EXERCISES
IN

ENGLISH
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BY

EDWARD GIDEON,
PRINCIPAL OF THE GEORGE G. MEADE GRAMMAR SC HOOL
PHILADELPHIA.

REVISED EDITION.

PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YORK:

HINDS, NOBLE & ELDREDGE.

EXERCISES
lN

ENGLISH
BY

EDWARD GIDEON,
PRINCIPAL OF THE G EO RG E G. MEA DE G RA MM AR SC HOOL ~
PHIL40ELPH tA.

REVISED EDITION.

PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YORK :

HINDS, NOBLE & ELDREDGE.

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Entered , a<:cording to Act of Congress, in the year 190-:&, by

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.-1:

lll::-IDS, YOBLE & ELDREDGE,

in the Oflice of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
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WES T<.:OTT &: TH OMSO !'l',

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ELECTHOTYl'EHS 1 Pl lILADA ,

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speech, whether correct or incorrect, from its hom e associates and playmates, so the pupil in school should continue to receive the additions to its vocabulary and its
forms of speech by a constant systematic use of correct
forms; not servilely copied, but originating in the effort
to express knowl edge already acquired.
To aid in th e demonstration of this last proposition,
the " Lessons in Language " and th e " Exercises in English " were prepared.
If a correct style of speaking and writing English can
best be acquired by constant practice in the use of proper
grammatical forms; if th ese forms can best be deduced
from examples in which the pupil shall be required to
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4

Preface.

do, to detect, to originate ; if this practice shall be sufficiently extcnsi ve to cover the most essential points in
th e grammar of th e language,- th en th e purpose of the
author and compiler will be accomplish ed.
No innovation has been made upon th e subject-matter
of grammar, n o odditi es have been attempted, no exam pl es of false sy ntax have been form ally presented.
While mu ch has been given in the way of definitions
an(l mks tl c<ln cr<l from practical work, much more has
been left to th e taste and discretion of th e t each er. Th e
book may displace a text-book, but it can never supplant
the teach er.
To attempt to perform all the exercises of any Part of
th e book during th e usual school term would perhaps
b e impossibl e. Other exercises upon grammatical points
not named in the book may be needed. The judgment
of th e teach er must in all cases be the guid e for present
action.
Some of th e exercises h ave been taken from education al journals. Suggestions and exercises of especial
valu e h ave been taken from the Canadian School Journal,
th e N ew England Joiirnal of Education, the School Journal,
Intelligence and other valuable school periodicals.
That th e book by judicious use may become a helpm eet for the teacher, and that the weary hours pursued
in th e preparation of language-work may be avoided, is
th e sincere hope of the author.
E.G.

I N D EX 0 F SUBJ EC TS.
SECTI O~

ADJE~TIVES .

AdvcrLs . .
Apposition .
Bills and Receipts .
Case . . . . . .
Change of Form .
Cla use . . .
Comparison .
Composition
Conjunctions
Contractions
Conversation Subjects
Descriptions . . . .
Equiva lent Expression .
Figures of Spee . h
Filling Blanks . .
Gender . . . . .
General Exercises
Inte1j ections
Letters . .
:Modifiers . .
.Mood . . .
Number and Person of Verb
Oral Description
Participles . . . . . .
Phrase . . . . . . . .
Picture R epresentation .
P ossessive Forms
Prepositions
Pronouns . .
Prose Order .
Punctuation .

. 22, 23
. 25, '.!6
1.14
. 29, 112, 141
. 73, 78
191
11 7
. 88, 8\J
49, 50, 93, 18 1-183
. . . . .
80
96
. . . . .
. 4•5- 47, 100, 101
46,179, 180
. . . . l\J3-196
. . . . 197-207
. 33-37, 78, 81, 87, \JS, 99, 222- 228
72
. . 208-228
82
. 29, 90, 143
119
146
. 84, 85
46
. 149, 150
68
1-5,50
. 20, 21
68
69, 71, 79, 110, 115
50,51,95, 174
. 38, 40
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6

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
SECT ION

162- l n
f:;entcnc.:c Con tract ion .
188-1\JO
Sentence Expansion
18.J.- 187
Sentence F orms
11 6, 117
8cnte ncc 1\I aking
. rn-::lO, 41-H, ·18, (H- oo, 86, 91, M-97, l Oi>- 109,
156, 176-178
Stori es fo r R e prod 11 c 1inn
6-10,56-GU, 176-178
tnrics fron1 Sugg·e;-;tiuns
. 53-55, I 00, 101
Syll:ib11s
. . . . 52, 102, 175
T cn,;c
147
V erbs
. 144-14 8, 151-153, 160
V oice
· · · · · · . . . . . . . . . . H5

Rnl es of Syntax .

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EXERCISES IN ENGLISH.

1

PART I.

" L ew ·n to clo bu cloin}f."

1. Describe the scenery in this picture.
What are the boys doing?
What has h appened?
Write a story about sledding or coasting.
Tell how a sled is made.
Write a story about skating.
Tell your own experience in sledding, sliding, skating,
snow-balling, building snow forts.
Tell any story that you h ave read about snow-shues,
hunting wild animals in winter, cutting ice.
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6

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
SECTION

Rules of
Sentence
Sentence
Sentcnee
Sentence

Sy nta x .
. 162-173
Contraction .
. 188-1 \JO
Expansion
. 184-1 87
Forms
. 116, 117
]\faking . . l!l-30, 41-44, 48, (\l -60, 86, \JI, 94-97, lO<i-l 09,
156, 176-178
6-10, 56-60, 176-178
Stories for R cprocl11ct ion
Stories from Suggc:;t ions
. 53-55, I 00, 101
Syllabus
. . . . 52, 102, 175
Tense . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
147
Verbs
. . . . .
. 144- 148, 151-1 53, ](j0
Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

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EXERCISES IN ENGLISH.
PART I.

"Learn to do by doing."

1. Describe the scenery in this picture.
What are the boys doing?
What has h appened?
\ Vrite a story about sledding or coasting.
Tell how a sled is made.
Write a story about skating.
Tell your own experience in sledding, sliding, skating,
snow-balling, building snow forts.
Tell any story that you h ave read about snow-shQes,
hunting wild animals in winter, cutting ice.

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8

E rercises

in

Englis h.

2. Descri be the scenery in this picture.
Wh at season of th e year do you think it is?
Wh y do you tl1ink so?
\Vh at are th e boys doing?
·w rite a sto ry about fi shing, boating.
\Vh at kiml of fi sh arc cuught in fresh water?
\Vhat kind of fi sh are caught in salt water?
Describe a m ethod of catching fi sh.
Nam e some noted fi sheries.
\ \Tri te a story about a steamboat excursion.
Wh at other fo rm of sport can you add to the picture ?
Tell h ow the row-boat is mad e to move through th e
water.
Tell h ow th e steamboat is made to move through th e
water.
Tell any story that you have read about the dangers of
boating, steamboat excursions, accidents on the water,
ocean fishing,

Exercises

in

English.

9

3. Describe this picture.
Tell what the different persons are doing.
Name some of the articles which are for sale.
Tell where each of these articl es came from.
Tell how each article was raised or made.
What do you think each article cost?
What articles do you think the boy h as been buying?
Make out a receipted bill for the articles.
Name some other articles that are usually sold by
grocers.
From what causes are grocers liable to lose money?
\Vhat care must grocers take t0 avoid losses?
How does a grocer m ak e a, livi ng?
What care should you take in buying anything?
Tell some of the mistak es you have m ade in buying
groceries.
Tell some of the mistakes that grocers have made.

8

E&ercises in English.

2. Describe the scenery in this picture.
Wh at season of the year do you think it is ?
\.Yhy do you think so?
\Vh at a rc t he boys doing?
Vf ri tu :L story alJo nt fi shing, boating.
Wh at kind of fi sh arc caught in fresh water ?
·wh at ki nd of fis h are caught in salt water ?
Describe a method of catching fi sh .
Name some noted fi sheries.
·w rite a story about a steamboat excursion.
Wh at other fo rm of sport can you ad d to th e picture?
Teil h ow th e row-boat is made to move through th e
water.
Tell h ow the steamboat is made to move through th e
water.
Tell any sto ry that you h ave read about the dangers of
boating, steamboat excursions, accidents on the water,
ocean fi shing.

Exercises in English.

9

3. Describe this picture.
Tell wh at the different persons are doing.
Name some of the articles which are for sale.
Tell where each of th ese articles came from.
Tell how each article was raised or made.
What do you think each article cost ?
What articles do you think th e boy h as been buying ?
Make out a receipted bill for the articles.
Name some other articles that are usually sold by
grocers.
From what causes are grocers liable to lose money?
·w hat care must grocers tak e t0 avoid losses?
How does a grocer make <i living ?
What care should you take in buying anything ?
Tell some of the mistakes you have made in buying
groceries.
Tell some of the mistakes that grocers have m ade.

10

Exercises 'in Englisli.

Exercises in English.

4. Describe th is picture,
What is the boy at tlic black-board doing?
'Nhat map is he drawing?
What is the teacher doing?
'vVhat are th e other pupils ching?
Can you tell h ow you would draw a map of the hemispheres?
Tell wh ere you would place the equator, the tropics,
the meridians.
Tell h ow you would represent the zones.
What country do you think h e is drawing? What is
its size? Where is it ? How would you go th ere from
where you live? Tell how yo u would go to California, to
Brazil.
Give your experience in drawing a m ap for the first
time.
By wh at other way than by drawing can a country be
represented ?

5. Describe this picture.
What are the different persons doing?
What river do you think it is ?
What city do you think it is?
If it is New Orleans, with what would the vessel be
loaded?
If Charleston? If Philadelphia?
If the vessel came from Rio Janeiro, of what would the
cargo probably consist?
If it came from any one of the following places, of what
would the cargo consist?
Norfolk, Baltimore, Boston, San Francisco, Bahia.
What articles would the vessel be likely to take back
to these places if the vessel came to Philadelphia? to New
York? to Savannah?
Where would a cargo of rice be obtained?
Give an account of some sea-voyage about which you
have read.

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10

Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

4. Describe this picture.
What is the boy at the black-board doing?
What map is he drawing?
What is th e teacher doing?
What are the other pupils d0ing?
Can you tell how you would draw a map of the hemisph eres?
Tell where you would place the equator, the tropics,
the meridians.
Tell how you would represent the zones.
What country do you think he is drawing? What is
its size? Where is it? How would you go there from
where you live? Tell how you would go to California, to
Brazil.
Give your experience in drawing a map for the first
time.
By what other way than by drawing can a country be
represented ?

5. Describe this picture.
What are the different persons doing?
What river do you think it is?
What city do you think it is?
If it is New Orleans, with what would the vessel be
loaded?
If Charleston? If Philadelphia?
If the vessel came from Rio Janeiro, of what would the
cargo probably consist?
If it came from any one of the following places, of what
would the cargo consist?
Norfolk, Baltimore, Boston, San Francisco, Bahia.
What articles would the vessel be likely to take back
to these places if the vessel came to Philadelphia? to New
York? to Savannah?
Where would a cargo of rice be obtained?
Give an account of some sea-voyage about which you
have read.

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12

Exercises in English.
6. A Thoughtful Girl.

The first settlers in this country were often obliged to
live in strong forts, on account of the savages who prowled.
about th e fields and woods ready to kill or capture all
who came in their way. One day two little girls slipped
outside the gate and ran down in a hollow near the fort
to pick berries. Th ey had not been there long before a
sudden flash of light made the older girl look up, and
she saw an Indian moving stealthily among the bushes;
in his hand was a long glittering knife from which the
flash of licrht had come. She looked toward the fort, and
th ere was anoth er Indian creeping along in the grass between h er and home. She knew it was not best to lr~t
th em know she had seen them, so she called to h er sister,
"Bessie, I think it's going to rain; we h ad better be going
home." Th ey had started slowly, but as soon as they
reached th e long grass th ey dropped on th eir hands and
knees and crawled swiftly through it till they were in the
road; th en they ran quickly to the fort, and the gate closed
safely behind them .
Read this story.
Tell it in your own words.
What is the meaning of the words, thoughtful, obliged,
0

prowled, capt·ure, stealthily, glittering, crawled, swiftly?

Use these words in sentences of your own making.
Name th e subj ects, the predicates, the modifiers of
th e subj ects, and the modifiers of the predicates in the
story.
Name the marks of punctuation.

Exerc:ises in English.

13

partridges to pluck, and, seating himself by the open window, he went to work. He had picked the feathers from
one of the partridges, and placed it on the outer ledge of
the window with a satisfied grunt, when a hawk suddenly
pounced down from one of the trees n ear by and bore off
the plucked bird. Master Monkey was an?ry, and shook.
his fist at the hawk, which perched on a limb .not far oft
·and began to eat the bird with great relish. The monk ey
plucked the other partridge, laid it in the same place, and
hid behind the window-screen. The hawk flew down
after it, when the monkey quickly caught the thief. I:,
a moment he wrung the hawk's head off, and soon had it
plucked. Taking the two birds to the cook, the monkey
handed them to him , as if to say," H ere are your two
partridges." The cook thought the birds loo)rnd queer,
but served them on the table. Th e owner of the house
shook his h ead when he saw the dish, and, telling the
cook of the trick, laughed h eartily.
Read this story.
Tell it in your own words.
·
What is the m eaning of the words, owned, pert, satisfied,
suddenly, pounced, perched, relish, screen, queer, heartily?

Use these words in sentences of your own making.
Name the subj ects, the predicates, the modifiers of
the subjects, and the modifiers of the predicates in the
story.
Name the marks of punctuation.

8. A Lazy Boy Cured.
7. A Monkey's Trick.
A cook once owned a monkey, a pert fellow who knew
ever so many tricks. One day the cook gave him two

Tom was a very lazy boy. One day when his mother
sent him out to get wood he resolved to run away, so that
he would not have to work any more. He went a little
way, then sat down under a large tree to rest. In a few

14

Exercises in Englisli.

minutes he felt himself carried along in a boat, in the
other end of which he soon found there was a fairy. He
asked where th ey were going. She said," To Fairyland."
On they sailed until they reached the land where the
fairies dwell. Tom was taken at once to the queen, who,
as soon as she saw him, touched a silver bell, and up
sprang an ugly little dwarf from the floor at h er feet.
" Take this boy down to your kingdom,'' she said," and
set him to work."
"To work " ! Poor Tom 's heart sank at that, b ut he was
tak en below and told what h e must do. H e must chop
a great pile of wood with a very dull axe; and if h e did
n ot get it all done that day, h e would have to do twice as
much the n ext. Poor Tom! he chopped and chopped till
his legs and back ached, but he could not get it done.
\ Vhile he was wondering what he should do he h eard his
moth er calling him.
"·why, Tom, where have you been so long?" sh e said .
Th en Tom told her that he had sat down to rest a fe w
minutes and fell asleep. "But you will not h ave to wait
for your vvood again , mother," he said ; and ever afterward
h e kept his mother's wood-box full, and learned to do his
share of work.
Read this story.
Tell it in your own words.
\Vh at is the meaning of th e words, lazy, resolved, dwm:f,
icondering, ahare, fairy?
Use these words in sentences of your own making.
Name th e subjects, the predicates, the modifiers of
the subj ects, and the modifi ers of th e predicates in the
story.
Name the marks of p unctuati on.

Exercises in English.

15

9. The Father and His Sons.
A farm er had a family of sons who were constantly

quarrelling among themselves. Failing to stop their disputes by his appeals, he one day told them to bring him
a bundle of sticks. When they had done so, h e placed
the bundle in th.e hands of each of th e sons in succession and ordered him to break it in pieces. Ea.ch boy
tried with all his strength, but was unable to break the
bundte. He then unbound the fagot, and, giving each
boy a stick, requested him to break it, which he easily
did. H e then said to them : " My sons, if you are of one
mind, and unite to assist one another, you will be as this
fagot-uninjured by the attempts of your enemies ; but
if you are divided among yourselves, you will be broken
as easily as these sticks."
In union there is strength.
Read this story.
Tell it in your own words.
What is the meaning of the words, constantly, quarrelling, failing, disputes, a:ppeals, succession, fagot, ordered,
enemies, unite, divided, assist, un·i njured?
Use these words in sentences of your own ma.king.
Name the subjects, the predicates, the m odifiers of
the subjects, and the m odifiers of the predicates in th e
story.
Use other m odifiers if you can with each subject and
with each predicate.
Rewrite the story, using other words or expressions
than those of which you have given the meaning, and
also using additional modifiers to suhj ects and predicates.
Name the marks of punctuation.

16

Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

10. Captain John S m ith.

He was brought out, bound hand and foot, his head
laid upon a flat stone, and the Indian chief had already
raised his war-club to dash out his brains, when Pocahontas, a bright little Indian girl, threw her arms around
John Smith's neck and begged the chief to spare his life.
Strange to say, the cruel old chief seemed moved by the
child's pleading, and the prisoner was released and allowed to return to Jamestown.
Read this story.
Tell it in your own words.
What is the meaning of the words, settlement, permission,

In 1607 settlement by the English began in real earnest. Several good men, having had permission from the
English government to come to America and settle a colony, set sail from London. They reached the mouth of a
river in Virginia which they nam ed the James, in honor
of the Engli::;h king. Th e town th ey founded they called
J amestown .
One of the principal men of this company was John
Smith. H e was a very wise, good man and seemed always to do the right thing at just the right time.
.
One adventure of his in Virginia will show you what
a brave man he was, and how a little Indian girl saved
his life. J ohn Smith had started up the river on an exploring expedition. Som e Indians h ad been watching;
and when Smith left his boat, th ey seized it, scalped the
m en he had left with it, and then ran to overtake Smith
himself.
\\' h en h e saw th em coming, h e turned and fought them
so furiously th at, although there were many of them,
th ey had much trouble to secure him. They led him to
their camp. H ere he showed them his compass and told
th em how the needle always turned to the north. This
amused th e Indians so much that they allowed him to
live seve1'al days in peace. They decided at last that he
was so wise that he was dangerous to have about, and
that the sooner he was killed the safer it would be for
th em. So, having held a long council, and having performed some wonderful war-dances over him, he was led
forth to be killed.
Capt. Smith could see no way of escape, and, as he used
to tell afterward, he was more frightened than he had
been when he was thrown overboard, or when he fought
the Turks.

17

government, principal, adventure, exploring, expedition, furiously, secure, compass, amused, allowed, decided, dangerous,
performed, wonderful, council, escape, pleading, released?

· Use these words in sentences of your own making.
Name the subjects, the predicates, the modifiers of
the subjects, and the modifiers of the predicates in the
story.
If you can, add other modifiers to the subjects and
predicates of the story.
Rewrite the story, using other words or expressions in
the place of those of which you have given the meaning,
and also using additional modifiers to the subjects and
predicates.

11. Use the following words in sentences:
Horse, deer, fish, fishery, fireplace, fireman, tax, style,
story, substitute, postal-card, zephyr, witness, window,
vote, volcano, vault, varnish, witch, volunteer, windlass,
yolk, umpire, tunnel, plum, apple, cherry, poison, policeman, poodle, infant, idol, postman, prairie, potato, icehouse, hymn, hydrant, hero, guinea, gulley, grocer, grand~
child, granary, president, forgery, home.

'

18

E xercises in Englisli.

12.
A
A
A
A
A

Descri be in short sentencespen-holder.
A lead-pencil.
knife.
A fork .
chair.
A stool.
kite.
A top.
A carriage.
cart.
A hen.
A duck.

13. Imagine that you see a cat, a mouse, and a bird
in a cage.
In sh ort sentences describe each , and tell what you
think it is doin g; what will happen.
Tell a story about them.
Im agine th at you see th e following persons or things,
describe each, and tell a story about them:
A dog, a boy and a sled.
A girl, a hoop and a tree.
A man, a horse and a flag.
A sh eep, a goat and a dog.
A woman , a book and a flow er.
An apple tree, a fence and a boy.

14. Write sentences about each of the following:
Th e position of North America. Its surface.
Its boundaries.
Its vegetation.
Its climate.
Its minerals.
Its ftnimal s.
Its political divisions.
Th e produ ctions of South Am erica.
Its exports.
I ts imports.
Its mountains.
Its rivers.
Combine two or more of the sentences you have written into one sentence.

Exercises in English.

19

15. Write sentences about each of the following:
The boundaries of the United States.
Its surface.
Its extent.
Its water divisions.
Its land divisions.
Its minerals.
Its climate.
Its exports.
Its imports.
16. Write sentences about each
The discovery of America.
Christopher Columbus.
Henry Hudson.
Benjamin Franklin.
The Pilgrims.
The Dutch Settlements.
The Spanish Settlements.
The French Explorers.

of the following :
De Soto.
Champlain.
William Penn.
Abraham Lincoln.
John Smith.
Fulton.
Morse.
Bunker Hill.

17. Write sentences about each of the following:
John Cabot.
George \Vashington.
Philadelphia.
General Grant.
The New England Colonies.
Pennsylvania.
The Declaration of Independence. Magellan.
Combine two or more of the sentences you have written into one sentence.

18. Write sentences about each of the following:
Plants. The different parts of a plant.
The useful plants.
Dangerous plants.
The plants of th e Torrid Zone.
Iron.
Gold.
Copper.
19. Write a connected statement in the form of a paragraph consisting of three or more sentences about the
fnllnwin<T •

20

Exercises in English.
Coal-mining.
Wh eat-raising.
Sugar-planting. Rice-culture.
The Mississippi River.
Th e Indians.
Steamboats.

Cotton-growing.
Railroads.
The Revolution.
The Civil War.

20. Change the following expressions to the possessive
form by th e use of the apoHtrophe and s:
The claw of the cat. The wing of the eagle. The cap
of the boy. The hoop of the girl. The milk of the cow.
Th e horn of the goat. The wool of sheep. The love of
the moth er. The play of boys. The cry of children.
Th e life of a miner. The hardship of the laborer. The
work of a day.

21. Change th e foll owing possessive forms to phrase
form s, thu s: Th e children's books. Th e books of the
children.
The man 's story. The soldier's gun. The woman's
son. My father's farm. Th e boy's top. Th e girl 's fan .
Th e eagle's wing. Cats' claws. Horses' h eads.
\Vrite these expressions in sentences.
\ Vrite the equivalent expressions in sentences.
In th e sentences you have written in this section nam e
the subj ects, name the predicates, name the adjective
modifiers of the subject.

