A

MANUAL
OF

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC:

BY

•
•
•

~

JOHN S. HART, LL. D.,

UTE PROFESSOR OF RHETORIC ANO OF THE ENG LI S H LANGUAGE AN D LJTERAT\.1r:fE t"'-

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PHILADELPHIA:

ELDREDGE & BROTHER,
No. 17 North Seven th .Street.
f

1891.

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A SERIES OF TEXT-BOOKS
ON

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
By JOHN S. HART, LL. I;>.

•

--...-{~

La.ngua.ge-Lessons for Beginners.
An Elementary English Grammar.
English Grammar and Analysis.
First Lessons in Composition.
Composition a.nd Rhetoric.
llA HaHIJ Cr'Llr\Of Ll &llA~Y

GIi I \I i l Hf
GKA llUA l E SC HOfll o> FOllr. ATIOI

~"'°-'\ ""'G

PREFACE.

, \ '\ 0 Q

THIS

is, on the face of it, a text-book. It has been written for learners, not for the learned. Its object is, not

Entered, accorJlng to Act or Congr•••, In they
ELDREDGE .t BROTHER,

to extend it,he boundaries of the science by excursions into
debatable ground, but to present its admitted truths in a
form easily apprehended.
- ~,~

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.

By this statement, however, I do

not wish to convey the idea that the treatise is un scientific

~ ~Ltc'l'llOTTP~ Pmu.n'A.~'f-' - ·

I mean merely that I have
studiously avoided cumberin g my book wi th the many :ihin it.s character or its methods.

sl rw;c and ~till un sol vcd questions which cu Yi ron the

RU hject.

Those questions are not without interest or vnlue, and few
persons have u keener reli sh for their Jiscul'sion thuu the
L

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wri ter, whose life-Jon;:; ~tudie~ Jiaye been i11 tlmt preei!:'e liue
of inq uiry.

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Hu t original investigation is fl.It to be out of

place in a text-book fo r in~t.ruetion in t he clements.

At th e

tirn(', it is hcl ievcd, the att.cutivc reatlvr, \l'h o is Drnii liar

with the recent lit.nature of the 8cicucc, will fi11d tlic s u bj,·cL
brought up to the l:tt.e~t clearly ascertain ed rcsul L~ , whi ic m
i;oruc dircctivlls a tlc<:iJc<l a<11,aucc lia~ liceu made.
lU.

PREFACE.

IV

The text has been, purposely, and most carefully, broken
up into portions convenient for the uses of the class-room.
These typographical arrangements necessarily give to the
pages a somewhat fragmentary appearance. But any one
who will take the trouble to look will see at a glance that
the matter throughout is closely connected and continuous,
- that it forms a compacted and orderly system.
Rhetoric; like grammar, arithmetic, and many kindred
subjects of study, is an art as well as a science, and no textbook for the class-room is of much value which is not well
furnished with examples for practice. In the preparation
of the present work, no labor has been spared in this respect. In the apparatus required by the teacher for training students in the practical applications of the principles
of Rhetoric, the book, it is believed, may safely challenge
comparison with any work on the subj ect that i~ before th o

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.
I' AG P.;

General Terms Defined,

!7

fic ncru..l Dh·bio n s,

JK

J. S. H.

public.
STAT~:

PART I.

NORM AL !'<c n ooL,

TREKTO:-;,

1'\ . .J.

STYLE.
i·

Defin it ion Clf Styh '.

1'_1

Division of the Sul•jt:d ,

~'()

NOTE TO THE 1"'EVJSED ED!T!ON.

Tnr: nttcnti on ()f Tl•nd1cnr1 iR rn1 1Pd to the me th od

iti n~n

on pag-e 3-t7 fo r

ft;r~

CHAPTER I.

rcclint1 (;um 11 o~iliu11.J1, .

Thi.s mdhod )11\....; ?:x~t..'D found to be of tlie gn•ntl~t prnct knl
Vfduc n.s 11. wean~ u f h.·s..-:t•ni11g- th ~ lnl11Jr of CPrreet.lon. Where d!\J\.-.e~ urn Jn.rJ.,:P,
ur iil the ('XC'n·i."'c i~ fn'fjlle!lt . ! Ii i " JH!,nr i.i;: of!Pn "normnn!'i. Yd It i.<1 I\ ~ahur tli:it
cu.I111ut be omittf..'<l, if the i-ld1ul ar i!'I tu rcnp t il e full t.H.!ti~tit of t. h c exercise. Ge ncnd cri tic i:-;ms 11.rc of comparntiv~· ly lit tle Ya lne. It is t h e rniuutc crilieism of
worrls n.nd ~cnt.cnee.<.i:, in detail, that c ldeUy l ~neHts the stu1le11t ; 1u1<t to write
th('~ c rl ticil'HHM out in full iin·o JYcs tLI1 umou11t of l u.Wr whi ch few teud 1ers a ru
wiJlin;; to give: By the sy,tcrn of n otation here s u,;i;ct:tcd, tliis lalJor L' lesscuetl

Loy

l\L

Punctuntion and Capitals.
D('fillitinn 8.Tl l1 Hi."tory of the ~uhj~~ct .

SECTION I.-The Cornmn.
1-:ulc 1. T'tl.rr n ll il· ti (·n1
Hule '2 . Jn tcrnH' ri.itt lf•

lewt fvur·lli\lls.

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lJivi:-:.ivn vf the ::'ulijcct.

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f ll·p 1._·nd t..·i ~l t

Ex.prL· s:-- i()n~.
Exprcs'."iu 11 ~.

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'h 11 st..·s,

I{ ule ·t. !~ . . lati H ' <'Jn11 s•........
i<11:l' :l. ( .'o-or1!inn(.· l ' ln11s( ·i;;.
1:111(-. f._ <;r1unm,\ t i··11I F"Xpn• <.;,c.: jnn.<: i1 1 fh l' ~!llll l' ( '()r i.•:tnwti••ll ,
k ul c ?. \Vf\r<1"l' tn th e ~nr nc ~· on°trn('Unn,

1

*

v

vi

CONTENTS.

CONTENTS.

vu

PACI!

•

•
•

Rule 8. Words or Phrn.<es In Palls,
Rule 9. Nouns in Apposition,
Rulo 10. Tho Vocative Caso,
Rule 11. The Case Absolute,
R ule 12. Inve rted Expressions,
Rule 13. Ellipsis of th e Verb,
Rule 14. Short Quotations, .

SECTION VIII.-The Parenthes is .

32
34

SECTION IX.- Brackets.

34
34

56

35
M

SECTION X.-Quotations.
Rule 1. Words Taken from Another Author,
Rule 2. Quotation Within a Quotation,
4tule S. Consecutive Paragraphs,

SECTION IL-The Semicolon.
Rule
Rule
Rule
Rule
Rule

1. Subdivided Members in Compound Sentences,
2. Clauses and Expreissions having a Common Dependence.
3. Sentences Conn ected in Meaning, but not Gro.mmo.tlcally,
4. The Cluuso Additlonnl,
5. A Genera.I Term in Apposition to the Po.rtlculllrt! under it, .

36
37
37

Apostrophe, Jlyphcn. Caret. Inde x, etc.,
Captions, Side-Heads, Kinds or Type, ete.,

311
39

40

3. Yes and No,
4. TiUc·pages,

4<l
4U

R ule 1. T itle-pages, and Head ingi<,
R ule ~- fl n<t W o rd s , .
Rules 3-10. Numbered Cl11uscs, etc.,
Ru les 11-14. Na mes of God. etc. , -

40

R u les 1.'.>-18. Prope r ~a m e~ . e tc .•
R ul es 19, 20. ~pc ci o.1 lm pv r tu. n cc , Personification,

SECTION IV.-The Period.
Rule 1. C()m p1ete Sen te rn:es,
H.ule 2. After Titles. t'tC . •
R ul e 8. Afce r A librcdHtio11s,

1

'
b.

.fu.~

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t

SECTrON I. - Purity.
I. Forcig-n 'Vonlci ..

2. Obsole te \ Vo r 111<t, n 11 11 New \\'o r d~.
s. \ Vr,rds without Prnf"~ A11 t h <>rlty ,
Use the Law of

La n gu~g-c,

.

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SECTION V IL - The Dash.
Rnl~ 1. Cor.stru ctlon C'hn:i g t' <
1.
H.ulc '.!. . Cha n ge i n Scntim e 11 t.,
l~ u lc 3. E tnphntic Ccnernllz11. ti o n ,

-~--;,---------

1

SECTION II. - Propriety.
Di ffercncc between Prop r iety of Dictio n and Purity,
Jf(~ nns

of At.Uli1ling- Propri dy,

Exo.m pl es of \ Yunls US-O<l lmpmperly,

H.n lt!- ·L Eloc111.inn!'lry 1'1rnse.

Huie f). ExpressiPn!-( J)epcnd1.' n t upon Co 11clu di 11g C l1111s(• ,
Rule t\ J{!1dnri ('f\.l H1. · p~·t!tion ,
ltulc 7. Hl;'tiC'x App(•Slt i•)n ,
R uie s . Tl11..: DiL"ii rn.reutiicLicul.
llulc 'J. Ti tles Ru n in.
l\. ul c 10. l.J,.ucStiun U 1lll A n.-.w(;r ,
J{tll(_' ll

l Im j-. ... j, '1 1'-'.

H.uic l :!.

1~xum p lcs

SECTION III.- Prec ision.
~fcn.ning

of Preri.•df)n,
.Ext1.wpic:~ of \\ 'Qr•l" 11r•t. l'~·1l l'rei:l~1,,·ly ,

The Stu(1y uf Syn .. nym .",
<1I 1 ttie ~oh.kct nf Sy1wnyms,
Ex a.1 n 1 · l~:-> of Sy n11 11yrns, •

Bo<,"ks

.\ 1'1'1::--:: .ix:
0 11 a !\cw LJuc .

Cn.rnpl:.t~ll ' s

E.s."!i1..y vu L'sc tu; tli c Lnw of Ln11g:ungt\

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Diction.
Dcfi n ilio n -TTow to Ohtn!n 0 1mmnn<l of \Yor(h,
Diviti ion of th e Subject.

(,,l.1H 1 4'tion,

Rule 1. After St rong Emotion,
Hu le :.:. A ficr nn lntcrj.-: C"ti on .
H u le J. Vou lde Exciu.mul!ou~ . .

60

CHAPTER IL

SECTION V . - The In te r r o ga t ion.

SECTION V I. - The Exclamat ion .

69

SECTION XII -Cap i ta l s.

I. Greater Divisions of Comple x Sentences,
2. Before a Quotation,

H. u lc. T h e D i rect

rill

SECTION XL-Apostrophe, Hyphen, etc.

SECTION III.-The Colon.
Rule
Rule
Huie
Rule

rA O&

r..i

113

71

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CONTENTS.

Vlll

•

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV.

CHAPTER III.

Fig ures .

Sentences.

PAGE

• 9'2

PA RT I.- Kinds of Sentences.
Sectio.n L Periodic Sentences, •
Section 2. Loostt Sente:n~P.-~, .
E:rnmplt:S of each.
Section 3. JJalo.ncw Sentences.
Exarn pl<;:;, .
Use o f the Hal 1<n ceJ 6en tence,
Section ·!. Sbort and Long Sc11tcnccs,
ll ule in Regard to the l',;e of the Vo.rlous Kin ds of Sentence-•,

Why Sim il es Please,

157
1;,y

il8

Object of RimDe,
Ruic 1. The I\cscmblnncc fihoul<l not be too Nc11r and Ol> vious,
R u le '2. Th e Hc~eml1 la11re shoulcl n ot be too H.cmot.~',

m

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a.

Should

Settion ·I.

r~~ t1f

~ummary

1-:l.LE LL-

~lion

1. The Prirwipnl S11hjrrt .
of 8ub~idiflry Matter,

Soclloa 2. The l'rinc!pul l'rcJkut.c.
Principal \\'onL-; not. to Uc t:utnngled,
Rt'LE

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117

k

uo
.

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rrr.~r·:-;TTY .

Section 2. Crowding Togeth er Things Unconnected ,
Sc..ctton 3. Mnnngcmcn t of Helnfr\c Clnusc!'I,
~cction ·L l ' nr<'11tf1esf'." .
Section :), :--l11ppl cmc11ta.ry Cluuscs,

1\.ULE

• J~'(i

l'.!7
- 128

l V . - ~THJ•::-;1;T11 .

St'ction L

Hed11ndnnt \\. \ffd s,

N.:<'tion '2 .

l·~c

~C(:ti un :\.

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N:~:li nn

4.

~:dion : 1.

of Yt•r r .
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lirin ~n ~

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nnd T ra11sit io n,

l're\·n~c:lf' t' fi f

l'l1·n."iflnt

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.J.. Adnj1ti11g tllt..: ;-;v u: id tv ~ lie Scll~t..:.

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SECTION V.-Epigram.
Antit.hc~i~ .

. 171

SECTION VI.- Metonymy.
.DdlnitiOIIS nnd

Tll11 st ration .~

of the

~ubjc·ct,

. 171

SECTION VII. -Synecdoche.
-

~

.Explanation of ll.:.c Subject.,

SECTIO N VIII. - Interrogation .

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I~-,

ii;.-,

\l 11i1i1 dkd to FX("{.'."-.'i ,

Dd 1nition of the Sul1jc('t.
Rulo in Ht:gnnl tu .Antill1 csis ,

Relation of Epig n tm to

•·
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j

SECTION IV.-Antlthesis.

.'TE
-:-: ·-

~ . . \1T•·1 1h H t 1',, 11\·•·:1i .. : 1l I11lt.: rrnl"',

.\ ld1qd 111r:-; :--]1 .. 11;.{ !l11L ) ,..

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:--:.-:c:. i1 •n

f'.; ,"'; t ·!-n-1··

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1:17
137

V.-HAiUtf, NY.

:-.:pctie>n 1.

lf°ol

~-

Pnncln.olifjon,

('1111trn ...,te{l Clrn11ge~ .

1fi2

Relntio11s o f Alkgnry to :'\fetnphor aud Simile,
Allq;ory , l'nmlile, nuJ Fuul c, •

t"

•

CUTlll L'Ctifin

Section G. Cl i1 11nx 1

RliLE

l'.la

11:1

SECTION 111.-Allegory.

t4.
~,.

(l('Tlf'rn l Tllwdrntinn nf T'n ity,
:-;.ection 1. ChnllJ..:"C o f S11f1jecL to he A v 11i1kd,

lf"-l
lCI

J-<ule 1. MNa11h, ~ rical tu11l Litf'nd sho11l<i not be "}.fi~ eti ,
Hulc ~- Uue .Met.apho>r ~hould n11t he Z..lixcd with Allntlicr.
H.11le ;). Met.U.J•hor~ t-li0 1llrl Ill •t ) .,• Cr!lwded Tf1 ~(·f.her ,
Rule 0. MeUl.phur.-.~llou!d llf> t IJe Cu rri1:d too Fa.r,

..

I 17

. llV

lGO

Difforf•nce bet\'."ce11 7'.fe:Jtpli ••r 1U1 •l :-:imile, .

H.llii · .I_

11·~

Dispo~ttl

1:)9

SECTION IL-Metaphor.

1011

F:-.tl'llA:-'l" .

1"1<

Drr..wu from Ol>ject.8 with which On1i11nry l\cuders

Rule 4. Shoul<l not be Drn.wn from what i.8 :Mean aud Low ,
J{ulc 5. Sl1nuld I1o t he :-.;1iacd ,
Hulc G. '5houl<.l not be User\ in Cases of Strong !'11.."ion,

.1n1

llic l'r1111011n:;, .
of H.ule I. , .

Il(>t h'~

are Lluu.e't11n.i 11 tcd ,

JO()

. HJO
JOl

I.-CL£Alll'ES~ .

Section 1. Pr.~it lor. of the- Arlvflrh . .
::;cction 2. Position of Adverbial Cl nns~ .
~C'{'tion 3 . Sq nintlng- Cflnstructton,

1:,.1

. 1"6

SECT I ON !. -Simil e.
92
93
9-1

PART IL- Rules for the Construction of Sentences.
l\ULE

• l;->-l

Relation of the Subject to whnt Precedes,
Defi nition of Fig11r(''·
Or igin ll.1ld liso of Figures,

PAGE

Division of the Subject, •

IX

D di ni ti nn.

1;:sc;o; aud

l'1_T11liarit.i1'.:-i,

SECTION i X. .Exp1iu111.ll•)n o f tlie Fi!-)Urc ,

Exclnmntion .
17 I

x

CONTENTS.

CONTENTS.

Xl
PA O>:

SECTION X. -Apostrophe.
Definition e.nd

Ex~ples,

• 214

PAGB

216

.l'a

SECTION V.- Humor.

SECTION XI. -Personification.
Special Faclllties In English, ••

• li5

SECTION XII.-Hyperbole.
Caution In Regard to its Use, .

Ingredients of Humor. •
·Jlumor Something Cho.rncterisllc,
Humor Klnd-henrted,
Difference between Humor and Wit,

• 217
218

• Z19
219

. 177

CHAPTER VI.

SECTION XIII. -Irony.
• 178

Il.B Uses,

Versification.
CHAPTER V.
Special Properties.
Division of the Subject, •

• 197

SECTION !.-Sublimity.
l. What Constitutes Sublimlty.
1. VMtness,
2. Power,
3. Awfulness,
4. Obscurity, .
5. Loudne88 of Sound,
6. Moral Greatness, .
II. The Sublime In Writing.
1. Sublimity of Subject,
2. Vivid Conception of the Strong Points,
s. Supprcl'Slon of Belittling Detal!B,
4. Simplicity and Con<:laene88 of Exproalon,

• 108
198

• 200
200
• 201
~l

• 202
203
• 208
~

SECTION II. - Beauty.
I. Ileauty In General.
1. Color llJ! e.n Element of lleAuty,
2. Figures, etc.,
3. Motion,.
4. Complex Ileauty •.
5. Beauty of Countenance,
6. Moral Beauty,
II. The Beautiful in Writing.
1. Beauty of Subject,
,•
2. Beauty of Expression,
3. Conciseness not Necessary,

.'l!YT
'Ji11
• 208
209

• 209
210

• 211
211

. 2ll

SECTION III. - Wit.
Ingredients of Wit,
Dellnltlon of Wit,
Exnraples, .
l' un-o. Species of Wit,

The Foundation of Verse,
"The State of the Question, :
Why a Thought In Verse Please! more than the same in Prose,
Action of the Vocal Organs,
Vocal Impuls<1,
Strong and Light ·Impulses.
Time between Impulses,
Accent the Paramount Law,
Foundation and Nature of Rhythm,
~· The Conclusion,

.,

~

21~

• 213
21'4

• 221
Z!'2
• 222
2"2"2
• 2"-'2
223
• 224
2"25

SECTION I.- Rhythm.

Definition of Terms,
Kinds of Feet,
.•
Kinds and Varieties of Verse •.
Tables of Iambic and Trochaic Venie.
'l'.8-bles of Anapmtc and Dactylic Verse,

SECTION II.- Rhyme.
Origin of Rhyme,
Definition,
Single, Double, and Triple Rhymee, •
.. Alliteration as a. Species of Rhyme,
True Rhyme.
Conditions of Single Rhyme,
_ Conditions of Double and Triple Rhyme.
Place of the Rhyming Word,
. Sectional Rhymes,

• 231
232
• 2'0.1
U"l
-~

:w

• :z:i,;

m

.m

SECTION III.- Blank Verse .
· Usual Form,
Other Forms of Blank Verse,

SECTION IV.-Mixed Verse.
• 212

• 220
220

English Verse Dllrerent from Classic,
Mixed Vel'!!c In Englli1h •
Engllsh HexRmeters,
CondlLlons of Succe!!ll to Mi:tcd Verse •.

• 237

Zl8

xii

CONTENTS.

CONTENTS.

SECTION V.-Stanzas.
Rhythm-Royal , or Chaucerian Stanza,
Spen serian Stanza,
Sonnet Stan za,
Psalm an d Hymn Stanaas,
Long, Short, Common , and Particular Metre!!,

SECTION V.-Pastoral Poetry.

PAGE

Xlll

PA GE
~'7 1

• 240
241

.

; 241
242
• 243

• 271

:m

SECTION VI.- Didactic Poetry .

SECTION VI.-Modern Verse Accentual.
Essential Difference between Ancient Verse and Modem,
Pre8ent State of Englil!h Verse, •

. 247

24.8

CHAPTER VIII.

SECTION VII.- Elision.
Mistake of the Ol der Cr itics, •
Requirements of Modern Verse In R egard to Elision,

• 249

Prose Composition.

249

• 273

CHAPTER VII.

SECTION !.-Letters.
An Important Species of ComJ>08ltlon,

Poetry.

•

What ls Req ui red i n n Letter,

Defective Defi ni tions.

T he Form!'-1 to 1.>e OUscrvc<l in Lctter-\\'rlting,
I. The Hending.
1. The l'lace of \\"riti11),.'.",

l'oclry tuus t he in the Fo r m of Ycri-c,
Tl1e bia.tLer rnus l l>e 11oelicill in E...."-"W l H.: e 9
.LJeliulUou of 1-'odry, •

2. The Time of \\'riling , o r llat.c,

. r,.;
~~6

II. The Ad<lres., .l>.

SECTI O N I. - E pic P o e t ry.

The Militnry Form,

2. It m u fi:t hnvc Unlty,
a. It mu~t have n. IIero, .
4. Jt must have Many Actor>; nn<l n Compl ex !'lot,
G. H mu~t be ScriG11~ n.n1l F.nrncst,
6. The otory must be In tc rcmfog,

Sig-11in.I( lni tial~ .
Mn.rried \\"omen 1u1tl \\'idow:-i .

Arro.nge meIJ t of the
I V. The ~llJH.~n-c.cr i ption .

. 2r.r.

2. The Title . .
3. T h e He>id eu cc,

'Zf'J1
• 267
268

2:l"

SECTION IL-Diaries.
J:.<.:...<.;cn ti;d c:h11.racter'
The ~tyic.
Jmportuncc uf Accurn1'y in

SECTION UL-Lyric Poetry.
l . Sacred 011t:s -IIyn11 1il..'. l'ut.'lry ,
'.2.. lkn nc Ud1:s,
:J. Morn.l Odes.

Dau:.~ .

SECTION III.- Nevvs.

·1. A mutory Odes,
:;,. Comic nnd Ilacchn11nl ian Songs,
G. Souneta,

I Jteniry Chnrflcter of Xews,
'l'bin!!'! tQ IJtl Aiwe<l. a t iu ~e w s- W r itiug,

1. Accuracy,

SE CTION IV.-Eleglac Poetry.
Chnmeler and Form .

Sub~ ription,

\V hy lmpr1rt1111t,
L The Nunic ,

SECTION IL- Dramatic Poet r y.
Dinbrc nce bel\i.-·ee n the Dni:mu n.nd th e Epic,
Unltles of the Dram a,
T rngcd r nnd Corned ,-,
Fa.rec, Opcrn., n.nd Mclodrnma,

. r,7

On1inary Utt(~f"8 .
B11si11t·:-:.s Le tters,
III. The Su!,~rripti•in.

1. The Subject must be Grcnt nnd Heroi c,

. 27'J

-~~
--=-,.
i':

2. Condensation ,
3. Perspicuity,

xiv

CONTENTS.

CONTENTS.

SECTION IV. - Editorials.
A II!p;h Order of Composition,
1Jii1Cn.mcc t.x.:t.wccu b<lit.orh.1.ls nu<l l'\cws,

xv

i'AGR

287
• :IN\

PART II.

SECTION V.- Reviews.
Chnrrt r tcr,
Macauln.y as a Heviewer,
Ot.1 1er l{ cd cwen~,

INVENTION.

SECTION VI.-Essays.
D1 tforcnt from Rc'\""1t;ws,

.

l 'resc11i Mode of l'ulillcatlon .

Definition of Tn\·r ntion , .

:l'Jl

Method Adopted iu the l'rcsc11t Work, .

SECTION VIL-Treatises.

PA<>E
. ;)fl'i

~'91

~J7

CHAPTER I.

!low JJ!l1erent from K'lSays,
Text-Books,

:l'J3

On Objects.

SECTION Vlll.-Travels.

• :1fl8

Compmdtlnn ()n Pnp<'r,

Compo.red with Dio.ries,

310

Other SuLjcct.o fo r Cornpo,ition,

At'eunu.·y lJOJt<1rtalll,

Other Qualities,

CHAPTER II.
SECTION IX.- History.

Genera.I Clrnrnctcr,
l:11itr uf SuLjcct,
( 'hn1ii• 1loi.:kal Order,
Jt'i

011_ Tro.nso.ctions.

• '.".l-1
'...."Jl

Compo~ltion 01\

Other

<;l'ncral ()trnlltie~ uf Hl.storic1d 0·1lrrntio11.
(;n1Ylty of Style,
J>t'.li111:ntlon of Clinrnctpr.-;, .
Nunnd Morn ls to be Enfnrr·1•il,

Anno.18,

CHA PTER III.

:t'J7

•

Hiogrnphlcs, etc.,

Mcmoi~ 1

'.2~17

On Abstract Subjects.

'JSJ7

SECTION X.- Fiction.
T»•fJnltlon,

.SulJject.~

Gni:ig to ~chool,
fur Cvmposition,

<~ompo~ i tlon

Other

.

on Fe/\.r ,

::;ulJjecL.~

CHAPTER IV.

J ' dincati n11 <•f <'linrncti•r ,
J':ffr·ct.'-' uf :\oveJ.JZcudin.:{ .

Hcllg-lous Fictions-Su11dn.y-School

On Imaginary Subjects.

n0okR,

Cnm po!llt!ons on the l\!ftil in the MQOn,

SECTfON XI.- Discourses.
Orntinns,
A•], 1r•. · ~ ~es ,

• '.<Ol

!-'rrmon~ .

. :n!

Other SulJjccL"I for Composition ,

:~11

CHAPTER V.

Ledur~.

~pee

ch es.

Rui~~

fo r

:5 17

fpr Cvmpn,..;itinn,

J:s l'r1·Yilk•n('(',
Jlistor:cu l :"\cJ •;pJs .

Con~lruc.li11!-\' Di~crnJr.t(~,

.~

J. U11ity,

2. Adaptation t.o U1c AuU.iencD,
3. ~ y unnetry of l 'ttrt.-:,

• 804

~·
~·

r.

_r__
"""""'

Personal Narratives.
-

Compo~ltlonA

on If,,w I

~p"nt.

rny

\'1l<'fl.t! 1in,

Composition on o. Trip Ii~· l\illln..>llJ,

Otlicr Subjects f1Jr Conqx>."iition,

:'·<\

·(::zs: {£>\> ·...•.· ~

xvi

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VI.
Descriptions.

!'AGE.

Our Cat and the Rabbit, Described, .

. 8X

The Scene from Trenton J1ridge , De.scriLcd,
Olbcr 8u1Jjet:~ for Dt'-.'<Cription,

• 340

:IB.~

CHAPTER VII.
Miscellaneous Subjects.
Ree.npltulo.tlon.
\:icucral List or Su1JjCCl"3 for Compositions,

CHAPTER VIII.
. :it-:

n. 1' roqf.~lwet,
o f the (\,rrccti1)1J .'<,
An .Exurnplc of o. l 'rouf-:::11cct Corrected,

A ll Exnrnplc

(If

d i~course.

2. By Discourse is meaut a lly expression of thought by
mca118 of laug11:1 g<»
3. Discourse may be eitlicr oral or written.

Ex1,!u. nation .~

CHAPTER IX.
On the StlHly of the E n;;Ji,11 Lnngungc,

lNTRODUCTION .

1. Rhetoric iB the sciellCC which treats of

On Proof-Resding.
Corre c-tir~g Cornpn~i!ir)11s .

T

• l\41
84:.!

•

~~ l

Note 1. Hhetori<,: referred ori;:;in:1lly to Rp<Jken tliseo11r~e nnl;·.
Tl1is i~ 13l 10 \\" l1 hy the ctynH1lnr:.:• of the "·onl, the orif!in;\l GrcC'k
~~rnr" ~ (r!ielorikt ) m ea n in:; t l i e art, nf ';•eakinµ;. from /•1i~1,1 1 , (rl1el•1r).
a Rpeakc·r . J;11t. . . in(' ~ 11lt· ii1r1,:nti1~n of printing. nn(1 tlic' f!t'n('r:d
<li Jfo,ion o f buukR, 'J>eakinµ; furn" only 11 pnrt of the mean" by

ALl'UAnET!CAL 11\DE X.

• 88/l

which 1n nn di:-1 c·o11r~ c-s, or 111:lkl1 ~ knt>\\·n in in.n g-nf\.g'e hi~tl1ongl1t~ f1l
otlier;. Wliile. t l1crefore, f.,r con ,,cnienre, t Ii•: t<'r111 J'!lic•toric i,retain e <l, tlte st:ience it."1•l f i" extende1l in it~ scupe, rrn1l is rn:ulo
t~ cmliruce overy kin1l of di,-conr~c, whether om! or written.
Note 2 . Hlietnric, ns tllll~ 1lefincd, includes both Writtl·n OomarHl Orainry ; lJnt tl1c tffn 1n:1y with g--rcat conve11icn<'~ arHl
µrop ri dy I.Jc trcatd of separately . In th e prest.:nt tre;itis~ tliere·
fore, nll tlrnt part of~thl' snhj<'ct rd1ieh is peclllir,r to Orntnn·.
ini'. illdin~ \'0 1·,al llf'l iv ery. j, 0111itt"1l, nnd 111 0 work ;, li111 it \'d
t' t ri c t ly tu writte n <l i ~c~iur~e. l'!IH:h 1rie, a~ n. ~uhjt.·ct of tjtudy in
~ ·..- h o ol~, lia.:.; long :-il11cc practie:i.ll_y becin1 1e tl111~ lin1ited in it.s ~COJ•t\
while Oratory has branched off into a separate study.
pu ~ i t ion

Note 3. R11etorl1.: is
w:1icJ1 <h•t(•rJriillf'S t)ll'

elo~ 1..{Y

l:l\\' S

wl1ii:h delt' rlllilles tliu la\\' :;
2 ·•

an tciJ, 1111 t111_• l.lW_' t:iiJe. to \.}TUtlltllUi".
ur l:1nµ-11a'.:~ '. an d, u11 the otl1~r, tn L11~i(\

ur

!l1011g-l:t..

H

17

J8

•

•

COMPOSITION AND RIIETORIC.

Note 4. In establishing principles and rules for conducting discourse, Rhetoric assumes a.s true whatever is determined by the
scienc"Cs of Grammar and Logic. A discourse, though rhetorical
· in other respects, will loso much of its effect, if the expression is
ungrammatical or the thought illogical. On the other hand, however, an expreesion may violate no rule, either of Grammar or of
Logic., and yet be faulty. Rhetoric, in other words, has requirements of its own, in addition to those of Gramm".r and Logic.
Note 5. In treating of discourse, we naturally divide the subject
into two parts-that which consider:; the matter, or thought to be
exprcgged, and that which conside rs the mode of cxpr088ion. The
forme r of these is usually treated under the bend of Invention, the
latter under the head of Style .
'Note 6. Theoretically, it is, perhaps, more pl1ilo!10pl1ionl to trent
first of Invention, nnd then of Style. It seems but n11t11rnl thnt we
should first find out what to say, and then study h ow to say it. But
there nre prnctical conveniences in follow in g n <lifferent ord er.
Invention is the most d iffi cult pnrt of the subject, requiring no
little maturity of mind on t he part of the learner. Style, on t li e
otl1er hand, connects itself closely wi th grn111111atic11l ~tnJieR, wl1ich
always precede the study of Hhetoric, nnd it has many details of a
simple nnd positive character, about w bicli tLe jmlgment of pupils
may be exercised, long before they can enter with profit upon tlie
proceAA of Q,riginal thought required by Invention. Jn the prescnt
treatise, t herefore, Style is consi<lerud first, and Invention aftorwardH.
Note 7. Wh ile ti.Jo ;reneral subject of Invention iH thus phced
]tl~t. the 8implt>r kin<lR of pxcrei<('8 in it nro clenrly suitable to tboRe

who nre j n ~t begi nniu,_ the :;tudy of Hhet-0ric. It is, thorcfort',
1·e<-ommended to tire student t-0 take up some of thcMC• simpler ex·
erci~es nt tlie same time that lie l.ici-r in~ the study of Style, and thus
to <'ar rv on th e stn<lv of the two portions of the hook oontcmporanevus1;; in other w ~1"l', to prnc t is0 Invention while studying Style.

4. Rh!'toric iR di Yid c<1 i1ito
STYLE; P A RT

II.,

INYF.~TTON.

hrn

parts; rn1mely,

PART

I.,

PART

I.·

STYLE.
1. Style is that part of Ithctoric which treats of the mode
of expression.
Note 1. Any verbal expre,sinn of tl1011glit, "'"'n in it.;; lowc"t :mu
plnincst form~, l>1~11gs u s wi t l1in tlio du111aiu of C r:rn1m:\r . Hu t.,
bcyon<l tlw L~aro exp re . . ."'lion of t IH: 111C'aui11;.;, Wt.' <:an conceive of it
i~s ucing utte rc<l awkwar1Jly o r ckg:rntly, plainly or fig11rati,·ely,
concisely or d iffu"ely, and in n i;reat variety of other wayR; nnd the
consideration of t.Jie,.;e v11rio 11 s 111etl101l;; of l'X pre ~sio11 t akPs us at
once beyontl tl10 region of Gra r1111rnr, 1rntl bring~ us iuto tliut of
T\ltoto ric.
Note 2. H.ylo i ~ sornet i111 es usc·d in a more rrst rictc:d senHl.
na.1nel _\', to indi c ate ('('rt:lin ~pc<'ial kirnl s of writing- nnd t-11wnh.i:1~.
Bu t tliorc i;; no ncces,.;ity for limitin g- tho m ean ing of tl rn word in
tliis way. 'IV ch:;ter ,·cry properly ddi n.is i:Jtylo to ho t 110 "mo.Jc of
express in g t.l1ought in l11ngu11gc, whether ornJ or written," and in
this broad sense tlie word is u,,,,J in tlic present trea:i,c.
Note 3 . The wortl Style co1 J1 cs frum the Latin Rlf1i•18, n "i11 11ll
steel instrum ent nscd iJy tlic J:,n11:u1s for writing on waxen tablets.
·.iiimmimie-,::. The styl!(~ wtt~ l•.> t.l1;; ]~0 1 11~11 wri;.,..,. wliHt the p;;n i,; t •) u1', eJ.JJ lJ-=cru11e, by nn ea~y riietaphnr, tl1c._' rneans of 0:-q iressing any one's
methvd of compo"ition, just. IL' we now, l1y 11 li ke metapl1or, ~j•(· :• k
of a gifted pen, n read.v pen, meaning t11en:by a gifted or h r1:ady
author.

.:,. ).~-:

·~ ;.-·'.

.:· t

~~

. _.,..-.....::..:
,, :·-V, ~:~

~,_;_ ..

~j::-_~=;~ *'

20

CO,l/I'OSJTlON AND Rl!RTORJC.

Note 4. Style is concerned eqnally ~J:t!1 I'r<l'r:ie nnd Poetry, nnd
with the various figures of speech whicll'"nre ':co1umon to both· it is
coextensive with the whole range .<if'. . ~omposifton awl of Ji 8 c~u rse,
both ornl antl written. Jo find 6i1t w l1at to sny is the business of
Invention; but the moulding. ·or the m11terinls thus fnrni•l1ed belongs to Style. It include~ in it8 ~('upe wli:de,·er, in tlui nrt8 niHl
fltrivance:-; of t;jll'ech , c:111 J11:1ke iln~ ex111·e:-:;-;iun uf tho11~l1t 111orc
dTcetive. 111 i t ~ l1Jwer fun11~. it treats uf J'11nct11ntinn nnd tlie 11'0
of Capit:ds, nnd of otl10r c ,J1 Jt ri \· ;1 1H·1.•-.; (If a n1 e 1·l1:1T1 if'al R.ort., wl 1 icli
l1elp tu give clearness to tli<: 1m·anin;.:. wl1iio in it~ liiJ[licr for11 1 ~ it
enter:; upon tlte r cg iu11 of Ll1e lr11:1gi11atiu11 auJ tho l 'll88 ion~, nnd
d c nls witl1 quc;;tion:; of T:"tc nn<l [Caney .
( '.(

1

CHAPTER I.

f

PUNCTUATIO N AND CAPITALS.

t'

~:;;~

2. The various tnpic-;; incltI<lcd in ::-;:yle arc discussed under

~;

the folio wing heads: 1, P1::\CTUATro:-i nod CAl'rTAl."1; 2, D1c3, SENTE:"CES; 4, FrGUREs; 5, SPECIAL PHOPE1tTTF.8

~-: ..

TION;

OF STYLE;

6,

VEP-'HFICATION;

7,

POETRY;

8,

i~ the art nf d i\·id ing written ,Ji~c-ouNc intn
by means of p11in Lo, for the purp<>S(· of sho\1·in;; t!1c
grnmmati<":il conn ectio n and dcpcudencc, and of making the
se11~c more obvivus.

1. Punctuation

sect ion ~

~·--

i~'

PHOSE CoM-

'tX

.POSITION.

2. Capitals arc used for a like purpose, anJ, therefore,
they may with propriety be trcateu uf" at tlie same time with
the P oints.
i..

-~""!-:.....:

fp,~~

~~--'

~i~=:

~!'

~~

,.
I

_g;,'-

~-

~--

Note t. Thnt the sense is ms.de m o re ohvlon< to the eye by the uRC of points
nnd Cll}Jil!d!-:> will l>IJ evident tt) nny one who will rnake the c.x1){'ri m .. : nt. TH.ke
tllmost ally familin.r ~ t·tHCJlc(• , nnd wrltt- it 1.1..s tll1• e.nci1..•nt.~ nsed tn wr1h~ . thnt i~.
unpoi tited hlld llll SJHle t: tl, and with lhe ietu.-rs (•llia•r ll!l smo.11 o r u.11 capita l, and
it will rt·quif't~ n o Jittic ~k ill A.nd ptitit· 11,~ 1-• f,, de1·ipht"r the ltH~n.ning-. A f\ ·11.dl'r not

- -a.pprbcJ of what lla<l beeu Uuut.:: wuulJ bt: llpl tu mb:t.akc the seutcw.:i.: for ~u.wc.
thing ~n a. foreign 1n.n~tui.ec. Here !!! n.n cxnmplc, fiI'$t in cnp!tn.ls. next in SiruUl

i1

i

letters, and then In the form now In use :
READIXG:l1AKETIIAJ1TLL:l1AXCOXFEllEXCEAit1UD'l':l1ANWitlTINGA~

EX,\CDL\:\ .

l

ii

r cu.J i ng-makcthar-u l l 1unncon feren eenrefl<.l yrn1l11 writt nganexactmn.n.

I!,,

J\.eadh1g- makcth

i;

L
II

1\.

ful1 wnn; co nfe rence , o. rel\.dy man: w ritin ,;, an exact mu.n.

Note 2. The word Punctu•tlon is from the Ll\t in 1J'Lnclum, s. point. The
'i!~~!I!l!IJ'1!!!r."

points now u~cd in writ!11g w,~n: unknown to tho a n cients. Ari~!A)phtt.n('~. n.
grarr1ma.rhu uf Alexnrnlria~ about two Hild u. h1\lf centurlc.~ lx:fort! the Chril41.Bn

em, lntroctn<'ed ROme of the mink• no\,, 11'e<l in punctuatl on. But the l'"lnt•
d iU not come into ('onimou u:-;c unt.ll the tim e of AlJ us :Mu.nutiu~. a lea rn ed
.,.....,...,~~~ priut.cr of Venice. wU o rcdtl ccJ. the nutttcr tu u. system. u.l>out t.h~ year 1..'",{)(), o.n<l,
=J:..,_~...._
by the extreme beauty and nccurR.cy of his editions, Kl\.Ve it genero.l currency.
"

i:= ,

Note 8. The word Cnpl!AI Is from the Lnt!n r<J.p1U, n head. Tt1e letter>< or the
~-}':;;~_,~ - word or words formin11: the ca'OUL bending. or tltle of a di8course. are called lltad'
letters, QI C8. pl ta];;_

21

!:,,
r:

II

24

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC.

25

PUNCTUA TION-COMJIA.

Note 4. Some of t he ~Ingle word~ 11!->Ct..l pnrenthellrttlly, rLnd ordinnri ly roquir'ing to Ue Ke pn.rn.tcd frvm the re."'t vf t he ~ntenee by l·u1nm1L.."', •H~ the follow-

icncCJ In tenehing its use, the v11ri otL'i 1nstnnce.s mny very properly be cl888i!led,
funuing a :ier i ~ of in Jcp~111...lcnl, though couneeted ruled.•

-~,,..-=~--- - i n;;:

therl.'.forc,

I{ur.;,; 1. Parenthetical Expressions.- Phrases and 8ingl e
words, used parenthetically, Mhoul<l be separated from the rest
of the sentence by comm11.8.

h riwc,·er,
perhap8,

Thul'I,

u

The da.n g<!r wa.~ fully explninC'<1 to him .

too,

n10r • ~n \· <~r .

su re ly,
accordingly,
fiue.lly.

Note 3 . Most of the wo n ts l u.."t named o. re cnpah1 e of two con~tn1eti0n1'
'J'hey m n.y hdong ei ther to the pr()JX>sition a:-i a whole, or too. s in ~.de wunl in i t.
1t is n nl y when usi:•d in th e funne r se n ~(· tl1u t they requi re to be set off by l~ OD1 UJK..~.
T\vo or three cxarnple.s \'r"ill ~ how t lic d llfereu ('C:

Note 1. PlHfL"es nnd words nn.• parenthetical when U1ey are not CNo1e ntial to
U10 m c.n.n1T1 g- und ~tr11rture of the 8-Cnte11C'e in whid1 U1cy trt.and. Suc h words
and phrucCM belong rnllwr tn ~Ullic u ne xprcs.<.;e<l thought lhut ls in th e rullnl,
lha.n to the lhoui; ht uclunlly cxprc&'Cd . Thu,,·· J t Is ml11d, of/er u/l, which(!,...,.
the work of the worl11." He n ' t.he ph rn....,e " 1tfl~r nH '' docs not belong to the vcrh
" doe.'i.') The au t h or dO('s not m ('il n to sny th a t mintl d ocs the work of the w orlrl ,
n.ner dotng c vc rylliiri;.: L'ISL'. Jn like mu11nc r , it d oct:i n v t rnod ify u.uy utJu.~r pu.rt
of th~ exprefis~i l ~cnten"f'. 011 Ilic et,l!trnry. it l>C'longs to som e un ex prl·~"it:.~
thought, n.1.1 fhnngh we \\'(..' rt"· to hily. '' ;\ft er fll1 thnl rem bf: rlahr1r.-f for o(Ji,-r Uf'r~ntt'
wt: mav s6iil clm:m for the rn lnd. thnt it d ocs the work of the world ." Sotn('~im~
the pa.rentl'\('ticnl w oN'l ()r phrn~c refrrs tr• wl1n.t is cxpre~scd in th e precf'dlrig
tten ten cc.

I11-1.mt·lr.
('(>Jl.'iC'tjUC ll tly ,
indeed ,

tlw11,

On this state ment, llir n, you mo.y entirely rely. Tfi<:n I believed you, now l do
not.
I thongh t. ft10, thnt ynu we re d\.'lc0ntente-J. I think y ou 1\ N.' It>') ~· l :\ ... h.
He p r omil'icd, howcvr-r, to ~1.~t ub•Jllt r~:rurm at onec. Jivwettt:r much he p rom ·
1st.'d, It

Wfl."'

but Ii ct le

th1lt

he ; tt> r forrnr« L

In all these c11.<.:cs, it will be TJ otieed tlint wh e n Lin~ \'v'Ord lrn11 1ln ttdn·rbild cliurnct.e r, no commn..'1 nre n•quin·ol; l•11t wtwn the word l>P<'.f)mcs cu1111e(·tivc o r con ·
jun1..:Llu110.l. lt mu st l.Jo s c:t ult" from th e r e:;t Ly comrnn..9.

His pn~tnm~ . funl'·

etier, pre\~ente<l his wd n g it."' P<ni:: 11 thl" ti1;a l expressions, then, are such as nre
not ne<·e'6tlry to the ~tructure nnd m (•nn1ng of the sentence in which th e y stand,
if taken nloue, but they are n part of the mar·hinery, so to •P<'llk, by whi ch lho
&ntcncc is connt•cte<l \ViLl1 """me l' reeeJiu g !'i\~titen cc , or with some unexp rc$.s.e<1.
&ntcncc or thou.i;ht eJ:h•tin~ in the wind of Urn writer. They are, in fac t, of a
conjunct.ional, rntl1er than <• f H. ll 1t dve r L1iul d .w .ruct(;I.

Note 6 . Some words not nf n. pnrentheti1•1tl character. ye t wh en RtnnOing- fl~
tbe bcduuinJ{ of a senten ce, n. n<l referring to the scutcn<'e a."' tt. wb u lt'. rn. t. ht·r
thn.n to n. p:i.rtir'uJnr wnr<l, rtrc set off l)y a comma; as, " \Vell , do as you lil.:e."
"\Vh v . t his is all \\' rt) 11g . ' ' ~tllnt' 1.f the wo r cl~ t1iu.s u~e 1 l are 'H'f'/I, ll'llJI, nu11 1 • yr.-:,
rw , n;qJ, nq11i11 . f,fft.hrr . Jfnl.f, JIJ'f"•1ntfly. thirdl_11, et.('. In like m11.nn(•r. hrr,. and llu-rr,
1wu· anJ !hen.. w h\;u uscJ. tu iutruJ uec cuntr~tcU e~t.;n: b!i iuws, ar\.': :¥.:t 'Jtf l1y i\
comrnn : a.c;, •• 1tc r e. ali is p cn.c~ n.nd riutctnes5; th e re, a\l is turmuii and :"l't r ife .

Note 2. Nuuy phrn.sc.s aud c:u.u..scs. now trC.t1.toU u pa.n3H l.h~tiet\l ieixp~lon~.
A.lid sepn. rn. tcd from tli1..• n•st. o( !lie i-.f•n tcn< '(.' l y ('ntttnHJ...~. Wf' rc fnnn(•rlv Jnclr1~·1l
Ly ma rk.~ uf J• fl.n.' ll tht •.'-'i~. Ti it' d i '.h:rc~iee betwee n fl. paren t h('!'\i.'1. find IL r~\r('rltlH · ti·
c1.~l cxµr c:;..1.1ion itt Wt.duly 01w of dcµ-reo • .lf t. ho d H. u~ or e xpr~-.ion. thu:t thnt:o;t
l11to the body of fl sente1w._•, ls tt. it .. ;:dli<·r lt1dt·1~·rnknt in ct111.rR(:ll.'.X~ !lll'.1 m.u.v L>-1..:
1

01ni tted w ithout 1 1i~t11 rl.i11~ !la• {'11IJJ"tnwt!n n,

(•f

Exnrnplcs for Practice .*

1. Gent1( 1 ne~~ i~ in tn1th U11_1 g r (•at nveriul~ tn r•:al eriJ1)y1n,-•rii.
2. TI 10 :<H 'Pi lluti\·c 1.wlie>w:-; n~ It Wl'ro fr,qn fli. ' fury of J'H"~i•)fl.

illlj•flirlng' the m cnn! n i;. it. 1!1.l'llll l

n~nnlly inr-ln~l-11 1n n i•lH!'ll : liesi ~ . nut <"'nmmn ."" nrc .';rudnu.lly cll.!!!plncing- rhe
p8re n!h t·~i ~, t"Xct·p t in l'X l re m ,... nn d v r:ry mnnl f e.s.t cn.scs...

Note 8. Some of the phrn.,c-s ln. common use. which r cq ulre to he separated
from lhe re:-:t of th e scuLcni..:e by couu1uL."-, a.r\..· t.l.le fullowiug:
ln "hort,
in tmth.
to be Ru re,
in fa..c:.,
u."' it Wt:re,
to be brief,
in fine.
n..;: it l1».Jtpens.
s.O.er all,
ln 1-,.11.1!!)',
no doub t,
y()11 lrnuw,
In hricr,
i11 " woru,
of course.

When these pe.ren thetlcal exprcssluns come nt the heglnulng, or at the end of 11
Rcntence, they 11ro, of cour>c. '"L off l>y on ly a sl11gle comma; wi, ·· To be suro,
the man WM rather conceited." "The u ifol r passed otr to your satl•factlon, no
doubt." 8ee foot· note h-e!ri''".
"'Io frarniug thetro rule~, ii is l'w1tnnrn r y to ~ a)~. of cert:dn clnu8e8 or seeUonfll of a
~nte ~~t:e, ~hal. Uwy ;"!.ru l'n'p~r:i. t •-ri f!".om th'"! r•!St •,if tbc ,i:;c n t.cnce hy co mmaH, mean l n ~
t tHi.t they ba,·o 11. ._:otunm be1or<' :i n11 :\comma ntter .. ln some ln$tanc1' " th~ Jl~·tfl)O

thu)t dt:slgntltl'<i twcuf'.t4 at th t• l~·g: i1111ing of tltr~ ~C'llt.{'tlCC, in 1\"hich ca..~ It will

o(

counie Jitn•e ~o comrun Ucf,1re ft; or, it mny occ nr S\t the e nd of a eentcn ce, In whirh
case it will have ~r H, uut. a c1Jmma, but a period, or some otlier mark great.)r thn.o

.:~~:~~

•~
i;,,·,,:,; - -

,·~;~,.-.
--;s;:.:;-r--!.

n e11n1rnn.. In the .::r1'n~ m:i_ior!!Y r•ff":L'I'"'. h11w<'''r>r, thi> <i.f"'C!i1•0~ 1l •·.... i1.:n:· t•"i L y !h<"· 11"1••
of t. h o co111IUf\ oecur 1n t.lic I.Jody 11!" th e ~1: uLencu , n·quiritq.: a cvm1i1a ht>(•1r•· aud a
eqrn111n a n.~r : and the rule~ w ill h1~ 1 · x pn·:"~"d iu th i x l,{'~l1f'rnl rnann f•r. ka \·i111.; It t<t tli e
~ !o tnlllq n ~t:'ll!'.C uf th e s:,udcn t L• 1 111 ak1· ttie n ece~~:iry cn r re'l.:t in n in the {':J..-1'-.' , ,( ~N·ti.111~
th11~ cu t f.Jtr at. the h+:•·~11 11d11 v. 11r a t t!11• 1•nd of a. lieutence_
, u.ud withont 8t.•pjii U;.( l-o
mr~ke

a

~poc f n 1

CACf'tptio n und c-r
l. Jn

~:i('h

rul t".

th1.~~c

and t ho <1lher e x ample" fo r practice which will
ho ~i\•en th rnui.:hnnt th<' ho11k . r•0 n ~ t:u1t yk·ilanee m11 ~t he n:ot~·1l t •) prrYPnt tli f• p1qdl-1
from 1nrrrkin(f tl1r rorn •(' fio n x in tlw l~ook . A hook ~o nm rkt>t l i.'\ v::d1w\t-!"..'i ljir
t he pu1.·1 ,o~ o u f 1:".t11d y or in~t.ruc tion._ Jf .. flllould at 011c~~ h t~ d.1 ·;trort·d. a 11d
J i.y
ti. u e w cupy at. tli •1 PXpf'nse of tht! rd~ 1'l\(lin L:" rmrt.y.
.i\ l'lt.Htt.·•q 111~p1'f•tlon nl 1 H' l>< .. •k'i ,
fu r thl' p uq ><•.'IP •)f p rl'"'•'l1tin;.r t.hi'i fraud . is M n1......:oss.ary a part of tho Leudin's 1.iuty,
•To tho Teacher.

:··1da1» .

~it, i~ t.o e.x:uninf~ l.1 1 (~ 1~xt·r~ · i~~ pr--'?"-t•Hf-1.,.1.
2. T!.ie e~Prci~~ sho ulil n<>L t,1J Uro11 L:ht In wrltt<·n out hef(fff'1)anc1. hnt ~hr · 11M in 1)!!
case!\ b~ writli•O in tho clR.S..~ronm. This AhuulJ U<~ c o n !>iiden~l nn l"fLl~ (·ntlnl p'.lrt of Ow
recit.:l t ion. Th i.; ro I:"! no ulht•r wav of :1.."-1C1: rtainin~ tha t tiM pupil rn a kt>N t h•· !'· o1rr ~"(:~

t iuu~ fr.,m lii...; own iude ~nJt•nt fud~1nt:n t, nnJ uul e~ he Uo...:il tlii.·\

..;; _

f

tl11.i

••x1•r1..·~1jl! i~ :t.

tnerc wa.."ILt ~ of lime .
~i:. Jn rn~t <'3..."le.s. thA fo llf)win g wi l l)~ f111rnil o. C()nvfmic•nt mo.:l,., r1f prr1('f' dnre: 1.
Let tht! ~~111..k 1it ..:1 stJrhlti1n 11n_,::<c1d. th t·ir lt•><..1k '.'I at. th e lt-a•·h·· r· ~ J"""""" f.,r i1 t•q ••"<tir·11,
cnr h book, U."S p r(' ~en t Pd , b i:in;! onr-n :\l th ~ p:\.g"c c on t.al uin ~ t.lw ln$~ 111 , :u 1d ]Pt: !11'
book'f r(~lll:l.in the n'J)i11-.l , untll th(' l('S 'i11n i11111''''r. 2 . Let llw t •· w..:lwr dkt.t11t- (h1~ •·-x ample..s. nn<l Lh e ~t u · e n ts writi: antl c o rrect th em . u ~i n i.::: fo r tl:J.a p urpo3C eiLbec th~
bla.ckbonnls, lilllW~, or pat.K!r, w:cun:.liug: t u drcumsw.111..:c..'i.

0

1_1

-~

·1~

.~

' ,.J

28

28

OOMPOSITION ANIJ RHETORIC!.

I'l!NCTUA T!ON-COJ!HA.

Note 4. For !.he same 1e a..'<On, clau.'es united by the conjunction thal should
not be sepamted by a comma; aR, "He went 1tbro1ul that he might lrnrn oppor-

· Note 1. See Note under Rule 2, for an explirne.tion of what ls meant by restricti vc clauses.

tunities for ~Ludy ." \\' hen, however. lhe conj\ll H..~lion is remoYcd 1'SOmc <ll.h UU1co
from tho verb, or the wordo " In order " pre('tde, f'Q th1\t tht• g rnmrnntlcP..1. conUn u1ty ls somcwhnt l"lrok en , th(• ('<\mum t~ usrd; n5', "H r went th r1111i; lt tl1 c J1rlncipul proytnc~8 of the e mpire, t!w f lie rnig:ht ~c· e for himsc1f the co11dltiur1 uf tliu
people." "He wcot n?Jroad, ·in onf{"r thnt he might Ree foreign cou11tri~ ...

Note 2. A <'Ommn. 1".hquld he put before the rela.tin.\ CYen w h en u~e<1 re:-;td("·
tively, if it ii-t imint·dintdy fullowc1l l1y u word or n phrlli\C int:l O!i(.'d in t:ouuna>.1;
fl.<!.," 1'hn~t~ fr\pnfl:-;, whn. 1n (fir 71(l/i1•r l'i fJOr of fd11 pOU'('T~. JH~f('t•ived the daWU Of
Hobctt."on's future eminence, were 11t length um ply rewarded."
~hould he put before the relative, even when u~cd re ..
wonls intervene Uetw('en it nnd its gnlmn\ntical nntef'e·
Uf'nt; fl,"l, "He pre11i'l1e-"' rno~t cloquentiy, whiJ lt~ ad)'.; tho most pious life." 111 iike
manner. of which rtwl <~( whmn , even wli('ll u.~ed re."ltrit..'1ivc1y, are pn.~eedt"l hy f\.
corn run.; n.._., "No thought can be just, (Jf which good sense is not the ground ·
work."

Note 3 . A comml\

Examples for Practice.

~trfctivrly, if f;CY<'rn.l

Note. In pnnctuatlng these Pxamplc..ci and th~ whieh arc to follow, insert
not only tl1c f>OlntA re<1u i rctl l1y the rule under conslJcration, Lut a lso tho~
requirc<l by t\ll the prrl'e<ling rules.

1. If you wvuld succeed in business be punctual in observing
your c11gagcmc nL8.
2. The dnys in December yon know are at their shortest and
th erefore you must rise by the dawn if yon wonl<l luwo much
<lay light.
:). Tlio rc:aJcr 8lioulJ l1owcvcr as he proceeds frnm sentence to
sentence make a note of whate,·cr strike~ Iii~ attention.
4. The goo<l w J.ich you <lo may nvt be lost tl1ongh it muy bo
forgolt._:n .
(i. Good <lec,Js tl1ough forgotten im.1 not in every cu8\l lost.
6. J olin went bst year to Canton wliC>re Jiu. is doing tliey wy un
cxcclicnt business.
7. Ji' wisli(·S wen: horses bl'gg,irs might ride.
8. Unless you bri<llo your tongue you will ussurc<lly be shut out
from good ,-ocidy.
:J. W c shoul<l iu uU µrobaLility be aslrnmc<l of much tliut we
boast of couid the worl d soo our real motin .
10 . .Attcn<l tlitlt you may recei ve iu,trudiou.
lL You m:•:' ~0 l1omo ns ""'11 "" yo11 like.
12. One object of M11dyi111,: l:l1do1·iu i; tl1nt we mny cornpo~e

better.
QuRsTroNs. Which' of the rommns used in Note 1 cnn be e::irplnined
by any of the rules given tlrn;; far1-whid1 in Note 2?-which in
Note 31-which in Noto 41

RuLE 4. Relative Causes not Restrictive. -Clausell intro..
<luccd by a relative pronoun, if not restrictive, should be separated from the rest of t.hc sentence by commas.*
•Tl'" f.flltH'h f'r fllhonlfl A.t thi ~ f\flint t!tk~ pnrtirnht.r psfn\lt fn "N""mJtomtn~ the \lttU 11i~Uugubh clearly u.11d prou1}itly bclwce11 daw1e:-1 which o.rn, and Ui\ISO

deut. t..o

Note 4 . When the relnth·e ha.• for It' o.nt.,,,.,dent oeveral

suc~g

noun' or

clflURCS, it should he separated frmn them by a con:1ma, even though t.hc relative
clause is restrictive. Thus: ··There o.re fruits whlch neYer ripe n." ' ' There are
apple,, pean<, and plmns. which never ripen." Here. if the commn a.fl.er
"plum~" b omittetl, the fa.ct of never rip('ni11g is r~trkted to plum~. m111. tlw
n1~ttnit1g i~, ·•There tl.I"e tt.pp1~. thf"re ff.re 11t:~ttfl'I. an/I there a re nuripenlnlo{ pim111o> ...

:Uut, by inserting the commn, the restriction is made to refer to 11.ll three uf tbeo;e
objecti<.

Examples for Practice.
~'*

:fir~.-.
t;:
tt;;;-

~~,;,

f:.:

--~::___~ _

- i~~-~
~

1. J\ lierc e spirit of rirnlr;· wl1ich is :it all times a dangerous pi1ssion had now t11kell>-full pos"ession of him.
~- Tlic "J!irit wliieh nctnat•·cl liirn was u tliirst for VCD!.'.Prtnc e.
3. The man of lettcrn wl10 l1as constm1tly before hirn exmuples
of excclknce on:.;ht himself to he 11 pattern of excellence.
4. Books w hich arc tl1c repositories of knowJe,Jge am an in<lispen~a1ile part of tlu) fnrr1it.urt: of n. house.
f>. J-:,·c-ry ten•'licr rn11st. Jo,·c rt p11ril who is docile.
G. Tho clliid was much attached to hi8 toucher who loved him

<1e:1rly.
7. Patriotism consists in Jo,·ing tlic· country in wliid1 we were
liorn.
8. Th,, eye w li ich see ~ all tliings b unseen to ttsclf.
P. De:ith is the een8on which tests 011r principles.
10. No man can be thoro\lgldy profid~nt in navigation who lrns
never been at sea.
11. The father of Epio poetry is Ilomer who ha.~ given us in the
lli<1<l the story of Troy di,·ine.
:1Tfl nn t. r·-~~triC'tin~.
"JI. i~ h:i.rharou~ to lnj 11 re .m.-.n wt10 h :1Vf' ~hown 11 11. :\.
kiudne~. 11 Here tho lfr.~t p:'\rt. of 1he tt'J n t1._rnn1 by~ dowu a pro[~o:iitioa •. ~D~ the
rdutive clamm re-.5tricts the meaning to ccrt.aiu persons. , 11 Gi't'I:!: iwe to th~ .:-itu<ly
of nature wtiosc law-B are r\ll d0cply intcr~~th1g." liero the rclativ~ clau~ L'1 uo~
rci;tricli\'i.\ but IU\~ rd y 11rci;ents an a<lditivnal t.hought..

whl<·h

9

3"

30

31

PUNCTUATION-COMM A.

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC.
,

12. The powers which now move the world are the printing-press
and the telegraph.
18. America may well boast of her W asbingt-On whose character
and fame are the common property of the world.

Note 2. Ir the expressions are brief, and there e:re but two of them. connocte<1
by and, or, or nor, no comma between them ls needed; as," Hard study nnd
neglect of exercise impair UlC healU1." If, however, the two conuected expTCl!sions differ much in form, ll Is bet.ter to set them off by commas; as," Hard
l!tudy, &nd the entire abeenoo of attention to the matter of diet, bring on
dlsel.l.80."
Note 3. If the series of expre.."l!fons brlng11 the sentence to a cloee, the tut of
them. of course, Is not followed by a comma, but by & period or &0me other point
greater than a comrua. See foot.-note, p. 24.

Q UESTIONS. Which of the comm as used In Note 2 can be explained by any of the rules now given 7-which in Note 3 7which in Note 4 7- which in the foot-note W

Examples fo:r P:ractlce.
RULE 5. A Continued Sentence consisting of Co-ordinate
Sentences.- In a continued sentence, consisting of co-ordinate sentences, the several co-ordinate sentences, if simple in
construction, are separated from each other by commas..

1. Love for study a desire to do right and Clll'efulness in the
choice of friends are important traits of character.
2. To clcan.se our opinions from falsehood our hearts from maligni ty and our i.etions from vice is our chief concern.
3. D id God create for the poor a coarser earth a thinner air a

