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GRAMMAR MADE BRIEF BY THE OMISSION
OF SUPERFLUITIES.

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PRACTICAL LESSONS

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CLARENCE

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GU.AGE FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS.

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A COMPLETE PRACTICAL, ANALYTIC.AL, .AND SYN-

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THETIC.AL TREATISE ON THE ENGLISH

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BEIN G

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR:
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~DRICKSON
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b:'.;;::;' fea t upon th' ,,,,JaT~~ \ \;I

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THE TIMES PRINTING

~'AF,

COMPAN "l':- • ·-....-~.-- -;.;>-r-'·

MDCCCLXXXIV.

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CHATTANOOGA , TENN .K:_: r f' (

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TO MY PARENTS,

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Entered, :tc cord ing to Act o f Congress, in the year 1 gs3,
Hv C LAR r:·· c r: R . H ENDR ICK SON
in the o ffi ce o f Librarian o f Congress, a t v'va shing to n.

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THE REV. JOHN T. AND LYDIA

A.

HENDRICKSON,

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THIS

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TREATISE ON ENGLISH GRAMMAR

§,

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IS
AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED
BY THE AUTHOR.
lT I ~ oi•'FEliED AS A. TOKEN OF HlS GRATEFUL .APPRECIATION OF
THEIR KINDNE.."8 TO HIM DURING THE PREPARATION
OF THIS VOLUME,

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The autho r h as e nd eavored to make this treatise a complete
Grammar of t he E ng lish Language; so that those pupils who
shall master this work will be en abled to express their th~ughts
correctly , fo rcibl y, clea rly, and elegantly-in short will be able to
comma nd the Engli sh la11gu age.
In ofleri ng thi s Grammar to the publi c the a utb or begs leave
to refor to the work Itself :t ti th e best exponent of hi s system, and
he ventu res to indul ge th e hope th at he h as sucC'eeded in presenting
the recognized prin cipl es of E ng li sh G rammar in a form th a t will
comm end itself to the unbiased judgment of the practical teacher!
The a uthor ack nowl edges with pl ea8 ure that he bas received
v;duable a id from q ,uackenbos's English Grammar a nd Brown's
G rammar .of Engl ish Grammars.
In conclusion it on\v re mains for him to unreservedly commit
hi s \h1r k to the decision ~f a generous public, before whom it must
st:tnd or fall.

PREFACE.
T o th e (ll'a cti ca l teacher of l•: n g li ~ h f:ramnm r no apology is
needed [,w prPst• nting a new tex t. hoo k in I hat. 11111ch «out cslt·d li C' ld;
th e writ e r of thi s ll l'W call(\id atc for popu la r favor will th erefore
oile r no a pology fo,. th e prese nt pe rfo,.m:in ce.
G r :..mru:n has hi t herto hee n a vcl'y dilli<:ult study , a nd t.o st udent s wh ose t:i stc dc ntands a reasnn:d ilc degree of certaint y, it has
been ve ry u11i11\·itin g, unsatisfactory and e ven unprofitabl e, for a
mags of crnd c, co11ni ct i11 g stateme11 ts has been pla ced before him
whi ch se r ved on ly to purplex hin1.
It is here so ug ht. to ntak c it l'a".V h v c:n111hini11g th enl'y wit.h
prnet.i ce. Th e [1111d:u11 c11l a l )'l'itl<'ip le liy whi c h th e snhject has
been deH' loped is that no theo ry.>[ g l'a111mar is tru e th at is not of
practi cal uti lity. The prin cipal aims of the :Lut.hor in writi11g thi s
book h:wc brr 11 : First, lo fnrni sh th e st.nd en t a propel'l y di gested
syste m of sy nl ad ical rnl cs hy whi c h he lll ay be a ble to di sc r iminate g l'am1na ti c:d fro m 11ng ra111mati ca l "entcnces ; and, i"econd ly, to
g ive him s nc h e xel'C ises in co nstrn<:ti on a1Hl analy sis as sh a.11 ena bl e h i nt to inte rpre t t he coned inqi<i l't of se nt cn r~s.
\Vhil c most a.ulh or:; ha ve beeu n •111:11'1rn.hly full , aud sometim es
e,·en red11rnl :111t 11pon th e second of th C'se point s, yet ;t very .large
maj or ity h a \' e hcc11 la 1uentalil y deficie nt upon th e first. Th eir
R u les of Hyntax a 111011n t to nothiu g 111ore than a n e 1111ni e1·a.tion of
th e tliflcre nt 11"cs nf the <.liflerent pa rts of sprec h a nd a few princi ples of a.g-recment whi ch h ave :drea.dy heen presented in Et nn o logy , a nrl whi ch no st11dc nt with fh c g 1·:1ins of co111111011 sense ~'o uld
fail to und e r&tanr\ .
The onl y real Hynlax to be fo nn cl in thei r Loo ks is 1he few
re marks presented 11nclc r the "lln les of Sy nt ax ," a nd t hese are
~o few in numbe r :11111 gener all y so badly expresser] th at whe n a
student has maste red the m he knows nothing of Eng lish G r:unmar.

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Russ 1~ r.Lv1LLE, Aim:., March 17th, 1884.

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VII

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GRAMMAR MADE BRIEF BY THE OMISSION OF SUPERFLUITIES

INTRODUCTION.
] >efinition :- Language is any series of sounds or letters
fc rrn C'd into words and employed for the expression of thoughts.
'- D e finition :-Grammar is th e acience which teaches how
to spe:1k and write a language correctly.
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P1·inciple : -Grammar is divided into four parts: Orthography, Ety mology, Sy nt ax and Prosody.
Defi nition: -Orth ography teaches how to pronounce and
spell words correctly.
] { cumrk :-This division of Grammnr is not taught in this
book as it cau only be learned from spelling books and dictionaries.
l>cfinition :-Etymology treats of t he classification and
modili cations of word s.
])cfiuition :-Sy ntax treats of the correct construction of
sentences.
l :,e1nark :-These di visions of gram m ~r are taught in sections 1, II and III of th is bciok.
He fi.uition : - Prosody treats of the laws of versification.

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Jte 1uark :- This division of grammar is taught in section
lV <'f this book.
I >clinition :-A Definition is such a description of a th ing
or claRs of things as distinguishes it from everything else.
Definition : - A Ru le of Grammar is some law, the obedience to which will lead to the right use of language.
D efi nition :-A Model is some performance .which illus- .
trat<'R the mann er in which a thing should be done.

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' ·1~e/i ".itio11 :-A" Rxp1·ci,e i" so111c •.
.
ti" lc.t r11 er '" orclcr lo I.est liis k
pe1fori11a11 cc req111red of
practice.
rr owlcdge :111<1 bri11g hi, skill into

Hendrickson's Practical l.essoos in English Grammar:

9

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n c ti11ition ·-A p · .
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m ental truth.
· rinc1p le is 'so m e ti11·11g gran ted as a furr danctinition ·-A n·il 5 .
ilHelcmcrrls.
•
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•
IS

the seµnrat inn of the wh ole into

Dcfi 11 itio11 :-T'arsin .,. is ti
.
acco rdirrg to the dcfiniti
,., cl, ic ex pla11at1011 of rc l:ttcd words
ons an l'U les of gr:unn ia r.
•. . .
D c fuut1on. F 11 r
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. - ' g 18 11 ranin1 ·tr is ti 1. t
f
o g ra n11nar whi ch le·icl
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, ies tow to speak
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' ant write the English
a nguage correctly.

2.
3.

PRONOUNS,

!i. PREPOS ITIONS,

V1mus,

7.
8.

4. Ao.rnC'!'JVES,

CoNJUNCTIONs, AND
ExcLAll1ATIONS.

. th ink of.
EXERCISE

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Dit·cction - T ell the nou ns in the fo ll owing sentences : 1.
Willia ;11 is pla.y in g. 2. T ea grows in Uhina. 3. Mary has gone.
4. W el>ster was a. states rnar1. 5. Boys stu dy grammar. 6. A tree
h as le:l\·es. 7. A house h as doors. 8. 'the hen eats corn. 9. The
cow gi,·es mi lk. 10. We stucl y grammar and arithmetic.
ExEHCISE

II.

J >irection-Fill the following blanks with nouns: 1. Ada.m
was th e first .. .......
2. Texas is a large .........
3 . ......... talk.
4 .......... sting. 5 . ......... gall op. 6. The .. ... .... is in the inkstand . 7. The ......... a re in the sky. 8. The Bible is a good
9. God made' a ll ......... 10. W e h ave finished ou r ....... ..

II. PRONOUNS.

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J>efinitio11-A P1•01io1in is a word used in th e place of a
noun.
J ,ist-I, yo u, we, h e, she, it, th ey, me, us, him, h er, his, h ers,
thin e, them, who, which, wh at, whom, whose, &c.

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])ircctio11 - Tell the pronouns in the fo llowing sentences:
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W ords, by th eir use, a re disti11gnished as,
J. NouN><,
5. AuvERJ~s,

I. NOUNS.
D e finition- A Noun is the name of anything we can

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CLASSES OF WORDS.

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llendrick.<on's
l'r:irtiral 1 ,,.~,
. ons rn. . P,n~l1s• h Gr.1111111~r
L .John is lov l I
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Ct IC'C :lll'C ht' j , ,_. I
P :ice. ::!. Wh·Ll e
' "" · 2 · You ' ho11l I
g:1:1·e y on the 1,;,o·I:
tl:ong h th e,v jive i1:
sa ul "Hir 1 ,
" · " · Charl es a 11 I ]
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rnn home. () Sh
7 Pl·
s.111 i s lll trouble, bec:111sp 'h ~ . . .,1 ce Ill.I' hon k o n th~ ta hi e
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llcnrlrickson's Practical k <sons in English Grammar.

t;:~\~~se -~oulr

h 11 pper despised _his :wise old mother. 5. Fresh water is a pleasant
drink . 6. All men must die. 7. A w_ise son m a kes a glad father.
8. rn Am erica are ' ri ch fi elds, use f11l a nimals, a nd good men.

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E XEH CI SE IL
Direc tion - Fill the foll owing bhtnks with adjectives : 1.
...... girlK romp in th e gard en. 2 .. .. .. .. .. g ra pes grow in ....... ..
France. 3. God is alw:iys .. .. ..... . 4. Th e .. .. .. .. . wind bl ew down
th e ..... .. .. trees. 5. Ni ghts in i-;nmm er are .... .... . 6. ......... study
111akes a .. .... ... .. 11.an. 7. l{o wa.rd was .. .. .. .. ... aml.. ......... man. 8.
.. .. ..... , ... .. .. .. , ...... .. . Jane was dead . 9. The ... . : .. .. clouds float

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l>irc'ct·
.. IOll - l"ill ll1<• f II . · ·
..
lc:1sc th e dog.
. · " o wnig ltl:ink s will> pro
..
.
.. .. .. .. 1,., 111 11te .. .
2 'I'
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C.UJ s11·1111 acros·
.. .. ..
· he pond 18
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kill
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<ee p, but we
· ' .... .... . :;, Th e 111:in shottl 1
1
.. .. .. .... . 4 ~h·
ic < og; •ut
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.. • :111111 " " " fl1 p 1•1' ct
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... ...... ,id not
... ....
i.! . "T ·II
·
.urcs. Jiit .. . .... .... tl .itl not buy
c .. . ...... wl1 at brii ws
,., . .. ...... . tn Ro lll
e, gent Ic .ronth. "

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• a t11ii.
.... · .. . a spid e r to a fl y .

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rain fall s

rn· a

_, .l<' f' f ll:fl i»
pruno1111 .

..·ord

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9.

II.

t he .... .... . studi ous of th em al 1.
nsed lo modify I he

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l>11·cction- T" ll lli
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I. Th e fa ll "'irl nl . e :1d,1P<' lJ V1•s in llH' fo llowir"
'tl I
- ,...
•. c t he swee t "1 •11lc· 2 'l'l
i,, se ntence" .
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11 Am e ri can w·is in F ·
poor 0 .r ha s a blind
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.11mpc. I. J\ s ilh·
, littl e g ra1<.s -

VI. PREPOSITIONS.
Dclinition- A P1·cposition is a word wl1i ch slrnwR a rela tion of me a.ning betwee n a noun or a prononn and some oth er
word .
List- At, by, for, from, in , of, off, on, through, till, to,.up,

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])iref'tion- Fill the foll ow inµ; b1 :inks with ad verbs: 1. Th e
li 11 rse rnns..... .... 2. l'eter wept.. ..... .. 3. Th e copy is ......... wl'itt<en. 4. Th e hoy has .. ... .... re turn ed. 5 ..... ..... will yo u come ?
1; . 'fell him to walk.. .. ..... 7. The moo n shines.. ....... 8. She is

.
IV. ADJECTIVE
Hdm itio11 --A11 t ti .
.
S.

r11 eani1w of .
o
.i noun

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,., ........ ...

, o n1y parl nr
.. .. .. ... ·rnl

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])ircc tion - T ell t he ad \'e rbs in th e following Rentences :
I . 8 amuel walks ra pidl y .
~. The men worked h a rd . 3. John
writes fas t. 4. William acted nobly. 5. H e is very studious. 6.
Il e is a trnl y good ma.n. 7. She is most benevolent . 8. B ad men
l i\'e ve ry unh a ppil y. 9. Th e wintl bl ows qnite roughly . 10. Th e

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u ·cctio11 - FiJI th e f - .
.
k1if l'll
, ,.
ollo1r111g bl:tnks · I
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.. 2. lh e cl '"'
.
· wi t, 1 verbs : J Tl
U eo1·"'e
.
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.... .. .. . .~. Uo<I
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to town . .) ( " ·
..... .. .... . lli e wo rld 4
1111
· "-""''· 7. F1x e 1l·1:-;n
. · ... . . . ....li P:lill1
' .... .. •.. .. . Al11
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iarl C's ... .. .
••• • ••• · • •vo11

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Ddinition - An Advel'IJ is a word nsed lo modify th e
11 1caning of n. ve rh, an adjective, or a nc•t he r adv e rb.

- •nwtiou T II I
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1c ollowi 11 "' SC'I t
>in > 111ild nest' 2 f)
•·
· og;s 1>a rk . ;{ Ji'· 1
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1 e nccs : J.
sonr. u. J
. ~1111 c_ " "' '" l11• rc ,l' t'.'•l.enl:t1· . ,'.,''g,;,s fl )'.· 'I. The a ppl e is
1
IJl Cl lTO W.
I • ('r<Ji I 111adc t he wo rld · .
', l c• "' 11 go t.0 sc hoo l to•
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III. VERBS

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in the ......... sky .

l>1•fi11ition- A 1 .,., .1> 1. . .
•
he ing.
' "· wo rd Jh:il c x111·csi;es action or .

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llN11lri«kson·s l'rarlir"I Lci<.IOlli in

Ex1m1·rl'E I.
l>iredion-Te 11 t IIC 111·epos1t1ons
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1. He cn 111c with En 1111 ,1
ie
owing- sentences:
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·>wrote a lon" lette r tu !•'I l..
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IOllg i , •,11rope.
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l'h" boy in the bo:it. c:uwht a fi sii wi;I
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me on t ieroad . 5.
1
to I.li e dust frn 111 wlii<'li " . ' . ·
· a llw. ti. \\!<' lllnst retum
we '"' re la.ken . 7. I , II· ,
fr11111 our hr>11"e to th e ellllrch.
"a •c<l yesterday

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])iJ.·<·ctio11 - Fi1J lh e following blanks .
I. He spo l<e .... .... Joiiu '> 'l'I ,
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with Prepositions :
stnd\' ......... sC' houl 4 . ,.-·
il ~ J c 1illd sh1vers .. ...... co ld. 3. G irls
.
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>OVS s If ('.
th I · 11 r. ' '
J\rnlt•s rise ......... the c loud~ t' ' " ·::···· · e 11 • u. lh e might;y
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book
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my complunents 7 n· I
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• • . . ... .
enrv ....... .
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It you uuy that hat ... .. . me?
8 \V.
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·· · · . . ... u1or11 in~:~._ .. ... . . . 1100 11
e work
9
· · · ... ... whon1 do you speak ?

VII. CONJUNC'rIONS
Deli 11 ition-A Coui·uucti·
.
·
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· ·On IS a. word us J t
senten~es, or the elements of sentences.
er o connect
.L ist-And, but, because, either
that, etc.
' neith er, or, nor, for, if, than,
ExmwtsE I.
J>irecti · - 'l' 11
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e ~h e con111nct1011s in the follow·111 ".
.
go, if you will remain. 2 Gcor
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Mary and Eliza sing very. WP" g~. s.~'.;~ ies, lrnt Ellen pl_a.ys'. 3.
was dead. 5. Th e" are sl
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e boy wept, fo1· l11 s sister
J
ow, .. r. t iey are s11re 6 ,., 1
·
· · ·re 1eard that
yon had gone. 7 'l'\l'O .11 .1 . 1
•
• · H e1g 1! ·ire te . i.J t
·
twelve. 8. No harm was done
II Bille arnl three a.re
!J. I will love him bec·1use I .'. • iol11¥ tlt ie storm wa.s very severe.

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ExEJWISE

II.

l>irection p·11
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1. H e 1s poo1·. . .. .. J·ie IS
· 1Hlllest 2 A °
r II
.co111unct1ons..
11 11
:l. Texas is la r"er
Nm
· • .._. . •, a are smging a duet.
•
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·· ···::··
v or1c l 1.• Either he is wron
.
1111
•
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•). A II see k lrnppiness
b
t
r
· 1t· n r r g .. ... · ·· 1
.
· ... ... 11 c w 1111<l
1
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· · ' " not 1cnow
....... ...farn(•s was hnrt 7 Tl
·
·
Ie p11p1 1s love l.hci1· teach er .. ..... .. he

y ·

Kn~lish

Grammar.

is kind. 8. Ellen is a better scholar ......... Emma..
truly wise ......... he seldom speaks.

13
9. Tbe man is

VIII. EXCLAMATIONS .
De1i 11 ition- An EmcltMnatfrni is a word which expresses an einotinn.
l ..il'!t-Atlie11 , ah , 0, oh, h a, ho, li e, pshaw, lo, hurrah, etc.
EXERCISE I.
Directic ., _ Tell the exclam ations in the following sentences : l. ] fail, happy rnorn ! 2. Ah, how unfortun ate! 3. Hush!
yo u should not talk 11ow. 4. Fie! yo u should not do so. 5. Hurrah! we are to have a play. 6. Arlien ! my dear father. 7. Alus !
you have g rown old.

Ex1mc1sE II.
l>ircctiou - Fill the following blanks with exclamations:
l. ......... ! for the bonnetR of blue. 2.......... I is he the man 'I 3.
......... ! blithesome stranger in the g rove. 4.......... ! where are
1
you goi1;g? 5 ..... .. ... !and what is the matter now? 6 . .... .. .. .
all were gone. 7.... ...... ! virtue, thou art a jewel.
BxERCISE I.
Direction-Tell the class to which .each word in the following sen fences belongs:
1. Jesu s Chri st was rich yet he became poor for our sakes. 2.
Th e Bible teach es us to love God and ma.n. 3. Virtue elevates the
mind, but vice degrad es it. 4. John and I have read some very
interesting books. 5. Hurra h ! Jet us h:ive universal education.
6. How doth the little busy bee improve each shining hour! 7.
See! the playful l ambs sk ip gracefully in the grass and nibble it.
8. If is is a verb wh:it. is if ? 9. The wise man is ever ready for the
ups and do wns of life. 10. Every one tri ed to make much of Lafay ette. 1·1. Th e rat stole out of th e box and pop! she had him.
12. Cras h went the thund er. Vl. H nrk ! the cross dog barks loudly at. strangpr,; and bites them.
14. "Now farles th e gli mm ering laml scape on the sight
And all the air a stillneR8 hold s
Save where th e beetle whee ls his droning flight
And drowsy ti11ldings lull the di8tant fold8."

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llc111lrirkin11·x l'rnd ical Lcirnns in F.ngliih Gra11111mr.
- - - - - - - - - - -- 15. "They grew in bea.u ty sid e by side,
Th<0y fill ed 011c l1 01n c willt g let•:
Th eir graves a re seattercd far and wi<l<0
By mount and stream a nd sea."

-- -· ·- · -- - - - -

llcn1lrickson's Practir~I J,cssons in English Grnmmar.

15

-

SECTION II.

IX. WRITTEN PARSING.
n .(•11rn.rk-Thcre slt 11 11l rl be an exercise in ornl :1;1d wri tten
A11aly sis a11d Pars ing at evC' ry rec itation in E11 ~ li ~ lt (-:rn ntm:1.1·. A
sl 11de11 t. ll'i ll nc\'cr l0a rn 1':11g lislt <:ran1111 :1.1· with ou t a mtly zing and
pa1·si11 g st·ntences; neit.hPr will he ever lea rn En glish G r:unrnar by
a na lysis :uirl p a rsing to th e •·x cl11 sion 1Jf other prndica l e xercises.

X. THE SENTENCE.
l)cli11i t io11 - A Sentmu;e is a though t expressed in words.
. Ucnuirk-f-;everal sent ences may be uni ted in one afli rmat ion. The prim:ipa.I thought forms the p rincipal sentence. The
subordin a te thoughts form the subordinate sentences.

EXERCISE.
MODEL.
SEN T ENCE .

I

.I
I

d

C l.AS S ()F TllE W O !tlJ.

Oh!
it
has

Ex cl:unati o11 :
l'ro11onn.
V erb.
Ad verb .
Nou n.
Preposition.
Adject ive.
Pronoun .
P reposition.
Pronoun .
Adjcdiv e.
Nn nn .
V erb.
( 'onjttnction.
V erb.
Adverb.

voiee
fu r
t hose
who
on
th eir
8ick
beds
lie
aud
wnste
a way

ExEnc1sE.
'Di 1·cction-.. -Parse a l.I t.
un b in t.lt c foll owi11g se ntences:
l. Th ere goes a rn1u nr that ·1 :1111 to be ba n b hed . 2. Th e purposes
8. Rcnsnali ty conl:un in atcs the
vn u und ertak e are d angen111s.
liody . 4. \Vh at is baser than '' lie7 5. 8t rike wh ile the iron is
hot. G. l f tlt e clim a te o[ Afr ica were not so fa ta l more tr.a v<0lers
wn11 ld go thi,re. 7. At 111idnig ht in Iii ~ gnn.nle<l ten t the_Tnrk was
drea111ing of th e hou r.
.

J>ircction-Tell th~ prineipal a nd subordi nate sentences in
th e fo llowin g exerci se:
1. We sigh for chan ge ,:ind spend our lives for naught.· 2.
Thompson says: "Success makes villi ans honest.". 3. I h ave
brou ght a pas•age th a t yon may expl:iin it.
4. H you won Id know the deeds of him who chews,
E nter the h ouse of God and see the pews.

~\

I

XI. THE ELEMENTS OF A SENTENCE.
Priu c itl1e- Every sentence must h r1Ve a Subject and a Predic;Lle, exp ressed or nu<lersto0tl, and it may h ave an Object.
T HE SUBJECT.

])c1inition- The subject of a sentence represents that of
which something is said .
u .c m ark- The subject may be a word (which is always a
nou n or :i pron oun ) a. ph rase or a sentence.

ExmicISE I.
Uir<• ction - Tell th e sn bjects of the foll ow ing sentences: 1
God ex ists. 2. Does the fire burn ? ~- Boys play. 4. Are ripe
peaches excell Pnt? 5. How cold th e winrl bk·ws ! 6. Great men
o[ten do wrong. 7. George \<Vas hing ton was a great man. 8.
"Know t.hyse lf" was a say ing of one of the wise men of G reece.

l

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I
I

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li

. ,.

llcnd ri1·kson's l'ratl inil l.ess11ni in !Inglish Grammar.

IJendrickS-On'i

9. At wh nt ti 111 e he took ord ers, does not appe:ir. 10. That we are ·
rival s, need not make us enemi e". 11. Th a t all men a re created
eq ua l, is n self-eviden t truth.
E.\ERCJSE

II.

l)i1·cct.io11 - f-111pply th P fo ll owing prcdica.l.l's wi th "11hj ccls:

.I

I. ........ . sa il ac ross th e <>l'e:t n.

3. n ucs .......... tu<l y geog-rrq1h1· ·1
.... ..... wrote her exerc ise'.

:l . ... . ..... recites Wl'll in hi story.

4. H ow 1rnrm the ......... is I 5.

u...... .. .. cense your wi ckedn ess.

.. .. .... . honor yon r fat her and yo nr moth er.

7.

8 .......... sa il ed from

P:t.l os in 14!!2. 9. Th e vi lla ge ........ .st:111ds und er a sp read ing
ches tnut tree. 10 . . .. ... .... ...... .. ... .. ., is most trne. 11. ....... .
............ , sha ll be di •c ha rge<l in th e nex t chapter.

12. .. .. ..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... , is not s lrn ngc.
i
\I

~ I,

Jt11k ·t -·'L'he unn ecrnsary rl' pcti ti on of the subject should be
a vo id ed.

._ ,

1£XE IW1SJ:;

HI.

Djrcl'tion-Co rrect t he errors in th e fo ll owing sentence.•:
J\ l o 1JF: 1 ~ .) oh n

he went lo town . J ohn went tu town .

he rnn a.flc r the hall.

J\len lh C'y end m e h:ird , hip.
home.

l. T he boy

2. Th e teacher lH" instrn d• hi s pup il".

3.

1. ,l tich:ml hav in g reci lcJ, he wcut

1

5. E lla , being sick, she staid at home.

U .11lc !!- T he word :Lbo 11 t whi ch th e nflirma ti on is made
should he 1rnC'd as the subj ect oft L ~ sent<>ncc.
I

I
I

"

Ex 1mcnrn IV.
l)il.'l'« 'tion -Correct th e l'nors in the [ollo win g se ntence's:
i\ 1<> 1>1•:1,-Th is so rt o l' 111 c11 will snc<"cc cl. Me n of tl 1is_sort will succe<'cl . I. This spccieso[ worcl s a rc 1111m cro11s. 2. This kind of men
wi ll r11i11 0111' ('<Jl lll°ll·y. H. Thi ' "" rt or adverbs C'OllllllOll ly a.dniit of
'"""l"'risou. 4. Every kind of con vcni cnC'c s honlil he prov ided fo r
th e sc hoo l .room. 5. Eve ry kind of co mf<Jrt will be prov id ed.

Pr.rntir~1l

J,cS11ons in English Grammar.

17

THE SUBJECT MODIFIED.
TnE FrnsT MO DIFIER.
Princi1lle-The subj ect may be modified by an adjective.
EX ERCISE I.
Hii·c~ctio11 - Tc ll the modifie1·s oft.h e snbjl'cls of the following sentences: l. A li ttle boy is play ing in the street. 2. A golder, staff was in his hand. 3. Good boys always behave. 4. The
ta ll man is writing. 5. A silly little grasshopper despised his
mother .
ltulc 3-(l) Th•ee or more adjectives, or two if not joined by
a conjun ction, mo<lify rng the same noun should be separated by
commas. (2) An adjective m:ty modify the complex idea expressed
by a nonn nnd anothe r adjective, as, Th e late civil wa.r. In this
ex press ion "the" modifi es "l ate," "civil" a nd "war ;" "late" modifi es "civi l" and "war ;" "the,'' " la te" and "civil" each modify "war."
Alljec tives thus modifying the complex idea expressed by a noun
a nd a nother Hdj ective mn st not be separated by commas.
Ite 1na.rk-Each adjective modifying a noun can be constrn ctcd with its noun a nd make sense. An ad verb can never be
constrn ctcrl wit h a nonn and make sense. "The l ate civil war."
ln this ex pression "the," "late" nnd "civil" are each adjectives
mo1l ifying "war" :rnd ca n C'ach be const.ructed with "war" and make
se n ~e. th11 R, " th e wnr," "late war," "civ il war." Ve ry many people.
"Vcry" is an ad verb and can not• be constructed with people and
make sc11se, thus, "very people."

Ex1mc1sE II.
])ir<'ction- 81.1pply co111111ns in the proper pl aces in the first
fo ur sentences and co rrect the errors in l atter three. 1. The ru an
h as a large strong a11rl sun-burned arm. 2. The m an sang a Aweet
tender song. 3. A tall ca.hn and resolute man wn.s here. 4. The
cross lazy and mean boy will go home. 5. Th e, late, French revoln tion was a. terrible confli ct. 6. She is an, in telligent, young lady.
7. ll ere is a, beantif11 I, whi te rose.

THE SECOND MODIFIER.
Pri nci L•lc- Th e subject may be modified by a word or a

I

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I

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y

.o, , .

· · ~; ! •.

i

I:

ll cntl rirh •in's l'rnrliral J.rssnns in

18

11,n~l ish

>

Gra1111nar.

ll rnilri~kso n's l'rnclical k ssons i( Engliih_ Grammar.

sen te nce used to expl a in or i•len tify i t.
r
I

Ex rmcrsE

I.

Dit·ce tion - T <' ll th e mod ifi ers of the snbjects of the [o ll ow in sen tences : 1. \Vashington, t.he fathe r o[ hi s conn try, wng t he
g
.
f
U -1 . l f.ihtcs 2 vVl'bste r th e stnt('grn a.n,
Jirst presid en t o t,1ie
Ill Cf ' ·•
•
·
. •' . • .
, ,
4.
.1 .
.. t . a C:rnn t. th e gcne rnl , fo ug h t ln1 111s conn t.1.) .
w. s n n o 1.t o 1.
· l ~~en n·
'
·
_
. .
. · I
Th e victim s, a broth e r, a $isti-r, a nd a ln cnd nre :n .1, ,' 011'.c e~'. tt Gl h
" 11 ~·11rely
Ii . l It t. i .LI, ,.,•
I \\.Ot·I·, \\I
di tinn [)J\ l c n wHl
. ·" ll Cl' l' <' <l.
I
.
· . · .
N 0 . . l h'lt loYPR Uo•l will lie a •lrnn k:tn ·
7
wisd om " wise.
·
m.ui
'
..
. s ·il' t th e
J > I• 4 - An ex plan atory rn od il1 cr th at tl oes n ot ie-, t 1 .
c
. h .it, ' Iiu u 11< I ie' o;e
. •t. o JI bv. co111motli fi.,u
ed term
or co111 hin e c lose ly wit
mas.
EXE ll\JlS I"

lL

in t he folJ)ir ec tio11 - f:i11ppl y com mas ·m l Iie p1.op e r 1,tncf'S
,
, J. 1 ] >
·
lowi1 w0 sen tences:
y..tn,,
l\f ouF.JJ- 'J.' Iie a 11 ti 10 1. <l [ t he "Pil gTi m 's l' rooo rcss'
.
. o, 111 •lln
..
[
t' I· . T he :l.llt.hor of th e " Pil gl'lln s Prog 1ess,
was th e so n o a lll ,ei. ·
. . .
Th e ,1iscove re r of ;\ 111e rJ ohn J\uny a n, was ll1 c son of a t.Jll kct. 1.
I f tl U 1 ited
~; ca Co lumbus was t reated c ruelly . 2. We th e pco p co l ie
, .
r , Ives lo be :t free a11 <l i1HlcpNH cnt n a ion.
Fitatcs d ccl,u e o u sc
.
. . , f <:od will he re wa rded.
3 ?vJ en wh o a rc e ng:1 ~cd Ill t hf' sc rv ice o
' I. I
~: A n o ld cloc k whicl1, fo r fifty yea rs, stoo<l in the h n_n c r ~ otc ie n
.1 l
l ·r, · Ch l'ii"ld
.J:1111cs A. was pres 11 lcnt of t he
Hilu
< en Iy " to111•"<
·
~ ·
,
Uni ted States.

THE T H IFD MODIFIER.
.«idificd by a noun o r

rl"ineiplC·- T he subj <-.
in th e pm,sess ive case.

.

.
II

pronoun

IS

s in the pos-

l~ c nut1: .ll::- Fo r ex am pl e~ of noun s and p1011011 n.
R'c. Ill. ., p·we
sess ive c nse used as motl I' fiers se~
, .~ - -.

THE FOURTH MODIF IER.
. Iu1
· rn. t I."011 •0 [ .relat
ed words
] ) c finition.- A ph rase .is a co m
. '.
•
not m a king complete sem e bu t fun n ing a.n o lh ce 111 t he sti11 ct111 e of
a se n tence.
Hi1· c ction- T el I til e 1,111...1.,, ,,8

; 11

th<' followin g sente nces :

l

19

l

1. Jo hn we nt to town . 2. H a n y li ves in the city. 3. Scaling
yonde r peak I saw an eag le. 4. Mr. Ba rn es ca me fro m New
Y or k. 5. lle lives near Littl e Rock. 6. Arthur goes to school.
J.>riu c i pie - A phrnse 111 ny be used as th e subject of a sentencC'.

·I

1hERCl8P.

lt ule 5 -A p hrase o'r n sentence used as t he snbject of a
sc11 lc nce rClJBires a com ma between it nnd the ver b.

III.

lJircction - Supply comru as in the prope r places in the fo l- ·
lo win g sentences:

M o or~L -To obtai n he nlth should Lie our a im .
heal t h, s lwuld lie our ai m.

T o obta in

1. To steal is l.mse. 2. To be id le is a ny thing bn t p leasant.
3. J Ti s being n mini ti tcr preve nted his a ttending. 4. H is being a
good sc ho lar is ne ve r do u bt.ed . 5. T liat we a re i·iv a ls does not
necessarily make us ene mi es. G. Th a t a ll me n a re crea ted equ a l is
a se H-e vid en t truth . 7. Th a t l ha ve ta ken the old m a n's daug hter
is true.
Priuc i1Jl c - Th e subject ma.y be modified by a ph ra se.
EXERCIS E

!
j

IL

Dirc c·l.io11 - T cll th e subjec ts of th e fo llo wing sen tences:
L To do good , is th e d uty of a ll n.1 en. 2. To be great, is t he des ire of e ve ry am hit ous pe rson . 3. H is being a m inister , prevented
hi s ri sing to c ivi l powe r. 4. T o <l o good to others, constitu tes a n
impo rtant. object o( our ex iste11 ce. 5. To ge t a n edu ca tion, should
be e very yo ung pc rstin's motto.

EXEitCISE

I
l

I V.

Dit-ec tion - T ell the mod ifi ers of the subjects of th e fo ll owing sen tences:
I. T he king of sl i:ul ~ ws lo ves a shining mark. 2. A love for
stnd y scc nres men ta l imp rove ment. 3. Th e use of tobacco deg rades m a ny nse fu l men. 4. A house on li re p resents n distressing
spectacle. 5. A ma n of refi nemen t. will a<lop t no d isgusting h a bits.
B .ul c H- (1) f:ic ve ra l p hrases modi fy ing th e same word
sho11 l<l Lie sep arated by co mm as.
(2) A p hrase or a sen tence used

~·. I

I~

.

