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·-

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.

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ii:.\ 3J x:i

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:Uchi Uorlt:
PUBLISHED HY GEO, SAVAGE,

~3

JOHN STHEET,

AND SOLD HY J100 1' S l·:LLE !l8 Gf':N"E J:.\LLL

185:2,

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X1iablc nf Qtnnt.mts.
PAGR.

PREFACE,.

5
8

N OTE TO TEACHERS,

CHAPTER I.
I.
'

JRTI-IOGRAl'IIY,

10

\LPHAR E1'; ( _'APITATflq) TII EII! u~m,

11

vu w£Ls,

UvNsoNANTs,

12
3Y.T.L.\B LJ;, 1\.loNosY.LLAIILRs, DlBSYLLAuu;s, 'l'msYLLABLEs, PoLYSYLLAn:;Es, 13

14

IJ:xEJWISE,
UHAPTEl~

Entcrot.1, ncco rJinl; to .Act of Congress, in the ycnr 1852,
By G1rnnc:n

II.

'.::TYMOLOGY: NOUNS-

SAVAGn,

16
Common and Proper,
Gender,
Nnmber,
Person,
Cnsc,

b the Clcrk'e Office of the District Court of the United Slntcs for the Soul hem District
(if New York.

17
18

19
24

25

C lI A l' TE l{ II I.
I

L
!

29

ART](ILEB-

Definite, lu<lefiuitc,

I

' lI

30

CIIAPTER IV.
ADJECTIVES-

•

Degrees of Comparison,
Classes of-Common, Proper, Numeral, Pronominal, Compound, and Participial,

CfIAP'l'ER V.

~

&trfol'Vptd by

BtLLtN

&

DnoTnKnii::,

I'RONOUNS-

JO J.rurth JJ'illiam-3t, 1 Jt. Y.

~~

Person, Nnmbor, •
Gender, Case,
Pcr~onnl,

Relative,
Interrogative,

..

. _.,

"
"'

t.,.

•

32
33

37
38
39
42
44

47

4

OF CON'l'ENTS.

'l'AllLE

CllAPTEl{ VI.
VERBS-Transitive, Intransitive,
Passive, and N enter,

PAOti:

.
.

51
55

ClIAl'TER VII.
• 56

ADVERBS,

CHAPTER VIII.
PREPOSITIONS, •

• 60

CUAPTER IX •
. 1

CONJUNCTIONS, •

I

• 62

CHAPTER X.
• 64

INTERJ EC,TIONS,

I

UIIAPTER XI.
• G7

RECAl'l1'ULATION,

l

CHAPTER XII.

I

VERns,

. 75

THEm Moons,

CHAPTER XIII.
• 80

TENSE,

.i

CHAPTER XIV.

'

·l

VEim

CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE

'I

f
'.I
CONJUGATION OF THE NEUTER

Ii

.'

. 'j

I
. ,,

Vmm

"BE,"

"

Vmm "Rt:

L o v r: 1>,"

89

•

93

U 11 Al' TE R X V I I.
IiEour.AR AND ImmouLAR

p ARTICIPLES,

Vmrns,

95

"

98
C Jf AP T .E l ~

01 :!-lEH\' :\ T ! Oi" ~ ,

ExERCTREg IN ETYMOL00Y,

"

•

CHAPTER XVI •
CoNJUOATION OF TllE PASSIVE

G EN EHA L

"

• 85

CHAPTER XV .

!I

I
'·•

"Lo vE,"

XV .lll.
• 102
• 104

A NUMDEit of valuable books hn.ve been written recently for
children. Ther e arc several elem entary works on G eography,
History, Philosophy, Botany, Chemi stry, &c., bnt GRAMMAR still
r emain s the least intcr csLi11g of a ll studi es t o tho young. No
elem entary work is pubfo:h cd iu thi s coun try which is •nittcn iu
a simpl e a nd attractive style.
Tb c Auth ur of ll1i s liltl o l>ook was cng nge cl in t ea ching several
years, and knows from experience tli c 11 cl'd of a yilcasi11g Grammar fur l><'g iuncrs. vV c am all IL\\'[l,l'C of th e st re11gtl1 of first
impression s. A pup il wl10 has Leen interes ted whil e studying
n.n elmnentary work, will llaturn.lly wish to learn something more
of th e same subject. A good foundation promises w ell for the
super strnct1 1re.
vVe l1 avc known man y in stnnccs of a di slike to the stud y of
Gramm ar, \Yhich co nnncnccd with th e first lc ssft11 s, nntl (·l111 1g to
the st11d cnt d11rillg rnn.11y y0ars of sd1oul life•. Ur:um11:1r :-: li1111kl
be m ad e particularl y attractive to lJcg inn er s, b ccn11 sc, of 11 cccss i1 y ,
its detail s are dry to the uninitiat ed. D11t th e A11th1ll' 1J 0gs t()
ha ve iL undcrsLuucl i11 i!i c Clll 111 11c1 1cc 11 ll ·1il, t liaL slw tlul':-: 1wL

hclonl! lo th at clas;.;. hy for (oo l: 1s li i1m nl 1k :111 rl 11 1111 1cr()1J:-: ;it t he
!Jl'l'Se11L day , \rJiu ll1i11k t.J1:tL t.lw pri11 L:iji]cs "f' l ;r:tllllllal' 11 eed 11ut

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6

t

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7

PREFACE.

PIU<:FACE.

be thoroughly committed to memory. It is true the caption of
h er book is "GRAMMAtt MADR EASY l'OR BEGINNEits," but this
title was chosen, not because Jess exertion was cxpcctccl on t he
part of pupils in com m itting definitions to memory, uut bccau&c
the princip les of Grammar arc n ot on]y g iven in the concise style
of the best grammarians, but arc so arranged and exemplified ,
that t,hc labor of learn ing tlicm is far less than whcH 011l y tlry
and verbose definitions are g iven.
Few, who are n ot engaged in teaching, r eali ze how much the
mental faculties aro strengthened by the study of Grmmnar. In
parsing, the memory is constantly brought in action, in connection
with the exer cise of the reason ing fac ul ties, a nd order or method;
while, as a n ecessary consequence of the continued use of these
faculti es, habits of application arc imlueed, which are of the
utmost importance in forming that, gem of countless price, a wclldisciplined mintl.

T eachers generally, even if they a re so fortunate as to possess
he tact of illustratin g clry truths :rnd definitions in a pleasing
anncr, have not al ways tbe ti me at command n ecessary to enightcn th eir pupils.
Appropriate explanations have therefore
ecn introduced on difficult p oints.
It is not expected that th is little book will supersede any now
in p op ul ar 11 se. Jt is designed entirely as a Cl1ild's First L essons,
to be thoroughl y com.m ittccl to m emory b efor e commeneing a
larger work. As the d efi ni t ions a nd prineiplcs adopted in the
most approved Grammars have not; b een deviated from, any
established Gramm ar may sueeecd thi s, without difficulty to the
thoroughly taug ht scholar .

Experien ce shows that lessons may be render ed easy during
th0 years of childhood, which at a later period, if learned at all,
are only l earned with toil, which is rendered doubly irksome
from the conviction that all this drudgery has been performed
successfully b y children many years youn ger. Experience has
also proved, that even those who arc afterwards to learn different ]ang un ges, may most easily acquire a knowl edge of the
principles of Grammar fro1n that
tlwir OW!l 1.. 11g11H.
Another prominent a im in writinc: this u ook \Y[l,S tn cnrnm·a(r('
n
children to t lii11k carefull y ·wl1 il o 01 1gngcd in ~dud.)'· As lllt!('h nf
a person's success in afLer lifo dl·1•01tds <•11 c;1rl y c<l1w;11j,111, :11111
_.... nothing great or good can ever lie cxp ce1l'<1 from ft yn1 11Ii whll
· · has never uccn taught Lu Ll1iul,, wc l1:1Tc c1Hie:1n1red tq i 11 q 11·1·ss
the minds of students witl1 t11c i111purl :t11<'C uC <'Xl'I" i,;iw r tlH· i r
"' mm. thoughts.
.~

or

~

i

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-~
?J.

E

rI

1•1

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--

DEAR CH1LDREN 9
LoNa lessons should not be given the first time go ing throngh
the Grammar, and a. pcrlect r ec itatiun sl1uuld Le i11sist0.<l 11pon
in CYery instance. L et it Le 1111dersluod jn the ucg i1 111i11g that }O ll
will not rcgal'll ,,·ith apprn1Jation any l1alfway work. Notli i11 g jg
to be g uessed at, but utlerct l u11 tlcrsl:u1dingly; nnd as Gr:urnnar
is tho :wt of spc:iking, ns wc·.ll :ts writing well , cncomn gc th ose
who ha.ve unfurtuna.tc ly ac11uiretl Lad li alJ it-.s, to :tYuitl :-; lurring
worcl s, monthing, r ep eti tion, J10.sitfltio11 , 01· stutteri11g.
Pnrsing is tu be comn1cn cc1l i11 tl1 e first; lusso11 011 tl1 c p:irf;s of
spccel1. These cxcn:iscs advaucc l1y c:isy g r:1d:it.i u11s :1J1d fr c1_111 e11t
r epetition, so that even the tl11llcst mind must compr che11d.
Exper ience, whid1 is the lJcst tes t of what is 11scf11!, has proved
that Etymology shoukl Le pcrfecLly llllllcrstoocl, ::mcl th e strnlcnt
be expert in Etymological parsing b dv re Syntax is comme nced.
Mu ch bad scholarship aud di staste tu the study of Grammar has
arisen from too mauy clefo 1i liuns and rnl cs being prom iscnously
spread h efore bcgi11ncrs. \ Vonls am1 th eir changes mu st first be
know n :wcmatcly h cfr1rc it is p ossilll c to co 11tbi1w thr 1n properly
in sentences. Etymological parsing :111d Sy Htacti cal 011g ht, to Le
distinct exercises. \Vhe re th e former lms Leen thoroughly !aught,
the labor of learning the latter is materially lessened.

"·,1
,,
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.d

~HIS is to be your first lesson in

::i new study.
I hope
J, there arc at least three or four good stmlcnts iu your

class, that each may encourage the other to make rapid
pn)gress. But should there be only one, I would say,
that as loJJg as you are nwnber one, you are expected to
recite wcJl.
This little Grammar was originally written for a very
intcrcstinrr
arou1) of children under pri
vatc instruction.
0 b
.
They h:ul lJ ccn told by th eir ok1cr co 111pa11 inns t hat
Gmmm:ir \Yas, alJovc all studi es, the most nniutcrcsti ng
and clifli cult, and therefore they dreaded to commence
it. Contrary to their expectations, they were interested
from the first, and soon made so much progress that
they surpri sed all their friends. T he fame of their "own
good little grarnmar," as they often called it, was thus
noised abroad, and at the rc'luest of some experienced
teachers, it is now cheerfully submitted to the public.
\ Ve hope, after co rnmitt in g thi s Grnmrnar to mcm.ory,
you will lia.Yc a desire to commence a larger one, and
thus in tim e becom e thorou gh Grammarians.

·..

10

I am often lost in wonder when I think of the power
of these twenty-six little letters. A person who has
learned to read and spell correctly, has the key which,
if he chooses to use it, will unlock amazing stores of
knowledge. Oh, how happy I would be to lmo-w that
all the people iu the world could read.
But I must tell you son1ethiuoinore about OrthO<To
O
rnphy. When we speak of the Alphabet, we mean the
twenty-sfr letters taken in their r egular order.
The names of the letters in English, arc, A J3ee Cee
.
'
'
'
Dee, E, Elf, Gee, Aitch, I, Jay, Kay, Ell, Em, En, 0,
P ee, Kue, Ar, Ess, T ee, U, Vee, Double U, Ex, \Vy,
Zee.
In printed Enbo-lish books you will generally find letters called Roman letters.
Now and then yon will
perceive words printed in letters call ed Italics, and very
rarely some called QDli) <!tnglislj.
Italic words arc those which WC must 1x11ticularly
notice.
In every• kind of al11hahetic
clmractcr, lett ers have
.
two forms, c~'l.llcd CAPITALS and small letters.
\Vh cn you are in the street yon will notice all the
painted signs, and most of the show-1ills, arc printed in
capitals.
'f( 1c wor d s .I an d Q, rnust always be wntten
,
,
with
"'
capitals.
N ever write of yourself thus: i <lo so; 1ut always, I
do so.
In writing any of the names applied to Goel, commence with a capital: .Tehovah, the Father, the Son, the
Holy Spirit, the Almighty.

CHAPTER I.

Or whnt

llBO is
th e know lctl go
of Gnmunnr1

\VJLL first t ell you of whn.t use the
lmowlcJgc of Grarnmar will 1c to you.
You have, no doubt, often been told
by your parents and teachers that you
used some words, in speakin(T
or writirw
0
bl
improperly.
1f'· · A knowled~e of Gr-ammar will enable yoit to
spealc and wnte correctly.
'
· Now-a-clays very litt1c children arc taught to
use good langungc, and it is considered a mark
of an ill-bred child to use bad grammar.
GRAMMAR is divided into four parts.
The first part is
called 0RTIIO GRAPIIY.
I know you ·will he surprised when I tell you, that
every child who has lcnrncd to spell and read correctly,
hns a] ready learned tlic most d iflicul t of tlic fo ur parts
of Grammar.
0RTIIOGRAPIIY teaches the names of the letters of the
Alphabet, and their dUJerent sounds, and also how to
spell words correctly.
So you have been learning the first part of Grammar
without knowing it.
Did you ever thiuk what was the use of the twenty.
six lettersa b c def g h ij k 1 m no p qr st u v w x y z?
They are characters which represent the soimcls we ttse
in speaking.

.·
r
1

Into

~ow

mnny

~~~1~1~~nr

diYicJ ed!

1Vhnt is the
first pmt

called I

'Vhnt dor!!I
Orthoi.,rruphy

tcucli 1

R ow mrmy
let l l"'te uro

!Leroi

'Vhnt. OTO
lettcre!

11

Oll'l'.IIOGHAPIIY.

ENGLISII GRAMMAH.

,

r

Whnt i• tho
nlpha~et I

'r 1\inrnc
'hntt

C'TS

nre

f,~,~~~~~v1 used
~~.:~~t~f~~:r

~~~"~~~ •• ,
,,.hen nre

itnli cs m1cd 1

Whntrnnn•
11n vo loUere !

Whirh i.ttero
"'"
nlwny•
wri t ten wilh
cnpiUlls!

How shonld
nnnu•a given

to G 0d -btJ
·written!

--12

ENGLISII G HAMMAH.

.M ention other
cnses wbPro
cnpitnl s nre to

be used .

Wh en rto you
use cnpituls

in

po~try

!

H ow mnny,
nnd whut
l etters <"nn
be souuded

alone!

Whnt nre tb ey
<•lletl I
Whnt is n

vowel!
'Vhnt is snirt
of a, e, i 1 0 1 u 1

Names of individual s, and places, sl1 ould commence
with a capital: John, Mary, Smith, Boston, E urope.
Titles of ofJ-ice o r honor should commence with a
capital: Iler J\faj esty Vidoria, Dr. B eecher.
The first word oC e ve ry di slinct senten ce sho11]d b egin
with a cap ital. H cm embcr lhis when yo u arc writing
your composition s or l etters.
"\Vhon you arc copy i11g p oetry, b e careCu l to comm ence ovary Jiu o ·w ith a capital.
Tho titles of books mu st always b e written ·w ith
capilals.
I have now g iven yo n m ost of th e rul es for Lho use of
capitals, and I h ope yon >rill n ever uso 1.hcm in the
>Hong places. They arc im11ro per whc rcv0r thcrc is
n ot so m e parti cular r eason ii.Jr their use.
OJJly jive of the lette rs of t l1c alphabet can be so unucd
alone-A, E, 1, o, u.
They are called VOWELS.
A 11owel is a lette r which furms a perfect so und wh en
uttered alone.
Y ou can so unLl ,\, E, r, o, u , >ri thout nwntiuning any
other letter. But not so with n, c, u, i~, G, JI , J, J\, L, M,
N , P, Q, R,

\Vhnt

s,

T, V, X, Z.

RTC1 t110

oth e r le tters
cnlled I

\Vhu t is

B

COU80 lHlll t

!

Vlhnt is s.nid
of b nnd k 1

Wbnl I S s.°'id
of to und y 1
''-'hen nro
to nud 'I
consonRnts !

Give n.n
example .

These nineteen letters arc ca llcd CONSONANTS.
A consonant cannot be p erfectly uttered unt il j oined
to a vowel.
Try if you can say B, "\\·iL11out sounding tho vo>r el E ,
or rr, with o ut sonud in g th e vu1rnl A.
}JT, and y, arc su 111di1n c~< v1J1n~Js :111d nt others cn11sow1nts. \\Then they are p lnced lJcforc a Yvwc l iu tl1e
same svllabl e they :tre cousonants; as iu world, w ind,

.

.

13

OR'l'ITOGHAPIIY.

'

water-wade ; York, yoit, y et. In all other casos w, and y,
are vowels-as n ew, bow, town, Mary .
But perhaps you do not know what a syll able means.
·A_syllable is one or more l etters pro11 om1 ccd in one
sound. It may he e ither a word or a part of a word ;
ns ant, an, a.
In cvcrv
word there arc as many s_vllah]cs
as there
J
~
are distinct sounds. A word of one syllable or sound is
called a MONOSYLLATIJ,E-UOy, girl, house. VY 0-Jn:Lll has
tWO distinct SOUnds. \,Y Ol'dS Of tWO sylJab)es are CalJ e cl
DISSYLLADLES- man-kincl, beau-ty, ,fJl'am-mar, !JOOcl-ness.
.
\.Vords of three s dlal)lcs arc call ed THISYLLADT,ES.J
aUect-in!J,
el-e-.r;an t, am-i-able, r a-di-ant. "\V ords of four
lj:J
or inorc syllables arc ca l1 cd l'OLYSYLLAlJJ,ES-Uel!-e:f(rctor, a-man-u-en-sis, man-ujac-tor-y.
t

\Yh rn nre 10
ond y vowe le t
Gh·e nn
exn.1npl c.

'Vhnt is

f\

6yllnbl o !

llnw mnnv

sd l1dJlt's

1;rn

:~~~;~ ;""

~~111 ;~t"i~ 0~, 0

syllal1l e called t

Gi,·e nn
cx1u11pl e.

Wh"t ;8 a
wnrd of two

.,11,,~1c,

ndh•1l !

<;;_.. "''

exiuuple.

w1i,,1 isa
w ord of t.h rco

~;.:: ~~ 1 r•
Gi,·c nn

exnmple.

""hal is n.
pulysy ll ublc t

I mean to g ive you an Exercise to wri te at the close
of ever y chapter, that you r teacher lllay sec if you
under stand what 1 l1 av c told you. I hope yo n "\\·ill spe ll
all your w orJs co rrectly : J am sorry to say 1 kn ow
some grown people who have lea rned six or seven
Jiflcrcn t laug ua gcs but ca nnot spell their own con cctly.
E XERC ISE.

How many letters arc there in the alphabet? "\Vhich of
the letters arc vowels? "\Vhich arc consonnn!s? Is w a.
rnwcl or a co nsonant, in 11'(/e? in 11:cstcn1, in 1corld, in 1n"sdo111 , in law, i11 saw, in bow, in 11ew?
Is y, a Yowcl or a consonant, in York, in Lucy, in you, in
York-town ?

14

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

15

ETYMOLOGY.

'Vrite two monosyllables, two dissyllables, hvo
bles, two polysyllables.

CHAPTER II.
Correct t!te following : o how happy i arn-i am going to learn grammar-i am
sure i will be pleased- the bible tells me i must lorn my
cne1nies-god is th e father of us all- jesus ehrist is the son
of g-Q(l-and goJ Spake unto moses and said, i am the lorcl;
and i appeared unto ahraham, unto isaae, anJ unto jacobgeorgc washington 1Yas commander-in-chief of the amcrican
army-louis kossuth was governor of hungary- frnnce,
england, russia, anJ the uniteJ states, arc gre::it powers-i
think peter parley's books arc very interesLiug- i am going
to r ead the new testament thrnugh this year, if I am spared
-they say queen victoria is a good queen.
h ow doth the littl e busy bee ·
improve C'ach shinin g h our ;
and gather honey all th e clay,
from every opening flower .

HEN you talk or write, you use a
great many difforcnt kinds of words.
Some words arc the JJa rncs of things :
others tell whether t!tcy are large or
small, black or white, or what kind

wonls in our languar;c, they have b een so well
arranged iu different classes that an attentive little
student may soon learn to distinguish one kind from
an other. This shows you how useful good order is.
If we would b e able to converse anJ. ·w rite correctly
and b eautifully, we must know how to classify words,
and how to place them properly in sentences. The
second anJ. third parts of Grammar teach how to do this.
ETYMOLOGY is the second part oif Graininar.
Whnt i• .t1i
1 1
It tells how the d~(ferent kinds of words are formed, and ~r~,1~1 ,';·~:::
aboitt theii- classes and changes.
~W'::~~ogy
SYNTAX is the third part of Graininai..
i1;'.~~i't,i;:.;1~i~.
ofGrnmmnr!
It tells its h ow to place words properly in sentences.
or """t c1
'}
}
•
b
]
l
•
E
Syn bx te ll us I
'I iere arc a great m any t ungs to c carncc m tymology b efore yo u can possibly understand Sy ntax. So
we will now commence the second part of Grammar.
0

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ENGLISH GRAl\fMAH.
NOUNS.

Int o 110,v mnny
clnsses hnve all
words bee n
dividu<l !
\\'hnt. nm thrsa
«lll ~!'ll' A

rnll1•d

i n (;rn111111nr!

A

ETYMOLOGY.

L~'IIOUG'II ~here are a great many thousand words
in the .English language, th ey have all been divided
into NlNE CLASSES, or, as they are culled i 11, Grammar
.

PARTS OF SPEECH .

\Y'hnt

nTi:J

the

uiu a JJOrts of
&peec h t

'

I know you am surprised to find onl y nine classes or
sorts of words among the hundreds and thousands we
see in 1·cadi11g.
Every one of these lllllC classes of words has its 0 \\'11
nmne. The NOUN, Aln'ICLE, PRONOUN, ADJECTIVE, VERn;'
ADVErtn, ~REPOSITlON, CONJ UNCTION, an<l I NTEHJECTION,
arc the nmc classes uf words call ed in Grammar THE
NINE PA ltTS OF SPEECH.

'V11n t is a
noun!

A

17

Although she could r eadily tell which words were nouns,
she did not know all about them.
H o w mnny
1'ind 8 of IWUUS
There are two kinds of n01tns ; COMMON and PROPER.
ore th e re !
vVhen I speak your name, or Lhc irnme of a person, or \ Vli nt nre th ey!
\ Vh nt i!'I n
any city, or eo untry, or state, I nsc a proper noun. A im.
1 11l'f uuun !
proper noun is the particular name of one beiug only.
Or whnt
vV er e it 110t fur proper notmi:;, we should not be able i• rop..:or 11 1.J un s !
to distiu guish one i n<li vidual from another, or one place
from anotl1 nr, when speaking or v;riLing of them. So
'1'1•1\ m£i s0me
remember that all such notms as George lVashington , prope
r uouns.
l!t Fayette, United S tates, Boston, J.Yew York, jJ[ary,
James, Rucky J1[onntains, and Califimiia, arc proper
'Vhy nre they
no~ms, because they arc the particular names b elonging prnpcr nonns 1
I l o w most.
nv11 ns bo
lo those indiv iduals and places. ~1 lways commence to coproper
mmc1w<'d in
writi1:g !
torite proper nonns with a capital letier.
\Y hnt
Common nouns are the names belonging to all beings en111 111 0n nouns 1
T r i\ me AOme
or classes of the same kind; as men, horse, l ion , trees,
". hnl iq t lio
girls. P aren ts, father, mother, are cornmou nouns-lJe- di
o n nncl n
cause they nre cmninon or general numes r;ioen to whole <'(•tntn
prupt•r 11 out1 !
classes-hut if L call yu 11r father, ur moth er , or lcaclicrs,
by their partiwlar names, 1 use a proper nou n.
I will give you a numb er of i1 uu11s, and ·wi sh you to
write on your slate all the common nouns, in one colurnn,
nncl all the proper nouns in another.
11A~ R.rO

l\ Tf'

NOUNS.