Note. If, however, these co-ordinate members are complex and Involved,
especially if they have commas within themselves, the memben should be
Beparnt.id by a semicolon; as, "Crnfiy men , U10ugh they mRy pretend otherwli!e.
contemn studios: simple men, though th ~y real ly cnrc nothing about the matter,
yet pretend to admire them; wiso men ouly UBO them.~

~~~·

Examples fo r Practice.

Qui;;sno:;o. What cornmns in Rule 6, nrnl in Not.cs 1 and 2, can be
. explained by 1my of the rules thus far given I

1. Crafty men contemn studies simple men admjru them and wise
men use them.
2. Speak at! you mean do as you profess perform what you

RULE 7. W ords forming a Series.- \Vords in the same construction, forming a series, admit of the following three cases:

promise.
3. Omsar was <lend the senators were dispersed flll Rome w11s iu
oonfneion.
.
4. Frnnce Wl\R agnin re<lnc<'<l to its originnl ge-ogTnphic:tl boundaries and E ngland after 11 st.ruggle of twenty years was undi~puted
mi8tre•s of the sef!g.
5. Modern engineerin g •pnn~ wl1oli' continents tnnnels alike ruountains and rivers and dykes out old oc.ean himself.

Ruu; 6. Expression" forming a Series.- Grnmmatical expre.BSion s in the snmc c• 1St ructiou, formillg a eerie.~. should
be St>parateJ from each other, and from what follows, hy
comma;;.
Note 1. A grammatical expr""8ion is " collection of wordb, having n.ome
grammntical dependence and connection, but not containing ln thellliiclves a
pretllcat-0.

.

4. Infinite 11pace endless numbers and eternll.l d11ration fill tho
mind with great idea•.
5. On the rich and the eloquent on nobles and priests the Puritans
looked down w~h contempt.

r·

- i"''" ~1"'6 .

~<

- -~~-

1. There may he n conjunction baf.\n·cn each two of tl1c wm·<h;
as, "Industry ruHl honesty and frugality and temperance 1lro amoo;..:
the ca1·d inal virtues." In this ca8e, non e of the wor<ls in the series
are to be scpnrnte<l by commns.
2. Tl1e conj unction may be ornit.te<l, except between the la•t t"·o
of the words; as, "lndnRtry, honesty, fru gality, and temperance
are among- the cardinal virtncs." In this case, all the words aro t-0
be separated from each othe r l1y commas.
3. The conjnn<'tion may lie omitted bet.ween t.l1 e l:lRt two wo1.,] o<,
as well ns between the others; n.q, "Industry. hon esty. frugality.
tcmpcrnnce, 11re among the car<linal virtues." ln tliis ease, not only
ii.J i the words of the serie~ are to be separnt..d from each other hy
commas, hut n commn i~ to be insert.,d also after the last word, to
1'{'parate it from what follows.

32

COJ!I'OSJTJON ANJJ RIJBTORIC.

I'UNCTUA J'JON-COMJf A.

Note 1. A comm" ls not In nny cn.o;c to be ln ser1.Qd l\ftcr the l1c't word of R
eerles. ff whl\t follows l• only a. single word; u, "The good wlll fonn hcreo.fter
~trongcr. purer, holier tics."

Note 2. In surl1 expressions o.s "A beautiful white ho~ ." no comma should
be in:-:erted betwt•en the two 11djedive!-I, l)e('RU~e they o.r~ 11ot ln the Rau.ic gnu nmaticn.l constructi o n. " White" Oclont,~ to "lior~t! " merely. "Deautlful" bcl Pnl-!~ properly to the w11olc exprt·~ i0n " whi te hon-r-... lt ls not dmply tl1e
"horse ," but the" whit-0 hor,;e " tht<t i• mid to l>e beautifu l.

~

F-

•t:·

1. ITo wos brnvo nn<l pio us nnd pat.riotic in nll lii~ nRpirntion.\.
2 . He was brnve pious nnd patriotic in nll hiR aspirntions.
3. lie was brnvo pious patriotic in nll his aspirations.
4 . Ire was a l>ra,·e pio11' j•:ll ri nli<" 1111111.
5. A1~ght :1lcft r1bm·c below he whirlcn tho rapid ~wo rd.
(l. Tho n<l <Jrcss was beautifully clegnntly nnd forcil>ly written.
'7. Onn flnttm·y soothe the dull cold ear of deat h?
8. Within nronnd a nd nhnn· 11s we ~cc trncl'~ of tlie Creator's han•l.
H. \\'M tt.rH ft"'.1arfi:-1i:_,. woiH1t~rLi1l:· nuu1e.
JO . The c::nn 7110 1n0on ~he ~·1:n:·_·~(; t1H' F~[lr:::; rC\' (1lv13,
11 . Tho Sllll th(' I nonn t1 te ul:nh·t.s tJ1e F:tar~ nre all in n11J1ion .
J 2. Tho sun th e Jllonn tl1c ]'lflll et;; nml the ~t";rs are all in wotion .
13. Virtue religi on i.s the ono thi n;.: nee<lful.
14. lt is n useful nccornplishmcnt to bo nble to read write ~pell o r

~·~
~-

~­
~

h ·-L
t.

· ~ ~-

f

trnmplc~

Whi ch of the comrna~ n~ed in tl10 Rule nn<l tho Notes

phrases

in pain; take a co11 1rn a atlcr each pair.

-Ii-- ~

1. Annr cl1 y nnd conf L<:<io11 µ01·crty unJ
tl1e

C'!>IlSCfllll'TF' l~~ o f

r

Ji~tress

desolation and

ci ,·il \\· ar.

2. Trnt h and ink;?l'ity kindnes:i rtnd mod.:8ty reverence nwl devi:r

;n_Tk ...

Note e. A t1t1c , whethrr uhhr('\'!A.tetl or e xpressed in run. when Rilllf"X('1i lo
n uo1111 or pn1111>un , mu . . t he~et off l>y COlnlllas; as. ''At the rcqucstoft-lioRt.. l<w.
Vr' . H. Odenheimer, D.D .. the ceremony WA.Iii l>O~tpon erl."

_ r_-_ _

Exa1nples for Practice.
rni11 arc

~

Note 0 . Afte r ~('Yt·nd w ord!-1 contJtlnln~ n (le!"c riptton of a TK'T"!"On or thltqr . ir
the nfl1ne ()f ! h e 1-.ero.;nn or thl11g l :"I nrirtcrl , i t .c :;hould he set o fffrrm1 thP rC'5;t () f t1>"
~11te 1 1 ...:c l.i,y <.: 0111ma..:s; a.'1. "The grealeti tof poets among Ule ancients, Homer. hke
the greo.test lllU OJ\ g l ite mntler11!-\, Milton, Wfl.S blind."

can be explai ned by the l{u]es al ready gi ven 1
or

N otc 2. \Yhc:-c tlie noun ;111t in u;; pos~tiu11 stan ds a.lone. vr hc.s only un arti·
t1r:·t,ro::~ it . lF• cnrr-1ff1fl is n.' •11t! r\ ·.J bdwcf·n ~a i d nq\Jn ttn (1 t111· \•:n:-1! \ \· it~1 v:iii ('1:
it i~ i:i fLPi>"~it1 •->l 1. !:l.", "l'o.111 tlw HJ><-1~Llc wa.s o. mau of er i ergy ." •· ~la."'.JI1

Not e 4. \\'hen IL noun is; prC'dirn.CNl of the noun or prnnoun with '':"hic:1 it i:ci
in apposiliou. 110 cow mu b rc4uircd l>CL\\'0(111 them; a.a, " They hRve just (&Je·ete<l
him Governor o f Llw ;-;.Late.''

tliC'm down.

8. Word s or Phrases in l'airs.-'\Vords

'
-v.-

r
___
,
~---

~

-,- ' , .. ,·, , ,

lilll

~.:

· 7 :7 ~
~
2
:TI~f~0-- ~~Z
.

-

:""---1

··--·--;--"'·'""" ' J
--:'"----'---: . .'. · . _.-;.-:

Ex n in pies ror P ra c tice.
1. 1\'e t! 1c· peop le of t l10 C11ite(l Stntes do hereby ordain and e<1tnb1 !sh this Constitution.
2. P a11l t ho irn·"t apo"t le nf the n en tiJc-, Wll~ 11 m~1n uf en<:> r ::;Y.
(). \'irgil t l H' 1·!1ief p<.1et arn1_in~ the Hu111.a ns \\·a~ f!JnJ of rural .Jife,
4. Th e po (;t ::)!.i1k.::s;-1cur0 ii; liuw cun~iJered tl1e t( fcnt.cil t .,f w1-it<ono

ancicut. ur 11111d e ru.

r~

word~,

N o t e 1. This <·u 11 qr11ctinn is !->OflH't.im(·s i11Y ertrd , the noun 1n epP" 1"!t1on ,v• i:h
iL-s udj1111ct". L~i1 1i; pln.n·d tir.-t. I u lliut ca~. tlii s prece1li11~ noun \ \' Ith its adjuncts l"houid l>t' ~epfl rnt e(l fro m the rnai11 1H111n t•r pr0n o u11 h y R. eomnrn, n ~.
"Himse lf th e gren tc!:' t of agitators, Nupolcun became the most re p rcs."li ve of
tyrnutis."

fr uin t ht'

]1 1 ~i 1-.

Ih~LI~

of several words, should, with all it.~ connected
be separated fr11m the re5t of the sentence Ly cornmM.

Note 8 . A noun fol iow ing- anoth er M a synonj'Tll, o r a,.i;; gi v ing ndd it iona.l
ill11strulion to the ll\(1ught, i!'j separated frvm the rcRtofth e sen te nce bv 11. f'.0Hu11 11,.
bcf()re nntl ttfter; /\.", " The word l'utr, Wt:uui11g a waker, a creator, .bl (1t:rh·c<l

1'7. The air tho earth tho water teem with life.
Qt•ESTION.

si "tin~

Drotlll'.n;.."

Hi. Aristotle Il;arnilton Wh ntcls nml )JcCosh nro l1igl1 nutlwrities
i11

lluu: 9. Nouns in Apposition.-A noun in apposition to
Borne preceding noun or p ronoun, and ha.ving an adjunct con-

C1c·

<-lt1..· ur~J{_'.f" .

15. W 00 woe to tho rider thnt

3. The poor and tho ri c h t.li o w('.ak nn<l the Rlrong tl ie young a nd
the cld hnYc one common F:ttlicr.
4. To have nnd tn i1old for bet !er for worse for richer for p •)Orcr
in sickness and in la•ait!1 tn io,-o :trnl to ch('rish.
5. E ating or drinking laboring or sleeping let u~ <lo all in moderation .

r

t:=c

'.Exa mples for Practice.

ciph1.:r \ritb

~"~c-

33

c

i: -

;;. ,,.;_:. ·~-=--~· ..];-;:-:..~

,! 2£1~

c () .lf r () 8 IT I 0 N

A N ]) R If "' T 0

n l c.

5. N ewton the grent mntli clllnti r inn wns n <lcvont belie Ye r in
Ch ri 4inn it y.
Ii. t'p ens,•r th e: nuthor of the Fne ry Qu er n lil' c<l in tl1 c time of
Q11n'11 I·: li zahc·t h.
1. 1-it.ru1µ;tli l' ll c rgy is w lint ynu w11 11t.
8 . l'l11t11reli ca: Is :lll;!" " a loril'l' 1natl Iles,:.
~I . T l1t· (' J1i,.f wnrk of Clia11n'I· tl1" C:tnt .. rlo ury T11 ks f<ll[!i-(l' . te<I to
L l11µ;kll o "· t l11' pl:tn of th e Ta les nf a \\' ay , jJ! ,; Inn .
10. J vhn Cli:q •111 an I >net.or ol' J\l l' di..in o. .Jo l111 Cli:tp tna n .\I .I>.
JI. Tl lll w best. of tl1c an cient." ~o n1dv s wr<it e 11 utli in g.
1'' ,\ 111 na of l" ·o <l i g io11~ k arnin g f,.; was a [•11l1t: r11 o f 1n o<h·sty.

P UN C T U-·1'1' 1 ON -

31'>

CO .II .If A.

at the begiuning of a sentence, sli ou],] be ~ <' paral c<l fro m the
r es t of the se n tence hy a com ma.
Note 1. Th e in f;niti\·~· mnru l , esrwl'i111l y wlit..·n \l ~td (() (•Xpr('"\'i (li 1j('l 't 1•r •k . . ; ~n .
is u ftc n in \·c· r tl'd i n th is \\a y ; u:· , "'l\ 1 11 l1 tu in n1 1 t· d111 ·a t i• .rt , he w u.-. \\'il!1 11 g- !"
mnk c ~ OC' ri fic cs. " Tii e ~·x pn:..,~iot 1 :-1 To JITU( ,,r·d, I .; r·1m 1•/ 11./1, t' I\'., w l 11·n 1.Jnn._- d 11 1 t l w
bl';.d nni 11 g- o f fl parn g riq1h, 1111d r c f\.!rril1 g Lu tli L· whole <1f it, l"i hu1 d d ltt..: SL' J•a n ttc d
fr u ut wl11t t ful lows l1 y 1t co lon_

N o t e 2. In 1nn k i11 g- nl 1·twhr ti 1·nl f' 11 t1d• \g: 1H· s.

c· ,~ 1 n 1 11 o11lld

1t a1n 1·."'· :-.11vh a,. .J,,! 111

(l11iJ1('.Y ,\d111n --=, llr•' 11... : 11 n ll y in \ t·r li' il, fh11l i."', t.111 · l 11." I \\·11r -I in 1!1•· n ;11 11• ', t .. :11~:
tlii..· pri111 ·i 111d 11 1i...·. is l•llt lir :-- t. and is t!ll'll :-,l'l '!ll'akd fr·1 1n li te 11tl1l·r 1 1: 1. r L~ l•J' th.:

1Ht m e Uy

11.

co m111tt ; t.\." · Adam s, John Q 11 i1H..: y .

Ex a m pl es fo r Pra c ti c e .

Ht

LE

cnsc, o r,

10. The Vocative Case.-A 11 oun in

th e vo\'nt i,·e

a.~ it i ~ call l'd in Englis h , th e Case Tw1"pernl e nt, to-

gether IVi th its adjunct, wo rd ,:, ,: li ould he ><<·parutcd fro m th e
r es t of the senteuC'c by a con1111a, o r con111Ht,;.

Ex a mpl es for Pract ic e .
1. Arrl'pt. my 1],•ar ymmi:: frit' 1t<l s tl1is PX Jll'<.%'ion ot' my re g11nl.
2. T h0;: f<i r to nd; nowl etlgc tl1 c '"'" t: i1•t. of yo ur fonir.
:1 . I ri .-~ Mr. l'rcsi,Jent to fl poin t uf urd er.
.}. f'l 1o w l'it.y Vml ! 0 T.nn l fur~ i \' \l !
5. l{t> 111 <.: 1nher sir yo u c1rnnut l1avu it.

Ruu: 11. The Case Absolute.- A "l:1u~c <'011tai11ing th e
constrn etion kn uwn as t!te ca ~e ab><ol11Lc shou ld Le se parated
fru111 Llic rest of th e ~ e nt c n c e hy a co111ma, or com mas.
Exampl e s fo r P rac ti ce .
1. Th en <' lll llC .Jt. ~11 " tl1" 1lonr>< ], ,.j 11 ~ , J,11t nn1l "t"'"l in tl1 e 11 1id ' t.
2. ;\ "t:il o llf e't' e is gc·nerally 'i1"r1ki11 ;.; 111ure nttainal.J e tl1 u11 fl
stat e r•t' ]'ll':l"11rc•.
:L ~ l 1: u11 e !.. st. ni l ,·ir tue i,; l11't.
·I. ll is f:dl1 ,· r h ·i11;.: •k :1d tlic· prin<'l' ' l" ' '<' lld c d tlw tl11·nnl'.
f1. I l1t•i11 c: i11 ti1c \\·ay tl1 c Lvnl k•l mo tu tlie li ou'o td' 111 y rnnster':< lirn l lier.

l \u1.E 1 'l. . Inverted Clauscs.- An iuvcrl cd cla11't'. ~ t:t11di11 g

1. Aw k wnr<l in pe r:-1( >t1 li e was ill
2. Of al l

Ollr ~l' Jl !-' t.·~ ~ig- ht

i:-1 t 11 0

adap t~ d

1110 :-\t

tn g:ti n

rt.' SjH: t·t.

i11q111 r t:u 1t.

3. T11 Sll J'l'l Y t!t e dc·li cil'11 Cy ]1 0 1·c·"orl c'<l to a sl 1a 111 ,.f1d tri1 ·k.
4. Li1·in;! in filt!t t he 1•0<1 r ce a~c to rt"!"'"' 1111e· :1 11.. t l"· r.
G. To c o 11 f eH~ tli e trn t lt l nc ,·cr :;:rcat.ly 11d11 1ir.::1l li i111.
HUT.E 1 ~ . Ellipsis of the Verb.- In c0 11tin11<' il f« ·n tr·1H·Ps,
)..
l1avin g a common verb, whi ch i ~ e xprl',,.•e d in m1c <if' th e
nw111h c r s , but 0111i tt.0d in the oth e rs, th e ell il'' i" of th e ,·crh
is mark ed by a com ma .

Exampl es for Pra c ti c e.
1 . ] { c~ 1din g 1naket li a full t11a11; cu nfcn. ·11c o a r l'nd~r t11 :1n ; \\Ti ti n g:
an ex;.tct 111:tn.

2. ll u1 11c• r

11':1 ~

tl1 c g1·,':1t 01· gi: ni11 s ; Yi q:il the lo(·l l<'I' nrli,f.

3. Sc11iira 1 11i ~ built Bal1yl11 11 ; I>id o C a1 ·tl1:q~ c; n11 d l: 1111 111 J11 ,.. l!j i11w.

R u 1.E l.t. Short Quotations. - A slinrL q11., t:tti .. n, o r a~ · 11ti!11 cc r ese mbling a qu ola tiuu, ;;liuuld li e prcCl'(kd l1y a cu 11111H~
Exom pl e s fo r Prac ti ce .
1. p ,l(riek lfc nry J. e ~:t l1 11i.4 <'« it- hrrttl'•l ' i'"'·"h l1y " 1yi11µ; " ] I 1>'
nntnr,tl lu rnan to in1l1il g-v Ili c il111"i'• ll ' u t' h"Jl e."
~ - .A t.;nud r 11Je in (~ <1111· i tfi u n i:; .. LL·;1rn lo l ie :--l uw in f, 1ri1i i11 ;; _,.,, ::r
opin i nn ~ . "

3. I ~a y "Tli r rc i" no ,t ll'li tliin ;.; a ~ l11111 1r111 1w1·f.-ct i1< 11 ."
4. So111 e un c justly rc111arks " l t i ~ a ;;rcat lo"" tu J,,..c a11 :dllic1i., 11.''

36

CO!ifI'OS IT! ON AND RJIETO!ilO.

SECTION

I' UNCTUA TlON-SElul C OI.ON.

IL

TH E SEM I C OLO N .

The Semicolon mark s a div i8ion of a sentence somewhat
larger a11d more e01 np le x titan that mark ed by a co mma.
N ote . Th e wor<l is <·om 11t JUJHk1 l nf
hnl f IL"i lnrgc 1.\.;;i th e colo n.

~t-'111i,

half, and cul.on, 0. 1111 means

tl

JiYision

Ru 1.E 1. Subdivided Members in Compound Sentences."\Vh<' n a sc11tc11 cc co11sis ts of two members, an1l thP8C members, or cit.h e r of' them, are th emsel ves subdivi ded by comma~, th e large r divi s ion~ of th e sen tence should be separated
liy a se mi eo lun .
N o te 1. ] f th e i'<mn cc tion

•

h c lw t~c n

th ese ln em ht> r:-i ls d ose, th e "c·mkolon is

n ot u ~c.: d. The wo rd " wh e n," i11tnHl11cin~ 1h e fir.) L rnc mbc r , iurliC'U lt•s thi s ki11d
of cJ, ._1.:c r41l!JH.Tli1J n. nnd pre,·c11 t.-1 (1r1U1 1uri ly th e use o f th e t-:cmic•1 ·1Inn. ''.A s,"
n 11d " su, " intrud111'i11g lh t• IWh 11H' llll>c r~. i11d icutc a cc, 11q111rutlvt.: ly loo~e co n11 cc·
tion, nnd 1111th urizc till· 11 !-C u f th e scrni cc 1lu11, if Lh c ot he r c1 u 1tl it iun8 c xi:-t; a.1:1 ,
•·A s we JH..·n·dn: the ~ h ndnw to hnv c lllu\'t•tl, l111 t did ll f •l pt·n ·,:in.: it Jill1\' in~; ·0-0
our !\dnll H'C!i In l c1u11ing, cou :sisti1 1g uf ti Uc h minute fi lt:ps, nrc l ~rcc in11Jlu o uly
by the d il"tt.'\n Cc."

The Rul e it ~clf fn r ni ~ h cs an cxitmp le o f the semi co lo n o rnittc d Inn. ~ nt e n re
1Jrgl11 nin g with•• wh e n ."

N o te 2. " .ht'n th e m c mbc rn nrc corndd r rnlily C< inlpl e x. th r y flrr w nwtimrs
~r p nrat1' d Uy o. 1<r miC'olc1n , c\'Cll tht11 1g- h 11 <1 l :-i uJ,divld c1 l l1y c·o 11 1t1Hl:i; fl.'"," !-'<1 !"tlt.l
nnd dnr'I.: u ~ti)ry I~ s(·nn ·cly to lie fo und in a11y w ork of fi«lio n ; and \\'C nrc litlJe
d l1' J'vSc d t<' e nv y the rn ortt !bt who t:IW rc1Ld it witliuut liciug sullc11cd.' 1

E xampl es fo r Prac ti c e .
p e rv o r~u li cc1111'0 li e was 1l citi zen <•f fl
r r pnhli c. Spnrrc I.li e IJ11t.cli ge neral wns sulky un•l pc rn:rsc li ecm1 se
U<Tor<lin g to L1wil ?>falwn 110 wa~ I\ citi zen of u rep11hlic.
2. Hcllasys t !10 En g- li ,- li ge neral c111 hc· zzlcd t.lio ~ t o res bc· <'ll ll ~C 11·0
s11ppo»c he w11s the "nbject uf a rn ona rcli y. B cllnsys c111bczzlcJ tl10
stores because ho wn ~ tho snh.i ed of 11 111onar..J1y.
3. Tl1 e 111<1st ridi<- nl1 i11:; " ·cak ncsscs sce 111c•l tu 11 ieut iu th e \ITCt.chetl
Solo1111rn of \\' l1itcl11tll pedantry l11ill'1Hrnury ga rrnlity low curi o,;ity
the 11\tl ~f, ('lJJl\ l'IJl}! t i hll' Ji i.' l' S1H1al ( 'l l \\'; 1r d i 1.._·C.
4. "\f,·11 renson cd bette r for e:rn111ple i11 tli e t i111 e of ElizaJ.,ct h tl1ao
iu tli..: ti 1uc of I:: gliert auJ they ulsu wrute J.,cuc r pu ctry.

J . Spnrro was sul ky nn1l

37

5. Milton was lik e Dante a statesman aml a lon r an<l lik e Danto
li e had been un for t1111at0 in Ulll li it iun und in Ion.' .
6. This is a u in cousist cncy wli i<.:1 1 m ore than anytli ini.; e],o rni>c~
l1is characte r in o ur esti ma tion li ecrt usc it , 11.,\1· s l1ow 111any pri1·:1tu
tastes nnJ fcc lin i.:s li e sac rificed in order tu 110 w l111 L he cun,i1lererl
h is d uty to mauki11d.
R ULE 2. Clauses and Expressions h aving a Common Dependence. - "\Vh en several clauses or g ramrn atieal ex prc8·
s ion s of simil ar co nstru ctio n full o w eue h oth e r in a ~c ri c,;, nil
havi11g a common d epc udeuce upon su me othe r clause, thl'y
are separated from eac h other by a sem ieolo11, and from tl1 e
clause ou which th ey a ll de pend, by a comma.
Exana.plc; 11 Philosoph e rs as.~e rt , that nnture i fo.I t111l imiU..'d in her npero.l lo11!$;
tho.t Bile has i ne x h au stibl e treusures in rc~...: rv ~; th a t k 11 uwkdge w i ll u lw ~ty i;, b •
progreo;s iv c ; a nd th a t t\ll future gc u e rttti o n ~ will co 11ti11uc to muke <lisCOYcr1e.... "
Note. If the cl nu~e o n whi ch th e se ri e~ cl~pend~ co mes nt th e e ncl o f the sp 11t encc, it is sepu ro.tcd fr1 )tn th e seri c:o; , som eti 1ncs hy n «olon. nnd sumetiwes by a
comma fo llow ed by a da.... h. Thu s: That nutnre i:-1. unlimit ed in her 0pc rn.ti o11~;
thu.t 94:1c ho.s in cx hHu stihl c trco.sure:-1 in rc:o::c rv c: thnl k11 m\· J..· d ~c will ftlwn ys tio
progre~~ l w.•; n.nd l lmt nll future gc ncru.ti11 11!'i will co 11t i 1111c lv wt1.kc Ui !-<.:!J\·t:ricH.:
th ese arc n.mo11g Lh c 11.~ sc r tic111:s 'i f pld lobO J1hcn;.
If we think of glory in tli c tit·ld; o f wbdom in th e cnliinrt; o f th e pur e:"t
])UlriOt iSll1; O( lh e li ig h C~ t illt q.:T il y. p11l 1Jie fi ll d p:-in1lc ; of m o mls Without (l
tHnin; o r rcligi () us fc(·lit1i:{ w it hout it1t<1l c rnn rc u11 d wi tl ~ {l ut c ~l rll\'H~n1H'C,- l llt·
u.ugu::i t figure uf Wu..slii11 g tu11 prcsc 11 l.J:I it:sclf ll..'S th e }icrnu uatl uu of all th ese.

Examp les fo r Prac ti c e.
1. ~Ir. Crok er is p<· rp eluull y 8top pi11 ){ 11~ in oi:r 1 • rog-r e~s throu)!h
t.l 1e most 1l el ig lt1f11! na rrative in I.h e la11g 11 ag-u to ol,.en o tliaL rc:dly
D r. ,Tol1u so n was ve ry rud e tl1 tlt li e talk ed 111 oro f.,r vi et o ry t ha n
fo r truth t liut his tasto for port-wino with c11pilliaro in it Wll g ve ry
oJd tllut B oswe ll was impertin ent nuJ that it was foolish in :\!rs.
T li ral e to marry tl ie m11si c- mas Lc r.
2. To give an early ]trefo rence to l1 onor aliovo f!nin wli cn tl1cy
st.and in competit ion to J es pi o!l ev<.0ry 111hant11ge wlii cli c:i nn .. t bu
nttnin cJ with o11t ,Jish onc;;t n!'l.s to brook n" n1c:rn11 css nnd tu stou p
to no <lissim111:t t ions nr·e tlie indi cntiuns of 11 great win.J.
R uLE 3. Sentences Connected in Meaning, but witho ut
Grammatical Dependence.- \Vh tn se veral i;cntcncca folluw

4

·~

i;.,;.--::.:,,v-

$

G

38

•
•
•

C O.llI'OS/1'/0N

~ t ND

each olh er, wi thout any g rn111111at icnl dependen ce, but con·
ncctcd in meanin g, th ey arc usually separated from each
other by scm icolo11 s.

N ote 1. ~ o m c o f the f'Onne<· ting w o rd s rn ost cn111mo11 l y usC' il fn r
ftrc namcty .for, but , y •~ l, to 1eit, e tc .

N o t e 2. . The w o rd

J11

all th e

<' 1\~e s

wld e h

t·n111c 11 11<lcr

thi s Hul t·. tw <1 fr n tur r ~ n.rc

~e n tial.

Yir:- l , cndt uf the ~c \·t·rn l rnt: IJJ l•c rs furJ1ti 11 g the l·n 11tin 11L'rl ;-;c ntt" 11l'C :- h o ultl !Jc
('o mpl e te in it:ic lf, so tli nt i t 111 ig ht f,'.'rttmrnatir'nll y l') tund n10 11 (' , wi 1l 1 f\ p er io •l

fo ll uwi 11 g-.
P e 1·1 1111ll y , th C!-.l' ~~ , · ..: rnl n11 · m hl·Tfi ~ hould lrnn.: t-:0 111 c \11Hkrlyll1K
th re u•l of con n ce ti o 11 In t ln• th1111g ll t. Au tl 1ors Uifft:r in Tl'J.pud t1J t11c pun <: ll ll\·
tin11, in lh t.·~c ('fL"CS. i::omc in ~i~ l (J ll H: 11nr111.l11 g th e m t· mher.-i h y 8. rw ri od. Hy
xucli n. cou nm, hv w c ,·er , we l o~c 0 11c in q1nrtJ111t menrns o f mn rk i n~ ni ce c lw.n~es
uf th o u g l1 t. Others u~c the tol c111, i11 f:i tc u d o f the St: nd colu n, f1 \r the se puq11 1~CR.
'l'h\:-> wn.s th e <'fl.SC fo rm er l y m11(']1 m ore t h itn 11ow . Th e hcst w·a gc nt 11re:-:c 11 t is,
tu t:rnpl uy n. p eriod, n. eolon . n H'm icolon, or n comma , n rco r cltng t<' t h e <1 egT<'C o f
<' (\lt1plc xity or ~ impl i c ity o f tl1 c fiC \"(.' ru l !"l' nt t·n <:cf', n11d th e dl'g rec o fd ose 11 css o r
1m1:-:cnc!->.\i o f connec ti on in til e thou~ h t. If tl1 c co nn ect io n i s close , nnO th e RUC
<·e:-:--i vc nwm h (·rs nrc ~ h o rt nn d t-:i mpl c, th e M m nu\. Is ll!')('d; if th e m C' ml Jc rs u re
s rnnrwhnt lo ng-er , an d eF.pcc..:inlly If nny of th e m arc nt nll <•n mp le x. th e f>Cflli {',•l1J11 is u~t·tl ; if, in udd itij1n to thi s, th e <:OttllC\·ti •Jll in th e th o u g ht is h u t fniu t,
the cvl(1 ll l8 u sed; nnd w h e n th e cn 11n('c ti1m ulm n1' L d l~ap p en r~ . th e pc ri otl is
w·ed . T11 e t:rn lll Ct:ti u n in th e tli u 11 g li t U uc~ n u t <l i ~u. 1• J1 CtH e ntirel y uutU OJC cl ose
of t he p nra;; r nph .

Ex a mpl e s fo r Practice .
1. Stones g1·ow vege taulcs gro w nil(! liv e nnimnl s g row live and

f ,•c·I.
2. The !illllllll l" r is Ol" t·r nn.l f!Ol! C tl11' wi nt vr i~ 11cre w itl1 it.~ frl> !iLS
:m.J ~ now tl 1c win1l 11"11·\,; in tl1 (: "liin1t1'·y at ni g-lit. tli t: h c a !il in th e
fore,;t for,;akt·s its lni rtli "l'ird ,; ofll1 e 11i r " ""k 1l 1c1 lml•ilalionof1111 ·n.
;l, T lic le111ple ~ a r\\ pr1 11';111vd tlH · ~ 11 l di cr'H <1;1 tl1 l" l · ~(111 1 ul :--1 in tli o
l1 011 se of Cod tli o rnarlile p11n·rn e nt ;,. lrn1111 ·kd by iron h oo fs li un<cs
n eigh l 1 e~ i1l e tlrn al t ar.

th i~

purpose

as, w h e n nl'it.\d to co nn ec t an C'Xnmplc w ith a r u le,

~h o n l d

be p1-eccded by a sem icolo n und followed hy " cornml\.

J ·:;rntnplti: ·' ~ h e pr1.~s ~(' s h e r C'ldld t<1 h e r h eart ; i-. l1 c d n•\\ ' ll S it i n h e r ten.rs ;
h l'r fu11 t·y ....:ntchl:S rn u rc tl1U11 u11 u1 1;;L'l' s Lo 11g uc t:au dt:t.h.: r ilit: ."

N ote .

39

I' UNCT UA T !O N- CO f , ON.

RJ/f,'TOH/C.

Ex a mpl es fo r Practi ce .
1. G reece l 1n ~ giw n ns t.lirec g rea t lii sturian s n:1111 cly Tl erutl vtns
Xeno plro n nrHl Tlr11.-y<l icles.
2 . Sv111 e w ril " r" <livid e tir e l1i , to ry of the W<>rl .J intn fn11r ll !..'.<' ~
vi z. th e g-o ld c 11

u~ c t

ht• Hil vor nµ: v th e l1ro n ze n ~c and tl 1c irn11 ll~l' .

3. Senn e 11· rit e rs di viclu th e \ii -;t ,,ry .,f 11"· wnr l.J into fo11r nges
tJ1c gol d en ng-l: tl1 c s ih·e r a~ c tli c lirllll Zt· ngc JH Hl tl1 c iron a ~L'.
4. C ice ro i11 hi s trcati;;e on 111 o rnl ,; t!01 1111<·rat e;i four <·ar<l inal virt ues to w it I-'vrti t utle Temperan ce Ju,..ti ce 1111<.l l' ru d,· 11ec.

H.ur.r.: .5. A General Term in Apposition to the Particulars
under it. - \V!t en a general term stands iu nppo8it iou to
several others wh ic li are p:H Lic ul:trs un der i L, t.!te general
t erm is separated from th e particula rs by a semi colon, and
the particulars arc separated from ench oth er by commas.
N o te. If tli (' e 1111m (•rnti11 n o f th e pnrtknl>t~ is g h·t•11 w it h m 1H' h ftirnrnlily ,
so fl.!':i to lll1t kc til e :-;('Yt·ral t.:x pre.ss io 11 s l'<1m pl ex , <·n 1H11.i11i11L:: ( ' 1 • 1 111111t~ nf tlt\·ir ow n .
thtn tli c1--e p ar t k 11 lu rs 1 1111~l h e .-:{' pa ra t<: d frum th e gc11t"n d l'l· r111 l1y a \'t1l•Jll , 1\11 •1
frum c nd1 oth e r l 1y l'l< ·rnh:11 lw1 s ; t \.."S,A clj e f'th·c l' r u 11 c111 n ~ arc tll \' id t: d
tiY c, 1u11I 1n d t'finit t"

ill~ )

t hree elu."':-:-es ; I>i::i tri l1 u t l n :,

Dt'lllPil~tra.­

Adjcdi\'t• l 'r1111111111 ~ nrc d i vid ed i11t0 t!a· ~ t· th rt·t· dn ..~~~ : flr'-L llit• J li!-lrlhuti"'l',
w hi « li a rt• fi1ll r i11 1111 111lo t· r; !"t·1·11 u•ll y , th e l >t· u 1u 11:-il rul l\' t' , wl 1k l1 u rc fv11 r ; 1 \ 11~ ]
&.hi r<lly, th e In dc 1!11i tl', wh l d 1 a.re 11iu ~..

--><>':O<oo--

4. The Cla use Additional.- ·wh en a Rc ntcncc com·
pl et.e in itself is fo ll owed hy a cla use whi ch is added by way
R U LE

SECTION III.

of infere nce, explana ti on , or enum eration, th e a dd itional

clause, if fo rmal ly i11 t. roduced by so rn c con nec tin g word , is
sqiara tecl from th e main body of the senten ce by n scmicvlon; hut, if merely append ed with out nuy such conn ecting
word, by a col on.
1. A p JilY
~.

yo11r~t· lf

t o Ft u rl y : for it wil l r <'11 0 11n tl tn y n ur h o n o r .

ApJ·l y yuurM.:l f to Hudy: it will red11u1u.1 to your li v 11o r.

THE C O L O N .

The Colon m a rks a divi sion of a seuteucc more nearly
compl ete th an that of a semi co lon.
Note I . Th e wo n t is dl..!ri\'ctl fr1:.. m til e !':n:ck " .:i..\0 1· (1:r,Jo11), a l i111lJ , n r mt111l11·r.
N o te 2 . The 1Jr i11 <.;ipu. l u :;cs o f tile colu u hll ve aln..:udy

and 5.

lit.:4.:11

!-.) i \·t:u iu l ~u J...::s 'l

t·n

.'f f'f!S I !'JO.\'

A.\· Ji

!! II L J"Of! f C.

l' I•.\' I.!' C .1 TI

n .\" -

1:1

I' F J: J 0 JJ .

Note 9 . The ('onj11 11 d. ion~ mul , l11d,f11r , f'te., ut t h e l >t:·ginnfn!:!: rif n "1' 1•f•"H·.-·,
rl , 1 ll!•t alwny~ ill dkate th:lt 1k~..:n·c ~, f (' (1l! l ll'i ' !in11 ,,·ith \\ l11d i·r··,·· ·'. · . . 11' ··l 1
~] 1 1.i1ld pr1·\i·1i! t !i e i: ."l~ '-''t i lt' )".: :·i,,,: ],..;",,r-1· tl il·l :t . Tl 11." o 1"i "" '
: :1 ·
j !1 1J If' l tj \. Jt ' .
1 I. i I ;~ l' ~'. : ; . -.:_-; '._'"-', '_' ' t . I
. • _ J Ii I f ! : I<' I"\' f,, : ] • I\'. t ' \ ] : I : l : ; '..' '."
~ i~
,,f pPi!J•l1', llll•] ., f W ••!l\l'JI. '.\ !J;1·h i\ )'-<l lw\ '."1 ~ i'.1•.j ftl\1! '.;~111' 1' l )111"
/.'r , ' I.
t \ l rl l i ll ;~ ~ 1 11 ti l I l 1t . : ! \ :-- ) ( i ' l , l I: 1 I ! '.' \. t ... r-- " I .1. ' r I I' : t ).. i 11 . \ \ ' . ' · 1' : .1 I ' ; ]' : I . .. i . I I • \ '. . '
Y"lll'"'• · J\·, •<.: . n11il l"r y •.i 1r cl 1;! 1l r•·!1.
Fu r . !w]1 1•i· l. t!11 · iln:. ... ar·r_' 1 " itl
r) ...
w hi,·h lli •·y . . J111ll ~ 11 :· ... d•".
<

F

~P-

~

Ri:T.r. :2 .

th<'

I••. nr

1.it

After Titles . etc .- ;\ pcri nd '1 "rn1d liC' W•·" :r
:lll\' nf t lll: lw:tdi11C"', (Ii ' :L L""k; at"ttT t \,.. :ciit ,,.,, . "

11:t111 1• a 111 l 1i1], ., , "'' 11 11 · 1irk·1•:L.:C:··
J H~rst>11, 01 1 a

:Li':•·r 11, ,· a·l·l1v-' ,.1 ·

:t

1·:·t(' l 1 ~ig11:tt11r··

a

lt·ttt·r or Jl'ill·; a11d :Lf't1·r

]l'lkr or o lh,·r

rctitilt frullt it.

\

1<>

<Lw111111 :ii .

Nnt•-"' 1 . .-\ t it1" 1111·~» t'(1:1'-hf'-' 11 -.1 1 1 t! l ~- <1f tlin·n ] •ll !' I '' 1· :111 1 ~ · 1 ; 1 1
it 1 ... r: .. <1.
'l'l11"M' !ll"l'. l. Tli" titk ~l f th •' J,., j,\z : :.:. Tlw n1unc of tlll' H!!fh•·r . \'. i ' !• 1"1\ ! · ' . , .. f
l10 11 t\ror11lliiT lhal J nfly lw ll)'!'"t1<!1 ·d I• • it:'.:. Tt w nrt1:l 1' ,,( !),.. J-1\.: !1°' \\l'i1
t l u· dnt1• llli•l 1·h~·1 · <d. p11lJ ik 1tliq1 t. J·:.xn1 1q.Je. A T rvnti,, · •• lt \! , i.- .. r .. : . .: \ \ '- · : h a

SEC T TON IV.

f ',;]] ,·i·tin111.r·:--1.-t 1·p ~

,_

T HE PE nluD .

l'l dl11'-<>J •hy
111 nl!iH >.

11111!

:"-.;i1·1d"J{ll•:( .....

! '·>

L•H•IJ1 ! ~ . l.l .. J

1·::.i1-...

1

l 'r .,i•'~ .. J

·· I ·..:,,:''",]

\..:l;--(111 "111y ill Y :i ~ ·· j ",,ll •·l'.•. 111id . \ t1t!111 r tJ i' ti. l' i!llf~ • · "! .'-'.a 1 !w -

_'.\,"

•w··

N )le 2 . Jn n·ldrr·""'iln: fl lvi.t· ·r. t 1w r; ..:i d.
i.'.i._·,·n . ir" L'i\ ·•·:i . i" n ;·n~· 1 ,, '.· ·~ , ..
n d dr<" ...,~ . Tht'!'t" :-;li'f1ul• l l1c ll t"•!l\1 111 \. l• t' t\'." •: t· 11 !ht · >1·\·1·rn\ \•a:· t, , a:1d ll J••·:·i · .. l nt
t lie~11d 11r tilt' \\'li uk :Lthlrc s.-;.
Ex. Jvli11 :--1111p:-.(-i t, ·.:1 f. · n :c 11 :-tr~ ·d J·l 1 i!u,lilj·~1 i1 l.

, l{tJJ.'i-: 1. Complete Sentenc es.- S<'n l f'nN·~ 11 Jii"h Ill'<' <"n rn ~<" 1 <t· ·t r l
·
· l ·
· '· ,, ~ H 111 'l' <..:Oli ll CCu:( l !l co11~t rt1 l' t inn with wJi:it
1

J.". <·l,e m

iuilow,,, a 11 d n ot <'X da111:1lor_,.r o r i11IPr 1" rL'1t
t 11
' ·r·. ·I l l
.,

nrf Pr, ~ J1<11dd he 1lj ll o\'..l·d Ly a jwri 1_11_l.

] ·
(.!cir

]
c 1ar-

N. """ 1
u,

TJ;i·

;n1f!. , · .. : 1:1n<•ll

: .1ct)1 , ,.J 1. f

n

1

.~ , :·1·1.·1.\ 11"11 \ ..: t ..

•>·· tl,

f' :-· ' ~. " , -

f

w11r1l for tlw \\ ll• .) ,. \\"• 1r•I. 11 . . . t ; I· r :ll1 kl i n f, •r I '.•· nj11111 i r 1 I r \ 11 k i i :1

tl1 •' \\1 1r·!. !l1· · fit : l •·!i +·r i·· d . .1it ,J.- .J. P '; J• . f.,r i '
f., r \ ~ .. 11" j,.: 1 r ..'.l '. 1 (. . :· \ 1.
11 , ; r·
l 11 ~,; • · 11 1· :1 .... , . .., . :t i" .,.! ·
r , 1
• · 1 11
~ l , , · r , ~ ' ~ ~ ; : I " : , , : 1• 1" • r , l
1'
I•
f \\" •· i ' !l l)H' f .\ <• l +·'\ " r·._ \\
1
li w 11'.<> I,'-, Ill t l w 1 1/;, . l i ]
\\'!I\. l i H ' f•' j-, I!· ' l "' !' i' "j 1". ~ '- 1
\11

1il t! 11" i ' \'l 1!1l11 L·

1• :

~T.

1

I j;p

J.!,

~!.;1 ?I•!; t; :..• 1°<1!" • '111' \',' Ii

1-<i 1q.;:1 : 111 r

~ 111 111'

:·..:, d:l•·l i !•!i'-'

ll \\

ii

·Io!

i!i ! ] 1.. \1 ] 1Jr:d. ll I J•

j..,

H l d 0 1 ' " 1:1 1 .·.!

l

! (: i "
1 _\·

L!I

j >. '..•I • !11_' ' , '

k I : :c..:

l 1·1l.\ in..:: klt.- r i11liw11 1i.\.\\ .. , ,: 1!11· \\" 1 1•1 H> '\\ 1 1.

.-.1·ri1d .

l r i1·

\! ~ - ' ' :ir·

111 t: 1t'>•" 1 · ; ~ .. : 1-.~ . t ! ir' 1.. ·r: .. .\ : ... t" l w ll '- •· · l •lily al ~~ I '

1' ·l l1 •r...:

Jn t iw 1-;\' 1" l1t'i

,.;i ,. ·!.

tlw )11-! !, i1·

i .. ;

i_.

· r·, ·

1: ,,.

[] 1,.

\

1i

l

\J~

r \\ ·, ,

:J..

l 1,:
iii·

mfll rd!'
~ E~

i"k l ··

P':",it]j

,•:
~

ir.;;; i

. r~:

~t!

'H•!i

~~

'i}

l"tiuL, n -..

t\11· ; · .. 111 : 1111 .

..1 .. 11

l11 1i·rr• 'L' Hl1" 11. (· \ · ·

1,.. :

)1

;•

it1'1 · '

] .. ,

1H."-\ · r !t· • I, llllc tu JJt Hr!, t l1c ~~nu11111at1t · nt c•1 1 1>tn11..:u~o11 , t11t · 11 tl11_·r l•• 11wrh. tl:1· n'r

P UNCTUA .T ! ON- I' E R!Ofl.

C O .ll I'O S IT!ON AND R II ETOR I C.

where r1ec•lc<l. gi \'in ~ thr- n111,.~ for thP snmf" , in the f':<ft.nq_ 1lt·S. nnt
f. 1: l••\\:l •L;' . if
\\"J 11 . 11 a pe ri od i ~ 11:-Pd l11 1n11 r k tl11:· \'lld of n !">t'l!\ 1 ·111 ·1 • • ll h: \\i•r.\
l•lltl f' \\lf\!1·1 \ ,

brevintlon: n<. "Ile r eported the <lc nth of .John ChBpmnn, M.n." •· J oh n Chnrm :u1, ~l.D. , at the l.'!lrly age of twenty -fou r, wn.s ca rri ed off hy di ~cnse."

th L· re b u11e, :- ll11ul d \.v hin with a 1·:q•i tal.j

N ote 3 . \\'h en two o r more ahbrc ri ated ti tles f11ll!!w erwh oth t!r , they mnst he
6t· 11a rntt.:d fn.1m l'al·h oth er l1y l'O lllDHlS, j11 ~ t IL" t he y ,,.,, ultl Le, if writl 4.: I\ ou t i u
full. Thll!-i: "TIH• I H:\S Sti lllJH•r, P111·111r pf Vi\'inily, Docto r l l f Law ..... J;1 :-.l1,,1· of
1.0 1nlo11," nbl1rt_:\·hll1·1 I,
Note/"- l'ro1•l ' f

i1ct'1J 1th.'~.

"Th llllllL'I S u111ucr, I).! 1., 1.1.. 11., Bp. of J.11 JHJo u."

TI ('1il l'(' t (:' d o

Scripture o Ex xx 1>< !>cu t xx ~I~ :-;am 1'. ' '.'

if ( 1t·r\'f•rt 1.'d::.

1'"!" ·

=·

p :t..·,~:1~ 1-·~ of

_

4. H o u ~ li t
on n 1 114' ~ c redit. 0 t I l l' 11· 1J'I P\\'lll~ :Ir t It" l l·~ -- :\ .Yd ..:. :i 1:.rs
2 ll o r broatlt-l1d 11 at
I~ ll ytl ·=-· (; ~:d-"' 1 11t :2 .l.". i 11f \ i11t·;.::tr :1t. Ii .-)
c t.s u ~ill

5

s

:i nd : ~1 ('11rd :-: of \\'Ptid at ~7_;-i1 1 n 1·1t1d ...
P oet rv w :t-"' nut the :-:.nit..· 111·a·1.... 1..~ uf t' it!H·r~ f• 1r lHili; \· x r . _. ;;._.,\
'-:=:i

..

·

]ik c.\\'i sc i11.prose: l>11t l' v1•e JiJ 11 ul IJ<J rruw Iii' !'"'"'.: fr•>1JI 1,;, ['rc· -

e.

The letters o f the nlphuhct, I\, h, (',et<•., A, n. C, etc., wh r n 11!'5CC) in
nnd u 1J1c r i-.t·h: 1h·cs to repre:-e 11t t)Hl\n t itil's, a r c n o L aU IJrcv inti on s, nnd
sh ould 1111t. be su tH 1trkcd J.y tlit.: in ~t.: rti u n of n pl.'riod.
gco111t.~try

<k cc~'or.

G. J>rycl c n\• p:tge i ~ n n:1111ra1 fi 0l1l o ri:-.:in;.! int 11 int'!)nal itie:-; - . :ir1•i
<livei·F:.ilh~<l hy tl1e \·nriL·d ( •xtil) t• ran t ·t: nf a\.1111d:l11 t, \ ' t· :: .-t: iti(iii .:=:>
Po pe'!'\ is u v<.:h·L·t. 1; 1,\·1 1 :;, :-.:l 1a\·e 11 by tlw :-:.1·ytl1l·:: :11 1d l t · \·1..· l J..d :,y

N ote 7 . \\' h t.: n the lL' lttn- o f th<" 1llJ·hnhct nrC" 11 ~crl t o r epresent nurn e rn.l !-1, It
t ~ ('u:-;t0mnry to in ~t> rl 1t J!P ri w l nt llH.' Plld ()ff;u·h c(11np \dP cl n11rn1 •rn l ; 111.:, 1',,.nlin,;,,i
iv., xxi., lxxx vi .. ex ix .. 1.·tc. \\' h e n dfltes nrc thus t·x 1• re..-:-;cd, th e wll ule 11u11d1t.' r
is Sc J•<l.l'Hh:d i 11 1n 1•1·r;111\ .., uf t li!•ll~llnd ... , i111n dn· t1 .-:, n11d th1 • p nrtlo n II.; :-;!-; tl11\11 Jl
l n111dn~U : ns, M.IH.'t'C .LXX I. fur tli c )'l'ar Ollc t h ou.o..u 11 J, dght l1u1 ulrct..1, un<J
BC\"C lll Y·il lH' , or l Sl l .

th e ndk.r.
7. () f ~c n iu~ o t hat pO\\'\' r wl1i 1·li ('«11<titul•-' ' n i"'(·t

=· tli:1t '1 11 :1'Hv \\'itliout ,,·J1i1· li j11d g 1nt·lll i~ t•old o an cl J.: rn 1\\· kd:.!t• i~ in··rt
ll•:il
(·J·~e r~y which collcet:-; o ('0 111 b in e:-; ci n1 11plili1.·..., -=:i ar id ;111i1u:d 1 • ... =·
tlie s up c ri orily in11 :-;t :=> wi lli so 1nc ln.: :-,itatiu11 ~ IH..: all 11 w1..·d t" l )ry-

N o te 8. Til~ Arnhi(' fig-11n·~. 1, 2, :::, rtC' ., tt 111l tll<' n1ri o 11 ~ mnrks ll ~(· d liy
p rintt.' r s, as~ f11r :-;ectil) ll , ,l f11 r p1trn g rnph. l' l t'.., nre 11 v t nhl> re\'intiu11s, but !'ltn uJ
for wh ~1 l c w11rrli-:, 1111<1 tht'rc fore d o 11t1l n .'quirc the J•t.:riod. '!'he pt.·f iqiJ i:-; \l !-t ·d,
h owt•\' l ~ r .

t l'il\ill!.!: 0

~1..- ~· t· l1:q 1 ,·ii~ xi\' ~ : 7 11 1; j 7
3. Tlte read e r i:-; n,·11 11t.· ~Ll~1l tt) n.:fe r tu tl1e fulluw i:i g-

ln likr mnrnwr , \"!lfi1111-; otl1t·r td.Jb r c\"intio 11 x wliid 1 arc 111 n·ry fo .
rn i lilu u se Ut:lp1irc tli c dwrudc r of i11tcgrnl w or d ~ . n u t rcq11irit1g- th e ru·r i1.d 1lft(·r
t hem l o rl1 •no1 e n l1lin.·\· iu ti< 1t1s. Th ey ltt't'orne llfllltlS, with a i-: i11g1dur n11tl u 1·lun1l.
Thus. in Eugln111l, CtuHnlJ (n n 1tbridg 111cnt. of ('n ntnhr ig-kn~ i!'I;, n11rl m r f\nln ~ nn
alum nus of C1 u11hrid ge l'nin.• r:-ity ), li tl~ l tt'l'•ll lH' ll T\IJlJll, t he body (J f ti n; lllll11111i
belng ('1lllcd <' nntnb~ . untl n11y one of th\_'m n C1111tah. I n l ike trnumf' r , Wf' h :in•
J np 11.IH] .Jn. p~ f~ ) r Jnp t lll l'~C. CO il ~() } Bild 1·011 :-:olS fo r C'f11l ~o lid fi lt.'d 10 1111 Or i'Oll!')U li·
dutc d 1o llns of the Ur i t.bh Uove rnm e 11 t, threl! p e r cents, fh·c pt: r ce nts, etc.•

•

b1: 1·111 1lt'

r11pli11t:.
r
2. ·rhe law H o f Pli n nH11 • 1 1~ w e n .· (·~t : thli:-.lwd \K1 17 I~ ( :c. tl1i ' "'•' ,,,
• I\ ''- '' o o 1· I> ra l.' tJ._,
- 1;":>
1; l : ::: .. r :-;.. 1.. 11 c '• ·" ·; I: t. ] ,yc 11rl!t1 ~0H)-l.· t-

Note~.

N ote

COll\" el"~:tlio 11 w ilJ

~11 t nt'ti1111::-: j1\'fHlU ll Cl1 lly

,..,hurh ·lw•1 , tht.· :--hort f1) rin
b t · it1J~ nwunl , l\• 11 H-'" llll o r dl11nry nld1rt: d1\li11 11, l 11 1t ll"' !he · n·ul nnd tnl t' 11n1110.
Th i~ w a.'i the t'l\."C w it h !li e n :k l1rnted dnimnt.1:-:t. ltt.:11 J u11 l'50 11. \\ \· l Hn ·c 1m H l <1~o us
1u1d 11wr1..· fo mil iur i11 :-: ta 11t't's in '.\" 1·+! H11111 li111..: , Bi ll ~ udtll, T u1n J v n e~.t..:tc. In ~l ll : h
cn~c~. 11 0 pt.:rio1.l sho u ld 111.: im-i>rt1.:d t11 u wrk u.IJ11rt"\' ia tl1111.
11:1111t'"

nr l'

1. 1':xr.l'11 C'n('O in ('Pn\'(•r-.::11ion d ( ·ppnd~ -=-· in :t ~r1·:d tn1·:1Sllrt' _=· 11.n
tl ie nUaininent;-; wliil'l1 <Ill<' 11 :1...- 111adt ~o if o t!wr ..-fo1···-:=: 1·d1H·:it1<>:1 I""'

tlen

l 1t'f1o1 n · dl't'i 111al 'i , it nd lw1w1 ·t •11 p o1111 d !-! 1111d l'- !d lll 11 g~; H!'I, £'.! . IO;i, ·ld.

=

=·

8. It. j,; n•i t to be i11f1·1T• ·•l , tliat. of tl1i,; l"' c·I ;,.,.] 'i;.."'" l'"i''' J,, ,.]
011 Jy :\ litt it', h eca ll :-'C }) r yd1..· 11 fi :til ll lUl'l'~ f111· t.• \ "t•ry o l\1•.·1" _\,·J ii • i"
~inc c f\[i lt u n 1n1 1...:.t. giv t~ pl:w e tu Pop e; a11d \:\"l' ll 11 f lJr yd1·1 1 ii 111 1 1~ t.

H1..·1·\l11h l:"i Wurth t: 1:;.i1: 111t the i•re'- l.'lll nlll' 11 1' t·:...l'i 11\llgc.
N o t e 9 . 1'! 1c w nr d s -Ho. R\'O. l ~mo, tt<" ., nrc 11 1.t r-;trielly nhl•T'f'\'intlo11~ . th e
fig-11rf·:-1 n · prr ~ c11ti 11 1.{ I\ Jin rt of tl1t • w ord. If tlu: ldtt·rs wi·re wr i t li e n 111 pin ce o f
tl u~ !l gt ircs wh it- h n·111·t:·." t'lll th 1·1n. It w ou ld lie 1-li'l'n nf, 111H 'C th at th e word x an~
{'om p lf·i.o:11mH'·tn, oclo · \' O, duod1 •1·i-rno , C' lc. P1..· riod :-; th t.· n •f11rc urc 11 u l n :11uirc.J fu r
l\lH.:h \\'ortls. The & Lm c rul e will n p1•lr tu 1st, 2<.l ly, 3dl y, e tc .

be said, t l1a tl if lie l1 ;L-; hri~ldt • r 1 1:l r 1q; r;qi! 1~ ,

lit:

;\

.

:

.·

11:1 :-\ 11111. \n-1i c r 11111 ·11 1-= ~·

Exampl es fo r Practice.
fTo th o St ml e n t .

t hilt yc1u tiwl in th e

Ch·e th e Rul e f;ir euc h co mnrn . ~c mi eolu n . r<11o n , o r p<'rin• l
w h ich nre p1H1<·tt111 tcd; nt1d i n:-Jert th l'St:! p\ iinl.".

cx nmplr ~

. ~'

*Th i., Wflrd f·,. nt. i11 !!11' <·11 111lii11ati 0rn 1w r c •· 1d. h:1d lt1•1·nnJt.: lh orn n c hlr ('S l ah li ~ h ed
n ~ an i r ll t"~ra l W••nl , and w:t .'i al111 n:-it uni n·r~a ll y wrilt1•11 a ud J1ri111 •·d· wit!1t1nt tho
lllf\rk , ,f :d 1l•n·via1iu 11 : 1>11! 11i l:1lf' Y•'lll'"I, ~"1111 · of 1111r '""'k-rna'L: •·r "I. i11 a :-1.irit o f

li y p··rcl'iti1 ·i. . ni , han· 111 .. i:-:k• l. 1111wi :-• •ly I !ldnk, 011 l'•' " ' "rir1i.:: rl w l"' ri .1tl af11· r <·1 ·nl ti :
sh"\\' tli :I! it i ~ 1111 :dd 1n ·\· i:1fl,,11 of i·t ·1H 11111. '1'111·y n n i.:: hl i111 ·11 11 ~ i -: 1<-1 wy 111 plil 11 Jit •r iud
11t'1o ·r 1p111rl . 111 .. Ji .. w t!.:1t it hi <lll a Ul1n.: \'iatiu u o f •1111nt a, v r aftt.·r n d J, l re..·<·a11 su It i!)
~lJ lH u VialnJ fur 1..·al_.riul••L ,

t

....

46

CO .llJ' OS I T I ON AN / ) R J!E'l' O RJ C.

P UNC T UA Tl ON - BXC f, AMA '/'I ON.

47

matter h ow short or brr.k e n, i-;hou ld b ave its own po int. ~cc th e e xample lrn.
m e<l itLtel y p r ccccling )(ulc I.

SECTI ON

V.

N ote 3 . \ Vh r rc th e wo r<l s on whi ch a sc: ri t•s o f qt11 ·~t ir•ns l w,· c n r n m m r1 n 1li"~
pen dence c<Hnc after t he q 11 c~tio 11 i;:. , in f-i t ~lld
1orc1·1..:ding tht·n \ , th ere· ~houl d he
an interroga ti on p(1it1t c11Jly Rt the c n<l; n.s, "\\°h (· r e l>e p 11 1r g-ili t·:-' n11w; yon r
g-nn1bols; yr11H Hnngs: yi1u r flu:-: h t·~ o f 111 c rril11 <·11t , th rtl wcr" 11·011/ tn ~rt th r t"'·l• i n
a rour'" H erc L11 ccl uu :-ic itidkizccl r<'fers hack to111l fo ar items. tilt..• " gihc~ . " ·· c11m bols,'' · •so ng~ . " nnrt" 1\ il~ h <:~ nf 111L·1-rini e nt." TlH: y 1Lll hn vc u )!rfi11\111Htind dep•:l1 •l·
c11C'e npo n il. lf th e !'("llll' ll f'C ~hon Icl b e trnnsp· 1 ~(; d . i;;o as to phH' t..'llii:-; d nu~e rir.. , t.
Lh c n cnc h q1i csticm will com e 0 11t c o mplete , ond will h n,·e it:-; i nt<'rr~ •i.;n.tiun p <d nt.
Thus : "\Vhcrc now h e tho~ th l11 ~s o f yours t h nt , ., · e rr w c111t tn !"c t thr t1\h lP in n.
r oa r'l - yo ur gibes'{ JC1u r gambols? you r ~o ng ~ '! your fh1..s hes of mc rr imt:n l '!" .

,,f

Note 4. So 10 ct im <"s n qn c~ ti11 n is inten tl c(l , nlth <rng-h t he w nrtll\ nr(' not put in
th e usnal intc rr<1gntiv c for10. Thu ~: "Yun will ~om<" thi ~ nft<;rnoon '! " lt1 i-<11d l
cu.>iCS th e intc rrngl.\t. iu n p o int s h o u ld be u st:d , as in thi s rxo.mpl c, nlthou g h tl 1e
sentence nin y be tl cc.:ln rat i\'C in it:s fu rm.

Note 5. \\·hcn (\. qnc:-.ti on rc.rn1fl..l l y in trodH C'CS n f ('mark fl f n f\ll OU\ ti n n . th e
q u estion i;; h oul d ft r:-: t bC' lJro11 µ- h t to a c lose wilh un intc·rrng-n t\ 1111 J~ii u t. 111<1 t hl' 11
th e n : 1111uk (Ir qnotn tii1n shoul<l fo llow; n.s, \ Vh o tha t Im:-; reuJ C'llll C\'Cf fvrg:ct
t h e won.ls uf I l tllllld's f'(Jl iloqny ?.. T <• l ie. <Jr n u t to be; thnt i s the fl\ H"~ti o n:
\\'hethe r 'tis n oLl c r in 1h e mind to :-.uffr r
'fhc l'i li11 g-~ n nd n rrows uf <1utrn g(·1. 11s fHrt1111e;
Or t() tnk c nrm~ ng:11i11!-.t n ~Ml 11 f tn.•U IJ lcM,
An <l lJy vµpu~iug c 11 J t ln.: Ju."

SECTION VI.
TH E

EX C LAM AT I ON

POIN T .

The Exclamation Point is user! fo r ma rki ng strong emotion.
lipu; J. Direct Qu estions. -The l 11l Prrorra ti o 11 P uin t
bho ul d he placcLl at the end of t' Yc ry dircet q uc~ion.
. Note I. A <lirc rt qu es t io n is <• n c in r c~ 11l11r ff> rn1. rcquirin~. o r nt Je n' ! n•imit·
tin g un n '.1 :-. wc r ; ns , •. \\'hy do y1111 llt: gll' d y<qir d11ty ? " A11 i nfiin.:c l q 11c.s;tl o n is
~11t· that 1:-. merely repurt<:d o r ~p r 1kl'11 o f; u .-;, .. li t: i1tquire:d w h y yo u n eg h.•('lt:J
) 1111r

d11ty."

N o t e 1. ln rpgn nl to t h e pflrtinn o f di ~cc rn r:-c !-:Ct 1dT l 1y it. tli <• e:<d1Hll1lt i11n
point, like Li a· i11l 1.. " JTOh1ltlm1 1wi11t. is l:q11 iv nk11t C'11m111 11 t lly tu 1l 1·<·r i•" l : 1111 1 it
n my l it· crp1i\' 1lll'tlt to n c·11l o 11 . fl :-:t: rnk o l o 11 , 11 r fi. ecir1111rn . The :-.1111t l' <·1111:-id··ritti o11 g g0\'('1" 11 t~ crc ti HLl ~ove n1 111 th e c u..":lc ,,f tlac ln t\.'. rrv gn.tiu11. ~cc :\ult! u 1hk r

•· J nt cr rog ttlirn1 11uinl."

Ruu: 1. T he Excl am ation Poin t mu ~t be u~ed at the (']O~ u
of eve ry 8cnteu('c, ('bu~c, or g ra mmatical expression, iutcuded to convey ~t ron g emotion.
N ote. f 11f"xpe r it·1H'" '1 nn(l wc 1tk w r ite rs nrl' opt to 1lt:nl lnrg1·ly i n th f• 11'·<· o f
t h e CXdfllllHtiull Jitoi!ll, ns if lt} lll tlk C UJl for !h t• l°l·'-· l1J1·111 ·!"~ of t)h' llH11l t.: hl l•y tll• · rc
trick s o f p1111 c tuati u 11. Yu 1J11 g writ e~ tl 1vn.: l•Jl"C :- l11 lulJ l.Jt.: vii tl1 1,: ir g11tu·d i 11 tl1 L~

c rnr l' 0 s I.TI n N

48

A ND JUIF: .T 0 R l

I' UNC .TUA TION-DASI!.

c.

maile r, nnd not n '<' the cxclamnli on point unless there Is ROmc real and strong
cmn tion to he cxorl!s.i.:cd .

Ruu: 2. The Exclamation P oint

•

mu s t

be use<l afte r an

i11tc 1j<!clion; ns, Fi e nn him!

Ah me'

Oh' It

hurt~

me. Oh that I con Id ftn rl J!lm !

o fnth c r

Al1ndnun ! () J,nrd ! *

Not e 1. \\'h e re the intNj('(' lhll rlo('R n( 1t Rln.nd l iy iLo;;l'l f. l1ut f11nnR rnrt o f
fi'('!l{t'll.C'C', <'ln11 ~c. t•r t'Xl•rt •i-...'-io n.

I\

th1• ex1'111111ntl11n }1t1l11t /'o li1111 l1l lie plo.i ·l'd t\l tti c
tli c lutt.·ijccll un; tul, •· o

of the w hole l 'X f)n.:!->.... i u 11 , u11d 1111t h11111l·dil11A.:ly 1lllcr
wn·td 1l• d ~. t1ltl.: ! <I li 11 ~0111 J,la t: k tL':i 1h: nth ! "

1.·11 .\

N o te 2. Somctii~1e:o; oli i~ grnmmnti r nll y H'fH\rnhle fr n111 th e w ord8 fo ll o win~
It. t 1L n 11 i-: h _tli e enH 1 tlun runs throu g- h Ll1 c \Ylioh·. 111 thn t t.:ilsc. th e re 1'th1Juld Uc '"
<_·: 1 11 11.ni t .ll'.~l· r lhr. tilt, nntl th e ex1·lht~1n 1 io n poi 11t nt t li c ern.l uf t)i c wli u lc cxpn.:."l~
:--11 ,11, n:s, ()Ji,\\ lu·n.• ~hull res t Le fo u11 c1 ! "
N o t : D . \\'h t•n 111 1 illt l' rjc<'tin n I~ r c penlf'U !iiiC\'Crlll lim es, th f' wo nl !-i n.n• !'e pR.~
rnt.<..' tl fr m n , ~· 1 w~1 (1thc r hy u nrn1111n , tli:J l"Xdn 1111tti o1 1 hl' iHK put 11id y rtft.(•r the
l1 L"l: n ~. " I· 1c . fH'. lie! p il li , pnll ! ~i,· e me u11 l1t11t e;c o f C'i n :l, g-vu<l Hpulht.!cu r y LO
6\\lTll'll 111y

•

i1111li;it11\lio11."

'

. NotP .r.. . Two o r 1h c i11krj ~r ti o 11 ~. ell n11d hry, tUC Kf'll11C llm es llllf'rCd In u }IC('llrrnr l•1nr . ~t) l\."' 11.' ri:-.1.:: I\ Qll CSllO ll. Jn tlilll CH.."C . tlwy ioi h o ulcl lJC f11ll1 1\\'C1l Ly tlto
111 tcrro~nt1 u 11 11ullll; us,·· Yo u tlaHJg-hl j'VLI would Blll IJe fuUllll o ur. <: h 'l ''

Rur.r: 3. ·wh ere the emotion to he expressed is very ~trong,
more than o n e exclamation point is )<Omrtimrs mied · ns
"That m:in virt u o u s! ! Y o u mi g ht as well preach to n:eo/
tl1 e \'irtu e of .Tuda.s Isc:iriot! ! "

49

1. Why o for so rnany fl yenr o kis tl1 c poet. wnn,Jc r cll ami <l tlio
frngmcnt.s of "\ tl1 e 11 s 1rntl 1:0111 0 o nnll pa11 sc1l o wi t Ii strnngc 11ml
ki11Jii111,; f eL•li11 gs o 1unid th e ir brok e n cfll1111111so t h ei r 111 oulJvri11g
tempi cs o their d csl· rtl·tl plains o
2. Oreccco i1 1.i ,.,..J o fc.l l o lrnt l1ow 1li<l , ], c fall o ]lid , ]"· fall
lik e Bal1ylon o llid s l11.1 fall lik u L1ll'i k r o n,·v,·r t" ri ,_,, 11ga i11 o

3. H1>u sc o ye H11111all" o rou se o ye sla H'" o
4. J>own o ~<1otlil<'"" in s11 ltcr o l tru st n11t tli c tako
G. Jl:iv e y•H l C)"<'" o C oult! yo11 oil tlii~ !'air 111 01 111111i11 J..a\"C' to
te<>ll o and \,a ll.e n Oil t.l1i" 111001' o il a o lwni y•>ll cyc-" o y , ,11 " :1111111t
call it Jo ,· c o fur o at yonr ngo o Lh c lil':·-<hy in t },,• l.J o"'l i-< t:1111 e ,
it's ]1u1 nl,le, nnll w11it,; npu11 tlie jmlg 111 L'llt o uml wliu t jllll g 111c 11 t
woultl til.Cp fru111 thi s to tl1i:-10
G. Cha rge o C l1 c:-1te r o charge o on o Sta11 l(·y o o n :::>
7. \\"li o o in a ~c:1 flgl1C o e ve r thou g ht uf tlic 1•ri,·c of the f'h:1i n
wlii c li heats out th o hrnin~ o t' u pirnt o o or of the vtlur of th e ,;pl int e r wlii<'l1 sli:nt<·r:; lii ,. Jl'g o
8. l~iug C hurh- s o for,;oo th o hul AO m11ny prirntc \"irt ncs o And
had Jam es no l'riYa le ,·irtucs o Was C\" l' ll Oliver C'rorn\\·ell c J,i~
uitt~rcst ('lll!l lli L'" tli l• ll1 SClV C'S b t: ing j urJgL':l 0 Ucstitu!O Of pri\'fltO
virtu es o Arni what o fll'tl'r all o nrc th e vir tues usnilic1l tu Cli arlL-s o

!l. lloo trn111pc·ts o ~ounrl fl war-u otco
JO. Oho was th ere c· ,·e r s ur:h fl kni gl1 t o in fri(' n1lship or in war o
!J." o ur SO \' L'rcign lord o King H enry o tli e so!Jier of N11\' UJTc o

N <) t c . Thi" mn1 l c o f rcp<•t1li11g tlic cxe11t1111:\Ll <J H J•ul nl Is lUUl'h HHCd 111 Uur·
k ."'llll' a11d ~ ntln. ·.

SECTION

Exan'lpl es for Pn1ctice.
fTc.1 •.ho StudP11t. 'T'h<.--~<' l'::tnrnpl cR, th o u gh l11tt·tHh •1l nm Inly for tllu s trnt~ng
the Lu1t•s for !h t! nrn rks o f1nternH.;n ti on n 11 d E xd ft.mnli on , will ycl 1'C n ·c th e 111 ..
cith:11tnl purp n. . . t c1 f rcvicwl11g nll tin· prC' Cc< ll11g rul e~.]

VII.

THE DA S H.

The Dash is used chi efl y eithe r to mark n. su<lLlen change
or interruption in the structure of the sentence, or to mark
some elocutionary pause.
N 01.e . The Dn~h. whi ch I:-\ of m orl crn nri~in , hns hC'CII 11 ~c<l lo)O intll~ r rimi11ntt..• ·
Jy 1111tl injudid o 11 sl y by ill - i11foriu e~l wrltcrl'i , that io-:<J lllC l'Titi c~ lHL\" C lrnds tf'd •d i
lnud :..: Jli11 µ- it t•11tin·ly. This w o uld l.Jl': h nl y g:ni11g tu flll1tlth · r t·xtrt.'11\t.'. '1 lit·ri ·
nr c. in tnany p1t.-;.s agt..·S, in tli nsu pnrtl c nlnrly whit · lt nre hi g- li ly rl11: l••rkal, ttir11s
of th o 11 ~ ht. wtdd1 e u11 Le iiulinltcd by ll da."i h . ulld wliid1 f'1u111vl l; c l11d in1k d i1 y
lLllY o f lit e ordi 1rnry g'rtlUllllulicul poi nt s . The cltL"ll, tl1 c rcfurc, ls u U l!cc.~ il) iu

5

lJ

C n .lf I' 0 S I TI () S

50

RULE 5. Expressions dependent upon a Concluding Clause.
- vVh en th ere i;; a long se ri es o f' clau:;e:s or expn.:,;sions, all
dependen t u pon so me co ncl udin g clau se, it i,; u~ual, in pa ~,;­
ing from th e preceding part of tl1 e passage to that upou wltil'h
the whole d epend s, to mark the trnu:;iti on by inserting a Da.• lt,

C'11mpC1!' itl O H .
Tinl i t ~h O ll l(\ 11 0 t he \l !--t..'1\ 1\S n foi ll lJ~t\ l\lt C fo r th e
~t'lllh'Oln11'.eolon. t 1c ri 11d. or i11tcrrog n ti 1on, 1\!'i J I H! X J ~·rt " rikr!'i l'ooll)e tim es
d <1 111 1~tu k1 · 1t ly 11 ::-t: 1t. b u t :s huul d he ('111pl 11yl" l w li f' r c !l1t•:-.c n ·~ u l u r 111 1lrk s c·nt m ot
~'l'. 11 "1 •d , nnd lf • t::t p rt.-s~ thil lJ.!"' wh ic h th t•y 1'1Ln 11 11 t t:X Jlfl.".'>."' . The dn"'h . tht·rl'forc

lnllllY

kinrl s ~if

<" 11 rn11.1a.

1:-. lll t.:H_r n .•t ' l w lit'lh.'\' Cf HllY O i i\.' or

l lH...'~lJ 11l1tr k~ 1·11ul· l

111..· ti Ul•l'- l lt ll lc• l fur It

w i thou~

l'h~u1 ~ 111 g the 11u.~ 1111i 11g-. Y o11 11g "rite N 1•nrtk ulurly 111·1.•d to h t.· 11 11 their i:,: unrd in
tl :ot lllg l ht· d il_.: h .
J\11\Tk C'' <'fY tln ."l h IL.. \\'fOllg' . 1111lcs.'i 1'1'1lllC po~ itiY C l ('ll!'\(1 11 fo r il'I
11 -.t: c·1 u1 t it· ~1n· 11. 1Lnd uul cs.'i it c uu L'-= i:. lt u w11 lhu.t 11u11 c u f tli c onJ i uury mnrks

WtJ 11ld cx pri.·.,..; tile

in add iti on to the comma ; as, Th e gre at m t· n of Hn m c , l 1(.'r l 1t_·tLt1tiful l c1;,·111l~. h r r h b t•i r y

i d t_· 1~

sh e rose ,

H 11 u : 1. Construction Changed.- A Du ~h 1~ usc<l where
th e cvn~L ru etion of th e seutem:e i;i abruptly Lrokt·n oil' or
changed; ns, '''ns llll'H ' C' YL· r ll lJ( 11<1 c r cnptni n o f a m ore n1llnnt UflrH l ? " ·as th eft!' <.'Y(' r l111 t I Sl'O rll tu IHHl:-i l.

EuLE 2. Unexpected Change in the Sentiment-The Dash

is Fomct im cs u"cd to m·.t1·k n
111 the sentim ent; n~,n c hnd

11 0

51

J> U NC T UA 1'! 0N- DA S Jl.

A N D R II F T 0 !~ l C.

I Ien :1111 l un ·xpcc tctl cha11ge

SU\ 1

l\Ht.1

the lt e lv:ht to whk h
t li c dept h t.o w h ich s li c fc ll ,- th c:,c 1utt.k c u1 , u n e -lnt lf vf tl ~t11dc 11 t"l:I

ld cl\l w orlcl.
N o t e . Th e m n~t r nmm rm c xnmplc o f thi s u se of tl1P lhl!-lh Is whC'rC tht• j::rnmnmli Pal subject or n o min n.tin: l~ lo ncl cel with 11u111 1.:ruu~ n dj11 11t·t~. !-541 tl1at llit·rt.: is
tl:"1.11 ge r of iL~ lJt.:i llg l<•s l :-: igll t 11 f w l 1l' n lli e \T rb i:; \1Ltf\ Hln n : j\. Th e i11~... rt itt n 11f
th e d 1.tRh h e r e ~ee m . ; tog-in.~ tl1 C" rniwl u 11 •ipp11rtu11ity , ,f g11il11! li1u ·k t11 t h e mai n
su ltj c 1·t; it :--=, " Fn: ry ~t..· p i11 t\1 c utt n. i11mc·t1t of pl1y.:inll p11 \\ l' r: t·,·ery t1l'w trnit
Of in te lli ge n c e. OS th f·y ( 1tH.; lt y 11 n c arbc ill Ili c i11f:rntilh· i11tt·Jlt·1·t. likt• t hL' :.=:J o ry
of ni i.;ht, s tn.rtin g: sta r hy i-.tilr i 11to the hky,- is hail ed witl1 n lu·urt ·l>llr.-'l l.,f nqr-

turc n.1H.l s u q trisc."

Ru LE 6. Rhetorical Repetition.- \Vh en n. word or an ex-

pre:;si~ n is n·peat ctl fo r rh eto ri cal pu r posc1:1, th e cu n:;tru ctio n
bein g beguu an ew, 1~ Da~ h ti houltl be iu:::erted before l'a eh ~ ud 1

m1\li re in h i!i mlnt.l-

!\o rutl h.:s u n h is hhirt..

Rur.E 3. Emphatic Genera.lization.-A Da"h is i;ometimcs
used t.o mark th e tran~ition from a s u cces~ i o n of pa r tieulurs
to ~omc em pha tic general cxprc;:;sion which inclu<lcs them ull ·

'

repetiti on ;

n~ ,

-

S h all 1. wh o wn.s h o r11 . I migh t nlm o!-= t

Fil )', lJH t t·r rtal 11ly h rrm ght up. In tho
t enl o f my fotil e r . t hat rn ost t• x t:t•llc11t l{CHcrul - Khttll I , t ile t'\1111ph·f11r 4,f !'-! p1d11

o.nd Uu u l, 1tnd nol 011 ly of tlic Alpin e

1utti1111~.

IJUt o f Lil e Ali ..-;

l1 H..: 111~ ln.::-.-~ho.ll

1 co mpnrc rn yscl f w it h t h is l11tlf· yet~r calpttdn '/
l ic wn!"i wi tty, ko.r 11 t•d , h1 dw•tri o us , 1 1lf\H ~i l> l c, - cr •eryth i 11 g Lut l1 o u ct;t .

Ru u : ·L Elocutionary Pause. - A Dash is sometim es used
to mark a "i;.:11i fi cnnt pau~e, wh ere there is 110 break iu the
i..; ra11111lat ical co nstru ction ; a~ , \: uu h f\. H! g- h· C' n the rn rnmtual to n J)(" n:o 11 o f illustrio u s Li rt h, o fo. n c le nt fRmil y,
Uut- of n o cx1 1e r ic 11 t:c .

N ote. This k\n<l v f

lJy

·lvcutioni~t...!,(

th e J-:C/10.

R u 1. E 7. Reflex Apposition. - \Vords ut the end of a spn te11 cc, a11tl sta11di11g so mewhat detached, aml refr rrin :.; \,a<·k
by appositi on to precedi11g partH of the ~t· 11t <•11cc, should lJe
separated from the previous portions by a Da~ h ; :~,-

of 11111U1Jh! rnl>lt..: :-<tutuc~ .

Th e four
N o t e_- Tl1 ~· i ni'l.r~ ht•re i ~ pure ly 1·l fH' Uti n n n ry . J\ gnod n ' n.tk r w ill p ll ll !"C s0 m e
J 1er1•t• pt1lJ\~~ t1~11t' u ftt· r t h e l111f . wlu·tli1 ·r tl 1t·1T i."! n 111 nrk tli l' rl' o r 11 0 t. T hl• dil'-h
i-~ · r~· 1.· s lo 111 1111·1\l c l<1 t h e tye wli nt tli l' gnud rnuh ·r w il l i11d it'uli.' h v J d ~ \'•ike.
111 1.:-; pa rtit- 11l1t r u :o:c nf tile dn:-. h i:-; p n:tly WPll c ... 111 !.Jbilcd . 1111d it. i~ ll l •l worth
'~ ll 1lt- 111 lll ak'. · illlY d11u1 gt_· i1 1 rq!nrd It• it 1111\\' . H11l w1.·r1· tlii· 11iil tkr of ehwi t t1 11 1111.ry tl1 •.lll!1illl l11 111.• \lll•krt1tk1·11 t\lll ' \\' , it \\OU\ d ~t'l ' lll J,,•fh'r ' " 11111rk !Iii " Sll S·
1· • · 11 ~11 n1 1.f t h·· ,.1.1in · l ty n l.\1111k :- f'iU. :1..! tJi u 11 IJ)' u. du:oi h, tl1 1..· da.., h 1Ji: i 11 i; u ....c,l for
Ot h t:r H l1d \ ' L'TY .\Jlh: rt.: lll \1t1rpu:--t:S.

r1. ~ 1 >\.:titil1n i.s sometim es cnll c d.

g· reo.tl"'~t

niun es in l1:n ):!li fl.h poet r y n.rc aruung th e first w e co me to,-

Chi111 cc r, !'-!pL'n sc r , ~ t. 11 kt,,.;I H..: 1t.re, u1u.1 Milwn .
Kin gs nnc l th e ir su l 1jl.'1·t.... , um~tcrs H.Od th e ir :shn·cs, fiut..1 a cummun level ln tw o
]Jl:\CCS, -

Ill the t r o:::.s , a11d i n the g ran:.

N o te. Tile da~li h e re i ~ :-:11itl l 1y su rn c t o l1 1tlito.l t:: thl' o mi. ~ion ,,f 11mndy. o r
thul i.-;. It i:"'\ true tli 1lt. 011 e 11f tli1..·sc ex prc·s...:i11 11 s rnig:hl l ie 111 :-:t·rkd in 11111~ t 1· tl~c.S
tlW t. l'O ffl C Utlfh•r t.l 1b r11 h:. hut I.lit' J•H.......-. Sl~t· "'' 11d1l llH · ft •l 1y l 1,..,\' i ll rhctu ri·.'Jl.l f\> f Ct,;.
T lic J.a:sh, i11 tl d s t.:U-"IC , !l!':i ill J{u h.: -l, i!'.i i n f1n.: l p urdy dut· uliu 11t1. ry .

f '/J A' C 'l' U ..t TI O.V -

CO .lfl' OS /1'/ 0N AKD JUIE1'0 RI C.

R u L E 8. The Dash Parenthetical.- Purcnth cticul cxpres
sious a rc someti mes in cluded between lwu lJu~ L e>!, iustead of
t he usual ::;ig ns of pa rcn lhc:;ii; ; a:;,'r hC' s mil e o f n r h ihl - nl wny~ !lo rt.•nd y w h e n th e re l ~ n o rl i:'i l n •ss , n rHl ~o !'oo n
n ;1·11r r i11 g w h en l1 1nt di strcs.., h1\.s JJW :-. cJ n w" y - Ls lik e u11 v 1K.: 11i11..; t1 f lit e .b k y,
:-. i1 11 Wil lb h t 'll H : ll J.>\ ·)"'l lld.

T il e u n: il 1.: lY Pt.' 'i. t h e id L'u l fo rms n f thi 11 g·s w tt}l(111t, - if 11 o t , us som e p ld losn 1 •l1t..: r~ lrnn: ~d d , i11 a nlt:lttplly:; il'l\ l ~t: ll :-,l' , yet in n m u ra l ~ n se,- 1.: x b t within 11:-1.
N o te 1. I f, wh e n th e JifH \.' n th d i«al par t is n.·nHJYC'd fr, u n ti. f't: l1l t.' ll4 't: lik t· on e
.,f the:-te. th e p1>r l iu 11 s n.·11 1u i11i11 g n:•1ui rc u o 1 oi 11 t l•l'lWl ·\ ' 11 l li\ · 111, 11 11 poi11t:-i l 1t::-i id es
t l1l' dll.... lu:s w ill l ie n . •qui
.
rc1l nt l lic l 1 t·~ i1111 i 11 g nrnl e n d ,.,. t lic 1•1 Ln·11 l l ll' li e1d c x1•r1·:-:-. i•11 1. T l111:i, i n tll \.! fir -.. l o f th e f11rq .:1•i 11g 1•xn11q.J t:s, if Li a! 11flf' l' l1ll 11.: l in d p 11rt
be left out . th e n ·rn1li 11i11i; JJO rl iu 11 w ill n: nd , ·• Th e f' 111 i1 e t 1f A. d ii lt l is li k \.! a n
uj• t·11 i u g ," cl c . Hut i i' t i ll' pa n .: 11l ln.: licll l J• Hr t l 1l' kll o ut o f th e ~C t:' • lld 1.: xn1 11ple,
l t will rc 1.1. d . ·· T h i.! 1trd n..: t YJ•L·s. lhc id c 1d fi.1 nn so fth \ 11 g-s wit h (l 11l, c xb tw i 1h i 11 11~ ."
w it h u t;(l 111111n tlt. tli c pliu·c w ll t: rc t i n • t w o l l fl~lu ·s L'o lU l' in . 111 l'i ll l'it <· 11~e~ . t li (·ro
rn11 s t l it: two n 1111 11H\..."i i ll th e p nrc 11 t1n.: ti cal fur m v f th e sc 11tc u cc , nu md y, 0 110
Lc fv r c CfLCh u f t h1.: d a..... h L::-i, tL') i n th e c xu rn pl c.
1

N o te 2. If th e p u renth ct knl w n rt] :'l t• x pres.<.: o. ci111..•,.; tio 11 n r a n c x t l nmntion . th ey
rn11 -.. t lit· r11l Ju W \.'t \ }, y tl\ 1 i lllt.•r n •g11 l i1•!1 p1 1i 11 t 11 r 1.\11 t •X d 1Ullll l ill ll JHdll l , 1Jt.: f,•fl.' tJ. O
c 11111 ·l11di11 g d as h ; IL". Ji. e liglu t1 - wh o <:u n d u u l1t i t ·: - i ~ th e 11 11U lt·.."i t th e me fu r th e
c x c rd ~

of lhc i ntt.:l lcc: L.

N •J l•1 3. Th •· 'l ll t"·:ti n 11. w ll f' thn t h t' nu~r k l" wl dd 1 sq1nrntt· pnr1·nll 1t·l ku 1 W H rrl~
fr o m t he rt· "! 1, f tl H' !'l'lllt: IJC'l' :- h nl\ l 1t' d u:-ln· ~. l · 11 111 111ns . 11r rnn r k s of pnrl' lllh~ ·:- i !',
i~ lt- 1' n g1~ u\ l k ld t1 1 t hi.: fill H'Y c,f t h~ \\T lll' r. 'J lie :-. u lij l: Ct will Le m o r e l•Url ic-

N o t e 2 . T h e w n rcl r !1n.plt" r q r ~1 rfin 11 . n (T1 irri 11g <Jl l t lH.' 51\. m C ll11e \.\ it h lii•'
titl e , is ncpu ra tcd fr u lll it l1y 1t d1 L... J1 ; n."', C ll A J"TE H

" ' h o 1nn1h • y ou'; - f~ o.J.

nu LE] 1. Omissions. - Th e dash
sions of letters or fi g ures ; as, -

l

R ULE 12. Examples on a New Line. - .\ d:t, b li ' ll:l lh · r.. 1.
lows as and thus, wh en ll1 c e xau1pl e tvllo 11·i11 g thc: 111 lwi; i11 ' 11
new 1in c.

111

pi es fo r P r oc li c e .

;,

1. Aln10 -: al l ki11d ' .,f r:111· 11 i:llni al ex t1·:1!'!"1l fr .. 11 1 th e· i11k ri"r
of

tl1 c

L': lrlli 0 lll l.' t :d..; 0 4•11 ;d :-' .::> J> l' L' ('i ci tl ~ ~ ttJ l\ 4 ' ~

:in d tl w l i k~ ·

..::;.

::::>

lllt',

c 11 lti\·a t iP11

F rt· 1wl1

=-

w lii 1·l 1 = ta~ i : 1 ...:

=,

tu J. '--. !" t·:tl

1 l: 1·

t ]1 ,, ll :..'."l 1 1:1 1: · !1
0

c >: :1,r~e r n t1..· l1 o i :-> 111·o h 11l1 ly 11111rl· owi11 !.!: tu r l11..· lowt: r ;1\'l'f. :L:..".l' 11 f ir1 -

tl11 ,;t ri al s kill i11 tha t «1111 11 try o tl 1a11 to

l w l! l d ie

;... ,.r.-.,; ... -i _

N ~ ·1 t e 1. If, nt t lu· t •i ic l n f 1t pn rng raph , t h e 1m111 c (•f t he auth or o r o f th e book
fru 111 w h h.: h t h e pa. rn gn q1h li u.s t.cc u Luk c u b g i v c 11, it i!'I !->cpnru. k d fru m tltc rest

Ea(' lt o f t h t·:-'e

gr v: 1t

11gai11 s t N ur111 ;lll ·~ \·illl·i 11

and

l '\"t..' 1'

1111 y

' l"'' ·ia l

Tlll' Ill t lf' : ildl'

, ·:1 11 • , · ;::..

!:-I I I'll;.!;..'."":(· :--:: ~ : 1 .\' · l l

l<1 1·d =. l: (11 11 1dlw:Ld

:l !.!:ti 11..: t

a:_· :ti11 -. l

'a , · : i

] >i ::-SC' lll l' I' a µ: ni11 :-;t Cl1 11 rl·l11111111 o 1'. l a 11 c li c :.; t ,·r :i~ ;1i 11 :·- t ( Jl.J
t'n rt11 11 o w :t:-:. :::>i n i ts 11 \\' J1 , , ,., !1· r :111d :-;,':1:-0• •11 :. :1 :-- t r i l ~:! l ·· 111 1 ;11· ·

li e r o

re ~ nl t <if w l1i 1· l1
J' : I\'( '

1

r

used to mark th e () fH l~ ­

1:;

C:c ll c nll \V-- 11 cnplnn..: d llt l.' lk!-.~ l un :-; ot Tn·1ilo11.
M a lt. 9; 1- G. I N . B. Th i :-s b cqui \"U.l e11t tu ) l 1ilt. Y : J , ·2. :~ . ·1. .\ f,

a.

W liidt• \'t• r .'-t :tf \1 11 n r rnt1k T h · il l ~hn lt f\.'-."'it; n

~

" ' h y tli d t.iu<l m nk l' yu 11 u nol all thi11 g:-. '! - God 111udl' ull th i11g :-- f., r !1 b 1•W1 1 ~ ! · ., y.

(': ( 1l1 1lll'y fl." t1. w J1o]t_• ::::> 1111 1--' I iH • n]lcJ\\"l'd

R uLE D. Titles run in.- \\'h en a titl e, i11 ~ tcud of st.un <1 ing
i11 a liuc by itsell', ove r a parag raph, is ru11 in, so as to make
n. part of lh e par:q: ra ph , it should be se parated f'rulll the rest
of th e ]inc Ji _v :l <fasb ; :I S, -

,.

\\' l1 o t <:be di 1l <; oi l 1 111\ kt·~ - <:1 11l lllH· h· 1d l tl 1i11i..: "

2. T li e inf1..· riuri 1y p f

l ! is :-.h o11 !d crs w ! ~ : ;c!"..-. ! : q.: . l;:; rn :\ ::y a. s li rni..:.
H ow 11111ch lib; fl. .' l' li 11 g:-; 1- t d l \.· r l.' 1\ -~H l ~ ir ~ n1u g, )
" Your otlit't! is to wi n 11 n w fol ~c fro m lr ll t! ;
l'uru c, }Jrv11h et, d rin k ; n n tl tu ll Ui w h nl thin k yv u."

t;•H •.-

J ... ~\ .

a r c o ldni11cd fr<111 i 11 1i1 1, ·'- d i lfl ·r i11:..; i11 ft·rti lit y .

,J11 :-: t 111nd 1· fi ft h r ll iq •liti n 11 f hi s 1•a tn111 J11r d,

l'° J l •t : l.I TY 1'0

J.- P on rlual io n .

Ru 1.E 10. Question and Answer. - ff q ucq ion an d a11 ~ w N ,
insleafl of hegi1111i11 g ~c para lc lim:s, arc run i11t n 11. parag rn ph .
th ey sh oul<l be ~c paraled by a dash; as, -

E xn

" S i r ~ 111 11 ,1..:- , " h e er i <•s. ( f0 r Jr ,wt: i-.t Ht tilt' h1 1n rJ -

t e n t lH 11 1:--1u 1d 1l en I h ~ ""' u 1H i• r ! l 11 l ll n h r\ TH ln n i ! -

Spe tl ie wo rd Svr r fl! o 1tl t h e (' lid t• f t il ~' 1•ren·1 l i 1q. .:-

o f th e pnr:tg:nqil1 h y il d n:--h.
t· XfUllp lc .

1dnr ly 1_•X J•ltd111:.\ in th C' ~.r:di n n o n th t• ! 'nn · 1 1 t !!t '~ i!-! .

N o te z... , , .lw n o n e , .nr,!nt h eticn l {' X JHt·~l' i11 n ii-; i nd ll flCtl witl d n nrwt h c r , t ha'
w li !d1 Ix lea:-1 L l'••l11H:l'tt.:d in l' un stnw l iu l\ :-lHJUltl Ut.: ~c t o ff lJy tli i.: uulr kM o f pu re o·
t1 1t.!!3 i~. 1u 1U t h e lJlh C' r hy tln....:h t· ~; n..~ . -

TJAS/f.

1

\'."t ' l't'

:-. ta k l·d t lH.: d va r1..· . . 1 irit .·r\ . . . J:.,

, ,(

1!:1 · !11111.: 111

=

1. T illl l'

\\' ;\o..;

~!' I t\\ in :..::

f 11

! .•.

f l1i .:.d 1 \\11 r ! l1 :: a 11 •I:.

11

w l1i e i1 j ns t.iti ed a µu (nl 11..-a l ::-· I 11 1 11 1 ~.!1 1

tl• lf

tli c Eu gli sh at th is ti 111 c w ~ r G li d iiud li a IHi
.') :iE·

fr••I/ \

c';1 .J .._ , . ...,

1111i t1.: :d ! =. u!' t! 1L·ir 1kl:i:
:::>

.::i

..
: ~ ..

0

C 0 JI I' 0 SI TI 0 N

AN

f)

I' UN CT U A 'TI 0 .A.' -

R /If: T 0 R I C.

:.. Tl10ngh o a~ 1 wa~ ~ayin~ o it. iR onl y t },,. ~ Ii allow part !If one's
lll' :U"t o l ima gin e th at the derpc ~ t h eart s 11 nvc t.11 t·ir ,J,alluws ::>
whi ch ca u he tilk11 l1y it o still it bring, a ,J1:tll1l11· r(·lid ::>
Ii. ll crc li l'> t.he i:; reatc Fabe 111adJlco wli croo Nothin g lint

•

sordid ,J n ~ t li es h e re o
7. ( :reccc o Ca rtliagco Jfo11H'O wh ere are tl1ey ::>
K. •·i pl1111g,·<l rigliL into !li e ,Jc.J,ateo an•l " o •·]>id n<1t " 'Ya
won\ to th e J>ui nt o of cu lll'''<' •· o
:1. The es«: twe of all po1et ry 1nay he ~ai•l to ro n,;i,;t in t 111·,·e
t l1ing' o in\'Cntion o ex pr e~~i on o in~piration o
JO. " llow an' yo11 o Tn' J•id o !low <lo yon i"t·!·l t o -•la_v
~!r.
Tr,·i'i<l ? " "A g rea t tk:d wor,;.; t l1an I ll':IS ::> l J.:111k yo11 o al111 o"t
<ll'ad o T nm nlili:;cd to yo11" o "WJ.y o TrC' pi•l =· wl<at. i,- the 111:1tt e r \\'iLl1 :'(111"0 " Not liinµo [ 1<-ll )'<•ll ·::O llotl1in g in J'arti<'ular .::>
\.Jul a great deal is t.l1e mnttcr with m e in gu1cral" o

=

PA R E .\' T JI ES 1 S.

nearly or q11ite intl epcntl cut of it in 111 ca 11i11 g and co1i,;t.r11ctiou, shoulJ be inclose(l '"ith the marks o!' parcntlH'"i".
N ote 1. A Ye ry ('o m111 n n p:x;u11 plt. of th C' n ~c 11f nrnrl.:"' ,,f pnn•ntlw'-\:-- i" in th f'
n.·port s of ~ pC'ec h e~ . wh1..· re :t p c r :-Hll i."- r e fl'rr1..·d to , 1111t 111·! 11111 11l'il . I11 tll1 · a •·Twtl
delivery ofthl' ~pl'C'dl. tl11· ptrs<Jll nH·n11t i" ~11! l i 1·lt·11tly i11d w all..'d l· y tli t· :- J•f• ;1l; 1·r"s
pointing or how in ~ tn ll i lll . or l o11ki 11 ~ ut h irn . 11r IJy n lli1or :-- i ;~ 11ilin 1 11t ).: ,. q11n· .
B u t o.s tlii s cnt1t1 i•l \, c triu1 .. fe rr \· d t" ll !\' \\ ri11c11 o r p ri 11i.-d )1;1i.:1 -. ! ! t\' :-· ·i11 •r kr
l\ S llnlly S\IJiplivS it~ Jdlh'l' l1y i11:-.l.'rli11g till' llllll ll' of lhl' p+ ·r;-,.1111 1111 ·:1111. 11 11 d !)11·
Hnm c th11 =-- i11 :-e rt e d hy tl1 e rl'p() rt1..·r h i111·lusc d l1y mar].; ..., 11f pu r., 11t h ··:- i... T l: n . .
•·Alle r th e \' l' fY Judd ('X 1'0:-:iti o 11 nf th e nuttl t•r l1y tl1e.: }!.1. _· ntlt.•11 11111 (!J •J•'•"i lf· th 1111'
(Mr. Stuart). it w ill 1111t Lit: 11cccs."i ury fo r m e t u ~ay m 11t"IJ in dc fe nn· "f tl d ... 1•1 tr t
1

of th e su\.j c"L"
N o t e 2. 111 n·pnrtin g :-:1 •e1•(· h l'" , 1n11rk :-; of parf•1it!11· .., is nr l' 11 -.. 1·d !11 11 1.·l""• ' •· x
cl:urrnti o n s of npprc1hatin11 nr di -..1q 1p ro l 111t i1111 011 Ila• \'Ur i ••f ti ..- 11 11 1 l i1·111·· · · n ...
"My Jo rtl s . I 11m 11ma1.c d ut Iii ~ lortl .. Jdp' !-l 1h·'"1 1trn1ii,11 <li1..·nr, h l' 11 r l. y, ... . 111y
lord s: 1 am nmnz cd , that one i11 h is pn~ itit•ll n1uld :-:.11 far f\ 1 r).;l'l llu· 1•r 11 pr ic ti··" ,,r
d ebate ."

N ote 3 . Mnrk s n ( pnrc ntltl'." is flrf' 11 :-:e rl t o i1w l n~ l' h f jl l(•r y . n r '" 1 m1 n 1· 11t n f Hn y
kin d , nHHl c hy tl1 e 011 e whc1 is repn rti11g. t"( •pyin g . 11r <p1 n t i11i.:: th e \\ rd s , ,f
n11olhcr; i\.S, "Th e Hn mf\ 11:-i w1•rc the first ( in d t·c d '!1 wl1n J1•1n1H"I tit•· nrt ~1 f 11nr i g-1l tion.'' Jn st rid n <' c·urn<·y, the nrnrk s in tl11 ·:--c tlin·1• 1·a :-:1 ·"' t ;\° 11 H' ' I.~ . ;\ i ~1 11 111 \ d
11

SECTION

VIII.

THE PA H ENTHES !S.

The Marks of Parenthesis urc u sed tu iucl osc word s whi ch
have little or no connection with th e rc;;t o!' th e ~e nlettce.
N o t e 1. T h e wo rd par('ulht"'sis ((:ree k rrcip i1,0tert{i;, iJ1 ,il.(' diu11 ) :-. i g nifi c~ so11wth i11g
i11 :--1·rtt •.\ ~1 r put i11 . 11 11 .J llJ'J>lk"' prirnnrily 111 fl !'t: llft ·111 ·(• ur 11 1•:Lrl HI' It ~t·1tt 4 · J1n..~
i 11 ..:1•rl t•d , J1 y wny 11f t'11111 11 \1'11l tlr e x p lann rio11, In tl11· 111 i d ~ t 11f 11111Jll1t·r ~t · 11l <• 111 ·e ,
ur wliid1 it i"i i11tll'i•l' 11 •l1..·n t in co n :-trtH: tlon, n11U whid1 i .., t'u 11q1l de withv111 it.
N ote 2 . \\'p 11111'•1 d i1'- ti11g11i !'. h lll'tWet·n pnr<·nthpsfs n11rl mnrkx o f pnrC'1itli e:-; i~.
Tl11• 1•11 rcu ll it•.. i!'I. b tin· :-1_·11t1· 111 ·1...·. \• r JHlrt , ,fa M' lll c ll l'l'. tliut i ~ i 11:-1:r lf'd i11 t1t u1i.1t l1l'r
~ t.· 1 1 t 1..• 11 1..' \' . 'fli t' nrn rk.., 11 f 1•nrl' lllli1.."··i" art• tlit.• two nirn·d lill l'."i \\ h i<- 11 ind 11 '-1 · i hc
w 11rds tl111~ It'! in. Th e ll'rll\ mnrJ,· "1, ~( 1111 n11f/lf ." i.~. t11 indi1'111e 111 «' 1: 1·11n 1..·d l i111·s,
i:-. prt.' f1..· rri...:d tll /11l rt'llf /J (,"f.~ . l' ltrl.'lllill':-. l· :oi lll l.' HllS 1•rt1J'l'fly J1Url'lltl1l'lil'nl ~l' ltl C IH "l'S,
ll OI ll HVf' k~ uf J'Ul'l'llllH: ~i:-: .

a.

St) lll f•\iTlH..'~ ('( •nllnft~. a11d :-:nmt'lillli'S dm· ht.'"'· nrc ll ~t· d i11 s le!l d nf lh c
it i:-. 11.1t
Hl\\ny s 1..' H5' Y tn d l.' !t'rlllillt' \\lit•n lt• ll ~t· 011enf lh t·~t.· 11111d1 ·s.11 nd wlit.·11 lo 11." e
0111.thl.' r . It 1nuy li 1..' c1l1:0-f·rn.: d , i11 ).! t' Jlt.•rnl. ll11ll lht: 1·11nt.'d i i1t1 '"! 11111d: the gr1 · 11! l.'~ l
dq.:; n: t• u f ." t'p;1rr\li 1111 fr11 m fh L' re:-< l 111' lil t.• ~ t.· 1it c 11 n.: ; th t.: da~ ti l'~ . t lll' 111· x t g rc· alt:~ t :

Not e

i ' llrH'. d Jin l's, t11 in d t •.~C' W• 1rd!-' t li 11 t 1\ n· 11(u J•Hrt·nlil l· l k al f'IHtnu ·lt'r; a 11tl

tlHd ll11· l' l l \llUH\ ~ , tlh· ku~ t :-.t.•JHUUlit• l l uf l\ l l.

ll uu-:. \\' ords iu:;crlell

Ill

the Lu<ly uf a seutencc, a11d

Ue Urac k C't.'-i , b \ •< ·anH: lilt." ninttc r thu s i11~(· 1'1 1..· d is n·ully n11 i11 1t ·q 111\Ht i"11 l•y t!w report('r. Bl{!. (' 11 :-- tmn hfl .'I ~H ll l' l lo 1a•\t the u se of 1nnrks <•f par1.._·11tl11· '."l is in t!w~e
cn:-ies. St· t:.~ Sedio11 IX ., :\ult: :!. 1, BnH:kt·t..., :.

N o t e 4 . 111 s1·itntilk Wl)rks, mnrJ.: s (if pnr(' lltlit>t is nrr 11 "\"41 \ rl i: ir· J1,..;r· n .~l lr t ''\
or letters thf\t nrc e mplnyt·d 111 cn 11m c rn.tt11g K Ji-.t ttf pnrt icu \a r': lL"' . .. Tl 11 · 1111]awf11lne8s of ~ 11il'id c 1q1pe 1lrs from t11 e f4)Jl~1wi11g t' <•11~id1 · rn tio 11 ": i i ~ ~11 i 1 ·i.J 1·
i~ unlawful on ll t'l'vU11t u f it.s ge11 e rul cOll!--l''IllCltt"l'S. (:!. ) H•• \·u u :--1..· it is th t•
rluly," Cl<'..

N o t e 5. If

Jl ()

pnint W1 )11l'1 ht> n•cpt[n•d

h 1·fW f 1 1' 11

l h•" pnrt " , ,f

11

~ f' T i1 • · 11 1 · .~ i :1

cR ~e thL·f(' were 11 0 p nn·11t!iPs \s tlu•n', tht•ll 110 J }( oi\ll ~ "ho11 J11 ht · ll "t' •l t\ l ll111l
plU<' C, i11 uddition to tlH· innr ks , ,f 1• 1 1n•n!IH·~i -.: : II " ." T l11 • Eg y1•1i1111 'fyl•· of11rl'l t!k ~l urc (!;l'C Ur. l 'i >t:nd..:.' ~ \\·Or k ; \\' a~ appflre 11lly tlw n111tli1..· r 11f th e (; n:··K ."

Note 6. Tf u 1v d11t w r1uld lot• rt•qu!n ·il lwtW l'l"ll tlH· Jlf trh n f n .'"•· ll t•·t w" . in
W1·n• llH: l"I', llll'll , wh1·11 tht"· jtl\f'l"ldh1. ·~is i"I i11 :--1·rkd . :-:a ; d
point shouhl be in ~ertl·c l nho, f\ tit'i ~ 1i1111 l d l•t" 1.\111'L:d t1f1 1·r 1!11 · :-:1· r·q nd murk ,.r
pnre nl!J csb ; HS," l'ridc , ill ~ IJIJll' 1\i:-o_i.; lli'°'t· or ()lt wr , is t l1t• llL4•" l 11r•! i 11Jt l"Y :- j•l'i l\ l.'. ,, f
n et.i o n.'' ·• l 'r i11e, i11 S' •ltH' 1li :-g 11i '" 1· ci r ot li l'r ('1fll· 11 u s1..:1· rd to t h l.' 1·r .. 11 .\ :n:i 11
llim s t: lf ) , i:-; tlic mo~t r, rd i11 a ry ~prillg' <1f u~·ti11n."
CO.SC 110 p !lrt'Tll li l':-. b

N o t e 7 . ff !h t• 1•:H (' llthr1it'al p a rt f,f n ~( · 1 111'1w1· r . .. 11iir··. . 1111!11· ·· 11 .1 11 111 ii 11t .. r
tt s U\\'ll, tl ii1' 1•1dr1t :-. ll1111lil ('1•Tll l' i11!-iid1· of tlil' ln ..., I tnJ1rl..; 1.f 1• n r•·1lt !w-.1 .. . 1t1 1d 11 11·
p c1ill t h eln 11g-ing l o tl w 111 n i11 !-e ll l l' ll l't' ~ l11111ld 1·111 11 1.: lwt'1•1, • t i n · lir~i IJ!HI h. 111 ; •: 11~ ·1 1
th csi ~ ; us," \\ "hil e t he Cllri ~· tin111k~· ires the f\J•pn.J,a ii 1111 (lf li i :"l k·l l"\' 111 ··11 , 1t111 d
wh y :-;h nu l d h e ll"l d l•,irl' it .. , li e rli :--- d 1ti11 :-. 10 n.:("1· h"t.' th· ·i r t: 1,11d \\ 111 l· y d i ~ h o 1 1 1 . r
able mean s ." "~ :l y nol in thin e hl·art , \\' ho .. hall t.l.,n· n.\ i11l 11 l u · ;1 \ t' ll ·• r tl 1:1\ i".
to bring C hr h t d<1WJ1 from nl111vt" ;) or , \\" ho ~hn l l r1t--.. c·c n.\ itilo l lit: d1·1 ·1· ·:
(that i s, to brin!! up ChrH ni;ain from th e dc•ad .) But \\'hat >-aith i t ·: "

-·- ..

5G

C O.lll'OS ITI O.V .·l .!\" fl

I' U X C T{! A TI() ,l\r -

l!llETO/IIC.

N o te 8. :-:o in c tim es n pa rcn th e~is is in :--c rt1.:d . n ot l~l\\' Cl' n ll H· J•nr i:-. of n scn lt:n1 ·c>, hut bet wee n compl ete 1u1d i11J~ · 1 1t..• 11 1 k11t :.;c 11t e 11 t·c~. a 11d th e J1H rc 11th c~ is
it ~1 · l f<· 1 rn tJ\ill:"! 011 e o r mnrl' complt:tc nud i11d e pt·11d c nt :"!t: lll l' IH'CS. 111 ~ 11d1 en scs,
t h "· wt1r d :-1 i11d uM; d i11 tl1c<; un·ed li n es arc pnrc 11th\'l.h .:1ll til l li c w h ol e pnrn g nqih,
mi h e r t h f\ 11 Lo n11y on e ~C' llt C' n l·(1 , 1111d lit e rule for 11u11 ct11nti o n i:··. tn lw·erl. i11 nil·
ditit11 1 to the· <·11r\'cd li n es, w hn lcvc r orlicr f•U11 e t11ati <111 murks tile ~e ,·c rul !'\e ll·
h:tu·cs n n rl du u ~c:-; w o uld o t ht rw b · n .:qu in.:: ns. " lirc tlirt.: n . he full<1w c r~ togctll c r
o f111 e, u1 1d lllllr k l ht·m wh ic h wn lk sn IL... y e hn\'t..• ll."\ f11r u 11 t· 11 ~nmpl c. ·( F o r rn a 11y
w 11 lk , <J f w h o 111 I li n ,·c tr1 hl yo n 11ftC'11. u11tl 11 o w lL·ll y1111 e \'1· n W n: J d ll ~. 1/1111 they
1rrr lh l· L'll t: IJ\ ies o f t h e c rol's of t' lirbt; whu:--c t.:nd i,·· d t.·~ 1nu · ti 0 11 , whose go1l
1 .~ lhrir hclly, 1111 d t!'li O"f g lo ry i.11 i 11 tlt L·i r :--l rn111 c; who mi11d c Hr ll lly 1lli 11gs. ) Fo r
••11r 1· 11H\'L·r:--11ti 1111 is in hc aY c11; fr v m wli c rn..: c a bo we lou k fu r the Sa\'iour, the
L n rJ Jt'MlS Chr b t."

57

BR A CI\ ET S.

S
l y f'l\11\ t..: d11 lv ln hnnc\.
The lette r f whkh ] you wro le m e on ~ t un n
• ' o \ '11 'L' .
'J'hc capt.n.in lrnd sc ,·c ri1\ ine n ! whoJ di ed o u l hc ' . h .

.

.

. . . 1 f'di t ir1n s o f n111 ·icn t n11th11N 10 111'1 1cn te

N o t e 1 . .nra('k th nm n~crl. in r ntHf\ \ · . . ·I "I n re un int l' rp1 tl11th111. 11111 \
. .
f II
·ditor th e wort s so lnl ,,:--...,i
that i11 til e n p1111 n 11 o
H: t..:
I . b ·k ·l. l ». rl' 11ol inte q~11\ 11 1t ·d l1y
. . I Th 1..· w n r d ~ t J\ts r n< t t..:t
•
<lo 11 ot bt·h) n ~ l t l th e o n g rn a .
..
f · 1·. ti 111~ thn t tlwv hi\ \'(' l Jt'l'll 111·
.
t k ,. thi s m en ns o 11 11.. H u
,....
•
I
U1 ~ edit o r . Lut th e· c t itn r n C!'i
.
l
ti e w o nl s out ult <•gct h t·r. h\'( '1111 ' '-'
Iv cl «' li e lcnr.< to cnvc '
.
I
terpol a ted hy som eI )( i t • . · •
L · h~ tak c.'!i this m 1..:iu is o f :-li o wi11g- t lult 11.:
th (' \" l lft. \'C .'\ ( fH1 d so }f11l g 11 1 th e l eX I ,

Ul

t:Oll.s i1 1l! r s th e m ~ 1 1 11ri (> ll ~ .

. .
<l'etio nnri es t o !'C' fl i\ffi l c ! lit· p r M1t1rn ·111 11 11 11,
N o t e 2 . Hrn1·k(·ts an· nbo \l ~t. c Ill . ' · ·1 l I r •·1111u k ul •out it. frc1111t h t..: 111 lw r
f
. . \ < r soni c 11 H ·h e11 u ...
o r th e ctym ol i •!.:Y '' '~ \\OI: .' > • •
• . • !Jln11l [ Fr. rt>0.!4{"11iUhr, tu n ·:-;1,·11 il ,lt·J . ll u\··
pllrl~"i Of thl'e:q1ln 11 nt111n. lhu:-o. H.( s tfll

.

,.l .

r

iug resc ml1\ n 11 ce. { IUH1..·.J

SECTION

IX .

BnA C KETS .

Brackets arc usc<l to i11 closc in a sentence a wort! , or words,
wh ich d o not form part of th e origiual co rnpositi o u.
N ote t. Hrn ckC't.s nrc !'o m c wh n t l i ke th • m a rks o f J•Hrc 11th csis in fo rm, o n e,
h o wc vf•r , hc i11 g n1 q;ulnr. the oth e r cu r n:t..I, tuu.l arc nbo i11 sumc rcs11cct1S li ke lh c
l u tt 1..: r i11 ~ii; 11 i lic 1\ti u n n11d U::iC.
N o te 2 . Hrnl' k rL'i n rc n~ct1 tn i 11 do~e n ~c ntc n rc. o r p n rt o f a ~<.' nt c nf'c , w ithin
t he body nf 1111<1rl 1c r :-;ent cn ec. n111l thu s fo r arc lik f' tli e mnrk s <1f pure 1lllH'-"l:-;.
But t il e rnnlt(• r i1wlu d t.•tl w ith ill hnw k et....; is <.'lll ird ~· i1H kpt· 11d e 11l o r th t .'\(' ll h· 111 ·e ,
nnd :-:o di lll· rs fr1 q11 wh nt i!' m rre ly pure n t h c t inll . F11 r tlit·r . th e mutt e r wi thi11 lli t.:
l inu:kds is 11 ~ wdly i 11 :--e r ted by 011 c wr ite r t n l'o rrl't'L cir 1t•ld t11 wh11t h n:-i ! 1(' ~·11
writlt·tt l•y 111111tlw r, w h il t.• llit.• p an· 11tl 1L' ... i:-; i ~ U Jin rl ~ ·I' tl w 11r\gl 11u l 1·11 11q 11•1\ iti o11 ,
a11d is wr iltl' ll 11y th e ~lllll l' p<'!;.;0 11 ll1 n l \\' l'Olt: tlu..· n· :- t 11f t h e :-.t.: lltt·11 1·c.
N u te :1. I t i~ ,,.<•rt hy f1 ( n•n11trk lh nt th e rnm1 n 11 hl' fo r c n11 rl artc r, th e dn sh
hd'1)r,. n 11• I 1t ll1 ·r . l hP 1111\rl.:" 1.( f•l\rt'11th 1·.: is. 1111d th+· l1rnc·ket...: . nil hnn· ~111111.· 1l 1i 11 ~
i11 t '<1111mn11. T h• ·y nil n r .. 11"",j 111 i1wl11.J l' 111 11!lt' r wh id1 b i11 !'it'fl1 ·d i 11 1!11 • l1111 ly
of a M'll l l 'I H' 1· , 11 11.J w ltit · I! i~ 11111n• 11r IL'..._.., i11 d t. ·1 w11 rl1.·11t 11f !li t: :-.1'll lt·11 1·c, 1u 1d
t·\lr: rn 1.·n 11s to it. Th1 ·y i11d in ll c l11 e l' L"H:- i11 g d q.:: rL't '!\ 11f i11dt.•Jut11d c 111 ·c nnd l ' X·
1n 111t•n 11 s 111.::-:s. nl11111t iii th e unh·r in\\ h k h th t·y h 1\. \'c j11 s l licP 11 111\1111.: d . LI H· • ·011 1·
111:1 l1L'f1Jn· 1111 d uft t..: r sh u wi ug len.!-l , u 11d t h e IJ rn l' kl' Ls :"i ll u willb 111u~ t . o f tl1 b inUc ·

pc11 d1..·11 1..: c .

. .
di n:1.·t io11s n rc ~t.· t •arntt:d fr11 111 the rt·:- t u
N o t e 3. l n priu t i11g- f•J n y ~. th e ~tn~e
I'
~ i ll t n· ur~ ·1t t he L·nd vf i\ J i n ~ .
th e ~cntc n l ' C lty l1nu·kt..: l:-i; n11J. if th e st.tt.i;e ~ irt.· t · o
>
...
oul;, th e fir:--. L o uc o f th e l•ruc k c ls is U~tl. '1 hu s : .
J.lm n. I nm v f'r y glu,l to see yo u.

L autr.".' ..: hc(f1l.
~
J;O w it h me. I J~7Pwnl.
J!or'. L e t th e m co m e in. f Jo:.i:it ~c rv a 11t.

Kinq . I prny yn u

. its befo re nn ,l nfl c r th e hrn c k c t,o;:. n1Hl th e
N o~ 4. Jn r('~nnl to th e u ser ~~n~~r wi thi1 1 th e l1rn1 ·k e 1.s. th r :--ni ne ru k:3 w ill
pun ctH 1\lio11 of uny sc 1~tt.• 11 rci"' o . ~n.
to th e tLltlfk S of parc 11th c~iti.

apply that have uccn gl\·cn n reg r

d

E xamples fo r Practi ce .

1 T A ~T

" .

• ] 'F\I A HK ·\Ill 1' ~f 1·::\
~ ..
·
·

n dHI•~ (IJo

0

·1·1 I C 1n;.v• wn ri l ~ nf
"

H :1T 1)

.,; '.:re
" \\"l iy do; I. thon not ~\ l· i k (1o :-;1ri k ec 1tl :t11 c • k
l C l ~ 1' II i: •. 0
.. •
".
' :=. Tl li: la"t , ,f t l1l' ll ttkt., ,f J,1w th e c xecnt 10 ner c wti<> "·'" pnn . lllµ:
..
. . · F ·II l 1(' -- ' " Io 11r "· :l• ' ''l
'• ll l '
in rr l1:t111 -::. 4• Traitoi- c t I 11111 I ia:-i"• k"ll
· 1 l'I i
. • •.•
,.,
· 't· I' ·t· 1,,, 0 r '\1·lh
Tl , I·1,, of C ll:trli:s If . o " J> on
·
· >t. 1l '"
trm
111 . " t '11 111 !1 i "
H ~ o . "t· N· ·II (:w v1111 e o The last." f \\··i1·
l l:lltt
c tc·lrn11 µ; ',',:I.', 1.·1- 1il ~ v :- itia11 0 Tll \.\ la:-;t (If L o('kt.•:::: ·• t ' l' :L:-" l" fl l) \\' c. n
t
.
~
I . .l ·i s o n 1r =>
'., · J' l M)' "\h rkh a n1 o wh l) 11:1<1 J, cen r.., adi ng th .; L' ,;a]n,,, I•> '"" 1 0 .. 11 • •
.
.
. ,
1 . f"l1Hl 11 t !1 ; 1\ I~ t l 1\ 'l l\
9 If we c xn!"i:<c r1 ~ h t pr1n1·q .. c-s c :I l l\ II c ,
.
nn~~~~ w e c x.;1Ti :;c tl1c-111 o th ey lll ll>'L l ie pe r[• d u:t ll y un 1l 1c- l it ·

R uu:. In co rrec ti ng or modifying the exp ression s of nn-

crca"c o

o the r, by i11 sc rti11 g wonb of your uwn, the words tl1u:; in ~c rtc<l
sh o uld be in clo;:c<l in bra ck ets ; as, -

scttk1I o

A ~"fl H ll :o- Wl 'I' l 11r11 ft urns ] n wuy w rn th.
Tlt c u t11 11 IJcr vf uu r day:s nrc li.sJ w ith th ee.

fTv n c r 111u1.l() .J <; ooj \ L·\·cn. s ir.

P ol. T h(' wind ~ its in th e s l111tild (' r of Y"". ~. !{11.1 \. ·· t i . u . [ L a!'fing /ii.s ha n•l on
And y ou nrc s 111y'd fo r. Tli c rc , - my L lt:ss 11q; \\I l j u .
.

·

:~ . J\ l"<' y on ~1 ill c 1 f..:a r y ou arc c f:ir f r o 111 .

l ·
iC' 1t1 g

('u 11 tf-. ,r tal ,J_v

~ 11 w ell :=. uh c Ji ., w artf1ll :1
4 _ S it e h:Hl man:i ~e •l tl 1 i~ lll :ltt c r
h eart wa,; gu ue ui: fu l·c I , t,,·
worn:tn "lie w:1~ ct li:1t rny fat.u e r',;
pcctcil it wa:-1 iu 1langc r.

58

C0 1'!I' OS ITI ON AND RllHT O JU C
I' U JY C 7' U ..1 T 1 0 N - Q U 0 T A TI 0 N

•

5. 1~'.101,.. th en tlii ~ t rntli o e nough for m an t o know o
\ irtu c :d o ne is happin ess hel0w 0

G.

N ote 3. Some tim e~ . in quot ing- fro 111 anolhrr. w e ,,. i:-: h fnr ('f)llV('lli t11 w(• u-. gl\'C
only the su bst n.nee of his mean in g-, hut n ot h is c x ttt't word :-:. In ~t1t'l1 u 1·11..."t" we
m n y sh o w that the word ing h 1L'i been th11 s nlh:n..·d , hy u~ i11g l>nly t,n t• i11\' t •r t ~d
co mmn und 0 11 c opo:.;truph e. i11stc ud o f tw o. Thu s : Th e lit!-- t s ix t o rn11 rn11d11H·11 1~
n re, · Il u n or tll y fotht · r H11tl thy m other, Thou ~ hal t 11ot ki ll. Thou ~ ha lt ll 'l l t ·f 11n1nit adultery, Th ft U :-: ll1ll t ll Ol ~ t. ett l , Thou ~ hu ll llOt l.Jcur rn i... c wi111c~s . Th n u !"lnilt
1H1t covet.' U nless we indi r·a tc in thi s \\' 1t)'. qr l1 y t· xpr l' ~:-t rM111.irk. rliat tin.:
11h r useol ogy lrn s IJee n 1d te re d, we ~houl d in quoci11g bt: i'tll't·ful to J:ir c t he: t·x111·t
w o rds o f til e n11t.h <1 r . e .-- 1 1 t•dnll~· where th e q11 1111Hi o 11 i ~ fr<•lll 111il y Sr ri1•t11n·. .-\ 11y
nlte rn.U on wh aw,·er i11 the word!'! in !'\o:-.cd i11 qll4,tat.io11 murk ~ i:ot n·g-11nh ·d H~ d i ..h on est. 11nl c:-<t:i i11 tmm e mu111 1c r we <Ji:;tin clly i11dit'111.c tJutl ::,11«11 1dt~ r 11tio11 l11t."i
l>c t·n made.

. .. .
0 11r Inst king 0
. o. c un:i i::c eve n 1111t nn 11· nppe:1 rcd In ll .' o
".:i;' on" }Oii know c by F1wti11l.ra s IJf Korwny o
c l ~I L·re;tn priek'd <• 11 l.y n Jll!J>I. e111ulate prid e o
Wl i ,

J);1rd

..

tn tl1 c f"(11nh· t
•
1 ·I
.
·' c in w II«'

c l·or :-;o tl11s ~itlt· of

~ : ~id ''.' IY tlii ., F11rt i1il m1.-< 0
. '· I 1, .., Lgn•t i11 11 't.rlc- of ar<"1 1it c:1·t111·c·

,11 ,1·1 111r s·~o l

.

(;reek o

8.

c.

t

HI .

1·

i1 s

.

prrnt ' o

11· ,,,

.
n1l1:111 t ll a111le t
I
wur d <.: s ke1 11 L'<l J1irn 0

o11r

J..:111111·11

C>lll'

ll r l'OhH'k

OS(·(\

a1•J >'1rt:11tl;· II
'

"'

11

ti
'"

<t
C

IL'r

I.

11~

ll l

N o t e 4 . Q 11 otn t io11 rnark R nrr not prr1pc r wh('n '''f' !-<llllt• til t· opinion c1 f Nlit•r ...
in l angu ngC" eif v11 r nw 11 ; n:-:. Sot•rulc!"i sa id tli ut li t· l •l'lkn·d tht• )..(1til l 1• l•1· itu ·
morta l. If thi s cxprcs:-:io 11 be eli1u1 g-cd, so us l o g i n• th e f·xa1·t w ords o f !-'11<' rttl ('!"i,
t he n the q u otat i o n m11rks will be n eed ed; a s, ;:-;ocrnt.t:s said, " 1 Udic,·c tla~ ~o ui

of I li t•

y c·t o hy yo11 r graci11 11 , pat iC> rwe o
I 11·ilJ n round 11nn1rni , Jicd t:ilc <kl iH r
Of. 111 ..y wl1ol
e courqc of l .
I
l
.
.
.
r1\C o \\' int ( n1 g-~ o wl1 at cl1unus

,If A R 1\ S.

to be imm o rtal."
o

Note 3. Sh ort

phra~es

from fore ign lnn g unges nrc U!'ually printed in itulii'~.

" I i.at. f'O ll .J 11r:it1 o n c :rn d wl 111t r11i gl ity 111a1. d c o
0 h1r ><ll."1 1 )ll"< J('('('<lini;
11111 charged with al 0

i nstead of being i11cl osed in quotation mnrk~ ; tL<::, Il e hclit· ,·ed in th e p r inr-ip l c
of nil aclm.iran:. T it les n nd n1tm es of \'ari o u s kind s nrt' !'ornetime:-o nrn rkt•d I n

I Wun l11s dau ghte r C•

t his way; ns, The TfmJie~l is rcgu rdL'd by sv n.1e as one o f ~hukcspt:arl''s carlic.... l
p l nys. 'l'his prncti('t". ho\\'CYer , h 11 ot so m11 (' h in Y fl~ ne ns it was, the tcnclt• 111 ·y
nt p r cscut bei11g to u ~ . in ull su c..: h c n ~cs, th e q11utu1iun marks i n:,tt·aJ of itu lil'.':i.

r

RULE 2. 'Vh en a qu otation in closes within it anoth er quotation, th e external quut.atiu11 has tlie double ruark ::i, all d tl1 e
on e in clu ded h a::i on ly th e sin ;;le mark ~ ; as,-

SEC T JON X.
QU O TATI ON MARK S.

It has been well sairl , ·•Th e comnu111 d, 'T h o u !'halt 11 0 l kill,' forbid~ rnn11y
crinws l1esi t.lt•!-i thllt o f murde r ."
Som e one hns ~aid," \Vh nl n n nrg um cn t for p rnyt•r I~ contained in tl ie W<1rrl:-: ,
' Our li'n.thcr whid 1 urt in 11 caY c 11 ! '

A Quota_tion is th e intrud11 ct.i o11 i'11to o11e's di ~co urse of a
word or (lf 11·unb u tt e red by som e o ne r-J, e.

Note 1. If the i111 ·l n ...;ed o r :o-:pc() 1ul n r y q1111tu1 io n e nd ~ th e Hf· 1J11...:r11·C1 , as in the
f:C C<rnd of t he 1• rect·di11g e xu rn1 dc:-;, th ree apn~tru ph l':<' will lh t.: rc t'11111t• t11g•·tht·r.
of whi c h th e tir:-. t will bdu ng to tlie illt'lo:-;ed fJ.l1 o luli (J 11 , n11d the 1.Jtllcr twu t'I the

N o t e . Tlir rnark>" ofquotntinn J\r(• tw o i11 Ycrte d ('0 11 "
.
.
U!Jd two up11~ tn 1 ph e:-: ("J nt th e c 11 l f ti
. .
1111 ns ( ) nt th e t){'g m111ng,
{ •fl

H11 1 F

. .

]

h .' j 111ftliJ ll lj llUll,.:d.

original.

.
. A wor (l or won ls intro
<l uced fro m so me otlier

auth o r s hou ld be i11 cl0Red hy

quotation

N 0 tc l . Jti!" JH•1pe rf11rflw r ift>rl11 l1 "(· 11J1•! Hf '11

frn111 ~11nit• · ~t h e r writi11 g-:-; of hi s 1•\\' 11
us n l'ituti v 11 .
'

if: Iii ~
·

N o t e 2. \\"lien 1\11 inel n:-;cd quntn tirn1 iL-.:e lfr· o 11t11 i 11s wnr1ls o r phrtL"t"s tlmt f1r1._•

mark s.
. ·

quoted, lli osc word s or pltn1ses hu ve t h e d o 11l1lc rnurk!'I; us," Trt:J1d1
a l esso n the w11rd "dil ige rn.:c " <."1111ai11!'}!'"

.

w .' II m11r.k :-.: 111 1ntr1Hl111'ing- wo rds
ot d ,, tJit1 ~ 111 tr1JdUl'l.· l nrc iutc udt·d

MlY~.

·\\hat

N o t e n. Tile prC{'cdi11g n o te prO\' idPS for n (jllotnLi 1111 within n 'JllC1Lati 1•ll
w itlii 11 a quCJtati1111. 'Yli c: 11 tht.: ~e nh..:nn.: l1c<·, , 1111.;s 111 1• r l: i11,·, ,h·C' ol 1l1n11 t h 1 ~. 1lt t!
ndditio ua l d ('gfl:t·s of 1JlH1tathn1 1•1\nnot be c·x 11 re:--~ l' d \\ ith1111t p r<,.lucin ~ 1' •11if11.
1-;io11 , fL11d may th('rt•fqrt! Ii\: omitted: fL:-:, It is wri lt...·11 i11 tlic t:":-J~: l, ".l t·'-1!" H11 swe rl'1 l the , Jew ~ .· J:-; it ll n t w ri u,~ 11 i n your lit\'f' , I !"aid, y ~ nrc b" d ~·: ·" I t'. in t'1 i..;
f<'1 1tc11<· <'. it Wt_•r c.· Hltt·n 11 1lt_1d to <·arry out fnlly !lie 11 rnrki11 i; i 1f qn 1 •ta ti 1'11'-. !lit·
word s w o uld s ta11d l1111,..;, "lt. i:-i wr itt t·11 i 11 tlh' 1;, i.-.1 11.. : l. ·,J ..... u ;-; u11 .. \\'l'fl' d tlit.: J•: \\ :-,
"hi it u o l wr!tt...:11 i n )' •JU r llLw, ·I sa iJ , "ye n re g •11b" ''?"' "

1

N o t e 2. A writ1•r. in q11o t in~ f
l
ro1 11 11111 .:: rilf, nun ll "(' his (J r 1t 1<m Jn re.....n r•l to
11 :-=t• o r q11 r1fnti<111 mn r k~. l t d c pc t111' n i<1 n \\ h , I ~
n <~
to lll Hk t" it rdl•rf'fH'c lo hi s pr1•\ JfH
.
I.
ti 1 ~ 1 h1 · d1 1('s o r d<•t' " not. \\· j:.. IJ
"h1 ·11 ll .. i n:~ the \\'q rds of nt h , . ,1:-; "1 r lf\~ 1.gs. \ \ f· ha,·(· r1n "lld1 n ptio11. h• •Wt•n:r ,
k
t' p1 rip i· . J '' ll ' t' t la· \\"11r d s f J
.
· 1111'' h·dging tliern tn l>c :- ul'11. b pl11 dnri ... 111. . . . .
. .. o ot H:rs with o ut nctt ft ·1tflf1y
Jt j,i.;, hOW('\' Cr ll Ure \C} r I , . '\\ h 1c /i IS o nly llll~·rh c r nuin e fo r
•
t
t o t ic: D1..·t·11h'b'1 H.:, rntht.'r t h nn o f Hh c to ri c.
ti

it·

Nvte 4·. \Y l.Jt·n nu intc rrogatio u or an c xclam nti un mark comc:s a t the ::a w <.'

l

•

60

I' UNC T UA TI ON- A I'OSTROI'II E, ETC.

C0 1'!1'0SITJ ON AND RIIETORIC.

Jil1H'C w ith the rp 1ntntii m

mnrks, th e inl crrng'n ti on n r the exdnrnn lion mnrk
~li 1 .i 1 Jd be plnC'l'd iw•id c of ltll· q1101:1 1i 111 1 murk s, i f it J:-1 u Jin.rt of tli c J•ll::i~n 'C
q11°1 1 ·•l: but ir it refers lntt k to :-(Jlll t'thing- p rl'c·1.: dil11.; th e i11t rod11 t: li11n uf t~c
pa!-:-- 11g~ qul)t('d . the i11 tc rrog ut ion o r c xt·l11111n ti u11 111nrk !-IH1uld l1L· otll!oi ide u f tlae
q 1101 ~ 1 1 1 u 11 .nrnr k-.: . Thu s : l 't.·· •J •le tnlk n.l 141llt t li c " p1t 1"-.~i 11 .,; cr 11 \\d ." Yl'l . if we

t · 1 11 1~ 11 : t·r ri g h tl y . f ~ th l' rt.' ll <•l !-•>n 1t:1h l 11 g o f 11WllH: lllt•ll ~ illtt·n ·~ t i 11 this
rue
"p11.....
cr11wd" '? Jh·rc the q 11 cHl1 111
l 1nc·k ht:yo 11d tlt c qt1ottuionl 11 {
th ~·rt: f, i rl' th ~ i11lcrr('g ntin11 p11i11t :-J11 111ld :-.ta11d 1111t.-..ldt: o f it. Wh t·H Jh rd !-ii
lk
:-:1 1d .11 1 l 'u l\1u 11h: lll , " It i ~ hlw ful l< • 11:--c a ll lh L· ll h ..' l\ ll S tllnt <; 11 ,\ uiid 11 n t n r c hur o
1·11 1 1111•• on r h1111d ", " Clmthn111 1p1 11t1..·d tlu • t·x 1 •rt.·~" i1111 \\ I th 11 1 1 t'X<' liltllllt io ll Hf
~ 1 ·ur11 u nd :-ur pr i.. . e . "Tllut (;.,d Hild 11nt111y lirl\' (• p11t into 11 11 r Jinnd ... " ! lier ..: !li e
\ ' .: 1·l11 1n 1l l llH1 i.'i 11 o t :--"11fful k 's, IJU l Chtlllrnm 's, and tl11.: rd'urc l',) JJUuld IJl' JiUt u ut ~i d e
o f tiH: q ll <._•lll ti •11l.

-=. 1n~

~o•.::;

5. When Fenelun's liurary W f\S nn fire 0 0 Gou ue prni :<0d :::> 0
h e o o tl1al it i; 11 ut lite tlw ell i11 ~ .. r n pnor ma11::: o
G. o Stop a rno1nent h ere o o sa id Co ri1111 c to 1.unl :\ c· 1·il o 1»• 110
;;tuud n111ler tli e purli eu of t l1 c c l1 11r"!t o o pa ll :'C Lefore dr :.1 w i11;;
a,;itl c th e curtai n which co 1·cr:; the (; lllrnu ce u f th e tc11 1pk.:: .:::
7. A d1"1111k :1rd o nce rcdeJ up lo \\'liit elic·ld wi t l1 tl1e re11 1:1rk o
o ']\I r.a Wl1itefi elJ o I :1111 one uf yo ur c1111 vc·rt>'o O I tl1ink it \'\ ·ry
likel y o o waRtli.: n ·ply o o for I a1 11 "Ir<: y1>11are 11u11<· <1 f (; ,.d· , :: :::>

~aitl

8 . ~ir ' Vultl!I' ~l'ott\; uu vd o o ((11y !\lar1111.: ri11 g-.=) c is

No te 2 .. Jf th e e xlrnc t forms I.Jut one pu ru~nq1)1. l1111 bt11nd 1..· 1111 o f :-evenll tl etn e hl'd po rt 11111 :-i ta keu from d i lll'r c 11t por L~ o f t he IJhok o r e ~"1lY qn o t('d , th e fu et
tli1.1l th..: extrn1·t:-1 nre not co11ti1111(1UN 111n y h t• )',li11w 11 . (· i tlit' r liy ini-.t: r l llig- ticn:ml
. ) nt rn r.h plnccwJicrc lh 1..· rc i s

u. lirt.·nk,o r by i11 d O!'i11g l·11 c h dctlH.: h L·t l

JH1 rt11..111 Wiili q1111 ta t1011 marks .

N o re 3. Iu ~O m (' p Hbl i cn ti on~ . t h e inv e rlctl C'ommn s nrc insc rtt-1 \ nt !h e t>er- iii11 i11g <i f cue h l i n e o f u qt1ut.:1t in 11 , 110 11111t te r h 11 \\' lon g . T ile J.o 11du11 'J'imes nh;H,·s
J•ll n1..·l untes i 11 rid~ w ily. ~ odo S0111t! ,\ 1 11 ~· ri t·n 11 11 c w ~ pUJtt'rK Th e i•rn l·ti cc i s 1 1111 ~c
t1i ... fi gur1...·s lhu
l ~UJ.: t ' w111J ., 11 t un y rt •id 11d\' 11 1t t11 i.:1· . t liL· l c 11de 111 ·y iu l1u tll t o1111tri1..·s J:, tu wnrd !i tho
1>111q tlc r meth o1 l p r t..:~t.: rilJ ed 111 1{ 11 1~ a.
t '11llllll''.11 i11 E ng ln 11d lhn11 i 11 Amer i cn, l 111t us it t·11 .,· 11 111 liers ur 1d

SECTION XI.
A PO S Tn OP HE, HY P HE N, CARET, ETC .
or th(•y n ·lillc so 111u ch m o r e to printin g l111t11 to u.utl1 o r~hip , tl1ur. tile t..:1Jl l:"!i d L' ru ·

ti on of them mn.y Lie despatc hed Yc r y Liriclly.

1. The Apostrophe ( ') ;, n comma l'la ce•l ahoYc tliu lint'. I t is
nscd clti e tly tu mark tlie orni ssion u[ a letter ur of let.t er,; ; a:;, (fe r
fu r 11 ve r.
2. The Hyphen ( - ) is nsed to SC' pnrnte a ru111p•rnnd word into
its co n,;t it 11 e nt ]':trt.s, o r to <li\'id e n word in t o it s ")·1l:tl1leg 1;, r tl 1c
pnrpose uf shtJwi 11:; t he prunnn ciatiu n ; as, )l°eo-Pla1 11 nic, J c -ri\' ·a·
ti\' C.
3. The Caret ( fl ), nsl·d t·lii c ily i11 mnnn"·ript , ,]10 w8 wh er e so 111 et!ti11 g has l1ec 11 u111ilted , and aftl'rll'anl inl··rli11,·tl: ""•
hi !'J

I le
Exo rn pi es f o r· Practi c e .
1. Ti1i ' dd initiu n o I Jr o T.:1tli11111 :::· fr,.111 wlinm \\' 0 J.orrn in·d
i t~ ill11:'tr:il e:-10 i n Ii i:-: \\' 1Jrk <1 fl tl 1L' ::::i En;.di ... 11 1.a11 ,!.!' 1J: t;_!' c ::• I' =:i
:Jti!l o

l1y

t l1 e <.·xp n. ·!"' ~·d 1111

.::::i

ll

,..; J1arJ1-t·d gvd

i11 :-\ lrl11111.: 11! .,::1

\\' lii cli

111L·:1 11' an i11 , t 1·11111l·lll wit 11 , J1 :1rp 1·d ;. :- ··-.
2. Tl1 c 11·11r1l:; c al l- ll'i,e o ,.:: i11 n· 11 ,c · li rc•11t l1i11"
o 1 o l11>ok -s
·II l .1. -n
• l
and .::.~

n11 ldt·-111an o arc

f l1i:-t

N ote . Th e o th e r mnrk~ u sed in compo~i tiim nn· 1..·l lhl'rf'lo p u re ly g-rnmirult iC'tt l,

~ .o t e l . l f tli e :-.c,·ernl pn rngTRJ• h S thu !ii quoted d• > n (1l c·on1 c togcthrr in th e
o r1 ,i.: 11 11l\. li11t nn.: takC'n from <liffcrt.:11t purl s u f t li c 1·"ok or (':-,.' )Uy, t..:uch bC \·cral
J•nra t; rap h !- h o u hJ. l1t,g in u.11d c·11U w i tl 1 qu v tttti u n mnrk~.

pnlll·I" (. · :

Hill'. 1 1

lJest.

n'.JLJ·: ~;. 'Vli e 11 s evera l co 11sec utiv c para g raph s nrc quoted,
th P 111v crtcd co m11111..~ s h o ulJ Le placcJ at t l1 e b<'g i 1111 iu g of
('a(·h para g raph, but th e npo~tru pli cs o nly at t h e e ud u f the
\\'hole quulat. iu11.

Gl

hn~

,i11 :;t lini,J1 l:<1 fl lette r.

4. The Index, or Hand ( Q=i'F ) calls spc·1·ial 11 lte11 t.i 1,11 l11 fl 1<1il .j1 'l' t;
:ts, ~'f"' T e n11 s, in 1·ar ia lil.v ca ,;li in 1ulv 11nc1..
G. Tho Parngrnph ( ~I ), i11 ,;e: rt ctl in u 111 an11 :;cripl, tl1:1111tc·s th at i;i
p:1ra ~ r:q1!t ,; J1111ild l"·;;in al. tl1al point.

G. Th e Brace ( { ) is 11 ,;cd to ru11ncr t sev eral il c 111s un d.: r une
,

li c:ul ;

n ~,

<.·011q101111d ...,.

Tl 1<; rc is l111 t n11 c ol1ject o.::: >': 1.1·,; :\11 :,;11,;t in e .::;. c ;..:-rc•all'r tli:i n
tl 1c: ' "" I :::> a nd !l i:1t. Ull ' is it,; Crca lur .:: 0
·I. c · 'Lc· t 111 c: 111ak e tli e lia li :id .-; uf :1 11:iti"11 =·.:: ,;:ii.I Fkt.:l1<·r v f
::iulruu u .:;o .:;o :111d r care lltil \\ liu 111akl':; 1l1 e bw ~ ~

Tli c T.i'I11iils arc {

;J . c

~
II

r

7. Marks of Ellip sis are s<•lll l't i111 c·,; a 1011;..:- d:" li. so111t·t i11 1e,; a " "'cessio n 11f siar,;, vr u f po ints; as, lie Ll euuuu cc•I C- - -s [Cu n(j

62

I' UN CT U A Tl 0 N - CA I' I TA /, S.

W * * * lWeband A . . . . [;\tlan1 ~ J.
8. The Accents ;He tl1rce, th o acute (' ), tl1,• g rn\"C (' ),am] tl1e
circn111 tlcx ( · ).
!I. The Marks of Quantity nrc t """• t li e l1111g ( · ) ancl the 8li or- • ).
l"llll l" r t l1i,; l1c:ttl is su11 tl"t i11 1es l'i1t dia,·rcs i; ( ·· ).
JO. The Cedilla is a 111a r k like ll co1111 11a ]>lae c<l Ull!h·r t.li c .lte r
C\ in word s tak e n fro n1 tla; Frc·n c li , tn d c nolc tl111l tlr c letter l11l-; in
tlia L <·a:--e tl1t1 :-;11und 11f i' ; a:-:, f;1t:wl1.: fpro1111111H· ed.Ji t-"'ad] .
11. Mnrks of R eference arc tl1c asll'ri ., k or st: 1r (* ), Ili c d11ggor
( t ), tli c d11t1 l•le da gger ( i ), the ,,;ecliun ( ~ ), paralk l li11 l" s ( II), tlie
l"""'gr:ipli ('If).
l :!. Leaders nrc <lot;: n ~ c:1 l t.o t'ill"I'}' tl 1c c·y1.: fro111 wurd s nt tl:e
l1 cgi 11ni 11 g of :l li 1n; t u ,;u 111 c·tl ti11 g at. tl1c vnd wit It wl1ic·li tl1cy nre
c·1.111 Il e et eel ; t ln1 ~ ,

Note 3. ] 11 th e En gl b h Bibl e, w o rd s ar c pr in tc 1l i n italic to bh ow t ha t th<'~".n rc
n o t iu the ori g i11ul , lnll tLrc i:; upplicd by th e 1nrn :-. lot u r :-1 to t' 11 lllJ 1ktc tli t: rn eu11 1u ~.

gr c,~J fnr its venality, 111111 tl1rcate netl to i111p c·aeh
~ krJ

•

()rt l 1ogrn 11l1y.

. .. JiflgC

E ty rn1il1 •g y
S y11t11x .. .

1 :1, Doub le Commas Inver ted arc nsetl lo sltow that a word is t.o Le

supp lic1 l l"rn111 th e lin e ali o l"e.
( ~ cc c \:t111ple ulllll"r N u. J~, wlicrc " sllf• 1•li cs tl1c 1•l11 ec of llte
wonl '·page.\•)
H . The Title-page of a lit>uk i:,; tlrat wltidi cu11 t.11i11s tlt 1.: titl e, an,!
j, u,; ually t lte li1A pa;,:c.
Iii . Running Titles, or H ead-lines, 1•lan.:<l at t lr e l"lt <•f t lr e 1•ag1.: to
,] ,uw tl 1c s11h.kct , :Ir<' us ually pri 11 tc<.l i11 <': q•i t.a lK or "111 111 1 n1pital~.
l fi. Captions, or Sub-heads, :ire l1 l':1di 11 /!:' 1.Jan·tl o\'l'I' cl11qot t'l'S or
f' (' l·ti1111:-;, li11t 1-1t:1ndi11g i11 t li e lH•d y of t !1\' Jlltg't.' , 11 nl, ut. t l1 u top .
17. Side-heads are title>< n111 into, or 111adc part o(, tl1" lin e.

•

63

C 0 JI P 0 S I 7' I 0 N A N D R JI F T () II l C.

It{ . A Frontisp iece is a 1·i~·111n· 11ppn:-:it e to tl1 c ti l lt: ·1•: q:u.
l!I. A Vignette i., 11 :'111a ll 1•i ct111·c, 11 \>t '"" "llj•y i11 t: a full l'"l-i'\ but

21. The prin e ipnl kind~ of ty['e arc tli e fullo 11·i1 1.::

b, c, d, c, f, p:, 11, i, j, k, I, m, n, o, p.
I.>.ica, a, b, <.:, <l, c, f, p;, h, i, j, k, l, m, 11, o, p, q, r, ~ ­
Small I>ira, a, Ii, c, t1, e, f, p:, 11, i, .i, k, I, rn, n, o, l'' r1.

Englislt,

a,,

Long Primer, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, Ii , i, j, k, I, m, n, o, p, q, r, s.
Bourgeois, a, lo, c, d, c, f, g, h, i , j, k, I, 111, n, o , p, 'J, r,
Brevier, a, h, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, .L k, I, 111 1 n, o, p, q, r, !-1, t, 11, v,
1lli1Lirm, n, b, c, J, c, f, g, h, i , j 1 k , I, 111 1 n, o. p, y. r, ~ , t , u, \·, w,
N onpnreil, n, h, c, d, 1\ f, 1;, h , i. j , k, I, 111 , n, o, p , 'I , r , l'I, t , 11 , v, w, x. y, z.
Aqiite. n, b, c, d, e , f, g, h, i , 1. k , I, 1n, 11 , u. I'• q, r,
P r!ttrl, a . b . o, d, e . r. g , b, I. j , ll, I, m. n, o , p, q, r ,
11 .

r. a.

1na k in ~

t h ll 't: l i n1 ·:- . thnt it s h o uld ltt_• pri11tcd ill CAl' IT .\J.~ .
H"I 0 J•Jl11"t·d to ltnlic .

Urdi11ll ry kllt•r,; llfC t:ullcd

Nn 1e ~. ~ o nH• \\' rit~~ 1v• e l tn lif-~ (11 m n rk t · 1nl'h111i ~ \\' o rd s.
o. 11 d fou lhh th:dct:. 1111d t '! lll llU L lJt.: tuu ~ lr u1 1 gl y to1 1t.lt.·1111H.!tl.

Tli il'i Is u wenk

J.

k. 1, '"·

n, "·

t,

t , u , v.
x, y, z.

X, )' , l. .

u. '" w, x, y , z.
y. t .

t, u. v, " · ll,

11 , " ·

• ,Jc,

y, 1.

p. q. "•. l, •. •, •. •. l · • ·

two ll'a\· e s or four p:tg es .

21\. A 11uuk is l':tli l'd a Folio wh e n th e 'h <·ctH on ll"l1i cl t it i"
prin te<l are ~ o fuld c: tl that l'1 wlt ,\, c d u1akc·s l.11t t 11·0 leal"<: ~ . l t. i-1
callc:tl n Quarto , wlt c n c:i"lt ~h lT t 111 akc·" fu11 r lv :11·l'" : " " Octa v o,
when c aeh 111 :1kc,..; <: i g ltt k:nvt..::-1; a Duodecimo, wl1 v 11 t·:11'h 111 n k1 ·i
twelve leav e ~; n 101110 l f.1 1110, 2-11110, ~~ :!1110 , '1 H111 0 , (ilrno. ~1n1110 1 t"l1 · .,
1

a c:corllin g w• 1:11d1 slte c;t 111ak <: ~ ](;, Is, 2·1, :J2 , 4::l, G-1, u r

Hu

lca\"c,<.

SECTION XII.
CAPITALS.

N o te 1. 111 nrnnu ~r ript , o n e lin e drnwn 1111111.-r n w 1.rd :- h o w s 1!.n t It sh oithl fie

H u1111ll 1,

h. I.

i, ,

w,

22. Leads are tl1in plat es of ty['C- 111 " tal , lty " ·l1iclr tlr e lin es 111ny
be spaced fn rtl1 c r npart. :Matter tint:-; s patctl b said t u li e !.:ruled.
},fotter not lead ed is rnllecl solid.
23. Compo sing, ns n purt of th e prin t in g 1J u:-i i11 css, is ['lllt i11;;
m ti tter in t)'J•l', \t r "etling up tl ie ty1•e .
.
2·L Tl1 c a111ulln t. of ]>ri11tc:d 111attcr is 1·<1 1111tl'd 1.y ei11 .,, t l1at 1,;, Joy
t lt e number .,f sp:in·s of tlr e lcn gtlt uf lit e ll"l t e r 111 .
2D. A Folio is a Jc.at" or ><lt ee L of l''lJt" r ll"itl1 fl >in gle f.,ld, tha t i,;,

n1ix1:d 11p wi 1lr 11 t l1er 111 :t1tt.: r, eit l1 tr o n lite tilk ·1i:1g1.: , or in nny
olltl" r par t of t li e boo k.
20. Italics nrc letters i11 1· /i11 crl to tlie r i'.Jlil. Tlr ry arc so calle<l
1J cr ~1u se type or ti.is ki n<! "·as fir st used by It alian print e rs.
prilll l 'd in if11 1it·.-:: tw u lillt.'S, thnt it sli o uld li e prltltl ·d ! 11 ~ .'IA l. I. L \l"IT.·\ l. "'I; 1u11\

f . , , b, I, J. t . I, m. o. o. p . •1. r. • . t ,

P it1mu.1tl, a . b, c, d.
81 iU i.111, "'· 1, , ~ . d, •,

l§,

8,

Jfru: 1. Title-Page s and Headings. u( d1:1j>l e r~

Ti tl0 - p agc~ :t n<l tl ic lt l·nd i11,;s

sl10uld ho c11t ir,·ly in <":q1ila k

N o re . Th e h erul -li11e o f tl1 c 11ngf• i.'- n si rnlly 111 f\ k! n (l 0 f ! yp{' r11\\1·d i-mtdl f·111 1 ital s. 'l'h c il l' ud i11i;'i u f sc c ti v n s s1111d k r tlia11 1l l' lnq .ater urc ."1•1 1L tL'lil 11t.."" \ 1riur.-cJ i n

64

C 0 Jf I' 0 S I TI 0 N A N

()!)

I' U N C 7' U A TJ ON-CA I'l TA J,S

R fl E T 0 N IC.

J)

rlu ta. r ch su.;·s, " Lying h the d1.:1.! c1f ~lnn:s.' '

f'ffi1 \ll cn 11itnls, nn d so m etimes by hrg i11ning 011ly th e 11ri11eipn1 w or1 ls with a capilul.

1
ti
I l' (·t fn rm no r' nplt~l w il l Ln
N o t e . I f tl1is qu o tnt in n lie c hn1 1g:1·'. tnt
n1 irr l 'l I . l. ~ 11 y ~ 1.1at : :: ;11~ l"t
ccd cd ut th e p(l i nt w\1 L:rl' th e q 11 •1lnt111 11 H:g 111 ~ . w· ,
u u1 •· 1

i?

lfr 1.E '.:l. Tho First Word in a Book, etc.- Tl1 c tir"t w11nl of <:nry
Uuok , t r:tr l. e .-.:~: l y , \.·Le., Jl.llil of e n .·ry t' llilJ•l t.:1' or sc·ct in11 a l.-..u uf
l:\'c1·y ktter, 11 \• i c , u i· I\ riling of uuy kind , ~l10 11ld t,c;.:i 11 with I\

11
t he virc fl f

t-t!f\\ ....... .

1

c;ip ital.
I: t 1.1: :l . Th e First Word in a Senten ce. -TL" tirst w .. nl uf" e l'cry
,J,. •uld l1e;.:in with a r-;ipital.

~ l· 11t.-n1·1·

l:! -1 F ·L N un1be re U Cla.ua e s. - ('lau~1...· ~ 1 \'1 11.:11 :--l· p a r :1t dy n1111 1l1c·rl'd.
~ hl1 1dd

i1q:i11 wi tl 1 a c:tpit:d, 1lion gl 1 n ot.
J, y a f11ll-p o1int ; a,<, -

~(· parated

f ru111

t'at·l1

otli e r

]{c1.r~ 1~. Poetry. - Th<.'

P.n.E !; . Tli o fir >t \\"o nl n.fte r 11 peri .. 11. PXn·}'t wli t' n ,.,, ..J '"' :rn
alil1re \ iali11n) :.. i1ouid ! Je.~in wi:li fl r·111~i1 1 1l.
n.'Ll.'-··!1 u i tli b i." tl.ot i l1e jtt·ri v d bring-s the ~en t..; 11 r e tu ll.
f.,Jl"\\ ing ii , Ii1t.:ft:!Un', tU'gins Cl i1 C\\ ~t; lll \~IH.'C, Ulld hltuult.l
t he n q• ilnl, tH.:curdi11g tu Hulc 3, tllrt.'lttly g-in: 11.

t'J,,r· · l

]Jl•;_'i ll \Y ii Ji :l C:lj

t1f cn·ry 1iIH.' pf p 11(· t ry ~: 1 · 1 : 1 ~d

·ii :11.

begi n \\°it iJ

laU\' C

Not~

N o t e 2. Ftw t h e ~n m c rcn!'u ll n rcqoit lll :-:h o1 1ld follo w tlt e ma rk u f i11tcrrubU.·
ti ()) 1, wh en cqui n dc1 1t to u pe riod. n." it u ~ uull r is.

I

n b11Ye n.11 7nd~ . "

1

F ir.st Word of an Example . - Tl1l' 1i 1 ·~1 word of H R1.: nt1 ·JH ·H
or l:L t11::-e w l1ic'1 is t: i,·rn :l.S Hn <\ x : 1111ph~ !"-'. l11• 11ld l w~ ifl wi!L a l' :q 1i l:d ~
n:;, •• Te111 pPrn nc'" p1·01notc~ h l·alt b."

.·

.t ),. ·'..'.i n \\i!h 11. 1 ·: 1p i1~1l;
·· L o rd n f l•.1r•if . h..111~ 1,f ku i~J·"·· i

~ ot~' ~1 l'r; ,1 ~ i ~:::::
1

1

1

1. \\"lH ·n nny 1111 n1 1· ll.'-'lli tll y 1ip l •li 1"1 U1 tlH · :-:'tip n ·11H.· l'.1 i11:: j.., ll""' ' f. ·r

(:n·at t· ·l · l,..iin.::. it ,i , 11 ."

J: 1· 1.E 1'1 .

:
1

1 1

1
dentinl i·nri· .

~ \ ~;~ 1 . 1 1 ra : 4 ·.~

tlw

•H'

N<> le :). Tli f'

111

· ; :\:

\\' 1ord

1L...:,

•· 'lli·· 1,. .r·l

i'-HJ.;rt·11.l

f\

r: , .. \

.'::';'::~· i:•:: -~ '.:'', :'. '.;:,'::::":;:.:•,",I,,: I•::',,': .'.I" ..'. : '•;;,'\'.'.';,:,'.~:
:-; h o n ld

)•l 'L'.l ll

with

IL

1"1\j!llaL

11 1._ 1·!n1_· t· ,, f td1"•h- h 11wH11l. a ·· iq.ital

rt. •'}·..ti\' t·~

l

tf1'T r11t !.

'. w.ir··.,·.~11!, !1 ~··1.1·r11 !J.

J\111

1~

if

• 11il\" 4 , ..

,\'~

1•r 11 \

1-

11'•1 1w,..\ · ·1.

,. '
t !
'.'.!':"'.'·
. i· .~ \' lll"ll

'lf'; .\i1·.\

•ftrt),.11 lf\r

i:1

to Gud ll l'e il Tl1H lJ1•git1 w !lli f\ nlj1\llll. llllh.::,~ !-'l 1tnl'tlil l J..:: Ill 1~ 1 r
.
Slflll('C ~ l)!lkl'!~ tltt•l!I f• rnphH !it'. ( ' tI~ I O lll , ) h• \\' l·Y ~ ' r , Jin ~ Jllll ,\( • 1·1q•lt1th 11~'\'l '''" llr~ ; '.II
1
th e l( ill• JWill b i 11 :-1 LO.ll l'f:S : A llui b lJ ty G vd, l1J f\ 11ilt: U11e, ~l lJ •n·nH: l·.cing. ""'t

N o l e . l r th e t'X!\ lll J•k I~ 11 () t 1\ !'.C'lll L'lll'(' nr n C' l!t '1 R\'. b11t 0 11 l y A ~1 11 gl• · w n rd . f'lr
n l"L' r il'" t1 f w urd:i, n~ . telll p(• rancc, furlilude, h v 11L·:-.ty, J•rt1tk11n!, e ll·., 110 l'U JJll1Ll is

ll l·t:dc d .

fir:-;! \';o nl

Hu.s 1:J. Names of God . - .\ II n:t!l1'» :in•l ti:k• nf <; . .. ] ,J,n:i'.< 1
l ' · t l r 1 ;\ \111 ii..:lit.'·· 1,_•t\·.
. ti
~ C:t pil:I i fi~, J ,; I l !>\":.l I! l " :l l c l" ,
I C:t '
,

C'ln~!.

'i 111..·

rf!H.: tif'·l \\° c'. 1fd

'·

11 tlll!l 1, nntl t l10 inll'r j1·,.li lln (> , ,1,..,.1,1 :ihrny"
• 11 . 'l' li<' nr0
'
l
l ,pr.1·.
Li; capit al lctt 1 _·r~.

T! 1: -.. n 1ik r 1l . . .: . : n", L ·1 hat i\1.1.t un.: i:, u 11Lrnl tc d i11 lier op{· rnt i r1n ~ : '..!. Tll11t sl1c
ha s i11 ex l11u1:-. tilJ\c tn · n s 11n· ~ l11 n·~rn.·: :4.. T h:\t kn .• w: ... 1 h~· n4i6.l ;11\\il)~ J.,. 1·r•1·
grl' ~"'i n: , 1111d, ·I. Tlint ali future g-C: l1 l.. ' ra: irH1!" w i ll t"J l!tinw· [n n:uke Jbc u\cl ic:<.

•

\
l·

I

Cnu~e.

J:ri.E 7. Quoting Titl es. - In q11 ot in;.: t11 e ti tle o f a l1ook , e \·l"ry
llotln , prnnnnn. adj1 ·\"li\"e . n111l n•h,·rb ~ l wnlll lJ\';;iu wi t l1 a t1 q•ilal ,
ns, ":-;parks'; Li fe uf W:1-liin gtu 11."

r. ,1 I
cl n1·t Ly llil n r" f"fl ' " n ... l: ' , \ ''
N ote 4 . \\"h en nn nttrihutc f, f '"'I s cxprC:S"C .
.
·J
.. .. Fatli .- r ,,··
in stances nUo ,·e . l111t by LL n•)U J\ lkp1..·11dPnt up1• 11 nn n\ht· ~ l1 1 ·Hl~. u..
,
i •11-,
nw1~11.s" f,. r ' ~llr lif' nl f'ath c r" l11 i; lki•l'. I11.k11t 11• 1llll 111 :-u1..l 1 t·u1Hl 111rnt i_

! ~

',

:·j

d nP~ not r~rpi!rc n f· :1 pirn l.

l: 1· u i H. First Word of n Direct Qnestio n . - Tli e fin;t w o rd <•( o.
direct 'Jll <:'Sl ion >lio1ild hc·t.dn wit Ii a cap ir 11l; fl", (J) in•t 'l

qH1~!"fi11n .'

H i" w nn l .;

>Hf'. ' '

\Yh y 1l •1 y•ill

tiiJ t

1

N o te f3. "Son o f (; 1,d ." n~ nppli c·11 to 011 r ~11,· i our , n•t piire~ tl11:~t l1 ;~li' l'. Hl:'.;
sh oul d lJ\'gi n with a eiq iit.al : ·· :--:1.t1 1 v f ll\ull" r c·•1uin..: .. 11u c1q.itul 11..•r ~, JI irut
1

:.- lti!ly tl1L· h: :-...~- 11 :1 ·;·

(l 11din.:1.: l 1..J ll C:::.tion.) 11 ,~ d. ·"ir·: ~ lu kuuw wil y y v u du W >l !--tlh.ly iii.::· h.: ~11 11.

lt u u: (I. First Word of & Direct Quotation . - Tl1 c fir ,;t
tl ir1.:ct 1p1utatiull , Jw11l d bq;io witl 1 a ,.,q.ital; a,;, -

\\"or<l

of a

i

J

•··

i ..

70

CO NPOSITION "AND R/IETORIC.

less snm th:rn two thons:rnd fl ,·e l11in1lred guinens they rontinno to
th e prc• oe n t ti 1n c t o he re atl an1l tn li e liel tl iu l1i g h cst imuLio n us iu81.ru cti ve rat io nnl nnd i11l]>1" C>S i,·c tli ,; <'<>llrse~
4-1.. Sir J:ogc r L ' E,tra ngc c njnycd iu th e r e ig n,; of C linrks TT and
.failles VII greflt n uto ri t·t.v ns a n ucrnsiu n a l ]" ' liti "al wri ter li e is
known al ,;o a,; n tr:m,;Jat o r J.a,·i ng produ ced v c r,;ions o f E so p',; Ful1k,; ~ c n c c !l' s ~for:1ls C ice ro',; utlict:s Eras mus's Cu ll uq ui cs Q uc 1·t:tl u's
Vi:.;ions nntl the works of Jo scp liug
-1!3. :\ notli c r li1· cly t! csc riln!l' o f l111m nn cli:trn rt c r \\·]10 no urish ed
in this 1w r iud was Dr Wal te r C lrnrk t u n J 1 h _v ~ i 1·i11 n to C lirirl cs II a
fri .ond o f ll oubes mill for severa l years pr es id e nt uf t h e culkgc of
physicia ns in L o ndo n
4.1j _ lbcc lurnnl ian p crtnining t o t l1 c fo,;tirnls u f B accl 1u s tl 1c god
of win e whi ch were ccl c urntctl l;y n triuutphal prut'ession wh e rein
m en nnd wo1J1 e n we n t nbout ri u ti11g il:tn c in g antl i11tlul g in!:( iu llll
surls of liccnti\lus e xtr:w:u;:rn ce
47. lloro luge l1oro ho11r n111.l loge tl1 !1t wlii ('l1 tells or notes is from
tw u grcek w u r<l s ~ i g u ifyi11g t11g<:t l1 cr tliat whi c h tc lb Lli e l1 o ur u sun
dial a c lod> a t i1n cp ieco
48 . Ba<"u n Francis u s11nlly knmn1 ns L o rd ba co n wn s u o rn in
l.omlon E11gln11tl .Jan 22 li1 HO nml <li ed 1G'.1G li e wns fum o us ns a
scholar n \\·it a law yer a j11 Ll gc a stut cs 111 un nnd n politi cian
4.0. Early one m<Jrnin g th ey came lot h e estate of a w en ltlty farm er
th e y fou tul him sta n1lin g befo r e t.h c staLle anti li enr<l ns they dre w
n r :ir that lie ,,·as scoldin g one of l1i s m e n liccu nse h e h ntl le ft t he
r o p es wi th wl1i c h they t ied th ei1· 11 or,;es in th e min nil ni g ht. in stead
of putting th e m away in n dry ]•lace u h \Y e s l11tll ge t very litt le h e re
said one to the ot,h cr th at 111:-rn is v e ry c lose we will at least try said
un othcr nn •l they nppronc h ct!
()0 . Tl1 e l'k:tr concept io n 011 trnn11 in g tli e <l<'1lu c ti on s of loj'.'.ic tho
l1i ;.'. h pUJ°l> (• ~C th e flrrn r eo<uh·e tlt c tla11nt less ~ piri t speaking in tl1c
tc1ngu c Ocntlling fnnn th e (\ye inforr ning eve ry feature :H\ll nr~ing
t.h e \\'hol e 111 :u1 o n w:ml right 011 wanl lo lii s .,\1,j eet t l1i,; tlii s is clo·
qw·neo <ll" ratlier it i' ~" '" "t hin g grc-:1ter fl ll•l hi g l1 c r tlian all clo<j\h' ll Cc it i" :w t ion no l.Je "1ildi111e godl ike ntt io 11
r1 1. H11t it will he urgc· 1l perl iaJ'" ,; .. in lieli:df o f t h o C':ilifo l'llia
~11ltl t li:1t t]1<>11gli o n e crnp on ly .,f g11l d <·11 11 l>..: gn tl 1c- red f ru1n tlJC
~: ll 11e ~ 1111 t y d u 11 1·e g:1tl 1e r1.: .l iL la,;f ,; l<> tl1e e nd u f tirn c wl1i lc onr
Yv ;~ . .:t a l1l ~· go ld i ~ l'r<Hl 1u·l' d u11 ly to hu c1 111 ~ 11111 e 1l i.'i ~11 11 e for e ver Lut
tl1i,; ~lr prc,i d c nt wonill !Jc a 111 u;;t egreg ious e rro r both wnys

CHAPTER IL
DICTION .

Diction is tha t part of Rhetori c which treats of the selection and th e ri ght use of wor4!1t.
Command of Words Important. No o n e cnn b e s nrcc s, fnl 11" a
write r o r u speak e r, who h:is n ot a g r eat n11111 !.c r uf w o nl ~ nt hi:i
co1 11111rin<l, nnd w li u h as n ot s 11 c h a kno\\'lcdgc uf tli e pro.:ri "c r11 L·a11in g of each as t o be ul1le in all case~ t o seket jnst that \r un l whi c h
ex p l'Csscs m us t perfe c tly tli c id eu int e ndc·d .
Row Obtai ned.- It is n ot in tlt e p o 1n: r o f rnlc s to µ-i «c o ne a
co mmand of w on.l:i. T u tl 1is e n d. two thin g~ rliietly nrc n ercs ~ ar :·;
nn e nlarged cm11·se o f r eading, fln tl a l1aliit uf u~J:it·n-:1tion in r cg nru
to tho w o rd s m et wi tl 1. l.in:;ui,ti c s turli es f11·,. J>nr t ir·11 l:11 ·J~- ,;11itcd
t.o e nlarge o n e's vocnh11 l:try. ll 111.i111nl ll8Soc int ion witl 1 p .: rH>11s
o f eduC'at i1111 an d rcli nc 111cn t 1111.' liknvi ,;e 11 k11tl t: 1wv t u in rrea,;(l
one's stock or "">rtb. Som e p e rson" li:He by n:1t ure n SJ>l><·i :d
t nlen t fo r tl 1i ,, S ] l(~t.: iL'-'" of llc q ui ,: itio n , tlllLl wonls 0 11 al11ro ,;t en·ry
s 11 u j ee t oec 11 1 t () co111 c flt th t: ir Liddin g. ~11i-l 1 a takn t, wl1L•tl1er
natural o r a cquir ed, is of the g r eat est i11qHJrlanc ,._
E xtempor a neo us Trnns!ati on.- 0 11<' mct hotl. s t 1-.111 gly r c<"<lllllllen1l1 ·tl
uy Prof . .Mar,; h , fnr 11l''l ll irin g a re ady flll•l wi tle ( ' o)flllll ~ lll<l of W• 'i·d.;
b tl1 e pral' li<' e o f rx!C' lllpo ran eo 11s trarhl:tt i,,n . tl1 ~1 t i.. , of n·:1di11 g
off iu to E11gl i...: J1 a. 1 ~11 1 J k, or a ne\,·:-- p;q1(· 1·, \\'l1id1 is in :L f1 Jrvi;.r 11
Jang 11agc .
A11 tl11 1r-.; who nr c :i1 · 1· 1t :il \ H11vtl tn c :qirc ~;-; 01 ily tl1 l·i r
o wu tl1ou~lt1~ , fon11 for t 11e 111 sc lvc :-; i1rtC'on :->l"i o11:-;Jy a c·utrlJ':ira l jy\ ·1.'(!'
ll:llTO \V

vocnl11tlar_v.

T l1 c

pr:u·ti1· e

r;(

cxl1: 111p111·;1n l't1H:-) tr-:u1 :-. latii11 1

forces ''nc in to new tr!ii 11 :=1 of tli1J11 g Lt, tl m 11 a 11d ing ll C! \V

\\' qrd .'4

a1Hl

fonns o f expression , nnd t lius en largc 8 co nt inual ly Iii ~ 1·oc·alrnlary,
71

CO.!JJ'OS !'/'J ns AXli

~=·-'

RJ/},'T(lf{/('.

~. Gnllnnln \'s~, 0 J,J0qny, inr('rl1lin, t11iki,-t, rc~1wrrctcd, perienlons,

n1 or)nrise, dociblo,

;). Jc o11ar dit:t..:,
~Oll IHll1L·:--",

cot·knc5~,

[' fl:\.l.' li !al in.:,

ClllTC!i: !11.'.-.. ...:::,

1_n1:·

i.'".:-ll ,

n1·:if c,

~
£_____

aiil1i .
Ill1,,_' In O ll t O,

n 60, Ji c rinlrilltll,

f...._,\ ·a;._\.

·L (\11iftlt1·rJtt•!d, l' i\· i]i _.. : fl l'\li\' l !-.:l·k~::.:l lh·ri-.:ty] . ._, , 4;11:1•il!1· l lHJi fll1Uj i ty, '"lll'\r" 1. fin:ll•'. L·h' ·'· ~i1;,l' .
f>. Cu n L I'UY 1.; r t:: i;di ~ t , kranl , J;q 1id :1ry, lc 11i c 1l L')', di ;-; t in g 11 1\ fl' 11illo·
t u n, 1 irull..'~-I..'. , \ · \..'rL~ili:n, l'L·J1d vz \ ·u1::-;., :--t:nu u L.
ti. j rnpri111:1 t n r, ~:111glruid, iJi d1ui:--l 1. ·r~\·, lrHd 11n: 111v11t, 'alk i:.,t, pl'ofancllv:--:)1 at'-·lil· r, ciit !111sed, t Iii r."'tl'r, opl ig r;qil1 .
7. S<' 1 Jle 1111l11 0 11 ~, s p cndtlirifr., .co11 r1111111t., 1•a1·i:1n\ und c rl1rnd,,d,
m1leslady1 11111 ond,\ e11qduye, C<Jllid isla 11 L, te rm co t ta.
S . T11111r u 111 f d lt , 11 uL- pou rri , c!1i t d· \.:~1·1.: I1 ce~ fa Lillq:-oi l _\·, roul l'a ~l Ih ·s ~,
uL11.:div11 1ia l1 l' i 1w t 1 li~! . di-. i: l ! J:--i ~ ir 11 , l , r;tl 1111:t:...'.' ". i111(11. i-.l1.
1

!l. l 11 g-nllnnt ry\ t1i:-<f'11!':-:i\' (" 11f' :-:c.. nptn!•if'.

:i111011r

111· n p rt\

f) Ir· TI 1;

A wri1·
which the \Hi te r rvi.Jl'nti y int e nd ed t•1 cxprl'' 0 •
who fail..; in t. his l'l ''IHTL ulii.:11.J .-; HC'.:lill.'l !'1:• 11·;:1 l : tY.
Tl 1 i~, th P11 , is tlt e >'<'< ·" 111 1 p<>i11t (q " J,j,.Ji :t \':ri l 0 r "r :l
spf'.nke r s huuld att end. JI._, should,._.._. t lt:tf.1_·\TI'\' ""rd 11 i:1 1·i 1
he \I S<'."\ COllVl')" S C\:tt:l.ly Lite; lll l'!.llli ll ~ \ I Iii ch li e: 11· i.- h1 ' .'i (I)("'"'".'"·
·Moans of AtLlinin g Propri et y. - Ti> al lain l'"" i'ri .. 1v .,1· di . :: .. r:.
frl·1i:1l·11 l u-..1· 1·f tl11._· J)i~·ii(1J 1:1ry , :1111! a (" f:: -<: 111'. (1 l •sen· ~1 tiu n uf t!1e 1Yay i11 \\-J1ic!i \\"urd:--; ar l.'. t1.-.:.cd in L'•H1•I a ' i · : .. ;-.... .
.\
study of tl1c dl'ri\·ati1q1 1)!' WiJ\'d ...; i .~ :tl .-. . t) n. L1·!1 1 i11 H:ii"1·ri:1i1 1:r1..:: : l1··i:·
11ie a11 i n:! . .Bu t tl1i:' _..;q111·n..: (1f i11f,1rrn :J.ti u 11 i:;; to l•1' l!::-\:d \\· itl1 i... 11 1r1••
(•} 1j,•t' 111l':1n:-> : ire a

ca 11tinn ns 11 i: tn~' word :-: a1 ·111iirl'.: in :w t n:d \l~l' a 11i1.... : 111in ~~ \t·r~ d i1i't" rC'llt frn rn tl1:1t \\· l1i1·!1 ti1vir <"!_,111( dt 1~~" \\' t111;d :--- 11;_~;.!1 ·.-... r .
1

Exam ples.-.\ t\-·w 1 '\": l 1111•l 1· ~ :tr l' L'i \·1 ·1J (•f \\" ~ • rd--.
h:l s <..: haD ~L·d fro1 11 tl1at i11 1!ic:11t:d l·.Y !lit· L' ;_\ 11;o1:1'.-'_\' .

l't ·'- i 1l1 1111n,

par venu, v c~pcr, r ebus, ncrnl1:1t. f:111te11il.
JO. :3oicl is:111t, rotato ry, ma11d1111111s, nu111 <l l' plnlll e, sil' , b, 1·n1·iu11;-

P rercnl , whkh

n c s ~, f:t sJ ii oni~t , sk 1.: dadcl l1.'. l1111ifl1 ·~ .~. f • J'P r f"·~:-; 11r r~ .

·-.~-:

wli i f:->i.: 1:" ·: 1: :i1 :.::

···~

'

t

ni riu1:--; t·r~·molo~ir-11lly . n11d \\ l iii.: 11 1.11we rnc11n!. a dti a il~ ·. [1• ~~ 1 1

t •ty 1111d1 1:..:knii_y I!• n·(· i i· rn r·nk, nr r(' " JU Ji ld tn . ttny k;1 :.l qf r.-..:i11 · _~
n r l 1nd. nnd i t1111r·t' iu·t:1 :iiJ ~· !ind thi '- in 1·1 uli 1 i~~ - 'll1rt· ~ · i · 1 · 1\t 111 11 -~ !!C.:'• a 1 •; \ ' \

T~t'.'Wl/f l l1(.' 1lII S

] l. ~fi sn ffL· c t c i l, i1i.~ul-:: (• 1 ex urabl1: 1 1c~~, \·c rily , '.:- j1irii11 cl, L·: i;-;u~ di t y,
Ill;l! i: 1, p;~:11 i.-.:.,

7'.)

Y --- /'Ji 0 I'!! IF T ) "

~n n d

'-·l l ·t;y 1 i1_1 .-.; i~Udi..:r.

c o 1i : d

~ p en I,: 11!' ti::--1. •1i1i11 c: a l .. ·11L·lit

:t.' \\ 1_, l l ll" rt ·""IJ!i1: :: HH !t 11; 11y

Tl1·· 1;·

0

,,f
,-,

1:2 . .i\thd;_1Yif, n111\·t'rsa!i11ni:-<t, dnnat c, dik·tt:1nt\·, 1111 dit , j1 rnt11 1
pt.:·r . . . i!1:1;;1', tapi :\ (•i1·c11n 1: t1nhknt) il .-·h:li• 111 ·~-n t.
1:1. Di:;u l ·l·dicnlnL·:·::-:, 1• ptal i 1Jll, clil·f cl 'q_.:l l \TL!, fd l ~. pLi.! 1 ' ;~11, 1)( '1'!cl ental, avoidanco, nd monislimont, muli, 11 , misil c, 1·.. 1i .. r1.

f'riin r H' hn~ 11 11d•·r'...'."ll"H

iii.; ..

1'l1 H n:~··

(1 n~i11t1l l _\

of opini 1J11, fav vratJk u r u11iil\. l l!·;dol e, t 11 u w i t

:t

rt·t"~ · r~

1n• ·11nt !•1

t•• t l1 :1.t

•·':;· r• ·--. . . a11:• L;· 1· l

i11,j y

\\l1i 1·!1 ~' 1: 1-

fu '"' 1r;1\•l1 ·.

J.iquidutc rnea1 1t ori;....: ir1 11lly to l1H"it, to drnnl!•' fr11m n ." 1·L d 1.. n : :. 1·1i.\ '"::t i· ·
to i1 1Hl.:L' · ·kar. ••r tri1t1 '-' J •i1n· 111. n11• I 1t 1h 1 11 ,.1111i11~'. :·_ ) , , .. , . , ],,\\'1 ! ,, :l

l\t.' Xt, it Jll Cflll t

1. If nny of th e worti."! In lh r. f1 )n·~o in 1{ l ii-:t.q nrf' nnt fA hi-~
!"h<>nld ,.f
c o n r ~ e he rdJC'Y t'd frnm <'f'T\ <.:nrf' !11r 1i n t t.ci ?1 1! pr. 1•nn ·il 1.n 111 · ·"'•' J•Hr!_l•·n;Hr
Wfl fd!". ~ . I tw t1·1u·iwr <-!1,111loi nini.-:r n n 1.r 1• .:1 :' nil l •n r li11ri~111"I In Pk!i" f l \t i1 i,.J 1
he he a r.; i11t hr-1·in:-t~ . :\lid 11:-:e ~:wl1 Wll fd..; f1.;r uddilion n l 1· xn11ipks . :: F\"···r··;,, ._.,:
( i f thi.-i kind ~h1H1i•i lit' 1·1,: 1l111 111 ·•I 1111UI ll b 1l!Ji l u t nlknti1•J1 lo l ilt: M.1l ·J~·n 1..., ll rin ly
fl xL· LI in tl1e mind o f th e htt1tl...:11 t.

co1npnn1tiY l' ly

To the 'J.'< 1'C h Pi r.
0

rl~rc 1 \l d ~1 !1'.

·1 i111t · (ortly!·11 11 /1 ,;11(,/ 11/1 ! lw

111 .· 11 :1 ! 1 ; ~ .,:

fo1111d i tl t h e l\11 ·t i•H1Hry Id w hid1 lh(• ~ t \ld 1 · J1l h 11 .'i. n •·· ····'" "'· \ Ill' 1"-l n •l1 · 11t

n . PROPRmTY.

Difference between Purity and P ropriety of Diction.Purity of dil'ti o 11 rr fi· :·.-; sirnph- to thn q11,...ti·-·n wl" t lw r :1
\l'L1nl i ~ , o r i::s n ut, iii guud :11nl c t11T e 11L 11 :;c, a ,.; an cs tnhJj, J,.,d
part of th e lan g uage. Dut n11ot li Pr qu esti on arises in n ·ga rd
tu l' Yery word u . •ed i11 d iH·0ur.•e. L ti 1e \lurd " " .... d ,·u1To:ctly
in the se ntence i11 whi ch it occur~? The word may he a perfectly good word, auJ yd it lll:t)' not ex l'rc..-s tl 1e mcan rng

:t~

11 1! 1

"t

'. l '' ~

it J")li' H t :~ ": i! y lo\ f <' , ' 11r.J w : !!1 • ' l • ·• ·\1 1 H•1 · ! r · · \ · , r·1" 1r
t-:i1c11 ...·•.-r · :" ·:d\" , ,( a .. · ·!1:1; .. ·I ,., f,r; , 1 · n11 · 111 11r •: l •11ill.
fiJWllli uf t ·diJ \ " 111:.;: !) 1\· J w •1 1 1 · 1.~. t l • d tt w l11 11: , J i 11 .'
Ni ltm 1 s1wak .;; ~, r h i"' 111J11!1•r lwi11 g "tH '\\' 1ir i"n,,·.,/oll. " n1 <·n 1 ii:1~ 1 : 1 1 11 ~ 11:,J 1:' ·1 •'
c u :-> tom cd. In likL' lll fill llt ' r Il e " pr•J \' O i.:t.' S" \ c!1 id! 1· 1i gv ...:i lih allt 1u_:: .1 11i -- l \ .. :l tr1; d
or ! !11 • trii tl 1
(,'(1.Tk wH=-- uri i.:·i rrnll~- fl " lf' r~ ~·rn :\ 11: in ('Ji ~w · 1· r 111 · i" )\ •·1 ,] l .. ~·t ' <.1q. l, ·11 1 .
l·r·
1\••\\'

h

t
l

r

ts

tt Y•l11llt:" 1n n11 \'.'h11 k1·" 1'"
,.._·1u f i117t

i..; ll"t'd liy

l1l•·Hl l...; ) •:111

n· ·· .. 111.:~ .

:---li1d ~ t' "' \war (~

f,_1 r

:~

···r·

"r .. ,.\I- 111 1•1 · n!1i\ l"l · r , .;. ,

t ~lt.:

111::.J.1 1:1 l·r ,,f ~- !: l l 1 1 L::~

; n1 •! 1::-··

·1· _~

. ~ ;·1 JffffC11 it'd th e l1awni11 g vf !lie rn orn in i..: .''

l's. l l '. ~: 117, a11d :-,. _, 1: 1 :·111 ~. l1' 11 t ! !1t'
1

],., ,11 111.""1 .

t

\\'! 1«11 H n1t'1 ..:, ln th " 1• hY qf .l 1i \ i11..; l' :1 ·-:1r. ~:lt·.., l•> !! 1· · 1:, ,•,1 :1:: - . "r·, ,
yo ttr w i..,rlu1 11, " i1" d<1•' '"'. 11 11 ! a.... k 1l1 e1n tu tv11d c 111u !J110 , liul l..•l d.f L" )'1,J ..;· · h 11 1" - - ;,,

Jcc iJ e fo r or ;tgai n st l:11 n.

t" /\

~t:.ii • H1 Ji1~..-.

tii> · hnr: d ·! \f. ·n·nry,

?' •.'W l i e;h1 .. 1! nr1 :1 lt1·:1 v1·n - \; j-.. . i11 :..: ),
//1r,.,,·.. 1, .\ 1\ ill . ...;. . l\'
·r.

·~

~

i~:··;i~ f."·

C 0 JI l' 0 S l Tl 0 N

A ND

n r c Tr n ,\· - t' 1: t: ('rs 1 n .\·.

R ll E' 7' 0 I? l C.

2. I wnnL n po sition n~ a tenel1cr, awl I will he greatly uliligcd to

25. Tho kttrr wn,; 1·pr_v ]>l:ii11ly tlir1·e!e1l, :111d l tl1i11k it wili J,(' a;• t.

you f o r a rec1HHl111.: nd.

to 1·1111ll'.

3. The girl ttggr:wat cs me very mutli liy lier ul>st i11a cy allll li ur
i111p11tknce.
+. Tlie l'r esidv11t. i11tl' 11 d :J

ti)

2.G. ~f.:'tll.Y years lin\·c n o w ti·n11-.:.pir1._·1l :--ini·c tlw .\ft •\i(·;u1 \\·:1r.
27. You will L:t1·c: tu rnn fa,ll'r tl1:1n tl1 at, if y1111 11·; , 1, t" rnr,·li

cvncuato the very day Llrnt. Cu11 gres:J

tli r rnr.

28. That rr11h i11 '.'lv11· Y"rk are r11<>st.

ucl j ullrll8.
r,. ll l'nr i11 g the wJii,tl e of t l1u l'11gi11e al1uut. 1111 1ile ofT, l ran pell111t•ll dtl\Vll tl1 e strPet, li11ping tn rca,.Ji the station in ti111c.
!>. ~Jr. J't~ al,od y \\':IS a fri e nd 1111<! Jo:itrun 11f al111ost. (•vt\l"_v li11111nni-

i~

ft

np11 l<1~y.

;~~.

Rt1h1nit to tl1e t urt11rl.', ur

t.( 1

~o i11t\) 111·r111.:t11 al v.\ilc.

12. In travelli11 ,; liy railroad, yuu l1.. v..: to :;~<tie fur you r ti cket in
a<lvtuH.:l'.
1:-i. fl n

111d f11r;..~ t · t i1t ...:.1·11'1 ldf· ill! i11\· iti. \

t il

y1111r \\

Ji, ·in g (· ~ •lTv..;,! "1 1iol · ·d \\ i: i1 l1i :-. 11 1l ·:t:t .'I .
JU . \\"l 1i]u sp1..: nd ill;..,( tli\• ~11111111l'r iu l'1a!i lie 1·11.i11.\"1·d 1· x1·1·Jiti()11ttl1lu
fip 11nrt111 1iti ...... 1'111· 11L --: .. n iii;! tl 1 ~· 1w1·1ili:iri!i1 ·... 11f tlw \f 11 r1111~11 rt· l i ~ iPll.
11:. ll Pn ' i.e.; :l 1 ici~ 1·1 i'• 1' : !1 •· :1f1,,rn;Hifl !~1:ll!1:f., ..
17. I j 1r111 11i .., i · .'· 1 •ll, i ! 11iii:-:. ft 1· \\-ill ("• •t!l1· ( 111: :t !l ri: _r l1L
1

l~ .
1•.1.

Sii 1·

T lii...:

(•Jlf •T ;.'•l lH· :1 r1i],:

t!w ~,! .. r11 :t!111·1 1i!!1·~

id ··~t ( 11f a,, .. .: ...: ,· ] witlir111t :l L1•\\·i..;prit )

111udel i11Hlli!:l!!"Htcd liy th e

~1l.

i1 it11

fnu11 dl'I'

11f

; 1f

\\''.\<-: lt

1·1 1!1\·1·1d

1ifl'.

c1 1py f.1f tltf\

fltln e k.
:2l. Tli e tnH'P-"· tl1r1\1;.!!1 li:,:l it in!.! Lrit\·c ly , \\- l '!" t__' tcrriJ,]y d 1._ ·ci1111tl i:d 1
111 · 1 !·1\· l•:1 '. f i 1f i. : 1· ·l! i \.;t\ ! 11 ~ h \!, ·n.
:.:! '2. TLe car;; l1a»c a s gtni~l a riglit t 1i Le· :-.t()l'l~cd :1 .-. tl 1i..; (':LlTJa g u

Jrn ,.
~ - 1.

l

l1av1 ·

1·\·t·ry

\,1

j.,. -.if ••pr• i 11~ :i i

dll \l l•t Ill ~' ll\t')I !1: 1\ 1'

t !w .\lt'frll 1u1lit:1n.

•·d l !)] I'

~~ !•t>• l ;H ~il\ T...; :il•t•1Jt th1._•)J! j i•llt \\" 0

uru tuiti u v t tu ki iuw:;i1ip \\ i d 1 111ii1i.:ilc' t:I"::\.

1·l1c t11i -.. t r v.

·,.]11· ~1._· 111 ljt"r

tlic· ... /1i!J \\"i:I :11Ti'.1·

('i111 l idv1H'1' !l1;1!

IH•T ' 1·:l 1H'\1!-.:.

i 11 1i :11 ...

1

rit•::

8.J. I oxpt·d-. you h :l d :l h:trtl tirrl\' if it y1· :-; t1.:nl:1y .
('()Ii .. 1, l i·]' ; li •' i Ji(·:\: l ' t• \ \ ' l-i wr ' -.. 11\'--: .
1

·~;t:

-~~~

;;(',, l

..!:"'·~
.,_....,.

cn11did:dc grl':ll !1\ rr11.

~·

gcn<1r:tll.v (·X 1-" r('i:-;\·•!, p r t · di . ·:tr·· · ~ a L~T t ·;it lJ: tli, 111al f'111 11r1'.

'~

8~ . Tlii~ npp!ic~di1111 of rea!'<oll. ~t1 f'41 111i1111;1lly. 4·•1 J1-...i-.t1·11 t :."-.
:t~J .

~

!!,,

('lllllj >L· !~·~

40_ :-..;,.Jti~h

r~

=r,·

cl11 t ho

., •. Tl10 11h: i'ul'lll ;1d u j>t cd [,y tlh.; p:1 rty \\.ilS l':lk111:tl 1._ ·d f!,

L

1!11·

\\"il)i ·· !Ltil C 11l1i111l·i:1. !1:1 ;·1•\"

lo<Hil~

1n1·ll s1 1n1· ·l i111l' ~ ~tJ!T.1.. · 1._·d

:ind

L11 1· i ' .,

till'\\ t 11 :d,

a;1d

i; 1

Precision L-' th<' tl1ir.t 1111alit_\· :tl 1\l1i1·h a \rrit •' r 1• r

:i

hein~

:-;et

in d1..·tTtri:1g

n~i1l0 a:; gt:livr1)\h.

~- -

Ill. l'HECI!::)JON.

1....
~

Ap(':1kl' r s\i<lldd a irn iJL tlit' ~1 ' lt·t · tioJ!l ol' Iii:-: \\"t)rd"'.
Meaning of Precision . - ·- Tl t"
t.o r.11t. off ·l

:-::l10\ \· s !Jt•\\'

wl1ii·l1 t·ut 11ti' all
i :->

Ji!i..':tl d .

:t /lil

vt.\ · 1 1 1t•ltf'.~Y

it is 11....: .. i\.

1..·\1 ranc·q\l~

1•!° t!1i ."

\\ . 1· ·-:!1111.ild. ii'

id1·n ~,

t· ·riri ( ;·,··,,, ,

1 11

1

,._!,

r1".

,...,j\ ,) , ._ 1!:11 l \\ i ·:- ,: . .

\\ lii1 ·!1 1.:.\jJ!', ...,-..

1f!1l_\

j11-.l '.\ !1 :~t

f i r I )I J I •l"I '.

l·:x-a111pl•·"' of \Ynrd"I not 11"'1'd
i 1111 w~!t·r !'ro\ll n ;,1 .:

w1· "\· ~·n k

,,r

l'r•·1·!-.1·l.'·-~-

'" fp"111;1•1

lf tr) 1· :t::p r• ·"~ tl.o · i ·l · ·:\ ,.: ) ,,,
it 1q 1t .. iii+· h ;r .-r \\•.:·\ i l l )\ • \ ·'. \ ,, 11

llw idt·:l of !" '1 lrlll i.'. . t ·\]•r1 ·.'" "t ''" hl- .. t li1· H• t • •! tHr1 it1 1 ~ ll w i" 'l. l! t r•:· -r
' : . . _·
J',_; ." 1: i11 ~l- i I: •· !" •· J-,!-•'. i 11 i) 11 - 1· l1 r: ! , • . i" 1, .. t 11-. , ., I J ·!·+·• -· : -.
.. i\t>t.W i tl1 ~tl\Jldi111! 111 1· i' lllf'+«lli •· .., i•f ttJt' J• l"i ""IH·r. !lw _i11 k 1· \\"Jh l• ,' f' ,· ·,: ,•,1,_.'' ;\
man i:-; i11llexi! .](• w h1 1 1...: i11, ·n1•11 ldt.· 11f l11· i 1;!_! 11irt 1···l a--i , \1· t.~ 11·, _, 11 1· l . \•_· ,- l· '!
); ri lil'ry . inllmidttli u ll, u1trt·nty, r .. ri·t•. 1._·i•'. A~ 1t "!•l·c1:1 . __· 111 .. Li\l: i>- li1 ·: e 111··11 ·
t11

J1 1..:t n11"' lH"

iq1

S('at~ .

Ilic \ '. 1 .l l in :-' li!i1._' .

E xpc·ricuec ]1a:; prc·i·cd tl1al 1::11:,: iand lie·:; fu111 11dal,iy open to

of 11110] ~ .,.

j11-1 11"w

!33 . J~,· er y l111 111:1 n !11.__·in~ La -.: I Iii ·· 111 ('ultlltl d n.
3,k :\t tl1 c tH•i:-1e uf Jirt•-(·!l:..ri11•·-- . ...; 1 11 111· r111L · f,.J ),,1,, "' r 11-.l:· ··l 1 11 1t .
into 1.ll O Stl"l:' t•t ...:, lint. t\ll'. lJ:d:lll<'l' nf flic• ('OllL'.T1:_:..'.":lli 11l k1 · jd t/ 1\.·ir

-~

1·ddinL;.

~t:· J...' it!.

l ·L lli::;

Jilt.' :l ('l)liJJle

ee \·ent et·1 1t.l1 ye:lr.
:-1 1. Tli er u i."-l lltJL llt!H'lt fr11it i11 tl1e ~( ·< ·tio ri u!' tl1t· :--..t:dc

]inl.Jic

ti. II is nrg11111l't1l was pre1lirnte1l u11 tliu j,di:tl( tl1 a t wli:1t tile witnc.•:-::-; sa itl w:1~ tru e .
\I. Nl'i th er vf tile tweh·c jurors <"ould Lu i11du ccd to lie li cve tho
n1nn g-uilty.
10. Tlie c-pithets, cownrJ, thief, vi llai n, liar, Wl'l"C l1 0n 1•eJ upon
l1i1n 'vitl1out sii!it..
11. Th e 11 11t:rnati1·c·,; set lidor.:: l1im w<·rn to 11l•j 11 rn l1is (ait.li, W

u r11· ~11s,,r111l1l_v l1i ~ l 1

80. ?\li s:-t (;uld:-;111itl1 cu11 1111 1..' ll tTd ~t 11d 1.: H t in \ ' :i .-.-.:1r

t; 1ria11 :-:.chl'lll (' .

7. ll u " "'" u nwi lli 11 g to <lt111enn !t i111ol·l t" by 111aki11 g

il pnlp1ll1le tr11i-..111.
2!1. 'I wi:-ili }Oil \\'ut1l1l hri 11 ;..i:

jH

n ; 1 i 1i:.:,

1

84

C 0 .JI P 0 SIT I 0 N A ]'; lJ H fl R 1' 0 R JC.

ti nn ed. thn t nf c nt rraty . n more prc<"isc writr r w on lrl hn.Yr
(tf1 (1·,

w hi di 1 1H_.n11~ :-: p1_·1·ill1·1illy 1_.11e w!ioJt'll!11111t hl'

u ~r d

l1y

l!l •• \ l ·d

[) l CT I 0 S - I' J: F CI SI 0 N.
nlnni:i frnm the n!'l.t.llrf' 0f tlwir i"li.'-pn~itinn!'!; lm t th e cloqll('Jl('(' ,, f ! •(·111 c.~ tli,....111~

the word f1te:mr·

t · nt r._·1uy.

l\"/Vl till.' grca!t'.'"'it 0~1>\a1 · k l<t l1i.., d 1· -.1 ~: 1,-. .

" ~ l tf1!11(/i: of de\'t1!1or1" 15 tl. r: l <•rt..· Jil't;1 ·1-. 1· t; X 11r1 ·:--.-. ill11 lli11 11 · 1•u ...;/ 111 ·t· of 1h•,·11li 1t1i,''
11 t:1·11u :::.c

tu

::>11d1

n1)pnrfu n if!/,

i." th:1t wlih·h fo\b i11 (.•ir w ny •·r J·r<"-·1 ·:it"
nn ri1 ' !"1rf1111ir _11 h i t (''1!1\·\' 11it-1 1· ··· ··r ti1:1
! ·1 :1 1•1
R JH\ pb1 PC fo r the Joill.L!" Uf ll llii!ll!.
lf1 •[Jt"I~ 1t7•J>urf 1 mlft1 ' ,~ •1ft.1·11 '-j•rll l~ ••\It,, ( 1•• '>'1!·
1
~ionJJ_
\Y e nu1y hti\' C '•CTil.<.: io11 ti' lllL't·! a 1 wr~1·1i fr1 .. 11H·11 :l.\· wit t1i11 1 t:.,·t::·1L.'" 11 11
,,.. , )f)rfunitu to c <1!l\"l·r:.... ·~ will! hirn 1111 n 1•u rl1•· 11lttr "'lll 1j i.:1·t Ml•·.i1: \ ~ li1•·)1 \\ ,· n.:1.1
11
nn xiu11...;_ \\" e n<·t as O•' Nt.~·1 r 11L Inuy rcq111r1· Wt: L·t1i!1r11cl' 1u1 111•/ "' r( 11 11 1' :/ .

1•1.::;t 11rc !-tg:iilll'!'S Clllf/ J1 i1:-.ltl1>11 ••f tlit.! 1~11<ly, wh ile ·· 1t1tit11•li~
l t:le rs
u. p 0siti011 (1 f li1c: l.md y 1~ is w.duplt.:d tv expn.;~., l'-V li1c illlt.:111ul fet:li 11 g or

ifst~ lf

JHirpusc .

Orie: \rl1 u \\"i :-. !1 l ':-i h 1 11 :-' c w11rtl:-. \\ i:li jil' ...\·
::-l11..JU1d :--t11dy c;ir1.:fully tlu.: :-:11Lj1..T l t1t" ~~\ 11"11_\ 111.... . I·\ ; \\ \\ 11rd.s
in any l:111 g 11a ;..!n nrl' l'X:w t l:• sy1111riy1 11nn ~. .\ tar1y, whi1·l1 :it. li r:-;t.
The Study of Syn onyms. -

<'i t- iull

tlia 11 uli 11 n ~ t, an_v utl1l' r

ia i l'..!ll:IL"t',

has word.-.; th a t..

idv:l Wt• 11:1 \'l', in

tl1< • \ ! :--;1 r n. l~ tif i11 ;-; !a11c c::!, u 11e

1J.'1'u,..-f., 11

, ~ \"Pll l.'1 :

1

""'-

• 1

:\ m·1f, .. ·. 1!l'nf

!!t 1\!1

\\ \ ..

!J ,·~

l !l

t ) f1 ll1 crs, a mrtliriou ~ Tlll\ll i:; )!t_'lll Oii d 'lillg ill lo L!ll'l!L .Hnfi!Jnll!f >-:• 'i":"-1 t·\ ' l" [! fHr tln·r: it11nt. 011ly j :-;h~~ lltnn ~hill!..'." t'\'Jl. l•\lt lc•';t.:c; it fqrit..'i()Wl\ ~ l\k1• . l'IH · \\"li•1 I~

rnn lirnuoit must lH~ bo t h rn11ln·11l• 'llf 1u 1d milliri11w!i; lint 1\ mill! rn:i.y loo..: 1nrd:ci"t1,,;

wiihnut h('illg mnli;::11n 1il ..
ll 'Pi_r, !il, hl'm·f1)r.-:..~. - H~r · irJ/d Is lnd dini!e: w!if\t(•\·1-r rnHy 1·1· Wt·li..:J:, . .J l1H.-"' \, ···1o.·lit .

w::t'llif•r ln.r g P or snlflll.

J/rr1r·i11r.··& (" t!ie \d""! 't"' rl y uf 1.... 1:1·" /1;\\"ill.L:" n11 1:r111,·1 1al
II'· it.1ht )Ji. .., tt!•.'- (il 11f!"ly lll tlH· tlii1:...; '11'1;1'111 , '( ... n· :"··r" :., H11

(l ,•gTt ·i· 11f wciL'ht .

aru

<•pinion \'vltkh ~ ·• 1! 1(' nn" n111y IPl \"t' in r•·l.'.nrd t<l t hat tlliI 1'...' "·"' ),,•:1 n: t: 1t" · •! \; • •' 1:1·
Of }ig-hl_ \\' p l ' <;,li ll1Hf0. !l1 1' '!1 °• ·/1;/1 ( (1f tJ i!11:,;" ti~· a t'1•fl1\.i: 1 !i.Xl'•! :llt ' IL-,\lft• , \\' \' 1-.•ti -

t n1l y sy 11 <111_\"J111n1:-:. n. 11d t11i:-: on Hf'<' j 1unt 11f it-< f· ~·n111<1 ,..i t1} d111ract1..:r.

l'o r tl1 0 ~atilt'

,,r·

}{nfr'"f•n!r nrr. mrtfirr. n11t!i!mir11. ~· 'l"l1t•n• i:- ti lt:' !"U.me di !l i. 1 rc 111_'•"' 1..-.1 w.,,.n nirr.11 1 ,,_

Charn9tcr of tho English Langun go in Regard to Synonyms.-Tlul
11111 r0

orrrt.-;iun .-A 11

1' (1t1r:-.L'

lrnrl' flllrl m r1li<'r. flS hf'tWl't.'ll wi.-: 1\p."I f\!l•I intt'11 t in 11~.

Hig l1 t. HJ1111.·:11· lo 111..: t: n , ar t\ f 11u t1 d 011 l'\:ur1i11:1ti1111 to l1art• :- : l1 :1tll'~ 1.. 1f
dill'l' l'l..' llcl', :u h1 il i:-; l1y 1111 t iein g tl1l':-:c :--iig l1t di1i'e n.:11ees uf 1u 1.: aui11g
that w e lt ~ arn t n 11 ~0 wnr(l.'1 with pre(' i,..i1lf1.

E 11 g-l i.-; 1i ,

in llif'

wur<l

nJ!l! C'

fr11111 lltl' :--:a:\(111 1 a111 dlic r fru111 t!ic l.: ll111, alld ::i ~>11;ctiJ11t..;.::> ritill a tl1inl

the

/i N11 ·/ 11"-:~

t!iin ~:· "

.-,f

tl"ily ntH! 1/i11rn<1/, icn·k/11 and li.elnlom,1 d ,if, /u1p]Jine.'" an1lf.:litil y, l'rrr/,,.,/in:J 1111<1 •1'111 p iler1111/. _t:rt l"rfy nn d }'u/ er111t11 ni']l1tly nnd nnrfurn ol , l'rnrrrful nn rl p o lrn l i1rl.
fror11 tiio ( ; ree k; "·' ·

l·y

011r

r1·1·ltnt.'.""

ThC' nlo-.1·n··, · •·f (·, ,J .. r l11 1111:; 1l1·g-r·-·1 ·.

I'fllr, pol/id, 1rnn .-

f Jl lf\lity, ('(lll'."lit111t: ~ ·111tf1 · 1 p ·.~ .. : 7111 i'/11 f11•'.~ ,'i

nn 111111:-:1 1111dP'..'. n·t"11!' J•Hlli.! iw.--..'i.

i:-1

1111 ('l.'.n·..'"'i)°'

.,f

l·\·ilr. ~· r itny ."\l •l·h·Jj

\~ lJ~'r ..

1·,, ).. r ; ..

! •H~f·111·.' ·"· fllld
t·111·-l i .. r1.

)l

t 1 ~. 1 l,~l

1/' rUPI ,

'·~ ;'"4

may 1. r,., \11.-1•

1wh.'1tess : profr;\f·tl·d ... kJ.:.11t"'"~ . l11111 L'. •·r . n:1d f:di l!" 11c !1ri1 1~ 1111 ;,.1 ,"itl11r .~~ , H? 1· 1n 11 ·
tl1P :-:e <'1\lnn1ili ~·-- "Rr1• ~tr1'n1h· li1•i :.: hft-11. ·, ! !!ti• \ f\ L'L¥fil'.·n tt ·d. 1l1Py i 'r 1 •· \11,·1· •r t1 11 11,
P11lP.isapplkatJ!L' L(• n. !.:r•:n! \" Jlri ,•!\ ,,f , ,1 ,j1-. ·H . !\" H /" 1 11 · fit· ·,. 11. 1•:'"' • \,\· n !
~TPC'll , ti. patr n i~'L'. 1:111\l it rnny l•l' t"i1l11·r 11 ;t1 11rnl "r n1 ·1111ir"d . d· .. :ra 1,'
fl ira.1 1le. Palli·l is nppliC"alde to the ~ h11ma11 fn <'c 011]~·. >\11<1 1: P \· ..-.r t .. tli id ' 'X"• ·1 ·f
tL~ in1plyi11i:,! i\1 :-:f'fl."e 1, r ~ ·11111·1h 11i:: 111 1! 11f lli·· 1· .. 11r"''' of n:e1.111r•"'.
t1·,1·1 j<: iq •; .!i , n.' .! ··
to a face haring :-;ucli n d eg r1·c ,,f pn! l<1r a~ llJ Ill' giin...'-'tl;; tuid mn11 .. tr·. ,11"

~'' r'rtutiou . - E \'("11 J1 .. r•. . , 11 .. .,,-,... \.,. T, '""-rf• 111\l'-t J,,. tnh,·n
01diri111 11 fr( •Ill tl.e
Grl'ek , ln ef\lls u 111Hk1.·r uf i11~tn1n1c11l'! f!>f" th1· 1·y1.:: O c.u li ..,I, fru111 llic Luti11 ,
n1rn.n s one wh r1 P•'rrnnns rip1·rfl1i rm s 11p<o11 tliP f·:: ,· it.- -r·lf: nnd J·.'ftf·- if,tr fu r, fr.-1m
t he 1nothL:r lun~ue . 111CtL!\ ~ n. r1nnr k wh o h11..'" ~r.1111' 11r -.1r 11111 f,, r n 1ri11;.; .'"!!f"l' l'Yl'S.
Jtt ,,f11 ,.,·fy rnay 11~·r!i11J•'< 111• tl1r f•Xfl('t Jf)g-kn l 1·.plinlld1I f•1r n111f1·,·111li, 1,u! it i~
w nrl!i a i..~n n d .\t>rd 1n11rt· to 1t lo\'i1tg lil'1 Lr t wlu: 11 awny f"rnlll l li e +•1 1d1 ·1Hll H·n!.'i of
CJ1il 1l li• n" I n11d )141111 1..•.
0

.Avow. ntk1111w/nlqr, r n11.fr·.·-.·1,. Fn!'! i rif tli f'"'' \\' 1 1rds irni•• irts tl1 t- n.nlr111nti"!l of n.
f1l cL . b11t in \' L'I"Y dit1"1·r· ·11t · ·ir 1 ·1111 1.--t n11 1· t· ...
T" 11 1·011· ii tlijn~: . 0.111·1 1 . ... , . .. 11 l" r- •ll , . ,
~ Jory in it: [11 nrl:n,111· 1,· /1,"· ."l!J•]I • > '- ~·..., fl " 111:\ll •l1·;..•r"f ' •·f f11 11lt l •w '" \I !111 · li tl: 1· n•
kJJowlt:• lg- 11H•lll v(11npe11sa k .'"'i ; !<i 1·u11Jrx . 1, ~ ~11·1•• • "('~ tt lil g!H·r d~· ::r "" .,f c r i11)('
_\n
inLl.cpc11de11t il-gi~lati 1r •!1 '• 11/','( l1i~ ')l'i"'~iti•\lt to )"•1J1n · TT1t·11 .• nr1· •• : tlic c-::· ... ·1 itl\1·.
1

Dook s on tho Subjec t .-C raLIH~\; I 1i l'tiu11 ar_v i>f :-..:.y11o n y111!-\ is a J11u~t
Y:tlti:th h:· \\'r .1 rk (r1r r c~·· ·n.- !J('J_ • 1111 t\;i -.: ~1 :!j1·(·f. :\ 11otlHT t.·\ 1't:! knt
\\'o rk i:i i~ 11~1..· t ' ."" Tl 11·:-:.:i\ll'll :-1 11f E11 ;d i.--.J 1 \\'1 1rd:-; . Tl1e 111nt t1..·r is alsv
C'ar e i'ully tr .. alL·d in ii1e ial ,.:<L ~di1 i . or1 ui' II .. 1"1er · ~ lluarlo l lic li nnnr_y, '"' he:ru ll ll d c r· ninny ( ) f I lie ll':td i1 1!.! wurds 1li o \"fl rio11:1 ot l11·r wnrds
wl1iC'h Hrt ! t1Parly ..:ync1n~·1111qj<.: :irr• ~,.j\·1·n. nnd 1'H' difftT\'fF' l· ~ r·x-

n11d is 1\. pp !andcd; 1\ g1·n!le111n11
) 1 r i~u 1 n.~r co ~ 1.r> .~~.-,.:. ttie

~ -1

illlfjH1 t..:(• -.: (1f

111 1.. · 1;r 1"·.; i•11t \\- 11;·k .

1ft:f'f«1t!l!f, f!H l) f1 .~f,1 :• .'t' _-- _ \ dif11 1· nl!)' (•J td~11rr!l'q"'. l\JJ 11) p.: fn\'11• J-:Wp..; US .

n)q\" •..!

t lie

UIH..; , \\"l'. ."\ll"l J\d ! llll

lJ1e 1J\!n:f".

{;L"ll\..'!"ldly, ll 1t: ll!'!i[

\;.\.ll/"1""-"I_"."" r,11Jl\dlJi1tg

n.rt :il ll g fr o m tile lltl! lln.~ 1u1t.l C ifl.'Ulll s !IUlt ' 1'.!'-i uf thr· ntl id r , lhl'
ttri t:i i11 g

frutu o. fure ig11 L'LlUl:iC.

l'!tiliµ fuu 11 \l di tl ku lt y ln

"'ere¥

1it·• ·1. 111 t

!''•Tlld l1ing

111n1111 ~:i1q.( 1!1 1_· ,\ ..l.li('-

hh 111i ."t11b• , az111 l" (,,r~i\'1·n: n.
i.-; i·1111i ... ]1.·d

1." l'l1111-,.~L·•1. 11n·:

f,nrid, lu111inrn.1s . ~~A t hin~ i.-: !ur1'• f. wh1 ·11 it i~ rwn·n,\P.\ with l i.: :.i i: i-. l•wn·
ttn11s. w l1e11 it se n.-} :-; f11 rth li).!11! t.i 11ll1t· r l• 1uli1 '."i, A Hfl'Rln n iny l"• [11,· 1./ . tlw '-!Hr .•
nrc lumi1vnl.'$. An 1\fJ..:'l!lllCllt j..; lu ·· /, I . \\"ht•11 lht• rt•n....:::1 .11i11 .L:" i ...; J•t· r f,·1 ·1'.·. ,·!1 ·11r t• 1 11 1..
n 1 1prd 1 c n~l<J11 : it is /111• 1111 ur1 .'f. wlwn t !i. · 1u 11 h• •r n ut unly 111al..c ... l1i." 111<·a1111 1L; 1" 1• ~11.

Jilain l'J. T l11..'. :--:1i1rjcl'l i:-- ai :--P il l:--1·11:--::--1:d l )riclly 1 Lii! in a j11dicin11:>
nud sali~:·ai"lory t11a1111er. l1y l~iair i11 l1i:; lATlure~ V ii U/11.: 11 , rit;.
gi\' C n. fuw c x:1111p lt..·~ . ta k1· n ci1i c· tiy fr 1)J1 J tlll':'n ~ 11 111T~ · -1.. t/ H 111~!1 with
t:;n1n1 · :dl1 ·rntin 11 . .; to ~ nit tl11..•

n.).1111u · 1 ,.,1~10

t·ri111c "itl1 "!1kh lit·

l•llf ]Hlllr'"' !\ 1\1H1.j nf

lii.;ht l!poll tlll' :'-l 1loj1· ( 'l.

Onl_u

~

illl) "-,rts I hal ! h 1•r1..· h 1111 <i!hf' r of I !11 ~ '-1u1w k i 1111
n.',,nr ' ;· 1por! s Ucing nc·c·n1np11nil1'1 J,~· i11 1 ( 1llll'r
An c.11\y diild i", 0111· \\ho hiL" 11t< 1t1 • r
l ~rnther 11•1r ~ ht~r . a ("llil1\ a\11Jlt' h ••llt' \\"h11 i:-: !en 1.y il '"'t·l t'.
··' •1: lv \irt 1w 111 .11,,-.-

h;.

11s hap py" rn c n.n.;; tlint notltiin.: cl~-T 1·a11 d() it.

()11/!J . nlrmr.-

"\'irtlH' ill•\111· 11111l.:t ·.., 11 ..; lin]'I'''

:~

m e an s that virtue by it:•clL 1t nJ. 1111 1u·c1 1n1pn11i cJ with l•ther advarllni.;•·-"". 1.-; .. l!ll"I
cit•Jlt tr> dn it.

H;

Kill, murdr:r. a.~..:a.<t ..fnalt .-- Tn kill m('fl.ns !'imply t0 rl.-·prh·e nf li fP A rnl-ln rn ny
kil l u.nuth e r by ucd<lelll, (J( ill ~df·tld~lic(; , Wllhuut t!J(; lru putallull 0!" g11Jlt. To

i:-1

i--

s

' '

86

· ·- ·
EXERCISES IN l'RECISION.

COMPOSITION AND RIIETORIO.

87

mnrdcr ls to kill with mallciou• forethought and hitent!on. To asisa.ssine.te;. ·
n1urd c r •nrlclenly nn<l hy stenlth. The sheriff mny kill with out murdcriug:
duelll• t murder.<, hut docs not 11-'lSll.'IBlnatc; the a'""""'ln ooth klllll and murdeni in ~
the meanest nnd most Ignoble m anner.
J)i.• cmier, int"Cfl.l..- 'Ve di~co t'er whnt ext~tcd befoN', but wa.~ unknown; we 1Ji:-"
'V en t whot I• new. Columbus discovered Amcrkn. Whitn ey Invented the eott~ri:·:'
gin. Ilenry discovered the lawo of electric induction, Mon;e invented
telegraph.

the

Kin{!ly, r(gal, royal.-Kinrilv. which i• Anglo-f'o.xon , refers especially to the .
. character of n king ; regal, which i• Latin. refers more t-0 t11e office. Thu former -_
ls c h lefty W<Cd of (\i•po•ilions, fcd inl(", µur;>0>e•. 11.nd the like; the 11!.lter is ap-'
plied more to external state. We •peak of kingly deed•. kingly sen·ttmenfll, ~ll..
kingly heart for enterprise•" (Sidney), but of the regal title, regal pomp. Rvi/al,
which comes from regal through the l'rcnch, liM a mcunlng more ukin 1o··
kingly.
.
Whole, entire, total, compl.cU.-Whole refer.< to" th ing as mnd9 up of parts Mneof -,
which nre wanting; ns a whole book, thl\t ls, a hook with no le1wc• out. To!11l
hM refcrenco t-0 all o.s taken together and forming a single unit or totality; as,
the total amount, th e snm total. £11/irc ha.• no rr fc re n cc to pllrts nt all, but con.
•Ider• a th ing M bein g int,rier, thnt ls, unhroken or continuous; ll.'l, the entlro >.
summer. OJmplele refers to preceding proves.' e nding ln the perfect filling
of some plan or purpose; as, n complete \'l ctory.

Exercises in Precision.
1. Abn ndon. desert . for~:i.kc: aliettor, acce•sory, accomplice; aha>!e,
·,,.: ooaii<l, dcgrnde; ability, cnpacity; abnsh, <'Onfusc, confoun<J.
. 2. -Abc1lcate, resi gn; ahnJi,;]1 1 repeal , abrop:!lte, revoke, annul, nul ·~~ 1".fr ;_ abridgment, compendium, epitome, abstract, synopsis; absent,
·:' <· alJr.trnetcd; absolve, exoncrntc, ncq·Ji t .
- -;:°a.-·-Abuse, invective; accom plisli, effect, execute, acl1 ieve, pcr::7: for m; account, :.n arrative. narration, recital; accuse, cl1argo, impeach, nrrn.ign; acknowl udg-c, rcco~nizo .
. .
.
4, Acquaiut.ancc, familiarity, inlirnnr.y; a1]1J, J0 111, annex, umte,
.coalesce; adjacent, adjoin ing, contiguous; adjourn, prorogue; ad .·.
•.;...
rr,~_
. ' u ionition ' roprcheneion. n~p1'01>f.
6. Adorn, ornament, <lccvrnt.c, cml1ellish; ndulation. flattery, c-0m.;,..~&"'
~. ' "

ou(

Conlagion, i1ifc..·tion.-Tiolh words Imply the commu ni cation of something- bnd.· ..
Jn tho ca..c of contngion, thi• i• <lone hy nutwnrd con tact o r touch; in the C!\.'Hb
of infection, by lm·i•lble lnfluences working inwardly. The plngue nm! small;"
Dac.l manners &1'$ .......

pox n.rc contn giou1', vnri onF: formi; of fever arc lufectl oua.
contagious; La.d prin ciplcFi, infectious.

I,:,,PlicU, cxpreu.- Jloth words co1wey the l•lcn of clearneAA in a Rtatement, but .:
U1c latter I" the •t ro ngc r wnro1 of the two. F..rpl idt drnotes sometlllug set fo ·
eo p lnln ly that lt cannot well be mlsundel'!lt00<l. F,xpreu adds a certain degre0
of rorco Vl t.hl~ cl cnrncM. An cxprc8S p r0mi~e t~ not only one fn clenr, unnm·
b lguous word•, but one •landing out in hold rel ie f, with 11. binding hold on the;
ooruclcnco. \\re ~J>enk nr nn cxp1icit ~t1~tcrncn t, Lut or uu exp~ctiH command.

.'

;~.2->r ~ plirnout;

or

El:clle. inritc. - 'l'o l'Xdte i• to nwnken or nrou •c f<'Cllnf:!I Urnt were dormant
calm. To incil' 1, to urge forwnrd into act.'l correspondent to the feelings which
have boon l\Wo.kcncd.
-

'·~,·

1nth, t>v.- Roth w ords im plr n ronnect1nn b<'twPcn ftome ln!'ttn1ments or menng1 •
·and the ngent hy whom it Is ll"<'d ; but 11~//1 •IKJi IOro 11. more close aud Imme
eonnectlon, b11 a moro remote one. An ancient king of Scotland inter rogated -his -·
noble!! as to the tenure hy w hirh th0y h01d their lnnrle. Th o c hief•. starting up,
d rew their swords, saying." Ry the.<e [the remote rncnnol we acquired ourlanda, ll.Dd wuh lhCRe (tho immedi ate in•lrumcnt] WO will defend them." We kill a man
with a sword; ho dies by violence.
- -

Sufficient, ('11r>u,qh.-S11fficir11/ rcfcl'l< to nrtt11tl wanL'; rnmrgh, to the de.•ires, to''.
what we think we wuut. A man 111~' •nlTiricnt. when his wo.nt. are •upplied; ho '·'
1111-• enough, when his desires nro Mll•flr<l. A greedy m1rn ncvrr ha.• enough,
t11011gh he may haven 51111\l'iem'y. An<>thN dlRtlnctlon Is that r:n011gh ls used
of objcctJ< or des ire only, while suJficie11t mnr he spoken of anything which serves
a purpooo. "Children . and animals sel<lom hl\ve enough food." "We should
· o.llow 811Jftclenl. time for whate"er is to be done, If we w16h It to oo done welt" -~ ,;;,

....

.ad vcrsary, cn~11iy, vppn11e11l, nntaguuist; u.Jllietion, r;orrow,

· i;ri ~ f, distress; affront, in ~ ult., t1nlrage.
.
~.:.- - o. ..:\.gony, angui:-::11, 11:t11h; nlann, fri~11t, t.erro1·, oonst e rni1t ion;
· · nllcvinte, mitiga te, ussuage, allay; al8o, likewi8o, too; ultercution,
· ~ute,--wrangle.
,.,7. .Amenu, omen<l, correct., reform. rectify; n.mid~t. among ; ample,
.~=~(rnnda nt, copious, plcntcoU8i amu~e, divert, entertain; ancient,
an.tiquated, antique, obsvleto, ol<l.
.
8. Anger, fury, in<li gni~tio n, irn, resentment, Tl\.I<<', wrath; 1m1mo8ity, enmity; nn nonn c,., proclaim , prom ulgate, puuli8h; a111.ieipnte, expect; app reciate, ('Stirnato, exte~ rn .
..
9. .Arduous, difiicul t, l1ard; argne, Jebate, Ji~pute; artd1 ce r,
artisan, artist; ascribe, attriuuL<\ impute; asperso, calumniate,
. efume, slander.

88

COl!ll'OSITJON AND RJIETORIC.

DICTION- CA

. 10. Assert, maintain, indicate; at last, at lcngtl1; atrocious, flagit1ons, flagrant; attack, assail, assuult, invade; attempt, endeavor,
effort, exertion, trial.
11. Attend, hearken, li sten; nutb entic, genuine; avariciou 8 , covetous,
miserly, niggardly,
parsirnonionR ' r•enurions ·) nvenge ) reven"'Q"
•
•
•
t> , .
ant1pnthy, aversion, d 1 ~t,rt1st, reluctance, repugnance.
12. Avoid, shun; dread, reverence, veneration; awkward, clumsy, uncouth; adage, aphorism, axiom, mnxim; baffio, defeat, frustrate.
13. Banish, cxilo, expel; oashfuln!'ss, diffi1lence, modesty, shy- ·
ness; battle, combat, engagement, fight; be, exist; beMt, brute.
14. As, because, for, inasmuch as since· become grow· ""k
beg, request; benevolent, beneficent; bent, Lias, inclination,
possession.
15. Bequeath, devi~e; bescccl1, entreat, implore, solicit, supplicate; among, between; blamcless, faultless, 8potless, stu.inles§;
blaze, flame.
16. Burdon, load; cal<'nlnte, compnte, connt, reckon; calamity,
disaster, mischance, misfortun<i, mishap; call, convoke, summon;
can but, can not but.
17. Captions, en viLling, fretful, petulant; anxiety, care, concern,
solicitude; cautious, ci rcumspect, wnry
.. ·' cessation, intermi881"on'
pause, rest, stop; chasten, chastise, puni8h.
18. Chief, chieftain, commander, lender; choose, elect, prefer.; coerce, compel; comfort, console, sola(;e; commit, consign, iotru~t.
_ J fl. Conceal, disguise, <lissemlile, liide, 8ecrete; acknowledge,
avow, confess; confute, refute; congratulnte, felicitnte; conquer,
overcome, snbdne, ~nhjngf\tc; ,-nnqnisb.
20. Consist in, consist of; constant, continual, perpetual; cont,•mr'.hto, intenJ, meditate; contemptilile, despicable, pitifu~ paltry;
coovinco, persuade.
)

,

'

'

(.l.Q'

,JI I'B

ELL'S ESSAY.

89

of Can-:1pbell's Essay on Use as the Law
of Language.
~ ... ·E\'ery

tongue whatever i~ founde<1 in nsc or custom. I....nni;:-nni:re is pnrf.'l)' a
cfes of fashion, In whieh, by the g-encrnl bnt tacit. consent of the people or"
rtlcular state or country, certain sounds come to be appropriated to certain
gs. and certa in way~ of iitllc<'ting nnd comhJning- those soun ds come to be
blished, ns denoting the relations which 'ubsiMt am<Jllg the thin gs s!gniOcrt.
-IL is not the buslness of grammar. a...~ some crit:Ci'l seem preposterously to im·
or::ine , to glvc Jaw to the f>l-'hiom which r e:;ulate our Bpeech. On the contrar,-,
from its conformity to these. u.nd from that alone. grammar derivc8 o.11 its an~
thorlty and v11lue. For. what i~ tho i.zrammflr of any ln.n ~na;te'?' It is no other
han 11 collection or genernJ ob,crn\tion s mcthodlcnlly di;.:-cstcd . and compris!ng·a.11 the mode• previously und inrlcpcndcntly established, by which the sign ifieations. derivations, n.nd combinations of words in thnt lanb"'llagc are nscertn.ined.
It Is of no con~quence here to what cnusc-' orlginnlly these modes or rru;hions
owe their existence. to Imitation, to reflection, to nffectn.t!on. or to ~np rlce ; they
no sooner obtain. and become f<Cneral, thnn they are Jaws of th e lan,.:u><,;e. ><nd
;J·~·i'i.;'~~ the ·grammarian's only bu!5incsa i.!$ to note. collert. n.n<1 methodixe them. Nor
"1_..>--"'~doc.~ this truth concern on ly tbosc more cornprehenRIYe analogies or rule~. which
affect whole cla...'Bes of words ; such as nou m. verl>s, and the other part' of 'f"'eell :
-·.';,~-c: b1it It concerns every lndivldunl word. in the inflecting or combin ing or whkh.
"" a p1ut!cular mode ha. prevailed. E,·cry single anomaly, therefore. thou,:h dc---pn.rting from the rule a..'>Nlgne<l to the other w0rd~ of the sam e cl&-;.q, nrnl on that
"':·-~ account called e.n sception, sUuHl~ on t.he snme ba..~IA, on which the rules of the
·' tongue are founded. cus tom having prescribed for it a sepo.rnte rule. Thns. in
__ ·· the two verbs call unll e/iall.. the second ~r.5on slnJ.'!'uln. r of the formpr is colle.<rl,
. .--:ap;reenbly to the general rule ; the sceond pen>on "ingular or t.hc latter I.• •hf1lt.
:z· agTeen.bly ton pnrticular rule nffecting- th>lt ''erb. To say •ha/Jal for shalt. woulcl
·--~be as much a barbari•m. though according to the general rule, a.s to say call for
caUcst, which is nccordh1g to no rule.
Only let u" rest In tbc..<e ru< llxcd pr1nc!ple.5. that tTsr:. or the custom of •peaking. is the sole original .!-<tft.1F1Rrd of conver.-ntion, nnd the cn.o;tom of writing is
the sole ~tandard of •tyle: that to the tr!bunnl or u.c, ""to the supreme au th orit}' , and consequently. in e"ery g-rnmmat\cnl or \'erba.l contrOYCN)', the hLMt
-_-:;:--_-resort. '"''Care entitled to appeo.1 from the laws and the decision~ of gTnmmHrians
c'-. nnd lexlcographen<; and that thl8 order of •ubord!nntlon ought never, on any
-a.c--Coun~ to be rcYcrscd.
But if u~c be here n mntter of such con!':equence, H wi!l be npce~sa.ry, before
advancing any farther. to ._,ccrt>lin precbcly what It I". We •hall othcrWi"<" be
in danger. thoui:rh we agree nbout the name , of differing widely In the notion

..

n...;;;:::\i.;n to it.
1 .. ltt,pnt~thle U:i~.- Tn whn.t ~xtent then mu st the word lw und,...rst.(•0(]? Jt
Js sometimes c1\llcd [!C?terrJJ. use; yet is it not mn.nifcst thnt the generality <if people
- speak aud write ve ry bildly'? !"ay. i8 not lhi~ n. truth that w ill be even g'{'llerally
ncknowlcdg-ecl? It will be so; a.nrl this very ncknowlcdgmcnt ~hcnv~ that many
term~ and 1diomg mn.y he eo mmon. which. ncverthcl~. have not the genera l
sanction, no, nor even the suffrage of those tlHll use them . The u ~c here spoken
of, imp1ic.s not on1y currency, but vogue. It ls properly repufahte cuxtr1m.
This lcat1s ton. <listlnctlon b-ctwN·n good use and lni<l uso in lnngn ngr., the
former of which will be found to ba\·e the approbaUon of lhose who hn.vc not
llrnt we

s ..

90

OOJ!I'OSJTJON AND RHETORIC.

91

DICTION-CAJII'BELL'S ESSAY.

of

tliemsclv~ attnlncd it. T he rnr grcntcr pnrt of rrinnklnt! nre, hy reason
' m erci al idiom , mean" information or intellii;:en ce: nen•011«, in m•·<lkol
poverty nnd other circnm >tnnccs, d e prh·ect or the adrnnt.nges or educatio
guo.ge. denotes navln-g weak nerves. Such a use surely would no t h<.· " 1fri and condemned to toil almost inccs.•nntly in some narrow occupntlon. They
nt t-0 cs tnblish the mcanlngi; here i;iven to be I.lie ordmary and rc~u inr m~n. nhnve n_elt h e~ the leisure nor the m enns of attaining any know ledge, except
1(8'of these words.
.
what hes within the contracted circle of th e ir scYernl occupations. AR the
No \1'e of n. worn cnn be con s id~rcd ._. nntionnl uni <"'-• it,. found amon~ >:<><'ct
1dcn.s which occupy their minds are few, the porlion of tho lant,"'lla.ge known to
'1.-'titcrs of all c lns~r ~ . l".,.._ WC' ll R.8 iu all parlli of J•:ngland 11ud Amcricn 1n \ il1kh
them mu.._"it be very x('..J\-ld-y .
th~ English J nn~irnge i,..; ~pr) kf' IL
Uut It may be 1'1aid. 11ncl Mi<1 with truth, that in such ~uhjec l'I R.'4 are within
__ a . l"re~flnt U?H~.-Rut therl' will nn t nr11.1Jy llrl ~ here n.n oth t•r q1w ..;tl on, ls not
thei r ten.ch. mn.ny worJs and Jdloms prevnil among uncducn.tcd people, which,
n~e. even J.tOf'u-I ruul mltioirn.J 11 )1~~ . in thl.' su. m e cuuutry, di:k rent in di ! ~ i'rui t
notw~~hsta.ndin g n use pre tty uniform l\nrl e xtensiYe , are considered 8.8 corrupt, _ .
·: :-? crio<ls '! And if 80 , to th e u~ni:e nf what fl\:rioJ tih1lil we ntt.nd1 0 11n:(~1\· c~ . n~;
e..nd hke co~nterfeit money. though common, not valued. This ls the case par:~~'~l__rro per ru le ? If you Rny uu_
·. pr~$.rnf, a...; it m&.y rC R-._"'<rn s.bly l>e P X J~< · ~d t'.it\t
ticult>rly Wlth those terms and phrases whleh critics lrnve styled wlgarU.m•
·on will, the difficulty is notemirely remove<\. In wlrn.t '' xtent of s \~111 .. cauon
Thei r use is not reputabl e . On the contrary. we alwnys a.~ociate wi th ft such
mu ~t we understand th e word prt:.otenl f How fur mny \V C :o;.r\fe\y nuq.:- e in <pie~t
notions of meanness, as suit the class of men a.mongst whom chiefly the uge ~
(ff fill t.hortth:~ ? or, nt ·whnt di:"tnnre ba.<'kward.H from this rnome11t Are tu '.tlw~
ls fou nd.
itill to be nccounte<l n.s pos.--e~"ing- n l<>g-blati\'e voice in le.n~ua~e ? To tlu '."l it i_ s
'l.'tie currency of such words. therefore, ls without authority or weight. The
<lHli cult. to i;:ivc "" n.nswor with nil th e predo<lor. thnt mli:ht be desired. Y et 1\
pra.ttle of children hns n. currency. bnt. however unlvc~1 their rn-a nner of "
.
~
. ..
certA.in , thn.t when we n.rc in ~~n.rch of precc<lenti'I for nny word or idi om, th e re
corrupting words may be o.m ong then1sch·es, it can never cst.a.Oli!-<h what is ~.~Jti~~.,g·~-~·,i~2;'.~~~-~:nr;e certain bonnds beyond which we ciLnnot g-o with f'l\fe_ty.
.
accounted use in lo.ng unge. No w , what child ren arc to men, that precisely the ...,.,..,., ..:·
..
~~.::z-~.;-It il5 Rafest for nn anth 0 r to c0 11 ~ i<lf'r th o.~e words o.nd !<.h orn ~ ru; obsolete. whwh
lgnornnt are to I.be knowing.
_ .;- '
.-'.
nve been disu!5eil by all g00<l l\llthon;, for o. longer pe r iod t han t he or <i i'1~ry
From the practJee of those who are com·ersnnt In any art. elegant or mecban..
e,of man extends to. Jt is not by ancient, but by preaent Ulle, that our diction
teal. we always t.nkc th e sc n•c or the terms and phrases belonging to that art.
ust be regnlated. And thnt u'e cnn never be denominated present. wl1kh hns
In like manner. Crom the prnctice of tho•c who h ave had a lfber1<I ed 11 ca\ion,
- en laid •<'ide time immemorial. or. which amounL• to the oame tbrng. falls
and arc th erefore preM11ned to be !>est acquainted with men and things, we ·
within the knowledge or rcmembmnce of any now living.
Judge of the gene ml use in language.
··
have purposely A.soided th ~ ex pre:-:..o.;ions rt:rcnl w1e and modern uu , Q.B th r~e
But In what concerns the words thcm,elres. their construction n.nd applfe.at!on,
m to stond in di i;ect opposition to whnt is ancient. The word Jl"CPm/, on th e
it fs or import.a.nee to hnvo somo cert.a.in. ~tca<ly, nnd well-k11own Htandard to
ther hnn<l, hf\.<;;; for it .. proper co11tn1.ry, not ancie11t, hut ofJµofRfc. Besl d et-i:. thOU R" h
recur to. a standard \'\' hlch C\'Cry one hns the opportunity to canvass and
have H.cknowl e iJged lan~un~e to he u. l' pcciC'.!l. o f m o<le o r f ath ion . a.s dou l, tles.. It
examine. And this can be no other thnn 1rnthors of reputation. Accordingly
6 yet being mnch more ~rmnncnt tli11n itrticles of a ppa rel. furniture . a n d Jhe
we nnd thM theHe are, by universal consent, in actual po8SClll;lon of this author·
k~, that, in regard to their form, are under the dominion of th.at ln~nsinnt
ity; 1\.8 to this tribunal, wh e n any donbt arises, the appeal 18 always made.
• w er. I hnve Rvolrled al S-O n•in l( ti1c w orus ja..•hionahu nn rl mo<l '-'h. wh 1cli b ut
In the English tong11e there i' n plentiful s upply or noted writings iu ail the
- gcnernlly com·cy th e i \en. or 110Y e lty nn<I lc Yi ty. \\' or ol• . the rc f<o r e. nre hy
\·arlons kinds or composition, prose nnd Yorso. oorlous and ludicrous. grnve and
men.m to bo "''"onnted the worst for being old. If they 1trc Hot oboolete;
familiar. Agreen.bly th en to thi:r; first qunlifirntion of the term, we mu 8t under~
ithcr i~ nny word the be tter for hci 11 i::- new. On the contrnry, ~omc tlnw i~
~t.nn<l to be comprohende•l unrlcr gcncrnl use. whal.t:t•er modr,s rlf B]>ttch art m•lhor·
'iitilolntcly neccssrtry !-0 constitute tho.t custom or use, on which the cs~1bli,ht:er! ao good by ll1t turilinvs nj a great 111w1bcr, if 11ot U1t mqjorifv, qf cd.cbraled
mentor wcmls ckJ><' IHl .<.
authurfJ.
•
y-.·, If we ri'cur to the •tnni1tirrl nlrctvly a.<sl~n e d. namely , the writin g<; Af n.
2 , .National Use.-Anothcr qunlification of the term uu which deserves our - ·•
.. cplumlity of celPbrnted author>;. there will be no >'Cope for the compre h••n sio n
atteution, is that it JDUfi L b-0 national.
-~...;~ o f words and idioms which ca11 be d e nominn.ted novel arHl upstart. It must
In every locality there n.rc peculiarities of dlnlect, which affect not only the
_~ ··be ownf"d, that we o ften m ee t wi th such tern1 g nnd p h rn...:;,cs , in nrw ~ r n rw1'1'1 a n.1
pronuncio.tion and the a ccent, but even the in flection an<l the comhf nn.tiou of
:::- , -other periodicals. llut this is not of it.,.clf Rufiicient to give t..hem th e std.mp (if
words, whereby Llieir idiom i~ d!stit1.i;:-11i~hf'd h"th from that of the nn.tfon A.nct
nuthoritY. Su c h w1Jr•i.-. flrnl phrn~+"s nrc hut the- lns('"<·t..~ of o. K4.' n.son nt th •• rn n~~L
frorn LhaL of every oth e r locality. The 111irrownCRR of the ci rcl e to whlci; the
Tha por;nlflr fnney. nlwn.y~ fl<'kh" is J1t~t n_.o; r1rf)mpt to <lrop RU('h wnnl A, a.o.; !t \~· n.~
cu.rr~ncy of the word:-; nnd phra.. . e~ 0f ,..,1ch dlnlec t:'i ll'! <-•onftncd, ~utlklcntly diN~
to Ul.ke them up; a.nd not on...: of o. hunJ.rctl survive..-. tilC pa.nicu.ln.r oc~ wn
cr1iou111tcs t.h~m from thnL which ls rro pi'rly ~ (rle<l Lhe 111ngue.ge, and which
which gave iL birlh.
c o mmnnds n. circuln.tion incompa.ralily wide r.
Whnt ho.s been &J.i<l oflocul di11lecL•, may, wflh very little variation. be npplicd
to professlonitl cllaleer.., or the c,rnt wh ich i" oomctimes obt<C rvcd to prcrnil
nmong U"l03C of the snmc prore,..~i o n or wA.y o f Ii fo. The currency of tbe latter
cnnnot be so exac t ly circn rn s(' rihed 1u;; thnt o f the former, whose di ti tioction fK
purt:'ly local; but their u.se is nQt on Orn.t nccount eit.heT more e xt.en f> ive or more
::eputable. Let the following 6<!rve as Instances of Uuo klnd: .A.dvie<, In the
1

L·

;.Si: ..-~

SENTENCES-L 0 OSE.

93

Short of these wor<ls thoro is no poiJlt where thcro
Of m1tn' s first disohcdiencc. 1tnrl the frui t
Of that forbidden tree. whv~t~ mortal ~te
)1rought den.th into the worl1.l . nn<l nil our woe,
\Vi th 1<1S-'i of Eden, till one ~rcatcr ~tu.u
}{est.ore ui-1 . anJ re!--rain the Lli&;ful seat,
Sing, heavculy Muse.

CHAPTER III.
SENTENCES.

A Sentence is such an assemblage of words 88 will make·
complete sense.
_Senten ces are considered under the following heads: 1. Kinds of Sentences; 2. Rules for the Construction
tences.

Example Continued.- The author, how ever, doos not stop the sen:Ctence here, but p;oes on for eleven lines farther, adding clause upon
clause, and thought upon thought, until the periodic character of
the sentence <li"nppears altogether. The ~entence does not actu:dly
stop until the end of the sixteenth line, although there are before
jJ111t severnl places where a close might be made without incomg,!_eteness. T h uti;
Sl n g-. heavenly Muse. I that on the secret top
Of Oreb, or of Sinn.i , tliU~t in spire
That shephcrt1 . who first taught the chosen seed,
l n the beg inn ing- how the henven an<l eurth
Rose out of chll.OS: i o r , if 8iou hill
Delight th~ more, ancl Silo~' • b rook that fl.owed
Fu..~t by the On\de of God, I llll'nce
lnvokc thy u.iJ to mr u.1lvcnturous song, I
That with no middle flight intend• to soar
Above the Aonifln mount. l whilC 1t punmes
Things una.ttemptc<l yet in prose or rhyme.

I. KINDS OF SENTENCES.
Grammatical Clai<Al tlcatlo n.- Sentences, coneldcred
divided into Simple, C-Ompound, &nd (;omplcx.

Rhetorical Classiftcation.- Sentences, considered rhetori-·
cally, are divided into Periodic, Loose, Balanced, Short, and
Long.
1. Period.lo Sentences.

A Periodic Sentence is one which is so con::;tructed that it 11, complete m ea ning until the very cJo15 e.
The
main point is kept in suspen!'<e until all the subsidiary members and Clauses are disposed of.
d oe.s no t give

. Example from Temple.- The follow ing, from Sir Wlllia!n Temple,
is an example of a periodic sentence.
If you look about yon, nnd comidcr lhc iives of others M ,~en as your own. -~
1r you think how few are born wllh honor and h ow mam · ti le wl•h t
' -::children: h o w little benuty we sec. n11cl h~w fe w frl~nds ~e h~f\r ~ roub name or
d isenBeA and how m h
,,..
.
; ow many • •
,
U C poverty w•e re Is In tho world ; you will fl\ll <1own u
) our knees. and, instead of repining at your afillctlon, wlll a.dmlre
Po
blezsings which you have received at the hand of God.
lllllny

n

'°

It is obviou s that a completed meaning woul<l have been given,
the sentence stoppe<l nt " chaos," at "song," or at "mount."

~-hnJ

2. Loose Sentences.

A Loose Sentence is one which is so constructed that it
may be brought to a close at two or more different places,
- and in each case give a completed me,aniug.
Use s of the Loose Sentence.-A I..oo~o Sentence is not necess11.rily

When the sentences are nll enti rely periodic in structuro,
A proper variety
requires, in Jon; pieces especially, tl1r1t periodic sentences should be
, interspersed occasionally with those that are loose in their structure.

~ c.the composition becomes monotonon8 an<l stiff.

Da:igera of the Loose Sentence.- Tlrn Janger with most writers is
Example from Milton.- If the opening lines of Parad'se
T --t
~
1
that of. having too many loose sentences, an<l of inJulgiug in this
to sto t " h
I M
'"""' · were Pa
eaven Y use," in tile sixth line, the sentence v.·oul<l ·
92
==::::::;~====~

94

95

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC.

SENTENCES-LOOSE.

mode of expression through mere carel essnes.~. The p roper man·
agcment of tho loose sentence, whore it is used, requires much ciu·ec.
1tnd Rkill. Y onng nn•l in<lxp•:rienc('•l writers i;l1ould 11im almoi;t uni-formly to make ~hei r sentences periodic.

uty ls an o.11-pcrvadlng pre!!Cnce. H unfold~ In the numberless flowm of
(i'"Sp"ring. 1t wn.vc:o: in th e brnnc11cs or the tn~ nnd the green blade~ of irrn.c-...~.
· t= ha.Unts the depths of t he earth Rnd scR, nnd g1eanH1 out in the hues of tlie
ftl1rl1 n.1Hl the precious f'Um e. And not onl y the!':e mlnntc obje-et.'I, hut tile OC' C' ftrl ,
t he mountains, the clouds, the ht ·1n·t:nl'i, the stars, the rhi11g- a n d set tln g- s11:1,
nil overflow with beaut y . The u11iver.-c i s it.'i tc>mplc; S.JJd iho."'C men w h o uro
., live t-O it, cannot lift. up t..hcir CY\!:i vdtJ.wut ft.."Cliug the~lY Cl!I elll:UIDpus-sc1..l
with it on every :::;IJ.e.

Difference of Writers in this Respect.- Writers
fo rmation of their sentences in thi~ re~pect. Jn mo<lcrn writings,.
the short, round ed period is much more common thnn it was some
ccntnries ngo. Mnch of tJ.e solemn pomp nn<l majestic stnteliness
of Milton's style, whether in J•ro:;e or verse, is due to the fact that
his sentences are rarely periodic. It would be a mistake, however,
to suppose, on th is accoun t, that tl1 cy are carelcsA o r unstudied.
On the contrary, they are thorougl ily a rtistic, and t.h ey show us
mnch studious cure as t he must liiglily llni8he<l periods o! Mu·
ennlny.
Tho following is un example from Milton:
The n amlcl't the hymm nnd hallelnjnh s of •a!n ts, som e one mny perhnps ·
be heard o!Terfng, o.t high et min• In ne\Y nnd lofty men.rures, to sf n i< and cele·
brR to thy <llvine mcrcie.'I, o.nrl rnnn·ellou~ judgments in this hu1d tbiou:;hout
all nge.•; whe r eby th!• grent nn<l 11·nrllkc nntlon , Instructed and Inured to the
fervent and continual practice of truth nncl rl ghteonsne.'8. nnd e••tlng far from
her the rag• of her old vl<'C'. mny i •rCM on hnrd U • th<lt hli;h nuu hnppy emuln·
tlon to be found the 80bere-'t. wl>e,t, nnll mo•t Christian pN)ple nt !hut day,
when Thon. th e eternal awl >hortly expc('t~ll Ring. Blrnlt open th e cluutls to
Judge the seve ral kln~doms 0f th e \\'Orl d. and rli~t ributi11~ nn. tional honors and
rewnrd s to rclig-iou~ nnd j11!"t (' Omm onwe rdth~. Hh nlt pnt Rn end to nil earthly
tymnnles, proclaiming thy un!Ycr><nl nml mild monarchy through heaven and
enrth; where they, undoubtedly, that by tlH"'lr labors, C'ouu~els. and prnyertt,
lrnvo been cnrne•t for the common v;ood of their religion and their country,
shnll receive nbovc the Inferior orders of the hl(',..cd th~ r~ g u.l 1ul<llllon of prlu- .
clpn.lities, l egions, n.nd thr one~ Into the ir b~ c1 rlnu~ titks, llnd , In s uJ)(_'.rcmlncnce
of OOutific vbion, progn...-•ssing the do.teless n.nd irreYolul;lo circle of eternity.
shall clasp 1nscpa.rn.blo hnnds with juy u.1uJ l.iliss. Ju ovormcrumn.1 forovor.

Recommendation to Beginners.- In a majority of cases, pn.rti.cunrly with cnreles.q wri ters, if n sentence i~ not period ic, it is faulty.
·It is well thcrnfore for beginners to w;,ke :i sp c,ciu.l study uf sen -tences in referen ce to th i" poin t, and to exercise t.he111"elves in rooonstructing loose sentences so !L8 to give them n per iodic character.
·:;c -Example.-Tukc tl1e following:
We en.me to our jo urney's onil. ! nt las t. I with no small tllfficulty, I .,n.,r much

fatigue, I ilirough J.,cp roau•, I anu uau weather.
' 0 This is n very loose sentence, there ueing no less than five <liffcr·ent places, at·any one of which tho Rcntence mi ght lie tei-miuat.:<l,
so ns to be gramrnatic:1lly com1•lc:tc. Tho sentence may be recon·
·structe<l nnd made ll"rio<lic., as follows:

~·-- At

la.st, arter mu<'h fatigue. thr01 1::!h deep roads, a nd ba.<l weatl1er, we en.me.
with no smn.ll diftlculty, to our jourrn:y 's end.

Archbishop Trench, j u:-;1Jy ccklmde<l for liis con t riuu t ions to on r
knowle<lile of tho En;.;Ji,Ji tonp:u0. i;,; B<nncti rncg cxcced inp:l_v careless
in the construction of l1is ~cut.:.u(·c.s. Tho following is taken from
:.::..J;he profuco to l1is "Stu<lies in the Gu;,;pcls:"

-:-:=- Gathering
c-·,,,,,°":'.:-r·c.0; ' : '

·-

llP lat~. .·ly n. pnrt!on of wl1 0. t 1 h1v1. written , fo r put,ltC'nt1on. 1 hnxo
g iven it as cnref11i n r c \·bton n. ."I my leisure wuuld tlllc1w, bnvc lndeC'd i n mn.ny
pn.rts rewritten !t , ~ct..·k!r1;.: to prolit !Jy th e n.'sults of the lat.est crlt1cis1n, u..-:s far u.s
I hu.ve Leen ubh: tu llcquaiut wys1..~1r w ith tl1 e 111 .

Compnro this with tho following from Macaulay:
An acre in 'Middlesex!> w orth a p r indpl\lity Jn Utopia. The ATnnllest o.ctua!
good is better than the moNt mn~nifi<'ent promises of impossibllitleB. The wiR!l

n1an or the Stoics would, no d0nl 1t.

Lt~ t\

i.;rtrn <h : r ol1jel·t thnn

a s tenm --cng-lne.

.liut there are sU!am--engin('s. nnfl the 1\·i~e man c1f the Stoics IR yet to he born.
A philosophy whlch should ennhl e " mlln to feel perfectly hRppy while ln
ngonles of pR.in, muy be b ett er tl~nn R. J1ld1'1~mphy which ~ ul\ ~CR pai n. nut
l\'C know th flt th er e nre rc rn1_·d!1_· .~ whid1 w ill u......"' 111\f,.'"'C pfdn; n.nd we know that

the ancient SllgCS llked the tooth -uche just

!\S

little as their neighbor&.

The following paragraph frotn Channing will illustrnte the
point:

No one versed in composition c~m rend tliis sentence w ith out feel ·
_., ing that it is put together very Joo,0ly. First, the words" for pnb·
]ication" arc out of phce. ~t.an<lin;.; w)1ere tlicy do, they nrnk e th o
author suy that ho" had written for pnblic:1tion," which is ju~t th o
opposite of what he menns. l!is mea ning is that he had written a
good many thin;.rR, nntl lie now gathe rs th<>m up for pn hli<"ntinn. Hy
_,-~transposing those words to their proper place, and hy Ji\'i!ling t.he
p assage into two <liRt.inct senf<'nces, the whole becomes more clenr
to the apprehens ion of the reader.
-

.-

..

--

i~

. -.--.-,.-... . . . -

~

___...,

1~!~--~~ ~4~~~

96

.

CO.llI'OSITION AND RHETORI,C.

EXANI'LES FOR I'RACT!CE.

97

him thoso unmistaknl>l c fcnturcs of Jewi"h physiognomy
with which the SamnriUlll8 had noth in g in common, to her snrpri~e
n<ldressed her.
t:; 7, It is certnin tl1nt his cont ~Y1rnces seldom failed to serve th A
tfrpose for wl 1ich they were designed, whatever may bo thought of
the hnmnnit.); Of snm o of tl1clll .
8. Bnrko's rnind, 11t once p l1ilosophic:1l and poet ical, fonnrl some.. tbing to instrnct nnd tn deligl1t, in every part of those 1111 ;:;t1 balcH n(
,: c. In<lian information, which repelled alrno8t n.ll oth er rond..,rn.
'::_ 9.· When Hastings was first irnpenclio<l, if he had nt once p1en<le<1
g uilty, and pnid a fine of fifty tho11sa;,1 pounds, ho would have been
better off, in every th in g ex('cpt c!i:trncter.
~ 10. He would still hnvo had a moderate competence, after all his
losses, if he hll<l practised n 'trict econnmy.
-11. It is to the citizens, - our objert, to ns~ure to onr country n
-trnnrp1il futurn, - not. ns 01·<lcring, hut us offering patriotic co11n~el,
.v ie address ourseh-cs : to th o end thnt, ns in tho l111111u lest dwelling,
-the ROD may succeed the fatl1er in penrc and qnict 011 t l"' t.hron 1'.
12. Some wished to come to the 11ssi4ance of the defeat.ed i.n'ncrnl;
others lanKlll'd :u~l encourn.u:vd l1n; and still others, 111 cn in lii:io