.I

llendrickson·R Pra ctical Lessons:in English Grammar.

as a moclifi e r should be so arranged in a sentence that th e i1lca inte nd ed will be con veyed .

l. I found myself in a neat beautiful and picturesque village.
2. T fo und the man to be a squeezing grasping and hardened old.
sinher. 3. Mr. Nichols spoke to Bames the man who wrote the
a rticle. 4. Our teacher ta lked abou t Columbus I.h e discoverer of
Am e ri ca.
.Prineiplc- A noun or a pronoun used as an expl a natory
moclifi er nrny be 111<1dific<l i11 th e same way as the subject of a Rentcn ec.
lte)nark-The modifi ers o[ an explanatory modifier must
be pnnctuated as directed by l~ul es 3, 4, and 6.

KrnRc1sB V.

''

21

ll cn1lriehon·i l'r:irtiral J,rssoni in English Gramnm.

20

l )il'cction-Pun ctnatc properl y the first sentences arnl correct the e r rors in th e lat.I.er:
J\ l o 1>m ~ \! e n of wea lth of infl11 C'nce a111l of refin e ment lend
11 s y(l nr a id. i\kn of " ·<'a.1t h, nf intl11 (•nc!', a nd nf rcli11c111c11 t kntl
U S .)'O lli' aid.
]. 1 th o ug ht to see him was l.o see a man of culture of refinelll C'lll. and of i11fl11 c nce. 2. The town contains forty h ouses anrl
about se \·C'nl.y i11hahita.nls lrnill of st.one. :~. Standi11 g upon a. hill
cat.irw a. shu c k we saw J ohn 's horse.
l..,) cli-11ition- Th e object of a phrase is I.h e word , phrase, o r
sc nl C' nce foll ow in g :t pre positi on o r a p:nti ci pl e (see page --- ) as
its object of n•la.lion or action.

li;x1mc 1e: E VI.
J )ji • pd~ ion -Tc ll t he objects of t.hc fo ll ow ing phrases: 1. He
went tu to wn. 2. [ saw hi m takin g a 111ad man's sword. 3. No wny
re 111 a ins hu t to go'"'- 4. 1':1111 is about to f:peak . 5. "The foot.man
in his nsn a l ph rase t•o111 cs up with ' J\la1la111 , dinn er· stays !'"
Principle - A 11 01111 o r a pro11n1111 used ns the object of a
phr:H:<• m :cv li:1v c th e Kam e mo1 lili c rn as the s11bject o r :1 sent e n<:<'.
Bl'til:lrk- ·\Vord R 11101lify ing tl1 e ohjl'ct of a phnrnc sho11ld
he p111H' l1rn 1P1l as directed hy l:11lcs ::, ·I, :1.1 111 ti.
I )iJ'l'!'tion-Tcll th e 111 odiliers of t he ohj l'cts of th e phrases
in th e foll owin g sc11l c nces: I. Caleb we nt l o the city . 2 . 11ren t
to sec ,\rt.hnr, the boy wh o 111:1kc.
.skcls. 3. On e <'a nn ot ex pect
to tr~v e l th ro ug h life on fl owery beds o[ cas('. 4. Th e teache r Ii Yes
in :t ):org(' hrick ho use on i\l:oin street.. G. St udy ing 011r lesso ns coustit11tes our Prnpl oy 111e nt..

J£x 1mcJSE VU.
.J )j r~ ~ ct:.ion- .l'1111 ct 11al.e properl y I.he following sentc111'.!'S:
111·: 1,- I wi sh t.o see that I.all active energetic man of whom
you Rpe:tk. J wish to see that tall, act.ivc, energetic man of whom
· yon speak.
]\[ 0

ti

.... .: BAJ£

au tt es

rnuma1•

EXERCISE

- '(

VIII.

Direction-Tell tne modifie rs of the Explanatory Modifier
in th e following sentenees: I •John, th e boy of whom I spoke,
went hom e. 2. Gallil eo, who was a great thinker, believed that
I.he wo rltl is round. 3. Cortez, the conquei·er of Mexico, trea ted
J\l ont ewma. cru elly. 4. I, poor I , am to blame.

EXERCISE

'ii

I

i

IX.

J>ircctio11 - P111wtu ,it.e properly the following sentences :
MoDEL - William the indole nt lazy good-for-nothing boy of
whom I spoke went home. William, th e indolent, lazy, good-fornothing boy of whom I spoke, we nt hom e.
1. France's general, the brave noble and g reat Napolean, was
defeated a t Waterloo. 2. Prof. Murray, th e man who wrote an
English g ramm a r was a great sch olar. 3. J·ohn \V adkins, I.he
president of ou r well-organized amu sing and inst.r nctive debat.ing
society desen•es t.o be cornplim ent.ed for his generosity and usefnlness.
l(.ule 7 -(1) Three or more subjects of th e same verb, or
two if not joined by a conjunct.ion, toget.her with their morlifiers
should be separated by com mas. (2) Two or more phras!'s or sentences used as th e ~nbject of a verb should be separated by commas .

ExERCIS.E.
.Direction-Supply commas in the proper places in the following sentences :

\

llr111lrirks(lns l'r:i rlir:il J.rs.<ons in En~foh Grammar.

he1 gu ld <·n lll'unc ·h het r:iy hf' r l1irt h

EXERCISE

'

:i111hi
. tio11 111~·. hope,; a11:r "' ·'" k·1''1·s' ·~of·11·t
' ' ''I' : I I :ll'IJ)( 'I I .
- ~ct _tal en t ene rgy :ind <'c·onnrny :tl'e C' icmcn ts nf s11 ,·cess . :;, T o
be w'. ~c '." o11 r o\\:n ,.,,- ,.~ 1,. 1.,. ll' iHf' i11 t.he opi11io11 of the! ll'ol'!d a 11cl .lo
~>~ \\JR(' 111 th C' sig h t nl o 111· ( 'n •:itn r , :irP t lirr (' things \'< •n· d ill lT1· nt
l1111n _11114• :i11 o ll1t •r .
·I. To -" pi11 111 \V t':IV< ' lo k11it :ind 111 '."ic w fo n11
tl1 c: g 1:·J\ Pmploy 11wnt. G. Tl1:1I. 'r e 8hn11ld <lo good th:i t we ,'Jw11 lcl
loll' (,o,J and I ha t we shn1 dd 'C l'l' C 1;,,r1 'll'<' tn itlrn ·I · I
n ever d en .
n 'j 'J .
..
11(' ' we can
) .
l:l I. I h\'I'<' 1' :t (.o cl "lld that ll'f' Ill II St ~e rv c f fj I'll
sho11ld he 8la 111pt"cl i11cl elilil 1· 111., 11 1 ni 11 · he·trl"
7 •1· . l
'
I"
__ .
.
·
• .,.
· o 1o1 1ea a nr1 to
1e am :d10 111111a.t.1011 s in th e Hig ht of ('ocl.
..,_

I

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,

•

,

EXEllCISF.

l t. ul c 8 - ( 1) I f the ;;11!.j"l'f . t<wt'f
hp1· with 1· 1:"'· 11
1· 1·
·I S
b
I 0( I l l' l'S
1.( .. ' '' o.11l·1·l lie ''.' Ji: trat.1 ·d fro111 it ' Y<'rl1 hy a. c 0111111 11. (~) If a

'"'. .t;,

co mm a.

THE PREDICATE MODIFIED.
T1rn Frns-r MODIFIER.
Prinl'iplc- The predicate may be modified by an adverb.

:i

EXBRCISE

llir1 •(•ti1··

S llppl y ''" 111111 '" in flu • prope r pl aces i11 th e fo l-

lowi ng H<.•nl e! 1ces:

i I

p·

1!.
'I I
J

~

I
,
L

I

!

I. !le· he111 g- ricli1 ·11lecl ldt ti1 c i1 "t i1 11 tio 11 . ~. fl
J
wi '" ' " J., ... .' .... , " "
.
.
c l.1 al. ads
• '. •
" · < 11 cs I" ·" "'. ·
·•· I h•.' 111 tc nn" l.11 re of (' l'il in h 11 nrnn
80 C' ! CL_y Nl' r\'('~ to t•x e n·1 :-;e f.:U OH ' pf t he n o lilt •!=.;t \·irlu es f tJ
]
0
4 }""' .
1e 111m a n
8011 )
.•
r..
,\t t.:, f;:Co1 11 i e 111 01'se, and pnd r• t' r11 ~ li rn a ny hl'i g-li t ir:tellccts. · l . .- \rt , lo rl1111 e, and c11tcrpri '<' lt•· td to 811 cct''8. (i \, I · ·
l
f . 1I.
- .
I. I Ill 11 t1011
io nor, l'll'IH s 11p, a.ncl g rnl.il11d e are the prim e n1 01·crn of so ·iet;
to-day .
c )
:i. .

.

•

•

•

•

•

•

CO IUlllU S.

EXERCISE

l)c iii11itioJ1 - Tl1 e predicate of a st' nl.e nee te ll s irlt a t is
statc<cl of I.li e s11hjeeL.
11

IL

Direction-Supply comm as in the proper places in the follow in g sentences :
llfo flEL-John reads rapidly forcibly and distinctly. John
reads rapi dl y, forcibl y , a nd distinctly.
L Ge neral Wolfe died brnvely nobly. 2. Slowly sadly they
l a id him down. 3. :Men sho uld conduct themselves wisely prude11tl y and r.ighteonsly. 4. He ~c tecl very thou g htfully very wisely
a rul very gene rou sly. 5. The speaker spo ke his thoughts loudly
bo ldly a11cl fmcibly. 6. Arthur writes rapidly boldly and elegantly.

THE PREDICATE.

H.c 1narlc- Tlt c precli.cnt<> co nsis ts pf "VP rh with
another vcrh, n.n ad jec tiv e, a nnun nr a pro noun .

I.

])irection-'le ll the modifiers of th e predicates in the following 8e11tencPs: 1. .Tohn writes well. 2. Charl es runs fast. 3. He
is very s t11clio11 s. 4. !'\he is most benevol ent. 5. The wind blows
ver.v hard. 6. E ll en acted carelessly. 7. Flora acted quite
thou g htfull y . 8. Cbrn. studies diligentl y:
H.ulc !>- Three or more adverbs (or two if not joined by a
co11 j11ncti n11 ) rn odifyiug the same word should be separated by

1'~0 111:: 1 , - Jl c t h:i l. gl'ltel l1 wi" lu111 ;, ir i s~- li e that ge ll l' th wis<.10111 , I S WI SC .

II.

J )i)'{~Ctio11 -S u ppl y the fo ll owing subj ects with predi cates:
l. Dog' . .. . .. .. . 2. Boys
3. Jane . .. .. .. .. •.. . ..... a letter.
4. :Mary ........ .
t.he floor.
5. Harva rd ................ ..
6. ·warner
7. Th e proper study of mankind ........ .
8. .. .. .... .
the kingdom . 9. Th a t business ........ .

\\

vc1b h .i> ;;c vm .d Sllbj l'Cls, 11 ;; ho11 Id bc ;;c
...
.. t I f.I orn t he111 by
p .11.1 ,ct

I.

J)ircction-Tell th e predicates of the following senten ces:
l. Birds fl y . 2. W e sh all go. 3. J ohn was injnred . 4. William
is readin g. 5. James hecarn e poor. 6. J ohn is sleepy. 7. God is
love. 8. W e are friend s. 9. It is I. 10. Who are you?

') 'r J. My

1

23

llrurlricksou's Practical f,osious in English Grammar.

--- ---- ---·-- --~- - ---- -- ··--·---. ~1 0 1•1·: 1.- I l<· r " ''.i" ' ""'"! li e r silk en pl ai d :i11d hei· go ld e n
IJ11~uc h l1t•l1':1 y he r J.11·t h. I l l' r "'I f.in Hll OOI J, li e r 8ifke n plai ;J and

r ll'ithout

__ /

.

.

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I•

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I
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llen1lrir.kson's_l'radical'l,esson(in Knglish Grammar.
. .
. . THE SECOND MODIFIER.
Pr111 c 1plc- The predicate mav
· be modiiic1I
· '-y
u 'a p11rasc.
Ex1mcTSE

I.

. Dircctiou - T ell the in odifi crs of the predi c rrfse ol th e f 1
·I o Iow11w0 scnt ence·8 : l • J o1111 went lo lo wn 9 'J"1111 1'
a nd lent his o-h ss t J[
..,
· ~.
e s ept on t owers

I'

I

#I
'I

I

·l i

·'·I .
!
,Ii
.

f'

•

'

l

l ·I

!

vit·d s 4 ·i·1 o ;... o .ope. "· A mor ta l <l.iscase was upon her
.. _: · • • ·
1e •.tnes are sa dl y 011l 0 [ joint. fJ .. Jan e fl'l l off the
·
IuI H·1ge rnto t 11e . n ve r · 6· Tl· IC cow Jlllllpr
<l over the Icnce 7 J
rnve a temple 111 every hea rt.
·
· ·
. ~riuciplc -A n adverh n1< Hli[yi 111; the predicate maY be
rni°d1fi ed by another ad ve rb. A Ye rh that is used ns th e ob ject of ·i
P,. irase ma
·
· :ui "'l vcr L· 1\ · phrase may ·he modifi
l y be modifi ecl by
ed'
·
I ,,n a<. vcr 1).
U.<~ll l:tt•k -A1l verhs m1lc l1'f)•'1 ii!!
~· '' ll 1e1· 111 oclifiel'S should be
pm1 ctualcd as direc ted by Hn lc \J.
Bx1rn c1SE II.
. 1 llirec
tiou
Tell
th
e mnclificrRof the ·ndve1
ti
b'
· ·l1s. , of ti1c p 1Irnses
an~ ie o Jecls of the phrasc:'s in t he fo ll owino- se ntences. 1 \ ·t;. '.
wntes verv
nu
, well . 2. 'l 'lie stre:11n rnus vprv" ra 11i1'lv ·" · ··it1 "1 ti
d 11 l)'
of ti· ie mmister
· ·
; Cl11' l l '. · · I "·
is 1e
to
preaeh
forcihl
y
4
·
to stnd
.
·
·
· ' c. ien s 10111<1 learn
.
y S):stemat1cally. fi . E ll a tries to act 0o-rnccf11ll)' ti \V ..
·
•
•
tnes to w · t
I
~
au en
d'
u c correct y. /. Ile went a lm o't to Boston. 8. Tit
ied not by hunger, b11t by ckc:iy.
.
ey
E x 1rn uurn III.
J)ircction - l'1111ctnale p roperl y th e fo (J .
MoDm - 11 ' . ' \ .·. .
. C)W tn g 'enlPncl'S:
'
Clll) tC S ll C'S to a!'f. ' tnhborn ly hatefull v ·111d d ' .
to act stubboml)' lrntdully: .a.11d "grnccfnlly. H enry
g racef n ll y.
'
' '
tlis-

de~irc:;

1. Lena wants lo rca c.I rapic\ly di sti nct ly am! forcib l)· 2 "V
• I' Ia111l
· y concisely :uni briefi · what
· ' i.e8
·• ore<l to ex p Ja111
11avc end c·iv
meant by the ter tn inerfrt
. al1v1·sec:l lo fio-lty I . ' I
· · · ,''· ·11 e "as
nobl y and gallantl y for hi s co nn lry.
.
lo '
)Utve y

., . _.
THE THIRD MODIFIER.
I ru 1c1plc-The predi cate may he mod ifi ed hy a sentence.

25

EXERCISE I.
Direction.-· -T ell the modifiers of the predicates of the followi ng ~ent.ences: J. They kneeled before they fought. 2. Teachers
rejoice when their pupils improve. .3. Where,wealth and freedom
r eign con lent.men! faik 4. As ye journey, sv. ~etly sing. 5. Forgiv e him , if he repents. 6. 'vVe sh all talk while you recite .
n .nle 10-Ach crbial mod ifiers, separated from the words
wh ich th ey modify , should be set off by commas.

J~xrrn.cISE

II.

I.

UircctiQn-Supply comn1as in the proper pl aces in the following sentences:
Mo1nn,- lt is h owev~r your task to prove it..

lt is, however,

your task to prove it.
1. Prof. K endri ck formerly taught school here. '2. In 1492
Columbm discovered Ameri ca . 3. At midnight in his guarded
Lent the Turk was dream in g of the honr. 5. As we journey let
us sing. G. He like the world hi s ready visi ts pay where fortune
smiles. 7. I think h owever he will go.
Principle-A nonn or :i pronoun nsed in the predicate with
a verb may be mo<lifie1l like th e subject of a sentence.
l:tentn.rl.:- The modifi ers of a noun or a pronoun used in
the predicate with a verb must be punctuated as directed by Rules
3, 4, and 6.

I.

E XER.CISE
JJircction- -Tcll the modifiers of the nouns and the prononns user! in the predi cates of the followiuit,sentences: 1. W ebster
was a gre:ti. lawyer. 2. H e is a man who understands his business .
3. Vanderbil t is a nHtn of weallh. 4. Arthur is the best boy that
goes to school. 5. Study was always his delight. G. M en are but

chil dren o[ a la rger growth .
EXERCISE II.
Direction-Supp ly comruus in the proper places in t.he follo wing sentences:
M oum..-.Tohn was a quiet learned and respectable man.
J ohn wa s •t quiet, learned, and respectable roan.

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2(i

--~~r~··kso~-~~'.1 ~::~Lr1·s1•11 s i11 En~lish

Gramuiar.

1. l'hil o.'<1 ph v i" .
- -- - - -- -- - -- - -- '!.
.. . •'
· .ti t e: isy p1 f'as:111t
I · .
.
- .·\111iinH ·l 1c Js a dilf'. ll . .
""' ""trnct11·,, s l.1ul.}'.
ic11
ll !"1·Jr1I ·111 ·/ 1 r 1· I
.
w:i s " proph e t rn· prea cher. ·I Tl.' I .. '."". ·•ca. SC J<· n ce. ::J • .Daniel
11
o r -'<':it of lift•. 5 I I • · . .
.·
''."' ' 1 " 1 18 the cloltl e nf thoJJ " ltt
·
L "
.111 llllrl lion f
•
"'
Huie ·1 l --Thrcc .
.
·" .' r JJ c rg-cl!c aJJd 11 sef11l man.
I . . ['
. .
or """ " 1n·1·d H•:i!rs of II , ..
.
.110'
not l'"'"'d hv ·1 , .
.
.
IC s. rnr c si rl 11Pr:t (nr
J
.
•' • (.()11Jlllldl1tll) lCWf'lh ,,
• I
.
'
s "·
.,., sep:rr:ill'd hy 1·0111n1:is.
·"
l l wit l ll1 e 11· lltodili ers

. Dii·.. ~ ~t io11 -l o \\' 111.~· .<::e 11tc 11 ces :

" 11ppl1·

I<;:\ 1·:1: 1•1:~ I·:.
I '

•·•1111111:i s i11

.

t

.

ll

prop e1· pl :1t'f'S i11

the fol-

.1\ lo nr :1.·- .loli111 w ·il1•s 1rrll "t 1· .
Jo lin l'c<' ile.s \rt• ll ·1 1· I
' 111. ll'S 1'.::rd and is rr1, 11eetrd b1· ·I I
' :-.; " ' f ('S I 't 1'cl 'I 1 I 1
.
d
•
J ('I ·11
·· · ' ' " ' r·es pec led l1v ·ti/
•
. J" 'rC'11 ,1.; ]1{11ild Ion' J• 1m o r. 1 J f
•. • .
]'l :ry s l11dr and rcl'il c I .• . '
'" ' "H·.1· th e n· tl'a l' hcr. '.l. \ Ve
•• •
. ' 1111110 t 1ie ih v
., 11
drlrgcnlly :\Jld "rn dnal cd ,. :~ll I
.. . "·
e labo red lr :!l'll s l11dit•1l
.•·
·~
\I 1 101111r.o..:.
4 Jo i1 . l
· ·
tet 1le and play
G. 1 . . • 1
1l -Ill•
I lc nry .~ tnd y
·
' "'-1 101··; l1·1 tc t 1
J l
.
l om to li1·e.
•
•· '
' ll'Or' 'es p1se to study lrnt

.

. . .

THE OBJECT

·
.
Def1111twu - -Th c 0 1, .t'd . . .
· t CX J•ressed liy th e . . .. ·1 · " 1 .·" sent e nce· J ' · ti· Ht t O il wluch
· I.lie
o1c
J: , . . .
, , tn Cl11c.1lc tc rnnn~. te' .
.
· ·<.in.u k-1 he o J,j ect of a se n I , , .
.tlways n ll o 11n or n. pron o 111 )
I
en1c m.t y he a. word ( whi ch is
~ ':i p ira se, o r a. sentence.

l !.ix 1rn,· rsF

I

Hit-1•ctio11 - T ·l I
.
' .
tl1 c ol•;•.'l'lo of lh , 1. Ji
.
1. ..Tol111 sall's wo1>1l L.9 l•".
I .
e o owi ng 'c nte nces.
4
..
. .
. ~- u c J11rn, •·oa l. :' 1M ·11.
.
.
· · L l l'grc t hi s lic ing ,jd :si•llt. :. 1
". • Y milks the c•o w.
1 1
'. 1· 'o11 •t<'d tl1 cH say ing it.. G. They
sa.y '"J.'his s hall be." 7 All
.
. . lC!lS ou nd 1.h·1t nc 'll .
co 11 11
l a1·a1I ""ainsl. de1 .. ·1 ' .
,
r lf' J art nor sc ience
b

11.t.VI.} C)j

lllOl';d ,-.:,

u;_\ 1·:111· 1:-:1·: 1. L.

•I

~

J)it·' t'1011
, ,
{f• .
-- l'np]' ly the fnllo1ri 11 ,, . . , 1· . .
.
l. 11"'.l' ca 1T1 ~d t i"'
l I·
.-, ['l « II a.l1·s ll'Jlh ob1'ccls·
• . • • . • ••• HJ O \. 110111 0
q
( "'
I
.
a.nd th e. ..
.. \' '
· ~ . "" ercatcd 11,,.
• • •·•·
•>.
1rt11e sec 11n.'~
4 ·j\ .
.
... • •• ••• • • ·
........ ., I ha \'l' d101<('n for· '
c
. "lonnt Hi e ....... ..
(' 11' I ·
.l or1. "· I d o nlilcd
'
'·
!S H·1ng n r11i11i ~ fc· r prt ~ v e 11ted
.. ... .... ·· · · ···· ·
~ays ... ......
··· ··· · ·· ··· 7. Bn11 118

llc111lril'ho11's l'radir.al Lessons i11 English Grammar.

27

THE OBJECT MODIFIED.
Pri11ci1'i!c- Th e object may be modified like the s ubject of
a se ntence.
ltc111ark.--'J' l_1 e modifi e rs of the s ubj ect must be puneluated
as din·11tcd hy Hules :{, _4, nnd fi .

ExmwISE.
Dil•pction - 'l\ ·11 lh c 111od i li e rn of th e objPcts of the following sentenel's : l. .J<:dn e a.tion improv es th e mind. 2. The teach er
whippet! th e boy t hat sto le th e marbl es. :J. I h eard the compl aint
of t he la.bo rer. 4. The voice of m ore than Roman eloqu ence
nrged and sus tainer\ the Dec laratiou c>f Independence.
5. The
king of s ha.d11ws lovps a shiniug mark .
ExEHCISR

Dircction--Supply commas in the proper p laces in the following se nte nces:
lVIom ,r , -.T n.ne wrnte a. sc nsi ble well-spel led and well-punctun tetl compositim1. .Jane wrote a sensible, well-spelled, and wel!pnnet uated compos itio n .
1. They pla.yed a g rand g loo my a nd pecu liar drama. 2. Mr.
Ray wro te '' brief pra ctica l a nd conci se arithmetic. 3. I saw Benjamin Franklin th e g reat phil oso pher. 4. The minister preached
an interesting compreh en s iv e and eloquent sermon. 5. John killed
a ta<lpole o r a polliw og.
U.ulc 12 - 'fhree or mnre objects o f the same verb or prfJpos iti nn, or t.wo if not jo in ed by a. conjn nclion, together with their
m odifiers sh o11 l<l be sep a rated by co rnmns.
I ~\ IO:JtCISE.
Direc t.io11 - i-'11pply con11nas _in the proper places in the following Rentenccs:
l\101m1.- John stnrlies Eng li sh graruma.r l~a y's algebra and
Latin. .Johll studies Ellglish gramnrnr, ltay's algebra, and Latin.
1. Warne r stlldics g rallrinar co mpos ition :rnd geogrnphy.
:!. \.Ve h:ive re ach ed th e C' nd o [ the verse the end of th e c h ap ter
a.lld the end of th e book. a. \•Ve lik e bea ns cabbage :tlld lettuce.
4. Tin is follnd ill Englarnl Sax.ony lVla.lacea and Bohemia. 5. He

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29

\lrn1lrirhnn's Prart ir:il l.ti<.< Pns in !Inglish Grammar.

28
ha ul s"

. .

l~r~•lri rbon· s~ l 'radira l

- .- - -

tc poL ,,,oods f1 0111 1\ l a1n
l

~ tr<' e l

l.rR«1ns in l'nali>h G
• ______
' -" -·__r~_m_m_ar_._ _ _ __ _

lo th r wharf ti ie wn rehou•c and th e

fnl. 4. W e spend our tim e in iclkness whereas we sh ould spend it
in stud y. 5. T h e boy wounded the old bird and stol e the young

,.

"

ones.

INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS.

CONNECTI.;:;l><- Ii 11 i tion --TI
EL:lliMENTS

wo rd s ti n• t l""'
. . "r nl .cnccs
•f' con111' ctive elt•ment s
.
c11· t Ii I '
. ol. a sentence
are th os
ltc1 11 al"lc -- ConJ· , ,.
e e cn1 ent s of sent ences
.e
'I . I
ll l!~LIOllS. , l " ." l"" 1t1n11s
..
..
1111
c1
,
:indtll'lt
'
11
L
hc
11·
. b I'
. , .11 1< I ie advr rLs wl .
. '
iono11ns who
.is, t'l ll'l',S in cc,a lso 1i .. ·1 . . ic11, wl11l c, whN<> till I I '
even, hl•nce how h ' . CS lf es, co11se quentJ y, else ere' f' .'t]W let 1er,
su, th e11 ti ' .. ' owe\'c r, 111 on•ove r, nev0rtl I '
' lll
' icnc €, th nefo rr to
·1
IC e•s, oth erwise st"ll
'. whlcrefo re, whi ther, agai1:
a re th e onl y words used
'
. I \!~ c cments.
'
.,

~ermore,

a~ ,.,~';, 1;;;.1:.

e~c'

r

.
Jj,;.; rmcv:q.;
.I )11·cctio11- 'l"C 11 th e CO i ~ · •
sP11tenccs : I J oi
I
incc llvc cle ments Ill ti f
fa.\·o r:tbl , f . ·J • lll all< .J a n1 es went to t .
'
I C oll owing
4 ''
) o t ll' Sl' hoo l. :.;, I snw ti
01\11. 2. A rthur spo ke
t .' J ht'.)' kn ee led hdo rc tht•y fou"I t ie :na n wl'.o carries th e mail.
11ne co mes. G. Th ere . . I
" i . ·J. l ie will bC' here vi '
11 0 1111 is :t n ame· ti
. [I s tie dog wh ich k ill ed the I ' icn lhc
ti
.
, 1e1e ore• Joi ·
s 1eep 7 A
ie Llacksmil h's sl
'". m is :t nnun . 8. J le ti . t .
.
will be .
d
iop.
!). l'h e one will be I
.1.t
:tl
S:t \•e .
<•st , while thworks
e other

~ ..

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Kx1rn 1·1::: F JI
.
.
1 ) I L'l' Ction--F· ill t IHJ. fo ll oll' i11." . 11 .· I
m ents : I. J ohn .. .. .... . .James wereo thJ ,111
.
· ele"O
. zs ?wilh e.onncct1ve
ohad·········
tow
n
"
T
l
eie.
·
A
rtln
·
re u"
. :':
ic bnd IJ<tv w<>nt h 0 i
. u , yo u m ust
1
I unand cd 111111 . 4 'L'I .. ne, · ········ th e te c] .
lo SLiceccu.1 . !i ..John will ". '' l IC tUO)' ... .. ... . •is .indu strio us is ce"rta1·n
er
1• l
,.. o ow n
I
'
I
~.11 c :l 3 --Fle nt cnces whi I1
ie co111 es home
'10 uld be o"l
.. l I 1.
'
c are connected
]>Y. COl1]1111Ctions
. ·
'· ' · " C< uy COIHlll:I S pla ced h ·[ .
11
"
t OIC' t I 1e conJl
t"
. .j,\.Htl
CJSE
III
m
e
rnns .
I
0

f'i
I ow rng
. .lhrcctionse nlenc<'s: ' ll)})' 1·y

•
' .· in ti ie p ro per pla ces in th e fol -

J) c linitio n - The independent e1e111ents of :t sentence arc
those words or ph rases wh ich
a sentence without enter-

a.ecomp~uiy

ing into its structure.

•l ZZ Ies, but
Beaut)' lI·.·

1. .Jo hn is engagetI ur he would gu 2 1\
c·111'
· " '• Iie was ex pell
ed . ~. Tl tc sun
. ~h111cs
. · 01
· 1ila :n
cusenwent
II ev
e b>ethe hom
ung ra.te-

·\

ycslcrd:i.y . G. Alas\ an rl did my 8,wior die?
ltnlc 14- l'hrases used in dependently , or word s used in an

,,'I

:ul<lre,;s, shonld be set off by co mmas.

I

J~x1mcrsE II.

~

Direction- Supply commas in th e proper places in the fo l-

I\;

''
'.
lowing sentences:
· M.onE r.-.T ohn come here. J ohn, come h ere.
l. 1\lary yo n anti No ra. si t on this front seat. 2. Ar azona
where h ave you been ? 3. Fellow teachers la.Llies and gentlemen I
am before yon this evenin g to
'you upon the subject of
"Edncation ." 4. T o confess th e trnth I was wrong. 5.
object has several
so to spea.k . G. l>roperl y speaking gram-

addre~s

[ace~

,.

1-t

l~very

II

ro:i.r B
is ,nlc
an art.1 r, - Ewry exela ma.tion, except 0, (whicl1 should be
[o\l owed hy a comn;a), eh an<l hey, (which should be foll owed by
n.n in terrogn t.ion point), unless very closel y connected with other
words, should be fo ll owed by an exc\ a ma.tion point.

I

\

Ex@cISE Ill.

( ' (Jl lllll "IS.

loDm,I· .· Ies. but love "11a rn1 s.
lo\'e i\ch
a. rms. Jle:wt.,·
" '.tzz

~XERCISE l.

J)ir ection - T ell th e ind ependent elements in the foll ow ing
sentences : l. J ohn , co me here. 2. O, LiberLy, I wait for thee.
3. There are n o id le rs h ere. 4. T o speak plainly, your habits are
your worst enemies. 5 . The teacher bein g sick there was no sch ool

\

Direction - Supply e xchun atiun points in the proper places
iii the
owing sentences
I h ave :hurl my linger.
M foll
o nBL-Oh
finger.

I

I
Oh! 1 ha.ve hurt my

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(r

I·

.'30
--------"-'ll:_:'l:_:ri1~·l:::'"".'.11'_·, l'r·1f'fi,.~
. 1111•1. I
, ' I I,rssnn• Ill

n

.'·
-·- . --:__~ urammar.
t JI·'fl'111 0· ') \1
- - - - -- - -:·:. OJ1.1 I sl1aw .yo11 <·ire
·

1111'j''. .:· ' ia papa. I ha ve fo nnd ,0
.11( tl1 y \rr11·frs ()I ('1 I
.l ll n111..
r;, Y
·
· '" · 'J. flu s h J
""w il l find gn ld , c l1
.
CT. Yo." ha ve
I ~
. . cip C-Nn1111s :inrl
'
I io<l1l1 erl like the s 1d1j<'«t of 111 o ll o11lls, nserl ind r pf' llden llr
.
H<'llt:ti·k- Ti
. . a se ntence.
. , 11.1 .1.y
l . I
I<' nir1dd1 prn of
' 1111 c•pc 11<lenllr. lllll sl. IJe
no111is and i"""lo111ls whi ·I
rl (j
· ·
· p11n ct uat ed .1 . .
c 1 are
'
.
. s <1"" «'lr:d hv H11lc·s :J 4
how inlinit,f'
hc:u SG• 111 e onp ·1t ll

l

·•
•cc ' 1.o low n, hr:v
Pri11 .- J ·

1

<'

T:

"""I

' .,

J~;.\E i W / :< /·; f \!.
I >i 1·cctio11 - 'l'ell
11 sed indq e I
I

~

·1

1I
l/
"J I'/
,JI

I

'11

< I /1

;· i '
I'

lll< Hl'.li P1' of till•
] wan t Jo i: ;~ cn·I· )', in lh c foll o11 i11 g- oc lll cnccs""1111s ancl p m nonll s
lo .,
.
"ute n1 c a lo11g Je iter ~. \I , 1 My d f' ar fri r ncl'
·
· '' " ol le:11 nin"' J.
.l Jll Ill s11ppnrt of 111 •
'
ll1 0 11 1·ne r 's 1 • . _
.\ I 11eo ry. ::i. o Tl
"' c1ppe:tl
. ,
.
.c. 11 , \\ c bcsced1 Th' .
,
iun , who dry'st the
sp .1rkling bowl 1 .
ce lo l1 s le ll to 0 111.
.
111 1"t ·1 ss 1's t
'.
wi 11 nnl. to11 c h thee r.J J'I.
c1·1es. 4. Th o u
··
ns Ill t I · .
· · • · 11 en f
ica lly at work f . /is gn•at cnt<' rp1·ise. o. Ill
.'.i,. we:d t.h, )'Oil
o1 ti e cn11 sc of cd11 cat'
. c 11, \, io a.1·e cne rgc t. ton, give li cf'd lu
c' .
my word ~ .

.Directio11 -P

J\[

tli p

J ,x1.;n1.: 1.~1o;

v

Ill]( l.1rn le pmpl' rl

II

.

·

l

.

i 1g it o 111·111 0- I bid .
"
j "" 11·elco 111 c
11· ·I
"'' 1g l S(e(' p

l'lln·g·f•d

Ill

.

.

ic yo 11 i1·c fco11l e ,,
- . ·~weel

'

tli c oce:in's r oa r 'J "· .
. o1 111ta1n wl1y s tand
'
.
we I , ".
· -· M en o l erlu cati
.) c to we nng above
'cs11c you1· :1 >s is la11«c.
o n o l wea lth n11 d of influ ence
:~

.

