sex ,·.
chimney .. · .. -"· bond . •
lady"
. journey,; · ·.·.· pen..;- -., ·
1kis~ -.
fox . .
sJ11dy .
valley ' . ,' sky - miss
"- 1 _army_' . . -~ .. sh.eep . · ' ' s!ie11-f , .
r J

· Then let" the ·pdpif ~~it~- the: plur/zZ ·of _,tllf:l,.- ~ame
nouQs, and. th~n-. t~rn th~ p~u~ls into adjectiyes; .accord~
ing to Rules 2_d· irnd .3d. · ~ ·. · .
.
- · :
Say to .the pupil, 'i.t is eyident t~!at John's l!at and the_
hat of Jokrt _!P._eap the .s!tme thing. _ Let. hirri th,erefore.
turn the latt~r.r,.ouri .of 'the follQ)Yi_ng ~eflt.e,pces i_r\to a_
possessive adjectiv:e; as, :J.acol/s hr;.use, for ' T..~e hO'US~
of Jacob. This sho_uld be done in writ~g'also~.·: .~

.I

';

- ,--\_

Fowu:'s

'

The house of Jacob.
The. bonnet of Ann.
The gown of the bishop.
The wives of the ·me-n.
_.The gold of the miser.,
The glove of James.
The hopes of our race.
The pride of the heart. _
The spots of the leopard.
The teeth of lions.
The horns of oxen.
VI.

The horses oC the queen. ~
The strength of horses_. '
The teeth of the mice. Tlie down of the' gees,e-.
The·eyes cif lynxe·s.
'
The light of the lamps. ·
The cry of the wolf.
The train of the comet. · .
The cold of winter. ·
The truth of the story.
. Th~ sku,lls of m~nkeys;.-

!liOUN ADJECTIVES.

..

-

.

·,

· ·_FO.WL~ ,5 _COMMON_·,: SC.l~OOJ; ~ ~ R.\_
lliM,\R.

COMMON SCHOOL GRAl\llll:AR:
•

.... .._l

I

... ;.,

diY?.-J.

~f· it°'" :l ~\

•

~. ,.i...!.. ·; -'H.. 'ti .•.; { . . _ ~·~·_::,{ ;i~·

YI~ i;J ,,_a~~fP·~AR. .A~~Ec.'R~~f-~ ~ -~~-~,i,j_; _~ ,;

, ,-

17. .Irregular adjectiv~s' are si~cb il.s cannot ;ell .
be placed in any: of the other' class~s:- '"J :~ . :·: :,
of ,.thrs{
ci~s~~- -~rP. · the
£ II'rhe. pri;1cipaf'Mje~tiyes
-. , . , , ' ,_,. <) ,. ,I ,
. · . . '<
o owmg. ,
.1
~ ¥,,.j·.~- ·. ·
a
both · ihi13 ' · each ... · . 'which : .· ··
several .· _these ·every ·. what ·"'- .. · ·
. an
any
some
that . - eithe•.'-· L wl1ichever '
many such . '• ·, those ·. -neither· . ,vli3:tever ..
. own
all . · the
·,
whosoever
as
other _. . ...
ooly
. whole
none
·. :· ' · . , 'another ,,
· ·' ·
I

'

•

..

.

I

•

~

' -

-

'

16. Noun adjectives .are pouns µsed as adjec- tives without alteration; , as, -iron shovel', ;bras_s
lamp, &c.
·

This _class.admits ·~o d~grees\>f ¢omparisonj~ bjlt
eac4 of i_ts .subdivisions require~ explanation: :(.·_,....
. ·- 1~.~ - A. a~d' A~'.
-~;,; 1 • ~

·Exercise. Most nouns may be used as a,djectives in
this way. Let the pupil point out the adjectives _in the
following sentences.
wedding cake.
lte~d dress.
Mister- Ford.
foot step.
Doctor Pill.
ear ring.
Deacon Good.
eye sight.
Mad~m Ball.
silver spoon.
Miss Brown.
pepper box.
Misses Br9wn. '
razor strap.
Miss Browns.
house dog.
John Fish.
city hall.
Prince Charles.
school door.
King George. · .,
copy right.
· President Adams. , - ·
state house.

A is used before words b~gi~ning~witb;~~Y:~.onsonant but silent _h ;' ·as, a man, a horse-~ ·-1; •• • :-' A is generally used before eu ~nd lo~g . u,;: as, .. a
European, a \lnit. . . . ,
.·, 1·· "· ,.._ ' _
A is generally- used- bE)fore w and : y, .and -the
word one; · as, a youth, a witch, such a 'one .. ·•·
· An is used before words beginning .with'-tJ'le vowels a, e, i, o ·and short ~; · as, an: apple, ·an· egg,
an island;- an _owl, ·an urchin.
, · · - '· ,:·: An is used before a sil~nt'h, and even:pefore h
not silent, if the \~ord has 'niore ·than two',syllables, and is accented ·on·t.he se.co.µd;" ~: as, ian '/iour,
an histor'~cal fact._
~

Sometimes the adjective is joined to the noun
by a hyphen; as, eye-sight; foot-step ; and ·s~me­
times the words are run together; thus, eyesight,
footstep. Such words are called compound noups.
Adjectives oC this class are never compared. ··

-·; ... "··:-

.> _::

.-. '·: ··'' ,:·'

Exercises. · Let the pupil correcfthe.Jcillo~ing sentences, ·orally"or in writing; and give his rea_sons:Jor _the
·· ·
·
.'.-· · ·· '-';. ·, ·
. correctiqn~
_A owl flew into a arbor near a··o~s~. ,
-.
-,- ··.
An hundred men des_erted from ·12: ar~y. .-.--_ f .••ii·_·
A ugly. person_may be.'a ..ho.nest ,one; _ ,. -- ::.•.:--'·': 1
A-n hopeful youth is not a idl.e one .., ' .
-. · ,,

1 '

io:WX:~';S.reoM.~io..N~'·'ScjiootS6a1tr.i,m)i!ff ·

FQWLE!s COl'lll\lON SCHOOL ' GRA!IU1~A~:

An holy man can n_ot love such: an~ one. ., ,. ·. ; , -:/
An humane disposition is not.t~n hurtful oµe ._ · ' 1 ,
.tJ. humble spirit is not an hypoq:i:~ · , . · , ~ . , . ., _ ·. , 1:,
A inch is long for sui;h an. worm.
. . , : .. : ... ,
.A Indian was within an yard .of me.
An euphony means a agreeable sound.
An eulogy is a oration in praise of the de_ad. · ·
A Irishman is also a Europe_an.
, - . . --'. ,·
An head contains many
hair..
·
A hour is an half of two hours·.
A ulcer is often a incurable sore.
.An Utopian plan is a _ideal one.
l heard Indian g~ve such an· yelL
An yellow apple and a early pear.
An youthful dress becomes not a old person.
·A ox should learn early to wear an yoke. ·
:A upright !nan means _a hones_t one. · ··: '. · .....,
·A hostler is one who takes care of an horse. , . . .
An ewe has an head without an horn.
·
.. It is a honor to respect a~ hoary head. ·
An yearly allowance is a annuity. ·
An whole nation made an useful law.
. An herd of cattle contained an hundred.
If you give a inch, he will take .a ell.
-An Yes is as easy a answer as an No.
A erect position is an .healthful one ..

I

19.

20.

Exercise. Let the pupil turn the following senteµces
·~ ·
into the singular number. ·
·

,'

I

_,·y ~ ' • ·

.

'
·.· -

~

™,\

"' : !._ . 1

This Ti~se · 'That ' . "l'hose<'. Trhef~~• j1J .i>.,
•

'

r

. 'd.l.~

- ..

' ·~.-

..

-., , ·.) · ·~~~ tvr . , ~~}~~- i!.~.>t·,

·

.'f'his ~s s~ngular, an:d, ;~t~ p_lu:ra,l' ~ ·lj~e~tJ~¥'~!] ,;. i~.
That is smgular, and its ;pJura~ !S _those_: -"';__ - ,
The i,s a . v.ari~~' .SJ.>ellin&: ~f ~!tis, ~he~r~':JJw.t1~o_r ..

~hose, and may::OO used for e1ther of ·thergj ;but i.~
. is_nev,~r useq 'YltJ;\9.? t tµ~ iw~n, , ~s 9te.y,»r~~
'!.'!;is and ~~_l!{i'f, iµ "s~~qlcln$., . P,otnCo~~~:t~~ga.
n~ar ~o us;;, tl~af ~~~ ~li,q,!e·. ~~-~qt~~.~'J~~~~;~o~(.'.
distant.
.
. .,., ., ._·-.... _,,,._.$ "» ' ' 'i·' •;,( .,. · ~'·~ '\. .
. In-_wr~ting, th,fN• ~n4 ;~ap.~;_r~~. fu, t~µJg~ . 'las~ 1
ment10ned, and th_at anQ. those ·tq ..th,<:1., t.4ing~ . Ji.r~t
mentioned in the se~~~PJ<{l.;. 'This an_d the_se.'e,or-: ·
resporn;l. to the word latter; ,f;!.ncl that and·. those;. iQ ·
the word f orrner_. ~ : .... ,~"'" '· :. ·. .- ·· " :_, _> .>-<- 1 ~;: ~

;;::r>·,

•

i,',.

.· t .

1/

t

I

.·1

0

•

" ::. . ~•-'"'!
,

\': ~"'-)1)~

Exercise. Ask the.·R~Pif:;w)lo- &r~ m~!1~~.hx1£h~~!!,nd .
thosei former arid'l~Uer, i;i the .fo,llo\.Y_ing JhJ[~e . . ,,. ·J , . ,_

Only and None.

. Only is an adjective wheri it is followed by a
noun ; as, An only ·s on : but, befor~ any other
class of words, it is call~d .an adverb; as, He is
only jesting.
·
.
None is a contraction of no one, and, ~tnc:tly
speaking, none should n~ver be ~sed ip. ~th~ .P.lur.a!
number, although many good.. wnters_so use it•..'-

1

-':_ · ~- :· ~...

.·,-;,'.'_':,:;:'~-~(~''.~' ~.! . ~ -~~~:~·: ~·.: ~:~:.r.:~~~ ,: '

.

an

a

-..

Nq_ne ar:.e g.o.odi no-not:.on.e.·" 1.- ~ -· ~_!·~·1t1 11:i".,, ';l~;<::•)t~::. ·'
None are so deaf!!'.~ tkose' who\vifr not '1ear: ·~,l'.f1··~ ·•. .~ '
TherE~ were· nalie,o!help'-.~ ~hen:1!,-n'eeded'fb:!fi-j~-~d • .··
Noni! ca_n love:. tli~wh'Om.;ikey dT,eddV :'; 1 ;..~l\~1;. ~'.
None do m~re than ' thej". ,.cJ~- - · ·' ,_, ,.. •. · '('.'
. · ;·:; .;-.

•

Good boys aiid gi~lS. obey,·.
, ", \
But idle one;:i_?\y-ill pl~y;
' . .. . .
These always 1y7, .<:le&pis~., ·. . . '1 . ·,~ .! ·... ~;.} \
But tluise:sh!j-ll liH7. -.9}.~ .~ri._z1k ._ -;· , /. ~~· .:
The farm~r P.le!j..se Allen- r.!og, ,-_ ·. • .· '",

.

· The laiter''feelthe ',fo"d..,n -' · · ·'· '· '-" -'··· · ·
.

.

~

•\

,._•I,

' ' • '-

..

\

:!

Let the pupil correct t~id·ollo}Vi~g ~~n~~IJ.Ces :_: :·· ·
, .•; . . .

) . ·<,.

.,..1

:-·.-·~I

,

1;'

·,,

Th.at'world prepares µs.foi tkis~.whi.ch3&. .tQ . come.. ' .'. .
Those se11ts near me ar.e: b~tier than ~h.ese· 8.t ·a dis· ·
lance.
·
·
-.::_.· · · · . .. . · ... ··
Th.at advice I am giving yqu , is ' t_he s.a me as this.I .
gave you long ~go.
, · .:•..., ,

'4

·~.

,'I

1-

.· ... ~ .

I·

38

FOWLE'S COMMON SCHOOL GRAMMAR.

Honor and shame are 'bef~~~ :.you ; -choose this and
avoid that.
'
·
. ··
.
. · .. ,- - ·· ;•'.
These kind of shoes dQ not protect•the feet: .
··
Those sort of folks are never satisfied. . . ~

As is usually,called a conjunction; but, after_the
word such it is sometimes used for that; thus,
"Let such as love me, follow me;'" that is, Let
such that love me, follow me.

21.

Each, E very, Either, NeitlteJ": .

These words take a number a,nd separate iqnto
individuals, so that, although~ all. are ta}rnp_,. still
each is taken by itself. · ·
··
.. .
Each, every, either and neither. are .ah':ays s~n­
gular, and never have any word agreemg ·with
them in the plural.

.~2,'. ._·. Qtlup;,
',.... ·,•.' .-' ~·.... -.:--.,_.,"..: :;-,
. . .4;11oth.~;
.. '
~'

; .

Other ~as" its ;p_lu.f~~j~hef.s? b:~t~iof~~-~~as T
i10
plural, for q:n-o_tli!rr ~me~n~ - '!'l!e-<?,th~._ ~- ·:':".: :,-~ ' ~
Other, angtlteft_,eq,c4,.:eitl.f.er ~nd,_neit/(et;r h\1-ve an
adjective formed fro~1herr)'; " ':i11 -·_from.· .,. ~C?.u_n11,
by adqing the apostro.pl:i.e ~ and, s, :bu~9tfter.~, :b~1rig .
plural, takes the apo11ti:ophe ·· a:Ion,e; thus, ot~el'' ~ ,
others' , another's, eaclt' s/* (fiiher'.f_, ..neith.~r',s~
~

,.-~ . . .-_·-:.,~·.-~.·-~.-. ; ~·:
·"~ =:~::..·.:_.
-·

Exercu~. Let the pupil-corre(:t such adj!'.ctives in the
following sentences as 'are printed in italic type.
'
- '
·.
. .
\
,
Others property is' not tJ).·be used~·as our. own,,
This is· one· man's .aiid ·that is th!l'. others. · • .
.
Another,s misfortune shoµlg.. .ji'ot' pfoase .us: ::; •: :.1_:.._._
The g\iod man fe~ls;[or :iitht'rs-:wrongs. · · . · ,'.:,,.. , ·
' Others sufferings, tou·ch--us not.,=like ouf own. · ·' ; ~ t, ..+:,
Anothers',rights must l;ie-r~spected. ·, ..... .;;-;;. . , i •J .t_'-'.'°.
~

- . -. Exercise. Let the pupil say what noun· each,. ·every,
either or neither, qualifies in the f9llowing sentences, and
then let him correct the sentence.
·
Each should take their own hats,
.
Every boy knows their duty.
.
·
Either of the gentlemen may try their luck.
Neither sailor lost their .clothes. .
'Each of the men are to be examined.
Every one of the boys are in fault. ·.
Either of the pens ar.e' good enough.
Neither of the paintings are sold.
·
Neither of us were present.
Either of them make noise enough.
Each of you are accountable.
.
Every man of them were t!lken.

•

· Now let each pupil make a sentence in which ?Ile of
tl-ese adjectives is introduced. ·

. 23. ..: fVhi~h 1 • Whqt; _~c.: ·~.. :...''.:,

Tbe.s e · adjectives ·al ;a;rs hav.e : s_ome ilo#nr--1~;; ther expressed or,not71 directly ·after theµi:, -a$, Hw
book which (book) I sold;~ I will~give' you .wha.t
(prjce)you·.ask.':. ).. · · ·. · . ... ,. ... '
· . '''".' .
~he words. whichever, wh~tever ~, whats~eve: · an.d
whicltsoever, may be called coQ'.lp_ound: adJect1ye,s.-,
"• >r,

I•

•

J•

'

. ..... -.. : ~~·

,

•

·'

•• •

~-·.

";'l;

r-'f

·~

"•

•

. ·'~--- .:;·\!: '~ ~ - :. .

,

sen-

Exercise. '.The best ·exercise ciVill be. to furnish'
tences, and require the pup~l to point o~i ~r,_supply the
noun.
. ·~.- ·.
Here are two books ; ·wh.icf!. - ·- ;i~ i .ours .( >_ ·
Boys, tell me which·- _-· ·· of'yQ.u dj d it. '•.· -.
This is . th~ -price which_. - ,oth~rs_ pay:- , ·
.....

*'

'.'

'

'·----'---

This adjective· is seldom heard and .more .rarely .~en.
•

':,

••

L

,F.O\\IJ:.~~s,,.~pl'4·
¥.Q~. .~9~'!owp~~n.
'
.

FO)VLE's COMMON SCHOOL GRAM:MAR.

'

THE PRONO,lJN.

Plur
•

Sing.

I,

Plur. · ·We,

Objects.

Me,
Us,

~

,,, ·_._

-

.

..

S-ing.

r·

She,

It,

;

'""': 1 1 ,\··~-; -~ ~. ·- r:.t r.: ''l~,,:l.~ - ·v1 ~

.Her,
It,

tr~ ....

.--.-' . ·,.

· ..:,:·· .

,·.

': ·.
. ......;
Ask the pupil the 'person qf we, thee; it,
her, thou, · us, .who,· I, she,' · yoq, me, · him, ~ye, ..tll¢m,- ·
whom, he, they, and'. so on, till' he is familiar with .. the

. .

...

Exercises.

persons.

· · " ·· '- ·.__

,'

·

., . ·»· :.

third ' pe~son,
~· for themasculine.
··
the
third
person,
~for
thifd · person,
~for the· neuter·
; ',

' It ,may riot be amis~ to
a few'.sent~nc_e~ in which
the pronouns
c?rr_ect~ ~s~d! and require ~ t~.e. pupil

ther sex. ' '. ·

\

.

·)

Him,

J.

··Then go· over _the"sarµe list, ·and. require the. n:umber
and .perfon of each.· · :· " '' ·. · · . . · · . · · · ~"- , .
. Finally, na!!_l~ the pronouns, and ask. whether tl:iey'a;e
agents .or objects, and let the ·pupil place a word after
them expressing wP,at they:dp, or place them· after : .a ·
·word to show what is done to, them. They will a!>_this
readily without kn.owing ~echnic!illY wh~t. a _verb i_s. / .
If, however, they hes1tate,_asH: ,them- to · corre«<_k th,e
following sentenc~s ,"'; and _give- a reason tpr 'the i 'co~'.
rection.
.
' ·· . '.:_,,, • · · · ·
· ,.·_!
.
.
. , .. .
. Me loves he, but.him ·hates I. . .
. · '·'".
.,
Thee saw she, bu_t-her djd~ no( sec thou .
Can. thee tell we whom:did.jt 1
Them are, not setgood as. its. : '

·

)

They' ·":.~,~Th~fu".· ·~ f~r.... J~e.--~~liir'1.·;,J.>er~qn,
.•· ',' : '·:. '.i~: c, , / . l ": !)f.;,~1.t~er. geµdElF

.'

~ for the spe. aker or,first
( person, of either sex.
~ for the speaker, with
· ( others, of either sex.

S'n . ~ Thou or 'l'hee or ~ for the hearer or . seci g.
You
ond person ,ofeither se~.
You,
'
~
for
the hearers, of eiPlur. ~Ye
You,
You,or
.

•

Sin_g. Who, . :~Who~tS for.:· the ·th\ee :·pers?ns,
Plur. Wh~,· ·, •"" :!V:42~,.~l.~~:..e:!P~~.~~~q·~~r.je~·. In familian-discourse, ,yoids used .in . the" second
person, .instead of.tlwu,. thee . ~ndc.' ys, whiQh are _
used only ill wh~t is_<?;i,lle~ the;·-~~leni.n s.ty~e. : ~ .
It usually refers ;to ..things;'-and ijever refers t<>
pers~ns,_':excep~, P.etha_ps;'.to xoung.chHdren. ': . ~.
Him 1s1 oft~n _J~nn~d ~-o _the .noun self, and th~m·
to selv~s; bt't .~h,~.~~J:-Q.!1)-,P9Un£1~,,_;wh4 my~elf, thy~
self, _yourself,· herself,: .i,tself, ··ourselves and · your. selves, are compqunc1~noiu,1s and ·not propouns.. ~>
.· · Whoever, , wl)os_o; :wh,o'~oevq . and wl!9msoev'ei:,
may be 'called compoun:d pronouns.:- - '. . · --:~.;."-,'.

24 .. PRONOUNS are certain words· use~ t~ .designate persons, to prevent the too freqtie11t repetition
of their names.
·
•. .·, . .' ·· ,
Pronouns, like nouns, have three persqns, three
genders, and two numbers.
·
··.
The pronouns are,
·
Agents.

(

Agen~~. " ;i•9bj~<rH: .~-!,,·~·. ~~; i; l;-c"P·'-- ~" ~·"' ;:; r:~; ~ .

What author tells us what, - · death isJ . ~
' ·_..
He told me what - - I ought to do.
I will give you what-:' ·you lost. ·.
l shall take whicltever - --1 can ride.
·I take it whosesoever - - it may be.
.
.
Whatsoever - - you do, do it to the glory of God.• ·
, .lVhiclt - - did it, you or he ?
.
What - - is the necessity of going now? .
Think upon whatsoever thmgs are lovely.
I put away what - - I did nQt wish to e.at. ,

feminin~.

a14*

~

'

'

gfre

•

.. .

'.I •

-

•/

/

l42

.
.,
.
FOWL:E1s:i.'eoMMoNri
c{sdil:oottfGR'
lMMAR:-;·
.
..... ·;,
• .:_ ·~
~ .. t.

FOWLE's C0!\11\'IQN SCHOOL ' GRAMMAR.