·...;,;;,; blo uses nrul heavy !1\Jb-naik<l sl1ue'. wi)(J wo1·0 n:1<11 l1\r cus1nmvro at
the Green u .. t with th eir Wllf'."flS ll!Hl horHe•, and l.)()rO no ~00<!-wili
"-o·fo -tho r o po-dnncers, becnnse they interfered with their nccnstome<l
:.·c comfort., spoku low o f ·• rabLlc, ., al)(l "turn them 011t.," a ~cn t irn «nt
·- which in its turn <lisplease<l a few enthusiastic n<lmirers of lti;;h
art.
13. Whetlwr Alie i" "'iii wnn1lering ahont in the <lcRert. like Lady
Stau11ope. wi lli a nrnn w h n l1nd "'"'·'''I!, whl'n Syiln E·)· rn<:'t tl1('lll, to
oxliiLit the J l\\'Olion of n lon·r, int rnine<l skirtH. 1vith th e lat.oRt pattern- gloves and bound, wi t !; ~hrie S t 11nrt points, or whether tilie
sickened of the Orient nn<l cam e Luck to Europe, i" not kno wn.
14. lliR habitation is Rome poor thatched roof, di,t inxui•l1ed from
his harn oy 1.ho Joop-l11ik' tliat, h-t ont s111okc, whi ch tho rain had
long since WlL'i1e<l th rouc:h, hut fN t h e do11h1e ceiling of hacon on
the insi<le. ''" liich has hun~ tltc:·e frorn his grand~iru's tim<J, and. is
yet to make rnclic·r,.; for posterity.
1.3. Th e 1: cw iil1i1o~npliy 1a~ intrvC.uce<l so gre~t a rorre~pilnde rH' O
liet.wecn 1ncn pf k·:irnini! and irien of l111~in~~-"'; which h~l!-\ rtl :-io 1Jt'l'D
increasc<l by ,nJ.er t1cc i<kntR nrnon,._~t the rnn.,ters of otl1er k11rne<l
profeR~ion,.;; and that r•cdnnt ry wlii"li formerly wn• ttl rn o•t 1mi1·ersal

Gathe rin g up lately for publication " portion o r whnt I bnd written, I hava given i t as careful a rcvi~ i on n.s my leisure wouJd allow. I ha ve lndee<l in many .
pnrtiq rewritt en it, f'C('king tn profit by the rc..-; ults or Ule lulcflt critieiMm, UB far ns
l hnvo been able to acqlmint myself with them .

Another Example from Trench. -Tho Renten<'o foll owing the
nlren<ly quoted is even more faulty in co nstrncti on. It is 11" fulluws:
For my lnbors I ~hnll be rtbunduntly rcpnid, if n O\v, wl1 r n so rn.1\1')1 <''J11trurer1tc~ nrc drawin g nwny the Ch ri~tin.n '!tudent from th e n ch aucl qt11('t pastures of
Scrirtnre to other fields. n ot perhaps barren, but which cnn yleli:r no sucb nour111.hmeu t as th rn<e do, I •hnll have contributed aught to detain 1m;r, amoug them. ·'

In attempting to g iven periodic form to n loose sent.enee of this ·
kiml, it is sometimes necessary to reconstruct tl1 0 !'<?ntence entirely.
Tho best perhaps that can be done, · in the present iD£tanco, is to ---,
make it rend thus :
.
For my labors I Rhnll be abundantly repaid, If I shall hnve contributed aught
to detain the Chrlstinn M.Ud i' nt among the rich nnd quiet pn'l>tnre• of ~crlpture,
now when so mnn;- contronrsies nre dra w ing him nway to oth e r field•, not per- ''.
haps barren, but which cau yield uo such uouribl1mcut a.s th""" do.

Examples for Practic.e.
ITlio following Loose 8cnwuces nre to be reconstructed , oo as to become

J'cri o1llc.j

1. Shn.ftcsbur y's strength lay in r easoning nnd sentirnent, more than in description; however much l1is descriptions hnve been admired .
2. They n,p ire<l to .C:flze full on tlw int<>lernblo brightnP•• of the
Deity, instond of catching oconsionnl g limpses of hl-m tli rongh nn
obs(~nring vt~iL

a. Tl1ey d1'•pi sed nll the accomplishments and all the dignitieR of
the W<_1rld , confident of the favor of Gotl .
4. :Milton nlwnys selected for himself tho boldo~t lit<>rnry Aeniee~,
thn.t he might sh1Lke the foundations of dobusing sentim ents more
olk'-Ot,11 11.lly.
5 . :M il t.on'~ nn.ture ~t· l.:ctcd nnd drew to itself whatc,·er wns grent
and good from the puriiamC'nt fUld from the court, from the convcmt icl o und from tlio cloister, from tho g loom y and ~cpnlclirnl c ircles
of th" Houu<lhea<ls nml from the Christmas revel of the J,o,pitable
Cavali ,,r,
6. Slie hu<l probably already filled her pitcher, when the st ranger
at tho well, whoru sho ruay l1a ve seen only to avoid, for slio recog·

,;

J

~-

'·

:~~

98

••

CO:l!POSITJON AND

RllliT~RlC.

is now in a gniat tncwure dio~sc<l, cspecialiy 1~nOni-,~t tho young
men, who nro tnnght in the univerniti es to laugh at that frequent
citation of scrnps of I,atin in common <li~conr~ o, or upon nr:.;nmcnts
t.hnt <lo not require it; nnd thnt n!1n~eou~ o~tc.ntntion of rellding a
Rcholar~liip in public companies, wli ich form<irly was so 111uoh in
fm;hion.
J ft. An nn~e c n hnnd s\\~ceps OVfff the kC'ys of tl 1c 1ni;:d1ty in5trn..
1nent, i;\rhich after centnri e~ of stn<1y, men~··fl'rO jn~t beginning to
1

99

SENTENCES-RALANCEa

ing. A Balanced Sentence 1s seldom loow, though not ncc08·
sarily periodic.
sc nt ,~nc(•s

of tlii' kin<l .

Tho ful1owing

llM

The style of Dryclen i.o: f'nprir.inus R.nd ,·n r ih1 . thnt of Pope f~ <'nutious nnd uni-

_-7-':&_
-:
--·;!;Ji

·

Dr. Johnson aho11n(b in
==
e:rnmples:

=

__ ,_

furm . Dryden oheys the iuotiou "' of his own mind. Pop{~ c1111l'11.rnin,s his 1nirid to
liis O\\.'ll rule qf cornµosition. Dryden is l"-f11netilncs v c heroc11t nud rnpid, !'opo
-

wo:ys °f'l"fl(o{>lh. untrorm. nni1

i f> Y~l.

Pty;1~n·~

y.A.ge- TR R. nt1tn¥"at

f'i~ld.

rtfl1ng

untlerstan<l, nn<l the 1i;-;t-euiog C:lr ca.tcl1cM tlie -Fr\\-·ell of the def'P notes -0·?iA~:;;~.~~~p--;- -rnto iucqnalitit~. nud diw·rsirleJ Ly lhc vuricd cx ubern.ncc (If ill.mndant veheta·
of triumph, wli ilo gi11<l nt•tC~ of re,ioicini.; and ·hitter soun<ls of
tior1 : l'opc"s is" velvet law". slrnq·n by tli,• "<:yllie. and 1"vc llcd uy th e rolic·r.
make 00 <liscord, callc<l forth by the mnster-htm<l.
- Dryden knew more of nrnn in his Kenernl na tu re. iuHl Pope in hi' Jo,·nl nrnn-

woe

._

nors. The notion!=!. of Dryden were fornH-·1l by comprehen~ive ~rl('-Cuii1tion, un'l
those of !'ope by minute lllt.ent!on. ThNe is more digtilty in the i.uowlcd,;e uf
Dryden, n1".l more ccrt>1inty in th11t or Pope .
·· The man is little to he envied wh o"C )'atrl .. t!•m would not i:nln for~<- 011 1J,o
·. plains of Marathon . or whose piety would not grow warmer among lhe ru !us
of lono..

J 7. Tho sides of tho crat<:r went oheer <lown to a great depth,
enclosing a lilnck abyss which, in tlie first excitement of tho f'Cene,
the startled fHn()y migl it well imngine <:xton<ling to the bowels of
the earth, from which there camo rc•l1i ng up vast c loud~, <lens..-i,
lJlnck, sulphnrons, which 11l timcR rornplct.<ily (•ncircl t1<l tli(•lll, Rhnttini.; ont everything from view, filling (•yeR, nose, and mo11tl1 with
fu1u()S of lirim"tune, forcin;; Uiem to hiJl<l tlie tails of their coats
or tho !'kirt.s (it'" nll tho Bl\me thini.;) ovor their fncci>. •on" not to
he altogeth er Rnffornt('(l. "·hi!0 ~gntn nftPr n while n ticrro blast of
wind clrivinµ; <lownward \\°olll<l l111rl tlie smoke aw:ty, nud d11Hliing
it ngnin~t the ot.licr si<lo of tlie crnt.er, gat.hc:· it 11p in <len"e volumes
of blackest smoke in tl1 ick duu<l' wl1icl1 rollt:<l up the flinty cliffs,
nncl rencliing tho ~nmmit l•Olln<lcd f1ercoly ont into tho sky, to pn s.~
on and bu >«.:en from nf'm· ll• t.11/Lt. <lrend puunnnl of Ve,uviu•. wliich
is t.he sign nm] •ymbol of its mn,tcry o,·cr tho earth 11roun<l it and
the inlrnbitants thcreo( <'Ver ch:rnging llnd in nll its changes wntched
with ll we hy f enrful m en who rcnil in those clinni.;es their own fnte,
now tnking henrt. n~ thC'y· ~<'O it. more t r nnon~ in it~ consl~tency,

Junius affords nnmcrons cxnmplcs:

~~--But.my lord . yon

mo.y qn!t the fidrl of bus!nc."8. though not the field of ,Jnnger ;

o:nrL thongh you ('Rnnnt lx' :::-.nfe. you nrn.y c•Pfl~e to he rldk11l011 .'!.
They n.rc ~till bn.'-'c enoui-:h tu l'lll'<Jllni~e Llie fullics of yuur age, a.~ tl1ey o:H·e
-. ----OJ<l -t·l1-B Vif'•:.11. ••f yuu r ytllth.
Even now they tell you, thnt l'LI' you liYcd without virtue you ~hould 1lie w llh·

out repents nee.

Pope.- PNliap.• no En "li~ h writ.-r lifl.~ f'iven more fini'l"·<l spe ei -

rnon" of t.hi" kind of Hontcnco than !'ope, and tlu1t l>oth io liis
poetry and in liiti pro8e.
Worth mak e• the man. the wnnt or It the fellow.
Homer w"-' the JCTCr.ter «en!u• : Vir~il I.he better nrti•t: in the on~. we mn't
admire the mn11; in the othe r, the work. Homer hurrie!'l lL"I. with a cornrnan1lln~
impetuosity~ \'irgil lcatls Wi with an u.t.tractiYe llHl.je.sty. Horner SC."l.t!.(~r~ with a
Kencrous profu,iun: Virg-il IK>stowa with a careful mll.Knilkenc:c. l!oillcr, Iii"'

Menn shndtlerin g n.s t.hoy 8Utl it g:ithoring in <lenser fold~, nn<l firrnlly
11we-stricken
overcome
they
the thick black cloud-~iiiiiii~tt.~.e
pours out his riches with :i sudden o..-crflow; Vlrgil, like rl•er
;;i;
rise proudly up to hea><:ln in a. Jong straight ·column at whose upper .;
· :nh. with o. constant •trcam. And when we look upon their m11chines. Hnm<>r

and ali

ns

terminaf.ion tlic colo~sa] 11iiiar

see

!'lile,

-.-':":'§!#~'-t ~--:co-

sprem],

it.8\'if out 1111<l Hhows to the

stnrt.led gaze the drond 8ymbol of the cypress-tree the herulu of
earthqunke~, ernptions, nncl . . . . . -Th~ .Dotlqe Club.
3. Bain.need Sentences.

A Balanced Sentence i" one ('Ontaining two cl:111>1(';l wliich
8,re similar in form and to some uteot contrasted in mean-

._
-·_-

-· ..:SJ,~~~.~.::~~.~.-,
.. · .

'''·
~,~'

.seem!-' 1ik e hie;; 0Wn .l 1q .it('r, in hio:: !('r:-00 , ~hn.king O\ ymp11 <1, ~(·nni:rin!.: ttl'..' lii:Ltning~ . and firing lhc hel\Yen .... Yiq{il, iih.e tli....· :-:nme i)llwer, in hi."I bcnc,·o]('ti.·c,
counselling with Uic go<l•. l11yini; plan• for empire., and ordering hlo wli ot~

crcn.tiun.

~~:~tt~·~~~
· ~~~~ Various Sonrees.- The
-=
'SOtlf't-t::S:

,,;;.'.:

,.

~t

following exiunples ar;;

from

vttl'ions

chih.ln.:n bury thtir unrent~: iu '"fir. parents Lury U1dr chll(lrt•n_
If yon wi~h to enrich a. ~rson, s tth1y nut tu iw..:rcu....--e his store~ . Uut tu cliwi11Lh
his deHires.

--";'---~-- In p<:fll'C.
•to--. ·""·
&»~ ..~"'.""

a :n

.. >.

,___::_.

•·.

·":<

-.---~
--·-.- ~

100

C () .Jf !' () S I TI () N

AKD

\ Yortls 11n .: l h c c1Hmters of wi se m en. 11nd th e nHllh: )' o f fool s.
wit i11 thi11 g..: , a11d n wil 1lj11 ;..: g:lr r i11 w11rd ..; .
\\' l i.: 11 W i: 111 L'C·I nn :q 1p1l n·11t ;: rro r i n 1L ).!ltfH I a11t li11 r , Wt' nn· t• ) prr~ 11 me n11r~rh·(.I:!
i ~nor1111t of h is u11 d'2r:--t: t11dillg. \I nti ! \\ t: 1l re n ..:rtni 11 Lhul ,.,~ u11.\t'r!-la1al his ig·
j\ jugi:lc r I:-; ll

I h,rHfl l:C.

<' linrity e re ah. . s rnu c h

Ll f

l hc rni sl'ry it rt'lie,·1.,_·s. l1ul d ues n o t re lieve all th o

nli :o:l' ry i i 1._·n·att.·..:.
Not tli nt I lo ved C:1•sar les. .. . IJlll that I lM'C1l Home m o re.

Use of the Balanced Sentence. -Th e Balanced Sentence
is wel l suited to ~ati re ::uul epig ram , a nd t.o e~~n vs in wh ich
characters arc d elin eated, or sul>j ccL,; a rc ~ct off l~ y co ntnl.:it.
It may often lie used ubo in d cc lam ati!! n a11<l oratory. But
it is rnrcly proper iu narrativ e, or iu dc:;c riptio11.
Hebrew Poe try.- Balanrcd se nt c n <'e~ of 11 snm c wh at pcculinr kiacl.
nrc to be f1i11nd i11 ll C'l1r,' w p»<'l ry. Tl 1e « •rt ot' 1·<>Bsl.r11 ct.i•>l1 11,. re
n _·fv r n ·ll tn i ~ 1·:lllt•d Pandlelism , an •1 i ~ a n i!lr:tri:t lih_' d 1ar;t{·1~r i :-)Lii.i
of l IL"lir1·11" ,· ~ r.,;e.
A w i~c ro n mnL; ('. th n. ~l 1\d r"th e r: h ut

A. f1 •<1 JL~h

JOI

SENTENC J.: S- SIIORT AND J,ONO.

II II R '/'Oil I C.

si,n i :-; th r ?11"i1 Yi11._. .... ~ uf lib

'1 rros~ecl. in one long, in volvc·d sr nt <'n ~e . Sli<>rt er nt r n<'C" nl"> !'i ni
11cprightli11 css nnJ :111ir11at i"n l« 1!11· 't ;·l,-. On tli ·:· orl 1o_·r l i: >tl'l, I<>"
gr aL a s ucccs:;iun u f ,; i1 ur·L ,;,· ut..:11 ce' l<e('u r11c,; 111 .. r11 •t«r11<l b "'"i t i;·0 l!OtnO.
A Jong; 8eutc nce a1"11 , it" w,·1 1 c11 r>"t rrr cteu, ).;i,·e;; a ti11 t" "i'i '"'"·
tunit.y fo r cli nrnx.
French nnd German Writers.-l' r1· n1· h \ni ter~ gl' nNally :m: eh~r ·
notorize1l by th eir fon •l r1t'"" f,,r ;; hort ,,•nk nc..:;;, " ·lii k (;,.rr11:11>'
nrn crprnlly rcina rkul.ile for scnL..: 11,·e,; wlii cl1 nr u lunµ: , in,·c·h·,·d, a111l
cu111l.iersomo.
Bishop Dorme. - ,\ 111 0 1>;:; :\ rnc·ri(' :tll \nit er" of nolt-. l\i ,Ji«J• ll••:tll <'
h11ui t 11ally cast Iii ,; tl1t>n µ:li ts i1>t11 t l1 e fo rm uf hri,·f, 1.·1•i µ: ra111111 ati,,
scutcn ce:-l nn1l n ot 11n fn·1 11u.: nt ly «;11Tit.:d li i~ parti ali1y f11 r ti ii~ ~: .'le
1
of ' vrit in g to nn c xtre rn e . Tl tt· f11l\11w i11~ ;lrl_' 1,_• x :111q111 ·."' fr tl ;n Iii~
!'H't ' f !1 1, !l~ :

"T h ct: hnrc h '!-1 w1 ,rk i""S Jiiril -\\·,;rk. >••t t 1 1 l 1t:d u 111 · nnii 1l lJ. ·· ht·at ariol 1 ,,.; ~" ..(
n o t f•l h e 1h'11H· tliri •11;.:: h th ·· l •"k11d1 · rn ;.: ~· ,,f 1· n1111·hl • :~ ~111·l .. ; i i . \ \ .....

c1) ntrrt \'t' r~y :

pnpt·N: 110L t u h l' rl"lll' ir1 I Ii<...·

Uc d o 11 c 111 prinlll' .

It

t

lll l l ~t lw

·~1111wil" Hf I !i ·· f ' i.'1. ··h
i 1 1:1 •:·1
\'ln~ t·t . l l tllll~I l•c' d • ·l i •· i1 : t lw ~n:11 · ·

·,•I!\ t ·11 t 11 •11." nri d t

.\ 111\c lt 1 !hi'

It 11 \\t ~t l ie d•1 t11..~ in ~l'l1"''h. It 1n11:--t l w .\•Hit· !11 f1111 1t lt•' "
It 111 11 -. 1 h•
do n ~ in p n ri ~ li c~. lt."tnu:--t. Ju,: d<1111.: iii th o..· r 0111 ,. f ~kh.ti•.: ~ -" - l1 rn11 -.t \,.. ;1 ., 1w i ll

t.111\1' \' .

U"H1thcr.

'fr1 ·11.:iiurcs o f '.rick e dn<.:~s pro fit n o thi ng : hut r l b li k•ou" 1H.~· .:~ d ell r e rc th from

<lc11th.
Th e Lnr 1l will not s11ffl)r tl1t' ~n 11l o f th e ri h hlt:uw1 lo fn111i :- l1 . lJut h t• n 1 ... 11..:t b
tlway th e ~u h:-: tnn ce ,)f lhL' w k ke d .
li e lil~Cc1mcth poo r tlhl t d cnlt: th wit h n :-.luc k h n n U: b ut th (' l11u1d of tht~ .l\ l1gc11t 1111\ kdh rkh.

H e thu t gnt il cn' th In ~u mm c r is n wi se son: hut h e th nt sl\:·.-:.· pd li In h 1t n ·cst is
n son tlrnt co.u!'-4.:lh . l11trnc.
H l t"'!i'.'"iin~s n r c 11 pon tl h ' h e1\l l (,ft lie ju!'l t: t.ut \' ioknc·e 1·1 ,\·1·r•: lh t l w 11 Hr11 lli 1d' tl 1c
w i;·k ···l
T he l/\\'lllO r y uf till' j11 ~ t is: 11 \t~!-t...C<l : lJUt lfit~ 1mmo o f the \\' i d.:r< l ... hnll ro t.

Tli e l1onk of .Tol\ th •' P":ilm". Prr. ,·c· rl·s. Song uf ~r, ]ornon, T>dcfl bq~o pnrt nf tli o l'r11pl1 c ti n il l>onk", ;tnd th o pndi,·:11 1'11rtit1n,; of nll th o otht' r h<>r>k.G, 11ro maJ0 up en tirely uf tl1,.,,. 1•:1r:il-

~in,t c ",

Jdi,m~ .

00

UH· .1 ent h <· h n m hr r ."

"J ,ook nt the I1t•nco n StC' i' h ,·11 . li i:-. fnith !1i1 l'r"f'lnmatk•n or th (" \\"'rd .. r.~ · 11 • 1"
J ew~. They r.rt11n1)t 1·1t1 11l11l t Iii in \\ i tll n·u...... 1111 or wit_h tru th. Tlw ~· Jilru
ftll~o will1 e~~es. TlH"Y ~!ir iii.; 1°1 ·p 1d1· llJ•. T lw y ~t:l li i111 lw!"r" tlw 1·.. 1111 ··il..
Th ey c011de1nn ll i111 fa\ .. 1· \ y. Tl w \' c11-t l dn1 fro111 tli•' l· it;.·
T l11 ~ li!;1d i :w y
Ht r ip , th ry ~tm1e llim. li e ~t1u1d:-i. l k \11ttk~ ti> li1·a \' 1._' Il. lie ; •r:1y~ !·1 r tl1111 1.

th e

Jh: d it.·:i ."

Rule on the Subjec t .~ In n· ~a r.J t•i \111 · 11~(· of' tl1< ·~" ff\"• ·rn;
kinJ~ uf 8Cltil·1rlT~ . l'l'rin il ic :u1d Lo11:'(". lbla:H"·,i , ~ iH •rL :111,i
Lon g, t.he 011ly general rul e that ca11 lie g in·n i~ to ~Ludy
yariet v .
Tlic c ~u· ti!'<:o~

4. S hort and Long Sente nces.

st yle·

lthct.or i cu.l l.:ffl' ct.. -

A f;wt ur a t 1·111i1. (' X l•T' •_.... : . .: •.·t l i11 ~ t•\' t•r : d ·-lt11rf'.
JfllH C

(.'H :" ily

11111kr . . . lu111 l

tl1a11 \\ !1t· 11

r 1n (•

kiIJd ,,f

.; v 11!1·n;· 1._ ·..:. . wl:1·11 11111'-'.'

t

··11~ ·: n11 ·· 1l .

l1(•1·11:t11 ·-..:

1r 111111> t 1 1111l\ l ..;.

l'XCelh~ nt. t.h:lf. llHHl, ,i 111 :1y J ....
Nol e. Tl1 1• 1.r111·\1•' 1 ' 11f n
l t: ll l't_:,..;

t1 L· l uf' l11.:d ~·" llt1• n rc-; , i.-4 11 . .: n:tlly

:rn_v

11 i...; l 11·lt1·r l·\· •· n t11 111i1" 11· l1i1·1 ·
t•<·(·:1 si1.i1al !y a :o:t·nt1,_•11 (· 1· tl1al 11_,. it . . 1·\f w1• 11ld 111.· fa11\1.\, 1!1:111 1•• !1; 1\1 ·
~l' ltt enees i n 1011 ~ ~·;i 1 1 ·< ' t· :-- "'•ill\ :d i f 11r111 1·d 1ill t!w :-- :l:IH' 11111(J , ·1 . i1·•\\ ,·\i-r·

T!1 l'·

Short and Long. - Tl if" di\'i ... i•1 n nt' ~1 · n tr- t11· 1,_ "l. in fi 1 ~hu r l :111tl T.i dl~
rl 1ws not r u•1ui ru d ... li ui tio r1. Tit<· k rr ns l' Xpl:li11 t li ... 111 &1·1',·o. It. i;
w,·11, lwwen·r, tu 1wtkc0 tli t' rl1 L" fur i•· al 1·1Tc•1·t prtu!ill' <'d l·v 1-:u·l1.

of

iJl \ 11

~it<lll

PJ1t ·.,, Hit d

''i!ll'-lrt!l':in~·
1 • ,.11\loi1 iilt 1~

... , : 11 .·1 11·· ""· r .. ..... ]\

i r ·~ l .. PL'. · • •11;·' · • ,, · 1·

-( 1,, lt lllii•·l"'ll'l•·lil '- ' !I '• I" , . .._ l'.t ' ·• j .. 11.~~

fl t1l· « . l-< fl \l'f)' 11 ... 1· !'1d 1·:-;i·r1 · i "' " li •f Iii•· i-\ ll •kllt
! 11 111~l,i : 11• t l ~ · · ,.
d1nngc:-1, I\ l"li,.;:ht 1'111u1gt· u f w un l ~ 1~ ~11111 1'l i 11 1 ~·!'\ l lCl't..'·""...: 1\ry . Jl j .. ;d .""•) H•: •: •' " "'ll)

CU lllll'l 'll' d

9 ...

·\·r.

'

f:.

c0

102

:l l p

0

s r TI 0 N

A ND

R Tl ET 0 fl

r c.

·v

cS:"'Cb wvre r(' q11irl..' d f11 r tl1e \ '{J_\'il,!!l' ]1_y :-:.t·n. . Th 1 ~
npp l icd T11.
Ti1l' tr:irlt·r.. ;. tinil~ :1rl\·:l!li.·1 ~ ~· "f t~ • 1I

OCCGsi0n a.!ly to intr ofltlCC ll Tl (' \\' WOr<i., 51lf'h ns b11!, rm,./, ilwrefure, however, and

the 111.:e. Tlw st·ntt'nt· c:; lliu ~ n : 1·n11 :: t ru <:ted nr e 1111 t 11c t 1·:-!-- ilri l y lrnp rored thc rel·y. 'l'l ic l.!·jt·· ct of the t·x 1·rci."l' i...: t11 knrn \i ,1 .. ,· r.. \'1 1ry lJ ,1.: l•·nn vf n .s u 1tcnce
ru1d yf•I i. ' XJlrr> ~.-: <'ll'nrl y til t 11H·11nl11 ~~ - \\' ht·!l11·r i1 1 tl !JY 1•arti1 ·1t\11r <-il~c tlt c form
t'ihquld be thu.-.: drnn ~c d 11\UH l>c left to the ttL..: tt' aud j 11dg,111(·11t o f th e writer.

1l1(~ ( ';·ti....; ;1111· r s .
Tl wy \\"l 1(j l1l J!!I: :--11 1·1·1:- 1! 11..·/1! ,,-j1h
n uder ciLd ity-th·L: llH ,1i:-:.:111.I t11:1r!... .. : ~,f :--.d\' \·r. Tl1 °_·y ~· J 1 11 ~ t-.
(.{) t.nko n ~ha ro in tli e ('ru:-;:L 1i....'. In l' l·1 11rn tlwy :··1 i ; 11:l:i 11.. J f,ir· fl.
ll tH 't.'S.'-\ it.y

ddt.:f

gr il' f w hich :-:lie t·n r eU. n u t to r en.·1d; Lut ~i g hs n11d g r nnng were the
' ' li kli ::. tu.: gn q· t· J l11 ·r 1k:-1•'1l1•kr1t.:y, tunl '' !1i(·l1 , tlll ' llbh t.lwy Ul!i-

mni ('ty o!' ! 11(•,

\' (' 11 t

.~ rn f f' 1' <"fl IrN-:n u ." f ,,c r f rd. F e w wo rd.-.: ~he utt t" rC' tl, f\! JJ they wrrf' nil exprr!'.l:\lro
o f snme inw1tril >!"Ticf which ~he cn a ·J n ot to rrH·nl. :=:ighs nnd gn) il!HI, howP.t•t?r,
\rere tl1 c d1i1.:f n : nt , . ,. li kl1 ~he gtn·1..· to lu.:r dl"'' i'"'11k·11(·y. ·n,,,:·;c, tJ1uugll U1ey
di ."iL'OYCrcd her ~or ruw :-;, were llc\·cr td1h: to r.n..-c 1..1r n.i\..'i \11lgl' tl1t:111.

1

7. I run :-\a1i:-:tit·il.
drcmn. We lin \'e

Exn n>ples for P r ucticc.
cx omp1 (·~

wlikli fnll tJ W a rc partl y }1111~ f':<'ll l C rH'f'~ whi1'h are to bo
t1..:sn ln~d into s hort •Hies, u:id partly r, l1ort ::cnlt'n c t:::i wliid 1 urc to l>e cumLined
i11tu lo n g o n .:-~.1

Ii . Th e land jo11rn "." "' "~ 110 l•>11gl'r tl 1011 t: lt1 uf. Tl,,, C:re e k s w ere
too w ell l;noll'n . Tli e_y had lt11 t. r<HT 11tl.1· 111 n8s1HT <a l tli c Latin s in

Tlit· ~l1i!' ~ail :-; 1)11.
\\·ork, llt> pain.

11t1

\\'e r :1.11n•it :--1__-1' , )t 1!t w1·

I lik e ti"·

~11ip.

1·: t r1

I likv tl•l'

voyage. 1 iike Lite ('ulllJIHll)'.
a11J "'' 11lc11t.
8. Tl1e :")f,ory of tl1L'. \\'aX('rJ "·in t:"'i llia t \\'1..·rc lw: ltcd 1'.1· th . . : :-:~111 i-.
no unn1 c:uii11g- fahh.·, a rid t!Jt; (' U lll iw11:d 1·ff11r :.-.., 111:ldc \. 1) ii1\1...·!if a i1:1 iJoun, o r utl 1e r c011tri\·<t1we..; f1 1r :1l;rial 11a,·i;:a1 i1111. i-, !1t:l an t' .\ 'flf. t '"' .... j(, 11

1. I kno11· tl 1a t lli:it prn,1·t" r \\·ill he n11s11·ere1l. I kn11w tl1uL tl 11 tt
lo "e \\'ill li e s li c1l al •ro:ttl. I k 1J1>\\' that it will ~"·"11 all lienr t.s.
knu\\' tlrnt it will kindle e1·l'ry tttll;!ll C. I knuw tlrnL it will Le in
ev e ry liand more tlinn n ti\\'Ortl o f tire.
2 . Tlic c·1111nt ess "·ns prc\'ailcd o n l.1y li er li11 s ltand, I.li e rnill'tnl
C'tl l' lllY o r E:-: .~ e x. no: to ('\l'('lltP the ('Otllllli ~ .. .: in ri:
a11d Elizalieth,
wiiu "t ill expected li1al l1C'r fa1· o ritc \\'(Hild 111 akl' tl1 i,; l:"t lll'i'"nl to
lier l.l·ndc rn e"", and 11'1 10 a:«Til>rd the llt'gicet ,,fit t11 Iii" i11l'incil>io
ob:<tinn('y , \\'a~, al'l e r 111 11('h del a y nn<l many in te rn nl <'ontli('f~, pushed
Ly n :,,cnL111l'J1L and puliey lo 'it;n tl1 0 wnrrnnt. fu r l1 is execution.
[D iv ide into fo11r ee 11 1"11<·c·,; .]
:>. Th e 11·i .'C rr.ini:<t<'I'>' and ]q·a \'c wanior,; 11·!10 tlonri sll(:d un1l cr
li e r r e ig n, s liare tl 1c prai,;l' of )l(' r ~JIC ('es" . ln stea1l, lio\\' C\'C r, of
lcssc n inii th e nppl:.11 "1' <1111' to lirr, they make g rc•at nddit.ion to it.
jCn mJ,in o int •> one ~v 11 te 1we.j
4. , \ s I li c di ' l" "itio n lo nitici;;c, n nd t o lie tli <~ n s ! c<l , i:", p erh nps.
takt•n 11p origin:dly l 1y i111 it atio n, anti i.•. 1111 fl\\' :< l'l". "' ro wn into a
h:1hi1., whi c h, t11u11 ,L.d1 nt pr1..':0.:l ·n t :-;t rnn .l!. 111a y rl L"n· rtl1t ·l l ·~~ bt_~ .-~nr r d ,
wh e n thoso "ho l1a\·c..· it :-i.n\ hlln·i nc·L·d u f it~ l1ad ('tl\·1·t~ ~111 tl1<·ir !'elil'i {y; l !1t 1j1L' tl1i ~ li tf lv ad111111iiti111 1 1n:1y lie 11f :--cr\it"c tu tl1 c1JJ , u11d
}Hit ti1 c n1 (.i1 (' l1 :u1 .~i 11 g a li:il1it , wl1i('h. tl 1u11gh in th t' exc rci~ e it is
elii e tly an 11(~ t of it11:1g i11at i111 1. yl't ha s :-:.<' ric1u .-, co 11 -.;t·1111t·1 11 ·(•s in Iii\~,
H:; iL l~rin~~ on real g- ri L·f" and 111i ~ fortt1tll'!-I.

('()!lrJlle...:t'-1.

fl. J\la11 y :.t wiJ'L: ~ iri k:--: int(• tl11.: c l1ar:1dc·r 11f :1 1rk'l'l' !:1 111-..,·J.. 1·('I q·r.
Tho Jtll ~l ,:\n1 l :H'C'l·1it ~ tlie nrr: t!l:.!'t'l!l1._. ut. ( )n.._· i:-' Jl•i t t · \·! wf'i •·i l i• 1
<"'hnt ,.,·itl1 one'!"l lio11 s e k ecp(' <'". <)n l' i_-; 11 P t 1::xp1·1·1 1·d tq :--t :l:· i11 •·f :11:
~V(-' nin g to pl e: 1 ~e 11vr.
Tlii:-; C"11l1 :--id 1·ra1iuu l.'.\ 1d a iu .-; a 1il1.,.·Jittt:11..· 111 11
exl 1il1itvd in ~1 •1nt· l1 j1t1 . . ~· 11<>l 1 I " .

COYc r cd her :-.urr1 JW S, WL'fl! 11(''.'C r HlJle U) eil ." C or IL'-..'-: 111\ gC' Lht•111.''

f:\'nTP:. rJ'hc

of

trn n ~port~

1 •.'xrr m plr. "Ft·w w n rd .-: ~ h e 1tt tr r r ' l; nnd llit·y wen· nll cx 1Jrcssi vc o f some
~nw11ni

103

S EN7'ENC'RS-S 11 0111' .AN lJ f , 01\"G .

of t h e µ-reat. tcntll'llt~y 1Jf li11r11a11ity !1' r t·:11·l1 tq1\rard ;_ind

it :-:;L't's .
,],,,..,!ti .-< Jt:lrl.

111 · .\

1iJ1 d f" r

so1nctl1in g- n1ore t i1 :1n

O. A11to1n·
llu l1a.s

li a~

:1 \'cll:..'.'1.:d ( ' r:1-..._: 11-<.

II(~ i~ :111111...;i11:r l1i 11i-..: 1_·li'.
~ricf....:,

[],. \\· i

lf " 111,J.J , t J,. . !-'"l'L'.'""H T::i~t inf, .. ._
i l!1: 1k 1· l\i!I: ". . . t\1111 1::11 l 11' h " 11 .. 111· .

1

a!ld J: .. 111\ ·

1r1 1i~ i

l 1':lr· ''
1

11) 1 l :i 111

J],

l 1: c . . ~ii ...

t l.1 · :--\\(11· 1] .-..1 ·ttk l l wi r di -..111 :11· " . ! :!it.
11 e i~ no lnt J~l· r tlie 111:u1 ti"I lt- :1 \·1· ( 'i~·d r • : tlr:t lwl1i11d. ~!1 ·. · :--aii:-1 wi1li
bi1n) a11d iii:-\ Luu11try111cll ;1r tJ<:h!in lH1'.'." i11\\. lie l1:l:-l f:ilkiL
10. Tlie .E n µ-ll:-il11111u 1 i:-1 ta~·il!!rtl.
'f/,u F1-..·11 t" lt111:111 1." ,.1, a1·101 is .
Tiro t'>pnnia1"! is 111urn:i~ . l l1t0 A11 ..c ri1·:111 i:; LLlkal i q; ,
11. Tl1e ti1ne i~ :·diurt. ~\lu(·li r1 ·111:1.i1 ::-> t<i liv d(lr11-.
rn: 1iar1· fur

a:-; we ll

; 1....:,

l';t' >:tr .

l.1 ·!

fif~ti(}fl.

12 . No,· e 1~ ns :t f'l a~~ are in_i 11riiH\'"' 1n :·p1JfH! l'l'11Jili• . Tlivy di"·d.r•t_\'
tlio taste fui· 1n ore ~(,lid r \.• ;1di11 .~. llp··y r11!ti,·atl·· 1!1i' l'1nuti11n:=:. ti, ;t11
un due csti~nL. T l1l'_\' cun\·1.·y f:1 l:--e i11qircs:-'i1 Hi ~ of iii\·.
·1~L A l1 l'a\·y c:u1no11wlt· WlL~ L t·; it . tip f 1q· tl\·1
.: c·111 1:--(·\·11 Ti\ •. ' l11•11r~.
J\t. i a~ t, t l1 d li111_' Wa :-' l1rc 1k1·11. T i11 • i1'1>1l]1 " r1·: ri·;;t.·il i ii th ·· ii . ·...,. t J•(i """'lLlc urdcr.
14·. J\[ol1k1.,•y:-; hl•l 11Jl!.! to tl11• 11rd1'1' of l_iilll;lll; ll,', Hf" ltll il11il1."i j •l 1"!1.(t"/") ·
~ing- twu l1a11d:-1, Jj,·in:! t!t'll t' rally in t1·1•1•<..:. :ind 111 •;.;..;1• .... :"" i11~ ~·T1·:d H:.: ili1y

~-­

n n d ~tf'L' l l:.~: t!1. ai t.l11.1u:.:l 1 ."'it1Jle id. t l11·!Jl :tr l. .' rt·111:lrk:tl·ly

_-1¥t<.:

,.f th e 111 attain tn

1111· g 1· (·at ,jz" of

U10 la1·gost a ni1nal extant.

:--r1 1:til.

a1td

r1 di 1\..:

tho l'k]'l1a11L, wl1icl1 j,,, l'l'l' l1ai'"-

fi'

10·1

C0

,!f J' 0

S I TI 0 ,V A i\· [) R 11J;T 0 H 1 C:

105
object rml.ri, bu t 1lw litrgi·tll-."'·' ,,fa\\ t 1 (i~ t · \"ic: w.' '

II. RULES F Oi\ TH E CON S T l\UCTION OF SENTENC ES .

''only"

l ' ll!Til '-<

th••

111

i11d ln1 c k '" tlw \\

111 lhe ~e1 : k t H·e ll-" iL _11~ a rra ~ 1 gt· .\

1·h r u ~ 1· .

!1• .l t·

!)p· ~11..·11l1w ."" • ol 11 .-.11 1,,;l l' .. J •.

j('(' f,'' f\!l d !hu s I iring"' 11\!l I•C·rkdly tlit' ('l) Jilrn--. t 111lt'Ho!t ·· 1 I•)

RULE I. -CLEARNESS,

lo.q. .:t· Jt c::;s ur

ll \\

11·

0

i1 · \ )•'\\

}l'i.r n. corn·c•l u~ v ., f tlw

17ie Word8 sl: 01dd &e .<o
r11 i.5/a/..:en.

arro 11gi:d

Iha!

Ilic

1Va111i11g cannct be
t li e

•• 'l';iri.~ in

11rrnngcrncnt of

the •d•j•T l

• 1!

" l'l't.:.-;. "

J(

\\' t_!

Ll1t'"l' thin !.:'. . :. tl !l •l l• • 11 •1tli i1 ig- t· l -.. +·.
"In all ah ...; t rai·t. 1·n..;e-.; wht•rt· \\'•' "" n !y :" ! ••')1 k , ,f 1~ 1: 111

gnhlr."- . !Uui·1f

q111· -.. 1i .. 11

), 1· n ~h ·d. \\-h:tl

lnh: lit

siwa\..: of tli i •m '? Hi it 1lH· a1 i !h•1 r •· \ i•l1 ·111\ y

!\"i

.. TJ1e
tb i~.

\Y e

111

\ Jl' 111g •

1

i• I" •.~ • .,\

:.1.:(} 1•I ·":1
I l 11d

\\ i 1\.1 .d

1:-.., 1t ( u. n

111 ! t

t lw \'f'rl' ] ... l iE ·'i.!•· r .~ i 11 ·
if \\' t wntr 1.f ri1 1:11l wr" . tl:"
r1d1·( I tt11' " I!11'n· l \· l• • l1111 1t
l11·r.-.:,

al I ('ll:-t·:- n li t ·H ·

! 1il " ' l ! y 11 ! ! r11 s f n:-: \\ 1·\ l a~
('II!Jdrn :-.i ii·" \il..-rty " 11 1,. 111.·a1 : i n~ h . lh:d w

I{ ; 111111 1t ...: I! lt•l · ·r ... 11 ""

bettC'r t han

th1·

B.S Wl'll !\ ~W t'

\\'t'

:- 1•t ' H k ' it

1111111 ·

Ii. • oJ1t.i 11~ d id. //l.1

il n.

I r. nll

,. ,, , _ ill

tht· i•tlH: r

k 1t:- t . \\

1l "" • -i a:

ltfl!J1!, \\ \ ' jll l l !

li e

\\ !' .. _

:·. .: w :_ ff .

! r. i 11

h _Hl i' Yt'r _t·l :--- 1_· \\t'

fl '/\• l 1 11L_'.
1!J 1•lt r~ t 11 1 1· I

tii 111..: \\ .l1 H·li t! 1t·y .1.1 11• !t · i ~t·" ·• l
\' l!ljd1a ...

1:- f) ll .. WI'.

l l 11 · l lH'll : t -

ltti~ i~, l il •t•rty \\'!\." 1lll•h-r-..! r,iod J. y i\11·111 " ' !: !l;.; .1.,-, ~ lat 11·;, . . l IL"_ l•Y 11 ~ ·.l:l'• 1 l • n L I )·
ht~ttf'r. Tlii :-. ffl\ '> \!l i t 1C" , wlik h Hf•P('!!fS '" J ... "111H th1 • iu 1tlt 1 'r 111 ! • ·!1 • . • <1 \1 •11iJ .\
hn\'l' hl'l'll t' \ ] •f' ·· :-_... ,.,\ w i fl i " \ ~ 1111d1iL:11 i1y J,y n 1· 11u1:._:1 rt 1-: L!11' W••rd-; tt111"
I l ie

Rournus uwkr::-W11d lilJt,; r!y , a.-; wdl, al h.: u...'- t. U-':l \,c . ·

Bl air' s Remark .-< >11 tl1i" J•~rt ,,f th~ '11' 1,ic"t . I;iair rnakc·" tl1" f"J.

1. P osition of the Adverbs.

l owin~ j11 1 \ i,·i 1 111~ r1·r1 1: 1rk

.L\r 11Ligui1-y i~ u ft c11 pr11d11cl'd liy 1!14:' i111pr11per Jiu:'it iun uf !lie adC al'e . . . Ji u u ld i11...: Ld.i· rt 111 j •i :u- v ! Le ud\- l' J' I) ll '."' JH: H r a.'-i Ju i:---..ilJ lo

•• Tn r f'!...r:-trd lo
tlint in c !iJn;i:<•ri

\ ' cr\1,.... .

to tl 1u wurll \\·i1id1 iL q 11a l i :; .... . . . , ~1:Hl ill. ,..,1h·l 1 a po .~ili1i 11 1 t·itln:r l il'l.uru

1.. · ;t:,i!y L. . : Lal\ i. 'll to 11nali(v

:-o;:n·pt

bcr~ 11 v p ·( 11. !111...· \1 ·r li i~ J,,· 1t , , r ... i1 : ~ 1 ·lhr ··

hii {' h n. m n1111 i.·r 1lmt lh e m t:~u 111 1 ,i.r \' 111 /Jc uln-i v u:..:, n.11d t'tL11 111 Jt !Jc..: J11i ~u 1 ah:r:;Louli.
Let u::s µrLH..: l· etl tu ~u mc purli u iin n;.

Clll!UoL

Tlif·

.. JHllnber~ ; " nnd hi" :..:li• ,nl d Ji1t \ ' •· \ 1·r it k 1l,"

t llrri ll 1C \HifcJS

1

that it

t·

b(•. nppn ... ~< l L11

1111 0 L at in, h-ur i 11 g ll h·m h 1 th e i-;nmt 1 otd~ · r tha t t! w y no w 1111,·f·. ! Ii ·· 1LH ·u11i 11g ir-:i
JI Hl..tle pl11 !11 l1 y lh(' ter111i11nti 1 111 1f !iil' 111 l1111.;. n11 <1 i..; c ·ll n11 gt · ~l 1ll w i ll l1y tl duu 1ge

ftft..:: 1·,

tj 1 pi• l ytlw i .. m . 11r : l i1 ~ !dh d" tll ." --- . ."'i'111/f o /1ur.u.

the o n ly tli in g:-; to whit:h it f·n 11l•i.' 111•1•()~ 1·.\ ·; .I! 1 !11...· l1:llLt; r. th L· •·01
,, Thi· i ...: 111 r·n n I!\_' , •Pl •1.1:-< e1 l i nil y t•) J •I il :. i l 11.' l ~ llL, o r 1 l1J 1 1tl l1 v i:'i lll.

of th e tcrllllllttl l11 1L P uc1· 11 11t!l11 111 1'i 1/1 ( lll t' tltl s "Tl 1c- l!iiy ~t·1..· .., tile g irl." ) J11 er1w~
] •U. Cl!u. f'i rlct lll t: Hll!'\ "Tin: girl "' ( ' t '~ t h t.: h oy ." \ \'lint Wt' i11di<-1ltc ill Lutin liy the
f\ ;rm o f o. w ord,\\' (' nre f.1l il i ,::~' d i n 1-: n ~ l !' li In i11cli~·1111 • lty ir s J•H.-..it inn.
Jl rnee
If 1i (' C- ( 1 TfH' .~ <1f gH.•lll i111 prirltu 11T i11 J·: n g ii :. : h cn mp( •~i l i n 11to11r-ru1 1g f' th e> wrirrJs in

or

TIHillg"h t!1 1· :- l· l l1r•·1· 111 ··11

.

l l i •' l', _,a:tl1 tl 11 • L <•1·! i, ... !

ih

b\~:

well
:--. t 1l1j t· 1·{ tl11d \\ !ii1·1J

o idrt l•t' o p prn·:.t"l

f':l.Tl

tllt· l ttii.\.

to polyth(•il'<m. fir fo ttLli c i." 111? "r •l id lw w1 ·111 1_ t l 11tl l'"iytl1<·t ~111 .1ui•.! i1 ~ lH·\." 1 n 11 ~1 '.

\\' t·n· \1 P l t • :-u y , "Th e i1oy t hr .l!·irl N.'('S." th e n~ hi n n l liing to ~ h o w
b l l1l'

l!

iii

J)l d the au t liur wean tl!Hl tliei ~ 111 i " 1·11 l ,11.l d t'.; 1f 1i<•IJi i 1q.;- , . h . '.

tlie W< l l'tb is c·:<pe(' ially i1 11 j>urt:mt in n lar1p1:1;;e lik e tin; En glis] 11
wl1i«li li:L~ so few grn111111ati rn l ll' nninflt.iun s. In l.:it in anti Greek,
t11 e rt..' lation 11f a word to t he (•tl wr woi·,}..: u t' th e· !'i l'!l!.l ' IH 'e i:-1 known
at 011t· e liy it ,- funn. Bu t in Ln;;Ji,J , we 1111'"<' tu i11d il'a t.., 1!1":10 rnlnti uns hy ili c place in wlii <'li tli e \\'Ord >!:111.J~ .
I :.r.a1111}li-·.

~ • . ,-.. E z1·ki.-! 11

1
tl l ·y
I' ll!\\! d c l ivt·r ni·i tJ 11 ·r .-;1qp• nor 1!1\t1 g litL-r:-, ; tli t·y u11/y ~l11lll lit: dl·:i\l· rl"l . lot1l U1 0

(;-\ iiidi , l lflllii·I, aiid .! .. l· , \\l·n·

lnnrl "hnll 111..• d'"'"'1 .! 11 t1..· ·

The Or der of the Wo r ds Impcrte.nt. - C'11re in

W h it-Ji lllillll

\\'t>f•l.

t! 1e atll!i 11 r , .. t l ll'

11;.

..

llll_\" '" l 1vr \\' 11rJ.

"I 011 /11 l 1ri ng fo rward :-;o m f• Ozin .L."' ... _ n m n A ~ fun /. H 1·rt'. "fl td y ·· l."i ~n 1iln1:ecl
lu qirnlif~· "l n i11 K:· a 111 i rni :--1._•,-. l i l l' 1pwry. \\ Lat d:--e !!w lltllln1r 1·n•p•i:-1·d to <tu,
<Jf l:ould du, h c."l i dt·."I l1 ri11 r: i11)( tht:N..' t h ii: ;.:-~ f11nnrnl.
\\'linl h t~ i1 1l t: 11d 1··1 tu nH.y ,
was thn.t t ll e :-i.t~ th iHg-!'( \\'1·re on l y n p1u·t or \\ h n ! hf' h;\d !1( !11-- d i" l"" !ll. The
"unly" lia!:i rt·fl'r c Jll' t.: to th e ' ' so rn c t hi 11 g ~ ... nnd :-i h1 n ild he J1l1 11 :..: 1 11l!"i 11enr t.o thoso
\\'f1rd ....: fL'9 pt1s.:-.i1 1IC'. If jill\ rl' d irn1111 ·d ln !1 ·l y lwf,,r1..• ti 1P1Tl . !h1· n 1J\· ,·rl• ni i ,t~ !it )1;• n1Jl1~tn 1 cd wi t il ' · fu r w1Hd . "
i l1 r i11 g liw i li i 11g" f1 1rH·n rd 1111 ly, t1 t, t l"r\\11rd 111 1•1 l ·ad;
W1tr1 l , l•r n o t Hp unr1 d1 \Wll. Th·' fnH· .. r.i.•r pf lli i · W11rd.: i" . "r l• r in~ f11rwnr11
~ 1 ·111c tlii n g-s 0 11ly . l'lt•111y 11111rt..: 1ni g ht h.: :-;nid."
lkre tl 1c a rru.11 gt..: nic11t i1rcvc11 l ~
the p n:-.., ihility nf mi s tnla~ .
"Hy g r 1' Hlll L'!"i."I, I do J1n t 1mly 1111.'l l l! lh~· h11 l k <•f HllY -.. i1 1:.;:k l!l >)t"'I, l 11J! !hf' )11 r gi' u~

:::~--:­

f.;

f-'111'11 :td \·1·rl i:..; :-i:-i.

lrl1ull y . ot /t· t8f, thl' t';v · r i ...;
11r 1 •1

nou iwin 1r 1]\\'!ll 1~1 · !1 1 ·r:i\ ! Y :-,( ·t•\'(· '-i lii :;i) J11\\' t/11·ir l' t ' ft'l' t'l \l ' t ' , H il d l o
nia1.;-c• 11:~ 1 1iw a 11it;'..!; 1· ),·:t 1· : :i i :d ht·iw~ \\·1· ;w111iir1· :1 l1aLi1 11f tl1r 1•\\ 1r1J.1
tlwin in 1114''."'l'ly in ti 1~· .- 11lll' " 1' ~ ,f ;l p1·r i•11l. l ~tlf. in wr i tir i ~, \\ l w rt~
fi l! l;tn ~ 11\'<l~ ""' f11 f hU 1•_\· 1'. :111d Jl11L f_c) t!1>' t·:tr, IJ~• iHl~. dit f • I !,,..' ) ll• 1t·, ,
fl ~Cll r<lt ('; n nc1 ~ fl f1 1 ('O ll! h ' l' t, llto ' f' lHht· t' li,..; \\"itli tJ1e WPl'd...;, \\ !1 !• 11
tl iey qualify, a:-; tu 1111t i 1i:-; 11H..: a11i11g 011t \i!' d1111l 1t 1 1q1 .. 11 t!i.: tlr~;t in~
s p 1._~ 1·

t

tun.
Exnn1pl e s f o r· F'1·n<; ti« e .

~-

f'l'he st11rl ,.11t j,. ,.xp•·1 ·ti"l t•) 1·ri1il'i-.e
gard to tl11...· \ 'u"ili >11 1,f 1!1 1· iuJ,·1...·r\1. j

-~~

0 11!.11.

di"'(' 111 rr ... i· 1 tlt1· t • 11w :111•! ~·r J 1; 1 !1n ~i~ wt· 11... t· ;ri

fU1tl 1'!irrt ·d

tlit• f 1 1ll 1 1wil1g- ~('1!\c111·L· i i 11 l'•:-

1

JH..· ~.:;11f u wl11Jlc \' il.; W, " - ~ lrlr/ 1 .«1J 11. 1! 1..'l'L', .. u11i y" i,., M J j ·iw,:1.: U ll.."i luqllull!y •· lll t: Ull, "
and Illilo(l1t rai..;<· t he •fl ll'-"l i 11 11, \ \'ii nt ,J....,. d 1w :-, IH· in !•·11d t" r1. ~ ·: 111 111, t· 111tu111..:1-,
if the Ud\·e rh h p l ii.t't'd llfler '' l llll k." tlic 1 p 1l·.. !i<i11 111h.; lit lie H'-k t·.l , Ii" it h ~lie
l.i1lk o nly tliat yo u nrc H p~ak ill g' nl1•111t. why Tlf 1t :-11t•nk 0!~1 1 o f !ht• ('olo r . ''' tlw
' ' Liie; lll 7 'fi1 c 1•ru 11t·r vrd t: r i.-_: ," Hy g r 1.·illl1 l ·:- :-. , l du ll •Jt 1Ut.'.u.1 1 tin.: bulk 1, f a u y 1ii1tglc

·1. Tl tl'l'P nru l'l•rfai11 J1ti :-.eril'-"'

i ii

idknt·:-;:-; wl 1idi tl1e idle ca11 (•tt l.Y

C til 11· 1_'l\'1 "

2. Tli u "''""! rn:w nut 011ly Je:;ern·" t lie rl'::i jJ<Jot, liul tl1e 11• \'e uf
!1iH fell u1\ \ , "in~o.

- ;-

-

.

•-...

~

~

{~~,,;;;,,,,, "

106

C 0 .If P 0 S l TI 0 N A ND R ll ET 0 R 1 C.

3. I! o is <'On,id cre<l gC'ne rnlly in ~ nne .
4. California not only protl11cc~ f!ul<l in nhnndnnce, hut qnicks ih·er al so.
r:i. It wns Ly ti1<) En;;li~l • , Fre1wl1 , S panish, llllll Dutch, that tho
N ow \\'orld was p rin (' ipally colonized .
Ii. Jr e1l111':tli"11 n·l i nt:d nn l." t l1t• 111111!11 .. rs, 11·,. '" iv l1t do without
it; l•11 t it. al.<0 di,<'iJdi llco the Ill in d aml i1uprun"' Ili c: l. c:arL.
7. Tl1t• J1rn1_]11 et ion" m o ~tly ronsi~t. of co rn nnil cotto n.
t::. lt wa s by h11n t i11g nn<l f1,]1i11g that tlie I1Hlia11s cl1id\\· subaisl ctl.
•
!I. Cook potatoes wilh tl1eir jack <' t~. !lS I cnll tl 1e111, on.
10. Th ey nlloll' c<l thl'msche:; to Le tlruwn oil' wh"u only \\'earit-d
of tl1c:ir Oll'D excesses.
11 . It. \\·as t l1e ,,.1'-:intage ga i11"t! ]'l'l'Ci:it·ly l·y tliu Sax11 11 s which
r11in c<l til ern.
12. One run ong royal 11 011 ,;es nluu e dill nut r'-'eog11ize tlic: r ight8
of wom en.
18. Port-win (' is now only fa\'f>rcd l1y two clH~st'"·
H -. T o c o1111 •11q.Jat c nli ,it met s11l~jcc1" 011ly 1]i ,;•: iJ·li11"" the 111ind,
i·an·h- if c,;cr int (' : ·e ~, tin; lL
1:;. If the ge 11ius ,,f tl10 1lrnmnti ' t only cnn 110 Lrouglrt to recogni ze tli e great rr:-:pt1 11 siLili1 iC':'\ of l1i :-; calling.
l r.. l ne,·e r ex peel lo sec Euro]'c'.
l 7. l ahn1y,; cx 1wrt to sprn<l llH mon ey n~ fast. HH I i:;ct. it.
18. Tir e li ;dd .. :tn1l_,. soil onh· fa,·nr ~ the fern .
}{1.

IIe wa:-; e] r(' tcd ,

l111t

only wa ~ seen twi1·1 ~ in

1!11: Il o u~w.

~o.

I unly Ji ,n ril 111 to 1i H· 111 11111,,11g th u 111"·,.r rankH.
:l I. 1 only sp1>k o tu l1i1tl.
I did not >J'C ak to ""Y 011 c cbe.
22 . Th e Fren ch ne:irly l1>~t fiy e t li o usa nd Jll f'll.
23. li e lll Crl'l y ncr1111Jj1a lii l'1l rn c lo th e Lruuk. I "'''" olili ged to
go tlrc rc." t o f th o \\'ay liy 111r sl' lt'.
2·k I did not. t:dk to l1ill1 , l>11t to yon .
25. Il e called to Jol.11 111ildly, p11r,;ui11g lri " way rnlmly nn<l slowly
u iu ug lho 8t re:u11.

2. Position of .Adverb ial Clauses e.nd Adjuncts.
\\' liaL has been nssc rled of a•h"· rl'"• is '"!'"'"·' t.rn u uf \\' l1at rn 11 y
be raiied :1dYeri.Ji:il cLlll ses 1t11d adj11 1wt,. Hy Hn 1lil'·l'rl•ial clJtuMe

or adjnnrt i' lll <:'n nt. a n11ml1rr o f \1'1Jl'd '< , \\'l1i"li . tak .. n toi.;..il .. ,r. li111it
U1t.i rn e:rni11 g of b<JllltJ othe r wurcl. All ~ ucl1 claut>et> or uujuucts

107

SENTFNCES - ClFARNFS~

placed tha t tlH' Y C:1nnut. f· a -.. ily lw t:dd· n

t 11

r111nli(\ 1tllY

other word t.hnu that for wl1i c l1 tl1ey nrc int~nd"d.
"It cuntflin ed n. warrant fnr Cl) JHliwting me 1111.t my r~ ·1i11nl~ !t1'1'ra! . ~:- ~1 \.: dt!!1 l •.
(H' Trlldrog-1lrili , filr iL i:-: 11r0Jli1lll1n·1! J,.,ft1 w11y ... . :L-, J\t' l!l 1L-.. I ( ' / llJ r .. 111• 111\.,. r . i ·) il
Jl!lrf Y of 11 '.1! l10rf'l. e."-SwUf
\\"!1al rlw n11\!111r 1n1·1111 "" !i• ·" "'" i-.. th :tl li •· 1:11.J 1. 1"
re U1111t' nre to be rf)lufu<·f,!f l1y 11 1· 11rt.v ,, r tt-11 li•·r~. ·
\\ ' ! 11ll !;1 · , 1,,,·, ." aY i -.. ! l.n L
thl .111 l•lnc': with the hn.rd nn11H · 1 ~

"Th e fnl!nwing

,,, ·,,111 1111 1r 1·1L

l inP ~ \\"l'fl' w rittc 11 I·~ · a11

h1)tt1 \\jt~ - :-; l· _v a J 0! 1rlY .. ( to-11 t1 .. r'-• ·

t•.<.:f 1·j•rn, •d

rr i 1· 11d .

\\I«• !:: t." h:n

1:1 t! .. •

lib 11wn 1un11 ..,1 ·111e11t." - · ..t 11 11n:111"1 11i<-. Th t• ;11 1! ) p .r 111° ·1il1"tlrnt hi~ fri e nd had v•ritt e 11 tl1e line ~ fqr his u w11 a11111"l'l!W! 1l. \\\i ll! lw :-11:..~ . : ...
U1ul hi ~ friend ii lL"' lai11 i11 th•-! grtl \· e 11 1u11y y 1· ar." f1•r Ii i-: •1\\· 11 i1 111 1 1~· · r~1 .. 11i '
Io the Englhh llou se nf ('u1 1 11tt~•th , a ·"J11..a kt·r lllH 'e .'-a id tl 1a t n 1·1 ' na 1ri \\ i ;: ll'~ ."
huf] lJccn "Of(lt!re<l lO withdf'll\\' fn1nl !Jie ton f 111 l"~tll'-lt·1j \1•'1l1'1• of !will ~'. dl\ •1X i CO.lcd , !)y the motion uf 0.11 11U11 ural1le rnuubi.:r." - a.::s if tile \\dlit·~"" wn..... i11L11>:i·
eu li~ d by the ruolion ~
Tll1~ sp1·;lk1·r 1111·:u1l, 1h1tl. "i11 1·•.r 1...,c· p iu w1..· , ,( ! ... 11 1t.; j 11.
&'ft'.\' c for rnl\ny y e ar;-;, fi1r

tuxkntt~d.

the willlf'S."i. lJy t!H:

ll!•>\i 1•l !

, , f1t11llu1icinddl'111 c 111! wr

ll11•!

! >t._·•·11 (.i·,\ ,·rc•I

t.o w!tlHlrnw fro1n th e l•ar 1•f t he J{,, 11-.. ._·."
"Tile bl.'l\UX Of that dtt.y ll ." l.' d t!Jc a t,nrni111d ik

llrl pf i 111 in 'i;1l! t l H·ir

fH1't · ·~.

It.'!

'"e ll U."( th e wo111t:Il."-Ji /,..· uu l i
Tlii1t i ~ . tlll ' lw utL\ 11 .,l 1, 1il) j•H l1 11"•\ ! lP
i .. ;·~ .
but p11i11tc d thi.: wo1111.:n 1d'" ! Th t: tlll! !11 ·r 111 1.: ant t• • . . . : t ~
'I h · I •L'Hll \ · .( Lt1 ,lt •la y.
M well us tltc \\' 1J111e11. 11 ~ 1·d 1lw Hl1"111 \ 11;d, ]1 · Hrt i1f J>11ir1tn 1g 1t1 ,·ir !'a1· , ·:-.: ··
" l fClll l! ILllJCI' Wl1t:ll lhe }' J'l'l!.-Jt lltL!1d of tJLl' ' 1;11 ld •' -" ' \\l'rt! il l I/ii :-; C• 1 ; JTit r~',
reading ill til e ' lllu:-:trall·d ~1·\\' ...:.' " - A IJ•1rtL. Tlw 11111!11Jf .'-, l'' ' lll." t •• ~H .\' 1 1111! t!1 • ''- I'
l•'rcnrhm e 11 we re 1:cnd i11 ~~ in tlle Jll11 ~, trat<·d '.\t '\\ :--. llt· 1111 · :111-.; . • · ! r1 ·r 11 1 ·1 1 ~ i ... r
reading i11 t lie _lll uslnllt:( I >~·\\~, wl1 1.: t1 tlie Fr 1..· 1ich tm1i•l 1·f tll': · 1;u ;. J, .,, · \I t i t · ',1 1
1

tbl~ cuuutry."

Exan11 '•l e s for Prn c ticc.
rThe s tudent i s l!Xpc c t t:Ll t n ('ritki:-- t' f\ !l tl flll1 l'll d tli •_' f, d!(\\\'i11g "'l' lll<·Jln'.'i, in r o-gard to lhc pu~iliuu uf Ll1c utln:rliial a.Jj111H.: L.., uud duu~ ::i.]

1. T!1erc ]:-; ~< i111etl1in:_: tli:1t \\· fii...;1~t· r '4 llf f:1itl1. t 110 , in r· · 1111 ~ 1·.
2. !l e \\ras IH )1·11 in tl1 e f1 l1l \\·\\. E11L!la11d t•1\\·11. \\')1 1 •"' t · ,. , ,J1111ial
Li story i:-i.

:-;1i

ira::ri~ ·:1 !l y

r11,· 1111ir : l i ,:t ·.

1 111

111 1·

· l tl 1 <1(

.Jiily, 1.-...,, 1;.

3. 1 c o11lrl s•_'(' 1l 111t 111" tl110" !1:111 J,.• ,• n "''"i'I "'irl, li:tlt' 1111 ,,,.,.,
4,. Tlic c11e111y a!t:1cketl 11~ 111.: :·ore tl1e day l11ul lwl.!1111 t11 lirt·Hk. :l t
thrne o'cloc:k in tile mor11i11::-.
5. 1Ie '\'l: nt to to,\·n , dri,·inL". a 1l1J(·k 11f sl11·i·p. qi) li111"·..:1·l •:L1 · L
G. \Vunted, u yo11ng- wo111a11 to take care 11!' tw<J nrp!1al! c iii!ilr,·11,
of a r di;:i u u -:- t u n1 , ,f Ini11 d .
7. Dr. llali \\'i ii dl'li\'t,; r :i lcr·t111"t: "rl tlie illl)'Pl'tan"" uf tal.i11 ~ • xercise before ii1-eakfa,t at thrl'l' u'c·lnf'k in tl1e :ttl•_',.,"-'"ll.
K. \\.a ntl·d 1 a ru11111 f11r a . . . in:.:k gt·1 1t L ·1 11:1 11 , t \r1:l re fv1.: I. 1\oJlt-:" n1i 1l
&ix foct \\' idc.
~J. Lost, n cow belo11g111~ tu au uld wo111an 1 wi Ll 1 L1ra.""s kn•dn-; uu

lwr Lurns.

• !1

103

C 0 ,!/ I' 0 SI 1' I 0 N A ND R II t: T 0 RI C.

26. I won1<1 likt• t!1(\ r nn ;:r<';.'.:1ti 11n tn 1.,, 'catc.,J, n., I wi _,:, to'"."·

1 0. :-:;]i e livc<l n life of virtue, and dic<l of tho eliolcrn morbua,
cn11'ed l1y C-:lting t!recn fr11it, in tlic full l1 opc <•f n !,J e ,,~ .i irnrnor·
t:dity, nt tl10 11;.;e !>I" tm:: 11t y -onc. J:"a<l e r, go t l10 11 un<l do likew i:·'l'.
] I. TIH· 11n(L ·r:-' i;.rncd ! 11(1k u p tw11 _\'4 itJ 11 .:.: 111:1rv~ . fll11r or !lvf" _\'(':\!'~
old, fl darlt ir1_111-grny, ' fl ( !i nd a w:1r t on tl1c ri gh t ~idt.~ uf hi~ lic•ml,
(· ight lllile' north of ,\ it,11rn:i.
12. Il e m e rely n,);, J.. a \' C to come nnd play 11 liul o solo, on tile
l1n :.q 1ip e~, of }1i:-: o wn <:>0111po~ina-.
l:J . "\ n1:m with Pile t·>· e 11n111v•l I'.Phc·rt ·1 r('lcli.
LL L,.,r, liy a ponr l:id tic•d up in fl l1n1w 11 p:q 1er with n wl1ito
~Irin g ;i (;ennnn tl nt e wi t h "n overcoat and se 1·l'r:il otl1er a rlicl r·8
of wen rin g ~[•j• :irei.
15. Nat11 ri:- tvlJ ..; 11h'. l m11 tl1e i1n :1g-f~ nf C otl~ :1:-- ,,. {'ll ~~ Script11rc.
1 fi . I li1· cil in a ~111 [d i i1ot1 .<0 w l1ic·h for a 11lc:t'nnt. h;wk npf·ning ~ir
1f:1tthcw ll nlc k11l a 111i11 cl to; lint lie can<;ed a ;t rn 11 g«1-, t hnt. h ti
lniglit no t be ~uspt) c•t,.: d to Le tl10 111 nn, t o k11tJW t'f JJJe w!i etlier I
w ere v:l !! in !.!" t t) 7 nrt wit li it hcfi1rf\ Le wullld 111 c ddJl . with it..
17. Ti1 e thirty yc·nrs. ir nm th e year 11;7~ to hi.< dc·:itl1. in \l' lii<'li
li e act ed ~o gn.'at'. n Jiart. <' HlT.,. in tl 1l'T 1l JH:iny H!ll:ui11g ,-..f1 ·p :-1 of 11
gl(1rion :-; and d i:, tin;..:ui :-.!1i1q: I":'l'\·idt: nec .
18. T houf!h I can ' t sn _,. 1 e n~ r art11ally "nw a r-J ,, ,_,, in 111.v lifr,
y1.· t 1 n111 Certain i :-.ln11 1ld k 11t_I\\' Pflt• if l :--aw l1i111 l1dl1"·r t!ian tliat
1

27. They laitl t li o three 111·:u·1·fu lly In rl._' st. in th< · li11:, _~ _1.;] 1;1tl1·• l
C}111rch -_yfl.l 0tl lic nr-a! lL t hi~- 1l't' • ·:'l- 1 lllld1·1· "·!Hl'1• r<l.:1 1 }1 , \,. t Jwy Ji:1d
ch;tttcd wirli t ii(1:...:t' 11 11w .- .:lln·: \ :: 1.: :1 :~11· • 1--:rn1l 1i111 , ·' ·

110 !iy- no

1

n1 '- ·:tll'-' d ;'--.: l•:1ir4_·1l

,;f

."-1 · 1 ·i11 ~

11\·1 · <·~))! )\ '

1,111 .,( 11

whi <dl n O\v t t1Y ered hl.'r with :l ltH. 'l_'k and gr:defnl lh·;irt.

20. Banks of S<'a- 11· ce<l were ]iikd 11p fLl'ill 1t1d 1L,•,; ,~ li11L•, h ·pt
Uown fi--orn t.Jio p11w- ·r uC 111,·. wi1 1d Ly lar ~~· -'· .-.:tPlh_._., lai(l <Ht tL1.· ti•p,
t o C'Xt'l1 1dl· ll1e

('11!1!

: u Hl ~1111\\.

1•f

wi1ll1·r.

:Pl. { cannut t!1i11k of le:t\'iri ~ y1•t1 \\'i l l11 ,nt d i.. : tn ·-....; .
3 L Hu fe lt l1 i1 n:-.L·lt' 111un1 11 11W11rl l1y v\ ' t· r y day c>f ."llH·li a j•rl\. IJ•·:.:1
II~ lifo Sl'Ollled t.o lti lll to lw }':L''':d in tl1 0 inti111a!0 ,_.,, .i,·ty of "uc l1 :t

1

WOl!lilll.

32. Un1irnite<l nuthority w:ts L'.'i\"t'll tr1 !ht~ ft·111a],_. 11rit11i11i1 11J, fi •r
eve rything th at 111i_;!l1L 11.: 1q·11r(!1i1·lah.:d t.1.1 Lli 1._·ir i1u..,iti P11. :trid 1.,'( 1!!sistent witli t.l1eir k1Hnvn pri11l·ip l1..·.-.: o!' du11H.·~ti1· li fl'. in tl11.· arra11 gl.'lJl (H 118 fqJ' t ]!L' iJtl 1H 11· t :tlil t.'\.1- 'llf .
a;J , _l\l!Jil!l~ th1." llr ... t. arri\.·;li...; \\·;1....: ~I 1·. Dt·rl.v, llU\\' ;--q l\i\·1..·1l !\y
(l \.i'l"J-' Oil (',

a1.

Tl1(·y

\\'!10 \\';\-..; k 1
11r \·..:1·ri 1 :11 1

1dli<·i:1!t. •

IJll 1i11 ' <HT;1:->i< 1I I.

a111 i:ll •i1· 1·\a : 111 · lt ·
aru p 11r-v, lo\·c]_,., a114J ••f !.!il1•d

;t!tr:1t"ti\1" t',ir1--i--..r1·11t, :111d

in t11 e co1n1n11n i t y, of rlie

t - l1in g~ \\· l 1i c l1

rc·p0rl.

1

j5, T h eru \\"fl~ n. litl1l~ ci111r('l1 1r1i..: ...;, j4q1 a fl'·W niik .-.
iu t.he cou 11 iry, 1tl:lit1tai111_·d l·.v Ll11.· Er1 :: :i..,l1 ;-.:.,,(.i l·iy.

to.

l\I. Tlie tr:111 , it1nn

:i

fC" w wo r11.~. 1J1..'f1ir1' 1 lw ::in.

1

COHl OS

109

SE N TEN CRS - CLRARNHSR

i.< c0rnrnnnl.'· mn •l •· with en>it• frmn tlir«(• to tl10

1ii h111.."1· anti :n1.1 rc ir iljHH·L1nl dti:i~ · :-:. o f lift: .
20. l'a ~8<' l1 µ"o.Jr~ a rc l' •'<jlll'S te 1l to pt1reh11,;u li eket" l11•fnro ''ll f1•rin g
tl1 e <·:1r,; at tl10 co111p:11 ly·, r11li<'c .
21. Th o lll• >tio11 ,,f tl1« 1wn<l 1il111n i • reprat e,] in tho 1·il1ration of
ato111 ~ flf efl;e r . t:nt r1...T11 ~ 11i1.al 1 lc li.Y tl1e Sl'n:..~ ·s .
22. The au tl 111r",; ol1j n ·t i< t" n·pn·,;c ut f" r Iii,; 01Y u p le a,uro th e
t l1i t1 g::; w i t 1 1l'~:-\t.' tl , in as Yi\· id :in 1l co rret· t n n1a11ner a :-; po:s:; ilil c.
:20. 1 rnc:<1 111111 <· 11<! io y1111 t" take yo11r,clf li:l<'k, nnd l•o ta lked to
prv.-.: vT1tly. yo11 fp11l , \rl1ik th (·r1 · ·:-> til!11_· i rt•ir. ·:tl .

3 . Squinting-

fr-ir11

tl1(·

f~)rt,

Co1rntructlon.

Tn conncdi11 n wi t h th ese <·~ :un; il1·.-.: it i~ wt ·ll to TJt;t i"( ' \1,-!1:\t 1:,"
F rench f'nll n "~qu i 1itin!!'' <·1 111 ..:t n1t"!iurt. Hy tl1i:-i. i..; 1n e: 111t :t \,., ,!·d .
or u gra11u11n.!ir:tl v .\prt · ~_..,i 11t 1. tl1r1 1\\'ll in t j1 tit\..' 111i (],Jle 111' a t-- 1.·11t t· 1J!··· .
in i'iUCJi fL i']:l!"l' th:1t it. Jn1lk:-< J1 u tJ1 \\";1y:-;, so tu ...:.p(':ik: t !1 :t! j ..;._ i t ,· :IJl
be COUllC('te d in 1n l'a t1 i11;.r t•i1!ier \\·iti1 \\' !1at µ--nt·" lw!ori·-. ur \\ i;L \\· liat
follows . Tl1i~ is a very <'u n1111u11 ~ullr··~ · of iuHl,i :. .". llity.

1 •

~+ . \\'lien a t l:i~t """ f'.OL in to town , Ilic• p('oi'!t' ca111 (· 11111 to tl1 c·ir
tlours, :ill a:·,lanL aud wit.Ji ~t r•: a1ui11 .~ 11air 1 111a ki11 g a wurnl,:r uf tho

111:1il tliat h:ul c11me ~ hrou!! l1 o n sncli a ni:d1t.
~ .:; . A 1· l1 ild \ra :-t run uv c r J,y rt lwa,·.;- \\ :1g-1 111 \ f11 11r Yt' :tr ~ ul11, WUtl'~
in;t a. ~l101 · t 11ink 1...lrl' :::.~ , a11d Lru n zl~ 11uot."' 1 \ ', l1v::.-.t: l 'arc.:1it ;-; arc uut yet
f111111 d .

~

.~~

·~·~,

~~

~·

"\V!Je n liPH.r 11 f'(' f<.:.q n i1_-.:p 11 qt1t·1-· r f' X\ · r \·..; .... i•>l!,
1ng di!!Crc ntly tro1:i lli " 111 ·h.~li bnr:- , i t aln<1~:- i.; .. t · ~
withn.ruiHOIL'- ~lg-11 l• \ • (t1r1._•1!.'' ·- :l~/11 :' • f .

(q·

1•r•1ll

1

11 1n 1·1·

n

11:u1H.· i 11 n"1·f -

d• 1'.\' !l, i11 111 y ~-~: 1i1 Jl11 k

.,f

ll t·r1_·t/ieW••f•l"" i:i ft • a 1 ! i 1 1 ~" i•· t>l;

Ji: : 11 .

: '. '. I

rn1 e y 111n y lie <'<!ll:-ll'\lt'd e i lh~·r with !h!>~(· whif'li l·f'~ ;;•1•d 1 • ,,,. \\ i !l1 !l~ · · -1~
which fu! l11w . \\-,• 11 1a\· u11, J,· 1'-ta11 · i !lH_' n 11l i1<•r a .~ ~ ny i 11 :..: \· i!l 11 ·: 1•1( !1 ••' lf 1, , i l
ntt111e ill r t_'u di 1 1~. (1r" 111 r•·iLd ing d i 1! t· rL·t it 1:-; 1:·111Jt 111.... IH'i )..'. l •li " I' " ·
T l :"),;·. · . r
e. rr fLll~t'llll'lfl """1il,\ lw · · \\'l11• n I lw11r il 1·1·1".. "lt lL'-t· 1t 'J l!•·•·r t'.XJ•n ·"'·"i \ 1:1, •;r , 111
reading. J1ron11111H'(' u n1u 11 f• di1l'1.·r(·J1tly fr•·111 Iii ~ 1 1 dgli!J < •r ~ ... t"lc
ways.

10

110

111

C 0 .If I' 0 S I TI 0 N A N IJ R II E T 0 RI C.

SE 1\'1' /c· NCFS - - Cf,/-,',( fl,\' l:SS.

"Thoug-h ~"me of the Eurnpenn rule-rs mny he fr 1na lf's, 11•!in1 BfUiken nj altogrllwr, ll H·y m~y he cnrr<· C'1ly l'la :-.~ ifi(• (l 11nd,1r t li1• dcn n mi1111tin11 · k l 11g~ . ' " - A!Jord,
Tl1i :-: m ay l ie 11 11d er.-:t 111),l lo rncnn t h nt "~ o rn(l 1~f th i::- Fnrnpf·HJl ru l 1.: rs may lie fo.
Jn ales w lu.\n :--p11k£· 1t of nlU•L;- f'lhf' r." \\"hat thC' n1Jtl11 •r n_·tdly l llt'tt Ht rn 11y hf' exprCS.'ied !Jy tra11:-;p; i1 1g tin• \\' j1rd:-; itn JicizPcl an.\ J•lltti 11 ~ tl1t:111 i rn1nPclintclyatler
"t h ey rnny ... T ht1 s : " 'f Ji,,11g·!1 ~11 11 1t~ ,1r ll1 e Eu r••1wan rnki'.'l JH1~ y lJc fo 1.u td ~,
th1·y 11\ay, wh 1.· n !-'.;i11ken of n l ~ 11 g 1_·th e r, be t '1rri·c tl y l"i:L"."ili1..·d 1111.Jer tL e- dc11omi-

or if we k now i L lo lie 111 i:-:.-n·prc·s1..) ritvjl. cn1r atti·11!i11 n i . . irn111 l· ,li: l~1 ·1 .\·
t.nk~ n o ff Lllll olij t• d to tl 1e rn1· d i11rn.
\\'" '""' tl 1.. 1t 111l'i•111' I•• 1L'oover t.110 cn11sc. l'ill11..'t' 11f tl1L· d iH 1 n11 <1 t·11rif 1i_.... t·d rv1 •r 1·:-.1"1 1t;11i •11.

1 ....

J1ll l iu n · ki11~:s.' ''
.. Aro tht·~e 1 k~i g n!'I, whid1 n11y mnn. w h() is 1.11rn t\ Hr it rrn. i1) m 1y rfrn1mM<mces,
() ti ~ l1t t1J lit~ u. ~hntu 1.: d lo e.\"u\\· ·.•" 'l h e \\'t1rt.b i11 itali1..· :-qu 111l. Tli-.;y ui uy lvuk
l.J1tt· k to "bo rn," {1r f"rwnr d to "11."ih 1un1..« l." Tli i!:I se11 t c111·L' 1n.ur m e1tn o. " urn n
whv in nny dr<·nrn~tunct•s bl Lo r n tl BritPn," or t l11lt lie•· o u g ltt n o t i11 a ny ci r~
c11n 1 ~tanc · c.s tn 11(• n~lrn111ed."
The word~ ~ lnmld l1C' arrn11 g e d !h m:. : " Arc th!."se
tle ~ !gns, whid1 any 1uun, , ...-110 is bor11 u. Brit.vi., (Jilgllt in an y cirt.:u rnstance«i to he
u~ l1u.mc U LO avow'{"

The Arra nge ment may be F aulty wi tho ut being Ambiguous.- In

1

of tho

llli ~n~ p r C:-'l'f\t a ti() n ,

-.. 4 1

11r

tiin

li e ~ lll'l' l iL·d Ly .iti•l .L'.'.11 11..· n t.. T!:t : i·a... t.· (Jf Lt 11:\ di~1·1111r _..;1.." t!w11, t· \ (·1· L... in ;w1·:-c1• 1i·lJ it _v
w hc u t ho ~ 11 h,ie('t e11~r1) ~•~ (':-1 t!1 1_· :·ttt~ · nli ! Hl nf t it..:.• lw:Ln ·r, 1111d t!it 1

de fect in v i:-: ion
~ t 1n:ic i ~

11 1:1y

p r cC'i:-'l.'1y -"' i t11i 1ar.

]1rngnagc is su l ittle 111indecl by \1i111. t l1:1t li e f'lll l ,;car<"Tiy J,c· ,;ai d to

be CO OSCiOUS it is t.l1 l'OU'-'. ll tJ1 is I11 cdi1 111t
thoughtR."

] 1<1

"'""~

i11l n t\ 1e >' fH111kl'r's

E~unu pfr .
In t ]i(• followi11g- ftA.."-'" HgL' frn1n llr• •\\'1dng: . it i."" !mpl •"-."il 1li· !o <!;·f,·r ·
m i ne fl'om th e sc11 t.t.: 1H'C: \t.<;1..• lf'. w twthL'r it w1L." 1he " t"! iJpf" ' o r tli1 · " l •t 1y ·· wlHJ fdl

d Ot•d :
" You ' re \\"0111Hktl '. · • - · • \ay ." Iii.-; ~!!ldi t: r 11ride
To\H'li t: d \q tli1_' i!l!i~·k . 11'.' .~Hi·l,
•• ] ' ni kill1·d. ~ire," l1rH1!d-:1·.'i11J l 1 f' ~ ide
'J !1c S lll l Ii II~ f·u;; f\.·i: tkui !.

rnnny in sl:tnecs of fault y nrr:rn;::cment, su eh as th<i:;e \d 1i ch have
l1ec 11 q11oteJ , ll 1erc i:; pl'r h:q•' 11 0 real n111 lii;.:11ity. TJ ,,, mea nin g
\rlti cl1 tl11..~ ('1)nstr1 1<·tit1n ~ u;:~ <:~t~ i~ ~o tl1nr o 11 ~ ldy :tJ,.._11 rd, tlnn \\'O
$('l' at (•ll•_'c· t li :1l tl1l' :rn lhPr 111u ,t 11111·,_. llll':tn t '"111dl1illc'. ci.'c. '!'! 10
Cffl'd· of the L:t1l c" n" t rn n ion. t herdc•J"-" i• nut ~ " 11111cl 1 tu Illake llw
~ cntcnce [un bi!.!'.uo11:-:, n~ to 11 1akc it o O ~ t: uro.
t> IJ~t·u r i t.v . bo wcrcr) is
a fa 11l t '1 1iitc 11 ~ 111 11d1 n~ arid d1!11 it y .

o f t J1ir1 _'.!:--i \\' l1 i1·! 1 i L t· xJ1il1it :-:, t!i:LI .

Exnmr Jpc; for PrA<'t.i ee.
f 'fhe FlUtit'lll

i:-; l'.Xj>•'<'lt·d t" point

lowl 11 g ~Cl l l(; IW L'S ,
tht~ fBlllt..j

Hi l d

" 11! 1\i "

l'1 Ci-"t' 'fll."' t rl ll" t

tlw

"''!11i 11l i:1 i.:: 1' l 1ttl.'1..' i11 ·· ;t •·li ,, [ Lh1• r, .]-

.'-.(' l l l '..'! J ("~·.-; :-,o

a:-. l· ·

IH Jli-:t..'

tl1 t' l!l

!f • "\' t"r<Ji l l

Gen er al Rule.-Tho \Hi le r sho uld never require o f the
rea de r, iu ord e r t o a u an dc rsta ll d illg of th e meu11i11 g, any
grc:\tcr degree of ntte11tio1n than iR ah.oril111t:l y ll"f'""'ary.

iu g fru 111 u 11 u end u f tl1.._1 11 iarl,; 1·L tll ILL' ut!ll 'I". fur a. lJl°11 11 y . at lv1 i ;..~tl1,

The Renso n. - lll1a( ('1·N attc·nti1,n ""~' nrc .,].Ji g .. 11 to g il'l•. j, , 11 10
w onh!, in r1rcl c r to tak e in t li ci r 111 cau iug, is tiO 1111 td 1 d l' d ucted from
t li o fvrco of tlio s ~uti11te11 h.

2. bul1st: 111('l':-! wl1i~ · l 1 li :L\·e l•l'( ' I\ ir1 111w111111...:, tl1n1ugl1 : \11.: wi11td·
m outh s, lJ t'('1 111 1u fruitful i11 i:1~al11lary i!I!lt 1c11i't.':-i .
3. Tlt i~ pa r t ut' u llr ~"".] fa11 1e i11 l l1 u uld e n tiJ11 0 wa.' f<1rli:itcd liy
the n eµ;li .~<·nc (~ C1f tl1 c- n1;~!1or-i~i t ·~.

Quintilian's Rule.-"Cnrc ~ h rn 1 l1 l b,, tn lu• n ," ~nvs Q11 intili:rn, "not that th e h c:1rf' r 111ri y u11d<'rst.i111 d , b ut. tha t li e m118t
u nderstand , " ·hcth c r li e wil l o r nut. "
Language n Tra n sparent Medium.-L:ill~llagl' l1a.' lie" n "'"ll co m·
parcLl to a ir, gla;;,;, \\' a t.e r, or otl 1er tran,p:t rl'nl 111 " di11lll , tl1ro u ~ h
w l1iclt rn:1 tl' rial oltj el'l s are Yit•11·c·1 l. " lt; " ""."~ l'arn pl>ell . •·tlio
n11:d itn n t l1nn1g l1 w l1 it· l1 \\'t' look at an y 11li,j 1·1 ·t. i.o; p t• r ft.• 1·t ly t rnn ~·
p;tr~11t,

/':l"-' ll ."' iLi (·

Pill wi111k• :ltlt.'11tio11 i~ fi :-.l· d 1111 i!iu o! •j 1..·t.."t; Wu uru :-\t":11·,·ely
tl~al Lln: rt: i:-1<l1 111.:diu flj \\·liid 1 itd\ · r\- t: 11 v~, n11d \\ t: l' all l1a rdly

bu !-laid t11 jH: ri..•t·i\·e it.. Hnt if 11 11.: n · i:-: a 11 .v lia w i 11 t 111..~ 111 t·di11111 1 i (
wo ~c\ u t\11-"u .;,: lt it l>ut lli111I.>, if tl1 e u l >j ~c t i; irnpc·rfc·crly rc11 resrnt.cd,

1. T ia.~ poo r littll' li t·:.:~ ar l11n;: •.·1l

f 11 r

~ 11 Tr11..1

lr11 i t, and nft t:r ~e:t r(·l1-

11ol i ~l1 t :tll iq11• l •'.

4.
w ell

\~et W L' farwy il1:lL i-" i· :1nhli11, 1111' 1·l1"il 110..: 1111l1t·r, in :--:1r1:tl:

t li in ;:..; :L'"'

n~ ~ r t• ; it, r e_i 1iic ('d in l1 i.'-' lw:i r t w!1 ell !t"IL'-'t'·1.: k:u1i11:.: d:1_..- 1·: 11::1· .

5. T h o wild fellu w in l\: t r 11 11i u:4, \ \·l1u t' :·wapcd u p 11 !l :t l i ri1ki·1 1 !:Lldu
fr om tli o fu ril'S of a sl1ip11·rtd: . ""lie wa,; sunui 11!! l1i11"" lf 11\i " n t !it)
}"0( .k y s1 10l'(' , c~pll·d :t 111: 1Il r11 lk·d UJ> P}) Iii~ ll 1nllill).,: l1vd of \\"a\ "( "'""·
G. I le [Gihlllitl l i11c11 1T1•d tl1v it1 1pttl: l l i(1 1J qf ; l\ ' :tl"ii' 1 ~. \\"liil u 11· · '' :l ~,
in faet. e x<·1.•l'd irq.:l y ~1_·11 l·ru11 :-; , ~ i11q 1ly l1y l1i~ ig- 111,ra1Jt· u uf tlll' i1 ur·
d.tn~ i n~ ll( ) \\' 1·r t •f 1111i11~ >_v .
1

7.

Tl11..•y

':i.

111 1_:

:lri i ..; 1'. !11

a 1J~ ·:.: r4 · 1" 1· 1 • 11~ (11 J"l .·• l :1n 1l lr: t11•:llil.

\\'t' i..·t_-1( 11( f1i:-1 Y1· ~ ..:. t ·l

L[1t11l

1i u ·

t.ho~e ~1 11 · r·(· 1 • dini.: }'l' ar:-:, a 1n v r11i:111 •11t uf

:--;: 11d l• :1r

rt·lr1:ti11 1 ·• l 1 11 1

'.i

"

I

lii:j Jq1art11r c i11 Un.:

of th e sea.
~"

112

C 0 ,!/I' 0 SIT l 0 N

SR NT F 1\ · (' r: S -

AND R fl E 1" OR l C.

!1 . They <'l1mc tog<'ili<'r t0 g00tl Dr. n''"'i", tn nfT.-·r tl 1<'rno;eh·es, :is
tl1 cy i-:nid, t u Hit;n t l1 eir :·dd11pi11~-papur~ witl 1 tl rn Lord .
10. 1\'hl' n tli c l!JJ>rning <-;11110 and th e ir hrenkfa,;t w as ove r, to t.ltcir
R11 1· pri ~e , Mr. lJ:ll torr',; .. arTi :igt'. "t'""l l· do rc tlie <l uo r.
11 . An y 0ne w J1,.111 li e con ,; iJcrud in all thing,; ,;1i 1.jcc:t to ltis nbso-

fur ty <lilh.: r'-• :1l IIH:tu1i11b-...:
u M e n l <1ok with nn 1·\·i l f')' t' 111 ~1111 th e ~()1u l th at. ls In o llll·r~; fl.l id ll1i11!.:. ll u ~
tlwir lt dlwr~. or nw11 " ! n·1i11tn!i11r1 ot , ,.,,< •urc·~ rlu· 111 I '!]. n11d tl1 r ir i '! i 1·11 m 111 ··'. 11Ld· 11 •
qnn.li tit·S. ~l 1\r1(l ill t/11 i r ! '! ] lid 1t : iu1.\ tla· r t·fi•ft.' t/1r11 I "' \. d 1, \\"li:\l rlu !I
•·11 1• '· •
f ' H St fl ('lr 1t1tl { l\'f•r ; 1it' Ill l ., i . th Il l t t it• t · r i i.: 1i t :-. l 1i11 I : I).:' ( .r "'' i ,.
.• I \ i r! I I' '" l I~ I I \" 1i' • 1

f i lfgj Vt"fl ti...: ~ .

I:). "It. ,1ia11 i c,; 111 11 11 not. to feel lllllll 0" li11111an fl'rt r. '' - f_or1l J,ytton 's X i"!l A rt/11ir.
1~· . Tlii" mo1111111 cnt was ercctc<l to tlie mcrnory of Jolin Sm ith,
wh o wa ~ slt11t, fl." IL mark of aff..,et.ion by Iii ,; lmH l1 0r.
15. T ell lrilll , if he is in the p:1rlor, r <lo not. <'l\r(l to R(' (' li i111.
lG. Say to him, if lie bi n the wrong, li e: ~ l 10 1ild r drncc: hi s "tepH.

oli -.: r · 11n~

fh,. 111

l' Vid l'rJ<.'U

or I l!L'

l:.\

l'-' II L lo \\ l1ic...: !1 J1e

ha::- at laillcJ

:1

lll~l:-,!L:J",Y O f l.li0

nrt. of c·u11i f1t i.-.,i ! illJL

Per sonal Pronouns.- "\Yli cn tw o or mnrL1

t1t:"l~l'11lino

n ou ns O<'enr in
11:1d1 ii: 111111~.
Tn

t1ic 11 ~8 of,, lie' ~ offl'll lw1'.i1lilt"-\
11void flii ~ n1 11 ld~llity, ~nm t.1 ntliPI" ff1 rn 1 11111~ t. 111..· ~ i H·1 1 In 1l 1t.• (•xpre:i~
f'li1Hl, or, ins t ud of u s i11 r; tlic fll'unuun, '\"O 1111 1.st r l' }'ea t. tlll• nolln.
tlto fl.[l. Jll O St·nt\_' ih'(',

1

11

T he 1ar1 co.nnot l('tn-c his flltht' r , f11r lf h e ~h r111ld l<:u,·c hi s fath e r, hiajalla>r

w o u ld d ie." - Ucn ..J.t: ~~ - :\ k~~ ~kilfnl writl'r Wq11Jd liit\' 1• f'uid. •· !f lw bli ,;ulit
Jcn ,·c Id s fA.tHcr. he wo uld <lie,'' lchvi 11g it UIH.:trta! u whcthC'r il \\' M th ~ fat her ur
t h e SO ii that Wf •Ul d d ie.
~n ~· "· "Ko on(' n~ yet htH1 e xhibited
the 1'l nu·u 1rc v f th e h11111an k !d11ty:;, Yt ·~nliti:; Ji u.dug exa11d11cd ffi<~m 0 11l y iH
(l ng ~," tlutt ls, lHtvin g e xru11incd !rnman Udn f l!d ill dogs ! Head, .. \" c!'.Rli u s huv~

H alla m, tu his f,ita11b1re

r~f

J1fodrn1 l~·" mpe,

Jng exnmine• l t h e ki d neys u f dc1gs onl y."
of ;r,,Ji n 1.c·yd1·11. it is :--1~: d, 1• ThP i1 1fi·1lc1' t11n l q11nlit 1t·H of th e
y 1111th Wt:r c su 11crilH' tCJ lli u .~1· uf hi :-; rni111 e nl. " tlrnt i..,, :-:Hi •L·ri.,r t o 1lil· i1ilrif· diml
In

IL l l H'111 rdr

rJ HHli! it l! of lib rnirnt·n t! T lit· w rilt' r rn1_·1l lll 1•r•·l•t1l.Jly thnt the q11u!i tles uf the
Y"l lfh's iH lL·l l n·t W\_'l" L' i-t q11,; riu r lu 1111 1.. c uf hi s rn i 111 t· lll.
1J l·11 n

,\

l f!1 rd,

in

utl11.:r \\'urJ :-. t.H '\'PJ'

li b " I 'ka 1: 1r the· '}111•t•11 ' :-:
{1 1

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i-.Ji ." h11" t!i Is ·" •· llfl· rit·l· ; "Tw o
1Hlf ,·kfM Y
( •Jt'-3'

Ult' \\JLi..!1 llrC \· t:ry l' l •ll lllll•H ly 111a11gled J.y

- /' ,(,,(".; 1

ll•·r•·

refer.

11"

11n·

{111t11y

l 1· ~ -;

f1111r

ll •Hll

\'."r.! -..

"1 :! .. 11 .

"111.· 11( \\ J1i• · t 1 tl11· ] 11•."'t .. tJ 1,.1 n · 1: " 1~·

T l1c otl 1er pr1•11 u u11 ~ TJHLY n..: J'i·r ~l·\1.~ n dly t.u tl1rt.·e v r tu l\\1J \r u r·.l."', : : ·1 ~ hit t

the ~ente 11 cc IJe cu111c ~ u 111..:rlt:ct juuil.Jl'. l~y clini1gi11g •· vlliers " tu tl1•: ~i11g11hLr ,
the p ron o u 11s will ut t1 11ec ndju .. l t h t· 111~ cl \" es ."' 11 tl1nt th e lllt'Hlling u!' th e ai11.li 1'r
will lJe perfectly d e rtr. ·· 1ft-11 l•Jtik wit h t'' i l l·y e tq11111 tli •: g1H1d t lH d i'- in
a1wlher: u.11t.1 LliiIJ k tl 1at hL1 f\_'!1\ll id i 1 • I~ I .1.-.. 1·t1 l'l"'.'} i iit'lll , /;1~ t ' I •lll lll~· 11 1 Jn l;!t_. I; llHj; r ;~·'i
i;ita ntl

.liF

tiie u se of the Pronouns. "\\'I"'" a 111:111 get,; to hi.' it.'." ""Y~ Cohbet.to, "I tl'c111hl e f"1· lii 111. " Tl1 c , ];iil " ·itli wl1id1 n writer d,,11JH
with tl 1e pr111101111" Hild otl"'r s111:ill 1·<J11n c<'ting w11nb irl t li o l1cst

' · • ]. "

"oth1~ rs," " qt11diti1"·L" and" \'Jtttl •'"·

ill tl11•ir }i1.dil: l\Jl1 l

h.f1n, tho.t the

Arnbig11ity nnd oli~enrit v nre often 1irod11 c't•1l l1y <'a r dt·.,sn1·s."' in

f, FA RX F SS.

Of lhe ...;e rwords, Or ch.·r~y·.• ) i.-; 'l't)\' f· l••I L..: .' f\ 11.\ it...; Su].~[1\ Ji! iYe '<'t 1 \·t'!ortl~l l " "- <
h111w ~un 1 e w h o rl·ad tl 1l'." l' li1 1 '-'~. \vill !·1,; i ndti1·\·d to kil\' L· fill" pr1.i11111:ll'i: 1:· " ,,,,!
rH11e:i, clergy' or \\"l•rd.', ·: . ("I 1\'l "( iutl'. :\: 1-! . t."• • \' •_·: 11J 1J- ! IC'.· , l ("(\ 11 ll .'-.'- 1:: ,. [.I,, /! I : i; ' ~ .
re ade r~. , :k r i;y, or \\' 11 n ..t-.·• ; tl1al w lit:11 thry ! li11l' S, r1,;a1kr:-; . 1· kr; •y , ,r \', •11• :.-, ·
\. .
thu:s call t/10 11. [l illt:-i. re ild l·r.-;, c·kr::y , nr W1Jrd .... " ), Ol!t.' 111 ka . . t !1f f!1 or: ·· ~ l1t·1tr"! '"'
1
lw.s his appr('f'iltlio11 .,f l/11 ·ir l":'i kit\'/ i i11g d 1~wrl • l'• I. '' '.\tr. ~!111111 !1 :l'• .~ ! .. »\: 1
tnatl1cmi tli1·1d ly thill tlii:-: 1--..: ntc11ce is c 1q11d1ll' .. r tl'll th1 1u .-. u 11d I\'(' li11: 1·!r1 .. \ H'. 1-!

lnt o em11m:i11Cl.
J ~ . .Mr. l lc-rliy c:lllr;h t. hi ,; OJ>J>Or t11 11it _,., n" Col1J 11 cl llrent11n fini s h ~rl
hi~ l:ist :1ppc11l, t0 open to him th e 11· liole 1•rol'i .- iun ••f g race unJ

4. U2c of tbe Pronoun;;.

r

~

tJ1tr t..·r.,r1· () , o·y , J,, \\ J11tt l!wy !'!\!L [., <·a:•t
.,f // /;:; \ ir! \11 ·.-., l i1~lY 1: •1l ,,J , . .'{·ur•: ti11·111."

U c]uud u '.'\_'r

l·ri~lit -.. l1111iiq;

How to Avoid

Embarrassm ;~nt. -~ ~\

harr:l~:-icd i11 tli1.: u~ e 1J( t! :t"

\\ ri tl•r wL11 i

1· rt 1!1•·il ll ",

0

1..·i·rJ11l• ' ...; i l 11h

.,_ ·111-

iti Ct111"1-' 1Jl h"!w.,_- 1 1i" l1 :t\· i 1 1~ '.· 1

r efr~ r back to l.\\' U di !l"t.: rc 1!1, tJ!>jt ' <'tS. ( >!' 1· bs...; \·:--1 ,,( uL,iv1 ' f..;, \\·ill a l111 .. ~ t
nJWftYR ill! nlJ Je to t.xtr i c·a!e J1i111...; i·] f fr(H/I tl 1t' di!J'i1·1dty J,,_. ti :'l -t
<·Jian giu ~ tlic cu11~ t . n1c~iu11 :-:.u it ~ t" 111~tl\\_' 11! ll' uL, 1,·1 ·t 11[' . _ .: l ........ 1•f
oh.i1·('.f ~ .-.,i11'.!ti:ar H t i· I t lH' t>! I 1.-r· ! ,j 11 ' ;1 i.'
*Burt o n ~i\'('~ ;t ('/q•it:il '-l<Jrv .• 1f Jti li _
\' _~\.ilii . 1111'" . a 1'/~ t nic ~v·T· r, '\ ), i, ], i-., :i L' .... j
\.J llH· p • d11l .1 p1 11· 11tPl •· r •·•>1 1-. 1•1:· r:111 .. ti.
\\ " 1:l1 ar ll~ 1-.. r·· 1, r · "'' 111•d ,l , i··,l i 11 ndin.: a ll'ir-1· J,, . ) ,.11..:1r1...: !" Jl:u1d, l 111. 1li1 · 111.1 11 ,1. · · 1

1\l11~tr':itlu11

iii g- hi:i ,-:q ... ri.· 111· \_'
''So duw 11 I

1!1H;:3 !o th•~ ~ ! a h: 1· wJ!

h T•1111 l· l_,. 11 n, awl l(Jld I ii L' 111 :ll•

i· • 1·11! l

lw :< .1,l·t ;1

011 \; iq1"
"l)f1 'J'11f\I

f· "l ·;1111 ·! '

"Nt1, •111 tli•· J1.,r -.. ··

~ ... ;1f! « r r:ll l;l r1 !-'. with 'J'• , 1n l "lyr 111

a \d dl··, l 111••111d"! Li1 11."

"'Vli a t ' 1n •1ii l1 h'd ' l'..-r11 Vl·11 ! n'.'"
" No! 1h<> !P1I""''; it1 1d th•·!; I . . )i,..,'h 11:111.J <, \\i t l1 l1i!JJ ft n.\ rodl' u:1_ "
ush ouk li a1 1d ... w ith Lh" h •w·;1', J:;ii_, ....
11 J\'u, wl! It ' J', 1111 }.' !y11n; :11111 th• ·n I r 11d· · , ,_ff' 111 1 ~ !1 l ' P.11 w1·ry, :111_d '' 1111 .:Ji1)1: ld T 11•··· ''
111 front o f tl w J\.,w ,·n· Th··:tl n · ],qt '1'1 111 ll an1 d1 11; :-to 1 t:· •l 111 1 ari>I 1°.!d t!w 1... _1
1

J1 u!d hi111 !1\· ! h<' h•·:i.!. "
"Wh a t! )1,•l· l ll ~rn 1 t 1 1!11 .,,. tl11· h1~n• l ? "
" J'\ o , th t.' h•if ..,'. '; :111i\ lll"rl w1 · W P!ll HnU li:1 a d1·i11k t.nt.:• ·l lwr.''
" \\'ti af ~ \" nq a JHl th " Ii ' ' r '."1.:- _, ' '
u N n, 111 e ·a11 •l ll:111tlil i t1; anJ :1ft•' r that 1 nl •Hl!Ltf•d td 111 a g a i1 1, a 11d W! ' fl l. 011t 1•f
t u\Yn.' 1
' '\Vh: ~t ! m onn t1 '1] i[;'lrn hlin :i.~:1in"!"
11 j\ 11, 1h,. lH•r :-• ·: and\\ Ji ,- n l ;_· .. t !" \1 11 r1il1:11n . wh i · sl11111J.! ),.. tl1°· r" l.1: ! T "t 11 F l~ · r . r1 .
1\

- l ie'Ll tak '-·11 aiwtli"r li 11r ... •: :111•i r• ... !.: •1 Ul i1]1 .. a• \
}din tip.)•
" Tie T om Fl .- nn up'? "'
•· ;-\o, tli L'. !H•r~ L'. ; a11d " t ' hu•l :l Jriuk tii t'r~ . "

11( Ju•: , ~ ·.'

I t vl •I ll1<:

11 ••::-IJ ,.r ! · i \11.·

' ' \ V I!:!! ' Y•.".>! l :!!!d !!? !· !1 "!'" " " "
TJJ 1' ~1 1 1d T .. rn I > : :i1 1 '.
Fi11i\i11 g hi -; a 111l i l 1•r .. i.y !hi :-: !inw in a l1·1r.H' b11 ~·li . J ~ilJ,,· wt11111d 11p ,,, lt li --' ' Now l111•k lwr1· - •·v··n· t i t n1 · I"' :\ \" !1•• !" '"' '. "!1 .'I :'\\' f l :1111 lilin, 1111 11 ,.,·,· r\' t lt1J1.· l -~: 1y
] l allll>li r; , y 1, 11 -;:;y lt"r-,1·. ·1 l l 1,,. !1;111 .i; "d rl l
· ;1 11 \ 111 ·•r •· ;1 \ ... u 1 11 .

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JI

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11 -1

CO .lfl'OS ITION A,YD R!IET O !l!C.

Relative Pronouus.-Tlio f:dat i Ye I'rn11011th a ru
uf t t · r11.:r t'\· ~·11

tl1: 1r 1 1) 11_~ l\:1:-:, .;1:1!

tbl:U

inaccurately

I r111~ · 11 111"' .
1

4. Il e nce<ls no ~pc•ct.:lt1('~i

t l1 :1t cannH( :--1·(· ;

nt·ir

0

l·• 't·!l: "Fr1•1H H huld! w hid 1 tlu ·y !Ind 1u: qui n: d Hl lh e l ' 1Ii \' -.rr:-.ity, uf i-;u vlu g ti1n e

f) .

ll t-_~ T!llL..;t

t'lli111r1·

tl11 · fq lJi.--.;of

1d l 1t 'l':-\. \\ l1 r 1

\\· i:i

fl. ·Fn11nd, a w!1itv -l1:l!1d lv rl k11if.,·., liy a cli il tl , tit:d li :L..: n l. r 1 );,: .·n
}i;i.d( .

7. To nint, n

l11111 s.1'

(' nnf;1i11i11~ t,··n rnot11 ~ , i11 (':L :"d 111

villag't\ \\'l1ich lw :-:i. H lin e LJ.'l._Y - Wiwlo\\' i n rrl• llt.
H. ,J,)l!ll :tt 1: 1:-.! !'11!!r1d tl11· L1·y lr wl...: 1·d 1l1e d .. , ,;·,

(.' 41H li.\t·11 t you 11 1n\· "1·•·11r1·h· n T ~" 11. " - . . . ·11· 1ff .

tin'..!' i1. ir1 Ii i ... p• •c\.. .. :.

l l·· r • ._ a•·1·11r.\ i 11i.__: !11 tl it·. {·1o11 .... lr11 1: -

/!\HY :-:1·,·n n·ly r .. t'/,:.;11 1q .. .i1 !iii ." \\, ·!~ !J\y u!l~li l'.
\\' t'

: lr•·

kd

l•

··•iJIJ, ·•

!:11t

111 11 · ti1:\I !Iii · a11(]1,, r 111!'ol11t Ii i~

fr ie nd tll ret.~kHll 1111011n111•lJ11rity 11 f 1,,,th )1 011:->1·."'· 11 !-.t •. ll11: ~-··Ht 1·1w. · sl 11111ld n·111l :
.. Thu-; I linq• foi r ly ~i\' t·1 1 yo u 111 y nw 11 11pi11i 1in rt ·lnti n g to tld ~ \n·iglily nt.lilir,
os W(•li n~ that 11f u. g reat. n rnj(irity of l1u th li o 11 ~ c:-; lit.·re; 111•011 \ \ li il'i1 l n11 1 cun-

ti .\ cnl yuu tn•\Y ~c· · Hrdy :-l' ckrn i."
"\\'..:· 1101wlic r1· n1 1'1·! with ll Ill"'"' g],.ri•11J~ ~u1°1 1·1 • :\' iti~~ '-li•·"· in 11nturr . ll 1an
'\ liHt <-i) '1 11 · J~I'"' ill tlw li•·n , ·· ·11< nt 1h 1· ri ~ illt.! tU! d ~ l"lt i1 1:..:- pf th t· .'-1 111. 11·/1id1 1.-. 11n, ri.'i-

i11 ;,!' 1111 d :-l·! t ill ;! . ,.1r ~Ji,, n· ·:· 1 is wh n lly tnni\4· tq • u f th ti''l' ill!~ ·l.'n· : 1t s t a in s n f li ~ht,
tl11d ~iifJW tlicm .' t·l\'t '" in 1· )quds of n •li1-h·r1._·r1t :--it11nth_ll1." - _; ,f,f1 ,;,,11. Tlib ::L'll-

!:- llflt perllnp:-:

nh~lilU!t· l~· 1Hn l 1i~!l1>11:--,

f:1r i\.l'!t· r

~o !n c ~·tudy we ti 1: il

tl:ut th o
·· \\'lii d l" rnu--r n:ln lt· tto "~h o w" H11 t !ht• 1111 ·11n\1 1g- is ut ll..'1l~ I 1111 ld c olJ:;1·11re by
llH' widi.: :-:c111H:H\•l!l of the n ·lntin· f r11rn it.'i 1111t•·t't·d1 ·11t. no d hy t ht· i11t rud u tt ion
of ul l 1c r 1111111 1-.; J., · (wi•t •Jl th e Tt ·ln.!i\'t' nnd it." ll J Jf ;•(' t '< l P r1 t. Thi ~ ol 1 ~ 1 · 11rity might
/i a\'e l•t' t 'fl 1t\'H id1·d . fl/HI the n1<·n1ii11i..; l".~ liden..·•l ~: H ti rdy 1•er:--1 i ·n ,.i i,.... J_,y 1Hf tlllgi11g
tlit· Wt•rtls tln1:-: "\\' e 11"'·\·h1,_•re nit.Tl witl1 it lH"r" g l· ri .. 11-. 1111•! 1.J,.,t :-- i n!!' -.: h11w in
Ttnll i fl', lll illl that w/11... /1 lljlJ!t'llfS in tlH · J i.:.: HYl'llS 111 t il l' ri-: 111g a11d Sl'(t ill g" Of tile
:-;11n , 11 11 d ll'hfr!t is w\1,,: i y 11111 .J,· tq• ut' th i 1:-.c di1h·re11t l'> Lu.i11:-. 1 .J~ l ig ht," d .1'.. lh:ru
tt i(• :--ct ·o11d '' wli il'h ·· j .'{ 1·11n11t•f·l1._•d hy t h e 1·011 j11 1wt i111 1 with tlH· lirht " whi <.:11," und
\J(• lh refl:r hn f' k d in•c· tly to "!-<lH1W," ttlld 1·rtn11ut r+ ·f1·r f 1) u11y1ldng ,., ... , ..
" 1t b f1 .lly to pre f(' n d f () fllTll HI ir ~ 1 ·l \'('S llg'll i ll " t t lw !ll'('id l·JI h nf Ii tt:, lJy h en ping
11 11 t n·a ~1 1 r1•:..; 11·hil'1• Tl ' it Ii i ng 1·:111 11ri 1l •1·t 11:-1 11 ~ ai ll'"I . I 111 1 1lh· gn, 1d pno\' 1, l1·11 cc of nu r
il1· 1n't•11 ly Falh e r ." - ,..,·/, ,. r/111.,.;. Tl lll l i:-" , ll ( •l hi11 g 1·1111 1•ru led 11 .'l 11 g 1d 11 s t trcn.!'! urcs l
Tile n11tlinr 111f"ar1 t: "ll is f1,Jly to p rt"t e nd, l 1y li en ping: up trdl!i llrcs , t <J a rm ou r~1,:h • ·s nptin~ I I li c H\'l·idt' lltSPf lifl' . w hit-h Jl l>thill b ('U H [' rt• lCCt U:i np\.in st, b11ttho
goo d pn1\'iden 1.:c 11f our llt:nrc11ly Fu.tllt.:r.''
[\: Tu ·t·

1

1

1

1

Exflmp l es for P r ac ti ce .
!Tl 1(• i-:l u tl t•n ! is rx p ect1..·d tiJ ('ritici :-:t· a ll 1l n 111t· 1Hl the fvlluw ln g
cJf th e Ji ru n ou n s.J

sc n tenc~.s. in r e f·

~n~IH.'l! 111 t.11e in1prupc r u .-., c

1. Tf, ,]Jcrn •l. 11 r 1n111t1·_,. 11·l1<•ll_,. r C'~•·11 .. 1l fr,,rn th e ~<'fl , whi ch possc''''s n·1· _,. little n:1t1 11·al :1 1h:111 1 11 ~t:', ha,; i•l' l" B cu n n:rt(;d into one
YH !'t i:anle11 l iy f ~1 0 i11d11:-i1'ry nf it~ i1i! 1:d1il;l!Jl-.i ,
'1 \Ir. Frt: ncli ll l'eth:1 a s 11q.!·l·n 11. \rl111 li ;t'i Ln d\e n lii ~ :1rtn.
3. TllLI ligs wc 1·c iu :;111all 11uud cn l1ux es, wl 1i,;J1 w u ate.

! 1:t'\1' :) ·· 1r k i111 !-

J)t'.~·....: ,

1u1d 1•n1~·r, tht•y ,,T ile i11 :--o dimi1 11 1li \'c a. 111nn 1w r. "
"T!11 t."' I li: : \ · 1· fnirly -~ i\ '1,: I! ~ 1 11t n1 y 1, \ \!l •·1o11 :i 1 ·1 1, i1'-' \•,,·l l 11.-i tli :it ,,f H gr1·1tt
n1 :lj• irily ,,f !., >[Ji J1 • .i1~1 · ~. lwrl'. r •.-ln! i;< '- ' ' tli i:-- \\1 ·i )·l1! y 11: ln i1· : 11;.i, 111/'f, / ,/t J 1u 1 ~
t io11 , tl1 e 1wr~11ri ttdd1 1•....." t ' d

l· 1-11 li'-=. t l1 :d 1 :1n111 1t

w:tlk .

" i\ fi rn\·.' ' ~n\·s ~win ." :td . !-'.O <l in·( · fl~· ('i 11 trnry 1.-, tJti;.: ll1 •·IJ11 •d I lint . frnm f\
Jialiil 11f ... nd1ll..! ti111t· n11d )•HJ'"'" ll'/1 i1·/1 !l11.·_\· n1 ' •111in·•l1d 111 1· l 11i\( 'r~ il .\' . tl1 ey \\'rite
i n sq d i1t1ir111li\'(· H 1n:trnu:r. tli al tln·y 1':"1. 11 J1nrdly r d1d "/w t !11 1.·y !111ve wrlltcu.' '
~ \\ ifl d"l'"' Jl! )t 1t! 1·i tl! thHl 1l1t·y ln11\ nc1p1in· d ti t iw ttlfd 1·1q,. ·r 11! !lw ! ' 1iive r.-. il)',
/,1 11 tl i•I! tli\._·y hn · l 111··11iirt'd tld~ h tt\.it tlH•rt' . TlH· .... , 1111·1H·1 · 1Ji,-11 .~ J ;;.i11.J lunt!

"'""' tl11 1l \ \·,,1di\ 111nk1· fJ ql!'-t·ll :--c.

1.1.')

SENT E NCE S-C ~£AHNES~

n.

Ti 11 ~ f'ai-111 1· 1" \\'I'l l : 1~ ~

l1i - . 1!1 ·i;.:: li\ _111j'

~111d

a 11l 1·a..,:111t

;11 1.J \\· , ·:;f iilr.

;.,J d J.i:

I

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L ,,

t

J"if·
:t . , ••

wc ru in Ii i:-; !ic·id ..: .
10. E<>liert prn111i .« ·1l J,;,. f:ltlivr that, liu wo11lil p:1y Iii-; ,], -i.: , .
-11. Tl11 •y \\'l' 1'1' p 1_· r..:tlJ1'"' t1f \·l·ry 1n 0d1.: 1:1.t u inll· ilt·\·L,.\ f..'\·1·n L\ · (1i"I'
11i 1·.v \\'(·ru inq i:1i r1._ ·d h:· il11 ·ir p:1:..:..:ion~ .
12. I ~h :tli L~ li:q1i 'Y i f I 1.: :1ll r ·. _)1 itril.1ut, ~ ti.> yunr a!ld 11i\· ('iJ :11Jtr _: -~

r;lon' .
1 3. },fr:-; . .Jo ues ..: a id to i id' dau~lit t_•r ih:1t r11_•i'h:q1 .: .. ";ll' 1111 ;.;: i l !ff ) t 11
t h e eity fo r tl10 zephyr slie nc t·lle,l to ti 11isl1 tlw ,. ,1,l 1i u 11 fur l ...-r -: , t cr's C lir istnia,; pn·,;,·11L
1-1. Tlil'l"tJ i:-{ a Lrn 1· at t! tt ' (· 11t1 nf tlit~ t11\\·n, \\·lie r" !L t· y1~l1!H! \ i1·:1 r
fron1 bi~ stutl_v Call .'- ve tli e yc 1111 1:: ladit.':-o p : 1 ,....,i11~ 1111 1 lJt ·i1· \\':t _\ !1) I li1'
cottage of 1l ivir

1w11-. iu 111·r,

f o r joi11int-( tli ..: 111 a :-1

\\-ll i,·h i ...,

111 t11 !d,·

and a::·11rd · ~

:11l

1.· x

1

·11-.1•

f'1>llll; l1 a('k .
15. Il e i ~ liku a L1 l't1:-'1. qf Jirvy, that 1.....: \'t>id 1if Ct<!1lf 1:1 -.---i. ,n .
JG. Ili ~ ~o n. a yuut.li of' tl1ineell, WJh pt· n 11it11_·d ( 11 :-.::1 y i11 J 1ri :-:11n
'Yi t l1 hi ~ fa t h e r, \vfro h 1 ·!1nldin~ hi ~ only ~ 11r\· i\'i11 .~ p:. r1 ·1ll ]1 1:ld1·d wit Ii
irun s was 0YC· rwh"li11 e..I wit 11 µ; rid.
tl1 ey

17. The c:.qitai u of tl 1l• ,Jiip "w arn a,-J1ur<', and "' ' did th<' cu"k.
S he was in s ured fur fifteen tlwu san<l dull :.u ·;, a nd ''"" -~ l1l'a1·il y lua1lt:d
with iron.
ltL D urin µ; tl1 e prorrs,;ion , :"l cliiltl w a,; ru11 Ul'll', 11·c- :1rinµ;" ,-Ji,11t
r od (]res,;, 1\"l1il'l1 n"1·e r s po k0 an e nva rd ~ .
l!J. Tli e m:td tlog lii t n li or,;u 011 tlw h·g, wl1i (' h lia,; ,-in<" e dil'tl.
20. ·wh en tlie tr:well ers co111 pla in ed of tl1 e f,·ruc it y uf Iii ,; d<>r;><, I"'
sai 1l t li ey 11"rru ill-I.ired cm,.
21. Mary a sked li e r mot li er if :; he m igl1t gu with l1c·r, tt~ ol.c wa;
sure she wa~ goin g t o li uy ,;u mething for lier.
22. Life witli lii111 l1as cnJ e1l inn sad wi~take wl1ic h lJq;an wi tb
suel1 bri g Ii t pr o,: p cct~.

118

C 0 ,If I' 0 S I 7' I 0 N

A ND

R fl E T 0 R ! C.

11 ~i

SFXTFSCJ:S -~ l.'.lfl'!l.!S!S.

enl c<1n~ t rudinn of Ill e srn tcn f'c wlli ~hn w thi~ . ··T he mind nf mnn i.s, l>y
Nature"~ hcneli t· e nt int e 11ii o11, concilia1cd n ud fo rm ed to hi~ c1 111di ti< m .' '
.. TlJe pruise •• r jUll,l!In(' Jlt \"irgi] ilils jll ." 'tly ('C1ntc...: tt.._•d with him r J ln rn er], but hi~

in,·e ntion Tf'rnniw·· 11 nriY nl1ed."-/-'1}; 1f',

I !ere t h~ t.wn q 11 alitle:-1 nh1J11t whkh Pope

wi . . . lics to rnnke Hll !l>.".(. ·rt i1111 11re j1u i rm1F'11 f n11d im··71 fi1111. T IH '."P tliPfl nrf' the rc·nl
:-iul1j._•t·ts. tl1u11i:h "j11d .'-!11w11t," i n 1he first ntcmber of the sc nten<·e, is grnnunuti.

l'.d.l:y in the o UJ•.:tt ive

Ordinarily,

t:i:L~c.

l1n1n• Ycr, tli e grammatical su l,ieet n n<l 1110 principal

811 lijo<'t are tll() R:nne.
E xam1 ,1es ari..: fo11nd in th(' fo llo,,·ing- ;.;en tence~:
"Lea rning tal.:ct.h a w ay t h e \~ il dl\l 'S.'"', b Hrb urb m, nnd fierce ness of nwJt'i.

w.i11d:;.' '

"Tia· 11..'cas1ar.<; nf ll1I imn.:1inntirm, l nkPn in thrir f111J f''tc·n t.

A.f('

tint ~ o grOS!-i tl.S

tl1n." l' 1_,f :-:c;;:-l', nu r :-,o n ·:in1· 1l rL;..; 1!1. ,:-;_· 111' !h f> 11 1H kr"ittn1! i :i!: _''

··{Jur siy!tt. i.-:. lin~ lllii~t pt"rh:t;L at1J tlte ltl li:-t dt.'light.t"ul o f nl! nn r &"ri~es.u

Rule. - Thc Prin eipal Suhjr·ct, wl1l'tlH•r ~rarnm:1tiC'all_v in
tl1e JH•minative o r in il1<J <1lij<Tt ivc c:t.'<', sl11qiJ ,J have a coni!pic1iuuB po~ i tio n in the ~C'ntenrP, an.J (''j>'Ti :tliy ,J,111ild ~tauJ
clear and di~c·11 La:1g l c·d from other 111Jl'd• tl1;1 t rnigLt clog it.
lllost r onim onl _1' nnd mtfnrnJl.,- tli r j>l nce for th is s11J.j .·1·t. is at. tlie
he~inning- o f t l ie i; ":nt e 1H'f'. n.' in tlr r• flirt'<: .io:i • nt (• n<'f'..; l:ist q11nft'<l .
H11t tli1:rv 111ay li e (' ;t ,:;f":-' in whi(·li tl1l~ ~1..· 11.""e is l't't11 le r t:J 1n ora
5tTiking J,y j,ut_t i u.~: tln:
n: tl1t· i ·1111.
Example of Inversion ... '· 011 11· i1:1Lc·1· (· ;· ' id c IH' c·1o n lc·1111• laf<, llo111er,

im·n1lio11. " - l'n1• "· Th0
J.,(l' Hins of o ut· ln11~~11n !~r· dnf''-l n p l ~r rf·~ifly f:u·ilit:lt1 1l1i<... kiii.J of inY('f"~ion , :--;rill it !!i;1y 111· pr ; lc:i~-_·d l1(·1·nsi,111a!ly 1 an d ~· ii11 cli 111e ...; with
t~trjk in ~ l.'fft.:ct, at' in !lit.~ cxu11q1l•: jll -- l ijUillt:d.
\1]i; 1.L !'riuci pailyf'Ll'ikc:s llf' is l11s"·ni11lNfnl

1

Inversion Produced by There nnd It.--- TL•: 11·on1 "t J,,.,.,._" 11oc·il n,;
Tlh· re t..:~jilt·!i\'e, i."' u111· u f tli 0 c111!1rl\·a n ('1·:-> \\· ,_· lia\'L' t~ 1r pr«' >dn('ilJ :~
tl1 i.-.. iov e r :-oiutl. .. Tliere n·:i. ... :1 n i :tn :-: t •nt of (;rn1, \rl1() . .·(· ri:t11t1' v:;1~
1
~l1 1 l1n. ' • • !t ,. i:-; u;-;1•d i11d1·lir1ii! ·ly ( 4_1r a ::;i1 11i1 ar p11rpt1:-\e. ·· 11. ,\· a~
Hn itu~ t11a t·. g a \·e 1111 · C:it:d 11 )<>\Ln

nr1:1_.:· t~) g1\·e i l11· ; :·irl(':1,:u

!lisposal of Subsicliary Mattor. ··- 111
f1!~1ii·/·1,

.

('()) !~jd C\itllh

(!..

·11' (I I I ,

ji P .'-)

it ~i tl n_·r at t !w L(·~i1111i1:;..:: ()r

:d

1

'·' '• ''"'· ,·1 1, '.\ :\_\~ tHT~· .-· >a:'.\ ' l11

..
,l

tl11 ·

tl tc :-;l·!llt: IH 'v.

( ·11d fd .

t.lH· s 11 1_1,..;i.J ia 1·y 1na : t1.. r, f1J' :t jH•r(:1)n <i t' it\ l11a y lw di;-;pr 1...:,1·d
first. , and tli1 ·n tlw :--.1i\ij:,·(·l <' ul!H ' iri \\· i 111 g 1HHl ,·11'1-cl.

tinl f'_f\

The Part.icipinl Construction - Tl1i' j,
c: dl1.'d t\;1 · !>:ir:i1·it)i:d \'l•J1"'ln1( · ti<•11.

j~

The f'lT1·1' l or lhe par1i c i1•ial

k now
it

fnr

tli ll t

lht.'

\\']11 · 11

i!

~ 1 1 1 1 _it · d li:ls l H 'i.
d11\' '- i ·i:J: i •',

IL" ir

\'{)J\ ~ truc'lio:l

Y!' l

'-''[<\·1 ·iall y t lw

b t1 1 k 1..·i ·p

ilt.'1.'ll Hllll• -,11 t1•.· ·:·

1!if~

1ni11d

l1n • l ),,, t•:1 t~i\'(•\I al. ( >Jl l'•· .

i!

' I'll··

1
:-; 1 t•c1n 11.-; li"' ITti:"t. 1'11• 1•ne H pr1•f!•rf't11't• f,,r in,1d1 ·r n !t.• 1tri~f1wri11·v

t li 1• •d h• · r n .r. ·.-inJ

11.JH1it!i11~: !lw p~· 11plc !l! Ltr ;.'!' Li 1:!1 '•1l!11]i!y .,( "t·. ii )'r : ·. - 1~ . T''"' ! 1,·ri · l!H'
:tii~li,1r llll'H l L'i !u 1111.lke 11.11 U!'i.'.':f? rth 1ll nb1 ·11!! !hp c.-1n 1!11·t. n f thr ' • · n 1•p!1~itc· 1nllli 1·..,.· •
Y··f t:11·..,t· wnr•L', !'( !!J s :.i tut in ;.: tl 1e H-'; :.l ::.1 1li}H" i. tnr ~n plrtr·,--.ri nr r1r n 11' r(·iii1·1 · ,,f

uf

1

Llw

~t.,; iilt: :tt:c ,

awJ

~o cntangle11 nnd rni~"d up w ith

11 tii (_.r

W1Jrcl~. th nt

rlH·

ii k :w·

~,f

t:l'' ' 111 '·' !1at.

ii; :-.11~]" ' 1\"I'

I, H n' ! t );('f•'t"11rv 11f\'J 11.... t

,,.,.,.

11 .... r· ·n · ly

H•h Ill dill'.'' II) [~1 ! ".

constnii · t i 1 ,! 1 is l ll f\ l :t 1n1illi\·l i1·i1.'; ~· f 1·•.111it,..r·..:.,111" lo11 t l~,., . , ...._ _.._1tr~ d 1·L 1 1: ..: l 11:1y ~·· ·

clispo:<t'd 1 ,f. kit Yin~
1uai11 pn.: <li• ·:i l 1 •

1 1 ~ t) 111.., lli\ 11·J t

1t.loaHt /1't'.-" ..f ('!'ll.··(u111n!

tl H"
(\f

!li~tiuii·i·.

11.t k:t:-l

11i i!: l it

!n., · r

t( 1 t\ 1H1J1l H.!

!11 pr11 1·t ·1·.t fr,,111

1!•1111(·

\\ lwre

l'\'t'i.y

J •f•1\'« :t ('a l ~H: d 1 ;d li • \\ i ·r . 1~ d1tirf'h

tL wny~id\·

,·r"""· (/ 1u ,

1 .• !1 1tL"1

r1

t.ii~ '.]11 ill (Jrd~ · f l<o f\'('"h! 1i/.1.'. ~·'!!Ill ' !d.j1,·v(

of

!lH' 111a i 11

."-t t J.j,.ct

1• • t1 1•:

IH ·iL;!it, ... ~ ''' :·1. <l i11.1\ ~-

jq

:"J•lrt·. n. p1 l;.: r 1 r1t .. .... r.. ll••:\ ,
11t'!('l1 li a\1._· _" tl t1i11• •t !i " ;r

ll :-i lll l l :~r d1<tril<"t('f'.''

Qualifying Clauses and Adjunct's. - - ( ' l:!\I " ' '.. ; and ad,i111wt-; \Yl1 .i ch 11;:111i -

qi1:i L f y t h1..'. 1naiu ..;11l1.itTt rll;iy i11 lih \· 1n;111ll\'J"
in Lefore i1. wiI!1u11t 11ff1Tlin:: ih i1r(ll!1ir1t ·1w(•.

fc::;tly

An P:..cantplt~.-" Ti1e :-;tnt0 wns mod<" , trnrkr prrrcnre o f t=:Cr\'ln~ it, 111 r<·nl i ty
11:<· pri ?1' or 11Jt_.tr t• lf ldf.'!lli· ··n. fi , (·n_•' 11 qf 1! 11·.-1 · ''i'/l"·' it,-· 1uu·f/, •·. \ ', 11" J•!'•lri ''--'t ''l ill

,i,lac,·

;--;.,~111t_·­

"_l Jl

tlP·

y;1 ,· i1 n!

/ '1·11i11 .<L:i. 1 111: 1 ·,

." J O: \i't ' l •i_' !\\ · ·l·ll

!" 1 ·1 "'i:\ .

I••' <'" 11' '1 · :\-,·,I : t '' I' tr i :11q.::•

:-..: .1

~ 1 11J11 · ti1ll1. ·~ ci) Ji\....'

!< ;:\'/>!, fl lld Ftli i "j·i11
) •' l ' I ! • I I '

) •! l 1 j I I

I '

I-'. I !

i : \I

'

n,, · .! ,., ,, ,,,: .11
! : I I ~ 1. ; I '

C(/.11

ros I Tl OS

_,I_\"/)

1" II

c TUI< I c.

2. Tho Principal Pr e tlicu te.

Tlie n'mnrk8 wl1i cli l1a \'fl been mruk in rl':;:i ril t o t!i,, 1•rineip11i
~mhject nf tliP se ntt: IH' l' wi Jl npp! y wi: h l itt1e cl1a11;:e i.u tl ie priucipal pr l'(1ica !.l'. T l1L' l1a t 11ral aud «011111H1I1 pl~t <:e f u l' t l 1c pr(~di('.at·e
is at or IH:ar tli e l'llcl ,,f fl scr1t .. nr(', as tl1at fur tli e s11l >ject i8 at
( 11' ne:1r t l1 r· l1 l·gi nt1i ng.
T!Ht cir< · 11111~t<UH ' t.: !-i Ina_v n1 akc an enti rely
(1 iffer c nt arrnngt.·l11i.:11 L i 'l'l'ICra l,Jl'. Tii e a~_,,· r t ic 1fl t li:tt ·· 1H.; fH'f'mnke r :-i
a1e J,Je:-1;-iL'd , ,, j ~ n .•r1tlerl' •I inure e111pl1afi1 : J~_v fi-;111 ... 111•."in[!' t l1 C' H\ n t c r1<- e, and g i\·in ;..r 111e pn•d ic:lfc fi r:-;!; n-..: : 1' /}!1 ·... . ~11 ! ar1___. tl 1~ Jicace1nal: C' r s ."
Jfo\\. J1J11 1_.l i <!llull1t: r p:i ~ . . . ;: t:1. -~ o f :-'lTiJrlllro \\"1111 ld bo
(·n fe<:l 1k<l, \\ c·1 u 11 ,. to ''", '"l 11alla <1[ ti"• EJ>ill»i :1t1 ~ is great,"
in 2tcnd nf sayi ng, ' · (~re:1t is Tliana of tli(' 1-: ; •! l(·• i an~ . "

Place for the Principal Predicate.-?\o ildl11 ite ru le can
b e g iven, prescri birit.; 1rhc n the pr1'dii'ate ~ l111uld h(, placed
nt the beginu i11 g, wh en it .'l10 uld Ji,, p lan:cl at th e cud, or
when cl~ewhc rc . lL rc·•jlli re~, in ca1 ·!1 <':!'< ', tl1e '-'Xl'rci>r' of
taste nnd ju.Jg1n l·11t, lhc writer e\·er Lc·a r int.; in rniud ll'i1i ch
words co nst itu te th e ll'adi ng sulij<' ct a11d pre dir·at e, and so
arran gi ng tlie su bordrn nte muller as to ma ke t.liesc words
promi11e1JL

Ab sence o! Italics no Proof of Good Con5tru ction . - Senn e writcrH,
t:llH!'ht l lut! !11L: fr l'l lth.:nt u.-.: l: uf iia:ii.-.-i i:-: a (;wlt, fan cy
1! 1at. tl1t·y avoid t11~ ~ fa 11 it. l 1y lll l'l"ely orn inin ~ fn 11..;t' ir:tl i( ·.-., ifJ .. .: !1·:Hl
o f so ron~tr11('ting f!t l·i r ~1. . n t 0nr'( ...: t h.'1t ir:t!i r·:-1 ,,.;]J !Hit l.H,_' fJ l·c·-1 1·11.
Tl1i~~ ns \rl1nt1·l y j11...;f ly (i]1 .... l'rr1..·~! i.-; like aff l· t11p ! in .~ tu r e 111l• dy th o
in t ri cnc i P~ of :t r(lnd hy r r rnn,· in~ tlic ~ 11 i d {· - pn., f s: Th e· pro pp 1·
J't'llll'i .ly i."{ 1.o ~ tra i _t. ~:lilf' ll 1 111...• r o :1d.
111 tl1 1_• ~HJJ1e \\': ty , writt·r .. ;, wl1 u

1 1:1\' in ~ l1C'( ·fl

i111rf)d 111:~ Jo n g nnd p t•r plt.'\i!l!!

p:H·f' nt!rf'..:1• "' tr·y f•) H\'1 1id f' c ll :-; urv Ly
q f t l1 e 11 :--1 1:11 111: 1rk ... nt' J i:il't.· 11 1 l1v::is, .' l s if it
wer,· :iny 11 <.·l p to a IH111 e wau tu tuke away Iii , c n1 tclie~.

l "\J !11rn ;1.-.

II -~

J '.21

SIS.

F.x<HU]) fr .'l.- " He t h11t tdl:-< n. lie i 'i n1,t '-el1~ilole Ji .-n\· g_r4_·11!. fl !:1" k ., l1t' 1111·1'·.rfor h e iuu:sl IJC fon:ed V 1 it1V(· 111 l\\" t·nty 111 .. r c, t~_, rn ui 11tn111 • .'111 ·.
ll 1· 1 t· , '. r'.
thC l11tle l' bf tlJ1 1'il () f the ~L' l1kll {'C, !ht: jlfi!H'lj!lll Jl .'-.~(·!"ll1o!l l'l t' H!'l y l.'i t iw !11• 1 ·• · '- '-l , ~
fok f~!'I ;

of inventi n g tw ent y mnr c . Inn it \\' 11 11ld ht· d 11ti1·11lt tn rt 'i it\ 1!1" 1·11 ~'": 1 ~:t · '"' '. '1" r"
mn. ke 1.hi!-! llic 11 r u u111 l\.:lll i11L'a . Arnu1ge tile W11n'.~ l1 1u :-< "J · ~ir , t\• 11 1a111 t a 1 n 1 _',il'~
lie. he mu st 1: 111 .,.,.,1l fw f' Hl!t morl' ." anti it w iil lJt: d1ll i l· ult t.o reut, tlit J«.1. . -. .':'. u)..;l' \ '. !,Ji.

out ma k i ii g th ese wurds 1·1H J•lintw.
.
.
" 'fhnt o ur (;I d er wrih_·r ~. tu ,1 1 ·rt'my T11 y \o r i1wln . . h·r·. 11nr1t~< l tn r~c_<·~ ~. 1t w : ·1 11d
1•<' th e hlind: W:":S of pnrtia! i tyU1
1!1 ·n· !Ill' Jl\H :l,l U'"~'- ('l"~ \ 111 1 . JI\ ~·t· .~:/'.11·.','.
ih•· eltlcr writ l'. rs. is t1 11:ir hliLtt (If (.n·,·...:,q1., · ',' ll '!lu/11111 . nu t ll .\\<JUI •\ J,.: '· · '" 1'.I .
lJ• rr•:H l it s 11 fl ~ <'l ca rly l•) lirin::; r)l.l! tl1i..: :1!l · ::11 : 1 1~~ - .·\rra.!1;.:\.' lt tl111 "\ .
I t _" ''1 1,• l
hP t! i t • Jdiud ll i_>..;;s rd' partin:ity t · ~ d i·11y. !l i1tl •l tlr 1·lr \ j·r Wrl! c·r :-- . 1 .li ·r1·n 1;. ] .': \ l·:r·
iu.c lus l\' C, quofe1l to 1·.ffi '."·"··· :-\11\\" tll'· l 'r i1H· i1 -: tl 1.r,_ ··.l inttt· 1:-- ·"' ' 1•in1· ,., 1 tl :it l 1t
wollld i~c dillknlt (.,r n r• ·ndl'r li•J t tH 11 i H k1' it 1.· 11 qolu1t1 c.
i; Even· 11tte1npt tn di..::•{·n'e ,\-ith nxit•ll!" Jia-. i 1 ro\'1.'d t1n.':111·,·o_·~..".~ 1 il , ....... !n 1 ·•:·}i..-rt•
or o th l~ ; in tile p n•<.'l'~~. n~.-.1111H.: ·i 1h"1-.r·1.·l£1 " li;i\· ~· ) ,, ., .11 l·.i i:"L
111 l l 11 · Ji1i. •·r
hrnnch of tli c S('l t ! L'll(" i": . t he Hl ('~ t irnp (1r\ant w1 ,r·I i.;: " 11.•._~· 111111·.1.·· :r l1i-.., i . . ~·J.. 11 1 l y

•\t..': 1y ." .

.\ ·:

1 •

th e emphiltic w o rd, n.n•l tlte cm1 ) ha-.i~ \\ h i · ·h rn_1g l 1t t<> _l.1e .1 ·li1 (y · l • ·11 l t en 11 l•t'
Rh·en rn u re ea~il ,-. .·. if thi .'-' w1Jr·l i" io1 1t ci1l11 ·r 11t 1111: J,, ·~1 1H1 H1~: . 1r ht t 1111· 1
th e cl1lU~C . thti.~ : "A .~ .q( )I O ( •l !lll"l •fl'l ll ' !!IL '\(' i ·O::Tll f ·• IJ!\il S •rn1\·\.\li• ~1i · ,,r ,, ;) ,, r \! •

·'.i :I. :·r

_<

the p r ocess," or, ·• ;-.; 1 !l ll l~ \\ ·] 1 er e or v tl 11..: r
L11 cn rc111.'i \\ ilkl1 ar1· 1; .....'· 1111.t'i.!.' '

111

ti n;

p r uct:.~.-.

tln·rc

IUl\l· 1J~· 1 ·i1

f1>1111•l

The Principal Word o not to bo Enta ni;l ed. __ ( >i1 !I i i." '"l'.il'>'I, 1;; ,, ;,tna k c::-1 tilt~ t"~ · ll1iwi n:_: l" (' l 1J : 1r k..:: . " ]11 \\"l1:1r 1·\· 1· r r· :trf t)f 1 ! 11.' :--..1•! il · · ! l1 '"
"· c dispo-.:e tif tl1e t·:q ~t~tl Wllrd --; , it j ..; al\\':ly-.: a JHlill t <,f L'.T1. · : it n 111nH:nt., tli:-it tl:1'~l' c :lj ii! :il \\'()rd." ~!i : tl! ~l:illd cka.r ;1Jld d i--- · r1: :i r1:: 1 ·d
froin anv ntl1 e 1· wnrd ... tli:1t. w nn ld 1· l(~ ~ t!1 v11 1. T~:11..:, \\ !wr1 t lJ•·ro
0

Connectio n with Eloc.tition. - Tl1 e \\·ord .. .; (' 111 1:~ 1i!111i11.~ i l11· Ji riucil'al
predi cate nrc t he nnC'~ \\'! 1i('h t!n• vln(' 11ti.tJ1i:--t ~l-lv <'l:" ft 11' Li . . ._., 111 i11asi~. Car(' lc:-:s "·riter;; ~n11t(·tir:H~·s c11nl 1' JJ! tl11.."l!L't·lq_ ~~ wi tl 1 111arkiu)..{
thc~o e n1 p l1:-ifi f'. wor1l " ii_... i r:ili ('"· Hilt f i 1i" i" :1 wi •:t1\ d· ·\'it· \_'. Tii o
f' ( •flf C'JlC C' o n glit, if p n :-: ..: j!,J, .. ft> 111' :-. 1~ ; t1T:t1 1:._r 1·1l_ I li :d. tli{' \\'" rd-., w/ii~·l
1
ti1l~ !-'cli:--0 rt.•q11i i-es to ho 01 11 1.i1; 1T ir• :--/1 :dl i1l' _in ... f tl 10:-:e w}1id1 tl1e \" oil' e
of a good r eader will 1111 1,.;t. natu rally nu d ea~ ily sl'k!'t fo r cmpl1 as is.

11 ... i11,:.!"

SEY T f,' .\- ( · F S - - F .l/ I '

i n .... :1 ·;1d

are till \'

~'i lT\lll l ~t ;111n':-'

p riIH.: i j.,fti uh.il'ct

11 f

tl 1e

or' ti1111>, iil:ti' i '. 11r

1

otl ivr li1t1il:;l i· 11 1.;;, \\ ' ! 11 °· ! 1

:-;(• n tc11 1·(_· r 1_·111li rl'.-.: t.n Ji;l\' t' c· 11 1i11v1 · !1_·1i

we tnn:4 tak e t·...;p(·i ·iai 1·; lrc fq di " fttl~" 1tf tli1.:r11,
that p rin cip al ol~. i 1._• 1 ' t, Il')r t11 [1ril'i;_; i t ll i id\·r a J . •: 1•!

.., q

;1...:;

lliJ :

\\· i ~ l 1
! ••

1 l 1 ~_';
!1

cl 11 11
11

4•1" ~·ir .. 1 Jl1 1 ~ : : 11 1 ° · 1· -- _·,

.1:;xrrur71(r• fro nt Slurff•·..._1,,, r!f ,- '·, n :1;• : tr ; : 1~.:: f!l l)rler:i P'"'!<..: \\· l 1h tl1; · i1 11 : •·11!.
Sliaftc . . 1. 11 ry ~ay:-;: "If, wliik t l 11·;; pn•f"~ ·" 11Jtly t n pl1·1t"t" . thf' y ." \'<T\"ll;.· 11 d \ 1~ 0 ~ .
nnd Kive ii i~trth.'liP11 , they 1n 1l ~· n1iw. 1w rlrnp-.:, a s w e ll a ~ fr 1n1wrl;.-. ht· • ·.~ kc: n ··' L
with -ju .... ti<"l' , t ill' 1,1._.. t and rn j•"l 1i .. 11t• ralil1· 11111 t oi1g- nnt l1 n r~." T!11~ ~'.'t Jf•·11,·i> ' " :1 ·
tRillS l l ~ r e :1t Tll!lll )' f'il"f'll!ll'-{ll!lf ' l~S Hl HI f1d\'1: rh ~. 1\l'("(.':-'~Ury to r1 1 1ni1ty tlH· ll l•· !I JI·
ing-: oulu . . . : 1 ·,·i-rtli; . r1.-: 11·r /l. Jd'r /111 11!'·. 1.,111 ·. 1r 1tl1 ! 11 .{ r1,·1· . .f·1r111 rT lf1: yi_·; lh t· "• ' Hr" !' ; :1 •····\
with !':O 1111!\·ll nr t. H :i ll l·i:l i•'i 1<> e111h1rrn"~ 11(\r \\·1.·;1k1· 11 the .-.\·Jl! .. 11•·1' . \\ 11; 1.. [J1.·1t
\\"hicli j:-, !li e (·apitill , ,\ 1_i t·" t in;:. n:t!Jl\· i y. " l '••l.'l."i ! •t.· i1 1::; j1 1--: i y t ..~:, · t 11 11·· \ ll><' 1.. -t
H il d \J Jfl~~ l1 1ll l'1tHlile Ulll !• :i~ f\11 \h· ••" . .. ("<Ill\ • '.; · · n! i ll 1 li1· ('1!1\( 'i \l"\o ·l l (" l 1· 11r : 1 : 1. \ . !, ·tn c ll cd, it1 11I J• i1~ ~l' "" ~" ·" ih p r1qw r l•Ll t·l·. ~1'(' wli11t W •Ht !1 I 1!11\·1· ) 1, T!l t l1•· i· 1l 1·1·1 _1 ·f
n. d iJl~·rui t ttrrn 1ii.::1· 111 c1tt. ··I f. \\Iii! ~ ! !lit':.· J•J'C• ft• ..;.;;, t 1 , \· h·a . . .. 11 1 1i y !l1 1' Y 11· 1·: ;'- "
11 nd )..;i\· t · ! 1i.;f rlH'l i••ri ~. i ···n· lly. !lwy 11111 .\ · l ·~ · 1·.-- l1TH11•<! tlw lw .-.( 1111.i 111••."t l, •,1 1., r .ll·l••
n1nu11 g 1 unh11r ~. w it h j1bti1't', 1wrl11q1~, 1111\\' 11."' wdl <t-" f . • nn 1 ·rly. ··
1

Summnry of Rul es I. and II. thus far ha\·c

11

lJ tCD di.~<:ll~ >;Cd

Tl 11· tw() r 11l1 ·1t1 (1r ;1ri1wi1 1' '" \\·:1i,·h
.',l 1ould grJ\"(.·r n 11:1 in tli<: cu1J :--t r11 (.-~i 1 · 11
1

122

.,_: c ES -

S FNTF .

CO Jl /' OS!T!ON AND R l! ETOR ! C.

<•f' c•v(' ry ~cntcnr0 . J\ ,.; tli 0 flr,t 0f t h r~r rnJ..s li:" fnr its ol•icct to
l"l'c nre l'c r~p i c uity, f'n 1li o M ·cnnd 11:1~ f(ir if '.'\ (ll1.it:ct tn sr-1 · 1 ~rc t li t:t
J 1r 11 f't.:l' l:111pl111 ...;i:-1 .
l lw f"r111«·r r11akt.· ~ t!u.• 11lt·:1n i 11~~ c l1·ar 1 tl1e li1tter
111:1 kcs it, f01·.-i J.k . Tl"' twn q11 :1 litie." l1 «I"<' ,J, ..,, -ri l.,.,J Jj, . nt t he fnnnda t ion or· a ll g-uod \\Ti tiu;r. Tltc· \·c·r.v tir:<l tl1i1 1;r wlii clt a \\·1·it0r lllll:-\t
<l n i::.i ~o to. fl.ITan;.:e hi;-; wunl:-> a~, fir~t to 1n ake 11i ."' 111 Pn11i11•I:'r 11lain )
nn rl secondly ti> g;,.,. Iii ,.; n1 1':r ning nll th e fnrn' o f wli i"li it ;, <'1tp:1hlP.
T!1is J;i:-;f {Jnint i:-> S1·c·urc•i i11 :·111y gi r t.: 11 ~c· n~cn('c i,y nrtt·nding cl1iefty

A. f!. 11 r(·1y
An ted

~

('fll'll1 l ra,·l'ls in n l llllCh
1. _ 1J' ~J i t. t L ai 1 Tyc ii., 1 -: r ;: L (~ hail ~ 1 q 1 p 1J:-- "d , tliv lli.- \ \ - tl 11 ·11rY J 1;1d

it ,,·a .. pr<1\·1·d fl1:d tlil: ~tnrs
\\·1.: r l· 111 ;L11 y L1111,l r c 1l.-.. ~,( 111i Jji,ni-.; < .~ f 111iJ, ..... L1rtl1cr fru r11 11s, :i ~ t . runo-

1wcniill..! sv

finuly c~ ial1li~l1l·d , tl1aL

w l;j).-

tii:it. i t li:i d : 1l i : 1 i r:~ · 1 : : i «'

! 1.

1

r eco11.111H.!1HJ tL ~ u.-.e l'f 1irt1! ni d . _· uf p 1. 1 t a-..--i 11 11!.

11. fn ar1<litir1n, Oil a ~lip ,,f' ]':ljll'I" ( :111 "1 , 11\· n1• •:1 n :-: o f :i. n :1 1•i 11 grnph app~l";tlll~, 1111_" fl !l 11I Jwr of" f' Ojl i t'" (If !lii~ li~ t l':lll 11(• jl l' !n1 1l\'i '1 1
~v i th _!.!Tl':ll. r;q1id'1ty ') t l11 · in:::tr1111ll'nl r 1.." ·1 1r ,l-.. tl1e 1::t11 11 ' of e:wl 1 Jl l " ~ 11 1,c r and ! 1(1\\' l 1l· \ ' t~'.1·d.
·1~ . T i.\·n 111; ·n ,,· ~ ·r~ · l.. 11> 11 h..:t ~·,· , · 11> 1 . .'.' 11n tl 11.: (': tn1dt · 11 :tnd .\ 1 : :~ 1 ' ' ."
rt:t ilrn: 11 1, 11 1·:tr tlw F i-!1 \ iP ! l " l ' ~L 1 :i .. 11. \\ )1, , \\-v r (· ,,.;l ;],in ~: 1 l i 1 : l1··
tral'k, n11~1 Wl'rt' ~t ·· 1 1 J1i11:: 1) tT !( 1 if\': 11 1; 1, 1,f t \1 .-'. \\·ay (• f 41n 1· 1r a: 11

·~

T-

~

\\·ord~ wl1icli

}i;L\"l'

tl1c·y-

r1n

di ...:. tirict. id c·· n ~ to tL1 ·1n. tL1111_L" l1 in utlwr 11 1:1t.-

w·1nt

n ot ahiliiii,_~;-; 10 Ltik :u1d 11var n·n~nn, \ri wn· ll H·y i1:1,-l: ri u. i-;(•<.'rc•t
iili'JiU;1tion :! mt J1irnh-r .-. lln-111 (1"111!1 l1 Pill ,!.!' ifltrii<'l;i/,J(1 to iT .

n. T o

,;,;;; 11hjl•1 · f

11:1...: ... ,_.[l '._'."l 'I' . .:.

r-:tr.\ i r11· 01 iY i.· 11i -' !it ' t'

tak e

:1 l'r i \ i1 1.:.:

1'1"1! r l

f1 ~ 1"1· i~:r 1

i" ,-~-r.\ · 11r1d .- ~i r: tl1 ] . · . '" !i ii l' it

jHJr! -.

a 111i 11d

j...; \ '1T·'· 11. ·i·t .._. . . : 1r_\' tu

tl 1:1 1. i 11 d i ..;(· 1 · ri : i 1 1~ :111 d r1 ·!l \Tf i 11 :_r

\\':1 ""

P;\!1·1""1111

f'•1! 1 ii1 1 ~! 111 '

i 11 11r 1•lfl1 • 'l'

J1t' j'j1 : •.\.,,! ) 1i 11l

~T:llll~ f'r n 11 1 lh:if' <·i1y tli:tl it !1 :1 .,. Jl n

"''' n1:u1y

41irt"···ii(lT\ :111rl ~ t 1·11r· L il1 1·;: i.

i : i~ 111" .\ ..:- . wi;1h·.\ ! ' r t·- - \, ·>·
11eili1·(· (,irt·c · tlia i i:-; !·r ill!_<:ri :.! t l1· ·r1 1

111:11

l1lll"!..:Ltr_-.. al\d 1·, 1) , '. 1•·r- f 1· · ·i11 i l l( · !:t1-~\·

.,n ,.,l!;.,fn1«inl

os lo mai11luin I 'uil!/ nj

Numero ns Det ail ~ . - Tl1i ~ ( ' nit.1· i.' 1111!. i1w1>1np:Ltil.Jv,.\\itli
t2~­
~

i ncluil i11 1-'. i11 tl11• .'!'tt! 1•111 -.· :1 .l!:r1-:1t 1111111 lw r :u 1d 1· a ri1·11· ,,( !' :t i._
ti(·ular~.
A ;.p11f1·1w1· 111:1.1· ,·.,11t:1i11 a .\ .. 1.1·11 ililJ;.,.,·11!. 1!1»11 c·i1 :'
o r i dea~, :mil y ('t tl11·:<P 111a1· al l Ill''" ,1tl.ordi1i:1t1· i '" :I ,,·
1

on e

g ov1 · rni11 ~

i1I\·:l, \\'11i(·li t~)1T11:--; thi' l1a.-.:\:-; ,,f

that t he i rnpn·"ir.11 Pll Llt c 111i 11d

j, tlial

cnhl

or ai1111,i11 g i.!t in g .-; o cc ur in Llie l ifc1 ar,.u 11d l1in 1, oce 11 p iP.-< it se lf pre
c n1i ii untly .

or

t !t1 · ... ( 11! 1·1: 1"»

(llJlO lll!div:.! • .i

"Ji,, lt'.
Il l ustra t ion from Hou se-1nii1 <1i ng-. -- l f

wl1 :if L' \'t · r

('i;i(· ,.....

Tl1u"'.llt1.

l ·1

)+1 ' •1j1t •r 1111·:1 -.. 1: r1.· .-.. 111 11rv ,· t·1 1! ....: r11t1 ;.!' ;...:1 ir 1!:.

7. Ii i~ i.'\

1:). Tlw

A 8c11lr:1;1:1~ sl/0 11 /1{ be

: i! t f ,j;i . · -.~ P ; tlq r·~; 11 • i i · \11 ·-. ! t« i:idi·

c n r11 e ,\·it l1 :in 11ri l 1 i:1 .<.: ~ .. i1 ind i 1rl' !'etH'V f<1 t!H·\·

whil\_~ :ln 1iflwr

~

1i 1111 :-., a1 1.J 1·\ i u i d l1a\·l , .:.: 11ft • ' n i 1 f11r •_·\·t·r. i1wJ'1·: 1· !11'..!. l,,o1) 1 i1: ,.1 1jorlll c' IH. nT'l<l in l'"""C'I', l1: 1d 0x 1, ·1·n: 1l ri r.,· 11111,t:in r«·' l, c ..·11 f:t1· ural1k . . "
5 . Tlil'-""L', \\'l' Iil:t,V 0! 1..:vr\"4._\ f' 1>111rnnnly (' 0 11T 1· rit ll1< ' ! 1J .... ,·h·1·-.: wi th
t er·:--i, tiint

llw g-r ~·: 1!11t · -<..; 11 f 1:1 ·:1 n{ ·.- "111_· <•f t!w t ·~· · 111··t11~.

:1.

1

·I . \\' l"· n Iii :< g-e ni11 s li ad nnc0 war1 11 e<l it ,;p]f in tli i." "·n.'·, it w on ld
1
/'-\1' • . l l

(i f

nh ' tl111d f,) r 1 ' 1. 11ri t1 L~ 1·l 1ildr1·11 I(/ ~l·: i 'p, f' l:ti111'1n ~ 111.ci i i t : -~
fu r pn.., fer:1bi t: t•, t l i1_' r·· r1H.:1 1i ._.... ~· i ·1 li n :1r ily t '; 1: j •;l , \1._·(l. ' ' "j•t·('i:l'. 1.\
whi ch co ntnin op i 11 111 - :i. ~ u l • -..t:u11 ·l· w\iq~1_' 11 ... e fen· tlii ~ pnrp( ...: l · c: 1r !
~r n rc pl_v hj.., tj 111 ~tr<lli!!l.\· r t·pr t·l1. · 11 di. · d -~ c (· r t : 1i1 1 Frvnd1 1d1 .\·-..i · i : 1; 1..;

Ex a n 1pl es for Prac ti c e .

;; _ \\'l n.: 11 L'ar r i11i di >-c11\·vrc(1 ti1n t th e:

frontirr, i-.:

10. /\ s

[Th e '.n11 rr n·i_n ~ ~c n k n<:' rs ~rt• ~ l1 lw r 1·1'< '11 .,! nJC"tc.J. q , n-= t tt g in· n Jn (i f t· t~ Mi .-= i·i C' U·
ons pnsn tu n eJt li t.:r tv t!ie prin ('i 11nl ~ 1l? ijcl'l, n r to tlii' pri ril.'iiiul p rt."d kHll'.j

\\ i1lvt ·

n1i i.·ff11r l f' :tll [ H' 111:1d0 wl1i1·l1 \\·ill 11 (\t 1.•. f1i 11.\· 1·pJ11j•<- TI ·
1,y t lil' 11 1)...:. <.: (•<.:...:.], !Jl r~f H I )t~\\- \'I", \\·lii1·!1 will lr:tll:-'fi11'lll 111 1.\

•1r<'!l!1wr i 11t<1 a J ,(·11,·L 1· ·1' 1: ·
n. Ncvr- r t }w\ •.~ .... tl 1HI tl1(• \'ll 1J 1i r 1-• )1;\,..; 11ru\ i111·c .. .:. \\ liit·l1 Ll•: ll d ~;~·! 1! 1'
thin~ nf forl-'i '.!n L'.'t·nin..; \\· irh t lwir lLlliq11;.! 1· L a r :w l 1·r. i ll \ ill"r 1· \··J' .\

tu t li e pu"i t ion of t lie priuri pa l '" J.jcct. nncl o f th o pri nci p:il pretl i<'atr, :rnd liy so plncing t11 cs,: irn pnrta nt w11nl~ thnt in rt•111lin<> 11- 0
~liall naturally uml easily lll:tk c tl1 01n cm1.J1at ic.
"

l. \Y ..: 11ul utit t li v i i,..;lih. ai1d L:i :-- : c n l o o;ir u\\-Jl ?IHH·e 1-'ed ud ed
firv~ id e, g Lu1 ti1at tlit: W11rld i... ;1t h·a:-1L :--l 1ut 011 t f n)rn ht're.
'2\<> 1n1lt tel' ill \\ 11:1t :-;e a ~ o n w 0 \'i . ·w 11 :tf11ri.: w u ur·u :tlways
£;t r uck •·;ith L..:- r lllliiy 1J[ dt.·.-..i ~ ::.
'

1 '.?,.\

{' ;\' IT l'.

jj 1.1,J. l1· ·: q•...: ..

nntl

i n 111 .

nll

r ~:11 1 d.

~r :1fl4 • n·d nLP11t

have f1 ] ii( !Uri ·

f1(

,,·1· "'''" ]_, iri :~

111 •1. . , ·~.'-

i 11 :l

11 il" -.: J,r !H :1 111..... l1 c•: ::·1\- ' i • · : 1·
1ni q ·,· ll :t1 ll' e111 -..!y lwn: :1 11d t ltt·!"
~·

l1ri 1·1, , :11 1d \ i11 1t·

1n :u iy

1-,i_·

1l1c ~; l·Ji t1_· 1wl·~. :--11

1

1·;li kd, tlia t

\\,1 ·

'.

\\

:~ 1 ii1 L 1

'!
y·
!

124

s F, NT F:KC F, S-r·x [ TJ'.

CON!'()SfTION AKD Rl!F:TOR!C.
\rJ1 c n ng:ii11 tJ,n,o sc ntt e r('d mnte1·i1lls hr"·o l1cc n liroui:hl

n11t]1(1J'S,

in t o harn1on in11 s and o rd(•rly ar r11ngl'l1 ll' t1t , 11ndt·r tli e liand of tlic

nrc l1i ted an d ],,,j]dl'r,-· wli;>n tl1('_" 'land !Jd .,re ""• not n confi tHed
Tn t:d ley of rnl1ld ... J1, lint n 1· 011 1p;wtcd awl co111 11 HH! i!Jt h l1Pll s u fur tliQ
d\\'t·lli11g- of 111a11. in wl1i('l1 f'Yt ·ry pnrticlt' r1f ~:-u1d :tnd Jirne, C\'(•r y
b ri c k and 'torw, (' \'<'r.' · ]'il'CP <>f wnn<l 1111cl irnn h~ " its ph C(', nn;l
scrYcs <•nc j:;t'TH' r~ I d e.-ig n, - we• ha\'(' a p i..t111·" o t' 1110 p <·rfect Period,
,,,, t L comes from th e linn•l of tl 10 m:1.'ler -J.uildl'r.

Danger in Long Periods.- It. f(' ')11ir1'" SJW<'inl ;.]; ill on 1he pnrt of
a ,,·rit.c•r to con:p letc <' ti e of these co11 1pl c x ' ··nt c11 c"''. witl10 11 t ,, 010 ,1
A:t critico o f nnity. It i:< nlso a li:1 z:Hd" '" PXJ•c·r·irn cn t npun th ~ _
p ati e n ce' of tl1 e render, to C'X]WCt him tn f1illow 011! '1l<'li a,,,; tenco
to it~ rompll'tion, \\'itl1nnt .<ornc fl agg ing 0f tl1 c ntf(•n ti on. A writer
'"11 0 d tl:tl.'"' lnnr li in tli c·sc I on~. co1n1dvx s 1·ntv n e 1· s, i:-: npt to beeorno
lieavy, l1 0 11·en.•r fa11ltk,, 111:iy l>e l1is pC>riod,. O ftc· n snch sentences
Jn"_v he re,olH·d int o t11· 0 01· tli ree irnl c•petHknt ><C'11t"11r,•R, greatly to
tlio relief of tlt e r c111kr.
"Th(' ln •l <lf' r~ w prf' now nrplirrl. l\ lltl mn11ntf'1l l 1y .o:f'Y(·rri.1 mrn . wlii ch th t\
m nnk_c ~· nb:'= t'rYini:. n1Fl fl11rli11i.: hirn-.:f' \f nlrn<i~t Pn r·nmpa.,.:-- i·d. n nrl. 11 r,t h :ing i\h; t;
~ · '. 111 n k L' ~ p~ t~d _r n rn1g h with h i.-. l hn·e ll'r.::'- . 1.-.t nw •ln· !' r.n n ri1! 1,:-._· till'. nnrl ll lit·lt
1: 1:-<t.'." (' lll• C'.' ·- ·""''1f f. C lnu1 g-1• i n in two ~;'Jlt1~ 1J• ' f·~. tl Hl" : "Tlw lnd.\i ·r.; \H'r(' nuw
np1 d kd.11. n d [ 1:11•y w~·r•· i 11H 1 1lllt l~ •I l•y.-..1~ \"prn] ll lt · 11. T )1( ' l!i Prik ··_\' ,•d•"<'n·i,ngtli h,
J\ !Hl llnd11.1g 11 :111....:l'lf 11!11 11,,{_ 1·111•1 1T1 1j •J!t..:,<.pr l, 11 1H l 11 1it }u·U 1 L.". 11 1,k '' ) Tll/ll;r ~ }•l..'t• •J
<.: ll u u gh with ill !:) tl 1ret: lq.:-!-i , le t m e d n• JI 011 1l rid i,:- 1.. · t il1..• . n 11d rnade his e:·wapc.' '

7\Q one (• \'l·r 111Hlt.· r· ... fnod tlin r11: 1r 111 gf' ment of
l fi~ ]nn::P."' t nnd 111 1).-..f 1·1nllplex ~(l!l ·
t" e th' CS a r o t i11>1"011glily JH: rindi t\ 0lH(' rving ;-.; frictl.r th u Jn\\·.~ CJf unitr
irn.J t1wy llr(' :thn1.''' r,.JjC\·erl J. y a "'""C':<•i on nf J,1·i,.f , cnteth' c:\ ca~};
l1 ~ 11 all:1 tT ll i ai11i n,L:" a si11 gl1..·. lndcpr nd t·nt. fl!"~t· rri o n . Takt• tlu•. f(ill ow.
in g c:.,nrnple, frulll Iii« d""'rip t ion pf tlt o tri:d of \r:irrl'n lla., tin,.o·.
9·
Macnu iny ' s P eriods. -

~ t'l i! v1tc1.: .... l 1 l'l ll·r 111<11 1 J\l:w:uii:1_,..

1

ThP plnrc \\'ll S wo rt hy nf~1Id 1 fl tr i1 d . ll- \\'HI., tlll' 1.~!'f'H{ hnll ( . f W illia m n11rns.·
fl1e. li.n l1 whi f' l_1 h iu l n·~11tm d 1·il \\· i1h tlic i11 1u 1:.; u rnt i"n ,,( t hin~- ki n ,!.!<.:, !he liali
\~' l ll.' 'li lrn d W l!llt· ... ...,,:d th{" j1 1-- t .-..t·r 11'-r1n • (•f iiH1'11tl n r1 d tlll" j11-.t uJ. -., 1,Jnt i l\ I! <i(
:'"'illl! ti·f"~; u '. ~' h n.ll w ln"!"t' ! li1• !'l 11 rp1• ' !11"1· 11f ~ tr1t!l 11 1d liud f11 r a 111 .. 1111 ·11{ l\\\ 1·d nr1 1!
rn1·!1t- d n ,·1rt 11r1n1 1-.: pnriy i11::1 1111 ···! \\ itl 1 j1 1- t n·:--1't 1lr1it ·r11. !);, · lull! 11 Ji i· i\• l"!uuli-s

12.5

Some of the sub ord ina te rul l'." to hr nl>;;<• rv eil 111 rnaintaill .-- ing tlie unity of a

s<~nt0ncc

:u" tli10 foll< J\vin g:

*

J. Cllan g-o of S<lbject.
Dur in ~

the course of the se11tc 11cc, let the ;;uhjcct

J,,, d1anr.::"<1

M lit.tic a.-; P"""ih k .
Th ere i~ u:-111:111 y, in t..~\'( •ry ~ t ·11 tt'· 11 ('i ' 1 so11w o n<' J>t'r :-;( 111 1q· t l 1i11::
wl1 iel1 i ~ tl1e ul1jvt· t of ~1..·1 1l'r:d i1J t vr1·.-,t. E\· l·ry tl iir ~:: 1._ · \ . , _ ,. IJ!P\•·-round tlii :-;, a ~ tin~ l'e 11trc ut' tl1 c t lJ11t1:!l1 L. Jf. i ri tl11· {"(11i--tr 1 : ~ ·t i • 1 fl
oft.ho sente uee, tl1i . .; !h-~r:-: •111 ur t l1i1 1!! hl·1·1_1111v~ t lie ~ra1111nati4·;tl :--til1Jl'Ct of tlie He\·l'l':tl \'l·1·I •-<. if it. i." :iJ.,., tl1al 1<1 \\·l1i<"l1 t l1"' ., ... ,-. .:·al

adj ect iv es

01·

pa r ti c k·;:; ap{'iy ,

tl1e t11Jit.\ uf

the i:.cnt e ni_· t: i:-1 at PtH·u

8 l' Clll'cd .

"After

we

Li:r .--i. ·d

cnme to nnf'h o r , U1C>!I put mt• <JTI :-h u re. wli l'r c I w a.'i \\' 1·\c() rnt."I

my frietHb . 'Whv re ce iY c' l lll t' witl1 tlil' L'.Tt"·a!c:--t ki11d1H.:'-:-' ." Jt.-r·,· 11rt · f• ·llr \i·rl."i,
{':"Ll'lt w ith u diffl'.rt~ nt ~111 •.i. ·d , .. \\1'." •· tlivy ··" l ," .. wl1,. _"
'1"!11· 111i11 ol is !1\ltTi•·d
fro 111 one s 11bjcct 1lll d l'-l't'TH' to n11oth1_·r. 1111ti! t lw
Yd if , ... e SI.op t o i ll int ~·l,t · tlw 11H:-..:-. 1\L'!'. \\I' 1l 11d ll

tl1 1 1 11 i..: ti t.~
~11 1li1·i1·11t

nr i·

tl

j•i·r!'.. t·t

l°IJHd...: ,

l>1>l!d uf ! ';>]lll•' l"lito:l

filll 0 11g- tile SC\' l'ntl 11 ka.-;_ ~l_"Jie l'Oll!ll'<'tlll:._:" li11 k i....: th e ~•t.' f "'l1J! !•f th1 • llH!'ntt ·• f,
l<c nrranJ.{ ing- th e f:t• r1 te11<·(.' ni1 thi ;-.; lia :-.-i:-.- . \ \'l' liit\T t!i t~ liil\ .. winl.!'. ;, ll1l1·i1 1c.:: , . .,, : ...
to nn ancii•ir. 1 \\"IL'- i•tit 11[1 .. !J,,r-..._ wht·rc I \\a ...; WL·lt·qJl \L·d l y 11 11 111y rrk 11·l - . H' :,:
rcl't·ln d w i 1li tilt' ;..:1•·;1t··~r !.: i 11 • I 11,. ·-" ·
1

1

" T h e hh!ltly rni:-.t·d 1'fJ)l'ct'lfi 1m of tlil' 1u:.Jit·JHT w1\..'I mon · tl1n11 '-1di .. r!1··1 \'- :h
( l r hi:1 i1.111 .~l1t 111!•\ th· · .. 1.J1 · :1•~·' r (• f Iii·; 1l11·ti .. r1. \\-lili•· tli.- , ,,,. ,._

th e exu l1t·ra 11t"t '

a cft:rlul({ i1 1.,,..f if 11t / ,,11 s 01 f !lw 111 •fi \•" ."' 1,f /11di11 \\• · rt· di-.-.:•·ril· t ·d ! .y L it11 . !l1 •· ,. , ,."'"',.,
st,1 11cr.-; i11 wli:(·li :L~ · .\-::1<i" . 11 11 ·irt · .. r !'.r1rn. i 11 )111.I (oJ·i ~~1 11n(t··I. \\' .- 1 t· r,., .,, , 1r •1,-.I ,

and th e ( '011.~titutiun of th(· L 1n 11 ,1111y 1111d 1,f tli 1· F11L::li ... Ji ) ' r•·:--id1·11 (·i ··«. \\,, ..: :--•·t
forth ." H erl' an · fq 11r .'1· 1•ari1t1· :--11 ! jt·1 ·1."' . (·111· r.\· i 11:..: 11 1\· 11li;id ~11 1· ,. ,. ,_... j\ · 1 · l~ · t· ' f .. 1; r
dlO Crcn t 1•1>i11 t:-i l •f \·kw. Hil d th1 1... 1·tll'dt1:1lly d1· "tr•1yi 11 .i. : Hl! 111,it~' pf 1J1"11,· l 11.
'J'hc rcill e:eu tn.' IJf in te n.:~ t i11 tlil' :-;l·ll!t ·Jl( 'e j., '" li t.·." ll11rkt·, tl1l' "rn t• •r . .<...:1·1 · );.,1 \·
C\'el'ytlli u g 1·ry .... ta !lih.."" Hl""l~ll•i t]t) ... 1·1:1itr;d i·kn ,,f 1!11..· J•H""':-.H~l', H." it ("••!IH"" fr· , '.:]
the JIO ll Of f.lHl ' H lli ll)' : '" \\ "j(]1 llll t<\lJl •1 •1"Hl lct' of tl11 1ll .<~ Ji t H llil II. "!,J 1·f1 d11 1" '°f di•·0

tfoll wilil'h 1n urf~ tli :tn ~:l! i :--fi1· d 1111 • !d;: h !y r:li ... ed t·x1 1( ·(· !.ati111i -..: (Jr tl1e Hl l •L. ·11• ·1·.
lit. dc ~c ri btd tlw clinn1 ··1 1·r n1~d i11 ....:ti:t 1!i •>1 1.. : ,,f :11, • 11nr;,-, ....: rif l r1di11. r• ·i·.. ti 11k·l

the cir1 ·un isl a. 111'-..·S ill wllid1 ll1 1· .\ :-.i ::th: t·ii1 \ 1~rt · ,,J J:1 it ai1 1 ha.I ••r l~:i11ul•}d
set fo rlh the.: 1 ·u11~ titn ti11 1 1 uf thL· t'11J1lJ•nny aod o f 1tw l'r1· i-i1• ku1·i c~. "

,

flL1 1!

2. Crowding Togethe r Thing" Unconnect <'d .

h1t d , , •.. 11fr 1 i111t- d t_lw. ll ig h \ '1 111 r t ~1 1 ./11., t in· \\ i th tl 11 • 1,J 11 1·id i ·o i i rn .l'.1..' whi-l' h Iii~
lii~ ll rt •dl't_' IHt."d ~ii~ la 11'.f'. :"."•· i tJi;'r niili!Hry 11 .. r r·i\'li !•nnq• \\"H."i wan tiHg. Thu
'.'.' l ' llll t_· ...; Wt.•re 11111".d wtt h grt•n: td i,,r:-<.
T h f' ,t ..:fr1.,·f."! W•·ri' k " j•t (']ear by <'tt \"alry,

Do not crnwd into <>111 ~ s1,ntv111·c tl1inL'.~ wlii ,.11 Ji ay1· ''' iittl··
connec tion l hat th ey <'llll jlHt. n~ we l l li e divided in t,j two ur

l,lw Jwt~r~s . roherl 111 g.,Jd 1111'1 en11i11e, \\"Nt mu r ~ hn l!t_-d by the Jic ra lds undt~ r
~ ' 1' ':~ ~ r - h.1 ng- ~1 t · :\ ri~ 1 ·:· Th e j udgcs, i 11 thei r YC:-t rn e 11 t..'i uf stu te, attcutlc<l to g ive

more sentences.

1

fiu\· n : l: (111 j>Ullll::i ut i.aw,

• Bhlir, Ltdt1rtj XI.

l l "

126

C 0 Jf f' 0 S l 1' l 0 N

,,-LV D

R If ;.; T 0 H f C.

Sf,'.\" TF.\"C /.S -

"ifc fTill oL<.:on J wn.s CXC'CC'dingl y h clnYccl h11th 1.y Kin.1!" \Yillinm un<l Quee n

Wha.ti snotForb itlden .-T!1i.-. riile .J,1._. _., !Hit
relative cla11SL' S l1a\'ill :_:: a ("!)J1!11J • i \l d1 ' i 1. _ ·r1•kr1i·v

:'\T nry 11·/io 11 11111i11ntul l>r. '/11111u;rm , J ·:i,.:Ji1,1J '•{ / , ,,111! ,11;. ( ~1 nu·. -, ,.{ /u!.'l.' ' Hern
tilt' th"t1ght i11 t !11• lnt kr cln 1 J'-P tnL" J!" n11;1!rnl 1· . 11111,·1 r!, 11 \\ i! !1 1!1 11 1 in the
fdrlll{'r, n11cl the tw <1 :--l1oid.J 111 1( l•t' 1·1.n11····t·· d !-'. rtt11Jt1111! i•·Hlly
If tti t \nttN

117

C.\" 1 I' i·.
!'11 r Lid
11111.;1

f\\ ' 0

_.. , .. :1:1·

r)r rr11•r·o
1·:· 1 ·( · , 1~~ i . ~

0

word

Trenton. "

0

:-1Jdi

1l ' lt1ld f,.J!1>H1·d Ji i 111 ill

Jtis

nr

cr1rnpli:-zh1ncnt : nnd SCJ wi!l n·rn1\i11. till l1ettcr 1·n r•· lit' tf1kPn i 11 !In· (_·•liir· 11 riiin
f\ f our n obili ty, thnt llil'~- nrny l1e :: d out i ll lht• \'."~1rld ,,-j!Ji ~nznp fiil} Jl•l11fi·-·11 nr
l i tern.turr. in o rdt·r l () quulify t! H' ~~! f:i r pn.l: r·rn l\ nf JH •1::1·111.·-..: ... _"_,,·,riff.

Ti1 0 fn1ilt s of thi~ ,i..;,·n:i·th'I.°' :i.r'"' rn:1nif11ld, 1~ 1..·~i rJ,_ .. ,. ii .. 1itl ~· r· '':'.nlt of

fn

J't•WJ'i l 1..·

t!1l'

~ll'l l!Clll"4..' 1

t11 l'dlll'·1y t!1 1".;1· LLiilt :-:

J!l'l'.""t'J"\"ill g"

{)11.,_• tl111!1j.dd ....;,

};11t

nw1111cr::i

r·t''.1·

.l:1·l • rll • l

.:~·­
~

1

t:lwi 11, r;1tlwr

~

tl1 a11

('_O ! Jll11!lll :-'. I JiijH l rl

b it.--.1·lt" •lt-; 1•. • :1,io·;1 !

1·11\ir .. Jy

is dt•i1t•:1ol,·11! :11,. 11:

0•

t!ial •·I

:. ll'j

!:.>

111•k]•t·rid1·11t

I'

1l!\"1 t1 ·1··· :i•ot 11 J~ . .•. 11"
1.. ltilll."

I•

ll· · r1· t!"_· t l1:r

!l w~~ ·1·, · :1,!, l·4 · ;~ ~111111 q· I\

::11:.;-..

\\ ir It

111· " .·

.. \ '11 . t i' ·· ·l· ·:1 :!1 .. : ! :;, 1,.-:

n l ~J~

.\ l~: 1 :_: n - .. 11ld

ii,·,.,,; j,,, 1-

!1:u1c.:111J...'.

:-· · 1•;tf :1 ' •

, ,1

itl1 .. \\ l1:, i,

t:

' , , ..J
ii

H

11;·

i::t; ! ~'. '.!,:_:: ,,(·•!:•·I

! 1 :;: ~

\'

"Tlic ruurcl 1 J ,,f tlic 1; 1' "-'!..::-: " H'i l l1: " 'l ;..: 11 1111 u 1" 11 ;1 i Yat··d 1· · .ii 111 r y 1, 1,.
lnhu.!d!nt ils !ar1·d !1 ;1r·d!y. l11t'. i: 1.: l ! " · d ! :,.1· i-11·: ··~ t!1:tr1 !1. l.r .. · ·d ,.( \,·; Lr 1 . i, , · 1·.
wh11 .1 r, tit:~!! wa s nu1k all•! 11r1,~1;· 1 ,ry \.:-· r··1t - .. !1 .. ( ! l 1c1r , ·.,11! 1111i:ii 1"· · I: ;
1. ;"
fi .--:!i ."

f: f':\

~"'

fL'I

{!(·~·(' !)~C " 1•1·, Ii· \

)

1

t h Cr CfUrlJ

i;;:

ill \"]< 1:!\j!1 i l!

fir~ttU " t..:ut111!ry . "

iJ :

' •\.-j''.' ]i•kt:' 11;

:: "

the firs t i s 1q11> ;1 rt w 111:1111
:J ~

< tll ~r1!111!1<>r1

i°ll:1·

i.r" t l•1· >1·1 11"11:"('

1

':I

· 1 !it' <0T•1l 1•! •• \'. l !< •"'t · ·' r• f1-1· : • \

ll11·~· ?1 1a1 1· !1t" • !lt1 ·11 11:._:li a·· ·.i i t1l 1\· 11/.,, •. ,

nro11111ton n11!1Tt·d1'11!.

Tl11· "'t·1111·!w1· 1ti . · :-· ·t,•: 1.,.!·1 111 11·--

~-

'J ll ,. , .. · - r ri: . r: 1, 1t
i 11l1:tl · 1' ; t :1'.

i) , .•

;,·,

which WllS l•nil. ' I tit· 1· .'-'-1:nn· 1>( tlw fa1d: !wr.- 1 -.•11 ' 1~1-. !1•·l 111 ;J.1 ·: ·· ~ .. -:1., ·
n ecUon i11 tlw tli i 11 !..'." n1 t·11t: •.rw<I . lHit 111 ihi~ r• ·1,, ·11 1i .. !1 ,,(tin-" 11 !1 !1 ti ·

rPgard to tho yn·:-;1·nt r11n'."'tl'l1e1in n . Tl1t' Pil"'"'flf!P 1n :1y lH· to '-om1"1
(·:-.:t~·rlf irrq ir·1. 1\"t:il by Jq-1·:ll~iri~ it l il i in~ d fi\-\· <i r ~i x :-.t ·J1;1 ·1w (-...;, wit! 1 a
fi.:\\' slig1it. Yt..:rl1al 1·!::ui e:i.:;-o;, t !ins;

iilHI two·n ed111"ated i n !iH· '-/\l ilt ' t'o•\J r!l ry 1 \\: i h
J.i111 :. '""r ·" '.'"' 'd ,"!I lli c l'jil!!"t,
wliid1 11 ...:1• d to),.• tltt· ~ta 11d11rd 1 •f !'11rr1•(·t:1,.. .... . .: n n.J ·1·r .. 1 ·r ki~· , ,f '" l' "' · ·11. ,,.,,1..., t11t ·n,
IL"' I think ! it] lm!-i t· \·t·r ~inl't: <'11n!in11f'tl pn l!t' l, 1f 1., \\«1 r ~t ~!·h.,.1 \ in Fng-lillH1
for tli11l ac1·11 11qdi... ; /11Jtl'Hf.. ~n will It rt•n-udn, t il l l·•·!kr c·nrt• hP tnkrn ill th~
ed111·n!id11•if011r 1!11!.iilty , ti1ni ti11 ·y 1 1• ."t ' ( <Ill[ i11 llit• \\qJ ]d 11itlt .'-.11J1 Jc futlll·
dtlli l 1Il i11 lilcratllrc , i11 (1r,I...:r { 1 1 til inlify t l1t· 111 f·· r j'1t!kr11-; uf 1·ui iklit 'l'---.

li111111 , r:-: Wt · r 1·

l1t · JT, J,,·~i1111ir1:_;

1·];1t1 :..,,_ . ...,

fllul Lhal. ill t11n1 b •k J•t ·11.J• ·11t !lj·' •ll t!w 11:·.,_ 1 "r 1.i· i 11• ·11•nl ( · la11·t· '! 11• 1•· j .. 1
n t'.1Jl llli't ' (i .. 1i rlllllil! 1:: tli!'1 •tJ:..: !1 t!1· \\ !1"1\-. l •\I{ I i i · 1l1·· 1·,,1 11w , 1 ) , ,11 · ! ! i1:\.

no

11 To !hi~ ~tl('f'1·1··kd tl1nt li1·c 1i!!n11:-:np<;.::c::. whld1 etitPrrd with t?1 0 !:1·.. _ t .. rntton
nnd ( whkh l. frnm i11f1 •c !itt g 1ll lf n·lii_:-i n 11 ftild mnrnl...:. fl·il \11 C11rr11 1.r :i iii< i ., 11 ~
111.rn:ung('. Thi.~ ltt-=T w n~ n"i: likriy y, -, ht• rn11rh frrq•r11\ ,.d Ly t!11•'"\.' \\ hu at thnt
till li' rnnd P up tli{' r·r-·1 1rt r,f h i11i: ('hnr}{-~ th 1_• ~1«·lln•l. f TlH'"'' w1 1 r 1 ·~ ·· i! ht ' r 1"\ll' h
lL" hi id Ji,ll .. wt.:•I hirn ir 1 l1 f.. l·:1 1t :~l1 !1 1 ··11t. 1•r -"'"' -'1 •:.·· l::1d 1,,., . 11 1d· .. 1:•·1: 1..r 1-., nv•·r...;n 11f 111 llil" di1drf ·t ,.f th1·"1· fa11nti~· tirn• ·...:, 11r 1!lit·y w1·r, · : ~·,i1 1111 _:- t ! i•·i\ '.\'Ii(•

nud

bt' ~ lnni11g- \\"itll" \\"lllk"l '."

,\.t1ulJ Lo
!'H_\"illg'

Tl 11· I \\ "

la11::1 1a:.rL._.,

"('kl'.ro w: tS 111';;•1:-v •! ),\·

lft11!-

WJii4°1 1 11't'd { q JJ+" l}1(' !-'!;\!l.\1 1rd
•'• lfT•..' "11!1·'-...: H i ld [H."J'rit-! y .,f "'-f " ''' ' 'll, W t\ '-" !li t• !!,
fl!H l I think J ut~ en•r .l'i!l e c t'•H1li11111•tl, the worst. !-1 ·liool in F nr~hl!ld f1•r thA.t !\ f'-

T lic only wny tJ1qr1it1~lily

i11 feet.i111!, Ollr

1Jn1n.~· h1.t~ r 'r11 l!i: t. 11'111 1· /1 !1:11q•1·r11· ·I ~, ... 11 !lll"r iwr

j:..;j1Jlll'lll, 11r h:ld fa•t'll ft! t11,:1.:llH·r \'t1T1\·1 •r s:1nt in lilt· din \1·r ·t of fil•''t' fn1 1nfic ! init'~;
<11· y1•t1llg' !lH.' ll \'. llli had l1t't ' !! 1·dn1·n!l'd i11 t!I!' "-1ll1H' r·•J111 11:- y; !-" \ Intl !lit• t·nurt,

uni ty .

S!lt:<"l'l..'dt·d

"wJ,j,,Ji.'' !.:t1·c :t 1·<>111:11<>11 d,.,, , " '' "'".,. " i' '' "

" 'l'o this :---Uct'e•~d'-·tl lh n t li1·rnt i 11u sneRs wldd1 eillt.:r•··l with tlit• l\cstornti nu .
nnrl fn11 11 i11fl·1·ting- «.iir r1•li ~ i1111 n11d m11rnh , fdl tn 1·,,rr1q1l ~.ur lnlJ J.:" llH)!I· : whil'h
la ~ t wu ~ not lil\1.: ly l<• Ii~ 1n11c-!1 i1 1q1r11n·d t.y tJi,, ... 1. \\·!111 ut llwt 1i1111· 11 111dP up the
eitJ11•r

Tu th is

(<)

-

('lj\Jr( Pl }( \ Ilg' t "li:trJt.S !Ill· :--= t·c ·t llld:

Pl' cl:u::--\· , :1 ~.

fqr v\:11 11pli· , iri (1rw ( 1f llH· :--1· 11'.v!i· ·t ·-.. .11j ·- ! :.'."l\ · 11
tl i:1L Jiq• Ji!it1 ll."-/I•_"'."-:' _ 1r/,j,·l1 1 · r \!1· r~··i \\ .1 !l1 11 c '
H1·~lnration 1 1t11d 1ti1f,)1 1 fr11111 ir1(1· 1 ·t i11~ j•11r r( ·li :..'i 1,r1 :11: 01 1: 111r:1)...;, f. l l

eo11 t1tincd snm(' r 1..•1l.,1 111 \\ hy th e de1 'q\'-t' d ..\ rdilJl:-lit•p liar\ be en ISO
lw!n\·11d l•y fh1..• Kin g 1u1 il l~ t1''l'll, n." . ft• r t·xn11q 1l !·, " \\}Hi had L:.n1 1\\' ll h im inll11111 kly 11liU1)' yva t:""," 111', iC i L cn nlai111.:ii '""flit.: t·ir l'. llliL"lllll!"c :-!iuwi11g th e ex ten t
t if lh~·ir g- r i1·r. ti'." whn 11 r d1 •r1 ·.J tl 111 .. 111 11111·11t !" Ii i" 11H ·lrrt•r;.· f! i 111' er(·r·fl-d !n
\\1 ..· !111111~1,· r Al·i•cy. ' tl i1..' ad•lllli >I! r1t' llic claii:-t• w 1•ui•I 111._· cx1·11 :- ali! 1• .
As illi1,
Utt' l\vn dn11-..c:-- 1._ ·pJ1Ld11 (\\-.i i11· :·-1 •end1 ·111 n.'"i.'-t·ri!.,1:-... . \\ ll1•-i 1 nr •· ,. ,. 1111 1 .. ·:1·11 gnuH l11 ;1 :[1·n liy . tii 1i1 t~h l1Jh ·11Jtllt·C[ • ·•! 11 1 i l 11 1t lt.:: ii l. \\ •. 111 q..: l1l i.:-. \',•· ll -...a_\,· "ll w t!.,,.1;
1·111ri1 ·d 11\\·ny !li t.• wirt' brid~t.: Gui lt by j{r. l: ul'Uliiit;. ',\liu 1;..,-,,"' in t!w <·itv .. r
t'lw.11 :-. c

11: \ '!d '.··<l

\\tr~ , ,,,:~

hI 1 I· '. ... 11: 1

!m p ai rl' d . T!11· 1·:1:----:1::·· 111Hy 1,,· :: 11· ·tri'. ;1 .. 1·r"\ ' 11· _\ a"'l l:._: 1.1 ::!1° · : · :~ :
I \l,'.
1t il1!.i'1 two ~e!l!t·!1 1 ..- .-..: .
I 11 :; ,..;
'I !1.- Hlil n ·I ; ' ,f ! i w (, ;·, - ~ · ).; .-.: \\fl" ! I, i • .i;;· l 1 ;111 · :!I• 1;:
Lh-nt.1·d ('.0\11i!ry. !t.. :·.'L\':1:..:e i11 lia!• 1r: 11 1t--· f-lr . ·.\ l1 ;1 r •:I~ -. lut\ ir1:~ !!<> ., r!i . ·r :·; 1·! 1··"'
t ha. 11 IL IJ!'el...'il of kn11 ~li1 · 1·p. wl1<1'-.l' li··~h \\a.·; r:J.l,k lllld u1 1:-ia \ ••ry l1y n ·a-,.11 i·f
1

their co111.i11nal fc 1' 1 I i1 1: ; 11i•"l1

"•'il

1:-...1t.··

4 . Parentheses.
.~·--,,,,---

Blair's Opinion of

~
~

·')

'7:

-~~

-~-

::i . ll.elat!ve Clo.uses.

D o no t compJi,.at c a ,,,11f1• nce l1v li:111 :: i11!.'. :i r•+:ti \· r' ,·b;1.'u
u po n anuther nJutivc clau~c which is iL::>elf in a dependen t
cumlitiou.

D1tnger in

~
~~,·

--- .Jk;,,·._

- '·'

)11

s1 11111'

nr1 :1 ...;J ,iJh, l 1:1r1·n tl11·<....· ·...:;

uf 1hn11;:!1t. \\-l1i1·!1 1· a11 ~IH111·c ii:q•;•ily ;l ... i•lt.:, :1-. ir i:-J :.! 1, 1i1 :: : tit• r1 :..'.
Bnt. t'u i- tl 1e 11 1, ..-, f j1 :1:·i . 1lwir t·!l ·,.,·t h \lr1 · 1111 ·l.\ l.: 1• I [,,·1 11 :..' :~ --"r:,
of wiiec:b \·,-it :1 i :i •s:11· 1· ~ ... : ' 1· 11t··r11-.· ..: 111 ! i1•: 111i .J- : .. f _.. , 11!1 · 11··1· ... . t 11· •
perplc.\l'd 111,.! i1°1d ,,( di . . ;f•>-\11:.'" ••( -'"' ·• :11•· t! ii•IJ :..'.:lit, \\ )1 1··i1 a \\ ri:. 1·
want:; art tu i1i:J't ·d 1.:1· ·· i11 ii . . )'I""l"'r ]'h ···-.

USO

J:

Prnenthcsc~.

may l 1a\·e a 'jiirit 1'd :1jqw:u·;1IW•.'. a-.; pr"r1 1j1i1,·d J,y a q· r:;1 ir 1 1,·i\:wi i .\'

Usin~

of }'al'i.;i1t l 1 1..·~c.-...;

Parentheses. - \\ :ilv1·, 11 J.., i11d11lc" 11111,.)1 i11 ti:,,
al'l : :q•t tu Lt..· kd iJJJ fr•it11 till1..' ! i 1i11 .~ \.i ~U J•JtiH: r'~

. "~

lo" •

128

COJII'OSITI O N Af;n Rl!F:TOR!C.

SF NT 1': N C F S - r: ,\·I TY.
Of tJ1 e ]1 U lll:lll ~ n n J , \\· l1i<" i1 tJ tc'-" \\' f' l' l ' io> n a pt t o r •>ll , j, j,. r H.q
n portion of th e i111inl t.e :111d :--1..·l i'-..:· xi. . . 1 i11 ~ ~1•iriL w l1i\ · h 11 1· r\·a d 1.· .-.- :t:t( ~

un t il t h e sta rting-point o f tli c "entcnco is e ntir el y lc..4 si f(l1t of, and

et ernity

i t li ng to bo recalled to tl1 c reade r·, llltc n tiun l> y •• J "'·'·," or ~01110
s1 1<·li awk l\· a rd t'<>n 1rn la <> f n' pl' tit io n. Tl 1e " ' " ,,f t hi' tlu 111 sy dc1·ieo

ti U:)taias tl1L: uni \ "t.: l":--1...: .

sure sig n o f a had ly ro n, l rn<' tc·d "cntc nce. It j , nn ''J' l' ll wlmi;;.
sio n Oll th t.'.! [ 1a r t nf t I1o \\' r i t l.'l". t Ji :l t li i ~ ~ e n t 1..· n <·e Ii a:-:. l 1 (' 1~ 11 r n e i Ii ,·ol vl' d,
and i.l1a t li e Ia .. ks cil l1l' r tl1 c ski ll ur tl1c indu stry tu 11111kl' its eunslructi u n li d t. e r.
5. Suppl e m e ntary Claus es.

i;;

fl

D o not tad' 011 au additi onal or ~ 11 p p lt> 111\' llfttry .. l:111 sr , 11 ft r r
the ' cnt cnce h:H h c1·11 a ppa rent ly bru11 g lit tu a 1· 1<>.-('.
"\\' it h tl1e ~e w ri i i 1 1 ~ -.: '.C' ic e n 1's 1, y 0 : mg dh· i 1 1 t' ~ 11r•_· n11 1:-e <· 1 , 1 n-c r~:u 1t tlian w it ]
th u :-:e of Dc m ns tln: ll t"' . \\· Ji o . hy 1n:1n y d eg- r<.' e'.:', c xcc.:lk d tli e filli t: r. u l /t;n ~l u.s ll tt

oro tor. "

A n y on e rt ·n1li11i; tlti s "-ell tt'IH'C fe el!-:, <111 f·c11ni 11g tu " u the r ,' ' 11s if the
sen se wus co mp\{'f c d. ttnd th e \'U il'e ut t h is 1•l t1 t<.· rnt t u rn l ly t·mne~ to 11 h :dt. Th e
w h1 ile .t. t r 1J r t11n• n f wl111t gn(' :-:. h~ f• l r(' c n: at c .. ! ht• c: :q '{'d Hli11 t1 o f n pau~c he re. The
p ropo~i1 io11 b co n cl ud ed : we lon k for n o rn ••re . Th e tl d d e d Wf1rd i:!, !l itre rore,
c rn ne in with tl \·c r y b n.d g rnn~ . ll u w mu c h b e tt e r til e se 111 c: 11 < ·1~ wo11 lrl hu\" o
h c·t! ll. i f cr_111 :-- tru r·ted U 1 u ~ : · \ \" i t!1 tiH::-:e wr i tin gs / (' i c t · r 11'1-1 ]. y 1H111.'-'.' tli \'1 1 11·.~ ul'IJ
rn• 1 n~ C( 11J\' 1._• r .. tu1t tha ll \\' 111 1 ! !1t •"'' ' ut' ll t.: ll l ' • ~ tl1 \.: nt· :-:, wh o. ns nu o rutu r ul lcust,
c x1 ·t:l iL·d, lJy 111 n 11y d 1:L; n ·1..·:-:. 1ii1· ct ii 1: r. "
'· T h e ri r . . t : \\' rit 1.i r 1 rTnil d ll• 1! 1: n.J Ji i-: 1L·Hrn1 ·.1 t r 1·11 ! i...:· · \•:l1li • >1 1t n i• n 11··· ~ yri( · ,,f
n1 o d l •r n k 1l r n i11 ~ . i11 <'o rtl pa r i . . , ill ,,f t h i• n 11 ri1•11t: n1 1d t lw 1<1Ji,.r fn ll:-: !''1 g rn:-.:-= ly

J11 to l ftt: t' t 'l l...,l lfl' uf l ii (• u ld pnt• fry . Hil d p r e ft.•rt ; IH' P {1 f th t_· llt' \\" , lli11t l C( i\IJ cl T\ Ot
r 1.:1 td eit h e r or t h e :-(' i:;l rni n s \\ it l11111 t ..:u m c il t!liJ,!ll!lli o n; 1rli1d1 n n qwl/i!y (/ l/J (1liq
1W' H {s .(;,() fl j Jt I n n : i.'i1' i 1t /)I P " ·' ;~,zr- ,; 11fi .- i· 11.ry ."
11 •.:- l"t.' .. i ! 1 di ~l!tili l' !t .. t: 11 ! 1t"lll d t:!:i t h~
s e 11 tern.:c . Th e ntl d t·d «11111 :-1· is it n e w and indt·i·c n de n t 1• ru 1 +1_ 1~itlu 11 , uud uug ht

to 11\nk<.: a scparn tc: :oocn lc11t:e.

2.

~ · Tl1t~ so tl 1 i11 ~ ...; r t·~! 111:tlu

t lwr 11;-;v1\· 1·;-;.'' in r· n1 11 rr H) tl pli r: l>'' : \ \" !1;1 ·!1

n H-"flll S. o f cu nr ...;1...' . t liat l ; od r 1· ;..::1 1J.1 l 1- .' t l1 t· t11 l 1y !ii:-: g 1..·JH..: ral

idwny8, in

wl 1i1 ·l 1

Lt \ \ · .... .

lu ne; ruu , wor k lo g n (Jd,

tl1 0

!1. La11 g u:1 g u

C;u111 11t. ...: prin~ t'1 ·.11 n in t 11i t i11n, fi •r

l1 0:1 rf-..:.

po ~ .. .:. eq:;or.-:-i of' i11 ...; !i1h·t. wl ii1 ·l1. !111\\" 1..• \ "l' l". dul ' :'{ lt(1 t

:i. r ~· ~ ii r t · l y I ),, .

k ad 1!1d11 t o !!ti -""

J111.: tl 11..Hl o t' ex pr c ~ .-. i 1 1g t l1t·111 s1.:h ·cs .
4. 1I c1J· c :ind tl1er1 • S IHJl(' n·11111:111t
I\ ~n ntin td~

and

tl1 e

o f a la r~ 1 · ll l D l1\ 1J1H · r d :-1 i; 11 1.J ...; : 1..;
w l1u le :-; tl"!l !' ttl l' L! i ...; in d 1..· cd :l :-- ll l1li111 1..: r c l i 1· c1( j 1:l ... l

gr;L!Jt)1•111·.

5. Tliu s with l1t•r f1.•\\' nutes 1lc• l.' ~ natur e ring- t li e c l1:tn g- v.'-' 1 1f ti ll•
sc aso ll ~;

w l 1i c l1 w e wl111ire, and ....-n dca \ ·nrir1 g t o i111i t. a t. c, tin d Li1 1L
sl1:1d u w y S Ll<' t-e :--;..; .
6. Il e sp oi ls Jl (Jt 3. J;' iod ~ 1 ·h u < 1 l tu i n : d~c t. lic rcof a L:ld c t• l k ;: ~"
tlt c r uin to t l•acli Iii -; .'-'l"l tcila rs l P~ ii·.
7. 111 t.l1i:-i way tl1 . :: :-:.c \' l'ra ! c! 111rc l11..' :-" (i 11 \ \' /1it· l 1, :t :i (•I le 111;1 y to l -. :. 1·n·t·,
opininn .. .; a rt.' pr1.f1·1-rl.'d t o l it'.._., :11 1d cq·tl11 •d 11\_v i"l t lral \ \ · ! 11 · · / 1 t !it· _\ :L i l '
1

('011 1' (' 1"1\t'd

f t •I ', :1 11d

wl 1it •l1 tlii.~ ~·\11tl1 1 1r

I H !rl

11111r ; i\ ..... 1 111Jl

nt' <H I!'

8. T!il.'re yon ar\.'.

out

t f1t • \ 1,.'l"!l l:'i i d' r-. : tl\": ll l lf ! I t ill 1l 1a l.

:-.: :il\·:11 i1n1 d (iv :-; 111 1\ !'lit tlJ1..·1!1 i r1.

i11 an c•\11,.-11 :-1 1..· :1 u111 ~ id e. aIHl a ll a t ~1.. · :t i r1...:i1\.·;

nn<l y o u fe el t i 1e 1 h.· 1...~ d 1J f a c l1 a rt. f,11- t !1._· 1•1t c , a11d au a1w !1 or fo r t!1 , ~

o tl 1er if _\" til l (': 1: 1 1i r:•'. 1·· ;1. ·
~J. !Jr. h.a11 e dv :-'c r i h1.·d 1l1e .\ r e l it·. .'-llt · J : ( · 1~ a"' .1.i (l!1 1l"! i 11i 1· .:.: : 1~1 : l 11 .. t
dreadful ; ~u1d l•Ul'· tLt _r :i i d i r11lt'1", \\· l1 iit1 Tl 11wh:t·r:1y \\' a ~ 1 1t 11, · : l y
srn o kin !. '.: . nnd I\ ;11 H· \\";i '-i fr 1_ ! 1 fri1!11 Iii :-: l r :t Vl'!.'-' , Le tu ld t l11..·r11 a :-:t1)ry
of a 8ailo r r l' ad i11 g l\. 11den 11i .-.:.
10. Tli 1..' Y t i'l d I l k , if I \r n: dd d'> ~1 -. :. .\"C •: l wi:-- 1it·•1. 1ny f:11 h ~· - r . wlil)
loves lll L~ d t.: nltedly. \\"1)11 id a11 -. :. \\· v r all tltl' q11 . .:stinn:-1 ~ lit • a:-.:k t·1L
ll. Tl1 t. .: :.:uu d u l·I ll l:t II .-.: \ •P l ! ;..~T 1 '\ \" \r t·:tr y <i f tlw ;.::1y Ji (,_. ill t li "
l1 o usc of Iii:; :-;.1111. w lH ) l1~ 1d t:l l..v11 ! i r ~ t !J11 111>r- '"' at (·11 l i 1·;:1 ·, :111 . l .'- j >t ' i1 T
inu c h Li 1n c an d 111P it L'_\' ill t li 1..· 1· 11 ! l' l"lail! !Jl l ·l lf o !" l11:-; :" p ••rli 11;.! f rit· 1i J..; _
J~ . II ~ l\·!l in !u tr 1iul1 k t i_\' Iii;-; !i r:-'l r1 · 111;1rk~. ~-lii c l 1 11 1i;_;ht he 1·11 r·1

Blair on Su pplementary Cl a uses.-" An 1111fin i' l"·<l '" nt r· nre i~ no
~ r ntc:nr c :1t. :111.
Bllt Y l' r y r1 f t ···r1 •,\- 0 TrH_Tt \ \ it li ~ 1 · 1 J1 1 ·11 , ·, · :-. tLat a 1·c,
so to sp c :1k, 1n or1.: t!1: rn fi lli ::d tctL \\" hl' Il \\ "c l1 a \ 'C a r r i\'1..' d id wl ia t we
e xp ected w :i., to lie tl 10 cn1wl 11sin11; wl1 e n "· e li:11·,, <·nm c to tli e w on!
Oil \\' hi<' h t l 10 n 1i11 d i ~ n ;1t11i- :11!y lt.«1 hy w li at \\'1.' T! f 111"f1ir.. .- , t u r c:--: t ;
11n e:qw ctl' d ly, ~ornc d r1 ·1111 i..;::a 11 (' e pup...; ulJf, wl ii 1·l1 111 1...: !d . fc i t l1 cr j lo
h :n c l>N'n om itte d, nr t o li:11·r· J,c,·11 rl i'l""'''l nf , ].-,· 11 1, . .,.,. : 1,11 f "!t i>"i1
jq l eft l:t gµ:-i n ~ lir· ltind , lih• n 1:til n•lj11'< l1·1l to t b · ~.·11!\'11<·•:. ~\ll tltc·.«,
ndjectinns to tl ic· p1·op0 r c•Jn : .: r di . .: ti ~~ 1 :r· c· :1 f' (• l 1 f 1 · 1w~·· t·xfr1·r1i t· ly . T Ll'Y
g i,·c i t :l l11111 v, u ng r:i•·1.f11 l ai m, :in.\ , in p111·ti 1· 1d :t r. ti " ·} L•rc :1k i l:i
t 1n i t y ."~ JJ/air.
1

1

.....

0

re c t.L·.d

l1 _v

lii:-;

:-ll\ ! 1:--1.,' t j! lt:i!l.

l w l 1a\·i1•l' : ;fi 1·1' H lull ~ [\j"~!lla i 1 1l a fl( ' C \\ i t/ 1

j)I' . ,J1_dl!l - (,•I!. \\ 1:,, ..,. , . 1" 1·:1d i r11•- ..; 1 1 • (, , ;·~ j\ ,·

l ~L
f ~C ll tl'JWe:j ti) liL' ('O rl"L' \'l l" d

i11

r1..· f(!f l:ll l'C t u

l "t1 i ty, U lldc r f:i(J 11h.~

Of lfl e h CfidM

wl ii c li lin\' c bee n d i.'ic us.sed. J

I. T!i cy nso<r rtnl nut "uly tl1c futu re irnm or t ali :y , IJ nt th e pust

1\ .'-\

\\' v

\\·:tl k 1·d

t i 1r(J1 1:: !1

tl H:

\ '." H ""

\\ "\ ·i) k1 1,.\\ " ll.

lw:1 t 1! i :"1 1l :-. !r tTl."'( _ wli1 1-..., ·

.""itl i·""

\\"1 · ;- 11

lined witl1 tt1 1q )l .. - t rl' l' '"' . w l1P -...l' k :i\·l_':-1 H°t 'l" l.' ,i u:-- t c l 1:111 t.~ i 11 g tl 11..· ir t.·1,Ju r,
we \Vflrtderl'd w lic, ;-;e t:l;-;ll' l1nd pl:tnt.t'.d llw town_
1-J... S l1L' ~:1id . i f :; lh· c1.1uld tiud :-1 i11 11..: t •111•.- ( 1.; \ · l· U if :-- 111..· :-:- l1 uu ld r11ol Lt•

CO.l fP ()S JT/ ON AND Rllt:T OR I C.

SENTEKCPS-STRRNGTll

o l<l C'nongh , nrn1 <'o mpclc n t to do ti"' work r cq nired) for a few weekll,
sh o s!to11!11 l1t· t.l i:1nkt"11 l.
15. <>n c l1ri;.d1t ,, ,·,. 11ing in .Tun<', a.-; I r:111 ,]11\\· n to tl1 c post-onlce
tn f_!Pt tile J..tti·r• f,.,. fatlH•r, (f11r I tl1<>11 ;.""l1 t it l'"''il.J ...l ame~ hnii
writ t\'n, and I .-l< •! ' i''''l t" """if I sl1<11il·I in·111ir" f.,,. 011 r 11 ext-J oor

RULE IV. - STRENGTH.

130

Jll: iglihur. ) I 111vl t liv rno ~ t rt·111:1rk;tld L: -l1 nd\.i 11 ;.: wo111an.

Iii . l 11111 " 11 1i1·el_,. ddenui nL'd , urnkr any c in·u111,1a 11 !'CS, to

f0r

<'rowded irit11 t lit• l111:t1-.: .

fl.lid

the

t--l 1• 1re,

r1 ·at ·lll'd

a nd tl1l 1

t !iv !w:l t'~l

iri

p:t"i'."'i1 ·11 i:1: r:-;;

A Sentence should be -'O co11.</rut/1·d a8 lo giw lo /h r, Tli o117hl
or llf ean-irig wlrich ·ii conlai118 iG .f,,// .Ji1rr1'.
"What is Me a nt by Strength . - TJ,,. •;11:11: !} \,,.,.,. r. f,.,.,.,. ,] '" , .. ,·:i:·:~
nu:--ly lli...::-.ign a:l'd 1 :t..; ~lri·n;.:t!1. 1·n1 · r~·::. :ti 1ir 11: tti~l! : . \i\·i· i1 1··-..: . :111 1 "' 1
fort.ii. Th o r u1.-:~ al !'t';lil.)' µ-i\·v11 :lrl.' :Lll prl·l i111 iriary and pn· ; •:t !"tl r.\'
to t.bi:-i.
H\· n.11lt• 11 ,,.,1 ~1·< · 11 r . · ~i11q•ly tlil' 4·L·ar l'\\il'\··-..~ i1·ll , ,f 1l w
rncauing. ]~1 1l tl!l'. 111 t:· :t11iu~ 111:1_y bt:. l'X jll'··.;;; -.. ,?d i11 ~111·h a \\ ' :1y t !1:1! \\·r_·
cnnnot n1i:stn\,1~ ir, fu111 yet \\· itl 1 :-- tw l 1 f1.·eldl'1 H.·... ~ •• r :--tyk ;1-.. ~( 1 1;1:1L 1"'
n o ifnpr 08:"-lon . E11l1.· I I adYail c1...·~ a liltl1...~ fru 1r1 ti1i:"1 11i 1..· r1._· il'.< ~ .di\ ··
q unlity, and l>y gh· in ~ n proj•t·r p11.-. it ion t 11 1! 1•: 111:tin :--ul 1.i·-·d :t111!
1

rnako

t.li c ,iourn c y, 1111 ks• it. min,;.
17. T J1 ,· re i-< to be rt g ra nd weddi ni: next w eek, t o wliil'lt wo nre
all to 1,0 in vi ted, 01· :Lt lca,;t ;:o I li ea1·.
18. Th e eq uin oct ial sto nn O<'C urrcd last Tu c,;11ilv , during which tho
li :;l 1tnin;.; strn"k n t.r,·o 11<:1Lr t.iic drnrcl 1 th at ,1·11 .. lrnilt l:bt sp1·in g.
19. lJa,·ing !ln i,h ed li is l1 ousc, nnd furni,-Ji cd it l11lll11"<1rn clv, lie
moveJ in to it un llie 2~ d uf F eb rnary, wl1i e li b \\" asl1i ngtn n' ,; liirt.h d ay .
20. \\"h<'n th e ne1Y• of thL' Yi>'lt1ry \\" n• n ·<·'"i'·,..j at \\"11sl1 ingi on,
thQ pe0pk ,·xl1il1ited tlt,1 g r,·ak't. c11tl J11>ia:m1, a~ it wa.-; na tural tliat
they sii uuhl.
21 . H~lin1l y(lnr own lni !'- ill('~~,, i:-1 H ll 11nt·it· 11 L pro v,: rli, ( indt.::ed a11
pro\'crli ,; ~ ce m to b e '1nci1•nt , ) wl1i <" li 1ic"'' '"'" ''~ a due d l'gr,·e o f atlcntion from all m: u1 ki11J.
22. Il e l>uilt 11 largo sto ne hou se on th e bro w of tho !t ill, (it cost
ten th ousa nd cl ul lar.-<,) w l1i1·lt eu1u1 11 1111tkd 11 lino yj,·11· uf the sur-

r ounding •·uun t 1·y.
23. Tho \· e s~e i 1nn<le

131

soon

~:lf1·l_r . \\ l11...·r1:

t li u

inha bitant" rccci\·cd tltcII 1 wi t ti t l11..· ut1no...;t hi r1dJil· :-i~ 1 and a :"!n·ltcr
wa :-1 Jtro1\ i•lt·1l fu r :;1 l ' l il.
2 ~L Th e <'olonel ord t·!'C .1 th e r t::ri11H·ut f11rward, tt11d tlit~ 1t1t•11. udvnncing ('11uti ou>l_,.. di>ro,· crcd :1 miue whi ch the cnc111 y had rn ado,

11

1

pr(•<1i1·n.te of thf' ~ t ·nl 1 · 11 f't« 111:1k1 ·..; t l1l' 111 1·111 pl1:lli1·, atid t l1u-. .:.:i' l""' -- 1·::1·_·
po~it i vr• :11hlitinn tn t!1·· f(11·1 ·il.L·tH"..: ... ci( tlll · l "\l1:· t ·'"-i1 111.
l~11l·· l l ! 11_\·
RC('llri 1 1~ a n l1:L!"lnnniE111..:
clear:-> I.hf';

:111 11

,,-:Ly f111· a fr1· r·

lin\\"t' \'i·r. is

l\!' P(l •.·d

tl1 :1n

r1~ 11 11tl,.E! wl11.Jt·. r1 ·1rH1\·, .... 4, J.~ t:1 1 · !,·-. . :~rid

1·111Tl·1t t

tlii··<

.\

<d' 1l1l' 1l111t1;..: l1t .
:-.,__·1 1!1·1!("1' 111:1_\'

rne:iniu~.

t i'

tlif'

\'1·i

it 111: 1\· !..'.: i,·e er1 t1•f1;1 --i "'
~t ri ~ ·~1· ~t n tll''-' 11f !ll 1i t _,.. :tl1•l

:--;,.r1 1 1 ·t l 1i 1 1~ r1H 11· , · .

t·\j•r~·-....., t l 11· :l11tl1 1 -:··.,.

: li t· l1..·a1ii11:...!· 1·:~r1--. i1 111 :1_\
\\ "1 •

r. 1·]

tti:il 11 \\ ":ll 1(-..

, ,i, ....

,·n

1
·•

'- • 1lr1· ·l liir1 ~ .

Tli c• :t 1it11P1" · , 11H~11i11'.! i-.. 11.. t i · \] •:'\ " ,·d '' irli :!:: 11 1'·1r ·1 · 1 •!' \1. i. ·1! ·\i ii
i~ (':lpal1le.
(lf ('1111r--1" it dq\· . . 111.t l .. ·!1111:.: t~i ~!_\ I, · t·~ :::\· ,. n J1 ,,..., 1"1 ·1·
1

ohtainin!.! fnr"il•lt· ,11· ...:trn11:...r tl1P11 :: lt1..:. 'J'l1: tt 111..· \0 11:...:...: !1 1 l1 1··.1 ·11t i • ill .
B ut :--; n ppu~ill!! all :l11!l 111 r t11 l1a\'l' a n:rt:1i11 l!11•11 :_: l1t. i11 l1i ... 1ri.111 ,l_ it i...:
tl ir h11..:i 111' "' "' • ,f t !11• 11:1rt < ,f I ~lit·!' •ri,.· \1.· l1icl1 w1· ar1· 11 1)\\. :-- i. 11 •!_'- 1ri::. 1•)
tl1:1r id1·; 1 n r tl1l>ll;. d11 111ay 111...· ~<1 c\i1r1 ·-..:-. nl : 1..; 1 11 11 r •11 ll!• ·1..·

,i.:.Jio\\' lH1 W

t I1t' ~!

!"\ !! l:._'t ·:--- t

i ! l Ii· 1· 1· .._-.j , 'I: .

ln l'tH i:-;tn1f·t i11~

fl. '-'• · llf.-111·1· "' '

th1n1;;ht h qqq\\.J\.', :-;, •\"1·nd

11 ~· t.i '- 1 ·~ ·11rl°' f<1r it 1lw f11ll ~!r"lll'lli 1,f \\ l1 i· ·h lli'•

~11h o rdi1 1nk

nil 1""' urc

{q

lit' 1,J, ~t·n

1 .\.

4

in order, if pO:i"ililc, tu liit>w th em lo pi1:<"c:;.
25 . ;\~w e rnd r: to t11wn , \\" (> 111 l'L a 11111 n \Yi tli 11 flock of ~ccsc, wlio
was talkin t.{ t i) a link: girl, inn pi nk ~ 11n - hPi1nef, wlio was ca rrying
n

bn~k f' t

~ti.

f;Ltl 1c r

on lie r ann , cnnt:ii11in~ a ft· \\~ radi ~li,_·~.
'fl 1e l1oy ],.ft tl1l' !1 1111 -..: ,• ,,·j1 !1 a r al.:l· i11 Iii-.: lia11rl. '' lii"L
IHHl .~!1t at ~1 11itJi, ·ilk· . wlwr e

eliildrl'll 1•.'" tlic :;c·arlel-fc:,·e r h-t. ll"i1it .. r, wlie11
tHl u W- ~to nn.

lii.~

\ i 1· . . l1J 1J \: :-i iiY t.'H, wl1u ]11:-;I. !"uur
\\' \l

li: ul that. dr1·,1dful

1. Redundant V/ord".

A se ntenc e i.-. mrtd c >trn11gPr by leavin~ 11ul r1 ·1lun.Ia11l
w o rd ~ . It may lie takcu f~ir g- r a 11 t.- d. t!i:tt wlrnt1·1·r·r i11 :t
sc nt.Clll'C dt w.-; 11ot. add to tlie u1t·:l!li11g 1·11k1·hks it. Ln·ry
n ·dunda11t. \\ord i~ ;.u much tk :td wci,gl1t.
"TIH~ h'>l " l th id i" :-- nid l•ll !iJf' ~ n t-j~., ·; tli(• ' " 0 111·q it will 111·

tlw

i1 ki\ 1· ]1·ul'l~· P ltt•ll!!h. J ,\l f l 11>t

" J.1·: 1.--.t

." .'\ i •1 , ~ .. , '1

l'

111•'11•1 1· •!. · 1 " q

.r·, .... . _ .....

w it h ha!! tl11· l•1rq~ of thv 11 ... u1tl t'"'.\! ·1 1 ·"- 1" :1 .

· ~ ! 111 • ·t' olv d . '•

with dt ·...i· n i11!.!; n 1flt111q.J1 . J,,. r• ·f·q.._,.,\ !lw : . • •ll .. r ;,(it , "' i·· :1 l
f>XprP s :-.i 1 , 11 thuu" lll·/11:i C<111tl'Tlt " ·itli d 1 ·~cr\"i:1g a t ritiuq •li . !1°· d4· 1 l1!h"·l l ~ .•. : 1 ,~11 .. r
"( 'oll!l'l!t

uf

iL "

~32

COMPOSITION AND RIIETORIC.

SCNTEN C R S- STRENGTU

"Th <'re i:-: 11othin~ which ~o !'oon perv e rt~ tlir j11dgtni: n t ns the hnbitof '1rink-

1n,i.: iHt,,:d1·11 1i1q..: liq1111r. .. J,r·("(irnt· :-: 11111\'11 J 11 1irl' :-: 1. rightly hy l f'av i11g 1-111l tii c un~
1 11.:Ct:~:<.nry \\ u rd ..,, Ih m; : ·• 0:dt h i n g pc n ·c rb th o jw.1g 1ne11t ts< J i;wu as th e hllbit of
dri11ki 11g-

intuxkutin.~ llq tlii r-. ,"

2. The Use of V e r y , u.nd o ther I ntensive

A

Whole Clauses nn' ~ornet i rnes r ed11n 1ln nt. _<\R e \'ery wnnl ought
to J•r L· S~ nt sol!le lll'W ith·:1, RO <:n·ry 11 e w clan ~e or tll t: lllLer of tho
s<: n tc n ce o ug h r, to p re~c n t. som e nt·w tl1 011;;li t .
"Th e \' Cry fir:-t d isr<)n·ry o f bcnuty f' n i1: 1·s th e mi1Hl with l11wu nl joy, and
1'JJTr t1 ! .:i d r!iy lit tl1nm:ili rill it.~ Ju r11!/ fr.-=. " Ji n\' th e ~Cf' • J !ld <' l n.11 '- e add s !itt lt, i:' u11v !h i11g. to tlH.' 11I n 11g ht <'nntnincd it1 ll1L' t:r.-.t. Tlt l' rq •di 1i;1 11 o f tli -.• ~11111e irl ea
w urd s !:-.lightly d i tr1.•r{·nt fllily cHft·l.' l ,ll's thl· t:x 11 n·s...;f1H1. It litL" a ~ irni l ur effect to
tl1rtt pr<1dUl'c1 l l>y p11tt it1g- 1rn udd lth.11ml 1d11t uf wut1.: r i 1il o u. bt· Yt.' nl. 1-{C 11l ready

o t' very, and of u tlH·r i1110:11-i vc <• r s•q >o ·rla l 1\·l' ":'1•r•-."-1""' I ncxpe ri c 11ced wrikr ~ wo11ld d" w .. ll, aflt·r «11ll 1j> kti11g n 11 .' ·
pi ece o f co111po;;itio11 , t.o g o 1l1rnil g li it, 1w11 i11 lia11d, and ,; trik ,,
out three-fourt hs of tlie e pithet,;, C\'l·ry s upc: rl:t1i,· 1" a1•.! evn1·

"very," whi c h the ;;c11 se d oes nut i111l' e ra ti\'l·ly ol v11 1:u 1d .
Blai r sny~, in Flpeak in g 0 f :-11 h \i mi ly . " It h 11 "t l'a!-:y lf) 1"\t-!".t·ri!.... · i n wur1L"' the
pret'i:-ce imprt~!"!-li n n which gr1·a l iu H I :-11hli m e ol1jed .."4 111 nk1 ~ 11p1111 11.-.;.
'J !1e
emoti o n i:-1 c ertn.i Hly 1klighlfll\. l1 11 t it b nltui-:dl1 t" r c1f t liL" !-l" rl'lll~ l-..111(1.· · .\
feeb le writer, w i ~ ld11 g t o t.• xpr e~.~ th e s a 111 e idt."ll , \V ot dd l 1.· 1q•t t " di\1J1e it. H...".
foll 1JW!:-I: "Il i.~ nut 1'f'rlj t' l l~Y ti) d1 ·.. . c rihe ill \ \· 11rd ~ 11u ' r1_'l!1 lln~ J•rl'\.·i o:.e r:ri •l rr 1 11 ·1
h:nprt:'S~lo ns whid1 ·ray grL"<ll an d !-'11!.\in il' ol•jl·t ·t..s muk e 111 •"1! 11 -<. Tl1 ·· l"!!l• ·: i .. 11
modl ce rLu.ilily b e:c.lrc111dy Ut..: l iglttful , b u t i:iliLl it i8 u.ltuget li t..: r uf u. rn·v ~\:riu 1cs u11tL
10lemn ki11d. "
1

3.

1

in

t'i1!11pu u11dcd c xu1.: t l y to u 1i-.:':-; ta."lc . ~c ntc..:11cc.s , as well u..s tt:u. u11d t:utll!e, lu~
tlu,·o r Ly LL'i1t g Luu much w utcretl.
Sout·('f' o/ R, ·lf111ul1nu·!/. - ;\ <·•1inninn ~<1t1 rC(' (if r n1111al1UH')' i:-; the u se of fl.
l'-P j•f\n1te w ord t.1 exprt'"-"' n1 1 ld('n w l1:d i b i n11iJ :,-., 1in1.i1 (· 11 f the w"r1h nltq1.d y
l!!--1·il . "To r C"t urn " ts " f•) gi1 f,,l<'f: ." Tl1e ex1•rt· "-~ i"11 "rl't11 ridng !Jtu: k," h th1:rc-

·· Th t> y Tl' ~ 11n1•· • t t"!d' rr rn1i11 tu tli c wm c l:ity from
\\ ;i f t b.
Tin! id e a I ~ C:AJJl"t::-.:.t:ll
w lt l1 ~ 11 flk!l' lll l'l enr11e!--s . l1t1 l it }111 !il 111.t ~o 111111'1 1 f.i r ~(· n.s wh en we M y Him11ly,

Tll f'

~1._1 11ti:nn'.

Wlit· lh'C th t ·y <·anw/n rl/1," enntains fiH' rt •dn11dun t

.. Til t.• b. 1y l1ad Ii j.., p or·k· ·t
I.: bid .

iiiii

lkl~~.

!11iiik•

,;1

/11 .' !

sente n c e i;; mad e ~t ro11gvr li y avoiding tlie t•11J f'r, ·11m·11t.

u ~e

Necessi ty of Prunin g.-111 Il ic li1»t dra 11 g l1!. of a11y pi d·c of r nm111•:-i ilion , w e are npt t oll:' ~ i11n · r :-- i1111~ a11 d ('in·111nlt1c11tiun:-1 of tlii!i
ki 11d. A """L'I«' eye tl1erd11re ,1 ,.,11Jd li e u.<0 d i11 n·v i,;i11 g an1l pn 111 in g 011r ex pres,;iow<. 111 this r cl'i ,i.,11 w e , 11011 ld lo p off c n· ry word
wl 1i el1 d oes 111 1! ad1l sn rn (·t l1 in g to tli c se 11 ~c. Tl1 u only e xce pti on to
tl1is is where t li e i11v e rsio n i:> ucclled fo r ~(·e u1·i11 g t he (• 111phasis.

fort:' r c dund 11nt.

Expr essio n~ .

'/ (I

f,'ffol f Ill•!)!!,' 'I}

'I , f, · .~ ." h

!l I 1 , . :'\

n Ill J ·h- r1 f r lit_' .'lillllU

"\Vo rel~

of C onnoctll)n n.ncl Tru.n s itlon .

The st rength of a st· 11 t e 11 Cl' may ol'tt' 11 !Jc i11c r L·:t.' L"l liv .-:i r"
in th e use of t h e wu rd s e n1pln1'<: d tv 111ark ('!>llll l'< 't i• 111 or
transition. Tlre;:;e are c h idly the rt:lative pruuuu11 8, tbe co11 junclions, a11<1 '1: lr c prf'po ~ iti•rn-<.
"ThPs c littl e wor d<: . l111f. rrnil. u'/111"11. H·hu."r . 11-/11·1·r . L·tc .. ftr t· fr,·q1H·111 ; y I lic 11i·•'lt
impo rt.ant nf" n11y: l1 11•y 1\l"P lh l' _i·iilll-.. . " f h i l tl.!\·-.: 1q .. H1 wl11 .. t1 Hl! ... t · ittl ·11• 1 ·" 111r: 1,
iui1l of 1•011rs t· . 11 11 11'11 . 11.. l ll •·!' tlw ~rtlc1.·f1t!i1L·:--.-, UILd :-tr1.·11 i--'. l l1 i..•r ~·11t..-1i • , .... 1n 11 -l

depe nd u po n s uc h

11nrti cl1.:~."'- JU11i r.

No ~y8f"t~ T n c.f r11l1 ,_,

<':tri lw fr;111H.._·d !11 :-ollit nll ih l' c:v·-1 1..-1 tl1at ari...,l~
nnd er tl 1i :--1 l1 e·:1d . •\ Ii t liat <":111 l w dll JJt: i..; to g-i,, · a f 1·\ \ 1· \ :U11j•k..:.,
wit l1 tlit..'. ul ):--.L: l"\a l i1111~ \\ l1i·· l1 !1:tl 11r: dly ~1· qw 11 11t 1.t . t!l\'111.

Error in th e Oppoeite Direction. - nefn re 1li .'l11i,sinr.: tli c su bject
of r cd1111.J r111 cy. it lll H)' lie ob~~"'""] tl1a t f'< •111l'li1 11 es w on],; arc Jc.ft
Oll t whi c h 011 g l1t rea lly t u be kq•t in. This is t l'll O C:']>C\' iull y or tlio
Relative pron o1111. Ti 1i.' l' li i1 0.- i,; <•f t he 1-..:h1i1·e 111 11y li e ""rndirn cs
nll1> wa l1le in co nY er:.:ntio n, wl1 ere th\..· !lll':t t1i1 1.1.: i ~ 1i t lf1 l' d 011t n g-(11Hl
d l':-t l i>y th e t o ne, e rn phn,; i,;, 1111d i.:c~t nr e. 1111<1 1d,;i 1 in f:lll1iliar le tte ro;
li11 t in :;c ri• Hl~ cn 11q11 " il ion ~111 · !1 f' liip ,; i" ~hon Id rnrel.v t11l<t' 1•lnrc.

Splitting Partic le • .-'' Tl1ou ;.: h ,·i rtnc l11>1Tow ,; "" 11--i-t :1 11''<' fnn11.
yet it rn:ty oft l' n lie fll' •'( >llqi:111 il'1l b!J , th e nd va11 t a;.:,., of l'urlt111 e ."
Tltis kind of con st rut ·ti vn is ca ilL·tl ~q ili tt i11:2: parti dl's. It 1 · 1 111~i--t .­
in s epar:ttin .~ a pr l·pp :-:i ti (oJJ !'r1 q11 t l1 c 111)1111 \\"l1ii'!1 i'. .)..'."~ i\· ,·r ii..i .
Tl1i . .
vinl 1..·11t ~('1 1 ar; d iun (i f t! 1i11'...'" -.. \\"l1it·!1 (J\!:_!l d t(i 1w clci .... ~·ly l lliJ l vt! ~\\ ,· -.,
nn 1111 ~ :lti ...;.fi1 ·d :ind d i..: 1d(·a -..1 ·d 1"1·t: !i 11g i., tl 11 ·. 111i11d. It !)r1 11 ~ .., tl w
C lll"l' t'llt of tiH•\l :.d it f11 JI di ...: :1 :.~r1·t·; d1]e ~ t:111d --..:. ti ]J, : 111d ()L ] j~,-.; tJ ..i. lei

Tl1 e in ~c rti ( 1n Pf tl1 f· l'\:l a t i\\..' in ii." pn •pl·r plaC' l' n li110:--t n lw:t_Y:-i J1111kL1 ~
th u 1n u n11iug t11ur e pr...:ci :-1e 11 11 J dL'll'l"l! Ji11n-te . .. Tiit~ 111 a n [ ln\·Cll 11
t-i l10 11 ld 110 ·· Ti1e 111 a11 uliom l lu\·ed."'
·· The d11111i11iu11~ Wt• po s -

n· ....;{,

of tl1u :--vHt1._·T1t T

~e8 " e d,

Si:-\tan co fr Ol!l t J1e ad Valli ag 1..·:-1 uf

1111<1 tho co 111111 c~ t:; we 111 1ulu" , J11111l11 l1<J "Tl"' tlo111i11io11s
wl1iclt we l'o ~sesscd, n11 1l tl1 c c o1111n e:->t8 ui/ticlt w e tnud c."

f111· a 1ir11 L~ 1it1 :t li 11 i1· \\ · 1~1"d \\ !1i 1·li c;1rri1 ·-, 11" 111. ·;u1i11;.: \\ ::!i it
unt il iL i.--1 1·111111t·.-! L· d ,,-ill 1 it..; jil'•'] wl' t1 !1_j 1·,· t . • \ iw t:• ·r Hi' l" : ll 1!..'."+·1 1 i .- i1~
\\'1i1i!d

compani ed by them ."
12

!ta\·c

lii.'l"ll,

"Tl11 J1 J ~l1 \· i rt11 c

furtUUl",

J.11r TPW ...

1H 1 a ... -

y1..;t it, llllt)' vftell he UO·

134

c 0 ,If p 0 s I TI n l \'

A lY /)

R If R T n R I r

'JJfrnut(lrnt.rnr nf A 11t1. - r(1n _.. i,l •·r nhlc ~ kill is n ct• dt· (l f~1r th e proper manage.
m <' nt of th e r 11 n j 1111 r ti n n '1 .'Jli . It is ofte n U '- ~d IP r ... 1rl11~i11g- (JJ1f' ('lrrn se npnn
f\JH 1t h er in a <"nrl'l1· ~.:.: , _.. J i11:-h"d \\'ny , wlikh !i n-; HH 1·11ftT l. li11g l'fll._·< ·t 11pc1n tlif'
~tyh:.
" 'l'ltL' :\,· n il1·11 1y _...,_.t llJ• l·y ~ ·nr dtlPd H.H -h \· l 11·11 , t" 1L1 1111:-1 · t l11.· \rit s 11 f 1l ia t
:i ;.;1.· <ll H f (· n 11 r1try, ar i d .\ 1n 'rt t ht· m fro111 rnl\ ! r: ;..: 1 1 ~! f • 1:1-. l "' l 1i1 1·..., 1111·! : 11i 1 i! ~ t ry ,
Jir11ll~lll ll1 l~ Jjj{o \"i• <! li 1· ' 111./ !]w l' r•·]H·Ji \\"jh l1a\ 1· , t"r llil " 111• 1 t1L:1'. Jl('t'll Wl111! iy
tl\rllt· d t" !l it • rd i 11 •·1 1 H~11t ., f ll it ·i r :-\::I\• r ;1 11f l 111n:ll;i : ··· rr 11-i, i11 •]q·ol . with :•nch
M H 'i'(•..-: ..:. thnl ii 1·un !i n r illy 111• l'<jlli tlh·d,1!11d r1111."' t•q 1rn lly rl:!·1i11;..;'1 their n·r~.f'and
tl~ t' lr 11rt •:o- P. "
ll t• r c nrc t wo fHttlt:-i . firs L n11 u11dut• rt·pdili11n of tl1 (~ "nnd;' '~c ­
f•lld ly . fiutling- i11t11 rint· ... 1..·1 1lt'1h.'C wh1tt w1,i1 l d lit: more em.·· ·ti n· If nrndc into two
()f

Tit us : ·· TIH· .\nt 1 h:111y

llirt.' t.' St· ll lt'!\1'1'-\.

.. d

llJ'

1!1 1..·i r

rt ; nnrl , hy _j0 i11i11 1.{ tll(•lll togt'lil f'r witl1 :-;('\Tm\ cupn\ ati\'C'"· 11111~1·~ y(•lJ r" 'ff' f · i 7 1~
thf\t th e <il1jc<' t." . t l11-, u~h f'(!flllt' t ' h •_.1. ~lrt' Y•'i. i11 tlw111~t · l\ l "' .Jl :-.tl :I{'\. t !ia t l l 1 · · ~ 1t r1·
ninn y, )llrt t1Jtl·.''

t.y 1 ·nrdinHI h'.idwlit:tl, ln

the wit."il1f 1lrnt ll,Kt..' n nd nnmtry.nnO ( w j din.crt t hl' m fr n m mking iuto
lib pol it i1..· t1 u11d rni11i ~ t.ry, Urt..•Ught. th is into \ ' 1•g1tc. Thl! 1: rd1d1 wit.. ;, lmvc j itu·
('11rding l y ) fqr tl1b liL-. t n .~(', h:l'!l \\. h <dly t11ri h ·d ' "!Ii ·· rd i11. ·1n t· r1! .if tl1 ci r f' tyl~
n11tl ltu1 g 1w g1 ·, 1rn d with ~ ll ('h ~ \\C'( 't·~~ . that it nu1 linrdly l!t.: t.:•jll u lled. Jt runs

R m 11 se

cq1ut!ly ll1ro11.~h

_

OJ,~('rv 0

tion,

lin w t liP r •·1w!i1ii 111 ,,f tlit· " '"' i11 tl 11 · f., \i1 1\\·ir1l.!: ~-1 1 1 1 1!1· ·: ;1tl1e ~1· \ ·1._·ra ! il \' IJl", a11il tl1 1i:-. t o ir1 lt- 11... i f: atid

S-01"\' l '"i 111 :o-: t· 11: trall'

a.gg raYate tlil' \\ l1<1l1· ·

\' t ·1>1· n11d 1! 11_· 1r J·ri ~" t."."

Lro\,. \\
i

.Apparent Parndox. - il1..•re \\' (• 111 ay lli1tii· 0 Hll Hl'l ':-trcnt lntnulox in
l' l..\~ar d t u th1..1 \l'-'C Pf° ( 'il flj lln<·ti n n~.
Ti t<..· ol•j1..·<·t (_lf tl11_• (' (1 l!.it11H'tiun i~
to j oill \\'111·4]'4 lug1. : ti1cl', :-:u H ~ tu

lll Hk('

t!it·i r t'll( l fHTtiu11 lll<1fe cJu~0;

yet in dl't.:(' L "-." of lL' 11 lllnrk a clo~er c u 111H:~t i u 11 J.y <1111itti ni; tlie conH t: •. ·tin~ wqnl.
'· [ ( 'li:iril y ] lw:1rt: tl1 :di t !1in;::-1.. l ll'l11·\' 1·! l1 zdl ! hin gs1

l1 011ct l1 nil tl1 i ni:.-<, •·nd 11l'l·th nil tlii11 ;.:.-< ." 11 .. n· , Ly rnnittin g tho cunjuMctiuu hc l wcL'll tl1 u verh:-l, w e a('L ualiy bring- t11 0 ~ c ,·t·r:d ~ffect!l or
OtH.: r:iti111l ."l I nu r\._· t· l1 1"t:ly lt1:-r 1 ·tl1~·r.*
l 11 1·01 1.... t·•111t·111..·1._· 1if tlw c·~H1j11w,_:. w
tiun Ll'ill g ont of tl1 e \\'tl _Y , tl1L~ 111 in <l pa:..:q·=-- T1H1 rc 1p1i(·k l_v frorn
t.l1u11~! 1 t. t o t li o11td1t. 0 11 t I"' otl1t·r li:1nd. " ·i 1t•11 tl1t· writ<'r wi~lirs
us tu r c ~t for

t1101111.._ rlt on 1.. ·rtc·li itt.·rn in nn e n11111 eration 11f p:\rti r 11 .. ::;11d1 a 111110 mi11lit
fall il ,·i c t i1n to poll' Cr; lrnt truth, iu ul r ca.~vn, 1u1d lilll~·r t.y , woul<l
f~dl \\' it 11 L ; Ill.
:1

1

l11r,, th e COllJUOctiun i ~ repeated after l'acii.

l!•

;! "'

•t jp f ) , , ·ir Ir ..,i_ ..., _

1· i !

l ll' r I'• '; . .d

Jr t " ,. : 11 !1 1 •! li 1·r . 111: t Hi 'i"1 r··: : t i-: tll I r.

A n •/ '-!1a1 1 1~ .
1\r1:.;1·r,

u111_l

Oh:-:er\' (': f-<1t1, 1111w
to lit~ Jiill~J up in

•111 •: L a\•·. "·'"L

y

...:1q 11•li\'""

1 lw

uu cf ~11'"'\•H i r .

\"·1·111 1l11 Ll. \ ••tl

•111 1[

ul• ...,ll HH•

Jl1· 0 ·d.·d

_i; 11 1k · --·

J,y ! 1:1,· id

J/1 ::u11.

1111d l1i .... 1r w!l

l1i -; c :llJJJ1 l> y tip_· 1·:1 .~~,· r zt·al uf tlH · c11111itr y

~1· ·· 1n

pt·t1[

1

lt·

"T hf•v l1n1tl!! hl lll'.J"". (/'Id l• w •ir 1-. . , , .. ,, ! 1·H r! l11·1 1 \ ' 1· - ... t·l.~. UI J·/ \'. !1 t· H t. 11 •1, f \.; u ' 1 ·~:.
n~ 11 f llo;tr . 11 11 1{ ]• >lr, · l wd 1.. 1rt1 , 11111 / \ .. ·.t l\ "" . 11 1. I h ·1J1 !l .. . 1u1 1 f 1«1_r· · lw'1 1' 1 • ~ ... .. o1 11 ·L
h•lllPy,

q~u/ !111tt~·r.

~n , tot>.

Silnd,

~l l'o_'\'.

r1 11 ,(

k i11 c .'' -

-.:_

Sa ,·iuu r. in l1i:-i .1 .. _. . 1·ri ;·ti•1!1

tilt!'

h_v n · 1w:di11 ~ th e

tn 11 w ell

ffU•l 1· ]11T "'•' 11!'

( !II i:·:H·l1 '"'1HT1· ...... i \

"A11d tl 1,. min ;Ji- ~ c 1 • 1l'kil .

,_. . . 1 :t _'.. '.···

,,,, ,/ th1·

upon tl1 at li oi u:-.1; , uw i it fell,

•.1.11 , (

1 1

•·11111 1',

11 f

lij•'•ll

t!i {·

:l11_·

r1·:1 1 ll·r

c a : :t . . . f r· •J•l 1··

i11 t l1· · .... :l1l

f\1""1 . .

1111• 1 t/1·~

\\ H" tl1c fnl!

gr•-..: n t

f tl i·· 1..1 11-....·

1ildi;..r , ..., tl11' J11i1Hl

c1>11.i11r 11·1i1 Hl,

~".·.:·. •.

·'"1 111 . :>;\il

1°! 1·-'". rm (l l•l'l\t

\\· i1 1· l "

,if· it .' ' - .lfr:'t Yii

-.: -: .·: '°'.

\I

.1Uni1"." Otnu•rration. - " lt
01\lb::> Hlll

•ii

ll (_'l\]jl ) t_:t' l!lll-:

llli•l'l' d11...,i-ly t'<J!ll1e1· !1- 1 l : n11d

rut•· t Lt· 111. i 11 ~ .. 1111 ·
l.! ." 't'ol !" \J..ll .. l t ' r i q d • li t \

i-.1 · 1 •11

~11\\H\\ '

t ..

11

I! '

' 1111· / ~ ·a-"I! - ···"I~

1... i 111r ri1 ·d

("!" d id

11 ti(

<.:q

!w·-:

IJ1,.ll'

i~

a r c mnrkaLl1 · pC'1 ·11liority 111 lung-nnge , tl1tlt !lie

J•Hrt l l"l1 · :- )p> U l· l ~<HlH'll l llL"

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152

CO,l/I' OS !TI ON AN D RHETORIC.

SE N J'LVCJ:S-Jf!SCR!.L.-1NEOC S H.L1 .1/l'J.l'S_

GO . Th ('y cx 1wct the on'rthrow o f all the o l.J t rn.l itiu ns of 11. rnce,
wh ose r cl igio11, c ustom!', a nd Ltws rnn frutn t i1 111; i1n1nern11rial, in
t.!1 c twinkling o f a11 eve.

Gl. l:clwnnl I. had ill h i• y1•uth r c~cuc d tl• c c rown from t.!1e pre~t1 tnp tu1n1 ~ L1·i cc•,tc:J'. :lllJ l1ad replaced it 11pu11 !li t· l1 eatl uf Iii ;

weak

lrnt w cll -111l'aJtin,.: fa t he r.
ti ~. -\\"fu•11 yo11 rq..~- li l' r:ry wa ~ elt'\·t·n y <·; tr:=:

fur e tli c rcYolutiun w!1 ic/ 1 hn 111gl 1L

Iii~

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fa rlit:r to !Ill'

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fprt . w l1ol _l1atl l1<•c 11 111 :1d e i' li:11l<'t·l \.,r 1>f tl1l' ( ' 11i 1·,·r.-<ity uf Oxfoi-d,
1 ,~ .,k l 1i 111 tllHlt..' r lii s ea re Ill lJtit.?L'll's ('iill q . '.'t. " .
(i:l . Altl 1"11;,:l 1 t\1 e kin:; t1·\,'.atcd Iii ,; ki11'!11:111 w ith 11111r·h cou rtesy,
li e c vi1l e 11t ly r1-_garded l1i 111 ""a pkd ;:1• nf ,-,tf,-1 _1'.
li -L H e nry 11·as <·<1111·,•y<:d hy th e k in;:·,.. oro\.-r to th e <·11.'< tlu of
Tryon , wl11·r1· \1 l' i111d !1i s ('Oli;;i n. vn11ng ll 11nq.! 1n-_1-, l>11k e of l:lou<' C~tc r , w e rt: p11L in l'a"'·'· (' unlin ernt·nt.
O.J. 1l1J w : 1 ~ . . !Hwk vd t!1at one \r l1 n Lad in ('\'i.' r y way so ug11t lii:1
love Liy go.: n tl1' k i11d 110 ·,;,_ ,Ji ,, u\tl uo "''l' l'i r c·d ,,r po11·01· n11J lilJl·rty Lj
l1i ~ o wn nca 1c't. k in - 111 a n.
(i i;. Y t.•t it w ;1~ n:1 111 r:d f o r l1irn to e11n,·c·:!l wli:!l ~ ·,·e r :o-::1d 11l'::-s l1€
might ('nt c r tain 0 11 n1·cnn 111. of t\1 (' 111 i,J'"'·t11 1H· "t' Joi> fri" 111l, i11 t!i(
Lriiliant :-<c e 11 es 1if whi 1· !1 li1,; wa ~ tli c 1•rin1·i11:d :wtur.
r,7 , lli.'3 pre:-:(·nce i n 1·11111pa11y w ith t l1(• llt.' \\" ki n ~ . g a,· o ai1tliti on al
(• cla t tu t li o 11 . . 11q :1tin 11: (ur l1l· \\·as l nd, l·d 1q11il1 :t" i1in1 1i-·r 11t of tlio
!-i tai11 1 and Iii .., ; ·< Hllli :!!1d l 1 (•:111 t ~'· 1.:li1·ifl·d tlw e11 !l 111-..ia.-..1r1 11f !Ill~ }lopolan:) \\'ii n \\"(..'J'l' n nw tn rt· ~ard !1im a ..: 1l1l'ir t'u!ur e Iil un ar!'li.
G.~ . Do t h i11Jdy :·111d 111i11d \,·,·re J•:itivnr t111 d1·r l1:1rd . . . J1i 11 :.:, ,,·J il'lli~r
Yol1111t11r·y o r 11 1111 1..·r lll '(' ~ ·...; .. .: ity 1·11dttrt.'d.
GD. llo was i111p:l!it"111. in tl1e gvt1t·rc1:--ity o r Iii:-: JJHt nre , o f tl1nt
prai ~o wl1 ir! 1 ;;,,11 ;,: ht li il\l n 11t in i11,i11 ,t i1·(' o ( 1l111:<c wlio load rea lly
t ri111 111.J1c" 1.
';" 11. Xn 111:·1n \\' cllt frrnn Iii .. pn:~c· nc l' wi t l1 Hll t:\· r i11 hi:-; l1rra st.
1· 1. Th l' i11ti111:1 •'_'' oi' :1 p1·i 11 n · ,,r tl1L' \,Jo oHI r"yal 11·it l1 ro mm on
0

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103

73. One o f the mo~t <'Xtr:v-.rolin:iry nw 11 nf tli:LI , 1w r lo:110" .. r :11 1_,.
nppPn.rf·<l tn 11 11noy ilt..·11 r_v l li t• Fo11rll 1, frc1n1t! 1i :-'1 i111 1..· a l111 1 •:--: \1 1
tlio 11uy tJf l1i ... dunll1. ;.\ rt · l~l.·iliun lwadvd !,_v l1in1. t ('('k ii ..; r i -v, i<1
keep ;vliiel 1 in auL'yn n cc: dr:.1i111·d tl11· rc,u nr(-e~ uf J-:11 :-:L1 11d, :111J
wliicl1 at tim co rrlhulittl'l .V t l1rcalt-1to'd t l1 e i111l'!!rit v .,f t lw t lornlto.'.
74 . Tl1 e ki 11'...'.' L'T1·\\" I'r~·1n:ltlll'\ ·) _\· old 1111rll' r tl!I' 11111:-..11:1] w1·i :..'!1r ,, f
tlg'f':

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harli: 1r·i tiv-.: i1f _,\ \'l1il'l1 it ;-;. cn111· •J111it n11f -.: :1l 11H 1--t <·n111111 ·! a•l11 1ir:1ii · •li .
7G. Thu_.., l't·dnl tlir1·\\' :1w:1y tl11..· \'l·r_v fr ien d~l1 ip \\i tl1~111i. \', l:i .·Ji
('J'(i\\"ll

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~~ xpo~ (· 1l wi t l11111 t. ck !'1·H('l' t o tl1at l'l· ---.i .'i tlt..· ...;:-.1

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77. An ;,l' i' ''rtll11ity \·ery :'d11n !1rt.•.-..t·r1 :vd it :-.: 1..·lf. Hild \\ " ar r i\·,. : 1:
tliat ro111;i11 Lie epi;-;.ude in t l 1c l1i ... 111ry i•f l l H1 .... 0 t illl t""", iri w lii1·l 1 \r~·:· · ·
enst tl 11 • nh tn1 _.. i,-.,. <·,·(·nt.'"' ()f .lol1n ut" (iat111 t':-i c are l' I". a11d \\-l1i \·l 1 \1;1\· 1_:

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1,u (. lie

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l 111rµ;l:try, :111d c;:r1 n1...:i 1 i .~ . \\ "l' ... )i.,1ild La \·,. )1; 111 iii'--· (;ld d uly nu1la:11ti 1·: 1tca by f li e gu:-;:-; ipill g c l1ro11ic kr.-; uf t!w day.
7~. (hvC' 11 l1i lll ~e \J' ' ''1·lll ." to k 11·c in a 111:i1111c•r n ·tirl'll fro m ti1e
<·cl!11 1n: 1nil. :ind It) l 1:l \' 1._: d"l t· .:.~:tf 1 · d Li:-: :1111! 11 1rity t" a l1ra \· c l i1.:l ll l' ll1L11t 1
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A n.o fhr-r L"xrrnr71lr. - - To kny." It i"' lnq.11:--'-1 !d 1_· to t •xpii·n· !lie J1idn i:· nnt1:P ·
f\1!>)-' l1y n11y ."!crtrt'lt \\ t• 1..·nn nud~ 1·. h ! 11 1Ht1..·r a ."" lll l)· k 1 •r" ~ .._,~ ;t: "! ! . !'· '! · \', ' 1• :i
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hell , \\- hnt 1·1u1:-:t tJi,o11 kn · •\\ ., .. \\ t' 11 11:-. ,. ! 11, , 1\ r 1 ~ 1 Ht'. _-.,; ,,! .. i ii ~ r!1 .- 1·r .. ; -.. ~ ~! 1 ,11

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CHAPTER IV.
FIGURES.
Relation of the Subject to those which Precede. - fn
of tli 1111gl1t, it 1s tl1e l111,-i1w~" of ti"' writ,.
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ou r dist:Olltt·nt,'" tlH'fl' b n ligu rL', l 1ut it is of t\ll11lh t:r k ind. 'I lw f,1 r11 1 ri f 111 .. .-i:pre:ss iu 11is111 1l c han~ L· 1 l. l 1ut 11 11 e t i f t lH' \\·unb, •· wi11t..: r." i.-.. t11n1 1.·•t fr••111 ih ltt •·r al
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fe e lin g~.
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call e d u. Trope, fn1m th e (; n_:t·k w un l tro11 ' >'°' ( Tp 6rrv~ ) . \\·?ikh l!l t·n11:-. n t.i1r1 1i11 g .
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!'ll}",
That b !' lrunge , ' w e• 1L"l.' t h •.' 1·la i11. 1° r 1 l'.Btir if \\1.· !-'ay. ·· lJqw :-.tr:i 11g,· tha t i-., ' " th·· .. ' i·r·, .. .:
fii Un is c han g-c d frnm n m1·rr n~-t"rl i<l n 111 n 11 1·x(·ltu11111ir . 111if"·1ir11r ; .- i' . J: 1- :r: .. r· ·
fore fL fi gu re , LL fi 1ri 11 t •f ~ J• ;_'eC' li d11kr1·J!I fr 1nn the 11r•!i1J a 1y 111! .. !1· 1.J l' X l·~·t· ... ~1 1 i1 1

.A. n()fhr•-1• / 1.'rrunpft •. -

nory mod e of

cxpre:-":-1iu11s

r_v

c xp1 css w n ru nke:i l1J C idea m o.1c vi vid.

'

154

Figures and Tropes.-Th c a ncients obscrvc•l l'arc-fulh· tlie
distinction b etween Fi g u l'l'S am! Trope~ . But. at pre.-;c 11 t the
one t e rm, Fi:;11re, is u,-cd to con'. r t.he whol e whj"d, a11il t•>
mean any dcYiation from th e plain aucl onlinary mode of
expressio n, \rhl!th e r in th e form of the sc ntcn cv, ur in the
i:peaniug of a parti c ular 1rnrJ.
Figures not Unnatural.-Tl11 11l;,'.li Fi;,'.llres arc tl111:< ;<11mc ,J ,.1·i a t i.. n
from t.lic o rlli11ary mod e: o f l'Xprc-""i,1n, it. ,]., es not. f1 .Jl,111· t li:1I t l"'y
arc fon ,c d or 11nnat1Ir:(I. Yi ,.: url'S are 11e•t. ti"• i111·c·1 Jt it>11 s ,.f rl1d>1ri ci ans, nny 11i o re !linn the Jaw s of lan ~ 11:1 ;..{0 arc tin.~ in,·enti•H1s of
grat11111aria11~ .
_;\ ~ wrifl'rs 01 1 ~r:u1 1111ar l1avu oh:o-11 ·n ·1·d l111w t111·n
sp cHk , and fr111n tl 1i.. .; l1a\'t.' dra\\' ll ll1 u n1k:-1 of K1'l'l' t·l1 , ~ ·• wril1·I '."' ~·11
rli ctor ic li:11·c nn l ici'd lioll' 111e:11 d " l""-t. ft-0111 tl1t· 1•l ain 1111.J urdi11 :1rv
n1ode of l'Xpre:-: .. .; i u n wl1 e n tliey wi"li to g i,-e ~peeial fqr·ce <~r \'ivi d n cs' to th e ir rne:rnin;,'., nn.J fn1111 tlii .-; fat'.!. tl1 e c liarnd.c r a11d rn Jc, r,,1·
su ch fi i; llJ'tl t ivc· ('XJ'''"·"·"innfi l1a \'O l•l-e ll 1leri1' c'll. 'T'li e 11111-t. illi1c 1·11 t1•

n1 c n, fl' Wl'll ns t li e
ar c ~(> t11t1l"li

ill11 :-: f

l(' :u·n ed,

~pc:t k in fi,!.!'llr i.:~ .

ruidict ecl

f11 tl1e 11 :-:e

of'

fi ~ 11ratin. 1

;.; ,, r:i (·t· ..:, i n

lan:.:::11:1 ;_!1.' n_.. ; l11 t~
se 1ni ~ harl1:tl'l)\I:-\ :tntl tli c ~ :l\" ;\~1' .
"\\" l it•nc\' t' I' t.l1e i111 a ~ i11:lfin11-.: ttf ,, ,..~
1n11 Iti111dl.~ are aw:d~1.·11 ~ d . ur flt\·ir p: 1~_..;iu n:o-1 i111!111n vd , t lwy pq 11r fur t /1
tl1eir fvl'l i11 ,:_r:.; in :t f 1qTt' l1t nf ti~111"\' " · It i." r:1r t '. i11dt' e d. tl1 :tl :1 11_v
one. 11..·anH..' tl or 1111l~·:1rth·d 1 l'i\'i]izc d 01· :-;.avng'(\ in a c~11111H)~1.·d 1 )r in
an exe itl'•l state (If 111ind, di sr11 11r;;c,; f,,,. any kng t Ii of ti 111 e wit l11rnt
tlt e 11:;.., o f ti g un.:s. Fig11rali1·c l'XJ•r es ~iun:; LJS tl LI.'> i1111•ortaJJt tu tlrn

fn.et,

156

nc<l'el'alilcues~ of di.;coursc ns are ('(>)or and form 1o tliat of the ln.nrJ.
sc:111e.

157

FIG URES-S Liii f, E.

C0.11/'0SITION AND RIIRTOIUC.

Names of the Figures. -- 'i'I ll'.

111 '"'

t ron 11111111 'J._,.11n·"'
"

ar •~

. , Fi. ',..
i·'t"t1
. Il(·,LS imile, i\fo ta]'lior, ,\J J egory, J \ 11!1t
• •1
. , .\J,.1,,111·111\·
.
. ,

Origin of Fignres.-Tl1c first so urce of figures is the harrcuucss of la11 gu11ge.

fivnccdod1e, 1ntPrrogatiun, Exi' I arnatwu, l \ pu" l "" l ' Ii ''\ l\·r.....:c fll-

ilicatiou, Ifypcrbulc, iru1 1y.
I. SIMILE.

Explanation.- Tn ti"• fir·-t nttl·111r;t• 1o m e l1tnguagc, me>n wonld
hc·g in witl1 i.:i ri11 g na111 c' 1o tlie t!il!l:n·nt. ul'.i<'!'t.• ll'itli wliicli they
!tl·CalllC ncq11aintcd.
1\• 11Jc itlo•'1.' of lllr'll 11111J ti1>iir· d , tlicir strn.:k o(
n1rn1es n11d 11'01·1] .. worild Le r1 ilargl'd.
l\11t fnr t J,j , infinite Y:1rirt:;
j-)(' idea~ and nhj LT~ s in t/ 1 1. ~ world, 110 l:111'_"11a g f' wo1ild lie :ukq11nt\\
,\ny lan!;ua;;e 11·onl•l lic·•·1n11 e 1111111a11agi·ai1l e wlii eli s l1 o u)rl 1111 tlcrtnko
to snpply n se parate 11·1ml f,, r CH: ry s c11:1mtu id u1. ?111·11 1l1r rcforo
'\'Ollld see k to n!_1r iJ .~o tlit~ lnl1or of in v<_.n ting" and r(•rn(·1nJ,l•ring- s11 rl1
an i nli11it e Dtnnlie r o f word~. <>n 1_• w ord , wl1i1·l1 lr:t d l1~·<'ll i11\·u1tl~d
to c· xprrss s ror11 e p;1rtil'11!:1 r idcn o r iJl•.kd , ,,.i,11Jd b e 11sf d to t'Xpl'('~~

·
Simile, or Com 1mr1sou,

'l'rtlt' i'll'"""-'

A .-;

<"••IHl""> (r11111

nrt , 11" t

ll·an1l

('hi1P l··-· .

lu d tl! l •'C.

\' (• ]){l)f"l ··l,
0

'J li1:-i nrnlly

1

Exronpfr.-TJ H wnrrl •111/l in it.o:. prlmAry mf'nn !ng- nppllr,o:. tn an lm;trument
lH1vi11g n.11 c~lge. But wht:·n we ~peuk of nn c~~ ny fL"i h1 ·i1 1i.; "dull," we i111A..ll;'ine
th r. mental e fft.•rt.
f.; 11 cli a f'(-lJ!l j>1 •>.ition to he :<-irnilnr tii tl11__· 1nu te ria l cllel't. of an
ed~r.-J 10<1! rh~"\f i~ dnll. ~ n. in<.(, ·;\ ,J ,,f ll11!.U:1:..:. n t:nr \H1 r •l, \\1• ll'e 11.c tdd wort1
in 11 new and "hnnged ~<'ll~f' . Thi~ r·JrnnC!e j ...· 1·nll1·d 11 fi!..'.1lr1·
.-\ d11ll kHik i."I
11~1."' 1'1\l. A '1 t1ll L'.'i."UY i...; lig urrtli\'1__', 11 1 lid~ IllllJJIH_.r J\ 1'1n. . t • ltlllllh•·r (•f nc; 11rntir0
u ~ ,· _-. : (1f \\' \ •r• l'( i1i1\·e 111 i." 1.'!i. .'.Jt ·11 tll l (•J•1._: rathJ!1.~ l~:-p(Tial l y 11.r+· 11;,, ... 1, c(1111monly cx prc-~.~e d l_;y W•> rd~ iJ; •rir i:· d frinn ~ \·n~ihle f 1l.j , ·1·t .... Tliu~ ,.,-1· ~1 w11t\ .. r 11 Jtiucin!J
judgmc11t. t.\. r lrr1r h e;1r1 . n t-:-n.fl li f'nrt : nf n1w i11.flq mt d by n11g~· r. in11·11 11,f liy !l'\'i..',
r.wt:l/t'd wirli p r ide, n1 cltul with Idl y, ru 1d 130 on.

nr

Second Source.-Th·~ 0thcr nnd ind eed the principal eouree
o/' Ji g url':; i~ tlie pi..:a~urc \Yhi('h they g iH.
'E xplnnl\t.ion. - T11 ll1i« rn.<c '1' 0 nsc fi::.:11rl's, not, Lec11u~e of tl1e l•nrrf·nnest .:) f ln11 g1 1.c1 ~.u· . l111f 11<'<': 11 1.'(' t li o fi g 11r:lf in: ( · xpre~:--i1111 i:-i rnnn.1
:i~:· c c:1l 1l 0 f11:t11 111.._- li!t·r:d P:ll'. \\'..._, 11:1.\u word :-4 alrv:tdy at 011r,·0111111a1 LJ f(I! ' l'.\j'l" l" :--;,-.i r1 ;.: t l1'..! j 1L 1i1~. :--i1rqi!p 111t.- ;11i i 11 .:.:-: l111t We HI'(' lH <l!' O
p: r·;i~ c· d .-., i Ll1 :-,01;1t· 11ll1L'i' t' .'!Jl'l·;-;..--i i1n wJij,•!J\ !1t . . . . id\'S tl1f' prit11ary nnd

:-:. ~ J1J11..~ add11iu11al

iu "r i! 111t..:

!lt!l ~ t: .:u• \ "(· t ·;\'it·~t \\ 1111 !1a\· L'

'litl\"l'

soi ne otl 1(·t· id ea or ul0l'et to wliidr it w:1 s i11J1t~inc•d to licar a like-

cu11\·ey:-:

in formall_v liki·ni ng •>1:e

J. il:i· littk \\·:uit .. 11 1,.\Y " t hat ."'\\· iin 1•11 l Jn .J:l(·r" ,

IH'ss.

1111__·;t11i11 ~~ 1

0

l:..".t:irniilli·."l.-Tl1t· t'~ l n i h · mrrnt i1 •n , ,f <...:,,,Tnl 1•-..: t i•t ·k l 1i11 1
dclll' tllld t-:! l) ry, li.I:•' r !w _
... ,._.1ti 11,:.; <•I i l !r••f•l•·,d :-t111.

1

Ji i l:ral

''u
~ ri-·...1-..·ts

tlting to a110Li:er.

idt·H of an agrce.a/1le char-

l ·.'.rnmpfe .,.-'fhn s Lhc su 11 h r 1·0m r "i "lhf' J1n w c r f1ll kin g- of tlnr." yollth !s
1·allt·d " th e morning of lirl· ,·· " g r:ty l rni rs" means old ng1.', !li t·" !:il'e prrc " mcnn.'l

th e rv,y1tl uuth o rity, an d so ou.
]j

~U l!llner~

l11 u

:-•- ~a

uf gl1_iry

158

COJfI'OSITION Al'> D Rl!F:TORIC.

F [ G l ' I! /.,' s - s r .If

:E\·cry one feels, on reading ~uch a cornpa ri ,o n, tliat. the irn~ge
wi Lli whi ch ~o ft 11111 , ic: i,- thus nssociat.ed l111 . . gi \·L·n it nn aJJitiuulll
cnrl.JelJi,-J11ncut and clrarnJ.
llurfrsq111•.

-Si ru ilr~

!\rP Tl fl t

nlwnyq 11 ~1..-1 U' rli g" nify nn,l ;_·lende nn utJj{...'C t.

Th e nim of ttic writ er 111 11y l•c. n.-.: i n l 111rk "'qt1 ('. f r1 n 11d ,1._· n 1 !1 ir1~: ~t>elll Il!t·!1!1 tiy
Co 111puri11 g it to ~O fill· tlii11g lo w fl.l id deg-nulitlt;". Tl!n.-, B tllln ~ ayl'i u f lluJiLr~"i ;

•
.
lf><l _
\ f· il\' in thP riq. ].\ ity 11 f iL" i.::n1wth, :: iny
J',"""'":;ill·,,·ll ,;o.-nil•illc ti "· "" ld c·I • , ,,.,·tio o1 \ ,,f I ii• '

111•

liu~,·

gn ur\1.

•

:

"

mn11'111n,~n ~·~·:t. r11~t·

l "k.
1\1·
1

tn fl !li1111d 1·rl .. •d. ••r t.1 R'
nf th1"':-:e 1 ·11...: 1~:-:. t l11 •r,· j...: a

1

·:\ l1·d1\liun. "

ti' ·1~;i.1 i·: t •.r:1H•l••:
·~

' '' "

lll"t: di\Jl·ri · 1it I l l

.

1"'ft~q ·.1 • •

H ."llkt'.ll•llj 1il \ar •• f:-ta : l·.

. ,

lq:iti 111 1lll' ... :11lld',

~n rt li!'fwi·~·ii !lH· 1 .J,j•.·1°1." ninq•ari·d

likt·! H:d I•• J.o11ah ' !'I
IHlori• · i 11 l'.c11:l·: .

A gTl· il.t \\'Hl"!"H i r 11 1uy h1·

J.. ·1 ·1t11 . . ._.

1

. .

l11l·r 1

l:
·

II

l

[:11·;1"! 1

l h•· , ....... ; f "- •d.i 1'
l , . ~1 . •·'1 , , I\,' ....

n1 1d al tli·· . . 11 tt1 l' t1111t.· 11 11 11!.j\• t.

tl 1

di

k i1 1•\.

.ir"

/ A1 11 l l i. nti1 1 w11 ~ 11 0 111 <>rc dilli<'il e
TJ1un to a Ol1u.:kl>in.J ' l iH Lo wl1i:-.tlc.

H LI I. E 1. ~ ·I lll ·1
l C'S s.·J 1.. 11ld 1111t h e rlr:1w11 frn111 tl1i1 1::~ wlri1·l1
have Lou l!car and Dlivi<>u ,.; a r• ·' •·11d ,J:11w•· L<> tl"· ,, J..i•·d u 111-

Thus al so he lrnrll;Slflh. .·~ 111 o nii 11 i;:

0

!ind l•'Tlg ~ff1r·r, in thl' lnp

."llll

rg

'l'lr" prirwip:i l 11. u ] L'' to }, ..• 1 ,],,.· ,·rY( '(l i11 rcL'ard to rlu· 11:-'L u!' ......:i111il 1·s
th e J:_,[lu \\ iril!:

. . . 'Ti~ known h e could SJH:ttk Greek.
A .;; lltll t ir11 ll y u:; pi:;~ :-i qtH:ak;

Tiu.!

[

p:trcd.

Uf Tl1d b, [Hkt·n o ut Id .-. 11np;

A11d , like a lo l.1..-tcr b1dlcd. lht· m orn
Fru 1u Linck t.o red lil·_i;n 11 to tur11.

( lnr grc:it 1°lt-:1"ir" '.'!' tlrl' a..t 11 1' '"" 111 J;:irini.;
wli 1·r1· :1t t l11· l1r ....:t L:'.1:i1w1 · \\.i'•.'-h·•ll1'l r1"t
'l'l lL·. ,. ,·, u ik irr '·~ licli caSL' ' ~•'1\"t·" lh l/1 0· , ,J, ·:1 .- 11r.:

Effect of Surprise. li e ~

The Object of 13imil c is to inerca~c th e dfeet intended rn
th e main as~c r t i m1, whether that i1r k 1rti o11 be to vxalt or to

in di ;-;(· uVl.' ri1t:..::

liki'I H..-~:-' l ':-.

. · t I11.!IL
·
expcd. t11 I111tl
o i' :in a~. .~T' ' ' :tJ.J, . ...: 11q ri....:t•.
1

Jegrade, to dig niJ )· ur to burlP~'J1H' .

Likeness or Effect. - Tlr ni.:;:h tl :c (''·'C ll Cu ,,f " , j,,,i] e C(lflsi,ts in
like11e•s, yel tire lik e nes,; i ~ not n,. ,.,.,,,,,·iiy uf a 11 1:11n i:i l J..ind. On u
tlrin:.; trrHJ' he lik e a r:,,1Ji,,r, n"t l1t·•·:11 1'e tliey l""k alikL', or so ur!l!
nJikt\ Or l1a \·l! :Ill_\' tlJ:lt('riaJ (jilttJiti\·:-1- in c o111 !1J11fl , 1 11 ! lwc:ll!Se tJil;,Y
1i1·1Hl111·1_· :--.i r11 ii ar t:ll"ct: .-; up ua lln.: 1uiild. ll1t·y rai~e ~i r1iiJar trains of
tl1u11glit, (11' feel ing, u r the re1ne111hr:11H·o of o nn ~f r•• ngtJ1rI1~ in Rorne
1

way th e i111prP"i~ion 111·111ltH'(·d i1\· ilw •If lri·r. T l1i..: l\i 1id (1f :s tiLtle
1:i11r._· l'l t: :t:-- i11;! 1..-!Tvi' t 1l1a11 \H11..· \~ liic l1 i~ 111oro
ni_.•:i 1..:•lb U! tLc ;-;C !L-....c.-;.

Jiki•flr>q~ 11Fti· n '1: 1~ :i

J .',1'"1 111111 ! 1• /ron 1

(J.'f ...

irt 11.

~

.\

l!l t: 111 n ry of }•.\'·" 1l 11tl nn· 1•11.: t. f k 1L"-lt11t n 11d
1

h l·rt; is 111\l c li 1i11t•r !h 1111 irl11· hnd 1·0 1ll pttrl.'r l

g nh"

o r tl1t• rn11n11u r .. r

1 1111' ~ f in -; l 11• 1· 11 rn11d1 n•l·
~11~·..,, it \\11.'i '"l l i>L·thc
m u 11r11/1d lei tin· M111l. " The clfoct
tl 11· 11111 -.i•· I•• tlw :-Pl\ L:"n fthc ni gh tili·

nrt1l i l 1 '-i111ilt• P f 11 .....

t1 f1 \ j•11rtH·1 1l ar .. 1r11111 id 11111-.11 ·, lw

r::lrl ··l 1111 tl11-. h , ., ••1111(.

•t .. fn ·n111 , u lt !i u1 q_~h

L cc 11 mun.~ of ad1Htl l!k l' n•· -..::-: .

i11

th,_· : ntkr 1 11 ,i · ~ t!1L·rc \'. u u ld La\·e

\', !• lll:ll l.

'f'rifr• Slulif, ..... . - ~f 1111 y ~i t nil.· ..:
f jllf'll l il "t ' .

-..: 11 1 .)i

''i l ni: ,• ..:

li<1\\"i'r dr 111•1•111 :..: it · l H·i l.\

l".!i 111iJ e~

in tli e

rl1l't o ri r ~il ...:t· 11-..u 11f

tL::i

w111·d.

\\ l11·1i

1mn. . t1 t n an o1 lt1·r city. fll lL' hot:'-'1 ' tn anPiti.·r 111

t'<v .-..ar, 1:uti 1.. . {'l1ild

1

111]1·

11-.. L·,

l'ity i=-'

J ·~J;l.L
t'1)Ju-

ur:c 11 1: 1t1 tu a11-

c·rq· ~ 11 ....

111 ordf•r
tlral !l1L'rv r11:1 y I"· a k;;it iu1 :1t c ~i1uik, tl1~ ul,jc c; ts c o 111parcd rnust lie
uf a dilkr\' Ut kind .

urliu·

l!l:ttJ, .:\; qq1L. ·011

l ••

lo

\\h i·· li w 1 ·r j• :..~'' "'] 1 · n0111· ~ l1

' .\l.1·11

lH• l•iH L! •· r 11 , 11 11111 ,Jt . Li· i ·al!• t' tilt" '.. h i\\{· l· · · ~ · ."111•· 1ri '· · 1tt1· ! <"'.
II I" ! !i• ,... ,.

,

"lll\>1 \ I il l~

II

l 11 · t11 f,. ll

1i r·! ,1 1.· ·. ·I

:)\!".I'

I ·_\

1· ·

1ol!11 · !1 : •l •ti •

ll • -11 . ll l !J< .\!! ! Jt 1 l "

t1.

1•:1.--.. ·1 · >1 1 J. , ;\ l• 11 1: ·,· · t . H11d ...,., o11.

:.!. :-:i111ik.- ,Ji,H iJ,) !J O! \,, . .!1·:1\\·11 J"rulll uJ.jcd.' ill \\ liicJi

tJ 1,, lik,·111·c" is ton hint :urol n·111 .. t1·.
~lit·l i ~,i: rii lc ~; ;1rc _.., ;1i1l !1>

lw fa r·f(·tc hell.

;f'' " - ~Ot!l!' 1,f tin • (il1 \ t·r !•• •d." 1·rn··I fr •·•J llt"lt ! l~· i r1 ti :i-.: li:1t• .
1 ~ ..
..!HHI./
· ,::.
1· l, ·l., ' IH..l ' · •
Cuwl1·y,
!-.. \1\'1l.n.i11g (1 1. 1 •\

"1!1 1 1~

"" l)" ~ tliHlH'lll i: l1ll•ch1:·cn· 11 r i 1 1..; t u ." l1.."l' j• lit..•\\ :\",ll\'~

• .t

160

c 0 J[ p 0 s [TI 0 .v

.·I

x [)

H If E T 0

ru c.

nway frntn his ~(\Ill hy l (' flr::: 111! th e ~tni11.111 it hRol r en : i\"L' d d1iri11g the
HU H scls in water [ the O{'t.'l111 J tt11d i ~ then: l·y kl'pt u11.~ ullied.

dtt.y,

&s

tbt

:-:.0111etl1i11 :.: nl t·:111

d t.• \"td

\\'J 1id1 .-.ri ll i11 '"''n k r .. I'! ." u t : 1i; · hr .

m an with

>l llll':l!J

~'. 1 1 ,.·ri •• r

1

1; 11t in

tlI" d iri:tr:•

di -.: ··· ·.11r..: 1' .

"f}H'

lL ..: J ay i . . . d o n e, nnd th e durkn c~s
F11! b fru 111 lhe wing of night,
A -:< u leath e r i.'-' \\1.ll°l.l.·d duwt 1\v11 r d
l°f <J lll lll l l"ll t; l•.: i11 lib !Jic; lJl.

two

f•d\1•w!11~ (·nrnpari ~n 11 frrlf ll T'<1 J"'· ! 0 1H
.

·

.

"Mr. t RlfJC.._

u1

O\'('f

n

\1·\\ "t•Hl

"11l

H

u·,· .-)1.,u•

pt·r ll oq •'l- ln:

Y •tt l ,Jr n i't

\ rri ·Hdil'i'
w a1 1t

a •I r

:UI ]1 01 1\ f· q

a .~·

t.::•• i> •\

~imiJ, ;:;

H trl. E .5.

lime ul>jed:;,

H!ld tl 1 •·l! ~!l tf 1 1 !

;»1•!l!~l: lll1l11

11·l 1t·11"

il"

-...1_·ri1J\\--

ti~•·

r·!; : ,· ..::i ·: ·~

: •·. ·~

111 g i1••tl1 1·.,1: . 1.t ( ·_'( ,i »I

,- Ji,111]d r:nt l1t• dr:11Y11 fr1\111 gn·:tt ,, ,. sl\h·
\\ liat i.~ 1\J\\" 11r trivial.
\1e ar"' ] ··-en· ·11111:~·
1·11 t1Hwk -1lc·ri1i1 ·, or

Lt1r l (·..;11 1H>,

("( >J jli••)--iti 1111.
qf ~ ~ 1 w ,,f r,11r ' 'lll lll•lfl Hl1lli\·1·J>>lr\. 1]11~· ...: . I I "-' ('", 1 1 11'
!'!tnrqs r, 1 tl H' f\;.'.1·~. W•: hni\ thy g-!il111l ll'fi llg-., ·~:1!d l lH_•

orator . ~;wn\;111:..::

fol lo wi11g- liu w 111q_~('
CJ\tnnu ·rs of ·1 i !!n·

··

cotnpari:-.:.. ( qJ .~.

To

j:.:.'. i:.:"

q\"l.'. r , i~: ; t\

L'\1_·r."

·1
Hnr,li ennqi:l.lT·.:.()11:--;
ui:ty if· 1fi-i" 1 !•• r
A Pl)T•lllar

11J i .,\\1d •k. l · l·,·:t1l '-- ~' tl11· ft i J ;\ Of

~lll<•i•tli 1'•.:1oi .

nrn1 t• u11 stitutiilll

lint n1>1 in

11; 11

if Ile 1!i·I n i 1t 1lro•\\1! l : i-... tl 1 1 o\! ~ .·i 1t i n )\.
,,f ~J X• · li t11 dro1;.; a 1·lln ;,,; 1d •.t 1'1 1 •

-very ll}lt tn t ·onH· . hut 111,t o1~t ll \!t'r 1 111 " , a11d .... Hi!1

,·-

11 11

1\ c

E11glish poe t~ ll > f'"illg u!' tl1f· llif.!lili11~1lil•. whr•Sl' hli~ h IJ ( •lt~ is Ji eard fr o 1n t he

wli('I\ " t1·.,11;..: pa>.- i1>11 ic<

fur tl 1t · IqJr! i(J -.: t· (!t' i 111r1 1in:! 1ip curii,: J:-. lii..::(:11•' <..:-.: i.·-.. :ti 1d
i111 idi1_'·"' ki.-., 11r·, . and 1L·lil,i..·r:tti1 1n; :111d J :1"'·Hlft , .111 :- - i i r 1
1(1 it .-.; f,,,., .l'. i:-: 111il1v--ita1i1 1;: arid rnpid. lt l1a" tJCi k1 -, 111·L'

p:lll :' t'.

1

l1u11 g hs ill the ."tilln1·~s qf m i dni ~ lil. u11<1 11f th e .. . ky -li l rk, which at" hr&t k of duy