0 Ti

,1u11\\'l1odry 's tl11 e 111 c . "·
\\ li o s pi lt '1'111· I.J I
. i 11111ei ' lc:ir
\ VI
I .
. .
noit lor 111e
lO ( l'l\'L·~ :! \r a y llt\· ('\''. f
I
I
·
"
uy e ·1r
n ice dy cu 111 e lo Th ee.
.

SENTENCES ~E
Tl 10 1· II
..L:i.l-., •N AS WH
o owi110· ru le'
OLES.

XII.

who les .
.

"

. lc:ic li "' 11011' lo

p1111 ct11at e se nte nces as

·~·Hfo ·10- ( I )
.
wl1i c: l1 rlec l· .
· J\ f>r•riod s ho11ld I
·lie,, o r co 111Jll:t111I.'.
•e pl:i ecd afl<•1·p,·c·1·v
.

'n t
·'-" ' l111 ce

31

(2). An intenogation point shou ld be placed after a sentence
which is nsed ill asking a question.
(3). An exclamation p o int sh ou ld be placed afte r every sentence whi c h ex presses :L s udd en thought, stron g feeling, or surprise.
E XERCIS E

l.

I:

])h·cction-Place the prope r point after e ach of th e followin g se11tcnces:
1. Virtne will triumph 2. Have the boys gone
:>.. Uive my rcµ; anls tn your fath e r 4. How I wi sh .Tames would
co me 5. Who we re the i11v cntors of printin g ti . "Oh that m en
did but know the sweets of in nocence"
7. \Vise m en avoid te mptation 8. Is h ap pin ess to he fo nnd a1nong m en 9. "Prayer is the
key of the morning and th e bo lt of the ni g ht"
10. "AuthorR
must not, like C hin ese soldiers, ex pect to win vi c tories by turning
so me rsets in th e a ir "

11
I

I

i

!.

1·
I

II

U,ule 1 7 -A sem ico lo n is used at the close of a sentence
whic h, by its te rm s, promi ses a n nchlition::il senten ce.
ExEHCISE

;

I

II.

])irccti.011 - S uppl y sem ico lo ns in the prope r places in the
following sentences:

.

O J> F: t ,-~wee t n ob le [, " I " . y l0. lollowi11°· se nt c 11 . .
i1 g 11 "'111·111 0· I b' J
"'
ces.
n o ble b .· I " .
'

llcn1lrirkson~ Practical l,cssons in Rngliih Grammar.

i\[uvEr,- f:\traws s wim npon the s urface bnt pearls lie at the
bot.to m. Straw s swim upon the sm·face; ·but pearls lie a t the bo tto m .
l. \Ve:dth m ay see k us but wisdom must be sought. 2. Philosoph ers as,ert that nature is unlimited in h e r operations that
know le<lgc will a lwn.y' be prog ress ive a nd that a ll future generations will co ll tinn e to make <liscover it's of whi ch we h ave not the
le:1st id :>a. 3 . The wi se man is happy when h e .gains hi s .own
approhatio n th e foo l when he gains th e app lan sc of th ose a bout
him. 4. i\[::in in his weaknes.~ proposes but God in his wisdom
di s poses. 5. Th e wheel of fortune is ever turning who can say," I
s h a ll lie nppermost to-morrow'!"

I

Ii

j

I

I

11,
.I

.'

,I

,.1

:,1

I
I

I

.I

I

,,

l.tulc 18-A colon sh o uld lie placed befor e every formal
en 1111 r:iat io11 of particulars, and before every direct quotation
r0fcrre<l to hy the words thus, following, ::is [o llows, thiB, these, etc.

iI

t

·11
I

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Il

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I'

_(:)! ,. •!

I
•

l.

,.

"

I
;

•. i

::: ' · .· .:::::;; ,

#&;_

:)2
llr111lrfrh11 11 " • ·
· ' lraef1tal l,riso11s
i Jlil"li,Ji
"
- - - - - -- - - · - - - __
_ 11
,.. · ura111111:i r.

.

:b~xi,; 1w 1s;,;-I::-:I::::I-. - -- -- - - -

. J)n·c c tio11 -S11 , 1lv ,
.
luwmg "Cntcnces.
I l " co lons in I he pro1)er 11l·1 ces . tl
· ·
· · · 111 ie fo l1II01>J.;1, -There a 1·c l w
' .
undly the H's • . , ·. " Co n t111e11ts first th
,...
,
e.. tc1" Cont111011 t 'l' J
<' L.1stf'rn a nrl sec
I~·i
s t <' r
l
·
1erc ·1 • t
,
'
·- · •. - n'. a 111 seco ndly th" IV t . . , . ' i.e Wo ( ontin enl:s: first ti
1. 'I here i., mn el1 . . . <'~ ci 11 Urnt111 ent..
ie
f II
lllStlf'r 111 tl1 P
·
','
, I P 111:111 wl10 It al.es .tJ1 "
.
. w :11'11111g of La.va t, ... " B P . . ,
lollnws '"l"
.
· l.i 11 g h nl a child " 2 ll .
II.Il e
·
. I ll P. g <' llllJS i · ti
·
'
·
IS l'Ppl )· ·
J ol111s1rn ]) . ,.
· ' ic capa cl! v for tak'
. · · · 11·as as
.
.' 111g pains." :;, J am
. ' ea1 i-iir l'Jca'e se nd
no11n is a na111 e; therefo re ti inc one :'3w1nton'R word hoo k. 4
Ma ry, Th on1·" ,- l'
' IC lull <J\nn o- word s . .
. ~
I
' ' · ·>. u11 ct11at0 ti f ll
~
· a1 e 1101111s To i
>eca 11se he wishes to lea;·n'.
ic o owi 11g scntence A rtl1ur ~ t.:1di:~·

e:

'
u, Ruic. 1 '.)' - ( l ) A paska •,.e th ·1l 1·
.
_s co pi ed shnt1ld be
.
'
. ) <p1otat1011 poillts. ( 2 ) A 0
1
itsC' lf < 1 t I I
q11 ot at 1011 w'tJ .
enc osed
110 et s 1011 Jd lie encloRcd "ti . • J 1111 a. passage that i .
WI Ill! S ln g l
_ .
S
_,
e qu otation poin ts.
ji,:o; 1rnr:u:;i.;

rv

,,;I
-'

..'IJ

-.••I

t

,

.I

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1

1 )frcctio11 - S upiiJ ,
. .
. ·
) 'Jll Ol.ttion points in 1I
th e fo ll o win n- seiit _
ie proper p laces in
,.,
cnces:
.Mo n1.; r.- ,Tohn s:iy, J 1ri
.
an infinite · - .
'
JI rco1tnd ro 11 that y 0 1111 "
II
1118('('1, .John sa ys " r \"1·1'1
.
"'<:a s lll an
ca II s Illa n a n ' 111
. fl . .
. , .' . '
re1111 nd »n11 tl . t v
)"
111 tc 111~cc t. '"
J
Ll. -Loung
l. I il :1tc :Lsked WJ 1.1 .
tles tin ,? .1 k
,
· t is trnth ? 2 Wl
) • • S ·ed hobcrt.
~ 'l'J
.
.·
iere now is th e 11
f
bene· 1tJ .
·
•e l11s tn1·1a 11 .,1
HI D o
I ' · • ."S I11c l"'op le l:tn"lli ·I
· · 1 .1 t.yr:i 11 t's po1re r. 4 ~
.
says, Prof. Wil
.
. ' nut IC'J , a1non"
. . .
,., s l
sa id [ reli11 qn i :on, st:in_ds alone and aloo f in j .0 111, ltv1ng poc Ls
s I my cla 11n
ll S go ry.
5 H
Huie 20 'l'J
·
e
•l
- · IC marks of 1• • •
•
c osc explana ton· words wl . I
I .11 cntl1cs1s sl1 onld be ll serl t
•
.
ll C i are nnt neccss·1r
.
o enE .. y to th e sen.<e.
J)j..

.

X8 1W t S};

V.

cctioo- S nppl ' ll
place in the fo ll owing sen~en:~ J~ l a1·ks of Pa rent.hes is in the pro .
MooF;1.- \\' e kn 0 .
e. ·
per
We kn 01 . ( I
'~ wh o knows i t. not ? tl
v w 10 knows i t nnt'I) ti 1
·. ie nn ce rtainty of Jif .
·
e t1ncerta111 ty of life.
e.
l

llrndrickio11 s Prartir~ I J;osio11s in English Gran1111ar.

33

1. H e was deceived we say it with respect in this matter.
2. He fe ll what was there to prevent it ? from his high glory.
3. W e kn ow this great truth which is enoug h for man to know
"Virtue a lone is ha ppiness." 4. Ar ithm et ic see Ray's Arithmetic
is the science of numbers and the art of computing by them.
ltule 21 - The brackets shou ld be used to enclose what,
when quoting anothor's won.ls, is inserted by way of explanation.
EXERCISE

VI.

Hircction-Snpply brackets and correct the use of the quo·
tation p oints.
MODEL-Luke says, " ·we took up our carriages luggage and
went to J ern salem." Luke says, "We took up our carriages [luggage] an d went to Jerusalem."
I. "Take no thought" ·"anxiety" for the morrow," said the
minister. 2. "A quality word" adj ective" is a word used to qu~lify
nouns." 3. He sairl to his teacher, "Please to solve that example"
11uestion "for rn e." 4. "Mau "a thinker" is capable of doing
great things."
Uulc 22-( 1) A d ash should be placed before a transition
in th e sentim ent of a sentence, and before an abrupt or excl am atory repetition. (2) A dash sho ul d be placed after a sudden interruption , hesitation, or break in the construction. (3) A dash
sh ould supply the place of fig ures, letters, or. words left out.
EXERCISE

I

I

~I

!!

I:
Ij J:•
I

VII.

Uircctio11-Supply th e d ash in the proper places in the follow ing sentences :
MoDEJ,-Lond on is noted for its magn ifi cent buildings; it.s
extensive shippin g, and it.s dextrous piekpockets. L ondon is noted
for its mag nifi cent buil d ings; its extensive shipping, and--its
dextrous pickpockets.
1. G lory what is it? 2. Such a man is a a I know not what
to call him. 3. S nch \vas the testimony of Solomon Solomon who
h ad all the pleasures A>f this world at his command. 4. You
know my feelings ; yon know Jfold interrupted my friend. 5. A.
p. 187-, I was at ~ a.

;I
!I
·I

I
·1

· ........

r- ' i'
I

j..

l
' t
.

I

,1

lj

:

:

I
I

-------

llc111lrirkso11'' l'r:u:tiea\ \.cssons in Kng\ish Grnmmar.

1:

ll r111lrir.kson's I' 1.ir
·· (Ira I I.l's.-:ous iu Eu gli~h llrammar.
------·-~
Principl.e - (l) W •
word ·s IiJ. .11t111
" · g t he lirct e1· .""'Y
l abhrev htc
' .
mak
'
"
2) 11
l\· C ette n'. Tl
. e short ti iese
'\1e "'"·Y abhrcviat' ti . . . rnrsd ay, l1e nten ant.
( · ('
ct ters
.
c iese word s b ,
· ·
) wntrn g th e first four
Il\l' I . . ,onn ect 1c nt, ca ptain Flo·' l·
I C 11 g:111 Mi ss issippi P
.' I. '. " .1.,
assachnsetts Minn , t
See' ' 'r U<'S< I "Y.
' enrn.-y va111·i
, ' ' IJI .u fessor, pres id 'en .t T, . a '
'{) , .
, c nnes-

~1

e~o

.

hesC' by writin, ti . ·
.
g · •e first. three Jett.e . A l
F .·
n ' o1·111a, colonel Co lor'ld
() I rs:
a ba ma, a11swer
. . ' "ay, genera l, George 'ovcrn ··o, eaw:1re,Engla nd, esq uire'
inaj or, i\fomhy '1•t L
o 1, hon ora ble, broth er !II'
. '
8 unrl ay , T ex·1s
11101s,
• atur<hy
' • 'vV e<Jh.,C>« 1'avl e vVrn',ska, .Neva da ' reve re '"·I, 's
, and all th e. na111 es of the
' '
1nonths <,' xcc
, i• t M·.iy, ·T1111e " a' nd 1Scons111
Jul

1 C J'f
(
A rk ·11rn•is

i .•.'
hansa~,

1

(4 ) l l1 cse b y w .· .
Y·
cred it ; "' ; ;tmpl
.
11t111g
firstI tw o 1e tie1s
... Co
' mpany, co un ty
c, '.ul em
(the the
sa111 c)
• ' o wa, Oregon.
(,>) lh cse by writ.in "
,
1 h1·st lette r: East
Ohio. Ii , '
., tie
. ' No
. ' tii ,'S outh, West,

:• ( _) I he!:-e Ly writ in g th e lirst.
(1 eo rg 1:1., I11dia11a , 1'1111io r Ir t • •111.] last letters: Debt or rlo"t .
l\ In ·t
i\ I'
' ' en t1 el·y I
·.
'
v 01
,_. '. Is e r, I iste r, 1111111 en i (11 11 11 1ber) ' .. '. ,0111siana, l\laine, Maryland'
u ls 10p.
' s.1.111 t, street ' y erm. ont , V1rg
. · 111i
. a ,'
~ ''

t1•0 11 ~(t)
: lh e foll 0 " ,·in g arc
A. ll.,
A. IJ.,
A· l\f.,
B. ll.,
() j\•
. I.,
C· 0. · D·•
j ll. 'll ..
,],, () '

so 111 e

o r t Ite most important a.Lbrcvia-

lfae helo r of Arts.
In ti ie ye:1.r of o11r Loni.
Mastl'r of A 1(s.
Bachelor
of ] )'LV ·l llll
· )' .
.,
Co mmon Me tc1·
. li ver·y
Cash nn De
Docto r ,.' f l ) 'L\' 'llllt
. .·
y.
.Dueto r of Laws ·

0;1, . , Ollll C(I .

J, I,. B., Bad1elor of L:1.ws

.
L . l\[., Long Meter
S. M., Short Metei'.
n.
·
]\ i\£ ., Doctor of M.ll. SIC
r. B., Jhchclor of l\'l.Cl 1:1c 1nc
.
i\I. J
J · ) ., Doctor of 1\1.l' t 1·H'l!J
· C. ·

I

35

----------

l\'I. C., Member o[ Congress.
1\l. E ., Methodist Episcopal.
Mus. D., Doctor or Music.
S. C., Son th Car olin a .
N. C., North Carolin a .
P h . D., Doctor of Philosoph y.
P . M., Postmaste r .
P . 0., Postofi1ce.
U . S., Uni ted Stat.es.
X mas., Christmas.
ltn\c 23-(l ) An abbrev iation should gener ally be followed
by >t period . (2) Th e nse of two titl es t\mt imply the same thing,
thu s: Mr. .J. D. Smith , esq., should be avoided.

1~xm1c1sE VIII.

Direction- Supply periods in tl1e proper places in the followi ng
exercise:
MonF.T.
- AR Barnes & Co, 51.John st, NY Ci ty, NY

A.-S.

·B a rn es & Co., !JI .J ohn st., N. Y . City, N. Y.
1. J Q Ad :uns, LLD, MC 2. Dr J ohn J1 .Jones, MD, Princi pal ot t he Main st grammar scl1001. 3. R ev G A Smith, DD,
will preach here to-morrow at 11 a m 4. CA Arthur is pres of
the U 8 5. D r H Boh, jr, M D , ofie1·s his servi ces to any atllicted

~4-Thc caret should be pl:tccd between two words to

\1
,,1

I

·'

in thltulc
e town of G

inclicnte t.he word or words omitted a nd pl l1ced above the line.
EXERCI SE IX.
Uirection- Snppl y carets i.n the p roper pbces in th e following exerciRe :
bov
l\'[ OD1"J,-Th e \vent to town.

1,
,11,

boy
The went lo town .

was
stud y of m ank ind
1. The proper is man. 2 . J nckson called "Old Hickory."
th e Pacific
4. BalLoa d.iscovered Ocean. 5. W areat grnss
3. Cows a,nd g ive us nii\k .
nole<l for th e
re11 wnR swect11csR o l hiH1\isposition.

\

\

..........

-

\

~ li'1

:;n

ll~mlrirkion's \'rar.lit.111,essons in English Grammar.

. f iraI I.e~~1111 ~ in F.ngli ~h Grammar.
... -llr11 ,Jri1·k<
. u11'<~ I' r.11

XIII .
Be . l

~- -

OTH

the foll owing excrci:e: 1. ord er is heaven's first ] :lW. 2. th ompson
says," success makes villains honest." 3. maker , preserver, my re·

ER MARKS USED IN WRITING.
. 1 811 <'8 t 1c 111arb· e'"
..·' J)1:ll. ll t'< l in th f
o owin g
Jll .1r <s are used in wr1" l1"11 ~.
e oregoing lh e f II .
I

(l ). Heferences
whi c~
bnlt01ll
o f ti· 1e pag-e ; as ,..
(2). Th e bra.ct', whi ch

·,Ji,.eel
i~

h: asco11 s.

r '

(·») I he hy ph en, which l1111 sl b
co mpound word . as sl01 11" 1
e irne<l between th e parts >f
( 4) Tl
' .' "
ic- ' Ill< •
'
'
a
·
1c section, whi ch _i
., 1
01' a ch:ipt !' r ; as, vVhatcl cy" ST l!H~( .to denote a divi sinll of a hoo k
0
... ) 'I' he i l!d e .
( 'J .
· ' boo kV .
. I " ' "'"1('., ~2
1
notice. ·1•
.
x, w i1 c I points Olll so rn ethin "
.
' •;: 8 n11.lh & .Jone" prillters .(l f'D'~
o wo1t.h y of spec ial
(G) . l he apos troph e 'I . I l
·-. .Joh work a s p<'c itt.lly
'Tis .o'er • etc ·
' v ii c 1 ' l' ll olcs the omiss1"
· " 011 of Je ll ers ;· as

~ 1

omit.l_ltc
ed . m;u·li::- TI ie a pos troph e n111sl be nsed wh ereve r a Jette r is'

lt11le •n·XIV.

?APITAL LETTERS.
( I) T ....
I >--· A cap1h· l Ic lter mll st he nsccl.
. o ll'g"lll every cntir
-.
qnOll' il, and eyer)' Ii l . .
c sentence, e1·erv sentence directly
1 c Ill poe try.
'> ) , ,
.
·
l o lbe"
.
( ~· T
. (:\)
"'.1n .•\II··~JlJlC 11 nl1011s
tu th e Ve it '
· 0 ieg rn spec ial or ·llllI"IVHlual
·
fro m t.h ·e m.
namesl · and wo1·d •. 1.I enved
.
(4). T o begin th e na111es of
(5). T o beg in lh e chi ef
lhin.1,.-s pers_o niti c<l.
pla ys. son"' Pl"
wonl s compo•mg the titles
'

I'"'!

'

, ,. .

•

•

J

lll

\

5. john lenl thomns his knife. 6. ellen says she thinks fl ora loves
clan1. 7 . we li ve in th e spanish colonies. 8. he does not know
english g r:unm ar. 9. we h ave studied "brown's grammar of en·
glish gramm ars." 10. h on ca a rthur is presid ent of the united
stn.tes. 11. i believe a lex arnler iii is czar o[ Ru ssia. 12. o, pitiless
m an, i loYe you.

XV.

\

0 f J>OO I<S

the proper vlaces in

II~
ii

I'
I

i

1\

I

'I

I

1;

I

.

ELLIPSIS.

l

~

Dcli n ition- J<:llipsis is the omission of worus not necessary
to the sense, bnt necessary to ex plain the construction of :L sentence.
EXERCISE

~

I.

Dh·cc tion -Snpply the ellipses in the following sentences :
M<HJt·:r. - ltemember thy Cre:itor.
Ifornember thou thy
Creator
1. .H e has appli ed to Alex::w der Ill., oi Russia. 2. :Moses is
the meekest rnan we read o[ in the Bible. 3. Up and go away .
4. Who whispered yesterday? J ames and I. 5. The army were
ready to offer Washin gton a crown . 6. Sink· or swim , su rvive or
perish , I ttm [or the Declaration. 7. Go where we may find the
traces
of sin 2()everywh
ere. om it a word which is necessary to the
ltule
Never
sense.

((i
T o Ibeg .in lili es. of Iwn or, of·hcc
.
'
res1ic t . 1· .
- )) . 'I'
I .
0 .ll'g 1n lll OSl ·1lil . . .
'
c' OJ l lSl111ct ion
( )
(K
· · 1 1 cv1atwn s
.
; . 111 writi11.c: th e word s .I al!] ... .
lhc h.0111:1n notation .
' 0 , .ind in writin g 11111l!hers in

.
E x i::nc 1RE
•
.
J) ll'l' C ti on- i':lupply
capital letters

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{ Solid 1
! ,
c •1·' 8 i as, ~falt e·r Ji
~ qua
q

<kemer, god. 4. death is but a path that must be trod,
i[ man wou lrl ever pass to god.

allcnlion lo ti ie marg .in or to the

w.:cd l 0 ·me I nde scver·1' l s·pecies
· 111
· one

37

Ex1m.01sE

II.

J)ircction-Coirecl the errors in the following sentences:
Mon1o;l,-The book is n ol compl eted, but $oon will be. 'fhe
book is not completed, but it soon will be.
1. ll e will learn, sir, th at to accuse a.ml prove are very differ·
ent. 2. The squirrel can cl imb a tree faster than Arthur. 3. They
will und erstand this arnl like it. 4. The vreposition in is set be·
!ore cities, conn tries, nnrl large towns. 5. To this point hav e tended

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i,n.
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ll r111lri1·kso11·s l'ra rli1·:1l Lmr.11s i11 Bnglish 1:ra111111ar.

- - -----

- - - - -- - - ---·-- - -

aJJ thr l'lll cs l h:tvf• g ive11. fi . 011 e pCl'f'On ol' thi11 g is si11g 11lnr
numhel'. 7..Joh11 obeys hi s t.e:u.:hcl' as c h ccl'full y "" .) :1111 (•><.

XVI.

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AN AL YSIS .

Th C' followi11 g arr th e n10d cls for a.1111l."'- i11g sr11 trn cC's :
F1 HST llfo1>1·: r.-Col11111b11 s 1lisco \'er c<l A111 e ri1·a.
Co l1111tl111 s
di sco,·c rr d A111 e l'.i ca, is :i S<' ll(cn cc, of whi ch Col11mb11 s is
s ubject., d i><en\'CrC'1l t 111• Jll'Cd i"a te, and A111cri ca th e ohjC'c l.
1-lf:DONI> Mo 1n:1.--T oo low t hey bui ld wh o h11ild hc11enth the
s ki es. Too low t.h C'y h11ild who build hC'neath th e ski es, is a S<' nl<~ n ee . Too lo w th l'Y build , is th e prin cipal sen lC' nce, o f ll'hi c h
th ey is t.hc s ubjec t, build th e predi cate. The J"'ed irate, l111ild, is
m od ifi ed by low. Th e 111odifi cl' low is 111 0,lifi ed by loo. Th e subject., th ey, is 111 od ific1l hy wh o bui ld beneath th e side><, a s nbol'di nate
scnte n('c, o f \\'hi eh who is t he s11 bject., hnild the pl'edi cate. The
prcLli cat.e, bui ld , is modifi ed by benea th th e s ki es, a phra se introd11 ced by benea th, a p rnposition. S ki es is th e objec t o f th e phrase.
Th e object s ki es is modifi ed by t he. Th e phrnse, bene at h t he s ki es,
is j oi nc<l to build by hcncath , .-1 co11n ect.i\' e C' k111 pnt. Th e snhol'din:ite sentence, who build beneath th e s ki es, is joi ned to th e princ i1ml se nte n ce, loo Jo,\. th ey build , by wh o, a l'Onn ect ive c· le rnen t.
T1111 w J\'l o oEr,-.John, co1 11 c he n'. J ohn , com e h c l'e, is :i sentence, e llip tical. Wh en we suppl y the e llipsis, it. wi ll read, .Tohn ,
yo n com e h ere. Y 0 11 is the snlij L'ct, co me the p redi c at.e. Th e
predicate com e is mo<lilicd by he re. .J ohn is a n ind e pend e nt c lement in t he se nten ce.
ExEH CISE.

'.,,
,.

Uit·cction-A na lyze th e fo ll ow ing sentences: 1. An imlustrious man will ce rta inl y snccce1l. 2. Ha pid ly, terribl y, ancl
fai thfull y th e te 111pes t roared. 3. P cte l''s wife's moth er l:iy sick of
a fe,·c r. 4. l'cev igJrness di sgns l's ns, pains ns, and m ortifi es us.
5. General W o lfe di ed nob ly, brave ly. 6. Hurrah fol' Ja ckson!
7. O h! h ow as toni s hing is the nc \\'s! 8 . Jfe is wi se a nd good , brave
a nd n ob le. !J. Th e ri\'er, t.h c .lake, n.111 1 th e ocean st.oo<l sti ll.
JO. Th e hea vens <lec lare t he g lory o[ Um!; a nd t he fil'lnam cnt
s hc weth hi s h11.1 Hliworl<. 1l. Th e st11 1le nt wh o stu1li es hi s IC'sson

.

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39

12. T ake fast liold of instn'.ction; for

att cnt.rv cly, will 1mp1 ove. Id '11 iot ·1nxionsl y impure of you
. .
.r> 1 :1 The wor WI I ' '
"
it,. t h y 11 e. . :
' 11 k yo n "·what can yo n d o?
who yo n a rE', but it w1 as
'
.
.
14. If we h ave wlnspered tllllh,
W·h ispet no lon ger;
Speak as the tempest <loes,
St.!'rner and stronger.
Hut when he caught t he meas nre

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15. Th: old man rnised his h e ad :in<l s m1 e .

I G. H von won

ld know the d eeds o f him who chews,
ti
e ws
ie p . .

Enter t he h ouse of Go<l , and see

~ 1Vlysterions hl"C his ways, whose power
Brinas forth that un expected hour,
] '.
·when ~ ind s that never roet Lefore
Shall roeet, unite, a nd piirt no 1_Dore.

XVII.

WRITTEN ANALYSIS.

Tim FmsT Momu,.
Sentence.
Jane
wrote
that
letter
with

a
pen,
by
m oonlight.

the snbject.
the pred ica.te.
.
roo<litier of the ob3ect.
th e obje~t. .
<l. • the phrase with a pen.
repc>sit1on, mtro ucm g
·
'
~od ifier of the object of the phrase.
the ohje?t of. th~ phr'."5e. the phrase, by moonlight.
prepos1t1on, 111ll oduc111g
the object of the phrase.
SECOND M ODEL -

&nte:nce.
The
ni ght,
wl1i ch
was
excessively
dark,
had
all'eady
cl osed .

modifier of th e subje.ct, .night.
. t f the pnnci p:il sentence.
the su b ] CC 0
" b dinate sentence.
the subject of th e ~~1 ·otr of th e subordinate sentence.
. d ·k
wa s dark , th e pre 1<:·1 e
modifier of the predicate, w as a1 .
redi cate of the princ;ipal sentence.
. t.e had closed.
had closed , the P
.
·
modifi er of the pre<1ica '
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llrn1frir.ho11'.1 l'rar.1.iral Lessons in 1;11glish Gra111111ar.

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l'ractir~1l

Lessons in English Grammar.

41

f£XER CISF,.

-~)1rcction-A n alyze the sentences in I
.
1. vVr th features so llh1"11 ti 1. t
.
ti e fol low111g exerc ise:
'
'
11ot
even
s
If
J
"
I ier she was h a nd soni e ye t ·I
. ·
e - ove cou ld persuade
,
·
S IC W ' l.< e
J' (
tlio11g ht heantifnl 2 i\I
· '
xceet mg Y anxio us to be
.
. .
·
· oscs smotp the ·k · l .
in its most limi ted sense j o a 1. l . f !roe wit 1i us l'O<I. 3. Law,
· • ,, · u e o 1um·111 . t'
l
t ays carn e J oh11 the B"[Jt1' t . l .
.
•· .i.c ion. 4. In th ose
" s pteac i uw 111 ti
'l l
vVit.hin th e last ']ll'trlc.1 0 t· . .
"'
ie WJ 1 erness.
\l as !
•
·
.t <'<'ntnry 1rnr . · '-I" I
lo 1110111·11 11, .. loss of II . ' r I .
l<' jlll u I C l:IS het"I c:d lt!!I
I.I.II .) O
1<'1 11olil (•st ~01 ~
('
)'
walk thrn11g h th u va ll t,y and ll
·l. I · · .1. • 1. . en, il11>ug h 1
e vil.
ic 8 i.u ow of death, I wil l fear 110

SECTION III.
ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.
XVIII.

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THE NOUN.

Uses-Nouns are used: ( 1) As the subject of a sentence.
(2) As the object of a sentence~of a phrase, or of a verb which has
no subj ect. (3) In the predicate with a verb. (4) As the modifier
of another noun. (5) As an independent element.
R e 1nark-Nouns perform no other offices th an those named
above; therefore, wh en we know how to use a noun in each of these
fiv e different ways, we nnderstand the noun . Any classification
that does not lead to a correct und erstanding of the noun in a t
least one of th ese use~ is useless. No classifi cation of neuns can be
o[ practical utility; hence, we have omitted the division of nouns
into proper and com mon as superfluong.

.

THE PRONOUN.

Uses-The pronoun performs th e same offices that nouns do,
and in addition to these uses it may connect t1vo different sentences ;
as, The boy who st111lies, will improve.
ltc1nark-The classifi ca tion of pronouns into adj ective and
interrogative hav e been omitted, because, (1) It is impracticable;
and, (2) No word ca n ever be an adjective and pronoun at the
same time ; of the list of interrogative pronouns, who is the only
word that is a pronoun; the rem ainder are adjectives.
Rule 27-Do not use pronouns needlessly.
EXERCISE

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Direction-Correct the errors in th e following sentences:
M ODEL-James B. Turn er his book. J a mes B. Turn er's book.
1. Goold Brown his " Gramm ar of English Grammars,'' is an

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llcmlricksQn·s Prart.ieal l,cisons in English Grammar.
4_2_ _ _ _ __ 11rndrirhon·s_l'rart
ical - I~··«sons in F,ng11·s1
1 ('1r:rn11nar.
__
excellent work
. · 2 · •!\.nd tl 1en t. I•ere is a goo<l nse for Pa ll as h<'r
glass. 3. It isn't trne what he sai d. 4. lt is without any proof at.
:tll wh at he subjoin s.
H.nlc\ 28- A l 11·ono1111 11111st no t he mad e to represent an :uljective.
.

BXELUIBE

ExEncrn r. III.
I >i 1·cctio.11 - Corrcct th e errors in the following sentences:
Mo11Er,-Bring me them apples. Bring me those apples.
1. We have brought so me of them French roses. 2. Do you
like them fuschi:is as well ns ours'! 3. Them boys understand
arithm etic. 4. Them pencheR are not ripe. 5. Them geraniums

II.

are very beautiful.
]{.11\ c aO- Do not make n'e of a personal prouonn wben ·by
it., use there m ay be doubt for what word or words it represents.

J>n·cctionConect
th
·
·
"L
·
h UIH:L- We love t
. e errors 111. th e folio wmg
sentences:
o see a man kmd wl · 1 ·
greatness. \V e love t
.
' 11c 1 is an evi dence
· o see a man kmd ' for I"
o greatness.
, nu Iness .is an cv id r ncc
f
] . Nome men :tl'e too ig nol"tnt t l
th ere is no docility 2 r
I'
.o >e hnmlil e, witlH•Ut which
· k
·
· Wery aw stq •poses ti t
w1e ed; which ind eed he is ·r ti ·
. · .' ie ransgressor to be
'
. ' ' ie 1a w rs J11st " 'l· ' · d
. l
.
,
Ill c anger 1s a virtue b t t
· to· · ·I "· . o .uc extrous
, " o co nrt danger
8 10
w it is weakn ess.
· ] ~e accurate in a ll
' yo n sa.y or do for it · ·
4
is unportant in all th e
'
concern s of life. !j W
.
e 1ovc to sec ·i' 111 '·u1 1110 <I est, '·uecau se it is a
s .ign of merit.

EXEllCfSg

;,;

said she 111a1le [or Mary's hu ;;biwd .
1. The farmer told the lawy er that his ox had gored his horse.
2. We we re struck with the grandeur of the scenery in the neighborhood of the cascade, and co uld not help admiring it. 3. Pupe
wrote to Addison that he was aware of hi s efforts to injure his reputation. 4. The simpli city of sty le maintained throughout the
Louk causes us lo admire it. 5. A man does not always appreciate
his fri end's kindn ess when he sacrifices his comfort to promote his

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JJc1ii11itio11 - A pe1-i;onal won
.
oun is a prononn that a lways
represents the same gram I .'t· 11
• i 1.1 Jca pe1-i;on.
J~ 1 sT-:-8ee page - -.

' .

ExmternE

h appiness.

l.

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.

Direc tion- Tell the pcn;ona l ...
. .
k
l ononm 111 the fo l low ing
sentences · 1 I nni fo d f
.
'
"
11 0 WOI'
'·'· \ \I
·
.
learn hst 4 ll .
I
. - · e ieverence old age. :~ You
Ik
·
' ·
· e is c eve r 5 RI
:ire very sil ent 7 J. l
I. · , . _' - ie wa ·s gracefu lly. G. They
0 m t 1111 <s h11n se lf ., 111
•
•
•
8 y
self very nrn ch 9 Tl
·.
'
an.
· ou love your.
·
•e porler adrmtt c11 ns.
.

EXERCISE

])c fini.t ion - A rela.tive pronoun is one that relates to a
word , phrase, or sentence for which it stands, in such a way as to
conn ect. two separate senten ces.
L1sT-See page - -.

II.

U1rcctio11-Fill
the folio wrng
.
nouns:
l
l
blanks wi. th personal pro.
. · ......... ove to ~tt ul ,v gran.111tnr. 2 If
.. ....... 1s loved
3
·
.... ..... is good
4
.
'. ......... 1ic 1p yo11, but ......... do not h l
· .........· study 111 us1c
· · 5· ........ . I invc gone to New y 01·k e P
G .........
·
...... ... ' .Lltd .... .... . were boys together
...... ... ,
••9 - Tl ie person:il pron oun
· them should not t..e i1se<l
I
Iltu le ....
u
01• t 1e adjective those.

IV.

Dircc tiou - Uo rrect th e errors in the following sentences:.
Mot>EI.---H elen sent ·Mary a pot of jelly, which. s h e said she
made for h er husband . Hel en sent Mary a pot of jelly, which she

. gui shed as personal a11d relative.Pt·i11ci11lc- .P.i onouns. are d1. ,;l111
;;. I

43

EXERCISE

•

I.

])frcction- Tell the relative pronouns in the following senten ces : 1. This is th e lady who call ed on you . 2. I have lost the
book ,~hich I bought. 3. I h ave seen the largest elephant that was
ever brough t to this country. 4. 'W hoever comes will enjoy the
trip. 5 \Vhi chever I select I fear ~he wi ll blame me4 6. \\'hatcvcr h e sai th un to you do it. 7. ·who comes here?

