JI ,1

u

I ' / •,' )'' S

"" /, / c' J/

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1; I ~ .- 1 ,l / .If .4 Ji.

·-- - - - - - -

AN

·ELE~1ENTARY

GilAJ }~1\1l

O F 'I'll F:

E NGLISII LANG UAGE,
FOR T H Ji;

U ~E

OF SCHOOLS.

13Y THOR. W. HARVEY, A . :'IL,

- - -- --- - --

VAN J\ NT\VER I', URA<;G & CO .,

.
'-

l 3 7 W A L N l I T ;: 'I' It le 1•: T,
Cl~l' J

NN ..\'l'l.

C

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T

't-:,

c;
PR EF A C E .

H A R V EY'S S PELLE R AND R E AD ER::> .
H A R V E Y'S L A N GUAG E COUR SE.

IN th e prep arai ion o f thi s work , th e n i rn of th e a u t ho r h :L~
tl1 e s ubj ect in :l styli; Jtl· it he r too d ifli('ul t fi 1r

W HI T E ' S ARI T HM E TI C S.

b ee n to p rc:<en L

E CLE C TIC GE OG R APH IE S .

the b(·g inn c r Jl or !011 ,; imp lc f(lr th('

SC H UYL E R 'S ALG EBR A AN D G EO M E TRY.

Ax its n :un c

indi c ate~ ,

tliis is

a11

11 HH<~

a <l v:11 ;cf'd 'tudent.

drnu:11 !111·y, n1Jt

:l

1•ri111'1r;1

g rammar.
P art 1 co n s i ' t~ o f model oral fr,,_,0·11~ , ill u,;t r:i.ti ng 11 1cth od'
of e lem en tary in strudio n

in

la ngua ge cu ltu re.

T hc' e need

n ot 1ic g i1·ca in th e ord e r in which t iu' y arc arra uged ; and,

if it lie fuun rl lll'C<'ssary or de,; ira ule, t hey

Ill ~~-

lw 1·a r icd

1;r

su bd i1·ided to a <l ap t th em to th e wa n l.-1 a nd («J. p:ccity of the
Jlll pi I.

\I' l L ~ o N . 11 J N K I, E .~ C 0 .,
Ju ll11• l ' l<- r k 'rc Hil k ·· " f rh 1• P ir< lfl• ' I 1·,.11r1 11f U11 1 l ' 1iilnd !-'lnt4 •!4 , f.,r th ~
~ ., 1 11i 11 ·r 11

lt \r0 1rid ••f

Wi th th ese

Wi

mod e l, , any

in gt•11 i11 lH

te: t,·hc r can

r !':tdil y 11n·parr· Himilar !1·."011 8 to Hirn pli l'y o r 1•li fl' idate t he

111 11 0 .

ltHl rt'

dill icu lt

:-it '{' tinn:-; Ill

!'art." l J :1ud l l l.

Pa rt Ir i:; ,;i ru ilitr tu .! 'art

r

in ,; pi r it :rn d

J,·, i~ r i.

Th e

t o pi c,., ltow P\'<:r, an' llltH·e 8)'8Le 111 aticall y arra n g: cd and <ln·cl-

OJl <'•l.

G r•':tt ('a rc h as bee n tak e n ne 1·,·r t" dl'li111• :1

tN111

., r

to e nun c iate a p rin cipl e withou t fi r~t p rr11a rin g: ' fh r ; ni nd o f
t he pupil to g:ras p arul co mprehe nd t lt c mra nin f!; and u'c of

f'

the t CrHIS d efiu c1] or t h e prin c iples e llll llC iatriJ .

J.J c:tH :Lr<• fj r, t

clcvclop ('d hy int1•llif!;c 11t questi on in g a nt! :i.pi, ropria t.c ill u,t rati un ~ ;
F .. f J'CT 1r

t lH'n , clo th e(! in word , .

The C' xa 11 1 p k~ i11 t he J r ill ex-

l'l~R~ S .

VA N ,\ :·. I \\' F U/' , llk 1\ C( ; & C O . •

(. l N l 1:-.0f\1\1 1.

crc is ..s h a\' e b c<' n c h o:ien with g reat ca re.
P a rt I ll <:onta in:; a concise y e t cxh:rnst iY c ' t: ttA: me n t of tl 1c
prop e r t ies or D10d ifications o f th e di ffe re n t pa rt.< o f "JlCCcli;
(i ii I

PREFACE.

IV

ca rcfoli y p rcp:ued rn od eb fo r par.;in g and th e :rnalyH iH of co mplrx and co mpou nd ""nte n Cl':< - rnakinµ: , wi t h lhL·
taught in P a rt If, a (' ()Jll plcte a11 d J"'di' ct :<ystcm ;
><ynta x, an d caut ion, , \1·ith
tax.

ap prop riatL~

analy s i~
rul e~

of

cxc rc i""" in fabe syn-

.i\otcs, r<•rn arb<, ;wd su;.rgesti onH hav e b ee n hu t sparin g ly

CONTI~

int rollucctl, aH th ey sc n ·c rath er to cu11futic tha n to ,L,~ ist th e

NTS .

lJi.'gi nncr.
The au tho r wou l<l ca 11 ~pcc i a l rttte nti o n t.o the sy nthrt ie
ex ercises i11 Part II, a nu th e exc rl'isf'8 in

l'art ITT.

fal :c;c syn tax in

?\o thou g htfu l t<>ach er wil l nrglC'c t or gi ,·e undu e

pron1incnce to eitlicr dass

or exnci8es.

Uran11nat irnl i11slru c:-

t in ll is of li ttle v:du c unl e:<s its a im a 11d t' nol is t<J t<'ac h th e
pup il to d etect an d co rrec t inact·ur:tci••ti i11 t h e use of la n -

g ua ge. :L-; well as to gi \'C fon.: il.Jl c, eleg ant •'X ]'rl'tis iou to

PART I.
'J\•: lf' h iH !{

lil

( }ual i! y-wn r. i",

II

T h i11 ~:-1 :'li·•· n

l' k l.11r1· ~ • .

in

cation of its tcchui ca l terms rn11 st

uc learn ed ,

se ntences

All that is chim ed for

t hi 8 \\·ork is, tl1:tt it shows how thi8 labor 8lwuld b e expended

to secure the best rc8 ul ts.

I 11t1·rrn ~a r i'"

,.,

P ,\ rt T IL
i11 11

..

r

1' 1 i u •·i p;d

\\' ,,nl,

S1 1 1 ·~·c Ii

T !H ~

S' uu11 ,
!"1•l d• · !l l ' I".

r,z
(,~:

2!

Thi·

(II

i•111,

t lhJ··· ·t,

"

111\1' t."' () f

r..·.

f 'n1 11pn un.J E h ·r1w11t ,

'1'11t · I u!• ·l'J"~ ' I

IJ,·l\11i1

l' n 111• Hll 1 ~ ,

Tlw 1\tf 1,· 1J.,

~.:.

Cl

The labo r necessary to acquire this knowl-

ncithC'r ca 11 i t l)(' materially k•serwd .

Ii

1 11 <:, •IT ,•r t E xpP: :o; ..., i•o11 ",

comprcheml till' philosophy whi l'l1 un derli e:; the co rrec t 11sc
edge m:J.y lw m:td c attrac t iv e, but it ca n n ot be dispe nser! \Yi t h,

II

Cla !'J!ii' !i of :-::.1·11l• ' l lL't '1'! ,

lllll ti t

bC' :rn:tlF.ed, w0nls mu st be pa rned, b e fore the s t ud e n t ca n

\ \' o rd .-t,

i :-i pro1H• llll l'hi

H· ·hdiYi •
l 'Hlllp \(''\ ~ ' l t\ 1•111'• •,

l~ ..Jali \'1· r"l.1 ti'•'.

• ...:. .. u 11·nn• - r11nl, i 1~ 1~,

J\1

It has l>cc n sai !l that tlwre i" no roy,11 road to p;romctry.
The salll<' Jll a!· li e ><aid of g r:1rnmar. The me:ming a11d appli -

of any lan gua ge.

\\' 11 rd11,

Jl!' W

A<·ti• 11 1-word :-< ,

\\'01 ·d-pk lnr i 11 :.! ,

thou ght.

l 'Ati h.

T' .\OY..

Na 1111 ·!'1 of Tl1ill :.!"!",

f':lo- 11 11·11!", .

Su\ ,,. 1 · d i nat ~ ·

l·: J, •111 1•1 1! '1 ,

,

J'A RT Ill.

....

J';1rl f( 41f 1l :-;.1·11 t •· 11 <'f' ,

Tl11· 1'·1 11 11 a"' Pn·tlk: d P,

7'.J

r.1
f,)

f.'J

l ·:l , ·r11 1·1 1 t~ .

\ l hJ•'Cl in: J<'. 1·· 11 11· 11!,

:n

l 'a1~ i11 g ,

:~>(

J'.· 1 1<•11! :• J l' s i• I H• U / I ~ ,

T l io · :\dJ1·c1 i,·t·,
''

/\t'Tkl,•,

..

l'l' •J l\.1 1111 .

;;

l ' 1\ \ i )'.

J'\p·

:-- ul ~Jt·c t,

(:ru 1111u al ind

1-'ah-q· :-O:y1d 1L't, I '1illlinfl .'",
~o

l.1• .i.; 1qd :-;11 1.J ,·1· 1,

~'4 1

I Ol' h 111111 ;1 lin1l

llt·to11· 1·i11lih· :\ 11J P!'ti \' t' "' 1

'.tJ

L• •:.:1nd l'r •·llin d1 "

1i..ii 11i 1i n·

~11

Ell1 )':.. i s,

A1>.11-. · 11\ 1: .

1:1!

l' n ·1 l i i: 1 ~t · · ,

1:i..:1

;, 1au
U·l\,)A'[

' )
h
.

T \

1;:.,
l '.t.:.

/\li:--n·lli,11• ·1• 11 0 E'."'. ,

r l'i:-1'1",

\-Ill

lJ11 1·:o ti1•1J:-I f.,I' lto · \i 1· W,

l ' A l lT
A11xil ia r i1·~.

U11ir.. ·r :<•• 11a l

Ill\

J'1 · .' \ 1'T l l "TI ••:-.,

ORAL LESSONS.

\' 1·11•!4,

G o 11_t 11 ),('11 li·i11,

}111

C oOr·lin nl1' F. 1r111 r< ,

\l ~.I

lt(•,1( 11 lar \' 1; 1 !1 ~ .

Ill

I I:?
Uf'f1•cth·1·au d l:1 ·d 111nl :t1 1t \'1-111...:,

F a\ i"\' :-:. ~· 11tH ' · I '1111ti " 11",

T lw

PART I.

I \ '.

A 11n:1n:,

To T••nt·hl"r~..
••

l 11l 1• 1'1' 1•.;.! ltli 4>tl

1'1 •\111,

r11:1y

1 1.~,

l L.\
l :.'H

l '.!.t

k1'l:-i11 11 :-1

be

]. J{eq 11in..:

llr :1 d .: ·I !",
11111· · 1 ;\l;11), ....

l !d

Tl"' I NT 1: 1c .1 1,· t'Tl1•-..: .
J ', fi

L ' \I

4'1q• i ! 11 I l.t· ll• ·rr1.

t ' 1 1 111 ph~:ic ~ ~·u. t .1•11\' 1'1",

1:\11

S rl lulol• ·I" - \\l ,1nl r1 ,

well

a~

P ;1rt

I

:in·

i11! Pndr•d

t0

prP-

Th:1t thl':"'
( •l1:-<1: r\'t'

t he

prvrnpt

nn s w e l'~,

a l way~

C'X}' f' l'.":-:iCd

i11

nunp h·te

~f'll {l 'TH '('~..

l' ai-:1 •i1 .. 11· 1· · ' ·

1'1• 1n JJo• t1nd !V·nt• · 1w ••,

'l.l~~(1d, :1:-0

i 11

_g- ra1111 n ati~·al in~j r11di 1 1 n.
animated a nd a ttradivt•,

follo wi11 .g d i re<'tion s :

Pai-Ii,

~.
Tlw

Tl1t~

1·Pde th e u ~e nf :l bn11k in

011

H~·q11in· pnpil H tn

<'O PY on lh l' ir l'l i: tlt·.. :( w\1 atf' YC' r you writ1:

t li l' ldal'khoard .
:( ('u rrtT l wit l 1 gn:at f':lfc al l t•rror:-: in prunn nf·ia:.i 11n, f-lj\(·lling,

)'llJH'l ll at iull 1 :.uld ti n! II ~(· of'

C::tpitul

i<-lft:r~.

LESSON I.

1. Names of Things.
· ~

&ool: from his de.•l).-- Wliat 1,; thb '['
a hoo k.

T<'nel •er (fa !.-i nr1 a
1•111•11 ... -

That.

i~

The- lcaC'hc r writcR thi8 a nswe r o n tli c hla ekbo:1rd : th e pnpil"
eopy it on tl1cir nl:tlC'o.

(l'uiJ1l i11:; to th e wor<l "/,ook").-I~ tliat :t l>ovk?
,\<>: t h at ic1 a word.
'l'.--That. j,; riµ;l1l. I t i~ a word ll ~t·d "" tl 1i' "" '"r rd· a tliin,g.
llfary. you u1:1y l1ri 11 g; m<· a uook. Ja11 1 •·~ , you ni:i v J•<•i11 l to
'.ll'.

I'.-

I 7

I

1\0 11·, ob~r r w· that i\fary l1a~ l.J rm1gl 1t me

tl1t· 1Y<irt! "ho(lk " .
a t!ti11:1

c:dl a l1o(Jk, :uul J:u1Jf· .~

Wt'

dr

< ': til tl1l' :1tlen ti 1111

i 11/:d11111{1 a 11cn, a !11'/I,

;L

l i;1 --1

po i1dt·d to ih

y1o11r ptq •i l:-:, i11 :1 ~ i1nilar 1H a r: r, t•r, lD an
r-r11y 1111,

:t

/'t'll ('il ,

:t

l~l~ rn c ntlx..~· that tl1c

ul1jl•t·t of tl it ·:-:e li...·~:-;on"' i:-; n f1t t() g lY f' 1n-

st.r 11 l'liu 11 i11 niatll'rs uf :·W it'lh ".~ ', l t11t lo lt.:ad l'''l' il ~ lq q l 1:-: t •r\'l' 1h i111~ ,..i .

n11nu·.

111 ll'a t.:1 1 th 1· 1H

a11d

l111W

l'lo/u.fr, a r nlo.

T .-- \\"ri tP tl "''t' 11 a 11H"' Oil your • l:1k'\ in coh111111s, a" l
wri t<: them <m tl 1e hl:tck l.Joa n.l:
Hook .

Crayo n,

rll ht:ulll.

l't.' ll l'. i I.

l\·11.

~late.

Hel l.

Rull'r.

tu

U11t~

ki 11d \\' C k il o\\' 1.y t!t c

'(' J I" ('

l (·tu~ r.

and

tht''t' \\' •>r.Js'!

tlit· k ik lw 11 -- i 11 1l1t.1

Hitti11 g--rw11 11 - in tl1 c pa rl u r - a l:-:1), l11 e n a 111 (':-> uf o ldvi' l:-1 !-lt'C'n
tllf'ir

(1n

~c l1 1 11d.

"·;1y tn

ll•Ull•'S

1~{ //1i1t fj-'~ I/wt '11/lf.1/ fW k11nfl'n /,!! li11· ~;1 • 1t .'i 1 ' <~{ /t 1·(1ritt y .

H'ril 1· su 1uui11'..~ 1f l/1i11!1'" that
l i~rili' ..::if 110111 •'...:. 1 ~l t/1i11y."( tlwl
H~n·/, ;

:.;i;_·

1111 111 1'.'i

1111iy

11lfl!/

/1r k11 111rn l1 y tlt t
lw /.·uoll'n hy tl1t'

-"f'lt."' i'

r:f fu tu•lt.

.-:.1·11 ... 1·

f'.f f11 sfr .

<~f thinys thal '11l<l!/ lH..· /.·nortu /'!I lh l' ·"'" "~"(' 1 ~/ smdf.

Talk with .'·ou r J 111 il :-\ :1bo ut t h(' tl1i11 gs wl1u~c
1

1

11:l!ll (':-1;

:ire g i\·t·n .

FtH'tJ1ir:tgl' tlll'in to tt-1 1 wl1 :1t. tlh')' k n ow (1f tli l'ir 11 :-oe~- of t li e

I dan"...: w li~·rl'

L e L t hPm wri t c ~ •· n l<· J H't'K I j ke
Eal-' t fntl i C'~.n "()r:1 11 g-e:-: grow j 11
(~11i11i1w haR a bittt·r ta:-:t \'. " ,, r hPard :lll ow l hoot."
t It PY :ire

tlif•:-:l' : ' ' l\·11i'('r ~r11w:-1

Flurid:1.''

II

f1 rn nd, <'!<'.
i11

1l1 !l

P;1y p:1ni 1·11!a r :1ttt: 11ti 11 11 t o t li c :if'\' ll ing- ,ii· tl 11. ·~e Ht· 11h • n (·t· ~.

;o-.; ec

t hat C \'t~ry wnrd i:-: c111Tv(·t ly !-i pCll1·d; that ca (' li Ae 11t c· 11c ·c and (' V<.' r·y
p r upl'r 11;1111(' ht ·g- in s

pbewd

;11 1l1e t· 1H I

I i n ~ an· c:d led th r Jin·

molfr1·.

\\'<'

Cil ll SI'(',

f,.vJ , J11' :'ll',

tasf(',

OJ'

Slll l'J i

\V l1at is l11alt"1"I

t •. - ;\l:tll c r ts any tl 1i11g th at 11·<' ,·all ' '"" '"" ' I, l1 car, l:t"l<',
or smf'll.
T .- \\'r itc t l1i.; 0 11 yo ur sl:it cs.

1\ow rP pl' :LL .i t i1 1 \'<lll<'<'rt.

Tl 1<>'l' tl1i11 ,_;s ll'l1i c li :Jl'l' 11i:ul " nl' 111 :i ll <'r an· <':tll..d 1il<tf,·r1',1/

ll ' ,./1,· si r 11 11111 1'.'1 r~( t /11' 11 :r~ tlwt 111ny lu· l.·nn1nt !1.11 1)11· sn1s1· 1 ~( .~ i:1'1t.

Jrrifr .'ii r

tJii1Jµ; wJi il'Jt

J\IJ )'

b t:illt-d
ol ~jt·d~ iu

:-; 111('1

::1 111t • l li 11 ~.

'l'.-

1·11]11m 11 ...i, 1l 1r 11 :lllll':-i of all f 1ldt•t·I ~ in t lH• ~l'l i<1o l · r<HY/l l,

i 11

<>f
1.y

\\I I 1at .l n• tlie fi \'\: sc 11..;e:; '!
j •11 1•ils.- '1' l1e li\'e se u .-;t'S arc ~1· c i 11.~ , ~4. · t'li11g-, hva ri11 !f. la.-. t in;:.

J•.- TIH ·1· :tr ll:llll!'s of' li1ill g".
,\.r itt· 1

,,r fil'e k i11d .'
or ,j g l1t; an1Jt!tcr,

th e Sl'JJS(' of' t"l!C!t Or fecl ill g"; Hll Ot.it i' r, by till' 'l'Jl..;l' <Jf ii< · :triJJ~;

s"""""·

L l'l tl1<' p11pils g i,.. _. tl1c na111t·:-; of

<·orn·l'l

ano tl 1t• r, by tl1t' ~r 11 sc o f ta..;Ll'; an nliil' r, J, ~· 1l1 c ~"n' l' ot' '""' II.

81·Pi n,1!,', fl'l' li 11;.!·, lie:l ring, tnst i 11 g, art d

:I I"\)

in

\V 0 ha1·c writte n ti" ' n:111lcs

Te1... her.-

tl 1i11gH.

1'. - \\'i 1li \\'ha t il qes eadi \\' o rd C'<ll1lllH'i11· t•1

T .- \ \' J1:1L

! l111t1 gl 1L,..i

L E~SO :\ l I.

1 ~ . - J·:a\·h \\·qrd cu11111h ' ll l't':i

with a t·:q1ital
T .- \\' l1 a t i" pl a 1·\'d a !°f('r tal'h 1rt1nl !
o•.- A pni<1d is plat'\" i at'trr (';tc lt word .

tht'ir

l'Xjlrt..::-1:-:

1ang11a :;1.: .

uf

wit h a (':tp ita l le tte r, and that a }'<'rind i;-;
t':wl1 :-:t· n te 1wc.

t lri11:;.'i.
P.-

I >o yo u k now
\V 1.. ·

\\'l 1a L '11111frrial 1111..·:tn :-i '/

ti(J 11 o t.

T .- l t 111\':llJS ""'''l'''"rrl 11/ 1<111/frr .

\\/ hat, tl1»ll. ;ir1• m:ll\•rial

t l1i11~s?

P.-T l1in!-(s

<'.O lllJHls(•d of

T . - \\'rilt' l1 1is :u1,rn·c r· Oil

m attl' r arc· 1na tt-r i:il tlii11 ;.:·:-1.
)'t!lll'

sl:tlt'"·

\\' l1 :1 t ·k'i 11 d ni' thin,.;

is tl1 i:-1 i1" 11 e i I!

1•.- Jt, iH a n1:1 lr ri :tl tli in ~ .
i:; it. a 111: 1li•ri ·tl thin g"'

T . - Wh~·

P . - lk t':tl! sc it i., co 111pos(•d ol' m atte r.

I low d11 y ou k11"w it i:; co 111 p<•:il'd nf' matlt' r'?
ean "l'C it and li·el il.
T.- l lo w 111:u1y new \\' o rd s 11 :1 1·<' yn11 k :i rnl'd 11; th is 1"''" 11 ?
P.- \V e hal' e ll'am r d three 11e 11· "' "nls.
T.

I'. · - llvl'at1 :;c we

] l

OllA L LE SSO NS.
T. -- \\'li:it nre tl1<·_1· y

1•. --- Tl11·,v arc sr·11s1"~,
T.

thin ~s.

11urllf.:r , aw l ;11olcriaf.

You

1n:1y

now aflin11 tl 1t· f' diowi11 g :u·ti11Jl · \\'11nl~ ,,f

appropriate t11i11g-:-;. '1r1dk, trot, <'ucl{r, ·11)1i.'<flf', ; 1fr111 ·, jly, ;1! 11!/,

·- \Vii at are t.hl' ti 1·e .•I' ll"(',;!

l'11l'iJ,. a11"w(•r the •1111·,,.,11· , ,11, .·111• 1 ti. 1c11

Jc· r·1uc

<

malh'r and

thttl1·riol.

j111111>, .o.; r·ralt·h , 8i/f(/ , rr11u·111 IJtr, 'fl'!ii."/)!'1' 1 'Jll(f/'l'I'/ , rn·il 1••

Pttpil:-; writ 1..:
"S('IH1lar~ r.:rltt~

1·.- You

ti1t" i r ~h it·:-=,

11 11

11

:\I1·n tl'<llk", "ll1•r:-<l':-' !rot " ,

", &L'.

may tell

wl1at

th e {(,Jlowini; ti1 in:;,; d": ;,,·"·'

.;e11fu•, co t~Q, shN·p, ltor.«t'.~ , uu·n , farm er.~ , 1ncrchu11ls. l'(i<."- 1\ iri11 l.-< 1
1

1

trec.f;l, j/0 1ccr,~ .

Vupil :-:- writ e OH tl 1ei r :"1.l: dl·~:

LESSO :-,r f I r.
•)

Adio11 - Wonls.

LES!':iON

· '
<J•1;,,

'uar k· ~

" , w J11c
· I 1 word tc ll8 what

r!1 c d g j:-1 d1>i 11g1

lioard.

l'. - TJi e w1ml "l>:trb ., klb wh:tt tlie doi; i ~ doing.

T . - Tlil'rc arc
l~· r•·1 1t ll< i n~,;
do.
•
l :-i :l

µ-oud

l ' .. -

~e l\f ( "llt'\":'i

{\Vo

o11

).!rt•at many \\' ord ~ wl1ich lt' ll 11 ' ll'liat dif!':i1H:i< 11·<1rcl.•., ll ~ ll:t JI y (·xprC'"~ a\'(
\ Vli a t

:1

i""'·

11a111e fi.> r tl1 f· 111 ?

P""'l'·"'"

It j,; a w«rd ll'l'd li> d t• J1<> tt· t h a t or:1n!f1 ·s

a C(•rtain 'Illalit:•-

t.l1at nf' lwin~ s11·(·t't.

wr1nl "ripe" hcfurc ' ' oran ge~".
J'\' orrn nn.- "

Korn1:u1 , ;·o u

i\ o w, 1.!at'l' tl1<'
n ·ad w h :1t

111tl_\"

'I'. -

n.ipc

\\' lia t other ll't1rd here

dt:scrilie~

.

.

or;u1 .u:r~ are :-:;.w eet. "

ornng-cs

~011H~

du.

T . -- \\ "hc 11 :t<· t inn-w on l,; arr

J_,. n(iir111

"Ollll't 11i11,,::

\\'l1 :1t "allirlll"' J11 •· :u1~
P. -

'l'.- That is rig!1t.

you ha1·c 1nitte11.

.\di11H-\\'t1rd:-:. i=-- a g-t1(;1.l 11:lfllC.

li".l l:t I

\\'ri te 0 11 th <' lilad:\ \'hat ll'nrd tl<'"'·rii>t·s

l "upll~. -Tln : wi 1rd ":-1wet ·t . , 1h·scr jlH·.-.i or:1n~fli-\.

1•.- .\l' ti o11 -1"""''" ar., 11'<1rd ,; wl1icli ll'll u~ what diffe re!I

t ill'-"

( IVrileB ) "Ora ug c~ arc ~11·c'l'L ".

or : u1ge~?

tlit · ldaddJnard .

T_ - \\ 'l 1: 1t, tl1('11 , :tre act io11-1rord,-?
r:1in ~...;

\\', . <i<111<, I.

'!

ll S('I

I

· '

ll' l (ll

~:a i i",

IV.

Tea<'her. - Copy on you r ~lates wltat

11

\rri t,· tl ~ cl'll'

" i·, ..~.. ,'f.-.:

:t Quality-Words.

ll'ord " run~" t ..~ IJ-..,· 11·l1.·1t ••l 1c lJuy8 arc do ing.

T . -- \\'h1•11 l ~ :1.v "Tlie

][rn x Cal:k ll·n ,

hnn;es kick, &c.

T<'a<'h<'r.- \\'hcn J .":ty "Th e Goy~ run", ll'h ich word telb
ll'iiat tli" lioy~ are doin g 't
il'ul'il~ . - Tlie

(j

"1. )·eo; gro w ", l~ (· .
Ld t l1 c 1•upib abo t('!) all the •lf·tio11s ,~ fiid1 :111_1· 'l 'l'l'ifie.J
ohjt:('t m:1y 1wri'or 111: a~, ~wh0lar~ study, ~el 1 r1lar ...i lf'lf r11 , :;1 ·l: 11l a r..:
rccitt', & e. ; li or:-:t.':-> ·1l'alk, li orscH frat, hlH.St"''i ga//011 1 h or~,·~ ·nei:_,!1 1

I

( I f'

ll:llll l '.-<

of t.ho~l' I hi11 g:-<..

,,f

tJ1 i n g~,

I >q you knuw

qnal ity »
P. - 'rlH· word " ript· 0 1ll'~t:ril1e:; ora11 ~t · ~ .
T. - ..\,; l1otl: 111' tht ·"(' word,;- ri;1r and s11·r1·1-.J .. 11<1l<' •111al ·

ity, ll'l1:1t will be a

I-!"""

P. - Qn alit~· -wurd:-;
T . -- 1:-;

11:i11 H ' l<1r tl1en1 "!
will l1u a g•111d rlllll w.

1

":-; wt·,·t " j>l:H'(•d IH·fon: or aflt•r "11r:l r1µ-t·:--' "

ORAL LES SONS.
T .·-Arran g c t1 1rin HO tl1a t tl11"y will l'X \HL' S~ som e :n c:i 11 in ;,;.

T. - W he re j, t ile wnrd " ri pe" placcJ ·;
P.- I1 i;) pla ced b eli1re 11 vr:u1ge...; " .
'l'.- \ \'i 1(' r(· 111ay •p1:1lity -w o rd ' be pl:lccd , l hl' n ?

A 1•11pil.-

1•.- - Tli ey 111ay lie placcJ i.Jotli i.J c 1·,, rc: a ml a ft e r t.h c n:1m c8
th ey d(•, cr i lie.
T.- Wri tc all 't~1 c appropriate quality-w o rd~ you ca11 ti1i a •
cl before the word "a!'1 •l es " .
Pup il , write : S our :1pples, .< n·u t "l' til<·•, p /ea sm it :ipp k , , [a,·ge
apph:s, snuill apple ....;, :5uund :q1pk . . , r ul lt: n appl e... , &c.
T .-

\\' r i t <• a ll t he apprupria tc qu:d ity- wu nb yo u ca n think

or :tftcr tl" · \\"(>!"(! ." ice " .

\\ ') 1<·11

A 1>n;• il.-" Arc goud schola rs alway s l1:1ppy i' •·
T .- \Vdl don e. \ \'hen g roups <1f word., rxpre,-;; '"111 " m 1·a nin g, they arc said Lo mak e con1plcte sc·11 sL· . tiu ch gro1q>8 are
called sentences. \ V li at, tltcu, is a ,')m/01 cc 1

J>.-A Soilc1tcc is a grou p of W•Jr<ls n1akin g eo1111'll'l e He n.,e.
If ncces~ a ry , t he teach er n1a y a~~ i:-; t tli c p u pi l ~ i11 l' Xpn·~ :-'i n .!.!:
thi8 defini tio n.
rr .- 1\rran gc

l'11pil s wr i l t.' : fl'e i."' 1·old 1 i r e j~ heu cy, in .: i .... :su/ 111, &t ·.
·1•. -

" Gor1d sd1<1lar~ are alw:iy ' hap py ."

T . - Arrang e the111 so that th ey will a~ k a <jU<·,Li on "?

the:-;c worJ:-; i11t1) a !-'('lltt'll('(': u11kn t1/1'11, t!t t}

a r1u: il ity -w o nl i~ writte n after the na111c i t ._i,•.

A 1n•1•il. - " F irc·arn1s \\" Crc u11k11ow n to \h t· a:1 c il'nl< '

t

s n ili, ..,, a \\"< •rd or µ;r•>l l f' ol" w ords is 11 s1 1: tl ly pl a("cd l1 dll'l" <'ll it

·.r.- Arrangc tliP11 1 so lh:t L th ey wili ;isk a ••1t1t•.,tir.11

\Vh: tt \\'ord is t hu s u st·d in tl 1e st·11t c 11c t·s yo u
l1a1·,· j1 1s t. \\" r it tc 11 "!
P .- Tlll' word " is " i~ thu~ ll ~C' J .
T . - \\" i11 ·11 tile m•rd " is" o r soillc s im ilar word is pla l'c1l

A JH•J,fl. - H \ Ve re fire - ann~ uu k1 1ow11 tu tlH· :!1H'if• 11ts ? 11

a 11d t.l i: it 11:llll<'.

q 11:1l it.1·- ll'ord :111d tli c 11:1li H' it. d cscr ili es, tli c r1u:Lii1ywo rd i' .- :iid I" lic ''.(/ir't// •·rf ,,f tl1l' 11:111 1\'.

li« t1\" ('l'll :1

I I ·,.;t,· !hr· jiJ!/,,,,.;,,!I 'l " ''!ily ·trunf.-t /,,:fun· " l 'J1r11;o·i,tfr·

Hn1111 d, ~q 11: 1 n • 1 h rg .·, .-.: 111:111 , ii .~ 111, lw;1vy, rt:d, yellow,

)J',·ilc

.t{fPe n,

n 1llnd t ald e .

! /, 1· R111w:

T . -~uw

1curd< r:/11'1" u11p1·o;•riulc nmnes.

V.

S<•nt1~11 1·c.J\fa k i11~.

tl1 csc wo rd,; 011 your , \ate,;: rrl11•1u;.•, q()orf,
h•111/J1/ , 111"1·, .•·,·/,11/a r.~. Arc t h c,..c word ~ .•o arr:111 g('d a,; to cxprc'"
'l '<•adw1·. - Co)'y

a11~· 111(·ani11.~?

1'11pils. - T J1('\' arL' 1101.

u ;1, .'<11.>1 1

A 1>np il.- "\Vt• \\"l're 11p l1y dayl ight to sec tl11: ,,1111 r i.-. ·. "
Ila~ :111 y one a dil1\·;·e 11t Sl" J1!.t •t1t"l· "!

T.- V c ry \\"(']} d o11L'.

A l"•l'il".- " \\'e got up afl('1" <lay lig l1t l1d(J re t lt e S11 11 n,,;c.·'

'J'.-- ·Y 011 nw y 1H>W arr:uq~ c th ese word:-:. :11ul ·grout•s o f word .. :. ,
separ:t lt•d hy <:011 1111a.' , i11lo a ~e ntc11 c·e: l<jl, fi r , r!f tli r aN1<k /l/!f ,
house, for Ili c hall,,, f al!11:1"s, hi«.

A 1rn1>il.- " For tl1 c halb o f the a cad e my , lie left h is
·~

'I'.-

4.

'/1'1',

fa ther's house."

'Iod•'L - Tl 10 lahl e i."' roun1 /.
J ,E~;-;(JN

write a :-;c nte nc c containing th e· wo rd:--;

daylight. Sup]'ly wonb necessa ry to 111ake co111 1'l •· lc sc11.'1' .

1trn111 '.'< :

i-;1 1 1t1<~tl1 , r n11g li, jhr k, 11 111d1ly 1 pr1.: t1 y , :·i\n:d .
i'lod ~· L -- . \

/ (1 ,

·were, .firc-ar1us, a11e/,,11/s.

Has an :· one a tlifT,,n•nt. arr:1n ~ r1n < • nt?

A 1•111•il.-" I [e left Iii:; father':; ltuu'e f(,r ti"' hal l, «f Lliu
acad emy."
'l'.-J\rran gP t.h('sc word:-; into a ~< · nt < 'll< 'C' , ~11111dyin g

sn.ry

worJ ~:

rit.T(':-i-

b clltt l~/id, r111r, .f!t t i· t /!~JI, jlo11 •1 fs. .

.l!!i't 1n11•U .- " H.. ·a11 tiful tlo\\'f•N gro\\' in our g ard ,·11 .

1

'

l fuw li.. _·au tiful tlu ~ f-tuwcr."" ar~· i11 011r g ardi·Jl;"
3d p u 1•il.- " Our g ar<l cn i:; full vf l.icautifu l fl1 1wn s."
2 d 1) 11 1•U. - "

ELE~ ! ENTAH Y

on.\1. J. 1-:;;so ;.;s.

(;JlAJ\IMAfL

A,,!, ~ imilar c111 r•tions ,,f <•tl1 e r i'"l'il s, 11ntil nll th<' prn111in1·11l

4th pupil. - " I lo w bc:1uLi1'11 l lit e !lo we rs look i 11 n u r garde n!"

oiUect:; in lli l..! pi . .:t u re Juv e Uc·1·1 1 111,i1 1tl'd uul a nd n:inwd .

Thi:-o (' X \· rci~e 111 a ,y bt· 111 11d 1.· Yl'ry i11ll'r\':-> ti ng ;111 d attrad iv e .
L\•t liil' len ,!..(tl 1 of the f'o\l' rllelH't '."' to ''" l'11n s n1 wfl:' d lie adapt e d t o

.....
/

tl1c age :ind ntt•nr :d d<• \" c li>f•llll'nt o f the pupi l. :-i«k<'l the Jie,l
:1r r :t 1J,!.(t•d of the 1·w lll.f' I H ' l'~ g i \' t• ll - wri lt..: iL <in 1 l1 c IJl:tl:k l1oard, and
g' i vt· n:: 1 :0:11 11 ~ fur pn.: 10r r in,!"{ it l O al I o lli Cri-l .

-----

.............

,_ .:;:

.......... _

'•oi·:·
-.....
~·

Turning podry i1 1tn prn:-tc i:o' a.11 exc r<' isc wl1h:h rnay f1Jllow t.lii,.,
i-<i rn plt.: l1a ll ad; read it lo )' \> Ur pupil :-: ; tl10 n r caJ c·a<.: h
\' t' r~c ~lo w l~· and dist i1 ... !ly, an ti in,t rn ct y<11 1r pupils how to ~ x ­
prcs.< thr~ th ought or ' emi 111C'nt o f the verse in prose, :rnJ in their
o wn language.
~1·lcct :-:0 111 0

LESSON VI.
;>. 'l'h i 11g-s 8<'<'11 i 11 Pictn r<'s.
Thi• tC'~<'hC'r 1·x h i li it" :i pi1 ·111 r1·. S11 p111 >sc t li e pri ""i pal ohj cet•
t0 he a lad .'· :1nd a g t\n t lc •rn a n on hurRt:.•ha<'k, a lJqy playin.g,..,-i th a d0~, a li nu~e, a g-:.ite, a 11 d a l1ill in th e Lat'kg-ro und .
tn it

·1·.·a<'h •·r (torr ;i11;iilj .- \Vlia t d1.1 you sec in th i ~ ['ict ure?
Pnpll. -

[ ;.c" :L l;L1h ·

and

a

µ:<' ntl c111:m

011

ho rsebac k in th e

11i ei 11 r1· .
Tl ... l<':i cf 1l'r writ1·,< t he an Rwc r <m the lola1·kboard ; th e pupil•

i~ the h oy doin ~?
.11'.- The Loy is play ing wi th tlrc t!<•g.

T.--W liat

('f'JI:· it ()I I t li 0i r Alat ('-;-:,
·1·... ·u· t... r

( fq

annthcr JlllJ• il ).- \Vliat do you ><ee iu t. Us

" 'r it e th iH an"wcr, ns before.

pil't11n: :'
Pnpll . -

\ \"'rite

l

'l'.- Wh at rnak c8 you think th e boy is pl:iyi11g ,\~th thf' •Jog?
l'11pil B t: ive r easons.

src a boy in th e pi<:ture.

t!ii~ a n ~ w cr , :lfi

be fo re.

·r.- Into wh at does the gate opf'n?
11•.- T hc gate op e ns into a lawn in fron t of tlic house.
\\'ri lt' this nn~11·.,,., :lH before.

T. (la <L fliirrl 1w1iil) .- \\' hat do yo u see?
i'.- I sc•e :t dog in th e pict11rc.
'\Yri l<' llii .-t an~wer,

:1M l1C"furc.

(lo 11 .fo1u·f11 1w11il ).-- \Vlrnt do y1 iu BC>! ?
J•.- T sec a li o11se in t he pi cture.

'I".

\\'rite tlii ' a11 s"·cr '" lw forc .

T. -- Wl 1t·re is t he trt' e?

l'

t

t

P. - Tl1 c tree i ~ at th e co rn e r of th,,
'Vrilc thi s an swer, as hl' for c.

fr rH'!',

n ea r t.hr g-nt.c.

f6

ELE ~IENTAILY

1:1tAMMAH.

ORA L L ESSONS.

T. - I~

there :my t li i 11g i.:l,;e nea r th <: g alL' ·?
l'.- 'i' lte re arc <;on1c sl(' J'S leadin g up to tl 1e gate.
\ \' rill.: t iiii:i. all:o\\\'l'I', a~

·r.-Whai :lrn t hey !
P.- Thcy arc f1r eyrowMl a nd li11d:yro1aul.

Lt-. fo re.

T .- Wh crc j, the hill?
1•.- Tht! hill i,; lo:1l' k ,,f tlic

8ii 1111 Id a Jiai 111i11 ,g- 11r t•11lored pid ttn· lie tl ~(· d i :; gi \' i 11~ t l1i-.i

11011 ~ <'

.l.esHon,

\\.rit e tlii :-; answer, as lJc fun.: .

·r·. - t:;il: 1>, you may ll'll me wh:1t yon ,;cc in the pi cture.
Sila..-.. - 1 S( 'C a lady a11J a gc 11 tlema 11 un horsclia c k, a Goy,
ad ();.:-, a h o1"c, a g-atc, :u1d a ltill , i 11 the pi cL11n·.
'J". - l'upil", you 111 a_v C' r:i«c t.l1 e first fuur :111 ,;1n ·r" wr iltc 11 on
y •1< 1r ,;!all'", :111d i11 tl tl· i r p lace writ<.: t l1c '"" "'l·r :-:ila ,; ha ~ j u .- t
l!"i\'(; I J.
l\o\\' sec wl; a t a ni ce cu111positio11 yo u k11·e written.
:-i u--a11 , you 111ay read wli:1t ;,, 11·ri tlc n on y11ur sl a lc.
:-; 11<a11 read, : " I src a lady and a gl' 11Lil'111 :111 011 hors,·ba\·k,
a 1111.1•, a do;,(, a li(J n«:, :1 g ate, a11d a h il l, in the pil'lHrc. Th e
boy i..; playing ll'ith t he d iJg. Tia• gate op"ns int.o the lawn ,
i 11 f'ro11t of the hott><'. T he t ree is at th e eornl'r vf the fe n('(',
n ear the g a te. There a rc ~0 1 n c ~LC f'S lca<li ng 11 p to !li e gate.
Til t' hill is ha ek o f ll1 c house.
·.r .- ;o;arnli, wil l you po int to tl 1al part of the 1•id11 rl' \\'hi c h
:1j>/>i ':> I'S to be ll C:l l'C' t yoll?
J)n yo u know what that is <:aJJed?
Snrnh . -- 1 do not .
(>tlll·r j•ll}'ib "''Y that tltt>y dri

c:d l aUl'11t i 1111 111 t h(~ djfft•n·n t (•o lnr~ ;
'~~

rvom -- such

articl e.-< or

will l"l':td

T<'n<'h<"r.-J
"('0 11:1/rr!J'.~

Jlfrmtl

Th ey

n1atlc n ~l np pC'al

the

1ne:u1ing

uf

tli e

term

btH·l~· ­

!Jn,.uwl.
11 1·10

Ill

tn ('c}wniC', i n g-n1ng tn i ii ~ w11rk.

Hhi1··

rag~<.:d

i11111ti~r;1n t~

fq r a ~l-' i /'\ t: t ncc, l111t Rat :-'il1· 11 L

:ind tl 1..: n 1 as

if

j 1L..;t l:1wkd

r.. r1 .. rn :111d

They appl'ared

wal k 1 i11 tl 1ei r rn i~\·ry a 11d l'"i(!lla lor.
f111 · il 1nnJl1 l' lll,

d.·,lil11l<·.
tilt· :-:i1h·-

11n

'['lie 11 1e l·li :1ni(' rt· ~:1 rdt •d t l 1e111

:-;t •izt·d l1y

<t

i-; 11 dd e11 i111p11l ~1·, d rew

t!in1H'r, wnq1pvtl i11 :t ll <)!t i ne w:-:. paper, fr1.1m h i ~ pn('kd , a11d
h:l\'l' i t lo a w orna11 w l10 (TntH'l 1ed Jl f'ar liin 1, fH di\·id t· :1 11 11111~
Iii:-;

Ill· did

11t1l.

wait fo r 1li ; 1n k~, l111t

l111tTit.' d

off. ''

Now, J' llpil.", can

n•ord.~ have V•HI karnt:d i u tl1i:; lc.-;.-.,) u '!

\Ve li al' e karn cd two 1n:w word:;.

you tt-11 111 e the 11a111 e .. r tJ ,,. ft·<'li11g

" ·hid i k d tlii~ 111 cc l1anic tu g i1·e l1i.-i di 1111 l'f t11 tl1L' l""'r 1111-

Th is 1h·fi11 ition i.-< written on blal'klmanl and ..;lat"'' a nd ih en
n·pl·atcd in cv1H.·e r t.

111:111y

;l

a g ro up of

a Tiriti,;h

r.orry th ey wvre

J'. -

p a~~

fro m

mi g ran ts '/

T . - 1f1 iw

a sli<1rt s tllry, which f fi nd

)'llll

/ ,r8.<flll$" ·

"fn on e of our large C"i tir:-1,

had occasion to

C:t11 :111y 1)1\(' now k l! llll' w h:1l the Jon'~Jrr11n,, / oi' a pi ct 11 rr is1
A pupil .- T ht\ lim•g ro111al of a piclllrl' is t li:t l part wliirh
~ l' <'JJ1:-:. to h....: n t are .-,t u;-; .

111 :u11H: r

fluwf'r", elc.

LESSON VII.

her c·Jiildre11.

'1'.- il is <·:dlt,.! lht· .fo1·r.1ro>1111/. \ Vritt\ tl1 at w11 rd on your
:ls f 1n il t• it ()II th" Oiae~hllill'l i.
7\011· pr<• l ll •lll l<'{' it.

~ imi l:1 r

drc.;,~ ,

1L 1 1111 •- 1

"""'"'J.

11 1it.

,J:I[<' ...;

TC'ach in a

wr it(' tlh·ir

1ind co ni p:trc lhe11 1 with "i111ilarly colored ul0 eclti in th e

·~

P11 pi\:' F:Hg;ge~t d ifll·n'nt t1a1n es ; a~, r1ity, :f'J'>tl-nu tur r , &<- .; , ,r
~my,

•• Ji c pi1i1>d 1!1<·111 11 ; ''li e want1..•d to d( 1
"'u J'"ll r a 11d l1u ngry ,,, &l· .

~ct11d" ;

''I l t: wa:-,

T .- Tlit' \\'ord l !1: 1 \' l' i n rny mind , a., a. 11:rnw f(l r hi :; ft· l'l in l'
fur thr m, i~ "co nq1:Lss io n ". Th e inunigrant,-< l ook 1·d so forlorn
lllld d i ~tre:;sc-d that h e felt Hor ry fo r t.h e 111 , and -<IJrr() o· t .rr ilr1/

Int th e rlidn'-'·' '!i olhr·r.•,
t c:l l me what romp ru<-<ion
E.

ti. - ~-

i~
i~

eA'l.ll e<l m mp a.~., ;'"'·
'/

Can y ou 11'111·

) '. I

EJ.E,\U:.'\T Al\ Y lillAM.\fAlt.

A 1 m 1 • il.- - Cu n1 1• ; c~'ion i" ,;u rrc•W cxcit.cJ by tlte di.;l r<:>!~ of
uth cr".
\\' r ite tlii " dcfi11itio11 'lll hlackl>oard and "l a tcM; tl1 ~ n rccit(' it
ln r ev iew 1c:-;Ho n ~, h.:t i;o m c pupil t..:11 th e t:ito ry ar
an illu ,;lrat iu11 vf tltc nt ca ni ng u f t ltc wo rd.
in ('Ollcert.

l{ead or rl'latc ~torie:i wlii l' h illu ~ l ral c r·l1arily, h11no;ty , ruurrLge,
J>Jly, &r: n1Tol·· 11 c1· kiml n1·..: ,. ; , u/Jcclieun:, ,..:e(/·,fcni:q{, (l\'..t·.
L l' l tl1e word :-;
1

ill11 ,;lra tvd n' 11Jai11 "" the hla ck hl!ard 111 1til <·ad 1 p11pil tl1 urv11,;ldy
111Hl t.· r.-.it;u11l:i tl11.: ir 111 e .u1iu g ;tud application.
Tlti ' lc•o"o" 11i:1)· 1,.., g iY c n ti! tl1c wl1vl<: schuu l, "" a purt iun
o f the Ol'l'11 i11 g- ur d.1i-0 in g l' X <: l' l'i:-;e~ .

t)on to ilt c dif1~~n:- 111'l' l1l'IWL'vll die 1"i11u11d n. : 11r L·~ 1 · 11lt · d l1y " 11 '· a111_l

that r e prc:".t..·ll tt:d l,_y " 11 g " .

·1·.-fo " awful"
P upib ex

I'"'''"

1<

1•ropcr w o rd to lie used l1l' rl'?

dilkrc i;t op inion ~ .

T .- " V cry " i ~ t li e \\'Ord tl 1e lioy :-d1111tld ]1a1·e 11 ,-!'d .

] fe

s houlJ li:n·.., said, " l t i:-1 \'Cry c1Jld tltis 11 10rni 11 g ".
V\'ri tc tl1 c

c o1-re1· tt~ 1I :-:.c ntf ·n1·e

it, pro no1t11ci11 g
pupil~ read it.
l'u rn:<~ t ,

~:u : lt

u n lil 1ll'kl 111ar1I :111d :-:. !alt·~. H1·ad
\\'uni til1Jwly aml d i, t i11 ctly -· t l•c1t kt tl1 e

in a :-:i 111 ilar

1 1 1~1111 11.: r,

t he pru 11 u11ci :1Li11n uf til t: ita li -

cized wonb i 11 the fol luwing
E X EltC J ,; E:-\ .

1. Fat11<' r

7. )l ispro1101111c1.·<l Worcls.
'l°<'ndt<'r. -

J

wi l l 1ni lt'

O il

tl1 e l1lac kl1 uard

what f 0 11 CQ

f-:t .J1l

:-:1·cll hy

.'1 0.'{.~ )'l'1" lt •r1l:1_,. .

!\larch .

:; . I :-aw a d111·!; -fi g l1 t.

p:1:-::t11n·.

;, _ That wa:-\

marstcr p111 1 i :·da~ d
Sow "l't:ll the m1rd "ur rul " a ~ li e }'l"1J ll !1 Ull CL't l it.

11\ tr li; 1_v

bun tli of v11i/e(.'l. ,

:t

lhL'

J:c•1ll' ..,

dn :frut (dn:ad1'11l ) n1i ."' l:t kP .

rn e fi 1r f1tj/;n' .
~-

. 111n l 1'id1\t' ~ :1fl •.· r

"

4. lhi\'e

I . [ unf'et

I !.·in ( 1·:111 ) n.:ad

word ~

i c•

1 \ ' " "" )

111

ti. Tlit· ,. : (·lio11/-

Wt't1 ! : t

of 111. ( 1w11)

uu"i··d

i'1ir·

;t

~ :·lh id 1· ..: .

Jllul.·t• /i ...:.[,, rif 1cur1/;; m/.·<
1J1·u nuunc<.!d hy !}(JUI' /'UJJi!."' , (utd lou-lt tlt<'ir

"l) ll lld .

pru111,;r 11ro11 unciation.

l'11i'ilo "l'"ll : ,, _,., "'" f - u -1, f1d, •11/111.
T. - l)o y<>i• tl1i11k tl1l're i." a11y >'llGl 1 ll' o rd :L-< " o r f1 tl "'?
l'u1 1il...

lll:1y

:-&l'~·111 1111de<·idl·d: dif kn· nt 01 1ini un ~ 1n ay l 1e g i\·en.