LL words which arc names of tl1i11gs, are arranged

under one part of speech, and a.re called NOUNS .
A noun is the ?tame <!f any ;_;erson, place, or thing,
that can .b: k now:• or mentioned; as 11fary, JVew ] rorlc,
horses, cities . . The name of every thing ?J()U can see,
touch, taste, tlunk, or talk about, is a noun.
.
Once when I told n dear little gi rl t liis, she really
~lapped hot' hauds wi th delight, as sl1e said, " I sec millions and m1ll ions of nouns. I see thousands of bricks
and all the pan es in tlic windows, and all the leaves 0
the ~rees, and ?1U'1.i, and boys, and girh, and horses, and
cw·~·wges,_ am;, lwl1.es, a1Hl ~ugarplums in t.he coi~(ec tionary
stoi e, a 11 dDut fi11 c1mg herself out of breath, she
added, "I know all about noun s." She was m istaken.

J

l '< •lllll\11 11 llOUIHI.
ff~ •ri· ll Ct'
bo>IWf' f' ll 11

EXERCISE .

1\Iury, J umes, Scotland, girls, women, binl, J crusrl lcm,
story, chair , t.ables, New Orlc:rns, Hudson river, river, famp s,
teacher, ])a11icl \.V ebster, mountains, towns, California, London, Puris.
Aild five common, and fiyc proper nouns, of your u-wn
selection.

2

....
18

ENGLISII GRAMMAR.

DiJ. you commence all the proper nouns with a capital
letter 1

19

NOUNS.

nouns, because we easily remember what we unclcrstand.
.
T!teJ'e are three ways of distingitishing sex.

How m.!l.ny
wn \·R nr~

th c.ro of
di sti11 i:;-ui shing

I

'Vlrnt j5
g e ntl e r?
}fo w mnny
gewlns nro

there!

'Vhnt is the
mnsculiuo
geutle r ~

'Vhnt ii. tho
fe min ino

g end e r!

' Vlmt is th o

neut (' r g cud cr t

The nnmee of
whn t obj P,c ls
bt'l ong lo 1hc
vent er gender T

SUPPOSE you think you have learncJ. all aboui
nouns, but t]wrc is som ething m ore whi ch will in.
t crest you. lt is about the g ender of nouns. Some
nouns arc th e names of th e male sex, som.c of the female,
and others, like chair, taLlc, glasses, have no sex.
Gender, in Grammar, is tlw distin ction of the sex of
olijects. Th ere are three Genders."' The l\L\SCULINE1
FEMININE, and N E UTER.
The masculine gender is that which denotes l> eings of
the male kind; as, man, boy, k ing , Thomas.
The f eminin e gen'. ler is that which denotes b eings or
the femal e kind; as, mother, girls, An11 a, queen , ~fary. '
The n euter ,r;ender is that wlii ch demotes things that
arc ncitlicr male nor femal e ; as, house, lamps, tables,
books, cakes, ji·nit.
All the names of things which have no lilc Lelong to
the neuter gender. Can you tell me why they are
n either masculine 110 1· feminine?
I am sure you will r emember the differ ent genders of
•:- "\Vh en I say ther e ar c tliree !Jendcrs, I do n ot m ean th ere are
tliree sexes. The words gender and sex clo not m ean th e s ame thing.
Geuder m ean s class, or kind; sex m c:111s distin cti on brtwcen male
and fema le. Sex can s tri ctl y hl' appli 1•d only to a11i111 atc11 licingsg cnd cr to cla sses of words. On e e las~ of words den otes obj ec ts of
th e male i;cx, and is called th e m asc ulin e class or g end er; an other
d enotes obj ects of th e female se x, and is ca lled th e feminine g ender;
and a thinl class deno tes obj ects wl1ich ar c n C'ith cr male n or fema le,
and is thr.•rc f0rc ca lkcl the neuter class or gcrnlcr.

First. By
Boy,
Brother,
Father,
Friar,
Gander,

wo1rns ; asgirl.
Husbaml,
sister.
King,
mother.
Mau,
nun.
N ephew,
Uncle,
goose.

ee x in nouns 1
\Vhnl is tho
firs t1

DI FFER E NT

wife.
queen.
woman.
niece.
aunt.

Gi ,•o some
c xumvlea.

' Yh nt iR t.ho

Second. By

IllFF ERENCE OF TERMIN ATION; as~

Actor,
Author,
Bridegroom,
Duke,

Third. By

ac tr css.
aut I wrcss.
bride.
1.
ducuess.

ADDING ANOTHEit

. . -~iit
<• ,
A inan set'
A 11u1,l e c I.n'll I,
JIIalc J csecnclants,

H ero '
J cw'
p oe t '
I>1.1'11ce '

Sl"l'o n1l w ny of

hcrornc.
J cwess.
poetess.
princess.

di ~1 in i.,:- ui ~ hi11 g

t li1• ~~' Xt'fl of

wonn; asA m aid servant.
.

tu.1\ll\S ~

Gi\·o some

e xnmvl es.

"\\hnt is t.he
ll 1ir<l w a ~· of
t e ll i n~ th e se x
of

A J'-f'e11wle clnld.
F 'einale desce ndants.

ll Ol\118

!

Giv n AOrno
cx11 n1plm1 .

EXERCISE.

vVrit:e six nouns of the masculine gender.
"
"
"
"
feminine gender.
"
"
"
"
neuter gender.

Number.

I

·wJLL t e11 y on to-da.y of that property of a no~m l>~
which we kn ow whether one nouu or m ore is ex-

pressed.

is that property of a noun by which it expresses one, or more than one.
Nu:MBEH.

\ Vhnl do yon
m en11 l1y l !J e

mmihcr o f
nouns t

20

ENGLISII GRAMMAR.

21

NOUNS.

Howmnny
11umbc ns uro

th ere in no1ms !
1Vh:tt nre tJ1cy '
Wlrnt is the

Nouns liave two numbers, the

and thd

SINGULAR

PLURAL .

Via/, loaves ; wife, wives; kn!fe, knives; beef, beeves; leaf,

leaves; ca?f, calves; whmf, wharves; shelf, shelves; thief,
t!tieves ; self, selves ; wolf, wo lves.
Thero arc a great many nouns which do not form
H ow is th o
pl 11rn l
their
plural lJy adding s, and those arc said to be
T!w
plural
number
is
generally
funned
by
l
l"
gt'Tt (' t111ly
tlie si11r, l . . .
at ( wg s to
formed i
mRE GULAR in tlie plu.rn.l, because they do uot go accord. . . : u m . a: m oon, r'.10ons ; grape, grapes ; world,
woilc1.s , mountam, m ount::i,ms.
ing to the genornl rule.
1-frm~ do
Clili i11~ in
.<;/i
I will t ell you a.bout some of them.
. ~'her~ ::i,re so~ne nouns which end in x , ss, sli, or cl1
u , or ch, fnn u
t.li eir plurn l 1
There is one class of these irregular noun s which have
,,. Iuch form the n· plural l1y adding es, because s aftc;
·no plural t ermiuation: such words as rye, barley, hemp,
tl1 o:;c Jotte rs can not li e pro11oun ccJ : as fu:v ju:res . {;
UO1.:1' ~ • (/ l · .
f
U
'
J
O.T,
flrnr, p itch, gold, silver, tin, quick silver, lead. \Ve
·. . ,~· ~ . a ~ s, !I us.:es ; ·1·:is!t' brus/ies ; church, churches.
A ckl ,, unp ly s to either of tho . .· . 1 ..
never
say ryes, barleys, henips, &c .
.f
so smg u a1 11onns, and see
l }O U cnn SO llllcl it.
There are some nouns which ar e alike both in the
l l1ave ku own ,·i, ooTo·it
.
. J. ]
.
, mnny c u1c ren pnzzJcd whether ' singu lar and plural; as, deer, sheep, swine, hose, cattle,
t~ s1 1eJ~ tli o p l'.1ral of m o11 icey, rnonkies or moukeys; . trou.t, salmon.
Never Le hoard talking of deers, or sheeps, or swines.
" JO tl1 01 to '' n tc va ll eys or- rnllies . au cl . to t ,]] ti
whole tn tl I J
,
•
c.
ie
If
you wish to speak of only one, you may say a deer,
i i, .
ia.ve OH' n kt10'1Y11 som e " ro wu peo1d o who
.
liavo Lee n tlJro11.,.Ji co /] ('"( ' to R])ell tJ:-:i .
.·
or
a sheep; or you may say ton deer, or :1 drove of
.
"'
· · "' · · · · . 1esc 11 ores
1 m cor.
~·oct'. .r· l wi ll give yo n the r11] 0 for spc lli11 cr word s end. sheep.
mg HI ?J. Ull(J if .)' OU i111111·•'SL' •t ·
b
OLher words are used in the pb.tra.l only, as ashes,
_
, : · _ ·
·. .
"'' " I
on your 111ern ory while
embers, clothes, and things consisting of two parts, as,
.) ou ~110 :young, you mll Lo saved mu ch trouble t11rou11h.
out li fe.
:::.
tongs, scissors, bellows, lungs, compasses, nippers, pincers,
.LYonn s ending in ?J after a CONSON rn· I
rnujfers, s!tem·s.
. .
,
..
'
· , ' r, c rnngc y into
Never say whore is the scissors, or tongs, or b ellows;
ws ·. . ~s, lady, ladi es ; penn y, pennies ; spy, spies; n1nity
but
al-ways where are t he scissors, &c.
Y on not·ice ll t''
van1tLCs ; assemGly, assernlJlies.
l tt
· !.
a . .1e
The little word is, as you will understand b efore long,
.e e;·s i n t wse . WON~s Ul:fbre y are co11sona11 ts.
.LI uu.ns endwg in .)' ''Lil-.e,.l a VO W EL Sl171.)J
.
is
nlways used after si11gular nouns; arc is a hnLys used
l!J add s:
nftcr plitral 011es. Ilow much I dislike to hear chil(lren
monkey, m ouk eys ,· chimney, chi lllneys ; \ray, ways. Tile
H ow
nom
l etters here are vowels.
SllY where is my sh oos ? or whore is my clothes? or do
e- 11di1 • gi uf o r f~
fo n11 I h•:ir
plurul !
Nouns ending in .f or .I'
IC clm1
0-c
f
1·
.
·
t
you know where the scissors is?
, :::. ·
or . e 111 o ves : as,
sin g- nlnr

uu111Lcr f
\VJw t is th e
plurul u11111ber f

T!tc si11gnla1· number denotes one ob')·ect. c1lai· 1· b
T l.
l
.
ox.
le p u.ral number denotes more tlia1• o1ie .
•
~~
boxes.
·
I

'

\ Vhc n flt'<?
""uns R.:tid to bo
irrcg-lllar in

lb e Plurnl !

OOtlllR
!1'

1ln

18

1

1

" 'hnt wor<l"
hnvfl nu J• lurnl
lt> ru1iun t1 uu t

T<.' 11

m e AnmP.

whic h nm ulike
in bolh

uuml>crs.

T ell nrn w hi t>.h
nrn

ue ~ <i

in the

plural oul y .

\Vh en shC1 11ld
y ou u s ~ tho
word isf
\ V li en th e wortl

a1·e

r

22
\Vhnt. is t;nid
nhout tl.i e word
ncwsf

'Vhn t. is snid o f
word!\ (l t·t" in! ll
from fol" :ii.: rt

23

NOUNS.

ENGLISH GHAl\fMAR.

teeth.
Tooth,
men.
The little word news-Y' is always sing ular. You there.
geese.
Goose,
Woman,
women.
fore say "what is the news to-day?"
mice.
Mouse,
. Child,
chilchcn.
l\fanv of our ·w o rd ~ arc derived from the lnn guagcs
f' t
pcnee.
J
~
Foot,
cc .
Po1111y ,
of for eign nations, and they .!!encrall v retain their origbeaux.
~
~
J
, 0 x,
o:xe 1i.
Beau,
inal plural. 811r:h '\Yords as encl iu imi or on, generally
have the plural in a. Those in is in the sing ular, change ~ Nouns terminating in Jul have the r egular plura1.

\V bnt ii:J th o

plnrnl of nuui 1
! chi lit!
! ox? toot h 1
!
pc uu y ! bcnu t
W {ll ll llll

fo111

g{111 s1: ~ m n11 s 1~

<J

lnng u:1gca 1

it iuto es in the plural. The word anirnalculwn m eans · Handful,
one of those tiny obj ects found in a drop of water; ani- ~fouthful,

' Vhnt is tho
pltn 11I of
nninmkulumt

h::mdfuls.
mouthfuls.

Spoonful,
Pailful,

spoonfuls.
pailfuls.

' Vhn t, is sn id of
tl1 c plurnl of
noun s e1Hling

in ful?
\\rhnt is Urn

i~!,\\~fA11·~

111outlif11l !
SL1nonf11\ !

malcula, inany of them. Erratmn m eans one CITOi'j , I .
.
t I
people talk of pailsful and of pnilful 1
· t 1s very common o 1ear
Automaton, one w:tomaton ; au.
f
d
f 1
ut1is u1 an spoons u .
tomata., seveml automata. Phenomenon, on e wonder; T
"tl tl l'ttle ' vords in or o+ between
wo nouns w i l 1e fi i
•
'.!
phenomena, m or e than one.
d
rn,
add s only to the irst wor : as,
Most of these are diflicult words, which, although they
" 'hnt is the
arc v ery important, you will not use very much yet a
fathers-in-law.
Father-in-law,
F:~~J~~;_fr~ -lnw !
sons-in-law.
ot' 111m-in-hiw!
Son-iu-law,
while. I wiJl tell yon a few of the m ost cornmon, and
of Rhi!J-of- wnr1
ships-of-war.
Ship-of-war,
you can act your pleasure about firnJjng out their mean-

errata several errors.

of i ? rrnhnn f
of nutomnt on 1
of J)hcaomcaon !

ing.

A letter or Jig nrc is written in the plural in Lliis way :

Criterion,
Effluvium,
Emphasis,

j appendixes.
( appendices.
eri teria.
efRuYia.
emphases.

Hypothesis,

h ypotheses.

Appendix,

Memorandum,

m emoranda.

Metamorphosis, m etamorphoses.
Stratum,
st r~ta .
Stamen,
s tamina.
j <cr ap him.
Seraph,
/ serap hs.

There are other nouns irregular in forming their plural
which can g ive yo11 no trouble, as you have associated a
plural meaning tu t11cm from your infa.ncy, as,

* The word ne'rn is singular in another way beside number. It
is formed of letters whi ch arc the initials of the four points of the
compass. N, n orth; E, east; "\V, west; S, south. As we glean
news fr om all these quarters, it seems very appropria te.

b\ 7 l's;

six D's, frve lO's.
.
) have told you several useful facts abo:it the smgular
pluml number. I hope they have mterested you,
you have committeJ them thor oughly to m em ory.
EXERCISE.

Write the plural of book, knife, chair, fish, loaf, sky,
v, monkey, spy, valley, duty, study, loss, potat_o, booby,
if, neeillq, journey, day, stable, glory, berry, lily, moss,
th, mouse, ox, child, automaton, erratum, p110nomcno11,
uJOrandum, beau.
. .
\\'rite four nouns which have no plural tcnnmat1011.
Write four which are alike both in the singular and
I.
Write four which are used only in the plural form.

llnw rl n yn 11
w1i!1• 1~ l•·l! nr or
fi g-1irr• in ili o

1Jl11rnl !

,l'

24:

ENGLISH GHAMMAR.

25

NOUNS.

' Vrite the plmal of handful, spoonful, cupful,
father-in-law, ship-of-war.
vVrite three letters in plural form; three figures.

EXERCISE.

I hav e toJJ yo u so m uch about noun s, their numb
and genders, that I have no doubt but yo u can now t
in a moment whether a noun is common or proper, a
cl
cl
l
• is.
•
of what gen er an imm Jer it
7'/iere are two more prop erties belonging to nou
beside g ender and n wnber, called p erson and case. Afl(f
you learn abo ut; pronouns and vcr lJs, you will r.eadily
.l case m ean.
A s I l1Irn, at
unJc rstan<l. w l 1at p er son anu
far as possib le, to fullow the arrangement of the la~
I
• lL· bOnt tllOSe proper.
grnmmars, Wl'11 te11 you some tl· llllg
tics of the noun, prom1srng to explaiu more fully whis
w e come to pronouns and verbs.

Tell what person the foll o~i 11 g nouns arc. I JV11poleon
I .Tames, was present.
Jlil{.ry, m;k Jam es to
J\ly birds arc siug-iug . The trees arc in blussom.

Case.

•
· "''""
\\' hrtL" i.'lo,- i1i"
yo1t
B v tlie C;\S'J", oif nonns we _me_an the stale or s1/11at10n
l
cn:su of ·uouns !
with reganl to other words in a sentence.
Nouns may be l}Jaccd in three <l ifforo 11 t states in a. ~~.~,'~ l~:~,'.:;'
!
5Cntcnce, aud ther e arc therefore 'l'lllmF. CASES..
.
.
li"n is n noun
e , l ' ?lu 11 n denotes that oif wh-ich somethwg is sau l , ;"\\. ,,,.
1,rn
r /11 1
uominnt iva
or the actor i t is in the NOMINATIV E CASE ; as, the snn <'.'.'"'
n·c •omo
Junes sun is' in th e no minat ive case; the Jog l) al' Jrn, t ] le (.cxamvlco.
bird ~ings, th e child laughs ; dog, bird, and chi ld, are
· t li e nom iuaLi\·e case.
nOUllS 111
T o whn t
Tl1e ]10111 •111 ,Lt.1vc C'LSe 'Llls wers to who or wha t: as, the '\"'";''"-""•.•.
t
child laughs, wl10 la 11glis? the child ; chil d is here in t he cnsu un swc rl
·nominativ e case. Tlie sun shin es, what shines? tl10 sun;
"''" 1' s 1°n the nom in ative case.
\ \Thrn i~ n nnnn
When a noun J euotcs the possession uf a uy thin g, it ~;.~~!1XJ•••.. i•
is in the POSSESSIVE CASI~ : as, the boy's k ite ; the lud<s
"ai'.
The }JOsscssive case, in tho siu g u] :.tr , has thts
I' •
l
h ' Vhnt rnnrk bn9
mark ('), ca1le<l an apostrophe,_anJ s after Jt: t rns, t e ~'.:~.1;osscssivo
.
mall 's ]10 ·1·s e • the boy's hat · J'Ylary's slia,d .
l
•
)
l ] \ Vhnl 1s tho
.
t
1nnn\r
vear
s
fl""O
Enrrlish
aut
hor
s
usec
t
1e
ori
i;i
n
ol"thP.
A g1 ca - J J (
b
;:,
•
• npos lro1·h e 1
word is iustcaJ of the apostrophe and s : thu s, the king LS
W c o mi t fl1 c i, a nd in its Jihce use the npostrophe: thu s, the king's crown .
" ' h n.1 i!1 lh P.n1l e
·when the noun ends in s in the plural, or es, or ss, in ewndhens iu1hrs, e.!, or
the singular, you must only add an apostrophe: t hus, .,
ll OllllS

t1

'-'

1

Pernon.

l

l .

I
Wh nL is

pcn ou t

6I} ERSON is that property wh ich r epresents the noua

J;" as Lli c p erson speaking, Uic p er son spoken to, or the
p er son or th ing spoken oC
' Vh cn ia n noun

in th e first

person!

' 'h"n i ~ n fl '>ll ll

in I ho second
}>-01800 '

'Vh1• n is n 11 onn
in th•· thirt.l
per5on !

JVJwn a noun denotes the person spea!.:i'llg, it is said iJ
Grammar to be of the FIRST PElcSON : as, I Pau.l han
written it.

TY!wn a no nn deno tes the person spoken to, it is of Iii
SECOND l'EI<SON : as, lil iir.71, r ecite yo m lcssou; J ohn, yoa
may go.
\ Vlieu a noun denotes the p erson or thing
]t is of the thinl person, as J ames is a good
picture is lJca.utiful.

<

'

<.

·

111 110n11wdl\e

9'.Ul

0

Ll

11 01111

'

26

ENG LI SH GHA.lllJ\L.AH.

"on eagles' wi11gs ;" for good11e:;1;' i;uke; jiJr 1·iyhteou,.
uess' sa!.·e.
\ Ybnt is !he
tlJir<l

OHl!I U

called!

"' h~t doc~

tl1e

objecth·e cnso
dtmo te !

To whnt

t1~~~.i~1c~t~s
cnse unsw e r l

Give some
exum1•h·s of the
11om i1ia tiv e nnd

obj ecfrre cnacs.

The posscssirn case is almi_y s told Ly its apostrophe.
The third case of 110111t::; is the 011J .EGTIVE. ]{;has the
same fonn as tlw 1101ui11::t ive, n11d ca 1t only IJc told by
its o flicc in tl1 e scJJ tcnce. Tlio i1 om i11ati rn c:tsl', you !'I}
rn clllb er, is d enoted liy tltc actor. Tlic olijl'l'lt\'e case
a hrn.ys d enotes the o~ject of the action, nml nnS\\·ers to
the quest ion wliom or wltat : as, the cat catd1cs mfre.
Cat, the actor, is .iu the 11orninafrrn case, and the ob.
j ccts of h er adi ou, mice, nrnst be in tl1 0 objective.
That snake lms uittcn tlw man . Suakc, th e actor, is in
tlte norniuati\' c c:isc.
lhs hitteu whom ?-U1 e 11w 1;,
Tlt e noun rna11 , boiug the oujc<.:t of tlio adio 11 , i::; in th,,
objectini <'nsc.
Tlte cat <:nl <:hef; mice.
\Yli at d ocs th e C'at catch1
"llfice." I lrnow t li e ludy . .L kn ow wl10 111. ? "The
lady." jJfice and lady nre l1cr c in th e ouj ed i,·c case.
I have now tuld yo n ll carly as much ahi>11t JJouns as
yo u ·will find i11 tl1 c l:trge g rn1111nar:~ .
1 lt o11e I liavo
maclo it so s in1pl e a1td p la iu, that yo n rr:illily 111 1dcr.
stood CV('t'.)' ddi11iti(l11. ll uw \l' (nild you Jikl~ to parse as
the o.lder boys :ind g il'.i s (Iv 1 lJut you rnust li l'St urnfor.
stand wlwt. pursi11.r; rn C'am:.
lrr/wn y ou. purse, the wordJ
in a sentence are e.rp!ui11ecl one 11y one. .Yon ji11cl ont to
which of tlie nine classes or part::; of speech each word be.
longs, and th en yon tell all tlte 71roperties beloi1yi 11g to it.
Pars ing is to Grn unnnr \\'hat ci1d1ering is tu arithmetic.
It is very amu s ing work to those who uuclcr sta ucl Gram.
mar. I know some quite you ng stud on ts \rlto like to
parse almost as well as they love to play. As I wish
1

Whnl, ii! tho
first thing ynu

do wh en you
parat f

' Vlmt. is next
done in

parsing f

NOlJNS.