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llen1lri1·kson's rrar-liral f,cssons in English Gramm:ir.

ll rn1lrirb on·s l'ra r! iral l.mons in English lir:HnRmr.

---- - - -

EximmsE

ExER('fSE JI.
~>it·ectio11 -Fi ll tl1 <' hl :111lrn in t he fo ll owing sent ences with
re la ti ve p1:011011ns: 1. J honor h i 111 ..... . .. . honors me. 2. Sololll on
was the wisest lll :tn ....... .. ever Ji ved. ~{ . T hr boy ...... .. . studi es
will im prov e. 4. J k11 ow .. .. .. ... ~"'" ' wi s· h · rJ· . . . ... ... \\.en t t o
town yesterday? Ii. .. ....... he desires I will do. 7.. .. .. .. .. did
F lora m a rry ?

Ex tm c 1::; E

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-Correct the errors in the fo ll ow ing sentences:
MOJ>l':L-We repai red our shi p, which hav ing been done, we
again set s" il. We repai red our Bhip. This having been done, we
aga in set sa il.
1. T he 11i:tn oriposPd me, which was nnticipated. 2. The sold iers refu sed obed ience, whi ch was explnined. 3. The gentl eman
call ed here t11 ;s evening, whi ch shows his respect fo r us. 4. The
speaker spoke very intelli gentl y, which verifi es the statement th at
he is edu cr.ted. 5. CR,'!'a r overca me Po mpey , which wns la men ted.
l~ule 33 - A coi1jun cti on sh ould not be used before a relati ve p ronoun unl ess there nre two or more subord in ate sentences
cont a ining n relative prono11n to be co nnected.
R c 1na.rk- B11 t- if there nre t wo or more subordinate sen tences
in trod11 ced by a relative, a conjunction may be used ; b ut there is
no rul e req ni ring its nse.
EXERCI SE

J>irectio11 -Con ect the errors in tli c fo lk-win g sentences :
. J\ fo 1>.l': r. -011 r Fa th er whi ch at"!. in heaven. 0 11r f ather wh o
nrt 111 he n \'On .

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J)ircction- Con ect the errors in the fo llowing sentences :

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] >frcction-Cu rrect the errors in the fo ll ow ing sen tences:
l\lo n.EL- 1\I r. Ba rn es, a farm er, and wh o often teaches sch ool,
is rt ca ndidate for govern o1". Mr. Ba rn es, a farmer, who often
tc:whes schoo l, is a ca ndid ate fo r gove rn or .
1. The eleph a nt , th e largest q uadrn ped , a nd whi ch someti mes
attains the height of fifteen feet, can d mw heavy loads. 2. Taylor,
th e whig, cand icl ate for th e presidency , and wh o was elected by a
small mnjori ty, di ed before h is term of offi ce ex pired. 3. Th e boa
constrictor, the larges t of serpent s, nnd which ca n kill the deer, is
fo und in South Ameri ea. 4. Mr. Buchana n, the oldest inh abitant
of this city and who d ied t his morn ing, li ved nn exempla ry life.
5. \.Vebste·r: th e lr:d cographer, ~md who wrote an " E lementary
Spe ller," was remotely con nected to Webster the statesman.
ltule 3 4 - \ Vhen t wo or more suborrlin &te sentences, contai ning a rela ti ve pronoun referrin g to the sa nie word or words, are
joined by n conjun ction th e s:un e relative m ust be nsed .

III.

1. T oo low th ey b11ilcl wl1 ich b11i l1l benea th th e skie,. 2. Snch
were the tri a.I ~ of Jo b, who has beco111 e anoth er na me fo r pa ti ence.
3. J\J,'111, ~h at JS born of woman, is of fe w cl ays a11d fu ll of troub le.
4. I~ ho is she who co111 es• here ever,v cl•v
"J
\II wI u·cI1 can '-oe
" J •
• • 1
~ u:'? ~in ~ been done. (i. A ll the dogs which bnrk at me I will kill.
I. l l11s rn . the s:i.me hoo k whi ch he h·1,I
\Ve<l . S. IN o rn nn w Iio
• . '·orr(J
u
swear s will be :ul111i ttP1L !)_ ll was I who wrote hilll n lettei·
10. Th e nom innti,·e m1n1 es are th e person or thin g wh ich acts:
L oo k at so me of th e a rtists a nd masterp ieces whi ch ·an cient
(H cece 111·~d11 ced . 12. 801n e men who were there sa id so. 13. Some
ap pl es wl11 ch :n e ripe rl o not taste we ll.
1t ulc 32 - A rela ti ve t11·ono11n mn st not b e nrn de lo represent a n indi ca tive asserti on.

IV.

])i rectio11

l~ulc 31 - (J) Wh o is properly npplie1l to intelfi vcnt hei
and to things person ili ed. (2 ) Whid1 s honld be appli ~rl to th i i ~-~
orr to Inalll cs of persons. reg:ml ed 111 e.rehJ · ·is
n·imes
("., ) 'Tl Ia t IS
· a p"
•
..
i' 1caJlc lo persons, anin1 a ls, a nd things, arnl sho 11 Jd be used in preference tu who or whi t' h.
1. W hen th e re lati ve in trodu ces a mod ifi er whi ch is restricti ve
and co11!1l not br introdn ced by and he a nd it 'UH i tlwv etc
'
-'
.
2 • ' v-\ rJien i. t re prese nts t he prononn ' who. ' '
3. A fter same, a ll , nny, very, no, nnd adject ives exp ressing
<Jn ali ty in the h ig he-t degree.
4. ·w hen it represe nt s wonls foll owi1 w it is it was etc
" "\'
.
'
.
·J.
v Jien i.
uot I1 perso ns a n<l th111gs
a.re" referred
to. '

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ll c111lricksun·i l'rar.tir.al ],cssons in English Grammar.

4ti
_ __ __ _ _ ll crulriehon~ l~a<'l.i1·al 1... ssnns in F.nglislr Gr:111111r:1r.

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ExEiteISE I X.
J)i r c <•tion- Conect t he errors in the follo wing senten ces:
Mo1.1v.r.- The win ter 1 taught my first school was a remarkably
cold wint er. Th e wint er in which I taught my first sch ool was a remarkably cold winter.
·
1. What elEe co uld J ohnson do in the circum stance h e was
placed'/ 2. T o give d irections as to the wanner it sh ould be studied
is beyond my power. 3. Man h as su cceeded when h e answers the
ends h e was mad e. 4. Ale xand er stayed fou r days in the place he
was. 5. T he morn ing he sttLrted he said h e never would return.
6. Th e teacher I went to sch ool to is a good scholar. 7. The day
I entered co ll ege was the day th e great meteoric showers first fell.

'~";:,~~l10u:d

'.irs t conn t the cos ls, who is about to
' n , w •o is about to hnild a hnnse, sllf1uld first

. l . ~Th us!' deserve punishm ent who Lrcak the I· • 2
f1 eerl J•,ngla nd from the lJ
.
"11.
. Alfred
.
ma .
a nes, w 1io was a co u ran-eo us king 3 Tl
' n is a co 1111non place ru a n wh o h as no
" . .
. .' te
enenu es nor fn ends.
4 ..Joh n defeated .\.IL . t ·I
. er ' w io never was defen te I " '['}
.
not our world in whi cl .
.
' t · i.>. 1e wo rld is
.
1 we soionrn G The I10 . .
111 whi ch we li ve.
·
·
use I S not our house
U .nlc aG -( l ) Do not use the adverb 1 ; . f .
I .
n./wnce for 'hm• •v' . '
I.
,
v w1 e or m w11.u.:h nor
J'
'
t1.ir,11 un ess [l hce ·, · l't
II
f
'
1
pla ee · J' te . II
.'
..
· · ' e rn Y re cn ed to. (2) \ VI
I
. .
ien
. . is ' r .t y relen e1l to, in which 1111 st.
nor /ro111. whir.h fo r whence.
i.
nut ic used for inlter~,

19

with flags.
ltule 37 -Do not l)lllit a preposition and a rel ative connecting a subord in ate to :t principal sentence.

])it·cction-Co
rrccl the cn ors in lhe f0 II ow .111g sentences :
M .,.
buit.I :~~~l';;:A
coun t the co.s t~.

V lll.

l)ircction- Correci the enors in the fo llowing se ntences:
!11 0 1 >1-~ 1 ,-Ca n you remember th e book where you saw that sentence'! Ca n yo n remember th e book in whichy ou sMv that sentence?
J. I will soon visit th e honse wh ere I once lived. 2. I do not
know th e pi·cmi ses when ce he form e<l such conclusions. 3. A noun
is dclinerl as :t u:un e, whence it foll ows that .John is a nou n.
4. There is no prin ciple giv en whence such a rul e can be obtained.
5. There a re ch aracte rs wh ere th ere see ms to be no redeem ing
features. 6. Trav elers arc in doubt ns to the spo t in which Palmyra stood 7. I have recently visited the house where I used to
liv e. 8. I will st ar ~ next Mond :iy to the place in which I fought
my h a rdest halt.l e. 9. The harbor from which we sailed was g:iy

1j;x1mcrsu: VIL

'

'

l~ximcrsE

Mo 1>1·:. 1.-.No 111.'111 ti 1.·1t 1O l' CS l11. s famil v
. ·] .
.
own ha p1"11 cs". , c·1n
111s
. lie .·1 <11 ·1 111 I;:11'1 I rN·o . . . ti' o1 '1I 10 iegarcls
.
or t hat ren-a rds hi s own I.
.
·
LU .Ill
•al oves Ins fa mily
'"
1.1pp111ess, can be a drunkard.
'
.
I · .No tea cher that ha s :t cl etP rniill'tti, 1.
.
jlldgme11 t, and who h·1s the . I .
. . 'II ink ed with a so und
I C:t lllleresl or hi s
'I
I
..
11 1
I.1e lp succeeding . 2 . ']'Iiose travelers that I . 1' 1' s at. 1eart ' can
111te rior of Afri!"l ·rnd ·I
.
'
i.tve p<·net.rnt<'cl in to the
~· ·, •
\\ 10 11a vc 'rtve11 us 'l .
·
.
rat.i ons, say it is ·1 W<Jn I ' ·[ I
.-,
. ' " .1rcun nt ol th ell' ex plo•
'u 11 co 11ntrv 3 WI. 1t
.
·· ·
" surprises me most
a nd which m ·iy we ll . . .·
•
s1111>1 isc ern ry ,..
. I
'
a nd di e in sin 4 l'
I
I
·
peison, 18 I. 1:1t men will live
I
. .
. co p e w "' :ire io·noran t a l 11
prec iate kno wl cd«c will
.
· Mf ' • 'n< . 1a t to not apo'
ll t' \ er 1>e o · ·111y in - t
whi ch is rai sed in g rc·1t .1l d
'
tpor ance.. ''· Cotton
I
· • l lln ance 'llHl that
' '
' · ~o n11rnu1t s a good
pri ce, fo rm s th e Sl'l[JI f A . k
·
· • eo
1· :insas.
Unlc a5 -( l) A .,I ·
th e object of a sulio1·u · .1et at:1ve IH'UllOun, whi <' h is the subj ect or
111" c sen tence shou ld b
I
word or word s fo r wli i' cli t' t s·t a n1 1s.
'
e I' aced next the
(2 ) ·when a re lative is the oL'ect of .
.
" .
.
placed Letwcen the word . . I J 1·
·.'· p1 epos1t 1un it should be
01 1101·< s or wl11 ch it ·t I
l
tencc with whi ch it is constru ed.
s a111 s am the sen-

47

XX.

PROPERTIES OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS.

Prineiple -To n ouns and pron onnti belong the properties of
person, num ber, gender, and case.

e

1

PERSON .
])cli11itio11-Person is that property of nouns, pronouns,
and verLs whi ch distingui sh the spea ker, the person addressed, and

'·

\\
l

·1
i '

I

11 '
I

11

I'

ii

48

Ex 1mccf'E I.
.Dircction- 'l'PJI !.he person of the nouns and the pronou ns
in th e fo ll owing scntem;es : I. 1, J ohn, 111ake a decree. 2. J, l:'eter,
speak these thin gs un to you. :t I slrnll go to see yo n and Jam es
to-morrow. 4. J Tis praise, ye brooks, a.tt. nn e. 5. The last word s
of Mohamme<I were: "0 God ! pa rd on my sins." ii. Andrew
.Jac kso n , you were one p resi<lent of th e Un ited 8tates. 7. The foo l
IHn ghs at his own foll y. 8. Wh o has go ne to New York '! !) . Yu n,
he, aud [will rec ite togeth er. 10 . .l will have revenge.

ExEnc1sE II.

.

...

. l

.l

,.,

I
;•

f
I

'"I

·1

4!)

llenilriokson's Practical Lessons in English Grammar.

the person or thing ~ p o k e n or.
Principle- There are three persons: The first, the secoml,
and the third .
Definition - The first person denotes th e speaker or write r.
])cfi11ition- Th c Hecond pcrHon denot e~ the pcn;un or thing
mldressc<l.
])cfi11itio11- Th c thi rd perso n denotes the person or thing
spoken of.

JJircctio11 - F ill the foll ow ing blanks with nonns and pro_
nouns a1Hl tell the pe.r~o n of each : 1. .... .... . was execu ted for
rnnrtler. 2 . ......... art th e man. 3. The father call ed .... ..... so ns
and .... ... .. <laug hters uro11ml ......... 4..... .. ... was wrong to nrge
me so. 5. Art ........ . a spiri t of earth or air? 6 ... ....... went to
New York. 7... ...... is a very large city in .. ...... .
ltulc 38 - Th e a rrangement of th e persons shou ld be: The
seco nd , first; the thi rd, next; and the first, l ast, unless a f:t11l t or a
co mm on calamity is acknowl edged, when this ord er shonl<I be reversed.
ExEllCISE

III.

I>ircction -Correct the erro rs in the fo ll ow ing sentences :
Monm,-.Jolrn a.nd yon m:ty parse that sentence. You and
John m a.y µa rse th:tt se ntence.
]. '\Till yo u go to the concert with me anti Flora? 2. r think
th at I a nd Dorn a nd yo n a.re enti tled to prizes. 3. J":ick a nti .l and
father c:tnght that mink . 4. J\'[y people and I h ave sinn ed,
5. You, John and l lrnv e co mmitted a very g reat crime.

Rule 89- A pronoun runst agree with the noun for which
it Rtands in person; but if the pronoun stands for several n ouns of
dillerent perRons, it agrees with the first in preference to the second,
and the second in 1•rcference to the third.
EXERCISE

IV.

J>irr· ctio11 -Co rrect th e errors in the fo llow ing sentences:
1\1 01> 1-:i.- l\ly brother .John anti I will go to his father's this
a fternoon. My broth er John and I will go to our father's this
afternoon .
1. Yon a nd r cannot a lw ays h n.ve what you desire. 2. I must
lrnvc met James and yo u, but .l did not recognize either of them.
3. You a ud your brother will not disobey his mother.
NUMBER.

D eJi 11 ition-Nnmber is that property of all nouns and pro1111u nH and of certa in verbs a nti ad jecti vei; that distinguishes unity
[rom plu ra li ty.
Pri11 c i11tc-There are two num bers : the singular and the
plural.
J)cfini t i on-The singular number denotes bnt one .
I>clinition-The p lu ral number denotes more than one.
EXERCISE

I.

l>ircntio11- Tell th e number of the nouns and the pr01:wnns
in the fo ll owing sentences: 1. The boy plays ba ll. 2. The book
li es on the tabl e. il. Oxen work for their m asters. 4. W e love to
think of home. u. I will never giv e away my character for pleasures. 6 . ' Vom en are the natura l co mpanions of men. 7. I called
to see my frie nd .
EXERCISE

II.

Dire<·tion-Fill th e fo ll owing blan ks with nouns and prononn~ and tell ~he nnrn ber of each : 1. ......... are fo und in Africa.
2......... . work fo r .. .. ..... 3. The ......... was introdu ced in this
cn u n try at an early dat e. 4. .. ....... a nd ...... ... went to Bost.on.
5 . ..... .... are fo und wild in t he mountains of Arkansas.
Jtnlc 40- The plura l of nou11s is reg ularly formed by adding s to th e si ngular.

-·-

\

\\
\1.

1!

-r.
'

l.

llrml riil stlll's l'ratliral INons in E11gli1h Gr.1111111ar. __

!iO

lfe111lricksoa·s Practical IA:ssons in English Grammar.

· - - -- ---- ------ - --·

·
l>ir1·1·tio11 - Fol'll1 th e pl11r:il .,f th•: fnllow111g1w1111
s~ J. , Boy .
•
c
('
If
(i
i\hr\'
'-'· I» , 'l Cob lil Pr. 4. U111111H',' , · I. •II , '· ' , , 1 • l•lnra.
-, I ·"I. · 'I· · I ht 10. Dwarf. 11. J\ J,1111',Y · I ''~ . ',.,' '"' J" '"· I"" · .\(11111
. '·""
. ..
s .. "111. . .
, .
I
ft
I x z or in ' or
1:11le 41 -- N11 1111 ~ P,1H.li11g in e l !-:n ' s,. s i, . ' _,,
.
11

Jl'C 'l'l'(kd bv a t:u11 s11na11t , t :1k e

to form tlw11· ~dur al.

l':-i

-

.

, I l'«-111;11'. li: ·- Thc fnll ow ing nn1111 s e ndi11g i11 o a rc e x<'•' pt.111ns
. p ·1111 1 lnnn
.
. JI I 11 1... 1 I:-;· 1.1•1....r 11hrh.
( 'anlo, d11qd ,-.1· 1111n
,
I' tlii"\ r11f
tlH •1r
,
. .
•
'
. I I . .
·t
l·
t.
~
!-\t)
111 a jur- do111P, i11t·111t>11l o, ucla vo, 1u1rl1 co ,
;.; rotto, l :t. o , _11111 c ''' · · '
.

qu a r to, s inw<:n, t-:(1 ln , t.y ro.

l~XEH C ! S I·:
4

rv.

:

I )i1·p1•tio11 - Fol'll• the pl11r:il" of tl1 P lir>t 1"11 11111111" :111<1 ' ''.> r. rmn t11rn
·
. , .1 the <.' ITO l'S in tli e lo
u f tlw 1,111 ,. .,' J,· of thr
. l:>ll!'r
. , s":
;"''J'.,rc··li. ~. f:,. ,. ::. f::i"' l1. 4. \\': ilt 1.. r1. \lk :d1. i. . t :ir.~ 1 1.
7 · J\ J,.1111 ·11t o. 8. Nt•g rco. !I. T:t,, 111 · z.t· •·•1. 11
. · .\ " · 12. 'l'op:iz>< . 1:1.
,
14 Np1rr11H . J!l. U 1!11 r:~. Iii. l'nrlH'IW'".
.
.
~ul1 H'!'.
·
:-i
\'
t"
. I 11 rr 111 ,. pre Huie 4-:'. - .\ 11111111 of g1•1wr:il " l'I' '"" " '" l'll ( ' Mil s 1;l11ral.
eedrd by n j • u11 so11~1nl t'lia ngcs y in l11 i :ind :11 ld:-; ("!-; t u fnrm

E:-.: IOH: l l' E \! .
llin•.-t io11 - F.11·11 1 t h<' plt1r:il s of t he li rst le:• nn111is :rnc~ co'.·~
'
' II r i i I (' I >i11 rn, ls~ .11 1 th f' l:itt e1 () Ill •
. . ·t t he {' l 'l'OI'~ i11 t h e inrmation
I ('t ,
4 I ,I
r, J« 11 r \'
ti . H11 lil 11q 11 y.
~- ) ,ad _
\ '.

1. C it y.

;-~ . F:t1ll'y .

' ' ~- . . .

.

.. .

"u, . \ ',·111i t.'·· \l. Bn11 11t y . 10. Rnnp:it hv. 11 . ci11 :ili t.ys.
.
I :L \l t>rl'\' R. 1-1 (: lo r_n ·s.
t~ . ti.11 a 11l1t.ye~ .
·
. .
f
im t· pn·i·t•d1 ·d bv
ltul<~ .tJ.:t. ( I) ('111 11p1111111l s i·n11 t-: 1!·d 111g- o a 1' :
.
• .. .
. pl11r:1 1s b), '·., 11 .viu"
11 .1me,
t itl e fnnu th1•1r
. ,., cilli e r the ti tl e or the
l'll'
. t
a.
but n ot I.Hit Ii n f •I
"t e 1_.,,_ . '\ 2) A tith- 11sctl wit h two or nwn•' 1 <'Ien

7. Ally .

f

'.j

n:n 11 es is 111:itl c pl11rnl. .

,

J•>rn 1:c 1:-' 1·: \'I.
I) •. • -·tio11 - Fnl'llt th e plnrnl s nf th n lirsl f1>1 1r 11u1111s '1nd <'nr-

cc -

I · ti • lntt pr t h n ·c
" .·
.
Tl
t
, Mr 111 .- k were 111
n o 11n ~ in th e followi11 g ~c nl e n ccs : 1.
I(' ,"o
~ , ' P three
.
I· . 2 'v\' e vi,it0tl 1111· l\w ~ li s., 'l 11 c kt'I' . .-•. ~ h .
11

. ·l th <• crrms i11 th P forn1atin11 of i hc P 1""" s '"

IC<

h•\\ II

t.0 - 4 ·' ·'.

.

•

•

4

:\I i1..: t: O r{' . will

'\'HHt

Mr 'Plttm wi ll "" to Littl e i{()t'k.
· · ·
)
.
" '['. IJe., three
Profs. I [y11 <:' were lwre yesterol:ty .
mo rrow
. "·
,

us ln-

. Tl

6.

ie

two Doctor" .To11cses visited their patien ts.
a nd H11sa11 Whites will go to church .

51

7. The Misses Ellen

ltuJc 44- Th e plural of fi g ures, le tters, characters, etc., is
fo rm ed by a nnexi ng au a.pt.istrop he ands.

Ex1rncrsE VII.
Dil'C(~tion-Forn1 th e plnmls of th e first four c haracters
n11d <'<llTl'<'f, lhe errors in t he for111atio11 of the plnrals in the latter,
fo ur chara.c tc1'8 in th e fol lo wing sen tences: 1. The s ar e not written
correctly. 2. Corn does not dot he r i. 3. There were t, *, 9, and
- .fou nd i9 the co111positi on . 4. Write ten ;, :, ., ?, !, and,. 5. She
m11 st ma ke he r kR, 4s, and ?s be tter.
6. He must supp ly.s in his
co111pos iti un. 7. ffopply ,s where they shou ld be in this eirercise.
8. Jo hn :ilw:i.'·~ m a kes his 9s, 8$, 5:s, a nd 6;s wrong.

H.11 I~ 41> - Th e fo llowing nonn s ending in f and fc form their
plural by cha ng ing f or fe in to ves: Beef, leaf, sheaf, thief, loiif,
calf, ha lf, elf, self, sht> lf, wo lf, li fe, knife, wife.

Ex1mcrsE YIII.
Oirccl;ion - Fnrm t.he plurals of the following nouns:
Ree f~, ha Ifs, s hcah•es, t hi efs, lonvs, ca lvs, ha l vs, elfves, wifes.
Huie 4 0 - The plnral of compo11nd n a mes is fo rmed by pluraliz ing t hP n:11np of 111 ost impor ta nce; if a ll the nam es are of
e<Jllal i111po rt:111 ce the last name takes. fhe p lu ra l termination.

ExE1tersE IX.

J)it·c ~1· t io11 - J<'nrn 1 t he plural o r th e first live nou ns a nd correct th e e1Tors in t he formation of th e plurals of th e l a tte r three
nou11s in tl1e fo llowin g se nte nces : l. Those boys are th e man's stepso n. 2. Th ey a re m.v s ist e r-i11 -i:Lw. 3. \Ve sn.w the J'ac k o' la ntern.
4. Th e Rir fRnac Newton of this co untry are very fe w. 5. My two
urothC'rs-in-lnw , Ji,·e in Be rli11. G. They a re wom en haters. 7. The
Georges v\'asl1ingtons of So11 t h A111erica have never li ved. 8. Every
scie nce has its Hirs Tsanc Newt.ons.
n .nle 47 - Foreign nouns introdu ced into Eng lish compositio n s hn11l<I he plnrnlized in obedi e nce to the fo ll ow ing rules :
Th e te n11i11:1li on n beco mes rr, some tim es nta; as, lamina, lamirne ; 1niasn1a , ndasinata.

llendrickson·s

52
l~ bf'cmn es es, sonu.' tim es ltl cs; as, nx is, ax es; npi s, api sides.
Lls heeo 111 c~ i ; a ~, sti11111lu s, stin111li . ]{F.MAltK- Genus beeomes genf' ra. This is the onl y exce ption to.this rule.
lJ n.1 and 011 beco111 e a; as, medium , medrn ; ph enomenon , ph e11u 1ne na..

I!

Ex arnl i x bc·co1ne ices; '"' i111lex, indi ces ; heli x, heli ces.
O beco m e~ i ; a><, bandit.to, h:u1ditt i.

l <:\i<: IU: l ~ I·:
-

X.

1>ii · i·c ~ Uou - Fo ru1

th e plural of the firHt twent.y- t wo noun s
·rnrl ~orrcet th e c rrnrs in the forn1ation of th e plu m ! of th e latt e r
~even: A lun 111 n, , anal ysis, a 11 tit hesis, a rca n11111 , ax is, basis, calcu l'.1 s,
c hrysa li s, cr isi.-, d atum , <.liaresi ~, ellipsis, er rnt1.1111 1 fo?u s, heli x,
1•' 11.,,.1' ma• :-,rrus., nch1tla ' oas is.. parn11thes is, sy n o ps t~, t hes is, d>tt11111s 1
ni cn 1or:. 1, 1 ,,)u rn s, :1 x ises, lmsi st?~, la r vns, sp('c tri , r adiu scs.
H.cui:trk - 'l'h c foll owing 11'o rds h ave :tlso a reg nl :u: En ~ lish
plural : A pe x, :ippcrnlix , aq11ari11m , UC'all , cal~'x , '.; her11h11n , c~ cer­
o n e, cr itf' ri o n , t' 1H.! 0111ill lll , fortnnl:i , rn lc rllll\ 1 gy rnnn ~ llltll , he rb a nnm ,
in ediurn , n iPni ora iHlnm , 1110111 e nt11111 , nncle m•, rad1u~, sarcop hag us,
.
sch oliuni , ~c ra ph , 1a.rn e11 , st.ra tu111 . \'t" r l0x, viri \1 oso, vorte x . . ,
Lti• u t :11·l• t - \Vl1 l' n a forl' i,l!;n wo rd ' has a rrg11lar J~n g l l>'b
form fo r ii~ pl1t rn l it j , betl.t• r to writ e the Engli~h plnra l th a n th e

~

.

t·

;'\;I
1!'

- ,j

. i1
•·'·1
, I

··lj
I

I

'

for ei,..11 plnrnl.
l{einal'lc ~ The fo ll owi ng no1111s h ave no Kin g111ar: A~iori g ncs, anna l ~, ant i pid c~ , archi vPs, ashes, as.~c ts, bell cs lcttres, h1lliard~, bitter,, lirl'ce hes, cale ntls, cal tl c, c lothes, dregs, caves, embers,
entrai ls, tilin g~, lir~works, goorts g: rcens, grnuncls, hn~ches, .head·
q1rnrl<·1-s, i1leti. lees, lite ra ti,3 m:u11nrn.li a, m :1111~ e ri', ma t tn~, ru 1~111l re,
morals nones nup tia ls, paraph e rnali a, ravelmgs, reg alia. n chc•,
sh au ibles, spe~ tae l m<, suds, teens, thanks, tidin gs, 1rowse rs, vesp~rs,
· ·t 11 a. ls. , v 't l"... l".,, w·lgcs
wither•., Cll lors ( ban ne~)
drawe1-s ( an article
v 1c
'
~,
. .. .
of clothin g), letters ( liternt11rc), ancl th e sc 1 l' ~1t1hc n:un es of ma ny
o rders and fa mi 1ics of beasts, bird s, fi shes, a ml rn sccts, a.Iso the nam es
of a.11 in str1111n•11ts composed of t.wo pa rts.
.
0
srn gu
lar:
. . . . foll ow in"h 11ou ns· arc alw ayH
•
•
l •"c 1ua1· I<. ,, - 'J'li"
Apocryp ha., hyst.e ries, measles, i:ews, t.h? .nam es of scic'.1 ccs e11.d111g
· ·cs ·•s mel'li·mics h ydraulics, poht1cs, mathem ah cs, etc., the
HJ J ,
1

(.I •

'

.

,

•

--/

Pra ctical~Lessons

in:English:Grammar.

53

names of many qualities, actions, vices, virtues, properties, - as,
courage, idleness, cohesion , roundness; the · names of many arts,
sc ie nces, a nd diseases, ns, a rchitecture, rhetoric, bronchitis ; the
na mes of many a rticles sold i:>y weight or measure, as, fla x , cider,
lead, milk; but when spoken of as diffe rent kinds nearly all of
th em take a regu lar plural, as, teas of Chin a.
R c 1narlc 4-The foll ow ing nou ns a re alik e in both numbe rs: A lms, b:L'IS (a fi sh), bellows, cannon, corps (prono unced kore
in the singul a r, kores in t he plural ), means, salmon, series, sheep,
specie~, superfi ces, swin e, vermin (se ldom used in the singular).
Remark i>-Of E ng lish noun s, the following are the on ly
simpl e words that form d istinct plu rals not e nding in s :
SINGULAR-Man, woman, child, brother, ox, goose.
PLURAL--1\Ie u, women, chi ldren, bre thren, oxen, geese . .
S INGULAR--Foot, tooth, louse, mouse, die, penny, pea.
PLURAL--Fcet, teeth , li ce, mi ce, dice, pence, pease.
lte 1nark 6-The fo llowing nouns have both a regul a r and
an irregular plura l with different meanings:

S ingular.
RegvJai· P lnral.
I rregular Plnrals.
brother, broth ers (of a fam il y),
brethren (of a society),
die,
dies (sta mps for co inage) ,
dice (c ubes for gaming),
geniu s, geniu ses (men of genius),
grn ii (spirits),
h ead,
heads (parts of t he body),
head (of cattl e),
index, indexes (table of contents), in<lices(algebraic exponents),
pea,
peas (distinct g rains),
pease (taken in a bulk),
penny , pennies (distinct coins),
pence (an amou nt of money),
sail,
sails (pi eces of canvass),
sail (vessel&).
Rule 48 -A pronoun must ag ree with th e wo rd or word s
that it represents in number .
Re1nark 1 -Sometim es a pronoun referring to a noun
which names indivitluals taken as one whole instea d of agrPe in g
with the nonn for which it stands agrees rather with the id ea conveyed ; as, The jury went to get their •iinner; not, Th e jury went
to get i ts dinner.
U ,c1narl.: 2 -A pronoun sta nding for a noun. preceded by
m a ny a in the principal sentence shou ld be singular; in th e subor-

,

~L·~-~~----------~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~-:--

"

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I \
i

\",
t

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t

I

I·I
~

. I

!\.

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1L'
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=-~-~II

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i

54

ll cndri ck ~on's

llc111lrir,kson·s Practical Lessons in English Grammar.

l'racl iral l.cssons in English Grammar.

- ---- - · · - - - - - - - - --- - - - - -- - - -- -

<linate se nte nces fo ll owing, ·i t sh o11l<l lie plural ; a.'<, lluring thi s persec n t iun many a mart.yr she<! hi s b lood ; and th e ir nan lPs arn s till
e 111b:dn1 cd in t he me111ory o f the churc h; not., Vnrin g thi s pe r.;ecn tiun many a m artyr she<! th e ir blood ; and his name is sti ll c tnbnlm ed
in t.he me mo ry of th e c hurch.
E:\RllC[S J•;

XI.

l)ircctio11 -Col'l'cct t hl• l'ITors in th e fnllowin g , ,,.1tc11 ces :
l\io r>J•;L- Th ere is s11 ch a noi se that a person ea nn ut coll ec t
t.h e ir thou g ht s. The re is s nch a noi s" that :t pcrnn n t·:11111nt l'o ll ecl
his tho11 g l1ts.
I. L et a yo nn g man be e ne rget ic, intelli gent, n.111 1 honest a nti
peopl e will t rn st th em. 2. Wh en :t li on is wounil ctl , th ey turn on
their pursu er with fury. g_ 1 l1 ave lost. the se isso rs. I lave .v ou
seen it '! ·4 . Thrifty men when th ey n•ce.iv c t hc i1· wages d o not
spend it. fooli s hl y. 5. M.any a llo wcr is b11 rn to blu s h unsee n a nti
was te t.h e ir s wcc tncsso n t.h c dl's"1': a.ii'. Ii. ~l:in y a honk is pnl>li shctl
that is pns iti,·ely injmi ott s; if it, were b lll'll l'tl, it wo11lr\ be a bl esding to t he co mmunity. 7 Th e """rt. h as rend e red t h<' il' decis ion.
8. The cr ew we re next call ed 011 dec k to rece ive its ord e rs. fl . Tlte
committee h as sep:tratcd lo get it Hdinn er. LO. Th e tongs should
be k ept in it.~ pl ace.
_H,ul c 4H- (1) A pron onn Hta11d i11g fu r two o r 111 orc sing nhr
n on11s co nnected by and, ex pressed or 1111dcrstood, mu st be plural,
unl ess t he no1111 s for whi c h it s ta nd s :ire li11t 1lifl'c rc11t n a 1u es fo r
t he s: u11 c pc rso11.
(2) 8i11g nhr 11 111111s cn nrn•clcd hy aml a lso, a.111.I tori, a ml 11 01, b11 t,
if n ot, or, nor, o r as \m il tb', h a ,· e :t prnn o 1111 in the si ng nl ar.
(:J) A lso 11 011ns limitctl by eac h , C\"c ry, o r no, 11111st h a.ve p ron ouns in the s in g11lar.
Ex1mc1 :-; 1~ X IL
J)ircctiou - Co rrect th e e rrors in the fo llo win g sen ten ces:
i\ l mn; r,- r lt a 1·e tri e1l blu e :111d rt·d ink , but it. d oes not write
so we!! as bla c k. I h :tYc trie<l lil11 c a nd red ink, but t hey d o 11 ot
write so well a.s black.
1. AJHictio n, pove rty, a11d d cspair-o ng h t we no t to b e ready
[or it a ll ? 2. Th e g0ve rnor and statesntan was h e re, a nd th ey

I1

I'

!