22. In the sentenceA wooden bridge was destroyed, name the subject, the
predicate, the adjective modifier of the subj ect.
In the sentenceA bridge of wood was destroyed, name the subject, the

Exercises in English.

21

predicate, and tell what words take the place of th e adjective modifier used in the first sentence.
Two or more words tak en together, h aving th e use of
an adjective, are used as a modifier ~f the subj ect.
Change the adjectives in thefollowmg sentences to oth er
words having the same m eaning:
Th e iron band was broken.
April showers bring May flowers ..
The mountain-top was covered with snow.
December winds are cold.
The red-cheeked apples will soon be ripe.
Fiery eyes were seen.
H ome joys are sweetest.
A pale-faced boy looked into the window.
The forest-trees were broken.
The sweet tones of the evening-bells were h eard.
Did you go across the wheat-field?
A city boy came to the farm.
Spring violets are h ere.
W e have a pear orchard near the house.

23. Change such part of each of the following expressions to single words as ca n be so ch anged , and use
each word so changed in a sentence. In each sentence,
nam e the subject, the predicate, and th e modifiers of
each:
The bed of flowers. A scen e of beauty. The shadows
of night. A cottage with white walls. A church with a
steep roof. The grass of the meadow. A man ?f truth.
A girl with blue eyes. A storm of sleet. The lid of the
stove. The glass of the window. The flowers of th e ?arden. The birds of the forest. The light of the mornmg.
The clouds of evening. A house with two stories. A
·boy with a dirty face. Oranges from Florida. Wheat

\

22

23

Exercises in Englisli.

Exercises in English.

from l'vlinnesota. Tea from Japan. Sugar from Louisiana. Rice from South Carolina. Cotton from Georgia.
Th e dew of the morning. The hay from the meadow.
A girl from the co untry. A m an of wealth . Frosts of
spring. Days of sorrow. The water of the sea.
Change the sentences to the interrogative form.
v\That mark is placed at th e end of each sentence?
With what kind of a letter does each sentence begin?

what place? At this time. At that time. In an easy
manner. In a smooth mann.er. In a neat manner. With
anger. With grace.

24. In th e senten ceTh e man walks rapidly, name th e subj ect, the predicate, th e modifier of the predicate.
In the sentenceTh e m an walks in a rapid m anner, what is the subj ect? Th e predicate? What group of words takes the
place of th e modifi er of the predicate'?
Two or more words tak en togeth er may be used as a
m od ifi er of th e pred icate.
Change th o m odifi ers in tho following sentences to
groups of words having th e same meaning:
Th e m an walks slowly.
Th e procession moved quickly.
Come h ere. Read now. Go th ere. Th e bird sings
sweetl y. Th e messenger comes weekly. H e endured the
pain p:i,ti ontl y. H e defend ed his brother courageously.
Assist a fri en d readily. Do not speak fooli shly. Wh ere
are you going? Th e prisoners were shamefully treated.

25. Change as much of the following expressions as
you can to single words, and use each word so changed
in a sent.once :
In a sober manner. To thiR place. To that place. In

26. Modifiers of the predicate answer to the questionwords, why, when, where, how. He is going to London.
Where is he going? To London. H e is going to-day.
When is he going? To-day. H e is going by steamer.
How is h e going? By st eamer. He is going for his
health. Why is he going? For his health. The expressions To London, To-day, By steamer, For his health,
are modifiers of the predicate.
Name the modifiers in the following sentences:
The boy found a n est in the h ay-mow. Th e thrush
sings in the tree. The oaken bucket hung in the well .
The rascals ran around the corner. The ox is lying in
the sh ade under the tree. March h as come with winds
and clouds. The cows feed in the m eadow. H enry
laugh ed at his mistake. Susan walks with a languid
step. The chair was removed by the servant. The man
acted in a noble manner. The moon will rise in a short
tim e. His father was buried in this place. The soldier
leaned against the wall.
The beggar lived in a wretch ed manner in an old hut.
Washington died at Mount Vernon in the year 1799.
The Normans conquered England in the eleventh century.
The Declaration of Independence was made on the 4th
of July, 1776, in Philadelphia, at the State-House, by the
Continental Congress.
Analyze each sentence by naming its subject, predicate,
modifiers of th e subj ect, and modifiers of the predicate.

24

E xercises in English.

25

Exerel,ses in English.

27, Give the meanings of the followino- words and
0
'
use each of them in a sentence:
Fir, fur; gilt, guilt; h erd, h eard ; h ew, hue; hoard,
horde; hoop, whoop; isle, aisle; knew, new; indict, indite; made, maid; maze, maize ; mete, meat, meet.
Nay, neigh; need, knead·, oar ore · pause paws ·
'
'right, rite,
' write,,
pore, po ur ; raise, raze, rays; reed, read;
wright ; road, rowed; scene, seen ; stare, stair.
Thrown, throne ; vain, vane vein · week weak · wood
' ate '
would; air, ere, heir,· altar 'alter· ' ascent' assent·
'
,
'
' '
eight; a ught, ought; bare, bear; beau, bow.
Berry, bury; bough , bow; cede, seed; cellar, seller;
cent, sent, scent; cere, sere, sear, seer; choose, chews;
cite, site, sight; clause, claws ; council, counsel.
Dear, deer; fain, feig n; fl ea, fl ee; flour, flower; flue,
fl ew; forth, fourth,· stake, steak· been bin· creak
'
'
'
creek; mite, might.

1709 R ace St.,
Philadelphia, Pa.
June 19, 1904.

29.

Mr. John A. Wilson,
No. 2114 Vine St., Philadelphia.
D ear Sir : Please send rne, as soon as convenient, the following articles :
10 lbs. Rice.
25 lbs. Sugar.
5 lbs. B utter.
50 lbs. Flour.
Please send receipted bill with the articles.
Yours re8]Jeotjully,
John Atkinson.

}

28. Write sentences contai ning the following words:
Spaniards, tranquillity, fortress, batteries, cordial, jealous, enfeeble, principles, chief, believe, conceit, columns,
country, Cortez, deceive, Montezuma, fascinate, conscious.
Parallel, \ Vinn ipeg, guard, color, coming, crocod ile,
governor, wound ed, De Soto, socket, cylinder awful
. . syllable, fourtee nth, ligament, Portuguese,' privi-'
ra1s111s,
lege, vari ety, walrus.
Beh avior, prairi e, Louisiana, couple, piercing, soldier
alli~a~or, necessary, oblige, machine, precious, honesty:
rece1v111g, cocoan ut, banana, cherries, independence energetic, tissues, massacre.
'
. Sleighi ng, ch imneys, scenery, alimP-ntary, persuade;
Sie~ra Madre, separate, settlement, seizing, movablei
Caribbean, government, business, Iowa, Michigan, squir~
rel, quarrel; roughly, naughty, bedstead.

of@-t. Jfa~
ofa .

c/.
.Mef.{<

@/£don/

~I

I

~Pne ~/

cff~u!ade?-~a/

~In thi s letter notice the position of the date, the address, the salutation, the beginning of the body of the
letter, th e margin, the complimentary closing, the signature, th e position of the name, residence, city, aud stamp
on th e envelope.
J ohn Sanderson visited his cousin at Lancaster, Pa .
After h e returned to his home, in Philadelphia, he wrote
a letter to him, thanking him for the kindness shown to
him, and for the pleasant time he had in consequence.

26

Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

'Vrite th e letter which you think he may have written,
and direct the envelope.
Geo. H. Toner of 220 Bruce street, Chicago, writes to
his grocer, Michael Anderson, of 416 Main St., requesting
him to send immediately 20 lbs. of Granulated Sugar; 5
lbs. of J ava Coffee; 1 lb. of J apan Tea, and 50 lbs. of
Fl our.
Write the letter, and in it request Mr. Anderson to send
th e bill and collect on delivery.
Write th e bill which Mr. Anderson sends in reply.
Steph en Johnson of Cincinnati, 0., bought of Henry
Grant of Wheeling, W. Va., on the 1st of October, 1904, a
horse and carriage, for which he was to pay Four Hundred Dollars. On the 1st of J anuary, 1905, he sent a letter containing the money. Write such a letter. Write
the reply which Mr. Grant should make.
\Vrite the receipt which Frederick Wolfe would give
Andrew l\fay berry for one month's rent of house No.
1216 Race St., due February 12th, in advance, at $450 per
annum.
Write an invitation to a fri end , asking him to visit you,
or go with you to a con cert, or do some favor for you.
Write the reply.

31. Write sentences followed by the interrogationpoint and beginning withAre, is, was, were, have, has, am, will, may, ought, can,
shall.

30. Arrange each of the following groups of words in
a sentence:
House, James, went, the, to, school, were, in, you, morning, this, wh en ?
Easter, in, thi s, April, Sunday, comes, year, this,
\ Vednesday, Tuesday, after, comes, Thursday, before,
and.
Boy, lessons, the, study, came, before, h e, his, school,
to, did?
Name the subj ect, predicate, and single-word modifiers
in each sentence.

27

32. Use a predicate with each of the followin g word s
or ex pressions:
A concert of sweet voices.
A good conscience.
Citizens.
Pleasures.
Surgeons.
A delicious drink.
A fertile region.
A great musician.
Religious ceremonies.
Suspicious persons.
Crickets.
Atrocious crimes.
Colleges.
A long procession.
A visit to friends.
A patch on a garment.
A great saerifiee.
Scissors.
Anthems.
Tern pcrance.
True stafoments.
A false prophet.

33. Fill the following blanks with modifiers:
The
road was _ _ _ - - Th e
wind blew
from the north.
I saw the
and
minstrel.
His
ch eek and tresses _ __
Seemed to have known a - - - day.
The
harp was carried by a - - - - -- - boy.
Milton wrote the _ _ _ poem in our language.
An ____ dinner was _ _ _ prepared.
Gold is the
metal.
The
Turk was dreaming.

28

E xercises ·in E nglish.

34. Fill the blanks with subj ects :
_ _ _ heard it from our neighbor.
The
is covered with snow.
_ __ sings as well as _ __
This
is solved in the same way.
Many
h ave happened at this pl ace.
In what part of the city does
live?
A
lay dying on the spot.
Th e
was composed of three m embers.
_ __ and
came to see us.
Th e
was granted a furlough.
The
pleaded guilty.
35. Fill th e followin g blanks with modifiers of two
or m ore words each:
I tried
to keep up _ _ _
John often walks _ __
The enemy cam e m arching _ _ _
My friend
come to see us.
Strive to be reconciled _ _ _
How dear _ _ _ are the scenes _ __
Sh e studies _ __
\Ve r::aw the general seated _ _ _
Great numbers
were killed _ _ _
H e gave willingly _ _ _
His fri ends laugh ed - -- ·
Th e teach er
d id not speak _ __
Lond on is th e largest city _ _ _
H e waited _ _ _

36. Fill the followin g blanks with am, was, were, arc,
or is :
A boy _ _ _ wanted.

29

E xercises in Englisli.
Boys _ _ _ wanted.
He
seen this morning.
They
seen y esterday.
I
feeling better to-day.
He
very suspicious.
They
very sorry.
All the sky _ _ _ fill ed with clouds.
The skies
black.
_ _ _ you present at the last meeting ?
he?
John ?
there?
____ I to go or _ _ _ h e ?

his sisters

37. Fill the blanks with I, me, he, or him:
Who is there ? It is _ _ _
Who will do the work?
Let J ohn and
do it.
It was
that told you.
It was
that wrote to _ _ _

38. Place the proper marks of punctuation m the
following sentences:
We read write sing and play at school
Th e deck of the steamship was crowded with m en
women and children
How wonderful Hurrah! Hurrah!
He carried a basket a bundle a cane and an umbrella
It was a dull cloudy day
Are you sure
The day was dull and cloudy
Will it rain

30

31

Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

Th e beggar was hot hungry dirty and lazy
Th e hills were covered with forests of pine oak maple
and beech
Will you come
John H enry his sister and her teacher came to see the
curiosity
Alas I have lost my money

·w hose, Floy? Your old nurse's, often. And where is
my old nurse? said Paul. Is- she dead, too? Floy, are
we all dead, except you?

41. Use the following modifiers in sentences: peaceful, comely, almighty, cheap, noisy, speechless, merry,
rapid, graceless, gaudy, earnest, candid, spicy, awful,
snowy, squally, worthy, leaky, sullen.
Where possible add ly to each of these words, and use
it again in a sentence.

39. "Young man," he said, "by what art, craft or
trade
Did your good father gain a livelihood?"
" H e was a saddler, sir," Modestus said,
" And in his time was reckoned good."
\ i\That marks are used in this extract ?
Wh ere are the quotation-marks placed?
What do they show?

42. Use the following subjects in sentences': friends,
gypsy, knowledge, license, harness, umbrella, quadrup ed, palsy, seed, threat, niece, tyrant, source, \Vednesday,
February, oyster, type, hydrant, precept, daisy.

40. Copy the following extracts and place the quotation-marks:
Exceeding peace had made Ben Adhem bold,
And to the presence in the room h e said,
What writest thou? Th e vision raised its head,
And, with a look made all of sweet accord,
Replied: The names of those who love th e Lord.
And is mine one? said Abou. Nay, not so,
Replied the angel. Abou spoke more low,
But cheerily still, and said, I pray th ee, then,
Write me as one that loves his fellow-m en.
Floy, did I ever see rnamma? No, darling. Why?
Did I ever see an}' kind face like mamma's lookino- at
'
.
'
0
me when I was a baby, Floy? h e asked. Oh yes, dear.

I .

43. Use the following predicates in sentences:
squeezed, laughed, hoe, oblige, bruise, separate, scourge,
adjourn, seize, cede, earn, pierce, loiter, whisper, promise,
rescue, acquire, inquire, deride, supply.
Use one of th e following modifiers in each of the sentences you have made: always, almost, also, very, truly,
where, there, carefully, slyly, only, keenly, greedily,
merely, lively, how, why, perfectly, merrily, cowardly,
fiercely.

32

Exerd,ses in Englisli.

44. Use th e following expressions in sentences. Name
th e modifying word in each sentence :
Th e blue sky. The sweet song of the birds. A fierce
lion. A beautiful morning. A m erciful m an. A tearful
girl. A brave boy. A short answer. A tall boy. H e
was thankful. She was good. The first shall be last·
A cold spring. A warm summer. The green field. The
bare gro und.

45. Conversation subjects:
Railroads. Colonies of United States. Domestic and
foreign trade.
Canals. Exports and imports.
Immigration. Climate of United States.
Sunrise and sunset. Th e changes of the moon.
Th e stars. Frost and ice. Rain and snow.

46. Oral descriptions:
F airm ount Park. Ind ependence Hall. Carpenters>
Hall. Zoological Garden. Th e school house. The water
supply of the city. The Am erican flag.

4 7. Conversations on morals and manners :
K ind ness to animals. Obed ience. Respect to age.
Truthfuln ess and care of public property. Hon esty.
Poli teness. Manliness. Womanliness. Love nf country.
Tale-bearing. Purity in action and speech . Slang.
Courage. F orgiveness. Self-control. Choice of companions. The difference between crimes and faults.

I

'

33

Exercises in Englisli.
48. Use the following words in sentences:
love
may
threw
drew
shook
this
nice
pleasant
took
went

like
can
thrown
drn.wn
shaken
that
good
pretty
taken
gone

did
sit
good
between
mad
these
spoke
saw
come
anything

done
set
well
among
angry
those
spoken
seen
ca.me
nothing

49. Write compositions of not less than fifteen lines
on each of the following subjects:
Plant life. Food. Clothing. Pure air. Cleanliness.
Care of the teeth. Domestic animals. Effect of tobacco.
Use of the skeleton.

50. Write a story based upon the picture of the Puritans going to church.
·

51. Arrange in their proper order the wordE in the
following sentences :
At midnight ,in his guarded tent
The Turk was dreaming.
On the deck the rover takes his stand.

In a vale in the land of Moab
There lies a lonely grave.
3

Exerc-ises in Engl-isli.

33

48. Use the following words in sentences:
love
may
threw
drew
shook
this
nice
pleasant
took
went

i
0

...
0

like
can
thrown
drawn
shaken
that
good
pretty
faken
gone

did
sit
good
between
mad
these
spoke
saw
come
anything

done
set
well
among
angry
those
spoken
seen
came
nothing

49. Write compositions of not less than fifteen lines
on each of the following subjects:
Plant life. Food. Clothing. Pure air. Cleanliness .
Care of the teeth. Domestic animals. Effect of tobacco.
Use of the skeleton.

50 . Write a story based upon the picture of the Puritans going to church.
·
51. Arrange in their proper order the wordE in the
following sentences :
At midnight ,in his guarded tent
The Turk was dreaming.
On the deck the rover takes his stand.

In a vale in the land of Moab
There lies a lonely grave.
3

34

Exercises in English.
A traveler, by his faithful hound,
Half buried in the snow was found.
Oh! ever thus from childhood's hour
I 've seen my fondest hopes decay.

In the midst of the fair valley stood
A native theatre.
And from the arrowy peak she sprang.
Round about them orchards sweep.
Over the river they beckon to me :
Th e gleam of their snowy robes I see.
In this world, wide and lonesome,
One dear friend have I.
Many, in the still of midnight,
In the streets have lain and died.
Above the smoky boards and beams,
Down through the crevice, poured golden gleams.
Over the dark sea I flew
With the marauders;
Wild was the life we led.
·Hollow-eyed and pale,
At the window of a jail,
Through h er soft disheveled h air
A maniac did stare.

Exercises in English.

35

52. Syllabus.
Nam es are called no um;.
Nouns are either prqper or common.
Proper nouns are names given to particular objects.
Common nouns are names given to classes of
obj ects.
Proper nouns begin with capital letters.
Nouns have the attribute of number.
The singular number denotes but one.
The plural number denotes more than one.
The plural number is generally formed by adding s
to the singular form.
Nouns that end in sh, ch, soft z, x, and some
nouns ending in o, form the plural by adding es.
Nouns ending in f or fe change the f to v and add
es in forming the plural.
Nouns ending in y after a consonant change y to i
and add es in forming the plural.
Other nouns in y add s only.
.Some nouns have plurals formed irregularly; some
are alike in both numb ers ; some are used only in the
singular, and some are used only in the plural.
Singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in s
make the possessive form by adding the ' and s.
Plural nouns ending in s make the possessive form
by adding the ' only.
A verb is a word used to assert or affirm.
The words a and the are called articles or limiting adjectives. A is written an before a vowel or
silent h.
An adjective is a word used to describe or qualify
a noun.
An adverb is a word used to qualify a verb or
adjective or other adverbs.

36

E xercises in English.

A sentence is a collection of words that make a
finished or complete thought.
The noun spoken of is called the subject.
The verb is called the predicate.
Every sentence must contain a subject and a predicate.
All sentences begin with a capital letter.
A period must be placed at the end of declarative
sentences.
An interrogation-mark must be placed after sentences that ask questions.
The words which describe or limit a subject or a predicate are called modifiers.
The subject by itself is called th e simple subject. The
subject is usually a noun or a pronoun.
Th e predicate by itself is called the simple predicate.
The predicate is usually a verb.
Th e subject with its modifiers is called the complete subject.
The predicate with its modifiers is called the complete predicate.
In the arrangement of words in a sentence the subject
is placed before the predicate in a declarative sentence.
Single-word modifiers of the subject are placed before
th e subject.
Phrase modifiers of the subject are placed after the
subject.
Modifiers of th e predicate, whether single words or
phrases, are generally placed after the predicate.
To analyze a sentence is to nam e its subject, its predicate, and th e modifi ers of each.

PART II.
53. Imagine a scene comprising th e following features : A hill; a road; a stream; a bridge ; boys fishing.
Describe the scene as you see it in imagination, adding .
other features.
Write a story about the place, the persons, and the
objects seen.

54. Think of the ocean ; the shore; children watching the breakers; a ship in the distance ; a steamer.
Describe the scene, adding other features.
Write a story about the place, the persons, and the
objects seen.
55. Think of the following scenes; describe each of
them fully, and write stories about the persons, the
places, or the events indicated:
A school-room ; sunset; a road covered with snow; a
pupil studying; the teacher waiting.
A cabin ; a mountain-road ; a hunter; two dogs; a
deer.
The sea-shore ; a storm; an overturned boat; a boy
clinging to an .oar ; men with ropes on the shore.
37

38

39

E xercises in English.

Exerdses in English.

A school-house; boys ; girls; marbles; tops ; hoops.
Early m orning; men, women, boys, and girls walking;
railroad-station; train of cars.
A girl ; pen arid 'i nk; pap er; an open book; woman
knitting ; book-case.

versation, visitor, handsome, gentle, companion, glee, fault,
appearance, concern, slunk.
Use these words in sentences. Combine two or more
of the sentences into one sentence.
Name all the subjects (nouns or pronouns), predicates
(verbs), modifiers of the subjects (adjectives), modifiers
of the predicat es (adverbs), the prepositions, and the conjunctions in the story.

56. A Dog's Intelligence.
We are acquainted with a dog, Lion by name, who
gives daily proof th at h e knows what is said to him. A
lady called the other day; during h er call Lion came in
laid dow n on the parlor carpet, and shut hi s eyes. Th ~
conversa tion went on, and the visitor said, "Wh at a
h andsome dog you h ave!" Li on opened one eye.
" Yes," said his miBtress ; " he is a very good dog, and
takes good care of the children." Lion opened the other
eye and waved his tail to and fro along the carpet.
" Wh en th e baby goes out, h e always goes with h er, and
I feel sure then th at no h arm can come to h er,'' his mistress went on. Lion 's tail thumped up and down violently on th e carpet. "And he is so gentle to them all,
and such a playmate and companion, that we would not
t ake a thousand dollars for him. " Lion's tail now went
up and down, to and fro, and round and round, with
great glee. " But," said his mistress, "Lion . h as one
fault." Total quiet of Lion 's tail, together with appearance of great concern on his face. " H e will come iP
here with dirty feet and lie down on the carpet, wh en I
have told him time and again that he must not do it."
Lion arose with an air of shame, and slunk out of the
room with his tail down.
Read this story.
Tell it in your own words.
Give the meaning of the words, acquainted, proof, con-

57.
Ben Adam had a golden coin one day
Which he put out at interest with a Jew ;
Year after year awaiting him it lay,
Until the doubled coin two pieces grew;
And these two, four-so on, till people said,
" How rich Ben Adam is!" and bowed the servile b ead.
Ben Selim had a golden coin that day
Which to a stranger asking alms he gave,
Who went rejoicing on his unknown way.
Ben Selim died too poor to own a grave;
But when his soul reached heaven, angels with pride
Showed him the wealth to which his coin had multiplied.
Read this story.
Tell it in your own words.
Give the meanings of the words, interest, bowed, doubled,
alms, awaiting, servile, rejoicing, midtiplied, pride.
Use these words in sentences. Combine two or more
of these sentences into one sentence.
Name all the subjects, predicates, modifiers of the subjects, modifiers of the predicates, the prepositions, and
the conjunctions.