27

you to acqnire good habits in parsing from the eommcncernont,.I bog y on will attend to what I am going
to tell you.
\ Vhen you a.re called upon to parse, go at it as if
you intcmlcd t.o do it well arnl promptly.
Do not drawl o ut your w ords, or r epeat them n eedlessly, or look as if you were ti red and sick.
1 have sometimes heard ch ild ren parsin g, \rho had so
many bad habits tlmt it gave me pain to be present.
\ Vlien you l> ocome familiar with the definitions, you
need not give tltem in parsi ng .
I will show you h ow to parse nouns, and then for
your amu sem ent you can fiutl out; tho n ouns in th e first
p:igo of your favorite story-book, and parse them for
some of your friends:
\ Ve will take this sentence.
J ames' father has
oranges, apples, and cocoannts.
The very first \\·onl in the rsentence is a no nn. I am
now go i11 0rr to 11ar se it. The w ord James' is a 11roner
11owdoyou
r
parse thO word
1to1tn, L0causo iL is t ho particufu.r 11ame of an indi vidual; J nmce!
mascnline, it d enot es a h ei11g of lli o male kind; sing-itlar,
it clcnotes l>ut 0110 ; third person, it cleHotcs tho p erson
.~poken of; possessive case, it denotes the possessio n of
property.
The ·word father is a common noun, b ecause it is a 11 °'. ''" vo"
pnreo fot11cr!
name b elongin g to a class; masculine, it d enotes a b eing
of the male kiu<l; siu.r;ulnr, it denotes but one; third
person, it de n()tes tl1e person srokon of; nominative ca.se,
it denotes the su1jec t spoken of, or actor. The next word,
has, is not a nou n, therefore \ \'e will omit it.
The word orang es is a common noun, it is the nan1e of Purseornn~•··

28

rnree nppl f' s .
Parse coco:111uta.

I.;NULISll GH.A:l\IllfAR

AUTICLES.

a class; neuter yender, it is neither male nor female;
plural number, it denotes more than one ; third p erson, it
denotes things spoken of; oTi.Jective case, it dcllotcs the
objects of tho action or r elation. .1Jpples aud cocoanuts
arc parsed exactly like oranges.

29

·JIIAPTEll III.
ARTICLES.

Try to parse tho following : .lJiary's books bread butter
'
. '
'
peaches, birds, flo wers, J ohn's fl11.te.
NOTE TO 'J'r:A c rr1m s.-1'eac h0rs will please t o r l' Yi l' w fr equently.
Grammar to be marlc u s rful mu s t b e th o rou g hl y tnu g-ht. Pupils
shoulcl h l' ·a]Lcrn :i.lPly l' xe r cisf'tl in l ea.min µ; s m a ll por t ioll s of the
l.J ook, arn l th c n applyill g lh(' lll in p:tffing and co rrcc ti11 .!.( fal se sent c11 ces , till t he whole becom es f:i mili a r. It " ·ill no t a\·a.i l nnyth ing
for n s tu dent to :·cpcat defin itions of which he m a k l's no app lication.
A sid e fr om th l' bc11 efit deri\·l'1l of th oroug hly und cr slallding the
eleme nts of Grnmmar, th e exe rcise of pa r sing a ncl co r rec lin" fals e
scnll'n ccs \Yi ll g reatly impro rn the memory ancl s trcn 0rr th~n the
m ental facultie s .

OU are now going to learn how to
di stinguish another of tho nine parts
or classes or speech.
The ArtTICLE . 7' A lthough there are
JI•)"" mo ny
01il y two articles, so important arc they, that nrti clce nre
th c nl !
you cannot find a siuglo page in any hook
whiel1 clocs not have several articles in it.
Tho artic1 os arc among tho smallest words
in our language, and you will gcnernll y find
th em placed before nouus, like li ttle fri ends always in
attendan ce. I do uut douht but yo u have airondy
guessed I m oan tlte words a, an, and tlte.
I must t oll you ·w hat tl1at rosy-chocked little girl, ·who
said she kn ow all about n0Lms, said to me when I told.
her a, an, and the were articles.
With a bright expression of face she said, Thero is a
mistake. Yon said. there wore only two articles ; I know
three, a, an, and the.
Perhaps some of you who ar c thinking children have
thought tho sarn.o thing, so I will t ell yo n in almost tho
very words of cxp]a.nati on which I told her.
i! a..'l.id
A and an arc in reality tho same word. There arc "\Vht'\t
nLout a or an r

*

The wonl article is derived fr om the L atin articulus, a small

joint or part.

30

ENG LISH GRAJ\IlllAH.

\Vh rn <lo wo
1110(Iii1

\Vh cu a!

" ,.hnt is au
nrticlc?

some w ords b efore whi ch a alone 'rnuld uot sound well:
as, a eel; a ora nge ; a i11 eh. Tn Sll l'h cases we use an
in st ead or <t : un l' e l ; an orange; an ju d 1.
Defore \r on1s coJLm1c11eiJJ g "·ith a vowel so1111d. ,,-c use
an . .As must words conune.ucc with a co nso na nt, a is
u sed often er.
An w·ticle is th e wo rd tlie, an, or a, which we put brfore
1101111s to limit their meaning .

\ Vhich nre tho
t wo 1trl iclcs ?
\\'!mt rloe!l th o
w ord defiuito

There arc t wo articles. Tl1c DEr<IN l'l'E an•l l NDEFINITE.
The word definite means particular, mJL1 tlt e is ca lled
nw :u11
th e definite article beca use i t always den otes some par tiwlai·
\VI I\· is the
<l'~'1\;~'.'1 :1i.~rticle 1 p el'son 0 1· th ing: as, tli e bo .)" <lid i t- so m e pal'tic11lal' boy;
tli c h or se is fri g htcn cll-sonte particula r Jwrsc.
\:Vh ~t doe s
The w orJ indefinite m ean s not p articular, :md a or a11
in dt'fi11ito
n11·:111!
Wh y is a or an is called the indejinite al'ticl e because it does not deno te
cnll i:d Urn
i.1 1tlt.' fi11ito
any p art ic ulm· p cl'son or thing . A Look m eans any
ftrl icle 1
book; nn apple o r a n orn nge, any apple or or a.11ge, not
any partic11 lar one.
De foro t1 0 1111A of
wh nt 11111111 .r- r is

a oaly usc <l !

lVh en do

YOU

us e a1' i11s lcad
of a r

\ Vh, do \" OU
;rn i. .;u r. if

&!'I Y

a is usl' ;J lw i~1ro
COl l80llllll! S

!

De fore non ns of
wbnt n11111 1Je r
do yoLL use the 1

TJ1 e indCJl'nite articlr, a or a11, is only uscrl ur:fu re nouns
in the singular number. Jt meD.ns the same as one : a
c up ; a horse.
H emem ber, b efvrc "\YOrds l)('gim1i11 g with a vowel
sou nd, ·w e u se an .i11stcad of a; a lso, b efore sile nt h ; we
say an h our, b cca1 1se th e h is not so unded . h sounds
as if sp ell ed 011 r, an cl this is th e same as if lto nr comrne11 ced ·w ith a vowel. ..11 is usccl :iu prcforcn cc to an
1Jeforc w on1s eornmcncing with a consonant sou nd.
Th e definite article, the, is u sed b efore lJoth F:ingular
\Ye can say the boy, or t.he boys ;
the horse, or the hor ses.

and plural n o uns.

/

I

Articl es, you p er ceive, are very usefol little wor<ls, for

ARTICLES.

withont t hem we woulJ 1Jc at a 1oss to point out the in<livid Hal or t hings nf w11i elt we mcD.n to sp eak.

Prefix mea ns to place b efore.
. 1 l
l'refi'.r lh e i11rlrji11 ifc articl_e to th e noun~ girl, cu.pc, IS anc'
dollar tree k i 11 "" book, rn m1c-h ox' m oss-10se.
Pr~fix /1i c d~jinitc al'ficle to the n ou1~s ckphants, rain,
monm:chs, lt11111111iu g-hinl , g raf'sh.oppcr s, ~m11~ts. h . they arc
Correct the followi ng cx prcss1ons, am t c w y

l
·t
. 1- b 0 ttlc a eel-skin , a h our, an icrm1 ' a
111
A orange, a
....
' <
t
· · t~l' e an u for
.
nnchor, an lustory'
an use [ u1 book ' tlo no mis "... <
11 a.

incorrect.

EXAMPLES FOR p ARSI NG.

Example pa rse1l.- Tli e ~irls s!n~. l
rl before the noun
The w ord th r. is an article; it is p ace . . . 1 . t 1
. g; J. t, is
. the clcfimtc arti c c; 1 t cFirls to li11tiL it ': mca n1.n
notes some 1i::irl icul:J.r g·1d f' .
.
The word ylrls is a n oun, 1 t is the 11ame of·l a person;
. third
. 1·s t-110 11ame b clong·mg to a cass,
common n oun, lt. ' ·
f· zural 11wnbcr,
_
. t denotes the p ersons spo1,._en o ' 11
person, l ·
. .
l . it denotes obit den otes rn or e tlian on e; feini:11.11 ~ ycm m ' _notes the
jccts of th e female kind; 1w11n11al.ice case, it de
,
Persons act in g.
·
th e horse ·,
The b oys play ; a cow; a m oth er ·' tie
'1 -·nYcr;
.
.
o·es ·' tlie hoy s ],_Ile.
u carnag·e
; ri.n. npp l e'. omn
<
"'

31

82

33

ADJECTIVES.

ENGLISH GRAllilVIAH.

The three dccrrees
of comparison are called the POSI- Which
nrere<'S
theof
b
three dcg
the COMPARAT IVE, the SUPERLA'l'IVE.
com~t>risuul
'I'he positive clegree is t/wt 1l'1liC
1 • J ·
1
'h nt. is th o
l is e:r;pressecl Uy tae
ac [ - "positive
deg ree !
jectivc in its simple Jorin : a small clog, a large house. ~:~~.~~::;•or
tho
positirn degrco.
If we mere ly 1vislt Lu say of a.n olijc(jt it is sweet or sour,
large or small, we u se the posi ti vc degree.
The conwarative
dcoree
is that which is higher or Whnt
i• Hie
'.l.'
J
comparal1\·e

TIVE,

CHAPTER IV.
ADJECTIVES.
~S you kn ow how t

J' .
.1sh nouns
,
. .
.
o ustmgu
. ,md art rc:lcs frolll tlw oth c' I' n111
.
c pn,rts
( f
o. speec h' I will t 0-d ay rntrol1uce
·
you

Or whnt

\IS U

tldj ective s !

'\Vbnt is nn
a<ljcctiH: t

nro

to

ADJEC'l'IVES,

the
..
L et me tell you first of what use
lcs[ ~~,1.c, for ':-~ clo i:ot foci much interest; in use. 11ngs. .Lou will rrenc1. 11 {' l . .
jo inod to
f'
b
a Y me ad,1 ectivcs
.
no uns ' '" the pur )O
f ]
. .
some <Jllnlit y -WI
l so o c cscn1mg
larae o·i· , '. l.l
ion we say of a t.hi1 ig it is
sma ' ro1'1•d
• " ., square black bl
b
;r. l . J
t 1.J u , lndeous ' good" 01. ainu Sl.ll[J WC ' ll S •, ., . ue,. ean.
dcscribeit.
'
· 0 al ,1 cct1vcs to

An adjective is a word added to a noun or pron
d
genera.ll!J e.1:presses quality.
oun an
I l .t l11nk
yon will find no <l'ffi
. soon b .
•
i icul ty m
bl

. they. crcncr l1 cmg
·
, Cea use
d a. e
11
t l1e q nal ity 01. ap])C ftrrnc
(' _
o
Y · oscnbe
.
' ' c o nouns : as ·i z, . z
" ·r l
.. , ' c wi, P cas1.mt
<l ay, a spirited lwrsc b
· ' eau,i, 11 yellow ros ~ . l
my brown l1orsc , /. . /.
.
.
e>', a arge <log1
' ' ,L ll!J l J1lO tlllta111.
\Ve often wi .sh to compare
.
.
th111gs
·with t1
speak of c3ualit.,ics 1'1 1 1·n·
o icrs, or to
.
•.
·
·
l 1 crc11(, ways.
All.1cct1vcs may be con
. 1. .
tlie three derrrees oi co'1 . 1~)a1 cc m three ways, ca ll cd the
,. .,
:; , ipanson Con
.
.
of the mb'ective to e:i.:press q·;talit1 ~Jan;~o'.i is a clirtnge
..
!/ in u~(Jei·ent de,r;rees
t o custmgui sh a<lj cctiYcs b '

~1en t io n somo
eent e1h'"S
COlll1ti1 1i11<?

n<lj cc tin;.

Jn how mnny
Wn~· A IJl:t\"

nrlj oc ti'· ":q bo
compnrl'd1

\Vhnt. do yo u

m <'nn .,,. ·

compnrhun !

1

1

lower, more or less, than somethi11,r; contrasted with it. degree
A horse is larger than a <l og, a Lush is shorter than a ~:~7;.;'.\~.
tree.

In words of one syllable, the comparative degree is

formed by adding er to the positive : tall, taller; short,

H ('lw d o you
form th ti
comptmttive

dt!grcel

shorter; sweet, s weeter.
vVhat are words of one sy11ab]c ca1lcc1 7
vVorcls of more thm1 one syllabl e do not generally com
H oldoyou
pnrtJ long
0
souncl w ell compared with er; therefore we add the " ' " ' '
word m,ore or less.
Bcautifuller and cJcganter arc bad-looking and illsounding w ords.
]l[ore u cautiful or less el egant is proper.
The superlative degree
is that 1Yhich is most or least,
.......,
the highest or lowes t of ~111 included with it.
The s upcrlati ve degree is formed by adding est to the
adj ecti vc.
The rn.onntains of Asia arc the hig hest in the world;

whnt
;, tho
superlntivo

degree!
H ow ;, the
superlnli,·e
de g ree formed!
Give
nn
exnrn ple.

gnats are mnong the smallest of insects.
There are some adjectives which cannot ue com- ~~/~~7;~~~
· er an cl irre~11t11rl•
parecl aCCOl'C1.mg t 0 tl. 10 genera l 1'1.l l e 0if a cl. (zl?lg
eou~mred·I
est to them, and they are said to be corn.pared irregu-

lctrly.
The following adjectives are compared irregularly:

3

34
Positi1·e.
Compnre good
bnd, rnuch, for~

Co mparatire.

Goocl,
Bad, eYil, or ill,
J\I uch, or 11ia11y
Far
"'

'

l\J rnli on somo
t1dj 1• clin?s

wh id1

(':l llll O f.

be co mpnred .

Su pcrlali ve.

better,
worse,

Info hnw mnny
cl11 ss1•s

111:1y

expressell, but is under stood.
Pronorn i11al alljccti \·cs, alt-hough few in numucr, arc of

l l\01°0,

rn us L

farflto1·•

farf·Jws t.

great i111JH>1 ·t :t11<:L' in Cr:1lllni:t.r.
I will t ell y on mo.- t uC the aclj cct iv- cs wl1idt arc rronominal: .ill/, an y, l; oth, caclt, either, else, enough, every, f ew,
fewer, j(>1·111cr, .first, llltler, lu st, li.tLle, less, least, mcmy,
more, most, m uch, 11eilhcr, nn, none, one, other, ow 11, only,
same, sevcrol, so me, such, tl1c1t, these, those, whut, what-

Ther
e <·tre s ome
.
~ · f .IVCS " ·hich '
•
110.Jec
..
as, immorta l i11lin .t
.
c. 11mut IJC'. compared
.
'
.! ' le, squa re c1 rcul .
ll l
.
'
a. bo.Y sn.r Tliis t I I ~ · , '
m, ft •
on ce hca.rcl
'
:1.J L is sq11·11·er ti
1
mnst e ithe r b e S(IU ' . •
·· '
tan t i:if. A 1liing
. ,ti c or not sc1u:1rc. \ "' l 1•,1t Js
.. a s <111are ?

A

y, CO~lllfON
. J

.

OUN lJ,

\ Vhnt. is n.

common
ndjectirnf
Gii;e nn

exnm}J le.

'Vfo1 t is a
nu111 e r:1l

ndj c>c li,·c !
:Mention some.

,n,nt is n
pro11 on1in :i.l

n<lj ccti ve t

Whnt do yon
mean by n noun
unUe ru tood f

nncl

P IWPEI'
·
· .,
PAllTJCJPIAL .
'

NUMERAL,

PHONO~l
l

.. name,
INAI,, C0 .\1-

Th erc nrc .se.-cr "' l ti tousa nd common nd · 1• .
.
' . .J eC 1' C'S .
A CO MMON
1
Ao.rncnvE denotes q
l'
.
g ood, bad, pcnrf'+11l c f .
. . ua .1ty or si tuation: as
.
J' ., as c1II ' we~tern
A
'
o l common nd jcc ti vcs e .l . ,,
.
g l'C'aL n mn her
.
' Ill lll Oil~ 'LS r.
·
a l so ju ivc ns (l
t.
, ' ' ' gc11 crrm s, ; calous .
' ' , , cccp we · ·rn cl 111
· l
,
A I'llOP FR
..
' .' .
a ' as, autumnal.
,
AIJJ .E C l'lV.E: IS funned/·
a s, American .l/11rnpea G·· .
I om a p rop er name:
A N , ' .
n, rl ectan, I£1tJ1garia11.
U,\!E l1A L AlJ.JECTIYl"

si.?:' tltrcc, ten .

A

l\T l' utinn somo
pro •11 <•1niunl

nUj i:ctives.

ever, wl1ic/1l'vcr.
A COJ\T P OU N D ADJE CTIV E is one th at consists of tu•o or
more wonls joined together; as, left-handed, fourjooted,

DJECTlVrs
J
.!.. mnybecliv id edintosixclasscs ·

Wbnt nre theyl p

children ancl gave each a shillin g, the wonl child is not

best.

Classes of Adjectives,.
ndj ed ins ho
divided!

35

ADJECTIVES.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

..

. c.qn csses a nwnb er '. ,'ts· , one,

. a U'or z
is
1 • ,
( w111.c1i may eit!ter
1
.J
i s no1t11., or 1·Pprcscnt :
:
two p oor chi ll1rcu fl 1 , .
it understood. .l mrt
, nc g.n e eaclt a sJ11·1r
(
a shilJing .)
· '
mg ; each child
l' IWNOM I N AJ, ADJE• C'l'IVI'c

accompami ·

\Vhen .I .sr.10,ak o f a noun 1mderstood I
. .
spoken or written A .
' ·· me.an, it 1s not
.
s Ill the sentence ' I inet·· t >vo poor

\ Vhnt. in a.
('O ll l[>OUlld

ndjecliye1

higli -mi11decl, 1w.t-urow11 .
Thi s mark ( - ) is called n hyphen.
A PA1n1 c 1PIAL AD.J.ECTIVE has the form of a. participle,
but, unliJ.·e it, has no ide(l of time: smiliug spring;
ziarting $11mmcr; a roaring lion; n scolding woman;

'Vlirtl i!I B
pnrticipinl
f\4\j ccti,·o J

a crying chi ld.
EXEIW I SE.

Of what clrgr ce of comparison is loYcly? muiablo? former?
true? b eautiful? uri1lia11t? more brilliant? most brilliant?
s11uare? rou gh est? lea.st? numerous?
Compare large, dear, benevolent, li.Yely, bacl, lofty, magnifice11 t, f'plcndicl .
\Vrite six common adj ectives ; six proper adjectives; six
pronominal adj ectives ; six compound adjectives; three participial adj ecti res.

Correct the false Grammar.
The lcarnccler thou art the more h umbler be thou. John
is amiabler than James. My ball is rounder than yours.

36

ENGLISH GRAl\I.MAR

PRONOUNS.

My block is
· tl lo squarest
It
She is one of the honest . ·t: . 1 was the drcadfnllest siirl
cs gir s I know.
~
'

PARSING.

•'
•''

Example of parsing an ad.,

.

CHAPTER V.
',

an adjective it . .
, uectu:e.-lho best boy Best •
.
'
oxp1csscs qualit
f .
.
mon
a1!Jectfre ' it Jueie
• l
.
y o 1ho
b
y denotes
]' noun boy
. '. a COii
otter, best; superlat fre 1 .
. qua it.y ; com p a rcel, goo
grcc.
c eg1ee, rt clouotos the highest d ..

BEAR cmLBREN

I 9

TlllNK b y this time you begin to feel

A ·w ild anim a l; a gTcat f: t
.
.
'
a coachman
. ']
fillJ CSt paint r:~~
a S llll SltJll
jr d Uj' . ,
'
L 10
h
, ,t cross en ·
h
·~
orscs ; tho Amcricau natiou.
.·rng c ild; five gn:
lllO'
b ;

interested in Gran1mns, and are anxious
to know more abont the r emaining parts
of speech. Uemember, I wi sh you to
learn each lesson thoroughly, and exercise
yo ur thoughts as· you go along. I hope
you are r eg1dar in your attendance at school,
for the pupil who stays often at home seldom
makes rap1c1 progress. You are now to learn
about another part of speech called Pronouns.

PRONOUNS.*
OW clo you like the following sentences? lrfary is
a good g ir l, because ~Mary loves to obey }.fary's paents, and do what is right. Mary's fri ends scty that
ary's friends never saw llfary do wrong willingly.
You do not like them, a,ncl the r eason is b ecause I use
· ihe noun Mary so often. What words can I use instead
of r epeating Mary? Let us see. Mary is a good girl

*

Pronouns are so called from two Latin words, pro and nomen,

which signify for a noun or name.

j

·, ~·

...

38

ENGLISH GRA111111AR.

"\\" hut nre

pronouns!
\\"hen tlo we
UElc j H(HIO UUS

1\f(' nlicm

f

ROJnc

of lh e

pronouns?

"\V hnt

f:.h!~~;\i~a
pronouus t

because s!ie loves to obey he1· parents, and clo what is
right. l\hry's friend s say they n ever saw her do wrong
intenti onall y. You p erceive I u se tlw little words s!te,
h er, mu1 tli e!J.
'l' hcsc fll' C PRONOUNS.
PRONOUNS are words u sed instead of iw1111 s.
\ Vhcn w e cl o not \ri ~h to u se the sam e noun brice in
a, sentence \\·c omit it., nncl in its pl:1 cc t:11' c one of the
pron oun s. Tli ey nrc small worus, lm t you will find them
on every page of a story-book. 1 ''"ill m en Lion some
of th em. 1, my, min e, me, we, ours, 11s, than, thine, thee,
yours, your, yon, he, his, hiin, th ey, th eirs, thein, she, her,
hers, it, its, who, whose, whom.
A s pronou ns nre so much like n o uns, tl1 cy have the
same prop er ties of ]JCl'son, number, g ender, and case.

Person.
"\'\'"hP U fl.TC

pronouns in the
first person !

1!
I

ii

M11ntio11 oo me.
' Vlw n in th o
SC' COlll [

1

i\T c ntion eome ,
prououns in the
thirrl person!

f\.l eution some.

J?HONOUNS d enoting the person speaking are in the
.first person-I, my, mine, ine, we, ours, 11s. Pronouns
d en oting th e pel'son spoken to arc iu tli c second persontliou, thin e, you, yours. Pro1touns d en oting the person or
thing spoken
o-F
arc in tlie thi!'dJJerson-he
his ) him ) she '
.
'J
.
)
hers, h e1·, the!J , theirs, them.

Number.
'Vh C'n nre
prononns in tho
sirn.rubr
number!

!\fontion some .
1\' h r n nrc

1ir o11 011 11 s in th e
plum! Jrnmhcr !

Mention some .

J?HONOUNS denoting but one person or thing are in
the singulw· nuinber; as, I, iny, than, thee, li er, hers.
Pronoun s d cnuting m ore than one pcl'son or tlti11g are in
the plural number; we, onrs, 1ts, they, t!i eirs, th em.

39

PRONOUNS.

Gender.
TIRONOUNS Ll cnoting males arc in the m asculine gen-

.b

del'-hc, h is, him, himseif.
Pronollns d enotin g fcnwles arc in the fem i nine g ender
- she, h er, hers, hersrif.
Prono uns cl cnot ing o'1.Jects neither ma le nor f emale are
of the neuter g ender-it, its, itself

\\"h r>n me
pronouns in the
mns l· ul ine
£'f' IH1cr ~

1\lc nt ion some.
" Tlwn nre

inthe

fe\7:~~;;;;~s
ge nd l'r!

l\ IPnti on some.
\\'h f' n nro
of fho
u c ul! •r g"f' r1tlf'r'

JW U I W \I J1J.1.

l\lcution some.