Washington retired ~io-rWa84ington'& planl;ation-to sp~n<t
the ·remainder of Wishingtonls life, ih 'retiremer,it. '.o :-- •
If the-speaker (~st ' ~ei.spilt .~~~t:~:~.~'~ll~~~r,er 12d;·- pe~­
son) and · address the-hearer ~mlly .., i.t ·~is th~-hearer s .
duty ~o listen tq th_e i.speak~}·~?gi'~~;a~:~w,ei~i~Ju:;spe~~~·s
quest10ns as· well as :thc~li(!a.r.er,'r;an.~,!·._ '(""~'~. _ : '.;_-.,, · _,·,,' · ;
Mr. Jones! when Mr-Jones ,caliS. oii the:ipeak,er, ·;t.he· .
speaker wishes · that.?M~dnes '--vv;ou~if lrave Mt-.Tone~'s ;
name, tµat theTspeaker ~i':Y ~ow w~o~ ~a~ ?.aUE'.q:_o~. ~?u· .
speaker, and may return Mr~Jones'~ , ·~a:B,;-c·: ,' . , . ·; , · .'. .. ,

to tell the person, number and:gender, and · sarwhether
·the pronoun is an agent or. ai;i pbject_.; thus, _.·
.. )

·we urged him to st\IY• but he:preferred to go-. .

".

1

They told us, and we ob!'.yed them.
._
. Ye punished her, but she d,enied it still. ,
Thou seest them, but he do'es not.
You know me, but I do not know you.

·

.., , .
'

..... . ..(

-

· Then, to let the pupil see the use of pronouns, add
adjectives formed fr'om pronouns, in preventing the repe·
' tition of nouns, require the pupil to leave our as many
nouns, and adjectives formed from them, as he can, and
substitute pronouns or the' adjectives formed from them.
Let no words be alte~ed but; tllosll ~n Italic type.
:_
'WJien C<llsar had conquered t_h e ~n~mies of Camir's
country, Cr.esar turned .,Cresar's ~arms _i;gai_nst. Cr.esa'(s
·own country. .
·
· .
·Sarah said to Sarah's mother,- Mother! Sar(J,h wishes
that Sarah's-mother would lend Sarah Sarah's-mother's
shawl, for Saralt is cold and Sarah~s-mother is not.
·
·L ucy and Jane gave Lucy-and~Jaite's book to Litcy·and-Jane's aunt, and Lucy-and-Jane's aunt gave Lucy·
and-Jane a work-box, and Lucy-and-Jane thanked Luc.y-·
:
.·
and-Jane's aunt for the-work-box._
Mr. Smith and I were working in 1Wr-Smith's-i1,n.d ·
my-shop, when Mr-Smith's-and-my-shop took fir~, a:nd
i!l spite of Mr-Sm_ith's-and-my ex~rtions, and ~}le , ~x,e;r.·
hons of Mr-Smith's-and-my , neighbors~ :Ptlr·S'fnzth's·
and~my shop was burnt to _the ground; an~ Mr7SmiJh:
and-I were ruined.
. .
.
.
'. . - ..
. ,W hen the general saw the t!nemy ·advanc,i.efg, .-~he­
gerieral called the-general's troops to arms,-and..ar~ange~
tlie'~gerie ral's-troops in 'order for battle.
·
·
George! when you and John s_aw George-ana-J.o.h n's
brother, George-and-John should have told'. Gf!org'e~and­
John's brother that George-and-John's father ~had been
looking for Gear ge-and-John's : brother till' George~a'ndJohn's-father was tired.'
... . ' ,·
· If a coach should lose one of a-criach's "".heels, the·
laif'c/1\vould fall to the gro~nd. . • · .·.· .. ·, ,~·
':.:
When Washington had -saved WashmgtOn's -Country,

·43~:

'

.-

• • ,;

'

.,

~.. ;·. - •

.:
.:, ,

~-ll·

.,.- • , I',,..-

·. T .H E:

l

;:-> . . .-.

.' ~· · ·"' r'

',

: ; _:.J..,

;

• :

'. ,:J,

\

/•- ··,,: '·~)

' ,. •

.(

' .

, . ...,; " • o;.'~i

~ v:ERB -~.

"'~.''

~ ~> ~;1--~~- '

: " . : : ' "· ...
,'
, ,2s:· A yERB. r~:'~ :*~~~.\~{~~i>~i.~~e·· ~ '.~~~1:1~~~~.
·. "

.,.

'

.

noun or pron01.\n !s, don~g or .has dpn~ i "• M.>J?.~.W
8Pea/;s

r ·'Y~,- sa~{-

'! -' .. •i~}i~ -,'\.,~·· ·.~.. ;~\ \-!

'..i·· =~!,~;._ , !·~;,r;·. :\~·

. All verbs' express: ·action, 'and t.11\LY

,

.

pay~ p,b;e9~

after them either dire~t.· o,t :remote. · _,;> •• 1 _.;\ ; .I~ ·
_ 26 . .Verbs hav:,e .;tw.:o., (enses· or~ times, .ca,11,e.cl,,.the
present and the pas't: • ·: . . , . · '. '. , ~·, .' ;... · ;-- . ·.. . ,• ,
·An acti9n that is .. going·- on is in" the . presen(
time and an action thaHS..jinishedi'is 'in .'the:.past
time'; ;is, I fear, ;1l'e~r~ct;_} iohle/ T:''iflrit6 ...-..) x ;"
'Verbs, like nouns· and prqnouns; have twQ !1UIP~
b~rs and three; per~~Il.§l._ .,'.~ _.- ". ,' ' "-:- \ .. :.;'. .. ' ''~:~ ;
Ve.r b_s are, ~r.eguf.'!r":..Y"r~r; 1th_eir~ pa;s~J~11~et_or _ti,!11~
is formed by addmg;:<;l, or: ed, 'to' the~ present '. t.ime j'
as, fear, fea';-,ed,; ·.~~'~!o'R~~,¢ 1: _ ~~~thf;ly ~re"ci~reg~
ular when th.e pa13t te.n~~: or, t11\1e, IS not.form,ed by
addihgd;"or
; '·i!J,us;:·~Nte, \'tl<r:ot~ / .buy(b~o~ght; ··.

ed

'

1_

·.'

'

'

I

-

.

·'

All the v,ariatjons, . ~?:w~icl,i a r~guzar~ English_ ·v~:b},S.
subject may be. seen m .t)ie following exampl~.:*' .-, ; ,-.,,~.1
I

'

'

_._,. • · ~ ~ • .

•. •

.!.

•)

• ,

'

., \

I.

l"

..;.

'

• Dr.:Wo.llis, the ~a:rlies.~ and:,mosHeo.rned·iE~~Jisq, g~~ ·•
po.n, s_ays; Nos dµo_tantum habil7!J!l~}~Pl){9.1;P~-F.~~!IS, f! p~~.!~.~tu.71!·
Dr. Crom pie, the besi of mqdern gr.ammanans, ·says, If we _re~ard
those only as m.Oodi .r.vhicJi are;e.iversifi.eq , bg)fi.fi~ctions_[ and,~ .~s _-Dr.
Lowth observes,- there ·cai1' b§ "!I oth.er$1 we· faW. .,that our·langi(ag~/iaa
only011em0oildndtruofe}ises. :·:"!<=" .. -~ .. • .. ::· ''·".i:_ · ·

•

. ~·ciwi:El
s·«coM~~c
sGHQ.dLi;:tl~AMnAK;
'
..........
. , ..
..
... .. ,.._....... ,

FOWLE's -COl\1MON SCHOOL GRAMMAR.

-~

"\

Person.
1.
2.

3.
Person.
1.

2.
3.

Present :T ime.
Singular.
Love.
Love or Lovest.
Love, Loveth or Loves.

ILOve.

......

-

Lo~e.

Love.
'.

Past Ti'tne.
Singitlar.
Loved.
Loved or Love<,ist.
Loved.

I

I

Singular.
Solemn.

Plural.

I Ancient.

The 3 Styles.

1. I love.
11 love.
11 love.
We love. - -·
2. You love, l'fhou lovest,,Thou - ,Ye or you love, or
or
love.
. or .
Love you. Love thou. ·
Love ye o·r you. ·
)

3. He, she,
it loves.

He, she,
it loveth,

IJ:le, she.,
it love.

I· _They

· lqve. ·

_,._~

,

(

• ..

:"

;:•'

..

1~., .~lemit._ -'.; I ~ ~.411cie~i.bil:..P•e .'~ 'SfY.l~s•.

1. I lo~ed._ .
I 'lo:v.~d._~~-' J } o'l{ect· ~~ r~ . 'Ye .{fv¢·>
2. Y-ou laved. -1 Thau 'zov' ;~ ~·,Tfrow?·;,·'i:1 · ;. y,Q of f'°Yiou
· ·,
I · odst:' ~ ~ 1-i ·lo~e€l.'---> ·2 ~ :lq'v,id:' , . 3. He, she or ., He, ~h'e\1r ll_e1she ~;- ~ :Th~yit loved.
it loped~ ·,·>it loved. · t}lov.ed~ ,.
-

Loved.
Loved. ·
Loved.

Present Time.
Familiar .

Familfar~

'I.·

:I

Plural.

27. English verbs have th_ree Styles or Modes,
called Fam iliar, Solemn and Ancient.
-~ .
The fam iliar style, or mode, is _that ,u sed in com-_
., .
mon ' conversation ; as, you see, he fears . .
The solemn style, or mode, is that' used . in
the Bible, and in prayer; as,_ Tli<?u seest, · he
feareth.
·
·
.
The ancient style, or mode, now little used, .allows no change in the second and third 'person,
singnlar, of the verb, and generally fpllows the
·word if, though , lest, or whether; as, if thou see ;
though he f ear ; les t he b(} angry ; whether he go
or stay.
.
.
.The following will show how these sty{es or
modes of speaking and writing vary the ver'b.

Per.

Per.

'

' ,.JJ:a§.t {/'irn.e;. , .,. ., .!-"'
, '· .- ·•
~~;~. 4~,1 ~
-;.: .::-;_ ·«":,~-_: .. :; ~~< ', ..J _, ,~ : _
. Singular.. - ..< <;-~ 1~.-)r -~· 1 .. -~ l~lY:r~.. '
•

Plurai.

~~

•

.:

·"

.

.

.-;-'.

~

..

. .

.._-f ,; .. .

. :

·The verb Love has . ihe:Yer-baL -noilns love ·iand
loving, and the verbal adjecti·ves. loving :and.loved;
as, Lqving our neighbor, ?>r;.-'I'o >
love·qur neighbpr,
is our duty; A · lqz)ing ;;h.efgfiooi -fs !;apt,L,td be 'a
loved one.
·
, .. ) ·; .. · t ~ "~ :-, . -. · ...
For . a general rule, ·*h~n ·a. ~qu~stion -~s ':a~ked,
the. pronoun is placed~afte~ .t he yerb,; , as, Will
you? Rave 'they·'.1 · <·i~'' .·: ,;...... ::'."_·'' 1· .
When a command i~ : gi veq, 01· · a -reqit{:!st ~~a.'9,e,
the pronoun is generally omitted; as, ·Go - and
tell him; Please -to be 'seated. .
·
_, ....
'' .
. .~. . ..

Directions~ AsJi , ~he ~up~i · w~eth~;>'th~ f~lllhvi'~~
verbs are in the present·or ·past !ime or ,teiise. : _-: '·; , .·-_
I do.
I s.;_w. _· ·I made:.". t'ducli.: . 11 ;wi-~te. '·
I did. _ I took. · . ·lh6ped.' . _ii' fe11:' 1 " ' 1I'seek: · .
I feel.
I looked . . T~ alked. : I sing'..\. ' '~' hioid.- ::~ ,,I mount, · I. hid. .
Isold_. -·'.. I flew. :· I n,11.
I see.
I held.
I hide..
I had~ . r . I found.
I h~ar.
I feared. llost. ~ '-:- I was. . T admit.
I find.
I ,showed._ ,I keep.· - ' l ·point.' l qiove.
·.
....
'
~-···. .
.\. " .
. . . ... . ' .. If the verb is in Hie· p_re.se.nt time,' ~t' t]l~· pupil t..elL~e
past; a.~d if pa~t, l~ t ~frn relUJie _pr~seiJ.t. · , ; , ~. - · _ ..
Let the pupil tell . the :past tense · oC the following
. verbs, and say- whe~her the)'l are»n1gul~r .or ~ire.gulr,J.r.
go .
m_is~ak,_e ', con_veri ·. · ::~ de,~ni :' , . ~iQ~.. , L
say
mentioll ; .~:trea,~ ;. ~ }l.ppe'. _, · · · teJ! .\ _\

i

start
meet
hold
favor
forget .

oppose
expect
inquire
allow
. permit

compare , ..think
desire · 'aid .
pai~t
sell
confirm
see . ·
die
fall ·

slide_
slip
· faint
tut .
et

The pupil 'may now, with his book .open, if·i;iecessary,
put the following verbs in the place of Love, m all .the
:!Styles, tenses, numbers and persons. ·
. ·
part
kill
utter expect
.count
treat
pull
adorn
remark
bless
mind
appear
insist
dismiss
call
tend
disturb .. admit
punish
-mix
pound
compound adopt
check
box
fit
oblige
discard
-spoif
cover
Let the pupil say in what style are the follo'\Vi~g
phrases.
Lest thou _come to .pov~rty.
You deny it.
He seeks for fame.
She fears u s.
If it prove true.
Thou bast sinned.
Thou knowest all.
If thou go not.
It appears well.Though he slay me.
Charity never faileth.
Man passeth away.
It hope_th _all things.
You love mercy.
Thou sinnedst.
Whether he die or live.

. Past.' Time.

--,

Per.

L

· 2.

3.

/

.

•

t ,,_, , .

..

· :~- ·'}r.·_. :_ ;• ~ ·i_.

·-~ .~ 1 S£~~~lar ~

Familiar.::· · · , ., Solemn·.

· '",.

· Anden~: • !.,~:

;.

I 1vas , ·. . : ·:..' l Was:
-=~ .:r. 'i U1e're.:·· ~·1 ·_~! 1 . :.~
You were:· '·'Thou .wast. ..Thoufwei:t. '••
He w~s: •' ;.' He was. \ '': He WeT6':' " . .
Plur'rdf!!T-ihe three Style_s:
w w..e.re. ' .·<'.y •'. ...... : •

-·
1.

.

. . :e

u

'·"

. .:-.• :·

, . .

More phrases should be given by th_e teach~r, if th~se
are found insufficient to make ,the pupil acquamted ~th
these peculiar modes of expression.
·

. 2.. Y~ o~:. Y,~.u~ w~r~::
3. ... They w~re. : . ~ :··
-..~·
Be has the verba{nBµ·J~:,. or·: nii:~es' of. 'ac.tio'n,
be and bfing, ~nd-the, ..~~rb~} ~dje~_tives 'be~nq, ,a:n,d

Th.e two tenses or times of all the Irregular verbs are
given in a subsequent . table ; but th.e variations of a fg,w
irregular verbs are given below, because. a, pecuba'.'. use
has been ·made of them by some gra1nmarians . . : · ~,

been. . . ; : \ .

9

....

f.

£

Exercises.

.4t

• .- - ( : .

~ ~:~~-~~~:'~~-· / .~ ~- -~~l:-~···7:t;~"~: ,~:~:· . _
.The 'first. exercl~e :·sho~ld be ~to.:iearn ·1ne

variations ~lii). vetb .tiji.~ergoes. \'.; _T}j.e·n · !11.·Iii ' teacher. m~y
ask .! \le Jime, _•#1,1l;_i :f.umb,~r ,,a:n~.· perf~~~' o~ J!.e isi: ~~
were, I be, &c. &c. ""-- ··;. - , · .r ·:.• .• ,.,,· ·: · ·• ~" .
. - Mean.while, the.pupil, with,. the gramm,ar . 9pen, if. ·n e··
th~<>1;1g~~ !1.ll _th~i' var.~~tibn~i'.~~d J>~!1~e,
'Cessary; inay
after ~he · verb.: a .<Ver~.al !idJect~ve ..),~~ i~g; o_r _m ,ed ; · a~,·
I, ajri puni;>hi1J.¥• y~i,1 'are punJ~,")i~·-. l!'·· pup.isl}~iK ~

go-

·

, ·.

F'OWL.:e's COMMON.
scaooI.
. GRAl'II,M~.
_,
•
. ••
...
-!> ,.
••·

48

or, I am punished, you.J:.r.e , p11n~~he.d 1 he _-is pu~ished,
&c. &c. '*·
· ..
.: , :
... · '
It will be useful to reqhire ' th~ pupil to ~e~l 'of what.
the adjective expresses the co.ndition, to ~ho~ that. it js
a mere adjective. The · fo,lfow:ing exan'iple11. of verbttr
adjectives and others, whose meanip.g corresp.on,ds, will
perhaps illustrate the po:,:;itjon that the. adjei;.tiye is no
·
·
part of the verb.
Penelope is loved or beloved.
The. bone was injured or hurt.
Hope is extinguished or extinct.
The woi:ks are completed or comple;te.
Men were degenerated . or-degenera~e;
The clergy are exempted or: exemp.t~
The plan was perfected or perfect.
The things were opposed or opposite.
It will aid the future progress of the pupil, if he be
also required to place a noun after this verb in all its
changes ; as, I am a man, you are a sclwlar, he i.s Q.
teacher, &c. Then show the pupil that the noun so
following the verb, means the same person or thing as
the verb's agent, and is said to be in a'[Jpositio7J with it.t

29.

Exercises. After the pupil. has learned . the variations .
of the verb, skip him as fo tb,!" v~rJ1~ J3e. ·
·· ·
Then let the pupil place a 'verbal "adjective after each
variation of the verb; as, J · h~x~Jound,,you have .lo#,
she has done, &c.
, · · · · ·' · ·
·
,.
· Then, farther, l~t t~e pupil p~aFe. a noun.) >:t; pronQUIJ.
a.fter the verbal a.dJect1ve ;. as; :, · : · .
: · .. ·· ..., ·:

HAV!> •.

Present · Time.
Sing'lf,lar.
Per. ·

Familiar.

I have.
You have.
He lzas.

1.
2.

3.

Soleinn.

A~cien~.

l

I have. .
I have.
Thou .hast. Thou have.
He liatli. He have.

n·

~

1 .

.

,

"" ' .,

. ..

.

, · . ; :: .

You have.Jost time. ' . .
...
· She Jias :finished' 1{ tiisk.
/
. .
. ~ow require . the pg~il. ~~ till; of w!i~P.!i~ ver~al ~d~· .
J~CtJVe exl?resses 't:he. ' COI!~I~}QJ)· ; . a,nd;. Jo a1d• hi.m, ~sk: ..
him what isfound,? what }}ave I Joun</~ ?. lo~t .1. ¢on.e 1.
I. ~a~e a. boqJi:-Jww. ~.,, i:t.1. wl;iat ' «9ll~:iiio!'.lr1~ ;Y '1.qrh~y~ :
~1.me-how 1 .11:1 what_ ~ll~Jtion;l - ~h~"li3s. ~;~Jc~P:!Y!l .
m what cond1t1on 1 . ....... : ' . · · • !..,
. . ,. •• '
- .. · ....,....-.

-

* ThP grammarian will see 'the object of these e~r?i.s~· ~ith~
out the child's being perplexed with explanations or cn,t1c1sms. ·
1 This term apposition is about' equivalent to addition, one iiou~
being added to another or to a.prqooun, merely: to distinguish
or qualjfy it, and it would he difficult to give . a f!l~~on why
such "nouns in apposition should no.I bi; called ,adjei:tiVe~ ..at' Dnc.i;,
!St isRworse than useles,~ to. call su7~ n9UJ1S i:;e'lt;~ a/t~f-th~ ·v~rb~
u

·: . .

l have foun<hi · book.

.

. .

,l

-·5

. -~! - ·~_;_ :, ..:;~ -1·

;l:;. ~~~:~; . ' JO'•::~ ,.~21 ~.~~;.

FOWLE'S COMMON sCHo'or. ~RAMMAR, >-

50

To show that the noun is the object of .the. V.~rb, .a nd
not of the verbal adjective, say, _· .

I have a found book, a lost. b9ok, a ~ew ,book.
You have spare time, lost time, np time.
.
S_he has a finished ·task, a perfect task, .&c.

30.

Do . .

Present -Time.
Singular . .
Familiar.

Per.

1.

I do.

2.

You do.

3.

He does.

f

Ancient.

Solemn.

I do.
Thou doest
or dost.
'He doeth or
doth.

I do. ·
Thou do.

- .• ·. - .·... · ~ ·" . .

·. .

He do.

1.

I did.
You did.
He did.

1.

2.
3.

2.
3.
.

1.
2.
3.

Pre~b~-

·'i'ime. -

.-

-

~

· Familiar.· · . ·

. ;r."

may.

; t~

·

. · Solemn a~cl Ancient. ·

.. . ·.-:.

I
I ntily. . ·
You may, -. .' ,. Thou mayst.
He may.
.;· :·c, He may. .
1. __- ·W ~ ..mci'!/-. , ··· > · . ,
·2. , · Ye· or _you may.·_
3. . Tb~Y; may.·
~.

Ancient.

I did:

•

Thou did.
He. did . •

Plural for the three Styles.
;

.

··'

Plural for,-the _ihree'-:Styfes.

Solemn.

I did.
Thou didst.
He did.

.. .

. -- : Si-iz.gular.-<---- . --::;·, >
Per.

We do,
Ye or you do.
They do.

Singular.
Familiar.

,.-

, :ti.:'. MAY
.- ..·, •.' c.~. .·
,..: _,, .•

·"·

Past 7'ime.
Per.

-

.. :t"·
· 'I

Plural for tlte tltree Styles.