.-ilq; s liyrnn:i fl t li e nn•n ' ~ p lle:" l.JU[ A111t~ rinu1 pn("(~ nlld rt.·u•h:r~ know nv11Ji g

propurti ~ in

uf citla:r t:.xec!Jl frurn Louks.

to ca~t aLu11l. fqr

Tl 1i,; rule rlo c:-. not "l'Jll.'· to Burlesqu e. or tu 11-ritini:;~ intt•111led to
deg l'!Ld~ n11d viii(v. In ~111·11 writin ~-4. t11e ve r·y :ti111 o f 111 (! untl1ur i;;
tu L.rillg au oliject i11to ridic11l0 01· cu 11tc-1n i't , l•y associ:ttin6 it in tlio

,.....

_; v•·t

HuLE G. ~in1il, • ·; arr: i11:lj')'r"J'ri:1k
to he l·x11n··'" •I.

RuLE 4. Sirn i k~ ~110uid not, in ~c ri o u s d i ~eo 11 r~r , Le drawn
from ohjcd,; wJij,.Ji arr nwan nr lnw.

It

0

\\"<Jllld lw :\ }• U\\' (' r f1!l

w11 rd :-: .

11 .-;

\\i!li \\'l1i1·h \\t· ll -r" n•l J"· 10 1• l1· 1• \'1Tywlwr•_' ar,• rn111lli11r.

11

]l,! <'•P· • i

[

il

1,, ·i1 11-:..;, \\' lit·11 • •r J.1t· · tl1t·y '-ilW
JJl;\JI 1111f,, J.! Jt I \ 1iiit1 1 r1··..., law,

~ll11\\· 1·d

tw:it! i(· t l1L'

"Sl.:: i ·pfi 1·b1i1 i rl

l!H! . H~ n ~:··1u•rn! !! i g1 11
wd t(•rs ~ lin11l • l fnl~~ · !li• ' ir i ! Jn ...·trn!i •'!1 '-' fr•>lll 11!._ji-ct."'- \\l1i1·l1 •· .'(i~t i11 th,· ir •)\\i;
<.' i. o1111try, t\IHl wli ii·h lh 1_· y 1u 1d Cii t• ir n·nd c r s hll\'t! !"4'"11. 11 I-: Wt.'1 ! P ! H l ti.t! h for

· · •

~,It

l•k~l

fidlr) \\" i U~ 1•x:Ull j •l t· ."'i i ll:! _\"

})~» nd Sc- a of

1

11111 rtnl

Aiid

the writer b

l ·'1trtlu'1' f'•11lfio11x. - Tli1· r 11r,· i1 1 h·•"l l""r!1d11 ll<>t\'<l '· l •j 1.'t "L'i. Mld 1 ns the
] '~·r:unid ~ . tlw Alp..-: . th•· ~: fl ... thPT!lwr, l: n rn1· . .T•'r \l '- it;• ·n1 . l . • • l1 , J ~ o11, nr1d ~·i 1>.rt!i,

.

1( ll S ... •1l'lilll_".""-. t!H' l lHl!H; (o] H

J\d111irt•d ~ t1t · l\ \\ i.-. . .\ .. : ll ill HI! \"Hrt JiJy .'-Jiflj"',

An exumpll~ of more rL'CL' lt t d!ltt' i~ the fulluwin g frc)m L r., Hgii.:llv w :

WDat is Excluded.-Tlii~ nil.,: t'.\1 · l11dt•:-; c·ouqi:1ri .- ;nns fn undp..) on
sciu1liilc di . . . c1t\·eril·--1. ut' 11JJ 1il 1 j l'1· t ~ \\' il/1 wl1i!·l1 Jid· ... . ,111.-.: ,,f ;t t·vrtain
trade only~ nr· :l ('eri:iin 1q·.,f-:·~ .... io11. :ir• · !·11f1 '. · 1·r-..:..:111t_ 111 :wc•Jrd:rnt·e
\\·it h thi"i nil'-'· al-.:11, i ii.~ \Yf.i'.: t o ;1\· ,) i d dr :1\\· i11:._r (' •'11q1:tri:-:.1•IJ:-' fro111
uniiu:ir_v oiijl't'ts in f1Jr('ig-11 cou11 t ril'~ 1 with which n inst rc-ader:-:i Ul'e
rtl'1p1aiuted by n }Hilin g 111 ily.

<. .

n11•! ·l·· c.> r11 •!:11 i-4"
.-\

111 1rl , .1, \~· ""' !! :1· r i.- a rl ,_·r.

Rt:LE 3 . Similes ~ li rnild uot be dra1rn from objects with
wl1ich ordin a ry reader~ arc unau111aiutt:J.

truth in fil l'

ln ' l\' !Jt'

th~ tdndlt~ otli. ~ nds tla· n•:ldt_•r . .'' l'('H\ 'J ~~·

Hy n gno•11_l Pnl nf :-Indy nn ol t1P1 Ug ht H° l ' u 111 t1:1 c·,_. LL·n· !'-<llllt: n ·:-:pmlil 1rn ·c t ~­
1
twe e 11 tli e tw 1 1 o l ~j p 1 · t...; 1 ·;; 1n! • ; i r<·d. thnt i:-: . illt' n1nri JyiT1:_:-d .. , \·1111 1 11ig!Jt liurlit:•liu
ll'ars, n11t.I tllc ~1111 :-,t·t1i11 g i11 tlw <wl·nn: l·Ht !lw r1· ~ t· 11 liilal!('t' i:-:. fai1Jf,1111J rc11uires
cu t in·h· t q1) 111 11d1 s t11dv. Tli L· ~i11dle is fur · ft·tf'lp·,I.
ll Is .w u r~c u \·c 11 thn;l !Iii...... TllCl'l' b t\h -:1, Jutt• fnl sf"horul in t!te figll rf'. The
fltlllivr Stlllt~~ ns a fut'! iil a t tl1t · ~1111 purges l t ~t !f in t / 11.: \\ it!i·r. n11d l!li ...; fol~i:hi ~·( I

•

ridi\'!!](11 1...:.

inµ; eli:tra(·f \·r .

1;;y,11>1} ) I f'H . - TliCl"t.',

l"n :rnllit:d with tin.: j u u r1 1t·y of ll1L' d,1y ."

1

ell'

.
l i l1·111
11!'_,''.. _\ ·
·-U!.C nini l."1 ju;-;t tlic " op[H i:--.1!1_'.
:11Jt !. t·:1I" l ' :--1J(
(
11.. .· t'll.1..''l
,. "'" • ,'!1"
• •. "'1 ) !"(1
· •
'".t"l.
ti
l · f':t. I 1 wlri(·ii ·iri\·t !1 J 11 d i-..:.. ( "11 11.1;1:1r(·1! --!1(•11 11 1 1t 1 •! .,,11i\·
-itif\t I(' ~ I ljti , ,:--, 1
'
,
' : t-- i! l ~~ :lfl•l
· · tu l·l.' l1tll t l1·tt
:--!;1lt l i <J )J(: (1 1. :L J•!1
,
im._q(>\;\:4
:L 1·I 1:
'"l' ll'
C'-.:-.
' . l i i(·\'
~

".~!ill with Jd.., ~ Pill ~(· \·cr e illTtdl!lt lie kL"pt,
\\'<•1 · 1·i11 !:~ nll d ebts r1u t t' H• h ~ · .~ lc i·l .
'flic ll d11\\"I\ i ll }'( ' 1.H ' C Hild in111H'l' ll t'e lit• l!ty,
Lik·· tl •c ..: 11 11·~ hl 1o rir Jt 1s la.:. lit.

d i'Hl •l"•i ill"

l r; 1

•"·I 1; / ' /." F S - S I )f I /, F.

r1_·...,v11 1l ilaIUT :-1 .

The hero in A;1·.li ...:( ,11 ·s C'at" . in a m, ·,m(· n t rif \'i 1,knt a1 H.:: ;:i..:Jt flt 1_hr "'"i• rt :-:·1.t f11r 1
rrom his lnr!y -Jn \·c, rnnkt'..\ t! 1t: f(il l OJ \\"illL: t·l1tl~ o rnt._. (""!!l!''lfi'"'< •ll . w!ii c h, ll :l d t: ! llhJ
CifClllflStllllC~':- :. l'!\llll• >l l•e f• ·!..'. ;ll"·kd "t]h•J"\\i >(' tl11lll HS at l°.._ ·r·t . ·d

Thi; . . (1 °1-:- 11 1•_' •l\· \ :1 1.:: la11 q 1

, 1 11i,· " r i ·1 0~

~ ) 1' llll ""-.: 1· H ·1Y !\.' l l iW

!t'l\jl'- (.rl l' \ !ih
An d !"n lh 11 1: :1l n . n·- ] t1 ~h T( 1 1111i1 i! :-< h·-i\ t!
' 11 11 , 11 1 11 1 1~1 fl•>! g-•1. lllY so nil ~till liiJ\"l'r.o.; o'er tht't'.
A 11 d ( "tllL't J-:1.· t )f ) !l '-. 1.'.

lhi1 ;. :-...

••! 1 fl J«•illt ,

L

162

J{is,'{i11g wi th q1 .fdrn

[n ('(' tl1 c m C' ncl ows gree n ,
Gilding pule !--l rc uins wilh 111.'tL\' c nly flil' l 1 c 111y. - Shukr.~ prnr r.

II. MET APITOR.

Metaphor is

:t

fig-nrc f11u11rl i'd

S i111i lc.

11pun tli c

Rim.Ile. : As. in 111Ls~illt.:" lhr1) 1J d ~ I\ 1· r i-. 11l, l•t· t111' ' uf "h ilt' 11 ~ lil ar·· · l· ·""11q .. ,c;:,.(\
Jntu the c olt) rS ()f tile rai1d•o\\' ; :-• •.I ll (f'a\"l.'l""' \ l l L:' the -1> 1d Of !l i t· J ••H' \, •!,. · 1 •• } •• r.
Jc,..~ rtlys of t ruth urc tnu 1:-.f•J rl ll •: d 1111<_1 l 1 r i~hl - lll• l\' d , ..... try.

IT ,· 1we ii. i."' Jll'arh

alli,.,j
A m et apho r i ~, imk":d, rr ~ort 111" alJrid ge<i simi le.

orw nhjrct hr ars t o a 1rn 1hcr.

Diffe r ence betwee n Metapho r nnd Si mile. - If ll'l' '"Y o f a g-r e~t
~tar,·..;111:111. " li e 1q.J 1<1l 1b ti,.• ..;fa t• '. liJ; ,• 1111' p ill: 1r 11·l1i c h 11 pl wld sa n
edi1i ....... w e· 111a k v the <· 111 11 pari'" " !"· a ~i111il t· . I f 11·e :.;:iv t>f ltim
" li t• ;, tl 1t' pill:1r of 1l1 t' ,1 11ll'," " .,. 111 :1k c tl 1" - :1111 c ('<1lJJpn 1~ison hv ~
1'l l· t:i plH11·. In ~i1nilv. tl 1c (•0 111 p:1ri~n 11 i-..: n...: n:dJ ,· t' .\ j1:-t.:~-.: 1·cl 11Y tfk,.
a:~. 811rf1 o:~. o r \\·ord -.: n f ~i rn il:t r i111 pnrt. Tn 111t· ;:qd111r, tLL· ciJ l.,,npari:
Ru n , if lll: 1< lt• nt all, i..; rwt fo n11a lly e:q•rc·~ ..; (•1 1 in 1r ,1rds. 011e ol0 cct
i~ a ~ :-'l1Jt1('<1 tn lio ~o lik ~ :1n ot li L' I\ tl1:1t tl1 it1 ~ ~ p ropt"' rly belongi ng
to 11 10 0 n c· nre ntt1·ih111l'd t0 tl1 0 (>I lit'!', 11·i1 li<>11t ~t<opJ•in g- to drnw a
fonn:Ll 1·n111par i:. : r1 n lid\\· r•1)11 tli c·111 - \\' itli d11t. in t: Lct, ~!1 1ppin j! to
t l1ink wii-..:tin..: r ~ucii a lil. 1: IH'~"' t•.\i:-- h 1 ~ r Ji1)t.
If 1111..· lll l·frqih or
t·x p re'S(..':-:. or C\'1.•11 :..; 11 :,:~ 1.·..;t~ c11 111 pari..;11n, tliat t1H· tnp!1 0 1· i:-0. f:wltv.
J\ut tl1:1t n 111t'la1.J1.,r 111:1y nut l• c: tak c: 11 t u j'iv•· v", :111.J i, ., ,;lioll'n ; 0
Oll'u it:; ex i,: tc·11n•, tu <'1111 1pari,;o.11; l1ut it ,Ji.,1tl d 11 ot, at lir:.;t si;;ht,
s11;.;ge..;t <:ll lli!':l l'i"'" n. T he lignr c , J, u uld he'" i1 11·• ·h·,.,] in t li e suhj eet tl 1a t :n•u <·:111 li:1nl ly pull tl1 e tll'o :1part. 111 ,i111 ile, on tho
contrnry, tl1u ,;ul.j ec t :1ml t he fi;.;ur c arc' hut :-;ill!'n e..;c tw in ,;; n wl 1ip
of t li o k n ifu, :tIJ(l tli o two me di,·i,],.,], ll'ith u ul da111:1;;c t o citli cr.

'/fff 'fUJ 'hor: Tlu.. wl iit1• li:.d1t 11f tr 11l lt . \11 trfl \ "t ' l" .. illt! tl ~1..· mnn~- .. ;.j , .. 1 lfl\T i"J·nrr nt so ul of the pod, is n.: t'ruct 1.·d i 11t• • i r i~ - h Ill'•! 1'1•t·l ry .-- 11 1 ,-f,1 rl ·"'l'' 11•" r.

Rhu.ile : Th e tf'tnp<: r of th e 11 11 1h'n . l11a d e d aln. .·1Ldy w it!1 grievnn<T..:, wn:-c llke 1\
v essel thn.l is 11 0 w r11ll. u11 d {\ii ... 11.ddit i•11 11d 1• r•)\111·uti1111. lik 1· tli\ · la . . 1 dr1'\' i11 f11:·.•; .L
m nde their rag e uuJ re ... 1.: 11 tin1..·11t as w111l'r :-. .. f l oiucr11 es1' 11n.. r1\ .. w.
JJ(t'f<rphor: Tlw \"C''" "•·l

,,·11, ... 11n\V

f1 1ll, un d tl 1i...; 11\:--t dr1•1• 111 /lr!c !hv \'. 1d •·r-., vt

bilt..c rness o ve rii u w .-1J 11l 111y/.J rolL.

Rules for Simile and for Metaphor. - Tl1 e rn le..; ll' l1 i,·li 11:11· 0 !.ce r.
given in r cg!lnl to tl1c Si1 11i lo ;q ip ly in ~111 11 c 111 t·:i - 11rc to t it<• ~!..t : 1 plio r :tl:-.o. 1'if et a plt1 11· ,. ; ordinaril .\' ~l 111 1il d 111lf 1..,. dr :l\\"11 l'r 1 1111 !l1 i11::"
Jiaving t.<H) lh.:: ir an d o liri111i:-0. :t. r 1.'"l'l 11 l.!:l!H'1 ·, fr1J111 l l1i11 :.:: ... in\\ l1i 1· !1
the li k e ness i' t1111 f:ii11l 11r l't' J11<1 k. fru1 11 tl1i 11 ;.;,; \\'i ll 1 11·! 1i, ·/1 11 rdi 11: 11·:·

rc:ldcrs a re una c1p 1ai1 1 t1..·~I. l'ru1 11 u l•.i 1·1'!:-> 1111.·an anti ] 11 \\", 11r f:- 11111 1.\1jcct.s too for aL•u1·e tl1 at 1\'11i,·l1 1J, .. y are i11l t· 111kd ''' iJ111,f ::i:c .
:Melapli o r,;, h1111· ~· c· 1 -, a re uflc·n lbt·•l f11r t l1 0 l'XJ•rv-,- i1111 11( qr .. 11:;
pnssion, 111111 in tlii~ r cs1w..t <li 11'" r ni:itl'ri:ill y fr<•tn ,i 111 ii,·"'. ~! ,· ::1ph ur, Lein;; nn a l,l 1rc \·iat1.__·•l si1Jlil e, l"'Uit;-; \'l'ry Wl·ll tlH: r:ii·id \ · dil.! -

m ooc:c o f pas; io n.
I <:.rr1111 pf, •.'f 1 1f thi s nl11111111l I n ~ h nk • ' .: J•l'f\~·1-. S1 • }" r1 lr 11 <.; ,, f Ji i..; 1• >1 ~" '" i ··~·1 · 1
w i lh m c l tqli1Pr n ... 11 1(1 .. t' 111 0 .. t l1i g ldy t r11 g i1·: d
Tlie H11 ... l 1lr .\ i 11 \.: in t; .J,, J111, .. t· · ·i11 :.;
1

Effectivene ss of 1\Ie taphor.- Tl1 e 111 l'ia pl1nr i; n 111 u re lively nut!
n11i11 1alt"< I lllt'll1ud tli:t11 tl1 l' ,;i111ilc· fu r vXJ•l't'""i 11;.; 1·fltlljtari ..;on . .~letn­
p h11r. itu l1·1•d, uf :d i tlit • li ,:. !'. 11 1' 1..':->, t'nr11 1·:-o 111 ·: 1r v ... 1 !11 J 11 1 i111i1 q.~, l' Hal iling
I!~ l<> e l11il1t· :it w ill flit· 111 u,;t, nL>tra\'I id""" \\'i tl 1 lifl' . 1'11 1·1 11 . t'lllo r, :inti
J1 Hd i P1t, :u1d !q
~in.· tu airy n11tl1i1 1g a liw: tl l1al1it:Llit111 :tlltl n n:1111c."
A f1.: w t· x a111p ll· ~ will :-: l1uw how 1rJ1wl1 111"rL" t·u 11dt•11:il't1 n11d cfTcc ti ,·c tl 1t1 111 c: l1qol1 u r i; ll111 11 1110 'i111iJ ..,.
11

ll ulJcr t tukc

t q 1 tlie b u d)"

uf

grce ll ni eado w!i n11d Ill e pnlc !"itrcum:s, n'i wilil

:-> 11111c

t},,. \ n lJt ·~ · .;, li '.=if lill g" Up

h i...:1l\'l'l ily gil dilq; .

1lf e f rrp /, or:

F'11ll ma n y n C"lori• •ll.: m 11r ni:1g l H1 w~ T ~ec u
1-'lalltT lih' 111 vu 11 t1.li11 -tu p \\all .sv rnrn l:ye,

tho

0

tJ 11 · 1111\l"•kr• ·ol l'r i ll (T , <:Xl'iai!!I :-. ,

ll u \\i Cll."'Y <l ·1~ l tlu 111 t nku nil F11y f1111d 11 p !

\\'h en th e ns~ n.'- .. i1 1 d i ... c\ 1.:--1·:--

t11

tl1 1· l'r i1ic ·1· th1.· n«l -Ji1,t

tas com e t o li 11r 11 0111 th l' f'r i n< ·( ··s

1 1" i1 1.

1111.J d ,·1·l 11r'''" 1l1:1t L 1~

1· y«~ th1 ·n· \\' it h . 1\ rtliu r l•t:g!'i 11 1111 11 11l lo! "":,

m o rt: cruel th u11 C\'(' ll Lile i11 st r u1ntJ11 t uf torture :

The ir<111
Si m i/1·: A~ it j .,. f\ nn.ttPring- ('(l!lth•<.:"('ll !- inn WI H· Tl th e <' YC o f n ~nvr rc i g-n rest.~
u po n ll ~11hj ~'<·t , ~o it i-.: \\ l1t· 11 th e li ...,:b t Hf th e t 1H1 r11i 11g s un tir:-t full !-\ npo n the
ln111111t a i11 · ltq•s. ,h 1Ul ii n u ~ e vf 1,u n Ji ... ti• ·d g11!d . wlil·t 1 1ir.. 11g- lit w i rlii 11 kb-sing
d i:-.t:1 11t·c ,,r n ny d 1di 11Jij ,.i ·ts . Iii.:lit:-1 1lt, ·111 1q 1 \\ i1Ji it"' 11,,·11 !- ld ning ri i diflni·c
rn11king ll ll·lll 1d ~u l 11 1 il~ li k t· ;;o ld . :-1; th t· 11111nd11g rny :-. 11 f t1 1c :-11 11 , nflcr fifl"~
t11 lll'Jiill!.!° l ii t • IJ\Otlll( !dll · l l •jl .. . dl' .:( 'l_' l ll f L:'. f nd t 1: l] J~· {n

iG3

FIG{: JI RS-N E'f'.-t /' /!OR .

CO MI' OS ITJON AND RllF:TORJC.

r1(

,

it . . 1·l f, tl1111 1g li l w nt fl'•l l1 <1t-,

J\1• pr1t:l"1iin~ th:Ur tiH '"'C 4:l,Y1.·~ . w 11111.1 drink n:.y t <·nr~.

.• !;:

'.

An 1l f"\1JC:1 wh }ii ..; fi 1.·r y in1li g 11nti1111

E\·e n in th e JJIUltt..:r or t:li lll.. i11n u1·c n ce.

A 8 t.h c rul e~ r"lali 11;r l'~ J''-' "i nll .v to tl1 c :-;i111ill' ill11..; tr:ite tq ' omo
cxll'Ilt ti11.__~ ~l ct :q,l1 u 1·, su a l:--o t l1c ni ks r vl at i11 g 1.::--p1..·cia: ~y to ~ : 1.~
:Mt·t•l i'lior il lihtr:tte tu s1111 10 l-~ t t" llt tl1 t' li "'t' uf tl1 e :-; i1 11ift.. Tho
rnle s w J1 i1'1 1 IJIM C [•articula1·Jy Ji 111i t tl :u US \.! u f tL u )[ dapl 1ur an.: t i1t.J
fullow inc; :

,.:

~...

164

CO :lfl'O S !T! O,V AND RIIETORIO.

FIG UR F: S -

R u LF: 1. Th e m etaph ori cal and the literal should
mixe<l in th e sam e se ntence.

,If R

165

TA I' ff 0 R.

&peaki ng of nn arti st:
••Yo u make h im but th e !l: p !g:nt o f n. cn.i;;k.
H.nund wli irh y11 11 , tl'tt<·ln· r:--. w 1d t wi~ h . ., j h ·.: r r 11p~
.. ~ , . ·
'fo J1 cur u wuy th e win e thnl k n i·t.' ."\ 1t .\ry. - llollmtd l'l .h ut 111rno.

Rulo Explained. - A 111 et,111 li 0r h:n·in )! hcl' n int rrnlnce<1 into n l!('n.

t encc', nll part ,; ,, f tl 1e ;;vn1 •.- 11 r·,· ,I,n 11ld l ie rn :td e l lJ f' onfu nn to tht
ti g ur u t 111 1..; int r.,. )11,· c·•l. T!ii ' rule i ~ 1·in l11tvd wl1t·n pai't of tl10
wunl s a re s 11d1 fl>' np 1>ly to tl1 c ti;: ure, a11d !':tl"l fire pl11in and li teral.
J i:.rrrn tJ>l r .., , - T> ryd ~· n !'Hy i: , ~ T •t ' t\ki n g o f !ht ~ n id s h e 11nd hnd in some o f hi•
· 11t<·ra r y labo rs, " I \\' ll.'i :;a iling i11 11 r·rt ~t ur·r·ri 11 ! 111etn 11h u r ), wi t h <1ut o ther h elp tha_n
th e p ote -sf11r j rn c t11pli o r co 11t i11u cd j o r the n. n ci c11 t.~ . und the rules of the French lil.<1111
lliLcnll J nm ong the m o d e n1 :-).''

I 11 P o p 1._ ·'s t rnn ~ lat in n of IIonwr, l'c 11d111·f', s p~·nk I 11g o ft li c loss o f li er husband.
nnd then o f th e nl ir npt d i.:J •arturc 1, f h e r ~o u , "-a ys ;

RULE 2. Two diff..·n:nt JJH•tapltnr,; should no t lie 11 :.:cd
the same se11tence aud in rPk re11<"c to tl11.: ::;:un c s u l1j .. <·t.

This pro 1lu ces ""]"!! i:.: (" :1 lled mi xed metaphor. nnd i"' aw. ,, .... ,. f:i 11l t.
than mixing tlie 11 H:tapl10r icrtl :rnd tli e /1t e ral in tl1 e ' a 'n" Hl"ll·

Cl'C n

ten co.
L'xan11)fes.- SJrn l.:e..:pcn r P':·; r xrre<.;s ion, " T q !nk c

blcs" is ope n to cr il.id s 111 0 11 th h ,L::ru u11d.

Add b ~nl

"I Uri1/11· i11 m y ~ t r 11 g-i.; li 11 gThat l oll _-.;~ t u l1w11 cli i11L11

L o n ,::- to rny j o ys my 1 lr arr~ t lonl is h ls t. ,
Tf i ~ (' r11mt r y ·... h 11 1·k! e r, nn d th e C r ec ifrn honst:
?\o w, f n •m my fo nd ernhru(· h y le111 1w~ t-" t1 1rn,
Our Nil c r ('•_
1'1n11 n lrn et.J o f t h e ~ t a ttJ i x 1.J,, ni e,
J\ur toi;k n k in d l\(1i t•u , 11 u r ... u 11g li1. (' 11 11 ~e 1 1t.

nw

colu m n.

(l ll /18

ng-x. in st a

~r a rj f trnu ~

say s :

m 11 ~c
lL

\r itl1 p nin .
IJ1J id l' r :- - t ra i11. "

The m use, fi g url' 11as 11 h or:-e. m11 y l 1L' ' · J, r i·l k 4l, ·· l r1 1t 1\ ~ w ~ 1 \\ 1· ·' !•t·uk ,,r ' 11l tin c h·
iJl ," WC lllilk t.: it ll :"ilip. Til e a 11llt n r I J1·i1t!1,; i l [q kL't ' I' 11 ll"P !H l 1rn11 1'11.11!: / .1
1:1t·Lq·l:"r " J ' ' 11 ( :l'·, .J ,. , _.. ,
1 n ·ll g itJ llS .i; :- •.'t •l lf" t' 1.1·1 ·1d1.· Hr c 11 1.r ! 1 1 11· 1·
wnv. Th e l'o ll•iwin g- 1· u r i1·1t "j 1111 1! d 1· 11t 11 ·(• !1•\•k 1.\ a <·l.; : _A inn n J•ri t y\· o\ . t hn l " 1\ 11 ·
w o~d w h k· h h: ld IJ L'L'll pr i.:·ai ·h t' d 1:1k lit l w l i l, e a 11ail d r 1\· e 1.1 11 1'.l ..
t -, Its root ."\ d o \\' ll\\'!lr• \ ;u 1,\ it " l1r a 111· !w" 1i pw :1r •I , "" )'r~ · a 1 \1 t1'-'. i l ~ " \ 1 11 ,; 1·.d ~:· ·
fa i r 11.s
rn <1,1 11, cl ea r a .. . t li...· :-. u 11 , n.11 il lL'rri lil 1..· a :-. Il l! Hr m y \1 :t l1 l 1a :1·

· f;

Il C' r c h e r ~o n is fig-11r pd i n o nt"' li11 (' its n C(•l n rnn, n n d in tlil• n 0xt lie is n person,
t o wh o m it l11•l o n gs M t:. i. kr ndi(' 1l . n nd t n n.." k ('011 ... 1·11 t. T h is i=-< in co ngTu o u~. lt
is rn i:x i11 g 11 p 1/i r m e tnp h nri l'ltl n n d
l ite rnl i !I ! h e ~1t rn e c o n s truction. llav lng
s µo kc n f1f 'J\ .· h:tnrt('Ji11 :-; 11 11 tk r the w e taph11r t 1 fu <·11 111111 11, the auth o r .should n1Jt
h nve n~ t ril.x.:d t11 h im i 11 thnt SC Htc n ..::e n11 ytlli 11 g l111l \\h ut 1'1Hil d lie 1l ~(·ri!Jed to a

!II

~ 1·r i 1 •1 1 :r·1·

11r::·1::;1"'. . ,,·11 •1·

1;:\~r-trl'e,

lli ~

ne~~
!"
>-.
Obf'e r\' e tli c n ii :'i" i ni..:: ,1 fmd11i il 1· 1r:-:

Tl w :-- l1 · ·,t 1.f · ; ,..

i 11 th (· f1il l <1\1· ini..:: JHL"''ll !.'(·"' _
_
,
.
\\'ith 1r 1~.'. l it r 1 il fllj• l • l l i Y
\ IJ I ~ · \•·r> !1;1\ 1•i ; 1,. ; 1 l\~ I · 1
·
nn i YL'r:-- n l ( 'ar1 1u:.:L' . lik t· :-1· :t1 krl ·· ! \\ !• Tk:-. "!l a ~1 .. rr 11 t •1_·:1i .. 11 ~~ 1 ·1

CtlC'll1YlHO\\'('d dt•\\" 11 •• ll r r a i d-; -

"l:i11y lc \\'f\s tl H_·fu thrr of f' h ('m is tr y , n11,1 f ,r .. .' /11-r ' ' ' tli t· E a rl
Tn tlwe th e Wf•rl d its p r L·~t·11 t l 11 1111ng" f' pny ' .
Th e hn rwst [ 111 et. J ('1Hly . bu t 111 n f 11 1·( ( m c 1.. ] tl1 e

t 1f

hor ~ e:j

Cork."

la\·

prtti8e

~:oared

up fr 1•n11.: 11rtl1 Ji\; . _· ri r \_· 1tll•I 1\· i11f.:1 ·d tllt_'ir

1\ i~!it 1 . ~

d i-.. t

~11t

11t-nr:::."

] li t. ].

"Trait"f"

Th<· fnnlt l H•re is 11 o t ~i· r i n n "-. Yt'l ,. , ·,·ry r .. 1t•l• · r f··l ·l"' !h a t fnit f(,r ti ll.! sake of a
rhyn1c. th e :-it: Cil lld li11.· w1n1ld Jinn · 1·111l1 ·d " 1111ll nr " 1h1· 1·!·111·. ··

Examples of Correct Me taphor. - Ti1 0 f., JJ.. wi11 ;.: :trn ~ xmnples of
8(' 1!f e l!t '('~ i ll \\"/1 ic/ 1 t/1 e l:tt '!; llago Of il 10 111 . . t)ll L<J I" j ,; S ll s l.<1 in ~d flnJ
consi ~ t,·rll r l~ r 1111 g l 11111!

i ll

.. Hi s tl.H >Ught.s

·

111 )1 ~·

~ l\ i 111,.

L; 1 ~ · L 1 1 1•l

t « : i nc.~

!1 1:1{ !111·ir \ '" \ ' n r d
i11 !w 1tr!" liL1 · ! t w • '

11. w n

' l'h •· .. );n\' 1• '- 1 ·W ll i - -

1;1

r 0 il •f . \f ,,~.,

11

1[ (· ri •. i 11 l li r•· t· ,., Ji,,r! J il w " . w~· J 111' , · 1.11 .J i · r ;t 111 ir1 :tr t " J·: r 1~Iil1 1 • ! L'" l 11~ .1.. \',· 11 ·
Ei li uuld li e .. J-:ii ;..:1 11 1 1 d · ~ g .. 111 .t.:- d" " 11 " 1, hl · l r l 1.' 111t · 1" .i .. 1\ H .. a : 1d
" ' " 11

t

l

m ctiqd i u r :'i ( t · : iq.~! ati ·I "'\' i 11 1111 itq.;: i 11 l 1t·a rt :- ~ n11•\ .. ,.,,· 111 g .. •1 ui c k .' 1 \.l 1• I~ " - - l it' 11 : !i.: ! 1t
u~

Wl·l l h a \ •_' fnl k 4··\ ,, f ·"" ' " i1 1;..: l •1t lll'r

tll l•l L .~ l~ l a :-. ~ ~ : · · t.; l~\:-- , ,( i l 11 ·

Tl w ri ·nt l1 1· r !l1:d n . J.. r1 1" tli ~ · r .. :,·: t) !d r<I ~ 11 ]1 ·
;-.'. l r i p l1i1 11 vf hi .~ 1>11 111 rngi..: , UIH.l y ou ti..t. lii u1 t o tli(; <:nr th." -

i n i k , ,(

( Ill q1 1i1 · k, 1ut r! "

:-:.1il'

0

1· 1 1 ,\ .! 111 ~~ J 1t !t•I

!a .. t l y , \t· r y c 1i1111 11• 11; ·:1 1· ...:
1

HL · ·l··

:--- p t· n h1 1n.:- ., ( t/i . · l; i :1;.:;"- 11"!1•

p o rL"i Li.-, t: ib li l.

J u 11 ~· u .~ .

•. In th(' c: h i p wrc"'c k Of lh1 · <- Lii l·_ tr i !1 1"' n r •fl.! ~11.J llr t' ! •l" •' "l'f\"i°'< l . \l" \iilt • f'H ry·
to lin· IJ• n.,111, nnd h; l 11~ l f11ft ' Yt.•r." - .funi1 s .
1

th i ng- ~o i id u nd nd1 11l !1it- !'l in k ~
< l( 11

f '. n n:1.''

lit·:-.,
n .-. :

'' l ;i J1t_·nl·c , lll \Jl l Hit l lii..: g a li: l_.f :- pr i 11 ;; : iu w a r , th e rn 011nttd n
· ·1 11

O f n \\' r!l11n11 " ~·11" \ \ fl " L •• \ · ,_· r "rl
t11l' l>c·ar1 ~ r
prid ··.·· ·i·•.•1.

or

n-.: . .

\\"itli t l1L' :i~ !1t

.r

:.H.: a 11 !y ,

l it ; ~ lie r li t: i•rL

\1 uo1

"Trn tlud we n t f1 1rt h w ith t) ie H 1\·n1 111· f h is /•l '••Jrl 1·, l n1 1 lh• ·y tn d tlrodc ; for
l"iaq; u l l)tv uJ U11lU V\ ·i.: d; brvb.: 11, th ey f qJJc d 1,i\!'I; l'r .. 111 Jij ~ ~I .It:. " - (1.'l..._irm.

l\u.E :3. ;\!.· t:tpltnr.-' q 11 t li c :ca 111 l' :cu l1j ,·n
crowJ cd tO ,'. '.;t.: lhcr 111 rapiol ,; Ul"l"l':'.- iu1 1.

,cJ,.,1 Ji d JJ< <L

h,·

Explanation. - l lio n'. .'.' li 1l1t !iL: 11r . · ir1 <· : 11·! 1 ca . . : ·· 111: 1.'· Ji,. di~ 1 i 11<· t
n.nd cvn :--i .. .:.t,· n t ly l': ll Ti1 ·d 1; 11! _,.- ,.r i li· 111i r1.J l 1:t\i 11:! i 11
i 1,·k _
. . ! l • "( "i· " sion t o ('t>flt' l 'i\' e tli L' :-:nf•.i \_· cl. tir:-:t in ir.. . : l ill'r:il ~ l 'Il :-O: t'. tl 11·n i11 a :i:.: 1ir:1Li\·e St' ll .... l '. ur 1d 1l1 L·!l n ~ : ti !1 i 11 :--ti ll :t JH •!i 11' 1' l i:...r t1r,·. l1 " 1" 1! 1i 1·.. : 1 · ~!!1!' 1 1 -. 1 · · 1.
1

1; 1

1 :..' ,N nn id r . _ :--:\\'i fl ~ ll ~· -- . ·• Th 11'- 1' \\ Ji , ''\' 111i111\.... n r e._· d 11 ll 11 t 1d ! 1t · ; 1 \-y ,j , • ! 1< ·! 1· .1 ' i i y
iii lo tlll' fo!.-/fi :1. tHI rn.'n q1 c 11 .~ col 1111 a:!air, a:1d tlw r l·: •1n· 1·a11 11 1ily " ' 111 1A

pcnetrall~

166

CO.lf P OS JTJON AND RIJE'TORJC.

FI (l UR l' S -

off wh at lhcy fin•l nt the top. " Her c th e m ind h n.' . fl r> t. to th ink of the literal

An Allegory is a d e~ e riptiou of on e thing undl·r tli c irnn ge
of uuotlt c r; it i~ a s ort o f cout.inu(•d Metal'h o r.
Difference botween Allegory and Metaphor. - 1\ lkg 1> r_1· d it rl·r ...; fr .,111
Mel apl 1or in tw o l'l' :-' J' l.'( 'I ..: . Fi r ...:1 , it i .~ c11 rr i1.: d 01 1t i11 10 a ;. !Tv: 1t
vari ety o f parti(·ular."', n1:1ki1 1g 11 ..; 11al ly a c<111 1p k t 0 and l·o111 11.. ·1 ·h·d
story . Seco ndl y, it H 1p1 1 r v..:~l':-i all ll lt: Jiti1111 tif tli t.• p r i11t·i11al ~11J.j 1 •t' L
leavin g u;:, t0 inf\.· r t l 10 writ er ·:-: i 11f\· 1it i1111 fr t 1111 t Ji._· r t._ ·..;1.·11i\1L 111· ·. .· o f

E uLE ,I . .l\fctaphors ~hould not be multipliccl to excess.
Explanation. -Tl1 o ni:;h t li e metap hor" may refe r to tliffcrent subj c·ct~. an d lie in d il!Crcnt scntl' tH't\ n n<l t. l1c·rcfo rc not. eo rn c wi thin
c it l1t·r o f tl 1e t ,1· 0 prl·c e<li ng rn ll"•, yPt if tl1 c·y 111· 0 g reatly rnultipli l·<l,
thl'} l11 n •0 11 eu n fu,-ing ctfet;t upo u tl1" ruiud . Tli o var iety uf suliject8
!li st ra cts th e at.tcnti uu.

th e narra t i vl', o r o ( t li e d l',;c r>l' 1iu11 tu tl1 l· 1·1·in <' ito:il , 11 1•,i<TI.
Points in Common.- All vg<>1·y . \l .. 1:1i'lr " r, a11• l :-;i 111 il .· Ii:"·" t],i, 111
c.01n111 u n, t !int t l1e y ar t: ni l f' o 11ud t..· d i11 r l'~e 111lda1H· l·, t lwrc lw i tt:! 111
cnel1 ca::;e t \ro :"' 111•}.:cr :-:, n p r i1n:1r_v a nd n :-'l'( '<l! )d ary, La Yin~ ··t...'rt: 1i 11

Excessive Use of Figures. - Th e c·ncrt o f 11 n1l11l .v 111 11 ltipl y ing metnTliis
is tru e, not o f n11:t:1pho r rn c rely , hut. of c ,·c ry ki111l of fi gure. Figuri' s, \\'l1 ct lr c·r f11r o rn:1111 c nt or ftJr illu stra tion, t. u liav c th eir proper
c ffl·c t, mn ~t be 11 ::cd wi th 1n ocl c- rn tio 11. l! eall y goo•l rn ct.:rplior>1,
occ u rr in g only h ero an1 l t h .: 1·c, at j 11 1l ic ious in tc n-al s, :rnd on suitnli le ~n l '.i •' <' ts, lr ri1·0 a J,1·ill i:mt c !Tc'!'t. But. if 1n11!1i1•li Cll ttJo munli ,
no m a tter how sp:irk lin g cac li rnny uc in it se lf, t.1 1cy prnd ncc only a
di :;:ig r eca hl u gl iu cr.
pl1or ~ i ~ n ·ry 1111 1c h like t h:i t pr11du ce d by iJ L" in g 111·c r-d1·c;,scd.

p oint B ufl i k ~ n c: ..;i< .
In ~ i111 iJ... . t lii , r ~ .se r11 ul :1r H· 1• i..; l' \ j>l'h .' l·d i11 t't>r111,
us wl1 0n it i.' ..;aid. " ] , rad i..; Id·,· a ,.ill l', b t'!• 11;.:li1 r'"''" F;:.1 J•I. :11nl
pl:rntc-.J in l'a l1·,t illl' .. ,
In ::,fl'l1 1J .J 1.. r 1l1 e f., 1·111a l .... r111•:11·i'"" ;,
d1·o pped, a:-; wl il' ll it i~ ~ : ii d , "J...:r:t i.:l is :t \"ille Ln t11;.:-l1L t":-(1111 J·::...t_,·111. ''
C'tc. In .A11l'~ nr y, L1 ,tl 1 tl 11.. • ft1n11:tl 1·c11J1p:1ri ... . u 11 ;t11 d t!:t· ;1ri 1ki;1:tl :--:1'. 1.kct ar e drf'l'!'<'<l . 11.1 1tl tl1 l' '<' <'• J ttd:1 r 1· " il •.ie<"t i..; tl e..;.' ri l,e.J 1..1· ii":!:',
}Ca\"ill;.! t l 1e :q1 r1]i 1: :1t i!Hl l'llli r..._·Jy l t• t ]11 · i111 :1:_:i 11:1 l )11 fl u!° 1 !1 1· r1 ·:11J1 ·~ · :1.. ;
wli e n it i .. .: .-.: aid , •1 (;( ~ d l1 r1 1 t 1 .~! it :t , · i11i: u 11r o f l·:;!yj.t . :ind 1d:1nf· ·il iL
i11 P nk·:-;.1i! H' .,,
T l11~ r c :11lt- r ~n11\\·-., ilul h_\· tl il' , -i lli. ' i...; 1111 : 111: (1 1H\ ' :-p c11pl1· , f...., r ;u-] : _\'l'I f.. . . r:l l'l i-.. Jltil t 111,·v 11J t..' llti11!l l' d. a!t1l 1!1v:·1_· i-.. 11c i :l ;i. ·r

R uLr-: 5. Meta phors ~hould not he carri ed too far.
pl1111'

i..

i:-< ('11J11t11i ll 1..·1l

f'u11 11cl 1·d j .., 1· :1n·i · ' "

v 11 11t. 1·in·11111 ~ ta 1 we~.

tl11· rt· .... 1·11il 1l:t111· v <i n " · /1ic 1i

\\-l11·1i

i nln

P ill

H i r1 ·1· :1!

1t 1:tl 1 \ '

l1ti1111l1•

1nerapl1ur IJ!1r :--i 11 1i!1·. t l 1()ll :...!"! 1 1 fwr ·· i:-; a lik (·Jl t'"-4.
T!1i ..: al lc::· •ry •w1 il l" " i 11 t/11· ·::.:l1ti •.·ll1 j'...;:dr1 1. :t ll i1 1...;

t li e meta.

arid i1T c) ~-

p ln n 11_·;\ ii
i~

W !dk th 11\ J'. .'. '1! f! ll on tli l' ~· i Ji- 11 t. :;,, Jt'll'Jll .<- liure
it llltl•l ~ Hll ~U ~tHi ll :
An d JHll i:11r1d \\ork .. ; <111 l• rin r rl ; n11d wnil l hP wi 1Hl

'i : 1:1' 'II' •: 1 ly

Tht: (':Xpn ·:-- ... 10 11

111

tih'

l\llll l <if ! ,t·~ J ll:-' to '' Jil l{

rir.'-I

J , I., \ •,~

11--

'. \

o. r l• l-.,

t 11d, 11.. \\ 11 .

tw ~ · 11111·i..: i -. !11ii \·•· r-..:ili ,· nd111ir• " l

J.• flo.-.

,, ,-,rJ: ...:

J\ nr ' dwll t h .•

" \\",1 ir {1 1 , . \\ i lld," I!\\'
11 1d11p lio r l 1 l'~ · 1 11n l's s tra ir1l'd i111 d li•." t'.'i tl k 11 i1_,.
l ii....! 1·1 1"1 .. r ill" d · ·~·i• i · tn 1.1!H n
LXt·itc..:d ti:v w illkin!..!" " t/11 111:.:fltful '"I l h 1• -..il1·11 1. ... 1iJ1·1nn ~ lt·• r i'." ! Iii· inin d l'i
l> r u ug-l1t Uuw u tu th e p ru:'.)air.: tt ll d t"ak11lnti111..(' 11111.:ral i.,11~ of u ~ett fu rin g- e n ter·
J!(n •d

1111

! ui a1-d . "

n nd

fl1

:1~

f .. '.]. 1\\

..

l .:..:\ J >I
1!1 1i1 1 l u 1-.,1 · ·il ~ l <•1 \{ t !w !1··11': 1 "'.~ I'l l: '!
(, . r 11 n11.1 .\1 , J- 1 · ·1111...,1· 1t r.. 1 :d~,· ·l·., · 11 r· 1 "1!
1·.,·,,· 1·· ··! 1·. :!!1 tl 1•· ")11t·! · •\ \ <•t ii nl :· i l l '··
'!"1 ....
tli t ·n .. .r \\t·'. ·· · l1i; .. 1i1 ·· t:""'lly 1·.· i!:1 r "
>li 1• · · · 11 1 " "! l 11·r l ·.. u:.'!1"' 11: 11" 1/i ,· ·· ·:1 :1111 1
J1 ·r !J r.t 11· ·!w..: 11r1; <\ th" ri , -,.i
\\ liy 11 : 1 ~1 !h . 11 1 t .r••kt · 11d q \\11 !11 ·1" 11·-·h" -.· '" 1: . .,1
ul l t hl ' Y \\ l nl"/1 1 · :1~ . . !•Y tht ·s:ty d" 1·: :1· · 1.: ll\'r ·: 'J he 11.,:t r uiit (1 ( tl:•_· ' ,., .i •: · ~ 1
\\' f:_-.( 1· ll . ;\f)r\ t i1 1· \\· i l.\ !w:l.'· { .,( 1!w !1•· i· l •\ ,,\11 d 1· \ ' • •l! !' J( •

" 'lh 11l1 li 11 :-- t t.r,, 11...: l i t ll

Tlii -4 i.. .: <·:di 1·d "trainin g tho me t a phor.

(tf ! hilt \ "H..;t tW t 'llll

167

r

III. ALLEGORY.

fa l't, tH\llll''. y, t l u~t. d '. ' 11 . people dD no t ca:-il y pt..: 11c trn.te U1 1..· d i fl k 11llics o f a subj ect;
n e x t , ti> t h i nk o f t. h1 ~ ta c·t. u nd e r th e :-i rn i l i t11d e o f hn11dli11 g Ill e o ut e r fold 8 or,
lllllC o f c lo th, wi t h o 11t e ,·t· r gel t ing- at th e in :-.idc ; iu11l tli e 11 ngili11 to t hin k of the
81Hn e fac t. und 1..·r t il e :--i 111 i I it ud c o f !< k it11111 i11 g- th, • tt1 p nf 1•11T11 L" i111p11re: liquid witho ut rca d1in~ th e lJut to 111 . The tw <~ n H· tu 11 ho rs, th o u ~ l1 !'e pnralJle , nrc in such
cb:o;c x u c <·c~:O:tl!l l tlint til l' )' hnv c th e cf1Cc t of u mixed 111t.: tu1d11 , r.

TLi .. f~u d t

A f , ! , F (l 0 R

!

li l!t.'d t !1 "

fl\1 • 1

\ l l lt " (1l 1 ! .. J

;•n·1•a n ·d :· t

!:t ! ~·I.

' j l it·

!11 i h

rtl•11 11

\\• · rt ·

1

-F
~
~·

~-

.~~

.. 11< ·· · l 1!\l1 l' ·.J . i: r• · 1·!;1 1 r~l_\· '- ll : :~:t· '-l t "! 1" 1111· ! 1111:11 "1 : i1 1· !'• 1•k:
i1: ' :1·;1<! 1,f ~;1~·i 11 ~: !~: ; 1 t t! 1" \ :rw \'-w' '. li t ~ kd t. y IL •· I, 1:1 1 ! ~ 1: : t l,,.
w nr .d.nnd (krr.ur··d l•y 1111• \1 11· ! t .. ·a ~ 1, l 1;1 d ' :• i d 1h 11\ it \\"i\"11 11ll• :, ·.\ '·> ! .. · 1,,·: - .

J w1• j• iv .

J f til t·

o r

t!11 .i1 :..: l1

! i•d

!' · ::ln1 1-- :.

n\·1·r<·1 111!\"

tl1v11: :,.

hy

1· ! !vit!k· .

\ wli1d1

'.\ : !--: i i-- r . ·.ti 1 ,it ·n 11 111 ~. 1 ! 11,; \ 1,.

i1 1!·!

J, 11 \•

-

1.. ,. ·., ,l

,r:;

All egory, Parabl e ,
t !H..: ..... L' fl'l' IJIS

:·111d

Fab le

Hl" l ' i ·] .. . . \· !1· : d~i11

:i r e o ft v il illtl'f' l'ha ll~ (:d·k .

:--:11!\! C

( , , 1· :1, · li 1 1\

11.·r, :ui•I

d i.-...:111di 11J)"-\ !ll'l\\1·,·1 1

:'.n

,,-'.1' ·I

163

CO .Jll'OS!TION AX[)

f{/f/c'T O HIC.

t!tcm, howeve r, 111·0 wort!t y of n ot ice. .A lk ::;r' ".Y i; the
11 ,cd in rdc· renec t<> ext end ed ,1· 0 1·ks of t li i .~ k ind , !'nch llS Pil1;,.iin't

Pro~res~

nnd t li o F al'1·y Q11rc·11. ~l111rft·r· :t! !1 ·.~ ori(·al COlf1pu:--ilii111s
tll'l' nior r· fn:11t1t•ntly r:d !t•d F:1 Llt· .... . 11r l 1:1r:1 ii) , ·..: . t lit· l:ittt-1· te rm lit:·
i ng ~!'l' t·i:illy lhvrl t'"r ~pct·irn f' n:-; flf tlii .. ki11 d in ! 111 · !/,,]y :--:t·r ijdt:ri ·:-i.
T 11t: ~tory t11ld 11.v .rvth :trn , in ti1·· IJi11t !1 cl1:q1 ltT of .J udgcs uf 1liu
1
t rct"\s eliuo:-:in~ fd r t lu: rn~t · h·t·s :t 1..:inµ-, i;; <·alkd a Para ble. 11ad it
OC('ll l'rc·d in • l·:,011, it ll"0 11l d k"·l' hc"" n ealic-d :1 Fal1lc. No rw of
r l1e'u di, ri11rri(lfH, l1 0 wP1«·r, in r1 ·gard Io r l1e allego ry, rl"' par1tl1le,
and tl1 0 fal.le , are 11li.'ol111l'.
11cldi1·ff·1l tn t·Jiu n~r ti(
tl1i~ kind (If wriri11 .: :1 :unl !l wr e ;1r1· 111n11y 1· \ r·1·ll(·J!t ir1 :--l:t1tt't ':'I uf it
in tl: c Bildu. Tlll.:l'1.; aru H o l'aral dt·!-i t ' i•111p:i rHLlt• fnr cxcP llL·ucu lo
tlio.'-;(~ in tlit· \" .·\\. Tt · :--~ : t!: !,·, n r. .\ 1111111:.: !lu.: :1111 ·i1 ·1 11 :-0 1l1t: FaLlt.·s of
A·:, !lp 11rt· C'.<p('1·ia!J_,. f;i1111111".
Tlr r '"""t )" ·1·f,_.,·t "\ lle;;u ry iu uli
lit ern t urc is tlrc l'il t'ri m', !'1·0/."rC''"• Joy H11n,·a1 1.
Whure Founcl. -

( )ri(•11 t al nation . .; a r e

1n1J('lt

Recent Example. - T!1 e l~•lJ1,"·ing l'" "·''.1;..:e frr.1 11 11 l'<'f'(·ll t work,
tlir nng h !lie .- \l 11:-;, i .. .; :t !!\':r11iif1il 1·:xar1 1I1k <1t' :--: i1i1 iic,
or :Metnpltor. 1•xt .. 11.Jo·d i11 fn :\ ll ··::nr.'·

F1Jrt..._..~' . . Tr:tY l·i~

FI r: [' H I."S -

. t .\· '/' / 'l' // F SIS.

Ht1t t lit: (L··,cri pi i1•11 • ,f .E>t ·· ;:1l
bfl~!'d upo n s"icntitlr; knil11·],.,J.:;i·.
nct ion ] 1 a~ or1·npic•1l of ];ir e ;.,-, l:ir~i· n l J :11 ·0 in ! ,( \i) 11 ~ :: r l i: t :· , i : : r ~· ('
; li nt. tl1c ul,,i l'ctiun 111:~y l it..' w: ti\·l·d. Tlit...' 1 i~11r L'
f

I
I i r•·. !..':11" i . l ,•>
Allego ry, is to avoid mingling the li te ral "'·'-' nd1cat1uu 111\11
the ti gn rati \ '0.

Rule.- The prirl("ipal.

1e
a I 111•!.-L l11

011 .1· 111. " • . .11

.A1leg-o ry i.-.; a Yf'r_Y \l .I !'t"11·11 ]t k j ! It! ',j ' 1 · 1 fl/! j '! 1 ~ i l [ 1 •fl . j !l
cccd . .None :-- liuuhl allefl!J't it 1111 j ~=---:--1 I J it·y 1iaYt · l ' -'
aptitud" for i i
0

\\

l 1j ' l 1

f1. \ \ " "-I ! 1'

u ;l r 11r ' · : 1 ." j •1 T 1a l

IV. ANTITHESIS.

Antithe sis. un like th e fi'-' 11 n•:;

tliu~

for "" 11 'i.Jvn-.l . ;,

fo un ded on resemblance. h11t 011 1·11111 ra,t ''r ''Jll'"·' il i" 11 · ft
·
·
·
1111 1' i kte tiilll""
luU, ~u
consists 111
pu t t111g
two
;,, ~ i11 j.11:-.lal"''il
·
that cadi wiii appear i1rnr•' -1 rikine' l1y tllt' '"'111rn, 1.

l' •icl<:. 1ll:l : /·lii: ........ l.:" r-. l rH\ e d1.:: n..:i1 tr·, : r11 ,-·, .i 1q 11r1...' ll11· 1·11ur:-r o f hurn rl n lif~· tn
t hut n f a r irr r: pcr!u111 :-. a .'-ti ll llJ•Lcr ::-i111ii1.: ml .~ li l l· l' f,, 11 1Hl i n th r h btory of a
g fa c.: i er . ll r a,·e 11-d1.::-.f ·l' ltd1 1 d in it .. r,rigin, it yt'I f11kl_..-. ii.s l11111d d ttnd en11forma.tlu
11
from the hid den w o mb o f tlie 11H11111 tHi11 s wllil'h 1.r .. 11!'.111 i ! ri ,nli. At tir:-.t :-i~J ll
Hild d11 1·1i!1" it ni·q1 1tr l·s a cl1ural'i1.;r nn.J li r 11111t.·:- -.; o f i i.-, 11\\" t1 , 1t.-; un in e Yit a hle.
1
<1t sti n y 11 rt,:'t'.'i It i I! i ts 1•l 11 \ ;s r• l 1· i1 r•\ •·r. .J. 1'-1 i1·• i 111 1. ! ' " oi 1.· 1ra111 1·1J ! 'y I he cn_1:o;~es und
ilit' •prn.iili1•s nf i!" J'l'1 ''-Tr il,,.,! j 1a tJ1, Jw,! :'· ·d i11 I ·;; i1: q•11 •-.1 1l , l1 · t•Hrrit'r~ wl1ieh tlx
lim i t.... lu i L" 111 uv1· 1111 •11t". i i yi PJd ...; gnmrd 11 g t 11 Jh fnte. n11d .'-!ill fnt\'f·ls fnrwn n1,
r>t'U ll l t •d wit li thl' ." ! 'Ill':-. 11f llllllty ll l"<•H !li !'l w i th 011p u'-i 11g- 11b~l 11t:les . .!\II f}Ji!'J
wJiill'. nltJ11 .ugh W!\ :-. ti 11g, it i!oi: r i:11C· \q_'d hy 1t11 lll l.'-t'l' ll 1•11 " t·r -- it en1porutcs, but
1.. 111111 ·1111.-. 111n t· 1I. (I Jt i L" .... 11r f1 u 'e it l>l'u r:-. ll1l' ~pcd! . ; \\"li id1 , d11 rl11 g Ili c p rogress of
i t."i t.: X i!--lClll"l'. it l 11v1 11111dt.,· it.'l o wn : - !• fft •n \\ t'i~ hty ln1 rdi· 11 ~. d c \'u itl o f ,fJeauty
,ur \'Hl11t•. - nt lilnL·!'i J• n ·<·i111 1...: i:u1-.. ~<'~. ~i ':l rJ.:ling- wi1h i.:·· 111 :-. 11 r \\ il il orr'. H nri11i;
/ll lt·1 1gtl 1 H!!11int.•d ii...; l.'.rhll1·-.1 \\· i·lth nr: d \ 'X l•. 11 -.'.• ·1 1. 1"oJ11 1111: t n• ji 11g 11•111iin1tiun !;f
Lt.·11111y n11 tl powt..•r, wn .<..t t· 1· rL:•lorni111ll l"" 11\·l'r .'-11 !•/dy . lh· · \'i!1t!
ht·•'.i11 :.",
fo_i ]; it ' t"'if'" i:: t11 (t:J au :111.j,. , ,f ·! ···-rq,::11c!t' ; ii d1, .,.,.., l!1e l111rd(' IL", Ollt.' L1y 0 11!.',
wlikh it l11ul l•1 t·11 e !-'•l J•i'ii!!·ll~· ;.-d;,ft. it.-.. (L~~· d 1 1l!"11 i ... l1H·\ i t; il·k
Hut 1~~ it b
rc~tdH·d i 11l o it....; L: ll•nu· 1H.... it lfl. kl':-i. ill! nt rn11· •., n !h· " ·· 11:1cl liq·L t·r, f111d di~cm.
i.Jnrr11....,-;t:d f11r11 1 : - lr u1 11 tlit' wn_. ,_·k 1•f' ih 1n.·11il_,t.: rs ii. uri -..t ... ., , 1t l H1l l1c r. u11d YCl- lhll
~a 111 ('. - 1t 11 1.J.Jt·, full -l111dit·d. nrn.,,-y ...:1n·n 1r1, wltit-Ji k 1q. -., r1·jui1·i11~ on·r tJ1c ob:-:t:1 t'l('~ whid1 bt:f11 n • h i1tJ H aye d i i:-: j•r 11s_:- r1 •'-<.:. 1111d h11 -. t• ·r;"' t lJ r, .J 1L'./ 1 r.·r;i], . ndlt ·ys
l••\l' ar• J._ n fr t·1 ·r t·~i '- tC iJ1'1', ii ii , ! u li1;a! \l1 1i.. u i t1 !!1, "t u11 1 \\11!1 ! Ii ·· l1n1111•!lt·::·s Hlid
Lli l' ltdi11ih '.
1

'it~

~ r ·ring~

1

T li te r eason lur
. t I 1 .r..; rn I,. .,., ,, 1,,,.;,., , ,, , I f I \\' • • 1.1 .. ', .. !"f . . . . !•71 ..
und O ii (' ldnc.k, Hl'l' pl l ll' Ctl :-- id 1.· i.. y . -. idL· ~ tin_ · d l11"vr1..·JH '._; IH:l.\\ •Til

\\

!1 ii· ·

l !w111

15

... \•
~ji~Y

170

FI(; UR FS -

CO.l!I' OS ITI ON AND R/l/,' TORIC.

in color will be all tli C' m ore ' trikini:; if tli C' ol.ject;; are in other renlike, that i,;, arc .,f th e ~nrnc mat c ri :tl. :;izc, a11d ;.;l1npe. So
in compo,;ition , tli e point t>f 1111 an t it l1c·,is j,. 111:1<l c t11ud1 111 orc ma1·ketl
l1y 111 ak i11g the 1.·011tnt:·,{cd <·ia u:-"e:; e lo:-'l'ly a11alogo11:-\ in cY111:'itruction.
~pcet,;

I ::.x111n.plc·.<i.- Tf yn n rrgtibtP yn11r r~,·,irt·~ 1l•T•1rrli11g lti llw .. tn nd urd o f nnnire,
y ou will ue\·l·r !Jc pvur ; iJ 1u..·1.: urdi11g to the ~ LU11LiurJ of opi1110 11, yvu will uevor
lJC rit-11.

Fl:llt l· ry lJri11 gs friend s ; truth lJriu gs
F11n.: w1~r1i et l,

ft.X!!'i.

V. EPIGRAM.

Epigram meant origittally an i1hi'riptinn on a mnn11me11t.
As such i11 5c ripti ons arc 11,;u:dly ,hurt, l'lltttainir: .l! a~ 111t1,.Ji
ns po~ ' iblc in a fe w word,;, Epigram •·am<' tH·xt to m .. :111 any
bri ef ,:t YJlll!, prn>e o r pUl·t ic:il, r .. mark :tlill· F•r },r"y 11_1· a11d
point, a;td the 1rnnl i~ even yet used larg<·ly in tlti,; '<'n,;1 ·.
Speci al Meaning. - T l11· r r

for1.:armcd.

~:rnie :-:.t;u· tl in~r (•ff•·rt

het wern

Caution.-AntitlicsiB 11111'L lni u'ed "·ilh cnutinn. 1f cmployc<l
too frcq uenily , it gi1-.c:< to t i1u styk a lal.><11·1.: d a11d 11111rnt11rnl clial'Hcte1·, and produ ces tl1 e i 111prcs~ i o n tli:tt. nn 1t11tl111r b ]"" co 111·.en1ct!
" ' ith ll'!ia t li e "'Y " tl1 an liow li e ;:1_,., it. Jt also 111 11L·,; ti," 111111!,·r
rea<l like •l ;;t rin ,.; o f pl'<>''"rJ.,;, wliirli 11;. n:illv li :t1«· tl 10 1t11litl1 eticHI
fonn. Tlii:-i i;-; tl1l.' ,-j , .... -.f 111(· :-- t .\ic i._ Jf :--1!J:1 . ._· F'r1· r1(·1i \'.·ri tt: r....:, uf
Victor lln gn, f~>1· 1·\:llllj >ll' , :lll<l nf 111:111y S1•:it:i,l1 11·rilo:1·:;.
F..r,,111p f ... . - 'i ht• ftd \.,\\ 111~ Ji!l"-"ii,t.:1 ' l!lHY l•t: g trc n fL'i 1u1 iilu:-traliuH of thl &
fault: "Thr f1C'll'.'Hll! 1·1111q •lai11 s 11l l)1Jd . the 1·,inrt i i· r i:1 .... . , ·n· t rq•i1ll"!'i . Iu wiuil,
wlwt di strC~!->'! in 11llltH·nn'. wh itl ~ uli~· ty ':' Th•: gr1·1l t nre lllJ1.k•r its lllUdi dilHr·nlty t11 exp1•11d with p li>1\ .. 11 r 1:.1\..; thl' nil'tlll to !11 h qr with ~ \IC {' t.':-..~. Th 1..· !g nnrnnt.
t !Jrf>llgh ill - ~n 1 1 1 1Hlt:d l1 • q• t_' , llfl' · IL'-llj•jMlinf •·•I . lln· h:J!' t\ \ it1g,ll 1P•ll glt klliJ\\' ledge,
dt ·:..:poud. l t;1 1urutl1"1._' 11,·,·i1.-.kr11s rni.'-111)<1'; nli -tid; t· dL... :q•}'1.i11r11 1• ·1it, u11d di:-iip·
p \ '111tm c nt is 111i~ery. l\.1 1j1\\"kdf"l', <111tta•11tl1er l w nd. gh·e."i trti L' jtt d g-1111·11t; n1al
true j11d g- m r 11t df hu1111ln lii i11~:-: gi ,·cs a <k 1.no 11 ~tratlu 11 o f their i11 1:1 utlkicn('y w
o ur pcr\ce."- l"ou11f7 .

Effect of such Pnssngcs. - T'n ,;~n~''' like t Iii ; in 1·1tri:i J, ly weary t li e
r c:ull'1·. An tit l1 l' :.; i s full<1wir1~ :u1tit fi,· _.. ; i..... :--~ · l dt.: IHT 11fl t: r !"i~ · nl e 1 11·l:, lu1:.;
the l-i:HllC l'ffe<"t t i1at 1111al1 ijilyi11~ (• 1111d1;lt it ~ wurd ... lia ...; i11 re :uli11g- or
::;pl·nkin~.
So Tll:lll )' 1l1i11 ~..: :\re 111:nl ~ ~trikinµ-, t.l1:1t uot liiug J-\l rikt· ...;.
'l'lH• f11llowi11;: J :1....::--:l t;l' f'i111t:1i11:-o fine e .\:t1rq1ll·~ 11 c_il Ii of ~\utit.11e.::ii.S
an<l of 1ilet;q1!1ur:
1

t :rruu ," , til•..! 1'i 1Jd d ··11 lrl:-: 11f t he l'>h: i cs ,
till d•111d 1l:--ci f r dlcc L"" tiii.: \\ 0J11i r 11 11:-; d y t·s ,
An •·l f.n rh1• ' 'lll'!h in f · •!lf" 1111.t g l~·r y .t:h· i·n.
Clu~ps i11 i1.•..: uiry ll rl·h lhl· J•n llq• ol ht·n\·t·!t ~

Tli c f111l11\\·in g-, fr<11n Huhr1· r.

r·o11i:1in..; :l i:n11d t'X:tt1qili·

a11d ;..:.t111d1.::
J\lu1 1. like l!tl' cl1rid. lllT('[lt!" t he proffr red hO(HJ,
And r.l1l S}•S tlw l irwlil e 1 wh~ r·~· lie u.~h t:oJ ll1c m uo n.

t) 1,.

i:'I

i4

(ln0 p:1rtk1 1br

11r11d1H·1·•L :ind 1l1;it

fnnn of 1· "\"11r1 · ~~i1Hl arid llio

t11 1111e

i'"" l1y a

?1h;1n1n:r

l 1 _v \•,' !1i· ·l1 f). ~
1·o11tl r:1di4·ti1 ·!l

r1;1! ]\· i;1T··1i!ll·d .

Tako tl1l~ 1.·:iq1rf•...:...:. idn, "Tl 1e <"l1 il d i:--; Litl it· r to tlil' 111:ui.

11

-,.

1l·~· r 1 · tl1"

pno11~_d1. :1n1l i:-o. nll the 11111rL~ :-;triki11~ f1_1r lwin!! prl1:-<.CI1il'd i11 tl1i"' !'! 1t't1l.

Tli c tcr·rn Fj•i !:~Tat 11 i...:

1111 \ \ '

111o<lc of µ; i,·inµ; lire,· ity

:-:1 1Jlll·ti1111.':-1

1111.\

i' ' 'in t to

11...;1. ·d
ii

.

to l' XI1r1_·:- .., t !ii .-; p:u·t !t·ular

tl 1oi11 µ;li t.

Relation of Epigram to Antithc sis. - l:;,i ;: rn111. i11 tiii• ,,· 1:-,., i- 11ki11
to Antitlie...:i~. lH·1· ; 111 '1 ' i11 l 11 dl1 (d' !l1t· . . 1· li~·ur1.· ...; tl1t_·r•.' i.'- ii;.._, •: k1r11'tlt.
of cnnfr:-1 ?·i1.•f\'. H11t i11 .\ ntit!1.·--i..; it j ..; t!11' (· 1 1 11lr:1ri1·:y l w! \\"1• 0 ·11
t wn tliff1·n·11l tl1i11 ~~~.hr1111 ~lit !1l;!1· I !wr, 111 E1)·1 ;..'T:tl1l it i . . r !11• 1·11 11trari t·ty li e l\\.l't'll tl1v :q1] 1art·11t l! l ~:u1i11~ 11( tlic wu r-rl-< a111l 1lw rva.l
llll'<lit!!t~ .

1:..'.rfonplc.•.-Tli c f,1 Jl r; w;rq.,: ur1.: c.\tl::q 1 :·~· s 'If thitt ki 11 •1 , , ( 1=1di.;rn.1u:
Jk;lllty, w! H· ll uu ntluri icJ. 1ldu n 1,_·d tl~t..: 111 1 •.d.

'Vh e n y o u l!n\·e n •,l hin g tn ~rty, ~:1y it.
] J,. i.. , a 11111 11 t1f !'ri 1w i ;1:1 '. i11 11r1Jj H1rl l•lll t v Ii i"1 i11tcrct t..
I\ dl '- l' i ' ·11, ,q ... f; •r
0
\\

!t . . 11 \•" •':tr ··
1' ("r>\il.\ 11 .. :..'- t ' t ' t 111· \\IOI H ] .... r, r J' 1 \10• ! 1 I'! ' ' ·

Yf·rl.•1 :-.i!y

::-:. u

j ..;

i"HJ"t·d l•y

1l

\\irk

\1J• ·1~! .q:;1ry .

:-.lriki r1g t!1at 11. >t lt11 1'...' . . fr\
Tl!~ · t•11 ..,i . ' <..t \\ ny rrf .\.oi11~ 11 .. 11ti1 1~ i-.. 1, .; .. it.
LHl1i :11<1'....'. '" i . . 1111' 11 r t · ,f 1·q11r···:1 ; i11~· 1\ 1•.i1:· l1 t.
Su111nlt"r ha:s :c.d in with it..· 11 ... 1wl ~, · 1.· . rity .
w 1111y tl1i11g.'i 111•·

1q111n

tla: !'ullu\I

110th of

~

l:LT1 ~llHt:l\ tak\.·ll lit1 ·rn1ly, ("1f11tr;1di d"' it..,.1·11'; y1·t. t.lie n1v; trii :1 ~ j.,. Jihiu

kt..·~ .

Ei)igTatn. in tl1P f. ~1 n..;~· al111\·t· 1'\f ihi rll'<l. C!•Il:..::..;t...:. 1nain1y in :1 iiby
\\'1•rd...:. 1u1d ~o !t ·;11]...., 1ut 1ir;illy
Pun, \\ Li, ·!1 t 11t·r 1...: 1 · 1: '. 1"1 · ~~:
upon 11:-.in µ- word ~ in a do11 l1 le 1111.: :.111111g . T l 1i:-J \\·ill lil; 1·1J!i ..... i 1 kr1."d i n

.l \i p1• 11 s !ht ~ fr11il liy s] o\\" d~ ·t.'.T 1•1 •-: f11r tnil;

.Auti ll 1c ;-, i ~

171

E /'I(; Ii'.! .If.

Ji)

iu~

cli:q •Ic·t'.
VI. l\1LTONY:,1Y.

Metonymy m e~ns :t l'l1:111'..'.(· "f' 11:1111". Tl1i' j, a 1il!11r" in
which t!tc uame of' one ol•,ic·t·t is j1Ut for ~o w<.: ot l1cr ul01.·d,

I,:..:·

,,

-·~

the t\\·o being so r elated that th e m ention of one naturally
su gges ts th e othe r.
1 •.'xu111 J)ft·. - \\'11 0 11 it is !'ni1l, '' Th e i1r11nk1lnl lon: !'l h i!-i l1oflle, " w e kn o w th fl~ ~ t
is 11 0 1 t h e h u1tle , to111 wl11ll i t (·,111tni n s. thnt tit . .: tlnrnknnl IC/n.:s . Tl1e lJol.L\ c is put
for t h l' liqt1or, tli 1..· l· .. 11l :dt1 l ' r f11r t lic tlii11g co 11t11 i1u.: t.l, 1\lld th b rilnllt; C uf 111rn1c is

Ship, /iectcl for perso n, 1L' i/1'('8 ftir ~('R.. 1i/11n.f f11r life . J..n1nfx rur \\'(1flcll)('!l, {r111r·o r11r
hors~ m.e n. c-u ·. "J ul•ju r1...' nll 1.,111.f:! '' l h•., IL"ll' ... ]. · ·~h e li1L...; "'l'\.'ll ~i :\ IL·1·1 1 .··11111111 1T1
\ ycursJ. "Ara o l1l lllart o f l:ighty wi n la ...:" [ yt•a r.-- J. ·'The ('1dt will I·~· tlir···.· ~«·11r"'
ol d n e xt r1r11 ...:s " [ !-- 11ri11g !. "Tl1ir1 y ~ail \ . . . Ji i 1•:-- ] w ere ~cell off th e COlbt." "' Th e
1:mo w s uf s ixt y wi11 H.: r::1 [yecu ... j " ltill·l1 l.' d Ii i .. l1Lad .''

VIII. INT ERROGATION.

t\ ~h:L 1 m ymy .

1'r ctuny 111ic:; a rc n ' ry n111n cn111s i11 1;;1111, 1rnd OC!' llr rnnre fr equently
p e rli:tps tliun any oth er tigu re v f ~p Cel' li. ,\ 111011~ tli e vurio us relation s wl1 ielt giYJ ri ,-e tu ~!et o n y 1n y are tl1e follow in~: C an sc and
l::foct, S11l1j~ct a11<l A ttri l1ute, Contaiue r auu tl1i11 g co11taincu, Sign
nnu t hing "ignifi ml , etc.
H c writes n l1rau ti ful hanrl,' ' thnt i~. '' hand-writing."
.. I um readi11g Mi/10 11," tlrnt is. his tvn rk8. ''The p c 11 \liternturej is tli c g-rent civil~
izc. r."
111 like t11nllt1l·r. i11 o ld ti m t'."· the tl l\l'lll' ~ f1f tht · rnytho log icnl dl'itit·s we re
put fo r t h e •pitditi e:-t ti r tld1 1g-s wliid1 th e y w ere ~11ppo!-1...·d to n.' pr e~c nt . ns Bncchus for wi11c, C1.: rcs fo r hrc ud, l' a llns fur wisd o m, ~Jurs fu r wur, \' 1.. : 11us for Juve,
C(ltt.~e

for tl1r Efl"1•rt. -

173

F ! GU RES-INT RR ROG .-l 7'f(JN.

CONI'OS IT! ON AND RII E 7' 0 RI C.

0

Nc1•tl111 c fu r tl1c u t·e11n , d t' .
Elf'1 •<"t for f'au.'fr, - ' · <:r ; \ ~- h nir<;;

fnl•l ni::C' l~ h o 11ld l1r n ·. . p r·<· tP1l." ··Th e re i ~ <l c at h
rn Jl'ath -('a 11 ~ i11g t ldng- ] ill tile pnt.'' "Ma11 ~ hall liY(• hy thl.' 1' \\' t' l\l of his brow"
fb y th e lnho r w hk h 1·1111 ..;e...: ~ W1">\ t upo n Ill e IJrn w l. "(iJ/.f d cn th,'' tl HLt whi ch
rnnk es it.-; sul1j ec l c1.Jd. " / Jn 111.;,:y ni g l1t; ' that wlikh pro ilu ccs dr o w s iness.
Cottfn.i n er for th i " (/ C"o11tui11nl.-" The J:cltlr !tlw wnt c r i n tllr Krltl c] hoi ls."
"ll c k{• t·pg a ~no <l tnli/1•.' ' "They surntc tl ic r i f!1." "Y u d c\'u ur widow s' houses."
"'The l fowu: w11s calkd tu o rJL:r." ,; Ili..: ~. 1 111 1 l.: c!9 li b ; ii1,c."
The .Siy u for tlH' th iny Niffnijlrtl .- '' Jl c n :-.!'l1 inh.::·~l th e F1'r'Jl lre " ! th e 80Ye r~
e:g- 11 ty). " .-\L th e p re:-:t 11t cl ay. lJ11ym1rts think ." " Jn wur th e Uullt'I , i11 pence the
bal.lul rules." "The 11cn is 111 ig liticr th nu th 1.; 1m·ord."

VII. SYNECDOCHE.

Synecdoche is a fi g 11 re ~on1 e 11"l1at akin to l\lrtonyrny.

In

M eto n ymy we u ~e t he name of an o l1jcct to s ig11ify so me
oth e r co nn ec tC'd ohjc c ~.• n ~ when we Fay bottl e, but m ean t lie
liqu or conlain c·d in it. ln Sy 11 ccdoc hc 11·e d o not cliange a
nam e from one object to anoth e r, b11t we give to nu obj ect a
name whi ch literally expresses so1uelhing more or something
less tlia n we intend.

Interrogati on Expl ai ned .- -\\' c (1ft (' ll n,-k IL '1 llC''ti"n. nr1t f,,r t I'"
purp o~c of getti ng a n all:"iW e r, llr uf r ....:('1.:iv in ~ int'o r111a1in11. l111 t ;t' :L
tn eans of expre~:-'i11g- our own opinion tnnre :-4t ron g-ly. It j.,. :1 "' n111('l1
as to sny, th e re i,; \J ut 0110 po," ihl u a11 ,; wer to tJ,i,- •1 11",;t i•rn.
Ex1u111>lr. - """ho gnC"th n wnrfurc ol ony l illl \' n.t hi~ <1\\' ll d1 nn.:-t· s'.1 whn
pJUntelh ll \'iH('ylH.J, f\ 11tJ t.:l\ fl'l h IH• t t1 f t h e frll i t !lit·rL•iof'! ••!' \\IJ~, fn ·d 1·tJ1 !\ n1 °1 · ~ .
nncl e1lleth n(1t uf til e 11 lilk of till· t\()d>. ? '' Tilt~ 1q•~ •:- th:· rl· 1~: :-: ll u l n .. ~ tl w :-1· q 11L·:-: ti l)11~ for tl ir snke 111' le ar nin g- n11 y1hi11 g- r, n t he !- 11l 1jt'l'l, hut a~ 1111 \'1tl( ol 1nti1 • w11y
of ~1Lyin)! tlHlt th•r"C wli .i t: td •·r rn il iln ry nr n11y o\ltl't' ~1·n· i1·4• (·x1· .. 1·t ti • ha ,-,_. 11t
Jcns t th e ir ex 1•l'll:-C' " p niil. It. i."'i a Llii11g tlillL ad1uit .'i vf 11 0 (plc :-. l i\ lll. \\'Ji,i l' ' t·r

h ean1 u f its bci 11 g

o thcrwi ~ e?

Definitio n. - Dy Iot l' rrngat.io11 , then, as a rh e to rical fi ~ u n·,
is m ea11t puttin g o ur op i11 io 11 s in th " fvrm ur qu e.-ti•Jll~ f~>r
th e purpc"e ~he rc hy of c:qin;;;:;ing o ur vie w,; 111un· po~ i t iv l' ly
and veh em e ntl y.
Peculiarities. - Tn r C'~:i nl tn tl1i~ fi;.:nrc tw o J' l'<'•ili ari tiv• ~r l' t" ho
ol>scn 'C'<L
l. ,\ rn:g:tti,·e T11t..rrog;1ti•in atli r1 11,-. ".\111 I ""t :Ill
npu,t.lc? nm 1 not fr l'c? li:t\'e I not Sl'l' ll .1"'11' Cl1ri o't C11tr Lord: :u· e
n ut ye 111y woi·k in tJi, ~ f.11rc l ~ ., P :inl liere i11!1·111I :-: 111 :11 ii n11 fl1 •·"'t'
Heveral p()i11t ....; n:-; !will ~ ll'IH ~ lwy1111d qtw ~ ti11r1. '' An allirr1i:tt i \ ·~ ·
q11 e!"'tion dvll il·:-' . 1<. J >\) Wt· 111·11\' uko th e I.uni 111 j1 ·:il11Jl.\'' ? nr1· .,, . ..
stron ~c- r t li: ln H e?,,
Tl1i ... i .. .: c·q11ival e nt to ~ayii1 g-, wi1l1 !"lr11nl! (·11 1pha~i :-;, u \\' c dn rwt
struni.;er tlian Ill'."

pru\· 1d~ c Ll 1e

Lu rd to

jL·:do11:-.y ;

\\' \. .'.

HI'+..:'

11ol

" \\"h o hnth hranl o ur r(' p n rt; nn<l to wh om i ~ tl1 c nrm of tli e l.r•rrl rf'\'P td 1·• l "· ·
Thb is e q11 i\'11l c 11t t•) ~nyi11g, "_\',, n 111..~ l111lh l it·itn l 011r n·p11rt: the nrin 1.f tli ··
].ord hnth 11•11 l etn n·YL'1dl'd to o.1 1y o ne." Tlii."i li bllrc b u f \'l·ry fn:(1uc11t rc c• i r ·
r~ t H.'c in th e ll uly :Sc riplurc:-\.
0

'

I , ~ !;~

1~~.rwt11p f f'."'. - \\·e ~ !' f' nl\ of n .i:a il, o r o f n l:rrl, m e nnln ~ th rn· l1y n wh11l c

ship.

A pa rt i::; oik e n fn r n wli 1'1 1'. 'Ye ~ p e ak o f the ll'orld. \\'li t •ll we meun only n 1·e r·
\.Hill Jirn itc d p o1r!i 11ll o f l h l• l'l'< tph.· tl ll\ l l' • l!itJ°"O "' l' !Ji1· W11r}.}, Jl \.•r(• I\ Wh ole is
11 ;-;.ed ror l\ J11ll"I. Tiu~ word ~ YllCl'dnt"li c lllt'Hll S l'll l ll pn..: l11 •11 'l in11, ll rnt i s, int.:lutling
11 1a11y p tt r t.:-: 1111 d c r ! ht· 1111111 (• 11f •ll ll ' .if lh1·111, 1u1d 11 11' 1111 ,.... t 1·011)1111111 f11 n11 pf th o
tig u rc hi tlrnt fin.;t d c~ "rib c d , in wh ic h ll p urL i ~ ln k t·n fi. •r th e whole, ns 1Jt1il fo r

1:~1

IX. EXCLAMAT ION.

Exclam ation j,; a figur e aki n to Intc rrogntiu n. In .-<l<'a•l
of 'tat i11g ll fa('t ' i111pJy and (':t] lll]Y , j}ip \\Tif<'r or ~ p l ·akt ·r
ut te rs nn cxprc~~ 1 ou of s urprise, or uf e mo tion vf
J.5 *

w111 l·

kiud,

t

')

17-1

on seein g that the thing is so. Exclamation, therefore, is a
figure which expresses a thin g strong ly by expressing emotion
on account of it.
''Thi s Is a :-:ad t·n ·11 t,'' is ll 1.J1l i11. s inq1le s l1\ll'111e11t.
t.hc :-:u1n (• tliiug t' .\'.JH·l·:o-st.•d w i{h l' lllotin11.

"\\'111\t n snil CYCnt!" Is

Cautions . - Ex<"la1nalion i; suit.ablL' 011ly in •·as e; of real emotion.
ii cnrn111 ri n mi,;take of fc·eblo wri t Pl'S io< to i111 ngine t liat a passrige
beco111(•s L'lll Ol iu11al li.1· 111en:ly pul ti 11g it inlu tliu form o f nn cxclan1 ntiun , nltli o11gli tl1 c t!tuugl1t ito<clf ;,. pL·rfe!'!ly si111Jol" anrl comin onJ!la<'e. S 11 clt a use of tlte tig111«', i11 stc:irl of 111aki11 1! t Ill" r·umposition
rnorL' 11ni 111n t<.:d, 111 ake,;. it frigid. Notlii 11g in style is so c liilling 118
all'crtin;:.: n pa:;.,ion wlti c lt Olk do c,; not fet·I. An 1111tl1or wlt o is nil
flo e wltil o callin g up"n us to (·Iller into trn11 .' 1•orh wl 1ic !t li e snys
n otliing to in ..:pire, t.r1 ly <li~µ-n s t:-: us.
Tl1 c oecasi.. ns " · lii. ·11 j u,;tify tl1e use of Ex C"l:11 nation are r omparnti ,· ely rare, and 11· rit l·r." >"i1011ld J,e co1-re,:po 11dingly <·arl'1'11I in resorting to it . .A ri.:ad l' r, wliu <111 O J H.: riin.~ H rH:w lJook scc:-i i t~ png-cs
tJ1iekl y bv,; p;lll.~Jvd 11·i1l 1 l'X..J:i11 1at io rt p0i11t,_, is lll•l to lay t.J1 e uook
n,;idL· \\'itl1<111t. t'iirtl1l'I' ,·x:rn1inatill n.

\\'l1l'll l'l'l'l><'rly """d, '"'""' '·"r, tl1i' fi;.::1n·o i.• on o r1f great \'alue
Lyri0 nn d Jlramati<: pol'lry al1t111 111I witl1 <:xu 111 pl es.

nml power.

"A h o~c !

t\

h or,;:c ! my king,1 om fort\ li <1r:sc !" - J: i r hnrd /If.

"\\'hnt n pil'<'C of work i~ mun~ h fl w rn 1l1lc in rc nso11 ! -h o w lnfi11ilc In fo c ulti es !
in form nnd 1'.io\·ing, h c'.w f' X J!rt.: K..; nnd nd nlirulil e ! in U<' t i n n, h ow lik e n u n, 11 gel1
ill Hpprch <.' 11 !-' lllll, Jw w like ll g o d '. lhC 111..·nuty t1f tin: w v rld ! Ili c panq.;1111 of uni11 u1l~

!" -

175

.FIG URF:S- l'FR S01VIFI C..t T/ON.

CO.Jil'O S !T/ON AND RllF:TOJITC.

l/11111 lrt.

In

Ap o~tropli o

Thus }{ In g Jln\·id. i111 l11 ·nring {J f th e d1 ·11llt i,f A l,.-nl<>rn . l' .\ 1·l1ti11i:-o:: "O. t11y "'oil
Absal o m , rn y !'ll Jll, Ill)' :-i(IJI Al1:-:a\oll\ ! W ld d d I ;od I l1nd d i<'d r~ . r ll l L't', () ,\h ~nl• •ln,
my s o n , my 80 11 ~ ·• ,\ n11tl11: r Apo:-.!ru 1•ll t: , 111orc 1·x1L'1ukd , un.J 1·•1t1 a!ly lit· au ti f ul ,
is the lam ent 1,r 1'11vi1l un.: r th e tll'ullt of J 011allmn. {:! :-:u m. 1 : ::1 - ~:- . J

Apostropho i:; no t nlw nys of tl1i s 1•:1:<,iunall' "' """11·ter. 11 ·""11 1<'·
timc:-1 res ul ts from nn <: xnlt<:•I :-:talc uf t l1e i11i:1 µ:i11ati1J11, 1llld i11

""'h

cnscs is cnpabl e of l1 c- i11 ~ ~11 ~ t:1in c·d tl1nrn~l1 a
tl1:tn wl1en r1...•:.:.ul 1ing 1'rn1n p:is-..ionatc c111otiun.
to the ocean is an in ~ tam;e in poi n t.

J 1·1·rtniah.

Hymns, hvin g- 111 a i11 ly <· x 11r <·~:--i \· e of C'r:1nt i11n, 1d1(11111<l in c xclal!HL·
ti<lll beyo 11d any o t li e r "I '''"i L·s uf er11npo:; it ion.

11111cl1 lo1 1 ~i.· r

pas:-::1gc
Hyrull\• :qic1:-;trnpl1 j
1

XI. PERSONIFICATION.

Personification consists iu uttributiug life to things inanimate.
Personification Distinguishable from Apostroph e. -T'e1-s"nifl c:1 ti" n
and J\p(lslr11 p l1e often [( <J to;;d!t c r. Tl ><·y al'l' Ji , ti11g11i ,d 1alile, h1 •11· evor. Jn .:\p (t S tro~ll' , \\' () often :tcldre:=;:-; tlii11t;."'I in:111i 111a l t..\ :ind \\'l11..·11
w e do ~o , w e fl l·<·es:-;:1ril y per...:on ify tl1e1n; a."\ (-Jur . ··II: ti ,) "() 1l1n ll
swonl o f tl1e Loni, h o ll' lung will it lie e re' th o u bu q11i" t ? pu t "I'
th yself int o tl1y ,:r.,il.ibanl, rest, and J,e stil l. " ll t: re l•o t l1 ti µ:1 11· c· :-1
occur. Tltc s\\'(1 r1! i:; at tl1 0 s ~lll <' till1 e add1·css<:1l 1111.J j•c·rsP11itiud .
I3ut tl•l'I'" Hl'1)' Le 1\l'"''""l.J1v witl1.,llt l'" "·"O llili cati "n. :1c< i11 tl 10
lnm t:nt of I >a1·id at. t lie 1:\':1 111 111' .\ l,.;:d•Hll. Tl,,. ,, J._j .. ct t 1,..,.,. :.d<lrc ~:-- e tl

"How i~ t h e r;old hc('otnc ilim ~ h o w iii th ~ moH flnc gnlt11·hnn ge<l ! "

we a1l1lre"" tl 1e :11."L'lll no< tltn11 g l1 pr""ent, tl1 e in-

anitnnte :.ts though ani111at e, thrj d <:a tl a.. .; tli"11gli li\·in g .
Apost r opl1 L' i11dicate~ u:--;uall y a lii g l1 d q; rl·•· 1_1f eXl'i t 1·111t·nt.

l H:i ng alrc:i tl y a

p(: r:--11ni

of

t·j1tJr :->t·

it <: all llt1t.

li ~

J'l·r . .: 1111i! il·d .

P erson ili cnt ion, n1or Cf.1\' t·r , riwy cxi~t wlll'rC tliere i~ no Ap 1 1~tr1 1 ~i l 1 e .
Th e oh.k(·t JJJ:-l)' Ii (• ~pnk(·fl of :1...; a 1wr:-:nn, in ..,tc:u l of lwi11 ~ 1.;1 11 '1\ ~·11
to. Tlii :-1 kind (lf l\·r:-:unilicn.tinn i ~ 1111wl1 till~ rno :-:t con1111or1 f1Jrr11 uf
·tbe fig:ure, a1Hl al1uund:-; i11 :tlrllo~t e\·ery :--pecie~ uf co 1tq l(1:~ itio 1 1.

::0::. APOS T110PITK

Definition. - Th e ~[I.me 0xcitr··l ~tnt 0 "f
.Exclamatio11 lead~ nbo to A po~J.rophP..
t11rni n;.: llll':1y . 1t is :t li .:.:un· in \l'hir·h
regul ar cuursc uf' thuu g ltt, a11 .! i11,- [ea d of
of :rn object in tlw J.hird perso n, ~ pl'ak
pcr ~ o u.

f0p]ing whi1·l1 r:1m,rs
Th0 wnrd nw:u 1 ~ a
\\'I' t urn f'r., 11 t t1 1,,
<·11 nti1111in(! to ·"P"nk
to it in tli P. ~('N>lld

Speri::ll F a ciliti e s in }~ ng-li s h . -

tit::--:
011r

1'~ 11 · t l11..• 11:--l' 11t' tJ1i...: fi :...'l ll't'.
L111 ;! \l : 1~ 1 ~

in

r\•:.:;lrd 11)

;.,:1

i ri

\\ . _ . h:i \
!' • •1 1-..,

!1 ( kl'.

l '

i1t

Lri__,-'.)_. . ]i

·11 i1· r1· ··· ,, j'
!11 11J<1·~ 1

llw

"')"'' •·1 1 l'.:- ;:: .

;w·· 1l; :1ri: .\
1

l:i1 1:.."; 1::1 ~:· ··""· ~ 11 1: 1··;· : i. :1"

176

C O .Jli'OSITION A.ND RllETORIC.

nrnl fo n1i11in o are attri b uted i11tli ,;c riininat ely to 1111im11te nnd inuni.
111:1 tc o bj ect:<, to porS< 11l :< am! lt• thin g:<. ln Larin, for insta nce, the
wor d:-; f o r 01 ·, ·1111 . 'l' ir r•r , 1nou nt oi11., ;1u r tlc•11, :111d j i,, /d, are 111asc ulin o;
t 111.: wnnb ful· i,'f /,u11 !, tree, 11u>(n1 1 ."-for , 11i~1 !1t, nnd l i!dit. aro fe111inine.
H11t. i11 Engli .- h, tl ic· 111 :1 , C' uiinc :i 11 d f.: 111i11i11 e g entkrs lll'C li1nitcd to
]i,·in g li ei11 ;.;:< tli:tt l1:1q, ~e x , :m e] t li l' ina :< c1di11c and k111ini11 e pronouns
arc u:<c'd u11 ly in rc·k rt· n,·e to s ud1 bei ng:<, tl1;1t i:<, to pcr:<o11s und tho
rn o ro di :;ti 11g ub l1 c·<l a11i111:1 ls. He nce tl1 e nse o f 1 l""c pronouns is
tdw 11 y" IL':<Ot' ialcd witlt tl1c idea of perso na lit y. 111 tlie sentence,
" Nature tl1nH1g h all
work' ga \' e :<ig n." o f woe," tli e feminine
pron o un g iv es norice lo us tliat Na tu re i:< J1 t: r:<u11ili cd. In this way,
liy silllpl y 11:<in g tl1 e 1nasculiu c a nd f, ·111i11iu e 1·1·ono1111 s in 1·eferen co
to in nni111:1 tc objects, we mny nt an y ti111 c prndii l'C a l"w cr 'f>ccies uf
1>erso ui fi t·ati u11 , an d tl111 s gi1· e n oli g l1 t clc rnti u11 to tli c ~ tyl e.

FIG

" '!' li e ."'i un

ri•.-: t'

in h i.~ ·"}1ll• 11 dor."

J\ r:-;o nil if'n t ion i:-: of Yn rio u ~ tlvgn: 1.'~.
1

Tli e lo west fo rrn .,f Pc rso nirjn1tio11 i.' tli:tt ]Jl'( ulu ccJ hy adjectives.

Tn t l1i:< for1 11 , tli e '111al i1 i1's of li1·i11g l1 l'i 11;;, ar t.: a' 'Til>n l to in1rni111ut~
o lijt•<'f'.
\\' e ~pf• HJ.: 1) f U t n (Ji ll (/ ~ t o rm . n deccitjuf d iSCfLc:e, n Cn tel
t il e sn1 ili 11 !1 y..:·iir. til e t!1 irt:,fy grouw..I.

d i~fi."i t (' r, n dying Ju.mp,

}\ fo rm of f' <' r:'or1ifll':1 ti on ' o mc wl1nt l1i gli r·r ti. a n tl1 e foregoing is
tli at prodl!(:cr! hy 1·c> rlis. I11 tl> i~ furm , ina11i1nat e (Jl1j (:cls are introdu ced a:-1 per fo nnin g- rln" :w t ion:-; o f Ji\'ill g- hvir1 g ....
"Th e m o1n 1t1\i1 1s 1u1d tlit. . hi lls !'lrn 1l Lrcn k forth he for(' y(Jl t Into singing. and aJl
lrC C~ Of t !J c lil •i.J !-:hnJI d11 p fh C·ir f11U1fl s." ( 1:- H. r>J : 11.)

tl1 C

Tli e' c I 11·0 ]\111·c r k i11<1 ' of P~rsroi1ifi 1 ·nt iJ111 11 rr n ~pcc:i cs of Metaph or. Tl1 .:y 11 1a:· l•l' il'l'd \\'lt (·n t l1ere i:< onl y n s li g ht degree of
el r ,-a ti on a ho1·e th r nrdi 1111r,\· tl·nor of di ~f'o ur;;r.
Tli o third a ncl lii g l1 cq. for rn of P crs<,niti cn tion is th nt in whi ch it
Is c01 nb i1wcl wi tl 1 ,\p o~t rop lic. In s 11 f' li a c:L<c. nn in1111i in atc ol0 cct
i:; [' ersoui licd, a 11d is at tl ie same tin1 c adclrc;;,cd.
"l'nt o n th y s fre nµ-th , 0 Ziu u: put on th y Ucn.utiful g ttrrn c 11t.s , 0 Jr rusulem,
tl w h o ly ci ty ." (1'11. 0~: L )

•·Hea r m e ll\ till' h l'nrl of I· rt1.11 cc,

l s the

of Bruug l1 a1u Ca:;tl e ;

l u11 .~ i 1 1 g-

or th e

~ liidd ,

"Td l thy 11a1 n c , th o u l n.: 111 Liling- fleld :
F i{·l d of <h:a tli , wl1 crc'l' r th o u be ,
(lr u 1._·1~ tli c 111 w itli u ur v it: t11r y ! ' ' l' tC.

'l' I il·:"'.i 1Il· g JI CS •t. fu1·1i1 c1f' tl1 L·
strong crn ot.iun.

1·1 .._~1 11·•._,·

s l1uu l11 li e u:<.,d oul J,. in ett:<t'' "f

XII . HYPERBOLE.

Hyperbole is exaggPrat.ion. It. cnn ~ i,t:'l in re prc~l'ntiu~
things to be eit he r g reate r or l es~ , hd t:L>r or ll'tJrSl ', tlia11 t l 1l'y
really are. Th e ohj re t of" IIypf·rhol e 1s to make th e tl1 ou;;ht
more effecti ve by ove r8tati11g it.
Not to be taken literally.- T l1i c< < • n· r~ t a t e 111l'llt i,; ll ••t. inlen 1k•l to
]JC fiCC'e ptC'<.l ns lit eral ly tr u•:, a11 y 111 o re tlian 111etap l1 urs a 11 d pc r" >ll lfl cntions a rn t o b e acce ptt'd :t.' t r11 e ; li11 t it :< l1 v 11·:< t lia ( t lie \\Tit e r 11r
speak er is :<t run gly i11q 1rL'"·'l''l \ri t 11 t l1 c ul1j l' ct , an t! it lll ak.:s tla: rc!iy
a co rr e~ p un tl i11 t"iy 8trun g i111p re~~ i o 1 1 on u:-1.
Ex<uu 1,11•.- 'Yh e n

W ('

reat l n f" w a n..:s m fl 11 nto i 11 hi;1J1 ,"

W ('

~ TV)\\'

th nt

11 ~ W l'IH"'I

ever rcn('hrd tJuu alti t.u de, nn d y d \\'(• g d fn1 111 tl1 e ex pr1 · ".'~n.11.11n. lJl' tk r td ea 11 f

th e e ffect uf th e sto rm u p 0 11 th e :-- l ii pwn ·c k ed m a riner than lf lie Jwd

exac t he ig ht uf th e w aY cs in fed n11 J

ili c h e ~ .

I

~kll t: d !li 1t

Caution.- In nnlc:r tli:1t 11,,·pe rhul e 111ay lie usc<l with j 11·c•J•l' l' c:fhl\ tak <·11 n11 t t o go into e xtrtt\':1ga11 ce uf e.\p ~' ( ""·"io n.
Jn t l>a L (' a:<e t.1 1e dTt·c l i.' t• \: wtly tl1 c1 ''l'l"'"it e "f wl1at tlw w ril .·1· dv ·
sires. {l nJ c~s tli e n~ : 1<l L·r i . .:. 11r vp:trL'd for tl1 c str(ln g ex p r v ~ ... 111J 1.-.: Ii;·
wh at ] 1 a~ ~o n e befu re, nnd i.' lti111 ,;c.: Jt' Ru111 c wli at exdted, tl1 c l! yj' (' J' bole i ~ rcc~i vou n." rne rc nlll L :me! lio 1n lm"t.
f cc t.1 c.nr e llllJ:..:.t.

A Distinction is to he oh,c·n cd nl:<o be tw ee n 1Ty pl'rl.11le prud111· ed
hy tli e imagi na t ion and t li:1t pn1tl11 cc·tl by p:1 " iJ1 11. Tl 1t• f.,rnw r ;,
co inp a rati1·: 1y fcel, lu nn cl 111tHh·r:1k. Tl1 e latt,•r au11 1it., ••f 11 111 ,· li
grea te r cxa;;g1.' r nti un in t h e lan g 11a ~ e . . 1\_ 1~1 an 1 t 1 ~ r~, \\~ ht· ! ~ ·" Jw:1. k i1 1L(
in lib o wn propL·r pl·rs1_1n ) n11d <· xpn.:::; ....;111 g lll:--: O\\·n fc 1. .· li n ~ :--. aud t·:11 u ti o n~ , tn tty use 111 11e'11ll v r e ex :1 ~ g i..' r:lt c d lan~11:1 ~~ tl u1n a not!1 l' r Wll 1i!d

1· I I '11·11 • '!' ), l.· l·t' 1t "r.- 11·t·"c
o f fll'l
• b
. . 1<111 ' lfl 0L l1 er wu rd :<, J1J t1_Y
lie llll! t'1i stru11gt ·1· t.li:rn t)J e 1:1n~ 11a :.;e of dc·s<'ripl i•H>. !.l .·1 we ll_q• erbole i:3 espe t.:ially rdl u wa li l c~ ·111 I Jrn1>1at ·1e )"'e I.ry a11 1l 1't 1 (lr1: t " n•. :t il t!
M
· :; 1>ea k.II 1;.; 1)
Hl

1\ fi11 l) c xmnpl e of tlii tJ occ urs iu \\' orJ :; wurtli'H Su ng 11 t. tlie Feast

177

l'l'ERJJOf, F:.

.An11.m ir ro s t i 11 ~ in hi s hat h
Oil th e b l <J1K l u l' t 'li ffu rd l'1l ll s; " (i u 1·1l th e S1·11! ,'' c :\ dai111 s ~Ii (• Ln;~ce ;

'"'I'

"H <:lit; iu 11 ~ la:d :-; 11 p11u us /t i:.,. lil' 11 ign influ e nce.''

Ullr~·s- 11

17S

C II If !'() S ,' T 10 X

A .YD

R ff J; 7' 0 RIC'.

r,· .r ..J .J/ /'/,HS.

FliJ UH FS-

J\l)w11en· do w c-· lind 1ll'ilcr and IH1lll!'f ~J·t· 1· i1r1l·r1 . . ~1r it tli:111 1n ~!1ake·
"'l''-'ilrl".

l lypc rlrnl '" is 11111r·li 11,;c.J i!I l,11rl esr p1 e.

Tl1 c cxagg .. ra t io11 of what
i:-; illdit· r\}11.1 ill all,\' 011,i-..Tt add.-.1 t11 t lit• etl\:l'f. \', tJ t:1i t'e ~ny~ Yery
wi ttily of 111 0 E11 g li :-d1. tli :tt t!i c•y Hg:tin tw u liullr."i a day Ly clipping
wnrd., .'' II \· r1.:f1,.: r:-. !v tln: li:1Li1 •if ;-:ay in g ca11·1 fur call uot, do11 't
f"r do nur, HrH1 otl1t.:r like :-1h b n .: Yiati11n ;;.

Th e Ifyper l 111k in wliir·li :--:d1c,1.J .gi rJ..;; irid11!;:e in 1·1111111H1n cu 11 vf:r~a·
tir1n n iit:lit, pvrli:q1..:. lh: t:Xl · IJ~t:d <i"I l1 :1r11 ilc:--~ t ritli11.::. did it 111 )t tuu
(lf"tl'll le:td to a ~l'ttil'tl J1al1it ot' 11.... iug- ln11 µ-11ng\· iri ti1i~ lou::;e l1):t.1111 t,,~I".
Tl1 c \1·01n:1n <'n 11 1in11,., tl 1e t·xtrn,·a;tant pl1r11,;c•,; uf tl1e ;;i rl , - is aw.

fully t ir"d, a,/,,,.,.,. s 11·c·t·t-p ot:1l t><:,;, l1as a -'J1lr11di.L 111i11ce -pie for
dinner, ll r1nr~71•011.• l.onn et., ll mag11.{/7.ce11 t j>air of gloves, fllld 111101·
Lerl ess otl1er al.i sunli tics of th e ~a 111 e sort.
XIII. IRONY.

Irony eo n si,;t~ in ritli cu li 11g an obj ec t under n pretence of
pra1srn g it. The lnn g11age in its li tera l at.:c-l·ptati on is exactly
th e oppos ite of ll' h:tt t he a u th or m ea ns. Th e trn e meaning
is ind icated n~ainly by th e tone of th e Yoicc, th e j ·nrds being
spoken wit h a s neer, all!.l hence it is ~o m c tim cs cafl cd a figure
of Elocutio n. But there is n.lwap in s u<.: h casts something
cit.h e r in the eo ns truc;tion of the sentence, o r in the attendant
ci rcu mstanceR , to sho w tha t tlic words arc to be tak en ironically, n ot li te rally.
Jrony i~ a n·ry dl\·r- t i \·e w"ap o n o f nt tack, tli e form of the lnngnago li uin g "1 <: !1 "" '(' arcely to 11d1uiL of n·ply.
Th e Bible c<1ntni11s ... nrnc ~t r iki n g p xnmpl e~ o f Iro ny. J ob ~nys (12: 2), ' 1No
doubt b ut ye arc tl1 c pe11 11lc, 11ud wisdorn l" hnll die w ith you!· · Elijo.h (1 Kings
17: '.!.7J Sd)'."1 ta1111tin g-ly to th e pl'i c:-; t.'I o f Bnnl , "('ry nl< 1ud: fnr h e Is a god; either
lie is talk in!.{. or he i ~ p11r~ ui1q;. o r lit! i:s in a j o ur11 cy , ur 1~n1t.h" c n t ure he :sleepcth,
u nd mn st fJe wak ed!"

Ci 1·(·ro c1dls Vl:rrl'.'i , \r h o wn~ n o torio us fur his rnpu1·ity. "The 1qiri ght and
h r1 11 est pra:to r of S ieily ! "
A c11 1nrnon neglect in th e t.rni11ing- of childrf:n i~ thus ridk11lt:<l: "Alth ough I
w u n ld hn\· c you cu rly i11 ~ ti l i11lu y\ 111r e lii ld n·t1'8 IH;ar t, th e 1,, ,· e o f rr ue lt y, ytt
l iy 110 111 ca u s ca ll it l1y it!:! lrn c mu11c, b u t Clll'11urngc th em i11 il under the 1H1me
of fu1:."

Auto11y':; spc'ed1 UVl' r tl1e d emi buuy uf c.es:t r, in tl1e play of

Jnlins C;l·.:. :. ar, ( '(1 1itai11 ~
be found any wh ere:

~()Il le

1d~ :!1~·

l11'r1 ·, n 11. l1·r l. ·11. \ "t·
(Fo r
."rJ

U r·11f11 .i

( lf' 1·

(° {'J iH'

i ie

t!u·:.1

i.~

ult

• Jf

I ll]'

~1 ) \TiI 1H · 1h

c.)f lrnny 1n

Jl.1 ·11t11..; lllld 1! 11" r1 ·""t,

/i1111111·,r/1/r: 111011 .

r1U , 11/! h"rli1/'r1l1/•· 111•'11.)

J ti) --;,, ·:d.; i !I

W !L'i

iin . ~:

~ .t''-;l

r '....

f111H·r111.

frivl1•!, f"ai llit'1i[ Hl!•I j1J :·• l lO

In f'

J; 11 t /; 1·11r1 1.... _,., r :r"' J,,. 11·,1 ... 11 :nl 1i!!111l.'i:
Aini l i1 ·1.JJ U.oj u-1 111 1. h 1JIHJf<1/;/r Ol<lll."

Ex8mples for Practice.
fTh e pnssng-e!'i whkh fu iltJW (:011tai11 li,Kur~~ vf \'ari'.1U:-5 ki1_1tl s. The ~!lldl'lil l~
r eq uired firs t t o 1tt,ii tt. oul ;\nd anu!yzt· tlH.' 11 i..: t1rL·.11r !1 g-n1.·t·a Ill t'ttdl pll."!!-U.gt·. tl!H.l
th c u tu ex1Jre:-;.s lh e tn1.· 1uii11g i11 1•l a i11 lu 11guagl' \\'ll.liuut 1J g 11rt .)
]. G()Vt• rn1111.: 11t pa fn 1Il .tg'l' sl 1nul d J111t lie ~o ll1-... 11 (' t1 ......... d H... tu {t'; 1i11
up n popubtinn t1J tli e <>Il l' l"""'' lli t o f bo rin g gin1kt."li o\,., in ro .. tl1<1
treasury, anU t 11 c 11 of ~1..·ekin¥ to l'nbr~e tli ct 11 1 as ritp1Jly a:; J> O:-'s1t.dc,
·into auger·l1 oles.-Xew· J'or.\; 'J'/'/'.1w11 e.
2. Fo r we know tlrat. if our· ,·:1rtl 1l y linthe ot' thi,.; tahern:l<'!v 1q·re
dissolved, we lia\'(~a b11il di 11g of(;.,,] , a h<Jll>'e nut 111a 1 w ith '."rn,J ,.. ,
ete rnal in th e li e a \··e 1H . F ur in t Ii is we µ:ruan, earn est I) d l·,.;11·11 1g I»
be clotlie1l up o n willi o ur l101he w l1i c li i; fru 111 li eav,·11. - :l (',,, ., ;, :
1-3.
3. TC :1ny 111 : 111 :unnng- yo n :-:1,.•erndl 1 to 1 11 ~ r l'1i ~ i1111 ~, 11 11 d Lrid lt"f l1
no t lii s tu 11 gue, but d en·i1·c·tli Iii .; Oll'll heart., tlii,1 111a11's r,·Ii,!io 11 i.;
vai11.-J,11u e.• I : 21.i.
4. J\nd it ,.; J1:ill t·<>111l' 1.-1 l''"' in that. 1l11v tliat !li e t1101111ta i1'" , ),a ll
1 I tl1 •·
111.ll • ..' ·11.all flull' ll'it l1 111 ilk.-Jod
· e, a1e
1 Wll ll O\\' \\'111
v
d rop <o
3: 18.

l:

0

5. Poor Soul, tl1 e Cl'lllru ,,f tny f'inful ea rth,
Fool\! l.y tlio,,o r elil'I pnl\'Crn t liat tl 1C'C ar my,
'\\'1 1\• 1lost thou 1•i11 e wit l1in a11.J sutJ',•r d earth,
]'°,1in tin g t li )' Ullt\\'al'<] 11·all,; "' CO;tl.)' gay ?
\\'l1 r so lare;c Cl'•st, ha vin g- :-;o :-:h urt. H l l' a s ~ ~,
Dust tl1n11 upo n tliy fadi11 g 111an ,;i• Hl "l' <' ll tl ?
S liall \Hlrll1-<, i11lil'l'itors of tl1i ,; (•XC't•s,.;,
Eat up th y (' l1:1rgc"i is t l1i,; tli y body'; e11<] ?-Slr11ke11pearc.
G. ·wh e n J;rael we11t uut uf Eµ-y1•t , the l1 uw;e of Jacu\J from a
]JeO t)lc of strn11l!e lan••u11••e, .J 11.J ali w11,; hi ,; sa nd ua1·_,., u 11 d brad Iii~
.
~ n
'l'
J ui uini o n. Tho sea sa w it, a 1ul tkd: Ju rtlan wa:; driven liack .
l1v

180

mountains skippe<l like rnm s, nml the litrlc l1ilb lik e lambs. What
nikt.!t tl1c·<•, 0 11"'" Sl" il, tli: it thou llvdde, 1? tl1oll Jordan, that thou
W:t .-<L drivc·ll l1ae k ! ye 111 .. 11nlai11,;, tl1at ye· "-:ippc•cl like ram s, nnd yo
lit.tlu l1ill,-, lik e la111h,;1 Trc·1nl.!e, tliu11 c·art.l1, al 1l1 e prl'Sl'IH:e of t!.o
1.urcl, at tlte prc•sc·n ee of tl1e (iod of .Jal'oli. - 1'.. I 1-i: I - 7.
7. Ye are 011r (•pisllc writ.ten in o ur heart>', knowu and rca<l of all
lllt ~ IL- ~

K.

Cu r. ;) :

~.

My hopes 11111! fenrs
and u\..·r 1if1..:~s narrow verge
l.ul•k du11·n-un w hat? A Catliu1nle,;s a1Jy,s.- Young.

~ f :trt up al11n11\I,

!l. Tl1ri co unhappy li e who, \ieiu g burn to sec tl1i ngs ns they
rni g l1t ue, is schooled by circurn stan ces to set> t lie111 ns people say
tl 1l'y are,-- tu reml God in :l prose tra11 ,Jatio n. t'11l'li 11·:1:i Drnlcu'•
lut, and suc li , fur a .~uod p:ut. of l1is '"'-'""· it 11·ns J.1· hi s o wn ~hoi(:e.
H e ll'li o 11·:1." uf a stature to 'natch tl1e torl'h of lile llint flasbe~
from liftc1l l1arnl to ham! along th e generat.iuns, ove r tli e heads
of infcriur lllc11 1 cl1u>'e rat her to l1e a liuk-uuy tu tlw stews._

,

L&1cell.

10. Strnnge cozen:i~ c 1 unne wo11ld liv e past years ngain,
Y ct all lioj>e pka:-11 re in what yd re1nain,
J\ 11tl frulll tl ic d1«·;!' of life tliink fll r"n·i\'O
What tli e li1·,;t ~pri;,ditly running ~<>1ild n1;t gi1·c.-Dryden.
11. Tlie "fir·s t ,;pri:.:lrtly rnn11int.: " ,,f Prydc:n·, l'int:r gcwas,it
litt.lt...·. 111 uddy , i f 11o t 111..T I"_\'; but. ii' Iii ~ own 80il
did not prud111'. e g rnp v:--i uf t,lie clioit:l'.-:.t tla\·or, li e kucw wl1cro iliey
W1.:n; tu bt...: liad ; :1 1Hl !1is prc1tluvl 1 likl' c0u uud wltil', g rew l1etter the
l unger it ::tuod upon tl11.;, 11.;l·;.;. .-Lulrl!L.

181

FIG UR ES-EX.A.'! I'L ES.

C 0 JI I' 0 S 11' l 0 N A ND R Jl J: T 0 R l C.

15. To-day i" so like yester<l:1:', it

·we

client.~;

tak e tl 1e ly ing si st c' r fu1· 1lie ':nnc.- 1'.11111[!.

16. Iii ~ [ D ry•lt· 11 \•J ··11ntc-rnp nrnr.1 ·, T>r·. ll «yli11, '";,1 of rr,·1i<·l1
cooks, that "th e ir trark was n11t to fe1«l tlio li .. lly, lint. ti"' !'ah!«.''
Dry<len was :l great wliile in k11rning tliis r<c«rl'f.. '" 1tl"ailalill' in
good writin g a' in cookery. lk qrnve after it., hnt his tJ1oro11 l!l1 lv
Engfo;Ji n:1tnrc 1 tot.he la>"t, wonl1l too 1•asily c11nte 11t it ,;1;]( 11i1 J, ""n· in g np the h onest Leef of l1is tho11gl1t, with·nit r .. g:1rd tu •lainti11e.' "
or flnvor int li e dre"'in g of it. or tl ic lw;:t J::ni..:li ,; h l'"eln', it mil!l•t.
be Raid tliat it is llJHlerM:lll<lin g aerated Ly imagination. Jn I >r.1· cl.·n
the solid part too often ref11sc:<l to 111ix kinolly 11itl1 tl1e lPa\'cn, 1:ill1 cr
remainin g lnrnpi sh or r i:;ing to a ha:;ty puflincss. -Lor.cell.

17. Tru th, ('ni,;]1\l to c:1rtl1, sldl ri,;e a .l!:<i11;
The ('[Crn:ll ycri r ~ of (;nrl are lH.-rs;
But Errn r, \\·01111<iecl, writ I"'" 11 i: Ii pain,
And <lies a mong its \l"<1r,liipp er:l. - Er!Jnnt.

18. In. hi ,; [ IJrydeu ' sj pruse .""II C<J!lle up<1n l'"''"'.l!'-'" t li:1t. po·r·
s1rnde you li e j, a pod, in sp it e <•f liis \'~rscs so oftc' n t11rninf.( , tat<''"
evidence :q..~aiu:-:t l1i111 :c_.:;; to ci)fl\' inn. ~ y11 11 li e i :-<. 11i111('. lie i.-, a 11rtl~1:­
writ.er, with a kind o( .Eoli:rn at I :1"11n1cnt. - L o1rl'i/ .
Ill. Hast tliort nn frie n1l to sd tl1y 111in1l a1 >rnad1?
Gn<11l ~1·n~f' will ~tagnatr-. Tl1011'.!lif ..;:.. ~l111t ll P: '':nit air:
J\11d ~p11il 1 like l )al1·'-' llfit1p 1._ •111·d t(J tlw :--.tlll. l'u ru1:1.

11111~ l b v 0unft.::-;:-;cd, a

12. Eac li mom e nt l1:1 s its sil'kle, e nrnlo11 ~
Of Ti111 c 's 1·1ir'1·nw11,; s<' ytli e, wlio se 11111ple ;.11·e'' i'
t-'trik.1·~ l'l1q 1ir1.·~ fru111 1l 1l' J'(HJt:

l'llc l1

JJIUllH:11t

pli1y~

lfi~ li ttk~ \\'l'apt111 i11 tli1J narr11\rt··r ~plwr'-~
Of S\\"l'('L dn1n~· ...:ti 4· ('11!11f.. rt. n11d t'll!:~ do\\'!l

The faire st

lil11u111

uf' :--11l.l1111ary Lli"' ~ -- ru1tn~1.

thin ic e o\·pi· ~ l111!)11w \\":ll~·r·: ~ '' 11111~ a'-' Wl~ ~lid1• :do 11;!'. ra11idl_\·, all
is well~ l>nt. i:' Wl~ d\\·1·li a 11111111(·11 t. ()l\ an_v ofh.: :-.:.put. we Jnay 1ir1d
our:-.eh·c:--> krJ\'•_· •J \ '1']) 111 11 1i1. !. - - - !~111r1'1l.
21. TJ1 .. n~h t in the mine m:1v «<>llH~ forth uolol nr olr-n":
\\' \11 ·11 ('o i11 d in W1_ 1r d~ Wl~ kilt)\\. it~ I"t·;d \rorJJ1. -

ru

1

011

Oe<·a,;iun's l(•n•lol'k wal l'i 1t"11l 11ait.-.lfdton.

f J>rydell°.'/

epocl 1 iu liirn, tl 111t. li e wns tho
lu«k ll"iiil'h kt. 011 r la11;..:-11:1.l!e dow n fro111 its !'"int. of lrigli e' t poetry
tu it s k\'el of ea~ i e:;t :wd 111<1:;!. ge ntle tl o win,; Jiru ~e . -Luwell.
·1.1.. We nlway,; fee l l1is

ll !J.

22. lln ht•µ-nn hi:-; <1r:unati<". carct•r·. a:-; 11~11:d, l~y n1win~!' IU.!ai11"'t
p f Iii~ 11;\!1Jrc, :lnd p11ll1·d 1i11ly tli1'. r1111ri· d1~;:::t·dh·
IJHH"l~ Ill' f(·lt l1i111 ."'-(·lt' ...:\\'f·jd d:i\Yll t iit' ~r r1 :t111. -- /.111r1 ·1!.

~tro 11 g- 1'1l!T1·nt·

2YL S1 ,,,,.,.]1 , -1·11 1il:tt1.·.. : 1.1 11· i11:1 '1i1 ·1· 1 ; 1:11 Tir4·

H11t

1

~1w··~·i1

li11rni ....,lH·.;,;,

ri:1r

n11 ··11i:1!

l1 l:l :..." :11 inc-

Dri,:_-;l1tclJ."' f1•r urIJa 111 1.·11t 1 ;111•1 wltt·I.'-' f1ir 11 .;., . -

24. Haste tlll' <', nvmpli. 111vl hrin~ with tliC'u
J e,;t am! yuut.liful j•'1iity,
lG

}~u1t1;;.

t!1t>

tl.t'

782

COM I'OSIT!ON AND RJI ETORIC.
Quil1s, fln (l crank~, 111111 wnnt on wile~,

separate

N o<l:;, nnd bce k;;, and wrerit hctl smiles,

- Roma.ns 8: 38, 3!l.

S11 ch n' hanr; on Il el•c',; d1 cc k,
A111l J.,v c to li 1·c in di111pl c sle ek:
Spo r·t that wrinkl e(! C are d erid e,;,
Anti La11 g l1t c r lwldin;..: both hi,; si1le~ . -

25. Ilcnv e n from all crcat11rc ~ l1i1k" the J,onk of fate
All but th o pa ge prc,;eri hctl tl1cir prc,<.:nt state._: Pope.
2G. I s ho111'1 'ilY tha t, Dryd e n is rnore ap t to 1lilatc 011r fancy t.hnn
our t hou;,;ht., a' :;rca t. poet' l1a" c t l1 c i-:if t o f doin g . l\11t if lie hnvo
n ot th e p<> t.e nt al ch e my t li:H tn1n srnu tcs t 11 0 Jc.au of our common place a s,ociations int o ;r1>ld. ns Sl1nki•>pf·n1·c kn n 11·, l1ow lo 1]o , n
ca,ily, yet l1is sense i." all,·ay ~ np to the sterling 'tantlard; 11111!
tl1ough he ha,; not 111]d ,,1J so 11111ch 118 so111 e hu,·c do11c to the stork
of bullion whi ch otl1cr,; nft cr11·anls eoin nn1l p11t in <" i1-.'ltl :1tion, t.heni
arc few wh o h:1\· o m iut ed ' o many pltra,,·s tlwt ore still a pnrt of
our <laily c urre ncy. - Lol(e//,.

,

from t h e lo ve nf Gn1l, which i,; in Cliri;it .J cs11.'

36 .

W1•:1rin c,;"
Can sn o rn npnn t h,, fli nt. ll"l1<·n rf' ' t_v sloth
l'inu:; tl1 e down -pi llo w hanl. - S!t a ke.•prrtrc.

20.

li e r t.rcssc''· loose IH·l1ind,
Pla:· on lll·r nec k. n11d \\"Hllf<>n i11 th" wi111l;
The l'h•ing- bl11~l1l''."i \rl1it ·l1 11 .: r <"lil't:k o't·r·:-<prca•l
i\rc j) j•l'llin :.; ro ,;l',; in tl1t, lily'• l>ed. - ( ,"rry.

<1111"

37. \\' !10 ~!1;1ll L1y anytl1 i n:: tu fhl· (']1 :1 r~~ · ()t' C1) d' :-i. vL· <·I : I t i:-;
God tl1:11 j11• Lil ic-tl1. \\"11 0 is li e tl1 a t t" OI1<ic-11111 d l1 ~ lt i., C !1;- i- t tl i:!l.
died, }' l':l r:dl1 e r 1 t l i at j...; ri :.; en :l ~a in. ,,. JH·, i;.; l'\'l·n a t tl H: r i:..d it l1 a 1id
of God, wlJ11 al su n1aL c tl 1 i1it l·rcv<; :-"i 111 r(,r ii:.;. \\'liu :-. liall ~ '-· i'ara tl' 11 ~
frotn tlie lu\' e uf ('l1ri·d? :--:l1all tr i 1~l1Lt1i ~ H1 1 o r di ..; trt · ..;~ , nr p r: r ~1·cnt i .i n,
)...
or fa1ninc, or nal.; cdn t·-.: :-1 , or 1wril. 11r :-o \\·c 1rd '? - - Nutn fl n:v H: :):~ -- : ~ .1J.
1

Youn.11.

s~e

3\J. \\" u rd-; are 1 i 11.! 1·ornrn1111 prd11 v rty 1, f all lll l 'll. y r· t fr 11 !!1 \ \ ' 11;-i]...;
tl10:--10 :11'1·lii t ":1:L;-; u [ i111111(~1·1al it y :•i l~ i ip l l' 11q.\1·s t hat :-. !1:1 ll (1: 1rl i v1 ·

pyra111id -; : th e k:i f" .,f ti ll· l'"i" rn s Hli:ill !>1".-.1111 t· " :-;J1i11 :1 1·, 'tat«ly
'vitl1 lU\\"(_"r:;, !'l•ll!1d wl1il'l1 t !w I l1_·lll '._!" 1' 11r 1U! '' ·" rc•a!' :-. i11 \'jll (J.
40. And _Y l't t !ie --· ~ 1 i:l.

-.: !111r 1i; 1 111 i1° ·r d:1rk f'i) ( •J11,
\'i l: \ring :--; r) cka r a hr4 ); 11 l. :t i !1111iH_' ·""•'1· -.; J!(t!!1i11g;
] :ut lih . ._· a l! 111 L · i ri v: 1r ll 1, l• l l ~ _'" : lfl!l !.! i1Hl 1

30. Th C' rc are wl1•>i c• n·in s of clian1 011tl:; in tl1i11 e c_vcR,
:\fi l!: l1t fnrni,11 ,.,.,11,·11, fur all th e 11111·''"' <> f <':tl'll1. - flrri/1·y.
31. F:lill1 l)11 iJ d _-. a Lri 1 l ~ ,· : wr~ • '-"' tlH · giil !' tif d·: all1. -

\\ - ~ i r L:-'

J ~vun!I.

\\"hn 1>11ild ,; Ii i:; l 1<> ja' i11 :iir .,[ y<>111· >'"""'] j,,.,1.; ,.,
J. i\.t'." lil.: v a d :·11 r1b_•11 :-: :1i ].. r <Jll a l1l~1 ~ t;
l!vaily, \'.· i i Ji 1·\ · 1· ; · .\ · ! H id , In l 1111 1l1 k «l•I\\ f t
i11!0 ti1t' Cit a l l "1\\· 1· L..; i
1!1,· d t· ,·11 . - ,'-./ 1,1/. 1 s; 111 r rr.

:1 l! li t· i· fn ]! y llj~ uod

Ir1 tlw \\(11· lcl . . _

011v11

c; t-- l ...;

it

(1\ll \\';tn l

Yi1 ·\\·. ·- /Jry1/ 01 .

I i• '"'' ' "!'''" fl J..v,·1, - 1:1 !,J,. !:ir1d,
, ·p r.v lri :.~:11 lt·\·vl, J , 111 ..;!ill :--1i11tt·\r!wr1· h 1•i\\·1· d1 :lH.:
i11 -.. pir:tti1111 :111d tl rl· 1.J:1i1t ~1f \'\"l·ry cl a ,: ]jf,•.

~ I. 1;111· aft1·r :ill. Ii.- r I >n-,J,·ri

it

i ~ trn C' , :11 1<1 :\.

loflil·r

p e :1k ~ of

0 :'

:1 :1. For I
11 o r

:u11

p 1· r "' 1t :td t·11 t !::i: Ill' ::liv r

f11·:1rli ,

1101·

l if•..

-1~.

111 11"

nn;~t l .•\

prin C' ipnl iTi l·:-1. l\ 11r jH' ' ' ' tT .... 11~11· l l 1i11~:-\ J•rl' ~ t·nl , 11or thing-,-. to

1;u 111c 1 1H1r

l11 · i ~l i l

1

IH1r

tl.·1·1 111

111•1 · n11y 1i!l1vr cr1_·11lllrv

Lor.I.

On e ~a ll y nf a l1 e ro ·~ ,;n11l ,
D oe.-; all th e mili tary a rt. .. ontrol.
'Yliile t im oro us wi t. :;nd r o 111Hl , •II' for,Is tl1c shorn,
lTt· ~lHiot s fl H_' i.:111f, :ui il i-..; :ilr1·: 1,Jy (i\::·r 1
And , w li e n th e c ut hn,;ia- t ic fi t- i:; ' i''''lf,
Look., li 11ck n111 azcd at wl1at Ii,• 1111.Jvrwt• nt.. ·-- ]Jry de n.

38. 011r G:1rri l' J..: ':-; a :-;: d:1d, fc11· ill !ti !ll we
Oil. \· i11 e ~ar, s1 r .:. '." ~lr , :u ul :--:: Li t 111'"-" : i:!Tt '(' .

28.

0"

11g

3-1. The sonl's dark co ttaµ: c, l1allt·rc·1 l nml 1lti(·a y c1l,
L <.: ts in uc w li g ht through ehi11k,; tl 1at Tim e l1 r1s rn111k·.
Wa llt i.
35. 1 Rcarcel_v 11mkr., tan <l 111_,. 1_111·11 int e nt.;
l311t., silk-worm like\ ' o Ionµ: wit .l1in l1a,·c wru11µ:!.t,
That. I am lost in 111 y u11·n w e l> of tlwngl1t. -- lJry./1'11 .

ltfilton.

ls co nl - i,; r:o J,Jt. to 1nan':; t,·11•h·r ti c
Of earth ly I.iii:;" ; it hn' ak,; nt. c1·1.:ry lircczc. -

183

FIO URE S -F..LI .lfI'f,F.S.

:-. l1ail

lie

aldu u 1

111, ! 1i ·~ i 1·11 1l1 l · r, 1 it · 1l • ~ l 1I:1 .... 1 l : 1· ( l i , ·<I.
J: 11t f1:JI Ji)~ ~ · n1J l l l! 1111 fr i1'.r t \ 1:it 111 .· ]] , ,\\ ,.,J l• \fl;_r,
E ' P11 \\·nn !11· r·-·1 l n t l H·1 ' u 1:..:(' l 1·· (lr i'f '1 11• ) :-•1•H 1t' ! .
f; il <- S( ' l' lll +.: d tu \\-iri d Jii1J1 1;; 1 f o r f•H J J ~1 ·< 1l" l' Y1:tr."

1 1f

1

184

Yet f r esh ly rnn he on ten winters more,

Till, like a clock worn ont with eating Time.
The wh eels of weal'y life nt la.•t stoo<I Hlill.-Dryden.
43. For I am now Ro snnk from wl1at I wa~.
Thou find'At me at. my lowe~t wntcr-111nrk.
The ri vers that ran in 1rnd rni~c<l my f<>rt1rnc8
Are all dried up, or take nnother co urse;
What I have lcR is from my n ati1·0 s pring;
I've n heart still thnt swells in ~corn of Fate,
And lifts mo to my banks. - Dryden.

.. ,
t
l t l . nk? have we not power to lead about n si:<t<"r,
ower to ea nnc 0 c n
·
.
1
of the J onl
a wife as well as other ;ipo,tJe;;. and n8 the bret 1ren
, - .•
1 t:"~'l.r
'
I
l
l
1otw:opowt..· rt1t1ur>
.- " Ce]Jh:ls~ Orion lyrrnd _\arnarn~. rnvc1 . '
· . ·' ·'
._ fl.Du _,
.
t 1 ".\own l'i1a 111· l·~. \\ ilO
'?--- ·l . '? Who roetli tl warfar<• any tune a IL
.~
wo• {lfl~
.
f' I an•l ca'c-tl1 n ot ,,f tlic fru it tlier,·ot ! or· w lio
pl:uitetn o. vrnc:·an • '
' '
· . . k nf the flock 1 S:ty I t lieso
. tl1 >l t1o<·k "lilt! e11teth not of tho m1 l
1.ce\ie
· •'
I ·1
lC
(J · l-8.
-1tings
.
vr. .
as a man
'" , or "'lit
._ · h not the l11w the Rame a so' -

t

.
5 1. St.ill thy lovc, O Christ ari~cn,
Yearn~ to reach thcgc souls in pnson:
Throngh all tlqitli;, of ~in :intl lo5s
Drops th e pl11rnmct of thy Crosg!
Never yet abyss wns foun<l
Deeper than that Oros~ co11ld sournl.

44. Canst thou draw out. Jm·i:ithnn ''"ith n liook 1 or his tongne
with a cord which thon lettest down? Canst t hou put a hook in his
nose? or hore his jnw through with a thorn? will he make muny
snpplicntions nn to thee ? will lio 'PDllk soft words unto thee? will
he make a COYCn:rnt wiL!i tlie•l 1 wiit thou taku iii Ill fur a servant for·
eved wilt tli ou phly with l1im ns with a bird? or wilt thou lin<l
him for thy maidl'ns? slmll tho cornpnnioos ma~c a lnwqnet of l:im1
shall they part him nmong tlie lllt'rclianls1Jnnst tli on lill l1is ski n
with bnrhe<l iron~? or hi>< head with fah-spt·ars'l -- Jo/1 41: 1-7.

5 0 Tl •re arc some tl1ink c• rs 111'011t whom we alway~ frl'l ea.'y,
-·
I(·
'
f
tr · t uw;;11 itt1Je tu bo
because they ne\"\.'r liave a tl1ou;;11t o su ic1e n
made un comfl• rtalok l.Jy itR posse:;s1Pn.
.
C 1, f r ' he " " itcrs n.re cornl' llllo rny ;;onl.
-.
.
U3. ~ave rnc , 0 r Vl . \) L
•
.
I U.lll corne into deep
sink in det·p n1ir e, wl1cre there i~ no ~tan1..11:1g-:1.
')
· l:i oYCrl].,w llll' .-l«. G.l . 1 · -·
wnterg w I )ere t l.ic• 11 uui
.
- it tl
'
k~ ]···
'lWIY ~odrin)therna.wav:a.sw:i.XmC'1e . 1
54-. As smo . c " ' "'en ' ' - ' .
.
, .
beforo the lire, so let the wicked pc r i,;h at the presen('e of (,oJ . -

45. I do not liko to S3)' it, but 110 lrn.s snmclimcR smot.lteretl the
ch ild-like 8implicity of C linn c~ r umlc11 ·fratl 1er -l•ecb of i-erl1i11ge. Lo1cell.

4<i. lli :; [Dry<lcn's; phrnse is alwnys a slinrt-cnt to l1i" sen;«:, for hi~
c;;tato w:1 s too spncio 11., fur liirn 1n nc·,,,] t hat trick ,.f "·indin g tho
path or liid t liou g lit ahont, nn<1 plrrnting it. ont wit Ii cl1 nnpR of ep ithet
by which tho landscnpe-gardcncrs or literfiturc give to a paltry hnJf.
ncre the nir of n park . - lmnell.
47. It' cirt~ nmstanci;" co11],l e l'cr make a great nat ional poet,· here
were all tbe elements minglctl at m elting-heat in the a lcmL ic, anJ.
the lucky mom e nt o f prnjc t·t inn was clc.arly cum c'. -- Dncell.
48. A bu Ye all, wo may cstc•e111 it Iucky that lief Slrnkespeare] foun<l
wonl8 ready to his use, origin1J :mtl 11ntarnislie<l ,-type8 of thought,
whoso sharp e<lgcs were unworn l!y rep€at.ctl imprcssions.-Loicell.
4'.J. Thero is 111u ch tltut is deci<luons .in l1ooks, but. nil tl111t. gi 1·cs
them a t:tlo to rank as lit,cruture in the hiµ;ltcst ·''" """ i~ percnnial.L(liull.

50. Am I not ao npostle? nm I not free f have I not seen Jesus
OLriMt our Lord 1 are not ye my work in th o Lord 7 h,.ve we not

185

FIG UR ES-EXAMI'L ES.

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC.

P.~. 1f8 : 2..

.

_

. .

,

~

(r

_

u;i. '.\"e du nut mr:rn wl1at is l t·cl1n1c>Lll)' call ed a 11v1ng 1.rn~.1'.~,e: ,,
·
1 1, w .1..., .1 -.:'Jl" l k. 111 :.c ~trnrnpct. hv \\hit Ii b . ( .Ld l O ,...

tlivcuntnvnnni, H,10
• · I ·l.
. .~
I
1nain, ;1n.:i
urn.l n10Yln,r bipt•d:-;, C\' (' ll now, ~:tilin~ o'er life~ i::o e1nn

---

~1ail e:icli of.lier nrnl make known their mut1111l sliortoe'"
t one thnt j 3 "till ]wt from tl10 l1c·ar1.8 aml
of rncnt.a store8,- 1"'
· ·
,
h r ain~ of n penpll'. n1>t 1i:Lnlene(1 yet. but inn1tt: n1y dt1(·! 1n• to -T~·e'v
. ·I a 1·1·l 1111<1- clc-1r
rclil"f in the mou!Js of new tliou g!tt,. 8 l l:1pC'!"\ 0 l ~ 1
•

. . l \etl t-0
c n,l l
\

f,o:rrll .
r l 11. l •1wn
f>f'. " l' liat wa~ ,_,r gn:·:1ter irnport, no :irl1itr~1ry inc _ 1~11 H:f' I~ < r,
1 ct w et·\l liig I1 ,\.,., 1.,1 .,' · ,, 111 ] ]<JW ·, Ynlgar tl1en mcrmt s1111ply w1i:1t \\'a•
1

, in1rno11. poet ry li:vl not been aliened from the people by tlic e'tahu
'
f
\\ · j
<'lllttJ .. .J (n llll)V!' Ill
lis!tmcnt of an \'.pp<'r ll1111•e o vof':I 'cs, n '.~no
,
. -.. "., .
t.he Rtat1:h· ('('ren 1c111ial:-1 o f y1._·r~1·, n11d pr1v1IC;!l"< i fru111 al fl~ l \\ _111 11
tliey fPrc~er kl'"-'P tl1e pro1nl~e i•f ineaninµ; to tli,~ ear awl Lr0:1k tt to
.
f~l · k ~~ H''H" e ' dH1 nn!,
I lw 110 means l\lleml to "'' t liat he ' 1·' ( l · J
,) '·
,
•]. .
inferior man cou ld lt,l\' C <l ippeJ
e nrit:h
it [the hng;na.gc ] ' or ' iat ,;ll)
16"

tliP

'."l'll~C. -Loir t> l/.

c-

186

COJlf POS!TION AND _RH ETOR IC.
FIGURES-EXAMPLE&

tfle snm e wordR out of the grent poet's inhtnnd. B nt he enriched::
it only by the natural expansion nnd exhilnrntion of which it W3lf con~ciou ~, in yielding to tl1e mwitery of a genin~ t lmt cou ld turn and "'°
wind it li ke a fiery l'ega.'11~, mnkiog it feel it8 life in every limb.- -~.
Lmrell.
,
·.~.:
58. As !.l1<1 l1nrt pnn teth nflcr th e water-bronkA, F!O pnnteth my . ·
soul after thee, 0 Go<l. - i 's. 42: 1.
5f!. Stun<l tLercfuro, l1avi11g yuur loins girt nbout with truth, an<l
h a ving on the breMt-plilte of righteon mes.~, and yo11r feet 8l1od with .
the preparation of tb(· g<."pel of peace; al1~ vc all, ti1king the shiel<I~of fai~ where with ye shall be nlilc t o qu.:uc li all tlte fiery darts of.
· the wicked. And take the h elmet of sah·ation, nnd tl.ie sword of the Spirit, which i~ the won] of God. - Eplics.-.. IJ: 14-17.
60. Scarce o ne fcommentator on Sliake~penrc] butt ho11gl1t he could
gauge lik e an ale-firkin that intuition wl1ose edgi11g ~hnllows may have been sonnderl, but who•c ahysscs, .~.tretching do wn amid the''C,.,:
sunless roots of Being and ConsciousiieSs, mock the plummet.- "-···

Lowell.

·

• 61. The Gothic Shnke• peure ofte n snperlmp.osed upon the slendei•-':?C
column of n single word, that seems to t\\'i:it under it, but does not,
- like t h e quaint sha fts in cloistc~,- a weig ht of meirning which
the modern nr<"hit.oct• of ~011tencc~ would co IL<i<lcr w lwlly unju stifiable by correct p rindplo. - Loirell.
62. Hii> [Words"·or th 'sJ longer poe1rn; arc Egyptian sand-wastes,
with here and t.here nn 0:1sis of exquisite greenery, a grand image
Sph inx-lik e, half buried in drifting cornmonpl nrc•, or the solitary "
Pompey's Pillar of some towering thon gh t. - L>u·cll.
63.
Iler 11ngcl's face,
Ae. the g r eat eye o( hc·aven, shined brigh~
And made a sunshine in th e shady place;
Did never mortal eye behold such h eavenly

grace.-~'!z>emer, ·

· 64. Who bas so succeeded in imitating him [Shakespeare] as to...
remind us of him by even so mu ch as the gait of a single verser
Those m agnificent crystallizations of feeling and phrase, basaltic
IDll.'lSCll, molten and interfused by the primal fires of pMSion, are not
to be reproduced l>y tho slo w cxperimentsi of th e. laboratory striving
to parody creation with artifice. - Lawell.
65. Love is the ladder on which we climb
To a. likeness with God.

187

· g rief . _ Shak.,,-11pcare.
Onions that should water tl ns
. ··t·nnJ,w!l
l n thn,; ' am "till what men call
.. young;
I lia,·o iwt. '"' far Jc:ft the eo:L,ts of 1ife
To travel in iarnl, tl1at I cannot. la•ar
Tl t n1ur11111r of tl1e WfLter in1initc
.
unw c·:mrd babies smile nt in their Rll'<'.p,
., _ •Vrs · B rownzn1.
when wondered at f or ~ 1111·1·111 ,.,.
·

w'l~ich

' . . Rpct•1k in th11t inten"c wny tlint
re <lore; not a1V<:l\S
.
"'l ]· 6R. 0 1a,c,pc:-i '
·
r Lh'" rif·-.
of 'l "oil volrn111c
· I _ nr1<l ),hcl,eth t 11ro11~'
'' ·
flames np Ill ,c.~. .
. . us h ere anr1. th <:' re the repose of a common. 1
·
He allows
wit l passwn.
sol in, distraction of I\ lrnmorous one. Ho
place character, the con_
g J
. l witl1011 t effort, RO that "-e
1
t
bo e<]lrnble nn irr.rnc
knows. ww ..o ,
ow,ht to which he has led us, bocnuse the
- forget th e alUtudt. of t~1 i~101mtain 81.rct.c hin g downward by arnp]Q
slowly_reced1_ng
impres« ion of height thnn to look
·
·
· kl · ·t ftruJk
- gradations gives a
,,. over the eJge of a ravine that makes but a wnn c Ill I s
.-

slop~e~s :~rtling

Lowell.
r· SI 1'nkc·spe:irc'"
t.inwl wns st.ill freg], •from Itho>o
69 The languai:.;e till
•
'
f
.
I\ d ;·tancc from \l· hid1 it be<'Olll('S tit. on y or
sources at too grc~
·~ · .
r ,J it cnrnc np clear and
h
vice of pro,e. W hcrcn·r 1ic ' ippe '
.
.
t8par
e ksc1·in<>
r
'
11··1
•<l
"'
Y("f J.v the drninnge of litcr:1ry fn.<"tor1cs, or
nnue ' ... " . .
.
f l
I
. " •l "·
'"C. tl1e. nrncl1ino-wovcn fahnc s. o s .inm cu
of th o,;c;~·ti ''C- lw u«es
t- .
ture nre co101~
", . I l 1I1 to tho last
<k'J"·rate "tylc of sham •cnt.Imen .
•

Jon~on

L>icell.With S hak espeare the plot is
. an mtor1or
·
·
orgllni.·,m, in
.
between
1t 1·-" •' 110 difference
an 70.
external cont r1v1rnce.
·
. mrtn
. and torb t
t .
In the on e the os~eous structure is out of "'ght, mc_ee<,
1 1 n
o1so-_ s t h e ft e.~ h an d blood that envelop it, while the other IS boxed
snstmn
• up an<l imprisoned in his bones. - L>well.
d. th e ovcrftow 71. Th o m ountains saw thee, and they tre~ble . .
..
ing of t h e w a t.er p:issC'<1 by ·. the d eep uttered bis voi ce, nnd lifted up
his hand s on high.-IIahakkuk 3: 10.
72_' The d epth saith, It is not m
· me: and the sea enitl1 1 It is n ot
with mo.-Job 28: 14.
. .
h
h" l
· _
73 In truth w e are under n d eception s1m1 lar to t at w ic i rm ~ !
' e r in th e A rn b 1an
'
d ese rt · B eneath the caravan,
n
. h
leads· the trav ell
is dry and bare; hut far in ad vii.Dee, and far in the rear, Ids t et~m~
forw
n
hlance of refreshing waters. Tb e p1·1 g rims ba!!ten
•
ad a r ' nncl ke
nothing but sand where, an hour before, they b
seen a a .

FIGURES-EXAMPLE&

188

189

C'OMPOSITION If.ND RHETORIC.

They turn tLeir eyes, and see a lake where, an hour befi
were toiling through sand.-.Maca~.lay.

74. For weeks t!:ie clouds had raked the hills
And vexed the vales with ·r~nillg,
· And all th e woods were 8lld witJl mist, :
And all the brooks complaining.
At last, a ~udden riigbt-stol,"lll· tore
The ruountQ.in-veiJ~ asu'nder,
And swept t)1e valleys. :cl~n .\)efore
The besom of the thunder.- W!tittier.

..

75. Jn such slipshod boase_keepi.ng m,en are their own ]
creditors; they find it easy to ' stave off utter uankruptcy of
science by taking up one unpaid promise with another larger, and'
heavier intere8t, till such self-s~vindling becomes hubituul and b
degrees almost painless. l:Iow ·did Coleridge di.-count his own not
of this kind with less and less specie as the figures lengthen o~
paper 1-Lcwell.
76. [Such characters] cannot determine on any course of acW
because they are always, as it were, standing at the cross-roads, " ·
see too well the disadvantages of every one of them. It is not-t
they a.re incapable of resolve, bat somehow the band betw;een
motive power and the operative faculties is relaxed and loose. .~
engine works, but the machinery it should drive stands still
Lowell.
77. Horatio is the only complet-0 mnn in the piny - solid, wel
kn it, nacl trne; a noble, qui et nnt.11re., wit.Ii tl111t 11iglicst of all qunl·
ities, jmlgment, nlwnys •nno nnd prompt; who nC'vcr drags hi8 ·
nnchors for nny wind of opinion or fortune, but gr ips all the closet
to the reality of things.-Lcwell.
78. ll:unlet is continnn.lly drawing bills on the future, sccnrod by
his promise of himself to liirnsclf, wl1i cil ]10 can never retleem.Lu1cell.
79. f wake, Cmeq.cing from ii. Sl'I\ of .Jn•a m~
Tumultuous, wl1ere my wre ck\!, de,;pnrHlinl! tl 1nu,.;l 1t
.From wave to waY e of fancied mise ry
At random urove, her helm of renson lo~t . - Vinmg.

£0.

Night,
E'en in the zenith or her dnrk domnin,
Is sunsliine to the color of rn y fate.- J"01:ng.

Deep on his front engraven
.
Deliueration sat, and public care.-Milt<m.
Canst thou not minister to a mind diseas~;
Pluck from the memory a rooted wrro~'
out the written tablets of the bram;
- Cazl e
the foul bosom of that. perilous stuff,
eanse
? Slw.lu8J>eare.
Which weighs upon the heart .
.' Let come what will, I m ~an to .bear it out,
And either live with glorious v1cto~y,
Or die with fame, renowned for_ cluvrury.
He is not worthy of th e honey-comb,
stung.
That shuns the hive because the bees have
ShakUJ>eare.

R

My May of life
. to the sere the yellow loaf.-Shakespeare.
Is f all en Ill
'
.
ur watches: none
'Tis with our Jud gments as o
.
Are just alike, yet each believes his own.-Pope.

86 Self is the medium least refined_ of all,
fall;
. Through '\!1ich opinion's searchmg b~ms can
And passing there, the clearest, s~ead1est ray v
.
"t 1· ht, and turn its line astray.-.ru.oore.
will ' tinge
1 s 1g
His tongue
'cl manna an<l conl<l make the worst appear
D rop p
'
<l dwh
The better reason, to perplex an
Maturest counse\s.- .ilfilton.
11crn rills of oily elnqncnce in soft
88. Mcnnuer~ \ul.J ricate tl1e course they t.nkc.-Cm.rpc-r.
01 ' a.q tl 1e bee npon tho tlower, I hang
89. r1 ' , the honev of thy dorluent toogue. -Bultcer.

L pon
·.
'T jg nn oi<l Jllf\\itll in tl 10 ~c hool s,
go. Tli:tt flattery·, the frn ol of fools; .
Yet now a11<l the11 ~·onr rncr~ of '7 1t
.. k, 1• li1t - Sl{'tft.
\V iii con< l c,;cL·ll• l t 0 t " " ·
,.
•
'l
t
l'
n
l1
i·•'wst.
1•oi11t of rill my hrreatne,;s;
"
"' .
91. I ' ve t nnc 1"'
,\ <l from the full meri<li an of my glory
~1:iste nuw to my setting.-Sfwkespeare.
.
' t•on l1 e swRllowc<l what came,
.
. f
fomt:.
92. Of prn1gc a mere gin ' ,
A mi th e puff of ii tluuce, lie ru1 stook It or
'

I

190

CO.JIPOSITION AND RHETORIC.
Till, hi s roJi,Ji grown callous t1l1r1o:;t to <lisease
Wh o pcpper'tl the lii i:l 1cst wu~ Hlrl'st to please.~Goldami~

!)3.

~lie

louks

a•

dear

A8 rn o rnin ~ n•~ c•, newly wasliuJ i11 d ew.-Shakespear~.
9-±. Let our fr a il thou~1h Jnlly wi t 11 false sn rmise. - MiltML
!J5. ll e l'flst ofT Iii,; fi-i e1lll; n,, a li1111t-111:1n J1i:; Ji:ick
1"or ho kill'\\' wJie n Ji.; \\ i ~JJC'<l li e CUllJd wJ1istJ.; t'J.('lll bnek.

%.

(iu/Jm1il4.
is fl suddl' ll ulaze wl1icli oOl>ll d ecays;
Fri!'nil , liip i; lik,, tli 1· s1111'.-< l'lernal rn., ..,;
Not daily l1enetit• ex ha11't. t /,,. t/ 1111 1e :
lt ~till is givin g, anil ,;till hllrn s tl1c ~a 111c.- Cay.
L O \' C

Fri"'"lsliip i-< n•.t fl plant of ha; t 1· growth
Tl1 u11 ;; l1 pl:111te1l in cst,·crn':; de l' p /ix 1,d :;ui;;
Th e graJual c11lture .,f kind i111t-1""""''0
1'f11"t Lrinf{ it to po rfoct iu11.-J1111111w }frtillie.
0

OR . There··:-' u tli,·i11ity tl 1nt !"llinpl·s 011r c·nd~.
Huu;;l 1-licw lill: lll 1c~ we wi ll.- Sliakf~]!Cftre.

\JG. A• ,;nme tall cliff, that lif'I s it• awfol form
Sll'ells from tlic val e, nn d mid 11·r1y k•ave;. tlie storm·
Tl '" ' ronn<I·1t:< J.rea't tho roliing "l"'"b arc spre4<1 '

Ete rn al sn n ~hinc settle" o n it" lit•ad .-Ooldwiith. '
100. To ~cntkr plentr o'e r a smili n" larnl 0
-"ml rc•ad thei r i1i~t ory in a 11:1~i on',; c·ye;;.-Cray.
HJ!.

JO~ .

\\'lio as<'ell•l-< to lll (>\Illtain -top8 sli:dl fin<!
Tl1 eir loftiest peak" "''"t \\'rap t i11 do11ds nntl snow;
li e. \\'ho s 111·p11.-sC's or ~11lid11e• 111 nnki11 d
M 11,;t loo k do wn on t lie l1at.u of t !111~0 liulow.
TJ1 0_' far HIJo,· o th e '1111 .,f glory glow ,
And far l1cncat h tl10 earth nm! oce a11 spreacl,
Ho1111d lii1 11 aro i l'~" ro .. k,;, and lo11d ly blow
Cont (; nding t c111pest,; 011 Iii ~ nak ud hL·a<l. -Byron.
\\'h ose r-C:
• u 11 0 wa~ 0 11 q11rl':-o,
·
Hilt I w I1n .... e :-:take~ were thron~
Ill',

l\'11oso !al.Jo earth, wl'' "'u 1li<'u

"'"r"

l.11111an l1r.n es. -Byro 14

JO:J. 1111\\· oft. "''' L' n l'a11l 1111" ~ <' l'\'l ' cl 11~ with
Il a; l'l ato, Tu ll .'", Epi c· ll'lll; prc·11l'l1l'd.

11

text,

10-1. O c<.:a ll i11t o te 11q1cst wru11 ;.d1t,

Tu 11•aft a fcutlwr or tu drown a tly. - Young.

FI (,' UR F, S -

105.

E X . I If Pf, ;; 8 .

191

0 life, 0 pnct ry,
Whi ch mean ~ life - life' cognizant of life
Beyond tl1is 1,J.,.,.i . 1,,·:ct, - 1•:coi,i• 11:!10 fur truth
Beyon<l the>O ,;c•n.;(:,;, - po<.: ! ry , 111y life 1fy eagle, wi tl1 !1,_111 g1·;q11·li 1 i.~ i'cct :--.:i\l !i<)t
_Fr0111 Zen~·:-' 1l11111dl·1-, \\ 1111 l i: L.-i ra\·i..;l1cd 111u
Away fro111 all tl11..) :--!1qdwl'd "', :-;!H.·l·p, :uid dP ~~.:,
And :-:. C't 1no i11 th.._· ( lly111pla11 r tf ;ll' :u id r t,11nd
1

Of

lu1riii1<1l1... : L1t·v ...; , t'tir a

t·11p lit·:ll"t'l" .

To k1..\1·p t!1P t1111 1 1 1!1~ <1f :ill t!w 1.:11.Jlit ad:-; 1 110\~t
fnr l'Vc!'l:1,; ti11:: l: t11::l1t\'r - - l. '"·' '"If.
lTalf (lrunk, a1·ro~:-1 tl11~ ht ·akl·r, ,,·i1l 1 tlwir cy'-· :--:~
Uuw t.l1u:-\t.! g11d.., ltH)k '. -- .lfo<. J:ro1rt1/11;/.
JOG . Prc:::.e11ce uf 111i1Jd is i,.~Tt·atly pr1H11tdl·d l 1y :1Ji..;,_·1w1· 1. f !1t H1 _,..
107. My life i,; a W\'l'Ck . I d rift !."!''""' tl1c l'i1i !l i11 .c: l.J:t'h ,,[ :idvcr8ity; frien•l,., hornr, \\"!':tltii - 1-"" 1, ., t, tl1""' a li.
JO S. If in t l1 c 111orn ut' life, you r e111•:111her Ciod , !11: \\'ill "" t i'uri:,_.t

you in your uid a;...:t ·.
JO!). Dorn, li\·cd, and died, s11111 "I' I.lie g1·cat q, ifuillfJ of 111an.

]10. Tnrn ii"; illl•l t.\\· i.;t it a s rnucli ""
Sh e will Hill ho dnnJ. J,. ynn ! \\'\

\'OU

()

ea11,

::1::n.

111. Men dying rn!lke tl1cir ,,iJL;, l1t1t \\i\'1·,;
E~·w:qie n ta~ k :--;o ~ ad~
\\'l1y sl1uuld tl1ey rnak<> \\'l1:1t all tlll'ir liH'"
Tli o gentle Llalll('" h:l\'(' li:1rl 1

112. If yo!I Lluw yo11r nei g lilior '8 fir e 1lun't C(>Inj'lain if tli e ,:parb
fly in your fa .. o.
1.1 3. 0 cart Ii,"' full 11[ ,Jr,.ary 1,.,j,,., !
() IllL'll, v;itl1 \\' :1iling- in yuur \'()ices I
0 •l l'J\'C.,] L'<>i d. I 111• \\'ai l1·1· ,; ' 11":1}' I
0 st rife, 0 l'lll'>'l', tl1at u'er it fall!
Goel rn:1k cs n •ikn" o tlirn11 .t.d1 y n11 all ,
.A nil "l.'i1·l't 11 Iii .' l1l'l""''l ,Icc:p. " - J l1\1. lJru•rni riq.

114. 0 dark a1111 1·n1 .. l ,J.-,.11, r'f·\'""I
T'1 1· send tl1:1t tl1y "'"""'" l'<•n"i'al 1
J\nd yo wil.J "<·a-1,inl " l1i1J,. •r wl;ed
And tell it 111 e.

115. I l1 eanl tl10 trnili11g g11n 11 e11 t; of the ;\'iglit
D\\'e<'l' tliro' li e r 111arlilu liall ;,

:~

;:

'

~' ~

.

192

co .1! r·os lTION

AND Rll E1'0RIC.

snw li er ~au l e sk irt s all fring e<l with light
Fro m tli o celestinl wall s.- Long.feltow.
:M ny sli g li t.,•11 wo111 :m turn,
.An<l 11s tl1c \·in o tl 1e uu k hail "hnk e n off,
B end lig htly to tl1 e leaning trust ngnin? - Willill.
] 17. O'erlieaJ tl 1c ClHintlc" slu r~
Lik e eyes of lov e \1·erc beaming,
l ' 11.J e rn eat li tl 1e weary c art Ii
A II breathless lay u-1freu111ing.
Tl1 e fox-gln1· e , Jio ots out th e g:reen rnuttc<l l1 cntl 1or;
J\ 11d l1 a11getl 1 lier l1 oocb of 'now,
Slw 11· :\B idJ .., nncl ~le-pt till tli o s11 11 sliiny wcnth er,
H11t cl1ildre n tak e longer to grow.- J ean Jnge/010.

aro stars, wl1er eia wo ndrous truth.a a.re m1«lu

11G.

11 8. Tliou g l1 ts wliic·li fix tli cmsclns d eep in tlie heart o.s meteo1
~wnes

in f':lrtli, drnpped frnrn Solllt: !1i g l1 er ;; pl1 ere.

The twili ght hours lik e birds flew by,
A s lightly nud as fr ee ;
T eu thousaud sta rs w e re in th e 8kJ,

T en thousan.l in tl1e ~ea:
For every w ave witl1 J i111 pled check
Tlni.t leap ed upon thu l!ir,
Had ca ught n sta r in its e ml!rnco,
.Antl held it trembling tl1ere.
121J. liuw c r rnn ~ thrv11gl1 Iii" 'l'" ''cJ. e, lik e violctA in a h11rv~~t­
oclo r mul be:iuly tu Iii' ta,k whl'll lw ''""}" lo
126. Ign or:ul<'e i; tlie cnr~e c•f c;,,.J, k11 .. wkdge tl1« wlllg wl1•·1·,..
with we lly t.u l1 eaYl'll . - Sh ·1kr.•p'·11·e.
127. A blinJ mall is a poor ni:rn , urn! Llind 11 iioor urnn is; fvr
th o former •ceth no man, nnrl tltl' lntll'r no man sees.

11 D. \\'li en d"sce!lll s o n tLc Atlan tic
Tl1 e ~if!:rnt ie
St 11r1 11-wiud ut' tii..: Eq11!11ux,
Lnnd1rnrd in Iii ~ \\Tntl1 he ~rnn r rres

]2 tl.

l{,·tk('t1·•l rn tl1c J:i];1'. [ ;",.,,
~o

La1l"n wi1l1 ~l':1-\\'l' l'l1' from the rocks.-Lun'.zfel/,iw.
l\' h:it J.:1 , 111('
ll~t'-1

X .,!

...:11,

!!T~1,·-li:1in·d

I1111rd1·r q:1 i11~·d iii~

Jti -.i

Pl d

h>r tl 1is J.0 sli:1rd

fll~!n

f:.o r('~tll·:'...; i11 t i1c \\' :L \·1· lwl1 1\\".

lw:1\·f·nly l1opf• i~ nil F:t r('TH\
B1il \'artldy }11,11t..', !10\\' liri:. dd. ~1w'er,
~ti ll tlt1t ·tu: 1t1:."' u'er tlii _
..; ('\1a11;:i11L!" :-'C L'llt',
1\ .. :. !"a l :"'t~ nnd ! lt•1._:li1 1 ~ ;1-.: ' ti..; f;1ir. - J/,)n. ·r.

pri,mir r 1ln1w?
l1:111d_..; w i1 l1 guru1
prt11rl

a felon·, Cl'll,

Tlie tittt: ..:t ('ilrtlil:· ty pe t1f l1l·ii:
F _q· tLi:-i, tl1c Lu~·11 fur \rLi cl 1 l1L' pullrcd
Pi~ youri;.; l.Ji11 1d 111! tl1 1..• i11\ :1d•T
:--wurd,
.1\11.l q1 11rit1 ·d lii'c t)1,_. fi.::trt'1d u1:::,L,
1 Ii ~ t ~:1 J11· l ;..::dnul lil1 1.: r!y i;-, 1u ~L.
1

1'.21 . Tl icy li11:1...,L I !icy

1.'\l!JllJ

but

fi) i11 1p ru\· l_~

~

]:\D.

Tl1L:

d:·11J<11~cl

i;:J1t

('\_)J"l:-lci1111."'i

lier s:i!,k c11rtai 11,! 011·11, a11d pi1111t•d it with a~t 1tr .
W1ll1.·i· :·,a\\' i t:--. J.,~nl, 11nd

J,]1h11cd.

~ iJ,·1J! · \.:.

·1n2. Al!d
T1.J

Y f's, fhc·y will

~jyt) enJi ;.:(lltdJ\.'i] fr ,_
•t_d .•lli tP ~'!JI" l1ti11d~. wJto tll'l' flll'lll~•: JVL'S tho
ti la1·es of plls,io11, flvarice, a ncl pridl'.
1

12\J.

1

lilt. Tlt o " ' l'''ll l1 .. :1rd tl1(·111, a11< l ,J,,, t1·c·111l,J..d .

uur ~tatc. enbrgo

our tlio11~l1f R-, an d fr e e 11'1 frorn th e yok e of {' rror.

nf ('\.,-·ning gl ow-,

tr!l ll'!llii in t!il' !1\·:1\·,·11..;. :1111 •Yt\

Tl111 ~

(·r i 1 1~1' i--t H f~•1il{'l' nil~~ :

(;01] HlHd1• tlt0

~ ~-\ ,_• t!H· ~Hr_~

Tn

Tia: luili11g- surg-t•s
]~0.

193

FIG URE S - F: X A ,If J> f , ES.

1

12:"!. f.:wc0t ill'<' t li e ll """ oi' :ulv0rsit.y,
\\' lii .. 11 lik e t li e tPa•l. u~ly nncl Ye110111011•,
·w,•11r,; yet a pr ccio11:< jewel i11 iii; ln:acl i -- Slwke.•peare.

Jih.1 · a p<11111i1· ... 1·i.1111· 4
Leal tlio Lluws of ~<lllf\!1.- l!uhn.1'.i..

,,

l:l:L ]!,· r ]i;,ir· dr<><>J«'<l c].,.,,-11 l"·r J•:tlli.J ,.J"".J;",
Likl' "'t'll-\\"n:d

n11

a

c l : t l l l . - //1)!?11r'."f.

l :J4. " ' " [11l11rn11i j l(':We, like tl1u.' <.: voieflllic "tones, our 11n·l'i ou:1
Al111:1 .\fat•:r,

But

11

ill hel'j> drv111•ing 111 agai11 tu 8<.:e llw de11r uld cr:cl.l'r.
Jlolm1~<.

]:~;;.

Prn]O(!'lll'S in JJl (• tr'~ a r e tc 1 ntlHT p ro~

A H \\'Orflted

17

s t vc kiu g~

are tu e11gine-!Io se. - l/u{m.:1.
N

'

.•,.
~·

19-1
13G.

COMI'OSITJON ANJJ RIIETORIC.

FIG U RES-EX,1/Jfl' /,ES.

l.W.

To thee it [dea th] is not
rnu r h C'Ven n~ th o liftin g of a latch;
Only n sll' p i11t o tl1 c <>pC'n air
Out. of n 1"111. alr,•:uly !11111i11n11s
\\' ith ligl 1t tli:tt ,J 1i11"" t lirou gh it.8

n xt coming tl o wn so use iutn tl1 u licn -yanl. ~u, it i> '"d tlil'
blcnchiug vio.:ti111 bun g up tu 111 .. 11lt its draggle,J fulltlwr" i11 t '"'
that he wishes to slww us. Jiu Ju,·,·s tl1u lmwk -na lure """'"II
; ho bcn-nnture; au1l if liu i:i unc:q11allcd i11 a11yt.liing it i" i11 t l111t
oy breadth of view, t.bat i1upr eg nability uf l'l'a:mu, that ln'.>k .-;
n upon all ranks aml co ndiLiuns of men, 1ill furt.une allll 1ni.<tur witt1 the equal eye of th e pure arti st. - Loinell.
There throu g h t l1e lo n;!, bri gl1t J11orni11:.;s we rc111 :1inc•l,
Wtitching tho noisy f<.:rry-lwat Ll1at plied
Like n slow shuttlo through the wnny warp
Of thremled si l vcr from n t.liu11 >:1 nd brooks,
That took n ew beauty 11::1 it wuurnl away . - I lu/l.rnd.

137. Th e hurni sli C'Ll <lrai-'."n.fly is thine ut.lentlnnt,
A nil tilt;; ngain't th e field,
And do wn th e li:<IC'<l ~ nnb c nm rides, r esplendent
With stccJ- 1,111 0 rnnil nn<l Hhiel<l.- Lon:ifellOUJ.
Th o f'itmilinr lin es
Arc footpnths for the tli o11g l1ts of Italy.
I.0119.fellow's Ode

to

1!l!l. A n<l mill er low l1rows, J.l:t('k with ni ght,

Hay cJ out at.

ti111"~

Shnkcspenre did not menn l1i,; grr nt trfll.(e<liC's for R<':lrc-

wa, IUI if the nailing uf 0110 hawk Lu t hu bnrn-<luor would 1o1·.. ,·.. nt

~o

138.

195

n 1langc ro11s light.,

Tl"• :<l 111rp h" at-liglit nin g of her fn<'e. - lV!tittier.

HO . It is 11 othi11g lik e th e gr;n·c irony of Socrntcs, which Wai
wc npon of a 1111rn th oroughl y in enrn cst, - t.h c boomernng of
r11 enr., \\'l1ich 01w throw~ in the opposito direction of what ho
tu hit, 1111Ll wlii r h :<('cm~ t.o U<' ll yi 11!-( nw11y fro111 the mlversar1,
will pre; ently !i!lll him self knocked <lown uy it.-Lowell.
141. And th e rnrcs that infest the day
:Shall fold their t e nt~ like th e Arnhs,
And llH sil ently steal nwny. - lo n!lf~llow .

148. If, ns poets nre wunt to whim>, tli" n11tward wurld "''"' ,.,,J,J
him [Shnkespenrcl, its l1i t ing air <li1l L11t tral' e it sd f in J.,,·«li1·>l
Lwork of fan cy on th o 1n:1IJy willlluw; uf that sclt'-cl'll t re<l u11J
oLoorful soul. - L owi:ll.
· 149. As from a dc cil:, tl":t Ll sea, by <lr:tqi,~ lift
Of pcut volca1!tc fire;, th o 1hippi11g forn1
Of a new isla!lll S\\'Clls to 111L'l'l tlic ai1·,
And, after month, uf i1ll u li:c-king, !'e el;
Tl1 0 pri ckly frd. of ]if" fr11111 '"'u ntie- '" ;::1•rrn'<
Creeping ulo11 ~ it~ tsi1h::-1 1 and l'f·i1(' 1ilnt-e up

142. I lo is a close uh~C'rVL•r, rontinnally a11alyzing his own 11
and that of (Jf h .:·r~, letti ng foll his little <lrops of acill irony on 1111 wtlr
come nC'ar hi111, to llluk c them show what they ure mndo
Lmrell.
14 3. Tli e <by is llnn c; nrnl slowly from the scene
Tho stot•ping :<1111 npg 1 1tl1cr~ Iii,; "i'" nt s hnfts,
Arn! put" t l1 l' lll li:tl'k into his gol<k11 quiver.-Lonefelliif.

la fora ull<l 1l11\H·r t u tJ,,. life gi,·i11;.; '" " •
So from rny grid l ruse, and ~o at k11gt h
] felt ne w lil'o r ctu rni11 g : so I felt
TJ.c li fo nlr .. a1ly wak ened stretc hing forth
To stronger ligl1t a11d J••t re r at tJJO>Jdiure. - ff,,//.11,,/.

HJ. Tho perpetual :<ilt of ,;om c one \l·t·11kncs8, tliccudiesofa ·
piciot1H tc111pcr 1lt>positing Llu.:ir one in1palp111il c laye r nftcr nnotll8:
rnay J.nild 11p n shoal on whi ch 1111 heroi c lifo nm! otherwise
1111ni11wus nnturc mny bilge :iml g<> to piece>. - !.01oell.

Tlic vall ey li ollu\H'<I to it; l1 L·avc· 11 ki,.,.<« I lipTlie serrate g reen ll j,'.:ti 11 st t li e scr rat u l.J11 c Brimming wi t li boant y'" eS>e nn· ; pal pi Laut
Wi th ;l di,-in.; e:li.\ir - l11c c•11t i:nnd"
Po11recl from tli,• (!ol.J .. n •·l1a li "e of tho sun,
At wl1i c h m y ' J•iri t dra11k \l·itli ('""'"i""" 1-'.l'uWLh,
An1l 1lrnnk n;.;«in witl 1 ,-t ill ex p:indinr: 5,·u110
Of co1 11preh cn,iuu nm! of faculty. - llullawl.

ot- ·

m.e

l4fi. Th e <'O nsec rnt l'd ch:ipel on tho crng,
Arni t hu wliitu l1 :1 1n kt µ:atl1ac1l r.,un1l its Lnse,
Liko Mnry :<it t in g 111. lil•r :-;,"·io11r's !\·ot,
Aull luuking up ut !1is 11..:lovod fa ce! - LonafelWw.,

Wh e n once th o "liri11king, 1liZ1.y "t•cl l "'"' go11e,

I sa w below rn o, lik u a j<' \\'C·lkd

""l'·

-~

196
151.

CO ,lfI'OS!TION AND Rl/ETORIO.
In onr ~..i11wi -hnnks we ~:1y,
Of tJin,e that li vid their l1<'fld; aliove tl1 e c rowd,
Tli cy JloL1ri sli cd tli en or there : hut lifu in him
Co ul1! s1·aree loc sni<l to 1lo11ri"li, only to11clt'd
On suc h ll ti111 u tlS goes ucii)re t hci leaf,
\\' ltt·11 all t l1e wood Hnncb iu fl 111i;t of fil'Ccn,
_;\1ul 11otl1i11g )'i.:d\: d . -

Tol 11.'f"'""·

102. We urc pnpjJl' t', )fan in l1i .-; J•l'i1l<-, ar11l
Ho wer :

Do we move 011rseln·•, or are moved by nn un~ccn lrnnd, ac

CHAPTER V.

n gfuno

Thttt pu~li e"

UH

off from tlie uo11rd, uni! otl1crH ever succeed 1

SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF STYLE.
A Comparison.- nhetilri<' li:l <..i ;-:011H·ti1n c ..; l1l'l'fl ('() lfl j1 !lrt' d 111 an ·h i111 tl1i .-; cu1np:1ri ... (111, w11nl_..., n.rt' t lit• 111 :tft·rial....: 1.it' \\ l1i 1·!1 :l
stnu.~t 11re i:"' cu r:i;11"'." '-'d, ~t· 1 1h_·n< ' L':-I are I11t• tini ... J11 ·d \\·:t!I"', 1111d fi:..~1irt · ""
the orna!l lt' l lt~. E:wi 1 pf tl)(' " l ' fr11 1i1·:-- !1:1--. ri " w li('l·rt r rl;PL· tl1 (' .-. :1Lject of n c hapter, und er t.li e f<evernl lie:111' uf fli1·tio11 , :-;<·111" 1w.·, ,
nnd Fig11rc~.
tecture .

The Comparieon ~o ntinued. - Tli o c11111pari ·-11rt 111:1y 1w 1·:1rri1·d <i! w
step farth e r. Wl1i k 1!1e pnint.'i 1!1n ,; far 11111111·.J 1,..1,,11;: 1.. all l.11i lding=", huiidillg:-1 fllvllhvi\ ·t ·:-i Hl't.: t'b:--.-;i:jl..'t) ;wi '1 Jl'!li1 1:.; I" I !1t: ir ..._,.\· 1,_·1·:d
~ty l cs of arf'l1itc<'111re, and :1c1·11rdi11~ to tl1 " '"''' f.,,. wl1icli t J1,._,. a1·1.:
intend ed. (Jne i~ n1a ........ \ \·0 :ind :-:.t1..•rfl 1 HJ111tl1vr li;:l1t n11.! /.!T:t 1·1· f11l;
one i~ Or et·ian. a11otl1er <fo1!1ii • ; on e i~ :t f\·111plt~ f11r di\·ine w1 1 r ~ Li 1 • 1
01' a hall for k~i~lati4JJJ, :11Hit l1 ~·r i ~ 1i1dy a 1·ri\'al1· r1 1a11:--i 11 11.

:\r (·!ii

t cc t11n.\ in Plh vr word .\ li11 ... i i~ :-:1.,·!1..""' ... 11 i; t.·d to it ... ~ ... ,·. ·ral 111Ta ... i 1°1 1.. ,
tb o11 g l1 in (1 \·ery ~ryle aJI t.!1 0 points thu ..: far n1iti1· 1·d arL' !Jt'c ' 1·:-l.-... ;u ·y.
Ev ory IJu ildi11g, t l1al Jin,..; a chi111 tu he a1T l1ilt...T t t1ra l a t :ill, 11 vt· 1._· -;sal'ily HllI• (>U:-oi e:-1 ruaterial...;, wa ll~, arid lll l'HIL., uf urn:1 111v11t. j;;1L
beyon1l tliis, lJ11ildin;:.:' nq1idly di1·ur!.!;c, uud l'acli lia:; '" " "·tl1i 1' ;.;
peculit1r to itself 11· lii1·l1 others lial' c not.

How Applied to Rhetoric. -So it i.' in J{J; c tori<'.

E ,·e ry kin d .,f

cornpositilH) !'(•1111 ires Wt>I'd:-', :'('lll('Jl f.'l'~. an1l tij.!lll'l'~.

T ill' c!i-..1·1 1.. :--i 1111

of tlicsc in,·oi,·<·:; wl111t 11111y lw ealkd till· fil'l1eral prup ert i1 ·.' ut' "t.' 11·,
th'.ll i:-\, ti1·1 ~<..· wlii1·l1 l 1(·l1111µ- t •J 1·\'t·r y :--1w1 ·i1· :-:1 ,, j' 1· !l!JlJH1~iti111i. i: 11t
bey o nd tlti,..;. \\' urk ."' lia ,· e ~p1·t ·i: d 1w1'1 il i:1.riti1_·:-1. :---1i1 t J1 · wurh :-; 1!!'1' :-- 11 Llimc1 ~0111e a.re bt·a1nit'11l , ~u1 11e witty, ~0 111e l1u111orq11:--1 . ll1i ~ givc:i
rbci tu \\.I.al. Ill<! )' IJIJ called t.l1e "! •<Tial l'""J 'urtieo of ~t; k.
11 "
l '.J]

198

C0

Jrf f'

0 SIT f 0 N A ND

JUI ET 0 RIG.

The Speci a l Properties of Style form the next topic of disThey will be considered under the following heads:
S U BLlMITY, BEA UTY, \Vn, and HtrMOH.

cu~;; ion.

I. SUBLIMITY.

The highc~ t commendation that can be given to any piece
of composition, is to say that it i~ sublime. f-;uhlimity, the w
~ore, is a quality of style ll'hi ch deserve:; special 8tu<ly. It is

impor tant to determine with some particularity both what it
is, and how it is to be attaineJ.
I. What Constitutes Subllmlty.

How we get the Idea.-Tlte ea., ic"t way of gl'lting fl cleal' idea of
Sut..!irni ty, as applied to wltat is writ.ten or spoken, is flrnt to notice
w hat is sulilin11J in oth er thin gs. Tl1 e fe,·ling of SuJ,l irnit.y, 118
11
m ental clllotiun, is pc·rfcctly "irnpl e, nnd, like all 'iruple st11tcs of tho
mind, in capal,lc of deli11ition. ,\II we know of tlte 111attcr, on tl 1o
final anal y,;i., , is, tlrat in ccl'tain ~ituati111r,; tli e Jllin<l cxpcl'ienccs n
pceuliar e} e,·ati<>n , nf fl pll' ft~ur·al,l u ki11d , null tlli1t to tlii~ mental
~tat.e \\' e giYe tl1 e nalll c uf tlJ c ~ 11Llirne.

l' R 0 l' F ii 7' l F S- SC JI J, I Jf 1T1·.

SI' F: CIA l,
hea\,.0n, in

tl1(~ ho11ndh_·~~ (·xp:lllF'C

\\'l 11:r(·\·er ~p : 11~ e j..;

(If tl 1e on_·an.

conccrnc11, n.1npli!111le. or l!Tf':ttnv~~ of e xtl·1H in on (~ di1n (·rt...,i 1 )n "r

nnothcr, is

n e ce~:-::1 ry

to g r:1rnl v11r.

}{ e n1o vo

s. ll

L(J11nd~

fr11111 an y

object, and you at on~ c 1·c11der it rnlilimc. Jlcrwc, i11ti11it ,, "1''1""'
- endless n11111i> e r~. 11 1111 l'I L·rn:tl Juratiu11 alway,; till tl1e rnir11 l wit Ii
itlcn;; of ~Hl.li1J 1 ity .
Direction of this Extent. --- It j , noti cenhl c, l1 ow r ""r. tlint. ,· n«t. •· xt.cnt in a hurizunt:d dire ction d•1cs not atkct tl1e mind so 1•1>\\'ert"11lly1
A 'l'"''!:< t" r r11ay 1· x118 an equal ex!l.'ut upwarLb <1r dow111\'111'd,;,
pc ricncc n feelin g <1t" grandenr in lo11kin g o ver a plain 1 ~tri:k h i n .:! in
every d irec t.i1)11 1 in u1il1r11ke11 lin es, t\\'t..•nty, or thirty, ur f,~ rt y rn ik ~ .
lint l1is feel inc: wo11ld lie i11ter"ili i;1] :1 tll\111,,u1d -f,,ld wcr" '"' I" J, ,,, k
up nt a n1ou11iain 1 ri~ill~ boldly to an equal !11.:ig lit int11 t l11· ~l~ i 1 ·~ ~ or
<lown ove r a sl1eer pr·e•·it•icc, ;.inking to a liki; awf1ii •k1• tl1 l• el u w .

The Firmament. - In tl1 e ('fl"' e of tl1e fll'marnen t. Wl' lo:t'' " \":L•t nc'"
of extent in all direction .~ . lt i ~ th e widest., tin: l1i.u: l1l's L1 th e di.'l'i 1 t'"'t
lit·fH' o its u11iver~ul ;l('c·1..·1.t:1111:e as : t 11 1 u~t irn -

oUjcc t in all natu1·c.

pres;;iv<e inst arw e qf Ruhli111ity.
;..

2. Power. -

The second ci rcunrntanc c t!t:tt may l 11 · n:un c•l

as produciu;; a fccliu;; of the subli111c is great l'"'1c-r.

T':o Senses of the Word.-TJ,i, f<·rrn , ti. .. S11l>li111e. or Sttlil irnit.y, j 0
ll[•plt c<l soruotirncs t.o tlie object." w l1icl~ 1'l'odn1·u t.lie fe eling, Rvmctinrc" to t.l1c fr clirtg itsclt: Thus we r11 ay tiay, "i\iagara is a wontlerfitl i1tstnn cc of tli e sul1lir11 c," "Snlilirni1y i:; tl1e d1ieC cl1a1·11cteristio
uf Nini:;ara,'' or \\" C rnny ~ny, "l li:tvu nn O\'Crpowcring sense 0 (
suliliruity (or, o f t.l1e s11Llimc) wlt e ncYer I look upou Niugam."

A Locomotive.- A man standiri;.( hy 11 rnilru11•l t r:r .. k, •>1 1t. in t he
open country, wl1ere tl1 c train s I'"'" :it full 'l"'ed, :utd , ,.,.j llL'. a 11 1<1 11ster lo eo rr11Jt.iv(', witl 1 its en•11·1 r1<111s burden. swevp hy a t t l1e rato .,f
forty or fifty 111ik,; an lt o11r, ~!raki n g the \'Cry eart Ji a.~ it. i'"""'cs, get.~
nn impre:'~ i o n of power that bin tlte hi g l1est degree s ul, Ji111,·.

How Defined.-Altlt o11glt t!t e s11bli1n c, n~ a sirnple mental emotion,
is in cnpaL.lo of d d initi(!n, we can e1111111 c rnte tl1e , c vcrnl qualiti~s
nn11 eircnrnstnnccs whi c!t, liy ;;c11cral con,<c·ut, pro1l11 cc tlte feeling,
1t1td can tl111~ e11al1l e cnclt 011u to judge \\'lint tlrc fl'l'ling i,1, by nn
appeal tu his owu cou:;ciou:; ne.,;s in view of tit1cl1 •p ra lities or circum-

ing the gi g antic n1a cliines now th e1l in e ngine P rin~ n pt·r:tti11n:4, pond e r o 11 R han11npr~ 1 \Yei g J1in~~ in ~ ntnf• in~tance~ Jnan y li1I1~ 1 !-1 ,,~ n yv•l
up 1111111lo\\"n , \\'itli all tl1<·i1· rPsisrl,•.,.;,; mas,;, witl1 l"'rt'1:..t •·:1,.;,· :111 .J
dexterity, as if mere playtl1in if' in ll1e hand.-; nf 11 cl1il d . 111d n ·d , tl1 e

stance..~.

a::1

1. Vastness.-The firs t circum stance lhat may be named
produciug a feeling of the sub lime is vas tues.~.

Examples of Vastness. - We l1rt\' () l'Xlll11plc,; or tlii ~ in wide extend ed plain ~ to w lii cli t l"J eye rnn ~<:t m1 Ji1uit, in tLe finuarnent of

Steam-Hammers. - A lik e

i!lipr e~~ion jg

pro11nr e1l on C' onkml'l:tt-

actual }>f"t)(' (':-\~ l':-i of lllutL •rJl lllLT !1ani:-;r11, a ~ ~l '\'I\ i11 0111' r if \l/ ) il t i e...:. Hil d
lninl'.S, far s11rp:t.-.::-1 in grandt·11r wl1nh•v1..: r \\'/t:-> fal.k·d b_v tin~ HIH.:i erd .-;
in tl1 <·ir wil<Je,; L i1rt:tgini11g,.; of t.l1 e labor~ uf \' uk:irt :ind ti"· Cy,·lu1 •>.

Natural Objects. - :'>!:11 1y ul•.i <'<.' I" i11 1111t11re gi,·o :111 i1111•r1' ''i"tl ,. f
po,ver !hat

nwnk c n~

n

f (.•4 · lin ~ of

tl11..' !-'11Lli11H'.

. .i\1nu11~

tlic ....;v lll:l}

ho

rneution cd cartlt•1•1akes, tln111d i; r 1wd li g lituin g, \' uka11u e., , eatarad,,

200

CO.~II'OSITION

AND Rlll>'TORI(J.

SJ'ECIAL l'R

sto rrn s at sen, and nearly all 11 n11 s11 al nnd violPnt commotions ot U.
c:lcmonts. So1Ho of tlw large r anii:wl,.;, ><11c:h a~ th e lion, displa7 a
certain JWW('r n111l majesty that raisu 1111 c1110Lio11 of 8u\Jlimity i.o tbi;
l•d1older.
War-Horse.- Th o wnr-horso, 11s
farniliur instnnco.

(h• scrih~d 1n

&.sagge ratcd t111d e r tlio i111lt1cllCO of 1rn ex..;it"l i1na~i11at i 1>11.

~

scaJ,e, Llw llPW<:ry llll'ad1>w, or tliu IH1:--y n11d !lu11ri~l1i1Jg city; but
tliu liuury 11101111tai11, tlio o«~i111ry lake, ll1u a;;cd forc"L, ur Lhc <l&A(:rktl niin.

For tl1u

'111 11 e

f<'ll"<>ll.

anythin::; wh id1 ha~ in it;;elf el()-

1n c u1 .~ of ,.;rand(~ 11r ht·Cor11ec-1 ~till 111orc i111pre~!-'iYo wl1 L' n oLscrv-.:.~ llt

Tliu lirr1111rnP11t., a111 id t 1><1 .- ii«n"o nnd "l illne~~ of !lint. S<'IL"On,
fitrikcs tlw i11111gi11atio11 wi t Ii 11 111<1ro n wfol grandeur than when seen
nuii(I the RJ1lt·11dl)rs 1 f tl1e n11 1niday ~r1r1. Tlw il1 ·('p tont.:s of a grent
liell nn• at :rny ti111 e !f l':il!.l; ),,11 ti'"·' :11·" du11 J,Jy .'n wl1t:n l1c:aril nt
th o still n1111 ~C>lf.11111 l1<•11r «f 111 i>lni L' l1t. In tl11· ,-q ],]i111 " lil'S!Tif•tion
which tho ~c ripture~ i.;i1·e of t I"' l".""enco nf .J e lin\'ali, ho is repr!!Bont.cd as s111To1rn1ling l1i111sclf wit Ii 11 my~torio11 g (lnrkness.
niglit.

,lrnll~

l>uld upon tl1l' i111:c~i11 :1ti»11.

Example. - A f!OO!] il\11-.f 1·atio11 <>f t hi' i.-. fo<llltl i:i t],. , ]..,,.].; of
Joh, (4: 13-17.) wln: n Eli!'Laz di·:--.<-ril ~t: :-i a :-<pirit a ~ 1q 1 pl·ar1u~ h' l 11H1
In thu silence and 11l"'·11ri1,- of tl 1e 11i~l1t:

(J o b 39 : lY...2.5.)

Obj ec ts which In spi re Awe. - flarkn1·s,;, ,,,Jit11<le, an11 M
il enco,
e~pecin11y l\·l1e11 c1111111·,·iL'\1 wi ll1 :-.11111u i1 1ddi1111Llti Hl-'J1rd11.:u:;iun of
<lnnge r, nll te nd to 1•r .. 1l11n• I\ ft:c·li11;; uf >'t1Lli1Hily. Tlw ~cone,; of
external rrn t ure wlii,.J1 nw:ik1·n iJ,;, fr('liH).:' ar" ll»t tlio :.;ay lund-

Ghosts. - Hence tl11' awe in,;pir.:d hy t. lie "'ll'i'"""d "Pi"'""""'"' <•f
glioRt...w.. Tho 111y1-'terio1b p(1WL'r aftrilJ111 L«1 t11 . . . 1i· · l1 1 1 t ·i11 .:!~, .i(• i11 1·.d 1 1 1
tl 1e awful obf4c11rit.y nttendi11L! tlwir nppt•n.ran"L.', ha:--. alw:iy:--. Vt\ ' ell

thorn a

3. Awfuiness. -The tliird cirrumbtancc that may be named
as pro<luciug a feeling of the su blime is a certain degree of
awfulness au<l solemnity.

Night. -

201

Obscurity Operates.- Oh,;curity alo11e doe" ll»I. 1·1·,,.f11ce ~11),.
but it co-oper11k.-; i»Jll'erl'till .Y witli ot l1 cr 1·i1·v11111 -t :illl'l' S i11
_:producin~ tlii~; feeling.
Tl1i:1 i~ ~1 11u rvn ... . 01'. \\·l1y. ol~jt·c~:--. ut l1t·.n\ i ... . _,
iJoprcssivo, 1~ec n1n e l1H1rt•, ~o i1. 1111._1 ol1 . . . c11r1ty ol I l1v. J11 µl 1 ~ .~ca:-- .. 11.
hings Reen only iu di1n, urwerL1in u11tl inu 1~eeon1e rn1q..; 11t11 ... ·1l a1td

"Ilnl't th1Hl giYC' ll the h1_1r.-.c NfrC'ngth ? hn.s t th o u clutl1Cll hl~ Heck wiUk U.•·
<'fer? ( 'i\IJ."t thou nm kc h irn n fnd 1 l n~ n g rn...:." h · 1 1 •1 •t..·r ·.• Tlie glory <if lll:-1 n<J5trlh:
terribl e. lie po.w-.: lh f11 the VAllt·r. nn!l r~·j n keth i11 hi~ ~tn•ngth; he g-octh on~
mee t the 1\rrnt:d m e n. H e mockcth u.t fear. and Is 11 ot uffrighte<l; nei tllcr tun 1tifk
he hac k fr u JJl th e b\\'1Jf1 1. Tli..: quir-.:r r 11Ltlt-t!1 again s t hi1n, the ~litkr lng l!pCU'
nn<'1 the shicl cL He ~w111lov,.-eih the ,i:nn1r1d with fi e: r1 '(· 11ess nnd rage; ncitJi"1
OOllevc th he that it is th e so un d of the tr11111pet. Be !'i1lith among the trum petA.
Ha. ! ho.! nnd hL' fi1nr·l1Pll1 th~ On.ttlc ufttr uff, L!1e th u111!er uf the captui11" 11nd lbQ

•ll o ullug."

or E fl Tl ES-SUH LJJJ 1 Tr.

1<Jn thoiq..~h t.-, from

tlw vi.... iu11s nf tilt.: 11ig t 1L wl1t·11 d 1.__•1·p

~l1·" 1' fa!lt-tli • 1 !l , !~: 1 • ri,

f(!n rcn.mc 111)(,H 1\ll', Hllil tri·rnhli11g, wl1H·h 111a•le tdl m y IHHw ..... l•• ~11ak1· . . , l lw!t
a11plritpfl!-i!-'Pd bef1tre rny fo1•c: tlw.l 1u i r• •f my l\e.-.h :-1 11< HI l lj• lt .. t,,,.,,j . . ( ; ,J .. •l•\lt

I co uld not
-

di~f'( ' rll

tht.'

t'< .n11 tli1 •rt ·,,f: .u1 1 11;H1ge \\u.."l l1\.· !~ 0 r1.: 1 n1r1~ 1·) t .. . ll 11 h

.\:':~

BilCllCC, nnJ] !iellnl a v1 1i•T. ~11yi1q;. Sb 1tl\ 11111rtal llll\ll I~ l1Hd.t: jlihl L!t a11 ~ .. ,.\.

5. Loudness bf Sound.-Another circ111w•tarwe wlii .. !, oCt t'n
produces the foeliui; of the sublime i ~ great luudue:;~ ,,[' ti11t111d.
What Kinrl of Loudness Sublimo. - Tt i:-: I1 1d, !111\\·1 ·\·1 ·r, 1._·\· , . i· y k i 11d
of Jorn] so 11 111i tl>at prod11""' tlii,; "ff,.,·1. :-;.,11,,.J , tl1a t a r-,, - l1riil "'
pierr-in~, tn:iy t c· rrify or distrt·~", l111t they du I111t . till tlit· 11 t i11d wi 1~1
jden.." uf f-':l'Hwk11r. It i~ tl11_• tl i:t ' ] l La'-'-'4 (1f t!1 t.1 on·:1r1 . ttit.~ r11nr 11 f t!1\i
ettt.n.ract and o r tlw :-;tonn, ut' tlitillCk·r nnt1 cartl11p1nkt·. tl1 :-.l1 ontir1:..!_
n 11111 ltitndt-, (Jr tlit• l111r:--tin!..!; of 1·a1111t•n, 11°1~ tlio ~Itri · h. ot' tln)
1•

of

)ooomot.ivo, that 11wak"11' a

t'"c:lir1~ ,,f ,11l'1illlily.

1

"He h(IW{'•l th p tir·nq·n ;;; ril ... r .. nrnl c111n1• , J,,w n: 111td d1trkllt'."I~ WR~ 1111iler hi!
feet. lie lJH\dc durk11t·~s hi s i-:rt·rvt j1 ]1\1 ·~·; hi . . pa\·iliuH H•\itlol ti.IJuUt him wero
tltt.rk \'Htkrs , u.11J tliii ·k cl1.11il:i ,,f tl 11· :-- kit· .... ·· l l'.-,n liu l .~ . '..1 ll. j

4. Obscurity. - Another circurmt.ancc tl1at helps to awaken
a feeling of the sublime is obscurity.

Exa.mple from Revelation. - J J, l\V 1nat1.\ I ,f ! ! !(' ... I ) ldt~ll.'4 Hrf\ Ln Hl ~ rIt
tog-otl1c•r in tha t. s111d i1 111_' :-:eerie dv ~ l'ri!.ed i11 t!1u l~l·\ · c!ari(•ll (l J 1.i
1

"And I h r nrd n!-0 it '''{'T'\>t lie \'i1!1•t1 (1f n. ~rt·u.t multit udu. ht it I u. .... t!1 ~ \' 1•i • ·e 1,! 111 a11y
wn.t.crs, 1-t.nd u.s tlic \'(Jkt: of mighty tlln1 nlorl 1q,>':i. SJ.l)'i!lg, Alldu t •~. l·ir tbv Lurd
Gul1 Umllipotcut rdg11cll1."

G. Moral Greatness.-A fr 1·li11g of tho cul>ii11"· i,; awakened when we co11tcrnplate nnythiug l:ltrikingly great or
noble in humau actiuu:;. Tlii:i i:i cu11.1i.;ti1rn.::; rnllcd the Mum.~

Sllblimc.

202

Explanation. - ·wh eneve r, in some- c ritical nnd liigh situation,"'
boli uld a 111nn un co mrn onl y in t rcpi<l, nnd resting upon himadf•
superior t o pas.•io n and to frar; el cvntc<I by ~o m o great principle to
tli o contemp t of populnr o pini on, of sc lfi~li interest., of dangol'8,-Qt
of deatli, tlien we nrc stru ck with n se nse of tlte sublime. Aotiollll
of tlti ,; kiml nre CI1lle1l he roic, and they produ ce nn effect sirnil11r tcr
tl111t proilu cc<l by tl1 e conte111plation of tlt o gra nd ol(j 1Jets in natu.re.
filling th e mind wi t lt ad111irntion, nnd e Hn with nwe.
'Vh e n Ki 11g l'o r11 ~. nfte r n g-n llnnt de fen ce, wns ltlk cn prisoner, and waaaske4
h o w h e wi s lu.:ll lu he l rt..' 1lt( d . li e replied," Lik e fl ki ng.i.
'Vh en the p i l ot ''' l\S n fr1dJ to p11t out to sen with Ca::snr In nn open boat In Ume
of ii,turin, Cw~n r ~nid, .. Why d o you fcn r ? Y1111 t·u rr y Or:mr."
\\' h en (iitknn co111ic rn11 t.·(l th e coptivc prilH'('s Zc bn nnd Z11lmunno.tobeput
t o <1cutli , n11d cn mm 1u1d e d h is r-;0 11. wh o Wl\.'i s ta nc! i 11 g Uy, to slny them, they ropl l ed t o (;id con, " Hi.""e lli1i11 1111d fol J upon u ~ ." th i11ki11g it more h o norabl e to fall
Ly th e lrnnd o f 11 great w ~tr r i f' r t li o. 11 h y lh e hn11tl of 1l m e re youth .
An En;.d l ~ h trn ll!" p1 irt , r·ar r y 1n g JlfL"-"''ll J.;1 ·r~ n nd 1rn'1 p", ~ pm.Hg u. leak u pon tJ}.6
I11Ll in 11 Ocea n . H eld to th eir rluty l1 y n y11ung- En !-il g-n , tl1 e fo11r hun<lred troopa
gn.,·c llp Lh e llfe.l.Jn1\ti-: to t il t• l'''-"'-'- t'Tl J!f'N ; nnd fn nnl!1 ~ i11 rn11k 1tnd file on the
dec k , 1.L"I tht~ h.1aclcd hnnt.~ ~aih• U t i ff to u. Sf\fe dbU1.11c c , th e p11."-..:e n~e rs caught tht:1
iHi unrl o f Lhe yo un g E11 !-'ig 11·.-. \'Olce , EL~ he shout ed , sta11dil1g- foeo t,.i fni:e witlt
d t: ath , "Fire. 111y 11op;, u 1 n1. nin~ ~u iutc t.o uid E11i,;-l1rnd ! " T l1t'n' c11m e a vollC'v
of 1 11n ~ke t ry , fll1U wlit:u the !imokc cl eared awa y, t111t Cl.' \' 11 1.1. ll1111ti1tM !'! jntr told
wl 1e re th e , ·es!'iel and h e r g-1lll rrnt fn:ight lmrl J..:" OllC <lnwn ht•n pnth th e waters.
1

Ac ti o ns such a.~
full of exa.mpl es.

203

SPECIAi., I' R O I' E R T f ES_ S U B L I .II I T Y.

C0 1!!I'OSI1'ION AND RI!ETORJC.

these 1111 the mind with n fecll11 g of l11 c wt.lime. HU;tory i.
II. Tb e S ublimo In Writing.

2. A Vivid Conception of the Strong P~i~ts. -Th e secoll<l
. 't . or<l er that a pi ece of cornpo~ 1t1011 shall be subrequis1 e, m
· ·
t" n
·s tl1~t the writer or speaker form a v1v1l1 couccp 10
·J
·_
1me, 1
"
.
f <l.
.
·Of the strong poinLs of th e subj ect o i scour~e.
.
!\. man of feeble abili1.i e;;, though il e:<cr iliin .~ tliu
Explanation. - •
.
.
. • . v )"et n"L
tl 1e i11 o" t 8lnp en1l o11,; ol>Jei·t 111 rrntu 1u, 111.1.
.
.t 1
most u w u or '
·'
·
·
.
· • · ·I · t
.
· ] I .. t'<
ll
u1'
suul
wl1i
eli
will
letL<l
111111
tll not.Jee II i.1 .
11
b ve tl1 e nnturn e " ' ''
·
.
·
n
ll
., 1 in th e ol•jeet. Il e 11111 ,;t hal'O "u111 e tli111 g gra11d 111
Is reu Y gr ·111 '
·
I·
I
ti 111•'cc i v,.; rig Ii t ly of what i ; grnn< "' ot ' " '" . ' ,., .
h.imseIf in onlcr to con
.
. IT . 11.· · 1.l · gift,,f(;,,d. ;-; .. "1"~
lt · not in rul e" to give
t!t1 ,; a •I ii ) .
" •l·
·
Cll~s wri te subli111ely, Cl'C ll un a sid1li111 e subject , 1111kss li e l1a:o1 1•Y

nutnre u certain greatnc8:i of ,;o ul.
·
·
lii l'i arrtl.)' with ~ntlin:-1ia --1 1n
Napoleon in Egypt , wi ; l1i11 g to 111;;_l"'"l' · 1 . I 1• Tl1irt.y l'ell! uril·:-.
for the haltl e, point.-d to tin• l'.n:t11111 I "'· an1 "'"'
. .
, .,; .
.
1
' u'" K111H1~·wlHl\\': t~tH1tl11r11~ 1· lft1f!ttr c
nrc lonk111 g i n\\' ll 1111!•1\ ·" 4 , .
.l .
.
.
•
I ,_... l111arv inulltl
rnonl<l wo11lil ha ve tl1u' conc ~ 1, .., d v t· 'pukcn ol t " . " - •

mentg o f nnt. i• i11 i t _v~
t
' f ni.r'it •11nnn 1r tl1e rn 11 1111tain., .1:-: :1 ~pt'r· tac l e ii;,'
A thun der-s orm ''
,,, . . . ~.
. ' ·• ·r ··11rat<J in all
11 e sublillli ty. Bu t :L <le"<"riJ'tl•Hl of rl , t\ c ll I Ill < .
t .:bl
I 1·
e1
Th u w nt e r 111tist
1
.
·.
.·
!·ts 11.. rti cular>' would no t nccc-"""·i\ y ie "" 'inHl.
". I· )\\" t1 J' <..: ··1 z · · ...;{ r1111 1•\v 11111111 tl1 u:--;v rL·W g: ran1· 1 1l';~ 111 ,..l .. w 111,·11
k now H
. c ..... '·
r. ~
.
.
I l. '
1"t11 t"v 1·t ~· '~ul1li1nitv• • ~011 e ln1t a pul..'.t uf li1 g li t(l'll l t1 :-' t · t 1\lJ1 i, t, 1..,
COil" l
I

Havin g t.1111~. in rc-gan1 t.o nct ions :11111 to 1111t11rnl ol.jects, formed
Rl! lll C tlefluit e iil ea of w l ial. llio"'' •111 al i1 il's ar" w l1i t" l1 rnisc in 11 ~ tlie
fc.Ji uµ; of !.l"' s11l,li111 c. 11" \l are tl1 u h·tt,·r aid., lo <·x1•l11i11 wh ut it is
1J1at co nstitu tl•s t.lil• s11i.Jiuw in writing ur dbcu11r,;u. Tlii:'l, t.h en,
will bu our next i11 1j11iry.

1. Sublimity of Subject. -Th e first requisite, in order that

c 1 > fl C'l'. iv 1~ d of it. a ~ Byr1111 l1:l:-i d i ill u :
hlr 1tl•1ngFr1i l!l p et\ k to p e ak tl1 e rntl l i11g (' f!lg~ !llll•ll lt.; , {'\1J11i l ,
L l."HP'i tlw li,·1· th1 1nd 1· r ~ i111L fr 1n11 \Jilt.: l'llll'
R11t every mountain 110\\" hn th f1_.11111d i\ t1111 g 111~ .

Ant..l JunL un s w er~ thri11t g h her mbty s h row~ , ,
Htwk tn th e jvyo w; .-\lp.-.., w l1 u t:u ll to ht.:r nl uu d.

a pi ece of compo~ ition slrn.ll b e sublime, is that th e subject of
di eeuurs•: ~l 1all it.-clf l"' ,u lil i111 r .
E1Cplnnntion. -

(.,. nk :-::~ 1111• n1·l j, Ht, r1r 1lit•

J1:1f

11 r·:il (1lijec t or O('rnr-

o r wl1 afl'\'1 •r iii~ t l1at \\·1.: 11 i-..1·our . . 1: al 1:1t1I, i :--. it.-..L·lf M11 1·li t,liut
if adually witnC'~~c d hy us it would n\\·ak i•n fl fL·l·ling of , 11\J]irnity,
l't'tll't',

n o 111 e r c wnnl~ ca n 11 1ak o it ~ P.

Jl i:.;h -:-:1111n di 11 g wurd~ c lot hing n
o nl y th e lion'~ ~ kin cr1\'v ri11 !! 11 11 :1 -- .;i . Tliey g-i"o

in ea n ~ u bje"t n1·0
II:! 11 l>rny, 11ot tiio i;e11uiue rvar wlii c l1 sL·111], te rrur Iv

lite

heart.

3. Suppression of Belittling Details. -A tl1ird cu11ditiun
to rnhlirnity in di,cuur,;c i ~ tl1at th e a uthor k1;u11~ what p•Lrlicularn t.11 ~m i t, a~ \\·ell a,; what t.•) inst· rt.

204

CO NJ'OSITI O N

AND RH RTORI G.

S ! 'HU I A f,

I' JI() I' R J/ Tl HS - SU /J /,I .lf I T r .

205

. Example from Milton. -There a rc. en 11 about tl1 e grnudost oh·
Jl'Ct~, 111any clc!uil , whi cli are lwli1tli11g. Milto11, in hi s lmttloof tlit

tonginne, n karnPd <:r,•ek ,.,f tl"' t l1i1·.J "'·11l11rv , 'l"" t" ' , as nn in
-~tnrwc of th e snl 1li 111e , t!1 ~ · 111 n 11111·r i 11 \\' l1i,·! 1 \l4r..,, ..., _ i11 I f11· t i1· .. . 1 <·l 1:1pl t ·r

:ingcls, <ll''<TiL,•,; tl1\'1Jl "" k :11·ing- up th e 11101111t 11ins and tlll"owini;
them nt 11ne un11t li e r:

o f (; c 11 c ~ b d ~ ·~1·ri\tt'..., 1l1 1· tT1· a ti t ,11 ul' li ;...r;l it . " C(n\ :·- :lid 1 J,,. : 1!w:··· l·1·
1
light, ao<l th e re wa~ 1i~lit.; n yet. th e exprc~ ... i11n i~ jH·rf1_·dly I1i:1in
an<l si ntpl e, wit l1 011t or11:1111(•11t nrid wit l101it a ~l1J)l_'rtl111flL"' \rurd. Tlw
gran cl eur· (if t h t· pa:-:.~:l~1.._· ('<Jn--i s t .. .; ir1 ll1 e :-:.tr<~!!~ ir1 ip rt·~-.iun i ! .:: ir 1·:-l.
us of t1 1e ~l' (' : t tnf'...;~ of tl1e di ,·int· 1•ow1.._·r, wh1d1 prod11C'v.~ s1w/ 1 w 4 111-

Fru m thl'ir f\11111d ntinr1.c.i loo ... 'n in g to n11d fro
Th ey pln c kt·tl the H' n ted hil l:-<, with nil th e i; load
Hocks, w a1 ,:r1', w ood s; u11cl l1y th e ~ h ngg y tops
'
l'plifting, bvre tli..:JU in their J10.uJ:s.

flero no (' irc11111,tan ce i>< rnention ed wliicli i,; not s 11 li!ime.
. . C_laudian. - _One of lhu m.1 cie nt poets, Clnnclinn, in <lesc ribing 4
srn11 lar scene 111 tl10 wars of t li c gia11t", 11dcls fl •·ii·1·11111 stance wliicb
r11akc>< the wli11lc thin g ridic11lu11 ; . lie n·1.i·l-scnt; one uf the !(ianlA
with ~!u11 11 t. Ida upun Iii" sl111 11 i<ltrs, ai1 d n riv,,r, which flowed from
tl1e mountain, runn il!fi d u 11 ll alu 11 g tli c gian t 's bac k.

Virgil.- So great n poc·t. fl 8 Vir1.!il l1 as rna<le u like mistake in Jcscriuing nn cr11ptiuu nf :Mount ,·E tna. Personifying th e mouu!Jiin,
li e describe,; 1t under tl1c• 1.lc;;1·adi11g i11Jag..,uf a drnukcu mau " liolohing llj! it~ Uuw eJs with a gro an " (auc/ ,111.; Vi~1·ent CUI/I geu;.i/u).
Blacki_nore. - Sir lti..J1anl Blnckr11nr l', liy a sin g ular perversity of
tfl~~e, _ se 1z~3, J UJ'oll ll1i~ idea ;:l:'i tlic ca pilal cin..: 1irn:..;l.ui i ee iu lii~ <le·
scnpttu11 , tLll c1 , as 1n 1l' u f /ii :-; critic.:' ( 1 l1::;\.·r\· ~·"", r epn:."l.' llh l lie lllVtlll tniu
us in u lit of tlie culic.
A~tna , A. nil ttll thf' hnrnfng- lnnrnHn!n~. fin 1l
Tit c ir kindl e d str1 rcs with inl1rt; d ~l1Jrl ll l'i Hf wind
Hiuwn up 111 rage , nnd roari 1; ~ •i lll t·111np!ni 11 ,
.:\!i t 1H·n wlili !1 1w 1\f•l Krl1 1e"'- , und t u rturi11g pn! 11 :
Lnliorl11g-, tlwy rn.!" t th t:lr rlrt: ndf\11 ,· omi t rou u U.
And wltli thei r melted uowdo spren d the ;:rnu;id.

4. Simplicity and Conciseness of Expression. - A fourth
c_onditiou ?f sublimity in writing is that the exp ression ue
~!Ill pJe Ullll COUCISC.
Explanation.-tii111pli .. it_1

j,. lien•

ust·d in o ppo,i ifion tu prnfuse nn<l

n11~l t '1 111~ · ist'llL'"·"' to .'-'llf • C-l'!l uotJ ~ l' Xj,l't·s~ iii fJ. In nll
ccdcl•rat.1,;d e.\<1111pl,..; <> i tl1e· ,;ul1li111o_· 11· /ii.-11 litvr 1it 11n· 1ifTorils, tli e

td.lid1vd ti rl1:l!11t 11 1t 1

ti"'

Words 11 s0<1 H1·u ('O ll!Jiarati\·t: ly plain u11d few. Tlie 811 },Ji mit.y j 8 in
t li c tlwugl 1l, u111l t /,,., j, all tho 111or o i1npn•ssi ve f"r stnud in" like
0
'
tl10 l',)Ta111id,, iu oi111[>le a 11<l uuadorued grnn<leur.

1

aerful effect ,; l1y rnerely ,;pe:tkin:: a w11rd.
The Sublimi t y of tho Go s pels.-~ '1!:111y .. r ti. " "l\ i11 ,_. ,, a11il '"" ' I ,,f
the mirn ...k ,, of our Lo rd, fl~ rl·<'<•l'<kd in t lie ( ; ""l'"I ' , I .. ," t lie· "'"""
c h n r neto l'i ~ti( •.. Tl11._v nrt i (·x111·t·:->:-ot:d witl1 t liu 11111 1(1-.t :-<. ,:; 1l it ·ir y :mil
pluinnc:-::-1 1 an d yvt tlwy art· i11 t l1t· !1i g l11.::--.l dt· .~ rq: ~i1L l i111t · . TLt· 11 ;.j -. t
.Ktnpe n<lt)tl'.'-!ll lil'a<'k:-1an:. i <l 1...'.:·H'rilwd \\' i t.!1a:-- i1 1i1iJ,~111ajc:-1ty hil l.' c11 11: d \ii
that in Geru· ,; i>< wlii<>h extorted '1H:li ad111i1·ati1111 frc>111 J..,11:: i11 11'.
~Ex aniple..>t.-ln rle~wrih\1q.: t li e grl'1d.\·:-:t1Jftdl h is 111ini.de~, !hat of rni:--i n ~ fr, 111
t he d en.d, the n•1'1)ril i~ ~i1nfdy , •·Je~11 ~ !-lfli d, Lni'.nni.-.:, v11m e lor!h ii 11.\ lie t L )1t
wns flerui ('flllle f11rtl1." 111 he1llin~ th e wn r~t form of di-..t ·n ... t · t!1\·11 1\. 11 11\\' : 1, hr_•
mcr(~ ly 81\i<l t o tltt• lepr<Jll."I llU\11, • 1 Bo tl1oll 1•lt~llll: a111l lllllll t' d\nL1·ly Iii."- ki1 r 11:-y
wn.s ('lea 11 ~ ( ·i L" "'hPn the di . . ~ · iJ>l t.•~ \\'l'rt • i11 Jwril Ill 1-.1'. i\ , 111 ~ 1re k r rJ !~· 11 1 g- tlt llll
tlrnt.whicli d ll Hllk· ~ ·.t · ... 1tr· . . . p i l\1t. Jc :-: 11...; \\"i lli \ · a\1 11 .... cn·11i ry ."il :d , .. IL i"' / . . t.,. r1 ·•l
nfrniil." H i ~ c lt li!O" tq niithti ri ty, fl.-< tl l1· a1·lu ·r i"i!lll e fr 11 111 tl 11• \. itn· ]>1lt l•Jrtl 1 l ll
ff' W lllld sinq1k w11r·I" . l.111 at th•· ~ 11nw ti111 1· w it h n. 11H1.k ... ty ~· f 1· x1 rt·.-.... i. ,n !!int
t'ort.~cli even Iii ~ enernie:-; to 1my, .. Hc Yer u11u1 ... pake like tl 1b 1wu1. ··
1

Character of t h ese Utteranoes.-- · Tl1 '-'''' 11 tt"ra11" c" ar1· c·it li e r "i1111, Jy
1ll\·ir arr1,;..,'.':uw1_·, 11r t !1\·y are i11 !1 1\· lii ;.: l1l· -- t d 1-.:.;: rt ·1'.
!-'llhlill1t::•. l1Ha;Jill1 '. any utl1t'r t 1l:lll tltat \' \·c i· \i\'t·d. ~ :t.\ i 1 1 :. .~ t o t lw
cu u n Ll oBs tri lw ... ~>f :dllictiuri, in al l lhn c ud-i. 41f t! Jt1 1·ar tl 1, " (' llf /l \ '
unto 1ne nll yl'. t!1at lal~or and are. !wav y - ladt.:n. n11d I wi ll 1-'i\·1· y1111
rest." "Ld. not yn ur iilmrt.., li e t ro 11b kd: ye l1elic•1·,· i11 ( ; ,,i), l"·liv1·0
n.bo in 'mt~ .,, H Ht_.foro 1\liraha1 11 \\':t:i 1 I am.
•· 111 t.L i.-< i.J11t·c i:-< 11t1 e

1,1a~plii:n1011:-< i11

1

g re ri ter than tlil• tern pk." "Tl1l' ""11 nf ma n i' l ,nrd l'Vl'll of t h t'
Sahl 1ntJ 1 day ." u I 1uii the rcsurrcdi1J11 a111l the li fe: lie that \Jelieveth in me, tl 1u11gli lie 11«·rc <lead, yet sli :ill lio liYe."

Improving upon the Sublime. - If we tah' any of

li e vx1ll 11 l'k '
t li e 111. l)y
i1iling- Hp hi:-r word:-1 aTld ~11undi11;.r t•pitli et.'-l, and b) g<iin .:-". i1Jto \' a d ·
Vil~ Ktnal l dt·lail:-i, W<' -..t1on ti11d l li at tlw :-\11L li 111it:· lia:-' a ll di~:q 1 j 1 t · ar\· • L
The t.ra.1 1:-;act. i on or the t. !1 <111:. dit. 111ay Ht.ill lH."'I. ~r n 11d; l ,ut. our e x preH~
sion nf it i~ pnor and 1•011 1111 011piace. A sc>co1Jtl -rate j•11et li a..~ tliu s

wlti<'.h hnvo

l .'l

111..'l'll

f,!i\'1. _·11, a nil i · 111l~· a\· 01· t o i111prov e

t

llj•<111

206

COi'1 l'U SJTJON AND RJJETORJC.

c:'.lntc d upon C msar's celebrated plirnse, Quid times?
( What do you fend yon c arry Cw8ur. " )

J hu .'i l.4 ) lli c . J•ilqt l v ud: 'I'l1"-· !:h.:U.") d c..'i pi se,

~r1t.l th e vum U1rcut'11ing of th e n oby iskic~·

~·h o 11g: li gnd s tll'ny th L•c y ou A nsu 1d un s trn1;d

c t ~o, l diurgt..• you, go, nt m y r ommn11d
'
:hy l,1.!11 0 rn1,H·c nlone t:iln t'llli ht! thy fcurs, .
J.hou kn o w. ~t not Wh tl l a frl.'i.i.; ht IJ1y \'cs."ic l l>eA.n;•

th~m--ch·cs t.1 •I rcct. om wnge,

· ic r ernpty rnge·
A . stronge r . migh ti e r clnimon fs thy frlci d
•
Tho u unu th y bark on Ca:Mr's fate cl 'pc' .d
·n
.
c n .
i ou Htn11d ~l nmnzcd to vi ew thi s drcndful see n
Anrt wo nde r s t ':' hat th e goJ!:I aud fortune mea.11 ~·
Jsut anfu lly thet r bo unties thu s the y raise,
•
~

An c~ . f ro m rn y d ungcr arrogate n ew pruisc;

Amtel the fen "' o f deat h they bid me live,
Aud still cuhancc whut they are sure to give."
II. BEAUTY.

Mode of Treatment.- Th o treatm ent ;)f B , 11 t
.
st._vl o m11,1. lie, in so111u r es >cc~ .· .
" tt y ns a qnality ot
·I t,;, s11111!11r to uur treatment of " 1.
.
).u11t. ty
W e wtll s r>c11k r t f B
uuu.
. .
.
.
11·s o
r1111ty in gc::ucral um! ti 100 0 f HL
tuncal bea uty, o r Lcu11ty in C omposition.
'
eI. Beauty In General.
Relation of Beauty t s bl" ·
..
.
o n im1ty. - B eauty, n ex t to Snblimi
tdTor<ls tho J11 g li eR t pl c 11 ~urc t.u tlio t 11 t 0
Tl
.
ty,
10
rai'c!I Ji v
·
. .
.
~ •
l'llloti o n w hicL it
. ' u1 eve r, ts very d1st111/!t1tslrnbl o frum that f
'-I " .
i f
}
k" .1
u SUu lllllty
It
so u cu rn c r · 1nu; more gent le nncl soot lii!1 . do
.
tlie mind so much, but, on th o <'Ontrury pr~d
es not elevate
se ron it
"' '-I· ·
·
'
uccs an agreeable
.
.y. ·~ttu 11n1ty ra1 :;cs n feeling too violent to I1 e I t"
·
f rorn Le11nty· n I ·r . f I
I ' Ieasure nn·:;uw
. as mg ·' the
°
_
·
l 1111 " o
o nger continuance. It
1
\"11·1·
'-. fA I t .
·e xt.e n < R al8o to II mn c l1 gn"tlcr
'
• ..' ty o l' Ou)CC
]" d
llld oerl t o 11lrno~t e ve ry c·xtcrn·il ol .i , 'L ti
l.
.. .
IS app te
ti
'
>.1 <.:l
iat p Cll~C\8 Clth e r the eye
or iu e ar; to many di 8pos iti o ns o f t li e rnin<l . t .
. '
of tu ero alist.rnct 8cionc·l'. aud ft> •111·I II '1 o nurn_e rous oh,1 ects
nc- Y 11 t 10 graces o f
·r
o twk currently of u b eau t iful tr ·o o;· ll ' .
. wr1 mg.
c
0 11 cir, a bcuut1fnl c har-

'

·

1. Color.- Color affonb t.h c sirupl est instance of beauty.
The eye is so formc.J that certai n colors give us pl easu rl',
and these colors we call beautiful.

'

O!Je dl e nt furtun e wnlts my humble tlirnll . .
Anu ~!ways rCl\d)". comes IJcfurc I call.
Let w111<l.s iu1 d ~eac; lou<l wnrs nt f
l

w

207

qnaliti cs wl1iC'li pro1l11 «0 i11 " " !li e t" ll1< •tinn of li e:t11l_v 11 111_1·
mostly be reduced under th o fu ll uwint: Jt .,aJs:

.r:·ca rl cs.s, nnd co nftd t- nt of sure· s w·~f's~.

And WtL"tC u pu n

I'ROl'HUTJF.S - JJE.·IUTJ'.

a beautiful theorem in rn11t.l1 c m11ti c.~; a J,"1111tifttl poem c. r

"TI11t \:e~nr, ~till su pe rior to diHrt"' '~

1/wu k nu w st not I nm li e tu wh o tn ' t be J;h·cn
Ncn·cr to wn11t th e t·aro o f \\'lltdifu l h ca vc11
'

SI'El'fAf,

Row far Influenced by Association.- Tn

Hol >Hl

<'a"es, prP b:i\.1:-. tl 1u

ple1umre d eri ved fro1n cul11r is intltll'll>'.c-d hy tho asso<0iat.ion nf j,]"""·
Green, for inst an ce, is rn oro 1.I e a~ing, bccat1HO associat e d wit Ii rnr:il
l!<JCnes; blue, with tlt0 "crcnity of t h o "ky; white, witl1 i1111<>i"l'll<T.
Persons differ too in tli e ir cl1nice of colors, and in the c·x1t:11t t <>
which color it.self g iv es tli e rn ph:as1u·e. B11t, nntwithstandin:: tl1i<.
the fact still r c n1aius th at cul or alone, Ii part fro111 all assuciat iu11s, is
a source of beauty.

Evidence of God's Goodness.-It i" a striking c vid<·nee of the gooclDess of the C reato r, that a sonr<"' of ph·a ~ u re s•> pn re 11ncl «le \"11ti11~
is at th e same tir'llo so abundant. Th e whole visibl e <·rl'atiun, irni mate and inani1n ato, is ii. pi..t11re i-:alkry, rcpl oic with ' " " '"illll'll:i ur
coloring 8ttch n.s no art of 1nan """ t" 1111d , e itl 10r for rid111 c,;s ur t«ir
delicacy. Tl1 e r o is nu s hatle o r ti11t., in whi ...lt t.110 eye uf 1111111 tak es
deligh t, tltat may not Le fo1111d in if s p erfcl'tion in the [>l11111a::c1 1.r
the !Jinls, the leavc·s of plant.:; and !l o w e r~, the vari n l hues of th o
morning am! o vunin;< ><ky , tlie W»11>lr11u; s l10lls uf the u.-.1:1111, tlie s till
more wondrous t;cllus fr u 111 t l1U r11i11 u.

2. Figure.-Figurc, as n so urce of beauty, is more complex an<l divcrsificJ than color. The beauty which can be
traced to figure, is made up of several elcmeut.s, which may
be separated in idea.
ll.egularity. - Tl1c first nf tl1 e ,;c 1:lctn e.11ls b rc·g11 b ri ty . By 11
r cgulur fi gure is m ennt une wliicl1 we perceive tu he furnJc·d a<'cordin ;; to :-;ol!l \.l r11l e, and JH1L ll·ft. arliilrary awl lu(J .. .:. u i11 t/11..· arra11ge mo11t of ii ~ part ~ . Tl111~ a ,;q1mm, a 1ri11ngl l', a cir .. !.-, an dlip><e nro
regular ligures, and ull t.lie ]'l°tlpl'r 01: casio11~ ple:L~O tlie l')"e l•.)" LliiH
rC'g nlarity, 11ml 11rc, fur that rc·a -;0 11, 11t'cou11te d l•ea111ifu l.

216

CON!'OSJTJON AND R!JETORIC.
SI'ECIAL

Lt~ t no unkind , n o fttir b('."Ccch r rs kill:
Think ull l>ut o n e, ttnd m e in thut one JJ'ilt.

Fa t il ity in 111 nking puns

both

b sooo

nud wli c n Hl"Jili i·e J, nlrno~t nl"'"Y ' leads to such n n excesc
wenry botli ren de r s and he:irc r.<. Tlil'rc ar c , of course, exccp.
to t.lt e nd e.
Hut, in g e neral, t.liere me few greater bores thao

11crJ11ircd,
ns to

tion s
nn inveterate

217

, .
. -. nf tt11 extraordi111uy 1111111 i '. I.ha t lie i~
eommon l y in co mpiltil>k. 1 h e ~1cn:",~~~ IH \ lt ' h wit IL' If h e ltnd "" .< t't '."', 1111.J .
tfyM m c 11, n o t o n e 1nu11: !Ital h e lt11. I Is ""'"llld is '" j11dkio>1 rs " ·' If ht·'."'"
much sense '" if !tc !t11d 110 wtt; rhn t. ';, i11nti " " II,, hril li11 11t 1"' if ltew c n · 11 rc:
lhe dull est o f h11ntfl11 hc111 ~s, and h is. '~ ~ t,i li e .\ w ith •e " '" '""I 111 1.. ru .. tll•Jt t. .
' I \'O.bly ruined. nut when Wll l S < O il ... ' ill ·cl hy ~troll g pri11 c i1.t e : Wlil'll ll
trlee11 i't i« so ft e n ed Ly be tH! \·0Jc 11 cc , anti re. trul ll
,:,.c ·11 wh o cun he wi tt y a 11 cl
Wl
"
.
·.it fill• • "'l' · · ·
I
11' In th e ho.n cls o f fl l!)llll who ci~ n U St;
Jo ,•es li c1nor. ju :-:tk e . d e t·1·111·y. g<'\01
eomclhing mt1 r h be tt e r tha11 wirty , " :h od tim~~ l>etttr thu11 " i t; wit i!-1 the11 a
nntnre , mornlity , and n.:ligi11n te n th•HL"'llll
.

•t.:

Habit of Punning.-Tlt e hnliit of p11nning s li o 11ld l>o avoid ed,
in writing am! in convl'rF11tioo.

l' R 0 I' f: R TI/:,' S - II U ,!/ 0 R.

p11n ~ te r.

benntiful find d e li g htful purl. , ,f ' '": .""t;'.r~.h a11 tn "'C l hf' f'ifet'ls <•f " it " I" '"

Habit of being Witty.- Jn tl 1e <'11lti1·11 1i o n 11n1l indulg e nce of
of tli e ltigli o r kind, ' o m o r nr o ,J10uld loo ll .-<l'd.
in c ur:; two dang c r:;:

be

A profes sed

wit
wit

Fir.-<t, t lint l11tl1 i t. of ll1i11d \\'liicli lea,]:; l1i1n to

t•vor on tl1 0 look , •ut. for '0111<'tliinl{ s triki11/.i 1111d un e xp ec ted, is

not. th e on e m o ,t co11d11ciye to

trutl1fulnc~s.

Il e is

11nder

tho temp-

tati o n of "1ty in g " · 11111 will a mu, c 11nd 'tnrtl l', r1.1thl'r than wlint is
Ftril'tly tru e .
expc<n,e .

If

l' e 1·"1Hll_v,

11· itti rism~

u.,11111ly

nr c llrail e at

somebody'~

not liarlJ L'(l ll'i t h 11111li c<', tli c ,v .)'f:t. l e ave a s tin g b e lri nd.

No man u~unlly li ns "" 111any (' ll e mil's ns
ll c may lie fear e d, liuL li e i~ nls o hnted.
f>m1gf'ra of Wit. -

lr c \\'ho l1 1ts a sharp

wit.

th ~

"There i s no m n r c inl\..: rc :-i llll g ~ Pl'< tn1 l; .
• •. t
' Xf)~ndin g: <·flllli1>11 , n.:l1l~!n!...
t . nnd 1•n1. 11 t 11 ~1n1' \i. , t • .X t <1rt difTerent chnrnf' tc rs n l· men,· th fl ll. tn til•:~ . (' r\ i(d l(' ;Ht_·,

II 11.ly t111fr('Czi11g: C••ldnt··""· kad 1111s:- ll l~l . nl1 ·l I)' nr1d d1ar 111 i11t: l ' \ ' t ·Jt tl 1"
!( l
'
f 111 me '"" t " '
I
Ing re l11ctnnt g knrns of pl <' tt >llrt' . ru, . I""' it pel ll' lntlc' lltro 11gli t h " .... 1, """'
a n •s of gricl'. It i' '""ll' ll lll l•>,,r,," " .\ ,ti11 •i11 i; ""'n """" ' ' t"" ' lit" ' ·,. ,, .; It• •·
,,f ' " " ii'I )'. i;rnd"",nl . • . ,"l' rv "'"" " i; l11d 1.. ·11rt 1111d
the l'OtulJ i1t C'd fnrC t' nf wi11e n11d '"Lg" ''.:.~ 1\k~ thi , is " ""l y t he llt11·n r .. 1 Ili c
countenfin<·c. Gc 11td11 c a11d 111rn,. t· 11t •l uin re1>-,o n . a11d '" l'l'" "t hi:< 111" 1. y '."·· '."·
. ctr Mnn co uld d1 r•·(' l h 1 ~ \\ ft. ) ~ l'.) I 1 fl .
nnd h ri g h1 11l"...::o-, tu1 fl l111a.::lit t r.
Lul Gotl
gi ,·e n
nnJ to , ch a rm liis
. - .
·111 in.: ll th (' r n ~ s f
.
and p c·rluin es, to e
. , rn.rl c , "-Syd1t ey Sm ith.
pain ed r:;teps OY c r the Uururn g n
.

c

~nd~twkw1irol111->s

~: f~od;

I '!"'"'.'~

ha~

U."lW~t, \l;l•mn:~~~,~~ilgrilnug~.
IV. HUMOR.

Prllf~>i.<ecl

"
wit<, tl1 011g h th e y are ii:<·n e rn ll y courted for
th e nm11,c me11t th e y n Oim t. n rc >el d o m r c'J>el't cd f.,r th<> qu11liti es they poss- .
The hnb iL o f ' tc i11 g- tl1 i11 gs i11 11 w itty point of vi e w i11 c rc n.,cs, 1111<1 m1tkes lncurs io11 s fro m its '''"" prnpc r re!(I" " ' 11po 11 pri11«ipl es 11r1tl OJ>i11i u n s wllid1 are ever
hdd S!t(' rc d l•y the wi.' c n11d f: " O•I. A w illy 11rn11 i; 11 d ri11 111•li t: po: r fo rmcr; In
pr""L'>S o f ti111 c . l>t: c1111 110 111 o rc cxl.'t 11·i1h,, 11t llJ •Jd1111.' <'. 11""' l• e cnu ex lsi
w i1h o 111 n ir; i f his nu dic11 C'c he >i u11ll. or if tll(' )' 11re i111111 c 11ti1·c, or if 11 ne w wit
<lt•f1·aul'1" hirn of 1111y P"rlion M Id s 11d111iriUio11, iL is 1111
wilh liim ,- ho
•kk" '" • 1111<1 ;,, e xt i11;:-t lioiL<'< i. T he n1 •1ol11•1., cs ,,,. lh c ll• l' lltrc 1o11 whi c h
P<'T·
fnn11 ,, '"" " ' ' "'-'l'll liul '" h i111 , tllllt ltt• "" " ( t d•l11i11 lht·llt ltL lhe CAj•Cll SC of UC·

"''Cf

· ~iany rc'~ pects ' lik e " . it. I ts ol.j cct i ~ to cxHumor .is, Ill
cite laughte r, and it appeals accor<lrngly to uur ~cu~c uf tli c
ridiculous.

!1~

('Cfll ' )', fril'Tlll ... ldp, Hild ,l.;11i 11 I f1 •l'1f1t,t.:" .

" It rn11 s t 11l11·11y, loc 7m1/,,tl•lr". '"'" lh1tt ll mrr·r Wit ;,, 11 J•<' rsn n 1,f lig ht lllHI frivol o u s t111<ll' r> l11nd i 11 g . Ii i., t.11 .' i " "" i' ""l tn di <1 ·01·lT n·l1tt in11 ' uf id e11.< tlint nre
"-'' f ll l, 11 11d h 1t \'e ll r<' t1I i11litll' ll<'c llJ>< •ll li fe . l•ttt lo di.'.t "<•l·n Ili c l•l n re lrifii11g rcJu.
ll oJ 11s wlilc-h
11 n11 " in g: h e ll t'l'<•r ln,, ks ut rhin p wirl, 11,,, 11uk ,;<i eye 11(
•·11mn1 u 11 ' L'n "" t.11 1 i.< 11 l wan 1'117.in;:- nt I/J c w o rltf thro11glt 11 <'l1111d c Lnrrni110 •
gl1 t"-'.- tll.<"'"'l' l'i11 i.: 11 1l1u11 .<a11ol ll J•i •<' nrnn""" wloi"h 11n• "'" "' ' "!only hy th e i11,
.<trulll <'llt nf ill>[Jt'C lio11, 11nd t'Mc r i1ri.: t'l' l' ry <• l,jt 't't w ith ti11:t itiu11• u nd tllll10tl11riil '"olors. !11 .< hnrt, lite i'ltnrttt·l 1• r nf 11 """1'(' Wit it I.< imp,.,,,iJ, lc to COll>ider
n s ' "'-'rr 111 11i ul Jlt!, rt· r y r l'-" J•e 1·fnl1J e, v r ''t.:ry i-ufl' ." - :•.;!l ' l 11 cy Sm ith.

"'"on !~·

f hin~ M
la11 g l1 .

H ' t.: 111

.

·1··

-t ito
of Surprise.
oa y in ;; t ha

.. \'

.
:trlt>l 1 ,. ,. 11·r1y
tJ1:1t. :l tJ1ill l! i, ill< ' Ull"rtlOlh IS Ori 1)
1

:- ,l~1111 e xp ec t l 'll. ~11r111 j ... e~ th e refore, i~ :in in;.~TL·d1~ ul
j,

in lnn11or :L>; it. i:; in wit.
·
} irH'tlll~l'llit y '•tl •>Jl r·
c , l11>W e \' L' r , :tl' t.: 111...it ~ 11f~
S11rpn 'e ant
·1' . ' ·1 rdill l'll a11•l dl'i i<":ll <' lad y
. t
I 111 ll\111'
1)
" Cl
•
ticic11t to COt h l.lllt e
·
·
I I , . ,· •
,. pit,. ; 111 '< 'C a
. II 11 .111 I ' t 111· 11111tl \\'Oil I 'X< l 1l 1111
,
..
'l<'cident:ill y la "
' · ,
. '.
I!
. k. ll ' 1: , .. J,. I l1c r t'
' ,
, . I
., 1 _. f ' OlldlLl•lll \\'Ull \ 11 1.t \ . , 11 r
perfumed , h•p Ill •t. ', " , '"
it htll
lll' l'' ; l111t in tl1 c ""'"1
""
.
.
' l 1l ..; \ ll'j11'\ ~e Ill 1HI 11I
.
·
t• .
w o uld b0 lllt't>rll!ltlll ) "'
t' l c ntkrt1 <'" an t
·

Contempt. -

Advrrnt"(I'"' of Wit . - "J ltn 1·c t11l ked •Jf th e rl 1111 ge r nf wit : I r!o not mean
liy tlrnt to c 11t er into co111 mt•n 1d11c<' oi !'d11n11tt iu11 llK11i1 " t litt·uf1i"' h c mmc they
fil' c dt11l t;C rOt1 .< ; Wi t i.< t1111l g<'Tu t1 s, «i n<jll Cll<'<' i' d 11 11gt•r1o11<, It l>t ll'll l f'I J' uiJ.,CT\'Jl·
ti o n io d11ngc· rv11s. t1·11·v lh 11tg i,, tf1111;:-1·rt• 11s th11t hn .< ctl it ·nt ·y 1111<1 1·ignr for ii.
l'l11tl'll<'lc ri , ti• "' ' ll•otl1i11 g i.< s1t1\- b11t lll t'l li•w rir y. Th e l,11,i11"' " is, i11
the u11tl c"ut11 di 11g \\'el l, lu r b k .<O lllc tli in g; tv a im u t ll 11iti 11 thi11 g-> tl 111t 11ro
0

1·u11d111·tin~

.

t

..

~ wlii(·J1 11\\'Hk l 'U fl.

th ere ar c c1rct1111 ". anu '.
res p c c t., au J tll .J.,' fl'clin"
"
19

li uld:;

\.:'l' 1lll~ \I
.
.
r 'elbt.: of tlr t:' l ud 1-

in al.i e ya11cc vu

,

218

SI' E C 1 A J, 1' fl 0 1' EU T 1 E S -

C 0 1llI' OS JT!ON ANJJ RJJETORJC.

c ro11 ~ .
Tlii ti 8 n ggP~ t s nn oth cr C' On(liti on 11s n cccs~ary to humor,
Tl1 e inro ng r11i ty wh ic h i" to 111ak e 1" la11 g l1 m11 ~t not be in con· .
ncction wi t h circ11111 :< tnn cl'" wl1id1 awak ..: 11 ;111y l1i g l1 cr feeling, such
11~ pity, fear, rcvert nee, llll(I so tiirth . We 111n,;t l1av e1 in other
w o rd ~, 11 certa in fe l'li 11g of co utc111 pt fo r the pc r.,,on la ughed at. We
woul<I not l11 11g l1 at a 111 11 11 wli o wa s in tl1 c agoni es of dying no mat·
kr ho w in .. 011gr11 011 s 111Hl nLs11nl 111ig ht l.e t.lie conto rtions of hia
fa ce. Th e su!..:11u1ity of t he occasio n hol d s nll lig hter em otions in
cl1eek .
•· lt I• n hea 11tif11! thin i: to nl>"c rv e the l1011w1 a rl es whi ch nature h as ~ff\xod to
th e ri d iculu us, nu d tu notice h o w soo n il h, swttlh l\n .: U u11 h y tli c more illustrloua
f-.:t.: l i11g"s o f u ur 111 i 11 d~.

\ \' h e re is th e h c 1.1.rl so l11ucl thut t•o11IJ Le ur to sec the

nwkwtLrd rcsn u n :es nn .- 1 co 11tri \' a.1 1ces o f til e p 0<1 r t11r11l·tl i11t1) ridi cul e? Who
co u l d lnug h n t th e frtt.i: Lu rcd , r ui11cd Ood y o f u wldlt.:r'! \\' h o is so w icked aa to
a 111usc h i 111 ~C'lf w it h th e in fir rn ltie~ o f e x tre m e o!J Oge'! o r to find su bject for
hum o r in th e weak n ess of n. p c rh.; h i n g, tli:-:..°'ulv jn g l_u1d y '! \\' h o is the re that doe.
n ot feel lii 1.n !::id f disposed to ov e rl oo k the littl e l ~'( 'llli1triti cx u f tli e truly grea.t and
w i:-:c, u11d to t h n1w u ,.dl ovc·r th a t rid ic ul e wh i1· h th ey l111vc r ed eem ed by Lbe
mn.g11i t 11d c o f tl l(·i r tlll ents u11d th e ~ pl c 11 i } or of t h t·i r v irtt1 es'! Wh o ever thinks
oftt1r 11 !11g into riilil'11le 011 r .i;rt• nt Hild n rd co t h iq •t.·!'i o fu \\' t1 r h l to co m e? Wh e n ..
c n~ r th e man (1 f hu111 or lll l' dt!h.•s with th c~c tld11gs , li e is /l."itoni s h c d to flnd that
111 o. 11 th e g-rcut f1.•. 1.: li11 t::s o f t lid r 11at 11 r c th e m ass o f m an kind ulways think 11nd
net 1uii:; h t, th11 l lh t:y urc rc ll tly 1·11 u ngh to ln 11g h , h 11t thn t th ey nrc qui te u.s ready
t o c"lr h ·e nwR.y wi th l 11 dlg11u l ion un d t·u11lcrnpt t h e l ig h t f1 >o l w h o cu rn es, wi th lhe
fr.: 1Hhc r o f w it, tq ('rum Id e th e l>u l wnrk ~ u f trull1, 11 11J to lJc u.t d o wn the Temple1
o f God ! " - l iy<1 11cy Sm ith .

Characteristic. - An ot h er impor tan t thin µ; to lie obse rved is, th at,
iu l1urnur, t he in congrnit y wl1i ch c xcitc8 o ur 111irtli is sornctliing
clia rn cl e ri ~t i c o t' ll1 c j>l'l',•HI in whorn Huc h i11<·ungruit y e xists. It. is
Hlllllt'! l1i 1t ~ Wl 1id1 Wo l il d J ~ .: 1tl 1-.. Urtl f~ 1 f' 11~ to do, UIH.l tlt c r e fll !"C \\. 0
la11g l1 at ii, 11111. it. j, i11 l"·1·red !,u·1 •i11 g fo r hi111 . 1·111,•".; it iH tli11" in
kee pin g \1·iL11 Iii ~ d1 a ral' t..: r, it 1•11n1wl. li u l111111c11·(111 e, ultl1 0 11g h it may
be ridi (' t1}011 .. . . A Ji 1111 1n rn 11:-: ~t 11ry t 1Jl 1l 11f 11 Y11 11kn -, :11 1d in ke1·pi ng
w ith tl tl! Ya nkl'e cl1ar:wtt•r 1 w1 i1il1 I n· ; 1~~· tn J,l. l1 11 11111r111is if told of
an lr is li111:m or fl l1111 ,· l1111ar1. Tl11· rn 1111·t " '·'·i11 g" .. r :->a111 Weller
w o 11 ld iil' l:t 11 g ii~il d1..' 1111 ywl 1ere ; bu t tl 11..'y ar c l1111 n(/ r () 11.. ;. 011l y as com0

i r1g fr 1H11 ~ I r . \\ .c! l'-' 1· l1i 1n-.'-·if .

fil11' ·~:-;

l lu11HH·. ! 11

t>f thi11 ~ ~ :q1pr11:wldn ;.!:. in ~ 1 1: 1r1~

t !w :-: 1i!ili n 1c.

ilt' :·.tllTL'. ....... r 1il, dc 111 a 11 ds a

l'\ H('t111 · ... ~.

1111 ~ de111:t11d~ of

Tli t..• thi n ~..; d c~crit • l·d 1111 1:·• l ln· l'J Hl ~...·T1H i1 1.-.. i11 tli e ve ry

111 id~ t.

\)f t.l 1c ir i nc o ngru i ty . T liey 11 11 1... 1 l·X ;u ·1ly fit 1!1t· 1·l1al"i.tclt" r vf
to \ I li 11 111 t l•l',Y nr e a ttril.11r ed, \1 l1 ile c1.J'1ally 11ot liLtiug
fu rl", uud tl1crcicor1: L11 1:,d 1l'd itf l y 11s.

. lie

J' l' r ,.;u 11

0

fl U .II 0 II.

219

·n enuin e \1111nor tl1 Prc is alwn ys !l fr ,·lin g ,,f
Xindly.-Laslly,1 g
. · 1· l·l
We ha\·c .. 11r
• ..
, ·d th o perso ns wl1 0 fil l! rH ir u Cl.
kmdlm css t o "' 111 s .
l
t . · 1 \\" lY wl1il'h wi sli t»l tl1 e111 r1<1
t t th em but Ill a goo1 -na 111 "'
'
.
.
.
laog I n .
, ·n tl1 1' · re'['JCCt d iffe rs wid ely fr u111 wit. It is u,·1cr
.,
· I ti
h11r m• Hum· or ' 1 . " . ·
I .
. ·fcl'tl y co n,;i,.;tent w it 1 1e
bitter it is ne ver m ali gnant.
t is pe1
.
. . I
· l ·r l1wi
Tl 1nckcr •iy hi11ise lf a h11111un st of l11 g I 01(" '
' I .
' · ' '
t' ··t . n] lol' e
" Th e hL·st. h11 ·
largest c rnnty.
l
. t 0 l e ·1 co rn pou m1 o \\ I a ' · ·
defin e( 1rnm ot
t ·. . 110 .. t human it,. tha t \1· l1 ic h
' '
.
1 t on .11ns i ' .
mor" li e say~, "is tl1at wl111·'
,,·'
Is tl~voreJ throu ghout with t eml e rn ess aml kmdn ess.
·t~ tl 1c h~
t r(·rn a rk ' it
' .
K. d h
t d _In tl CCO r< l an<"O w1 11
Humorists in - ea.r e ·
J I
t I
. t . . 11·I o h nvc bco n n11 1:-:t c1..· e ira ,\.'(
l
b ot ·crv c<l t hat t 1ose wn ""
'
.
1
mny I ~ .
ha~'Cl u~nally bee n notl'(l for their ill-t.c111pL·r, wl 111e t.'"
fort l~.H
vc ill th e rnain bee n pe rso n~ uf k ind nnd 111111al >iu d1 ,;bum o11, ts Hl
1 I
. s writers of recu nt ti111 es wl 10 t11ay
"t" n
An1 o n 1r L lC iu111 0 1 u u
, 'I
k
post JO . . . illn 8~rat.i o n of thi 3 r 1:111 a rk, a re La111J., I I <>u<I , I "~'· .;be qu oted mk
f E 'land and ln·ing, Lo well, Jl ol111l'S, a nd ::Sax e,
ng
'
ray, aml Da; ens, o
of onr own connt.ry.

':.t

w;

.
\''" t i 1 llt1n10r <liff.: r i11 rcganl t u cu n t i11 u11ncc.
Continuance. - " ' . 111 '
I
11
•
L t ..l rrnd co mes 11l in k rv11ls, and by tl aH il'e.
""'" r
·_
Wit l ~ 0o nr.eJJ ra C...
.
t'
. i tlir u u~ I •
. .
t 111. \ and is c:q 1ahle ot 1i 1..· 111 .~ c1Hl ll l ll t..1
i8 ditfr r c n t. ' " i h n:i
'·
·
I
.J f ti111 e.
a w I loI e pc1·1·u r111·rn
'" ce' nm! fur ulr 11 uo t a11y cng t i u

..,

.

l' R /!S / F / ! '.·t TffJX

Jt is th e h 0 11r wl H' ll fr11rn th r

IJu u ~ h~d·

The 1ii gl 1li1 q.~tt:t· ' ~ h ig- 11 n.11l c l~ . l1 eur •

lt

CHAPTER VT.

1:-1

the

Jin11r wl1 ( '!1

l 1 1n' r~

S1._·;_•111 S \\'l'l'l i11 1·\ l ' l' Y \\

VU\\ S

w o rd;

Ji1., p1._·r1._·•:

A1t1l ge ntl e wi11d :\ n n d W1 \ ll'r ~ Ilulr

1\Iid,: e lllll ~ i<' t~ > lli l' \1111 1.: ly · ~'\~· r !J t l ' wet,
E ut h llu\\'l' f t he ih.•\ \'~ h 1t \e b
)
A n d in tl 1e :- k y tile :-:lur:-. h ll\'C uu: t,
And 0 11 til e wn,·e is d c l·pe r hlu ~ ,
A nd 0 11 th e lea f t\. h n1 \\' lll· r li u~. ~ .

V ER S J FJ C ATION.

Tim prrsc ut eliaptr r has to J o with tli e meel1nuism of
Poetry, rath er thau with poetry it.:;cll'.

A11d in t l1e

Object of Inquiry. - I t i.o; 11 ot ll f·<·t.' ·' a r_». 11t tl1i :; point, to dcfiuo
what /H• l'l ry is, as to it.' t>., e11tial 11ature. 1t i" for th e present
e no 11g li lo J.: 11.,11·, tl1at th o ol •.kc t wl1i l' l1 tli c /'"d ha :; in presenting
Iii ,. tliu11gl1l.s in ll i'"L· ti cal f,,,.,,, i:; to i11 crL·11'0 tli er l·liy tl1e plCHSi11'6
wl1i c l1 !.lie llH:ru t.lwu gl 1t.o; tl1 c111se h·os mig lit g i,·e the reu<l er, un<l that
n part ut least o f tl1i s in crcaso<l plua:;ure <l epe11<l:; up on contrivauoea
w l1icli lire w l1ully of a 111 ec l1u11i c1d uat ure.
THE FOUNDATION OF VERSE.

The Proof. - Tl111t ! li e fa d i" a:; it. is li c rc ' lated, i~ a point whioh
an y on e rnn " ""id e f.,r lii lll.'tl f. T a ke, for ins ta1J l' e, tli e following
pa.,si1ge fro111 Hy ron , st ripp ed of it,; poet ical forrn;

tl 1u 1 t'kn r u lJ:sc urc ,
~1 11 rk ly

J111re ,

\\'l .. ic h f1,J1o w s th e d l·1·li11e o f d ny,
. '
A s twilight mel t.::; L tllL·u tl1 th e m uu ll U\\ ii i .

·c..11l c r li,·in ·' wl io <l ocs no t fe el nn in .
Th e re is prohn Lly n ot a ' ,
. o . t I is fon"
Tl 1e 'il'"'.
..
·
· rcailin g tl1 e j•:h..,age Ill · 1 ·
·
. I
crcnsctl g rnt1l1 cnlwn in •
.
l · . . · ' It t":innot J, c 111 1 1c
l
ti · · in c re ·\se o l I' ea :-- ut e · .
tion uri scs, w 1c 11 cc ,,,
'.
, . ck·irn c;;;;, nntl Ly tli e >tilll C
Wit 1J cqll,l 1
'
sense, f 01. ti 1•·1t i,;· "Xl)J'CS;;eJ
~
words, in bo th cases.

v

The Question.- l\'hy is it that tl1 c snlll c thou g hts, even
wh eu cxprL·s~cd i11 th e sam e word~, pll'asc 1JJorc, arranged in
o n e partic ular way, thau th ey do ttnJ cr liOlll c other arra11ge111cnt, ll'hi ch c u11v cy s th e sc11~e with C<Jlla! d earness ?

!i t ·n \ ' l' IJ

F:o softl y cl o rl.: . n11 d

i

l'<'<l , if posUnknown Language. - Tl 1 is· 11<1int is n ·11<11'
I · t•
• l .
nan
e l'''llll"IJ > " " i.1
.. 1 t L)' rc111:1r l"
' 111~ tl.J.l l tl1 e· ·s·1111
'
siLlo, sl1ll 111o re nppni' r
. .
f I .. ·nr c giv"s " ·' Jdea ' " '""
• .
.· . .
tl11 :; 11u·rea :-:.e o
l' t .t:-.
'
. •
.
ever it is , tl1at g1\C~ us
I
. . ti e i11 e l11.Ji1111 s \ "c l'"ll<':tll<>ll
·c nsc t 1at 1s 111 1
f
in th e cnsc c v e11 o non, · '
· \
'JIJJ \l'lii cli tl"·n ·f<>re
1 '
of a lan g uo gc wl1i cli we Ll o not \Ill < c r;; t a 111'
erse.

COll\"C YS 110 Sl' ll SC

to

ll 8.

Exump/.,,-Tnk c lh e (ir, t lin e In \'iq; il. The St' ll Sl.' is (• xprc s~ t..l c lcu.rly t:lt Ull b li

by the words

sta11o.li11~

thu s :

Tu, Tityre, sub fag! pnt11 l ac t e gmiuc rc('ubans.
.

"It ls lh t• h o ur wl 1c11 lh c 11 ig l1li:ign lc's hig h n o lc ; , h c nril rrom the bough•; ft
is 1h,. 11<•111· wl1t·11 lo1·c r s ' '" "'"' i11 "'"1•ry wl i bpt> r c d w o rd ·' \'c lll s weet ; and gentle
wi11 ,i,, u 11d 11 e11 r 11 " ' "" U111k c lllU>i•; lo lh c lo 11cly cu r. Tl1 c d e ws l11n•c li ghtly
We i c11 ..i, 110 11 n. 1111 .i 111 " ''",.' 11re Ill<'! in th e ' k y , 11, .rf 11
hlu e lo on Ilic

11,.. '""f.

""''!'"'

It is not n cccs~nry to um1 c rs tn~.(l '. ,ntin , t~ ·fi'.1J an agrecaLlc Jifference w lwu tlie line b reiltl us v irg d \\'rote it.
Ti lyre , tu )1ntuln e, rceul1u11 s suh tcgmln e fagl.

11·11 "'" a11d 11 l.row11cr h111 • 0 11
n 11d ""'' , .,, .,. ,. ""' " ""'' i11 ll1c h e ure u , so
S»fl l y d a r k 1111 >1 dark ly J>ll fl', w l1ic l1 ful l u w , lh c d cd i11 1: nf duy , us twilight melta

awu y 1.Jc 11 c uU1 th e 111 0(111 .''

Example Explained. - Il erc tl1 c "C n>c is j u .' t 11.-1 l'/1•11r n;; in tl1 e form
in wliidJ it \\' ilil originall y writte11 1 aud tL e won]; are all t.l1c same:

220

.
'
. •r ·rwc li erc cannot Lu in tlic ~,· ri se . .It
Explanation. - fJi o Lliffo l
. . ··!' ,
tiJJ not si111pl )' Ill
l 1111 I t ' l.e more '(1<<.:1 I•, '
,
,
. id c uti
mu st be in !li e s oun< ;
' • '
l' al ,,01111Lb in
I
1 I , for w e ha\" e t.11c sa111c
the sound:; by t 1c111~ · ves,
. l . ·uuud;; Tlic ulti111utu
' . . lJ 11t i11 tlic !llT1111gewent ot t ie :;
.
b ut I l C.l:-.C..:~,
]!)

*

222

nnalysi~ of th e ~uhject., tl1crcfurc, ncccP.sttrily lc1uls to some considct\
ntion or the :lC'tion of the rncnl oq~nns in uttering nrticulatesouOO..

1. Vocal Impulse.-The first thing to be observed in
gnrd to this utterance is that th e vocal organs act by
pulse. This may be accepted as an ultimate fact.

223

VE R S I FI CA TION.

CO,lf I'OS ITIO N AND R If ETORIC.

r&o

'fhis i11tervnl hctwc('n two flruut~ rn:ty
Accentna1 I n t erva ls · ·
r lt
either be left vacant, or it mny he filled up with ono or"""·,.. i~;'
·· \\'lic·n tlitt ti111c is nut so tliie<l "I'· tlic1e ;,
nnaccen te<l RY 11 .L· 11
J cs.
after each h eavy impul se, n pau se or rest.

A Comparison. - The movement of t lie voice in pronnncintion
not th:H (If fl ho:tf gli<lin g cqunLly thron;..d1 t li e \\'at l' r, hut tl1at of a 111:111 wa lkin i,.: Pll tl1c g ro1111(! !Jy di stin ct ~t.L·j>~. Tl1 c ,·oice goe~ step
hy >'IL-[' in tl1e pron11nciat.iu11 of word;.
( :ou1p11ri ... ou

l~'-rfi•>u,,.4. - Extendl11;.!' the llH't1111linr ~nmt•w lrnt , WI! rnA.y !fty,

it is llu: 1 «111 ~o n 1111t :-.:ound 'Nhid1 arrc~L"I the \"nice in ib 11r11g n·~.ju~l1tsfheground
nrrt.'!:i l:-i ll1 c fuot of the 111un walking-. So ul so it b th e \"owt: l ~ound, in which Ibo
voice Is prc1l1111gPd, Hrnt n:pr(':o;c nls th e !' pn re ptL-;sl'tl un.: r !.y t tic tnweller In going
fro n1 one fuo l:-tt·p lo n1 H1tllt·r. T o carry lh c ,·11i c(· j,\·cr thb ~pnt·c, tl11tl i.".I. to t'nrry
il fro m 011c C'< •TJ., ollfl.11l 11po 11 wlii1 ·h it itn" re:-ted. through tt vowt.:1, ton lodgment
11po 11 som e other c 0 r1 :-.onant, r1··i11 i rc ~ 1~ d i:- tillct, fr o..: .- Ji i11q1Ubt.;,

~pitc.

llilh'.

:--- 1. i i..f11l,

l! n kftil.
l! a tdn! !y,

~1· i kl \.illy ,

Syllables.- ThC';;c impu];;(',; nre on ly flnoth cr n:1rn c for ~yllnhl cs,
fln<l n syllnllle b so mu ch of a wur<l a;; i:; prnnouncl'rl <lnrin ~ one irn pnbc of the voice. It iucltl(les fl Yu\\· cl n!wnys, n11d f(enrrnlly ono
or more consonants.

2. Strong and Light Impulses.- The ~econd thing to bo
oLserved in this matter is that i11 ordi11ary pronunciation we
never lllll'r a ln11g: 'llC<"l''sio11 of' ")'ll al 1lcs with J'l'eciscly tl1e
same degree of' irnpube. Thi" abo is to ]),~ acccpteJ as au
ultimate fact.
Explanation. - Ono find" him <:<·lf nntnrnlly ttn<l easil,v g 1 v111~
q11i d;, 'tnm." i111p 11bu In ,._.,.,.y """''"! ()f' third H_vlln l.Jl', fill<! n li;.'.lit,
trippi11 ;; 011e to 1i1 c 'Yllal1le <11' syll:il1ks iut<:r1·,·11i11g. Tl"' org111i;
~t:l'fll tu go l!lO:-' t l':t.-.. il y :ind pk'.'1:':Ulily, l\t;t ill 1 ) 11,.; lniJitar.)' t.rl'ad of
th(' soi<lier, 1>11t in Ilic• '"'f•-SkJ'-a11<l -jn111p of sr J1.,.,IJ.oy >. Tlie syl1111.Je to wl1icl1 tliis ~11·u11~ i111p11l se is i;iv L1!J i" q1rionsly calle<l a
li cu ,·y, fl grnve, .,,. n11 H('<'Pnf•·<l syll1d.Je.

3. Time between Impulses.- A third thinr; to be observed
is, that, after giving one of thPsc stron g impul seH or accents,
some littl e ti111 c is required before th e orga11s arc in a condi·
tion to give another accrnt.

Accent Paramount.- ·- /\1·1..-11! i,; tli~L~ a l 'n ra nH 11 nit. 1:1 \\. ; i1
all speech, c]iyiili11g it up i1i! <J •·011\·e111..:11t :uid agn.~ c:Lh!i· :-;1·1>
tium1 or prriods.

224

COJ!J'OSITION AND R!!F:TORIC.

l'laoe of the Accents Important.- Th e h(•a,·y or nccente<l syllabi ~
may be place<! nt suc h cu u\' e ni e 11 t di s tan ces a part ns to give lioth
ease to t he ~ p cake r and J•l <las ur e to tl1<.l henre r. On t l1 <.l other hund,
w e ri111 r c·nJil y i1nng ine s11< ·l1 a co in Li 11a t io11 of sy llalil es wi th refer.
e nrc to t li e arn·nr, as tu 1· (; 1Hkr t.li c 111·0 111111 .. iati un 11t once ditticult
nud disso 11 unt.
Examples .- Ta k c tl1 e fullowi 11 g lin e, m1Hl e up for th .; occn:Jion :

l11 J>ro11n11u1·i111' 'u1 ·l1 a li 11e, w e find tl1 e \'oil'e ,1r11 ggli11~ lik e :1 mnn
making his \\·a y tlirn ul.(lt 11 '"'.lf. !l o\\· dill'erc·nt f1· 0111 ll 1is is tl1c !low
uf tl1 c vu il'C in l' l ' Hdi11_:! ~t1l·!1 n pa ~~:t gl· 11~ t he full owing :
"I !-iliull 11 o t thi11k my t•n1plny 1n r nt u~cles.') nr ig- 11 o l 1le , lf. l1y m y nss istnn cc, f1) rCi,L;11 t11lti<•l1:'J 1u1d d i."f H11t ugt'S g-n i11 n1·1·c·s."' to th (· 11 ro 111q..:-11t11 rs o f k11 owl ctJge, and
lllltl e r !:'.l {U ll d lfi c l\.'fldJt.•rs o f lr11 t !J; ff Ill)' 11d-'l tf!'> ul1;1ftl Jig-Jit. [() t11 c J'CfiO.s ito ri es Of
,!:;\.·icn c c . uuJ ud U t: eh. : l.J rily tu 1Jacu11, tv ll uuk l'r, to ~lillu ll , 1t11J to Bvy lc."- Juhnoon..

Thi s ea sy a!ld m cl 0Ji o1 1~ fl ow of t h e voice is
call ed th e Rhythm. It cl !'pe ud s upo n tl1 c prope r adjustm ent
nud proportion of th e sy !Jaul es i11 reforcuec tu th e a ccent.

Rhythm. -

Both in Prose and Poetry. -Tl.is P.11ytl11n mny c xi,;t in prose. It
iilw11ys d o cs exi s t i11 l• l'nSO tl 111t is well wriltc11. Tl1 1' pa,;.;age jnst
quot ed fi-0111 .Jol111so11 111:1y be di,id cd i111 u f ed, ,·a n ·i11 g in length
frotn two syll al .J c, t n ti1·..,, alHl oc·cu rri11 g i11 1•111·1..; \\'i t 11 .;om e degree
of reg 11! 111·i1y. Hut if a r l1 yt. li111 '"".I i,,. <kl t·<· t cd in prose, how
11111<'. Ji 111 \ll'e i..; ii. to J.l' Jookc•d fur ill Jll•!'ln·, ll'iH'I'<' tJH• /U'1•(•rJt S OCCllr
wii.11 11l11rns t 1111d1 ·\·in1 i11 g 1111it'v r111i1 y, 11 11 d 11 e \·c r witli in o re Lil/la two
i11 tc rv e11 ing syllal.Jc~ .

VER S l FI (}A Tl (IN - R II

22.5

1' II ill.

I an ;; w c l': ll i" the greater ]• fifed ion

~(

i/,,

Difference of Prose and ·Poetry as to Rhythm. - Thi s '.·liyt l1lll e xi>tl;;

· tJ ' '-'" J.itt
'
c·r
I <l e<l in Lotl1 prose nn<I p11ctl'),. JJil t 111

It

IS I ll

lllll
. l' I

n e t r 1 erfei·tio 11 t han in tl1 u lo
. rn1 c r. p oe tl'y ind eed ""11111111,;
. 1t
gren
I s r-s t c 111 of cadl'
. net·s, so IrI\.·Hl C<
· I ·"
. . to prese 11 t . "1·1h1l.Ju
recogcni zed
1· .
- t 0 ·tl 10. "t r nt r c• r11lar prc.1 1nrt10
· 1h.:1'
l .(ll i<l con v1e 111 .., 11 t. r ,,.
resp o nses
"'
'
f II
t . f ..lJl'1wes
· c. '
. r )' 'e o n t 11 0 o th l' r l1a11d 1 i.-.; C'< 1111po ...;el1 " a su r ~ o 1 .
.,
attention tu o!.,·io11 s nd c, di v i1led i11t.11 <ol:w·s·c' tl11Jat:
. , :llit I . 111'. ,:--,1...II t 1Il'"
h ave nu tb('L·rtai11 c d pr1._1pu r!1()1J
b r n) r e:-1 1H i l h l :-; { 1 1 ic