I'

i
I'

li5

loo ked we ll. :~. Co lnmbu s an.d .John Cabot a lso s h owed their d etermin ation to make disco ve ries. 4 . .Jane as we ll as Della will
s ucceed if t.h ey try. fi It was Co lnmbns and not Amerigo th a t
di ~covercd Amer ica by th eir own d ete rmin a tion.
6. Ma ry and
E ll a, too, will leam if t hey study. 7. It is 110! th e idl er, but th e
industrious boy t hat will s neceed by th l'il' own efforts. 8. V\'ickednes~, if not. mornlity, thou~h t hey struggl e in th e con1p1est, must be
o ve rco 111 c by c hri stia nity . ti . No on e can tell wh a t tri als awaits
th em tn-111 orrow. 10. Ev e ry l1ody o ug ht to reganl the dic tates of
th e ir own co nse ic nce. 1 L. Every one may secure the reputation of
be ing 't good c ri t ic if they will find fau lt with· eve rything a n<l
e veryhody.
ltule ;')() - ( J) A pron o un s t.:tnding for tw o or more singul a r
nou11 s conn cct.cd by or or rvJr must be in th e s ing ul a r; but if one
of t he non11s iti s ing ular a nrl the other plurltl the plural noun is
phtced l:t't and th e pronoun m ade plural.
(2 ) U the nouns are o f tl iHe rent persons, the pronoun must be
used in t he prope r person with each , or the sentence so altered as
to omit the pronoun s.

Ex 1·; !WISE XIIL
Dii·c ('tion- Co rrec t. t he errors in the fo ll owing sen tences:
MoD.E 1.-V{:tl ter T ay lor or his fath e r passed with their face
tied up this morning. \V:tlter Taylor or his fath er passed with his
face tied up t hi s 111 orni11g.
L. If you want to lrny a good bu ggy or \Vagon I can tell youwh ere to find th e m. ~- W e h :w e n o e viden ce that either .John or
Arthur lo\"ed t he ir teache r. :>. Ne ith e r Plato nor Aristotle t hong bt
it prope r tu te ll to t he world the d oc trin es t.hey free ly taught the ir
fo ll owers. 4 . Neither wea lth nor tale nt shonld be wrapped up in
a napkin by those wh o po:>5ess th e m. 5. If you wa nt 8. house or
desirabl e loLs, l ca n tell yu u wher e to lind it. 6. Neither talent nor
riches s ho uld be laid a wa,y in a n a pkin by those who possess it.
7. Peace cann ot be obta ined until the Hungarians or Austria s urrend er i L' c laims. 8. Y 0 11 or [ m u ~ t abandon his c laims. 9. Neithe r
yo n n or h e should promi se yo urself success in th a t ca use. 10. Neither
J'o!tn nor l will a ll ow o nr c hildre n to grow up in ignorance.

--

57

r-•t do.

ise or

I

'11\

I

i.

-11
t.. .jI

llcmlrickson(l'ractic:1 l ;l,cssons!i(~nglish:G ra111111ar.

llcnJrickson's! l'ractical Lessons in EngliRh Grammar.

Gr-:Nn1m .

H. No teach e r shonld require a pnpil to do wh a t she can not do.
7. We shonld respect a n aged person whether he or she be wise or
fo o]ish.

J)cli 11 i ti on-< ;e nd e r is t hat prope rly of non 11s and pron onns
whi c h di stin g uishes th em wi t h '"'ganl to sex .
Pri11ciplc~ -Noun s a nd prono nns have two genders ; the
masculin e a nd t he fe minine.
J)cfi11itio11 - Th c 111 ascnli1w g1•11der denntcs 111 a k s.
J)cJi11itio11 - Th e feminine gend er denotes fe1n n.IC'• .
J~ ;o: 1 n: 1 ,.; 1-:

I.

.l>ircctio11 -Tell th e ge nd e r of lh c no uns and prnnonn s in
the fo ll owing sen tences: 1. .fo\111 milks tl w cnw for .Tane. 2. H e
sttHli es J,atin anrl Greek. :{.She wen t to r: hnrch t hi s evenin g.
4. lloys a n rl g irl A are onr future lll en an d wo 111 en. fl. T he ad111i11istr a.tor so ld th e prope rty . G. Tlw autho ress 11·1·11te :t poem. 7. Th e
ge ntleman accom pani ed t he .lady to church .

E x 1mc 1si.;

U.

J)ir cction- F ill th e li lnnk s in the full nw ing se n te n ce.~ with
nouns ~m e\ p ronotP"'.:rn cl te ll th e ge11rler of enc h :
1. .. .. ... .. we nt to Bostu11. 2. l ~ very .. .. .. .. . likes to ow n
.. ... ... . th n best.. :{ . .. .... ... li ve.' in .... . .. 4 . ........ . was Q11 ee n
of Eng la nd. f>. .. .. . .... e ntertain ed .. .. ........... ... wi th .... ... .. an d
was a.n E ng li sh poe tess. (\. ....... .. shonld vcne rnte the old.
H.nl<\ i) 1 - Hing 11la1· nrn111 s of ditli:rcPt ge11ders taken separa.!c ly nu1..;t. have clille rcn t 111·011ouns of clifli:re11tge11de rs to represcut
then1.
ltc111:u:k -No u11 s incln c.ling both ma les a nd fe ma les a re to
be regarcled as m :tsculin c.

Ex1mcrn 1;; UL

• I
'I

-~

!j

' 1

1>iL·cctio11 - Cun·0et. t he e r rnrn in t he fo l lowin g sent ences:
l\ lo 1>1-:1, -No I.Joy or girl in sellllo l ca n p a rse t hi s sentencc wi th ont he h as assistn nce. No boy or g irl in sch oo l ean pa.rse t hi s sente nce with o11t he or she hns a.ssista11 ce.
J . P lease to aslc George or Ic!:t for he r pencil. 2. Anna or
Sam uel will go to t he circus if he ca n. H. Ev ery boy an d every
girl were in their seat. 4. No boy or g irl sho11l<l disobey the.i r
tca.che r.
5. No gentl cmn.n or lady wi ll imul t their infer iors.

57

p ~' I\ S ON IFICATION,
Def·inition- Pe rso nifi ca.t ion is an in tenti onal de via tion from
t he o rdtn a ry a ppli r :ition of words hy whi ch we reprc ·e nt i11 an i111 a.te things as possessin g li fe .
ltnlc 52-( L) A noun destitute of gende r mu st be represented by a pron oun whi c h is des titute of gend er .
(2) A no un pe rson.ili erl h as gender, a nd the pronoun representin g it mu st agree wit h it in gender.
l'tcntal'I{ l - You ng ani111 a ls and infants are often represen ted by pronouns destitute of gender when ,t heir gend er is not
known.
ltc utark 2 - Fierce, vast, a.nd sulilim e objects are personified as males; gentle, deli cate, a nd beau tiful objects a re personified
a,5 females.

Ex1mcrnE

IV.

J)i rcetion - Co n cct t he e rrors in t.h e fo ll ow ing sentences :
MonEr,-Th c po l a t· liea r is ra rely to lie seen in men ageries, as
it snHe rs so mn c h front heat tlrnt he is not easily preser ved in eonGne ment. Th e polar bea r is rnrely to. be' seen in menageries as he
suffors so much from heat that he is not easily p reserved in confin ement.
1. The moon, a pparent queen, un vei led i ts peerless light, and
o'er the dark its mantle thre w. 2. The inerti a of the earth carries
he r a.long. :'I . .r like to be in a boat when she is rowed across the
rive r. 4. The earth is a n eve r boun teo us mother to its ch ildren.
5. There is no ora to r so pers uas ive as fashio n ; it h as but to open
its li ps, a.nil no one t hinks of gainsay in g it s wo rds.
CASE.
D e tiuitio11 -Case is th e property of nouns a nd pronouns
which shows thei r relation to other words.
Principle- Nouns and pronouns h ave three cases; the
nomin ative, the possess ive, and the objective.

~

!iS

ll r111lrichon's l'radi1·al l.mons in

En~lish

Dcli11it.io11 - Th c no 111in:1.l is·c c:" e is tha t fo rm 1d1i r h a
11 0 1111 o r a pro n 1J 1111 ha ~ w lu-~ 11 it is tli t• s ubj ec l u( a. sen tt' 11 ee or when

it is used in the predi '::" l' w ith a ve rb or i11d cpe 111lentl y .
l>clinition- 'lh (• p.. ss,•ssil' e case is that forllJ whi c h n 11 n11n
o r a pro11n11n lia s when it dc·11otes 0 \\' 11 e i- ~ l1ip , o ri g in , or fitn cHS.
Dcli11itio11 - T l1 e o hj e .. ti1·(· c"s · i,; that for 111 whi c h n no nn
o r a 1"'011 0 1111 11:" sr hen it is t l1 P o lijt•<· t of a verh , a phra se,'"' a
sc nle nc ·<·.
Ji~ \ t ·: 1 w 1 ~1<:

L

J)iL't'Ction- T e ll th e'""" o r Lh e llOllllS anrl the pro ll Ollll H i11
the following se 11 te11 ces : I. Co l1111111l.11 s di sco ve rer! Anwri ca.. 2. Living to ads am ve ry often fc11111il in th e middl e of hn ge roc ks.
:~ . Beautif1il pietnre8 a d o rn 111 ,v fi-il'llll's apartment. 4. The teach e r
i, my frie 1Hl. 5 ..Jo hn , co me he re, for I ll'ish to see yu 11 . 6. T he
peo pl e lo\'<' t hC' ir fri e nds. i. < >11r friP111 ls ll'isl. for 0 11r si 1cc<·ss.
1 ~; \1mc u-:1 ·:

llendrichon·s l'ract.ical 1.essons m English Grammar. ·

f:ramnrn.

JL

Dir1•cl;io11 -·- l"ill lh c follo ll'i 11 g hl :111ks with 1w1111s :t11d proa11d te ll the ('; ISL' or (';1(:11: I . ........ . \\'('lit lo
2.
.... .. ... wro (.e a .. .. . '. . :;, J II ......... !.h e prope r ... ...... f.,r .........
is change of .... ..... •1 One ... .. .. 1 loo ked upon, th e ........ gentl e
G. .. ....... n•c ile in ... ...... and .. ... . ... every day .
f{. uh ~ r>:J- Th c pn ~st.·~:-: i,·e c: 1se of :-:i 11g ular 1101111:-.: a.n<l of
plurnl n o un s 11ol e11di11g with :111 s is [.,nn ed hy adui ng :in apost.roph e and s t" t.he 11 0 111i11ati ve. l'lnral ""1111s r nding with :111 s form
th e ir p o~Bl's:-.: iv c c ase by adding- tlil' apos trophe to the n n min at ive.
l:,«':Ula.t•k ·1 ·- ·f11 a few wnrd:-; l ~ 11di11.~ in t.li e s ingul a r wiih
lh L' st111111l o f s o r of" (,;,. fl ) Lh<' additi.,11:i.I s is 0111itt cd i11 for111i11 g
th e pnsscsf:l ivn c ase : as, co nsc ience' :-; a kc; Felix' r on111.
l{.c111a 1·k 2 - T he fonn of t he n n11n is the sa.m e in l he no min ati ve nnd th <~ objec tive casPs.

llOllll S

g r:11111mir. 12. ''V'hites' nrithmetic. rn. Fox's. 14. Horses. 15.
Axes'.
U .ulc 54-The apostrophe shonlu not be useu in forming
the possessive ca.5e of pr.,nouns.

]~XERC ISE lV.
Directi.011 -Correct th e e rrors in the following exercise:
.i\ loDF. [,-lt's; its.
Your's. 4. Hi s'. 5. It's. 6. Whose'.
1. 011r's. 2 . Th c irti'.

a.

t'
I I '
.1 I

DECLENSION.
NOUNS .
COMMON.
Nominative,
Pos,;essi ve,
Obj ective,

Sing.
pig
pig's
pig

Plnml.
pi gs

pigs'
pi gs

. Sing.
hoy
boy's
boy

I'luml.

Sin,q-. Plural.

boys
boys'
boys

oxen
ox's oxen's
oxen
ox
OX

J' ltO P .f ; It.
Nom in:tli ve ,
J•o~ses~ iv c,

Objec tive,

.J ohn
.John's - --·
J o hn

Ellen - - E ll en 's - -E ll en - - -

Cl arence - -Clarence 's - - Clarence---

Personal-

i'\"omin:i.tivc,

J 10::.:8essi vc,
O bjective,

ourselves,

- -,

ourselves.

SECOND PERSON.

P ossessive,
Objective,

S1:11g.
thou, thyself, you rself,
thy, thine,
thee, th yself,

Huro},.
yo u , yourselves,
your, yours, - - ,
you, yourselves.

THIRU PERSON.

Nominntive,

Sing.
h e, hi111 self,

'!i

I

our, ours,
us,

' I

;! I

!

Phiml.
we ,

H~
! ' '\

,

FntsT l' F. RSo N:

Sing.
l, myse lf,
rn y, n1in o, - - ,
me, m yself,

\I \\. 'i,\

I

PRONOUN.

Nominative,
_l)i1·e1 •t io11- Fur111 th e po~se8" i1•e c aHc of th e Jirst ten rnrnns
n nd co rrect lhc C' lTOrs in th e fon11ati1m oft.he 11ossc>l"s ive of the latter
fi ve : 1. A xr.. 2. Door. :;. L uc k. '1. i\le n. !i. l lurscs. li. Foxes.
·7. Scien ce. 8. Eag les. fl . \V u111 cn. ll J. Dug. ll. Q 11acke nbos's

59

Pltiml;
they, the mselves,

'!I

I

I
I

I

£

I

60

ll rndrirkson' l'rnrlira l 1.mons in English Grn111111ar.

P ossess i ,·c,
Objec tive,

hi ~, - - ,
him , hinisc lt',
·sh e, hen<l' lf .
her, he ro. -'--,
he r , herse l r,

.N o 111inal ivc,
I )O!-iScssi n .•,

Olij<'cti ve,

th e ir, the irs, - th e m, th e mselves,
th ey, th e mselves,
th e ir, tlt e irf' , - - ,
t hc t11 , th e mselves.

Sing.
No111inati'·<',

it.,

Pos.c.:.;p~s i \·1· ,

il s,

Ohj<·ctiv.-,

it,,

No1ni11ati\·e,

Posses~ i ve,
O bj ectiv e ,
No tninat.i,·c,
Possess t\'t',
Obj cc Li ,.e,
., 1

'

I

P/1 m tl.

it~clf ,

t

1i.,.,

t hl' lll SC] \'C'S,

lli<'ir, tlu•i1·i-:, -

itscll',

-,

them, themselv es.

s·;" fJ "lr"· :11 111 ! 'h1m /.
who,
wh1 1t.: \'P I',
whosoever,
whose, w h u~e r cr,
wl,osesoeve1·,
'rho111 , whom p\·c r, wh o msoe ve r,
whi ch , whi c hever, whic hsoever,
whose, whosc vcr.
whosesoever,
whi c h, w h ic hen r, w hi c hsoe\·er.

lte111ark I - That h as no va riati on lo d en ote case.
2 - PC'rsmial prnnonn s o f th e second s ingular
mtmbc r arc ne e r t1'e<l except in so lc11111 st.y lc .
l<.u Le r;r; . ( l ) Wh e n se\'<• r:d possess i ,.e words mc•<lify the
same no1111 th e s ig n o f t he posscos iv e is :urnexcd to th e last only;
lint if th ey modify <lillere11l nll t1n s th e s;g n is ann ex ed to each separat e ly.

llendriekwn·s Praeti ~tl Lr.sons in English Grammar.

the son of th e lawye r . G. J. wish you wo uld. nsk somebod(s else's
advice. 7. The mayor's of New York visit to Sau Fran c1scc> was
111a.de pl easnnl. by th e ht•n 11 1.if11 l w~ather.
J<.ule r.G-A noun in the possessive case mnst not be separated from th e 11011n whi c h it morlifies by a sente nce..
Ex t·: 1w t s 1': VI.
_I )ircction - Co n cct th e crroi·s in th e fo llo wi11g sentences :
MoDEr,- Our fri e nd 's, for fri end h e certainl y is, company was
very agreeable.
Th e compiin y of our fri end, for friend h e certain ly is, was very agreen\Jle
1. Such was the gcntl e nrnn 's, if we may call him a gentleman,
career. 2. UnclE> P etet"'• 11s we co nun onl,v call him, story was enjoyed by us. 3. Ca tn's, lor th is is the nam e he wears, poetry is ~ot
s ublim e. 4. Qnecn Bess':;, who was once queen of E ngland, re ign
was full of vicloriC's.
Jl,ule u 7 - - Th e possessiYe prono uns my, thy, his, h er, its,
etc., must be repealed or inser ted as ofteu as the sense or co nstru ction of a sentence requires them.

l!;x 1mcrsE

1:.c11utrl

1·

'

(2) \\'h e n tit (' p o"css i,·e nn1111 ha s another exp laining it (see
H11l e fill) t.h e s ig n is annex ed to lit e nearest th e n o11n modified.
(3) lf t.he posseRs i\' e iR fo llc"'·,·d hy anothe r modify in g word or
phra'c th e Rig n is a.n11exPcl t.o th e latter :11111 not th e no11n.
( 4) A s11 cccss io n of JJOR,ess ivcs 0 1· of phraRCS denoting p ossess ion sh o11lcl lie a vo id ed .

Ex1mu1si,; V .
J )ircction - Co r rect th e crror' in the fo ll owing 8e ntences:
l . ] ha.vc both \Vhit.e and Rt.odd ard 's aritl11n eti c. 2. Adam's .
:rncl Ev e'>: Creato r is o ur Crc:i tor . 3. We h:we read .J eremiah 's
!.he prophe t latn e 11 ta1.ion.
4. That book is my wife's brother 's
friPn<l 's uouk . 5. This is th e hat o f the broth er of the partner of

61

VII.

Direction~ Co rrcct th e e rrors in th e followin g senten ces :

MoDEL - Th e p eopl e who were h ere are inhabitants of Princeton and vicinity. Th e peopl e wh<i were h e re are inhabitants of
Princeton and its vicinit y.
1. Many verbs va ry hoth th e ir significati on a1.1d. c~n str•~ctiun.
2. Esau thus threw a way both his re lig ious and c1v1l mhentance.
3. Th e man and wife we re at t he fair. 4. Hi s own a nd wife's
wardrobes are pnc·k ecl 11p in a firkin. 5. W e g ive in to-day 's paper
a re port of th e schoo ls in Huntsville a.nd vic inity.

l<.ulc 58- I, we, th ou, ye, he, s he, th ey and who arc nominative form s anti must n ot be used int.h e obj ective case. l\Ie, ns,
ther, him, h er, the m and whom are obj ective forms, and must not
lie used in the nomin a ti ve case.
EXER CIST~

v III.

Directio11-Correct the erro rs in the following sentences :
Monin,.-John and m e went to town. John and I went to
town.
r'

I

62
- - -- - - - llrn<lri!'hon's l'ral'ii1·al IA'~•nns in Engliih r.~1111111ar.

···.~·

. I . \\'e h ave no t lc "rn Pcl w llfrnl 11..1 . ~~-[ ~ •
will gu. Cl \\'h
... ?
·' n11t e1. ~ . ll11n:indm e
.
om ,u e ' o u
.J 'V li o111 " r , . .
.
lier anti n e ii Y•rn · . [ ·
' c i cc itrng tn g r:11u111 ar ?
1·
1e:im " ' lcr than ill l' I' \J I ·
. .
·
yon s li on ld Ul' 80 too - M . 1 .
.
'. '· · c
s:1.t1 s li ed,
.V ><~ 111g 1.1r(l(l , John fi11j...:IH· l . ,
'
. '·
•
(
111~ task.
S . U s abse nt. 1na.Uei-.' will 1. 1 . 11 1.
'
I' " '·' J l' uc neo· lec t<> l q 11 ·
hath ey es to "'c, let him scl'. 10 'J' J ,
."' . · -' · : ·
m1 t h at
drink
11
" II
·
" "' th.1.t .11·0 atlllrst, let th e m
.
.
c "'
m eet ' "'" ·111 I I
t
Take care to who y11 11 ir in J. tl1 ;1; l•,tt•1·e lc~~mnrn.'w in town. 12.
14 i\ I
..
"
' <1.
· 1 · L will '"' to seo ti
. .:i.ry gave ] a '" "P
I r \\'
•
"
• , iey .
. 'VI
·
. ..
.,,
<' rec 1· 11·£tl t hcv with
I
I( '·
1o d1d.l o hnm:irr,v'I· 1-1. \\' 110
.
ure.
s I1011 Id 1 tm· ·t ·r · pras
.
1
w ho f h ave li v1'll ll"it J1 for vrars·1 JS I t ·I
'> I not le With

llrn1lri rhnn's Pnrntir~l Lessons in English Grammar.

63

--~~~~~~

and the only herul, of th e (;hurch. 4. Our S he pherd, him who is
sty led King o E Sa i11t.", wil l ce rta ioly g ive hi s sa.ints the victory.

'""'!;

w,

n1 e in cn 11 fe r~~ n ('e.

·

·

' ·

JC " i ocve i· you wi :•d1 mee t

H .nl c •> H - .Do no,, ""' I'" t he sa me wo rd ti

0 I 1.
Jt'Ct of rt verb
preposition or [ t .
. .
ie
-'
o " " J>rcp os 1t1 o ns with int o r ve111" 11g 11·0 1·cls
b e t ween t.he 111.
'

and

:t

rnxEL: CJRE

TX:.

I )i i.· ccti 011 -- L'o rrcet th e •r . . . · 1
.
Morw1 - W e ·I
11 I
c io 1s rn ti c fo ll ow ing sen ten c<~s:
"
s 1011 < OJP)" :inrl [l 'l\" ·HI 01• t'
'Ve s ho uld obe . o ur . . ,
'
·" ·
a rnn to onr pnrents.

. )
1).1 . nt s a nd pay a d orntin n to th e m.
I. 'Vcs
ho11 l1l re~· 1 >cctnnl
· 011 1· fri c ncls " Tl
·
.
· ' co n l'l
" r Ill
is :t nat.1ve nf, a.n•l ed11 r:ttc<l in Fr· 1
' .
, . ~.
ie man
co nfide in :tlld h ·ii•e
' .n~e. 1. C hriLlrcn s hould h o no r,
• f '
•
' , · 1"' e (II' I 11c 11· p ·i 1.<' 11 1
4 T
h r1.ve a Jovp fo r a nd a d • . ' , _ . . '
:"'
•
rach crs sho11 Id
>le o[ t i
R '
. cq1 in turst. rn . lht· 1r p11pik 5. Th e 1ieo1
ie • o u th c 11lt1 va.tc l:tr"c ero ps of .1 I . 1.
from , cotto n .
,, ,
,
', n• i ea ize some profit

Hnlc
HO - 1 \ IHJ lllJ 0 1' :I )11"'11101111 11""' J , .•
, .
mo difi e r 11111 st be in ti
.
.
.
· c< .u; .in ex pl a nato ry
'
IC sa n1 e case ns thP word l'Xp lain cd .
Exrmr:JRE

X.

J)ircctioH
. sf' nt c ncf's :
]\[om·
r -N ·-' <;or
I rcc t th r '''"'"'"'. in th c' f" 11 •>wing
"" , t ie rcforC' eniJ1r tho I t
k
, •
and th o11
No11• ti . 1·
'
u, c n s ma ·e a ro1·e11:int [
'
· e.
· l' ti. to n , 1cL ns llHtke a co,·e na.nt,
th ee nnd ni
' 1c re o re ' •<Hil
l. N11\v, t h e 1·do n >, i·o 111 e 111<111
. " II
and rn e
r)
N -t t
.
, we \\ ' 111:ik c a. euvenant, th ee
led hy i1w ~~pi;·i';. ofo ~~.'.'?' '.'.'an: h.nl lo t hr .nrn11 of flod, he t.hat is
· .-,. C li n sf :1.11<1 IT1111 cru cifi ed ir-: the li en.U,

XX!. PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES.
l )h•1wtion -- Correct the erroneous sentences, and te ll the sentenc<'s which arc co1TPCt in th r following exercise :
1. :uthnr b. junr". Hi s Boole 2. it fs Not so vVh at-john to ld
fathe r. ::\. 'V e love to see " rn c n G.:ne rons, for it shows a noble
sp rrit. 4. J\ pom w:wfaring man of g rief h ath oiten met m e. 5. I
went to see t he m boy ' who " 'id tlrnt t.he m g irls lrnd gone to school.
6 ..John tried to see .Tames in th e C rowd, but cou ld not, because he
was sn s ho rt. 7. " I r·: 111 not ," h as neve r accomp li sh ed a n ything.
S. Be ~me not to te ll any om• that. the d og_ what barks will bite.
9. lt was [ who s p11ke , it was h e who was si le n t; 10. He is the
very man whom .I w:intecl to see : 11 . Th e teacher open school,
whi ch h av in g been 1l one we began st 11il y ing o nr lesson. 12. John
.Jones, a ve ry we althy fa.rn1 e r, and who di ed recently , was aniong
my m l)st intim ate fri ends . 13. It. was Joseph t h at w:t• so ld into
Egypt, who been.me governor of t h e land, and whi ch sa ,·ed his
fath er n.ncl brothers from famin e. 14. Your comm ittee wou ld s uggest ~ome imp rnvcmcnt in the se:tts as th ey have been inform ed that
som r sea t8 a rC' 01·c1 1pi ell by hoys that h ave no backs. 15. J ohn defeated A lbert , who neve r was defeated. 16. The world whi ch we
sojo mn in · is not our ow n . 17. Arthur ca.n not tell the spot in
whi ch he s~ooil. 18. That is th e house wh ere I once lived. 19.
Th e wintN I ta11 ,C?;ht school in Eureka was a remarkably cold
win ter . 20 . R e ason 's wh ole pl easure, a ll the joys of sense, lie in
t.hree words : -h ea lth , pe ace, an<l competence. 21. My people a.nd
J h a l" e si11n c1l. 22. f, he, and yon h :we Reen much pl easure toge th er. 23. My s iste r Fanny and I will go to he r aunts th is a[ter110011 . :.!4. Ded s are s tuffc1l with cat.-htilH bnt not wit h catstai ls.
2'1. Th e re are 111:i11 y negro~ in thi s city. 26. The gi rls a re accustorn crl to s it. in porl.ieoes ;md study. 27. l h :we lectnred in o ver
fi[leen h11ndre1l c itys. 28. I am acquainted with the two M isses
Brown s. 2H. Marcus <l oesn't <Int his is crngs his ts nor Rh ade hi s
ms. 30. Are yo u p erfectly sure, t h at you have fully s ucceeded.

.:1

.-

.

,

.,

.

~··

'

I

64

lle111lrichu11's l'nir.l i1·a/ l e<s1111s in 1•'11 ·1· ·1 G

·-------~
'..

3 ·~· Let a yo ung l1e pcrs1werin g,
wdl sncceeJ . "'> Tl
.
.'

•

1

.~ h ' rfilllllltar.

0;:~:.~~~-·----.-.----­

· .~ tc, .uid a11 1b1t101rn and they
,)"""· . ie co 1un11ttee scp:ir ·t ''-"cl t 0
.
.
M any a hoo k is puulislH·<l t i . t . .
.' ~·
ge t its dinner. 33.
1
·
" • is pos1t11·p lv 111
·
·
·
111
1
were b lll' rH !d it won Id lie
II .
'
···
.J · ons ; and if it
rt ) ~$.S iii " I<• tJi e '
•
one mny scenre lite re r111t · t '
f 1"' · .
co11111111111ty . :J4. Any
..t ion o l"11 1a a go l
.
'f
o I1cy th e rul es of 0"ra11111·1·11·
.NT '. 1'"
. . or wnter I the'' will
1 t'1l 1cr t J
l
,
l>e wrapped up in a . " 1-·• :3'1.
b
.
a
en
nor
wea
lth shou ld
1 1
" .P""
)'
tl1
ose
11 ·110
you want hon ks or a ,
·. ·
·
possess th e m. 36. lf
'{S _NJ
•
~ pen 1 11:n e I hen1. :17 y
. I .

. '.
o boy or " Id shoul 1I 1·. i. . I .
. ou o1 ..11n wrong.
1.
l
"' .
< '"oue.1 i: :; le aeh r
.,,., C·
.
ue 'one to coax tJ 11 s f
. I
c · ""· .111 no th mg
'l'J .
· up·"' ' C•>\ l'111nu tu ·il · I . l .
.
•e hon whe n ti1·,,t atta ·I ' l Ii ·I . " , • i.1111 o n t ieir fo lly? 40.
. d
c <cc g i ts 11 tlh ve ry g-r c· t
1IC 1'Ill
s yo ur d etermin·1t ion er l I . . ' .• energy, u11t. when
't
4]
'"
. JUn S ll S lt ll'ilJ ·tlJ
1 ··
· A st 11d ent shonlr! do I · .
·
' ow you to capture
11 s 01. 1•er best
. ·1·
.
.
..
' e 1 mg 1t.s eyes. 43 'V . ·
.
· 49~. II· eie
so rrow s its
Tl
.
.
as it yo u tl1:1 t •mr d
l
. ie first d ay of Apr il is e n]] l JI [
o uce1 me to hi111? 44.
<\ I" t'
' e1 rt
ools d ·1 v 4 5 y· t .
, uer s e ld est dawdite r h·is 1 • . . • I · ' , : · · 1c on a 's and
'[']11. b
.
b
'
n,111 !<'• t 1IC 111·1 , 0 f p
.
s ook 1s J\1 1· 11 · "8 .1 1 ,
nee
nr BRrn. 46
••
.. t
f
·
·'.'
c e r \. s wil e's broth er'· 47 'l'I · .
·
~ore o the brnth Pr-i 11 -h w o f tl .
s.
·
11 s JS the
'fl
'
•e pa1t11 cr of the
f
' ls·
1e m:wo1"s of p,, .t 1
· •O n o ou r minister
. .
•
' S I 11 l'IR l t t n N'C \\' y . ·I
·
o ne. 4D. A1111i e D:i vis' uonk
"O 'J'J . o1 c ~vas not a pl easn nt
your's c I " I
. •) .
ll S unok IS oar's. ti t I.
J
.
. , . ' ' . '- ""' was tl• stud ent's if s
.
' , ra uoo c
me thod of st11dy. [)•) 1 II ti
.,
· lnd cnt he may Le ca ll ed
~·
1e peoJ'l e wPr<> . . t f
'
. . .
an1l v1c1111ty
~·> 'VJ
, piesen r om Trenton
. '. ,.
tom arc rec iti11 g i11 geogn1pJ1y? her and me.

I

f '

j

~

I

>1

, I

"

xxn.

PARSING.

L.

l ....l._ j

llcndrickson·s Practical Lessons in English Grammar.

"Friend" is a noun; third person; singular number; masculine gender; nominative case.
.
" Mine" is a pronoun; personal; first person ; singular num- .
ber; possessive case.
THIRD MODEL-This is the tree which produces, no fruit.
"Which" is a pronoun; relative; third person; singular number; nominative case.
EXERCISE.
l>irectiou-Parse the nouns and the pronouns in the following sentences:
1. George, bring me Haney's History, that book lying on the
ta ble. 2. The boys recite very well in arithmetic. 3. Both the
men brought their axes. 4. ·There are may negroes in Africa. 5.
Brigham Young had many wives. 6. Cofiee is spelled with two
f' s and with tw o e's. 7. Dot your i's and cross your t's. 8. Mary's
bonnet is here. 9. I have Brown's and. Clark's grammars. 10.
.James is studying Stoddard's and Henkle's algebra. 11. Teas and
g roceries for sa le here. 12. You Laplanders have large herds of
reindeer; ] 3. This is Tennyson the poet's home. 14. Where are
111 y c uffs? 1°5. I visited Misses Millie and Ada Chronister. 16. Oscar brought hi s book a nd put it on the table. 16. The messenger
h imself reveal ed the treachery. 17. Is this book yours or mine?
18. The girl who is industrious will succeed. 19. An improper
fraction is one whose denominator is less than its numerator.

lh C' fo l low ing :u"' th e rnod p]s f . . . .F1 H ~T J\Jor r·· 1 -· Tl
. . . OJ 11.11 s 111g· 11 0 1111 sa. nd pi-011 0 1111s:
" TrP:_.,, .. '. ,' - Je l.r.eo JS l.:n uw n hy itR fruit.
,e rs .1 no u u; th1nl 1•er"o 11 . . .
I
tive case.
" ' s111g 11 ar r11_1n:1her ; ll rHnin a -

" Itr
".
. s IS

pronoun ; p c1"m al · thi1 I
.
. .·
possess ive case
'
l J•eison, smgular nn111ber ·
'' Fn II't" JS
· a no u11; third person . si11•,. ul "1'
case.
' · " " nnm ber; obj ec tive

s

• EC ON])

"IIc" ·

:1

:lloilEL-U e is

'L

, .,

fri e .,
lit

1· . .

o n1111e.

•.
J~ a prnnoun ; p erso nal ; third JC rso11 . .
lllasculrn e " end er . no . . .
I ··
, s111g-ula1· 1111nibeJ"
b
'
iu1natt\' e case.
'

65

XXIII.

WRITTEN PARSING.
MODEL,

Cla-ss.

S entence.

r
will
grind
the
1nan 's
a.xe.

pronoun,

}

Sub. Div.

Modijkationa.

personal,

first per., sing. number, nom. case.

verb,
adjective,
noun,
noun,

third per., sing. number, poss. case.
third per., sing. number, obj. case,

----··

.
(j(j

ll rmlricksons l'raclical Lrssons in English r.ra;nmar.

- - - - - - ------··- ·---·--·-- - -

-

- -- -

EXERCIS I~ .

Direction - Parse t.he nounsand th e prononns in th e following sentences as direct.eel by th e a.hov e mrnl el : ] . Th e riv er flnw H.
2. H iv ers Jl ow . 3. Th e ho11se needs pain tin g. 4. Th e glasses arc
all b roken. 5. J uli a injn red h er book, and so il e<l mine. H. 1 cl o
n ot earn for wh at he say s. 7. This is the very dog t.ha.t bit .Ta.mes.
S. Th e boy wh om I instru ct learn s very fast. D. The yonng lady
is tryi ng to be an auth oress.

,)

llentlrickson's Practical Lessons in English Grammar.

67

1. Wolves ......... many sheep. 2. Caravans ... .... .. the great
desert. 3. Astronoiuers closely ......... the heavens · at night. 4.
E ngland ..... .... a powerful navy. 5. Th e Turks ......... coffee. 6.
Travelers .. ....... many strange things. 7. Cornwallis ......... his
arm y at York town .
J{ule ol-Do not introduce a preposition to govern the object of a tran sitive verb.
Ex1mc 1sE

III.