T.-- \\ !1:11 .,tJ,l·r \\'P l'd '"" '"d' RUlll Cll'l1al lik e it 1
A pupil. - The \\' (lrLl " awful " ti0 1t11ds ti!llllC\\'lrnL lik e it.
·1·.- :-)pell ll1e ll'o rd "aw fill ., by ~o u11d.
0

l'111'i l.-< '1''·11: "• ,,.,., f - t< - 1, / 1d, <wfu/,.
T. -Tli:tL is ll11· 11·\lrd li e i11tt·11d l'd to u se.

l l<iw 1lla11 y wi~ .I

· l· J1 1l·111l1cr tl 1l' c1 1rr,·d pronu11 c iation uf tl1 e wo rd " awful "t
.\ 11 li: 111d' :lrC r:1i , vd .
'l'. - \ \' li :i t " ll1t• r wor.J did tl 1t• lioy 111i ><p r111111tt1H't: 'I

r . - 1li' 11 1i:-01•ro111111ncvd L1 1e word " 111 11r n i11g " .

Tc;u·h.-r.-1 011cc lt ear1l a boy ti:l)', "I lwin ' t got n u slat..;''.
·~
Did li e u"e co rrc1" lang uu.gc?
A pn1>il. - I It. Jid 11 <1t..
T.- \\'ltat ,ltould lt" lt:t\'(• ~ai<l ·?
A 1•n1•il. - Jl e >' h<>uld lial' e sa i.J , "I lial'•· g1JL nu ~late"
'l'. - l l l l ~· 11u all t l1i11 k tl 1at i;; co rr1Tt J;,11 .~ · 11;1 _~ <· I
Ile ;;lt1Jultl lrnl'.o ~ :, id, "I lta\·c '"'
A 1><• pil .- I d11 JllJL
s la.lc ".
T.-- Tlint i,; right. Tl.v w;;r,J " g ot." i-; llllliL' t' ~"' 11r :- -, :11 1d "'"
tiho u ld al\\'a y~ u111it u 1111 c:<.:e,ti;ll')' wurd~.

20

Ol:A J,
\Y rit 1· t111..• i11c n rn..T I :111d ccHT t'd v .•q1n:~s 10 11 :-1 011 tl u~ ld: w kbua n1 1

'Lnd lL·t

tl 11•

p1q1i l:-;

wri l L'

1l 1t.· 111

111)

1!1\·i r

~i:ttc:-;.

'l'••adwr . --~1 ·1 • wh \·l ll\'r \'O ll call correct t hi ~ e x prt' ssion:
"· (; in· llll' 1l1l'JJJ )'l'll l'il,.; . ._
A 1... .,1 1.- lt ,;\wuld l.J(', "l; in; 1u c tlto;c pf· 111·ib " .
T .- T li:1t iti ri gl 1t. Before t lt e 11a 1m·~ of t hin gs, th e wo rd
"thw•c " "hou ld lie used in stca1l of •·them " . Co rrl'C L thiti
rxpre:-:.:-:ion ·~T1i1~ 1 n ap 1d r :-' are ~o u r " .
P. - l t. ;-;liou ld he, "ff ho~ c a p p It ~:-; ar\ ' :-;onr '' ; l wcau~e
"ti 1C>sC" sl1111fi.J \J e 11,;cd iu ,; teaJ uf " th c 1u " ucfore t.lll: lla ll l Cti

J5. f i11~t W:lll f('d J1 (• :tnd ('! 1:1rJt._v lo St't' tlt:ll. ] l~ . f i1: 1\' 1' ;~(\'
all rny di 1111\_· r; l1a i11 ' l y ou :i 1t.· y1 11I r' 11'! 17. :lim :uHI Hh' art'
ela:-11-1 rna l.t.~ H .
18. Tl 1at l1< wk i ...; Iii:-: ' 11. 1H. l,1·L 11:-; tn· :111 d l1.:: 1n1 al i
w e ca n.

20. l 'll .'-lltt lt,
T t1i ~ \ •n· r o:td i .~

25. J li\·c

well?

l1P shou ld !1:1 \'t' ,-aid, " .\l 1-. .To 111•s li:ts p ie 11 ty ot'

111nJ1i 'Y ' ',

n11t " lo t:-;

o f

ti11 ''.

T. - T li:tl -j, riglit.

I lo yon I; now w l1.1t ,; n c h la11 g u:tg<'

!-'t rik <·~

y on,

:!t i. \Va tr li

li o 111 v.

11t 1l

for t lit' :-ttl':11 11 l•11at.

:)l. 01 1r

t:ilt'r:--: j,..; all ro11 i 11'.

:l:2 . b 11° l tl 1:t1 ar\_· lint: wriL

:.;:; . \\' li:tt 's tlH· 1,.,rt of' 1lt:1t. "' "" ·1

;).t. \\'h 0 r1 ~ ynn gwi111· '!

T 11l'\·~· r lcl

<1n .

;{:). I kn1 1 w~·d wli :1l lll'\il,1 n 1· tl 1ar; \1111

:w. (;!1 11:-i l ~ <':lll

tipl it.• r on !11 t !1t_; n1ultipli('a 11d .

1

L

1"'kt·t·r

::s.

1111 "

:Vi· . ~I11 l1 ii'ly

' f'J1 ;1t 1 ~ wl1:11 ':..:

th l · 1JJ11!·

tl1t.· 111:dll'r.

06.'!.Cl'l'C r11l'l j nlly l/11• l11n;1 tUI!Jl' oJ y11 w j>ll.p if,,. ,. and ro rT•'rl rd!

1n1 ·

y ram111a tiNtl f.i'JJ l'l ':<J<.; 11 11 ~ .

,.;.h rni ld

l~t·

wri ttPn 011 tlic li:"ek i... :11·d.

\\·,. d11 1111 t.

T .- 1t i.< c: tll 1·d

·''"":J,

wl1 ieh 111 ea n ~ /1!11', i·>1l'./'ll' lmi:J"":!''·

fl. ( 'lass('s

"i\\_·\·L·r 11:-:t.· :-< I an µ; .

I.t'I

! J ill'

P-l11i:~.-.HUon. - l. i-' 11a lly t !i (' ('11IT1 '1·lt-d l'XJ•r1·:-isi1•11 011!,·
:Vi

tl1 i' I>"-\' 11S<·i! is «:t ilt: d .,

r.

I r any

'27. f 1·aklH'd ft•n fi..:1 1 l:i ~t t.'\'l'nin g . ~ .~ . Eli , 111· rn11. :1nd .L• l111.
~!l. I~: ~;;:-", tl1t'.\' i ~ Yt.·ry {k:1 r . :;o_ \\" ln·n .J11l· ~ \' oi: r -. i-!1u"l

take up '!

Ill'>tl<'."

~ 1.

p0f·1w r:-; f, ,r 11im.

\\'lia r an• yn11 to:i 11 g- 1l 1a t gun , :-; {rang1·r'! ~; 1•
11r f11I 1nlldily. :?·1. !>11 n' t lt·ll 111.l 1t1 d y wl11·n· I : 1111 .

hC' r1111 .

'1'. - I •Jll CC ill'ard a sal t<')' , ill-111a1111l'rcd buy SH!', "Oltl J o JJ l'ti
ha,; lut,; of tin". \\· as wcli lan g 11aµ;c' f' l'"Jicdful ·:
A p11pil. - lt. 11·:1.' ""t. Il e ,;]1<11tld h:n·c >1aid , ·• ~lr. Jo.111 1:s".

uf

ti)

Iii ~

:!~ .

go fui· lii 111.

of thinµ;,-.

'l'.-- ls th at all tl 1t· t"llJTf' <·ti o 11 '"'I' \\·ould n1 ab· ?
P .- ll i s not . ]I,· 111<·:tr d lo "'' ." tha t ~I r . .l <> JJ •'" had pil'nty

:: l

L l·'.SSO:\S.

1'11·

board and

1•11piL..: 111 1w dt-fi11 t•
~htl':--: ,

:<ton:1 ~- write

l lit· d1 li11it i11 11 0 11 hl :H: k·
1

:i nd rl'jtl':tL i l in co 1;t·l• 1:t.
EXEJt(' J SES.

!« II y1111 1111 "'""" '.!. I n 111 al11111st fro zr. 3. Jfp h:t"
4. That t•xc11 :-: t~ i!"I all wn n· unt. /). I l1an· 11 ' t r-1aw h i111
fo r 111 nre '11 a Wt' Pk. 6. l wouldn 't have wrnt., if' I had hN•n 111

1. 1 c:in

't

j11r:t C:l.llH'.

your pl an·.

7 . I :un ~11re one uf LlH·m l"C' n le 1u·c8 arc wro 11 6 .

H. TIH'rt' ,,. m:iny kind" of fa111(·. 9. H ad a 11y 0111• a pr n cil
llH'Y are will i n .~ t n ll' n d . 10. I a rn 4~ t · 11-a·1 11 o~ t 11u·kt· n ·cl •illl. 11.
Jt '"'" nnt llll'. 1~. l • that nil !he f:irtli:tl v.,11 «:in crn111t" 13. My
1

or

S<•n f,(\ll("('S.

I s :ty, "Tl 11 · wi itdnw
\\'lia l. k i nd of S1 '1l (1 ·u ce dn l thl· 1

T4"ru·h 4'r. ·- \\'l1r•11

fa.ct.

J.~ ti}H'll

P u1•ll,.. - Yn11 II"' fl ~<'lll(•IJt •t • tl 1at "tat 1•,; a fa•·t.
.~
T .- TlwL i.-< r igh t.
usi· what iti ea ll1·d a f kd•truli>·,, .'Y·1t-t1·1u·e. Can yc>lt nuw t"li. 11 1e "'li: LL <L 1 .ecla ra t i\'!~, '<' ll te 11ce i:< '!
A pn 1•ll.- A d ecla rat i H' ,; e n t.. ,nc e "tall'" a fad.
T.- "" ri t,~ that d1•/initi "n on y11 ur "lat•' "· i'>ow rt']Wat it 111
concrrt. \Vhru I ;ay, "f, tlic window open'!" what ki111l o f

•
J'. -- Yon u se a H(' n t!•nce that

:~•ks

a <J ll •'•t i<• n.

'l'.- H11t :h a ~ r o 11p of w<1 rd~ i.~ t·all .·d

l t:ntf'.

a11

[11/f·rr11~1o li l'I· ,'¥·11 -

C·u 1 y <iu te ll 111 e w!t at a11 i11 tnrogati1· e s1 ·11 t1· 11n· i., 1

".l

q .-,

J:f.l·::llP.KTAHY

,\ pupl · . -

\1 1 i1Ht·f'1"• •µ-; lliY1 '

l" l ·lih ·J11 ' t'

23

PARTS OF SPEECH .

(;flA~!~Ll l : .

:11-J.:-:. :1 4J lll· :-l i 11fl.

yn1 11· slat,·s.

T. - \\' ri te !hat. dt'li11it.i<111 1111

l{<' pr·aL it Ill CC•nce rt. \\' h l'll
sa y, "Cla rl'll CL' , "I''"' the wi11do w ", w1"lt ki11d
of ''':it1·11e1· d .. I 11-<· ·:
P . - Y .. u 11 .-< t' :l 'l'llll'rtce tl 1at 11 1ak1·s a eo m111a11d .
T. -~11 c h : ~cnh·1 1 (·e i ~ c:dled an / 1111n·nlli 111· 1~: 11/en rc.
C'\n
1•

PART II.

)'<ill tl' ll lilt' wl1: 1< an impc ratiY e 'e11le11 ce i ~ '!
A trnpil. - .\11 inqwrative se11le11t·e lll<lk C-< :l cwn manJ.
·1·. - \\'li v 11 l ,;ay, "<J, th at wi11d.,11· is "I'" " a~ai11 I" l exprt·:-":-: !'0111 1.· l'el·l i11 ~ f1r e1notio11. l then n :-:.e what i~ called ao
1'.,'.rr .fr1111;1lor!J .~ ·11 f1 ·m ·1• .
\\'l 1at i:-' all ~.-xt·la 1n:Llc ) ry ~e11Lt· J H' C '!
A pnpil.-

.\ 11 c:xt'l:u11: lLory S\·t ll c 1u·e l 'Xp rt._':-\..°'l'S s o 1u e

P A H,TS OF SPEEC H .

o r \'lllOti"" ·

'J'. - \\'ritc tli i' dl'ii11it.in11 011 r11ur s lat e~ . Rt·11t·at it. i11 ('0 11(' ert.. Th ese :ire all th e cl:L-;;;e_, o i' Sl'illc111.:1•s tl1t•rc a1-.·. ll o w
111:u1 y :t r'· t 11e·1'i.' ?
r11p ll s .--Tl11..'r<' :tr1· fo ur ('las:->v."" of ~t · ntc.~1H'.t·~.
'l'.- f ~t ·JH.':t L

tli. ·ir

l'.- 1kci :i r:tl in· ,

l 0. Ohjccto;;.

fr•c ling:

St·n~-s.-\Vc have fivL~ sense::< :

1. The

·"l'l'ing, hear-

\

\ Ve ,,1,t:lin a kn 1J ll'lecl gc of material thi n p;s l1y
th ese se ll HC:-1.

rlltl'rr<>g a ti \'I ',

1111 p ('rat i l'C,

and

Excl:uu-

to 1u·rcrirr the m .

\V c can not pcrce i \'!1 things which

'j_ 'I'{/ t l11· /; /111/~ ':f

W'Jt/l'1u'1'.I(.

in

:1.

Ji1//11wi11y

tli i11~~-

f' .rCrti."11'.'\:

\\' li1·n· i~ 111\· 11 v w 1i,11 ,k '? :t
·L ( :11 ti1 du· :int, th•1ll
<>Ii , l1uw I t1 T 111 ldvd wl1:1 di :. .: g-1 1:-;t ! C. l)1 ws ( ;ud

J. T l1t · " ·i nd ;.;.

hrin~

p e ri"1111 1e s .

!\ 1·1·c.,...::--i1 y is tlw 11 1.. 1\ 1vr ~.r
~!11 ~,L,:'ard ~

fftt ·

u11irnrr11ly \\' nrk i11

~in• ·

:1r<' 1H1 L 111at,, ri:d , or
\Ve arc said to Ii<' t·o11 «r·i11 11« rif "'11·h

"'lll[HJ,e:d of rn atlcr.

J·: X E llf! 1 SES.

:.!

i 11 \ · t · n li i .r1.

I drll p a lH)flk 11 po n th<'. flnnr.

A f;1r«t' 1·al1"d r;n1r1hli1u1

<lraws it LO\ntrd t.hc center of the t•:irth.
thi s

ft1r C t ~,

hut, we

ar1~

1·u11.w·i11us

r~( it,-

11·.,

tl1:tt i;. ; ,

<-:111 111.t
\\'t.·

//,, •

k1~n 1 l

of

.~ ni/('nre.-;

in yo11r r1 ·wli1i!J fr.,.;mi.

tft.rs.1' :-:.nl / • ' 111·1 ·.~ , /0 1111 ifr.>r/<trrtl i:w· {11 inl1T1'tJ!Jlllil'~ ,
Sn:;;.:.· c.•sliou~ - \\ .l iil t\

let Lit e

pari-; i11 g'.

Tlii :->

ai1ailes or

ll H;a 11 i11~

C/1,1t'llJJC Ifi e Jurm

of

a~, lorr, hnfrl'' I,

t. l1 e.~c

lliings

are

joy,

\l'l' '-Jilli

not

\\'h :i t, th<'n, i'

an

.'{orro w.

ca llee! object.;.

v[,jcf'i ?'
\ \ '( 1rk

1n :1n:• {'Xl' JTi~es i11 analy ~ i :-1

1

and

wil l lt·a t' l1 tiil'IH }11 1w l o t·xpr<'~~ dilJi·n·ut
hy Ji lll: rL' ll l arran gt..: ll H:l'il:-\ o f Lht: l'itllll t..: \\'lJrt.i . ..

t 'X l'ITi .-:. l'

percei,·c ;
• All

th:.

:.:tndy ing l\u·t:-. [{ a11d l if "f 1lii/"\

}' llj'il ~ ~ ·li:tll .~~ till' rnrit1

f '"""'·irr·

k1111\\' :--; u i'l1 :l

forc e 11111,.;t cx i,;t.

way

\\' e arc Coll,.;Cions of man y oth e r things which
'i ~'I/

of

\\Th e ll we HCC, liear, i'c·el, tast<', or smell tl1inp;" , we arl' ,;aid

ll:l!llt' ;.;..

flt.ory.

of

111 <•:1t1 '

~.

An

COllSC l OWl

Ol~jed

i::J n,ny tlii11g we can pcrcci l'r or be

of.

\Vh c ll we tit ink, we think of ouj1•ct:;:

\\'li\'11

Wl'

talk, we

talk a bout 11l ijf'd,; : whe n we wri te, Wt' write :d11111I ohjl'd·"·

24

F.LE:'ofENT..lllY

~:JlA~DIAll.

l'A IU 'S CiF Sl'J.:E(' If.

\ Vhcn "·c talk nr wrik, 11·<' u"c wnrJ:; to cxp re~" our
t'.:ougl1 l.~. \Yhr1t., then, ;, a ll'o nl .~

3 . A U'onl 1:; ::. ~_vlhhle <•r co111bi11atio11 of :;yllal1les used in t!.e expre,.;siou
thought.

or

Cl, ,u•sti fJns. - Ir11w ma11\· ~l'll~l:'-1 l1ave we? Natne tl 1C' Ill. 1Iow
d11 Wt.: 11!1t :ti11 a. k1111w lcd ~·,: 11( 111:1t l' rial thi11g:-; '( Can we JH'r(·~ive
thi ng; whid1 ""'' '"'l 111:tt\'r ial '! \Vliat i; au ulucct ·1 \ \"hat i:; a

"Scl1ola,-,, study."

\\"l1;it ll'(lrd ;, 11\'.r;: used in., trml of thv

names f1f the pcro;11ns of whom Wf' :uc s prakin).(I
\Yhut wo rd kll.s what sd1olar,; do ?' "~tu.l_v."

"Good sch11l:trs ,;Ludy .''

"~·li nl:i r.-."

\\' hat wurd h\'rC t1"scril, ·,; sd1<il

1

\\'1)\'J

'!

" (.iu<1d.",

" Gorn] scl1olar,; ,;t11dy dili;;(·nrl_v. "
/,,ou.1 goPtl ::;c:holar:--;

11. Grammar.
1. I ...au;;:·rn-.g<· j,; the cxpre:;sion of thought by means
of words .
i~

an;?

\Ylit-11 we ta lk, we- cxprc;;s our iclca.9 Ly spoken words.
t:illl'<l S1.r1!.-.·11 /,1u1;11/(r;;r.

This

2 . Spolu•n I..:m~mti.;<~ i,.; the expression of iucas by
the voice.
\Yhr11 we' 1Hitr or print our tliouglirs, 11·c· use lcttcn• ll'l1ieh
sounds. Th is is \'al ll'd 11 "rillcn f,1u1:;1w:1e.

:-iludy '!

11

\\'l1al "'"rds Ji .. re t.-il,;

l>ili~1·11tl y. "

\Vonb, tlil' ll, not <•Il ly h:t\'l' dillt'lTllt rnea11i11 ;..,"-'. l•11t t!11)'
are aloo llHed in dill'crl'nt \\'ays.
Tliey can lie Jil'ided illtu d:c~sl's, accorJiug to liit'ir 111\';Ul ing and u"c.
These cl;L-;scs arc calJ<.tl I'r1rt.i 1J /''l'ei-"I•.
Part_... of S(K'<'<'h arc tli<' ela:=;,.:r·,; into "·lii ch wod,.:

arc divide1l acconli11 g to their m<':rni11g and us,•.
lt i:--; ncces...:.ary to k11ow it~ 111c;111inµ: and
UCt\!rlllllH' to Whi('.li das.-; auy W rd he\011g;H.

U~l ·

iti

ord<·r

t(i

rcpre~('nt

3 . ,\,. a·itl(".U .1 ,angna~c.· is the cxp r e ~8 ion of thought
by the use of wriitc n or pr inted cliaractcrs.
Di lkre11t n:1tio11." 1i,;0 difli:: rcnt languages.
do ·we u=--e ~ Th 1..: l:11g;l i:- li \an,'..!:uage.

4. G1-;un11mr
of ];L11guagc .

\Vhat. languago

Qtu•s•tou .... - \\riiat :in_· p:1r1 ..
vrd c r 111
\ Vl1at

Grarn 11 1ar't

,>( :-'i •<Td 1 '(

\\' l1at. j,..., n tc('~"lary in

which a11y won I lw lo11 .~1-i '!
~pr1kl'l1 L111~11age ·:
\Vrilten laugna :;~ '!
1':11;. d il-ih gr:1111111ar '!

t ltt•
is la11 ~ 11a.gt~ '!

tkkr111it1 l'

\\' hat i" an ol1jed

~

d:1 :-;:-; lt1

\\'hal i,; a word '!

1:t 'l'he Noun.

trL:ats of tlic principles and usages

i'

"'

·,vJiat arc th e word,; hoy, '.fir!, 1·it11. dour, wiwlo w, (H1ol.:, ,fr,, l !

5. J·;ngU"'h (~rammar teaches how to spc:.tk and
write tlie E1Jgfo<l1 language correctly .

'l'l:t•y arc names.

That b correct.
object.~

themscl H~.

Tlil')' are th e

11111111·,,

Each word is callNl a

of ••bjed", ll< >t tlic
no11n, "'hi cl1 nirll n"

8. 1lflllU).

Qn~uu ou "'. - \\. hat is lang 11:1g-e '? Spnkf"n
language: 'l C~r:1m111 ar '! ·Engli :·d l. ~r:tn H11:tr '!

What .i,; a11 "10<·d ·1

Wliat i.-< a worJ 'I

lang uag-c "?

\Vritten

\ \"'ha t arc the wo rJ:-; 111111.:·lt', J(lrJTi., y1irdt·n, d''!I, !t orRr, /,for·l.-rmith, 111c rcluud 1 TIH~y are ll<lllW<. \.Yliy '? Bcc:aus,: tlw_v arf'
op.mes.

'.:? t ~

P.LE~ ! l·~N'l' A I~

J'ATlTS OF' SPEECH .

VI hat a r r th0. Wf) r d .-; 1lf, 1r /, .fn/111, JJ \ 1sl1i11 .'1!o11, ('/1imr10, Ohif/,
.A111 1Ti< ·1 1

:~

T h ('·\· a n

1

11 00 11 :-:..

\ \'liy'!

\Vh:1J, :1re

f kl':t tt s (· t h t'.V :1 n · n:t n H

I t, (' :Ill. Ca n
.1;, /111 be ap p lied to :d i boy' ·1 I t <" :t11 n nt. \\' hy '/
n 1·c:1U :-'t' liuy~ h;t \·e d itft·n·ut ll :ll)J ('."'· :-i ll l'l l a -.; ( '/u rrlrs, F'rn11!.·,
S1111111 ·f, f 'f,n ·1·111·1·. \\' li y an· l1oy' <"a i led hy di lll- rr 11 t nam es?
1 11 11rder l o d is tinguish On t· fro111 :1 rnitl 1t•r.

Ttdl uihit·h arr'

ll: llll C

Tl1».l~ :t r<', ti l<.' 11,

l.\l' O

ki11 d, "r
!J il t'

(''"·"-"''·" or

u f a class

C"o1n111on

in

1•rOJH'r nn1ffJ.'f

//1e

1

/1 ·.~.>lfJ JI, lfll'' !di

[lo i11I "" ' ult t /11· 110 1111s i11 !/''"/' J'l'ftt l i11;t
nrc (·onunon t t1 11 I u·h :1·/i lf f'1 ' propt•r

fl(} f/1 1.'i ,

//.'\ ill!/

irl1it·it.

f/11' J~d -

luw i11 :1

a11d tli oso

M U llt•: L .

" C it(•rt1 w:1K
C:lc4.. ro is a

/'r11;11'i" .. Y u1111.v.

11 0 11n ;

:in

< 1r<l ll ~ r .' '
I

it i:-' :\ 11 a rn l' : 1u·o1u.. r ~ it i:-:

tl w n; 111 1e of a

pttr l icula r pt ·r:o;on.

i s a, 1i :1.rne; as,

bo!J, J olui , rl/ ilroud.

4)rn.Cor i ~ a 11ut1ll; ( ,,·\i y ? ) :
t :t'

'.2. A

u·hir·!t tu·c

collc•g e churl'h , u l')..~ a n , :-<l1. ·t·pl t.\ BLu.: k Sl':L.

TJ,. . fitA k in d :t rl' l:a lll'd Cr)li1.111.011 J.,'vu 11.s : tli c! ~ccn n d k ind .

l\'0 1111

<1 11 d

Hn ow, de w, ;\ ia.g;ar:l Fall.;, t.h1111 1h:r, k,;~011 , ,J:1L1\ l ndi:ui:<J'"Ji .;
hou r, nti1111 t1.· , .:\11 ri l. v l'.~u,· il1 :-i, vokan1J, P:de."'ti1it\ t1.: 111plc .

wl1i cl1 a r" :1 p1 .!i«d l11 a p:.rti !'. 1ilar 0 11 e 011 lr .

1. A

Tc:! I wl1 ich ar r cn111mon

ll <> llll ',

f isl :
Lak e Eri <", rai lrna•l , l1arn , Bo~ lo n , :-i:tr:tl 1, At1 t: ll'la , ra in,

11 11111 1-;: t l1..,,. ll'i lit' li

-.r ol1j,· ct:-:.,

Wh y?

wo rd ,; ?

f ullowiJ1 '.I

Can tl 1e 11a 111 t· 1·it:; lie a ppJ i, .. J u, :ill <"it i1·" " It <"all . f , tiJ ,,
11 :11 11< · ( '1ii.-,111n ap11li 1·d to all l' it i''' ·1 Jt, i' 11 11 1. \\. li v ·> r,,..
<':tlJ ' t· it i> tl1l' n:1n1e 11r a pa rt.ic'l ilar !' it.I".
r a n lw ;1 ppl i1·d I•> t':u· li

t li r·,: c

and wh ic h a re p ru;11"r

1:; .

Ca n tl1l' 11:1 11 1(' {,".'! 1,,. a p jl l ic·d to all hoy' ·1

tl uo

_,

c-, -

Y <i ll /\ M ~ I AH

('0111111011 X o1111

pli (•\l to any one of
l-iyh/11 £11:1 .

:t

is a n:rnie \\'lii ch m:1 y li e ap-

class o f' 0hjec ts ; a.s, l1ird, door,

'.J . 1\ Pro JH•r ,' \'on u is tli c na me of so 111 ~ par ticuhr
pn.'<1 11 , pl:t c(', p('op k, or tlii11 g; as, 8nx1w , Ito///• ", llf l'.r-

~,;

,,
f-

1'

nny one of

:1.

it

( ' OUltUOll ;

111:1y

lw :q 1plied tn

class .. r ol •.i •-c-1 >' .

C ltu~st i ou~. \\' ha t i:-' a n n 1111 ? Il HW Jll:IH\' {'}:1~ ~1·::-: 11 C 11n11n ..:
\Vlial i:-: a <·11111111 0 11 n1111n·! (; ivt' cX;1 11 q1l1·...:. \\'1': 1L i...:
a Jff '>l' l ' I' 11 11 1111 '! ( ;iY t ' l 'X a11qd t. · ~. \Vl1i cli 1·\ : 1 :-:~ :-: l111uld 1·t111111w11 r·p

a r c t lil' r l· 't

wi t Ii <':t l'i l:t l

"''t"r" ·1

C11 11 yo11 wri h' 11 l 1,i t·1·1.""'?

\Vbat are part ~ o f ~ J H. 't·t.: b '!

Ca n .'·1111 wr i l t· t ill' 11:u11t·...; 111' 11 l~j 1 ·d~'/
\\' l1 al l:-: 1 ; 1 11,:.::11: 1 ;.~\· ·! \ \ 'hat ;1n , ,l 1j 1·1 ·1 '!

1'c o , / ...._1,, JJ .

i 'ro1•1T ni 11 1n "" :-; li < 11 1 l d . < ·o n\11H ' tH· 1 ~. wi t la c : q ~i t :d l1 ·U 1•r ....

\\'l1:1l ki11d •1r 11 111111 i... 1d1111· ." I t i' a "' •11 1111<>11 11 01111.
Bt•c: 111 ,:c• it c·a11 lw "l' J! l ie<I 1.<1 a ll p lo 11·,;.
\\' l1a t. ki11d ( 1r
l t i." Lhe

\\! hy '!

:1.

11 01111 is N no Vi1 rl.- t It i ~ a prope r
o r a parti e u Jar pl acf•.

11 .
\\'li y ?
11v11ri.

l l: llllC

1Vrif1J the 11 f1111 1'-' of /ire kind.j of fnt it: r1f fl ee ki1t1I.< of yra i11 :
rif lh rl'r l!d ir/1'R rif tfo fhi11y: rif Ji :·e t/ 1/1( / f ,' : 1!( j ii'e /,"'{ ha{,it.;:
'!f .•i.r j i11·111 i11y i11111fr·11u' 11i.• : '?f f1JU r /r11,,/1·.< : '!f .< i.r /o >vn~ h ip.<
i n 1;11 11 1· f'ntnily : 1J «Lt: f11rge citil'«: £1 fine far!/'' r i 1•er.; : rj _live
nu1111J/1t ins : 1if sn•cn of your .'iclioolmate.'i.

'l'ht• ~!'11 1.t'll("t '.

\Vh at i ~ th e l'O lor of cha lk '! It i ' irhitr . Cii ;?l k lm·;1k:<
eaHil y : i ' it /o 11i; /i o r /, ri // (r !' Jt i ' /J r i/1(1 ', \\' <.: c-; ll l 11 ; , (, " ' <.
\Vh: ll par t .. r ·"!••·• ·c h

tl1ro11 !!:li it : h l' ll l' l' we "LY it i" npru111/'.
l ~ t h e \\' ort l cllllfl.- !'

I t i' a no un.

\\·liy ?

\\\; \\' il l j 1>i11 th e wo rd" 1d1i l l' , /, r illff "f"l 'J '" ' wi th th e no n u
1

cha/ k , th us:

C irnl k i,; whi te.
Cha i k i:< l1ri ttl e .

Cha i k i..; op:t<111e.

PART S CT'F SP EE r ll.

l·:Ll·: .111-:JliTA I: Y C !:.-\ .\ I .\ I.\ I: .

3 . Tlif· ( 'opnla .1=-

l. A 1'i( •11h•11('< ' 1s
pl ete >'('llS(; .

2. A Propo~itiou

.~1«>11p uf' words rna.king com -

:i

1,.;

a tlwu;.;li t

111 wr it ini; "''lilc·11 l' <'', t. li c
\11 1:: ti,JJ"wi11 .~ din •l'tions :

(>llj•i b

l' x

prcf',qcd 111 words.

,.:lwu!J carl'fully uli.' l'n·e

1st. ( '0111 111t· 11l'l! l':tclt ='l' llte 111' l! 11 il.11 a t:•tp it; d ll!t.tcr.

:!d. Sj>l!il L«\ (:1 1 word corrL·etly.
0d . l'lacc :t pc ril),J [ . J :i t tlic (·n d o f c 1·c ry sl'ntcncc
tlt:tt dt cLrrl!s so111 l'llii11 g , o r 111ak ts a eon11nand.

4tlr. l'Li c.;e :m intcrrog: ttion point [ '!
c1·c r_y q11co:tin11.

C t u••st•ou~. - \\"l 1 at is a l"('lllt· rn ·c '! A prn1 1•1s ition '! (ii\·(.. tl1 ~
clin:c t i11 11.. ; lj1r w r i1 i11 :,.:- :-:1·n ,v 1w1·s.
\V!i a1 :1r•· 11:1rl... ; t11' ~ 1w1 •• ·l1 '! \\"f1:tl i... l1111 g 11i1 g t·'! \ \' lrnt lan.~ uag-e
J u Ll1 c lil.'rr11 ; 111s 11.· w :1
\\"l 1:lt i;-; a11 111 0e,·t:'
\\'ii:t t i:-; a wu rd ·~

. !.: .
T hf' wo n l r11p11I '' lll•·:w s a I111
icatc to th e su hje,·t.

whill.' " ,

1-lwll

i~ culled the 81Lb-

J·,,,,,

tl1 1· j>t"<·d -

wl 1id1

j, allirnwd ,,f til!' sulij1·ct.
\\' hat is tl1°· <'"I"""" "lo." '
\Vh y ·1 Bccall'l' i t j , tlic w11rd 11,c·d t" ali ir111 !lw i'r" di o::!l i·
r:otd 1 ,f till' ;; uliject in·. \\' liy i." it ca l!.- .J th 1 • ""! "'la'! lk cati'C it linld \JI' join s the prcdk;1tc tu tl1t· ;:11hj··cl.

I'uin/ fJU f ffu· s.11/1jt:cf 1 j Jrf( /i1•11 f f" 1 rL11d l 'fJjHtfu in

i11:;

f 1 t 1 ·f~

nj f/u'

)~1 /f,, 11 · ~

,qc ntcncf'.~ :

l. Airi,transparc nt.
;.> .

:2 . l rnn i., l1eavy . "·
\\":d te r wi ll l1f' t:1r.Jy .

bv kind . 7. El len I:' unl1al'l'Y·
(;('orgc i:-; i11du.-;t ri11u s.

8. l\fartli:t

\\':L:-'

c lwl'r ful.

'.I_

tln~·~ ti ou"'. -- \\ ' 1 1 : 1 1 j .., 11H· :-. 1il'.i l·cl ~·I' a 11rq111 •-.. ili11 t1
'.l' lH· J' t"•·d ii·at •· '! Tl1t· n•i111 l:1 '.'
\\' 11 :1! 1l1w .. . tl11· \\" • 11·11 1'"/ 1/.dll 1111·:111 .~
\\' )1: 11

1:-i

;i

\\' h at i .. .: a
j,

I t ·, s t1 .<1·d to

f n the :-'t'll l l'll l T> ' · J\·1· i~ c1; ld ·· , \\'l1 ;1t i ...- l l11 · :-: 1lhjt·1·t l " 11·1 ·. · 1
\Vh y'! Bn·:ui-1· it is tl1:1L 111° wliicl1 su111<·Ll1i11 1-; i.< allir>r>•·d .
\V hat j , t h « j•rt·d icate"! " Cold ." \\"hy ·1 lh-1·: 11 1.<c it i.- tli;1t

.

In the 'e11l<' 11 ce , " Chalk
j ecl ; f'o r,

word or gr1111p .,f 11.,nl" used

to affirm th e pn:d it:a te nf the s11!.j1·et.

J :ot tlt c end of

5th . Never d irid e a ~y llable :1t tlin cn1l of a lin e.

;t

\ \' l i:il

i.-

S t'll l l ' ll("l' .,
IHHlll

'!

b11:..::11:1~ 1· ·.>

.\

.\

J ll'• • jl1•.... il

1'1111\lllttll

i ~q J "(

IH H!ll

".1

~11t1k 1_'J 1 1:111 .~11:~ .~ v '.~

.\

1·.n~1wr

)) Hl]I) ''

'I

\ \ ntt1 · 11 L1r1~11 : 1:.:~·

.,

\ \ 'li:tt j,.,. a wor d'! \\' li:tt 1:-; :111 nl'.Jl't'I .>
f .. l/1111111• 1 .111 1•l 1pj l
\ \ r11,. '! f.-.i. a /i orse an ul~ in·t '.' \\"!1y '.' I :-i / 1)1 '1 ' :111 11! 1j t·1·t '.' \\' 1.y '
<._;·j·;c th e dire1..:t iq 11 :-; !'o r wrjti11 g :-:1·11tt'Tlt"t's .

1. Tli e Su l~j<·<·• of a proposition is that of whi ch
someth in g is afTinncd.
H'/, ite is call1·d !lit• h '!·• lim le ; fo r,

2. 'I'h c P1"<•di(-;if(• of a propo:;ition 1:; that which is
affirmed nf' tl 1l' s1il1j l'et.
j , j,

rn ll<-.J ! ii(' I \,,,,!(,, : for,

l 11 tli P ~( · ll l <'ll<T, ' ' :\f a1 1 j,; ll1'>r l a l ", th" p re.Ji,·:i tr ''" 'rill /
lH'J,, ng ing- l u the ~. lll,.i l·t.·t lfllf ll . \\',,rd ,. wl1i«li
e x j •rt ' ~ ' •11 ta l i Ii· ·~ 111;i~· \"· c:i\],., I 'l"''lity-1r•ir• /.,_
ar c very frc.111 e 11 tly u.-c·d " " 1•redi c11le::1.

, ft• t1tttc:1 a t"jll: dit.v

30
No un s 11 1ay be ll 'l'tl a' predi<'alc'. \ VIH'll llt ey arc ll111~
11 ~1·d, l1 11·y dt• no te h 11d ., r d11.i,.
I 11 tl 1c: ,-.· 11 le 11 <"t', '' J l o r~t· s a n • a11i11 1;1 b " , whal i' t h<' ,.q 1hj ,·1·t?
" J f,.,.,..,." \\'l 1y ? \V lt ;1 t i' tl 1e f' rvd i,·al1 ".' '· ..\.11i111:1 k" W l1y·1
\ \ '! 1al d 11t ·:-i t liv \\' i:rd 1u1/m1 ,./.>1 d l' 11t H1..· ·.' It dt •11Hh ·:-. tl i. · k i11 d o r

\·l·L"'i"' ,if hvi 11~:-; t<1 wliid 1 li1 •rs\•:--: l1 l·l1111g . \ \'li nt 11:t rl 1.f -"p<·•·('h
j , it '!
I I j , :t 11· 11111.
\\ 1: ., · ·I \\ .. I is Ll1 c; t'<>f'llla Y " :\ rc ."

1f (/.,· / 1f(,, ,,.i 11;;

c11 rn li 11<·~

, l.[/ir111

.,11/~j1 ·1·/.< :

F i·dl t' ', a p1 1J.., , lc-:1.J . iron, play,
iHJtl ~~ :-> , fl 11 \\'t•r:.: . l>l'; ll! g1..· ....: , tn.•1.·:--.

':f

A.[li r111 f lu· fu!/1Jwfn .11 'f 'tn!il ir.•i
~j \\' l't ' l,

ldu d

ur

tidtool ,

lll:1rLle ~,

Vi'e h:w c

i:-;

1• 11a t , \\'H .'..:;011, l111Lht':-i , nX l 'I ,

l'lfHlc • J. -- E :1g-\ l ·~

· l'l'

2.
cip al

uf t!te ll i,;ti 11 d ]'< t r ts vf a

Tl 1c Snl~i <'(•t :t1 1.J t l1c

•r(•ti k:it<· :1 1-e r:i lkd /'011-

J.:'(, ·111 e1tls, IJcca 1t:-:e

Jlll

::: u 1Ll'll cc

f <J l'JlH'< i

c a 11 lie

\ V e c:111 "<'jla rat e any Sl'l tll' ll <.:c: i111 u i L-;

_..;11 /~j1 ·1·/.'< :
;1 x,

It. i.,

lll l'r,·l y

Uo<l·d

I
e k n 1~ 1 1l .'.

T lii., i.,

<::d ied . 11111/!f.<J.<,
1~

tl 1c ~ c p:1rati11 1 1 () fa ~c t 1t c 11t· e i1rt u i1.-;

.:;] e 111l'n b .

l11 1·1 111111lin ·,

ho ld,

_· l mdy~~

lit e f ullow i11y sc11 fc 11 cc.<, 1rn i11 y f/, i,;;

ri \' l'I' , ruat'., tal;!e.

MUI ll ·:L.

'!l Ji i·r ... 11'1.'Jl1t11('1'.v..

Aj/inll

t !tt 11l

r1/ 11.- t.
h(•"''·" i .. t in· /J1T1 l l"ttl•.: ,· it i:-< tl1at wl1icl1 i.'1 al1Jr 11 H:d t, ,· t l1l' ~u1 0 1 Tl :

s1d1.41f 111·1 ·.-~ In ll'h /,.j, I ;,,._,, '1(!11u !I ·

i:-;

Tl 11•,r

/Ji1·1 /.'I .

. : f ."r·1 ·1· f ui11 1!// li11· 11r11;11Tf r,·s

)l od t>I. - :-::u ~ ar

o f p:Lrt".

l •ltC

·L .\ualp•i'i
J ;1 f/u1r /1 1.'/

' l'l l l.l' lH.:l' j, l'.1J llll'0' l' d

:l. T i1c c ·opnla i' 1111l t•: d k d ;111 l' k111(•11 t.
t o a!iirm t l1e 111·l·di cat e •1 f Ll1 l'. ,; ul1j ect..

"/'}1r1111r.·. ·fr suhJ•·•· t N:

r:1 k ~ · , n-l1,·:d 1 \'\ 1rJ1 ,

l 111 l' ,

that :t

1. .A11 J·: knwnt i,;
sen tence.

!" \\' l'l'l .

c·lu~.114 ,~ ( tit

~ i 1 1. .·1 ·1 1. t' ; q~ l l':-: ,

S!'C ll

part.-; an.: ca l led { ,'/, ·1111 ·11/.,,

witlto1tt t.liein .

n ·d , y(·ll11n- , blll l',
-"' tu a rt•, 11 11·llo w 1 yo u11 g , 1ild , hap11y , 1J1 i :-\ l'f; tL !e .

.ll ocl4 ·l. -- ·"''":l'Lr

A.[/io n

~ "· i111111i11 g,

17. }:lemeuts.

~ u1 1r, up :Hj l H: , lr: t11 :-. p a n· 1ll,

h ittl' r,

l1:lrd , :-; 1 ~ 1'1, r11 11 1Hl.

:--i h ·1.. ·r 1

31

PART8 01'' SPEECH .

;Jr1 ·,_;rt /

:--11 g :1r 1:; OJ1'1f/ l'l' ,- s 11 g :1r

b

l ,,. j ~

!.l1 1..:

CUjJ U/u.

co 111 /.Ju;; -

i'il1/1 ·, 8,:,1·_

I. ! tHli p:n i:-i. lil til'.
Cl n••• l io n'4. - \ \ ' li :it

; \rt '

'11 1al itv · wnnl.'"

C1n 1!1t•y l1t·

p rvd ic • :1l t ·.~ '!

11 o<1·.J ""

{ ;j \·e :lll cx an1 1de. '- ' i\·e .tll vx.11 11l'lc i d .1 11•11111
a :; ;1 p r l·di l'a ft'.
\\' li:1l i.- ili t: "11hj(·1·L 01· 1\ j•l'<> J'll" iti oll ·i T l1 c j• <'t'di c:i lt-'I

11 :-:t· d

Tl1e

r:op 11L1?
\ \'/ 1: tl

i:-:

\ \'l 1at 1:..:

a ~ 1· n t ( 'IH 'P '.'
;1 l \IH l ll

.!

( ;; \' t' il1 l' d ir vciiu11~

.\

,\

IP. \'l1ild"'•r1 ~ 11011ld

1q·o 1ic1..: iti o 11 '!

(' cit 111 11 111 1

l'u r wr i1in g-

111 11111 '/

A p ro pt' r

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Po:...:.... c:-<s i \'C I nJ110 11 ns an:

!/'J 't1"~, l/u ·i1·:.:. 1

r111r

fJl''1t 1

J11,i111 ' ,

th i1u·, his., lu'rs, n11r.~

t\: c.

:1

·"''·1tt1·11 1·1·: I wlty '! J.
i."' 11 1t·

~ 1 il~jt·1·1 ; t

is i:-;

;t ,Qf:, nff 11 1·1·; (

La 1111 "

"\\'/ 1a1 i ...; it ?

I! i.--1

i' tt~:"'t ' :"':-O: i\·(·

\\ ' 11_1".'

l'..-.. :11J,;e it repn•.,c1 1t,; Lv tli tl 1l' 1 1u,;''"'~•1 r a11 d tl1 c tl1 i11.1•

P•'AA f\ll~ t-d.

11

l'rt 1111 ) 1111.

•

).
( wliy '' 1 •

i:-< lllO~ilil'd l1y this, an :ldj t·1 ·tiv P t·l e 111 e 11 t.

111 tli,, ,; e 11 l1 ·111·t'. "Tl1at. l1ook '"hi,", wl 1a t i:< tlu· pr1·dica tv''
" 11 i,-."
\\'111··: \\' l1 :il d" ''" it. r.-jll'< '.' •·11t :; l t, r t·prL·"<· 11 t~ tl 11·
)i i .... l111!1k •• .

w h_v ·.)

t,iuHI ::- tll(· :-:11l 1j t.•1·t ; ( \\' l1y'! ; : our o"'n , lh c p1·1'di<':tlt• ;
'4

1

1

•

I I I. '' T'l1i:-; Lind i:.: our own .·'
·~·' 11

1

\\· 1ir·d ...; '

w}1_v ? J : fht"ir~ , 111<· 11r1·1!ic:\t(' ; ( w !1 y'!

" F a<'l11 ry" is 11111di 1i ,•d l1y fhna , :111 :1dj 1·\'f1\·t·

is tl i v c 11 p1ila .

e lc111~nt.

a11d the tl1i11g p u.'.-'<.:ssc d.

1

i ....

J·~ nt • tor~·

EX

Elt C l ~ES

'I. 'l'l ii:-1 lH1ok i:'\ h1·r~. :2. 'I'l1o ~e app!,·:o' are li i:--t. ~L ·y ( illr~ 1~
a h.ard lv:--:.:-;on. ,t, Tl111~f' 1narhl e:-i are 111 i 111 '.
Tlii :- :. l111ok 1-;
i.hin c. G. Thf' p1·<'11ing,; arc ou r ow n. 7. Th l' 1·i,-1 .. ry i,; 1 •u r,;.
. 1.

E. 0. - 4 .

·-

···-;;"""":;'

-

50

1: 1.E.\ii·:\"T .ll\Y Cll A.\ l.\I AR

l' .-1 1\TS O F b l'Et-:C tl.

owns t hat li1111 <«" . :ind ' 'w ho i ~ rid1 " ; tl 1f• ,__.,..111 .J pr<•J"•-it i.. 11
n1odifyi 11 µ· t l1t • :-- 11 l1j1 •( 'l 111' tl1 e fir ... t. ~11 c·li :1. .-w1 1l 1· 111 · •· i .. :. 1·:tl \··d
a f
~'li ne t:.: :'l

Jlr J1M ll11.,· 1w!1_v'! 1: 11 n.'{.".e.~:t i1 ·,· ,. it rf' prf':-'Cnt~ liorh tho
1

p11:-: ~c:-:~n r and tli t· tl1in~ . IH1:-1:--\l ':"' :-o<· d :

it i:-: t:1p1i,·al vnt

tq

"m y hoo k' '.

·,"'(' fl'l1c·llu·r th en • 11n· 1u1 y 1•oss4.•ssi,·e J•rououn!I i1t !J'>Ur rca1{.
ill~/

ff 'S,'1.()ll .

ci 1u•.. ( iou!'4. -· \\' !1:1t :1n · r 11 1;.; :-\t::-: ....: i\·(· p r o 111 11111 ;-; ?
1'\:111 it· ~'H il e of
tlw111 . \\"l1 at i.. : :i pi-11 11111 111? . \ Jn'r:-<1111 : tl jl /"l'l lH 11111 :> \\°l1a t i ... a p ;1 rt i1·i 1d (' '.1 T /11· 11 r1•..: t-1ll J':ir1 i1·i 1dt ·'! 'l'l1 l' 1w r r1 ·d p:tr t i1·i11 lt· '.' Tli.--•
1·0 1111 14n1111l p :1rri4·i 1.J ,. ·· \\'hat i:-; ;111 adjtTli\'1·'! .\ d v:--;t' riJili\'<' ad.
.i1.'1'! ;,·1·'.} .\ d ,·f i11i1 j, , . ;1djvi·1i\·l'·!
·
\\'l 1:1l i:.: tlw rklilli! (· :.t rli 1·l1· " Tltl' i11dt·fi11i! i..' articl 1·?
\\']11·1 1
~IJ1nil d fl :rn d wl11 ·r1 ...:l 11 1u ld <111. l,t. tl :-il·d'! \ \ l1:1l i;-; ;1 \ ' l • rl1 '! :\ tran
. . . i1i\·1· \'t• r h '! .\ n i11tra11 :-'it i\·t· Yt' rli'! ~.\ c·111 111lati \·1· \'1·rl1'!

\\' l1:1t i:-: :\ 11011 11'!

.\

crn11111 11 11 Jl f lllll'!

.\

11 r• 11 11·r llHll!l '!

. \ .\ 'li a! i ...: :ul 1'l 1· 111t· 11t '! Tl w ...: 11L.j1._·c· t '.' T lw l'r.·di 1·a1 1-'.1 T!1t• 111 >j(T tl\· ,: C' ic11 1l' ll l '' Tl1 e :tclj1Tt iv c <'k lll l' lll "! \\'hat i,, :111aly , ;,, ·1

~"1111/f" , . ,~ · 11/1·0(·,"

] . A ('omph'x S<>nC NH'<' c<111~i~t:; ,if· a prn po ~i ti•in
&Otn C p~u-t of 11·lticli i;-; l!I O•lifi l'd Ly ;rn1•tl1"r prnpno"iti .. n.
Tliv prqp r>:-- itio 11 :-1 u!' \r l1 i1.: h a
a re cal J, ·~I 1·!1 11(s1 ·8 .

i..;

c111111 'n "'1·d

\\rii:·1i.. j:-; t liv prupn;-; itiqn. " .\ lll:lll own...: t l1;1 t l111l1..;l'' " ·? I t l"
a ('!au ...:1· . \\' 11 , · ·! It i =-- ~\ 111·1>f '' '"' iti1111 \\· hi 1 h f11rr r1:-- :t 11ar t ., f : t
con1p!cx St' P lt· JH' :'.
\\' l1a t i-- !I ll · prn po...:il1•>11, ' · wl1i1 i ... ri 1,·\1.. .,
It ;, :1. cl:u 1,-1·. \\' It_,· '!
1

'fl1 e p r11n111111 " wli11 ' i"'i I Hd nnly llH· .-.dl1,iv( ·t ,,( t lw J1 r opq , j .

tlit~ 111 .,diJ'y i11 ~

tio 11 , h u l it al."'iu j tii lh

c l:11i ...;1·,

•\\ri1 u i...: ric· l1·', l q

\\" 11 i,.1 1 it 1i Ill it..;.

