:.PRINCIPLES OF

RHE1~1C

.....

_

AND THEIR APPLICA.TJO:N"

BY ADAMS SUERMAN HILL
BOYLSTON

PROF~sson

OF'

ltltl!;'J:\Jn1c

A NI)

on,\·roll-.,

IN HARVARD COL4to"'

ii

'"

WITH AN APPENDIX
COM:PRISINO GENERAL RULEg FOR PUNCTUATION

NEW YORK
BARPER AND BROTHERS
1880

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INTRODUCTION.

the purposes of this treatise, Rhetoric ma.y lJe
defined as the art · of efficient communication by lan·gu~ge. It is not one of several arts out of which a
ohoice may be ma<le ; it is tlte art to the principles of
" which, consciously or unconsciously, a gooa writer or
·'• speaker must conform.
It is an art, not a science : for it neither obscn cs,
nor discovers, nor classifies ; but it sh ows how to convey from one mind to another the resul ts of observation,
discovery, or classification; it uses knowledge, not as
knowledge, but as power .
. Logic simply teaches the right use of reason, and
.may be practised by the solita.ry inhabitant of a: desert
•.island; but Rhetoric, being the art of communication by
~anguage, implies the presence, in fact or in imagination,
·· of at least two persons, - the speaker or the write r,
and the person spoken to or written to. Aristotle makes
-: the very essence of Rhetoric to lie in the cli;,;tinct recognition of a hearer. Hence, its rules are not absolute,
those of logic, but relative t.-0 the character and
FOR

Copyright,
BY ADA~l8

s.

1878.

HILL,

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iv

INTRODUCl'ION.

circumstances of those addressed ; for though truth is
one, and correct reasoning must always be correct, the
ways of communicating truth are many.
Being the art of communication by language, Rhetoric
·applies to any subject-matter that can be treated in
words, but has no subject-matter peculiar to itself. It
does not undertake to f urnish a person with something
to say ; but it docs undertake to tell him how best to
say that with which he has provided himself. " Style,"
says Coleridge, "is the art of conveying the meaning
appropriately and with perspicuity, whatever that
meaning may be;" but some meaning there must be:
for, "in order to form a good style, the primary rule
and condition is, not to attempt to express ourselves
in lang uage before we thoroughly know our own
meaning."
Part I. of this trea.tise discusses and illustrates the
general principles which apply to written or spoken
discourse of every kind. Part II. deals with those
principles which apply, exclusively or especially, to
Narrative or to Argum entative Composition, - the
two kinds of prose writing which seem to require
separate treatment.

C 0 NT EN TS.

. PA.RT I.
COMPOSITION IN

GENERAL.

'BOOK I.
GRAMMATICAL PURITY.
ORAP.

I.

. II.
III.

1

RULES IN CASES OF DIVIDED USAGE.

12

BARBARISMS

19
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Section I. Obsolete Words
II. New Words .
" III. New Formations

IV.
V.

PAO B

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GOOD USE

"

S OLEC ISMS •

21
24
31
50

•

hrrno rnIETIES

BO OK II.
CHOICE AND USE OF WORDS.

I.

II.
III.
IV.

PmNCil'LES OF CrroICE.

G:3

Section I. Clearnesf!
II. Force
" III. Elegance

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NUMBER OF WORDS.
AnnANGF.MF.NT

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or·· vVonDs

FuNDAMF.NTAr. PnINCil'LEB

84
100
10-i
1 2()

1G2

vi

CONTENTS.

PRINCIPLES OF RHETORIC.

PART -II.
KlNDS OF COMPOSITION.
BOOK I.

J.

PAGE

MOVEMENT •

II.

PART I.

NARRATION AND DESCRIPTION.

CTI AP.

METHOD •

167
181

•

BOOK II.

BOOK I.

ARGUJ\fENTATIVE COMPOSTTION.

J.

II.

PROPOSITION AJ\'"D PROOF' •

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CLAss~:s OF ARGUMENll'S . . •
Section I. P rinciples of Class ification

THREE

,,

,,
,,
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

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GRAMMATICAL PURITY.
184
189
189

II. Arguments from Antecedent Probability . . . . . .
103
III. Arguments from Sign . .
107
IV. Arguments from Example
209

BURDl<:N OF PROOF AND PRESUMPTION
0RDh:R OF PROPOSITION AND PROOJo' •

PERSUASION

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lNTRODUCT_IONS AND CONCLUSIONS

219
226
237
245

APPENDIX.
I.

II.

GENERAL RUL ES FOR PUNCTUATION
CAl'ITAr. LETTERS

INDEX

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INDEX T O APPF:NDTX

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I NDEX OF " ' OllDS AND PHRASES

•

COMPOSITION IN GENERAL.

•

241)
270
280
295
297

CHAPTER I.
GOOD USE.

GRAMMAR, in the widest sense of the word, thou gh
·readily distinguishable from Rhetoric, is its basis. He
who has mastered the mechanics of language has a great
advantage over one who cannot express himJmpormncc
.self COlTectly, as a painter whose pencil rarely of ro rroct
cxpr cl\!llon.
errs has a great advantage over one who can. not draw correctly . . To know the proper use of one's
,.! '.native tongue is no merit; not to know it is a positive
' demerit, - a demerit the greater in the case of one who
has enjoyed the advantages of education. Yet, not even
eminent speakers or writers, not even those wh o readily
detect similar faults in others, are tbemsel ves free from
errors in grammar, - such, at least, as may be committed, through inadvertence, in the hurry of speech or of
·composition. "A distinguished British scholar of the
last century said he had known but three of his countrymen who spoke their native language with uniform

1

.GRAMMATICAL PURITY.

(Boos: I.

GOOD USE.

"P· ..

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gramma.tical accuracy; and th e observation of most
persons widely acquain ted wiLh E11gli1>h and American
society confirms the general truth implied in this declaration." 1 "It makes us blush to add," says De
Quincey,2 "that even grammar is so little of a perfect
attaimuent amongst us, that, with two or three exceptions (one being Shale pere, wh om some affect to consider as belonging to a semi-barLarous age), we have
never seen the writer, through a circuit of prodigious
reacling, 3 who has not sometimes vi olated the accitlence
or the syntax 4 of English grammar."
. Con ectness (or Purity) is, then, th e first requisite of
discourse, whether spoken or written. Whatever is addressed to English-speaking people should be in the
English tongue. With a few exceptions, to be here5
Grnmm ... tlcal after noted, it should (1) contain none but
porltydctlno<l. Engl'is h wor ds,· p h rn.ses, an d 1·d·10ms ; ( 2 ) t h ese
words, phrases, and idioms should be combined according to the English fashion; and (3) they should be used
in the English meaning.
".Vhat, now, determines whether a given expression is
English?
Evidently, the answer to this question is not to be
Fal•o tOAt" "' sought in inquiries concerning the origin, the
good English. history, or the fundamental characteristics
of the language . Ho wever interesting in themselves,
however successfully prosecuted, such investigations
are fore ign to a study which has to do, not with words
as they have bee n, or might have been, or may be, but
with words as th ey arc ; not with the English of yesGeorge P. l\fursh : Lect ures on the English Ln;1gungc, Ject. v.
Essay on Style.
B Query n• to t li e poeit ion of th is clan so ; sec p. 140.
• Seo p. 34 for nn example taken from this ,·cry "'"ny.
6 See pp. 10, 61.
1

day .' or to-morrow, still less with a theorist's ideal
glish, but with the English of to-d~ .
the English of to-day, one word is not prefelTed
.a nother because it is derived from this or from that
_Q_µrce; the present meaning of a word is not fixed by
'ts .·etymology, nor its inflection by the inflection of
other words with which it is commonly classetl, nor
"ts spelling by what some writers are pleased to call
. "reason."
•

to

In

..~~;· · ·Arilhmet£c (from the Greek) , flour (from the Latin), mutton (from
,:°.;the French), gas (a term invented by a chemiRt 1), are as good word~
?·as ,sheep, meal, or fire. In its proper place, manufacture is as good
·, as handiwork, purple as red, prairie as meadow, magnificent as great ,
m~rmur .as buzz, have as be, oval as egg, convention as meeting.
' Though a vast majority of nouns form the plural in s, the plural
of ox is still oxen, and that of mouse is still mice; though we may
o longer say that " a bee slang John," we may say th1Lt " the bells
rang;" though its has been u.~ed only three centuries, it is as m uch
· a -part of the language as hi.sand lier, and one can only smile at a
1·ecent writer 's hostility to this "unlucky, new-fangled word." 2

"There is," says Landor, "a fastidiousness in the
ise ' of laB guage that indicates an atrophy of mind .
e must take words as the world presents them to us,
;:~'Yithout looking at the root. If we grubbed under this
~). and laid it bare, we should leave no room for om
, -~> thoughts to lie evenly, and every expression would
'be constrain ed and cram pt.' We should scarcely find
·a metaphor in the purest author that is not false or
. : imperfect, nor could we imagine one ourselves that
· would not be stiff and frigid. T ake now, for · instance,
a phrase in common use. You are rather late. Can any
th.i ng seem plainer? Yet rather, as you know, meant

~

1 Van Hclmont, "Fle ming (lJo rn In 1577).
· • T. L . Kin i;ton Ol iphnnt : Til" Son recs of Standnrd En gli• h , p. SOO. ( l ~'nl.)
•A spelling peculiar t o J,11ndor nmong m odern prORC writers. Cramped
is the prope1· form.

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GRAMMATICAL PURITY.

[BOOK L

origi 11ally rrtrli.r>r, being the r.ompara.tive of ratlie : the
'1~1.thc primro"c' ~f the pocL rcc<tlb it. \V c cannot say,
1: ou are souner lat e ; Lut who is so trouLl.cso mc aml silly
as to question the propriety of sa.ying, You are rather
late? We likewise ~my, 6ad orthography a.nd fal.~e
ort hography : how en,n thure be false or bad right·qpell1:ng ? " 1
The fastidiousness that ol1ject::; to well-established
wonls been.use tl1eir appcar;1.11cc "proclaims tlicir vile
:w<l despicable origin ; " 2 or to well-urnlerstoocl phrases,
because they "contain some wonl th at is never used
except as a part of the phrase ; " 2 or to idiomatic expressions, because," when analyzed g rnmnrntically, they
include a olccism," 2 or been.use tl1cy were "originally
the sp;rn·n, pn.rtly of ignorance, ;ind partly of affectation," 2 - the fastidiou:;ness, in sh ort , that would sacrifice to the propr ieties of la11gt1agc tho very exprcssious
that gi vc life to our daily speech anrl vigor to Lhe l>est
writing, deserves no gentler treatment tban Landor
gives the etymologists.
P ell-mell, tnpsy-tu ri;y. hcltcr-skrdter, lmrly-bnrly, hoc11s-poc11.•, llf>rl.1eur111i/1y-prwil11J, 1cill!J-11illy, sltill!t-shally, higgledyl"!f:Jil!1ly, tl1/ly-dall!f. hurry-scurry, carry their mea nin g insta.nta.ncously to c,·cry min<l.3
Though the it:i.licizc<l words in" by dint n(,"" a.s lief," "to :i.1111
fro," "not a u·ltit," " 1~it/, and kin," "might nrnl main," "!w ~ n111l
cry,'' " pro n.n1l co11 ," "spick ::md span nnw," arc unu sed except in
p~1 lqc , harnm-scarum,

. the phrases qnotccl, the phrases :ire nniYerRn.lly unrlcrstood, a11tl
there is no more n'n.son for ch:i.l!C'ng-ing the word; composin g them
• than th e. re i" for chall enging a. Ryllable in :i word.
1 \Vultcr San\g-c T.nnclor: \\. ork~: \·ol. h·. p. ·tr;ii.
" ( ;1·or.:o C:nm)'b cll: Tho Pliilo,ophy ,.[ l(h ctoric, ho<lk ii. chop. ii.

(1750.)
Lcb"''ntl of Sleepy ll ollow ," Brn ,'\· 11in~ · :1 "HcrvC: Rie l, " and
vanous pa..:.i:in;:(c.q m 13urkc.
~See fn·in~ · s. "

GOOD USE.

5

Would God, whether or -no, never .< o yood, 1cheren/)01il.<, mnny a,
to da 11 ce allenrlance, to scrri1w 11n11rni11tu 11re , wh l'l11i> r easy to pn.rso
or not, are easy to nrnkrslancl, am h<:lti in lang11n.gc. C"rr!;inq
fav or may at once ck[y grnm1 11:ctical an:.ly~iti a11ll smell of :1"-'
stable; but wh11t other exprc~tiiun sumti up t lie low art;, by wb1d1
a toa.cly seeks to ingratiate himself "!

In the use of language, there is only one sound pri neiple of jud g ment. If to be understood is, Th•' •Hil):•·"""l
as it should be, a writer's fin;t uliject, bis prlloc•pl u.
lang uage mu:;t uc such as his reaclcrs unders tand, arnl
understand as he understands it. If, being a s<:liolar,
he u ses Lat.inisms or Gallicisms known OHl.Y to scholars
like himself; i f, being ~• physiei<m or a hwyer, he u,; l '"
lerral or mc<lical cant; or if, livi11g ill \ url,sliin: or
in° Arkansas, he writes in the dialect of Yorl:shirc or in
that of Arkansas; - his 'i\·ork, CYcn if not partially unin tell ig il>1c, will be di.stastdul to the ~encrnl pulili e.
If he is so [urn1 nf all t.iq u i ty ~ts to prcl c•r ;t w on1 that
has not been in good use since t l1c twulfth or th•) seven 11
teenth century t1) one only fif ty years uh.l 1.1ut in gn _t1
use to-day, he is in danger of hcing shelved with. li1s
adoptecl con temporaries j if, Oil the other han<l, he JS SO
rrreeclv of llOVc1ty as to sn:i.tch a.t the wonls of a sc;tson,
~f wl;ich fe w snnivc th e occasion that gave th em l.iirth.
his work i::; likely to be as ephcmcrnl as they. l_~Y
avoiding vulgarity and pedantry alike, a writer, w1nlc
commemling him::;elf to the best class of remlers, loses
nothing in the e::;timation of others; for those who ,10
not speak or write pure Engli,;h themselves lHillerstan(l
• it when s1)okcn or writtcu by others, l.iut r fl. rely umlcr'
.
taucl more tlw.n one v:i.riety of impure Engl1,;h .
8
The reasons, in short, w11i ch prevent an E11g-lish anthor from publishing a treatise in Greek, Celtic, or

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Gl1AMll1ATICAL rumTY.

(BOOK I.

.F rench, or in a <lia1cct peculiar to a place or a class,
prohibit him from employing nn y expression not familiar to the great body of cultivated men in Engl ishGoo<l uso
speaking countries, and not S:tnctionetl uy good
ctcllue<l.
· l JY rcp uta bl e, national, aml presuse, - ti m t JS,
ent use : reputable as opposed to vnlgm· or affected ;
national as opposed to fo reig n, lo ca l, or professional ;
__:~~w-1rtt~'P11j'.lt):.~: cl to ousoletc or transient.
B e· uiable use ::; fix ecl, not by t he practice of those
w 10111 A or B deems the be::;t speakers or writer::;, b nt
by that of those whom t he worl(l d ee ms the best, not the li ttle world in wliic.:h A or I3 moves, but tho
workl of intellige nt people, - those wl10 arc in the be::;t
r epute, not ind ee d as to t hought, Lut as to expression,
Rcputnl>lo
the mann er of communicating thought. The
use.
practice of no on e writer, however hi brrh he
may stand in the pnblic estimation, is enough to settle
a point; but the uniform, or nearly un iform, practice of
reputa1lc speakers or writers is clccit-:ivc. Their aim
being fully and promptly to commun icate what t hey
have to say , Ll1 cy u,;e the l:rngnage best aclaptc<l to tl1n.t
purpose; antl Ll 1cir u;;e, in it,; turn, li clps to fix tho forms
they adopt.
Am ong common e xprc~sion R that arc not in rcpntable nse are tho
following: on lir:k ; w ith vim; ncr:k -h nntlken·liiP/ ("neck erchi ef ");
su:i"yeing (as in "a swingeing bill " ); I nl/11/IJ (" maiutai11 "); J
ri:r-kun, t:nlcufate, guess, or /a111'!/ (when llRC'd to exp r ss opin ion,
e xpectation, or intent ion); shok.IJ; 110 great shakes ("of little n.cco nnt "); bogus ; a new <ln lge; to 'l''"lif11 (i11 t he Rcn se of "to tak e an
oath of office"); lo wire or to ctt/11-! ("to tckgraph "); to skedaddle.
Tl1 cse arc specimens of brgc cl:u;s1·s of cxpreRsions that, whether
in more or less gPneral u~c, whether met in all circles but the hin-h cst, in :lll part_, of E11 g-la11.J or of J\1111•rica, or only in one pbc~"'(>r
one circle, are far from being reputable.
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GOOD USE.

I.]
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fixed uy speakers awl wri tcrs

0

f
'~~-.

na wnal r epu ation. T hat reputation th ey Natio>mt """·
could not enjoy, if they were readily understood by th e people of only one district_ or t~c. r;1cm bers of only one class. U::;ing language mtell1 g tu1e m
every distri ct and to every class, they scrv? to k_eep
the common fund of cxp re,;::; ion in general cHcuht101t .
Even in matters of pronunciation anll accent, t he stamlard thourrh
difficult to find, can Le fuunt.l in the con 0
•
'
.
current
practice of the most approved poet_::; arnl pu bl ic
speakers and of the most cultivated social circles.
Among prov inci:ilisrns th at shoultl Le avoided are the f_oll ow:
ing: The pronunc iatiou of "news" as nooz; of ~· \Yere '. a.n;i
' ' ,veren't" a.s wa:u r a.nJ wau rn't, or wair and wairn't; of" :::;c\v1ng '
a.s sueing; of" ne i ghbor"~~ neeuor; of" chamber,',' as r:'ufoil1er. Th~
use of :;ltew for " 0 Jiowcd ; · ' pruv<m fo r "prove1l , uu/1((-1 ul1bers 01
qum~ for" over-shoes ; " i;esl for" waistcoat;" olice (c1 1rrc11t in s~me
parts of Eng-hnd mid in south-c::istern J\fa,qs<~ch usctts) fur " fireshovel;" folks for" people" or" family;" flit, fliuing, for" move '
0
or " reinove," and "n10\'ing" or " re mov in g ; " :1;on. for tl1aJ; " lo
hail from in the sen Re of " to report a.s one·~ home ;" J"Jrl fur "r::gion n (;s H Swit.zcrl~nd is a 111tiuntainou~ pa.rt."); tl~1:.-. for ." ll 11.:
pbcc ;" ;11 this connection fo r" iu co11 11ccti o'.1 with llu s sul•.l'·cL; ·
." 1 'll be t.n.ck lo ri,qltt.<" for" p resently;" rigltl nj{, riyltl 11w1P/, fnr
"immediately;" "it rain s riyhl (for "very") k tr<l;" rigi.t her~
([or" at th is point"); a smart sprinf.·{f~ , a smart ~·luc11ce, u smart 11 u.1f1
for" a heavy 8howcr," "a good chan ce," " a hn gh t boy;" ~,,Jf.11 n r
crack for" excellent;" bw11111 crs for" camp-folh-.w1.m<;" /dc/1 "/' for
"bring up" (a8 :i child) ; "I should admire (for " li ke"-) to ~PC;"
l f
" to stav ·" ·ill.; fo r " s·1me " - as "flr:ulwaril1ne ol llt:ct
,,
lo s op or
· ··., '
-.
~
'
. ,,
f . " k·
ilk," i meaning" Hradwar<lme o[ Br:vlwar<l1nc, - or 0 1
111 <1.'
as" Tyler i1ml others of tlt::it ilk;" disreme111ber; /Jo119/itc11 (as_, <11.'tingnishcd from "home-made"); lumber for " timber ;" T he ·"'"'"·•
for" The Uni ted States;" elective or oplional (for " ekctiYe," N
" optional, studies ") .
1

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Sfott: \\'avcrlcy, \ ril. ii. chnp . xiv.
0

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8

GRAMMATICAL P UTnTY.

(ilooK I.

l11stanccs of CXJ! rC'ss ion: that h a,·e come from p rofcBsio nal into
m ore or le~s gen eral, b nt not into good , use a re the follow i11 g : F rom
the law, rrforesairl or said (as " the said m an" ) , on the docket, enta il
(in th e sense of" br in g")," and 11010 conH'S " (at th e beginning of a
p:wagraph)' cla im (in the se n ~e of" m ai ntai n " ) that; from the pulp it. on th e a11xio1Ls seat, phylactery , ad cent, liierai-chy, neophyte; from
m edi cin e, u.f/'ection (as" an o.ffrction o[ the liver ") ; from comm erce,
lmlu nce (:ts "the l"'/1111ce of t hP day was i;i n~ n to ta lk"') , "in his
li11e ," A 1Vo. 1 ; from Lh c Cu n g re~sion:il dial ect, to clt.w1111io11 (" s upport ') a m eas ure, lo (111tago11i::e, - t wo 1 11 C"a~ 11rc s co11lc1ulin g fu r
pr<'cl'd c11ce in the orcle r of lt·gi~ lati o 11 :tr•• s ai (l to 1111tavo 11izc eaeh
Othe r, a Sf' ll:tto r is ~ ;cid lo (l fl(O'./"ll i::e ("Oppose ") a l.Jill or :motlier
senato r; from matl"'matics , to dU)e rentiate (in th e se nse of " to
make a difference ue t wec n "); fro m a sc hool in political economy,
wage and tragc-J1Lnrl (" wages , wagC's-fu 11<l ' ' ),to apprec iate anti to
deprecirlle (iu th e se nse o[ "to rbe," or " to fall , i u val ue "); from
th e s tock-m ark et, to a!1(Jregate ( iu t h e sense of "to amo uut to," as
" t h e salcsag!}revated 1 fifty thou and sha res") , to take stock in, above
pa r ; from mining , lo prm out, hard prrn , lo gel doiun to /;ed rock, to
strike a /;011a11za or l a st rike oil (in the sen e of " to succeed" ), th ese
digginys ("this section" ).
Th e fo llowin g arc insta nces of forei g n express ions to whi ch English equ iv alents are preferable : 11c'e (" Casaubo n /;om l31·ooke" 1
is p re ferabl e), on th e lnp i8 (car pet), coup d~ .•olcil (sunstrok e),
lrolluir (s idewalk) , mtJtif (m oLi \·c) , mnrc~rrn (pi C'c<') , emr•lle (ri 1)t),
f~a~as (hr~wl), oholl'.11»· (sh11 p:ht.-r-lirn1s1') ,f c"X 1/"f(rlijice ( fin :works),
depot (stat10n) , gamrn (street hny. ~trcct Ar;ib) . c!tt•l'alier 1l'i11du.•tric ·
(:1d vc ntme r) . &18 Ucu (blue- ·tocking), derailment (~a itl of a train
t hrown off tlic track). 3
\\'o n l,; in gornl 11 ~c in the T nitNl S tal<'s are t o be prrforrcd hy
an J\rn e ric;cn io tlw~o 11ot h e:ml n11t of Great Britain: as coal \.~
coul.<, pitcher to jug, honor t o lw nour, r:i.ilro:i.d cars to ca,-riage.<,
hnr.<a rrz ilrnad to tramway, tnrnks to boxes, 11:/w rves to whaif<. An
En g lish111 an, 0 11 th e other h and, -Rh ou l•l , as matter of nationa l u se,
prefe r
E11• d ish to the Ame ric:Ln form.

r

det ermined neither by authors who
wrote so ong ag o th[tt thei r Jit:Lion hns become an tiq u n,teJ , nor by those whose nati oll al r epu tation is not
1 •

cc ulso p. GO.

?

George Eliot: Micl<llcrunrch.

a See, fo r other cxnm p1 r~, p. 'l'!..

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;

GOOD USE.

:firmlv c;;;ta1ili::;hcd . N ot cYc n Llie a nthor ity of Shaks:pere ," of Milton, or of Jo husou, tliougli supported Ly tlte
uniform practice of his co ntemporaries, jn::;t i- Pri· s~.mt U80.
fies an expression that has been Jisused fn r
fifty years; nor docs the [l,tloptio u by many news p;q icrs
of a n e w wonl, or of an old word in a 11ew ::;cn::;e, c;;tal 1li::;h it in the language . In uo lh ca::;c::;, t im e i;; tl1c co urt
of last r e::;ort; :wd tlie deci,-ions of U1is eonrl; are made
known by r ece ut writers of Hationa.l rqrnLL t i un.
The ex act bo untlarie:; of prc::;ent u::;e c:t tlll ul, l"'"'':H·r,
1.,
be fixed with pr ec ision. Dr. Campuell, wri ting in t he last century, hd d that no wonl l•n nn d;"i"'·
should b e d eemed in p rescut use which w as not to l ie
found in w orks wr i ttcn si nee lGSS, or w11i c h was found
o~y in the works of livin g aulh ors ; but iu l1 1c,;c <hy::;
of change, w.ord s co me a nd go more rapi<lly. i\cw
things call fo r new na.rncs; and the ne w n ;i.mcs, if g 1;11erally accep ted, will, in ct fe w y c ;Lr::; , com e with the
new th ing,.: in t.o prc;;en t u ,.;c . The history of ga:-;, steam,
mining, of the railroaJ , of the teleg raph, alJOllll(h in
familim· in::;Umccs. 'IYJ1cn, on the other hand, tl1e st wly
of me ntal allll moral pliilo,;uphy retc iv ed , in ll.e c:1 rly
part of the ccn t m y, an i111pube from Gcrma11y, wonh
lon 0<.,. disused w ere recalled to life.

R easnn :l.llfl 1t nderstru11/i11r1 , as wonl8 1l<•nomi 1i:tt.i"'' o[ 11i~ ti111't
facult ies ; the adj ectives """·';w11s , tra,,scewlental , .<ul>}ecfire a11cl u/,)•"•:tive, sup ernaltlrol, as a 11 appella tio n of th e spirit nal, or tl1a\, irn 111aterial essence wl1i ch is 11ot s nu jcct to th e l:Lw of cause and cffecL
and is thus di sLin gu islw'-l from i.l1at wlii ch is natural, - ;i.rc all
word8 reviveJ, not inve nted, Ly the schovl uf Coleridge.'

A gain: worcls may be in present use in poetry w11ici 1
are obsolete, or almo::;t obsolete, in prose.
l l\la n~h: E11 gl i ~ li Ln11~ m1 i.:e. Jcct. viii.

...

.,

.
,_

''

.

;~. ....

....

,.

10

GH AMMATICAL PURITY.

(BooR I.

Examples in point :ire: ere, anrm, mow>!, ffile, nigh, .•ave (for
"except"), bel>eixt , liiyltl, scarce an<l exr:reding (for "Rc:wcely"
anJ "exceedingly"), erst . ichilom, mine (a$ in" min e hotit "), ire,
withal, hrtlh, ycle11t, yu1·e, quoth, kine, don, rlo!J, m 111 n.11<! !/Crt , 1chilsl.
Byron can sin g o( "Lhe ls/es of Greece," lrnt an hi tito ria11 would
speak of "isbn<ls." Te11nyB011 cau say rampire a11d .~houn where
prose would write" rampart" and" shoes ," just as he can call th e
sky: " the breezy blue. "

So, too, words arc obsolete fo r one kincl of prose, but
not for another. An historical nov.el, for exampl e, may
indulge in expression", now ob,.;oletc, tliat arc cl1araetcristic of t he t ime in which tl1c seene is lai<l; but
care should be taken 11 0L to make suc h expressio n::; so
numerous as to rl:'n<l cr the work u11intelligil>le to on.linary readers. All th:i,t can be d one is to suggest anti11uity. In Thackeray's " Henry Esrnond," for example,
'tL~ for it i.~ (a pec11liarity of" The Spectator," lrn t rare
in rn otlern pro::;e 1 ) goes far to ta.ke the read er back to
Queen Anne's time .

GOOD US E.

11

' . .
·convenient ·f orm t l1e uecis1011
of every C''"'C
...~ i' 11 'vl1ir.;h
. recent writers or sr1ca.ker:; of nat ioirnl r epn- A na.l• 1;,!:V he' ta ti On are agreed; but tl1 cy lm ve no more :,~';~1·;;.,:~;:,.~"·
·riO'bt to call in q ucstion such a, deeision than
"' . the compiler of a lligest has to overrule a legislature or
When, however, usage is divilled, when each of two
forms of expre::i::iio11 is almost equally supporte:l by au, thority, there is r oom for argnmt.:nt, as t here is whe n
legal preced ents conflict. In the latter case , t~c q ucs't ion is lookecl at in ~he light of the general princi ples
of law; in the former case, the quc::ition may lie looked
~ at in t he Jicrht of Llie genern.l principles o( lan g n:tgc:
0
.
f
in both cases, a criti c's conclusion is an exp rc,.;,.;inn o ·
personal opinion, n ot an authoritati ve decision. It bi11<1s
n.obody, and it is frequently overruled .

.

-~· ;"

In all cases, "the rp1cstion is not, wh ether a di ction is an t irpmted
for currc11t spr• ~c h , bu t "·h l'Lh l' r it is a 11ti q11:\te1l fpr Lliat. pn.rLit:iil:Lr
p urpose fo r which it is c n1 ployecl . A di et.ion Ll1:it iH a1Jtiquat.<•d
for co111mnn SJ'f'C"r li anrl cn111 /'i 1011 pros!' , ma.y 1·pry """11 11 0 1. hn n11t.iri11 :t11·d for poPl.ry rn· certai n spec ial kind :.. of p rose .

<'.

'.;

'PoraJve1d,ure

there shall Lo ten found t.here,' is not :int.iqnn.teJ for Uiblical prose,
t hough for con Yersation or for a newspaper it is ant iquat"J . • Tlie
trumpe t spake not to the :wmcrl throng-' is not anti rp1at.e<l for pn<>t-r:-•.
although we should not wri te in n. Jett.er, 'he spake to me,' or say,
' the British soldier is armcJ ''"i L11 the E11ll elJ rifl e.'"•

";·,·:I•

These principles tnkc n for g r a11tc d, it fnllmYs th;i t
g ramrnarin.11 s a11<l lexieogr:1plwrs h:1Ye no :rntliori ty not
derived from gnn<l HSC. Their lrn::;iness is to reco rd 111 a
l

U•rrl

frc~ u c n1l .1 ·, h nw~ ,·or, h_,.

•'

Tl."'· F.mcr.on.

2 i\fnlth c \\' Anw ld: E--:-:a_n• i11 Critit i!-m , p. 385 .

,,

•.

12

GRAMMATICAL PURITY.

CHAPTER II.
RUJ,ES IN CASES OF DIVIDED USAGE.

fa t lle <l cter mination of cases of divid e 1 .
tl
l ' ·t
t. l
.
.t u sage , 1e
i e~
p r a1.: .1ca 'g· 11 Hlcs ''trc some , tJ·iouo· l l 11ot ·111 of t i1e
canons
fram
c<l .uY_ Dr • G:tm
. adopted,
,. .,
' metim
'
1
·
' J))Cl!,
atl(l
so
es
.
1
wit wut due credit, by writers on H.lictoric since 1 ·, d r
Canon ] I \VJ
f
H t;
a}·

O'
•
_ icn o . two words or phrases in equal!
oJoocl use, ?ne is susccptiulc of t.wo significations an~
tie other ~s susccpt~blc of b ut one signification, the.
Tho e11non of ~,Ltter - be_mg the form of e xpression whi' clt 1·s
perspicuity.
rn every mstance univocal - sh ould be
ferred 'PJ
~ t f f
.
p reie e ~c . o ollowmg this cano n is to give
each word oue cl1::;tmct m eaning .
•

J._

. . ~J. c~nse'}uen.ce or in conse111e11ce, in the sense of "conse uentl "
is pref.e1able to of conse1uence, si n ce t he htt.er a lso rneansq" . . y,
t·rnt ·" ad ·11
·
"'
' ·
nnpor'
•'
ll!l ance, as 111 " .no admitt.:rn ce except o n busi11CS 5' " 18
.
prel eralJle to admission., since th e latter also me·uis " coif . • ',,
,, .
·
" aclc
J
i ess1011
or
• "now ec1.grnent '· msurancr>, to n•..rn1 .anee po 1icy'
.
.
81llce
" 'l SSlU':i.nce :il.·o n 1. r:i.ns '' co nfidence." Jn tennf io1nl J:,' ·~ '/ .., . . ,
f
eraliJ,. Lo J t . . , .
.t 11" 1011 l R p m ·..
.
' · '
,
II Cl n.t vlOll:t 1 E .cpost110n smce " exr•ositio " 1
l
bee1
· l ·
. LI
.
'
·
n
Hts ong
.1 nsec. u1 a no icr m eamng , a~ in " :i.n exposition of doctrine. "
choir," srngc rs," awl""'• p:i.st of" to i;it" forms
.
ll
'
in the UniLel 't •~ . . . .
.' •
univerna Y used
c :S aws, a1 c p1 eforab!e to r1wre - 1t11d ,·ate 2th es - r ·
otl 1er well-establi shed m eanin,.,.s Aft , . . . I·
. . 'd . e . iavrn. g
b
" ·
"11 01 rs, as an a verb 18 pr ef
?ra le to aJler, si nce the lat.ter is al so 11,c<J :ts a p repos ition.
ht.
Ill . Lh~ sense of "any thing," is preferable to o11g'1t , the latter b~jn~
a f.e 11 ~c of the verb to .01ce; bnt 11011;1/rt ('' no thing") is preferable to
na11gli t., t l1 e latter bern g an ol d form of' nauvhty. Draft, in th e
scuse of an order for mone}' • n "<ketcli
,, ( as ,.
1or a speech), or

' A1•

1
T hi:; nnd th e following canons
k
.
bell's lilieto ri c.
nrc ta en in sub,t ancc from D r. Camp-

:l

~co tr ,

!\facu ulny, George El iot.

RULES IN CASES OF DIVIDED US AGE.

[BOOK I.

13

;i. "drawing of men " (as in war), is preferable to draught., the latter
·,.. having scvernl oLhcr meanin gs. Jid.ulii-v, in the se nse of " mc111l •cr
of a family," is prcfo rnl;lc to reT,atwn. We should say I nmmg nnd
I shrank, rath er than I spntng and I s711'1mk. si11 ce sprung :rnd slmlTlk
' are also the participial forms; a t h ing hidden or f crrgollen, rnt her
than ltid or }1rvot, !Lill :ln<.l jorf!ol J,l' ing th e fo rm s of th e past in , di cativc. A sim il:U' ar;p1mcnt. 11pplif'~ to 11otren; but some p refer
got, on the ground that gotten is harsh or affected.
A century ago tl 1e rc w:ts a que8Lio 11 udwecn II I have eot" and
"I have eaten, " " l haxc wrote " a.n<l I ha.ve ·w rillcu," '• I l la\·u
bore" and "l lrnve borne;" 1 but usage has <lctc rmi11 ed in fa,·or of
the latter form in each pair. ' ' I haYe ,frarrk" is still 2 fouu<l i11stC'a•l
of "I have drunk; " but lhc great weight of riuthority , a.s "'ell as th e
3
principle of th is ctinon, f:.l\'ors the hitter. " I sung," "I dnt11k,"
11
4
I have /1 eril ," thongh often used col 11 I begun," " I have spoke,"
loquially for" I SCW ff," "I drank,"" I ueya n,'' "I ]11we :;pof.-,•n,"
11 I have /; eaten," and someLi111es to J..,e found iu good authors , harLlly
fall under thiR canon, so "trongly Jues 11sage favo r the seco nd f"nn .
Under this heaJ may be classed a few wor(!s th at, though apparently mea ui11 g the exact opposite of each other, are sometim es uscJ
in the sa1uc sense. Thus wi/or,se is fou nJ iu t he sense o[ "loof'<:', '' 0
'Jisannul i n the sense of" annul," 6 iwrrwel in the se nse of "ra\·PJ,"'
embowel in th0scnseo[ "Jiscwbo,,·el," 8 w1r i;1 in the se nse of" rip."~
In u.11 these c:i.ses , th o second wonl o[ each P"i r is pref.. r:chh; Lu tl 1c

. ~"

l(

'

~

.

f;.~~4:~;2,
,1·

I·~"':·'

'

first.

Canon LI In c1oublful cases, tho analogy of the bnguagc shoul<l l>e regar<le<l.
In the th ird person singular of the pre$cn t tense of tho verbs
net·d,' ' tfa re anJ ueed are 80tnc- Th e ~:l 11 ,-'1 11 nf
titncs \v1·itt,Pn i11 st· ..:~;ul of d,,n-·s n.1Hl ~1Pf'.cls . l J1nlcr this
a n :"i C"Y ·
canon, the btter form, \\'hich is tl1at of almost all English Yerb~,
is to be p reforred.10
On the p rinc iple of analogy, 1Co•tlrl rather and mi!lf,1 l1Pll"r arc
" to d are , ' a.rll..l '• Lo

11

l

Lowth: Grnmmur.

'

~~?~::~·,
.,_

Campuell: Rheto ric.

2 Noah \Vcb~tcr : Di ctio1rnry.
!Ii Ch11 ric!"' H eade.

o G. H erbert.
8 Hnllnm .
10 Sec, however, p. 15.

,

3 Tt·n n y~o n .
6 Shak..i.pcrc .
7

9

Y<111 ng.
llaco n. J eremy Taylor.
•·._-·.

14

GRAMMATICAL PURITY.

prcfcrn.bl o to lia r{ mlh r> ,. n.n<l /inrf f/r>f/ r> r - Tl 1 tt . f
bee n in u se n.nd "rP. sti' ll f
J .
·
Hl n. CJ orms hn.vc long
'
" , ·
ou 11 111 ~oo d · 11 t h ·-·
·
society- but tl . l _
''
o1., n.s well n.s m good
which ~1·e· ·111 :ctyl 1n.~',e no ap pn.rc nt <tlh·antage over the othe r forms
'
·L
•·a,;., equally (C J , ,
.
'
with the an:ilon-y o[ ti
· vo u se , alld are al so Ill :iccordau ce
• " . . 1c 1:u rgnrigc .

Canon III.
and b . f f'

Other t hin n-- 0 · .
.
o~ e mg cciua1, the sunplcr
rie e r orm should be chosen.

"\Ve say e ith er fl ccepl or acce11t or I .
•
n.
'.I• ar uitl or admit of, approve or
i ,e ma11n cr address o r wlrfr,.ss lo fl//1 . .
.
.
I ·
· ,
1111 01 a/lam to
Tlio canon of
n s ue l 1u;;tances it will hold r .
uroY ity.
all
·I ,
.
, snpposc, pn• tty go rier -·
.
' y , t l.tt thP sim ple fu rrn is pn·fL·1"1.hl e Tl .
.
11 ~ iippears
pn.'.t icnbr!y in the J•lL;;s i,·o voice, in wh ic h ' ' . . .
<lllforp nce. • Jiis ·iwcse• n t ,. ..
· ? ' e iy o ne mn~t sec the
•
\\ .ls ' "'"''f•l1:1{ II I !iv Jr is f 11.· ' d '
' .
cxcnse w :ts wf 111 i11 1., 11 <if 'uJ
T 111~
.. mas t e r , - '.I 'Tl
·'
II1 s
• ·
.1. n ar/1lresse1l l o by th o to wn . , ,
.
ic m n.g 1s trates were
' II is p resent ~Yn.s "ccn11te<l~mlcnl, . mf·c . ov1denLly much worse than
.
· " '
Jy u s ri cnd' - • Hi s . .
n11tted by hi 8 maste r , _ , T h
,,- . .
· ex cuse was aJ townsmen. ' 'V • I, • b
e mn.,,1st1ates were addressed hy the
e Mvc ut too many of ti · .
]·
.. .
sort of com pou nds, and th erefore o ught n ot i~~ aw ~;:n.l
1 rd, ld1sJ01~ted
out neces ity." 1
mu · P Y t 1em w1th-

appro ve oif · i
,
Jll

8

Som e of the expressions quotei! by Campbell arc no Jon
b ut compounds as awkwa.rd and d is.o int I
ger m et,
daily m ultipli t><l wi thout n e
.t . J F e~ as n.ny he cond. emns an'
ce!<~ l Y·
·or rn stn.nce
·
open up, cur& i11, cla mbc1· up into lirl'ei/ l
. •
~we e:rmnrn e into,
brush ojj' i:;: cravejior bril
'. . ll If>, mi x 11p,Jre.<li en up , Jill up ,
'
l ge over fu 010 at"tc1' treat
r
ovi·i· . ,.
'J '
'
UJJOn, trace out,
connect together, .•tu
·, .
,
, .o;,u, 1cn 'ov
7 ·m eet to t·ai., m eet to7e.tli er, enter
inlo.• Tn a ll s uch cnsc• tl1n "-l1l I • . 't. I
• · •
" ...,
l ' < par ·1c e wh e ·
1·t ·
to comple te tho
·
ICver 18 not needed
'
m eanrni:;, s11011ld be omitted a b ·
1
' ' s erng a ways superflu ous and often worse tl ian superfluous .
1

Under
canon ' now··
•
. this
.
l-' C, 1·1.
' ·p1111..se , nn11wise , are
rc•fer bl
.
nowise
·
. , m likewise, in any 1vise . " 'e •till
,, , ,· iowe vor hpave. toa" o · to l in
.
wise, m that wise, in such 'IJise, no ~horto r forms b' .111. '.
, ay m t n.•
"IT ·
l " ·
· c g 111 " OOtl use
o n~c lo .et JS ·1wf'fenble
to "h o u:<c
, to I1<' let . " · 11'~ "
·
,
'
1
an cl ne11ce
, to from tcli e11ce," d:c.
, .. ,
, te11ce , l1u•11ce,

Canon TV.
Of t \\·o .r(l
. . of expresi·non
. otherwise in
.
i , l' rns
rq ually goorl u><e, tlrc one which i:::; more agreeable
ear should be chosen.
to the

this canon, Dr. Campbell prefers delicacy, aurherrticiry ,
a;ud vindictive , to delicateness, cwthenticufo ess , an d vin - Tlic cannn of
dicative , - decisions wlrich have been sustained by time.
euphony .
,.Aversion bas supplanted averseness ; artificiality, artijici·ilneos; aml

··8ccurcity is supplanting scarcene.ss.
The principle of eulJhony lrn.s , perhaps, a greater influence
:;\\)t. inf re quently, it ovo rriJeti oth er princip les.
Thus, not,ri tl1,-t:unlinf:
Canon I., it proh ibitti dailily, hulily, jollily , heai:enlil!J , li melilff• liomeli!.y, and th e like, preferring to such forms the iuco11vc11i .. ncc
of h [l.ving but one fo rm-" daily," "homely," &c. -for 1;.,tJ1
adj ective and iLJve rb; and it ov<.; rrules the a rg umen t t hat. ,rnulJ
make f orwards aml back ward.; the sole adverbial forms in onkr to
distingui tilt Llll'111 from the aclj ed i vc~ Jurward and liuck1nml . "l·\,r wards, march! '' \rnuld b e iH toleral>lo . So, too, as bctwl'cn /;csii!c
and besides, towa rd au<l towards, ho11wwa nl and homcu:anls, U1c car
natnraUy chooses the form that soundti b est in th e tie nie nce; '~" • -

upon the langu:i.ge ihau some grnmmarian s admit.

"The ploug l11nar1 lwmewa1>l plocls his weary wuy."

1

Carn pUc ll: I:li rt 11ri r, htl1,k ii. di np. ii.

•Sec p.

11 &.

l

Notwithstandin g Canon IL, euphony frequently preforn n ceil a11d
dare to 11eeds and dares ; as , -

:·.~ . " ' ·V haf is not true in the case of th is us..ge

need not be true." "

"A bard to sing of dcccls h e da re not emulate." 6

Brevity , too, may be sacrificed to e uphony. " W ith difficulty"
is preferable to dif}icultly; • "most houest, beautiful, i1ious , dis0
tant, d elicate ," t o honestest, ueautifullest, 6 pio uscsl , distimtest, ddiC1ite.t ; ' "mORt u11fJU Cst ionahl o, virtuouR, in<li spc nsnhle, gcnerou~,
ruorc genteel," to U1il[IU?•timwl1Wi<t,• vi rt uousest," indi.spcns11blr« I .' gcnerousest,' genteeler;' fLDU the same principl e holJs \Yi t h many ll issyllabic and with most polysyllabic adjectives.

It is, of conrse, wrong to give nnd11e weight to considerations of euphony,- to sacrifice sc11 so to sonnd ,
strength to melody, or compactness to ple:isaut \'Crbosity; bnt where ver one can, without se rious 1oss, rnbst i·
t nto a wor<l that is agreeable to the car for an extremely
1 \.ray : ElC!-'.Y iu n Coun t ry Cburcl1yarcl.
2 Dr .. J.11. Ncwmu n: l·:~s.nyA, Cri tical nnd ll istoric11l 1 vvl. i. p. 22,L

a Sco lt.
Yet. B~ 11tli am coudcmus wvn.ls tlwt he cnll~ "Jillicultly pronounccnl1le."
7
' Huski 11.
• Ca rly le.
Thu.;kcrny.