I

I

40

58. The Mouse and the Boasting Rat.
A mouse lived in a granary, which became after a
while the frequent resort of a cat. The mouse lived in
great fear, and did not know what to do. In her strait
she thought of a rat who lived not far away, and who
had said in her hearing a hundred times that he was not
afraid of any cat living. She resolved to visit the bold
rat, and to ask him to drive the cat away. She found
the rat in his hole, and, relating her story, besought his
help. "Pooh !" said the rat; "you should be bold as I
am. Go straight about your affairs, and do not mind the
cat. I will soon follow you and drive her away." He
thought now he must do something to make good his
boast; so he collected all th e rats in the neighborhood
resolved to fri ghten the cat by numbers. But when they
all came to the granary, they found that the cat had
already caught th e foolish mouse, and a single growl
from h er sent th em all scampering to their holes.
Read this story.
\ Vrite it in your own words.
What is the meaning of the wordR, granary, frequent, resor:t, strait, resolved, relating, besought, collected, scampering,
frighten, growl ?
Use th ese words in sentences. Combine two or more
of th ese sentences into one sentence.
Nam e all the subjects, predicates, modifiers of th e subj_ects, modifiers of the predicates, prepositions, conjunctions.

59. Don.
This is Don, the doa0 of doo-s
Rir'
0 'i..:
Just as lions outrank frogs sir
)

41

Exercises in English.

Exermses in Englisli.

)

Just as eagles are superior
To buzzards and that tribe inferior.

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Years ago, when I was master
Of a tight brig called the Castor,
Don and I were bound for Cadiz
With the loveliest of ladies
And her boy-a stalwart, hearty,
Crowing one-year infant party
Full of childhood's myriad graces,
Bubbling sunshine in our faces
As we bowled along so steady,
H alf-way home, or more, already.

Soon our stanch and gallant vessel
\Vith the waves began to wrestle,
And to jump about a trifle,
Sometimes kicking like a rifle
When 'tis slightly overloaded,
But by no means nigh exploded.

'Twas the coming on of twilight,
As we stood abaft the skylight,
Scampering round to please the baby
(Old Bill Benson held him, maybe),
When the youngster stretched his fingers
Toward the spot where sunset lingers,
And with strong and sudden motion
Leaped into the weltering ocean!

"What did Don do?" Can't you guess, sir?
H e sprang also, by express, sir,
Seized the infant's little dress, sir,
H eld the baby's head up boldly
From the waves that rushed so coldly,

42

Exercises in English.
And in just about a minute
Our boat had them safe within it.
Sell him ! Would you sell your brother?
Don and I love one another.

Read this story.
Tell it in your own words.
What is the meaning of the words, outrank, superior,
inferior, tribe, statement, rnyriad, graces, stanch, wrestle, exploded, weltering, lingers.

Use th ese words in sentences. Combine two or more
of th ese sentences into one sentence.
Name all the subj ects, predicates, modifiers of the subjects, modifi ers of the predicates, prepositions, conjunctions.

60. The Whistle.
\Vh en I was a child of seven years old, my friends on a
holiday filled my pockets with coppers. I went directly
to a shop where they sold toys for children, and, being
charmed with the sound of a whistle that I met by the
way in the hands of another boy, I voluntarily offered
and gave all my money for one. I then came home and
went whistling all over the house, much pleased with
my whistle, but disturbing all th e family. My brothers
and sisters and cousins, understanding the bargain I had
m ade, told me I had given four times as much for it as
it was worth , put me in mind of what good things I
might have bought with the rest of the money, and
laughed at me so much for my foll y that I cried with
vexation ; and the reflection gav~ m e more chagrin than
the whistle gave me pleasure. Often afterward, when I
was t empted to buy some unnecessary thing, I said to
myself, " Don't give too much for the whistle," and I
saved my money.

Exercises in English.

43

Read the story.
Tell it in your own words.
What is the meaning of the words, holiday, directly,
charrned, voluntary, disturbing, cousin, bargain, vexation,
.
.
reflection, chagrin, tempted, unnecessary.

. Name all the subjects, predicates, subJect modifiers,
predicate modifiers, prepositions, conjunctions.

61. Make two or more statements, in the form of a
paragraph, about Europe, showing its position, its extent,
and its boundaries.
Make two or more statements about the location of the
prominent islands of Europe.
.
.
.
Make similar statements about its peninsulas, its capes,
its mountains, its oceans, its seas, its straits, its rivers.
·write connected statements about its surface.
Write a connected statement about the mineral productions of Europe.
Write connected statements of the climate of Europe.
Write connected statements about the position, chief
cities, and form of government of each of the following
divisions of Europe:
Great Britain and Ireland.
Italy. ·
France.
Turkey.
Germany.
The Netherlands.
Russia.
Tell how you would travel from Great Britain to each
of the countries named.
Tell how you would travel from Philadelphia or New
York to any one of the chief cities in Europe, what productions would be sent there from this country, and what
would be brought back .in exchange.

44
1 1

Exercises in English.

62. Make two or more statements about Asia, showing its position, its extent, and its boundaries.
Make two or more statements about the location of the
prominent islands of Asia.
Make similar statements about its peninsulas, its capes,
its mountains, its plateaus, its oceans, its seas, its bays,
its gulfs, its rivers.
Write a paragraph about its climate.
Write a connected statement abo!Jt the productions of
Asia, giving first its vegetable products, and second its
minerals.
Write connected statements about the position, the
manners and customs, and the form of government of
the following divisions of Asia:
China.
India.
J apan.
Arabia.
Persia.
Siberia.

63. Make two or more statenH>nts about Africa,
ehowing its position, its extent, and its boundaries.
Make statements showing the location of the deserts of
AfriCa.
Make similar statements about its islands, its mountains, and its rivers.
Write a paragraph about its surface, its climate.
Write a connected statement about the animals of
Africa, its productions.
Write a connected statement about the races of men
found in Africa.
Write connected statements about the position, manners and customs, and prevailing religion of the following divisions of Africa:
The Barbary States.
Egypt.
Th e British Colonies.
Southern Africa.

Exercises in English.

45

64. State what was known of the geography of the
world before the discovery of America.
Make statements about the voyages of the Northmen.
Write a short composition about the Indians of America, giving their characteristics, their habits, and their
customs.
Give your opinion of the causes which prompted the
nations of Europe to make explorations.
Write a short composition about Columbus, stating the
objects of his voyages and naming his different voyages
anrl discoveries.
Make statements about the following Spanish explor- ·
ers and their discoveries: Ponce de Leon ; Balboa.
Make similar statements about the following French
explorers and their discoveries: Cartier; Marquette; La
Salle; Verrazani.
Make similar statements about the English explorers
and their discoveries: The Cabots; and Sir Francis Drake.
Make a similar statement about .the Dutch explorer .
Hudson.
Make statements showing the extent of the claims
to territory in America made by France, Spain, England,
and Holland.

65. Write connected statements about each of the
following colonies, showing when and where settled, by
whom, prominent events, and forms of governi:ient:
Virginia.
Massachusetts.
Mame.
New Hampshire.
Connecticut.
Vermont.
Rhode Island.
New York.
New Jersey.
Pennsylvania.
Delaware.
Maryland.
North Carolina.
South Carolina. ,
Georgia.

46

Exercises in English.

Make statements about the following: The New England Union; the Navigation Acts; the Indian Wars in
New England.
Make connected statements About the colonial warsviz., King William's, Queen Anne's, King George's,
and Pontiac's war.
Write a composition about the French and Indian
War, giving causes, events, and results.
Make statements about the political condition of the
colonies and the manners and customs of the New England, Middle, and Southern States.

66. Make statements about the bones of the human
body, giving th eir composition, structure, and use.
Write a composition about the human skeleton, telling what it is, its use, the number of bones, and the
names of the principal bones.
Make statements about the muscles of the · body, telling their structure, use, size and shape, and how they
act.
Write a composition on digestion, naming the digestive
organs, and state how digestion is carried on.
Make statements about eating and drinking.
Make statements about the different kinds of foods.

67. Write a composition about animals, telling.First.-How animals differ from plants and
minerals.
&cond.-How animals are classified.

Exercises in English.

47

Third.-In what ways animals are useful to
man.
Fourth.-In what parts of the earth the most
important classes of animals are
found.
Let each of these parts constitute a paragraph.

68.1. Mary walks to school.
2. Mary walks from school.
3. My hand is on the table.
4. My hand is above the table.
7. My hand is under the table.
6. The money was placed on the shelf.
Name the nouns, the verbs, and the article in these
sentences.
In the first and second sentences, what words show the
relation of the noun school to the verb walks?
In the third, fourth, and fifth sentences, what words
show the relation of the noun tabl,e to the verb is ?
In the sixth sentence, what word shows the relation of
the noun shelf to the verb was placed?
Words which are used to show the relation of a noun
or a pronoun to other words are called prepositions.
The noun or the pronoun with the preposition which
shows its relation to another word is called a phrase.
Phrases used as modifiers are either adverbial or adjective.
The noun or the pronoun which is joined to a preposition is called the object of the preposition.
In the following sentences, name the _preposition and
the phrase of which it forms a part.
America was discovered by Columbus in the year
1492.

I •
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48

49

ExercMes in English.

Exercises in English.

The Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on
the fourth day of July, 1776.
Men of learning should act with prudence.
I spoke to the boy about his action.
The palace of the king is beyond the walls of the city.
The boy in the field is the farmer's son.
The carpet is on the floor.
The boys are in school.
Alice is sitting by her mother.
The spire of the church is made of glass.
Have you been to church?
Fill the blanks in the following sentences with prepositions:
The horse jumped
the hedge.
Will you go
me?
Will you go
him ?
He is sitting
us.
My parents are not
home.
The stranger came
Spain.
Do you desire to be
your friends?
The ladder is leaning
the wall.
Did your brother write
you?
He came _ __ school
me.
Use the following prepositions in sentences of your
own making: At, after, by, down, for, from, on, over,
past, round, to, under, with, in, among, between, toward,
of, except, beneath, beyond, before.
Name th e phrases in the sentences you have made.
Are th ey adj ective or adverbial?
What do they modify ?

3. Jam es challenged his brother to run a race.
4. John, who was at school yesterday, is not here.
For what word is him used in the first sentence?
For what words are her and he used in the second sentence ?
For what word is hi.s used in the third sentence?
For what word is who used in the fourth sentence?
A word used instead of a noun is called a pronoun.
Name the pronouns in the following sentences:
Mary praised her sister.
John said, " I cannot go with you."
Peter replied," He gave me no reason."
Mary, you must remain with her.
William found his knife.
The doctor found the girl and her mother in distress,
and did what he could to help them.
Virtue has its reward.
Their conduct is commendable.
She lives with her father.
Our Father who art in heaven.
Use th e following pronouns in sentences:
I, me, our, us, we, my, mine, thou, thy, thine, you,
your, yours, he, his, him, she, hers, her, its, it, they,
them, theirs, who, whose, which, whom, many, all, some,
such, other, each, this, that, these, those.
Fill the blanks in the following sentences with pronouns:
Mary and Jane did not know - - - lessons.
When
was blamed for neglecting
mother was so sick
sa1"d th at
1essons,
_ _ _ could not study.
The girl admired the pictures, and thought - - would like to have one of _ __ .
lost
hat. but found
where _ _ _ left _ __

69. 1. John's father gave him a book.
2. Mary spoke to her brother, but he made no answer.

4

50

Exercises in Englisli.

Exercises in English.

Give the boy
book; _ __
will need
____ to study
lessons.
The farmer lost
way, but the kind neighbors
showed
the way home.
_ _ __ lost _ _ _ pen.
_ _ _ will show _ __

71. Pronouns, like nouns, have two numbers, the
singular number and the plural number.
Give the number of the personal pronouns in the following sentences:
If you recite your lessons, I will dismiss you.
My eyes are not blind to his faults.
He says that we shall need it.

70. Th ey lost their way.
I lost my way.
You lost your way.
He lost his way.
We lost our way.
She lost her way.
A man lost his way.
The men lost their way.
Susan lost her way.
In the sentences given above, which pronouns stand
for the speaker?
·w hich pronouns stand for the person spoken to ?
"'Which nouns and which pronouns stand for the person
spoken of or about?
Pronouns that represent the speaker are said to be
of the first person.
Pronouns that represent the person spoken to are said
to be of the second person. _
Pronouns that represent the p erson or thing spoken
about are said to be of the third person.
Pronouns that show by their form whether they are of
th e first, the second, or the third person are called
personal pronouns.
Name pronouns of the first person, the second person,
the third person.

51

72. Mary and John, with Jane ari.d Charley, have
gone to the lake in the wagon.
Name the nouns in this sentence.
What nouns indicate persons of the male sex ?
What nouns indicate persons of the female sex ?
What nouns indicate things without sex?
The old farmer invited Samuel and his mother, and
Mary and her father, to come and visit him.
W4at pronouns in this. sentence indicate the sex of the
individual?
Which pronoun is masculine? which feminine?
A noun or a pronoun is said to be of the masculine
gender when it denotes objects of the male sex; of the
feminine gender when it denotes objects of the female
sex· of the neuter gender when it denotes objects without 'sex.
Boy, girl, man, woman, garden, goose, hen, heroine,
man-servant, woman-servant, brother, sister, Mr., Mrs.,
Miss, sir, madam, negro, negress, lad, lass, heir, h eiress,
he, his, she, her, it, its.
In what gender is each of these words?
' Vrite each word in a sentence.
Change the word to the plural form and rewrite the
sentence.
Change the gender of the noun from masculine to
feminine , or from feminine to masculine, in the following
sentences:

52

Exercises in English.

Th e man was lost in the forest.
The girl was at school.
The queen reigned for forty years.
Th e child was fond of his brother.
The waiter was too indolent.
A poor negress waited at the station for the arrival of
h er form er master.
Th e tigress carried off the body of the sheep which. it
had killed.
An emperor waited for the queen.
Th e nephew called on my father and stated that my
uncle would visit the governor.

73. The boy lost his money. H e found it.
What words in th ese two sentences are the verbs ?
What words are the subjects?
A noun or a pronoun which is used as the subj ect of a
verb is said to be in the nominative case.
In each of the following sentences name the noun or
the pronoun which is in the nominative case:
J ohn struck William. Th e man deserves punishment.
Men pursue pleasure. A boy can carry the basket.
Thou shalt love thy neighbor. H e must obey. The soldier received a pension. I will find a book for you. She
will not go. They will be pleased.
Use a verb with each of the following nouns :
Mountains, rivers, monkey, mice, water, wind, fire,
thi ef, rabbit, clouds, moon, stars.
In what case is each of th ese words when so used?
Use a subj ect with each of the following verbs:
Laughs, runs, swim, play, travels, sails, fly, cry told,
met, ran, sees.
In what case is each of these subj ects when so used?

.Exercises in English.

53

74. Columbus discovered Am erica.
Th e queen·of Spain assisted Columbus.
You cannot find the money.
In th ese sentences, name the verbs.
Name the subjects. In what case are the subjects?
What is the object of the action denoted by the verb?
Th e setting sun brings the bee hom e.
Th e boy threw the ball and broke the window.
John made his money by hard work.
Acorns are found beneath oak trees.
God made the world in six days.
In th ese sentences, name the verbs.
Name the nouns in the nominative case.
Name the objects of the action denoted by the verb.
Name th e prepositions.
Before what nouns are they placed?
Nam e the phrases in these sentences.
The object of a preposition is the noun or the pronoun
with which it forms a phrase.
The object of the action denoted by the verb or the
object of a preposition is said to be in the objective
case.
In th e following sentences, name the nouns or the pronouns in the nominative case; in the objective case.
Name the phrases:
Th e history of England from the time of James II. was
written by Macaulay.
H e graduated from H arvard in the summer of 1880.
Grief shrinks from human eyes.
An eagle's nest was in the pine tree.
I watched for the coming of th e day.
The American army was defeated by the British at
the battle of the Brandywine.

I

I

54

Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

75. Nouns or pronouns in the possessive form are iri
the possessive case.

78. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with
nouns in the nominative case:
_ _ _ shot a rabbit.
_ _ _ played quietly.
_ _ _ discovered the Hudson River.
_ _ _ founded Pennsylvania.
_ _ _ settled in New York.
_ _ _ sailed up the St. Lawrence River.
Fill the blanks in the following sentences with pronouns in the nominative case:
_ _ _ have lost my money.
_ _ _ are not a stranger.
_ _ _ is my friend.
_ _ _ is my exercise.
____ has annoyed her mother.
_ _ _ have found their friends.
Fill the blanks in the following sentences with nouns
or pronouns in the objective case:
Then they buried _ __
They clothed
in her richest _ _ _ ,
A fire was lighted at _ __
He rushed into the _ __
H e wandered in the _ __
She loved
for the _ _ _ he had passed.
In the
of
the sailor-boy lay.
Hear
for my _ __
Believe
for my _ __
They made
a grave in the _ __
Fill the blanks in the following sentences with nouns ·
or pronouns in the possessive case:
She carried
, purse in
hand.
complaint.
I will not listen to
The lady had a
wing on - -._ hat.
_ _ _ home was at Mt. Vernon.
_ _ _ store is opposite the .post-office.

76. In the following sentences, name the nouns and
the pronouns in the nominative case ; in the possessive
case ; in the objective case. Name the phrases. What
they do modify? Are they adjective or adverbial?
Lucy's hat is old.
Th e boy lost his knife.
Th e pupils neglected their lessons.
Have you read Scott's poems?
Susan made a doll for h er sister's playmate.
Th e farmer carried the h ay into the barn.
Children attend the school at the cross-roads.
Mary tore her sister's dress.
J ohn's broth er is in distress, and I must assist him.
I met William's broth er in market this morning.
W e might speak strongly of Joh n's ability.
\Ve should expect a fin e day, after yesterday's storm.
Th ey travelled to South America by way of Mexico.
Virtue rewards its followers.

77. Write th e possessive form, singular number, of
each of the following words:
Marv, John, father, cousin, fish negro wife lady
.
' James,
'
' er,'
statesman,
doctor, sailor, general, army,
moth
preacher, h ero, wolf, thief, goose, child, fly, fox, fri end.
Use each of these words in a sentence.
Change the number of the possessive noun to the plural
form , and rewrite the sentence.
In each sentence name the proper nouns, the common
noun s, the adj ectives, the adverbs, the articles, the subject, the predicate, the modifiers.

55

Exercises in English.

Exercises in . English.

H elen went to
school.
The pen was _ _ _ , but now it is _ __
I studied
lesson ; did you study _ _ _ ?

Name the conjunctions in the following sentences:
Life is short and Art is long.
J ames and Samuel will come.
James or Samuel will come.
Jane sings and dances.
Neither you nor I can tell him.
He has knowledge, but no judgment.
They will be punished unless they repent.
.
Though his strength is great, yet I do not fear him.
He will come because he promised.

56

79. Name all the personal pronouns of the first person. Arrange th em so that the singular pronouns shall
be in one column and the plural pronouns in another
column. Arrange them again so that the pronoun in
the nominative case in each column shall be first, the
pronoun in the possessive case shall be second, and the
pronoun in the objective case shall be third.
Name the pronouns of the second person, and arrange
them in the same order.
Name th e masculine pronouns of the third p erson, and
arrange them in the same order.
Name the feminine pronouns of the third person, and
arrange th em in th e same order.
Name th e neuter pronouns of the third person, and
arrange them in the same order.
80. Men, women, and children were destroyed.
You must buy or sell.
Ne.ith er you nor John can come.
vVe must educate, or we must perish.
Either you or I must go.
If th e advice is good, take it.
Th e flow ers will fail if the frost comes.
Word came that the criminal was caught.
If we strive earn estly, we shall win.
Though h e was rich, yet for our sakes h e became poor.
'Vhat words are used as connectives in these sentences?
A conjunction is a word used to connect words and
sentences.

57

81. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with
conjunctions:
I will go,
I will never return.
Rise,
it is day.
____ the advice is reasonable, why not take it?
_ _ _ you arrive, I shall leave.
I will see
he has arrived
not.
few are prepared for death.
All fear to die
It is
yours ____ mine.
I will soon know
he trusts m e - - - n ot.
The lesson was - - - plain - - - it needed no
explanation.
the water was very deep,
it was per---

fectly clear.
You will be commended
you act prudently.
_ _ _ you desire it,
I will come. .
.
Write ten sentences, each containing a conJunct10n .
Tell what part of speech each word is in the sentences
you have written.
Analyze each sentence.
Write a sentence containing two nouns connected by a
conjunction.
Write one containing two verbs connected.

i\
.

I

'!

58
Write
Write
Write
Write

Exerdse$ in
one containing
one containing
one containing
one containing

Engl~h.

two pronouns connected.
two adjectives connected.
two adverbs connected.
two phrases connected.

82. Oh! come with me.
Ah ! what a pity you did not stay I
Aha! I've caught you.
Alas ! he is dead.
What! take my money?
Pshaw! what a tale !
Hurrah! the old fl ag still waves.
Name the parts of speech in these sentences.
'Vhat words are used to express emotion ?
An interjection is a word used in making sudden
exclamations.
'Vrite ten sentences each containing an interjection.

83 . I see a boy. He sees a rose. You see m'il.
Name the verb in each of these sentences.
Is the action denoted by the verb see done m time
which is present or in time which is past?
I saw a boy. H e saw a rose. You saw me.
Name the verb in each of these sentences.
I s the action denoted by the verb saw clone in time
present or time past?
I will see a boy. He will see a rose. You will see me.
Name the verb in each of these sentences.
Is the action denoted by the verb u•ill see done in present time, past time, or time to com e, or future time?
·In what time, present, past, or future, is the action denoted by the verb in the following sentences?The man walks slowly. The laborer walked home.

Exerdses in

Engl~h.