(,iH' ll lJI 111

T\1~1 :-:(• 1•r11tu11 111.. : ,,·\1ii·l 1 n •prt':.:,f' nt 1)n· ~ ·1 · 1li11~ wnr1l~ 11r 1·x 11 r1 ' . .:. ·
~ion s.

tu wi1 i1·l 1 th1·y j1111 1 111udify i n ~ elalt"" t..':', an· 1·:dl 1·d f /, ·lo/11.,-

·)
'\' lt r·n 1r0 sa~-, ":\ ri 1·l1 1na11
illl' lll j,: tl 1l' word "rich"?
I t i,:

·"' l ll l L' IJ q·

L·o11q.J1 · x

,.\

U(•la CiH' Pronoun i:<

w0rd 11,.;l'd t 11 rq •r•' -

:i

11w 11 .'

sc1 1t :1 p 1·1'1·.l'tli11g ,,·ord o r c:q1re;-; ,.;i o 11, t" "liii-11 it

:111

a. u1 11tlifyi11g cla11 ,l'.

that h<>u ,:<' " , wh:tf. p]...
:u lj1'd inJ 1·l« 1111 ·11 r.. \ VII\·->

\\"ll!' n we s:n· . " :\. lll:ll t wlto j, ri cl1 """" ' tltat. l1r11 1,:,· ". 11·li:tl
Wt•rd' do m· 11,:i· in., k:ul o f " ril'h " to niorlifv ' · 111:111 ., ·1 \\' c
u ~r tlie word." . '• wl10 i:-; ri c h ".
\\'l1at c l,,111 0111. do tl1 \''I' 11· r,rd.,
J;1 ri11 ·1 1\n a djcc tin' clc 111 c11t. \\' lry '! I\c.. ·a 11 <c 11,. ,,. 11 11 .. Jifr a
l}()!IJI .

is t h~ · e xpn ·:·;..:iiln . "wl10 ts ri c h" , a propo ~ i ti 1111 :1 f t i=-'
'.\' l1y 9 Hl'ca11,:P it lta, a sul1j1' d a11d a pn·di c:tl<'. \Vl1a t i~ t l1e
HUl •jl'l'l. 1 "\\" i1<1 .
Wh y? Wlt at 1 ~ tl1 c p redicate? " l\i1·h."
\\'Jiy " \ \' Ji:li i., (hi' CO/'lli:t '!
\\'l1 a t 1•art, or " l '('l' ,.Ji j , " wh o"? f t i ~ a pru 1101111 . \V l1y ?
It i~ a word u"c- d in.<l•·a•I <1f a 11 ou n. Jn ,;tead o f wliat noun ts
i ~ u ~cd·? 1'1it• 11 oun ' ·1n ari".

Th is Br nt r nf'f' , t h•' n, cunt.ainR t wo

;l_ A U t'laCiH•
rcla.t i1·e pr o 111111u.

('lau~c i ~ a l'l :u1"t i11 t r111!1t n·d

T ill' n·l:tt;,., , 1•ro 111111 1" :tr1' ,,.;,,,, wfi;,.;,, ,,.;,,11, a 11 d //,,if.
a n·l:tti\·p :1f't 1· r tl1t· \\' <1rd~ su r·h, 1uouy, awl .v.11111 t'.

j .. i11s
IJ\·

:L

11' i.-<

11l!"'1 1

Tl1e

~ullix c .. .; rr1·r, so,

pnn10 1111 .... ;

['r,i ttf

0111

a nd

:I.:-\ , 1r lt1HT1T,

tit ;·

r•·ln.11,·c·

stjf'/'lT

a n· !-'. !1ill l' ti1 w.•s addPd t.o1

tl1l""' t'

ll'/111:<11, wl1t1.v.or•; ·r'r.

1•ronou11~ in /Ju: .(d/r11l'ill!J <5r11 f,·11rr.~ 1

usi11:; tlt i.,
MCl°Dl·:L.
" :\
\\'ho

i.'"

:t

rn ;·1n wl10 i:-< indt1:-"lri 11 11 :-1 w i ll

J• r (ln () u n,· ( why? ) : r el1d i1 ·e ;

it.

pr11:-1 p-·r."
r r pr(~~(' 11 t..; ;1 p r f' rf'di11 g

~.;:

-;,

J·: u::11J-:\' 'J'AJ( Y 1: Jl Ao! .' ! ,\ l1 .
1
\ ·.

11 d 1 in w l1 i1·Ji it _j. , j, ~ ~i
i .. .; .: llL ~ ll ' ' .

:t

rn od i fy in g (' la1 1:-< t' .

PAI\'!':' u F ;; pE J-: •' 11 .

Th 0 word i t r epre.

f't ' fl l.'-i

IN

" Fi :·di '' i:-t 111 •H l iti 1..; d 1_,y

is t he copul a.

t he~ a11rl

w h h •h

) · 011

cn.n g·ht , IJ(1l l1 ad.i('t.'l i \ 'L' \·lt.· 11 1t·1 H :-< .
E X I·: H I ' I ~ I·: :-< .

11. " I

:!. Tl1 o"c wh o s<J 11· 11·i l l r.:a p . . .,
J 11 · 1li :tt l1ai.- t l1, di ."·" "11 iidl'tli 1r it h J, j, lip.-;. -J. T hi , i ~ t he hou:;c
i. 'J\· i l 111v ll'li q11 1 _1·11 11 ,;:1 11"

wilil'li l".1' J:1t l11 ·1· l1" 11;,:'i 1l.
l1ad . fi. ,J 11 d::e y e wl 1at J ~ a y. 7.
] j ,. will do wli:u i-; r iµ:1 .r . .-.:. ,\ k ir; d l111y a 1·1 1id,; d11 i11 ;; 1r l1 ::t(' l ' l'l' i11j 11r'"' nllllT'i.
:1. \ \ ' ho,.H·r ' t udi t"' · wil l learn. .Ill. \\'lia!r
t ' l ' C I' Y•' ,; J1al l :1, k i11 111 .1 · 11:1 1111', tha l 1ri ll r do.

J >oi11 I rJ1t/ l /11'
n o uns / 1;

11 01 1 11-.. ,

!/,, · u!J,,l'i'

-

·I. 'J' li,.

Ii ·,.;/1 ·

li lilfl

Jtl o( h •J.

:tl o •ld .-

I i:-; t l1 1.: !" 11 l1.i1T l ; \ w I 1y '1. ) :
I C Jtt'

lllCtl l lJ el'

1
'

j:-;

l i l l} I

w i1 a l

...:a id .''

Y nU .

· 1! IJ)'
I .lli..:

r 4· rt u• 111 1u • ,. ,

di v 11r 1· d i1·:1h · ; 1 why '! \

\\' 1an t J ' Oll ~a id ) :1 11

" 1'.J·,.,·t i ,.,. t·l 1·r1w 11t

p ro-,

"

lll e> t

l'l '(' (' i\' t ·d .

--·-·

i l l do - -

7

11

:!7.

lll <> ll<',Y wa' I l1t• l':t, J1 in

:-\ I ' ll ( \\';t ,...;

1:.

l\ . q

l 11I P I TO~atin ~ l' ro 11 0 1111:o;.

O ll U C; l l)

" \\' 110

;,. pro i"' '"

j ,.;

t li:1 t 111:11 1'! "

,, \\ 'l1i .. '1 1

s··11 /1'11 1·1"~ . 111 1 J( l~'/!1 i11:1 l /u ·ir itot n hj .-•c· t~-. liy n ·lolit c rlo11ses..
T IH'

ir·,.;1,, _fil'I·

I l1t·

p:t id - -

» ll1< ·r." " ""' d...

J i1 ·1·

r e 11 H · 111 l >L'I'

\\' Ii Y '?)•

(r 11., f.

T J1 ~ · 1111 •:. : ~: l ;. !,' t '

1.. 11 ---

(

1 /as/u':~ 111 l /117 .J(J/ /of!'(/fy ,"ff'ltfl>n1·1·s ·

I . l>.-:i t l1 iif'I , 1! 1" ra il - - l1id,., a h r ig- li tn .' J'h l' rc .
the· li·a,< f.; - - 'il llj' l(• J'lellt_1· \T<1 \\' fl., ,

I ll

;,_

1•erso11n l

!-iC 11I f ' 11 rt; ,·

.-;1 •11 ( 1'11 ('( '.'i .

S1th-.:f i/11 /1· t H·o 11 o n11 s ./;,,. flu ·

H I' ( '

\'41"rb~ t u 11 d

n dj<'c· r i , .,P ... ,

T Ii i S i :-; a

111 ,y ll'fi, ,

s •·11/t·111·1·s,

s/111/(1·s

w i ll le arn.

111111 !(/1; f11.' / ll11·fr o l~lc •4·· t.l"' hy rt'latir·t• cluu:Je.s.

l h :ll' l' I" ,[ l ii L• b 11uk ,,.;,;,.;, !JOit ym:e me.

' ' what " .
'l'lt e:-:.c \r ord :-:., to~ e t ht·r w i t. li 11)1 0 .rt.t' :u1 d
a rl' (:all cd l id ,.,-ro!/' tlirf'

•i :-:. ki n ~ ' \i H'sti on;-;,

t r/111 111,

w 11 1:

11

J -ru1t 111111s .

.An ll nl(•rro:,.:-:t t h'c Pro n o un is Oll l' ustd 111
1 p 1 e,;t i <>l l ~ .
T h e in t t·1-rog-: 1ti \' L' 11ro 11uU t1 :-\ lclu'c/1 a n d rth 1 l l :i r t• ~ 11 11w t i 11 1 v "'

I . " T hi.! !i ... /1 w l1i c l1

T l1i :-1 i:-:

_\'!l t J

t':111 g- /1 t 1 i,.; a tro 11 1.."

;1 Sf' f// ,.111·1·,· ( \\'l i y'! ).

l ·'t:-.h i:-; t lw :-; 11i:iv \'f ; l \\· !1_,- '! ) :

trout , t l 1e 1•red i1·att· ; ( wl 1y?):

'
ll l >lll l.".
pJ a c t•d IJl' iurc<

'l'J 11·y

•' l l "c '

tli L· ll , ·a ll\'d

f 11 iffl '/J:f' 1//i" ·

.·l• /-

jl'c li l'<'.~.

I·:,.. - " \V lii <' h
i 11t •·r r11g; 1t i \' t~

l'IJ:t tl

"l1 all l la ke·'/ "
Jllutli fyi11 ~

'·"

-~.

r

I

•l-t

1l1:t t '!

EJ.E\11·: :\T ,\ l\Y G IL L\L\U R.

PART ;,; 0 F :::li' EEC l! .

TIH.·

1
'

~8.
l ~1 i11 t

!

(1 111

1

( '

h••~ri·o,..
..· 1, 1 1,,. 1•rono11n"'

·dlowi11g Se/I•
111 I!1c ,l1

l crw, ·., , 11."-'".'I 111/,..

J >r11·s it "0 111p l• ·tc tl1 e '"""n 1111-'. 111" t l11' l'(·rli
t.: lt· 11u: n L? I t dtte:-< 1H 1l · it 111 ndifi1""
it in ano t. l11•r ll':L_I' .
111 tl ie :-i t' 11 t •·111 ·t·, V(· ry lar~e ,· e:-1~ c l:; Wl'l' l' srt·n '', wli:l t i ~
n1C1d i(il' d l1 y '' \'l'ry "'! Th e word "l a rge". \ \'/ 1:tt i.; '' larg l' " .,
lww th ey bill h .

;\ J11ilj·: 1..

'''ho if a

11ro 1u11w,·

y1111r

:.: vl11lu l .''e:-1 f1·rdny

':.;in g", lik e an

?"

( ''l1 y'.'1 :

E X I·; IU · I :-< E s ,

I . \\"ha t d id hL· ~ : t 1·''
tr"t.' th•: h•kst '.'
was h t1 rn c·d ·.1 i''·

:!. \\ ' ho wro lt! that kttl'I'?

·!. \\"l1 t111 1 did 1·u u l'a ll '!
\ \"/1·. 1t

l':tJ 1 J Jt ' 111 ca 11..,

1 .

:)_ \\" li idi

;j _ \\' Ji(Jse / 1o use
\\ ' / ttJ

I1a ...

It ~ :

rn e<l

:-; _ \\'ii <> di .-L'<1 \'t:l't:d ,\ 1J l1' l'i 1"l '.'
111. \\ "/ ,,,,"-' IJt1.,k i., th is:'
1

01 :/ l/u ·

110- :'illtii;

11l1j c('t i \ ' l'

11

q tJ(· ~·;t i p fJ.

I ' u'11 t

"Binb s 111 g Sll'l' <'tl:-· ", does the w nrrl
lL d o c ~ n••t: it t" l/.•

In tl1e se ntence,

" ~ w eetly" d l' 1H1 t1· u:!tf/I t l1 c Girds ' i ni; 1

''\\ .Ii<· ,·i:.: it< •d

it

The Au H'rb.

;/(,

rod e?

Th e \\' Ord " qu i te " .
\

\ Von ls w:ed i11 tl1i' rn a nnl'r are. <':illt'll

11d rcrb.~ .

1. :\ 11 Acln'rb is a wo rd useil to modi fy a ve r b,
arlj cet in", p a rt ici pk , o r ad \'crli .

uoun~ . n.dJ•'('f i , .•. ~ ,
f /lf'.~t ·

I t is an adjci:t i \"I' .
In tl1 c .-;e 11t.t·1 1t'<', " lf e rod e q11itl' fa, t.", \\'kll won! tells lt '! w
he rod C''! T l1c ll' nril "fast" . \\'h at 1\' nnl tC'll.• l1 01c fo.<I h e

,..:1 •11( 1' /lr'CS .

,'.;. ·,• •rhr'ff11 'r 111 1' 1'(' uo· " " .'! .f11rt•r1·0;.:.·nti\'4... 1u·ououn,_ ur Int.Pr•. ~ ,. ~p1 1c,... n•U•·••ti\'t:""4 i" .'!1111r 1·t ·1t1 /i11y l r'.'!surL

A g r Oll)'
E lc111('//I.

•>

or \\'() I'd .,

' " '"] li kt· :Ul :uhc rh I S ca lled llll ;/ 1/rol1i·il

Au Adn•1·bial El<•1uN1t 1s :t 11·onl or gro11p of
:t n·rli, a dj cct.il'l', par ti"ip lt, qr

word s use d t. 11 lli<Hlil"y

ad 1·l· r l1 .

.\I tJ lll-:L.

" \r!i o 111
T/ii.-;

J."

a

""l· ou

i...

1111· :-;ui1j 1'< ·t ;

,;;; ,·11 t1·1u·f.! ;

(·a n

y 1111 1 r 11 ~ t 'I"

~ wl 1y ! ).

i\ l U lll·: L.
';C": ll ll'll"t''

i wl 1y '' J·

i ~ llH11l i li cd

11\·

t •nn lru!'iit ,

uho ru ,

:t it

the p rc·di cat e ; ( wliy? l

o l ~j( •t· li\'l'

~

" Tl1 e winil LI Pw f11rio11 sly-"

l · ll'lli t ·llt .

Fu rtouslJ ' L"' :u1

ad r1•rh

1

·

il

1. Tli:1t w·sscl 8ails sL,wly.

i:; n:-:.ed

to T1 1od i fy :L Vtl' rh.

2. H e \.H1 ilt

:l

lwu'c th e re'.

~.

E 11 1111 :t i., qui te 111111· c: ll. -L Those 11 1uu11 tain:; are '"-' ''.'' hi gh.
5. \Ve w r r" ag-r(•(•:d 1ly Slll"]'ri sed . ti . I will ~hortly return. 7.
would µ:ladly pard 1111 you.
Y on ll'il l 11 e \"\!r s•'l' liin1 a:.;:1111 . S.
9. :::io tlio11 g ht l ' al 111 y ra.

l!J. Ile afte rll'ard 1•sc:q•cd .

:iQ

I·: 1. l·:.111·: :-; T ,\It Y 1; H ,\ .\l ,\1 ,.\IL

:!!I. The Pr.. po:-;il iou.

11 ·,·ilr· sc r,·11. .w· 11f1'11 t·ts, 111u1/~('1i11!1 //J, ·ir l"r•"4ltt•n.l4"1'!; h!I adccrbs.
'i<Hl<"I,-

11 ·,·ifc

-"'' f'f'11,

\\' C ~ht1 ll Id \\':t i k 'flfil'ff!j.

.<1. ,~11h'1H·1·s, 11101/~(1;i,;;1

llH' iJ'

~ul•Jt•ec,,. /,!/ ru(it'('f ifr.~, mu~

l!t us1 · 1r1(j1·1·fl, ·t·:-: !1.11 f{il1·rr(1s.

,<lt ' f'( ' lt •' 'l ' fl/n1 1•1 ·s . "''"''fr.tiny 1;, ,.,-, .
t/11""'' 1f(ln ·r/,,... I'.'/ of/,,.;- 111/rrrl1s.

11·,·i/1•

... rc"(.)it·ntt..!'t'

{1y

'l'lH· w onl

adrl·rh,'(, and
jj

' ' 111' ' .

('0 1111t Tt:-1.

t he noun ''"·":d tli" t•) tl11.·

' 1'11 '\,_· i1·,, 1·1 l ,, 11\' ,, cn 1111 c·ch Ll1" 111 111 11

111:111 ".

JJ!1\Jll

11111 : :-- t·" wit\1 tli t\

verb " rode" .
The·~'

:ir e·

.l
~:11•

I•> .-· 11<111· th l'

11·hirh th .. ~· ""111 11"·t.
'l'IH')' :tn • 1.·:d!1..:d

Tl 1i:-: i.. : :\ .~1 · 1tfnir· · :

/ )1'1 '11fp; ifiu11s,

1 wl1y :1 1.

i~ 1/1c: ~1il~i~ ·1·1: i wl1y'. 1: ~•unit , tli1 · J'n·di1·:dt· ; ( why ?):
11
j"" i .. ; tlit· c·ur 11d a .
"Il n11...;1· i.-.: 1111,di!ij·d l1y our . :111 acl.i1Ttin.~ t:le-11u:11I: " .~111 al l ''. J,_,. ,·c·r,·. a11 :it l \' v rl•i:il d v1 11 Pnt.
1

11011.,.f•

J.I S'I' ,, F

I l. " \V1' :-:l1111 1h l ~t ndy
Thi~

i .. .: a

,1.:.1 ·11f1 ·11r· , • :

11 11r

k:-::-111 11 ~ t•an: f11l ly ."

I why ?J.

\\'•• i ~ ll 1t' !-' t1l ~i,·· ·f: i w l1y'! l : ~hould ~rtul_,. , tltf' 11red icate;
"~ IHotdd "'lr1dy'' i ~ 11111dili1.·d },y l••s.,.011!'116 , an n l~i1.·t·l ivti
:l l'lll l' llt. ;11111 },_,. c-ar~·· full.l· , :111 :11l \·l' rl1ial .,.l,·11H •11t: '· l\ 11'< ."'1J11:-i 11 ia
111rnlilit.·d I"· our. all a.!.ivt'li \·L· t • lt·1111·n1 .
( wl1_v'!) .

Ct"""' l.r ..... - \\'!t :tt j , " " :11 h ., .,.!, '! \V!.:11 "" adv .. rb.-< 1l.•11ally
<11.•11 111(•'!
·,\.l 1at i ~ :111 ;1dn·rl 1iaJ (.' lt· 111t·11I :'
\V!1at 1:-; :i 11r1111111111 'i . \ pt·r,...::1111;il J1r111H•1111? .\ JJ• H ,...::t.· ... ~iv~· pro~
11 u1 1n '! :\ 1'!:111 :-:t•'! .\ r l'hti \'1· pn111111111'! :\ n ·lali\'t· d :111 :-:(•'! :\n
:11tt•rr11g: iri,·1.· {Jl'O rl11 111 1'! \\' kit :ire whi1·/, and 1dwt 1·:dlt"ld when
pla t•1•d lw!'1t1'1.• ll 111Jfts '!
<ti \'t' 1!: 1• dinTf i1111 :-i f11r \\'riling :St'llft·111·t.·M.

A = ol, on,

0 1'

Ah0anl,
;\ liout ,
A liov1',
A cco rdin g to,

in,

l' I ~ E l'l1 S l.T I I>:-: H.

lh·f11n· ,

F•,r,

Si nre ,
Till, until .
Tl 1n i1q.d 1.

B1· lii11d,
He:-: id t·,

Frum,

T !1 r1111 ~l 1.j~1 t.

111,

..\I,

Ere,

.\1l1 wa1·1,

Excc·pt ,

A e r o~:->,

He·, id" "·

In to,

'l' 11,
Ti•\\':U'•l.

A f1er,

ll vnC':il h.

( >r.

T~ 1wa r d-.1.,

A~ain~t ,

Pl' tw •·1 ·11 1

<>11',

J\ ln11g,

()n ,

A1nicl,

Ht·twi xt,
lt P_v 111HI,

Am o n g,

Hut,

AnH1n~~t,

Hv
.'

l'a :-<t

{ i nd t• r,
l · n t1 1,
l ' p.
I . 11~ 11 l '
\\' i 111.

l ).,w11.

1\111111'1 ,

\\' j ti1 j II ,

l ) 11ri11i..; ,

Sa\'t' ,

\ \' ~I

Aro und,
tu,

""

()111 of',
Ovt·r,
1

! 11 "It.

"

!

1:1.n1L :\ T,\

nr

G )(..\ ,\f .\I ,\ IL

r

l'Al \TS 0 1" ::i l'E EC ll.

( I

c/.

\\ 'lien two 11 r('/IO,;itions co me tog<' th" r tl1 cy limn a com.

; ;/1·.r j.'l"•'j)ositi1J11 .

EXEH G I S E S,

:2. A Prepos ition

:i11 d

it s o l1je ct fon11

'1

Phr·a.""t•.

·

lin e~.

·tni"'lil

2. Tlir.r 11·r11t aJ.n:ir.J 1111'

1 I i•d1t :n on·~ 111 ' • ,.,
-1 . T liL t" " t !1i• ·1· ,.,.
. · '.,"'I l'll'·r fr,. 111 , . ., 11 o11 tl1:1t p oint.
I .
¥l
J1
p.
"
·
t i ' .
. . , . ., tl1c 111 .
0
.
Tli
c
~ii i j' i1:1~ 'r11·1· 11
di viued tlie ll1 1J 11 1·y l>d II "' 1

the ro cks.
- Tl ·
. i . i'r·11 w lit, ll'itl 1 """"' j>:ti11. '·
·'
Uttr ."i 11e1·n·, l l: 1u g l1t1 ·1 '
, .~
..
s T l1t·1· i·:1111t· '"
. . ' I) Il' : l t i I I g- i 11 t l 1t . ll H ' : It I~ 1 \\ :-- • ' • •
•
"
•
voun b•• l.1rnl1- , JI. l ' f.'. 41 I. \\' ·I 11 t 1·l\..j( II , I II i-<. l:tr111
111 .1
the co:rntry ol tl1 c i u . ..
I
11 Tli v ,lcq>
.
three ~" n' . 10. i\la11 !-(< •Ct li Lu hi ~ l011 g I U lll l' .
up on
!j ,

l'roru

I.'

a jll'''JIU8lliu 11;

nnd "Vt ll <' ui lH·r wo rd .
1u 1d "'ca rn e''.

It

it

, /t u \\' .' i/tl'

:; /11,1r., Ili c

i'l'/:t1i o11 fw l\\'(' (' 1] ii., (l f!jCCl
re /:11 iun IJ..iw ce 11 "F ran ce"

To is a 1•re1 •u.< iti11n ; ( w/i y" ) : it Rltows ilt e n ·la 1i1in l>rtwcen
"~·\ 1u eri ca '' and (';i rtH · ' '.

:J1 11 •111~

of a lal.Juri11 g 111a11 i.- Sll'<-cl.

• l

E X 1-: H< ' J >i F S.

1. T he 11ld 111:111 11·ns u fl t• 11 i11 11·:11lt o f tl a• n c·cC'.-sar i, .., r•f life.
2. Th e hoy \\'1·11 t t liro11g!1 tl1,. i;a t1 · i11 t" 11 1•· g ard,•11 . :J. 1Jt' Hut
fiq·\l'ard ill t/i ,• p r"'' 'J1<·1· o f .1·u11 r "IJ' <'l'ior.-. ,1, Il e 11·a ..; ll ll l , at
1l1a t ti1111• . ill tl1,· t"i r.1·. :i . J J,. d1·u 1·,. "'·l' r t/11· l1ridg1· illto llH'
i' i1.1· . 1; . Jl,. 11·<·11 t tr1 111<· d u1 ·t1•r 1i, r :1 1h ·;,.,. . '· T l1t· J':i t/i
l1 1·., 1J g/ 11 l i1t •111 lu I ii,• 1•1J./ of t/ 11· 11·1111d. S :-;/,,. i11r11< ·d In l/i1)
nl,J 111:111 w irl1 :1 /u1·1·l .1 · .- 111il1· "1 " 111 l1t ·r ""'•·. !I. T/1(' ligl 1t
(';l lf lt' tl1r"11.~·J, l/1< · >if :1i1J1 ·d ll'ill.Ju11·~ of ll1t• .. J,j 1·l111r,·i 1.
/ 'oi11/ 011! //,, .
.'ff'l1fr1tr!'." .

""""~.

, .,.rh,. , a•IJ•·•·lln·,.,

•1111/

1•rononn,.

111

:\ 11r••J ~ 1 • r 11~ 11 1.11
i·;q• ital ktt ..: r !

t/1 e;ie,

:w. 'l'lw

.,
.

\\'I ,;, 1,

Co11j11udio11 .

. " . · ~· h;1~ L1111
~111 1h 1.
u11t:111.1
t l1e ~r n tc n cl' , "Ell en a1 1tI i\hn·
, .
•
.. I· .. ·•
\\ '!11 .'
.
11. · 'I , , Ellt-11 " :111d ,\ ,JI\ .
·ord~ a r,, lb l'd :« till· " J,lt·i·t · .
. . j,., 1i I-: 11 1·11 :111.l ~l:J1y
.
.l .
i . •tl li rnwd 11! tl1l't11.
1
Be1·:1 u; p ,;11111 d 1111µ: ' .
. .
·1 T i1l' 11·.. nl "a11d ...

J rl

~fl

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'l'l1i;-; i...;

i11 d11 :.;1n· will li: .. J 111 l"."' /•e rity ."

»(

:t ;·.:n1 / ,•11r•, •

•
1

'i 11-: 1..

(

w /1 y·' ).

1

.

word s :iri :

J•ro~s•~·rH}·,

. .
HtlidH·~

advl'r· l1ial t: l e 111 t· 11L

~!:1 1·.1 ·

111 till' :;1 •11 t 111 u.
. · l '·1'· t l1 t: s ulij
t'<'t·!
l h(t
.

H10h11,. i:.; tlil' ""'.i<' l'I; 11rl1:· " 1: "''" l••n•I , 1/1 e ·1H·1·d icate;
l wiiy' I. "lfal 1i 1, " i.o 111 odili 1·d /,y rl11 • 1>1 11·:1 ,;e 01· f11<1 u,.1r,,- , ""
a.lj,•d i 1·c ,.J,·11 1t·111 : "w i 11 J,.a d " i., 111"./iti,.d l•y t/J,. pli mHe lo
:111

\\' Ji:i I w ord J< l lll s I i!l'lll ·

·
,Htud1·. li11U ll\ · , . , .. Ell1 ·n ,,,.

.

t,

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\\'OrJ

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l

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"
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. ·1

't11dv 11w li11t:u 1.1 .
.
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. ...,
\Vli ·1t w .. rd j"in-1 t.!11·111"

·1 .

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sll
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J'l.1:\ 11 :\ !' .\It\" 1;1L-1.\l:IL\H.

Ii i

l'Al l'l' S OF :-; J• EE C ll.

111 tli c stnt c 11 w111 , ·· l·: ll.- 11 11·ill ,< ft1d _1· 1.. ,1a11y if ?l lary 'tnili e•
nl g .. lJr:ln , how
"E ik 11 \\·ill

:-'l'lltl'JH,' t'~ art· tlit ·n: :>

r11a11y

,<lud;·

:tn · t\\'11:

Tl ! tTL!

'· \far.1· ~ tudi 1-.-;

hut:llll" ··. :llld

)I t >JJl-: L .

a lµ- .-1 .r:t " .

"Eli :1 111! :--: ih ." will i r11J1r11\·l.' , i( tli t·y
And i;-;

"i f' " .

\ \' r ird

T l11· \\'nrd :; ":ir11l", i:ur", .: jf '', :u 1d al l

ull1t ·r

u:-;cJ

\\' 11r1.1:;

r ~111j1111f'/i rm.-:.

1. A <·ouj1111dion i.-; :1 11·0rd used to

I f i;-; :t

('•il11 1rc /

1111·/' t 'ly

JJltJl'l.'

11 r

11art....:.

1 1f

1

:\

parts

,,·ord:-o, lhl'y do

1.·xpn:ss

f l( 1t

tl it· ~a 1 111• prop11..:itio11 1 t·o1111 t•1·t1·d l1y

('0111 110111141 l-:lc •111c•11C c•111 .,i>< t s

tJ1e

O J"

,.:;lllll_•

;t

wurd

ll :O: t ' d

l1l

~ 111d_,._"
i.'~ltlfl1 T l

~ ,-;

I1y.·11 : it

t ·u111H.: l'l :"' l11t• ~c 1 llt' J1t't.'!" ,

prnp<>siti1!11

(If'

two o r 111ore

:·I'

EXE I:(' J ,.: 1-:,.;.

}!.}'

•}

( '( 11 1.... 1· 11t

"'" }! .- }1 ,·:q «·d

to the co 11 :.;ti1 111 i• 1n , ht' c:111 ~1 · I ""l''"'t 11., l1eltvr.
U[ • g re:H rio ·l11·:.; 1 hut p:t.'"'d Iii ., lit111· ll1 i" "r:tl1'.''.
lc:nncd a nd 1\' i.' 1" "., I ,..J1:1ll n ut .~ · >, ii' it r:111\·

-1. lit·

Lu t h

J,

"

:111·: d:e ll••l l1t·r 1·:11'('. 7. T l11·1· -..q l1 111i t,
.'\. JJ,. l1 :1 o' 111:111.1· i':tti! I' . .-1i11 111;
,.;;i11cr• tl1 t · y can 111il c111 11 p 11.·r .
' 1111a u 1. :-> 11 H:lll II" i 11
l't'lll :l 111 al 1,.111w.
is \'l'f_\' po1•11 I;1r. 'I• . } -.11
I). (\1 ld :t 11 d

](I.

(; IJlll! Cctl'd

"Eli and

·~.

I. \\.,c 111 <11· c1l alr1n µ; :.;i k l! tly and ,·:111 t. i.,11-<ll'.

(_'(111j111H.: t i1 111;-; , {j1r111 :1 1·11111;11u11 1tf t'lc111od .

'

,

wu rd~,

co11 11 l·cl

n ·lalio11s, l i kt' pn·p•>:. :itio 11 ....
'l'\\'()

.

j,..

and '' lli1·y :--tudy

0
\..'.

it

··~ ib;-; " .

·
· 1/
cu11,11rnrl1u1

\)tla s w ill i111pr1J\

]ilira :-:l's , cla11:-:L·,;, a 11d 111 e 111 l1c 1·s.
l\·111j111wli1q1...;

c1111j!lfl r'fiu11 ,·

" Eli·· and

f (J J11l t'l'l:-i

111.-r<'ly l " j1>i 11 11·11nl". J•lira,;l'.'i 1 l'lau ' ' "'' :t lld 1n c111bl' r.-; arv \'alll'J

;i

h 1111~t · r

l\' vitltn Clar:t

"':t~ i11 i.11 t' ro•o111.

ll<>I' JaHt'

CO l l-

j llll C l i o 11 ~ .
t: .~ . --- " .f:11n1·~ ;1 11 d
1

'.) : 111 11· ..; "

:1111!

~:1rn11cl :1n·

" ~: l111 11 1·l t)

:1n:

till'

kiri t1, l1 on1·.~t 1 and

1
"k ind " , ' '111111 1·.··: !" , ;upf " fa i1l1!'11l" art·
f'l"• 'I I i 1 : t \ t ' ,

T!it •

1·11ni111:L

f.

j

1...;

11 1'

1111 ·1.'i

1111 ·

tlit·

f:ii1'1f1d. 1 '

1·11 111p1"1111I

Jlllrl.~ 1,f

tl w

~1dd1·1 · 1 :

01 11itt1 ·1l : tff (' r " Ja1111 •-;'' l11Tn!l~t· two
il i ~ ill>'t' rtPd :ti'll' r "k ind " :111J

pa;·t.-1 1111 11" ;m· ,·011110·1·!.o'll;
' ' l1n 1H.·:"t " .

lwi ·:w:-0 1· 111un· tha n two 11:1 r t....,

uf a

( '01 1q10 11rHl

t>lt·

llll'llt :ll't' l'l1Jlllt'di> d.

l•ir••<· fion"" fr~r \\' r iti 11:,:-. - \\" l1t• fl .il
si~t~ oJ' 11111rl' tli a11 t\\·u 11:1rt..; 1

t:.-c

" I re <': lllll'

Tl ii;-;.

j:-; : 1 .i.:.e 11f1 ·11r·t

( 'Olll{'11ll1 H I

(• /1·11 1t•11t 1·00

t l1e t'r111.i 1111 c ti11n l1d\l'< '<' n th e la.-;t tll' o 1•:1rl~ o nly

1

:1 11d W1 ·11t
;

•I< J ••

likt'

:1

pl l': t.-.i:tnt tl 1i1 \Ig h t. "

( wl1y '!).

II<· j;-; tli t• s id~ j(·d ;

f wl iy·n : <·n1u<· n1ul '"'' " ' ' t h1· ( "( •1111'~>111Hl
T lw t'• ii 11·
wli il' I1 ·I."' ; 1 11·1r11a·1 I u 1· l I IL' 1""11 1.1·•· t
; ,~ 11 1 11 d i •n ·di( ·;itt- i:-: 111.idi fii ·d l1y tlH• 1il1r; 1 ~ ~ ·, Iii'-•' n pl<•a ... aru
lll't• di< ·at1. · ;

~ l ~ wn::;hf.

l ~t. l '1:11-c :t c <>1111n:1 afkr 1•a (·lt part ,.x,·c11t. tl1r la~ !.
:!d.

)It JI

('•H11 11111111 d

ii i:oi

lli :1l

a n ad\' {' r\1l :d l'1'-111 t· 11t: " tl1 01q.!,·l11"

J•l«•a!"ant , :idj1 ·i 'I i\· v 1 ·k 1 11v11 t ~ .

1

j,...,

1 ••

•

11111.li!i1 ·d 1.,. a ;11 1-!

02

E LE 1\IE;\TA J( Y t; lt A ,\1 MA ll.

throw n ! Jd. Ala~! th C'.'' h ad bee n fri end' in yuuth. 11
Ha rk! ha.rk' tl tt· la rk a t hc a 1·c n 's gate ~ in g,; . l :!. Ala'<! fur

:u. 'l'hc lufrr:j<'dion .

th e rarity ut' Cl1 ri :; t ia11 cha r ity.

,1'

'Po int 011!

.;I

//11• lnt•·rJ••<'tion"

in 1;ow· rParfi11g fc,,_.011.

(l11<-s t ion".- l\' h a1 i.-< a ll i11 tnjecl io11 '; '\' h a t >'i l<1llld 11 ; n ~d iy
be jJl:wed ;t !'Lt·r ;111 i1i!1.·rj1.·t·ti u 11 ·!
\ \'hat i ... a. 1·u11.i 11 1H'lirn 1 '! \\'li;tL i:-; :l ('l 1J)lj) IJl11l d c l l'fllt' l tl ") Ci \'I'

the d in.·l·lilH 1:-1 i'11r \\' ri ti11g a <·0 111pn 11nd e le 111 L· 11t.
'\' ha t i> a prl'po> i1iu 11 " l \'l1a t i' th e olijl'ct uf a p re1vi;i1 ivn
\ Vh al i:; a pl ,.·:1;":
\ \'h at i:; a n adverJ,·1 An a<l\' l' r biaJ dc rn enL?

1\ 11 i11t <·i:jl'dio11 is a

ll'nrd

~1Hldt·n Ill' str<111g 1·11101 iun.

11 sc.J tr> de note ~orne

S e nt e nces m:ty he 11,ed In if,•rfare ,;0 111 et h i n g, 111 n«I.- r;11r.<lin11-',
lo t'.1~pn·s.'1

l n t, ·1j1 ·t·tio 11 >< thu a ll_1·, ln 1t n<it ,· ihr,·i~·.• , rc, 11 11·1.n, an l' Xc I amaJ aftt· r t.l 1l'm .

1i" 11 I •o i 11t [ !

r·rJ)11111r111d" ,

11 r

/fJ r/1' 1/f;ft~

1' )t1ofinu.

1. T lic rc alT l'uur cl:i,;,;<· ,; of st· 1it c 1w e,; : / Ji•"l1u-rrlic,.,
°Jnter roy11ticr· , ! 111/!ITll/t l'I' , a 11d .l•.'.ri-!11111 11!•11'!,f·
2. J\ H c·dara li n• St•11tt •11c·c•
or <1<' 11 ,Y ,.;0111\'ll1 i1 1g; :i ~ .

~11!

Jl n ~ h i,';

;Jn i'11 te1j,,r·li1m ;

it

,
<'O m ·1n g .'

3. A n

dt' JHd r·:-: t-' 11 111 u s11 dd c n ernnt io n.

EX J·:

I. Ila' it frrPZt'' Ill ('.

an ~~

~1 -

\ I l:l !

to :il1in11
Fisl/('.o ,;,, 11·"

1,; 0 11 c

ll >' l'il

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Y: . An

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'tre

:l

tru:111t ,

r '""·

:'! . 1\h1·111 1 I "·ill t l1 i11k ah•Jt lt 1·t. ·l II a r'I ! tl1 ,• " '"l'k ,;t r ikes
u1 " ·· r1. !', hall'! I k1 1t· 11· tl1.·1t 1 1 111 .~' ' ' .~" · 1; . . \ la.-<! 11·,. ~li; ill

l! 111<• 1·ro~a(iH• S<•nh•n<•c• 1,.;

a que,;tiun;

H r· J s r-: ;; .
I

FisJi,·s

walk.

f\ J·: I ..

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a,;,

orn: 11 ,; l'd

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lt 11 1 ><•ratin~ S.. ·11 t(•n<·(~ ts <•ll C u,.; e11

co111 1n;i11d

11r

a11 t• 11tr e at y;

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f '1111zc

slri k» '"'"
G. 1\ 11 1-:xc·l:1111atory S<•ntc•n<'<.'

1.-.

:i" k

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to exp r e,.;s

lu•re.

]1t1 1u,1

i .~ one 11,;(' ii 111 l' .\ -

chrna t i<>1 1,.;, or in tl1 1~ cx press ioll nf strnng c111otion ;

as, 011 , /1.1;1u

:;/11<{

I

am tu ;;r·c !JOii

!

El.E.' lE:->Ll l\\' UHA .11.\l ,\ R.
l ' . \ HT.~

... "11 If,,. · !1jl~'1·(•11/ lin 1/.'< of s1~utr ·111·, ··"' ;,,

!Ju111·

!'CadiJ1!} lr ·.-;s.r"1, using

\ Vh:ii.

I 11r·· , •

J:t 11,!.!;t l :1:.:-t·

>It II IJ ·: l .:--i.

1-.: :1 s• nl· ·1u·,·,- ( wliy'.' 1: 11111 ;1·,.,1/il'•' ; ii i .. :. 11 :-:1·d to exprcsR

"Jllllll :1t1d.

i...;

i;

\\' '1 1·11

\\':1 :-:

.\u1 vri 1·;i di ~·.. ·11\·vr,·d '!"

a . . r 11 /, ·1, 1·t • , · l \\'l1y :~ 1:

1'1111·,.1·c1911/1.l'1 ' ,·

it i H tbt.:d tu as k .~

\ Yit a i i:-; a

Cttu•.,.fion"" - ·- ll 11 w 111:111\· <·1 : 1:-':'t'~ uf :->t ·1 1 1t · 11q ·~ art' llH•n:?
~alll'!
I i1t ·111.
\\"! 1:11 i..:. :1 d1 ·1· /.1 r ;; 1i rt· H· r1! 1·1 11·1• '!
:\ 11 i11k rn 1g: t1 i \'\.: l'i(' ll·

:\11

'!

E11 ~l i ... h g r :111 1111 :1r ':'

i111pl'r:tli\·l· :"'L'llll- 1H ·1·

'!

.\n

l'X1· la11 1al ury

:-il' l ill ' J We ~

t1 0 11n

'?

_\

1·1 11n1 111111

n o1 1n'! :\ 1•n·11l·r 1i. 11111 '! t:i\· . .:
cxa11q.J1 ·...; (•f' ,·: wh l'Li........ \\' l1il'i l
~d1011ld l' H l lll ll : ' ll l'C witJi (';1pi1 :d
ll'lll'l':-i '!
( ' ; 11! y1t1t \\'l'il1• 0J'. j1T( :.i?
Can yon \\· rile t h e n :u 111·s of 0 11j ccl~ "

\\' l1al j;.,; a
~entt·1 11 ·1·:-;

</

•' f' "<"-11 :

f 'r 11 11 111111 ,
Jrr ·/ /011 .

1· 11...

.\ "111111,

.l ,fro·/1,

I ~ ·rf1 ,

; l. (/1 ·c{/1., ·,

( 111 11j1111"fi., 11 ,

l '1" 'j11111ifil) 11,

·)

\\'(' h:n·l· :i] _, 1, lc:i rn ed tl1at
l:1i11 fi1·(• /-,' /, ·111/'/ tfs .

:L
till'

Ti11• Prind1ml

f 't1rli" IJ1!1·,

i;c11h'ntc

:t

11 1ay

/ 11 fn -

co11-

J~)(• 11w11f,.. arc the 811l'./r1·l and

-1- . Tl 1l' S11horcli11ah• 1-:l(•nu•u t"' a re t li e (}/'. 1-..1·!/L•r·,
l 1 ~ i,.1 · f / 1 · , · . :111d . I ,/1·1·r/1/1 1/ f ,'/1•111 1·11fs.
f' l'»!'!'('di1 1 .~

an· Ll1 l'l' t· ·!

..\ prn p1·h s :-..1· ..;.

fi1rti 1l' r, bt: Hirt.: i hal. 1·(•1J c: 111 a 11 ,;11't· r :il l

li1l' li1il•lll'i ll).i

j..; :1 dt •1·hr :1(i\'C St ' l itl.' I H'V '!

j,·,.

~ ' · n11· 11 n·

'!

.\ 11

.\ n

• ·x -

1·h111 :1tn r y :-=1• 11 (l ' l1t T'!

t;j,·t·

l iil'

tl in·1 ·1 i11 11,..; fur wriiing

l"i i ' JJIPIH't '=" ·

.-\ 11 j 1J11._· rn 1ga t
i111pl'r :11i r1·

;.; . ·11!!-111 ·1•

'!

\Y li: 11 i-1t1 11· :-.11l1.i 1· t·1 111 :1 p r11p Tl11· 11rvdi 1·:1t 1· ·.~ T i ll:
<'<>J•t1 la '! \\' l1:it d ot.:s iii ~ \\' 1)n l
tupu lrt J1 ll·:1 11 '!
\\'l1: Ll :i n • 1 1 11ali t _,·-w·~rd :-- '! (':in
t l11·y li t' 11 :--l'd :i~ pn·di t'·:1 1l·:-: '! C;j ,·e
:111 l'X:l 111 plt•.
or

('; j \IL' :I ll

l'Xalllp J1:

:1 nl11! 1l ll !·wd ; 1:-; a prvd if'aft' .

\ \'11:i l do

p r«Jicat c-11 01111 > d e-

n o l(' ~

\\'li:1t j, a n (•lt•mC'nl?
() 1 ·

lf 11w
.\ :1111 1•

lll:1 1n·

I ! 1t'l ll.

1-: .> T 111 :-;,.:

:-: i · 11 ..;t·~ l1:1n·
l ! 11\\' 1!11 Wl'

\ r t".>
11 ! 1-

F•\ 1:

(' ;111 ',\·1·

whid 1 :1 r1•

\\' li:1t

nrt• t l1t· prin1·ip :1! t..•krn..:'nt :· t?

1: 1: 1· 1 l·: W .

!1 1 ir1 !.!~ ·:

.,r

l\: 1111\ • fl 1l' t11 .

o~iti • ·11 '!

/ 1(1.,/1',·111 .. .

B 0 ·li11·,.

\\' }1 ; 1f

'?

:O-:l' ll ll'lH' l'

JI o w 111 :1ny

0.1.:it i1ui !'

Jwr('viv1· !11in1?9
\ \'l1: 11

l lt• I 111 :1h·r i:d

n rdin : ll1~

Is

1•le11 1.. 111 ·1 \ \'liat
\ Vl1 a l a rc t lH· ~111~e le1111·nt..., ?
\\' li:t L "

! h t•"" !'" );,
is it s 11...;l''!

: 11\

~ 111 :tl .'·s i s ?

E . 0 . -.) .

\\' Ji:ot ,I.,,.,

\\' h:it i,; a \' l'rl1·1

!"J><>l;, ·n
J:i 11 ~ 1J :l).~·1·'!

\\'l> :il :i re p.1r1,; uf oJ>l'lTl t Y
llnw 111 :1 11 y p :1 r1...; nf ~ JH Td 1 :ire
tl1 (' n·'!
S :1 111~ · 1lw111.
Jl1m· 10
)'•ill 1l• ·1t· r111 illl ' 1 lii: 1·l:v.....; to \\' 11 ich
a Jl y W IJ l' d l1l·}11 11 ,:.:;..; '!

q11t·:-- fi• 1ll.

tc.·11 1·1..·

\\'ri l ll' l l

1

lf.
Tl1i "

lan gn :igc'I

'!

<;ra 1111n ;1 r '!

l. " .\ tll'!l d 11 lilt.· d1 11i l':-0: I l1avt• a .-. ... i .~11t:d yu11."
T :1i

j,;

tJ F " l' EEC ll.

it

'\'l1 :1I l~

\l :-i lJ :iJJ_\· \ ' XJ•J'\"..;:-1 '.'

\r:in:-iti\' 1..' v c rh '!

\'\:rh ?

ti\'\'

.\n

.l

i11tr:111:--i -

.\ t·11 p11 Liri vl' ver l1 !

{:..; l i1L' ·"~i• '• ' I of" a 1r:111 .. iti\· ~· Y• •rh
al\\' ;1y ...; 4· :'.l. pr1 •;-.. ... \·d '!
\\' J1 :1t i ..; ;: n
ul'.j1 ·1·1iv c 1·l 1•111t·1l1 ·.1
\ \" J1;1(

f;1T ipli\' t•

ti \' •'

is

.\ ,Ji. _
d1·li11i-

:I ll ; 1d.i • Tl i \'t•'!

;1d _j . •1·1j,· ,. ~·

adj ··•·li\'t•'!

:- 1111111.1 :d w:1ys

\ \'li :1t

.\

a 1ljv1·ti\· 1·-.;

1·•11J1 1r1 1· 1w c

v:i 1l 1

L': t)' il :il :-- ?

\ \' li:1t WPr •l ..:. :1n• 1·:1l kd art il·lt·s ? \ \' l1al j,..; t !it • dt'ii11 it1· :1 rticll•'!
Tl11 • i :-L d4 ·li11 it .. :1rri d · · ~
\\'J ,.•11 1,; u t1 _
,,., J ·1 \\' ltt·n ' -' 11n
ll'!'ll?

\\' h:it '" a p:trli o·il'J"'! "' l, _v
:1 p :1rti1 ·ipl ···!
I i •• W
111;111y
11:1rl ii ·i p \i ·:-\
:1 J"'
t lwr1 · '.'
\"a t1h· th t'J ll. \ \'\1.·11 i:-" .1 J ~: 1r­
ti 1· ipl t• ,·:dl1·.J 111·! / 1,._r \\'111:11 }'ll Ssirr: .'1 \\' 11:1! il111 •...; f h 1• prt• ...;1·11! p .1rti 1·ipli- d 1•1111 1t- '! I l 1•\V do1 ·~ t ! 1 j~
pn·."4. t'lll :11· 1iq· p :1rli 1·i1.J
\· 111! '!

i:-; i i 1·:dl1 ·d

1•

\\' l1a11l1tl':-i 1lw p1· r l'1·1·t p :1r lit ·i rd1 ·

lJ o\\ ' d• 1t•,..; it 11 :-: 11. tll y
\ Yl1 :1t '1111•..; 1lw 1·1 111 1p1H1 11d
p :1rti .. ipl t• d 1· 11 11k '!
\ \"11:1 ( j,.. li w
"pri1h·ipal \'1·rl•'' '! I f, )w 1 ~ 1!1 ~~
d1 •1Jq lt"f
t•11d

'!

f'O lllp 11 11 11d p :1rli1 ·i )'l P fofllJ (' d ~,

'Vl1 :it i:.i :1n :1d.i \· 1· 1i\'1' (•l ('m 1•111 '!
Ca n 1111 11 n :. i. h1· 11 ..:1·d a..; :1 dj 1·1·1i r c
elt:rnt·n t:-;? l;i\'1' t..~x:1111p)t':-; .
\ Vlta l j ~ ~ pr11non11 ? :\ p1•r:.i.un: d prnrn11 111 ? ~;111H~ ,..;111111· 1.i·

tl1 e

1 w r ~4i1 1 : 1l 11r1m 1 11111...; .

\ Vl1al :i r1· po:.i.s( · ~:-1. i\.'1• p r nnnTJns'!
Xa 111c souu: 1) f 1li e111.

NOUNS .
\\' /1:it lol
p r1 111 u 1111 '!

:'\ a111 e

tl 1e

.! A r t· la ! i ,.,.
rl'lati ,· . .~ <'L 111 ~e·t

:\

re lat i,·c

11n i1 1011 11 :"'! .

\\"liat

t e rmina t i on~

are

1im e:;

:u l ll('Xl)d

t l1 e~e

11 0 1111"'

tl tt::-te

to

~0 111 t• -

prv-

"?

\\'li:it
11 01111?

1"

an inle rroo::il i\' e p ro-

.i\";1111(' tl ll~ l ll.

are

\\"h :11 i ~ a JH"t·i'n...; i tio 11 ? \\·hat

:t c l; \ IJ,O

\ \ .l1i(•/i t lf

l"11 lll eti 1 1 1 L'~ in h·r n >ga-

llv e adject i\' e"?

\\' ha t ;, ;111 :u/q·r/• 1 \\' /1:11 d o
ad\'(' 1·!" " ' " a l l.v dn 1olt· ·! \ \" hat
;,. :111 ad \' crli ial d c1uent '!