4

~ A rc~ pC'ctalil c E11;.:li 1·d 1 j111 1n 1;il l1 a~ lnl rn up ( IR7~ ) .

15

RULES IN CASES OF DIVIDED USAGE .

[BOOK T.

-

,1 .

16

GRAMMATICAL PURITY.

[DOOi( I.

disagreeable one, or m·oid an express ion unusually difficult to pronounce, th is shonld be done .
Canon V. In the few cases in which neither perspicuity
Th ~ cnnon of nor ann,logy, neither sound nor simplicity , <le•mcicut usago. t ermines the question betwee n two forms of
expression equally favored by good authors, we shoukl"
choose the one which conforms to t he older usage.
On this gro un d , "jail," t he fo rm used in Am eri ca, is preferable to gaol; 1 "Legin" to commence ("Things neve r be!Jan with
i\fr. Borlhrop Trn mLull: t hey always co11mie11cc1l bolh i11 p rivate life
nnd .on his ku1dhill.-;" 2 ); " pholographc•r" to ph vtogrriphist, aud
the li ke; "truslwort.hy" to reliaUle 3 (where there is 11 0 difference
of rnca11i11g). Thouglt, under th is canon, "man of science " is
preferable to scienrist,' the ~uperi o r Lrev ily uf scientist is likely to
cany the day; th ough the active participle in ing is in many cases
pr~feraLle to the p:issi,·e form with being , - "corn is selli ng " to is
fi cing :~old , " a l1ouse is building" to is being /milt, - yet the rn oclcni
fon~ 1:; somc:t1'.11es u ecl·ssary to remove ambiguity: "is beating,"
for rnsta.nce, will hardly do for is being beaten.

Valuable as these canons arc in determining t he choice
between two forms of speech equally favored by good
use, helpful as they may ue in keeping both archaisms
Go0<l nso
<tncl vulgari.~ms out of the language, there
• uprome.
can be no appeal to them in a case once decided. In sueh a case, tl 10 protests of scholars and the
dogmn.tis1:1 of ~exicograph crs arc ecp1ally unavailin g.
It was m vmn that Swift fought against the words,
1 Mncnu lny .
Gbtlstnne.
• George E liot : 1\IidJJcmnrch, book jj·,. clrnp. xxxii.
3
The argu~ cnt frurn analogy ah:ii11~t this word , to the effec t thnt, if it is
~o ex_1st nt nll, it ~ho L1 l1 l Uc rd.1111pf) 11,,l1fr, is, llowc\·cr, answered iJy the cxi atcncc,
111 s pite of the nll cg-rd an n l o~y, of iamilinr word1:1 like indispemHtble, di.<Jp o.soblt•;

not to spcnk of lw1,r;/J flh[,,, hlf':rtrfroU/1-,- w ord s which it is poss il>lc In di~ 1 io g- u it<1 li
from t·e/;ablt'. .Sec '· 011 E11g-li~h Adjc:d ivcs in Ab le, wiLh special rcfcrc 11 cc to
1\toiialM," l,y Fil zcdw"rd l l:ill ( 11<77) . \Yords, howCY!'r, like aclable (Pruf. llcnry
lllurlc-y in The XIX1h Ccnlliry, ]Ri k), dcpc:11duUe. (rc1·ived by The Saturday Hev iew 1u1<l T he ;-; prc tntnr) . 1w·i111Ur, s hOldd be discouraged.
·
4
Coined, it i..s said , by Ur. \\' hewcll.

RULES IN CASES OF DIVIDED USAGE.

17

~ob, banter, r econnoitre, ambassador; that Dr. .Johnson
yi.,- roared at clever, fun, nowadays, and punch; that Dr.
.Campbell lost hi::; temper over dancing attendance, pellmell, as lief, ignore, subj ect-matter; that Bishop Lowth
., insisted that sitten - though, as he admitted, "almost

· _>.. wholly disused" - was, on the principle of analogy, tho
: ~ only correct form for th e past participle of to sit; that
· .. Landor wished to spell as Milton Jid, objected to antiq?.M
and to tlds (in place of these) means, declared " passenger
and m essenger coarse and barbarous for passager and rnessager, a.ml nothing the better for h:wing l>ecn adopted
into polite society," and s(Lid t hat to talk about a man
of ta.lent was to talk "like a fool ; " 1 that Coleridge
insisted on using or with neither; that the (London)
Tim es for years wrote dio cess for "dioce::;c," chyrnistry
for " chemi::;try ;" or thn.t Abraham Lincoln wrote in hi:-:
messages to Congress abolishment instead of" abo1ition .''
It is in vain that the writer who cann ot forgive the language for taking so kindly to its,2 would have poets
called "makers," and rhyme, "rime;" or that Mr. E. A.
Freeman seeks to r esuscitate the m ore part in the Biblical sense of" the greater part," and mickle in the sense
of" great," - as in his " mi ckle worship," " mickle minster of Rheims." 3 The recent efforts by grammarians
on both sides of the water to keep telegram out of t he
language utterly failed. So did the attempt, in th~ following letter, by the late Senator Sumner to subst~tute
a rare for a well known word : " 'Nith these views I find the various processes of ann ex ion•
only a natural manifestation to be eucoura.ge<l always, aud tu be
1 Landor: \York s, vol. iv . pp. 175, 231. Forster : Life of Landor, hook vii i.
2 See p. ~ .
8 !IiAtory of the Norma11 Conquest. ,..
4 The question was whelbcr to annex Charlestown to Bostm1.

.,

18

GRAMMATICAL PURITY.

BARB.AH.ISMS.

[BOOR I.

..

•

19

welcomed nn<lcr proper conditions of population and pul>lic opinion .
I say ' ann cxion ' rather than ' :i.m1cxation. ' 'Vhere a word is so
much used, better save a syllal>lc , espcci:i.lly as the shorter is the
better."

For two or three days after the publication of t his
letter, some of the locai journals follo wed Mr. Sumner's
lead ; but in a we ek his suggestion was forgotten .
Such i.- the fate of all attempts to stem the CtuTent of
usage, when it strongly sets one way.

':1;

·. ~~~~~~:·~>
., .·,CHAPTER III.
BARBARISMS .

THE offences against t he usage of the Engfo;h language are; (1) Barbarisms, word s not Engfo;h; (2) Solecisms, constructions not E ngl ish ; (3) Improprieties,
-~ words or phrases used in a sense not English .1
Barbarisms are : (1) worcls which, though forme rly
. d n good use, arc now obsolete; (2) wor<l:;, whetl1er ul"
native growth or of fo reign extraction, whi ch h;ne
never established themse lves in the language; (3) new
>~ form atio n s from words in goo d use.

.......

SEC TION I.
OnsoLF.TF. IVonns.

"Langna.ge, like every thi ng else in the world, is sub. ject to change. It is not so much men as times tlw.t
differ. Events go on; with them, ideas, wo rds, all the
forms of a language, are subject to one and the same
law. The expressive words, the happy turns of phrase,
used in the Middle Ages, are sometim es regretted; lJ11 t
people forget that time lea ves Lehind it oniy that whi ch
is no longer used." 2
l ~cc, for the <'O n-P ~ron din g- cxc(•lkncc~, p. 2.
X. Do1ulnn: M C lange~, t111 11 e i. ; lle In Nouvelle l:colc P<,(tique.

!2

t

.~

.., ,·.. ,

~:.".' ....

.'l :.

20

GRAMMATICAL l'IJHITY.

(13ooK I.

Y et Swift maintained that" it is Letter a language
::;hould not be wholly perfect than that it
p rop''"''1.
shoultl be perpetually changing;" tl1at, t herefore, "some me thod :-;houkl Le tho ugl1t on for ascertaining aml fixing our language for eve r, aJter snch
alLeraLivns in it as shall Ge th ought r erp1isile;" and
that, to this end, "no wonl w hid1 a soe ieLy slmll give
a sanetion to, be aflcrwanl anLi<1ual ed a11<l exploJcd ,
because tl 1cn the ohl books will yet be al ways valnaLle according to their in t rinsie w orth, and 11ot Ll1rown
aside on account of u11 in telligil.Jle won.ls antl phrases,
which appear harnh a.ml u11couU1 011ly l.Jecn.use they arc
0 11 t of fasl1i on." l
Strange th<tt so shre wd a man as Swift sho ukl not
l1ave drawn the 1rnturnl i11forc11..:c from l1i:-; bst expr e::;sion, should n ot have perceived that words, like tlii 11 gs,
are . useless when out of fashion, antl that they will
Tho f:t•hinn
inevi t.ably go out of l'asl1ion with tlie th in gs
or l ruiguage. whi<.;]1 they name. \Ylicn, for instance, the
iuvention of gunpowder pu t an encl to hawkin g an d
a rehcry , it also rcm1ercd mo:st of t h e words in tlte vocabularies d e:sc ripti vc of those sports obsolete in both thei r
literal :1llU their flguratiY e rneaningR.
The ana.logy sugge::;tecl by S\',·ift's expression is, indeed, complete. Old-fashioned words give stateliness
to poetry, as Lrocades and knee-breeches give dignity to
a ceremonial; b 11 t, on onlina.ry or,ca;;ions, the former arc
a' much ont of place as the lat.tcr . Those who, know iiw
b
the pr ese n t fa:sl1ions, wilfully di~rrgard the m, are guilty
of affecL;ttion; tho::;e who do not know them sh o w thei r
ignorance.
SwlrL·• •trongo

l A Propn ~:\ 1 for Correcting, Improving, nnrl Aflcc rtni11ing the
Tongue. ( l712 .)

E11gli~h

21

BARBARISMS.

.. Examples of ~nch affectat.ion are : i:nlcrmo pronounced wiLh
: the Italian a, 1 disco11~for1aUle (for "u11colllforlalile "), u;itlionl''"·"
'IJWChly, 2 ura:;f?J, 2 lm///.'in, 2 cn 111,,wr11cecd 3 (for "C0111111 0ll \\l'<llth '' ),
mole (as" so mote it be"), othencherc,• adil (as .. lhe ir <t<l il' a1i<l
- exits" 6), wldles, 6 lille11, 6 l•c(fo/1/, 6 suolld!J,; i11 !h e like sori . s Exam·
' p les of such ignorance nrc : br?i,11.dr.n for " olili~<'•l . '' rr(rar..Z for
"ufraicl," ti.1·e for "ask," obl1·rgNl for "olJlige<1,',-· cullc!Ji;;!e ( ns :i.
_ noun) for" collegian," co11tr1i ry for" contrary,'' party for" person,"
,mischievous for" mischievous."

SECTION II.
N1nv 'VollDS.

The exigencies of expression determine what ,,·or<l s
W<Wlh s]1;til
go out of it. Tlrns, iltc inve1•t io11 of g~lllpowtlcr, at the
same time tl1;tt it rcn tl crcd tlic voc;LlJ tllary of arcl1Prv
useless, int rod11cell a VLlcalwhry vf its own . Su, Luu ,
the nation which excels i11 all art o r scienl'e \\"nr t1 ~ nf' f.1r f urnish es to other na t ions man y of the term,; of ci g 11 ,,,; i.: 111 ·
that art, the naml' of a n ew tlii 11g Lcing usually aclopLe<l
'· at the snme time with t he tl1ing.

shall come i11to a langnag-c as well as wh<it

Alrnonrr1:, alcol:ol, chcmislr.'J, larij}; come to us from the Aral1ir;
corral, alliyMrir, carr;ri, cm/1,11·gfJ, sierra, srnmperlc, rr111 rh , rigrir, from
the Sp:u1i sli ; cunoc, .•r;uau•, wi!]"'rtm , lmmd1.a1ck, from tiic ?\ort.1 1
Am ericn.n Jndi:rn; yoclit , from !.l1t~ Jl1 1tch; prrgoda, nflho/1, l'"'"lir,
Jttngle, from !Iinrlostan ; tolwn, from Polynesia; panic, -'.'J""f'linn t ,
from GreP.;e; caste, cmnmorlnrr,, from Portugal; chess, "'""d, from
Persi a; l111rri.. a11e, from t.li e \V1'8t I11<1ies . The French la11gu:..c:«·.
has conlrilmled to the En glish m:wy of the terms of w:Lr f:irc
(aliMis), of <liplom :1 cy (e11u'.~), pf fa~iiionabl e i ntercourse (c1/,1 u1'fr,'),
l

"A

~,,r t

11f:'liil 1Uuh:th vftlie Engli~h 11vhility."

fif_zt"dwnrJ Il::il1 :

~fod,~rn

En glL::.h 1 p. 31!1.
'1 F. ,V, 1\"(•wmnll: Translation of Hom e r; f1r1olr<1 J..,. J\la!tlH·\\· 1\fll l•1il;
3
Essays in Criti\.·i :'m 1 p. 3f.::5.
Swi11lmn1 c : Essay~ und :-.;111die~.
4 Ar1·hl 1i~ h op Trench: Lf'rtures on riutarch .
6 Sir ~\rtliur Ilclps: ~oc:ia l PrC:;i:,urc.
6 ":illiam i\Ioni~: 'Trnn~la t ion of The A~nc i d. R.
7 :\I orris : Ja~un .
8

•'\I

·.·..

·.

E. A. Freeman . For other example•, 'ee p. 17.

. ,·

·"
.~

22

GRAMMATICAL PURITY.

IlAR l3.A UISMS.

[IlooK I.

23

~:;;.."'·:'

of cookery (om elette), of the fine arts (11mateur); and it has borro\\·ed from the English words r elatin;:: to nautical :ilfairs (bric!.:
from "brig "), or politica l affairs (budget) ,' to homo l ife (confortable), und to manly sports (jockc!J) .

This p rivilege of borrowing fro m ou r ncighborg shoulJ
not, however, be carri ccl bcyoncl the limits prc;;cribcd
by g< o<l ns:-igc, - lim ib fixed by nccc;;:--ity or th e ge 11 cml
con venience . Eve n within Lhc:--e limits, the i11troduction of a fore ig n word is a ttended wi t.h se riOltfl.tarlr~ to
their ini.rvous drawbacks. Ti me - sometimes more,
Uuc ll on.
sometimes less - is req uircd for s uch a word
to become familiar; and it will n ever, perl1 aps, quite
throw off its foreig n air. A native wor<l , moreove r, is
one of a num erous family; but a French or a German
w ord often comes alone, and rarely, if ever, is accompanie<l by all the words of the sam e origin with itself.
Eve n if exposition sho uld fin:illy snpphnt exhibitinn, we should
still be un able to say to e.rpose, e.rposants, e.rposilor, inste11.d of In
exhihit a ud th e cogn;i.te words; :rnd if a n ew de rivative were re'l uin"d,
an E 11gl is hm:tn \\" Ould naturally form it from lo exhibit, a French man
from e.rposer.

Though the!':c incon Yerncnces con!':titn te no snffi cien t
OlljCl.:Liu n to tlie n"e either or a rnrc ign c xpre;;;;ion wh ich
has l>een naturalized or of one which suppl ies a n obvi ous neetl, they shoukl, in all other cases, be dec isive.
U n fo rtunately , however, the tem ptation to strut in Lorr owcd finery is ofte n too strong to he rc.-isted.
"\Ve need only glance into 2 one of the period ical representatives
of fash io1mble lit.l'ra t.11;·e, or into a n o\·cl o{ the day,
to see h o w seriou' tlii' as":tnlt upon the p uri ty of the
English Jang·11:1ge ha.~ become. The chances are m ore th:in equal
that we sh:ill fall in with a writ"r who co11siclers it a po int of honot
to chot>se all h is most emph:itic word:; fro m a FrPnclt \·ocal>11lar_v .
a11d who wou!J think it :i lamentable falli11g- off iu his style, did lie
BnrMwe<l

iinNy.

Ori~innlly from th e Frenrh lxmgelle (lent!H• r \Jag), n o w olloolc te.
' Qnery ns to tbi8 prepositio n.

1

· "\\'Tite half-a-dozen sentences withont employ ing a.t le:ist half th:it
number of foreign worJs. Hi s herol':; are always marked hy an
~•.~iir tlistingui; Iii~ vile men :irn ~ ure tu be 11/ases ; Iii~ l'.iJy frien<l~
· never m erely Ja11ce or J ress well , tlwy <hnce or Jress a mer r~tl/c,
he himself wJ.en loll in g Oil t!te sofa u nde r the ,;pirit Of laziness
does n ot s im ply en joy his rest , h •l h1xuri:tt1·,,; in the do/ce frr nicrite,
and wonders when he will manage to Le~ i11 hi ~ 11w1111w1 "!""'· Arn i
so he carries us Uiro ugh !tis story, ru 1111ing off in to h:•ckneyl'd
·French , It:ili an , or Latin expressio11s wlt1•11e ,·c r h e h a.~ any thi11g- io
say which h e th inks sho u ld Le graph ica lly or emphat ic<dly said. lt
really seems a.s if h e thought t he E 11g-li.-d1 hngu:ige t.oo meagre, o r
.. too commonpl ace a. dress , in wh ich to clutlie his tho ughts. Tlte
· tongue which gave :• noble uttcrnnce to t he thoughts of !::ihak~pere
and Milton is al together in ,;ufftcient to e xpress the m ore cosmopolitan idea.s of Smith, or Tomkins, or J enk ins!
"We have bdore us :in arLicl" f1«>1n the pen of :i very clever
writer; and, as it appears in :• m :igaz in e wliie!t speci:dly pro[l'sses
to represent th e 'best s<,c iety,' i t m:•y J.e taken a.s :t i.;o<,d sproci nw n
of the style. It describes a. d:inc i ng p:irty, :i111 ! we Jiscovrr for the
, first time how much le:wning is necessa ry to desc ri be a' hop' prop'· ·~ erly. Th e ren.de r is i 11forrnl'1l t.11:1.t all the people at th e d ance
· belon g to the beau 111 ()11dr., :is rn:iy be sc,.11 :it a cot1p rl'reiL.: the demimonde is sc ru pulo usly exc]u,h•1l, :.• ml in fact eve ry th in g- :il.on t it
bespeak s t h e haul 1011 of tl1e whole :iffair. A bdy wh o li:is lw"tt
happy in h er h:tir-drcsser is s:•id to be coi/Jee (L rric ir. T J,.,u tltrn'
is the bold m:rn to rl""cribe. IT:t\·i ng ac•111i rcd the sr1o:oir.f((ire, J.,.
is never :i.frai cl o [ m:<k i ng a JfrnY ;>rt s , b11t, no m atter wli: d; ki 11cl of
conver~ation is st:irLc,1 plung<'s :it once ;,, mP<lias re-' . Folio winghim is the fair ddl)ll/ante, who is al rca•ly on the look-ont for tm &rm
par/£, hut wh ose n e;; rct rott.' se is a <lcc iclecl obstacle to her success.
She is of cour~c acco mp;rnicJ by marnm:i en grande toile/fe. w ho,
entre 11ou.,, looks m t.h e r rir/ee l'Ven in the g:i,l ii;ht. Then , lest the
. write r should seem frivolous , 111° s nJJe nl y ;ih anilon s th " desc riptio n
of the dances , ris-ci-i:i.' and dos-a-dos, to tell us tli:it H orner becom es
tiresome when he sings of Bowmf rrorvw " Hp') twice in :i page. The
·supper calls forth it corresponding amount of lPrrn1 i 11g, :ind the
writer conclu<l1•s hi s article ;i.fler having :tin·rl hi" G re1·k, his Laliu,
his F ren ch, :incl, in a subordinate w:iy, his English." 1

7

and

;.:

.'f.•

....

'I

~

l Tlic Leed• i\fcrcur.'·; quot e<l hy Dca u Alf0rd : Tile Q11ee 11 .. Eu;;!ish.
"-'

~-

...

24

·d' yesterday; "

"

the house w:ts burglarized; "

NEw F o RMATIOKS.

Greater latitude is allowed in the formation of
words from words in present use,
changes that <.L language grows.
Vlh a.tever the obj ections to the noun mob, so long a,5 the question
was an open one, t hey had, after the noun was established , little
force against its deri vatives. Ii the noun was useful, 80 were to
mob, mobbi.~h , mo/1-law. So, too, afte r gas came into genera.I use, the word wi th the thing, - it was necessary as well as natural to
form derivatives like gaseous and gasometer. Other instances are :
to coal, to sail , to steam, to experience , lo pro,qress, lo supplement, gifted,
talented. Of t hese the last five met, if in deed th eydo not still meet, ·
great opposition .
"One verb, that has come to us within the last four years from
the American min t , is ' to interview.' Noth ing can better express .
the spi rit of our age, ever craving to hear somethin g new. The verb ·
calls up before us a queer pitir: on the one si<le stands the great
man, not at all sorry at the bottom of his heart t hat the rest of
mankind are to learn wha.t a fine fellow he is; on the other side ·
fossily hovers the p ressman, a Boswell who sticks at noth ing in the
way of questioning, bnt wh o outdoes his Scotch model in being :
wh olly unshackled by any wea.k feel ing of venerntion.'' 1
Whatever th e need o( to interview , there is nothing to be said
in favor of ma.ny vulgar substitutes for expressions in
Vulgarisms.
good use. As : '' Ue availed of,' ' instC'ad of '' a.vailed hims('li of" a.n opportuni ty ;
" how does he like?" for "like it? " "how do you like?" for '"
" like th em? " a .<teal for " a theft; " "Lord Sal isbury's wa nder ,
through E urope;" 2 " the case was r~ferce rl;" 8 "he de ed ed me
th e la.nd;" " the sl.:al1J1·inl phenomenon ; " 3 " Speaker Randall's ;,
r etirac!J; "a " clothes lcrn11rleretl at short notice; " 1calkis1,a ,agriculturalist ,a education alisl , 8 speculalist, and the li ke; "13-Ol iphant: $t:i n<lard F.n;;lish, p. 332.
2 Tho [London] Spectator.

B

American ncw•pn pcrs.

"

"

. .
-~

;poso.
·irstly,a £lly,4 are used for first , ill, in a.ppa.rcnt ignorance of the
that,. being adverbs a.heady, they <lo not require the a.<lverLial
·: ation in Ly. " On yesterday,"• "come around " (for "come
d " in the sense of " revive" or " recove r,"), are similar errors .

~

l

.

~ ot only should the need for a new form be evident,

it should be supplied in a manner conformable to
e genius of the language, and wi th sp~cial reference
'the principles of :111alogy ancl of e upho~y_.
t may be doubted whether these conclil10ns arc ful·
.-ed by the humor of spelling and pronouncing prope1
·1es of foreign extraction in accordance 11,.,rr lcn
fai-; tiiiia:-1 in
ith .,vhat is, or is believed to l>e, the foreign spciiing.
~hio u. The new form is not nceJed, since
1 old one is familiar; it pleases ears accustomed tc
her than English words ; and it suits the analogy, no1
"E~glish , but of some other language.

e

" I h ave chm1 gcd Dr. Ihwtrey's 'Ka~to1",' 'LakP(hirnon,' liack
the familiar 'Castor,' 'La.ccda.emon,' in obedienc0 to my own
· e that every thing odd is to be a.voided in r ender ing H omer, the
ost natural and least odJ of poets. I 8Ce Mr. Newman's cri tic
' the' National Re,·icw' urges ou r generation to b<;ar with th e unural effect of these rewritten Greek na.mes, in the hope that by
means the effect of them rna.y have to the 1wxt generation bee natural. :For my pa1·t, T feel no di~position to pass all my own
. in t he wilderness o( pedantry, in orde r that a posterity whi ch I
.aU never sec may one Lhy enter an orth0grapl1ical Cnnaan. An1l ,
ter all, the rea.l question is this : whether our living a.pprclwnsi11n
American newspapers.
~College studen ts.

1

I

1

si nce the
the confer11 of a degree;' ' 1 " h is letter of decli11ature; ' ' 1 caUegram; 1 repnr~-l •l rrtanagerial; 1 Corifliction 2 (for" co nflict ") j in Clllli'SC (fo r" Of
i-:i~ "); tasty (for "tasteful"); "he was fatigu ed \.y tho difficult
·; " • "L-- was extradited;" di_•peace; •• i njormal ionr1l ; {ti
i

ance (for "issue") of the l'res i<lent's order ;" 1

SECTION ill.

25

BARBARISMS.

GRAMMATICAL PURITY.

••Tho (Lonclon)• Spcctat,,r ( ! ~~~) . a P rof. \V. S ..Jcvo11', in Th e Fo rl.ni ;;h tly Hcv ic w.
4 Bartlett: D ic tionary of Americanisms.

;•.-

,.; . :.\"

~

A~

2-1

GIL\i\HL\.TICAL PURITY.

( l300K

l "t.hc hous~ ""'" l111rylur i: td;" 1 "s·i111"-' t.1' ·1
(fur "issue " ) l)[ tl1t; Prc:-\id e 11t.·s (1rder; ·· 1 •• tl w co11) 1,._

c.i.tletJ yester1lay;"
"i.1$ tUlH

e

',

...,

torfril ; l 'lnauagcr ial ; 1 crn~//icti1111.'l. ([u r H<..:0 1d li( ·t ''); i111 ·1111,._,,. (i r " 1 d
urse "); /osty (for'' ta sll'[ttl '") ; " ],.. w:1s fal i.c:·11 .. d J,_v UH· tli11"1c11it.
climb;" 2 "L-- 11·as e.rtrad itcd ;" di.1icrlCe; •• i11fvn11.1l 1•11"tl; tr;
11

Grc~ttcr bti t rn1 c is allowct1 in tlic formation of n ew
\\·onls from \Yunls i11 prr,.;ent use, ::;illCC it is by StH.:h
l; hangcs t ha t <L la11gu;1ge grO\YS.

\\'h aten, r U1 c u lijl' <· L i on~ Lo the ll flllll mn/1, so lcillg as the <]llCsliu ll
an ope n one, tl1<!)' i1a<l, a[ter lite 11mm ""' s t:s t;d, Ji,;\1ed, litllc
fo rce a.~·ai11'L ih t!.·ri1·aLi1·1·.• . H 1111• 1w11 11 wa .-; 11,;l'fu l, so w ere to
111()/J , 111tJhl1is!t . 1Jwl1- /u1c . ~d , L<i<\ a !" t L~ r !/Os <' all\!~ i11 ll) general u ~ 1· , t !1 e \\' Ord 1·;itl1 t.11• ; tl1i11g-, - it was ll l'C<'.<>ary <L' \\'1·11 as11 :li11 1·al to
form tlvriva l i\"t.:s like !fll.<eous a11>l ga"r•111r1,.,-. Otlt« r i11,l;111cr·s nre :
wa.~

lo con/ , lu soil , to stea m, lo P.r/>f'ri('llf'f?, to 1u·r1:1n'ss. tn . .·u;1;1fr11u-11I, yijicd,
lule11tol . Of lh ese Lhe b.<t fi1·c 111ct, if i1 1dL"cd ll11·y 1lu nut s lill 111l'et,

great nppos i Lion.
" One 1·crh, ili:c L l1:is cnnw tn us \\'i lli in f}, p 1:\.-t, four yr·a rs from
the J\111 cr ican miu L, is' to i11 ten· ie11-.' ?\1•Lhi11Q· c:w i.<:lte r n:press
tli c spirit qr 011 rage , ever e ra,. i 11 .~- tu hear so 1n 1·t Ji i 11 g ne w. 'rl 1u verU
calls up l1do re <ts a <Jll f!l 'r p:tir : on thf' 0 11 " 1< id u stands Ill\! g-rc:1t
m:rn, n oL at a ll $o rry at t\11 ! I101 l.o n1 o[ 11 i .' h c;1rt 1li:tL 1li l· n•st o[
ma11k incl are 1.o Je;c rn wli;1L ;t fin e frllo\\' li e is ; o n U1e ul ill'r sicle
fo ss ily lt o1·c rs th e prPs.<1 11;111, a B1iswt>ll whn .<licks a t nuLhi ng- in the
w ay of C]1ll' s f . i tJ 11in~, lin t 11·lin 0111.rlo<'s lii.< S<'otd i nwd1 ·I in l·eing
\\'li Pl ly 1111sli:'i.ck kt l liy any \V(•ak [.,, ,l ing n( n :ne ra (.itlll. " 1
l \'hal<.!Y e r Lite ucc1l o[ to i11/cr1·iew , thc·re is n oth ing l.o ],c sai d
in f:wor of many 1·1tl g ar Slthst itntcs for e xprcssious in
Vul garh;ms.
good use . As : "He ru·oilcrl n.f," instP:id r1[ ":i1·:1ikol l1in1sr·lf (•f" nn oppnrtun it.y;
"how clops l ie like?" fl •J' "l ikr, i t.'~ " "!JC• \\· ,Jo yo u !if.·p ? " for
"like f"lH'tn?" a stcrd fr. 1· " a Llidl;" "Lorn l :-;,tli.< b ury's 11·rrnr/e·r
tli rr)IJ ,L;" li Eu rope;" 2 " Uir> ca>u """' refrr!'f··I :" s " he ,f,,,.ifNl rne
U1e ]a.nil ;" " t i1P sfi·11tr11· i'1 d ]tl11·11 P 1HP11011; . , a " ~ J•<·ake r ILu1da.ll's
r l'linlf'y : "3 "e iPllll's /1110 11/fT"I :d, i'ltP rt IHdicr\ ;" wu l !.·is t, 3 O,'J1'icultuntlist ,3 ct!1u ·u ti111111 l ist, a ·') H n du ti:-:1 , a11Ll th e lik1· ;
H-- ~t t i-

l Olipl:a11! : Siw1d:ird En:. ~:J i .. Ji , p. :1:;:! .
·.,! Th e p.1111d u11 J ~l1 l.' dil\ o r .

'

1

J-'un ~L\TIOX~.

1

•

mtrtl/ of a, dcg' l'Cej '' l '' } 1i:-\ Jc:Ll!!r of 1frcfi11 0/ll1"(' : '' l C([{1f~yn1111: _ !' 1 jior~

SECTION III.
]'\ E \Y

:

BAIWAIUSi\18.

Iil.J

J.

1

•

ju.xtr1po.1e.
Firstl-11,a illy ,4 ::ire nscrl fnr .first, ill, in :tl'j><ll'l'nt ip:11<1r:lll <'t' of ilJC:
du IJ<>t rc~ •1u i re tli e. adwri.i: .J
termi natio n in lf/ · " Uu ye.<Lenl:Ly," ' "Ct•me 11ru1111.d" (l ur "cl>111 1 '
l•ound,,, in Lhe sense of '" re\·i \'C" or '' rc.!CO \"Cr,' ·), arc :-;i; n ilar er n. r:-;.

:ftiCt that , bei 11g aLlve r\.is al ready, I.hey

1

Not only :;ho11l<l t1w need fo r a n e w furn1 uc C\'itlc 11 t ,

but it shoulll bo su ppl iell in a. rnall ncr c011fl>n11ahk tu
the ge 11 iu:; of t 11 e Lrn;p1:1 gc , aml 1rill 1 ,.;pCc;ial rd'crcnc<.:
to the pr i1wiplc:; of aualugy aml ()!' c;upliu11y .
It may lie l1onLL0d wl1 cLlier tli c;-;e co11<litiu11s an' Cul·
filled by th e hum or of spelling ;tnd pro11< H1llei 11 g ]'l"l>J ic1
nn,mes "of fore ign cxtraclio11 l1l accunl.111,·c F .. r.·i ;.::n
fa :-- h i•·l)"l ill
with what is, or is liclicvcd to lJc, the; fun.: ig·n SJ·1.·Hi11g.
fashiou. The n e w l•fflll is 11 ot 11ccd0ll, si11 cc
the old one is fa111ili ar; iL t•k:L,.;cs ca rs accl 1,.;(11nH.:<l ll.
other th::w EngJi,.;]1 wunl,.;; a11d it snit,.; tl1c a 11a lugy, 11ot
_of Engli:;h, but o[ so me othcr l::l.llguage .
"I hav e c.l i:w gl~ cl Dr . 1T:1.wtr1•y ' s '1\ ,.s tur,' 'Lak1·,l :t i1nn11, ' b:tclc
~ to the f am lli<Lr 'Castor,'' L:1c•·cla c nwn.' in olied i1·nce t<J rny own

yule that every t!ti11g ()1/,/ is Lo be ayo idl'<.1 in r" 111kring 1!1\lll t' I' , tit"
most natu ral <rnd ka;;t odd o[ pu;_•ts. l sec 1\Jr, X e11·rn:rn 's c r iLic
1n the' :N°; Lion;i.I l~ c: 1·i,,w ' urgt·s our f.'.PlWr:t1 ion to l .. ·:ir ll'ith tlw 1111.,. niit ur::tl cITud u[ tl 1e.<c l'l' ll'rill1·11 G r<'l'k 11;1rn1•s , in the],,.,.,. lh:it Lv
this 1uc:rns Llic e!Tcd uf tlic~ m may h :1,·u t<l th e ll<' Xl ,c;.,c11,·1·:ll.i1•n \,. ._

come 1H1tur:1L F ur u1 y ]'art, T frl'l 110 di"J" ''itio 11 l" l'" ~ " :ill "'."'""."
life in tli e wihlvrn ess uf i•ed:111 t.ry , in 11 1-.J..r Lhat a l'"'t.c- r ity wJ,i ,.Ji l
shall never Sl'<! rna,y 0111! 1hy 1•1Ji c r an nrtlingrnpl 1i l':tl C: 11i:i:u 1. 1\11.\ .
nfter all, the real q11eAi u11 j,; this: \d1 0Llw r uur li"i" g :q•1>1.,·li1·11.<i"11
1

s :\rn l.'rit·n 11 11cw ~ 1 ia1w r~ .

·':l'.,.'i
~-~ ~

Amrrican

ll C \\·~ p :lpC: r8 .

2 College sindc nl !'.

-:'aTJie ( Lo11du11 }' ~p l·c l:ll"r t ( ... . -;- ....:) .

3 P rof. \V . ~ .. Je\' L111!-(, i11 Thr F11r l 11i .~l 11ly l\eYiew.
4

Bartlett:

D ict it1 11ary t1f :\ rntrici111i~u1~.

·,, .•

•

2G

GlUM~lATI C A L

PliRITY.

[B oo1( I.

CH AI'.

TIA H lL \ HlS;\fS.

III.J

of th e l. rr0k \\'nrld i ~ m ore chcck cJ hy mrPting-, in an Eng-li sh
l ><1o k alin 11L tl1c <:r·c,·I" , 11:i111es not Rpt·l t lcll1·r fv r lett<·r u:; ill Llie
or ig-i nal G1 \.:t ·k , o r l:iy 111 et·!i 11g 11:unt·:-.: wlii ch n1akc us ra l.; our eyes
alld c:dl u ll t, 'llv11· <"iCceJ i11g ly udJ ! ' " 1

names ; out oeC:<.siona.JJy <l powerful \'OlCe lS l1c:ml 011
the other ::;iJ.c of the que s t io n.

There rni g li t lie less ohjcctio n to a chan ge i11 tl1e di-

i<.h-!a of qui Le dji-iLi11 c t PL'r ....; (_illa..~·c =-- fr1\lll tl it• jli'J',..; un ;q..,:- 1· ... wl1 11 :-: t· id 1·:t i:-;
r a.ised by t.11 c Greek 11a.1n f' S. J I i ·ra an d .T1u1 0 art• act 11 :dly, tn 1 ' ' ' 1 TY

redi on p ropose(] , if it \\' e re rigidly 1:arricll ut tt \\·ill1 all

IJrnper na11t c::> of-furc ign origin, if i t wore fou n ded npo n
nuy intc-l lig iblc pri 11 ciplc, or if t he prac tice of its aJ.rncttes we re uniform .
0 11 c of Lh l,SC \l'uttlJ-lie rcfunn ers, for exn.111pl'» wri tes T!i11 cytlitf;:s, 2
ll fi ltiwles, 1 l erorl,,rns , iu 011e hook; 8 'f'lwc!Jt.lirles, 11/dtiqr/es, I lt-rodol11 s, i11 a11 ot.hc r l>uok . 8 \\'e fi 11 d aJ.,o Jf!J/Jne, Arl.wlia , /\n1L!Jra,
S o11hu k lfs, S e,·.cis , 1'11rrl1os , Ai~ ~a, Jf,11·s1:illc , L'lsus:;, in tlie same

hn >k' witlt 'J 'lnln·s, Curillllt , C'.IJJH·u.s, Aisc!t1;'11s, , !/e.cawler, Cnc"'»
1 ·n1i, ·~, f,!JfJns, /,"rr'1i11e. I11 '"1e of t wo Iti,tur ics ptt li! isl 1ed 111 1der
h i ~ nani e i1 1 L1lc sa 111e .)'('a r , ~I r. E . 1\. F r1 ·(· 111an writ.1~s vf 1\ i11 g
5
,}olji·eif: i11 tl1 e other," of J\i11 g .·I !fn•d . Tli e sam e aut.li o r \\'riL<·s
J;,," 'Wf'""le ; b11t., li ke Jlfacattl:ty, Ill' cal ls t l1 e l" re ucl1 L ou is L eici.<,
and, likl' Jr\'i11;.;, \\'ri les li.f.t!10111tl :ti!Ll Jfulw111 clan, no t ,\f11li:-u 11i11l'd
a.ntl i\ lolta111111e1 l:t n. YcL t.!1<' AraLie prophet's 11a1nc still is , as it
lia., l 1c:c· 11 fo r cc 11 tmi c.~, 7 a fa1·o ri te hat( !P-grn11 11 rl for Cl1ri st ia 11 s.
" 1':1·e1·y lllall \\'Ito ltas lra 1·1·lll'd ii! ti ll' Ea;t. l. ritt ~." honw a 11 P w
11:11n ., fnr [Ji (' }'l'OJ>l 11'!;, a111l I 1·i111 s ltis t. urhan lo l1is o wn t.:t.' lC." s
T lw l:t!,•s t. st.y l" of l 11rl>a11 :·q •p1•:1 r.-< i11 111 1• I.ill<' n f a hon k p11l.Jis l1 Ptl
in En g land in l 1'fif; , "J\ I> i g-"~ t of .l ! ru,/11u11111r1rl1ul l,aw."

T!1 e W<' i .~·J1t of r1rgllnwnt , n,.: well ns that of n sngc , is,
l10 wl' \' Cr , i n favo r o[ calling tlie Greek tle it ics lJ.r Grcl'k
1

M:ttlli c w Arn old: E ssays in Cri licism, p. 3-!G.
Es 1':ty on .\li tfo rc.l" :; Ili:; lo ry.

Sec abo ~facauh1y;

2 <)tt 1·ry a ..: to !ht' pr<1p r i..ty 11f i11 di 1·:1ti1 1,!J 7J :rnd w h_,. a c irc•11m fh:x IH' <'{' 11 t, :.1n :l ('(·+•nt n:o- L·d. \\'l1l'f'1 +: r ir1 E11 .~· IJ :-: li 11r in Cr1·1·k , for :t11 1·nt in·ly difft·r~· 1 il p11rpo~e.
tl E. A. Frt' l'l na 11 : f: <•11 1·ral Sk e t.:! 1 of IIi:- l<•ry (1·dili t1 11 of l:S70 ) ; Il i:.t ury <_i f
Europf' ( 1' ri1111·r ). :-':tllW .'·i·;i r.
4 Fr<'4'Jll; Jll: c;(' IWnd ~ k f' l t •h nf Jf i.. f(1ry .

ll i:--tory , ,( Till' J\ n rnnin ( '011 r p1 1• ... t.
G ll i:-lnry nf F.11rfJpe ( I'rim er).
7 Carnplh.: ll : HJid ,1ri1..: , bcr1.1k i i. 1.· h:tp. iii. s t·c t. i. Fa ilnre, li11W l'\·e r i Hfli'11d 1·il
th e a t!L' inpt. in D r. l'11 111 pl1t:ll' ..: ti 1n t:, ti ) ~ u b s til ut e ( °t11~/i1fl:1._e fur ' 1 Co11 f1u.: i11 :; ,"
ii

u111 i
t>

/.n·rl11:~h 1fo 1·

l.undu r:

11

7.o ro:1 . : ft'r ."
1.·ul. iL p. 2-U.

\\ "uric~ ,

"1,li e La l in 11 :1, 1111.. .•:-; of tl1•' <:r1 ·1·k d1·il i,•s r:l i:-: •· 111

H J11 ~! . c;1 :-:< · ~

fL, ·

"

scbolar ' s i !lla.gi naLiu11, tll"O J i lfo rc~ t 1l p1·npJ,,, ::;,-, i 11 al I t I 1'"'"' c' '.'"-·s
th e La.t in 11 ;L1a es iuns t, at an y i1 1 cu 11n~11i e t1 ('n, lie a l 1a 11d1 11 wd \\' lt 1'n
we a re <le;i,li tt g- wit.It t lt1; Cr ~<·k world. ll 11L I ll1i11k it c:u 1 1,,. i11 llw
sensitive ima. ~ in:Ll ion o f ;\Jr . (;1·11 Le u1il y, Ll1a t. ' Tl11.1<·ydi d••s' rai ses
the idea of a diffen·11t 111 :u1 from AouKUr'I;,~ ,, < ." 1
"T. nlitke 110 ap<1lugj ' f11 r e 111pl11ying- iu 1ny Yers ion fli t~ 11:tn)es
Jupiter 1 .Ju 11 o, \ t 1· 1111:-' , :"L11 d 1ill 1t·rs ,,f I.' a l i11 oi :i .~'1 11 , f1 1 r Z~· 1 1 :--, :rt·ra,

·......

A phro<litc, and otllf'r <; rr 'l' k na1 11P."i Pi ll1t • d e itH· :-\ uf \\ 111 1111 ~iorn ~·r
spe;1ks. 'fh4• 11 an11• ....; \\'l 1i ~·l1 I l1a\' ( ~ :u!11 1it1·.! l 1: 1\' 1• ht ·1' ll 11;d1tr:d~ z1 · r l Ill
onr1:tll£:" Ua ~·e fnrc < •1 itll1·i1· ~ 1 ~1 11d s111111· \Ii' 111"t ll - :l s :\ l "'r1·1 1ry, \ 11ll'all .
a 11 <l Di.a.n.:._l1a\'(~ t' \ 'c.. •1 ; lw( ·n 11n1,·id1 ·d " ith E 11.l!'li ... i1 l· · n11i11al1 11t....: .
I'\'3.S t r a. n ~ L 1 li11 .~ l'ro1 11 (;r 1· ~· k i ii! P E1 1.~· \i :..:l 1.a 11d l tlH· r ~· l«·n· lran ... h l1·d
the n:un cs of ll1<' g11clc', a.' \\Cll <LS 11,. , <>i l1" r part:< .,f llt·· ]'•>1·1 11. · ·"
1

1

Guocl t1 se a 1l()11b so11w af,/1 r rl'i!lin l .fur111s, Lu t lira:Hb
as LarO<iri s111s 111 ;u1y othe r s .
Some of l.1 1 0~1 · co n1len 111 P•l i>y "The ~ J'ed.:it11 r' " a t tit « 1i .. g ir:1 1 i11_~
of t.lt e las t. Cl't1t11ry arc c nr n «tt, , 1ill ; as, - ,,1,,·o f., ,. Jh.t ,.1.1 .,....
. , . . jJ11;: f ur .. 11P ...;\ i:l! 111 111".
"j•lt ysio«· 11 n11 1y , '' i 111 ·oy fo r '' i11 c1 1g-111_tu
.
,-,
.
f
.
.'
if,j,·e," J,,,11 , f<11 · • • hypncltu11dri:i." (> t.l11 ·1" s , - rr-;1 111· •• l't ' J H~~;1! i·~11 ,
pfe11 ipo f or '' 1il1· 11 i1111t 1•nl.i ary , " - 1 1:1\' t• di :-;:·11•pi:•an·d ; l11 d . ll1:·1r J_" !: w 1 : ·:
hn,ve l 1c 0 n filleil l>y Jtu 111 [1 JI' "li 11 n illl1 .i..:._., 1·.rr11H f11r •· 1·xa111 111 :d H111 •.
cil'la fo r ;; cit izen," spec for " f'}lP C' 1il:d.io11, ' ' c o 111;111 8 f1 1r "l't_1 ll q 111 :-- 1tion," c 111 ~ ~ 1 /, ft ,r " co 11 falnila.t io11, " f'U/1' fo r •' :le i it 1' ,' ' .'/1' 11 1 4 f11r 1 1 ~ r n ·
t le rnan, " pa 11 rs fo r" pantaloons"( " tro 11sers" is fa r 1•refcrabl1-) ,
1 l\f nHhM\' .-\ rn ol1l : E ~~l\\~~ in C ri t i <' i ~ m. P· 3-1 7.
41
2 nry ant: l 'r1·fa n.: tn hi;,;, T ran~lat iP !l t1f T he lliuJ.
" Sc:C' p. 100.
8 F n:o.t l;1k e : Hint..; on H ol1:-l' hol d Ta ~ ll'4 ' ' T hi'. l'IJJ'l f 1 ,rin 4,f' ,1,- 11 (. " " n lt' "'"' t'l' n ·mo n io111~ :-111 1..; t itn !1• f,,i· the f n il •' X prP"l"IOll 11f ' gl· 111!< 111111,' Ji.id , 11lh• ll l<i• \l• • ~• 11 -. 1d1 • 1 iJiJ , \\ 1\\ 1.1 1! Ii"! t .111 1 J \\ ,1-.. J,:1 1d
I
in a 1 · ,~u rt t1f j 11 .. t in-. Tt j..; al11 Jt 1i l\\'• •1dy :···;1r..; a _
:.,:-.. lltoll !W tJ yo 1 1t1 .: ~ 111 1·11 . l .. ·:1 1 ~
br o w~h t h•·f•J r" a Ln n 1}.111 m 11:..,:·i . . ll': 11... th·..;1·ril, , .. 1 t lH· 111 .. 1· h-.· ~ 11 . . · g- ~·11! ..... '
TJ i ..
mag-~trat 1• !'<tid th nl 111\ <· 1n1 ~id~·r1 · d tha! a d1• "' i .~ n n1i 1 1n lit1l1· lh.: ll1·r th ;1 11 ld: •l'kguu nl. TIH ~ 11 11111·,.,·ia11·4l f·• r n 1 ha...; 1 11 · ~ ·1 ·r 111,.•1· 11 ;il ol j: tj.' 1'• ·1·•1\'t.: r th<tl ~ h u1..: k. '' Th < Ph;/ulu!!!I ':f th e L11y/i,/, T ,myu< . /,!}J u/,,. L«rh, 11· J~ I.