Cases.

tpHE cases of J>ronouns are the same as n ouns: the
. J, NOMINATIVE, the PO SSESSIVE, and the OD.JE CTIVE.
The NOJ\I TNAT I YE case d enotes the actor or subject of
the verb. Th e boys phy. If w e wi sh to u se a pronoun
here in stead of t lie n oun b oys, we say, they play .
I wilJ g i vc yo u some exam plcs of pronouns in the
1tom·i na t1>ve case, anLl you will observe they all represent
the person acting. I write this grarnmar; yoit learn
what I write ; yow· teacher h ears yon recite ; he sings
well; she writes. A s tho nominative case answers to
who or what Lefore it, you can easil y tell it. I sing ;
who sings ? " I." 1 is in the n ominative case.
The rossr:ss rv 1;: case d enotes p ossess ion or JJ1'0J? erty.
.My house, his hat, her cape.
The OBJ JWTI V E case d enotes the o~ject of the action or
relation; ns, G i vc the book to m e. J.l fy l1 orsc is not in
the stable, and I wish to ricle him. In the last sentence
arc three pron oun s; one in the nominative case, one in
the possessive, a11l1 one iu the objective. Try if you can
tell the on e in the objective.

'Vh.'l l is i::nid of
th e (' HS (' S of
pro11 011111> 1
\\~h~t i~ the
n t1m ina t i,·o
CHS t,.\

l

)\f (! nli on flomo

e :rnni p lrJ.1. of tho
nnn 1i111ttivo

case.

l\f1nt

<l OC R

p0 !' i:: r p; ~i

tho

vc cnse

denote 1
~knti o n

somo

exompl es.
\Yhnt '1 of> s t ho
ob.i•'c tiv o cnse
1.h>n o l ~ 1
l\J, •nli on aomG

e.:r.11mplee.

40

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Remember the objective case answers to whom, or what
after it. I love children; I love 1l'lwm ? " Children."
Ch iltl ren is the reforc in the o1Jjccti vc case. I love;
who loves? "L" I is in the nominative case.
You p erceive, my good, attcnti vc yo 1mg pupils, that,
hav ing learned alx111t the genders, nwnbers, p ersons, a.nu . ·
cases of nouns, yon easily 1.mderstand about th em in pronouns. De cncourngcd to learn some new fact every
day, and yo u 11ill !Jc surprised to fiml how rn.uch you
can learn, and how easily you compreheud what once
seemed lik e a new langun gc to you. Jn thi s 'rny, by
s1nall b eginnings persevered in, all the wise m en of the
day haYc b ecom e learned.
Do not get <liscourngccl when your lessons appear
difficult. The m ore intelligent you 1 ccomc, the more
you will prefer cl iflicult studies.
EXERCISE ON PRONOUNS .

Of what gender is she? her ? his? him?
Of what numucr is I ? tlton ? he? she ? them? they? ye 1
wr ? ow· ? 11s ?
Of what vcrson is I ? you ? we? th ey? theirs? yours 1
them ? u s ? thon ? my ? mine ? me ?
Tell the gl'nder, number, aml person of the following pronouns: ice, I, he, hers, you, hi111, his, her, 011r, it.
Form a senten ce containin g a pronoun r!f' tlw first perso11
si11,r;ular; one contaiuiug the first person plllral; tMrd per·
son singulai·, masculine; thi:rd p erson sin.r;ular, fe minine;
second p erson si11g11lar; second person plural.

[ have now told you how to distinguish the Noun,
Article, Adjective, and Pronoun. Hernemher that nouns

41

PRONOUNS.

nre the nnrncs of all persons, places, or things, that can
be known o r th011ght of. The articles arc a, an, and the.
Adj ectiv es describe som e qua Ii ty of tl1 c person, place, or
thing; and pronouns are those convenient little words
which we use, to avoid repeating nouns so often.
Here is an exercise on the four parts of speech. Some
of the words are n ou ns, some artielcs, others adjectives,
nnd pronoun s. Ther e arc also a few words which belong
to some of th e other parts of speech, about wh ich J have
not yet told you. These will' onl y p uzzle you a littl e,
for J fl atter n1ysclf you arc bright scholars enou gh to
tell whether they a.r e nouns, art.ides, adj ectives, or pronouns.
EXERCISE.

TVn:te all th e 11nw1s in one r.ol1t11m; prono1111s in an other:
adjectives in an oth er ; and the articles £n an other.
.
Jane Smit·h is a good girl. A fine tlog. My prclty bml.
'The sweetest orange. London and l'aris arc large cities.
A kind teach er and his obedient sch olars. 1\Iary Jon es is a
goo<l, kind little girl; she has prcUy urown curl~, bright
blue crcs, a ntl rosy checks. H er playmates say thl'y n ever
saw h er rude, selfish, or disukdicnt. lf sh e has a large
apple and a small one, she often gi \·cs the large one to her
playmates.

Classes of Pronouns.
TIRONOUNS are divided into THREE
J; sona.l, relative, and in terrogative.

CLASSES:

pe1·-

\V-l 1n • nrr> ih e
thr(>C cl/\i:_qeg of

prouvuns ~

~'

~

~

'-'----"---

-"

"--

-----~

..

"·~--

~,.
1·11

-

___ _.

-~-----

"'

~-

-

~

.,

' ll /
1

.

I:

I ~-

I

42

ENGLISH GHAl\HIAH..

l'ERSONAL PRO NOU N S.
'rh!'lf is n
pe rs••11a l
prououu 1

A PEI<SONAL PROKO CN is on e that shows, by its foiw, of
what perso n i t is. It is used instead of the name of a
p er son or tlting .

Wh en do you
use a pe rsOnal
pronoun!

' Vhnt nre th e
eim pie pcrsonnl
prououua !

~~:\~~1~l;~? 1l~~u
dt>clt· n!''i<Jn of
prouou11 '!

Decline / .

D ecl in e thou.

Dcclin" he.

t\

43

PIWNOUNS.

S1m, of th e THIRD

PERSON ,

Si11g., Norn. she.
Poss. h er, or hers.
Obj. h er.

IT, of the

TIIIJW PERSON,

f eminine g ender.

Plur., No m. they.
Poss. their, or theirs.
Obj. them.

. ·,

nen ter g ender .

In speak in g of yourself you rarely use yo ur own name,
Sing., Nom. it.
Plur., Norn. they.
but a 11crso nal pronou1t. You :::a)r
I am baoino· or ' J
. • '
bl
l'oss. i ts.
Poss. their, or theirs .
will do it; or, this is min e.
Obj. them.
Obj. it.
The simple p ersonal pronouns arc: 1, of the first per. '
son ; tlwit, of the secorn:t p er sou; he, she, and it, of the
I must say something here about the pronouns thon
tl1ird person.
nnJ y oit.
I >viii show you how t o decline per sonal pronouns,
Those of my students whose parents belong to the
t11at is, I will show yu1 1 how to arrnuge th e m r cg u]arly Society of l~ ri e11c:I s , have ahrnys used the prououus than,
a ccor d in g to numb er m1Ll case.
thine, thee, thysc?f
The declension of a pronoun is a rrgulur a1 "J"a11geme11t
1 have oflcn heard some little Friends use thee, which
of its nwnbers and cases.
is the ob,icdivc case, for th an, wl1i ch is the i1 ominativo
case. I l1:wc :dso heard such expressions as, "thee does,''
11 thee is," " thee has," " thee thinks," &c.
I ho1)c nftcr
SDlPLE PEH.SONAL PIWN OUNS.
, tl1cy k1.vc gone thro11gh ve rbs, in t.l1i s Gramma r, ll1 cy
T, of t!w "1<11! 8 '1' 1'1'1 ~80N, any of the !./endr'rs.
will speak con edly. The la nguage uf their ancestors
Si11;1., Norn. 1.
P1ur., No 111 . \\·e.
is too grarnm aLical, simple, and poetical, to u e made
P oss. m.1·, or mine.
Poss. our, or ours.
unpl casa11t ancl ill-so1mding by bad grammar.
Obj. lll C.
Obj . us.
The pro11 01111s than, thin e, thee, tliy se lf, arc also used
Tnou, c~( th e Si!:c:mrn PE ttSON, ClllY of th e y e11ders.
in the wriLings of th e poets, in the seni ccs of r eligi on,
8i11:1., No m . th ou.
l)lur., Norn. ye, or you.
in the solemn sty le of "\\Titing, and in the H oly Sc riptures.
l'oss. tli y, or 1hiae.
l'oss. you, or yours.
The pronouns yon, your, yours, alt.hough stri ct ly plnral,
01~. il iee.
Ohj . you, or ye.
nrc usec:I gcncrnlly u oth in tl1 c si11g ular and plural. Y ou,
I-IE, of tile TJJmD I'EllSO N, mascu.line .r; endei·.
your, y onrs, can lJe appli ed 1o one person or to several.
S in!J., Norn. li e.
P111r. , Norn. th ey.
The \l' ( >rLl se(f, add ed to t.li c simpl e p<'rson:i I pronOllll!\
Pm;s. Ii is.
J'oss. I ftpj r, or theirs.
ns myself; ourselves, thyse(f, ourse lves, kiinself, themse lves,
Olij. him.
Obj. them.
are ca lled COM PO UND P Efl.SON AJ, PRO NOUNS .

't'~

•

·!' .
. ·:~

l I

l.

:' 1·.
f '·.:··:
i

'
'

:
'

.~....

..

...,

1

l

.

·'

.~·
I

:!ii
. :

l.

i'

.'L

\n1"11 nrc tho
thl') tt ,

1•r0 11 011nli

thi11 e, tl1et used !

" ' hnl is anit1 of
the 11 ro11 ou ne
!l'-' ''•!'''11r ,
]/ (J llNJ f

"· h:it

llrC

(' ll llll lt l \1111 1

Jt1 •1' !: •l ll ll l

proiuiu11s?

th e

I

'

44

ENGLISH GR.AMMAR.

HELA'11 IVE PRONOUNS.

The relative which is applied to briite animals and

They all want the possessive case, and are al ike in the
nominati vc and objective.

HELA'l'IVE l'RONOUNS.
1'1int is n
relati\' C
pronoun 1

G i,·(" nn
exnmpl~ .

'1lJinf tl O<'S
nnl c1•t! tl t: 11t

m1•nn ?

" "lint llTC the
rebli\'t?
prouuuus !

" 'h"n do you

u.eo 1rho 'I

A RELATIYE PUONOUN is one that r ela tes to a noun or
pronoun befo re i t, ca lled the antecedent, and comw:ts dif
f erent clauses of a sen tence; as, The boy who gnvc mo
the top. Tl w r elati ve who r elates to tl w 110 1111 an tecedent
boy. The \ro rd antecedent m eans goiuy l}(fore, preceding'.
The rcl:ili,·c p ronouns :ire wlw wli icli wh ut that as
'
' or'
and the co mpou11 ds whoever or wh' osoever,' whichever
10l1icllsoever, wh atever or wha tsoever.
The relative wl1 0 is applied to p ersons. The man wllo
si11 gs. The ge ncrnl who commanJs. The ki ml lady wlto

1

It is now cousiLlcrcd ungrammatical to use which for
who, as they J.id in the days of our great-grand parents.
'l'hcy were taught, in repeating the Lord's Prayer, to ::>ay,
"Out" Father, wh ich art in heaven." You should say,
"Our Father , who art in heaven."
Wh o, I tolll yo u, is applied to persons ; wh ich, as a
relative, to brute auimals aud thiugs ·without life. In
rcn<liu g our English version of the Bibl e, you will no
doubt be surprised to find which used for who very frequently. 1\fr. Brown, the Grammarian, says it occurs
seventy-five ti mes in the third chapter of Luke. The
custom of speech has ehangeJ. in many other cases b csiJcs this, so lhat what was once considered correct is
now bad Gran11na,r.
The rclaLivc what is usuall y applied to thi11gs only . ~~;,~11:0'11°0 l~i~.
This is what J. wanted. H e is ashamed of what he has u·hat t
done. It is equival ent to saying, This is the thing wliich
I wanted, or tlw t which I wanted.
IV/w t and which are sometimes used as adj ectives, nnd
W hen nre >that
whirh
that is they arrree with a noun foll owin~ them. lYhich wj ectivco!
~
book will yo n take '? In what dress will you appear 1
Wh ich can, in this sense, b e applied either to persons
or things.
The relat ive that is applied to persons, to brute ani- ~;~'ii','/,~ 1;;~:~.
th.at 1
mal6, and to inanimate thi'llgs.
It is useful in preventing Lhc too frequent r cpetit.ion
of who or which.
r. th e word thal
llut the word that is not always a r elative pronoun. I nlwnye
n.
relntiye !
have given it to you among the pronominal ac~j ectives;
'

Sl1011lrl ,,.,,,,,be
u s .~ tl

in !" f"'11king

of vc-rso11s ?

gnve m e good alh·icc. Never, deal" chiJtl rcu, lJe heard
using what or which \rl1 en you shoulll use wli o. It is
very vulgar lang un gc to F':iy, 'l'he I.J oy what gave me tho
hoop. S110 is the g il'l whut said so.
lV!w is thu s dceJiu cd:
Si11,q. and Plur.
Nom. \Yho.
Poss. whose.
OLj. whom.

' Vh f' n 110 YOll
use 1d1 ich 1

irwniina te things.

EXAJl!PJ, E OF PARSl NG A PERSONAL P Jt ONOUN.

1'/ion art ihc man.
Thon is a perso11al pronoun, because it sho\\"S hy its form
what person i t is.
S ccondpcrso11, it denotes the person spoken to.
8i11g11 lar 1111111bl'I', i t denotes but one.
1'Iasc1tli'11c f/Cndcr, i t denotes a bein g of the rn nlc kind.
JVo minaticc case, it denotes the subj ect of the verb.

45

'

!i ' .

.,

.

.

'-..J

I .

,,

46

ENGLISH GHA!ILMAU.

INTERROGA'l'lVE PlWNOUNS.

'

and it is so m etim es a r elative pronoun, and sometimes a

to who, or which; :i pronominal adjective when it b elongs

c01~junct i on.

to n, noun expr essed or understood ; aud in all other
places a co11juncti(J] 1.
Can yo u tell rnc \rhat part of speech that is in the following sc11tc11 ces?
"John Smith is so bad th at he is univer sally d espised."
"Live well that you rnay lie l1appy."
"Modesty is a (11iality that hi ghly adorns a woman."
"He tlmt nets wi sel y, d eserves praise."
"Th at horse is runuing :rway."
The worJ. as is some ti Illes uscJ. as a re la. ti ve pronoun, ~;',::t,:os111 d 0 r
ancl is equival ent to w hich, or that. It is often seen as rct.tiv• 1
a relative follow ing the words such, so many, or as

I will tell you how to <li sti11guish the diflerPut p arts of
speech.
" --hrn is that n.
rclati \·c?

Gin nn
ex a u1pl e.

'n1cn is that n
pro11 P1ni11:d

ndj oc li vc !

Give nu
e~ump l ~ .

'Vh en is fl1trt n.
cunjnnction !

47

Th a t is always a relative pro11011n when it is cquivn.

l cn~ t o who, wit om, or which; as, "Th e clays that (or
wh1ch) m e past, arc gtllt e .for ever. There :is n ot a just
rnan upon ca rtlt that ( 1c/io ) 1.locth good uud s inneth not.,,
Th at is a z1ro11ominal uc(jecti11e wh e11 eve1· it re lates to Cl
noun e.rpressed or wulcrstoocl r~fter it.
"That g rent animal is nu clqihant. "

H ero t lt c pron om iuaI aLljective that r elates to the noun
a nimal, \d1id1 is expressed or printed .
"BcliolLl THAT (tlt iug) \diich I have seen."
H ero that relates to a noun which is not e.rprcssed;
the no un tking is understood.
In its o th er uses, tlwt is a conjunetion.
"Juclge not that .re l.io n ot judged."
Can that here b e changed to who, or which l If it
ca nn ot, it is 110t a relati ce.

many .

"Send him such b ooks as will please him."
.As is us ual Iy a conjunction or an adverb, but in th ese
roses it is n ot equivalent to that which.
If you arc ever in doubt, remomlJ cr your d ef initi on:
As, when a r elative, is cqn iva.Ze nt to wnwn, or THAT.
H ow often, m y dear pnpil s, in after lifo, yon \\-ii I think
Docs it relate to n n o un expressed or umlerstood 1 of these pbin d efinitions whieh I kwc so carefu ll y relf it <locs 110t, it is not a p ronominal ac?jecliN. \Ve con.
peutecl n,bout pronouns.
I have been so frequently
' puzzled. myself to find out wh:it grarnmari ans r eally did
cJuJ o, t.l wr e lorn, that, in thi s scnten e<', is a co11jnnct ion.
Jlc m c mbc t· these defini t ions, and whcn en'r yo u notice
mean to say, that, out of pity for b eginners, I try to
the. w ord that, a11 d you arc at leisure, nm11 se yo nrsolfby
avoid all unnecessary di nicultics.
scemg whether it is a relative, n. pronom iual acij ecti ve
.
.on.
'
or a COll.JUnct1

I
l

'l

.l; !:
.!

,·

0

By so doing, while others, who are careless, will be
puzzled to tell wha t part of speech that :i. , yoit can
easi ly toll.
The word that is a relative when it may be changed

INTERIWGATIVE PRONOUNS.

An INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN is a pronoun with which
a question is asked.
"1Vho knocks?"

"Who clicl this?"

' Vhnt is nn
int.cn ogntivo

prououn 1

.. J

48

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

' Vlll\t prouonns
nro
i.11t..crrognti\·e 1

there 1

49

I beli eve all children lmvc hnd tlii s intel'rnga.tive put
Singular num ber, it denotes but one.
to tlwm : " TJ r lw did this ?"
Jlfasculinc !/ender, it denotes a bein g of the male kim1.
lV !w, 10hich, and what, arc called .li\"T1m 1wG ATIVE pro.
Nominat£ce cose , it denotes the s ubj ect of the Yerh.
nouns. '.l'l1c·y bt1·0 lite samefol'lu as L'l "lati\' cs, l>utyou
will n ever "IJO at a ]uss to di st iu g ui ~ li tli ern, as they aro
Her e js an exercise contaiuing personal, relati11e, anu
ahrays 11sod in askinv a question.
iii terroyati.ue pronouns. l ]1 upo you can di sting uish tl1cm
This mad; ( ?) is called an ·i nterrogation point. ll 'rithont YO!',)' rn uch Lrnublo. Perhaps yo ur teaeher will
m ust 1Je placed (!per every question.
· ·1hi11k b est to liaYo you revi e w pronouns b efor e ·w riting
As an intorrogati vo, who is appl ied to p e?'Sons ouly i .the cxcreises. Yo u 1tocu 11uL feel d isco uragcu.
which and wha t either to p ersons or thi11vs.
"lf at fi rst you <lon 't s ucccc<l,
I have nearly fini sliod Lolling you about prnnouns.
They arc consiucrcd very irregular a11J tro ubl esome
w o rus in Gramma r.

Il ow nmny
pronouns nre

P!WNOUNS.

T ry, try again;
You will co nquer, n ever fea r,
Try, try again. "
l!:XE l tCISE .

Tlw pronouns in ow· language are t wenty-four and
~ .
. '
t 1~zr va r iations are thirty-two. Add t11•e11 ty-jimr and

Give the proper name to th e different kinds of pronouns.
I. Sit e. 1Vho m·c yon? '/'!wit an cl he. 1'/wy an<l I.
wt book is ?llli le .
1V !tich h orse sh all I take. You may
thirty-two, and yon will see how many pro1wuns we lwve.
4rirc, but h e must ride. Art t!tozt goin g? I will tell thee
~hat I " ·ill do.
1V hat do you sa.y to that ? Give it to h iin
EXAMPLE OJ! PARSING A TIELATIVE AND AN
and let me go. TVe must hasten; our doors will be closed.
l NTERIWGATlVE PlWNOUN.
The bird which sa.ng so sweetly. Th ey must take care of
, ,/Aemsehes . TVe must look out fo1· ourselces. 1V lio comes
" TVh o is this that cometh from Edom?"
here ? 1V !t-ich of you? 1Vlwt shall I say?
TV!io is an interrogat ive pronoun, bccuusc a question is
asked.
1'/u'nl person, it is spoken of.
Correct the fvllowiu,r; u ngramm atical senten ces.
Singular ?wmber, i t means but one.
The man which came yesterday. The cat who killed my
Jliasculine gender, it denotes a being of the male kind.
bird.
That " ·as my dog wha.t barked. lt ·was my c101; who
1Yom1·11atice case, it denotes th e subj ect of the verb.
he
lmrked
at. I wish all t he dogs who bark "\Yl Hil ll keep
That is a r elative pronoun, i t r epresents an a ntecedent.
iwny
from
onr premises. Th e woman which "\ras kill ed.
(You sec tlw t can here be changed to iclto, but it would not
Where
is
the
h orse "lvho rmle O\'er h er? The boys which
sound so w ell to repeat 1dio, so "·c use that.)
m~ ite<l well may retire. The sun who shines so brightly.
Th il'll person, it denotes the person sp oken of.
The angel "IYhich appcarctl to Moses.

.

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50

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

"\.Yhich
"\Vhich
"\Vhich
"\Vhich

arc the sin1plc personal pro110111ts P
arc tho compountl perso nal prouou11 s P
arc tho rclatirn pronouns?
arc the in terrogat.iYc prououns?
PARSING J,ESS ONS

Co11tai11i11g 1Yu1111 s, Articles, Ar{icctices, and I'ronu1111s.

Omi t the " ·<.1 1·(ls i1ri1 1(L·tl ill italics, hccaus<\ tltcy belong
to parts of s pcccl1 .ro u tl o lin t ,rot unll u1·s(awl.
l\lnry, I tli in!;, you are 111istakcn in wyi111; l/i ere are fivo
books here. l'ool', olcl la111 0 l1li11d 111a11 , l j Jity y ou. Cume
lto111c w ith sister allll mysolf. \\ro wilt carry yo ul' basket, and
your little dog " ·c ·ici/l feed. llornr good dog.
I
l\Iy co usin sa.i1s i.hc trees ·in tho conn try arc in blossom.
l\fary L eo is th e pret.tiest. girl in onr scl1 oul. lJcr eyes are
:t brigh t blue, soft a11tl mild in their exp ression.
She is
gentle and ladylike in h er ma nners.
\\Tho lmoekerl .f11st 1ww? lt. 1rns I, mof hcl'. 1 1vislt yoa
luul been here to hr.ar f·ltosc birds 0i11y wh ich /wee their nest
in our plum trees. "\Vhoso moaoy is this ?
"1Vill yo u wrtlk into my parlor, said a spider to a fly,
l''l!c t he pretti es t little parlor th at ere!' you did spy."

"\Vho lfres in this elegant. h ouse? l\Inry J ones' unelc.
IY e icill ,r;o i11 . I u:ish you to sec their ~plc 11 cfal ehandclicrsi
couch es, mir rors, stat uary, a/Ill all U1 cir ele;jant, thi11g-s.
v\Tho wou!rl 110! ad111il'c such elegan t fttrniturc as thi s is ?
I li opc these ri ch people are kind to those "Tetehcd b0g·
gars in that old dil api<l atcll hut. They are kind; their cook
told mo sh e often carried a basket co11taini11,r; various artic!rs.
Ilreacl, butter , a. littl e pa.pe r 1:f' g recu tea. ji1r the old folk~
and a k ettle <?f milk jar tho children. Ou ec every " ·eek the
butcher sends them a. nice fresh piece of beef.
I lorn to r ead the speeches of Koss u th, they are so full of
poetry and beautiful imagery.