I !-!

.t he nl dcl'I

111·

a

pn · pu!'! il ion '?

\\" li a l i:-1 a 1d 1 ra ~c '!

\ Vh:i t ;,. a c·1111j 11n d iu n 'I W/ 1at
th e di tll·re1u·e In~ : \ \ ' P 1· n ;t cn 11 ju1 n 'l i ~ 1 n
a nd a prl' po:-:i ti un Y
\\° ha t ;,. :t t·1111111111111d e le111 e11t'I
(~ in.: tli e di n :ct i1111 :i f1H wri ti11 g
a eu 1np<, 1111d t.: l t..· 1111 •11 t.
i:-;

PART III.

'IVJiat i., ::11 intt:' rjd·t io n '! W hat
111 a rk ., f p1m r·111ati o n , 1io u ld 11.•11 ·
a lly lw p l a c~1 l afl er :u1 im crj ectio n ?

S Y N T A X - P A I\ S l N G.
'l'll ~ NO UN.
T 11 11 1 1n 11.~ IJ L' lo 11g Gc·n cl <•r, Pc•r,..011 ,

:\11 111h• •1·. ''' " '

(.'a"'c"

1 . Gc•1u l<•r is a, d ist i11 d 1n11 11f 11 u 11 11;; or p r o n o 11 11"
wi t h J' (·g a r d \ I) s<•x .

->

• ).

f/l!'I" /cill:J 1 !JU1 11'1' 11 /J /' ,

..J. . 'l'hc J·'••1u i u i 11(• <• (•11<h•1· dl' li l)ll';; fl'n1:il l';; . a s,
'iJl (l / / 11· 1"

f'i.

(jli i'l'J I, .1/0l' 1'/'I//' .'·'·

Th e ( '0 11nuon 4°••·11dc•r d c 11 nf(' s <' ill 1l' r 11 1a l\' , o r

fe 111al es;

a ,,;, 1:!1il1lr1' 11, 11111·1·11! , l'1d l/1'.

(i . The X••nt<••· (,fc ·ndc•r d r·1 10t1,s 1w it. lil' r 111:il e,; nor

fcm1tlc,;;

;1s, :,luv1',

J'" ll , /u 1·(1 11wl ive.

Thc:ri· a n' t li n•t·
an d

ft· 111 i11i 11 ('

1.

t:.'I

way:-;

tJf' <li :-> ti1q; ui!" lli1q.; th(· r11:t-.culi11e

g •·nd t· r:-; :

11si11_11

d1jj~Tc11 t

si:-:tcr; ho~· , girl;

1nn·1/s ,· a ~ .

,!.!"t'lltl 1·n1 :u1,

I ;~ l

NOUNS .

J·: 1.1-: .II I·: N 'J',\ It\' II IU ~l.\I ,\It.

Q.ne~cron~ . - \\' l1al i ~ a t1 u1 11t '!

.A

n 1 >11n?

1·11111 11 1" 11

jl!" 1 Jw l

.\

\\'l 1:1t j;-; .~l" dt·r·t 11 .,\,. , ll :!J 1.'
ge nde r:-1 a ; ·c.,tht "1.~t
\\'l1:t l. i."' tl~ e 11.1 ~1 sc.' 1ili1 w ge ll•t v r ? ·'>Tl11· l°l·'.11i1 '. i11{
g-e~ der'?
l 11e eo 1n111111 ' .:,1.· 11·· ·.: r ! l li e 11t: 11t1: r. ge 111l1·1 .. l _[, ~\\ 111 .1 11 .
wav s ar c th ·.: rf' •..11 di :-: t111g-u:. :1ing the ina ~1..: ul111e and l u \JJlflJ llt..~ gell
J e;:; 1 G i '"' th e 111 .
no 1111

\r'1 ii.tl

[

, .·1011 g

10

11t1t1 1i...; '!

1

f:itli1·r, 111nt l11· r; l1rotl1 er,

lady; )Jr. , .\Ir~ .; ( 'l1a rk.", Caru~

'i

.·',

ii111...'; dr:1kt·, du1·k; il \lrt, rue.

"

n y i/1j/;.,.,.11t

l' X4..' t' lllr i x;

:(

frn11i1ailiv11 ~";

as,

a c t o r,

a t.: t.rl ·s:-:;

CX C<.;Utor,

:.JG. Person.

li l' ro, l1l'roi11 e.

I

H!J ju;,,;"!! sfJ1111 · ,fisli n.'/11i -· '1i:1;1 H't1ril:

rna id-,en·ant;

h e - l1ear,

:;li 1.: - u1.: ar;

laudlvrd,

;ts ,

n1:111-se r\'a11t,

landlady ; 111cr-

!l1;t11 , 111 L· r111a i1J .

EX

EH( ' !~

1. Pca'!iiOn i8 t hat pn'pcrty 1f a nn1111 or prnno111 1
which tfo,ting11i:ohc .~ the speake r , tli<· p1: r:< 1rn :<JH •kcn t",
11 n•l tl1e pcrs"n ur ubjc<.:t :;pokc11 uL

J·:><.

2 . Tlterc

;1re

three person::;

},i rd , ,)'<'n illJ, ;\ n d
\

'l'hinl .
lktkl'r, lllilli11<·I' , J>"et, falh ,• r. au11t.. IH'f'l1Pw , eart . Susan,
,fi,:-; 1·1.11 1

C•JllJdt·"'~,

d11kl',

;t d111i 11 i:-; tratri xi

111ad:1111 ,

p rl'."'\i dc11l,

3 . 'J'lte Fh~t Pe1'!ol0n denote:; th e i<p cakcr ; :1s, "I,
Geo. II' "; "11 'e a re co11tc n tc1l with 0 1ir ln t ··.

1•11 11 •rt ''"~ .

'

ii II -

Ill!/

<lressed; as, ".J 1 w1 c.~, shut the do(IJ' " :

1· arl.

" r,,I/

al'l'

l ':ll'\' -

JllJ/(ll S :

(;rand Lit li 1·r

ii•111al\·,

1

11111 ·11., 11 i1·1·1· , ci 11111t , wi1lt1w. f'rnplH·t, ~" n·<·ri·r,

l11·r1 -."'i 11arruw,

~l i :-.:-.

.1 0 111 ·.-.,

.1 \tt g 11 :-1ta,

Fra11 cis,

111 ('il i:it<J r.
l !·n·/,· )in· . . ,·11l111 f'I,

l es::; " .

CJ. Tli e Third P<·1~011 1le11 1•tl' >\ tl1 t· "l.jn·t ~ p·•kc:1
of; :i::o, ' ' :\ ly J"iiluT ::;u ld hi., farm thi " 111< 11'11111:;.

lf.'ii11!] ""'"""·ulin<" 1101111s a.'( .'fu !~jcct.~.

E '\ E It (' I S '" S.

1'locl•· l. -·-.f, J/1 u l1·f't lii :-t houk 111 1.. 111 y d1 ....;k.

7;.fL the pc..,. 011 1!f lh•· '" """·' 1rn1{ ,,,·uw11111.;

111

!Ii i'

•

.f1/f1m>/,,r1

:·u; 11 h' 11 1·r.'i:

l l "riff' .>< i.r

·"f'ldr11r•rs . 11.><i11J 1unuu; 111

11 s s11!~ju·/.,• IJ/' r il~j, ·1·ls .

"

flu: <'Onuuon .,, . u••nter ~/null-r

I . 711:• k •s1rn i ...; karn l'<l. •l 1Ja,·<· yu11 sr·,·11 Olli' 11 !11 fr it·n d
la.ti·ly '! :1. I·:llt-11 , 11 ·11 :·.,11r ,; , ll'r t .. 1'•l111 e 1111111,·. -L T ~aw liin 1
t. h (' l i: 1l l iv f'\' t ' .
: .. Ti u ·:· J..f'i tl1t• f>l"w' l1:1 n • i11 tlH· 1110 :<1 .
ti . Ynur !111 r.- i · i>< i11 our l>arn, :\I r. 1-:l'k ('l. 1. ![,. l1 ·1't l11>111e

•ltl

early

i11

tl it·

111 11 r11 1 1 1 ~· .

l lJ

EU·:.\!E:\TAl\Y

l J ~·If,• Jr'n• ,W'llfriU'f'.", ltsi11.r1 111111/uf nr 71ru11o u 11 .1

f~/° l/1i'

llr"t

IH'r~Oll

II ~· :ire

j•ll pil,;.

· ]

•'
,,,

:l7. J•'ormat ion of' t he Plural.

us s11/~j,·f'/s 1 111·r•,//1 ·qfrs, UJ' ol1jr·r·fs.

no.i.,1. -

71

NO U.NS .

Ul\A~L\J ,\lt.

L N oun s wli <J,;e laA "ounJ will u11ile with ', f.irm tb 1•ir

I def'c' <Hkd 111y«t'{/.

pluru.ls by addi r1g s only to tin; si 11 g ular; a:-:. , Lou k, liools; 1Joy ,

JJ ',·//('

Ji r t'

:<1'1dr>11r·1 '.v ,

11.-;/11:1

lt (Jt llu<

or

U.f

j JFOl t OlUUJ

~e<•oud

f/o:

UO!J8 : dc;;k,

JH.~rHOn us. ,,· , tf~jr·('/ .. ; u1· ul)f r·/,'( ,

:tl0<l<'I.- };,!! mav

H~ ·lft .ft"<' s1·n/,·11t ·o· .

1,,.

:~ . No ud"/; wh11se

exc u, ._•,l.

r

fJ J'

fi,, if, ~'s

l!tf' thtrd

frs. :<011 ."

ea~ il y.

TIH'!J left

4.

~0111 e

into as ;

4tn ('~ ti ou~. - \\" !1al i...: JH'l':-01111 '.' 11(1\\' 111a11y Ji t ·rs 11 11 ...:
l >eli11e tl1t·1 11. \\' !1 :1 1 i..: f.!' l'l1tlv r'.' Tl11· 111 :1:-.;\ ·11li11e gl'.1Hlt.·r~'
T l1t'

:I

~·1· 1 11 111 11 11

gv 11d('r '!

'1'111..·

tlierl·?
Tlil' fr:111 -

;1rl..'

IH.' llh•r ;.!'(' fld1·r ·!

'.:S ,·

a~ ,

1 101111~ t-· 11 di11~

d1·11q {e

011l'

'i'l1 i' lll<ldi fic :i tio>11 o r ll.~ e

on e .
on e :

Thu8,
"ux ''

ju

f

e nJi11 ~

;1,

JC,

chall ~t·

in o, preccdnl by

tli1.•;-;e e nding.-i

\
:t

con,omrnt, add

Cl lJ'f! OC.'i .

pn·cedcd by :t 1·owcl, add -'/ as,

o,

rll h-i;

:t:-<,

f]{ 1llll

j'

Cilli1«I

.\'11 11,l,1''/' ,

11111111 :-:.

.A la ric.~ , ~\·, 'J'r1 r 's,

u.nt an1.l

Oil

(\\'o

1111rnlil'r;;: ,')'/11.'}1tl11 r a11d fJl11r11l.

The Si11~11 l :u· :\ 11111b••r de11 ot<:,; liut u11e; as,

~V!J, ,t/irf, <1/1/,/<'.

-!. 'l'ltn Phu·a J :\u111l><•1· dl'11ote::i more than one;
/1u.1fs , .'f / 11. .· ~ (! /1/1i1·s.

a;-i.., 1/,'{ a 11d (/.'< :
•1 !

u:--iually add .'f 011l y in l~>rrni11 ~ t !1 <•i r 1iiu:--:.aral1, ,'i'r11·r1/o~, ·Ni ·ro, ,,\'n·1Js. Tlit• f~1n1 1.~

t\'.. l·., arc :-:;0111t"ti111r·"'

1111u11~

to

'.1 ;

1l /r 11 ·!I·~ ;

J\lary ,

fl :

f'ro n 1 fun·i ~ r1

is tu

t'.'I

u :-.; 1 · ~1.

lan g ua ~c·:-;

or hfr.i ; u to

<P

clia11:=:(~

or u/u; al HJ

11,~
.l'

to i :
to

f'tP.

or ircH ; as, c:dc11 lus , ru{cu{i : arcanum , aiww rr. ; J1ltenoiri <'n o11.

p!t ow111c11u: t.li"' i",

//""'<"';

e pl1 e1n e ris, c11!1 r 11u· r idc.~ .

JO. :'-lomc nn11 11 s fo rm thc·ir

'!'h ere arl'

or

7. L l'-t h ·r... , fi g 11rt·:-i., 111ark:-<, a11d s1~ 11 .. ; add
::J's and 11 '., . th e« ',,; th" .~ ' « :111.J :;3 '.,_

f). 1\l o:--;t
Of' !l

1 . X11m lw1· i,; t h a t prnpl'rt)' of a w11111 or pronoun
<Yhicl1 di.-;t i11gu i;:l1t·,; o ne fro111 11wrc tlia1 1 1111l' .

llS,

a:-:., ca.q. ~1 ,,

S. ]'rq1 1<'r

ol1j1·1·I, 11r 111ore liuu1
"lHHl :-'t ' .. d1· 111 1!1•:-1 11111_• 1'1 d 1· c t; '' l1oll :-!t':-i ", 11111r1 • tliao
dc •111itt·~ n11v l)l•j t'l'l; "ux<.· 11 ' ', 11111r1 • t han 1111 1·.

•I

. i:

fol i '» j (1/ ios.

:Jt;. N11111 lwr.
111ay

J~

box ,

kn ift" !.-"ice«,

G. Nll u11 s c1Hling in

\\'hat

•

~'Jlil 1.""

b11 .1 /i ~.< ;

3. Nouns (' Jl(]i11 g in !/ prcccd«d by a con,(111:111 t, d:ang<' y

f>. _;\ [o,t 11 1,nn,;

i 11i 1u: gt •r1d1·r'(

hu:;li ,

in tu ·i es ; a.", in c rcy, 11u,rc·fr,-; .

i11 ..:.111·, ·011·.

l1 ~ ·lot l ~ f'I Ji Ht lll ~

:1,;,

braes.

1u~rson

11/~jl'c /s .

.1 lo (h·1~. -:--: 1 11 dint t~ JJflj11I" lt•arn l1111 g

t!i{'ir

r~l

I:t,t so und will not u ni te wi th«, fo rm tl><·: 1

plurals by adding c.s to th e Hingul:tr ;

<!ll\'." tit•'!' .

11si11:1 11 (J 1111s ur p r o 111J1 t11s

rrs ,v 1tf~jn·ls . l ,,.,.,f;..,(/, ·.'i,

d~61.8 .

flldl.(' /J ,·

OX, 0.1"<-'ll ,·

plural ~

irrt'gularl y; as, 1na11.

llJl•ll St ' , 'lltif'f'.

] 1. -~ few n oun' a rc alik e i11 both n11rnl1e rs; as,
trout, yole, /,n,...1~· 1 rrn 11i11, and others.

"""''1'· 1/rl'I',

12. In L'()llljloll 111l words , tlt1· part de:;c ribed by tl1c ,.,.,,t. i"
ge 11 e rnll y pl uralizrd; :~~ , /1mlhn>-in-l:tw, Cl/ll rl«-rn a rt i:tl, ox
1:flrf,-;_

'•

72

-

rn.

:\01111..; .. 11di11)! i11 _r,if or .(<di. for111 ili<·ir plural,;

tlH·

ing s to

i>lurnl ~ f:( f/u·

Jf",·i/(' t/1c

uy

add-

~i 11:.~:11l ar , :1 s, !10111(/11!,'( , mrHtl.11/ul."l .

/ullu ff1:11.?

1.

llfJllllS:

l'l ow , r:t k< ·, 1ITL' ll< il , ""'" ,·alf, turf, tooil1, ("ii il'n11ry , tlam,
v:t:-.e, ~Jory , ti)l l y , e111bargo, WfHUan , child , an11l'ul, ta ri ff:
la x, ~t 11di11 , 111 i~chi cf, 1r 1 h, f', ] [ , ·r, i1H._·11l•u:-', radix, ,John,
<: J1arh·;-;, t·n ·:1t llrl'. n ·lil.V , ~a l1uu11, il <H·:-;.c , \\ao1111 -l uaJ, n1on1 cn0

•

('a~·

t!.l"

" '111 ('

si n;.;-n l:ar ''.(!Irr fof/rnui11!/ 11 01fflR :

1s li1e r elati on of a noun o r pronoun to

tlicr W<Jrd :;.

2. 'l'hen: ar e fo ur cases: 1Vo111i11atic1·,

Pu ss c~ .'<i i•c,

()/,_

jecli11t , and • !!1 ~0{11/1' .
:'\0111i11aCin• ( "a.~· i ~

3. Tl1c

tun1, f •,Ptl1 1 :1 11al~· . . i~ .
1

1.. 1.~ tl1 c word ",11 11 ,.

re lat.io11 t.o the· otl1c'l" \1'1Jr<k

~·:1 111t ·q,

H',·ifr lh

~(·11l<'ll •:C'~

[ 11 11 0 t\\"O rd" tl1t·sr·

•)

'"

NOUNS .

tli c

ll!" C

of

:t 110Hn

or

pronu1111 as tl1e s11bje1.:t or tlie predicate uf a. i1r opo:-:1tion ; a.~ , flu:;.~ skate; lfvrs18 are aJ1i111111.~.
1

llu r:·w:->, OXt'll , lll(' t L cl1ild rt..: 11 , }ll'lltT, l1:ulg-P:-', ~'i[l\ 'N, fret.,
rni c<', µ;r11 ii, lH':t11tit·:..;, Kt'f'~t\ jtHlt;,·:-o, l1l·ro1..:=--, t·llip:--.t::;, s tra.La,
r11 l_1il ·~, \·tT;d a ,

'JUI

\"al lt·y:-:,

f/H · 1u11nh<•r

t~

1/ of/

d i11:-1.

4 . Tl1c Pos."'4.•s-;in• ('a~e is tlie use ~f a ll<'Ull nr

prono1111 to

111\'nership, :111tl1u r:-: hip, 11r1g 111, <>r
ki1ul ; a s, .}11/111"s hat, H11/., ,:\lge lJra , tlie 8////·., ray,.:,

l/u · ;111r11J.~ in yriur r('(rtli n ~f lc."sr111.

111 e 11 ~
(tn<·..,t i ou.. .
\ \"l 1:1 r ; ... 1n11ul1l"r., ll uw IJl:tTl\' 111111il11 • r s :ir·(• tli<'r!">
\\'i1; 1l .i:-: l l1t· :-.i11 .~·11h.r 111111dH"r'! Till' plur:1! 11.1111il 11.· r '!
l~t ·pt·a l th~·
n1!1· .-< hrr ~!.w l 11 r111: 1ll ••tl •ii' l l1t· j1l11r;1I
\\ ' J1;1l i =-- f'\'l '... tl! 1 '!
Tlit· lir!-'t
.l '.1·r.. ; 1111 '! I l.11· :--1·1·,,1,,\ pvr ~, ,n ..' Tl11 · t l1ir1l 1w r .-.:1 111 '.' \\'!1 :11 j ... ~- t ·1 id t..· r~
1111:, 111 :t ~ ,·11!111t· gt · 11t!1·r .., Tl11.' k1t1iui11'-' gt' 11d l'r':' Tl~ \· 4·1 11n11111t\ g'l' B,{ v r
I l1l' 1wll11.: r gv1 1d• ·r ·:

clc11<1te

d ,1t l1in g.

Till' P11;-; :..;,l' ...:si\·t..' ( ';i;-;11 ......·111.r11dn r i:-) fu nn ed l 1y a.11nex i11 µ- '"" 1~)
the JH1111itt:lli\'t:; a:-;, / j/,·11· .'1, ( '/11u /,·s s.
A few . . iri g-11 \a r n•d lll .'-', t' !Hli11g wi t l1 .'I 11r ,.,., fin·111 d1 ('i r p 1 1-.: 1

HC:--!"lin· t· :1:-:.\ :

\)y

addi11 g

t\1e apu.'-'. tfol'ilt:

cuns1 ·i1'1u·1-' ~ akt •.

T lie J'q :-:.-.:v.· i ~ i\'t' (_'a ...:,1· /

:~.I.;.

' 'Tin.~ '/ }·,ll'lt1 '1""i,

l'\ur.d
-,(' :t pr(1 11t'·"" ili11n.

"E \cn· t-1{:\r i ~ a
"T iu ·

tt·w d : 1~

:111

the ~t111 at

:; t111':-\

:·H 111 ,,:

ray s art.·

ht: re

w:n111 " :

";-;u11"

rHH llt , . :

l1t•r1· "~ llri " i.':'i
"l )t'<l r i~

t11.\·

11:->t:d ;1:-"

i:-'

lhl'd

h e re" :- un " is

:td.it·rti\·t· l'l t•111e 11 t, 111od i(\·in g "ray ...; '' .

tnod i(\'ill ,!! "~a\\' n .

'' \\.,; :-;.aw

:111 4d1jc r·ti\' t.' t·li·rncnt,

i igl1t. () ~11 11 ! "

lit·rp

":-;11 11 "

i. c., it i:-1 11 /J:.;11fPtd ur ~ r· 11ar.a t1· d fr(IJll -~ ~n y
gr:1111m:1liql 1·n 1111.•<·l i1111 with l11 e n ·st. oi' ll11· se11lt·Jll'(·.
i=-' lbl'fl ah:-:ululf•i_v -

/11J'ld i:-:. f111·111ed 11~'

1

a1111t • \ing- t lit·

tn : plil' n1 dy 1 \\'l1e1 1 tl1(' 11<11ni11a tiYe plural .. ·11d ..:. ir1

Cas('. -

a:-; tlH· pn·dit'alv.

a ...:., ~111111/11 1 ·8.-/ :-:.;d...t',

only;

;\:-;;-;111· ia tio11 ''.

w,111L..; 11ul

11\' a1111L"xin c; ' ~-1/ a ...; ,

5. Th e

a."' ,

:q "

1

"·

1s.',

1
/1() .

•

t·ndin ~ wilh .-.: 1 l'o n11 tl1L"ir I,, , ~~ 1 .· :-. ~ i , . ,_. va ... t
1J101 '.,,

l1at..:..

Oi~i• ·d he ('a!O(~ j,; tl1 e 11 :-;e ..

ra

!> Vil li

1)1" ]11"1/·

nvull a :; th e ul1ject of a t ra11 ,; it i1·\: rnl. i11 1:1c :•.\·t i.,·e

voice, ur of a. pn.:pusiti,111 ; a,;, " 111dj;111 S J 111 I' ( , 11{i 'I ·
lot'.>.:.· t; '' 'l'liey ran OVd t.l1e '1ri./!)''"; ".J.,!i11 1l.rL·ll" "
N/11111· at the d,,:; " .

•' . i'

i! l

7!

i'All~fNO.

G. The Ahsoh1t« (·'a.--<~ is th(' u ~c of

nonn or pronrrnn iud e pend(' J1t u f a11 y rl'bti"r1 tu ot.l 1l' r worJs ; as,
'' Oli, rny Hf! lt .. ; · • ,'')uld1>r/; , atter1ti• >ll ··.
Ht·m.- ..\ 11 111111 m;1y be in tl1 c al1.-;u l11 te casr :
J. 11:1 •lire•·/

., Hy
:L

((f/1/rr ·.v s ,· :1 :-1,

f .n ·/11111 11/if)1 r ,-

f;y

J !lr·f111 •1 ,'( 1/I ;

a ~.

/.

'' , fl(lllf'S

' ·<1 !1,

,..,

Ill )'

br i n ,...r n1 e a book".
1

1

40. J>arsim;.

]JI

,,

Par'.~in~ co n ~i~ts (1 ) In nami11 g tlic rart of spr('ch;
(2) In ti·lling it s prnpnti es; ('3) In Jl " i11tin g 011 1 i t ~

rcl:.i.ti ons

d·11t!/!tl1 •1 · ·'"

p l:1 ci 11 g it l.wfor L' a Rent 011ce

11 \ '

•;

a.

t•• ntli n "·,mb; U)

!11 g ivi11 g th e rul e fo1

its con,;t ru d ion.

w l1ic l1 a11 aflin 11:t ti<J n i>< n1ad !' eo11 cc rni11 i; it; a s," You r jalher.i,
Wltl'rv arv
~-

t l11•)_.!,.

41. Onlrr of P arsing.

11 ·;!/1 11 p•1 rt inj1li:; as, " Th e s111, bein g r i.-;c 11 " .

7. A n oun li1ni t in g th e mean in g of a11uth cr noun
dc11 Qt i11 g the s a me pc r ,;0 11 or thin g, is, liy app osition,
i1 1 tlie

;> a mt·

ca:;l' ; a:::, \\' a,.;li i11 g t011 tlie gc11cutl became

\\' a s l1i1 1gto 11 t.li e

1. A no1111 , anJ wl1y '!
()

C o rnrnnn nr prop l' r, and why?

:).

(; c· ndl'r , a11d wl1y '!

4.

,,/ 11/;-., 111 1111.

Pt.· r ;-;1 _111 ,
:-\' IJ l1 iitl'J"

G.

and wh_v'!
1

:111 d

Wi1 y '(

wl1y '!

< 'a;-0e) :u 1d

'·
Tl 1t' J>c·d4'!1,.;iou <if a

11 0 1111

is it " Y:1ri:i tio li

to dc-

11o ll' 111111 il1 l'I' a11d ca,.;e .
T ill' al 1 ~;i >lt1tt• t'll"'t.' :tlwa_,·..:. l 1a:oi th ....
i11 al i ,.l._

fn rtn a :-:i

:-i; a111 1..·

l . " \\' l1t ·:1l i:-t a \' t•µ:r- tahll'.
ti lt.'

\\' tu•nt . •.

i:-;

:l

iif; lll L ,·

;\II\' i!IH '

E XAMPLE.

ll vit\Jt•J'

•~·i 11 .1J11/r(r .
•\~11111 . ,

1:1_-..

]'f.im/ .

S i ngu{tlr.

J:I ie' .

.Yu11t. ,

(

;~

11

l'lttra.I.

1: 1_,.. ,.,

Fli t>:-; ',

/ 'o.'i.«.,

(;~)\"I 111 ·;-; ~ ! )

Olj.,

F h-,

1-'I ic·"·

()/~j .,

(; ~ 11ulne:-;~ ,

r·o.~e;

H uw 111 a n,· <·a .. ., t ·~ :1 n • th e re ?
Th e po:-::-ll' :-t:-; iv ~ t'a:--...-·! Tl1e oUj eCt·

<':!:oil' '!

\\' li ;1 t i . . lla• 1111 11 1i11at iv c t'a "'lt>'/
l \'L' f 'n :-:1· '! The alJsi)illt e l'U ~e '! .I low i .~ l l ~ t.: pu:;:-:t·:-i~ iv c ca ~c Mingufo.r
fi11'1 Jh·d '! Tl 1e p 11:-;~1,.· !' ~ iv e <·11...;e plural '! I 11 J1uw 11uu1y WHY ~ n.1ay a
11 111111

hl' in tli t· ah -:11 li1lt' ca:"'t'.!

\\' i~: t l i-.: d c1 ·i~·11-:i 1 f 11 '!

\;iv e

;i

n ;1 11l l ' :

a k ind

111 ; ik ~

il PI'

( IJ'

j;

i:-<

11 :-il'd

r·1111u11•J11;

«h~~ :

f'l' lllal t'"i :

a :;

it

third

dcn 11!t' '-I

tl1 c :-; 11l 1jed

:q1pl i<.:<l tn
ii dl ' fl ok :-4
il i:-; .. p o l.;t.•fl

i l {'a l\ lie

'llJ' lf({' I '

f/f'/Hlt'I';

111 ·r:.:1111;

l111 L o l H.':

ur !lrn

H ~ r11 i 1u1/11 ·e

pr.ip11.-. iti ••11.

l ~ nli · l. " Tliv :-:.1tbj ec l of a p1·upo ...; i1i ~111 },_, in th t.: 111111 1 •

0,,,,,,_011 :

I wh_v ?) : ncufl'r ;v11d 'I' ,·
i:"' ;1 '// u11n; ( w I 1y ?. ) : ••
( wli_v '! ) : t!t ird 1Jer .; .,n; ( wliy? .1: ,'(i11911iar 1no11f t"r ,·
(w h y'!) : 11 ominalire ('tt :w ; it i :>i 11 ..;(:d a ~ th e p rl'di~ · : i tt·
1

1

of tlie p ro pos iti o n.

l{1 tl e 11. ".\ 1101:11 or pron o• tn

u sed a:-; tl 1e predi cat e of :t pr o p o~ ili o n ir; in tl 1 t' n o ni ·

e x a1111il t• :i .

D1..·< ·li 11t: " l,uy'' , ,j ,L( irl " ,

it i:-1

inatin· ('; 1:-;v.
Ve~~tnbl<•

ctn •'"" ' ion ....- \\' l1 :1l i:-i

11f

<i i' : ~ilH/ t tlur 11 u.mh•' I' ;

)d n v:-::-i,

./ '11.~ ..; .'

11

11 0 1tl·

ii

farm ·:::-".

j I) :ti

i ,.t.

• · :i ~l~ "

···'•t

78

ELE ,\ lENTAllY

79

l'HONOUNS.

(;t t A~l.\IAH .

'•

1'o pron ouns lJdo11g 01'11dcr, J>er::Jon, 1Vamber, and
Cu xc.

+:t

'

i<;ECOKH PERRON'.

TilE l'R ONOtTN .

l 'ersona I Pro1101111s.

Nom.,
Poss.,
Obj.,

S ingtdC!r.

I'lurnl.

Thuu,

'{ t.: ,

}i."0111. ,

T hy, thi ne,

Yo ur,

I

T l1t·<-,

You.

Obj.,

1
0 .-:,.-..,

:

S ingular.
1nu,
Your,

Pl11 rn l.

Y on,

Y11u

Singular.

1. 'I'hc Simpl<l P<•rsona l Pronouns arc I, thou,
//./· , s/11', arnl i t , with thei r tlcdi 11 c1l f11 rn1 s ·1c1·, lillr, us,
111.'/, 11111u ·, !I"· ,'/il ll, .11011r , tli!J, tl1iw", t l1 cc, liis, !1im, her,

{

l>oni. & Ol>j.,

./'/urn/.

Tl1y~"lf,

i ts, i l11'jf, lfi1,(r, tl1.c111 .
.)

l1y adding ·" ·(f' or .~1·/cc., to ~o m e fon 11 .,f' tl 1c s i111p lc p..:r:1s, lll fj!U'U°,

yo111".•clocs, l1i111s1·(1", tllf·1118:h1"'·

)'.,11 is ll Sl' d lo rq1n •,;t•11 t b1Jth s i11 ~1 tlar and i'lural

lt<·m. -

Y ourselves.

Nom . & Olij.,

Tl !IHJ) PEJ:SON .

I'/11nd.

s;ng1dw»

T l1c ( 'mnponnd P<•1"!';0 11al Pro11011n~ :ire fon11t:il

S•111als;

y ~) ll,
Y ou r,

Nom.,
Poss.,
Obj.,

He,

She,

It ,

J[i;,

1Icr,

1ts,

I !e r,

Jr irn,

' .. f'.,,,,_

/{1,1li .

Fc 11 1.

1\!11 x .

11r

Tl1ey,

Obj .,

Th em.

Tl1eir,

It .

1111 111 1:-:.

Iii· i.-; ll:'l'd i1 1 pla cl' of /, i11 edit" ri al.-;, ro1yal pr.,c la1J1alinn,,
(

.\1·.; :c', "I i i·. (:,'" · IV, Kin ~ ul' L:reat Britain and l rvbnd";

It is ""l ll'ti 111 1·.; ll't'd in th l' lll!tllin rtli\'l', w ithout n·fere11 ce
t» ;in1· parfio·1 1l:ir <110l1 ·('(·d 1•11t , an d i11 t h<' obj1·ct i ,·c f'"r 1· 11p \on11j
a l1 1111·; ;1 ~ . " It th11 11dt ·r:-\' '; ' 'C<J lll( ' :trid tr ip ii 0 11 1l1t · g-n·t.• 11 ''.

J\f<1 1t.

Him se lf,

' ' I f~ · wvre 1 11i .~f : 1 k1· 11 " .

J

Nom. & Olij.,

l

\\'111 ·11 1• r<>110111 >' o f" di fl; •rC' 11 t 1•nK011s arl' us!'d , tlic ,,rmu.J
1< l111uld l>l't·o·c·d1· t 11 " l/1in/, :llld tl1 c //1inl the jir.11 .

P111rt1l.

f 'c m.

Aum. & O/Jj., {

,\ ' , ·11( .

4-i>. Orilcr of Parsing.

·U. I>t>(' IP11sio11 of PPrsonal Pronouns.
].
F!HST

l' EH~O:".

LVrml. 1

l,

,,...,

l\'0111.,

[>,,;.:s .,

~r_v. rnin t',

Our,

/ ',,.. ,. ,.; ,,

Oh j.,

:'II c,

Lis.

Ol:i.,

1"::;,'i n:111 !11r.

/ '/ 11 n d .

,\'in!111la r .

f'lural.

\h ,;1· lf,

t lllf•cl ves,

Our•clv es.

pro 11 01111, :111d

wl 1y ?

'.2. P e r~on; il, :111d wli y '?
'.{. \\'h at io it s antc·ccd(·nl?
4. ( li•ncle r, pen.;o n, and n11111l1er ?
!).

\I ." "e lf,

A

[).,,,·l in e it.

6. Ca'"" and why?

1\" e 11(.

.\nm.

Kulc.

R1ilc.

>

,,.

80

;-:1

1:H .Hl~IAR .

l·: J.l.; ,\ 11·::-> LI ll i'

4.t,tH" "'t l on~ . - \ \" l1:ii ;:-; a pr11n 111111 ? :\ pt•r ... on.il }li"r11 11 rn > \ \'h ;i l
nre th ·. · ;. ; i1 1 ~J dt: p t·r:-:• :~1 : 11 1 ~ ~· 1 1 1111 1 1 11 :-:·r ._T li v ( 1d lll11 t11 11d 1 · 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 1! p11·

4-li. Mrn kls fo r P arsi ng.

no u n ~!
\\ l1:1t 1l 1•l'"' : · p 11
r1· 111·1•:-.:1•11 1 ! 1r ••w j .. ' 1 \\'e" 11 :-- 1 1!'! jj,, .,\
is '' i.t" F- i HIJ1 •1i 11w ... 11 :--1•11 '.' t :iv1· t ·xa11 1µlv ;..; 1,f th•· 11:-1' r if t l tt· " 1· 111·,, _
niwn :-:.

I .

1:-i ii 1n-unn1111 ; ( wl 1y '! I: j 1t..'r.... 0 1ud; j t 1-dH)\\':-; l1 y i t :-1 fo r m that
it i:-; c1f rli e lir .. .; t j H. T ...11Ji : i t!'l a 11t ec·e d e n t i:-; the n:un e, 11 11 .
( h 'l' ~t u11d 1 of 1 l1e ~ p l'a k v r

\\ ' 11\ ' l l

11 r 11111i11 11 :-i

1...;

JW 1 m 1 i 11 11 .

:i

I."' llH '

11:1111(' 1

.rr1111f·,·,

H.t d t.· IX. " Pro-

l >1·1·l i11 e it :

11 1m 1 ii11Ll i

r, ·

f(ts1 • :

Hull~

J.

( " ·l1y'! 1: 1u· ,.:-;0 11ul ; ( wl1 y? i : iti-; :1nt ccede11 l
11 1 1 d t· r~lrn1d, of

! lw p 0 r:-;1 11 1 ~ p 11 k, • n uf': __

th ird 111'r.-;1111, 11' unt! n111oher: H11 lt\ IX .

f>1·1·l i11 c it :

olu'rf'fi re co ...;,• : it i:-: 1h e '' '~ i 1 ' ( 'l of 1111! tr:111 :-- i t i \·t· n ... 1, "see '':
H uk \ ' I.

I I. '' l , rny st• ll, tfll d
111·1111 n11 11;

1...; :\

11.-.,1·d , linw :-: l 11111ld

1l. cy l ie :1rr ; 11 1~1 · d '!
·nt•c-l i11 t· th ~ p •: r:-.:1 111 :1 1 pru1111 11ns.
l\.c· p l'<t l tl 1t· o rd t: r .,j' l'a r:-: i n:; pvr :-< 1111< il p ro n o 1111~ .

n . Vossessirn

n 11 11 11:-: 111 u:-;L :i~-r e1. · wi tl 1 lltt ·i r a 111 l·1 ·vd 1· 11t :-; in g-1..·udv r, person,

"f'h f' l n

111 · r :-; 11 1l :-I : 1 n ·

- - yr11dtT, jir.4 1w1 -....n11 , sin!lu'111
its a 11 h·1'l '1kn r.

and ll ll llli11• r.l'

cir · li{l; ·n ·n (

Vro 1101rns.

1. 'l' hc Pos..,t-s..,h·t~ Pronoun~1 are
herN , ou r !< , yo urs , lf"· i r s.

tl1 it1 r, hi.' ,

11 i1111· .

2. To tlcnotc einpkl1i c .J i;:ti nctin 11 , 11 1.1; 1111 •11. is
fo r 111/111·, h i.~ 011' 11 f111· /11'., , //iy Oll'll fo l' !1!i11 <', u11r
fo r 0 111 "~, y11 1u 011 •11 f'11l' yu 11r1:1, tlu·ir ull'll fo r tlir irs

11,; ('.\

111/'tl

y 111 1 :-;1; . "

1wl1y?) · 1 n:f.~ 1 111u! ; ( wl 1 y~ ) : c11m11ntw rl : i t.~

;;11tL'<'l'tk11t i:-< tl1t· n :llll l-', 11 11dl' r :-ilf111d , of t l1 c :-- 111.: aJ..\· r:
!/•' 1tdn·, Jir ... / /Jt'r,~11rt, :• iuyu/,,,· '11 umber : H u ll' I X.
l>cc li ne it:
1vHn111rllirc c11.... ·, i11

apptJ ..: ili• Jll wi t h

4

'

1. A

I " : Hu le l \ ' .

l'n ,11 111111 ,

:111 11 w l1y'!

P11:-::-:.t':-:~ i\' f', a n d

A 11"'!1:"
HO ll n l

1;,,.•f•1f/,11ri11.•1

"''11 /cn('es, ;111il 7,·a1·se t ll' C

{ pep.

1101111" 1111 r

f>. (;;" ' '• a 11d wl 1y?

flrono nu !'f :

I. Y .. 11 :llld ' '" an' 111y fri L· rnk '.!. I ~aw th e m i n th e ir t•arr 1:t.!.;l'. :!, Ti 11 · '"ldi 1· r,; l1 l' l pi> d th 01 n81·l vc;;. 4. Tli u u a rt th e
1o1 a 11 . 0. Ii l' "" '"' d t liy 11 10 11 l'y fi1r tli c<·. ti. Y1rn r fa t h er kll(J\\'S
u:;. 7. Il l' h i11 1, ,. Jt' li id yo 11 r :; J11t1 •.

S. \ \"lien· :-; hall f

:O:l'C lii n1 ?

1Vi·ile. ,,,,. Ji1'.•f
{l,'l'l p r{)'Sf'

/tl'f)

"'"""/} ('('.< '·''.re

! /; (' p(•r,o.o nn l

f'•~1
' 11 1111x 1't 1'r1 11

,,rOUOtlUN.

t 11t

H.ule.

Itn le.

4il. ;n wlds for Parsi ng.
· if

FI R....;T ;\\ F.T ll O I ' .

an ~el ~ tc·ll ll lP wl1t}r('.

Y111 1 k 11 11w l1 i11 1, h e i,; n <'a r yo u ; pni n t Ji i 111
f-:;l i: d l [ >'l'C g l11 rie:; bea 111i111!; fr11111 lii s li roll',
Or t rac e Iii ,; li>11 h lq1., Ly• tl H· r i:;i
. 1w
,., tlo we r~·?. -

wl1 y '!

\\' Ji:1 t ;, i1." :i n te•:ede 11 t?
·1. ( ; ,.11 d l· 1·1 J i l' r~ un, :unl nu n1 h~' r'?

EXEICl' l :-; E H .

O ll t .

Mi n•·

HI

a 1rrm1 1H111; ( w hy ?\ : 1,n.. . -;e,...; .... ;,,t-:; it n' prf·~t·nt:-: h11th thf' p1 1-

l'il' :-::-:11 r a nd

1··0 1111.g .

" Our ••urd ~ u '',

·r11 ·11lr' r

tl 1l' !1 1 i 11 ~ pq!"\:-:,(•:-;.sed : i t)'\ a 11 t1·n · k n1 i.-. ' ' li o11:--l.'":

!/t' ll t fr r,

1

th ird 1>0· . . 1111 , s;u.1111./or 11 tr mfwr , tn a g- r cC" wi tl 1

i t.~ a1 1t t•r•e d f' lll:

l ! 11l1 · IX :

11n111i tu 1fil' ;' rip1.,:>;

p;·f•il i<·at e of tl1 l' pn 1 p u~ it i u n : Hui e 11.
~ i 111 ilar

m a nn e r

l·:. (; . _ 1;

it

I."

u:-<ed

H S 1!1 1•

Par~e. " y• 1 Hr~ · 111 .l
1

'''
·'

;--,:;

l'lllJ>IU UNS .

ltli1 u• 1:.0 a

f wl 1y '! 1: i*"·"·""·"'"i r1· ,· ( why? : : iii ."" t•11 11 iv a l t~ nt

11rn 1in 1111;

tn "111 y li•111:-:f• ".

l 'ar.-:1: "rny " a ~ a

Ji t• r.-: 11 1ial

11nn 11 H111 in

po..:.-.:e..-~ J \' C (';1,..:f' :wc11 rdi11 .~ 111 l:1ilt' 111 , :111• 1
J'redicate n o 1J1i11ativl', :IC'L'(.' rdi11 g tu l\ 11\ 1.. · 11.
1

th e

"l1ousc" a ~ a

E X E I( ( ' I s E s .

A nrr!y::r l/11 · j1;/l111ri N.'f

.'·n1!c11f"<'.~· ,

n11 d ;utn~t'

1/1 1·

l'O:oot~4·~Nl\· 4" pro-

7.

~ lrf•

II 1Jt

Ll1 t• ;11it< ·t·1·1!1 ·11 t. :lll4l 1~
tk.-;ir1' d" , J,,.r1, adj •Tti1·l'

1:-1

111 th e ,;r1 1lt' ll l'C', "'I\·11 11·l1:1t you k11.111· ", u),,d i.' 1'• jlli,·:il1 ·11l
/ /,q/ lf'/ii1·/1-- ' ''l'l'll 1/11 1{ 1rl1ir/, .)'<Ill k 11• 111" '. "T lr:1l" , till'

ohj(·l'L of" lt: ll ",

j,;

ti•<' :111 t1't'\'11" 11 t, and

i:;

11111<.iilit"I l•y "" l1il'ir

yo u knnw ", an ad,i1 ·c t i\"C l'lt·1u cnt.

I. Tlrat liur,;e o f' y1111r,; 1,; la Ill e. 2. 'l'l1i ,; ,J ,•d '" no>t yours:
ii. 111 11 ,t lit' l11 •r,; , ;1, Tir e 1111111 ,·y 1,; !"• llr 111\' 11. -1. Fri ,. 11J of
111i 11C', ~fill

'''f' l1i11g ", the ol1jt'l't uf' "~r• t",
n1 11difi,•d J'.,. "llr <.!" :ind " " ·iiich
('J('111('1lt,;,

(o

nouns:

r,. Thal g-ard c 11 of tli1.: irs i ~ a \' ( •ry
111i 1lt'; it 1nu ... t lw li is or hers.
;, a11 ol d fri1·11 .J .. r 0 11r,;. s. T J1,·,;c b1111k,; arl' yo ur:;,

linP OH('.

!11 the ~e 11 trn!'e, "I hot ll' l1al I d", ir"d ", fl'/,,, / j, 11., .. .J 111·
stead of th e lhi11 :; ·1r/1 i,.Ji-" J ~-«L t/11· //,111 :1 "'f,/,-f1 I .i,.,;,.... 1.. .

a n· \\'1.•l1·

1

11 t1l'.

G. TJii, l11111k i:-; 11 11L

t J 1 t~ i J':-0 .

Jn

tl1 e :-11..:nt e 11 cl', ' ' \r l1at\•\'1•r i.'o\ 1 i."' ri µ- li t" ,

J11

t l1l '

:-:cntl' 11n· 1

e111 1i r alv11t ti~ /1 1'
•t1 u · --fion~ . -- \\" l1 at J.' a J•r1111111 111?
:\ p 11:--:-'1·,..: .. i vt• }t1'.i1io1 1n '!
:'\ .1 11ll· !11(' 111 1..:..;1• :-: ... i,· 1· pn o11 1111 11 :-:.
11 11,,· i...; ,· 111p l 1a1 i4· di ~ ri11 c·t ii1fl denotnl '! Ht· p~·: 1 t the o nlt-r 11( p ;1 r .... i11 g 111,~:-\t'."":-ii\'e pro11 t 1I Jll :-i .

1... t'j111ir-

·11·/11 1/t'i·, ·, ·

;, r ig lr t". "'J' li: it ". tl11·
t'illl1jl'ct of th e p r op11 .... itio11 , u Tl1:lL i:-\ r i g i1 L 11 : i. . . t l1(· :111 lt· (·1·1 l 1·1d,
and "lli:H" , th e ,11 Jij .. 1·t 1 i.-; Jll odil it:d 1,,1· "11·l 1i"\• i., ". "" :i ·l_i .... t i l' l' l' J..111 (' 11 l.
al P11t to tlr 11! lt'/,;,.J1 - " T /i11/ ll'h/1./1

\\ ' lnH·\·er

•·

11 -l1rJ,

i~ ,

n111~

or ~ "'.'/ ;w rsf 111

n ·:ld ''.

111:1 y

11 · /1fl -

"

/ /, ·

w/10

,,./,1,rr1r h
rt111...: 11 1:1 ~·

rvad ·: . '' 111.. ·' ', tlh· :-; 11l1_j vt· t ,,f tiit · :--t ·t1li · 11<·1· , "ll1· rn ;1y n·;itl ' '
i:-i tli t• :1 11 lt· 1·1· dt·11l of "wl 111 '', a11d i.o.; 111udil icd by "\\IH1 r 1111 ...'',
an adjl'l'li1·(· 1· l1·111 e 11 l.
]11

'>0. ikl al i rn ] •rn1101111s.

1. The S imph- Hdach·•·

1"1·01101111!'!

arc

u·/10,

tl'ltir:lt,

!'l'(' f,

" \\"Jri ,·l11·1·1·r """d 1·1n1 111 :1 .'· l:rk1· ".·,11 1.. ,,,J
i:; v1p1i \": tl1 · 11 t. ( 1, u11y /l'/1/,./1 - " .1".'I ro:t d

·11·/,/ 1-/11·,.,.,.

·1, ·/,i<' /, y ou 111:1:· tak1 1 ",

l\:.1 ·.

'' ;\11 y'' ;1 11d '' w\1i1 ·l 1 :·1111 111a:· l ;1k •·"

a 11 ll'c"d•·11L of'

til l'

"w hich" .

lt ••m .- J'/i,1/ ;,. a l'l·l ati1·e ll'ii P11 Tr/io, lf'/1/r/1, o r lf'!r011t ca11 be
ll"'<'d ln it...; plal·r-.
'J

' l' lif. f' IH'•',

arc arl.it' l'li\' e cle 111 t·11L,, 1110dif'y i11 g "rvad ",

!1'1111/, :ind tl1 rtl .

"l'1T ,

lir e

lo lhl' ('i ty",

Thal. p:trt of' :t .-. •11lc· 11 ('1' ll'l 1i" h i,; i1 1tr11.I11 c1" l i.,- :1 n:lj1li1't;
p1.111 o u11 i-.; t::dlt·il a J1•1·/,tfii·1· t 'l1uu..:~ .

T he ( 'oinponnd U••lach·1· Pronoun~ :1 rc l/'lwll'l111so, 11•!111sn1'l'l'I", wlil1:l11·c.:r, 1chiel180,·1·1T, 1c/w/aurl 11'/i11ls111 ·1•, ·r .

3. Sonw n·L1t i re pr o n o un ~ nol 0111 ,v

Sin !11ilur 1uul I '/u r11/.

,(,, ' /r1 !1"!1t1

fl "lfl/

J1l11rr t.(

C•ll11l l'cl c lau::;e~.

J\'0111 .,

\\' lro ,

.\'om

l1Ht Hlso curnp ri :se i11 tliemselve:; l.JOtli H11tcecJ e11t anJ

1·11 ~."-.,

\\' Jr o,(',

1 111,'il-i. ,

\\' 1....,._,

r ebtivo.

() ~j .,

\\'h orn.

UI~ . ,

\\' l1 i.J1.

1

11·1,; .. 1.,

(;HA~L\lAH.

ELUllo\ TAl \Y

,
8 ,)

I' l\ ( 1:\ fJ I ' :-; ,; .

' ' ·f
\\'bjch .• : 'i a 111·011uun;

;,:!. Onh·r ol' Parsiug.
l.

~\:11111.: it"i

4.. 1 ~ v111h: r, pe .·:-11 111, ancl n 111nl 1rr '!

1~

1. Ill' tl1at l1atvtl1 , di"l' 111 l,kt li witl1 Iii., Ii) '"·

tlw 111:111 t\1:11 li 11d eth wi.,do1u."
l wl1y '! 1.

a }J t'flil''' ll';

1·1 ·di11 g

w11rd

1· !a 11 ...; t • :

r eluf/r,· ;

1d1r:1:.;1· 1

11r

i ....

; \:-:. :11 1tl'n·1k111

t11
11

i 1 n · 1 11·(·~L·llt."' :1 prP-

"l1i1 ·!1 it ,it>i11:-0 a

111 ;11 1 · i

·

... Tl1i.' i" t l1c•

11111t11t1ull1't'
o1

ti1al \\'J•rri 1·d 1!1 .. 1'i tt tliat killed tl1 ..: r:1L 1lial al l' th « 11::1:1 tli:1L
la v i11 tl1 c: liou ., e tl1at J :l<'k hllilt. .<:. :'Iv ' isk r, 1111.,,,., I 1,,,., .. 1,
j,

d ead.

li111iti11g

tltird

111il r· 11li11 1· f/' ' ;1tl,...!' 1

1;1 ·1·.-:11n, ,.,,/11 :1 11/ur 1rn111/11'r: J!1il 1• I:\ :
i:-:. 1hc :-:1 il 1jv1·t nf tl1 l' n ·l:ui\·1..· 1·1:111:-:1·,
d11111 ' ' :

:< 1.11.11n f , , ,· 11 11 111!1f·1 · :

cl 1i ld llial. w:1 ~ lw• I. ... T l"' 1lu.~ 11·l1 i\'l1 ""L I J,,11 1;;l•t "'"' ,- t., 1« 11.
4. He will d .. 11·lutl i., r i;::l1 1. ;>. A,k ti1r wl1:tt .'""I 11·a11t. 1:.