2*

-,

. ',
1.:··

··.

~

..

28

[RoOJi I.

GI1 Ai\IM AT IC AL P GIUTY.

p/1nto for " 1•lio l 0~ r aph," po.,·ta / fo r "p<>:.:b l card, . (Ilic E11glish
terrn , pos /-!"11nl, i:.: ],,.( !t:r).
() 11 Llw o l\ 1('r h:111d , r 1111 from" a \·:1111., · • 1•r 11 11/1 fr .. 111 " J•f'11111Li 1~1:ti<' ,.:y llahk,., c.dm , t • r i ~ i1 1: tlly a11
Good one~.

as ill

• · l'Xtr;u>rdiii ary , " h 11 t

<'h1un fn, 111
1

al.l.n ·,·ia ti on

of

ll lt 'lll1 i11 g ·• ;1ddilir111al," -

,~.1 ·1ro \\"li rk ror t .rl n t p:i..y .. l a11d .. a ('l1ar,i.:;1~ l\ 11· e.rtnr.-:," frn1n " co 11 ~ul id aLl'd annnitiP ~ .' · 11·rff;1s fn111l "\\TilJ'l' i ng-~,"

(i

CllJl .'i() /S

c;o ;u·li

Jl(1\\ '

''

cn111ra1il·, · ' c11!1 fro1n ' 't: al1J·i1d 1·t , ' ' hu1L fro 111 •· !1:1\'k1u ·y-

JJn '.l°.'f . 111·11clor, f r0 n1

1)

' • prot;ur;u.:y, : : '' l'l'<..H: 11r;llur ,"

li ~ n· e

e,.:taldi ,.: J11·1 l the111;-; .. h«• s .
S1i111 c :dil>rt:Yia.t iu11,; th;t( ;uc frequ e 11 l i1 1 Yt: r"'' a rc not
a llo w:1l1 h: i11 pr""c; a,.;, 1_.;· 1 -y 1 11(' f'r. n'1·r 1 tl1</, tliro \ '11tid, · 111rrth , (/.ft, 11 al/1 t:fr ..,·...:, ':1un, 'twi.cl ,
0

e'en, i',

0

1
•

Barlial'i~rn :-; " ·l1ich conic 1111.!c·r tl 1c gc nc l'al hc;ul of

,.;Lwg or cant - tl1c :-;pa1n1 of n. puliLical contc:-; t , for cx:rn1ple - 11:-;ually die a iw Lurnl
L1cath; a,;, w or.i, .;r
Jvw

.,,.; ~; " ·

u1,

llir~r . f ;)ro:f(irr1,

S11/t

~h c/l, ff11rrl-,,/iel/,

Copprrlim1l,

n"r" /,,, rnrr,

_. ld1r//a111/le,' /111 //dozc, C0/1{1"11/J1111 i/

7!11117..,•r. Sift-,

(1111·a11i11g ' ' fugiti Ye

sla ,- · ' ') .

IL h01n·Yn, a w11rd ,.;11111.Ji(' :-;

:t

iwr111;1 11\'1 1L 11<'rtl in the

]:rn ~11 :1~c, iL 111;1y, ,,·J1a lc 1Tr ib mig i11, coni c i11to good
Ll!-\t ~ :

}-'i!t

a~,

(i l "

i n";\ fig fi1r

y1H l ' ' ) . /111rtf,

BATU3A RISMS.

win - is the better part of valo r. S 11 ci1 wr it er,; can
follow no L cLtur cor111,.;ub Ll 1:tt1 Ll10,;e gi1·l'11 L.r Bc11 .J111i on. and by rope : 'Custom i::; th e rn o:-;t crrtai11 rni,.; trc;;s o[ L t11.'...'.·i 1; 1 .:~·1· .
11$ tho puul ic stamp 111ab~s t.l 1c l'lllT1·1 1t 11wncy .
!;1 1[ \\l:
must not be too freq ucnL wi ll t L11 ,: 111i11 t, c v1·n· ,Jay ""111in •,nor fe tch w orcb fro m Li 1l.: t: Xtn·m e ;111 d u r 11111,;'. ;i;_:« ·-;;
s ince the chief virtue of a :-;tyle i::; l'l'l""l'i"11i ty . ;11111 11 .. tl1 b1g so v iciow; in it a::; to Jll'l'll ;111 i11le ri'r"t" r. \\« 1r.J..,
horrowe1l of <t1tLiquity <lo lc 11 tl a. k i11d o l' 111: 1j1 ·,; :y to" ' ·' il',
tincl are not wi L!tout tl 1ci1· dclit-;·lt L s < >111 uL i1111~,; . F .. r tlw \'
have the authority of yea r,;, a11.J 011 L ul' tl1\ ·ir i1lln 111i..;1;1 ion tlo win tl 1L:lll,;ch cs a ];i11 \l .,r ::;· r;," c-"''l' 11, ·\1 '"'>> .
ut the ek1c,.;t of the p n ·,.;r11L a11 d 11 c1vJ H'"" .,:- 1lit: J>:i't
language is the Lc,.;t. F ur ,r J1aL \\'a s tlie a 11 .. i1·11 t. Llll g nagc, wh id t some rneJJ ,.;u doh:: 11pnn, l>11l :i1l· :rncil'11t
nstom? Ye t w li cu l llamc cits((Jm, I 1111<1er;.-h :11l 11nL
the v ulgar c n::;to m; fu r tli:tt W 1'rc~ a pn <·f•[>l. n" Jc,;-; .1: 111 gcrou s 'to hngaage tl1:111 l if1 ., if' ,1·<· ,;IH>11lil '1' <' ;1k or Ji . . "
nftcr Llie nrn. 1111 c rs of' t lie Y1tl g ar: l 111 t. t l1at I call .-: htom of spee cl1, w l1id 1 j,.; (]10 C<>11:-;1·11t of 111 <: lc:1rncil, a,;
custom of life , w!ti cl1 i:-; Lit e; cu 11sc11t. cif tlie g "111L"' J
"l

/1(111ff l' , .fli111:•y . l111111fl(fs/, l1igol,

" I11 wor ds as Lrnl1inn s lh l) ;;amr, ru]I) will J,,.]d ,

caw ·1ls, !/''n·!J111u11d1 r , or/111!, ll "/,/y . ·1·",..'/ , .l/1t/rn1/i'st, l/ u11if' u/, clever,
jiui , . .: 11 0/1, luu11f111;1, /1u11r · u 11d1f~ . ~,·fu11 .'/i or nl. ld 1w-stoc l.-i11:;, to slt1ud, f1·amp

(in 1l1e '"""" l)r ·· '"1.c:· 1.,1 11L '").
It may l!l.: ,;;1i.J . a11 1l s~iicl ,,·it h trnth, Lk1t th e rul es
llllls for ;:11g- ~t·,.; t.:d, 1101,·l·YC· r firrn ly f0 1111rl e<l in r eason ,
:no k a,.; t ll ;-;cf1 1l ''-l-1<•r1· t11 (·rc is rrHrn1 i'<>r d11ul, t \\' l1cth er an
oltl W1)rcl ha,.; l)('co111 c ol1,.;o]('t(', or wltcth cr a
Snmm a.ry.
n ew wo rd ha,.; ,·;-;Li.h li ;-; l1 c1 ] ihl'l f , - i l 10 v ery
ea:-;e::; in wlii1:h gu i<Llllcc is 111 0,.;l 1H.: l'llc<l. l 11 ,.;u ch cases
prudence - at least for wri tcrs 1\· hu luwe yet tl1?ir· spurs
' Herbert Spencer.
J oh n Brigh t'; Speeches,

1 s~c

Y Ol.

ii. p. IH ( Ma cmillan, JSGS) .

Al ike fa1 1tast ii: if lo•' ll ( ' W nr old;
B e not t h r• fir,; t li y who 111 Uw n1"w arf' 1.r ietl ,
Nor yet the last
!:Ly Lhe ~Id aside . " '

to

Even wri ters of osta.hl i,J1(·d re p n lalion wl11) 111 1itc t;i.,.t
an d discretion wi tli g1·1 1i11,;, a ct in Ll 1<: ']' ir it ., f tl11·.--, .
precepts. C icero was wv11t to i1 1t rocl11 .. e a11 tlll 11,.;;1::l
-, : ¢:xpr ession with " so to speak ; " i\bcau b y'::; new \rnn],.;
l Ben Jonson: \Yorks, YO!. ix. P· 220.
i. vi . i., x xxix - xh·.
2 P ope : E:;say on C riti ci, m, pa rt ii.

Orntor.

n orrowc<l from Qui11til ia1l: In:-: (.

·~.

30

can he co11ntcd on the fingers ; l\fatthcw Arn old apologizes for writing lleuasccuce for "Henaissan ce ." "I
kLYC vcntmcd," he says, 1 '·to giye to the foreign word
ll1,1wissance - destined to hccornc of more common use
amo ngst u::;, a::; the moYcmcnt 11·1ti ch it cle11ote::; cnrnes,
as it 1rill come, i1u.:rcasingl,r to i11tc rcst u,; -an English
form ."' 2 " I trade," says 1Jrytlc11,'l "botl1 " ·ith tl1e Ji 1·ing
and Lltc de:ul, for the cnri<.;li 1n e11t of onr 11ati\'L' la11g11age.
\\Tc l1a re c1111ngh i11 E11gLu1(l. to s11pply our ll !'cCssity;
llllt, ii' 11·c \\·i l l l1:tv0 thin gs uf m:1~11ifi <' c11cc a ncl s11lcnc1or,
we nrnst get l h1•m lJy comme rc e. t>octry rcq ni re,; orn:imc11t; a11c'l tl 1at i::; not to lie l1a tl from o nr oltl T en ton
rn onosyll:tliks: Lli c r\'J'o re, if I fi11tl any clcgallt wunl in
a classic author, I propo,.:c it to he irntmalized, hy 11,;ing
it myi-;clf; anrl, ?j' t he pu{1fo; rrppro1•e.~ <fit, t /11~ l!l"lf J!<l-~.~cS .
But every m:tn ca11not distinguish l>et11·cc11 pcdantr,r and
poetry: every ma11, therefore, i,; not fit to innovate."
Jiow, t.hcll, is a l:rngnngc to grow? II ow is lill'l'atn re to <wa.il it,.;clf o[ t he ne w w ords it needs for complete expression 't Tl1 c ans\Yer snggc~ts itself. In the
ar t of writin g , as in CY C' l'}' other a.r t, it. is t.110 masters,
alld Ll 1cy n1 il_1-, wlin g-iyc the hw :tnrl detn11 1i11 e the
prncli cc. Tli c pods. tl1c great pro:e writer:;;, may be
safely lcf'L to dekrrni11c \\'l1:iL wor<l:-; arc 11ecd(·c1 by t li e
lang·uagc .
l C1dt11rr an fl A11;1r1·liy . l'· 14:L
2 (!tH'r_v 11:-< t'J tli1~ p11-. iti1111t•f 1· au Engli:-;h for m.''
¥ D"dicntion of 'l11 e _-JOnei'-

31

SOLECISMS.

GJ;A\ DIATI C,\L runITY .

Sec p. 135.

CHAPTER IV.
SOLECIS:'o!S. 1

As compared witl1 liigl 1ly i;1flectetl langnagcs , Englisl1
undergoes few gr::rn1nalical cku1gc:-; ol' furn1. lts s,111tax is easily masteretl, anll l'ur tl1aL ve1·.r reason(,,,, () !·1,• 11
nco·Jecte<l.
Expressions ]i],c Ll 1c fo ll owing a rc h vard ,
0
.
.
some of them Cro m ig11or:1.11 L pcr,.:011:0, l iut ,.;u1ne lro111 persons who ouu\it to know arnl wl10 ol'tcn do 1.;.n"w. i l tl1cy
stop to thinl~, tha,t tl1e.r arc t:tlki11g 1rngram111atic<illy:
"1rult UXlSj" d th ere' ..; th e l1oys;" ,, wliu did yu u ~ L·v't ., .• I uiot h11-

ing;,, " I l1ai.1tl got it;" '' ['vc youe 011t/ J,J ll C it; n " \\ho Y ul;;ar i..; 111 ~ .
done it? " "bctw~en yon a11 •_l 1;" '.'you
ought .. .
,. ,, ~
1
to do it;" "the little Lorcl :-:i1hcrl.irnlge a.> [fu1 llu11 J \\.h to ~ ' '- ,
"walk like [fo r as] I do;" "I a m very 1°h:as1•d;" •· 1!11"<''.·!l!f Lf"r ''.·~
""t 'v}1 nre·" a "l h·L\'C
110 cluuiit
soon as ] I gL
4
· /1111. 11·/111( l:<:. \\' I l l Cill11" ,,; ..
" Mr. 1\ . jumpe<l on to the lrai11;" ' ' lw 1v [fo r ,,./,111 •Ii. I ynu "'·' ·' .

'"'."".'l

i....

•

,

' 'l=-'
. l l l ' I u I H•11
l " ...
'' it
1) 1t . L 'v(· ·1l 011 n \I· ; .,
''bellli:'ag-rcra ld e ?' ' "(_1
·
•.
.,
11
·. '
·r to1
/ i'I
Ll1inl·, ,·" H Lry
tlu1st: ~f. ··11ul :
.
. out/ Lr- fur to ] tlii k ·, "
"it is me ;'' ·l ''it, is /rr:r; ,, '' { hare wn1l; . , ·' wh rrl< n ·r <!J d ,Y 1 itl
say?" ,, l Jo 11 ' t n·111>'11il>e r of h:"·i11g h 1::trd it ;" ·• l'"" i'i ·· 111/I.· th"t
t imes a rc hur,l ;" " h e d1/nl'• lik e it;" "l' m go ing in tow n."

u~nc so ,

In convcr::><tt ion , intlef'11, ~Jigl1t inac c nr:1 cics ma.y l ie
pardoned for the ~ake of colloqni<Ll eas•" an(l ii '. nratory fire tells for more than corredncss ; ln1 t a wnt1.·r is
pr~s~mccl to ktYC what eve r time lie needs tu rn:1ke hi:-;
For 1k finitio11 , see p. 19.
Anth ony Troll<•pc: l'hinc:is Finn, vol. ii. chap. Ix-_
a In England there i::! some goo<l authu rit y for tl11~ exprc:~s ion, Lut i11 tlie

t

2

United ::;wt.es there is none.
• Some Eni;li;h i;rnmmarians ( Dr. Lutbarn and Denn Al fo nl'. f,,,._ example)
dcft·nc.l tlii~ form; Uut the weight uf g-o<•d usag-c 1s decided ly aga111::·t _it.
e '' \\' hy fitlo du'til likt' Cuw..ly·· i:s tlic title vf a Wvk n:n·111!; 11uld 1-.. lil'J.

34
l

GR 1DD1A TTC AL PU HI TY.

[1300!'

has. in bte y <':i.rs a t.tr•1 11 1dPd to p:i.ss , but generally wi tho ut .
tl ie l >1 •st. l11dicn.ti1111 ,,f tl1e nc•i·d.i f11lt.'' 1

111 .J

S ltCCl':->:-: , 1s,
H

r:1!1il's \\"i Lh a t.lw is1n

fll"I '

i111 po:-:sihlc .

":.!

"S 11 .. !1 r•xt. "" '" ' ' p r i11 c i1•k, d rn 1"1· al l t.111 • h olde rs o ( property i 11 to
t !JI' n Ll 1er s 1.J ,., :t11d Jilli ·d tl 1t· r:111k s of th e ,\"ario111d G' ua rds , wherever
LI \\' a., C<> lllf'C>seJ <1 ( uLJ1crs tl i:t 11 j'l'<J!claircs , witq sturJy a nJ zealous
d l'f1•1 :de rs of o rd,.r . " 3
" I\ u 1wrio." l1 u t 1rnrs1· h·1 ·s !lf1r~ cqu:d ly succee d ed in botTt furms of
t he li i .~· l1 P r poetry, e pic and tragic . '' -1
\' ., i Llll'r /rue nor 011i11 iu11 supl'rat!d artifi cial o l>st :i.clcs to the
n:t t 11 r: d

0 11{ ·:-; . · ' &

:· All t li: 1t i-< sl'1'11 , - I.h e wo rld . tlic Bihl<', Ll1 e C hu rel 1, t he civ il
p:il 1t.v , a 11 d ;na11 l1 i1n .... ,•lf, - an LY l'C:-> ." &c .G
" ..\ ha r11 il t·ss siiJ ,~ 1 it 11 lc .i'n r t iil! " ' c red m us ic whi ch l1is inslr t<111 e111 o r sl.-i// 11·er e 111 1;tl.l 1· to ad 1i1· 1·c. · ' 1
1

. " J\' e'.i.11 e r _l11u ,·111.,./ur;1: JJ ur tl ie lircr!! of Uic oCITant \\·ho p rccc<l c<l
It 11·,,,.1: f: u11 i11 ;tr L1l tli c 111. " •
" f t l ' :t di lforP11 t st·L o( men who s11gge:; / tliin gs , fro m t!t ose wli o
cur ry t 1w 11 1 i11lo efft' c:L. n 9

\ Vl11·11 , 110 1Yc1·er. the snl 1jicct t lioug l1 pl ural 111 form i:;
sing1 1l:1 r i11 :,;t•11sc, the H~ r l 1 s ho1tld lie si11 g-u lar; wh e n
tlic :s 11 hj cct tl 1oug·li ,.: i11g 11hr in J'or m is plt;ral iu :se ll:;c,
t he \'C' l'b ,.:Jt n ul1l l ie ulur;1!.
l ~ 11 d iT tl1 is nil" tl 1,: fnll u\Y i11 g· an• ri g11 t. : Po~• i t i\· l' politics,/,,,. ,.,. noL ('fl l l(' 1•n 1 iL~elf wi l li hiHtory . "
'• 'J'l 1t· n t•11·s i.,· 1.. ·11!in·l y ~ titl~fa rfqry . ' '
H

JO

"H s c·(·1J11:d tli:t t ' " " ''PJl"-'l f/l ul 11111 1'1!~ 1· th e J\i11g and hi.; brother
t h1· s h ort. ·:~ t. a11<l Kllres t W•ty . " 11

rc 11.<

S O LECIS~lS .

I.

" It n ever w ::is any p:i.r t of ou r crcc•cl th :i.t the gr eat rig /it a nd
(ilissedn ess of ::in Tri sh111:i.n is to d u as ],., lik ,·.' · " l
"The gulil a nd sil"CI' c<>llecl<~· d at. ti ,.. l:u1 il uil i !'C~ i .< S<'nt Lo 111"
dePosit b:i.nb; it is there i ·la ceJ l.o U1t: 1:r1:.lil ., f t.l: e g .. n ·r111 11" 11f. ... '
" J u ea rly ti.mes , Uie g r1•at 11111jo ril!/ " [ t },,. 11 i: d 1· S l ' X 11·,. r e" s h1-. ·s . ' · ·1
"The numerica l m19'uril!J is uoL a lway,; to \,e a~c er tain e J wit It
c "rtain ty." 5
"The p npulace u•ere now m el ted into te ars ." G
" ) 11ankind lwi·e al w;cys w:w J ur() 1! u r ;:dll e1l, a;:; rec<l or r1uarrr·]lcll ,
in t roops or compani es." 1
"The Cl:w di:1n fwn ily 1cas l.lll g n uLl·cl for i t.~ arrog all L <l cmeanor." 8
"f{or1ses , not' housu u,' ·i,; ll 1c co rrect plural. "
I V. Sonwti me" a pro nuu n or :lll arl j,·d i \"\:! l :> ma.d e to
refer t o a. wonl ,1"]1i d 1 elves 11ot :1.ppr· a r i11 tlic F,,,.i :. .. r
sente nce ·a t all , or appc:1r:; ei t l1 cr a,; :L "}ll aL lc vrn i'" 1"'t.
in some otl1cr w on1, vr n.s a wvrd in a n obsc ure p:irt vf
t he sen te nce.
"She ha<l not ye t l istcnc1l p a t. i<·1 1t ly ln l1i ~ lwirt-Lea L~ , Lu t only
felt th a t ha 0 1c n \\' :1 K lwa ti11 g \·ink n.tiy." 9
" To -n1 0 1T O \\' i.. .; /!1 1..pitul ~ n n day , a111l w t· lrt1 :-' t t lia t it 1na,_· n ·sult in a ]ii.era] ~ t1lJs c rip l i o 11 fur tlw se rnu' t usd11l uf L«11d t111
chari tics.' ' 10
"The first pruj ecL was t o sh ort.l! n <l isco u rsc Ly c uttin g polysyl/<1 bles into one." 11
]\fatlhe w Arnnl cl: (; 11ltw·c :\nil Annrrh_,., rhnp. ii.
Dnni cl \V l'hste r: " .. ork .~ , \'n l. i. p. a7R .
8 A coll ecti ,·c 11 011 11 b :-:i 11g-11l:t r i n :-:r n:-c nnri thP n' fo r(' ~()('~ "'ith :\ ~ i ng-ul ar
verb when the c1;/frd i11n is ~pn k•~n o f: ii i-. plnral :t 11 d g-uc· ~ ,,· it h 11 plund Yrrb
when t.h c inrlirid uril JH'r s011 .'{ or f/,; ny.'{ 11£ th e culledi uo arc :'; pvken uf.
4 'M ill: 'TL e S11hj N ·tion of " ' 1111 H' n.
6 lfolh1m: C o n ~ tit11 t i o 11 al Tl i4ory .
6 I-Iumc : 1Ii!" tory uf En g-li.H1 1l , \'Ul. Yi. cha p. b:,·iii.
7 1-'c.q.(uson : [ ::- :-:a _
, . on the lt i:--f ory ( 1f C i,· il ~ fwic.!ty , !"rct. iii.
s Le wi:': O\i .. cn·; 11 in11 and l\1·11 ... ,111 i11 g- in l 'oli tic:-: , chap . X.Yi. ~cct. Y.
O Gco r~c .E liot : l\t id dl\·marcli i hr111k ii. cha p. x x x.
10 Th e [ l.otHlon J S p1·1·t 111or. ( l Rit t.)
11 Sw ift : C ul!in:r's Tra,·1·ls i V oy;1;. .:;e to I.apula.
1

2

!l
8

.T c v (1 n ~ .

in Th e F o rt 11i ~·hr l\· Il c \·ic nr.
l> i..: ra1._·li : l. <ith :t ir, d 1:1p. xx x ,·ii.i .

Pn f .
1

: Ili;-;. tn r.~· of E 1ir .. pc frotll th r F:dl of Xnpolcon, chap. X:-t'X.
f li1 11lJ:1 :-: l>c ( ~) 1111t t' 1· y : E-..:o:;t\' on St,·!,•.
6 .J. S . M ii!: T !te ~ 1Jl ,j 1·('1 i1111 .pf \\.,11 1;j·n. p. :? 10.

.J:l i.. .: 011

1

J. ll. ~ etrin:u 1 : J ·:~."' a .,· :-: , C ri rir a l and lli ~ t orir;1J, YO!. ii. p. J.!)3.
~1: <1 tt : \ \ · a,·c· ri 1·y . n d. i. 1·h:1p . xx x i,-,
:\li .;s Au ~ tl~ n : l' riil e n11d Pn.:j wli {'(· . l' h:1 p. xx iii.
0
1I 1·l p~ : S1 1<:ial Prl'"' :-t ll f't '. (' hap. x.xii . p. :i:!7. ~ cc :d.:<1 p. fl 7.
10
S ir C cor;;e C . Lc"'i' : < 11,,,. n ·nli'"' n11 d r: .. :1;oninu: in Politic•, ch.i p. J<:"<ii·.
11 olal'nuluy : l!i, tory of E11i;l111l(l , vol. i. cha p. ii.
sect. x11· .
6

35

~

Gl~AJ\l~L\ TJ C AL

l'UHITY.

[l.lou K I.

"Lnl'kily , hO\\' CY('r, tlwy [t>k['hanh] ,]id not kee p 'trai g-ht Lc low
"'"l 0111· li11g1: a 11i111a l. " ·l1i cli, a.s l coulu
JlOt so ·e tlw s1: "l '/"'11•/11;rs, \\':ts prouaLly :~ /uskJe,.-; co w, c: ilue and sLuoLl
within te n y: rn b o[ rne ." i
" 11" will k 11oll' 111• •r0 ckarly a1Hl tli oro1wlil v t l1:u 1 C' l'<'r he knew
J,, .f,,rL' t l1al F 11;1ii.<h p(Jli('y, so
as i is l;~·o-:l'urki,h , is policy in
\\ l11cli sl1f~ s1:1 11 d ..; a ln11e . " :i
"Tlw~e [ 0 1·id, Ci,~cro, :w•l Pliny] :ire !li P llm•c R oma ns, - ll1e
it ·;1:·d_, •l! 11i;dd e <d. 11uti11u ....,·, a nd (1'11l' ex....: eplt·.J) tl1c h· a:-.t s i11 cC rl', " ·ill 1 "1'1 1<1111 l s lw11ld l1a1·e lik•:d 1,,.,L Lu'!''""! all l'l't•11i 11 ;.:.""
. "As " lexL-l>c>ok, the 1·0! 11111<,: has f>lle t1·1·l 111ical d1·f1•cl, - llie
l111 L'S c•11 g-l1t t.o 1"LI'( ' lie1: 11 1111111/iered c ill1 er as in t li e ot li c r vulu111•' s
o r 0 11 c1 a<:l1 J1age . I ts a h'l'IH.'C il" a ~oiir l!t ' o f a,11110,·:i.n c e. ' '"
" I L is a p:.i11[11I discu1·ery we 111:tk•', a s we a1l ;-:11 1cc i11 life, Uiat
C \ 'Cl\ Ll1osc \\' L! J\\ O~ L lu1·e ~L l'C Jl OL (' X C ll l['L fro m ii.~ frail Lies . ";,

VI. Sometimes words 11cccs:<ary to com plclc t11c
enso a.re omitted.

me., l111t a li LLk on one ' id";

iar

\T . \Vri lc l',; ~umdimcs omi t an cs,;c 11lial pa rL of a
YCrh r r 111ll a :-: rnll' IH' C \\·]1 i(' lt pro\·idc :-: 110 gr:tllllllalical
ll lL':tlls lu :<ll[ll'l.)' Llic 0111[:;:;iu 11 .
" l lu k noll' ~ l>el il'r 1/11111 ll'if/,/, ,,/,f in fc>n n:ili<»L., r.
" . . . Ll10 .~• 10<1whie li111a11ki 1 1J alll':iy.-; ha1·c so111'lit an,] all1·ays
1cill." 7
" I ,}i ,,l! ti,) all r l':lll ( o J'!'l'Sll:l<l• · :11! otli•: rs [1) Lak •· tl11I S: llll C
ll \(l:lSlll't ' S fo r lllt'ir l'lll'l' wl1i1·lt I /dtr '! . ~· s
H Tl1i s dt•1lic·atio 11 111:.\· scn· e fu r al111n~ t r111y ho(lk tliaL lto s, i;;,9or
s hall /, .. pu ld isJ,..,l, .. Ju •
" I l1a 1·' 1nad•· 11n alLera t in11 or additi on tn iL, l\ (l r s/i11// I

') "1
,_,,

SOLECTS~IS .

C&l'. IV.]

"Ile lmn ente<l the [a.t:.1 mif'lakc !1 1n worl1l lia1l 1,.; .. 11

ming silk-worm s . ' ' l
"The di sco u rsi ng on p oliti cs sl 1all l>e look c:J upo n
f

long- in

S<)

11.<

c ,l ,tll : l~

-

t(l.lkin g on the w e:1Ll1e r. " 3
"Bis lcLtcrs rccornmcncccl. rm fr u111l·1tt nn,·i rnll1 c r 1n<1re "·1·i, 1us

nn<l busi ness-like than of 0lcl ." ~
" Il e ihe 11 a tl dr1...•:..;;-;ed V1 l1i :-\

lt'trup.-; :L {\•\\'

\\" urd;-; vf 1 · 1 \\ ·o ura~f'lltclll. ,

as Ctl.Slow fll'Y ,-vitlt l1ltll on U1t : e\·(~ u( ~11 1...·1 1 ~:ig-1 · 111t>11 L. ··

l'J

"'J'hc Kiu g Lu11k t.li e 1110111•y (1( FralH't ' , t i ) a s;-; i :--t. lii1n i 11 U11' 01d 1 ·rpris c wh ich lw 1111.:1lil:1l1·cl :>.c;:ci11 sL 11 11· lil1crly ul' lii :; s 11l 1jt·•: ls, " ·i t_l1
ns li ttle sc ru[' IC. us Fro•Ller iek nf l'rn.,s i:. o r Alexalllkl' ul l\11s:; 1C>
6
:icccpLecl 0 11r suhsi1li<'s in a ti11 ><• ., [ " ·a r.'"
"It is :i.skccl i11 wli:LL sens · I " '"' ll""" ' ll' (> l"ls. T :u1,11·1·r : i11 !Ii •:
same se nse as th e Len11s ar•' C'ltlJol •>)'•··l 11111 '11 " ''-' rd,·r l11 E11 did f11r
the elcm c 11Ls of l1 1c sc i,• 11 cP 11f g-r·<1 11 \l'lrv ... -" '" '
H 1,li c st> L•li i:.;L prn; it·r, .r th i-; t i 1n1· 11Lt1 l 1: 11 11 i.1r •·I , ·n1· p ( d' 11n1 l ·r l :d\ i 11 ·~
to i1np rOYl~ lll t' ll, \1u t unl.11 ffJ l'ka:-:1', :t!ld. if 1 n:.;:--ild1..•, tu a :-; l11 11 i ... h tl11·111,
with the kalti :is <•f :11 1 i11Lc·!J .. d11:1I ac r11h :1 L." •
"No t•crson hel1l L11 S1·n ·i,·1· ur L:.l1u r i11 u111· S tale, u11,J..r tl11 : L:c\\':i
thereof, l 'Sc:t1 1i11 ~ int o ~ll H>lllt' I', :-.li:tll, ill (_'( 11\ ~~· q llt'IU..·1• or :lll.\" La w <•r
R g ul:1..l,i1tll tl11·rt..· i 11 , lw 1li .. .; ,· !1a.r.'...'.'t'1l fru111 :-.~1,·! 1 ~v nin· •1r J, :tl11.. 1r , ln1l
shall be d1·li1·,.,·,.,[ llj >, "l'" " 1·hi111 o[ tl 1u l':crly Lo 11 l11ll<1 s11d 1 ::;n vice or l .. ahur n 1ay J, .... d iir-. , . u
u ]ltj :-:t•e111 •·<l r;dlw r l11 :1i111 :11. g: Li11i11g- 1lit: 1loul1lf1d, tl111tt oi orlijying or cru s!ti11 g- Ll1u 1i,,,1,il• '. .. 10
1

1

t;\"l' r. · ' 11

•· T li:ul nP r:Ltl.'<' to f•'el h11rnili:1r<'1l :ii 1n.1· n•j('c!inn l'.I' !h<· 1·lcca11d if [/If,,{, tl11· fr, ·ling l\' •H tl.J li:1.1·1· 11< ·1·11 C:Lr (111L11 l' ig il eJ 1.Jy
the 11111111·ro us l' Xprc·ss io11s u[ re;; ret "·l1il'li ] n· cei YcJ." 11
fn r~;

l \\'.IT. Pl)n "'n nli ,· :· Lar!.!0 .Ani mal..; in Af rira.

'l'li•· f l.on1lo 11 ) C'pe<·l :d• 1r.
·I 1'111 · :'\a1io11.
n

('!1:1rl1· ~

(IS7G. )

( IX7;j . )

:J l.:111d 1.r : W<1rk • , ,.,,J. i"' p. ;J7.
r, l 'rn· J' ~ r: The ;-.\p_v, c liap. i\·,

1:, •:1 d 1·: Y 1•r_,. ![ ;1rd ( ' ll·d1. rli:ip . xxxiii .

\\". E. t: l:1t\ .. 101w . in Till· ') 11a r lt.: rly L'. c,·i ·w.
Tl w (:11 ;1rdi:111, :"\.,. L
v l s tlii :; won.l needed'?

B :-; 1, •1•l1.·:

lO Cih'il in ( '1111 1l'l1e ll ' ., I:h1 ·t11ri•"
l l )l ill: Aut oh io~ rnphy , chup . YiL

l Swift : G ulliyr-r · ~ Tr;1q ·J-t ; '°"·'·a.:.!''' to L:1p11t:l .
2 'l'h e i11:--t·r!i11i1 i11 t l11: lir:-- l l. _,:1 111pl1· 1,f 111 1,.1h~·r
nn ot li t:r

flS ,

in , :llld i11 tli r· ~crond f1f
wuu \1l 1,l. inlo\1.; ra bk; liut we ca11 :-- ay "!iaJ. :sv l v1 1 ~ 111;lde, " :111d

"equally du ll" itli. ' '
a 'l'h <· Frt· 1.: l1• .J.\<•r1 1\0, :-18.
4 l;. Ottu Tn.: n ·ly:in: Lit'1..· [l.IJti Lcu c rs of L11 nl :,\f:1c:iul:iy,
G Pn.::::i .. ·Plt: C1)11<p1C' ~ l <•f ~l1 · xiro, l1 H(1k \'. 1·h;q1. i ,·,

Yu l.

i. I'· "2'J~! .

6 ~Ta1·:ud11 y : l·: ... ~ a.v 1111 l lall :11n 1:-) ('1111~tilnti 1.rn i! IJ i . . t<1ry.
'i Cu ll'rid :,.;i· : ( "h11 rd 1 a nd ~ L1H· : q11trlt•ii i11 11 all':' .\ \ .,dt·r n ! ·~11;,!li .. il.

8 J\n-lib i~liop Trt."lh.' ii: l'l utnrt'h , 11·\'I. ii i.

<.! 1wry nl... H a:-- '" t h\_' J.i . . \ 1·i:111'{"
11f tlH' l ' 1iill'd ~t;d .. :-:.
10 Lunl IJa lling: Life 11f ~ ir 1: .. lwrl I 'cl· I, pa r t iL Sr·c a bo I'· l(t:''1.
9 T IH! ('(ln ~ tituti un

.-, _.

.. <

38

GH:\ ~DI 1\ TIC AL

P URIT Y.

" The three Yi! '. iers a 11d !loin illy stn ck t.o us fo r so mP t i 111 r longr·r,
but th e pa tJPnce o t all t lic l'n u111l ••rs of Lite :::ioc idy was at la st cxJ iau stl~d, e.rc ppl rnc 1 a11d l~rn·h11('k."

:.!

'' Th e n ·1n arl~a i 1le I>c:u 11.y n[ t li e a11i111a l so attracle tl Cern i ng~hy's
a tlc 11 L1o n Ll1at i t prL·,·c11L<:1! /1r111 c11fl'lii11.? e ,·cn a gi i111 psc uf the

ri d1! r. ,. 3

VII . Sometimes a. \\' fll'd has no grammati cal co nu ecLiu a with tlic rest of tl1e sentence .
'· Th e prOJ"' rly ,,·hi ch t"vcry 111a11 has i11 !ti~ 0\\' 11 hbor . as it i .~ lJ 11 ~
ori ~i11al fu1111'.la t io n of all uth t·r property, so i t is the m ost sacrcrl

a11d im·iuJa!,1,., ·· •

' ' T!ti,; W<L>< the mr"t me ta p!torical spcrcli " ·l1i ..!1 Th u111a:<of (;il shnd wa.s cv1!r kno1yn to u tte r, tl 1c rathe r , pc rl 1 ap~ (a; will some-

t.1111es liapprn ), tl1 a L i t cl i<l not entirely ex p ress hi .~ ow n ~e 11 tin 1 ents
'
'
'''".rl so1uc\\'uat a lover of good chee r and ~ple11Ji<l acco1111 11 odation." >
/,;.

VfII. Mistakes

fl.re ofte n made from negl ect of the

pr in<.;ipk that U1c time of the ad iun record ed
in a suLord ina tc part of tlic SC ll tc ucc is not
ausoltttc, lrn L rcl.it in.: tu the time of the pri 11 <.; ipal cla 11se ;
an (l t!t;,t, tl1 en ·l',,re. t.l1c kn::;c of a depclld 1,; 11 t \' c rb i::;
detcrmit 1oll by il::; rehlit)t 1 to Lit e n~ rlJ 0 11 wJ1id1 iL <lepcnds.
w,.,,n'g

tt:ll:st.·:;.

'I r r'.l'/lf'('/(' t/ f 0 Ito l' f' .fr11u1t! /, 1111 \', c' T m ca Ill In }1(11' P wril! r 111,, s1 1
ouJJ
be, " r e.r;1ecle I In jind him," '"I m11anl fl) write ;" for lhe fi ndin 1"r
must be posterio r to th e <' Xi'<
'eLat io11, tlic \\'riti1 w to Ll1c inle JJ tio~
to write .
..,
1

In .,tances of e rrors l111d" r tl ris ru le arc : -

" T o lu1 te prr'rP11tw/ 1lic ir d0prcci:lt.io11, the propPr cn n r'" • it i ~
alf11·111 1"Ll, wo1i1 ,1 li:we been to !wee made :t 1·aluat io 11 of all Ll ie cu JJ1isc:LLed prop<'rt.y." c
11' there :i fault of arrnn~crn r n t h(' re?
2 :\fill : Autu'1ivgrapln·, p. 128.
:l D i ~ rael i: C'o11 i11;,4':-: hy 1 b0ok ii i. ch:1p . i. Src al:'n p. 101.
' Adam Sn1it h: \\Fe ali !i uf Xa th11 1,::;, l10ok i. pa rt ii . chnp. x.
6 :--:l·utt : Th e T :di ..: n1a11. cha p. ,· ii .
1

6

Mill: Pu! iti l:<il E1.·0Jt on 1yt book iii . tl 111p. xiii. ~ed . iii.

30

S OLEC ISMS.

[BooK I.

"The Prince was a pprchPnSi,·e thnt ·w :L\·crli-y, i[ ~l'L at. Jil•crt:• .
· _ might have resumed his purpos" d r<' l11rni11g t.u E11.:.:l:rn1l. " 1
" Antithe~is, th erefo re , m:._y 0 11 111 :111 y C•t'.l:a.,io JJ s be <:111plny <' d
to advantage, in o rLl er to ~t r PngLl 1 <' 11 Lhc i111prcss io 11 " ·J1i ch \\' C
intend th«t any object s/10 11 /, / mak., . " 2
" Jf a cliangc o[ a1_]mi11 istr:rtio 11 is prorl11ced J.y t he' firs t 1111,.,.,._
ments of the ll<> use of Corn11 1n11s, as l tl 1i11k it prukd.Jy "i ii." :,i1 d
I refuse to take ofTice , - or i[, li:t,·i 11g lll'c 11 pn·sc nt at. lirst, J u·r·nt
away, - the :1 tt:i.ck upo n nw \\' oak! he j11st th•; same_ "•
"And the pt>rso 11 s ll'hn, at 011 " i•c1·i'>d uf tl10.;i r l il',~, 6 1ni:1li1 Like cl1i..f
pleasure in such u;n r:.tiuns, a(. :u1 ul11c r 11111!/ De brnugl1t i11t.u :i. ir'mper of high tone a1 1d ac nte se11s il>ilit.y." u

A generttl propo:;i (ion, 1wwever, i 11 Lo w hi c11 Ll ic nut io n
of Lime docs no t enter, ,,]1uuk1 u:-;ually l>e i11 tlll' 11re,;ent tense, wh<.LL<' YL'r llie tense of tl1c Yerb on 11·liich it
depe nds. The fu1l owi11g i::;, the refore , "· ro ng : "It is confi clc1it ly rcporlc:1l tl :at two ynnng g<·1 1tl e111e11 . .

ii: LYC

made a clisco1·cry t liat tlierc teas no God." 7

IX. A person who ha:; 11 ot, Le"n tra ined 1o mab · tlic
p roper <.l i::;tinclions bet ween il'ill and s!i. 1ll, JV i lf an•l
would and :!houlc.l, nc\· cr ran l >e :-;nre of u~iu g
/jhull .
them concclly ; liut i 1L: will make ft.;w rni :-;takcs i[ lie
fix es firmly in liis mi 11rl that I s/111ll , y nu will, !11· u·i!I, :i n~
the form s of tli(~ fntnrc, and tliat I ?1J/ll, y r111 d ad!, lie sl1 al!,
im p1y vol ition on tl1c part of tltc f' pcaJ;c r. 8
The rem ark ntfrilrntcd to n f11 r eig1wr, "1 irill he drmni<'<l; nobody sha./l help llll'," i ~ :L gond exa111p l~ (\\'l1etl1e r re a l o r iHYentcd)
of the mi snsc of the it:tl ic izcd ll' Orcl s.
"'Ve wi/l l•e srnoth cre11 togcthcr"- the rrport ctl cry of an :dTL·ctionatc wife a t a rcce11t fire in a '\' est.crn city- i ~ un g rarnmat ica!,
Scott: \Vn,·crl ey, \'Ol. ii . ch ap. xxix.
J31air: Hli ct oric, kct. X \"ii.
J ~ce p. 3C.
4 Earl Spencer, in a ltt:rr to LorJ IIollnncl: Life of Lor<! Alll1 orp, p. ~J G.
~ Query aH to "tht: ir lifi»"
6 Rusk in : 7\ l ml~ r n Pain ters, vol. i\·. pnrt v. cl i:lp. xix .
~r(' nbo p. 102.
'7 Sw in: A11 Argunwnt ag-:1i11 ::.it Alh)Ji!".li 1i11 g Chrit- ti 1111 i1y.
8 Sec Shak13pcn.~ ·s Co riol an u8, n<:t iii. sce ne i.
1

2

40
unlr ~s

it I.Jc supposed lh::it the Fpcaker ici~ltcd to Le smulhcred
"ilh liPr l1ush:u11!.
fll Ll1c [ulJo,vi11g scnlcnccs , ll1c auxiliar ies arc co rrc<: lly Ji~l in ­
g uislied: "l """" s11pply }°(lll witli m011cY nn" -, and Twill f11rni sli y( •ll with
a rt'as011a lilc ~Lll ll fru111 li111e lu t i111<', on your :q' ['li«al it> 11 Lu me Ly
k-lle r. " 1
"If, i1 J(lce.J . Li1<> pc rsN· ult:d s•'l'ls in H11 " ia \\' Crc ilr i,·011 int.o
rel1l;liiu1 1, . . .

a11d we s!t,,,,I,/

~t.

largv sl1an: o f tli<· rt'."'J•n11sil1ility ,,.,,11 {1 / L1.:

Otlr::i ,

!-:·uilty of :u1 11nj11,l a 111l inuuo ra l .act.""
'J'l1e fu1l11\\·l 11g an• i 11sta1 1<'L':" ol i 11 c11rn.·c L u ~ag"t!: " H11t l 1l 1i11k we ,,.;/I l •t·:il tlil'm :d1.· ·:1
"I wi;u/.! J\ ul han! \Y:rnteJ 11..:lp, i[ th e place h:td not been
destroyed .. ,•
"l tro 11/1 / \,,. fal:<f', i( J di <l not ;;:w," &c .5
"I ll1i11k \\C will k"·c :i. tl 111nd c·r .;;J1own-"
" Oft,·n :-i }"nng 111 :111 d1 tC:< not g-o Lo c1. !1e<ic, hccausc lie i ~ afraid
ll1:1I. ]1(: rrill \ ,e r:ii "·d :i l•1>\°l' liis l111si11 •s:; . ' '
'"A,; long as tlwy cnnt i1111c to ~h11 11 sneh a life, so 1"11.t; •rill we
cu11t.. i n1 1c ftl ha\·" ('f 1rrt1ptiP11 :i.1111111l ~erv . ''
(( L t;t, t.IH· cd1 wal!'d lll ('ll C.()ll:<l' llt.
li(IJ,j nn ir1 ·, :rnd \\"( ' ,,.;/[ find
tli:i.t in ::i. few year.-; tl1ere \viii be a g-rc:il ch; rn ge in 1•olit il"s .. ,
"Now. I truuf,/ l1a\T tl1nu!.!;l it that 1li('sC \H· re jubl tl1 c pcorlc
wh o sho11/,[ l1:1Ye l1lTll th\' 1110,st wclconw." 6
"Sha ll tJ1 c rnalcrial uni 1·crsc I.Jc destroyed? ' >T
j,,.