59

The boy will walk quickly when he sees his father. I
am h ere. She was there:" We were coming. They will
come when you call.. She is coming home. My father
will come to your residence. Your mother will praise
your effort.
Dogs bark.
Birds sing.
A bird sings.
The boys run.
The boy runs.
Lions roar.
Th e lion roars.
Horses neigh.
The horse neighs.
Roses bloom.
The rose blooms.
They
were elected.
He was elected.
We
sweep
the fl oor.
She sweeps the floor.
pronoun
and
the verb m
Name the subject noun or
each of these sentences.
In what number is the noun in each sentence?
What change occurs in the form of the verb when the
number of the noun is changed?
I go to school. He goes to school.
I come to you. She comes to you.
I see the moon. John sees the moon.
Thou shalt not kill. He shall not kill.
Name the verb in each of these sentences.
Name the noun or pronoun which is the subject of the
verb.
In what person is the subject noun or subject pronoun?
What change occurs in the form of the verb when th e
µerson of the subject noun or subject pronoun is changed?

8 4. A clog barks.

8 5 . Verbs have number .and person, and agree in these
respects with their subjects.
In the following sentences, name the subjects. Give
the number and person of each subject. Give the num-

."

60

ExerC'ises in English.

ber and person of the verb. Change the noun or the
pronoun subject to the plural· form, and read the sentence. Change the person of the pronoun subjects, and
read the sentence :
She has fallen from the tree.
A warm day is pleasant in March.
A small house was erected.
A duel was fought in this forest.
My apple tree is destroyed.
The dress is finished.
H as h e seen him?
She writes the letters.
A book is John's greatest pleasure.
The house was destroyed.
Th ou art th e man.
H e has fallen.
She loves her flowers.
It pleases the people.
H e watches for the postman.
I do not know the person.
Where am I going?
Wh ere is he going?
H e carries th e burden.
I find that you are mistaken.
I am grieved at your misconduct.
Write sentences with singular noun subjects; with
pl.ural noun subj ects; with singular pronoun subjects;
with plural pronoun subj ects; with subj ect pronouns of
th e first person; with subject pronouns of the second
person; with subject pronouns of the third person.

86. Use a verb in present time with I, thou, he, she,
it, we, you, they.

ExerC'ises in Englisli.

61

Use a verb in past time with the same pronouns.
Use a verb in future time with the same pronouns.

87. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with
suitable verbs:
Cain
Abel.
The soldier _ __
I
to punish you.
The teacher
how well.
_ _ _ you _ _ _ this man?
_ _ _ you _ _ _ this flower before?
Children
to play on the ice.
She
the bell.
The farmer
the cattle home.
truth?
Pilate
, What
Time _ __
Frederick _ _ _ three dollars.
The lady _ __
I _ _ _ to-day.
_ _ _ them guilty?
They
to-morrow.
them both, and
us all.
God
Fill the following blanks with suitable nouns or pronouns:
The
will be discovered.
_ __ was honest in his dealings.
_ __ am sorry to hear it.
Art
happy.
_ __ could not persuade him.
_ _ _ has my watch.
Have
your pencil.
_ _ _ has it.
Are
going to Newport?

62
I·

Exercises in English.

Where is
stationed ?
_ __ am thankful to him.

88. The great man. The greater man. The greatest
man.
Name the adjectives in each of these expressions.
How do they differ in form?
A studious pupil. A more studious pupil. A most
studious pupil.
Name the adjectives in each of these expressions.
How do they differ?
A worthy object. A less worthy object. A least wor
thy object.
Name the adjectives in each of these expressions.
How do they differ?
Much rain. More rain. Most rain.
Th e good boy. The better boy. The best boy.
Name the adjectives in each of these expressions.
How do they differ?
J am es spoke more earnestly than John. Henry spoke
most earnestly of all.
Mary reads well. Harriet reads better than Mary.
Susan reads best of all.
Name the adverbs in each of these sentences.
H ow do they differ in form?
Adjectives and adverbs are compared to express quality or action in different degrees.
Th ere are three degrees of comparison-the positive,
th e comparative, the superlative.
The Positive Degree is the adjective in its simple
form.
The Comparative Degree is formed by adding r or
er or by prefixing more or less to the positive.

Exercises in English.

63

The Superlative Degree is formed by adding st or
est or by prefixing most or least to the positive.
Some adjectives are compared irregularly.
Adjectives cannot be compared when the quality cannot exist in different degrees.
In the following sentences and expressions, name the
degree of comparison of the adjective or the adverb:
A horse is stronger than a dog.
The elephant is the largest of all animals.
A wise man is useful to a community.
Charity is the greatest of virtues.
Lying is the worst of vices.
It is a warm day.
This winter is colder than usual.
Few men have had more agreeable companions.
An empty barrel. A golden vase. A dead bird. She
was the most beautiful of all. A bad man. A worse
boy. The least whisper was heard.
89. Write sentences containing adjectives in the comparative degree formed by adding r or er; by prefixing
more ; by prefixing less.
Write sentences containing adjectives in the superlative degree formed by adding st or est; by prefixing
most ; by prefixing least.
Write sentences containing adjectives that are compared irregularly.
Write sentences containing adjectives that cannot be
compared.
Write sentences containing the following adjectives:
Worst, last, good, most, wonderful, sweeter, faithful,
serene, beautiful, grand, peaceable, loathsome.
Change the degree of comparison of each adjective, and
rewrite the sentences.
Write sentences containing adverbs in each of the
three degrees of comparison.

64

E xercises in .English.

Exercises ·in .English.

Give the comparative and superlative forms of each of
the following adjectives: Sad, able excellent, intelligent,
worthy, active, bad, good, terrible, noisy, fearful, peculiar,
special, elastic, nutritious, parallel, oblique, mischievous.

65

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90. Letter of Introduction.

-e.n£taduce .k yau.

~-ech-rnan~ ~./

fou
~-t.

Jfabi

4/

4ftJ6.

/<Pneat/ea-t

~

.

s;{wl~-t

-rny

cf/&aU

o ky

a-tle~an /ha/

tJ.haw

kn ~ -tfe ? -takr4 -tune~L'eud'

yo.u

~ay ,tfe aL'/e .to.

df' ha.ue /~ µad.=
uu

a/ ~¥.Ao.~u7

~

y-o.u

~- rifa~ue./

~;n,;t,{ -wh-0-#Z df' ~d ./a_

aJ/e

y-aM

/av.~=

a-tle~O-n.

<:ff;~ pt-<J-Mtt/
cff'k.tt. ~4.ne//.

A letter of introduction must be short, and not extravagant in praise of the party introduced. As it is
generally delivered by the person introduced, it should
not be sealed nor stamped.
Write a letter introducing your friend to your uncle in
San Francisco.
Write a letter of sympathy to a friend who has m et
with an accident.
\Vrite
note of apology to your teacher for some
offence ·committed.
Write to some prominent man asking for his autograph.
.
. Write to merchant asking for prices of goods.

a

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5

67

Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

Write to a bookseller ordering books.
Write a note of congratulation to a friend.
Write a note applying for a situation.
Write a letter to your father, supposing him to be
a way from home.
Write a Christmas greeting to an absent brother.

list of articles, dating the bills at Philadelphia, present
date:
1. Muslin, calico, linen.
2. Groceries (five items).
3. Hardware (five items).
4. Carpets, oilccloth, matting.
5. Furniture (five items).
6. A carriage.
7. Rent of a house.
8. Books (five items).

66

91. Use the following words in sent~nces: Microscope, roughly, mucous, hygiene, cylinder, separation,
alcohol, cavities, physician, physiology, thorough, chiefly,
science, diaphragm, oxygen, poisonous, benumb, specim en, intoxication, symptom, affrighted.
Typhoid, recognized, pivot, locomotion, pictorial, lever,
weight, fulcrum, philosopher, concentrated, license, menaced, concealed, compelled, conscience, . necessity, balance, atmosphere, character.
Privilege, vengeance, neighborhood, solemn, asylum,
shadowy, civilized, zealous, murmured, sheriff, challenge, cemetery, excellence, society, paralyze, conqueror,
beauteous.
Umbrella, eccentric, pedler, triumphant, seized, sieve,
government, democratic, tenant, tyrannical, preparation,
rebelled, freight, schooner, chestnut, awkward, gingham,
Christmas, caterpillar, asparagus, pneumonia, mysterious;
si1 burb, vicinity.
Divide into syllables and place the accent mark.

92. Write a receipt for money paid in full for a bill
for coal bought during the past month.
Write a receipt for money paid on account of such a
bill.
Make out bills for each of the· following numbered

93. Write compositions upon each of the following
subjects. Name, first, three or four subdivisions of the
subject, each subdivision to be the basis for a paragraph:
Cocoons.
Games.
The policeman.
The post-office.
Tramps.
Winter sports.
Dogs and cats.
Candy.
The city-hall.
Pins and needles.
Slang.
Newspapers.
Exercise.
Dime novels.

94. Write sentences illustrating the use of the different parts of speech, as follows:
Nouns-proper and common, singular and plural.
Pronouns-in different genders, numbers, and persons.
Adjectives, adverbs-regular and irregular comparisons.
Prepositions.
Conjunctions-coordinate, subordinate.
Verbs-number and person.

68

Exercises in English.

95. Write the following extracts in prose order:
In thy sweet garden grow wreaths for each toil.
A mighty king I am, an earthly god.
We no other pains endure
Than those that we ourselves procure.

Exercises in English.

69

Her wild hair fell in gusty flow
White as the foamy brook below :
Still toiled she with h er load alone,
With feeble feet, but steadfast will,
To gain her little home, that shone
Like a dreary lantern on the hill.

And now wild bea:5ts came forth the woods to roam.
Near the lake where drooped the willow,
Where the rock threw back th e billow,
Dwelt a maid, beloved and cherished,
But with autumn's leaf she perished.

96. Use the following contractions in sentences:
Gov.
Hon.
Sr.
Jr.
D. D.
C. 0. D.
Mdse.
Acc't. . Rec'd. N. Y. Mass.
Md.

Still sits th e school-house by the road,
A ragged beggar sunning;
Around it still the sumachs grow,
And blackberry-vines are running.

97. Use the following words in sentences:
Shall, will; should, would; lie, lay; pl enty, enough;
rod e, ridden ; drink, drank.

Black walnuts, on low-meadow ground,
Are dropping now their dark-green balls,
And on the ridge, with rattling sound,
The deep brown chestnut falls.
Wh en comes a day of sunshine mild,
From childhood, nutting in the wild,
Outbursts a shout of glee,
And high the pointed sh ells are piled
Under the hickory tree.

98. Fill the follo wing blanks with can or may:
_ _ _ I ask you to go?
I speak to you?
_ _ _ we get home in this storm?
I tell my
friend?
I go out?
I leave the room ?
_ _ _ you run as fast as I ?

On a weary slope of Apennine,
At sober dusk of day's decline,
Out of the solemn solitude
Of Vallombrosa's antique wood,
A withered woman, tanned and bent,
Bearing her bundled brushwood, went.
Her dull cheeks channelled were with tears
Shed in the storms of eighty years;

99. Fill the following blanks with will or shall:
I
·
be fourteen to-morrow.
I go or
you go ? We
be pleased to come.
_ _ _ you lend me your book? I
be pleased
to see you but you
not come. If you - - be at h;me to-morrow, I
be glad to call.
_ _ _ I go or
I stay?
you like to
go in my place?

70

Exercises in Englisli.

100.

Subjects for Conversations on
Historical Subjects.
Christopher Columbus.
Wm. Penn.
H endrick Hudson.
The American Indian.
Slavery.
Geo. Washington.
The American Colonist.
Bunker Hill.
The Quaker.
The Puritan.
The Pennsylvania German. The Continental Soldier.
Philadelphia.
The Scotch-Irish.
The Northwest Territory,
101.

The American Flag.
When Freedom from her mountain h eight
Unfurled her standard to th e air,
She tore the azure robe of night,
And set the stars of glory there.
She mingled with its gorgeous dyes
The milky baldric of the skies,
And striped its pure, celestial white
With streakings of the morning light;
Then from his mansion in the sun
She called her eagle-bearer down,
And gave into bis mighty b and
The symbol of her chosen land.
Majestic monarch of the cloud !
Who rear 'st aloft thy i·egal form,
To hear the tempest trumpings loud,
And see the ligh t ning lan ces driven,
When strive the warri ors of the storm,
And rolls the thunder-drum of heaven ,
Child of the sun! to thee 'tis given
To guard the banner of the free,
To hover in the sulphur smoke,
To ward away the battle-stroke,
And bid its blendings shine afar,
Like rainbows on the cloud of war,
The harbingers of victory I

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71

Exercises in English.

I

Flag of the brave ? thy folds shall fly,
The sign of hope and triumph high,
When speaks the signal trumpet-tone,
And the long line comes gleaming on.
Ere yet the life-blood, warm and wet,
Has d.i mmed the glistening bayonet,
Each soldier eye shall brightly turn
To where thy sky-born glories burn ;
And as his springing steps advance,
Catch war and vengeance from the glance.
And when the cannon-mouthings loud
Heave in wild wreaths the battle-shroud,
And gory sabres rise and fall
Like shoots of flame on midnight' s pall,
Then shall thy meteor glances glow,
And cowering foes shall sink beneath
Each gallant arm that strikes below
The lovely messenger of death.
Flag of the seas I on ocean wave
Thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave;
When death, careering on the gale,
Sweeps darkly round the bellied sail,
Ahd frighted waves rush wildly back
Before the broadside's reeling rack,
Each dying wanderer of the sea
Shall look at once to heaven and thee,
And smile to see thy splendors fly
In triumph o'er his closing eye.

/

Flag of the free heart's hope and home I
By angel hands to valor given;
Thy stars have lit the welkin dome,
And all thy hues were born in heaven.
Forever float that standard sheet I
Where breathes the foe but falls before us,
With freedom 's soil beneath our feet,
And freedom's banner streaming o'er us.

Give the history of the American
significance?

J.

RODMAN DRAKE.

Fla~.

What is its

I
ir '.,

72

Exercises in English..
102. Syllabus.

A preposition is ~ word used to show the relation of
a noun or a pronoun to other words.
A phrase consists of two or more words properly put
together, but not containing a predicate verb. Phrases
are either adverbial or adjective.
The noun or the pronoun which is joined to a preposition is called the object of the preposition. ·
A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
Pronouns that represent the speaker are said to be of
the first person; those that represent the person spoken
to are said to be of the second person ; th0se that represent the person or thing spoken of are· said to be of
the third person.
Pronouns that show by their form whether they are of
the first, the second, or the third person .are called personal pronouns.
Gender is the distinction of sex.
The masculine gender denotes objects '. of the male
sex ; the feminine gender denotes objects of the female
sex ; the neuter gender denotes objects without sex.
Number is that attribute of nouns and ·of pronouns
which indicates whether one or more is meant.
The singular number denotes one; the plural number denotes more than one.
Case distinguishes the relation of a noun or a pronoun
to other words.
A noun or a pronoun which is the subject of a verb is
in the nominative case; a noun or a pronoun which is
used as the object of a verb or preposition is in the objective case; a noun or a pronoun which denotes ownership or possession is in the possessive case.
A conjunction is a word used to connect words, sentences, or parts of sentences.
.
·
, . .. · · ·

Exercises in English.

73

An interjection is a word used· in making sudden
exclamations.
T~nse is that . attribute of the verb by which it expresses distinction of time.
,.
.
The present tense denotes present time; the past
tense denotes past time; the future tense denotes
future time.
Verbs have number and person forms, and agree in
these respects with their subjects.
Adjectives and adverbs .vary in fo~m by compari~on.
The positive degree expresses simply the quality.
The comparative degree expresses the quality in a
higher or a lower degree ; it is for:ined by adding r or. er
or by prefixing more or less .to the positive.
The superlative degree expresses the quality in the
highest or the lowest degree ; it is formed by adding st or
est or by prefixing most or least to the positive.
Some adjectives are compared irregularly. .
. .
Adjectives cannot be compared when the quality cannot exist in different degrees.

75

.Exercises in English.
gin ; a cotton-press; cotton baled;
steamboat.

iw~ons

; a river;

An express-train; a road-crossing at grade; a carriage
with women and children; an accident.
A coal-mine ; miners at work ; cars loading; danger.
A railroad-station; arrival of a train; passengers;
friends waiting ; baggage ; hackmen.

PART III.
103. Think of a blacksmith-shop; horse standing;
smith working ; wom an standing in the door; dog
waiting.
Describe the scene fully, giving more minute particulars.
Write or tell a story about the picture.
104. In like manner, complete th e description of
each of the foll owing scenes and incidents, and write or
tell a story about it:
A sleigh on a country road ; two horses ; a man driving; a deep snow-bank ahead; a fright; a runaway; an
accident.
A hut amid the mountains; a mountain-family: an
avalanche; a rescue.
A lake near a mountain; sunset; a boat on the water;
fishing.
A field of wheat; a group of men; working; reapingmachines ; wagons loading ; barns; a house.
A cotton-field; negroes pickin~; carry'in~; a cotton·
74

A country farm; barn; barn-yard ; animals ; implements.

105. The Bravest Man at Waterloo.
The duke of Wellington was once asked who, in his
opinion, was the bravest .man at W ater1oo.
" I can't tell you that," he said, " but I can tell you of
one than whom I am sure there was no braver. Hewas
only a private in the artillery; but had he survived the
day, he would have been an officer."
The incident on which the duke founded his opinion
was as follows: There was a farmhouse with an orchard
surrounded by a thick hedge, forming a most important
point in the British position, and which was ordered to
be held against the enemy at any hazard and at any sacrifice. The hottest of the battle raged round this point,
but our fellows behaved well and beat back the French,
though they attacked the place again and again with
great fury, and once even gained a footing inside.
At last the powder and ball were found to be running
short, and at the same time the timber in the hedges
took fire, and the orchard was soon surrounded with a
ring of flame. A messenger h ad, however, .been sent to
the rear for more powder and ball, and in a very short
time two loaded wagons came galloping down to the

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•I

Ezercues .in .Engluh.

farmhou se, the gallant defenders of which were keeping
up a thin and scanty fire through the flames which surrounded their post.
The driver of the first wag6ri', with the reckless dar.ing
of an English boy, spurred his struggling and terrified
horses through the burning heap; but the flames rose
fi ercely round and caught the powder, which exploded
in an instant, sending wagon, horses, and rider in fragments into the air.
For one instant the driver. of the second wagon paused,
appalled by his comrade's fate ; the next, observing that
the flames, beaten back for the moment by the explosion,
afford ed him one desperate chance, he sent his horses at
th e smouldering breach, and amid the deafening cheers
of th e garrison landed his terrible cargo safe within, while
behind him the flames closed up and raged more fiercely
than ever.
Read this story.
Tell it in your own words.
\Vhat is the meaning of the words, opim:on, survived, incident, hedge, irnportant, position, hazard, sacrifice, raged,
snrrounded, messenger, defenders, scanty, reckless, terrified, exp loded, f ragments, appalled, observing, desperate, smouldering, garrison, terrible, cargo ?

Use these words in sentences of your own making.
What part of speech is each word used in the story ?
Name all the subjects, the predicates, the modifiers of
each subject and each predicate.
Name the case of each noun and of each pronoun used
in th e story.
Name th e mood and the tense of each verb.
Nam e th e degree of comparison of each adjective and
each ad verb.

Exercues in Englisli.

77

106. "I'll Try, Sir."
The battle of Ltindy's Lane, which was fought July
25, 1814, was one of the most notable battles of the war
of 1812.
From noon until sunset the Americans, under th e
command of General Scott, had desperately attacked th e
British forces, who were strongly fortified on an eminence
at the place called Lundy's Lane. Every effort to drive
the enemy from the position on the hill was stubbornly
resisted. The fire had been kept up almost without cessation. .Later in the evening, .General Scott and General
Ripley held a consuitation, and agreed that the Americans could hope to defeat the enemy in only one way,
and that was the bold one of storming the fortification.
After carefully considering to whom the enterprise
should be intrusted, General Ripley asked Colonel Miller of the Twenty-fifth Infantry if he would attempt the.
assault. The repiy of Colonel Miller was simply, "I'll
try, sir." The trial was made. Two regiments were left
at the foot of the hill, while Colonel Miller led the
Twenty-fifth up the hillside through a storm of bullets
and dense clouds of smoke.
The men, unable to withstand the deadly firing,
wavered many times, and all the hill-slope seemed
strewn with dead and wounded. At last the heights
were gained, and, urged forward by the stern commands
of their brave leader, the Americans rushed upon th e·
English and drove them in a perfect rout out of the fortification. The attempt resulted in a grand victory, and
Colonel Miller's utterance, " I'll try, sir," has become a
part of our history.
Read this story.
Tell it in your own words.
What is the meaning of the words, notable, command,

78
1.1· ,1

Exercises in English.

desperately, attacked, fortified, eminence, effort, position, stubhornfy, resisted, cessation, consultation, agreed, defeat, enemy,
storming, fortification, carefully, enterprise, intrusted, attempt,
assault, dense, withstand, strewn, urged, rout, resulted, v-ictory,
utterance?

What is the meaning of the words, gayly, queen, sawyer,
couple, rich, remarked, wealth, eyed, strength, health?

Use these words in sentences of your own making.
What part of speech is each word used in the story?
Name all the subjects, the predicates, the modifiers of
each subject and each predicate.
Name the case of each noun and each pronoun used in
the story.
Name the mood and the tense of each verb used.
· Name the degree of comparison of. each adjective and
each adverb used.

107. The Two Wishes.
A man in his carriage was riding along,
A gayly-dressed wife by his side ;
In satin and laces she looked like a queen,
And he like a king in his pride.

·.

79

Exercises in Englisk

A wood-sawyer stood on the street as they passed;
The carriage and couple he eyed,
And said, as he worked with his saw on a log,
"I wish I was rich and could ride."
The man in his carriage remarked to his wife,
" One thing I would have if I could :
I would give all my wealth for the strength and tl>c
health
Of that man who is sawing the wood."
Read the story.
Tell it in your own words.

Use these words in sentences of your own making.
What part of speech is each word used in the story.
Name the case of each noun and each pronoun used in
the story.
Name the mood and the tense of each verb used.
Name the degree of comparison of each adjective and
each Yerb used.