1.
2.
3.

' . ~ s.

: Exercises. After ·the' :pupil h.Jls,·J~ll.ine<l,; the· varliitions
of the verb" lei l_iim , b~ s~ip,p~d:,a~L~fore/: , '. '' -'' :'. ;r;:_; '· '
. · T~~n · re.mark ,th_a(.:p~ :j.s;.J~¢ -<~~ly .ye~~'Xh~.~.e · Jl\~.a.p­
~ng IS not confiµed· to ~ P,art1cul.ar, ~t1pn; coll.~t. µi_erefore
1t allows the na~e ~f :e'{ei:y. o*er ac~ion, to; be. ·p!ac.~d
after it; as, I do work, _I-do fight, I do, sleep; , and· these
names of.action are just iis· much ih~~oh]ec(of the verb
do, as if they ~_ere ·names .of things instead o( actions;
indeed, work and ·ji.gh.t arid sleep:happen_to "be names of
things, as well as of 4ctjo~. ;-:,Le~ , the pupil "p'q.t a verbal noun or name... of an ac.tion afte.r every varia_tion f!Ldp. ·
He may put the name of a thing '·also, if more: exercis~
is needed; as, l do love~ I di)_; g9od}.' .y~u do play, ·you
' '
,· ···, ·~ . ·"' ·· ·
···
do mischief, &c. ·

-.

,

Per.

1.

We did.
Ye or you did. ·
They didt ·.
.

2.

3.

··Do has the verbal nouns do and doing, and the
. verbal adjectives doing and don:_e.
.
. .'- .

}

-·

.. , . __ i

,-;

-

'

·~

.-

,. .

.

52

FQ~~;'~·
: ~o!"l!P~ .~9J.~,p,9.;,, £i!.'~t1!.··
·..

FOWLE'S COMMON SCHOOL GRAMMA·R.

May has neither verbal nouns uor adjectives.

':.,;;,~~J-p.4;:

1"':,(;

CAN.

1.
2.
3.

Siiigular.
Familiar.

1.

I can.
You ca1i.
He can.

2.
3.

.

1.

· Past Time.

1.

I could.

I could.

2.
3.

You could.
He could.

Thou couldst.
He coul<J,.

• -

-...

-..;.

~-.1, .

-. · ,

,

. .

l sa.
h ll ~ '· '•··· ' ·:•.-.; i sq..
h ll _ ,,
You s/zall. .
: · 'l'hou sha(t.~ ·.
He -shall.
· · · ' He· shall. ' · ·

--

... ··-

'

)

tke thrH. ~ti!_es. ·

··F:as~ "

'

;

Time.

· :singula,rJ · ._, <
Per.

1.

2.

Familiar: - ·. ··.- _·,

•

Solemn and Ancie;t. .

I ~hould. · :_: · - ) sho'i!,l.d. .
-,
You should. ·· · · · Thou shouldst; ·:
-He should. , - .· · He ·should. · ··
0

3.'

Plurai for

Fa111iliar.

-

2: ---- . Ye or you shal.Z: ·.
, ..3.
. T_heyshd_ll. . , ·

Singular.
Per.

I

-we 'sluiu: .. '

I can.
Thou canst.
He can.

We can ..
Ye or you can.
'l'hey can.

•

Familiar:'" : :: "' · '· Solemn ancfAnCient. ·

Plural for the three Styles.

2.
3.

' _: '

' .~I'lu,i·:i.t.Jor
1.. . :

Solemn and Ancient.

C'

' , .-. : . ;

~!, ~ ';.!.;_·~'"'~-

.d .:_ \'

· · - ·. $ingUlar,-'
·Per.

~

. Pre$erit ;_
Time:
.... - _ -.~ '.·

,

Present Time.
Per.

_,..;;"}

:.~3
··'

-,

.~ 1·- · ·.,~. ·~i;·.:.~

• .:i..,.(_-

.

32.

'

. - 33.' ~SkALL;"' -

Exercises on this and the followin~ verbs.will be furnished hereafter.

-

'

-

L

Solemn and Ancient.

·~he three~ St~le~.

·' We shouU. . ·- · -

1

2.

· Ye. 01· you should.

3.

T!i~Y ' sh~uld. ·~ ~'

.

Shal~ has ,!either v:erbal ri9uns· nor adjectives:

Plural for the three Styles.
1.
We could. 2.
Ye or you could.
3.
They could.

• . , ....

•\.> • •

·-

"'

·._

·-

<.._

·'

-~

•Pt .• ! ...... ,, ...

-~- J

-

-

•

. .

·-:-

. . . ..

- ' ·-·. 34. ·wx+,i. . .
Present" Time. .
·. Si,1-i:gular; .. • 0

Can has neither verbal nouns nc;>r, adjectives.

Per •.

Remarks upon the common .use of these "irregular
verbs as Auxiliaries may be found in the Appendix.

2.

1.

'3.

· Familia1'... , · · · :,. , ·

I will.

J'

•

~-

, •

Solemr&;Jl11d Ancient.

. . . will.

-

You.¥Jill. , /.; , ,>.;rf\ou ,ic&.~- :.... ·
·•.·." u . "' "t77 "" , ,;!;.y •.
. 'l'1~.'' ..· . .. ,, ., ...
H e. wi
.~ ..e . wi~.· , . "
'·. ·5"" . .. ". . : .
··. \ .. -,... '.' . :..,':: ...
·J

---

FOWLE' S C0l.'t1l\10_N
' ...

.

\.

_

SCHO~L ' GRA~J:dA~ ~
~

Plural for the three, St-y_les.

We. will.
·
Ye or you will.
They will.

1.
2.
3.

,Singular..~:.

. l.

l.

Singular.
Familiar.

..

Solemn a11a Ancient.

I would.
You would.
3. He would.

.

· I would.
Thou· wouldst.
H~ would.

I.
2.

Plural for the ·three Styles.
1.
We would;

2.
Ye or you would.
3.
1'hey would.
_
Will, the irregular yerb; ·has no verbal nouns
nor adjectives.
1
.
•
.
But will is also a regular verb; as I .w ill, thou
willest, he wills, &c. ;· 1 willed" thou ;willed.st, he
willed &c. · and then its verbal nouns are will. and
willing, its 'verbal adjectives willing and willed.

Present and Past Time.
Singular .
P er.

1.
2.
3.

Familiar.

Solemn a11d Ancient.

I must.
You must.
He must. ·

I must.
Thou must.
He ·must.

0

Plural for the three ·Styles.
1.
We must:
2.
Ye or. yoll'must.

·2•

'l'hey must.
Must has no variations, in .fact,· and no v.erb~l
noun~

nor adjectives.

·

'>

'•'

I "

•.

, 'I .,

"

.

,::,·

•

·,;' •

'•.'!'%J.... ."" ~ •• '.

-

· . ; ..

*,.

Elu;r._aUo((1e thr_1e~ S,tyl§_s. ~· - -~;:

"I · -'' "'-Wd ought ·"\C''-:'. ~· ··\' .· ..
Ye :_(Jt yoµ. 'i~glt~., :
:"
3.. · .T;h~y= _o ug,ht. ··

2:

·Ought _has b~tJ011.~ ·;·v~riaUon, · ,a'n d. UQ' -v·e.r bal
nouns nor adjectiv,~.s,:.,">·;·:,, h.:·;. _' ' ·:.,:.

·,

<:' · _, ; ..

· , _:\.>~~;.~-.. .;r:.< ~·:·:-~<}::·:.·}}r •.

, 37, · ;'Exerczses. ., ...._f.••/ ·., •·· 1·"·!·
.
. . . .· .' . -:.,_i;:.~ ~?: '':- . ~.. _ ·. . : -· ._ ~-; :{ ~·· .r.<\. ·
The irregular ' verbs · 'MGcy, Gani ·'Sliall, :. Will, .
M ust. and Ouglit1' :n.ever·: admit;·any "object\-!if.ter
them but verbal .n:ouns to~ .names of actii;iri ;.:_~;'i::.5 ~
.

m,ay

go'..··: -~ · ::·,..IW,llLgo• . ,,~ _,
I can go . . ·: • .. · :l rµustgo . . ., " , . '
I shall, go. · . :, I ought to go. · · "'

I

MusT.

35.

. '· ,; : :' .

~
'.
. : i. ~· \"l·
· 1. · I ought.
: . . ·,.. ,._Louglft< .' - ~: .· '.
2. You ought;_"'\ k: -~-"< ~hoµ :oughtest: ·' '-:3. ·He oµght. .
' '-!le O.'lfgftl. : :,.<_

Past Time.
Pr.

,,

'Per. •Familiar. ; : ;, · ,;-,., \ ·'~.SaJemn. andf.A.ncient: 1·· ': " · .

Let · the .pupil-theq poiIJ.~, ~~.t the ' v~rbal. nou'ns which
are the objects ' of m;i.y~ .can:, ·sliall;, wi.11, must, ,ought, or
any of. their variatioi1s, im<I then..:!et(11im;.tell :t_he ;object
·of -the verbal nouiis::t_f~~lV'e~.. ·:~He~~fil,thus ~earn~,that
verbal nouns. and_adJectlv~s d1ff~r from ..other nounS>,a,nd ·
adjectives. in havi.n~· gbj~~~s w}!ich their actio~ '.af(ect:i· ~
'

.

,

"'

•

.

I

I may see him: ' .·
. · i: Ootild theyfear' convictioirl
·We Cilll·find them,
~- 'llfhe should, kiZl-'a!deer; -._ '''
He shall tell· us. -...
· . ·,,,·w ouild: t_ears"renzov~i guilt. t ·
Th,ey will break it. · , , '. Boys must obey laws, · . · · ~·
Ye nius~ love truth. _ . · .. '. ;: W ~ ~g~t · ~opr'!mote_. P,~!'-~e.
Thou o_ught~s~ t~ go. "-- · : T~o_~_ll!~g~~~-ani_it;_g~jt!~~ .1
You might inJy,re the cause.She would prefer n~ng, --

06
'.- -:--

FOWLE' S COMMON SCHOOL GRAM~IAR.

Men could make peace.
Pride could uphold beggl!-rs.
Virtue would guide men. · Youth should shun flatterers. ·
Hope should cheer poverty. Passion . should submit .to
.-· reason.
.·
' Wealth ought to bless u~.
Truth must direct them.
Thou must comfort mortals.
Mayst thou see peace.
He may overcome evil. · ·
Canst thou force belief?
They can do mjsch~ef.
Shalt thouforgive injuries? Should she.find .mercy. ,.
Wilt thou spare the guiltr. Thou wouldst. lose friends.
Must we meet them?
Fame must seek him. ·
Ought they to eat meat?
Thou \:>Uglitest to do justice.
Might men avoid blame? We might-prevent war. .
I may have money.
You can have virtue.
She might have patience.
We would have credit.

They would have troops.
should have ,Prudence.
I must have means.
Thou oughte?t to fi:ave time.

ye

Now refer the pupil to the Exercises · on page 49,
and question him in regard to the verbal nouns and ver·
bal adjectives also in the following s~ntences.
I

'·

.

'\

I may have found a book.
Ye will have· seen them.
You may have lost time;
They ·shall ha,'Qe done .it.-.
She must have finished a task. I can have completed it.
She might ltave kept silence. Thou shouldst have felt it.
We should have helped him. He could have. saved us.

38. Table of !rregular Verbs.
An 11-regular Verb is one whose past tense or
time is not formed by adding d or ed to the .present
tense.
The following is a very correct list of all Irregular
verbs with the verbal adjectives and nouns forme4 from
them. It will be seen that some verbs have, botJ:i.a reg·
ular and irregular past tense; that most used is plaqid
first.
· Directions. Let the pupil learn the present and past
tenses before he learns to form the nouns a!ld adj ~ctives.

Present Tim e.

bring
build I
burst
buy
can
cast
catch
chide
choose
cleave (to stick to)
cleave (to split)
cling
clothe
come•
cost
c_ro_w
creep
cut
dare 5

brou ght
built, builded
burst
bought
could
cast
caught, catched
chid 2
chose
cleaved, clave
clove, cleft
clung
clothed J
came
cost
crowed, crew
crept
cut
dared, ~urst

I

Verbal Nouns.

Past Time .

bring, bringing
build, building
burst, bursting
buy, buying

-----

'

...

UJ

bringin g, brought
buildin g, built, builded
bursting, burst
buying, bought

"'l
0

:;:::

t"
l'l_

~---

cast, casting
catch, catching
chide, chiding
choose, choosing
cleave, cleaving
cleave, cleaving
cling, clinging
clothe, clothing
come, coming
co:c;t, costing '
crow, crowing
creep, creeping
cut, cutting
dare, daring

r \-So .rebuild . 2 Old past time chode, old adj. chid. · s Old past ~ime
s Df!re, to cha}tenge, is always regular.
.,•,
1

en

Verbal Adjectives.

aatI.

cas!ing, cast
catching, caught
chiding, chidden
choosing, chos,en
cleav:ing, cleaved
cleaving, cloven, cleft
clinging, clung
clot~ing, clothed, clad
commg, come,
costing, cost
crow~ng, crowed
creeping, crept
cutting, 'ct\(
.daring; dared

"'n
0

~

~
0

z

~'
ti:
0

·o

t"

Cl~

.,'

• So become,-aud 'o th_e r compounds. 'I

>
;:;: '
;:;:
>

!"

'

Present Timt.

go2

grave 3
grinq
grow
)lang
hear
hew
htiave
hide
hit

nold s
·hurt
keep
knit
l(rtow 8
. lade~

~aded

.q

g!l~ing,

&ilded, gilt
g1vmg, given
going, gone
graving, graven, graved
grinding, ground
growing, grown
hanging, h;u1ged, hung
hearing, heard
hewing, hewn, hewed
heavipg, heaved
hiding, hidden•
hitting, hit
holding, h~ld, holden
hurting, hurt
keeping, kept
·
knitting, knit; knitted
knowing, known
fa.di.ng, laden

gild, gilding
give, giving
go, going
grave, graving
grind, grinding
grow, growin g
hang, hanging
hear, hearing
hew, hewing
heave, heaving
hide, hiding
hit, hitting
. hold, holding
hurt, hurting
keep, keeping
knit, knitting
know, knowing
. lade, lading ·

gilqed, ·gilt
gave
went
graved
ground
grew
hung, hanged
heard
hewed
heaved, hove
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knit, knitted
knew

gild
give 1

0)

Verbal Adjectives.

Verbal Nouns.

Past Time.

..,
0

~

t"'

t>t
(f;
("'.)

0

;:;:
;:::
0

z

U!
("'.)

:>::

o·
0
t"'

~

;...
.

f':I

· . ~So, forgive and misgivi. 2 The past time, foremeni,' is · nev~r"used. 3 So, engrave. .0.nly-irregular jn th~ verbal
t.d1ective. So with ]i[ow, on p. 61. 4 0ld adj . hid. ' 6 'Holden is rarely used. So, behold and rliithheld. 6 So,furetiliJ!v. 7 So, u.nlade. Lade f1¥~t not be confoundeu~with lpod, which-is regular.
·
.

'' .

Present Time.

lay• (to put)
Jead2 .
ve
.. d '
Jen ..
~t
,

Jea

·

~lie
~fuht
...~

__ J.5.!s~

Past Time.

Verbal Nouns.

. laid .
Tud
left
·
·lent
let ..
·
'1ay .
ljgQ,ted, lit

·w,~d~

!~~

.'rt, ..:.

p,mst

. k!l,g~t

:.--,.
mQwed
,_'•
~qst

· mow
· ··
' . ' ·m Qwmg

'pJiid
t -

·.J:i1ut
lti.Y; ,

dliit'- '

d..

- lig~tii;ig, ligh.t~d, lit
lo.smg, lost .

. ni~~e,. ~fl~ing.

. ~~ai;i.' '. m;~~ping

. ii~ght

laying, laid
le<i.ding, led ·.
leafing, left ·
leriding, Jent_ . .,
letting, .let ·
lying, · lafo s
~na.~ing,

~ r.;;;-- .1 ~ .
1
··

might
-· t' .
-~~n,

w~r. ~~ .

Verbal Ad;cttives.

Jay, layin.g -.
Jead, le.ading
Jeave; leirv.ing
Len d , le ~1ding
Jet Jett.1
~g ·. ·
"
· lie, "lying· · : .
· Jig:ht, ijg~titig
lp~e,'- losing . ',.

if!~~ , . · ·

.~ake
.~~Y
.~ean

·,.

''

i

~

mean(~g, '~tiieant

- mee~j_n,. g_, ,m,. e,~t"..... ,
.
·
mo·wmg
mo- d .
.. " . ,,: . .Y<,e ,;;lllo.wn

,- .-. :(-.,,r

<:·.:?·:. .:'.:.'~. .' :,· .,.., ·

~ -'; -;,:~~- -_~ ·

. p a_y,· ·payfn· g ·•.,

pay~ng~: p~i d" : ,
l>uttipg,' p.ut -1
- . quittitig qm~ed quit
. re~dfog~}e~d"(r;d, .

'>

,:ey.~,: .
.put;·p\ltti.n g·
. ~ ·~{
. qµ,1jte( ' quits
. qq~t>, ·-q.u it.t ing
~e{J. ' proµ. red) . ' i:ea,di' reading
. 1,So, its compounds, excep( delay, whicll is rerular '. 2So · ·' . i '" .;::a . ·eM

.ft:a. .

~r~:r ;~ So, .~tpa~ and overpay~,,.•1 ·~ (.(uit ·¥!,less ~ed {~n 'r~:~;lf~::; ;• f'
"

·~

• •.

• •

'

....,_.

made '•'

~- ~

i;nee~,. :~~~ti.ng ..

.... ""··' ... ' . : . '. '

,

..

' though, ~om~on ~n ~~gian~ iS never use\{

'

r

•

'

J J

'

~
~;...

I•

Presen't Time.

rend
rid
ride
_ring
rise 1
rive
run
saw
s~y

see
seek
~eethe

sell
send
set 2
shake
shall
' shape
~have
1 So,. arise .

Verbal Nouns.

rent
rid
rode
rang, rung
rose
rived
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
seetheel, sod
sold
sent
set
·shook
should
shaped 3
shaved

rend, rending •
rid , ridding
ride, riding
rin g, ringing
rise, rising
rive, riving
run, running
saw, sawing
say, saying
see, seem g
se~'' seeking
seethe, seething
sell, selling
send, sending
set; setting
shake, shaking

2.so, beset, reset, &c.

NI

rending, rent
ridding, rid
..,
ridin g, ridden, rode
0
rin ging, rung
~
t"
.,.,_
rising, risen
riving, riven
0
running, nm
0
;;:
sawing, sawed, sawn
i.:
saying, said
~
seeing, seen
In
0
seeking, sought
.;I: .
seething, sodden, seethed o0 _
selling, sold
· ·
. t",,
sending, sent ·
~
;...
setting, set
.a:
shaking, s~aken
.i.:
(J)

--shaping, shaped, shapen

- - - -,
shape, shaping
shave, shaving;

· 3 Skaped is reguia~,' in

en

Verhal Adjective$.

Past Ti1M

.;

· ~

shaving,' shaved, sha,ven
! .

.

-

'

fa.~;, e,ic~pt. in the formation ~f o~. adje.ctive. ·.

so; miuhape.

•

Present

shtiar
shed
shine
· shoe
shoot
show

~he:w!I

shrink
shred
.. ~hut

¥!rig :
·sink

~it.

slii:y '·
:sfeep
slide 1
.Wtig

-slink '
~&1i,k .

Ti~.

, Verbal Nouns. ·

Past Ti11U.

sheared, 'shore 1
shed
shiQed, shone
shod '
shot
~h~wed '

•sh~wed .

shrank, shrunk
'shred . '
shut
's ~n;g, sung
f?ank, ·s unk
sat •."
-Sl~\v..
·~Jept ':
!llid ·
·slutig; · slang .
:slunk, '•S1ank 1
tsJit, slitted
I

T[erbal Adjectives.

.

shear, sh~aring
shearing, sheared,' shorn .
shed, sheddii'lg
. shedqin'g, .shed
shine; shining .·
· sh'ining, shined, sbo.ne
shoe, shoeing
shoeing; shod
-.
sho~t, shooting .
shooting, shot . '
show;-.showfog
showin_g; shown .
she~ •. ~~i.~1n.&'
. shewing, shewn '.,,
sh_rmk, .shtmkmg
shrm'lrii;ig,' i?hrunk
shred;-slfreClllii:ig ..
shredding, shred .
shuf, - sht{tti~'g ; ,
.' shutfing/ sb'ut '·.
sin'g/si~'giw ..\ ·, '
. siijg\qg, -sung ;>. ··~:
.sink, ·sinlring · ·
· inkirig ·sunk ·
s!ttlijgy
sittifig/sat,'~itfon,:;;._: '•
'slayj 1Slaymg '
Slayi,iigt sliijn,_ 1 " . ' 'sleep~:\~te~ping·
,I ~le~p~ng/~lept •.j, "
sl'!qe,~'sl!'ain.g- .'._ .
. slidii\'g;:slidden"', .' . _
~hng,-sh_nging - .
slio'gtng;t<Sli.l.ng - ...
shn'k;::S!jnkfrig'
slin~fog{'slilii.k-<"; ~ 'slit, ~'s!~!lfng-.> '
slitt.ing; slit:, .slitte~ . ,, ,

sq,

I

•

•

•

_ ·'\ Slwre is, ~eldom.if ever' heard in New England. , ," The ~er b •sheni should· never.b'¢ used, for 'il"is pronounced like
show, 'iin.d its'·ineaning is the same.- ·' ;Slieio, used ·as a past ,teil~~ 1 \fs~·vu1garism . ,J
1 .•• .. 'ft'-'" , .;
..
. '·

"~.