0

1:.

Tlic fulluw inp: aJ rnirnhlc st.atcmcnt nn1l il l 11 i' lratinn uf
tltc tru e Ji sti11di1>11 l1etwcc11 tltese n11xiliaries is from
~ir E. W. Head's little \rork 0 11 " :Sliall and '\'i ll., : "Will i11 t he li1A pl' rso11 c x prcssf's (")rt rcsnl•t linn ur (/•J 0 l"·omisc.
(•t) 'I trill noL g1i · = i t i.< '"// re,,,,/,t(iun 11ot {•J :;o.
(h) • t trill g i 1·c it. you'
1 1irui11i.-<e 1,, r1i1·e it Y" " ·
l l'i/I in lhl' srr 1l nd l"' rso nfur1·tc//,, : 'J l° .1«iu co me at lwe lr i· v\·l ork,
yo u trill li11d n1e :\t hom ,_. •

=

1 < ;r 1 1rg-r El io! : i\fid tlh:mnn-11. bnok Yi i. rh np. lx \·i ii.
Th e Du ke ,,f A n.~yll.· in 'l' lu.> ( '11nirmp•'r:1n· l:cYi cw.

~·

:I

(;ct1 r~r Til'kno r: Lifr;

4 ,\
7

ii .,l1.

l't;f'(•l\t

l>i ·«~us~c:d
~ J'l~ .

L(·lll·r IH

l.~\l·ll, \•~I. ii.

"11a p .

hy 11 Scut . .:li d1..·lm1i11,t;

~\11 ' i1.· ,,_,..

D~· :tn

: TViU in t he second person, in <p1etiL iu11s, anti cip:tl.:' (•1 ) a w;s/1, or
fl-).1111 intention.
(b) ' l Viii you go to-inorrow?' = Is il

,..;r il)

xi.

.\ lf.. rd: T lit' Q11c(· 11 ·:- E11t;-

!!'",,.

wis!t ur i11k11tio11

tQ 90 to-1110rrou• ?
Will in the th in! perso n .fon' tr /is, ge1 1" ra lly i111 1•lyi11g :rn i11I· 111;.,11
"'< -at the sam e ti 111e, wlie 11 L11e 110111i11ali,·c is a nrtio11ul cn·alur(' .
. . • IIo will co 1111.! to-111orrow,' :- . i :.~: 11 ifi1; ...; (o) '' l1:t L };-.; to /q /.-1 11!11cc , an1l
~., (b) that it; iti Lite i11 /e 1Llio11 of Ll1e' pcrs<>1 1 1111·11 l iu111'.l / 11 cn11"' ·'
I think it will s nuw Lo-11"y,' i11t i111al<'s \\'l1aL is, pn il•aloiy, ff! l•tl.•·

r)ace .
Will must never I.Jc UtiCJ in <p1esli,,11 s "'ill1 l11•111in:1:i,·c cases "f
- tbe first perso n:

• }VilL we co me to-rnorrow?' = ls ii our i11te11lion or r/csirc to rn11l!!
to-morrow? wl1it:l1 is an :d,s11r•l q11esliclli.
lYuuld is sul•ject to Ll1e ;;:u ne rnJ.,, as ,,.;11.
}l'vuld folluwecl l•.Y l/utl is fr1•1t u<'11 Uy u sl~,l (Lhe nornin: dirP 1•ei11 .l'.
expressed or und c rsl<l<hl) to cxpl"'" :i.wislt :
' Would that he li:t•1 1li<·d ].,.fore tl 1i., 1li s;.::rnrl' 1.d1·ll i1i111 · = I
wish rhal he hud rlicr/ IP/ore /!tis ,fi-'!/ror r• luf·ll t.i111 .
Wo ·uld lwi·c, follv\\'ecl l1y an i11 li 11ili ,.,·, si;.;nifi,;s n rf,·sire to,/,,,,,.

make :

'I wo11l.l

,,,,,.~ yo11 thi nk pf lht::"' l11i11;.;:< .

= r ,,.,.,,,,

think of ll1ese tlti 11r1-«
Would is ofte n li :'l'11 in Pxp rl'SS a r11s/11n> :
' .I le 10011"1 ofte n t.alk alio11 l ll11:sc t hi11 gs · = Tr

111

n;rr/,·,, ~Ill"

1rr1.< liis

c>t.<fom In

Lalk of lhese tl1i11:r'S!tall i11 tbc first per;;on f•r dcll«, si111p1y f' xprrs:<i 11 ~
take place :

'J .. ?tall ~o to-111 o rn)w.'
by .'hall.

(JI,..;.

No

i11fr · 11fi1111

,,./,ft(

is to

or tlrsir1' i:"' 1·xpre s~t· · 1

Shall i n tl1r- fir .. .:. t pvrsnn, i n q 111 · :~t i(Jn.~ , a.:. : 1i. ~ r t·nni :-::-1 i 1:1:
'Sh all I n ' a(l 'i 1
/ )n .1;u1t w/ ...} 1 111f', nr ,,.,.,, .111111 1wr111il 7llf', / 11r101/?
Sit.a.II in ll1 e srrnn d :i11il lli irtl l'"rso 1is c x1•re" 1·s (u) a 111·011;isr.
1

==

(It) a. cm1111to 11 rl, or («) a tlirN<f:
(a) ' Yo n .<hull k.-·c llwse Lo11ks l<>-rno rrow' = I 1ir11t11i.«· ,,, /,I

yott

11P\'t•} Of rri ..,J1 Jif1• ,

41

SOLECISMS.

[BOOK I.

GJ•1UtilfATICAL l'URITY.

/, rwe t hr.<e

/Jt!()/.-s

t n-mnrm11>.

(h) ' ..fh o11 shalt 111 d sti•al' = T ,,n10111rr11d t/1 f'1' 111JI to sl r r1/ .
(a) (c) 'If1· .,1"'" h1: 1•11 11isl1nl for t.l1is , = r lft rea le n or p romi.,I·
lo punish Iii"' fnr tl1i.< nfj"r•11 ce.
' ::)o t uo: "l ~iu ll'ill c-o m c to-rno rro\\' ."

42

GR,\llDIATICAL I'URITY.

Should freq11e11Lly ex presses 1/ 111,1; :
'You sf1o uld not rlo so' =ft is your 1foty nnt to do so.
S !tou/d often ~ ig ni l·i cs ll 71/an :
' I sfl!mld not do so ' = It 1cou/d 1MI /Je 111y plan to do so.
S!i o11/d often exprcsse.< a -'"l'l'"-'i1 ion :
' Slw u/1/ tli ey nnt :igrcc to the proposals, " ·hat mu ., t I <lo '
S uppose thal it happen tltr1/ rhey 1cill not agree to llt t> proposal.s."

=

X. PariiL: ip le,.: ,.:]wuld g rammatieaJ ly refer Io 1lic nonn
to wliid1 they r efer in sense. They arc rnisor v• rlki1• k•. u :;ell wlie n made to r efer Lo a 1io1m wliid1
is eithe r n ot in the sentence at all, or is i11 it in an
ou,.:curc posi tion .
fo,.,.r r o..r ,,_ 0

"Approocliin.'I 1 neare r and nearer yet . iJi iq h:ilo l ir• gan to fad e,
and the c:iuses \Yhi rh pr011i1<:e..l it slo wly t.o dC1·clop tl1• ·111s• ·h·es ." 2
"The d i,pakh eu 11 bi11erl a propos it.io11 to ~fr . J'!i ,1cl11is to 1-.•pair to
th0 co m t o( 'it. l'.-l<'rsl111 rg, :i ml :i.cc .. pt rtppoi 11 t mc11ts of high d i>'ti net.io n and c n1ol11m ent. \\"i tl1out in a.11y \r:Ly restril"fi11g tl1t, in ikpc 11Lle11t pursuit of Ii i.-; pwf,•,sin1 1. he was offercrl :1 large s:il a ry . " a
"Fm·csee ;ng fro1n tlte first th is rlouble se t of cn nscrp1e 11ces from
the success or failure of th e Rebellio n , it m:iy he i1 na.gi11 e•l ,,·ith
w h:it fcel ing-8 1 co 11 tc111 phlc.J th e rush of nc:uly t he wh• ile upper
:rn<l mi d d le chsses nf 1ay own country, e,·,.n Ui nse who passe1l fo r
Liberals, into :1 fur ions pro-Sout hern p ar ti.~a 11ship . " •
"Th11s Jm'l " "" "I, it will •·a.< ily he bl'l ie,·e<l tl1 at \Y l1<·11 f ca me into
ck>s(' i11t.ellcctu;tl co n1 1n1111i on ,,·i th a pffso n nf th e most f' 111i11 cnt
facul t if's, wh ose ,c:e 11iu s. as iL g rew and llll f,.Jil,.11 itsC' I( i11 tlio11,i.:lit.,
con li1111 all y struck 0 11 (, tr11t1 1s far i11 ;uh•a nce of n1e, l 1ut i11 which [
crlll l.! not, a8 I hai l d•>1 1e i11 tho.<c ot hers , tl<·t.c ct any 111ix111rc of
e rror . t l1c g rr::1L,.st pa r·t. of 11 1y rne1 1t.al f(TO\l' Lh co 11 "i"l1:.J i 11 tl 1c
a.ss irni l;iti n11 of th<rs•: t.rnt.!"; a11.J the 111 os t 1-.d u:i h le pa rt of my
i11 l1 ·l lect.11al wo rk was in lii1ilding th e hri llg0s a nrl cJ,.ari11g t l1 c paths
\r l1ich co1 11H• cted them with my gcne r:Ll s,p teiu of t.l1u11,c:;li t.." •
Th <' cr:o nt c x t ~linw~ !h a t it w:t' Cahric l Vard f' n who w.1 ~ npprr. arl1i?l g'.
2 l> il:ke11 ~ : Harn ah.'· J ~11d~r-. rh :q•L ii i.
<i J)i !-> ra e li: Lvtltu ir, chap. lxx\·.
4 i\1 ill: 1\ iit 11hit1g- r:qil1y , f'!1:1 p. ,·i i.
6

Il1id .

J\ :-o tt w liv!v . 1!1 ·· ;--1: 11f1·n i. T i.-- op1 ·11 {H t'riti d ~ m .

43

XI. V crbal noun s in - i lli] <lrc not always car cfu11y
d istinrrui::;hcd from par LiL: iple,.: :tnd o the r Yer- ' '"r.i , in
.
'
0
- if/!) .
,. bal forms of the sam e termin:il ion . The noun
tiho ul<l be treat.Gd like a ny oth er 11ou11 , the \·eru iikc a
verb.

Slw rtfd is su bjPct to th e ':ime mies as sh oil.

l

SOLECT~;\IS.

(BOOK l

\Ve c:t n s:i.y, "l\r11ch ,J,.]><'11<lc' <lll tJi P f;Li tl1f11J oh >N\·ing nf t] 1i.-;
rul e," 1 o r," 0 11 f;1.il11 fu 11y ol1:·w rri :1g tli i;-; riilc-., q hu t nrd , ""'l 11cn
depend!-\ ()Jl /h C j~tif/1.(u //.'/ r1/1.-: 1' f'J' ; li _I/ f/1 t_; "i'llft ' ; n ffi l' , ill 1]1P h .'>f :--Tllt~ n Ce th e indi caLt'.'i t l 1~1t . • · l1L:-:en i11'...!.· .. i.-; u~1'd a .'-' :t i1,.11; 1 ; 1 111 1; ,;
i~ so 'uRcd, au at.h·crl' c ;11111vL i1n: ct•1le iL, a11d a1 t u./ :-;livu1.. l fv l:u \\ it.
The followin g arc , ilic refore , \HOn ,c: : " H 11 t th at di cl l1illl no m ore goocl than f1is oftau:anl trying t•)
pacify Lhc B:1rons willi li es .""
.
"(} ~tellL;Lli o 11 is t.lll' g n·at e1·il (•cc;is iom' <l l•y ri c],.~ s--thP p rCY•·:1Lion o( s imjiliciLy o[ li,·i11,:; -t/u: rui.<iu;.1 lli e sta11tl:u..l of .' how ." 8

X II. An a1 h c rli ;-;]1<>uid nu L l it.: pl:tGe<1 lJeL·..:t:t..:ll
si brtn of the i11 fl 11i t iY L: mood, and its Ycrb .

lu , t11e

"He's not th e man

l o tam ely ac1;•1icsce." •
" . . . to a11 a c lin~ 111i1 11l it n1:1y lie eas i1·r Lo b<':n :ilong al t.Lc
quali ftc:iti oll' of an idc:1, and at once rigl 1 1l .~ fo r m it A<ln• r h with
" ·ben na1l1t·d , tha,n lo frr::J l i 1111J r: ;y ;: clf!J co11cclYC such
i ntl ni tiH·.
i<lea.'' 6

XIII. TV!1 'im is somet im es u sc Ll for wlto, ic!w fo r ii·liolll,
whom for il'lwsc.
"Seated on a n u pri gl1t to ni11 «tn11~ , c:o;;e to !rim , wn.s :i. strangn
unear th ly fi_c: 11rc, "-711,111, Gali r i0! frlL at once , 1cr1 .< no
Wl:n . 11"/inm .
~being of Ll 1is '"orl <l." G
H 'l'liosc w /u;lfJ he fc f·l."' 11·111d·l .c·~) n 1nn:-:.t :1<h~ a11t:-ig0 hy 110 i11g liis
. guests, Hho uld ha m th e flrst place i 11 liis i11\·itatio11s."'
1 K o t inn1.·<: 11 ra t.. - . ln:t .'.'\w k ward ; ' ' 11l 1.: •·n·a 111_·c " wonld lie l h-.'t kr; seep . 1ri1 .
ni<"kPn s : A ("liild ' :-o lli stnry of Eng-l:111d, ...:hnp. Xi\~ .
3 ll1... Jps : Soc ial l ' r" ." !'l llH' 1 C'hap . X \'.
4 Hobe rt Bru wn i 11~ : Cult•1 n l1t· ' :-o Hi rth d:1y 1 ne t v .
li 1 f\·rlwrt !:'p1·11( -\' I': l' h il<1:--t, phy of :--;tyl c.
6 l"li c kl'll S : l'id.: wiek l ':q in ..- , \ '( 11. ii . drnp. i.

i

7

He:Jp-; :

~ 11\~i: d l ' r 1.·'-.~ Hn',
,)

l·h n p . x .

. ·;,:·.

44

Gl1A~D1ATICAL

P t;JllT Y.

[l3ooK I.

"Jic fonnd two Frrn cl1 lad i1:s in th e ir bo nn e ts , •clto he soo11 discoi-ererl to be :LcLre'S<'ti." 1
"At least Tam r0.-;c,lw<l that the cou11try shall sec wl1f! it has to
tli 1111k fo r wltatc vr r m a.y l1appcn . " 2
"Salad in, than whom no g r eater nam e is rcco rclcd in Eastern
11ist0 ry. " a

.XIV. !Vhiclt is incorrectly nsc1l with
a 11 tccc<lcll t.

n,

cbusc as iLs

'' Tlic ca p tain sal 11[0,l t lie cinartcr-d<'ck and a fl the f).fji1·1·rs su/uted
him, 1rlrir!t he rc t 11rncrl. " 4
or ,,.h irh .
" J\ 11L he made m10thn· Cll'lll!J of th e !'ope, tchiclt. he
cl id i n tl1is way . " r.

,\n l 1'('(' .Jrn ts

XV . 1Vh o, ?Cl11Jm, an1l ·1cl111sc :-ire incorrectly 11 scd t.o
reficr to i111pcrso11:1l ohjC'('ts; wlii1·li a11d, ns a
11·11 0 and
,,.,,;,.1i.- "'"n" · nll e, of ~cli ich arc tli c prope r prono1 111s. IV!tosc
and'!/ 1chich .
may, h owc"er, lie n,.;e1l for of which \\'l1crc the
laLter w 01 1lll lie pel:uliarl)' harsl1 or :rn·kwan1.
" . . . frcq11,· 1Ji·ed hy en' ry )ii/I:/ li'ltom Na t nrc has t.a11gli t. Lo dip
thl~

wing in

".l Ie

\\~ atcr .

11

6

\\·a.~

r.-.c;ardc1l as ll1c <l •' lrrm i11 cd an<l a ct i,· e e 11 emy o f a na tion 1rhom, af t.l' r :tll, li e 011l y di , Jikccl , a11<l i11 so m <: sort cl"SJ•iscd . " 7
"Il e r hair is dcr [>ly dr:rn' n ba ckward s fro m the S \\'f!!' t. low brows
-'l.n•l r o und ed ch ceb, h a pc1 l an1l hidrl n 8 :l.\Yay unclcr a knotted
vr.il, whose flaps fall o n either_si<l0 of her brig-ht ronn<l throa t ." u

XVI. A co11j1111 ction is f'om i:limcs placed before a
"And which ," rebtiYe p r on onn in snch a p os iti on as t o in ter& c.
fcrc wi th th e co11,;truction . "This fault," says
1 Di sr:H'l i : Cnningi;:liy, bonk Yi ii. clrn p. ,·ii.

Lnnl

3 :-; co lt :

p.

3 ~4.

Dean Alford , " is one of th e commonest in the writi11 g
i. of careless or half-ed ucated persons."
' " H. R. II. th e Pri11 ccss o( ' \'; des

'wliicli she is profoundly r ecos-11ihant. "

I

a cknowlcclge~

&c., an rl for

2

· "Prufossor Sedgwi ck, a n1:111 uf e lllill C' ll ce i11 a particular \\':dk o(
11·/111 sli"11l•l nol Ji:,1·e Lresp:tsse1l i11to pl1iJo,0pl1y ,
had lately p11blitihe<1 J.is Di scv urs1•s," &c.8
"A le tter lia;; appeare1l LJ ,j, 1by in th e ' ~lir c\\·sli ury Cl1rn11i (·:" , '
t-0 which some on e lias 1·c·11 l11 rcd to si g- 11 his 11:111w. a.l n1°ti1 1g l1 1u
tatement oI t he pLtcai-.1, '""' 11'/,ich sl:llerne11t ll 1u s s ig-1ted I 1t1 wqu.i vocally decb re tu 110 ult<.:rly f:i.lse . " •
" II c b cgg-cd lii111 at thf! sa111 e t i111 c eardul ly to prl'Sl' n ·,, for l1im
his Iliglila11d g-arh :mu acc«11i, 1·1·1111·11ts , p:crtic11larly ll1c arm s, r11rious in tli e mse h•cs, <ti/(/ lo ll'liicl: tl 1e fri e 11d sl1i p u[ the tl o 11 u r~ g:n·o
additional valne." 0
"Tlie app ro:,ch of a party , , ,.,-d fM th e pm1•os1: of co 1111·'· ll i11;.c il w
country pco1 •lc t•' h11ry ll1i·ir d··a.J , ,,,,, / ,,.,,,, lr:11l alr1·:i.rly " ·''"·1 11 !>!1·.!
several 11c cis:rn t., fur Ll ;;d, i'"'.l"'"" ll OW ul1 lig1·d E dw:u1l t.o r.-J oi 11 Iii:-;

natural sc ience, but

guide ."

6

XVII. Tl1e olije<:L i::; ;.;omcli111es writLe n as if iL were
the subjcet of :L verb ; as, " L et lte wh o mad e tl1t?r• a11S\\'C'l' t!tat." 7
" L et //J P!/ who raise' tl10. Sj>< ·ll be ware t.!te Fi e nd." 8
" Thou , Nature, partial N:1tJ1re, I arraig11 ! " 9

X nmin:'tti'·"'

r.1r .. 1ij1.:t:i i vo
ca so.

XVlII. Tlic conju11ctin 11s ns :tllrl llirm go with tl1e
ioubj ect or Lhe olJj..: d, aCl:OrLliu;; to tli e sense.
"I esteem you 1:1 o rc: thrw or a:; 111 ucl 1 rr s tltey [do] ," an d ' 'I
esteem yun n1 1• r e lltur i ur a:-- nitlc11 as [I d{)J th em,, 1 are
A! n.nd th em .
both rig-lit.. ;\"ut so llie u;;e , a :; in the follo win g e xam-

Hinu~linm :

(1ltr)ft: d in .Jf cnwir (I f Yi scount .Altliorp, p. 510.
T he T:di:-:mmi. l'h;1p . Yi .
·I ( 'harlv:o; I! c.: nd(•: \ "cry llartl ca ~hl chap. x. Sec ab v IV., p. 35.
r. U i{'ktn~ : A l'li il1 l' s lli ." tury of Ent-;land, chap. xi\· . !)cc nl:-to p. 115.
n .lolin!- tJ!l; 1:: 1 " :'ll' l;1~ , d 1np. i.
; S1 ·ott: T he T a li"llli\ll, 1.-·li np . yjj ,
8 <~11\.'r.\' as to the noun for tl1 C' "C participlr :-< .
" S winb urn e : E"ny s an d $t 11d ie' ( ~ .,, .. , 0 11 lle> ig-ns of the Old Masters),

'2

4 !)

SOLECISMS.

IV.J

1 The Qnf•en'!'i En g-l i ~ h, p. 4.1;,,
2 Quokd in The Q11 e<·11 ·:-1 r:n ~ li ... h, p. 1·1-L
1

8

l\lill:

it

Di ::: rnc·i i:

A11t11\iiog-rapliy, <'liap. \·i.
...\ \ldn·~s

to lli l' Ekrlor:-: nf Shre wsbury.

6 Rc..:o!t : \\'aw·rl1·y, \·ol. ii. rlwp. xxYi.

}hid., <'hap. xxiL Set> al[.:ri p. 55 .
8 Buh'lfer : Hid1rli c11 . ~ c t ii. S<'P. nc i.
!> Il urns : Yol. i. p. :UG, A! Jine "'lit ion.

6

Dyron : Cain.

4G

GR.MD IATJC AL PUHIT Y.

I V.)

plcs , of r1s or tlt a11 as a. prepos it io n affect in g t he cas e of the fo llowing

SOL E CISMS.

migh t be n ext intc rruptetl by l1is i1wisi1Jo alLcml -

ll Ol l l l : -

" Ynn k now as well as me that li e ncn 'r Rl\·crvcs from h is resolutio11s. '' 1
" \ Vh :tt \\'0111.J ]H' U1c fc1'l in g-s of s nch :1 \\" Oni::u1 a.< li f r , were the

wor1rl to f.:" 1'('<;(. h•'r rnrnc fin e morning as Dn"hess nf Omniuin ? " 2
" O n tlll' 01.lH' r sillP, ,,.e hay e iil the seco nd pa r t , ' On the Social
Cond it io n of France ,' a spec im e u oft.he style and mann e r of Louis
Hhnc, ~l sLylP ll'h ich belo ngs to no nllic r th.on lte." 3
" \\' itlt ;L fn:c<lom n10 "" lih: l1 11 : rni lk-111 a iu of Ll1 e to wn than she
of t.110• p l; 1in s, sl1<' :1 <'f'Osle1l hi 111. . , •
"X<>w l 11"1'" I sli:i.l i '1··111 onst r:i t,., i f 11 0{,, it \1·ill he l>y some one
al.Jn 1/,.111 ,,,,, .i,,mo11s l1";d<·d, i1 1 the co urse of Lhis lrnsi 11css, th at there
nr\·1! r wa s a ln· ilie , ~ · & c . r'

u,.:;1g·c ha,;, huweY cr, cs l alJli:;h cd the u,.:c of tit.an as a
prcpo,.:iLion in U1e awkward phrase tit an ·1clwm ,6 - a
phrase w liiclt j,.: to lie rega.n lcll as an cxceplion .
" \\'hi t·h wlH·n IJ,·i.:lzch11J, 1w n·(' i\·1.:il 1 thon Kliu m ,

t)ata n c x u ·pt, nvnc

hi ~ h\!r ~ at." 7

" T ;1J n l1ig-lily g 1·atif1cu by yo ur co 111mC' ndati0n of Cow per, than
u: !tn111

t.iil' "c 11e,·e r was a more ,.i rt110llS or more a 111i aule man ." s

XI X . 01· i;; ~omeLime:s wrongly u sed wi l h neither.
" :\":1t 11 r:d la11 c:11a"·0 11r i l lif' r hnok isl 1 nnr n il).'.:tr , 11 Pi//1n- redolent
Or ,., 1.1
of t lw l:111q• or nf ti1e l;.·1 111 eL" 9
11
··ith . _, ,. _
A C(111:'l:1hlr. will ne ith er n. et. C'heerf1dly or wi:·wly ." 10
"Ile 11 ci1/ia 11 knew tl :u ma1111 e r in whi c h , or tuc p la~e wh ere,
i i

1 Di-.:rac ii ; C'oni11,!!~'1.' ~, book ,-iii. chop. vi.
Finn, Yol. ii. ehap. Jiv.
3 TJi ,. (f .1)11d u11 J !-'J ll't't :ll11r.
4 ~ l·ott : T IH · .\ li l,n t. Yo l. i. <'hnp . x ix:.
" Hur kc : \\"urk> , 1·.,J. 1·ii. p. 4:!0 . ( E d itio n 18:l!l, I3o•to n.)
G f'r.,f. '"• 11iu"1 .. 11. i11 h i, t r:111' lr>1 io11 "f \' irg il , h11;, h owcYc r, than ·1cho.
; '\I ilton : i 'a rad i"i.' L11.-: t, bor1k ii . line 2:l0 .
8 l .a ndnr: \\° 11rk .. , Ynl. iv. p. 7'2.
l • S. T. ( 'ol1·ridg-1~ .
10 S wif t.
11 .\ t ttn ti"n j,,. c:tl lr·tl l •i tlic pos ili'"' of 11titlu!1' in t lti s ontl th e preced ing
'2 .\ 11 :l1<1 11y T1.,d l11111_·: l'hi11e:1s

. (If

An adverL i:s 1;01ncl i1 ncs pn t for an :idjcc:l i\·c,
an adjective for an all vcru .

' Th e returns [of an elect ion ], oflk ial am1 othcrici.;c, :ir<' a;1
A·h«·rli '•r
iu."
a .1. i · ·~ ·t i \'t '.
' ' Senti mental an d othcnrise."'
"Iler almost cl1 ilJhooL1.' ' " ")fust cw·ry l1ndy i~ Ro111e b ~ttcr ."
" 8hc [Queen 1\n nc] "':ts as ·11tili· a ll'gi t i 11 1:lt1 · :--n\·cri· it!· n : ~~ it \'. :1-.:
then possib le for a P rotestan t 111 lw." "• ' 'Ou r !1itlratu refo nno.' ' ·"'

T he q u estion wh e ther to use a n at1jcdive or ;t11 a<lverb wi th a verb i,.:, in every c:tsc , to lJc ttcle rn1i 111:< l
by the rules of thou~·l 1 t , ratl ie r tl1a 1J by Li10,.:1~ ol' ;.;·;·;1 m mar. The principle i,.:, that t.l 1c ad ,·cru ,.; l1uulcl he u"'"l
where the iu tell li o n i:; to 111 1: di fy tl 1c V l~ rb, U1c ad Ji·cl i \' C
wh er e the inte ution i,, t oll ua li(y tli c noun . It i,; :c;; tfe
to join the :tL1jccti Ye \\' l t Ji a VC l'U fu r W JiicJi t )u; CUl'l'<>
spond ing for m of to lw or lo see m can l1 e ::;ulJ,; t.iLutccl.
T he follo wing arc right : The SC:1 /oufcs ro11!;h. :w1l lhe wind s trcu t h im nn< .•tM!J; Ji ;,; \'Oico
sou nds sidi, a,11•l l1e spc•1h sn/il!t: huw .• wcet tlw mou 1dig-hL s/o ,;1«, :rn <l
how s1cectl:1 she si11!f"; ] Jt; luul.·s ji"r""• anll he /t,oks.firrol!J at Lis ri,·aL

XX L T he wro ng p r epo;.; it.i on i,.; ,.;om ct.inrns nsc:1l.
'' The i111Tc1,c11r/Pn re c.[ t.l"' ·1r isl 1 011 t.li" En r.;1i.·'1 1 j •;1.rl i ;u n r·11 L. '' ·1
"?lfost bo<l i ('~ whe n pn''" l»r('<] h:we :i rl1j/i•rrnt line Tl"' "'""""
lha n w hen nn cryslallizrrl an .\ compal'L" r,
1•rct'""ilh• 11.
" I \\'as 111·r-1·sc fro111 :i. c:ct.ast rnJ>liP so frf'l 1le . " o
" H er n at11rc \ \': ts altn.c:·1·ll"·r 1/i(/;. ,.,.,,1 to ll 1nt of ,\ lire . " 7
" ' \\'ell ,' s:ti <l !llis;,; Pull y, 'li u's gro w11 ftlli Le ano t her crc:il11rc
to wha t li e w a.s.' "•
" T he g reates t rna slcrn of cri tical lea rn ing JiJie r w11on:; one
a nother .''

9

2 T l1ru.: lu: r:1.'•: Y tf ni!y F air. \ -11 1. i. «hap.
1 ~ 1.:o! t: ;\fn1 1a..: l t·ryi \'ol. i. (·l1:q,, i s .
x ii i. :I A J'CCl'llL F11g]i,Ji ll U\'ci. '"' \\' m. F. l I. J,(•O'k y: J l ;, t, uf I li e '\\' 1111 J, c .. 11 t urv , vul. i. cll ap. i. p. 3 1. (Lu 11 µ; rnan , 1 8 7 ~ . ) :.11.t \V. H. ( ;rf•g- i11 The XIX i h C1.: 11tur~. 4. Lingard. 5 J. n . F<irb<'~. i; ~h1 ·lJr.y. 7 A11th o11 .v T roll <·1w : ( ·11n Yo tt
Forg ive Il er?
8 ~l i $S Buri 1f'.Y : E\'cl i11n.
~ A th1 isc111: The :--:.lwct 1d t1r , :\u. 0:~ I.

• ;_._v

)._~

4-8

GR Al\Il\f ATl 'AL P U RITY.

" Tu the co11Lr;1ry, I h:we w ught to sl1ow that," &e. l
"A faul t i 11 P1·i10/1/e '1!J Jite rnry ladies . " 2
"It is wiai·oidulil~ to all to lHwc opi ni ons wi t ho ut ce rtai n p roofs
of t lt ci r truth." s
"There <lo0s not ~cem to h:wc hc<'ll :rn.Y parli1·11la r 1li fTcrcnce
mad e br!l1cer•11. the t rea tme nt of th e three pen;o ns wltu wen' crucified
011 Cah·nry. " 4
"Th e meeting between tl1cm of " ·h icl1. ot li er p crso nB, as it is
hin tccl cl sew here, seem to I.Jc ac'}twi11lcd ... •·

XXIL "iic po:so;cssive c;-i.sc is in corredly used as if
Tho P""''"" h·c
ca;c.

i t w ere co-ex te nsive wi th t l1c Latin gcmiive.

" Jn m ode rn English ," ~ays ?-Ir. l\farsli ,' " th e i nll celc <l posscsSi \·c of nouns cxprc:;,C',; almost cxclu'i'·rly th' nul ion of 1•ro1•erty or
:i.ppu rle n:i..nc<' . 1[(•11c1: ,,-c ~ ay a. 111rui · s h 0 o r a. 1u<t11 ' s ltfl11r/ 1 bnt the
d cscnjJtio11 o.f rt. 11ur11 1 1H1t a man's tf,.: ...·cnjdion . A nd . (1f co urse, we
grncrally li1nit lhC' :lJ•pl icalio n of this [on11 to wonl .4 wlii eh iml icato
obj1·,ets cn,pablc t•f l'"~~c·ssing or e njoying tl 1c r ig-ht o f i• r0p,.rty, i n a
wu r<l, 0 to p c r~o n s, o r at least an imated a nd co nscious creatures [or
those rcprcscate<l :ts such. tliat is, pc rson ifiC'd]. an d wr accord ingly
speak of a 1rrn11w1'.< bo nHct, b tl t nol of a ho11s,, ·., roof. f11 s hort , we
now distin g11i sh h Ptwccn ll1c pMsc~si,·c aml lh (• ge 11 i1 i,·c."
Th e rule hi1l down l1y :\Ir. Jlbrsl1 is s ll sla ined in the m ain by
t.1 10 lwst rn o<lv rn usage, h11t i t is Sllhj rct to m:111 _v CXC<'p li ons.
Tl 11>11gh ""'' sl 1rntld nol s1w:1k of a h r111.<1·".< n11~1: tJ,.. n· is tl 1c bm;t;
us:igc fo r :1 ·'''''',. ·-' w111-I-. tll(' /011•".< ,/,/,,!! · Tl1 0 11gl 1 (':trt·ful w riters
a.\'Oitl in. our mi,/st . 110 011c lil'~itale~ to wriLo un 0111 · ar 'Ct1 1t11 I , io my
1

ah . .·r nrr , lo 1/,,•ir ('1"( tfit,,for lll!J .v.1f/.·( in /1i.-< d1J~ 'J1rt'.
S11ch C'Xpn·~~i o 11s. !irJwcvcr, as IJr•n11in;;ton's Ct>n/f'll fli1tl 11 the.fire's
,/r·rn.<larion .7 f ,011•l1111's /i f f.,8 a rr i111l dt· 11 sildt' , wh..th r r cons i1lt ~ recl as
i11sl :111crs o f l111: ol •j• ·d inJ gc niti\·e, of ,·ic ious i•c r:;o 11ifi ·:ilion , or of
1

1

,

0 111 liig u ily.
"\'i'alkcr, p. '1 12. This is apparcnlly a
vf t lie Fn·1h.: h au c1111truire.
~ I lnw t h•1flll': Hli1 hl•d:1k· l:111na11 ct· 1 cli:1p. Y.
"' Locke.
• J. Fi1 zj alll C:i ~lcp h e n: Li lu~ rty. E•p1ali1y. nnd Frnft:rnity, t..:li:1p. ii.
5 En g-li.sli Ln11 ~ 11 11 i.;<·, l<::ct. xvii i.
''" Tha clH•n1y: \~:111i1y F:1ir 1 (.;ktp. !xi\·.
r. l,lo1·ry ii" lo Ll 11 · 1··1.,it iv11 of •· i11 a wonl. 11 :--;ec l '· 1-lO. 7 A11w ri e111 1 11 e w~papt n1.
• llioi-;nq.lty of Ui srad i (:111on:·mo11,), dt11p. ii. ( ! ~ii.) :ice olso I'· G7.
t T he \ Ya:;e• Q11c•lin11, by Francis A.

trnn ~i ali n n

:;OLliCISMS.

(BOOK I.

. XXIII. The pronouns, the f ormer, the la tter, eitha,
ither are incorrectly 11;.:cLl fur Ihe fir.~l, t li e F:ii" ·· r ··: ""·''
one, n o one. The fir,.;l four ,.:i g nify
"""· '"' ·
e of two ; the f;Ccoucl fvur , one of tlm.:c m more .

·~iut, a~y
.

"I have b owCY(o r tli:;euvcrell, r,,-,t, that she 1lu1•s n~ t wi~b
.·Jorm o.ny conncc Li on wi th Tyrrell;. " :eonJ ly, tl1a L t11t·n; :s
. nnd thinlly, that IV::t rburlon . . .
. d

l}nno t ice .

sition ."

Tl e /al/er ·i[ter all
'
' ·
'

me to
. · .;

1c r l w1 s 11ecl I,u b( · lJJU.,;i\·il ( IJ'
was t he mu't i•ruli:clole '"i'l'"•j

Cto

2

.

.

"Dr!Jdcn, Pope , anrl 1T'orr':;1co1:rh ltan' 11 ol scrui:J,.,l. \~ : ·'.\
fane h and upon Chau cer, n, 11Hglt t1c·r g •"llI U:; t.lta11 e1 fh c 1 .

• . • .
.l 1'1»-

not incorrc cL lv ::;peak of th e fa.<~ '.:f '.""" ;
b ut it i::; bo lter to ~ay th e l11ll er, uuLl 1 UCCilll "fl tlti" 1nrl1i
is favorCLl l.Jy the lJ csL u!-'ag<', a 111l l JcL·<t11:-;c iL is i tt t·on formi ty wi th the p rinciple of Ca 1ll) Jl r.~ _
XXI V . Some furrn,; o[ tlvulJlC neg<Llt vc ~ir e ::;till crrv-

It is,

per l1aps,

neously use d .
"Tlt c fo.c ulties arc callc•l in to nn cxPrcisc by tlt'1ing- n ll:i11;:;
m erely 1.Jcca.us. others tl<' iL, 110 mm·o tha n l.>y uclievi11g
n .. 11i.Jc·
.
•• ~
iW ;_!a\ivt._'"·
a thing only bccau~e olhr rs 1°cl icrn i t. '
.
"On e " ·h ose dPs ircs a11<l illlpuls•· : > :u·c 11ul l11 s own l1as no cliar· 1 i:ts :i e J1arac t er . •' G
nctcr, ,10 more than a st c:w ·1-r·ng111c
n~ 10 tllf' jH1 ..: i !i11n of t•ilhc1· : !'<'<' p. l:JG.
ltnl \\·j•r (l._v tt1111): l 1 1·ll1 11m, th np. XX\'.

l t/u r r.\'

:1 ;\f:\r:-:h:

l ·:11~Ji .. Ji La11;..;11: 1_g-P , h·el. , . .. 11 11 !••.

• S et p. U.

0

;11 ill: Ou Liberty.

\

...; ·

50

GlL\~DL\TICAL

l'UHITY.

51

IMl'lWl.'l:lETI 1::s.

LBOOK I.
~·

~

CHA PTER V.
Bil'f~OP.IU F:TlES.1

definitive.

NO'l' only should E 11gli:<h \\'Ord;; Le cho,;cn ~rn cl the
Engli::;h idiom Lu l'ollowccl, 1.mt the mc;u1i11 g,; g i\' l' ll to
''" m·rls aml tl1ci r cornbi11atiu n:; :;liould Lo tl1c Eug·] i,; Ji
rncauiu gs, - il 1e l1ll·a1ti11g,.; a::;signcLl to them hy g·oou
u;;nge.
_To ~t t crnp t a complete cla::;siflcation of the Irnpropri cl1cs lll to w l11cl1 even a \Ycll-in fo nn cll wrill'r 1nay be
udraycd wou!t_l trau:;ccml Llio li111i ts of tl1 i::; \\·u rk; uut
::;orne c 1nTc nt cnor::; may Le notcll.
I. Many w ord::; arc so much rllikc in app cara11 cc or in
sotwd , a;; to li e mi,;ta.kcn fu r one anol li cr. They are
corre ctly dislin gui:;h c·rl, a;; f11lio ,,-,,, : CNcmoniu 11s is prope rly 'lf'Pl iccl to th e forms u[ ci1·ilit.y; r:erein
111011/al, to tlu: rit. ·:-: 0 f l'(' l i,[!"lnn.
wl1i..!1 , ,11111<!
\\'e c/ru·1fi1 s11.c:·:ir. l.>u l rlru r ll1 l' mind.
c:, ~c~

llli :-;h;:i.b.

'J'o co11stru c 1n1:;t11 .~ tn i11f1 ·q1n ·t, In :>' II(• \\" tlH ~ lll<' :lll -

iJJ~; lo cn 11 s/r11rl

llll':1 11s

lu l11 1il d:

\\· 1•

111ay ,·r1n .,·tru1• a l-'•'11 te1ice, a :; in

t rans lation , o r r·r111slr11rt ii , :1.-.; in ro 1n pn:-: itio 11 .
. ( 'u n ti111l fd is

nse d

p in g \\'t'~tr~ a. wa.y

t1 1c

, 1 1/ drop11f 1111in le 1-ru 11ted act ion , as

uf l'ri·q1H•11tl.'# r\'pt •; d1 ·d ;l('l...; , :1 s "f'on1; 11

:t stone ;·~ c1J11!;1 1H u11 s,

1

(' u11li1tuou .. ;, fl0 \\' l 11g of a r iY ('r.

~ru r·o111 ·i11cc i:-: lP ~:d i:·ify the 111Hl e r~t.a nd i ng; to f'Ontict , to pro"The j11ry l1aYi11 g liec.•11 co 111·i11 cfd of Lhe p ri so ue r's
g-11 1\t . l ie \Y ~s cnnrif;l1·d . n

11 01111 ce gL1i lLy .

n earll,11 me ri ns that whirh i nfli c t .~ 1k~ th : rlr>nth1.'f, tha t \\'lii ('h ri:~f'llllil ('S rl eath . \\'e properly 'pe:1k o[ a rlerull!f poiso n, a.nil of
if, r1 / !r/y pal \' ll f' ~S .

A dr . cidr:tl

n pin in11 is a ~1T,1 11g n p ini o n
1

Fnr dcilui t ion,

wlt i<.J 1, pc rh ap~, 1..l ec i.l c ~

~re p. l~1.

· 21othing; a decisit-e op 1mo n ;:cttlcs t.hi: 1111r·slio11 at issue. Any
· lawye r may lrnve c1ec i1 /t>il vi r: 1Y,; on a r:i'l'; ll"' j i;.l.c:·1ne nt ,.r a co mt.
is decisive. l\larc ngu was a ,/1-cid1:rl Yil'lu ry; \\"a lnluo \\':ts a rlccisive bitttle.
D~ji11ite m eans clc:1r, \l' (•il-11t:fi11Nl ; ,/,ji11itirr, fina l.
An i:>xecntive offtcer's iJcas of hi s liuty :, l111 11 lrl iJ,, d1ji11itc 1 aml his acliun
E:;o tL~m

egoi:;t.

antl e.'Jutist :'11n11l1l nol lie: Cl'11f11u1111i'-1l "· ith

'Th e di:-;ciplcs <1[ De:-\c:trtc·s

\\' 1_•rc

"'l"i.<m :1 11<1

''!/11/sl:•. t 11r~ c.rrt) lw in.'..:- !1w

basis of the ir pl 1i k1,..;11 pll y . "lh11Le a111l ~ l iil•>11," ' s:1ys :ll.1"'"'l"v,
"are u ot egotists; ll 1ey r;1n :ly uLtru1lc: ti ... ir i.liusy nnacil'.'i <'l i tii 1: ir
reade rs."
Enorm£ty) :-:; 11.""--' .Jo( dt· e~l:; <.1f 111l1tSlui11inrr11r , f'nnr11 1 1111 .>. · n 1'.-:.~· ·· f tl 1i r1.'...!.·"
unusual in ::;ize. \\""e ~ 1 wak o f tit('. enr1ni1il!JOf C : e~ ar Bur~·ia.·:) 1..:ri 11H_·s,
of the e11omw11.s11 Pss o[ tlir, Hut lischi lils' \\'\' ;.Ith .
An e.1.:ccp tin 11nl c :Ls e i.'i a c ; L.'i f! t·x c liid1 ·d fron1 il1 1• npPr:d i 111 1 <if a.

rule ; e:tCf'j1lir1 11 1d1fr Ct)11tl1 1. c L i:-; cuudllcL up<'ll tu cr i t i•:i:-;1u, co11duct. t.11
whic h exccp t i o 11 111a.y Ue t.;1kt' ll.
Falseness (uf a persu1 1) j, tl:'· n11po-ilc o( tn1l11[11lnc ss , }""'':! (uf
a tl1i11 g) is il 1L) 01•pnsite o[ Lrnl.1 1.
Ilapl!J ll (>w r;crcly usC'1 l i 11 l' l'u:<c, 11w:t11 s l >y ckrn cl'; l" 'l '/'il!/, l1y
a. hrtppy chance.'
A perso n 111:iy he !1 eoltl'.'/, b u I. f·;i 111111t, 1· x1 ·1·j ol, :u 1rn1 1.~· c;\11 11 i l 0: 1],, _] ,(,
lie11/thful or wlir1/ ; .<0111 e. 1\11 artiek of fo,1d, a ..; '11cl1 , i,; no t. l'r"l"" riy
called hea/1h11 .
1

0

lfunHui .i :4 U 1;1L \\'l1i ('1 1 lwl1J11 g:-; {11

iuhurnan,

111a11 a:-; 111a11

i

/ 1,,1i1ffflf' 1rn·:111 s nut

c1111q 1:1 :':-: i ~1 1 1:1f1•.