51

VERBS.

CIIAPTEll VI.
IY6":;;~~~~£0-y-

',

~., r\
~

[I~.

I

.) _

\t'~-~r

! ,lgi ~
,
1

VERBS.
Il.EUE nre over thirty-ft vc thousand
words in the English lan g u:i gc, and

How mnny
wnrols nrc

tlu•re in
E nglish1

1

more tlwn .five thousand . of th ese arc !, ~;:·,;~.~~Y
n :rLs!
ve1·us. . Next tu HOUJts, verbs arc the
rn ost nnportant ·w ords we use.

A. V.En. n is a word that si!JnUies to be, to act,
to be acted 11pon ). as, I am, I love, I ain loved.

Ol' \l'lrntirnvcrh!

Thus vou see a verlJ is a wonl that sometimes
',}
'
exp resses an action, and at oth ers sim ply a state
oC I ic in g . J(' we wi:-;h t0 t en t11at w e nm, skip, ~;~·~~ . ·,~~ 1w 0
jump, write, rel/cl, talk, ::;iu!}, laugh, or weep, w e i1 sc ve rbs.
You wil l fi ml verbs arc ve ry 11scfnl, fo r we arc s uch
busy creatures tl1at we arc o bli go< l to m ake a g rca.t rnm1y
rortls to dcscl'ib c ·w hat we do, and what p eople arc d oing.
Vcrbs are divided , with r esp ect to their signification, ~,l~;;; ,~; 0 mi,,
•

•

•

•

intojour cJasscs-active-transitive, aclwe-wtmnsitwe, pas-

t'
''

i.I '
r,

l

:1 "<'•1rtl 111 g: t o

i i. c ir

.

s1 i;lllJl cnlt<'n 1

and neuter. Somctirn.es 1rn wi sh to speak of an
acti~n w]1i eh has som e ouj cct Oil 1vhich the acti on tcrmi~l cs; as, The g irl gathers j lowei·s. And at oth er times
we wi sh to speak of an action which has no ohjeet or
ihing acted upon ; as, I walk. You w ill p cr cciYc this is
the distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs.
An ACTIVE-'l'H.AN SITIVE verb e.~7Jresses ctn action which ~~~~~~-is on
!as some p erson or thing for its object; as, James drives ~~1;;;1•iti•· 0
1·e,

die horses. I toss the ball. 1'£ary milks the cow.
4raw the wata.
The word transi tive means passing over.

l ,·
I

I:

I will ~!~~~;~·~ .~""'"
'\Vhnt ie th e
m e:m in g- o f
trai1fitivc

.

\·

:

.,
.,

.

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1

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l

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52

J\T P1di n n ~Cllll C

s1· 11! ~·111·1 ·s, n1ul

l 1·ll wh:it wor•ls
nr.• '+'rLs, nut l
'' hid1 nrc Ilic

ohjo ·ds of tli\l
Y Crl•:;: .

E NGLISH Gn AJ\l J\JAR

53

VERBS.

You p erceive, in the examples ·w!tieh .L gave you of
confine<l to th e actor I; but if you say, I run a roce, the
trnrn:; iLiYc Yerlis, t he a<;tiun pu sses over frnt1 1 t ltc actor to
\'crb run .is trausitivc, a.nil 11as the n o un race Jor its
tlic o bject arlt'll upon. James drives th e lw r0cs. Janm, ' object.
m soma
the p erson a ct it1g, drives-what? The horses. The word
H ere are so1J1e intrnnsit i.vc vcrh:;. Yon ride. Jllil1'!f Mcntic
ir1trn11sitivo
\'erLs.
walks. J cs11s wept. I werp . I will go. Yon may come.
horses is th e obj cd uf tltc act ive-tra ns iti ve verb drives.
Mary jumps and skips. 'T!t ey sing well. Yon walk fas t.
I toss th e ball-1 toss \\hat? Th e ball. The ·w ord ball
Do not t11iuk well n.nd fast arc ol>j ccts of th e verbs
is the ol>j cct of the v erlJ toss. ~.fary studies gramma r.
:Mary s tudi es what? Grammar. Jlfory is the noun
siug a nd walk ; they do n ot denote e ith er a perso n or a
pnrl!'I o r
thing ; they arc n either noun s nor pronom1s. Th e object •1'Vlrnt
\Yhich d eno tes the actor, or p erson actin g ; studies, thll
1eech 11111 at ho
t w ol•j t:ct c• r"
of a. ve1'b is Pith er a 110un or a pronoun.
,·crb 1
aetive-trans iti\'C YerL; an<l gramma r is th e ol1j cct of tho
verb.
A11 int rn11siLive verb r equi res no uli,i cct afte r it, 11ecausc
•quirr no
the sense is complet e w ithout it. Yun ride. J}fa ry walks. obje ctn ullc
r it.1
I wi11 rncution som e sc11 tc11ccs conta inin g an activeI think you will soon be able to tell readily a transitrans it ivc Yerb. J ohn catches fish. 1lfiss Smith teaches
tive front an inLrnnsit ivc v erb.
~fai·y. J am es is studying German. I will plan t some
Transit ive ver bs ahyavs
a nswer to wlto or what, b e- Tq1wsl11m
o wlint
.flowei·s. Can yo n tell v;h ich \rnrcls arc verbs? An acJ
rl ol.'R a.
.
t
co·
Y1111.-,
tr "ftC'l' t1l"ll1
1Jft
'
~s '""""''rl
trnn •Hi,·c '" 'rb
1
t
i
l
cause
1
e.y
1
avc
m1
o
>
.J
ee
·
·
1
,.
,
"
.
·
·
"
ti vc-tran siLirn vcrlJ l'cl1uircs an ol!j ect a flcr it Lo compl ete
Smith tcuches ·us-t<·acl1cs wlto? U:-;.
the sense. Try the sentences ihat I h ave g i\·cn yo u, and
Not so wiLh in tnmsiLivc v cr1JS; as, I weep. I laugh.
sec if it is 11ot so. John catches - . J ames drives the-.
'Iiic
action is co nfin ed to th e actor I.
H ow easy it is to tell a trnn sit.ivc verb \rhm w e know
H erc is an exercise co11 Laiui ng a nrnnl>cr uf vorlis ;
its m ean ing a ud use !
some
arc acLivc-tmn siLiv e, and uLhers aetiv c-i11 tra 11siIntransitive m ca11 s not .·r1assi nrrb ovcl'.
tivc. I wif.: h you to write them iu separate co lum.ns.
An Au·1·1vJn NTnANSITI VE verb e.'/:z)rcsscs an action which
Be careful, and think, for I shall try to puzzle you a
has no person or thing .for i ts object. I wa1!.:. I laugfi.

. I· [

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WHb

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,,. hnt 11 0<'~
i 11fra111rit ive
111 r::1 n 1

'Ylia l iA nn
i111r1111 s it i,·c
v crh1

I sing.

I run.

Th ere is no o1ject after t li cse ac Livc-i11tra11 siLivc verbs.
You cannot say, I wa lk a11y tliiug, I la11gh any thing.
If yo u say, I s ing a so11.1, yon would th en use a transitive
verb ; but if yn u rn cr cJy say, I si11g, you use an intransitiue 1 eru. Tlt e action is con.fined tu the acto1·; there is
11 0 olject.fu r i t to pass over upon.
I run is an active-intransitive v erb: the action rim is
1

little.
EXEIWISE.

I sin,r; a hymn. I ?'ltn. I run fast . I run a race. I
talk. I talk rrtpidly. The river .flo ws swiftly. I drfre fa st
horses. I w ill wa lk. I loz;e ,r;oorl p eople. I pity bad boy s,
they are so w1!111ppy. Th e teacher 1·ewanls r;oorl r;irls. It
rains, mul snnu;s, rmrl.fi-r•r.:cs, and th e u:iwl blo1cs furious ly .
Ifear him, Tw 1·s so 1ricked. I laugh hea rtily. 1lla.ry plays

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54

I

VE IU3S.

ENG LISH GHAJ\[l\l AH.

on tlte piano. I sing .
S hall I!/(> also ?

I

I sing a song.

I icill return uow.

DEAR cmLDREN9

H O P E you tlwu.r;h t whil e you \\·ere wri tin<r the Inst
cx crc is.c .
.U c 111c111 lJer you ar c n ot I i ttl~ parrutsi
hu t rn .r. rntell1gent p 1111iJ s, to ·whom God has giren
mor e Jn 111d Llia n he l1::is even to the \ Y ises t animal-a
rniu d w l1i eh \rill g row stronger and stro ng er as yvu
u se it.

l gave a p oor thollgh tlcss li tt le boy once an exercise
t o write o n trn.nsit i\·c :rn <l in trm1si1·ivc v erbs. H e s:iid,
" Oh, thi s is easy cno11gli : I sh:i 11 \\T it.e a ll the long
scntcaces, as the stream flows swijtly, lll Hl cr transitiro
YcrLs, and all the short ones, as I run ancl I wa lk
illtrnusi liH~. " A li ttle sister, you11.r;er tlw:i himself, wh~
h all b ceu thinking ccm:fully, sa id : " You w ill hav·e' mis.
takes, th e u , lrrullwr. T h e u bj ect mu st be a noun or n
pronoun. Th e str c:nn flo\\·s S\\·ifLl .·y· is not tTans1·(·we.
Y 0 11 carn10t say the stream fl ows cwythin r;."
Tlii.s d ear Ji u- le g irl loved to study be~au se she Joyed
t o t hink.
H er fa ce was ever br ig h t nnd b eautifu)1
h e~ause l1 e1'. rn.ind wa s hnsy iu di scovering n ew fa cts
\Ylu ch smp r iscd and plonscll her. Not so w ith 1ho
t~ioughLl ess 1Joy. His foce wore a d11JI , l istless ~xpres­
s i.ou. No one en red to talk a long 1·imc \\·i1h hint ; and
1 11 ~ t ca cli L-rs ,,-e re wcn ri ed \\·itlt tclliug l1i1u the same
tl1111g over nnd 'JVC'l' aga.in.

55

PASS
IVE VE
IW is a, verb that 1·e1Jrese11ts if,s s11.bject pnss1
Wlinti e nbl
·
ve '\" Or
or nominative as being acted 11pon: as, I mn loved ;
the British wNe crmrzuered; the horses were driven to-day.
Can yo u d isti11 g uish an active from a passive v erb 1 I~;,'!;;;'!~'~!~;;:~
love is an a cti ve verb . I cl1n loved is passive. In the
sentence I love, the sulJj ect or n ominative I is the act or.
In the sc11Lcnce I am loved, th e subj ect I is n ot the actor,
but clenoLes the b ei11g acted upon.

A

\ Vhi clt se n Lcnce of the foll uw in g t\vo conLa in s the p assive verb? I plough the fields . The fie lds arc ploughed.
A NEUTEr~ VERD is a verb that e.rpresses simply bei11g, or ~~~,t~~i~:rb ,
a state oif bci11g. It docs not express net ion.
T o be ; to neuter
i\! on lion Borne
ve rbs.

,''I," l~

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.,. i

:~;~

1 · ":.

;!

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(,:

lie; to ?'einain ; I seem,; yon exis t ; he sleeps ; there was
light. T h ere ttrc ver y fow n e uter verbs in o ur lang uage.

;

I wi.11 tc· ll yo
11 a to
<Tr eat d eal m ore a \Jout verl1s in the
•.
last par t uf thi s ( ;r: u1u11ftr. l w isl1 yu u Lo examine yourself fr cqucn!ily un th e d iffer en t k ind s of verbs, that yo u
nmy b ecom e fa1n ili ar with wha t J ha ve tol Ll yo u b efore I
commence any t hi ng more difficul t. lf you have time,
you may take some verses in t he fll"st and scconll

'· i

chapters of G en esis, a nd sec if yon can t ell th e different
kincls of verbs. ]f at nny t im.e you are in doubt, think
of the clqfinitions I h ave g iven you. To malce Grmnmar

11sefnl and pleasant, yon must know the defi nitions as
pe1fectly as yon know your own name.

. i

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To nm TEA C1mn..-The youn g stu cl ent m us t grn.tl uall y b e in t r odu ced to th e in tr icacies of vcrhs. I "·oul cl ad vise fre1J uent r evi ews
nml exercises on t h e cliffcr en t kinds of Yerbs . I h aYe n eycr fo und
on y dilli cul ty in explaining moods an d tense s t o pup il ~ \vh o ~v?re
famili ar " ·ilh tl 1c u se aml m eaning or t ransitive aml m trans1tive
passiv e allCl n e uter vrrl>s.

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"I\I,. •,':'.
56

/J'... \i .
i):t 1•.

ENGLISH GHAl\Li\lAH.

57

ADVERBS.

,}'" t t"
I·-·,
j

.:

•1:i~.r
,. :11
I

CIIAPTEH VII.
'

~

'

i

ADVERDS.

~ '

~

JI

.

'..&.,. '•_

':.i"[f.

c2,;R.f.(J ' ' feo;
~~1.'1

~;.,f{

(iil::11i1;~~~IJl•l l

()i1~uil

~ &'.>'&Jtf--

'\' hnt is nu
n<lvt: rL!

r.;t~k;:~
~~-'.j

I

r •

OU have already learned how to di ·
L.i11g.11i f'h a 1101111, mtic.I<·, pronoun, ndJC'.ct1n:o, nnd verb, rnalc iJJ.~', fi rn ol' tl1u
11111 <~ ·tiarts 0 C s f>l~\·c:1 1
··
, . •

lltc

TJJ C~t. part

uf

~p~cch

,~1~ A1n mm is_a :oonl ;owed

is the Achcrh.
to a verb, a

pa r.

c~-\k

Ml' nlion so me
ndvcrLa.

Jf 1H\· tl 0f'8 ~11

nd n-rlt ti it.for
fr nui till

fl tij1• t•iiYO!

t1cq;le, an a({;ective, or a11otlwr adverb . c111d
1~J-·k
)
g e11cmlly e.rpresses time, place, rle;;rec, or
nww1r1·. J ·wiJl rro
to-day
·wm. j ,ou come
,
o
. ·
ttere.2 IIow ?n?tch.
Inyo ."·' fi ll. '.i' r, 11 nrn st se w these
tog etltcr.

An ~u(iertivr, yon k11 ow, is joi11 ed lo a ?/01111, to tell
what kmd ?f a thi'.1g it is, as a brown dog, a pretty doll.
An. adverb
is used JU the same wav
with verbs , J'Ja1·t·1c1p
. lcs
.
.1
l
acyectives,
and
other
adverbs
fo
t
e
ll
us
!.
.
1.
..
' - · · · · ww, or w u1·1 or'
,
'
where any thrn g \ms 0 1· is done· "S ]\,r.,.
:t<1l y se1vs nra t1!I
'Ve dme eo rly. I 1Yi11 rro there
J·. . n·
t
·
•
.
'
r '
. .
•
b
.
•
• " 1 cs ae cc1 ·1•rry
pi udently.
I
he
]Je
lls
r
']'I
...
1110. mcrril!J
.
,
""
· .
. ic i a 11-crirs 1noYc
rapidly. .The weather. is c:rtreinely v '"
-" 1·111
.·
.. •Tll 1·.
Ja s111rrs
· 1·Y· l nm ?nuch pkascd ::.·
sweet l·,11 • .Pron oun eP- cl"is1wet
to
sec you h ere.
•

•

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.

.I will g iY e you a list of the principal adverbs, to comm1t t o m emory.
I will arrange them in four classes.

What <.f ol I tell you adverbs generally express ?
Adverbs of time answer to the question, 1¥/ien? How Tndvcd
ow hntclo
is or limo
long? Ilow soon? or, fl ow often ?
""""er!
Now, yet, to-da!J, ?WW-a-days, presently, instan tly, ini- Ilw rnnny
.
.
.
.
•
n~l \'e rbs ot t im.a
med·i ately, stra.1g!dway, directly, .forthwith, already, ; itst ~::~·,,y:;;:,,
•ow, lately , recently, yesterday, formerly, anciently, once,
leretofore, hitherto, since, till now, long ago, ercwhile,
trSl, to-morrow, hereafter, h enceforth, henceforward, byand-by, soon, shortly , when, then,first, Jnst, b ~fo re, aftm·,
while, m eanwhile, (I S, till, 1mtil, seaso1wbly, beti mes, early,
111te, wheneve1·, afterward, other wkile, always~ ever, never,
eternally, for ever, p e1petually, continually, i ncessantly,
oft, often, again, occasionally, .frequently, sometimes, se ldom, rarely, daily, weekly, monthly, y early. annually,
once, twice, thrice, tkree times.
YOU purcei ve aJl tliuse ad verbs lm VC r efor euce to time.

Adrnrbs o f" pluce answer to the f111 cstion, TVlwre .2

To

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w h ~l 110

111 l n·rb:i of
tilal'.e 1 m ~ wor

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Whither ? lVh ence?
}Vhere, here, there, yonder, above, below, about, aronnd, !~,~~:r~sn~('plaoe
somewhere, anywhere, else where, every where, nowhere, w enli ou !
wherever, within, witlwitt, wh ereabont, hereabout, thereabo nt, whither, hith er, thither, in, 11p, down, back, forth,
. aside, ashore, abroad, aloft, !w ine, homewards, inwards,
upwards, downwards, backwards, forwards, whence, hence,
thcilce, awuy, ou.t, a.ff, far, ?'c11wtely, .firstly, secondly,
thirdly, fourthly .

I'.

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C:\ 11 \'Oi l

Adverl>s of degree answer to the question, !Ioio much?
How li ttle?
lJfuch, more, most, too, ve ry, grea tly, besides, chiefly,
mainly, principally , mostly, generally, entirely, full, com-

To whnt
question llo
n<JverlJs of
d t~ greo nuswer !
Jiow mnny
nch ·e rbs
tlegr~c

or

cnn you
mention!

1. ; ~ t
. '···
•I,.
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58

'l

ple!ely, pc1fectly, who lly, totally, altop(• /h er, all, quif4
clear, stark, e.i:ceedi11gly, e:i:cess ivcly, c.~tnwaga ntly, in.
tolernbly, iinmeas11rably, inco11ceiva&ly, in.finitely, e110119h,
s11;§iciently, adequately, equally, so, us, even, e:ractly, pre.
cisely, l ittle, less, least, scarcely, h ar dly, scan tily, me1'ely,
barely, only, but, partia.ll!J, nea rly, alm os t, well nigh, not
qnite.

f

I•

11
'l
q
.,

• J

l

'J'o wh11t
q11 esli1•11 rlo

nd n.• rh ~ or
nmn11 r r nnsw e r !

Jfo w tnnny
nrl n• rL~

ol

11 w 1111 r· r

~ ·11 11

yon

m e nti o n ·~

Adverh s of manner answer to th o <JUestion, I£ow ?
1Vell, i lt, wisely, foolisllly, }'ustly, wickedly, y es, yea,
ay, verily, trul y , indeed, sui·ely, certainly, doubtless, un.
doubtedly, amen, no, noy, nowise, noway, nohow, p erhap11
haply, possibly, p erchance, peradve11L11re, may be, thus,
so, somehow, however, like, else, across, to.r;etller, apart1
asunder, namely, particularly, 11ecessarily, extempore,
h eadlong, leng thwise.
I tho ught I would tell nearly nil th e mherbs which
yo n 1rn11ld find in hrge grammars.
I w ish our little
Grnrn11i:u· Lo IJO cornpktc, as for as iL goes.
You
may eom111i t to memory as many of these words as you
wi sh. ]f yo u learn the defin itions nf t/1 e pu rls of speccli
peifectly, it will be
g reat servi ce to you, for you can
then, in a JHOJJL Cll1, tell l>.r the meaning and use of the
\\·orcl what par t of speech it is. I know some bright
li ttle sc holars who can r epent almost eve ry adverb in
the list, n11ll tlwy tolll m e they le::rruell t wo or three
lines at a tilll e.

or

'Vhnt n•l\-('rbs
nrc cornparctl f

A few adverbs are comrnrcd like adj ectives : as, soon,
sooner, soonest; often, oftener, oftenest; j~1st, faster,
justest; noUly, more nobly, most nobly.
A fow a rc irregularl y compared, that is, we do not

59

ADVEB.BS.

ENGLISll GHAMJ\fAR..

use er and es t, or more and most: well, better, best;
badly or ill, worse, worst; f i.11" farth er, farth es t.

Whnt ndvcrbo
nro compnred
irrcgulnrly 1

'j

EXAMPLE OF PATISI NG AN ADVEltil .

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I will show you how to parse an auvcrb.

" TVh en sh all I go?"
.
l<l 1
1Vhen is an acherb of fonc. An adn:-rb 1S a "·ord al cc
to a verl>, pndir iplc, adj cctirn, or a nother adverb, and g enernll.)' expresses time, place, degree , OL' m amzer.
"][ow icell YOU haYC Wl'l"t t Oil. "
d
J
A n ac1vcrb i" s a wor
·
.,1 therh of tl cQTcc.
][ow, JS fill

u

adtlctl, &c.
nrezz, is an rnhcrb of manner.
ndtlecl, &c.

1
An aclvcrb is a won

EXF.rtCI SE.

Write six sen t.onces containing aclvcrbs of time.
·write six sentences contn.ining mlvcrbs ofylace.
'¥rite six sentences containing adverbs o~ degree.
. . g'
. 'tll,·crus, oJ m:mncr.
Write :-: ix :wutent:es con (aJ1J111

...

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60

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

CIIAPTEH VIII.

61

PREPOSITIONS.

irenti on some
Past, pending. R especting, round.
.
prPpQsit ions
co 1nmenc ing
Since. Through, throughoill, touching, till, to, towards. wi th p, mid r.
- :J,t.
UndPr, 1mderneath, until, 'Unto, up, itpon.
·with within, w-it!wut.
l preposi.
You 'can easily comm it to m emory a11 tie
tions. To amuse you, I will show you how you can tell
them from some other little wonh; that look like th em.
Any worcJ that can be placed b efore him, or me, or us,
mu st either u c a verb or a prr'p osition.
A verb you
know, 1Jccausc it always expresses action, or a state .of
bei ng. lf lhc wol'J is not a verb, and yo11 can use lwn,
or me, or 1ts after it., you will find it is a preposition.
Try it ,rith your list : with me, from me, after us,
-

PREPOSITIONS.
~,,.HE
yon prepared to learn somethingu
\.j, (

, of a n ew part of speech ? \Ve will
tak e PREPOSITJON S next in order.
Whnt docs tho
won.I p 1·e n1 cn n?
Tl1c word pre m eans before, an<l
" ' hn t <.J ocs
p o8itio11. mcnn t
posit.ion means place.
Prepositions
al'c so ca!J ccl bccm1 sc they arn gt' ncntlly placed
before nouns or pronoun s.
'\Vhnt is
prepoe iliou.
A PI"tE POSITJ ON is a word used to e:cpress some
1·elation of di(ji.:ren
t thinns or th07!1)hts to eac!t
•
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other, and is generally placed b ~ft1re a 11oun or
pronoun. 1J1:f'vre me. Come in l'cl10ul. J\Iy Lall is
wuler the tren. I am go i11g to Bosto11.
Tlic folluwin g arc 1IH' prin <' ipal ]Wt'positio11s a rranged
al plia bcti eaJ 1y.
A

.M ention some
prcpnsi t io1 1s
COllllfl <' llCiIJg

wi th u.

Withb.

-

c.

-

d.

-

..

- f,i.
-

m,n.

-

o.

A board, about, auove, across, aper, against, along, amid
or amidst, m11011:; or amongst, aroun d, ut, athwart.
B ati'llg, bc:f~>re, behind, below, beneath , beside or besides,
between or betwi.1:1, br!Jn11 rl, 1Jy.

Concerning.
Down, duriny .