108. The Child and the Lily.
A baby, alone, in a lowly door,
Which climbling woodbine made still lower,
Sat playing with lilies in the sun.
The loud church-bells had just begun;
The kitten pounced in the sparkling grass
At stealthy spiders that tried to pass;
The big watch-dog kept a threatening eye
On me as I lingered walking by.
The lilies grew high, and she reached up
On tiny tiptoes to each gold cup,
And laughed aloud, and talked, and clapped
Her small brown hands, as the tough stems snapped,
And flowers fell till the broad hearthstone
Was covered, and only the topmost one
Of the lilies left. In sobered glee
She said to herself, " That's older than me I"
Read the story.
Tell it in your own words.
What is the meaning of the words, lowly, climbing, woodlri.ne, pounced, s-parkling, stealthily, threatening, lingered,

80

'iI
:

'

Exercises in English.

tiny, toiigh, covered, topmost, sobered, glee, hearthstone, tiptoes ?
se these words in sentences of your own making.
Wh at part of speech is each word used in the story ?
Name the case of each noun and each pronoun used in
th e story .
Name the sentences in order from the beginning and
tell th e suhj ect and the p redicate of each sentence.

109. The Miller of the Dee.
Th ere dwelt a miller, h ale and bold,
Beside the river Dee;
H e wrought and sang from morn till night;
No lark more blithe than h e;
And this the burden of his song
For ever used to be:
" I envy no one-no, not I!And no one en vies m e !"
"Thou'rt wrong, my fri end ,'' said old King Hal" As wrong as wrong can be ;
For could my h eart be ligh t as thine,
I 'd gladly ch ange with th ee.
And tell m e now, wh at makes thee sing
With voice so loud and free,
While I am sad, though I'm the king,
Beside th e river Dee?"
Th e miller smiled and doffed his cap.
" I earn my bread," quoth h e;
" I love my wife; I love my friend;
I love my children three ;

Exer<iises in English.

81

I owe no one I cannot pay ;
I thank the river Dee,
That turns the mill that grinds the corn
To feed my babes and me."
" Good friend," said Hal, and sighed the while,
"Farewell, and happy be ;
But say no more, if thou'dst be true,
That no one en vies thee.
Thy mealy cap is worth my crown;
Thy mill, my kingdom's fee.
Such men as thou art England's boast,
0 miller of the Dee !"
Read the poem.
Tell the story in your own words.
What is the meaning of the words, hale, wrought, blithe,
envies, doffed, quoth, mealy, boast, burden, gladly, sighed,
boast, earn ?
Use these words in sentences of your own making.
What part of speech is each word used in the story?
Name the case of each noun and of each pronoun used
in the story.
Name the sentences in t.h e story in order from the
beginning and give the subj ect and predicate of each
sentence.

110. What is a personal pronoun? (Page 50.)
Name the personal pronouns.
Use each of them in a sentence.
• To which of the personal pronouns can the word self
or selves be added·?
Write the words as formed.
A word formed by adding self or selves to a p ersonal
pronoun is called a compound personal pronoun.
6

82

Exercises in English.

I saw him myself.
He hurt himself by running so much.
They lost themselves in the desert.
Name the compound personal pronouns in these sentences.
Use in a sentence each of the other compound personal pronouns which you have made.
Which of them are in the singular number? Which
of them are in the plural number?

111. When John was at school, h e studied diligently.
Name the pronoun in this sentence.
What word does it stand for?
John who was absent last week, has returned home.
' which you planted is dead.
The tree
The child that was lost has been found.
Do any words in these sentences stand for other words
as personal pronouns do?
Are they personal pronouns? Why not?
Are there any words in these sentences which connect
like conjunctions?
Name them.
A word which conn ects in the manner of a conjunction , and which also relates to an antecedent word, is
called a relative pronoun.
In the sentences given, name the relative pronouns.
Which one is used for a person?
Which one is used for a thing?
Which one is used in the place of who or v.•hich?
Name the relative pronouns in the following sentenceA:
The man who came yesterday is here to-day.
The bird which sang so sweetly has flown away.
Susan, who was very sick, has recovered.
All that I have I give unto you.

Exe:rcises in English.

83

The bird which you killed had made a nest.
Make five sentences containing the relative who.
Make five sentences containing the relative which.
Make five sentences containing the relative that.

112. Insert the proper relative pronoun in each of
,the following sentences:
The man
was here has returned to his home.
The men
were here have returned to their
· homes.
The tree _ _ _ you planted still lives.
· The trees
you planted still live.
The child
I met was lost.
The children _ _ _ I met were lost.
Give the number of the antecedent noun in each sen, tence.
What change, if any, occurs in the form of the relative
pronoun?
The singular anq plural forms of the relative pronouns
, are the same.
1. The friend who visited you last summer is h ere.
2. The friend whose father is sick in the city returned
yesterday.
3, The :friend whom I love so dearly sailed for Europe
last week.
4. The friend in whom I trusted has deceived me.
In the first sentence, what relative pronoun is the subject of the verb visited?
In what case is it?
In the second sentence, what relative pronoun indicates possession or ownership?
In what case is it?
In the third sentence, what relative pronoun 1s the
object of the verb love?

Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

In what case is it?
In the fourth sentence, what relative pronoun is the
obj ect of the preposition in?
In what case is it?
In the four sentences just given, what antecedent worrl
does the relative stand for?
What does the relative connect in' each sentence?
Write the relative pronouns contained in these sentences in the order in which they occur.
Write the case of each of them before it.
Write the plural form, if it has one, before it.
1. The flower which pleases me best is the rose:
2. The flower whose perfum e is the richest is the lily.
3. The flower which I love best is the modest violet.
In these three sentences, name the relative, give its ant ecedent, tell what it connects; give its case and number,
and write th em in order, with the name of the case
before it,
Give a declarative sentence containing the word what.
Show that it is a relative pronoun.
What and that have no variation of form to distinguish
difference in case or number.

Th ese pronouns, when so used-that is, to ask questions-are called interrogative relative pronouns, or
simply interrogative pronouns.
As is often called a relative pronoun when it follows
many, such or some.
In the following sentences, name the relative pronouns
and tell what they connect and what word they stand
for. If any interrogative pronouns are given, name
them:
There was a large stone house that stood by the river.
Who called me?
There goes the woman who called for you.
Whose book is this ?
Hail to the chief, who in triumph advances!
Here is a man whom you know.
Whom do you see?
The insect which you see is a spider.
What does he say?
Take what you need.
Do the duty that lies nearest to you.
I love such as love me.
Write sentences containing the relative pronouns.
Write sentences containing the interrogative pronouns.
Fill the following blanks with relative or interrogative
pronouns:
____ son is he ?
General Grant,
commanded the army, and
was elected President, is dead.
Oh, a dainty plant is the ivy green!
____ creepeth o'er ruins old.
you know, and
wishes
H ere is a man
to see you.
_ _ _ did you know?
_ _ _ one was it?

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111

113. To which of the relative pronouns can the words
ever or soever or so be added?

Write the words so formed.
The words so formed are called compound relative
pronouns.

114. Write interrogative sentences, the first commencing with who; the second, with whose; th e third,
with whorn; the fourth, with which; the fifth, with
what.

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E xercises in English.

Exercises. in English.

Th e book
you loaned me is on the table.
_ _ _ did you say ?
Of
are you speaking?
She was the only person
understood the mat,.
ter.

The demonstrative pronouns point out in a definite
manner the persons or things to which they relate.
The indefinite pronouns point out in an indefinite
manner the persons or things to which they relate.

115. 1. Both persons were injured.
2. Both were killed.
3. F ew people know what to advise.
4. Few know wh at to do.
5. Many soldiers were killed.
6. Many were killed.
Wh at word in the first sentence performs the office of
an adjective?
H ow is the same word used in the second sentence?
What word in the third sentence is used like an adjective ?
H ow is the same word used in the fourth sentence?
What word in the fifth sentence is used like an adjective ?
H ow is the same word used in the sixth sentence?
A word that may be used as an adjective or as a pronoun is called an adjective pronoun or a -pronominal
adjective.
Adj ective pronouns are divided into three classes-the
distributive, the demonstrative and the indefinite.
Use the following adjective pronouns in sentences:
. 1. This, th at, these, those.
2. Each, every, either, neither.
3. Any, all, such, both, some, other, one, none.
Th e adjective pronouns in the first list are called
demonstrative; in the second list, distributive; in
th e third list, indefinite.
The distributive pronouns relate to persons or things
taken separately.

Fill the blanks in each of the following sentences with
demonstrative pronouns, and analyze the sentence:
_ _ _ man is a hero.
____ men are brave.
____ p erson is a remarkable singer.
____ persons were members of the society.
____ carpet was bought before
one.
____ appies are prettier than _ __
Fill th e blanks in each of th e following sentences with
distributive pronouns, and analyze th e sentence:
_ _ _ man performs the duty allotted.
_ _ _ girl received a book.
Have you received permission from
party?
_ _ _ of the dogs was seen.
_ _ _ man must give an account for himself.
Fill the blanks in each of the following sentences with
indefinite pronouns, and analyze the sentence.
_ __ may come to-day ;
may come tomorrow.
_ _ _ bird was seen flying.
____ a scene was never before witnessed.
_ _ _ of the party were suspected.
____ persons are forbidd en to trespass.
_ _ _ rational beings desire happiness.
____ parties were mistaken .
Let
person · come and .see
sights as
were never seen before.

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Exercises in. English.

Exercises in English.

116. Ambitious pupils give much time to study.
Do careless pupils study their lessons?
Boys, study your lessons.
Which of th ese senten ces makes a statement?
Which asks a question?
\Vhich contains a command?
A sentence which makes a statement is called a declarative sentence.
A sentence which is used as a question is called an
interrogative s~ntence.
A sentence which is used as a command is called an
imperative sentence.
To which of these three classes of sentences does each
of the following sentences belong ?H arrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania.
In wh at direction does the Susquehanna River flow?
Where does it rise ?
Bird fly.
H ave you spoken the truth?
John, come home !
Mary, go to school!
Have you been to school?
Music hath charms.
When did General Washington die?
Truth is stranger than fiction .
When will you be stronger?
Our chains are already forged.
Strike for your altars and your fires I
Write ten declarative sentences.
Write ten interrogative sentences.
Write ten imperative sentences.

Earnest, industrious men will succeed.
Men who are earnest and industrious will succeed.
How does the first of these sentences differ from the
second?
How does the third sentence differ from the fourth ?
How many subjects and predicates in the first sentence?- in the second? in the third? in the fourth?
What is the modifier of the subject in the first sentence? in the second ? in the third? in the fourth ?
How does the modifier in the second sentence differ
from the modifier in the first?
How does the modifier in the fourth sentence differ
from the modifier in th~ third sentence?
Which modifiers contain a subject and a verb?
An expression in a sentence which contains a subject
and a predicate, and which is used as a modifier, is
called a clause.
Clauses are used as adjectives, as adverbs or as nouns.
A sentence which contains but one subject and one
predicate is called a simple sentence.
A sentence which contains a clause is called a complex sentence.
Tell whether the following sentences are simple or
complex. In the sentences which are complex, name
the subject and the predicate of the sentence and of the
clause. Tell whether the clause is used as an adjective
modifier, an adverbial modifier or a noun modifier.
Tell whether the clause modifies the subject or the predicate.
General Grant, who commanded the army, was a lover
of peace.
Persons who are quarrelsome should be avoided.
The general, after the battle was over, return ed to his
home.
No one doubts that he told the truth.

117. Truthful pupils are esteemed.
Pupils who are truthful are esteenied. ·

- - -

- - ---- - ---------~----

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E xercises in .English.

Exercises in English.

They who violate the laws must be punished.
H e firmly believed all that you told him.
The man who changes his friends will soon need them.
Our man who attended to the horses has gone to
anoth er city.
It was my father who told me about the adventure.
vVe all know th e person to whom you refer.
\ Ve want th e money which you promised us.
Th e fl owers th at bloom in the spring are very lovely.
Write five sentences containing clauses which are used
as adj ective modifiers.
Write five sentences containing clauses which are used
as adverbial modifiers.
\ Vrite five sentences containing clauses which are used
as noun modifiers.

What kind of a sentence is each of the following?
The stage-coach arrived, and we started on our journey.
The crime is a horrible one, and the punishment
should b e severe.
The army was defeated, and the soldiers fled in great
confusion.
Ex ercise promotes h ealth and strengthens the body.
Art is long and time is fl eeting.
God m ade the country, and man made the town.
I go, but I return.
I saw at the factory how a knife is made.
The book remained where it was left.
Th ey will come when they are ready, but I will not be
h ere to see them.
Th at h e was intemperate was well known to all.
He was told by the farm er who employed him that his
services could not be spared, and that h e would be required to report for duty on the day following.
Bring forth the prisoner, and let him hear the decision
of the judges.
I s it for thee the lark ascends and sings?
Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.
Time slept on flowers and lent his glass to Hope.
I know thou art gone where the weary are blest,
And the mourner looks up and is glad.

118. l. Th e officers were elected.
2. The meeting then adjourned.
3. It was December.
4. Th e cold was intense.
Wh at kind of sentences are these?
Can the first two be united into one sentence ?
Can th e third and fourth be uni ted into one sentence?
Write th e sentences when they have b een connected.
What word was used to connect them ?
Wh at part of speech is it?
A sentence which consists of two or more sentences
connected by a conjunction is called a compound sentence.
Th e separate sentences that make a compound sentence
are called the members.
Th e members of a compound sentrnce may be simple
or complex sentences.

91

119. 1. Wise men are needed.
Men of wisdom are n eeded.
3. Men who are wise are needed.
Name the single-word modifier in the first sentence.
Name th e phrase modifier in the second sentence.
Name the clause modifier in the third sentence:
What do they each modify?

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Exer<:ises in Englisli.

Exerc'ises ~n English.

Are th ese modifiers adjective or adverbial?
I s there any difference in the meaning of these sentences?
Vv ords may be expanded to phrases, and phrases to
clauses.
1. Men who are rich should rememher the poor.
2. Men of rich es should remember the poor.
3. Rich men should remember the poor.
_
Name the clause modifier in th e first sentence; the
phrase modifier in the second sentence; the single-word
modifier in the third sentence.
What do they each modify?
Is th ere any difference in the meaning of these sentences?
Clauses may be contracted to phrases, and phrases to
single-word modifiers.
Expand th e single-word modifier in each of the following sentences to a phrase, and then to a clause :
A boy had a coin of silver.
Th e girl wore a straw hat.
Th ey li ve in a stone house.
H e turned suddenly.
H e walked rapidly.
The willow is a graceful tree.
She ie a lovely girl.
Do you follow French fashions ?
Th e German orchestra will play at the opera.
Do you h ear the children's voices?
Expand the phrases in the following sentences into
clauses :
Th e pupils go out at recess.
She smiled in a pleasant manner.
I will see you in the morning.
H e takes no delight in the punishment of children.
John will be punished .for insolence.

William acted in a noble manner.
Sweet is the music of birds.
There lives a man of learning.
Th~ trees on the mountain are small.
Swallows return in spring.
The tree in the fence-corner is an oak.
Write five sentences with single-word modifiers of th e
·
·
·
subject or of the predicate.
Expand the modifier, if you can, to a phrase, and
write the sentence.
Expand the modifier to a . clause and write the sentence.
Write five sentences containing clauses.
Contract the clause to a phrase. and write the sentence.
Contract the phras~ to a single word and .write the sentence.

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120. Write a simple sentence showing the location
of Australia.
Write a compound sentence giving in the first member
its boundaries and in th e second its extent.
Write a compound sentence containing several members, each member referring to one of the following facts
concerning Australia-viz., neighboring !slands, oceans,
principal river, interior territory.
'Vrite a compound sentence, each m ember of which
shall be complex, about the vegetable and animal productions of Australia.
Give an account of a journey to Australia, telling of
the voyage, the people and th eir occupations, and the
nature and extent of their commerce.
Write a complex sentence about the government of_
Australia.
Write a compound sentence about its chief cities.

Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

Write five or mor(:l interrogative sentences about Australia.

war, g1vmg the events that occurred in New England
and Canada in 1775 and 1776.
Write a composition about the Declaration of Independence, giving its history, its objects and some of the
reasons mentioned in it for making it.
Write statements about the campaigns of 1776, 1777,
1778, in the Middle States, giving the movements of the
armies, principal battles and results.
Write statements about the campaigns of 1778, 1779,
1780, 1781, in the Southern States, giving the movements
of the armies, principal battles and results.
Wcite sentences, complex or compound, about the conclusion of the war, telling when the final treaty of peace
was made and what were the results of the war.
Write sentences about the following:
The Articles of Confederation.
State of the country at the close of the war.
Organization of the North-west Territory.
Extent of the country.
Adoption of the Constitution ..
Write short sketches of the prominent men of the Revolutionary times.

94

12 t. Write a simple sentence giving the principal
divisions of Oceanica.
Write a compound sentence, with complex members,
about the Sandwich Islands, showing their location, productions, inhabitants and commerce.
122. Write a composition upon your own State, giving
a complex or a compound sentence for each of the following points:
Boundaries; natural features; chief cities and towns;
min eral, animal and vegetable productions; governm ent ; historical events and prominent men.

123. Write a complex sentence stating what is meant
by the American Revolution.
Give one or more simple or complex sentences about
each of the following causes of the war of the Revolution:
Th e Navigation Acts.
Taxation.
Th e Stamp Act.
Occupation of Boston by British troops.
Boston Massacre.
Non-importation Act.
Importation of tea.
Give a statement, consisting of one or more simple and
complex sentences, about the First Continental Congress,
· showing its origin, composition and actions. .
Make a similar statement about the beginning of the

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124. Give complex and compound sentences about
the following events in Washington's administration:
Inauguration.
Prominent. statesmen.
Financial policy.
Seat of government.
Invention of the cotton-gin.
Whisky Insurrection.
Admission of States.
Political parties.
National Bank.

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E xercises in .English.

Difficulti es with France.
Treaties with England, France, Spain and Algiers.

125._ Give similar sentences about the foll owing
events rn th e ad ministration of J ohn Adams:
Ali en and Sedition laws.
Death of Washington.
Removal of capital.
Trouble with France.

126._ Give similar sentences about the following
events 111 the administration of Thomas J efferson:
War with Tri poli.
Purchase of Louisiana.
War between England and France.
Conspiracy of Aaron Burr.
Invention of steamboat.
E xploration of Oregon.
Embargo Act.
Non-intercourse Act.
Admission of States.

127. Give similar sentences about th e following
events in th e administration of J ames Madison :
The causes of the war with Great Britain.
Th e invasion of Canada.
Th e surrender of Detroit.
Th e battle of Queenstown H eights.
Naval engagements of 1812.
Battle of the Th ames.
Perry's victory on Lake Erie.
Creek Indian war.

Exercises in Jj}nglish .

97

Naval engagements of 1813.
Battle of Lundy's Lane.
Burning of Washington.
Battle of Lake Champlain.
Hartford Convention.
Treaty of Peace.
Battle of New Orleans.
Naval engagements of 1814 and 1815.
War with Algiers.
Admission of States.
128. Give similar sentences about ·the following
events in the administration of James Monroe :
Acquisition of Florida.
Monroe Doctrine.
Seminole war.
Missouri Compromise.
Internal improvements.
Admission of new States.
129. Give similar sentences about th e following
events in the administration of John Quincy Adams :
First railroad.
Erie Canal.
Political parties.

130. Write similar sentences about th e followin r
events in the administration of Andrew J ackson :
Rotation in office.
United States Bank.
Nullification Act.
Tariff Compromise.
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Exer6ses in Englisli.

The Whig party.
Th e Abolitionists.
Indian wars.
Distributi on of surplus.
Specie circular.
Admi ssion of new States.
Useful inventions.
Railroads.

131. Write similar sentences about the following
events in the administration of Martin Van Buren :
Sub-Treasury system.
Mormonism.
Th e Abolition party.

132. Write similar sentences about the following ·
events in th e administration of William H enry Harrison and J ohn Tyler :
Acquisition of Oregon.
Annexation of Texas.
United States BaIJk.
Dorr Rebellion.
Anti-rent difficulties.
Th e telegraph.
Admission of new States.
133. Write similar sentences about the followin g
events in the administration of James K . Polk:
North-west boundary.
Th e Mexican war.
Th e campaign of General Taylor.
Th e campaign of General Scott.
Th e conquest of New Mexico.

Exercises i'.n Englisli.

99

The conquest of California.
The treaty of peace.
The territory acquired.
The Wilmot Proviso.
Gold in California.
Admission of new States.
Important inventions.

134. Write similar sentences about the following
events in the administrations of Zachary Taylor and
Millard Fillmore :
The compromise of 1850.
The Fugitive Slave law.
Growth of the country.
New States admitted.
135. Write similar sentences about the following
events in the administration of Franklin Pierce :
K ansas-Nebraska Act.
The Gadsden Purchase.
Formation of the Republican party.
136. Write similar sentences about the following
events in the administration of James Buchanan:
Difficulties with the Mormons.
Admission of States.
Atlantic cable.
Dred-Scott decision.
John Brown's raid.
Fugitive Slave law.
Secession of South Carolina.
Fort Sumter.
· ,The formation of the Southern Confederacy.
L. of G.

100

E xerr:l,ses in Englisii.

137. Make a complex sentence about the administration of Abraham Lincoln.
Write sentences, simple, complex or compound, about
th e following:
The cause of the civil war.
Th e operations of the army in the East during the
ye:irs 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865.
The operations of the army and navy in the West during th e same years.
Th e operations of the navy along the coast during the
same years.
Th e Emancipation Proclamation.
Th e general results of the civil war.
Th e cost of the war in men and money.
Write one or more compo und sentences about each of
\he foll owing administrations :
Andrew J ohnson.
William McKinley.
Ruth erford B. Hayes. Theodore Roosevelt.
J ames A. Garfield.
Chester A. Arthur.
Grover Cleveland.
Benjamin H arrison.
Write short sketch es of the prominent military leaders
and statesmen who lived during the civil war.

138. Write a statement sh owing the growth of the
country in territory from th e close of the Revolutionary
war to th e present time.
Write statements showing the progress of discovery,
invention and literature since the begi nning of Washington 'R administration.
Write statements showing the order of admission of
New States to the Union and the growth of population.

Exercises in English.

101

139. Write complex or compound sentences about
the following :
The circulation of the blood.
Th e structure of the h eart.
The structure of the lungs.
Respiration.
The composition of air.
The necessity for pure air.
The skin.
The necessity of bathing.
The utility of clothing.
The general properties of matter.
Gravitation.
The pressure of the atmosphere.
The mechanical powers.