·=
I
,,
·~

I

smite, smiting
sow, sowing
speak, speaking
speed, speeding
spend, spending

smote
sowed 1
spoke, spake
sped
spent
spilled, spilt
spun, span
spat, spit
split
spread
sprang, sprung
stood :
stole
stuclc
stung
stank, stunk
strode, strid
struck
strung

smite
sow
speak 2
speed
spend
sp~ll

spm
spit*
split
spread
spring
stand 4
steal
stick
~ting

.stink
strides
.s trike
strli:ig

Verbal Nou11s.

Past Time.

Prtswt Time.

\

sp~ll, sp~Hif!g

spm, spmnmg
spit, spitting
split, splitting
spread, spreading
spring, springing
stand, standing
steal, stealing
stick, sticking
sting, stinging
stink, stinking
stride, stridi'ng
strike, striking
-String, stringing

· t 'soived l s' regu'.Jai' except in' its \LQ,jeetive. 2 so, ,qespeak. s. so; 'misspend.
bestride'. · .,. 'Spit, 10 prepare for roastirig, is a regular verb; .

smiting, smitt.en
sowing, sowed, sown
speaking, spol<en
speeding, s ped
spending, spent
spilling, spilled, spilt
·spinning, spun
spitting, spitten, spit
splitting, split
spreading, spread
springing, sprung
standing, stood
stealing, stolen , . ·
sticking, stuck
'Stinging, .'stung
stinkiPg, stunk
.
.
·striding, ·stridden
striking, ·str,uck, stricken
:stringing, ·strung
• So,"1vitlist~iid, il11aersiahd, lite. . 'liso,

~

, Present Time .

strive
sfrOW
stiew 2 .
.swear ..
sweat

Past Time.

Vtrbal Nouns.

Verbal A!Jiil.etives.

strove ,
Strowed 1
strewed ,
swore, sware .
sweate\i, sweat

·strive, striving,
' striving, !'riven '.· , . ·,. ·
Strow, ·Stf-OWing
Strowing, 'stroiyed,.StrOWil
strew, s,tr:ewing
strewing, strewed, strewn
, ·sw:ear;'.-sW,earing
~w,e11-r~n·g, s:\Vpp1
: .sweat1'1~,W~ati~g
.sweatmg, s.weated, sweat
-- s~ept
.. ~w,eep: · sweepmg . - So/eeping, swept ·
··
swelled
,)
.' sw~l1, -sw,elling . . swelling; swelled, swollen
s;wam, swutjl. '> ·
. -swimNiw~$ning · ~
s·wirjl.min&:sw.mµ .
,
" s\V'ai,lg, swung '
,swfog;;'.,s\f:ingin_g. · · · swinging,.swung :
1 1
·took
take,-.,takmg· , ,
taking,· tak~rv 1<·
· '-taught
,tea.ch; te'llching
' tea:ching;~.ta.ugP,t~:
tore 4
tear; tea'fing, . "
· · tearing -tom , ·,. :· · . . .
·:ibid ·
:. tell, t~lli,ni~ J. ,
. ·t.~l. l. itig,~fold··;~t,:t.:,>,.:1-- .;
:th&ught _
. ~hink, 1thi~king
:. ~hinkipg, :,n~0.µght . , _,
throve .
! "thrive~· thriving
· th:riving, tlirtven :
··
·,..:threw
~ .thro~, ,th,ro,wing
· -throwi,ng'; .~hi:o.\vn
.·;thrust .
. :th~u,st/ t~r.~sting · , thrusting, thfu,s t ,· , ,
ArOd
· ,, .,tr~a.d,"~~readiitg,
.trea~mg; ti:o~d,en_ 1 •

r_

~sweep

, '.Swell
:swim

:~~fog

take 3
t'each
tear ·'
'teli ,:
'think
':ini-ive .
- throw
,fhrust
·iread

1

·;. \,1.~egular

except in i~ r~~eqlive . .'fhe qld pasi;'_'st!aroed,)sdisused: 2As 'tbkverb11 i~ 'pr<ii.oPJicedAike strow,
_and !;\as the same mell:!lmg, it , should never be used. ~ •So, bet~, ·mistake, partake, and 1otherr compounds.
"•Old
1
1

past, ·tare: .\·'.

:.it.

'

'

\ ,·

. • ,!

1

\ ·(·.::.., ..

'· ~ ~L..,.,,.

'

·

, ~ .• ~·

i·· ~ .

....

C)

Verbal Ail1ect1ves.

•

t,

"

.
~

0

:;;

[;;_
Ul

0
0

;::

~

z0

in

s
0

·o

t"'

~I<>

·~
;...

.fl

,I

, ...

66 ·

. FO-WLEis;icoMMO~~'sC>HQ'9X.:-KGit..:DilM:A;i1'. :

FOWtE'S · OOMMON ·. SCliUOL ·...GRAl\&filt.-;

.~ ..~--· .

... - ..

. ~ ...

. '. . •

c'&i. -·:3-t

" . .

Exe; cises. .After: \he. _pupi~\h~~Je~i:ne_d,i~he~,preseut
and, p_ast · te~es ~i; :ti71U'~._J~~hi:m·- ~me. t_he,vetb~~?U
,al)d then \he vetbal· adJectiv.cs;_,~-.'-':~
:1 ·. · ·•·: ·o,J· - ..i:.·>'
'l'he ..teaclier.:&hou,ld : ~~(ot!ll-Ji.\W,..:·~.th'l~t\le :fir..st:~etJid · '
noun h_as g~i;ierally, t~e; .:\';.9\'4::f9a~(o,i:p-q}•'4-'~~~i;l_\!):is.~~ll.Y;
shows it to. b~ t_hl( re;note . obJ~ct;. ~f!!.Pffi~ . o.<;Hofl,;i:. {Ww~:.
n a_m!'l of an act10.n ~~tli'Jo b~(~r~,. 1t , .W~~n~- t~e;.{l.~Rf.e; a~:
lhe other noun m" ing>fo\' ih1s:tlie s11me ...tl}1~g· to"§ay;.
"-To see tP.e sun .is ple~sa,nt,"; a~ to' say, il;': Seei;iig~ thE):.1,mn
is ple~sant.'' And . " I pr._~fer, sittjngi'b.1..~the•:§a.~ ~,I).~{!' J
prefer to sit."
-. ,' · · ~· :··§);<:~ i.--:t _~· - )''_
5r:in·:e; ,·:
.

L

'

__
,
•

' -- :~·
• .t.

•

·i ,J.._
'~ -.

......

.;~

'. ' ~-'.~;:_~. ·,7 ;·

. :· . -

"•i f.

I

:

. 39. Unipersozial or lrn,p_ersonal , Vei:bS.~- . _· v

With the imperf~ct verl:):;(~in.!j..y .be .dass~d ~jew
that a.re seldom or' ile-Vei. \iseQ.y:-exc~pt·· in'tn~ihirll
person sjn.g~la; ~~~~f,~he"' ~!g~O:u.~~fc.~ ~fi:,.~!1~iE}l
beho.ov.es' .it. rain~, . ~ .snows'{:> itlisir.' i!i:;;;p·:, <:.::;,, :·-:! ...: :;, :
These are usually called.fr!J,perso?Zal· ~er.J>s, that
is, verbs witho.u t any pers_on,· but. as:~tp,ey:- h,avt;i :pne·
person, the third;. at .least;.'.i t< seems:mo:ra correct to
call -them; as soxD.e.ao, ;·u1iipersonal-ve.ibs;_that is,
verbs with one person.
.·
· ' . -'-~Perhaps the five ·verbs aboye., mentioned are t}'l.e
only Unipersonal .verbs in' English, and, of-course,
as they are regular .verbs, ~he,., distinction is not
very important.· ' ·
. r' _' . '
_ ..-.

i:i

· 1. --:
-----------

~

-·~

z...;
z

~

w
~

·I: •...:-') ~·

?'

r· .., :

THE ADVERB.

:l.

r
f

',' :

40. THE ADVERB is a word so caUed because . it
is ~sually joined to -8: verb· to. · qualify it; thus,, .M',El
wntes correctly. He ran swiftly. ·
-·
Bµt, Adverbs are sometimes joined t6 adjectives,
,<ind. ~~rrE'._tirif:ls - ~°' oth.ef . aqytlfR.s~ ,fo.~r).?!:l~ft.;.}~efr
mean mg;. as" v.ery comict ,;;, more-;c;;p,rrni;Oy.,. ··. ~· _:
The greater riumbef: of.adyer.b_s ·ar~ • fdrmed ··by

0

.68

F.OWLE'S . COMMON s·qHOQL GRAMlllAR.

adding the syllable ly to adjectives· of th~ fi.~_st,
second or fourth classes; thus, from the adJ~g_t:w:e
correct we form correctly, from loving; lovingly..,
from confessed, confessedly, from.first, ~rstly, &c.-_
- A few adverbs are .formed by addmg ly "to a
• , I.. .
noun,· as,
·, Nouns. -

day
night
·hour
week
year
month

Adverbs.

daily
nightly
hourly ·
weekly
yearly
monthly _

Nouns;'. -

instant
name
part
total
whole
hap

.Adverbs:' ' ·

in~f~Iitly' ·
:nan1ely,_
partly •. _;-. ;_
totally · wholly ,
haply _

Exercise. Let adjectiv~s be given t<;> the . pt~pil; an~
let him turn them into adverbs. Then. le~ -one _pupil
furnish an· adjective, and another change 1t, till the exe~­
cise becomes familiar .
41. Besides the adverbs inly, more than a huIJdred
are so irregularly formed that the_Y ca~not well be described, and the following alphabetical hst of them mµst
be learned, if the pupil has not already, learned the
rhyming list in PART FmsT.

hereby· c · f{am~ly:·~;,, ~: s'qm~tim4i:.'':';W..e,ll - '~ ;~ ~- ; _,,
herein ,· ·.nay~~ . ,·;_: ·~··:-111.·~-~-soaix :r:"· :.-.t:~~~ r~h~i:e .~: . , ':~'RU . .
hereto _n_ever :i.''"· __ . ~Qori eF· ... ~·, any,-,v®r~ ,~,~~heretofore · ~ n9·. .1 ~. • ~ _ l ~tS.o ohest ,~--. ,,eJSewli~e ;~... ~ r
not . ~ .. - ; ·-;;;ta~h·· :-,•) i.'' ;~-V.eriiw~el:~ ·-.
herewi'th
hither
now .
.. ._ still ·-·~·.-:.:.- ;: _rfo-'.W-Pi~~;,,\ -,,::
hitherto . · now,a-days. - .. ·Then: _ .. ~- ~~ &ome-w~er~~- .
hithei·ward no-wise _· ... . thence:· "- '~hereabout .: '
~ thenceforth - ~ wherever .
homeward Oft
often'.._ . -·~· . "·there ~~-:~1·~-:~wherefcire .! ,. ~.
how
howiver. · ,. oftene,r, .: .. , ~ tll,e~eby«_'. °'V·~~h~n : /;·''·,' · oftenest _, ··-.., therefore .•., ._whence~·. · r/ .Ill indeed
. once .,:· ', . - -~ '..th~r~_ab_o~.f ' )yh~_nev~r :-. .: :·
Just
only .. -._._;-., . th1the~ . ·' . wh1le .,.;1,._r ,'
Little otherwise , _ ~thrice
·~ wliilSt
les~·
' - r~r~~:veotp~~-'j~~~~- ' -. -~ ~ ~hit!i~f :~
least
.Pefch~µ"c;e,'..;· . ~ :tq,o·.,:,, .-,~: .,'W.hi~he~~p~e
likewise
p~rhaE~ . , .. ~_.,,.7 ;::W:·~}} 1'
:-'.~i~~ _
~ri;,~
1
icing· p1e.~_med •· '-~o.-m.prr.q~'l ~ rif~ ;: i~-"; - ::~f.'.llong-ago
Qu_1te . . . . _ .t.,ogether '-" yes_- _,. .' '
l\'loreover .Rather . · · ~fi;~ce:·
.. ye.~terqu . '. ·•
much "·
· 8eidolll · .. Up\~t~ " yonqeC ·'.;·r
since . - .
.very .
. - - ': _. .
more
most
someho.w - . -~,~i:~ly
. ~

=: -' "·:

:.< . _,.

J'

· ;- )•

A-days 1
a-nights 1
again
ago
alike
almost
already
·also
altogether

always
anon
apart
asunder
at-all
Backward 2
backwards
besides
better

best
by-and-by Doubtless
downward 2
E lse
enough
ere
even
ever

Far
forth _I
·forward 2
Gfatis
Hence
henceforth
here :
. her~after

here'ab9ut

1 Corruption of of days, of nights. 2Adverbs. ending_. in -niaid
have often ans added, making wards. lVard is aho plac!l_d after
adverbs and nouns of place; _as, thither-rv_ard, heaven-nta~d. · •

•

r

·:.\!'

~:<~~

• .... :

42. C'omparis_,orfoj 4dve~bs. - :._ · . ' ':;·.
•·. -. -·

Table of Adverbs.

;,·>

;,,->

·

f · .. ,

•'

l

,.-

A fe':" a~verbs ma,y be ·com__pared by a charige
of termmat10n · as . · I·'..:: ' --" '\·. ,' •~ -t'' · ~·
· • • • \ .•
'

Positi1ie.
\vel1
soon
much
often
long
little
far

Some· of

)

., '

' :- <

· C.ompa.r_ati~. · '--~u'R,e!lat~]Je.. ~., - (' -~ b_e tter" ;"best
· .. ~'...t.· ; •
soon'e i -soonest .·· (~{-3
more -- -·
:-most · · ·" -"·
' oftener·
· oftenest
" , ~ longer _._· lou·gest
, ---·
less . . least
~, - ·
fart):!er · farthest · .. ,.;A
0

'

"

tl~ese· a~e· _a.__djectives .a;s,\~~~ii ~·s ad;~[,~::

· · : .: · · .- . ,

~

·

:~

· .. : , .· t .. :.;.. : :- ...

4-::

t.:.:. •.

z; i

70

:FOWLE' S COMMON SCHOOL GJ.rA.M:\'llAR~

Most of the adverbs in ly may be-c~mpi!ed like
adjectives, by adding more or less for the _com_p~r7
ative degree, and most,or least f~r the superlat1v~;
as, wisely, more wisely, -most wisely; ~ '\v1sely,-!ess
1
wisely, ·least wisely. _
. · _ · "'' ·
-Adverbs formed by adding ly to a no'l!1i ~ann.ot
be compared, not even when used" as adJec~1ve~. _.-Exercises. Let the teacher furnish a verb,- an-d requ!re
the pupils to supply as many adverbs as .they can. · 'Fhu_s,he may say, He write~, and then may as~, how1 w~en 1
where 1 waitinrr between each question till they exhaust
their stock of ~dverbs. Then let the pupil be !equired
to furnish a sentence containing a·verb and an a~v~rb. -_·
Now let the teacher furnish a sentence' contammg-'a verb and an adverb, and let the ptip_iL place another
adverb before that in the sentence. Thu~, if-the .tea!-'.her
sar.s, She looks well, let the pupil say, She looks very
well, not well, too well, pretty well, tolerably well, &c,,
Finally, let the teacher give at ~rst o?e adve,rb, and
afterwards two, and require the pupils to mtr?duce t?ei:n
into sentences of their own. When practicable, it . 1~
always better to write exercises than merely . to speak
them.

THE PREPOSITION.

43. PREPOSITIONS are -words generally use~ to_
convey the action of a verb to some remote object;
as, She sent her son to school.
-

List of Prepositions.
About
·above
across
after
against

along
amid
amidst
among
amongst

around - below
beneath
at
athwart · -beside
· ·,besides · ....
Before
between,. , ' _
· behind

~-

-

*Meaning except. , ,- , .
.
•
.
,• .. , _- -~ ~ ·
t According rv_:ith is_ a:~ ~orrect; if n_cit as cohim:on, a~ _aC<cor~g
to, and the construct~~n~ l~ - the, 1~~me; ·though accordrng-wi$.,_is
never called a :prepo:11110~, jlS ,~~ns1~tencr)vo~~ r~qwre.,·

<:

:.:. ..

~

.

...-«.-,

' ..

"
FOWLE' S C0111i\ION SCHO,OL GRAl\lMAtt;

pending.qualifies triql, as. th.e tr~nspos!~iou. 9'.fJ~e
word.s will mak~ m?re 4'!V~der_it_; ,t,ht'\s~ .... !4Jti1~i:t.af..
pendmg (or contmumg) he .died, - . . .: :; .,.-,:A ·i:!
· Except, save, and _but have been class~.a ,\Xl.H}:
prepositions, but e:i:cept and save ar~ common·.
verbs, and but is a remnan.t of .an old ver,b. _T,_he
three verbs mean the same tl:Hng, and tl~e i;ioqn·
after them is their direct object. But; wh~n it
does not mean e:i:cept, belongs t~ the conJl~~ctiQn~.
Past is sometimes classed with prepositions,'. m ·
such sentences as the following: ·
· ... :. 0 ;
He hurried past us. .
It was past nine.

..

, •.

"·'··
~
". ·-... •;

Gooa writers say, He hurried.' by 'us; b~°t'ir lebe.J
authorized, it is only a contraction of pas~ed, a~d.
expresses the condition o[ he~~ us. In. t~e se~o-~d _
sentence, past qualifies nine.
It w~s nme,passe.ll)
done, ended."
.
.
.
· · ·,
Any difficulty m parsmg a wo~d m the class:to
which it belongs, should never mdu.ce us to m-.
trude it into another class. Passed 1s not called
a preposition, as its unnecessary contraction,· East,
has been.
A when it means at, on, of, or-in, must be called
a pr~position, and carefully distinguished from the
adjective a; thus,
He was gone a fishing. · (at or ~n.) ~,
I found him going a-foot. (on.) . '
He often falls now-a-days. (of)
·
. •.
· Many a man may fail. (of rnan, i : e. ";1'~1!ki7,u1.)

of

In such cases a is in fact a contractio,n.
some
preposition first spoken rapidly an~ then c~niJ~~sly
· spelled. One of the clock, has . passed mto one
o'clock and the next step will be one a clock, unless th~ corruption is checked by the great~r ~;t~e11tion now paid to ortho$raphy and e~ymology:. .
... ' ~

~

.·Eiercise~. ,~:Perh~~· ~~~·e'-:Bes\:~ier~1ter,,~1ft! hll~·tO:ii[v~

:'·ti-·b]·'"
· ">!5'1•
i r., ''~\:;.;~'' h' "1'~" " l"' '"" ~·9''· "
.•~'i:'
ne'"""
pu,p1"! 'a sm
a. e.v~r!.l;
_anu \"ell,\U~.ir · ~-,~o J.l .!l.C~ ~\1:;,P.t.e;; · ·
po_sition and a ~e,!~J;e 'boJect- ~r~~r:i~::, 'f.li~~t.tP.r:~~€~4er
may .~ay ·~. ':~n::~ne,r~.1/ ':'f.he) !ul>1fs_'11~y.~s~Y:!·'. ahO!f(;~~T
yar<J-; arov.nli,the'.lfouse·;" i~to ltlte· wirter:i-tf¢tr;;'f&c~ '.kt>'.';,
45. Nex{ tlie l'.ltienti-o.ii; o((the pupil ~ray"b~ 4.te'Wnlto
the· .freG_u,e ncj' with whi.chi;the~ grep~itiOii·ito: is': 4sed'l,io.
point out names of 'aeti1ni$ ~a.~·;ihe rem:ote·obje'c fof ~.0ro.~·
The ·teacher may . say,1 ~hA-t~Ye\".'J:µ.esire,!tnilst'<)>e ,,the · ·
object of desi_re. '· Ae~~r~:P.or-~~u1~9ney,: fri~~«ii;(&c:. ~ I·
<lesire to live; 'to die,, to, hear,- &ic. :c: ·;,,_;, ,·.'>! ·"•' :<i! n !'!'.t ·
· Let _. the pupilfl SJ3:Y;~ ~h;i.~jls~ . .t.\l.~); -4~ire',: ~'t)cl ,: th~n
gi v~ them other y~rbs, ad !iale, I ,E~(Sin, I inte~d, l ~ni;
I ought, &c.
,' ~= ' :":'~; . ·, ,
,.
< . , ,:\It may _not b_e amiss, ~;so .. to, give 0erii the, ~e~~s~ ;&; .
. shall, h v1ll; L may_, .L !!a~, 1 . !Il!g.Jit,~l COt1~d, -1 wo.uJd, 1
should, I must, .I date,J.Je!,.J_,,~~;, &c., ~ let th.em,, see.
that 'these .verbs adinit the -veroal' .xi'Oun after them with-·
out. the 'prepositiorii . ·~s, I .' sh~tn~e; :1_\vil)._· ze~mt fin'ii~
fail, &c.
',:· . ' ; .:- .. , .· • ,
'.
.. . ·
Let a verb be given,"and ·a:::direct .a s We'll a~'_a' rem9.t_e"
object required; as; ... : ~: -~'.::.'./ ·__ :: ';/ ·.· ' /·":
I \•ir'ote-a letter 'Jo~ 'rny.fath'er." . ·
•· · --.
~ I p~esente~--:-a h.Oo!( to · rl)y friend.
:--.. , ~--~~. ~
I required pay fro,m th~ passengers.
.. " " - ~
I admitted them
the ~i.;~qi~k» :~c :: &c.-·. .:.'.'. :•;"

..

!.