Ere, e.?:cept, e.1:cepting.
F or, fr om. I n, into.
J11id or iniclst. JVot witlistanding.
Of, o.(J; on, out, over, overthwart.

respecting him, &r.

H'.

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EXER CISE,

'Vritc sixteen sent.onces containing prepositions commencing with a different letter of the alphabet.

r,. :·
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You may select a pngc occasionally from some f"torybook, and write on your slates the adv crus and prepositions. Yon ·will find this quite a useful and pleasant
exorcise.
EXAMPLE OF l'ARSING A PREPO SITION.

" Come with me."
With is a preposition.
.
.
A preposit ion is a worcl used to express some. relation of
different thin gs or thoughts to each other, and is generally
placed b efore a noun or pronoun.

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62

ENGLISH GRAl\LHAR.

CONJUNCTIONS.

CIIAPTEH IX.

A disjunctive conjmiction denotes opposition of meaning. Mary may go, but Julia is ill and must remain.
The disjunctive conjunctions are: or, nor, eithe1·,
11either, than, though, although, yet, but, e:i;cept, whether,
lest, imless, scwe, provided, notwithstanding, whereas.

CONJUNCTI01-TS.
~U have probably nuLicecl, while read.
~ng, many small words whi ch arc i:ot
m. th e list of prepositions. Carclcs..,
duJdrc1: o~tc~1 skip over t.hcm, or pm.
thel!l mcb stmctl .'f ' ti un
. Irnig,
.
nounce
l
perhnps,

t icy ~re uut-. of rnuch conscc111cncc. Th '
'll''
t
. I
-P)
, e . C[ UI - ~ m1 sta rnn, for tli c •Yo rds which .1ro
con,1
unct.1011s nrc as i1ccessarv
to ]an gun O'C as
• •
J
JOtnts nrc to our 1Jodics· · •I uin
· t.s, you
-1°
_
mow
connect
o
ur
houes
too-ct-J
,
.
l
.
'
wor"
.
::o . ic1, anc co1~11m cti ons conJJect
Our Sj)Cech
d usb and scutencl's.
.
-u.·1c1 ·1JC very short
an \._a rupt-111 fo e~, we couIJ not do without; co11j11ncLions
. s wor d s and en..
t 1 CON J UKCTlON ?S ((,word which J. oi11
enc es together. Anna and J\fory and Ju['
..d
'"
1.
--1a may stu y
Gl c.n11nar ' uut'1""llC (/ ''' Ill E-"ll en arc too -,
a
1'
three make five.
.} ount'.1.
wo and

'''O

'Vhnt iR n

C011j1U1ction?

H ow nre
conju1H·t ion s

tlintlcd J

lVhnt is n
copulntivo
coujw1c tion t

ConjL.mctions arc divided into two g eneral classes,
copu l at we aml dis} uncl'ive.

A cop1.tlative conjunction denotes an add't'
a consequence, or a. s1qJ1Josition
i.ion, a cause,

"snow and ram
. and h-til "
1

·

•

A nul JS
. a copulative con.
' ·
yo u sec Jt; denotes addition.
'Ihc copulatirn co11ju11 eLions are : and as b t1 7.
·

JUll~tton;
T ell me the
copnlntivo

conjunctions.

even (or ·r, a t l
.
'
''· ' 1' w' t irn, since, seeing, so.

'

0 tl,

uecause

'

63
\VllntiR I\
disj11ncti ,·o

conjlU1ction 1
Tell me the
di i;j nnct ivo

conjunctions.

EXAMPLES FOR P AH.SING.

"Benjamin was happy because he was good."
Because is a copula.ti.-e conjunction. A conjunction IB a
word which joins \Yonls a.ml sentences together.
A copulative conjunction denotes an addition, a cause, a
consequence, or a supposition.
" :Neither \Villiam nor J olm."
Neither a1Hl nor arc disjunctive conjunct.ions.
A conju11 ction is n wonl which joins worus aml sentences

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together.
A disjunctive coujuuction uenotcs opposition of moaning.

I hope you are determined to learn these thoroughly,
because it will save you rnuch trouble when you ftrc
parsmg.
For your amusement, and to show you how useful
conjunctions are, read aloud a page in your r eading-book,
skipping all the conjunctions.

f,
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EXERCISE.

\Vrito five sentences containing cop1tlative conjunctions.
·write fiyc sentences containing (li~jitnctive conjunctions.
·write five sentences containing adverbs.
\Vrito fiye sentences containing prepositions.

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64

65

IN'rER.JEC11 IONS.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

1 , 1 1 l
,uzza1i.
ia, ha , ha/ behold I look I see I hitsh I l hist I

ihist I 'st! heigh ho I far ewell I adieit I eh? ha·2 wy ·2

CHAPTER X.

After writing an interjection always pfo.ce this mark,
(!) except where a question is asked, as with eh? ha?

INTERJECTIONS.
IMAGINE I see all my little sLndcnts
:with smiling faces tl1is morning, bccn11~
they will soon know how to distingui sh
all the ?1ine parts of speech.
'v'
Pcrliaps some of you, in your joy, nrn
} already using the ninth part of speech, for joyful
chik1rcn as well as cross ones use INTERJEcrroxs
r5~~ very often. l hear them used every day.
'fN
\ Vhcn you arc in pain, or fear , you often uso
intci:jections before yon can think. vVhen you arc plny.
iug " hide-and-seek," you use an inter:j cction when you
whisper to yo ur companion hiding with you, hush I liark!
hist I 's t! and when you call the seeker yo u say, so lio !
what lw I lwllu I luilluo I \ Vltcn .)' U lll' fri ends come
hcnnc after a long journ ey, and you say welcome I welcome I you use an intci:icction. \Vhcn you have upset
an ink-di sh, or broken so111c lino china, you will be sure
first of all w ords to use tli c intm:jection s lwo ! oli I but I
hope you wouk1 not say pshaw ! It su1mds Jow alwnys.

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" ·hnt is nn
i:ul<!rjed ion?

An iute1jection is a word that is itt!ei·ed merely to
dicate some strong or sudden emotion of the mind.

111·

A LIST OF THE PRINCI PAL INTEJUECTIONS .
]..fl·ntinn some
iL lcrjt•c ti ons.

lVell done I good I bravo I so I oh I ah I alas I tia .'
strange I indeed I 0 dee!?' I fud:1e I o.(}'! begone ! wllen !
ho I halloo ! hallo! so lw ! welcome I all hail! hurrah I

ley?

'Vhnt mnrk
follows
intcrjcctioua J

.

This mark ( ! ) is ca..11cd a mark of e~cl.ama_twn.
..
You h[tve n ow l> ccn to1rl how to drstm g msli the n'.HC
parts of speech, nam ely, the Article, J'lm m ,. Ver'.>, A(&ec.hve,
· p ro11oun,
..
.11dve rb , P ·re1Josition' Co11JW1ctwn, nncl

lnteijection.

.

,,

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i,

.

H or e arc some verses about the pco·ts of speech, which
you may learn if yon wish.

I

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"A

is a name, or a th ing " ·c can sec ;
Anu an AJJ ,J E CT I VIl sho"·s, we arc told,
\Vh at sort of a thin g the noun happens to be,
T11.ll or shorl, fol or lean , hot or cold.
NOUN

Yl'.ltll is an ac tion, or ,y]rn t ''"c can do;
\ Ve can co l, "·c e:i n drink, si'llfl a so ng,
A1Hl dn 11i:rn y 111orc thi ngs that I. c;rn1111l lcll yo11,
Dccausc it woulLl take me too long .

l

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'1·

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A

An

ADYmtn in forms us how these thin gs ar e tlone,
So a tdl-tak it is, I must say;
It t <'ll S how you walk, aml tells how yon run,
Uow you read, h ow you work, how you ploy.

The rttONOUNS arc u sctl, if I d o not forget,
In th e place of the nouns people say;
The sin l'ular these, I, thou, she, and it.
The piural are-we, yon, and they.
show hnw things are placed , and may be
Pnt be fore certain }Jronouns- as thus,
B efiwe them, after you, against him, under m e ,
'oi:er her, f>eyond it, between us.
!)

Pirnros nroNs

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66

ENGLISH GRAMllfAR.

67

.A;R'rICLES.

join phrases tOO'Cthcr }"Ou'll sec
0
' .
'
I f you profit by what your books
t each ·1
lNTI::ItJECTIO NS cry, oh ! fie ! for slirimc ! or, dear me!
Ancl these ar e the 'nine parts of speech.' ,,
CONJ UNCTIONS

CHAPTEH XI.

Perhaps you will Le pleased to learn some more
poetry on the same subj ect.

RECAPITULATION.

TIIE NINE PARTS OF SPEECH.

I

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II , ,

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"Three li ttlc words we often see
Are AitTICLEs-a, an, ancl tltc.
A N O UN ' s th e n am e o f an y thinoAs Cltarles, or ITenry, /i oop, or :i~ing.
Au.rn cTJYES t ell the kiu<l of noun
A s grC'at, small, tn·etty, white, or brown.
l11
. stC'ad of nouns the .l' HONOU'"R
.[
_..,,_ s·t ·.\11 (1'
Joh n' s h ead, his facr, my arm , yonr h a nd.
V1mns tell of
T
. sornethiiwo bein g clow•~,
o r ead, wnte, eo1mt, sing,Jump, or run.
How things are don e the ADV ElUJS t ell,
A s slowly, ']1tickly, ill, or well.
CoKJUNCTIO NS join the "·ords ton-ether
A
.
o
,
s m an and chtldren, >YinLl oi· weather.
A PitEl'OSITION stancls be fore
A noun, as, in or thro11gli a doo r
The ·INTEl'JI'C"TION
••
· ' ,,
s Jiows surpnsc
-!";s.- oh. ! lww prctl!J ! ali ! how ?Cis~ !
1 :ie_ "·h ole arc called nine parts of ~ p eech
W ln ch readin g , >niting, speaking teacl1 .' ,'

- :~ ~"WILL tell you the meaning of recapit1dation. It means the same as repetition.
I am going to repeat sornething which has
ucen said. I Jo this to phtce all the important definitions in r egular order, witliont explanations.

I

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I.:

ARTICLES.

i'
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· JiN ARTICLE is the word the, an or a, which we put
· before nouns to lirnit their signification.
The articles are distinguished as the definite and the
indefinite.
The definite article is the, which denotes some particular thing or things.
The indefinite a?·ticle is an or a, which denotes one
thing of a kind, but not any particular one.
Articles have no modifications,* except that an is
shorteneu into a before the sound of a consonant.

'i,.•11

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of words.

ox senses

·t

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'. ·;
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.

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* Mouifications arc changes in the terminations, forms,

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;'iil.!'. !I~

68

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

G ENDERS.-CASES.

NOUNS.

adding s or es to the singular : as, cap, caps; hero,
Aeroes.

A" that

NOUN is tho name of any p erson, place, or thing
can be known or m entioned.
N onn s arc cl ividccl into two general u.lasscs, proper a11d
common .

A propa noun is tho nmn e of some particular individual o r people.
A common noun is the name of a sort, kind, or class
of b e in gs or things.
Nouns l1ave modifications of fo ur k illCls : namely, per.
sons, 11 umbers, g enders, and cases.

69

in Grammar arc modifications that distinguish objects in regard to sex.
Thero are three genders: the masciilinc, the feminine,
and the neuter.
The masc-uline gender is that which denotes persons or
animals of the male kind.
The Jem·i nine gender is that which denotes persons or
animals of the female kind.
The n eiiter gender is that which denotes things that are
neither male nor female.
GENDERS

I, i

P En.som:; al'C mo<l iU.cations tha1; d isting ui sh the speaker,
th o p erson spoken to, ancl tho person or thing spoken
of.
'l'h rrc arc tll1·ee persons: tho first, the second, ancl the
third.
Th o .first pr'1'Son denotes tho spea kcr or writer.
Tho second person clenotes tho hearer or person spoken
to.
Tho third person denotes the p erson or thing spoken

0£
N mrn1ms in Grammar are modifications t.hat disti11.
guish one or more.
Ther e arc two numbers : the singu la1· and the plural.
Th e singular tl enotes but one.
The plimd denotes more than one.
The pl ural nnmbc r of nouns is regularly formed by

,.. . I

I"

in Grammar arc modifi cations tliat distinguish
the relation of nouns and pr onouns to other ·w ords.
Thero arc three cases : tho nominative, tho p ossessive,
CASES

ancl the objective.
The nominative case is t hat form or state of the noun
or pronoun whi ch denotes tho siibject of a verb.
The snbject of a verb is that which answer s to w ho or
tclzat before "it.
The possessive case is that form or state of tho noun or
pronoun ·whi ch denotes th o relation~ of pro1~crty. .
Tho possessive case of nouns is formed, rn the s111gu1ar
number, b y addin g to the nominative s, preceded by an
apostrophe.; and in tho plmal when the n~m inati rn e1~ds
in s, by adding an apostrophe on1y : as, s n: g.u1ar, uoy s ;
plural, boys'; sounded alike, but written d1f!er eutly .
The objective case is that form. or state of a noun or

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70

PRONOUNS.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

differs fro1n it by rejecting the idea of

pronoun ·which denotes the object of.
·b
..
preposition.
.L vm ' part1c1ple, or

" :1; l

VI. A compound adjective is one that consists of two
cir more words joined together.
Adjectives have commonly no 111odifications lrnt coin-

Plum!.
1(0111 .. Mc11.
Poss. 1\len's.
oru-. l\Ic11.

AN
,.Il

adjective is a, worJ added to a noun or pronoun
a~l(1 :enera]Jy expresses quality.
'
AJject1 vcs may Le divided into six .
common, p1·oner
.
. . classes : namely,
:i
' numeral, pi onominal .
t. . .
compound.
' par 1c11na l, ancl

I. A common adjective is an 1. r
.
j ective <lcnotino- q~tal't
. : Y cma.ry eprthet, or ad.
lI
o .. · 1 Y 01 s1tuatron.
. A proper nc1 1cctivc is au acl . . .
proper 11a.me.
.
, , .1 ect1v e fonncd from a

?

III. A numeral adjective is
a definite numb er. .
.

at
1

.

_.

ad.1 ect1ve that expresses

IV. A pronoiniual tl<f ect-i , ·
.
may either accom1)any :'t. ' e is a dcfuHtc word, which
stood.
'
J s nouu, or represent it under.

V. A participial UCrJect1ve
· is one that has the form of

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Coinpar·ison is a variation of t he adjective, to express

ADJECTIVES.

•1

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;arison.

MAN.

8i11g1tlar.
~Nam. 1\Ian.
Poss. 1\fan's.
oru·. l\Iau.

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le.

object of '.1 Y O'1·1), par t'·ictp
. l c, or preposition is that
·]The
.
1 answers to whom or what after it
'
. lhe declension of a uonn is a. l'Cl!:ular.
its numb ers aud cases. '['1
._,
arrangement of
. ms,-

71

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quality in difforcnt degrees.
There arc three degrees of comparison : the positive, the
romparative, and the snperlative.
The positive degree is that which is expressed by the
adjective in its simple form.
The comparative degree is that which is more or less
than somethin g contrasted with it.
The wperlative degree is that which is most or leas t of

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ill included with it.
Adjectives arc reg ularl y co mpared, when t.l1c comparative degree is expressed by aJLling er, aud lhc superlative l>y adding est, to them.
The comparative and superlative degrees may also be
expressed by the ad verbs rnore and most, less and least;
but for short words the r egular method is preferable .

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PRONOUNS.
PRONOUN is a word used instead of a noun. Pronouns arc divided into three classes : personal, relative,

A

and inte rrogcitive.

I. A personal pronoun is a pronoun that shows by its
form of what person it is.

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ENGLISH GilA:MllfAH.

The s imple personal pronouns arc five: namely, I, of
the first person ; thou, oi the second perso n ; lw, site, and
it, of the third person.
The compound p ersonal pronouns arc also five :
namely, mysc(;; of the first person; tliysc[f, o f' t he second
person; himselj; herself, aud itse(!; of tlie tl1ird p erson.

II. A r elative p ronoun is a, pronoun that rcpl'cscnts an
antecedent word or phrase, and connects d ifl cr cn t clauses
of a sentence.
The r elnt ive 1n·o11oun s arc who, which, what, tlwt, as,
and t he ir compounds whoever or whosoever, whidwver or
whichsoeve1·, wha,tcver or whatsoever.

HI. An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun with "·hich
a q uestion is asked .
The intcrrog aLivc pronouns nrc wlw, whid1, a11 d. wlrn t;
lJci11g the s:i 111 c in form as t lic r elativ es.

1Y !w, d e m:rnd s a person's name; whicli, t linL a person
or thing b e di sLingu ishcd from otltci·s ; what, the name
of a thing, Ol' a perso11 's occ nrn Uon nncl dinract cr .
Pronouns l1:wc the sam e m od ificalin u,; as nouns :
namely, persons, n111nbcrs, f1 e11ders, ntHl m se. .
The dcli 11ili c ns of tl1 csc 111 0Llilicati o 11s l1e i11g the same
as those a]n'ad y given in t he diap tcr on 1wuns, it is
therefor e tm ncccssary to r epeat th em ngnin .
The <lecleHsion of a pro11uur(: is a r egular nrrn.ngemcnt
of i ts numL crs nncl cases.

t·

For the dec lension of pronouns, sec page 12.

73

VERBS.

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VERBS.

J ;. '

1~

'·1':
,

. "fiies to be, to act, or to be
A VEllB is a word · that s1gm

Jl

acted 11pon.
· · ;J; ( on
.1· "d d 'vith r es1Ject to their s1gniJica i . '
Verbs arc u1v1
c '
. .
· '. c l" ssc~ -active-transi
.
't·ive,
·
active-in trans itwe,
.mto 1·ow
. . .. · "
si·ve ·tn d neuter.
pas
' ' .
. .
·b ·s a v erb that expresses an
I An active-transitive vei l
•
b" t .
.
.
.
1er
son
or
thing
for
its
o
~ ec .
action whi ch l1 as soni.e I
·\V 1 . t 1 loved his conntn;.
as ung o1
. . . . ·b is ·1 verb t hat expresses
II An active--intransitive ve1
' .
. ..
b"ect.
. . ''·Iu.cl 1 I 1as n o person or tlun g tor 1ts o ~
.
an action
Mary sings.

.
rb that r ep resents its subllI A 11a.ssive verb is a ve
.
t d
.
. . .scs. ,,ns. bcuw
"ect ·orwlia.t t he nurrw. mttvc
exp1es
o ac e
.. J ' . 1,y. 1 ·li11. J<rto n wa.,
. ~ ::i
err cu.LI y beloved.
• I
.
1

upon .

·· ·

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.

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lfrit expr esses n c1l 1c1

IV A 'J lelll C/' voru JS a VCl )
<
f b . ( .
.
.
1
.
.
J
hci
1w
or
a
state
o
em;,j .
action nor pass ion , mt s1mp y
o'
Mary sleeps soundly.
<lifYou have now, my dear pupils, re~c Iict.l t he
t'lfrmost
to you
. . . [ Grammar. I am. gomg to , 'ficult l1t~1t o.
, f" T· r stvlc and will ern..l eavour to
aain ill m y i•)l'Jllc.l . ;11111 1,1
J
'
.
•
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ab, 1_ . , ,. ,, di!Ticult clclin ition clear and p1allt; all . a:'-

0

rc 'tt ob ject T w islt to attam 111
ne g < .
•
f' 1 • "
o ) ..
, .. , . in crease t he nu1nlJ cr o t1u11 cthis li tt le Gr:unm,u' is to
. , tl .~ lrnL it o f thi11kin g
•
1 ·z 1 .
If y-ou aC<[U11e 1 ,_, '
mg c1u ci 1 en.
.
,_
tl more t o you
carefully in early li fe, it will ue wor l

ma 1.e eve. J . . 7
f rou is to thin.:.

lha,11 t ho usands of dollars.
d,J; ·
I hope you have coinmitted to memory all the eJini-

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

tions .in the recapitulation,
and are able to ans\vei· MY
.
questwn prompLly, and in the exact words of the book.
I wish you to learn thoroughly in tho same way all the
defi~1ition s " ·!rich will foll ow. The familiar explanations
are msertccl n: e~·~ly to assist you in understa nding exactly
what the dcf1111twns mean. You will find all the important definiti ons printed in italics.

75

:MOODS.

r!

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CIIAPTEll XII.

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Whnt

ERBS have modifications of four kinds, m o1 lificntions
luwe v erbs1
namely, J.foods, T enses, Persons, and
J.Vwnbers.
I will first tell you what Moods
\Vhnt does
mean. J.food, or mode, means manner, and mood u1enn1
mood in Grmmnar is a form of the verb expressing its meaning in a certain manner.
Sometimes vre wish simply to say we are
going to perform some action, or we ask what
others are doing, or we rer1ucst something to
be done, and thus we may use the same verh in differ ent
How mnny
moods. There arc five moods, or different ways in mood
.11 nre
.. which we can express verbs; namely, the Infin'itive, the th ere 1
Indicativ e, the Potential, the Subjnnctive, and the Imperative.
The in':Jf.I
li,nitive mood diflers from all the others in hav- "t1ie'h~t111fimttve
i•.•~id or
ing no· nominative, and consequently neither person nor moodt
number. You may easily tell it, because with very few
exceptions the preposition to precedes it. To plciy, to ''crbs
111rnt ion •nm•
in thiA
1i11g, to ride, to walk, to weep, to laugh, to drive, to travel, mood.
are all verbs in the infinitive inood.
Whnt.is tho
The INFINITIVE MOOD is that jcorm o+
'J the verb which mfilllflYO
txpresses the being, action, or passion in an unlimited mood!
manner, and without person or number. To see, to
dream,. Mary came to play.
vVe use the indicative mood whenever ·we affirm or use lhodo
indicntivo
deny any thing, also in asking questions. It is called the mood!
"~hen

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MOODS.

76

ENGLISH GHA!IIMAR.

'Vlrnt i' the
inrlic11'. i\" e

moo•: 1
:r..Tcnlicm some
ver b~

iu thi s

m ood.
'Vlrnt other
mo\1d j3 use d in
Askin:!

ques tions l

'Vh nt signs hns
th o potei1t iul
mood l
\Vh nt is tho
potcutiul mood!

:M.~nli t' n

snmo

v erbs in this
mood.

' Vhy i ~ tho
l!llhj imdivc
mood sQ cnllcU t

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pr 1>1 · .-~ d e

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Jll ()fJI l ·~

l\.91rnt i!'l lho
e11l ~jm1 c tive

mood !
M ention some
VPrbs iu this
m ood.

L at. potentialis, b elonging to power.

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t From sithjungo, to subj oin or annex.