140. Make arithmetical examples asking for the fo~lowing:
.
·
d
The interest on a sum of money for a given time an
rate.
.
.c
The amount of a sum of money placed on mterest 1or a
given time and rate.
The compound interest of a sum of money for a given
time and rate. .
The commercial discount on a sum of money.
The principal, h aving the rate, time and amount
given.
The bank discount on a sum of money for a given time
and rate.
.
The face of a note when the proceeds, rate and time are
given.
The division of profits or losses among partnerlP who
have unequal sums invested.

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Exercises in English.

Exercises in English,

Th e division of profits or losses among partners who
have amounts invested for unequal times.
Tell in your own words how you would perform such
examples.

farm-products; trees; flowers; rain; snow ; ice; sports;
money ; great cities.
Write a description of the following places or scenes:
The sea-shore ; a farm; a race ; a skating-scene; a
sno~fall ; an orchard ; a garden.

141. \Vrite a receipt for rent; for money received
on account; for the settlement of an account in full.
\ Vrite a promissory note.
John Johnson has sold dry goods to George Anderson.
Make out the bill and receipt it.
Write the check which George Anderson gives in paym ent.
If you should buy hardware from Thomas Jennings,
write the bill which you would receive from him.
If you should give him a promissory note in payment
of this bill, show how you would word it.
Use the following words in sentences which refer to
some commercial transaction :
Debtor, creditor; debit, credit; account, account-current; balance, receipt, interest; promissory note, drawer,
indorser.

142. Write a composition upon coal, using the following heads or subdivisions:
a. Its structure and origin.
b. ·where found.
c. How procured.
d. Its uses.
Write a composition upon each of th e following subjects, first making a list of the subdivisions or heads:
Water; plants; animals; rivers; railroads; steamboats ; schools ; the Chinese ; the negro ; volcanoes;

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143. Write a letter subscribing to some magazine,
and telling how much money you enclose and in what
form.
Write a note to a friend requesting an interview, stating clearly the time and place.
Write a note inviting a friend to dinner.
Write a note accepting an invitation to dinner.
Write a note to some one asking for a recommendation.
Write a note declining to accept an invitation to accompany a friend to a concert.
Write a letter to a friend telling him about some
places that you have visited, or about some books that
you have read, or about some acquaintances that you
have made, using one or more of the following contractions in the body or in the address of the letter:
P. S.,
P. 0.,
A. D.,
Prof.,
Lieut.,
B. C.,
Md.,
S. C.,
Ill.,
D. C.
Make a diagram of the envelope and write the address
thereon.
144. John strikes.
Name the verb.
Who is the actor?
What word is the subject of the verb?
To whom is the act done?
Add a word which will complete-the statellle~~·
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Exercises in .English.

Exermses in .English.

Verbs which require an object are called transitive
verbs.
The man walks.
Name the verb; the subject.
Is there an object to this verb?
Is the statement complete?
Can you add any word which you think is necessary
to complete the statement?
Verbs which do not require an object are called intransitive verbs.
In the foilowing sentences, tell which verbs are transitive and which are intransitive. Name the noun or the
pronoun which is the object of the verb:
They hate vice.
Susan reads her book.
H e goes to school.
They found money.
I love him.
John swims.
You smile at me.
Birds fly in the air.
Can you make a sled?
I regret your misfortune.
W e dance for joy.
\ Ve desire improvement.
You assisted them.
Th e boys annoy me.
We held the flag.
Lucy struck the table.
Children, obey your parents.
H e was th e man.
John is a happy boy.

145. 1. John found a dollar.
2. A dollar was found by John.
Name the verb in each of these sentences.
What is the subject in the first sentence?
What is the subject in the second sentence?
What is the object of the verb in the first sentence?
What is the object of the preposition in the second sentence?
What change takes place in the case of the subject and
object of the first sentence when used in the second sentence?
Which verb in the two sentences is transitive, and
which is intransitive?
Voice is that form of the transitive verb which shows
wh ether the subj ~ ct of the verb acts or is acted upon.
Th ere are two voices, the active voice and the passive voice.
The active voice is that form of the transitive verb
which shows that its subject represents the actor.
The passive voice is that form of th e transitive verb
which shows that its subject represents the person or
thing which is acted upon.
Use the following verbs in the active voice: strike,
love, offer, respect, possess, see, do, capture, send, limit.
Use them in the passive voice.
Are these verbs transitive or intransitive?
Use the verbs walk, sleep, come, rise, weep, go, smile.
swim, rejoice, in the active voice.
Can they be used in the passive voice?
Are these verbs transitive or intransitive?
Transitive verbs only have voice.
In what voice is the verb in each of the following sentences?He listened to what we said, but he did not refer to it.

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Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

The stranger stole the farmer's horse.
The genius of Scott is admitted by all literary men.
Interest for ten years has accumulated.
We shall support the measure.
The prisoner pleaded guilty.
I take my dinner at noon.
He fell on th e pavement.
He denied that he circulated the report.
In six days God made the world.
Thomas's fortune was made by industry.
My father admonished Jane.
I own this pen.
His good name was retained.
William calls Henry.
John befriended the deserted man.
The act was done by William.
The farmer ploughs the ground.
H e may spend his time in reading.
Change the verbs in the passive voice to the active
voice, and rewrite the sentence.
Change the verbs in the active voice to the passive
voice, and rewrite the sentence.
The passive voice is made by prefixing to its perfect
participle the various forms of the verb to be.

In which sentence is the act expressed as a supposition?
In which sentence is the act expressed as a possibility?
Examine the form of the verb in each-sentence.
Mood is a variation in the form of a verb to denote
the manner in which the assertion is made of the subject.
·
Finite verbs have four moods-the indicative mood,
the subjunctive mood, the potential mood and the
imperative mood.
The indicative mood states a fact or asks a question.
Write ten sentences containing verbs in the indicative
mood.
The potential mood expresses possibility, liberty, power,
will or obligation either directly or as a question.
Write ten sentences containing verbs in the potential
mood.
The subjuncti~e mood expresses a supposition.
Write ten sentences containing verbs in the subjunctive mood.
The imperative mood expresses a command. ·
Write ten sentences containing verbs in the imperative
mood.
In what mood is each verb in the following sentences?·"
The house was sold. ·
The law has been broken.
You should obey all just commands.
He would not stay.
If he study, he will improve.
Though he slay me, yet will I trust him.
May I go home?
You can hear me distinctly.
Boys must not be rude.

146. In the following sentences, examine the manner
in which the act of coming is expressed by the verb:
He comes to you to-morrow.
If he come to you to-morrow, will he stay?
I may come to-morrow.
Come to-morrow.
In which sentence is the act of coming expressed as a
certainty or a fact?
In which sentence is the act expressed as a command?

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If I should go, you would follow me.
Sing the songs I love best.
Play with me.
I might not be able to come.
Come with me.
You can try.
If at first you don't succeed,
Try, try again.

Honor thy father and mother.
The general ordered the city to be burned.
Ring out, wild bells!
I would go, if I were in your place.
In what voice is each transitive verb in these sentences?
14 7. In th e following sentences, nanie the verb and
tell wh at you think of the time of the action expressed
by the verb:
1. H e writes a letter.
2. H e wrote a letter.
3. H e will write a letter.
4. H e has written a letter this week.
5. H e had written the letter before you came.
6. H e will have written the letter before you come
to-morrow.
What is the time, or tense, of the verb in the first sentence ? in the second sentence? in the third sentence?
In th e fourth sentence, what is the time of the action
expressed by the verb? in the fifth sentence? in the
sixth?
How is th e time limited in each of these sentences?
The present perfect tense represents an act as corn-

Exercises in English.

109

pleted in a period of time of which the present moment
is a part.
Write ten sentences containing verbs in the present
perfect tense,
The past perfect tense represents an act as completed in past time.
. .
.
Write ten sentences contammg verbs m the past perfect tense.
The fut ure perfect tense represents an act as completed in future time.
Write ten sentences containing verbs in the future
perfect tense.
Write ten sentences containing verbs in the present
tense.
Change the· verb to the past tense, and read the sentence.
Change the verb to the future tense, and read the sentence.
Change the verb to the present perfect tense, and read.
the sentence.
Change the verb to the past perfect tense, and read the
sentence.
Change the verb to the future perfect tense, and read
the sentence.
In the following sentences, give the tense of each verb,
its mood, its voice, its subject, its number and its person:
A farmer ploughs the ground and sows the seed, and
gathers at harvest-time the fruit~ of his toil.
When the time comes, you will hear from me.
.
The time has arrived, and now let every man be at his
pool
··
.
When the messenger arrived, I had retired for the
night.
They will have been gone two years before I see them.
If I were you, I would not go.

111

Exercises in English.

Exe'rcises in Eriglish.

You should listen.
Children, obey your parents.
You may retire.
Give the voice, mood, tense, number and person · of
each verb in the stories on pages 75, 76 and 77.
Give the gender, number, person and case of each pronoun.

Use the passive voice of the same verb in all the tenses
of the indicative mood.
Use each of the four tenses ofthe potential mood with
the same pronouns, first in the active voice, then in the
passive voice.
Use each of the two tenses of the subjunctive mood in
the same manner.
Can you use the imperative mood with the same pronouns? With which one can it be used?

110

148. The tenses of the potential mood are known by
the forms of the auxiliary verb.
The indicative mood has six tenses, the potential
mood has four tenses, the subjunctive mood h as two .
tenses, and the imperative mood has one t ense.
Write a sentence containing a verb in the present tense
of the indicative mood.
Write sentences containing verbs in each of the remainillg tenses of the indicative mood.
\Vrite sentences containing verbs in each of the tenses
of th e potential mood.
Write sentences containing verbs in each of the tenses
of th e subjunctive mood.
Write a sentence containing a verb in the imperative
mood.
In the sentences you h ave written that contain transitive verbs change the verb to the passive voice, and rewrite the sentence.
Use the personal pronouns-singular and plural-of the
first, second and third person, as subjects of the verb love
in th e present tense of the indicative mood, active voice.
Write the same pronouns with the past tense or' the
same verb in the same mood and voice; in the future
tense; in the present perfect; in the past perfect; .in the
future perfect.
. 1

149. A sleeping dog should not be disturbed.
A dog, sleeping in the sun, was seen.
Dogs spend much time in sleeping.
Name the subjects and the .:Predicates in each of these
sentences.
What word in each of the three sentences denotes
action, like a verb?
Which one is used to describe a noun, like an adjective?
Which one is used in an adjective phrase?
Which one is used as a noun'?
A word which is derived from a verb, and which partakes of the nature of an adjective, is called a participle.
Make sentences containing the words, running, loving,
laboring, speaking, dreaming, creeping, fighting, used
before nouns, in the manner of an adjective.
Make sentences containing the same words, but used
aR a noun ' that IS the subject of a Verb, or as the object
of a verb or a preposition.
Make sentences containing the same words used to
express a fact not predicated of any subject.
In these sentences, what form is common to all the
participles?

112

,1

'

Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

From what verbs are each of the following participles
derived?Walking, resting, fighting, sleeping, loving, eating,
jumping, denying, studying.
Phrases which are introduced by a participle are called
participial phrases.
The frighten ed sailors hid themselves.
The sailors, frightened at the scene, hid themselves.
The swollen river rushed madly by.
The river, swollen by the rains, could not be forded.
The torn book could not be used.
The book, torn by many fingers, could not be used.
Name the subject and the predicate in each of these
sent ences.
Which words are participles?
What is the form of the participles in these sentences?
Name the participial phrases.
What do they modify?
Are th ey adj ective or adverbial?
Having written the letter, he came to me.
Having heard the news, he became careless.
H aving seen the President, h e returned to his home.
Name the subject and the predicate in each of these
sentences.
Which words are participles ?
What is the form of the participles in these sentences?
How many forms of participles are there?
The present participle ends in ing, and expresses a
present act.
The past or perfect participle commonly ends with ed
or t, and expresses a finished or completed act.
The compound perfect participle is formed by prefixing the present participle having before the perfect participle, and expresses a completed act before something
else mentioned.

In the following sentences, name the participles and
tell to which class of participles each belongs.
I saw a man laboring in the field.
The brook, rippling and murmuring, is full of music.
I saw the woman planting a flower.
I saw the flowers planted by the woman.
The oxen, frightened by the storm, rushed wildly on.
We heard of farms overflowed and cattle drowned.
We saw our lands devastated.
The sun having risen, we started on our journey.
He departed, vexed at his disappointment.
The robber fled, leaving his horse behind him.
Having heard the news, they were satisfied.
The girl, loved by her friends, loved them in return.
The boy admired by all was drowned.
H aving written the letter, he, worn out by his journey,
retired to his room.
Saul, enteri.ng into every house, made havoc of the
Church.
The dog, hearing the master's voice, ran to him.
A city set upon a hill cannot be hid.
The participles of transitive verbs are used in the passive form.
Present.

Perfect.

113

Compound perfect.

Active,
Loving,
loved,
having loved.
Passive, Being loved,
loved,
having been loved.
Use each of these forms in a sentence.
Which of these forms are alike in both voices?
Name the active and the passive participles derived
from the verb, strike, plant, write, save, injure, admire,
carry, lose, accuse, receive make.
How many different forms of participles for transitive
verbs?
How many different forms of participles for intransitive verbs?
8

114

115

Exercises in English.

E xercises in English.

160. A participle used before a noun and describing
like an adjective is called a participial adjective.
A participle used as a noun is called a participial
noun.
In th e following sentences, name the participial adj ectives, th e participial nouns and the participles:
Th e rippling of th e brook pleased me.
A rippling brook was before me.
The brook, rippling over its stony bed, sang its old
working-song.
A beloved sister and an honored father are all that are
left to me.
A sister bel oved by all was all that was left.
Satan exalted sat , by merit raised to that eminence.
Defeated at every turn, h emmed in on all sides, the
beleaguered army surrendered.
In running h e became proficient.
Writing letters is easier than writing compositions.
Write ten sentences to illustrate each of the forms of
th e participles, active and passive.
Write ten sentences containing participles used as
adj ectives.
Write ten sentences containing participles used as
nouns in the objective case.
Use a participial noun in the nominative case.
How is the passive voice made ? (p. 106.)
In the following sentences,
Th e earth is warmed,
Th e pitcher was broken,
She h as been taught,
H e will h ave been warned,
I was pleased to h ear from him,
He was appointed by the President,
What is the subject? the verb? the voice of the ve:b?
Name the perfect participle.

Name th e partfoipial phrases in the following sentences :
Waving the fl ag, the captain led his men in th e charge.
A man, bent with age, was seen at the door.
H avino-b tak en a last look at their homes, they sailed
westward.
Write ten sentences containing participial phrases.

15 1. Name the subject and the verb in each of the
following sentences:
He was quarrelling.
She h as been t eaching.
I am studying.
We are going home.
They will be coming.
Birds are flying.
How does the verb in th ese sentences differ from the
verbs in the previous sentences ? What forn. 0f parti.
ciple is used?
Th e progressive form of a verb is made by prefixing to
its present p articiple the various parts of the verb to be.
In the following sentences, tell which verbs are used
in the passive voice and which verbs are used in the
progressive form:
The trees were shaken by the wind.
The trees were shaking in the wind.
I was afraid that he was quarrelling.
We have been told the news.
I have been telling them all.
H e h as been attending to his business.
The business h as been attended to.
We are leaving in h aste.
John has been h elping his brother James.
James has been h elped by his brother John.
She was entertained by music.

116

E xerr:ises in Englisli.

I have not been entertaining strangers.
W e are coming.
Spring is coming.
Have you been told who is coming?
John is writing a letter.
A letter was written by John.
Th e boy is keeping his secret.
Th e secret was kept by the boy.
The child which was lost has been found.
I h ave been dreaming of wars.
The house was burned.
You h ave been throwing stones.
Th e money was given to me.
H ave you been running?
Write ten sentences each containing a verb in the passive voice.
\Vrite ten sentences each containing a verb in the progressive form .

152. I do know. H e does know.

I did know.
I h ave known. I had known. He has known.
I sh all know. I will know. I may know.
I can know. I must know. I might know.
I could know. I would know. I should know.
In each of th ese expressions, name the subject; name
th e verb. How do th e verbs differ from each other?
Wh at word is prefi xed in each expression?
Which verbs are in the indicative mood?
Whi ch verbs are in th e potential mood?
What words are used in forming the verbs of the
potential mood ?
Which verbs in the indicative mood are in th e present
tense? in the past tense? in the present perfect tense?
in th e pn,st perfect tense? in the future tense? in the
future perfect tense ?

Exerr:ises in English.

117

What words are used in forming the different tenses of
th e indicative mood?
Words which h elp to form the different moods and
tenses of verbs are called auxiliary verbs.
The auxiliaries do and did make the emphatic form of
the verb.

153. John loves to play.
Mary began to sing.
In these sentences name the subject; the verb.
What is a verb ?
Are the words play and sing verbs by this definition?
Nam e the subject of each of these verbs.
Verbs which are not limited by either person or numb er are said to be in the infinitive mood.
To is the sign of the infinitive mood.
The infinitive mood has two tenses-the present and
the present perfect.
Write ten verbs in the infinitive mood, present tense.
Write ten verbs in the infinitive mood, perfect tense.
Use each of th ese verbs in a sentence.
In each of the following sentences, name the verb. In
what mood is it?I saw him strike his friend.
His father told him to go.
Mary h eard the boy scream.
The builder will make his m en finish the work in time.
Let me go.
Which verbs are in the infinitive mood?
Which have the sign of this mood omitted?
To, the sign of the infinitive m ood, is omitted after th e
active voice of the verbs bid, dare, need, make, see, hear,
feel, let, and some others.
Use each of these verbs in a sentence after the active
voice of a verb.

,,,,

11 8
:'I

119

E xercises in English.

Exercises in English.

Use each of these verbs in a sentence after the passive
voice of the same verb.
A phrase introduced by an infinitive is called an infinitive phrase.
In th e following sentences, name the infinitive phrase:
H e is known to have assisted the poor.
His father was anxious to hear the news.
A messenger was sent to announce his coming.
Write ten sentences containing infinitive phrases.

155. Give the past tense and the perfect participle
of the verbs, "love, learn, pull, admire, blame, separate, join,

154. Webster the statesman is dead.
John th e Baptist was beheaded.
Do you know Johnson the bookseller?
We th e people do ordain this Constitution.
In each of th ese sentences, name the subject; name
the verb. If the verbs are transitive, name the object.
\Vhat word in each sentence represents the same thing
as anoth er weird in the same sentence ?
You yourself are to blame.
I , I am th e man who told you.
Cisterns, broken cisterns, that can hold no water.
In each of these sentences, name the subject; name
the verb .
What word in each sentence represents the same thing
as anoth er word in the same sentence ?
A noun or pronoun added to another, either to explain
or to emphasize, is said to be in apposition.
Write ten expressions which contain words in apposition.
Use th ese expressions in sentences.
Give the case of all the nouns and pronouns used.

fear, attend.

What letters are added?
Give the past tense and the perfect participle of the
verbs, go, do, teach, write, lay, lie, brr;ak, think.
A verb which does not form its past tense and its perfect participle by the addition of d or ed to the present
form is called an irregular verb.
All other verbs are called regular.
Make a list of irregular verbs, and use the past tense
and perfect participle of each one in a sentence.
Write five sentences containing regular verbs, and tell
how the past tense and the perfect participle of each one
is formed.

156. Write twenty simple sentences, each of them
containing two of the following words: villain, furlough,
bilious, lettuce, shepherd, rheumatism, separate, business,
deceitful, ceremony, garrison, militia, Wednesday, February, suicide, chagrin, pigeon, cemetery, scheme, contemptible, auxiliary, requisite, preferable, comparative, predicate, antecedent, interrogative, anthracite, juicy, rhinoceros, hemorrhage, picturesque, poignant, chyme, chyle,
receivable, finances, petroleum, Great Britain, numskull.
Write twenty complex sentences, each of them containing three of the following words : susceptible, fascination,
succor, alpaca, parasite, h einous, college, membrane, es- ·
sential, nauseate, sanguine, hygiene, massacre, campaign,
larynx, oxygen, coalesce, characteristics, specie, neutrality, prairie, precious, banana, codicil, eligible, auxiliary,
intercede, supersede, alacrity, armistice, analyze, tranquillize, mercenary, promissory, scarcity, muscle, siege,
celery, cession, session, indict, alien, Christian, succumb,

I

120

121

Exercises in Eriglisli.

Exercises in English.

mucus, schedule, querulous, prophetic, linguist, medallion, gingham, pecuniary, descendant, adjacent, vegetation, receivable, bouquet, fugitive, repetition, abstinence.

pronouns and verbs ; give the degree of comparison of
the adjectives and adverbs; and name the subject, the
predicate and all the modifiers of each :

157. Use each word in the following list in a number of separate sentences, using it in each sentence as
a different part of speech : patient, race, mail, pen, well,
swallow, letter, last, mine, watch, page, pine, hide, arm,
sole, fare, post, lean, down, mean, season, light, bank.

He that filches from me my good name
Robs me of that which ne'er enriches him
And makes me poor indeed.
He professed great love for him.
Art is long and time is fleeting.
A soldier of the legion lay dying in Algiers.

158. Change the following nouns to adjectives by
adding a syllable: wood, grass, mercy, gold, silver, fear,
flax, cloud, tear, wax, water, fire, truth, stealth, worth.

Princes and lords may flourish for a while.

159. · Make lists of words beginning with the prefixes
contra, extra, mis, per, pro, pre, sub, ad, con, mis, un.

Night had anchored the moon
Not a moment too soon
Under the lee of the sky;
For the north wind blew,
And the rain fell too,
And the river of Dee ran high.

160. Give the meanings of the following words, and
use each word in a sentence: inscribe, describe, proscribe,
prescribe; admit, commit, remit, submit; repel, expei,
compel, propel; acclaim, declaim, reclaim, proclaim; inform, reform, perform, deform; fortify, glorify, horrify,
terrify; invoke, provoke, convoke, revoke; persist, consist, resist, insist; compose, depose, suppose, repose; invert, convert, divert, revert,· contract retract distract
'
'
'
protract.
161. In the following sentences, name the different
parts of speech; give all the attributes of the nouns,

162, The subject of the verb is in the nominative
case.

Which of th e words in th e following sentences are in
the nominative case?
He struck me with a whip.
We are glad to see you.
We can make our lives sublime.
She heard the news.
The lightning fl ashed an<l th e thunder rolled.
\ Vrite ten sentences to illustrate the rule.

122

Exercises in English.