~~~~~sg~X \~~.l,1 out
cnr at :rny

kgiti1 11: 1;(. ~ 1r il t: f 1·1" 111i 111 ·1! i111~·n·al-..:.

l', tl1al
I . n . - Tl1c· <·11rll'l11-i
The Concus10
· n 11 of tli e wJi,,]e
. 111all l'I' ,.
. L «uf
. f ti 1., 1le:1 :-:. 11re. to lit· d l' ri , .... d t"r11r11 ll po e l lt'a 1 arrallf-. t. !11 1.. 11
pmt o
e 1
. .
r· I 11
a11.\1lw1><·1· sv lhLlcs dt·J> C: rt <b llJ> Oll 1l1e pe d c·1·11 "11 o 11 " r '.\. • 111. •
• I
f • t'' · Jf it ,; rliytl1lll dc·j•l'lll I .-; Ui'". 11 1· 1·" c·" d c. 111 . l. ,... 1. wt!l "'!r sn
. arra11:...
. · 1· •
ec
t·J, at prec ise 111 ixt11re v i' 1111ifurrnily w1 1l1 \Jlrt cly "' ll1e
as .' 1 \\. 1J!C
· . 1J i:i. fou nd t. 1 J, 0 m o .,1 i·k a- ing to tl1c ('Il l' .
80l11H,

t1~1~:ve

R hyme. - J', l '.\·ti ' 111 , ho wc•n •r , i- not tl1l'. o 11l y .,.;11uP.rco. nf. pJ c' fl"ll'O i11
" ' An ot he r eq1itlly rnar ke 1l i; to IJC f111rn1l 111 .ti\ Mt: . j{J. y 111 e i..i
ve1tse.
. o ne re,pe<
. ·t · ]•• '1 "·
. ..:.01nvt lii11 "'(r dl' pe ndt·11t upon :-l •>tllld
]'k
RI ytl11 11 Ill
· I,
l
c
'
.
.
Tl,.
·
lii111in"
111'
o111·.
s\'ll
ali
l•·
\\·11
'
an!l in<h-J"'"d,·11t 111' tl1 e se11sr•.
', '
."
: ..
.. _
.
• · r ]·I· I nnd rl.T (l!!" ll il'.1.._· d 111t e r va l :-1 , j.!I VU:"I IL JI 1l. .l:-1
anoth er, at ct:rta1 11 t q .. u .l ct '
. .
I . r iit·
ure tu t. li . .· li e a rvr l ' lllll.. t..• I ~\. ...l"J ll"··r
.. ;__ · 11t fr1111 1 ) :trid a.Jd 1tJ1 JJ1 ;tl tu, t J,l ,

riv<:tl fr v 1u I.l ie 1.l1uut;li1 ""

i 11c· :111111 ;~.

.
Division of the Sub;ect.
- I I 111.·Ill µ;rt I ' 11-.:·· ·s l1<1\\"I) i11 H g 1· rwra
. . l .1!1alllll.'rf
wl1aL i ~ tl1 l' lrn l' f1J11111 I at1.0 11 u f ,.,. r ·" . · I f H'Ot't'.t.•d. to t'X J• la\. 11 I:--1111J
I' t.' . ' ' .
. ' tr•nnR 1i:-;1 ·d i 11

Rhythm a Source of l'leasure. -S11,.Ji is tli o ron,til11tion of the
l111rnnn mind , tli n t. w e <'11 1111 nt J' t' l'<'•· i1·l' 1l1i s rl 1y tl11n wi1lll)11t 1·ece iving
a pl c u:; uru tli c r e fr o n1. TJ1i.; 1• l1·11<11rc is l1as .. d 11 1.. 111 II"· 'ntne prine i1 •l c as tliat. l1y wl 1i,·li w e n re pl .. asl'd wi1J , t l1l' 'i ..t.:!1t o r 1u· .. liitcctur11l
p roport i v u~, or I li o so1111d of l111r111oui .. 11.; lllU Sil'. It i; tl1 c perception of beauty in whate ver is sy 111111l'tri1·:il.

r

r , ·f t'l'l '. /H ·u tit

i i, :i11d t.o cx l11!,1 t ~0 111 0 ol .t i)t ~ .(.',r 11 1 •

the · ] . · I Tl1 i.'l will bu d .. 11 c 111 11lt' r tli c ,.,.vc·ra l J1,_·:"I" 11 ! J,11\ '"" ·
emp
")I?.,c< !11.A:"K
.
. . VE!<S E, ',)I I H. ..I ' \ ' 1·:. 1,·s E,. :-lTA:o>zA s, M•it•EI: ~ \ ..: 1:.-1·:,
RrtYM
Eus111.'\.
I. HilYT B t.L

Rhythm

I~

the

l rnrrnuuinu~

arra11gL:1111 ·11 t uf'

>"1· I lu l.I .. ,. i11

rl'i·-

ercrn:c tu suu 111 I.
The Original Question. - Tl1i s li r ill L'. ' '"' l•:wk to " •lireet 1111swer,
in p11 l' t nt. lea s t, to t he qu esti on wi1l1 wl1 i. ·l1 \\' c sf't 11 111. 11: 11 11dy, tliu
s111 111.l &11t.i111 1•nts Lciu g express<:<l l1y tl1e 8:11ne words, wh11t i~ it t.l1Rt
rnakes tlic puct.ica l urrange1u e nt of tl ie w o rd; more ple:1 sing t. 111111

· · ·a 1·1" 11
Versifica tion .- \' e r ;iil1<

1··' '

.' ·i 1111 ,]_v

t

IH.: 11iak i1 1g- t>f

Poet.,.y. - Pudry is n mu rt.: g-c 11 e rul ll· r1n . i11dudi1 1g

1'

\"t.~r~ il kutiun

\"l:"l':--ll"" ·

lt

j,

n11d ~ tJllldldn...:­

226

COJIPOSITION AND R II ETOR IC.

VER S I FICA TI 0 N - R II y T II .If.

m ore Importan t In nrld it in n. There may i,e correc t ver.;ifi calion wlthoutJl(Mltr)'.
Th e ro may ind eed IJe co rrect Yersc w ithout Rt.: n sc. A prominent exercise In U.
Lntin sc h(1ols of Eng land consi!'t." in makin g wlrnt nre ('nll ed "nonsense vctl(W,•
th e obj ect Lci11 g ~ irnply t o truin tile cur 10 Ul'C Urth'Y iu the ru les of prosody.

new li n e. 111 po vulur la11gungc verse is often uae4

so ad·

· · ng, th e.second
yet llli unlike . the first hndng the H.rce ntcd sy llabic at tbe 1Jci;1nn1
at th e end, and the third in th e m1t.ldle.

A line l !-1 f·nll t·d n n.'T"'~. from tli o Lrltln "n: rto," to t u rn ,
it

a foot o f two syllables.
u foo t o f three •yllal, tcs .
n foot of four 'Y llnbles, etc.

M~ rc~.

.M er c!f\ll,
N e rc!f11ily,

f l
' lc ti es seco ndly, rno.y lie doul.Jlcd, trclJl cd, q11 1\< lru~) \l:1 l , N<'.,
Each o t H?Se 'nr_ .
. f I , - . ·c n tcli si·llalil c in refc rcucc tu th e u11 g<;t:cntcJ
according to the pos1tt o n o t ic ut:L
.
ones. Tbus;
Me rc!rn l,
ull feet of tbrce sylfablt:s,
H0r0r~c.

Verse i~ usc<l in work s on Prnso<ly n" ,;y11onyinou~ wi th line.
a l in e we turn l11u·k to ht...•t;in
in correc tly fo r " 6lnn zu. "

227

l1ccn11se at th e eud ot

Stanza.- A "tmizn i8 11 nnmbor of lin e8 ta k e n together and
justed to each ot l1e r '" to for m on e w hol e.

Couplet. - Tw o suc<·essi1·0 lin es rhymi11 g t ngc tl1 or form a couplet.
Triplet.- Th ree suN es,;i vo lin e8 r hy rn in e: t oge t li e r for m u tripl et.
Qua train. - A st an za o f fvur Jin es i.; called

11 'JU at

ru in.

Foot. - Foo t is R_n1 11nymot18 wi tlt met r0. l t is t li e smallest pnrt
o r di vi sion of 11 lin e, 11toi11;; t.li c u nit liy wl1i1 ·li n lin o i~ measu red.
A foot lne lut! cs nn nccc nt crt s yllnLl c anrt th e u111t<·ccn tcd syllnbl e or sy ilnblet
if tlJere arc a.11y, whi ch accornpuny it iu muklng U 1c fiL' Ccn tual divisions o ( 6

lin e.

Leng th of a Line. - Th o le ng th of n l in o is l'xprcssctl by tho number
of nc co n ts or feet whi c h it rontai n;.
Th t.•ro Is n 0 11nturnl o r tl {' <'('s~nry lim it t o th e l c n ~t h o f a line. A line very
sh o rt, contain I n ~ only nnc foot o r two fet'l. i!-i ln l' k inK In <l i~ ni ty nnrl serlousn ~
n11<.1 ii'! n eve r u ~<l e xce pt ns 1l n OlTf\. .. io 1rnl varil'l y nni n 11~ lilll'!o( of g rentc r Jengtb,
On th e oth e r hand , very long lines fotl g11c lhC nlt c 11 ti o 11, 1u1d urc 11 o w ~e n e ralJy
uUund o 11 c1 I.

CUnvC nll o n,

}

mo re
Gree k a an d Latl·ns ·-Th e Gre e ks and the Latins nRcd many
· ·l I ·
.
,·
f
f<>et
tl1·'n
\\'e
do
Their
sylluLles
we
re
tl1v11
l'l
vnrie.i es o
~ ·
~ ·
·
Irn t·u
.1
1
(,rt · in:;tc·i<l of acc e nted uut.! unnccc ntctl , u11d t <e·Jr
1
8
I

ongs nnu .
"• · •
.
.
Tl
roso1ly wa s rnnch. more pr ecise uutl d etc nllll11.1te tl1un o 11 1"·
iu
Po ulur cn r 111 11 o ng tlie rn , bei ng trni uc1l to g1·uit.er ueeuracy .:u1:!
~nffunnity in tl 1e pronunciat io n uf sylluL!e:i, utl1u 1t tetl readily grc.tlcr
vuri et.y in its feet.
Number of Kinds of Fe et .- Pract.irnlly, in En gli~h, we a rc li1nited
in verse to feet of tw o ,yl!ablc~ a nd fl'l'l uf tl1 rce ;;yllalilc·,, nnd to
"• J t Ii e ac cen t e itli e r a t th e begin two var kticH o f cad1,
nu111cly, wtt'
nin g of th e foot, o r a t t he e nd.
Thi s giv es ll ~ uur !our varidi es of feet in eo11unon u ~e:
In.mh11 ~ .

I-

Tn.K; li ce.

I·

-l~witk C}

... ! 111 0 n ·Y

feet of tw o

syllahl c~ .

Number of Len gths of Line. - T'rn c;t i<"al ly, wn have in verso only
Hix vari cti e• of le 11;:t Ii ; 11111 11 c· ly, lin e" of 01w foot, two feet, thrt1t1
fr et, four feet, the fe et, nnd six frl'I, nncl th ese lin es are call ed
severa ll y, 11Ionomeler.•, Dimt:fcrs, Trim elas, Tetrameters, Penta-

m clt!rs, and Ill'.rr1111 d ers.
Kind of Foot.-Tl1c ki111l o f fnot 1l1' pC' rnl,- 1qrnn twn t l1 in~•; nnmel.v,
th e nu111her of tll1a1·<·c·1lt1"I ".'·ll alile; t li:i f arc· t1Lk 1· n with t he ncccnterl
o.1e, nn tl tl1 e po,it io11 uf 1l1e accent(-tl Hy ll a li le with refe rence to th ese
urrnceen tet.! o thl~.
Tli(' nl l llllwrof p11.;:-: ihi1~ \" Hri1·!il' :-i d 1•pt·11ds t1 f ('( l \! f '-' (' llJ .. \ll !li1• ('Hpflhllities nr
\\" e 111 11 y irnn._., in tin· lir..., t 1.J111·i·. j11'-t IL" rnnny n1rietics fl8 we
ru. 11 c o11\' l·11k11Lly ut lt.' r ~yll11l•l1.: s l•L"l't1re t1ll.:i11:: u fr~ · .., 11 t11·n ·1it. \\' (· huvc thus:•
tl1 c nw1d orgn11 .~.

• 111 1hi ~ t· ha pl1•r. l.111·· 111 :n k "! - "'an! U"i1._·d tu i 11di c 1llt-, n o t lu 11 g a nd ~hort syllaLle!,

Lut a t.:t.:t' lll t.."tl nnd u11 11 ..:t·t.: 11l e J v n 1•:j.

,.'

2~3

CO.lll 'O:S J TJON A N JJ

s r Fr{' A Tr n

l' F Ji

HI/I:T O JU C.

r

N- li II

T II.If.

H osnn na. to lhe Prince of Lie;lit, thflt du llu; U ldu1!1clf in clay;
E11t.crcJ LL e iron gatc.s o f Uwth, nnJ. tore the lJars away.
But l ong l i rws lik e lllis 11(.'ing fH11nd unwicldy.rrnd i11C <1n \·en icn t bo th for wri ting
find pri11ti11 g, !ilt•y hll\'C iwl'll \'Cry g1•Jlt'rttlly iJrflk t: ll ill[(j l\\"fJ liHC:S,

fuur ft:N, il..IH.l lh1...· ~t..'COUd uf Llircc frd.

T hu~:

the first

Of

-

Pov.\.:,

ll omnna to tl1e l' r i11cc 11f Li g t1t,
That cl u thc..:d himsdf in c lay ;
E1 1tt·rt·d tlie iriJ1 1 bnt cs of 1h:utb 1
And to rt• the lnl~ ttwa.y.

-I~aYcn

i.'-'

tro~·l1ai(·

111

! <~net•

111l.':l:-O:lll't•

1.l\' ,-, 11 :l ] rniilnh: lit \ d r.-·iHY.

\\'liih.~ I wa1Hkw.\ ,

Uvcr iii iuiy !l q1w 111t 1u1LI

\' t ,lt1lllc

Muca ulay'is l .Ays arc un cxurn 11lc. l'tut of tllr:m nre pri11 te11 118 Ilept&meter
li1tt.;S, n11tl po. r t 1.1.n: lJrukc u i11to lineci 1.1.l1A..:n.1aldy uf fuur feel tuHl Uirco foct. 'l'he
1.ay of ll oru.tiu.s iJcgi11s tbus :
Lar ~

l' <~r"'~ · ritl

•• f <'ltL'-in1n

s ufft:r w ro:q; 11 0

1°
\ll\\.';\i.:1..·

m 1~ rc .

I

,

i
Lu.rt> l' ur~~ L'llll u f t iu :-.111 : 11 l1·; tlu~ 0.:1 u · ( ;, .. 1..., li,. 1'\'•'" r't",

'l lrnt th e grt'lt l l1t111sc

l• 1rc.

1. IRmbic.

By tl1t' 0111 ... · ( ; •• ,1 ... lw ~\\···r1•
That tta· grcnt h r,11~c t1 1" Tar.1tli1-1
~lluulLl

t'\lrl" \ l~

1.. q.~11! lcll

,f

t

!

an·l. \\cn.ry,

\\ • 'ilk

111 Tt1.rqu1 11 !'.i l11i11Jd

:-itllkr

\\' 1'011g

11 0 more.

:c -

Tri111•·f··r· ,

4..-J"dru1111·tr·r,

:"
I

th ·,··

J'•)'l' \

\""

\it

i·h (..-.., rir

l, ~-

i :·111.\

1i··nr\

Iv

',

\\ lu,

1 :111 r\ 11::1 y \ :H

Y 1· ,KU(1d 111e11 Hf t!ll' f'·11nm" n ~. w i1h l• 1\·ing hi •fl rts nn1 l t r ne,

\\'lw sl1111+1 l1y lit~ 1,uld lrd1ttl!t·:-<, ll11lt :-.tdl lia\'l' stuoU ti y you.

l t ) 111 •. ' ]

ft. -

JJor. Utf'11H"i CI" ,

1

i

v

v

rY ;-q,;:t:

-I

111.'•\\ \:,\ t'.\ 1 \1 .',\\'

\':ti•

\

! -

,H-..i

Tiu.~ m etre n11d the riiy1lim llre

i"l:-'Hlly tli1.· i-:11.111" ll.'i i1 1 J lt1rtt.ti1tti, ttnd the r enl-0
might hu\'e IJCCJl pri nt ed in Lli c :-.;1tuc wny. Thu:,:
Yf' ('.'olld n1Pn of th<"
\\"ii It ]11 \"il ::: li 1·:1 rt...:

6.-

Jl c.c <11t1. el~ r,

(', 11nrnn11<.: ,
1\ :i

.J

(rt; • .,

~ 1 1111.J

l1 y tlt •· l11dd Trd• 111u. ·s.
Thnt _..!ill h11•:1· !-!n r:d !ry you.

\\'1 11 1

Iambic Verse. - U ntil quit e rece ntly, nine-tenths of English ver&e
w 11.8 Iambic, aml jll"Olml ily t Jir, ..·.. fu 11r1lis of it. la111l•i c Pent111neter,
w l1ic h i» the En!!li,;li iiProic \'Ors<', rnrrc,;pnnding to th e llexmneter
or t.lie (' r'..~\;k tlU•l Latiu.

2.
1.- JfCuu cnu.rtcr,

!
.. \
! m Cr cY I

.' t. - THni et e-r ,

i l bn

Tro~ 11n.\c.

I

"\
.... I
! m imntaln i

th~
-

l

i -

v

\ wh•· n n r1r i )i;·n. rts ;'\rel m lHHn1ng i

Troohaio ve r"L"" l1a1·c bC't ll ll'L"l , t!iouµ;h 'fl:trin;;ly, for two cc11tuor rnorc. So1 11 l' (1f th._• 111 n ...:1 li 11i .. J,i;d Tr11clrnic:-1 in th e laugu ago
arc fvuuJ iu Drj'tlt:11 °" Ode u u ;-;[.Cec ilia's I Jay:
ri e~

4. -

\ ~{,fi.J~ ! ...; W {t.· t ~:: I l.5 .}!;"ui l lli ~ u.1;1)11..-1",
( ,<. .: ;., ,i ! It•\ ! ~ .. ,, ;jr, .. ! h i · i ..... ,tJ 1:. ! td •· a ~ ftn · s.
\\" 1\ r , h r ~11n g i!' 111!1 nnd tr1111td e;
H11m1r h111 fU 1 e 1:q•tr h 11 titde :

- v

'J'1· t 1·rt1111 ·f··r ,

6.- l /l•X<f1l'f..Ctf"T1

:co

I- •I
l .:.11 r1. J

-

I -

v

wt11111ti11n

I •

v

I

-

I ~ t r ·-·t<-1w·1

" I

- I

230

>" F !!S l

CO,YI'OS !T!OX ANn RT!FTORIC.

Fl C.l TIO .\- - R fl Llf I:.

Anap ~ sts linv e l>ee n in Cll<Tcnt u..;e for ll lo ng tirr ru.

Dactylic \"crso wa.• a lrn o't unk nown i11 E ngl i,J 1 11u l il the present
ce nt 11ry. Eve u y et it is nnt in ge neral u s~, 11 ltlr on 0 h we hav e lrnu
so1 11 e brill iant c xam pl~s o f it..

3. Auapoo..tlc.

I .., .., - I

1. - Munoni.<·trr ,

I rt' f~rt·c I
2. -

·.

lJi JJ H'fl'r,

Jon th\! plai n

-

J ...
I •1'! h e blruJe

I

I v

I r wuulu
4.-:Jfj t,.uni c t e r,

L~u.-,t...,

/ wh ll n r1..'1X1;stng tli lH uight j Ou
/ ; . - P e ut<rtu ftc r ,

J

my Jl•U ilCt

(l »ll~ t•J lll·r dt_. atl 1 ·

Uf •Lrii w I

Iv

I rheek ilf y oCr th I the ~·1 y smil e I 11nrl

t he w1\nn

!v

!

v

i (~ \·;'r

'

H11 -. lily in1!"'rti11111tc .'

v

u

I On

ti.- /ft•.;c(1_n11..-·tcr,

• Jv

!' Li ,u

the rv.' o

l>l t-; n,1 J

Iv

v

. I

v

th t'• h_
·;i. \·1..·~ I <1re

-

I

v

J

.-.11<1 th~y u ie

l1t·gi11

I

v

v

I 111

n

:v

v

l1l11 g

.

t;;

w ith;cr f\ Jl d

d ft.fOjl

I
uiiy I

1 . Dactylic.
1.- MououH·tr r,

I Illt-'fdflll
:.!.-

J>lmr·t c r,

j

I -

J

·

'

v

f

1 t.:ik(• hr-r flp t t rinri.-: rl> /
v

I
4 . - 'Crl rH, ltf__'f er.

\\,··i1r: :11 1•!

!
f

v

"

v!

1,-,··r : i .'li•"

I

v I

E"1d1"·d 1J.;. i Y:-t J•,-1r-.: ti lilt

I !--:\ 1'1!\(_'d
0

" I
I life

kith

v

I
I

v v I
" I
t<. l ' !l t'! l/llJ1 ;l'i~ Ji1 111 I

- I

11.... I J• l·-· ll:"'l!fl':-i
v

v

\\:tll1"·d 1!1."'\.'

l1flt

i

hd111g

0

llr.; j ll1\:y iis

!11~

1

/ tltnq r N /

G. -

.Jie..ccott ct e-r,

I.

v

"

I -

I

v

v

I

I J \'rr th.: I ' 'A li<'Y wlth I ' J><'erl l!kc U.1c I wind All the

I

v

1• ""

I

riir•r i· 11 11 ffi rt i"l1 1f\l l: ,

\ \' i·)try .,f l•f('/\ 1 h,

I vr the clul lltl I

Iv

- I"

v

I 1~) 1 1 1 •

Iv

I with t hl:

h ide

Si_;.!1L...; -

I

l

'2:31

232

C01'f l' OS JT/ ON AND RJJET ORJC.

233

VER SI FICA Tl 0 N- R II l' .l/ B.

t o tho A ra l1 i a n ~, nn<l to t l; c ea rly C hr·1 , 1·1 ·111s RI
. I
• · ' '"
iymmg 1vm...
f u11nd n1n u ng tl w writill''" of ti
J . 1· l '' I .
, .• _
"'
HJ
.. i Ill
• uL 1ers 11s earlJ
11
f.our t 11 ce ntun·
!..; 'Ill'• o f ti
l . 1
f
.
•·
L
~
10
.atm iymns co mposed by tbe m
' '. tli o m'. 'ltl lo ag,•; ar e n~ ry ~W C'l:i am! lica uti ful. TI f II
li~ics nrn_ fro m a h ymn on the Nativity, written by a G~;m~ 0..
ot tli c nin t h co utury.

t-Oricully it is fonnd in all tl1 c~e p o.~ iti o n ~; 1rn<I in c1w h it
laws wh ich do not ncccs8a rily gove rn it else wh ere.

sul>j(·d t o

Rhyme Single, Double, etc.-J! hy m c may i,,, sin;.{l e, <loul•l c, t. ripl <',
· l!Ut1druple, etc., acconling to the uurnlier of Hyllalileti that chillle

together.

Trlbus slgnis
flco rll gni s
Dies i<t.a Cvl itur: ·

Double rhymes are co mm on.

Tria :o-ignn

Look not tho u o n beauty's ch arming ,
Sit th ou 8lill wh e n ki11 gs are arminfl,
T tl!1 tc n o l wh c u th e wine- c up glil$l en.~ •

J.uude dig-n o.
C(ctus hi .s J>t~ rst.: quitur.
ma g- t~

.:-: lclln

i~

Spea k uut when the rx:oplc licle11»- Seo/I.

lJuxit vngos
Ad prac."c pc Do m I ni ·
t'o n ga ud ~ntc.'i
'
0 1unes gc11tcs
Eju.s Jltia lJu n t 11 o mini.

Triple rhymes are more ra re, aml tire 111ustly i1uita tt.:d from tl1 e

ltnliun, in w liich tl 1ey aliunud.
Oh ye imm orta l god :-;, what is th eogony f
Oh th o u too m o r tal man. w ha t is JJ1li l1wtl1 rr1 p!J f
Oh \f o rl d tli ut wa.<-1, Hllt l ig, wh a t is cosm11u(J11y f

Et_ymoiogy or Rhyme. - Tl1 c won! " rli Y111 c " is of l btf I
I " , I ·
.
·
,
< ou u et1·
n.o u..,). t 1:; 'Olltl'l 111H~:; t I'll<'<' <] tot lie G reel· rli eo ( , ) I . I
,. . . ' I I
'
. ' f1 ''"• w uc i how.
c ~ u, \\ o il ' lllak,• rli\'11111 nu t rl 1nne
. .
.
•
.
· '!'!•e. 11. 01,·].1:; speII c<l liy' 80
ti i:;t 1ngn1"l1"d scJ,.,lar; " r l1i 111 e" WL t · - . 1. •
lllll
. ,
.
..
.
.
·
" c ~ c1 ve its orthogrnph or ll.f
cl.) rn ulogy, It:l meaning is not a 111at tcr of doul.it.
y
1

Bomc pt: o pl e h a Ye at·cu:-;eJ me o f m i."w1l/n()JJV:

.A 11d yl:l I kn ow
Tll at

fortll~ tlL i:-i

111>

l!l(Jrc th an th e 1rni!t uyrwy

d e.-. k, o r

\\'lL lll

tlu.:y

rll (.'lll1

:- - L yc<11ltllfupy

I t:o mprche11 Ll, for witlwut lnt11sr1 •rmu tiua
Mt.P. Ucco llH..' w ul\' l'S u n every ti light

v~ea:: iu11. -J?yruH.

Definition. - R hy me is a corrcspornlcnce in sound bet
syllaLl es whi ch, i11 tl1()schcmc of t he verse, liave some ml w~n
to each other.
, atJQll

More Extended Rhym es. -I: h y n1 e~ ex tending to n1• Jre t l1an t h reo
eyllubles are found only 1111 w 11 g tl1 e Ar:il.ian:i :111d l' e r, ian,, wli"re
eometimes eve ry line in a wl1ulc: !" '""' c n< b in tl< c '"Ille sDt1 111 I, an< l
that sou n<l oxte rHb t.u fu11 r aw l " " e n liv e ')' llal1 h::;.

Ti ~~pl~nation.-Not <·H ry <'<>rre~pon1kn<'o in so mH1 mak os a rliyme.
h on y w lieu 111'• ~." llal.Jc:1 ~'> co11sou11d i ll fi are in ~o rn e w·iy r I t-i
.' ea""'
to en ch ot her 'l• f
· ·t. . . .
.
. ' '.' or Ill ' .lnCl', e;H" 1I lll :i rk111 g tl1e entJ Of a J"

ration, and it

Rhyme at the Beginning o! a Word. - Tlii:-1 b u:;ually callc'1 Allitea<l111i t~ of t li rue vari et ie8.

(1.) Where the

m ark lll g Ull e Jill r t uf n lin u corn·spo11di 11 g tu arwtlwr part, undt~~:·
It Js too much. we dnily !1ear
T o 1ril'c nud thrii'e both in OJ;C ycar.-Tusser.

In tli is ex. a mp I o, " I ica r " nnd "y(·nr" nre r elat:(:<] to euch ot!
each 111ark1ng t.li o (• nd of I\ lin e, n11d "w ivo" ·u1d " ti . " . ier all
lated as marki1w corr'"fwnlli1w JMrt , 1· t I
•
. u·1vu are~
o

"

·

·' u

Location o! Rhyme n t L' "ted
f "1 .
. . .
o im1 . " · • 'Jlll O t.o llllll i 11'1 "'"' t. o th o c11d
li r '
It 111
L
. .
' "·
.' .ny c H•etl lei.;1t1111at" ly at
th e Legrn111n g, tlie 111iddl e, o r e1·1.:u iu

1e 8!l lll e line.

.
.
" 're '" not.lii ng in the nature .
uf a wunl or t ti
<l
'
o ie en ol a
t.J 10 l><' g-iuniu g of a
d
th e quart er~ of u li~:~:~do~=

corre~porn.l e rn.:e

of son nd is b<.• t\'rren two iuiti11.l cu11 so11unt.s; 1.w,

And n o w is re ligion a rid r· r , n. ronme r hy th e s treets,
A l euder of luvc· d lly~. n nd " lnnd -lJuycr.-Pierlf .f"luu..1,, ml.

•

Th is is the old S n.xon a llit e rnti rm. 1t r~ren\ il ed unin"'- rsnlly i11 th e A 1i gk1·~ 0.xon
vcrse, nnd in that o f m a ny of th e o th t· r northe n1 11ttti n 11 s t!Og nnt.e to th e :--nx uns, unJ
formed inUeeil th e g-o vcruing law t..} f tlw ir verse. 111 m1Hkr1t Englb h Lid~ 1.:nnsonantal alliterLltion i s never tl:-3l'd n.s fl 1•revailing lfLW of tl1c H:r~ c. IJ11 t occ11r.i fr~­
quently us an OCC0.8ionu.l vnriNy, unU vflc n \\'ith ~ triking u 111.l lJ1.:tlUliful cfh.:ct.

Silen tl y •n t ll1c art is t al on e,
Carving n Ch r ist from til e i vory h o n e.
J.ittl e by littl e , with to il and pain ,
H e 'WOn h b way tlir v u g h th e sig: htl e8S

"l' l

g-raf 11 .

J foktT' rl

f

111.trlj-

CuT1..'t'r.

The strength h e yaim iM fr om the cwurace tic !Jll'c.,.- P upe.

20*

•

234

•

VE !iS I Fl ('.·I Tl 01V-H II Lil F.

COJlI'OSITJON AKI> RIIETOR!C.

T!wn. h. i11g- nf ~ln ry , r·11nw,
And wiL!1 rhy h1\-(lf 1·rt•Wll
Thi..., tt·nq-i(' H.'-i t l1y d.i11'1',
Thi~ J>t""I' \, . H'- thy (• '.\"ll.

(:!.)Where tl1(~ c0rrl·Sp1 1rn1e1we of sound i.s bet wren two initial vowels.
This i.s :-1aid VJ hu\'t: lJt:t..·n a commo n llll.'tliod of rllyrning u111ung th~ Irish .• Ia
F.n~iish it is llSL'd oIJly 1\s tlt1 ncen~iunal 1dliti nttion, and tn give i11i..:renscU point
1

to an

ftlHill1e~b.

npprP ."~i·-·n

1~

Jn this ('X!l.ll"'lf'lP ",~nmi• " 011 .i "d· .mi· ." " cr n"·n" f\11(1 " nw u," nrc n•ry fa11\ty
1·orn"""l.;:J1Hli11"' ~·11liri·!y in thl..' ·'"! •ell in;.:-.

w rliyrne~, thon~h

tli f· Fftllll'

(:"U The vowl'l in C't1ch nf tlw rhyrnin u :-yllnl.J1·-.: ~lH •u l~l 1-'L· lrnrn1:dinkly J1 H' -

In lt.uly o r Judin, in Au s triu. or ..-JliJnny .
(~.) " 'hC're tlic rorn.'."fM 111d en1·c ln !"0'1Jl(l ii i dudl·~ l•uth f\ cuusonant and a vowel;
ridinv., rli.111ning, ji.\.\]i!l).: ..fi ... tin~.

ceJc d J1y tl cu 1bu11u11t, nut l y 1u11•tli(·f Yowcl.
0

t·ur ,

(;rn·l lll'

Rhyme at the End of a. Word.-· Tliis is tlie 011ly ki11d uf co1-rcspowlcncc in so und gencrnlly rccognizetl ns rhyme. Tliis likewi>e admit~
o!' t !1 r1...~1.J \'aricti•...';-:; .
(1.) "'here the corn'spowlene e ln s0uwl hi limitf'1l to thr C'onsonants followin~
the firml vowel; ns. t.:ornpn!ht•ud n !prim1uHJ. This h 110L n11\\' rccoguized rui legit·

in1atc rh yme, ll1uugli !'luiJ tu han.: once l>Ccn cummvu .

is not n.n ngrN~ Hl•ll' rhyn i". TlH• \'l1weh u ttnd ;'_ pr1•cedinc: th (' rhyrnln _i:.; ~· y l lid·k ....:,
produce nn uuplL'.!l-"llllt hitll ll:-\. If n t•1111 :-.• •11tu1t h~ plan_" ! bef11r~ one uf Uwrn.
) 1( )\\"~' 1 H ,' t'r
(i!'t'l't

This is cn11ed the rfr!i rhynic. arnt is said to lJc in fo\·o r nmong some races.
though distlL5tcful to the Englbh Cllr.
(:t.) "'h ere th" r·0ri"<;p;q1\l('nl'f' in c::nnnit includl':i tlit: tl11itl \"Owcl uud the
Bonuut t-su uud after it; n!', a\ 11,ul, witlwui.

t_~ or11t11t_111

rliy11u.:, arul

1:-1

UlL

By puttin g. in like

~··w or 111·'L•r

l;n. ·d lJi0 L'll.f,

R.11 ol.1jcction is rcmu\·eJ.

&iHtpn rte tlw r nJu,._
The eount'iJ r\id 1 1 roro:rn~ .

011r

Jii."

the rhyn1 c is lmpr0,~erl. th 0 uµ-h 1'l ill 11t•t lw r ft'ctly ngrecuble.
manner. o. conso1HJ..nt bcfure tlJe ot!H·r, 1L'i

('!. ) ''"!Jere tlic rorre.-.: pnndt'nrc fn ~r111nd inr·lnrl.r·s the fl1rnl v1_1 wd, the eo1i~o11a.ut
suun<l after it. n1al th e co11so1rnnt sou nd befo re it.

Tlii ::i la:-iL i~

TJi11~,

]{,\W:""\··r

1\.' i ,

t<•ll-

1l1e l111l,y unu euu~i<lcred as

l egitilllatc i11 1110.J e rn EngJi,]1 verso.

,\·el
('1.) The ron..,onnntn l ~1 .111 H i t 1111:-: ·uutn(_·! 1·11\ t ':·· l Y P rcrp''inr>'
. · ~ .the rl1y1ning- yc,
. ,
"
1
f:hould diflrr in the two ~ylluhli•-.:. Tli11'i onnt. r•·111l\, u11•\U11.\
, rl:f•i>U11d. 1Ul. 11 t
ngreenhlt• rhy 1111 ,...,_ Tlwy l'(iJ i'-titii 1« t tw 1 ,i,_k<'ti • .11111.11: r11·h rl1;11•u . J,(·f· •rC' _41•:-:·ri\·;·_'L
"1hnt tl1t · t·itr fl''tll~'-" j.._ n dirh_.rcll•'t' of l'"ll>•1l11u1t1d ~ou1id 11111111.:dl!llL'lY 111cceditlK tlle rl1ylll111~:

Y u \\·d.

(:i.) "'hen. in ll RU\Tlf'.tt, twii 11 r 111 1,rp li1H·~ rhynw tng1·1lwr. 1\nd two <1r rn°1r~· 11 ·( :1'.ti~wins lin P."'

liit\"('

nTiother olH\ n d111'1·rl·nt rl1y111L" tl1nt iollwr 1l1~lfle'.-huuld(,1t.1 r

froni tlw f\r...,t ill ii." \'o\\"('\ 11 ,... \\'(·1] 11.-., i 11 it ." 1·0 11 ...,•1111111t ....... 1111d
'I J111..., , \111t •i1w!n1 :11 ,
H the f<J\lf" liTH·~ .-.linnld 4·n•l ."i ·\"•'nllly in tli1' W•lr•h f11trr ' . 1·11/1 1·rifl !•·, l 1,'if,' , llii•nlt_ ••f-

1·ntl r ely :-.1U1:--hu·tory. lo 1·1'i\I J _-., 1· of tlw t'"J1llltth··I n·('_:nri · n,· 1\
CllHng" to /1m1 ·, ,.,,,/,', 111!11t·, /1,,i/1 ·, lllHI lln: t·dr i.'i :-,utl:--/H·.J, l!ii~

Jl;\tinn wonlil 11ot ! 11•

Conditions of Slnfl"lo Rhymo. - Wh (•n it i" int e111l1·1l in English to
11ut klJ n !"{i n ~.~lt 1 yilalil<' rl1y111l· tn nnot l11·r in t tw 11rn11111·r r11o~t acceptul>Je to tl1u ear, tliu followi11;.: co ndition s ar c n e(·t•"m ry:
....

(1.) The rhyming- f')'ll1d_.1 lc should be nu

such n u cxnJUJ..ilc

ii.')

ncecnte1l one.

'rll!H rule is violated in

the fo ll1 J\\' iJ1g:

rrhc fire on

tim e~

lli s lrnnJ t!n.·r1.:\\

he- kinilhlh,

i~/1

lit.: :::i1 1y1; 1:!1.

(2.) Th e vow e l or the rhymi11g- ~yllnltlC'. t0gl·tJi,-.r with th" f'On~onR nt or consorrnut s folluwin g tiil' YuWi.:1, 1'1iunld IJe uf pn: ci:--L'l r tile snme sound i11 the twu

<if thP i ~fJllT!d.
o.lt1_'rl\/llii•ll i~

!'lllllJ\k!t'.

Conditions of Double and Triplo Rhyme. -- Wlll'n tl1n two 11r tl1r.-.·
fin~tl R\·llal•k" nfone w"nl r11.1·1"" In tlic·. twu or tl11·1·~ li11:1l '·'11:.J.I,·"
ofnnt;tlil'r wi1n1. tl 1e fii-~t uf tlw tw1111rtl1reel'lyll11Ll,·:--t!111~rliyr11ir1L";
t o .r t•tlit•r :-:.li11Tlld lH._' niad(~ to 11lf-.:l · n ·1· :tll tl1l: fi\'1· ('iJ11diti11Jl'"' .i11-.t !! l \'1·11
f1...i~ :-:in~le rli:·tn(·~ l1tlt, i11 tl1t_· rc111:ti11 inl.!: ~yllal,J._ . 1>r :--.,Jlal•li ·-.:., all ~ l i t ~
elL'tflCI~lti o fnnv , th:tt i-.:. t!11._• \'11\\· , •! 1 t!w t'.IH!>itdlHil t. hcf11n• it , :1nd li1e
('.ul!~llll:Uit a!'1~'r it. ~11i1\l\1\ ,. . . ,)1111111·\ad!y tl1e ~a1 11t.: a:-1 tlw «••:-1· , . ...:jHtl!•l-

,..yJlahie'i .

Thus·· bff._ilh" d1 11 ·s n(;t rhy1np t() "!1nrfl1." Til t· c(-,J1~1'111lllt l-!it!Ilds an' alik e,
Uul l.llc \'U\\' c\ l'loU nd ~ arc 1111l. ;-.:1, 1tbn "tli~,·wi 1_, ·· d111.:~ 11 ot rhylll1: to••Jncrcase,"
h L'l'IUlS C , whi le ti~ (· \'uwvl ~· HlTtds llre nl!h:1 •. 1! 1e 1·.,11.'-•11111Jtt . . 111111.i~ diff~·r. lt
i-:h•111lrl ill' 11),..:,_. r,:1·d t o•_•, i11 t!d ."i C•Jllil •:cl1•111, t r1: tt !'!?:nit• !s l'llli rc !y 11 l!IH!ler uf
80UtHl, ll CJt Of~1u·i!it1g' .

···------ - - - -•uue:;t's E11glbh

Hhyll1m ~ .

\'ol. I., p. 117.

t Le

i11;_!; ch·111t•1Jt.-;, in

tft

l11 ·r.

Thu::i: rnm;-vrc, ,Jrq,~-u~·r•; tin.I. T/1 111. :.:1•riuf: - !i11~'!; \•hi !({11 -f/Jrt1py, u1i·~<_11t - t/1.r"J '!.I ·

1

T!~e r • ~ .~y lil'.1 1!.

h 1/,nr11ing

l"I'•otl tl it· 11 1111 1nlH l 11·.-, t,ruw;

lt is
1

~ahhu th m11nii11~~.

\r isc nrnl pay thy vuw.

236

V H II SI FI C ..1 'l' I

C 0 11/ I' 0 S l T I 0 N A ND R T! ET 0 RIC.

ct own

'.!.'J 7

/,' 1: .'i F.

,\ 11 ,J tlwll In ~1·(' lt••\\' Yl" n · !o1 ·;.:: \1· 1·kll.

Th e d1tnhl e rhy mrc;: in !hi ~ <'XHmpl P 11. rc in rn rrl'l'l, th e fir:-:t ~y lLtble s In r n.rh,
"d<rn.· 11 -" u11d ·· 11wr11 -" 11 ._, t CflTl for rning to the t Qndit io n s luiil

~·

/;/,. I .\"JO:

IJ .\' -

for 1dngl~

j\i,\\'

11111 , .. .t 1.u 1.\ 1· 1 1 ~n ·i1 a 11d .i 1 ~ 1l-.~l"·( · k:t - - J;,u ·11 '

rl1y111t' .

Positio n of the Rhyming Word in the Line. - I l1a vo 'Jluk cn of the
pla c.u of tli e rli.111w i11 Llw word to wli irli it 1,elong". l u thi src:;pert,
th e rh y1 11 e 111 :1y 1 Ji lan:d al. th e li 1..·µ-in 11in ~ uf a word , in w!1id1
ca:<o it i:; 11:<11:lii .Y calkd al!itvrnlio11, o r i t 111:1 y hv pla«e<l at the tlH!
of a \\' urt l, i11 \\· l1it·l1 1·a . . :~ , it ( ' 1 111 ~ti 111tv."'I tin.: lrt1c ordi11ary r!1 y1 110. It
1

Froedom in Section a l Rhymes. - I t i:"I ! 1• .\ v.-. ... l · : 1'.i: 1l :i 1: 11 tl '~"" -. : ,, ,.
tion:il r liyt11 · ·~ .'1 1,, 11 1,1 1. ,,ll f •• l'll ! f i ! :ti l t!l t' !' 4)fJil i Ji,.l l -- ( 1( 1')1 _' l l l l' ;!i t !i L'
, . 11 .i

Off e n

oi' a li11e.

A n1· t1 1

r 11 t1 ·h, t li ou t.:11

yo u

l'!11 ·11 r!u 1:r

T!1at
lf1·r

Tu \Hdt:r:-i dt:lin i/c -

ArchU . l\irJ.:cr.

Var ietyofForms.-H wo ulil t a k <' a y,,]111 11 1• to " d forth f 11lly th o
va ri o us form~ of \•crsc Of'f•;1,in111·d l•.\' ('l11111 !..!"i t1~ t It<' ftf):-\iti<in and th e
Jlu11ilJt•f' of tlie r l1yri1t'~ . Tilc· .. e fttl'rn :-; ar e ~t ll11 l·li 111< ".. TrH; rl...'ly cnri o11...;..
l n ut lrer case~, liow1•n•r, th ey nrc 11.•Ptl 11·it 11 :11111 0., t lllagic:il dfoct.
i\11<.l 11 fl\V t li l· r1~ 1·ftn H.' b!lth n1L"t u.1 11..1 :i lluH-',

A11cl IL gr<•\\' w 11 11dn) !I.'i ec _il d,
A11d il'e mn .-...t · /11 ;1/i ni111 •· !l1iuti1Jg by,
.t\ ::;

gn.._·t..'. li

tL'> t..:1Jn·rald. ~ 01lcrid uc .

'fhe ~plt·ndni

/ •1 //,.;

nn

f"· fn-•ti1• 1r 1 nif ~

·ild i11 H . 1r y;
Th e l1111c.: li~. li f .~1, , iJ. , .~ 111·r''" " th e {.1~"" .
And t he w1 l1 l entJ\rac t leap8 i11 glo r y .- Tennyson.
,\11d ."l l'•Hy ."111111 11: \."

rdu

LL·d ~ pi 1 it

fl]a11k

l 'l

/1/:1·

J: rtrll.''

!it·r

t l1L' J!l1.J' l1lr1g "-! H r

la11;.fll :1:.!1.._'

ti11t· r tlia11 tlw 4 ·x~1 11 -

l.

\'<'f c<(' j,; \'CLiC

finir ili:-; a t li ·:1...;t

1

VEH~E.

tkt L d1Jl':i

,f 1) 1\ . r 1 ·.-..t

i·11111r11(1n l\· i11d ,· 1· d

11 u t

rliy1m· .

1 1!'

(I l l !'

l 11·1·1 · i1

:t1 1· !

!1:1'.v

ill1: 1:_i· i111 ·d i1 '"

l ~ l·

\1·r-~ · . . ·

d1:1 111 <t: i1

i .... t!1i -.: f( ,n 11 i1\1 ,.1 ·n·, ·d L.\ 1Ji" . . ,.

l1l allk Y e r:..: v. i l1:d 111;!!1 .'·

\\)1,.

1)11' "11 >

.>·

!: :l.\ i' \\1 11,..r '.
1. ,1· 111

it ·d

I; ~ :LI 1I-.
t i t 11:11 ~I f('l' i1·-.: (if ( ' I !11 1\ H , .... j : i· \JI . 1·!1i . . _ !11 •\\ t· \·1·r
. . i-- :L 111 1... 1;d.. ,..
Yt•r ...; ( • ina_,, lw wri1t1·1 1 \ \ " ·!! \ i l\\·1 1, t \ 1rn " 111· t . i ll1· f1 ·1·l l u t ]11· li iw. a."
Wt'l l :1:4 will i fi\·1.·, Hiid l tl l r ~wl 1 :iic, 11 1 1;1p:1 ·~ t'11· 1 ur lLwt ., ]i1 · 111 t :L"'tt r
a~
j

1

well a:-- i11
Hl)ki ·r' ..:
Yv!' ." 't', i11

i:1111

l

1

fulluwi11 ;;

:---:,(,11 ~

i11

1 ~f

111 ··

F: i rt li

11 1··'.r•·-.;

d:Ll'1.\ lie

:: 11· 1 i 11

(·(qif:1ir1~ :1 !2T1 ·:t1

\:t ril'ly c)!' l·Lir1k

l 111, .... 1,1· 1Iitf.· 1·1·r1 t l 1·r1 :!1

), ~ ;

l 1H: :t ... 111· 1··

H ar k tn our I vc dn·'.'> 0 \ nwthf• r of I 11 ati( 1n'- ~
' Vhy nrt tli \lll d 1111 \\ lu.: 11 ll1y ~1:-.tcr~ ti.le n1•l l llt1t ·r

(1 , 1., i 11w 11., t : Y" •·\· 1· r io1 1r 11 i :1~: ~ · i Hll l·l" ;
;\ 11 r ~ i ,1 1·r t·1 dl 1111-. Yl ' \\li<• 1111.· ilf'l: l ld,

( )r t j 1 i.~

·,

ii'.

1l i rf .·r, ·nt

11,1 , 111111 · li. \\v •lai! y ) p·n r.
·1rfrr· Hll•I l.1iru -.· J,.,t )i it 1 1111e y, · 11r. - T11 .~:W1 '.

Le t o ther J•i;ds rnise a frn cn.s
'JJout ri111~ and u·it1t'~ und dnrnk c u Bucc hu.s.-Burns.

W tL'-.

· JH 'li!a11 lt' 11·1.·
I I! •1 l 1i-- ·,1 r1· writ1\lo."lt. of 1 1111 ~ 1 l:i 11k \ · t ·r --q· .J:-\ far11LI('
I
t• ...;\
\
· :1 11 d t l1r 1·c ·tr·n, Miliu11· ~~ Pa r:idi ... t · f. u..,t. tl1v I ':1y-;
(1
,
i:1 ~1 · -.: 1 H :1 r 1· ,

1t i;;;

Yel 71•)// " l11i! " II " tiw ·" '""\ •f r 1· ]111t~ d l.\ ." '-\\!!}"
\\' J1ose c u nqu1·ri;1;,:- 11 11rne t.: 11tl11re :., ut1lil t /ii:-; duy.- H'allua.

L;• {ru(

l llH Y l 11 1

11!. DLANK

I.ightly fll H l brio ldl !J tJrCHk k fl\\' 8. Y
The mo r11i ng frurn her mu n t.le grny.-JJyrun.

To

l

[11,.J:

Tlirt'(' i:-: n(ithin~ u f tl 11 · kirid i11 tl11.·

nnd ,'frreech. -Scntt.

T u f-•'il 111 .r ·11 r·1 d , ii c will m e /cw t
T" l '·1 ~t 1 :r• ·" ,i...:1t ·•-' !1 a11.! _( , i! .
Jh' rnnll JJn1 11 g lit 111 e to lil >t: rlie,

/ 11' 1/,

,jq I li 1·11r 111:-; .!1 · 1111\\ · • 1\\" !l
Tl1nt t·ip1al IJ'Hll " ~" ·r! ~ ll1.,\·l· livr
a>k 1· 1r dvar ...-t 11 :,, 11 11 111<' .

trc r-nn.
rue !hb

I 111 in.

A i i.\

t.lr o only piaco wli e rt' it cnn lie lt'g iti111 nt e ly " "crl. Two scrtion:; or
tl10 sa1uu li u e often rli_rml~ to cnclr utl1er. Tire intcrlaci ni.;H of tlui
rlrym c~ in tl1 c~e 1vay:; in '"'"u uf u11r j•ut.:I:; i:i curiuu; in the e1·
Thr·n ti p w ilh y P 1ir r 11p , t ill y .. 11 rtn;1~v1 i11 .··11rre h ,

~IH '"1' • "

A c!ik! \\ !1a 'il ," '-"\111dly fu1 JI " l l f
I i nud.:k drt'lt d !1 i 1 1 t. - J : i/ ,-,1 .~.

Us ual Pluco. - Tu tho rn nrl' funnn l k i11•.L uC jHlllry, t.110 rhym ing
wunl is usually placed at 111 •.· 1·11< ! uf t l ie li11 1:. Thi'. liowenr, iR n.. t

1J1t1lc l1

<'1Hi ..:.(1 11:tnt:il alli!cr;1!11•Jl

l\11t ))(" !in ., 1~ · ·l t1·11 r .... 1:i· g 1Jt · f

nuw r e1 11ai11s tu ' penk of the pinc e uf tli e rl1 y 111i1w wonl in th e line.

An d

apt

:111

(·

i 11 t re H' L : l i, · ·
j)augl1tcr

I of tl 11..: I ~11l>t.: r l twili g lit,

l.u '-tr•111~·

1d ;t111·r , 1.· \"cr

llan g 111~.

:1"

I I 11- ·

238

CO Jfl'OS I TI Q,V AX D R II EJ'ORIC.

T.nngi,·iluw·:s Ifia11·atlu1 is
tro r· l1 nic tetr:rnid cr :

fl

fa111il iar ~recimen of l.>lunk vc™ll<; ·

VL'RSIF! <.: .tTJl!.\' -

I (-)11 '

\\'h('nte tht'."C lf' L:' i·r1d 1' Hl!d tr11dili1111~,

od •J rs u f th e fu rt:~ t.
d i' \\' nnd d :rnip (J f 11 1e11 d11w!j,
cnrllng- .<.:mokc of wi g w nms ,
ru ~ hin g of grcnt rh·cr.-;,
t hei r fref111e11t repe titi o n s ,
And tltcir wild ren.: rl1t.•rn t it> 11 ~.
As of thuudl'r lu tl i~ 111<1 untui11 s ?
rli e
th"
lla•
t li c

F.v.'lngeline nl:so i,; in lilal1k V«r,;e, 111.:ing- li.::x:mieltr,
u uctyl ie.
IV. MIXED VERSE.

Law of English Verse.-Th e prevailing law of English
verse is that the feet in any one line shall all be of ouc kind,
that is, tli cy shall all be iambu ses, trocl1ees, auap::csts, or dactyl s, and the liu e be acco rdin g ly iamlii c, trochaic, anapmstic,
or dac ty li c.
Classic Verse Different.- !11 tl1i,, oiir· 1·er~ c i]iffcrs essentially from
tlie ve rse of tl1e a nc i e nt~. i11 which fl'l'l o f ditle rcnt kind s are mixed
together fr e,·ly in tlic sarne li ne. J11 t lie Lnti11, for instance, tlie
li croi c li e:rn mell'r, wit.Ii tli e cxc<·ptiun of th e ' ixtli foot, may hul'e
ua cty ls or spondee' indifferently, ncco rding tu tli c thuicc or convenien ce of t Ir e wrill'I'; ilnd th c·sc fr d were variuu sly co mliiuc<l to
snit. !.li e vuryiu ~ t11rn of th e tlrou g- lit. .:\ prq•und e rnn ce of dactyl~
gav e fl rn1oid 111 0 1·('11a·nt to tlie n· r,e, ~11 i1 a l.J c to a liglrt, guy, or
Leautiful :< uhject, a~ in tlie f:uuiliar line of \ ' irgil J esc riliing tl10
Lurse-racc :

I Q11/1dnl1><' idirn te p111tr<' m s6 n!/ t(i

qw1ttt

I LlllE;Olll I ciimpam. J

In reading tlii,.; lin e rnpidly one see ms almost t o li enr th e clattering
of th e liorse'B li oof.,. *
A pr<.'pOn<lcran ec 11 f >'po n<l ees, o n tli e <Jt!ier l11rn1l, niade th e movem ent of tli c VC' n'<.: s lo w, 'tatt·ly, a11u soil· mn . .'\ n cxn mpl e fomiliu r

- - - - ----- ---

* Tli n ~arn c ge 11e rnl effc('t wa s int e11d('l f In tli e co n :-i tr1w1 io n o f tl1 e F.ngli1'h li e:tame..
t• •r giv1•11 011 J• :tgt' :!:.:O. A :-< ir nilur r111tl ~ till n1nn · :-; lriki11 g dli:d l.:s p rodu ced by lwo
li11 c:; of L o ug:ft: l l u w':i 1.k :-?nil1J 11g lh 1.: g~dh1 1 1 iu i.: u f u ho r:-'!:
At Po11d1 hon 111l h " cnuM fr •·! hi ~ MealJtm rJ o f Htccl
::iw it iri K l.ii.; :, talli u u' s lluuk,j,

l"l-.' l!Sf.'.

stni1 t·n ts of \·ir ~il j-.; th :tt in \rliicl1 h t· d ~·..:('r ilw -1
motion of tlie l\l'i 0 J'" at " ·oi·k ''" 1Ii«""' ii :

l .'h •~ u i d y:,u I ,-1..,k rn°:· 1wh t' n(' C th ese I st6rtes, I
\\" ith
\\" !th
\\'ith
\Yith
" ' ith

.ll!XF!J

t !1l '

1. 11 lc_·r ~l· . !-,0 w:·q..~ ll :l \'i i lJr:l1·!1Ll ! t .. [ ]1'111t.

-.. 11)\\',

l11

:t\

Y

i

1 in F11"
Mixed Verse in Engli s h. - S .. ,,, ,. all•·i111.i ." I ia1·,. I""' " 111:i•"
li i-: h t o write l'Plltiiiilt'd jJ11vt11 :-: ill tlii-.. ki11d '.)r Ji1i\.l· ol \,. r · ~ · · . T! Jt ~
most c on sp i c 11ou~ L'Xn111ple i."" L<111::feJl,1w·~ l ·. Y:111~vl111v, \\·l 11cl_i _111:'.-'
lie descriJ1 cJ " ~ 11 1'"""1 iu I.Jank ,.,.,.,«,, l"•x :1111 t•t c1-, :ir1d 1•1-.·1·:i1ii11'..'.: _v
( ~ r i:u11L
u-..v "'. t r..wl 1l' '""', nr1a1J ti t 1, .·1tlt •n fr tT· i11 ter111i\tlll'L'
.
•
· . 1 spo
.
'". ·1·11.., follow ill"~ li11"" wrll >'l'l'll' I» 1JIJJ,..lr:t lc· lit»
pmst.~,
anu
tH1<·c.,
i'"in l :

<l flC. t V1.IC,

1

This ls the f f,·)r 4v;~t pr1 i rn ···\' ;1 \. Th i°' ! 1 11 i1r11 l ~·irl11 L:" I J· i.11L·:o-. :l.i1il tJi ,·· ·, l.1.-11 1.l·" 1:k"
wltlt , , ,.,-,, ., ,1 n.f 111 I
I gr. :c11. IJtdh ltt" i 111 11!, 1 l«ill old,
I HliltHl like [ lJr l1ll.b of : ,·,1 d, \\'ltli I v 1) l l'l°'~ j ."ad it. 11 d l •I'\• , 1-lw th:. l

~,·in11<·11Ls

: lli'ttrdNI

E J.<'ll!.! 1· " I "
I '' \'" .
.
I g,·n111'"
O! Doubtful Success. - T>c-n Ii«

\\' ! 1 ! I

i.-- ( Jill'
.

Of tlt C lh;:jt r\1 yt J1111i :-;t.-:; klll)\\'rl !O Olli' Jj[l·!'al lll't.: 1 li:L:-l llut _\'d

q l l i iL '

reco ncil ed tlic; En ;;Ji , !1 ('flr to tlii " kin1l uf 1·er,.;e. (lnr ,_,·Jl:tl.J t'" :Jii.J
accen ts are nut s11 fli.-i <.; nt ly fixc: d a11tl d ck rin in:1k !11 c11:1Lle u::d 1nary read er:; ft • l''' """ i,·e 1lie rl1y1l :rn11 ..; wi t l11,ut tl1:tt C<'11-.-1 .. 11 ' l'lh"·t
whiuh of itseli. rn:1rs tli o pl cas11re.
!.. Successful Specimen. - P e rl i:1 ps t li e in o,.;t snccC'"'fu l 'l""·i11H'n
e ver protl uc C'<l, uf l ·., ng- 1·L" I 1 Vt·r.' e .-oos t ru e t e<I u ll ! I1e Ill oil d u f ! I1cJ
Lat.in hexam eter, is t li e fulluw ing:

Clearly th ~ I rc•t I bc i h·11 d M t lt i' I ,i,; rk ·cy ed 1. sons. M :\ _c lt ,\ i,\ :. 1
.
K 0- n to m e I wt·ll ;1 rc tJi,'1 I ffh· ('s t;f ! i\11 ; th t·tr j 11 a 1111:s I r t.. 111 1· 1nh•.. r , I
n wtw o I 6n1S rl' jm ;lin. wh(•tn J j s(·c 111Jt ;~ ; 111 011:
I Tw6,
~ I~~-. l'~~nu 1. n1 :\ 11 d .. rx I
JI

1

• ,

Castor fl ee t in the ear, l'olytle1h·e :-; lJrt\.\' c Willi t11e tc ~tl~ s- 1
Own den.r b rcthn·n 0 f 111i11 ~. - o ne p1ucn t 111\·c d ~t s o.s 11tfa11ts .
Ac th ey n {Jt here in the h 11.l. . l, fn.111 lh c ~ li or(' S ot 10 vl'd l.iWeduemn n.

Q;

th Oll -'h th ey

<'nm~ with tlt C ft'~l ill

the :-; h i f•S tJ1 rtl J.w .1111.J_ thro u i; li th e \\.' 6.l(' r S,

Di;re th ; ,, nol c111.- r th e fii,;ht or s1n11>l in Ill e cou11 eil

<>I " ""'"''·

"

All for fe ar o f th e s h1\mC nn d til e b111n ts my c·n m i; has awnk c 11'. ·d.
So said s li c ;-t hey lo ng ~i m.: c i11 En.rt h 's soft urm s we re re 1141:"111g-

Th c re, in th ei r own d ea r land, th e ir fntlicrllu1d, LtH. 'C:1..lac11HJ l1. - J/awtrry.

Condition o! Success.- )fi x,-.1 ver,;e ;;el'lllS t 11 ~ i1 c».-l· d l"·'t w hl· n
coml.J in eu wit Ii rh y rn c, aJH] wl ..·n th e Jin,.; ru·c· cu 1111•:t1·a1i,·,.J y ,.1,,,,.1.
A

It

i~

fin e cxarnpl c 1>f tlii ;-:; nce11rs in Lon /,.!' f'ellow ' :-\ (~1~ld,·11

Ll' .: !l'lld .

t ill) solil»>JllY of Friar Cla11 s in tl1l' win« -n·ll11r of ti " ' n Hi H·n t.
IT i"ll l w !\y~ 1-;.n ' l."·r ! hi:- ~·•/1 ! <·r~d

I \\'lt h

pl ;ki•

I

it th 01-1ght ) f Ctl, ~ u 1 1 t:·m1 1, :) 11d rl· \· )Cr{· 11t 1·:·trt• ,

I

. 't .}

c11_J//'llS//"/11,\" .l"\./1

l.'!!Fr11/!IC

1· 1:t.'SIF/r'.t 'l'/1 1_\ . _.'"T l.\·/.tS.
!

l'1 11-1.. J11t.: i l ·- ·r1~ ;. 1ir-·11i-:l 1 : ,11 ; ,_-! ' 11 :-- r

l

'J',·, l•rc ,d l1t·

I

.\1 1·! :·l J .. · t J

I ;"111

(·j; ~=' ; t":!:Ho
!' ,') "11

:-Y
t]::·

1 t !·

p r:1 y l' r,
\'1 i1 •---

i

Construc tion of the

I

dia:. .'.Tal rl. tl1e

J \ \ - J 111 -) I j ' J ,-, • ) -1• •-' . l ~ J •

J :-<1i.'·r:1 lf i :-.i t :li·~: :·1n ~ _" ( f1 ' ;:,n,·,
I ( ': 1 n · 1i1 · : :I 1 t' 1 1 ~ ' r r <, 111 ! l 1.-. : 1 \ ,.,r ;,: ;

I

l.11:::

\I

) 1 r ,, 1!

u11i~.

J1

!,y

i11\·1 ·r1t1 ·d

:[ 11 • ! i·: t. I !. :

St11nza . ~ lr1

f r1 1i r li111·...:

lir-..\

~p 1 ·11..::1·r . ~11 1d

tlii...;

l1! :t l..

J..:11(~\\· 11

:--1 :11 11. a, :t -:

;111

:(~·

i ii "

t ill' ~!:1 1 11.a ir1 ,,· !1i·· !1 f l w 1-':u· rii· •/ t H't ' !tt'

I 11 1' w n n ! l ~ls W;i\· : thr ....i1t.:l1 11i;. ·-i 1 ~ ! 1 1 :.~._._ ~ r.l Tli .
J • [ . j I 'ti ! I' .!. j l :l ~ j I I y .. ( 11; ' j l t t I\· tl l I !! ;..: . l J ... .... . '•::..; )It. I
! ·1 1J J tli•, \ 1 l>J k i . . ll',·., I 1-1 p, I ;\ g r···w 111 l ; t )1 .. 11 gl 1t. I

: : 1i:.' ;

I

1~ I :I!

1)1d 11 1: t l'\

:----11('11 . . ,

\\·i;! lw

: · 1;tr 1

\\' : t·i wl'it!1 · 11.

ill"'
v

If p

fr 1i111

lhl" I rn;·1vl

¥1\\"S

0

I rt d 1 wllli I c6 rn ,

I ('l ~' nr 11 1 tli t.., J l• lm l ~L'p ! tl· ml it' r [ 111 t1r n ,
I Till' df1 ~ U•r' d :- pin:s I r,f Fr~·d l t' rkk s tand , I
I Urc'c 11 -w itll'd I J.j' th(· h ills IM ~l u ri)' hi 11<.1 . I

V. STANZAS.

A Stanza ii; n. num b e r of liu cs tak en togctl1er, and so adjusted lo each oth er us to fo rm ouc wh ole.
A ~ ti1 n zfl. ntH)' co11:-:b t of nlm n~ t uny n11niht· r <J f lit1 es. fr nm tw o upwards. In
~tH ll Zi\.\:. , v u r Jl'•t''-" li11n: n11 1111J i rni t1.: d l in: i i:-..:, wldc..:lt th ey hnvo
u sed .free I u 111 ~ n ut n I W1t).·s wit h e n ti re Uist re t io n. S{) m t.: Jinrticular ti tau zus have
n cq111rc d hi s to rical cclc11 nty.
tl1 c funn11tlun u f

Y:

R~ythm-Ro_yal.-Tli c l~liytl1rn - Tfoya l , or ,c,,·c 11 -linc Rtanza, in vented
l1y C l1 a uccr, 1 ~ o uc uf t 1i ~,e . lL is in i:un lJi c J>l·ll t:unetcr. Here i~
an exampl e fro1 11 Sliak ~,pcaro:

!:

'J ' !II ' (1 ii I( I\\ ' 1 ! I " '"

1. \

Lrlll•.'J lllU /"1-\ v' uf l!L.d l!° l.L !J ! 1H1d )" IJL°ldl!
Y d 1u·111 l ·S l ill t lial tirnt ~ d id h t ~ 11 ._•\'t'·r wit:hl:
ll i:-: nn g ry ste('dC did chide Id s f•11t 111 i 11 g l1itt,
As 11\\\dl d i:--d1tjTtill ~ to th1.; l'l!rbe t•1 yil'l d c:
Fu ll j <•lly ku ig ht Ji .-. s~·t· n1~·d . Hll•l f11irl' d id ~it t.
A s UllC fu r kJJ i;; litly giusL'; a 11 tl fh.: n::c e11euu.i1~-rs 1i:tt.

Constructio n of the Stanza. - Tl1 c Spe11 ,;l· 1·ian S t:w z:1, as will hu
seen fro 11 1 tl1c forl·~11ing lliagr:un, c·o11:-. i :--;t~ of nine liue ~ all ia11 i!Jit:
pentarn c ll'r, e xce pt tl 1\..l a>t , wl 1ic l1 j,; l1 ex: rn1 cte r.
Jn r eR pCt't to tl1 e r!ty111c,, tli c on -trnct ion uf t l1 e '1anza i.-< '" li1llowti: I~ i rst, tl1 cre Ill''-' t wo unlin:11·y q11:it r :ii11,, wili1 li11t ·-< i-l1y t>1i11:_:
nltc rn atcly. Tl "' 'C <jllatr:ii11,; :ll'l·· tl 1c·t 1 ti c'< I to;.:t'tlie.r l>y !he Ja,1 line
of t l1 c first q11at rai11 rliy111i11 ;; witli tlt c lirst li1 1u uf t. l1 e ,,... .,11d •111:t·
trnin. Afte r the t\\·o <jll :tt rai n' ar·c tl 111s C'0 mp ktt·d, n 11i11 tl 1 lir1 c ;,
atld c<l, rli y 1>1i ng w it h th" ci;;ht l1. This nin t h liuc li:tc' a 1wc11liar 1111<!
very plc a,;i ng C' ffce t. It ,e ... m s to co111 c in as a "llJ> J> l.,111 .. 11la ry lt:u"
n1 ouy,- a s1 1f't of ' li11k ed s w ~L n l'~S lo ug- c.lraw u o ut , 1' on wl1id1 tli tJ
ea r lov eB to li ngl' r.
1

Its Uscs. - Tl1 i.; sta nza l1 as h e" n fotm<l to lie pcru li nrly s ni t Pd t o
p oem~.
T!1 c 111,1,;t s11 cces,;flll c·11lt iYatnr of it :un o nc: r e(·e 11t
p oets is Byro n, fl large part of wl1u,;c poe try i ~ writ t.~ 11 in it..

long

Sonnet Stanza.- Of all t li e stan z:t,; t kit bear It rc1·ogni ze•l and \\'l'lic1 cfin cd cl 1arnrtc•r, non e is mn ro elabo rate in its co n:;tnll'liun tl t: 111
thnt approprintetl to t!t e Son net.

So on Lh c tip o r his !'llhduin ~ t0n~ 11 (\

All ki n d o f nrg11 1n i..· 11h n11d q tlt..·'-l i1111 tl erp ,
All repli ca ti4) 11 p rom pt, n nd n.:a:o;11 n 1' lrn 111!'
F n r h b ad\'1\lllnt;e !'!ill did w;tk c n11d ~ Ji ·ep:
T n mnk c th e W('t>p1• r 111 11:.:li . the Ja11g l 1er Wl'C p,
H t· l 111 d the di1tk1'l u11d difft·rl'n t ~kill,
Ca tt'liing o.ll pns~ ion s i11 li b crnrt uf wil l.

.1 1·· ...

'{Jn:

I fr fr.-•m Ih·' I ~<'> 11 th r.1 1lm'ak M l tHy,
I Hringtng- v, I \\'i 11e li 0..: tt· r I fr\•i.. h db Jm :-1y,
I The :1ffrig ht !Cd :·lir I wttll ;l ~hful . d1"> r lJ1-1 rc, I
I ,' :tk e ''. h e r ill d 111 l1 :'< st~. It•• t h t' ~hief: l>< J n's door , I
I 1 li t: h:r •rllJl ._, gn1111 ; hl t'. fi nrl r f11n /1J l1\ i1. 11d rVar, I
I T 1"•lll 11 i.:- l h t.., I l1:itth-· I w :1~ (1t1 I (11w c 1ul1re, j
I A11tl ~lh··rJl ~Hn twl•11 ; tr- miles j l1 w<1y. I

:---1 :1 11. ' .l

!~ 11•

J.y

l ' ' ' ' ' :).

K!! ic.:li! \\ii'" J•ri· l·:i11:! "'1 1!..,, 1·Ld~1 .
Y c·lndil ill 111 i ·..: !di1· H: ·1n• ·-... Hl l• ! --11 ·. .. r ~ l 1 1" !·k
\\ 'Jwn·i11 <ild t\ t11t:-; 11( rh·t'!''' W• 11 !!:'1•·-.. <ltd 11 · t11111 !11 •,

:\ l'.t' ! 1t k

t:;iie ri dan 's ]{i<k, I•:· l{t•:t<l, 1rn<l H:1rli:1r:1 F rif't••lt ic lJ\· WJ1ittie r
' •
'
f u1111·1·tar exampl es of t!t c 'amu l•i: culia1·ity .

:--1 Tt1

1i 1 1: tlr :~111. 1: 1,·

G)

7

Tt .'f Con.r, trurti n n. -Thc Snnn r t ~ t nn zn ro n s i~ts o f fonrt ec n l ill('S, ifunliiC' pC'n·
tnmc tc r. Hi s di\·\1 \e.-1 in tr1 tw<' diqin<'t p1Jrti 1J l! S, c·nl!ed ti ll' ~ t n.ji 1 r a11d tlit· ~! 11 1 .. r .
'fil e Maj o r di\'l ~ i"H C' i n .... ist...; o f 1·ight li11es . ('allc"i fi ll fktH\"l'. nnd ha" hn! l \ \ t )
rhym es. T h e Mi 11 u r d i \'biou CtJ ll:")bts ~Jr :-. i.< li 1H.:S, t:allcti ll1c :::c~tt.:ltt·, u 11t.l htU:i

21

Q

r

I

2-12

CO.lfl'OS J TION AND Rl!ETORIC.

V ERS I F I CA 'l'ION-S'l'A. NZ A. S.

rhyrnc~. :-:onH.' limcs two.
The Orfr•r.t~ is <:umpu~ed
quutruiii ::i ; iu t.:a c ll q1w.tru i n, tin; lin;t n1al fu urtll li111.: ::i funu (J!lC rhyme, Uw
St.:t:VIHl unU tb irJ furw the.: 1_1thcr . Fu n h i: rltl!lrt', llw rli )' lllt' of !lit: n~t lilld

sometimes three

f1...1urth in une quatrflill is the s flll1C as th e rhy me o r the tir.:t und fi.'i urth in Ula
other; al so, that u f the 5ec11 nd unc_l lhird iu ollc i~ tlit; Sillllt1: 1b L1·1ut uf llic~t!l'.fJUd
n11d 1hird i11 tl1c other. TiilL" till' \v li 1ill' ndan_~ is th•1f•l\l ;~lily ('11111p11dc tl 1rnll

iii

kuit l tlgt,;lln; r, wliil i; ciu; h uf the two ptlfl.") hlL~ Ult Vfl;;ttl1!i.ttlivll vf !L"i uw11 . Tho
81·.'ft('/(f' h ll• ll :--u nxcd tlll•\ ri;...:-1 .J ill 11." :-;t r11e·t11r1 · .

H

rliym c.s ; ll1 c

il

IIu

II

f11rrn s

Is <"l•lltuiill'd
~1xth .

iin

"n

u

II

IIji

Ii

ii
t

'I
II

i;r,
;.1

~~
u
~'.·..i!~

1

Uu: lifI.11. u11J the llilrJ
1i·fa\'l." , i..: tlitirnn~ldy knitto-

'fhn~

"

Common Metre.

J1 _d!uwi11).{ '.-iur1 11t.:( lrq111 >11lt ~ •!l.

li11c rliyu1L'..s tu tLt.! JVurtl1. llic ti l T'-' ud

I

1

(q

- i •
I

I -

I

is mat.le one .•
Bbort Mt) t re.

\\'li en I

con~idc r

h0w my life is spent
Ere h1llf my dnys, in this dflrk world n.rn1 wide,
.\t\1 1 tl1 i-1.t ,-,n 1: t:-1~•- n t , \':l1i • h J;; tl t·nth t;·, til.J1• ,

ii

II

the

i -- i - - i - -

~~5·~·

tl 1c ... c'- :.L' l !i:. l'r ina !!y w:th thl· i
in lt:·1 ·l r.
l'11it,1111f fh1· .,.lw/,.. - T .. 1•revt·11t. lht~ two
parts fr11111 swaying up il rl, t ':11 L b \1:-,\iutly lukt.:ll llial there .~lmll !Jc !HJ gmUl·
1nutkn.l l1n·;1.k i11 p1L'> .-, i 1q.; fr .. 111 the llllc l<J lht.: u tlier, t1.1ul tliu~ tlit..: wliuk st rnl'tu re

t o the

ii

I.'I

i11

Loug Metre .

gctlter n11.\ C!1Jnp11cti._·d

ii
!!II

flr ~ l

2-13

I •

l.Pd :.: 1•d ni! h 1111· 11,t·lt '"-' . 1!101 11.J i my ~ .. 1i1 11 1·.i·t· L· ·11 t

;,

Tu-"\."", c

r.

~r.ik1..' r,

n111t prt..:;:,1..:n t

(.111dl~·

ll'k

ThN.t 111un1111r.

1\111
!'l111 •n

l'11ti1·1w1 •. I·• pn ·v 1·11t
n·piit·~. "' i111l ~1 1 , !h 11ot n ee rl

Eillll'r 1111u1',.; \\:•rk. ur 1!1" 0 w11 ~ill .... \\'1111 1•.,__..... ~
lk !l r hi-: rn i1d Y"\{I", ! f wy ~w n • 1· lrin1 Jw...,t. Hi:-1

HI
ll

I s kl111.!'.ly;

J;l
J.I

I

I •

I • - ! •

y 1 n 11· 11 ··· ·.. 11 1.i. 1,, ... t h r- n •t11n+i :11; " hi•k ·
"ll11th 1;, ,. \ i' \:lWt day l n h n r . li i:: hf d1·1iit••l'."'

7

12

my

~r

!\
\)

tl~ t.: f~· ~· i th

!

~tnl.c

Tn re~pl·c·L to rliy111r>, fl1v t-da111a.,. ,.fLI'_\'. ~~iJr 1r·tiTJ1e .~ th 0 lin"q
rhyme tt11lctLcr in couple t s, tlio tir"t rliy111i11;; to tlie ~··c·o1l!I, a11.J
tho thircl rl1pnin;; tc.?>!lic fourth. Tl11b:

tl1nu~nnds

ut his tJidding !"peed,
A11d , •.-, .. t .-.'('r lnnd RtHI Df'i~iln w t:hnu t r1'...'>t;
Th~· y aL'O f.l' f\'(• wli n (in ly s uind nud wa it.' '

Psalm and Hymn Stanzas.- Tlic Yaricty or sta11zas in succcssfol
use;, nltno'it endless. It wou1<1 be irnp o,,i!Jle in n ll"urk like this to
1kscribe. 0 r 0\'<'11 e nu111('ra tc tliern. It rnay be prup <:1', l1owcver, to
lluti<:e lirielly Uw,;c tll v't c·0111monly u:;ccl in po:d111" :ual 11y1u11s fur
public wor:-'liip. Tl1 e t li n· l~ 1n11st (·11rr1rn1•ri {1f all H!'t' tliu-.:e knuwn
:-.,;Yl·r:dly a:-) I.uni-;-, S l111rt, ~I.ill} C u i1u11u11 ~L--·trc. Tli c.--.c arl: all ltUa·
train~, nnd all in i:1111J,ir m <·trt' ; ~o far tl1 f•\' n;;r0c.
H11t th o Lon:::
Metro Rtanzn consi,;t" o f tl'lrarn r tc r,; ; tl1 c Co111111on Metre has its
first nnd tliinl Jin<· ' ldr:1111l'f, •r , a11.J ii.-< sc·cn11d a1 1d f,.11rtl1 tri111etcr;
t.l 1e ~hort. ~fd. ro l1a.-< !lie flr, t, ""rn11<l, 1111<1 f.,urtli li11uo-1 t.rirneLl'I',
whil e it~ tl1ird i~ te tram et e r.
Th e followinf.; f<1rnllll:t exhibit" to tl1 c C'ye tl1 e rnn<: trnction of
tl1t ·M(j tl1rec fa111iliar ~t:u11.a,...; :

Lord, tlin11 ho.:"(t 1w1nf·l wd A.lid

Tiiill e

sr~i'~n

me thrnugh;

;;~ye ._., •1 111111!. i1d ,..

v,: l: h l•lf-rr·1n g \'!(; W
~1y ri ~ !I!~ HH·l my r(_• ... iiH!:( l1 • • U I'~,
My l1t:u.rt u.1n.J lk., Ji 1 will1 nil Uwir pow t:r.'I.

SometirneR th e rh yme rtltcrn;1te~, the
nnll the ;;cco11cl to t lie fourth.

tir~t

r rR po rnli11 g to the thi rd,

lJi.:fiJre Jd 11•\'nh · ~ nwf1!l

thront' ,
Ye nalio11l .'i IJn W \\ l l l l .<.:tt('J'l'd jrfy .
Knnw tha t tht· I.nrd i.., 1J.,,d nl•111e ·
He c.n.n ~rt·n.w, &r11i h e destroy .

Frequently abo the tir;t rrntl t l1irJ are "·itliuut rhyme.
Almi!!ldy <;o•l. thy

Wqr1 l

i~

t'H.-> l,

Like i-:t·t·d . 1q1•il! t!1e gru l\Ild;
Now let t! 1t• dt•W t•f l1L't\\' i.'ll 1k ~·Wt:11J ,
And riglitc r ,u~ frll i t ."i ulJvllnd.

Long Particul11r Metre.-<1i1e "!11111.a, in which a f,·w uf '" 'r
"·ri t tt•fl . i~ ntl!,·~l 1;4H\!2'.' 1•art i+·11!ar \ft.·lru. Jt. i_..,. in ia 111l 1i1:

11yt1111:-1 aru
•:-\NJ th1 1 "Hook n( llH· ,..; 11 11111·1," l1y J,, ·i~: li /[•111! 1111 ,I :.. . : ,\ ,] :111 1'1 fy1• ( H•ibt.:rl-j
f~r11t111·r-1 / f",,f Hll 1· x l1:111 " th·1; ,jj , !'\J~ ..., \1111 1.f l'I" ,· ytli\n,.: J >l ' I t;d1oll1t{ l•J tlto,._' Jii ;:;t1_!f)' RUd

11tructure of tile

."J.1_1u11~t.

rn c tr·e. 1 :ind c·1JT1:-.:.i.•ds of six !itw'.-1. all tetr:tr 111..-tt.:'r, tlie tl1irJ a11d Hi .\!!1
rl1yrui11g togelher 1 1u1d Llw ull11._:r~ r l1y111i11g- iu cu1qilt..:L"i.. • 'l'Jic t.;JlL'.c ~

244

2-15

VER SI FICA TI 0 N -- S TA Ny, A S.
COJI! I'O S ITION AND Jill ETOJIIO.

The proper way of' 1ks i;.:11alin~ ~ui:h ''.id.re:; i:' to a1l1l t hi..· llHitlt.' ~ t'
tho Vl'l":-IC (t li at i:-; An:q,a•:.:ti c, j) 11ct;·l w, l nH·li:1J l ', 1.:t1 · .. ) it1lll lt._'di;1(t ly
after tlie ligu r,:s rcprc:;entiug tlie n11111hcr o!' ,_vJlal1ll''" Tl11h :
1

is very pl;,11'•in~ to th o ear, nrn1 it see ms rntl 1e r surp1·1 srng
stnn zn. lias no t Lcc· n rn o l'C c ultirnlcd Ly o ur l1ymu writers.
following is an c:rn nqol o :
1 'll 11rni sc my

~fak e r

l u~ l

in d ea tl1,

"Jesus, Jove r of rny sou l," -7's, 'J'rochnic.
- I · 11 · 1 '
~·( :-1 n1·d 7·~, Tri <'l1 1ir.
u ~weel tJ
1110111'....·11t_:-; rll' 1 111 i e :-1:-:111;;. · · • •

l 'rn be !<-linll cnq 1l11 y 1n y 11 v lJk r powers :
My dnys o f prni ~ e l'hnll n e'er be 1)u.st,

1

10

" 'hilc life n111l th 1111 ~ 1Jt tUHl being la.st,
Or iwlll o rt.ality l'itdurt..:~ .

'~l

Lortl o f the w orhls ubo rc,
Il v w p h:1L"i1u1 t uu d h ow fai r
Th e <h n·llini;s uf thy l ove,
Th y e1tr!hly t..:m11 les nrcl
~ T y li l·tirl

i

~ t·i~·

,1
1, w
!l!I

•

'

1111t

wi ll 11<>l 1k1 •l,,1·c tl11·,-," ---

11· 1,;

· "Tlie voice of fr ee grace cries, Escape lo tire mouutain," -

)lnopm-'1.ir..

. ,,

~c ,·0ntlr lin 0~

Till

1

"Come, y e tlbcon,;o]ate, wl1l'1·c' c r ye langui s lr,"-11',; a n1l in ·,,

H'-l •ir•_'"l

The forn 1 ula~ f,,r hi c<c nwtn·"'

dc~ires.

nrc oft('n printcil

11f'l'

t" \liiJ.i1,·1l in 111 " f11l lu11 i 1 1~

n.~

one.

Thus:

!(· 1 1~:1h ,

iu Ju;a\'t'.ll
0 g l or k,us ~c n.t ,
\\'h•:rt• C11il 0 11r K\11 g-

u111w1u~;

l'1td1

1.
~110.ll

thitl1er Lring

7.

uur \\·iUing k\.'.ll

I 7's., Tr ochaic.

Other Metres. - Ko n:unes l1an; lh·en g-i vc n
inn•ntc-d for those lryrnn" ,,-J.ich nrc• in tmrhnie , annpm;;tic, or duo·
tyl ic 111 etrc. In tlic l1.nn11·luJoks, tl1cy nrc al.;;urilly rnllcd G's, 1'o,
S's, d e: ., accordin g to ti1e m1 111Lcr of !i}lluLk:0 in a liue, as if tl111L
ulune ~ave nny clue It> tl1e rli_vtl1111i1·. 111 .. vc•111"1it ..

b 8'"

1:2·,.,

,.

"Dauglil er of Zi u n, a11·a I"' f ro1n l 11y ;;ai 1li e''• - I 1 "> :1 \ tvrna t t· l.'·
Dactylic anil A 1u11 0 .,/ic.
"llriglrtcsl am! l>c,t uf th e suns uf 1110 morning," - 11 ·, a11<l ](/,;,

!

7
v

,_

''

\\'ilh llll UI)' pv Wcn:! vf lieu.rt UHJ lulll:;'.Ut.!

II

t:

'fht•y ~,-, frnm !'ltrt·nC"tli ti, ~trt~ng--tli,
Thro u g li tlii s nd ~ 1_, f lt.:urs ,

n
11

''l"ti·e

11 "s, A 1u1pw,tic.

Dactyli1·.

l i"t y 1;1 1d.

Ti ll 1•i\r'h ftrr ! Ye " nt

n

12·~ and

tauk~:

Th e sixth n11tl

IiII

i

1ic1t

Dactylic.

Tu thine nl 1tJd C

''' it h w il rm

wo11lil

1

1

·
I a . . \·, , mi 1. t v ~·v.t),, " - 11'<
11\·1~ :dway :
·• - '11,,11
· "1.,11>.

h 'fl1ou •rt gn n e. 1o tl. IL,

Hallelujah Metre.-A nPt.l1 c r >t:rnrn of' l'" nsid .: r11l1le cel.,Lrity among
psali11 s and l1 y11 111" is tl1at known a' lla ll.:lu,i11li Metre. It is in iambfjl
11 H.: trc, and cu11si:< ts of eight !in <:'. Tl1u lir:<t four are trim ctcro,
rl1y111in g nllernalt'l y. Tir e Jn.,t f<>fll' 111'<! di rnt ·tcrs, wit.h t l10 tl ni'
rhymin g to t he ti>flrt 11 , nn<l tl1 e ' cr· t111<l rl1y111ing tu tlie third. Tims:

'[\ 1

R'~, 7':1, .f::;, T;·u(/uiic.

"Sa\'i onr> vbi t tl1y 11l:tnl:llinn,'' -

wilh my brt;ulh,

Aud wht'n my roin! is

v

I !

I

B's nnd 7'~ . Trnt"l1ak.

jtht IL:! llllld1 no\

Th o Ji!Tcr.:ncc l. d \\'l'l'll i.h c lin"s i" n"t. in ti"' n11111l>1_•r ,)f "yllaLlea,
Lut in tlie 1uu1·u111eut. U11e iti ia111Liu, tlw vtl11.:r lrud111ic.

·"·
~l*

!
v

!

- i

246

C01'!POSITION AND RIIETORIC.
11'•, Anapaistlo.

l' F fl SI Ff CA TIOK- 1lf OIJ E Rl>'
By prayer let me wrf.! 1:1 lle,
will perform;
With Chr i•t in the \'C l'l8e l,
I •mi le at the storm.

Anu lie

11. • 11. • l l. • 11.

6.
5.
6.
b.

VERSE.

!
I
I

247

.
.

I

VI. MODERN VERSE ACCENTUAL, NOT SYLLABIC.

Modern poetry, e~ pci.:ially E11gli ~h podry, is disti 11guish ccl
from that of the ancients by the mauucr in whi<'h the ver"e~
are measured, or r athe r by the manner in which we ol,tain

12's a.nd ll'a, Anap3l<!tio.
12.
l t. • 12 .• I I. • -

I

I
I
I•
I

I

I
I

the foot or measuring unit.
Ancient Verse. - In Latin anJ Greek, syllal,] es are di\·i1leJ into
long and sho rt, two ,.,hurt syllable,; bc:ing cu1tnlc:<l u' •··1<1:11 to i>11"
long. A fo\lt iu tl1osc lan~u:<~,·s is 1leten11i11c•I l•.)' the k11.,:th o[
time occ11pi0tl,- 1md th e law of the vers,· i,; sati,;lied Ly 1:1:1ki 11 ~ tl1u
foot of the ri;;lit kngtli, \\'itl1 ot1t rdere11 ce tu tl1 c: nt1111lw1· of ,yl1:1J.k~

12's, Anap&tic.
12 . • -

I
I

12 .• 12 .• -

I

I •

12 . • -

or the posit.ion of U1c: aecc11t.

ll's, altornately Dactyli c and Anaprestic.

I
I
I
I

11.
11.
11.
I I.

I
I
I
I

(Dacty li c.)
(A n1tp1o•tio.)
(Dacty li o.)

( Annpmstio.)

J 1.,'xi.ou71fr .- Tnkc for i11~tu.nce the word filnd'us, anrl iL"i der in1t ivef'fii111fr1 '>11 rn .
fiindmn cnl'um. ln th ese three word'." , tile ~y1h1 l1l e jii.1Hl- is invariulJly l•111g-. I\o

shifting of the B. t'ee 11t •.~10 chtu1gc uf tenniuutiDll, tltlC cL"i l11c d1nrllctt:r nf that
syllnl>le, or il::i nvnil1d,i1ity fur th e porp1 1:-.e of versili cn tio11. 1t still 111ak1·s 4>1lt.:hn.lf a foot. On the oth e r hn 11 tl, in the E11glbh w u rd ::; ltil. ' m rrn, liiw ;1111'ity, !d11111U1ita1rian, the o.n1iltt.liility of tlw tin;t syliid J\e 1111..· for vcr:-.ilica t iv 11, i::; l:lla11geJ lJy

the changing uf the o.c..;ccnt.

ll's and lO's Dactyl ic.
J i.
10.
II.
10.

Rights of Engli•h Syllnblcs. - ~\ ,y \hJ.l" in 'Enf!li,h !111_, no inh erent, ind C' fensil1l c righh of ils own, !1ut io sul1je<'t to t lie (':iprin; <>f
the accent., whi..!1 111ake" tli o 8llllltl i.!, ·nt.i eal ~yll:il , lt', nu\\' llw tl1in l,
and now (.li e lialf, o( a fuut, now 11 pa1t uf nn iarnb11s, nuw of at r11chee, now of au anapccst, arnl nuw uf a dactyl.

I
I
I

I

'.' Deglnnl', nnlJ<•lief, rny Saviour is n (·nr," is n~nally dos'1gn"ted 118
· <>. co ni<t rn c t.1011
·
· ob•
"
l o s an< 11 ·~. · .Tl 10 t. 111
of. t h c~e stanzas is
d
1
\\':1}' lfl wliieli it is printl•(l.
ror typw:rnp l1i cal
•
'111w111y of 8j\:tCl', two lin es arc 11riuted 'l" o11 ·· ll ti l
L • .·
1 ·
.
· '.,
"·
1e 1yrnn
" p1 rntc·( 111 ~ t.a11z:L' of eig ht li1H·~. th e tl'llc co n,;t ru ct.iun will at
o nce .appear, :ind tlt e !"'"Per t!esig11ati\111 will Le 5's ·rnJ U' A
JN'sl1c. Thus:
'
s, Ila·

.:~.ti~~

conve~~~~~

lJcg-o nc, unbelirf,
1\fy ~ iwiuur i ~ n ear,
And fur 1ny n·lil'r,
Will su rely nppr:.r:

5.
D.

5.

Ac..;curdi 11g ltJ ll 1h dew,

The Difference.- l\fodcrn verse is governed by the acrcnt;
ancient verse was gove rn cJ by th e syllaLle~, whi ch hail c<~r­
tain fixed and determinate lengths. l\fodern vcr::se, therefor e,
is accentual; ancient vcr:;e was 8)'1lal1ic.
Importance of this Distinction.-TJ ,j,- t!btinr·tion, once ma<lt' tl1t•r onghly familiar, \\·ill sa\'C a \\'ol'ld of tcc hni.,al nt!""· :111d wiil ti1rnw
ligl 1t upon 111:111:· 111•iut:; 1·on111_.: <'ll·11 \\·itli tl1e \'t..' r ....:ilie:1tin11 i•f ('.li~ttlt ' t'I",
Spcw«: r, Sliakvs i' '"' ""• :111>1 :II i It 011 , \\· l1i1·h wer.., ,tu111 l1 li n~· j,J , ,r·I" I••
Pope and Dryden. Tl1 c fon r poC't,; ti1A n:i1110d , wl1>·tl1vr wi1!1 o r

248

CO NI' OS JTI ON AND RllETORIC.

witli o 11t :rn y dl'li ni to tli eory o n tl1 c s11lij cd, wrote according to tht
ge11i 11 s of tl1 0 la11g11:ige ~llld tl1e di ct at es of n eul t ivntcd eu r. T1111t
i,.:, t l1cy wrut e a1Tc n t 11al 1·c r,.:l·. Tlt c t wu ln 1tcr, desiring to rcfioo
11pun tl1e ,; ul oj cl'l, and 1111t cu111pr,·l 1t•mling in tl1i s res pect tl1 e tr110
geni11s uf 111 ude rn ver,;e, atte111p k d to ,.:u l>ject it to the rnlcs of tho
dass iu rnudvb.
ll1i stake of Pope and Dryrl en .-Sptti 11 .g 011t 11·ith a11 errnneo11s l.lieory
of w lia t E11gl i,;l 1 1·cr,.:c u11gl1t to 110, t lt l'.)' f111 111d iu t it cir predecessors
11111cli tliat was 1·1·u11<J11il«l'd fJ111lty , that. 11·as at luast contrnry to I.he
arbitrary rnl cs wh ic h t l1t•y 11:1<1 11111dc 1;,r t 11 0 gu 1·c n1111 ent of l' Cn<O,
alt.h o ug h tl1 cy co uld not but pru11 1111111·l) c1· c n tlte ol >j e\'l ionable Ji:l~­
~:1ges lti g ldy bea11tit'11l 11ml har111 011iout<. T lieir prur'.l'dure iu tliis
1·,,,_pcct was nl1o ut as 1ri so ns it wu1t!d he f11 r a paint er to rep1·c;;e11L
th e Cav ali l· r.~ and tl1 0 P.01111dlll:11<J,, C• r lit e C: 11i kl'l.i11ry l'ilgl'i111s,
dr c~"('d in tl 1c t unic mal toga uf the uld Hu111ans.
Presen t Op in ion.- A rn o rc :1oh·anre1l ~!age nf nili ei,111 ha; tlr11 wn
t In.; lin e !1 et w e\_' n anr il' ll l \'t·r:-:1..• :in d 1n11d cr n, nn<l slwwn
wh e rei n li e thl' gl'11 i1 1..; .111 11 , l rc·ll ;.!l lt of ti«: lalt (' I'. Ji. lrns also J'('S·
<'lied En g li :-i l 1 \' er:-;t: 1'1·111 11 t l1e l'rucr11:-:t1·a 11 j,l'd 1q11111 wlti cli it. \\'11:-1
:tl•o11t t o be s t rl'l!'l11 .,1, a11d 1, ,,, rl's torl·d it tu Liil.: fr ceuum of liiuu
l'l111ral'tcri :<tie of ii" 1w rll1 t' rn l irt l1.

cJl~arl y

0

Presen t Sta te of Eng li sh Verse.- En glis h 1·e l',.:e fur tli c last l111lf
<'011 111ry hns J. cc11 I.et tr r i11 c1·l'I'.)' l'C" f' <'«l t l1:i11 tli:1 t of t li e lia lf centlll'} u l' 11 l1icl1 ,\Jex:.11ukr l'op e WI\ ;< ll1 e et· 11ll'C.
VII. ELISION.

is

On e of th e point s aLouL wlii ch the criti c:; hav e been <livi<le<l
the elitii ou uf \'u we k

I Hle!' l

IA

n!"

I th't

i 11w1jjr ! Al g<i<l !'

pill :ll r ii/ ~(ti. {(

I dt: t' P

on

J

I fs Jw . I
h is frr11tt

I e n gTf\\' t.• n .

Explanation. - ln l':i r· l1 nf 1l 1l»<' ('Xamrl'~", tli l' font p1·i 11t eu in itali cs

µ- i \· c. · ~ 11 :-: tl1rc_· c :--yll:tld v.. :. wl1l'!'\.' hy :111a l o µ-y (11il y tw u arc cx: pcctccl.
~11 c l1 l'X:11111.J, ...; riffol'd 1111t t !tl' ,ji!.'.),f,.,t tli1lil'1t!1 .1-, wl ll' n 11·0 ha ve ou1·0
:1d 111 itk tl tl1;1t. <>Il l' 1·er,.:1· i- :w 1·v 11 it1 :tl, uut ,.:y l!:tlo i1'. T /1e t 11·11 'Yllal.>lcs
w li iclt l1erc acru 1111':t11y tl1 c acc,·n t arc " t1 c l1 11.' call ca.- il ,v bt: suu nd e1l

V HRS! FI C .1 TJ ON -- E f , I S / O N .

249

250

COJ[]'OSITJON AX!J JUIRTORIC.

dactyb, o r dacty ls l>y annprcsts, or either of tliem by iarnLuH('s
mul trochees.

Ex a mples for Practice.
! KOTE.-The extrn"t."' wh kh f11llow llrt'

inl t• t11let1 to illn'-trnte Rome of the vnrt eties of rnttrc rl111l ~ta 11zn. Tlw ~t n dent i,-.; t.•x JH.._·<·ted lo brin g the passages iu, cop!ec1
on paper, wi th the n·rsificutilm 11111.rked. Jn urnrklug: tli c n:r~iricatiou, the fol·
lfnring p roeess i~ rl'ttm1mcnded:

yr; n SI Ff(,' A TI

j\~11"" wi1 Ii a."I '"" lay,
Li-t to it~ pc:dinf(.

1

3. The proper r1e!'i g- nn.ti1+n a.llould ti1e11 be gin· n tn thp Yt:·r.-c. as being itunbie,
trocha.le, etc ,. f\n1l a.<.1 lild11~ monutn et4.: r, dimetPr, triua:tl' r, etc. (sec pp. t ...~J, 130).
'fhtHi, in th e li11cs hl'rc .l!'h·l'll , Z\o.1 is l11 m1Jie tl'lrnnH'll'r, ~11. ~ is Troc haic tctm1nelc r. Nu. ii is A11apa: i-tic tctro.rnde r (the nddilio11 1d ~yllrddt> nt 1l1e end mttking
Ui• fur the sy llaLlc w11nti11g tll tlic b t.,g l1111 i11gj , 1l11d :\o. ·l is Jlactylic trillleter, with

/··)lf,)lr-·y.

3. Jlark t.n tlit' i.:11Jc.111n l •1·ll
:Mournfully pt'ali11g !
Wh at .Jo its waili11g-; tell,
O n tl1e 1•nr Ft «al in g?
Reo1n tlt1'.Y no t. t liu:-' to Hay,
Lo\·(·cl (~n1.·:-1 l1aYC pa:-i;;e<l U\\·ay?

I. Rln g 6nt th ~ 61<1 , rlng- in th~ n(·w.
'.2. \\'ll)' LtmC·nt thl' Clirhll1ui dflng ?
g, Tln"I \'c_ilce ( i f fn_·(· grtu ·t_• t'rk!'-:, !'· ."1·:"1pe tri t? 1t• m {rnn tili n .
4. li nH W thi' chE· f wh U ln tric:11n 1o!1 ild\·;-tJH··~ :-i .

1. I J( J11i.; oflt I the <ii• !, I rln r; ln I th e n ~ w. I
2. I Why 1:1 I m"nt th e I Chri ,t i:l n I dylni;? I
3. l Thl" YVlee I r,f fret' g-r:ice i c-rh· .. . l·:--.1 · ;-q~ i t6 th~ mofmt;nln.
4. I Hall tV til i:o I clJh:f whU lu I tr ifunp h :id, v iincCs.

2.1 1

.If I' f, J.: S.

Wero all pan:d with daisies and dclieato lH., lb,
.As fa i r a" tl1<1 fal•11lo1 1s :1,1<11od«b,
.And tl ow ' rcts w hich, drooping !LS <lay 1l rooped t.oo,
F "ll into paYilic>n" \1"l1 it1\ p11qil«, and 1.111 «.
To roof tin.: gluW-\VOrtll fr<iJ!l tl10 e\'l' llin g dl· 'K. --·-

l. Each sylhllil e thnt is ~onnd eO ~honl,1 be mn.rkfrl , as being accented or nnncce nte •l. For this purpo~c. we nsc for ('nnYenle n ('e th e mar ks g l., Tlerally ernployf•d.
fur lo ng and short, nn.nwly, - fur uceerited, and .... for unn.ccentcd. Thus:

2. \\'lien fl nu1nbc r of lilll'~ i11 11ny Jiiect· li an· ht_•1_ n tli11s nrn rke it, t he :-tw1f'nt
must dt..' t(•ri11i 1t(', wli i(·li lie 1·11n tlwn d1i n!n t" " t hy in~J'l'( ·ti un, \'.-JH· th 1· r t l1t• rnurcmcnt is InrnJ,ic. Trodia k, A nnpa~.o.:tic, ur Vn t:tyl ic ltit:c- l ' l'· :..'.:!~, :!3(J;, and mu::it mark
it uff uct.:urUi1q;ly iuto fcL•t. Thus :

u X - RX .•I

4. ,1f i<1 scf·n1·~ of <·n1 1f1i.-.;iun n11d creat11re ('1i1nplai11t-4,
] low ~W ('1._· L tu tl1 e ~q1d i . ('11111111unioa with :";lit!l:-.;;
To fh1d a t tl11.~ h:111q11 ct. t•f l ll vrcy tlit.·!'1~ \; l'P<•lll,
A 11 1] fr(I . in t.l1t' pre"l'lll'\.' of .I ~,-11" at. l111t1 1<: !
..i.

'!;.

G. 1Ii;..d1 i i i y j1ndt·r r(•fd1n~ (1f li~lit .•
1J1H·ll t li0, r:1j>t11n·d "1i11 h alim·u;
Far h<·y1l!l!! our f1..TLlc ~ i g·l 1t,
lhi'PY i11 llll 1n:11 111<·I' ~ lon'.

t\\'O syllithlt·~ OH'L

4. Jn rn~e of t hC' pn.s!':nv0 rhymln r~ . th C' rhy mr 1.;h011l1l l·e i1t · ~(T !l .ed n.s being In
coupll't:;;, qwttrnin_.. , 1'1111 1\l't · mctrc. etc. , nncl the furm11la for tlic rhyme and t-he

Hlu111.A1

~lwuld

IJc gi\'cn,

tl~

0 11 pngl's :.!40---:.!·17.j

1. :N'uliotly h1 c· 11 lin\\· !lie fi sl1en 11:lll l.rmn1,
Witli n look of ,J .. spair tliat. wn ~ 111.Jf a frown,
Facctl hi ,; fat e on tl1at. fnr i«ns ni ,.: l1 t,
Facl·1l tlit• r11ad 1 1 ill11\\·~ \\ it! 1 11111l~l·r wl1itt\
•Ju st wi thi n ha il nf n J.e:won li glit,
That ~ l111n c• on n wnrnan f:1ir nnd t ri1n
\\'aitin ~ fur l1i1n. -!.'ff!/ Lf(rtow.
.AnJ tl1 e ~;i1 1 11uns Ji:it li :-1 (if

l:1w11 and p f n1n.~ ...
\\.iii('!t 1t·1\ t !ir()11~!1 tlil' ;_":trrlt-n alt!!l :_r ll!1d 1t• 'l'1 •Sr\

::-;ome n 1><'n at 011ce tn t lie '11 n a n cl the

breeze,
Some lost am o ng bow e rs fJf blosso111i11:.; trees,

fi.

Frn r1.

(; r1-v11'l:rnd ':-1 it·y

1111)111daillq,

Fru 111 lwlicl'.q (·11ral s t ra11el;

·where ,\frico' " '1111ny f .. 1111111i11"
Holl dnw 11 t Lei r ~ul d ~~n :--:a1nl ;
}•'r<n11 rn:iny ;t !I an(·i (·nt r i\'cr,

Fru111 111any a pal111y plai11,
Tl1t·1· (':tll 11" 111 dvliY!'l'
Ti1 eir la111 l frurn error ',.: t·l1 ai11. -

ffnlirr .

7. Lord , di'111i."s ll' \l'i lli tl1y ],],._ _,i11~ :
Fi ll ll ill' Jll_';1rt s witl1 ,i(1y ;u id pv a r:0;
L1.:t. 11~ ~ · ;1c! 1 , tl1y jp\'t'. J1u :"i:-.1.. ·....;,<i11i.:,
Tri 11 rrqd1 in r ~ ·d1 ·t..· t 1 1i1 1:.r J.! f'a•·

1: ;

U rdn.:sli u,.,,
Tra\·l·lli11 .~ t!1ro11gli tl1i~ wild\.·r nv:-;_.;,

252

COilfI'OSITJON AND RllE1'0RJ(J.

8. Saviour, brcatlie nn evening blessing
Ere r epose our spirits seal:
Sin nnd want wo come confessing,
TIJOu can~t $ave an1l th ou canst Leal.
Tho11 g h d est ruct.i on walk arouml us,
Tl101q.;li tlio arrow near us Hy,
.Ange l-g uards from thee snrrouml us,
\\' o are safe if tliou mt nigh.
ll. Sometimes n li ght ~nrprises
Tho Christian wliile 11 e sings;
It. i ~ the Loni who ri;cs,
"\Vit.11 li ca ling in l1is wings;
Wl1 en comfo rt :; are 1keli11ing,
ll o grant,; t lie sou l aga in
.A ~C fl 8o n of clear :;hining,
To cliccr it after rain.

10.

Enr·ompas~l'<l

with clou ds of 1folre~
.l 11 st; n·:1dy all l1 o po to resig n,
pant for th e light of th~· fa ce,
Ami !'car it will never Le rniue.

11. How l1 11ppy nro tli oy
Who tl1c Saviour obey,
And l1 11ve la id up tli cir trcnsurc; above'.
0 w hnt to ngu o ca n express
Th o :;wcct curnf11rt 1111tJ p e1wo
Of fl sou l in its cnrlil':; t love 1
12. Wli cn through th o torn ~ail tl1 c wild tempest i's streaming,
\\'lien o'er the dark w avo th o rutl liglitniug is gleaming,
Nor l1ope ktHls a rny, th e pour seamail to cherish,
We fly to our :Ma~t.er; "San" Lonl, or we perisli."

253

V ERSI Fl CA 1'1 O"V-EX A JI/'/, RS

14. This world is a ll a fl eeti ng sliow,
F or man's illusio n given;
Th e srniles of joy, the t ears of woe,
lJeC<)it.ful shin e, dece itful flow T!tere 's 11ut.l1i11g trne lJ11t hea ven! -

1Voore.

15. I saw !'rom the beach when the morning w1L" shining,
A bark o'er th e wntern mov e gloriou.,Jy on:
I ca111e, w!JCn tl1c :<Lill o'e r t!tat beach was tleeliningThe b~rk was still tll(Jre, but tl1 e waters w ere gonc·.-J/ul're.
lG. There is a 1•l ca,ure in t.hc pat.l1kss woucls,
Thero b fi rap t ure on tlie lonely sl1urn,
Tl1 erc is society, wh e re none intrud es,
Hy tho dee p sea, :11111 111u sic in its roar;
I lov e not man the less, but 11uturu wore,
From tl1 ese o ur int ervi e ws, in whi"li I steal
Frum nil I may be, or have b ee n licft1rc,
To rnin"lc witl1 the mriverse, nn1l fed
What I 1;:11~ 111.:\,r expr.,,,;s, yet ciwnut all conceal.- Dyron .

17. Comrnuc;;, leave rn c h ere a littk, while as yet 'ti.< early morn;
Leave rne !tore, aud wh en yo n want we, 8u11n1l 11p1111 tl1e Lugleliorn.
'Tis th e place, aml nil aroun<I it, as of ol<I, tlie . (·urlew:< (·all ,
Dreary gleams about tlw moorlaucl !l y ing over Ll~c·,l"ky llall.

'le1t11y.,,m.
18. Yon mn"t wake nn<l c!lll inc early, call 1110 cnrly, m11t.lier <kar;
To-morrow 'II be ilte h:ippiest tiu1e ut all tl1e g\;ul new-year;
Of all tl10 gh1d n ew-year, motlier, tho 111atlde,t, 111l'rribt day;
For I 'Ill to be Qneen-o'-the-May, uwther, l 'w to be t~11eeu-u'·
the-May.-Tenn yson.
l!l. Airy, fairy Lilian,
Flit.ting, fairy Lilian,
\\'l"'n T 11,k li<'r if sl1c lovP'l !lli\
Clasps her ti11 y l1antls alJO\'(; me,
L111gl1i11g all slic <'flll;
Slie 'II not !.I'll 111 c if 8he lovl,,! lllO,
Crn..! little Lilian.-Tl'lwyxun.

13. "\Vl1t' n rq•o,ing tlint. 11it.f1t pn 1nv prill•·t of strnw,
By the wolf-scarin g fagot that guarded the slaiu;
At the <kail of tl1e ni g ht :L
vi , i"n I "1w,
Aml t.lirico c ru tlie 111urui11g 1 drcalllt it ugaiu.-CampbelL

·"'.''l'L

22

254

C01l!POSITJO.V A.YD JUlE1'0IlJC.
20. Strnigl 1t mine eye hath cauglit new pleasures,
"Wltilst tlte laml:;eap e rot111<.l it weusures;
Husset la11·u~, nntl fallow :..:ray,
Wh L"re tho uibblinJ.i flod;s du st.ray;
:Mou nta in s on wlw:;e barren breast
Tho laLuring cloud:; do often rest;
Meadows trim with daisies pic<l,
Slm ll ow brooks, untl ril·cr wide:
Towers lllHi battl e ments it sees
Ho~om'<l liigh in tufted trc•·.•,
\\" l1erc J•crlw1;:; suuw lH:au t y lit's.-Jfilto11.

21. Sp;ikc full \l"t'll in languag1~ •p1:ti11t an•l ul1len,
One who tlwl'ilctl1 by tl1e castled Rhine,
W lien lie cnll t'd tlie flowers, so ],Jue nnd golden
'
~s tars, thut in earth 's linnarnent du sliine.-Lonafel/010,

22. (), 1ho Ho~e of Grann(1a \\ras l1loo1n in g full-Llown,
~.11tl sl1e laught.:tl at the ~ii tors who tlwught. lier their own,
l ill there ca1110 frorn .Morocco the Moor, Alu Jaerr,
And ho tossed fn•1n liis ~r•<• ar-l11·wl tho h un;c -tnils in mr,
·
Saying, "Liot to me, latly;
F o r l1it li<•r I 'Yil 1l,nn1,
0 Huso of Grnnada,
To ma]; o tl1t'O my own ." - Ruker.

23. There was n gay mai1l cn lintl
Fcrry me 01·er tli o ferry Hor hair was us bright as the
When tho sun on tho brink of
Iler lips wore n~ full as a

•lown by the millwnvcs of a rill,
hi~ R(·tting strm<lg still,
cherry.-Boker.

24. Thou lingering star, with lesse ning my,
That lov 'st to greet tho early morn,
Agnin thon u~l1cr'~t in the day
My Mary from my sou l wns torn.-Burn&

V ERS !FICA TlON-E XA ill I'LES.

255

'Twas thus, hy tho cave of tl1e mountain afar,
While l1is harp rung symphoniu11i', a ht.:nnit hcg:rn:
No more with himself or with nature at war,
Ee tl10nght 118 a sngc, t.l1ongh he felt as a mnn.-BBattie.
2G. Vital spark of heavenly flame,
Quit, oh, quit this mortal frau1e;
Tremuling, !toping, lingering, llyingOh tlie puin, the hli~s of dying!
Ceuse, foml Nature, coa~o tl1y strife,
Aud let mo L.t11gui,!1 i11to life! ·--1'»]""
27. Near yont1cr C'OJ'S (', wl1 .. re 0111·e tl1(' p:nn!Pn ,.;i11i) .... 1,
Arn] :-)till where 111a11y a g ar1kn tluW t'I" ;!Tti\\ -.., wi ld,
There. where 11 few torn sl11'lllts the l'l:tce <li"·ln"'.
The v.illngo proaclier's rnrnk,;t. m:rnsiun ro'i<'.-Un/il.<mith.

28. The Assvrian cnmc tlown likP >1 wolf 011 tl1.; ful.J,
Aiul hi:; cuhurt:i wne gk:t111i11f.( iu p11qtlv :t1 1d µ.,.J,J;
Awl tl 1e !'ll1een of tlH_· ir ~pl..'ar...; \\'H:-1 like ~tnr.-.i Hll t IH~ ~• ' :l,
\VJ.en tl1e blue \l'll\'e rolls nif.(l1tly Ull dark r::dike.--· }:yr.Ill.
0

'>.

29. At rni<lnight, i n his g11ard"'l knt.,
Tl"~ T111·k was <l r .. a111i11~ ttf tl1e honr
'Vltc•ll (;n•c ec, her kilt'() in SlljtjtlialH' l: !11.:IJt.,
~l1tiuld tn_·11il1le at li i...; po\\'l'I';
1n t1n:at!l~, thn,11~!1 ca1rq1 a1u1 co11rt, lie l1uro
The tnqd1ic~ ~,f a «11111111vror;
111 tlreutn~, l1i:-1 :-;ollg of tri11111pli l1t·urd;
Then wore his rnuu:u·cl1's signd ring;
Tht·n pr,•ss'•l tllflt. 111onnrc11's tl1rone.-- a king:
As wild l1i s tl1ungl1ts, 1rn.J gay (•f wing,
As E<len'R garden bird.- Halleck.

BO. T,ong year~ llfld elapso<1 since I gazed on tlw scene,
Which my faney ~till !'ol,.,d in its fn"l1ne'~ uf f(l'ccnThc spot whore a schoolboy, nll tbou:..:htl e~~, I Htrny'd,
}{y tl1c, f'irlo of the , tremn, in the µ:loolll of the shade.

25. At the close of the day, wl1en tho l1.-1111ld i ~ ~till,
Arnl mortnls the s 1n•et:; of for:..:et fuli wss prove,
When nought but the torn•nt is h e1inl on tho hill,
Au<l nought but tlie nightingale':; song i11 the grove:

Bl. :Mon of thought! Le up and stirrini; nii;ht aml tluy;
Sow tho seed - withdrnw the eurtai11-clc1tr tlw W••Y·
Men of action, aid 1md che,,r tl1u11, u:; ye rnay l

.•
·!1

256

VERSIF!CA TI ON-ESAJf PLES.

Tli c re \ n fo11 11 t nbout t o stream,
Tl1 c re ·, a li g l11. nhu11t to liea 111
Tli cre 'ti a \\·a1·111 t h ah uut to gl ~ w
.
'
T!t t: re ·, a tl u wer a uout to lil u w ·
Th ere':; ::t 111 idni~lt t ],! ackn c,;s d 1:rnging 'into gray.
Jil c11 of tl1u11 ;;li t. a11 1l lltl'll uf ac tiPn, clc11r tJ 1e way!