L£kel!I in1 plic·' rt j>l'\l hal 1i lil,1· 111' \l·lt ;1l1•1·n cl1ara1·l1· r, liu/,/r· ;11 1 1111plea.8ant prul•aliilit.y. () 1w is /1'1.-1·/y Lt> cnjuy an 1'\"f•11i 1q.::. tu ,L'.'o l tu 111e
t;J di e; liu/1fr l1 i lH~ li1:rt. Lo aLL li ·i" u[ 111 1·Li1ll'l1• >ly .
L uxuria nt rn cans s11pl'raln1111b 11 t; / u.ntriuu..-:, en11l-ril111ti::;..: !1 1 ()r
conseque nt u pon lu xu ry . \\'e i'l'\oj>!'·rly "i'""k til l u.n1riu111 1"1· .c~ · · i:t­
tion, a. lnxllri1111l styl e ; of hu·u,·io11.-: li\·i11 .~ , ltu:uriuus ease . .J\1jlton
ll8Atl /10:11riri1l.< fo r lun,,./ant. 2
1\!cyligc11 ce irn plie" a fa il11rc t•J co 11for111 t.o a.n c·,t.abli .,Jied st:inclard or custom; 11 e:1l1:ct 1 au ;tCt or rat'lll~r a fa.il1 1re to act..

to-m orrow ,

\Ve "Pe:tk cif ll1 e
of a. fosti vn.l.
1

0/1.<crmlir•ll

u[ a f:tcl 1 of ;1 star; of the

ol!.<f l"J''""'C

Sec Ueo rg-c E\iot.'j ':Sad Vur t11 ue!j of the H ~ v. Amus Harlvn," tli:tp.

• Paradi;c Lusl, liook ix. lin e 20G.

11 .

.•

·-.::..

52

GHA~lMATICAL

,- ·1

PURITY .

(BOO K I.

The act of a puhlic oflicl' r, wl1en willii 11 the line of l1is duty, is
njJir·i"I, '" lir>11 lil'_yo nd tk1t line is e:rtra -r~{/i··iul; a pt· rson wl10 forces
his SL'!'vi crs 'll]Xlll one is nifi1 ·io11s .
To pur1,()se is ex11rc;:si1·e o[ a n in te11t ion, a dr·tC' rmination; to
propr;sr, of a sngge~tio11: the 11 ou11 :ins1Ye ri11 g- to the fornwr is purpose, to the latter prnpusrtl or 11ro1wsili11n .
A pe rso n rn~iy lie sc11si/,/c of colcl (that i.' , m:iy pe rce iYe cold)
\\'i t.hou t be ing sensitii•e lo coli! (tl 1a t is, lro1Jl ,kd liy c11ld) .
Se1cage m c:ins t.l1c co11tc11 h, sP1r!'l'11:r tl1u '.\'·' te111, of sewe rs.
These words a1'c of l<'ll u;:l'd i11t ere lt:111 g•·:ilily, l111 t usage see ms to
l>c g r:idual1y c"•Ltlil i.,Ji i11.'" th e :d 1<11·1: disti1u·1 io tl.
A v isit11r i.-.i a lti1 n1a11 l1ei11;!'; :1. risit1111t , a :-:11pen1at ural o n e .
J'rwttfit1fl

1111•:111:-1

('u lli11 .r1, c)r

J'l'l•fi.'."':-' i111 1;

,·u /h11y llU'll!J

11ron1tln 11,

.fi·mn, s1trn c· tl1in~ tli;1 L irit 1· r r11pt;-; r0 ,:.,:·1tlar l11 1....:i111• ....:...-; a-; in'' ll eax cn
is his co t u /i,111, a11cl llwref,.1·e he co1111ls e:i rliii.'· c11q.Jo1y 111 e11ls his
acncation<:" 1 hu L r,,·1wfltio11S ( tltc l'lural) ~ce 1 11 s [., l•<J co11 1ing to
mcn11 dllL i e~, 1•11r;n1i ts .
I Vnnwnl!J means l.>clon1<i11g to 11·orn:i11 a,s \\'Ot11 a n; 1comanish,
effem inate. A sitnil:lr di st inct ion is maclc b et wee n 7/1'1!1/!J and
111r11mi.•h , clii/,lfi/.:c and clt i l1li~h .

II. A not lier class o[ Improprieties compr i,; es words
tl1at :nc u,; ('(1 iu a ,;e 11 ;;c re:~cmuling tl 1c co n ed 11H·a11 i11 g .
\\' e

Hff ,ulr·

to :111 ('1·<' 11t 11 ot 1Ji,d i11 dl.1·

C:i ~r-s in whi.- h

nj; rn'rl

~'11 ·~·.~;; ~111• : 11 :1 \ 1~ ~·· ·

111 11ls 11:1l k111iwl1'1! µ.·" OJ\

1

1

111r•11ti1111 r•,f ,

j\la c:t11l :1.\·\; <t llusion s :t.rc

/r; .

U11· l);lrL

tt t'

t l1 n

or 1lirc·etly

1'a ill to i111 ply
re a.1 l ••r.

.·l/'1""'''" 11.'l is us.·d <11' lh:it wl1id 1 B<'e 111s, IJut m:i.y

"'"""·

11 ot 1>1', n·al; r•ri r/r·11il!J, of tl1a t 11 i1i eli l1(•tl1 Sl' >'ll ts :u1d is n·:t! .
A w"re rcf C' rs tool •j •· rls ,,f p•·rc1•pt io 11, t Iii 11g-s nut .' i.l c of 011 rsch·cs ;
cn 11sc iu1L.', t<) ohj v ct~ of sc·11 :-.:;d iu tl: i-11111 ,!.!_·s witl1i11 u~.
Cnn ...:.ci1! nc11, tlt(\ J11oral s 1~ 1l "i t' . is ~01nct i1ue,... n 1i:--- 11sc1l fu r consciousne...·s . Lli c lt1Hll1 CP rr c:-.:po11ding 1n r·r111 sr·io11s.

as a ~yuo n yn11• for lo rfrem; it propi1t1n co nsit!erution . "'\\ ~c "''PW a 1n an
hu11t•st; WP co11.~id1 1 r tl11 • lp11·.-.:ti11 n ot' ]1 i:-.: l 1n1 1 t · ~fy .

To

1·1)f!Sir fo r

Prly n1 e:111s
'J 'u

to

rlis1· 1Jc 1·r

i111 ·('11/

t int<'.

i:-::

is \\T 011 .~·l.\'

lo njf;r,('f

t11

i:-.:

11;1n11.

l\:•'1 1 d

!u tal.·r

to fir1il. 11r l(t fi11d u11t 1 wliat. p r1 1\·iu11 s!y t•x i ~d<·d;
i11 iil1• ;1 1H" i1 1 ,·i:-. il .J, . f1H·111 - - fnr tl1 e tir:-.:L

•)•_I

IMl'lWl'lUETIES.

To entail, which means to determi ne the descrnt of pmperLy, is
.~ mi~used in t he ge nernl sem•c of fixi1i;; or fastening upon a person
,· q 1• thing .

:;.:.:

To learn is still so metimes itn['ropc1·ly m:prl l'or tn trarli, thou.r:h

."-~ v• rybody knows th:it tca,..f<tr is n" t t he C<[Ui1:a1ent of /,r1nu·r,

. · aod that" a little learn i1,:; is a <hngc rous Uu ng ' does not signify
tJrn.t a little 1eachi11g i:' :i <l:wg1·rous th ing.

:)pe nser, :-; Ji:ll;spl'n~ .

nnd the book of Co 1nmo11 rrayer use fr ont for tr:1 u;/1 ; lJu t t11c \YOr. l
jn th is sen se was a lre:vly olJsolcte in 1.he time <)[ ;\l iltnn, as a ppears from the liu e : "[They] teuch :i ll uations " ·ltat of 11i m tl 1Py

learned." 1
To lease i s imprope rly nscd i11 the :;e nse o[ to hire li!J lea st .
It means to /el by Leo."' : the lessor leases Lo (!,,, lussec. [11 co11s 1 ~ ­
que nce of the mi s us<· of this word, one i; ofLcn at" 1n.' s lo 1i..terroine (rorn the b11g uage o( an a Lh crfo;;-111cnl whe ther an esbk i.-<
to be let or liircd.
J.~[ulu a l .i::; cur rccL in lli c sc11sc of n -1·1jn·u(·ul 1 i 11 co tTec L a.~ usi..· d 11,v
Dickens, in " Our ;\Jutu:d Fr iP11u,·· l" n1e;rn tl1c fr ien d 11·L· li:i,· c in
common . "01tr Curn 1no 11 Frie nd" \\'uuld, lw"·c1•r r, lt:tnlly .Jo as :i
substitute; s ince "common " might Le un<l c rstooJ as mra11ing
" ordinary."
Obvious rne:u 1s so C\'idt!n t a s to be tn the tcay;

0/1)/ 0f i ou s

n1<:.>:1.11~

open., not t.n vi1•w 1 lq 1l to lTif /(·is111.

Plea sho nld lw ns1·d ,.[ t !Jp 1if,·"·li11:r' or ri( tl1>' :< tT:tig1111w11t lwfr"·"
th e tr ial, not, of the nrq11m e1tl a t. lli e trinl. A 11/r''l i, :ilwa.ys addressed to t.111· c1 111rt ; : ~11 ur:J'""""' m"·Y 1"' a.rldr<· sscd l'i tl11·r t•) f,J;,,
court or (.,, th<' jlll'y .
I'remrt/11n: lfft'tJii'rly rn('[L11~ '' too 1\ :1rly rip(· ;'' a.:;; '' i•n•1n:d11r(~
frui t,''" a l'll't1l.d11n · g-<'11i:: 1·ali z:d.ion," ' ' int<·il er t <lf'1· Plnp1•d !"''' '".
a,tnrelv . " Jt. is i11<·u1T1·cllr ns<"<l t<) s i ~ 11i fy t.ii:1t wJii,·lt i.' n .. f. :ind
perlia1",, 111·,·,•r w ill he ri.l"'i t1111 s . 1111, 11011·spa1wrs sp,·k" , ,[ tl11 ·
a nno1111cr1 11 >'1il ,,f :c Yi cl.o ry hy U11· l~ 11ss i :111 s as 1•rN11rll11rr , thL' f:t .. t,
Leing· tlt a t tli " H. i1 ss i:111 s ha.11 lH 't' JJ lw :~L<'. n .
1-l isi/1/e lllt' ~lllS ca pabl e r1[ la11 g lit 1·r : rirlic11l1J11s., fit to l>t• ia.u!;'hf'il :tt
rrhc '"onl /,- (1/f/ i:-: properly ll~ C'd in ~ l1ak:-;p1\re, , , ~l.. 1.i •;11n nf
horse," "Lite lieaY •·1 ily-l1a rn <·ss•" l te a111; " 2 in C:ray, "d ri \'l~ ll11., ir

111:1 1\1; - -

Tit<: fo1-c1· of .'l>- a 111 11·a.; d i.<n1rcrc,/; the steam-boat was

i11cc11terl.

l

'2.

Parnc\i ... 1· J,o . . t, bo .. k x. line J0.G 2.
Twu f Jt·11lli·nl(_·11 0f \ ·1·rn11: 11 net iii .

s<·1·1 p ·

i.

II 1;11ry I\· ..

p:1rt

i. :wl ii i.

sce ne i.
1

T h· ·1111b. F1dll'r.

.-· ~

.....

GllAi\DlATICAL l'UHJ'lT.

li\1P UOl'ltIET rns.

V .)

IBooK I.

te:un :diclJ;" 1 i 11 Ca1·lyle , " ll'lt c n n te:w1 of twe nty -Ii 1·c 1nillions

lain in ccrLa i11 Jirectio 11 !':i ; buL

bf·.~. ::i11 :-; n ·ar j11 g . " 2

it down yestc: nby, we l""·u l•1itl as i<l· · n1 1r '111dies .

'J1lie v11lga.r cxpn' :-:..:-\iun ~,

H

lie':-; a, \Yl1 nle Lea.in,"

"!"; ·, :' fil l! t eam," are l"'1k r llt.tn LI"' ll>" vf lli<.! wo rd to i11 clucle
the carria-"e as wdl ns Uw li vr.'e:i.
TNs c (Latin /er.' ""• wi1,, 1l ), ns :1ppli•'il tn ~tyle, nwa.ns cl<':tn,
n c:,t, fre1~ from i111pu ri til's o r sup•·rflnili f'.' , l.uL not ncet:.,.-;arily
strong. Th e wor•l is i111 prnp1·rly 11rnde to sig-1 1i fy "furci\,]c,"
en·11 in cases \\l1 c rc fo r<:e l1as 1Jcc 11 pll rclia::"'J at th e ex 1"·11s1; of
1A'l';-il'l 11~K ...:..

J ·r 1'0f·ity

·i s u ... 1..·Ll of pr· r;.::c, n~, and rr- rers tn 111nral trntl1 ; n rtlif!J, of

1;1 1·a11i' '

uf llltiHtli, "

lays to.

1

1::--:

underlie, to ove r/a!/ ·
Yeast rais,~s, not rls1 l1rc: 11l i tli u l read ri....: f.' s.
\Ve sit dO'wn, 1ut .•. ,., ;c tl oi11-" du\';11 . A sillffl :/ lien, t i1 e s1/!1n:;
sun," his coat . .·its \Vt·ll," are 1 1rP J_ " ~ r .
1

0

.,· ,

IV. English word,.; ai:e ,.;11 J11 (·! i111v,.; wrn11g·ly 11,.;(·d 111
the sense wliidt corno,.;po11d i11g \Vunb lJl-ar i11 a f11n·i g·11

1

pcrso11s or thi11gs, a11cl rt:f,-rs to ]•li.1·:< iea l t.r 11 l11 . l'X istc• 11ce.
1·,·rl 1al

l10t

lo.'/ a h(~ 1 )k 4lown to-n i .~·l d , w~ ~ /rr 11 f
,\_ ,!,i1• lie.' 111 1
'J'hc~ :-1a1 He tlist,i 11 ctio 11 a1 11li
tu cu 11q1u t11H L..;; a:-·., to
\ \"l'

1

j 11 \\ 'i 1n !:-; ,.

(\Y ri{li'll

vr

:-\pok(•n);

O f' rtl, ' '

liy \\·ord

J l I. Ill a few ca"c" sou lid aml a rese m hlancc in sense
COll"l;irc to lead astray .
To demea n yo11rs.:H (Crom the Fren ch J emener) i:> usecl incorrcctly i11 the S<'llSC nf r/ciHr.<P , :ts if it c;i,111c from mean.
ovll1111 i• lc: ad. lt i1rupurly s ig11ifi1·s to co11<l uct o r behav•• you rself, as
d ementwr sig-Hifi cs <:u111luct Or uekiYior, a11t! 'lfli.<r{e111 eanu r au ad of
Lad coml11ct.
A sin1ih1· er ro r is oft<-11 \'cnrn11i tt1:rl in tire use of l1rl1 are .1101<r.<r!f,
or klff1r1', as cq11i1·ak11t to /1,/1orc !/•1w·,, !'lj ,,.,,//,o r l1eli "re ire/I. The
Ycr1i In /,r•lt1 11·e , like ih1 · nn 11n /1,/,o i:i"r, r l''ittires a f111alify ing \\·ord
c~'c" whoro

to cl1·{ 1 •r 111i 111_~ tl 11' ci1ar:H"lt•r <if ti1(· a('t..
11 1 11\l';l !J

"of fil'f in1 1~ •• a:-;

11

HUc l1 jfrt/f iu11 ,i:

" T i tPrs :ts IT:c\l" l linriw. · ·a·
J ('01~/>s.'i ) :-; 111is11 sc 1l i11 eas1· .~ 111 wl1i rli ilH~ id t.• rt. <>I" ( '.O ll f(! :-i.->io 1~ (a.'i
of a fa ull) cl oc•s ·not cnt•·1·. Admit is 1'11n J'n •iwr ' \'O rd.
T/1 ~ n-110/e i" so me t i 11H'S mi s nsc d for " ii;
can speak of " t.h e
"·Ji.,J c army," but not of "Uw v.-J111k trn"I'' · "
~"11 1 c act. in' anr1 p;1-;,: i1·c yerhs, ;;i 1ni la r loolh rn se nso a11J rn
'0 11 nd, arc co11fonntk1l 1\·iL11 <'ach otlwr : :ts: \ \' ,, f.f I, not.jid/, :' tr,.,.: the Lrcn jidk
\V" lie dow n to- ai:;lit., \Ye l"!J tlnw n ye,t<-nby, our studies haYe

'l'l'

ElP.~_v in :"l ( 'o untr_:· ('Jrnrch_r:trd .
Tht· Fr1.'11('h 1;.,nd11li on . p:irt i. h11<1k iii. cli:tp. v.
8 ~ e nu on Ly an :\m (• ri1.: ~ n clergynrn11 .
l

bnpractica&le (Frcntl 1) is ll SC(l in li1c ~Cll>'C of' i1t11111s.,,,/1/,, ; co11 in the sc11~c of 1'1.:'.}i-"lotin: ~;ra11 I ; ;1 ru1w1t111 't'd 1 C:il Ji ,·i-.. 1u:- :1 r,d
(]" rcnch prononcf!)~ in the se ns< · of rl1?r·i1/r>1/ ( ) l' slrih·i ny.: Latin\ .. 1n .~.
1rupreme (Lat.in 8/f}'rem11s) . in tli c scn'e of Iris! .: "!lie cpit' ]HW1 11 ,"
"the revolution," in tl1c sense (ngrceal 1ly tn tl1c Fre nch i1linm ) or
" epic poetry,'' '' rcYulnt ion ;'' tlie mod for ' ' mo4 ;'' ·rc.;1111ie f,"·
" sum up; " a.•-<iol ' for "lie prc<cnL ·· at . \\' c ri·:itl tl 1:lt "11i11>1» w
gi·v esupun (F rl' 11 ch d u111ic 811r ), llH.' :llli n;. .~: /.J11!.·.-< ''1'011 or (111c11 . , 1111on tlic
Jnwn. In P cn11 sy h·:u1i:1 , ir/i11/ .J'H a \ Uern1an ·1rr1,;fiir ei)I ) is sometimes used for '\ rl1lil kil/ll (if rt.

CIJS·"ioti,

"~p1kcn. · '

) •'/r'l/tiuus j;-: JJli :·'l l...; 1•d

ton g ue.

::<··

V. Some ot licr lmprop ri d ic,; are c1111111cratc<l in the
followin g c:dl'acL frum :\ Jill's •· Sy,.;Lc1 11 u[ Lo~·iG :· ·i
" So

llliL ll )'

111·r:;un:-; \ritl111u t,

;1Hy

tl 1i ng d<·:'0 n · i11J.( tl11 ~ 11a111 •·

<1f

educaLiull l1an~ lit·cv 1n1· \\Tit1~r ~ \1y l'n1 !' 1 · s~ it>1 1, t1 1;1t, writ.Yn lgari ~m~ .
t en hu 1g1t:lgl· 111a.Y rd1 nt1 sl 111 ~ s;1id 1,,, lH~ pri 11 cip:dly
v;·ielJ e J l1y p(:rsnns i ;~11nra.nt u[ tl1e 11rnp1 ·r lt ~(' pf ll11~ i11 ,..ln1 111 !·11L

and whoa are ~pu i li 11 .~ it 1nil n _; a 1Hl 11H1n· f1 1r t . /1(1;-;<~ \\·lin 1 111d1 · r .-.:f: 1 11~l
it. ' Tul garis 111s , \rl il cll Cl\!t~p in lhJlJ( )dy know s l1uw , a.re dail_\'
depriving th" Enc;·l isli lau g1ta !..'.·u of 1·al11:d•l e rnn1les of r,:•q 1r"·' 'i11g
thougl1 t . Tu take a i·n·,1•11t i11,kt11ct·: tl1e n· rh /rrr "s/1irc f>1r11wrl y
conveyed y c ry cxp n ·.-.;s in ·l.Y i t~ curn. ·cL 11wa niu g : Yiz., to IJ t( 'Of!ll!
knotcn Lhrou g h 11 n 11 11tic(·(l chan1H:b, 1o l'x li ait •, a;-; it were, i 11Lq publicity thro ug l1 i11,·i,.-ilok l"'res, lik1' a Yapt•r nr gas dis •·11 .c::i .:.:·i111.(
itself. l3ut o( Li le a pr:1.cLi ce l1a.s C(l llllll1'1 •c<:d 4 u[ \:ll 1pluyi nt.; tl1is
word, for the sake o[ Jin ery , as ;' rn 1~re 'yno11 y me of lu ""1'1'"":
1 For these words, li (•WC Yc.: r, the uuth 0rity i.<i i1wrca ~ in g.
2 Book iv. clt 1.1p. v. sect. ii i.
3 :-;.-e p. H .

:::.''

(

' . , , ,_...,.<{ ,

GllAi\lMATlCAL PUHITY.

[BOOK I.

'tl1c C\"Pnts \d1 ich lia\' c transpiral i n t.he C'ri111 ca,' m•' ani11 ,r; tlie
i11('idt•1tb of t l1e \\';tr. Thi s \' ii•.: ~pecinwn of l1:ul E11:,;l i,J 1 is alr1·;cdy
"'" " i11 Lhe di s t•:tLcill'" oI nolilc111L·Jl and Yic<·niys ; :u1d till' Li11 H.: is
"i 'J':tl'l 'll i ly not frtr disL 111 L \\' hl' 11 11f\l 1udy \\·ill u111l<.: rst:u1d tJI(, word
i f llSl'd ill iLs J.iropc r S•'l""' · in <•Li te r r.asc"' iL i., 1111(. tl11.: hll'e of
li 11 ny , b11 t si 11 1pJ,, wa.11 L u[ t: d11ca t. iu11, \r lii c· lt 111:tlC• '-' writ1.: r:; e1111'loy
wo rd:; in s<·n,«.:s u11 ku ow11 Lo gc 11n i11 e E ngl ish . Tlt e use t•f 11:;:; ,.ac11ti11:; iu r ,,,.,,rvk i11,q. in 1ny boyhood :t nilg-aris111 of Ll1e 11L1 rsc ry, li a:;
crept. i11tu aln1 osL all 11ew.- papcrs a11J i11l" rna11y uoo ks; an d wh en
the 11 vrd is used i 11 it.' 1•rnper sc 11 sc,- as \\'lte 11 wriLers on cri111iual
la.w :-;pt;ak uf ' a.g.~ ra\· :d i 11 .~· alld ext1 ·11u at i 11 ~ circ u11 bL.u 1cc~, 1 - tl1e i1·
111 ean i1 1g, it. i.-> 1·rnb:t1, J.-, is aln·: id y rni ,;1111derstood . H is a g r u :t ~
error to t.l 1i11 k Ll 1:tL t.l 1e:<u \'PtTllJ• Liu11s CJJ: la11g 11:ige do 110 h:1r111.
TJ1 o~c wl11J :tn• ' lrn,:.;gli11g \\' iLl1 ll 11· diil i•:11lty (:11 1tl \\ l1u k11uw by
c xp<·rie11<·•0 I1u\\· grt':tL i L <1! ready i.' ) t•l <'' i •r!'.'s i 11 .~· v lle · s st'I f 1·!1-:ll'ly
wiLh 1•rL·t: isio11, fiml :ltl' ir re:<u1 1rces co1 1Li 1111al ly 11:t1TO\\'ed liy il liLc r" Le wri te rs, \d1 0 s<'iw :t11d Lwist frtH11 ib P "l'J ""·' e :;011 1e form of
~Jll'e el1 wh it:h once "" "''"<l lo co11 ,·ey hri dly <t11 •l c•>1 n pad ly an 1111a111b iguo us m eaning . IL \\'C•ul d hard ly l.> e l"' li1· \'l'.d huw Pf L.. 11 a wri te r
iH <.:11 1npulle1l LCJ a circ1111tl <>c11Liun by lh " 'i11g l<· Yttl,:.;ari s n1 , i1ttrndu co•d
d1u· i11g t he last. fr\\' yt•ars , o[ min g tl11~ \\'(Jl'U a/o oe ' ~' a 11 arl\· erl.J ,
iH1!11 11ot b!' i11 g fin e t'11<111gli fo r the rheLor ic of a.m l1iliuus ig-norance.
1\ 111:i n will :<ay, 'to wltid1 l a m not alon r. lmtll l(l li,· ho no r 1J1 1t al ;;o
l 1y l:i"·,' 1rn a w:ire tli: 1t wk1L li e has 11 11inLPnt.ionall;· s:ci1 l is, tl1aL lie
is not fl/u 11 r' l >on :id, :-;0 111 f• nt l1 er pr·r~nn lif'l i11g ho1111d with l1 i1n . F ornu· rly . jf :t t1 y 1)1\1' ~:ti 1 1 1 ' [; t ill Jl o l. :d 1) \l1' l'( ' H J>4lll~i\di• f1 ; 1' fJ1i :-; ,' J11 : W:lS
11111!r ·r:·d ()Pd

{1 1

111 t·:u1 ( w hat :d1•Jlt' lii:-i word :i 11w au i 11 c111T•· c L E11 g -

li ~l 1 ) . U 1at !tt~ j..,. 11ut th i• :-:<ili · p0 r:-.:n n r1' :-:l'o11s ible;

ln1L i( lu. · 11o w

ll:-\('d s1lf'l 1 :in Pxp r c~~ i 1 111. tl11 ' rt\:t d•~ r w1l1il1l lie C'011fu..;(•1l

lwl \ \ 't1 Cll

ti1al :t11 d two r.( lii·r 111 c~:111i11gs . l11at. lt1• i.-; 11ot. o" l!f rr"'/""'·' iUe l111t
~·· 11 wll1i11 g n1 orc . 0r t.ltat. h« i.-: r c.,pr.11 ,;iJ ,j,~ not 011/1
1 .fin· r/, is l111 L fu r
so 111 c·l l1i tit.:· hcs id<'s. T J,. , l i 111i> is cr. 111 i11.t.:· wl11· 11 T"1 111yso 11 's ( E 11011e
cn11ld 11 <d. "''·' ·,'I " ·ill 11 nt di" a],,,,.,,. l•»L sl 11! slHHtid lie supposed
1.. lllt ':t ll t li:tl. sl 11) \\'Ottld 111•1 011ly di .• 111 11 " " SOl ll ('t lii11g els<'.
" Tl 11· J,Ju 11 <1P r o f wr it i1 1!,!' 111·,,fic11t,• fu r 11 rc,/i,·1 l1:1s l>e·ron1c ~o
\\·i.J 1· ly cl i!T11."'d tl1at. ii. J.id.s f:iir \11 t'!'t1dn ( •11• ' o( the nius L uscf11l
t1· r 111 -; in 1lw sci1·11 lil ic ,.,,,. :i l.111:11-,v l• f Ln.:.;ie u 11in lell i.t.: ilil1'. Th e
t11:itli c1 nat i1·al and h~g i 1·;d

si1 11il a r d<>lru ct io 11.

t1·n11 .. 1p t•li111i11afl' . , i ~ und<·rgo i11 .t.; a

,\Ii \\l1 0

:ti'•!

:i1·•1 11;1i1il•·d •·illt!'1 wil11th e 1•ro['Cl'

V.]

~> I

l l\11'1101' IUETlES

~
of the woru or wi th its e!.y 111 ul".!.!'.I· . k n11w Li 1at. L1> l'l1 11 1i11 " L'' a
tbing is t o t.li rn sL i t ont; I.uL !host.: wli u k11uw 1111ll1il11-'. aJ,., 11 t. ii .
..'.. axcept that iL is "ti11 c-look i11 .t.;' 1.J1rase , use it i11 a se11s 1· pri·ci sl'I.)'

the reversc, - · LO <leuv tu, 1H1L tur 11illg a11 y tl 1i11 g (1tll. hH L Lr ingi iig it
1

. in. Th ey talk
, i1'0m a m ass of

of di1ni1wting s11 111e lrntlt , ur ulllt'r u ~du l r<'.'11 lt,
ddaib.l A si 111 il;u· l" ·r111 a11e11t dde ri v r:t t.io11 in t l1 n
Jauguage is in Llange r o [ Le i 11g pruuun:d by lit e blunders uf l ra11sla.tors. Tlt e writers of teh:g ra111,.;, a11d tlte f urci g n corn"'[•n11 dc·11 ts
f n ewspapers , have gone on su Jo11g tr: u1'i:cli11g (/,,,,u1n•/,.,. J,y ' to
-demand,' wiLl io u l a susp iciun Llia t it ni c:u1s 011 ly to a, k, Ll i:tt (ti "~
context g eneral ly ~Jiv ,,· in g- Ll1a l nol1 1i 11g eb •~ is 1ttr·a11 I) E11g· I i,lt
readers are g rau u:clly a ssuc i;tli1 1g ll 1t· Eu gl islt " ·,1 r,\ "'''""'"/wi t.It
simple a sk i11g , thu.; leavi11g \.ltc J:t11 g uagc wil110llt a ler lll lo l'Xj'I".''"
a demand i11 i Ls pro)'•: r "en st'. Jn like 1ll:l11 11 r• r. tru"·"''·ti""' Ll 1>'
French woru fur a C01llprnn1i; e , i,.: lra11:<l:tle1l i11Lt1 tit•.' E11 gli:<l1 "'"'"!

'tra.nsa.ctiou; ' \\ l1i1 t·, rurio usly 1.~ 11Liugl 1 ,

l11e i11 VL'r:-;e cl1at1 ,:.!'t " i .~

Ld.;: -

ing place i 11 F r:rn cr', \\·lt e rl' Ll1 e \\· uni "'""l"·omis li:ts h lely be..;11n 1,)
be used for ex pr es.~ i1 1g· tl J t~ ~ a1n e itl l: a. 1[ tli i:-\ C11 u t i 11 11 t•.--: , llie twn
countries wi ll l1ave l'xcl1aug1~d pltl';lsi·s." 1"
"'Quite' is e1111.J11yc;1J in 1'\T l',)' sen se \\'lt l' rC g rc•:t l111"'' or ') ll:l!il it y
has to be cxpre~:.;cd, :111cl . i< ·t·111,; I<> lll <'. Lu L·2 '"" r" i 11j11rinu' \o ll 1°'
effect of litcrary co111 l'os ilio 11 t.!1: 11 1 ll1e llli,11=-e o[ any oll1•' r ''i11 ,..;i 1·
word. •Th e e ne my \\·:ts qnite i11 fo1·ce ,' ' \\'u111 1d1·d '] t1i le ~e" •' r" J .,·.'
'Quite sorne exciLl' l ll ('ll L ·, ( '.) and :->O un ad i1~ /i11 itu111. S1J Jll P \d1at
akin to tl1is i:.; t.l: e wo rd • l'i c·ce ' IA• express di .-;Lf\11Ci': we ~ay ' "' j•il'i'O
oi land,' or' a. pi1 'Cl~ o f w;\tl'r;' IH1 1 it. is 11ntlii11g l1· s~ tha n a d i~to r­
t ion of th e· wurtl ' s 11s" ., l<> sa.y Lli:cL ' y< •11 sli<111l.J 111 •t , J, ,,.,L at. :1. n ttlesnake tudt.'ss ynu wr' rf' nff :t pil'1.·t• , ' in' \Y"l' an" t ran_· ll in .~ 1111 i!1 · a.
piece ,' - w hi clt°i: 1ttc·r l hcanl sa i•l L y a j11•l.'-'" l.o :c :11 t·111L"r .,f <·, ,,,_
t.11e ~1i . . .-; i.;::-..:i1 •1•i , :u11I , ll\\ i11 g tP tlw
fioatin "' i ce, \\·ere f' Umpdle<l to ru n a littl e \\':JY 11p 1lic~ ri \'cr."
Of ~hc se c xpn.:s,.,i ous so!ll c arc p ec u lia r t o tlte lnitnl ~t:i te, ,

3

1 "Th ou~h no ~ H e h n ·il

as ta ke place in th C'~C in~tall." 1 ·~ ;u~"
writ ii i ~ ...11n11!11r,11 in-=k;td .,f s~ 1 11 1 f 1 1 1 ·•1 1 . 1L
dese rve~ n oti •·" a ~ a d1 :1rn 1in~ ~ 1w ci11H'll ,,f p·· dantry i11g-r:tf1l' .\ ll J'." 11 .1:...:n"r:1.111·· ··
Those who th us un( h: rtod<~ t n ro 1T1 ·1·t tlit' :-;1 ,, ·ll i1 1~ of th f' t· !a:--:-- i1·:d Ln.:!. J:,J~ '~T ; H · r-i
nre not awa r•: tha t tile nw:-uiin).!' 11 r .~' 1n 11f111·:1 . if 1l 11" re w ~·rt· ~ ucli :\ ,\·t inl i 11 tlu \

Hkcly to ari ~i· fr urn

l'• )\l:O: P1 111 enl'<:'S

!h t· m nd i·rn fn·:tk

(1(

ln.n g-uagc, wuultl ha Ye rc fcn: lh.:e . ni,t to t Ja_.
of disease."
'J

Sec p. 43.

1"

8

pr• ·"-t: n ·a Li t1 Jl

.,f !wa hh , l11d :u the l'U!'l..l

l\lil\':- l.n !,!' ic.
l '11it1·d Stntc" En g-li :·.:11: C h;1111Lers' .Jou rn al.

.58

GR A iVL\1A TlCAL P URITY.

V.]

b 11 t othe rs a rc at Jc.a s t erjlially commo n in E n c;hn cl. H Americau s 8ay ·1t1il e c'. g ood rfc,if m o re f re'luc11Lly tl 1a 11 '1·:11gli , lrnrc 11 , E nglislnn ~ n 11.qe t1111 /e and '/ lltlr..' so lt.Y t l1 e 1-n~t· h· l: ... 111 u r t ! 1e rsi.-.: l ~ · ut ly tl ian
Am cn c:1 ns <l o : nnll 110t lr E ng li sh nn cl Am N i f' nn ~ use 11iite in the
sc ugc o f " n ot r1ui tc." Quitr :; h o u ld lie use d i n t lt c sc n, 0 of " enti rely;·' n e ve r fo r ' ' rn! lie r· ' or "Ycry.' '

1

V I. T l1 c ~11l1joi1 1 " Ll ci tati on s i ll u;; tratc :;om c vr Ll 1c
11n propril:ii c;:; tl i:i.t lw\'c lJl:c n p u i1 1tc tl uuL : " ' f'!1 i.; r :li 11...; rt: 1J1 l e r1·d 111 1• rua.d ::;

i11111nu ·tlculd1~ . 11

s11p n 11u·

i ut:: nio~

"Tl 1c I11 egli:;n1
. . re o( U 1 i~ Jca,·es UR cxpo,;cJ to a n u11cv1 t y 1ll o ur com·r.r,.;a tio n . " •

con 11non

" Tlios c w h o l1 oli l //,e r'u11,.essio11 [of a ho r,;e rai lroat.l ] o ug1 1t to be
loo k ed 11po 11 0 11 ly a.-; , ,.n·:in t!; o ( tir e peop le . " &

"I rn:cy Ra y , wi t,J10 11 t ,·:u 1it;y , t h at tiwrc is no t a c;•· n Ll r. m:Jll in
E 1.1ghntl h1 ·t.t1•r _n •a tl i11 to11Jl 1,to 11t·s t.h:in m y si:lf, m y s t ut.l icti kwi ug
fwd \'<'ry m11 d 1 111 cli1 1ri; J1yal'<l, . " o
'

u

'J'lH~ ;u1c i1·1d,
'f'lll ':'-if'

u n1 r·o/ i 1111

1·r r( m,,11 i n11s

of p ick i i1g- poc kl'L~ ." T

ri t<•:-> l 11•c·a1n1 · f:tm i l iar . H

"i\lutl1·..;t Jy ho ld a11'1l J,,w u u ,/.'I

" ' l 'C rt '. .. u

" Tl 1c ,.,,,,,.111 /l.'f u[ t l1c .Ji , tan ct' !,1:t w1·1·11 t h e <' ~r t.Ii an d th e
!It' ' d IH·-.it :lt f' ,
J\ ii •11 1h1 Ji i, l:11 ly c nnl d
~ ~ , l11 w

il :-i In

rl1•1 n1 •ru1,

S ll ll. "

io

lu• r.~·.1(

H~ T t ' p l 111 (•. '' 11

f'::. i n i rc· :)~ r· no w hi<"l 1 tlw .r: r:1ti n.!:!' :Frrt•_,· 3n.
" "f lw Cardinal d 0 C'lare~ tl 1: it, l 1P 'd i t · .~ Lran(111 il , i 11 l li c

r· 1111s 1· 11 11 1' ( ,

of n e ver lt:L1' i11g f: ti1"d i1 1 liis d 1i1 y l•n\' :tr1l l1 1c ;; a c r•:cl p e rsn 11 ,,[ tJ,. .
~
t,}i (~

1·i (•S . " 3

1

, refcrcnccs.' 13
"Tli c g1o Oll) _\'

l'ope.' "

"Tlr P- l'<l rl e . . . \\'a' ll () L lo l1c li d d a s ll1t·rl' J,,· a c k 11 owle1l <>ing
. J
J
~
a ng it. o f i 11 l"rf\' rc• 11 rc 11" i1ic11 m us t in i ts Yc ry n a t ure lie <'.l'l'tplio" .
u/1/r:.'' '.!

Exn.m pl cs .

·" Ilis domest ic virtue,; are too wdl k11 o wn to m ake it necessa ry
' f.o CJllude to the m. " 1
. _ "A s in g le q 11 ota t iun fri! 111 (.]1c 'E p i ,tJ ,~ ;;' o f ll orac0, in hi s 2
.:f •J,ife' of Lucullu,; , e xha 11;;ts , i l J do 11o t mi s take , rite c11tire of i1is

J

' ' IJ e wns g :d li eri11 g [o n l1i ::; di:atl1- bed] a fe w

I MPROPRIETIES.

In:-;:-; <..•[ t i 11 11 ~

(1 \'( · r

a cc.urnu l:l. t i111 1 u[ 1Jc.hy, '" l ••
" ~fara 's 01 •l1 1inn

c at:l l

J..:L\'(•

,,.(1rtl n 11 1s t

e ut o!l !" tl cl1 a n

" ii l' :Li'"l' e 1: t i rl' ly l 1c:l 1i t1 d .'' u

i11 ti il' ir 1111d 1ut! .'t lldi 1·~ lH•g-;·u 1 l () a.:'i.:-: 1u 11 <~ ;:, ,-a l 111;

, , ~ J ,.. 1· "1 Lj• '<;h h:v l Dc. ,·c r .J., 111' . a 11 1l
:l nd f1·!!. , w i th a s1 ·cn• t. g- r:d il i \'a.li111 1, !liat ;-;he \\" ;LS lJt'('un1i11 f..;
more to l1i 1ll t hri1 11gli tl 11 ·ir 1111 //1ud p1 1rs 11i1 .. " 0
" Its ju dg1111·n t:; . . . 1101 u/011 e co nfi rm S w i fV s 0 11·n ac cou11t of

in h is ey es th:it he r opi 11 i•m on

she saw

his

stud ies , I.Ju t. ap ply ol1 1e rn·i,-e . " 7
" S in ce h e l:Lst .«p{lke, he ~ aid ·· 1·<·11 b l1 a 1l trwis11ircrl i n lhc Cl't1ntry
which chan<"cd the aspect of a ffai rs . '' 8
" The dP~cons ~Cf' lll l1:.i li a.YC l1cc 11 '/ '' ;''' 1111 r· o n.,· ( · 111 11s tl r:d, f11 e provisions of Mr. _ _ _ ·, \\·ill prol1iJ,j 1,.,] ll' l1a t ll ll'}' "·e re d .. illg . ' · "

" R eso fre ,/, Th :Lt l l1e 1] irf'1·tn r,, if t l11 ·_v t.1"1'111 it i' XJ"'di 1·11 t . m ~ y
leMe o r otli r rwi ,r• a.ii] , :Ls :rn thn riz" tl hy ' tat.11 tr , , i 11 tl11· CP1" l r uc lil•1t
an d ope ra.i. it111 ., [ :1.n y h1·:11 11· h o r cn nn c< ·t in~ r:i.i lrn ;11l s. "
" l3 c s i d 1 · ~ U1p s~' tJ 1arg0 :-; of \': t1 1i t.y a. 11d di ....;p Jay , Lo \\"l 1i1;!1 i n r orn mon \V·it.h ti 1C ·"'" J'1 ti:·ds f-1 10y \ Y f' l"C t1/1r i o 11s . n l O
''' Ar t t hn11 :-;I ill so 111 11 "1 1 s 11r p r i ~ 1· d, ' said tl 11• Ein ir , ': L1 Hl 11 ~1 ;-.:l
thou vva.lkc d i 11 t ln \\'n r l41 with :-: 11 cli Ji ll l1• 111, . . ,,,. ,.1u1ce a ~ ti> won 1l1·r
1

•

"·rtw l1 ;t<l.'-' uf lltt' r«l 1 :t11 di ~1..: wJ1id 1 11 0\V p:1 ss ;11 ,,. , 11 , 1s tJ 1 ro n ~li our
ll:t r rnw 't n ·d s will , "'h e n tl1i s i1uprovc11 11 •nt is cu 111i .Jdet.I, 11 1ak e t he
tra 11 s it by ra il."
1

~ ('r als0 r. 73.
Th e I >: 1J.: 1· q f .\ rgyll. i11 Th e Contcmpo rar_v ]\t·\' ie w.

I S11 utlii'Y·

:: .\ r1•.· 1· 1d :\ 111. ·ri1·:111 11 1•\-l ' I.

u :tr<>11tr1·: d

' ;:i z1· 1ti•.

~y.ftwy ~ll1 1t h;
11

( j llO(l·d

1 Tl ie Ed i11 li t1r,[.(h H(· ,·i1·w.
11

" T h ~· S pr •' !:lf 1; r, Xn. 7t) .
i:i T he ~j•c cl a to r : ':\ 11. !,.;·8 .
i:i ll al! ':- M11dc rn Er 1r:J i .. l1.
( 187() . )

l \r 11w11i 11 g: (.; 1,/011i b ··· ... B irtltd:1y , nl't iL

I ])nJli ng- : L i f;, nf S ir Hol 1cr t. T'<"el , part. 1·i. chop. iii .
1
T h~ m ra 11i11 g' i...:, ·• i lu tarcl 1's."
Sec p. 72.
3 Arch l1 isli()p Tr<·11ch : J' l11t.'1rd1 1 l ~ e t. i.
;)!\ Di ckt• IJ !-i : L i t I l e Do rr i1I , lJuuk i. ch ap. i.
2 \\' h o~f"?

4

Tli c [ Lt• ntl on l ~ i>C •· L.1 1 or.

( l ~ 'i G.)

P ltil o:-: .. pli y t~ f ~l yl l' .
(> 1\lr:i. 11. B. ~ t o wc: : i'u 1r! of Orr'H r ~ l arnl , chap. X\· ii.
7 Jol rn F• 11·:; r<·r: Li f1· 11 1' Sw i f1 , IJuvk i. r.: li.1. p. ii.
B H1 ·port of a p1 °li 1i cal :o:;pr·rc !i.
~ :\1rn.: ri 1.:a11 11e \r.::1 ·:1pf' r.
1
W J\ r(' llhi ...:ll op Trr-nr lt : l l 11l arl'1 1. lf ·(' l. iii .
11 ~ cv t t : Tl1 c Ta li :i ma11 , d11q 1. x x iii.
6 S pel l\'f' f:

GO

l)l

L;JLU IM ATI CAL P UlUTY.

. "Ire then r eturn ed to t he Co ld en Lamb, and waited there for
his fi rst r 1s1ta 111, tl1r' 111 i 11slr1·1." l

(/ 11 it 1 • a ~ e 11lin11' 11 i :i l cli:q• b ·r. " 2
l 1111ite ft:<'l t l1al. i 11 decid ing as " ·c do, we arc r;oiu g- co unter to
ll ocl~so n v . .Jol1n "'11." B
'
•
" 'f'!t c 1c!t olu <> [ C t' 11c·ral G ra nt ' ti m en ·it tl 1at t'11ue' 111ay l iave
ag:;r";.::dL·cl 4 h i Ly lltl•tt:< :rn cl."
"\Ye. a rr>. 11Hm· liu &/1; Lu U<' CC' llle aci1ua i11 l1•<l \l"illt a mau'ti faults
th:rn w 1l1 1 hi s 1· 11· ! 11 1 · ~ . "
" f r·u1:f.""' Ll1at l ll1i 11 k l ltat it is i11 1pl•s" iJ, J, ., o r at least that it
wu1tld
\'cry Utl\\'i sc , iJ it were l'os~ ibl •., tu rnai 11 tai 11 tlte H ouse of
• .

•

•

•

·

•

Lonl s .'' "
"li e kindly /1•a m" us to l'nd urc."