163. The object of a transitive verb is in the
objective case.
Which of the words in the following sentences are in
the objective case?
I heard a loud noise.
Th e boy broke the window.
Wolfe captured Quebec.
Crusoe took the man to his home.
Write ten sentences to illustrate the rule.

i•

164. The object ofa preposition is in the objective
case.
Which of the words in the following sentences are in
the objective case?
Th e teacher spoke to me, and I replied to her.
Did you speak to them ?
Th e kitten sleeps upon the hearth.
The horse is in the stable.
Write ten sentences to illustrate the rule.
The prepositions are frequently omitted after verbs of
giving or procuring, after adjectives of likeness or nearn ess, and before nouns denoting time, place, price or
measure.
·
Name the omitted prepositions in each of the following
sentences:
Give me some money.
Get me an apple.
H e is like his father.
He lives near me.
The house was surrounded by a wall three feet thick.
The boy ran :i, mile.
H e will come next week.
. :Vrite se.ntences containing words governed by prepo-·
iut10ns omitted.

Exercises in English.

. . 123

165. Name the words in the possessive case in the
following sentences :
Children's shoes and men's boots are for sale.
Whittier's poems are appreciated.
Is this your book?
He lost his umbrella.
He did not heed his mother's advice.
He found the sparrow's nest.
Did you see the spider's web ?
Write ten sentences containing words in the possessive
case.
166. A pronoun agrees with the noun for which
it stands in gender, number and person.
What is the gender, the number and the person of the
pronoun in the following sentences?
Mary has learned her lesson.
John has lost his top.
The boys have forgotten their books.
Every tree is known by its fruit.
A wise father will reprove his son when he deserves it.
Th e men worked faithfully, but they knew that their
efforts were useless.
Write ten sentences to illustrate the rule.
167. A verb agrees with its subject in number
and person.
What is the number and the person of the verb in the
following sentences? .
I am innocent.
You are in fault.
vV e are Americans .
He is a Chri_stian.
They are in danger.
We live in peace.

Exercises in English.

Exercises in Englisli.

Write ten sentences to illustrate the rule.
Name the verbs in each sentence; name the subject
of each. Change th e person of each pronoun and write
the sentence. Change the number of each pronoun and
write th e sentence. Use a noun in each sentence in
th e place of the prono un and write th e sentence. Change
th e tense of each verb. Add a phrase modifier to each
verb.
In each o( the following sentences, fill the blanks with
verbs, and tell whether the assertion of the verb is made
of one thing or of more than one thing:
The boy
playing.
Boys
playing.
Anna
written a letter.
:Mary and Anna
written letters.
Neither Mary nor Anna
written a letter.
seen.
An Indian and two soldiers
Not an Indian n or a soldier
seen.
A bird
rapidly.
Birds
rapidly.
Three months' interest
paid.
The house, with its contents,
burned.
Neither one
innocent.
Each man
entitled to honor.
When
you born ?
When each of the letters
been learned.
The council _ _ _ divided.
The committee
to-morrow.
Th e army
defeated.
Fill the blanks in the following sentences with suitable
subj ects:
_ __ and _ _ _ have been sent away.
_ _ _ and
are useful anim als.
Neither a _ _ _ nor a ____ was seen.

_ __ and
are metals.
The
was disbanded.
The
are disbanded.
The
was destroyed by the storm.
Make five sentences each containing two singular subjects connected by and.
Make five sentences each containing two plural subjects connected by and.
Make five sentences each containing two singular subjects connected by or or nor.
Make five sentences each containing two plural subjects connected by or or nor.
Write five sentences each containing a singular and a
plural subject connected by or or nor.
Write five eentences containing a collective noun expressing a singular idea as the subject.
· Write five sentences containing a collective noun expressing a plural idea as the subject.
Write five sentences containing singular nouns connected by and, but referring to one thing as the subject.
Write five sentences each containing several singular
subjects connected by and and modified by each, every
no, not, either or neither.

124

125

168. Conjunctions connect the words and senConjunctions
t ences between which they stand.
connect the same cases of nouns and pronouns a nd
the same moods and tenses of verbs.
Examples:He scream ed and acted like a madman.
Not a leaf nor a flower was seen.
The girl is singing, and h er brother is playing.
I met the farmer and his brother.

126

Exercises in .English.

Exercises in .English.

Will you go with him and me?
You and I are not mistaken.
Name the mood and tense of each verb. Give th e case
of the pronouns connected.
Write ten sentences to illustrate the first rule.
Write ten sentences to illustrate the second rule.

William the Conqueror defeated the Saxons.
You have deceived him your protector.
The Franks, a Gernian tribe, invaded France.
Have you ever heard of Daniel Boone, the pioneer of
K entucky?
Washington, th e first President of the United States,
died in 1799.
Write ten sentences to illustrate the rule.

169. Write ten sentences to illustrate each of the following rules :
Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
Participles modify nouns and pronouns.
Participles from transitive verbs govern the objective case.

170. Th e infiniti ve mood is governed by th e verb,
adj ective or noun on which it depends.
Examples:It is difficult to understand the mysteries of life.
Charles loves to do good.
They are willing to stop.
It is nut necessary to urge him.
They have a desire to go.
It is a disgrace to be cowardly.
·write ten sentences to illustrate each point named in
the rul e.
Name th e verbs in the infinitive mood.
171. A noun or pronoun in apposition with another
noun or pronoun agrees with it in case.
Whi ch nouns in th e following sentences are used in
apposition with other nouns?

127

172. Mary, have you written your lessons?
John, will you help me?
Mary, write your lessons.
John, help me.
In these sentences, name the verb; its subject; its
object; the modifiers of the object.
What words in each sentence do not have any grammatical connection with th e rest of the sentence?
In what person is each of these words?
A noun or a pronoun addressed, or so used that its case
is not dependent upon any other word in the sentence, is
said to be in the nominative case independent.
Name the words in the following sentences that are in
the nominative case independent:
Poor beast, I pity thee l
Gentlemen, listen to my appeal.
Fellow-citizens, I appeal to you.
Girls, come into the house.
John, you must improve your time.
Mary, do try to succeed to-day!
Alas, poor Yorick ! I knew him well.
He that hath, to him shall be given.
Notice the punctuation.
Give five examples of words used in the nominative
case independent.

128

'

.1
r.

ExerrJises in English.

Exercwes in English.

173. Bonaparte being conquered, the king returned
to Paris.
Spring returning, we left the island.
Mary having departed, we returned.
She, distrusting you, told me the secret.
In these sentences, name the participles; the verbs;
the subj ects of the verbs; the modifiers of the subject
and of the predicate.
What words in each sentence do not have any grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence?
Before what part of speech is c::ach of these words
placed?
A noun or a pronoun put before a participle, and having no dependence upon the rest of the sentence, is said
to be in the nominative case absolute.
Name the words in the following sentences that are in
the nominative case absolute:
Th e rule being observed, order was re8tored.
Austria being conquered, the Prussian army returned
The sun having risen , we commenced our journey.
Shame being lost, all virtue was lost.
Th e war being over, the people returned to their homes.
Notice the punctuation.
Give five sentences each containing a word used in the
nominative case absolute.

On some fond breast the parting soul relies,
Some pious drops the closing eye requires;
E 'en from the tomb the voice of nature cries,
E'en .in our ashes live their wonted fires.

17 4. Arrange each of the following extracts in prose
order:
On a mountain, stretched beneath a hoary willow,
Lay a shepherd swain, and viewed the rolling billow.
Beside the bed where parting life was laid
The reverend champion stood.

129

F ar from the madding crowd's ignoble strife
Th eir sober wishes n ever learned to stray;
Along the cool sequ estered vale of life
They kept the noiseless tenor .of their way.
By the old high-road I find
(The weeds their story tell),
With fallen curb and filled with stones,
A long-forgotten well.
To heaven the sage upraised his wand:
Back rolled the deluge from the land ;
Back to its caverns sank the gale;
Fled from th e noon the vapors pale;
Broad burned again the joyous sun:
The hour of wrath and death was done •
Idle, after dinner, in his chair,
Sat a farmer, ruddy, fat and fair.

175. Syllabus.
A word formed by adding self or selves to a personal
pronoun is called a compound personal pronoun.
A word which connects in the manner of a conjunction and which also relates to an antecedent 'vord, is ·
'
.
.
called a relative pronoun.
The singular and plural forms of the relative are the
same.
What and that have no variation of form.
9

131

E xercises in English.

Exercises in English.

A relative pronoun joined with ever or soever is called
a compound relative pronoun.
The relative pronouns who, which,and what, when used
in asking questions, are called interrogative relative
pronouns.
A word that may be used as an adjective or as a pronoun is called an adjective pronoun or a pronominal
adjective.
Sentences are declarative, interrogative or imperative with respect to their use.
In a sentence, an expression which contains a subject
and a predicate is called a clause.
Sentences, with respect to their form, are simple, complex or compound.
Verbs are transitive or intransitive, regular or irregular, or auxiliary.
Voice is that form of the transitive verb which shows
wheth er the subject of the verb acts or is acted upon.
There are two voices-the active voice and the passive voice.
Transitive verbs only have voice-.
Mood is a variation in the form of a verb to denote
the manner in which the assertion is made of the subject.
Finite verbs h ave four moods-the indicative mood,
th e subjunctive mood, the potential mood and the
imperative mood.
The indicative and subjunctive moods have six tenses
-the present tense, the past tense, the future tense,
the present perfect tense, the past perfect tense and
th e future perfect tense.
A participle is a word derived from a verb, and which
partakes of the nature of either a verb, an adjective or a
noun.
Th ere are three classes of participles-the present par-

ticiple, the past or perfect participle and the compound perfect participle.
Verbs have a progressive form and an emphatic
form.
Verbs which are not limited by either person or number are said to be in the infinitive mood.
A noun or a pronoun added to another noun or pronoun, eith er to explain or to emphasize, is said to be
in apposition.
Modifiers are either single words, phrases or clauses.
Phrases are either adjective or adverbial.
Clauses are either adjective, adverbial or substantive.

130

Exercises in English.

133

177. Read the following poems, and express the
thought or narrative in prose form :
Author.

PART IV.
176. Read the following stories, and reproduce them
in your own language:
Author.

Th e Boston Tea-Party ....... George Bancroft.
Little J erry the Miller ....... John G. Saxe.
The First. Voyage of Columbus . ........... . . .. . .. .. C. C. Coffin.
Captain John Smith . ·. ·. .' . .' . ; John Esten Cooke.
Th e Captives ........ .... ... C. C. Coffin.
Washington in the Wilderness ..................... John E sten Cooke.
Rip Van Winkle . . .......... Washington Irving.
Th e Betrothal of Evangeline .. H. W. Longfellow.
Abraham Davenport ... .. ... John G. Whittier.
Th e Deacon's :Masterpiece .... Oliver Vv. Holmes.
Giant Despair .............. John Bunyan.
The Wreck ................ . David Copperfield (Dickens).
Overboard ................. William Black.
Little Lord Fauntleroy, Chapters IX., XV ...... ....... Frances H. Burnett.
132

Marco Bo:r;zaris ............... . . Halleck.
Waterloo ...................... Byron.
Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers .. Mrs. H emans.
Lochinvar ..................... Marmion (Sir Walter
Scott).
·
The Fox at the Point of Death .. . Gay.
Midsummer ... . ............... Trowbridge.
The Builders ...... .... : ... . .. Longfellow.
The Old Continentals ........... G. H. McMaster.
The Combat, Canto V .. . ..... : .. Lady of the Lake (Sir
.
Walter Scott).
The Vagabonds ...... , ......... J. T. Trowbridge.
Nauhaught, the Deacon ....... . . Whittier.
The Pipes at Lucknow. , ........ Whittier.
Paul ReYere's Ride ............. Longfellow.

178. Read the following selections, and give the
thought or description in your own words:
Author.

In School-Days ........ .. . ........ Whittier.
A Man Overboard ....... .......... Victor Hugo.
Execution of Marie Antoinette .... . Carly le.
The Revolutionary Alarm .......... Bancroft.
The Corn Song ................... Whittier.
The Village Preacher ............ .. Goldsmith.
Elegy in a Country Churchyard .... Gray.
Studies .. .. . . .......•....... ... .. Francis Bacon.
A Back-Log Study .. .. ............ C. D. Warner.
The Alhambra by Moonlight . . .. ... Irving.
Bingen on the Rhine ... . . .... ...... Mrs. Norton.

134

Exer<:ises in English.

Exercises in En,glish.
Author.

The Glove and the Lions ........... Leigh Hunt.
Solomon and the Bees ... . .. .. ..... J. G. Saxe.
Winter Beauty .................... Gail Hamilton.

179. Write such a description of each of the-following objects as would enable a person who had never seen
the object to comprehend it:
A table, a chair, a trunk.
A stool, a bench, a plough.
A lounge, a book, a piano.
A flute, a gun, a pen.
A cart, a wheelbarrow.
A boat, a slate, a lead-pencil.
A window, a goblet, a bottle.
An umbrella, a hat, a skate.

180. Show by a written description the points of
resemblance and difference between each of the following pairs of objects:
A cup and a saucer.
A goblet and a tumbler.
A bucket and a tub.
A tea-kettle and a coffee-pot.
A dog and a cat.
A mouse and a rat.
A horse and a cow.
A sheep and a goat.
An apple and a pear.
A strawberry and a raspberry.
A cherry and a grape.
A crow and a pigeon.
A rose and a lily.

135

A tree and a shrub.
A duck and a goose.
A tulip and a fuchsia.
A tomato and a canteloupe.
A base-ball and a marble.

181. In writing about .a subject, we should consider
it from several points of view, and write about each
point in succession. For instance, in writing a composition about" Snow," vye should think first of its formation; then of snow falling; then of fallen snow;. then of
its uses, its dangers; then of its attendant pleasures, etc.
Each of these divisions may be subdivided. In every
composition, a methodical arrangement of this kind is
essentially necessary.
Show how you would treat each of the following subjects by making the necessary divisions and subdivisions:
Coal; Paper; Railroads; Canals; The Government of
a State; The Productions of a State; Cotton; Books ;
Wool ; Fruits ; Metals ; I.nsects ; Domestic Animals ;
Wild Animals; Agriculture; Furs ; History of a Pair
of Boots.
182. Write compositions upon each of the following
subjects. Write out first the divisions and subdivisions
of the subject, and then expand into paragraphs:
Dwelling-Houses; Exercise; Money; Fresh Air; Kindness to Animals; Fire; Trades; Cleanliness; Trees; Manners; Parks; The Chinese; The Post-Office; An Agricultural Fair; The Custom-House; The Township Government; A Day's Fishing; A School-Picnic; The Mint;
Leather; Molasses; Pins; An Election; Tramps; Games i

136

Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

Almanacs; Grass; The Moon; Saturday; Arbor Day;
Decoration Day; Thanksgiving Day ; Slang; Standard
Time; "I can't;" "I forgot;" "If;" "I don't care."

2.. Albany is the capital of New York. It stand.s on
the bank of the Hudson River. It is about one hundred
miles from its mouth.
.
3. Mr. Bumble rushed· into the room. He was gr,(latly
excited. He addresed the chairman. He said, " Mr .. President, I beg your pardon, sir! Oliver-Twist has. asked for
more."
4. The room was only tw:enty feet square. The windows were small and obstructed. It was the middle . of
summer. The number of prisoners was one hundred and
forty-six. ·
5. The doctor was reading some manuscript. The doctor had a pleasant smile on his face. .The doctor w:as
seated in an easy-chair.
6. He was at London.. He was in the company's
office. He was secretary. He . spent two years thus.
H e was sent up the river. He was to take charge of a
station. The station was on the Ganges.
7. Columbus set sail the next morning. The day was
Friday. It was the 3d of August. It was the year 1492.
A vast crowd of people had assembled.
8. A company of merchants took possession of the
place. This was two years before. They form ed a settlem ent there. They intended to trade with the natives.
9. He obtained the servi'ces of two guides. These
guides were experienced men. H e began his march to
the fort. He took with him all his available force.
10. It was a magnificent palace. A cottage. stood
n ear the entrance. The cottage was old and in ruins.
A weaver lived in it. He was poor. He was conte11ted.

183. Write the following business communiCRtions:
A ten-word telegraphic message containing two or more
statements :
A statement of a customer's account, with a request to
call and pay the amount.
A circular advertising your business.
An order for goods.
A circular announcing the removal of your store to
another locality.
An adverti sement announcing the arrival of a new
stock of goods.
A promissory note.
A ch eck payable to the order of some named person.
An advertisement for a position as a clerk.
A business-card for a merchant just commencing busin ess.
A letter acknowledging the receipt of money.
An order in favor of your collector or clerkon a custom er for the amount due you on account.
A bill of sale transferring store-fixtures.
An advertisement for a house you have to rent.

184. Combine each of the following statements into
a simple sentence:
1. Th e adventurers returned to France the next year.
They carried off one of the kings with them. This gave
great grief to his subjects.

137

185. Combine each of the following statements into a
compound sentence:
1. The sailors were unable to remain on the deck.

138

Exercises

m Engli.sk

They climbed into the rigging. They S,!!.W :p.p wlJ.Y of
escape. They gave themselves up for lost.
2. He passed through many trials. He assumed maoy
disguises. He wandered about in great peril for fwty
days. He escaped in a sloop from Mobile. Mobile is in
Alabama. He arrived in a few days at Savam;iah. Slj.vannah is in Georgia.
3. Two Englishmen traded there for a number of
years. Their names were Elliot and Thorne. They
were under the protection of the king. They obtained
many valuable furs. They got them from the Indians.
4. One day a violent storm arose. It ca..m e up sudd enly. It drove the men from their work. Their ladder
was fastened to the cliff. They had to leave it there.
5. They saw their leader fall. They thought pim killed.
They gave up the contest at once. This was in accordance
with the practice of their ancestors.

186. Combine each of the following statements into
a complex sentence:
1. A bold expedient occurred to him. A good many
people would have hesitated to attempt it. He carried it
through successfully.
•
2. The long quarrel soon commenced. It distracted
India. It was afterward renewed in England. The
most eminent statesmen and orators took part in it.
They were on one side or the other.
3. His reputation is blemished by great crimes. It is
impossible to deny this. Still, he had rendered great
public service. In justice to him this should be borne
in mind.
4. H e ordered him to be seized and disarmed. He
then conduc:ted hi.In to Gesslei:. Gess.ler ques.t ioned him.

I
I

· Exercises in English.

139

He answ~red him very haughtily. (iessler was, in consequence, surprised and angry.
5. A poor woman heard of his great humapity. She
wrote him a letter. In it she urged him to send her
something for her son. Her son was ill. He was unable to work.

187. Combine each of the following statements into
a c~mpound sentence whose members shall be complex:
1. There was a beautiful youth. His name was Narcissus. One day he was hunting in the forest. He lost
sight of his companions. He was looking for them. He
chanced to see the fountain. It was :fl.ashing in the sunlight.
2. We were all strangers to one another. There was
no one to i.n troduce us. Consequently, an awkward silence followed. We looked out of the windows. We
hoped every moment for his arrival.

188. Break up each of the following para,gr.aphs into
a series of short simple sentences:
1. Before the epitaph Mr. Gray originally inserted a
beautiful stanza which was printed in some of the first
editions, but which he afterward omitted because he
thought that it was too long a parenthesis in this place.
2. My mile walk under the great chestnut trees that
morning was unusually silent, for I was preparing my
argument, and especially I was dwelling upon what I
should say and how I should look if they would really
turn on me.
3. 'Tis weary watching wave by wa,ve,
And yet the tide heaves onward;

'140

Exeraises in Englisli.

Exermses in Englisli. ·.

· We climb, like corals, grave by grave,
But pave a path that's sun ward;
We're beaten back in many a fray,
But never strength we borrow,
And where the vanguard camps to-day
The rear shall rest to-morrow.

He would not go to the city when I wished him to go
Th~ committee, who are responsible for the failure, de~ .
serve to be censured.
I ~vili come when you send for me.
It was a difficult task, but he determined to do it.
He offered to divide the money which he received for
the service equally among them.

141

189. Contract the following sentences to simple ones:
Have you heard how the dispute ended?
I know no other way in which it can be done.
You asked me a question, but I did not hear you.
It is probable that he has departed.
H e is sick, and, consequently, unable to attend to it.
We had to adjourn because there was not a quorum
present.
·
I have heard the news which h e brought to the village.
After we had disputed a long while, I agreed to do the
work.
When he perceived this, he ordered the dragoons to
advance.
Those who lived near the stream became alarmed, and
fl ed to the hills for safety.
Th e fear that they might escape while he was absent
. made him uneasy.

190. In the following exercises change the comp.o und
·sentences to complex, and the complex to compound
sentences:
He had been absent from home, and therefore knew
'nothing about it.
You must do it, or I'll punish you.
I wrote to him, but1b~ has nPt·replied.
H e was sick, but l)j);tried .to finish it.

191. In the following extracts, arrange the words in
as many ways as possible without changing the sense:
The daisy, by the shadow that it casts,
Protects the lingering dewdrop from the sun.
Not always shall the slave uplift
His heavy hands to heaven in vain.
The good man sat bei:;ide his door
One sultry afternoon.
From peak to peak, the rattling crags
Among, leaps the live thunder.
All day for us the smith shall stand
Beside the flashing. forge.
Whosoever speaketh of another's failings with pleasure
shall hear of his own with shame.
'
The tissues of the life to be
We weave with colors all our own.
we are builders, and each one
Should cut and carve as best he may.
Every life is but a stone: ·
Every man should hew his own.

143

Exercises in English.

E xermses in English.

It is the greatest courage to be able to bear the imputation of the want of c01.~rage.

The tree has stood in that place for more than a hundred years.
.
He spoke with contempt of the policy of the President.
In what place and at w_hat time shall I meet you?
.
The various tribes were successively subjugated by the im.
perial armies.
As we went out of the room they came into it.
The queen was reluctantly compelled to order his execution.
.
If that does not suffice to induce him to surrender it, I
shall have recourse to sterner m easures.
Eventually he succeeded in liberating him from bondage.
Amidst all these vicisl'itudes he remained constant to his
original purpose.
They found it after a long search.
He behaved like a gentleman.
He has applied for admission;
I have not the pleasure of his acquaintance.
It is not my intention to do so.
It caused him great annoyance.
He received due notice of his appointment.

142

Habit is a cable. We weave a thread of it each day,
and it becomes so strong we cannot break it.