My wife, nncl my cltildrcn, - oli, spare m e th e tale !
I•'or w It o is th ere left that is kin to G echnl e !

:J~ . I """ ' l' frn111 t li e ct liN, cll'ft ], 1,t ly asi1l e,
Tl1ro11 g- !1 tli 1..• air (1f tl1 e :-:< 1ft s1irnllll' I' 11i orning ;

1)

l'<•lll e wi
. t 11 :1 RCl 11 .~ n:; I (l HS I I O fl 111 .Y w;1y ,h o t It fl di rge :111d n rn t·;..;~a g(· o f wuniln g :
J\p ~ w,·v t· . idl e d rv:1 111 :-:. 11 1~ r rnrn ;t! H'e u f lov e
v''11r JH lL·l' s s( if't L:t!111 -l11·e:1tl1i11 :.; ~rory
'

( )f

kni g- lit , al l <Hll'llitll1 (• !1l gay ,
\\"a,; t li e g lll'l'doJJ uf glory; Wl1i:<t li11 g so nirily
Past t li e cnr war ily,
\\"a tcl 1i11g 111 e 11111To 11·ly,
C rn s l1i11g l cu111 c !

nr 11i o l' - cL11 i

\\"Ji ere

l Indian's

Lament.]

86. Oh ! n w ond erfu l st ream is th e ri,·er Tim e,
As it runs through tl1e realm of tears,
With a fa11l tless rl1yt.l11n, nml n mu sical rhyme,
And a liroa1ler sw ee p u11d tL suq.:c subl im e,
As it Lh-11.Js in t li e oe ca11 of y ean; ! - Ji. F. Tuylur.

87. Li1·t·s o f g rea t llll'll nll n:111 i1 11l us
're c- an 111 ake

011r li\' 1...'s

s11 l1li111t\

An•l 1l " pa rti11::;, lc:11·e h<· lii11.J us
Footprints on th e sands uf ti111c. -

lo11 1J. fdlow.

II S<' :tl-f

!Su ng of the Cannon-Ball.J

33. Th ere '8 n gam e 111 nc l1 in f:i slii"11 ,- 1 t l1i11k it's call ctl eucltre
c r1iu11 g li J 11 c1·er lta ve p la yed it fur ,.1c-,1'111·e o r lu cre,)- '
111 wl11 clt, wl tl' ll tli c 1·a nJ,; nre in C' ert:ii11 eo 11di 1ions
T li e 1.Jaye r:< ::t ppt·a r t11 l1a1·c cl ia11 g"d tl1 eir 1•0, iti ons,
'
A 11tl o ne (If t l1L1 11 l' l' il':-;, in a f· 11nlid l'1tl t1111 c, •·I tlii11k I 111:ty \'e1t l111·e to gu it 1tl u11 e ! "-,'>(uc.
:J I. On e J.y 11 11 0 t lt c ~: 111.J , 11re llowi11i.:,
( >11 c liy u 11 c tl 1e 1110111 e nt 8 fall;
S11111 e are

c111r1i11 ;.:,

~0111 0 HJ't.• g11i11 g :

l>u nut st ri1·c tu gra sp tl11.:111 all. -

ari.

257

C 0 .l/ P 0 SIT I 0 N A ND R fl ET 0 RIO.

A. Procter.

will go to lily te11t. 11 11<1 li e 1l1111"1l i11 ,Je ~ pnir;
will J1_11i11t lit e witl1 l.Ja c k, 1111d will ~ e ver 111y ltair;
w ill ~I t on tl1 e s l1ore wlil're tl1 e li11rri nt11 e lilows,
Arn! rev eal to tl 1e g11d uf lit e tc111p cst 111 y wues;
I will 11-.: l' P f,.r fl ' C:l'< lfl O il uilll'l'll l'SS frd ,
F11r rn y ki11il re<l :ire g1111c tu t l1 e lt ill s of t!t c tl ead;
But tli c•y di ed IH•t 11v l1111I"l· r o r lirl"t' rirw d ecay
Tbc tiled of th e wli.it.c m :~n l1 a tl1 ti l:~]'t ~!t c111 a:vuy :

38. Stanll l1 cre 1.y rn y ,.; i,l l\ :incl t 111·11 , I pray,
On tli e lnk e h elow, t!t y gC'ntle Pym•;
Tlt e cl o\Hl s l111 ng <We r it , lt eavy u111l g ray,
And <lark nml sil ent t l1 e wnter lies;
An<! 011t o f tlin t fr oze n rni 't th e sno w
Ju w :i,'e rin µ; flak e" begin s t.o flow;
Fink e afte r fl a ke,
Th ey sink in the <lark a11<\ sil e nt lake. - Bryant.
80. Tl1e m iglit y m a ste r srni lc<l to Ree
Tliat love wn " in tl1 c nc· xt d egr(·e ;
''I' Wfl8 Ullt fl kindred ,;train ln lllOVe i
F o r pity 111eJ1, tlte rnind tu Juve.
So ftl y sw ed , in Lydian m cns nrc8,
Suon he sootl1 c<l liiK soul tu pleasur es :
W a r, lt c snn g, is toil rrnd trouLl e ;
Hon or b11t nn crnpt y b11J.ul e ;
Nev er e111lini.:, ~ till beginning,
Fig l1 ting st.ill , nm! sti ll destroying:
If tlte w orld b e worth tli y winning,
Think, oh. think it wort.Ii e nj oying I
J.o,·cly Tl1ais ~ it ; 1.esi1l e tli t·e ;
Tak e tlt e goo<l th e guds prnvitle tlt ee.
Th e many r end tl1 c ski es with 10111] nppla11 sc ;
So love wns crown\!; li11t mu sic wun tlte cau:;c. 22*
R

Dry.ZP.ll

258

COJII'OSITION AND RHETORIC
40. Forth into th e mighty forest
lfo sli e!l the mad<l cn '<l lli awa tlia;
In hi" lwflrt wn~ dea<lly ""Tow,
Jn his face a Ftony firmncs~,
On hi s l1ro11· the S\\" eat of an'-'. 11i sh
::'larll•d, Lut it frozo a nd frll nut.. - Long.feUQw.
a11<l 11·,;rn,
\l "ith eyd i<h heavy nnd retl,
A wom:rn sat, in un11·t•lllanly rng~,
Plying lier nee<lle nnd t hrend, tititch ! s titc h I st.itch!
Tn poverty, hunger, nnd dirt,
And still, with n voice of <luloro11s pitch,
She 8ang the "Song of the Shirt.." -Hood.

1'' ERSI F !CA TIOX-EXA Jl I'!. F.S.

25~

The pnrchment scroll of t ii J..d lin e,-- tl1 e ril1hon at t lw kn<'e,
Cun ~till ~ullku tn ratify a11d gr:int ~11cl1 l1i gl1 dq;n' (· 1
4-fi.

Tl1<~

c11rf,· 11· t .. 11 - tl1 c k11 ,·ll <•f pal"lill .>! ,);, _,. .

Till' low in~ lwl'd wi11d -; :-,) 11wly

11'vr

tl1 t· k:1:

Tl1 e 1.lo\\·111 :1 n 1101111..:ward plPd~ Iii ...; \\"~·a1· y \Y: 1y ,
And ka\·l·~ tin: \\'t•rld tll da1·knv s.-; :uul t 1 1 n1v. ~ f,'ro!J.

4 l. "Wi th fingers weary

:i2. A sol<li er of the Legion lay dyin g in Al giers,
Th ere wns lack of woman 's nursing, th ere was dearth of
wo1nan 's t ears ;
B11t n comrade st.oo<l besid e him , whil e l1i:; lifo.i.blood ebbed
away,
~nil bc_nt, with pitying glnn<'es, to h ear wl1 11t he miglit sny.
I he d yin g ~ul•l1cr folt crecl, as he took that comrade's J1nud
An<l he snid: I nc1·e r rnoro s hall st•e 111.v 01rn, my native Jund:
Tak e n m es~ngc, anti n tok en, to ~011 1 e di ,. t.ant fri emls of mine
For I was born at Bingen, - nt Bingen un t.he Hhine.
'
Mrs. Noi·ton.
43. Th r rc 1.< no fl o<'k, l1 ow cver wntehcd nnd tended,
H11t nnc 1k111l la111h is t l1ere I
Th L•ro is no fir t·~i tle, how o<ot"a 1lefr n1l ed,
Bnt l 1a~ one Y:1cant chair !-IA n[lfeUow.

44-. Th ere ·~ fl bOIY (' I" o f ro~CR hy n elltlem ee r'R stream,
Ant! th e nightingal e sin gs roun d it nil tl1 c tiny Jono-·
0'
.
J 11 t I 1 ~1 tune <1 E rny cl1ildhoot!, ' t 1r ns lik e a s weet drea m
To sit in the ro~es nm! hear the bin!'$ Ro ng.-ilfnorf.'
4fi.

"\Yli u111 il n Wt' <111 h llR genlll•t11an? Th e l; n11 1·t·, th e fool, t.lie
lirnt C",
Tr tl1cy but own foll ti1!10 of gultl, autl w enr n co urtly Ruitl

17. Once upon fl 111id11i _c: l.t dn-:11·_1-, 11l1ilc I 1>< -. 11ilcrc·il 11c·:1k :111<1 we:1r_1-,
(Jv c r 1nany a 1p1ai11t :111d {'l!l"i1Jl1:-;. \'ol t l!lle ut' ful':....::r it!\·11 J.,r1..· "\\'liil e I IJ O<ld c·d, near ly n:1p1 •i11 g. >'tllldl"11l y ther,. c:1111 c a t:q•1•in'.! ,
As of ~on1 e one ge ntly rappi11 _c;. rapping at tn y ,-!1:111< !,.-r .. 1, .. .,..
"' ' T i.s su1nc vbitur, ,, I 1nutt e rcd, 11 lappi11;; ut Ill )' i: l11111il •cr -duur On ly tlii s, aml u utl1iu;; wore. ''-J',Je.

48. Singin g thro11 1:d1 th e forests,
Hflttling ovt· r ridi:;e~,
Shootio? umlc 1· :nch es.
Hum bl in? 01· cr bri dge~ ;
"Wl1izzin g thro11;; !1 th e mountai n,
~Buzzing o'tr tl1 e vale,
Dlcs;> m e ! tl1is is pleasant,
Hi.Jin g on t li e ruil ! - Sa.re.
49. T sometimeH haYe tlw11 g l1 t in my ]oncli c't. t<f li»urR,
That li e un Ill} hc:trL lik e tl1 c d e w "11 tLc 1! .. 11·..,. ,,
Of n rarnhlc I took, on e bri g ht 11ftvrn<)l)ll,
·when 1n y l1enrt \\"fl' ll" li gl1t. 11" 11 J.lo'"""l i11 .f1 1111".
Tl 10 grc·cn earth \\":IS 111oist. with Ili c Lite -f:1lk11 ,; l11•11·cro<,
Tli e bn·cze f111l krcd down and likw op <· n rJ,,. tl1<11·•·r,;;
"\\'lii le n sin gle wl1ite clo 11tl fl <J:it.cd of!' i11 ti,.· 11"<->t.,
Oo th e wliito wine; o f peace, to its l11n e11 uf rc"t.

50. II car th e ,]edges with the bellsSilver Lells Wli:1 t fl world of IJl (•rri11 1e nt tl1tir lllelucl y furt:tdl,; !
lluw th<·y tink!.-, tinkl e, tiukle,
In tli e icy air «I ni g lli !
Whil e tl1 c ,.1111·~ tli:tt 01·crspri11kle
.All tho hl':l\· t· n", ><•·e111 In twinkle
'With a nystalline <leli;;l1t;

260

CO.Vl'OSITJON AND RIIETORIO.
K ee pin g tim e, tim o, time.
ln n ~or t. of n1111ic rhylll e,
To th e tintinnnl.11l;i1ion tl1 nt. so 11111sicnlly wells
Fruin tl 1t• hell". J, ,.11-<. klJ,;, bells,
Bell,-, lit· ll s, J,,.Jl s From tli c j in gling nnd tli e tinklin g of the bells.-Poa.

51. Spl'ak g<· ntly o t' I lie e rr it1;!,- oh' do not t 11011 fo rget,

llow c vt·r dJJrkl y ;;tairwd liy sin, he i,; tl1y brotlll'r yet :
ll «ir of the "" ·11:-<atrt e li crita;!t', c liild of th e sclfsnme God
llu lwt.h but st. utnbl e(] in ti,~. path thou liust iu weakness t~

l'. 0.
52. Oh! n <l nint.y pl:lnt. is tl1 c il·y g rrc n
That. crel' peth o'er rnins old!
Of ri1-d1t ('l1uicr food nrt· hi s rn eal s l ween,
'
In l1 is ce ll 'o low :rn<I c<> ld.
Th e wnlls mu st. be c rnrnli k d , th e s tones decay ed;
T o pk:Nlrt' l,j , (l:.inty wl1im;
And th e 111 01tld'rin:; <lust that yPars lwve mud e
Is it merry meal for l1irn .
C ree pin g w lic·rc 11 0 li fe i,; ,ccn,
A rare old plant is t lie i 1·y grecn.-Dickem;,

ue.

CHAPTER VII.
POETRY.
Defective Definitions.- Most of the d e finiti o n ~ of Poetry wl1id1
have bee n proposed nrc opt• n t o the olijcct io n th at t ht·y 111•1.Jy
equally well to certain kind s uf fll 'MO. Th ey d0.,eril1e wl .. it. is l•Udicul, ra t h e r tha n wha t is poet ry. l'a -<,;age~ wi1l1out n111nl ic r in tliu
prose writin gs of ~lil t.on, in ,Jerc rn y Ta ylor, in l'ile:ri1u's l'rog rc,.;,\
in Rw;kin, in llawt.h o rn c, and in 1u:u1y l•t l1t·r i1nag inati1·c 1niters,
nre thoroughly p~t.iclil, but th ey are nut poet ry .
Indispensable Conditions. - X ot.lii11g is reall y poetr.v 111Jles-. it. i;; in
verse.* This is nu i11Llis[>L'nsa li lc' cond iti on. Nut, 1.., 11•c 1·,·1" tlitJ ouly
condition.
"Thirt y <lny~ hntlt Sc· pff'mhc>r,
April, June, Rnd l\'ovem l1er,"

is verst\ J.11t it i.-< nut poet ry. In onl1:r llrnt nnytl1i11g Jn ay 1)\' lrnl_y
acconnte<l poetry, it 11111 sl, in t li e fir,t. place, l• e in 1.h e f\,r1u <> f ,.,.,.,,.,
and, seco ndl y, it. n111st. lie poc1.il'al in it.':l cssc·n<oc,, "\\l1at. <·"1"t i111 t.,·s
verse ha s bee n sl1 011·n in tl1e pruv iuu s cliaptcr. lt re1nai11 s no w t u
~how what rnakd it tl1in g pocti .. al.

Poetical in Essence.-A pirce of co mposi tion is r~s·· 11ti ally
the~e three rnarb: 1. It is tli e product

poetical wh e11 it ha8

• 11 Notwith ~t andin K all lhat. lia~ b t•e ri ad1·a11('1·d l1y ~ · ~ 11w Fr··1wh crif i,·" . !" J>r••'' tl
that a work 11ot in 111 e tr<' 111ay lie a p nl' lll, ulli\' t: r!':l al upiuiv11 lw:s alway!':! g iv i.:11 a cuutrary cl ec biori. 11 - H?1o l ely.
One r ea.-;1n1 why writers nn tld s ~ul •. \l'd h:n' e ~e11era ll y fail ed in tht·ir ddi11i! i••f l qf
it., is that tli e y h a.v<~ b cg 1111 w n..1 11 1;. \'ers1: hc ii11.:- an es:-;e 11tial l'11 wliti< 111 11f 1ui1..:try, wo
11houlU h1~ ~i n l1y ddinin ~ n•r:-w , an'l fr o rn that prucee'l t•1 a ddi11 i li •Hl 11f pndry.
Wheu that whkh L'i iu it~elf pue l ka l i.:s put iu t li c form uf \'coc 1 we lia n : !'1,t:l ry .

:!Gl

262

COMI'OSITION ANI> RHETORIC.

of an ex cited imag inati on. 2. It is the product of a creative
imag ination. 3. I ts primary obj ec t is to pl ease.
Let us consid er each of these points.
1. An Excited Imagination.- P oetry is the p rorln ct of an exoitod
irn n1,dn :1t ion. S!tak e,; penre refors to t.lii s qual ity, w!t cn he speaks oC
"tlte poet', <'ye i11 a .fine .frenzy rolling." Tlt c poetical is rli sti11g11i shed , iu t l1is re;;p el't, frurn t!to prosaic, hy hei 11g raised nhovo
wl111t is 111('rcly nnrratiYl', d csrr ipt.i\·c. 11rg111n cnt 11 li \·e, or scientific.
Th o miud, in producing nr1ythi11g poetical, is 11lways raised abovo
its ordina ry leve l of thought and fccli11g.
2. A Creative Imagination. - Poetry is ci pially tli e product o( a
cn·at ivc illl 11ginntion. TJ1 c word poe t (G r., TI 01117tjr) rn euns a m11k or.
Tl1 e pnct is one wlw c rca t<·s new for lll s o f t l1 u11glt t. This quali ty is
ul su rl'ferrcd to h~· :::i li nkc~ p enre, w !ten lt c spea kA uf t li e poet's body.
ing fort.Ii the forms of thi ngs "11 ukn u wn, " und g ivi ng nam e uud
place to "airy not li ing."
7'he Procn~ IS{'C rn s !'l be thi s : Th e lmni;inatl<m nrst becom es e xcited , &nd
th en, wlnm thus cxdt<"'d, it bccq m e~ cren tir c. llo tl1 parU:; of thi 8 p rocess arc exprc.ssed in th e Jiu.-.:.sagc alrendy rl'rcrrpd to :

Th e poet 's eye, in n. fine frenzy ro lling-,
Voth gbrncc fr0m hcun:~ n 1~ 1 t 'i t rl li , fr•11n t·1trtlt to heat·en :
And, n.-. i111ugit11t!i "11 hodi 1_•« f·-·rth
The forms o f tliini:;-s u nk now 11 , th e }1( 1ct's pen
'J'11 rn .s th ~·m to "'hope, u11 d ~i\· cs to ai r y n o thing
A local habitatio n ai u.l

fl

nu.me.

3. Primary Object to Plense.-Th c pl'i1nnr.\· nl:jPrt 0f poetry is to
J•h•a,;e. Tl'i " q 11 :1lity 1li sti nµ- 11i,; li rH it. frorn Orn t•H')', 111 11] 8u1ue of ti ..;
ot he r lii;..:licr k ind ;: nf prosl', wh il'lt often li an· tl1 c fir!'t and sccon1l
•11111lit.ies lt ero nam ed , J.11t. no t Ili c tliird. T lt ~ i1· pri1nary object is
n ut. to pl t·a~o, J.11 t to lllO\'t• 1u1<l pcr.suaile.
\\'li e n Daniel \\'1·h... tPr • 11 ttC' red th e <'nnclliriiri.i; pns."ngc o f hi s mcmoral.Jl e reply

ro R T fl Y- F: PlC.

26:}

to Ho.ync in th e Se nn.le o f the t ·11ited S.t11tes, h e was un<l e.r th e i nfl1 1t..· 11 c? o_f_~

werfull ~r e x cited

rlouht, " _i n a tine frf'n zy roll111.~ •
8..8 t r11 ly th e
:---:hak:~pe1.1n:_ (l.r Mi l to~ .
·ho.. pn :-:~ngc al:-.r• und o 11htedly giH·s 1il en..--1ire . B11t thflt h 11 r1t :L~ 71 n.11w 1,11
! Jud there 1Jee11 a su,pk i0 11. in the case j u st ri lc•l. t hat the «l•JCl'l .,1 thftt
Lnr:-it o f l' ic >qll Cn<'c w1t'i nwn·ly tn exc·i tc npphlu:-.c, th e spl·HkL'r \\ 1i1t!d
imnginotiun, h is eye,

11 0

: d th e id eas n n rt furrns oftli ought bodied forth by hi m
of a crcalive imag in alio n as n.nyt.hi11g c,·e r I•f' n1 u:d h y
8

,~·ere

~\<irk

0 ~:ct.

su~li rnc

hnv c bee n b outell o ut u f th e Sen nt.c iu contempt.

From t.hcso ele iu cnts it iH not <litneu lt to procec1l ton dt.:fi11it inn

of poetry.

Definition of Poetry. - P oetry may Le definc1l tu b'.· the
product of an excited and a c reative im agi11 :ttio11 , .\\·1th a
primary oLject to please, a ucl exp rcs:icd in the form of ven•c.
Relation to other Arts. - P oetr y i." on e of t he Fi11 e Ari,, a11 1l i.''
thereby allied to Music, Painting, :::icul pt urc', and A rcJ,1kct nre, 111 ail
of which the pr i1 11 1try ol>j ect is to j>l easo.
Kinds of Poetry. -Tli c (]ifforc nt kin ,],. nf pot-fry 111 ay ],,, <' <>nveni entl y in cl11d c1\11111lc r th e li c'tt<b .,f Epk, l>r:un :lfi c-, Lyr ic, El q.; i: u"
lJidad ic, :::iatiric, :t11d l'a,;tur:il.
I. EPIC POETRY.

An Epic Poem is a poetical rec ital of some great aml
h eroic enterprise.
Its High Character. - F[>i' " l''"'t r v i-< 1111h·1·r"allv :1•l111il I •·•l I<>] .,. t 111•
h i"hCot. an d m t»•t dillic 11lt. ki11tl of pot:Lical C<> lllJ"'"ili<>n . TJ11' 1!11111 bc~· of s11ccc,;sful Epii-.-< i,; rwMrd i11;..:ly H;ry li 111i1e.J. ~l<>-<I ,.;,ii i !, .. ]
u atio ns }1a.vo one, 1·(:\\° }1; L\-t.... t1H~r 1..· tlian 01 1 l.~ . Tl1 1' tl1ri ·l· F1 )i1 ·.. : f
ct·lebritv
g1•Htt
lo , e·t
~
•
- a re fj , ,lll t: r'' l li•t<I i11 (; n·,· k, \'ir;;il 's ,L'11 eul in
1

1 1

LJ1tin, a nt! Mil tu 11's l'arad i8e Lo•l iu E1Jglisl1.

* " \Vht·11 rn~· ' 'Y i «~ !- h a ll I"' t11n11 •, l to h1 •l1 ohl fi1 r th e ln.o; l ti111 c lhl'. ~ un in h eav en,

may T nnt :we h itn ~ hiriin i. :-

11n

Iii <' l •niki' ll au d di :·d wn nrnl fra g 111 t·n1 s of n once glo-.

rh111s U ni1m: 0 11 .-.: fa IP.~ tli s~t ·n: ri·d . di1won la111, 11cll igt're 11L; u 11 a land r e nt with civ il
frwl.o,j , o r dre11 d1•·d , it ma y 1'1'. in fratn n :d l.!111~ 1 '. Ld tl n·ir la.'.'i t J"·eiJle n nt1 li11 ge rh1 K
.._. 1 :111n.~ ratlH·r lJ,•!J v ld tl 11· i: l11 ri1H1!-I 1· 1 i..:;:i~n u f 1/1 1: lkpul ilil', 11nw k11 11w n nud hon on·J
t hrungl1t1111 tl11· t·arlli , ~!ill full h li.! h 11·hnnc,.d. ltct :ll'IZI ;{ a11d t r .. 1, lii t::-. .!'illr.a111i11 1; in
t. h l'i r ' 'r hd nal /us ! r1·, 11' 11 a ~ t r ipe 1·ra..;.cd o r p ollu li-d, ni •r u ~ I 11 g l1~ :Ha r u hsc urcd, ltenrln ~
fo r i t.-, 11 1111111, 1111 ~t wit rui st·r:ihlr- intt-rrucaf1 •ry a:-1 - ' \\'llllf io,j 11 /l lh i<'4 wort It ?' nor !.hOl'e
oth1·r w "rds uf d l'in ... i 1111 :tlld fnlly - 'l.ih,•ny Ii r :- 1, a 11 J 1· 1d11 J1 1t1)1·r wa n.I ; 1 but t:vc ry.

"·IJ,•r<>, ~pn.:ad all m·\·r in 1 · lia r:H'l~·r~ of Jid 11 l!" Ji g hl, l·blz l 11 .i. : tJ Tl all Its 11 mple folds, WI
tht·y tloat <;vPr Oi t• .~c· a :rn d u \·i·r tl11· Li11d ,f1 11d In \' \"t•ry w i11 d u 11 d1·r I. h e wh o l e h e1tven~.
t hat ot l wr ~ 1 ·n ti11H·11t , d1·;1r t11 t·,·n y trt11• i\111i· 1·itau b cart,- 1 LlllEHTY AND UNION ,

NOW AND l'(JHE. \'EH , O~E ANI> I N:H-: l'Aff.AUL J:C

I"

Th o e Li c f 41111liti es uf nn Epi•) i'"L"l ll al'e t li e fullu\1·i11;; :

1. Th e first conditi on of a n Epic: poem i:; tlm t its subject
should Le g reat a11d heroic:.
The Iliad. -This p•> L" lll n:trrnt cs t li c Riego and ilo wnf,,JJ ,,f Tr .. y,
th o nrnRt rn o1nurnl>l o (;Ve nt in tlllJ C'11rl y lii st.ury of ! lw Trojans und
tlte C reeks, tlie tw o 111 ust n.:uuwu ctl rntli u11 s of a11t. i•111ily.

264

The lEneid. -Tl1is lms for ih snldect the peril,; !\11•1
.A~neas, tlt c r eputed foun•k1· of tl1e Homan race, in laying the fotin•
d:it.ion8 o f tha t great Bation arnl c it.y, wl1kli b eca1ne and Jong OOD•
tinuc d to be the lllL;t rco8 uf tltu wur! Ll.

265

POETR Y-El'IC.

C01'I POSITION AND RH ETORJC.

·
- and
ceeding mak es tl1e wl1<•l c rnnre 1•_1 d11 re,;1111c,
pow e rful effect upon the i111a:;1nat10u .

111·11<1ti(' t: :-:

a

111un.~

3. A third con<lition of an Epic poem is that it ~hould have
its hero.

Paradise Lost. - ;\lilton's t ill•me is grander still, involving tho
interests, not o f o n e nation m e rely, bnt of tl1e whole lmmnn race,
mu! not of 11wn 111 •·rely, but of the great angelic !1ost, and even celobrating in lof'ty ~ trains the very "thro n e am! eq uipage of Gv<l'a
11lmig lttin css."
So it will be fuuml , in n•grml to every pue m tlint hus been gen·
erall y rC'ceivcd as an Epic, that its snlojcd is one that can lie truly
r q;a rd ctl as great. It mu st be one tlmt involves m omentous inter·
ests, und that call s for the display of !1c roic achievements.

2. The second condition o f an Epic poem is that it should
form a completed and connected whole.
Unity of the Epic. -Thi s is what is g-cnernlly known as the Unity
of tlie Epic. By thi :; is meant that thero i" so rn e one important
e,·cnt u r a c liieve111e11t w liid1 i" ,;et bdur u t lie reade r as t.lio rnaiu
e nd "f 1110 't"r)'. N.. t •Hll y all 1111• l"1,.ti1'lilar i111· i1knt,; 1111 tst lial' e
relation t.o this event, and lie kept in "t11ordi11ati o 11 to it., lint t.liis
event rn11 st. bu f.( in·n in it,; co11q •kt(•1wss, "' t 1111 1. wh e n w e are through
with the p<wm w o fe el 1h11t. w·1· l11tv1• th e who! .. ~fnry.
How Produced. - ln pro<111 .. inf.( this ('01nplet1•tl(·s", po ets nsunlly
m11plny t.lw urtiti1·1i of b q.;i11 11i11 ~ i11 tl1u 11Jiddl1· or near tl1 e close of
the 8tory, and w cn vini; in th e 1111tercdent parts by 111eans of conversat ion urnong 1.he nctors. Tint s tli e £Encid li(·g in" witli the shipwreck of t h o h e ro off t.1 10 co11st of <..:art lmgo, 11fter he has gone
through nearly tlll· ec- fourth~ o f his labo r s nn1l exploits. Being invited to a great fe 11st l1y Queen Dido, h e, ut h er reqn e,;t, e nt ertains
t!te company wit.Ii a narrntiv u of the antl'ccdcnt parts of J1is story.
Method o! Poetical N11rrntive. - So in tl10 •·a.;c· of vH' l'.Y f.'.l'C'at epic.
The poet doe" nut ]'rOeel'd in tli" 11i;1t1lll'l' uf 11 lii slo ry, li11t lltt~ltes
11 t onee int o th e ve ry 111id 't 11f tlie CVl'lltB, aliout tlte tirno that they
ure gelling- to be 1:1 ~ 1-.: t lii;;!ll_r i 1it L·!'c ... till;.!, i In.'. early c·a1i...;1._·:-l Hild a1J!ef"l'<h•11t8 ncees~ary to the 1·ompkt1.·ne'" of tl 1P whole heing bronght
iu, frorn tillle to tiw e , in an iu e ide ntal wuy . Tlti8 uiethod of pro-

Ex lanation.- Tlicrc ~]101\l•l he some one pri11<'ipal ."df/r, ill "·_!'""'
autl 1ksti11y we arc lllurc i11te1-..:stc(I tli:111 "' 1!""":''. "11:'
I
]
·
1· I i ti • I recc•l 111"
C'l ii I I I.
.
Thi
s feature is per "'I'" rn•p '"' "
'" '
,.., .
e
l
1
o.ti •
..
I
f I
liiad i ...
,11 to give it a di,;tirwt t11cntiu11. l l1e ,,, .. ., " t ' " .
~c~i~lc~, tliat. of tl1c .E1wi 1l ;, .E 11t' a', tl1at of Paradi"· J.,,, \ .'.' \L.1:·
· • ,S111 ·lt '·1t. lt-a-t. \\ .·'" \\,, .
.
··1 cc.
. r.
or Adam, as tlte n·prc se11tat1\'e
o f ]us

e xJl~ts

ton's in ten tion , tl1011:;l1 it 111114 he conf1•,;<ed tli:1_r, .''n cl".''".c;,;tl·'"
book, tl1e tigure wlticlt sta 1Hb ou t rnu"t liohlly .Lcl1>1c· tl1~ 1111.q,, .11.t
tion is that of Satan, the great an.: h· e n ellly of (,u1l and i11.t11.

4. A fourth co111lition of an Epic poem i~ that it oliould
involve many actors aud a complieute<l plot.
Explanation.- Tli<' ~t.,ry .,f a single adur, lik'2 t l1at uf. 1:, ,1 ,_i".' '. ' '1
J.·,, "olit·1n·
i<h11d
.. ould lll'\'c·r f,,, a l'"''i'c·r
,11\'.1cd 1111 .111
( )I' -J.,A ' •
'
~
' '
- ,
.
.
I.
•
tt · r ltiiW irrt.."tl ·u~~l livr(1ic tl w 111:tit 1111;.! ld lJ1..· lll 11111 ...... · 1!.
eti tc'., Jill 111:l , \_'
.
r
'
' '
''
.... ·
,r\. j...,(1l:t! v d lr;ll 1--:1d 1.. 11, ll• l
l..'
• -·pl \1 tl 'lll ('\>I<'. lw Jll:tdv til lt (d .t · l l l r ' 1 ·
·. 1 · 1
1,111 l
•
,
I
. 1·
.\

C . e
t'\l~O

rnuttvr

l

lJ(1\\'

!!1P111t·nt11tl:-i

or :-:11l il i111t~ t lt' tr:111:--:w i~~. 11

1111,.:.it.

. 1 · ..,,t woulil be·lr tl1 e :-o:lt JH '. rt·lall'HI t ..
nn ~\II' II u. ~I 1 i.1' .
'
.
wuuld a llud to a 1;gl1l l1~: l\\"ct..·11 t \\'1• ~!'1..::tl al"J!Jk:-- .

pt1C'l!l

all

.

.~ · .. .

l:\ 1\1,

:1 ...,

5. A fifth condition of th e Epic is that il.8 touc ~ lwuld Im
prevailingly gerious urnl earnest.
't
d Falstaff - llorner it. is true. uncc rai'c" a 1:111gl1 ,,,·,.r
Thers1 es an
·
'
·
.
,\ , 1.,,.y ,.,,,, _
1
lirng,.,art, Th crsit e,. But t.l1is b quit e c·x<'.ept1.,11a.
.
• '.e .
"1 1'111g .. l1 ·11·•t"tcr ,,i,·eu to f1111, lik" Fabta!T, [,,,. lli'lall•T,
ta1DID" :t ea(
' • ' ,. · "
·
.
I
~ • , • ] , 11 p cliic•llv uf 'cenes a111l c hara de r· s uf a '-'"" "'"
or a sto1 y llllll "
.
. . . . .
. . ·d
I ,
. ' '"''' uf t lie
festive kiml, wc>11ltl Le 111a11ilc·,tly Ulbllile 1.;J t ,.., IJUl I'

ti

epic.

6. A "i xth co!llliti on of the Epic i~ tliat the "Lory it.•clf,
merely :tO' a ~tory, sho ultl be interestillg.
•

k

·

1· 1T

· ntwi!l1111a11y11~ ! wr

Different from other Poetry.- l'lw ,.,"'' "'' 1 , ., ,.
.
'
l..
lu L'Tie
Diclaclic
l'a,l'.•l'al, and ou111i.: utl1c·r k111d,;
lll j1 Vt; I).
J
>
·
l

..
1
llJuS

:.!3

266

of po etry, th ere i_s t•ithe r no sto1-y nt ull, or if a ny, not enough to
affect to nny cu ns1tlc ralile e xt e nt t li e m e rits of tlie piece. But 811
E11ic b e'sc11tially a story, s11rh in it.-; m ate ri als and its art.istio
arrangeme nt that it wo11ld Le or aL so rliin g interest even if told in
pros<"'. Tl1i s 'tory, t.l 111s in terc~t in ;.; in it.self, receives tl1 e superadJed
~plernlurs and glor ies o f the very higl1 est type of JiO etical ueauty.
• °METHJ C Ar. HO\IA:-ICE.-The Me tri cal J{omnnce is inferior in dig·
mt y and grnn<leur to the Epi c, but belong8 csse ut.ially to tlie same
:perie:i of co111positiu n. lt is n narrntive of adventure, und La,.,
md el•d ne~rly e l" e ry <J11 nli ty <l esc ril1c<I as bdunging to the Epic, uut
l111 s th em 111 n kss marked deg ree.

.Exn:u71fr.•.- Th e_ Fncrie Q 11 cc n c, l.iy ~rc 11 sc r. If indeed It be n ot reckonl>d
n.~ n.n l'.. l~H· , yet cc r~amly co nH.:s \'ury ncnrly .to t lHLL lcvc l. u11'1 must he rega.rdi..-d
H ~ th ~ li1ghc ~ t !->pccll11c11 extant of th e ~ l ctrie1t l H. 0 1111rn ce. Til t: nu mber of poemi
<1f 1h1s l'iass 1s \'l•ry gTL'1tl. 111 ou r ul1kr JitcrnturL· w e 111 uy i n.-..1un ce th e Homau 11 i
of. t~~ c ".""'C , lJ)~ Chnw·cr, arid in l1llL' I' 1inw.s llic Lndy of lh t.: Luke. and Marmion,
L.) !:> Ir\\ all t.'r !-:ic..·u tt, unll lllc l dyls u f th e KJ11 g-, Ly ' l\•11 11 y;..,0 11.
M1·:T1< H' AI. C11110:-; 1('LE.- Tl 1e Ch ro niclo li ..,J.,11 gs to the snme general c la ~~ of com posi tiun ;;, buin g n arrat ive in forn 1, um! relyi ng very
11111 elt np on tli e story fur its effect, but it i8 infe ri or in sty le anJ Jignity to tlt e Humaucc.
II. DRAMATIC POETRY.

Dramatic Poetry ranks with the Epic in di l!;nitv and excellen ce, and has nearly all it.s essen tial churactcrisli.cs.
Likene ss to the Epic. - Like tl1 e Ej1ir., tlt e Dra11in, at least in its
11ig h ur fon n8, n111't l1n1·e so 111e great an<! heroic transaction for its
subject;. it 111ust, c1·,· n more tli nn the E pi c, m aintai n unity in the
11ct1on ; 1t 11111~t l1avc o ne lea.Jing c l111rn<"t e r or l1 e ro; it must Jiuve
su w e co111p li rntion of plot..
Unlik eness.- In ir_..; f 11 ri11, 1111._• I 1ra111:t i ~ t'."i:-;c nLia lly 11nlikl-~ tlw Epii)
and ail 11\livr 11;11T:t l i\\; ji<11·J!1...; . \\.l1:tl tl1 l'_Y It:tITillt· JI:-- lia\·i 11 ~ licc..: ll
du11c, 1!1 1.__·

JJr;11ua l"l.' i•l"l':--• ·Hh

:1 ....

H• ·l1utlly d1•i11:! lwf11r 1·

l!lll'

t.'\'l ' ~ .+

(.iref•k OpO.µu (dr(w111), antl ~ ll{Jdlit''.1 acliu n, or (fo in i;.

The lJni ties.- l3e;i<les unit.y of subj ect, whieh it. l111s in common
with th e E i'i c, t lt e Drama requires a lso two other uniti es, n:11m·ly,
th ose of t ime and place.
Unity of Time. - By uni ty of time wa8 m en nt o ri ginall y t h at tho
trnn sactions shou ld Lo ca paL!e of occurring within th o ;pace oft imc
ordinaril y occnpicu in tlie p erformance of a play, say aLout tlJl" eu
hon rs. T he rule, h owever, was ea1·ly e nl a rgeu so as to allow 011e
whol e <l ay for t h e transa cti ons. ::iince the uivi ; ion o f plays inl.u
five Acts, whi cl1 prevai ls in all m o<leru drnnu~~. this rul e aL out unity
of time i8 very rnuch di;;rcgaru eu.
Unity of Place.- A lik e chan ge l111s t ak e n place in r cgnr<l to uni ty
of pl itce. Wl1 c n, as in t.l1e ea rli est form uf t h e dr:1111a, th e netion
went Htrnigl1 t forwar<l without int e rrnption, t h e c ur tai n ne ver fal!in" ruHl t li e stage ne ver b ein g ldt v1wa nt of actor!", until t l1 e cond 11si;n nf the wh ole, it followed of n ccl~Ss it.y tlia t tl1e tran:<action~
sho uld all occu r in on e pla•· e nm! in one s ho rt "'l"'" e uf ti1ne . But
uuw w li en at bri uf i11 te r vab llnJ '"" nc cJ.,,e, c ntir,,ly, tl1e t i111e a11u
plae~ lllfl)' without uitli c ul ty be changed at eac li fal l of the 1·11 r tai11,
provill e u th e eli:wge,; Le not s11cl1 lLi to interfere with onen ess of
general effect.
Acts and Scenes. - 1fo,] crn <lra111a ~ arn li y w ·ne ral r11 sto111 tli <·idc1!
into five A cb, a nu cae h Aet is 11, ually COll'\JOseu of Sel"l'rnl S cc ll ('S.
Kinds of Drama.-Tli e two prin ci pal kind s uf drnma uru lrag"dy
and Comelly.
Tragedy.-Tragcuy is m o re nk i11 to the Epic, being sc ri o n,; 11 11<!
dignilieu, nml having for its :; ulJju<·t. so me g reat transaction . lt u11·
dertak es to uel in cate th e str<111g1:'t passio n,, ancl to 1110\"(J tlw '" "!
oft.he spectator in tli c !1i gl1<,, t tl.:;.;rec. It i:; especially l"""''·r·"'"t
wit1 1 :--( ·v111.:"i 1,f ,..;11lT t·r ir1~ a11d \ · i 1•l1·! lt'• ', and l·11d :-: al1111•"'t t11!\f, 11" 1111'
wit Ii 1 l1l' dl·:!ll t (if ti ll' l'( ' l""( •ll I H" \)1 '1 ' .--.,l)J]:-- ill \\"l1( 1i 1! tJ11.__· :--1w1'L ii"r· i:-i
lJ\1•:---1

ii1l\'!\_•...,t1 ·(\ .

Jn

the 1 •r:1111a, the attiun i~ c:trrit·d 011 ·"''ilt·ly l ~.r 11ii·ai1...; tif, di~t!ugu 0
lJl~ twt:•.' Tl t lie nr·tnrs . 111 I·: pie l" wt ryi illdn·,J, t 111· 11:irTa t i re vfkn
l 1 t•f· O T11t!~ dnuriatic, :twl take~ the forrn <1f diaJ c1g 11 1•. But i11 tho
dra111n ,~ forn ~ i ., <'X<·~11.:_i1·c·ly tl 1at of di:tl llglle.
•Tllo wo r<l iMfrom lh~

267

P'JETR Y-DRAMA TIC.

CO:JfI'OS ITION AND Rl!ETORIO.

Comc<ly. -Conh.•d:· . n11 t\H-. ntf1\'T· l1:1nd.
clii\ ·1 \y th1• t!•Jii,·'."i

tlf

1·111111 11•111

l i f,· .

:t i 111-..,

t~ 1 :t1111 1"'t '. 1111d ... t ·• h""'

It. 1l1·a1--., lar ~:~ ·ly i11 i-i1li 1·11I ·· a11 •I

R; lt ir< ', and oft.en c11J~ iu tlti.; uiarri:lge 11 r ut lier gq11d f111·t

pri1wip nl

pPr~onag-t':'.

t11 1t·

"!" tlic:

268

ro ETR Y-L y [{r e.

CO JII'O S ITION ANJ) RllRTORIC.

So pli ock s we re parti c ularly <li :;ti11 g 11bli ctl as writers of Tragedy,
Aristo]'hnne:; excc lic<l all oth e rs a-; a writer o f Comedy.

and

Shakespeare. -Tli e gre11t cst tlrarnnt i" t i11 En glish literature, the
gr cat.e:;t. p cr lia p~ in all lit ern t11re, is Sliak e:< pcare. II is plays are ver7
n1111ie ro11 s, and ure di\'id c<l in to Trngcdi c; , Cnrn cdi es, and what lie
call s lli:<tori c:;. TJ1 c~ c l11 :;t a rc drarn11ti<: represe ntations of portion•
o f Engli,;h l1i sto ry, and urc m ainly tragi c iu tli cir cliaracter, though
l1:1 ving a large comic L"l cment.
Farce.-A Furce i;; 11 short <l rnm ati c co mp o~iti on, having for It&
o hj ect si111]'l y to excite rnirtli. I t sc kl o ru ext.end :; to more tlmn t1rn
A cts, and ge ne rnll y co n,; i, t:; o f Lut a single Act.
Opera.-An Op,·ra is a drama set to mu sic, the actors singi11g the
part:; iuste11<l of :;peakin g- t hern.
Melodrama.-A }.[ ,.Jodrnma is a drurn a in wl1i ch some parts are
spok en and so me nrc s ung.
Bo th in O pcrn antl !l[ cJ.,<lrnm a, t li e auth or seek:; to produce effect.a
by sta rtli11g s i t 11 11t i o 11 ~ u11d g"O l'j.iC0 11s til' L'Uery und <lrc88es, such 111
would be out of place iu Trng edy vr Co111 cdy .
III. LYRIC POETRY.

Lyric Poetry, as its nam e denotes, mcallt originally poetry
intended to be s u~g to the accompaniment of the lyre.
Its Character. -1.yri c po etry i,, in e ,·,·ry n11tio11, th e oldest form
of J'Ol'l 1')' kn o wn !t1 its li t.l' rn t. ure, am! cu 11tai11;i tiullle uf it:; highe:;t
spcc i111 c n;i vf tli e JHJl·t ic a rt.
Different from Epic.- l .,n i1 •. pnN n · j, 11 ~e1l 111 11 i11l y fur tl1 c cxp rrssio n of ~e ntim e nt nnd e 111 o tion 1 and i ~ tli11s dis t in gui shed from the
Ep ic, w l1icli Harrn tc·s fol' t:<. Jt. n pr"''~':s tl1e Sl'llli1m:nt ; a11<l ernoti om
of t lie au t l1 u r, i11 hi > uw11 Jll'<>j1e· r ]'""·' '-' " · a11d i.-< 1l1uH di ,ti11g1. i8i1t~J
fr om 1li e llrama, in wJ,i .. li tl ie 111 1l ii or di .,a pp,·ars entirely, the
tlw11 g li b ex pn'""··d l• c·in ;; 1!1 (0."c' o f t he ]> ·~ r:;o 1 b t1!' tl 1c: llrarnu.

Odes.- Tli e m o8 t t·o mm on f(1r m of Lyri c p oetry is th e Odo
or Rong. Odes or So ngs nrc of s ix kind~: Sacred, Heroic,
Moral, Amatory, Comic, nnd 13acchnualian.

269

1. Sacred Odes .--- Tli cse are n snnll y r nll e<l r,alm~ or H y mn:<. Tl1 ('Y
nre composed on n ,Ji g ious subj ects, nn<I nre for t.h e m ost. part ad dressetl direc tly t o God .
Hymnic Poetry.- · TJ.i ,; is found in tli e li te rnture of c,·c ry n ntin n.
Th e H e bre w P salm s nrc am ong tli e hi g hes t. spec im ens of ly ric I" "' t 1·y .
Jn rnotle rn t im es tl1i s ~ p cci es of poetry li as Lee n c11lti rn t" <l 11111c l1 111o re
thnn in th e ea rly ngc ,;, in co nse qu ence oft.h e e xtent t o wliil'li l's:dn"
and TJymn ,; are u,;c<l in th e religiuu,; wo1-,;liip of nil C hri stian c l1ur eli e,;.
· Th e ,;11 rnLe r o f P ,;alm s arnl llynrns in current and rcJ>ll!ahle u,;e in
En glish is coun tc<l Ly th o usaml s, arnl no in consid erabl e po rti on of
th ese li ave tlc cid ed poetical m erit..
Hymn Writers .- Tl1 e prineipal wri te rs o f H ymn s in ]cngli ,- 11 nre
Watts, Doddridge, K e n, C l111rl es W esley, Dwig-lit, Nc wto11 , Mu11t gom cry , Jl ebe r, :Mr,;. S tee le, Mrs. Barha11ld, nnd .f a no Ta y l11r.
Among w o re r cc1:n t h yrnni sts may Le nam ed F a ber, I.b y l' a l111er,
Bonar, a nd Cl1 nrl otto Elli ott .
Other Kinds of Hymns. - Th e wo r1l Tl y rnn is som et im es np ]>l ictl to
compos itions of n m ore cxt.e n1l cd character, nnd not. i11Lc nd c l for
r eli g i o u~ w orship .\.. Tl111s S pcrn,er ha:; w ri tte n fo ur J. y 11111s, on f.,, ,·e,
Beauty, li c11 ve nly Love, und llca\' cnly B C'a11ty, n H· r: q.;in g 11 (·arl y
three JiunJrecl lin es eacli. Th e r cli gio11 s 0<les :unong th o an cient.,;
al so w e re usually mn c li longe r than those wlii c li we no w tl'e in
Chri stian worsl1ip.
0

2. Heroic Odes .-Th csc are lyr ic pM m;; r·<: lelJrat ing t h e prai>L'S of
h er oes, und a re m ostl y occ upi crl wi t h m artial (•x 11l oit ,;.
Th e od e" of l'i111lar, in G rcl' k, a re r. onsid e re1l till'· J.i g lll·,; t. 'i "'l' i·
m ens o f tl1i ,; kind of c11111positio1L .. A le xaml er'ti Fea., t,' ' 1.y I l1·y
tl cu, i,; th e gr:1111h,,t ( ld e in 1l1 e l·:11 g]j, j, la11 g 11 agc'. Tl 1v l" ·,;I 1wrli:q1,;
in o nr rece nt. li tl' rat 11 r1.. i:-' L11Wt_dJ':-; " C 1..1111tlll't11 ura l iu11 U tl 1_. _.,
1.

H. Moral Od e s . - T1w ~ e i n(' l tiil t· ~l

;..!T i ·:t1

\'1 lriv ty u t' _..;iiJ .j,·1·t . .; . l·1·i11k

u ~ e 1 1 lo t•xpres~ nl n 1n1.;f t' \"(·ry k i11d o f ~l ·nti11wn t su;;;:v . . . f1__·1l Ly t'r li.:rid ~

sl1i 1., li11111:1ni t.y , patrio ti- m, a11d ·' " fortl1.
Collir1 -- 1:"' nde (1n th-.· P:1.-.....;iu11.-.; and (:ray\; ( ),l e t o Et (• II < ' , dkL'.'1_· are
f:unili nr to all read1·1 ·:-1 . (\,J li11...; a11 d f ;i";i y :tr t~ t lt c t\';c1 Eii ~ li-., l 1 wr i k r.'1
who h:1\·0 rn nst cxcc ll<.: d in t l1i :; ~ pC' e i e~. 11f <·1111q1q ... iti1 111.
4. Amatory Odes.-T li esc, 111o re geu erall y kuuwu a~ Lvvi: :-;u11 g-<,
arc n11I11 e rou:-; i11 ttll lif t•ral lll't.'"'·

23 *

270

CO,lfI'OSITION AND RllETORIC.

The most ~ncccssfol writers o( this kind of verse among the
nrwicmts were AnacrC'on Htn ong the Urceks, nm! Ilorace 1unon~ tho
1!0111ans. No one 11-ritcr in .En;;J i,11 stnnds pre-emin ent in this do-·
J>:lrtn1 ent. Ne arly all 0 111· great poets hal' e written successful loi·e
v cr:cs. Tl1 0 111a~ ~lunre probably ha~ co nt rilint cd 111ore largely tluui
nny otl1 c r wrikr to tl1is parti c11h1r lir[1n<0h of 011r litcrnturo. Tho
Songs of B11rns, thou gh not so n11111L·ro11s as those of Moore, are leM
nrtifi cial, and show grenkr g cniu;.. Nutl1ing but. tl1e Scottish dinlcc t, in wl1id1 111ost of tl1 c piece~ arc written, and whi ch is a great
drnwback to ordina ry readers, prev ents Burns f1·0111 standing at tlio
l1 ead of our lyri c poets.
5. Comic Songs.- Th ese abo have licr.o me wry 1111merous. Ileing
int.endc• l m a inly fo r HI1111 se rnent, th ey nre ofte n writt..::n with great
license ns to t.h cir metri ca l co1Hru ct ion, 11nt! sometimes with still
grc11tcr li ce nse i11 rcgnrcl to 111 orahi.
Bacchanalian Songs.- Th ese, 11s th e na 111c imports, aro songs to
be s ung in hon or of 8arr.h11;;. In other wurd:;, they are drinking.
songs. Th(•y are ~nbj cl'L to ~t ill greater irn·gnl ari ties than tlte kiucl
last named. Th eir objec t is to prorn ote go~d frllnwsliip in drink·
ing, anti they nrc cousc•p1cntly a r1roliii c su urce of dru11kcnn ess.
Barrlinnalian Songs altnost always partake of th e comic charnct.c r, and not 11nfrcq 11cntly are amatory also. I 11docd, these tlrrNi
kinds o f so ng las t nn111 cd a rc rln•('ly allied. arHI th e auth ors who
lrnv o excelled in any one of t hem have usually excelled in all.

Sonnets.-Th e Sonnet, although 110 lunger used in song,
comes unJ c r the head of Lyric po('try.
Th o So nn et was first c11ltin1f <'<l in Ital y, nml it hns th ere nchieved
it~ grP11tc .~t. B11rres;;1's. Tl1 e Sn111wts of l'l'lrar..!1 are as fo111ous u.
the od es of Pindar, an,] "l. 011· ns l1igh an o rd er of genius. The Sonn et was fir ;; t introdn retl into th e Engli,;] 1 by Sir Tli omas Wyatt, in
th o reig n of IJ.:.nry \"III. Fl'(1111 that ti1J1 0 to t!t c prese nt, nearly all
·uur poetM of any 11ot e h11l' e writlL' lt ~unn cts , an1l '"me uf th ese composition~ arc nmung t.l1c very Lest trcns ur cs of w li icl1 our literature
li as to boa:;t.
IV. ELEGIAC POETRY.

An Elegy is a poem, usually of a sad and mournful kind,
ce lebrating the virtue.5 of somc· oue deceased.

271

POE TR Y-I'A STORA/,,

Its Form.- Elegiac poetry i'l rnrely, if C'n' r, in nnv (•tl1 C' r 1111'ru;11rc
than tl1 e iamliic, unil th o '"'"t. ce: Jc.hratC'•l t•lt·gies k11nw11 to ""r lit- '
crnt nre, s11c h as Milton ':; L ye i (h~, nn1! Grny ':; Elegy written in 11
Country C h11r eh-Yanl, nre in i:trnhi c p en tmn 0tc r. Th e slow n111!
stately 111ove111 e nt of thi~ li 11 e is l"'rti c11larly suited tu tl1 e !'""!'"·" "'
of J~l cgy . T1.:n11y:;nn's l n ,\f e111oria111 , cq11ally c1·l1·l>rat '" I wil 11 1l1e
two p oe m s ju:;t nam ed, is in i:1111IJi<.: tetram eter. Shelley':; _'\d u11:iis
is in tbo Spenserian st anzn.
An Epitaph i~ a l'ery s hort Elegy, intcn<led to lie in8criLc<l on
tomu or monumental tuLkt.

l\

V. PASTORAL POETRY.

Pastoral Poetry* rucaus properly that which celebrates
shepherJ or rn,ti e life.
Among the Ancient!. - Th e c·:nly 1•:<'' tural J>"d", f;Hrli a" T1,..,.,._
ritus among tl 1e (;re cko a1ul Virg il u11w11f.( tlie Latin;, <k, ni lwd
tl1e rnanncr,;, cw1·11pations, a111u:;e111 (; nt.s, and ].,,...,, u f s l1t·1'!1crd., a11.J
sl1e11li e r<les,;cs, a11d tlie,;c (k:<l'ription.-; are cl1ara r;kr ize J l·y gr"at
sim plicity of st} le, ~hited to the snliject.
Among the Moderns. - ~fUlkrn n11tl101·,;, wl10 lia" e \\Tillc·n J•:l:<toral pPetry, tltoug!i Oft(.'fl g ]\·ill f; tn tlwir c·l1ara t·tl·r~ t!1~ f l :tll\~·~ U!ld
OC<" 11pati o 11~ o f n1:-:ti e~, J11n·1...· gcIH:raJJy ll:--cd tJ ii:-: gu i.""-t..: lo ('11\ " j · r \\"t· l !hrctJ and well -kn o wn ci t y people. T l11 " Spe •'-'l'r, i11 tl1e Sl"' l'hnd-<'
Calendar, f<JH: ak ~ tlir1nq..~l1011t. uf c111n1try lad.-. a11d la .... ;.;.1:M. t~·11dir 1;~
tli~i r

!lut'k:O-: 1111d <:l"a<"ki11g- tli t: ir

r11d1 ~ .iu~.;. ··-1, l111t

In.:

1 rit·n11~

1

1)'

f / 11·111

]1i111 selt am! l1i o fellow -c u11rt iL·rs i11 l.u11<lu1l. Tlic te rm J 'a -t .. r:d i.'l
now al'plied t.o 1111y poe111 wlii c li dese1·ilie>< l'lal'i<l "'"'"try -lif.,.
Eclogues. -Tl1 e pn~t o ral J'PClllo of \' i rgil Wl'l' e ..,.]J..i\ J.y lii111
aml tl 1is td·1u has Lee11 11 111cl1 uoct! for 1t1v<krn l' ll<'lll' of
tlrn ~a 111c 80rt.

Eclogue~,

Idyll. -Thcocritu~, t. l1 e fir,t. 1vl1<l wrnt e in tl1i,; ,tyk, ,.:tJkd Iii,;
pi eces l1lyls . .ll encc th e t.ernt Jtl y lli", as applied t<• l""tural pndry.
Il enc;e abu tli c title'' ltlyh uf the !\in:.'.," :q•plic<l by Tenn y-<<•11 t" :'I
~ollt:cti v 11 of Iii~ latc"t J"iern,;, ti"'""' ' tl"'Y ]i;l\'L' little uf tl1c cl1urac-

t<Jr uf j111Sto rnl pot;try, n:; com1111Jnly und.:;~~~-o·~· --------• Frou1 lUe Latin won.I pastor, n sh eph enl

272

CO.If

r· os !T!OX

AN j) R fl ETOR IC.

VI. DIDACTIC POETRY.

A Didactic Poem is one which aims chiefly to give instruction.
Its Character - Th e poetry of t hi~ kind, th ough useful , is not in itselr
of so hi gl111n o rll cr n;; tl1 c oth e rs \1·l1 ie h l1av e bee n nam ed. Many critic; , in deed, deny to co mp o~i t i o ns of thi s kind t he charact er of poetry.
The Obj ection . - H, ':1y tl1 cy, it i• of th e ve ry esse nce of poetry
th at it ni 111 ; t o ]il e:1sc, wli y 'h ould W (' u" ign tlri ' nmn e to that which
aims only t o in:< t ru ct? It may lie i;:ood 1·er,,., but it is not poetry.
Su eh i~ the olij ~ ..i i un, u11J it is nu t witl1out :;0111e tru th. But it is
not th e wh ole t.rntl1.
The Rep ly. -Th e compo;;ition' no w uml er co nside rntion, while
th ey nim to iD ,t r uct. nnd aim mainly nt thnt, aim also to please.
Tir e arg um ent s a nd rca:<onings 11·h ic l1 tl1 cy co ntain nre rn nde much
more ctrccti1·e L1y Ul'ing put into th e pod ieal furrn . Besid es this, a
great po<·t ougl1t . if a ny one, to kn ow wh at i:< poe try , and whnt i ~
no t, nnd '0111 0 of th e grea tes t pods th nt th e wurlcl l1ns ku own havo
wr itte n pic'<'l':' in vcr:<e for in >tru ct ion o n pnrti(' 11 la r to pi cs, and li ave
c:illt-d thL·'c pi ~r.; ,; poem,;. Y irgil' s Gco rg ics i.-; 11 treatise on 11gri<' 11l t11re. ll o rn ce's ,\rt of P oet ry, nnd l' o p(.'s Essay on Criticism,
Hrc trcat ist-s. Yet it wo uld requ ire so me J1 a r<l ili ood to say tlint
th ey a re not poe ms.
Meditative Poetry. - 'C' nd er th e head of Didact ic poetry muy very
p rope rly !Jc inel11 cled not o nl y tl1at wlii c h :1illls in u fonnnl manner
Lu in:< truct , but 1111 J>Ol' try uf a lll Ccli t nti1·" kind .
Its Abund ance . - Th e poetry of tlii ~ sort in En glish is very ab11n<lant, an d 11111cl1 of it ,·cry 1·a l1111! 1lc. \\" c <'1J ti!cl ill
frorn En ~l i sh
Iitcra t 11re Bryant ·, Th :in:1 top> 1>, Calllph cl l'' Plcnsnrcs of !lope, Ak ensicle 's Pl ensu r ('~ of th e l111 ng ina t ion. H oge rs · ~ Pl eas ures of Memory,
}~ o un ;.(r-- !\!~ht Tl1 n n .~ l1ts, Tl 1n1n-.;0 11 's S(·H ~O n ~ . l'owr(·r's Ta~k, Pope s
E ssay on Man . an1l a !10,t (lf oti1er poem:< ut' nC':1rly equal r elcbrity.

"I"""'

1

t11

Satire. -- . A ~ a ! in· i ~ :t jH win i r1t1 ·t:dt·d I u !11 ,]i} 11p I . lit ~ fulli1 ·s nf l!ll'll
1-idicnle. It :1i111:-: re-, r1·f()r111 I11c 11 !Jy :q)p1•:tli11µ: t n t lu ·ir ~('n~l· of

~h11n 1 e.

Sat ire i ~ prr1pel"l y i1n per:<onal , c xpr1:;ini;
rut l ier t Jiau expu:-oin g iw.l i,·iJ unls.
Lampoon -

J\ l.:1111pu011 att:il'b i11tli1·iJ11al".

fanlr~

in general,

CHAPTER VIII.
PROSE COMPOSITION.

Prose i:; th e t erm nppli eJ to all c~rnp<:,;iti on whi ch i:; not
in verse. It means the ordi1 1ary , st nu ghtforwanl iuann cr of
discourse, in Lli5tin ction from th e inverted form s so cornmon
in poetry.
P1·ose

is from tlH~ Latin vrosa, con tracted from prorsa , and that from JJrOvcrM,

meaning s tra.ightfu rWt\nl.

.

l . f <>ri eties of Prose co mposition are L etters, Dia.
T
l
'l e c 11 c v•....,
rials , R e vi ews, E ssays, Treatise:;, raves,
.
Ne,,·s
r1es,
, FJito
~
History, Fidion, Di scourses.
'h

I . LETTERS.

A Letter is a written commuuicatiou nJJresse<l by th e writer
to so me oth er person or per:;o n:;.
Sub"ect Important. -Cornparati1·cly few pcrsnn" fi r e re•1'1ire1l to
J :u1y ,, f tl11• nth er varil'li l'" of cu111positin11 wl11<:li lia1·e 1.,_... n
ractbc
P

>
l
t
, r )' O ll l' l i'l'.; 0i'l"l " l' ll
iu.un cll, wli etl 1e r pro:--1.• or V l· r :-:1.~. I >lit a 1110:-; .~ 'e ~
..
. ....
to wri t" l ett e r~. um! tl1 e <litT .. rcll c" in tl1 e ell L" l' t l'.rod u1:l'd l•c-t_"''"
. · t t ' ll I · [l; "l" L'lll [ l ' t !111t
t1 l<·tt.,;r well writ.t t:! n all1l n. ll' tt l' r 1"" II .V I\ ri c . '
. ,...
. 1 ·! . , ,11 1ri , 4l t\ llIJ4 l l 1:1cl l 1r,·; \( l.
lH.~tWel'li ;,!'11111\ and Lad ~ ,·r l!t ,>!I". ttl H. "1.l
~
l
. .
! t l 1 I • L1.· 1.,dJJit t i.: J
t-' url·lv, tl1t·J1, tltl~ ~11L ,i1.·t·t t1f 1\..·t: . .- ;·- wr1t111µ; 1111 '. .'.' i
.11 '.
in an;· wurk 1 \ uq111rtin~ tu trl·:lt i if l'r<1~1..: l \1111pu:--ll!Pll.
1

I

. t
V ano y . -

,. ,, 'l)l'j ·i1·-.,

.

·

t•f

('1) !l! ]H1 · iti111 1

a11111 .1t:--. i if !.~l'L' ilt c · r , ·nri1. ·1:_.

,
..
,
1 ,.
ar 1_' t lw i ·lia r: 11 ·l l ·r:--, t! w \\,~Ji!. 1 .1
Le t t l'r.-; 11re '"' \
:-; .. 111. ·ti11 1o· - 11r i!c· r ,. lil t:-.:1l ·
occ11 patinu::} i.ir Ll11· p k :l --11 r 1..· ..; i 1f 1111.·11.
.
. .
.
. c:t--t t!i l·ir~.::--:-- : i _\~i 11 1, ,1!1 0. .: f 1 1nu
irn.! of literary ur ~ch.: 11t1 1w :--ill 1•J1..·(· 1:--,

'"

"

:1ri(11i~

in

:--;ylt·

:1-.:

s

~7J

274

CO .l!l'OS!TlON AND RJJETORIO.

of letters. S uch letters, l1 owevcr, nr e in fact t reali ses, and are sulr
j ect to the ru les for that kiutl of cumpo:; iti on.

Real Letters. - Ti t·al kt ter• are ~n<"h 11~ gro w o nt of the nctu&l
occasion" uf life, nml n re a<hl ric,;;,.. l by o ne t.o another, as bu ,;inc!'ll,
plc:hure, nlfection, o r fa11 .. y 111ay <lictate. Wl1 et.h er a letter shvuld
lJe fr ee a rHl e:L"Y, " r <·l al JOrate, in it.,; ,;tyl e, wl1dl 1e r it should be plnln
or o rnnt c, se ri o u ~ or joyou s, 111atter-of -fal't or ;;entirn e nt.al, will 1lupe 11d 11 pu11 t li e Ot'<'1c"iu n. T l10.: J!e tl c ral prin c ipl es, th e1·efure, wliich
und " rJi ,. al l 1· u111pu,; iti o 11 , 11111,;t gui 1l e tl1 e writer iu the curnpositioo
o f tlie l1udy o r sulJsta n ce of fl letter.
R lair. - On tlli s point, the ro; J<1wit1g

ob~c rvnti o n s

by Blnir nre wort11y of COO·

side rntivn.
Co r1·P.<1pnndrurr . -

E['\ ..: tnln ry writin g- lJeromcs n di stinct s.pecies of compolt.

tio11, ~uhje 1 't ti ) {h~~ ('<1gn i zn 11 1·p o f <" ri tki ... m . o nl y, o r l'lli e!ly, wh en it i ~ o f U1e
e a~ y or fo111iliitr ki 11.\: w li t:n it b c1111Y l 'r ~ 1ttio11 curried o n u po n paper, between
two rril ·nils ul a di .. tn1H·c. S11d 1 un it1kr1·u11r ~e . w/l(: ll wel l contl11etc tl, nrn.y bo

r c 1uh·r ed \' (• ry 11gn..'t·1t!Jh..' to reader.- tJf tit!" Lt.' . If th e ~11 ! 1j et.:l o f th e lcltcr8 be Im·
port irnt, t l11 ·y will he 111 41rt• \ '1ll u 1dde. En~ n th n11g h tl n: rl· s houltl Le 11 othingverr
cu11si d 1.: raldl' i11 1lw :-- 11hj1·d: y1.:t. if tlu.· s pirit n 11d turn o f t il e eo rrc~rJo nct e n ccbe
ugn·c1tlil -: , If llil' Y lie writter1 in a !- prightly 1111uLIH.'r. u111l with nnti ve grnce and
cnsf., tlit.'Y nrny :-; till l~ e c 11 tl!rt1li11i1q.;; more t.' ~ Jll ·t• ittlly if th e re be any thing to
iu tercst u ~. in th e clrnnldc r o f tliu~ e who write tl1 em.

of n1 ..,ti11u11i." "''" , .,.,.,. ,on ...,, - I knee the e 11rios lly whi c h th e publla
hu.s alw ays ~htJ \nl t•11n 1·t•r11i11g t h e lt'l te rs of l ' l 11 int· 11t pcrsu11s. We expect In
th e m to di s('u\'e r !-MlH'\\' lrnt of th e ir rt•1\I dli\l'Hdt.:r. ll i:s c hild ish , in deed, to e x·
pe<·t that in lettcr:s we nrc to fi11tl th e w h o le h t.•a r t o f th e H.uthor unv e il ed. r..on·

I' R 0 S F:

275

C 0 .l/ I' 0 S I TI 0 N - f , F: T TE R S .

The He.flt T..Ptfi•r.lff a rc rommonly s u c h n~ th e a uth ors h1t\' C wri tt ~' ll wit h mos t
ftt<•.ility . \Vh t'\l til t> h ea rt u r iurng illi\ti o n cliclHlc!-'. nl\n1 y~ tlows l'l'Hd.liy; _l H1t \\.·h~· 1.1
1
th ere is 11 0 ~ 11 I 1j~<'l to wurm o r int c re:-.t th ese, con:-: trn1.11 t u ppe11 r ...,; u11d h t:1t. c ,
th ose l ette r~ uf mere t·o ni plimc11t . eo ni:rntul.atio11 , o r 1~1l ~·t:tel~ t'.n11d nk~11~e, "iill ·.I~
h ave cos t the uillli• H :-. i nn~ t lal Jo r 111 t·urnpo .. 1 11 ~ , 1.u1d \\ h.1d1, f111 thHl n. n. •JI\, th 1 J
ne, t<• r Jd ••ct:!:I
JH.'.\'l:r ftul uf lJc lll g Llie 1uu:':t td1 sugrt...:cllL•IC
perhaps co11 :-: H· I,.,. u ~. ti 1c1· , n 1......
...,
,
and insi p id Lu th e n :aders.

C(irelt>.~ !utt·s .... - lt m ig ht. at th e !'a m c tim e. to be rc m emhe r ed. that th e ea."'C
nnd si mpl i c it y whit:li 1 hn.vc n •eorn men tlt:d in epbtulury c~1~r\·~pu ll• k1.H.:.e . ~re. lll)t
to be understoo d R.s irnpn rtin ~ ent ire c~H l' l ('s:-< 11 t:'Sti . In \\'f'l t'.ng- t o Jre rn o . t 111t~te fri ·ntl t.l ct.• rtain de g r ee o f ut:c11tiw 1, l1utl 1 to th e ~ ul1JCl'l und t.lw ~iyh: . 1~
mil .. t.:
\
lt is 110 m t.i re th illl we OW l~ h u th to u u r~~lvcl'i a nd tn tlic
1
1
req m s1tc.1t1 H J(·<·1 1m n g.
. . ' 1
\ ~lv\'~ll l)' a wl n egli g e nt lllt\llll c r u !' ,-.· ritiu .~
fri eud wnh who111 we corrt.:!- l"J 11 • ' •
·
is a disoblig i11 .i.; nrnrk uf wu.11t of rcspcl't.

0

Special Directions.- ,\l\ that ner <h t.o be ~n itl in tl 1l' w;iy of .'1 1rcial tlirecti onB r.: fe r,; to th e form u f a let te r. C u,.10111 lia., pre,;nil·>d
cer tain for m • f or t hi :; s pec ie,; o f co mpo siti ri n, nn<l th e"<' f .. r111." 1'.' r
the m o:;t p 1u·t are fut1nueu ci tl1 e r in pract ica l cu uv o.: 111etJ c_e o r 111
social prupri dy.

The Form.-Th e points in the form of a letter requiring
attention are th e II caJing, the AJJrcss, the S ubscription, arnl

..

\..

the S uperscnptwn.
1. The H eading.

L~·ttrr~

ceu lnH:n t and ilL.,.g- ui :-t· tn k c Jillll'C, mnre o r less, in all li11mn11 Inte rcou rse. Bui
!S till, H.." k it ers fru 1n fllll' !'ri1· 111 l lt1 n 11otli l·r 1nak e lla~ 11 e nres t nppruach to ron\'er~
saUon, we l'llll)" ('XJ -.Ct't to !'t~ l' 111 o rc ot' a 1·l1nrnl'l l'f dj s1d11 yed 111 th c~c than in other
pro tl 1u·ti o n s , which tire s t11Jicd fu r 1111 bli1: ,-i cw . \\'e plcnsc o u rsc l ve!i w ith beh o \J ing- th e writer inn f;i tu ulio n which allows liim to Dent his CEIBC, und to glvo
vent 1.1cc .11..s io 11al l y to th e o r e rll o win gs o f l iis h co.r t .
JJ•Ju1t f,.., l l1·t1u{r('(f l u " T.dtrr . - 'fnl'l1. th erefure. o f the m e ri t and the ngreenbh.: nc~s

o f qd ~ tulnry writing, \\'ill rkpe n 1l ( 1 11 it~ i11tr!Jduci11:; us into some ncqu n l 11t nnce with th e writ(' r . Tl1<"re, if u11ywlier e . w e l11f1k for th e man, u ot for
th e nulhur. It s tlrs l 1u1 d f1111d 1\11ll' lllu.l re'11li"it1: is, l'' l1l' 111ll11nll unct s impl e; fu r
a ~ tiff nud la \Jvre• l n1 1111 111.: r is n s Inti! i11 n le tt e r ti!'-1 it b i n converslltiOn. Thill
d ue~ not hinti:.:h l'i pri .l.! htli11 r•.-....; 1\11 rl \\· it.
Th t.·~c 1\!'f~ gnH'(•ful i11 letters, as tl1 ey are
in tOB\'(: !'!-a li o n; wh c 11 tht.'y flo w l"fl :' il y nnd witho11l h ci ll g studi ed : whe 11 Cll\·
J'l o yt' d so tl s to n·1l~o 11 . n o t to cl«1y. tJ11l' \\' l1 0, l'it ht: r 111 1·<111\'(Tsntiou o r in le ltel1l,
ntfect:s lf1 !-h in e nnrl ."Jlllr kle u!w 11y ...;, will !J11t p lt•a.-.:c b111g-. Tl1 e s tyle or h~ l h_; rs
sh• ·11l 1l 11 11t lie {i io li iglily p •di !- ht·il ; it ii 11 :. : ht Ii') l1L· rn ·ut n 11d curred, but n o mc1rl·.
.All tlirety n Uu 111 word s hptrny :-: :o- t udy: nn d ht·nce mu s i1·n l p er io ds, n11d 1tpp1.:tU·
uHi' l'S

u f nuwb<.; r nuJ lrnrrnuny i11 u.r ra 11 gc 111L' 11 t , s lwulU Uc ca re fully a.voided lu

kilt: rs.

The first thin g to be obse rve(l in writing a letter is the
date or heading. This includ e:; two points, namely, the place
where, and the time wh en, the letter is written.
Both th ese point s r equire ultcnl io n :

1. The Place . - Jn l;cginnin g fl Jctt c• r, we put, first o f 111\ , nt tho
top of t he p n:;c, th e pltlce :tt whit.;h th e l ett e r puq.•urt8 1., I."' 11·riUet1 .
Jn th i 8 h eadin g, al l th o:;e parti cular:; slwukl Le given wl11eli will lie
need ed for fl dtlr es~ing tl1 e reply .
St'r ee t ,.,,,, Num bt•r. - If th e kttL·r (' nmes fro th a city, It is well fn r the 1.li'ttd ing to g ive tile 1'i trcd und 11ulllhl' r, ns wcl l ns tl1e lllllll c o f the l'ity. Tli e~i.·. lle1n ~
are u s unlly ttrrnn ge<l i n th e fu ll owi n g- urd e r: Th e numbe r uf tli ~ l11> U." l" . t he
name of the :-:;trett, tile name of Lli c c ity; tl1 us , 1K:28 , l'i uc S t.r e d , l 'litb\.!l'\1 1h11L.

Stat e.- If tile tity is a \'ery lar;.:c on e, lik e ".'\l'W Yurk t •r Pliiln•k 11 hi11.. tlH' rn
will b e no lh'C l'SS ity for ilrldin g: t li•_' llfl.lll l' of t h e ~tu t ('. B ut in all ~.1 rd11 rnry Cll.'-C :::i
the nam e uf th e ~tatt.· 1-i h Ott l<l lJe tldc.led : thu s . E1l ..., lon , l \; 1111~ y lva1 1 1 a .
1

Con t rnrt ·ion!t. - If the irnrn1.! 11f tlw :--:tall' b (•r1 11t rnckd , 1·u..rc ~lio)lll.d \,.._. ta1.: · r1
to rutt.kc ttic co ntru c ti u n i11 sud 1 u Wtty tha t what b weu11t lvr v11c :::tu le cu11uut
0

'""".•

i~& ;\:
,:.r\

27()

CO.lff ' liS/T/11 .\' A .\·n

Nlff..'TO/lfC.

1·1:

ns F

( ' () .lf f'(1S I Tl/) Y-1.

i

~· ~ · 1 -~

r: TT J:f,' S.

i...; IJ!•! !11 ],,, r~ · 1 · 1or:i1rw1!1L · d.
'l lw 1•1; 11 ·'.i, :1 : 1· ,, :1nrdinat·y 1nvt l1 Pd :11 · l' ~ n 1...'T1 ·:d th:1: (· \·\·r.\ t >IH· t.: !l
gn.f.;cd in lni_...;irH '_... ,,. rl!!f!li! t o t'1·( ·l \11 ~ 1 1r1 d 111 t'nr1r'11i·111 !11 it .

top. hut t lw

c 11...;t 1l lll

\' Cn i 0 n<· l1 :-\ of tl1e

2. TlH' Ad~tr ~· -"""~ -

The Mi li t ary Form. -

In :L k:ll·r

; 1 , J~lr··...:-..: 1'd

l·y

t.o anotl1er. :ll! L'.Xa~ · r f<l rt11 i~ 11rL'"'lTi l 11.: d l)y h\r.

1lflt'

r11ili::u·y

11 1: 111

TI H· 1wr:--(•ll writt1·r1

!\(·:.:inn in:.: d ' il 1v Jt.1tl ·1· <...;irniily Ly l1i -..: riil· ·. ·
I'ri \- ;1' 1" •·r \'.]!:t!; · \·1·: · i i 111:1\ ] .. ._ :LJ;.\
wi1 l1n 11f lii-... JlaJ!ll' . Tli i"·!l. ,•ii !h t• i'l :d
1' 111 · · l ~ · !t1 ·:· , (Ill 1iw li :H· 1wlo1\\'
tla'. ~ i:Ill:t ltl l" e ci f t! 1t• wr i!t:r . t!: t• ll:ll!l t ' 1i!' t!1·· p~·r-..: i ll1 :1 iii\ r·v~~ 1.·•! ]-..
to is :1d1\ r\._'-..: ... 1:1l

{Hll ll.l

:it 1!11 ·

l': q 1~ :1i:i.

1 '-'

1

(', q·j~ 111·: tl .

1 1

f.d \·vn. \Y itli his f;ill idlit·i:d
tlit;

t i l le . :uid Iii:--, lilcati(HJ. _jt 1>! lL'"'

it i.--.

l<J

lw

(lJ!

Tl111 ..; :~

l ' ll\-\·111111·.

Jl i·: .U\(.J l 'Al\TF:I '. '

J .'o

"l H ~:

~f l l.IT\l\Y

Jlt \"f " ]q>..; I •)·' THr

1· 1 f ' 1 I• . \1 .\ '- • !! I .... I' I I{,

\" .-\ , .

\11-..-..1 .:o;;! !'l'J ,

\!

ll _\· '.l .

! '-1·,.

I 1111\"(' jr.irH-.1 rny nr: n~· :1t >11u11· t, o'"-k r <•]• )"'·"i k J:i1·)1111 ••11•1. Hi l · !
nwnll y-. 111r n r ·'··r<.:. 1;1· r:1 1n1l \\"1i -<111 t1 io ·!:r1qd1 ". U1r .. 11 :._: !1 1 ;~· 1 1.-n ll .-. : 1· !1,,: i, 1-1 . f .. r
(;E;-.;ut ..\I.

.

W h y Import.~nt. -T/wc,·. nr ·, ,
.

.

.

~P.f"!n 1 1 1.: ~_, tnn111·r

_
,
flll'l

.

r-.

f 11

di\· 1.. ·ll

,

··'l

,.

tl

I

t
l!L 1 I1 1:L,1c r::-::qipa r 1..·11tlr
1
\irui
.,
11
11.: 111 , .J il t 1110 : 111H111I1t.

k1~s occ:t:--: !(tnl'd by irl'ltlcutiuu tu tl
. .
.
•
•
w111
n ot 1n1ud1ar w1tl1 tl 11..·- !"Hl•jtTL
,.

,
.-.

h

·

.

IUc<11wl'1

a11di tmnv
•

of trvuLlu

vuble lw thoso

hHy Hfl<l l-tt:·:il.' "

F~rm of Heading. - Ill. ct li e r th o h (·n<lin i:: ~lioul<I nll be in one line
•
'
o r\\ li c1l1 cr 1t s liuuld he ur·u ken in to two li1 1 '" tl . . . .1.
I
J
•
•
l . .
1c 11 or us cxpres«rng
~ io )':tee uc1ng- Ill onu lint', nn.J th ose c xp1·es; irw th o t i111 e i
IS a m e re matter of fau cy.
lt i>, in fa ct, a qu ~sti ou of pc:n::~sl:~;:

tl

~hot

r•

Bu rs<1n\°f! lo, llu <' k ~ ('o .. J•c11na

Mnrd1
Eu.'J t1J 11,

'_'11 _ ,~~l 111l]JJHl1~. ; .. ),.. ~1 - ti! I!)' lh t · ....;:t\-11lll1 H )1

lUj" C0 1.UIUallll , 1 \Yh!1 y1_1\l \\•1ll\d t,; i \'

'. !·'· 1 ~78. . ,

~InrylanJ , April 1, l SiS.

Date at the Bo ttom.-80 1t1 l' h•t!t r-writ e r;; J. a1·0 n fan cy for Jlllttl1e tiu1c uut! J1Jace ll t l I1c 1.uult u111 uf tli u lct lc1· ill:;tcu<l of tlie
tiu«
o

\\ 'i!'-1•11

!:l\ •·r ; ., \" '' 1- ' ;l
~ 1 Jt,~ra11 1 ia l l y

LIE t; T . GE.:-.U~AL L .

s.

fr

llw <•!'\er ..: 1 ; 1· 1 ·1 · ~~· ary !11r 1111' 111 - ~ -.

\\. T

:-11l'l:'1 \'.;

<:r: A;-,;T .

C111n m H11•'1·r-i n-rl 1j,-.f
\r11_.., Ji i 11 g lu 11 Cily .

il

lf tlt e heading- is Jon::, it is often \, r·<> k en .rnt o tw o liues; if
it is g ene rally g iven iu ou u. Tli 11 , : _ ,

f,, r

l l 11dt~r :--: ~ ·1-r 1 ·t11ry ~ tn11t•n1·:-: 111·\ \ '-J•iq·~ · r <•ri\1·1·'-, !:tk11 1L:"

"'

2. The Time .- - It is illljH>rfa11t in e 1·cr v k ind of Jett . h t
cially iu Lusin es:; kller' to <ll•nutc tli . ; .
1·
.. er' n . cspe.
'
.
\J
llUC 0
\\Tltllw that iR to
~·eg 1 ster the rn ont li, th e day of th e rn o ntli, nnt! t 11 0 Year"'' This t
is tlt o se!'oml ti.in" to be g ii· cn
lt lik .11.. . .
•
·
ne
.
."'
·
c ''" rs Jnrt ut tho top of the
pn;;o, and n11111 "d1a l(·ly nftc r tl1 e nnrn c o f 11 .. l· . '
l l
.
l . . .
.
'" I' .1 <.L, Htli t Hl pnrt1cun1 s n1c grvcu tn tli o Ul'd ur just nam ed; tlrns, Juuuary 28, 1878.

Ordinary Letters.- Thi s f.1rm, prc.•wriberl in tl1 e mil ita ry
servi r:c, is a good bas is for the rul es which sho uld g uiJ e us
iu ordinary letters.
The Beginn ing. - W e begi n 011 r ktt ers wi th Sir, Dt':tr Sir, ~f y
De: Lr f'ir, f{,•1-. Sir, ~f y D ear Dr. S1ni1 Ji , .\fy D ea r Liz zir, cf<' ., el<'.,
acco nlin;.t to tl 1c r ela tin n ."i nf r e~ 1 w ct. int i111n.cy, 01· affe('tion e~ i =-- ti11 ~
betw ee n 11 8 and th e o ne 1Hl <ir es>e d. lk tw ee n relatives and i111i 111:tlll
fri e nd s tlll"'lJ nt!d1·e,-.' es rn:i y prl!perly eno11gl1 uf'l c n a,;,; 11111 e a vv1·,·
fa11r il iar ,-1yle, and 111ay afTunl tli l' upl' r1 rt1111ity for CX JH' «'si11g t,· 11•k r
affection ulld c lld l'a rrn ~ n t, as well " ' f,11· pl:1yf11l11 e,.s a11d f1111.
The Close.- At th r cln"c of tl1e ldler, it i,; 11'< ·ll , in 1111 01'<ii11:i1-.v
to J! ii· e th e pro pe r ad1 lre>S wi 1!1 SU!ll C ru r111:1lily. T l1v add1·,.,.,.
tl111H f.(ivcn at ll1c l,.1tt.,11 1 slin11)d \Jc th e "'"" " tl1al. is ph"'"l ' '" il< e
cnvclupc. It is a 8afq; uard ag aiu st t l1 c lcttur gu iu g a l a uy tiru c l•y
24
c:1 SC'S ,

' i·

•• '.-,

i: ,.

; '<. t

,H~; .

'i

278

CO.lll'OS!T/ON ANfl Rl!NTORIC.

mi;;tnk e in to t 11 0 IH!l fl1" li and;;. Tl1 e <: fll' c lopc is often lost or dostroyc·<l. Tli o ktt<'l', tl1crefore, sli ou ld \J c sc lf-i<l c ntifyiug ind cpcn·
d c ntly of tho cnv(•lnpe.
Id entification Important. - Th e ro may lie twe n ty thou sanu "Li tzics " in tl rn J.>1r l'ctv ry, l>11t t hei-c is o nl y o n e'' My Venr Lizzie" t<>
tho writer, an d that i.'l ·• )!i ss Eliz11l1ct Ii ~111i t Ii, 423 - - - Str eet,
Phila(lelpl1i:L" "\\- l1 c· rc tli l'ro i;; in tl1 c letter n othin g to id entify
<'ienrly both tl1 e wri te r n n<l th e on e wri t t e n t o, there is an appearance of so 1n ct.l1 in g nn o n):m ons and cl an1k;;t in r. A proper respect.,
t licreforc, for tl1 u per,-u n fl(ldressc <l , part ic 1il:1rly if the perso n is a
Jud y, rt' 'l11ircs tl1 e f.,rma l r (·rop1i t i<>11 i111pli"d liy giving in full, at
th e elMe of th e letter, tl1 e pro p e r nn 111e nn<l address, whate ver terms
pf liad in nge o r of c n clcn n ne n t m ay h arn p rt' <'e il ccl it. lndecd, tho
m o r e fr(• e and (':ls.1· th e li r.' f IHldre ,~ an d tli c li ..dy of the letter are,
tli e 111or0 propri "t y the re i ~ iu t liis f• irm:d l'l' ('Og u iLion and i<l cutifi .
cation at th e el\"' C.

Business Letters.-In \\'riting lrn s in c~s IPtters, the military
rul e above J escribPd is often rc Y c r~ed, th e full address being
placed at t he beginnin g, in stead of ut th e e11d. Thus:.M cs..., r~ .

C 0 .If !' 0 S I 1' I 0 N - /, H T TR fl S.

I' R 0 S F:

H ol>c rt Cn r tp r ,t Hrnthct"8.
Hn)!ll hn1y, :\cw Yo rk;
Ji c nr:--=ir~:

TJfi g m c· thnrl !i n~ m a ny nrhant.11gc;;, nn d in 1..tt (·rs on bn siness is to
h e <' 0111111 e11<le<l. 111 Jotte rs of eo11r tcsy ur afTc: <: tiun , tl1 e ulher m ethod
i,; ]>refcralil u.
3. Th e Subsc ription.

In clo~i11g ll letter, the writ er ~uh,crihes his name with
more o r l e~,; fuln e,~, and in stH.: h te rm ~ of respect or . affoc·
t.i on a s the circumstan ces may 8eem to \\'arrant.

279

No one ra n <kler 111i11 e fn 1111 t h ese s i gnat11rf' ~
wh et h e r th e \\'ri te r is Hc11bc:11 or J{e lJc' rca, Ja111es o r .) 1ili«t, nnil l li e
p e rso n aLhlressc(l , \\'h o is ofte n a st r a nger, is at. a lu,.;s wl 1el l1N to
senJ lii s r e ply to Mr. J ones o r Miss Jones, to j\lr. S 1nit l1 or ,\[1.,s

E. Jun es, J . :Ill. Smith.

Smith.
Sex .- In s ig nin g o u e'a n:.1111 0 to a Je tt.ff, o r to any other dorunwnt.
it is 1.1dvi sable that the name s h onltl nlw11ys lie ;;o written n,; to ,1i .. w
wh e th e r tli e writer is u man or a \\' Olnan . Thi s is parti c ularly i1n p o r tant in a(]J ressi n g a Jett.er to a stra n gc 1-.
Ma rried Women and Widows .- , \ rnarri e<l wonrnn nr a wi<low , in
writin g tu a st ran ger, Hhouhl also JJ1' el ix )!r s . to lit·r nalll l'. ,\ 111arri ed wolllall p:c·nerally i:in' ;;, with tl1 u )!1· s., tl1t· li1·st J1:tll1t' of l11·r
husurr rnl , f'O long n.'i li e lil' e~, I.11t. clrop ,; it nlh·r lii s d c :1 t l1: tl111s,
Y o n rs trnly, ,\!. r s. W illia m Sou tl ll'ote; Y v11 rs trii l,v. )! rs . J,,a1111:<
Sout l 1co t e . Suppos in g both tl1 c-S<J to be 11Titren l1 y t l1e ,.:1111•.' !"·1· 80 11 w e infer fmlll tl1c for111 c: r that. t.l1c writ.er is .\lr. ~<>11ll1n•ic'o<

wif~;

from the lat te r, t liat slic is lii s wiJuw.

Terms of EndeB\.ment. - The' p:1rti c 111nr t crrn 'l of enJeanm·nt usc<l
in th e s11I.sc ripti1;n tu l ct.1.t-rs o f Juv e a t11l fri end s hip , will 1·ary, of
course, wit.Ii tl1 e fall('.)' of Ll1 e wri t e rs. Jn general it rnny li e remark ed , h ow eve r, t hat " l"vi11g '' i,; a better wu1·d than ·· a ll'e1 ·ti,,11 nte," esp ec ially bet w ee n k in.
Arrangement. - Tl1 e nrrnngcn1 e nt of tlie ,; u bc«·r ip t iun , ll:l of t h e
mlJress anJ tli c l1 l':lding, is a 1J1:llle r uf IH' llll l:l ll , l1iJ> ratl1er tl 1a11 of
co nipositi o n . Sti ll , it n,1:1.v not be :lll1i>'s to .,!, ,«· rv u tli:il tl 1e t.e r11 1-;
of r espei't or affeot.i1rn U'11: dly Ul'C11py a lin e by t l1e1J1 :;1·l1·,.,, .su111e·
tim es two lin es, anJ th e

111u11 e 11[

ti• <' writer oC('llJ•ie :; aJ11Jtl1er lin e .

Tliu s :
Very res pectfully,
Y our 0Lcdic11t sr rnu1 t,
Juhll f_;_

~111 ith.

Terms Vary. - Tl1t·'e k nn ,.;, lik e t h o"e o f t li e nddrc;;s, vnr y of courHo
ncnmlin g to tl1 c 1·aryi11g l'l'iat ions u f tl1 e J>arti t•s, 'u lllllt 11 0 general
rnh' fu r tl1L'111 r·a n h e gin n. Bu s iness kttco rs l't' r y ro rnm o ul y close
wit 11 "Y o ur oli c <liont se n ·aut, ,. u r, if it J,c a li]']]J, "Your obed ient

COJ>i e(l fro1n write r s of 1"00cl '..tamli u g-, and lllfl)' se r1·c lls 1J11JJ eb,

se rvan ts.,,

according to circ um stan ces:

Initi a ls .- Man,· p c· r .~,,,,, , in ~uJ, .,,.ril1i11c: t !i .. ir nam (', l1ave n fnnf'y
for g ivin g ouly t li e iu it ials u f tl1 ci r lirst, ur g iv e n nam e; thu s,

R.

Examples.- Tho full ow in:·'. nddre,,e, nml ,11lo,.:cripli<•ll " 11:1 \'e !we n

My Deur

~Ir.

Jcl,,\J, - Motil trul y y ours,

Alcxanut:r Kn ox .

280

COA!l' OS IT! ON A N fJ
~fy D1·fH

RT! R T OR JC.

C' 0 .ll /' 0 S ! T ! 0 y - l

1' R 0 SE

r: TT Fr: ,;;,

:-=ir, - - -

J oh n M . .Mason .
.i\Iy l h_·tU Gnd-ehi!ri.
Y 1· 11r

1 1ll~tT!l

( ;,,ij

rn tl wr

i ll1d

.-..:ur!1\l1_:l

fri,·11d .

THy !. ,r

1 '1•lt-riil 1::,-t.

:-dy lJ1.:ar Si r \\ i i i 1..._1t1. - Y n nr~ Yf•ry

~ . The Title.-Tlt<' cci.,.:il•·'t rli!Ttc·11l1y 111 acl1ln·--i11i: a kit .. ,,;,"'

.tl11crrt·Ty.

kl li! \\.

l f 1t11 n11h /.f nrn.
.:-.Iy

Dt.:IH ~dt ..

•ft', - -

\\"

!1at

) u Uf!'.i C\'l' f, filld lllU ....,l nfft~(·[iplJHtely,

n yrnn .

1 ti

k :. )

~~ i

\ , ..

ll!l l ' ll•I\\ · H · 1l:1Y " 1_' '\t'Ppt nmr11q.'.; tliP Frij·nd " JiH ... "' ·rn ,•
! ilk
:\ \·.. 11111.( l n 1i \1•-i111 lly )1:1 .-.: !l1 1' 1•rt·i 1.\ .\lit '- kr Hlld H!IY 1!111111\rf:c • l H"!f ll t!I
!ht' pri·tix. \ I i-- .::
l-:\.•'r\ m.:1r n .'-·il \\· ,, 11ian "r \\'Id• •\\ ha." t ~ 1j· I '!· 1·Ji x. \\ r .... H 11•I t'\ " f )
lllitll \ \ ] 11, 1i 11 .._ 1111 hh.:h··r tit ] ,. 1--. :'dr .

ro1T1HI " "

'f'; f/ 1' !f. -

F\"i•ry

Yv ur afhxti1111att• li u.-. L1a11 1l,
LulH'. lt

ll ur11s.

4 . The Superncrlptlon.

15

.-

B.Y the :-:npPr:'<:Tij'I illn of n icttcr i.; rn ca 1it llic aJ J n:o8 which
writte11 upun tiJ ,, 1· 11v"lop1'.

j~r~- .~
:~ ~ ~t;~~1~~

ll. !).

Why Important. - S~ 1 !nl! care in ti ii :; r l·:.:pt·<·t 1-. nf·t-ded, hoth Le<'H11..... t'1.•rn.:ct 11L':-;s in thf' ~n p(· r.'-.\Ti 1, L i 1111 i:-1 tliu cli i( f 1t1 f·n 11 ~ for ~('('11r ­
1.._·

1

in g th e snfe rl diYP r.'· n( the ktter. nn.J h,, ,.'"'"•' any w:mt ,,f pro pri.._:::qy i ri t!w :.:1q~1 1 r:--cri ; 1 :i1111 j .... :-; !Jn• fc1 atti·a··t (Tilit ·i."1 11. \\ . !ia! is
j n ~ i de of o r a"~ JH rf' r 111~\~· 1n•·••t tli1• ry(• nf n rily- tl 111 1111 •."t in1lulge uL
fri0n <l :·diip: :md :u1y lit:l\_· ii1 l ·!1.:;..::t11('l' (/r 1· a rL·k.-...~ 11 1.:_...:... i:-i ~1 1r1. : t.o be for~
gi\·t·1i. f~tJ! tli l ' uti!:-idl._· 1:-...11a1:.;- llild cr~u v~ tl1e . . . 1._ ·n11i1J y of rnuny,
a1 u1 it ig Lut, a JH1(;r n 111 q1li 111L"11L to _ro11 r fr ic· 11d 1 I ha t what li e receivfls
fru1 11 y on tl 1ro 11 ir h th e hand• of tl1ir>I parti''" ~l1n1ild giv" thv1 11 the
ii np res~i on 1hn t. Iii ~ 1·111T1'...: pr)nd1·nt i; an i ~ n"r:l 1 1 1 1i .... 01· a J,,,ur.
Penm a nshi p. - The ~11pcr:<~ription of a lctt<'r, "" fa r 11~ the penm a n s hip ,:oeR, Rlio 11 lcl lrl' written w it h ••111 ir1• cli,fi 1l<'tnc,8 anJ lcgibilit~p, with nealrH·~-.. nnd t·t1r· ·. :tnd "·iti1 ~nrne attcnriu11 11_1 elcgauce,
Lu L u,·vc·r w itli urnalllt'nt:tl !l uur i:<!te:<.
Scrupulous Ex nctncss .-Th e ...:upcr:<1·ri1diu11 :-- lio1d<l he w ri lttj ll with
verli: d exact Il e·:<~ a nd a! tt 11t io n I ro r· ro n1' e 11 ! ifll1a l prnp ri ety.

8C l'll[>lllu11 s

T he S upr rsni pt ion <·o n ~i~ t ~ of t'. irre p a rt ~, tli e N am e of the

person addressed , t he T itl r, an d the Res id ence.
1. Th e Nam e. - l nti 111:i te fric ·nrl~ nf tC'll l 111Ye fam ili a r pet names
fu r cad1 ut li t.: r, ui c:kua 1ll"s, w lii c l1 t liey U:;t; iu tli e fr ee iu tc: rcoursc of

.,

H i~

Exct.:lku('y.
J11ln1 F. l larlrntifl.
(;,,\ · 1·1'11(1["

; ,f

l' l'llll~y l \"t\lllfl.

C 0 JI!' 0 S 1 1' J O N

AND

R 1/ R 1' O R J C.

. Et~qll cll e in \Vns h i n gt o n h rt.~ presc rill<:<I th e fu ll o win
.
Prcsi d c 11t o f th e L' n itcd S ta tco. U11 tli.
•···u
g form, in addressing tho
·
c v u l.o::>l c vf til e Je tter
T o th e 11rcsid e nt,
'
Exectlli \.-c !\I an~i(l n ,
'\"tL..,. II i ng to n ,

n. c.

Jn s i1ic: "_Mr. Presid e n t. I h n,·c th e h onor, " etc.
qu l'l ~e.. l\ ot one word mo re <i r Jess is nccc~ry Th c.-c fo rm• are the strict eUthe L'n1l ed :;tutu," would Le snr p l u ~agc.
. To writ e .. To the Presldem q/

3. The Residence. - In \Hitin g upo n tli o c n vclo ) >
r e.' td c r1< ·e of .t li e pc r:;o n ncldrcssl«l, tli c ~n rn c gcn cr~lcr~~e a l~tter the
o l"e rv cd win c h l1a ve 1tlrc a dv bc r n g•iv en r
.t .
s s wulu be
·
•or wn nw on e's own
·
tl en ce ut th e top o f l li o k t tc r.
"'
rest.
Name of the State . -Th e only nddi t io nal rul e ne ed ed is th at
nnrn e of th e S tat e , /i o ul rl be writt e n o u t in foll
. ll
tlie
l et ter is to g o to so r11 e ot h er S tate lli a n that in

~~rangement of the Items. - It i" )•rope r t. 1> o b,;e rve al
. ..
wnttn g tJ 1c rc;;itlc·nce o n ti
.
.
, so, that 111
J C <' 111 C' 1O J> t' tll S[c•J(]
f 11 t f
·
o n e lin e, ns is d o ne a t t he 1 "
f
, · ' " i'. • .tng it 1111 in
w.H 1 o a 1c ttc r c·te li itc 111 0 f ti
tI eHc e fo r11t s 11 sopara r,• lin e. T in t.~:' '
'
JC resj.
1Jrid g-eto n ,

Cumberln nd Cou nty,

l\cw J ersey.
31.:J Gree n St.,

Trenton.
l\cw J c1"'C)'.
11

'1'." l' nnd litl o Hhou)tl o cc upy t.lie
J 1 they w·., )'la«etl liigli cr up tlum

283

th e miJ1ll e, tlie app e aran ce is awkward, n11rl he,;id e,i, n <'k a r ~ p:t <:l·
a bov e is n ec1l e d for tli o po ;;trn a rk and s tamp. lf tl1 e :ia111 ,· i" writt 1· n
1nuc h b elo w th e tniddl l', a :-; y (lun g 1J1i :-;:-; t •:-i ha\·e 1111 afft..Th.:d way 11f
(] oin g, it does no t ]eav e I" OO lll li t:Jo w fur wr iti ng t lit.' f' t.· ~idt.·lll't• wi1! 101.1 t un ~ i;.:l1 t l y (Tu wtlir1;.:.
It is lw tt «1·, th e rdnre, l1ot 11 for ll J>J• l· arann>,
a nd fo r practica l <·n 11 veni e 11 n ·., t c1 k t. tl1 e nar11 e and tit le nc«1 1py a lin e
th a t is j ll,;t nhn llt. ee nt rnl bet w e e n tl1 e tt>p of tl1 c em·e l<> Jw and 11,..
b o tt o m. No r s l1 o llld th e t1ar11 0 lH.: c niw 1led c1ff t •l t h e 1"\ll"L' ll l\' r ig lit
o f t l1 e c n n·l1> pe, as inc xpN ie oced p c r:;o n " nre ap t lo pla ce it , J.ut it.
s h01iJ,] h e pbccd ah o ll t cc n trnlly bet we e n t l1e t wo c t1•k Tl 1c n a1 1ie
st.>1 111l s 0 11t m ore tli stindl y tu tli c eye, uml it g in :s n 111,.re '} r11111d·
ri cal app canm ce tu th e w li o le, if th e re is a c le ar s paee le ft. al cad1
e ml.

:1~·:1~~~ti1: i~ ::'.i:~e~'.e

-T h c· re nrc SO ma n y to w n s lrn. Yill , th .
hn!') tc of p os t-o nl C'c IJ U ~i 11 t•s...<; n. le ll c r I~ ofte n "'CIJ
g
c snmc nn. me, that in the
lJ(do n.: lt rcuc hes th e r ig- ht <m e nn rl so m ct i . . t .t o /w o o r three different places
lH·,·e r tw o J:H)S l ·iJtlh:c!'.i o f th e s1~mc ' . . I m et s ll It' o:-:t nlt u,;e 1hcr. But th ere are
I
.
i u m e II t i e bl:lln c <.: ttll
I h
arc n W ti)'S fan d l iHr w ith t h e Jor n ti o n f II I
. .. . 4.:. n 11 c t c postm asters
J1uru c o f th e :-.: tatc lit'i 11g wr i tt en iu f 1(1' .n ! lie o fl1 ces Jn th e ir own Stnt.e. The
tl J t
u . 111 u c en.r leg- ibl c hand
ti
. Jc c kr, it hi 11 1111 01'.i t e1ire to g 1) tn th e ri g hr :--:1 n1 • . I ,·
' ~ n ie face of
l .S eq u n ll y :rn rc uf r c u. c lt iu g- th e r ig"ht off..
ti i~· fllH IJe lll g- o 11 ce Ill th e State, it
.
i ce, u11 uy l1 1c rn o~ t d irect r o ute.•
ri'h e Jlt•fl1to11.

Where to Put the Namo. - Th e
c e ttlral p o rtio11 <if th e «lll"t·lt> p e.

PROSE CON!'O S ITJON- J.>l.4RIFS.

II. DIARIES.

A Diary, as the name imports, is a daily record.
Subjects. - Th e Hnlij ects r cco nl ed vnry, o f co nr ~c, wi t h th e a;:;(',
se x , oC'cu p a ti o n, allll c h a r act e r o f th e diari s t. It i;; a form of 1·11111 ·
p osit io n m o r e u,e,] p e rhnp~ than a n y o tl1 e r fo r r ec o rdin g re li g i111 i,;
expe ri c nrc.
'l\;tvc ll e rs r eco rd tl1u s th e ir 1lail y a.J ve n t 11 res a 11d
oL~c rYation~.
St nd e nt :-:c , 1ncn o f l>11~in es ~, 111 c n of p1ca ~ ur c <:n ·n, arc
w o n t t.o wri te d o wn fr o m 1lay t o day thin gs whi c h i11t e rc:<t t li .,111 , o r
wl1i c h th ey d es ire p a r t ic ularl y t u r e tn e mlic r .
Essential Character. - A Diary is th e lea.;t. c:rnc t nn <l forrn :tl o f nil
ki11d s of <·0111p11,; it ion . Th e pri1nary 11n1l go ve rnin g i1k 11 whid1 ><lJ(J u ld
co11trol th e writ.e r in itol fon11:ttion is, that. it s pagl·,i a re tll ea 11 l fo r
lii s own ey e o nly. li e writ es 1tr1 e ntry to-day in unkr t.l1ftt , ~ "r11e
ye ar ~ h e n ce, wh e n m e m o ry b eg in ,; to fa il, h e may see ex a ct ly wh at.
to -day's t h o1 1g l1t s o r c xp e ri c n1' es w e re. l ti s a rec.,rd mad e f.,r t 1,..
inf.,rrnati o n 11f o ne 's future se lf. Th e fir st •1uali t y, th e r e for e, in s uch
a reco rd, is t.liat it b e absolu t el y h o n e,,t.
Style . -

E1nhclli >l1Jn e nfs an1l fl g 111·cs of rh eto r ic are 11tt (· 1·ly 0 111 , ,f
It. i ::1 n ot 11 e1:cs~ ary , ind eed , lo th e tr11t l1f11ln e''' 11(
s11 c li a rcc1ll'(l , as AOtn o ~e c rn t o in1ng in e 1 t h a t it. lie wri tte n in d e fi:tn re of th e law s n f g rnmmar . On th e Ct>nt.rary, ~n rn o 1H l e nti1111
t o g ramm nti cal a nd vc rl1:d 11e1·uracy s l1 o w s o nly a prnp c r s.·l f-rc,; pcd .
Hu t et 1tdi (:d e k g an <'c, :111d wl1al are cal lc1l tl1 c g 1·al"eS uf s t y le, , J1nw
that th e wh o le thing is a sham , anu thut th e writer is n o t rna k i1 1;;

pla< '. C in a diary.

C O .l//'OSJTJON Al'iD R!TF.1'0/UC.

wh at h e . is prctc·n1lin"
to 111ake• n pri'"lt
o 1·nc
· I 1·01. J11s
· ow n fut ro
. .
.
"
•
, 01<
11
tnf,,r:11at1 on, bnt ts re;1Jl y wri ting fur dTect up on tlic mind s of ot.l i«r
peOJ>.t'. .
Dates. -

I t is e~sc n t ial to th e h on<'sty nn1l trntl 1fuln css of 11 diary

tl~ 11t th.o <lat e o t an l'll try ~liould be tl1at 0 11 whi ch th e entry is
fl( f llUJI J tnad c.
f li l' XJ'l'ril' ll CC d l>CI'
·o n•· , in k t·e p1n~
. · a t I'1ary, sotn e·
.
•
• _
· b
tun es 011 11 t lllak 1ng an y reco rd for scn·rnl d· 1,· · " I HI t IJl' ll, on so111 u
< ~ ay wh e n tl 1<·_v ha ,·e k i:'11rc o r in clinatiun. rnak e 0110 juli of it d
till
. up_th o mi s,- in fi .<lap fr om me rnorv., · Thi"·} 1·:. ..; t u 111,1,' 1,.e t 1ie w' 1nn
w1o
1econ! ,· ulu cl cs~, eit her for th <: lll S<' h-..:s o r for any un o else.
'

•

•

•

:--,

<l

Blank Days. - If, on any parti cular <lay. no l'Cl'O rd i~ mml e let tlio

<l ay stnnd blank . f; nch bl:tnh nrc no J,J c111i .- h to •1 <li ·1i·y . t'J , l t
1· ·
·
'
·- , iu )es
< '''.n e~· o'.1. e n . ha,:c tl1 c·11 1. In rnak_ing 1!1 e rc('(wd of n part.i cularduy,
the "11t ct 111 ,1), tf he c h oo;;<·~, rq:i,;ier l1i s r1:<·,,Jkc tiuns of wliat tuok
pla ce on pn:,·1ou.,; <l ay~, l>nt let them he ('111"1'"<1 118 1· ·coll t "
'I'
·
' '
· e , ec 1011•
li e . rn exoraJ.l
e ml <' for a <lian.
from w1 1icl i ti l l .I .c !"'·}10 11 I•u 1.ue no ex"
.
..
cept10_11. 1.q that C:i C'h e nt ry l1 111·c n <lat e, a11d t l1at tJ 1e el ate mn;·k
trntldull y th e tnn c of t he writing.
The Place. - f\·r>'o n.• wh o ke<' p n <liary will lik e wi se fin d it of
grea t ,·;d ue to th e 111 ><1:h·cs to r<'g i,.tl'r th o plaf'e wh ere, as ll' ell 118 tlio
tuu e wh ~ n, c·ar h ,' '11 try i" lll~ld <'. Arr urney n111l p:irt.i cular it.y in reganl tu f:ll't s arc 1111kl'd tl1 0 cs'l'llt i·d 11,,int' irt tl 1 · c
· ·
1·
<liary.
··
'
·
u u111posIL10n o 11
III. NEWS.

N ex t to writing lett e r~, th ere iR, in modern tim es
110
species of colllpo~i ti ou of' which so much is done as News
writing.

l'H OS J;'

C1;Jf f' US IT!ll.\' -

l\' Fll'S.

The True Medium.- :\u11·,; ite1 1H a<'<• fu r tl1 c 111,.,t 1•a:·1 \\'r i!;"n i11
h:1stC'.

T lic writ el'.-.\ lt:t\"1._· [1rd ti1110 to t'~!ITvi · t :1 ll1l p1 ·11n1 ·· 1 !11·ir

1_· . .

;;1 -

positi u n a~ ot.l1 e r writt.·1·:-; l1a\·e. l 'c r."i1) IJal ly, tl11_·rv f1ir1· , tlil·y :1r1· 11 11t
ii l'ld t o a~ ,;t ri ct nn acco1111t "' utlol' l' writ l' r' a 1·,., fo r i!• 11 " ral a"'""
rncy uf .Ji ct iun a111l ,.;ty lc. Y d L·1·e ry r,.,11k r i,; '"11,il.k ,,r tlic di ikrcn ce bd.w ee n a p :ua:;raph of 11 e ws rorn:f'f ly wrill l' n and one i11 c"r ·
rect.ly written, and by tl1 c <'Xer('i;e of 011ly a 11 1•«ll' r:tf l' dq..:rn· ,,f
flt.tenti.,11 , tlie wrikr:< of th ,·su 1•arng r1q.Jis c .. 1ild \'e1·tai11ly a1·,,iol
most of the glari11:; "rror:> wl1i tl 1 u ow war tl1eir wurk.
Things to be Aimed at. -Tl1 e r!ii._.f C'xce ll e11ci<' ' .,f ,;tvk t" l1l' l'lll·
tivall'd liy the wri te r uf ne w,; :ire accu racy , co111l•' l<-'''liu11 . 1111d ;•1r·
t!picnity. Th e~ hi ~ J11..·r ~rac es nf style, suc l1 a ::; tiH >:'e gn1w in.: : out of
t li e 11,;e of rh eto ri cal ti ;.;11r<: ' , lie in a <lilkrl'nl l'l:tll <'. Tl 1e 11 v11·,,
wri tC' r ha ' n ot tl1 c lei~ nr e fu r ,;1 1"li o rn ::1111ent..;, 11or, if li e l1ail. 11-.11!1.J
th e ir ll ~e be in nrco nla11c c wit !1 go<•d ta ste. \\' l1a t tl 1e rea•kr rv <ptirc8 of him i:< simply fl stnt e111 e11t uf fa ct.,-, and t.lii s ota te111"11 t
sh ouhl ai111 at tho thre e qu ;diti cs jn "t Tl fl lll <'ll.

1. Accuracy.-By thi ,; I do not here refer to th e truth of
the fact s s ta~d. That is a qu estion of moral s, not of style.
'\Vhat I mean is that th e la nguage should be accurntc ; that
it should convey th e meaning which the writer intemb.
Sources o! Mistake . - N e ws 11"rit e r,; l' JT in tl1i -< ,. ,., J' l "C ' t 1':1rt ly f1'111 11
nn inaee11ratc use o f 11·01·ds, uuil partl y frutn 1111 i1iacc uratu 1·011.,t.rn.: tion of se nt..: n cl'~ . Tl111s:
ll nrnn' s d cnth, If th e news rnnn hnppc ns to be one n f th o~ e runl.iuf line \\' r l tlng, li t· will tt-11 11.-< o f tli c lll ttll'is "1..h: uli ~e," wli kl1 b: ~· 111n ct hi11;. ~
quite 4]iffcrc 11t from what lt c i11t i: 11d t:d.

In repo rt ing-

ti t1u~

An oth er rep orte r. wlln is c·:trt·lesi in <·onstr11rt.iu11, s1tt·nks uf "ill\'l'lltin g a

Amount. -Th o innnm C' raJ,Je it C' m>< " ·li il'li fill th e n ew 8 columns

of t.l1c dflil _v an<l \1·cc· kl .1· pap<·r" arl' •·norr 11 ou, in 1111101 mt, un<l CO ll8Ut utc _1,l1 c c lnef readill g uf tl1e p11l.Ji c - th e dail y l.Jrl'ad of our litera ry !ti e.

bn1l o t-box flrrnnge nwnt wh k li (·i11l1H1t b (· !'l lltll.·d ," th u 11g h h 1JW illl
i s to Le Mn ffetl is MJ 111 e tl1 i ug o f a m y:-te r y .

n rra ng:~·1111._·1 1 t

An o ther t.clb o f" n. mnd ll Og- whkh was kill c 1l aft e r SC \' C: ral oth e r r\rigs lin ·l
b een l1iltt.~ n hy Eli Ilct: k." 1h: Tllt'H IL! lo !-It)' th at the rl o~ \\"a ~ )..:ill1.: d 1°y Ll i l h: ck .
'Vhn.l h e cl' ll'-" StlY b tlint the 11th L" r d" g-s were loiltL'll l1 y th i1.t !...'.'-'1 dl •_·1 1111r1.
'"flu· "\f ilHary C n 1111ni ll 1.· 1· did 1111! f l•j H1 rt
ill!.! Id s cn .J..t.-. Jdp t" -day. ··

HL:1ti !~ "r

'.\t r . H

Tl1L· r 1..·1·'1rkr JtJl·a11 t l11 ~ a}

'If

T , ·11!1 • · " ~ · · ·· .

f,,r '-• ·11·

T!w 1 ' ,, 11 1 !:~i~ll · 1..: <! iii

!11 1( ITJ•'•rt I" · lny ."

Tl1e 11orli 11ri :; 11!"

r! iv!~ 1r i l ·

w !1 i l ·l 1 :1r 1.. · 11:1r ti• ·11Li1·ly i1Jq11•r' :l r1; (

.'1 ·

correct.i11 g i11a ccn ra cic~ uf tl 1i .. .; ki11J art..: tlit...: cli;qdcr.::i 1.1 1J l>i1 ·!i1111 a 111i
St:"1 11le11n. ·~ .

286

CO MP OS ITI O N A N D ltl!R'I' O RIC.

2. Condensation.- By this it is not m eant that the news
wri te r 8h o uld s upprc~s th e par t ic ulars whi c h gi ve body aud
s uLs tau cc t o n s ta te m e nt of fa c ts. Th ese par tic ulars are
u s u ally e x a c tly what th e r e:1til: r wa n t.~ ; and th e best rep o rte r, in any ca se of speci al iute rc, t , i::i g ene rally th e one
wh o cau g ath er anJ g iv e th c.:;e partie ular:l \l'ith th e greatest
mi 11 u te u e,;::i.
What is Mea nt. - T he conde nsat ion re111 1ired of th e r eporter refe rs
tu tl 1e 11u 11 d 1er of wvnl:i ll til·J i11 c·x pre, -i11 g n11y pa rti c ular item ot
i111"u n11ati on. 1\11 e xpe rt will
ti": itl'lll full y in about hull
tl1 0 11111nl1er of wur1b 1iso.: d liy a Liuu g kr, a11d tliu repo rt will in c rea~
i11 vivi(]11,-s,; a11t! spar kl 0 i11 cv 11sequc 11 cc uf tl1i s co11dcnsation. The
111111vces" 1ry e xplc:ti ve,; ll'ith wlii ch a 11 e1r s p:t1·agraph is so often
s welk tl v11 t i11 1v fo rl1 iddi 11 g 111·011t>r li o1H 11rig i11 atu i11 l1 uJ taste uml
(' Oll Cl·it. Tl1 e wri ll' rs po.: lt the 11uli lic wi1li i11 1lat cd Llmlucr:>, wlwn
tl 1ey sli vulu 11s0 svlid ;; li11L.

PR OS E

A Serious Fault.-Th e m o;; t se ri ous f:rnl t of ~ t y l e runnn g n .. ws
at t l1 e p rese nt d:1y, i.• illl·i r pro pc1hi ty l•1 illll11l.c:c· i11 t l1c '"''

writ e r~,

of

sl:in ~

ev il.

w o rd :-' a nd

pl1r:1 ~e::; .

3. Perspicuit y.- P eopl e r ead n e ws iu has t e ; th e most imp e rn.tiv e d c1nnntl o f th e write r, th e r e fo re , i ~ c learn ess. Tho
m eaurn g s li o u]J be so plaiu th a t "he may ruu that reade th it."
Difforent from other Reading.- The re nrc tinws, illll ecu, wh en men

Tl1i s 111 i;-; tak c of ~Ja n g for wit i.' ~1 :-:o re

l t may n" t po.: r l1ap s lc:1cl t u a dc'le ri1Jra t iu11 .. r tl1 ..: la11 g11 :1;c•',

as n1 a n y fear ; fo l· tlt u fa ul t i ~ t o n g la r inh n11d u lf'e n ~ i, ·o

lv:td

tr 1

IV . EDITORIALS.

In th e arran gem ent o f a m od e rn u e w,; pape r - and th e sa111 e
is trn e t o so m e e xte nt in m aga zin es - a por ti o n o f th e ~ pa e e
is re,c r vcd fo r th e e xpre::;::;iu11 o f th e o pi11i u11 s o f t h e ed it o r 11r
eJito rs , o n th e c urre nt to pi cs o f th e day. The p: tra g rap li s
thus wri t te n are o ne uf t. hc p ec uli a r p rodu ct,; o f 1t1 nd l·rn
tim es, and fo rm a n o ti ceab le s pe<: ie:; o f prose eompo::;itiun .
.Order of Compos \:ion. - Th e. st yle sni_u,,] fo r t he r ili torial ('ol 11 11tns
i ~ not onl y 11f :l

l1 ig li o r d ...:r o f

<·nr 1q111 :-; 1t1,1 n,

bn t

i...;

un e l1 (•1 ·u l1a r t.1)

it,; clf. ,\ fi rst-r l:1."·' ,..Jit o ri:t! '1 drni1 s, in dc< cd, .. r :t!1J1n" t v1 n.1· !:'. ,.,.,..,
nnd c xccll c ncc vf styl " k11 u ll' ll tu 1l1 d 11ri c. Hut ollc 111:1y li:t 1c· ail
th c:;c o.: xcc! I..:n cies, may be a iirst cla>:J w rit e r in 11t:i:t y .. 1i1c·1· •k1"11· tm e ut.~ u f lite rature, tlll<l yet llv L ~ 11 ccc 01l tc~ a wr iter of cdi lvr ial:;.
Not Impersonal Truth . - :\11 vil it .. rial ;, n11f all '"""" )" <> I'" ·li-- ··rtat.i1111 ; u11t n 111 e re ti ::;:-; uo uf ul. :-: tr ac t. i11q H. ·rt:.ot1 a l tr11t!1 :-;. , < t 11 1!10
cu n t r11ry 1 it co r1 1e:=; t u u .. .; pcrnH·ah·d, t l1ro 11 .!..:. h :1nd r li :- 0 11!.."ii . w i; /1 1 ! 1 ~ ·
1

pcrso n:1 li1.1· of 1i1 l' w1·i ll' r.
wi :stl u 111 lnL.~

\\"l1 :i l1·1·,·r al •ili l.v, k11 .. 11·ivd;:,-. 11 il . ,.,.

sli u wn by tli c pa pe r, is !:illpp o:scJ tu c x i ~ t in :-;0111 0
l 1n :-\it~ Yr·ll ( d hd1i11d th e r11 y :-; ll'r i 11 :1 ;-{ " \\ ' 1.._ · .-- n1 id '.\ ); n

l1t.:1.: ll

fin d p lt..· a ~11r 1J in s ul\·ir1 µ- tl1 0 1ny :-:t i.: ry o f so1no h ard St.' llte n ce in l.ntin

n11 -.: v1·n o r :wl 1· w

ur ( ; r..,0 k, o r in li 1uli11 ;.; out t l1 c 111cfl11i11 ;.;. if tli e ru is a ny, in somo
oqdii c >'ay i11 :; uf I::111 c· r;v 11. B11t no P ll\:O i:; en:r in thi s mood Ol"Cr
Ii i ~ 1nurni11g 11 c11 ' l'" i' c·r. \\" h a t it l1a;; tu 1c: ll th i11 tli c ll' ay uf ucwg
1u11;;t J..i.., tuld in tli e clea res t an ,l ni o;t straiglit furw urd man ner.

put~

1

l1 i11t'<, Jf f11 rt li n; a puldic t l':icli c r a111l g ui de.

Tl1 e up illi u11s ex-

pressed h a ve a n add eU w c i ~ it t f ro n1 bei ug g ive n a~ lt i<'!, - t iie 4-1 t 1 i 11 i •) H~
of t bi : > u 11kuu \\·u 1 a ll -k uv wJJJ g EJ;i.vr.
Editor's Estimate of his Own Position. - _
.\11 i11q1 rtant. r t· p1i:--.ite,
th erefi1rc, in a wri ter 11f e<li lu ria b , is t! Jll al1ili ty ri ;;l1 tly r<> C•HlCC,i1·u
of lii111 sdf as J..i,· i11 ;; pl:1("(:<1 in tl1i s rcf< po11si1Jl e po,;ilion u F n pulilic
t.e1\l" l1 e r. Il e mu st kn o w ho w to ll >'e wit.Ii vii..:11 r, anil vc;t. w it !1 d i,;1 .1

How Obtained.- T l1i il rl 1•:u11css b tu lie olitai11 ·d clii eily lJy skill
in t l10 cnnotrn et iuri uf "'' nlt" nc cs. 1\" tl1i" l<•J •i i; !111:> been foll y
tr c:ill-u ,·bew li e re. the reail cr i,; rcfc rrcJ fo r fttrtli cr inform ation to
tl l\J cli11]1 t<: r vu tl 1al , ul>jc;1· L

to

gene ral i111 it a tiu11 . l\nt it i' a se 1·iu 11 .-; dra 11·liack tu 1111· pk:i>t11·e wi 1l 1
whi ch u11 c ope11s lii s p:qw r fur i11 i"orn1a ti11 11 in r,•,:.;:trd I" t li e 111.;11·, 11 f
th e day. ~ I a n ;.; is nex t do111· 111 ril ,aldry, nm! 1.1eitl1 l'I" of t l1 e111 i:;
pl0:1sau t co11Jpa 11 y a t t!t e Lr eak f:1.-; t talil e.

"'!"''" ""

A Safe Rule.- ;\ beg inn er in tl 1is ~ p e ci es of co111position will fi nu
it n safe r ul e, afte r l1:t1·i11;.; writ t en a pa rag- rnpli , to fill over it unu
str ike o nt. o n an a1·eragc nli ont onP-lialf tl1 e W<•nl.•. ,\n y one wlio
k1 s not g il·cn tli e ~ u hj c i"t sn111 e :1lte nt ion wi ll be >' n1·111·iseu at tl10
skill in cond ensation ncqu i1· ed liy so1n e uf th o 11c ll' ' J' Hper reporte1·s,
as well us at tli e wa nt of :;kill m ani fcst l'J liy o t li crs.

287

C O.If P OS I 'I' T ON- E /) I1' 0 R TA L S.

cret iu n,

:L

Ct.~ r t ain f ( tr!ll

!J f :-\.1. _·lr

.

a :--:-<1..:" rl i u 11 .

1

lt. i ... . !tu! ~ L+_•\\ •: \crl

!li e

288

CO.ll l'OS I T I ON AND llII E T O RIC.

m ere use of " we" t hat ma kes a pi ece of composition an editorial.
'1.' he ues t edito ria b e111pl oy tlii s fu r1J1u Ja very "Jiarin gly, and somet 1m es o 111i t. i.t alt.>~c t l1 c• r. Hut tli e writ e r, in l' <'ll11iu g su ch articles,
e"11<:.e 11«·; l11111 scl t n;; one set. t u lc1'. ch. !Ji:i b11,i11 ess is to giv e I i i~
01: 1111011; , n11 d t ha t fu r tl ic ex press pu rpos·c uf i11 tlue ncing th e opinions
o t ot he rs.
Editorials and News. - F rom tlii s genera l <h· scripti on, it will Im
at. Ull CC ho w di lfo rent is ti1 c UIISiu ess O f writi11 g editorials from
ll1a l uf writ i11 g m·11-,:. Tl1 c unc si111p ly reco n ls t h 0 fa ds of tli e <l uy ;
th e ut l1 cr di sc usses t. l1<»•e tit«ts, and C'X presses opini t> ns ul>u ut tli cm
eu11111 ll:lld
_ i11!!
." o r (· 1 ~ n ~ I~ 111 n ·111~, ex p I : u· 11 ·11 1 ~ or dl' fL· 11e li ng-, persua<liug'
' <'C ll

n nd l' X l 1u r t 111 g-, a ...::-: 1g-11 111 g- <·a 11 :-:c :-;

:1 111 1 Sll ,'.!,:;C·:-; t in g

r '-·iii edi etl.

289

PROSE COM I'OSITION-R EVIE IVS.

Tlt e

0 11 0

wr it"' 11·i 111 special rc-fe re nn ; tu d «a rne>.' , act: ur;wy, 1111 !1 bre vi ty . tlio
ot li e r calh: 1o his aitl all th e ;_:r;u~ c s and nr t.s uf t 11c most. fi ui~liod
rli c-to ri c, a11d 11 ced., t(11· lii s t:i >k 11 k11 uwlc dge 11 s 1·111 ·i ..,J as tli e entire
r:w g.., of ' u!.j cc t. s l'lll i11·1w ~d i11 t li c scop e of l1 is paper.
Fa~ e, i11 it_s l1i;..:Ji c,t 'e n,c, is ru n:! ~·. if e ve r, uttnin rnl by wri ting
cc l1t uri als. I <:t tu II' rit e t'lli t uri als of tli c !.(·st " lass r(''Illircs a de"reo

n11d rn ri cty of '. 'de nt, \\'lii<:l1, if c111pl oy ed i11 ut. li cr ki11d s of writ'iiig,
\ I o ul d e nsure l11 g l1 11uu lastu1g fam e.
V. REVIEWS.

Reviews are of th e nature o f editori a ls, only much more
extend ed . A r eview is a very lo11 g editorial. It is an
ar t icl e of ma 11 y pages , g ivin g- th e opi11i ons of a monthly or
a q uarterly magazin e, i11s lcad of a n a r t iel e of a column or
part of a coln11111 , g il'i11 g th e opini ons of a weekly or a daily
p a p er.
.An Org~n .-:- Th e lll fl i(a zin c. li ke tl1 e pnp cr, i' I.h e o rgnn of 11 cer.
ta lll set o l o p1111 ons. I ts oll i<"e is t o prupugate t111u enforce tli oso
o pi11i ons, Lut in tl oi11 g ' " it enters rnurc lurgcly in to tli e details ot
a rg ument nrn l explan a ti on.

th e book and then som e suLject discusscu in th e book, or s uggested
by it.
Macaulay's Article on Milton.-hlaca ulny's celebrat ed a rti cle in
the E<l in lrnrgh Hcvic w, in 1825, 0 11 t li e occasion of th e recuv cry of
a lost w o rk of Milton';, is 11 gootl i!lt1stration uf tli o kinu of r.., 1ic w
just nam ed. Th o r e vi e wer, in t he tir; t few pa rn g rn ph ,i, g i"''" n
bri ef, but cornprc hcnsive and sufl!c ieutly c riti cal jud g111,·11t uf t l1 u
book or es8ay wh ose ti t.l e i ~ quote<I, nnd then t nkes ocC'asion to ~"O
on ilnu give a gencrnl re vie w of tli e cl1 a r/lcte r of .Milton as nn au th or
and ii xnuu. Th e foll o win g nre tl1 e int ruLlu ctory pa rngrnp lr s :
To w nrds th e cl ose o f th e yen r 1 8~3 . M r. l.c:m u n , D» r 11 ty Kc:c:pe r o f the ::: mte
P ap c r l-' , I n the co ur.;e t1 ( hi ~ rt~:, c tt r<' l u.· s nrnong th e prl':-.:-.t ·s of h is 11 11i ~· c, 111 1._· t ,.,.·it h
a large I.nu n mu 11 u ~ c r ip t. \ \'i t li it \\ ere f. .;1111 1 l'•Jrrt.'t'h: <l <: u 1 dt ·~ 11f ll11_· f, .r·, ·i i.: 11
d cspaLc li cs wri ttc11 Uy M il ton , wh i le h e till ed til e <•f1frc of Scc r ctur y , tt n d ~l.'V t · n tl

papers rel a ti ng: to the l'opi sh T r i o. ls t11 1d th e H ye -H ouse l' k1t.. Th e w h ole ww1
w ra p ped uv i n o.n cnv(;l o 11c !:illJ • er~wri h< · d, "To Mr. Sk i n 11 1:r , M t.: rdi ullt. " Uu
exnwin a t i<m, the l u r ge rna11U -::l·r i1·•t prn q _·d to l.Jt' t li e lo n g ·l 41 "' t J·~.. :-- 11y •1' 1 tt i.· f 1. ,, ·.
tr i n cs o f C hrh t rn r1 i ty , wh ld 1, a ('t·o rdi 11 g to \ Vood u11d Tohrn cl, i\1111 11 11 1i 11h- ln·d
nftt.:! r th e H est or ali o n , n111l <lepo:siteU wi th Cyriac Skinn er. Sk in11cr . il is wd l
known , h eld the stLm e p oliti ca l o pi ni o n s w i th h is illu ~ t r i o u~ fr ku tl . It ts th e re·
fo re prolJ abl e , as M r. Lem on collj ceturcs. tl int he w n y hav e fa ll en u 111._k r l il u
tiUSptcton s o f tll e GU\.c n 1m c 11t d 11ri 11 g t ha t 11e r8ec u tion o f t l 1e \\' Jdg"i w l d <" h
folJ ow cd the dissol11li o11 of t h e O xfuriJ. l'nrli1une nt, nnJ thn t, in <·11n s1·ri 11 r1we
of a g ener a l se izure of hi 8 papers, thi s w ork m o.y iltt ve 1,ce n l>ruuglit tu th e of1 ice
tu whi c h it had Leen fuuru.L B ut whtll c vc r th e uUv e t1t u re ~ t> f tli c rn o. nt bc rlµt

may ho.ve bee n, n o d ouli t can exist th at it Is a ge nui ne relic uf lla: );.;r1.:u t

p v l: l.

Mr. Sum n e r . w h o w u.~ co m mun de1 l Ly h is rnuj cS. t)' to e<l il u11d trn11 ~ lnte th o

trea ti &e , h as acqui tt ed h i msel f of this task Inn m u. 11n cr houorul.tlc tu li b t1d t.:1JL...'i
and to h is cha ra c le r. H is \' Crsl on is ll o l, Ind ee d . ,-c ry cu.-.y or e k g-i tnt . hut i t is
entitl ed to th e pra ise of cl cn r n c~s nnd fi deli ty . li b nutcs ntnJ U!l d w i1h i11 t.crl:st -

ing q u utn li0 11!-I , o.11J 11fl\' t: t.l1 c ra re m(.:ri l o f rcull y c l 1idd<..1 t i11~ t h e te xt . T J10
pre fa ce i ~ eviden tly th e w o r k o f 11 se 11sibh; crnd ('U Hd iJ w uu; fi rm iu h h; u wn
r e ll g i o u ~ op inions, Ulld to lcrnu t to ward !-. th u:sc o f o th e rs.
Th e Lou k Itsel f w ill n o t add

111 uch

ln til e fam e u f

~ !il ton.

It Is, l ik e 1111 h is

Lo. tin w ork!:!, w e ll w ritten, tl i1.> ug h 1H1l cx 1wt l y i n th e ~ ty lt: o f th e pr i Lt.: c ~ w y s v f
Oxfo r d u w-1 Cum !Jrldg-c. Th e re is 11 0 elahi1rate iiuitn l iM1 o f dtt."!"l ica l 1u1t lq 1Jity;
n o scru p ul ous pu r i ty; n o n e of t he c~ r <.: rn on lu.l cl e 11u 11 ess w lild1 d 1urader iz\':i
the dicti on of ou r U<'ad c mlcal Phn ri s{_·es. li e <locs n o t at te m pt t o pn lish nnd.
brighten his co m po si tw n Into lli e C ice r, 1nl n.n gl oss und b rilli au c y . H e (hies 11 11 t ,

in short, sn c rl ficc se n se a 111l spi rit to p(·dantic rd iuc m e nts.
eubject COIUpelle<l him to use mu.n y words

Tl.J c uu tu r e v f his

"T hn t woulrl !111 ,·e m a de Qul n tll 111n stn re nnd g n, p."

Description. - R e 1·i,' ws, li ke ed ito ri al:;, cmbrnce al most every
va riety of s ul1j ec t. T l1c·y H l' l' co11 1111 v11l y, tl.o ug li 11 ut alwuys, lnlAed
~ p on some Lo.o k. T li ey f:o1 11 et i111 cs ''xu mi11 c tli e hoo k merely, somot1111 es tl1 e sub; ect treated of in tli e Lou k, :md uft <.: n Lla:y Jiscu88 fi nit

Dul h e wri tes wtlh

lL<i

tongue, u..n d. wh cro h e ls
n ess Of ii

l lll l f\' e ,

much case and frce<lom ns if Latin we n"'

l eu ~ t h appy h is

hl ~

fo il ure M·c rn :-J l o ar i se fr u m tli e

I J!J t fr om t h e ig n0 ru1 1c1.: o r

tl

fu rdg 11cr .

\\' h u t

mot her

t:l t rt·lt ·~s ­

! h'1 d i n!l 1, \ \

itl 1

grea t feli ci ty , snys o f Co wley, m a y Le a ppli ed to him. He wciu·• th e gnrL bu t
not th e d o thu; u l lli c 1111cie 11 l!'I.

T

~

.'; . •1

290

CO Jfl'OS IT ION AND R JI ETOR JG.

I' ROSE COM POSIT J ON-ESSA.

Through o11t the volum e nre disccrnll>lc th e trn <'e" o f n powerful 11.nd lntlepen<lent mind, cmnndpo.tcc.l fr o m t he influ e n ce o f n11th11ri1y, 1111d devoted. Lo tho
ft: lln: h o f truth. H e pr ofL· ssc~ to form hi s 8)':-tc m from th e Bible alon e, and hla
1li gcl"t of Scri plurnl te xts is <·rrt.A.inly f\m o n g th e h c~ t th at h ave appeared. But
h e is n o t nl wuy s .1-< 1 hnppy i11 hi s. h1 fr rc 1H·cs ft." i n hi s r itutions.
Som e of th e h e te rodo x 0 1iinivns whidt h e n,·ows set m ~ to ha,·e excited eonsld·
er11hl c a11u1z1.·m c 11t, p11.rticulurly his Ariauis m nrul l1h 1111tio11!i on th e sulJj ect or
puly g amy. Yet we <·n n Htnr<:c ly co 11 cci\'c tllut 1u1y J)(; rsu n co ult.l hllvC rend tho

PanuJisc Los t without :mspcctiug him o f th e f11rmcr. 1\u r tl o we think that a.ny
r.:ndcr, U('q11ni11t ed with th e histo ry of hi s life, ought to be mu c h slartl ed at tho
lfltte r. 'J'h e 01,i11! 0 11 s whi c h h e hfL'i c~pre~"'L"il n.:sp ct ting- tl1c nnt.ure o f the Detty,
tli c l: lc r11 ity ,,f rnntt c r , nntl th e oUscn ·ution of the ~ uULuth, might, we think , htt.\'t
c·1111 ~ t ·{ l m o re j wll s ur p ri se.
But W l' will n ot go into th e di s c u . ~io n o f th ese pol 11L"!. T h e b ook, we re it fu r
more o rth odo x or for m o re h c n: ti c·al tht\11 It is, w o uld u o t ' '~~J c h edify or co rrupt
th e prese nt g-...:th:mtio n. Th e 111 c 11 o f o ur tim e nrc n o t to l>c c~o nvcrt cd or pe rv e rt ed by qu n rtos. A few more c.foys aTHl this E.':--" llY will follow th e Df;fl"llsio
{)npuli lt• th e du st nnd ~ill'tH:c of t11 0 Hppt;r shdf. Th e 11urn e of its auth or, a ud
the rc m u r kahlr 1· in.: u m~ tn1H 'l'S 11ttc11tli11 g it.s J>1iblh;utio11, will !"t.:c·urc to it n ce rtain
d eg ree o f altt•11tio11. Fur t\ m o nth o r tw o it will h('c upy a few minutes of chn.t
in C\'C ry d ri\w i n g · ruo m, htHl n ~l· W colu11111 s 111 c n ·r y mngtt.z in e. llr111 It will th en,
to l>o rro w tli e ci l'gnnt lu11gungc o f th e plny .lJi lL-;;, l>c withUra.\\'n to make room for
th e fo rth co m ing n u n:lties.
\Ve wi ~ h. h oweve r , lo flnt il our.:.el\·cs o f th e inte rest , trflnsfcnt n.s it may bo,
whi c h this w o rk hn.~ c ."< eiw11. Th e d c xh•ro n s CR.pndlin s nev e r c h oose to preach
o n the life nncl mirnclcs of" '"int till they hnrn awnkencd th e cle votlonal feel·
in g~ o f tl iei r nudit ors l>y exhibitin g i::u m c reli c o f him - n thrcucl o f his garment.
"lock o f hlH hair, or n drop o f his Lloo<l. On the same principle we Intend to
t ake ad,·n otnge of th o lnt e interesti ng di sco v e ry , R.nJ whil e tliis memorial of•
gr.•nt nnd g n1> d mnn is s till in th e h unJs o f nil, tu tr ny !'11rnct h ing of his monl
arHI in te l lcc t u id q ual it iC'~ . No r, w e n r e co n vi n cc d 1 w i 11 I h o S C \' C re~t of o ur rend .
••r i-1 hlnmi• 11~ . if. 1)11 ttn " ('f'~~ inn li k'• th•· !'"''!-lf' llf, w1• t 11rn fn r ~ !"h n rf fim,.. fr nm
th o topi c~ o f the dn y to c o mm e m o r ate, in 1tll loyc 11 nJ re,•c rcn ce, th e geniuR nnd
\'irtm•fl of J11lin .:'-ti lion, tlw pot'f , th o fl lntes111nn , th e pl1i/11 ~n ph e r, the glory of
F.n,.:li l'! h lifurit l urt• , th o oharnpi1111 nn tl rh o 111urtyr of E1q; lhd1 liU urty.

Nothin g hdt<'r in th e way of J!C' lll'ral re Yicw 11f d1arnct.cr has ever
Lee n writ te n i11 E11 g li s h tha11 th e cs~a y un ;\lilron whi"11 foll ows,
1;11\css it lie so me of tlw other revi e ws L.1· th e sa111 e author.
Mncnulny

RS

a Revi ewer. - Iii ' w .. rk .' i11 tlii , li11 c an· imled lllUU·

els for s twly. and it:tl" c g i1·cr 1 tl1 c a11tl1ur a w"rld -wi <k r c puta tiou.
J\T:icauby io i11d1·1·d tl1 c pri11 t'l' ,, f n ·1· i, ·w··r' , ;111<1 l1i s n· 1 · il'w~ alu11 c
arc a rn on um1 ·11t .,f gt· 11ius, 1·11titli11g 11i 111 tu la.-ti1 1g f'a1ue. Tl ie u1u.,t
rt·111arkal1li' 1 h, · :--:i d t·~

tl11·

l\·\·i1· \,. ~'!l )l i]t .,r1. art· tli «1.--v

t1 !J

]lrydt·I!,

B acon , \\':irr1·n l la , tin "''· an.-J Hn.-:11·,.ll's I.ii i· nt' .Joh1FMl.
Amon g- o th e r l•: ngl is h anth<1rs who ha1·,, attained >'pce iul cclcb·
rity a ~ writ c r;i of r1•1·ie ws may be 11am cd .Tc ffn·y, Siduey Su1ith,
.Broug h a rn , aml Uiffunl.

rs.

Revi e ws, aR a <li,;tii1 ct speci es of En gfo;li literature, rn:iy l. e (blt'<l
from th e establislun e nt of tli e Edinburgh l{ e vicw, iu l .'lU:2 .
VI. ESSAYS.

Different from Reviews.- E ssays tlilfor in some r e~ p e ct::1

A rev ie w, lik e au ed itorial, expresses the

from reviews.

opi11ions of some a c kn ow led ged re prese ntativ e organ , an d
it;i utte ran ces hav e, bes id es th e ir ow 11 inh e re nt value, whateve r wei g ht of authori t y ha~ b ee n a ccp1ircll by th;tt uq!an .
But an es~ ay ~ lands so le ly o n i t::; o wn m e rit s. It is i11 tcirm
entire ly i111pe rso nal, o r if th e author i11tnxluecs lii111 :;c lt' at
all, it is in the si11g11lar, "l," 11ot with the e ditorial "we."
Other Differences . - An essny rnrely Ji;1 ., cs ii ~ rc11 1arks "l'"n :I
bou k. O n th e co ntrn.ry, it !Jq;in,; 11 ,; uall y ll'ith a s11l,j,'<'I, ;111d if
book s a re bro11 g l1t in at all , it is on ly i11 " i<l e 11tally, and liy ll':1 y ,.(
r efo r c n<:c or rp10tatiun. E s:;ays treat a s 11l ijl'd in a 111,,rc: fon 11al
and s ,·st('mat ic 111ann e r than l'C\'i Cll' S 1.lo, il llll are divickd i1110 r"g11lar, r;11mberet l ~a<l s, c hapt e rs . se<'tions, aml so furtli, ll'i1i l: h i~
rnrely, if e ve r, the ca:;c with re vi e ws.
Resemblances. - ,\"l ,ik tl1 e rl' :1re 1h t>sc sli g ht •li ik rc nr('s i,,,t \\"• '""
css:iys and r c\' i \.!\\':;., t.l1(·r·e are l>L-tWc 1.. \ 11 tlH·111 111a11_y 1110 \'l' jH•i11t:-; 11l
r e:;e 111 b lan ec.

st:ui <·e.
g11a g 1.: 1

'j

lie dlll"t·rl·n et.·, indv ed , i:-1 i11 fon11 ratiil'r t l1: 111 111 ~11i >·

:Su li :-1tantiall y, a la r g-0 p:1rt. of tl1 e l1t·:-1t n:~Y i1·w ...; i11 tli e !: 1 11 ~
as for in~t:u1n.: a 111aj11rity of tl1 (J :->l~ writlt·fl hy ~lacatil;i y, ar u

css; ty:i .
Number ofEs8!\yists. - Tl 10 m1111hl'r "f es,;1:·i, 1s j, :il1 11"·' t id" 11 lil':1l
wi1l1 tl 1al uf writer.:. f,, r l ) .... :-':1,v s :trc \rri ttt> n l1y ali1H l:-'l c\'1.·ry 1 1!1L' w l:()

in :illy of tl11• (Jlill'r killd :' 1if a11 1 !11~r -...l1i11. ~ 1'11 1\· f 1 \\.
a11tl1nr .... i11il1.•1·1L l1a\'1• li111it1 ·d tln·ir \\' t'i!in ;.!:-; Ill 1· :-:.-- ;1 _Y:-'. llw_\' :ll'· ~

i~ 1·1 q,!:t~i· d

(~ s:-1ay i s t:-; a11d Jl11tl1i11:! el:-:c.
J:111 t!tl' gr v:d. 111;i_it1rity ut' t·:-: .-.::l.""" \\-!1i1 ·!1
haYt: ~\\'l'l!l' d tl1 e \"()l\lllll' 11f 1H1r lih·r:lllll'l'. lia\'c l wt·!t \\'1 ·i t1L"n L_\
tl11•~l) wlin~ e

n1:1i n WPr k

r np li P t'~. p()et--= ~

\\·:i s

i11 su n10 u!IH: r ,· ci n, a:-; Li:-; t11 r i:u1.-.., l1iP:.;·

nnd ...:n fn n 11 .

Mode o! Pu bE~ation. - J·::- . . ay :-; 1111\\' u--l11dly :_q i\'l·:1 r ti1--~: :t " 1·! !lt rihutiuns to 111a .~:iz in c,. After p11J,Ji1·:1li• •ll in tlii s f•11"111. ll1<·v 11r0
w1 udi1u c:; cull eekcl uud puuli sl1,"l iu '")'a rall'. vul11111c ,;, Mr. Whi[!1

('i!_lf

l'US l J'f O_\" .1.\']J

ii JI le' l'O!i re.

]d" :rnJ ~!r. T11vk<'r111an lta1·e 11u l1Ji,1,l.,] '<'l·l'ral "ucli volumes wliich
. '
,
:--alt·ty cun1111l·I1ded lo t !1 0 110! i t'l' of any l'l'<u1er who dcslrC"S
. to li ec·orll l' Hl'ojllai11t1•<l wit/1 tlti, .-1:"·' ur writill;..'.S. Tl1 c l.H(, C''llVS.
l1y far, liO\\-l·\·l·t', wliicl1 lt:l\"t..: :t!1j• e ar l'd iri 1!\JI' r t_; ('l'IJ1 lit 'l"ltui·, ." . .
.
•
c ~
1.., ,ti l ·
th os1• l1y Low<·l l, 111 a 1·ul11111e c· utitlcd .. .\1111or1 0; \fy Buuks."
lllaj' IJ ~

Size. -E,-,ays 1·ary in size, from tlr <.0 bril.f att e mpts produced as
sc hool exercises, to el11 l1orall' und k11gtlieueJ work;, covering some·
tim es scvcrul l11mdr1·d printed l'ng 1·"·

I'R OS F:

writ.t en di::<·our:: c or compoRition on some
flnhjcct, set ting forth it::; prin c iple:; iu a :sy:;tcmutic am! orderly
manner.
:l

~ifferent from Essays. - Treat ise·,; differ f1·11m essays mainly in

lwm;; 111orc for111al 11nil ;;,.il'ntifi.,. Tl1<:y are 11111re f'n•qncntly clividetl
.
'
t 1i:rn c·:;says arc» mt u r1·g ulur d1npt<Cr:S, s<:c t iou s, :;uu-sectious, an<l
so on.
Morn Com.plete. - :\rwtlt e r p oint of differe nce is, tltnt an es;;ny
may :;elect t .. r remark l':ll'ticulur part s o f a sul•jcl't, wltile a trontiso
i.; 1·xpel't1·<l tu l't11lm1l'e th e whole "'11.,j ect. An ("say 011 nrc!titecturo
1
for in :-'f :lfH't..~. 111i;..dit 111 t· l'<: ly ~lio\\. t lie 11:-<L':-: of ar1·l1it t'C't nrc or inifl'lit
l
"
11d1·0,·al e tl11• s11pcriority of th e Cotl1ie o\·1·r tl1 u das, ic, or mi ght disru>,.; an.1· one or 11f!1r0 uf :I lt1111tlre1l j>oint,.; c111111 el'tvd witl1 tlie su1Jj1·<·t; l111f a fr1·:tli~1 ~ 0 11 11n·hit1·1·f,1r<· \\'111dd IH · r1·1i11ir<·tl tu go over
tli ~ wliol1· :---1 11.j l'c t i11 nil it:-4 \'1tril"1 j,._.,. n11d :.; 1il1di\'i ."'!it111 ~ .

Di.ffe:ence of Style. - Tn:ati,.;t" are 11 .,11all.1· plain in style, rarely
tir 1'11l'torit ~ al ornarnent,
wl11I,· e"says nlinund in <•m:11111·r1t.-; a11d li;.:111·vs, a11d g il'u foll opportunit.'' f,,r th o 11,.;e ,,r ,.,·"ry kind of rh etu ri1·al lw:111ty.

(I

,\' .- ff IS TOR J'.

'.2:1.'3

tori:tl. t.lie tlin11;.:lit:-' :1n• iw1r1..· or ]l':-;~ ti11t·t11r.__·d ,\·i1!1 tl i r· 1•( · r --~·n :1 ;i 1:."
uf t/1e writer. A trcati :-:l· i."" 11:->11ally a11t\j10:--iti11111if <'~: rt:lit1 t1 ·1 11l:."';

an

L':-i."'tt_\' 1

tl1e

ad\·cw:U'_Y 11!· c1: rl:tir1 ~)11i11i1HJ"".

f<~r :->1·iv111i1l1· rt·t'1·r1·nre. or tl111"'1' f11r
stn11y in , .. 1,,,,,]s :rntl Rl·!llin:u·i1·s r.f k:1rnin;:", ar'(• t r<·:1t isv<. Tl1 i"'

Text Books, whctl1cr tl11he

hran e l1 <1f litt.·r·al11r._·,

tli~111~l1

ll•il 1111k110\,.H t11 t l11..• :i n1·i~·nt', !1:1-.: r P-

d l'\·e1Pp1nc ut
within the last fifty ye:ll's.

CC'ivL·cl an C'll0\'111011:-;

arHl

iu IlllHlern ti111 ...·:--:,

(>jH..:ciully

VIII. TRAVELS.

VII. TREATISES.

A Treatise is

CO.lf /'US I/'/

Ilooks of travel come 11 carer to diari es than to any ot he r

kind of writing.
Compared with a Diary. - A boo k of trnl' cl usnally co1ilnins a
reco r<l of tlting8 seen or d1rn e fro111 d:iy tu day , and i11 that l' C.' j> \'..C
is lik e a diary. But, on the othe r h:u11l, trnveJ, 11ru \\'ritt1·n, not to
as:;ist t!t e rnernnry of th e writer, L11t avoweuly for the in furrlla tion
of others, anJ tbi:l will naturally affect the sty le.
Accuracy. - \ h e tr:11·elll·r, lik e tlt c <liari;.t, is 11n1kr n spcci:tl obligation of arrnrary in rl'gar1l t,) 1lare,-, a111l i1ttll' (:<] to farts ge11crally.
That whil'h gi1·e:i tl1 e cltief v:iln e tu a hook of trn1· el i8 the i11f,,rr11a tion ·whi c h it eont:ii ns. lt tells tli c rl·adl'r tliin gs 11·lt ich li e canno t.
see for hirn ><·lf. The travelll'r is in th e witn es:dJox, au1! we luuk
to 11irn for tli c c:rn1·t tnrt Ir.
Other Qualities. - -'1\'liile :H'•'ltr:ll'r i" tl1 c fir.'t 'Jlllllity tJ, ·111 >1 111J..d i11
~111rH.· qf tlw

trll\'l' b , tlit· y ndr11il frl' e l_y a ll ll1l' Htl1\'I' gran· .o.1 ofMt y lu.
travt:'ller~

of tlr e }ll'l':->L·11t. 1l:ty are \' c ry

st1C('l' .""S ft1l

a~ Jiu111uri :-- t~. 11 1Jd

nd11.11r1111~ of nny ki1H~ Pfligurt·s of !"f'eed1,

tl1 ei r ho ok~ n.l1ut111d in ]'a s~:q.:1..· ;-1. of ~-loq11l'nt dc~fTipt ion nnd c xcitiJJ~
narratiV('. H11t it. i.' hardly to ]1(• ~xp,·1·ted oF 11·n1·ks 11·rit ! vii i11 t 1,,,
ha>t e and exi'item1·11t of n..t11al t1·:11·vl. -·- a11d 1111k-s '" w1·itl•·11 tl ....v

Difference of Subject. - l·>-:1.'·" r111>re (·or111111>11h refer t.o sorr11 , of
the lin e art:--, ur to ;.;1ilijl'c!.... wl1il'l1 :trt· 1101 c;1paiile of. or liav1.) riot
yet li ecn n·tlun·il to , a ,,.i,·ntilir 1'1nssiti1·ntinn; tr<:ntis cs are usunllv
llj)(~l1 ~01111..· d 1.. fi ni tl' lir:tll<"h llf :w i1.. ' n<·e, it:-: :btl'u110111y, Liotany, nlg-eln·~,
lur.;h·, 111t.:lapl1y:-;ic:-; 1 thL·ulug-y , awl tl1 c like.
-

- tl1:1t t!11·.1· .-l11>11ld 11:11· ,. 1li:1t 1·11 t irv liui .-d1.,f,t.1lc· " j , j, 1, "· . · .J,·1w·11•!
i11 \\·urk~ wrilll·ll under circur11."'ta11t-es of 11H >rl· d1·lll11,: r; 1ti ~1ri.

Imperso.nal. - A trc·ati se iR rnrnl':irntin·ly i111pC' r."o nnl, sl'lt ingforth
tlt e bare lads nml trutlts uf tlil' sulijed; iu an c~say, us in 1111 eu i-

History holds about ti"~ sa m(' rank 111 pro,.;c co mp11.<iti<1n
that th e epi c <lue~ iu po e try. Tlie proper uJJice of tbc lii:<tu-

want. 8or11e

nftlrnt fn. ·~h 11(· :-< ...

:1111l

tn11!1 wl1iel1 are tlwir

l1i:.:l1 t':""! ·· l1 :1r1r1.

1

IX. HISTORY.

25

*

2£J4

rian is to record important evc n L~ for t!1 e instruction of man.
kind. T he fundnrncntnl qualiti es required of him, therefore,
urc imp nrtiality, fid el ity, and a cc uracy.
Th e oliscn·a tion,; wl1i ch follow nre take n fr olll Blair, with somo
uni11Jpo rt1111t alll'ralio n,.
General Character of History.-!! is not e,·cry rcconl of facts tlint
is e ntitled to tl1l' n:un e of 11i>'tory, bnt S JJ('h a reco rd as enabl es uRto
npp ly th e t 1·:1 n'11ct ions of forml'r ngc' for onr own in8tru ction. Tl ie
facts 011glit to he mom l' ntous and i111portnn t; rcpn:><c nt ctl in conn ec·
ti•lll with 1l1ei1· rn11sc><, traced to their e:fTcl'f,;, 1111J unfu ltl cd in clear
nn<l di ,;finrt o rd er. For wi sdom i,- tl1 c grl':t t (' till of hi story. It is
llesig nl'd to supply t he wnnt of cxpcrie1H·e. Jt,; oh,ier t is to enlnrgo
onr \'i,•ws of tl1 e li11n1:1n <·l1nr:wter, :inf! tn ~in· foll e xercise to our
j111lg- lll e nt. nn l1um :rn nffoirn. It t111 l't not, t ill·rl•fore, be u tnl e, CTI!·
r1ilnt c<I to please only. nnd ad<ln' ,.:scd to th e fanry. Crnvity nnd
<l ig11 ity nre es.<cn tial cli: 1rnc tcri,ti c:; of l1i story ; no lii.: ht ornnmcnt.H
nrc t o he cm1.J 11y ('d, no flippancy of ,fylt-, no quaintness uf wit.. But
t li e wri te r m11 st ~11'tai 11 th e cl1aracter of a w ise 111an, w riting fur the
in sl nwtion of po,;te rity , o ne wl1<> ha s stutl ic<I tu in form liiin sclf well,
wli o 11:1:; po1_1 •k red Iii ...; ~ 11l>jcl't " ·itli care, and mldresses l1i111self to
ou r j11d g 111 c11t r:ither tlian tu uur i111 :1g i11atiun. At th e sam e tim e,
l1i stor k:d writin g is by no lll\':111,; i11 t on ,.:i,-1,· 1> t wi t. Ii ornam entetl and
spirited narration. ft. a•lr 11 its uf 11111"li lii:!l1 u 1· n11111cnt nn .J r·le.["nnee:
but tli c 0 rna111 c nts H1ust li e al\\'ays cu11>i-t<:nt wi tl1 dign ity; t.Ji ey
r-:.lio11ld nn t :1ppc·a r tn li e ~n11r: ht nft..i-, L11f fn r i ... e 11:il11r:dJy
It1ir :il :ll 1i11 1:t!• ·r\ J,y I iH.' t'\"( ·rf!-., \\" li i1 ·) 1 it J" t· 1· 11rd "'.

29.)

I' U OS F: COMPOS I 1'/0N-II I S TORY.

CONI'OS !T[(!N AND Rl!H1'0RJC.

fr\_
)!11 fl

or centre, to whic h wo cru.1 refer in th e rnriou s facts related by th e
historian.
Complex Subjects .- Jn ge neral hi sto ri es, wl 1ich record the affair~
of a w lr ole nation or empire throughout several ages, tl1i,; unit:· is
necess:uily impe rfect. Ye t., eve n th ere, some d egree of it cn n be
p resc r\' ed uy ll skilful writer. Fur th ongli the wh ole, taken togc-t lier,
be ve1·y compl e x, yet th e g reat co nst ituent parts of it form 'o many
s ubo rdin ate wh oles wh e n tak e n by themselves; each of whi ch ca n
bo treated hoth ns complete within itself, nnd a.~ connected with
wh at goes bcforo and foll ows. Jn th e hi sto ry of a m <murrliy, for
instan ce, eve ry r eign should ha ,·e its o wn unit y - n J,c·ginning, u
middl e, and nn r ntl , to th e Rystem o f affairs; wl1il e ut th e :;.:un e ti1nc,
w e arc tauglit to di:>cern l1 o w th at syst em of affairs r ose from the
preceding, a nd how it is inse rted in to w l1at follows.
Chronological Order.- Th e li isto ri a n rnn st not indeed neglect ch ro nologieal order, wi th a vi e w to re nder his narration agreeal..l e. Il e
mu st giYe a distinct account of the <l ate:~, anti of th e coin('itlc nce of
fa cts. Tint lie is not nnder the necessity of url'aking ,,ff :11 way ,; in
th e middl e of )transaction,; in ord e r to info rm u" of what "· a~ ha ppenin g elsewh ere at t he sa me tim e. Il e rl i sc-on· r~ no art, if he eannot fo rm so me cunnc:l'tio n 11mn 11 g the affairs w lri ch he relatt' :', '"a ~
to introdu ce th em in a pruper t rain . li e will "r"n tir• · tJ,,. r<':! d<' r
if lie. g<_W:-1 ltll i-ecortliug ~ in ~t ri ct cltrP11~1l1_ 1 bi('al urdl·r. a 111 1ilti111d1· f
separate tr nns:1rtions 1 cu nn cctcd by nutl1!11b 1..·l~e \i11t tl1~·ir l1 ;q 11 wnir1g
1

nt, t l.1 0 ~an 1 f•. tinH'.

Qualitios of Historical Narration.- L1·t 11s n 1·xf

Unity of Subject.- In the Cf•tHl nct. nm! 111:1n:igcmc nt of hi s sul.j<:ct,
th e lir:--t tl1i11~ l"l'qui ... itu in a 11 l 1 i~toriH n , i~ i o g-i ,·L· it a~ n1u c l1 u11 i1 y nit
pu,.:.,il1l e; tl1:1t i,.:. Ii i,; J,i ,. to ry sl1011l1l ll(tt ro n,.:ist of Sl' parntc, uncon.
r11:..t cd part,: mcrl'ly, hut s!innl•l li e hnnn d log et Ir (·!' J.y so111 c CCllllll'(' l·
in g prin .. ipl e, wlii c h sl1all 111:1k e tli e i11q11· l·>,.: iun 1111 tl1 c mind ofsrn ne·
1l1i11 g t l.:tt. i:; <>li e, wl1 u](', and c11 tirc. It. i" in1:<111.-eival1lc li ow great
1111 l· ff<-'d, tl1i,;, wJ1, •n hn]' pily PX<'<' llf l'd, Jin, 11)"'" tl1 e r ead er, nnd il
is s11r11ri .'ii ng flin t somC' nlilo writ <'l'S of l1i stn ry l1a,·e not atte 11 t! cd to
it. mo r('. WJ1 ,•t lrc r ph' ni-nrc or in,tnll'ti u11 J,c tl1 e e nd so ught by
th e Pt111l .' · of l1i,tory, c·i t li e r ,,f 1l1C't11 is (•nj .. yo.:d to 111 uci 1 grenter
n1h:111t:1gc wh,•n tir e min•! ha s nlwny;. J. c- f.,r· e it th e progress of
13Ull1'.! (•lie g rea t plall or :'}>tern of action-when tl1 c re i:; some point

1

t.he proper qualitie:; uf lrislorl<'al 11:11-ra ti.. 11.

!lf"()('( ' l ' 1

I 111

("f\n ...

Till· fir,;!. Yi1·111,· ,.f'

torica.l n~trratidn is rk;-u·nt ·~'- 1 nrdi-·r 1 nnd dne <' Pllfl 1..'!'ti•111.

i1kr
l,i- ~

l" :11lairi

thi ,; the hi sto ri an mu st be culllp: etely nrn;;ter nf lr i,; :-111'.i<'<'l: J1,· """t
Beet he w !r ule as at o ne Yiew, nnil comprc li c11•l t lr L· <'.hai11 :1tr •l Llq"·r:tl e nce of all it.s part;;, that he may in tru<l11 co e \· e ry tirin g i11 it,; l'r"i'er
place, that he may lead us Htnuollrly alu11g the tru ck of affair,; wlri,.lr
nro rcco nl l'<l , an•I may ulways g i,·e us tlie safr;l'a•: li un uf "ccin g li lrn
on e cYcnt ari:;es o ut of a not her.

0

Keeping up the Connection.- Nut hing tri es nn hi >'tnrian ';; nhi litics
m o re, than w to lay hi s train beforehand, as to make us ]':l"S natu rally and agr eeably from one pa rt of his sulrj ect t o anothe r ; to

~ [)6

Cn,lfI'rJS/TJ(JX AYD

IU!l'T ORJC.

FRO SF:

e111pluy 1, , , du111.-,1· and :rn·kward j1111,.t111·,., ; and to co11t.ri1·u ways
uu<l menus of forn1iner ~ctm e u11inn 11111011;:: tra11Sactio11.' wJ1id.1 seoin
to !Jo mos t wid ely sepnraU,d fruru c 11 c all o t l1 c1'.

C () .ll I' n S I TI 0 X - - 11 I S T n Ii J '.

Tl ~ d1"l\\'ill;! of <"l1: 1r :H ·t1 · 1·~ .h f \1 1(' " f
Delineation of Characters."
'. .
. ,, f rl1 .· 11 1.. -: ,1; 11;. 1::1.
th e 1IH_1.'-\f :-;pl1• 11did . :11 1d Ht thP :-O: ;trtl t.' llltl,1 l!J lll
. . I' ;: l ·r11 · L1 1'. _\
. , . . .· ,.. .1 <"nni ~ 11~it i1111. l·ur c i:1r;u·1l.: 1 . . . .t
o r11a111 c nr :-. 11 t !Jl .... f()f I \ .i
. I. ·.
f r . wri t it ll' Hllil all !i i ... !111"1 ;1 11
.
1
1·J'...;.-:. c d l'x l11 !1111P11 s< 1 I Ill
t"'tl
•
co ns11lcr e• as 1' " ' ·
·
.
. f , .. '1', 111" ,., ..
' ..
l. '. thl'fJI i .~ fr t..' ljll l' fl l 1)') fl i 1;l! q.!, L' 1
11
who se1..: ks to~ illl l! in
.
1· .
.. rit t' ' \·1..· rv 111·,lf" 11r !( l a!ld
. . fr1 Ill H d t· s \rt.: o ilpJit:,l
.- ,
~
ti11 cm~nt. to exJIre",l:1111',., lU "<· llicr
.
.
. ' ·u 111 ra., t,;, a11•l ,1 Ji ,1 !.'o
111,111:c
.
P
e netratm
" . ]'' . .. .,,,.
. . g.
, tl1at"' we are ' .a ti ic, 1. ·l·tz
, .zk
-· d ll'ill 1, ·'l•arkl111 ,c::
oppn:--;1t1nn~
of <Jll.t ltle. ,.
. I '
r ·1 ·· tr t ' Jll\(' t· 11tiu 111 ,f H l1 1i 111 : 111
.
l I t· 11 te rt·11n cd 11·11 i .1111 c ' ·
I
ex prc~.s1 011 s t ia l
,
l l ·I·~ .. C't ·ri zc in :111 i n :-. t n1l'li\· 1._· :1111
<\ l\· rilt'r ll'h o wo11' '· i.u .t ' .
. l II
.
character. ·
.
i . "I. ·in d s J,01ild a1·.,1 , ' 1
. . "l o11l1l lie .-1 1111• 1e Ill 1' ' ~.1 ,, .
.
If
rnnste. rlv n1!1ll th : t :-- i
.
.
:.. n t <· 111 1t 1·1 11i11 · r li 11 11.... 1 ·
. .,
ff · . ti o n :1t tl1 e ~:un e t1111 t:
r
ancl ll "tn
' 1·
l t ]e,,. ·11di1J" i11t" t it .. , ,. 1" "''1 l

Gravity of Style .- In tho rwxt p l11ce, n.' lii,t o ry i' n very dignifioo
spe<'i<'s of COfllJ><•, ition, l(ral'ity 11111.'L always bu 11111iu t11in ed in the
narrati on. Tl1l'ro 11111 st be no llh:n11n vss o r vulgarit y in tlie style;
110 '}llaint or colloq11i11l pl1rase"; 110 11tl'e1·tatiu11 ofpertn esso rofwit.
T/J n ~mart o r t 110 '1lt' eri11g' 111a11nt·r of tt:lliu;: u Mtury is in co nsistent
wi t/, t11 u liist oriral 1·liflrncter. I d u not say t liat an hi storian is uevcr
to Jet J1im self d o wn. 1Jc mfi_v S<> l11 di11 1t:s du it With propri ety, in
ord0r to diversity tl1u trnin of l1is nurrat ion, w hid1 , if it be perfectly
uniform, is apt to l.ic·com e tircso111 c. Hut Ji u s lwul,I be careful never
to d escend too far, urn! ou occas ions w J,,.l'l' a Jig li t. or ludi crous unec1lote is proper to be 1·ceo nlt·d , it; is ge ne rnlly lietter to throw it into
11 not e tl1nn to li a?. ard b1"rn111illg tuo familiar l.iy introdu cing it iuto
tb o body of tbe w ork.
Dnlneu to be Avoided.- But nn l1i ;:to rian mn y possess these quali1 ics of lieini; per»picn ou~, dbtin r·t , a nd gra\'l', nnd 111ay notwitliRt,a nding b,111 d11ll writ er, in whi c h f'll., C we s ha ll n: ap little ben efit
fro111 l1is !al.ors. '\'o s lrall re:ul liirn witli o nt pl easure, or, 111ost
prohal,l y, we s l111ll gi1·0 01·er reading liirn nt all. Il e JUu st, th ere·
foru, study to rend e1· ),;, lliJ1Talio11 i11te1·esti11g.
How to Keep Up the Interest. - :\n l1i sturinn ti. at would int erest
us r1111st, know ll'/i l' 11 t o lie c·oll<'isi., 1111d wl11·1·e /1(1 011 g lit to cll lnrge;

p11ssir1g <'Oll<'is,· l.1· "l' e r sligl1t :111,J 1111i111porf :: llt t· 1·euts, but dwelling
s11f'h ns arc strikin g nnd r·1msidernble in tli t: ir nature, so pregnuut
wi tli co 11"e•1nen('e'; l''" ' J>aring l• t· fi ire l111lld our attenti<>u to llr em,
nnd br ingi ng th e m forth into tli c lll• " t foll anti con;:ui cuous ligl1t.
li e
ulso nt !c'ncl to a proper s,·lee tion of tl1 0 e ircurn stun ces
lit:long in i; to tluise c1·ents 11·Jii c li li e C'li ooscs to l'l'late full y. General
facts mak e 11 ~light i111pr<:~., ion on th e mind. lt i.~ uy rn enns of circ 111n :;ta11 ces t111(l part i<'1dar' prop erly c l1"'l'll t liat a uarrntion l.ioeorncs in ll'rt·,tin.~ nnd ntlef't ing to tl1 c r«:11l <· r. Tli Pse g i\'e life, l;ody,
:ind coloring tn tlic> r,•c it :ti of fact .' , and e 11n J,J " 11~ to l> cl1olu th em
;1., f' l'l',t·nt a nd l"L'.' ing IH.f, •re <>111· !'."l''.
1t i., t Iii ., employm ent
of <:ir<·1llu:;ta11ct·:; iu narrutiuu tbat i:; ]'l'UJ•<.: rly term ed hi storical
pain ling.
Oil

111 u~t

(I

q1Ht111tne;.~
. l . ,.
ge ne ral
ll H_·~1
' es
g"WinJiich
,., ..llHlrk a d1a1.,,1cte1
. ,. ·u
Ji'~It
uri,ti
I
rr

11q,

o 11 t

'

'

•

-,

(I

111

< .

\

t'"'

its. lll u't tilro1 rg a11d '

1· . . . . - '
i.-t 111•. 11' "

featur es.
'•to rv- i ~ a ~f'tTi~ · :-i •.iii' \\·rit iri~I
1 t be Enforced.- A ' I IL.
Bound Mora s o 111
. 'r11 l ion of mankind , ,;o und 111<>1·a11r_,. 'l1u1il '
de~igneJ fur . th'te Botlirn<
t c.
. .. 1. , c ll't1"\('
1t' -e11,1nb
· ' turs and i11 rc lar111c;
alway s reig n 111 I .
l l . l . ·q s!. 011· l1irusdt' t<J lie on rJ,,,
.
.
· . ti . ·iutl1or s l1 o ll • a llR ,) tran
, d cl1n'
. r 11 101.a I .111'·t 11'
. l ·tion in a fo1·111ai 111 :u 111 . _·1 ,
. snct1
. o· ~n:-o, ieT)
l
Bid e of v1 IHJ.
'
.
l t I itl1 ns ' l guud 1na11 and :1 " "'"
fall~ not witl1in hi~ prO\'IH CC, HI ."
' '
.
' I !" «f rt'' l" '('t f,,,.
•. } 'sl 101i!d dl o<('l)l'CI' 't'lilllll< I .
writ er w e l'Xlwf't tl1,1t it.
.
T ·11 •l" "1r r1 •· •1tr:tl :1 11 d
'
· I' . t inn nt tl 1wrant l' l<'l' .
" ·
·
.
virtu e, and n11 1111 1;.! Tla
.
r-1
I 1, l f· l1 ·tr:H'h · r ..... :111d 1\ 1 :itL ,i· I.
. I 1 1- . . i · <·t to µ 11111 nri< •.u
,
·11
imlitl'l'rc nt. 11·11
"1'
.. l r rn of 1l1<,11f.d>t, w1 ·
. .
I
1.... I 1.,1t li l' r than 1t 11101.1 11
a crafty arJ< I'" Jfl <.t , '
. 'I • frrrn tit<• ll't ·i c; ltf <>f 11 1- 1 I •tT,·1·t" <l " ro ~at e J.:''"")
'
.
11
bc~idi·~ o tl1er i:t(
.
t' it 111111·11 r i1t 1f'L' t·1,
. . t.: , I •will r1· 1J<ier I I It', ,.u-..1111
o
,
tori cal co111i"'"1t1011, .1 11•
. I . . ·t . I i11 t l1<: tr:i11s .
.
'\' ' 'lr l' ril ways 111ust In ' r " "
um] nn111ter es t111 g.
c ' , .
. "· 111 "1tl11· i., n11·;1k .. rwd 1, _,. •!,.•
.
· l' ·l ..., ,,oin ·• on wh e n ulll . , I · .
I'
actwn s I\ it< It .ue,.., ), ,..(' Ill ( ' e 11 g ·1•r._;( l.10 t lI C• f·.l t I.:'.,f tl1 t: actor'.' .
,1.1t
stury , :rn<l " ' I t' ll w e ,. "
•,.. lJ . 'l wri lt' r 11'! 10 i.> d l't ic ienl 111
Be\' er lil' prod li <'e<l ) ,
. e 11'L'C·t <"lll
t I II~
•
seusil.iilit. y nnd IJI Ornl t'c:e liug.
i

Annals -Annals are an in ferio r kind of l'.i ,; t o r~:· A hno k
of a nnal s. is a coll ection of fo.cts arranged iu strn.:t cliru11Plogi cal o rder.
. l"" '1 f
t · the m·1t c·r1a
J\nn :il ~:"' rntlicr
co n arn
.. ·
: .. d
l ll. S t OJ'\. t't"elf
Th e f' !ti ef qua ht1 e~ r eq 1111 e
·
tLat
be clear, acc urat e, am! co111plete.

Le

l 1'1' ·to r -v tl 1:1 n C«Jbf it 11 t•i
- . wri tl'r oi :.1uuals are
I11 ' 1

298

CO NJ'OS!TION AND Rl1E1' 0RJC.

299

I' ROSE' CO,ll l' OS {TION-FICT I ON.

Memoirs.- Memoirs also are 11 species of liistorical wri
th,ougli uot strictly constituting history.
Lesa Complete . - Th o writ.er of m emoirs does not pretend to
n <·u 111pl cte H()(•ou nt of' t·rnn , aetio n.; , hut only to relate sucl1 pof'ticwl
of t l1 l'111 :L~ he liir11sdf had 11cccs~5 to, or had somt:t.hing to do w
We do not ex pec t fr um him the sa me profo und research, or thONll'Jtt
vari ed in fo rmntion, that we e xp ect from th e hi storian.
Lesa Di g nifi ed. - Th e writ e r i:< not. li eld to the same unvaryilf
graYity nnd d ignity, or to th e ' lllll e impe rso nal style of n11rrat
t hat i:< required in lii:<t ory . lie may indul ge in fami li ar nnccdoe.t·
a ud pl easnn tr_v, and rnuy free ly mix up him self and his ow n pel'l!Olllll
affairs with th e puuli c atrilir~ whieh he co mm emorates. Memol!'I
a re, in fac t., of th e nature of rem ini sre nrcs. Th ey are a tcs tirrio111
J.y an ryc- witu css. ll l' ncc th ey huv c 11 do ulJle character. T11ey11re
11s unlly ,·er.r eut.c r·tnining to be rend by th ernselves, and they far.
n is h to th e rl'g ulur liisto rian o ne of IJi s must valuable storeholl84leo(
mater iab.

Biography.-A Bi ograp hy is the history of one individual.
Biography is, therefore, a species of historical composition.
Differen t from His tory. - fliogrnp liy differs from hi story proper,
n ut o nly in ue ing tllll s li r11 it ccl in it s l'ltr1gc, but also in ueiag 1.
~I.JI! l'ly 311 1] for111aJ. f n I Jii s latte r l'<:.'J>Ccf, uiug raplJy COl'respoodJ
with lll <'111oir,, desce nd ing to tlic p11r:ti culurs of private li fe nod tu
foniiliar in<'id ent s.
Different from Memoirs. - Biogrnpliy differs, on the other hand,
fr om me moirs, in hcini.: complete in it s<:l f. 1t is no objection tom&m oi r.~ tliat th ey 11re fra;:rrncntary, co ntainin g o"ul y sel ected portion1
of th e t rn nsnctio ns co rnn1 e111 orated . But 11 bi ogra pli.r of a rnnn is
{'X p<'< ·tc•d to gi,· c lii s whole li fo, just u' t li e h isto ry of a nation or of
a j>l·riud is CXJ•l'<'tl'd to gi 1·e it.-; wliul c lii .'tory .
Autobiography is a Liog rapliy of a person 1rrittc n by himself:
X. FICT ION .

A Fiction is a sto ry 111ade 11p of iu ci<lcnts iuvented for the

F' . . s writ in" l1as CXl't
. of tho
· ('1l ·111 11. 11 ,...,
'l"l'•
Its Preva.lence. - · 1rt 1t1 0.11:
. ts ~f literat ure, but it has rc\'eivcd
" . Tli e wo rk :; o f licti u n
trorl<l, and 111 ne1t rl y nil <l~Jhll t lll en. ·..
I
ut 111 th e 1>1 0, ent 11,.,e.
It., greatest en a rgeme
t li er da:<s if i11 dec1l,
.
I
d 1'n r1111n i>cr tli•J'e o 1. any u
' ,
.
cnr nli ini·il. F 11y 1i11 enow producc1 exccc
11 .
I I , ., 0 f ·ill uthl'r <'1a'"cs
'
·
they <lo not eq11 a I ' " · "
• . t he rcad1n" of
l e [,v
"
h11lf of all t ho r ead in:; 'on
" th c• CUlllllJUl11 1)' I ~

fiction .

.

,

Tl
'S tn<J"t common 1y g,·11,e ll to work s uf li ef ion are
.
Names.- ie nam e
.
. 1· . ti e m ost. part '"'"'] 1n Tl1 e' C t e r111 :; aie ui '
. .
Novels and Horn ua cc:;.
.
.· ·tly mc·rn a cl ass uf fl ct 1"n
I
1 roman ces rno1 e ~ti IC
•
di scrimiaately, t 10 11 g I . . • . .
I - . tirn cnts are of a rntlicr cxia whi ch the manne rs, 111c1dcnts, a rH ~c u
truvagaat kind .
Kinds.- No.,.el:; arc <l ivi <leu into two 1ea1rin:; ch• "'<''
., . ' liistorielll
.
and dom estic.
c in whi ch th e Hc nt s of lii sto ry nre
Historical Novels are th os
111·e r•' r•rcscntcd as talkin;.: n11d
I I · t ric ·li pe rsons
· ~
·
..
introdu ced, nu< i1 s o .
. I. I . -· 1'cul n1J1·.:J:< are tl10:<c of Sir
111 0 t celebrate,
'fl
' '" 'or
·
11cting.
Hl
Tl" I11. ·torr: c a I n ovcI mh"Y be !!lade ve ry int.crest 111:;,
' .
. . t'i"c reailc r in fonnin~ a mo re
Wnltcr Scott. \.. ic ~
I 1 , I II •rn<l u1111 nag1n.1 •
.
.
t I t ·rt is very u11 sa fe ns a b111de in
and may he p t. " ' l u •
·
f Jl fl St C VCll S, Jll
'
·
·
distinct co neeptwn
t .. II v -li ·iJH.>:; tli e fa!'t s to 'u1t 111 :;
.
.
'J" I1c novc 11st na 111.1 J
stud yi ng l11 sto ry.
. ti f·il't s Tli e gren t m:c's
.
.
. ·J. · .. I is st!lr\' t.o s111t 1c · · ·
story, rn stl'ad ut 'i.q11 11,, '
• . . . ·I . I ct er tli c in l' id l' nl ,; lic111 g
,.H~ r , ·ire
of. a du 1111" t1 c c i.1r l
'
0 f uove I s, I 10 11. .....
•
su ch as occur in pri,·at c lit"t..

° '· ·

0

•

C . 0 5· 1. ty -Tli e 1101·eli "t. re I.ieg for tl H1 int c re' t <if ], j,
·
• I
Appeal to un
J · . The i11 .. i" I .
n tlie c 11ri osit.y ol l •C rca< " ' .
story first an1l r11 ,11 11) . up o
.
I ., t ·iv.:,; ,;u t.o arrange
' .
f ti • writer'~ own <:r eation, ie co 11 I
. .
.
. . ti i . ·ue of th e atl'air un t il t l1e
dents berng o
ie
.
, J f'l·om 111 :< re:11 1" ' ·' l 0 '~
t.li cm as i to con1 cca
..
1· ·t e re to Ul"r 'in Iii' 'tury liy
f ti st •ry
]l tl it> nn vc '' W
Tcry em
" crs
· •1t th e outset. w"1ti· ' tli c is'
ll e of tli
c who \-."'
••
.
.
. · o I ·.e ri·•1tl
ncqua111 t 111
g
'"
·
··
·
.
t,
li
e
.11.,.
1
..
d
or kt!
·
..
-1 1111 kn ow frorn t he lrn;t ,,. 1io" '
111 .
. 1"' 1·
tli al t Iwe ' t""
i. ,,., " Cnt·rallv ur c to t111 . n ou 1·• wliii·li i,; in till' r11a1n
. 011 r
unc iow
, 1 .., dnWI). fD f C/1( l I.11 :--·t 01)
. . O r J. iog1·n ph "'v, an l'Jll<" ur"
•
• 1111,._
'tt'nrr
I
co
ndi it.
t 1un
lll SI
,._
play,
is ~arc
to sar
that not on e auv e·I in a liur rdrcd would c vt r u<J
r ead.

pit rpnse.

:
11110

. v

li <rn·c\'l' r, i:< uot tl 1c o11] _,, rn enn,; on
Iii , in cid en ts anJ lht

slf . '
. ad . .
Other Means. - C
which th e no,· clist r·clies t o secure re. e1s.

"

:1

I'

3CO

CO.JI ros IT/ON AND R II ETOR!C.

cli 11 racters !icing e ntirely of hi s own creation, li e cnn,
cuou g li , 111ak e t l1c111 of t!i (;l k in,] wlii c /, will l1e iu th emselves pl
ing :rnd attr:ll'ti1·c, and J, ,. ca n use at 1rill ull tLose advuntagee o(
cor ouin a ti on and co ntrast 1rliid1 tend to lt eig l1t.eu th e effect.
Delineation of Character. - :\11 o tlt cr g reat so u1·co of in te r
n (Jn:J.., is tli e opporttlllit:· tl1 py ;;iv c fnr tlt e d elin eati on of cliurllct«,
111 li i., to ry t!t e w riter 1n11st. tak e Jii s r liaradcrs as li e find" th<'n>.
111 lieti o n tli c 1rrit c r ncn t cs lii s <' l1nra .. te r·:;. li e clothes tliern wlt!i
s1 1<')1 q11:1liti es rtH J, l' pl t•asc·s, and th <: n c rc nt.r·s for lli em cirr.unistanccit
w lii<'h cuabl u tlt"m to ac t out tl1 c~e rp1a liti c:; in tlie siglit of rht
1·eade r. S 11c!t a rn e atal process, th at i:;, ol>taiuing a clear con1·~1'­
tion of n clian1C"ter, und t li en sc ci11g t l1 at •·l1:1ra ctcr developed ill
:w1iun licfo re 011r ,.,,.,,.,, i- alw~."' a .· ., ur,.,, ,.f 1.Jc:isurc, mid the
1w1·c/i,t Ji:1" 11 tic-Id f,,,. tl1 c· ernplovn1 e nt of it , Louu~lcd CJ11ly by lit,
011·1.1 fac11ltic~ uf co rl<'q >tio11 and i11Yl'11tion .
General Effect. - The g rea te r. part of th o fi cti on now p11ulished
a nd re ad lt :is no ot IH' I' ohje"t. tJ1:1n 111 e re pl<·ns111'l', and that id' a r,·rr
luw kind. X o \' c J, u f !Iii." rn rt lrnn' 11 d!'i>:1., in:: elfc:r·t. 11pon !.ho> puli! ic
rnind. TJ1c rea d inµ- o f t l1 " m iH a 111 ere J11 <:ntal rlissipati on, unfitt ing
th e r(·ade r liot It for read in g of a 111 oro clen1ted kinu , nnu for tlio
ll <' ti1·0 d11ti c:-1 of life.
Effect on the f.femory. -T l!iw it, t oo, ns my 011inion , th o rc•11lt
of n lo ng co11r'.-;c of 0!1., cr vati on , inn pru fcHs ion pe"11liarly Jilted for
s 11 eh a p11rp o;•<', tl1at 11111cl1 and indi,cTi111inat c llol' cl-rcnding Las a
rno." t di sa st ro11 ., dfoct " i'"ll th e 111 L·111or.'" lndc·crl, I a rn not suro
tltat. th (· d cliili1a1i11g- eff"l't 11pu11tlie111 c•11tal lit c11lti e;i is not a moro
>«·riu11s c1· il CYe n t l1a11 it s rduxillg iutl11 ,·11cc· 111 10 11 t li c conscience nud
tli c 111ur:il >'<: u., i l.Jil i tic~.
Nov els of a Higher Aim. - A {!On1] many no1·c)~ l1ave 11 l1igl1 er
ni rn , Le ing i11t 1· 11d ,·d by th e ir 1111tl1vrs to rli ."."c 111iJJ11tc th eori es of li fo
nnrl rn ur:1l s, aJJd ei·t·n nf l'l' ligio n. Di,•kt:!b'o 11ove b, for i11stance,
m·c aimed mainly nt socia l ,.il'e~. :1111] ·' " C'll i1•ic> JJ!l_v l1 ns li e propa gat e(!
liiH o pi11i u11 s o n tl"''e s11h,i<·e r.', by lll•·:111." of hi.' lid inns, th at he l1a~
nea red a SI r ung p11lili c sc·ntir11c·11t. in t':t1·o r u[' lii s ><oc ial 1·i(;1r;.
Religious Fiction. - \"o in,·1•11 ., id c•r·alilc p:irt of th e fief ion now pro.
l1a.> for its J' ru frs;e d oliject tlic in culcation of religious truth.

d~ce<l

FROS E "0
'-' ."
'u I' OS 11'! 0 N -D I S COU RS ES.

301

.
f'or f · 1II·1 (lrPn
. arc fi d. inns
1 1 u~ bouk!"I writt.4..•11
I . •l'!r"o
Nine-te ntl1 s of all t ie r' o
,_ . t' ·· J,i,· lo ,.t k's t lo nn t lir .. u
·
.
']' J ~ ~ 111 l·t\'-S(' l1n ul l1f'Hlh. ... , II \\.
11
oftltis kind.
ic. ". r"c·ld
'· ·t·Y (' I"\' w ........ .... .111 ti 1 l'nit ,·d ~ta l t'8 11 ].,rw,
. 1.
.
1
0
or four 111tl io ns a1c
'. .
. 'l'I . . I . ·f't <krna1ul .-< tli c sen 11t1 :i
- . ·l : . ·h· fwt1 u11 s.
i<: su 'J' .
. .
, I
aro al111ust ex t Lbll c " .
" I I . "•li " iuu" tnur1111 ;; (of t io
COllS ·.1
lu C!.U t 'l o tl of tho"" iu trusted "i t i t ie J" o
youug.

XI. DISCOURSES.

r fTi

. fr om the ulher k .Ill< l s· (l f compo~itinn
,
.
A Discourse t I c rs 'l I .111 ti 1·tt it i~ i11tc11dl'd t.u lie n·<1d
I
' '
~
l
b C ll d eS('l'I JC(
which rnve e
· ·
'
1 ·in s·t C,.H I of li ei1 wo n·:td iy
or spo l{en tu t he 1)erso n:; ad.Jr cs~P <'
t.hem.
.
.
• ·t li1..;torv,
.
I I ie \\ . 11
.-, t:·r Jir l' J '', lr ~· :-: -..r11 11 ··tl1i11
. .:. .:
In nn e:-;:;.:1y, a revlt:\\·. o'. '
. ,'.1. ·. .: 111 a di ...1·uur:-.1 · ,.i· :ill_\- k 111d
. .
I
tn l'l': ul t•H ' tl 1t·1 11:--t \ l . .
)_
wlt1 c!t ol H! • Ille I . ,, "'I 1.H· !1 ! tr· .111 I t• 11 1I...· I.i llll .'·If
tn )'(•;td ., ,. -'i'''" ~ I l
c
he pre)'ar L'H '""i ct il!l n
. .
. ,. .,f ,·,111r,•· J,,. !'•·"'
.
.
· J . ·! Ji·t\' 0 h l..'e ll \\' rit ! t ll 11Ll. ,
1
oth er~. .l >t.~l·1111 r:-;. 1_. 1:-1 '' illI 'tli •. II' ri. ll'!'. I')I I t. t I.tis
111d t!H.: i r 11n1:1 :1:· _,.
1,i . ·by any one , a~"' " a~ JY c.
.
. 11 .. ,,, t tJ J,,. 111·c.-u itc·d l•y
.rnt e nt1.0 11. '1'1 1'··
.,. ar c: in tl1c• fun11 ut au .l<' tc ..
thu uutl1ur to an a ~Lli c n c c.
I . ,

••

11

.
- Th e pri11 cipul kinJ~ o f' di ~ rour'(' ~
Kinds of Discourse. ,
l . ·Lure" n11d :-;p,·,·cl11 ·-.
are Oratiou~, Addr cs~c~ , ~errnu11 ~ , Ac
.'

Orations. -An Or:ttion

i~

n Ji., cunrsc o f. ti 1c• most furnrnl

and elaborate kind.
j~ rrv1l Pl'all y ill ('ll lll!Jl ('llll1rn_( l <I I I of :-:11Jrll 1
Occasions. -J\n Orat ion . n I . . .
. di st i11c;111 , Ji cd I'd' ""·
I.
t 0 r Ill l'U ug: (I 1 S U lll C
•
.
.
irnp orLtu t pn l·. ie c l ~ IJ '
,t
ifvin"
Iii..,,r. dcltli c ra to 1Iu1<l
.
111
n uf !'4 41Jn1..· 1\111i 1 J 11r.i
or on an occa-1u 1 11 .
.
ti .-. ·f ·r· 111 orc tl1an "ny ut «'I'
.
.. t.
·\n o rat.Ji1n , . 11.. IL u e,
_ _. ,
C'Lref
ul prc•
•
•
•
.
I . l co111plet c•rt c''·" ''-'
'
. p:u '' " 1111
·tli·n·eaf1ill
an1 I IU\lll•t<
. ·'
kind of d1,-cour;e,
'" '
.
. i 1 h of 'J!L ora t 1"11 ,
Tl 10 . "t fini,Jil' tl <pec1111 en,
work of lll't.
rno'
·
' \\' . · "t
Ly Edward [,·dctt.
in rece nt times, "·as tli e eulogy un a s 1illl"' u 11 '

I"" "''.'

·

-An AJdress is a di;coursc n cnrly akin t o ~n

Addresses.
.
oration, but somew hat 1css
,. r (I to th e
r es tn. etctl .Ill rq ,.i

~

. · I in chara cter, and mu ch lc&l
rn.~
J I ' . },i cct
ou; a ~ 1 o n an t LC su ,J
.
.
u1

.
rh·l i1·c r nn iul<lres; on almo st 11ny OCf'3 >Jo n,
.
I .
T!t e Gol' ern ur u(
Occasions. - One lllllJ
l ftv
and on ,. ,·e ry variety uf sulucct, u\\ 1y or " ".

2G

302

p R OS E

COJ!l'OSITION AND RIIE'l'ORIC.

State, tl1e Prcsill ent of a C(1Jl egc, or th e Chairn1t1n of 11 politiecl
meeting, on c11t cring upon tli c duti es of !tis oflice, usually dcliven
an ruldrcs~.
ti

College Addresses. - P C' rh ap~, in t l1 e U ni ted States, th e kind of
alld l'e:;s whi ch li:L' rece in <l most att en tion is that of wl1id.1 wt
ha ve annually ;:o many ex anq.l es at our College Co mmencement-.
I rdor JJl!t to tl1e SJ>Cec h es of tl1 e µ:nuluating clnsses, hut to thOl!e
d eli \'cred before t he lit crnry SOC' ieties of the Coll ege, anu on thl'lt
in,·itution, Ly gruuuatcs of high Btaudiug in the various profflto
s iun~.

Sermons.-A Sermon is a formal discourse by a cler!O'·
man, inte nded fo r r el ig iou s ins truction, un<l found ed usually
on so me passa ge of Scripture.
Serm ons arc t oo wdl known to req uire furth er description.
Lectures.-A Lecture is a di scourse intended primarily
instru c tion, and on any sulijec t, secular or r eligious.

C 0 Ml' 0 Sf TI 0 N -

J)

f SC 0 URS RS.