;,:i. )l odl'ls for l'arsi11g.

1.' hnt.

f J•.T ...:.urt ,

lll1j t•t'l of 1l1 i..: trar1 1" it i \t.' \·l' rl1

e<f.'it ' ,'

!·::'\ E l( ( ' l ;i E;-;.

Hu le.

5. f >c-..! i11l' 1l .
ti . l'a'l', a nd ]{11 •..: .

i .~

tli in/

it :-: :lllt•·t'1•d 1·11t

wliy '(

a11t eccd l' nt.

l. " I Lq•1·:·

l'du/f1"1'," ( wl 1y '!):

'llt' ll(CI' fp..·w l c1 ·,

Huie IX: ul~jt•rt in·
11
:-iaid '' : Hu l1· \'} .

:\ Pro11u u11, a11d wliy ')
}{ L: btin·, :tnd

a.

is ' 'I !1at ,, :

( wl 1y '! i :

rose; it

JJlrif,, tlu· Jirsl f 1r11

.'< ,' Jrf('ll<''"'<

uurL }Jrtr.•<f' /hr 1101111~

'!l

11111/

fl

r·uj11_1111siliu11

uu

" ' ' 4•l u< · •pf•dt•"" ··,

J•rououu~.

Tl 111l lin d l'lh wi:-;-

I{ t1 I"· I.
Ct•u•-.tion"4. - \\'liat i:-:. a pr1 1n111111 '!

..\ n· l:11i \'1•

1•ro l lfH l l \

\ \'l1 ;1 t

nre 1!11• ~ir 11pl e J'1·h1iv t •..;"/
Tiu.: t'1•11111111111d r clat i\·v:-0'.' \\'h : do
~n111t• n·Liti\·. ._..,. ('1d11pri l"t' in 1 l11·111 :"1· l v1•:-1 '!
'J't, wl1 at i:i "'wl1:1! 1 ' t".{'t i\l
:.1 lt'lll '! ·• \\' J1 ;1\ 1•\'1·r ' ' '! .. \\' IH11·q·r " '! u \\'Ii i1 ·!1l'\' 1· r ., ·! .. \\" j,q;;4' .. ,,.
1

\\' ho•~ ,· ,. _r 1...: ;1

l r• nl to

1't ·d{·111,
:-1 .,11 ; i!

n ·fut i r1 ' ; ( wh _
,. ·.1 ) :

t wli .' · '! ) :

it """ P1p 1iva Ji,· 11'/io, 11r Hll!f 1111•' wl1n - 11 lit· 11 lll'i l i!! tlw :inte1
:1111 " wl1u ' \ !11" n·bti \' 1• .
l' ;1 r:-w " lit· " as a p t: r·

11,-n1111 111 1 ,·

11r

"11 11 ..:" ;1~

H:"t'd a :"i a n~n11 1 , :" 11i1j1..·1 ·t 11f ~·will

~11L. i 4 •(' !

:" lt('l't't.!d ",

11rq11111111,

~ 111 :1d.il·(· 1i\·1·

11(

" \\ill r.i.1 11·1 ·1.Td '' 1

:i nd ·' " !11. " :1!'t a rc la1ivl' , 1' 11 l1j e1·t uf

c11nlin g tn

l~11 k

111. "l
' \' hnt ..

I" ;1

]1 1'011111111;
ti i

( \\' li y'!):

whlcl1. -

t l1r1l

11

tiv 1.. · ll"'l'd
r cm1..•11il 1(' r

: 1~
,,

:1c-

:l

1. 'l'hc lnt <'rro~alin~ Pro11011u,.; a re
und what, when used ill a sk i11 g (tt1t·stinll~.

•:1i d ."

reh1ti rt / ( why ·.' 1 : it i:-i r 11 11iv:1-

tliat " l11·ing- tlit· :11\lf' l'l·dt:nt part,

:111 d "w\1i1 ·l1 ", 111 ,• n·lativ1·.
11

1

J•t ' r:-<1...·\'t• r c~ ',

"\\'Ii id •'·.

I.

rt' lll (' lilhc r wlia l }'<1ll

l1·11t

11

· i
11 v \\' l1 u . l J1·1·l i 111· "w Ito ., :1 11ii
\\ 'li;1L i~ a n·lati\·1· \ 'Lt11 :-.· '!
Jh·['t".:at t he unll· r o f l';1r,..; i11 g- a rt·l:tt i\' 1' p r 1J ll t1t111.

and " \\' !11 •:-01 11• \' t·r '! . l rue

(

lllJ tlll ,

111

P :1r .-:.L• "tl1at" :t .~ :111 adject l1 e

object i ve t:a:-:oe

aner

l/'//I),

11·l1ich.

all i11t •.·rr ogatin· pr11no 1rn 1~
tha.t pa r t of tl1e :111 s 1re r wliiel1 it n·111·ese1J1.-.;.

2. 'f'li c
lte1n.-

se1pH·nt

Snl»;t~111(•11t of

:\n i n t r rro).!'al i \·L~ pronolln Jll ll :-\L agTt '1' \\'itli it"' :--id.
i11

g1 ·111kr,

pt' r .""i1)1 1,

a:1d

111t11ll 11: r.

II 1· 11n·, wlt t' ll

t i it•

'

,. ,

r:J.J.:.\IF:NTAlff

87

FALS E SYN TAX.

r:HA\f .\1 ,\H,

:EXE1\C1 8 E8.

J.naf!JZC the jot/owing .<e11t,·11c<'s, and par.ie th e 11ro11onn~:

l. \\' ho c a 1n r' with y1> 11 '? 2. \Vhose horsc ran away '? 3.
did yo u 1; all 'l -- ~Iary. ·I. \\'ltatdid yo 11 say'? ;,, W hat
i~ Ll1nt '1 - It j,, u \"<·l•ll'iJ'1·d!'. Ii . Whi ch will yqu h;t\'l' '!-TI"'
large rnll'. 7. Whom did you take me tu l• c '! b. \\'Ji.,
told yuu huw to parse "what"? 0. I do not know w\10

..

Wl1<!lll

you an"

.

111. "Ah.~ fo r tlH> 'iC whn n e ver s in g,
But die witlt all tl.11.: ir mus it.: in th rn 1."-lfo/111f-'.

Or(l(•r of' Parsing.

•1·1.

1. :\
~.

Pn1n r11111 ,

and wl1y '!

l11krr11 ~ ;l t i\·1·.
\;11111•

ih

:111d

wl1\· ')

:- 11!1 ;-:t't {lit 'lll , . j r

·1.

l ;end1 ·r. p(: r;-;u11, a11d

r).

I ) t ·1 ·! i 111· it.

t;. ( ' ;1~·w, and

l ' :'<)H'f'.,;,:..:(~tJ.

111111il~\·r

y

'

(\nt•Neion'-'. - \\'li:i l :ire th 1..·· intt' nng:1tiv e p r 11 n, i111 1"! '!
\\'l1:1 t i:-1
thL· :··a il1:-:cqlll.'lll of all intvrrogaliVt"? \Vith what rnn..-:t ;1 n i ntl·tTtJg tlliv e agrl'e in gl'ndvr, pt·r:-iull, and 1H11Ube r'? J\epcat the urder uf
i•;lr:-;i11g :11 1 i11t e rr1>g: 1tive.

l{uJe.
1'

l~ii!e .

J. Fnl..c Syntax is any viohtion of tlic hws of
gornl 11,-a ge, i11 th e appl ieation uf wonb ur the (:1.111-

.'

,, i

Htru c tion of ;;;e11te11ecs .
2. 1\lu,;t ol' thl' ('0111111<>11 e rror:; in the u'c of languag e rnay
lJc a\'uid l' d J,y o\J:;eni11i; th e "Caution~" in tl1i' an< l ,11\,:;,•ljll <.: lll se<·tio ns.

s.. e

l'art

c·nnllou

r,

L C'SSO ll

JX, for model for corrrc tion .

1.- Do nnt omit the sul)etts of d1°<"fnroti1 •e se11frw·c-<.

J·;x.-1. (il:id you have cornC'.

2 llope yon will re m ain

1011~

with 11s . :1. \\' l"tt say'! 4. 'T i" a po"r ""J.n.,I l':tll 'L keep il,<t·l f
ha lf an hu11r . 5. It wa,; J", ,!.nHun Hav ed th e dr.,wnin g ma11. I)
After a long tran1p, f"lt Vl' ry nttll'I• fatigne<l.

like t\11' 111 ve ry nrn<'h.

7. J{ead l1iH pncms:

Think th<•111 ""l,Jin1e.

''

l<l.l·::\JJ·:\'T..\ l\Y ti lU.\ l .\J ..\I:.
( 'unt i ou 11.-- / Jo 1ud <1111(/ llu; ,'if!/n
/ /1('

/llJSS1 's8 i l't '

1~l

l' lf,..;1·

f't[Sf'

( /'

~

)

nor

111 tUL.i,

11 & . .'

.

ti

'!l

FALSE

i•os 8t',1s iuu

.

11t j~11 ·n 1i11:;

./urining

in

t/1,,

}'U~"l;:_0c8 sive

jJ/'f! J;tH l/IS.

1-;x. - I. .\! r. \l uodv "'I 1,, m e n" 1.:t1:<. 2. That liny., h t li er is my
u 1H.: it-." la 1H l/\1r •l. "·
" '1' 1IL' I 1urse t I ll'
it':; rid l'r. ·l. Tl1 at liouk is
ln·r':-:. ;) , 1:r:11w1 ·... 11 111ll1 f·r i:-< ~111 ;wtn_·:-;:-1. l.i. \Vht· re wa ~ ~\Ir. l'ien:e'
a r111 l1ruk1·n '! ;. \ \' l1u'.s l1 uu se i ~ tlial.
1
_· \ \ '

th e n

lend

ar1111 se

your.-;l' l f.

SYNTAX.

;,. Yu11 111a y

ha\' (:

ni y s le d , it"

; ·011

will

thy ~ kat"'·

lll C

( _"autiou '\' 111.- ·J)o 11111

use improper forms of J!f"'"""'i '·e pm

tl VU !t 8.

,.;x. -- l. Tl1;\l

11011 :-0~

~-

i:-; lii:-'n .

l :;

dt~tl

1_,;,uk

yuu r'H

it it-i her'11 . ·l. J [ ~ had llH ,:...',' 1111; :-\O h1.! l1o rru wcd uu r' n.
should st11dy liard . r . •·. \\' e' u11s arc karni11g fa st.

- /J,, ll {J / use t/u,; ul~j, ·d ict· -cu.'lc 1Un11s (1.f 1n·onoun8
/'/'I ,//, ·u/,' ..; r~/ ,'ft'llft'll n's .

'!

:~ .

l\u.
1

0. Y 0 u un:.

C'aufio11 Ill.
os sui'./1 ·1'/s fl!'

I. JJ,· i·

l·:x .

ru1· ~ 1111ly al g-1·ln·a.

:1 111l

:.?. 11 is

1111· . . • .

ft

j,. .;

her

wlio YJ HJ w i.. fi Ir • ~n ·. ·L .If i111 and yo1 J u 11 g ht tu gu to r-'ci1uul.
Yo11 arid l1i111 ail! ! !l11: were OuyM toge th e r.

('anlion IX..''\\'ho ir

'l,'(',-/J

i .

nlao . , us

tl1 c: ul~jc,·t (~/a l1·a11sitive

U1' )'f'l'j1'p'/{{u11 .

I>

1::'1:. - l.

I1-,w

/111 ILOt 't< sr;

l

will•

0

.\·(

1

11

tl1 1 1111{

u ~e

41

whh·h "

In re1u·f':w1d / Jf' t'.~• nn~, ur

1·,·1 ,o'.'i!'1d a 11;111ul.~, r·/1.ddn •1t , ur (l/~j rr·/:.; 111d/1011! /~/r.
~!1 v

i ...; a fri e nd w lii t· h J liavt.· l1111g 111·11\" l''I. 2. 'l ' !11·.v
». Tl 1i ...; i:-1 tliv d1ild \\' 1111 \.\':l~ lu~t.
Tl1al is lii t.: 1n : tll wl1i1·h i-;t· ll...i, pil'l:1n ·:-; . £». It \ w;1 :-i 011 r ,.Jd di/ ~
l·: x. - 1.

5.

wliid1 h1n1 ur 111t•, I will IH111 o r.
~t.

t 'autiou r\·. -

/,,

/)(J not

a s:::. i ~ted

ti. 1

J[1,·ru 1 wl iu \'la8 kilkd .

tl1 \.'. p11or l11d

know

lik1 ·.

wl10

yon ar . . t;dking- to?

a. 'l'L' li

lilt' w/11)

., If ~ i:-; a ft.~ l­

YPtl \\'t1 rk 1~ 11· .

'L - Tii c seconJl pasri 11 ,,/wuM 1,,.i'Cnle tlr.t /Ii in I,

WHl

llu• ll1 io l !!11 · .first.

O mtiou 'il .-

'1/ llu·

thl'i r own a11 x i l' !i l'~.

/J,,

llfJi

1111.-; irn ·:.;;-; .

~-

Ea1·l1 d:1y

;.;_ lf any utH~ lta :-; n ' l \·utl'd , 1!11·y will ri :-;c

-1. ~fa11 y a yo11th lia1· c inj ured 1h1·ir l1t'altl1 1.y

kl'epi 11g bt e l1ot1r:-> .

2. I a11.J .""" will

1l 1 •t wlii :--pl'I' ,

._'nd~/··r-ts.

h:1 ~

in tht·ir plat'<''·

I . ll •· and ynu : 1rf' 1n tli t• ~iarne <"l aR~.
:;. 1 <1 11d li e \\'t·1 1f ,...;kati11 .~.

J:·:x.

whi1 ·h

Curred I lic .f111/01ci"g seNIC11cl'8 !,:; r1jarnce l o Ru fr /.\ -:

l. E\'t'r)' p(· r:-;(•1 1 ~ l1 11 11ld 111i11d tlit:ir 1JW ll
('ant i on

W l l\\1;111

was hurt.

11sc a p1·01101m and ii.< a 11lr•cerlr 11/ as

suJt11' ; 1n111os;t i 1J11 .

(ln•~~• ions. -- 'rl1:1 t j;-; a prc>11 0 un ? A pe r~ 1Jnal flf (•JH•Ull '! \'.'! 1;\t
are lli e ~l 111 1de IH·r,..;1.11:11 111·11IH 11111 :-; '! Th ·.. : compu1111d J 1l·r.~ci 11:1l 1ir.,1~

n o1 1n:.:!

\\' 11:\t

dut'.-;

11

n . ·p n·~t: 11t '?

yu11 ''

"lt " '!

lltTl i11 e 1l1 e pe r:-'0 11al
p ;1r:.: ir1g pe r:-:qna l prrin 111 1n .~.

pru 11 o u11 s.

J{ qw is ' ' \V(·" ll Sl'd ?
HqH.:at tl 1c ordl'r 11f

\\' li :u :l r l' 1h P po:; :.:('~si\'e prnnu1111~ ? 1 [,,w j ;-: 1·11qd1atic di:·ilj.¥<:ti 11n
l\1·1• t·:1 t 1l1t· 1H·1 l c·r of 11ar... . ing Jl••:O::-·w:-\-.. i\'v 11r111J1 111 11 :-1 .
\\' l1 :1t i .. .; a n· lat iv t: pr111iu1111 '! \V h;it arl' 1l1t· t""i111p le r L" lati\'1.: :..i'1

dt.•11 11f i ·d?

0
]1' !1e <'• )11111t:11rn}, n·l:1ti\·1: ~~ \\."!1 :11 4~ : '
ttH:llL..:.t ·l v1·s?
I fl wliat 1s
wl1al
('autlon '\' JI. - .·I Nii·l the u.,r: of d{[frrrn./, !.:i11ds of pronouns in
flu: ,,·u111t ' c1111slntl'fio11 .

Ex.-l.

r:·

1· ' \'I·11 t a I<C· e:ire 11 f tin· farm. 2. I
I
l 1y J>lll 'Se .
0. r will tell thee
wlt a t wo· l1: 11·P. a11 tl wl1i d 1 will :.;11it yo1 1. 4. Learn tliy ksson.
li o 11e _\'Oil

will

.Y O ll

111 1l

will
1

•!!C•,

· 1

IUJ lit'Y Ill ()

s11 111_e

r v lat.i\'t '~, · · •;111 1 1 1 ri~(·

,:'.1

!
\\ h atc·n ·r !
"\\'l1<11 ·Y1· r '! •. \\' !111:-:.i.tl ;111d ' \VIH1SO (' \" t · r "~ i•tTl in e " wli v" :tll•l
1. whi cl1 ".
\\'J1al i:-; a l'l'iati\·e dau .-;L· ~ l{l' p l·:tL lli e urd t.'. l of pan~ i11g
a r1 ·l: 1t i\"(' 1•n1f 1< 11111.
\\'lrnt ar l' ll1e i111t ·n·og-;i liv e pr1•W>IJll :"'? \\'l1 :1t i:-: tl1P Huh..:.eq1 1cn!
of :tll i11L crro~ativ e '! '\'itll what m11:-0t an i1 t1e rr 11~al i \'e agT1·(' i1J
gender, pe r~on, and numlJt:r'! J~ l' pea t tl ie u rd t.' r pf p :u·:"'ing a n in.
tt·rn 1t::: lli\'(' .
\\' l1:1t i" raise ;;ynt a x 'I HPp<'al th e e:1utio11:<.
11

1

l' '!lit V;1 k1 1l

F.LE.\!E:\TAHY \JILO!.\!A}{.

Al.'J ECTl \ ' E::i.

'l'IIE ADJECTIVE .

·
OOJCCb;
a ~ , "'l'l ic olde:;t man"; "The leas/ fali/1· l':trn1
in the town sliip .,.
·
Tl1t. .~ :-; u p e r lat.l\'t~

o ('

·· II ;t 11"
fnnn t•d h1'.
• e;:, 1· :;· . r l'·"·uhrlv
ei
·.
.

111 o no ... ~

ad tli r i~ ,,/ .. r ,... / t 11 tli t· po.-iti1-.·: 111' adj el'l.1l'l'" ol 111 nrc tha11 <> tit'

J\fo., t d r 't·ripti l"e :1dj <'('l i1·1·' , 11.1· cl1:111 g,· ui' furm or the addi·
ti n 11 of n1.,iJiJ\· inc; " " ;i·d ,-, ('Xl•rc"~ •11t:li ity i11 dilli:rl'llt deg ree'"
Thi" i" l':tlkd ( '•1111;111risu11.

1. ('om;•ari,...on is :L v:lriat io n of tl1 e adjcetive ta
1' .xpre ~;-; dill'er t·11t ilegn.: es uf' •111ali ty; a~, rie ft, riefter,

sy ll:il ;il' . liy i•n·lix i11 ;.;
uw:st ltu11urul1 ll' , frlfsf
t)o 1nt·

· ,..;
Hl.J
I .' 'l'tl\·p

bc.'jt; Dud,

11 1•1«/

or

/1 '11-<I lo

thl' po~ i tiv c ; " "•

·n1 11 :1i11

.• 1

ho11 fJ1 'rtl1/r ·.

l.'l'l' tlJ!:trcd irrC!.!Ularl.v;
a.,, './" 1111, /1(//n· ,
,_,

arl'

in1rs1·, ,, ,,,, ..... / .

::;urnc a1lje1·t i vt~.-; can nuL i.JL' eo1npare<l; as, ·"S'flHtrc, iujft1itl',
Sli'Jn·e11u:.

ri,.fit'sl.

,\djl'ct i 1·c,; ,;liou ld 1H1l lie dou lily l'O lll pare1l.

~ . 'l'l1t'. 1·c are three J>4•J,;'r<'('l'! of ( '01111•arL..,011:

PosEXE ltC l :;Es .

ilil'e , C'u1111"11 ·ut / 1·1-, a11il ,'J'11per/11li. 1·1'.

:J. 'l'lte l "o~ ililt' l)C'li'r("(~ expresses tl1e si1 11pl t..! 'fUid ity , or :111 e •111a l d l•g ree of' tlie '!11alit y; as, '·A11 old
rnan
·· ::ilie i." a., youd as she is f;, •1111/ 1f11 l" .

1111• },//01ci11y 11c(jr l'fir1'":
Prt•t1<l ,, 11 .,n· 1 l:i 1wlr:il1l1', ,·hr·e rful , holy, wi,r, agrc·ral.lr,
lium -.- t, ,;,n~il:\e" 11t·:i 1-,,.. f:ir , little, s killful.

lt•·111.- T l1c· s11!lix ish, :tnd 1111• 1111rd., nt!lu·r, so1111•1c/,,!/ 1 &c.,
l' XJ •rl'"' ' "" :t "lll:tll :1111uu11t. of th1 • •111:dil\· ; ""• .1•11/ish, liavi11 g a
littl, · l:1-<( t' ,,1· ,oalt; n1!/1.-r w:i rn1 , "'"11 •·11·h ·ii :iwkll'ard.

1;11 lh1· d<';.:-r•'<'

-L

Tl1t• ('01111>araHn• l>••J.:'r••c• a sc rili c s lo 011 u

of two

f.'omJH•r<'

..I .., ,

111 , 1,

r iso u f1.f //11 ·

.l;,,'/" wi11y

<1.1(}1' 1 · ti1·c.~ :

l I "''' t :-1··11:-.ii)\t
·, .l!rt't·n i:·d1,
Ta llP r, 11111.'l lts<'t'ul, 1111n" IlllJ'<' f.11,
~
IL·:-\.'\ . _. , , 11 tidt·llt , ratli er 11 iC\\

l"artl it·:-\t, clde:-;t, later, :-;tt 11·1ny. \'t'I')'

i'ri glit.ful.

olijt'l'!.' :1 l1 i.~ l 1<'i' or lown dl'g ree of tli c 1111ality tlia11
tlia i.(' .'\}'J'('""L'd l1y tlil' l'" " iti1·\:; as ,";\11 uld cr111<111";

"Clt:irll's is

1110/'i' "l1 1<il11 11s

tl1:111 i'd ary " .

'J' J,,.. co11 q•:1 r:ili,-,• "f 11 H111 .. ,_1·ll:tl.!1·:-\ i., n•µ- 11J,,rl_1· f'.,rn1t'·d liy
a ddi ng r 11r 1·r I<> tl11 • po.-<iti1-. · : tl11• 1·,,1np:ir:iti 1-.· nf adjt·ct.ivP>
11 1' 111»1\' tl 1: t1 1 111 1<· ,v Jl alill' i" f,11·1111'd l•.r Jll"t'f ixi11g 1111, r e or le.<.•
to tli e 11",il in·; ""• n111!Jl1, ro 11:;l1rr, ?!lore ho11 urnl.tlr, {e,s lw1111ra U<'.

G. Tll\' N111wrlalin~ Hc•J,;'n•c• as c nh es the liigliest
11!' th e quality to one or lll()l't' than two

01' lo\\'< '"t. dt',~I'(' ('

1 . Prononiinal Ad.i••••ti\·c.,... ar('
mo"t t) t.
n .::-;ent

tli 1 1~ e dcfi1 ~iti1·('~ ,

" . 111 c J1 111 ·,1.1·, 11"11l1tH ll t l1c :u·t icle 11rd ix c d. !';'!"

:i

1101111 1L111kr;-; to ll1l.

Tlie pri nci pal pr•>11l!1lli11ab '"""
J. The 0 .. .,. 011 ,. 1rut .... .,. . 1.h i,-, t }.,tt, ti1e:;c, tlro,;e. forn1t'r.
s:llll<', y11 11 , yun dl'r.

latter, L11ll1 ,

2. TltL'

1u,.trlhnth-.·,.,

3 Till'

lmh•llnil<'" ,

e:te lt ,

l'\'l'l")',

eit.ln' r, 11ei ther.

a ll , any, a111rth<.: r, ('l'rL:tln, 1liver,;, c11n11 gh,

I'

!1 3

A ll.J !': CTI\' ES.
l·: 1.1-:.1 1E)l'l' .-ll\Y i;H .1:\1.\1 .\1:.

fe w, little, 1na11y, rnu c\J, n o, 11011v, <H ie, own , 0 tl 1t·r, s('\·e ral,
>«1111c, "11 1Hlry, 11·ltid1, ll"ii i«ii«vvr, 11"iii«l1 ooe1·er, ll"liat, ll" l1alcver,
wli:ch11 l' \ "\'l' .

Ut•rn . i. ~-Tlit ~ p li ra...;l':;

.-;1ff'ft

u,

11U llt!J

u , a·/uit

/.;u/ u,

11,

fJ11!y

a,

,\: c., :trl' l''" "'"111i11a l', and :< ]1ou ld lie par:;cd a ,; :; in g le wvrd:;.
u, .....
ti\' t'

....:.~>111t·

:.!. -

pr11110111i11a\:; <'an he l't1tllp:1n.:d like de:"\cr if>

tt11.i t'c ti\'t""'; a:-< , J ~·,,., J~ · wn· , ,1(·1c,':'i/ ~

111 :1 1<·,

111/lf'h,

11w . . . /.

:\1mu•ra l .\clj(•<·lin.,.. :ir e tl1q,;e ddi11iti1"C·,; 1d 1i cli

·I

J 1; 11<> t 1· 1111111l1cr a11d o rdcr 1it-linitely; a,;, /11'1J, f uurt/1.,

f o1/lful1{.
T!1t· n· :l rc

tl1ree t '. J;t_..::"'\ t ' ."'i

of

lllllll l' l'ill

adj .. ·c tiV t:';j:

(

rurr/{J11r/, Or-

d i 11uf, a11d ,lfu f ti11liwtir1·.

1. ('nr11i11a1,. dt' ll• ilc tl1 e 111111ilwr oi' ol1jeef;;; a:<, h •o, .four, a
f /1(/l(S(//li/ .

:! .

Ortl lnal,..

Stc'fJ111f,

:;_

mar k t he

pn~ition

(If an ,,J,jed i11

a ~" ri e:;;

ns,

,

·~

J ;nu·l/1, tho 11 ...:1 11lf /l h .

:tl11lt11•lh'l•th·••,..

dl'11ute

bow

111a11 y

fulcl;

a:;.

·, "-.' f:' lt~

f u111ji1f.I.

.

]
•)

.\11 .\ d,itq·tin·, and wli,v'(

l) 1·:·T ri 111i,· v or ikliniti\'l', :utd why?
( '11 r111 :1n· i r, if i t ;11 l111 il s ul' 1·nrn1n.1riMon~

l I. \\' i t.Ii rnany a curYl' 111 v b:.111b
rret,
lly 111 a 11 y a lil'ld and fa ll o w,
J\ 1,.i· lll:I 11 y a fairy ftird:rnd , ~el.
\\.ilh ,;·illu11", \\'t't'd , :u11l n1a\l rnr.- 'f r 11111t-'"'1.

r· I .e1·11/1
·1H'1 '
! I .1·,/r / /,.•.tr.<
•
Saturday .,, tt1td

u.J'

j )( lf' ,iC

a f'IJlllJlll·"' it/on

tlu·

Oil

•
I

I~

" '\' hnf I •ljd Jn"'t

o11j1·f·lin ·s..

1

·L

I h· ~ n ' t'

5.

\\"li :it

.,( < ' 1111 1p:1ri~1 > 11

.J,"."
fil .

I.

" F1 ·: 1 r1"11 l

·!

i1 mod ir_v "!

~fodels

l{ul e.

for Parsing.

~t111· 111 M i-:W f'P p O\'i·r llit:s <:

i:·d :u1d:-:."

l ·'enrfnl t:-: ;111 :HU,·r·f/1 ·1•,· ( wl1_Y'! ) : t/1 '.~ 1 -ri1 )f /,.r ; it m11diti c_.~ a n onn

l1y d t· 11111in g

:-: 111 11 e

q11:dit_v: r11111pared, j)WL fearful, com.

( 'nnfion ••

-

/ )u uul

UjC R

f, c rrJrC t·o 11'e/
J'

,..:911"1/..: , Jtt)r nu

JJ~/·Jl"I'

t'111 1 :·~ 11111u1f ,..:011 11 d .>:. .

he an univer~a l n •j11il'i11g.
a lt o n c·:- t mall .

1

'l

·l. I l ... '·'

LLE .\ IE."\/TAll\'

('n nClon f l .

lh nt

111 ·

"c•1•4•

-- /)o

11111n· t':t \ ' 11r; 1[il,·

lit•

il l' i:-- tlh·

ff.

.-,. Tl1 ;1( j,.; IJ\l) l't'

/I ~ I '/'('

I·: ~.

\\'l 1al. i.-; an ad,i l'c ti ve '! :\ d e~(·rip ti\ t' adjt>d i\· e?
I luw 111any deg rL'C!"\ u f cu 111pa r i:-:f11\ :tr1 · t l1t· n ":

l. 1' 11 t ; 11 eit•

li t• rt· 1ow 11 ·:

111 1\\· .

., T i ii'
·I.

1·1 111 1t1n

fl- o·l

J1u ,k n

i """ 1ic:11l.1·.

l i. J like

11 11r 1111w

l tt::Kll t i ..

~, . Mat-

\.\'~1a i is t!11:, p ( • :-i i l i ,·~· d \~.n·t "!. \\'.l 1aI. d o(':' t.111· ,...~Jfli _\ i.~ !1 t ~l' t 111ll' '!
"h.athe r 11 ! 1 :--iuD Jl'\\' !1;11 ( \\ hal I."' ! lit• <'1>11 1J l;ll':tll\' t • tl q.~Tl't.' ( llnW
i::.i it n·g ul a r ly f11r 11 11 ·.t·r \\' /1al i:-; tl 1e .. . 1qwrl :1ti\'l' de.~T ~ · i:'! ll i ~W i ~
i t reg ularly (1 o1 · 11i 1·1l '.' 11 11\\' an: S• llll i.' ; 1dj\'\ · ti\T ~ 1·\ 111111ar1'd '.) ( ' ;111
1111 :id,i e l'li\'\~:-0 iw 1·11111 1un·d '!
\\'l 1ill. i;-; :i d1.: li 11i t i \·e adj tTll\'1".' \\' l1:1l ;1r1· 11ri 1Jlq111 i11al :1d,i1· 1· ~
tive .... ·! ~:1111l ' :.;111111.· ,,f 1lw 11r i1 w i11;1 l dt· 11 111 11 st r : 1 ! i\· 1 · ~: 1li ..;t r il111 ti v •·"' :
i11dvli11i 11·;-;.
\\'li;1t i..- :-:: 1id .. r Ili c 1d1r:n.;1·s ~"11 1 ·/1 •1, .\'1 ·. ·! \\'ha t art::
n ~ 111 1t·r: 1 I :ttl. it·i·t i n · .... ? ( '; 1nl i 11 :1 I...: '! t) rd i n a \:-- '!
.\l u It i p l i1·;1t i \' t:~ ·r
Hcpt"'at ! ht· n rd 1· r q( pa r;-; i 11 .~ ;111 ;u l.j t.T l i \'\.! .

11 1i .•w r;ddn•I

I

111:111 i11

l\.t~pc aL

1lw

c: 111liu11 :-; i11

11 11 · 11. 111111 , r ; ini ·p

• •11

·I. .\ lwa.\·:-, 1 . 1 11 ~ 11 .-i , · d .1 ; lt·:...:-;c r
/•1'l' t'··1
·
.
1l1l
··
. pr i ~ tHll·1 i.
'
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qtH·~ tit it l. :·) . Ile

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ral :-'e :--.y 11t:1x

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tH ~\' ll.

of

t wo

1111 ·: 111 \ a

'l'o verbs bell) t1 g I 'ui 1:r ', Jllodc, 'l'e w~· , 1V 1111ilwr,

a1H1

l'1·rsv11 .
Le t the ptq •i l 11"11· re vie w , ect.io11 J!I, !'art 11.

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lii111

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j ....

:1

l1i1r1 ;1 :-< a t·l 1:1 ir 111 :l11.

J\

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upon.

111 tl 1t ~ ~w 1it1·111 · 1 \ ".Joli n :-ii rth ~ k .1 :11111 ·:-1 " , ''. f11l111 " tla·

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a~ ac t i11 ~ :

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t;i rn t: k l1 y .fo 1l111 " , ".l :uiwH"', tli e ' u lij1•(· l., ;,.. r"11rt'"" 11 l1 ·d ll' !w('Hutjon \ ' i . - ./'/1 ff'r' ()!'f/i,•11,/ r(1(;>r•ff1 ·r•,"( {11:Jiil'C ('l t /"l/; 111 £l:s lll /)/.()Sf

ing acte d upo11.

1.

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1

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to lra m :ili»r Ye rhs.

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8

"\'oi<'<~ is tli:1t form of the tra nsiti1· c

~l 1 1,11· s

,·e rlJI whio:li
wli ct l1 cr the :; 11 lijc ct acts or is actc1l up o11 .

~-

Tra11 sitive verbs l1a vc two voices: an ,·J cli oc :in•l

a. Pa·'·"ive T'"oil'(' .

; ,IJ flJ/ ,'I. ,

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.).

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r cp rc>1cnt:> th e suhjcc·t. :i"l act111g upon an oltjC'et.; n;;, •· '!'lie boy tN11l c u letter' ' ;
"Eli is ~tndyi 11:1 lii s lcsi;o n "

I'

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ld lA ~L\IAR .

·L T he P :1s... i n• \"oi<'•· r Pp r P.'l' n t:-; t he f' ub,i ect as
lwi11.~ :t <:tt'd 11po 11 : a!' , ·· 'l' l1l'
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VEJUJ:-; .

11• ri/ /,.,1 .. ;

2. Tl1ere ar c fil'c morles: .lnrlia1live, 8ubj nndive ,

''The

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s/11,//,., / " .

;_l. T he lud i•·:1 ti n• i'l och~ :i.ss l'rts a tl1i11 g as :t Ja1·I,

fnr111 ,, f

'!'lit' l ';i,~i H ' \' o il:C i ~ l"i i r111 ed l1y pre fixin g so1n c
1 l1l' 1·1·rh /,, {, I' l o t he p e rfect pa rt ici pi e of a
t r :111 ~ itiq· 1·crh.

wa:; f vuglti ··.

q·r\, i11 t l1p ac ti1·1· Yo in· i., cl1:L11 )..'.r'<I i11 to th e [> fL'·
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r 111· p:t'."' i ,.t, : :i--:. 1' T !J1• 1·:1 t ··rt".'tf1/ t !11· 111 <,11...:l' n (1 11·/i1·1·); u The

f11l, as a s1 11 1110.'< ili 1111 , o r a ::< a f 11! 11r1· ('1111li11:J1'l l"/I : a:<,
"If t hi s /11• trul' , ~ill will en .\ 1Y c ll "; "l ;,; l1 al l gq , if

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o r a s acl1u tll.IJ 1·..risli 11:; ; a s , ' ' [<' ire [, 11 r11 s ": " ,\ l1:1ttlc

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T he S11 l ~j n1wtin· :Uod•· a i'sc rr s a. tl1i11 .c; as 1l u 1i/d -

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:-> . 'l'li c Poh•utia l l'lod(• asse r ts the
·1:1; 11 ·/1ir-/1

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h11re'.hr n1i;: ll! l1a 1·" },,.,. " ar re~ t .. d.
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\\' l1: 1f j..; :t p:1 r1i1 ·i1 il ···: 'l'l tv 1 1r1 ·~1·111 p.1rli1·i 11k '! I !11 \\ ' d •n·~ t hr
Jll'l'-. 1 111 parti1·i pl1· :11,,·:1y ... 1•111 1 ·: \\' !1111 i.-.i 1l1 v 1w r(, .,. , 1•;1rri('iplt.:'!
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i ng , o r stat!', 11'1t l1 out :dlinni11 g i t

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w:u1 t :; tu -'jll'< tk ' '.

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~tt · ti\·l· Y L1ic1...· 1·!1 :111:..;-t ·d ir1ltJ t l lt' 11;1:-::-: i n·? (. ; j\' \' (·:c11111 d• ·:-: .

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1. The l 11CinitiH' ~loch' exp r e~~es thr :1 cti n11 , lJc -

t'•

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a e ti 11g\ ur ol' l)('ing in

~l od<·.

ti tre lll :ll lll l'r i11 1rl1 ic l1 tli v a c tio11 , Lcing,

n.~ ... . 1.- Th 1•

i11 t"111i t in"l J\1:1 _"

11 ~ 11 :tl l ~r IH· k n4~ \\' ll

l1y

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T l1i :'i :-oi ~ 11 i ~ c1 11 1i t tt ·• l a t't1· r t l1 t· w1 1rd .. .; /,,,/,

/ 1) p1: 11·1·1l lw for v it.

durr·, .f·1·I, !J ,,/11 1 /, ·f, 1111J/.-i·, 111·nl, .".1 ·1 · 1 a 111I :i fr\\' otlit' rs : :.1. . , '' / ,d
tl 11·111 \ to \ r·1111 11' 01 1 ' '; " .'':;1 ·1; hint \ to \ 1· 1u1''; '' /: irl tli 1·1lt itu j
( ' flll/f ' " .

n .. m. 2.- T l1t• i 11 d icati 1·e ""d l'''t " nt i:tl " '"tl<"i ma~' \1(' 11~1·d
111 : L'ki n ~ •p1 e~t i rn1'; ;1,;, " [<! h e liun c~ t ·/" " /ftrn ,;Jrn a1'1'1:w•I f"

»r ,; t:1t c i .... rx1 •rr -~r ·l.
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() . Tl 1e Paio;t P••1·l(·•·I 'J'(·n~~ n•pn·"1·11b :in :1n ""
endc1l n r cq 111 pkled ill ti 111 e l'1d '.y l'""t: " ·"· ·· I l 11 1•l
wrill"ll
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7. The
shall

J·'ntnn· ')' ('II"''' dl'll'>ll°,.; f11tur1· ti111(·: :1,.;,

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, . [ )1) let

l. Tl1t· arrn y 1·11ra111p,·d liy tl 1e r i1·1·r.

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hu s.I, n r has to till' Jit>ri'1·d 11:1rli l· i1•l<•.

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,'f /111/I l11 11w or 111 i// lu 11 c lo I Ill' 1wr l"1 ·1·f p:ir 1

.)

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~nhj n1u•i i\· 4•

Jj , th11ny l1 , c.rCf/Jf,

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4. '!'lie Pr('!o<(•nt i>••rf<..-·t 'l'•·n~~ rt ·p r 1'S1·1 if s an a.c tion or t'H' n t. a ,; past. l111 t co n11 ected with pn'.-<1·nt time;
a:;, "1 !1111 ·.· 11·ril frn ,.; "Tlie win1l /w .~ fw 1·11 li111 wi/ly " .

j >,.f'."i{' llf,

·1111./1>...::j,

i' lodf".

&l'.1 p la ted before

conj11 gat i<>11.

wind i.~ M11 11'i/ly " .

5. The Pa"'t '-l'••n"'t' 11cnotes past tim e;
1cro/1 ·"; " 'l'li c win 1l f.1,.w" .

letter 1H.·f'·1rc tlie mail

\" ()

1 u~ lh: •ati1 · (~

Prr."ir nf ,

1''11/ 111·c

3. Th e 1"1'4 '~·n t T••11!o0(• de11 otes pre,,c;-it

i !H.:

GH. Sigus of the 'l't•11s1·s.

l)n '.-.:1·1; /

[ w ril1 • " ; "Tl 1<>

:1 c t a,;

clo;;cs " .

4ln''~fion~~ - \\" 11:1l

Tl1t ·re :ire ~ 1x !1: 11 ,;1·,.;: the J>r'""'"/, tl1e l'r•'·'Plll
[>, ,,:f;·r:I, th e l '1 1sl, t lic / 'as/ l'1·1fn:I, tl 1c F// 1111·1·, and
the .f<'!ll tur· Pr·1f1·c/.

:ill

:11' o r l11•fo1·e a certaill f'11tur e ti1n 1' :

as, " I s!w l/ /wee 1cri/101

1
i11 lc1\'c..: s :;cn·il'1 " ;ind tlil' di ·l1L

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l ' ot4'nti nl

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P n: llx '"'"'· ,·1rn , •H .,,,,,.~, tfl tht· :-. i11 q 1lt· f11r 111.

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t l11.:

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mny, r·11n. o r mn ..; /

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tin· 11<' r l'1· 1·1 pa r-

ti1·iplt-.

as , "I
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t«•rf1·( l 1i: 1rti,.i1 1 k

Hll

\' t·: l\ll S .

2. A verb mu st agree 11· itlt its ,.11l 1j1:c t 11 1 1'" 1><>11
all'.l 1111lll !Jer.
n .,m. - - T lt'-' i11fi1 1iti 1·1:, }.. Hi11 g 11 0 .,u \:jel'l, l1 a~ u i: itl1 1·r

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nor 11u111lwr.

't

tii-1. Auxiliarit>s.
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till' ~ irnplt • l ~ • /"11 1.

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l'rl'lis lu 1 r i 11 ~1 14• 1111'

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cli:111.!.'.c" "·\1 icli t\ 11· y !llldc rg•' tu 111:11 !, th eir ag rccrn cnt

·i 11 :7ic11li•11•, the pa -~/ ·i11.Zicatiu1', an1l tlie /'''!fr·d par-

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<:l\A.\D LIR .
l'l tESE'.\" T l' Ell FE("I' Tl·:'.\" S I·:.

of a. v.: rl.1 i:; it:-: variat ion 111 furrr.,

!lir•rngli tlic different lll OLles a 1nl ll'u se ,.;, i11 <L ~ ingl ;i
pe r :-<0 11 •111.J 111u1il 1e r.

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PA ST PERFECT TE'.\":-il·: .

I ~ ,,,, / 'n/cd ,

a111.

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, 11 ,11 1 he.

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lwt •n.

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l 1a\'e bet:ll.

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f '11 ~ ( 'J', II "•·.

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J 1ave bee n,

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f-!1·11·ily. IVill, in tl1t · lir,; I i'"'"""ll , :i11tl
tht· ~t·c1 111d :uul tli ird 1 dl~n ·Jtu ddri'l11i1111li1111 11r 111'1'1's.'S if!J .

:\. 'J'h"y will ha\"L' b<'<· n .

~ U flJ(l\"CTT\ ' E i\TUDE.

No•<>. - .\J, ,,//, i11 tl1t· lir <L J><' r..;"n , a11d ,,.i//, i11 t l1 (' seco nd anJ
ll 1i 1·, J, drn<•ll'

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1. If 1 be,
2 . 1 f th o u hl',

3. Jr he be;

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had IJet·n,

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f •,-,:.•wfl (,
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Conj 11;;ation of tlit~ Yer 1 · ••To Lon·''.
D I PE!UT l \'E \fO OE.
1\'lll C ATIVE 1110 1> 1"..
l' HL:::E:-I T TE1' S E .

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Be, o r du y e ur y ou be.

I \' l.' f\Trrvr, ?> !ODE.
! '1 't' .~rrit,

T1• lw;

l'JU;~El\ T

T El\::: J·: .

f 'lnml.

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PA ST Pt·:l:FE('T TENSE.

l'IU-::<E :-\T l'EHFE CT TJ·: _-.; ,iE.

A.\_'i11ynl<l1".
l 1a\·c

l'lu ral.

loved ,

·>

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I 'I w «tl.
l. I I' we had jq\'i•d,
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... If i!tl')' li ad 1.,1·cd.

~'-i'inqu.ial'.

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L

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10i

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lf

L

2 lf tloo11 li:id ..-1 \o\' ed,
3. lf h•• had loved ;

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PA ST TF.:-\ .'i E.

J'OTE~TL\ L

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I l1:id l" "'" I.
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I J,. li:ul luwd ;

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., Y "ll l1 ad J\l\·l'd,

.,

;) ,

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I ..- li:il I Jr1V(\
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lk will lu\'t•;

l. \\'" ,Jial l love ,
., Yt111 w i 11 lo\'L',
:). Tl10·1· will 111\' ('.

1. I ..-l1all
i11 Vl 'd ,
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:>. lit' wil l iia\'e loved;

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.,

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I le· 111i µ; ht li:t V<' lov ed;

;).

l ~ t \" t ' I I '

Yo11 n1i g liL lu\' L',
loV<'.

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Dll'EIL\Tl\'E :'llOIJJ·:.
th1111

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lnvc·d ,
l f rl"'Y l11v(.,J.

Jq\'t'd,

1• ,\ ST \'ERFEl'T TE '.\:-W.

2. Love, o r dn

J.

l1an.~

3. Tli,._v 111if!:l1t

:l. 11 c 111i .e:liL lov e ;

1. If Wt' lovp,
., If yo u l(J\'t' ,
:;, Ir li1t•y luv e.

,,

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:l. Th ey 111ay li :1v c lo\'\'d.

\11\·t.·;

PA :-;T TF.:-\:<1°:.

2.

lo\'(\

11 1: 1y

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In\'(',

2. Tlin11 llli ~l lt ~t. l<JVL',
11:1\' 1•

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:L If
111\·,.;

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l.

SI : JU ( i ;:\('T l\' I·:

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l. I }ll;l)' ha\' t.' l1 1\'L•1 ! ,
2. Thou 1n:1y;..;t l1an· lov c1l,

Fl " l'l'IU-'. l'l-'.l:FJ-:tT Ti·: 'i."E.

l. Ir I

111:1y:.;1

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Fll'ITHE Ti· :-\:<!·:_
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111\' vd,

I NFlN lTIVE i\[()ill·:.

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{ "}'it,
:-: pat ,
!'l}ll it, I{.
:-:puil! , H.

~tan.~ ,

~ li n t.

~in ~ ,

thrC\\·,
tltrn>'I,

:--: tay,
:--:. rt>:d,

,1,.. .1.

:-:l 111 t ,

Throw,
Tl11°L1't,

:-' l1ur n , H.

>li 0.J ,

Shut,

HJ 1Un.

"I"''l.

~hot,

f,

Pr,,_nl..

:-i!Ol

~ JH) P 1

:-;JJ!)\\"(.' •

/ ',11·f···i11/e.

:--;tand,

Sl1 u u1.,

.s l1n~d,

~p ri11 g,

:-1 IJ ;1pe ll , IL

~ 1i1)Jl(', IL

Sl1ow,

( "I'" n,

Sprl':id ,

It.

~ lin n c·, It.

~Ii red ,

f 1'Lp1111,

~pi n ,

Spit ,

I'f'rf ;>Cf.

/'. 1,• t .

J >,·,,11f' 1il .

J'.11l i ··i1J[,._

DEFE CTI\"E

ft

11r1 · .

!urn.

I 1;1n·,
told ,
thought,

th f(H"!',

R.

told.
tl1 011g ht.
th riYet) . J. .

"ThC' m :t 11 thn1W t' d a Rtnne ."
Tlii:-: H• nt r•tH 't' i:-: irn·111Tt-c-t.

Tl1 f' w n rd "t l1 r o wed " ~ l 1 n11ld h&

"t l1n ·w ' ', 1h 1· pa :-> l i 11 di l'at ir 1• qf !l it· \·t· rh "llir11 w " .
~IH111ld n•a1 ! 1

"Tl1l'

n1:111

tl1n·w

T ltt· s1·1it 1·11t·o

:1 :-;1 11111 · " .

1. T lrn 1·e ~ : 1w ~c .rn e fin e cattl e to-dn~· · '.!. H e 011 .~ 1,1. to h"'""
w!' nt h nnw . ::\. T hr b!'ad ,. IYPrl! ;. tri111.(C' d on a , j] J< t h rr»i.l

dU

ELE~! EN TAll1

·I. ii c lt :t.-; bru11 g so lll t\ snow i:1lo th e sc h oo!-h., lls(•.
cl .. tl 1 w:•'
al<J11 g .

\H:t\'L'tl

by hand.

Ii.

11. "f :-; hall g,,, if

fi. The,

Thl' hon•c conic c:rntering

Nhnll fl;O

·l. This coat l1as worl' wt:ll.

S. The car:; h:nc ran off t he track.

U. The bdi8 rin ged

LO _ l el u111h th e trC'C :rnJ shakcd th e

wh l' n the 11 c w:; 11·:1:; got.

11. That candle Hho uld he bl owed o ut. 1 :!. I laid
1:1. Was the cow drove to pas1-l . Th e plaslcriug has fell from the ceiling. l.':i. I seer

apj>l c.-; off

t1 r111·n, :rntl ri ., nrnt·h n··frcsh cd .

turC'?

tive :ind

Co rri'!'/ all error.; 111 th e 11.<c rJ irr<'~nlnr V4'rb,. !JOU

with

y n 11

1·t.· 111 :1 in."

a fr·r/1; ( wl1y '?) : ·i1Te9 1ti«r; ( wli,,·'! i : i.: 11·" i1,- J'rlllf' ip:tl ·11arl !-i: ·i11l nt1i.'iitir1•,· it dnt·:-' n ot n ·qttin· a11 1il1.
jeC'L to l'O lll plete ir:-; n1C'ani 11g-: ind ic1t1:rl' n1od··; t w l1 y '! ) ·
fnt1.1rc len...:e; it dl'nol es f11111rc linw: Jin~.t Ji er.~011, :-:.inyu/ar uulflbe r; (w!1y'I J
Hui e XI ll. " .\ \'erli 11111,;1
agree with it~ ~ul1j~ct in pcr~ o n and 1111111 bf·r."
iH

u .,•ntain . .. is a ·r el'b,' ( wl 1y? ) · reyuf1u,· it fon11:-; it:-1 p:t ;-: t indic:l ·

him git. it.

i n you.r co1uasr1/ion

117

r.J O l\ELS FOil PARSINO

URAMMAIL

p(~ rfeet

t.• 11t inda·ative:

may noliet

addin~

,·d

tq

giv l' tl1 e pri 1H'ipal p:trl :-1 .
.-,u/~jtuid ive

t1:l'e ,' ( wliy'! J :

yn11 r st'h uo f-11wlrs.

participl P i,_,.

a :oi ci111diti4lnal;

rnude;

)H'f ,'it"rt.l 11.'nse ;

tl1t'

pn '..: -

infr1u1.~i­

jt n : pn•:-:1·n1 :-1 an ;1d

(w l1y'! 1:

,,/,,911/ur or p/1uul 11u111l1<r; ( wliy'! ) :
I

.'it,f•r111 1l Jlf!. 1',"'Un .