J)irc~ction -Co rrect

XXIV. THE VERB.
V erbs are user!: (I ) Ln th e predi cat e of a sentenc('; (2) As
the obj ect of th e preposition to; (:{) As th e modifi er of substa n tives
by assumin g some action or sta le in co'nn eet ion with it.
Jtc 1nark-We h ave omitted in th is chap ter the moods of
ve rbs. On r first obj ect in omittin g a class ilicat.ion or modificat.ion
is that it is impracticabl e. It is an absurdi ty to s11pposc that E ng lish vt•rbs can h:we the proprrty of nwrnl. Su ppos ing that th ey
ca n hav e, it wonk\ he <lifli c11lt to t·la H' ify th em. It would require
a voln 111 e to tli scuss t.hcm anti ouc 111:1stering them would not know
't single lin e of: En g lish g r:unm a.r.
Prin c iple - V erbs are distiu g ni shed as transitiv e a nd in tran s itive .
T11E T RANSITIVE

V 1mu.

Dcfi11itio11 -A trnusitive verb is one th at expresses :rn a.ctwn termin :ttin g on an object.
Exmte1 s 1~ I.
Direction - Tell t he trnn sitiy e v<•rh:; in th e foll owing sente nces:

). Jn.mes slrnck John. 2. Ann ha.5 read th e hook. 8. Trees
hear len.ves. 4. Th e cat has caugh t n. mouse. 5. H a ney brok e th e
slate. G. E llen wrote a. lette r. 7. Th e boys have fou rnl th eir skates.
8. Sca ling yo nd er pe:tk I saw a n eag le. D. H e end ca vo rs to worship God.
E XEllCIS~ JI.
Dircctio11 - Fill the blan ks in the foll owing sentences with
transiti ve verbs:

the errors in the following sentences :
MoDEL-He wi ll commence with his studies next week. He
will commence hi s studies next week.
1. 1 tlo not recoll ect of such a ma.n. 2. Why will men pnrsue
n fter pleasnre. 3. She will not permit of any interference. 4. I
h ave tri ed in vain to discover abo ut his plans. 5. Transitive verbs
d o not admit of prepositions after th em. 6. Man wants. for little
h ere below.
1~1Lle G2-A verb which is necessarily transitive requires an
object.
EXERCISE

IV.

Direction-Co rrect the errors in the following sentences :
J\fmmr,- She affects in order to ingra tia te with you. Sheaffects kindness in order to ingratiate h erself with you.
1. I must caution against a violation of this rule. 2. Praise
to God teach es to humble and lowly ourselves. 3. This a uthor has
endeavored t.o surpass. 4. Idleness and pleasure fatigue as soon as
b11 sin ess.
U,e1nark- Wh en any form of the verb be is joined to another
verb, the verb becomes passive. A verb without any form of the
verb be joined to it is active.
Itule G3-·wh en any form of the verb be (the forms of the
verb be are: be , been, am , is, are, a rt, was, wast, were) is added to
a tran sitive verb (the for m of the verb being changed to suit that
fo rm of th o verb be which is added) the object of the sentence
should be m ade the subject.
ExmwrsE

V.

Direction- Correct the cnors in the followit1g sentences:

I

·1
i

GR

llen!lrickson·s Practical J,essons in English Grammar.

i\l o n1; 1.- .Jo hn wn.< .i::i,·e11 :t lon.i.: l e~so n by th e teac he r. A long
l ~on was g ive11 to .John by th e teac he r.
1. Arthnr has been g iven a se,·ere re p riman1l hy hi s fath e r
~. ( )nr ministe r was 1-{i\·e n a ho1-;;c and carriage. 3. J was told tha t
story wh e11 I wa s :i little boy. 4. Ni11ce the n we hav e h<'"" g ive n
ve r; good adYiee. 5. I hav e bl'Cn ask1' d my opini on o n th a t suhject.
'J.'llE .l N'.l'ltA N ~ tTf V .. \T l<:!tB.

EXER CIS E

XXV.

L

])iL'C<'.tio11 - T e ll t he intr:111>itil' c Vl'rbs in th e followi11g se n·
tc11ces:
I. .J :unes sitH at. th e tabl e. :l . .Joh11 1n·nt to th e lw11 se. "·
(~ lb loves to play . 4. I l :l\'ing rec ited , I sa11g. ii. Snow melts in
the fire. Ii. llorses ga ll op in the fi eld. 7. Wat <' r nm s rlown hill .

IV.

Dirc1•tio11 - Correct the e rrors in the following sentences:
MoD1>:1..--Vocal and instrume nt.1,( mu sic were made use of.
Vocal and instrum ental music we re used .
I. J\ly origin a l purpo ·e was soo n lost sight of. 2. Th a t bnsill <'ss has hc<'n attended to. :t The awkwa.rd were laug hed at. 4.
This e vent. wns look ed for. 5. Such tal ent5 should be maLle use of.
ti. Th e boy ha.• been found fault with.

l )eli 11it;ion - A11 intran sitiv e ve rb is 011 e that d P1wt.es an
action no t te rmin a ting on an obj ect.
l!;x1·: 1w ts i-:

69

I.
I

PROPERTIES OF THE VERB.

1'1.'i11ciple- To m ust ve rbs belong th e properties of tense,,
numbe r a nd periwn.
TEN SE.

(;4- - ;\ Vt' rh whil'h is ll Pl'l'S,ar il _v i11tra11 sitivc sho11id
not h avt• an ohjc·cl.

Definition - Te nse is th a t property of the \•erb which disting uish es th e tim e of th e action or being.
J>L'in ci pl!'\- V e rbs have six le nses : the past; t11 e prior past ;
th e present ; the pri or present ; th e future, and the prior future .
J>cfinition-Th e past tense denotes past tim e .
])cli 11 i ti on - T he prior past tense denotes time past before
son1 e oth e r pa st t.i111 e 111entio11 ed.
J)efinition-The presen t tense denotes present time .
J)efinition -The prior pre,;ent tense denotes time past but
reaching t.o the present.
Definition- The [uture tense denot.ts future time.
Detlnition- The prior future tense denotes time prior the
future, but past as co mpared with some other fu t ure eve nt specified.

I )i1·1•1•.tio11 - Co n PC'l th e Pr.rors in th e foll o win g '" nl l' nceR:
:\l o u1·: r.- J fear mys" ll' th ere" "" spi l's ah rond . I fe a1· the re are
spi es abrnad.
I. Re tire t.h ec into ll1 e drawing-roo111. \l . Fa re th ee well. :{.
Nit th ee down a ml rest th P<' he r<>. ·I. li e will sno11 rnpe nt hin1 of
lii s crim e .
lt11l1\ (;i'; - A prnpo~it.io11 11111st. 11•11 be l'la ced a ft <' r an intrnnsitive vc rh as i t.s object.

J>irt\1•tio11 - T cll the tense of the verbs in the following sentences:
1. Th e .Jews we re peculiar peopl e. 2. If I we re he I would
not act so badly. 3. Obey the laws of yo ur country for conscience'
sake. 4 ..Job was pati ent. 5. I harl already expressed my opinion
before you spoke. (i. I had bee n :tsked about the matter. 7. I
have comple ted my book. 8. John has returned home. 9. I shall
see you. JO. I shall go home to-morrnw.

F:x1mursi-: 11.
l)it·cd:io11 - Fill th e bl:in ks in Ili c fo ll owin g sen tt- 111 .. ·~ with
inlrans itiY c \' erbi:.: :
1. J{o~C'~ . . . . .... . S \\'l'C t.

~ - ll1• rnp ......... in Kent11 eky . " ·Tea
... ...... from Chinn . 'I. Li vin gst•111 ......... in Afriea . i). Th e
lln11g ari a 11 :< .... ..... against. th e .\11stri:tns. (\. Vietoria

o Yer ]~ n g l :incl .

7. Uornwalli H . . . .

at Yorktown.

n. 1111 ~

E x EiteJSB

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llcnilricksons l'raclir:i\ J,mons in l!nglish Gramnrnr,

-· )

Ex1mc1i:; 1~ lI.
]lircctio11 - Fill th e fo llow ing blanks with verbs, an<l te ll
the tense of each :
1. Education ......... lllan superior to all other a nim als. 2.
Those who ... ... ... , .... .. .. . . 3. Men ..... .... not .. . . . .... 4. . ....... .
tl1at .. . ..... . in the city, I .... ..... ,to ......... him. 5 . ... ...... of his
illness,! ......... for a physician. fi. Washingto n ......... himf'e lf king .

EXERCISE .

Direction-Form the prior future tense of the following
,·erbs : 1. Please. 2. Exhanst. 3. Cross. 4. Sooth. 5. Gather.
(i. Bnrn . 7. Paint. 8. Play. 9. Rain.
Uulc 71-(1) Use the present tense in expressing what is
al ways true.
(2) Use the prior present tense in expressing past time reaching to the present.

FORMATION OF THE TENSES .

EXERCISE.

Ex1mcrs1~ .

EXERCISE.

Direction- Form the prior past tense of the following verbs:
1. Hope. 2. Embrace. 3. Asse mble. 4. 1\love. 5. L earn. G.
Call. 7. Laugh. 8. Jok e. 9. Tea.HP.
Rule GS- The prior prese nt tense is formed by prefixing
has, hast, or have before a past pttrtid pie.
EXER CIS E.

I>h'ection-Form the prior present tense of the following
verbs :
1. Play. 2. Curse. 3. Spell. 4. Co njugate. 5. Mew. Ii. Crow.
7. Hollow. 8 ..Jump.
l~ulc GU- The future ten~c is form e<l by prefi x ing ' hall or
will to the root o[ the verb.
ExERCISI~.
Di rcction-Form th e futlll'e tense of the following verbs:

71

1. Sing. 2. Drink. 3. Run. 4. Swim. 5. Mark. 6. Talk.
7. Speak. 8. Debate. 9. Defeat.
ltule 70- Th e prior future tense is formed by prefixing
sh a ll have or will have before a p!tSt participle.

The verbs has, hast, have, hail, sha ll a nd will are nscd to assist in forming the lenses o[ other verlis.
I~nle GG - The pnst tense of verbs is reg n larly form ed by
adding cl or eel to th e root (si mpl es t form) of the verb.

J)irection-Form the past tense of the following verbs:
1. Love. 2. R ecite. 3. Injure. 4. Tum. 5. Wish. ll. Study.
7. Save. 8. Repent. 9. Blush. 10. Inquire. 11. H e lp.
l~ulc 67- The prior past tense is form ed by prefixin g h a<l
before a. past participle. (See page - -.)

llendricksons Practical lesson; in English Grammar.

' ~~

..... . ;,I

l

Direction-Correct the errors in the following exercise:
lll ooET,-The teacher said the world was round. · The teacher
sai<l t.he world is ronn<l.
1. "Copernicns was the first to teach' that th(, earth moved
ronnd the snn." 2. The minister said that God was love. 3. The
lec turer sa id the earth revolved from west to east. 4. The experiments proved that water was impenetrable. 5. They are traveling
for the last three month8. 6. Living with lH>r for three years, I
know h er disposi tion . 7. Beatty is long been known as the manufacturer of organs and pianos.
<
Rule 72 -( 1) Use the past tense in expressing what is absolutely past.
(2) Use the prior past tense in expressing time past before
some other past even l.
ExmwISE.

Direction-Correc t the errors in the following· sentences:
Monm ,-A great storm has set in yesterday. A great storm
set in yesterday.
1. I have seen Flora last week. 2. Prof. Mann has lectured
to us yesterday on English grammar. 3. I have seen Mr. McAnelly
at hi s hom e yesterday. 4. I attended school in New York before
last wint er. 5. I delivered lectures here before I went to Europe.
Rule 73-Use the vrior future tense in expressing an action

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Hcot!rickson's Practical tmons in English Grammar.

Hendrickson's Practical J,cssons in English Grammar.

73

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or state in the future as completed before some other future tirne
specified.
EXERCISE.

Direction-Correct the errors in the following sentences:
MooEJ.-I shall go to school before you. I shall hav e gone
to school before you go.
1. I will go to Washington before I reach Albany. 2. l will
reach my seventeenth year before this book is published . ~. You
will learn grammar before you fini sh arithmetic. 4. I sha ll arri ve
th ere before you start.
PERSON AND

N UMllER.

Dcfinitious-(See pages 47 and 49.)
l"te1na.rk-The person and the number of the verb is the
same as th e person and number of il' subject.
EXERCISE

I.

Direction-Tell the person and the nu mbe r ef the verbs in
the fo ll owing sen tences: I. God moves in a mysterious wny.
2. Thou seest me. 3. L ittle women sometim es h ave great minds.
4. An honest man is the noblest work. 5. Deer a re innocent a nimals. 6. Stnd y diligently to improve your mind.
Ex1mcrsE

II.

Direction - Fill the foll ow in g blanks with Yerbs and tell
the person and the number of each: I. l ......... 2. You ........ .
4. She ........ . problems for Annie. 5. T hey
3. Thou .........
.. ....... in their undertaki ng. G. Ye .... .. ... 7. It ......... 1111d the
air ... ...... cold.
ltnle 7 4 - vVh en the verb is varied to denote its person a nd
num ber, the second person, singular n11rnber is regularly formed by
add ing st or est to the first person; :md the third person, sing uhtr
number is for med by adding s or cs to th e first person.
EXERCISE

III.

Direction-Form the si ng nl ar number ancl the second and
third persons of the following verbs, and correct the furm:ttion of
th e second person, singular number of th e latter fonr : 1. Love.
2. Dye. ~. Go. 4. Do. 5. See. G. Eat. 7. Make. 8. Come.

\

9. Cut. JO. Blow. 11. Thou lovedest. 12. Thou walkedest. 13.
Thou strengthenedest. 14. Thou triedest.
Remark 1-The following verbs are very irregular in the
formation of their plurals:
S1NGUT,AR -Is, was, has.
l'J.,URAL -Are, were, have.
ltema.r1<: 2 -The verb be has am for the first person and is
for th e third person.
l"tule 71i-A verb must agree with its subject iu person and
number.
EXEH Cl SE

lV.

DiJ.·cction-Correc t the errors in the following sentences:
Mom:r.-Some boys writes carefu ll y. Some boy• write carefully.
1. The houses needs painting. 2. Sheep furnishes us with an
im portant article of cloth ing. 3. The three cann on of the enemy
is roaring . 4. No, says I. 5. We agree, says t hey. G. The
measles is in town . 7. i\l atherrntt ics' is hard to learn. 8. Polities
concerns all men. \).The man's headquarters is at New York. 10.
-The victu als is prepa recl . 11. lt is I tha t is wrong. 12. She is one
of those cheerful women that a lways wears a sm il e. 13. The absLU"d ity of many of Mo hammed's doctri1irs are eviden t. 14. The
memoranda that is lost wou ld tell us abou t that.
l"t nl< ~ 76 - A noun naming a coll ection of objects, used as
the subj ec t, requires its verb to be plural when th e indi vidu als in
th e ~o ll ec ti o n are tho11 ght of; but, when the co llection as a whole
is thought of, the verbshoulrl be sin gu lar.
EXERCISE

v.

Direction-Correct the errors in the fo llowing sentences:
Mo1rnr,-A number was in clin ed to turn back.
A nnmber
were incli ned to tnrn back.
1. The mu lti tude were of one mind. 2. The multitude were to
large to n11m ber. 3. The n11mher present were not ascertained.
4. The public is in vi ted to attend . 5. The assembly was divided
in their opin ion. (). The committee was un an im ous in their decis ion.

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llendrickson·s Practical J,essons in English Grammar.

75

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ltnlc 77 - Two or more s nbj ~ c t s of th e same ve rb t:1ken toge the r 1·e•)11ire the verb to be pl11ral unl ess th ey a re but difle re n t
nam es for the s:1111 e person or thing, or when th ey are eqrrn l to b11t
one na me.

wrong. 8. Neither t he men nor the boy was present. · 9. Either
the !'resid en t an d his cabin et or t he q ueen h as made a great ,
mista ke.
V erbs whi ch h rwe no s ubj ects are disti ngu ish er! as t he infinitive a nd t he partiei pi e.

Exi;;nc is 1°: VI.
1 )irection -Co n·ee l the l' IT<'1'S in th e fo ll ow ing sen tence's:
?. l o1>EL- lg no ran c·c and <·1·11 .. lt y has canscd t his cru e lty. Tg noran cc and crnclLy h:l\'<' <·:111sPd tl1i s 1'. l'll l' lt y.
1. J\111 c ri ca a nd E11ropc is tht-ec th nns:uu l miles distant from
fro m each other. 2. Lnrln stry and frn g alit y le ads to wealth. 3.
Brea d a.nd milk a rc t he bcs l food for c hildren. 4. To s pin and to
weav e, to k nit a nd to se w, was on ce a g irl's e111pl oyn1 ent; but now . .
to d ress and cu tc h a bean is :d i r; he ca ll s e11joyn1 c11l. 5. T o b~
rou nd or sq ua re, to be so lid or fl11 id , and to be rn o\' ed s wiftly or
slowly, is equa ll y a lie n to thoug ht. 6. T hat we mu st lm1rn, that
we must wo rk, a nd t hat we mnst succeed, is trnth s whi c h we sh ould
ne ver d o11bt. 7. That th crc is n. God, and that h e c reated a ll
thin gs, is know n tru t hs. 8. Th e tea che r :Llld author were in town
yesterday.
ltnlc 78- ( 1) Two or mo re sing11 l:ir subjects o[ a. verb take n
separately req uire t he verb to be si ng ular.
(2 ) W hen wbjec ts co nn ected by or or nor a re in ditle rcnt 111nube rs t he ve rb s ho uld be 111 ade plural , a nd th e plu ral subj ect o r s ubjec ts sh ould be p laced nearest to it.
(3) \ Vir en verbs taken se parat e ly are of diffe ren t pe rsons the
verb s hould be re pea ted with eac h if a diffo ren t fo rm is re<1uired.

Ex1mcn:: 1;;.
Direction- Correct th e erro rs in t he fo l low ing senten ces :
J\Io rH:J,--Every twig and eve ry d rop of wate r tee111 wi th life.
E ve ry twig and e very drop o f wa te r teems wit Ii life.
1. Not onl y Virgini a, b11t ~ la s,mc hn se tt s a lso, we n' se ttl ed by
th e E ng li Rh . 2. E ne rgy, a nd nothing b 11 t (•ncrgy, will insm c s 11 cccss. ;;_ Be nto n, an cl lt c11. .J :u · k ~on a lsn, we re a. nativ e o f North
C:trnlina.. 4. De ll a, if not Ella, were prese nt.. ii. \ ·Vashington, as
we ll as .Jackson, we re a brave man. 6. Not o nl y I, b11t yo u :d so,
was to blame. 7. E it he r· yon or you r brotht> r has inform ed 111e

XXVL

THE INFINITIVE.

l ) c fi 11 iUon - Th e infini t ive is rt verb which names the action
o r being without asserting it of a nythin g; a nd it is generally tlie
object of th e preposition to.
EXERCISE.

I

I

Direction- T e ll the infinitives in the fo ll owing sente nces:
1. I want yo n to go to town. 2. I will try to write. 3. I came
h ere to talk. 4. I Phall wa it for him to get ready. 5. W e h ave
wor k for hi m to do. 6. I thought it str ange for h im to ha ve fail ed.
7. A re you goi ng to recite you r lesson in geometry?
T he present tense o[ th e infinitive is the sim plest fo rm in wh ich
the infinitive is found a nd it a llrny s h as to pl aced before except after certain ve rbs named in R ule 84.
ltnlc 7H-The prior present tense of the infinitive is formed
by placing lo h ave before a pa st partic iple.
EXERCISE.
Direction-Fo r m th e prior present te nse of t)10 infinitive
from the following verbs:
I. Use. 2. Yoke. 3. Pra cti ce. 4. Owe. 5. Iieject. 6. Touch.
7. Qualify. 8. Negl ect. 9. Purchase.
ltnle 80-( 1) Use t he present infinitive to express an acti on or s ta te n ot comple ted at t he t ime denoted by the pri ncipa l
ve rb. (2) Use t he prio r presen t infinitive to express an action or
state com pl e tctl.
ExmteISE.
] )it•cc l;ion- Co1Tect t he errors in the following sentences:
:Monr.:r,--J-Ie ex pected to h ave r e tu rned !.<>-morrow. I-le ex,
p ec ted to r e turn to-morrow.
1. The Nor wegians are th ought to cross th e Atl antic before

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llcmlriekson's l'r:rnli1ml J,cssons in English Grammar.
76

Co l11nilrns. 'l. Be fore t his tim e t.o·mo rrnw we <rnght to h :w P rel'ein•d a let ter. a. !Jiu .1·011 ''' l""'l t11 h:tve ncco n1pli s h what no
one e lse ha s e1·e r d one hef.,n· ·1 4. I ''' J>CC'I tn ha \'<' g rad 11 ated nex t
yPa r . ;). li e is re pnrtcd to s tndv l1efo 1·e he e r. te red sc hoo l.
Jt11le 81 ·-·The J' r<' J"'·" i1i11n for n11 '"t n11 L in1n1 edi :1.lely preecde
thl' inlinitiv c.
J':.\l.JH Cl l' I·: .

Hh·eetio11 - Co rrcct th e e rrors in t he fo ll ow ing sen te nces:
~lonEr ,.- 1 le is t ry in g· fo r to s11 cceed.
JJe is try ing to succeed.
l . Neve r be hc11 evo ient f11r 111 he see n of me n . 2. 'We a ll love
for lo be p raised . :;. A lways slri1·c for to pl e ase yonrself. 4. Ever
t ry for t-0 get :111 ed ncat ion
ltulc 82- The conj11n cl.ion :ind >< hon Id not t ake the pla ce
o f to before th e infiniti ve.
l 1 : x 1-:1 tc l ~E .

I >irc c tio11 - l ~o rrec t th e <' ITOr>< in t h e fo ll o win g sen tences:
~I ODE I,- Try a nd writ<' wh<•n ·"'"' get h om e.
Try to writ e
when you get h o n1 c .
2. E ndeavo l'
l . Try a nd do as we ll as po"-' ihl e thi s e vening
and d o yo ur best in wl'ili ng thi > l' XC'r eise. ~- Tn· :i nd send the
hoo k l1y John . 'I. l•;nd e:wor a nd re 111:1in w here yo n arc fo r a yea r
longer .
l{.ule s:; - An :11 1\·, ·rb "" "t not he pl aced be twee n to, whe n
it is 11 scd before th l' infinitiv e, :1 11<1 t he infinitive.
l ~ .\EJW I SJ> .

Di1•cctio11 - «or rcd th e c1T11l's in th e f1Jll o win g sen tences:
}I.I Ol>F.L -'l'o c1w rgc til'a I h· pe rform my la bors l'eq11 i res eflo l't.
E ne rgeticall y t.o pNfn r111 m y labors rc'lnires e H<1r t.
J. It is th e dnl y nf l h•• 111 i11i s l• •r In sl<•rnl y re l111lu· sin wlw rcve r
li e rn:ty find i t.

1'•

77

ll r111lrie.kson·s l'rartiral l.mnns in F.nglish Grammar.

2. Tit (• g r a n1111 ari:1 11 is 11nt tu ercatC' rul es Uut to

pati ently d cdnl'C lh e111 from th e writin 1,.-s nf s tandard nut.h ors. ::\.
I. see m lo dis tinetl y hehold th e wh o le scene . 4 . I s hall end ea vor
tn s tren11 o usly cont end for the 1·ighl. :). li e tries to care lessly perf11rn1 hi s exel'cise.
H.nl c 84. - To s houlcl be om itted o nl y a ft er the• <tetivc ve rbs

h ear, m a.k<'. bid ( mean ing order), fee l ( wh e n transiti ve and used
li te rall y), see ( wh en transitive) , a nd after le t, wheth er active or
passive.

ExE1teISE.
I >inwtion - Co rrect th e errors in th e fo ll owing se111 ences:
MOPEL-Chri st m nd e. the Ja m e to w a lk a nd the blind to see.
Chri st 1nade th e lam e wa lk and th e blind see.
1. Th ~ teac her bade John to come in t he house 2. I fee l the
pain to d a rt from o ne finge r to a noth er . 3 . .A few words were l~t
to s lip that n1acl e m e to a p prehend dan ger.
4. Do you feel th at it
would be ri g h t t•J le ave when you were bidden remain? 5. You
can h ear th e volcan oes to rnmbl e as if cannon were booming in
th e distance. 6. l'I Pase so lve t his q uestio n for me. 7. Help us
pay fo r t hi s ente rpri se.

XXVII. THE PARTICIPLE .
DeH11ition - A pa1·ti c ipl e is a verb that in addition to its
uses as a verb pe rfoms t h e oflice of an adjectiv e.

EX El\ OI SE.
J)it-ection - T e ll th e 1nirti c iples in th e following sentences :
1. John hn~ play ed ha ll. 2. By wri t ing frequently a nd co rrecting
what w~ have writt en we learn to write. 3. H a ving been cond emne<l to death Soc rntes r efu sed to save his life by sec retly
escaping. 4. J] as he wri tten a le tter ? 5 . Do what is right, leaving the consequencf's to t ake care of them selves: .
.
_
Jtnle 8()-Th e p resent tense of the part1c1ple is form ed by
ann ex ing in g to t he root o f the ve rb.
EXEH C I S~~ 1>i r cc t«io11 -Fo rrn the present parti c iple of th e fo llo wing
verbs: ]. R ead. 2. Go . 3. Lay. 4. Write. 5. Fly . 6. Grind.
7. G row. 8. Hmt. H. K nee l. JO. Dig. 11. Do. 12. Be.
H.nle 87 - Th e p ast tense of t h e participle is formed by
acid i ng eel to t he root o f th e verb .

ExmteISE.
Direction-Form the past participle of the following verbs:

l

l~

78
1. Iiespect. 2. Healize. :~ . Turn. 4. Pl ow. 5. Save. G. Aid.
7. W':tlk. 8. Recite. !l. L:111 g l1.
:H.1.1Ic 88.- Th" prior prcsC' nt tense of th e part.icipl e .is fo rmed
by pla<'mg having before a past pa rticipl e.

1-

.F,:-;1mC1SE.
.
:Bit·cctio u - Form t he pri or 111·csm1t part.i cipl n o f the foll owmg verbs : 1. Wh cPl. 2. Part. 8. Sco ld. 4. Wouml. 5. Aston ish.
6. Con cern. 7. Apologize. S. Stud y.
. ltnl~~ . SH- The, this, that , a, an, placed befo re a participl e
a.s 1t.s mod1her C<~ nv crt R t.he parti cipl e into a. noun, :rnd the preposi- ·
t1on.of mu st be rntrodu ced if an objec t foll ows.

Ex1rnc 1sE.

lJi r ec tion-·Correct th e errors in the fol lowing sentences:
MoDEJ.-They refuse accepting the offered mercy. They refu se to accept the offered mercy .
1. A ma.n's utterly neglecting the laws of health rnnst sooner
or la ter bring on disease. 2. We shall hereafter fo~·bear endeavoring to co ncili a te them. 3. I remember its being considered q uite
a voyage to ascend the Hudson to Albany. 4. They refuse reciting
their pra ye rs .
List- T he following verbs do not form their past tense and
pnst participl e reg ularly : those m arked "r" have a lso regular
form:
Present.

Abi11e,

J)it•1•ctio11 - Co rrect th e errors in the fo llowing se ntences:
l\lo 1n·: L-Trne happiness res ults from th e <loin " one's dutv
T ru e I1:ipp1ness
.
J ·
res ults from th e doing of one's duty. "
.1. Th e study ing aritl 1111cti c i" very plcns:111t. 2. l'his in cre
read1~1 ~ books cannot edu cate a. n1'rn. 3. Th ere is no charity in
th e g 1.v 1ng . mo1~e~ to drunk anl s. ·I. l':trsing is th e resolv ing a sente r'. ce H1to its d11Tercnt part s of speech. 5. 1\nd his whol e li fe was a
dorng tir e will of hi s fath er.
U .ulc VO-Verbs of p reven ting shonld govern a noun or a
p ronoun in the object ive case, :111<1 i[ a pa.rli ciple fo ll ow, it should
be governc<l by th e pre pos iti on froru.

arise,

Hea r,
beat,
behold,
bend,
beset,
bet,
bind,
bleed ,
blow,
breed,
build,
burst,
Cast,
chide,
cleave,

ExmwrsE.

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ExEncrsE.

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Dircctio11 - Co rrccl the errnrs in the foll owin g sc•ntences :
. . l\Jo1>1:;1,-Adtl two oun ces of s11gn r to prevent .its being inS.i]Hll. Ad<l .tw o o.11nces of suga r tu preve nt it. from be in g insipid.
1..No thrn.g will prevent hi K being :t st11dr nt. 2. Does th e present acc!d e1'.t l11nd e r your being ho1wst and brn,·e? 3. Nothing b11 t
deter1111n :tl10n can pt eYent i t~ always tak ing pla ce. ,!. Thi s did not
prevent ~·o h n's .be in ~ di sco11rngcd. 5. Th e infirmities of age prevented l11 s bcanng 111s part of olli ci:t! duty.
. l<.nle Hl - Do not use a participl e whPn its nsc is attend ed
with a wkwardn ess or obscmity.

llentlrickson's l'raet.ical kssons m English Grammar.

cling ,
co 1ne ,

creep,
cnrse,

Dare,
dig,

Pa st.

Past Pal't. Present.

abode.
a.risen.
bn.re, bore, born.
beat.
beat,
beheld .
beheld,
bent, 'r.
bent, r
beset.
beset,
bet.
bet,
bound .
bonnd,
bled .
bl ed,
bl own, r.
bl ew, r
bred.
bred,
built.
built,
burs t, r.
bnrst, r
cast,
cast.
chic!,
chidden.
clove, cleft, cloven.
clun g.
clun g,
co me.
came,
crept, r.
crep t, r
cu rsed .
cursed,
da.red.
dared,
1lug.
dng,
abo<le,
arose,

am,
awake,
bear,
begin,
belay,
ber"'ave,
beseech,
bid, .
bite,
bless,
brake,
bring,
burn,
buy,
catch,
choose;
cleave,
dot he,
cost,
cr9w,

cut,
deal,
dive,

Past.

Past Part.

was,
been.
awoke, r awake, r.
bore, bare, borne.
began,
begun .
belaid, r bela.id, r.
bereft, r bereft, r.
besought, besought.
bade, bid, bidden.
bit,
bitten, bit.
bl est,
blessed.
broken.
broke,
brought, brought.
burnt, r
burned, r.
bought,
bought.
caught,
caught.
chose,
chosen.
cleaved, cleaved.
clad, r.
cl ad, r
cost.
cost,
crew,
crowed.
cut.
cut,
dealt.
dealt,
<liven.
dove,

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\I

II:1

'.\

i

~ ()

llrr11lrii:h1111's l'rarlir;d

Present.
do,
rlrc:uu,
dri ve,
E at.,
Fall,
fee l,
find ,

lli11g,
fo rbear,
fornak c,
n e t.,
girt,
go,
gri11d ,

JI :uw
. ,.
hea r,
he w,
hit.,
hurt,
Kee p,
knil ,
f,acl c,
lead,
leap.
lea ve,

let,
I ig-JIt,
Make,
rn ec t,
Out d o,
l'ass,
pe n,
11rovc,

Quit,
lfop,

Past .

Past Part. Pmsnnt.

did,
don e.
rl reamed, r d rc~t, r
drove,
dl'iven.
ate,
eaten.
fe ll,
fa ll en.
fe lt,
f..tt.
fo und ,
f1111nd.
fl11n g,
fl11ng.
fore bore,
forborn e.
fo1 .,,oo k,
forsa.ken.
got,
go tten .
gird, r
g ird , r.
W<:' nt ,
go ne.
g round,
g round .
h:inrre(f

"' '
'"' :II'<] ,
li e \\' ed,
hi t,
h111t,
kept.,
knitted,
laded,
led,
leaped ,
le ft,
kt,

J,,,,.,11 , in F.iiglish Grammar.

hung.

heard .
he wn.
hit.
h11rt.

draw,

drink ,
dw ell,
fe ed ,
fi g·ht,

fl ee,
fl y,
fo ri,:t>t,
freeze,
g ild ,
g ive,
g rave,
gTow ,

Ii ave,
hea ve,
hid e,
ho ld ,

kept.
knee l,
knit,kilterl. kn nw,
lade n.
la.v,
led.
lea n,
lea ped.
lea rned,
left.
lend ,
let.
li e,
lig'ht~d, lit, li g l1tcd,li1.. lose,
niade,
Illa de.
1nea11,
met,
Ill C l.
rn ow,
o u t did ,
nut d uue.
passed ,past,past..
pay,
penn ed,
penned.
pl ead,
p1·ovet1 ,
pro ven.
put,
qnit k d,
q11ittcd.
rapped ,
rnpt.
read,

'·

Past.

Past· Part.

drew,
drank,
dwelt,

drawn.
drunk.
dwelt.

fer! ,

feel.
fo11g ht.
fi e<!.
fl ow n.

fo11ght.,
lied,
He w,
forgot.,
froze,
g il t., r
g ave,
g raved,
g re w,
h ad,
h eaved,
hid,
held,

.

.,,,,...'l
Present.

fo rgottc~n.

frozen.
g ilt, I'.
g i\·en.
grave n.
gro w11.

had.
heav ed.
hidd en, hid
he ld.

knelt,
knew,
laifl ,
leaned,
learned,
lent,
lay,
loRt1
meant,
lllOWed,

kn eelcd.
known .
la yed .
leant.
lea rn t.
le nt.
lain.
Jo,t.
meant.
mown .

paid,
pl ead ed,
p11t,

p aid.
pi ed .
put.

read,

l't•:tcl.

~ ·

,,..,. ,

"",,,..._,,,.

81

Hendriekson's Pradieal J,essons in English Grammar.

re nd,
ride,
rise,
roast,
run,
Saw,
see,
sell,
set,
shape,
shear,
shine,
shoe,
shoot,
shrink,
sing,
sit,
sleep,
sling,
slit,
smite,
speak,
spell,
spill,
split,
spoil,
spring,
stave,
steal,
sting,
stride,
string,
strow,
sweat,
swell,
swing,

Past.