303

for instruction, a s th e others m ostly are; an<l in not king
limited to any parti cular s u bj ec t o r occasion.
Occasions.-Th e mo~t common pl aces fo r ~ p eec li - making are
courts of j 11 st.ice, lrgi;;lat iv c as:;cml 1li es, an1l po p1il ar cu11\·l'11tiu n ~
of vari o us kind s, pol itical, c1l111·:ttional, aml reli g io u,..
Spceeh cs are u:;ually dl'li,·..:red cxtc mp or:111c1>11,;ly , that i,;, tl>c'." am
compu'<e d at tli e time und in the act of 1l el iv e ry, t_l1011~h th ey 11i:1y
be anrl often urn, co mposed bdi.i rcli a ntl an•l eu1111111tted t o 111 e111<.•ry.
Th e kind s of di scou rse here enumerated Ly 110 m ean s cx li a11,;t th'.!
subject. Th ey i11 du1l c, liuw e vcr, th e pri11 cip,tl \·and1o.;:;, a11tl arl' stdficicntly cow1,rehe11sive fur th e present purpusc.
General Principles. -In th e cu nst rnct iun uf all th e lll iJrc· f: .rr11al
· ge11c1·al
111·1' 111:111lc'"
·
.
., ·,ire to Le ulNT\'l'd.
kinds o f· t )1.sco urse, Cl' r t :11n
'l'hcsc a re the iulluwi ng :

1. Unity.- A Discourse whi c h is to produce a profu 11111l

for

Kinds o! Lectures.-Lcc turcs may be co nveni ently divided into
three diITcrcnt ki11tl~, niun cly : 1. Th ose d elivered in schools, col·
leges, tlllll othe r in;tituti ons of l<' nrning, for tlie <lirect purpose ot
ins tructin g a clnss. 2. Tliosc llcli vc rctl in cllllrchcs, us1111lly on somo
w eck-tlay c vcnin i;. fur tl1c ]'Ul'}'<>"e uf religious iustruetion nnd CJ:•
li ort nt ion, flllll less r.. rrnal t.l1all ll '"'l'lllon. ;J , Th ose delivered before
n popular nudi(·n r.c, 011 s<1 1n e sec ular ,;u Lj cct., U!Hl iuteml etl partly to
entcrt.nin, uml partly tu instru ct.
Lectures so called.-Tlicre is a class of J>uLlic pcrformnnces, wliOM
sole ol.j(·1·t is to c·n·atu 1111111,c• rncnt , un d tha t uot of the most clevn t.L·d kind. Th ese nre ' "m cti111 es ca ll ed lcct 11rcs, !mt they l1uvo no
lq; itima tu l'l:li111 to th e t itle, any 111ore than tlie pcrfurnum ccs of a
baud of nci;ro rniu st rd s.
Speeches.- Ev ery kin<l of disco urse is in some sense a
speech. But th e t e rm Speech iR o f't. \' n u sed in a special nn<l
r estri c ted se11 He. In thi s se nse it diffe rs fr o m th e other kinds
of discourse i11 !ic ing nlways inte nd e r! to be s pok e n, while the
oth e rs are mai11ly iutc1aled t o be r ea<l; in not being intended

impress io n mu s t m a intain a ce rtain u11.it): ' .f' s u liju·.t.
is as important in a public Ji sco urse as 1t is 111 an ep ic

T his
]'O(' lll .

Explanation.~A speak er d ues not i11fri~1gc upo1'. th e u11i ty ,,f l1i,;
discou rse Ly introdu cin g ;t \'ari"ty uf topi cs, p rondl'd all tl10:- e t'• J•ics have sou1e eomm•Jll lioml of union , cunneeting a11J t<til:"rJrn:it 111 g
them all to one leadin g th oug ht ur purJluoc. A man 1111,L'lit 111 1>11c
lecture, without se ri uuH 1l istr:1dit>n o f tl1 ,, rnin1l s o f hi .< a11di"11•· 1·,
disco urse on Bryant, L ong fdl uw, \\"hitti er, a11d Buker , bc·1·at1'l' tlwy
are nil poetH, all Am crieans, a11d all eo 11w1.1q.'ur:.1ri e,, :11111 li e _111 1L'l 1t
use them to illustrate >'O llle une l!'-'lleral tup1e 1n ht.eraturl''.u r ht .. r:i ry
history. But were he tu atte mp t in the sa me leet.ure tu 111,l·w;s Bry:
ant' s 'l'han atnpsis, the ch a rattcr u!' \\' dlingtun ,. a llll t l'.e l.lisc•J\'ery .,f
gunpowd er, he would a'sured!y di stract tl11; 1111mls ol !11:; aud1c11n~,
and weaken th e e ffect or whatc 1·er li e had lo :;ay.
2. Adaptation to the Audience. - .I n a ni ,-c'.i ursl: t o b l: n«ul
or spo k e n to others, \\' e rnu s t, buth 111 th e s uhj ed selc('tl·d and
in the mann er of trcat i11,; it, have rd'cn:: utl: to the characll'r
of the p e rso ns addressed.
Different from a Troatise.- .Discourses 1lifft'r i11 thi ,, r(·.; 111·1·t fn•Ill
ordinary treati ses, in wl1ieh th e auth or ha s tu luu k at hi s oul.j"d

30-1

COM !' OS ITI ON AND R H ET ORIC.

o nl y. A m an 111ig-ht witl1 propri ety lecture on d ifforentinl calcst
to a co111pa ny of sarnw• m· to nn nd vn nced class in coll ege, but tit
co uld hard ly du so to n 111 1xcd p0 p11l ar assemb ly. Wh oe ver wltbf!Jll
to ' -" CC•'. l'< I "" a le..r11 r.e r, <>r '. ts n ,; pl' ak er of a ny kind , 111 u8 t ~tndy I
lllH lll''. H'l" '" \l"l· ll HS 111,; 8 til •J l'C t , und udnpt Iii:; di:;co11rse uot l1 lo t11t
<•<·ca,;ip n a111! th e heare rs.

a.

Symmetry.-A Discourse is sy mm etrical wh en it iiM
all th e ! '1'.r t~ IJl· longin g to s uch a produ ction, a nd th ese piu1I
arc all Ill du e onler and co rrela ti on.
Parts of a Di sc ou rse. -Th e p a rt s p rn11e rl v belotwin ir to n '
-•
I"
o "
1orin..,
( "eu1 11 · "~ a rc - 1. T l1 e Tnt rod 11ct in11 . 2. Tl1 c Strttcmcnt oft.h e ~object. 3. T he .\lain Di;;co11rse. ·J. T h e Uu ndu sion. On enclt of
th l·:; p a fe w obe n ·at iuns will be 1nad e.
1. The I ntroducti on. - A f11 r mal int ro1l11 cti o n or exo rdium is not
nlw:iy~ rerpt iretl. It s nlrjcrt, wh e n 11sc1l , is, fir st, to co nciliate tlit
gornlw ill nf t he li c· ar·er:<; ~cr·n n dl y , t o gain th eir atte nt ion ; tltirdlr
t n rna ko tli c111 ope n to C'nnl"i l" tio n ''-" remo1·i ng any prcj ud ice11 ~;
p r<' po;:,;cs."i ' rn;; 1l1"y m a.1' h a1·c nµ-a in -;t t li e t opic or t he cause wh ich
W<· are nho11t to j< r<.'><c nt. As fl good introd uction is 0110 of th
m os t i111po rta11t , so it is one of t l1 c 11 1u.- t d iffic 11 lt pu rts of 11 d iscourJ<O,
~/'It.Ina:• .' o. I:~ Ol1tt ,.,.,.,.,, _- ·1:1i.c ru~ es to he c,lJ!'c rvcd fn regard to It nre: nrwt.

t.h.'l l · 1~

~ '.t- '" 11.~ ~

1~1ttt 1 rn l ,

thnt It be
<'a re, as rli e hea rers nrc never In
!"o <'.ri11~·al a '.11 oc1(.1 n.,;; tlw n : th ir dly. tll nl it h nY1..' Hll n i r o fm ocl cs ty , whi ch fn tho
L<.·g-_ii111 1r1g o f a d1.. . co 11rse is t:spetial ly prr pnsscssing; fo11r thl y, that it 8hould be
cn l m . 1~ 11 1,l 11~ 1 ·d~·r'.t~ t'. lhl' nnd.i t:' 11 1·<· J,ci n i,:- 1111t yd 11n•pnrcd fo r nu yth i ng ~ t rong
nn d \·l. l,ic 1 11~n t . l1ltll!y. tli1l[ .it ~h1111ld 11nt nn1i l'i 1•11tc uny o f the mai n pohiL'!o(
t he dt :- ( onr!-;f' . 11 11d_ t li1 1..: d l..' p rin.· t h em uf ll1 c u d v u 11tuge of uo vclty, wh en the arc
l>ro11g- li l fn r w n rd lu r l' u 11 ~ith: rn t io1 1.
·
y
: x 111 ~· -~u l \\

an d

1 t II

n r 1:-: 111g l r11m til e !' •1lij (' l 'l iL"t·lf; scf'ondl y,

m ore I hn 11 11 :-·uHl

1u ·c 11 rtll'Y 1111tl

~. Th e Statement. - " ·J, cn liy n 1;0011 int r0<l11 C' ti on a speaker hns
don e w l1 a t. li e c: 111 to gain f.,r lii11 i,;vlf :i nd lri ,; , 11 bjcc t 11 fav ornl.ilo
~'.'' :11· 1 nc:. 111,; next h u,- i11c,;;; iR to ~la t .: t ho fi ti!rj er·t of lii s disco urse.
I Ire only ml " to. !.r ol,,.,·n·,·d in rc-::;a nl t< • tl ii,i i' t.li nt th e fi uhj ect
~ li o 11lil lie sl at ed 111 fe w nn d >11rqil c wo n b , 11 ud witl 1 t he utmost poss1ul co ckarne-;s.
3. The Ma in Discou rs e.- Write r~ nn r li e: to ri c h rtve mrul c hero
rn:iny s 11 hdi1· isio11~, s11d1 n~ t ire ex pli cati on or n a rrat ion, the division, th e argu1ne11tati l"e part , and t he patlicl ic p art, and und er eud i

PR 0 SE C 0 .bf P 0 S IT I 0 N - DI SC 0 U R SE S.

30-5

of t h ese th ey h ave lai d <lown alm ost nn m bcrlcss r nles. n ut t ho
, - utility of sm:h rn les a nd di1·ision s is ,·ery m 11ch ilo 11 lrr~J , E n:h m:m
mu st o.f n ecessity be left t o l1is 011· n jud:;m cnt a nd j<'lW ers 11! rn vcntion us to t h e best m a nn er of co nst. rn ct.in g tli c body o f Iii ~ di ,-cu urse,
No t w o toj< ics ord inarily ar e to l>e l1 andlc'<l pre ci:;ely alike; nu two
~ wri ters h rt nr ll c tl1 c sn111e t opi " exaf"lly in tl1 c s:1m e \\"a_I' ; n o wr iter
' 'I Jiim self li a111ll es 1\ top it; in t !te srt111 e w ay 11llller di ffe rent circnmetances.

4. The Conclusion. - T!t c Co ncl u,;ion or P eru r:it ion of u di s~ ou r sC' ,
like t h e In tro1l 11 ction, rN111ir es sp ecial rn rc. T l1 c u l 1jcct. i11 t l1c conclusion is to lea1· e 11,; stru 11 ;; an i1n[J1" Cs,;ion as p u,.,iul e upo n the
minils of t!t e au di e nce,

How Done . - So111 ctim cs t.!1i s is do ne by rcse r l"in g to t he last tl 1e
strongest p a rt or h c all of tli c t!i sco urse nn1l endin ;..'. witl1 it.. Some tim es t h e spenke r gi1·es u bri ef nn(] str ikin g sn r11111ary of tli c 11· liol c
discou rse. T ito m rti n t h in:,: tu he. o bsen ctl is t o liit upon the precise t im e fo r b rin gi ng t he d isco111 se to a p11 int. lf t. hi ,; is done too
abru ptly, it lea1·cs t l1 c l1carc rs l"XIH.:ctan t a n<l d i ,;~at i ,;tic rl. If, w ire!!
th o disco u rse s~111s en<lcd arn l th..: 11..:a rc r·,; a m looking fur tl1c cl''"',
the speake r eu n t inn es tu mi ng ro11 n<l and ruurnl t l1e pu 111 t , 1yit li u11 t
co ini ng t u n pau,;e, t h e. a11dien ce lictu me r est lcs,; 1u11l tired. T l1erc
nro iml cc<l ve ry fe w speak er:; tl i:tt kno w lt o w o r w 11..:11 to st.up.
2G *
U

... ;··
1xi·;.:xr1nv.
Thr O"ff'ir,P.of T111:4e11fi()n, -:=: ,,111 p wh1tt s 1l11i111.r to tlds hi th('

1dl i
,, f T1 1\•·ll·
d i .... c· •lH''' 1111 11ny p i1 r l i 1· 1ii;1r ] l" :: 1l . ) 1••
11111 ~ t hunt 11p tl1 nni.:-ilt." ill rt·:.:nrd t•1 1t; 1111r\ tlw~ e 111· \\i l l :r11ol . 1·.1r-t l y 1: 1 !: >

rhd11rie .

tlrlll in

1 · "

\\·Jw11P!lt·1111d1 · rl 1t kt·'" t ~)

Ht'qllirt•d l.;111>\\"kd~P. nHd 1•art!y \Jy :O: J•l· (' i al s111.Jy J .. r !lit· .. 1·1 :1~ i 1 •l1 :1:1d
the lllt11'C('d/ll111'1·lw11 ... i \"t' i.-; h i~ gl: lll'l'HI k11t1\\"l1·d ).:"l' Hild \'llll! ' :l(\ .. ll, (I\\· i ·· ~ , l •i ! l 1i -l
flpel'i1ll i-;t 11d y will Ile 1111\' e to 111ukc Wlil'll li11di11g rn aleriab fi,r di ..,1·iJ1 1r -:-. ~"

1l11'l'11tly

PART

Comparative Importance. - Inv c 11ti1111 i .... , fro111 t!ie rit· t·1. · :- . ... i1y ,,f !l t t~
case, uf 1no r0 impt•r fan c·.e t.lran ::-:.r.yk. It i .. .; 11Hll"~ i11ql(Jrl:111: ~1ir1..·ly
to lia\' C sqrndl1in:: of ,ul1.,ta11tial i111l'rc,;t and 1·:du c. t<> "'·'·· tl<:111 In
be able t u tr·it;k out. ,·apid nut l1ing~ i11 f,,nn ., uf f'l':wu all<! ,·!l'.:::1111·,• .

II.

INVENTION.
J:-; tl1e T1Jirod11ction io il1u 1•rc·sent Trcati,;c, it was remarkcil thal
P.l1 e tor1 e, "r tl1e ..\rt uf l!i scu ur;;e, is 11:1t11rnlly <livid ecl into ll••o
part s, fnH·11tio11 m11l l:'ityl o. Lugi<"a ll_v, Inve ntion w ould i;cem w
ro111e fir,; t, and ~t:· lc aft,·rw11nls. For 1ora<· ti<"al ron venicnre. how.
('> \'ct', f}ii.~ iilT.:_ iq~l.' llll'lil ! 1;1....; l_JL'Cll rt..·\ .t_'l'.">t.:d, ;1111J ;)i_YJU lia:-i l!l'tll lh•tt h-J
,,f ti l'"i .

JJiffecu.lty.-As invention 18 the more lmpurtunt of th~ tw n, ~ o it i-.: i11c11J11pan'l.bly the m o re dltlknlt. lnd (·L·•l , ns to IL"I pri11t·i1·n.1 fli11di ( •11 ~. it!;.; 11"t i11 t!11 ~
power of t n<·re rht"t1 )rk l4) si11•1oly what 1.-; !ltTdt·•t. 111\"1·!1! : .. 11 . 1· .' (lTj• ! :1 1 11..lowest nnd mo~t n11..•c· hn11\cnl dct nils. i~ 1111t n tlii11g to 1.,. tniq ~ !d
I t l'" 1t l'11rt .. r
OIH~·~ 1rnth·e (:lldo\\'IDt.:llt. tl!HI of hi-" gt 'lll' rlll intt-llt·•· ftt hl u1T1111111h1t 1••1\ .".
l<1
l!l\.ther u111l mu:-:t (' r the mittl'rinl.'i f.1r 111a l' ~ .' 11)', fl-" ;..fa1·n1il11y W••iJ l<I lia,·e d · ·1,. ·,
on e need s ~ l fl<'n.11lny's g-L·ni11..; ond ~ l nrn11l11y's knn11n~. :\q au 11.ii : 1t o r 111 !.;'t.·-

nuit y of pumping 'f ill draw wut.c r from a well that is dr y.

The Grea t Desideratum. - s,, far as liur1rnn l'fl", •r t:; :tie ''"ll•"Crn ,·d .
the first :111<1 l.:n.::lt tl1i11:: t1i:d i .. .; Il\·c-dv<1, in ur•L·r f,, ln· :t1 11L· f 1• 1• 1«1
dU l'.L

tJ.0t1~)..1L-; \rlii 1·!1

cxtcn~iv c

:-- ll<t;J ] 1,· r;tl l Ll), ],· :11id i1 1l· ·: ·· ·- :i 11:..'.',

j . . . fn :t• •!1;i i- 1_·

knowlt:dµ-e and t.l 1ur11 11 gli IIH'Iltal discip li11l'. :rnd

i:-; to

Invention, as used in Rh etoric, rneaus fimling out what to
say.
Invention is divided into two branches: 1. Storing tho
mind with kno1d cdgc ; 2. Sd el'ling from this ge neral storohou ~e th e thoughts 11 ccd cd for any ]':trti c ular occasion.

A Help. - Wl1i le fr eely c" needi11 g tl1is point , J yd tl1i11k it i>< in
tl10 power <Jf the rl1dori cal nrt to li vlp C'O thidvral.J_,. tl1c \,,•t:ill rl<'r in
th o 11 ~0 or '1W lt 111at e1·i:11.'4 a.'< li e 1111.... To fur11i ., J1 .~•Jlllc !--llC! t '"''" i:J
tlie oliject of tlw c li:qiter:; wliiclt follow.

Storing the Mind. - Tlic fir,;t ()f
ger'.,·ral ir1t c• ll,:1·t11:d t·11lt11 re, rat li er
11·nt u.1 o1111_11y g1 1·<'11 ,;11!.j,·r t. li e t'Ht1 ,
say, ti li e 1:; n 111:111 of prof;1uml a nd

t Jll",e 111 ·!"11!!" to ctlu cati on nntl
tl1:111 to I:l1 dur ic. If one is 10
of co nr:;c, know better whatt-0
l'lir ieJ ku o11·lcdi;e.

~'J~i·"'''.'"'~ '~f th 1• Oldn· irr lfrr ..,, tl.11~ suli!1.:l't 111d111_kd 1111dt•r l<hetoric-

Jlc11ec , so me o f 1li e n1 1rie 11t writns on
fl1< · wh11lc e in·l e uf tli c sc ie n ces. Hut lhia
i"-i tu .rn1:-.tnkc. c 11t1rl •ly the 111u11re urn..1 dl':-:ibn nf HJu.: turic. 111 o r<!er to th~
1
pra llf't' of ttn s art \\'C 11el'd, i11dt:l'd, \'i1ril·d k110\\ !t•dgc, ju:-:. t llfi we n cccl IJqnrils
nnd l 1l'lllllS nn d 11tl1t·r 1wlf1·riid ' i11 ., r.J,· r 111 1•rn1 ·1i .. l' llll' urt 11( t·arpentry. It It
1
11 '.t 1~ .J.iHJ"t t•f.lli c 11rr 11 !' 1·a_qw1 11_ry, li•·Wl' \ t •r. t•1 ,·rt·Hll' llt t'~l' 111a1t·r itd!'.i; iJt tt, Ilic
Jll.il• 1111' ." l1t·1r1g- :llr1 :tdy 111 1· '.: 1... 1t,.- 111 ·· · 1111d i1 1 111 ......~ .. ...... i111 1. ntf'pl· ntr y, hu rilig- lH

u wkc sc 1111c part u· 11l.1tr Mru l'lurc , ti nt.ls out wliid1 o f llt c..'5C rnutt: ri nls will l>u
ncclh.:t.l for tlu.: uccU..':ilU fl.

306

l ·du1·~1 i1 o11

t l1i .. ;

Lo nccr11n1ili~l1L·1l. a:-; ;i.lrc:1dy s:1id. hy gL'!ll·r:d
not by tl1e HJ'[<licatiou of rl te·lu rical rnll'"'·

and

~t 1 1.\_,

1

Ancient Mode . -Tlte an <"ic· 11t writ c m o n rl1 C'tur ir. , 1111.J so111c ,, f
rece nt d ate, hav e givl·n a g rl'flt. Yari ety of ll· c li11i1·:tl n1le ....:, '.--11111t! tJ(
them excCl:ilin~ly fonnal a11d elaborate, for co llllu ct ir1 g tlw,;e l'ro·
ccsses of in ve n tio n.
Mode here Adopted. - Tn st.ead of pru1lu('i11 r,: '1lt"lt a karne<l arr:t.Y
of uatTcn f.,.·111ul11~, wliicli, at. tli e bc"t, arc 011ly l''' rl'll·xinc; t" ti"~
Lcginn er in tli c art (1 f co1 np <1sit in 11, as tl1cy ar e 11:--l·lv.. : :-; 111 tl1c: e:qwrt,
tli e tilan l1er c ildoptl'd i.-.1 to g1\'l' n :--;.l: ri1::-1. of pr:lt' ti 1·n l L'.\;J.!lif des, in
ill11 ~ tr :1t io 11 of tlic acl11al 111·oc·es:-.- of it1\'l' lltiP11 , l1l' g- i11rtin!! witl 1 ~t1dt
a,; nre c·xt re111 ely ,; i111pl e, and prul'eeding gradually lo :;11cl1 "' ar·)
ruorc <litlicult.

.

·-·

3( I~)
SnnH~ o i' tlH· t'(iri11..: 111 wli i(·h ii. (' <11111 ·:---:.
·I. :'li al<' r ial' .. !' \ 1 l 11«l1 1t 1- 11,1 ::t 1i,· 111:1 ,L ·.
; ,,
~ ! )J! l l' 11 t' it-...; \ )..: t "' .
ti. \Vay~ 111 11 lil\' l 1 i t m:i y Ii(' dccc lrn y1·d, nr tlll iittc· d 1; .r th '.

3.

C' 0 '.\1 PQ : --, J T Jl 1 ~: .

1. Tl1t ' :.." 1-' Ikr: tl :1 1•; H · :~·:1 r 11·t: ,1 f 11;1 1)v r i-. t l i: tt ()f :l t l1i11, l i ;.."lit ~ 11 .. , ·'

CH A PTER I.

\\" it j I

COM P O S I TI O N'~ O J'-: OBJ ECCTS.
T o f h (lo Tt' :u· lw r. - -1. T h 0 " -'Hllq· l· · ~ ;..: h·t·ll 11: tl H..' fi r :-: t !~·w pit L' t'<> ttr f· f.. r t•·"f c ~
J l y n 11r (~ : t_b~ J.... ll;H ·1t rJ \' ·""ITT!' \\ lntt T' T' ·!it- 1(' !:! ! 11 C• •l ll J" •·'-i ! ;, ,1! tt. t:d !r-, .....-V.
t·r.· 1 1 k11<>..,,. ie 0 k e. It w :l! ~ · c W{'l l \ r\ ~kip tll f• fir :- 1 ('1111 1,kr11r t 1,\rJ, a n d L t•l.;1li flt.r U«.r

?l l":~ ,

! dJ : 11

l !w

t • ., • • ;.,:,

\I

11 - -1 1· i

1· •: · · r•

i- . -:

!ire

i,. ...... '" l i l lJ •h ·.

t l :·· ... 1;:

, ,. ,

::·

1,1 i ;·_::.... .

!r •

!•\! J)~ , (·\q·; 1: 1Ji,,,_1, i i, .: •;;..,,,.,
w}mt cn• r t h •°llJ !'!:!i

,;.. \\'/i (".11 tlw ~·l a'-S l•1· t~in !1 1 wri!1_• fr e i'ly, n11d lind !HJ dillic11lty In filll! 1 ~ 6 J"fttt
\\ J l li ll 1t.:JrJ 1•(J::; l! n·1 n a rJ..: -; , t t1e 11 J.,. '..!11 1 t 11 cri t ii ·i '-e ~u1r l (·nr r (' t't ."'

7 . J ;1

:1.; , :, ; : : .__::

ll. •."-., .

t •

·rru u

tl::d C• •rrvi· ··t ] JI ,' !. t \Jl ! • '\i '•"j •l

1

! :.'" , J d'

t1 · 1Td \\

111 : ...... l l l 1tii

i: Ii (!Iii~· nn (· r·lil:-.."l of fnnlb n t I\!!~•

!lie 1·1q ,i L'-

] '! \ \"( ~

Li t T •illl t;

i•rl'1i. Y rH11du.. ,

'I 11 1·11 T:il.: (' ·" " 1 i II" I .i 1w l' ra 1J] t ( 1r ~· \l ' t' I li- 1Wi. '. >Ind J •ri l('j···· l i JI I 1I\\.' l ltlll •f) t :O
,"'\ _ .\Ht ·r a ' ~ ." L"" .'i ( 11 11 \\ r l !t· \\ 11/1 f:t\" i ! !tr :tn• l ~~·ncr :tl t "( •rn·c t1 1t..".':>:i , Lli \ ·J i li•·i..;in Y.>

\\"it" ii

.,: ..·q,,_•rlJJll..: JJt U{ •ull die tl .'-l'. uf fi ,i._; Un._•N H.11 \.l (• t h Cf gTH("(•.6 Of

::;tylc.

L'.ca 1117ifr.-- Suliject., J 'A 1·1m.
To th,, Tt:ntchur. - 111 l1 "..: 1 g ! J\!1~ n ~ llliJ 1·1~ r like thl.~ tr) n. dn ss nf y n m it:."" ~!ii:
j_r-., !l i t ' !c :t\' l1t ·r .'- )1 .. n l · I cli rl ·, · t tl 11 •ir fl t11 •1di 1.r 1 t " [ ! 1c \ Hfi () ll .-: J11 ii r1 1.. : In r q ..'. Hr,j , ,, · ~
nt, n 1'. t \\' l:lc !t !lt t: y: will lie l i h; 1·! y t" !1Hq· .'- (1 1!\e JJl' tt. Lu tlii~ wuy u. tin :llwii iti;

V ll tlwe ot lhe suliJeet nrny h·~ fo r m ed.

Tilus ;

; 111 \ ' ('1 , ]1 1: ·.

: ll 1• I

J'I.',

i •',, )" ] I l

Ii I

: ! :· i1 •I !..,; _

1n :i :• Lt· u f

r <iti i :•l
-~~~--

Ur l\\ o

i

:t

1. ( il'llPral nppcnrnncc uf pn p<·r,
~- I 1s culur.
• Fvr ru ct h od :-i o r currccrl un, ~e l..! I1Hg c 34.7.

308

t · J;l ( · 1 • .

11: 11 - !1 t i 1i:_'1· ,
J , 1Jt

:---.(• : : 11· '.

\ \- ] ,

1 : ..., 1· 11 .; :

.... , 1r1 , l. : 1: 111 -

it

: 111 ' '" ; 1" 1: 11! 11.. 11, \

: ::

: 111·-·

l ~· · l

j ... \\· 11it i · .

11-: 11
/ j!1 i 1 ·

i I\ -.. r1 1:t:l

1·: q 11·:·.

kr:1 ·J' - \ ': 1j w l' , :L l l ' I (1., , ) -. 1 · 1 ; 1

\' :il \1 ·.! (l 11t r1··

11: w k :1 :!1·-.:

\ J: w\ .;: 1:.. ' 1· ..;

c ; 1] )1 · d

l '> \

!'1 ·: 1111..:.

:triil I l JP"

1·11t y

f p \ Jr

j

'i ~ . I • •• ~ ~I ' . . ...
111 i :· •. -: :1 1·t· ] ' i 1

:--L1"l'l

!l i: d·.-·

:l

t \\ ' ·1 1· _, 1; 1 i :·. . . I I j : 1L'.

f 1· ,, 111 1 11) 1~ --- · 1 1 ~

prqll'r -rn :tk ··r..:

111

\ 111_\

i t' ilw li :11·11 r: t::- . .:. ;1 r(· -.1 1r; .. i\ i ~ 1 1 !

Jlll . .; L' , a ri1l

111.'!" 1"

--; 1\\

"
·' l

~ , J , ! r: 1: ' ....-. ' '

11 1

T l 11· -- 1· r : 1'.! i 11 1· 11 111·1 -l· r

\1 i,-l 1
,,. (11 ._ :... 11 r :1:..:-- f1 •r
:l! i d

tli i·y \\· ill l ~ r i ri:_r ;1 ! 1i ::l w r 111 ·: \ ·1 · tl1 :1!\ ti !l 1 ·1 · l:l :.:..:. .
!iii \- (' id; l l 11' f":I :_.".-.., i I l I •\ !: · l 11 ): i ...,, ·. ;1 ! : 1 i k1 ·1 I
" 1! w r11
1

1

k ··! ·1 !. _\·

1 !: 1-.. :.1 1 ' · ~

t ! w11\" t ·I\ -.- ...; ,

~1.\ 11 i1 d] 1,· !· l 1·l ..; I i i• '
!•I I (

l ..- 1_' ,

: t\ \" : l _'.' 1:1

f«" \'. -)~ i \ . !I ! l 1I. : ! !' t" , ,. J, I ! -; J11i! 1' I ·• ' i " ·ri.J 11[' " I ,
i 11 1n 1I1 l' 111j -.-. i 11ll; l :· \ I
fl. °P;q11•r i .---1 \hv d cliicll\ fu r \\"ri ! i11:.: :111d l~ i r Jiri11 1i 1i::. ( \.111 ;H 1 ~ i ti11n~ ar(•. \\·r i tT1 ·n n il t i:qitT.
\1 · \\' -- j >;1j •1 · r :-; :ind 1i r11 f\, _. :1:· t· i1 :· i r1'. (·i! " n
p;qir·r.
l.:trik Li\] . , arr· Trl :lill· 1if 11:qwr.
J•:q11·r i:-; 1J< 1·d j",,r 1 1 1: 1 L i r;~~
bn .\"i':-' f!l!d for· ( ' ()\'i·~ · i!I '..!' W:tJ J-....
J )i)\·_..;° ki ! 1· ~: Hl't' lll:1 1k pf J) :l[ t..·J"; ~ <I

fl.J\ il t

l 1• '

!I \!

l] J ( \ '

11 ' \ .

1

: 1;· 1·

l!l Vll 0'

t 't

i] l:t 1·..;

-.11! : 1vi

j ' II \"'.

ti . l'~q1vr i .. .; \" t._. r y c:i.-.; i]y dv .-. t ri i_Y \: \1 l· .\·
1d 111 u.-...t. ;111ytl1in:._r: 1· i 't' .

OUTLINE.

. .; q

;---, 1 <! I \ ·: i I l l 1· ~

·L I':tjivr i . . :. 11 --11 :1 11_\· Jl l:td i• ~d· 1,] r\ r ·1·_~ . .: . '. 11d l h1 ·Ji. \ ' ~ ' it 111 : 1\' ] ,,.
nf 11 1:t t l.\c (11 ln· r t !1 i1 1 ~> . :-:1 i cl1 : l-.. ~ 1 r:l \ \" ;111 d L;t1·k l•ill I 1 11•\ ' 1
.ll i • r 1
11;tpv r 111i! I, a 11 i! . l l 1 , ·rt · : ·1~ r1 -.
1·: 1r 11111 i -.. :1.' ··· ·!'L l11 11y .
t"n id ft1 1w l.1·· :1 ·r tl 1:t fl t' •> ! ti iJ\ r: 1: _~...: f• 1r 11 1 :1 \.:i11 :..~ ]•: 11 ..- r.

.

1; 1 . it1r .i ~i11 .: 1.i q.i l..; l11 \\ ril t· 1·n ·e ly
.., ·. ·ur h l ·· · ~:t ! lw "'n t -_;1·1·'. , :1: rr : :: ; -.i: ; ~ ;; : ,--, 1· 1r .-, ; , i· · r l ) ; v :• i·t'< ·u 1

: 1! i '

i-. \

it I 1:t . . :.

in! 1i Jar·~r t ·: ·

t l •f° ' ·) •' " ' ' ' l.

t

!I

s o 111t ·l i 11 t i ._. ;

4j II!

tL1_' : ; r ~: \ \J!li l ~ il' i ol ·· ll 1l1 11 l \\ hl\t tlii·y t~ .,,.

.'1. . \ ! !11-..1 . a:1 n " !:ly Hi , .., ;·i n •;- rH· -" · i>· ·n ·· · ·t !11' :

:.,i •'.

('ri: \1:·

Rr1· 1111 t n; 1

t ".\j·rt ·.,-., i ll \\"rd -; \'111ll l ! H·y kr 1"\\,1,J' \\ l ll tl tlit..·y l h J11k . Al...:-w

l !, <t ; !:.J: d J' : , 1 1l't ud i ~ i: 1, n:i , l

~I

~i ; i·:..\ , ~11 1·! 1 ;1-.:

''' A.

I r:. ! · .' ] •'~-'" ' ' '" >
t •1 <J ; , h ~ l l ll i>i }" l• 1

-..

J 1-...

... I ):1 ! ,, ·r

~- Beg i1 J1n'r::t i11 1..· 0 111110:-;ili;•n ."- h t11 Ild 111 1t lie 11 Jl u \H.~ d lo wr itl' tJ l t 1t~>.<>t r ~'-°t t>'.l,.J_t ·r · t.~. s uc h tl S J[ llpJ d ll l'~S . H y1 ,.w r l...: y, I ll !('lll pc rnnl' c , Proc ra~ t.i i rn t1 1 , 11 , awl \l ..
11k t! , bu t o n ~0 1 n e co 1H·n·h., Ybih le objec t, wi th w hi ch thn~ Rte filmili ar.
:\. 111 n..;.r.: it:ninl.'." 1"1ll !J" 1'l "
d u ~ "- . it i:-; \\' ~ li at. /ir>t 1. , .li i·li , 1lit ' l ll Jn Jni \'1"1'
tl ll '.-'1lll ll 1(: u ( t lJ,_'. t/11; 1_;.; .-. : ~ ' ' lw :-.uid :iL11.. 1ul iL
.-\ftt·r lid~ ha:-: ht>e n ct fl?1t (nr!tll'"i:i
11 f, ;\· !1111 1· -... t l i· .\ \\ ~I i ! 1.t \1 ' 1 ~1' ' ! 1:li ··1ilt _\ i1 1 ,J ,, 11 ;·_· It ti •r r!Jt • i i i :-- d \· , ·.~. i~ r i • l 1 ; ,"'-:~r
1
111 n· r i c1 1~ i.:: i , \Jt t!h· i: ido ·:i ' Ht "l H°1' . with•·ll! 1n aktr 1L.' ! t w l •n ·li 1i ! i1: 1t i"Y " n: !l rir

;t

q

\\":d1 ·r

al.--. \1

ti1 · l' .

i11. i11 r1 ·~

it

It l .i 1rn -..:
\ 1; 1d] _,..

...; q,,t1 1· r

I !· :1 11

It i" n d tii1 1 ~') 1
l..-:n :.: ri 1 r 1~ 1·~ · 11.
1

lik1•. Jt>:ll !1vr , !111t. i." v:1 --ily !1Jrl\ . l ': 1p· ·r i-... d :1 111:1 :.:1'd J,~,
Tf yon ." ' :111t }·uui· ('1111q1u :- : iti u o c11· y1 111r k11 l·r t(1 l 1l11k 11i ( ·,., .\·1111 11 t 11-- t
tak e go~,d (':t/'l' of' yn11r J>:qwr. :trHI l..: t·1 ·p it ...: 11111Pti! :11iil 1· k:11 1.
kee p Ill } p:tJ> ~ r iu a p v r l l\iliv w l1ich 111y fat.lier gave In~ fvr a l :Jiri , t mas prese nt

....

310

C() Jfl 'OS ITI O N AND RTIETORIC.

To th e T e ach fir.

-

Jn the imaginary compos iti on give n above, the J'Mloo

g- riqd1 s nre fu r cu uv r11ie 11 cc HUIHLcrc<l tu cor rl!spund to the 11uml>crs In th•
Olllli 11e.

l'~ rl11\p~ . in the first few co mposition s whi c h I\. c lass may write, it m11 y he ,_,d1
f 11r th c 1n in like rnarnH: r to numbe r t he topit:s u11U purag ravhs. After a wlille
ll «•\\'e\'\: r, th e prndi('e ~ h o ulrl be discontinued .
•
Th e l '.lan h en..· ndo1 1 tl'd. o f llr:- t mnkin g an outlin e of t opi cs, and th en wrltlni
f"<>m.cthll 1g 11p<1ll en.e ll tnplc, luu; th e impo r ll\ nt incidental lltlv11ntnge of tcnditni
lJl!~ lllll L' l'S th e d if1icul t nrt o f purngruphi11 i; cu rrcc ll y . \Vh a t is writte n 1uul cr
cu1·!1 h ~ 1lcl . o r to pi c llillllrrdly furm s 1\. parngraph 11y il~c lf, a nd thu8 th e puplla
cas 1I y fall rnt o t he wny of di \'illi ng thei r mntter into parngraphs uccordi11 K to the
11 n 1und d iYi~ion!" of the suhjec t.
B el<{l nn ers s h oul<l lie cn co urnged , n ot m e re l y to sta te fn c ts o n the subj ccl!ot
whkh lht•y wri te, li11t to JJlix up their (1wn 11nti1111s n11d fecl in gs alJo ut these fa ct&.
w....; t l ie \\T ilt· r •~f 1h e fu rq~oi ug- cvm po~ iti u u IHL':i d o 11c nt tlic dose of his fourth and
eixth paru.gra ph s.

E:ra11qile.-SuhjC'ct, °\VATim.
OU TLINE.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Differences between water and wood.
Difforcnccs between mttcr and air.
Ef-l ect of extreme co ld 11 pon water.
Effect of' extreme heat upou water.
Difforcnt kinds of wat er.
6. B eucfits of water.

N ote .-Thc tc 11ch e r ' h ould prepare ' lm iln r rn r;gcs tl vc outlin es on each subj (: <'L 1t.':l.'iig n c1 l until the elnss l1el'Olll l." f11mili1tr with th e m e thod, ancl beg in to
Rh ow s ig' ll S of 11ci 11g 1thle ti'1 rnnk c the ir own o u tl in es. \\'Ji e 11 they t hu s IJq; ln to
11wk c ou tlin es fo r thc111 :-;c lvcs, til e h.: 1wher w ill fo r u wh ile fiud it u ecc8s ttry to
1'511 J•f'IL"111e11l t lll'ir ultt·1npl."i by !'Up..:- estio11s u f l1i s own. to be u.dd cd to theirs. Ho
11111.. . l l'Xe rd ...,c Id s di serl'li1111 !l.'\ tH h11w li1 11 g- thi s li t.:1 11 t- h oultl be co nli1111cd, aud
wlie11 the p11p il:-; i-:ltu 11 ld lie rl'qllirt..· d lo 111nk c t he e ntire o utlin e with out h el p.
Th e J•re 1°nrn ti lJ1 1 of th b outline is of til e \'t•r y t'."!'iC ll t.:C of i11vcnLion. 1t sets th o
J1t1p il n t 0 11 ce to th i11k i11 g - 1u gnt l1 cr i11g- Ll111 11g hL-;, 111 .... tcnd o f putting togeth er
l llt're word s. T h e o utl inl', lli L" rl' furl'. ~ 1i o 11 l d lieu ktuli11g pt i rti o 11 of th e exe rci se
f~1 r a l t •llg tim e, n11d .... li 1111hl ln t•nf·h flL..:c be ~ 11!)111it1 cd to tl1 c tc EtCher fur lnspc0o
t1 o n and CO lllUlC'ltl, licfu n.: th e l'Olllpt•~i tio n is ,.,·r ilt l: tl.

ADDITIONAL SUBJECTS.

Fire,
Iron,
G rass,
Bri cks,
Flu1rers,

Air,
L eath er,
Ho u se~ ,

Sk ates,
Fruit ~ ,

Wood,
Chalk,
Dogs,
D oll s,
Peuknives.

r7O ,If I' 0 S I TI 0 NS

0N

0 II J F: C T S.

311

N ote t. -Ch ildrc n s h o uld c ontinu e for :-:ome li111 c ti) wrill' 0 11 ~11 hj rtt ...: like>
th ese- nnturnl o Lj cc ts with whi c h th l'y ore 1ltlily f1nuill1.Lr. In writin ~ u1~10 n
those t opics, h o weve r , th ey s li o ulil be t:(111t i rn11tlly ."timultttt:d to do t- 11.1'.1(·t li1n g
m o re thn.n m e rely g-ivc a dry, se 1ni ·sc icnli li c c 1111me ratinn uf th e q1m l1uc~ n111l
properties (1f th e o bjec t d esl'ribctl . Lt:l th ('m, on th e co11 tr1t ry: frl'l'l~· tntx up
th e ir o wn pcrsollftlity in tl1c 111atte r. Ll:ili11g whut p nrt ic 1ilur k 1nil 11t d n lb, u r
s k ~tt CS , o r d og~ they Jik 1..· , wli n w as b 11r1H·d by the fire, whn fell into t il e wate r,
nild so Oli. C hi\dr c u will find n o diflkully in havin g somc 1.h i11g tu wr ite, when
once tll c·,- ho.,· c mude the d iscuvc r y th1tl w r1ti11i; c 1 , mpo.<.. iti o 11 ~ i ~ 111 cr1._•l y .l' t1ll1 11 g
upo n pn;·1e r th e ir kn o wl e <lg c of suc h tlli11gs u.s th ey urc ut1 1u 1tintcd Wll il , u1n.I
te lling- what th e y think u.bu ut th em .
N o t e 2 . - ~o rul e can Uc g ive n fo r th e l e ng th o f time wl1i c h c hi ld re n sh o uld
be k e pt up <1 1I co 111po~i ti o 11 s of the ki11d tdre11dy illu stru tt·tl. It d c Jit_·nds R ~"" 1 1
d eu.I upon th e n:-; c nt wllid1 tlit· p1q1il l":gius tli e t·xl'rcb1·. If !'il'l11.J11r~ l•\ ·g111 t 1J
write c., rnp<Js it io n s nt the o ge 11 f11i11 c or tl·11. th ey muy b L' kcpl 11po11 s1wli lhe11i~!I
fo r u ycnr o r tw o, writing- n ..., often ns u 11 1.:c o r twi ce tt week. A11.y tc~l'lit·r or ur d1 nary inventive pu\\~c rs c nn ~u 111 .Jy t:1 t1l ljccL"i. If, how c \·e r, tt.s I ~ <1 fte11 Ili c •:H . . .t '.
t.h e schola r is ulrcndy <.; 1111 sid c rul1Jy ud \' l\IH.:cd 111 Yt..'tU1'i li JJ( .1 k11qwJto d )o.:'t· hl· fo r~
beg inni11g tu \\' r ile co mposi ti o ns. tw 1J u r tlHt_'l.' cxumplc::-; of lli~s . ki11d llHl !i'. lie :-- ~If·
Jici e ut, IJc fo re proc eeding to l h ilse more llitlh:ult. Tii e d et· 1s10 11 <,f this poi nt
mu s t, in each l'a.~e. be left to th e <li ~t· re ti o n a.ntl. judg m e nt of the lcitd1cr.
For rnc lho<l uf t:urrcding cu m1 1r J!'l it io u s, sec page 347.

COJ!l' OS ITI O S S

CHAPTER IL
N

C~MPOSITIONS

ON TRANSACTIONS.

. o te. ~ fh t· cx umpJ es wJd ch nre 'iv

.

nuunly wit h th e c·(n1c rt·re nnd lh e \'i .·g en ltl th!.~ chapter. while Mill occu~
r e lntl ous. yet <lifter clenrly f
Sible'. rutJi e r than \l'ith nl,.trnct quullll
chnprer a re >i mply o bj cc~'· ,/1~2' th o.,e 111 Chn p tc r I. The to pics In th.,.
trui1~Ll'tione.
~ JJ o w to Le gJ\'en inv olve what may lie ~

:"4

E.camplc.-"111.Jicct 0
'

,

'

N

('

,O J NO TO ::lUJOOL.

OUTLIN E .

] . ~h e objec t of go ing to sc hoo l.
2. 1 he age fo r go ing to school.
3. Belrn v iur at ·'<' hool.
4. Bel1avi or on th e ro·1<l to
l f
Fi D 'fr
'
an< rom school
' .
J ic rcncc het ll'cc n a ~c li oo l n11 cl
1· ..
G. '1'1ic usual CX< ·r<·.,· ,c·s of'
'
a re 1g10us mee f rng.
. ·· ·
a SC IW OI
7. Scl1oo l-tirn e.
·
COM POS ITI ON

1. Th e olijcc t of gr oi11 g lo "<'liPo l is to ka ;·n ti·
. . .
bt: u ~c ful to 11,. 11 ·licn "'" 111
•ose tlungs wliic!t will
,
' g1«1\1·n up 0
I
lllHl learn :; tu l'l':td we ll ·1 11 I t .
. .
.
nc w io goes to sc!tuol
' • '
u ll'l'lt c ., ".. t'f I l
'
l ' c. 1u ' II _ian<l, nnd ku o ws n
g 1·c:1t many t hiJJ"s is JJ111 t· l1
,_ ... ·
llW re t 10 11g ht
f I
r ca J ur ~pel l. n11d ''°It o l . . t
I.
.
u t 11111 one wLo ca1111ot
.
' ·" u 11111r. c· hi s innrk in t .. I f
..
11 11 r11 e. An lc" nuraut t11 ·111 \1·1
, "· 'L o WnLu1g liis
'
'
JU ll l'\'l'J' \\' (' 11 t t
tl1 u111.d1t of.
u sc j 1001, is not 1J1Uch
.h

2. Tl1e ]' rope r ngc fo r J! l'O Jilc

tul. ~d1 oul is wh en tl1 ey nr6
0
g .. " iving. Y 011ng Luys llllu. 1
I
to< o n1u el1 work Lut tJ
•
iey can go to

y o 1111µ: , l>efure tl tL•_r lt:1\·e to work ttu gut

o••1tl· s arc nut strun i:; eno uo"li
~

312

O.V TIL1i\'S A C TJ ONS.

313

JK:hool 1uHl st 11rl y j ust a;; w ell ns llPt , fur tl>< •y 11 :11·<:' nu t l1 i11 g 1·l'e to
<l o. If tl1cy play trnant, aml 1;1a11 a~(' to gL· t 011 t uf gui11 g Lu "·l111ul,
t.hey will Le Ye ry sorry fur it at't e n rn rd s. :::;u1 11 e el>ildren J-'. " tu
echool wh en tl 1cy arc onl y fi\· c yea r;; ult! , Lut I think t ha t i,; rat l1L·r
too young. Six ur seven see ms tu me a good age tu l><:gi 11 . Tl1 use
who are t o be d octo rs, or law ye rs, o r 111 inisters, o r sumetlti11g <•f Ll1at
kind, go to sc !t ool a i:;rcat many yea rs. Th ey go fir:;t tu t he c"11111 1un
school, then tu th e lli gl1 Sc hool or tlte Academy, tit en to tlie Cul k ge
arnl th e Se111in a ry, and tlil'y do not stiJp gu illii until t!t ey a re gruwnup men. But rno; t pcr;o11; !t ave t<i leav e s..11 uvl w l1 e11 tit<:}' get lo
be fourteen ur fift ee n. 1 cx p c~ t. to kave sclwul be for e l 1u11 ~ i xtce JJ.
I sho11J,1 lik e very mu c!t to fiO l o Cu ll ege.
3. It i8 not very easy tu behave we ll in sc l1 uol, so man y tl.in;;s
lwpp cn t o nrnk c on e lau;.:h nncl to foq;e t nll nJ.o nt tl1 e r11 !"'" Tl1 u
lwrd cst t!tin g of nll i;i to kc<; p fr o m w!ti ,-p.- ri11g. But it. is ri ;;l 1t f1>1·
th e teac l1 e r to forbid it., fo r if all could ta lk ns mu c h us t!t ey pk:isc·d ,
th ere would n ot be mu ch ;;t udy cl one. Tlt e rc is II <> e xc11sc• fur l>"Y'
1111d gil'b play in g tri cks on each otlter in sc ltu ol, an<l watching wl1 c:11
tl1 c t ea<" l1 c r's ba«k is tu rn ed, so t.l1:t t tl1 cy 1nay throw spitball,; or <lo
~ o rn e l.!1in g t u 111:tc the utl1 e r sd 1ula rs lau g l1. S uc lt Lc !t a1· io r i" wi t l1ont exc use. If sc holars wo11lr \ bc· l1a\· e \\·ell in sclwol, tl 1c•y wunld
he n g reat tlt:al !tappi er, fo r tlt ey woukl e nj oy tlt c np prol•:t t i.. n <• f
tl1 eir t eac!t crs, th r:y woul1l karn 1tlll c h in u re, a nd t!tc y \\·ould 11 ut be
kept i11 so oflt' n, or be p1111i ,-l1L·<l so oft l11J.
4 . .hli sbd1<1Yi o r on tl1 e rnad lo :1111! frn111 sc lwol alwnys l• iob hail .
It gi1·c;i peop le fl J. nd o pinio n of t !t c sc l1 ou l. 11 11 1] al "" of tl1 c f:1111 ili ea
to which t !t e S«l1olars J,,.J1.i1 ;;. It l"oks as if tl1 c scl >ol a rs 11· n ( : 1·e l'y
ill-bred, flnd did not k11"w w!tn t. fi1>01 l 111:1111H·l's an« l ks id e.~, wl 1e11
the scltool b r e ak ~ up , it mak e,; n large c rowll in t!t c stn·l'l, a11d if
th e sc ho lars a re rud e nllll un1M11111 c rl ,v, tlt cy inr·o 111111 orle J> c' "i" " \\'I >'>
nrc going !Jy. Jt is wron g fur t lie sc: bular ~, wliil tj go in~ lH1 t1 t l ' fnn n
sc hool, to tltrow st on<:9 or snO \\·\o :1ll '<. nr 11nytltin g of tl>:tl kind , in
tli o st reet, fu r t.l1 ey ufll' 11 hn:ak peo ple'; wind o ws, ur liit Lid ie; an rl
gentl emen wl1 0 arc pas ~ in i; .
5. l kn o w tlt at n sc huo l is \' Cry different fr o m n reli giu11 s mce linfi
or a <;!1111T!t , l111 t I tl o nut know tl1:1t I can ex 11l ain tl1 e differe rwe 1·c ,.y
clearly. Jn tli e «l111rclt that l go t o, o ne 11111n prl':tl'IJL·S or pr:i ys or
ex !to1·ts, n11<l all tlt c rest sit st ill nnd listen. But in sd >uu l, we urc
di vid er] int o r·la s><es, nrnl \\' C all n·ad a11< l r ec ite in turn. It is fl
gr eat d e al stille r in c l1urch tltat it is in sc lt uol, 11ut 1 s11p1iosc ;,1 ·lJ(Jo l

27

314

CO .If !'OS IT ION AND RIIE 1'0/lIC.

wnukl be n g oo<l d e:il bet t e r if w e w e re quiet e r thnn we u..
and g irb n e ve r tliiuk of playing s uch prnnks in ol111 rch a t.tw,
in sc ho ol. It w ou ld be awfu l.
G. Th e e xc rci,;cs in our scho ol are r eading, sp elling, wrllln11, 111
in ii, aml r ociting our different lesso ns. So1net.i 111es wo Hin!(.
t i111es we c h oose side:; in ~pcllin g, uml sec whi ch 01111 bNlt.
po:;i1i o n is nn utli c r e xe r cise. Al so w e h ave speak ing one a ,..
7. !"c l1 ool-tim e in 111ost schoo ls is from !l o'clock tu 12 in th
in i;, 1111<1 fr om 2 o"c luc k to ·l in t.h c afte rnoon. There is 11 rt
tli e middle of th e fu r c 11 uo 11, !lfl(] no ~cl1 o ol at all on S11turJ11y, or
Chri s t.11 1:1 ~ w ee k, o r o n W a shing ton' s b irthday, or t he 4lh oC J11l1.
Th e n w e Ii av e u week ':; Yac11 t ion in sp ring, und 11 long vnr11tlo11 It
s u111111er. S c l1 olars are uhrny s i111p11t.ie ut fur vacation lo com
g e nerall y ge t tired of it be fore it is ove r .

Example. - S ubj e ct,

ON TRA v J<:LLINO.

OUTLINE.

1. D ifforent modes of travelling.
2. Thin gs to he gain ed by travelling.
3. Mishaps am! dange rs to be encountered in travelling.
4. Some of th e places and people that I would like to viait.
:,. Book s of travel which I hav e read , and the cou11lrie1,
etc., dcscri bctl in them.
0THEn SU B JEC TS.

1. Th e Stud y of Geography.
2. Th e S tudy of History.
8. C11ltivat.ing Flowers.
4. Obedience to Parents.
.'l. Giv in g Wny to Anger.
G. Early Hisiug.
7. Treatm ent of Animals.
8. Learning to Draw.
!) . Attention to Dress.
10. G oing to t he Cir c u ~.
In i::h·i n g nrJ.\iti o nal , 111 .jerts 11n•l er thi ' h e n<I , th e tench er sh oul<l limit hhnJlclf
fLS urc fo.wili itr tu th e sc liolur.s , an d iur oln.: n trn11sactlon of:;omc kind .

to :m1..:h

CHAPTER Ill.
COMPO S ITIONS ON A BST R

ACT SUBJECTS.

. h nYe lJce n g ive n of th cm~s \11v 11 \\'\11 g

AFTFR

n. sum c ic nt

n11 m l tl'f

o f c Xl\lllfpl e~l

•r l

r

1ransn1..: 'i on:-o.

tlS

in (' \l npt1..: r II ., the

.
•
·•
l° . . th l! ll t.!;' h
simply o bjects. I\~ in
Hl\• ...:
.,
l
s inv n\\'in g n.U~tnl.C' l ft\lll il lL'li.
schol£1r sh oul•\ \Jcgin tr1 111 11\crt1~kc t i~:1 ~:cry fttmiliar cliuru.ctl·r. Suc h t1. rc til e
stil l confin ing h imself to su c h ll!'i iuc o

.

.

followin g:

.

('I

t

and

;lllll P l

' , _. t
Excu11ple.-!:iuuJ
eC '

FEAlt.

OUTLINE.

l . A D efinition of fea r.
2. u~rs of fea r.
B. ~i g ns nf fea r.
4 _ ll nrc a~on a lil c frnrH.
5. 1\l·n,;" nal.1lc frnr::; .
C O M P O S ITI O N.

.. t i·tinful e111uti"n excill!J l iy an "l'l'rl' ·
1. Feur b J ,·fin e<l to li e ' ,1, . l ti . l ·finiti"n wl1ieh i.; t;ol;,· n
r
1 n•' ·r
I\
ll ~ ( l!
,
h c nsion uf i11q1 Cll l Ill ~ ta nt.; .
1 · · ~ · t ' l 1. l\ Cl \ i l'l:''· Fi r...:t, fv:l r
. .
. . ti •r e ar e fuu r t. illl r"'I~ u l.:
•
· I . it frv111 lo o •lilv :wH
. .
fro 111 ll 10 111 et1vn •u:,
'"
.
.
.
1· . . t11illl1. T h is {1i ...: \ 111 µ: 111~ H:~ ,
.
. ~
.
18 1111 C\llOl!Oll o lll '-'
. . I
'J'I ' . li till" ll !Sln•.; It [1 11 111
.
S
!I v it j .; \ "lllllll .
II ' ' '
n
.
nn<l alk<'tiun,. • ecvJH ·'
·
..
. I tli e \ii; ,·. TI.ir.1 1:-. it
•
l n ul i'J ll ~ ..:uch a~ p1 v ,llll.
'J'I .
man y other llll'llta l' I
. . '.
. . . . 1· " or \' l'\ t u ""111 c- .
,, ,
.
f ·0 111 ct\111\" 111\lll" IH llln'
"
1·
b excit .::cl in Yt ~ W 0 '
,..
. ., ··l f ... .li nc< ' " ·l1 i,·li l' <" " r
.
.
. f•
. • \ Ol' S t.' :till\ ut 111.: l :--,, \( I • • , , •
•
di:..t.\ll!!llbli C'S I t I Olll I t.: 11
. , .
. ,
\ ,
i ·\\' of ('()11\!!I ~ .\; 11q:1·1.
,·
··+F1111r1li\ Y. l l 1:-1 c .\l'll1..' t lll \ t.:
• l
1 ..
to " ·11;ot h pn,, .
.
.
, I f, .. .\in " ' ,,f that. k 11" " '""
· 1
it fro111 \., 11•e .ll "
· •
''
·
·
Thi s Ji s t i n~111 ,.; ics
. ' .. Tl1' .i .. 1i11iti vn. tl1 l" rct url' , 111 ·
k f
·J. t o i:o•11i11·• l" 1J 'l'1 11 c>o. . c .
Joo •.>l"\\' :\I .
'
n
.. Ji it b :; hurt .
clmlcs a gr ~at J.eal, altli u11.,,
.
3 10
1

,,:--.;

3lG

CO Jll'USJTJON AND RJIE1'0RIC.

2. Fear h :ts mnny uses. It mak es poopl e careful. Thero would
he a great 111 any more· crim es than there now are, if wicked 111 ft
" ·ere not afr:ii<l of tli e consequ c1w.l'S of wrong-tloing. Fear of being
d rnwnctl rnakc:< lwy~ 111 ore l'Hrcful nuout go ing into th o wat
r
er.
· t':l r uf i>a<l mar:k" or o'. other ki!llb of puni,; hm cnt sometim es k,-CJlll
srhl>ia r·s frn111 111 h l1ehav1n:.r. or l ro m IH.:g lcctin g th eir lessons. ll or!!tl!I
and dogs and utlrc·r an i1 11als nre rnade to rnin tl thruugl1 fear of th eir
111;1,;fl·r; but. that i,; n ut th o onl y 1111>tin·, for tl1 cy often seem to Jo
tl1i11 gs frorn alfl'ction, allll ei·c·n fr.,111 a 111bition anil from pri <lc.
:J . Tlru11 gl1 fc•ar j, 11 111 ent al, ,nut ll l1odily affection, it shows iL,df
liy liodil y ,ig n'" ·w11 en 11 !tursc is fri g litc11 ed, li e often t.remLlc~ ull
over, I.Jut gcncrnlly li e rnn s away, lot1king- wil<lly out of Jiis eye~
Wh en a <log is 11fraid, Ito hangs liis l1 ea<l 1111d snea ks away, with liis
tail droopi ng bet ween hi s lt:gs. .A lrn o't nil nnimals crouch und
lo we r their lr catls w lr c11 tlrey arc ufraiJ. In men, fonr sl1ows itsl'lf
chi ell y in tl1eir loss of colo r. A 111an 11· lro is very nu1 cli terriiioo
ge nerally lic('Of ll CS !'Jta~tly wJiitc. I hav e see n it Stated tl1:lt tl10
r ea'l•ll of tl ri s is th:tt tli c !.lood leav es tlt c face and ru slies buck
tuwanl the li 0art. P co]'I C wl1u arc fright..nc(l look wilJ out of tlio
eyes al so, ju:<t as l10r:il'S a11d utl rer n11i111al s du. Another c.01 11 111011
Hign of fear, l•utli witli a11i rnals and with 111 c n, is that it leads thclU
to <'ry out, sr rcnm , ronr, ur 111akc so111c otl 1e r frantic noise.
4. Fear is unreason al rlc wl"'" it. is wi tlio ut nny g-ouu canso, ur
11·li en the clrrng(•r n1•1•rcl1cndetl is i111 :tgi uary. lt is thi s kind of fear
wl1il'h lend s i.:.'.norn nt people to he afraid of tl1 c dark, or of witclr cK
nnd g J, o, ts. ll or'L'S ofhn g:1· t friglrtcned nt imaginary clanger.
Tl1 ey """a h·af stir at tl1c silk of th u stree t, nn1l th ey seem to tbink
it is ::<1> 111 0 11wnstc·r a!.011t tu spri11g- npun th e111 , and off they jump to
tir e o t lr cr side of tlrl• >treet. ll ursts se{· 111 111orc easil y fri glitened
tlran 1111y ot her n11i1nnl" liy unreal dan ge r. \\'h en a person looks
d u\\·11 fro111 tli c top of a lrnu 'c or of n l1igl; tower, lt e is npt to Le
nfr:1id , e ven tho11gJ. t!1 l'rC is a ~t ron g railing, 'n that li e could not
f:rll ov e r if lr u tr il'il. Tlris ,;ec·111 s t• 1 J,.., au unrca~onal.Jle fear, nncl
yet nl111 ost cverybo<ly frds it. 'r e li:n·c tl1e ~:trn e feeling when
't:rnding on the platform uf n railr oad stati .. n, a:; tl1 e e 11 :.'.ine co rn r•

tlJ11I1d c rin ~

"\\"l·

:rnrt

ari_• !1i. ·y11ud it :-: t'l':w! 11
YCt \\'(' iu·Tlw 111•>tl -- l1·1-.
...
fl. J.' ear i:-1 r· , · : ~:'n11:i!d1~· w! 1·_·Tl tl !1· t·\·il :q1 rir1·lwr111. ·d L..; r1·al. and i..., (if
~llt'lt 1n:q.:11it1uie tl1at. it i:-' li k,·l." to <«Ul :-:v 11.. . g-reat di:-=:tre:-:s. If a man
ll jl.

J.;:i111w \\' \.'

\'ol11111:1r i ly :--l1ri1il.; l 1:u·k

had falkn

llJ>ull

fr1,JJl

tl1c railro:id tr:1 ek, and lri .'i feet lra<l C':tllglit fast in

GOJIIPOSITIONS ON ABSTRACT SUBJECTS.

317

t he tirnbers, so tl1nt he could not get off, and li e sl1rml .J sec tlr o
train co min g nt full speed, Ir e would I.Jc li orri bly afr:.i tl, a11 1l lri,; frar
wonltl be perfc·ctly r casonabk. H a rn :ut had 11111nl ere<l anotl 1vr. or
had comn 1itte<l any grc·at crim e, lt c wo u!tl lra\· c r~a;;o n to li e afraid,
heca usc tliu ltand o f ju:;li(' c rnay at any time u\·c rtake liim. Tit o
IliLle says," He sure your ~in shall find yun o ut. " A rnan wl1n
commits a crirn e i:; lik e a man who is entan glt.. l on a railrrind tr:i1·k .
nntl h e kn o ws not wh en the c n;.(i nc will co mo ru shi n;; nlo n;::, and
overwhelm lii11 1. Jt i:; said tltat 1.l1 iuves 111111 liu q.; lar:;, t liu11 ;.;li :;u111 cti1nc~ d e~ p e ra te, aro great cowanbi, arHl, i11 LleL:d 1 t.l1t.· y l1 a\. . _\ l' l:H~"n
to l.Je. Th ero is one fear wl1i ch we tilwuld ull lruv e, 1ulll tliat i:; tlru
foar of Go<l our ~lak e r.
Note .- Jn teginuing a <'Om positio n on n !mhject lik e llic f11r r go i1_1g . it will
often be foullcl collven icn t to lJc gi 11 liy rnking n definiti o n fr()111 lh e dwt in 1rnry
Jt is not n eccsRary, h ow e ve r , n.lways to Lcgi n in U.lis way. The tcu.chc r sbuu!J
see to it tbat tb e mctho<l is vnrkd.

Example.- Subj ect, ME.)J OR Y.
OUTLINE.

1. The impbrtancc of being able to remember what we have
seen o r hearJ of.
2. How far back the writer can go m his rccollcctiou of
things which happened to himself.
3. Insta nces of very great w emory which we have known
or reacl o~'.
4. Methods of improving the memory.
5. Dan~e r of overtax ing th e memory.
6. IndicaLious of memory in auimals.
OTH ER SUBJECTS.

Fri endship,
Hatred,
I'l'r"e\·eranC'e,
I11.l 11,t ry,
1\ 11 1\,j t l<>ll,

llllprovemcnt of Tim e,
Advantages of a. Good E,Jucation,
A lfalii t ,,f l'ro .. ra-ti11:tti,'11 ,
Till' I l:ir1;:r·r of lbd l "lll!J' :llly ,
Tlr L' L'."'" uf l'rofar11 · La11;:11:1g<' .

N o te. -~ 11l 1j<_· l'L" liki· th'"' " ttr•· ,.,·ry 1.·,.mmur1,
rldi11it··ly Rt th e ol i~ f' rt·ti 1 •n ,, f !lt" t•·111·li1·r.
'>-

~·

~

U.llll

lll!l )'

l,c rnultipli··d

111 -

COMPOSITIONS ON JJ!A G I N ARY SU JJJ ECTS. 31\)
E xa11i1J l cs. - SuLj ect, T1rn .l\fAN 1:-.r

THE

Moo:-< .

1. By a Mi ss of Ten .

I do not kn o w from wli enci; thi s t•lir:.L-;c origi natul.

It is <· c rt a inl y
fal se, fo r th e re is no such t l1i n~ a,; a rnan in the 11won. But I kn11w
by my own expe riut rc, that tl1 c lun fic r you loo k ut tl1 e tn uon , 111 0
plain e r you <'fi ll see t!t c fu<"e. Tl1i s is ul l im uginaliun . Th e d a rk
places tl1 at we see, arc ca tt sctl l.y tho reflection o t t.li e Rttn slii11ing
on t ho 111 0 11ntain,;. Th e sailors t.liink tli ero i;i a man in t.11 0 111<>vn,
for tl1 ey l1 11vc ucen to 8e•l. [sec j. :-iultt C o ld l1a1·.li elur.-; ""Y' ti.at tl1 e
reaso n why tl1 u gi rb loo k s •> 111tt c h al th e 111 uon, i ~ lJecause there i~
n man in it. I tl o not kn ow anythi11;; tn ore about tl1i ::i s ulojc·ct tl1an
"the man in the 111 00 11 ."

CHAPTER IV.
COMPOSITIONS ON IMAGINARY SUBJECTS.
To Toa.chers. - Exerci.o.:es lik e th o~· C" n l rc n<h· r· .
.
.
up, e 1u1 Jiurd ly fidl t• J J1ei-'(.:t i11tile11u 1 ,. , .
. dg."cn, if ~cnnstc11tl y foll o"fd
o
' so 111 c r t:n m c-.:s of JJIVer t.
~u nw facility <•f cxp ressio11. But th ere is dn. 11 r
. : •
l 1011, Ii..-! wull .,
<' 111:-i h ·l'h' uf it." ll'ntliJw t< a s t f
·,
. ge r, ii the plun . il'! foll uwOO el ·
or <' Jilt:(' 1nn1l'al o.nJ mo1 ( t
~om t:t hi11g is lh.·eded tht..•rt:fu r c to ~ ti ti - . . . -- I J tHIOUl'l fo r mul ilm.
I
.
,
.. r ic 1mn1.p11at1on wh ich . tl
n 1"u:-it1tlwaysn1p111JlenfgT"-'atnc ti r ity if
J •
'
- rn
icyoungb
of 11\\'flkcning thi s fot: ult~· is to ns.~ign '11n~H~t~r 1) · n.ppc~l ed to . Th e betit method
110 reso urce J-,ut ~ imply
;nnk -· u .
cl I s u JJt <.:ts , In which th e schoht.r hu
l
.
c I' solllet i n g out of hi s o w11 I e <l 'I'
w 10 h1l\'c lll!\·t·r lr it• tl t liL1.: pl 111 1 will !Jc su r )ri . ' It .
.
l-U .
cit.churl
rni11<1 naL11rully i!"(. F-: 11l'l1 tt plt\n.
· , .' :-:c1 i~ t111<lh uw 111,· e11tivc tll cyounr
. .
IH n u J em plu\'m g-, 111 th e
- ".
J 1t1~Jt1on , the t1nuuatic u11U {' f Cll li\" c tnlcnt wb i
I
ex.crc1se of COlll·
tl1 cir l'i )'orL-s.
t:
n uiu1;1 t all children show Ju
•

,

e')

'

•

lo

·i1

ExanlJdcs of this sort of compo~ itions arc h·e n h
. .
Jn ex hibiti11g t h o:-;e nf th e snrne kind t 1 ti g
Jl ~ re, fo rpract1cnl convenlenoe
tu u:-; e i•x c rd"cS fJf tlli" k: I .
l igt' tc r .
u t Ill nct 11altcnch i11g,itisbctttt
1
. .
.
Ill• lll lt>ri· i n11 gt•n l1 ty· wi[h tho se d cscrib :l.
,
. , 11., Hiid 11 1. TJ 1e lt'al'li L'r JJill\' l1t·gi11 to u ss i ~11 - l/
.
.
- ~t In <.: ha ptcr1
co 11 ~ id c r11li 0 11 n.... suun ns th e sd;nla r has w~itt~n ~- ~1\' JcclS o J \the krnd r_1ow under
tli u:-:e in ('liilplr-r I. n11~1 so tli c p rani.,
.I
. o o r three compos1tions like
ti uu at J ll 1rn11gli th~: t' XCrl'isl's In tJ ,1 \;. lll~l) I 'L'con trnu cd as nn occasional varlab fl g(•od <1ri c n t l'\'t·ry ..:tit· r ~ vf ti
it. ir~ t lrl'l: d iaJilcrs. Indeed, lhe p ractice
vnluabl e in t h e early- ~·Ill!!~~.
IC: pr1)cc::..-> of It:aruiJJi; to COlllpose, th oug h lll08t
J fl us:-;igniJ 1g lht·:-.t: iu1ngi11nrv s uhj ec ls n o prplim i1rnr .
.
.
is p o:-;s ild e. An o 111Ji11 c- Js ti~.~cd ti i1 ) 1l lo.·. i Ot,1th~~e JS JH~eded. 1"'one,
li c·rc there is 11 0 lin•.;.;is o f l ogic to IJ11 i ld II un: t,
~i ca~ _co 11s 1d:rnt~0t1s, whcreu
edly to th e cuprke o f th e i1rrn.g i11ntivn ~Yor,ki::t•tu1~ \\lil<~lc U1111g.1sl eftd csigu .
will."
'
g
cv n m g to " Jts owu sweet

fn~kt.·d,

1n)'< tei1d of mnking lip C'xnmpl e~ lllld l' r thi H h <.:nd T . ,
.
.
fi t"tunl l.y wr iltl'll ns ~(' h oul l'Xt.' r<:i~L~!', urnl wi1hou r nnv,rx 7~~c ~om c which wero
th e wrncrs thut Ifi e e x i.:n• ises w1111ld l'\"t•r np . . ~ . r cc.t~tt1 o n on the pnrtof
II tl . .
C .
prnr "' pr in t. J h(•y Are gi vc11 . b
a.
IL' lr llllpL'r L' t · t11111~. as tht'rd1 y ~huwi11g- bt·t ter tlic rt: n l ·-J, -'
Wit
r i se. :--=om c o f tb em, il is lrn.rJly r1etc~su ry to say nrc fro~ rneralcter olf t~1c ex ~r·
u.utli o rs .
'
x .reme YJU vt:n1lu

318

2. By a Miss of T hirteen.

It !tas bee n nscc r tained by ~ric; nti fic obse r vat ion tli nt the 111oon i~
uninh ali itcd , Ly rt.':lSo tl of it.=< ltc:i ng su l111 t as tu be ttna l•le t11 'll['port li fe. A 111 11 n \vitl1 "il:1 1n and1·in e q naliti l:s rni gli t l'" '"il.Jy lw alt
inliabit:in t of the lttn:11· re:1li J1 ,.;, a111l 11nly :t rnan witl1 su .-11 'lllaliti e.-<
cun \\" C suppose the man in the IJ1 •1n1 1 t u lie•; but , 011 ! wl 1a t a .'t retd1
our ima ginatiun }tag to tak e to imagi ne s111·h a 111 a n ·l:il otts tl1ing.
Th e 11rnn with wli om l h av e fu r111 ed an acq11ai11tan ce c:u 11 e into
existenc e abou t a <-c nt.ury af te r tl1 u Creal io n. J.,,...,, tindi11g tl1:1t it'
th e m oon h ad not su111ctl 1ing to tet11p c r its li g ht to !J11>rtal 1:.H"'· it
would ~o dazzle as to blin<l tt s, pl:tced Iii>< deforllled t·l1ild \ "ulrn 11 in
th e sulitc rra11 c1rn va ults of ~[ uttnt Etna, t l1 ere l11 mantti'aL"tttrc· a ,l ,ic:ld
to protc-c t u ; fr o1 11 it8 b rillianc·y .
·vulca 11, b1..· i11 g \'l'l'Y i11 gc11io11;..;, fi r:-i. t (·011 s tT 11 d(:d a wo111an, hu t fiflding she li rul so g reat a pro pensity fu r runnin g a fte r tl 1c s 1111 il iat ,J,e
was n e ver in l1 e 1· pla ce, li e tl11·cw I. er into the crater u f \ "c:;u1·i11 .' ,
and tl1 l: n s(·t a'.1uttt co 11 sl rn f' ting so t11 etl1ing m orn l:1Jil11 ri11 g. !! 0
wi shed to mak e somel liin g jnst tli e opposite of 11·c11 11 :.lll , a111 l Ii i;
mind i111lll e<liateiy sett led on a lll nn a8 !t er antipo<le,;. :-io li e se llt
hi s w o rkm en to :3 tro111buli wl1il e it wn,; in a sta t e of ernp tiu 11 , l•J
coll ect tl 1e Lurniu;; laYtl ; and l,,11·ing b ruug l1t it tu E111a, li e t111>1 tlded
it wi th lii > own l"t111l s into 1l1 c: shape of u 111:u1. Vukan then <"oul ed
it, nn 1l , 11·he n su:lic ie11tly cold, <:urri ecl it to tl1 e cuurt uf Ju1·e fur l1is
in Rp cct.io n.
Jove was J cliglitctl wi1h it, anJ wi ~ liin g t o confc·r as gr1·:1l an
h onor a s po;:sil.1l e o n \ rulc:111 , li e brC'a t lt l'.J i11t.u th e 11 ust ri b ul" tl1 e

320

COJJPOSITION AND RIIETORIC.

la va man, tliis being th e greatest ho nor that co uld be bestowed.
Ynk a n th en carric<l it ba r k to E1n:t, 1111,] kt1·ing heated itlutli e
l1i g hc,;t pit eh, tran "< purtt-1\ it up to th e 111 ,lo n, w lr crn, instead uf
pla .. in g it diree l ly in th e int eri or, he ,; 11 spe 111l ed it by a cord from
the tl m 1 ne of Jui-.; at th e hack of it. li e th~n in cl in ed the man 80
that hi s no se, m outh, a nd rye;; pro,i er tcil fn1111 tir e outside of tli o
m oo n, thu s tempe rin g th e li ght, and ma king it more pl easant to our
C)'('S.

This is th e ori gin of tir e man in th e moo n.
Tli o fea tures uf th o mnn proj ec ting lia rn gi 1·en ri se t o the story
of tl1l' 111unntai1rn in tl1e lll oun.

•

3. By a Miss of Fifteen.

From ea rl y cliil1lh o0tl l harn alway s ent ertain ed the most profu11n,1 re,;pcct for this pcrso nn gP, a1Hl pres1111rn I e1•c r shall, for
r easo n ~ ,:o me of ll'hi cl1 will be "lat ed in my brief acco unt of him.
EYen t he me ntio n of li is nam e, u111:1p1 all cd in th e a nn als of timo
for simplicity, fill s o ne with 1ul111iratiun and nwe. Il e bears no su rnam e·, and lii s for nil y nrt111 e is unknown. Thi " was lost by a fut nl
IHTident. 1\ co rn et ll"t•nt wl1irling 11r•>1111<l tli o moo n once, and by
it ; e xtr,•111 0 1"t·lu('i.t.v i;.:11i 1ed tli e par!' l1111 cnts co ntainin g the record
of tliis illnstriou' fa11rily: tl111 s ll'as lw:t t o s111·<·ecding generations
o ne of th e IJ1·igltt c't nam es tk1 t CH'r illu111inatcd t ir e sola r system.
Th ere is a t rad iti nn tltat he <kl'linc•d c· 1·C: 11 tli e not.eel nr1111es of tlio
G recian god~, rt1Hl ,:co rnfull _v rt·.kdt:i l tir e lt onora!.l e on es of Jupiter,
~atn r n, Nept nn ,•, ~!: tr', \[,' r (' ur~·, 11 11d 11 1n ny o tlt crs, but sea t them
t o tl1 c plan et; whid1 nuw bear tl1 C'>'e n11111 c". li e d oe~ not depend,
h O \\fC Yt\ r , 11pn n ~llc l1 tritlin .~ c·ui nc·id0n(· l·."' f11r r~·1111fali o n.
If t lt oro arc otl1vr inl1:1!.i1 1111 l,; of l1i s 11ati1'll orlo, li e• i; ,ufiieieutly
l«' no11·1w1l to J, c 11 11iq·r,:;il ly kn o11·n !.y tl1 c 11n os tcnt11tiuu s cogno m e~
of "tl 1c rn:tn. " a111l en· 1111t t li e dist:rn ct· 1i'f tll'o li1111!ln•d 11nd fortv
tl11>usan1\ 1nil cs, t li e 'i11q.!,• titl e " l/11: ?/lflll int he 111oo n " is procluim c;l
wi t lt rc1·erenee am ong tir e nat ions.
ll a,·i ng ex ltan sted my knowledge in r('1rnrd t o my he ro's name, T
will pruccc1l t o dcsc ril •c Iii ,: pe1·.-0 11al appe:i ran ce, hop ing he will not
be low c rc,J in 111 y hearers' c,qirnn ti un by th ~ lll' l'<>11n t.
Ti c l> n~ a 1·ery 071 e 11 co un tcn:11w r , lnlf lack , ,·x1•rcssio11 , an d if ono
vie \l' s him o nly II' hen turn c1l foll fa ce, lrn lwi~ unytLing lrnt an uni1111t l\:ll CUl ll J\L'n :tll('c'.

,

321

C01'!POS!TIONS ON IMAG!1L4RI" SUBJECTS.

But J can crn•l e th e startli ng fa ct no lon ge r. Alth ongh lri; fea tures !ll'O good, he is eith er nll hea<l nnd face, or eb e he possesses
tl1e other attributes of tl1 e l111111:tr1 frarn e in n \'cry <liminntive for111,
tl 1at is, ncco rJin g to our pli y;;iulog ical id ea..;; but und o ul•tcdly correct principl es of t hi s scie nce as bdievcu by th e iolial•itaut s of Luua
are far ~ np c ri o r to o nr own .
Well, we will nat urally speak of l1is posi ti on in life ne xt. H e h:l s
nl wny s stooLl Yery, very lii gl1 in ~oc i et.y; e Yen tli e g r eate~t kin :,!S
and queens of earth hav e bt·en obliged t.o look 1171 t o him . Jlis chnracte r is un s11qrnss11 l1le. If tl1i s wern not tlr c ease h e woultl 1H:l'(: r
hav e re tuin ed hi; exalted position.
Tli c r eco nl of hi ; nge wa s lost at the Ra111 c tirn c tk1t l1i s n111n o
perished. Bn t that he hn,; 11rri1·ed to tli e yea rs of rna tnrity, you
will Leli eve when I inform you he was a man wh e n my i; rl'ut- gre:1tgrand f,1 tli C' r was fl boy.
Some up start s !Jave made faint atte mpt s to prove liis ex i,;kn ce
ft1lse, unt \l' O wlll (thank s t u our early edu cati on ) continue to cry,
"Lo ng liv e th e m an in th e moo n."
4. By a Young Lady of Eighteen.

Thi s most ang n ~t clt a r:l C'lc'r, wh o orc npi cs so co n ~p i cnous a po~i­
tion befo re th o eves of tl1 c world, i,; 11n1p1es tio11:1lily tl1l' most an cient pe r:;on11 gl' of \l'l1i l' li t l1 c inlt:1J ,it:llll ' (J f tl 1is 111u11d:t11c• 'J•l1"r1'
J 1 avt~ an y knowll'1l gc. Tl1 e poor old \\'a11d ,· ri11 g J ew sJi ,, 11 ld no t l•e
J11 e n t io11 e 1l in th e sarn c da y with 1ii111 , fu r llil'rc i~ 11n (' 1H 11p:1ri ....:.o t1
Lct w ecn tl1eir n;.;t·~. H1:fPl' l' :1 .fl·\\' wa:0t t ·\·f'r ~t:cn llJH'l1 :!it' •. ·:1r~l1,
thi,; old nrnn sat l'lltl1r<111 ed in tl1e lll• ><1 n. and tlt<:1·e 1> '-' 11 ill !'1>111i111":
t o the end 11f ti1111•. Ht· <'.t·l'tai11ly hultl :-:i his fl'...':1...' n:fl1arka l l_\· \\· 1·11 ,
0

for. altl1ou :. d1 11(: i:-< ratl11_·r /. .!T:t_\' , l1 i:-; l' _\' l: i:-1 a.-; l i-i :. _r li1. an d ! 1i~ qrr-r1 _~.. 1l1
u11U act ivi ty are n ~ great a9 wl 1u1 lie t i r~t t uuk 11u:-::-;1.·:--:-.iu11 i_•f Iii:-<
1

(.~Xaltl'd l''i~itio11.

Th e H 111:u1 , , i:; Y1.•r y fund of tr~L\.('lling. and i . .:. t: :1 :--y ant\ ~r:1('1·t'1il
in all /,i; 111 111·e111C' 11 t;: :l " :ill ll'ill afiirm wlw h:t\'l' ,. ,·" r ll';it•·iil',\ lii111
~ailin g 1unon ~ the l'lo11d s in a p ll'uS:tnt 1...•\'l'ni11;:.

Tl 1e

11 11 H1JJ

i ... Li..;

i 11-

se p:tra ble cu111panio11; he l'arri1·s it 11·i1!1 l1i111 ll'i>< ·r" 1·,·r li.: i'"""· :i r,. \
t ak(·s th e be,:t cu re of it. AstrOfllllll<'r' ttll 11 s (:111il th t> y , 1,u1ild k11""'·
fur tl1ey Sj>Cn1l u great d eal of ti1 11 c i11 uli,;er 1·i11g l1i s 111 1>\'c·111t'lll" ) tli:it.
h e carries it along at th e rat e of i:i4,0UO rnile; a Jay. lie 11]\\':J -" tak,·,;
th e 8urne route. Th e ell rth Sl·e111s t.v pu;;;;cs;; ;;01 11 e l' eculir1r ultrncV

322

CO.lfl'OSITION A.YD RHETORIC'.

t ion over l1irn , nrn1 li e ><pcmls Id s wh ole tim e in trav el ling ronn<l nnd
ro und ou r pl:rn et, though at a great di ;t au ce. l never l1 eanl of liis
<l L·,;iring to come nearer pxce pt uni·(·. wl1i cli l will tell a bout prese ntly.
As to l1i ,; folll il y, we d o 1H1t know rnud1 . 1 rath er suspect old
Mot l1 c·r Goose is o ne of Iii ,; m·ar n·lat ion<, fur sl1e ,;ee ms to 1nake
frL· <p1 ent e x<·u1·,i o11s in that tlirL'Ct ion , an<l is the only one wlw i~
al1IL· t o l·nlif(hte n uamu c h Co ncern in;; hi s habits. If lltnt ol<l " CO W"
,11 e tells u~ abont, who once ju111pe<I over th e moon, could only fiml
11 tungn u, 110 doubt w e 111igli t re1·.:i,·e llllll'h valnnble information
fron\. her, for she certainl y had a uwst fav orable opportunity uf
O\'c·rl oo king hi s 111 0\·e rn e nt s.
I imngi11 e that :;ree n c heese is t he lllan's C'hief arti cle of di et. He
seems to hav e an 11nli111iteil supply of it, a11tl it h as th e rernnrkaLle
prnpert y of th e widuw 's c · rn ~c of oil. l t nc ,·er :;rows less. l s11ppo!-'e li e YL ry 11aturally g e t ~ ti1·t•d :;cn 11 t:·ti1ne:-; ea tin~ tlil s one tl1i11 ~,
11rnl wi"l1l'S fu r 11 ~realer n1riet'' · Mother (;oosc• tells us a short
~to ry al.out h;m'. \,:·hi"!' I tl1ink f;wm" th e trnth of thi ;; suppos itieon.
It secrns tk1t on e day li e bL"C':t 1ne rernnrk11bly hun gry, and liis sto111 acl1 Cl"ll \'c'<l ~0111c·t l1i11 :; lie s i<le~ g reen d1 eese ; so he form ed tlie dete rminati on tn cu1!1e <l o \rn to t lie nlil><le of men , nnJ get something
<lifkrcnt. \' c ry early one tin e 111orning, ha,·ing so arranged matter;
thnt tlic m oo n co nlti i;et alon g " ·it l1011t liirn for u sh ort tiru c, lio
st nrte1l , ~nil. ri<1ing upon 11 lieam of light nl hi s usual rate, he reached
th e eu rth in nb(Jut fo nr 1lny~ an<l n l11ilf. I t \l' fLq just nbont noon
wl1c11 lie arriYc<I , allll after 11 Iii tic di1li1·11lty in ti11di11 g l'Junvicli,
wh e re I ~ llf'J>O'"' )(1ltl1<' l' C:t1osc rc,i1led, h e sat tlo\\·n with he1· toa
di11n er of C'"lil IH' Hn ·porrid µ:e. ll!'rc 111y fec lin p • ovnr.01 11 e Ill e. 'l'li6
sce ne wliicl1 foll11we1l lmt11" ~ d csn ip tion. :\las, u11fort 11uate 111 un,
tlint yulll' tirst e:q•Ni c11cc li erc should lw "" bitter! At such acatnstroph c liin;!un gc fails 11 ~. t:;11flicc it t o say tliul, \\· hil e busily engaged
in passi ng t h e sa id porrid!!C fr om ]ii:; plate to tl1c rnv ity in tho
]own part of liis fare . wltid1 wa" m:1t1 e for the pnrp osc of receiving
urnl mn:; ti cnt in g food , be su1ld e11ly bcc11 m e cu11scious of a peculiar
sensation wl1id1 h e hntl ne ,·cr. before e xperie1wed; in s hort, he bnrnt
liis m onth. Aft e r thi:l sad e xp e ri ence h e retnrned t o his ol<l quarters
in the rno nn, :111tl I h:l\· e m·,·e r heard tlint Ill· Jin, 'irwe fl'lt any in·
clinat io11 to re pent Iii ~ ,·i:;it.. ' i'l1i~ 1111e1·dnt u ; J1 u ws us \·e 1·y C<lll<:insiv ely tliat li e 111ust e 11j11y fl n·rt !'""! t clllf'eratur e generally, 11111!
fr om ti .is we 111ay <lruw tli e infe reIH' l', as u sort of co rollary, tlrnL
w e nev er can r(·Cd ve nny heal frorn th e 1noon.
1

CO .lfI' OS ITI OXS

nv

3'..!3

J.lf.1(,' /i\"AHJ' SCJ;JJ:CTS.

J n eve r kn e w u11til Ja,t cn·ning that th e 111:111 w:1.'< ,.,.,.,. tr >1 1l ,J ,.J
\\·ith llHHh.\...;lv. 1 know nf a 1111111b e r t1f y(JllII;..! Llil i1.. ·..:.. wl1 11 . 1: d1-.i1 1 ~
a1Ju llt liilll, ,~· l' re Yt...·ry :1nxi~Hh to (':tt('lt a ~!li11111 ..;•· t1t' l1i..; f:ln'. h11t.
lie pe r,.; i, te ntly hid hi111 se lf bel 1i11.J a "liJ11d . Tl1i:; '"" 1·n111l!. 11""·.
ever, h e 1lrn!!gecl lllL' 1111!. o f b<:il Ion:; J,,.fu1·..: l l1:1<l tl1e ,11;c li1.- ,.;t 111 cli11ati<1n tu leave tli o ple:b :rnt lan<l of Xod.
Jli s pri 11 cipal orr npation at l'r eSL· llt :-ec 111 s to eon,i•t in takin .l! a
't
t rs 111 a r·1,11ti1111al
·
~ c neral 0Ye1·"i;.;ht uf t I1c c:1rt I<, an<l k·e ep111~ 1 s wa e
stale of ngitation.
So ni t:t irnc::t lie e x e rt ~ fl 1n y~tt• ri ons in tl1 i.·n4· u o\'l· r punr 111 o r t:d :-1 ,
0

wl1i r h fn·1111 (• ntly prodw_· 1_·~ vf•r y qw. •l· r t•fl\. . 1·t ...i..
c ki·: t . . i• 11ia ll_\· \\ . l'
·
Il I
n -'t ru 1' k \\. !1il1.· in 11q _'"1)llllg' l'Ollp Ie 1JC lll g' ~ lit j i' ll )' lf~()p ~
ce n t.Ir 1.• njnvin~ :tn c \· c ni11~ walk tobctl1el'. 'l l1i..; i:-.: n 11 t g(· 1wr:tll ." ~t_)
innn 1. : ili:lt.l ·l~' f:.tl:d il-4 '41lll"'fr•~k•\ lint. fn•q1tl'ti tl y it 1·: 111--•..: ~ 1!1(• unt't 1 rtnn:tte vic·ti~111 -.. t o \\'i·dt tl1t·y \\'\'r1· 1k:1c1. al!d t!11·ir Ji,-, ,...; :-'t· 1·1 11J1 1 r 11 n

}1 c ar of:\. p o or

sm ootlily afterwar1l. I w oul< l :uhi"c all y•>llll g ]'L'"l'le

'L tbe iuan

iu

\>.

l<J

l1L·\1 ar1·

11

f

t.h c 111u u1 t.''

E.r,1111ple.- S 111>j 0ct, Cnu:~rnc~ .

THE fnll owin ~ romJi'•'lil\,111

\ \' lt:".

written liy a l_;,1 y 1°f 11\!l P.

lt \..; i.:i Yi' ll mf'rf·ly

to sh o w lh c fa c ili t y tiJr in\·c11tiiln whil'h c liildrc n n:ry t·~rly :-: 11rnd 1mes e xl11! J1t.
Th e b(Jy wns tol il not tu pu l i11t11 tlie ('o rnpo~iti•• ll nnyth111g h e liud n:at1 H.h· 111t
Colum bus, !Jut tu mttke it all 11p c1 ut uf li b uwu l1 l'll.d.

By a Boy of Nine.

C.olnmli\l '! ~ t :lrt<: 11 fr"'" E11;.da111l t o <li'""'·1·r :\J111 ·ri>·n. Ill' "."'
th e Ji :ip py O\\ nor uf a :; 111all r<) W-hn:it , nnd h:i•1 twu li"<>J' · P"l''' f'.,r
pr <1 J1t·lk r,i. !I L· t<1nk "itl1 hi111 a lo:if ,.f J.11·:<.J "1· l:1111-l :1"'k "l. :111.!
1111 old lirim-bon e, ahm !Ji, broth er :\it·,,,},·l11t1,;. Iii ,; l• rutlil'r i1aol :l
hat tliat m ca:rn1·c<l the 111ill'S arn11nd tl1 c liri111 . lk t .. uk wit Ii lii 111
for ~ii ci . .·t.Y ~\ pi;.:, a <:at, and a rat; for ft·:lr ti1('_\" \\' n11 l1l qu:uTe1. 110
placei1 th~ rut in a ,\l;.'.fll'-ho\\ I. th e cat in a •alt -1"' ' a11 d 1l1 L" I" .!
in tlie caliin. (',1] 1n 11 111 1...; ":-; \\·atd1 wa.-; i11111H: ll""l' : tltt~ l11°111· -l1a111l w:t~
fi fty feet J un~. O ne 1hy tl1 c pi~ tor1 k a \\·alk on th e 1 k<'k , :111 1l ~"t.
cliz;.v :tnd f,.]1 r1\·C:·rl1t);1rd, :1 ni l ,,-:1:-; 1lrn\,·111 ·d. 111· w :l"i 2 yP:tr:-: .. :~
tn n t;tli-.:, ·1 ,,.,.t·k~ . !") d:1~· ~. () ho11r:.i. , ~) O 11 1i 111It 1·"" · :1lld !") 11 ~ 1 · <· 11 11i\...; ~ itd
at the tiine 110 di L" d . ~oon aft 1.. · nvar1l 1 ('u]11111l•11."' di~ c 1J\·i-r·t ·d tlic
Guanaliani or Cat. 1"l:u11 1, so nam e•1 0 11 accon11t of the tre1u e n<lu11~
0

numb er of cal B p eo pling the island.

32-!
ON J :JIA GI1L4.RY SUBJE C T S.

OTH ER SueJECTs.

-1._.,...,.

1. A L etter from OJd Moth er Hu bbard con-..r..
2. A •'rue and Reliable History of J ttek ff
3. The Early History of the Fly that
ht

Parlor.

4. A Day with a Afo rmuid Ur1tl r tit
5. The Explorations of u 'Lark ln lb•
Indiaman .

G. A Tour on the Flying Dur.ch

7. A11 I11voluntury De~ nl iotc> • V
8. Our First W o man . Prt~id <'ttt..
9. Th e Chi11um a n'8 Fi l"!!t Imp ~ifj
10. Young A n1 eri ea Trn111<portt-tl l*<'.11.
11. When My Ship Comes in.
12. Why?
13. Among th e Tigers.
14. Captured by a Crocodi le.
15. Moonlig ht Revery.
lG. 'Vhispers from the Piuca.
17. Wh a t I Saw in a Dream.
18. My Opposite Ncighlior.
rn. reck ed on an I ceberg.
20. Set Adrift i11 l\1id-Oeea11.
21. A Sojourn on a Dc~e rt Isle.
22. The Man who'Ncver F orgot.
2:3. Prove that the Moo11 is 11 ot mud o of Green Cl1
2+. L etter to tl1e Mun i11 th e Moo11.
25. D escription of a J ourn ey i11 a Ball oo n.
26. A Vi~it to the Merm a.i118 i11 th c•ir Coral Oro\'I~
27. 'Vh at I H eard and Saw wl1 en I 11~1 ~d 111y Iu vi~ihlo R1
28. A Day wi th Adam and Eve i11 Edc11.
29. A D esc ri ption of the First Day after Adam and E"
left Eden.

'V

'

30. Th e Good Fairy, and what S he Did.

31. Th e Bad F airy, and wh a t H e Did.

325

•; 32. 'Vhat would have Happened, if Columbus had not
. :pisco vered Am eri ca?
. .
.·
33. 'Vliat would have bce11 th e Cond1t1on of Europe, A8ia,
and Africa, if Am erica had not been Discovered ?
34. Do Ci rc u mstanccs mak e Great M en, or do G rcat l\Iea
make Circumstan ces ?
.
35. 'Vould it be an Advantage or a. Disadva nta ge, 1f th e
Philosophe r's Stone should be Di ~co ~ e red?
.
36. '.Yhat would be th e H.esult, 1f the Nati o.ns we re sudden! y to fiud th emscl ves S peaking and R eadrng but 011e
· Lan guage ?
37. A Y ear of Total Darkn es~ .
38. A Y ear whi ch should be All Day.
39. One Man 's Li fo Pro lo11gcd to a11 Un usual Length, say
, 500 or 1000 Y ca rs.
.
40. Mun Endowed wi t h the P ower of Flight. .
41. One l\fan in th e P ossession of the Fountam of P erpetual You th. b.
23

\

I' ER S ()NA f,

CHAPTER V.
PERSONAL NARRATIVES.
A:xoTHER rlnss of cxerc l!'CS, well suited to develop in\' cntlon M" u
8
t\11..·
funnnlity to wld t h
ure JiaLlc, is
1\~rrut1w~:;. Tli c~L' lltHrnliYc~ mny either he rc1Ll, giving 1rn oi·i·o u nt ,,(
t l11 11g \\:h1ch tlil' \~·ritc r h as experienced, t-; uch a!! an c x cun;lon, & trip ·10.., 0#
to'.111lr) . n11 d thl' ltk c ; o r they rn ny be ti clili ous, g ivi ug an nct.:u lllll of ,.,,~
ni.;rn i_u·y ntl·\·~n !urc. Th e~c n.nrrnth·cs, wl1 cthcr rea l or fi ctit ious, Hhould ~ ..

1 1_n~uk ~1p

~tiff

beginner~

tli~t of:~

0

tl.w tir:-. t J~t::."0 11, 111Hl tli c writ ers shou ld be encouraged to g iY c th e UMTil
" .h l' n J~ rn 1.·.t1_~·ulilc.~omet hing o f the dramatic forrn, i11trorl uci ng illlll1ii:n ('. _
" _h itl-~\\ n:; ~n1d liy ~h r ~ ('YC_rnl pnrti cs introduced . Som e c xnmpl cs will lJie rtn:-; thi.; bl· :-. t w ity 11f1l\u:-;tmt111g what is mcnnt. Th e y are from wrilt"5 of, ... .....___
ctegrccs of nrnt.urity.
_...,.

E x a11111les.-Subject, Jl o w I

SPENT lllY VA CA TI ON .

1. By a Boy of Thirteen.

Tl1e \";,H' alion wa s tl1.c t!tird \l't:(·k i~ April, arnl I cnjoyl,] it "tt'f ,
11111..li. l 11 0 g rcatc4 fa11lt I !tad to t111d with it \l' HS that it 11·a,, 1(11(>
,JJt1rt. t >11ly to ll:ink of it! \re lind been coo ped up in boar.J i~·
~<"!toul l' YL
' r 'Ince ( hn st 111a ~ , nml th e n to hnv e but one short we k 1
nur;.e h·es '. J; ut tlie school brok e up on Friday, and we did not lta1f,
to rC'l. urn until :'l!onday of t!te week fo ll owing vacation, so tlt t1t • •
!tad sc1·~1·al day" 0 1·er th e exact w eek, a nd we all mad e th o 1110
e1·l' r.v 1111n11 te. 1\ t ka.,t, I did fur une. It seemed H:J if tlw lo<'mno.
t11·c coul d n ot L'.k" 111 c f:t.'t enoug h, rrltl1011g l1 it tlitl ~tJ tliirty rn i
Htl !tour.
M•1· 11·1.-!t l'" 11·1·11. t f:i .,tcr t 11 •·111 ol<l "~{ 1 · . St"tlt
· lllf
~
11 , llll< J Ill
tl1 o u ~ l1t.~ I w:1 s l1<J111 c l1t·tu1·,~ I s tart e< l. W!1 y don't th ey ,:;ct l!<lflle
rn:1 c!t1n e 111 ."i'' J,y t0lrgra pl1. fnr lioy' t.hat are in a J1nrry t11 i;o h r~ 114
1rll til bo:11·d111g .:;c ho .. 11 :\I I "·lwoll1oy~, I 'm sure, ll'll1tld '" ~ "ti~
11.:.: l1t11i11g-tr:1i11. " -el l, r re:H' lt e<l t!t c 8l':ltion at las t, HIHI th ~ r1' •l•lOO
Hnlo, t. !t c dril' cr, !'111ilinµ: ris a J. n,kC't ol' el1ips, with old S•>ITl' l 1t1i.J 11,.
l1gl1t wngon, ready lo whirl us lwtnc; aud as soon :ls lit e rruin .,..,..

t"'

'

3:.!G

327

NA RR A TI VF: S.

off, w e jurnpe<l into th e wago n, aml in rtbo ut te n ll.linu tes t!te rc we
wern at t!t e tloor ! I don't think I 'II tell yon w!tat WM tl1e Jir,;t
thing done wltc.u I met moth e r and sis ter Jnlia, bccatbc only girl"
talk about such things. !3 nt afte r that was ove r, w!tat do yon think
was th e n ext thing I did ? Well , you 'II say ! ll' e nt wit.11 lirol li e r
Hen t.o sec th e new colt. No, yon aro out tl1 cre. Wo:ll , tl1 c> n. yo u
f(U ess we w ent to the J.a rn-ynrd to see th e tin e brood of ('itickc n ~
tl1nt Tom h:l<l been writing ab out. Wrong again. Well , I 'II tell
you. Y o u see, I !tad not bee n !t ome sin ce C l1ri,;t111ns, a nd dnrin.1'
tlmt tim e 11n im por t ant young st ran ger had mad e hi s llJ'J>ea1·a1we in
th e hou se, nn<I I w·as anxious to see those cnnning bri;,d1t C.''"" an<l
funn y littl e pink toes t!t at sister .Julia Juul hcen writin g aJ.011t in l11:r
ktters, aml my fir st vi:;i t wa s made to t!te crad le in 111ot!tcr·~ rou111.
And, snrc enoug h, there he wa ..;, t!t e Llearest littl e lirotl1 1.: r tl1at any
scl1ooluoy cu11 ld wi sh to sec. But I hav e roac !t e<l tl1c end uf 111y
pape r, antl hav e not, yet got t.l1ro11gl1 t!t e first day of rny 1·acation.
Ro yon will ha Ye to g110's t.li e rc"t. Only, I !tad a real goutl tit Il l' and
lots of fun. l3ut I 1rns ri ght glad to o;ec t!te boys again wh en sd.100!
reo pened.

z. Also by a Boy.
First, I spent it, tllllt is, I spe nt every parti cle of it, so t li:1t wh en
a rri vet! bark here ut Trenton, I !tad not a large e nougl 1 piece left
t~nt. ont at intl'rest, hut I ltatl to go to "·ork to ca m 111 0 1·~.
A8 to
th e tn Odll of sp(• t1din g it, I ~ p e nt. part in t r:l\-1.: I, part in J>lay , !ltJ<l tlie
thirtl part in work. As I am stltllyin g book -kee pin g, l 'llJ'J'USC yun
would lik e to ha\'e a bill of pa rtic ulars.
Co tnm c nec< l h11;inl'-"" 01i~ day, April flth, 1878, wit.It cig!tt <lays in
han d as paid -up crt pilal.
Set u nt fro111 Trent on at qnart er of nine. nrri\·ed at La111J,ertYill e,
cli a 11gctl cars for Flrmingtun, 11t whi ch pl nee l a rri l' Cd at elc:ven
o'elock, took a stroll t!trou;.d1 tlt c tow 11, sn 1v quit e n 11 u1111Je r uf
thing,;, rl'111rn ed to t!tc dl'J>"L in tilll e for t.l1 e train , nnd wa' ,;oc111
travl'l lin ;..: in t.li e directio1t of Sr1 mcrl'i!l e. 1\rril'ill ;! at t!t at placl',
we nt t l1rn11 :.d1 t!t c sa111 e pC' rfurJ11 :1 11 ct·.; as at Flc-111i11glun. n11tl at l1:1lfp:t st two Wa ~ a g aill tr:tn.:lJill g' nt t}H • fa~t

l':lft • 11f

f'<Jlll' 11 Ji Jes :"Ul Ji o11 r ,

a11<l ar 1·il'(:tl a t. 111 ,v <h·,;ti11ati<1n at. til'l' o't·J.,.·k.

:\11 d 11<111· f.,r 111 .Y
j d-: ,·:-;, 11l11:; fi
large <JU:intity of rain, an d yo u hav e tl1 0 items for wh ieli I gave 3'17
of my varntion.
tl':lV \! b

l1:w k t () T're 11ton.

]{ (' \' e l':-'C tlii . :.. 1ni1111 ""1 11 few

1

328

r111y, the ne xt itl'lll, or, i11 oili e r \\' Ol'll s, S 1111<lries, to ineil1<lo r!'!M,
sl eep, 11111] play, wlii<'h Ja,t' co n>i>letl in gatl1ering wi!J lluw cr11, 1•ullin:; .11p 't•lll C:< to find ,;hell s, and bes t of all , hunting fur '1.da1111111<fo1'1
t.l1ro11gl1 t I . n1nr' !t wit!tunt gett ing n1y fod wet. The pri ce of thit
. it (· n1 was ~r l'f lll Y v:tl'ation.
Next item work, for whid1 l gave Hof my vacation.
Th ctie am all the items that arc necussary iu j o urnnlizing the
transaction.

·
l l it rnin Nl almof't.
·•]Jo an l cve n·thin 0" \\' ere e ve r so ni ce ; ill
.
f 1 .
11
t be nit o l uu1s
an<l (j ~ ~ ' ' ,
1 1 tn'' ther e arnl 1 cou' no
L
nll t.h e t11n e we lia< l l " •
I ' 1 ·k 1 t . aud cali.:o tlr o.:"'""' l
If 1 liatl !11Hl rca t II<
111<1·"'
Ji:nJly any.
i ie ,\ "8 \\'lien it tlid not rain ; 1111t tl1 c
1
· • . ti 1 . hon ·c al most all tl1e ti111 e ;
rni ;; ht l1.1v e gonll out su
t
J J Ii ·id to "ta v 111 e
"
ground w:1':l we' au
' . f -. L th e fanu t.linn J did nl :Saratoga .
EO l <lid not l11l1vle mu c h 1;1yo1~1~11;1;:y bdorc ~elwul be;;an, a nti tl1 a t
'V e reach e< io rn e on
d I J o good of 1t
"" if I hutl s1rnnt my vacation an ia n
.
rna k es me f ee I =

3. By a Miss of Twelve.

Ti e're j t is-th e ,·e ry fir st w eek of 'chool, nnd we ha ve to writo
Our ll'acl1L·r "ays \\'C 11111 sl II' rite ubuut " h11w I
8pe111. rny vacation." I 'J'l'llL mine j11,t, as l oJ'tcn 'JlenJ 111y 111011cy,
a111l I l1a\' e no gooLI of it aft er it i~ nil go ne.
I t.h o nght. tl1at \\' C \\'l11ill1 go aw:iy j1"t :is 'uo n as scl1 ool brok e up,
nn<l I tuld all th e girl' 1l1at !h ey wn11ld no t see rn~ ngt1in u11til 11fh·r
vacation was O\'L'I' ; but \\' <J di•l not ;;n fur "'·er"' lung. My Ma nnd
1~1y hi g sist ers di ll not ;:;c t nl l of th eir <lre"cs fini shed in tim e. Tli i;J
l1 acl been gettin g n•ady , it 'ce 111 s t o rn e, fur a year, and th ey !ind
scam stre«ses and ~e \\'in g -ma c l1in cs in tl1 c honsc for I don't kn o w" '"'
],mg. But it <locs tak e so long no w t o mak e nnyt.l1i ng, wl1 cn luilic'
dresse:<, nn<l li1 1l c ;:;i1·~ t oo, arc pufTc<l, nml rnffi e<l, and tuckt·il l'-0
1nn"li, to say not liin;:; of tlonlil e ~kirts and panni ers. Ilow I tli•l
wi"h t l1 ey woul1l go arnl tnk e rn c t.o t!te co untry with just my ultl
Sl'h nol-frocks! or ('(J llJ'<;C, 111 y ynnn g-l:icl y ~i s t e r8 tl1011ght I wn~ I\
fo1,Ji,h little girl , 1rn<l I s1q1pu<;e l wn:;; lint then l know wl1nt l want.
Afte r th ey w e re a ll really to go, it wa~ so lute in the Henson that
when \\' 0 nrri\' erl a t Saratoga, all 1l1 e gnml. rooms were tak en, nnd
w e had to he p11t 11p nt 1li o top of th e hu11 <;e in a littl e bit of u hoL
ru o rn. Tl1 crc \\'H S no plare to put our benutit'ul new drnssc~, or lo
drc:;s 011rse l\' cs in. I did not care so 111u ch for tl rnt; but my sisters
\\'L· l'tl real ere""' for t!tC'y lik e to ,;cc tli c1n:;clvcs wh en tl1ey <lrc:>t,
'11ed not to lia\' e 11 little bit. of 11 lonkin ;:;-;:;l:is8 that was not. 1111i..h
J,f~µ;er than your fa ce. I li:td to b u drc;"ed 11p so 111uch, wl1il c we
~lay c<l nt $aratog:1, tltat I conld not play nrnl rnn nbo ut as I wa11ic<l
to>, for 1'f:1 sa id I ,,·01ild i<poi l 1n y Ii i.' \\' dres ~C'~ that. cost so lll11 ch
nw nc.'·· and !tad so rn11d1 \\'< lrk on t lwm. A [t er we left Sarntoi;a
w e w ere tn " i'it 11 11 a11nt nf m y f:11li e r'~, wl10 lives in the rcul
l'Ollntry. I wa s sn glad \\'h en I heard tltat! fur I was sure t.hllt I
,..,.t11ilil l1a\·.._. ~Pllll: f1111 1111._•re. It \r;1 s a 1ar~t.· 1 1011~e. an1l tlic• ()!'('hard ..,

a compo,;iti un !

329

I'ERSONAL NARRATIVE~

CO .!!I' OS !T! O.V A:\'IJ Rl!E.'TOR!C.

4 . By a Miss of Thirteen .

.
.
.'
I tho1wht it \\' Ot1l 1l n cn· r com e. l
W ell, it was Yncat1on at Li; t. '
"
. . I
\\' Ce k with ,\11nt
to I>eh\\'are C.u11n tv t o "l' en1 "
.
l
-wrui going l ow n
·
.
·f
t ll"l'·el bv 111 ""':lt', but.
.
I thou"lit it w o111Ll b e tin e till o .
.
•
Nana.
"
11 . ···ter wh o l'11ga1 •e• I t< > "(·e ""J
I llJ> 'l sole mn o i 111111" '
"'
I
t
l
I
fat icr n1n c<
• .
.
l .· I t 1)· th for rcal' !tillg Ill."',.:;}•
ti ere Ulld 1nl O t JC 11 g I
cl
sufoly 1ia f. way '
'
1 ff we trott ed ns gav a~ twn .,J,l
.
.
"'o h e c·ille<l fur m e, 1111< o
.. . I
I
t111at1 on. ..,
• ,
.. s not lnlf ><O :;oil'llln in su ea,; iu
\[ r l~ c·1therstoll C " .1.
'
l
l
grn,;~ ioppcrs. . .
'.
l . I tl c J ·11nt I frlt quite ple:L"e'
11 • tl1 e t11n e w e renc '"' I L
I
wns out, nn< >)
I
. ·I· t. alJ(l ch ec kL"l tl1t~ bal!;.:a;.:e, a ll •
.
Il e hotl"lit t 1e ti c , e b •
I
wit 11 11111 .
o .
. .
·I . '" I clurn"c•I cars - but he \\' clll
J ~l th CJ llllt'll"n, \\ 1<1e
o
wh en w e rcac 1
. ·
I _ ·l , ·k an.I wi,.;Jicd m e ;.:nu•l -liv.
I
' J iy tick et fill' a t ie< ' •
\
on- ie .g"'"' ;:;~,c'r throtwh t.l 1e leath er luup uf t.h-c "he,. k, arlll J,..J,
I stnck rn y I ;!
. "
l
. •It: in tl1 e train. nn<l """ "'"11
. k
t' I t as !I ,·1c·e "c• ate< Ill~ 8e
m y ti c ·et a~ i;.:' .
. ' .
'\t h:lt tli e ""r~ ,1.,11J''"l at 11 1y
. k'
\\.. IV ' ll n rnp1.\ I :till. , ' • .
.
w I 11~ · 1ng n
<it' a l':trr la;.!: C P l all_\'
.
, I out I juinpc.! . liut Ile\ el tl · 1.., 11
~t,at1on, .tnt
,
.
.
l it "lowl y d;L\\'!Jl·(l ull 111y 1 1~'·
(l c~c rlption awai ll"ll 111y ('Dll\111;,!. :\n( ' ' ' . . _· '
o•\\'1•\"1 · r . 1l1 e rc I
.
. .·
I . t. th c v liad 11i:Hle :L nllcl ,tl,' . l I
m ghted vhwn t i.1
.
"
fT I t· 1rt"' fur th,· tl l' J"'t · lll:t,-l l' r.
a tl ere I mu4
be . .~u o
s ' c
.
.
.·
wns, an . 1
. . , ·ch of mv kt"":lP:•\ 1,111 1t 11" 1
.
e \· e rov1n~ aroun L1 tn sc •.tl
~
ri.
.
k ee ping one .1l )w ever tl~0. in an d.tl,l .:u11 l l thr11"t ""'. ,.J," ck in '" "I
n ot appear.
'
'
" ll ··' \li"" ., h e 1111,;wc·r•»I, a111
] j Ill V \l'l ' " " t " C.
L I e, '
..,
fa('('
nrnl <I e !ll :ll1l e •
.
. r n' r
.
I \ \\ 1' F
I J,, J' I""' ,,f
'
.. . ·J . rn-..t v .J val1 :-1.v , 111a r "
dr:q::~e tl fo1 \\HI .L _ ·.., ~r h·1,\ 111:1d1_' :l 111i-t :11-.:c . a nd 1 l:·T~ ' ·s:1-...:. 111_,.
1

.1

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l1 v lT \1 r !;l

th 1.,'. ul d

l ! l!ll \. l1._

•

,

••

..:.·,,

1 1
•

1\

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..

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··\I l

•

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i111

;11~d

l11·r1· '" :1 --

I

"k I··· ·i '1:-;.k111!.! (l\l tu u\\:l \\\ t i ,
.
l il::-- g \\ l
·
_
('. It'll l ' l l' 1 11 :tl-..11 ~~~
.
,1 n!li ·1 \, 111n ~~ :u11\ :-. 1·n 111)fl'" .
.t
..
1
with \11 :; (ll•l ><l 1 rl~ ll'' I· .·
. . l l 't t .. ,.,.1 ,,i., 111·. did 11" '.
, K . , tl , t \ '\ l1nll~J1I. 1 l'llll t II · 1 ' 1
f'U ch fl nu:-ot n o • 1 ~ 1.1 ·
·
.
l l 111 i 11i -.!l 1· r n11vr il \n'''· ~·\ 1r 1 • \YI l 1I :1II
11
,
.
I
\Y ell l wc,llhl 11 ' 1. l J:\\'IC ,_. i;lll>-c'
'rr' r.
1 . '\\ . " "iii du J,i11l '.
}ipW.'
rrl'C'i V H~ l<1t. pf ~q 1H\ :d 1 Ill_" \10\\· ..; :til t ! '.l! '~
.
.
\
1· .• .,[ ull Ii is :;en nuns, au<l 111111 loo.
l I«:lt 111;" 111:11'111;.'. il "111 II e -

TI (' \\' l1\11e - t" l 1

.

i

~ ::)""

330

C 0 Jf 1' 0 SIT In 1\' A N

[I

J'FH S OX.·1 f , S . t !iR.17'1 l ' RS.

R fl RT 0 R l C.

But it wns of no use to ~•· nl1l th e ,J ,.p nt-mastcr. He soon com p rl'h cn<l c1l tli c j ok e, and ah11 ost l1111 gli e1l ltirnse lf into convubions.
Aft er tlta t, li e "aid lie wo11l1! gd 111 e a wagon and drive me ov er.
;Jn,;t t
I fe lt, in my po c ket fu r rn y p ort c-rn onn aie. It was not
t l1 crc, and then tlasli c<l :wrn<s my mind a di stin ct notion of my
putti11g it tl O\\" rl hy Ill)' pla te wl1il e J ate my urcakfast. I tried to
e xplain ma tt e r,; to tlt e man , but li e o nly laugh ed th e hard er. At
last, a ni et~ · l o ukin g young g cntlc:man, \\' itlt a black moustache, cam u
al oni-: in u li g ltt wago11, anti I' Cry kindly t oo k me o ver to Aunt Marin 'a.
li e wns very kiutl, for he t elegrnpli ed t o Mr. F eath erstone nLout
my li:iggag(', and sent Iii~ on to liirn. Wii C' n w e reached aunt's we
fu1111<1 t l1 cm just startin g to mee t t li e 11 e xt train.
Wl'll , I had n go•Hl time, after nil. Aunt Mnria shortened a ni 1·e
gin .gl 1a111 wr a pp e r for m e t o w e ar. My hnl!i.:n :;e n e ver camo until
th e day be for e I Id! fur hom e : but Mr. Frank Lind en, the young
man with th e black mons tadi c, t oo k me back, so there were 110
m o re mi:;tak es.

•11

E:ra11171Tr.-~11hj r c t,

A Tnrp nv RAIL.

Tir r. fo ll o win g- nurru t h· c I:-- n ~ pel'illl l' ll of the nwn11er in whi1·h one may he Hl pp oscd to wr ite wh o i~w rp m1u 11re , nnd h n:-> h tttl 111 <1 re experi e n ce in writing. Jt
b in te nded to ~h o w ho w nrn11y lu:--tn1f·lhc tlii r1 ,1.r~ ouc muy sec in the courRCofan
h 1Jur's tru ,·c l by rnilro nd in 1rny d ir1.,•1·ti n n, (•r nt H.JJY lw ur o f th e dtty, if he wlll
onl y kee µ hi s e ye:-; o pe n , an d l e t hi!'i 111i11d w o rk upo11 wlmt lie secs. Ev~11 lhouJ.:h
li e g11 e~ on·r th e !-H lll P r on h· c n ·ry d1ty i n tlw y (:!\ r, lit' rnny en·ry (lny ~ P r snn1Pthin g u c w. Tl1 c wri te r 1.h:.-;c rihrs ll riJ e in llic u1r .-., frvw l 'l1iladdpliit1 tu Tr~11t.011.

1. By on Adult.

I

Th e 1:1, t tim e T to .. k my ~· · at in th e cn r" nt th e Kensington depot,
nil tli C> pnss0 ni.:1·r' w er e ~tartled hy a loud nm! an i.: ry nlterrntinn in
tl1 e ndj u inin g <':lr. 1-' l' !lr ~ of pe r ;;nn a l Yiuknce, p erlHqiB of lto111i cid1>,
111.:gan to lH_' C" X(' i t1: <l. A y f 11111!! 11111n. dn_· , ~ed a ~ a µ- t·ntlern an, l111d
f c.1rec'l 11i:-0 way r11d4·1.\· intfJ th e car known Jt "' tlt l' " La<lic~' Cai\ ,, n1111
in sistc·d n n r0I11:i in in:.: tli 0 r. ·. th,.,1 c- li n nt ac<'n m pa ni. d !1_1· n lndr. li e·
~a i d. <Hl pr r·_
.;:; '-' Jllin:: l 1i n1 ... 1·l f :d tl 11' e ritran1.J'. t ! 1 .~d li t' liad n Ja ~ 1y in
('111np :·iny w!1 n w:: ~ a Jitrh· !1r hiri11 i 1i1n, and h :1ving 11ff('n·d this ikli l·c·ra t c fa lse h ood for t he rnrro-c of tri<'l,in~ t he. do ork ee per, coolly
walk <:'<l in a n•l tnc1k n ''':1t. T!1 f• nflk i:i l. f:iitl1f11l tn liie lrnst, nn1l
tiridin;c !tini sL·lf dcTc iv1·11. fnll o 11·..,j the m a n into th e car, HNJ11aint rd
liilll c ivilly wit Ii the positi1·c natu re of th e ord e rs und er which tho
0

"
I
-

.

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.

Cfflij

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332

I' F: RS O ..\' . I f,

C 0 .II I' 0 S I TI 0 .V A 1Y D R 11 ET O R I C.

ar<l s, tl1 an by any inl1 t• r ent k11! in cl ina t ion. Fancy ruin s rn oru tJ 111 11
pass ion d ocs. S uch, at lenst, is 111.v co nvi cti on, tli e result of 11 protty

larg-\! acq uain tan ce w 1t!t yo un ~ n1 ~ n.

Jn ..1ilway tr11\' cl, l 11111 o ft1:11 led to w ond er wli at is tli e liislory of
th e ll C\1·,;IJoys wl1u supp ly u,; wit 11 ll C\\'" l'"l' e rs ant1 magazines. Jr I
n111 not mi stak en, tl1 cre i• a g radu:il i1npro \•e ment in th e clrnrnctrr
u f Ll11' '"' yo un g Lratlvr>i. Th ey d o nut sce 111 to me so rec kl l'ss as lli cy
used to I.'" · yenrs ago. Th eir L11 ,;in e,;,; mak es th em s har·p. But. gen·
erall y I Jrnd th e m ho nes t nnd cil"il. Taking n fun cy, t.Jii s mornin g, to
th o look s of one wh o sold m e tl1 e ·• l'ress," I th oug ht I would m 11 ko
tl '.c cxpc ri111 <' 11 t, iu fl ve ry s mall way, t o see wh at th e lioy was in uli o
ot. :-io, li:1\·i11!-i ti11i ,- l1<:d l'('; lllin g 111y paper, and sccinl.{ hi R "f• ><' k
lie a rly t· x hau sle'd , 1.L" h o was pass in g 111y St·11t ilului;tri ously plying
li 1~ t rad e, l 111 mle 111111 nn offl' r o f 111 y co py. I le loo ked nt Ill e verv
<' 11rio11:.-ly for a n10111 <. nt, ns if not ('0111111·e l1 endin g n1 y n1enning, nn:l
wl1 en at lt•ngt h h<.: 11111 lc-r·;tuud t h11 t I 111 c·an t tu gice 11im t he paper,
win c h nn hour hefu rc• I l1:td lio11;. d1 t 1\f l1im, hi s face beamed ull
On 'r w it h plea;. un·. nml tl 1e re wa s no 111ist:1ki11g tl1 c ge nuin eness uf
~1i s " Tlr:111k yuu, 'i r. " Tir e gt·11 t lt· 111 a 11 i11 fr o11t u f me, catching th e
id ea, !Ja n.J ed tl1 c l111y , in lik e 111:in11 <' r, lii s pa per, nnd a liuly on t.li o
ot l1 er s11l e of th e car ga Yc th e boy li c rs. AL eac h s uccessive ad,Ji.
tiun io l1i s st~k, it was wort.Ii t o us man y ti111 cs tli e fiv e ce nts into
." · lrid1 th e bn_v p r·c,;e 11tly co in ed it , to sec th e c \·id ences of good foe l111g und guo<l lirt' t•1li 11g wli icl1 it cal led ou t fr ulll him. 1 am alin ust
R11re tha t t li e bny li as a plc a sau t l1or11 e u111! a good 111 otl 1er. I co uld
n ot lrnt fee l as if I wu uld lik e to kn o w sn111 etl1 in"0 of liill lri 8 torv
· '
0 11t si<l o of hi s car-li fo.
1

E \·e ry reg11lar f ra n• ll c r 1w e r the 'o ut.l1 c rn end of tl1 c road be tw een
P l1il ad olpl1i 11 and \ e \\' Y1 >r·k. i" f11 11rili11r witli th e '' ~fopl c-caudy
Man." (\ o n ·111kr o f nrti c les upo n th e c11rs is f' 11c l1 fl gencrul fa vorit e.
lr:ul 111 i.<.<ed lri111 f<1r sc \· ~ ral 111 u11tl1 s. \\"l1at l1 atl become of
l1ir11 , nn •: ne st•e 111 "d tn kn o w. Tl1 e ll l' \'·"J.11y s l111d hi s ca ndy fur
A: d t..•, l1 11t I t. :-'l'l'l ll t..'d ~1 1 1/ll ' /1 0 \\' no t t o }111\' l' tl1 v ~Hlll O attrn c ti ons HS
wl1t·11 l11·1111 g lr 1 r11u11d in tl1at q11:iint rnal1ng:i11v J, .,x , a11d offered Willi
th e go1,d -nat11r"d pc1» 11a"i"n" nf tl1 c (lri g inal ~t· lll'r. Th ere was 011
tlti :-; ot·c·a ... inn fl ,C'f' ll 1..l ral l1r i;..d1r enin ;.: up n f f 1w c·.-; a.-.; th o u ra nd y-man"
01H· c lll o re 111acll\ lri . . ; a ppl':tra11 ct..\ 11 nd ,.l· ry fpw in t!i e c: ti·s all owed
lii 111 to

ll'd

1 1 a:--~

w i 1l1 011t

11 1 :1 kiri~ an

file :-:u1 11t• _\' l ':lrs :1 µ- 1 ' 111

11 1akt'

in\·l'..;f r11 1•rit..

C in ·n~ n :': fan ccs h:i r ill ·'

th u /l ('cJ1 l11in t11 111 ·c nt'

tli e lilJc: ny tu ask l1illl t l1 e ca1 1>e ,.f

J,j,;

t l1i s m a n ,

I fuu i:

di'"l'J• C:trau ce for tli e last

,\'. 1 !/ Ii .1 '/' l

r

l.' S.

fe w m o nth s fr um Lir e sce ll <) u f Iii :; •lail y opt·rnti .. 11.•. T l1e narr:1 r ;,..,
whi clt li e gan.! lll C \\':L ."" nut }u11~, lnlt it \\'a..; full u f :-; ih11 i:iv arn· l'. !~.\'
Ji j, ind i1.<t n·. t ad ., ;1 11 11 e<:t1 nu111.v , li e I. ad, in Ii i.• 1111111 1.Je 1111,i n,·" ,,(
111 ;1ki11g :111 :1· st·lli ng 111a j'lc -ca11d y, 1wt o n ly :;11 1• 1•o rlcil c<1111f» ri:ild,·
liis f:tr 11 ih·, !Jiit li;11l l:i id 11p •1 rri tc a ,;11u g li1 t l1· ,11r 11 .. 1· 111 .. 11··:• . J.:1 , 1.
Jh· c.:: 111 ! . ~r li e had t l1 e rni :;fort11 11..: Lu m ake ti1e l1 ur1 .\1-.: .J .J,, 11;,,., L 1 ''
1
~ u c c ess ful operation in •• 1dl ' 1 stue k. Saitl he : ' I t 'l'l TJH ' c i-a t.y
qriit. 111y J.11 :; i11 e:;:; 1111tl w 1: 1rt tu t he oil r<·gi1111 :;. I , t:i yl'd t l,,·r" 1i:I
lrnd f11 u11d tli<.: liuttur11 uf six th u11 sa11d ti,· e l11111dr cd dullur:; or l1a rd ea rn ed tn oney , anJ no w ] l1aY e cu 111 0 ltack , a wi :-\e r 11 1an , to r t·pl a <'e

liy p ati e11 t toil wl1at I so ra,; hly th rew a way .' '
a re rel'o rd cd in t Iii ,; one oxa111pl e 1
()n t lte 01111t1 ~ i t0 ~ i de o f th e c ar fr u11 1

1111._•

ll uw 11 ia 11 y hi,;t.,rie"

s: tt u ne uf tlic

111 1 )'"t

di..;-

tin g ui ,;li etl j11r·i :;ts of th e laud , nlJsor ue d in th e n e " .'l"ll ,,. r. :; ,,1 hr
fr om Bri stol, ns we \\' <.: I'<: pass ing La11drelh 's ~ ee d · Lir111 , t l.c ( ' li: 1n ce llu r ca 111 <.: OYl' I' to wl1 ere I sat, tapp ed llhJ ,;01 1r c\\· li:1l '1ll ickl .1 · " " tl1u
arm , a ud said , pointin g uut o f tl1 <.: wint! u w, " I >u _Y <•ll see t li:1l I "
" \\"lr :1t ? "
"Tlr:1 t uC:ll!tif11! tr ee : I ll l)Vc r pa..is t lii ~ way, w it l1u ut ~tt1 p p ill ". t••
a1l111i re it.''

tiurc l>n uu;.; li , t he re iu tl1 e 111i t!cl l<.: o f t l1 " ticl d , \'. :1" a sL1lc·l _,. tree,
~t·ttulin • r l·ntiri ·I\· nlulH' , 1111t !-IU l:\r!!L' or :-; t a l 1·l y 11 :-; 111;111y il tl 1cr lrc 1·.-4
~1 .. at I l ·~ld see ll ;. b11 t a rll j'k i11 it,; 11ru pu rli•>11<, a11>l iu ,. ,· ,·ry J, r:L1w l1.
li111b, a11t! le: 1f a pi ctr 1r·,• 11f p,.r·fect H'O'l't :1ldc lll·:il1l1. >l u1·c 1!1:111 "!I,
tl 1e rc wa:l a n indi\·id un li 1_v :il •out tlr i,; trc<'. '" 111a1·kt·d ns 1\ ,:ct pf a
J1u 111:tll hein:!. :t111l I fnu 11d ii w a..; tl1i . : 1111:1lit_v 1.· .... 111 ·1·i:dly t!i;tl li:i( l
at t racted th e nft e nti1111 of tl1 0 Cha1u:,.Jlur. li e ,;ai d lie li: 1d 1,;, tr·n:
ncqnainta11 ees in aliu c,,;t eYe r·y neig li uol'i1 owl tli:H Ir " vi ,.it~ d i11 11 1:11; in g lri ,.; circui ts, a rlll h e we rr t on to d <)snil.1 <.: tu 111 u p:1 rl il' 1il :1r f n'<"'<
t.l1at ), ._, lrad known , so rrl <.: of 1lr c111 fu r tl1irt y a nd f1Jrl)' year,; . I-:: 1,· lt
o f tl 1,.;c, lie said . "ee111 ed tu lri111 a pc r,;o n:rl fri v11 1l , nn •l 111· 11 v,.,.,.
w en t in to tir e 11 eig l1h u rlr oml o f an y o f t. he 111 wi t l1 0 11 l g » i 11 ~ P ill ,,,,.J
l u oki11 ~ :tt it.
It wa ~ qui te a I H.:W id e a tv I lle, tl1 i ~ nu11i11t_·rin,:.: 1 ~:1 r­
ticular tl' t.'i..' ."1 1 lt \! l' O and tl1 e r c O\'e r lli u cou ntry , a:4 :ur11111 g- t •111· ·"' 1w r~onal 11 c q11ainta11 ce~ anti fri end s. I ha<I u ft ,. n, a\\\·:ry ,, i11d 1·1·d , ad -

th e 1n: 1~s, a s n. fu r e.... t, wi1nd :4, or (• 11p ~t·; hut tlt' \' t'r
]Jcfo rc l1nd r c<·11:.!lli Zl' d tlrnt rnnrk c·d i11diYid11:il i1y "· l1i··l1 a t r"'' :w q nir es w li l' n sll;mlin g ou t \,_y it:;,. \f, nJ., ne in t l1e 111i d,-1 ,,f n lar·;c•j
fi cl<l. T l1is qua li ty it jg wlii l'.11 g iv<.:::l Ll1e 111 tl 1cir , iu g11la r p1J wer 1J (
Lmn a n cu rnpaniun sliip.

:

"

111ired t r l'C!8 i n

-·

' .

l

"'

334

COMPOS ITION AND RIIETORIC.

Abont half n mil e out from Muri·is,·ille, evC' ry trav eller on that
ron<l m11 st h ave ohservc1l a luw, 1111,;iglit ly pun<l e r marsh. The
water is stag nant :rn<l <li,;colnred, nn1l lo o ks as tlt o11g h it might be
ree kin g with noiso me am! pestilential vapo rs. ,\ rn ore fo rbi<l<li ng
obj ect is not to be see n betwt·e n l'ltilad<"lplii a am! Trenton. Yet
fro111 o nt th e ~r<l <' ll ~ li1n e of th at vil e 111 ornss, Nature se n<ls forth
some of ht·r lon ·liest d1ildrr. n to g reet tl1 e s un. I think I have
never see n li lies of such ausolute puri ty, sn"h nl111o ;;t dazzling whiteness, ns t lt o"e w lti ch bluot n un th e uosotn of thi s gret• n and slimy
poo l. Not more rctnarkaJ,l.: t h1rn t lii ,; \'eg;:, tuble pl1 enom euon is
t.lrnt wo n1krful wo rk ot' th e Jl1Jl y tS piri t, nttdl't' wh ose q11i ckcning
influ ences w e ,.;0111eti111t·,; sec an angel-lil y bloomin g int o heavenly
purity and s weet ness in t.l 1c Yery lo west s t.r11t111n uf l111111an society,
a111 ung· tl1 e vilt·st. co111p:t11iun,;liip uf eu 11rt s and a ll ey ; ree king with
morn! pestilence.

.

CHAPTER VI.
DESCRIPTIONS.

AFTER sufficie nt practi ce iu writing per,o u:tl 11:1rr:1tin·~, th e stud ent should f(ivc utt c nti o u to wri1in~ <ksl' rij•li"n'. In 1l1 e pr:w t i<'u
of 111 an v te:tclicr~, d t>::-cr i pt i \' e (·0111 p1 ,~j I ion:-1 J >!"t__·t ·v d L• ri:t rTa t i \"t:"': l \\t t
J t!onli~. th e propri dy of ,;t1ch 11 c1111 r.-;e . l "''" r i1•1i»ll i.' in i1 .,v lt'
m ore ditlienlt t li:tn nruTatiuu, and it. require,; 111<>1''-' 111a l t1r,"I l1a l1 i1'
of ob:i.: rvution and " xpressiun. Tu d es,_, rib e well is i111lc cd u ra m
uttuinm ent.

OTHER SU BJECTS.

\

1. Wliat I Saw this l\lorning, on th e Way to School.
2. An A ccount of a Day spen t iu the Country by One
liviug in the City.
3. An A ccount of a Duy spent Ill the City by One living
in the Country.
4. A Ride in th e Street Car.
5. \Vhat we Did at our Picnic.
6. A J ourney to the Dela ware \Yater Gap.*
7. A .Tourney through th e State of Pennsylvania.
8. A Rce nt of l\l ount \Vaslii11 g tu11.
9. A Sai l up tl1 e Hud ~o n.
10. A Vi~it to n. Coa l-.:\1in c.
11. An Ex cm :;ion among th e Virginia Springs.
12. A Fi~liiu g Ex cursion.
13. Our Nut.ting Party.
J..l. A B oating Excursion.
15. A May-<luy Party.
16. A Moonlight Walk at the Sea-side.
• ~ulijec t8 f1f thi s kind wi l l he vnrh-tl , v f
th e writ<-r. Th·· ~ l lH.l ....: nt :s ltuuh..1 uu.rrnt c th e
L;c1 a ctu a lly wauc.

C'flltNe , n cco nliu ~ to th e experience
u~· l'urrcun.: :i uf :;umc journey which

of
lie

~

,;

T<tldn}J ~Votn1. - An e~scntial co n rliti o n to Fo: n cre::-:s i n d c:-:e rih ing is th (• J1 rflf' ·
tk c o f n o ting <lown on the .s pot the thin g-8 tu Le J 1..·:--1 ·rib1.:d . 111 p1.:r" 11 111ll n :1rrntiv c , we can tru ~t i n g(Jod na·iL..;ure t,.1 r et.:olle eti o n. \\· c w nrn lly rt: 111 e ml1c r with
snflit'irnt \'iddn1_ :;;-=. trnn..: n"ti 11 11s in whif'h we lu\\' ~ h1..'e ll our:-:1.: l \'l-'" tlll' f\~ · t 11 rs .
Bu t it is diffe rent ill Jc :.:c ripti o n. ll e re. if we w b h t q ~Ul'('i·(·i\. n11.\ t •1 ~i \· ,. tq
oth e rs a. pic ture whi c h will IJe th o r o nghly trn e u. n d fn...... h. n11 1l whit· h w:ll hringo
up tu th td r minds a ~ce n e exudly us it Jin· se ntcd it..;1..· lf to ( 1ur:-:, \\ e 1nt 1"t H 1u i•l
b c fiirC it, p e n ci l in ilfllld, irntl n o te duWll it-; fe nt11rt·.~ wl1i \t: th e l'Yl' i;-; tU'11lnl ly• 1!1
thenl. Th is tak ill J-:" of 1111t l'..-; u 1.1 th e :-i poL whil e in th e \'cry 1tl'l o f ,.J ,~ 1·n· i11~ . b H.."\
lmpo rt.nnt tfl on e wlH • \\'1>11ld b e 1t go11d 1\esi.: rilwr, H ~ h ti11t -d•u•r :-.k i.: l l'!d11g- [ !i IL
l nn d ~wnpc paiut t: r.
Iu IJuth 1 ·1L :o;e~ tl1t· 1' il' l11rc 11 11 1 ~t J,l' w•H-k t·d 111• J, y ~ 1i11 ... 1··1u1·11t
]nb(J r and nrt. But the m ate rials wu s t bt · gallil'red wltik t lw .. riL'."i n nl ~ ·· t ·llt..' i~
tU'ltrn lly bcf1 ,re th e eyt.:s. Thu s (>1Jly , in e ith e r l'H ...:c. wil l tti c ~· tudeut le ur ll tu l_)e
a cc urat e. Thus only will hi 1:1 11i c turc~ al'qu ire fr t•:-, lrn ess a 111l life .
1

•

J),.s<"r i p tion 1111<l J•l ,,rrutiou.. -Ofte n , us in work s of hi..:tnry 11nd o f tlctinn,
that wh ic h b wrille 11 h p a rtly 111uratiYe and ptlrtl y il l':-,tri 1·th·e . 111 t!1e H('NH 1nt
u f u ln1.ttl c , fur in s t11.1H·e. tl d e:-:1· r i 1• tit1n o f th e 1.J ill'e i.-; e-;.'-.1·1 1t icll to n11 1111di ·r·... 1n11diu g uf th e tran!-tl i.'fi• ill , u11J the w ri te r whn wi .. ll e...: t 11 te i\ ti ll' ~1 ° ry i11\l' \lki·ntly
yj s i L..; liu! spot, if pos ... i l1 le , nn rl titk es tink, wh ill' tli t•'.t '. i. f 1•\'t ·ry J'"i11t " ·lii ··li i..;
tu be in clud ed in Id s rnL rrntin.! . !\1) man ('11nld ~~h· L· an i11 t1· ll ig1· 11t t1t T 1•111 1t ,,f
th C lJattJP. Qf (;(• lty"IHirq, for iJl !'lfi.llel', WhO h Hd li n t hilll'-t"if ~{ l •I H \ ( 111 ('l'llH'kry
Hill, 11nd r end th e s to r y with tll 11t ('llfiou s pnnon1ma of h ilh l 1e fo r e lii111, th e Li~ ­
S<-'ripti1Jl1 of \\·hi di fq rms n fl l:Ce.<.:s tlry part o f th e 1111rrnt i\·e •lf tli e IJattlL'.

1!:xa tuJ>lf • of }lo veliiftll. - ) f n.ny non:li!'tS olisern! tlii-< r11lf• in rei.;o.r 1 l to tlie
loc alities invol ved in Ulc vl u t o f tl H::ir 8lo ry. S ir \\'u.ltcr ::::cu tl lui tJ tht..• St:t"lll.'S uf

335

.,.

3:36

COJ!l'OSIJ'ION AN D RllF.TOR I C.

D ESCH I I'T I ON S.

hb stc'.1·_ics In pliices with whi ch he h 1td bee n pc rMona liy f11mlllt1r ~m ~booO I

The cat - his eyes and ta ll - c ro uching- afra id to ntt.ac k .
What bccnnie or Bunny.

lllH.l

I ~ Ill u ny 111 s t~.lll CC li e was in ll Ou Ut illJ0\1( ll P1i 11 ulu feat.ore o r U10 Ja;o~

d c;-;c nhe d , .!1 e v1.; r d ieU it by o.c llrnl 0Usc r vn lio11 . 1L 111 rccor-k-d ol latm l.btt ta.
rod e 1 ( '.ltj~ u r Ii fly mil e~ v n h ur!:'lc liac k to mukc sure o( U1 oo rn.~ Qt~

<, 111· ~

u ( 111:-; J;,:~C l'lJltl(Jll 8 .

wnw.

h l·:- t 11ut lo ub.sc rn! any J•arti t u lH r Prd i: r . nt t he 1hnf'. bu t
a .s tlie t.:yt lll (:cl..s tl1e111 , 1·e!"e n · 111g th~ t,;n.mpi11t; to Lb

.o put tbtt

tln&J~t,)/

At.•1, ;tl <.' c 11r·1·ulitfr,...- A11 olh (' r C11 11 dltluP I.I that "
write rs nre npt l o 11!-a l i 11 l'tl"Y K''l1t'rulltlt•f'l, In l' J~k ttf t
ln.:e w hi <·l1 tl iey k 11t )\\' :-;~ 11 11 c tJ1 i 1 1 g nb1 11 1t : 11f J:t\ r th_·1a.., not of that
wli id1 b lu..: f•1rc l111..:i r eyes; of l1u 11bnt pt__•~ \11 g1 •nt.•raJ 1 n o( n f lb.a.I t"'XU<1*ilu
fic apc wilh·h is :-. pn.:a d u ut l1 cft1 r c lh\·1n . l>\"' t·rlpt l11n• "ho1.llt1,

Cre te, 11 (1t with th e ubstrn.(·t; with 1 nu·ti e t1 ltl r~ . no l w ith ~ft r..IM..

.\'ulJ 1 ·,·t."'. -S11l 1je c l~ fo r <.ksC' r ipti'•n ex! !'t ln lhc grca bfi

rn11 n , wo1nnn, or chi ld th at on e i:-i nt·, 1111d11tl•d with ,

a

lO aat

lbt

~

"tfl1f

cxcrd;';)cs.
T>t-'liC'l'll>iuy tt·lurt u i ,-~ luttJr- not. S rr u. -

\Vt_~

nrc rc·q ulrt"'-1 ~

...

4tMJ.
r-.c._.•

~c.: ril JC ,o bj.eds with_ w1Jidi , w e hnv c licc.:o rnc iu·qunl nt c.t by t'fi.ldln1 • nd
111.-.; t.end 11 f o l1 -:ern tt1n11 . \ ·\ c rnny, fn r in !"t!\n tc, he n:q11ir~t l tode~.· rt bo t.h •
p('ror l'a polenn , or 11nrien t H<1roc , o r th e Rnrn1w k h hd1uul H, or Ul rww.tcsr

ff4

Ves u vius , no11 e of w ld <· !i we l11n·c sel· n . In 1rnc h c~ w e •.h ou ht ~·
ll l 'llr ly 11,.s po ~.s ihl c th e s 11 g-gcs li o 11 s 1lln·111.ly rnud c.
111 refi(l lng n.boul tho ~
we s h o nld 111 akc 11o k ... of l hc ~c ,·c ra l p<1i11ts wli il' ll F:t:cm l!Hi lln.ble to U>c. puf'Jl(Wlt
n11d nflcr tiln s 1~ 0 \l l~ t·tin g- the rnntcrial s. we i:;ho ulU comt.t 11c th em tn l10Inc ~
n.rrnn g-e rn e n t. as we w ou ld i 11 d e~c ribin g- whttl we hn.ve seu n.
ln l li c o rd in1u· y Ut-iC:-i o f Jill!, de~C'ripti o n tu1<1 11 u rrnll,·c ve ry oonu.nonlr
prn 1•c rl y '-'n. l.o~e tl i l:r · . Hut in s<: lt oul exe rc ises, for th e purpo~ o f cultlY-aUfl.l"lM
nr t_ of dl\se n pt ion, tt 1:-; w e ll OtTasional ly t.r• pnlrlisc dc~t · r l pllu n AJ>llrt frot'll ..,...,..
nt11 \ ' t', tu nss ig' Jl n :-; th e su l 1jcl'.l fu r u.11 C~:'llY tlic <lcscrlpti oo o f .so m e lpt!'CUlc ~
~<· e u e ,

o r tlil11 g-.

given o f b uth k iud.s o f tl cscrlpli on, tiud o f vu.rlo tUli dca~

rnuturi ty .

Example. - Subj ect , Ou n CAT AND 'l'HE

UADBlT.

NOTES.

'J'im c- M ti y

2~1t h ,

n.ftc rnr J1>n.

Pl uce-0 11r l mcL: J11trl o r 1u 1d yard.
Mn tl1 e r and I were togt~ th e r rctlc.lin g .

'1" hc ra blJ il u f u. d a rk, m utt led bru wn.
Eatiug gro.""- h is c u.rs-his eyes - th e wily h e jumped.

I

f'

Our e xc lt.etnent-th rowln g sto n es -no u se.
the ac tual tim e o f th e occ urren ce.)

Descri ption hy a Boy.

One nft e rn oon in :llfay, ti.~ mot he r am! I w e re in tl1 e bar k p a rl o r,
reading, " "' FflW, all at on ce, in t li c grus:< -pl o t bac k of t.h e li o u:<e,
only a few fed fro111 wh e re we w ere sit tin g, a dea r liLtl e wiill
rulJbit. Tl1 c gru:;s was rath e r hi g l1 , nnd li e was Lu~y 11:; a !Jee,
bi t ing o IT tl w top", whi c h WL're 1u11st i111·iti11 g. Il e 8CL' lll C1l t o he
quit e partil'ular i11 Iii" fan!'ie:;, pi c kin g t hos e \,J,ul e,; wl1i..I1 look ed
most frc,;]1 a nd t<.:nd e r. \\' e sa t still iwtl wat c hcll hi111 fo r so m o
ti111 c, with th e g r\' ntcst c uri osit .Y, a8 w e could see hilll pe r fectly .
Afte r ni bliling a whil e, he w ould sto p , nnJ 8tanu pe r fectly 8till, as

if w a tc hing agaiust surpri se .

abu~

ev ~ry

L'.\'': ry liol!,.,c, C\'c r y lic ld, ever y brid J..("C or t1 tr, ·1llll , rn11 y fu rm a •UltJW$.
L\ (l ll; 1u1d tlJ e rn urc faniil iu.r th e o hJctt, th e Lrtllcr,
Jlll."Cia117 rot

Exl\~nplcs u.re

Goldy's <:owa rrl ice .

(N. B.-These notes we re jutted d o wn after th e o.ctventure was over, not at

,•frfrdion J\",,<'f',"'."!'''" !f ·- An otht!r conditfo 11 to "'' H. 'CC~,
lll11ke ~t jndid 1111 s ::.<.: :t:i:lin 11 o f the p o i nt s tu be <lcsc rll ~d . Htarl\t wh,.., ~..,. &l
lhl' tli 111g."' t1~ l ie l:)e c 11 u r e 11l1111 l1l· rl e .... ~ : w e cu llW Jl ut hh: rlnke lu uam It\ ..
l e~:-; l ll .d.._..~ ,·r~! ic.' all ti dll we St' C. Tiu.: wr lt1..•f :-. lt1111 ld fl nit 11'(.•ltltl tn h lt QWfl
tt!l4
~Ii~ <,l 1Jec.t o t J11 s c:-:.-:-uy . 't'l 1e f 1U i 11 t~ ::i<!kl· ti..:d w i ll r nry ll('~·o,... lhtl(., bo
M
llllill'.l1H\lltil1, fu r t~lllW·C lli C ll{, f"~ 1 r IL ~ali ~ fyl 11 1{ uf lh c M'll\MJ Of lbo ~UlU'\fl. ~ftilt
tl 1t: like . 111 1111tk 1ug ulJ Sl! l' Vit t io 11 s prc purntury W lho dt.'1Wrilatl<)(1,~ }J wUl
~

1.J11 cc,

337

ot

llis e y e ~ we re no t, like th ose of th e cat o r J og, in th e fron t o f
his fac e, an1l lookiug fvrwa1·.J , \rnt on th e sid es of his heacl, so that
li e co uld louk ri g l1t und left with o ut stirring ; in fact, th ey sl ul'k
ot1 t be yornl tl1 e re;;t. o f h is head , so that probably he cot1 ld see iu
every dire<'tion without turning. Tl1i s may be to e nabl e him bett e r
to protect. himself, a.s he ca nnot fi ght, uud l1i s only c han ce of escnpe
is IJy !li g h t.
I n oti1' ed th nt he h n<l a pect1li:1 r way of sitting- t1p on l1i s 11u11nr l1 c,,
with Iii ~ body uncl h ead e rec t., anti hi 8 forcfcc·t e nti rely fr ee. I
co uld not. sec wli ct lier o r not h e usc1l hi " fore feet ns w e do our
!1 :rn1h, for taking hol1l of th e grn ss un1l ot l1 e r thing", b11t I think li e
die!. It h ad t h at. appearance. Tli s mo1le of running, nl s1>, was pe culiar. Ile went li y leaps, usin g cl1i ctly hi ~ l.in1l legs. llis colo r
was di ffe re nt f1 om that of th e tame rah bits whi ch I l1a ve see n,
being of n 1lark, m ottled l•rown.
Our cnt giit si g l1t of the ru bli it, nnt! b ecame ut on ce ve ry rnt1 r h
ex cited. 11r. C: o ltl y (t.l. nt iR o ur ca t's nnm e ) was Rt.anding o n t he
porch , abou t. oc vc n fret from wh e re Bunn y was ni!.1.linµ; , and we
(moth er u1!d I) wcre looking 0 11 from tl1 e pnrl o r win tluw . Th e
cat'~ eye th-;h l'd , nm! l1is tail rn ovetl sli g htly ; li e cro uel1 cd as if
reatly auy mom e nt. to spri ng. Th e sce ne Lecmn e nry exc itin g.
We expected e,·ery mome nt to sec poor Bun ny murdered in open
day, ri g ht before our ey es. llut jnst as we we re goi ng to warn him

w

w

338

C 0 .II I' 0 S l T l 0 N

A ND

R fl RT 0 JU C.

of !i i:< clanger, li e c:rngl1t f' igli t. nf t Ii .: trca r l1 c rtn1 s fo e, 1rnil forll1with
Sl lojlc' lltlccl Ojlt"l'al iu11,.;.
Tl1" ' ' t'll"1 cd a 111ot11 e11 t of awfiil " l>p c n ~e . llu1111y stood p c r f~l' tiy
Bl ill, as if af 1·aid l l1aL t li e lc-asl ll H•liun w .. 11 Jd bri11g on t he c-11L1L~ ­
t rupl1 c•. ( ;,,J.Jy , :1b,1, (":t i-like, \\· a tvlic" I a111J wailf' d, in !1 ope of sO lll O
t1H1r e

fa\' 1>r:1Lk

1 1 11 1111.:~ i lt tu 1n:tl..: 1· tl10 fi11:il

:-: 1•r in~.

At lnst Bu nny

co11lt! ,.; f:1 11 d it nu lu 11 g• ·t-, a nd , with !\wi ld l1t •1lt1d , slartcil fo r 1li o
l""' k part of t!. c grounds. W t• t'X J><'< '. tcd of co urse to see C uldy
f,.1 111 1\' nnd " ' i1.e Iii,; vidim. l t1>kad (If tl111l, lie \\' alk ed r.o tnpO"t' tliy
tu !Ill• pl:tce ll'l 1c ru ll1111 t1_y had hce11 nil1ldi 11 g, ~ t 11t· ll cd tl1 e grnss nnd
gro und a litill', 11nt! th e n m l':tked 11 \\·a y tu tl1 e kit c hc11 . Th e foct
w a:<, ~ I r . Goldy , ),,. "· et! the wl1itc fent li e r, n11tl w as ab out as glud to
gc-t off n~ l3un11 y wa:<.
Tl 1i:< .M 1·. B u1111 y \\' fi .' n r nnn in g c·l111p. /\ ft \' r e,;c1 q1in g from t ho
y a rd, li e \\'en! n f,•w rncl ,.; into 1!11 · 1uJ,i .,i11 i11 g tic- Id , a nd :<l< •p1•ed in tli e
mid,.; t .,f "< lf11 0 !.igli !-''""~', \\'hl"l' P lie l"<'ll111i11 c'< I, l1t·:1,J u p, per fectly
lllt •tiro1 ilL'.". I t l1rl' \I" l' \'(• r so t1111 11 y Sl <l ll C >! at hi111 , so111 e or which
r111J1 0 ,·ery nC> ar l1it1i1 :g liirn, nnd l , J1onte1l 1q;a i11 and again , Lul ho
re ma in t' d n,.; Hlill 11, ii" lit· !i ncl lil'l'n :1 L11,J 1 o r 11 cl11 111J1 of grns8 ; and
I l11l \'to n .. 1lu11!,t lll' 11:11! fi c' llSC l'll1Jllgli t o knu ll' tl 111 t. tnu1·i11g abo ut
!In d dod g ing 11·<nrld bet lie Fu res t \\'llY co f 1't' tl"ll yi11g Iii ,; wli c renbo uts
to J,i ,., e n l' tni" ' · I ,1·nt< ·l 1ed l1 i1 11 fru 111 ti rn c to ti 111e ull tl 1 ~ 1ulcr11oon,
un til 11ftcr dark , nn•l sti ll li e tl id 110! 1nu 1·e.

N o te . - T h e Brid ge h en" rt'fer rcd to is tl1 e Ke w Br idge O\'c r t il l' llelt1wnrc, e..t
Tre nton. N . J ., u11 d til e time .. c h.:d etl fo r the J cscri }'l iu 11 w u,; u11 ufl l.! n1 uv 11 i11 June.

Descri ption.

By a more adv anoed Stude nt.

Tn e ros, ing t l1e l •rid g L' t li i;: nft t·rnoon , I :m w 111 11 t1 y tlii11 gs tl1 ut. inl l' l"<';; lt•d til l', Stl lil l' ()f w l1i c h r ;<l11d l tl e!'c ri lie . !11 go in g o ve r, I took
th\_• 11ath 0 11 t l1 ll nnrtlt =--idl\ l111 1ki 11g- up tl ie stn:_· H111 ; in r c-t un 1i11g, I
tu ••k tl1t• 1•a i l1 01 t tl 1e ""11t l1 :- id •., lociking ll• >11· 11 t li e ,frt·a rn. I shall
follcow tli ~ Fa ll ie P l'Cier i11 !II}' <k snijitiu n.
Lu .. ki11 g 11 .. rt 11 f1., 11 1 t lie liri<l g P, t l1 0 m o,.;t cn n,;pic nutt ,., oJ,ject is
t l1 e ~l a t<· ,\ syl11111 fur ! li t· 111 '•11 1». Tlii s n" li le ed ill l' t', so beau tiful
in its ar .. !1i !C'1·111ral jll'< 1p"r 1i .. 11 s. h11H 1l <h·<·p l• Hl' kg rottnd of fo restt rc·"'· gi1 i nt! it ;1 11 11i 1· ,,f ""·l'el a11.J •j11 iet n: p o~e. Tl1 e b 11i l1l i11g itself
st!lnd,; on fl gc· 11 tle elc•qdio11 , w i!li H l11w t1 "l•>jli ng dow n in front ;
ru1d uo th bui ldi ng a nd J.111·11 nn:; «J> r n to tl 1e sout h, a nd co n,.;rr1nt11tly
0

D ES CR II' T! ONS.

339

!\re fttll in t l1 e eye of one look in g nor t. l1w :ml fr o m tl1 e hr i1lge, n:< r
did t.l 1i,; nfte rnocon . B11t licl1 ind tl 1e b11 il din g nn d at c·:tl' l1 p11d cof it
is :H t c n t · o 11q 1ns:-;in~ furc:-;t of Ji,·i 11 g g-rc:\· 11 , as if the c n u n 11u t1;-; ~trn('­
t11r e \\' l:H: ih: Lnnl ly n: posin/.! 11 po 11 a 111a:-;:-i u f fo liage . Tl1 c eff..;ct i ~
ext.re n1l'ly 1•lt- a:;in g to 1l1 e eye.
/\ not 11.: r eo n,.;p ic: 11 01 1:; o lij t•ct is a l1ru wn -st.u ne 11 \\' l'lii ng-ho u, e,
s t a u d i11 ~ nc- ar

th e ri Vl' I', ou t l1c ea....;t IJa11 k 1 a nd not fa r f r11 111 tlt o

bri dge• . T l1i s li o nse, lik e th e A,.;y lt1m , is e1J1bo:;o mcd in t he f11l ia;;0
of la rge fo r est.-t1·eee, not so c ln,;c ly n:; to exc lu de ii vi uw of t he
b11 iltl i11 g, u11t ju st e nottg li to give t h at a ir of soft ness n11d r t·pose
wl1i cli was r e mar k ed of the J\ ,;y li1t1l. Tl1 e li o11 se is ln1il1. i11 t ho
sty le kn ow n :1rn o ng :1rchi tc('!S ""t he .1\ 01·111:111, wit h a !l at rnof :rn 1l
a l1 ig l1 square t u wer on o ne c urn er. Tl1 e li a n l, ang1ila1· clia r:tl'kr
of t. li e b uilding i.i softenetl t,11 h e eye hy the m ass of fol ia[(c in w l1i«h
it. sel' t11 ;i to n :p11,;e. Alo ng t li e sa 1n e ba nk , and st ill uca rl' r to t li e
u r id ge, lll'l' ~e l' er;il cot l1 e1· ne w li11 iltli11gs, wi t l1 p ret t y Ma nsa rd l"t l<Jf'>' .
O n tl1 e w este rn !Jank is a bu ild ing sta ndi ng bac k so m e d i.4 a11 cc fr11111
th e ri l'e r, a r11l so u1111:rnal in i t.~ sli:1pe n11d HJ•p carnn ce t hc1 t I IJ(l t1 lcl
11< 1t dete r111 i11 P, wi t l1out goi11i; ll l'are r, w!tctl1e r it w as :1 d wcl li11 gl10us,1 or :t ba r n.
A t11 011g t l1 e nat ural objects tlir1t ntt m et th e ey e is n ]'I'd I y i<l:ln11.
st a ndi ng 11 1idwny in tl1e ri ver, n\>,111t two m ill's ufT, 11 p1•a r<·1 1tl_1', an<l
ucautifully ~ r cen on all ~ide s d uwn to t l1 e 11·:1 tc-r \ ; ..,,Jgl>. The ri 1·c·r
il st·li", h owcl"e r, i,; q uit.; as p re tt y ns a ny uf it s s11rro untli 11 gs. At
tl1i s se aoo n uf t.l1 e yea r, pal'l ic1rl a1·l y wl1 e11 s w co lle n by rCl'e nt rain ,;,
it s l' t1r r.:11t is IJrua <l and fo ll ; nm] tl 1<:re is snlli "ie nt descen t rtt t his
po in t to _g ivo to tli o wat e r· tl 1at steady, gliding m otion 1rl 1i"11 i,;
ulll' ;1ys pkasin g. < 111 t li e rig l1t l•nnk , close und e r I.li e brid ge" \\'f\8
quite a large cull l""ti o n or ru w-1,oat s, kc1•t th e re IL J>jl fl r cn t ly fo r
pl c a~ ur c- par l i t·s.
Tw o o r three b zy li oa t 1t1 (• n w e re lo11t 1ging alH>11t,
nH if \\' ai ling fu r c u,.;tom crn. I R11ppose t hese m e n kee p t h e 1JtJ:1l.s
fo r l1i 1"1. T he re \\' Cre ti ft: ccn of t. hc,;c boats, al l li g l1 t aml t ritn]lJoking, a ~ ii' matle fu r scr vi ec, uut n one of t li (• Jll gny o r fan cifu l iu
sty le.
\v1 1e• 11 a ho tt t li nlf- way ac ros~ lh o b rid ge, l n o t.i ced a lin e ccl 10 nn
t he otl1l'r ,.iid e. A dog W :1S har kin g, and lii s ha rks 11! ! .. n111 e 1lbtin« liy
l'e jH'a lc•l by th e cC' l1 0. Tl1 l· b rid ge d•Jl'S n o t appe n r t.. 1 lie ve ry tirn liy
buil t, ns it 1· il irat.c,; cu n:;id ern lily cl' cry titn e n ve h icle of nn y sizo
passes ov er it..
Th e Lri dgc !ms not escaped en t irely lli t! ns:;aults of l l1 e ad l'e r·l i ,-e r ~ .

---

- -- -

~--~----

340

C'O JII'OS IT I 011;

AND R ll RTOR IC.

O u one of tli c hea ms, near tl1 <.: 111 i1ldl c, is a hi g- pl aca rd wi th tho
i11 sc ri1.ii1.r1. "H 11 y yo ur Good ,; a t \ ~ !:irk a11d :-;:t11d1"rsou'H ." Tlii ::; i ~
notJ1ill ~, Ju1\\'L'\'l'f° 1 {L) th e :-- ln :dJ l1ricJ )!e O\·e r tJ1 i.; ('; ll1U1 , (J Jl tJi c Ol li CI"
sid 1·. Tl 1at i,; l"!>llli'kte ly con:r1·d 11·it l1 ml \" Crti,ing plaea nl s. l,; it
ri ,:l1t to li:n·, . ... 11r .- tn:c·I,, nn d fl' IH" L"'• 1111d lJ11il di11 g::; of evt: ry kind
t.l1us tu rn('d in to :u1 :11h· erti~·d 11 g 111edit1 111 ? It sec 1u s as if tli o wl1 ole
fart• of tl1c C't111ntry w._~ r e hcco 1uing u nc l1 ig ud,·ert.ising sheet..
Th1· vil' w fnllil tlic "011 t l1 si d e of the b ri dge is l1·ss l'i ct.111·csq1w tl1nn
t ha t t"rn 111 t lie nurth, a11d i., pr.,p ol"I io11a lil y 1111wc \":tl"it:d 1111<1 exciting.
Tl1 e dl'sc1· 11 t ot' tl10 wa lt.: r hc1·1> 11 i..:., 1'1l g rea t 11,; to prc11lnco seve ral
r 1 q 1itl~, nnd tlil·re arc tnany p r uj LTt i11 g ro t k!-\, gi\'ing :1 \' Cry tliffcrcut
ll-'l"-'l"l tn t lie st rca111 fnrn1 t li:1 t \\' l1ie h it l111s 11l1ove th e l>ri1lgc. A
la rge pn rt uf Tr1·11ton Ji,·s i:1 full Yi cw. A111 ong- the pr in cipal pu Llic
b ui ltlin;!~ in sigl1t. nrc t l1 e Stnf\:- ll ou:<('. ti"' First. and Tltird Presbyte rian 1·h ur"li'·"· T:i.du 1· llall, tl1c :-;tatr - ~tr e<·t :\[etlwtli :;t. Cl1urel1, tlio
('u11rt-lluu:<c·, tl1e ~ ,·c•111 .J l'r1' >- hy t..- ri a11 Cl11m·l1, a111 l l li c First lhpti,;t. Cliur<"l1, t ll' v o r tl11·1·c l:11·ge roll in g- Ill ills, and la:;t, but not leust,
t he (lid Tr,•ni"n lhidg~ . Tlii:; last stru c ture is sai1l to Le 11 very
suli1l 011 c . l t n'rta inl y Ill<" 1lo ne goo d ~e ni ce. But it b uLout tl10
1J1 c•ancst -luokin g- con ce rn one can tinJ in r1 ,Jay\; tra ve l.
OTHE R SUBJECTS .

l. A Vi:;it to a P icture-Gall ery.
2. A lk:;e ription of a Rollin g-?ifill.
3. 8ight-; at t.he Railroad 8 u11.io11.
4 . A JJe~c riptiou of the G irard College Iluil<liugs.
D. A DcH: ri ption of a Sno w-S torm.
G. A Dc~<:r i ption of a Fac tory.
7. A D(·scriptio n of th e lfoit ed States Mint.
8. Th e Vi e w from th e Chestnut-St ree t Bridge, Phila<lcl·
phi a .

D. T he Vi e w fro m th e Top of the S tate-H ouse.
10. A Dcscri p t iou of ImlC'pcnJ c nce Hall.

CHAPTER VII.
MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS.

IN the e x e r c ises whi ch ha\' e bec u g iven thus far , the s ubjects
l1ave in volved , 1. Objects S imply; 2. Tra!l~ac ti o ll :; ; 3 . Q,ua liti es ; 4. Imaginary Subjec t:;; 5. Personal N arrat ives ; G. Descri pti ons.
\Vh en pupil:; are once thoroug hly familiar willi th e me ntal
ste ps i 111 pli cd i n th ese s ix classes of compo,.,itio n, th ey may
proceed to wri te up ou any th e me of whi c h th ey have a compe te nt. kn o w ledge.
The Object.-Th e object o f the exe rcise, it sh oultl Le r crn cmh crc11,
is not. to a dd to the pu1•il 's k 11 o w lcd;;e, or e ve n to tc;gt it, Lu t s imply
to trnin lii111 in tlic a rt of l1uuti11;; up n11d setting in o rd er t he
tl1on ;.;ht,; lie IJl:l Y have on an y ~ n b j c· f"t., n11d in e xprt:.".> ing tl1oso
t lwngltts wi th rli cto ri cal p ropr iet y. lnv1:uti un in a ny oll11·r se lls<',
in th e scn.;c at least of in\·est igation for tlt c purpose frf 11ddi11g to
on e's kn owlctlg-u a nd scholars ltip, belongs, nut to H li eto ri c, Lut to
gencr:1I ed uca ti on.
Hi•torical Narrations, tl 1011gl1 ofte n rccornmcrn1 c<l for introdu("tory
excr<"i oe,;, arc 1.n,;ui ta blc for tl i:1t llltrposc. Tlt cy arc, of all ~ u lrj ec t :;,
th e o ues k:lst co nd11 ci,· e to tl1 e ,Jevclup1n e nt of tl1 c J•U\\·er of In ve nti o n. So far fr om iua ki ug tl1 e pnl'il inn·ntiv e, t. li cy :1il11 L•st i111' vitalrl y
beget in l1illl tl 1c lt:ibi t. o f co )'yi 11 ;.; . " ' riti11;; o ut fr o 111 r.::,.nlle<· ticm
wl1:1t 011 e has r ead of m1 y l1 istoric: d i11 (' i1kut ma y IJ(: 11 go od exe rcise
fur th e 11 1L"11 1v r y, l 111 t it is a YL· ry ]Joo r o ne fo r teac hin g co r 11p o~it.io n.
'Vritinc: criti•]llCS upon l1i ., t ori 1·al 1· li :1radl'r:; 11r c 1· c nt s is nn cxecllt:nt. exc· rc is e for mha nccJ 8cl 1ula1·8, wl10 a re nlreaJy v c r ~P• l in tlio
~*

~l

I

1

3-12

CO .lfl' OS l.TI ()N AN n RIIETOR I C.

llf ! SC R LL A NJ; 0 US S U fl J F: CT S.

a rt .,f '' "rnpo:itio n, 11 1111 Wl'll !«'ml in th e Jii~tory wlii clr tlr c,y Ultd
tak e lo cnli<'l ~C. Hut such top ics ,Jtould ucver ue und crtukcn bt
l>q; inn cr:i.

MI SC ELLANEOUS SUBJECTS.

115.

i · lTanl for nn Empty Dag lo
Tl1 c l::ffoct of A,sociu tiugwilh
St:1JJ1l l . pr 1ght; or, tl1c T e1np 1110,c Hdl cr than Oursdvos.
t at111n " of I '0 1·c1·1.v
l G. ;\ ::-;oft/\ ns11·cr Tumctli nwn
1
2 ll :q >pt 111"'i 111 urc 111 P ursuit tlran
'\\ r: 1tf1.
in l''"·'C.'i.-<i11 n.
1~,. 011 _
,--,.J1t. tl 1e t wo oexe~
<t.o bo
:l. A l: 1.1l! i11g :-' t"nc C a tlrer~ no
Ed11catt·d 'l'oge tli er 1
,\! ""·' ·
I t'. l'rl'.'ic·11I. 'i' L' nd enc: ics of Peri·
·l. :-;1,"11 J,J Ilic· S111.Jy 11f l.:llin Ji,.
11di,.,,J l.ikrattirc.
Ppl io nn l ill a11 ln ~t ir111i111 1 P r<1 -

I '.r. Tl1L' l1dl11 cnce uf Pi ctnriul

f"·''i11g to g-il'e a Li l,l' ra l Ed11 -

111 , 1ra1i .. 11 s un Literary Taste.
~ti. ;\ "''l'ss i I y t li e Mother of Ju.

c:1!i11 11 (

C. ll•J11· for ~1 1 0 111 1 1 th e Stu .Ji· of

, . t• rit ij1IL

)! :1t l1c•11rntics ;!.fl in rt c;,, ,; c' ral '.'I . \\'i1i t<"11-,1 ..;lr C'o11 rso of Study for Yo11ng
~id \.· r t·(l.
1.a d i e~?

7. T! w Jn1·e11tion rJf' tl1"v 'J'"c I"v graph.

R l11q1orl11nce of al fal1il of C' lcanline:<s.
U. It 1.:tkc·s Twn t<J (!11:tl'l't·I.
JO. 11 "11· f':ll' s!11111ld a C' l:t'S ), (•
l't JJ1i s! 1ecl fn r :111 01T,·11"c' cn111111 i!tl· d h,v on e pf il s ~ fetJJlJt'l'~,
\\' J1 ic) 1 C:lllI1t1t l 1l: f1Htl!d 11t1t (

;\d 1 · :111 t : t~\'S

t:1 ::!(' ~

l:!.

11f

Morally Coo-

2::!. lJ11ti c:8 of Sl'lr olars to Tench-

ll. l: eli11c•mc· 11t n X:1titln1tl BC'ncfl t.

] I.

ll-

:ind ] )i ,;:1d 1·:111-

~I:1rki11 ~ I~ 1.: l'it:1ti ,n1~ .

~!nr i1·cs

to :-; 111d_v .

crs.
9"
'J' Iro ]'Iea,;ure o f I'•eceiving
-" ·
T. l'i lt" I'><.
2-1. T !1e l'l111rn ct. er nm! Writ.illb'8
ul' M "·"'· :-'i go 11rnl'y.
2:i . r li ,:11 ! \' :tllf a;.;es a n<l Jn con\'l'lli L'llf'l'..; ut' Trnl'ei!ing.
2G. l111!'orta1H;e of tl1e liaLi t of
?l! c·<l it at i"n .
27. ll:1 l1it >< nf l\l'at ness.
'.'H. Tl ," l 1t11'c·,; 1111.J Evi ls of Fnmil y Q 11:t JTek
'.' :1. lk rH"li1s u11d Pr11per Mctlio<ls
0

uf H t· alli11 ;;.
tn

S1T111

(;ornl.

l·L F:1111ili a ri1y llrl'l'•ls Cur1tc-111pt.

::n. !111por·t:1nce of fo rmi ng Jfabi ts of C lose 0 Lsen-uLion.

31. Ilaliit s ,,r E c"n"rny .
32. Jl o ll' Pride lli .- plays Itself.
s:.L JJ11 tic" tu Seh oolm ntcs.
34. A (; uud ! I ea rt N eccs!';:try to
Enjoy tl1~ Beauti es of Natnre.
<Iii. l'oll' er o f .\! 11;; ic.
31i. Hes pc"t to S11pc ri ors.
37. Atral1i lity lo l11f..:riors.
31-l. l 111p orta~<:e ,:,r l'er,e 1·er:i nce.
3!J. N "''l'r too Old to I.ea rn .
41J. l »1e:; L'li1 11atc ,\ ITcl'L t he C l1ar ac ter of Pet)pl e?
41. A :-iail up t!1 e ll ml >rJ11.
42 . J\ Journ ey fro 111 Nern- York
t o San .l:'r:tn<:isco.
43. ln 11 uee ut ;\111u scrn cnt:i.
4· L Skat in g.
4,j_ 'J'l1 c Tri:i f..; of a Sclwlar.
411. A .\l oll 1<, r':i l 11tlue11t·e.
47 . The N<' CC$, ity uf bein g Able:
to :-;a y i\ o.
4K. l>rea11 1:-; .

The l11ll11eJJ<' C of Fasl1i 1H1.
fJ <1 . f, it E xp1·d il' 1tt. to \\'ear
ll! ou l'llin g /1pp:i rd 1
[J I. Ov er- A nxiet y.
C2 . Are W P1 11 en rnorc gi1·e u to
H eve ng c 1lw n ll! en?
53. \\' as it Hi ;.;! 1t tu I::xec11tc .\f;t j1J1· J\n d re 'I
fJ -L ls a Li1; E ve r .J11 stilialil c?
J G. ]{,,111e was nut llui! L in n lhy.
uti. l:i Uliildliood tlt c llap11iest
J'(;riod of l.if'u?
C7. Earl y !{i,-ini;.
58. ,\ :\ ,;11· Hroom Sw eeps Cknn.
{i!i. \\'as tli e F:it u of ::iir Wal te r
lb lt-i g l1 !ksel'\'c1l ?
(ii)_ On l'ar.: ntal ln1! 11li;e nrc.
GI. Tntl11 encc of Uro11rn·c!L
4! 1.

t~2.

343

C hau ce r r\llJ lli s A ge.

I"'
•·). A ri :.: toc racy of \\' t·alt h.

ti+. 'l'l1 e Jnvt•11Li o 11 of Ll1e Co t.ton
(;ill .

nu. 'J'l1 e Art of

Plt2a:'\i1 1g.

lili. J!aLit8 of tl1e l! O;!..

t;J. Goucl Effect,; of Hi<lit:11le.
ti tL D escr iption of :.1 \' alley.
G!I. l! a l1its of Co urt..:,;y.
70. Taste fnr S i11111l e l ,ka:-:u rL\s.
7 1. Tl1 e Ed11 ('a l i• m of tl1 c tien~c,;.
7:2. f-.;t,r eet B q.~·~: 1ry .
73. l s t here J: casun t.n :-'11pposo
t hat ot he r P lanets a rc l11l iabite<l 1
74. On th e Multipli cation o f
Books.
75. Cor111 1arati1·e A dvau tagcs of
Cit y and Co untry Lifo.
7ti. Tir e" Fast" .Man.
77. Is Lal•o r a Bl essin g o r a
Cu r ...;\.· '~

7t1 . :-3 f1,,ul <l t he Tru tl 1 Alway,; Le

tip11ke11 ?
7!J. One has only to Dio to h<l

Prniscd .
80. lt is lfa rd to t:i11·i111 Against
t ir e Strea m .
1-l l. L" ve Begin s at. llo111 e.
t\~ . 0ne Learn ,; by Failin g.
8:l. J\ Hide Lh rns; t.lrt: Prairi e~ .
8 ~. O pd1in g of t.lt e Mai l.
8f> . Th e E1'er-Va ry i11 g ll ea11t y uf
t l1 e Clouds.
8fi . Tl 1e Vcc·11p a t iu11 s of tliu
F1mner .
i'l7. Li ve Within your Mean~.
H8. Nu l' ai11~ 1 no Gains.

o!J . Poor Workllll'll Fi11tl Fault
wit.Ii t h eir Tool:;.

j

3-14

COJll' OS IT IO N AND RII E''l' ORIC.

!10. N1lll 1in g Y e n! urc, N"c>tliin:; 11 3. An Argum e nt Against tho
Ila1·e.
u~o of Profa ne Lungungo.
!l i. 011 .:; CuoJ Turn Dese rves An - 11-1. Th e Duty o f Confessing Ono'•
otl1<·r.
Fau lt".
!1~. ~ ilt.: tl<'l' (;iv e:-i ( \) n:->cnt.
I Ui. l 111 po r t an co of Governing
\l :L It. ~e,·,: r l\ai11; 1. 11 t. it P o urs.
One 's Te111p e r.
\l·L Penny \\"i:;e u111l l'uu 11J Fuul- 11 1; . The !11jmiuus Influence o(
j,;] 1.
lnJulging in S luni;.
!15 . Lo ok lkforc Y• 111 Leap.
117. Tl1 c :Mot ives wh ich Lead lo
\II). Out of l'lcl<t, Out. nf f)an gc r.
Flattery.
\!7. ~l w rt ~ dtk 111l'L1 l:; ~lak e L u ng l I R. J:11ral Happin ess.
fri e11d:;.
l l U. ?llou11liµ;l 1t. ut S ea.
\Jl:l . Tho Burnt C lti lll D reaJs the l~ll. C11riosit y.
Fin·.
I'.! I. T l1c Le arn ed Professions.
\IU. ;\ l\ird i11 lh L· lla111l i:; \\' 0rtl 1 I'.!::!. fli ii tril 1111 i. 1n of Tim e.
T w <> i11 t lie J;u:;l 1.
I ~:J . W u11 t a nd l'l cnty.
1011. T he ~w eek:;t \\"in c m nkc:; l:! ·I. l 11t<.:liel"lu al Discipline.
I ~!). Bad Elfrc t s o f Ifolic ule.
t li e ~ollrl':;t \ "i11 c·ga r.
101. \\"IJL•re then!8 a \\"ill tl1 e rc '" 1'2ft. I >11t ies u f Ji u, pitnlity.
127. Th e !:'t 11tly of th e French
a \\'a y.
l .a ng- 11 age.
102. C ut y our C oat 1\cconl i11g to
I ~R . l>clicacy of Feeling.
yo 11r Clo th.
103. Every Man is lhe A rc hi tect 1 2~. T aste for the C ultivation of
Floll"c rs.
o f l1 i;i 0 11· n Fortun u.
I :rn. Th e F.fTc d .8 o f Learning ou
10L ~ v P hcc Like Jlomc.
t l1c C o1111t c11a11 co.
] 11ri. ~e lt' - l'rnise rw C1, 11im e n1la l :ll. Tl1e l>i lfo rc nce Lctw ee n
ti1,11.
l 0 1; . ,\ (;.,.,<} N"m nc i:; !kt le r Than
1l,·a11ty an d Fas l1i on.
I :i2. Th e C l1 oice of a Profession.
Hi l'l lL'!:!.
1117. Exa111pl e i ~ "\l o re Po werful 1:i:1. C(lr rc'l"'ndc11 ce Letwecn
1h1111 l'rc·('C Jil.
Tru e P olit .,11css n11J Helii;ion.
! OR. lt c lig io n Tentl s I<• "\l ak e On e l:l.J.. Jl eal t h .
C' lu·crf1d .
[: \!">. T he J:a in bow.
JO!I. J:.- ::;ure yo u1· Sin will Fin tl i 1:11; . Evib of P11lilic Life.
1
yo11 \lnt.
t:\';. ~l' u d cs ty a Sii;n of Me rit.
1 l U. A1·11ri c e; o r , th e }fnrc w e l:\S . A r t of Pl eas ing.
!l1LV<', t lu~ }fore w e \\"a nt.
I t: \\). O nkr anti Co11fu~iou.
1 11. Tl1 c F ully o f Ct•ntcu tlin ::; : J .t ll. ~l.,1· a l Effects of Puinting
aho nt T1·ill e~.
11uJ ~cnl.pturc.
l !'.! . l\ n~y - h , .,Jics.
J.11. Lux1.iy.

I

J.!IS CELJ, ANEOUS SUBJECTS.

345

I

J .J~. Tl1e Study o f Nntnral ll is- Hi7. Epitaphs.
J GS. ll o w Fur is it Rigl 1t fo r One
t ory.
J\:llivn t o Inte rfere in the ,\ f1.i:-;. Tho Butterfly unJ its
fa ir" o f A n ot li ed
Changes.
! Gfl. A l{ide A c n.1ss tl 1e Atl an t ic
H 1. Local A ;;soc iati ons.
011 a Ulonll.
14..-,. Par simon y 11n<l ProJi gality.
170. Sl wulJ Il orse -Tial'i ng b e,\] HG. Th e Sea.-;un s .
lo w ed at Agrim1lt11ral Fairs?
147. llnnn on y of Nuturo.
171.
What I Sa w in ll B:11l oo n·
J.I R. An Ev e ning Walk .
m,J c.
1~ fl . A Stroni; \Vill aml a Stro ng
172. C li a r nc t c ri sti cs o f tl1 c Co:nW on ' t.
lllon l luu sc · Fly .
1GO. A D escriptio n of au Enning
173. Tli c Got•d Ol ll Tim e".
ti11n set.
Hi 1. The Bulls nntl n ear s of Wall 17·1. llfot h o,J s o f l 1ll 1•rnvin,; 11 11:

Mc111 ory.
St reet.
l i:i'.!. T h e Effect of th e Purchase 175. Tnpi rti fu r C'u 11 Ycrs :1lio n at ~
Morning C all.
of Alask a.
176. Attenti o n t o Dress.
153. Uailruau Co rporntion s.
177. Th e P e r so nfll and D o rn cgt ic
154. Th o Uses o f lee.
C haract er uf Wa,hin i; lun lr 1i:i5 . Ex ecs~ in N01·cl -H ea<lin f.(.
'' \n~ .
l 51 i. Fi ction ns a Means of Incul 178. N cg ro "Minst relsy ns a P op·
catin g H. eli g io us Truth .
ul:tr An 1118cm enl.
157. A V isitlot.h0C a 1·e of .'Eol 11s.
17!>.
W elidin g !'rese nt".
158. Adrnntagt:s of Ling ui st ic
180. Juli11 l'l1i11a111 a n.
S t udi es.
15\1. /ulv a ntages of MaL11crnntical 18'1. Th e Sel 1onlt11astc r :\hro:11l.
l ti2. EtT1·ct o f N a 111ral Sc,·ncry
St.11< lics.
on Nali <111al Char;.tct cr.
mo. Tlte Std y of llistury .
183
. lntl11 c nee o f N ati onal Pro v.
}(i I. Il e bre w l' octry.
erlis.
I G2 . What 'Kind of Popula r
18·1. Effec t of tli c C rn sad <>s.
,\rnu s e rn c n t ~ arc Desirabl e?
185 . Docs the lh e of T u lia rc~
1 r.:i. Mclllcs o f Burial.
Lewi to tli c Usl! of lnt uxic ati111
ltH. A Vi sit. to Gr,·e nw oo<l Cetn ·
1Jrinks?
etery (Lamel Iii!!, lll unnt A11 18G. 1t Mi ght Tin\'\: Hl"e n.
b11rn, ll oll y w oocl, e tc.).
J(i ;) . Sl 1onltl C liiltlr cn in S11 n1lay- 18 7. Th e Ope n l'olar ~ e a.
Sd1oul be O rµ: ani zcu into T cm- 18R. A U11iforn1 ~y stc1n o f
Coin,;, ·w e i gh t ~, nm! llfoas ur e~,
pe ran <"c Socict ics?
for All N :1tiuns.
lG ii. Effects of War on Natio nal

Charac te r.

l "!l. C obwebs.

3 4G

C 0 .lfl' 0 S I TI 0 N A NJ) R 11 E TO R JC.

100. Intern11liu11al /\rt E xl1iLi ti ons.
l!l l. 01<1 Coinq - \\" hat lli evTl'll
l "s.
.
1 fl:! . Di1 l~·r e 11t. l\i1111:; of Ca r]> c·h .

I)

l ;irJ ~ '

H, 1 y~ ' ;\

(;

...\

11111:-;~'!IH,'ll{:-i

:11 1d

n111 :-::c n11 • 11 f'~ C u 11t 1·;1 ~ t

l'd .

1 :'·" · ~ J y ~ r ••I lier\ 1\ prn11 -St.ri 11 g .
] '. )~! . :\ ~'.T1·t• i11 ;.: I ti 1lil h~ r.
~ IJ(l.

-

l ' 11lili( · a11d l ri\·at e

~t·Ji o• tl.-;

1

.\1h·a11f:1 ;.!' t' ~

f:l;,! (':-i f1f

:lllll

J)i~ :llJ Y; \ll ­

c·:u·l1.

nrt in
ll "'"'l'll .
21'12. I To l1l Y 011 Rn.
~( l '.3. l l1111~v - Cl c a11in .~.
211-L i·, .. ,l'J,. wl111 ar o /\!11·a~.,, P111;11·t Ull: tl L>.

:21i'J . T l1e T>ifl" ·n· 11 ro
P1·id e a11d \':11 1i 1y.
~(q ;,

H.. 111·" l 'll

( ;I J:-':·· i1iill'..!".

2117. A

I ~i d e 1111 :111

~( 1.-..;. Tlil'ory H ii d

In•l •eq.(.

I 'r: ie t i1«'.

::>n:i . 1\n J-:11<· <>11111<-r ll'i ll1 a ll 11r-

gl ar.
'.llO . ~ ! .r Fi•l\\·er -C: 11nh•11.
:~II.

Sorrow.

2 1'1 . Rile11t. !11!111 cn<'c.
2IG. Th e lJi, to ry of n I'in.
2 17. /\ \ 'oyage to ll1 c :MetliLcrrnt l(:Hll.

1 ~·: ;. Ll':\rn i11 ;..; to Spl·l l.
] '.q . ~ pin11i11.i.; :-; n ,·ut -Y:11·11.
I ~ J.i. E \' t'ry ..·\ 111t.:rka 11 J ;ny Ex111..:rt...:. t11 lw l 1 rv.. : id •.: 1JI.
I '.Ii i. 1\ ,.,. \!,. 11 or \\"" '" l' '~ ~f o:.:t
(; h ·1· 11 t
f) :-'~ i;>i11g '(
]!)'j_

2 1 ~. K msin ~

'.'14 . Tl1 e JJr e,;~ is ll •>t thll Mlln.

l.ette r- Wri1i11 ;.;.
21 2. r: c:stkss I'c1>1.Jl'.

? IS.
? I !I .
?:.>11 .
:.> :.> I.

\"i ,it. to fl Lunnti ~ Asylum.
Fir11111ess a n<l Obstinacy.
Tl "· ll•Jll l'.)' · ll ec.
L1>1·e of l·:aso.

)f • 1r:i l ( ·, 111 ra .~e.
Tl1 e \! :i 11 .. r T:iil'11t a nd tl1 e
.\I a n o f ( ; c11i 11 :<.
2:1 -L A (; (111'1 I .i :--: t 0 111..'r.
:.>:.! :>. A (; ood T a lke r.
'.?:.>r;_ T)1 c Cra ce uf Civin g.
:.>:27. Tl 1l· (; ra ,·c· uf Hc"e iving.
:2~ ·" · Skc fl'li <>f Aa ru 11 B11rr.
'."'2! 1. Tl1 " Mark et.
:2 :\11. Love o f ~ l 1 <> Jl pi 11 g.
?'.l l. A tl en<l ing- /\ tl f: t.ion~ .
2: \? .
t lie l'en :Mig l1 tie r tlian
th e Sw,,r<l ?
]111111 .. 111"' of Rtcn rn.
Tl1 u 11111 1<-t. an d tli u Bal lot.
T l1t· EtTc..i "11 tl1<• ll n11 sel1 old
11f li:11·i11 ,;.; l 'i.-! 111·\'s arul Work8
1>f ,\ 1·1 i 11 t li e I l1111 sc.
:>:u ;. 1J,· :-w ri Jlf i11 11 of a Co un try
(' 111 11..-] 1.
? '.; i. Du"" J' .. 1·l' rly o r Rid1 es Deve l"!' tl1 c Cl1ara cler uc><t.?
?:\ .'{ . D11 n11 t \ ' i$it _1-.> 111· N(;iglilior
" ' oft e ll t illlt li e "hall ~fly, "lt
i:' E 11 01 1g l1. ' 1

r,

CORRECTING COMPOSITIONS.
T11 r. l n. h o r o f c riti c i s i n ~ n 11 1l co rre<: t i11 g Co rrq ,ositi 11 n s , pn r tic u \urly in l nrge
~d 1 111 d ~. is \'c r y grl'n t; ye t w itl101 1t s 111· h c rit id :-: 11 l a11 tl 1·(1rre<"tio 11 1n1 1e h of t h e
v1d11 l! o f th e exl·rl'i:-ic h :u:-i t. T he lH:!. hor. i n h is o w n cx p t·rh·11 1·c i ll thb1 n ultt<:r.
liu s f1>Ul\1l hi s l1L1,11 rs rnill c rially lc s:- l' ll l: d J,y t l1e u ::.c of1.: e rtai11 u1,J , n :viatin 11 :-.1\ 11 (\
u r l, itra ry s yml,o ls. liClll'fll l <" ri t kb 11 1s . \V lu.: 11 Hl'l'l'~':iury. ft rt· writ1e 11 out i n full
ut t h e lJOt t111 11 ,,f the Co mpos it iun B 11 tf'ri ti Ci:-i 111s qf pnr t i c u ltn w 1. rd :-1 r1r sc 11 t.cn1.:eli
Hrc 11 a Ld e o n til e 111nrg i11. Tl1 e u. l1brl.!\' iuli o 11 s fu r m it rkiug t h e se rn islll kc~ a.r e th o
f u ll u wing:

sp. m b lttk \! i n Spelling.
vu. nii :-:ta kc i11 l"un ctun.tion .
c p. m istake i n rL'gn rd tu Ciq dtals.
gr.
di.
fg.
11r.

rni s tnkc i n c: ratnrnar.
r11bt1lkC i n l> ktio n.
rni s takc in F ii;111-...:.
m is tu ke in u se of Prn11 o u n.

en . mi sta k e i n (;011 st r u c t io11.
sq. Squinti ng Con:-:tru ctio r:.

tt. To.utol ogy.
un . 8entc lH'e L1 1di n b h cd.

11.
tr.

"

0

Jtl c~i 1,Ic.

Tn111 !·iJ•i JSC.

11 cgh!d u f 1'1tr!Lgru phin g .
so m c thin .; left out.
n o mi s tak e obsern:1l.

p ositi ve nH'rit worthy o f n ote .

F o r ex prcss in~ J:!C' n r r n l es ti11'\ftt es o f th e c harnctcr o f th e piece , th e foll o wing
8y m1J nhi a re SOl ll c tii n C's phn.:cd nL th e c1 11l :
+ lrn11rnv('Jll 1' 11t on p rev io us t'llmpr,siti o n.
- 11 f1tlli 11 g- u ff.
X g1.: 11L·n\I e:<f ·~ · ll en cc .
+ g r 11L"rul ('lll'L' ks..;.; nc!'\s.
y o r igi nal ity and research .
Ot '('1L."-i o11 ally a pn..\ sa gc cont.ui 11 s so m e th in g. m e r ito r i o u ~ o r oth e rwi se, w hi c h
c n11 lie :-. t l •c e x plai ned ornlly. 111 ::.ucli C:tL~cH , writ e 0 11 t he Ulilrgi 11
d . Cul l fv r c .x1 •lu11ati on .
T he C(\rn pos ition s s l1 o nld l>c wrillc 11 lcg llJly, iu ink, whl 1 a m nrgi n f,,r criticisrns, rrnd s l1vnhl n ot be fo ld e d; nrnl thc 1111me of th e write r ~ h o uld lie pl11.ccd a t
th e top o f th e fir!': t pn;;c.
ln 11l 1trki11 ).{ 1\ Com pos iti o n . lln es timat e :; h o u l<l fir~t lJe math~ of i t.~ gene r itl
1n e rit s In n : fl..' re ncc to s ulJjL•d -11 n1t tc r . i:; tyl c , u 111l ni ethod o f tn·a t 11 1i.: 11 t. Fro m the
m ark th u.'!1 gi\'c n. a Uc cl u c ti v u !': lw u ld \Jc maJc fo r ctt<: li m bt.u ke no te d on th e
rn a rgi11 .

T h e n lJl1r C\' i 11tio n o n th e n rnrgi 11 !'l1 01 1lil lie m11t\ c d in.:«ll y o ppo~i tc th• pla.co
wh c r1..' c nd1 m is tu k c ot ·1·11rs. l 111l tli c rc !'. 1i1J\ll d lJe n q 111ark 01 1 th e w1,rd iL-.;cl f thnt
is wro r1 g . It :- li n11 lt1 he h:rt 1<1 lli e i ngenuity of t lw :,l'll Hla r to fi11d (>! It wh e re th e
111 bt 1l ke li c:-1. n 111l tl• 111 1"1. k e th e c o rrl'C t iu ll hhu ~d f. Fl1r c ad1 co rrectio n thu ~
Hill e.I L". fL :-;ui tn h le 1! llow1U1 <'c !'-il 11J Uld IJe 1rm1k i ll til e tinn l udj u ~ u nc 11 t. o f the 111u rk

fur th e C:ompo:-:. it iou.

This stimulutcs inquiry . a.uJ makes t he C"Tllkism s rt oubl y

Yalnilble.

347

348

I'ROOF-READ!KO.

PR 0 OF-REA DI NG.

EXPLANATIONS OF THE CORRECTIONS.

AN EXAMPLE OF A PROOF-SHEET
SHOWIN G THE MA!\!'iRR IN WHI CH ERROf:.S O F TIU~ PHK.SS AR B MARKED FOR COR•

Tnoucn se ver/ l differing opini o ns ex ist ns to
I

the illdiv idual 1-.\·
. w ,1{0 m th o art o i' printi n g was

2 ~

~/

first Jis cO \' f' red; ye t all 1lutl10riti es co n cur in

<(i5a UJ

aclmitting 1;'.~te r ~ hodT_f- r to be the perso n 3
C<Hl 11,ctal types , having learned

y'i

who inv cntc•d

lf'

tho ni·t

~f-

of C1dti11g the letters from the Gut-

": /

tf'nb er g5/ h e Ci also supposed to have bee n

0

the first wh ocn graved on copp er plat es. Th e 7/ - /
/I
/,
followi n g t esti m o ny is prese;:ed in th e family, 8
bv .Jo. Fred. Faus tu s, or A ~c hafl'e nburg:
)$ G

?>."

i/

. ._, ._..
.__,
10LJ >' !'~~~ch ~·~l'_r:_,
11 \j
hi·;-;;-;1st~-v,-~.s x"

of G Nns h c im, percei\'lng <.~ ·
d es ig n, nnd Lcing liimsdf
<(i5o/i"-

1'tl. (desirou"\ ;t;:-,-1,·n_'.[)

to improve the art, found

g._,.

.__, . .__,

<

Y.

out (by tho good

JWO\·idcnco o f God) tl10

meth od of cutting (i1>eide11di) the cha ract e rs

IS

au:t.

in a malri.r, tl1 :1t tho let te rs mi g ht ea;- ily be

e,

j

singly

1'1

cast/

ins!C'ad of 11.!.'.' ng wt.

\' :ttely cu t m11tric,!.l__ for
I

H e pri- IZrt/

th e wh olo nlphnb<'l/15

Fau' t was so 1il,·ased with tl1 0
.

.

c0 ntri\' a~;. ,
.
. ~~
~

/that li e p r0 m1,;l'd ['etc r to gi ve lum hp only
10

19

2ll

+

1

(fl ut theru wNc ,u:~ ny '.!J-tff~· ulties at first
With th ese {ct/1'TS , a s (}ip.Y() h ad b een Ueforo

wnod<'~,

no ~
! &!onz.

..»al.