·<, '. .'. '

in

. . :.' _'. -~~ -·~· ~:~;-~.·· _·;· ·<· ..;.'..?t~;

46. It is cusiomary,.wh~n ~ .~·~~position folN~s :

a verb, and . has no ol;>Jec~ ¢:CPf.~~~ed, .tQ ~~Ptlf . liln

tf

adverb; b,u t !'his never;~~o1719,);>~~,H~~e th;e'BRi\1~~
can be suP.phe~d: L.e~- the'·I?«P.1is~;~!1aE'.avo~ t~fS}}P-: ..·
ply the obJects m the follo.•~mg ·sente_nces~ · ·. ' . .'>
· I we~t up stairs~ b.ut:·~c)~i{ ga~~ d~wn. 1- ' ·_. ',°: .'
· I was no.tfooking-when he'p.a~s~d : py._-- -·~,-·ii:?·
You go be/i.ind, and I will run before: . · «.
When they are on the_,qri4g~;:do n.~t g9 UlJ:<j-~r'._·:
Open the door, but do no~gouu ·~--. .. · .
".·:
· Approach nea:r' ((o~ · ilfe~clifP,~uJ ·ab'ii.'ot:ra'n ~ov'~~/ .
· Whilst they wenraqovs;· Il'sta:id 7;elii10"; ....~ .,; · ··-c ,
7
.

·1< ' • ·

Fowiiiis~ colllM:odi -sdli~olJH~RA~M~"R·.-.; :,-·. . v-~·

'
FOWLE' s COMl\~N
. se!iQO~ GRAllt~Jjl.~ ~.

continue the sehse/ and -'oih .tois:ae:C'C>un.t have. ~e~n
C.~ lled conjunc[iveT( bii (tfi~-~~dist.iP..c ~i:f'~iS ;I.so'))f(~n ~
~oubt(ul, ~l}~ is:~('so l~.tt!e p.rfct1:cal~sel.-tl}~.t iy.~1~~­
not be ins1Sted upon:·d .· ·- ,~t~·~· ~ ,(-r:-:<i: '), ;:_..:"· ··:!: ~
48. Also; else,· than; s~ncJ;.• 'itilZ-:and '~~,>~vlierl. :
they do riot appeQ.r-:to : cqn.nect ~words.· or. ·phr~s~s .
and when · ·t hey do ,not ·qualify nouns; are..-cajled
adverbs.
· . . :- c ,. • · :- •
·-: , -q · ·ii -'
Both, either, neither;' even and still:are also. ·ad:-~.
jec ti ves when they ·~ualify or ~re .joined to nouns_;,
as, ·
.•
·Bo t~ meti ~·~µt, "_f · ·:
.>. ·_.-. ..~ •
. Either book will do. . , _
-- .......
Neither boy can write,
. ~ ~ .. ~ · -\'( •.t..:
-: ,
Even· scales.are b.est. . _
Stitl- pers9n-s ea,t th¢_mqst.
Except and save are verbs, as is the old · wo.rd
eke; to add;
' .
.
,
'
For is a pr~positfon when because cannot · lie
put in its stead. _ · < : · '•· ·· · ·i . · .. - ' : · ,.. t ~ :.- · ..
- As, after ·the. word ~uqh, is parsed as th~' word'
that would be if} its place,~ . ·
.. ..
.. '"'.· · ..
An, an old !V.ord,· meanmg the-. same a:s. ij, -1s
only found in · old ..auther~d~xcept it . be i,n the
expression, "An 't please your h~mor,'J th~t .is, ;An
it .please, or If it please your hcin.'or.* ~· •'-' ..... , . ''.
If, though, q,lthough, wh~the.i:~: except,~ and . unless are often used 'with thf3''aric:k!1-t. stule; 9f ver'J?&. i,
thus• ' '
·
· .. ~·'lo •~ J~ ~·~-;,.;j.r,:.".'.
..
·',- ": · '

· He went wanderingabOut,all day. , -..J: Hji{r.1-i_·;·
. , How shall we get ·by; if they .st'and ~ otj~ F:a,:Y-;1,
· He looked ·up .and saw a raif!bow. :. " . , ·,j;,dr1»0·
He held the light while I went dow.n. . ' ' · (i .,,_. .,
The garment is moth-eaten t!troug!tout. . · ~·
Why are you afraid to come round?
.-. .,.
I.saw· him then, but have Qot seen him since_.
When I saw him he was looking over:
He who ploughs must never look behi-nd. ' -:<
If I went first, he must have come after.
Let other examples be sought in books, and·
when no object can be found or conceived of, and
not till then, ,let the preposition be called an
adverb.

0

·,·

~ _,,

I

THE CONJUNCTION.

47. CoNJUNCTIONs are certain words used-to .con-·
nect single words or parts of a sentence.
-.\.

List of Conjunctions.

Also
although
and c
as
Because c
both
but c
Either
eke
else
even
except

For c
If c
Lest
Namely
neither
n.evertheless
nor

notwith~tanding

or

otherwise ·
Save
since c ·

so
still
Than
.,
- · ....... .
that
then
therefore
though;··
Unless
Whereas ,
wherefore c
whether '.·
Yet

c

c

Those conjunctions marked c have been . supposed to connect words or . phrases, ·and ·also , to

·-

'

·:-

..

.

•

"

- ·

.

·,,

I

.

'

•

{ .,,·,

' ;'

If he .go, he \ vill ;eperit.ofit .
::}-:~' <ti .
Though 'he fall; ' he· will rise again.· .. .
Although he fail, he will try again.
·:1 .
· Whether he go or.stay, h.e "\Y:ill beresign.ed~ . ~-· ·
Except he repent, he 'will pedsh. · · · '·:_ · '
Unless ·she try, she .cimnnt succeed.
'

,\ I

'

I

'

•

'

:',,'.:':"

•'

(

".* An is ofte.n mei with -i; Sh'alfspea.r"e,.·; nct it. o~c~is -,i~~the

Bible, b.ut 1s m1ssp~lled.a11d~. ·.:._._- ... ~~-..:·r,•· :.i''

:' ' . ·, .•. · r,._ ,.-, ,,.

The pupil · lll~~t JeaJn the.. list; .i~ ll,~ ',h~s
:· ... ,' ·:.; -.-j; ..,.i:1.
Give the pupil sentenc~~ ip the. famili<tr P.r« ?~~n _
style, to be turned into the ancierit,.1f},he pµpJl 1s. ,c~~~
p_etent _to do this ; thus,
-. ,1-: ..

Exercises.

notalreadydoneso,infAR'l'~: -

Ancient.
If thou be.
Whether he is.
Whether he be~
Unless thou dost.
Unless thou do.
Whether he sees or not.
Whether he see or. not
Though he slays me.
Though he _slay me.
Except it dies.
Except.it die.
Altnough there is no fruit. Although there be .no fn~it.
If thou love me.
,· ' ::··
lf thou lovest me.
Familiar or Solerim..

If you are.

.

'") ,' '!

THE INTERJECTION.

.' "

49. INTERJECTIONS, strictly speaking, are oi;ily
natural sounds that do not properly b~lol)g · to
w~itten language.
.

,,

' \

List of lnte1jections.,
Ah!
aha!
alack!
foh!
bah!
ha, ha, ha!
halloo!

heigh-ho ! ·
hem ! hey !
_
hist or 'st!
hush !
hurrah or huzza !
mum!

.0 ! (for s,urpr~~e)
oh ! (~or pajn)- ·
_pish ! ~
... { ·

pshaw .!
poh ·r .
tush!
whew:!

50. Some other.words are called int~rjections, be. cause they are used in sudden ,,exclama;tions ;·· but
if all words used in exclamations are -to.be called
interjections, confusion of classes must ensue,_- It
is better to explain the words to t~e pup_il ; ·t\rns, ·
Adieu! is a French 'vord, ~ b~ing th,!3 .p.reposi- _
tion to, and Die?tmeaning God. , · _ .; ... · - .. ;.,:. ·

* It is :t>.est -to let .tb!l..~\its~ s~i: the t~ble~. s~mttlttineously, and· then each in turn say; one'word in' theorderofthe tables" ta.king ·
precedence as th\:Y say_c.oh'ect!y 'oh!oC;,;1·' '· : ' -'' ' .- • .- ... .· · ' -'
7*

r

-

·.

. ~~·

Then these four classes maylle; mixE!d ~i.~ a~ W~llY­
'YOrds of the other four· c~~s~~· ~n~ , qrl'Y!Jt i 'out '·~y ,t4e.
pupils as before.
· . ·
· Finally, the pupils rrrny arrange the wordsc: ~~~ t~e
cards so ·as to form sentences; ·

RULES.
FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES.

I. Every Agent must have . ~ yerb agre.~i?g
with it in number and person; ,as, I love; ·tfi.,oit
lovest, he loves.

-

. .,

Note 1. A verbal noun, like any othel'. noun, may.be
the agent of a verb; as 1 To , err is human; _to forgive, _
divine. Saving. is ·earning.
:. ' :, .~ ·.
. Note 2. Two or more agent~_in the singular null}~~~.
connected by the conjunction and, (whetli~r a11,,d be ·e;"<·
pressed or not,) require their verb to be plural;,_ as,:
James, George and John are' here.
· . ,
· Note 3. The singular ofa collec~ive· noun sometime~ ;
requires a plural verb; a_s, The . co"'!pany are al! :gone.
This depends upon the idea of un,1ty-or ph,i.rahty c,on·
veyed by the context.
- ' -.· : --·" -·-:. · ~
Note 4. In a question, the agent is ·usually 'placed
after the verb, and in-a command or requesti-tlle:age!1t is .
omitted; as, Are you sick 1 · Go, instantly! ,:· Give.. m~ ·
some water.
·
· ..
-. "
·
Note 5. Every pronoun must be .of .·the same . · n~rn·
ber, gend~r and person a~ the riou~ 'for ~hie~ ~~ st~!1~_!;i_'. .

II. A verb m'list always agree with.its ll,geii,Liil;.
number and person ; . a~, I · love, thqu: W1!.iff!~\'Pi3. :
loves.

··

FO>fif:.~~§J~,@.~O~!Pli~R.9.t1;,~~fii!.~J!';~~

.

FOWLE'S COM,lliqN, SC!l£l '?J:. ?R~~Il\'~4-.R,•:

. '"" - ·" :•· ·;'._ :'.,-''.'.: ' ' "

III .. A noun or pronoun, placed after anqt~er ..
noun. or prono~n, to ide?:\fy, .~xp~~~~~ _or: ~uaF~¥;H1.1.,
is said to be m ap.[JOSttirJ~i ~Jt~ i~·~ · 11,~J ~i;{{H~..m-1,:

~~"'.

th~. «(m.quP.r-<Jr;.:,>~, ';.(ljti/!._n;.:~h~·,pgi1Jfer., 1.!J.."q_l:iY!a,'§1ri).y' _

~/.end.

. ?; i~. .

She ;i_
s,Aii;m~~·t!q~p. #~.ffth~~lb'),=.c.~P-~<;\ :.

, .!"

'

:'f_~.{~~!~~~.i<· -..~...;,.--;c:~&~~·{?·~~;11:/~:~~ £

IY. _A nouµ.~~ll pron~_!ll;,~~t.. cl.S'i.~e1thef~~ ii.gputi
nor obJec!, nor m appos1t1on,, is:In<f,#p,ende;itt.//ff,: as; "
M~os.es, will you.gq?... ¥~'.b~i,:ig s~~~.;\fe' cij,~· np(g,~. ·
Y. .Every adjective~ qlialifi~s or 'di~tingt.iishes _
some noun or pronoui:rexpressed or, understood. - ·
YI. Verbs, verbal · faje~ti~~s ·and 'verbal. ·~o~·s
may hav:e_: a· : dir4c_'~ o,bject·:; aife,cte~l · h~, :the<a;ction
they express ; . as,~'.They" ·saw. j See1ng
I .escaped. " ... , ·._J:,:·'<'.:: .,, . ,, - .-;~:~· -r

me

them,

N?.tt: J.. r '.fhe iv,eJ~~ '·sJi(l}i,_'°w.ill;'. .n;tay~ ~cq?itan\17: mus.t!.

adm1~. np obJect ~ft~r. th.~.m bµt ver,bal n()uP,~ ; "~s~ J: s~a,.11
see; we mµst try ;,. 11m;l,J~""l!.!',.~.<#re.ct -0bjects.,:. .

yu. Preposiiio~~ . ilsuaiiy .p~irit ~o'ut. t9-~'' 'iem,ote

obJect of some.. a.~t10n; · .~s;._ We s~nt them·, t~/!Jng~ .
land. They were. ,runn.1ng·from trou/Jle.-'. L;wu~h.,tp
go. llovetaride:'.. ;' :.- .. :·,"-'. ;' ": ... · : ': -:--

Note 1. . Of ge'fi:er:i-lly:, poiµt~ . o~t th_
e· sour~e ~~· p~s- .
sessor_ of th~ _follow_m_g · n9un ·. Qr·; :pronoun ; -and· for
~when not a m~sspe;llin!f.j9f'. fore) po~~ts ,,ouqhe~ follqw.- _
mg noun o; pr9noun- .as·-;t~e ·~u.se. Qf," s~met_!:iing:;pre_vi~
ously ment10ned; as; He went for the:sake.ofipeace.':;\
Note 2, ·The ·prepo_siti?~,rto ,is'•of.ten omitte,d ".before .
the verbal ·!iou.n· ~hat..follows•¢,e~verpi( let,, do;. bid;; /Jelwl<J,,
g~, dare, feel,_~ed, 1J1.a'{c'e, see,' M.4r,-aid, spine .cith.ers; : {So
w~th th~ ve_rbs m '.Not~ 1, ·Rule VJ;)' :;>' " ·:· ~- ·· wi< •, ~;,{,..
· Note 3... The'pfep9siti9ilris' Qften1omitted,.before 1'npuns
of.; tilJle, weig~t, Jllea~ur,e, :;distanc~~ , <il1~t.ity, ._lral13e: -~Jl.d
price. "".h~n n!l -su1_t_ab,l~~ P,reJlo_sJ.hOf1; C!l.,1! . be sppplied,
the noun is independerit;'by·'Rule.JV;! 11... , ::• ·" -- • , -.1"
Note 4. To so!lletimes merery:'pofots ,out' a word:as a
verbal noun; .as, To en is.h.Qman; . ' ·. ···
' '>:·-,·· ·
·:..

.-

•

~

r

;

•

-

.

-. ,

)-. -

~

l'"

•

*If the word 'Neuter 'had~ .not .:tieeri: fl.lread;Y: ..'app~opriated,, the
au th or. ~ould have prefer; eq ·it l<?Jndepen~ent/ but: the .laltef.'~ord
1s familiar tp tl}!l ~tu~eUl •?f'Pthc~,,gr!1.11,11~1am -- ·-Y"
.· ""--' ·

"

-

80:·

FOWLE'S COi\11\.lON,. SCHOOL ·· GRA!\11\I~R. ·

VIII. Adverbs qualify verbs or verbal noups,
adjectives, or other adverbs. · · ,. ·: .·:"· .:.. · .·:.. . ·, · ·.
·IX. Conjunctions conriec.t words or parts ·pt,_~
sentence, and often prevent the repetlti?n. of ~?f.ds­
previously expressed.
~ .;.~
Directions. The teacher should ask what-the conjunt:~
ti1ms connect, and what words have been omitted. ,·
·

DIRECTIONS FOR i\NJLYS~~ OR PARSIN·G,·
AS lT lS GENERALLY CALLED;

~·

'·

SHOWING THE APPLICATION OF THE PRECEDING
RULES TO TlfE CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES.

NoTE. The author has taken -the same sentences
given by Mr. Murray, that the difference bet""._~fll the ·
two systems of English Grammar may be see~. · . :

Vice produces mfsery.
Vice is a common noun, neut~r gender, third persop, ,
singular number, and agent of the verb poduc~;" ~~cording to Rule I.
.· : · · · .
produces is a regular verb! pres~nt _tense, smg_ular nuro· ·
ber, third person, agreeing with its agent· vie~, acco.rd~
ing to Rule IL
.
misery is a common noun, neu~er gen~er, third ·pers.on1 ·
singular number, and the direct object of the verb
-:produces, according to Rule VI.
j

SIMILAR SENTENCES FOR l'RACTICE.

Pain follows pleasure.
Confidence brings success.
Merit wins esteem.
Patience overcomes obstacles.
Virtue confers nobility.
Cheerfulness promotes health.

...
'·;·

,,

' .

•

,_.
FOWLE'S COl\11\lON SCli,0,PL :. GR:A.Ml\i:ut;

FOWLE'

~ .;,.\,

--.· 1· .. ~.'-1····

Every heart knows its sorrows. ,

~

'

83"

'

.... . .

· - Who,pres£;ry/e~: i4:'( ~.-

Every, irregular adJ"ective, d, isting~ishing he. ar~, ...by
Rule V.
sin ~, agent of the _v~rb
heart, com. noun, neut,, 3d P· . g
. . ·.
knows, by Rule I.
.
3d P· to agr_ee w)th its
knows, irreg. verb, pres.
8tng.
,
.
.,
agent heart, by_Rud~e. · . hi'no- the noun sorro.ws,, by;
· .
its, possess1· ve adj ., istm "au1s .,
. .• : _. , .
Rule V.
eut 3 d p.; plu., direct object of~the
sorrows com. noun, n
.,
·
verb knows, by Rule VI.
· .
.·

-

.. ·

. .,_

:·:

:-~~-···

..

•

• v

.:/

..:''

p\

••.~.

'

'I

•

·~

;.../

:

•......

'~l1.'o, ~-)1'o...1'.;"~

:1 ··1.

SIMILAR .SENTENCES POR .l'RA:CTICE. :
•

•

,f',..,

'

:

• .(..: • ' (

~

)

. ' · -:--

• r. 1•.l-· /

_;

·who prefers P!lin? · .' . Who loves pm~erty? .
Who slandered· lier}" --"··'Who fear&.,;death 1 ·
. Who de(en<l,ed 1hemJ)\q;i\Vhoiinj1,1ies .t,.imselfr' '

SIMILAR SENTENCES FOR l'RACTIQE,• ..

Every man influences his neigh~or. '
Either child knows my house ..
E h bundle contains our clothe.s.
T~:t voyage made his fort~~e,
Th
books enlaro-e her mmd.
Th~s=djective distinguishes its noun.

.·• • -

Who, pers. pron.,- (nq_ 1 reference, to any pra.vious ·noun:
. when a question is~ asked)._-sing., agenl o,(preaerve'§, by'
Rule I ·
·
,. <;tu,-. ·!· '. - · .~. '·
pr:servea: reg: ve~b, ;pr~;;};, -~ing;;: ;3~;
~o -'a'.gr~~ ·'YJih
its agent who, by Rule JL ; ·~ - ."····, '~ .,.,~,., .. ' , · - ·
us, pers, pron·.; ' lst ·p'., pfo~·al, . direct'· object ·:of p esei11es,
by Rule VI. ' . , . · . ·,.. .
. .
·. '· r ·

rt'

.

..~

·,

"-j~ .. ~---(,,

...

~ !)~ ft.~:r;:.· ~~-~~-.i~~l~

.'

.

Whose house is th~J?'· "My · b~o~Mr'~ -'ai/d .mine:
.
Whf) ---i nhabit it 'J '':-W e:1)..: '·
·· .

The man is happy who lives wisely.

·..

· h"mg the. no~n
..nan, by
. eg ad]". distingu1s
~
Th e, ur
.
'
.
. .. , , . ..
d sin&., agent of is, by l_lu1~.I.
Rule V.
man, com. noun, masc., 3 P·• 3d p., to agree with !·t$
. irreg. verb, pres. t., smg.,
,
. . :: .
r.s, agent man, b Y. Rule
IL
· · l y . :. .
.
h noun man by· Rue · .. _. .,
happy, adj., quahfy~nr~i~geto m'an, 3d p~; ~iug.,-~ng ag~ut
who, pers. pron., re e
. . .;
.
. : . . . ·... .
of lives, by Rule I.
.
3d ·p., to agrei;L vo~A,,its
lives, reg. verb, pres. t. sm~.,
, . . . . -:-agent wlto, by Rule/!". o- the verb lives, by Rule VIII.
wisely, an adverb, qua l ym.,
..
' .
,
r.

SUULAR SENTENCES FOB. PRA.CTICE; .

-

QOM.MON'i
nt:iii2:
.' ' - .·sdroor0.'GnAilt·
.·..
".

Those children .are '\YlCk~d;wltolact •dis·tl>,'edien tl y.
Those persons, wJlo·Ji~.:ihnoc·ently;: imt scarce; .
The . boy, who, felhiccldentaUyi iS>!dead:-·.. -s.,. ;
..
The !ady, who cr'ress~s -~xtr1;1.y~gal!!ly~:is. va,fo. '. ,
't·~ ·?:)•.a. ~ -'J; :..-. ~ :.- ~ ·~~~:.~\-~ \~ ~._f :...
' ,. '

Fortune or ruin awaits us. . -~. : _:~ . .: ·,
Wool or cotto~r·$arm,s her. · : · ·Air or moisture no}lnshes. thetll. .. ~·
.

)

•

.

Thal king is wise who rule_s just_ly." '. · l.
, .nc
. h \vho. conducts virtuous
The man 1s
_. Y· ·

•..