Past Part. Present.

rent,
rent.
rid,
rode,
ridden.
ring,
risen.
rose,
rive,
roasted,
roasted.
rot,
ran, rnn, run,
sawed,
sawn.
say,
saw,
seen.
seek,
sold.
sold,
send,
set.
shake,
set,
shaped,
sh a pen.
shave,
sheared,
shorn .
shed,
shined,
shone.
show,
shod,
shod.
shot.
shred,
ehot,
shrunk,
shrunk.
shut,
sink,
sung, sang, sung.
slay,
sat,
sat.
slept,
slept.
slide,
slung.
slink,
slung,
slitted, slit, slitted, slit. Rmell,
smote,
smitten.
sow,
s poke,spake,spoken.
speed,
spelled,
spelt.
spend,
spilt.
spin,
spilled,
split.
spit,
split,
s pread,
spoilt.
. spoiled,
sprung.
stand,
sprang,
stay,
staved,
stove.
stick,
stolen.
stole,
stink,
stung.
stung,
stridden. strike,
strode,
stringed, · strung.
strive,
swear,
strowed,
strown.
sweep,
sweat.
sweat,
swollen.
swim,
swelled,
swung.
swung,

Past.
rid,
rang,rung,
rived,
rotted,
said,
sought,
sent,
shook,
shaved,
shed,
showed,

Past Part.
rid .
rang,rung.
riven.
rotten.
said.
sought.
sent.
shaken.
shaven.
shed.
shown.

shred.
shred,
shut.
shut,
sunk, sank, sunk.
slew,
slain.
Blidden.
slid,
slunk,
slunk.
smelled,
smelled.
sowed,
sown.
sped.
sped,
spent,
spent.
spun.
spun,
spit.
spit,
spread.
sprea.d ,
stood.
stood,
staid.
Btaid,
stuck,
stuck.
stunk.
stunk,
stricken.
struck,
striven.
strove,
swore,
sworn.
swept,
swept.
swum.
swam,
J

,;::,,,,.,
-

-~-

'j

R2

llrn1lrir.kson·, l'r:i cl.fral lmons in RngJi,h flramnrnr.

Ilenclrickson's Praet.ir~l Lessons in English Grammar.

- - - - -- ------ - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -Present.

Prrsl.

'l'a ke,
tea r,
think,
t hrew,
trl'ad ,
Wake,

took,
tore,
tho ug ht.,
th rowed,
trod ,

Past Part . Present.
taken .

wed ,
wet,

teach,
lorn .
tel I,
lho11ght.
thrive,
thrown.
thrn st,
t.ru1lden,tn><l.
wake<I,
woke .
wax,
wore,
worn.
weave,
wee!.
wedded ,
Wf'e p,
wctted,wet, wetted, wet. whet,

win ,

won ,

,-..·ear,

wo n.

wind ,

Past.

t aug l1t.

waxed,

waxen.
weavcn .
wept.
whet.
wound.
wrung.

wove,

wept,
whetted,
woun d,
wrung,

XXVIII.

Past Part.

taught.,
tnld,
t.hl'ivecl,
thrn st,

told.
th rive n.
thrnst.

worked,
worked ,
wrought.
wring,
write,
wrote,
writte n, writ..
ltulc H2-( I) Be careful tn g ive cve r.v verh its pro) "'" form.
12) Do not uHe t he ex pressions h ad n't. ought, or hat! oug ht; also , impropnr co11traction s of the verb shn1dd lie avo id Prl.

Ex 1mctsE.

83

CONJU GATION OF VERBS.

lte111arJ.:-The verbs may, can, must, need, might, could,
and would are auxi lia ry verbs denoting permi8Sion, possibility,
ability, desire, necessity, etc. In the conjugation (by conjugation
is meant the carrying of a verb through its tenses, persons, and
numbers) given below will be found their various forms :

THE VERJ3 BE.
PRESENT TENSE.

Sin,qular.

&ngular.
ii { 1 I am,

~

~

2. 'J..'hotr a rt,
3. He is.

1. I may, can, must, or need be,
2. Thou mayst, canst, must, or needst be,
3. He may, can, must, or ueed be.

Plural.

Plural.
ii { 1. vVe :u'e,

~

~

2. You are,
3. They a re.

1. 'vVe may, can, m ust, or need be,
2. You may, can, must, or need be,
3. They may, can, must, or need be.
PRIOR PRESENT TENSE.

Direction - Co rrect th e e nors in th e fo ll owi ng sent ences :
MODEL-

1

done it myRelf.

I did it m ysPIL

1. Do what he ha s had e yon d o. 2. Iler tong ue cleft to th e
roof of
rnonlh. :i. I le clnn1h :1 I rec. •I. \Ve have c:n11 c h<'l'C
for a spec ial purpose. G. •Jo hn co me h ere y<'ste rd ay. G. Who
d une that ? i. What h as he <lid? 8. You driv your horse too fast.
U. H e may h ave went to T exas. JO. We heared him la ugh. 11. I
laid d ow n and took a na p. 12. r seen hi1n on the st reet. yesterday.
1:1. I ha ve saw me n do that before. l'J. Rhe spi11n e1l all thy. 15.
Nhc has wrote me a le tter. 16. Has he swo re to it? 1i. Yo n mig ht
have c hose so rne t.hing better. 18. l ha ve wore th a t hat. l!J. H e
has too k hi s son to the city. 20. ~ l r. llod;.;cs tcac hcd sc hoo l he re.
21. My hook has heen tore. 2i. I lave yo n shoo k the bottle? 23.
The boys fit. each othe r. 24. l hav\' cat. my h1·eakfast. 2G. lfarln ' t
you helter be go in g to sc hoo l 'I 21i. l did not know that I hadn 't
011ght. to go. 27. I ain 't mi1 ch co ld . 28 1-(,. h ad o ught t.o study
gram nrar . 2\l . I had as lief to g·n as to s tay . :~o. Yon hadn 't
ought to at.tend play pa r ties. ~l l. Th ey <lcaletl ge n tly with the boy.

Ji,.,.

Singulai'.
( 1. r h :we been,
~ ~ 2. Th ou hast been,

cl:; I 3. He has been.

L

&ngular.
1. I may, can, must, or need h a ve been,
2. Thou mi ghtst, coulrl§t, must, or needst
have been,
3. He might, could, must, or need have
been.

I

. .!

Plural.

I'lttral .
i { 1. vVe have been,
[!! 2. Yon h ave been,
O:: 3. They h ave been.

1. 'vVe may, can, must, or need h ave been,
2. You ma y, can, mu st, or need h ave been,
3. They may, can, must, or need h ave been.
PAST 'l'ENSE.

Sinr11tlai._

~ { ~: {.~";~~'wast,

~

3. H e was.

Plnral.

g { 1.
;;:

~

vVe were,
2. You wen',
3. They were.

Si119ulur.

1. I might, co uld, would . or should be, .
2. Thou mightst. cou ldst,wt•uldst, or shouldst be,

3. He might , cou ld, would, or should be.

Plural.
]. " 'e' might, cou ld, would, or should be,
2. Yo u mi ght, could, wou ld, or should be,
3. Th ey might, coul cl, would, or should be,
/

l

84

Hendrickson's PrarfaAtl Le.<soni in English Grammar.

Hendrickson's Practical Lessons in English Grammar.

Plt!OR PAST TENSE.

!

Singu/,ar.
1. I had been,

r
i 2. Thou hadst been,
3. He had been.

i:i...

l

l
i:i...

Plural.
1. vVe lrnd been,
2. You had been,

1

3. They had been.

Singular.
I. I might, could, would, or should have
been,
2. Thou might.st, couldst, wouldst, or
shou ldst have been,
3. He might , conld, would, or should
lrnv c bec•n
Plural.
1. We might, could, would, or should
have been,
2. You might, could, would, or should
have been,
3. They might, could, would, or should
have been.
FUTURE TENSE.

S inyular.
§ { 1. I shall or will be,
11::
2. Thou shalt or wilt be,
~ 3. He shall or will be.

Plural.
1. We shall or will be,
2. You shall or will be,
3. They shall or will be.

PRIOR FUTUHE TF.NSE.

Singular.

Plural.
1. We shall or will have been,
2. Thou shalt or wilt have been, 2. You shal.I or will have been,
3. He shall or will have been, 3. They shall or will have been.

§ { l. I shall or will have been,
11::

~

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.
§ { 1. I rule,
~
:l. Thou rulest,
~ 3. He rules.
Plural.
g
We rnle,
~
2. You rule,
~ 3. They rule.

{I.

p AitTICIPLES.
Present ............................ . .. .. .............. Being.
Past
........ .. .......... ... .......... .. ........... Been.
Prior present .. .... .. .............. .. ...... Having been.

Tu_; V1mn

gated. In the second column will be found a conjugation of the
passive verb rule:

Plural.
1. We are ruled
2 You are ruled,
3. They are ruled.
PRIOR PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.
1. I have been ruled,
2. Thou hast been ruled.
3. He has been ruled.
Plural.
1. We have been ruled,
2. Yon have been ruled,
3. They have been ruled.
PAST TENSE,

§
~

~

{I.

Singular.

Singular.
I rul'ed,
2. Thou ruledest,
3. He ruled.

1. I was ruled,

2. Thou wast, or wert, ruled,
3. He was ruled.
Plural.
1. We were ruled,
2. You were ruled,
3. They were ruled.

Plural.

§ { 1. We _ruled,
11::

~

2. You ruled,
3. They ruled.

PRIOR PAST TENSE.

g
~

~

§
~

~

Singular.
I had ruled,
2. Thou hadst ruled,
3. He had ruled.
Plural.
{ 1. We had ruled
2. You had ruled,
3. They had ruled.

{I.

Singular.
1. I had been ruled,
2. Thou hadst been ruled,
3. He had been ruled.
Plural.
We had been ruled,
2. You had been ruled,
3. They had been ruled.

I.

FUTURE TENSE.

"RuLE."

ltcnuirk-In th e first column the active verb rnle is conju-

Singular.
I am ruled,
2. Thon art ruled,
3. He is ruled.

Singular.
§ { I. I have ruled,
~
2. Thou hast ruled,
~ 3. He has ruled.
Plural.
g { 1. We have ruled,
~
2. You have ruled,
~ 3. They have ruled,

INFINITIVES.

Present ............................ .. ...... .. .. Be, or to be.
Prior present.. ........... .. ...... ......... To have been.

I.

g
~

~

{I.

Singular.
I shall or will rule,
2. Thou shalt or wilt rule,
3. He shall or will rule.

I.

Singular.
I shall or will be ruled,
2. Thou shalt or wilt be ruled,
3. He shall or will be ruled.

85

\\
i;

I

I

Su

g
~

~

ll cmlriekson s l'raetic:i \ J,c&<ons in English Grnmnrnr.

{I.

Pl11rnl.
\Ve s hall or wi ll rnle,
2. You sh:tll or wi ll rnl e,
:1. They s hall or will rnle.

Plum!.
2. Yon sh:tll or will be rnlt>tl,
3. They s h:tll or wil I be rnled.
Tl':N ~ J':.

Si11 g 111 :tr.

Ringu~:Lr .

p. l

s lrnll or will have
rnl e<I,
Thon Hhal Lor wi It have
"' J
ruled ,
0... I 3. H e s hall or will have
l
rnl etl.

1. J s h:dl or will h:we bee n rnl ecl,

l'lural.
1. W e s lrnll or will have
,: I . rnl ed,
~ 1 2. Yon shall or will have
Q; I
ruled
P-<
They sl;all or will have
r1dc<I.

Plural.
1. We shall or will have been .
mice! ,
2. You s hall or will hav e been
ruled,
3. They sli:tll or will hav e l1ee11
rnl ecl .

,: I
§ J 2.

l:.l .

2. Thou sli:tlt or will hnv e been
rnlecl
3. li e s h:;ll or will h ave heen
rnl ed.

lNFlNITJ VES .
l'RJ,S J·:N 'I'

TJ·: NSI':.

lt nl c, or, to rule .... ..... .......... .. ...... .To be rnl ecl .
.PART TEN S J•: .

To have rnl ed ..... . .... ........... T o ha.ve been rnl ed.
PAHTJC[PL,g S.
I' fl I, S E K 'I'

'I' J•; N S I•: .

Jt ulin g .. ......... ........ ...... . ............. Be ing rnl ed .
J'AS'I' 'l'l•:NS E .

Jtu :eu ......................... . ....................... Huled.
PH.JOH. J»rtES EN'I'

TEN S I ~.

Having ruletl ... .'.. .... ........... Jl av iug beeu rnl ed.

XXIX.

'.Y

1. We sh a ll or will be rnled,

l'HIOR Fl ' 'l' IJ H.IC

r

"--

J )

PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES.

J)h·c c tion - Conect the e rron eous sentences, antl te ll whic h
are correct, iu the following exercise:
1. G reat labor antl stud y are req uired to form a scholar. 2.
He comm n.ntl c<l the horse t.o be R:ttlclled. :::. l n forming of sr nten ces
h e was very exact. 4. The arl o[ <lrcsfiin g of hicles and working

'