"it.h
t) ,/ rn<'lal lJc ing too •o ft 3
+
------/
~
•
to su ppo rt th e f1~ 0 of th o in~"' ""k i o n:_ ~ut9:::, /
tLi " def,; c~w"( Rnn n r•' m c· d1ed, liy m1xrng
3

•o

11/

..JlaC

/.i au ghtp r ~ i ,; tinri. in marr iagll Yi1romi i;o 3
/"' 1i1 cli h o R• 1o n alter pcrfnrrn ctL~
18

aJ/

1

nL.'"l
"tanr . ~
h

jy

I

rc f<> r t o th e li ;..:: Hr ~ .., i11 th P n1 a r ;..; ir1.
A wr .. n g k tf1'r in a word is n ot.eel hy dr:t.wing
a.~ ll •· re thro u g h t lw r i 11 ~" ·ver e l , niakin~ a ~ i111ilar sla1 1l
lin t: iu ll1t : 111a q.~ l11, and writ in~ tn lli.: l1·IL •Jf ii t.lw cvrrt•t·L ldt t• r. A wli1d1· W1Jrd , l f
wr •1 11 g , b 1·v rr cctcd Liy Jrawi11 g a liu u ll L' fO S:~ ii , :rnJ wri 1i11 g: ll1 c correc t wvrd in tl1 e
lil~H~ln t'J•1'11.., j(,. ,
:.:. /.i'ffrr ." 1 1 1 ~ .'lirfr-dnwo. - A Idle r that is 11p ..., id f! ~rl r1w11 is 1rn li ·d lty drawi1 1g a
foiiar1L linll lhr u1 1 ~ : lt it , a11d 111aki11 g i11 th e 111 a q~ i11 th e lllark lll'n· i;ivt· 11.
:J. t'ttpll, !•• 11 1111/ ( '11p!f, uud /1(1/ir ." . - I f l 1 ·tl~~ r s "r w o rd s a r1· 1., he allt·n·d fru111
Oll i! 1: ha ra1·1.c r 10 uuuthl· r , il i.'5 11•1 Lcd by tlrawi11 g paralkl li1H.':-o l.rt.:luw t.l1l' it-ll t.· r!'i IJ I' w11rd1t
1w t11 t., • a ll e r.·d ; 11a111 l.' ly, three li1H::s fo r ( 'api t.ab1, I W•J li1 11· ~ for :"; 1n itl l 4;apitab. :u 1d 1111 c
lin e for lt alit- ~ : a11d ti~· wrilill J,! in tli e rnargi n tin! word t'a p::i, Sm. l. .'oq1s , or lta l k:s.
4. /Jt>/ 1•-i11 (f . - \Vh e n a word o r a lt.: tl e r b t•1 he L1k e 11 out, lllak1: a t-i lant lin o
tlir"11 g h i t. and plat- e in th e 111arg i11 th e 111ark li e n: J{ h ·t!u, whi c h i.:s tbc u!J w ay vf
1•1ritin~ th e h·tte r d , and ~ 1~1nds for the Lu.till t/Plc> , d1.'~tr .. y.
.'). ( 'futuyiuy l .. u,1<· t111f/ion .- A pu iul i::; t• l bt• 1·or n .•(· t e<l i11 tlH' :o'arn e rnann<'r as
fl l <'t ll'r r Ku. l l.
If th+> poi nt t ~J he iu :w rt ed is a per iu<l, it .:shuulJ Ut.: e n t.:1 • .)~t.'.d iu a
drd c. (:'.\t:c <·:<:t lllpl e :.t i th e hot to m of th e pagt'.)
6. S11t1r1• f}u ti llrd. - lf a s 11:H·t• ;,,. <•111ilt.-d l1C'lWl' l! ll tw <1 w ord :3 o r ldt f• N , p ut a
Card lllld Pr th e place Wht rc th e s p:.ll:i! vughL l v lJ._,•, tHJJ put in t!J e lll ltf!;ill lll c t: klra t: t e r IH.'rt' t;i v1• 11.
7. llJn1/"'n OmUfNf . - If a hypli f' n ha.'\ lif:t: u 011 1i11 e d, 111 11 a <: ard und e r 1h u
p!:tcc , a11J write th e li yph...:rl i11 1h 1~ 111ar~ i11 li ct wcc 11 t wu :;laut li1w ....
H. Lf'ff,·· r.'I 0111ilf1 •tl .- If a l· ·tH·r ha."i lw1· 11 1H1litt.-d , put a t·ar\.' l uud e r th e JJlace,
nntl )111 1. in thf'.I 111;ng in a slan t line wi11L L11t~ tell e r Lo the lt.:fl vf it.
9. (''/o."i"~! Up. - lf :l li111· i:1 t n., wi111'ly s pa <'ed, <1 r l• ·tlt'rs are sf•pn rat <'d that
~hould lw J"i 111 •d, thf• l i·tte r :; tllal an! H• l11• l1rnu~hl t o).{c l.h1 · r :-. h ·;11Jd hl' t·n 1111 ..,•t · !• •d loy
n L: un····I 11 1;nk . t·ith 1: r aln.1ve or hL: lnw, or 1Ju1h, a11 1l llC•.1rrc:> p•Huli11 g mark t:; li vuh.l 1,l~
J1 hu _·1•d i11 th·~ 1ua rg i 11 .
10 . Nt·1v p,.,,.,,ffr"ph.- \\~ l1 r> n n 111·w parag- rnpli i:i rPquln"° , put a cn r r·t nt lh e
pla t·•• \\" l11~ r e th•J n e w parag r:i ph s h•1tdd hf'g:i 11 , and a (jllflt.lra1.1 g le in tile ruarg in.
1 J. A 1.10." f> ·o11lu·. f'fr. - \\"lll'n I h e apo:; l rn1 1l 11·. inv e rted <'O nl11 Ht:-1, th r :-;tar anti
ot h 1·r r r· ft• r• ' IH'f•S , o r \1 • !t ~ r~ :lnd ti g url'."S o f an y kind lhal go ov t:r !hf~ lin e , lia,·c bt:('n
01 11itl t"l l , pu l a cn rf' I at t he ph,.e, a nd writ e 1h e oniitll'd ll l-"}.~ troph e 1.r ot lH'r t: h arat·k r
i11 t h o 111 :ui;i11, iu th e ho..:.om uf hll au glt· nwd c fur lite purpust;, and opening upwanl:-s.
I'! . 1 1,·tn1.<•po11i11r1. - Wllt•n a w<,rd i::. II) hP transpo;-;ed , draw a lir1 e rnun1l it J'tnd
carry til e lint" () \'C f lu t he pl:u·c whl'l'c lh t:> w.-,rd b 11 1 he 11ul , wri ti 11 g i n th ~ lft <Hidll tr .
( lr :u 1 ~po :'H ' ' · If two o r thr1..•c il'll Pr s i 11 a w o rd arc 111i :.; 11lac·t'd.drnw n li n t• u ndn 1h <' 111,
u11tl wrik lh t·111 c1 1r rt·l· tl y in 1lw 111:1r,1.' in. Ir !'lt'V t• r ;d l\' 11rds nl'• ) 1nbpbh•tl , draw JI l i nt!
und .·r tln •111 all, ~·ri ll ' on·r tli e 111 th1 • ligun"l'! 1, :.! , a, -l 1 t· tc., t u ~how th e ord e r In wh lc: h
tlw y ." ihnulJ i'ltand, and put. tr. in Ll11: 1n :trg i11.
i\

R ECT ION.

j
a

1

.

•

.

tli0 111!'t:i'. \\'luc h s ufli c1cntly

ancl u fen l:e J/Ol(lca! /'r.; 7/la.;lcz

fctu:z.; caJt /zom lhc.g maluccc,

th

3-19

tz.

12

.J1iotr. - Th e

ll l llllb•~ r-;

1.

l ... dtrr.if <n· Jl'orl/.(I . -

JJ'r11U(J

sh .. rt ..;]:1 11 1 li r11· 1h r 1, 11 g h it,

1 :1. 8 f l'f .- \Vhi ·11 l1y111i:-'t:ik1· a w11r•l lia s l11·1· 11111ark ctl lo l.1· ~ lru ( · k n1 tt , it nif von wi s h
:\ l l\ 11d, put a ro w 11f'tl11!~ u11d 1·r it, n11•l lh e Wt•rd , u·t ~ l e t II l'l la11d J 111 ll1 t· ;r 111rgl r1.

ll 1"

\\'IH :n u ."IJ•:lt' C ( a thin slip of llH.: tal u ~ i"I fu r ~ J·lld n g )
JH1 ,j 1·t'l:-4, draw a lin e und i·r it a11d th e c or r e s purnli 11 ~ 111ark in th e 111arg ir1.
.15. n ·ord,., Uuf. - Wl11·11 !-li:veral word~ hav e hctrn lcfl o ut, writ e th e m nt th o
foot of th e \ia~e , a11d drnw a lin e f'r11111 th t•111 to lh e Jibce w h i'rc th1 ·y !- h o nltl he i111w r t("d. If t 1c niallt•r 11111itt(•d i:i too 111 1H' h t o be thu .':I wrill c n at tlH· ft111 tuf tl H_' page ,
writ e on th t~ 111ar.l{in the w on\ s, (Jul. ·'"t' 1·01111. and wril c likt·wise o u th e 111arg i11 of th e
COJ•Y th e word (} u l, a 11d e nl'l 11:-1 c th~· 11111il1(;1) wonb in t ,rat.: kd~.

1-1. Sp11N: J'roj,•rfi" ff. -

11;, 1.t'ff1•r!f .~itrrudiU{f Croul~·1: d. -Th e mark ~ lh ' rc gi\'cn :s h o w th e mod e of

1rn1i11K th i!"t 1l cf1..:<.:t.
17. u·'"'"fl Fmu1f. - \\"l11•n a lPll l" r n f n tliffr- rf" nt fnnnl h a.~ b ee n in se rted, m:irk
It with a ,"\ lallt Ji11 P, a11.\ writ• ' w.f. ( wr .. n g fo11 11t ) in tl1 1· 111an: i11.
IS . 1\ ' o Pur11yrtt1 1h. - \\'h1· 11 f\ pnragraph h ;1s l1t·•· 11 111ad f' wli;•r•.,, ll<Hl l" wn s int1·11il1·d , .traw a iillLt fro111 the l_in,kt ·11 -11ff mat tt.· r to ll1 c 11 1..· :otl p:ira gT:qJh, 1111d \'fritc iu

th 1• r11arg i11 .\'•1 t i .
19. J ,,1•ft Out. -

'V hi' n a wo rd h ~L~ bee n le ft o ut. mak e a c are t Rt the pl ace, nntl

writ 1· lht· wo rd in th•· 111aq,d11.
20. / ·'1rull!f l~ rtt1·r.- \Vh cn
surnll t: r u:i;!'I 111 ta e n1arg:i u.

;;o

a letter ls faulty , draw a c ross un<l. c r it, and trYak c n

350

R fl ET 0 Rf C.

C 0 .!/ l' 0 S IT f 0 N A ND

II

AN EXAMPLE OF A PROOF-SHEET

.
III:
;' if

I_

T'"'l:t: rr ~c,·ual di!l'cring op inion ~ cx i:;t a s to
t ho i11 1li1·idual \.y wl1m11 the art of printing was

I :'-

'

fir:;t di sc1 >1·,·rcd; yet nil aut l1u ril i e~ coneur in
nd1Hittin g

l'ET[I{

~CllUEFFE I{

to be Lite

CHAPTER IX.

p,.,.,,,rn who i111· e nll'1l ca.•t 111dal ty71r.•, liaving
karn ecl Ll1e art of c111lin:1 tlie Idle rs from t lt e
(;uu ~ nb c rg~:

be

i~

also su pposed tu hav e Le en

"·J,,, en:;r: 11·ed on ""i'i'" '· -plak:<. Tl1e

tl 11: first

full<.•wi111.: ll» l i1J1o!ly i ~ prl'se n·cd in tl1 e fa 111 ily,
l1y .lo. Fr1·<L F1111,;t11 ;;, or :\"1·lialle11l111rg:
. PETEH
in;.;

~\ ' llP EFFE H ,
F1u1 ~t 's

hi . . 11 1a:..;f er

oC

c ~ rn sl1l'i 111,

tl es ign , nntl

percc iv -

11 <.: in~ l1i111-

self ankntl y desir1rns t o i111pru1·0 tlie 11rl, found
"llt (h;· till'

good

prt11·id c• nr·o of (;t)tl)

mct.!10<1 of c11t ti 11g ( i11ciile11d i) tli o
fi

tl10

c:li ar:v· te r ~

in

11111/ri.r, tha t th o letter' mi g ht easil y Lo singly

c11.<t,

instc rul of hcing cu l.

11/fl/ri1·1»•

r.. r

~l1<>ll'etl

l1i:< 111astn 1111: il'lkr:<

111 :itri 1.· c~,

!l o 11ri1·ately cut

tlie wli olt- :ilpli:th·t: anJ wh en lie
l':l' t

fro 111 tl1e so

Fau~t wa:-1 !'n pl•.: H.-..1.: d witl 1 tl1c con-

t ri1·r111n., tl111t li e ]'l'<•flti.''''l l'cle r to gin, l1im
Li:< L1nly d:111 ;..d1ter (/11·i.,/i11rt in tnnrriage,
111·tl111isc· wl1i1·!1 l1 u

SPll ll

afkr perfurllletl.

a

ll11t

t l1l'rc wern 11s 111a11y dil!it-11l1i,,s at fi 1·st willt
th ese IL·tl er,., ns tl1t·re l1:1d lic1·n !tdo re with
?roo1/1·n. OJ/rf', t!tt' llH ' f:d

J1Urt tl1 l.' f 11 n· e

wa~ ~t'! ifl !" t_·/ill· ,livd,

!-'1.ll ;'-l:1111·l,

hcillh fon 1'\(1ft

(If t ii l· i111p re ..;:""i 1111:

,,·Jiid1

i>y 1nixi11 g

to St1p-

l 1uf I l1i :-;

tl1c 111 el a l

s111lil' ic11t!y l1;1rd 1·1ll· d

it. '

defec t
wi1 11 n

THE ST UDY OF T HE ENGLISH L ANGUAGE.
R11ET O!lflJ b, frum ih vNy nnt11re, so clo;:ely eonnedetl wit h tlio
8t.11<ly of L:1n;(11:1ge, that T slirill rn:iku no npulO!-'..Y for npp c nd in:; tn
tlil' pr c~ 1.:11t. t r .: nti:-'e ~01nc r c1n:u·k:i up1111 tl1 e Engli;-;h Lnn gu1q;e, ::i\'i 11 g a gf·n c ral outli n e of it~ ol'i ~i n , lii:-:tory, nf11liation~, a nd C'l1an11·tc r, fl !Hl so n1 e s ugge,:lio 1H :is !tJ t h u 111annt>r in w l1i c li it s st 111ly 111111
c11lt11 re nrc to be p11n<11ed. Tl1c:se re 111 :1rks are not i11t en1kd fl q a
pa rt of tl1c text., to l•e st11<l ic<l in i.110 ordi nary routi n e of the cl:t,:sro u1n, but n~ a m atter of info r111ati o11 for tl1osc Rt11tl c nts who 111ay
not l1 uve ncc<'SS to t he n1!!11 e r,,u s flllii ex t.cntl e<l vol11111es 11· l1ii:l1 n re
d e voted to tliis pnrti c11 lar s11l1,jt-ct.
],tN(;t· 1sTH'S is grn<l 11all y flC'<Jlliring the co11 siste ncv nf ~\ s<'i,·nce.
If nut so definite ns mallic111alics aml ollll.: f' l'llr e Rt·ic:nr·es, it l1ns yet
111ml e goo1l its claim to be r cg:mled '"a scie 11 ro. 1JtJtl1 l,y tlie cl1:1 r11t:t er of its m <:tl 1ods nn1l tl1e ll'ide generalizations \l· l1i cl1 it. lifts

rea e li ed.

Ln 11 g11 : q.~('..., l1ave l1111g-. nlr 11 u:-;t alway~ ind e1..!d , l >( 1 e n n ~110-

je<'t of st 11d y. Hut Ollfl 1n:ty Ge :in H<'< ·o11111lished ling11ist., rL"a<ling
1ulll speaking m a 11 y to n;;11 es, ll' itl10 11 t Le in g an n<ll'pt in tli e sci,·n rt•
of l11ng1111ge. T li i ~ s!' ic:n ce. in it s 111ortl rece nt a HJ exnct. forfll , d i ff erg
J'l'f'<'ept ilily e ven from pl 1i l1ilt)gy. Tl1() 111;tte ri:1l, o r s 11 l•j ed -111:1tkr
of tl1 e sc ience, is n ot one language, or nny o ne ela;;,; 1Jf la11g11ngcs,
nn rie nt or rn odcrn , living 01· tl o:id, h11t language ii se lf, in its e11lir(:ty.
l t.8 melhods nrc to ouse rv c, urra ngl\ and dagsify all ll 1e f1Jn 11 ~ of
"pee..!1 t li nt 11rc, or e,· 1: r l1a ve 11c:e 11 , in 11>-e, nml f'r11m th " n1 t11 dcd11cu
tl1 c

Il l'C(·:-;:-i.nry

r :1<·0 i ~.

la\\':4 of SJlt'ct' l1 fur a rar·c

t•111 1:-i.tit11tcd

as tl11.~

li1n11a11

I t ai111~ to sln.1w l111\\' la11 ~11a~e <1ri t-!' inat l'd, tl 1at i~, t u sl1ow

wl1y we• "1'(·:1 k :it a ll. a11d w l1 y we ~1"·ak as ,_.,. tltJ ; to ,l11t11· wl 1at is
tl1 e i11n er life uf l:i11 " 11:igC', :1 111 1 l11i\\' it s cl11u1 g1·s :1re ctl"c:t'!l'd; to lra cu
;1:»1

I -.

352

3,53

CO.Hl'OS !TION AND RIIETORIC.

T II E .I\ NG LIS II LA KG U A 0 E.

the rc>lati nns betw ee n language ancl t li onght; and, finally, M rli o
gcoln;.;i:<t i:< nul c fr om e xi~ti n g pl1enomcnn to rend the history of tlJ()
gl11 !1c fn r back nntcri or to hurnnn reco rd s, so from the cx iNtinl{
f•.'l"lll" <Jf speec h to tranl unrk illto the prehistoric nnnnl s of tli o
r:l<'e, nncl to trace the (l(•i ngs nrnl the chnrncle r of races of whom
tl 1e re i" no other rcr unl.
Th e '"··ic'll l'C of langnagc , n~ 1hu s und erRt.0 011, is the youn~ c~ t ot
tli e sciu1rc,., youn ge r Cl' l' ll th a u geology, bei ng yet li rmlly hnlf I\
cc ntnry old. J\ 111 011:; ih 1:ulti\•ato1·s nre two pnrti cnlarl y nnti ccnhl o
by tl 11 "c oi' tl1c En gl i ,- h - ~ 1\(: akin g rnce, hol h as bci r1 g on t.11 0 ror(•n io~t. wav e o f tltc acl\'nn cin_r! ~c i c n cc, nnd ns usin g our lan g11Hi;u in
tl1 ei r in l'e,ti gati o n", 111111 l1c·ing, th <:> rcfur e, t l1 e m ore ucce8"i lil o to
En glish and J\rn e rit-nn "t1Hl ents. Th ese are Professor Max MUil er,
of t he l' nil' l'r, it y of Oxfnl'(l , nnd Prufc,;,1lr Whitney, of Y11lo College. 1'r<Jfes"o 1· \\' l1iln ey 's linok, 1 altlwugh it l1as l.i ce11 !Jut a Hl1ort
time befo re tlll: pn \.lic, l1as alr<:>ncly plal'cd its autho 1· in a position
of most lic>11 nrnll1 e cl i,.ti11t'linn bcfv re tho eyes of his co11ntry111en.
If not so uril li11 11t nml fa"<'i11ati11 g in styl e ns are the vol umes of
Mnx Mull e r,' tl 1c work i:< ecp 1ally lcnrn cd, nnd is decided ly moro
sol•e r and trn't"·nrthy in it s coricl nsio ns.
Tl 1e rC' r C'nt cu 11tri l1utio ns t o th e study of EngliHh by Professor
Mar,Ji,' Profc;;,;0 1· Schd o de Vere, • Ri r h nrd Grant White,~ n11J.
:Ed\\·11rcl S. Gn11l1l,6 of tliis cnnnt ry , and by Lat ham,' Trench, 8 Alfurd ,9 arnl J\! oo n, 10 in En glnnd, ns w ell as the elnbornte r cvic w8
whi1·li h11v e flJ'peo.rcd in nenrly nll th e leading periodicals of Loth
eo untri cs, "liow that th e ' "".i"ct. ha~ aw11kcncd puulic attention.
All tl 1e wor k' n •f'1·l'l'l'd t v l11we loet·n rl'rr i\'l'<l with marked favor,
111111 tl1 cy l1av e d une mu e h f1)\\'1ll'lls 111nki11g the genius and r esources
<• f 0 111· lnngun gc !Jetter 1111d cr•t1Jutl hy th uHe who use it. Il ut the
work' of l'ri>f1>sso r Miil le r a11c l Prof,•,"'o r \ Vhi tney, while necess11rily ch·:tlin g largel y \1·it l1 EngJi , iJ , 1l!ltl while of great in terest nn<l

vnlu e to the mere st.mlent o f En gl i,; h, yet take a rnnch wi•l er rnnge
than tho se of tl1 c olhN w rite rs who h:tv o bee n nnm e1l. Th e difforence between th em i,; like t.h e tliffcrencc lJet ween 1i wo rk nn
gene ral geo logy anti a work on t.riluliitcs or o n th e carhou ifo rcni.'l

- - - -· · - - - - · - - - ---------·--- - - - - 1. T.ang'uat::-1' an 1l th (• S!w l y (1 ( L:tn g1 1n h •~ .
o ( ~ a n:-kriL i n Y :t l f' t' nlkg<'. ih·o .

Hy ".illi nrn Dwi ght 'Vbitncy,

l'ro(c ~~ o r

2. ~ ' kurP of Lan i.: u:t~" . '2 nd:-1.; f\1 \ll \ hips iro m a f ~e rm::in ' Vorkshop, 2 vols.
:1. T i11• l l rh.;i1 1 a11d lli ... 111 ry ~.r t h•• l·:n:.:l i:.h L a n g lla gc. 1 vol., 8 Yo. L ect urC:i on tho
E11 ).! l is lt L:tll l..'.Hl\ t.: • ~. Jl y l;, . ~ .r g1" l' Mar .. h . t Vt d., Hvo.
·I ~ lnd i1·.-; i11 J·: 11 g!i, li. Hy :'\ I . Sdwl• · tl1· \'nt•.
I \"1'1 ., 8vo.
; •. W1 1r.\ ... ;1111l Tll t·ir 1·_..;r>:0.
g ,· Hi t· h:wl ( ir a1 it \\'ldt1 •.
•i. 1:..... 1 l ~ tt i..: li . ., lt
By 1-:dwar:l H. 1;1111\d . 1 ' '1 11. , l'Lm o.
I. Tlw 1':11 ,i.: lbli l.an ).! n•l).: •·. H y I{. 1; , La than1.
H. l-: 111.d i .... h , l'a ~t :n1d l'n. · ~h'lll , g,. H.klnlnJ ( 'hrv enix Trc11 t h .
T !J ;. :"tu d \' ,. f \\'o rd :1. II\' n.k i 1nr.! Ch,·,·t·nis Tn ·1w h .
'J . Th·· (Jt 1•· •:11'i; 1<:1 n.:: li" h. H·y ll t• nr y Al ford, 1 > ~ · 1111 of l'u utcrl>ury.
lU. 'U.t t: lJt.:au':t E u g li ~ h . Hy l; . \\' a ~ l dug-tuu :i. t uu u.

era .

lf avin"' referred tl111 s to th e prin cip nl sonrces of informat ion on
tliis snhi.·ct. which are acce~s i ble t.o the English 8t.udent, I proece1l
to "iv e ~bri ef 011tli nc of' th e ncccpted theory in regard to the origin
nn<l char:l('te r of th e En gl ish lung u:1ge, 11nd of its relation tu th e
other lnn gna .!!;C'S of tho cart.Ii.
Jn d uing tl1i 9, it will lie 1wressa ry first to take tl1 c r ead e r to
r e·•iu rB apparent ly remot e frnm Lh0 toj'iC n:11necl. Hut in 1n a ny
tl i'in"" a l'O lllpr cl 1ensiv e sn n •t·y of a wl10!0 s uh.i c•d is t.l1e sh<)J'te•t
wav,.,of getti 11 µ: at ;1 preci,;e know ledge of' a parti c ular tli,·ision "fit..
Roi.li e' itl,•a of .tl1 e gcne rnl µ:rvnping of' the la nf.( 11 0.ges of th(' cn rtl1 i~
ncc·l·H ~:iry to I\ proper und " r"tnndi11g of th e pla('e whic·h En gli8h
h old.-<, both in hi,tory nncl in general philology . This i" Llie 111 o rc
n ec·,·ssnr_v, bccanso the whole science of lnnguage ha:; been ni,·olu ti onizccl, o r rn t he r iL llfls li cc-11 creat ccl, in t imes \\'i tlii n t he m emory
of pcrso11s st ill li1·ing. Th e ol'l th eo ry, wl1 ich until lat ely noliotly
e ver q1ic stiou cd, "· n~. that 111 0 lf el1row W fL~ t he orif!in:d language of
th e earth, nntl tl111 t. all other 111ng ur1ges in so me way Fl•run g from it.
"A 11 antiquity,'' BH,YS Jerom e, "aflirm s that l l elJrcw, in wl1i<:h th e
Oltl Tc•sta ment i:; writt en, WllS tl1 c ueginnin g of all specr h. " \\' h en,
th c rcfun', 11ttempt,; l1cgan t o [, e nrnd e nt a scientilic cb s.'< if1 c11•i 1rn
of ln11 guagcR, t.110 prol·lcrn " ·hi ch presented it:;elf to sC' l1 olar~ \\'as,
"ll chrc.: w, bi:ing 11nd1111l>11:11l y th e rnot.h or of 1111 lnn;..:na gv.". ho\\' c1111
w e c.:xp 111 in tli u prucc:s; l•y wl1il'l1 it bc('11 111 e 'J>lit. into su 11111 ny
<li a1' ·et,;, tlnt.l li ow can " ·e trac e ha to k t.h e \\·or1l ; i11 all tl1 0 v,1rinu"
Jn 11 µ;u:1g<::l of t. l1c wo rl<l t o t hei r o ri,;inal ll l,!,1·cw root :• ? Th o
1111101 11it of learning un cl in ge nuit y lJestuw ed up on tl1 0 s11lution of
thi s prol.l em \\' :1.q procli giom•, and 11 us w,;]] liec>n co1nparcJ to t ha t
li cst o w ~tl by t.h c earli ur a"tr1>no1nc,rs in uncl crtnki11µ; to expla in tlio
movement of th e li onv enly bodi es on tl1 0 1L:;s11111ption that th e ua rtli
was tlio rC" ut l'C of the u11i,·c rsc. Tl1e fou ndati on:; (• f th e t>ld tJ1,·ory
(If l:i11 g11:1ge beg:t n to J,c "liakl'l1 as far b:u·k a,; tl 1e tillt u (I f 1.l' ilo11it z,
i11 ·171 0, a111l pri111uril.1· I,y l.l' ili11it z l1i 111 sdf. l\n t no g 1 ·~ at :u1d c1.:r1"i 11 11 ()\- : 111 ,. e \l'a9 111adc i 11 t he \\' :ty uf e,;t al.l i-11i11;..: :t tJ·uc· t l1C"111'_1·,
until ni·flr t.h o rlusc vf tl 1t: last. cc:11tt11',v. Th u st ep,; \l'l 1i,· l1 tl1 1.: 11 k c!
to t.110 di sc111·c ry a11cl tl1c· ""taloli "l1111t· 11t. ,,f th e H('iclln: o f' l:ing11age,

:l() "'

x

354

CO MPOSITION AND RfIETORJO.

as now umlrrRtood, orig in ated in 11n11ertakin gs not by any m o~n•
Rc ientific in the ir aim.
T he E11gfo:l1 E.'\.~t Judia Comrany, in the gove rnment of their
Indi:m C'mpire, luwo always l1 ad in t l1 cir C' mpl oy a n umber of eml·
n e nt juri"t", to aet ns j11<1:.:C'" in tl 10 civil a<l111ini strati on. Th e~e
jiali! c ~ ea rl y fonnll t h at th o j 11ri "priHlen"e wliicli they w ere call ed
upon to ad rninblt'r w:is i ntcr w oq• n wi t h 11 vas t body of 1111tionnl
traditions nf 11nkno " ·n, but ce rt a inly most ven e rable antiquity, anJ
tl1 at to intl'rpret t l":;;.e triulitions rigl1tly, it would be necessary to
become nc1l' 1ainted wit It t li e o ld ori g in11! langu age, in which they
w c· r e C'ontaine11. Tlie E ngl i;;li and A11wric11n 111i ;isionari es in thnt
co untry m ade 11 "imi l1tr discovery. Tit o pco1•l t.: uf Indi11 w e re fo1111d
to be in t h i:; r e,.pcc t very much in t he eun<l ition of t he nati o n~
of So u t l1ern Eu ro pe, which li ave s nn·in'<i tir e <li , i11tc·g rntion of tlie
Hom:rn Empire. A ~ Frnnce, Spn in , nnil It nly look to an cient Rom o
for tire J.,c,i; bo tlt o f tl1 eir Re ,·c rnl lnn i:;11ng<'s und th eir system of
j11r i ~ prn1k1w<'. HO i n m o<l vrn In dia rnan y natio ns and t riLes wero
found "·i t !t l:111i:;11agPR ili"tin c t in 1l eed , 1ut closely alli liate<l , Md
h a vin g a ro mmon 1> 1t' i ~ inn to ng-11c whi c h ce aRe<l to be spoken more
th a n t w o tl1n11":n11l y <·ar~ ago. Thi ~ 1kwl lan gunge. e xisting in In<lia
11~ the L11tin <lo<>R 1m11,ng tho n nt io ns of Sout hern Enrope, is known
by t.lte nam e of t he S1rn,crit.
Tito j uri ,ts and ci,·ili11n ;. of the Ea~ t In<lin Com pany fou nd, that
in order to arq11ire the n ere~'flry a ut hori ty fl" int c·rpro ters of In<lian
law, tl1ey m118t 11rq1111int th e rn "eh·c·~ witlt th e Sa nsc l"it l:rng.ungo.
Tl1 e rni~;ic1 nar·il"R w Pre 0J.lige1l t o 't.11.l y it for a li ke rc11son. It wnA
tl1 e o nl y way in wh ich t l1 l·y <'011!11 obta in 11 hearing as in stru cto r~
of tir e pt•0pl c, OI" i11 whi ch th ey cu11 ltl , ~ ati,fil cto ril y to tl1 emselv es,
c•xpl:1i11 nnol ('11nfllt<' tl1e ~ _,·,;t « m o ftl11·.,J 11gy nnd philoso phy on which
tl1e ,.a,t "'1JWr"t rn1·t11ro of ln1li11n r el ig i1111 w a." bnsccl. Th ese two
ela"i'es uf E 11rPp1•an,, tl1trd11rc, r1<ldre., ,;e1l tl1 e1118cl vcs w ith zenl to
th e "t111ly of tlii " nn cil'll t t1111g 11 e. Their !:tliorn in this lin e first took
"li:q•c in tlto t'or1 11a t i.. 11 of tl1e Asiat i1 ~ S0t' i<'ty 11t. Ca lcut.ta, in 1784,
fro m w hiv!t (·n•nt, in1k e1l, t li e hist <>ry 11f :-;,lll SC' rit Pliilology as n
J-:11 rnp "'"' stiidy 111:1_,. lie dated. ,\ ,.. tl w res ult s uf t lr c ir 8tudi es were
t rnn,;1 1iittl'd fr11111 tilll e lu ti111 0 tn tl1 e k a rned o f \V estern Europe, it
J.ec:t111 1· ;.:1w l11 :ill_1· a1•1i:1n·11t tl 1:tt tli e f:wt,; 1lis«luscrl were lik ely to
l 1av-._• an irttfHH·t: ll it !wari11;_!' 1q1c 1n tl1u ent ir l' t-' 1·i e ll< 'C of plti lu logy.
A
s1 1rpri ~ i11 g ('oin1·i d1·114· u, f'11r i11~t : t1ll' l". \\' 11:; 1'01111J

i>l'hveen tl1L'4 nncient

l1111 g 11 a;.:e at tli e f1111t "f tit ,, lli11111!:.y1Lq, wl1i c h !tud bee u a <l ea<l

TUE ENG LI S II LANGUAGE.

355

language for m or e thnn two tl1ou sa nd ycnr~, and the lnng11nges o f
W estern E n rope. More snrpri sin ~ st ill , t hi s lan ~1rnge w :1s fou nd
even more lik e to the La t.in and Greek. This coi nc iden ce in cl 11 clcd
nn t only a va~t nnm ber of w o nb of lik e m eanin g, b ut m ost woncle rful si mi larities in d ecle nsio ns, co nj 11 gntio ns, 11nd syntax. Grnmrn atical forms and co n ~tru c ti o n s in Latin nnd G r eek , whi c h li:ul
h ero m o nnornalous rm cl unexp l:ii1rnble before the tim e of ,J uli11s
C:c~a r nnd tho gram m arians of Al exandria, w ere fou nd to b e C:'l:]Jl a in ed by co rrc ~ pon<lin g fo rm s in Sanscrit , wh e r e they existed in
n state Jess impairctl, o r m o re full y d eveloped.
Such r esu lts as these n eces~a ri ly led t o a ca r e ful re- e:rnmi1rnti on
of the whol e t heory of tlie atiil iatio n o f lun g 11 llg<-~. It wo11 l•l not
co mp ort with t he object of tl1 e presen t arti c le to t•nt e r into a hi story
of tl• e in vcstig:ttio ns and di sf' 11ssio ns wl1i c h foll o w ed , no r t o st.at e
th e d isc r epan cies of op ini on whi ch sti ll e xist among phil o logist s, a.•
to tho gene ral classifi cation and t h e geogrnphicn l di st ri b u tion of t.ho
l a n:.inagcs o f th o ea rt h. Th e ex a mination of tho s 11lrject has letl,
h owevC'r, t o so m e w ell-ascertain ()d r es ult~, i n r egarcl to wlii ch !11 0
le11rn cd nre pretty mn (:h agrcl:d. All th e lca 1 li n ~ hng11nges, fro m
th e Himalaya Mountains in Asia, o n the east, to t Ir e A tln.ntic shore
of Europe, on the w est, aro fo und to h a ve n u111crous affiniti es n nd
p oints of r cscmlil ancc t oo stro ng to be a cC'o un tecl fur in nny oth e r
w ny tl1an liy "'!'Posing :rn hi stor ical a nd ethniC' a l co nn ectio n. Tlie
et!tnogrnphka l theory, hy whi ch th ese ex traonli n:iry nnalo ::d cs and
i<lcn t it ies are e xplain e<l, w e sl1 111! no w proceed to Rtnte in the briefrs t
manne r po s~ ibl e . It will Ire un1l e rstood to b() th o m e r est o ut. li ne.
Th e prin t'i ptll uatiou~ ernhra1,· ell in t.11 0 imrn c n8e spnce o f longit11clo
tl1 at has bee n nam ed , are ~uppo sC< l to h nve all ~ prn ng origin .rlly
from th e :1:i11rn cen tral hi ve in Asia, th e pr ecise location of w !tkh it
i ~ not n ecc~sary to t he theo ry e ith e r to estnbli sli o r a ssu m e, a ncl to
lr avc proceelled t he nce, in ve ry enrly tim e ~, in s uccessi,·e sw an n~,
to t he seYernl countri es wh ere th ey are funnd wi th in tli e l1i storic
p e riods . Th ese titles o f po pulation nrn R1 1pposed t o li aYO fullowecl
each otl1 e r nt di s tant, inte rn11", nnd lo h ave p roceeded, as mi gra tory
n u111ad,; u~ually d o, in th e directio n o f th e ir original i111p11 be, un l il
t he impu bc w as spe nt, or until it m et wi th so m e obstac le sntll c i1•11t
to ai-rc·"t its furth er progress. Th e ea rli est \\"fl\"O rolling- w est. w nn11y
w o uld n ce1·,sa ril y be arrcsll"d by t.11 0 Atlanti c, am] w ould ovc11 t 11all y
lrn<•o rn e s t nti o nn ry in tl1u rC'giou s alo n i:i th e CO•L't., and in th o ndj:wcnt
i~Jilll ,l s. The next s11 ccc·eding w ave iu t he sarn e dircetio11 \nnild b u

358

359

C O /i f P O SITION AND JU!ETORIC.

TIIE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

the G e rm ani c un<l Scu n<linuvinn p eopl es, un<l south erly upon the
I. rn·co-l :uman. Th e lnr 11:~11ngcs of thi s g ro up arc v ery num erous.
Tl1 c P"incipnl a re th e Hu ~'ian, Bulgarian , Jllyrian, Polish, Bohemian,
l,n,nti an , L ct t i,Ji , Li t hunn inn, a n<l o ld Prussian.
Th o se ve n g rn11p8 of la ng nni!('S, th a t h nve been thu s briefly deBc rib ed, fo rm o ne o f sc vc rnl g rent Famil ies of La ng uages in to which
t.he n11111 c ro11 s v nri d i c~ o f l1u1n a n s peec h have bee n <livi<l e<l. Tltis
fa m ily h as b ee n vari ously 11amed. It has been c nllcd t he J aphetic,
b ecause th e na ti o118 i11 cl11d e<l in it a re supposed t o lt nve descend ed
fr om Japl1 et, o no of t.l1 0 Fo ns o f Noah. Another nam e is tl1 e IndoE uropea n, wh id 1 is a purely gcog rnphi cal nam e, and l1 11s b een given
p ur posely t o avoi <l 111 ix inl-( u p th e pl1il ological q m•s ti un with th o
(lt hn ic rtl o ne. or th e lin g ui stic affinities, th e re iR n o doubt. The
<:thni cal co nn ection lins no t l> ~ c n so cle nrl y e~ t a bli :< h e tl. Still anotl1e r na 111 e l1 a.• l1ee n give n to th e fnmi ly, aml l1 as Lee n mu ch insisted
o n by th ose c rnin e nt sc hola rs wh o l1a,·o pu ~l1 c d tli <: ir inquiries into
t he ~u lij ec t fortlu.:st. Thi s n:un c is t ho Aryan . Tt is so nam ed from
nn an cie nt coun t ry i n Ce ntral A:; i111 call ed Aryn in tb e Snnscrit
liuo b , and known uy tl1i s t i\]() nm o ng tl1 e G reek s and Ho111ans, and
s upp o ~ e<l t o be t he i;tu r t ia g- puiut fro m which tli cse various nations
mi g rated.
B esides tl1i s family, th e r e arc two o r throe o th e rs, whi ch we need
not d esc ri be, n,. th ey nr e not co nn ectod, ox ce pt in a most remote
deg ree, wi t h our prc, c nt s nl~ject. Ono of tl1 cse is th o Shcmitio
follli ly, Ro call e<l lH·ca11so tl1 e n nt ions embraced in it 11.ro tl esceu<lcd
fr um S he in . th e o ld est. Ro n of N oah . Th e prin r ipnl l11n g uagcs inel11 cl r-1l in thi ,i fallli ly n m tl 10 l! ubr ow, Si\llmri t an, t'y rin c, Chald co,
Arab ic, and E thi t•p ic. T ho ot he r fo111ili es of lan g ungcs nrc not us
yet sullici cntl y d elln c<l, and t he re for e need n ot bo narn c<l iu this
ox t rem cly curso ry revie w.
Th o En gli sh la nw rn ge, it w ill b o ~c c n, b ears intim a t e rela ti ons to
t \\" O uf tl1 c gro1q18 of tl 1e j!rC"at l mlo -Eu rnpe nu or A ry nn family,
n :111w l_v, 1h u T eutoni c nrnl tl 1e L ati n. Mo ro tl1 a n nin e-t enths of
En g Jj,J, \\· on1' nro d er i\' ed fro 1n on e l•r t.h o oth e r o f th o•e Bom ces.
1\t t.l1 e sa111 u t il lll'. th e re ar e 1111111<·r1111 ,; w u 1·1ls in Engli'h thatcunnot
be \'l:1i111t"d 11 s l1 ui11 g e x('l1"i'·,·ly t· itl1 er T1: 11to11ic or J,nl in , hut 11ro
eo 1ntnon t u l 1o t1t S(1 lll'CC'!-' .
~u111 c word:4, irnlct:d , nre fo111hl runnin g
tli r,-•11 g l1 all t he ~e v e n g r11 1q •." uf t l1 e ln d o- l: 11rn pea 11 fa111 ily, sl1 o wing
tl 1nt t hey ''xi ,;t<.:d buforu the :.: rent ll i,- pers io n. A fe w w o rds are
fun nel e;-cn common but h to th e lu dv -Europ t,an and tho Sliemitio

families, bearing in thi d fact n l1i st ory that carri es us back t o the
nrk itself.
It would be impossible, in su ch a re vi e w M this, to give the induction o f part ic ulars th a t arc pro per in tl1 e wny of illustration e ,·e n,
mu ch Je, s o f proo f, of theso gene ral izations. A very few familiar
e xamples will be qu oted.
TU URE.

8a ns. : tri.
Zc: n<l : tll ri.
Celt.: Erse, tr i ; Weh<h, tri.
I t al.: Lat., tres, tria ; F r., tro i.s ; It., tres; Sp., tre.
5. Il e!!. : Gr., rp"~• r rna.
G. T out. : G o th., tkri; Ge r., drei; Sw., tre; Dan., tre; S3x.,
t/1.rco thri; E ng., three.
7. Sla''·: nu ss., tr i ; Le t., tn:.

1.
2.
3.
4.

SEVEN.

1. S an ~ . : sapta n.
2. Zeud : haptan ; P er., lieft.
3. Cdt. : W ebh, saith.
4. Ital.: Lnt., sep tem ; Jt., sette ; Sp., siete ; Fr., sept.
5. H ell. : Gr. farn.
G. Tout.: G o th., sibrm; Ger., sieben; Du., zee1Jen; Dan., syv ;
Sax., sc11/i• n; Eng., Mv en.
7. Slav. : Rus., sem; Le t.., uptyni.
FATITET!.

S an ~ . :

pitr i.
2. Zeml: prritar; P er., padcr.
3. C elt . : Ers., atltair; (initial consonnnt cli<l e<l).
4 . ltal. : L a t., pater; It., padre; Sp., padre; Fr. pere.
1.

5. lT c·ll. : G r. rrarry11.
G. T e ut.: Goth ., Mtar; G er., rnter; Du.fader; Dan.fader; Sw.,
filder; f;:L)(., .fiteder . ; Eng., f ath er.
7. Slav. (d o ubtful).
MOTllKR.

1. Snn s. : mr.i tri.
2. Zc nd : P e r., m at/er.
3. Celt . : Er8., rnl/ t hair.
4. Ital.: Lat., mater; It., rn adre ; Sp., madr!l; Fr., mere.

360

TllE ENGL/Sil LANGUAGE.

COM I'OSJTJON AND RH E TORIC.

5. TTell.: G r. , 11'1''11'·
l\. Tou t. : Ger., mutte·r ; D u., moeder; Sw., moder; Dnn., ~;
Sa.~., mo1/,,r; Eng., mother.
7. Sla v. : Rus., mat.
TO Ill!AR.

1. San~.: /1ri, bhrrr-arU.
2. Zt·nd : bair11n.; Pers., ber.
3. Cel l.: Ers., liear-ad/i..
4. Itnl. : T, at., Je·ro, l"rrio, porlo; It., portare; Sp., p<>rtar ,·

Fr.,

71orlcr.
5. H ell. : G r. 1pqu.1, ¢ripw ffopri( (a thing borne, a burden), fJtJP"C•
l\. T ent. : Goth., br1iran; Ger., fithren; Du., beuren; Sw., lxeroi
Dan ., O(l"re; Sax., /ia:ran; Eng. bear.
7 . Slav.: Rn ~., beru.
Somo \\'Orth, it is to Lo obc rvc<l, not only rnn through the entire
J ndo-Eurnpean o r Jn phetic g r oup, lnit likewise appear in tho Shomitic. Tlins t 11 e numeral "se,·en," already qnoted, is evidently oonnecte<l wi t h tho ,1 hrlu1. of th e Ilel1rew, C haklee, Syrinc, and Ethi oplo,
rrnd t h e s1tll(tla oft ho 1\ niuic nnd Hebrew. In like. manner, "bear"
seems t o hav e nn et:•mologi cal conn ection with the Hebre w parah..,
which m ea ns to" bear," :rntl pe rh a ps wi t h the Hebrew bara, meaning "to c reate," "to pl'Odnec," "lo I.iring forth," (comp. Eng. bairn,
t!tat w hi t !t i~ I.Jorn or bro11;.d1t fort It.)
T his word "hea r," both in its ge ne ric m eaning of b earing a burd en, nllll its spec ific meani11g of Lir ingi ug fo rth (as of a nim als, trees,
ear th, etc.), i; prol iably 111oro witlely tlifTused titan a ny oth er word
to I.Jo fo111Hl in tli e "·0rld. Th ero is no wonl of wliic h we would
f<:el it. snr"r t o g11c~s that it wa.~ usc<l by Noah liimself, and that it
i; YC ril y older t )i:\ ll tlio tl1111d.
Let u ~ 1, ,ok at IL t'e w of it; forms in tl1 e Engli;h alone.
ll cro \\'O l1a,·o it both as n T e utonic wo n], cowing directly from
th e Saxo n lntran, and a s a Latin won], in its tliruo several forms of
f ero, p1irio, n11d porlo.
F irst, let us c n11rn e rnt.e so m e of llto forms of T eutonic origin.
ll«fll', heariH g, lJc:i rcr, bcnra l, Jo, benralJly, lii c r; fo rbea r, forbearing, fo rLenring ly, for!,,~ nranc e ; 01· e r-lienr, over-be!u;ng, over-bear·
ingly ; born, !1\' Cr-Lo ro, for -liorc; borne, over-l>o rne, for-borne;
Lorn, bairn, Lirtli ; Lurd en, Lur<leni 11 g, lrnnlened, burdensome, bur-

361

clensom ely, bnnlc nsomcn cs~; ovcr-Lurde n, ov e r-burdening, o ve rburdened un bnrd e n, nnburd enin g, etc.
Fro~l the Latinfero, w e have fertile (bearin g fr eely, productive),
fertility, fe rtili ze, fe r t iliza ti o n, fe rtilize r, fertilizing, fe r t ilized. ! 'urs
(forts) co mes fromfero, a.~ the G reek tpn(> Tl~v fr~m 1prpn, r pnrro{ trom
Tf"rr"'. l'urs, fort is ( what.e\'ur Liears or bnngs 1tscl~ al o ng, chance)
gives us fo rtun e, fo rtunin g, fortunetl , fortunate, Jortunatt' ly, fortunelcss; unfortuu>J.te, un fort un ately; rn\sfort un e ; fo rtui to us, for tuitously, fo rtui ty . Portis (th at wlii ch Licars ever yt hing befo re it,
strong, /rrare) gives us forte ; fort, fo rtkt, fo rtali ce, fortress ; furti ·
tu<lo, fo r tify, fortify in;:, fortiti eLl; force, fo rcin g, forc e<l, fo rcer, forcck s8, for ce ful, forcefully, foreil>lc, forcibly; onf•Jrce, e 11 forci.ng, l' llfor ccil , enfo rcement; 1·ein force, reinforcin g, rc info r ecLl, re lllforce ·
m cnt. Th e ro is some co nn ectio n C\'idcntly Let ween j ero, to Lear,
nnd f erry, to benr across n st ruam ; hence w e !t a ve ferry, f.:rryi ng,
ferr ictl, ferriage, ferryman, etc. Ji'er as an adj ec tive termination,
in co njun ction with ous, is com pouudetl with rnany huutlrcds of
Latin nouus, gi \'in g ri se lo such word s as somniferous, n octiferous,
odo rife rous, pestifcron~, vocifero us, etc., some o f wlii c h agai n o ri ;;innt e a new p r ogeny, as vocit'..:rou~, voc if.irously, vociferate, vociferatin g, vocifcrntetl, vociforntion, etc., etc.
Fero, in com posi ti on with t!te Latin prepositio ns, giv es a still m o re
prolifi c progeny of wonb; a.•,
Circum-fer-ence, circumferential, circum fc re ntor.
Con -fer conferrin g, confc n e1l, conference, conferrer, conferee.
De)er, deferring, deferred , deference, d eferential, d efere ntiall y.
])jf-jer , diiTerin g, ditforcJ , differ en t, indiffe rent, diffe re ntl y, in differently, difforence, indi ffere nce, ditforentiate, differentiating, diffor ent iateJ.
Jn-fer, inferring, inferretl, inferrible, inference, inforentinl, infere n t i1tll y.
Of-fer, offe rin g, otferc<l, offe rer, offertory.
Pro:fi'T, prefo rring, preferrn<l, prefcrrer, prefennent, prefere nce,
pi·cferable, prefernuly, preferalJleness.
Prof-fer, proffering, proffered, proffer e r.
Jfoje r, r eferri ng, r efe rred, r efuree, refer ril:>l e, refere nce.
S uffer, suffe rin g, suffered, sufferer, sufferance, suiTeralile, s ufferably, in suffornbly.
Trans-fer, transferring, transfer red, trnnsforrer, transferee, transference, transferrible, intn msferrible.

31

362

THE ENGL I SJ! LANO UAOE.

363

COJlf POSITION AND RHETORIC.

The connccti~n between fer-o, nnd par-io, to bring forth or bear, ,.
m:iy not be obv 1ot18 nt first sight; but the words Me not moro nt•.
moved ~ha1~ are (l!ipn{ and rptpw in the Greek, in which caae tht '
c u11n ect1on 1~ gencrnlly adm itted. As the identity of the stem dopell\ls npon 1ts_co nsona11 tal elements, the substitution of p for f iii
the 011ly
matenal
"er to the stem par, orJ"(r
.
. ch ange in pas:;ing from J'
.
( par-10, pc-per-it), and no etymological Jaw is better establi.li<ld
tlia11. the 1utercha11gcability. of the lahials
p , b, f,, and 1'• 'l''116 llUIDO.
'
appli es to J"Jr-to, to <'arry, to bear.
· . Jf tl1ese_ two wor•h be 11dmitted to belong to the group, wo
l.• om par-10, parent, parentage, parental, parentally ""·nlD''
rl .-, t
t . .
l
' ... ....
I ''l u11cn .,_ pnr 11nt 1011, am very numerous compounds, suoh u vivl·
7 1 a ·~ous, O\'l}'arous, etc.
From por-to, to carry, we have port, portj\
pmuco, porch, po rter, portly, portal, portage, portliness, porta.blo,
poi tablcnes;., be"•h-s the corn ponnds portmanteau portfoli 6 t
t
B .l
l
'
o, -0.,
l' c.
es1 < cs t 1<'8C, wc l1:1ve also the various prepositional com·
pm'.nds, com-port:, <lc-1.'ort, e:-port, im-port, re-port, sup-port, traM·
1•01t, each of wlt1ch g ives u1rt.h to a numerous family, which n~l
uot. ue enumernteLl, as they are formed in the same manner 88 tl
d .
. .
f
,
Hl
envat.1Yes o con-ter, de-fer, etc., already given.
lt .i~ not. necessary to pursue the illustration further. From a
carc1ul count,_ I suppose there arc in the English Jangunge alone,
not le~s than four hundred and fifty words, dependent upon this ono
stem, m,no one of w ltich is the meaning of the primary root entirely
lost.
Wlrnt the count might be, if carried through each of the languages of th~ _In_do-Enropean family, to sny nothing of the numt-rous traces of 1t m the Shemitic family, I am unaule to say. It oert.a111ly rcacl 1cs many tens of thousands.
One other re.urnrk beforo we leavo this subject, In treating of
bllch a <'.la~s of wonh, it is obviously proper to say, first, that fcrt1 le, corder, def er, etc., are deri ve<1 from the Latin fei·o; secondly,
that benr, lrnrden, borne, born, bi rt.h, etc., are derived from tlie
f'ax. l1rttrnn . Bnt it is not proper to 3ay that baernn 11r1d its deri vat.l\·cs eo111e fro111 fcro, or tltat f..:ro and its derivatives come from
li:ieran. Tl1e two (fcro and bncrnn) are independent of each other
and yPt tltcy nre mutually related . The generic stem, which per'.
v1uks them nil,
, is not stri..tly
· · a Teutonic word , or a L at"IO wor d,
but nn lndo-Europenn word.
Haring thus given a general outline, showing what is meant by

the Indo-Europea n fa1T1ily of languages, with a few e:rnmples in
ilJustrntion of the theory, we will pass brietly in review some of
those historical facts which show more particularly the exact plac0
of the English language in this family.
Acconliug to tl1c theo ry, then, the tirst of the g reat waves of
population that rolled westward from Central :'-sia'. was the Celtic
rnce. At w bat particular time this great enngrat10n took place,
we know not. We only know th at it was many centuries Lefore
tli e Christian era. The Celts, or Kelt.s, nppenr to have Leen originnlly nomad ic in their character, 11nd to h11ve journeyed westerly,
or to have been driven westerly by the Teutons or some s ucceeding race, through Central Europe, until their further progress was
nrrest.<'Ll by the Atlantic Ocean. We find remains of tl1is rnce nll
idon" the Atlantic coast of Europe, though they wero c hictly congreg:tc<l in Spain, Gaul, Britain, nnd the adjacent blt1.nd:~·
The Latin or Roman race, shortly before th e Chnst111n eru, exte111JeL1 their dominion northward from Italy, until they had subdued
ucarly all the co untries occupied liy the Celtic race. In Spain, and
in Gaul (or Frauce ), this dominion was so complete, that those
countries became integral parts of tl1e Homan Empire. Not only
Hoi irn Jaws :tnd customs were introdu ce<!, hut a Rom1tn population
11
extemled itself into those provinces, and intermingled lilrgely with
the original population, so that finally tl1e Homan or Latin lnn gnagc was substituted for the original Celtic throughout th e provinces of Gaul an<l Spain.
In the year 55 B. C., the Honrnns, nnder Julius Crnsar, p rissed
from Gaul to Great Britain. From that time until 426 A. D., a
p eriod of nearly five centuries, the Romans continued to reganl
Great Britain as a part of their empire.
At lengtl1, in the fifth century of the Christian era, the Teutonic
or Germanic nice, then occupying EMtern and Central Europe,
under various names, as Goths, Vandals, Franks, etc., began to bo
agitnted by a great and steady impulse southward nnd westward.
These fierce north ern barbarians precipitated themselv es with fenrfol violence upon the now corrupt and imbecile lloman provinces.
Tit o Homnn Empire, tottering to its fall under tl1 ese repeated
as8t1ults, was obliged to withdraw its forces from the <list.ant provinces for the defence of the imperial city itself. The Roman
legions were finally withdrawn from Great Ilritnin in the ye~r
426 A. D., just 481 years after the invasion of Cmsar, and tile

364

CO,!f POSITION AND RllETORIC.

native .nr it o~1~ were left tl• c.neeforth to <l cfe11tl t hemselves, as they
best lll• ;.(ht, from tlie barbanao~. t.hnt o n nil sid es threateoe<l them.
The Human occupation uf Great Hritaiu differe<l materially from
th eir occup:ll io n of Gau l and Spain. Tli ese latter countries were
t IJUrouglily ,;1Ji ,d 11etl and lllll<le par t of the great Humau eo 1111 non\\' C1t!tli, ul111ost 11s 111uch sou; W ill! Italy itself. Th ey were H0111110 •
ized or Latiuized alinu st us thoroug hl y u; Luuisiunu is now Americanize<l. But in Britain the case 11'11.:l <litl'erent. Tlie l{onums
there hcl<l nt best only n 1nilitury occupation. They maintninod
one . or rnore legions in the bland. Tliey const ructe<l roa<ls, they
furtJfieJ camps, un<l !10.<l, of course, cousi<lerable co1nmerce with
th e natives. But tlie Eoni:rn peop le themselves never settled in
great IlUIJJbe rs in th e i~laml.
The co nn ection li«t wecn tl1c Romans 11u1l tlto Britons was somowl111t si11 1ilar to tltat between tlto present EuglitilJ auJ tile natives of
Ind ia. Tlwrc wns ILstate of lllilitary ~ulijugntiou, am1, to some extcut, of ci1·il ai1111 ini,trnt ion an<l g0 Yern1o cnt; but there was no genen:il inter111ixing an<l fusion of rac es. There was 110 exteIJsion of
the lan g uage of tho conquerors Ol'C'r t h o region of the co nqu ered.
O u the final withdrawal of !l ie Homan legions, in t.l1 e fifth century
tho original Brito ns arc found to ha"e retaiueJ hardly any traces of
the Romnn or Lntiu language. It is n:;se rte<l thnt less tlrnn a dozen
words altogetlwr remain upon t he island, as tlie result of these fii·e
centuries of military or.cup11ti(,n, an<l t hese few words are so much
corrupted ns to he ll'itli <liflk ulty rcl'og ni zell.
Arnun.g tli c Lalin wonls ldt. in G rent Britaiu by th e Romans, may
b e mention cJ, by ll'ay of illu.-<tratio n, the prn1•cr 1111m o Olicster both
11s occurring by itsl'lf nm! fl B 11 1•art of 111a1Jy compo untl s, st.'c h as
W cst-Cl1c~tc r, l\"in -Gh e.,t.c 1·, C!ti -C hcstcr, Col-Chostc r, etc. O!tester
is a co rrup t ion of lite Lnt.iu wor<l ruMrn , 1.l fortiliet1 camp. These
t'ortilie<l c11111ps of t lt e l~ou1au~, in tlte 1list.ant provinces, were often
permnncnt estah lish1J1 cnts, rumaiuiag in tlie sa me place for a series
of years. Of co urse, the nativ es resorte<l to tl1eso camps for the
pt1rpose of trnflic, Lr·ingi11g for 8alo provisions, c lothing, and wliatc ver else was needed for the support of tl10 sokliery. Booths were
erected, th e n lt11b, nm! finally rn oro settled !tal1itations, 11rrnnge<l in
ruws, or ~tree ts, u1Hl so enc li c1.uu p, 1 4 eastrn," or 11 cheste r, " became
tl1u nuel c11s uf a town, µ;iv in g us Wc,;td1cstcr, .Marn:licster, GraIJtclicstc r, an<l al l tlio ot.!ter Cl 1csters.
Tho Latin word ~, liuwu1'(•r, tlrnt were left in Orent Britain by the

365

THE RNCLISJI J,ANG U AGE.

Romans, as t.he result of this early occnpnticm of t!rn i~land , aro· ve ry
few in comparison with tlt c whole n111nh~. r of Lfl~lll word s that no w
kn o w n ot how man y Lat.in words we llO\~ linve
cxi;.;t in En g lish.
in l:nµ;li ,; h, certainly not. ]e;;s tl1an thirty t.liou~and. But. 1111; vn~t
nu 11 tlw r ,,.,i., not in t.rodu<"ed by the Ro111:u1 co n11u est. Not a hnn<ln•d
nlto,, eth('r nrc fonnd tl111t cam e in 11s tlte res ult. of that event, 11ml
tho:e few ar e, like the word Cheste r, so rnu clt al tered, ns scnrr_cly to
be r ecogni ze<l. T11 c Jnrgo ingre<lient of Lntin words now ex 18trn g 111
English, is to be nttributed to cauRcs of rnn ch later date, some of
tit c m i ndeeJ corning <lown to the prese nt day. Of th ese I shall
sp<':lk more fully a few pages fm·t her ~11.
Th o vcar 45 l A. D. is gcncrrtlly ass1gn e<l as tl1e date of nn c>ent
that h;s affected, more th an nil oth e r cnuse:;, tlte destiny of G rent
Britain. Thi s was the com ing of th e Saxons, nn der the tw o brotltcr:;

"·o

l le ngi8t an<l Ilorsn.
Th e Snxous w cro n br:rn clt of t.l1c great T eutoni c race. Tl1 ey
]iv.ct! alon" th e sontltern 8l1ore:; of th e Jh ll.ie, in tl1 c co lin t.ri('s now
known as"' Jl oll:rnd, Jntlan<l. llanovc1·, Rlesll'iuk, Hol stei n, etc., cxtc nilin ~ frorn the llhine to thu Vi:;tul1L. Th ei r position along th e coa~t
of t.hc N urth Seu un<l the Baltic, an<l th e num erous bays, creeks, nnd
riv er 8 with wl 1ich tl11tt roa;.;t is iu<l ented , <lctermincd iu a great
rn en~nre their occupation, :rn<l scpnrnkll them perceptil1ly, Loth in
cliantcter nn<l de~tiny, from their Tcutou.ic breth ren
tlte f~r:ests
of Centrnl Germnny. Th ey we re the navigators of their a ge. l l1 ey
spe nt their Jives almost enti rely upon the w11vc~. Bold, hncc11ncering. nml piratical, they were the terror eq ually of the Homw anc.l

?f

th e Celt.
Tlt c ,· 11~·ions trilics of tltis race were known by difforent names.
Tltt>~<' with w!ti ch hi story i; lllOst f:imil iar nre the Jut.es, tho An~ks,
un<l tli c S 11 xon~. Th:ct ]':trt of Brit.ai11 wltic h wns settled lty the
A n[.d l's w:is callctl Angle-l1u1<l, cltangetl after.ward~.illto." Eni..;lo l~n<l,"
anJ th en into England. This nnme, appl1e<l prnnan ly to a srngle
provin ce, was ultimat ely cxtcn <l ed t.o tlt e wh ole country. Tho c~m ­
p oun d term, "Anglo-Saxons," taken from th e. two most .no~onous
of tltc pirutit:rLl tribes, nnd used !L~ fl conv em cnt nbhre n~twn. for
"An .. Jes an,l Saxo u:i," is the nnrne i..;tner:tlly rriv en by lt1 stonans
0
to 11 1J tliosc of t.l 1e ra" c t11n t sct tl ellon th e island of Gr"at Gritain.
Tli c Saxon~ di<] not come int.c• Hril ain all at on o tirn c, or in o ne
ho<h. Th eir fir,t arrival "" L' umle r ll c· nµ:- ist nn<l lforB:t, :\. D . 4f•l.
0 11 : part of tlte race !taving uLtaine<l a secure footl.iol<l in the isla n<l,

:n *

366

COJII'O S ITION AND RHF:TORIC.

othe r Rwarms folluw o<l from tirn o to tim e, for se veral hundred years.
Jn t.h e yonr 827, ne nr ly four ce nturi es aft e r th o first settlement, seven
iud c peud e nt S nxon kin g<lom s hnd been estauli sh ed in th o island
whi c h w e re t he n. united und e r on e government, known as tho Saxo~
ll ep tnrc hy.
T Jre pol icy o f th e St1x o ns in B ri tain differ ed e nti rely fro~ tl1at o!
the no 111 11 ns. Tir o R o ma n~ hnLl m erely a mili tary occupa tion of tho
i ~lnn <l. Th ey 11el1 l it. in suhjcction by their legio ns, and wh e n thol'-0
legi o ns w e re witlalrnwn , tl1 e ll fl ti1· 0 B1·ito11s remained on tho sflmo
so il wl1 ere Ore,;:i r fou nd t li e111, irnpro\· e tl und civili ze\] ind eed by oont.nct with tho Hom:rn 8, uut still unmixed us to rnce, and uncorrupted
a s t o la ngnngo. T h0 Sax o ns cnm e with 11 fur difTc rent purpose, 111111
i11 n far differe nt 111 a nu e r. Th e Sa xo ns tou k, no t military, unt popula r uC'CllJ>lltio n of tho i::<l :md. Th ey cn111 e, uot ns an army rnoroly,
lout as a p<.' opl c. T l1ey c11111 e, not to conqu ur 111 orely, uut to settle.
Th ey 11111d ll Englrrn1l th eir hew lqunrt e rs, tl1 eir l1 nm o. Their policy,
therefon-, was ono of ext c rrni un ti o n. Th e i{(l 111ans 11 cld the BritOMM
in su\.ject ion . Th e Saxon s butchered tLcm, or drov e th e m out. Th e
Homan solui c ry fll lU t he Brit o nR cov e red th e s:un e a rna of te rritory,
111i nglin ::; freely t oget he r. Tl1 e ~ax o n s wan ted, not subjects, but
~oi l.
Th o <'onlli ct, th e refo re, l1ctw ce n th ese two races was one of
t ho bloo.Ji cRt upo n r o<'onl. Tl1 e res ult wast. he e xpulsion, fllmost tl 1e
e xt e n11 i11:1t.ion, of the foel>l c r ra ce. W li en th e Saxo n H epta rc hy was
fuily est1lLlish ud, 1he great n111 ss of t he nflt.iv ..: HritonH had been literally but.c he rctl. Of t hose t hat survived thb fate, some fow had settl ed in J\ rn1 01-irn <>r Brit t1rny, on the coast o f F rnnce, but th e great
mnjo ri ty hail t a ke n refuge in tl1 c scduued and inncccssiule mountain
fas tn esses of Wal es, whe re t hey re main a.s a tli:;t inct race to this 1Ji,y.
Th e \\' c bh nf t.h o present day nre the liu ciLI tl usccndants of the
irn1·i1 ·nt Brit<.>n".
Th e rno't ~1 rik in;; e vid e nce "f th o exte nt to whi ch t hi s ex terminati ng poli cy of t li e :-lax o n ~ \\·a8 ca rri ctl, is to uo fo und in t11 e lanirung-e. lf nd th e :-;ax on s co111 c· i11 t <J th e island ns the Homan s did, 1111d
1:1i11glcd witl1 the nnti,·c~, e Ye n though it l111d licen fl< co nqu e rors, the
original llrit i,-h o r C:elti t: la nguage "· <>nld li:tY C r<·111ain ed s11btant.inllv
11111·l1ang.·d , or. nt 1110,-1., tl1 e re "''"lid have li e(·I! u 111ixture of th e tw~
langu,. gc; - th e Hrit i,-11 "r Celti c, and th e !-1axon. So far is this,
l111WO\"t•r, f'rnrn t!ti: fnct, t h 1tl. afler t h u :::inxon e"1 1<111 e st was compl eted,
tl1t· ro r"111,.i11ed llJ'•Jll t l1e ,-oil ~ea rce l y 11 vesti ge _of the original lang llllge of th e islnnd. ,\ ..:cu rdi ng to Lfltha01, th e only com mon names

TJI E ENG L!Sll LANG U.A GE.

367

r etained in cur re nt use from tl1e original Celti c of G reat. Britai n nre
the follo win g: basket, barrow, button, bran, clout, cr oc k, crook,
cock, gusset, kiln, dainty. darn , tender, fleam, flnw, funnel , gyv e, grid
(in g-ri1liro11) , gruel, welt, wicket, gown, wire, mesh, mattoc k, mo p,
rail, rnsh c1-, rn g, sold er, size, tackl e.
I know of but one instnnee in l1i story of 11n exte rr ninnti on so
compJc.t e, nnd thnt is, o f th e Jadinn race who o ri g innlly occ upi e1l
thi s r~unt ry, nnd whose fate presen ts a curi ous parall el to t h nt of
th e nn cient Britons. A s t11 e re now linge r flmong o ur liill s nnd Ytillcys fl fe w lntlian wo nls whi ch w e have rnlopted nnd nn gl icized , suc h
as tom ato, potato. touacco, cal111nl"t, wi g wam, t o m !d1awk , h on1iny ,
mu sh, ~a m p , m ocrnsi n, etc., so nmong the Saxo ns, after th c·ir l 1lootly
wor k was o ve r, th c• re re main ed 11 fe w of th e wo rd s o f tl1e 11ld Britons. ,..A s t he re mains o f the Indi an trib es are now gn th c red int o a
b od y in th e West, wl1 e re th ey retn in arul kee p ali ve th eir n a tirn dialects, so the re mnants of tlw mi sera bl e Brito ns were coll ec ted into
th e weste rn pnrt of Englaml, in whnt is now the Prin cip nlity of
Wal es, wh e re t h ey reta in with g reat t enacity th eir an c ie nt. la11 g 1u1ge
anti rnanv o f thei r an cien t c nstoin s.
The o~ i ginnl la ngunge of Briton, th e n, the old Briti sh o r C<!lt ic
langua ge, t hat whi c h Wil-' spoke n liy t he hfllf-nnk e<l ~ nvn ges that
C1csar MW, still exi sts. It is n livin g, Rpo ke n lnng nage. Bnt. i t is
not onr langnage. Thon g h spoken in pllrt s o f Engl nnd, it i~ n ot
th e E ng li s h language. lt is not that. with whi c h w e nre m atc- riall y
concerned in o ur present inq uiry. We, Englishmen find Ameri ca nR,
nre lin eal d escend ants of the Anglo -f:;ax <ms, and o ur language is
th e Saxon lan g n:1 ge. Th e E n1,(li,:h lan g11age, wl w~e hi story w e are
no w sketc hin g, th o ugh it ha.~ rcec iv ed . large admi..,tm·es fro m variou s sources, is in th e main the snru e tln1t \\·ns spok e n \Jy ll e ngist
nm! ll o rsu. and \Jy th eir countrym e n alon g the so ut he rn sh o res of
th e Baltic, bl·fore th eir nrrival in En gl:rnd in the fifth c cntu 1-y.
Durin~ th e ninth fln<l te nth ce nturi e~. th e Snx o ns in th eir tnrn
w e re invad ed by th e Dan es. T he Danish in vas io n, ho we ,·c r, tlues
not n ~sum e mu ch impor t nncc in gi\·in g t.h c hi sto ry cif the langu:igc,
b ,•c au ~e t he Dnn c~. ftlth o ug h fo r fl time vi<"loriou ~ , \\' Pre finn lly c·x J>'-'ll ed , leaving t.l1 e Saxon s in poHsessio n o f tl1 c co u11t ry . Th e llnn c·s,
111 orl'ove r, w or e vf a rn ce cognate t o t. l1 c 8Jtxon~, and th e ir l:u q..~ 11n gl!
b'"l un;.:ed t o th e sam e ;;ro up of l:mgu rigcs. A con ,:id c rnlil e n11111li c r
of D:tuish wo ru s w l' re r(•tained in th e island, arnl hn vc \Je"" in1:01·po rnt c<l in to t he l ;u1 g ua~c . Th ey 1lre not, h oweve r, so num erous,

36S

TJIE ENGLISJI LAN GUAGE.

CONl'OSITION AND RllE'TORJC.

nor d o tl 1ey differ so nrn cli fr om the Saxon words, as to make any
Rp ec inl eo n~itlernti o n of th t·m nec essary.
The first li isto ri cn l ev811t. which impaired seriously the integrity
of tl1e lnn g nng e, wns the Norman <'O fl']u est. William, Duko of Norrnan<ly. ge ne rally known as Wi ll i11m the Con rp1eror, invaded England
A. D. I OGG, and by tl1 e decisinl lwttle of lfastin gs routed th e Sax'.
on~ , nncl ga ine1l the Engli sh tlirone. By tliis event th e Normnn 8
l1ecnm e, aucl continn e•l tu be, t lie go verning rnce in Enghtnd. J,et
us trn ce bri clly the infl11 c1\Qil of tl1i~ ev e nt upon the langunge.
The poli cy of th e Nor111n 11 ~ diffe red bo tli fr o m that of the HomnnB
nnd that of the SaxonR, n11 cl it was this diffe re nce of poli cy thnt
caused such a differe n<'e in tli e effect upon the lang uage. The Norrnnn s <lid not, lik e tl1 e Roman~, m e rely sc n<l ove r an army to subjugntl', but <·a n1 c o,· c r n~ a p c<1pl c t o O<'.cupy. O n t l1 e ot he r hnn<1, they
diJ nnt., lik e th e ~a x o ms, cxtc rn1innte t li e eonqn e retl, but soui;ht to
k ee p th em on tl1c soil n~ n 'Hul 1jcct nnd seni le rn ce. William divided
th e islnnd amon g l1iH followrr~, gi,·ing to cnrh a portion of territory,
nnd of th e Sa xo n population whi c h was llpon it. In this manner
two races w e re diffused, ~id c !.y 'ill e, ove r the surface of th o island'
nnd kept in constant juxtaposition. Th e effect of this continued
contact b e t ween the two ra ce~ ~oon became uppnrent.
: ·he N orrnans w ere SllJIC' ri o r t o the eo nqu e rC<l rn ce in militnry
Hk1ll, but w e re g rea tly inferior in n11rn11t:rn. They son~l 1 t, therofo1·e, to p e rp et uate th eir ant.ho rity hy depressing tho social nnd
politicnl co mlition of t he Snxons. Th ey introdu ced Norman Jaws
nn~ e ns: oms .. None llllt No rmnnR we re nppointl:d to any importnnt
o!lw e, cit li e r 1n cl 1ul'<·li or Ht ate. A Love all , a st1·enuons attempt
11·a.q m:ulc to 8preacl the Norman language t.hro11 gl1out the islnnd.
~o other la~ guage wn~ ~pokcn ut co nrt., or in c·urnp, in pndinment,
Ill t.l1 c bnron1al hall , o r in t li e ln<ly's bond•·ir.
In tl1is Jangua"o the
la"· s we re 1nitt c n, 111111 ju<l i<· i11l proceedings w ere conducted~ No
ci1·il co ntrn"t wns binding. no 111:111 co11lcl Rue or be sued no riglit
cou l1l li e- c nf1J1·co•l , 11 11 11 no f:l\·or won, e x1·c- 11t in t he langu;"e of t he
go vernin g rnce. Tl1 e fi rst. st<:p to c n·ry f'axon se rf, who wi sl~cd to rise
fr t>1n l11 s Rtll t.11 of i11f<: ri 11 ri 1y nnd st· 1· ,·it.11 d e, wns to forget lii s native
lan g 1111g«. nn<l f min Iii " to11:;11c ft> the nccc nts of liis fo1 ·oigu 11111sto rs.
J;11t tl 1<; la ws o ( n:1l11re are 't r o ngcr t l1 nn th o law s of man. The
Non11a11.; atfl'1 11pt ctl 1111 i111p oss il1ili ty. lL is i111poss iul o for two rnces
t.o 111ni11111i11 J• 1· rn1:111 e 11 tly a st· parnt o existc>n ce, wh e n ke pt. in constant
co ntact nud j11xt:iposit io n 1 :ts wtre tl1e Nu rw uns urn.l tl 1e Saxons. A

369

mingling of race is sooner or ll\ter the uniform 1111d in cvita ule re~ult.
So it Wl\.'3 h ere. The Saxon e g rmlually intermarried with th e N o rmans and rose to an equalit y of kgal rights aml soc iill positio n.
With' tlie el e vation of th e race, the Saxo n lang uage resurned its rightful position. It had 11lw ays been the language of the m:\Bscs, wliile
tl 1e Normnn had been spoken only by tho governing fe w. Wh e n
two races become thus blended into one people, tli ey cann o t lo ng
continue to spenk different !11nguages. In this case, the S11xo u, llS
being th e lan g uage of the many, displaced the Nur~nan , wl1i i.:h was
th e luni<nage of the few, notwitltstamling all th e we1glit of authority
and fAf.lhion tl1nt had been exerte<l in favor of tlie latter.
It would be 11 mistak e, h o wever, to suppose that no chan~es in
tlio ]11ug11agc occ urr ed during this fiery ordeal. As th e re was a
rnin.,lin" of race so th e re was to some extent a minµ:lin g uf langua;.;e.
. lf ~c t; Lk c 11 ~:1rvcy of the nutliors that wrot e two o r tli1·c" ce nturies after the conq uest, we tind, not tl1e pure !:'axon uf Alfred and
Crod111on, nor yet tho Nornrnn parlau ce of William and liiB barons,
out t1 mix ed hrngun.ge, lik e the rnce, prcd o mi1rnntly ind eed St1xo n,
but with !I lflrge for eig n ingredi e nt. This mixed language is our
m od e rn En glish. Its 11111in cle ment is S:Lxon. But it has anothe r
cle m e nt, nmounting now to nearly o nc-tliinl of tho whol e, tlie first
in troduction of which is to b'3 uttriuuted to the Norman co nqn e ~t.
But who were the Norman s, and what was th eir bn;;uage? Th e
wonl "Non11;1n" is a corrupti on of Nortl111rnn. The" Northmen"
w e re th e inh11uitunts of the rLUcie nt Scn 11dinnvi11, tl1at b of Norwny,
tiwNlt.m , and Den11rnrk. Th ey w e r e, in tho ninth und te nth cen·
tnri•:s, precisely wlmt tl1 c S:txons had been in the fifth ce ntury.
Tho Suxons, 11fter th ei r estalJlislun e nt in G reat llrit11in, had been
converted to Christianity, hll<l. acquired th e arts of p eaec, nnd bec ome cornprmitively civilized. Tito Northm e n were still unl e ttered
pagnn;, wl1ose home was in their ships, and whose whol e life wa~
wnrfare. For the greater part of two centuries, they rnv aged oll
tho m o re civil iwd cou nt ri es of Europe borcle ring up o n the eot~•t,
until tli llir very nam e wn.s a terror. Rollo, a le ade r of o ne of tl1 o~e
mlv e nturo us lrn n<l,, p c netrnted into tlie very heart of Fran ce, and
finally obliged the king to cede to hiin nnJ lii~ followers an e ntire provin ce, amountin g to no inconsi1l ornblo part of tho kingdorn.
This province, tli11 s cetl c<l , A . D. 912, to th e victorious Noi·tl.un en,
or Normans, wns th enecforw11rd call ed Normandy.
Hollo and hi s follow e rs w e re comparatively few in numbers.

1

y

I I
I

370

371

. CO.JI POSI TI ON AND RHETORIC.

THE F.NGL!Sll J,ANGUAGE.

Th,·y grnd 1iall y iuternmrri<lJ with th eir subjects in the prov\11<:9
wh idt had \Jeen assig ned to th em, and adopted their mnnn e~ reli gio n, aml lnnµ; uage . In less t l1:rn a. century nfte r the advent at
Hollo, hi:< ilc~c c n•l a nt 8 in N o rm rmtl y we re, as to language, hardly 'U..
t in g ui shable fn,.n oth e r F ren('l1mcn. B ut the F rencl1 lauguage, 811 w~
have seen, is in th e main that in t roJuced into t he p r ov in co of Ooul
oy tbe Hmnans. I t is, in s hort, a cor rup t form of the Latin Inn·
f!llflge; nn•l tl ie Norm an -Frcncli is t h e same as oth e r French, only
with th e ud1Jiticino f Ro me north e rn orticandinn vin n words, wliichtbt
ll o,;;r.e r1<.lnnts uf J:.,Jl,, r et11 in c1l after th eir se ttl e ment iu NormanJy.
T bu No rmnn -F rc nc li, therefo re, wl1i eh William tli e Conqu ror
trieu"t.J i11 tn,11nce into E nµ; l1Uld 1 wns maiiily n I.atin laugunge. The
N o r mai1~ did not cve 11tunlly succeeJ in d i; 11htei ng ou r n;1tive Saxon,
but th c·y di tl s11r.cl'ed in i11 t r oducin g in tv it a large number of Norman- Fn·nch wnnl>', nnd t} Jl,se N onnan-Fr e nch w orJs, introduced
into J-:11;.;l ish aftH the Con•jl ic~t, arc gc ne rnlly wo n:b of Latin origin.
Th ese I.11ti n words, t h11 .' i 11 t rocl uccJ t11 rc1ug h tl1 e N o nn a n-Frcuc h, con~ti t 11te tl 1c• ti nit impor t:rn t ite m in t h e Latin elc111e nt of th e languago.
Tho inipo r t11nce of th u NM ma n co nqn cst, in its influ ence up on tho
l:mguiige. is no t to lie cst im nte<l by t l1c actual number of words th en
in t r od 11 n'<l. In pu int of fa ct, mu cl1th u 111rge r n111nbe r ofI,atin wor<ls
111we h ee n bro ng ht in to tl10 l:tng uage sin ce t h ut tim e, and by other
cnnsl's. Tlw e hi cf effect of t he Co nq uest in thi s r espec t was, first,
that it l irok e 1l o wn the o!J g rnmnrnti cal inllections, wliieh const it uted
11 d ivi1lin g wall hct.w ee n th e two lnn g uuges, 1mtl, secondly, thnt it
e r eatl'<l the tc n1l e ncy t o nJop t for eig n words. Thern is in all natioo6
n:itn rnlly 11 stro ng n1·cr;;ion to th e a<l o ption of fo reig n t e rm s. Tho
nat nrn.1 nn1! "pont:rneo 11~ Ji~pos i ti o n, wl1 c 11 n ne w wo rd is wanted, is
to mak e it out nf r uots o r ~temR nlrend y existi ng in t h e hmgnage, nod
hy mo1l c•" ,,f 1·1.H11hin nti on w it h wl1il' li tl w popul a r ear i8 fomilit1r.
Th e te rrih l<l o;h oc k ,,f th e Co ii1111 c"t., n11d tli c wh olesale nse of foreign
won!" t ,, w l1i1, h t li e people th e re by bec1\m e nec ustomed, ove rcnmo thi ~
nat ural di ,-li ke. itn1! (lpC· ne1l n wid e tl1>o r thro ug h 8l1 ccceding centu ri es for n c1, 11 tin11P1l i11 :111x ,,f 1.11 ti 11 wo rd" fro1n a vnri ety of source:;.
The c•xtl'll t uf t hi s i11t111x in ay J,u estim ated , if we e111l to mind tlrnt
E n ~l:1 11d , ho t. Ii frn lll it ,; Jl"sit i1111 111 Hl fro111 it,; nal urnl policy, l1flil
alway;. i1111 i nta in c'<I th e cl'"""t f' oin1n crc ial r elati (J n,; with tli e n11tions
of :-;0 11 t l1 c rn Eu r111•u, nJHl tl1 at thu,;o 1111ti u 11", tl lll Fr,,nch, Rpani sh,
] '.,n 11 .c.: 11 v>t'. n11 1l l t:tli:111, nil " ]W:ik la11µ;11a ge~ that h t1 ve descende.<l
di rectly fro ui tltc Latin, and tliat l11ive co n:;e1111 (; otly th e cl osest

aftln it.y with en ch oth e r. The Norm an conquest havin g bro ug h t n
hrge nuin be r of Latin wo rds iuto th e lnn g 11 1tge, 1tn<l havi ng o peneJ
p e rm a ne ntl y th e doo r for the in trodu ction o f ot.he rs, by ov e r co rni~
th e nation1tl prej ndi ce on t he subje ct, and hy m ak ing suc b for ciµ-11
imp or tati o ns fa slii o nnule a!l!l pop ular, t li e 1·e h a~ \Jcen ever si nce rm
qninte rrnp tc J stream of Latin wonb se tting in upo n us, lik e a tid e
that kn o ws no eb b. Wh e neve r, in the prog ress of com me rce o r o f
th e arts, it lias becom e necessnry to hnve ne w wo rJ :; fo r th e e xpres sio n of ne w want s, o r oew iJcns, instead of ilrnk in g the se n e w w o rds
Ly ll proress of Jwm e ma nufa<'t nre, w e l1 uve re,ort ed to th e CR'Y
e re1l it system of bo rrow ing th e m fr c) lll 011r neig-h bo rs. A lmo;;t
eve ry mn , ical term in t li e la n:.;u ngc ha" \Jee n ta ke n from t he l tu li nn,
m ost of o ur te rms of etiqu e tte nn d pun cti li o froui t he Rp1rni sl1, irn1l
th e e ntire nom e ncla t ure of co ok e ry, <1 r es~. a nd li:i.-<hion fru 11 1 t lie
Frc 11 1'. h. l t:il ian s in µ; c rs an il fitl.ll e r,., m11l Pnri :< ian cooks and 111i ll i11 c r:<, have levi etl n tax upon o ur ton g ues no less than 11pon our pu rse s.
Th c~ e for eign wor1ls, whe n first in trod uced, 1i:rnnll y app ear in a
foreig n (lress. They :i re printetl in itali c~, o r with q11 otution ma rk s,
or in so m e wny t o indicate th at tl 1ey are fo reig ne rs, a nJ not yet
e n t itled to t he foll ri gl 1ts o f citize nship. But in a fe w yea rs, th e
pop 11 1t1 r ear g et,; acc u,tomcd t o th e lin go, th e popu lar lip lea rns to
sou nil it trippin gly, it becom es n part o f ~ t ap l e E ng li sh.
B ut th e re ·is a noth e r so urce froin w hi ch Lntin words l1 a ve b nen
bro11ght in to t l1e lan g uage, e ve n 111ore prolifi c than t h oge fro m 111ixtun~ of rac e a nti fr om national interco urse. I re fer to lea rnin g and
e tl1i e11tion . From nn cnr ly period in E ngfo1h hi sto ry , lo ng ind eed
b efo re th e time o f the Co n1l'i est, a ll ecclesia stic:; w e re inst r ncted in
tho La t in to ng ne, bec au se in th at ton g ue all the cl11irc h se r vices
w ern coml uctcd. lfos id es thi s, t he Litt.in langunge th e n wa ~. 11111[
iu tlectl u11 t il cornpnrntih ,ly m ode rn tirn ea it cont inu ed to ue, t l1e
gc,rierul lan guage of scien t ifi c and lite ra1·y in te rcour5e thro ug h out
E u l'(J pe. Ev e ry trcati>e intemktl fo r ge ne ral Ji s:;e111innti on w a8
wri tt e n as n llla tte r of co u rse in Lati11 . La tin wa:; t he onl y m c<l i11n i
l.Jy W \iich a n 1111 t hor l'OJ1}1) mak e him self kn o wn to t h ose fo r IV hom
al o ne boo ks w e re in te 111letl , nnm ely, the learn ed few. In nddi t ion
to tl1 i ~, it l1as bee n, for m ore th an n t ho usn n,J ye>tr:<, am! it st ill is,
th e :;ctt.lc1l prnctice, tli:tt th e st11dy of th e La tin s hall form 11 lea<l in g J»trt in cn• ry co 111·;;e of li beral eJu cat ion. All cJucntecl Jll (• n, o f
what.,vc r profession, li ar e bee n, as a 11111tte r of co urse, LHLi11 scl 1nlnrs.
The 111ngu uge o f Cice r o and Virgil lrns l.iee n M fomi liur to E nglisli-

372

COJJII'OSITION AND RIIETORIO.

me n of ctl ucat.io n, as t ha t of Chancer a nd Spe nser. Inu eed, o.s to a,
c ri Lical kn ow led ge eith er of autho rs o r of lang uage, Englh1hmcn
l1Hv c uee n fa r mo re p roficie nt in the La tin tit a n in th eir notivo
E ngli sh . T il e m ot.he r-tongue h as been left to tak e its ch nnce in th
nu r ~e ry a nd.th e pl::\y-;; round, w hil o Lati n h as been interwO\'llll with
ev e ry l'l .., rn e nt of Lheir in tell ectual c ul tivati on.
T ho etr..,tt of su clt a sy stem mu st be obv ious. Th e w nll of po.r·
t iLiun udw ee n na tiv e words a nd foreig n ha ving been brok n do ·n
by t he nHfo s hock of t h e Co nquest, schola rs have corn pletod whnt.
w nrriors, t ettcl1e rs, a nu a r tis tR uega n. H ence the strange i\DOl'IJ.aly
th a t w ~1 u• lenrned rn ea ha ve been the chief cor rupt~!'.$ ot Um
l1111;;un ge. The Ge rm a ns, a nu ot her T eu tonic nations., hMo ~11 . ·
mu c h ad di cted to t he cu ltiva tion o f classical &eholarehip 88 wo h il'f' ·
Bu t wi r. h t l1 c11 1 t he nati o nal in stinct 111111 n<ivcr be-On rud ly blunt
an d it kt~ rc><isted wi t.Ji a g reat ro ea~urc o f Aucce tho l..nllnldng
tc-nd cnl'y wl 1ie h ll!k'l so nrnr kcd nil cl assical stu d i c~ w it h u11.
ur
sc l1ol a r,; liuve fo und, not o nl y no resi ~tnn ce, but ove ry facil ity which
t.l 11J esta ulish e<l h aL its of the people co uld afford, fo r t he int rodoc·
t io n of Lat in wo rd s . Ou t o f t hi s aLnnd nnce of th eir hearts, t.hero·
fo re, t.h cy ha ve freel y s po k e n. Stecpe<l fr om bo yh ood in the <l icllon
oft.h o m ost poli sh ed natio ns of a nt iqui ty, th ey h nve b ut follow ed a
nnt.nrn l im pul ,;c, wh e n t l1 ey have nscd "dict ion 11ry" tor "wo rd ·
lioo k, " " sc ie nce " f o r "kno wled ge, " " fra torn1\l" fo r "brotherly,"
"rn nt.c rn al " fo r ' 'm oth e rly," " pute rrwl " for "fo th e rly," "folioity"
fu r " li a ppi n c s~, " nnd so on, t o tUl ex t ent w hi cl1 rnny be al rcw:ly
co11nt.cd hy tl' ns of t h o u san d~, nnd whi c h is const arltl y inc reasing.
If nuw, from 1t revi c w of t l1e wl iole subject, th e qu estion be askeJ,
W hot a r e th e m ain ele ments of t he E n g li ~ h lan g uage ? the nn&wer
\\·ill he obv i<J ns. Th e re a re, ind eed , ns w o h ave see n, a fe w old
Celt ic w ords, wlii cli lrnve co me do wn to us directl y fr om tho l\llci c nt 11 rito ns. Amo 11 g th e t ho usa nds of wo rds, also, t hat h ll \' O
c .. rn e t.o u ~ fr om F ran ce, Spai n, 1w <l p e rh a ps Jtnl y, the re a re doubt ·
!es" so1 11 c few of Celti c 0 1· ig i11 , because t he o ri gin al populati on of all
tl1 osc co unt ries was Celt ic, befo re t h ey w e re o verrun by th e R omans.
\V e h11ve nl ><o a frw !::\c:rnd i11 nvi:1n word s, in t rodu ced by the Dm1cs
d11rir1 g th f' ir in v a ~ ion ~ of E nglnn<l in t h e ni11 t h nnd te nth centuries,
s11 cJ 1 us, liait., b rng, d isl 1, doc k, d oze, u welJ, flim sy, fling, gust, l'!ln·
~ 1 tl'k, r:i p, wl 1i:?1. d e. Tl 1c rc arc, too, wi t hout do ubt, not a ft>1v
Srn11di r1111·i:111 w o rd" liro11gl 1t by tl1 c Nort l1m e n into Fra nce, nrnl
t li e ncc uy th e ir <l c,;cemlants, t li e No rman s, into Engl a nu, a fter t he

TIJE ENGLISII L ANGUAGE.

373

Con q uest. W e h a ve also, as e ve ry natio n has, occasio nal w o rds,
d e riv ed fro m e ve ry coun t ry, no matte r ho w re mo te, wi t h whi c h w e
h a ve cornrn e rciul in te r course, o r with wh ose literat ure o ur schola rs
hav e hce n conv e rsa nt. Thu ~, w e have ta riff fr om T uri fa, a t o wn o n
th e Medi te r ran ea n, w he re imp o rt d uties Wt:! re once Je 1•ied ; t amar ind,
fr o m ll e b . ta rn a r and ind-u s ; dnmask, d am a~ce ne, and d a m so n,
fr o in I>a mascns ; ~p a ui el , fr o m Hi spa ni ola; rnt 1rn, ban tam, a nd sa go,
Malay wo rds ; t a boo, Hawaii a n ; alge bra, alrn a nnc. al c he m y , c h e m istry, t nli sman , ze r o, ze nith. co ffee, s ugnr, sy rup, so fa, m att ress, f'.·o m
th e Ara bic; carav1111, de rvi s h, 8Carl et, azure, lil ac, fro m th e P e rsia n;
go ng, na nkin, fro m C hina; mu slin, d1intz, 11n1l cali co, fr o m 1n<li_a.
But al l th ese toge th e r nre few nr1<l ineo nsi<l era bl e., in comp a n so n
with th e wlaul c numbe r of our wo rd", nnd th ey d o no t affect t h e
o q.(a ni c chara cte r of th e lang uage. Th e o ve rwh elmin g m ajo rity of
0 11 r wo rtb are still of tw o classes. Th ey a re eith e r Saxo n o r Latin .
Tli csc nre th e t wo ma in eleme nts whi c h consti t ute th e lu.nguagc.
No me nt ion has bee n made thus fo r of G reek wo rd s, of whi ch w e
h a ve a large n u m be r in t he lan g uage. Th e o mi ssio n h as bee n inte n ti unal , nn<l fo r t he pur pose of sirn pli fy ing\he hi sto ri cal survey of t h e
s nli ject. Th e G ree k la ng uage is ~o nearly a llie<l to th e L a t in, th at in
a disc nss ion lik e t.li i::;, they mny be consid e r l'd us o ne. I t is o nly
n eces"nry t o re mark , th at ve ry fe w Gree k wur<l ; 1111,•e b ee n intro,]u ce<l by mi xt11re of rncc, or by co111111e rciul int e rc,p urKc. Tli c
Gree k wo rd s whi c h w e ha ve, W(' re i11trod11ce<l alm oHt e ntirely by
ec h ulnr~ 1rn1l book ~. N earl y all of th e m arc scientifi c te rm s. Jm.lecd,
nine- t enth s o f all th e scientifi c te nn ; tha t we huv e, are Gree k.
O f tli c relati ve n urn b ers of tli csc tw o clm•ses o f w o ru", Sax o n arnl
Latin, it b impus,;i ble to speak w it h ce rt ainty. lf w e e xclude. all
comp o und nnd obsol ete wonb , uml nll purely sci e n tifi c and t ech n ical
w u r<l ~, t he rati o of Anglo- Sa xon wo nb to th e wh ole uo<ly o f w o rds
in t he !a ng 11age, w o uld pruliably h e ubo ut s ix - t e n t h ~, o r si xty pe r
ce nt. If w e ex amin e, ho we ve r, t he page o f a ny o rdi nary E ngl i:-< li
lw u k, t he Sax o n wo r<l s w ill b e fu uml to bea r n 11111 l'. li la rg e r pre po nd " ran cc t ha n t hi s. O ne r ea.~o n is, th a t all th e srn all co nn ect 1 11~
won!,; , t1 1c a rti cles, prono 11 11:l, pre positio1rn, co nj11n ctions, a nd m n,;t
o f th e llflv e rbs, are S axon. Th ese ~mull wonl s ocl'. llr 11.t. lea:it te n
t.irn es 11s ofte n ns an y ot.he r cl a~s of wo rd s in th e lang uage. F u r
exa mpl e, " wi ckedn ess," whi c h is Saxon, may n o t occ ur m o re fr e· 11 <I , "
. T,atrn.
.
13n t '' t i1e, " " .1
q11 c nt ly pe rh aps th an " m a 1.ice, " w Iu. c I1. 1s
" !Jut, " .• if, " e tc., will u e found

32

ll

hundred tim es, where eith e r

37-1

37,5

COJJPOSITION AND RHETORIC.

'l'lTE ENGLlSII f ,ANGUAGF:.

"wicke<ln e&'l " or" ma.lice" will be found on~e. Ag11io, !IOtne writ .l'1
arc note<l for their partiality t.o the J,atin vocables, oth I'll for l.h r
partiality t? the Saxon. But, taking the averngc of d ifferent writer-,
and excluding works of scie nce, in which sometimes U1e word• nr&
almost e_!ltirely Latin and Greek, I suppose that the ~11.1<on worcl
on an y page of ordinary English will be found to be nearly ulJI..
t enths of the whole number.
Tli e Latin words that have found their way lnto the Englt.h
be again sul><livi<l ed into two well-defined cllllllJCll, vii., thM!O tbllt
Lave come to us by national int ercou rse and 11dmb:ti1ro, itruf tb*
tl-.t hav e come through learned men and educatloo. Th > ·
1111 ve come to us indirectly, from languages that aro not pu.ro ~
but am the modern rep resentativP.s nnd <lescendan la ot lbt\ Ii
viz. , the French, Spanish, P ortuguese, und Italinn. Th• o . rw
come di rectly from t he fo untain-head, tho Lntin ll~lt. Wol"t.l of
funner class a re all more or less corrupted, either !u th~ mod .
l:rn i; nagcs in which th e Engli ~h fo11nrl them, or in the tmn!llllon from
those l:w g uages into the Englitih. Word s of the Jnttcr cl11.113, t.Uen
from the Latin directly, are changed very little, or not at all.
The difference b etw een these two clui;.~es can lie best illu&tralod
by a few ex ampl es. 1t exists mainly in the stem, or root of th
wonl. Both classes J<re oul iged to conform to the Engli~h idiom aiJ
to th e termination. But in the stern, wltilo those coming from tie&
Lati n direc tly are almost without change, t l1 ose from tho other
la ngnages, parti culnrl y those from the French, are almost invariably
changed in the spelling. Thus:

It is a common opi11io11 , tl1n.t the l:rngnap;c has d eteriorated in con Re'luence of this 11111lti t ml c of foreig n admixt.ure8. !::iorne puris ts
l1 avc gone so far as to recommend an ent ire disuse of word~ of Latin
origin,- to pnt upon them the ban of publi c odium, to stig rn:i t.ize
th em as foreigners and intrnders. lt cannot be <l oub ted, ind eed,
th at many writers have been l>eguiled into an excess in th eir partiality for the Latin vocabl es.
Dr. Johnson was a great sinner in this line. "Our Father, who
art in h eav e n, " translated into Johnsonese, woul<l r ead on this wise,
"Parent Divi ne, who existes t in the celegtial regions! " "If a uo<ly
ki s:; a body, nee<I a b ody cry," is a piece of as good Engli:;h as wa.~
ever written. Turned into .Johnsonese, it would run so m e what o n
thi s wi so: "On the su pposition that a n individual salntes an indivi tlual, does an individual li e und e r an obligation to exclaim in a
ve hement and pla inti·.oc voice? 11 A l>oy in an English charity~clivol was once ask ed, "what King Duvid did, wh en th e RervantR
tol<l him t hat hi s child was dead? 11 "Please, sir, he clean ed l1i111sc·lf, and took to hi~ victuals." The admirers of tli c · high-pol ite
~ty~ wo11ltl be quite "l1 oc kctl at suc h homespun talk. and woul<l
urrny the matter tl1t1 ~: "Wliat course of action <lid King- David
pur:rn e wlien he recei,·ed int.ellii;ence o f t.h e d e mi se of the infant?"
A11sw er, " H e p erform ed hi~ al.ilutions, and imm ediately proceeded
to partake of r efreshm ents."
P e rhaps the h:ippi cs t l1it upon thi ~ style is th e imi tation of Dr.
Joh n8o n in the Rej ected A<ltlrcsscs.* A :single paragrap h will g ive
1111 id ea of th e performan ce.
•· J'rofogsions luvish ly effused and pnrsim oniou sly verified are alike
in co nsistc ut with tlrn precepts of iuuate rectitude a nd the practieo
of internal poli cy; Jct it nut th en be conjectured , that because we
are unaB~uming, we are imbecile; that forbearance is any indi catio n
o[ dt' spomlency, or illl m il it.y, of demerit. He that is t.lie most
assured of success will make th e fewest appeals to favor, an<l wliere
n oth in g is cbimcd that is undu e, n othing that is due will be witlil1cld. A swelling openi ng is too often succeeded by nu in sig nifica nt
conclus ion. Parturient monntnins hav e e re now pr0t l11 <'ul mu~cipn ­
lar abortions; an1l th o auditor who c1>111parcs in ci1 1ic11t g-randeur
with final vulgnrity is reminded ot' the pious hawkers of Co n ~t.rr nti­
nupl u, vo solemnly perambulate li er streets, excla imin g, ' In the
nam e o~e proph e t - fi gs! '"
.

Lntin Stem!!..

Worrls coming from the
Latin directly,

0

Words coming from I.ha
French, or some otber
modern de6Cendaul o!
the Latin .

Curs-us,
C ur(r)o,
l< t"\ ~-b;,

Fr11 ·t- ns,
Fragil-i~,

'Pung-ens,
Pu net -um,
P.er ept-11rn,
l!t•rept -11m,
Di11rn -11s,

c urti-i ve,
cur( r )e nt,
r eg- al,
fr11 ct-ify,
fragil-e,
pung-eot,
pu n<'t-11al 1
recept-acle,
tl ece pt-ion,
di urn -al,

COlll'He.
cour-ier.
royul.
fruit.
frail.
poignant.
point.
r ece ipt.
deceit.
j ou rnal.

- -------

•Rejecter\ Addre.'"""· By Jame• and H crace Sm ith . A se ries of parodies on the
authors of <he day, 11utillsbod in 1612.

~~.,."'"

....

- - -.- ~

-

--

376

CO/tf POSIT ! ON AND RllETOR/(J,

nu t among onr great authors, D r. J ohnson is not the only einMr
in this respect. Gibbon, fo r in ~tance, is quite hi-s equal. No book
~n th e la n~nngo is more free fr om thi s Lntini sm, or is in all rcspects
m pure r l.n gl 1 ~ h, tl1an th e En glish Bible. The writers wLo come
nearc8t to t ho: Hiblc, in th e pu ri ty of th eir English, are Shakcspeare
~nd 1311.nya.n. Next to. t ~iese, I suppose, is Aduisolil. Poetry uoiturmly 1s frct: r fr o111 Lntm 1sm than prose is.
That par t of th e domain of English letters in which word 8 of
classical origin most abound, is in the fi eld of science. With the
exceptio n of n few Arnbic term s, almost our entire scientific nomencla tur e b de ri vcd from the Latin and Greek, particularly the latter.
Nut~ss than nin e-tenths of o ur scientific terms are Greek. Medi·
cine, g ·ology,. min e ral ogy, gram ma r, logic, mathematics, pby 8 ice,
and m etaphy~1 c~, are all 10 a state of utter depend ence upon languages wi th wh ic h none but t he learn ed a re fami liar. This hM
b.cen, unrloulitcdl):, a hin (l.rnn ce to th e communication ofknowle<lge.
1 o any one ncq11n1ntc<l with t ho Gree k nnrl Latin, the terms used in
the diffl·rc nt scicr es .11l rn ost of . t ltemselves, a otl without further
stwly, desc ri be th e o h.Jects to whi c h th ey nre uppli cd.
If no w tl1c:>e terms, in stead of being tak en fr om a <l ead language,
ha<l bee n drawn from the reso urces of th e moth er- tong ue, the very
Mtructure of the word would show its mean ing oven to th e unlettered, und wi th tli e m ea ni ng of the wor<l would be conveyed 6
Kno wl edge of th e thing.
Wh e n, fo r instance, th e nnn tom i ~t spea ks of th e " systole " and
"dias.tolo." of t he heart, li e talks Gree k. Il e mu st consequently
cxp lrun l11111 sclf. I le mu ~t. give in dificrent words a descripti on of
the thin g mea nt, nn<l uftcr yo u h11v e lcnrn cd from t hese other
sources th e nature of th e s ubj ec t., you infer vaguely what must be
the mea ning of tb e words. No w, suppose th e an atomist had bee n
c:dl eJ to e xplain tli e ~nm e pu iu t to a nati ve Gree k. The word s
tli e~~clv('~ would have co n,·tycJ th o i<l ea whi ch is meant, uud
notlii11;.( iu.,ru wuuld Jrn,·e J,_,« n necessa ry to co nv ey tbi~ i<l ea, even
to nn unl ettc r.:d mun, t lH111 a rn crn e nun ciation of th e term s. To u
nat.i ve G ree k, systol e und t1 ia"t olo:, apogee and peri gee, hydraulics.
l iy'.lrody~arnie.~, cl('i ''Y'lrn, Cl'Posote, iso meric, iso morphic, metamorph ic. m11l all th e o th er thu1i,.:and ~ up on th ousand s of scientific terms
wh icl1 ~o p11 zzl o th -.: me re E11;..:-Ji,l 1 ~ tlllk nt. are ju ~t as intelligible nntl
cx pre'<,; i,·c int n ,.:c•J ye,.:, a,.: tu t hu na t i,·o Engl is hm11n are our horne~J>Un cornpo11 11d.', i11k,;ta1al , 1•cnliaudl c, muo uligbt, notebook, sun-

THE ENGL/Sil LANGUAGE.

377

rise, w oo<l lnnd, hilltop, cornfield, enowflake, pitchfork, dayli g ht,
forenoon, aftern oon, nucl so on, to any extent. I can no t duubt.,
th e refore, that if th e t erm s of scien ce hnd been, from th e fi r8t, nml
throui;h ont, carefully elnbo rated out of our own nat ive materials,
th e difli cul ties in the communi cation of science wo uld hav e uoen
mu c h lessened.
The actu al nnmber of foreign w ord s in the language, grent ne thi~
may be, is not the worst fJatur e of th e case. A still greate r ev il is
th o nationa! tend ency t o adopt oth ers as fast as th ey are wanted,
with out relu ctance, and apparently with o ut limit, instead of producing them hy a process of home-manufacture . . In some lan g u age ~
th ere nppears to be n per fect relia nce upon th eir o wn reHonrce~ fo r
th e ex pression of uew i1lc:1~. Wh eneve r, in th e pl'Og ress of the
art.~, or in the wide ran ges of human thoul{ht, it becom es noce&iary
to employ some new wo rd for the ex pre~'ion of some ne w sl111de of
moanin" it iR alw ays done in suc h langnageR by so me ne w coml>inatio~1or fr esh mo11ldi11g of th e mnteri als already ex ist in g. Such
11 process beget.; n habit,, nnc1 with th e habit a f~cil ity, in t he fo rmn t.i t•n uf coinpo1111cl 1md 1lcri v11 tiv e w o rd ~. that 111 tho end rel\ller n
lan g ua ge in th e highest deg ree tlexilil e a11d e xpressive. Such i ~ the
trn ly infini te power of combina ti on in a lang uage so fo rni ed, that
it is impo~s ibl e 't o co nceive au i<lea whi cli t he lan g ~ age d oe~ not furnish within it.~elf the m ean~ of co mpl etely e xpressin g. I [u w diffe rent is this from th o co nd it io n of tl ie English. Every new fa ~lii 1'11
from tlie French millin ers, every ne w di ~h from the F rench cuoks,
eve rv• now dan cin 0»-woman fr om the French stage, every. ne w si nge r
or fiJdl er from th e Itnlian ope ra, every di sco very in ~c i e n ce, eve ry
inv ent ion in art, even t oo often the arts, and wa nts, and inve nt ions
th at epring up indigenou sly am ong o urselves, ha,·~ t o be m.Rde
kn o wn to the public un der so mo foreign te rm. S uc h 1s the fasl11on,
nml fa shi on in language, as in most things, is supreme. ~v c n 1.:urse
rnn st call hi s for -o tf-wri to r a telegrnph, and Webste r h11n selt, our
1-(rcat lexiwgrnph cr, wi th 1111 liis t emeri ty, liad not th e co urage to
call l 1 i~ Dictionnry a W11ril -Book.
ll o w different have b.:cn the fortun es of th o Engli sh fr o111 th oso
of t.he Oerman. Th ese tw o lan g un gos, in t he l> egi nn ing of tli e race,
sta rted even. They w ere both of the Barn o comm o n stock. Th eir
pa rents, the old S1uon nod t he old Ge rman , hav e a commo n a ncesto r
in the venerabl e Gotl1i c. Cradle1l in t he im pcnet rabl o fo rests of th e
elJe r Eu rope, they were, in the fift h century, in the same incipient ·
32

*

378

379

COA!I'OSITION AND RHETORIO.

TllE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

formative con dition. The German, hemmed in on all 8ldes, bnt no
invad ed, was led l>y circumstances to draw upon its own f'OllO~
•fvr t lio invention of new terms to express the new ideo.a whloh bQ;.
came e volved in the onward progress of civilization. llen~ hu
r esul ted a language capable of expressing, by combinatloDJ 'lt jC. "
o wn native words, every slia<le of meaning required even by th
teeming brains of that nation of students - a language unltlng in•
tinite diversity of forms with entire simplicity of matoriAIJ.
~ ifferent the English!·- a conglomerate of materiala fr\:>.!Jl a do,coo,
dilforent sources; affinent, indeed, aJmost beyond oomptlt~Uf la
its multiplicity of words, but wanting in that. noble #lmpllcll,t , _
which might have been the result of a dtifer~t OOW'M !)! J>DlWMl
events.
Dt1t Jet us not be among the croakers. Bad NI th ~
t1.t!i
not cntVely hopeless. Th e re are in various quarters symptom qf
grnwing partiality for words of native stock. Besides thi&, th "1W1
ev il r.otnplnined of is not without compensating advantngoa. On
adva11tn.go of this facility with which we borrow foreign worde, ii
thnt. we h11ve thereby become, beyond all nations, rich in synonym._
Fvr t lic snmc idea, in almost numberl ess instances, wo have two, and
sotni;times even three terms, exactly equivalent and equally leg!Umt1te. This is a decided advantage, saving oftentimes tiresome and
in elega nt r epetitions. The writer who bas tired his r eaders with
the term "native language," may take refuge, as in this chapter I
have had frequent occasion to do, in the "mother tongue." Tho
id ea is kept 11p, but the tautology is spared. Moreover, it frequently
l1nppens in th ese cases, that of two words of different origin, ulled
to exp ress the same general idea, the one bas acquired by usage a
sl i1;!tt shade of m ean in~ different from the other, so delicate and
crnnesccnt as scnrccly to be defined, and yet perceptible to 11 culti,·ate<l t11stc, and beautiful in proportion to its delicacy. How
lot:ically th e same, for iustunce, and yet how different to the loving
·heart, are the words" maternnl" and "motherly." It was his skill
in availing himself of this peculiarity of the lan guage, that among
ot. li e r thin gs enabled our own Washington Irving to express with
~nch m11rv el1011s exact.nc$S tho endleBsly varying shades of human
tho nght ancl fe eling - that enabled him t o pass from the grave to
t!te gay, from the didactic to the playful, from tlie humorous to tho
Auhl irn e, witl1 an case that seems only equalled by the movementa
of th e mind itself.
~

Far be it from me th en to join the ranks of t!tose wlio would dismiss with I\ rude rebuff these Latin-English intrud~rs. They are
now li cre. Tltey form a large and valuaLle elem ent of our language.
They are n part of onr nntional wealth; and tlt ey sho.uld lie c!teris!ted nrnl protected accordin gly. All I would ask, 1s . to. protest
· t tlie unnecessary introdnctiun of more, and
nga1ns
. t o m s1st upon
d.
making the native elemen t. of the lang.uage. a subject_of m ore istinct att enti on than it has hitherto received m our scl1emes of edu-

no•·

cation.

- -

381
.A..11ti11'r si~,

lG9, 170; efft...-ct of it, 169; 1Jnrbtr.ul'1, a hymn wrttor, 2G9 .
hJ rega rd t o it, lliU j exam 1 1l ~s, JJea.r aud F e-ro, num lJe r of wnrds dt}rl ved from this ste m, 360, ::>G I.
Hm; c1Lutiu u in regard to th e use of
u11titltt•:sii;, liO; rl'hlfion to epii;:nun, l~ e utti e , s pecl m e n o f auapres Lic ve rse, 254.
B ~ oU. (/J, 206-2 11 ; rclat iOll Of bea uty t o
l i l; exa mpl e o funtit. h c~ i s, lG!t
i;ulilimit.y, 206 ; color au c l cin~ nt o f
~1'°·"'tru1>he , 61; a fi gure of speec h, 17·1;
beauty, 207; h o w far we a re iuflu e n cetl
uk in t u e xclawatiuu, 174; examples,
by ~ iatiou in ou r admiratiuu of
175.
colo rs, 207; colo r iu the u atural wo rld
Ap1m11-it&on , n o uns iH, rcqui rccomnuL,:·l.3;
an c dde n ce o f God's good ness, 207 ;
rdlcx RJJpoli iti un req uiriu g duh, 51.
fi g ure an e leme nt o f beaut y, 207 i
Apt, u~ e<l iucorrectly 1 83.
rci;: ul arlty plea.!jlug, 207 ; varlt!ly J.1lc1;t~­
A.ro/Jia us, ~0111etin 1 e~ ~ UJ'> JW!:ied LO 00 t h e
iu g:, 208; curvod Huett beautiful, 208 j
luv e ul..or:t of rhyme, 2:12; rhruw e x.moliou a sou rce o f b eauty, 208; comte nding t o wore than thr ee ::;y ll al>l e~,
plex beauty, 209; beauty of co untc233.
IHtn CC , 20'.) i ICJOral Ucau ty, :HO~ tl1 e
A.r«lJio jtyu1·e11, when requiring peOca utiful in writiu g, 210; bea ut y of
riods, ·W.
1m hj ec t, 21 1 ; <litforl! nce Oetwec n Lho
A rt:!.itecturP, compared to rh etork, 197.
Lcautifu l aud th e scicutific, 21 I ;
.ArisloJ>hanes1 of Alc1auJria, an iuOcauly of e x prel'!Sio n , 211 ; coucl~o­
vc 11 Lor of poiuts, 21; tlu.: drawatist,
u. c&1 u o l n ecC88Jlry t o hca uty, 211.
268.
R eeclw ·r , H t! ory Ward, ipecitncn of wit,
A.rt11, Fin e, poetry one of them, 2fi3.
21·L
Ary1,1 u, language, 358.
Bche.~t, 74 .
.A.11 un<l like, confo unded, 80.
.Aaiilt&c .SQ(;i.ety, the origiuu.tor of Sa.n- .JJelittlh<f/ conaparisons, 161 ; d etail>,
203.
8C rit st ud ies, 354.
fl eNidca aud except con founded, 80.
hide, ~ L a..i;ide, used inco rrec tly, 83.
M11u1t.tina ~, h ow di ffe riag from kill lJible, u11<1 ot b c r words iute nd cd lod~s i g­
uate it, re(j_uire a capital, G7 i exa uJnnd murder, 85.
ple ofmct a phor, 179, 130, 184, 185 ; pe rAttitude, of dm·o tion, h ow different
ao ui lication, 170, 187; c liwa..x , 182 ;
from posture of d e \'utiou, 84.
l11Lc rrogalion, 183; similo, 18.J j En g:·
AttlluJrity, wha.t co nstitut es n.ut11 ur lt y
li!l1 Ilil1le, th o best. specimen <,f puro
for a word, 76.
.A ut.,1l>Li,~r,i71Jl.y 1 2'J8.
E ni;lhh , 876•
A tw<"ation 1 dLJtiugulshod from vocation, Tll<>{J-r«1>l1y, 2~8.
Ul<u;kutorf:,
fi lr Uichar<l , d c~ rl11tl on (>(
XO.
\' ul~no , 204.
..tf"'n''' aclc.uowlodge, cu ufcM, how Jltfo rftltrlr, re markH on Hy rwnyms, 8'&; on
iu g, ~.
.Awj'11hulfA, an ele m en t of th e suLlime,
pu:dti on of n.dv e rl.l:i, 105; on isuppll...._
m e nlu.ry clause:;, 128 i o n om ission o (
200 ; ulijects whic h iu. s1>irn aw e, 200 j
connectives, 134 ; ou letter-wriliug-,
n ig ht awful, 200.
274 i on hb t.o rical compu~ iti o n , Z<J ·I.
Blank "e-r•e1 237, 238; u ot always iam:nacchanallnn. 11011.u•, 270.
Lic or pentameter, 237.
Bnil"Y' metap ho r, 182.
Boker, instance of euph o ny, 141; sound
1.Jaillit·, J oa n na, metapho r, 1 ~.
adapted t o sense, 144, 145; cx::uu p le of
Rnlauee , u sed ineorrcctly, 83 .
a llite ration, 23:l; So n.,; of th o Ea rth ,
Bal,u1ced 11entence, 93; examples from
specimen of blank verso not iambic
J v hu~un, Junius, Pope , a m.l others, 99;
or pe ntameter, 237; specimen of mixed
use uf bala nced sente n ce, 100; th e par~
vc~ tn Ivo ry -Carv e r, 240; specimen•
all cl i ~ m of HcLrew J-tO-O try a kind o f
of vcr~ific.ottiou, 253-255.
bu.la nct.od sontcn co, 100.
Douar, a hymn writer, 269•
.Barbarl11ttt lu language, 72..
rul~

I NDEX.
Al>l1rPtJLa.tlo116, when requiringpcriodl"I,
,1:1, 4-1. '
AIMo l1tt c crvw, rf! quiring comma, 34 .
A '""' rrrc t 1Jr1.l'.}cct.• for c o rupo~itlons, 3 15.
A._ccen.ts, Jn p un c tuati on, t>2; accenL'i at

co nvenlt!nt in te rval:; promote the
barmo11y of t h e se nte nce, H2; 11t~etl ed
n ear the do se o f a sci 1t encc, 14·1 i i ot(·rval between nccc u t~ , 2'22; acce nt
not _a rlJit.rnry, z-2:1; a paramount law
in all speec h, '.l:.n; n:uncs of tho accentual d i \.·isions, 223 ; pl a.cc of tho accent
im portan t in g ivin g eMo nnd pleasure
to pronunciation, 224 ; rhyth m d e·
pu n<le 11t u po 11 t he proper adjustment
of th o nccc n l.'4, 2"2·1; acce n t u a l vcrMe
c h flrnc tcrblk o f uu.x.lurn poetry, 'l·l7,
1 -I H.

Act .. , in dntnrntic: poe try, 2f.7.
Addi1w11., cx:uupl c of n dsp laced n.dverh,
HH; ml :5 placcd pronoun, 112 i inap propriate simile, 161; mixf'd m etaphor,
165 ; pu ri ty of Iii ~ £ uglir;h, 876.
Atldr~sf'4e,'J, ~01; college addresscH, :w2.
. Ad 11ti 1·e, m eauing ch an;;cd, i9.
.Adro-i tn.esll, 14.
Adt'crl1ifll clt1uar11, pmdtio n 0f, lOG.
.AdrH:rlnJ, p01'iLi on in the se n te n ce impo rta ot to c l e aruo~~. lt).t ; po~itio n of
only, wlwllp, at lea.Ji, etc., 10.J., 105.
..llt:M': hylu.11, 2G7.
,,-J•:.•wp','lf F:ihl~M. Hi.~.

::;Ir H.l t:hanl Illn.ckmorc's d cscr i1)Lion of lt., Udittli n g, 204.

,,fi,'tlfa,

Af!i!d<&tfo"'

in uolng (oralgn •onh, 'II.

A(lyru.vatctJ, uised locor reet.17, 81
A 1'e1<8irte'8 PlcMnrea o( the lmaglnat.lon, 272.
Ald1t8 1Uam1ti1<8, ln •entor o( tile an
of punctuation, 21.
Alfm'<l, example o r mi•plaood ad•orb,
104; ad verblal clau.e mbpl&C<!d, 107 j
squintin g co ni; tru ction , 109 ; mlsplAoct·
m cnt of pronouns, 112; Tho Queen'•
Eug ll,h, a.12.
Allcynry, 167- 169; dllfero nco betwoo11
a ll ego ry and metap hor, 167; polnlA! lo
comm o n in motnphor and al1 eli(ory,
167, 168; " llegv ry, pnrablo, and fable,
poin t,, In co111111 0 11 , Hi7 ; rul e for all~
go r y, IG9 ; odeu tlfi c allego ry by Prof.
Forbes, ms.
A.llltc1•rttfon or the Saxon VOT116, 233.
A lo1w , how differing from 01&111t 8l5.
Alle.•nff.titJM, used Incorrectly, 82.
Am.atory odes, 269.
A inl1iguity, sente nces mn.do ambtguou1
by faulty arrno~cment, lll4-l10; by
misplacement of pron ouu e, 112-lH.
A nn cr eon, his odes, 270.
A _1u1prest, 227; nnnpoosllc verse, 227-2.1)();
nanprestlc mctreH for hymns, bow
designated, 2-19.
An.d, mnnagement of, 134.
.A.nalo-Sazon, language, 357; conquel!ot
of Britain, 365 j linguistic re11ult.s1 SV6.
367.
Annuls, 297.

I

380

382
1'r(lCP.

INDEX.
i n p unctuation, 61.

1Jro c ll.et:J 1 5ti, 57 ; diffe re nt fro m parenth ('n~ i :i , 5ti i r el:\tlons of brack ets, pa.-

r un t h ese:'!, d rl.8 h es, nnd commn.s, 56;
u :oit'". in tlic:tionari es, 57 ; use In critlcnl
e<llti o n ~. fi7; i n p l ays, fi7.
Ttrl dy r. of liJiyhN 1 versifi cation of, 231.
.JJrltufn. 1 Great, i ts ~ettle r nent nod lan-

guage, 363, 3-04.
cxa rnplcsof ambiguity, 111;
m otn pho r, 187, 1~1.
B r yant , pcrsonitk:ttion, 181; vendfi cntion, 257; Thanntops is, 272.
Bu{lle Sony, T e nnyson, a n instan ce of
so und adapted lo sense, J.IG.
IJ u.lu·e.,·, e xam p le of a11ti t hcsis and simile, 170; m etaphor, 1 8~ .
Bun.yrru' .., l'ili; rim's Prog rec- ~, th e bes t
all ego ry in all litera t urcl ms; purity
of his Euglish, 37!l.
Dro1cu i n.(!,

.Dttrfr.'J,1H~ ,

s imil CH int e n d ed fo r, 158, 1()0.
Ettrn.o,, cxa n1pl c~ of sec t.i on:d rhy1ne~,
2:J7; s µcclm e u!i of vcrsith:atlu u , 25·1;
a.s '-' wriLer of ::;o u gs , ·no.
Jl ro·to u , T ~1 m F ly nn' s lJc wild c rm eut a t
th e mi.•mse of he and hi~', 11:t
~Ry, d i ~ti 11 guf:;lht...'<l from '1uit-h, 8G.
.B yron., cx:unpl eof apostroµh c, 175; mettt plio r, l 'JO; d cscriµL io n of thnnde rsto rm , 203; a p~al::{O fro m Byro n
tu rn ed l11to p rose, 220 ; example of
triple rl1ym e:;i , 2:3a; sec ti o n a l rh ym es,
2:n; w ro to c hi e fl y in the Spe nse rian
st~rn z~, , 141 i oxampJe, 253 ; nnaprestlc
verso, 2:55.
Ctid en oelf,

1\

unme for accentual dlvi-

dlons, 2'23.

Ct:etmr, nn !twe r to th e pilot, sublime, 202.
Cu l r.ul11t r d, usc<l lu co rrec tl y, ft ~ .
(,'tnupbell,Gco rgn, his J >O~ it.ion~ in regard
to U!ie n.s th o 1i,w o f lan gu age, 76; hi s
ffi-"~ Y. ~~\H; bngungr. sh ould be a
trnn!!pn rc n t m etliu111, 110.
Ctnnpbt'lt, Thoma!', c xumple of a naprostic YCrl:I C, '.l52 ; P leMured of lfo po, 272.
Ctutt , lit.
Ca]Jlrallt, pp. f1:1-li7 ; ohject o f u ~ i 11 ~ th e m,
21 ; o ri ~ in o f Lh e word, 21; hi1it ory o f
th dr u ~ ''. 1'2 : rult·.'I for n:-ic of en pi la I ~.
G:t..- t>i ; use uf ...:np llub iu wor k:; of dovolion, M .

Cnptw nJJ, 62.
in lottcr-wrttlng, 271'1.
Cnae, vocative nnd aboolute, r equlrt!I
comma., 34.
Ct:it ruul R1tl1btt, described, u an e.xercise ln composition , 336.
Critar,ictlt, subUmo, 199.
Cu. t ch, used incor rootly, 83.
Cedilla, 62.
Celtio, peopleo and langua~, 11!!!1; O!ltlt
mlgrntlons, 868; coutllct or Cell<! ~Gd
Saxon$, 36ll, 866.
Ce nattre1 meaning cb11nglld, 79.
Clmngo of Ji«tr)Ht lmpaln tho unity
of a oe nlonco, 1211.
Ch".owing, eu.mplN o( ~ - . . .•
tence 1 05.
Ch•mMr, ln• • n tor ~r tb~ rhyth-1"07&1,
2·IO; high ch nracLo r or hla Ytl'M, tn,
ClutJJ t M·r , o ri gin or l-he word. 004...
Cilf.sslo ., •.,..e, diffe r ent rr<>m En1lldl,
238.
Cl1t1tdltm, sublime J>MO&g'l •polled b7
bclillllng d etail•, 204.
Cl<r11sm1, intorm c."ll ll\t.o, 26; d cpecl)dc.o t.
27; relative, 28; co-ordtnatc, 00; ln·
vertcd , 34 i hl\\' lng n common depe.nd ...
enee, 37; clause addlllonal, S8 ; Ml·
verb in! position or, 106 i quollf'ylog
clauses, i10w to be di•)>Oll('<.l or, ll9 i
relativ e c1auij~,s, 126 i pa.rentbeUc&l,
127: supplementary, 128.
Clenrnc1nr, of sen tences. rule on the subj ccl, 104; order of words important, IOc ;
clearn e"" hindered by wro ng poe!Uon
of ad Te rbs, 104; Blair'e r emark, 100.
Cleryymen, cllquolte In addreealns
them, 281.
Clerk, m eanin g cluu1ged , 79.
Clinuwc, ndds to the strength or a ll<ln•
t en ce, 137; climnx or sentences, 188;
poor climax es, ta8.
Close of n se nten ce, rules for it. mAn~
m ent, 143, 144.
Col>bt:t t, mis use of it, 112.
Coininy n ow word s, 73, 74.
Coleri.dge, exn mple or sectlonfll rhyme,
23-0.
Colll11R, Od es, 269.
Colon, pp. 3!>--42.
CulO"r, n so urce of beauty, 207; ho'tf t'u
iufluencw by ..sociallon, 207.
C<i rel t::11!!ne1J11 1

383

I N D EX.
Colutn1.11u1, co mpos ition o u h im by a ho y
o f uin e , 3'.! 3.
Com e dy, 2G 7; com ic ~ODE,'fl, 270.
(;o 1n11t.f1 1 pp. 2~;).'); orig in Of th e '" Ord,
2~1; 111 eant at firf-IL a p orti on of a tSe ntc ncc, 2a ; rul es fur ild use, 24-35 ;

CQUnty, when to be give n in h ea<l iug O "
in ::s upt': n!C rl pti o u o f a le t ter, 27ti-:!82.
Cou.ple , u ~OO fo r two, sa.
Co uple t , d c fi Bt.">(l, :!26.
Cou•l.e-y, far-fclA.:hc<l simile, 159.
Cowper, e xau:ip le of m c lnpll or , 189;

Tas k, 272.

d oulJle co mm a:-4, l'i2.

Connne nced, u~c d lucorrec tly, 83.
( 'onl.ntou. t1ut,.c, formub g iv e n, 2-12.
<:ooiple t e, bow d ifferin g fro1u whol e,
c u t ire, tot al, 86.
CotttpfrXJ l>e<ntfy, 209 ; th e m o~ t com-

pl ete c:<ample in a landscape, 209.
Co111p/,·.x; ."i c ut ,~ucc .~, wli.u rctlui r iug a
col•)n, 40.
Cn1'•J>osiH(J (n., n pri ute r"li term ), 63.
Cu-,,L/><>.' litintts on Of>),.rt .tt, ;ws-:n 1 i on
Trunsac ti o rn5, 3 12-3 14 ; on .AlJstract
Su l>jccts, 315--317 ; on I mag i na r y Sul>j cc t.-., 318-325; Pcr~o u td Nar rath·el'I,
~26-a34; Desc riptions, :-IB.5-:.wo; Mis·

O ralill>e'11 DJc tl onaTy of Sy n on yms, 8-t.

Cr owdiny togt:lh c r tb ln i;s un cuuoccL(-d,
hu prdr~ Lh(j unily of u Be ntc nce , 12...'i .
Crulloe, R ob inso n, h ~ adYe 11turcs iuca--

pulJ1e of fo rmin g au epic, 2M.
Ou rrttn, sample of 1-, un , 215.
c,,,.,,,-:s, an elemt.> nt of beau t y, 208.
Cy clo1J ..., nwl Y ukan, t ~t9 .
Cym ric, l a n guages aod peoples, 356.
Dl1 ~tyl , ?'27 ; dn <' t yli c ''crse, 2~7-'2 ~l1; dac-

t ylic w e tn·s fu r bym1.1 s, h o w dc ·ignatc<l. , 24;\ 2-16.
D1111bh, inva.-sio n, ils e ffe<: t o n th e lan-

<:clla11 cu t1l'I, ~t-lt - :~·'6.
Coucrd (,, cnpnLility, c riminali ty , con ti-

gti a.ge, 367.
Dfl1·l~ u.rss,s u L lime wh c u

ln i:i plriu g nwo,
u c uLal, 74; ca1Jle-gra111 1 caLle-gr np h ,
200.
75.
Dash, 49-53; origin and h ow u sed, 4f•;
Concr. pt·lo t1, vi vid, necessa ry to s uLlimmi sta k e o r card ~ writ ers in t he use
ll y \n wriLing, 20'2.
o f th e dash , 50 ; mark s c han ge of co n(Jmu;i.11 e.ne118, n ecC$l\ry to th e ~uLlim e,
stru ction, o r of sc nLirn e ut, 50; f'II J204; not n (.."Ces~ary t o be auty, 2 11.
ph atic ge n e rali1..atio u, 50 ; e loc nti u 11Co11cluslon, b rin ,1.;. in g a se nte nce to, 13.5.
u.ry pau Me, 50 ; rh etoricul rt pct iti o u,fi I;
()o11ft'!t1J, h ow diffori11 g fro m &\'Ow and
J)a rc n thetica1, 52; ti l ies run in , 5:.!;
acknowl edge, 85.
0111 i~slo m~ . 11ucs tio o and answ e r, et c.,

I

Co r•fttlP·nre , u sed inco rrec tl y, 83.
Cn ur•ertl~e.,, effectoft b cir oml:Yiion, 134.
Co u /fitl~, usod inc orrec tly, 83.
~ niftru d a nd co 11 8lrnc t co n fo unded , 81.
C:o ntttgton,ho w di1foring frum infection ,
86.
Cotltempt, an in gr edi en t ln humor, 217.
( "}on.t r1u7Jt i t>lr., fur co nt.c rnptu o m1 , 80.
Contr<rctio11.s, iu ru.ldre~ iug: l ette r~, 275,
282.
Coutrrtlft.Jt.faulty, 137; contrasted ch anges
gi\' C s t r e ngth , t 37.
C<Ki1"r ry, it.."S te rm s nea rl y all Fre nt h, 377.
<:ornilrh, race and lan guage. 356 .
Cor-r f'HTmud , used in cn r rt:<.:tly, fi2.
CQ·r r r,, p n nd e·n ctJ (!$CO l~ttcr-writi n~).
274.

Countnurnce, t h e bcaut.y of. 209; whnt
l· n 1is lit u\.cs l.tcauty of co uutc nnu ce,
210.

63.

Date, in letter-wri tin g, 276; in diary , 284..
])eninHrted, used i n co rrec tly, 82.
Denierni, used inco r rec tly , 82.
J.>e1>entlt: 1tt r.lt1.11s e1J, e X}JJai uOO , 2i; rcq uire co 1.111nas, 27.
D escr·i ptions , as an exercbe In compositio n, 335-H-10; tuking rH.1t.cH ii11po rtaut, !tl5; rul es to be oUse rv ed, 3.36 ;
O:t fllUplcs, :tlG-3-1. 0.
Dln ri el'I, 283 ; esse ntial characte r, 2~3 ;
sLyl e, 283; dates, i rupo rtau t, 28 I i
b la nk day s, ~S.l.
1.>i.c/;e ns, a hu rnorist, 219; spec ime n of
venc, ?.60.
DLctitnL1 71-9 1; commnnd of words im·
po rlant, 7 1; h ow ol.Jt.uin t.'t.l, 71; en.
l tLr"'et l Ly extc m poru.ueo us lrarn-1\a~
ti o 11 , 71 ; Ly t he h aL it of re fe rrifl g ti)
th ctlh.:tio u ar y, i'l.; Wet.io n, wlrnn pure,

384

INDEX.

72; stand a rd of pu r ity, 72; pu r lly nf- :E)lill lon, In verse, 248; mistake of tho
fec tt-.U by fo re ig n wo rdit, 72 ; IJy v lnrn~
o lJ.or critl c.o:J In r egard to it, 249 i elJ·
le t-0 wo rd s, 73 ; bj n ew wo r<l :i, 74; prosion not n t-ce ~sary, 249.
priety of d ictio n, i 8 ; 1.n ca 11~ o f n t.- Ellip1Jl1J o f verb, requires comma, 35.
tai n ing it, 79; viu latio n!" of p ro pri ety, :Elucution, i ts pau!1~S no t marked by t he
80, 8 l i prcci:;ivu , 8~ ; ltow anaiu ed ,
gramma t ical points, 22; eloc utionury
SJ, 84.
p:use marked by a <la.sh , 50; elocuti on
Diction.((ry, h alJ it of consultin g it rocai<lc<l Uy a p roper ttrrangement of the
om mendeJ , i'l. .
se u te ucea, l:lO.
J> i d nct ic 1>~lr!f, 27'!..
.l!,,'1uer1fo1t, Tla e Mountain and the ~ulr·

hlffecully, how diilc ring from ol,.tacle,
84.
J)im r,t e r, '1:27, Z:J l.
J) i r eetly , usc<l iu cor rect.ly, 81.
J)i ,,cou1·.v c 1 d t:fi n cd , 17.
.l>i.Ycoursl's 1 301; orations, 301; add ri.:!'lSc:-J, ;iQ I ; 1:1cn 11 0 11 :-1, 302 ; lect ure:;,
3rJ:l ; speec hes, :w·~; un ily uf a disu1 u r.~c. 3r1;J; ad a 1Jt.a! io n t v t h e a. u lli ~ '-\ ~ o ;j ;

i; y1nnh!try. :JU,1; p :irUi o f 1l

d i.'{(:u ur~o.:HH i int rodm; ti o n, :.SO·I ; 11tate-

m C' 11 t1 :30·1; co u cl u.:1iun o r pc ro ru.li u n,

r el, ns a spec imen of wit , 214.
1En1pht1.111i ..,, sentences should bi:. con.
•tructod with rcforcace t9 emphaai.,
117.
•
Enofish langunue, essny o!:l it, 361379 ; true place of Eugli•h Ju general
phil ology, a.53 ; occupation of E ngland by successive racei;, 363-367 i
origin a nd co mposition of tho language , 363-J79.
Euyfl11h v e,1•111;, lLCCentuaJ, not syllabic,
2 .(7 ,

au.>.

EnougJ,,di.stingubhed from 11ufllci.ent,
J)[ ,.,rovr r , d iffe re nt fro m in ve nt, 86.
86.
JY1.11racli, n.d vt: r bial clause ruh1placcd , E1ttire1 distin guished from whol e, total,
107.
complete, 86.
DoantJ, Bish op, nbound8 in short sen- /i:f'lc poe t1·11, 263-266. (See P oetry.)
U!nccs, 101.
Ei1igra;n, orig in o.nd meaning, 171; reZ>o<ltlriAlg e, a h y mn writ.er, 269.
lation to au tilheeta, 171 ; examples,
1.Jr"tu.rttlt"portry, nLound s in e x cla mnI i i, 191, 1~3 .
li o n s, 174 i gf'n o rn.1 d (-scrlption, 2HG- Eplt<1.111t, 27 1.
2Gll. (See P oe ! ry .)
J:~'pitht•t.t1, w~ed lncorrecll y, 82.
Dr11d f· n., m l x. 1..-U m c tup h n r, 1G 1 ; m ct.n - 1-~'"·"'"Ui!, ~JI; l1ow diUCrin g from reph o r, 180, IR-1 ; s i1u ilo, 1~:1. 184 : troviews, 21JJ; 11um1Jcr of es3ay ls t.5, 291 ;
c h nles in St. 0 ..-.;ilii~'H Dny, 2'18 ; his
pr e~e nt mode of publicati on , 291 i
vc r!!e co rn pill't-<l wi l h t h:\L o f Mil t on
Whlpplc,Tuckermnn, nnd Lowell, 292.
Rnd C hn.u co r, 2·'7; dpecim cn o( verse, Etlq1wtte, in addressing a Jetter, 281.
'lf;7 ; o<l c~, '.lti9.
Ety1Uoloyy , aludy reco mmended, 72.
Dwight, a hymn write r, 2G9.
Euplton11J corutruction of sentencce
with refore ncc to It, 14()...142.
.l'..'1trthq"''~·"'' !l\uhl im e, 199.
E uri7)i<les, 267.
E".J1t' I11dlfr. Crnnpteny . tb o means of E ""C1t(l.te, used inco rrectly, 82.
lin g uis ti c rc~C'a rc h , ;s.54.
Et,,ntyeUn.e, Loogfcllow 's1 its veraificaJ •:dijit·tf, h ow w~cd lJ y Sp\'IUH'r, 79.
ti u u, 2as.
1.!.'dltu1·l,,111, 187; u hi ~ h o rd er of co rn . Et•f':r/J, usL-d tn correctly, 83.
l'o~ iti o 11 , 287; l!OL impe rso nal truth, EX,uu.ple, t.Jbtinguh!lrnd from instance,
:l.'i7 i e<litv r's est i111:ttu ur hi ~ own po87.
11i rlo n us H. p ublic k oicl1c r , 187 i <l itf'e r· Exc~pt, used fo r totle1111. 80.
t: rh.·t; ht'! wee n "-'(] i lo r iab u 11J ru·w!:I, 2fl.i:S. L".cr.1·ptio1utbfr, fo r ex cep t ion al, 82.
Edu.o,,tl o u , n ~1) urcu ufcorr u plJ ou to til t! l':a;cite , di ~ tiu g uis he<l from 111cit.e. 86.
ltrn 1511age, :n I .
j E:.ccln 1t1.nt; ou, as a fi g ure of speech, 173 :
El"f/111 210. t&•.: Poetry.)
ukiu toiutcrrogntiou, 173 ; caution Jn

I

INDEX.

385

regnrd to the use or ll, 174; relation Flirtntfo.., peculiarity or the wor.1, 74.
to apostrophe, 174.
J.ot ...o, 68.
.J!)zclatnntiAJ1' pt>·b•t., 47, 48; 0 and ob, l<'Qr/;ea, Professor, a heautlfu.I examplo
of scie ntific allego ry, I G8.
48 ; do ubl e exclamntlon•, 48.
Fore·i y11 W()'r<ls, not to ho uef'tl unn ecExpr.r:t, used inco rrectly, 8 ~.
ess:ully, 72; may booorn o d o m es ti~
.Exp1°eA.<1ion, bcnuty of, 211 ; thin gs incated , 73.
compati ble with beauty of e xprC!l!llon,
Formi<tably, used incor rec tly, 82.
212.
E:r.pre~3ion.Jt, parenthe tical, 24 ; inter- F'ra1•/din, Benjamin, sam plea o f pun, 214..
l<'renchifted. diction, 73.
m ed iate, 26.
.Fre·i to/, wt•'tor• use •hort seotencetJ, 101.
EaJJ>lleit, ~.,,, dlstlnguishoo , 86.
Fro ..tupiece, 62.
Faber, Ma bymnist, 269.
Fnbt,,, akin to allegory nnd parable, 167; Gadfo languages, &'i6.
Ga.11, pcroonlli ~atl o n, 182; m etaphor, lllO.
where found, 168.
Faerie <Juee. n e , an allego ry, 168 ; writ- G e ntle most agreeabl e, 20R.
G...-uld Mauey . (See MM..'<e y.)
t e n In t he Spe n serian stanza, 241.
Fal#tnff, Incompatible with epic char- VM·.,,-utn wri te rs use lo ng sc nte n c~, 101.
O e1.,..,ut 11io lang uages, 357.
acte r, 2tW.
Gho11ta in spire awe becauee of th e ir obPrrree, 2G8.
ocurlty, 201.
F "r·f• telt ed simile•, 1 ~9 .
j 'i"(111 1d"tt 1 it:. terms m ostly Fre nch, 377.
GUlb<Jn, use of Latin wo rd•, 376.
(Jlaelr.r, 11Jlego rk aJ desc rl p lion o( OM,
F ear, co mpositi o n on it, 315.
l"ec t , 1u1 m e for nccentu nl dh·,sio nq. 223;
168.
foot defined, 2'26 ; diffe rent k lmls o r G<><l, nam es and 1ttldhutos to bcgtn with
a capital, G5 ; hls good n ees s boVt·u by
rcct, 226.
1"<:1fotc8hi p, u sed Incorrectly, 82.
tb e bea uty or color in tbe natural
f 'ero uod bear, t.he stem of th e ~ e words
world, 207.
a prolifi c oource of words, 360-362.
Go/.de ,. uuend., Longrellow's, a speci~~l.rtfrnt, t~ prevalence, 298; kinds, 299;
men of mixed ve r!e, 239.
hl•do rlcal novel11, 299; appeal to cu· Gold11n1ith, metaphor, 190; 81rulle, 100;
rl os tty . 299; delin eatio n or character,
Madame Rlaize, 213.
300 i e ffect o f noTe l-read lng, 300 ; re- Qo1tpe.l11, 1ublimity of them, 2M.
U ~ l o n o ft clion, 300.
Got, exa mple of it.8 mt s use, 81.
li"'igur~, (mntheruatl cal,) a eo urcc or
Got/de lan gi1ageft and people8, $7.
heauly, 208 ; what kind of figure. Goul.t.t, Edward S., on izoo<l E n g li ril1, 352.
Governor, how to be addretiSOO , 281.
pl ensiu g, 208.
.I"lu11rc•, (rh eto ri cal, ) 154-196; relal!on of Gr(l.nuu.n.r, r elated to rh etori c, 17, 18 ;
fl)!ures to di c tion aud !:lc nt.cn ces, 154;
d erives i ts autho rity from use, 89.
definition, 1.54 ; tropee, 155; origin of Grny, m etaphor, 100 ; versifi cation, 259;
n.l(ures, 15G; simile, 157; m etaphor,
odeo, 269; Elegy, 271.
16:! i allegory, lfi7 ; anti t h csis, 169; ept- 0-rentness, m o ral, sublime, 201.
gra.m, 171 ; mc tooyrny, 171; syn ecdo- Greelc. lan gunge, 357; propo rti on of
Gree k wo rds i11 Eu gli• h, 373.
ch c, 172; iut erroga ti on , 17:t ; exclam alio n, 1i3; n pos trop h f~, 174 ; perso n· Greelc.s ""'d I,,atius , g reat.e r vn. r iet y of
Jli ~a ti o n, 175; hypc rUolo, 177 ; iro ny,
fee t, 227 ; Gree k v t ~ e sy lla Uic, not
acce nted. 2-17.
178; e ffef·t o f u1al uc u ~e o f fi gures, l fi6 .
"I<..i11 c A 1·t~ , poe try o uc o f th e m , 2G3.
J •'ire -tco'rl>hipp ers , an cii:: ut ill habilant.s Ila.l1U of p111in.lng , h ncJ , 2 16; h aLit of
J.,ci u g wi tty, d a ug" e ruus, :! 16.
o f Pe r.sia . a.Jfi.
FLrrna~ne11t, an lnAt.auce of tb e 11ublime,
H11fl,u11, 1no 11 ou n miripJacc-<l, 112.
199.
llallecJ,, 111pcdm en o f versifica ti o n . 255.

33

z

lffl

w

I

,

386

JNDEI.

INDEX.
Huui.a:nilarLa-tt, med incorr6Ctly, fl.

Uallf'l HJ11h n1.ct r~, fo rmula g\ven, Z4·t
111 ,,,.,0 ,., bow far like wit, '217; inconJl<irruners. (Seo SleR.m.}
gruity a.n element of humor, '117;
Jlarul, (pri nt (' r' :i te rm .) 61.
surprise, 217; contempt an lugrodh.mt
lln.rtH OH!/ of 11cnten.ce1t, 140-Hfi; proin hum or, 217j humor somet.b l og
mot,IJ\l by proper choice o r word~. 140;
cba.ru.ct.~ rlst.ic, 218; humo r kindly, 21\l.
hy u rr:\ uJ.; cnwnt of t h o wo rtl.'i, 141 i
llyui1u.,, 2:l8; l\l.lo und lu ex.clam&tio~
hr l\CCC tll!\ nt CO OY •tli <? ll t. ln tc.r val:s,
174 ; a •peclc• of l yric poetry, 26~;
1-f..!; by cntlenc e f\t l he do~e, 1-13; hy
Latin rhyming hymns, 232; co nstrua-n.d:t.ptin g th e sound t o th e ~ n t'e, ~44 ·
tion of th e hy n1n stanzas, 24'.l; lODJl'.1
Hau•t,.Pfh \.H;·~t. s.pecinrnn ext.a nt lu Eogt1h ort., conuuon, particular, l1l\llulujo.l\
li ~ h }iCXf\tHPt C'r, 239.
metre~, etc., 242- 246; uomcuclt.tu_re
r:
11,,,ullu!J ,,r n l<'tte r, 275, 27ll.
proposed for the S's, 7'e, etc., '.Hh.
JI r.rtt:"i n <"Nlf , how difft' rit1 g fr om w e1gh t ,85. HiJpt.-rbole, 177; explanation, 177; cao·
Jleb1ir, ex.a n1pl c of Mi mile, 193; Mpecirnen
tton In regard to the use of hyperbole,
of tb.ctylic Yerse, 23 1; " hymn, 251 i
177 ; hyperbole of the lmaglnatlou
Mn. hvmulst. '1:69.
distinguished from that or pa.salon.

lleln·ew ~1u:.e suppoimd to be the fountain

of all lun g uagt~S, 35:t
Jldlculc l an g- 11 1\ges, 357.
/(t'pt <UU.t'f,• 1·, :!.'!.1 .
llt~ro, of th e q1le, '!<)5 ; h eroic odc!-4, 2G9.
J/e.x:nn1e tc1·, ~~i, 23 1 i tin e s 1x::ci 11.1 c n~.
2:59, 2 11\
ILi.<ttCffiha, Longfrll ow's, its versifica-

tion, 2:is.
J{in.d,>o e pi ~ ram, 'lt:l.
J1'1.ftory , zg~; ~coc ral c h :uactc r, 2<J-t

uulty of s u hj1!<' l, 2~H; co mpl e x snhjocli', ::!'J.""i ; c·hro u <,\oKka l or<l l' r, 2~J.I\ ;
qualltlc!i of Ul!ito rical cornpost1ton,
2~;i ; k ei·pln ~ up t h 1} con n ec ti o n of
,.,, e n ~. :!'.l.'J; dHln•~!\' to bo f\V Olrl ed ,
2:~HJ; gr av It y of 8l y k, 29tl ; <l dlnC<il.io n
of c haruc tc r~. 2<J7 i so u nt\ m o rnl~ to he
cnfu rc1•J, '!4"J7 i n·latl11u to ;ulnal!\, 1110m u ln, and hldK r:tphy , 2Hi:t.
Jloll<tnd, ox.u.1Hph! u( znctaphor, 165, l'J5;
t:> imll e, 1~l5 .
Jfo/ua.rn, ('X3.l"l1 plf~~ of Hhn il e , 193 ; n. hu-

177 ; school-girl hyperbole, 178;

IrnulHtN, 227 ~ iamblc verso, Zl.7, 2'1:0;
blauk vt~ rso usually iluuUlc, 237.
Ilit.td, llomo r's, 0110 of lhe three grea\
epics oft. h o wo rld, 263.
I tn11yi ""rt/ Subjeota for composlllons.
31S-3n.
I1u11yLu.ution, necessity of an ex.cit<.~
arn.l a crei\livo tmagtmttlon iu onl er
t u th o p roduction of poetry, 262.
I.rnpultlfjt VO<.'lll, 222 j the ortgin of sylla.a
bl r.s, 222; st.rong nnd light hnpube:t,
2 .! :.!; li mo be t.w ee n impu lsf'H, 2t'l.
Iut11tf/ttrt1ftj, utScU lo.correctly, 82.
lu c iti· , dig tin~ui~hed from ~"U"t 86.
1 , ,co ,,ur•d 111 , a u elem out of hum or, 217.
Jud,l>'.r., (pri u to r's ter m,) fi l.
lnfiift, l1..1:1 lun guu.ge, 354.-a.5G.
Iudo-E"ropea,., family vf l•nguagct,

mor\~t, '21~l.

Ho11VJr'11 flifld1 one of t h o three great
c pks. 26:\.
.
D om / , i:s prd mens of pun. 2 15 i n hum ~ n:'-lt,
• '.!19; ven"ifi cuti o n uf Bri1l g:e of tiig: li ~,
Z:l l i Mpcl'in H'n of ,·e r !-le, 2.JS .
Rno h, ~IH~c i111Ml n f pun, 2 1 ~ .
llor11<''' 1 h i~ Llidulll iu n·gan l t o n 1·w
wonb. 7G; ll~ a writer uf Vik~. 270 i
Art uf Piw'.ry <I did:n:: tit: pu c 1111 'l.72.

Jlor ' rn 'f',, 0 }. e . ( St'>' T 1n1kL·.)
}{U!) IJ, Y ictu r, e:<ce.ss ivc ll ~
15L,, 170.

ex.-

amp le from Young, 100.

,

or Hnt.ttho-

35!t

Iu.ft·ction, differe nt Crom co·n tagWn,
86.

Inffoacible, different from ''"'"'orubl•,
83.
I uyelm.o , J e an ,example of metaph?r, 192.
Iui.tlltlx, tht) iuco n vtmic uce of e1g11l11g

th u iuitialo ouly of ouc's first

Ulll.ll@.

278.
Iu..Nofont, h ow u sed h)r Milt.on, 7U.

Intennedl.nte flQCfWUftOJU, different Lanyun{Je, Use tho law of, 89; essay on
from rmtricUve clamtes, 26 i require
t.h e English la.u guago, 35 1-379.
commas, 26.
I;ath<zm, on the English lllng uage, :J.52,
Interroga tion IJ<Ji1&t, 46, 47; wh e n to
3i>6.
be full o wOO by a ca t1i ta.l, and wlie n T.Arti u, li.rn guage."\, 357 ; mlg ratio o ~ of thB
not, 46 i iutcrrog ttl.i ou a..'4 a tigurc of
Latia race, 3!';7; e tfoc t. of the etudy
speec h , 173; pecu liari li t;S, 173; akin
of Latin oo Eu gli.sb, 371,372; propo rto e xc lamation, 173; example from
ti oo o f Latin won:ls in the E ngli.":S h,
IliLlc, 183.
37a, 374; l-~tiu iz ing ten<lc n cieo of t ho
I ·nt1ent, differen t fr om dia00t1er, 86.
lan guage, 37:l-:J76; cJ&ei8i.fiCati on or
IurJe ntion, s. d ivisio n of rh eto ric, why
the Latin-English word.3, 374.
treated last, 18; defrned,306; mist.a.k:e Latina ttnd G-rt.~el'" u~ed great.er .,.,....
of the o l<lcr writ~ns in regard to inrie ty of feet than we do, 2'.1.7; Latin
Yen lion, 006 ; ii,., truo office, 307; comrhymin g h ymoe, 232 ; Llltio verse isylparati ve lmf)Orlaucc, 307 i ho w treated
lu.hlc, not a.ccen tu a l, 247.
in tl.Ji o book . :J07.
Lay•, Mi.caulay's, peculiarity of tha
vc r tie, 228.
In11erBion, tiO m otlm eit usefu l in makin g
a se nte n ce emphatic, 118; inversion T"""'1.er•, (printe r '• te rm), 62.
produced by using "t.here" and "it," Le.ad11, (priarer'e te rm, ) 63.
Lectu,re~, 30'l.
118.
I.,ee, F. G. 1 spe-cime a of v e r~e, 260.
Invite, used Inco rrec tly, 82.
Leil>nitz, first sh ook th e old th eo ry o(
1..rau.ic, languages, 356.
lan guage, 353.
Ir iNh, or E rse, language, 3.57.
I ·r on11, a fi g uro of spceeh, 178, 179; e x- L'~tte·r11, 273-283; le tter-writing an important part of co mpu~i ti o n , 2';':J;
am pie•, 178. 179, 192.
variety of style reqtJ..uQU, :i:'.73 i Blair'"
INJl.ng, ia8tance of harmonious senrcco mmendatiun11 1 274 ; co rrc."lpondtences, 144; a humorlMt, 219j hifteldll
ence, 274; letten. of dL:s t. io gulsh~
in th e USO Of word~, 378.
per&0ne, 274; whllt is required in a
It"Uc , languages, 357.
le tter, 274; what l e tt e~ art: be8 t, 275;
I.t ..U.c11 1 62; m tuking emphatic won:l•
co.rcles.'!.neM lu le tte r11, 275; fnrm~ re-with Italic•, 120.
q11lrod, 275; tho he tu!ln'C, 276, 171•;
th o Mlrec t, n umbe r, st.ate, e tc. , '27:"'1;
J11pMtic 1 family o r lan guage.a, S.58.
contractio
ns, :l75 i rea.'iO ns fo r pa rtkuJ e.n•..• Chri11t, the •uLlimity of h is ut.terlnr
il y, '170 i Lht! d1itc, 2i6 i form of Lin.~
1u1 c(,-:s1 205.
h eading, 276; th e add r e~ . 277; miliJuluuwu, e x1\mple o f balrrn cOO se nten ce,
t ary for m , 277; fo rm fo r ordionry
9·l ; l11Hmo11lo u1"1 se nte nce, 143; hi!i
Latini zed dic tion , 375.
le tte rs, 277 ; for businCSH let te rs, 278 ;
J1oiiu11, e xample of balanced sentence,
the s u ~ription, 278, 280; inco nven ience of s ig11io g th e Initials o u ly or
99; mctni.·hors, 164.
one's first na me, 278 ; sex , how to l>o
](<(!n., a writer of h ymn e, 269.
dis llng1ii ~b.ed in th e sig nature to a
lette r, 279; ma r ried wo m e n and wi d l ii.ll, bow diff1::re nt from murder and
nss1L~ i nate, 85.
o ws, th eir e i ~ u atures, 279; terms o(
endea nn e nt in t\ s i ~ 11at u r e , 279; nrJ.fiu.dn.r8M, chara.c teri stlc of humor and
of the humori sts, '219.
rttugcru e nt or th u .1Jig nal11re, 279; cx l\.lllJ1lcs, 17!), 280; irnpen:K·ription, o r aill(iu.(1111, h u w dl1foriui; from regal awl
<lrt.>38 o f n Idl e r. :l ~0- :! 8 ai wh y i1nroyal, 8ti.

I tt~f 1 1nc e,tlbt.i 1 1g:ui:3llcd f1·01n t:xa uaz>ltt,
S7.

Int<·1U<lf/J, coin ed by Colerlrl ge, 73;
idiom, Ignore, 74; lvorytypc, 76.

387

Lrul11 of the T.rrke., venlficallon or, 231.

7.,,,,,.,,1,, a

humoris t, 2 19.

I.,u 1n.puo11, 272.

p11rt au t , 230 ; pcu 111:111.:; hi1:; in a.d,J r e;:~ ­
a le tte r , :Um; nick muues an<l fanc y

iu~

names n ot Rllowabl e on U1 c outside ol
a letter, 280; p ro fessionul titl es, huw

388

INDEX.

IN DEL

to be ginn In the add..-, 281; how •-•"• Prof~r, recommends extemporanoouo tranalatlon aa a mean• of
to addrees a clergyman, a governor,
· extending one'o command of. wonb,
a preoldent, etc., 281, 282; bow to ar71; Lectures on the Engllah X.....
. range the Items on the en•elope, 282.
guage, 81!2. .
<•
- Like and OJI con founded, 80.
Maa•"TI•
Gerald, fanlty metaphor, 165.
~"'bow related to simile, 1118.
JA'>IAJ, synonymous with nroe, 226; Mcathematicai ftgure11, how fir -

.. 1ongtb• or line, 22(;.
Lbaq1"11tw, the n ew""t or the sciences,
Ml; Ito ecope, Ml ; recent works on
the subject, 352.
Linquutio 11tu<l~ enlarge one'• TOcabulary, 71.
·IA<m, sublime, 200.
Ll.qmdau, meaning chan~ 79.
~•d<l aou...U, how far desirable, 140,
141.

Locomotl.""' an example of the sublime,
199 ; its shriek not sublime, 201.
Louie, related to rhetoric, 17, 18.
Lon(lfelUwJ, sound adapted to seme,
146; far-fetched simile. 160 ; metaphor,
191, 192, 194; Hiawatha, Ito versltlcatlon, 288; E-rangeline, It. versification,
288, 239; flne Bpecimen or mixed veree,
In the Golden Legend, 239 ; exampleo
of versUication, 254, 267, 268.
Lonqi1ni11, hi• comment on the snblimlty of the tl18t chapter of Geneslo, 2Qlj,
Lonq waoere, form 11 la given, 242.
LoolltJ 11ent.m""", 93; uses, 93 ; dangers,
93; examples from Milton, Macaulay,
and Trench, 94-96.
LotoeU,J'amco Russell,examples of metaphor, 180-187, 194, 195; a humorist,
219; Commemoration Ode, 269 ; aa an
euay~t,292.

alotent with beauty, 208.·
Matin<!e, afternoon (?), 82.
Me<l,taffoe poet.rr/, "272.
M<!lodrama, 288.
·

~

· ·

JJCtJftwfr•, how related tO h1sto?1 an
, biography, 298. ·'lffl. , '
>"'.
JltC#IM'irfl;

outll.De<forC?Ompo.ttloa':oll·,!!.

.817.
w<
-.1 _
C.'t ... '~
Metap'Mr, 162-166; dtmimlca betw~ll
'metaphor and atmile, 169) eftottye.
neee of metaphor, 16'..I;
OOIDJDOD
to metaphor and almile, H8; mlt.phorlcal and Uteral should not be
mixed, 164; exampleia of metaphor,
164; mixed metaphors, 163; ,orowde4
metaphoro, 1611; 1tra1J>.lng r.be inei.
phor, 166; •difterence between met.
phor and allegory, 166; examples _
trom Joanna Baillie, ·100; -Blblo, 179,
• 180, 164; Browning, Mn.; 187, 191;
Bulwer, 189; Byron, 190; Cowper; 1e9;
Dryden, 180, 183; Goldami
190.1
Gray, 190; Holland, 196; .Jean .:tnp. ,
low, 192; Longfellow, 191; 1~ 194;
Lowell, 180-188, 194, 196; Milton, 189,
190'; Moore, 189; Pope, 182>, Sb&lr...
llP8&f6, 1791 182, 187, 189, 190, 193; Tennyoon, 196; Trlbune,N. Y~ 179;·Wbt~ ·
tier, 188; Wllllo, 1112; You11g, 180, 181;
~

1•

rulee

182, 188.

..

Metonyn&f/t 171; kinda df metoaymf
L"oid, luminoua, bow differing, M.
, with examples, 172, 191. ' • ,• ~
.
~ Lnroom, opecimen of versificaMtltrell, pealm• and hymno,modeotd•
tion. 200.
ignating
them,
242-246.
·
~
·
Lyric poetry,abounds In exclamations,
266.
174; dllcuaaed, 268-270. (See Poetry.) Meflrioal
MtJtn-i ....ma-,aldn to the eplo, 2M.
}JCatJ<1tdGy, examples of perfodlc sen- Mllita,.Y form In addrellling letters.
277.
ii',.. •'
tences, 94; sklll In the manl\gement
of long period., 124, 126; sim ile, 187 ; Milton, examplee of periodic 1en'tence,
92, 93; imtance of euphony, 142;
Jays ID heptameter verse, 228; review
prose writings rhythmical, u.a; eonnd
or Milton, 289.
adapted to sense, 146; similes, 157,
Malice, malevolence, malignity, how dif169; metaphor, 181 ; penorullcation,
fering, 86.
181; metaphor, 189 1·almlle, 190;-aubJJC"rri<Hl ..,.,_..... ho,. to sign their
llme deacrlptlon, ~-; ;Pandlae Loit
namee f.n lett.lr-wrjtlng, 279.

.,,.,...,,.w.,,

·N.,,......,.

In blank verse, 237; a better rbythlnv,..lon, Ito effects on the Janmiat than Pope and Dryden, 247; exguAge, 368-370.
ample of ..ersitlcatlon, 264; Paradi.., N-.a, Mn., opeclmen of -.ersillcallon
Loot one of the three great epics or the
and otanu., 268.
world, 263; Lycidao, an elegy, 271; Nut.r11, to be taken on the opot, when we
Macaulay's review of, 289.
wlob to deocrlbe, 836.
MlrtJ.cltUJ or Chriat sublime, 20is.
NtimbtJra, repreiiented by caplli\l lettero,
Muoella--. oubjoct. forcompoeltlon,
64; a name for accentual d.ldaione,
841-3'6..

.

889

228.

Mi1111k>n'"""'1, English and American,
the meaos or llngulatic research, SM.
M""'.ed e<!n'IH11 233-240; Engllob -.erse
compared with claaolo in regard to
mixed Terse, 239.
Modern " " rae, di.otlnguiebed from the
cta.oic, 247, 248; requiremento In r&gard to ellolon, 249.
Morwm.eter e<!n'lltJ, 227, 231.
Montuomery, a hymn writer, 269.
Moon, crltlclom on Dean Alford, 113 ;
The Dean'• Englloh, 3.52.
JICoo,., Man In the Moon, compoeltlono
on It, S19-32'l.
Moore, Thomas, metaphor, 189; examples of vorBitlcat.ion, 253, 268; a writer
of oongs, 270.
.llCor.:d ureai-~11, oublime, 201; exampl~ 202; moral beauty, 210; moral
odes, 269.
Motion, a oource or beauty, 208.
Jiil.iller, Max, Worb on the Bclence of
Language, &'l2.
Mur<Ur, ho ... differing from kUl and
aa11011rinau, 85.
Mutual, u.oedlmproperl7 forcommon,80.
Namu, bow to be given ID adru-!ng
lottera, 281.
Napol«Jn, reference to I.he pyramlde,
1ubllJDe, 208,
NarratitHJ11, per&0nal, an exercl9e tn

composition, 326; examples, 326-334.
National '"" or wo~ u oppoeed to
local, 76..
Nett,,_, uaed Incorrectly, 82.
Newa, 264; literary character of newswrltlng, 284; things to be al med at b7
tho n ows-... rlter 2M • accuracy 2M •
condensation,

~; ~npfcuity:

288 ~

ne.,..dlfferent from other re.dlng,286.
NtJU1ti<m, a hymn writer, 269.
N"1M, t.wful, 200.

33*

Objeot.8, compoaltlono on, ll08.
Obacuritv, an element of the oublime,
200.
<>Hol..U word.II, rule In regard to them,
78.
Ohtaok, how dl1fering from dijJl."1Alty,
84.
~ ~portunU,,, bow dl1fering,
85.
0c>ea.,,.,,tbemajord.hialonofthe10nnet,
242.
<>nly, bow dlft'&ring from al<n&tJ, 86.
Opera, 74, 268.
O....tl.on.ll, 801.
<>rakwy, not included In th~ work, 17.
°'111ian, olmlle, 168; m etaphor, 164.
O..Ui ne, the preparation or one necaary In beginning to write compoeitlono, 808; apecimeno or outllnea, 808,
ll10, 812, 314, 816, 817.
~. when eolned, 78.

PalAJ, pallU, ..,...., how differing, 86.
PUZ-, Ra7, u a bymoist, 26~.
compoeltlon on, 309.
PtwabltJ, akin to allegor7 and f.able, 167;
where found, 168.
Paradi•tJ IAMt, one of the three grea1
eplco of the world, 268.
Para.i-, app&Tent, In the ell'ect of conJunctfona, 18'.
Paragrnph, 61.
Parallelf11m of the Hebrew poet.,., 100.
Pt1rtJnt1&,,11U., 64-/lG; different Crom pare nthetical expreooion, 24; origin of
the ,.ord, 64; dlfferenco between p,.,.
rentheaia and marb or p., 64; danger
in using parenthe tical cla..-, 127;
Blair'• opinion of tbmn, 127.

Pa,,.,..,

~,_,.,_riora.Y,explained,

24; reqnlrlng •comma, 24; reqnl.rlng
- cluhtJB,62.

390

INDEX.

P'arker, Arch bin bop, example or sectional rhyme, 2:JG.
ParUetplal tJ<Jn.11tructfo11., h ow em-

ployed In producing emphMis, 119.
.l"d.lltoral po<:try, 271 . (See Poetry.)
Pedant'rl/ In the uee of foreign word•,

72.
Pr.1£.mell, used incorrectly, 82.

p..,.,_,..h,p,

In addresolng a letter,

280.
Pentanaeter, 227, 231; blank vell!e u•i11u-

ly pentameter, 287.
Period, 42-46; d erivation and meaning
of the word, 42; used nfter abbrevia.
tions, 48; per cent., or pel'cent1 44; use
of parenthesis in reporting epeecbes,
55 · in scientific e numerations, 56; requires a capital after It, 64.
Peri<>dio sentence, 92 ; example from
Temple, 112; Crom Milton, 93.
Peroration, 305.
Per...ta, Ito ancient Inhabitant• and language, 356.
Pe,.,,iatu1, prevalence of rhyme, 233.
PerRo7wl ?larra ti'C1Cs1 as exerciMm in
composition, 326; examples, 326-334.
Pttrsonfjlcation, dt.tlnguished from
apoetropbe, 175; epeclal faclllt!es in
English for porsonlficntion, 175; varl011~ kind• and deiirees of it, 175, 176;
example from Bible, 180; fro m Bryant, 181; from Milton, 181; Bible, 187.
Per1tp"'•-'ty, Importance t>f, 111.
Pl1ra11CJJ, when 1>e.ronthctlcal, 24, 26.
Piers Ploughman, example of alliteY.
Rtlve Teree, 238.
PUgri>n'11 PrO(l"C611, the most perfect
allegory In literature, 168.
Pindar, odes, 269.
Pla(l'i arlnn, what It i., 118.
Please, the primary object of poetry, to
plense, 2G2.
~. so und adnpted to eense, 146; Yerl!iflcation of the Raven, 229, 269.
Poetry, punctuaUon of, 65; Hebrew, 100;
. diJforen't from verse, 220; poetical
form more pleaalng than tho prose
form for the- same thought, 220, 221 ;
poetry dltrere from prose In the
greater porfectlon of Its rh ythm, 224 ;
more general term thn.n verse, 225;
defective d e finllloos of poetry, 226;

difference between poetry and what , ·
is poetical, 261; nne indlepeneable to _:
poetry, 261; when any eompoeltlon la
poetical In -noe, 261; poetlcai"dletlnguished from proealo, 262; origin
of the word poet, 262; definition of
poetry, 263; relation to the ether a.U, ·
263; epic poetry, 268-266; hllfhc baracter of the eplo, 263 ; the eubjec\ ..
ehoilld bepeat,263; nliltyoftheeplc,.·"
264; method of narration Iii -tho epic,
264; tbe ·e'plc ·'nluet baYe a-Mro; 2M j
mu•t have a plot, 26ll; milst be eerlou1,
26ll; mu~t have a atory~ 266 ;· metrical .
romlincea ·near akfn,to:the eplo,'268; .• ,;
· d ramatlc poetry, 2*-268; ·llkeneee to :
epic, 266; dranmic UDltiee; ll60; 267; -:
act. and acenee, ·267; tragedj-·-.bcl ;;
comedy, 267; Greek dtamatla1.i, 2G'1 ( '•
·Shakespeare, 'the ·gretltelt of drama." .
t!sta, 268; raree, opera, melodram1t .
268; lyric poetry, 268-270; lyric~
try the oldeet kind hi eTery natlou,
268; dltrerlng from epic, 268; ·o<l8;
268-270; eacred odes, '269; psal1111.aod
hymns, 269; hymn writ.ere, 269; berol
odee, 269; comic song!!, 270; Dace ·
nlll.lan eon go, 270; eonneta, 270; elegy,
£70; epitaph, 271; paatoral· poetry,
271 ; Tbeoerltue and Virgil, 271; Spe~
eer's Shepherd•' ' Oalend(\1', 271 i"eOlogues, 271; ldyls, 271; didactic ·~
try, '272; poetry' I - ·~ ' 'Wt
Latinism• than proee,·876. ' ·
Poly"flndeton, 184. - ·
·• '
"'
Pope, Alexander, his rule In regatd to
use of new words, 76; balanced 1en-.'
tencee, 98; inversion, 118; 80und, ·,
adapted to eenoe, 1'6; bellttlint'lhli-, ·
!le, J61; mtxed metaphor, 1641 meta.
phor, 182; ehnile, 189; - allltetatlon,
283 ; mistake In regard to ·thf true_
genius of English ·n ne, 248; eaeay '
on criticism, an example of dldilctW
poetry,272; &aaycnMan; medf~\'e....
poetry, 272.
.
' '\.
Pastu.-e of devotion, bow ~t
attitude, 84.
.Pooir4ng1 more precho than "°""lltl'
OMt1 83.
~').
Powno, an element of the 1ubllllle, 11111; , ,
a locomotive and tral.il u an euaajlli -

INDEX.

391

of po..,,r, 199; steam-hanimel'll, 199;
~' when to be followed by an
varloW1 natural objecta, 199, 200; the
intarrogat!on point, and when no~
war-horee, 200.
46; qneetlon and answer followed by
~ .. of diction, 83-88; meaning of
d1111b, 83; when to begin with a capithe term, 83 ; examples of words not
tal, 64.
used precleely, 83; precision promoted
OulntlUan, rule about ambiguity, 110.
by uoe of syn on YIM, 84.
f)tcotaff<n&ll, 118, 61; short quotatlono re:l!'redi<Jate, prlncl pal p. in the een tence,
quire comma, 85; quotatJone, when
the place for It, 117, 120; eklll In dl&Preceded by a colon, 40; rule for the
poslng of the principal predicate imWle of quotations, 118; uee of single
portant in elocution, 120.
comm1111 Instead of double in quoting,
Predicate, u•ed for predict, 80; for
49 ; plag!artam, 118; quotation Inside
f<rnnded, 82; for pretJage, 83.
of another quotation, 59; quotation
P,..,pontion,end!ngaoentence wltb, 136.
marb at the beginning of enry line
PretJe'llt '"" of a word, aa oppoeed to
dlM:ouraged, 60 ; quotation, when to
obsolete, 76.
begin with a capital, 64.
Prerident, true etiquette in addreeeing
him, 282.
RabbU o...i Cat, de11erlbed, aa an exPrMHm.t, meaning changed, 79.
erclee in cempoeition, 336.
Prot!ter, Adelaide, specimen oherae, 256.
Read, T. Buchanan, Sheridan's Ride a
Proj'u11ional UU-, in addressing letepecimen of mixed vel'll<l, 240.
ten1, 281.
Recot1&mend, 11sed incorrectly, 82.
Prom'8e, Wied. Incorrectly, 82.
~tmdan.cy, effect of, 131 ; source of,
Pronou1111, mleplacement of them causes
182; danger in the oppoelte direction,
ambiguity, 112-114.
132.
Prope.,- t&a>nea require capltale, M, 66.
Reual, royal, k(ngly, how distlnPropriety of diction, 7S-83.
gul1'bed, 86.
Pro11e, lees rhythmic than poetry, 224;
Reutdarity oC figure pleae!ng, 2<!1.
prO!!e compooltion, 273-30,5 ; lettere,
:Belau.,., clauaea, require cemma, 28;
273-283; diaries, 283, 284; news, ~
danger of making the eentence com281; edltorlals, 287, 288; reviews, 288plicated, m; how to be preyented,
291 ; -ys, 291, 292; treaUses, 292;
127.
trnela, 293; hlatory, 293-297; annalii,
prono"""• oiten improperly
m; memolre, 298; biography, 298; 11<>- .B«a«...,
omitted, 132.
tlon, 298-<!0Q; d!scou"""', 801-SOll.
BeU(fiotu ftctWn, 800.
P.,.,,'lMke, how used formerly, 7g,
Replaco, peculiar uoe of the word, 81.
PM<,.,ng, needed, 182; striking out
0
Repulo.bk .,• ., ot a word, aa opposed to
very/' etc., 133.
YnJgar, 76.
P11alma and l•ym ..., the construction
Buent, meaning changed, 79.
of their stanzae, 242; long, •hort, com~e, how to be given in addreoamon, particular metreo, etc., 243-246;
lng a letter, 282.
a part of lyric poetry, 269.
·
&apec«.tely for res~tj'ully, 81.
Pun<>tuatioft, 21-63; defined, 21; origin
Bollt-McU.,,, clauae11 di>tlngul1'bed from
of the word, 21; Invented by Aldus
intermediate, 26; distingnlahed from
ManutlW1, 21; points u•ed for gram.
relative, 28, 29.
matical rather than elocutionary puy.
~s, 288; description ot a review,
poses, 22; llet olthe points, 22, 23.
288; Macaulay's review of Milton
Ptcnty of diction, 72-78.
2IW; other reviewers, 290; Edinburgh
Pyramid.a, Napoleon'• reference to
Review, 291,
them sublime, 203.
.Bhet&ric, defined, 17; related to grammar and logic, 18; divi•ione, 18; comOt<atra,,., defined, 22G.
pared to architecture, 197.

392

INDEI.

Rhyme, 231-237; origin of rhyme, 231;
Lntin rhyme5, 232; etymology of the
word, 232; definition of rhyme, 232;
locatlonof rhyme, 232 ; •lnglo, double,
etc., 233; rhyme at beginning or a
word, 238; conditions of rhyme, 234;
mun.I place of the rhyme, 236; eootlonu.J. rhyme, 237.
B1'ythm 1 on what it depends, 224; exleta in both proee and poetry, 224;
dltrereoce botween prose and poetry
as to rhythm, 225; a oource or pleasure, 224; definition of rhythm, 225;
requirements of modern verlMl in regM-d to rhythm, 249.
Rl•yth,,.,.,,.,,yal, the Chauccrian •tanza,
lta construction explllioed, 240.
Riul•t, med incorrectly, 82.
RO(Jera•a PICMuree of the 1\lemery, 272.
Ito(let, Thc1!8UrU8 of Engllsh Words, 1186ful In •tudylng synonyms, 64.
Boll<>, ioTaslon and settlement or Normandy, 369.
Boman, migrations of the race, SG3; settlement In Spllio, Gaul, and Britain,
863, 864 f word• !ell In Britain by the
early conquest, 864.
Rumonc'1, metrical, 266.
Bu,.ning titlea1 62.

INDEI.

Soulpt-Or, 14; oentlmental, 74.
Sect«>,., need Incorrectly, 83.
Semicoto,., pp. 3G-4111; word explalned,38.
/k..Unoea, 92-153; periodic, 92; I~
93; balanced, 98: •hort and long, 100;
rules for the con•tructlon of •entences, 104; clearnC88, 104; empba.sie,
117; unity, 123 ; strength, 131; bal'mony, 140; long oentencea, bow to
maintain their unity, 124; aomet.lmea
to be broken into eeTeral, 126.
0

Sermona, 802.

Sut"u", a dl•l&lon of the oonl!et, W.

Scttl.'1, uaed lncorreetly, 82.
Se:io1 bow to be dll!tlnguhbed In the elgnature to a Jetter, 279.
Shaftubury, example o! ml&pliced adverb, 105; e~ampleohkilfulcoostruo-·
tlon, 121.
Shakeapet0re, ex.ample of metaphor,
162, 16.1, 166, 182, 187, 189, 190; lllmlle,
190, 192; ooouets punning on bl• own
name, 215; alllt<>ratlon, 233; play• In
blank nrae, 287: example of Cbaucerlo.n •tanu, or rhythm-royal, 2~ ;'
freedom .orb I& l'ene, 247 ; on poetical
lmaginatlon,262; the great.ietofdramat!et.s, 268; purity or hi& Engll&b, 378.
81"'lle11'" Adona!&, an elegy In the 8pen11Crlno •tanu, Z71.
Satt.11c-rit, !ts dl8covery by European•, S11em<lt4<i languages, 368.
3M; the llogul•tlo theory to wblcb It Sh'1Mda.,.1a :IUd,,, T. B. Read, a specimen or mlxed •ene, 240.
baa given rise, 3M.
STMrlock,example of pronoun mblplaeed,
SatLro1 Z72.
Savaue r~a, addicted to the WM1 or
UL
. figure,,, lM.
Slwrt a...i long •fl1'tencu1 100-108;
rule on the au bJect, 101 ; difference
ll.._, a humorist, 219; •peclmen of T&rof French and German wrltel'll In · "
1ificatlon, ~. 21i9.
tbh ~ 101; Blebop Doane'• aborl ·
a-.. all-U'1f'<lti- .,,,....., 238. (See
eentenceo, 101.
Anglo-Saxon.}
Siglaa, Br'dU" of, Tel'!llftcatlon of, 231.
Seandinarian languages, 357.
Slunaturt1 t-0 a letter, 278, Z79.
Scene• in dramatic poetry, 267.
8chcl'1 d'1 .,,.,,.,..,,Studies In Engll•h, 352. S'1nll'1, 157-161; why slmllee pleue, 1157;
burl""<!ue •lmlleo, 168; object of •Im·
8c/wlaral1ip, a means or corrupting the
ile, 168; mere likeneea not •lmlle,
language, 872.
158; example Crom Oeslan, 168; rules
Bol.entiftc1 bow differing trom the beaufor •imlle, 159-161 ; likeneM should
tiful, 211.
not be too near, 159; a likeness that
Boott, Sir Walter, verolncatlon or the
eurprisee, 159; trite 1lmll08, 159·; 11.
boat...ong In Lady of the Lnke, 231;
far-fetched, 159; likeness to tblnga
examples of double rhymeo, 233; secwith which common read.en are un-. .·,
tional rhym08, 236; bl& metrical roacquainted, 160; liken- to tblnp
manceo, 266.

393

mean and low, 160; similes Inappropriate to strong PM8lon, 161 ; diJfer- Btv~, a division ot rbetorio, 18; why
treated before Invention, 18; origin
ence between e. and metaPhor, 162;
of the word, 19; relations of style to
example of •imile, from Bible, 1845;
innntlon, 20; topics Included in •tyle,
Dryden, 183, 184; Gold•mltb, 190.
20 ; spoclaJ propertleo of style, 197-219.
Heber, 193; Holland, 1915; Holmes'.
lltllf/eat,
place of the principal .. in the
193; Longfellow, 194; Macaulay, 187;
eenteoce, 117, 118; not necessarily the
Sbnl<eopea!'<>, 182, 190, 19"2; Will.lo, l92.
grammatical oubject, 117; Important
B(mpUclty neceo.ary to the eubllme,.20(.
for the empha.ls, ll8; change of a.
l!UatJOnU, languages, 3:)7.
breata the unity of .oentence l21i.
Solitud" and •ilence ln•plre awe, 200.
•ubject of dlecoune •hould be ~ntl~
8 onu11, 8 •peciee of lyric, 269, 210. ·
ful, 211.
Sonnet lftanza, fte construction exStllfjecta ftw """'poritlOftll, 310 314,
plained, 241 ; a apeclee of lyric, Z70.
317, 824, 334, 840, 842-346.
'
8fJphocle11, 268.
llwbUmitJy, 19S-206; how we get the idea
Sound, mere 90und of words not to be
of •ublimity, 198; bow defined, 198 ;
disregarded, 140; adapted to the MlDllO,
elements of tt.e sublime: 1. •aotn-,
144, 145; great variety of •ound ad198; 2. power, 199; a awfuln-, 200.
mlesible in the higher klnd of har4. obecurlty, 200; 5. loudn""8 of IOund:
mony, 145; loudn- of sound an ele201 ; 6. moral great0 - , 20!; tho •ubmentor the sublime, 20L
llme fn writing, 202; aubliw..ity or
SpeetJ.,.,,,.,30'4
•ubJect, m; vivid conception of
Spe,.,,,,,,., Herbert, metaphor, 163.
atrong pointe, 203; suppr-ion of beSpenaer, author or the Spenserian •tanlittling deta.l.ls, 203; eimpliclty of e.xza, 241; freedom of b.la vene 249.
Pree!!lon, 204; sublimity destroyed by
poeitlon of the Faerie Queen~ 266 '.
WMl of too many worda, 200; relation
Hymns on Love and Beauty 269 '.
of anblimlty to beauty, 206.
Shepherds' Calendar, 27L
'
'
8 "J7ic'mu:,.d1it.ingufahed from _,,..gh,
SplitUng par«cl,,., lS3.
86.

Bg..(ntinq --.euon, 109,
Su"-cl.<k, 74.
Sta....,a., defined, 226, 240; Cbaucerlan

S..nd.au...chool 1tory-boob, 001.
•tanza, or rhythm-royal, 240; Spense- 8
"'P""llcription or add.r<$ of a letter
rian stanza, 241; oonnet •tanza, 241 ·
200-283.
,
pealm and hymn stanzas, 242.
' 8
"1'Pkrnenttrrv clauae6 objectionable
Startmtion, when coined, 74.
128; Blalr on the enbJoot, 128.
'
State, oare about contracting th& name
s...,,....e, an element i.n •!mile, 159; an
in heading and addl'eM!ng a letter'
element of wit, 212; an element of
276, 282.
'
humor, 217.
/iltaHon, bow n"6d by Sbakeepeare, 19.
8trift, example of misplaced lllTerb 100 •
/ilteam-ham-11, an example ot the
adTerbial clauae misplaced, 107; 'ml;
aubllme, 199.
placement of the relative pronoun,
8k>ppinu, used lncomictly, 82.
114.; want or unity, 123; aenteoce
Sk>ry, a story· needed a. a main element
...itb unconnected th.Inga crowded
In the epl".- but not Jn lyric, dldactl
together, 125; crowded metaphor, 166;
PMtora.1, etc., 265.
c,
metaphor, 189.
Siren.qt/• of Sentencu, 131-140; affected by redundan't words, 131 . by Sydn"U Sm.iU•, lllustrationo or wit, 212·
advantages and dlsadvan tageaorbclo~
the use of .. very," etc., 133; by ~kill
witty, 216, 217; observntJon on humor
b1 u.lng tho word• or connection and
217; u a re'f'iewer 290
'
tran•ltloo, l33; by the mode or bringing to a conclusion, 135; by coo- Syllable, the meaou...: of~ Tocal lmpul8e,
222; •yllabtc TelN dJsti.ngulabed frotn
truted changes, 137; by climax, 137.
accented, 247.

/

:

INDEX.

INDEX.

394

Words, 352; examplee of loose ilell"
Sytte<;tloc}uJ explained, 172.
ten~ 95, 96.
, IJynony,..,., the study of them promoteft
'l'r(bu,..,, example or metaphor, 179.
precision, 84 ; chart1Cter of the English
n-f,p from Philadelphia to Tttnton,deo
langu"l!'l In reprd to •ynonym•, 84;
l!Crl bed, sao.
·
books on the aubject, 84; Englbh parTriplet, dctl.ned, 226.
ticularly faTorable to aynonylllll, 878.
'1.'Mte elroiles, 1~9.
t
Tro<Jl.,,.,, m; trochaic Terse, 2'.!7. 229;
Tnytor, n. F., opeclmen or venoe, 'JI>7.
trochaic metres for hymns, bow deel&·:
Tette1"'5ra, notes to, 'JI>,«, 78, 81, 308, 310,
nated,~.
312, 314, 317, 318, 3'26.
Tr<Ypu, bow related to llguree, 1M.
~mpu, Sir Wllllam, example or periodic
Truism, used lnconectly, 83.
sonteoce, 92.
an eoM1y1"t, 292.
T1mn11•on, sound adapted to eenso, 146; TurRing o..t,ao1preclae than JH*f'O
example or metaphor, 196; Chargo or
inq, 83.
Light Brigade, .. e,..lftcation of, 231;
Tua.oer, example of middle rhyme, 282;
example of sectional rhyme, 236; ex·
eectional rhyme, 287.
&mples of venltleatloo, 253; Idyls of
the Kin~. 266, 271; In Memoriam, an
Umln'ella, 74.
Elegy, 271.
Unity or sentenre, lZS-130; not lncom·
Tetrameter, '1:1.7, 231.
patible with numerous details, 123;
Tetitonie languageo, 357.
Injured by change of subject, 12.5; by
T!.aekerny, a bumorl•t, 219.
crowding togeth e~ thlnS" uncon·
Theocrittut, a pMtor&I poet, 271.
nected, 1 ~; by relative clauses, 126;
Tft.ert1Uet1, In the m..d, not tnconslatent
by parenthesis, 127; by supplementwith the epic, 266.
r.ry clau-. 128; unity or an eplo
Tlum...on•a SeMonll, 272.
poem, 264.
Thorouohly, 73.
1.e... and .,.,,.,ept, 80.
Th ..n.ier and .Ll{lhtning, gubllme, U•e ... the law o! language, 78, 77; Camp199 ; Byron's deecrlptlon of a thunbell's _,,y on the subject, 89-91;

7Ue1"'""""•

u..

der-storm, 203.
2'Ulotlf0f>,example or pronoun mt.placed,
113 ; Inharmonious sentence, 143.
7'ttn<'1 an Interval between local impul8ce,

m.
TLm(d, 74.
Tlt"'-P"O~"• punctuation of, 40, 43.
Title.,, In add reMlng Jett.en. 280. 2!<2.
TLtlu, punctuation of, 43, 62, 63, 64, 66.
'.l'ooke, Horne, example of pun, 216.
Total, dlstlngul•hed from tDhole, ~

"'""' oon•plete, 86.

reputable nae, 89; national, 90; present, 91.
YacatWt>, How I Spent lt, several com·
J>O"ltlons on the subject, 826.
Yarirly ot llguree an element or beauty,

208.
Yaatnea1t, an el ement of the sublime,
198 ; vaotnees In a horizontal dlreotlon l ess subllroe than the same e:r.•
tent upwards or downwards, 199; the
ftrmament an example or natlieel

Tragedy, 267.

:l'r«,...ncti.,..., compoelUons on, 812.

199.
Yedn1t, tbe ancient u.cred book or th•
!l'r"aftlflatk>n, extemporoncous, useful
H!ndooe, 8156.
for acquirin g command of "!l'ords, 71.
y.,..1>, ellipsis of, requlrea comma, 85.
Tra..,.pi,..,, 086d Incorrectly, 83.
74.
Tra.,eUinq, outline for compoeltlon on vernacular,
Yeraifteati<m, 220-260; fo1mdatlon ot
It, 314.
vel'Be, no; the •tate of the question,
Tra.,eZ..., 293; Importance of nccuracy,293.
220 ; vel'Be pleasing even In an unTreat-k<U, m; bow differing from .,..
known languu.ge, '1:1.1 ; accent tbe parsnya, m; text-books, 292.
amount law of Engll.sh nrae, na;
Trench, Archdeacon, on the Study of

c

••

·395

rhythm, what It ls, 224; genenldlvlapbor,188 ; Barbara Frletehle,a sj'.><dslon of the aubject, m; rhythm, 226men ot mixed venie, 240.
231; rhyme,231-237; blan\:Tene,237; ~. dlatingulllhed from entirt!, tomixed veroe, 233-240; atanzas, 240-247;
Cal, ~"' 66.
modern venoe accentual, not •Yllablc, Widow•, their signatures, 279.
247, 248; ellalon, m, 249; dell.nlUon JrilHa, etmlle, 192.
Of Ten!O and or Ter&ltlcation, 22(1, 226; 1f'U ilofld humor, how dJ.ft'erent from
alliterative Terse, 238; present state
1ubllmlty and beauty, 212; wit, 212of Eogllah Terse, 248; mlatake of Pope
217; lngrodleots of wit, 212; examaod Dryden In regard to Terse, 248;
pies, 213; definltloo orwft, 213; llliarequlrements of modern verse In retratlona, 213; pun a species of wit,
gard to elleloo, 249.
21•;eomecelebratedpuns,214;8hakeYery, frequent use or, to be avoided, 133.
•peare's punning sonnets, 216; habit
Yirott, eruption of Mount Vesuvius, 20ol;
of punning, 216; habit or being witty,
the)IJ'Bt line In Virgil, transpooed lnto
216; ltsadvantageeanddl.aad.Tantagee,
proee, loses Its pleasing e trect upon the
216.
ear, 221; etrect of dactyls lll111trated, WUA, dl&tlngulllhed from by, SO.
238; the A':neld one of t be three great Worda, command oi; Import.ant, 71 ; foreplcs or the world, 263; Georgics an - elgn, 72; foreign w. domesticated, 73;
example of didactic poetry, 272.
obsolete, 73; new, 78; 1uspended anlYimd oonct!J>tlon of strong points neematlon or worda, 7'; law of verbal
essary to sublime writing, 203.
fbrmatlon, 74, 76; 11&fe plan in Ngard
"Vocabulary, how en larged, 71.
to new words, 75; Pope's rule In reYooal delif1tJrfJ, subject omitted, 17;
gard to new words, 75; wordJo without
Tocal lmpulee a necesaary element In
proper r.uthorlty, 76; Horace's dictum
pronunciation, 222.
In regard to words, 76; Campbell'•
Yooa«"" O<Ue requires comma, M.
poliltlon• In regard to uee ao the law
Yo«>a_,,, 1uhllme, 199.
or language, 76; abstract of Campbell's
.,,...,.,.... and Cyclopa, 199.
eeiay on the subject, 89--01; propriety
or diction, 78; meana of acquiring a
proper use of words, 79; mean ing or
WalZ-, example of metaphor, 183.
word.a changed. 79; words used Im·
Wan, bow dllferlng from pale anJ pallld,
properly, examplee oi; 80, 81; words
85.
not naed p reclaely, 83; precL•ioo, how
Wn.r-l&&rlffJ, a 8llbllme object, 200.
obtained, 83; principal words In the
Water, outline for com!'<M!ltlon on It, 810.
eentence not to be entan"led, 121; reWatt.., a hymn writer, 269.
dundancy, 181., 132; word.a having a
Wel>,,ter, Daniel, example or eer.t\torlal
barmonloUll •ound, 140; arrangement
eloquence, 262.
of word.a Io reference to eound, 141, H2.
Weba~• Quarto Dictionary, 11.161.tl In
W~orth, line example or person!!I.
studying •ynonyms, 6'I.
1J"eioht1 how dl.trer! rig from heavlneea, M.
cation, 177.
w..i..h languaps, 900, 007.
Wvatt, Bir Thomu, Introduced the eon·
Wuley, a hymn niter, 269.
net Into England, 270.
WhatAJly, rema1i: about the use or !Wies, 120: ·on .the nec-1ty of poetry'• Yown.q, example of antithesis, 170; metbeing In verse, 261.
aphor, 180-182, 188; hyperbole, 190;
Wl<(ppl<o, ..., an ee•ay{J,t, 291.
Night Thoughts, 272.
Jn&~te, Richard Grant, on Words and
, . their Uses, 852.
Zend, the ancie nt l&n guage or Persia.,
WllUn<Jf!, Prof. M. D., on the Science of
856; Zend · AT~ftta, 856.
Langutu;e, 852.
Zoromrterlf, the ancient inhabitants ol
'.nat.anoe or euphony, 142; metPersia, M6.

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By JOHNS. HART, LL.D.

Our Bodies.
By CHARLES K. MILLS, M. D., and A. H. LEUF, M. D. A series
of five charts for teaching Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene,
and showing the Efi'ectl! of Alcohol on the 'Human Body.

The Model Pocket-Register and Grade-Book.
A Roll-Book, Record, and Grade-Book combined. Adapted to
all grades of Classes, whether in College, Academy, Seminary,
High or Primary School.

The Model School Diary.
Designed as an aid in securing the co-operation or parents. It
consists of a Record of the Attendance, Deportment, Recitations, etc., of the Scholar for every day. At the close of the
week it is to be sent to the parent or guardian for examination
and signature.

The Model Monthly Report.
Similar to the Model School Diary, excepting that it is Intended
for a Moothly iustend of a Wukly report of the Attendance,
Recitations, etc. of tho pupil.

The Model Roll-Book, No. 1.
The Model Roll-Book, No. 2.
The Model Roll-Book, No. 1, is so ruled as. to show at a
' glance the record of a class for three months, allowing five
weeks to each month, with spacing for weekly, monthly, and
quarterly summary, and a blank space for remarks at the end
of the quarter.
The Model Roll-Book, No. 2, is arranged on the Mme
gencml phm, as regtLrds sptLCing, etc., excepting that each page
is arranged for a month of five weeks; but, in addition, the
names of the studies generally pursued io schools are printed
immediately following the name of the pupil, making it more
b