~" · ~ -.:;

....;'Ji"

..

r::1 · ....._- ~( · ..' .t'

Whose, a possessive adj~~ive, ~istinguishing·:~k~e, by
Rule V. ·
--· · .
·
, '
lt0use, com. noun, neut,, 3d.p., sing.:, agent 'o f ii,:by Ruie I.
is, im:g. v.erb, pres. t., sing., 3d PN l!>;. agree wjth )t~
·a~nt 'houie; by Rule-·II:1 <! \°:••if. .__-,:' -.: ~;"' · " ,-<:~ · 'Y.' ·
that, i_rreg. adj.; d_istfogu_ishing . hous~ understo<id,J,by
'' · '. ~ ... : · · ·' "· -· 1•1•«· -.· ')•.-·~ ' ..
Rule V ·

My and · hrot~1"~·

underst~.od,

p~s_s~s~i ~{~1~'~ ~.~t1e~ii~~~~~~ _h~~~-

h.y.Rule, '\~. : .. ·- ·: ~'f, •, . ~-~~ ····-':·"-· . .,
' and, a _conJunct1on, ~onnectmg · ~he· ;t~Q ·a.<!Jei:_:tiyes b1':,oth-·
"·er's and mini, by_ R~le •IX.~ 1 ' -.:,_'.·: !':'l;r 1 ·: . :• ' :•:; .:: ··· · ·'·'-~'\.
mine, !l posseiis. adj., distingui§hiµg house 'l;lnderstood, .by
Rule ·v.
· < ;i/~· "· 1.". -'~~rl. - ; • ··" 1'?- . .:_- ~~:···-,· -;. ;:.-·':' ¥"'
.

•

.* Where

• .... l'. • ~

.

( s

•

•

' -.

.

several adjectives "qjialify one :nou.11, iLis preferable
to take them all together, ail.<j. c11.ll )he~ a compound, adjective,
because each adjective gen.el:ally, .modifie.s : \Pe rmeaning ·or the
others; _but it is. j1:1stifiable and perfectly ~orrect tp piµ-~ my
~tiparately, and to m;ilte_ !~ ql.lalify hoiise;·n.nd 'nqt· brother'~ '\".hie.Ji
is not the name of any ·thing;: and: ~h~refore not a. no11n; ~ ;_-; ~ :

I

''

•

..

84

FOWLE1 s coMMON sciicioL ·GiiMMA'lt.

Who, pers. pron:, 3d p.; ph1r.aV age* ·~r; inlta~i~; ~~y
Rule I.
'
·' / .' ·
' · ;1:1e 1' · • ~· '1.. · '
inhabit, reg. verb, pres: t:; plu.,- 3d p., to' ilg~ee"with1 it5
agent who; by Rule II. · ·
'
::; · ,,·. ·' <: ·"
it, pers. pron., neut., 3d p., sing., direct object of in· .
.
. . '
liabit, by Rule VI: ,
We, pers. pron., lst p., plu., agent of do, or · of inltahi~
understood, hy Rule I.
· · ·
_.
SIMILAR SENTENCES FOR PRACTICE.

Whose books are· these ?..- My sister's and mine.
Who reads them 1 - - She. ·
Whose name is this 1 - - My father's and ours.
Who denies it 1- - - He.
. .- ,
..
Whose work is that?--- My brother's and hers.
Who inspects it r-.--They.
,
· ,.

Remember

to assist the .distressed. ·
•

'

:

~I

.

.'

Reinember, reg. verb, pres. t., .sing. ·or plu., 2d P·> to
agree with its agent thou or ye · underst<?od," by
Rule II. and Rule J., ·Note 4.
·
to, a preposition' pointing: out the ·remote object of .t he
verb remember, by Rule VII.
."
·
·
assist, a verbal noun, the remote object of remember; by
Rule VII.
the, irreg. adj., distinguishing the noun person , or per·
sons understood, by Rule V:
'
· .' · ~ '
distressed, a verbal adj., qualifying the no_un pe1·so.1~ or ·
person.~ understood, by Rule V; ·
-- · · ' ·
SIMILAR SENTENCES ~·o& PRACTICE.

Endeavor to co·ffifort the afflicted.
Contrive to help the depressed~
Love to instruct the erring.
Aim to reward the deservi;ig.
Try to save the falling.
·
Remember to pity the fallen.

j
Sll\11LA.1l Sf;NTF;NcES, !!OJI l'RACTlcE.

We are not unemployed.
We, pers. pron.; 1st p., plu., agent of are, by Rule!.

•

This .· d.is.eaa¢ :.ha$ ·: ·~ttl\clc~d :hifl)-:,;~d~- y.9u 1., i~<l.-, JJ.as
.• . .
,
· . .
.
pu:i:zlec;l.the.d.11c!Q.1'
•..
·;-.s · ., · ·""
. · 2 ,. ..
•. ,.,,..
•; , .,_~
- ..

.

..
86 ·.

,

FOWLE'S COl\IMON SCHOOL .. G~AMMAR.'. ':

me,

~ ~ r' ~ --~ ,,~.· .:-~ ~~:tj!~ . 1;.. ·: (. \il~ ,ltt"i.~~f~,~ ··~.!.f"·,:_
Tl?~ Ernpero11, Marius AuPeliUS.;; was;Cipi~i,Se ~·a1ul··
.virtuotis.p'i:ince. .,,., ·· , ~-- · :. t' •

That affliction has benefitted her and
and' ball
improved the character.
·
·
'··" ., · _,.,; . ~·:.· These books have pleased ~hem anCl us_,. and have ·delighted the children.
· ._,..

disting1;1fs_~ipg.~?Zipe:,~-, ·.5~ul e ~>

1

The, irreg. adj.,
i' _':
emki:tl:"i.com_. .n~un~" ~a~~:t~·~ . P1.,~:~g~ ·~.&':en~.: '2£,:~as.

He will not be pardoned unless he repe~it.
H~, p_ers. pron., 3d p., sing: 1 agent of will, by Ru.le I. '
will, nreg. verb, pres. t., sir\g., 3d p., to agree with its
agent lie, by Rule II.
.
·
not, adverb, qualifying the verb will, l;>y Rule VIII.
·
be, verbal noun, direct objec_t of will, by Rule VI:, Note I.
pardoned, verbal adj., qualifying he, by Rule V. '
unless, conjunction, connecting .two phrases. , ·.Rule IX. '
he, pers. pron., 3d p., masc., sing., agent of repent. Rule L ,
repent, reg:. v~rb, pres. t., ancient style,_ sing.,
j>., (o
agree with its agent lie, by Rule II.
- · · ·

.,

a4

:-:,

.

SIMILAR SENTENCES _FOR PRACTICE.

"·

... ....

She will not be released unless she be -~ick.' ; ;
He will not be punished although he be proved guilty.
We should not be alarmed les~ we be unmanned. - .
They would not be contented though they were 'filled .. He shall not be sold if he prove faithful. · , ·,·
,...

.'

I' '

'

'

God's works being neglected, devotion is false.
\'' •!'

God's, possessive adj., .distinguishing w~rks. Rule V. . · ·
works, com. noun, neut., 3d p., plur., ind.ep_endent.
Rule IV.
.
·
· ·· ·:being, verbal adj., qualifying works. - Rule.·V.
neglected, verbal adj. qualifying works. Rule V. ·
devotion, com. noun., neut., 3d p., sing., agent .<!f ~s.
Rule I.
- ·· · · ·. ·
is, irreg. verb, pres. t., sing., 3d p., to agree with i'ts
agent devotion. Rule II.
false, adj ., qualifying devotion expressed. Rule V.
SIMILA.R SENTENCES l'-O R FRACTICE.

Good works being omitted, faith is dead.
Edward's books being lost, his lesson is unlearned.
Nature's aid being afforded, disease was removed. '·., <";
Virtue's reward being received, man is encouraged.

Mtf'r:cus A~r..eli?J.S, _proper~nou.~~ ·m1i~~.:.-:3d·'.p,, ~ing., to b.e _
m ~.ppos1t1on w1}h empe,ror,J>y Rul_iO~l. .; ,; -··.: · .:
toas, meg. verb, past t;, sing,, 3.d p~; tl:t agre..e :with ~ #ts
agent, emperor, l;>y Rµle .I~~"' .: ,. ,. ~, ~, ,_.,, , :.,. ~, .
a, irreg~l~r adj., _dis~l_ng\l_i,~hj_p.g ,1?,ri7ice .(p~rha~s ,~rider-.
stood.) Rule V. .. ·. ~ -r. ;,: ,; .. • :-.,. : ., •
wise, adj :, qualifying pr,inc~ (per}l.11-p.SJJ,Jldersto_od.) Rule V.
ancl,, conj.; c?nnecting · ~~e 11-dj~c.t~v~s-· wis,e~ and vir(uous, ..:
and -e_nablmg' the wr_1!er, tp -~m1t, t4.~-~~o.i:ds was arid_. ~: ·
after it. Rule. IX. ;, . :·.· .~ 1 .·-; · '·. _-: -.,;· ~- :::. :
tJirtuous, adj., qualifying prime, ·Rµle ' V:
·
·
prince, c?m. noun, · masc.~ 3d)p., s~!Jg:,--to h_
e :in.-aRPosit10n with emperor. ", :~ule)!I.•.:..... :~
. .. .. L" 'ry ·:1 · :··
-

-

•

(

•

;

-~ '"

·-.......

'

• -,

..,

. . SIMILAR' SENTENC.El!' .FOR. _Fa:i.cTi9E.

f

~-· • .

-i"t' -.·. • . ~:

..

. ..

...
I

1

.

T!ie Emperor, J:uli.~~,'9_re~~r~~;~-~~ bQl<;l anci.a:iP1~i~i
soldier. .
-~
. .
, _,, .. · · ·. . - : , . .'.h· ·:--..: .
The Queen, · Victori_a, is an .amiable· and · benevolent·

Marq~i~-; :·w~s~0a5 p~~~~:.i:~'~ci~~e~~*t-ri~~

IaYc;hn, the
blemBin.
\ .·..,·~, .,,t <.- ~- .~:r·-.:: .t~: ·._~ ~·i~. ;'"·: i:.v . .~:: ~·: .-.. ::·_
Th.e ~mp_ress, Qa_tharjn'~· " 'yas - a •COarse ..:a nd mascu-" ..
1
,

lino womon.

7!~~.;~~;f·~hj€;,i~

To, preposition, poi_ntipg-?'!lt·e~r . ~s ~verbal_ . ~.o.~n:._,)i~l~'.VII., ·Note 4.
~
~ ·~ , - ,..
' .. .: · ,_ ..
_~rr! verbal noun, age_nt: of is; b:y Rule)., Note i:', , · ··: :,.,_
is, _1rreg. verb, neut;,.prel!. t;,;1n_
ng-_., 3d : p·.~.to ragr~e: with .
its agent err, by Rule II. ::._. · ··
human, irdj., qualifying_th~ '::erbal DQU!1 err, by: Ru!~ V ..
-

.

~

. . >...

t-·~

-I

....

"'

~

•

~

SENTEN~fi$ ;,O,~ Fi~~,;~E •. ' • ·;;;; ..:-~ ~ ~
To forgive is divine:--;·, ,,.__,_. .l~T~;.~~ar.{s ':naturlli'.-; ,r.·i;,r~
'

.

.

SIMILAR __

-l
..

I

FOWLE'·s CO~lMON · SCHOOL · ~· RAMM!ARi '.

To ' resolve is necessary.
To consider is u seful.

RO", .

."W{!

. e-'l]Q. proy,oke;II!~P.;i~o. -are. a:\ffifte<!-::f4?r~~:P.<J.~~J,o s,
d~r~~:~~~~~:,t~.'.i"~~)- ·~- ~:;:' _

,-_ To despair :is useless <. .
To ·'fry is -J.1idiciou·s._ ~ )o

.1s surely ,on~:s~p ,\.~!.:~ds
_,.

To countenanc_e persons wit; are guilty of bad ac- ·
tions, is scarcely one·remove from actually committing them,.

•

~

..

- . . . ·... '

_,t;'(':;.,:/ t"~· . ·· ~......

· ~Kr-?. /l>f.).:.l'~':..\J:~~,c~..~t~. t.tl~i!~'!.

t

Note2.

R ule VII., Note 4.

.

.. -~.: _ · ~ · ··#'

countenance, verbal noun, agent of is. Rule I.,· Note 1.
persons, com. noun, com. gend. plu., 3d p., object of the
verb countenance, by Rule VI.
.
who, pers. pron., referring to persons, p~ur., 3\i p., ag7nt .
of are. Rule I. · ·
·
.
·
' .· ' ·
are , irreg. verb, pres. t. , plur., 3d p-~ to agree with. who.

'

··~

:·.'"'~ ...-~ ................

1.-. ...

~ ·~r·'(

Let, .meg. verb, pres. t.! ·sirig.. or )_p1uji;,:..2d;,p. ~·.to,..agi:ee
_
·. ·
with thou or you un:4e ~stoqd. ·.~:.«:ule II:
me, pers. pron., 1st p., sin,g., direct qbje~tof let. Rule-VI.
proceed, verbal-·nouh, rem~te~objei:_t of let•.-i-~~uieWlI ..;

To, prep., pointing out coimtenance ..as 11 .verb11L,n0Ul),"

Rule II.
>.
guilty, adj., qualifying who. Rule V.
of, prep., pointing out the source of the guilt. · Rule
..
'
VII. , Note 1.
bad, adj., qualifying actions. Rule V .
actions, com. noun, neut., 3d p., plur., soµrce of. guilt,
denoted by of. Rule _YII. , Note 1. ·
is, irreg. verb, pres. t., srng., 3d p., to a,gree ·with co1~n~
tenance. Rule II.
scarcely, adverb qualifying is. Rule VIII.
. -_
_. '
one, numeral adj., distinguishing rem.ove. Rule V . . '.
remove, com. noun, neut., 3d p., sing., a noun ·of <],is·
tance, without a preposition, by 'Rule _YII., ·Not~ ~.;
from, prep., pointing out the remote object committing,
by Rul e VII.
· . ;
actually, adverb, qualifying the 'lerbal noun committing,
by Rule VIII.
.
. .
·
committing, verbal noun, 'remote object .of is, (or '.p erhaps
of remove.)
·
them, pe.rs. pron., 3d p. plur., direct object of wm· · ·
mitting, by Rul e VI. ·.

·:. _,•-J. •

,' .;"·-: Let me_prf!.<;¢erJ::· ... ;~~--- · .' ·~·

· .,;

.

c

•.,,~·

- .. . -,., ,..,,._ t·r,-

.~·f ...., ,.,.;.

tr· 1: ·•f·r·.... ;·r.·.:: .•.

, ..;i

i,··_,.:·.:

:• .

SIM!LA'.R SENTENCEs : FOR. PR.l.'cTicE. . .

--

.- • • • - ·

· Let us go.' : --< ~ ~ ~v~~r::rI;.~t- ~~~i~nce'.'~-o~k: ~~:
,. Let them .prepl!re . .·, "•- ... ' -.:Let. hirri submit; .. , · ; .
' Let mercy :prevail,_ ··~ . _ . Let her consider.·}" ..

.· .r' :

•

·,,

:~.i ~ ~;: ' :'9-"f~ ·~,~-• 'r

I_,

"

1

•-~ ,. _-

Livi!tg expensively 'q,rid l~rwU;sly-destrq;,.S healt!i.
~~-.,;·.,., 1: ,,.~ ·.:'. . . :t,,: fll'J~t:h~_t.Z!- ; .,- !'! ~~,\~.:! -~
Li.ving_, verbal:noun, agent .ciJ dei:;ti:oysl lfol' J., Note .t.~
• •

I

- ..

0

expensively, luxurio~sly; . -adverbs ., qualify!~g'' -·living.

Rule VIII.
,-_J_- ,,_, . ,. -_, .. .- :~-, : ;.>;1. ;;.;; ,
1 ;; ,; '.and, conj ., ~o~necting ~h~3tw9 a,dverbs,:and en~¥ng yQ.1,1
to .omit living after.it..-. Rule IX ..: -\:·. - ;\- ,."··.·
dest_r~ys, reg. verb, lres ... t, ·3d· p.~· sing.,-_ to . agrE'._e:•whh
Ziv.mg, by Rule I . .
. . · . ,, · ·- ,,,,.,
- ·( ;-·
ltealth, com. ·noun·,: direct -9bjec,t ..o(Clestioys. :-~ B.ule Yl. ~ ·
. : ·~. ~.w.: .,i";.~: :~- < -' ·~~
SIMILAR .SENXENpE,S -FO i}, PR.~f~lPE ;
.-

·..r:'·.,];'~~
:- :\.
. '. ..:·: -

·:·

Livin~ pif?usly a!:!d:'hoI!_estly. se«m:~s: p~~c¢~-

.; -..

,~'.:"

Sub!'°~tting cheerfully 9.!1d .readily promotes.piety, ,'} ·
Res1s_tmg fir~ly a!!.d con~!imtly· proc~reii. redress.,_.,
Read~ng distinctly an,d n~ti.n:aHy comrn~P.d~._ attepii._on.
Spellmg. carelessly ancl ~ncorrecdy ins.11,;:eiJ d.i~grac~. '

Contending us_eles~ly JO~ UnJ?..eces!la.-Uy incur!!_'blame.
- - -·

.... J ..

.

.

By "living fn;g~lly arid. te':np~ately - healtli ~~is
'. ·, prese,.Ved. · ":""·--~ '- \--<Y ., _
_.

SIMILAR SENTENC E ~ I'OR PRACTICE.

By, prep. , pointing . out .the ' r~n{ote \bje;t o(p~served.

T o excuse children who are inclined to bad pril.Ctices,
-i~ hardly one degree frbm really encouraging· them. : ·

living, verbal noun ;,r1miote.oof~ct qf p'~eser~cd."'Rule.VII.

Rule VII.

·

_. , .. · , . .

8;*.' _:-.

.. ....

-. . . . . . .
.

. .. ,

-

·

.

' .

--.1~ I
·11

'.- !

I

~Q

_F'b~t.1:r~1~c9 iii~o~· sc~iiq1:i:ait'&r.t~ika~

FOWLE's . c:o~rnro:-i,, sc:~-?OF· GR.A~~A~~

-frugally, temperately, adverbs , q~abf~i~g-..yvi,1~g· •. .;~~l~

·9 :.~, ~. ~,i· -~ · ~- 5::.. ~..»
;:· •-~~~~,,.:.:> -.\~'.,.,: ·1

-' I ,' :

Note 2. He' and I are inn-Ocent;.,. ·• '.'":. . ~ (·' ··~i-··ir
..
1 .~ ;, ~ . 9 ".:. \.J-·: : .. · §4'.~t~ ;., : ~ .5~ t;';'" - ":~... ~ -Will"'
- d Mi ... -. ·'"' ,,r,t ,_( , ..... _. ., , ,.(·J. ,.I\

VIII.
..
~
- . ·-~-· .......Y.
and conj. connecting the two adverbs ,'-&c •.. Rule IX.
health co~. noun, &c. ; agent of is. R.ule J; • ('
is, irr~g. verb, &c., agreeing with health. Rule, II.
preserved, verbal adj., qualifying health. ~u.le ,V._ .
SI M!LA!t Sl> NTENCES FOR PRACTICE.

;..l

.

·,
,

.

'F or doing justly and mercifully, m~n ~~e_ honore~ :·.
By yielding often and constantly, v1c~ ~s c_onprm~d.
By trying frequently and patiently, ab1l~ty,1s acquired.

-:· J~?ZZ, 111.1 . -::. .-sn.t, ~V"!~ :pq_p~ ~~t,:i

l

2

pupil may at first be required Jo parse •:onl_y t.h~ .
words in Italic type. The figures over .the word~ -mark
the rule by which the wor,d~· are parsed.

9

l

II.

·2

'

8

.l

2

2

9

2

9

2

l

6

2

62

5

5

3

7

l

2

7

3

.

7

l

2

8

7

3

· To die is ·sometimes to ga_in.

::f· ~

.. _..

77

To love man is pleasing. to God . .
To be, means. to exist.

·

. '..<

. .

r'

7 - 6 , . ' .. 5

·

'

3'•' ~ ..

5 "(.

·<-:-~

...,..

~

.2

. 5

I ..

6 ) .~. 9 . .

2

, ' -

:.a .

6 .,

James took the b~oks·and _brought them ~ere .,1

' I

l

. 1' .

G

2

,6

-'

5»- , .

. , , •.

--"~ .. - • .:.2

·. 6, .

5,

..

who :c;4.~~t, wiU: .b.e_puri,islied<;-. ·

·9 ',

l

· • ' 1-.

, 2

6- - 2

- .

~· 6

-

.._

9

·

'4 : ' " 1

.

7 " " 7 "-__ i _, _ , __

· '2

- . . ·: -......~~;..~: ,:~ :~~~-.. .->·-:_ .-_1·. ~ -:·.. ~r ~ ;'-'".·. ~ ~-~- =~ -1:

.!

Rule I., Note 1. To-fear ·Go·d·is our duty.
71

7,

Men and hf tp.ren; I:,~~ijk.{04 yo1'. }-. . · · '·

.8

Men die; bu_t they live again.
7

I

. .. : ,)~Ui.E )II. :'/i.~ ;r\-fr..-.~~.- . ;
I· . ' 5
-3; 2 , ,
's --. · .;
.
Charles ·the king ~as beh~.a.ded ~ :.,', .,.;·~- ,.,:., _u ...
l

.-· ·5 ._.

.3

-- .

2 ' -- ''.':'6

J;-. .

William the Conqueror' invaded: ~·ritain ;
l

2

6

5

·'- 3

.9

·3 .

.

He loves ·mc, hisfatlier atidfriend. ..
1

.

2

'

.6 •

I

...

Is not viri~ .its ·o.wzi reward 1 -·, '. · '. .,., ._ , : .-.~
i . 2 : · 5 - .. ·s:• "~' o~ _., :i:"-'. 2 ".· s,. :::-. ·'-' '·
Note 5. · Tsa'Y'·the., mcn, 'aJid they se,w. ~e•.,'-;~ ·:. .·:-. · :o

4

.2

l

,.. :

.