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n verb

rn1l 11:

811l1j1 1111•ti,-o

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~

Whnt
c:.t>nj11nclionR

indicative mood b eeausc its chief use is to indicate or
declare whatc rnr ouc wi sltes to say. '\Ve use it more
frequently than any other mood.
The INDICATIVl~ MOOD is tlwt for m of the verb which
simply indicates or declares a thiug, or asks a question.
I love you. Do yon love me? Is Mary going home 1
I have written my ktter. Will you tak e it to the ofiicc1
The potential mood is al so used in asking q uestions.
No qu estion can b e asked in any other m ood than the
indi cative and the potential. The potential'-" mood is so
called b ecause l;y it we express the power of p erforming
some action. You mny know this m ood by the signs
m ay, can, mu st, m ivht, could, would, and sho uld.
Tlt e POTE NTJ AL MOOD ·is that forin of the 'Verb whicli
expresses the power, liberty, possibi lity, or nccess·i ty of the
beiny, action, 01· passioi1. Yon inay 90. lt may rain.
You must either stay h8rn 11ow or come next week. I
can ride hom.e-hc conhl walk. They slt ould start immediately .
The subjimctivel mood is so called because .it is sub.
joined or annexed to some other verb in the sentence.
The v erb in thi s m ood is al ways preceded by a con.
junction either expressed or understood.
'\Vhen you
sec n verb whi ch has if, that, though , unless or lest before
it, you may ]UIO\\' it is in tl1 e subjunctive mood.
The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD is that form of the i 1erb which
r epresents the bei ng, action, or passion, in a c!o11btf11l and
conditional ?1w1111 er. If it rctins, I wilJ not go. I will

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77

ask, tlw11gh he refuse. If I have done wrong, I b eg you
will pardon n te. If John were good, he would be happy.
do we
• use d " ' ]ien '\Ye reques t· or corn.- !"'V'hrn
'l'lie imperative moocl 1s
0 th e.
·
.
.
A } .
. m1pcrnt1ve
manJ another person to do somcthmg.
S t le tmper- mood!
ative m ood is used only in addressing others, it has but ;;~':,;; ~·.. \:'.i~sed
111 th e ffi:C OUd
the seconJ per son, singular and plural.
l'• rson!
1 • 1 •
,\... hnl iA tho
Tli e lMl.'EltATJ.VF. MOOD is tlwtfor?n of the ver b WiltCti is impemlivo
m ood 1
iised in commw1eli11.r;, exh orting, en treating, 01· p ermitting.
:>
l
l C t
Me ntion Romo
O>Jen the door. J7'orgive urn. I ~eincm~er t1y r ca or. verusint~i•
.L
mood.
Tou ch not, ta ste not, handle not.
It is not n ecessar y for children to use the imperative
mood very often. Gentle and intelligent young persons
seldom fi11d use for thi s mood. It always pains me to
hear children commandin g th eir younger playmates,
brothers, sif-!tcrs, or servants, in ~t rude and noisy manner.
We commanu infori or s, exhort equals, entreat superiors, rn! r~'~it~:~••
,
. •
] •
• of
th o
i1 se tJ1c vcr11 n1
impcrnti,·•
Pennit wltorn we will ' rn1c.1 Ht so <.. mng
....
mood .
the imperative inood. ;John, bri11g ia the coffee, and tell
Mary to light the lamps. B e careful where yon step.
.Forgive me this time. Gu quickly.

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EXERCISE ON MOODS.

In what moods are the verbs in the following sentences?
"l love to sec the sunlight in a thick wood."
"I will write home n ext week and 1cill tell them how
happy and good you are."
"Do you know who wrote this book?"
"IIn ce you seen Louis Kossuth ?"
"I can set! company to-morrow."
"You must ,qo home this week, your parents are anxious
to see you."

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78

ENGLISH GRAnIMAR.

"Love your enemies; pray for those who use you despitcfully."
"ijit may O<', l·i:ar the L or<l."
"Be wise to-day."

" That sign has the InfinitiYe mood?
How can you tell the Indicative mood?
·what signs has the Potential moocl?
·what signs has the Subjunctive mood?
How can you tell the Imp erative mood?

MOODS.

79

The mood POTENTIAL doth express
\Vhat may or can be done,
A s : you may go, antl I can ride,
Or we ccin skip and run.

~

..

The mood suDJU)!CTIVE doth imply
Uncertainty, as thus:
If it shoulcl rain, we coulcl not go,
Nor wou.ld they come to us.

' Vrite three sentences conlaiuing a verh in the Infinitive
mood.
'Vrite three sentences containing a wrb in the Indicative
mood.
" rrite three sentences containing a verb in the Potential
moo cl.
"\Vrite three sentences containing a verb in the Subjunctive
mood.

.'

'''rite three sentences ccmtaiHi11g a verb in Lltc Imperative
mood.

'I

Here arc some verses on moods which I heard some
girls reciting one day, when they were playing school.
]l[OODS.

The INFINITIVE just m eans the verb,
As tlrns: to praise; to blame;
The I N DICATIYE <lrr.lares who does
Or did the tlti11g \re name.
Th e mood D!l'ERATIVE is when
Some p er son \Ye desire
To do a thing: as , _r70 to bed,
Get up, and stir the fire.

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81

TENSE.

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80

ENGLISH GHA:i\rllfAR.

I '.

Tense.

1" HOPE y ou understand what the different mo~ds of

J.

.I

CHAPTER XIIJ .

DEAR CH,LBREN9
'~A11r
.
.
1
. i 1 . gorng to grvc you som e puzzling

definiti ons to ]earn in thi s clia.pter. I
~ kn ow yon will find this la,;t pa.rt of your
-~ Grn.mmnr diflicult at first ; but do not
~- fear, you '\rill soon thi1Jk it as plain and
easy as that c-a-t sp ells cat. Do not Le too indole nt io stncly difficult lessons. Hard study
strengthens the mind. \Vhat kind of n, mind
has a poor serf or slave? H e coulll no t make
a steam.-enginc, or h e a great ruler ove r a w ise people.
llc d ocs 11ot even dream of the wund crf1il p\!11·c r~ of his
owu '\YCak mind.
Suppose you should fall into the power of som e cruel
man, who would tic up your arms and hands for several
\ \Tlmt a
y ears, and not all ow y ou to move them.
wretched cripple yo u would Lecom c ! God gave us our
limbs and orgrrn s, intending we should strengthen them
by use. So wiL11 lhe fa eulLi cs of tl1e m ind . They become stronge r and. more powerful in proportion as we
u se them. De enco uraged ther efore to jmprove a1l the
ta] en ts y our kind hca\·011] ,r l"ather h:i.s g i1·en }'OU, nnd
y on will not only b e wi se, good, and happy in I !tis world,
but prepared fur incxprcssilJJe happiness in the '\Vorld of
spirits.
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v erbs m ean. I will ther efore proceed to explam the
next modifica tion of the verb which is call ed T ense.
By the tense of a vcrlJ we t ell when the action was ?i;.";~~!.'~'~t·
I'
l ; w l ic t}.1cr i•t is
• now verbs I
perforrnbd, or is to be pcnormcc
· doing, or was done last week, or last y enr.
TENSE is that rnodification of the verb that distinguishes Wh•t is tense!
time.
There arc s·i x tenses: t.11c Present, the Impe1fect, the
Pmfcct, the Pliqmfect, the First-Future, and the SecondF11fore.
The PRESEN T TENSE is that wh ich exp1·esses what is
going on nt the present tim e. I heal' it thunder . I love
you.
You can have no difliculty in telling when a verb is
in the present t ense, as it always expresses what now
exists, ~r is talciug pluce. M y l1ir<1 is sing i11g merrily.
Rec how it snows. There com es Mary. I ain glad to

How mnnv
lt' n1H•s nrc 'th ere,
nrn l whut nro
th ey !

'Vlrnt docs the
preR nt tcaee

express 1

1\.frnti on 11nme

w rhs in th is
tense.

see her.
The lMPEllFECT 'l'ENSE is that which expresses what took ~~::::;r~~~~.1::.
'
/:. ll
t I saw \.OS- cx prC'SS ! ~
i n tlrne flt y pas .
J
M<' nlion some
1Jlace, or was occul'rinn,
suth y esterd ay. J enny Liml Goldschmidt gave her fare- ;·:~~:.m this
weU concert in Am erica fast week. I wrote to father.
The imperfect tense 1.lcnotes past time however distant.
"Jn tho beginning Goel created the heav ens and the eart h,
and the ea rth was without form, and void."
11,he l' EH FEC T T ENSE diffe rs a littl e from the impe1fect. H o•< does the
.L
...
prrfPet tcnso
•
1.
11rc r from tho
It al so denotes p as t tune,
uut
convey s an allusion to the t1imperfe
ct!
present. I have seen him to-clay. It would be improper

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ENGLISH GRAllil\IAR.

" Then do we
tho pcrfo c L

ui;1 1•

t~ua e ?

Why is it not
pr01·, ·r :o suv,
"ha1·r
l ' hil"'"Phe
"
,, .. ,de ~rent

f1~~c~;;-,rics in
ce11tur 11 1
1'

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to say, I have seen him yesterday; for yesterday is fully
past, and r equires the imperfect tense; as, I saw him yesterday.
\Vli cn we spea k of any thing past as occurring or not
occurring in the day, year, or age in which we mention
it, the pe1ject tense must b e used, because there is an
allusion to present t ime. I have been her e twice this
week. I have travelled much this year. Philosophers
have made g reat di scuYe1'ics in the prcseut century.
\Vou]d it lJc -lffOIJC r to say," Philoso1) lt ers have made
g1·c"t
l' O \Cl
· · •JCS .111
•
tl IC l as t cen t ll1'!J ~9 " NT0 • IJecause t]10
" (.!SC
last century is time fully )'Jast aml there
11 o allusiOll
to tlie presen t. \V c must say, "Philosophers made great
discoveries in th e last; century. 11£ade is a verb in the
imperfect tense.
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Hem cm h er tlw followiug d cfin it.ion.

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' Vhnt is tho
pcrfec.l tense t

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l
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~rJint

is tho
diffc r"ll ('O
be-tw t! t•n tho

:presC'nl, lhB
11npc rf1· d , nnd
th e pn(cct

I•

tense '!
" "hnt i" the

.,

plupe rfect

tense !

i
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V\thnt is the
ftrst . f11turo

tense t

83

VERBS.

The PEHFEUT TENSE is tl1at which expresses wltat has
taken place within some pcrio<l of t ime not yetfnlly past.
I have studied diligently th is year. The \rnrd have is
always adJcd to th e p erfect tense.
Do you undcrst:rn<l the difforence between the Present,
the Imperfect, and the Perfect tense ?
'l'hc PLUP EftFEC'l' TE NSE is that which e.?:presses what had
taken place at or bcfure some other past time mentioned.'
I had been l1 omc when l saw you. I lwd finished my
le tter before you returned .
The FIRST-FUTURE 'l'El>.'SE is that which c:tpresses wltat
will take place llCreaftcr. I will come l1omc next week.
James will send the p eneltes when they arc ripe. I will
visit you agai11.

The SECOND-FUTURE TENSE is that which expresses what
will have taken place at some fnture time 11ientioned. I
shall have seen him by sunset to-night. The cars will
have started before we reach the depot.

Whnt i• tho
6CC•l nd.folUJ8

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tensel

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EXEitCISE.

. I

TV!iat tense is I sing ? I icrite? I su.11g? I wrote ? I
have su11g ? I liai;e wricten? I fwd sun.q? I had written?
I shall write? I sJ1all sing ? I shall hai:e written ? I shall
hai:e Sl.tll.'J ?.. _LIrt 1·ai11s ? It hns mined? It rained yesterclay ? It icill rnin soon ? I sha ll go soon? I shall !wee left

j

j.

before yon return ?

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It is unnecct."3ary for me to define the remaining modifications of verbs, namel y, person and number, as defmitions which are univer sally applicable have already been
given.
Verbs have two numbers, the singHlar and th e plitral :
as, I nm; th ey rnn.
In each number there arc three persons : as,-

·1

.'
IJow mftny

persona n.nd
nn mbea htwe

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vcrbel

-1
Si11gular.

Plural.

First person. I love. ·
Second p erson. Thou lovcst.
Third p erson. He loves.

First p erson. \ Ve love.
Second person. You love.
Thirrl person. They love.

You w ill pcrcci vc the verb love is varied in its termination in the second and third persons singular. vVe
use lovest and loves instead of love. It is a rule of
Grammar tliat a verb must agree with its subject in
number and person. Yon are now prepared to do \Yhat

I,.

84
. I

\Vhnt is tho
conjug-at ion of n
V(• rb!

'Vhnl Yerbs nro
cnlJ cd nuxili:uy
\•erbs !

'Ylrnt nrc tho
four prim•ipn l
pmtA in 1hu

conjugnlion of n

verb !

\Yhn t i~

UON.J UGATION OF VERBS.

ENGLISH GRAi\[i\IAR.

I\

dcfoctive verb T

most people consider an achievement if they can do iL
w ell; I r efor to what is called the Conjugation of Verbs.
The CONJUGATION OF A VERn is the rP[Jular m'rangeme11t
of its moods, te11ses, persons, numbers, and par ticip les.
To rlo thi s \YC r equi re t he li clp of several small verbs,
called Auxil iary o r Il elping Verbs. Th ey nre may, can,
must, might, could, would, sllo1tld, shall, will, dicl, li ad,
do, be, have.

85

CHAPTER XIV .
~; FTE11. learnin g how to eonjugn te two
~ or three verbs, you ·will be ab le to
conju gate an y Of t h em without much

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difTiculty.
Let us conjugnte the

A n Au. -1LJARY is a short verb pre.fi:ced to one of tlie
principal parts of another verb, to express some particn1ar
mode . and time of the being, action, or passion.
There :i re fu11 r P IU NC JPAL PA itTS in the c011jugation of
every complete verb; name ly, the presen t, the preterit,
the impe1ject participle, a.ncl the p eifect participle. A
verb that wants a ny of lltese parts is called DEFECTIVE;
m ost of the Aux iliaries arc D efective verbs.

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ACTIVE VERB LOVE .
PRINC IPAL PARTS .

Present. J,ovc. .
Prcten :t. Lov ell.

Im;i. P articiple. Loving.
P c1 j. Partic~Jlc. Lovccl.

.

":·

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
To love.

PERFECT TENSE.
To have lovecl.

'·
' !·

INDICATIVE MOOD .

PRESENT TENSE.

Plural.
1. vVe love.
2. You love.•
3. They love.

S ingttlar.
1. I love.
2. Thou lovest.
3. He loves.

'

.

., '

lo!''

,

'

I

. I
j

IMPERFECT TENSE.

Singular.
1. I lovctl.
2. Thou lovcdst or loved.t
3. H e lovccl .

Plttrctl.
1. We loved.
2. You loved.
3. They loved.

.,., Yott h as always u plmal verb, even when applied to u single
indi1:idttal.

t

Familiar style.

.l
'

'

•. 1

,•I' '1,··
'!

1,

L

'i,

86

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

87

",~I,..
I

'

~

I'

UvlPFJlFECT TENSE.•

PERFECT TENSE.

Singulai·.
1. I have loved.
2. Thou hast loved.
3. He has loved.

Plural.
1. IVe ha vc loved.
2. You ha vc loved.
3. Th ey have loved.

PLUPERFECT TE NSE.

Singular.
1. I might love.
2. Thou mightst lo...-e, (or
might lo...-e).
3. H e might love.

Plural.
1. We might love.
2. You might lm·e.
3. They might love.

.

.:f'
·;~: r
..
:l

:•

! ··
,I

i
I :

I·

2.
3.

Si11g1.tlar.
I l rn.d loved.
Thou hadst loved, (or had
loved).
Uc had loved.

Pl.ura,,l
1.
c had loved.
2. you had loved.
3. They had loved.

"r

FmST-FUTURE TE NSE .

Sing 11 lar.
1. I shall lm·c.
2. Thou "·ilt love, (o r shall
or will love) .
3. H e -..vill love.

Plural.
1. IV c shall love.
2. You will love.
3. They will love.

SECOND-FUTURF. TENSE.
I
I

Si11r;ular.
1. I shall J1aYc .lovc<l. •
2. Thou wilt haw loved, (or
will have loved).
3. He will have loved.

I'l11ral.
l. IVe f'hall have loved.
2. You will h,'lve loved.
3. They will have loved.

POTENTIAL :MOOD.

I'
I·

PERFECT TENSE.

Si11,r;nlar.
1. I may have loved.
2. Thou mayst have loved,
(01· may have loved).
3. H e may have loved.

Plitral.
1. vV e may have loved..
2. You may have loved.
3. They may have loved.

• 'I

l

I

""

·f

~.

"

··~··:

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

Plural.
1. ·we might have loved.
1. I might have loved.
2. Thou mightst have loved, 2. You might have loved.
(or might have loved). 3. They might have loved.
3. He might have loved.

Sin gulctr.

·T
'I

·:\i.
~

'I I

,. 1;

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

The subjunctive mood does not vary its termination
at all, in the different persons. By this, I mean, that
the verb in all the persons, ancl both numbers, is the
1ame in form .

PRESENT TENSE.

Sin,qular.
Pluml.
1. I may love.
1. \Ve may love.
2. Thou mayst love, (or m.ay 2. You may love.
love).
3. They may love.
3. He may love.

"11-

:! ~
·~ I
q ! l'

'I'.
II

l
I•

PRESENT TENSE.

Sin,qitlar.
1. If I love.
2. If thou love.
3. If he love.

Plural.
1. If we love.
2. If you love.
3. If they love.

\":ti\
•I

;,
I

!·

l

· ·r~
,J

'ti

;I

'1

I

'

I

i~;

88

ENGLISH GRAl\LMAR.

~~

;

T~f

~··

I

.ti;
'\1
,F

next show you how to conjugate

i::

I

I I·

the

PRESENT TENSE.

NEUTER

Plural.
2. Love ye or vou
.
.;
'
you love).

vmm

t
ji

BE.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

Be.
Vi7as.

P AllTICIPLES.

Compound Pe1fect o1•
Prepe1fect. Having loved.

NOTE.-The pupil ought to be able to con'
,
according to the order of the who!
.
.Jugate a verb not only .
t th
.
e conJugahon, but also accordin .
o e synopsis of the several persons and numb . .
0
.
g
of ti
d'
.
ei s.
ne sixth part
.
. ie para igm gives a sample of the wh 0 I
for large classes.
e, and is not so tedious

i

CHAPTER XV.

IllIPERATIVE MOOD.

Present. Loving.
Peifect. Loved.

h

1:

!~
!•ii

Plurnl.
1. If we loved.
2. If you loved.
3. If they loved.

Sin,r;1tlar.
2. Love thou, (01 • do thou
love).

89

CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

Singular.
1. If I loved.
2. If thou loved.
3. If he loved.

t·!'

' i
't ·1f

(;.f'

Imp. Participle. Being.
Peij. Partic~J le. Been.

'll
:j:
j;
·;

INFINITIVE MOOD.

I.

PR.ESENT TENSE.

PERFECT TENSE.

To be.

To have been.

.',)

1:

l
.:!,

PRESENT TENSE.

1. I am.
2. Thou art.
3. He is.

Plural.

:·

1. vVe are.
2. You are.
3. They are.

ii

:t

IMPERFECT TENSE.

Singular.
1. I was.
2. Thou ·wast.
3. He was.

Plural.
1. vV e were.
2. You were.
3. They were.

[I have heard children often say yon was.

l:i:
!1

INDICATIVE MOOD .

Singular.

·r

1

I
;l

1:

"';

·ii
:1

I hope my

little stm1ents will always rem.ember that YOU requires
a plural verb, whether it refers to one person or more.
Instead of saying you, was, say you were. }Vere you

:1

q

',1:
•i

;, '.:
' 1'

I

.

;:J~
,, I

1:r

h\

,, ::1

..,
i

J

90

91

ENGLISH GHAMMAR.

MOODS.

going, in stead of was you going. Yon are instead of
yon is. }Vere the boys there, instead of was the boys

IMPERFECT 'l'ENSE.

there. A verb must agree with its sul0ect or nomina.
tive in nnm1cr and person. N e n :ir u se a plural verb
·w ith a singufar llunll.native.J

PI.UPERFECT TENSE.

Singu lar.
1. I had been.
2. Thou hadst been.
3. Ho had boon.

I'lural.
I. \ Vo ltucl been.
2. Yo u h ad been.
3. They had been.

FinST-FUTUirn TE NSE .

8i11g11lar.
1. I shall be.
2. Thou wilt he.
3. He will be.

I'l11ral.
1. \Ve shall be.
2. You will be.
3. They will he.

SECOND-F UTURE TENSE.

Si11gu1ar.
1. I shall haYe been.
2. Thou wil t haYe been.
3. Uc will have been.

Singular.
1. I may have been.
z. Thou mayst have been.
3. He may have been.

PltESE NT TENSE .

I'lural.
1.
may he.
2. You may he.
3. They may he.

·we

'I

Plitrnl.
1. vVe may hav e been.
2 . You may have been.
3 . They may have been.

PLUPE H.FEC'l' • 'l'ENSE.

Singnlar.
1. I might h ave been.
2. Thou mightst h ave been.
3. He might have been.

•'

Plural.
1. \Vo migh t have been.
2 . You might h ave been.
3 . They might have been.

'·

SUTIJUNCTIVE l\IOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.

Plural.

Singular.
1. If I be.
2. If thou be.
3. If he be.

Pluml.
1. \Vo shall ham been.
2. You w111 lrnxo been.
3. They will have been.

POTENTIAL .l\IOOD.

fNi1{/ular.
1. I may lJo.
2. Thou mayst be.
3. He may be.

·we

1.
might bo.
2. You might be.
3. They might be.

PERFECT TENSE.

Plural.
1. \Ve have been.
2. You have been.
3. They have been.

.. '

Plural.

Si11,r;ular.
I. I might be.
2. Thou mightst be.
3. Ile mi ght bo.

PERFECT TENSE.

Si11gular.
1. I Jmyo been.
2. Thou hast been.
3. Ho has Lceu.

'

1. If we be.

2. If you be.
3. If they be.
IMPERFE CT TENSE.

Plural.
1. If we were.
2. If you were.
3. If they were.

Singular.
1. If I w ere.
2. If thou were.
3. If he were.

.
I

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

I

PRESENT TENSE.

l
'I
I

Singular.
Be thou, or do thon be.

Plural.
Be re or you, or do you be.

I
1

I._

92

ENGLISH GRAMMAR,

93

CONJUGATION OF VERBS.
PARTICIPLES.

Im.perfect. Being.
Pe1Jcct.
Ileen.

Co111pounrl Pe1:fect or
Prcpc1:fect. Having been.

CHAPTER XVI.
Those of my students who use thou in the singular
number i11 stead of yon, may use it in this way :-INo.
Thou art. Thou was. Thou hast b een. Thou had lJecn.
Thou shall or ·will be. Thou shall or will have been.
PoT. Thou may, can, 01· must h e.
Thou rn ight, coultl,
·would, or sl1 oukl be. T11ou may, can, or must have been.
Thou m ight, could, woulcl, or should have b een. SunJ.
If thou he. If 1hou were. IMP. De thou, or clo thou be.

HAVE now told you how to conjugate

.

an active and a n euter verb. PASSIVE
VERTIS ar c formed by adding the pe1fect
pa.rticiple of an active-transitive verb to ~;~~~'~;~crb•
.,
b B e <}
the aux1l1ary ver ·
" ll'Ollg·1·i a 11 1•t s conj11g11\ed I
changes.
.Can you tell rn.e the pe1ject participle of the

""
'I

~~ verb Love?

Jf
Now turn to the conjugation of the verb Be,
and add L oved to all the moods and tenses, and you will
then conju gate the PASSIVE VERD "B E LOVED. "
•
I will coujugate it in the first person for you, trustmg
you can r eadily follow in the other persons.

,,

•'

CONJUGATION OF THE PASSIVE VERD DE LOVED.

Jndicatire mood.-l am loved. I was loved. I have been
Jo,·ed. I had been loved. I shall be loved. I shall have
bee!l lovell.
P otential 1nood.-l may be loved. I might be loved.
may have been loved. I might have been loved.
SuhJnnct£ce mood.-If I be loved. If I were loved.

I

Conjugate the

finl!~,~?, '~~1r~he
fi rst person
singular.

'

;

PARTICIPLES.

Jinpe1;fect. Being loved.
Peifect.
Loved.

Compound Pe1Ject.
Having been loved.

·when you have committed to m emory th e conj~gation of an active, passive, and neitter verb, you have gamed

!"

i

''

j

i·

I'

t.
,.

94

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

a great point. The expJauation of verbs, and their modifications, is the most diflicult part of Grammar. Once
over this with credit to yourself, and your future path, as
a grammarian, i~ sufficiently full of interest to reward
you for all your toil s. I have a few more things to tell
you about verbs, which I will do in the next cliapter.

VEHBS.