VIL Amon g Illl11ropriet ies belong tautolo,.ri<.;a] ••expn!ssw 11s l 1kc 1e fv llo wi tio" ·· "'
F i1'.' l o r uri!Jillfil O!J!Jl"C-'su r,n owt 1w ll!J recipmcal, fun eral o/Jseiiuies,1
r cnla ul !Jl"Ce n : U1/l lJ1·a,r;cou ...: ~h1ufe , s11lcu H Jio r esl sla 1 dr d
p n t.!t lt.;:; .
, .
.
.
.
'
l tlr
.
7iaf /( 111 , .<11111 r Ji w , :i C(}(l/ collier , f'''l'"''ll' (in tl1 e sense of
'' orJ1n::ir
· ' ' <O
~ rn111 n 11 ''
. • .' Jv .'' u1
' ) J•P11J•/ r (o n<' ~n m..tin11·s ·lt ear.-; tltat a
p ol1l1c: 1a11 is popular 1r ith the people"). m ore w perior more Hlandard

Otl1f·~· l~np ro -

111urt:: p re.fera/,/e, j itlsc misrepresc11lations,• some1c11at w 1;wi11wus.

'

. 'U~ Hle.r ~! 1.is head, too, fol,! ~upe_r lati 1·e fo rn 1s f if adjectn cs tktt .uc alread y sn pCl'i:t(ffe m mc;rning- : :i s, too
1uur1~rsrrl, l' l'r.'f 71nc('lf'
'
t
, .'i.~ , ·m ost ft,,p('/1'."·"' ' moi.:f.
' ' mr 1·1·i/i'""
' ' • 111"'1
'
(.0 /11 / ! I I ' 1C,'llW3
'UllJ•tu ·al/dcd, rCr!J w cc.;,•a1it , N i11.<1p an1&le, more or /u..., i11 r 111 -iitlt/e~
"11 /1,11111d1·d , most t. r l 1'f l! I' , 111nst 1111;1rrcrd r 11fl·il

I n poetry ll" li ich rep rc~c n ts a state of fccli 1w too into be :"nti::> f'i e<l \\'i th on1i nnry exprcss ionf', ~~ vbtions
of_ gramrnat1~al p ro_iwi cty, like t11 0 c l:1~t named , arc perJ111 tted ; but lll ordm:try pro,:e they an.: in cxc nsal>le.
tc.11 sc

1

;~ul w c r:

KcnC'h n Cli ill inµ: ly. bool\ iii. cli:ip. xii.
Vn. ni t.r Fai r, vo l. i. . l1 cadi11:; to c li np. xi i.
.Jusl1e c L t1'h : 1 q 11ce n' s Bcnl'lt Hep., p. Wu. (JS7G.)

: l
~

hn ~ k e rn y :

Helps: Tl1 0 11h l 1ts 011 ( fv,·e rn1w· n t chap h·
(Jti7G. ) '
· ·
'
1,; mc li : llrol spe ec h 111 l 'a r li1t 111 c 11t
Bnl\\'l' l':

6
· Til
I) ' e Q11 arl. c rl y Hc 1· ic w.
"l1!lp.

xxh·.

·

'' Adam
The gooJ.li cs t mnn of m1: 11, ,-.:in ce born
lli s son:; ; th e fairc~ t of her da uvhti: rs E·ve ."

t

be:

1l~1.• t JJf i:f<-1'1, 111 11.'l

VI I. Each word in a phrase may lie used in its
proper sense, ancl ye t the phra:;c, taken as a \Yhole ,
may conta,in au Impropriety .

Sc<• n l"o p. 80.
• See p . 8.

••Sec p, 113
C ·
.
Th e u 1uin g- Hacc,

• Sec Jul.tn J3 ri,,h
·• It>
. l · ·1. 11.-.1";
,,... ;:.pc
~
"' t ·· s 1iccd 1",
cd 1 al l1! :111 cl 1cs l c r ( 1878).

...

I w i , r•)p r h: :\ , ·~

iu ph r a~c!" .
1

"The solace ari ~in g from lhiti co n ~ idc ratiun sr c111 s, indeed, tl1t>.

•eakest of all ot/1 ers." 2
"Andrew Jo hn so n , th e last :;11rc irn r of !tis !t oiwrct/ prrtleassor.<."
"I do not reckon Lhat we \Yant a gc11 i uti m ore ilia 11 1/ie resl of our

".
. : j

"

nl!i[Jhbors." 3

"\Ve arc at p•' f\~e wiLli all tit ~ ·u:urld, and ~eek to mainta in O\lr
4
cherished r elrllions o[ a1J1ity 1ci1!t t/, c rest ot n1:inki11<l."
" The first p l't!ject was tu shorten di :;cunrse liy c'1t ll i11y p ul!JS!JllalAe«
into one." 6
"I solenrnly cleclare lhaL l li<we 11 ot ll' ilji1/ly cu11t111ilLl·tl tlte ll'as',
mistake. " 6
"Kever did A tLicus

; ·,,, -i-·~· ..
:iUCCl'CU

ue tl er in gai nin g l ite 1111iccr.< al lo..-c

nud esteem oI all rn c11." 7
"How rna11 y are Llt ere J,y , 1·1t ci m th e~e ti•li11:;s o[ goo<l

11 c 11: .<

were

8

never h eard ·1 "
" Tli is snliject, whi ch caHscd m11 f11 1il '"l o11i .,l1111L' 11t <u11l 1·" rple xit.y
11
to tlS botl1, e11/irt l!J 1'1t!}ros.< c1/ w; for t.lw r•·' L <> f I itc ,. 1·1·n i 11~ . ''

Some Irnpn•pri elic", ll1ougl 1
torically llel'e11:-< il.1le.

1111 g ra111m <Lli c :d,

are rl1ew ... .-1,.

1.. ! 11 g"
11\"1'JT1!!

" I-Ic [Cc r lw r u ~J w:1s a l 1ig. ro u ~h , u ~l y -l ou l\i u~ gr: l 1111na r .
monster, wi th three scp;u·aLe lt eaJ s , and euch of tlum fi erce r 1//(/ 11

tlle lwo others."

10

1 l\filto 11 : l'an11li sc Ln ~ t, book iL lin e 323.
2 Joltn snn: Th e l' nml ,Jer, :\ o. o2.
8 Swift : l'ni po ~al fo r n!-.co..·rtai11i 11g the En g- li:.; li To ng ue.
4 Prcs iJ e11l Taylu r: l\It·s~ubC to Co 11~rc~~ , l )l'c . -1, 18-rn, as printt"d in the
newspape r:; of tl1 c llny fro 1n the o lli c iul r v p.'·· Th e ~l· n te n cc wa s ~o mud1 ridi ct1led at the tim l', that it w a!' par1ly corrected in" T li c G lolJc ," and alt11g-1..·thc r in
th e permane n t ollir i:d rPennl.
G Swift: G111li ,···r·:-1 T'r;\\·c l:.; : A

V o y:-t ].!C

to Lnputa.

6 Sw i ft : Rl· 111 ar k :) on the Barri..:·r Tr . .: uty.

8 B oli11 1-(1trukt:.
10 Hnwth o n1 ~:

Tl11• ~pPdHl"r,

~ ~li~ °'

Tani;lcwo<>t l Talcs ; T h..: 1 on1 eg ra111i.lc ~ c ed8 .
1

°\"(1 . . \

ti/ .

Bnrttl'}: E,·.·iilltt..

_.,·,

..

rrtINCil'LE:S OF CilOICE.

GUAl\GIIATICAL PURITY.

63

. " Tl.
. n s made se v c r ~d women look at one anotlJcr slyly each kno101.11!J 11wre 1/11l!L t/i e ot/i a s, anu notldi11g wlti!o 80Ullll i;1g• 'the 0th . '

ign orance. ••

e1s . .

i

t ru:·viden t ly, i n U1 c:<e _in stances, ~h e li leral statement cannot bo
. • ' bu t the 1mag-111aL1on lllakes i t >e1· m Lri H', by i11 aki ng- each of
th,, "Ll'.re_c Obj ed~ co 111parcd nppcar, at t!i P in ome11 t it i~ looked at
~11pt.:1 101 to U1c ot her,; in t h" point of co111pariso n.
'
1

B 0 0 K II.
C H O ICE AI\D USE OF WORDS.

Il. D . Black more: Cripps the Carrier, chap. xii.

CJL\ l' T l~R I.
l'JUNCfl'LE~ 01" C lfOJC E,

HAVING d efined tha t goml use \d1ich d ctc rrni11 cs
what is and wl1at is not p ure E1 1gl i:..:l1, a1Hl n1 1t , .. 1 ,.:1 >111t·
-violation~ of iL~ ruks, ,;11 c li as e n .: : 1 \ ni lt:r,; o r cn·(::t
jnauvertc ntl y c()11rn1it., ''" c .]1;L,·c now to (·u1 1,;i tl .· r 11"''.
cornmunica t iun liy la11gu;1gc can lie r crnh·n :d dli c i1·11t

'for its purpose.
In every spo kC' 11 or writtr:n C<lrnposil i••n . th rrr 1Li 11;::-"
should b e r egarcll''1 : ( l ) t11e r)1ui1·r rf 7/'1)/' ,f.,; ('.2) tlll'ir
;u"mber; a,n cl Cl ) th eir ar 1·11111j1' 111 1' 11/.
Other things l1l'i11g equal, '' ,:peakcr or \ni l Pr who
has the la,rgest sloc.;k of wonl,; to chou,;c frc1m \":dll" of
will choose t he bc ,; t \Y onl,; for Lis irn rpo,;e . ""
:111q .i •
\ 'o\'a liulary .
H nee, the dcsiral.>l cness of an ample vocabulary .
In tl1e cop iou,;n e,;,; an<1 Yar id y o [ !l ie y ocal111bric ·:. : ;11,
t heir comman rl , me n cl ifTL·r ,1·i1lt-l_r. Of th e rn 1t · li1111d1T<L
thons:mcl worcls com p11 h' c1 t o e x i:-;l in th!' E11 g·l i,;1t b 11 guage, t h ere occur i11Sl 1ak,.cpr·rr. "11 0L mo re th;111 fii'ti·c·n
thousanu, in th e po ems of ;\liHo n not alJ o,·e ci g-l1 l th <1n-

CHOICE AND USE OF WORDS.

l'lUNCll'LES OF CIIOICE.

The whole numuer of Egyptian lii croglyphic :,
sym hob doc:; nut cxc<'ctl eight hundred, a.nJ the en Lire
1Lli ian opernli1·. YocalJUhry is ::;:titl to be se:nccly more

n ewspapers pl1rascs such :-ts he floes not.
r ::i.t home or meet in gno11 anthor,.;, it 1JC'l1 00Yr:> l1im
) fix in hi s mind, :-ts early "" po,;,;i ]Jlc , the ii rinl'i ['k" of
choice in language.

04
:::anJ .

vxt<'n,;i\· c ... l The Yuca.l.lllb ry of businc,;,; l1as not been
csti 1natcc1, u11L it j,; certainly a small one. Su is that
SECT I ON I.
\1·liich :-;ulliccs fur the ordinary 11cccs,;itics of a traYcller:
[ ' OVl.)l"l)r
o f ];u1 b0· u;1 ;:)rre i::; t l1 e source of lllllclt ,;Ja11 ...!:?:, a f.wor..
iLe wonl - a,; 11in', 1wsty, b1·r1st1.1;.j11ffy , r(llf11f , s/111111in,r1,
A wri te r or :::peak cr ,..]11Jul<l, ill the fir.~t. phr<', r-l1nr1- r·
1<z11cndid, ford:; . lw1(( ls 1111u·, immcn-'<c - hcing c111ployell for
that word or phrase 'v11i cli will 1·lcurl:; coiwcy l1i:-: 1111·;1i1 ::;o many pnqH)scs a,; to ,;('n-e no n11e purpose effl:<.:t ivcly.
ing to the rea.L1cr or listener. It i,; not enough lo use hn A copious yocal111Ltry, 011 U1e ull1cr h:iml, s upplies a fresh
'
*'r U:tO'C that '111(1!} 111· t111 ller:-;tood; he :-;hould llSe 1,"I'"'"'""" .. f
0
0
..
11 l1 [L
. ·] ·
wonl fur c1·cry l°rc,;h tlio11gl 1L or fa11cy .
-~-- lanrruna:c th :1t 1111!.,/. /,,,. t11J1lL:1,.turn.
,. 11111 •1t1 1·1e,.11" '" ·
.
"'
~
.
. r a1'1C1 l t 11 'l
Tito lirst l11i11g, then, tu 110 do11 e l;y a man 11·ltu would
r member that., so for a,; tl 1c attenlrn1t 1,;
1 1r
learn to speak or to wri te well. i:s to enlarge l1is voca,lJ- "",,.._.....,:;:::-~·-,-..:·. ~cdium of com11111 nicalio11, so far io; iL "·itlidr:t\\:1 f1<>1a
11Ltry; an 1l the best " "'Y to tlu lhis is lo 111ak c himthe id eas corn1111111icalecl, :rnrl ll1i,.; cn·11 when tl1 e 111cself fa.miliar with the el:t,;:;ics of lii:s natiYe tongue,
dium is free fro111 fl:i w,;. Jluw m1tcl1 111urc c;c ri1111,.; tl1e
taki11g· care ah1·ay" to karn with l11e 11 ew \\·nnl it:; exevil when tl1e nH:d inm olJ"c.;ur1·s ur di:-;tnrt,; a n ohje1·t.
;1d for ce in ll1e pbee \\·] 1ere it occ ur".
\Vord,; may, '
~,,; If to evt::r)' c111 c "·ho rn11 kr,;taml s Llic l:rnguag<..', 1·1·1'r.1·
of cour,;e, he rratl1en'<l fro m a. d ict innan·; hut it is far
word alwa.vo; rnC'an t one Llii11g :inrl one th in g only, :.tn<t
more pridit;1l;le to study tli('m i n t l1rir conr1 ., w tr1
1•.t tl1e com"binations 0f \l·onb cxacth· corre"
DiOk n l~Y
l:irc•: ., ,, ... ,
te xt. For tlti,; p11rpo:-:e . honks that 0110 really
'
~.ponded to the rehtiuns nf tliing·s. Clc:i.rncss clr.r"·.;1;11·i.
:
Yt Jl'. :1li t1lary.
j
j
1·ar!y.
1·11joy" arc l.<:t tn t li; 111 Lliosc in wlii1·l1 . t 1oug l
(otherwise ca111'il Prr,;pi1·11il._1·) wnulil 110 ><ei11 t. ri 11,;i caJl.r rn ure Ya lu•ilill', 0 11 0 L1.kL::s a la1 1gt1iLl intercured by <>T:rn1111:1t i<.:<tl co1Tecl1H·:-;s : ln1t, in b11g11agr-; a,;
est; for tl 1e memo ry Jirrnly r ctai11 s that oiily 11·hi ch has
they exis;, Clc:t rn c,;s, e 1·c n ll1Hler tl1e rno,.:t. L ll· r1ra Ll1~
fa!'tC'llCfl t he atlcution .
conditions, is cxccrc1ingly <lif'fi cnlt to attain .
C;1rc :::ho1tld, l101reYcr, lie take ll to educ ate the ta:::te;
· Such ccrtainh, or ex:rn1ple, "·ere t11c condit ions unfur 011 c 1d10 is !"a111iliar witJi the 1Jc"t a 1ilJiors will natuder which Mac~~ula.r 1nolc his" IIi"tory.'' He \Y;\,; nnt
r;1.IJ y nsr gnrnl la11g11a p;e, as a cli il ll who hl':i rs in the
• bampere<l h_y mi;_'.i11:1lity of tl 1 011.~·ht or 11rr-;111ll1 nf' 1: i( ·w:
fa11lily cirvll' 11011e l1ut, tliL~ l>r,;L E11g·] j,;]1 talk,; well with wha.t he saw al a ll lw :-:;111' di,;ti11L·ily; wl1:d l1l~ 1H'l11·Y 1·'1
1rn l k11owi1 1µ: it. J\,;, i1111reOYt·r, cn· rv p«r,;011, l\()wever
he believed " ·itlt his wl1olc ::-trcngth; lie 11·rote u11 ,;uh WL· ll lJr11 t1g·l1t llJ'. cn111es i11 cnntact "·i th tl 1n!'e 11·ho have
u ul had l1is ad 1-;111L1gc,.;, hears frnm lii:s colllpauiu11::; or
"Xuu ul inklleg<'rC p0 ::. ~ it, ~ c-d
l Quintilia11: l11 '"i t. Orar11r. ,·iii. ii. xxi,·.
,

•

•

.• ~·-··
•

l

('fl~

:i

ne omni 11 0

p o :- ~ i t

111.il i11: 1- tl•gc rc, curandn 1!1."

. .'····

;')<__

~· ..

CIIO I CE A;\]) t·sr-; OF \\'O IWS.

j,Tb with \rllil'lt lie l1a<1 Lee n l1rng fa111 ili ar;
11 1:1d1· pns tiic uity l1i;; pri111 a r,r ol1jel't i11 cu mpo:oition :
f1>r l1i111, i11 ,.: l10rt, tli c rl ii'li1·11l ty of l'l\':lr 1·xpression
i11l1 <-n·11 L in 1lie \' Cl'} na t ure ol' ];111 g·11;1g-e \1·:1s e;omplic:tl1: d \1·itl1 s1 ·;1rccl,r a11.1· oth.·r l1 ifli <·11llL Tkt t ditnc11lt 1· lie • >l· l·r .-;1111<~ 11·i t h 11111 1s11:il s 11"'"'""' as ;ill ]1is
t· r iti1 •s 1 :1 '1 111 il ; lwt 11·itli l11J11· rn1 11·l 1 lal.11r Ii i .~ Liogra1.J1l·1· 1ri ll l dl us .
"'!'Ji, .

111 ai1 1 >'•·c·n: I

1·x!r:11·rtli11 ;1ry

ll1 11·t1(·y

]'..,., j, [1·111. di i i ~"11ce.

0f :.ra .. :rnI:.y ·, s 11 c ·~" "' Liy i11 1!1i;;, lliat to
a11 1l L u·i l i iy !1 \' n11it1·1l 11: ll i•·11t 1 li1 ii111 l 1~ , and
JI,~ \\' \'Ii

J.;"""" :is

l'l1:11 1c\' r k11 e \\" 1.wfu rc l1im,

tli :il , 1
' ' T h··r·· j..; 11:1 w ur k 1·1 11an
T li:1t ca11 lio t li ·· \\ •rl, 1•11 ,,-,.J :111d lt:1... tili 1-.
T li i... 11111 -. t lw d 11 r11· : 11 l1·i ... 11 n· 1•:1 rfa it lJ1 ·.'
1

ll' l1i..; 1r1 •· th 1 1.l uf

i11t11 f: 1. . \1 j, ,11 , hi111l\;-; proUWi\ J J.(~ :-- lp 1rl 1· r . .\ .'°' Sl!OI\ as
11" l1:i.! .~·,,[ i11l 11 Iii,; J,. ·:td :ill lh 1· i11f.,1'1 11:di<111 l'•·l. ll i1w I" ;111 1· 1·arlicu-

: tl .Jy \\

iJJ 111 ·

f' 111 1q uh i f i ,111 1'\' t •r 1·i11 11 •· .-..

}w(!t ·I' ,

l: 1r 1·11 i . . . 1dt · i11 Iii:-:.

;q Ji}

!t l\1 J11 1dd 1•1ll y

Jli :-: t~ 1 ry .

( . . . 11 r l1 .

r.. I' i1 1~ t : 1 1 11 ·1· ,

:1: .\ r,L'.·y,1 1'.-.: <'XJ~·

il il io11 1 111 ,..; ,., i1 !:111 •1. "r t !Jt• :lll: 1i 11 d··r 1,f Sir ,) , .!111 l·".·1 111 j,.k , or the
c:dli 11 :. :: i 11 " f tlw l·li1 ·111 ·il (' • • i 11: 1 ·~·r·) . 111 · \\'1 11tl 1I :-- it cl1 •\\·11 ;1 t i·l \\l'ik o11
t l10 \\11 1111 · :-: l q l',Y at ~ li .·;1'1 hq1 .'.:!' p ;1<·1·, :-: k+'(l'i 1i11 .:. :· i11 tl11' ( 1 1il ! i 1 w ~ 1111,Jer
tl 11· ;..:·,' 11i : t! :ltHI :1111!:H· i rn 1:-o i1tq111l... ; ,· 11[ :1 lirs L f'111 1<' 11 1·li1 i11, :111 d :-:1. ·cnring
i 11 l d:i· ·L: ;111d \\l1il·· 1·:wl1 id1·:1 :11ld ·1·i11 11 ·! ;111d l 11r11 1d' i'!1r :1.... v, a :-i it
IJ ,",·1·.I . . 1r:1i.:..:! 1! !' r111 11 Iii .-.: J 111-.:.\· li r: 1i1 l li) Iii ." r:q iid li 11 g-1· r ."' . .
•· .\ .....-.: 1H) H :1 . . - \l a1· :1ii Lty liad fi11i :-- l1 ··d Iii .-; r i)1 1 .~· lt d raft , l1 f' licgall to
fill ii in al 111 1.· r ;d 11 u f " ix :-:i111·...; el f !1·111 l:-:r :1 p <·\·1·ry 111 ttr 11i 11g, \\' ri t.ten
i11 ;;o l:u g-1· a l1 a 11d an •l " ·i l l1 ."11c l1 n 1111i!1i t11 d1 • .. r c·ra,111-."' • ll 1:1t th e
,, J11d·· :-: i x 11 :i .~1 · :-' \\" f' rt...', on :in :t\· 1 ·r ;_1·~·1 ·. r1111q1r t·"·"'j 'd iui j ~ l\\P 1 1 ; 1 .~ eso f
pr i 11 l. Tl 1i' J 1o 1rl i.. 11 Ji,, c:1 IJ1., l Iii ,.; · 1:i -k,' :t1 1d I 1l' 11· ;,,.; 1w\'1• r , I" i t i· ea>y
1

"'i11n· li t : s1 ·] d111t\ ~<ll 1 ,:_:· l1t tu a CCOli\·
111· li:1 d '""rn"d l1y I o n~· 1•x1•1·r i<'111·1• lli:il 1! 1i,; wa,; ;1' rn uch

1: 1il 1 · ..: : ' !11' 1·1t1ll j il 11 l :•d iL d :1iJy .

1.lj,j,;

f,,,.

'"' 111· l' 11 11 ld .J,, :1t hi .-; 1,,.., [ ; a11d <'Xl'•' 11t wh1 ·11 ;it Iii,.; l•es l , li e 1ie1•tr

\\"<•111.J

11 11r k nl

'' .\J :11·;111l a y

:111.
111·\·1·r

:dl 1) \\"11 il

a.

C HAI'.

(ii

PTU'\' CIPLE S OF CJIOICE.

I.]

n_~ goocl as l ie co nld rn itkC' il.
Il e tl1011.g-lit. lit1J;, o[ r cc:i,;L in .l'. ~. l'i1apto r in onler Lo ol>l:tin a 1w 1re ]ul'iil ar ra 11h''11w11t, a111! 11·il l 1i ll L:: \\l1:d c ,~o r of n ' co 11 s t ru ('ti11~ :t par:lgr:q 1l1 f11 r tl1t • ~ :11\ 1 ' nf 11111: !J ;q 11 y ~lri.].; P
r :ipl ill 11 .-< lr;ti.iv n. \ \'lia lel' '-'r ll1e 110rll i of liis hlJur , :1l. ;u1y r«t• · iG
was a lauo r of Ju ve . ' ' 1
1

Clc:irnc;:;s is a rd1//i1·;; t erm : The sarnc tr1 . :il ;iw11t
ca nnot ]Jc g il'l·n t u en; ;-y ,;ul 1jvd, i11.1r tu th e :-:: u11 " ,..ii li jcct u m1cr l1i!fnl: 11 L c11111liti u11,; .
\\'u nb tl1;1t ;m: i'<' rfc<.:Lly ck n.r in n. m1·Lqil 1y,.: ical tre:il i,;c ui:1y
be ol1,;curc ill a dicl :tctic..: po(·rn; ll10:-;c 111at a , .. 1:i :i' "
'JU :I lil y .
nre :tcl111 irnl ll.r acl :1 pll·(l lu :t 11ol itical pa111p!tl et
ma.y Le arnl.i g uut1:-; i11 a o;(· 1· mo1 1; a lli:-'l'. U\ll':'C writ lL·ll [11r
ft. ll a~ SOt: ia.t i11l l of' lll t~ Jl o( :'(' il'l 11·u \\'ill. ll Ot ; lli S \\ "CI' l'1Jl"
;L Jyr oum 11•1· t un; ; :t spl:" ]; l'l' 11 1ust lie cl1 ·an·r tl 1;m a
writ er , si1H ·r :L s111•;1 k n "s 111ca11 i11 ;..;· rnu:-; L l>c ca 1 1 ~lit a t.
once if at :ill. " E 1n1111C ll<..:e i:-; tlt .: 711111'1 '1' / 1 / 1·1111 slaf1'. a
t.r1.1 lh i1il•1 [ 1111:1111(;}" 71n:/i·dlf/ -i11t ,·ll1j ll• le tu tlu; j!l'l'-'"I< !•1
1l'lr.o lll yon «]"'•11.- . lie 11·liu wuuld l'Ull\' i lll' C. tl1c: \\"< 1rtl1y
M r. D1111<1erll1':11l (I [' :1111· t rnt lt 11·]1 iclt Dn11tl l·rl1ra11 du\',.;
lll lt sc..:e , rnu s L l>e a. rn :isll' r o[ l1is art. D ec l:1lll :Ll in11 i,;
commo n; b u L ,; 1i ch l1 "hsc:-;s inn uf lltou g lit as is !Jere required, s11 1:l 1 Jira.I'( ic a l L"l11,111 is l 1·y as Lite co111·1·r,.ci(l n ol a
truLh wri ttc 11 i1t Gull's la11 g 11age i11 Lo :c Lrntl 1 i11 i >unLlerh ca11' :-; h11 g1 1:1 gc, is on e ol' Lile llHhL l>e:wtif1tl a11 1l cogent wcapuns tha t is~ forged i11 tltc shop of tl 1c Di 1·inc
Ar Lifiec r.'' 3
Tn Lhc fa ct that it 1s a. n ·l:il in' qu ality , Jl1' !'-'J'ic11il!J
lliffcrs from prtc isinn. Th e 1n-il1·r wl 10 :ti111 -; 1,;, 11 11 ,, 11 ;,J,,.d
at scientific. acn 1rn c 1·, finding ordin ary " ·onh 11.. " 1 ·~,.. ;,;"
lit their onl in :H.Y 111 e:i1 1i 11gs Ya~·11 t· or e1p1iYol·al, nrn:<t
('J(> ; \ rt l"-l ~

1

11

11

·

~1 · 1 il• ' l! (' 1' to pa -.;-.: 11111 .·dPr iu itil it was

1 ( lrH' 111' th·· ""'''"<·r1·. . f of 1Ji .. ni. :\Tr . . f .. ltn :\ J1, rl1·.\', ":"\.""· in Tl1r• Forl11ig htly
Iii . . life.' '

J\ 1·,· i1• \\', 1!1 :11 .\ la n 1nl:iy "ll •'\1 · r ,_,· n·!l~ an • !1:- t 11ri.: :"'(· 1ite11 1'1.' i n

I (; . Ot to Tr1•\' •·l.,·:1 11 : I. if, . :rnd f.· ·! ln" r1f Lnrd

al so

0

!.!

J\l ili'~ :H·i·o 1rn t

Ser: p. 3:i.
~

1\l ac ;11i\a .'· 1 y 11 1. ii . j•. 1 '. 1:-\ .

(If Iii .;; nictlin.\ pf rt1 111111 1:- iti1ll1: Ant ql1 i•1k r;q .hy , p. ~:.!~ .
:1 E1n1·r~ on: l .<~ l ( t' r f'; an cl S rwin! 1\i1n ~ , p. 11li.

:)i_·t:

--~··

(']j!

1TCE ,\?\J) CSE OF w1mns.

[Bof•JC JI.

c·itl1cr <'mpluy 1':1111il i:1r \\·onls i11 a11 rn1f:1111il ia 1· \\·a,-, or
]I(' 111usi a<lnpL <• l' i11 n· 11t i'"1·1 il iar l1·nn,; .
I ft ·111:c, i1; t1 1e
s1· \·1·r:tl ,.;1· i1· 11c·1·,:, "·\"'l 1·111 s <1l' 1w111 c111·l:d 111·1· l1a1·c :1nscn
\1·liit·li 1111 1s i. lie lil:1 s t1·n·d lwl'•lH' tln· ,.; 1·i1·11 c·1·,:
\\'l1i!' lt
1i wy <II' \; 1111: Li11.~· 11:i g'\ ' 1·a n IJe tl1 11rn 11g·lii.1· 1111d e r,; iuo<l.
L:i\' !1 u/' t/1 (;>'(; ,;1·st... 111s l'11rrns, :1,.; Lali 11 <lid cl11 ri1w ll1 e
_;\iiddl l: J\ ~1·s, ,;· 111cd i111n "r c1 1m 1111 1nicat i01 1 lll' t~1· cr 11
s1·l1uL1rs; 1111(. i t. i,.: 11 0 lllnrc 1.o lie c1111,.:i.] 1'l't'd ;1 part uf
tl 1l' J·:11,c;·li sl1 J:ing-11a_c;·r il1:1 11 "[' tl1 e German <Jr tl1r Frc-11cli .
Lik e t ii (' lc-rms :11nl fo rnn1 hs of .-il_!:.;·dir;t, iL co 11 s!it11Les a
lli :1icd , - :L d iak1 ·L 1rl1 i1·l1 111a 1·, ind e l'd. like oil:cr tlialet.:is, coniriln1k l o tl1 r .~ «1wral l:t11g-u:1 ~· , , : ln1t 1JI' 1rli ich
111l' ll' r lll ,.; , u11til s:i11l'li1 111 l' 1l 11_1· g·nod Uc' t ', .~ia11il 01 1 the
sa1111: L1()li11.~· \1·itl1 111:til 11 ·111:1ti1 ·al Pr 11:11 1li1 ·al kl'llis .
Tl111s, il 11; \'t•IT 111·1·" i" i" 11 11·lii"l1, f11 r :t 'i'""i"list, i.s i11disj 11· 11,.;a l1k [,, l''' l'>'j>it·11il _1-, 111:1_1· n ·11cl1' r a \\'• >rk 1i11i1d 1·ll igi ldi: 11> tlw .~· "1 1J' r;il p1il 1Ji,, : l'nr il1 e n-:1d1·r 11·Ji ,, is n ot
l'an1 iiiar 11·i111 li- 1·IJ11i":1! 1l' r 111,: 1-:1 nn 11 l J,e 111:td 1· f;11J1iliar
wi t h !lw 11ti1111ti;c si g·11ilied In· 1lin,:c tc·rms. A :.;c! H1l:ir,
1hcn, \\']10 \\'ottl 1l imp.i1·L knm,·Je1l,Q·e of c;rirn ce tn Il ic
ig·uorn;:t m us l co11tL·1it l1i1n"elf 11· ith :-;Ltlrnll'nb of g<'n <"·l':il 11' 11111 " i11 j>L1i11 1111>11 .~· ! 1 i11l'xac t. l: 111g11:1.'..:·c. En~ n
\1·!11' 11 111' wt1ii!d s(·n11·" i« •r l1illl"'1 ·l l' o r <: P111·l'.1· to otl1er
,: L·l1o l:i rs a ('.l 1· ~1r i1 le:i (,[ li i" ,:ul1j cd. a,: a "· Ji,> 11~ , lie mu st
nnL m a ke prcci ,.;ion !t is rn:i.in ohject-. \\' l1at he l oses
i n cli"iincLness lie \Yi!l ga in 111 b1·c:-ulth :-u1 d cJ,·n.rn c"s of

() r

\'

}('

C HA!'.

G'.)

I'lU:\C1l 'L ES OF CHOICE .

I. ]

Lcwis, 1 "ther e is 110 moral nr pnlit i(·al 1.r(':tli,:e " r ~ 1 11\'
length, ccrtai1d y no cni 1,:itll'!':1l>ic arg·nn1L·11tati1·« \ \ '()Jk,
of wl1i ch the cu11«l11,.;i t11 1,: :tl' L' n"t in "(1 111« tl(·.~T<'(' ;df«1· tt-d
by an i11 c<w t i"11 " 1_·1 11pl<>y111l' J1 L, ur all u11 1,c 1Tc·i11·<1 a111biguity, o [ !<i n ,:..; 11:1 g·,._"
Natw·c, 2 lill/'rl_1;,:i Cl111r.:!1, ,')'! 1//r, /,.1111li-rw11·1·, ,.li.1rit_1; .
radical, co n sP.rvati1·1·, d. ·111 ,,-ru/i,-, r 1·1111f1!1>r111, l1'f11"1·11/ , /1 ,,11 ,, r 1

a.ble, virtunus, r·1•i1 /,.ni:1·,·1 u11:;fi1,'· 1· i,<;l1t, u ·r un,1;, ~11\· \\·llrd,.;
that m enn Lo l1;tr1lly a n y l11·1i lllCll ('\:1d lv ! li e ,.;; 1rnc
th in g . Even p1 ·r ,:01 1s \\'h o apii;11·1·1J( ly ngTcc i11 a d(' fl 11 :t io11 attn.eh ll il'l'l'l'\'llt 11wa.11 i1 1g·,.; to tl1e i"1·111,.; in \1l1i"l1 iL
is g ive n, e::wli i11((' rprc:ti11g tl 1v1 11 i11 c1)}1i'11 r111 iiy 11"iLl1 !ii,.;
per::;onal 011i11 iu1 1s .
'' Rc:fl"d ·

11<>11· 11 1:11 1y .li , 1·111"' y,,11 11111 ,1 h:t1"· ii-1 ··1 1> .. J

1,, 11li i.. l1
11 1·itl1· ·r J•ttr l y 1111,J,•r.-. l 1H!ll t· it l ll'r ]i i..,
'.1 Hs i1li-r llt i· f, , r l 111w ." ()f ;u1 :1 r .~ 11 1n~·1 d i 11 :l

i11L\ · n 11 i11al.J, ~ l11 ' i':l1i--.1 ·

were

nppo11r.n1. 1w l1i1 11 ,-.; 1'lf.

(

deha.tin g :-\il('i~·ty. a1 1d ll1t' iwi·d ilwrl" :-:n fr,·ii 11• ·1dl y i"', 111 11 :--i1 1q•i y .. r
so me c h-: ~r ll1i1 >li ··r 1.. di." ·111:i 11_:.;1,. 1111' l"'l'l• l•-.\ili··:' ,.f 1 1 , , .,1~11 1 , 1. ,,1 ,,f
capaci ty i 11 tlit · co11il• :d ;1rii:-' 1, 1 1J , , j 11, ii(·, -· ti • 1!1 •'

1· k :1ri· .... 1 1·\1•l:t11 :tti!111 :-:

,y]1ich a rc :-\Pl. h ~ · (,1r 1 · t !ll'11 1 - :--i• 1111H · !1 :--". 1J1;11 1lt1 · l11111i1 11•11 :-; :1rl 1i t r: 11 I ~ a.
ti on 011ly g· i\-1 ·s ri .··-f ', 11··rl1:1 1•:-: . 111 11111 n · !11 1111·!1·.-.::-: :1il 1·r1 ·;d i~11 1.
1

cpn:-;t.i tnt.i1.111 al
rul ~~ ·r ,

g11\ ' t · r111 111'1 1t

\\' l1a t a

l11·Jt 1·r f 11r

11 111 1il 1«·r 11f

1,e f(ir e Wl' :1.n · in a p11:" il in11 tn :-:: ty

\Ylia t i.. :
Ly

lll • ·:1 11 t

l belter·~

11y ·

· Ly · a

;1

)H1p11 Lit i11 11

tl1a11 :111

al1:-:0]1d0

1•11 ir it . . l1 a \·,. 111 Lt · c l1·:1 r!y :tp111···l H· rHl1·d
111w

\\·r,n l u11 :--:111 ·! 1 a qtw "I i 1•11 ~

l• y • ci 1 n ~! it1 1 ti 1 !f 1 al ;...:·11\ ·1·r1 111w1 d ·~'
~1i1d l,,v ~ ~1 l 1 :::1 • l u t i:--:11 i '! '
Tl1 c i. k :1:-;

t 1>1 1:-: t i tt diP11'.)'

p1 1puiat in 11'! ~

represe nt ed hv tl 1e.<e varions "·"rd" uu.c:l 1t, I clo 11u t ~:ry, to [,..,
as perfectly d1·ri11 ••1l :111d ]llc atl'd c in tl rL' rni11r],; uf tl1c: 'i"';tl;P1·s

\ \'.

Tl1(· ;1 11 1:1g·n11i srn l>t'l\1·"1' 11 Pl'et·i;.;i•-,11 :11111 l'cr" 1~ i c 11i ty is
l!ll( ('11liii11e il lo " 11!1.i1•l'h 11·J1il'il jH IS"('S :-i ;1, (cf'.!t,
·
1
1 ]
\ ]J g".\J11·ral t( ·n n :-:. ar c s 11 s~
:1r i. ! . i1 r:1Hdl lllc'< 11 , . 1 H.: a tH1 ary.
.:
,l in l. ien ih· .,f
).!~ · r wr :i Jr . :rr n:-:

;,,,. ""'""
c'(' ptililc Pi' : t Yari ('f1· ,,f' "i .~·11ifi«:1l i<1n s, aJHl
ll11isc 11111"( l'J't·q uc11t ly vnq •ln_n·•l a 1·c :-:11,:<·1·1itil1ie f1f Uie
grc:1 lcs t v ar iety . " Pnli :t ps ."' ,.;ays ~ir (l enrgP Cnrrrnwa.JJ

l fnl r11duction

wh i1·h ;1ff11n! "'
'~lill :

f!1

l: 1•1n :1rlz.,. ,1n tilt' t·~·· :111d .\lit1 -.r·

1111nil'rou ....

11f

l'idit i1·al T l' rm .... ,

-

:l

w1•rk

in .. t:u i n.: ~ i11 111 1in1.

~:<lure .

11 T11id.: J·:...i-.. ay 011 I. iln~ r t:•· ~ ! · · plll·n : I.il,~· r t y, r1p 1ality , nn d Frat C'rr1i: y .
" rhal <• ly: 1\.h 1•tori(\ p:1rt iii. d1:1p. i. :'=l'd . i\'.
i ~k pli1·n: l >i~1·:--t 11f th1· l.:1w of J-:,·j;\,·111., · : Pri..: fa c'!.
~ Jhid. : L ili{'rl y , &1·.; \'ut c on t: 1ilitaria11 istn.
6

Que ry

n ~ to

tili:< w ord.

70

CHOICE J\l\D USE OF

wonns.

[DooK Il

as ohi•' ds of >i.r;-11 t i 11 :i bndscapP, hnt, 10 lie s nfll ,·i Pntl y , even
t ,,,.,,, .~ ), i llCU111p ld <' ly, apprel 1cn<led 1Jdoro t l11·y lta\c a ri g ht to
~1)\'tlk . . , 1

Tl11• n1' »'C f;Lt llil i:ir ~t \\·ord , tl11' m n1·" .Jj,·prsp its W
'"' a rP Jik rly to
be , a11d ll1r- ~.::rv:der, tl 1Prr•fo rr, fltc cliflic11ily of n1al..: in .l!' iL convey
1l 1n n1· ·:1ni11g wit l1 :1L:--i1 i11t e c k ;\n1r• :---:-: . 'f'hu.-.:, in tl 1<.. q11 ,•.-; ti1J11 f:.u g~­
1

g":<l1'<l J,y Jlr. N" " ·111 ;11 1 i11 !l ie prr·1 ·, •.ling pa><s:tg r., "l>ett.er " i ~ L11c
(•!I'll \ t l i: ll :d ;J tt • j,, 111••-i i 1t l 1t•o•iJ <1f' d1• Ii11 il.i u11.
l 11 a r:.;·11111 c 11!:ti in · C•' "' l'\1siLion, t li e \\'f\ r.J s HHh t fr1·q 11 P11 lly cm] 'l"."'·d . ti" ''" \Y liil'ii ;;1•n··· (0 ,Jiow till' cn ursi• r1f 11i ., rP:t'io 11i 11 g a.11J
f l1 . .. c 111111 t •1 ··ti (/ 11 ~ (•f t ln11 1 .~· l1t- a ...;/1 11 i'r' , ,·n11 srr;1t •'11tly , //11'11, th cnjvre,
f;,_' f' '1U :"' · r1 n ·urt/ i11.r1l.11 - a n· f l 1 1 · 11 1 ~ e h· , ·~ t'qni \'Oj·a l.
1

.A wr ilt'r, h1 1\\· 1' Yf'l'. \\·Jin ~'1 1t 1 ul1 l 1111clrrt:1 kc to 1i i<C 110
\\'1ml ,,·l1 i1·l1 lie did 1w( 11n·ci ,.: \'h· ddi11(., W(lttld
n ..ti11 i11.. 11 fl. :
wlw11 11cc•·.•- J.1c i11 <i:111~1·r Ol° C01ll llllllti c·:t ti 11 g 1111 il 1i1 1,Q b11t
~:mry .
·'
ddi11i i i<Jlls to his rc ac1er. T liL~ lll l':111i11 g ri l' tlie
pr i n c ip~tl sul1j1·1· t of d i,-c om~c it is u ~ 11alh · cl1 ·si ral>le to
fix; l• nt to Ltkc cq unl pa ins \\·it,1 1 C\ l'I'} kn11 1H111l d Le
to s:w r il'it·r t 11 1: rn orc to t he less im po rt:llll, t li e 11 li"l e to
a part. BL·1Y ild1· red l1y tl1e n111lti11l iL·i ty uf dl'tails, tho
r e:Hl(•r wu11l1l g rn]' c through scn(!· 11 cc nft e r ;; r 11t!' nee,
wi t h l1is 111i11d tix r 1l on tho l:rng1ingc in st c:11l of lJc ing
borne a l ·rn ~· l•.1- tltc tliougltt.
H is, 11 L'\'1·r t li1·k,.;s . d1· -.: ir:tlile t o ll "P c·1·(' JT \\·n r<l. i11 the
~:t 1 11c sv 11 -.:L· :l1r11 11 gl1C111 t a. c0111pn,.:iti11 11.
T l1< ·re is little
r isk, fq li e s11rl'. uC 111i,;111Hlvr,;(:rn d i11 g· th e \\'C1r1l '/1INtf< 11/'e
as 11sccl i11 :t IH>llk o n snnT ring; lnJ( , i n a cli ,.;P 11 ssi0 11 as
to t l1e vffed or t his or tli:i.t Jll(';),;11]'(' (If l1· g·i,;Ja(i11n u pon
g'•>ld :ts a llt 1•;1.-; 1Jl·1 · o[" 1·a] uc , 1111 ' 1/Sllrt; llli g l1 L lie cq ui nical.
\ \'111·1'!'. as i11 :-:1 1l'l1 :t c;\><C . a iv r111 li:is 1o ,]() d ouhli: duty,
111 1' l' l';11lcr ,_11\111!.J liv :1 ppri,.;e1l t1f t lt e 1·l1:111 P·e uf 111 e: 111i1 w
\1·lil'11t'Y U' i L 1:1 l;c;; ]•lace; otl 11•rwisc, li e ]·~1s a ri g l1 t t·~
iircs tlllll) tl1:1l tlH'n· is llO d1;1ll g e uf 11Jl'a1 1i11g.

CHAP.

71

PJ\I?\ C IL 1 LES OF CIIOI CE .

I.]

N e glect of this o1)\·i C>ns pre caution again st t l1(' 1bns-r r
of being mi:-;urn1crst!HHl it-ad,; to Jl\1 111L' l'Olh F1dlu c:i1•s uf
Corifu:;ion, ·- suinc L11ing wl1id1 IS tn1 c in un e Falh>·i,., .. r
se n~ e

as if it \Vl'l'C true r • i n ru~i,,n .
in an oth e r sen s e : "fur the j11 .~·gl e oC ::;u]>lii ,; t ry cuu s ist" ·
for tli c great.er part, in u,;i 11g a word i11 u 11c se 11se i11 Ute
prcmi:scs, and in anollwr in t.lw cor)(Jusion." 1
being

r caso1 1ctl alJ(1u L

" Thi: 1111·r ~:t1:li J1, pulili 1: a rc fr<' q 11 P11Lly ].,<.[ into ti1i .' h l! :wy Ly
Lhe plir:ise 'scareity u[ 111n111 •y .' Jn 1111: Lu1gu:1g•· <> f c• 11 :1111 .. r•·",
' n1oney' ha.:1 t\,-o 1 111•;111i11 ,~ " : c: u1T(l 11 r·_11, o r tli e circu i:ding 1111'1!ilt!n :
a,nd copitul Se l'/. ·i11_r1 ;,, rr,s l111 n 1I, 1·.'-'pec ially i1 1vc:-:.lt11· •11L ~ 1 n 11 1:1 11 . i:j
t.11i~ last sr~ n ~c, l\1 1~ wurd i . . 11 :-;cd \\'l1t· 11 tl1 u ' tnoncy 111 arkct ~ i.-.: '·. q fPl,:r•n
of, a11J \\"l ien t l11: ' \- ~du e of n10111·.v · i'j ~a i d Lil 1H' l1 i .~· l 1 ur 14
1!11!
1

ra.te of j11 Le r c ~l l 1l' i11 g n1.t·a11t .