Ann and Susay., ~hq ft~ar~ , it,}.oJ~pie ., _. ·

We walked but tlwu remainedst.
J

• I

I

.

l

-,e., . 7 .-

I

Men_,

She readeth while ye play.
I

'

Jolin, who ·did :the"deed, 'e~caped." . ·' - ~

2

Thou speakest and he heareth.
J

2'

2 . 8 '· . '1 .. ': 5 ·.

THE

2

. .

LOvest thouAo ·be:..priiised1 ·._ · . . ~ ; · ,

RULES OF SYNT,AX :

J

l

.2

AND

,

Will John' go -to· school? -· - · ·

ON THE

I.

<:.

' "

:, The ·committee di~a{J1'e,e.
. ·2
I .. 5 . S . ·a - _,, - .
Note 4. Are you .a poor ,manf .-;.

PRACT!CA.L ,E XE{lCJSES

RuLE

5'

- .. 2

:.!· ;he'.co1f,pan11::~~e}~a~e~~d; __.,,.

A multitu4e_ .rise.againstme . .• ,,,:.

- ....... ·

·r \,

'}"-' · ·' ~1 -· '\' ~" f' •;·~·~ l' ·~~VG'! ,111_;_,l f -'',• '- ·
Hom~, for_tY:nf;~. ~~r~o/;~ ,~,":~~~~~e~~;
5

N ?te

, :."".

.'"

Fa~th, ~"'e :a~d c'liJf}i"1 <:J0,~3· ·tifrte,· ' -~~d'; ,t'·

6·

·"

.,9$.

·5

:· 3 . ·,

'

We ~clmi:i'ed.- Qowper the 'poet\ ,. .f ~· :. ,_' ·

":

--.]I

l"

Fo~vlE:~~\9-0:~~9~;:'Sa~~t~:0~~:1n(!.i4'k::J,

FOWLE's COlllMON SCHOOL GR.AM_MAR.

.

I

2

-.-

6

7

<·.•- ; . -·..:. . . .,.. . -: .
,-~

7

·,,.,r: .;.

They called him to be. ki.n_g.
I

2 - 5

3

7·

7.·

Death is the price of glory.
I

2

5

3

7

; "?'-·

7 ·

...~, ·.

~

5

..

2.

6

7 . 7

I

2

6

5

,

5

2

7

5

6

6

4

7

21

5

I

'.·

4

7

5

I

6

5

5

3

_,.
2·

I

.

2

5

4

I

2

I

2

8

6

I

8

.

2

...

I

2

·6

., 7

.
·

·!

2

5

9 .

1

2

,

5

,

2 5 3
The seventk son was a doctor.
5

6

l.

5

,· ' .
1

~

~:·6

. 5 ·.

· ," 6 \

..

9

' 2 .' .

..

.1

· ,

: -~ '- ~ \ , ,

I! _,: ! :

<.· , .,.-)_

,9

· .5

2 ..

.

·: 6 .. .

2

I

·5

.

_ 9 ·~ · 1 '

'

-:'.,

;'_~

· ,.

.. · 6

· . ,

take,1

11:.

2 · - .•

I

5. ~"· 5 _.,. ·' :'·\ 6 '.

': ·,· ·'.. ·-_'1 · :
Every man has· ~iS. own~prejudice.s. : _'.; .:~ : !·., _· ' :J· . •
5
I , · 2. 6.,':'~. 9 .> ~· -,:5 >:t·,,; 2••;° .'5';,, 6 '•,.i . ;. ,.:_·:)...

·, 2

' I

,.

Either hat will 'fit; but ne.[tker suits -my taste . .o.

6

5

2 :··.

I

·5 ~::[~,~; .. _,tl

1

i .2 i· .~ - ,~ ;~.J ;-.,;.- _ .. I.··:~:.. ~

Other men tak.e whateve.r :thing i~ · given.

5

6

·1

2 ' '._6 ·

··.-.

i; ·.2..

1

.'.

· -·1 . . ·2 ;'-,. ,

" '..-.. ,
5 :,~.;_l\• ~~-. -~ -

Tlwse boys will gq whichever.way i~ preferi:,e4. ,;:" .
5

6

6

2 ,

5·f ·. . . ;J ,

·:2 ... ' . ;~_: . ,. ,._,\ ,.

The path that is ·anoth,'er_'s.Ji.e .forsakes. . •

.

4. .

Ten books cost twenty-fo.u r dollars.
5

&r

Each day grows shorter' .as ,life· advances • .

.5 ·.

.

>1 --'

~ 2 '

melt, cri.ul conduct.

5 ... I

5

Two heads are better than <J1ne,
5

.

Which robe .and ~hat c.olQ~ . w~ll y9u

''

Approved friends should be clierished.
5

2·

5

Willing minds always contrive ways.
5

fi.

5

The whole armr.'. m~ve~- ~:one m&n. ·,.;

Good men do not dispute abou~ trifles.
5
I
2
6 . . Ii
6,
Many men will have many minds.
5

I

5

5

7_

,',. 5

5 " · 7, . ,;., >:: 9 ..1 ~l

All ID:en _abhor

Ah me ! wretched me! I am lost.

.5

i

2

5 .

I, being the eldest son,. my advice prevailed.
4

2

on

-~

I

'5

I

G

.

He a_sked for a do~l!J.f~ ~ut-_they~gave. h~~ ~l?~~-~J
1 2
a .: 6 . 7 · ~..5-~-...- ..... ~ 1 · r~- a ') ' <-t~.
i'-.
I can not speak
b(.lt/i: §.u.bjects ~Q\V: . ~:1 ::., •,, ;;.:
5
' h' , ·: ·2 .-; .7' l .. 5 :t'
6 . :. , . ~. ~ :
Several personi;; gaye him~ ~ome:money: 1 "/1.1<:·,_ ·:..

The service being done, the p_eople retired.·,,-·
4

~ <'I

,/

5, .>. s.....

l • . 2 .5

0

- --

5

.

5

,

5.

5

.7. ' ,

7 :, . 5 " ,,

Their only son,caused ·his own ruin~ .. Y· '~l':;

- He refusing, we were disappointed.
5

'i"

, 5_,

_5
I
.
2 . " 9 , ,' ·-·9 _ .. '$ ·,.
-- '?.Any' thing wears better thaµ-;tha(. '•''. ;.., ,: ii£!L~,;·

6

2

2 .

'. .; . -.;. . , -. . '
Mr. Willard is :an 'emine~t 'a~tist;~ ~~; «·;;:.~·fl:';.,;,''",.

Wretch, did you think to escape 1
. 4

i.

5

·7

'i" ·.;,· ·,

Joh_n Smith wa:i marr.ie</, to-'Miss BrQwn. ·- ·

6

67

... . _1; - _ . __, 9 :_._--..;(_ ~ ~ ?-.'..· ......~ ~ \ •. L: ___ c .':'f..O.

1 ' 2

5

IV.

Permit me, father, to assist you:
4

I

4

Sarah, give me my new cap ..
4
I
8
i
5
1 ·
Sir, I humbly ask your pardon.
, . '2

1

William's ,hat i~ lar~er 1~11-n ·1[id?:/'~'."'.~{ :
5.
I
2 i -·.-.. 6 -.. . _7 ;·? 6--_ ~ -:~,.. 'f f>'. ·.. .r: ···: -~ - ~ · --:- .... ~ ·fi····
Iron· vessels float .w'e!F 9n :t1~~ water:~-'..'.'' ...:-, ·· :

r'

The boy shall be named Jolin . .

4

'.?' :! ~; .:"' 1'.· ".,-~)~ · . .-.:. ,.r~-. ,~_-\~--~
:• ·~ '": '. +·, • ''."'~

' 1 ·~' ·\' "• 1s:· '.k \•;...~,>.:G"~<r/J.~ ~ ~ .- ,--.:. ! ! · ~ "'-..~"
ma~mers ofie~·.~ ~:~~~li~tr/~te:::;t?f:S :i-!.~ :,

5 '

5

3 . · ·

RULE

J • 5 .·-.:-:.3 <'

7

A man's

·3

She took them to be enemies.
5

I

My mind to me..iz:.ltins-dow ~is~~ ...L-1~

Time is the destroyer of ar.t.
I

9'~!·

I . . 2 • 5· · 5°:,· 7: . ~ _'f. .,,~~--·": sJ.i:,~, '~ i
_.-~y;;1
He was .t?te.;fi~sHo,sp~a.l'r4i,!~iii.i~qf :."l;.~:. ,f:t.'.~. .: , :

3

.

~

,

\ . .RriLE

I

.

2

5

6 ·'·

::.; '

:

·

YL , :

. 9 .. 1 "" ' 2 °"'' ~6 .' : 5 ' 6 .: " ..

Give an inch, and he w'iJf take .un elL

.1

94

FOWLE 8 COi\l!llON .SCf!OOL ORAl'rl~I,AR •.
1

I

2

6

9

8

2

. 6

.

Vice apei:\ virtue, and thJ.!S hopors it..;:. i,'
I

2

6

9

I

2

.. 8

·6

,

. _' I:

I will go, but Lshail not stay. .
'
1
2
s ·s
9
·1
2 :-a
s ·s _
\Ve may see him, but we _can not 1.o've:him.
9

I

2

1l

6

I

2

. 6

If we. would truly repent, we must reform. '.
I

2

6 .7

. 5

7

5

6

~ien.

Men should try to benefit their. fellow
I!

I

6

5

6 9

I

2

5 •

·:

.u

,

He e-0uld have done it if he had been d1hgent.
I

2

6.

. 5

6 .

.5,

J

-.3 '

\-Vashino-ton
mio-ht
have made himself a: kmg. ·
0
- 0

VII.

RULE
I

7

2

· , '_,

7

,

9

1 ·

7

·7

:l

._.

Virtue leads to peace, and vice to death.
. l
. 2
7. . 7
~
' 2 .
·,7 ) 7 ·- He differs from me and agrees with you. : _~
I

2

7

5

7

7 .

5·

'

.r,

7

~j ·

.

. '1

They went towards the object in perfect silence.
I

2

7.

7

·7

· ,.9

,

.7 . ,

7 ..

H e is above, below, around and w1thm us •.
2

6

7

9

8

2

7

2

5

6

~et

Note 1. Let me go, or else

_fl :1

.7

me die.

6

8

I .

· .2 . '.

r

· 5 -

Do finish this piece before you begin that:- ·
s

2

a ·

. 7

·

9

s

1

·

Bid her therefore come and help me:
I

2

6

7

.9

2

?

8 . :1

I beheld him fall, but do not tell him. , . _
I

s·

2

7

6

~

·2

6

~

7

We ·observed them do it, and bade them. stop'.
I

2

8

6

' 9

- 6

6

7

.

I would rather die -than see him suffer.
5

I

2

8

7

~

5 ' 5

·

The man dares not commit such a .crime. ·
I

2

6

7

.

9

2

'7

8

.

Ye felt them movei but dared not stir. ,.
I

• 2

8

7

.

8

.I

2

.5

He. needs not speak until he is question~~ :.
I

2

,

8

.

9

1 ·, 2

'f

7

H e went sooner than he needed to

.7

5

hp,~e -s-one.

f: j .
f.·.

-

9s

. anA11111i!a~

Fow1.E, s · co111MoN, scHooL

'

2

8

-7

·9 ·:"-•: \1 ·- . ·,s<.·~-;-:': <71- . ·-- 1 ·~ '

7 '.

I

_
•I

Deal justly with-. men,' and ·Walk-_huri1Qly _-~th ?o~.
s·
f wln gos no\V, oro stay
till ·you return.· ,;1
8

I

'8 - 1 .

2

G

8

·. 2·

8

. •·

! · 2

· .•· ·1

.,"' • . ;

6 .

She was walking rapidly when I me_t her. ·
2

I

6

8

9

6.

8 .

5 . ,,. , 6 ,

·,' ·;

May I speak freely, and fear not your .a:nged , ·, 1
~

J

8

5

9

I

2

8 . . ·. . ·6

·

'._: • ·

He was very careless, and she was too severE(_: .
2

8

6

8

8

8 -

5

Mo~y is very useful, -when not imprudently used.
I

2

5

8

9_ I

She kept speaking aloud, and

2

I

2

6

9

8

., , ._ 5 ' .

-

IX.

RULE
I

2

\'yas gr~atly .d1~~-~rped.

I

She savs I may go and you must .stay.
I

'

2

6

9

2

G

Virtue adorns wealth and comforts poverty.
5

I

2

I

~

.2

9

G .

'

The officer said I might ride or ':Valk.
I

·I

9

l

·

2

6

. . _ ,. ,

.
.

-6

·

Honor, virtue and conscience were _all d;sregarded.
128

791277

I did not write but I spoke to her.
9

I

9

I

2

. ·6

.
:, ,. :• . ,_- ", ·,.. h
How many Geniler(~ri!· th_ere·1 ; i:. ~}ct(.'. ;. !/;". d~- :
.What n()Un_s are d.Vlasculine-?
·· - ·
, 1 _§.~What nouns are-:Femin~ri~ 'f . : ' "'
,_ _.
What nouns are Neuter? \.""" · . : ·..: ·, ., ,
Wh~n are things said. ~o be person_ified 1 · · ·
When are nouns of."th~ 1.:omrn()n ge~4~r,1•. ~ - ._: ·-. .

Whati~ Gender?~'-_ ,,_;-~' .. '

2 · . G_

,
6. -

Neither riches nor honor can msure peace.

QUESTIONS . ·
. FOR A ,GENERAI, .~REVIEW .OF · THIS ,; G~AMl\UR.

How many letters are used in .English?
~· ·
Which of these letters. are Vowels ?·
What are the other letters called 1 ·
Of what is a Syllable composed 1 · . _
Of what is a 'Vorli composed? •
· ·
Of what is a Compound Word compoied? .·

•

•

~

·

-, ... (" .._ J

What is. ~eant b:/the ·N'i{m.!J..er ~f·h-~uns~i~~;> :::/~·
How- many nuqiqers ~have nouns·? - What riouns··are in t:ti.e -'Siµgu1ar ~n:Unlbef ?· ,. ·
~"
What nouns are plural? · ·
· ·
How is the ~lural~ o( nou'ri~ ·gener_ally fo;~ed ?~­
~~en the smgular ·ends ·m :x, _J, :ss,--_ ck-'soft,:; and \Sh,
how IS the plural form:ed_1 · :· , . . _ · r J
', r
When the singulqr.·ends 1in ·if .orfe~ how :is- the•phiral
formed 1
. ' · ·
··
·
··
.
When the : singula~· ~rip;i : in;ff; how'~s: th.e -.plu~l~:-generally formed? ·:·
..
·
' · · . · -- _ ·,
When ~he _si~gular ends in y,with. a_con~9nant;or .the
. vowel u before it; ,how .is' the plural foi:ined' 1;-- ~. :-·~.;'
When ai;iy~ vowel ,but u · comes'.· befoie· thQ>.1y, ,h.Qw is
., .· ·
.-.
the plural formed? . . , . , ,.,.
~ow do- n_ouns endin&' ~~ :'o ; genera~ly.;form ·thei~''.plu- .
ral . How .if.they, e)ld J,11 w .'/_1·,1;-._, •:.i _; ,, ,. . 1:.-'.'''" -. .
r

9

-

.

.

.

- ,

-

98

FOWLE's col\IMON ·spHooL ·. GRAMMAR>

no

Can you name any nouns :that_ha~~
pluraJ 1:: ·;:p"
Can you name any that -have no smgu1ar ~ . ' . ,-r. ·'" ·•
Can you name any that .are alike in both n~.mbers 1
-

...

·

_,.,

.

,;· _. _;·-'

~,

r·:

What nouns are called Collec tive nouns 1 •· ...J
.
What is peculiar in 'the use of their si'iigular 1 ,. '
Have they any regular plural 1 · . ··
. · '. ',, J''" .
When is the singular of .a collective nou~ .us~~; ~~- 1f
it were plural 1
.
· ·
· ·~'
·
-

,,

·'.:- ·'1

How many Persons ha~e nouris 1 ·.... -. · .. _·,"::'.:<.
What nouns are said to be of the first _persoq 1: , .:1..
What noun~ are said. to be' of the second per·son i1':
What of the third person 1· .
. -~ ': ·;,_:~ ~

«

.....

\.Vhen is a noun said to be an Agent? ·
When an Object ?
··
· ·
·
·.
. ~:~. .
How many kinds of object~ have nsiuns', and what are
they called?
·
.
. .
: . . · -. ·· : : --~· .
Is an agent spelled differently from an obJect -~
)

-

~

.

~

.

.

What is an Adjective 1 .
. 'How many classes of adjectives are there 1
What are they called 1
What are qualifying adjectives?
.
.
How many principal degrees of comparison have. t,h~y -?
What are the degrees c.alled 1
· . ·, _· . --. ..
How do adjectives ending in a consonant .form: ~l~e1r
comparative and superlative degrees .? , . "•\i . "- ·
When the adjective ends in e, how is it compar~d· ? > ·
\.Vhen adjectives rcan not be. compared :by ad~mg:r or
er, s or st, how else may they be compa~ed,! - , ,- ~' .
What adjectives are called Verba? adJ1?Ct1ves 1..1 -'"
How are verbal adjectives generally formed from
· ·,,., . -... "'i.
verbs 1 In what three ways 1 · . :
Howmayverbaladjectivesbecompared1 .. ,. ·.. · .
What is the chief peculiarity o(yeJbal adjec:ive~ 1
~·.

. -~- ~

I

"•

What are Numeral and Ordinal .adjectives t ,, . .-._
Of what number are numeral adjectives l " ·,:·.· ·

•

;

-

I
'

...
10.0

F!JWtE'.s-..·coMM:o11{r•s_cH001J1~'QRAMMAR",,.· - 10'&.1

FOWLK 1 S C01'll\:\ON ' SC!lOOL .QR.'.,1\1.M~F·c'

For what adjec.tive..is 4s so.1J1etim(;l.s ,,1~El.d:· ~ '·;. , ·o.~; ·
Of what number are Each, Buery, Bitfi.e'r. i.ii.dJY.~itk~ 1
What is the plural of. Otke:r:?
· ·' · ;-:
· Why has Another n~ pl~ral L
. . , . " i;
What Irregular Adjectives have adjectives- formed
from them by adding the apostrophe and s, or. the a~~- .
trophe alone?
. . ·
·
.
· · .. ·,· .
What compounds are formed from Which ~nd - Wh.~.t?
· ·what are they called?
. ",::. · ·
What 'vor<ls are called .Prqnouns?
...,;, ·
Which pronoun ever refers "to things 1
. . ,.
How many Persons have pronoµns? ·
_ ,,.
How many Genders? How many Numbers! _ "· ·
W ·hat is the agent of the first person singular 1
Plural?
·
What is the object of the first person singul~r?
Plural 1
What is the agent of the second person singul~r 1

Plural?
·
1
What is the object of the second person si~gu ~r?
Plural?
·
.
.
·
\Vhat is the masc. agent of the third person 1
What is the masc. objeet of .the third person f
'What is the fem. agent of the thii;d p~rson 1
·what is the fem. object of the thir~ P;erson 1 . ·'
What is the agent and what .the object ,of ~!!· ~~r4
person plural?
. . .
·
What pronoun is used for either person or s_ex l .. , 2
What is its agent singular l ·Plural? What it~ ?bJ~t.
In what style are thou, thee and ye used ?
. · •
What words . are joined to the pronouns,_ and wha.t is .
the compound called? ·
· ·_ ,
· What words are added to who and wlw1n? \Vhat ,'are
the compounds called 1 · ·
·
What is a Verb ?
.
What verbs express action? · Which ha".e objects?
- How many tenses or times have v:erb<>? \Vh11t.:are
they called 1
.
·
.
, .
When are verbs said lo be regular.l . wh~u ·ir·,r1gU(,a:,; 1

sty'!!~~o~~~:f::~dv~Ye~~1~zyi~J~~w.;:~:~

:, How m.ariy
,.
What ·8:r~ . they~.calle4 1"1l •'l.' ,s\~1~•:·} ~·t~a'!' O.U~.liil J,;;.tJ'<, u ·
. When i~ the .Familil!r s~yle;:µsed 1.hn l)~'r ~~- ~ 'L ,,, ,·;/
. ,Where _is the ~ole?Iq ~yl_e:~£ld (l-~.~~,\·~l:'viLa 1d '.(/ .·
· After. wht;t · wo.r4s ~ wllie ;!ln~1en~l•style·, ofl :verh§C gene;.
rally:used·?." . . ,-,.· ~i, :,;,;•fo'J? e7ti£;iPsth "'.~l!':b_r., 1,;7' ,1/:_IJ .-i:.1-1·
. Does _the vanation of style11 affe.et both ·nurilber.s:1 ;'lfct':·I~
·Repeat · the -:eresen! ,.tiine{ffauiiliar <style;,ofv·the.,:v.erb ~J;0v_e?
... ·.~ -~ _ . :. -~- ~j!'t.ii'> :.i{_aL~J_ ~ -.r:;~j.$Jy~Jt.
·Repeat the ~olem!1 s,L:¥le ... ,The ancie.nt . . - . '·
..'
; · · ·,. ~ ,
Repeat the. past time..of t,Q.e •Verb;Lovtl - .· ·
~P,ai"~Qr;~n l .
Is the verb va'l'ied ~& the'-paeftJhli'§~
· Where is the pi:ori.oun
nliicea '\vh'e' 11 :'1 'w' i · i" ~ · _,. 9
1
asked 1 . .. . . . . " ''• '''.' : ·'-';._- ..::''":'.·;!'.4.~ ·~?~'<;~ez~!.wn1_..]
. Where i~ · tl~e ·ige,rit~ ~~e'ri.~~ ;~q~~it''is i'.fu~i'dii·:9•p a - ·
commandgiven1
,_ '.;'·~:::: f.h · · .~ ..· -'_~:?'._ ,,,..~ ... ..-.~ d .

,'

....