192. Arrange in the natural prose order:
They sat them down upon the yellow sand,
Between the sun and moon, upon the shore,
And sweet it was to dream of fatherland,
And child, and wife, and slave; but evermore
Most wearied seemed the sea, weary the bar,
Weary the wandering fields of barren foam.
Howe'er it be, it seems to me
'Tis only noble to be good;
Kind hearts are more than coronets,
And simple faith than Norman blood.
There are defeats that mar the plans we cherish
That may be trimphs in the years to come,
And battle-scars that we shall wear as trophies
Of victories won when we have wandered home.
Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever;
Do noble things, not dream them, all day long;
And so make life, death and that vast for ever
One grand, sweet song.

193. Substitute words or phrases of equivalent meaning for those italicised:
He studied with energy, and made a more than human
effort to enter college.

194. Substitute other words in the following extract
for those printed in italics:
About two hours before midnight, Columbus, standing
on the forecastle, observed a light at a distance; and pointed
it out to two of his people. All three saw it in motion, as
if it were carried from place to place. A little after midnight the joyful sound of "Land! Land!" was heard from
the Pinta. But, having been so often deceived by fallacious
appearances, they were now become slow of belief, and waited
in all the anguish of impatience for the return of day.

144

Exercises in English.

Exercises in Engli.!li.

195. Change the following from the direct to the indirect form of narration :
"Child, will 'you tell me how to help it?" said. the
mother, taking hold of h er daughter's hand. " I do n ot
give myself th ese dreams, and yet they come. How can
I h elp these things, I ask?"

any of the girls that were sitting near her, and she replied
that she had not shown it to any one, at any time.

145

197. Figures of Speech.

"Well,'' said the peasant, with a scornful laugh, "the
wood was mine. I had a right to ask just what I pleased
for it, and no one has a right to call my conduct in question."

In the following extracts, what comparisons are made?
How is the comparison introduced? Are the objects compared similar?
Simile is a formal comparison or likening of
things that are in most respects dissimilar.
Rewrite the extract, expressing in plain language the
idea contained in the simile.
A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures
of silver.

"What are you doing h ere?" said the officer, sternly,
to the soldier. "Why are you not in your place with the
rest? Did you not hear the orders given this morning?"

Sweet are the uses of adversity,
Which, like the toad ugly and venomous,
Wears yet a precious jewel in his l:i.ead.

"I h ave no doubt you think so, John," said Mr. Jones ;
"but if you had been away from your own country as
long as I have, you would love everything that reminded
you of home and country."

196. Change th e following from the indirect to the
direct form of n arrative:
H e implored them by all they h eld most dear, by all
the ties that bound them to their country, not to rej ect
the bill they were then considering.
They told him th ey h ad complied with his directions,
and they wanted him to fulfil the promise which h e had
made to them previously. The tailor told them to wait
till h e went out and bought a piece of cloth; when h e
returned, they would hear what he expected them to do.
H e told them he had an appointment that evening, and
would, therefore, be unable to attend.
The teacher asked her if she had shown her work to

I have ventured
Like little wanton boys that swim on bladders
This many summers in a sea of glory.
The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold.
White as the snow were his locks, and his cheeks as
brown as the oak-leaves.
His memory is like wax to receive impressions, and
like marble to retain them.
The gloom hung like a cloud over the people.
He shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water.
And when she had passed, it was like the ceasing of
exquisite music.
Like an awakened conscience, the sea was tossing and
moaning.
Man, like the generous vine, supported, lives.
10

146

Exe:r~es

in English.

Thou shalt be as the chaff which the wind driveth
away.
H e is as swift as the wind and as firm as a rock.
And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea.
But pleasures are like poppies spread;
You seize the flower: the bloom is shed;
Or like the snowflake on the river,
A moment white, then gone for ever.
Give other examples of simile.

ExerciSes in Englisli.

147

Thy word is a lamp to my feet.
My life is a wreck.
Love is the ladder on which we climb
To a likeness with God.
Love is a sudden blaze which soon decays.
Knowledge is the wing wherewith we fly to heaven.
Hale and h earty he was,
An oak that is covered with snowflakes.
The familiar lines
Are footpaths for the thoughts of Italy.

198. In the following extracts, what resemblances are
m ade? I s there any term of comparison used? Are
the objects similar in one point or in all? How would
you turn the expression into a simile'!
A metaphor is a figure founded upon the resemblance which one object bears to another in some
of its attributes or actions.
It differs from the simile in the fact that the term of
comparison is omitted.
Rewrite th e extract, expressing in plain language the
idea contained in the metaphor.
H e is the pillar of the state.
Man! thou pendulum betwixt a. smile and tear I
An angler in the tides of fame.
All flesh is grass.
All the world's a stage.
In peace thou art the gale of spring; in war, the mountain-storm.
The Lord is my Shepherd.
One burnished sheet of living gold,
Loch Katrine lay beneath him rolled.

Judah is a lion's whelp.
Give other examples of metaphor.

199. In the following extracts, point out the peculiarity of expression. Is the expression true? What substitution has taken place? What change of name?
Metonymy is a figure in which the name of ons
object is put for the name of some other object
with which it is so closely conl].ected that the
mention of one suggests the other.
The kettle boils.
The drunkard loves his bottle.
He writes a beautiful hand.
Man shall live by the sweat of his brow.
The dish is well cooked.
I am reading Milton.
The pen is mightier than the sword.
Gray hairs should be respected.
They have Moses and the prophets.
He keeps a good table. ·

149

Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

They smote the city.
The hedges are white with May.
He succeeded to the throne.
To-day, bayonets think.
God is our salvation.
The sceptre shall not depart from Judah.
Hear, 0 Israel !
He drank a bottle of wine.
You will address the Chair.
Change each of the expressions given to plain language, and tell which of them are based upon the relations of cause and effect; subject and attribute; container and thing contained; sign and thing signified;
place and inhabitant; Creator and thing created.
Give other examples of m etonymy.

How many hands are employed?
The world will not understand your motive.
Change each of the above expressions to plain language.
Give other examples of synecdoche.

148

200. In the following extracts, point out the peculiarity of expression. Is there any change of name, as in
m etonym y ? Are there two related objects?
Synecdoche is a figure by which we give to an
object a name which expresses something more or
something less than we intend.

Synecdoche names the part for the whole or the whoie
for the part.
This roof protects me.
Give us this day our daily bread.
A sail passed in the dista11ce.
Th ey have taken away my Lord.
All the world should be taxed.
Twenty head of cattle were bought.
He earns his bread.
Man returns to the dust.
She has seen sixteen summers.
An old man of ninety 'winters.

201. In the following extracts, tell what inanimate
things are considered as having the attributes of persons. In which of them is this result produced by the
use of pronouns? In which by adjectives? In which
by verbs? In which by direct address?
Personification is the attributing to inanimate
things and to the lower animals the qualities of
persons.

The fox said to the crow, "Beautiful creature, what a
sweet voice you have!"
The mountains sing together; the hills rejoice and clap
their hands.
The sun rose in his splendor.
A raging storm prevailed.
The thirsty ground was glad.
Put on thy strength, 0 Zion; put on thy beautiful garments, 0 Jerusalem.
She was a victim of a deceitful disease.
Hope for a season bade the world farewell,
And Freedom shrieked when Kosciusko fell.
I heard the trailing garments of the Night
Sweep through her marble halls.
'Vhite Winter, that rough nurse,
Rocks the dead-cold Year to-day.

150

Exercises in EngHsh.
Weariness
Can snore upon the flint when rusty Sloth
Finds the down pillow h ard.

The moon sheds forth h er silver light.
Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again.
The depth saith, It is not in me; and
The sea saith, It is not with me.
For weeks the clouds had raked the hills
And vexed the vales with raining,
And all the woods were sad with mist,
And all the brooks complaining.
Change each of the above expressions to plain language.
Give othe1: examples of personification.

202. In the following extracts, state to whom the
address is made. Are the parties addressed absent or
present? animate or inanimate? dead or alive?
Apostrophe is a turning away from the regular
course of thought, and, instead of speaking of an
object, speaking to it.
0 Absalom, my son, my son, Absalom ! Would God
I h ad died for thee, 0 Absalom, my son, my son !
Death is swallowed up in victory. 0 Death, where is
thy sting? 0 Grave, where is thy victory?
What ailest thee, 0 thou sea, that thou fieddest? thou
Jordan, that thou wast driven back?
And I have loved thee, Ocean!
Give other examples of apostrophe.

151

Exercises in English.

203. What is the peculiarity in the following extracts? Are the peculiar expressions strictly true?
Express in plain language what each means.
Hyperbole is a figure which represents things as
either greater or less, better or worse, than they
really are.
Hyperbole is exaggeration, and the words used are not
to be taken literally.
The waves ran mountain-high.
He was rougher than a bear.
She is fairer than a lily.
Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow.
The girl is awfully tired, but she adores ice-cream.
Give other examples of hyperbole.
204: What is the peculiarity in each of the following
express10ns? Does each mean what it expresses or is
the opposite implied?
'
Irony consists in ridiculing an object under pr~­
tence of praising it.
No doubt but ye are the people, and wisdom shall die
with you.
He is surely a Solomon.
A Daniel! A Daniel come to judgment!
. Cry al?ud: for he is a god; either he is talking, or he
is pursumg, or he is on a journey, or peradventure he
sleepeth, and must be waked.
The upright and honest governor of Sicily will reward
you.
Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest
(For Brutus is an honorable man
So are they all, all honorable men),
Come I to speak in Cresar's funeral.
)

Give other examples of irony.

152

Exer:->ises in Englisli.

Exer<i.ses in English.

205. What peculiarity do you find in each of the following expressions? Are the things compared or contrasted ? Are the things similar or unlike?

advance by successive steps, each step growing in
importance above its predecessor.

Antithesis is a figure by which things are placed
in opposition in order that each will appear more
striking by contrast.

Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
When our vices leave us, we flatter ourselves that we
leave them.
I will speak of things heavenly or things earthly,
things past or things to come, things foreign or things
at home.
Flattery brings friends, truth brings foes.
Forewarned, forearmed.
Enemies in war; in peace, friends.
Contrasted faults through all his manners reign.
Though poor, luxurious; though submissive, vain.
Th e prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself.
Give other examples of antithesis.

206. What peculiarity do you find in the arrangement of the following extracts?A word from his lips might turn their hearts, might
influence their passions, might change their opinions,
might affect their destiny.
A day, an hour, an instant, may prove fatal.
And, besides this, giving all diligence, add to your faith,
virtue; and to virtue, knowledge; and to knowledge, temperance; and to temperance, patience; and to patience,
godliness; and to godliness, brotherly kindness; and to
brotherly kindness, charity.
Climax is a figure in which the sense is made to

153

Name the successive steps in the extract given.
Give other examples of climax.

207. In the following extracts, what words are omitted? Supply the omitted words and read the extracts.
Ellipsis is the omission of words necessary to
complete the construction, but not necessary in
conveying the meaning.

Bad actions lead to worse.
The world is dead to me, and I to the world.
The fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, goodness,
faith.
It shall be done this week.
H e lived like a prince.
Revenge is a stronger feeling than gratitude.
The book is mine.
He gave me a book.
·we were absent one day.
There are some who laugh and sing and play.
Her lips were as full as a cherry.
My hopes and fears
Start up alarmed, and o'er life's narrow verge
Look down-on what? A fathomless abyss.
Give other examples of ellipsis.

208.
a. The
b. The
c. The

In the following extracts, nameparts of speech.
clauses and the use of each.
phrases and the use of each.

154

Exercises in English.

d. The connectives.
e. . The full predicates.
f. The full subjects.
The derivative words.
h. The kind of sentence as to use.
i . The kind of sentence as to form.
j. The office or use of the several words.
k. The verbs and their subjects.
l. The antecedents of the pronouns.
The accusing spirit which flew up to H eaven's chancery
with the oath, blushed as he gave it in; and the recording angel, as he wrote it down, dropped a tear upon the
word and blotted it out for ever.
The schoolmaster is abroad; and I trust to him, armed
with his primer, against the soldier in military array.

g.

H eaven i~ not gained by a single bound ;
But we build the ladder by which we rise
From the lowly earth to the vaulted skies,
And we climb to its summit round by round.
With one hand he put
A penny in the urn of poverty,
And with the other took a shilling out.
The man who for party forsakes righteousness goes
down, and the armed battalions of God march over him.
· The angels come to visit us, and we know them only
when they are gone.
Vigorous, rapid, copious, not without fine touches, but
destitute of any high, serene melody, the catbird's performance, like that of Thoreau's squirrel, always implies
a spectator.
The heights by great men reached and kept
Were not attained by sudden flight,

Exercises in English.

155

But they, while their companions slept,
Were toiling upward in the night.
Stronger by weakness, wiser men become
As th ey draw near to their eternal home;
Leaving the old, both worlds at once they view
That stand upon the threshold of the new.
Oh, many a shaft at random sent
·Finds mark the archer little meant,
And many a word at random spoken
May soothe or wound a ·heart that's broken.
On the graveposts of our fathers,
Are no signs, no .figures, painted ;
Who are in those graves we know notOnly know they are our fathers.

209. Write a sentence containing a subj ect phrase,
an object phrase, an adj ective phrase, an adverbial
phrase, an independent phrase ; a subject .clause, an
object clause, an adjective clause, an adverbial clause;
an infinitive phrase, a participial phrase, a prepositional
phrase.
210. Write sentences containing the word what, each
sentence illustrating the word as a different part of
speech.
Write similar sentences containing the word that, as,
since, still, before, both, but, for , much.

211. Write a sentence containing a co-ordinate conjunction, and tell what kind of a sentence it . is.

156

Exerc:ises in English.

Exerc:ises in English.

Write a sentence containing a subordinate conjunction;
one containing a relative pronoun; one containing a conjunctive adverb. What kind of a sentence is each one?
Write a sentence containing a collective noun used as
the subject of a compound predicate.

212. Rewrite the following sentences so that the verb
in each shall be used in each of the voices, moods and
tenses:
I have seen my father.
H e hates his master.
Labor conquers all things.
Admittance was refused them by the gatekeeper.
Misfortunes subdue little minds.
Use th e same verb in other sentences as an infinitive.
Use the same verb in other sentences in its participial
form s.

Sang songs and told us what befell
In classic Dartmouth's college halls.
a. Name the clauses, and tell what kind and what th ey
modify.
b. Name the phrases; tell what kind and what th ev
modify.
·
c. Make lists of (1) the inflected words; (2) the English derivatives; (3) the compound words; ( 4) the
nouns used as adjectives.
d. Classify the verbs as (1) transitive or intransitive ·
(2) regular or irregular.
'
e. Give the syntactical relation of wielder, fair, propheC'!J,
what.
f. Write sentences in which the following shall have a
different grammatical value from that in the passage:
rule, laughing, master, place, glow, face.

215.213. Write sentences, one containing a predicate
n oun; one containing a predicate pronoun; one containing a predicate adjective.
Parse the noun, the pronoun and the adjective in the
sentences you have given.

214.Brisk wielder of the birch and rule,
Th e master of the district school
H eld at th.e fire his favored place ;
Its warm glow lit a laughing face,
Fresh-hued and fair, where scarce appeared
Th e uncertain proph ecy of beard.
He teased the mitten-blinded cat,
Played crosspins on my uncle's hat,

157

She is not dead-the child of our affectionBut gone unto that school
Where she no longer needs our poor protection
And Christ himself doth rule.
In that great cloister's stillness and seclusion,
By guardian angels led,
Safe from temptation, safe from sin's pollution
She lives whom we call dead.
'
Day after day we think what she is doing
In those bright realms of air,
Year after year her tender steps pursuing.
Behold her grown more fair.
Thus do we walk with her and keep unbroken
The bond which nature gives,

158

Exercises in Englisli.

Exercises in Englisli.

Thinking that our remembrance, though unspoken,
May reach her where she lives.

And scenes long past of joy and pain
Came 'wildering o'er his aged brain:
He tried to tune his harp in vain.

a. Classify and give the relation of the clause in line
four.
b. Divide the last stanza into clauses and tell the
nature and relation of each.
c. Analyze fully the last two lines of the third stanza.
d. Give the u se of child, safe, steps.
e. Parse gone, hirnself, led, pursuing, grown; unbroken.
J. Select all the inflected words in stanzas two and
three, and explain the object of any of those different
inflections.
g. Select the English derivatives in the four stanzas.
h. Form a compound of each of the followfog: child,

159

a. Name the phrases in the passage, and tell what each
modifies.
·
b. Name the clauses, and tell what each modifies.
c. Parse the words italicised.
d. Tell what is m eant by the terms nurnber, gender, case,
passive voice, and illustrate your answer by examples from
the extract.
e. Select from the extract four words each of which
may be used as more than one part of speech. Name
the part of speech, and use the word in a sentence in
illustration.

school, air.

i. Form three derivatives from each of the following :
nature, bright, safe, sin. _

j. Classify the verbs in stanza four as transitive or intransitive.
k. Classify the preposition phrases in stanzas one and
two according to their grammatical value.
l. Gives. Write the third person, singular number, of
this verb in the other tenses of the same mood.

216. The humble boon was soon obtained:
The aged minstrel audience gained;
But when h e reached the room of state
Where she with all her ladies sate,
Per,;hance he wished his boon denied;
For when to tune the h arp he tried, .
His trembling hand had lost the ease
Which marks security to please,

217. Form adjectives from the words method, effect,
fraud, merit, fire, pay, forget, exhaust, cornmand, horrify,
composed.
Form nouns from fail, propose, private, pretend, brief, resolve, believe, strike, choose, Z.ive, breathe, lose, bake, build, beg,
give, divide, know.
·
Form verbs from just, prison, fertile, dew, spell, habit,
muff, length, sermon, knee.
Form adverbs from true, suitable, voluntary, gay, heroic,
patient.
Write a list of words that are either nouns or verbs
according to the place of the accent.

218. Divide the following words into syllables, and
place the mark on the accented syllable:
Immediate, grammarian, petroleum, beautiful, occupation, nqminative, composition, separation, government,

160

Exercises in English.

Exercises in English.

machin ery, holidays, emerge, balance, absence, precede,
industrious, abandon, profit, agree, salary.

219. Form new words by adding another word to
each of the following:
Out, after, in, over, with, form.
Write a list of words ending with the suffix hood, ment,
able, ible, ly, Jy, en, ion, and tell what each word means.
Write a list of words beginning with the prefix in, un,
pre, pro, re, con, trans, ex, and tell what each word means.

220. Illustrate the difference in meaning between
the words in each of the following pairs:
Character, reputation.
Discover, invent.
Legible, readable.
Genuine, authentic.
Keep, preserve.
Apparent, evident.
Disturb, interrupt. ·
Story, anecdote.
Relieve, alleviate.
Bestow, confer.
Dream, reverie.
Artist, artisan.
Compel, persuade.

221. Change the italicised words in each of the following sentences to other words of opposite meaning:
Respect the old man.
Never blame without knowledge.

161

You are mistaken in your j udgment.
Dri'l:e out th e insolent.
Tell me how to help him .
Correct your errors.
The weather is hnrcl to endure.
Select th e proper road.

222. Fill th e blanks in the following sentences with
shall or w·ill, and give the reason for the use of the word:

____ you be pleased if I come?
When _ ___ we get out.
- - - you be there when the train comes?
_ __ __ be there.
____ I be in time?
I
have my own.
I
leave for Colorado to-morrow.
You _ _ _ be punished .
Mary
arrive about noon.
____ I put the kettle on?
__ __ __ I write to your father?
_ _ _ she come with me?
____ you have coffee?
_ __ you write a letter for me?
If your brother goes, ____ you?
____ I go to th e office?
We
call on you to-morrow.

I

223. Fill the blanks in th e following sentences with
one of these words: he, him, she, her, I, me:
She says that you and
may go.
Let not _______ boast that puts his armor on, but
that takes it off.
11

162

Exercises in En9lisli.

Exerr:ises ·in English.

224. Fi11 the following blanks with ·u;e, 11.,, they, them :
That is good doctrine for ..- - - Americans.
It is not ~-- , but _
whom we seek to
please.
Did yo u sa.y that
, or
, \Yere chosen'?
L et non e touch it but ______who -are clean.
It was ___ __ whom you saw.
Could it h ave been ____ who did the mischief?
I

225. Fill th e fo llowing blanks with who or whom:
H e knew not _ _ _ _th ey were.
H e marri ed a French lady ____ they say was very
pretty .
____ do m en say that I am?
____ is it that you wish to see?
_____ do you wish to see?
ShP. is a lady
I know will interest you.

226. Fi ll the blanks in th e following sentences with
the proper parts of S'£t or set:
He _____ out for Washington yesterday.
Th e hen is _ _ ___ on thirteen eggs.

- - - -- --- - - · -- - - - - - -- - - _ __ down and rest a while.
e - --- - on the front seat of the carriage.
The sun ----- farther North in June than in · December.
The basket _ _ _ on the table wh ere1 you _ __
it yesterday.
It _ ____ there all night.
Her dress ____ well until she
down.
He was
up in bed when the doctor called.

:v

It mak es no difference to eith er you or - - -·
_____ that cometh to rn e, I will in no wise cast out.
Wh o is th ere? It is __ _
Yon and _ _ _ __ and _ _ _ will manage th e affair.
If 1 \Y cre _____ , I would resent it.
Will you let Mary and _____ go home?
\\' h en yon saw _______ and
, we were walk-

ing.
lt is neither _ _ _ nor _ _ _ that is wanted.

163

-

I

227. Fill the blanks in th e foll owin<Y0 sentences wi th
the proper parts of lie or lay :
I remember when the first rail was _ __
He has
there for an hour.
I told him to
his books on the table and
down and rest.
Let the book
there.
I must
down.
There let him _ __
I must
myself down.
The lady said she - -- down for an hour or two
every afternoon.
He - - - on the grass.
He has - - - - by a sum of money for a rainy day.
He
on the floor.
Th e hen
eggs.
I
my books on the desk.
The cat
in front of the fire.

228. Fill the blanks in the followin<Y sentences with
the proper parts of rise or raise:
,.,
The landlord
his rent.
The river
three feet last night.

1 ()~
----- - - - -- -- Th e river is still _ __
. _ rapidly.
I have ______ very early this week.
Fi ne corn is __ _ _ in Kansas.
Th e sun
from behind th e mountain.
up in the House and addressed the
He
-

--

-

-----

Speaker.
_ _ _ from your seat.
_ _ _

your a.rm .

Th ey have ___ _ from th eir seats.

THE

END.

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