\\' ,

' l'li c cu 11 s1· 1111 1_·1h·0 df t l 1i .- ~ :11n Li.:.: 1:i:y

is, t h :Lt as son11 as s1·are it y u[ n 1011C'.Y in tl1 e h ll<' r uf LI"' ' ' ' H·1 1.,c;:
begins to be f e ll. - as soo n a:-; tl 1e r e i:-:. dillicuit y 1..1 ( oldaini 1 1.~ ]1·~11 i.;.;,
a nu t11 e raLe of in te rest is J1i gl1, - it i.s Ciltli'i11.J1 •1l t.l1:tf. t l1i.< ll >I J.'t
arise from c:rns1:s a et ill g upo n Uie qua ntity ,,[ m o1>1·y in t i": 11li1 c r
au<l 1uorc pop ula r ;-;c 11:-;e; tl 1:tL Ll10 circu la li 11 g ll1 vdiu111 n111 ~ t . 11:1\" r_!
di n1i11is1'ed i11 q11:in l it.'··" r uu~l 1 t tu \,e i11 n,·: ts1·tl. 1 a11 1 " " ·;i re· ti i: d ,
ind epe nde nt.I.\' u l tit e duu\.J ,. 11 \l·:u1i11.t.: of th e t.e rm, t ll!'r<: ar" i11 ( j ,.,
facts t li c·1n se ln~ s ~n in e pcculi:triLil·:-:, g- i \· iug an app ~trc 11 t ;--;u 11JH 1r t tn
this errur; l1uL l li e ;un li igui l y uf tlu; L1n g n :t,~e ::'laud ...; 011 tl 1f· \" f•ry
threshol ,l of the ~u l 1ject, a11d i11 tercPpto :d i :ltk 1n1·ts Lo U1r• 1\\· li c;ht

upon iL .
"J\11 0Ll 1er \\'Or<l \\·liich is c·l' Lc n l11rn r·d i11 to an i11 :<trn1w·11t. of
the fa lhcy of ;u11hi;,; 11i Ly i,; 1/,,·11r11. la i t- rn 1>'-L ]l"' 'J•r·r :irc•·i.t:i l i•)t>,
theory 1111•a11 s llll' <·0 111 1.!1·!1·.J ,.,., uJ !; <1( pliilo.'"l'l1i ,.;d i11d111 ·ii u11 fn •lll
expf~ril'll C e .

I11 tl ia L :-; 1·11 :-ie, tl li're

:lrt!

t • 1-ro n1Y>1 1 ~ a.sw ell as tnw t\iri)-

rie::.;1 fo r _i1Hlt1 cl il 1Jl 1n a.\' lll~ i 111'1l1TP ('lly perfurini·1li l11it, U1t·ory\ 1f ~\111 11~
Hort is t he 111:cess:iry n""t! t u( k1111\\·i11 g- ;u1y t.h in g u[ ":rnl j1·,·t , :11J d
havi11 g 1int 2 one ';-; k tH1 w! i..~dg- 1• i11L' ' tl ie f1ff1 r1 nf ge 111·r;d prn pr1 ~it i•1J1s
f or Lhe g uidn.nct· df p1·acLict; . f11 1.l1i:-;, U 1e ] •J«)pt>r :-; i •1 i~ t.· <if the· w1 1ril 1
tl11-•.1ffy i s tlie 1' :q 1l;1 11;d iu 11 of practi ce .
l11 a1111t.11 ·r :uul ;t 11 u1r;~
1

1

vnl .~nr ~c·n st • , t.\1 (·11ry 11 H·; 111 s :i11y l!H' rn fi cLi1Hl 1·,[ tl 1e i111a ~ i11 a! io n1

e nu<.:a\·or i11g " to cv11cci,·e liuw :1 Ll1i11g 111 «y pu:;:;ilJI.)' h:t,·e u ee 11 p rvl

Co lcri di;e.

2

Query as to lli csc forms.

Sec pp . 101, .J2 .

·IJ.

~ t~*~~~~~t?:.~~::~_·"
:~~'

,

72

l'l l<HCE A ::\D U::iE 01' W UHD::i.

[ llOOK IJ.

dncr d, in sl1'n1l of rx :rn1i11i11g- ho"' it \\':1<; prn1l11 cr d . In tl iis sense
0 11ly :m• t l"" ' ry and t lw• •ri ,; h 1111=-:tk g11id .. ,- : i •lit. l •l'C:tuse of t.li is
ridi.-uk nr di=-n•· d it. ;,, :<li•·111 1>1•·d i•i L .. «f l:H' hl'•j t o tlh•ory j 11 j~
]l l" ! ·r :-: ·11s1•, lJ1aL is, to h· .~ili 1 na!l· ,L!"t ' lll 'r:diz ;1ti1111 !ht· 1· 1111 ;u1t_l ai rn
11

11

1

1

,,f :di 11l1il1 1.... H1_ii1.\' j :u1d a.cn111 ·l 1hi1, 11 j..; n· pn·..,.i>11l 1·· l :1..: \\ortlill'ss, just
l.n·ea1t s1· lit at. l1as Lt•1·11 dtlili' \\'ltil·l1 . if d 1111 1• l'•nTt ·1· 1 h ·. ('tJ ll sl iL ules

(] .,~ l1i,:_:·Jl(' ,;f, \IO rll1 liiaL

J>r i1 1"ii.J •: fu r th e ,l!ll icl:1 11 t:l' u [. 11 racl ic" c:'m
tlH! rl'al law Oil
vcl1 id1 ;, ] 1 li1 ·11 0 1ll.-11"1 ' d"i'"' "'"· u r su!llc p rop ·rty or l'l'hl io 11 wli ich
is u1ll1·e r;; ally t nie ,,[it.. , 1
:i

] 1 < · ~ ~e s ,...;, -- 1 1;1ull •iy~ tn c c11 11pre l1t' l1d i11 :i few \\"(l rd;-;

1'rnnu 1111,; an: p<:<·uli:1rly l ialJlc to he 11,;cd ill ,; tt clt a
way a,; In n· 1Hl.- r th e 1n r <111i1i .:_~·' c ill ll'r (1!1 ,.:<·111·0
n 1~:-;1" 11 n• o r
"'J''h"" "I
or
('ljllil'<)(':d . Ti 1c ,.:ig·11ifivat iu11 or e \' \' 1'.)' 11 r oJ.•l'••ll 1'l l ll .'i.
l ll>llll lwi11.~· detl'l'Jll ii1 cd li y ! li: it ur tl1 u l\' orJ
t« 1r 11·l1i1·l1 it. ;;t: 11Hb 11r to 1vl1i cit
r1·lall·~, vle:trncss
n•'l11irc,; t h;1L iL ,;]1u1tl<l refe r u11111i,.:t:ik:1 1il y to 011u and
l•J lJu l 011c ;u1!L'c1 'd\'11l. A 1nitrr ,;)1u11 irl ;.<']'>' a l a 11oun
r:ttl11·r tl1a 11 ,;1tl1 ,.:(il 11t e fo r it a prono111111·1ticl 1 !'a ils to ;;ugg·r~L tlta L n oun u 11 111 i,;takal1ly a11 <1 ;iL 011<«' .

it

"~

"T l1•:in 11•,J fr, , lll :'ll:1•::1 1ilay .
s:t n H · \\'1J1·11

t!1i11 g
Olit

or

ll:Llllt' <i\'l' l'

1·111tld lJ,i :t.!di·d

liJ.;,,·

s111u 0: \ \Ti·t1 •r .-.: ,

ll<'l'l' l' (q ]."

:111d

:1frai•I 11f w•i 11 g the

1n·cr a:_:aiu . i[ 1\y tli ;1t 1n 1•;u 1s any

!u 1·lt·:1 r111 ..:s or f1\r cc .
1

.

~faca11L1y Jl(·\·i· r gues

l: 1 ll\ir1~ :1\11 111!.' :Iii· f . 1n111·r · :1 11tl · 111 1· 1:1,Ll i•r,'

'li··. ~l H'. it , tlwy,' tl 1rn11 .~ · l1

:1 !': 1•r 1· 1:111., 1· , \\l 1i k Iii :' n· :id er
pf ~ 1·'.·pr :il 1wr....:t ii 1:-> it is t l1aL is so
darkly n·ft·JTt•d ti> . :'\11 d 1H tl l a pn11 1q1111. liki · all y utl wr \\" 1ird 111 rby
dl'll'll lil\ r1·p ·:1L ,• d will! :11h· a 11Ll .~1• 1 if it, is p··rf1 ·1·tly cl1• ;1r wl 1u is
h:1s 11 ' I 1 1 ~ dz 1.al'k tt\ ·'"'' 'i'

cl :11i ..; 1•

\\"l1i1·li
1

1

1

nw:rn l liy ll1e 1·rn11 0111 1. ,\ ,"I \\' ill 1 .\larau l: iy'.' pn•1:v u11s, it is al ways
pc·rfectly .. !1:ar 11 ho is llll':<JJI loy U1e111 . ··"

imwticahl e ,1 th P!J ~11ccc~;;i 1·r, l y rccci1·ed nc 11·s of I.li e rl't rcat of t li <::
Cb1Jvnli e r into :::>colhnJ . " "
•' Th ey "" ~ re l"c1·su11,; of ;;11,·li 1nr,,l<·rat\' i11lt- il•'" t', 1·Y1' ll Ldor" tli' ·!t
·ere impai red liy Lill'ir i •a='>i111i, ll 1aL lif ,. ir i1·1" '.C:1ilari LiL·s cvuld 1> ut
furnish S1JtlkiL· 11 L va.ridy o f 1-..Jly . " :i
u 1Ve [Lhu writ0 r ] \\'il l 110\\' 111·Pi..' l' l'1l Lu i11 qui rc l1u\\' ic e Litil' ll 111
general] first.a r riv e a t orn eli 11< •Liu11,;. , . ·1
.
.
")t WaS the Ju ;;S u( Ji i,; ' UIJ Ull \l'iJu lll JJ\' ]i;uJ ]nuk <'<l II l([ J :lll :<f)l't'. t.ion which lielo 11p;ed l.u l1is cli: 1r:tck r, \1·i1h :tn l'~ :1.~· '-'.n"kd :td111ir;11i 0 o11
tchfr·h w as a 1\ 10:-{ L p;Lrdu 11 aLile i..:X1·rc i ."'i v uf Iii:--: f; u wy 1c/11"1'11 :-.t ruck tin~
:fu.tr.l Llow to l1io> ' i'iriL a ;; \\o •ll :cs Lu Iii' 1... dy." ''
u H.as:-;ul: L:-; w:1s l lit~ f( 1urtli so 11 lJ[ tliv 111i g·lity 1·nq 1\·rur 111 ,,.fu -' r
do1niniuns tl1 e F al111:r (1f \\' ~th · r:-; lH',!.~ i11 :-:. Iii-.; n111r :-- l'1 w/11 1."'' ' l n1111 ity
1

pour s ]0\\1 11 Ll 10 stri•arn s uf pk1d _y 1 :.11H.l ::;\ ·;tit e r ...; (,\' cl" l1 alf Ll ie \\·url J

tho h ar v••s t,, o[ J·:.'-'. y Jd .. , 0
"No sc t11 L1;L11<. :1..; 111' a :·d i11 u n·t11T•"l it i tlw t·;1.-... 1' 111 :111y oni · 11f 11..:.,
a.n<l had il uc1:111T1' d I Ju Hut ll 1i 11k tlit.:. \\u rst eu11 :-: t· 1 11w1w~· ;-; cuul d

have been rt1·nid"' l. '·

.,l,,;cm·c or am b iguFo r cx:1 111 pl": -

:·: 11ilt. i,; mo re 1·01 11 111011 t1 1: 111 tl 1c

ous u,.:r:

"r a

1rnn1111 11i.

4
'
. \ lr1•11w11d1111."
Lll l 11f =-- 111 1\\" n·nd1•r1·d lii .... d''J•:trl11rP l 111j u1s:-; ihle
for more Ll i:rn l••n 1l:ty,; . \\ 'li L1 1l th e ,.,,.u/s 1"''-'.:<11 L" l>cco 1J1c :t liltl e

;I ',

1

:\li!i : L< g-ic, hoo k v. chap . ,·ii .

2

E. !\. Fn•e nnrn.

1

in

Thf'

Si·<· rd-.o pp. JO'i, ::?17 .

f 11krr1n ! i•1n :il J: 1'\i •·w .

Bak er

DH.~ll . '' 9

"Tl1e ]'l'e~e n L Lu:; inc.<s of llie;;e p:1;.;·,., ;, 11ill1 tl1l' du:-;" '' ,., J1 .•
l

N(>

7

i11;t1ll' :t l o 1 1.~ lialL aL (; ()11d 1 il\•ffP1 i H tlw
country o l' Lile ]:ari,-, a race 11li 0 111 l1i,; ul1111" L f, ,l' J,,.:1r;u1"" ,.,,d
tact were u tl.nl y 1•11\1· erk~s lo i•n•1•iti:dc: . I r " '1' li1i11 .:.:: (•ll t·i;,,;
and n eedle;;, l•11 L e1·vry <"'' . 011 tl 1t: ,1·\1.,],• , '"" "" I•• li :t''' d,.,,p
hi s duty; a11<l ll1 e J::tr i=- . i11 tli1·ir ti1on,; :i. 11 •l ', 1,·,.1··· :1L J:i,L ,;01111d ly
th r:ished l>y lJJt• J-:11:.:;li'h l'aol1a :1n ·l hi,; li:111<H 1il . / 1 11·:1, literally :1 lm11 df1il , f .. r ll1e J«,,·cu li:»l J,..,. ,, s"r io111>J.1· n·d1 1"1·d Ly
dcaLh, .d c:-; j•rLi111 1, 111 :1s :-;;w t" i', :11 1•1 c\i ~ 11· ~r~ i1 1 11 jfl t cdl11·r 1• 1-ra111l.....;. 'i'h · ~
b11 lk uf Ll 1e Ol' i.c;· i11:il Lrt>< •J" ''"'"' l<'r_I' ,., .J1wf:1 1Jf. 1.J oi L11it l11·" J'i'h ,
and hall lo Le ,· i .~·11n111.-; l y ,\.t·e lh.·d :u 1d ,. _ i ft1·d, t1 :-:.\1 1\1 ;d ! l w 1 1 111 .~! 1est wodc wa s p1 ·rfonm:cl l1y '' li:t11dfui .. r '"·l·' " ""d :11 1•! t..,t<-d

'' Sir San1 u e l

Sec p.

2 Sc~ • tt:

r.:,.
\\'a,·1· rlt: y . \·111. ii. ('li;q1. xx.i,· .

8 Steel e : Til l' ~pvl't:ttt;r, ~

11.

:~o.

Hain: l: lwtilric, part i. d1: 1p. i \'.
6 F. lJ. l\la l1 rit"1· : T h1..· Fri•·nd-.!Jip of Bi .fvks a 11 J Othl'r L1.:dur+ ·~, lt""'.d ..~i.

4

6 Jolin:-;<111 : 1: :1 .-:--l'h'. cli ;1p. i .
7 ,Jtih n Tyn dall : ll uu r:; of l·:x cr1·i .-.1· in the A lp;-;, ~cc:L. xx.iv .
ij

Qu ery a..:. !11 th" 11u.:tap hor.

OTJi eN atio11.

::it·c p. ~l.i .

..

[BOOK IL

li:t•l ltis rc· lr<'al. i11 :'-lr. l\·ck~11iff's 11('ig-l1linrlu••><I; a11•l tliat rn urt.eotL,
;u1iu1al l..wi11;.; alrL·ady •Jl1 ti"· carpd, tliL'I\' is ll' >ll 1i11g i11 tl1u way of
11 ... 1111111t·d1at1• tr:u 1-..;wl i111 1. . ,

I

"Tl1is d u1· tri111 · s•1t111d' m·ll: :111<1 f<>r tl1<' 11••\I t11•· 11 iv y ear~ it
l di11d 1·d a. l:u·.~1· J 111rli1111 111' 1li1• wnr J,J fq tlH' n·;tl 1·a11 .... · 11f 1.111' failur

or ti"' 1; ,.,-,.J1tii .. 11 .. r .ft1 l.1 i11 1:ra 1w.. . Ir 11a.,
Ltil1·rl

111 ·(';111:-:1·

ii l1~1d

l1 1·j·11

1... 1i,·v .. d tl1al ir

~l,·f1·;1t~ · d. \\'lwn·;i...; it L1il1·d l't't'a ti :·:e

it

11

1111!1 tl•< ·r uf r l• 'l't .. 1·s, ;1111! i11lr11,:l1·d tlll' ,11rrra.'. :·" l•1 '"''' l111111 lred aud
1·i .~ llf y tli11u:-:a 11d 1· l1T l 1q· . . . - 1w:1rl_\· :1' 111:t11y ;i...; \\\'rt' qu ;iliiicd to
it

i11 a c11111itr.r \dwr• : 1111l Pl1•• in l1·11 i11

li1~ 11

t' 1

fnur

t11 1n 1t· i11 f : t\'q l'

ll11· 1·11tin• 1,11 pula-

11tld n·:HI: :i11d 1111'_\· ri·LUl'IH·d a l'li:u1ilwr \\'itlt a 111;1j<1rity of

,,f li11•

.:..:·1 1\ ·• ·rt111w1 1t.

It r;1i -.1· d

tlw :in11 y :lliore

U1rt'\' l111111lrv1l llt 1 111.. . a111l 1 ·11111l1al a 11t~ . a111l it d11 tll'arl\'

1; \ ' t'I'\

u....:c.:a:-\iou

n·111:ii11<·d faill1f11l ln it" u; dl1.-< """II !lit' l11111r <of trial .:i rr i1·,:d. Ir put
:1r111.' i1tiv tl1t· li:i11il,: ,,f a 111i ll i 11: nf n:i t i1111;tl .t.:n ard.-< . "' "' t• l•·clcd
tli1·ir '"''11 <>lli1·1·1-.,, :111.J tlw 111:i j.,rily .,( ll11· 111 "'IJ'l" "·t, ·d U1r- l'rnwn .
Tl1i~ is d .. .-i , i1·,._ \ 1·1, .. 11 ' " !:1rg•· a par! .. r tl11· ]'"J" il :tli,111 , c;qial1lc
0

nf l1t•ar i 11~·

;1rin :-: .

i--: i11 ll1i .' 111 ;u 111 t'l' 11rga11 iz,•1l i11 a ri1 11·d l1:u1ds1 unde r

ll l' <:l',.;,.;ary l 11 cx i,- 1<-11lT, 1• r Ltlli11~
,\ ,.; t l1l: ,.;i 11 q 1",-t.
0

( 'li •>i· ·" , ,f

" , ·r· I 1"
:11\. ·.·:···l I •\'

~n l 1j 1 · 1 1 a 1;d
{ 111\'1" •1°'\J .

period:;;, ::;o will talk ;dn111( 1>nli11an' ll1i11 .~,.; l.e

mosL rcaL1ily u1n1cr;-;tuud, ii' all tlll; \1·onl,; 11-,\·11 ;1r1· '"
fo.rnil ia,r as Lo lJc ait1111 sL id, ·11 1illc1l i11 t.lt 1: 111 i 11d 11·i tli
the Lhi1i;,.;·,; l!1,·y ,.;i~· !lii'y; and >:>llc:l1 11·u nl,.;

answering

r, .r

al'L',

m ost l'art., J\11 glu-:-;ax1111.
Gc:;;turc::; a ml excla111 ;1t ions arc, l10w1..:vcr,

"•Yon ran s;Ly

:\11_\' llti11~

far fro111

i11 it. · [1•a1i1 .. 111i111•·]. cr i,.,] !1 11'z.

ll1at,' :-:.ai1l I·: u11i ~c .

savage

ll' :·L11l,;

lu say.'

1

\'11u l 'a ll

:':ty

a11,\ ·

o' "'~{on

f•: 1111111 L :-:a_y

" ' 1\'"o r

t1 11 · El1·gy in;~ (' p 1111tr_y l 'l 111 r1·! 1_\:u· l,· sai1I .\ 1.J . u1.

Kor

tlw

purpo,;c:;.

a.ll

111\' 11L 11 1.. _1· ·" 'l'l'"''L i.' 11"1 tli:tl wl1id 1, 11p•11 tlw 11i11d•'. i' ,·n11 .,isLent

1\ l'1· <11·<li11g· (t1 "'1111 \' 11·rifcr.,;, p 1•r,;p i•·uily prcl'1· r,; w1mh
'J' l<1·.-trn ... \ .. gi - ' ll'1·i1·,·ii l'r1111 1 1111: , \11 gl 11 -S;1x 1111 '1 !u tl 1u,; 1: lliat
11 1
''" ' "'" '-'· 1·1111H· l'r11111 1l1l: Laii11 <•r ll1t· Fn·111·l1. \\' li;1 L-

~n ;1r1· il 1!' 11;1:11v,.;

:-i; Lxu1 1 11rig it1.

gc:;;L ure or ;111 ext·la111ati11 11 il1;111 i11 l·l1111111 ·11t

:-\ t,'1'

111 ;1y 1,,. l u c:v rtain

l1lr ('l11111· l' , - - an ·.

l'lll)Jll

• fcc li.ng:;; may cxp r c,;,; tl 11 ·111,.;1·ll'l·,.; lil:t lc r 11_1· ;t

lluii·L

it

l:\'l'l'.I"

w i Lh i11 uni Ycr,;al l'.\}'('ric11t·L'-

'' 'l

f 1·;11 · ! i, 111 .--: 1 ,f Ir .·· -:.

uC

it itl t ru e, al1110,;t all ul.'
of man y of tl1c t.l1i11.~s

1dli1·1·r:-: (1f ti1t·ir 11\\ IJ :--1·l• ·c·I i111 1. it j:-;, i11 \·ai11 l11 a ........ 1·rt tl1at tl1l' g-11\·eni ~
\\'ill 1 tlw 11:tliP11:il \'11i4·,· 1 l111w 1il11111xiot1'-' ~'>l '\· er

:'l' i1 l1· !11:l', ~ lli\' ."·11ri1 ,; . i11

short, as to w l1i ch t.11cre i,; 110

1

<'X Pr1·i .... c·

Tho p:i.rLid cs, the n11111(•1·ti1·c,;. tlic auxiliary Y1·rl.,;, tlw

Jia<l

1

ardent \·li;1lll}'i"11"

11111,;(

the A 11 glo-Saxo n alHl1111d i11 11·11rd,.; fr.,111 tl 1c L t1i11. ~

grarum:i.tical li1 1k,;

J\'l·\·c r wa:-: n·\·til 1it i111 1 :-:o

in 1·icw; 1 011 tl 1\' oll1n

be o.u:;c t h ey se:n·crl t.hc 1'11rp1):.;C
hn1 cl, Lhe w o r ks of ,;n11H' ,i1· the

of

7:j

PIUNCil'LE S Uf Cl !OI CE.

I.]

!tau

q11icl\ly 1l1 ·c i•l1·d; 11t·\'1•r was
a lJt'\\ .~·u\·1·r111 11t·1il ~11 :-.. Ltllt · d i11 i'(l\\1·r :-.u t '11 11q1 l1· l1 lr i 11 ;i ecu rdaucu
\\·iU 1 tlit .~-l' llt' r:tl \'ui 1·v; lit'\ i: r \\· ;1...:: 11111• 11111n• ('11rd; ;t!ly :-ittpporleil,
\rllf\ll i11 pn .. .; ;-;(•:-; ... j,111 f 11. J,y ll ie 1n,,r:d a111l 1·liy ... i1·:d :-;ln ·i i.l!·tl 1 u[ Llie
]•:Lrly "l1i.-i1 li:id j'l'"'''d 1 i1·t,,.·j.,11,- i11 tl11 · >'I rife. Ir di• ulil •d Lite
l'u1 11111e/'1'1l.

CJW'.

lli1 · l)1·1·l ar;di 1111 qf l11tl1·11 1•nd~ ·11C'1'.· :-::1id

tl 1 i11.~· :'\
ll ;ll'11 ld

.

0

tl1L! ~~ lo\\·l'r l· la:-::-:L·s ··

cilll

pcrf'or11 1 tl11..: l1i g l11·,;L ,1·.,rk .

(1r

\\· 11rLl~,

so

L·i :--1

1

1·;1k,

,\ t·11111J1l1·x _r, ·"l i11 ~ l'L''l11in·,.;

1·Y1 ·r th 1· ll11•111\·ti<·;il ,;111111d 11c,-,.: ol' tl1i,.; pri1wi1il1 •, iL \·an

con iplex: rn 1·;rn:; of C\]'l'l'""in 11. at111 a 11Til 1.: r 11·\1 •J m111111lc:
in to the n :gi1111 ui' idc;1,; 111 11.·; L u,;l' \\'11r.l,.; :11Lqil1·i1 t11t 111·

lw •ii' lit1lu fll':Jl'ii1·al 11,.;1· (()a 11Tiit'I'.

co111rnu 11 i1:;Llit1 11 ol' id\:;t,;,- 1r11rd,; <1l' wl 1i c l1 a L1rg·1· 1•r 11 -

0 11 il 1(·11111:- JJ; 1Ill l ,

il11· ;1 1itl1<>r,.; 11111,.;i l'1"1·11111·tiih· 1·ii1·d 111 i h
\l'\)J'l[ ,.; ,

1111[ 111 ·1·;111,1• tl1n· k id tl1i'

Ill'

,.: 11 1•1 11 1r L 1..:l 1(1'fl

il1:tl l1i .-. lt1r.1-,

:--;, .,. ;d . . i· l' P· !Ii;, ~I~. JI;{).
.\ ii . . 1111: I I j . . 1.. 1·, '" I :n111ii.· !r•111 1 th·· l·;:ll 11 f ;\ ;1p" l"Pll, ~ · hai • . .,x x.
Thi=- wvri\ i.. " "1·d f11r t'P !l\ dli t· 11q'i 111•! i11 tli.._· ~t·n· k1• o f 11 ;!J,·11ry.

I f\ j.·k1 11-.. : :\L1 rri 11 ( ' 11111,-!••\\ it. ··l 1;q 1. iii.

u11t

porLio11

co 11H\

th e Urcuk.

din·l·11y or i11 dire~·lly,

fr,1111

tl1e

L;1ii1 1 t 1 l'

Tu ::;ce tl1aL tl1i,.; i,; su , 011e lia,; 111ii y
l

J):1liil'l

\\"1·\i-.t.._·r. fur in . . !;11\1'~' .

f,, ,. i11-.ta111..·P.
F. C. ll:ilc: l'l,ilip :\ ot an'; Fri1·11•I-<, p. 73.

Ilt·rl 1•·rt S11··1H···r.
:J

·I*

( 11

7G

CllOICE A:\ I) C~E OF WOIWS.

l BO OK

II.

C(l111p ~1r c n. par:i g r:1ph
from H1rnya11 \ri th on e from
Hurke , nr a pn cm l1y Scott \1·ith 0 11 c liy .i\l iltun or
\ \'" nls \1·\.Jl"t h.

. Tl1 is . tliffercncc :'-fr. )far.'h l1:i.' rl···~ rly l•rnn::;lil o uL hy print1:1 .~· rn 1t:d i ~s t.111· for(" i."n "" r'b i 11 (ll'o l'a"':i.:.:·"·' frp111 1n·i 11 g : llie
li:-,,t l ro1 11 T he S Lottl c; ,. 1lfl1· 111:1tt, iu Hra1 ·f'l•r id c:·" l f:i ll : tli e :;ecouJ
fr111 11 \\' ('sl111i11 sl <'r ,\ J.111·.'· · i11 l i11• S k,·k l1 g ,..,k :·.
'. ' 111 .''l l(~ l'1ir11<·r \\';1." :1, sl11_1/11u11 t 1••111! cd" \r;t l t ·r surni 1ur1/i y :1. ll
.
11

1:-< l:!iJd

t

11

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1d

llJl l\ ·l\;

1

f!it 'J'('

·!l1r·r 1111d 1•r a 1·:ll'I .

\\ t'J'('

l1;iJ f . d1'll\\ IWd rii\.,j :-; <'l'O\r di •J

S' ' /'l/' IJ/

\\l1 i1· !1

:1111•111!.:,"

\\';1....: :1

,·n ... t~ f'alle n

11 , ; _,·, 1·u/1/1·

1
t' l c k, d'.·t·111.: l 1~ · d 111tl 11 '.' all l_i (,. ;t11d ,...,,/,·it : Iii;-; drt11•J•i11 .~ Lti! 111 a tLt•d ,
a...; it \ \ l'l' t ', 1111 ., :1. s111 .1;lt· l1·:iti 1{'J' 1 ;tl ! ·!1~· ,,Jiit ·!i tJ 11 • \\ ;tl<'r t ri ckl ed

1· · 111·.,1· 1J,,. ,··11·1 11·
frulll l1i.;· Jq,·
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·
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Lhe

L1 f \11 · r;1i1w .I (Ill.\\ itl i \\Ti •: i tli"' ,.f r~pou.r
r.b\11.~· !1~0 1 11 lwr l'•·l'ki11 .t..:· l1id··; :i \\':dl-t·,ynl linr ~ 1 · , tirf..' d 11 ( th e I(> ti el11_Jt'."'S n l t l11 • strd,fr> 1 Wa:-\ p(ik i 11 .~· !1is s ; 11 f 'lr1d lt,. ;11 { ouL 4,f a wi1Jd vw
; 1nfi111tl.11

.
ti 1i11 1• rain
l . .
.
'
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1 1
<'hoi11 ' / t u a d n.:.!·-lil tth t' l1:Lrd l1y 1 11t!pr0d so 11 11·tli i 11 •r t·\·v 1· , · 11
1'
1
1
... .
•111 t
I i1o'l1 "'t ll'L'<'ll a l•ark :rnd a ,n•lp ; :i dr:di o[ a kit 1·!1<'11 -11·r:11,·l1 t ra m~ '1.t·c. l l:a.ck~'· '.l r· l:-: :u 1d r,n:\\':u·· .I~ tl1ro11 .::.:·l 1 t!ie y ar d i11 / Jftllr 11 ,.., 1.)1 ,ki ng
. L:-; :-; uf.1 . . ) :1..... 111c \\'t':lllit·r il :-:l' ll i e,·,·ry tli i11 .!.!·, i1 1 :--lio rl , \\'a:-: , . 1 , 111 / ~irtfr:s:;
:u id !t1 rlPr11 , <' .n·r·11ti11:; a LT('\\' id· l1ard-dr i11 ki 1 1 .~· do ck-; . us.,·t·11t11in1 like
'" 1 11 ~t l '~ 1 lllJ 11 u 1 irJ11s ro und a l ll tdd ll' . a11d 111a !.:i 11 .~ a 1·i1d1111s 11 ,,j·" ' orer

\\ 1 l

,;w .

1

f !1 (· 1 r

!11 11111 ·. '

1

·· 'IL \\' ;t;-; tlit · 1 1111!1 tif :l r r11 . ; 111/. r : o f 0 1}(~ n( tlic •:-:1 '. n11'/itft1'.'/ t'Jlf/ius i"·"''s . \\l1 1 > :-Ot l :·-.·/r<111:; 1 l.1t llli11 :..:·l1·d r1!1'.11iun :11 1d ru111tUl('1 • 1 ~llttl wJ 1, 1sc
1 1
'
/ fults j ;f/'!11
{I 11 ' 1 '•11111• ('/ /111; Ii Ilk I ~t·I \\'f' i ' 11 /;r,·f :L 11d /icl Ion , l 1L' l \\' I '{' Jl
tl11 • /11 ....1u,,; ,u1d t!11 · /''".'/Lilt• . T IH' !t i.-. :-:1111 11•tl 1111 g ( .11 1 , 111 ,./ 1; ; ;u fi tr, .,.,.1fllt ' 111 l lH · l r1111l1...; 11f t lw ....; 1· 1[1/ o11/11o 1""· ,;, .,., 10 ,,, 11 ; i s llii· \·
\\'il h
l'll•l ru:111 1l'ird l Jt•ari11 .~·.. ; a 11 •l ( ;~·tl1i (' .w·1d1,(11n
'r lwy ('(u : 11111 r1 ,,·jLJ 1
t l11
· ''"'"!'"'''"
,.;,,,/"Is 111 wl1i \'l 1 tJ1,.1·
·1rr· ,' / "If II ·11 II .1/ f • ·1{1 Jl1 ]·, :ll l t ·1 ·I II l'01t .
•
, •
·'' li f• ·J'l.ll.'f, I I 11 ·111 . I Ill' i1110:1 i111 1! ;1111 j...; n 111 I· 1 ], j nrl I•· ,,.ii j 1 t.l1t • /, .'/' 11 ,fui'.'I
ff .'S1.JCl•lfli11JS . {/ic • /'1111 11111111 ' )i°1· / /u11 , tlw 1• /1fn 1/ro11 .,· j J( •fll f ) alltl / ' 'l .1/i 'ffli/i'y
\\li1t·l1 / 10 •11-_1; li;1........ 111·,·ad i1\···r fJi,. \\: \ I'."' ftJ I' tlw s •; 11i/1·/1n · (1 1' f'/ ·/st . '
11
. •· f1 1 1111· fir;-; : ~.r 1li1"-d · 1·\tr:11 ·t .~, 111if ,.r 1 1111 • 111111 c1n·i ! :u1il i·i :. .:·lify1

;tn•

1

1

1•

•

n11.1t:

\\ i ;1«i .... .

l 1 r-l!1.~
\\' liich

l\\1 · 1dy-I\\" ;1r~ · 1•r1tl 1:ll.ly 11 ati\·1'. 11 11 •
111 .,1 1,1,rt i\'IJ S
" igld.\·-11i111 · :1 nd 1· !1 •\.l'll 1.,•r <" l' nl; i1t llii · secG ttd ,
1
t 1 f u11t l1;io dn·d a11d .:-;i x. wurd~ . ,,.e fi 11d 11o lt:.·ss t lian

:t'.l l11d

PIUr; ClJ'LES OF CllOlC E.

CtJ.A.P. I.)

I I

forty aliens, whi ch is prn pnrlionally niorn t.h a 11 Lhrcn Limes as m a ny
in t li c first." 1
T lie a.:s~o \_;jaLi o n s wi th t. h 1· \\'•)l'• 1' t'i 11 11lo1y 1·d i1t t\11 · fir .... t <1 f tl11·' ~ "
it•ttio 11s are, i t \\· ill b e ob' "rn~d , c 11 Li1·"l.Y dilf1 •re 11L fr,,1 11 t.110.' " c:tll " d
up by the secom1.
Son1 l' tin1 cs, ini1Petl, a 11 e1di rc changC' of f, ·l·li11g n1:1.y lu~ 11r 1' <luce 11 liy Ll1 t~ s ulist il 11 Li"11 i•f :t ,;i11 ,:.;·lc S ax » ll m•rd f.,r a La.ti 11 011<' .
Chan ge " Tli c A11 c ieut ~h ri111 : r ,. tu'· T iii' Old Sai l.. r ," a111l ·'""1
throw Lhc m iaJ i11 lu a 111 1JuLl 11Lll')"ly i1t!i:1r11 1""i"u.-< 11 itli Liw '"" '" ,,[
Colerid ge's won di·rl'u l 1foe 111. :--,;1iJ1:-.: t it. 1il
\d1: d g o v~ tt> 1 1 1: di..~ · up
a Staie " fur S jr \\'illi;i:n . JtJJw .") ' ;-0 •• \\·l1aL 1·111 i....l iL1 1l t'.') a ~ t a: 1· ,· · :1r1d
you uot o uly Lll'::; lruy t.lic [un.· 1~ ul tl ie :t.'J .--.uc1;d.it 1ll :-i \\ i ti 1 " 1· 0 1i ~l i­
tutes ,'' buL ;ti s0 r 1..: 11d1· r tltc• 11 11•;t11ing s1..111 11·wl1:tL ul,st'ure .
A11 otl1L!r il lu s Lr:tli"11 111ay lJe Ltk1·11 f1.,• 11 t l>i s 1·a1:l i's ·· Cullin:.;sli.\ " 2
Thcq ncst iou ll":t .' 11f" .\ ("'" 'c-1Tali1·L· Cry · · fur ti"' cl·Tli<111 .. f \ 'i:; 1.
0 1 'a.d11uh.: t~ 1l1k Ll1t· j•:11·1·r a11 d r •· a 1l , 'Our ~· 01 111 g l J 1i t •1 ·11 :111tl1 11 1r
old lll st i t u t io 11 s . ' TJi,. ·· y•·:; r•f T:cd['"le spa rk kd as if Ll11·.1· li:td 111,.L
a gnomic st 1tt<'l1Cl! uf l'. ·ria11 .!»r or T l1al<'s; tl1"1t tu rni11g (., T:q>t ·t·
he s:.1.id, ' \\"lia t. .i,, Y" ll t lii 11 k ul ":111ci c 11L " i1 1., k:td ul " ui,[ ., ·: ·
rui

1

1. : "

'' 'Yo u c:.tlilt u l
tul i o n ~ ,"' ~ ai d

l1: l \·1· •·

()ur 11 10tle n1 lJ.w ·L'll a1 1ll 0 ur

a .1i L:i ·· 11t ln ~l i­

.\Ir. T:q,. ·r. .,

A noth e r diffi i: ully \l"ilh t he cly 111ol <>gical s tan1Lrnl li0 ,.;
in t il e facL tli:t!, ,,-i( J1 tl1 e i11 c!'l\:t,.;i 11g· i\"ilLllllL oC t·i 1·ilizat ion for i11 c rl' :1,.;e1l fa c il iLi es of c xpn•,;,.;i .,11, w11nL witit·h
were 011ce "·'·1 11111nn c,.; l1av e l> L' L'lt :1.~ " i .~·11t'd ""i"tr:tk 111 1: :u1 ings. So1n e (i 111cs [ 1\·\ 1 1111 1111 ,.; tl1:1L uri ;..;i 11a ll.'· w ... .i--.n····
signifi ed tl1 e ,.;a111L: Ll 1i11g l1 :L\'<.: cu11!l~ to IH' v111- ;.~,';",',' ·~ " "'"'·
ployocl i11 diff(·1T11 L sc: 11 ,.:c,; : .,1i ;1, :ill1l ·1111,.,.; 1 ""~" " '"
bloorly :111 11 s1111_1;ui1u·; (J11, f/j alill ''"l"/1-'" ; _r,,,J! :1 11<1 /'' ·,{,17 :
handy and 1111.1111utl ; slu:Pp a11(l 'llllltl•l/l; f~' all11 • r a11d
p lnrne ; z,,1 ·e :11 1(l ,J,,1 /'it .'J ; sl11plia.Z :t111 l p1 1., 1 ,,r . ~ ~ u1ni:­
tinw:; on e l:t 11g·u:1gu fiirili,;l1l's tl1e nou11, :11111 tl 1t.: r tl1<.:
aclj ccti vc: 11·ul'rl and c1 ·d11tl ; ?110111 /1. an Ll ur,d; ship aml
naval; luulh :u Hl d. , 11 /r d _; &udy and CiJ J'jl fJ !'ltl .

1·· ·s u1·1·iirt·i.\·

cu1i :-. i.-; f :J

1 J\ fa r s li:

F. 11g-l i:d1 Lan g11: 1< 1'. !1• d. \'i.

'..!

B<1uk

\ '. ch ap.

ii.

a P ustur(fl I..;:, li u ,re\·1: r, ~till u::- cd in l.in! h the literal a11d tl1e Jigt1ruti\'e ~H:n:::e .

.•

78

CI!OICE J\:\D

C~E

PF

\\'Otrn~.

[BOOK IL

IL j ,.; ai,.;o tr11c t l111L a,; ci\'iliz11L io11 lia,.; atlnuleL' d, terms
on1· c e1>1ilitll'1l tu a d a,.;,.; 11<1\'\~ l1 t1 ·01111· co11111t() J1 prope rty.
Uicifi.?1itiun il,.; cl f j,.; a11 i11 ,;L lll cc .i11 l'"i11t. J1'cl i:11"111, 71oli,J (,',, 11.'/l'I'""· 1·lt 1"111 ist,
11111 sicir w ., - Ll1L·,.;e arc ~ a11q1k,.; ol' large \01 ·aln1Ltric::; of
min ],; wkcli, il1u11.c.:h t l11·y carnu frun1 tl1e a11cil'11t Lm-

ti c.<. 8r·inu:e , ad, d Ci'.'f!l '"1111.

Ill•' 11i.lll.' r

g11;1 ...,;·c· ...;, arc g r·ncr1ii!.1· n111kr,.;(oorl.
\\'l 11Ll cvn t l1c b11.g·1111g·c 111ig·lit 1111\·c 11cc 11 1H1l l\1r

t.he

:t\01·1111111 ('01111 ll l""t, it 1,.; 11nw a c".111q H1,.; it 1: lan{ ., •I 11 J " •:-- i I 1 ~
la11 ~ 11 :. ,;·..
~·:1;1g"" n ·1·1'.1· p :ir t uC 1rlii c h li11,; j[,; l'u1 1dinn ,
c:n·ry 11·1 11"l i11 guqLl 1 1.~c ih n·a,;1111 t'nr cxi,; t c 11c c:.
l <11c li-li "

''' r \\ ('1iJ r[ ,t;·Jaol ly ~!'! 'I'll\' Ja11 ,:,;·11a,"p <' lll'i ('J1t•1 ] :i S f:ir as it (' ;tJl be
\\·it.11. 111!. d1· 111·:11·i11 .:.; iL .\t l.,.,., 1·11 t [ i11 tJi,. la >t cr11t11ry ] 11· (' rc·c ur to
th e L:-tli11 ~ 111d n·j1· cL tlw ~axu11 , 11i11." :--t r1'11 .~· ll 1 e11i11go11r Lu1 g· 11ag-e
ju:-5L :l ~ ()!Ir t.·1 1111i r u i:-; ;-;lr1· 11gt h e 11 ed J,y ~1·rt>ri11~ fru n1 it t!w ·111 u~ t
tl111 i ri :..; lii1 1 .~· uf it.-.; prcn·i11c·i• .. .: .
In ;u\1 )lli 1·r :i gf ' , ,, . _~ n1:ly ('Ill d <1wn tlie
:t1lt11iL Ua~ ~ a xnn to ~l111u\, up ~l .~· ai11; fi•r u11110Bu L il. \\"1111ld l~ t · f\diy tu tl1ruw away
;\, (" \llTl'l l L and C1ll\ll11udi11u :-: J •i L' ('l' pf 11}1'1lf '_Y l•t' l':tll~(~ it[ tlH~ ;-;t;1 111l)
:1 p1-•u it. or 11>- r1·[u :-;1~ a11 <llT~"...;s i n11 t i> nn e;-; t:dn l H.:e;-u 1se Olli' £.:T:l nd~
falh\'l' C<Hii.! <lo ll'ill1111 il it. A f,,.11k CPlllJ"'"'"l <•[ Jlll'l'r ·ly ·~;1:-cun
\YOr\1 .. .; (ii' SH('l1 a tl1 i11.'...:.· <"1Htld l 1l') \rcndd n1tly prn,· t· t lll· p•· n «· r:, ; l'ncss
of 1111' ;11: t l1 i") J" . 11 \\"(11il1 l i.,. i1 ll'l1·g:111! . i11 l1a r111 11n i1i11s . :111d d~ ·l i ,· i en t
ln f!w J•i1\\·1 •r pf C{)l1\· 1·yi 11 .~ li 11 • ll ,!.._:· /i! ~ a111! i111:1 .t...:· ~'....:. of \\'lticl1, i111kt •d,
~111 ·'1 :t writ 1' r r·,,11Jd l1a \·" l111 l 1· xtri' !1 tf'!y f•'\\' a t :--Lt rtiu g .
Lvt U1e
\,ra1wlw.-.: uf L:1Li11

t i)

~i t1 · .. .: (_'ti!ll< ' ]11'qwt1 1: 1Jly r11t 111 d.