95

CHAPTER XVII.
WISH to t ell you the difference between
a regulcu· and an irregular verb.
A great many verbs form the preterit regular
Whnt i•.
verb!
anu perfect participle by adding d or ed:
as, love, loved; arrive, arrived. These
are called HEG ULAit VElWS.
IRREGULAR vErms do not form the preterit
is nn
and perfect participle by assuming ed. Be is 'Vbat
irregu.lnr verb t
an irregular neuter verb. You cannot say,resent, Be; Preterit, Beed. You must form the preterit
d perfect participle in some other way than hy adding
for ed. You do it thus :-Present, Be ; Preterit, Was;
p. Part., Being; Pcrf. Part., B een . See is also an
· egitlar verb. You cannot say, Present, See ; Preterit,
&ed, but saw.
I will give you a list of some of the irregular verbs;
but I wish first to explni11 to you more fully than I have
ne, what I mean by the 1Jreterit and impe1fect parti. tiple.
I told you, in commencing the conjugation of verbs,
• that a verb had four PRINCIPAL PARTS, which are necesllll'J to b e learned in the first place. I gave you their
111ines without telling your their meaning, .because I did
: tot wish to frighten yon in the commencement of a lesson
1hich is di!Ticult enough for b eginners, even when most
rarefolly explained.
'\'1mf, nre t.he
The four principal parts of a verb are, the Present, the :~~~~'~\!'~i~:~;h 1

·'

·1

'

VERBS.

96

\\·hn t i8 I ho
J>reaent I

" ·hnl is tho
prtteritY

" ·hnt is the
imperfc rt
participle I

\l·hnl i11 the
p erf ect
pa rt iciple f

' I

97

ENGLISH GRAl\fMAH.

Preterit, the hnpeifect Participle, and the Pe1fect Par
ciple.
The I'ltESENT is th e root of all the r estr-it is
itself. \ Vhen you look in a dictionary for the mcm
of a verb, we find the present, or r oot.
The PRETEJU'l' is that simple form of the verb which
notes tim e past. It is always j oined with a noun or p
noun as its subject; as, I loved. I ruled. I arrived.
The IM PEllFECT PAnTICIPLE is that which common
cnds in iug, w1d denotes a continuance of the being, acti
or passion; as, Loving. Ruling. Being.
The I'EllFE CT P AinlCIPLE is th at which ends
in eel or en, awl im21Zics a completion of the being, actio
or passion; as, Loved. Ruled. B een. Arrived.
Yott c;in ea sily cli st i11 gui sh th e Impe1:/'ect from th e P
feet .Parti cip le hy rurncmlJcring that tl1 c l mpc1fect cu
in ing, a.u d d miuhJs a continuance of tlw b eing, a.ction,
passion; and the P e1fect Participle denotes completion.
I will now give yo u :L list of some m. n1wuLA1~ vEa
You will not sec one of them forming its Preterit
P erfect Participle by nddi11g d or ed.

esent.
'ye,

lllltEG ULA!l VERBS.

PrPseut.
Arise,
Be,
Begin ,
Biel,
Come,
Drink,

*

Prrfl'rit.
arose,
wa s,
began or beguu,
bid 0 1· bade,
c:tmc,

dr::rnk,

Im. I'artcip.
urisiug,
being,
beginning,
bidding,
coming,
clrinkin g ,

e,
ow,

*

de,

ng,

Imp. Part£cip. Pe1f. Purticip.
driven.
driving,
eaten or eat.
eating,
fallen.
falling,
flown.
flying,
got or gotten.
getting,
got,
given.
giving,
gave,
known.
knowing,
knew,
lain.
lying,
lay,
ridden or rode.
riding,
rode,
rung.
ringing,
rung or rang,
run.
running,
ran or run,
seen.
seeing,
saw,
sung.
singing,
sung or sang,
spit or spittcn.
spitting,
spit 01· ::;pat,
swum.
swimming,
swmn or swam,
taught.
teaching,
taught,
thought.
thinking,
thought,
worn.
weiu:ing,
wore,
won.
winning,
won,
written.
writing,
wrote,

Pretei·it.
drove,
ate or cat,
fell,
flew,

. pie
. te1·i t <and
i'c
rbs which form t h en·
There arc 11 iew ve
to be both
rfect participle
two o!· more ~ays, l~o REDUNDANT
gular and irregular.
They :1l e ca .e

in

P e1j. I'articip.

ERBS.

Ul'lSeU.
bceu.
begun.
bidclr11 or bid.
cu me.
drunk or drank.•

I will tell yon :1 few of them.

Gramnrnrians and auth ors do no t agree upon th e wonls dn;.q

·:

;s

Whnt ATO

redmulo.nt

v<rbe '

'!

f dt·unk-others use drank.
ber prefer t h e us e O
k
d drttnk. A num
1
1 speakers now prefer dran " as
' of our most correct au t 1ors am ,
an)
fi
ent of sound.
word of greater re mem
l
bove. but lie to utter a false* Lie to be at rest, is in e ~u a~-, as ~
'
'
d, is 'regular: as, lie, lied, lyi·1i;,, lied.

98

ENG.LISH GRAJ\UIAH.
HEDUNDAN'l' VEIWS.

Prescnt.
Abi<lc,
Awake,
JJ!ess,
Build,
Hon.st,
Stay,
\~Tcave,

Prclait.

abo<lc or abi<lC'cl,
awoke or awaketl,
blessed or blest,
built or lmildetl,
roasted or roast,
staid or stn.ycd,
WOYC OJ' "·en,ycd,
" ·orlwd or 'uought,

"\York,
\\Triug, "Tinged or wr1111g,

I111y Pai"
abiding,
awaking,
blessing,
building,
roas ting,

Pm:f l'rwticiplc.
abode or ahitlecl.
a\Yakcd or awoke.
blessed 0 1· bkst.
built or lmiltled.
roas ted or roast.
staying, staid or stayC'd.
" "C[l Ying, woven 01· we:wcd.
worki ng, worked nr "Toughl. ·
wri11gi11g, wring-ell or \\Tt111g.

i
. i
I

l ~

PARTICIPLES.
.. ,.t

l

I

I

speech .
'Vlml isn
participle 1

I

I

11

I

r :

I ;

H ovv mnn y
purticiploa nro

there!

impmfect

participkf

'Vl1nt is tho
ptr:fect

j
j

)'articiplt 1
Wlrntis U1e
comp()u nd

'

.•

l~XEJ<CISE ON VERBS AND PARTICIPLES.

. . l pars
t t ~ the. followin"'o verbs·k :
Write the four pn11c1pa
.
t
d
.
l
f
weep, wor '
me, arrive, begrn, ca ., nu c, a11 ' 81110'
' o• lauo-h,
b

\vritc four regular 1:erbs with th eir yrin:ip:l

A I'AH.TlCl!'LJ.; is a word derived from ri verb, and par.
taloes of the nature of a verb, an adjective, 01· a noun .
There are three participles belonging to all verbs which
are not Dejective;''-the lmp e1jcct, the Pe1fect, and tlto

part~.

1m1 ts. .. •
\Vri( o ·fimr ·irl'l'rJllfl/r 1:er /is vn·ut t hC'lr llrme1pal
.
.
Write .lite followi ng Ycrhs i11 th o i111hcalicc 1w1111l, pr.·'·f·rl
.
l ar: s·111,,,
er
11se, fir st pei·son Slllf/ll
' valk
' ' laugh, talk, muvc,

urn come, go, defend.
\Vri,tc the same ycrbs in the p otent£al mood, p e1:fect tense,
1·11

l
t
the snb.;"unct'ive mooc' prese11

11sc, lhinl Jil'l'Son 71lnral.
In ilw iiifi:nilir·c 11111011.
In the i11111r.r11lin) m.ootl.
. .
Write the i111pe1:fP.ct pal'l1c1ple of the followmg verbs:
. d eg1a
. d c, tlo ' o
n·o ' fl ,;v ' drink, hear, sew, laugh,
ing, begm,

ad.
.
I' ti :C 11 "-ino- ycrbs. Learn,
Write the Jli'i:fect 7)(trlic1p1~ o . 10 o_ .o
b
. . .
.
t
.
mt
sit
The IMPERFECT PAgTICIPLE ends in ing, and denotes a ach, smg, r e urn, go, 1 ' ., .. ' he ' stnJ...c.
·t . . z, of tho following
continuance of the being, action , or passion: as, loving, . \Vritc the co11171onilll p e1:fect pr'.1 .1c111 c 1 take, swing,
say, sec, srnk, stanl '
erbs : Dare, fol·s·alcc,
being, acting, coining, j(dling.
Compound Pe1fect.

'Vhn.t is Urn

I

!

.
·
plies a 1n·cvwus
comp l etwn
o.f tl ie lieuicr
o • action
.
' or
. .
loved, having ruled, having acted,
·sion : as, 1,wving
uing been.

MANY grmnmarians make Participles a scparnU; part "st JJCl'son plnral.
J.J,L of speech. Tltcy then s:iy there a.re ten parts of Write the same verbs

;l

99

p ARTICIP.LES.

perf ect

participle 1

The PEJ<FEC'l' PAJ<TICIPLE commonly ends in ed or c11,
and implies a completion of the Lcing, action, or pai;sion:
as, loved, been, acted, ntled.
The

COMPOUND PERFECT

*

takes the sign having, and

Sec page f) 1.

1.te, think.
EXAMPLE OF p ARSI NG

A VERB AND p ARTICIPLE..
"

i

"I sa'v him labori.ng in the field."
b :(
't'n-c ve1. ' r01n see, saw,
. an n
. ·1·crrulur
activc-trans1
Saw is
b
•
'
1eci11r1, scuil.
t :C . 1 its preterit aml
A 1.1 irregular is a YCrh that docs no
oin

,•

101

p AR'l'ICIPLES.

100

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
VERTIS.

p ARTICIPLES.

" yon house, erected on the
rising ground, drew me from
my road."
"I found him lodged in
. "
pnson.

perfect participle by assuming d or ed. An active-trnnsitiv "I haYe erected a house."
verb is a verb that expresses au action which has some pcN
son or thing for its object.
Saw is in the iuclicativc moocl, imperfect tense, first person; "Ile lodged at the Astor
singular number.
ousc."
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply:
indicates or declares a thing.
You can always distinguish a particip:e 11.y observing
The imperfect tense expresses what took place in
lS derivation from a verb, and then placmg it after to be
fully past.
. r having: to be lodged; having lodged.
The first person is that which denotes the speaker.
The singular number is that which denotes but one.
Laboring is an imperfect participle from the regular activ
verb labor, labored, laboring, labored.
A participle is a word derived from a verb, participating
the properties of a verb and of au adjective, or a noun, nnd
is generally formed by adding £ng, cl, or cd to the verb.
The imperfect participle is that which generally ends in
ing, and implies a continuance of the being, action, or passion.

Young learners often find it difficult to distinguish
between a participle and a verb. The same word is
sometimes a participle and sometimes a verb. A few
illustrations may be of service.
VER US.

PARTICIPLES.

"John, loved by all who
knew him, was greatly lnmcnted."
"The Britons ,daily liar"The Britons, daily liarassed by the Picts, wcro
assed the enemy."
obliged to call in the Snxons."
"I adm.frecl nnd applauded
"Admired and appktuded,
him."
he became vain."
"John loi:ed his book."

...
\

\,

102

ENGLISH GHAMMAH.

103

E'rY:MOLOGY.

found looking out a word in a dictionary ~o fmd wh~t
rt of speech it is; neither will he seek aid fro~ h~s
CHAPTER XVIII.
acher mrnecessarily. He will have arran~ed m his
. iml some such thoughts as t11csc. The Art-tcles are a:
i and the.
Nouns I certainly can tell, because they
~ names of persons or things. AdJect~ves exp~css the
ialities of persons or things, and sometnnes thell' numERE we are at our parting chapter. r. Pronouns are used instead of nouns ; I ought to
I have told you nearly as much about ww all about them from my little Grammar.
Etymology as you will find in School k
. "Y somcthuw and generally express action.
, OI Sw
b'
d
Grammars, and I trust you under. f.articiples are very much like verbs,
be place
sto~d what you learned, and can now ·. fter to be, or having. I can generally d1stmgmsh Adverbs,
begm to parse long sentences. As .ecause they tell the when, the where, the how 11wcli,. and
soon as you have been thoroughly drilled in 1 0 how. Conj-unctions connect words, and somet1~cs
this book, you will be prepared to commeuco ntences. Prepositions express the relations of tlnngs
a large Grammar, in which you will learn all if1 tl. s 01. words to words and Inte1jections are such
,o 1111g '
'
d
the rul es of Syntax and Prosody. Syntax and wur<ls as oh! ah! alas! hei,'}ho f Uc must be a dull an.
Prosody, you lmuw, arc the two remaining parts of , dolcnt scho.lar who would not rather depend upon hrs
Having
than to seek aid from his teacher
.Grammar.
"
.
-,learn ed so much about ·Etymology . ~wn exe1·ticm
. in ixi.rsinir
b'
m
our
good
ltttlo
Grammar,"
you
will
not
experience
tl
dictionary.
h f
1e reason why
. I wish you to give your d,G · ·
·
a] the difficulty and confusion, that those poor children , r The
m
do, who have had to learn to parse from lessons wl>ich
.
- the words of the book, is because they are
.
.
.
·
~arsmg, i 11
.
·
l
contai~ed
a disorderly Jumble of Etymology and Syntax. lbetter than any words of your own select10n, bemg ta rnn
It will be necessary for you to review this Grammar ' from the best grammarians of the present day.. As soon
before yon will beeome sufficiently exp"t as you become thoroughly famiUar with all the ''."port".'t
m Etymological parsmg to attempt Syntactical. As tho Jdefinitions, you need not grve them. In syntactical parssame word often stands for several different parts .o f ing they are never given.
.
speech, you must thoroughly learn the meanings and
An old gentleman, who read over the MS. of this
Grammar before it was pu blishcd, said, that al though he
uses of the parts of speech.
A little p erscverai1ce and thought will make all t11cse studied Grammar when he was a lad, he never unde1·.
dilllculties vanish. A bright and faithful scholar will nut ' stood it. When he wished to tell the different parts of

V~rbs

~n~ cai:

~"nitions

~evcral time~

104

ENGLISH GRA:MJlfAR.

EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGY.

speech in .his parsing lesson, h e used to look out th
w ords in \ fValk er 's dictionar"
Ile cou J-L1 not even tc Prefix the indefinite article properly in the follo\ving
.1 •
1
0
~ .c part
sp cec.li from another. U c said ho knew the rases: better queen never reigned; wiser nation; Charles
. ianmim'. so p erled.1,r, tl1 at many a t iin c in lii s trouJJl ed e Twelfth was great warrior; will you give me orange, or
s leep a~ nig lit lie l1 ad r ec iteLl Jii s lcs,, 0 11 \\"f)l'd for W Ol'U ple, or peach; I wish I owned ink-dish and gold pen;
Only lu s HLcmory was C'XCrci~t'l1 rr·' J . ·i .,
• oward was humble man and philanthropist; give me few
' · · U t;Ll Jecn faucr]i
.
.
.
t o u Uc t· >rnrds wiLlwut t!.l•i "k·:.
!.
"' nee for poor cluld; what immense power issues from
'' 1 mg w w t tl1e1J e·i] 7.
l
H e sa id he wn s glad to 1
.
· · ' · · J essec , cam boiler; little thought would have saved you much
' , ' JC s pa.rel1 to sec tl1i s Im
- 1
·
.
•
>Yhcu so rn·my
l l l· · ' PP.Y l ny ouble; honest mn.n is happy ma.n, but dishonest man is
. : • ..
' •
go uc JOO. cs arc wri tten to encourn!!c ver at ease; in the lake I saw large eel and I caught fine
cI u1c11 cu to tlwik.
~
ickerel.
EXERCISE II.-NOUNS,

EXERCISES IN ETYlfIOLOGY.
EXERCISE I.-ARI'ICLES.

P

JlEFIX tho dr:Jin itc article to oacl1 o·f
1hc followi11!!
" ,, 11om1 s · tloorn
.· I
'. ·
· ' " Ill t ow, 1ca Yes, crossc.s,
11011·crn, I un cs, 1et i crs, ships.
n-i)o, rno11 l>:c.·i·s,
l'rcfi x Llic i·11d1.fi11ite article t.o each 0 f
.
1101rn s · 'Ille eel
.
· Ili c fullowrng
. • .,
' orn11ge, tlnmhlc, .11t•c<ll c threat·! . I
ba JJ lemon - J r l
.
'
. ' app ('
'
' Ill \: - t 1s i, lm·d, chicken eleph ant
·] .
'
wlud e, oriole, canin gc, house, car-ri11 ~·s rino~ u:1it nu~cerns,
0
l 10ur, chair so.fa er e 11 t
'"
, lllllYcrsc,
'
' '
',
.1 ,
un er.
In .se rt tho ~7q/wi
,1-: ·t.e ai·t1clc
·
}Jroporly iu th e foll -·
J
new h orse. \ V1'll1'a111 'l.'l 1 . ·<l Cl 1
o'~ rng p nnscs :
'
'
11 ;
tar cs 'l' 11· If -]
Bonaparte nTcat con
e .t l; Napoleon
.
o '
queror. y mwcr sh all l
kin g <lom sh all be er _. t1 I ' il o
'
ru c over older;
'
i i l et s1io s slrnll be s
tt
l
.
arc com inn· and will 1 . 1.. . . ·t·
' ca crec ; g1ds
'
o
u mg m re1es you pro . <l t i
Wirnlo11·s a1Jtl Ji o·Ji (; n·as . w<l _ ·. }'
l~ISe • • lCill; close
ou sec 1g- htnrng !i
o o
v

c

,

)

NOTE TO TE ~ CilEI'"
\ tl
.
·
· "'· -ll.S ic wntinn- f
. . ·
·
uf tes tin g th e profici cn c}- of
·1 I o o exe1c1ses is a good moue
pllp!
~,
WOHid
a
uYi
se
t]
'
,
,
t u b c "Tit ten until th e
Jil C" • " t
•
. tcsc exercises
'l'J i ry m ay h r' ~ rrl l 1'1111
" ll \;JJ e t1le111 jll'Ol1l j (j
-'
·
.
> Y anll co rrec t'y
11
.
.
- .
n Bo in c~n mrn;iti o n s afte r l'f'h e:i r sals.
, •

Write the plurals of the following nouns : sea, pen, house,
!!'ave, rose, pink, grape, brush, church, loaf, wife, hero,
negro, potato, cargo, echo, canoe, wo, folio, monarch, vanity,
nny, monkey, chimney, body, assembly, valley, money,
joy, key, delay, attorney, calf, sheaf, wolf, index, grief,
:craph, cherub, memorandum, automaton, erratum, tooth,
goose, mun, woman, chil<l, beau, ox.
Insert the verb rightl y iu the following phrases: where
y compasses? where my scissors? where your shoes? his
lungs diseased? snuffers on the table? what the tidings?
what the news? the measles contagious?
·write the f eminines corresponding to the following nom1s:
oy, earl, father, husband, king, lad, man, nephew, son,
llllcle, wizard, heir, count, duke, hero, Jew, patron, poet,
shepherd, tiger, widower, male descendant, mule child.
vVrite the possessive case sin,qular of the following nom1s:
man ; girl; J olm book ; Achilles shield; for goodness sake;
lynx fur; Peter cane; the com1tess health is failing.
Write the possessive case plural of the following nouns:
lady fan; man opinion; boy ball; city; ur.cle; nephew;
bride cake; ox horns; queen crowns; child toys; man
boots; boy shoes; citizen rights.

105

(

106

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

EXEltCISES IN ETYMOLOGY.

EXERCISE III.-ADJECTIVES.

EXERCISE V.-VERBS.

Place ~ . suitable cu7j1'.ctiuc before each ?f the followinA ~rite the principal p.art~ of. th~ followi~1g. vcr?s: sing,
nouns, without rcpcatrng any word: girl, hoy, flowci1cc,. play, love, come, g~, ietmn: u~n, :vall~, iemarn.
people, snake, oranges, vine-apples, house, park, cactuiVntc the same verbs m the indicative mood, plupeiject
family, bird, el~plrnnt, n~lers, king, singer, husband, fatheS;c, se~oiul pci·s~m sin,r;ular; _in the sulo'1~nctii:e moncl, third
slave, bread, nnegar, mieroscope, river, hill, temple, di~son Sl11f/1tla r ; m the potential mood, tlurd person plural;
position, billow, tower, lap-dog-, companion, talents, artisf:ho i111pcmtiue mood.
sky, lady, temper.
Vrite the i1npei:f'cct participle of each of the following
.Annex a sui~able noun to each of the following adjective bs: sec, hear: dream, survive, perish, thirst, sit, do, lie,
without rcpcatrng any word: large, small, wise, bencvolenflW, Hy, cat, bite, buy, be.
majestic, grand, pretty, sublime, high, luxuriant, g·ay, swcef'Vrite the peijcct partic1j1les of cacn of the same verbs.
sour, amiable, delicious, dismal, dark, beautiful, hideous, te '.W rite a synopsis of the verb LOVE, in the secoiul person
rible, anxious, kind, cold, noble, bravo, happy, old, young. r;ular.
Compare the following ar{jectices: good, rougii, sweei\Vrite a synopsis of the verb TEACH, in the thi1'll person
sour, happy, benevolent, old, gay, bright, solemn, amiable. lrat.
Compare the following a1{iectfres, using the adcerbs of iil.iVritc a synopsis of the verb BE , in the.first person plural.
crea~sc: majestic, sublime, enviable, fortunate, virtuous, mad
. I
EXElWlSB VJ.
nammous, wretched.
Compare the following rrr{jcctivcs, using th e advei·bs 0
decrease ·· imiJcrfcct , irritable
,·
omparc
the followmg
adverbs: often, long, fast, well,
.
' . , · aux10us,
aw1cwar d , p 1easm
.
.
0
lly , little, much, far.
formidable, braYe.
Place the comparatii.:e adverbs of increase before each of
following adverbs: bitterly, freely, wisely, amiably,
EXERCISE IV.-PHONOUNS.
.
. .
jYCrfully, secretly, honestly.
'Vnte the 11ommative plural of the followino·
pronolms •Place the coinparatit·e adverbs of diminution before the
0
: 1e adverbs.
I, thou, h e, she, it, who, which, what.
'1Trite the o~jectfre singular of I, thou, ho, she, it.
< nscrt suitoolc adverbs in the followmg sentences: Peter
Correct the following words: he's, hcr's, it's, our'f;, thcir's~nt out and wept - - ; come - - ; cats - - learn to
your's.
ch mice ; I will come - - ; she plays - - ; Mary sews
"The person wl1z'ch spoke to you yestcnlav."
~. ; John drives - - ; you speak - - ; Ellen is sleeping
•
" The dog who barked."
"Tho horse who ran away."
Insert s1titable prepositions in the following sentences:
"The girls which loamed to sing."
ry has o-one - - town, but her sister remains - - the
"Tl
·1 our baggage."
· IC servan t· w 1.·1.
11c 1, cnrncc
, nt.ry - °- the winter; run quickly - - the street - 1

±
t

j-.

..

.

107 .:

-

• I

I

"

''

/

108

ENGLISH GRAMM:AR.

~

I,

·p~; !

those horses come; come home - - me; James gave
- - his dinner · - - a poor mun - -· who was sitting · -·
a tree.
Insert suitable conjunctions in pluce of the followin1:
<lushes : you - - John mu st r emain - - Hobert may g ;
- - play bull - - he has r ecited hi s lessons well; he i·
poor - - honest; - - young - - old can escape death
you would not be w1happy - - you were good.

I

I

!

Parsing lessons may be given according to the wishe
of the teacher. it is a good plan to select a few line·' ·
from the reading book of the class. The exercises ma:
be varied according to the progress of pupils. SonH ·
times they may be told to parse onl y the nouns the:
find on a page; and at other times t hey may select llT'
other part of speech, or they may rcau several linc1
omitting at one ti.me all the prepositions, and anothe
time omitting the conjunctions.

THE END.

.

----