\

_..

~~~ ?

llendrir.kson's Practical LcS!ons in English Grammar.

87

leathe r wa~ µrn ctised . 5. Transitive verbs do not admit of preposi tions after them . u. J ohn was laug h ed at. 7. Willir.m was
given a hundre<l dollars to test his economy. 8. Silas hrui been
g i ve11 a severe reprimand by his teacher. 9. A French officer on
vi s iting the moth er of Washingt.on said: "No wonder America has
h ad s uch a leader, si nce he h ad suc h a mothe r." 10. And when its
yellow lu stres sm iled o'er mountains yet untrod. Jl. His honor
wa s Roon lost Right of. 12. The ca t has been piiiyed with . 13. A
m :tn bong ht a cow for fi £teen clol lar.,; after keeping it three months
a t a.n exµe nse o f five dollars a 111ont h, h e sells her for forty d ollars;
wh a t- pe r cent.. does h e g:Lin '? J.4 The custom ha s been formerly
quite popular.
15. I will drown nobody s h a ll h e lp me. 16.
Neith e r beauty n or tal ent is without ita ch arm. 17. Civility is the
resu lt of good n atu re and good sense. 18. Where was you born?
Jn N°ew York. HJ. Th e me asl es a.re cont agious. 20. There are a
g reat difl e rencc in th e di spos ition of people. 2J. There was many
Ii res las t year. 22. The congregation was of one mind. 23. The
number prese nt were not over fif ty. 24. Ignorance and superstition is to be shunn ed. 25. Yo u or I am wrong. 20. He is reported
to be iu good health be fore h e entered co.lege. 27 . I expect to_
have lea rned grammar before this term of school closes. 28. There
is nothin g impossible to industry. 29. He is trying for to excel.
30. Try anti correct this sentence . 31. It is the duty of every man
to bo ldl y oppose sin. 32. I have not '<lin ed nor do I intend to .
33. J le need not to conceal him self. 34. We oug ht' not complain
of our lot. 35. He h a in ' t th e boy. 30. You had ought to stndY
hard er .

[1\

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,1 .

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"i'
ti

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\

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\! l·~(.
;!

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XXX.

PARSING.

Th e following are th e models for parsing verbs:
FmsT i\'I oDEL-.John looks we ll. "Looks" is a verb; intrausitive ; present tense ; third µerson; singular number.
8ECON D MODEL-You have call ed him . "Have called" is a
verb; transitive; priOI" prese nt tense; second person; plural number.
Tnrn.n MonEL-Sh e can play. "Can play " is a verb; intransitive; present tense; third p erson; singular number.

r;
i

l.
1,,:
1-1

.l·
(

£

r

'/

-- ~

!

'
88

Tiendrickson·s

Pradi~1l

J,cssons in English Grammar.

FouRTH .MODEL-I love to sing. "Sing" is a verb; infinitive; present tense.
FIFTH l\1oDEL - Scaling yonder peak, I saw an eagle.
"Scaling" is a verb; transitive; participle; present. tense. "Saw"
is a verb; transitive; past tense; first person; singular number.
ExmternE.
Direction-Parse the verbs in the following sentences:
1. Those .who win may laugh. 2. Gnnpow<ler may have been
known to the Chinese centuries ago. 3. Would to heaven that all
men were honest! 4. If I were asked where nature assumes her
strangest forms I should say in Australia. 5. Plough deep, while
others sleep. 6. What right has he to insnlt her, if she was a beggar? 7. Men need not perish. 8. Hoping for the best, yet fearing
the worst, he wrote the letter. 9. Thou hast broken my heart. 10.
Arthur recites very well. 11. Bayonets are so called from having
been invented by Bayonne, in France. 12. We can learn much
by simply observing and remembering what we see. 13. The king
was concealed in a tree. 14. Reproach did not spare Braddock
even in his grave. 15. Whatever changes be rung upon bells they
ought to be chimes. 16. The retreat of the Greeks was conducted
skillfully. 17. She went splash, splash right through the mud.

XXXI.

WRITTEN PARSING.
FIRST MODEL.

SENTENCE.

He
was
heard
to

CL ASS.

lsun-DIVISION.I

Pronoun.
Verli.

}
PrepoBition.

Mas. gen., third person, sing.
number, nom . case.
Intransitive. Past ten se, sing. number,thir<l
person.

thou

Verb.
{ f:fi~it~~:~·
Pronoun.
Personal.

lo vest

Verb.

me.

Pronoun .

say

MODIFICATIONS

P ersonal.

Transitive.
Personal.

Present tense.
Sing. number, second person,
non1. case.
Present tense, sing. number,
second person.
First person, sing. number,
objecti vc case.

Hendrickson's Practical Lessons

ID

English Grammar.

89

SECOND MODEL,

,
'

Having
studied,
he

{Verb
Pronoun.

recited.

Verb.

Intransitive. .
{ Participle Pr10r present tense.
Personal.
Third person, sing. number,
mas. gender, nom. case.
Intransitive. Past tense, third person, sing.
number.
EXERCISE.

Direction-Parse the words in the following sentences as ·
directed by models given above:
1. We should forgive our enemiee. 2. He could have saved
himself if he had known his danger. 3. I arn, dear sir, your affectionate friend. 4. Having been thrown into the sea Jonah was
swallowed by a great fish. 5. Had King Richard have been a lion
he could not· have been braver. 6. God be gracious to thee, my
son.

XXXII.

THE ADJECTIVE.

Uses-Adjectives are used: (1) To modify nouns, pronouns,
phrases, and sentences. (2) To modify the complex idea expressed
by a noun, or a pronoun and another adjective. (3) Without reference to any particular snbject.
Rule 93-(1) A should be used before words commenci9g
with a consonant sound; and an before words commencing with a
vowel sound. (2) Use the when a reference is made to a particular object; use a or an when referring to objects in a general way.

'!

EXERCISE I.
Direction-Correct the errors in the following sentences:
MODEL-I never saw such an orie. I never saw such a one.
1. Bring me a ax. 2. He told us a old tale. 3. Print me an
hundred books. 4. Arthur wrote a historical account of America.
5. An eagle is the emblem of America. 6. She is entitled to the
third of her husband's property. 7. Few flowem are as beautiful
as a rose.
Rule 94-(1) A, an or the should not be used to limit nouns
used in their widest sense, or those used as the names of qualities,

,,

!JO

llentlricksons l'r:ir.lir:il l,rssnns in F.n~ li sh Grammar.

llendrieksons l'ractirall,cssons in English Grnmmar.

--------~

p:issio118, <' le.

Ne ith e r ' ho11ld th 1•y li1· ll <l"d t" lir11it th e 11 a. 111es ·of

sPi1t 11 t•t•s or wonf ~ ll ~f' d llH ' n· I_,. :1 :-; 11a111 es 01· ti li e~.

EXEHCl SE

(2) A , an o r th e

whc11 11scd with 11011118 SP<'" ilil':tll,,· di Rt in ct. 11111st be repeated with
eac h. (:~) \Vh c11 se ,·prnJ " "' " "arc t1'cd i11 th e s:t ltl C constr 11 ct.ion
s0 1n e requiring- a n:I ')l lu•r:' 11 01. requiring t he 11 se of a , au , or th·• we

slt o11 ld p lace' those not re1.111iring- t he ir 11sr lir,t , a.11d t hose rei pr iri 11 g
t hci r '"e last.
l<:x1·: 1 w 1 ~ 1-:

fl.

Dircctio11 - Co n 0e t th e <' tTo rs in t hP following senl elll'es:
l\1on1",-Ne itl11•r t he war ll o r fa111i11 e i, pl eas:rnt. N(' il.h e t· war
norf:t111i11 c is pi<-a s:t nt.
]. Th e la w is j11, L b11t il i8sc verc i11 !lw rarti c11l ar cases. 2.
IJsc t he te rm :uljectiv e whe n a ref1•n •11"e is ni:ule to :1 , :in or th e.
:1. ·A rtl111r was th en s:tltrt C'd '"a. pres idt' n t. ~. Th e north a nd south
li11 es 1·1111 parnll c l. !i . Th t' dog has :t bl:t ck a11d white Sjlot 11 11 hi s
lr c:td. Ii. Th c• rc i, :t bla ck :t.trd :t ldtJC • spot. wh ere• I brni sEd my :trtn.
7. TIH're i8 :t reel, a "'hite, an ·I :t bl11 c ll :tg on th e co rn er. 8. Th e
l:tw and po liti cs e ngaged h is ti111 c. H. Th e cla ssies :11 Hl lll:1th e ni:tli es
arc exce ll ent to di sc ipl ine th e 1t1ind. llJ. 1t i ~ t he kindness, a8
nrn c h as wi sdom of lite tC'a<'hcr we ad111ire.
ltule !)!'i - In nrn king <'t 1111p a.ri so11s, wh en we refe r to one
perso n " " thi 11 g view ed in dill i· re nt characters o r c:t pa cities, t lt e a n
o r :L is t1'<;d before th e lirst onl y; ii we re fer to tw o or mo re pe rso ns anti t hing;; we repeat th e :111 or a IJpforu eac h .

E x 1mu 1s1,:

.

.

III.

J>irP cC'.i o11 -<.:.. rrect tl 11· <' !Tors in tlt c fo ll owing ,entc nces:
J\l o 1n;r.- The rnan 111 a k«s :t helter la.bore r than bov. Th e ma n
111 a kes a h!'lt e r lal1on·r t. h:tn th e hoy.
I. Th e ho \' n;ak es a better
reade r titan g- irl. 2 Th P. 111:111 llt:Lk es a bet.I.er tc;teltcr tit an a lect ure r. :~ . J\la.ny :t Loy I hat µ;1 11·s to co ll <'gc would rnake a betl<0r
ca rpe n ter than a sc holar. 4. We learn the Gennan more easil v
than Lati n.
·
U .nl c HH - A n atljec ti\' e 11111st n;it lake th e adverbia l form .
H .c 111arl< - Th cre is gc ne rnll y di stinct for111 s for :Hljec tiv es
a111l nd verlis; thu s, agreeabl e, emder, 1111comm o n, ete. , :ne adj ec tives
whil e ag n·t!alil y, soon, no w, n11 i:o n1111 01ily , etc., are adverbs.

'........,_.· . . .

~

- ~

/

VI

lV.

Dit'cctiou -Correct th e errors in t he following sentences:
l\loJJEL-Tbe house was painted green ly.
The h ouse was
painted 'green.
l. l fee l sad ly.
2. William looks badly. 3. It a ppears
st.rnngely to me. 4. John loo ks meitnl y. 5. Those seats a re painted brownly.
G. LuEska looks beautifully. 7. The wagon was
painted red ly . 8. My h ead pains me very much a nd fee ls largely. ·
U. l he:m] t he now govemo r rn ake a speech on inte mperance. 10.
I will not relate the incid ents of m y he retofore life.
.
J(.ulc U7 - (I) Wh en severn I adj ectives a re joined to a 1101111,
rcfenin g to it in the same way, t hey are generally a rra nged according to th eir length, the shortest bei11g placed first, co nnec ted by a
co11j1111ctio11. (2) When one ad jecti ve blllonging to a noun is modili e<l by anoth er adjective th e ad jective should be so a r ranged that
each may modify t he com pl ex idea ex pressed liy the nonn and adjective. The adjec tive, in such cases, must. not be jo in ed by a conjuncti on . . (3 ) Th e adjectives denoting material stand nearest th e
11011n, then t hose denoting co lor, then ag~, t he n ordinary qualities .
EXElWISE

v.

])frcctiou -Co rrect the e rrors in the fo llowing sente nces :
MoJ> 1~1,-An ob ligin g, faithfn l, a nd sma rt servant, is a rarity.
A smart, faithful , and obliging se r~an·t, is a rarity .
1. We a ll wi sh for a penelrnti ng, liberal, and strong mind. 2.
I found h er to be an in telligent, beauti ful, and yo ung .lady. 3. We
$aw a co ll ec tion of 8ingular copper old coins. 4. Here is a white
fmgrnnt rose. 5. We saw a lot of rusty, iron old bars. 6. It was
a Roft blue sk)' . 7. The cook said he h ad a fried dish of bacon.
8. We boug ht it snit barrel of pork. 9. Th e teacher h as a silver,
old la rge watc h. 10. They h ave presented a ne w, black handsome
cloth coat to th e minisier.

XXXIII.

PROPERTIES OF THE ADJECTIVE.

Principle- So me adjectives have th e properties of numbe r
and co mpari son.

,

/
i

<I

I

)'

i
l

i\

\\

I

92

llen1lrir.hon's l'mlir.11 l,rsson! in English Grammar.

Ilendrickson't Practical Lr,ssons io English Grammar.

!)3

\

NUMBER.

ill of your mother unrebuked. 6. I do not know whether he will
come or no. 7. Did he speak' to her or no? .8- I have not decided
whether I shall remain or no.
Rule 100-(1) An ad<'erb expressing negation should be
applied to the proper word-next to the word it modifies. (2)
Adverbs should stand nex t the words they modify. They generally precede adverbs and adjectives and stand immediately after the
first word in the predicate.
Re1nark-There are numerous exceptions to the second
part of the above rule; care should be taken that the adverb is
made to modify the right word.

••I

t~

Dcfi.nition-8ee page 49.
Renutrk-Com parison is also a motlitication of adverbs. It.
is fn lly ex plained on page 94.
The following adjectives are always singular: each, every,
either, neither, that, this, one, a, an.
The following adjectives are always plural: both, divers, few,
fewer, fewest, many, several, sundry, these, those, and all the numerals except one.
Rule U8-An adjective (when it possesses the property of
nnmber) must agree with the noun it modifies in number.
EXERCISE.

Direction-Co rrect the errors in the following sentences:
l\foDF.L-We like those sort of people. We like this sort of
people.
1. Pnt that ashes in the barrel. 2. None of those kind of persons will be admitted. 3. The water is ten foot deep. 4. William
5. Bnt it
exchanged two pair of rabbits for ten dozen of eggs.
see ms th at this literati had been ill rewanled for th eir ingenious
labors. 6. He thought these kind of excesses indic:ttivc of greatness. 7. Three foot and five inches is his height. 8. I kept a
memoranda of our work.

XXXIV. THE ADVERB.
Uses-Adverbs are used : ( I) To modify verbs, adjectives
and adverbs. (2) To modify phrases. (3) Independently in a
sentence. ( 4) To connect two se parate sentences.
Rule HU- -(1 ) In expressing negation bnt one negative
word is reqnired. (2) The adverb no should not take th e place of
not.
E XERCISE

I.

Direction-Co rrect the errors in the following sentences:
MonF.r,- I do not do nothing. I du nothing.
I. U c did not say nothing to me about the matter. 2. H e
don't care for nobody. 3. I do not think nothing about it. 4. I
ain't re:ul nothing in six weeks. 5. Let no one at no time spea k

EXERCISE

II.

Direction-Correct the errors in the following sentences:
MODEL-I do not think I can tell. I think I can not tell.
1. I do not think that I shall abandon teaching. 2. California not only produces gold but quicksilver also. 3. They twice give
th at give qnickly give. 4 Trust the wicked not. 5. The English
mostly belong to the church of England. 6. Think of Balboa now
as the broad Pacific was before him. 7. If education only refined
the manners we might do without it. 8. Some only work for pleasure.
Rule 101-An adjective s~ould not be used in the .place of
an adverb.
EXERCISE

III.

Direction -Correct the errors in the following sentences :
MODEL-A great many people will go. Very many people
will go.
1. This is uncommon warm weather. 2. I have not seen such
a good boy. 3. I do not hear good since my sickness. 4. His finger pains him bad.
Rule 102-(1) How or how th at should not take the place
of the conjunction that. (2) How should not be used for lest or
that not.
EXERCISE

I\\

lI. \\iI

I'\
I"

I'•\

I
.

.

I

I

I
I

1
1\
\11

:1!
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I•

1
Ii

I

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\

.

I

I

IV.

Direction-Correct the errors in the following sentences:

\.

I•I

, _,,.J

!l-1

llon1lrir.kson·1 Practical Lessons in English Grammar.

J\l<ll>EL- We thus see ho1r \l'l' are 111:11le to a nsw er for o ur sins .
\V e thus Se<" ll1:it we :ire mad e to :ins1r<·r fo r our sins.
I. l fo s:i id how he would le:icl1. 2. The peopl e heard how
that t he ar1m· h:id snrre nd en •d. ::. T:ik e carp how vn11 :issnc in.te
with the wi .. l«·•I. 4. Th e precedin g· se nt ence sho11·s i1o w that how
may be used fo r lest. ''- [ hl'a rd hi 111 sa y how he wo1lid go and I
IH1 W that l w:i ~ going.
H .t1h\ I oa - Tlll· :1dH·rl1 1rht·n, 1rhill', m· \\'h ere ;, not. fit to

toltl him

fo ll ow the

\ ' <'I'"

is i11 1t ddi11ilinn or :t S<· n tenee taken s ubs tantively.

l•:x 1mcrn E V.
l>in·ctio11 - Corrf'ct the errors in t he followin g sentences:
Mol>H,- 1rnny is when one mean s co ntrary to wl1 at he says.
Iron y is a li g-11 n' in whi c h one m eans eo11tr:i.ry to.w lwt he says.
1. J ~ 111plia s i s iR w hen a. ~ tre ss o f vo ice i:-: thrown on a word or
word s in

:i

~c 11 t.e n el:' .

2. H y pcrlml e is wli f' re

:t

thing is rn agnifi ed

above tru t h. :1. A diphthon g is where l.H>th th e vo wels are so und ed
toget her. 4. l•:1e rnity is \\'he n tinie is nnn1 eas11red .

XXXV .

PROPERTIES OF ADJECTIVES AND
ADVERBS.

Pt·i11 c iplt> - T o most. adj cc ti vc1-;a nd ad 1·c rbs ue long th e property o f co111pari s1111.
Co MP i1 111 :-;nN .

J)cli11itio11 - l'ornpn ri so11 is th e propL•rty of adj ectives :tnd
:ulve rhs whi c h ex. presses dill ere11t deg rees of quality o r q11:L11tit y .
P1·i11dpl:- -- Ar1j cct i"''R and ad\'l·rlis ha.ve three degrees of
co111p:tri s1>11: t h<' posit i1·c, t.he co111p:1rali,·c, an d the s upe rl at ive.
])eli11itim1 - Th e positi\' e 11 0.~ rec is tli:tt whi c h is ex pressed
hy th e ndj er tivc 111· adv e rb in it s simpl es! form.
J)cli11itio11 - Thc co mparat i·;e d 0grcc is th at which ex. presses
an in c rease or a dPc rcasc l•f quality or rp1:1.11tity when co ntrns led
with st> llH•thi11 g- (' lsc.
J) c fl11it'.io11 - Th c s11p0rlalivt' d<•grce is tha t ll'hich <'X presSPS
th e .t; reat "st i1wreasc or dcnc:1sc o f qn :di!v or •111a11lity ,,fall include<! with it..

Ex1mc1s r. I.
I>ircction - T e ll the d eg ree of comp,Hison of the lollowing
adj ectives :11111 adverbs:
1. I hav e :t long stick. 2. I have a longer stick . 3..John
f'ame to schoo l late. 4. Mary came l:tter. 5. H e is the most ben 11tiful person I ever saw . 6. Thi s is the leas t important prin c ipl e ,,f
granuuar. 7. Th a t horse run s fa ste r than this one. 8. She comes
ofte ne r than sh e used t.o co me.
EXERCI SE IL
Direction - Fill the fo ll owing blanks with adjectives a nd
adverbs, and tell th e degree of co mparison of each:
1. J ohn was ......... than J a uws . 2. H.ntherford is ......... than
th e .. ....... hoy. :~ . i\lan, .. ...... ....... .. of a ll creatures, was shown
me rcy from G Oil. ~. l\fr. !lays was the ........ . man at th e meeting.
G. Clara writ es ........ . ......... than he r broth e r. 6. The su n shines
7. He is ............. . .... than his brother.
Th e comparative d eg ree is r eg ul arly formed from the positive
by add ing er.
The s uperlative <l egree is reg nla.rly former! from th e positive
by arlding Pst.
EXEHCISE III.
Dit·ectio11-Fon11 the co nipa ra tive and the superlative deg rees from the followin g adjectives an.d ad verbs in th e positive :
;;, Wise.
4. Holy. 5. W et. 6. Pl easant.
). Ri ch. 2. Happy.
7. F ew. 8. Late. !l. Soo n . 10. O ften. 11. Fast. 12. Early. 13.
Easy.
Th e foll owing adj ectil' es a re very irregularly co mpared:
Pos 11'IVF.
-Good, bad, eYil, ill,
li ttle, mn c h, ma.ny .
CO M PA RA Tl v 1~- He tte r, worse,
less,
more, more.
Su r.E iiT, ATL VE - Best,
wornt ,
leas t, mos t, Ul OS l.
Th e f1> ll ow ing adve rbs a.re very irreg ul arly compa red :
Po~ ITl\'E
- W e ll , bn1lly, ill, littl e, mu ch,far,
forth, rath .
C.:o MPAl<.ITJl' P:- Betie r ,worse,
less, n1nre, Carthe r, fnrth e r, rather
i:lUl'EJt1 ,,1·1·1v 1·; - Best, wo rst.
le:1st, most, farthest,f11rthest,ra.thest
Eleven of t he followin g adjectives have more than one superlative, fiv e w:rnt the pos iti ve, and fifteen want the comparative:

D6

______ _ll_endrir.kson's l'racti~1f /,cssons in En 1· h G
_
· g 1s ra111111ar.

Positive.
Far,
near,

fore,
hind,
in,

out,
up,
low,
late,

front,
re ar,

Comparative.
farther,

Srtperlative.

fartliest, farruost, furth ermost
nea rest, next.
.
nearer,
former,
foremost, first.
liind er,
I· d
. 11n most, hindermost.
urn er
rnr uost, innermost
'
outer,or utter, outmost, outerm .
upper
ost, utmost, utterm ost
.
1
tpnrost, uppermost.
..
lo wer'
.
'
lowest, lowermost.
later,or fatter, lateRt, last.
after
. ft
•1· most, a ftermost
'
f urtl1er
f 11
· •
hith ,
t~r •est, furth ermo1o t.
er,
luth erm ost.
nether,
nethermost.
llltder,
und erm os t.
frontmost.
rearm os t.

head,
l1 eadm o~t.
end,
endm os t.
top,
topm ost.
bottom,
bottommost.
mid, or middle,
midst.
north,
noithmost.
sou th,
south most.
eas t,
eastmost.
west,
westmost.
northern,
northernrn ost.
southern,
southnnmost.
eastern,
western
eastern m Ost.
lt~Ie 1
westernmost.
bles cannot be compa~J~hves and adverbs of more than two syll a-

o4:A··. .

D"
EXER CISE IV
•
trection-c .
1 errors in the
MonEL--JJ
· onect tie
f IJ •
1 n ~ · 1· eaut1full er. More beaut'f I o ow111gcomparisons·
.u u 1er. 2 Gl .
• 1u .
·
·
5 Harmoniouser (; Aono~sest. 3. Mercifuller
'·
·
· musrngest.
· 4. Agreeablest.

llcmlrieksons Practical ],ossons in English Grammar.

97

ltule 1 05- Use the comparative degree in com paring two
objects ; and the superlative in comparing more than two at once.
EXERCISE

v.

Direction-Correct the errors in the following sentences:
l\1o])l~r,-Th e largest boy of th e two has gone to Boston. The
larger boy of the two has gone lo Boston .
1. The elder of those three men is th e larger. 2. Is the present or the past cond ition of your sch ool best? 3. Which lies the
more north erly, E11rope, North America, or Asia? - 4. Iu Iowa we
have four seasons, the winter , the spring, the summer, a nd the
autumn; the fo~mer is the longtor. 5. There are boys and g irls attendiog this school ; the former are the smartest in arithmetic, the
latter a re the best in grammar.
l~ule lOG- (1) Use other with the la tter of the terms compared if it includes the form er ; but if it does not include the
former do not use other.
•
(2) .After the superlative, neither other nor any must be used
with the latter of the terms com pared.

EXERCISE

VI.

Dil'ection-Correct the errors in the following sentences :
M ODEr.r-The smallpox was more fatal than any di sease in the
city. The smallpox was more fatal than any other disease in the
city.
1. P eter was bolder than any of the Apostles. 2. Eve is fairer
than a ny other of her daughters. 3. Ch es.~ fascinates its votaries
more perh aps than any game. 4. Railroads open up a country
more rapidly th an any improvements. 5. Loudon is larger th an
any city in Engl and. 6. Amazon is the largest of a ll other rivers
in the world. 7. Adam w as th e most noble looking of a ll other
men. 8. Eve was the fairest of all other women.

Rule 107-Double comparatives and snperlati ves shou ld
not be nsed. The comparat ive or superla tive must not be preceded by more, most, less, least, or any other adverb expressing a
d ifference of deg rees in the quality or quantity denoted.

_:..-- --

\

--

lfr1111rirkso 11 ·, I' I'
• , r:i t 11·:if f,rsso11s iu R11ofi<l1 r.
'o · 1 r:u11111a r.

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'[

J1 <m1; 1 ~Tl1i ··

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..
erro rs i11 th e fol
.
·' rs !.li t· e:t/""'' lc 1· ·111d
lo wing sente nces .
· IS [ 1<• <
" r/f
'
lll OSl ' l iJJ
t ·
.
I I·
. i11•st :1111 1 s t.ill •·
.
.
rs 111 " h t I
ll1 e I s \\ f}/ sf' i
I.
t s t 111 ~ /J(, l c• \ ·
l'V('r
t ree .I e ve r "'
t Ifs ""• r11 i11/!". ~ '" I
. e1 saw.
·•.! IV.
3. lti" f•.
. ..t fa t IS tl1
.
.
l/1 e 1110,, t Inv I" . .
o .11 I hcrcst t.o "O l . I'
. e n.1 os1. h rg h<'.' l
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.
c l<'st g 11·J. .5 11
" >y >(•lle vdl c ~ "' .
t (' r /.Je /ore I /' 'j '
.
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.
.
». l., e llr e i.s
7 I
· '· he l' 'l<' if" ·
o re a.rp we l>f'tt
.
. l e is less "'"'t11 c1· ti ·. li e is U11.• leas t 1·11 11 " /1 (' , 1· ,· <' r off t./1;1 11
I ' ll) , .. ,.
...,
' • ()
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•
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.
J '- Hi e J 0 8.· . ' '"'"·
' · 1c oeca 11s.
<
.'\ ifj<'(;f I V
•
f '
'J
in c re:t!"-;e or d ecn ··- .
t 'f..i iodi1·nting 'J1 1a li t i .
•n o re !!lost s I
.1.sc s /1 0 11 ld not /y. .
es no t: ·' llsce pti/.J /p
'
, '. o, cs., lr·1 st
.. <.01u pared.
. I
.
' ll CJt •et s ho uld
' ' . ' e tc., prcccrle tli e rn .
saw.

This.
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l>1rcetio 11 - c.

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on ·el' t· I/
.
' "IJI•: L - f will Ir '
If.• '- "To rs in ll1 P fo l/
.
h ve a n1 o r e _, ·/
} l11 li , e :i i1 1c '
;
o wtng HCtHen ces .
'
ne.n ." pcr fecl Iii '
I e )il'rl ('ct life
r .
.
I l ' L' IV · . ·
c
·
wi ll try to
. ·
!llst1t11 ti 11 1" (/"
P•crl l"ct "" ed11 c · t'
. " «r· '" ' "' ""P lc· te ., ,
o l f:i t I
111 "1"L' prpf('. I I •L 10 11 '' IS II '" <htord ' J ·• <o111se
.
· '"r Y a. 11d so
.·
l a> c tl1n11 a.,
' 11 11·e1·s1ty.
9
'11·c 11 hr 111.111 n .
·"' " '" ' cd11 <'ati ., 11 ~ )
- .Noth 111g is
4 ·I I
· "'· · oli11 '· I
·
Irave I.Ir e m· ·ost 1111e
c , ·.
. . •_·t i111·'s I.al/ i.s ro t1 I
' 10011 rs Jn ore
nc e r t/1·1
·
J.rec· r C<J nst"t ·t" n II"<' co n/"'' Ienc.:,:\ in )
e
5· I·
. ·
· .1 !I Hlll .
-'" 11.
u. Tir e ',.11 t111u
l~11lc too
.
.
I m p 1e d esire a
0
I
- ·\11 'ld j t'
c l',!.p·ec s li nnld JfCCe c.
, , Pc l \"t• in t/1 e eo m )·t r· 1 .
1
wli eu hot.Ir ac1
le '"'" 11H·r :idjc~cti ve 111 0
tl i ve or s uperlative
1 ie, IJy in
-1 c , 1 v e~ re htr t
I
'I
. , o t, ie R:1111c no un.
- ore o r in os t
~I

·:,t'

.
]..>irccti

:1i ·

IG.x Ei< Cf S J•:
-- Corn•ct ll1 e e r .

[ \T

·

A.

.
.
.f\ J" 1'''-'·-Thi.s · . .
.
I ors 111 th e foJlow j 11 ,, .,
is a l:u·g·c r ·1nd
rs .'' r11 0 1·~ 11l !ere:-. lin rr ·u l I
ti se nten ces :
..
n1 u re 111 tc rt•sti11 0 vo l n • )( argcJ I' vo l111n e
I · ...tr1·1•ere
:ire f,
·'
11 111 c.
·- This
9 Tl
. c w "' ' " "" f" rt · /
-·
ie re vo l11 t.io na.rv w·11·
i c il111 J fa i1·1· r la11c/,, t /1·1
.
ll" tl 1ltc Uni led f:>t· t. . , w,u; tir e '" "St cr i t' .. I
' " 11 rk a llsas.
• .L l'!i l'\ 'p 1·
t.' .
ic.t_ and I
pr:ivccl and we a l· .
. p:u· ic1 p at<'d i11 3 1 .
o 11 ge~t wa r·
' ' es t 111 ·111 I
·
· -le is tJ
111 nst d epraved . .
..
c•1·L· r ' ""'· 4 G .
. . re 111 os t rlc•llld •u ea 11 ('8t n1 e11 i11 A . . 11 tlea.u wa., o ne of •J
111enca.
l> te
011

llrndriekson·s l'ractical l.cssons in English Grammar.

XXXVI.

99

PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES.

Direction-Correct th e erroneous sentences, and tell which
a re correct, in t he following exercise:
1. ] a111 entitl ed to the fou rth of a ll the profits . 2. I do not
rem e mbe r to h a ve seen s uch a n one. 3. Use the term cl assics when
reference is mad e to the ancient l a ng uages 4. The classics and mathe mat ics are t a ug ht in the university . 5. A rthur killed a squirrel
and h a wk . 6. The a u rora bo realis imp arts a r eddish hue to the
•ky . 7. Hi s heart is as h a rd as the ne ther mill stone. 8. I sh a ll
re lnte m y conve rsations of which I k ept a memoranda. 9. I have
a co vy of both t he fi rst a nd the second editions of the book. 10 .
.John is the n o minative case, agreeable to Ru le 1. 11. H e wri tes
re markably elegant. 12. Th e fath er was figured ou t as a.n old vener able man . 13. The four last parts of speech a re sometimes
ca ll ed parti c l e~. 14. A rna.n m ay p ossess a ll the talen t'! of a n a ngel
and yet be n foo l. 15. In th ese kind of expressions some words
see m to be und erstood . 16. So th a t e very possi ble m eans a re used .
17. I d o not care nothing abont th e m atter . 18. I do not think I shou ld clo so. 19. W e should worship the S upreme Being ; he is
worthy of our high est prai ses. 20. Some on ly work for fame . 21.
:ih;;arc:l the now govern or sv eak . 22. There were a good many boys
a t t he concert. 23. H ave yo u h ea rd h ow th a t h e !'scaped ? 24.
E llip~is is when .a word necessary to the construction of a senten ce
is omi1 tee!, but without whi ch the .sense is compl ete. 25. I never
saw a beautifu ler d ay in my life. 26. A di spute once a.rose between
t he wind a nd th e su n ns to which of t he two was the strongei<t. 27 ..
!tunning is m ore h ea lth ful th a n any exerc ise. 28. H e is t he best
tea ch e r of all other teache rs. 29. He is m ore worth ier of the comp li m en t than hi s broth er. 30. Of all oth e r boys h e is th e best.
31. OfleF unto God tha nk sgiving a nd pay thy vows the most hi g hest.
8 2. H e is the most honest man that I h ave ever seen. 33. That is
t he m os t perfect book h e e ver wrote. 34. A good m a n enjoys comfort in the darkest h ours of adversity. 35. He is th e most useful
and I.Jest edu cated m a n in the comm unity .
36. The co ld hl eak winds m ay on you blow,
And darkness gather r o und;
)'.'et this blest thing full well I know,
Will ever bright be found.

i

f.

1011

I
I

!-

llenrlrickson.(l'mtiral Lessons in English Grammar.
'fli t·
vt: J'b~ ·.

fof/,,,,,.,·,,.,. '""'
xxx
vn.I
ti
<·

111 111

PARSING

d i.: fo r

·

.
J"i /(~'I' J\l OTJ.1·: 1. -- f " " ""' \\ li:d
tn·e. ( fL111c >di fies'' 1/'
"
t e 11 .

~~

·11

\\"I

.

L'.
'.-.
l 'l /•. ( 'fJN l 1

"Tl1 e" ;,. .
~
:' ·L ii

Illig.

l1 e w :1nt~ .
lli c 11·

\V ii 0 11

~\ l i tJ ll" I

1· . :

.

l/ >"< 1s IS
/
J

w

II(

IS d i\

, ,, .

Is l/i 1: ll! os t h1 ·:111lrfr1 I fad1•

·~

J<i /('C -

'-l!!pp li1·d I li p f->t•11 n:1 11t ") J
I

I /1 p

.

:11 J l't'l 1v 1: ; ci 11111s t "

;i nd :1r/.

" '\'11 ·11 ''

.

~I

dt: g t ee (II eo111 1)ari "< •11 . " I

·1£x EHCISE .

· :r.
par~ 1J1 .L:· adjt_1 1 ~ ti,·c:-;

" I k1 u . · /
.
. f:'
. . ·· \\ \\ 1;il !l1 111 cr It 1
o 1 t ' r 111 1/';1ri .·.: 011.
,--i
s

l'l':J d ,

P H:-: 1ln·t • d ""Tt '('

{
r

1

,. .

.

~.

11 1

.

II

I

I ('

~ 111 g 11/ar 111111d1Pr .

1

~

J >it·c ctiou - Parse th e wonls in th e fo'J ow ing sent ences as
rlircclcd liy th e mode l g iven above:
I. Th e ge ne ra I is hrnvcr than th e so ldi er. 2. Th e lira ves t of
th e IHll'SP lll t' n 11·n11 'd n o t go. :~ . vVicketl 111en alw:r ys injure Ll1 em Sl' l l'eS. 4. Tlli s hoy c:i.n eas i:y swim a(, l'OSS U1 e dee pest rn·e r. Ii.
Th at. wa :-: t111· 1110:-: I terr ihlC' cri1111~ eve r co m111itt<:'d.

t h e c i l \',

. . L .in :uh·t' rl1, in il1 e

'1'
· ,
J(' :111t 1111 I " · .
.
·' 11 JICJ Lili \'e
1111:i1 Jllrnwi
I'
.., "" " ' 1/r't'f i1·c
11
:1rl ve rl1
· ' ·· '.\' " ./ liv "'" sli ·I/ I
· " I "
.
.
,, '
g o. . · :y illld l1y " (f.) :ti /
l•'ri l' 1"1·11 M
'
Olll·:1. I 11·ilf ' "tJ
.
:w adv e rb. t'l
~ tu I.o wn :Jil c r J1 p
1
c·o 1111 c1•Js '' f . · 11
· g o< 1S. 11 , \ fte r " is
l'IFTI[ ~ I
.
'
\\ I
go lo to wn " 1r't
l '
1·
·
Oil/! L - l•, vt r y I
· , 1 ' fi p got'1'."
J\' t' ;

'"V w:1."

lf1 (' re ,

a Er t· I'.\'" .
IK

:tn :rr/j('i:-

XXXIX. PREPOSITIONS.
U scs-A preposition is usetl tu conn ed th e object of th e
phr:r s<' whi c h it. introrlncl'S to the w•ml whi c h the phr:u<e rnodili c5.
H.11le I I 0 -( I ) A l'tcr ce rtain verbs " l>y" is nserl before :t word
d Pnnting an :i g~ nt or an ani1nate oUj(•t: t; ""·ith" before a word de11uli1 1 .~ an i11 ~ Lr11m c nt or a n i11ani1nate obj.:el.
(2) "Uet\v een " and
" hct.ll'i xt " 1111 is t be 11serl of twu ohj ed s onl y; ":1111ong" and
"amongst " n t' three ur u1 or c.
EXERCISE

I'~·
C/uss.

I

I

1 '

J
f

I. My dt'1i:11tu re wa.s :it.tended by 111:1ny rni "fnrt1n1 es. ~. We
nYercqJJH:' Ly sorrow. :-;_ JoJ1n div id es !iii; n1011Py :i1111111g hi s
two brnth e rs. 4. Dist.ribut C' th ese boo k; lie tw ce n th e l\'achl'r." anrl
p11pi k Ii. A <[lta. rrel arose a in ong th e fath er and hi s son. fl . Th e
mi11i ster se lllt:rl th e fn ss betw <;en h is three 111 e111 bcr,.
ltule J l l - (.;;1.re shun ld he 11sedin t hec ho i"co l' pn•pos it.inns.
We g ive helmr :L li st o f th e prnpPr P"l""iti ons lo be user! wilh cert.a in wo rd s:
Accou1111odat e lo (adapt.) Angry wi 1h a pe rson
Acco111111oda.te with (s11pply) Angry at. :t thing
r\ rriv e nt, in
Accuse of
A ve rse lo, fro111
Ac111rni.nled wit.Ii
Ask uf a person
Acquit of
Ask fur a. thin g
Adapt to
Bestow on
Arlhere to
Boast o[
Abhorenee o[
Concur in, with
Agrce:iblc to
wen ~

WRITTEN p A R S ING

l

I.

Di 1·cction-Correc t the errors in the fol low ing sent ences :

['
.f

101

.---- - \_- - -.,,r---·

SJ1 n

- ---

1>1·0 11 01111 ,

MuJJl~L

Su ii / Ji1Jis. irm.
.--- -- -·- - --...,

111 ·rso11a l,

·
•

r.-:-:-.-,__.._ ____ _
l JI L...., e n.,.,,l per. ·'-' i11 1r 11
'
car;e.
' ,. . ., . u111 ., 11u1u.

presc n t. te 11 ., ,., :;d ,,,_,
1 ., si1Jg. 11u111 .

I

pres. te nse!,

:~ cl Jie r.,

s111g-. nunJ.

:'

) -- - --· --

- -'
~--~----=

(_;.
ll1•11 1lrirksnn i' l'r:11·Iir: 1 l : J ,r::sn11~m in

102
( 'l1 :i rg-c

'.',
r. .,.

:1

En~l i ::h

ll r:1111 m:i r.

XL .

th i ng· 0 11 :L l ll'l'':11 11 ; a. pen:nn wi l li :1 tlii11 g.

( '.n111p:ll'<' with ( in 'fll:ili t_1·)
('11 1n p :i 1·(• to ( l1y ill11 :; l 1:1t irn 1) t 1011 lid t' i 11
( :n 11fo r111 lo , wit l1

'

{ :n py :tflc r a p(• nmn fro m n :d.11n·

l'o 1111'l i:~ 11 e<'

ll'i t h
t'n rrcs pnnd wit h, lll
Jl ll'O JIOl':l 1P i11 ln, w it Ii
I '" P ri \'C' o f
l rn l<'p1• nd cn t ly of
I 1ie uy v ioknce
ln it i:it ion in to
IJ ic o f a d isP:i "<·
1nsi: t. 11 l "'ll
l )ifkr fro lll
Lih,.ra l of ll' ii at i:< g il' Cll
J )i lli.• rc11t fro 111
~ l l' dd l c with
lli ,;:1pl'oi11 ted in :t il1i 11,g n lit:ti11 ed
~ 1 : 1 d c n f:il11i11g
l lis:q •poi11 tPd of a t hin g 11 nt o h~ f :id t: liy :0. pl' l'S(l n
l:ii111:d
I >is li kt• to
j\ f adc i11 :1. p l:11·1·
l>i111i11i s h frn111
NeL·d of
l> isst! nl fron1
l':i rt:i.kc· of
J1:11tra11 cc i11 lo
l'rdl' r lo
l 'un: ig 11 to, f l'fl lll
!{id o f

_!1
, ' .I

• j

1

I

I

Fo 11 11dl'il u p11 11 , nn a I 1:1sis
F1111 111 ll'tl i n tr 11lli ur l' l' rni-

}-: 11 1 il l ~ a!. ( lo t"'X p n •::M.:; f:iv nr ) 0 11

l'ri g ht.c11ed a l

'l'nn· lo
\\' n rt /i y o f

\ r:i 1ll t'

1111(1 11 , nf

~ )y 1 np"ll 1 i zc

wit l1

Wc:iry of

I ) j l'Pc· t io n - Co r rcd. the en·o11' in t/ 11• fol lmr i ng se nl ('IH!L'S :
~111 1 11·:1 . - I 11:1\'l' re1><· nt 1·d .,f the <'l' i11 11· f11 r whi 1·l 1

I "' " " :11:t: 1iscd.

l1:11·t: rc pl!11t1:d of tl1 ee ri 111 c nf whi c h I ""'' :1 1·c 11 si•d .
I. I
:1e• 111itl t·d
i~

w: 111 L

tn 111 ;1 k c

frn 111

a h :1d l1ny.

y 111 1

11111 n lc r .

:11.;q 11:ii 11 lt· rl 111 i\ ir . . t n111 ·:-: .
::.

1\g-n•( ·:il 1ly

frn 111

H. A r l l111r ('0111 p:tn·c l

~ . .Jnli11 wa s

wh :1f y n11 f-' :t)' IJok c

4 . <;eo rgP w :1 ...: ang ry wi11i l1 is lt11r....: I'.

;111 ~~ ry :11 1': 111 11 1:1.

1'1 1':lht·r1

:) .

i!-0

:1

l/ oni/ritkson s l'rncl ir,11 l.cssons in Rnglish Grnmnmr.

;\l :i .v

w:1s

1·i ·; il l•ny.

I. I 11.1\·•· 1··• 11i1.. : d 111 v ('1>1 111 1os i li11 11 ;1f lt' r l ~1 1n1 s' JH.l(' ll \!-:. ·~ . i'r:dil.
frtlf ll :Ill' lt· :· ~n ll 11111 -.: l:i11 g l1L. ~ I . I :111 1 !'11 !1 q1c> ll c• d l11 d i fl lT wit l1 .' ' 111 1.
10. T l11 · µ;1H 11 I 111 :1.11 :1lw:1y!-" ~:y 1 11! 1:1! !1i z P:: fnr 1! 1(' 1111f11rf1111 :1li ·.

103

THE CONJUNCTION.

·nscs -Cnnj1111 ctio11s a re used t.o co nnect t h e e le ments o f sent<'1HX's
B.11 .l (' 11 ~ - (1) ff sh n nlcl n ot t nke th e pla ce of wh eth er nr
lrs t. 01· ln1t tli <· pl:i l'e o f t hat aft C' I' ve rl 1s cx pr<•ss in g d o11lil, ft':lr ni·
d cni:il. (2 ,l l: n t shonld not l:i kc t he p la ce o [ t h:tn :iflc r e lse, ot her
or o t hPnr isc.
Ex1rn.c 1S B I.

D i •-· • ~c tion -Co rrcc t thf' Pl'l'ors in the foll owing sen te nces:
I. It is 11n certai11 if ;: /i c s11 r \'i ves t.hi s ll' i11 te 1'. 2. Yon certa inly " " " " t d1J nht. h11 l h e will pay fo r t he ho 1·se. :-;. I :1ni fparfn l les t
fa il 1'·r rode in t.hc ntin tn-d av. 4. Th ere is 11 0 d n11 bl lint the Unil<'d Hta tcs is a wond e r f11l co11nlry.
H ul c J J:~ - Tw o wo nl 8 o r sc 11 te11 ces j oin ed uy a conjun cti on
h:i.v ing a co m11 1<>1 1 co nnectio11 with :1. thirtl wo rd or sente nce, thi s
last \\'(>rd or se11 tc nce s l1 o n1Ll be so adapted as lo h ave :i. co nstrn ct ion wit h uolh t he preceeding wo rd s 0 1' ~e nte 11 ces.
Ex GJWISB II .
JJfr ec tio u - Conect th e e r ro rs in th e fo ll ow i11 g sen tences:
Mn 1n :r, - (T old is n ot so 11se fu l, lrnt. nwrn 1•a l11a bl<', th a n iron.
Uo ld is more vnlna.bl e than irnn , li nt nol so nscfn l.
I. IIenry is o ld er, bnt. not so l:i rgl' , :.- Tl w 111 as. 2. Si n is i"<'ne r:dl y a1:1 ·n111p:i ni c1\ :t11d loll o wcd /.iy rc 1 11 ·n ad1 c~ of CO ll "<' i<• ncc. :; .
M ary is old e r, li nt n ot SIJ good a ·sc l1olrtr, as .J1111 P. 4. Th e popnl:11·
111 a n mus l get ac11m1.inted and co n/'n rn 1 lo t he wi s hes of th e peopl e.
5. Y nu s ho uld speak a nd be ge 11e ro 11s to wa rd th e 111 a n. G. Th e m oon
is neare r , th ongh not so bri g h t, as t he s11n .
l t u lc 11 4 - Certain co njun c ti o ns a re 11 scd as <'o rre lativ l'H.
Care s ho11 ld be ta ken that th e pro per co rrela t iv e is used . T he corn~ l a t i vcs a rc :
whethe r, o r,
A!-:, :-:o,
so, th n t,
Ho, as,
s u ch , th at.,
llot.h , nncl ,
if. t he n ,
Either, or,
not onl y, but a lso,
Not, nor,
t ho 11 g h, yet,
neitl1 er , nor,
th c rc f11 re
Hec:i11 se ,

t

.I
I

llentlriekson's Prnctiral l,cssons in English Grammar.

104

K.

!·:.
·~

i(\:tml' I S E Ill.
l)irc(•t,ic,1 1-- Cc 1rrc·c·l t. 111 · e rrf1r:-: i11 tl1 n f11 ll (1\\' i11g· sc11t(' 11 ees:
i\loPEL - Eitlu •r yo 11 111i s takl·, e l:-:e I w: 1s 111is i11fo r111 f' d. Ei1'1(' 1'
)'O il Ill i st:i kl' 01' t•l sl' I \Y:l S Ill i s i11 ror11lt'tl.
I, .Ne it he r we:i I1h "" 1':111H' n ·nd er :l m :rn h:tppy . 2. l' n• 1111si1in11 s s lio11l d not h<· in sP rU ·d o r 11mi ltPd cn11lrn ry 1.o ge1wr:il 11 ~a;~e .

ExmicISE.
Direction-Parse a ll th e words in th e foll o wing senten ces :
]. ( ; oflll by<', my u eal' fath c l'. 2. Wi sclo m is heller t.han l'i ches.
:l. O, m an of Uod, there is d eath in th e pot! 4. Hail, i'l'in cc of
Pence ! G. Ah ! 111isera bl e ; [o,.allsee n1B but g loo rn. G. H e cni.ne
with h er, hnt he went a w:iy without h er. 7. Both Ad:nn s :ind .Jcffc l'sn n di cll ott the foul'th of Jnl y. 8. Those radi shes nre fl o uri s hing becu 11 se th e ground is rich. 9. Jocu11d day stand s tip-toe on
the mi sty mountain top . 10. This p en writes ver y well.
T lw fo ll o wing genernl mi es sh o ulJ be obse r ved in writing and
s pc:tkin g :
l~ulc 1 lG-No word s ho uld be le ft du1tldul ns to what pal't
of speec h it b e longs.
.1.~ule 117-Use word ' thnt will co nv ey the id ea. that yo u
intend to convey.
l~ulc 118-All unn ecessary words s hou ld be avoid ed.
lt11lc l 1 !}- P erversions s ho uld be :woiLled.
ltnle 120-Avoid a ll vu lgar lang ua ge .

:~.

i:

t.

l!o tli v,· il or g11n d wr re .!!.·a tl1l' n·d i11 (l lH ' !.~ l'OllJI . •I. Tli o 11 g li
n1:111 li l'e a h1111dred y<' arn t hl' 11 hi s li fe is as \':i ni ty .
G. l c a re 11 o t
w he th er yo tt go n or stay .

XLI.

/..

i

!

/;,
~·:

r
i

f·,

105

THE EXCLAMATION.

Uscs - Exe l:t111 ati1>11s are usccl i1Hl P11t•111l f•11 t ly.
l:,nl c 1J03 - 0 :-- li n11lcl he used in :u ld n:.8." i11 g, ~ a l11 ti11g :1 11tl
i11 vok i11 .~. Oh s li o1 d1l lie 11 s<'d ill ex press in g so rrow, wund t> r, s11r11risc, nr su rn c other :-; t.ro11 .~~ <:' mo t inn.
I>i1·cct io11 --- Cu rred Ili c e rrors i11 t he fo ll owi11g S« nl <' 11 ces :
1\ l u 1>1·: 1.- 0 to lie :i king ! Ohl<• be a k in g !
1. Ult .J 11 h11 , look li e n..
2. Ult L11nl ltn1·c 111 c rcv 011 tl1i s ,; i11f11I w" rld . :l. ()! is t ha ls,, ·1 ~. O! J s lt1uld er at !h e t h1111 g htnf
d y in g. ' " l) ! is !h ere 11" rl•111 ed y for sin '!

EXERCISE.
Dfrection-Correct th e errors in the fo llowing sC'nte nces:

XLII.

PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES.

1. The m edicin e has a fl ccted a cu re. 2. Two mon osy II ables
ma.y follow each othe r in th e sam e sentence. 3. Ha ve yo u got a
book '!
4. Yo 11 have been wander ing abo ttt long en o ug h; you
•llt g h t In sett le d ow n so ru ewlt cre. 5. Co mrn o n la bore rs are no w
be i11g pa id tw o dollars a (\:l_r. G. H e is ge tting mad . 7. I 1li Rre11 ie mbc r what yo u s:i id. 8. J le r· fa i!'.h[ulu ess and fitlelily dese rved
mtt ch prai ~e. \J. H e was n eccRs ilated to s tn y a t h o rn e. 10. Th e
casu:dtirs of th at bottl e are n ot known. 11. Ja.rn(S ont.ran Elber t
hy a tig h t m:llt.: h. 12. D ou w ill whip Mari o11, anti I bet he d ocs it
np bro~vn . 13. l think there is a ri g ht smart ditlicnlty with this
sen tence . 14. H eel it to the sch ool h o use, boys.

D c li11itiou - Co rrect : he rrrn11 ro tts scn ll' tt i:es nnd ll' ll
w hi c h :ire <.'O IT <..'Ct in tl1 \' fo ll nwinµ; f'X<: re isC':
I. Thl' qn e<'ll was :tlk 11 dt•d 11·it h n. l:trg(• r e li 1111<•. 2. ~ l y r fli1rt.
to \\Tile a hunk ll':t .s :ltlc n1kd I"'· 11111d 1 di !li c 1tl ly . ::. \\' illi :1111 is no t
a s dili gl' 11 I. : t ~ Fl orl'llt:l'.
1. T lll'r(' wa ~ :! fi g·li L bt ·lwt.'(' ll fifly 111 P n .
G. I l, t•g le:t.\T t1) dill'l· r willi you in opi11i n11. H. Do y 1n1 k 11 0 w
if th e t,r:ii11 wi ll arriyc; !Iii ~ e\'t •11i11 g frnn t t he t':l ~ t ? 7. Artli11r is
yo 1111 g·< r h11t. n ot so t rn 11\ 1k:-;u n1 <· :ts \\" :11T(' ll . .~. Nc it\1(' r \\' l·a ltl1 n r
f: 1111(: w ill 1<1:1kt· 1111 e l"'l 'l'Y· !). () 1 why arl' yu 11 so ,; ile11t. '! 'JO . Uh ,
.J:uw, l:t.y :iwav vo 11r book. 11. Tltl' heathen hPli1· 1·" in a l'l11r:dity
of ( :od:-:.
1

1

'•

Jil

ti

~,

t '.

~

XLIII.

XLIV .

PARSING.

ltc• 1H ;11·1\. - i\ Jode ls fo r pa rs in g prc l1 o~ iti o ns, <·t mj1 11H· t io11s,
a 11 I t·xc l:u 11 :tt.io11 :-; h ave :i. l r <':u ly beP n g i ve n.

,,

IDIOMS.

Definition-An idi o m is a pec ul iar form of speech whi ch
vi ol ates the rul es of gr:unm a r.

.-.

106

llendrickson's.Practical Lessons in English Grammar.

-

-

Hendrickson's· Practical Lessons in _English Grammar.

107

Reiuark- Idioms are all owed because th ey g ive strength
and beauty to the language.
The fo llowing are some of the most co mmon English idioms:
(1 ) The use of you for thou; as, You are the boy. The rules
of gramm a r require us to say: Th ou art the boy .
(2) The use of we fo r I ; as, vVe deem it unnecessnry to address him. I deem it unnecessary to address him.
(3) The use of an active verb for a passive; as, The house is
building. The house is being bui lt.
(4) The use of a possessive hefore n participle; as, I am surprised at hi s being absent. I am suqJri scd th at he is absent.
(5) The use of pec uliar mod e of ex pression ; as, How do yon
do ? T o express ~h e same idea a Germa n wou ld say , accord ing to
an idi om in his language: H ow goes it with you ? A Frenchm an,
H ow ca rry you yourself ?
Remark- It is exceed ingly vulgar to use a foreign idi om in
speaking English.
(6) The change of the termination of the possessive wh en the
noun that it modifies is omitted by ellipsis; as, That book is mine.
This hat is yours.
vVe say mine and yo urs in these sentences fo r the sake of euphony. Mine, my, as nearly as an, a. We sny , an apple, a boy:
' I

SECTION IV.
PROSODY .
XLV. COMPOSITIONS.
Principle-Compositions are of two kincl s; prose a nd poetry
PROSE.

Definition-Prose is words, phrases, and sentences arranged
with a primary reference to sense.
POETRY.

Definition-Poetry is langnnge so a rran ged in lines th at
syll ab les of a certain length may occur at cert.ain in tervals.
Principle- Poetry is of two kind s; rhym e nnd blank verse.
Definition-Rhyme consists of measured lin e~ of which two
or more end with the same sound.
Definition-Blank verse consists of meas ured lin e~ which
do not end wit.h tbe same sound.
Definition-A foot in poetry is a colle ction of two or three
sy ll ables.
Re1nark-A sylla ble may be long or short. In words of
more than one sy ll able the accented sy ll ables are long; the un accen ted syll ables are short. In monosyll ab les noun s, pronouns
(when emph as ized), verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and exclama ti ons
re generall y long. Prepositions and conj nnctions are gPnerally
short. A, an, and the, and pronouns wh en not emphasized, are
short.
Principle- F eet of two sy llables are theTROCHEE-First, long; second, short; ma rkedIAMBUS-First, short; second, long; marked ~ PYRRHIC- Both sh ort ; marked ~~

108

8PONDEE-Both long; mark ed - F eet of three sy llables are theDACTYJ,-One long, two sh ort ; marked - ~ ·~
ANAPEST-Two . hort, one long; ma rk e d~~ AMPHillRACH - First, short; second, lon g; th ird, short;
marked~ - ~
TRIBACH-Three short; marked ~ ~ ~

Detinition-Sc:anning is the dividing 9f a verse into the
feet which compose it.
EXERCISE.

Direction-Scan the following lines of poetry:
IAMBIC VERSE.
1. They go
2. To me the rose
3. No royal pompodorus
4. And cold er still the winds did blow
5. The green reed trembl es, and the bulrush nods
6. H e sits and mourns in silent grief the lin gering day
7. The solemn grove, the silent shade proc laim thy power divine
8. In the spring the wanton lapwing get~ him self another nest.
Re1narlc-(l). In the long metre a stanza has four Iambic
feet. (2). In the short metre stanza the first, seco nd and fourth lines
contain three Iambic feet, the third four.
TROCHAIC VEru.E.

1. Changing
2. Fancy viewing
3. Go where glory waits thee
4. 'Twas the hour when rites unholy
6. All that walk on foot or ride in chariots
7. On a mountain stretch ed beneath a hoa ry willow.
A 'NAPF~TIC VERSE.

1. But in vain
2. Where the sun loves to pause
3. From the centre all round to th e sea
4. Oh young Lochinvar is come out of the West.

109

llendriekson's Practical Lessons in English Grammar.

Hendrickson's Practical Lessons in English Grammar.

DACTYLIC VER SE.
1. Cheerfully
2 . Father all glorious
3. Wearing away in his yo~thfulne.<s .
hame and dishonor sit by his grave eve1.

4. S

POETIC LICENSE.

Definition-Poetic license is the indulgence

.

incorrect

m

els by common consent.
l ano- n:t"'C grantee1 to po
f ti
u\es of graunuar when
" "'
d
· · late any o 1e r
rh me or h armony necessitates
Pol'ls :ire allowe to vio .
the requirements of accent, qu,tnty, y '
their violatio n.

THE END.