1'111" XIII.

.

78. Order of Parsiug.

I If. "Tlie l1oy ca11gl 1l 1l 1c- l1nrM' .''

1.

A \' e rh, arnl why·1
J { e~t tl: ir v r irreg-11lar, and

CHnght •. ..

why'!

j,, "rei·b; (why n :

;,.,.ey ufar; ( wh:·Y) : g i1· e tli <· prin-

c ip:d 11:ll'l !"l.: ll'1.l11.~:itirt'; it requirl':-1 an ul,,j1..·ct tu

cu11 1-

;;, Uive it s prin eipal p:1rt o.

pll'il' it~ m eanin g: odivc vriict; it re pr ('~ cnt.:; ih :-:111) -

4. Cop ulati1·e, Transilin·, o r I11tra11sit.ive, and why?
5. \~oi1·t•, :111tl wl1y '!

j cct a H :1di11g: ·i n1hr.1.tliuf 111(><.l e/ ( wl1y '! l : 71a .;.; f l1' nst·;

(i.

i\!ndl', :ind why'!

7.

Tt· n~i· ,

( wl1 y '!J: th ird . p1.'. J' ,'>l.O I/.,
Hnk Xlfl.

>; i11!J 11l1,u·

11u mbl..'r;

( why '! l :

:111d whY ?

8 . l-'1·rf-l. nn aud n11111hl: r, and why'!

ltul c.

J \ r. .::; \\\• l1 eanl th e o wi h11u1i11 g-.·'
UooCini.:-.

7!). Models for Parsing.

iH :t 71,,rtici1lfc; it partakc.-i o f the pr0pf•rt i"' nf :1

vrrl1 a nd :111 :11lj c<:tiv c : 1"·e.~en/. )Jfl r/ir i11I•·; it de11"1'''
11
•
B11lt• Xli. " :\11

t'Ollli1111a11 <.:C' : jl ltclon .~~ to "owl

I. " Libe rty i .. s wt.'t: l."
1".

. I:-'

:t

adj Pf' tive or prtrt icipl c

ff1·l1; il i;-; a wurd wl1id1 dt.·IH• h ·:-; ht·ing-: irregnlar;

i l d•H ':-i nu l li1n11 ib }':t :-\1 t t'•JJ.... e

and

pt'rft'('t

participle

hy :1ddi11 g- d nr rd to tl1t· pn ·se nt indi e;1tivt." : principal
J"fi"I.-;

;1n· pn· .. . . om. p:1 :-'t i11d.

1·1,1 111/11 f/1 11• ;

it

\\' i ll1

it ~

1wrf. p;~rt. bc1'n:

;i~ :-:.t•f' h tlw prt·di~·a11· of tl1<' ~ 11l~jt_•('t:

di f'( 1/; ,.,. ni''d•~ ; it :1:-~1·r 1 ~
pr1 ':-'1·11t tinH·:

11• 11 •..: ,

third

s ul1.j1_'\'I

:i

f:11'1: 1,r, ·.-:, ·nf !1 ·11..-;•'/

·1:n-

it. d c noteH

1u'i" .o;,r111, .r.;:'11 .·1 11/111· n11111l11' r, 1(1 agree

"lilwrl.\'

1111 1.. . 1 : 1 ~ n · v witl 1 it .-i ... ,d ~ it·t·t

•

!~111(·

in

pt.·r :->H tt

11

Uel011g~ tn so n1 t.· 11111111 .._, l"~ .1 -

11 0 11n."

\'. "I

~ tud y t o

i111prove."

l' o i1111•roH' " a ·1·r1 ·/; ; (1rhy'! ) : rrgtt/(lr; ( why'? ) : .l! iv c th r prin·
eip:1l p:1rt!-i: tnw .~ it1: 1·c ; (w l1y'! ) : u dil'f ·1·r11.t e; ( wl iy '.' ) :
·i11ji11il/rP 1nr1dt· ; ii eXJ •rf-...;:-: 1·:-1 :1 <' li o n w i1h 11:1t :1flir111i 11i.;
it: it dl'pc111!,.

"!""'

"st111lv ".

H11il' X\' il. ". \n

XIII. " A V(' rh

i11tinitiV (! nnl 11 ...i.t·d :1~ a noun dt •Jtt ·11d :-1

and nt11uhe r.n

ii li1uitt1."

111 •111 1 1l1t· w11rd

1 rt;

]19

FALSE SYNTAX.

El,EMEXT ,\lt\" Ult.OL\!All.

Fi·11.se/ o·rn1A .~ ltou td c.cpres.< time rn harmouy
wi//i. !/wt i111lfra/etl by ulher part~ of the sentence.
("nntlon JI. -

l·: X 1: l:< "l " E"

I'ar:·u: t/11' 110011~, 1u·ouonus, ntlJ•·••U\'t•N, "•·•·bM,
·l11

//u· .lnl/r11l'i11.lf

( l/1d

1•nrtieJplH

,l{t '11 / 1·1t1·1•s:

l. Till· •·artl 1 ri ng-, h <dl .,11· frolll lwl .. 11·. :!. IVtj sr,.111 Hhall
n·ad1 th,· liou11 dk~s "'"· :i. Th e ni g ht w:l' le lllJl C'~tuous . 4

lie ,l1rnilol h.. 11111 re indu 'I riou". !i . l« ·1111·11 il11·r thy Creato r.
Till' 1•oor 111 tH work in tl,..ir !'" ri ,·f. 1. I t'•H ilJ no t lea rn th:.t
Je,;;11 11. .~. 11 (• ""'beat e n with n1any ' 1ri 1•('8.
Ii .

'. •. Ciarenc:c lia~ li r\' n el 1<He 11 eaJ>ta in. 111. Tht•y mi ght ha\'e
fini .- hcd li1<•ir ta-k ." l'--<le ,-,lay . 1 l. Th e ··r"I"' were d c, lr<J_l'Cd b)
I:!. Tl1c !!"i rb w, ...,. pla~· i 11 ~ crn•111..t. I 0. He did
H. I" J,.. wri1 i11g; a l"llt·r? Jii. Hcl,>
11 ' to IH·lp eat·li othl'r. l<i. ~hak e oil' tl1 e cl11.-<t tl1at ldinds thy
s ig-li t.
)!'.r:t.-<:'<hOJ>J'•'I'" .

1-:x .- l. Tli l'_v 11:1\' e vi,lited u ~ yeRte rday. 2. You ma~· tak (' a
walk af1n yo11 lini>h .vo nr ta;;k. 3. H e wa" tardy l'\'~I'." day tl1i"
wee k. 4. I woul d JH.. Jp yo u, if you ea 11 't >{t."t ~o u1 e one t.. l:-;e to du
su u. li e wa~ 1111d cr uU li g-~lliuns l o hav e a~:-: i ...:t cd Uh'.

tr11tli.• .•/amid !J1' e.rpn'-'·"·d ·1.11. lh f 11r-.-

( '1tutlou 111.-(/rncral

ent

tc 11.~r.

not n•t 11rn Ill \' u111l.rdla.

17. Nu t·ht\ ltin~ n11r 1'arg:aini11g will t'YC>r g-r·t a :;ing;lP thin ::;
011 t of .:\atun·\ "e't:\hli shm,• 11t" at half pri('e.- N11.<l.-in.

JS. Ma~· i ~ a piou.-1 fraud of the al 111 a 11ae,
A gha,tly pa rody or real :-ipri11/.i,
Shaped out of 8n ow and hrcatl1ed wi tl 1 ca·1tern win tb.

-in your g1:1'Jgrapliy lesson, and

lrrifr Ifie ;;,.,4 fw ,, ,'(1 ' flfrnr·r.~ r!f o <·0111p o1t ilio11 on "1.a.~.l' Doy« ~'

wnl

i'"'"'C

!h e ,·erb,..

("nution 1,·.-

\

Do 110! 11.~e th e p e1jccl ;,w·ti1·i;1'e l o P.lprt.<.< JVf,•I

li111 1·, 11 ur li1 e /'"·'! fr118e for11l i11..1lend of t/11' }'et/eel p11rlic1j1!c.
J·::.: . - 1. ll 0 (•011 1e l1 ere l:1 ilt ll"('t'k. :2. ]-fr done it: l « 'P l! hirn.
3. Tl,. • Ire~ li:1d. ft•ll, :rnd it wa s l.iroke in two. ~ - The R•111 irrel had
ran up a tn: (~ . 5. Il e :-'et. down o n a log.
('nut ion v .-,-Jcoid t/1.e inelegant u.<c of pnrli<'ip/e.• -in plare
c!f olha j i11·111.•.

Lowell.
ll 'r il~ ji1:c rtlWl'ff.~ to 'f1L C.~lio11..~
p ar.<c the , ·e rh...

1

l ·: x. - 1. (if1 i11 g- to Co ngre~s is n o e vicl e n<'C of grC'atn C'ss. 2. I do
not like !i,•in.c: p1111i <lied . :>. Il e neg lect.et! 1he plowin.c: of hi s la11d.
4. B11y,, lie :1,;h:1111cd of' being found in IJ: ul t'lllll]""'Y·

,.1.- Do

("nntion

'Jr

hniut

jiJJ·

1101

l·:x~-1.

~Falsfl ~~· nfax.

'Taint o ne

t•:1 in1 f~ ot li er 11·:.::-\011.

IH"' I rni gli1 11f done l1i .-;
c·aution l .- ,\"1·u·r 11-<1 ' will

Jin· Nhnll ,

t/IJI'

~-:,. . -- !. I '""" afraid I wo11ld lw l111rl.
0

" "

1

1lld

nsc

i!I n't or nln t f or l" not ,

hff\·· e not, 't nint.

.for

U

ts

"""e n't.

not ! 1ni;.:. h~.

!,,- / J.1r

nd;:ht hn\·~ 1 e,('('.

kO.

wonld

jiJ1

Hhonld.

~- If I ll'P11ld lry,
:i. I ~ liall ~": 110 o ne will preY ent me. 4 I
l·t· Vl·r~· l'Ul'l'l t. · ~~ if I wuuld h:u ve n1y Luokl"I at h unhJ.

w 111l d k:il'll fa;I.

2. l a lwa_,.•

E x. -1. .l ha\'e hea rd 1h:1t eac h At.ar wae a s11n.

tho11gl 11 tha t 111 elt'O r.; we re fallin g- stars. 3. \\"h al did you R:1y """
th e caJ>ita l of In d iana ~ 4. I should think ii wa ~ t ime fo r school
to lie di,; 111is,;ed. 5. r alway" thoug ht thal de w foll.

~ wal lo w

tliat rnak f'!'\ a s11 11tlll(.: r.

;~ . A i11t you go i n~ to t l1 c eont:vrt
ta~k

long ago.

5 . li e should

·.>

1~·f

2 . .J:u1e
4 . ~am­

tak eu tliP

ueco 111r111 1...la1ion train.

CfJrrnt oil i1111c1·,,r11r·ie8 iu the u.,,,

y o11r

0 1t• 11

!t1nyur1gc or

i/1.11/

•J

'"'rh" yuu may u/J..crv' in

1!/ !J1JUr .< clwul·l!lilif".

'!

120

ELE~1ENTARY

ORAJ\l~IAIL

( Urr cd !fir .f11/lmri11 y ·"'f'11frnrr.~ hy r1fi·rr1wt' lu liu /,,_. , 4\"1/l und ~YJV:

1. lll'nry arnl ( :h:irl1 ·" "'"" Vl' ry 111111·h di ,appo int <'d . 2. Yon
W:l ~ l lwrf' , f ~UJ> ( 1 1 1 ~f' .
;{_ 'fh c ,"Vkt• or OX l' H Wt' f t' t-i.!dd ror ;\. 111.IO·
olrc·d dollar>'. '1. l•:l le n art ll •1l at. H..!1<01o \ IP-day. :,. The H<:i •~ON!
iH d11ll. 1;. Tlo e n~'<:l W\' fc "'"'" ,,fl' llatt cr;u..
wa it:-- f,". n o 111an.

/. Ti1111· a111l lidA

t lH· pa:-1 ..: i v1.._• v11 i1·<· f1,r11wd"
\V h;tr i."4 11111d(''! llt1w r11 :111v 111 ·~dl'H a rc 1lwn·'! \\' l1at i:-+ tJ1e
indic:Hiv1 · ll) •dt·? Tli t· !-111l~ j 1 1rn ~t in.· 11H,.,h_· '! Tl1•· JH•ll'ntial mode7
1

1

\Vl1 :1I

i ~ r~ · n ·w"?

TI H· iriliniLiv e 11111d~ · "! \Vl1 :1l :in~ 1hc Hig n!-1
Tl1t· ~ign ,, f tlH! i11ti11itiVl' 111 odl: ? \Vl11.:11

If ( 1W

f(• n ...i,c•s :11 ~
)•t-. ri'1 ·1·t ? Tli v

111arn·

jllT:-:1·11t f1·11 ... t· '!
TIH' J H't •:-:•·tH
fl'l' l '!
Th e frll 1Jr1• '! Tht• f11111n · J>• · 1· ti·1· 1 '/

llH ' /'4'
p :•s l

3.

At.l,·erhH

Jl'/11 ·111·~

or

Phlt.• e :. ui~wt·r

the

1p1< ~s tio11~ , JV!t ('fl' !

H"/11'll11T !

!

1·: x . - ..\ l)11v e , l1c l11w, l1it her, li e r<· , I h e r<·, lll'n·i11, " ' IH· 1we, ~o m e ­
wh e rt~1 f: 1r, yq 11dl'r,

fortl1, aloof, away, l 1at'kward~, lir:-;l, l\: l·.

.f. A•ln•rb" of ( 'nuNe :lll~Wcr t\1 o.; (\lle~lio11,., IJ'/1y

r

Jl71ere-

(n1·e '!

( t rwNtion ... - \\' lt :i t r• :o v1·rh,
:\ t r:111"it i vc n :rh [ An i11tranf'lit i vt• Vt·rl1'! .-\ •·1 •1\11l: 1t i,·1· vc·rl1 '!
\\'li:1t lwl1111;..,:- lo Vt·rl•=-- '! \\'h ;lt i .~ v,.j('(• ? ll11w r11ariy \'o i cefi are
there '? \ Vhat i~ 1 he :wt ivt~ v1,i 1..~ 'I 'flit· pa ~:-i i vc vu ice'! J l ow iH

Tlit1 i11q1l' rativt• 111 11d t·'!
of tl1l'. 111 !1·nt ial lll 1 ~h: '!
i ~ it .,:i 1 ir I( -. I '.'

121

ADVEllDS.

0
(

'!

\fl1al. i~ the

Tiu.· l'""'t

}K'r·

•:x. - \Vh c· rcf1m', tli ercfo rl', th en, why ?

r,_

Acl\'f"rbM of Mannt•r

Ex. - .:\111i:-::-1, a11yli ow, we ll , l.Jadly, l'tt=""ily , l'l Wt.·dl y, i11tl eeJ, rn1y,
h 0 , p r· r \1:1 J''"', J>L' rad \'1..·nt 11 re, p cn·ha1H't.' , &e.

G. A•h·erb" of D<'gree a11,;wer th e <Jll C"l ion ,., I lu te 1111u' /. !

1 fow /i/l( fi'
t: x. - ..\111111~1 .

1·1111ugl1 , c vt· n, (•q11ally , 1nue li, nil\re, li lth•, wli 11 lly,

parlly , onl y, st•;1rn•ly, 1 1< ·arl~ 1 , too, 4·J1h·ll_v , 8.: t".

7. A 11

\\'l1 :1t j.. ; a n :u1x iJ i;ir_v n ·rh '! _\ 11ni11<·r=""11 n:1I verl,'f
\\'l1a t j,..; 1 ·1°11,i11~ati 1•n '! \\'ha t an· !lu.~ pri1wipal parl~ of a ve rh ?
"\\'l1 :l l i .. t lu• :-i.\·n111 •""i "" i1r a Vl' rb ·1
Uivt' a rw 11 1tpl'i.i~ o( ' ' 11 > lie". Of
11
to lo vt• .. , in IM,tl 1 \ ' o i1·t·:-< .
•
\\'h :il an· 1lo1· ,.,.iird in at(• f,11·111 ' of r·1 •1ii11i::oli•lll '! \\'liat iH th e
prng n•:-\...: iv1 · fol'rn'! The c lllpltati c fu rn1 '! :fh e int t: ITo~ati\' C fc.,rm ?
(pi,·,. 1lw ·"')'11 •111.- i.-1 ,,f t·;t1·l 1 !'11rlll.
\\'lo:it i.• a rq:1d:t r q ·rii '' ..\11 irn·g1dar v crl>~ A d efective verli7
A r1·1lw 11 b 1it verb'!
t ;j,·t· th<· nnkr f1 ( par:-i.ing vc·rl1H.
j{,.1w:1t the •·a11li•1n".

:u1 s we r tli c question , lluu• .~

Acl,,11 .. rhlnl J•hrH.Nt•
:1:-;

lnu1t.l ",

n1tn·c ".

"11 0

is a

t

fir

0111hi11:it.io11

w1 1rd .~ u ...;t'd

a singl e :1tlre rb; a ...:., " / 11 ge111·1·1tl' ', "h rulf { in

and p:\r:-:.c·d

t'

R. «onjn1H't.h·., A.•ln'rb" arc th o,;c \\'lai c l1 c·orrnrd ( \\'o {'l"OJ'<)s it. ion,. , aml 111tldi f'y •t 11'<1rd i11 cae li .
•·: x. -

0

r ~ l1:dl

",,· J1t.·11 11 (.'q JJlll'cl:;

~ t· c yu 11 11'/wn I l'l'llll'll. 11
I ill' two (' lall sl'~ ,

Tl1 e \'011.i11nctiv c a d\' e rh

"I s h all

tnn1 ", 111 0<..lifying ":-il1all :-:.ee " in the tirst

Ht.'e

y1111 " and "I

l'iaUl"lt ' 1

n ·-

and '' rcllll'l l 1' in

tli e l-IC'Cund.

T IIE AD.VEH.13.
~I.

· ~

Cla. . . ~l's.

1. A ·1v<·rbs :1r(' divi1lcd into fiv e d:issc~: At1vcrbs
of 'l'i111, ·, / 1/11r:c , C1rn.~1' , fl [,11uu ·r, a.11d /Jl',l!Tf'1".
:!. A ........... o r
ton;/ r llor1· ' '. lfr11 ;,/

Tlnrn :tll.'Wl'r (.lie

q11 es t.i o 11 ~,

IV/1.m

t

]frno

Ex.-Aft c r, :-\.~ain , n lwa _v~ , t;>ar ly , nev1-~r, frequ e utJ_v , J1ereaft.er,

latt•ly , ir1111wdi :1trly, 11ow, of10n, ~{·lcl11111, tlu·n , wlwn , t'iC.

1 ' i\Ia.ny :ulvcrl 1s fulrnit of co111pari so n .
2. Tian' <' aJverhs are compan·d hy adding; 1·r :11111 r.•I to tho
Mi rn plc forn 1, vi z. : jr t."f, ja,.-;ltr, Ji u fr.'1 / / 1~/IP1t, rffP11 1'r, offe11P.'1/ ;
.•!'10 11 , .v.voitt'I',

~.

.-tr101u•sf.

J\d\'(~ rhs e ndin g

111 (y :a rc compan·cl

J.y pref ixing 1w•rt

11 1111 111 11.<I, fe•s and (rn.<1 to t he ~i.np l c form; a.~ , 11'i.•l'l!f,

u·i.-dy, 111<1.<I wi-<l'fy; swif~ly , fr.v.• w 1ijl(!f , lm~I tw •iftly.

111 CJn

: •• ,.r:,, .... ,

f• l·I

El.ID! ENTA It\"

n l l.~ :II .\I An.

4. Some adverb~ arc compared irreg ularly ; as, well, ~Iler,

/Jest ; little,

J ·)- 0"'

PHEPOSlTlONS.

H't·ite the Jir8t t wo sentences of a romposiliun on "M;,· Ln8l , .,..,,..

le~-·. fc,1.<I.

Hon ", a nd p11r.•e th e ' 'erbs and R<h•e rb,..

s:t Onlcr of Parsing.

H;). False

l. An Adverb. and wl1y Y
2. Co mp:trc it.
:.;. 'l'l"ll wl1:i1 it m o di li 1~.• .
Rule.

Cnntlon 1. - .Arnid !lie

~ynfax.

r!!' /l!'o 11e:1,tfin'.i tu e.rpr·r.i., 11rgu tin11.

11.<t'

t;x . - 1. I d1>n't know n o thin g a Lout geo rn ctry. 2. J),, 11 '1 "" -"
i1. :t Y ou don ' t ll)nk no lwtt r r th:111 ~·0 11
di d ye;.!Prd a y . 4. \\"1· did 11 '1 find nol .... I_.- al l1 u 111l-. : ,, Th e ped dler l1:1 d n't g f> t no IH.)1.: d lc·M.
1'l othing to nobody :d H11lf

84:. ltlotlcls for Parsing.

<.:nut.Ion 11. - /J,, u fJt u.,e a1 (;e1·/i 1•1"' a.• adtnf1.<.

l. "The sold ier" foug ht brav e ly."
JJra l ·efy ..

J.-!

:Ill

w/n•r/J i°

il i."i ll ."it..' d tu lll <>d ify th e meaning

o(

r.,..- 1.

a

Y ou 011 g l1l 10 rl':id

~ l o w er .

:! . Jf e <J .,e;. not •peak di .<-

:i. H e le n ~tT 11 1 R 1c.l1.: ral, J4 · we ll.

v erl ) : r·o1111>ared, po.'<. l1ra,· e ly, cum. ru o rc hravely , sup.

ti nd .

111 ' '" ' 111":1\·l'ly: it n1 nd ili Ps "f1111.i.:h1 ". Rule XVIII.
'' :\d \'l' r\1~ 111 i)( I i fy Yt •rl,:-;, :11ljt'(' I i ,.. _.:-:, pa r t i<' i pi e~, an<l

b ea rd . .=:..

~lit • dn ·:-:~·w:-1 lll': 1:.

G. I

a111

4 . lli:-t t·<1i n~

w;1..,

t l1:1t l1111 1!,!;ry1' I C'1td d

d1i11g-.

1. I l e w ~ 1s e x c~e din ,!.t g- lad t o Ji ea r from

Oln~erce

und

~<' : 1r n'
(': 1t :111v

y 11 11.

atln: rt 1:-: .' 1

IL ' ' I wi ll

n· h••nf"\· ~ri~ ;n1 <ufr,·,·b,· ( wh y'! ) :

"'O nj 11.11di1·e;

it mod ifieil

EXE!H' l :"E:l .
1tdjf&i"'U\·e., , -erbs,

i 11ar·,·111·oril'·"' i11

Iii·· u.-:c '!/ nd,·.-rb!'ll

i 11 f/O flr

an1/

Rclverbtr.

Q.11e,.UonN. -- ,Vlia t i ~ :t1 1 adv e rb '! 111111 Ji rnY 1na1n· <' ia~ ."'I''~ ar e
:uh ·<·r l1,; dil'id,·d '! \\"liat are adv erb•,, ,.,;,,,,, () f p lw:r! ()( ,,,,,,,_
'u:r _f Of de!1rer! .t \\'l1al i .i a11 a<lvcrl1ia l pl 1 r:1~~.: ·.1 \\' J1 :1t <lre 1 ·1111j11rwti\·c ad v•: rb.-;? .-\ r(· a.fv,:rhs ev er C'lluf.Jar1: d? Il 11w a n : tl1r•·e
:1"!vcr b:; c1·1mpa r1·d ? ll 11w are arfvcrf.r.1 end i ng in ly c11m p :1r HJ r

tJ ow are ot11c r a il\' t• r l1..; ('{Jrll(J::.t r,-.d'!
He pear the ord" r , ,f p:ir• i11g a 11 adver l..
R e peat the (':t1lli1111 >".

I. I ~im !t im freq11e11tly . 2. Yo u mu ~t call ofte n. a. How
11 10 111r 11 t.• th·.
-\.. l k ha ~ h .. 1· 11 re i•rn l'ed a;;ai 11 n 11 u
t1;tai11 . ;,_ P .. rli:11'·"' 11" 1· :111 h ·l l yo 11 . Ii . I>.,111111,.,,,., li e i~ a wise
rfljlid l y t he

' "" "· 7. l'C"rad1·1 ·11 t11r1", !h t' o ld dr:t ,l!;<• ll i~ a•lt·1· p.
uot .•ee 11 l.ii1n •i n n• J ret11r11 ed fro111 C alifi,r 11 ia .

U.

all

it c o nn ects two

n1 o<li tl e:-< a word in ea d1:
" will go" and "w i• l1 " : Huie X\. Ifl.
d:u1 :-:c:-0, a nd

11tr~e the no nn~ . fJ rononn!' .
lit !l1 c.· ./ullulri11y ,"fn/1 · 11, ·t'.~ :

t:OITtTI

mc11 conccrBalion and Ilia/ 1if your ,,.J,onf- 111,,fe•.

~1 1 wl 11 ·1H..' \ " (•r _,· 0 11 w i~ l1."

8.

r

] .i V(' a nd lu l'e ,
Do in g both n ob ly, beca u~e Io wlih"

Li re and wo r k, 8trong l_v, Leca11 .•<: pati ently.
.lfro. /Jrowll'ing,

T H E P H. E P 0 S I '!' I 0 N.

ha1·e

Sfi. Gt•twl"al Ik111a rl>s.
1. Th e r cl:it i o n ~ bet wee n u hj l't:t~ u ( tli<Ht gl 1t ar<" wrn cti 111 c~
ob vi o u:; that tl1cy n eed no e xpreM ion. Thi" oce ur:; wh e 11
l"OUIJs d e IJ (1ti11g tim.e, di.< lance, 11wa.•1.1re , din,clion, or Vlll111: follow
~ rb s or arlj t?c tiY r:; : a~. "H e left ye~frrday"; ··He liv e:; .;out/,

MO

12-1
of th i,; town" .

CON J U NCTION8.

Ru .. h 11·ord" arc "aid lo lie in th t·. (lh.i•'C live ca.~c

m ooo ri ~ing ]J('h iml !h t· eiL~tc rn pine'. '" 1 ca111 e fro111 l1t' Y<llld
Ric h mond to-da y. ( Par"<' "to-d ay" i n th e ohjPt'li1·c :·-::'c
without a p;ovc rnin g word , 1>,y R u ic V il!. ) l.i. 1 \\ l' llt ttJ l>c·

with out a ~ovr r 11 in g wo rd .

Tl11· 11:11111' " of thing" fi ,ll o\\'i11 g th e j>:l:<s irn fonn" of tli ~
1 rsl.- , ln11 l, fcrw/J,
n/11.w'i 11n1c idf, and :-;0111 c ·t,th c n; arc al~()

\· 1 ·rl1~

Lroit yest e rd ay.

in tli e ulijt·l:ti 1·e "a"e witl1011 t a gt1rC"r11in g word; as, " l wru
:1-kl'd a 1/'lt'-"l io1t"/ " J wa:; tau g h t yn 111u1uu-".
:!,

prepo~it. ion

A 1ol 1rn.-;e l'O ll 11111·11l'i 11 g with a

1,; called

4. Thi · in fin itive i" 11-mally eal kd a phrase.
par~ing;

il~.

/11

n1io, Oii

/ti!/ /, ,

rflfUlf /

1>i:tr.1e ~ uc ; h cu 111 hi11:ttion~ a."\ :""1i11 g l c

l(IU /

rulUH / , in [!t'lleruf, &c.

wo rd:-> .

U'rife the jir.'5 t two

f 111J

:t

11re1>0-'il1""'; it

e:-.prt:ri:-' ion '!

o f it )-1 ol ij ('<' L l•1

tlH· Wt ircl

u1 u 111

yu111·

(ll'('l11lltlfr /,· ,..,,1u 111 ,

\\' hal wurdk a n ~ in t h e uhj l'di\'e l'a:-w wi1l1ot1L a

THE CONJUNC TI ON.

wl1it·li Lli e
S~).

l:l tlt· 1· dt•pe nd:-1. 11

«C11fou·c• , rt11<{

l """"'

· ~

Classes.

l. C onjn1wtlon!>! arc divi1h:tl iut o tl1rcc classes:

EXE 1tl 'J '4EA .

A 11 1tl!l:1· !/" ful/11!1•i11y

Lit

th e rl'lati on l><.·IWi'i'n if A ol\ject

and :0 0111(• <1 tlil' r Wr >rd: it ~ li o W ."i tlH• re lat iu 11 l>dWCf' ll
11
";-1J 1i1 11' and
'''l'HI " .
l { 11 le "XIX. " :\ pr1·1111:-: i tii•ll Ml111w :'i
1h v n ·lati 1 1n

~1 11r.,.., /i u 1t ."f

f/1r 1'f'

' Vliat iH a prepo!-i iti onal plira ~c '! C:1 11 tlH' word :-{
ii' 11 11 phr" "''" be separa ted '! How sh.,uld ouc h eo111lii11:tti o11s be
V""""d '!
Jte peat th e ord e r of par><i ng a prr po,. ition.

:t hoa rd tlt c Rhip."

"I"'"''

aa;3 11'f (.~ tr>

11ar;-5e flu· pr(•1>0." 'ilton:itt.

~O,..'.' rnin g word '!

kS. Modd for Parsi11g.
Aboard "

a c111np()~'( ififJn 011. " •>ur •" In~ ' ',

q,u..-!'ittion!'4. - \Y h:d i;-; a J'l'l' )' 1t~iti 1 1n? Du tlh' relati(\n ,..; l1f' t W('<.'ll
nlijl'<'I" of tl1011 .!.( ht :tlw :n ':'l rH•cd cx prc;;sion" \Vh,·n d o 1iin· IH•l
JllT· i

W t•11t

1~{

sc1tlc 1tc<'·-<

P fu.'e all the 1•r••1•0,.itio11" in three .<e11/c11ces r~/ '!JOtlr re1uli1•y
lc.swn .

1. A Prcp<•" ititJ11, :111t l wf1 _v '?
'.l. \\'hat rt ·l:i t i.. 11 <lo"• it , IJ.,w'!
:;. i{11l c.

"TI H·_v

wall

cu11.l J"Lr·'C I hl' 1•r••1•0,.l lion,..
lJ!rile the

S7. Orde r of Parsi11g.

t}I(,

Sta1>8 th e 11 11011 ,; ilc11n: wi t h hi :; s h :1 rp alarm .
A s in g le h a.1· cart doll'll t.h e du:;ty road
Cr~ akH ,; lo ll'l y, witl1 it :; d river fa~t ; L~ lc Pp
On tl1 e loa d'; to !'.- ll'liillil'I'.

~

Thi· "·,.rds oi' :«J 1n e p h ra.-;,·" ll <'t d not be s(•paratcd in

Th e lot'll st hy

i.

71n·pr1."il in11ul j1ILr11."''·

r; ,

• ·) ~
J. -' ._,

Oll Al\ll\IAR .

ELE ~IENTA !l\"

ff, t'

0011 11,.

ali<l

i•r<>J>

Copulative ,

o~dUo ns:

1. A l:trk rr·ar('t] ht' r hro"rl am id t he co rn . 2. Th ey wandl'rt'd i11 t l1rn11g,; dow11 tiw r:tlle~· . a. Emma ca11 1e from the
Yillu!,'.•'. thro11vh t.IH· wood.' , tn 011r l1t>UK1~ . 4. \V(• hav(' seen the

2.

ni.<j11111:ti.Ut',

a 11 d Currl'!r1t icr.

(~01>ulaCin~ ('oujnau-tlon!>! j oin on words, pl1ra sr;;,

or me mb ers <le noti ng a1l1liti o11 , con::;cqu e ncc, <: ;rnsc , or
s uppusi tion.

J2ti

ELE~!ENTAl\Y

J:x. - Anrl, nl><n, a,,
FO,

!-'iTH't',

... ec l11g 1

lwca 11 ~ P,

tltat,

t li:1 11,

GRA ~BIAJL

127

THE INTERJECTION.

IL "N eith er Ellen no r Mary learned th e le;;sn n ."

e .. n.<1·•1t1<'ntly, e 1·c n, for, if,

tl1 erefore,

\ \\' l1y'! ) :

r t: i'er:o; u r :u1~wer~ to tl1 t• tith e r.

"111 ·ith 1: r

3 . Hi~jn ucHn• ('onjnn<·tionN jui 11 on wo rd;-:, phrases,
or 11 H·111 l1l' r s de11oti11g opp •Js iti ull o f 111 ea 11i11 g.

~e 11tc·1H· (' ,

n1oretJ vcr,

l ·: x. - - ,\ltloough , tlo1111 g li, but, l'it\1 ., r, ne ith e r, l'Xccpt., lc~t,

nor, 111ii_with :-' t:u1di11 g- , or, JHu\·id ed, :-;avt·, ~till, unl cx:ot, whether,
wl1 e rl'a.... , y e t.

-L ("or1·<•lathc ('onjnn<·tion... a.re co pula ti vcs or dis· g ur a11 :; we nng
·
to
·J.11n ct i1·c.; ii>"' '! ,·,, 1·1; 11·1--"' 111 1e r e 1·e rrin
c

th e ot her.
Ex. - Bulh - and , as - as, ."'io - :i:;, ~o - tliat, c itltc r- or,
nt>illtl'r - nnr .
if- t lien ,
tl1n11 .!!lt - _1·d , ll<'\' Crt ii l' ie",
nvl
o n ly - hu t a l:-:o, w h 1\ tl 1er - 11r, ur - ur, 11 1,r ·-- rHir.
Jt~tt1. -:--\1 1 ~· Ji ('t111Jl1i 11atio11~
rts ..•u.>Qn u.'I, ./ 1 Jra !~W rt (·/1 rt ." ,

111

:lR
:'fO

u:

I f .'{

11111 r h

r(.~

f ftrJ1t,'Jh,

tlu1! 1

l/ .'f

u

co nn ee t~

n (J r"

11

in1n1d1 H.'~'H th~~

"Ell en " and

" ~Iary " :

H 11 le XX.
E\. EH C JHJ-:>I.

..1lnu.l!JZC tlt c jutloirin:;

;iC1dt'll Cf·\

and

par.~e

th e

(~011ju1u·Oo11N:

~- Il e C;tllt l' a11 J
went lik e a p le:i,an t th ought. :3. \\'i ~durn is ti"· l'ri11cip:li
t\1in g; th c,l'forc get wi s.J.,111. 4. \V e l'lltl o ut t li ri 1·e 111d i'" we
an' in dustrious . :). Tli o 11;;li li e ~ lay nH' , y d will I trn't in
him. li. I I e was not onl y pr.,11<l , but va in al~o.

J. Co\J and \1un gl'r awake n<>t her can'.

IJ'/-ifr Ili c .fir.</ t wo .•e11il'11r·'"' '!/ u r·u11111r1«ilion '('
('orn " , an d pw·se Ili c <"Onjunt·liou".
l'rrr8C «ll th e

welt a~lf,

<"Onjnn<·tiom•

"Po1•11inic

in //uw: .< e11lc11 rcs oj !J011r rcudi1,,o

tr.~!ll)fl,

hut al.~o, lnd /il.:r.J ·

&l· .. •,1 1r 111\cl lJe p .1rse
· · <l a· ~ ~ ·111 g Ic c" nJt.lll
· ct io
· ns

"' t.<r , 1101 011/11
• ,

and

nn~

r(J rrrlutlre :

. . nor . . . ;in• t· ' 111,i1 L11r·ti1J11.'1 ,,·

\\'h e rl'fr1rr·.

tl1t"·11 ,

•)I

1:onj1111 c t.i1·p :1d1·c rb".

Ctn<'~Hon~. - \\' li:it i ~ a ('11Tiju 111.:ti n 11 'l
11110 \H ;W rnanv (' l aR~f· .~
arc~ 1·on.i111w1i o n:-1 di vid t:d '! \V.l1a t :u-c ('np1d at iv e en11,i 1i 1 1di o n ~'?
J)i,j 1111l' tive co nj1111 1·1io11.,Y C:orn· lativ e co nju11 c1 ion:;? H o w ,1i v11ld
o .~ i): n nl only , &c., he pa r:·wd '!
Hl'p ea t th e on1" r oi' 11:u·, i11i; a co njun d io n.

l>O. Order of Pursing.

T 11 E I N T E lt J E C 'l' l 0 N .

.\ C'~·11j11111·1i"ri. :1nd wl1.'"!

1.
2.

< ·t ,J•11

3.

\Y h:H .J .,,., it e<> nn ci:t '!

l.· 11,·1·c·. I 1·1 ~.11· 111t·11v
· l' ,

ttr

( ;urn.· lative , and

why?

~2.

Hui e.

Remarks.
~

1. Intci:jcction!il are expr essions of emoti on only. ·
!' hey arc c:1lle1l inte rj ectio ns becau s e they arc tl1rou·n

HI. Mod1•ls for Parsing.
J. " Elkn and .\lar_v .-1 11.Jy al g1·l11·a."
A.n<t .

J:-i

a

n o te~
I\111 1•

t'

1J11.Ju1 1rfi 11 1i,-

il

1·01111 t·1 ·1 :-;

word :-1 :

1·111ndu tire; il C:..e ·

:tddi 1iu11: it C'll !Jllt 'l'h II E1n111a n a11d " J\farl'· ~
\"X . '' ( 'n11,i1 1ndio11 ,i;i '' <ltl lll'l' t wnnlt.1, plir:Hi('l'I, a rtl

i'il' l"l l t•t)1' l'S ."

·in

lc /1ce r' J1

eo nn cc tcil pa r ts of di ,;cu nr:-<c , tl1 011 g li ge n-

erally fou nd :1t the co111111e11 eerne 11 t of ;L
n~

~en t cnce.

2. J\I oRt w ord~ wli l' n 11sc<l as 1·xcla111at ions ma ~· he trc:it r tl
i nt c rjcc t i o n~; :l~, " ll 'ha t ! nrt t.hou mad?" "H,,-1·e11ge .' cried

b(' ".

i.:!H

ELEMENTAllY GltAMMAR.

!):t Ord••r of i>m-sing.

2. A ('0111pou11d Sc•nh·1u'<· c1111:;ist,; .. r 111·0 11r 111"n~
conncctc1l se nt c·n ccs , t::1\'h <) f' wl1i e li " ·ill 111:1k e 1· ;11q.i ... te
1

1. An Int e rjec ti o n, and why?
2.

Rense "·li e n ;;.:t:111din ,t.:; :1!11111•.

Huie.

lt•'•n .--.w-Tlw

!)!. ~lollel

for Parsiug.

:-:1·11tt'lliT :-'

~if'

,,·liit·h a

C1H11p11 1111 d

..... 1· 11 tc111.: .. ·

I:"::"

co rnpo.-<cd arc l'allcd :tl••mher,..

''Eh! a rc yo11 sure of it'!"
•:h I .. . . 1" an i11te1jrctir111; it d1·11otcH some Allfh l en emotion
Hrilc XX l . " ..\ 11 inll'Jjl'Cl ion li:u; n o dcpeudc nce upon
ot her word ~."

:1t~ 11t c 11 < · t>:-: , <.' ael1 ·,f ,,· l1id1

net tt•d

EXEH( ' I SES.

I'•rrBe all !lie wo r1/.< in Ifie f"lloll'iug

"Lead 11 :-'. not in tn ll'rnptali 1111 , li1 11 dt.'li\· C' r 11:-:

~t:111di11 .~

al one.

~e11 teu ce.~:

it i" a "ii:;ht tu fr1·.L·zc one! 2. Ali! hal yc.u
tho11µ;h t 11H·hl i11d, did yn11? :i. O! O! ' ti" liiul! 4. O e xcel1"11t yo1111 µ; man ! G. Al :l' , what l1av c l 8CC!I or known I G.
Jller"Y· h ow it hu rn K! 7. Fi e upo n t h ee ! 8 . 1':'-oft ! I did but
drca lll. V. TuHli ! t.u s h ! 111an, l mad e !lo referc n c:e tu you.
l. JTah!

·· Lt·ad

Ct1u.,.llon ... - ,\'li:iL iM a11 i11tcr:i•' ct icJ11 '!

\\Tir y '" it called an

pn·di1·;1t C' .
1101 ,

'1

Lt•ad " i.-. 11J odifi t·d 1,_v

:i n ;1d\'t~ rl 1 i;il e ll' llH: lll; ;111 d

" " ' li"at. i" a vq..:; .. t :ch lc ." ThiK K<'1 1tcu cc collKiK t., of a tii ngle
prnpos i tio 11. lt is callt•d a 8 i111;ile ,),;nfr11n·.

1. A Sim1>le St•ntence co nsists of a sin g le pro ii·
ositi on.
"\VIH' :tt i-:row.-< i 11 th e fie ld , am! ntc n rl'ap it." Thi~ sen-·
t cnce co11 ,ists of t wu propositio11", ea c h of whi"11 will make
1:ornp letc l'lC ll ~c wh!'11 stalllli n g al1>11 c . It is calle.d a Cornpo11n1I
Scn lcna .

111 ~ 1k e t·11 111 1dl'lt.:

Ii_\'

11r

1"1·11:-<t'

when

dit ·

tir:-:t 111t: tn -

I
!lit.~ lir .. : t 111 t•1 11 \.~ r;

lt"nd ) tli t·

n~ , :111 q!1,i1 •1· t i\'1 · elt'l 11 1· nt;
t ltl'

Ly

phr:1 ...:v 1 I ulo lt•1n1>f1tlion,

••n ad\'t.: rl1ial Ple mc nt.
'l'hon , 1111d1... . r.--. tq<H I,

c le 111 e 11I,

a nd l1y

i.. ;

lh t· ~ulijt·t· t nf

" lh·liver ''

th\• :-:.1·t ·11nd

11w11il 1t• r

•'-··

l1_v u~ , an <Jl ~jt't'Li,·t
adv t· rbial (·lt•ni ent.

l :-i 111 od ilivd

1l1 c pl1r:1 sl', f'ro1u ••vU 1 <111

EX Etl! : I SEH.

Hl'j >\!al th e ordt' r of i"""i11g a 11 i11lcrj cctio11.

!):>. 8i111pfo and Compound ~m1fonces.

will

11:-: n11t int o t e n1p latirn1 ., i:-:

'l'ho u , 11111 k r :-- loud, i:-: tl1v ;-; ul ~ j (•1.: l.

li\' •"r , li1e pn ·d i l'; 1I C'.

i Hl l'rjt·rl io n '!

~·"il."

fr11111

Tl1i s j:-; a ~1' J1.l 1' J1.."e ; ( wl1y ?): C11111.1wn11cl,· it c.·on ...:i:-:t:-:. (•ft ,,.,, con -

I. \'i !fh t 1·r1m1·~ to c1ur h vcl . and lrn·atl1t•,: it 111 1111r •·:tr".
H" li1·" cl fiJr hi:< l111·c ·- f'o r hiK 1·;,u11 t ry 111 · di1·d. :·l. Art 1'
l(lllf', anti ti1r1 c j, ll n·t.i n:;. -1. Y1111 111U •l re ti 1rn r, o r y11u will he

ru ined.
!).

~h1· rai,:et! hC' r µ; l:1z1" l "·'"'s, :u1d l1111k"d al.11ut witll' a

ti. Tl1t• cliµ-nit.v "f w11ma11 h :t,: it,: p1 .. ·11 li:ir
cha ral'l.r·r; it aw C's 111 11rt! tha11 that of 111:111. 1. Ti1t' ('arth j,:
hi :Id e n \'\'(, !>11 t 1101 clra.d. >i. It i,; t Ir e day , ,f m:i 11 '.-< tri:i I, ll<>L
the ti111r of )>i,: rP1rnrrl.

.'.i1111t. wild1H' ''"

A.~cf'rl rrin

who! .~f'nfr n r1 ·.'i in y rw r 1'('tt r/in'] / e."1..".()U (l.. r C C'O •n1-..0111u: .

I·:. 1:.

~.

130

ELEMBNTAllY GllAMMA ll.

Ct•,..~f i on~. - \\' hat i~ a
li.:tH.:~ ·.'
\ \'h a t an.· tht..• parl i::i

t<in1pl t• "'' 11l C" Ol'l'
vf a

0
/

J 31

COMPLEX SENTEt\C :.:;i;_
A •·01111'011nd oCn•
ca lkJ ·1

Moel Pis for A11al~· sis.

t ·u 1t1jH.1 111u.I ,.:cnh.: tt l'\.:

l . " ll t· dar,:d t1J l1 ad wl u: re any dan: d In f1dl11w."
1

UG. ('0111ph'x

St·11l<•11rP~.

Th l' "r·r 1t t' 11 cc, " I know wl1t:n: go ld j,, lii u11d " 1·011taiu~ two
prof'''" iti •>r1'1: " I kJJow " a11d " \\'li cre g .. ld j,, fi >U llll " . Tho
c11njll11\·1in· adv :· rli "' \\'li ,·ru" coun1·L·ts t lit·~e ['l'OJ• 0'1 iti rrn~, modlJ'y i11;; ''know " i11 the li r:"'t , a11d ' i:; fu1111d " in tli t• :;1•cond.

Thiri i ~ i l ."1' ttfcarc,- ( wl1 y".' ) : C•Jl/lj•/1·1· ; iii ,..; ( 'llJ llJ1 u:--t· d ur a prin .
r : pal a11d :t :-'U l1urdi1t :1te 1· 1;111:-ie. ' 'll t. · dar,·d l tJ it-ad " i:-; 1l1e p ri11·
ci;1al 1·law-1e, a11d
\\' ln·r1· a11y dared lu f1dl11w " , ll1 t.' :-0 11l 1111·tli11 :111·

Ciw 1 .<e~.

(::icc ,;l'<.:ti1111 26.)

T he fir,;t. cl :i11 :<t', " I k 11 011' '', 111akc:'1 co11q1ll'l c ,;,·use wh en
~ta n di11!-i alone , a11d i' tl 1crdi1re ca llt:d the lotli1t!J ur priacipal
cl,w,;c.

1. A Prin<'i1.al
plete :;c 11 ~c

('Jan~

i:; one whid1 m;Lk cs comwhen s q1arat c il fro111 t l1c rc s t (If th e ~e n­

tc 11 ct·.

H

II••

d1'/H 'tlff, ·,,f nr .~11 l1 11 1 ·,fiot1 fr c·l: ll ht ' .

'.!.

i:-: tl1c :-:11 \~j d· t <1 f tl1P 11r"11H'i11:1 I c l:t11.-;t' ; ( ''· hy'.J). dur•"'•t , 1!1e
11
I>an·d'' j:-; 111 11d ili 1·d !,.,. t lit.: 1il1r:1.. : j•. to l••,.d ,

prt·d ii·att·; ( wl1y'! ).

uu oldectiYL' t.:krn c 11 t; "L1• lead " i:-; 11111dilit·1 l l1y i lH· ;11 f,·1·rl •i;1J

rl:iu :-:e,
j1· 1·1,

\\' h••rt.• an,1' dar••cl

•o

follou

A Snbo1"d i rn1lc· ( 'lan,.t• is 011l: ll'lii1·!1 d11 cs not

th e s 1· 11tc 11 ce.

uf wl 1i \·l1,

i ...: tl1 l' :--1 1 !) ~

uu,\

w l1i1·l1 i ~ 11Jodilicd 1,_,. nlu· r c: , a1 1 a1l\"1..' rl 1i;1I 1..· lt·11u.·111 . . . \ \"l•1 ·rt:" i ...;
n L-.11 a
ul1jec~

t·u 1111 cl·l i\·e, j•1 i11i11 g- llw r;u lJu r di u alL' c h.1. llr:e tu
of th e l'ri nl' ip:d cla use.

'\1 1.1

k :1d " .

Llic

I l. "111 · tl 1al l1a lt·l l1 , di ,-,t·11il1ktl1 witl1 J.i, l i1•s."

11 rdin :1t e

f wl1 y '.' I.

1·1ml1ilef,"

Jil,·1!1 wi t Ii l1i :-i Ii}':- · " i ...: tl1t.· p ri 11t· i1 1al, :1 11 d

1
•

" l it.: di.-.:--1 ·11•-

1l1 ;i! l1:tlcti 1 " , li1 L' :--. ul, ,

' '

t·la1 1!-\C •

or

till' J' l'in r ip: d ··la 11't'; , ... 1i_,. "1: ,11 .. ~ .......
11
hl••th , 1\11· 11n ·di <':1tv; ( wl1 y'! J.
11 1·" i ~ 1111 1d ilit·d l1y tl w 1· h :1:--1·,
lhaf hutt· th , ;111 11dj t·t·ti\' t' 1· l l' 111t ·11 11 11f w /1i1 ·l1 fhnt i:-; tlll' :-i lll. 11·1·1 1
a11d hnh•th , th e predi <·a11 ·: ' · cl i:--:-:t· 11 il .l l•lli " i:-; 111 11dili1·d by tlw
pl1ra ~ t ·, nlth hi~ lip!'t , ; 1J1 ;1dVL' rl>ial t·le 111l'lll: " lip:- . " l1y hh an
.... is 1h1• , 11 l1jel'I

mak e c 11rnplctc ::ic11 :::c 1d1 c 11 :;e paratc d fr u u1 tl1e rest of

1

tlar •·d , tilt..• pn.: di ~·;t t l', :ind li1 (• p/1i ·a :"IC 1 •o f'ollo\\ . tlw 11 l'. i1···1,

Tl1i:-1 i:-i a se11l1·11r·1•; ( wl1_,· ·! 1:

Tir e :<1•r111i. I rlan-c, "ll' ill·rc gnl d i,; f"11nd ", d11<''1 uot make
cn11 qol <' it· :<en>'!' wl1t·11 ~ t : 1111li 11 ;.:; 11l .. n1-, :wd i" t l1vrdvrc ca lled a

.

ChUll'\C.

1

Th,·"(' ['r<ll'""i t i<1 J1 ,; art' n dkd

'

1

uc

lt••m. - :\l l t ht· t•l c rn Pn h of :v sL'lllPncC' n1ay
l'huscs :
/',·c1/i1 ·11/1", ()l,_j, ·,·lil'l', .·l1(irdirc, a11J

a.djccti \ 'C

cJt'IJh.' lll.