::iX

,

.· - ·-.

.

!l'r '.i('~

; ., :\ ;.·

··~-·· "") ~~ . ~· ::·:~~··:~~.:ri-.~ ] 1;~· {+ f'

1 0

Repeat the v:;i.riations ~f the verb Be.. · :·: : . __,,•; i:·.~-. ;· .-.:
What. verbal nouns has· Be~1 :: 1W:4at-.verbal adjecti-Qu 1- ·.
How is the verb Hwl?e vatjed 1·: , · . t _
· ;:~_.,,\j 1 ~:.J:
What. are its verbal~nou_ns .a~_d . 1J.dje!!ti'.v~s 1 :1. ;r ..: .. '~ ...
How is the· verb Do vai:ied-1'·. · ·.-. · ·.. :
_. ,~ :,~;w i ·
What. are .its verbal-·noun~ an~hi,djectives.F : ::j;):--':1:. :.
,How is the· verb- MaY' v~ried.? . ·: ; .,, ., ' . .'. , ,: tc 1·;: ,
_What. are its verpal ,nouns~ and :'a'djecti:V;es ·1~·~:~;f;.'V-t .· '
How is the verb -Can: sar~ed :I·:,.~<. · ' r:J. j'T _:,,;:: ,i( i~:s:V.i .
What. are its v:ei;bahio.µ~s. al!d adjeq~ive~: 1•. -?, i-L;:.'}; .. How is . th~ v:e:rb Shall, vaxied 1 ... ' . . ·~ !J1·dfi' ;;ii'~:w:..:'
What. are-its verbal nouns andadje~tives l. , ,•, r: ;; ·
How is the verb Will 'varied:t :. " . . ·. . - . ~ ; -~ "''f · .
What. are its verbal no'!lu~', and adjectivesll'
1 /- ~
How is the -terb . M~t.·vii.rLed 1,,>i ;> . .-- -cS1:. ,_Ji-Ii /;. . '.
What. ~re its verbal noims 11nd adjectives.1' _;,_·t.':i: :,.'.: ~ ,
How is the vel'.h Ought,'. varied 1i- · ..
. . '-· - ~·· . · :..~ "
What are i_ts verbill
ouns
·a!!d adjectivest:
·.,),;:~. ~·'.),:,:,.
. n_
.
.
.
'· . .

.ii

-

'

-

l
I

,I

:]'l
,I

,-,,;f,,<

-

·-:. · ~ -~

--~ - ~ ~

. an Ad"
i. -~:: -·
· -.. . . ·
Wh. at· is
. _verb"Z: . .,
. _, ~ "~ --~i;.
~z :J. .:- 1- if::-dc ~ t
To w:h;it words besides verb~
ad.verb$ soni.eH1nes .
joined?._.
· · · . · - ,..: · .\:>'' ,...::.'- .,-,'.'.;'. . "'.~~ .., ", . ·'
. How are the greater. number o(a~v~~b~ f~~m;di' ~:·'
HJ>W are adv.ei:bs ending··in ly conipQ,re.d.1 :-.~.¥:. ;:._ : . >

are .

v

·:;

.

. 9*

-

.

.

I ,

/ '

102

··· ,:.-::-~:>?-;'.~[~£te~~lli~~I:P;_":~~-!f.;~;,~,~~~-r- :

What w~rds are called Pr.e positions·1. >, · .,._.··,
Ca~ you say the.list of them 1/'..> ) '·
\

: - -· .

_-

What words ~r~ called,.;C_p~juqctioD.s:1 ·
.
·· ' ·
Can you say the l!st o~ them? -_r·: : ·
.
Whidi of th.e ConJunct1ons are used with the A,i,1c1e.n.t
Style 1
.
----'---

What are Interjections? ·
Can you say the list of th~m ?

·'.

~]..:

What is the first ' Rule ?
·
- ' v ·What is the first Note under tp.e.first,Rule 1 ':
What is the second' Note?
I . ",- - '
-'· \ \
Wha t the thi;d? "
-, .
•'-·
What the fourth 1
,.
,:, .. ,.;
What the fifth? ·
-:~~
What is the second· Rule 1
What is the third Rule? ·
I~
What is the fourth ~Rule?
..., .,
What is the fifth Rule? .
_ . _. .
What is the sixth-Rule? .
_.
..
..
What is the note . un~er .R,ule. ;>.~~th,1
-'. ... - -,
What is the seventh Rule?
,
What is :the' first Note under .Rule .se:venth L ·
·What is the second N ot.e? thir.d ..Note? · fourth 1
What is the eighth llule 1 '
,_. '
What is the ninth Rule ?
· '·
• 1 --

'

•• •

1·

- ·

...., .

·, '
,.,_, __

1
-· ,: •

·'---

',_._

1

. -K.i?;,Pim-r:
N~D'I1-Xt'· :s.t-'::.r.", ;: ,1" ·
•' . '

.J •1_1l crft~'1.··f-..r,;.:'}P.. .: ·4~•-': .. c. ...

'?"'"- ,;

' -

""

w~. i1. ~ ii:' _ 1.;};·,,:J~~j;~_-<ilV •;r'··, ~~-:~ -.:h ~- t-~::;;\. :7'~ ;;=' .~~--; - ~- .

~

'-'··,

,·; ~·': : ...·..;·.... ,.~~-.,~~

,.:~ . . .

1

~.

·: 1. Pa,;.~ 9._.. h '_w a_s :'nqt tli?ughY:jqdicious__ or: ~ec'efssary
to _meet the yo_uifg.· studelj.t . at ,!he -;thr.eJ!h'qld.,:w.i~ ~ .Jr_llati!'e
on O;tho.grapli-y.- :T~~~e-..can_p~.-no ;d_?~bt.'l\s" to. the ~mpor­
tal) ce of teacP.rn~ q~ ~.ch1ld!en·,'.' tJ.;~ . n~\ur_e, ;~µd.:-pp}Ver . of
· lettep;:, ..11-P.sft. rt)le.J.)!~~ . :J:i:l.e~g.\l .lo( ,flP.~lV.n~: ~_prd,~,"~ liti~ the
author tlijl)ks ~iµs ·c~lfli lir P.e,.done~. ~n a ·worli:'."devoted, ) o
9rt!J.ogr~p~y.''' ., 1~: ~~ .... '/ '::J.e. ,,. ·,~/-.'~~:_-.--:' , .. .
_ • 2; Pa'g_e.:-.fl· ;'.,l'he }V-Ord.& ·a .arf aI1d,' ffi.e,·-ha_v,e ;not .l;ieen _al•
lowed to fqrm l(L·'.sepa;~i,ite . .ci~ss «if.-wor!l(, ·for{tV{o_reason]!;
_1st,_ a }-nd. .a~Jlf-~c~in<:lJ1,de~; i~ ··tpe ~sam~~.,c\a~~ '.~i ~h :'one;: ~f
\\7~1cli-,!4ey - ar~ .q.qlY.:LYll,~!ll4: :we1g»g~;-'f!:'li!>~fA~ ~,1s F,la_s~.~d
·: with_ tk~,- t!1ese, ~flf{ .llfd those, qf;~.ij~c4 ~p~ :~ls.o.. ~1.1- ·y:~nird
· spellmg; and, -!?d, ,'the· ,hes.tt R\\,Ui.Pntu:.s, do.- , n()~ . h~s1tAte •to
~all the articles.aj,e_re :a4J'.ectiv.es, '~d: al~..P,'ars"i· t!ien_i ':l.,S'~uch~
·Participles 'have :not been ·allowed ti:lThrin."ii 'llistin.ct ·class
of words, .because ,they.'a re;efther 'iise\i.as .iidJective.i to qualify nouns_or . i>f~!1P~!!s; _or_J.~ ;'1.oy:'#:,~ip_r_~s,~\ni,~ me_~e!y .\~e
name .of an acbog •. '. : ~o.me _gr~mmanans u,iake no,, dlStmct
1:lass_oFthe~,.~11..t !~e~t'.,o(t.h~IH •.~ ·a pftrhot:~.~e yel~· .aqd
, oth,er,s ca_lLt.h:e~,~<be.i;t~1~-' ;llt. Qil?-e~; ,-~T.li.e .J?-,~r.f,c,ct;-partic1ple i_s
always l}Sed a,s. an. ·apje~t)v:~;~ni:J,, ~f~J?a.~e4, ~f~~?r<jii;t~}y, the
.. compoun.cl tens~s,-of:wh1ch } t fo~ms , 1q~a.r~i . ap,c1: .the,,whole
passive voice musf'be dis_missed; 'an_a ii;o''. foi:iger:;anowed (o
obstruct_the,pa.thway_qf .th~ l.e~r·n.!ir~ ·. · .':. _: _.._ ." '·./ · .,. .. · ·
·3'. Page ~1 •.~_The , 'yor,d -~:i_ne~fi~~,ne ~oP.-ld __have, beenyreferred -for. th~s- clas.s .o._f wor~s, )µt ?tOltll.Qelll&' .g~Jier.ally. us~d ­
. _and in f~c~,qi;iJY'..l!-\'~orrqpi{o~.· i&~P~~ (~re~c4(.~~; ':i;;atin,
1 _n(Jmen,)_1t . :"".~~ t4~~gh_Lm9~e ._p_!~dent t<? µ, seJ he W,Qr_ds.no-¥,li
and name. _!\yn,onymcil,\sly, a~_a:. onen: tog-et.her, · than . to·. use
either e.x.clusivel . ·'.'_ ::~, - ' : ·;' ' - -, ., q .· . ~ -' ' • · ..
- - 5; Page~'i2:".- ~oi;l?-e- giaipQl;i!~ans: }ia~_e a .f~urth· ,gend_er,
- called "~,,.c~1,7.1mo~ ·g_~~i bu~ tl;iey .m~~t. ~~ .1\"~llr'.hav~ a
co'fl'!mo;i-.~uf'l!w (or qie i;mgq~a~ _.of ~olJec_t ~ve· ~'tu~s; wJuch
sometimes is µseA .p_lUJ;ally, ;md for -the few _nouns nqt
varied·by n,'uil?:?.e r; 1as, arm,y, -de~r_, ;sh~~P;:&c'. .' .. - .-:_ :" ·
6. Pa~.e~l •. ,The ~erQ1-" collect~ve no.u71" has.,,be\!n sub. stituted _19-J; _ .Mup-~)".s "-no!f..l ~[..multi~uile," : .but ,t he_ ~am,e
.we ha-ve preferred is n~t; ~e.«ullar to._,t!)_1s· grammar.

-:c,

·•
·, I

I

I

. APPENDIX. ,
: ...

~~f ': • l .

7. Page 22. Mr. M,urray se~J4s t~-(illo:w :p.JJ,.!ir~.t .~ei~~A­
to nouns, but why there should _not 'be' na·m es' :.that. de~~)
nate the speaker as "'.ell a~ the hear.er, ~·e ~g~S''ii'~~ .sa,f ;-~."" ; ~
8. Page 23. It will be seen that the d1stmct1on of ·cases,:
or rather the ' term case, has .been '.;ab~ndpned: . ··;Evetj.:'l}',t ri .
Murr~y had doubts whether there w~s any ob;e_c.ti~e' c~S.~}!}.:
English nouns; and Dr. Lowth ad_m1tted none,. ~ .l\:ll · ::igi:,!!~;'.
however, that there are two states of nouns, ·those ' of· agent ·
and object; and· as these are very familiar ·terms,' and ' mc>re:
expressive than nominative and objective cases;: tlJ,ey· h~ve]
~een r~tained . Murra}'. and .others call .the, agent qfa Y.~~b"
its sub;ect. The most mgemous follower ·or Mniray~ says, :
"The nominative case is that · form . or'. state '. of a ·noun ·or
pronoun whic~ denotes the subject of a ve~b."_' 'Dr; 'Cr,c;u:n~'.i<
to teach the difference between the ·nommative _and" obje.¢"'
tive cases, says, "They an~ distinguisbable from''ea&b: o!her
by nothing but their place, _the nominaiive .being"'knciwp- ,oy
its ~eing plac~d,b~fore the v_erb; and the sulijeft'ofthe. a«:'tiqn :
by its followmg it." In the · phrase "John · reads·· a_· book;"·
what is the subject? . John, says Mr. Murray; and ff is· fair
. to conclude that the book is John's autobiography!" Book
is the subject, says Dr. Crombie, and .yet.it is evident-.ihat ;
the subject of the book is unknown. The · tei:m snbject 1 is
avoided, therefore, because it is ~ i.µdefin'ite, and because.we
have a better.
· · ·
· ,. · ·-· · ·
The posses~ive case has -been t.ransferred to _the~- class·or
adjectives, for several reasons. ··. All agree that a noun ,is the
name of something, but the possessive case ne·ver is. the.name
of any thing. If "an adjective is-a word added_ to .a supstantive to express some quality or ·circumstf!nce respecting ·'
it," then the possessive case is ari adj~ctive~ · f~r- ·it : isalways ., " added to a noun" and always "expresses ,the ci.f ·
cumstance " of possession. "
·
·. ' ' ·
'_ ·
The best authorities · ill . English' Grammar uµiformly ·
calhhe possessive case an adjective. ' See ·Wallis~ -F!arri~;
Tooke;· Crombie, Cardell, . &c·., &c. The child .readily'_sees
the propriety of calling this case an adjective· ~ and' when ·
by adopting what is true we at' the same tin:ie ' remov~ · a ·
stumbling block, who can hesitate as to. his duty}'.'' · f ' '.':::·?
The distinction of direct and remote objects, .beside!! being;
founded in truth, removes .. the common· objection, tha('" :it'
is absurd to say an objective is. governed by'the· prepositiouz'!
This distinction shows also the true : nature 'a nd ' use· -of the1
prepositions as indicated by their etymology, 'the}'-' beipg . '
placed before, as pointers or indexes, and.nothing -more •.' c;. ·
9. Page 24. Our class of adjectives iipcimewhat largE!r
than that of Murray's Grammar, but not so different' as:~t'
.

.

' ( , •. . · ~·

.. . J '

...

'

' '

,·

.!
!

~;_.":.•_h"\·~'..h·

.!

.

:~\ .

106

~

APJ'El'jIUX.

~ .~i~~E~t>ti;· <-;

--., ·

:

- ,_;

~tit"

·,'"';~ .:.. r

'Igfinltiyer'"mbdesi , ~rµpeefect~·:P:~;fe'ci:'. a\p.lfipe~fect 1'F irs t'dand
s ec.on
t
dHF
' ',:.t e~es,~;w
'- •.h~1~w
l.. ~ .t.h'~Y'
' , sup~r~e~
;.! ' . ,
! . I '"
. ~t"'!re
1e.l!r,t%iernames _
Qy11 th~ •t;wo . ~eps_e~ ~~;~reta;1n~~iz:f2~~ent!3~fi1l_;-',P-ast; n~~'d
n-0 , ~xplan.atwn~ -~.~·""D.o»6!:'thdt..'9'c--?~~ fcan!;?compfehena,4can

_be g1!~n of-th~cvo:ces_~mgd~s~d;.t~rf.~~}fJ~t;teject!-:1Q, 1 OJ.!~>;
,!o.~~ " In French, the 'ti,7!fect p,ar,tH~1ple~a'(t~r: tli¢ 've'r~ avOir,
to -'have, often chang~s· its ~·term-mation ·to "agree with ' the

o.~j~ct. : If ?i:r pa!~icip~e \\re,~e\i~rie'd b_y ~~µP,et_ a!l'( µ 'um!

-li~r1 as theirs is; the.cl.rue•,stt~clure- Q(:'the ·se!itence' .~ould~J>.1!

;ipparent; _thus ·the "f.~enc,~'1 s;iy; ~npqy/z·Jf!oi. le(·LE,TT~Es
f]Ue 'VfJUS ·_a_v~z '. fcn~ES; j Se,n!f''w~'.~e~~~tter_{~ that" n{u h,;i._ve
wr~t~n; ecri.~es -·be1ong -1i:p'ad~·"feni1nme' 'ahd _' plural?to 'a!!Te~
;'l"i th', ·que,, t/ia~'- · :wn,:0~~1).iiJit!'lceden tp tetfres;'· ~'(reijiiii~n~.'ina
pl,ural; ther1tbe1ng-n'o !fteufer:·genqer' ih''Fr.eI11<li; .~! ~ :· ~, · :·,• · ,.
1
' :" Whe~ the· y~rb"Hapft; b'ef~r.e:.;a" neuter_ P.al'.~~iplefi: ~~p~~#·
to, hav!'! ~0 obJ~ct for. the Pa.r tictple to quahffr; tile 'particip1e
g~n~~allf; ~~alifi¢s':tJ:te age_nt·~~ the verb ~~ve\ <_>r_:~~~e, "&~~d
that - means the ., same ·: thmg. - ··ln' , Rnghsh ·'as . 'ID'.· Frenc!,i
Have and' Be, some~iJii.~idtit~rchange·;::~s; (iiftl fall ::1 b'3.v~
fallen ; ' lie · hasr.fai;ri11ed;;·he is>!'.imve'1; .'"&'c.-Z:We~-Sho'11lif1Wt
refer _to the:·an·afogy _§f:·~.f6reign·:-iangu'ag~5~ere:it 'hot 'a,
tha.~:·whr;n·, the'':Freiftjh> prevailed .'in Knglari4, ·it stiinipecf·~ome of.its featu.:es ~po~~our :the,Ii aespis'¢d 'tpngU:e, '~nd ; tlie.

en

facto

1mpress1on

'

• Dr. Crombie, after giving

th~

fonp of t)le ~ Imperativ~~'!igd'~,

says very wisely, "I consider that no language, gramma11c~lly

/

.

remains~ ·

.:i.

.......

• ..

-

·• _

-

'

-

-

•

1

-

'~

·-

-~

-

i

·~

30. The rea~lness wi}h which Do may Ile placed' before..a
noun to mal<e 1t ~xpr~~-s a~ti~n;seel!\s toJFqr the opiliiori
that to before the mfin1t1ve is not alway~ ,the preposltion to but
a corr.uption qf D_o,, Thisjs aµ · etyJDologiCal'1inqufry,'h6w· ever, mto which It 1s no_t neeessary for' tlie' p,upil 'to.''eiiter,.
35. Som·e grammarians allow ,but ode-'tense to Must ' but
the dis.tinction of ·l>resetit· -an1d pasf "time.-is -s~en'' fo_': the ·
"'
.
.
...
examined, has 1~ore' c~se'~, teJJse~ or .moods, tban .ilre . for~e<f by
mfiex10n. But, 1f any person be mchned ' to -caU these form'S of
expression (rvrite t~ou, :wn(e ,ye;. &c.) b_y the-. nail!~ o_f Imperative
Mood, I· have no obJect10n. On.Iy let him .be consistent and call
Dost thou ·love_? . an Inte"rrogati1<e mooa,adopting also the·Precative'
the 'Re~uisative,· ,th~ Optf!:tive, the H~rt~{ive, .&c.; together with
the vanous_. cases In ~ouns :which are _formed by pr~positions
and the vanous .tense_s -_oh•erbs -which at'il·Jormed by aiµiliart1
ver_bs. I shoqld only apprehend ihat language would fail hi~ to
assign them names.'" .-Here .lies the grea.t; difficuliy . . ·q rve depart from the naturaz,a11d simple ~.truc~ure of ourlanguage, WE XNO.W
NOT '':'HERE T~ sroP. Wh~n. the chl~d und~ rta,!rns to .study otjler
lang.uage~, their ·gra!11mars will tell him how we ex:e,ress the vari·
ous mftex10ns_of-the1r ve_rbs and no_uns. · He wilt have·the -infor.
mation just when he needs iti and in-the form be~t suited to his
need.
,
'
· , ·
•·, .

·~

.' -

';. :_-;~~ t~~~l·:···
<.,'

APPENDIX~

108
.;~

.

... :~~~ .

· \ ·t:

phrases I must go ancl'·°I'.must · have, gonet ~~A>lai~ly_ as·hi. J ·
shall go, and I sliould ht,J.ye- g~'.~ cThe : !lam_El .~epiiqk .~dl
apply to Ou$ht ,· as, Ioughrto, -go, I ·o ugM:,ytiste;day--to
.flave gone. · mdeed, I mwt. go:.9:nd ·I ~ught_.to. go arei._ef3 :good
future tenses as I shall go, I will go; but it must' be :a.iJ,ded,
no better.
·
' ,...,.
·
" '>"'°\'.

,,

.~

I

.,

'

____

. Let it be understood~ that no a,ttempt. i~ ~de m this
mar to. alter the establi~hed form. or ~he ordina"JI. use. :i>f our
language. The botanist who simplifieir and improves the
classification or nomenclature.Of ~is soiepce, doe~ not a~ter
the I1ature of a si_n~le plant nor p~eyent . its,proper onltivatlon; he only facilitates the acqms1t1on of knowledge • . 'Our
object has been to ascertain what English Grammar is, and
we have endeavored to pursue a course .not unlike ;that proposed by the Rev. W. ·shep)l.erd> J. Joyce '1-na. La'n t , Car.~ .
pe~ter, in their excelle~t work entitled "Systematic: Edu- ·
cation." "Grammar,'" say they, "as an a.rt, · refers . only
to particular languages, qecaiise_ it ;wonld be ,impo.ssible . to
.lay .down any system of rules, which WP'!.ld.,apply ~o two
languages . \Ve may point out j.n w!iat respects the
mars of two languages agree, but we eannot form a common grammar for both. We_ shall, ther~fore, cQri.tent·-ourselves with making the philosophy. of our own language,
·our principal object, and such a mode oC procedure inay
contribute render the practical use of the 'English -fanguage more clear and c.e rtaln.''

g.;a'm-

gram-

to

. END.

.,

t.

}
l

i