EXf: IH' I S ES .

l1 l' 11t"l', t l1nc: a rc S11/,j<"cl,

If dra/1/1,/ C /1111.""'·

A ('011111h-:1.: St•ut<•n•·<· en11s ists .,f a. priu cipal
cl;u1sc. some par t o f wl1id1 i::i 1u odifi cll IJy u u e o r 111orc
')

u.

s ul1ord111: 1tc eL111scs .
1t••111.- \\' IJ\ ·11 a t:11nq1il'x .~l ·ntc n cc <'011tai11s 111an y t:lanses 1
p:1c h ela11:<e , hnu ld li e :w p:tra! t·l y ana!yztJ in th e o rde r iudi·
c1tl'd hy it-; pn:<ition.

l. Ht· that fla tlNl'lh , J,·.-ei1·u l1 lri~ ill·i;.:-1. hor.

•

:?. Tl1l l10V

ll1at .""II :<a w i ~ lll_t· ~-1>1 111,l! l' f IJ1·otl 1er. :l. li e i ~ fri ,l!ht,· n.-d
wl1t·n it t lr1111< le r.-<. -l. I can 11u t ~l ud .v ll'l1<·n· t l. !'1"' i., ?1111 ,. Ji
JJ!l i><t•.
:. . r \\' tJlJ ltl p:n· yo u , if I had llr· · l li OI ](' \'.
11, \\ ' a~ tl 1:1t
111a n wh11111 ,-ou add n·"'l'd , your g u ardiu u "! 7. J fr i.-.. a :;u11d
man, thuu gli ve ry eccentric.

o.

~ a L11 re

ne v ~ r d id I1..trn.y

Tlw li cart t l1at luvcJ !1<.: r.- Worrl.11:1"·1/, .

'
I

,~ r

ELLIP SI S.
Ll.[~!E:-lTi\l\Y

OIU~IMAI\.

3. 1'!1c Gra111111afit-al Prt•dkatc of :, pro111i,: iti .. 11

~I. ~~ 'he p 11nr tno o ft. e n turn awa~· , 1111h t·a1d 1

l•'ro111 h•·:1rt • that ,d111t aC,'.ai1 1>'t tl1<>111, with a sound
Tii:\L ,Jia il I><• l1nrd i n hl' :l\·1·11. - f,r111,r!}i:llow.

the Ulllllo<lified pr edi ca te.

1.s

i::~. - " Th e !"it1J rlll ra .~· e:: ft1rio11:--ly. "

'' Habcs' '

t.'i

tl1t•

g ra 111·

or I..o~ieul Prcdkah~ is tlil' gra 111·
mati c;il ]Jl'Ctlil'.ate, taken wi t li 1dl its llludilil'I'.'.
-L 'J'lic

E .~.

'lo•h·l. - Th e r11111 <> r i., , tlia L \Ir. Jud""" ha' failed.

~li e

("01111)lex

-"Tlie :-;torin

l11gi c a l prt ·d icate.

ni g t•.-;

!'uriuu:.;l .' ·-"

.i

Ha ~i -•:-)

furiou ... J~·

"

i~

" Til e wi11d lduw s will1 ,l.'.Tl'Ht Y iok lln.~ . "

"Blo w.-; wit Ii ::reat \' i••leuce"
i~

1.-;

tli t' l•·g ieal pn!dicat.c; "ul<>IY.' i"

Il1<.' ~ r:1111111 : 1ti .. :1l l' ""di c:tlt-.
ne1n. - 4. \ l l the. tiart :-1. 11 t' a :-;.~·ntc11cc nia:· lw ~i111ple or

t' 1JJ11 -

pl t·x ; ln1L it i... 11u t ll t.Ti ';-;..:;1ry r iu ;1 11;1l~·~ i.s : lo di,1i11 ~· u i:-..l 1 tl H· 111
a" '"ll'h . Tl w .Jj , fi11o ·tio11 . l111\\'<•11·r, 111ay ]J, . 11h>i1r1('d with t i" ·
~ ul1je t · t
}

:t 1· l:11 1>"t · '!
:\ pri1wil':il <·Ian,," / ,\ s11 l1.
.\ c•i11tp l1•x :-"1 ·1111·11t 'l' 'f I l o\V 111 : 1n _,. l'lt.1 ll1Pnts of a
l,l' <'q11qdex '! ll11\\' 111 :1 11y kind :-; of 1·la11:-:es :tl'l' tli erc?

t'\'lllt'lllT 1J1 a_v

tJ,,,

1

11 i1 d u1 d

J:rnnunntlt·nl Uttd lo;::lc1tl snbj•.. c·C~

in au _'!

1~{ l/11;

1111 d ; >u i1tf

11 1//

1 r111f

JtrPdl~

pn·n ·di119 -'il'11/,•111·e..,.

JVrite th e Jir.v.I tn- o ,.,,,,,,,,,,,,.,.,,,

nrdin:1t1· l' L1 11."'<' :'

!

l"

and pr•·1li<'al1·.

(•1tfe1'!t

Ct11<",.lio11,..- \\' li:i1 i"

'

'
l.
l

niatieal p red icate.

r~f o

('0J11po:-< ilio11 0 11 '' <·oasliu~· ' ,

/h r ~· rftlHHlltflt•nl 1J11d lo~· it•al i'Htb_ic~c·r,_. and

11rt"tllt·ntc•s.

(lne"-~1ion~. - \\'\i ; 1I i~ tlit· .!.!ra tt11nati 1·:tl l'"H l1j t.' l'l uf ;1 \•l'•l}ll':-oit ici n

' l'l 1e «~11Hpl 1·x ~1r \11_!.!'i1·al :-;11li,it:<'I °!
Tl11.:• c11111plex cir l<1;; i1 ·a i pn ·d il'at1·'!

1. Tilt' •~r:uumalkal
t.!ie Ulllll< >< lifiL'd ;;11hj<.:<. : l .
• ·::'(:. ___ . i : \

oll:t li;· :tl

.!..~:n · al ~tonn

1:-i

Sul~j4•c·t

r:q~ i Il g-."

Tlte gra11111iali t.·al

'?
111·l·<lil'alt· 'l

.,f a pl'np osition is
.. ~torin

n

~)S.

i:-i tli e gram·

Elli psis.

'.

'

,11 l '.j1 •1·(.

l

1

l

I

l
.)

The ('omph•x or 1..or.:ic·al

Sul~jt•('(

is the gram·

rna.tical :rnl 1j c ct, takc11 with all it,; modifier,;.
J-: x.- " A g rc· :1 t "l11 rnt i" raµ; i ll f\.
" A g n·at ~torm" is thf
loµ;i•· al s uhi\'< 't. " [[, ~ who ru11~ may reaJ ." "Ile wh o run~"

i.• t lif' 1....1~i l':il ,; 11 hj('!' t.

nf

a R(·n tell<..:('.

Tl1P w1mb OJllitt ed arc ~:1i1! to he 1111-

1!erstood.
Rem.- lf r•''l llired in analy"i ' or pa~in g, the \Y(JrJs omitted
11n1 "t ht• ~npp l ird.

!;

•.l;1';
l

134

T-:LE~ ! ENTARY

2 . All but the rn o~ t important pa.rt nf a sentence

may li e orn it t1·tl.
'~' ,

" y,. are Cliri8t '8 [dis-

ci;1lc." l ".
2.

1•ronot1n!li'

rnay be

OIJliLt t·d;

a:-.,

n

J

li1r

''I L>el iC' vc liwt. he is ·i 11 .<ane", is e<Jllivalent to, " [ beli eve

ii

"Wlu·n th.e "'"!Joi· rtrri:1·ed, th e r ~tbhl c di "i:-1 e1 p1ivakut to, '"l'lu:, ·m ayur hav i119 o rr i rcd, the ral1lde

.!
1.

di ~ JIL'r ...:cd " .

:!. In analyzin g , l<' t the pupil ex 11and each aLridgcd clause
i 11 to a compktc pro1•0, iti on, a11d ~t.ate it.~ ollice or use in tl1e

Cu u1 0 I. tl111u J' ~ .

0. A~lje<_·ti,· •·"' 111:1y he 0111it1t ·d; a:-:, '· ,\. :-1lat1· a11d j_ aJ pencil.,; ' · That ki11d ,,r l'Xt: JTi"' 111ay il(' g""d fo r you, I.Jut not

I .'/O f1d

Ex. -

/,./111. lo be '"''"''"e " .
1wr:-.:.L·d ":

IJ\' •>lllittetl;

l. Xonn" rnay

~ente n cc.

Models for Analysis.

11l c ".

'1. Part id pl<>" lll:t y li1: 0111it1<-d; as, "'l'l 1i,; l_l"·in:; J done,
W t' l'l ':-O. ll ll1t.' d

'"

,-,·rb" 111:1y I"· 0 111it t<- d ;

G. Adn! rbs nrn:• I.Jc omitt e.J;
you did not [ rwl hrm omM!J j ''.

I yu J ht:rn·c to Lon I ;,, tu Uc I ] re· land 's foe".

a•, " f ·11
a~ .

" Il e a cted li onornl.Jly, Lut

i. Prr1•0,.ilio11" and ('011jn11t·llon" n1 :1y lie 0111itted; aR,
"l[c .t :an_• l to j ni e a11 nr an ~~ (·
" 1\ g11•1d , I ru"l] wise, and
\ r11 tIi1'11 I fri!•11d .. .
l~ntin· l'hrn~4:~

and

liHVl' rnorc• lo do 111:111 y~•ll

I

1·f111

u t·1·11 111

1,ti... /!

I

< : 1n11~4·~

111 ay be on 1il led ; a~, "You

(' ;111 :wl ·o11qdi ·d1;

J,

l1 •s:-i

jJfJ do /It.an

1 '.

ctn.-·~•i•n•.,.. - \\. l1:il i:-- l·lli1 ,:0 i:--:'.'
\\'l1 vn
\Vhat part.-.: 11!' a s•· 111 e1H'l'. 111;1y

dv rst1H1 d '!

I. "Forward! 17

' 11l r j flll rtH' )' ".

don "; "I_ 'iii Ot' I E11t'.hml's fri l'11d

8.

135

AilRIDGMENT.

<iltAMMAR.

TJ ,j , i" a "rnln tce; ( why'! ) : ii ,.; ,.; 111,j ed a111l prcdi catc arc 0Jll ittccl
It io< '-'' 111 i va k11t tu, " i\l :trc h y e funra r.i ! " 11· ,. is the
,.;ulij,·1·1; ( wh y 'I) : mar<!I• , th e predi cate; ( wit\ YJ . ".\b rcli " j,.
mudili ed by forward , an adv e rbial c l e 111 l~lll.

uy cl Ii p,.; i, .

1 L "The sn ow b<>ing de(' j>, we co1 d1! not p roceed ."
Tlti,.;i,a H~ n/cnr.-;

un~

'\V<>i ,t h c~ 11l'.j ecl;

( why ? ) : <>onhl

{why ?) . "Could prot'l't.:d " i ~ lJl<)difi ed
by not , :in ath· c rbial e l eni en l , an1l 11.v th e al1,•; li1 l<' p l1ra sc, thr
Nno " ' h"·iug "'"""'I• , :111 adv erbial t• l t: 11H: 11t
eq11 iv:tl l·nt t•\ "hc<':lll HV llw l" llHW
Wa H d ( l'p
Hnow'' i l"t JllDdifit ~d l,y uu~ and
1

0

lu•in~· d4•4•p , J1qtJ1

a rc- w11rd :-: ~ :1 id to Le
lw 0111itt1·d ?

(w h y? ).

1-•r,.H·<~c•tl, tl1(• pn:dic ~ale;

1

' .

adj1·1·tive 1 · l e nu.:nt~.

EXEl\C!F'ES .

1. ,\ ttcnti1111 ! 2. 011, Stanl e_v, o n ! 3. A rope to thr~ sid e l
4. llfagnilit:c nt! fj, H o w now, my old fri e nd. 6. Honc,.;t , m_
v
lord? 7. Better l:tte than neve r. 8. Arc y ou C•J ld '?-Srnn cwh at.

1. <:ompl<·x S..·nh•n•'(~ :ire o ftl'll cli:111 geJ into sunplc on 1·,.; hy :dJri dg ing t:lwir Kuhordinat e elau ses .
Jt•·m. - Tli i, i,.; dn n1 · hy dr"l'l•i11 .c: t.11 1· ·' "''.i"l'I-. or changing itR
c:L''" a11d hy i:li:i11 ~; i 11 ~ tl1< ~ c11p11la '". 1·,·rl•al prcdi 1,alc to an
inf'11 1i1i vc or a j':irtiri1• it:.

~). "No nun havin g fa! l,_. n, tliE' cro l'" 11·prc d(·,troyed.
10.
Tl 1(' rt_· i,; no d;111 ,gcr of l1i~ fallin g. 11. Tl1l' ;;ton 11 l'onti 11ui 11)!,
1Ye drupp C'd anchnr. 12. Havi11g led an activ,, !if,._ hi! co11 ld
not e ndu re co nli11 c mc11t. 13. Be in g hum :u1, li e i~ not perfect.
1-l . !Iq11 o r hci ng; 1,.,,l. all i~ Jq,t.

EJ.E.\lE:"l'J'AltY llil.Ul\l.\lt .

H! ILE::i llF SYNTAX.
IC4•ru. 1 .-

- A 11oun llHt.Y }).._. i11 H[1J1•1:->itio11 \\' itl1 a s1·r1l•' l! (T 1 n 11 d :1

~l'llll' llt 't.: with

100. ltulcs of' SJ11tax.

a

I H Hlt\;

1. s.llllax l ::l tl 1:1t. part of' g ra1u11iar which treu,ts uf
th•; l:O ll struet iun of :::c nte u ee::L

tlwt hd11 tlu:!lt..;.1'l t't'.'> '
ll4"'1n. ~ . - _ \

ltem.- All tl 1c l'Xnc isl'>i in tl1e f;, nuati u n o f '·l' nl c11 crs, in
tlii' \\1.Jrk, :t rl' l'X erc i;es ill ; y11tax.

Uufo J. Tl1e :rnl 1.i cd of a propo sition
ina t iv e ea:;e.
tl1at ?11 ay l_H.: u~H..!d

jed; a~, ". t i .. a \·11 wl'l I) ; L'

'l'o play it1

'rn :1ynr'

1s

111

of

<L

U<~1u . - A
>l: llll \_' !IL'l" ..; • 111

111 t1 111

or

i~

111·; a ...:,

i.

.·L• ·m uyor

.,r

i ' ' '1'/i at t!t c t i-nt~

i11 t lie 11 0111i11ativ e ease .
as

1l1 e :-111lijL·1·t, :t11d

l1t: i11g i11 :ippusitiiill witl1 ' 1 I ": .. .lfa i: ;_:, ur ! 1i di11a cunt.,

i~

\·01ce,

or of it:; parti c ipl e~, i:; in tl1e olij<:et iH: ca~e.

tl1 e ul)jt'L' ~ of a tra11 ~itin.: \'\·rl,; a~ , " I

~<1 11 ,

;1 d -

IJ( )ljJl

\Lll1l

!he olh l•r a thin g;

;1...: ,

" I It• a:-1k L·•I me

<t.

t•I'

1~v i1 1<1 !l!l 111: 1_,- 111_:

f,./, •it<l"

1>11t ·

"°''

/un' ,, .

l' t· p rv ... v 11 1i11 .~ :1 111· r-

11ur:.:fiu11. ''.

Vl'rbs a re 11:-:t:d in tin:: p;t :-':-i in.~ Y11in·, if 1l1 e 1hi11 !1 i:--

\\ ' 111..·ll

:..: 111·11

1n :1 dt · 11u111i11:i -

tiv 1.:, th e 11rr."'"' i ...: go\' t.' n1r·d l.y a pr .. ·1111 ...: ili•1J1 1 1..·X pn·:..::..:l·d HI' 1111· k r-

tl1 c }ll'l'di('all', dt:nuti~s th e
llill :-<l agTe\.!

iit ·

1!11..· t·it y, I f1 ·t:l ;q..~·.1. :; ri•·\·c · d " ;

lt4•n•. !!. - ~ollll' v e rb:-' l1 :1n_: tw o o l0l'('l :-o,

11nt1H 1t111 11 :-i l ' d

~1 r 1 l 1 i 1 1~ ;1:-;

a nd g l' tw ra ll _v

•

Uc111. 1. - A 1il1r:t!'l' l1q.~ i1~11i1 1 g witl1 a

1<mh~

:\ 1101 111 or pro110 1111 use d as the pn·Llicate

propn:> itio11 ,

11

Huie \ 'I . Tl1 e ul1j ce t of a tr;111 s itin• 1·<·111 i11 1l1e

tlic nom -

i1·e
n

1

1·:111

ti".'"

Huie.' \ '. :\ 11ou11 o r pro11ou11 used i1nl q1c 11duitly

!1/'e l111rtl i ~ 11 11 1lt-11 i aUk " .

Uuk II.

d111L!Jt:.ruuAy if{ -- a /ud that

in the ab::;olutc ea:::e .

a:-1 a noun 111ay ho th e
pl e a ~J nt

i~

~ s t.:xtc.·n:-;i\' t.!ly cl d tiYa l l'd " .

:2. A Un i<- of S,}"nt:tx i:; a sta tc111ent of tli c 111an·
11 er 111 \1·l1ieli w11rd s should !Jc used iu ;ie u te11e1:s.

thing

" f [i:,

wo rd Ill :ii•1111.-; i1iu 11 I\ i1 l1 :1111it lwr , i ~ fn·· 11wnil y

l !'1 Jdt11.-e...! \,_,. u ..; ur

ltt~n1. - . \ 11 _\'

a ~,

11ut lit· fk11i(·d " ; "l~ v 1 1 11.: 11d1 e r Fran k lin's 111a x i111 1 '( ,·cH..i li rij >X

with il

i11 C:lS!j,

!-'l0Pd:

iv e

ii' !111..· 1w r :..:1 11 1 i ...;

ca ~l~

will11111t

lt<•tn. :~ .

i11 11 1111 d1l' I' : 111d p L· r s 1111.

.\

;l

l!l :1d c 1t11111i11 ati\'v, tl~l.' tl1i11 ~

i:-. in tl1 e 11l 1jc<'l ·

g 11\·1..· r11 i11g ,..,.1,rd.

111 ,11 11 or J1r<111 u 1111 f1, l lo\\'i11g tl1 t• i11fi11i t i ve IP 1Jt: 1 i ...

fn.:·1p. l' t1tly in lii e () l~ jt'l' liv1· t·a :. :. l· in app1 ,~ itiuH with a \\11rd wl1id1

Huie Ill. A 11 01tn or prolloun, used tu limit the

mean111 g of a n o1111 de 11 oti11g a. different pcr::;on or thiug,
1::;

in the l'' ' ""L's~ in• r ase .
1(4•n1. 1.

1i~ it e ll

- Tli 1.• li 111 i1ed n o un

1~

~0 111 c- tin1 e~

01nitt c<l;

prl'cede:--1 jt; a ~, "I did n ot tl1ink il tu he lii.m " ; ·· J1i1n ,. i..;. i11 ilJ'-

' ' it " : '' JV/11mt. d u _vul l take Ill e 11 ) l>t: ·: ' ' " \\' l1 c111 1 ' '
in appo:-: ition with '' 111l' " .

pl)siL.iun wi1 h

Unlc \·11. 'J'hc object of a preposition

aR, " 'V(t

:--:1. Pa1 1I\ [ rlull'th]"

in the <Jli ·

.ie e ti\· c e:a~c.

Item.'.!. - Th e li111it"d no 11 n 11t' <'d not be pl11ra l beca use
po:-;:-;('K.-.;iv e i:-< pl11r:tl; a=--, i 1 Tlil'il' inlt'nliou waN guod" .

th~

Uuk 1\ -. ;\ 11utm ur pro11ou11, used to limit th<>

mea.11ing nf a 11otm or pro11o u11 llenoti11g the same
:.;on or thing, is in t he same case.

1:;

i~

pe~

Unh~

or

\'Ill. N1, 11n s denot.i11g ti111c, d1:.-.ta11cc, 111r' a .~ 11rr ,

after vcrl1::; a11<1 adjectives, ;tre in the olijccti\·e
witl1 ont a gov crni11g won!.

1•1tl111',

ea~ c

•:x.-" ll <'

llut h 11 h nin e" ~111d "y<:Htc r·
wi t li n11t a g1)vc r11ing word.

earn e hnn1 e ycste nlay."

day" are \11 th e oldecl iv c

ca~e

..

~

ELEME:>ITAllY

ClllAM~lArt.

lt!I LE S OF S YNTAX.

l(~·rn . - :\°fJ ll ll :-: :tlld pro llHllll~ following- tlH: p :i /"1:-i iVl' fol'nl8 Of CCl°'
1ai11 \'L' r l1:-:, a n : ir. li1t..: u l~j \-v ti\·e

(';i :· t·

wit l11Hll

:i

gf1 \'•·rr1i11g- word~ n..'1 1

" I w: L~ L111 g-lit yra.mmar"; " JI \• w:1 :-: 11fli: n·•I a s ituaf/,Ht i'.

ltnk XI\·. J\ 1·c.: rh , with two or mnrc• s111>jl'l'li'
·

l

·

U••ni. ~ \\' ln:11 twn l)f' 11 1ol't' :-;11 I '.J L'C" :i Ill

Unlc• IX. l'ro1101ms 111nst agr\' e ll'itli th e ir a 11teccJ-

c n ts i11 g e nd e r, J! l'l'S011,. a11d 1111111licr.
.\

pro111)llll

ll ~t: d in:-<ll' :td 11f a

1r.1. ._· n·11t

1·1.!h:cti\·1'·

11 0 1111 1

ll•1·t i,·1..· 11111111, d1·r1t•li 11 g- 1d11rali1 y, ~ l1ot1ld lw plural, tak i 11 .~ tl1 e gend lT ul' tl1 e i11di,·id11:11.-1 <·0 11q10 .. ., i11 ~ tl1 e (•1 tllt·•·ii.H1.

111 tli c ~in ~ul ar , co 1111<Ttcd l1y a/Ill, 11111 ,;L I• <' }'l 11ral.
Ht-r n. - \\' lit• 11 tlit' a11t1·1.·ed1...· n t:-i :ire th e na111 \·:-: of rl w :-::1 111l· pe rf'o n

llH l ~t IJe s i11 i;11lar:

wl1 l' ll

1l11 ·y

rn11 ~t

t·: '\:. - "TJi(•

1ur l 1· i·il a n1l :·d1tf1 ',-:ffw11

n ..·1 ·1.· /\·1·:-: Iii.-< rc· wanl "; '' Ea ch

Huh• Xi. :\ 11<>1111 t>l" 1• r o11<1 1111, 11·i1li t.wo or mo re
:u1t<:c.:cd1· 11 ts 111 1li1• ~ i11p:1dar , <·01 111 1·1·1l'd l1 y 11/' or 'Ill/I',
ll111 st 111: sing11l:1r .
.Ut•111 .-

\\" li1 ·11

1111t·

pLH·~·d /;tl-'! , a11d Il a•

11 f

!li t'

Jll'iltH 11111

;qll \'('i·dc 11 t:-1

i .... plural , it :--i h u tdd be

:·d 1•111ld l1t• pl11r:i l ; :t ."', "1'<•itl1 cr th e

(Lr1111 •r no1· l1 i ~ :-;1,11 :-; \\'1·rv :i wan· 1.f' t/1 t' i1· 1Lin L;"1' l' " .

U nh· XU. An a.!ject i1·l' 11r p:irl ic iplr belongs
8•>1ll e Jl{)IJJl 01' jll'IJ llOIJll.

l111t dif-

\\'h 1..·11 tw n or

1)

:\:0:,

n 1qn' i-:i 11.!,..!'11h r

x\·.

1·(·rh, with two or i111)rC :;11hj1·rts in 1li0

1\

ICuh· .\:\·;. J\11 i1ili11ir ive rn:iy h<· u.• e.\ :1" :t 11 r11111

in

a 11 y c a~c l'Xl't'J't. the po sse!'isivc.
lt••ni. - Tli <'

tlw

j 11 finiti\' e.

:-- i _!..;' ll lo

~ hu1.ld

IH'\' t ' r

l1l'

!-:1·p :ir\i! l..'d frnr1 1

"'J ~ , n 11,i1lfy irrifcn ~ 11 u uld l1l',

'f',, rr 1· ift'

4

Jtnlc X\' 11. ;\ 11 iu fi11itiv c n ot u sed as

lie· s in !.. :" 11 lar.

o_[Jir-1T, t'a d1 1iri1.,1/('1 did lt i8 duty ' ' ; '' /; n 'ud :uul J11i/I: i.-5 hc:tlthy
fond".

:ll'l'

si ug ular, l' '•lllll'<' t' ·cl hy 11r or nor, 11111 s t LL' ~ i11µ:11l:>r .

:u1tt.:n.•dc 11t :-;, ta k1 •11 tog 1: Ll 11.' r, an.• n.·~ ankd ;1 :; a ~ i11 .~ l e thi ng, tlic

prono un

·, I II 1 11 ·~ ir;' ; ·plve
;tl H l •1
'
' r"'.-L' • ''

Hult•

:ire li111it cd

by 1'1t r·li , ':1·cry, or n fJ, tl 1e pr u 1w u11 11111 :-; 1 l w :- i i11 .~11b r: whc11 the

I I1c :-; i11 ,...,
1r11l a r

J'q I' !il l"' i.:'
· •llllt'· tli i 111r
/'") ) the Yl'l' l1 J-; }i11u\d lie :-; ing1 1br ;

~ ull,i t"t·t:-; :irt:' . _. 111 pliati (•:dly di :-; ti11gt1i:-: l1ed , th e Yt• rb :- li u 1ild ht· :-: 1ngu ·
l:t:· ; :i s, H i.:,·t·ry l1ir1 I :1111 I l'l .., 1-..~· L 1·uwers lJt.•fure tl1e wild bb;-;l."

H uie- X • ..\ prn1111nn, \1·itl1 tw" ur 111url' allll'Ccdc 11 ts

o r tl1i11g-, th.._· pn111oun

na 111 L·~

,.' 11C .~ n· 11 l

ti l'IJOting
unity , ~h o1ild /,,. i11 tl1<: 11 1· 11h·r :-: in g 11L1r: 1111\' 11 ;-;1·d i11 ~tt·:1 d uf a co lltt•1n. -

in

th e :; in g ular, c11 111H:c l<'.\ 11y u11d, rn11 ~ t Ill' pl11r:1l.

]ll'll•ls

11]' 0 11

:t

tl1f•

rc:-:l

11

f

i" • 1

11i•lly ''.

n 01 in, ilc-

th e \\'nril it lillli ts.

nc.•in.- .\ n iidi11iti\'\' rn:iv depend 1q1on :tny of the p: 1rt :-: 11 f

1 • 1· 1 · 11r 1~ i1i 1:1 1 ,

'1'- pt 'l'l' I 11 t 'Xc;· p I. Ill' '

Huh• :\ \'llJ.

i·111 1.i11tl\'li1 i1 1.

an• I i111 v1:j 1.'cl i q 1l.

Adn"rl1s 1no1lify '"·rli ~, : 1dj c!'ti1· r-~,

}"ll'-

li('iplt- .-<, :i11d a•h·1·rJ, ,.
1(4·1u.

11:-t,

''I l l·

:\iln·rli ... :il:-: 41
li\'t '~

J"t.l .'il

111111li f y

: 11'11\111ti

111(•

Jdir :t~\ ·~

1·1itir· · 1•r 1111•1. . . i1i1•11...;;

;111d

( ' Pl'IWI'. ,;

H

~ ·('l'if!I,

\' I'

;tl' t'

t h .!

111: 11 p lt·".

Huh• Xi.\'. . A preposition >'l1t1 \\·:< th<· re la titrn !Jf it:<

to

:.1 lijl·ct to t.h c \1·or1l up1111 11·!1i cli t!1t" l:ittn clq•u1 11".
H.nh• :\ ·\:. ( '«>llJ· Ull Ct.IOllS
(IJ( ' Jll ]J(' J'S, :lilt]

Huh~ XIII. ;\ ve rb 111u s t ;1grc(' 11itli it s subj ect in
person and 11n111bc r.

", ' •11111.' <'l

\l'(lr • l~ .

11l 1r:i ;-;e~,

(' Ja llSt':-'.

nnlc XXI . T11tnj cc tion ,; ha.Ye 11 0 dcpc1 11 lc11<:r up on

0tl1 c r \\'urd s.

1-10

ELnIE:-<TAl{Y

fHU~DIAlt.

MI SCE LLANEOUS EXERCI S ES .

101. M.iscclla11(•ous Ex<'rciscs.
l. She saw a g lory i11 \'al'h (·\1111d . :!. !-'till l\'at e r~ are comm onlv dcepc»t. :1. Tu-111 o rr11w 111a." be bri g ht e r t.ha11 to-<lay.
4 . F e w daY s p:1'" \\"itliout so 111e c· lo11d.' . 5. !-'h e 111ade ac'luainta 11ce ll"itlt th\' bird s that l\11(t('r\'d liy. ti. lt. \\'a,; a harper,
\\·a1akri11 g with hi s liarp.

I. lfow l11n g did st tltu11 think t l1at \1is _,iJ,.11 c:l'

slumber?
!I. Th e
ze ph.\'r , are the

~ IIH )Ot lt

:-'l':l,

tl1 e :-<1..· r v 11 e :it11111~1dn · n·, t11t • 111ild

!:-\.

Prin ce~

J!l.

l\l y s .. ul i,; :111 1·1H.: hant.1·.\ boat ,
Which , lik e a slrr pin :::; s11-.rn , doth fl oat
{lp1J n til t· ~ilYt' r \\'a\' t'~ uf thy S \\' CL'l "'in g ing;
And thin e dot.It lik<' :111 a11gel ~ it
Besi d e tl1e !t el lll co11d11di11g it ,
\\'hil e all th e 11"i11ds "·ith llll: i o d~· are ringin g.-She!l~y .

\\'as

•~ . . \ t k1 q,;th the;;r111 dvpart ed , s..tti11g i11 a "'a .,f ;:11 \d.

I l. T \1e ni g ht , llll'Lh i11k", i.; hut th l' d a\' \i g ltt ~ i1 · k.

Fort•vcr l'11 : 1r111in .~

11.l\ "t•

I l 1 l f ·.-.-~· d

tilt' ('0111i11g-

011ld1<mith.
lti. Ala.;, """ 1l 1i 11k n<>L tl1at. " ·c· daily "'''
Al1011t ••ttr l1 .. :11·t.l", a11 .c:<·ls !!tat an· to
O r 111ay lw ii' tl11·y \\'i\\. - /J i(t h /f,11.t .

\\'a., 'tirri11 g;, and lt e
n·fn·.;lti 11µ: l1rc'< tl lt ; for
T itl' 111ourn1·r'...; ('O\"(•r i nc: , a nd
Tl1:1t lt e 1·.,11\d sci· hi>< l"'"J>l c
()f 111orn

To

da y ,

,\nd all lite· ,·iila.c:t· t.rai11. rr .. 111 la lJor i"rc'l',
Lt·d up tli .. ir s p1•rt' ue 11 eath th t~ ~ preadi11 g tree.

1,,.,

17. T\11· i11>c' L'l. tri lJl' an· h L• re. tl1<· a11t. t"ib on
\\'i1h ih whit e l1un\ .. 11 ; in it .; 11t'lll'd l\' l' li
(:my .tel i,.;t(' 11i11 ,'!" ,,,,.,. t li t• 1.,,,.\1. tl11• .; pi•lt-r lurk ,;,
1\ l'iO>'t'-l'l"Oll l'i 1l'd hall, <>lit-darting :is a hum
'J\·\J., il" tr:tp\•l'd l"·ay. :111.\ \,,opin g •111i..\; ii' threads,
Chai n s in t" l1 e lp l c" 11 '·~,; t h e li11zzi11 g wi11 g,.- Sircd_

n f' w ,

I-l e ~lvl fil'd
Fro111 far J"rnsa lc n1 ; :111d now he ' tom! ,
With !ti.- r:1i11t. pe oplt- , f'or a lilt\ () rf'Ht
1lpo11 lit<' .;linrp;. of' J 111·d:1n. Tl1t• li µ:ltt \\'ind

h~1r1• l11•1•11 llPH"C.: p ai 11f11J to u :-; i11 tlt l' 11ro:"'iJ• t' {'f tl1a11 in t.he ac-

nflt 'll

f11rf•\ ·t· r

:21. Ki11 µ: llaYid '~ limh" \\·1·rP \\' ra ry.

12. Evil~

\\. lit·n t11 il r1 ·111itl i 11 g- l1· 11l i i:-; turn tu pla y ,

:11 111

ill e 11ding the g ra11.\, tlt e IH':111tif11\, lit e g:iy,
Th e nw11rnful :u1d tJu., te nd e r in 011 e strain.- P1·rci1•al.

t.11 al p1-. ·.;s11n•. J:L .-\ writtc•11 "r prin ted pap1·r, pos ted in a
puh l ie 1>l al'e, is call ed a pla ca rd. 1-.1. Ft•w are qualifi ed t.o
~ !1i11 e in cu1111 •a11 y ; but it i,.; i11 m o.;t 111e n 's po ll" c: r tu "lie agreea\J\t>.
1.-,, I l u w

h:w r hut th i> ir ti tles for th e ir g l o r i c~ ;
An Oll·tll":t rd lwn nr for a n inw a rd toil.-Sh(l/.'.'}>eri.re.

20. Th e· _l'(':tr lead' n>1111d th e s1·:1.,.,11, i11 a cho ir

]'rope r e11 1hlt-111' ., f a gL· 11tlt: tt· t11j•l'r, a11d a i'''" <' d'ul lite .

JO. "'l' is ;:re:1 t\_,. \\"i.;e lo ta lk 11"1tlt <>ttr \" l"l Ji n:.,,
And a ..;k the1 11 wltat 1-.·pon tl1t·y l.w re l" h ea1· e11.

1-11

i t ..;

hart•d !ti~ brow
h e !t ad 11·o rn
!t r !tad n•1t f"t•lt
until n ow .- Wilfi.<.

:2:2. 011<• h o11r h1• h1•\.\ \1i 111 s ill<' <.' tl1t· tid t• Ii <' "t1·111 111 rd,
l >i~gui~c·d 1 di:-'C1JY1 ·n·d , enn11uPrin .!.! , ta\·n, C<J n1 le 111n (·d ,
A (' \1i1' r 11n \:ind , a11 1.utlaw 011 th i· d1· <•p,
J) e ,trn~· i11 µ:. "a1·i11 g , pri~o11 l' d , an(l :1:; \ec p .-Rym11.
2'.\.

\V\1 0 l' 'c r, a111id.-;t. !h r son"
rt':t.;on , l'alnr, libe rty , and 1·irtu(',
D i,pla 1·,. di s tin ,µ: 11i,.\ 1l·il 111 Prit , i,; a 11ohl c

<)I'

()f >:attire':-; t t\\' I\ ('rt: :tti11g- . -

Th r1 111 .-;<nL

t '
i

2~.

tltat atle1111" to lti " inte rior R1·lf,
Th at \1a ..; a h e; 1rt, a11d k1 •t•p.; it; lta ."' a lllinrl
That. !11111µ;e r ..;, :rnd ""l'l']j ,.,, it; and wlto Hecks
A .;o('ial , n ot a di ss q•at ed \ii(',
I l.1 .' ]J11 , i 11c,.,. - (r111·p~ r.
[] p

'

1-12

ELJ::~IE:>iTAJ\Y

<JHAMMAIC

HJ

QUESTIONS }' Oll REVIEW.

d
>I

2;j. The ti n1id it co nce rn,; to a:;k t.lil' ir wa y,
J\11d f,·ar wha t foe i11 ca 1·e,; and :; 11·a111ps may

~tay;

:\11d ill ,; lt> l'"lil l',
l\ut

,;q

:i,;

1.·1·ib l'""t, lwmo:111.

'Vhat i,; a. 1101111 '!

tl1e wi«c; 111 1 l'<>ll':trd watch'"' k<'eps,

To ' l'Y what. d:111 g "r <>ll !,j, l"'tliw:ty <'rl«'J'-'·
(i11 wlu.•n· IH· will, tl1e wi ;-;1· 111a 11 i:-; aL l11111 1l· J l i,; li c·arth tl1e .. art Ii, Iii .' l1all tl 1c azurt, dum c.-E111.a80""

L1.:lung

l,11

11u 1111..o.

\\' hat i,; 1-(l'lld c r 'I

'l {·N Jl!fSOll.

l11•r ri ~ i 11 ~ sweet,

\\'itl1 cl1arn1 111' earlil':'l Iii rd " ; 1.!c:t'> lllt t!tu ,;1111,
\\'l ll' 11 lir«t 011 tli i,; deli g l1thil l:i11d Ii" 'l' rl·:td.<

JI i,; ori e 11t. lie a111.' , 1111 l1nl1, trcl', fruit , :111d llow cr,
Ulist .. 11i11g- 11·itli d l' W. -.l/i!i1111 .
2S. Tlil' day hatl 1 ~O ii (' to I ;.,d, :-:1 rai gli t - I ik c :111 inl,111 [.',; ,;l'irit, or a 111<1ckc1l

.. \ 11d

111(11Jr11i11 g

11tt·;-;. ...; e1 1gl' I'

11f'

~l';\l'\ '

tu

lt i,; :t littl" tl1i11 g to " l" 'ak a 1.!1ras('
( )f ('1111 11111 111 c·n111f"nr1 , wl 1i i·li, l1y d;iil_v
I J:1:-: :dn10."'t Jo;-.;t jt:-1

;-.;l'll:-ii·;

111a11.

- /;aill'!J.

L: tl•11r i~ Iii\.~

di:-:1i11~·1d .. 1Jin .~
fc rui11i11t·

tlH·
ge nd e r:; '.'

l ii\· e 11t . .- 111 .

l I""' 111:im·

\\"liat. is J'l' r.<1111 '!
p<•rSPll~

an · t li L·r(· ·t

Jh: 1i111• t 11 (' 111,

\\'hat j_..; 111111il1t 1"! 111 ,w 111:111.v
n11rnl1er:-1 are tl1crc? \\'l1;1t i:-; tlil'
:-: i11 g 11br 1111111l w r'! Tl11· pl11ra l
11111n\)l'r'!
l:1 ·p··;1t tlH ' nile.~ f1 >r
t lie f1 1rrn:iti u 11 ()f t Ill· pl u r:1 I.
1

\\'Ji,.t is ea,;e?
Jl 1>1v """"'
'"'"'' are tl1n,·1 \Vli;it i" tl11 ·
ll ~t·,

yt·t. 011 tlH' l'ar

()f lii111 "'"" th1H1 µ; iit to di(' t111111•111r11,..J, 'Lwill fall
Likl' d1oi c1'4 11111.<il'. - '/:1/;;,,1,., /.
311

Tl11• v1it 111111111 .~Pn­
Tilt• 111.·11ll'I' g1· 11dt·r ·! lluw

H1nny w:1y:-; t1t"
t 1i ast·11li 1lt' :ind

111i>1·n ,

Jlt>\I' lll:UI)'
\\' li:1t j ,. t Ill·
Tl1 e f1·111i-

nine ge nd e r~
d er~!

27. ~\\'C l 'L i ...; tlitl lJreath (d'

~!) .

~l' lldt · r'!

l lrall'.-< diflc'l·l· 11 t 1!1rcad,;, :u1d !:1 1.e .. r ,;11oi1
()\\'II l,'()t:,l)Ufl. -

\Vl1at

l

l

g, ·11d1·n., arc tlt l're"!

~j1i11..; t.iiling out

lii,..;

A <'1 11\1111>•11

;\ pn~p1.· r 111 11 111

n• •lln?

111a!"l\'Hline

21i . E1·ny worn1 i>t'lll':ltlt tl1e 111•1CJll

'T i" th r 'till ll'at.('r faiktl1;

ldlt-11"'' "'"'r ""'l '"ireth. ht•w aikt.11;
1..:-. ·1· 1· th t' \\'atch \l'tilllld, r.. r tlil' da r k rn't '"" aill'l.h'
Fl•iwcr:; droop a11d di e iu th e ,;1ill1ws• .,f ll•1 .. n.

L

102. Questions for ltr-YiP\r.

To 1Ji:1kt· nu ,;ll'!• 1111til tilt'. e 1·,·11t i,; k111111·11 ,

c·a:-:-1.·'!
i ,... 1·:1:-i.1· '! If 11\\" i:-;
t'\ ing 11lar f'urn1 ed '!
IHH11i11:1tivt•

i ve pl11ral '1 \VlJ;it
i ve ca:-1e'!

Tl1e }1t1 !=1.~i '1"'.:-i t ltl' }141:-i."' \ 'S:i i Vc

TIH·
j,

J H1:-:~t ·:-:.:-;­

the·

1>l~j«<'l­

Tl 1e an:-to l11 te l':t:-;e ':'

In l1nw m;1n y

W;!ys 1r"1:t y a n1111n

;tre

: 1 {Wl'~~ 1 1l : 1l }IH1 tl11llll.

11ar:-ii11g
\·\'l1 :~l

are 1111· p n ...:.,.._ .... 1" i\' L' prn·

Jl pw is 1.:111ph:~ti e di .-ttil'J1.ited '/
H.1.·p ..·at tltL'
ordl'r •,f p:1 r.-- i11 ;..r ;1 pt,s~e:..::.:i n ..· pro flot111.
11111111:<1'!

1i11cl iPll

\\' li:tt l> :1 rvla l i I'<' J'r<>nn1m '!
\\'J,;11. are 1111· " i1111' k r(' Ltii Y«s'l
Tl1 t~

rl'ht i \"(_
·:. ; '! T il
"wl1tll " t ·1111i\'alt: 111 !
"\\'l1<H.:Yt• r ?"
"\\"l1ivht'Yl: J" '!"
\\' 1111.. i.1 1" a nd il\\'1111."'•'L'\'L'f ·!''
fh:l' li11 t.~ "'"'·ho" :111d ·'w!1i1'!1' '.
eq 111po 11n\i

wl1a L

1:-1

I;

\\'li;il

j,

a rvlati,.,.

\\1!1:1t
p n.110 1111:-i

ur

•11w11t
11111111

ar 1.. :

lh C'

int1 · 1-r11.~al i\'C

Whal i!-1

'!

all

'! . \\' it h

t l1t.: r: 1d1..; e -

i111l'l'n1 ~a 1i ve
wl1 ;1t.

111 ·i 1-

11111 ~ 1 ;1n i11-

ll· 1-rug ;11in· a ,g rL'l' in g t 11de r, pvr-

111 111d1l·rY Hl'p<' at thl'.'
of p:tr:.:i n,g :111 i11t e rn1~;1 ti\'e

,..;1111 :11 1d
i>rdl' I'

in st·ction 07.

A p1·1·-

lcv:t 1 l' l -

11t i Ve 1•r•11i 1it1ll.

lllTJllO llll.

Wli:•t i, a J1rnn1.1111 '!

"'""""1

pe:tt. 1\1(' 11rd1·r 11f 1•ar:. : i11 g

\\"!i;it ;, 1kl'h'll><io 11 " \Vii at is
(' 1r,; ing? Hel'eat tl1 e 11nkr ,,f

..:q11:d J'rrn·1c11111 '! \\'lial ;ire tl H.·
:-: i:11pk pC' rso11al pri1nuuns ? Tl11..•
C1111 1p•11111d 111•r:.:onal pnH1ouns '!
\\'lien prn11 01111'' ,,f difl e ren1 per-

I

1

h·· i n tli e ab.o:nl11t e <'a:-<.t : '!

Iiw 1cw 8. 0~:1ood.

!

11:-il'd , '111\\' ~ IHHtld tl1t"·y l~
:1rr;1nged ~ ikdi11 (• lhl' iwr:-:.< 11al
pr11n n1 111 :-<. Ht ·pP:il t \iv 11nll' r u f

!"ilHl.'i

HL'l1t·at tl1 c ''c: n1'i u 11.;"in

\\' hat is :111 :l<lj ,•«iiv e'1 . \ d l' sn iJ>li vP :1djv..ii1•1• ·1 A 1kfini11vc>
:1dj1·d i Vl ' '! \\' 11:11 i .. :. c·11111 p:t ri:..;11n '!
lf11\\' 111:1ny 1l q.:-r1 ·1·l"I :1n· tln· n• '
is tl1l' pn:--i! i\·e d q_'Tf'P·.r
tlH· :-;ullix /.. ;. .', d •·no te'!
\Vhat i:-0 tl1t n11npar ali\'t · d 1· :.::ree ·~
\\'l1;1t

\Vli;1!

d~11.! :-1

1

l

i

''

j

14--l

ELEMENTARY ClRAM ,\ I A IL

J[(l\\"

1:-<

tential m od e ?

\\"h:11

l:-'

.. r th e infinitin• niod r'I

it rrg ularly form ed ?
tl1 e ~ np r rl:tt iYr d q~rr r "
I l o,,· j.,. ii r eg-1d a rly fonll t.'d '.'
11 "''" :1n.· ~O?ll(' adj•·t 'I i \'l · ~ 1'1Hll p:l r1·d?

or

\Vhat is the sig n
Whe n i•

it 0111it1ed '!

Jlow 1111my
\\"ha t il'! th e

i . . l (· 11 s1·?
:in· tl H· n· ?

\\ ' 11:11
ll ' ll :-. v:-.

\\' l1:1f an· pr11110 111i r1 ~il ad_i1·1 :tin·:"''! ?\:llllt.' 1"111lH' nr tiic pr i11f"i }1:t l pron1J1ni11al...: . \\"lial is :-:; 1i d
thl' plir: t."it ':-5 ,l.;1£r/1 fl . t\: t'. '! \\'\1 :11
~1 rf• n111111-r:1 I adjl·1·t i \ 't'=-' '!
( ': 1rd i na I lltl lll\' 1':1!:·;',1 Ordin:d 111111wr:1 I:-;. '!
>I 11lti 11li1·: 1ti\·(· n 11111t.·r:l I...:·.·
l: t·1w; 1t tlit.· unl 1·r ,,f par ~ ill!.!" an
ad_ i ~ · < · f i\'P ,
H1.· pt·at tl1 e "<·a11t i1111 ."' i11 ~c 1 · tion 1;2.

1 n ·:-.v11l l t' ll :-,1· '! Tl1t• Jin·;-;cnt pt•rl'e .. 1 ·1 Tl1 c- 1''"1 "! Tl1 e past ]><' 11

i'cl' t ·r Tho· i"11t11 ,.,. "!
JH ' rl'1·1·1'! (;i,·t· tl1 L'

Th e fu t11re
of tl1e

:-'ign ~

lt•IJ :-:t·:"".

"What ;, "1i,J ,,f tlt c• p e r"rn anol
1111111 111.: r 111' Yv rk; "! \\'ith wliat
1J111..; t a ,·l' rli a g rt ·1 · i 11 p e rHon anJ
n11 111l11 · r

\\'li :1t i"' a y r· rl, '! .\ transit i v(•
,·er !•'! :\n i11t ra n.. ili \'f• \' l' rl1 '~ :\
\· 0111 1 la t i \" t. ' \'t.• rh '!

\\"lia l

p:irti 1·i1 •l1"! Tl1l'
11n•:.:t. •1 1i p:1n it'iplt? ll 11wd 1w:-: l l1 t.'
pn: ..:i'l\l p :1 rti1·i1d l• alw; 1 y~ l' lld '!
\Yl1 :1! is tl 1t' 1w d1Tl p:1J'li('iplt ·?
Ir'l". dt11 '..., it 11... 11 :dly ··1111 '! \\'l1 :d
JS
!lit•
( '0 11 11 11 11111.!
Jiilrl icipk'.'
J 1 11\\ ' is it fq r11wd '!
j_,

:I

\\" 11:11 lw l11 1!".. :" to \ ' t·rl1:-;? \\' h ;1t
J ! 11\\' tt1:1ny Y11in.•:-; l1 :t \' C
tra11..,. it 1,. I.' \ · 1· rl1 ;-;. '! \\' lial i ~ tl1 e

i:4

\·oi1 ·1· .,

:wfi Yl.'

\ ' H i( '\ '•)

'1' 111' 1~;1.-.; ,.;j,· 1 1 YHi n·'!

J [o w j.- t l1 v p:1 ~~ ir 1 · \·1; ice fqr111 t' d '!
J low i:-: ;\ r1·rl1 i11 !IH· aC'tivc \'Hit'l'
t'l 1 ~ 111 ged itll o tlH · pa ~_.; jy ..

\\"li;lt i ~ ntod1 '!
1

n1nd1• ).t :tn.• t lu·n"!

y

J {qw m any
:\a111e l l H· JIL

auxiliary verb:"<'?
':'\ a111 ~ t 111 •111. \\' l1i1 ·l1 of them a r c
~q 111 vt i1ll1 · ;.;
11 :-<t· d
<1:-i
prinf' i pal
\' e r li.- .'!

arp

111'1 ' ~ · 111 1,i 11111·1iv e a•l\' (·rb;-; '!
u r e :ul \'l'l'lis. cu11 1parl'd '!

\\ ' l1a l i~

:i

11nipr• r :;wul

H.('j•l':t l

l: t'p1·: 1l 1i1 e '(ea1 1li•·>11.-.;" 111 :"'t..:cliu11 KU.

prepo,; iti o n ·1 A
11rL'J>~ 1:-: iti 1J 11al phrase '!
l\.l' )H.: at.
li1l · u nl 1..· r uf' par;-; ing a pn·pu...; 1\\"ha t

1,;

:t

i ~ 1·1111,i11 g :tl;cH1

'!

\\' liat

a (•0 11j11n ct iu 11 '?

1:.;

111a 11y

t · l;t ;-: _..; l ·:-1

ar e

111!1>

1·1Jllj 111 lt'-

ti•111... ; dj\· id ed '! \\' l1at :l r l' n1 1111 l a1 i \'e l'o11ju1w t i<11 1s '!
] >i:•,iund i\' e t'1J 11.i 1111di1111 ;-; '!
l '1~ rrc lati\' e
1·u11j11ncti11 11 :-:'! Hep (·a t. tl1 e u rd e r
u f par .. .:. i11 g :t eu11j111w1i o n.

()f .I to lc1\'1 • 1 ' ,

i11

l1ot li

vu ice.-i.

\\'/ 1at ;1r t· 1liv ( ' 1 1~~ rdi1 1 : 1t e forms
uf ( '1111j11 ~ at i1111 ·.' Tilt' prog ressi\' t ' r11r111 '!
Tl1t· 1·111pl1ati c fo rm?
TIH· in11·1Tng;11 i \'1' f'(lrm '! Gjve
tlw :-;y 1111p., i:-1 11f t·: wl1 furnt.

tl11·

p l.' at

l11'di· r

\Vli :1 t j;-,;
,\

:i.

i'11r11 p 11t J1Hi

1111 ·

tt·111·1•

\\"li;ll ;,

Tl1 t·~ 11l~i111ll'tive11J ode'!

tiu11 Il l.

\\'Jiai

j ,;

Th e log ical prc•d;,.llip.• i, '/

of t"') •l't.'1·!1 111ay

ll1>w
c l1 a 11 g-ed

arv

p:tr ~ i 1 1 g all

i11-

~ i111p lt\ f-i ~' n l1" 1H · 1 · ?
:-; 1· 11 11" 11 t ·1·

'!

\\ ' /1 ;11.

p:t !' I ...: ol' ;t cn111 p1111111!

:-il'll-

I lt·d '!

lit;.

\\" J:·tl

j':lft ~

u 111itt cd '!

(' 11111pl\·X

:--i111p! <:

i1110

~ 1· 1J(('nCCS

o n t·;-;'!

\\' hat is ,-y111:i x? \\'lial "a
rt1lt· of :-:y 11 tax 't Ht: )'l'a t ti ll! rrtl e
f•>l' the ~ 11bj ccl ,,f a prqpos ili o n.
F or a

1101111

i11· pr un1Jllll

ll."'l'J

a:-i.

l •\ir th e l'D:-\!"iC':-:~ i v ~!

t:·a ...;e . F i1 r th 1_~ "!"i: un e ('a ~e" . F <.1r
t li v alJo<o l111e f''1 ><<'. ]-',,,. th e olJ-

j . ·d lv e

f·a;o;c aftl' l' lra11 :-; iti vl' V(: rb:-i.

F u r th e o l ~j\·<·t. ~f ;l p rt' jH 1~ i tirn1.
F()r n o un ;-; den r~i n g tim l', di ~ ­
tan ee, rn ca:;11rc , <H· va lue.
Hqw:i t t li e rn le f1 ) r t l1 e g-e1HIN,
nurn be r
Fqr 11n11101111 ~ witli

Ji t.·r;-;1111, :111d

antt'l'l'd t n t:-:

of pru 1101 n1...;.
Lwo

eo nn l' t'l l·d

C1J 11n ech•d hy

or

or

ol' 111ore
hy ond.

UfJI°.

l~··1 w: 1t tl1•• rul <· f11r :1djt•1·1 i v t· ~
:i11d 11:1r1i1 ·i1'l1·:-;.

:»J111j1lex?

l{f•p('a l th l' rul e for tlH\ 11 11111l>t• r ;ind }H: r :-;1 111 11 1' \'t ·r l1:-;, 1:11 r
\'Crh:-:; witl1 l"l ll l ~ jl.'d :-i (·111111< 'L' tl'd l 1y
a.11 rl.
Ccn111ecit'd l1y 01' ur ·tt or .
F'o r tl1 0 inli11iti\·c~ u ."'l'd :1:-1 a, ¥1 •1111 .
Fur the inlinitiv c 1111l used as ~

c L111 ~t:s

Jl (Jllll.

(':I

\\" l1:1t ;, a el: u 1Se ·1 A J>ri11,.ip:il
A :-; 11 l.1<1 rdi11 ate c luu;-;e'!

(· la11 st.: '!

A

l'IJ Jll]'lt~ X :-:C ll ll'l1f' C'!

<·IL>rn e nt :-; (1 f :1

\\"l1al j ,; a n•;.< 1ilar \"erb'? An
irreg- nl:or ,.,.,.11·1
/\ defectirr.
Ynl•1 .-\ r!'ol111l rL1nl vc rli'I He,
1wal tl1t • nrd('r of par~in g a ve rb.

or

H l.\-

( 1·1j+·(·1 i 1H1.

;1 l'l'

predi ca te?
c:it e '!

pre di c~ dt."

tiun.

'Vl1 :1l is :1 11 i11 11:1:j f•e ti o 11 '!

'V\1;1i
:11'1' tl1i • Jtri1wipal part..; or a \' e rli?
\\" l1:1t ;, 1 l1t · ,_,-n.,p.-i > ,,f" a ve rb ?
(;iv.· t lw ~y 11e 'l'l" i :-: 11f " tc1 lie ".
\\'l1 :d

1I·~w

1l1 e o rd t: r uf p:tr ...: i11 ~ :tll adverlJ.

v1:rl 1'!

H<·1u.•a1. t lie "tautio1b" in sec--

111 (• i11di c:il i\"C· rnnd ;."/
Th e p1 )t<.·1iti ;il Tll(Hl t•? Th e i11qwr1tlivt•
11111cl t• ? Tl 1r i1dh1iti ve 111<Jd t·'!

tim e'! Of place? Of e:ui,;e?
01" 111:11111 1· r"I ()f 1kg ree"! \\'l1: 1L
i' :111 a d\" er loi:il i'l1r:1 '<"' \\"l1:1t

i h >W

'!

)I

\\· l1:1t

145

QUESTlUNS E'Vlt ltE VlEW.

l fo\\I

i:;l' H IL· 111·(•

11.an.v

llla y h e

How 111:1111• ki11d .-; of
are th erl' ?

\\"ha t i,- th e g:ra111111:1ti1·:il s11bJL·f'I <1f a propo...;itiun "! The log i<:al suluect. ·1 The grawiuati cal

\\' hat j_, an :ulv0rh'1 T.ito ],ow
nia11v du"·' "' r·1rn :tdv e rl,s be di1':. <l. - 11) .

R e peat th e rul e for adverl"'.
For pn.\p0Hitiu11s. For conj11u ctiuns. For intc 1ject i0nH.

..

. i,

ELE\!E:\ 'L\l\Y

1-li

PUN CT U ATIU.\'.

Ull.l~l\!A lt.

m e mh c- r~

Th e

Rule II.

of a

.- en!.t' ll l'.(',

l' 1J l.ll1'0 lln<l

\\'l1Pn

s l1c1rt 1 aad co1 1n cc t ed Gy couj11u c Li o u :-;, !:dtnuld l;e ~cl'a ra lL·d Gy
t'(Jl!lJll:tS .

PART IV.

rq nd of th e lt •e l1ni ~·ai } ;tTl;_!" ll:l :!l" of n1 c L1pJiy ~ ­
ha d g r11ppkd , lik e tb e g iant ln.: w :1-... 1 witl t it :-i 111u:-l fur1, 1 ;1!;1 ! tie l tr·,d 1l e 1J1 :-\. - - J._,'rct efl.
l ·:x6 -- J)e Wil:-' IHJl

j ,·~, l111l

P U NGTl ~_A'l'lON

lO:t H1·fi11it iou .

il l'

Huie Ill.

Tw• > currd a t.i\'e elu11'<.:.'i ~ l1u11 id OL' '"' ]">r<1t l'.I J,,,

t..'lJllllll;l ,-; .

1 . Pnn<"tnation i,; tlit• art of diYi1li11 g w ri tten di sin t" ;;L· 11ll'11 t:e" a11d pan :; ,,f :-'<; 11t L'l1 ee:;, l1v

c"11r:-;c
llll':lll"

l)r

l' "i11 t ,; or 111ark ,; .

ltul•P I\·.
:-;el oti'

lo

tJ1i :-i \'Ol l'..

~- The p rin e ip:i.l 111ark :; u:;cd in 1•11n d 11ati irn are ll1e
fo\\11\Ying:

Ii\·

lw

Eav! i t·o11pl c t o i' word ;; :irr:1 11 .'.!t·d in 11air:-i s h11tdd
<' 11111111a ...;,.

l·: x..-:-..:i11k iJ r

1->"' l:1111a t in11

~1.._·111i1· t1ln n,

I )a ,; \, .

l'lill)Jl,

( ' 11rn·,; ,

()

J;1·:ll.: k c t :s,

[]

l'ui n t,

'"' .' l'J':Ll':llt'cl

E'."..

?

1111p11:-; iti•111

Uni<•

10-1. ThP ( '0111111a.
The ( 'onmm ill·1 111 : "" tl1t· ,; li .~lirv >' t. tl(•gr<'C of Reparati1111 l.t•t\1·1.Tll tlit: part ,; ,,fa >'l 'lllL'lll'('.
1:. u 1<· 1. 'J\ ro or 111 <1n• nq 1111:-:.. pr()11111111:-:. adj1· c· ti ,·t':-\ , \'C rhs, or
:1d,·1· rl1.. .:, in the :-:. a111t: c1111~tn1t·t iu11 , :-- IH1 uld b e :-:.e paratecl Uy

(1J'

,.I.

1.Ii .. d hy :1.

l1:1nd ;in.J

111y

.

l1 L·art

ni\1· :ll'J'lic~, itl...:(1, t11

plH:t:it._· ...; :1111 1

11 11t

1·!: 111.-...1.·:-;

d1il l.
1.J:1Lctl

111

1111tid1e;-; i.s t o e:wl1 11li1('1'.

\\'l11 ·n a ve rb i,; o n1itted, ih ]'lan•

il'i tl1c l:tw o f Yi t1 le n ce ;

ltule , . ...
Sl' L

C' lea r; th n 11 .~ l1 gentlt ·. y vt

i~

11 . <11 :ill y s up-

l'Ollllll<l.

1·:~. - \Yar

a lly

_Yt 'l

o tl' h.\'

Transposed word ... ,

}h ': l<'l', il1l'

phra~t ·s ,

bw (If lov e.

aJl d clau:;e..; arc usu-

COJlllllaS.

l·: x.- 1. lnleg- rit y i:-:, n o d1)11l1t 1 tli c lir:-it rcq11i ;-; it c·.
i:.:, rn1r:1ntly wurs liip, ]fi111 d t:elare I 111110 yc1 11.
J: nl<' , · 111.

Adn·rhs u"·il ind i' p t' nd ent h , or 1ll0J ify i11 g an
~ li o nld lw s ..t oil' by 1:011 1n1 as.

t•11lin· 1•mpo..; it iun ,

Cl1llllll:l:--:. .

1-:,..-1. S1·ri n ~. "11111m cr, aut11 1nn, an1l wi nt e r arc t•:tll erl the
~ - \ · 011, li e, :111d I WL' l'C IHt)' :-i h \~l'tltcr. :~. Davi1l wa s n
hran:·, wi ....;e, and piu11~ nw1i. 4. 111 a lettvr, we n1a~r advise, ex -

i-: ea:-:011:-:.

bc1 rt, cnrnfnrl. n·q IH\4 , and di :- : 1 · 11 ~ .. : .

111\·

Joy L:O lllll>:L."'.

Tl1u11gh d1 ·ep,

lt4•1n.- Tl1i .-;

111tcrrogati1111 r!>illt,

live or di1 ·. 1 g i \·, .

1tu1 .. '" \\'o riL; ]>laced in npp<b ition lo l'adt otl1l'r sl 1111 iic l

('.l)\illil :I,

l 'crio1l,

~w i111,

:,. ~ll L'l'C'~ .-\ d t· 1u. ~ 11d ~ upon ou r

rtd ill '.!;' pn 1• ll'ntl .\· 1 :-<tl·:1dil y 1 a 11d vi g qr•111:-ly.

1:x.- T11de<>d,

:"rn

mu st wai t awhil e.

Uni<' IX. No1111 s an J pronouns in th e ab;;olnt e case hy plen11:1sn1 or direct ad dress, should be separated fro m tl1e rest oJ'
I he s0 nten cc hy com maR.

•~x . - 1.

joy:-'.

Our ~ 11t1l s, lio\\! ht:a\·ily Lil ey ~n, lo reach immortal
:.!. Tal.:1·, 0 l1uat111:111, tl1ri ec tlty fee!

np0 ra t i11n s ; tl1at :-<li e l1 a:-1 i1u. .· x l1a11:..i.tild l~ tn•a:oi111·t ·:-: 1n r<·...-t 1n·1·; tha t
k11P\\'l t· d ~e

.x. \01111 ,; i11 "l'l''"iti111 1, 111odifkd by oth e r word,; tliau

wil l alw:i y.'4

will ' 'u llti11ue

l'f';11i1111s

Jtulc•

14!1

P U Nf;'l'UATfON.

ELEME N TAllY UltAMMAl t .

111.!

111·11g r e;-; ... i\'t' j

;i11 d

ti, 111akl; di ~covt• riv ~,

tli :d all f1Jt11rl'

uf wl1i1 ·!1

Wt.'

g· ( 1 11-

11:1 \' l~

nHt

t.l1 c leaRl id L•a.

!lit, s lt " i!ld 11(; se t oil' 11~· c<>111111a:;.

10(>. 'l'hc Colo11.

l::\: .- Tl1 c l>nttvrfly, e l1ild of tlie su1rnner, lluLlerH in th e Hun .
Jt~· n1. - :\11 1 111 ~ in ;1ppu:-; i!io11,

inlrudut:cd by

OJ'

or us, 8h o ui(l 1)\):

s vl u!l' hy co 1111na s .
,\ d irect

Hulc• XI.

qttot;ttiull :;ltould lie :;ct

off

l.iy

Tl1c {~olon d t: note:; a d eg r ee 1Jf s1•p :1 r :1t ion g rc-:it cr
than th:Lt i n1liea.tc1l by the se 111i co l0n.

C(J ltlttt;lS.

ltnle I. Tlt e L·1,lo 11 sl101ild pn•1·e d1· a11 1·x an'l,Jl' or :t len g thy

l·: x.. - (lt11 1!i t lh: ran.\11, " 1' e \'C l'lllore".
1

l tiilc·
},y

'}tlolatio11 , and f<1llow t.111 : i11tro.!1wti"11 lo a " i""'1·l1 .

Xu. \\·., ,·d:; rnpcat .. d f.,r cnq,lta:;is should be

set

oil"

l 'O llllll:t:',

•·: x .- T'l1e :--:.(-rip1111·1...::-: .~iYt' II:-\ illl :1111i :t.l dt•
l >l'ily in tl1 c:-;e wu rd:-1: "(j otl is lo ve'' .

n ·pn ·:-: t•!lt;1ti 11 11 o f th ~

0

l ·:x. - \ l· rily, \'c ri ly, J :-:ay 11ulo you.

Uni<• II. Tiil· 111 <' tt1l1n,; .,fa
arc set oil'

lOi>. 'L'he Sem icolou.

liy

l·:x.- \\·c d11
lier uf

Tlie S<>mieoJou den otes a Llcgrcc of scpa.rntion
greater tlia11 t ha t dl'll Otcd OJ th e comma..
ltnlc• I. Tlt1· "<' Ill ic" lo 11 slt nuld lie used before as, n.amdy, &c.,
i11 trnd11ei 11 g an <:Xa11 1pl e or att illust ration .

n o l :;;.: 1_v

tl1i~ ,

:o;o(' i ef_v;

very fo rtunat e

o n t~ :

a utli ol'ity ,If· Cf od

Jtnl•· 11. C la11,;es havin g a cmn:non depl'nd enec Hh ould bo
:--1· 11 :lr:ll1·d

hy :-it'111icul1111:-:..

1·: ~. - J ·>q1(_· ri L' 11c 0

IC:H:l1 e:-; 11s 1 tl1at an entire retr0..at from wo rdly

t fl'. lir .. .: i ...; 11 0( wl1aL religion rc·q uircs; nor

dol'S

it t: vc n e njoin a lung

n : t n·:1t fr11111 tht.•111.

Uni<• 111. S c 111i colons slto11ld separate the nwinh<'r' o f' l'OOl111111 1HI "" 11irnc1·s, if tl1 e l'01111 ed .ive iH 0111itled, o r if their parl >i ,
aru sc p:tratc(l by co111111as.
l·: x.-1. f;1rn1r,; Hw im 11po11 tl 1e fi ttrfa1·c ; pearl " li e Ill th e bot.toi11. ~ . l'liil",;ci phe rs ""'":1·1, tli:il nalllrc is 1111lin1itcd in lt cr

"l ' ll lt·11t·t', wlw,e jl:t r l '

1.y (·o l o>n,;.

t li :it Id s e rrur li1_·!"' in l1 .... ir1 .~

:L

J.{flUd

lll t 'll}·

th1111gh lllll y a 1·i1T111ll s t:11H' t• at p r e:-iv 11 t , i~ :t
1h e errur li l'~ i11 l1i:-; liavi11 :.. ; di:·wankd the

a ~ Iii ~

lq.d :-; lator; c.i· , r:itl1 e r, i11 !1i "i 11 11t havi11 g

ad111ittcd tl1 c i11flt1 l' ll L'e uf tl1al :1111l111ri1y U\'t..' r l1i H 111i11d, l1 e:1rt 1 o r
pra c lil'l'.

107. 'l'lw P1·rirnl.

t·: x.- Th(•n.: :trc fu111' ::;ca:;ollH; nanicly, spring, suruu1er, nul.umn,
and wi11t 1.·r . .

1·"t1 1) H> ll11<l

~c 111i rol u n .-< , ,; li o ttld l1L· ;-Wjiara!lld

Th e Period Llcn ot(•s tlw g reatl' st d eg ree "f scp:11·at.ion.
ltnh' I . Tl1t' p<•riod sli o 11ld l1C" j'lit1·(·.! al ti!\' ~ 11.J of a
d er l:1r:1tin• <>r i111p1 · rativL~ Kl'lllL'11ee.

l·: x.- .1 . Evil

c111n1111111icatioHK

eorrnpt grn)d lllaIHl l'I'~ .

2. \\" alk

q1 1ietly .
nnl<' 11. T lt e p•·riod ; l1ould Le 11,;;•J ;ii't l' r en· ry al.ur~vi­

atcd word.

l·: x. --· 11. I;. Lloy d, E»1 .
l :11:1 p. :\I \ '.

~li..! 1. ,

Ind ., 111. : !'.-<. l xxv, ti, 7;

150

E LE ~lE :\TAlt\'

PUNCTUATION.

<: 1\A .\ l.\ I A lt.

111. 'l'he C'unes.

JOS. l 1it1•1TO!!":tl io11 l'oi11t.
The lnit·rrol{afion Point dL 1111 i <'·'

tl1at

0

I."

n,

question

Th e Cnrn'!il in clu<le an expre ss ion wl1i eh ha,; no
conn ect. ion, 111 :-;cnsc or <:<1!1 :< tr11l· t 11111 , 11·11h
t:l1 c sent e nce in "hicl1 it is in se rted.
~1cee>-1:-a ry

:1> kt·d.

Hnl<• I. Tl11· ·· 11rve>< shrinld includ e those \\'1Jrds wl1i('l1 111aY
JO~>.

The Ex<·l:nna1ion Point

I"· 0111it tcd 11"itho11t. i11 j 11ry t<• t.h e ~ (·li st: .

l~oiut.

Exda111at io11

d,·1101c ,;

1·:x.- K11 o w, th e n, tl1 is 1ruch ( eno11 .~l1 for

pa..;:::iun or cmo-

Yir11w al o n e i ...; h ;tppin L':-is bl'lo\\'.

ti 1111 .

to know ·i,

Uen1. - 'J' li e c urv e:=; ~01 11 c·ti111 c·:-; in (' ltule l l'lter~ o r fl g 11rl':-:. 11:-: 1•d

ltnl<· 1. Th e l':-<: C' la111 ati 11 n l'"i 111 , J, ,, 1Ji d 1.,. pl :l<'CU after ex11r1 ·. . ;-; ic111 :..; • lv 11 ot i11 ,L; :-< t ro ll .~

1.: 1111• t i 11 11 .

•:x. - .\ la:-: , puor Y11 r i1 ·k !

'rh c na~h is a stra ig ht , l111riw11ta l li11e, pla cc<l be-

the pan,:

a

ol'

s11l ~j ec 1 :;

or di,·i;:ion,; <•f a 8t1bjec1,
docfl; ( h ) Wha t it i,,''
C'n 11m cr:1t c

a ~,

ti)

" \ u ) \\" l1at it

Fi e..· 111 1 y• 111 '.

l 10. 'J'IH• Da ...;h.

t\\" C('!l

111 :u1

/ )o/Jt' .

:<c 1t11 ·1 11·1·.

ltnlt• 1. Tl 11 • da,11 Hl1ou l.I l.1t· u- ,· d 11" 111"1'1' :l " '11!t·11L·c brea ks
of!' a brup t ly, or wlil'rc tliert• i"' a 1· l1a11µt· i11 i t:-1 1111.: a11i11 g 0 1·

nra(')H~t"' arc 11 s('d Lo i11 c l11d1· wnrds , 1il1r:1 ~r~. or
cl:1.usc:-i c xplai11i11g \rl1at pn: t,cde,.; thl'111 , ur t:<1 1'1'1 Tti 11 g
a11 err ur.

icx .·- 1. '1' !11 '_1· [thl' In di an •] are
l«:r ll'itli [ fro111 J .1 ·ou in (lpin io11.

l ~L:; t

di ,;apj'C:trin g.

·1 I dif-

<·11 11;-; trll<"t iu 11 .

1·: x. - T>i111 - di1n -

[ f: 1int - d :1r k 11t· .......

1111111 :11'1. In·, so 11111<: !1 rc~ p ef'tl'd u 1we- -

c1 111n· .-.1.

l>11 t ul1 ~

11Y~ · r

ttH'.

2. If

d1.·gr: 1dl ·d ~

p an· ritli l':-; i:-;.
1 : x. -Tl1<·~· :-;(' L'

thrL't! of 1l1t· c:1rdi11 :d ,·irl ll•' '-1 of ilng o r

t'Ol11':1 ,~ 1· , t•111!11ra11 t·r ,

a nd

U<•1n. - Tl1 e da:-ili i~

irH vn, t•

111~1n­

at·fi1111.

fr('1p1c·n1ly 11 ~ l· d wl1 L'l't' tl1t·n· 1 ~ an oni i:;s io n .
L -d >: -- h ; 1. t ', [ .qnl \ 1 ~rtl1: 1~::). xxxv,
i. •... l's. xn: v, li, 7 . .'i, \J , lU.

ll'tt1: r~

li · !II ;

~1.:ill - i11

or

l i ~11 n ·;-1;

:1:-1.

Writin~.

J

i,; ll .ot·d t.o d c• n»lt' 1h e nn1 i,;,J_
IJ) n ni'
n1ark thl' pu.' ~t·:"':-:. i n: (';L."l'; :t .' .
"You ' re 111i,;takcn"; "Tli e q ,uce n',; E11 ifli,;J1 ".

I. Th e·

ltnl<' II . T!t e tl:1.• lt b fre1111 l' 11th· 11'1·il J1 ,·f<11-. , :111d afl(' r a

td'

lt:l. Other lUarks 11sNl in

l1uw fall en ! hvw

one ~ J r

Aposlrophe [ '

111ore

l l'ttt· r~,

or

r· ]

to

l l. Th t' 11.l·t•h•·n
i,; ti,;cd ( 1 ) lo j•1i11 tltt· J':l rt• of rnm J'" llnu ll'oril :; and ex111·, ...h io11 .• ; ( :! ) to dividl' wo rd" into ".Yllalilcs; ( ;; ) aft er a 'yllaule at t!te e nd uf a lin e. wl11 ·11 th t' rest
or th e ll' o rd is carri ed to the uext lin e ; a", '' .i\uL-lm111·11 111aid ;"
11

t 'O t1 - f11 - :.; i1111 ' '.

152

ELE~!E:.ITAl\Y

fll. •t notnlion ~lark"

l •• "J

are ll >ed t.o ,h ow tha t a
pa:-:~agc i:"I tak1.·11 n-rlHtli111 fro 111 :1t1t1H: ou1t\t (1r ; as, "f:i h a k~1;c aro
~ :ly ~,

::5t.a g(~'

'All the wo r ld '::" a

".

V . Tl11· A'<l<'ri"k [
na;.::~• ·r [

* ].

! ].

a nd t11 c l"a .. n:.::rai ~h [

f'tl:-: ....,: 1 .~...-s fn1 111 .~< Hid :11 Hl111r~ , ;i nd

\' O i1· e P l' infl ed i 11 11 ~ .
Ld_ tlu.• 111q1i ll'I
w rit e tli e.-=e as prono11n el'd, a nd sepa rat e t l11.. •111 in tu sc 11 tc1H·..::-: and

111 a1 ieal eu nstrudiPn lty ton <.· u f

1h1· Oheli"k o r Da.;.:-1-'e r [ ·/· ], t he
[ ?, ], t.IH~ Parallel!!I [ \1 ],
re lt·r to 11 ot~.:; in tli c 1Harg;in, or at

/'1wt·/unlc /' /'fJ/Ji'rl!f //11:

}1r I ltc "-'"

t l ! \ ' S(•t·tlon
41

! ],

1he l>< •llom ,.f I iil' l•:l ;,'. <'.

VI. T l1 c nrrw•' [ -·~

J

f-;ekd

pru11 01 111 L'l' tl1c w~lrd ~ ju 4 ·~ 11 1:-<t · 1 ·11·

I'" rl H ui' ' e nle nl'eH l1y 1li e prope r poi11t,.

in your alll'llda11 1·l' :1t ;;c ho1>I " .

))onhlf'

Su;:;;:("Ntlon to 'l'("~u·lu · rs. --- l{ l' l(llire pupi l:-; i o g- i\'C rule~ fo r

th e u se or :ill lii C' po int:-; ru 1111d ill tlwir l'c:1di 11 ,~ k:--:->i! ll.

1.iv l' 1, n kr, a :-; in a ~ pc lli11 g- k :;:-;,, n, wit!1t.i11 i11d il·a ti11 1-! t lit: g r:1111 -

I V. Tit!' ln• l •·x [ !Ir'~'" J and Ash"rism [ '<· * ·< J po in t out a
p:1,,-ag:C' to ll" l1id 1 ' l "'l'i:d al tt-111 i• .n i:-; cal led ; a.~, " fJw~ Be punct11al

103

P UNCTU ATIO N .

Cl\ AMMAll.

('0111t(• ct,.; a 11urnbcr of wonl8 with

a co n1n1 11 n t l·rin.

rJ

_r,,/{o ll'lll!J e.rrli//j tl•',

1111rl

1h<1'1Tl' !In· rn/, -,,

l'lljJi/•ils:

h ;, l "'rso na l a p p1>:tra 11 (' C e1 111t ri lrn t.cil li> tl1 c atlr:1cl io n "f h ;,
S<ll' i:tl ill ll'\'1'. 11 ur ...; '-' Ii i;; 1·111111 l.t!ll :t ll l'e l'r:t1 111• l'X l'rl·,.,ion and jll'<' "' ·
c·ncc arn:st.vd and tixt·d atl e nti 11n y< o11 cu1ild n"t pa>..; 11i111
tlllfl11lin·d Ill a l"l'Oi\\"d 1101' f;t il lo 11 l1se n ·e ill Ji i111 :l lllan oJ' liig·Ji .

ma rk :ind 1·ha r:tcll'r· 11 11 1111 c crntltl see lii111\ and n" t \\ i,h l<1 Sl'e

V I [. T hP Para.1-'n•ph

[ 'I J 1lt- 1wt e.~

the IH'g in11i11 g of a new

IlllffC uf him :llld this alike in pu\,Ji e and f>r irnk.
t'ilwu rd l' Ctrdt ,

,;ttl>.icl't.

Ctn•' "tlon,.. - \\"11:1\ i,- 1111111·t11alion "! \\"Ita l arl' Ii><· [ ri1wi1o:tl
rn a r ks ll s t·d i11 11111 w 111 :1tiu11 '!
\\' l1at 1l1w:-: tl1 e 1·11111111a 1!t_.11.1f 1..·'t
H.t ' j ll'a l tl1 l ' n1l l':-i fur t l1e 11 :-:e
1

IX. T he c·ar..t L " J i" " ""'] i11 writing to :;how that somcth i11 .l'. h a,.; lin·11 <>111i11,.. 1.
a

t:,._ - TJ,. .

""'''HI"

ll fll

n !' 1111' cn 11 111 1:i.

H.t' Pl'al tl H" r1 1l1 ·!' l~,r i t:-i !J :O: ( ' .
\\ 'Ji:it d 1w:-1 tl1 e 1·.,1111 1 dt ·11 u!P '?
f{.l' J W: 1t tl1 v r11lv ;-1 l ~JJ · i t ~ 11 . ;,t·.
\ \'li;1t. d11l'S th e J1l' ri 11d d1 ·11ut L"! }{1·11(':1 1 tl1t· nd l':-i fo r i t:-; 11:-.l·.
\\' ha t d1ws 1. l1 e i11t l:1Tc1g-at io11 p oi nt d c 1111l1• '!
\\'11: 1{ d ill's thv :-;e 111 i('td i 111 dcn u tt•"!

('ollntri eFl

are ali ke in all of th e sain c region.

"
X . Tl11 · '1'1141 •·

I ii I a1irH•xc"

of y; as, calion,
1•ro11p 1111l'1'd ,.,,,,!!'"': t.111· c·,.. 1111 .. [ <; I g ivi·~ to c the so11n.J of-•;
a"' , .Jiu;rt•/,-.· t hC' J11... ron I - l mark s a lon g so1111<l, a~ in fo11 c.
tl 1f• ur .. .., c I ~ J, a ..;horL ..;11 111al, a~ in Wn : th 1• Dicrc"i" [ · l HCp' lra k..; t11·11 vow1·l~ into two sy llabi cs ; as, rierij"Q f"ln .
to ut.he

8otmcl

X [. Tile• A•·nt-c Accent [ / J commonly denotes a Hharp
i<n111l(l; th e cirn\'c ·A•••,.,..t [ ' ] , a deprcsscl\ sound; the (Jlr<'11mll<>x A,.,.,..... [ i' or -·1 ], a hroatl 81rnnd.
Jl<•rn - - f ll lll (l,.; ( readin g hookR, tJ1 e l!C'/l./e a<:l'Cllt. denol CR the
r i,oi ng infl cd.ir•n; th e ynivc ncrenl, th e fallin g inlkct.ion; th e c1.r-

c111n/lcf , a UJJi on of th e ;lr· 11t c and th e g-rav e.

\\'l1;1l

11."

dot_::-\ th e l'Xl'L 1111ati o 11 p11inL d e r111t e'!

H. t' J H.~ a t tl1 e

r11 le

r..,,

11...:e .

\\' l1 :d i ~ th e da !"- 11 ?

\\'1 1:11 are tl1 e

H1 ·1wa f tl1l· r11l 1•;-; f11r i1...: 11 :-"P .

clll'\'P,; '!

\\"11:11 ,; Ji .. nld 1l1l'1·

i11clu.J "~

\Vl1 ;1t an • tl1 e lir:lt'k c t:-: 11 :-;1·d 111 i1wl11d1 ·'! •

\\' hat d11e~ tl1 e <l flf):-itro pl 1t• d l·1111t•:'! F o r wl 1:d {llll'J Hat.:1..· s i ~ tl1 l
l1y pl 1t·11 11 :-:1·d '! TIH' cp1ota1io11 111 :t rk :-:.'! Tl1t • i11d t·x an d a:-11ll r i ~ 1 1 1 '!
Tl1l: ;is ll· risk 1 &t:. "! \Vl1at dew:-; tl1 e l1r;1 e e 1·1 11111 1.. ·t:t.'! \\' l1at d111..·~ tl 1u
l' : 1r:1 ~ rapl1 dl'1111t e '! Tiu • ~(·(· tic,11 '!
1-'o r what p111·po,;e ;, Ili c l"arl'l 11,ed '! \\"lial do>L'S th e 1ilck d ,~ ,
1

nof\'"1

TJ11, C('dilla "I

Tl1<• 111:)('ro11"!

Tl1 e lon·ve "!

Th e di< ·n''i' '

dut~s th e :1<'111•· a< ·c1..•nt d P11ut c'!
Tl1 L' g ra ve :ll'1' l· 11 t 't Tl 1·· ('ir1·11111tlex acce nt '/
V\7 /1at d u tli l':-'C d C' ll (J {C in 1ll u:"'it l't.:ad ing }uJu k~ '!

\Vli:i t

J 5G

O llTll LilJltA PHY.

ELl·:,\11·;:\TAllt vlLDL\IAlt.

5. Aspirate~ arc me re cin1ss1u11s of l1rcath.
are also call ed Aloll'i1:s.

They

PART V.

116. 'l'abie of .Elcmeufary Sounds.

ORTHOG IL\ PHY.
Ht-. Somuls - -J,ettcrs.
\\' hen \\' (: spt•ak .

u '' ~

ll'l'

'" "'"b mad e by th e voice.

These

Hotlntb a rl' (':ti i<•d f c'ln:l l'll ffll'!f S u1111• is.
"].

,.\ 11 ·1·:)('111(•11far,·

Sound is one w Iii ch can not be

separalvd i1110 t \\·o or more di "t. inct sound::;.
\\'!"'" 11·,. wr itl' ,
·>

:\

II' <'

n•pre"c nt tlil·'c so nmb; by letters.

Ldkr 1" a

\''O\\lt·I~ .

.

long,

.

h:1t e.

long,

:-;ho rt ,

li:1t.

!"l i1 urt,

111i t!dl<-,

""k.

Itali a n ,

:ll'l l l.

."
.

lJroad,

e

long,

"

:-; hurl,

"

.
0

aR

iii

t1n1e
I I f:.

I.in ~ ,

l'u ld.

:-; J1 o rt ,

]1fJI .

a 11.

00 l o JI !.!',

( ' \'(',

00

l'll.

II

lor1 g,

II

:-:l1 urt,

('<J ZC .

h(l{) k.

:-; l111rl,

Ill!\'

I"

('l lj> .

charact er used to r ep rcse ut a n

elt.'111t·1 1tary "ou1 1d , o r a

coml.Jirmtioa of elementary

('OllSfU•HUfS.

t't•11wl ,.;: a,.;, a, .c.

Sn&i·ota /.< .
h,

l li1.

as in

J~ lcml'11i.a1·)'

Soumls.

as in

I••

;l.-..

Ill

...

\ '

,,...

.....

lip.
Ii ft• .

J. Tl1..rt• an· forty t·le rn r 11 t:1 ry sound~ in th e English l11ng 11:1 ~·, .. Tl1t·\· :trl' di\'id " d int" l 'u wds a11d Ch11sonri11fs.

...

:llll .

lid .

t.

sou1Hl,; whi ch arc
111: ule 'ri1·ii ll1 e 1«>ca l org ans open. 'l'li ey a re ah;o
call ed J; ,11ir·.'·

th,

wirh .

lh.

111ytl1.

J.

j:11',

4· h.

d111 r..l1.

''

\ 'owt+·•, nr \'cwal,.., a rc tlwse

.,

( '011,..011a111,..
arc ob:itructed sounds, or mere
ernis"io11,; nf lirc:t.th . They MC subdivide<l into Snb-

u.

i• oi:af., :r 1111 .· !.<; 1iu // e.~.

...

~.

.,,

.,

g,

hy the voca l org ans, in the process of articulation.

)'.

T h1•v :ire also ca,llctl Snbton-ics.

..,

\:ii.

11j,,.

111 11.
a A in

I'( I:\ f'_

111an .

Ill{,

4 . Suln o('a l,.; a.re those sounJs w l1i ch arc obstructed

Il l

. J1 11.-1 •.

i.

r.

:t!'\

~o n g .

nag.

"

k,

a~

in

ff,., nu co rre8p onJi11 g
h.

:J :-(

Ill

kil'k.
a ~ pirate
IH1 W,

El.E ~ E~TA R Y

15G

GKAMM A&

'.) JlT Jl O<; It A I'll Y.

II. T he fi rs t wonl of c r er y li ne uf pn1.:tr,y ,]:"1il·l
begi u \Yith :t capital let te r.

1l i. LPH1•rs.
1. Th er e ~ re twenty - ~ix letkrs 111 t lt e E ng li sh alp lml 1ct. 'i hey a r e u >J eLl as eithe r L:<Lp i ta,l lette rs or ~s
1mwll

1H. Prv111:r 1J a 1ne s 1.11' perso ns, pla t <'>', d;1y .' , &c.,
shoul1l beg i11 "·it h cap ita l le tt t: r s .

lctti: r ~ .

1V. 'l' itl es of li unor or di s t int:t ion slw ul1l lwgi11 wit lt

n<> m.- P r i11l\'l"H cal l ;: n1 a ll lett er;; lower-case.

2. Tw o or rn fl rc l etter~ a rc someti mes j oin ed to

ca p i ta I letters .

V. A l l ap pe lla iio 11s uf the De ity ,,Jio1 dd li«g 1u wi th
ca pi ta! lette rs.

r c pre:c;ent n 11 e or 111 o n : ~ "1111d ,; .

lt••m.- \\ ',,r<b 11,;c- d a s " iJ1,t il 11 le.-; fin· thl' 11a1111· <>I° t.l 1l' I >eit.1·
•«1n1.. 1i1 11l'' 1Jq;- i11 w1 ll1 l·:t.p it.ab; a ,., " Til e lf·u11/ tl 1:tL 111 :1.<l e 11-;
4. A Di;.; rn 1•h \·<> 11 ,; i't<> ,,f twu ,·.,w cl 1.: ttt- rs wrilte 11 to-

µ:t:tl 1\' r in th\· """" ,yJ LibiC', nn <' r1nl y !win g pr<;11111111<;ed, or
},1,tl1 r e1 • r e::·w 11t i 11 ~ a ~ i n t-; ll' ele n H·1 1ta r y ~ ·;u nd ; a s, an, Ca naan ;

ai, g:1i 11 .
f>. A 'l'.-i;.:·r n ph r·nn"i't" of t h rC'l'

VflWC l

lcttc r8 wr it ten to·

~rthl'r in Lli\' ,;a 11 1c ... _,·llalih., <1 11 u on ly b ein g p rono un ced, o r

the th n •t· to;.:cthn n· 111T~l· 11 t i11 ,; a ~ i11 g l e vo wel Ho und , or di phth onh; :1 ..:, O!f' ' , Cl}'(' ; 0 1rt,

: 1\\" ( •.

7.

diri n c " .

V L \V un ls t.ll'noti ng t he r ace or 11:tt\(1 1J of i11 d i,·i1luals sh.; ul< l ])(•g in wiLl 1 t.:a pital le t.ll: r,; .

VII. \\rurd,.; dn irl'l.l fru n1 pro pe r J1a111 l'S ;; liuuld be g in with capi tn l lette rs.
U f·n1. -

\\' h t.·11

:-'t1t·h

\\' u rd s

b ec o 111 c

t 'q 1t 11 111111

,-l1 <1 uld ll Ot begi n \l·iLh capita l letter.-;; a ',

Ii. ,\ 11011 1>1<· ~ ""' """""• cn 11 , istH of t wo co 11 Ho n11n t le ttc rH
writt 1·11 tu!"v tl1, r in Ll 1c H:t 111 e "yllablc, rr prr;ie n tin g 11 sin gl6

ekmc11lan· .""<> llllil ; : 1~, 1·/i., clio rd;

1~

uh.,

la ugh .

,\ s11 .. 111 1 ... u •·r i" <' li e which re prese nts no

sou 11<.l ;

n..~.

e in t.li,· \\'< •rd 1111ilc.

ltS. Capit~tl Letters, Italics, &c.
l. 'J' l1c first wnnl of every sen tence shoultl begin
\1i t h a. cap ita l lette r .
1t<"111.--T hc w .. rd "LliaL ", e o n 1 m en e in ~ a se ntence w hi eh
l(1lluw ,; :111 in trod11do ry wo rd o r e li u 1 ~t', ofle1 1 b eg i n ~ wi t h I\
c:1pil.:d l1·Lte r ; : 1 ~, " U1 ·:wlut•1(, '/' /"ti H<:t: li o 11 i ~1 u rtce 11 , ...'\t.c.' '

11

IH J\ in ~,

:;11/111·11;

tl11 ·y

rlii11•1 ·

11'rt1·t'.

Vl!I. \\rurds u f spl.' t.:ial i11q1 ur ta1 1l'l' 111a y J,(•gi1 1 1,·i1h
capital lette rs.
ll e111. -~ C o11111 1t>ll

wo rd:-\ ll :-11•d a ~ fl:llYH' " u l' 11ar! ictilar ulJjC't:l~

words uf S[H't.: ial in 1p1> r la nce, a11d ,'11111ild lw~i 11 1ri1h
c·:11• ilal,;; :1s, Lil e f/ 11n /,.n ('ily; Iii~/ r•,.,.,f: tl1 \' f 1it:11/ /f flrdl11:rl:1
4
f .'11't·; " J l :t\'l' yo u vi ...; i tv1l tl1 c Nu n111/ '/: 111·1·1·: ' '

lH '<'> Jlll l'

I .\ . I :Llltl 0, used a,;

s i11 ~ l e

11u n 1:<, "l1 011l d 1.1.! t':J)' itak

X. E111 pha t it.: \\'l)\'.J s, ph r:l:il.:S, a 11.J d:111 :'e:> a re fr•:q ue11t ly p ri11 LL'tl ill ita li e:-i .
1tc~1n.

1.- \\.-11rds

n·11ui ri ll !;

pri11 ll'd in ,; 111 a ll e:1pit ab <1 r

~ prcial

c: q• i t : d ~.

t'n1pl 1:1;-; is

are

n!.Le n

158

E l.l•;,\tE:\ TAl\Y

:!.-- I tal i('it.l'd 1.-un b in l ii L· Bible a.re th o.;c s uppli ed

lt<' m .

by

OHTll OVllA P 11 Y.

1 ; l tA~li\l .-\J \.

tra11:dat .. r:; tu cx1.Ja i11 the

l.... r iµ:i

11 .1l.

u ...... a . -- 111 11i:111u .- cr ij'ts, <>111· li11 e d ra w11 1111dc r a wo rd
in d i : :11t·...1

ii11lic.~

,·

l \\'0

l i 11 1':"\,

:-0::\ IALL

tl 1ree linrs.

CA J' l'l'Al.S;

~---===

C.\ ! 'IT .\ LS.

i nti urrcct io11 . "I h :t\'e ju ~ L n·aJ ' hi>111 e.'< w it lw ut lt:tJ 11b' :111 d
· th e wr1rl d l1t•f•1re t.l1 e 1!.- lu 0
~1. - i ca n 't

l'l't 1a·1 11 l1l'r

Exen·is('s to lw ( 'urrcd ed.
1.-t lir 11 1o r11i11µ:."" :tr1.· t·l1 illy .

...: 11 ;..:·:t r i:-;

~\\' l\ < ' l.

t l 1e:-.e

ru les.

o, h o \\' i \\'i:; it ~t.:1 1 001

was out. t.!t e rc i; 11 ' L a11 ;, fuu 111 :;it.Lin g :;ti ll all day.
ru n a ll'ay an d st:c t.h e e 11 -c 11 ~ CO il ie i11 tu t<> 11·11.

kl·~

IHI. SyllalJles - Words.
rai n y

wcathet

i,; 11 111' !«:1.,a11 t . il1" ' " " " ' """ llH•re 1li a 11 ,_, ig l1 t i11 ch es deep.
l1 111 11lrl' d,; ,,r l1 ird ' 111·rL· ;; in !.'. i11 g i11 t l1c park.

l. A s_,·nabh.• is a :;o u11d or c •HnlJi11a ti. 111 of' "u u11 d,;
u t l creJ 11·itli 0 11 e i1J1pul ,;e o f t lie \'ol cL'; a s, /!1( 11< ,
/l /ll/i - /11'1'.

:!.- Tl11· da Y j , }' :l - l '" "! µ; " 11 •·:
tht· ,.,·,·11ir 1.:. .: ..; l1:1 d\""" :1 p 11l':1 r.
<•

"'" "· 1.- E1· ,.,·y ,-yl la lil e m1 i;;t co11 t.:d 11 a 1·o wl'l.

h' ll tc d

:l.- l'd1.-i11 a nd ja111t'> 11·,., 11 to l'hil' ago last 111 a>·· Th e legis·
Ltt 11r« lllt 'l' h 1> 11 ll1t· lir, [ 111 •111da1· in ja11u a ry . i\lr. ~ mi t h left

york

11 ew

ut t

:-;a{t1 rd: 1>·

the

dl'li.·11tb nt

2. J\. \\'orcl

ll J:t..)'

t:O li s ist of'

O ll e

Il l' l llil l' t '

~1·l J :1liJt • :-< .

~~ d nf' 111:i y .

.J .- I-:l i J f 11ghe."', e•q. : .-\ lc·xa 11d " r t h <' gr«:1t; <l1•n rge th e
t l1inl; i·:11·I Hu.-s .. 11 : g< 'l l. Sc11ll. E li fr 1· 11 i·l1, ' ""'I · a rg ued the
('a -. 1· f"qr i !H'

:!. - .\ ,;y!Ltl•lv i,; :u1:d1·z.. d 1.,,. ;.:- i 1·i11;!, ll1t · .-« >1111d r<'}'fC l1y v:tcli lt'll i·r, <' Xt 'l' ('t. tl10.« ' whic·l 1 an· , iJ e 11 l.

lt«m.

a 11 n· 111" 111 I w r "'' ·11
t i,.. 11i::·l1L of dl'all1 j , llt':t r.

111 :I\· 11· t'

IH' l ~1 r1 · .i u d~1·

A \\' Ord <1 f /ll' O syl la li li·s i,; rn llt:d

:1

" '""'!11111/,/,. ; a.' , 1·u r,·-/ 11I,

'lla//·l!J.

A wo rd .,f tlun syll a bics is ca ll ed a /1·i.•!JlluU1' ; a,; , 1·a rr/11l-

1.., ·1i.: l1.

tl( ·.~.,·, /Jiff 11 -li -lff'.~ .. : .

;, -- H1· 11 11· 11 1lit'r t l1 v '""'"t " r. Tl1t · lo rd s hall i·11d11 re f11 re1·c r.
•· J :1 111 tl1 1· 11·:1.1·. 111" l rnllt . il1 e Iii<:." Cicid ·"' f':t ke lii C'HC wo rd:i,

A ll' o rJ uf j o 111· or mo r e sy ll a li\e,; is l'a lk d

:t

l'" l!/·'!Jllr1/J!1', a s,

an d ""id: I :1111 tl1t· J,.,· .J t l1 y ~·111. .

COJJ l-j i/(( - ('Ctl-('.'J, ('1· - r1 •11-/ 1" /r· -i.-/y .

li. - T !tc· i'n·11 ,·!t : 111" ll t•·x i1 ·:1n" : tli f' am 1· rn ·:in ,;. "Tli cgy p·
Hi<',; " ·:1 11 .J,· r :iho 111 !'1-.1111 }'Ian· to 1.J ao·1._" T he ' l'a11i a rd~ were
th e lir.•t 1·11rt1 111· a11 ll:t t io11 tl 1at ' ""'l :t l1li s l1 vd l'<>l o 11i e ..; i11 am nica.

3. 1\ Prhuiu,·e or Un«lical \\' O rd i:-; 011 1.: 111 11 11 w: 1y
frotn a11 nt hc: r in the :-: a1n c la 11 g ua g:e; as, 111i11d, J~ril/1.

·7.- .l,. rl t.'-':-: J:1 n
C: l nad i ~1 n

abk .
the

.'-'~TC:

\ritt11·r.

:111 it:d i:1 11

s 1111 :-i 1·t;

an

IL!• fid i:1"..:" •· u !' :1 1hl rali a 11

afri can ~ un; a
l rt.~ t'S

is ren1 ark-

tl1t' 1o1·11 .- - i:11 1 ""' " ." ll' as l'""" idn l ll' iLli t l1e lic·tit lire-anns.

ro1 11 11 1:11 1•l 1· r 11f

tlw

r11 ....; .... i :111

fu rn \ :-; W:t :' w1 11111 dt·LI.

>: .- Tit " t:1 ri ll' \,iJI: t lie J\li ,;,;n1 1r i C• llrt('rnlllise; t he whisky

.l 1· ri Ye d

·l. ,\ l>«rlnotive wo rd is O il<~ fur11 11·d J ,y jo iill i 11 .L'. t11 a p ri 111 i t i 1·c s<1 111 c lette r o r ;;y lla u le to 111 udif,v it..; 1111·:1 11i11g , a;;, i·e..
111i11d , f:ti th j11l.

' '· A

<'om3Hu11ul

11-.m ] is o ne fo ri ned hv 11 n iti 11.L'. fll' o o r
as, rn1uj : 1mJr ... 1"·f, , :1o;;lo --

n1 orc pri111i ti vc or derivati ve w o r c.i~;

S 1.rr1n.

ELE~lENTALVi

ltiO
Ii.

:\

J'r<'li><

U ltAMMAlL

is Lhal parL cit· :l 11crivali1·c. word which is

pla ct·d h <" ii1rc the r:1di .:al; :.~, n ·-e:dl, ~ 11/1-juin.

7 . J\

snllix

i ~ that part

or

a Jl'riv:ttiv c word whi ch i~

l•la t:e<l a f tl' r t h e r:1di ca l; :ts, i'aith-j11 /, di:111 ge -a ble.

8. S1•dlin;:; is th e a r t of fo n11ing w urJ~ by arran ging; th eir
l etter~ i11 d u e

orde r.

Th e prnp<' r w:1y of 8p<'l\i11 g \l'Onls 1s best learn ed from
8J>t' l l in g -lio••k,; :u1d didio11arit·s.
'lnr!'il i on"6. - \\' li a t i s all l' k1111·11t:1r v sn nn tl '! A lclter? _
l low
t lit·n· i 11 th ~· E11 g: l i:-:.h lan g-u; lg-e '!
11 ,,w
a r e llll'\' di\·i1kd '!
\\' h:1l ;1n• \'11\\'1 ·1."" '! \Vha l arc• tlu.•.y a hm call t.~d '!
\\' k it :;ri. c11 11 ... q11 ;1 11 t :-' ..' JJ o w an· tl11.: v sul1divi ded '! ~Vl1at arc ~11b­
\' O(':il"? \\"h at a n · ti> l'Y ;d ,;u ca lied'f What are aspirn t.es ? "';\'hal

111 ;111y t· l 1· 1111 · 11t:1 r .\· i-:. i 1111111 :-' :1n·

, arl' 11, ~ ,· also l'a lkd'!
I f o,\· n1:1nv l ettt' l'R
ll1Pll ~.(!

A di ~ r : 1pl1 ·t

th e En ~ li s h alphabet'/ \ .Yhal is a <liph A t ri g raph '/ A doubl e eonso nanl ? A si.l e nl

111

ldt e;· ·?
l{t" 1•c:1L th e rn k< f,, r th e II'C of cap ital l ~tlc rs.
'\\'l i:tt j,- " "vllable '/ vVli;1t 11t11Kt even' By lla blc eont.a in ? Hnw
i>< a •yllalilc :1 1;,tl yzed? \Vl i:1t iK" in o n o~y l°talik 'I A di HoyllHbic'!
:\ tr i,;y llahl c '! A polysylla ble'! \ ·V hat iH a primitive word ? A
1!<-ri\'ati\'C w<'r•l'I :\ co111pou11d word? A pre fix ? A suflix ?
\\'h :i l is spe ll111 ~ '!

..