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I

1.1

i11 " \<>:1il ol' S11.x o 11 11·11rrb l1a1·u i11 111i11d Llic
tt 11!'a-

n1i l i: 1r C1Xj) l'(':' ~j()Jl~ j 11:-:.tt·; 1d n!'

uJain

1

:--:i1orf

Pl:ll\C' Il'LES U.F C llOI CE.

which the roots lie i11

il!Jd

r11 1l'" ·
T~ :-.:1 · 1·p ti11 11 i,; L1kc1 1, 11ol L•i tl 1l'ir 1 "n1 cl11~i 1 111, llllt
tu Lli1·ir \'t.\·111ulng·ival 1 1l'.~·111111·1 1 h. hi,; trnc lii<1.L "tl1 osc
~l t·1> 11~· pl:ii11 11·unl,; .. \11 .~· Jp - S 1 1:-.: < rn o r _\",,rn1:111-Fn·11cl 1, of

but to gi ve pr<)lJ1i11c1 11;1· L·• t 111 · ('fy11 111 l•1 ...,;iL·al f'ad i,; t" ,;1il1-

;i.n ol_1,;c11rc l'nr :111 t>ll\ iu11,.; ~rnu11d 111' 111.,·l«-n.·11 tT.
It is, cerlai11ly, i1H; u:11lJ c 11 L un l1i111 \\'l1u w1111 ld \H ile
well to avoid ji11e 1criti11.11; Lliat i:-;, \Hi tinµ; lo
Ti11"' \·11J,: :1rdisplay his 1·nl1al 11·ardrnl>,_., ''As in tln: ,.;::;, ;" .. , ,,,,,
wri tu1:; .
furniture, <1,·pnr1.nll·11L &<.'., ,;o ;i ],;o in langu;i.gc : t.Jtu 1l 1·,-;11l uf' \'lilgarity C<JllC:Lt1itly i1L·:-wl i i11g ti1ll:'l'

stitntc

who arc l1alf-,~ u11,;cit1lls tl1at ll1cy arc in 1b11g1'l' ul· i L
drives t.licrn i11lo Ll1e extn·111c PI :iff.. d\·<l f111«n," 2 -a1t
extreme \\'l1icli is as ol.,icdi<J11al11c i11 t1(1i1 1L 11l' (a,;k'' :1,.;
in point of ]1(·1>11ic;11il y . Tl1c nil tl1lls L·l111ra1·krizc<l i Jy
Archbishop \\'lw lcly lia,.; i11crc;1,;"i] 1111ri11g tl1 c f'11rt.1· ,Y\':l rc;
tlia.t l1a\'U ('Lip,;c:tl ,.;i 1ll' C: ]1(: \\'/' Uk, 1il111<>W iL i1:f'«:<ts ll1e
newspaper,;, 1111t,..,;'<1zi11e,;, :11111!JO\'l·J,;11f t J11; 1];1,1', l1 c iw~·. oC
course, at its wur,.;t i11 llw J,,a,;L ff·p 11 ialilc q11ader;.;.
Jn ./in f' u-riti11.11 ('n. ·ry c Lq1J •i l 1!,!' pf h:u1d:-> i:-; an" 11\·ati11n,'' P\"1' n·
t' \Tr,\' 11 1:trri a .~e a11 ' 1 :11li;t11c1 ·,'' t·\·ery er1) \\1l
"a :;en. oi f:tCf':-\ . "
A hair-drt '....;:")t' I' L1'(_'~1Jtli 'S a.
tn11 ~P J'i:tl :1r t i~t; ,,

fortun e '' c1il•b :-i:tl.''

l·

nn applc - ~tantl , a, ' 1 l111n·a1t 11[ l\H11 nn:t ; ., a11 1ild c;1rp,.11tt·r. a " .!.!'1 ·11tlcm:tn long- id t'1il ifl1·d ,,j1J1 tlll' 1111i l\1in .!:!.· i1d<·n'.-.;L." A nL111 d(w-.;
not bre:d\Lt.'-'I., l11 1C Jin'· di :-;1:11 s."("" (<ir
1•:1,rl.;tl.;:1 ·s ul' ' ') l.!w 11H11·11i 11l!"
rep:ist ;" hr, tlPes noL ~ i L Juw1 1 a L l:t.11],., l11d ·ii.- '' n·1 ·11 ir ..; I<• tJ1, •
festive Loa.rd; ' ' 111 ~ d1 lr ..:; not g n 1Hf i11 1• l111L 11·~
1,r111' 1•1·,J....; tu lii-.;
resfrk!1we; " lw dn1·~ unt. ~~·n l1 1 h1·11, hi1t. li1~ " r1· t in· s to l1i .. .: d " wn,Y
coucli;" lie• s if."", nPt. [or lii ~ p1q·{ r:1il 1 l11t l. f,11· 11i;-; l l ~'<11uitj• rf1·il pr1 ·sentn 1c nL; n lH: l\(1 Jn11 ,t ~·1· r \\·;dtz ,•s . 11 11 1. 11•· '"l1a.r l icipal•_'....; it t r .. :11td
dance~;" lie i;; IH >L lli :111\·:1·d l11d, lw i:-' . i tl1<' rl' ci1 i1·11l ~. r .t. :T :t! 1·f1:l
ack11owlt'<l g 1u(•11!~ . '~
A l111u:,,;1 _.: is 111 1L l)11ili!i11 .~·, 1111L i:-> ''iii ]•i·< ,('(_'.';s
of e rect.ion ;" i t i:-: 111)1. :ill lt1tnwd dn\\11 , l11d . ls ''li1·.-.; tniy1·d i11 lh
l•

1

To u k~).

1

entin·ly l1y tl1e dt:1'< 111r i11 g .-1 •·11,..11(.. . , ,\ , J,jl, ;, 11<>1. i:l1111l'l1,..i , l.11 1 i l
"gliJes i1 1lo ils 11a li1·0 4 teknw11L." '\\'i•i:11 a rna11 11arrnll'ly t:'~"l''' S
l !'ifo1·rud;-ty:
2 \\"hat 1· J_,. :

' Lon11or: \\'o rk s, vol. ii'. I" 177 (IJy the moutl1 of Horne

Ll 1L: i11 111 0,;L dq1tl1s of 011r b1 1-

gm1.gc ," 1 arc 1•rc fvr:1lilc !11 11Tak, 11111,...;·, 1w11a1itic 0111:,;;

11

\i : :~i'.·. ~-~ :.;xun l )(' l'lli1: iui1:-' pr:1 c t ice uf' ll :- i i11 .~· lu11 ,~· :t11d
i tt ··"ry.

I.]

1

:'lhlly uf l 11 0,.;c wl 1n cn11d('n 111 !111 ' <· rn11lnn11('11 t of L11.Lin
r• r,,J 1;~ J.! •' Pri -

i
I

tlw

CHAI'.

8 Sec p.1110.

E :3~a.r

on r;, .q,·l"JJ'.; .J"h n:-0 11.
of J: ht.:1l1rir, li:trl iii. chap. i. ~ f'rt. i .
' \\'In· "11ali1·e" ·1

Elt.: 1n 1.: 11t ~

80

CJ!< 1JC E .A.\D

C ~E

VF \\"U!W S.

dn>wni11g-. "th (• \1·a1·,·s arc halk0rl of lli,.ir pr•'Y ·" Kot only preside11t s, IJ 11t aqit>'d il('I ,:, 11ii ll i11 r ry :-hops , and rai lroad sl1·ik es are " i11au.:::1 1rat.<'tl." \\·,. nn lo11gr•r th reak 11, hut \\' l' "i 1 1.! 1 il .~· , . in n1i11atory
e:~q 1 r css i1111 :.; ."

.\ [( Jd (•,..:.L

1

'

r ., lias

gi\·t•n 1d:u."i"' lo

Jltll !I J•tlll."'

H \\'e."

\\'i tli iil'I' tr>llal ,:k ill. Ci·or,t:;e Eli"t kt.' l<'>1 (' l1<·d tl1i s co 1nn1on
f.:rn lt i11 :t <li:do::;11•i h<·t11·0e n :'d r,: . \" inry :rnd Hr>, a111n 1id: 1 _
" ' B1it. I shal l iir>t 111 :irry any :\l i1ld lc 1nareh yu1111g 111a11.'
" · ~n iL :-:r•L'lllS, 111~· lun:, fn r you ha,·c a ..;. _g-1 H1d ;l." ref 11;..;c•ll t.he
]•i ek (>f 1111•111; a11.l . ii' tl ... re s lwt.lr-r to lie had , I '11 i ,:11r.i tl 1erc 's
g ir l ltt·I lt ·r

11 0

d1 ' :-'l' r\"i'-.:.

it .,

' '' .E x"" ·'" 1111', 1>1:u11111 a.. I ll'i.-<li you \\'Ot1ld n•Jt :-ay "the pick
uf th<• 111."'
"' \\ ' l1y . ll'li :it el .' " :i r<' they?'
H •I in1· ;1 11. 1ua111 111a . iL i;-; r:1tl 1c r :i. ,·ulg-~ u· ex pre;-;,. .; ju n.'
" ' '»•·ry Ji J;,·J y, 11i.1· .J,·:ii-. I 11e1·er \\':1 S a good speaker. \\.'hat
sli oultl J ,;:i y'! ·
" ' Tl11• liesl ,,[ t 111•111.'
" ' "'li y, tli:if .-<<:<'1 11 ,: j11,;t a~ pl:1111 an(l c0 n11n 011 . Tf J h:irl had
timr t0t.1 1i1 1k, T shou],] ha•:,.s:ii(l "llwm o~t~u 1• c·1· i <>r yoi int; mr- n."'"
Thi.-; 1·ul;;:1.r fi11c· ry i,; so much "·om in L111• p1il1 >il. ::.« to render
phi1i l:-t 11 gn a gp t.li1·rc 0ff••1i si1·e. An .\ m,.r ir a11 ,.J.. q;: \'111 :111 \\":t S subjcclc•.l tu sc1'<'rP. cen s11re l"i r usi ng tl1e ll"onl "J q•:u i·., · .. i1 1 a se rmon;
a nd a r''£'1' 11t E 11~l i :·d1 tna ,:..,:-azine ~ r1·lal(I,.; :t si111ilar i11 c idt·11l: "Lr l°(' !lll 'l tl l)(_'J' ! !\tl{t:;J ;l ....:! ' l l "i~t.t i U Jl J'll/JI Jill' 1. llll' (ll l ," ' l l 'L (' { \IJ '•')'(1Cr;t j·i o n
wl 1e11 :i J,n·a1·l1 1•r , n111 () ,·•·n i11 .~ . in :-; lt.':-t,d of ·~ :llk i 11L!'-. :'1:n1 1 t .·J1; :i~;L~ o[
1
('l•· :11ili111' -.: ,..; :u1 d t lw '111·1 ·,··,:-; ily of r1 ·g 1d ar aJ.l1 1ti ·111,' r •·r11:1rk1 •d llia.t
1
'pll'1dy < f ~": q 1 :ind ,,;tf 1·r l1ad a. l11·:d1!1v l1r:u· i 1J1 •' ,.ff,.,-t 11p u 11 the
Lody . ;11 1tl :.:u i111lir··c l!y l lf'l! t· !il 1·d tl1 t! 111 i11.1 1.' "
.-.
1

A po(t •11 t r,;1 11,.:<• ol' tl1e prl'i'l'J'('J1< ·c f'1>r f11rn ri\·c r s i mple
.. 11 ,.,..,, .... ,,.

11"" wdii Hg.

L111 g uag 1..: j,.: Llic.: (k ,;ire to l>c~ 11·it t.1· or liurnor•IL J,; ,
Ftll' ! Li,; di,.:pu,;i t ion, D i .. k(•J 1,; is in a

g re;tl lll1 ·;1;-;1 1re l'l'"Jl " J1,; iJ,Jp , 11ii111iLalJle i1 1 Iii :; l>1; :;t, he
ca11 J,e ri 1·allt-<l i11 Iii,.; 1n1r,,; t ; ;-i,.; : "Th<• Cl 1t1 zz k" it f:u11ily
cu111H'Cfr1 f wit/1

ll':LS

i1 1 the

tlu· (l !Jric it//urul i1tler est. ''

H:ry

l'IUNCll'LES UF CliOICE.

[llooK II.

t>arliest tiui es cfosely

"' Th r: domes tic a:.;s;s/rtn /.;;;,' s=-iiLl -;\ Ir. P1Tk s11i ff , ' sl 1•1• p :: lin \· r-.· · ·

"' I kw•) hr::i.l'(l it
-tl>!1''111/l htlc a

~ aid ,'

1/I U/lfl /' Ch.' ,, I

"H [l'l·<:k ,1i ill"s ")'''] li:t•l ht•.. 11 pit <· .. 11 -h · llj•rai :'•·• l, wi tIi '"i11I' ·
U1 ing- of t.h:1t cxprcssi<Jil " ·J,i,•h t ], .. J">t'lry of ~ .".'' " lia<; allril•11 (,.,! tn
u drn!lf!."fic Vi.rd, u;hen fu· eutl1i11,t; it ... /trsl ruuid tlie nt Cll!J PS of on n '1 t"f r i1·
illl l'lll.''

1

One form of fi11e 11·r il111,') 1,.; tl11~ (lc,;ignat i1 )11 of a s1 1cc ifie olJj cct by a general LCrll1 wJii1·l1 St ' !'lllS i;, ,.,., .. ,;. r
to magaif'y its p rnp orl i" 11 ,; , ])11L wlii .. 11 n-;tlh· ' 1" ' '"' ""'""
detiLroy:; it:> im1i vitl11ality , a1 1<l Ll111 s 1·c111l c·rs i i 1( ·,;.~ di,; tinc t a:; w ell as l ess vivi.1. Tl 1.:r1: is a 11 a 1 1ai".~·.1· l.d \l'< 'l'l l
the cffcet 0 11 tlie niiucl of g('11<·r:d krnh : L,; e <1nit •:1retl 11 itli

SI ccifie ones, arnl thrLt p rnd uc(• il o n th e <·.r e l)y ol1j eets
acconli ng a:; t.licy arc m11rc or ]l',.::; di stant.
Some rhe to ri cians 2 rn ;1i11Lii 11 ll1at tl a.' idc:t cun \·c1·<·<1

by the mo,,; t gp 11c·ral term. or ll1c pii:turc n: :1<1i..: ln· tlJi•
mo~t di stallt obje c t, tl wugl1 L1r ll'"" \i 1i<l tl1:1n tl1a t
produ ced Ly an i m1iYitln:il tn lll nr a rn•:1r nL.i•·d . is
eq u a lly clea r a,; for ns i t. goe,; .

J.I

'>1 iildh: m:tr•·li.
~ l' t: p. Ui .

l111nk

i.

d1: 1j1.

xi .

E\'(•ry l 111d.1· j,;, l10\1·-

e ver, in Lht: ]1;ili i t. ol sa.yi11 .L!· tli: 1t li< : c:1111io t·. "t·le:1 rl_y
mn,ke ont ., : L tlic:bn t olij<' c f. - a n •111:1 rk irnplyin!..:· i i1:1t.
what j,; sce11 rni ,.:<·s q11 c·,.;( i"11 .~ \1·l ii1 :l1 " :i111 i<>L lw ;111 ,.:\1·1 · 1·,·il

nn t.i.1

0 11 e

:lj> Jll'Oacl w :-; !lie ,,J,_i "• ·L; iii

likt• 11i:111 11(·r.

:l

general kn11 s 11 _L!'.L!'l '"h q111·,;ti"11,.: wl1i1 ·11 <>1i h· " i"'"ili ,;
knowl cdg<~ can a.1i,;wc r.
Tl1(' i-; t-i: ( nw11 t tl1:it .\ !:1_j<>r

Andre w as l'X c(·ut( ·( l i::: t·lc·ar :1,; t" tl1l' fa c:t ll1:tt l:t·
s uffcrc<.l <l .. a th, 1>11 t j,; ll ()L \'l,·ar :is (" t li e 111a111 1i"·r 1>f
his d e; LLh; Ll 1c ;<tat.c rn c11L tli:iL 111..: 11·a,; cxe( ·1it l·'l a,; a.
~l'Y i::; ell::-t r to i l1u.~ e only \\·l: o lrn1>w (lie Lt11·,.: uf war :
tho ::;L;tte111t·11L tli:it lie w as l1a11 gc·<l i:; JH.: r f'l' d ly <:k :ll' tv

4

l J\Tnrt in ( 'J 111 Zi'. lt• \\'i l, 1·h :1 p.:. i r .. \· ,
1

1

rd11rnc"l :\l r. ( ; \'Ul't;"•" 't l1al a c·;,l i11:1y

~fa1~ rni11 :-111· ,.

">f;q_;n;rinl'. ( I R7 fi .
-' ~f11 rtin ('h11 zzl1 •wi1, 1'11 ;q .. i.

~ ..,. ;1! -.11 l'P · ltl!I , !I'S, 11 ·1.

" ' hat el y: l: lwtori1· . 11art i ii. rli :q1 . ii . ."t't' I. i.
chnp. i. sect. i.
:.!

l'111 11 ph ... JI: l\h ctvric, li1 10k iii.

82

Cll(IJ('E AND USE OF

won ns.

[IlOOR II.

e\·cryl1n(l.)' ,,·Jio k110\\'s what l1angi11g i.,; . If \\' C l1 ear that
a, friclJd Jia,.; lll CC \YitiJ ''a l'il'tC uf g u(l< [ forLu 11c," WC are
ia tli e lhr k as Lo ih 11 ;1(.un.: u 1iti i \Y e li:t\'\' cl1·:tn·r, liceausc
11H 1r c :-;pcc i!l c, i111"\lr111at inn . \Y l1c 11 tli v rvJi11r L ca me ( i11
107(;) tl1a L " llic T11rki:-;h ( rnn p ,; co m111ittvd 111any :itrocitics i1t Bu lgari ;1," lH' "l'le ci tlicr d i,;111i ,:H•cl it :i s Luo vague
(,) m ea 11 a 11y tl1 i11 g·. 1n t l1 u11; ·li t., :-;cJ1 111• c1L' t> lll", ,;umc o[ ano t l1er, ki11d ul";1 (n1l·il .\· : ln1t \\· l1c11 tlw dl'Ltil:-<ca111c Luliand,
\\'li e n p1· upk n •;1t1 tli;d :fil\v citi1 ·s ]1;1il lw c 11 l111rnccl t111d
tt· n tl 1c11i,;;1.111l uld 1111·11 :rnrl cliildrc•11 p 11 t t11 tl11 ' s mm1, tliey
iH'g:u 1 to 11 111h- r,: l;1 111l \\'li at ll1c Turk ,; J1;1d l1t'l' l1 1lui11g.
\\' li1· 11 , '' ll t ),, , <•l l1cr k111d. a Jl l' l'"on ii lit·:-; 11 0L \\'islt to
l1l' ('J ,·ar, l ie rn :1k1·:-; 11sc o[ terms m ore g(' 11 e r;il llian the
fad:-; \\' <1r rn 11L T l1c pror·c:;s or'· LrcaJ,i1 1g lwl 11c1rs" to
on e 11·!1u is li l;i ·ly to li e da ngcrot1s l.1· aff1.., ll' d l1y tu11 sudd ,·11 ;). k 11 0\1·Jc.clgc or ll w lr11tii, d q 1,· 11rl s f!ll' its dlicacy
up on ll11..: <il 1s(·11rity c,f (Jic general t(· rn1 s 1ritl1 11l1ielt the
p:1 i11f11] sul>jt'd is i11 lrn<lt1 l'C(l, ;t111l 11po11 tl1 c gra<lual
cle:t l'in g ll [l of tli;1 t ul>,;c11r i1y liy ll1c 11:-;c 111' 111nrc and
111111\• :-<i'<.,. ili t.: l1•rn1s . u11 l il tli c i11rli1·ir!11;1l l':tc ·L f':t11 I.J c
saf,·ly ;11111ciu111·1·1l . Tl1cst~ 1ir,•c·a11tiu11 s wo ul cl lie u,;dess
ii" tl1 (~ [;<'ltl'r:d s lalL·11 H·11L l11 ld tlw '- l11n' ,.J,·arly. 1
111 :-: l: lll t'\ ':-)

a." <·<1111 11arct.l

lJ r !!JI' ~ \l j_ 11 ~ 1' i• ~r \": d ue (Ir

wi th

g(' 11 T: tl
1

i 111li \'i1!11al

t._1 )"

u11t·s , al1nu1 1il i11 g<1od

:"- Jll'('iflt! term s,

For

wr iLt !rS.

(' '\;)ll l [ •lt- : 11

U11rl_11. 1/ , ,·_i 11 ,'I h1111 il1le !." •"',
\r !it·rL· tii () u art i:-; di1111 · fo r m 1.. ' ' :..!

11 im lht·re t hr·.'·
~r..,·,, / l • tl

.'l t 11:11l. l'l P~ ~ · :11

Ji!,, ·

i~ • t 111 1 l

l l i1 11 thii.... i11t • nt 1t li 11 ri.·l '' i1h Iii" :--J il' ar
T u11d,«Jli:;Ml:1 :
1

1

:111 d ~·-i 1rp r i .., 1 · t! .

J.i.11/, f,.: 1>11 :t

li 1·:1p t•f Jril rut1-- JH •Wd1·r ...

l:t•r nn :1d1n ir:d d,· t· x a111 pl",
l ·:111t.' l':.. 'lrl:

l\11 · r n~ .

:l

'-1· 1·

.\

~ \\ IH' li ,, ..:p r1rk

~l~: 1 k ~ p·· r· · · ':'II :H ·lil'l li. nd j,·. ~r f'nr.

u The /011;; li;. . :- lil ~/1 1th ,.; •u·ru.(.; ! Ill' lakPS

.Aud th e

1ri/1{ c~t~inll· t / ,

"l'p

11;,..;

i 11

.'/ lur:J·" l

fr11111 Ill.\' t' al•in,

l\l,v :-;e a-~11\\' 11 s1·rnf'• I :dJ1111t 1111' 1 in tlw dark
( ,' n •JJ•'l l lq tintl v nt 1111 ·111: had 111y ~ k ... ir~·;
F iu:r r '1{ t b: ir pad\.t.' ~; Eli lll, in 1i 11 c , " 11lid rc w
T \ 1 111i11c ~ ) \\' II r uon 1 ll (.;a i 11; 11 1a k i n g· :-: o l 1v l1l,

My fears fo q..;c t:ing- 111;\tll\ •· r:-: , tu lltl:oic al
Their

g r a11 Ll t" \J 1111n i .... :-- i'm ." '..!

Enphcrn isrns often ~p r ing l'r11111 the d esi re to vl'il an
unple:i::;au t fact und er '"' 11'1 ls ll 1;1 t \lo n ot E 111 °lwt11 i ... rn <i.
clearly imlivillualizc it. lfc11cc, Lliu use ol'
cern etc?'!J for "gra1·cy anl," 1·u s/;·1'/ fur "eolli11," l'' '""i1 1.1;
away for" llyi11g," i1-rc:;u.l11rlli1-.~ fu r" f.,rgc1·ie ~ ,,. "·a ,/,./ icate tran w diun for " i l lill csl iu11: tLk acL ' ' li utl ft ,,/, ;: ., ' 1r
diso rdn·l!) cu11tl ni:l t"Jl' "ch1111k<.: 1111 css,' ' /'1 11/1/ 11:1 · 11/s :" •i'
"hi bcrl1W <t)' r oli l:ic r::;, " ~ll l!ljll i:-ru n1 ;1 , lu 1k,; i;.; 11 a (c :t . j •L w c'
wl 1crc wines a11<l Jic1uurs a rc ,;ul d liy tlw ~·hs,.: . 1 ll'll ·t ·.
n.11 the unnc 1.; essaril:· ge1 1t'ral c;.; Jtrcs,; i\111 s 11,: 1.·<l 1)\· '' c1!bred or l iy ill-lm:d peu1•le , hy t lie ni 11 1i11al 11· 1t o 11 u1d 1·
rnLhcr nu t c:tll l1i,; cri11 1e l>y its 11:1111c. \II' l>y ll 1e p n ·:1 "l;r·r
who, wiLl1 l1i,; 111i11d 01 1 an i11di1·idual si ll11 cr, las l1c,: Yi t' C
in t.hc n.l1sl l'a('L.
It will gl'lll'l'; tlh· 11c fC1tlncl tl1aL [J 1c lllCll'C "lwc;i lic a
won1, tl1c less li kely it j,.; lt> lil· !11111/; /s/1 . 1:1 g ... .i,,;,1,
\\·, ,r.J :-i.
a real c::-:ige11n-, 1.: 1T 1-y I 1c" l y gr; 1,;J1>' ;1L t I 1e
won1 tha t pui11h l.u tl1c.; i11di1·id11;il pc r,;.,1 1 "r tl 1i11g 111: 1,;
spc·iki1w ut' · ancl ll1 c •''l'L' i\ l e r J,i,; i11 kn ·,;l. l l11•t:T1·:1 l«r 111 (·
;ro~:1.lJi~t,_y ~h;t L tli c '~onl li e u ,:rs 11·ill c>.:aL·; i.1· l''\ i1 r
]ii::; mca.11i11g. l\•t>l'lc that " talk Ji];(' a l1nok ," 11 11 tl l('
ol1 1cr l1;L1Hl , a n· :111L [:1 ust: \1·.. n ls \1·!1i" l1 lll'l1 11 1.:.:: l11 ii 1111 k,;
rallicr tl 1a 11 I() l il'1·, a 111 l ,1-J1i\·l 1 l(1i1 <•i"1t·1 1 ano 11111wce,;t,; :trily ali,: l rad a ml µ·c neral.
1

1

1

Iii, • l' i\ I" pf I·:\·,:.

1> i-. .·ov ··r't l

83

l'lUXCil'LES OF CllOICE.

iii.

.\l iil·nl : l'ar:idi." t: l.11"!. l1uok iv. L :::StJU- tilG.

·" "

CHIJJC L A\U U::iE UF

mmu:s.

PHlr\ Cll'LEt; OF CHUll.·l·:.

[BOOK II.

No t t hat gc ner:1 l te rm s sh ou l•1 he cl ise arclerl either from
co iH ersation ur f run1 pri 11t . T i1cy arc, o n tl 1c; contrary,
i 11tli sp e nsa1Jle to a lan gu age ·wl1i ch does an y but the
lO \H: >' t wor k of L1ng u;1ge. Answ erin g to no
OllC t Jii 11~:· i11 part icu lar, tJi ey Sll lll up, in a
f·u1t Yc ui cnL, c:l 1ort-h;1 rn l l«m nuh, tl 1c ehara<.:t c ri,.;lies of a
nu111L cr or tlt i11 gc:. If, li av iil g n o cJ :i,.;s 11;urn;,.;, wc were
ublig-('1l (p e n111n cr:1.IL< !1 10 1nembers o f ev ery elass we
llll'1 1l it>Jl t'\l , - iL i11 >'tl' aLl of lit er,it 111·1', we \\'l ' l'C obliged
to repeat a ca t alog ue uf the liook,.; t ktt fur111 lilcmture;
or, i11 ste a1l of' nu / £,,11, tu ::;ay 1-t11ssia11c:, J\u ,.; tria11,.;, &c., wc ,.;li o ul1 l ll e \·o r ]1;1xe d o ne; we sl 1011l1l lie rn "'kinrr;:,
cala lug 11 cs a ll th e i iil1 c . Prog n 's:-:; would, m oreover, be
im pu,.;;:; ible; for k 11 cndet1go of wli;1t Jin,; al ready Leen
a clii e ,·ecl is e:::se 11 t i; tl t o p rogre,.;~, a ml \\'it li 1•u t general
term s 11 0 conv c11i (' 11 t r ec ord of suclt k11 0\\·lcd ge eo uld be
f>r J;,.,. "'"''' "er:d "" "'"·

kept.
So far as ck.,,rncss is co ncern ('ll, tl 1e only prad ical
r ule t h at can lie g· i \'C'll is t o use i1arti ct1 Lir tnm s when
writ in g ah o u t parti 1: uhr lll>j eC'ts. :t11 d ge111 ·ral tc rrns wh en
' n it i1 1.:. :· :1 lin111- a L· h,.:,: . 1\ pph· i1 1g tli i,.: rnl e t o t11 c <liffcre11L J;i11il,.; ()r '"'i'l)' " " ii i1)11 , w 1' ,.; ),.t[I fi11.l, :1s "- l~ c: lio 11J..l
CXJWl'l. a L1r e,:·1 ·r 11r11p11l'l i11l1 of g«·11 cr;1l tc r111 s i11 i1l1ilosophiL·:d tlJ ;111 i1t l1i,.; Lori cal or d r;1 a wl ie wurks , i1t Milto n t ha n in S itak;-;pcrc .
SE CTTO:i II.

Jn so me ki11<ls of cinnposilion the requil'crnent::i of
Hl1 etorie a re !'1 ilfilk d if tl1 e la ng 11a;_.; e is d ear. Sucl1
<\rO j11dic ial 011i:1 i <> 1 1~ , l''q1o:< itionc: of do ctri11 l' , L"l1ro11icle s o f e \·c 11 1.,.;, ll.: x t- l iu u ks of SC it.: ll C\', - a\J writi11 <Y;i 1 in

"'

·Bh or t , O'f. \\'hich the sole 111n11ose is t o convey informn.tion or imp; nt in,;tru d ion . Tllo co11Hnu!1 ica Liun of
knowledo·e to a llentivc ears be in g .lti:s ul t imate a im, a
writer h~s done his wl1olc work if h o has r emkrc1l
the medium uf eun 1mu11ica tiun

;1.,;

nea rly t ra 11c:parc 11 t a:>

possible.
.
If, ]1owever, the communicati on of kn owledge 1s Jl()L
ai111 , or it' tl to r ead er ",; a tt c 11 Liun ..J Jp • nt•·: 11 d n ~
<
tl1e l 1ltim[l,iC
.,
t1 1c lall '"ll;t«'C
a nd '"' d u ., u t"
cann Ot be t ].,·11 f<)l' PT1ntcd
t'">
-~
1'\ Jrn;.
should be no t only de ~Lr liut (:fli·1:liue fur the
purpose ·i-n haud . A ruan \vl:o ~ e ey_cs arc sl1ut, or
nre turued [\,\Vay fwm an ul1.1ect, will not seu tl1~1 t
object, howev e r d ear tl 1c a t11 w;;pl1crc ; he mu st l ll)
made to ope n his eye ,.; ;1111.l l o t urn t l1 clll in t li 1) l1 Csirecl direction . Allollt cr man m ;t)' take litth; iu tnest in wbat h e secs ; he k11 0\\',;, liut 1locs n ot Cccl ,
n.nd will not a c t, rn1 Lil ltis sy111patl 1il;s l1 : tv (~ 1Jt l' ll
awaken ed, his ima g in ation set l o work, or his p;ts~ io11s
( lJ

\. v

.

l

'

L)

arou sed .
This quality , or r;1 t lic r t ltio: g roup of the 1111 a1i lics
tbat g ive e f1'1 eie 11cy t.o <:•rn nni 111i 1· ;tt ion liy lan g 11;1w~. :s
known 1111< 1<·r yario11,.; n :1111<· ,.: . D r. (';111q1 L1.•ll c;tll,; it
VivaeiU;; l h . \ Vl1al1.: ly , f,'n1 ·r:J.'I : 1 J'r<il'. l\:1.i11, ,\'fn ·11.11t l1 :
but a ~Lyle n1;1 y lJ c vi,·; 11·i u11s " ·it] 1.,ul ln.: i11:-; c111 · rgct i •~ ,
01' en ergetic w itl1 0 ll L UeillL; ,.;\ r llllg'.
p lJ /'<'I' CO \'l' l'S the
grou n d m or e ::;a tis Ltd.orily, p l' rl1;1 ps, than ;rn y 11 Ll 1c r
si nofo t er m .
Proccc Lling- to i11qnirc ho w t.o cl100,;l· \\·on1,; ,,·Jii .. h
will give F urci:. to ]; 1; 1_
g·u ;1g«; , \\·e p ercl'iH:, i11 tliu 1ir,; t.
place, th:tt rn;lll,\' ot' t he pril1l·ipl es or sc·[c:diu 11 wl1i1 ;l 1
render b11 g·11:1 g e clc;1r ;11."u n ·1 1dn it f'orcil.le. T lil' 1111 1vocal, uri c !', S)'l' Cili e , allll falil'iJ iar \\·unl \\·ill, in t li e g' l'C';tt

~

::,:1 -i

86

C HOICE A:\'D U SE O F WOHDS.

[noo1c II.

mnjoril y of' eases, l)c Ute forcible 11·urd; fm , tho 11gl 1 men
m;ty ad1111 1'\' la11 g 11 ago th ey do no t uudcrs ta11d, tlicy will
J111L lie 11iflu cn cc d 111' it .
T11·0 cxprc;-;,; iu1 1s. crp1a lly perspic uous ;nc n ut, liow1, "1" " j.1 11 cn·r, in, <Ill ca:;c:; c<p1a l ly .fvrc il1lc. If, for
""' ,, 1,,.,,,.• c_xatn1Hc , a writer wishc:; to SH}' something
fo n:i lih: .
_
alin ut a cL: ,.;s of ol 1j 1 ~ c b , he \\·ill be as well
u11 r11·r.~ ton1l iC lie e 11u11 H~ rat cs th em as if lie selects a
s111 glc ul 1jvl'L its a .~a mp le (1[' th e c la::;,;; llll t the latter
c o ur,;c wi ll lJc l lic lll orc l ikdy to anc::; L alt ention. For
CX;111111 lc : t!.\:/!l. t' !" ...

w

"' Cu11> idi:r ll )e lil ie:< l1vw tlic•v_ ):'.rn
., 1r.· t.lt
. l' \' l•Jt.l 11 ol , l I1cy spin
n n t; ;u l! [ }l't l "il)' u11 Lu yuu, tli;tt ::iul o 1u~u iu all J1i:; glory
\\':t:< 11 0L arr:tye d lil; e 0111; o f t l)1 '' '° · J[ tl1 t; l! C 11 d so clotl) e the
grass, \1 l1i cl1 is [,1.d " j' i1t U11.: field. a 111l tu-rn111-r11w is cast into
ti«· 01·e ll, l1 v w 1JJ 11cli m ore w ill Ji~ d, tJ,e yott, U ye o [ liWe
fai l 11 ! , l

' · L<'L us l1c1·• ! ad " ['i. :t liltJ. · uf !111· t asl<·k,;,; n 1a 111 1<·r o f modern
p:1r;q.J 11·;t.-;Ls l 1y lite: ~1il1.s 1 it 111i. i11u[ 111 o r1• g•·11 t ra l f1·rnrs, O IJ ( ' of th"ir
111;i11y l' :\ j 11:cl it:1il s u f i11 fri g id:1ti 11 _g, a11d Id " ·' ,i!,_sc r n· [J 11; effl·ct
J>rvd11 cc:1 l l1y lli is cl 1a11g •·. · (_', i11 .sid1 •r tir e !11) \\'f•rs, li«ii· tlwy t;rndu:1 ll.': 11w n· :t."' P i 11 tlh· ir :-:iz1 · j tlit'y d 11 no 111 ;lllll t' r u f \\"i •rk , a~ 1< i ye t I
d··1· l:11·c: lu y1111_ ll1:i l. 11« l;i 11 ;;· \\lt :il 1·1·vr, i11 l1i.s 1111<>t. ~liil'ndio[ lt;t.bit,
l:-: dr··:-.: ....; t•ji 11 11 l1 k 1· !l11 •1 r1.
IL l l ll'lt, <;<1tl i11 Iii .' f H'u\·id c tH·p dDlh so
ad 11r11 111~· ,·1·g·1·tald1· 1fn 1d11 1'f i111 1:.:, " ·liii ·li c<11it illt1t• lHl L a Jitt! <~ time

o '.~

Ill .·

\\ tl ! ill'

la1 1 d~ ;u 1d ::n:
jt l° 1 1\' Jdl'

:t t' l t'r \\':t rd .. .; j1 td i11t<1 tl11 • fire, liow Jniieli 111 ore
t: l1 d. l ll ll ~' r11j' \'C)ll ~) • • 'l

a~

c li' a rlv as in tbe
·
co rnpa.n ~
1n a~ 11ifi( ·e 11 t (Jf kiugs

. ! 11 Ii «· 1i:1 r:i ]>l1 r;1 s\.', l·J,.. 11t.' ,11gl1 t i.s 1·:q•n '>.si·d

<•n
g111:ti: and 1n ur 1 ~ C1) l11j1l 1·- tr•i.,r ·, 1' 11 ! • i r1 t!H · ,, ri_.-j
·I t i 1u··
.
t .. 11.1 ,

~t 111

l>vl,fft·r-11

a.

<·r111111J<111 fli) \\ '<•r :uid

ls n1 11t·li !IH H 't" i11q11·1 \s:-- i \' 1• i l1;1 11 :111 y

tl1(·

llHi:-:1.

.~ 1·111·ra i

t h e J11in1l, '' i ll1 u11 t t:4 ir1 sc i1Ji..l:--' l'Xc rliqn ,

0

s lat <• rii1.· n t can be ; and

lltlll i •r,. .; l·;u i d:-i

Lliat what is

t rn 1· o f li11· lily a s ('<>lll ["".'"l with Sulutuon is t.nto.; uf al! flowers as
CUllli•:t ret! \riL11 all lll l 'lt.
I

St. Lu k ~ ·, r hap. x ii. n·1·.~p .:; 27 , 28.
t ';1111pl 14:JI : J;!i 1· 1(1rie, l")nk Jii. t·hap. i. sect. i.

C1ur. I.]

87

l'!Hl\ Cll 'U:S OF CllOICE.

The same p oi1t t is ill usl1·:1lt'<l l•y th e con t rast l.1 cl\\'C'('1J tl1 r· fc11inw-

lng pastiages: "In larg e l1cHlics, th<' ci rculat ion o[ po,rn r 11t11.st l1" less
vigorou s at tlic exl.r.·rn it ies .
N11turc; has sa id iL. Tl11~ T1trk
crurn ot goYern .:E_:::-yp t 111111 ,\r:ibia and Cunli .,L:1 11 as 111· gu 1·erns Tlll'ace; ll• l r l1:1s lie: tli l>
same do1t1ini<.111 i11 CriJrw:c a 11 <l
Algiers wl1ich Ji ,! lr:1.o; a L Brnsft
nn<l :"my rna. _l),.'l'"I ism il><' lf
i8 ob lig e.J to t.rnck and l11wk>kr.
The Su lLan g ds su elr oli<·.Ji ,• 11ce
as he ca.11. Il e gu \·en1 s wilh a
loose rein, tliat li e m:i.y gon·rn
at all ; anJ il II' w l1olc of tl 1c
fo rce aml vi go r r.C hi" :i nt ltoril y
in hi s centre is d1·rin·d fro m ~L
pru<le11 t reh xat i11 n i11 al l his
bo rders.'' (B11rk1·'.s Sp1'1 ·<·lt Oil
Conciliation ,,.i IIi ,\ nwri ca.. )

"Tn a II llie d<' s potislll ~ l•f t 11"
F.11sf-, iL li ;ts l ot:e11 (1[1sern·d t ktt.
th e fur i.l «~ r a11:· part uf tit.• t•mp ire i:; ro·1rt1J1·l'1l f1·•1m 11,,, caj'it :tl the lll• l l'l' d o if:; i11 lr ,. l«L11Jts
('nj ny

;";O !t11..:

pri \·il t·gt•s,
\' it.HIS

sorL uf

tilt.:

ri ~·l i t...;

J1H , n·

i .:. : t 111' JtO\\Tl'

:111d

itw !Iil':L-

11f tlw

ll J!>!J-

arcl 1, a1 11 l 1li e l1lt>n : fl•vl ile an•l
l':l >ily
tin11

d cc a_n·d is tl11; nrg a1 1iz:ttl11• gu\· 1·n111H~nt, .'\:.c.''
.

n[

( Bro ug'1:1111 's

Tn q 11ir~r

i11 ln tl 11•

C1•lu11ial l'« 1i1·1· :.> f Ili c: l-:1tl'«['' '" "
l'o\\' e 1·s.) 1

The subst iLut i1111 of' a less grn r ral fo r a, more gc 11 cral
term is the si 111 1•le,.;( h 11d ol' t/'•11 11· ~or fi.L'-.',Ure ~I'r· • !•' ' ~
of spceeh, t l1c \1·ord l1ci11g l11n11-,{~ f'rom it ~ ddin •·<I.
usual rnca11i11g, :ind employt:tl i11 a fr:;11rntl 1·e, a,; di,.;t inguisbc(l from a liter:ll , sen se .
In auo1her cb s,.; of' tli c t ropr~ \1·l1i 1·h i11\·igl)ratt: cxprr·;:sion, a part i,.; rn a11c to rcpr c~cnt t lie \d111k; a "J•vc ie,.:.
the ge uus; an i11 t1ivicluai, tl1c spc1 ·i1 ·,;; tlll: al»;trad . tlw
concrete; or uir:e rcrsa , - tl1 e flg·11re i11 all tlic,.;c Sy1oc,·.i .. c1w
1
cases bciW"
Ll1at wliich is called S!JIU.:ccluc/u; ~J met·~·;:;. 111y.
0
1

Ti nrkc: SclccL ·work s (Cl arcn<lon 1' rcss Seri e.-); folrodudion.

2

Tp1J7Tv~ ,

~

from .,p/-rrUJ, turn.
lf ro1u aUv, togcll1cr wi ll11 auU i."' O; xoµ.a t1 lake o r untlcn1LauU in n

tain sense.

<.T i "

~·

"

88

;,

CllOlCE Al\'D USE OF \Vl)HDS.

in th e ohl lJn oks : or t liL· c;rn,;r is p at f1;r th o effect, the
,;ig-11 l'or tl 1c t lii11 .~· ~ i g 11il iL· 11. ;111 ad junct for tl1 0 pri11i;ipal,
a11 in,;tn illl l'll L f11r tl1 c ag·L·11 t , or rin· 1···rsl1; the fi g nre in
tl 1l',;c c;1,.;c,; lic i1 1.~ 1· alll'd 111,. f n11,11 111 .i; . 1 ,:\,; , lw wcYc;., there
i,; 110 i111J><•rta11 L d i." ti11di .1n llt' t11·l"C l1 ,.;y 11 ecclochc antl
.l lll' (U1 1_1 11 1.1·, i li" "L' 11·1·111 ,; "L' l'\'C 11 0 p rad i«:tl !J lll'f'OSC anti
; 1re Jl ;t :':--: i1 1g

out 11l'

111 /./ . : "

\ \ : 1:; u ·•(f/.11 • .,.,,.

/1 1r/1/-h1 <UI;"

g r; ~\· e !1n1)111le n1 ' •~ : "

r a yiny to rr c11f:" " ' lL 1 ~

"'U1e

1

1

: ·a

ULtu /.'

111 1rf lt-l' {l .'i / 1 ·1'1'_1
;

. . r idl l>1if11 c.:..:. · co11(/: 1r"1hlt' .f'11 r .l' '1

u Th e f1111:; i <'

t 'I'•

11t hy m e
11 t

Ii ,.r[

1.q ; 1

•n t he w:l l l!r~. ' ' 5
cl,, u . "

/ 11 ' ,.

'.i

Iii..; ITt· ~, t.
,. .:.., , /{ 11 r n 11· ;il1u11 'rl." 7
OH

"The prete nsion is nol to dr in · l.' n 1.<0 11 fro m th P l1 Pl111, l111L
1'!1.ther to Lill1l her

liy

art.iel•· s

l1)

s Lcer

i11

a p:u'Li c ula r

way." 8

'' . ·l r1 11 r1 1u · rtl "' l iu ~;

iJJ hi s \1:1l b
( )11 tlw !,\.,,,.\ •ii I ' \Jff.,rd ,·,,//,.., :
I ( )111'1! lh t• ~l'dt ~) l '.f' i'frf i l l/ 3 tll \'

_/ ,t11/ r' i: -

H1· ar m e tu t h1· ht·ari qf Fr:11H··~,

" !11 lw y o 1rr n~· w; 1:-:

it :--\ ·l!': ·· ;,

;1.

', ,,.y II<u 1· 1· 11

:i,

'· ln·i11 b·i11 g g r u _11

: "

"tho

j ii <lg·
"''''fl' r-lutr; :--:f'11 ;1tnr; " " go
l1airs with ~( 1JT l)W to the

.'i 1·1·111Hl / Jf/1t;,/

11 w11t: •• •• :..: 11111' ' \· i !la.!..:;1• // 1u11111f111; · • •·

tlii •u

111 y

"'Lea1;.-: t1l e lice thu111 /1r ~· ·'

i 1d•'l"<' -'t.

J.; 1·1 ' 11..; :1 .i..:.·~11~d

1q 1 •

. , Up g0t~~

" ./ 11,.:.I i c ,~ .~!1 t

F :tt 11 ili:1 r 1·xa111p11 •:-: :tn• : tlie 11r,11rlr . th ~J l1rtr . t!tf' j 11tlJ11it, fur 'l tho
j 11d .~ 1·~ <.r1 I i i. -· l 1t ·1 w h,~' ' · tl11! l: t\Y _\' i' l'~ \•: i tl1 in t la· l) :1r , 1 ' "ll1c clergy·
H il' ll 111 i lh ' 11u lp it; " lior .. :. (• ;1n1 l.ff11d fnr ":-:nid i1·;·~ o n l1 r1r:-;1·ba.vk a.nd
On ft)(lf ; , . n ·1f IUJi (I f11r , ; fJial \\'l1i 1·Jt 11 ....:p..; \'".{ f :tpi' o r ill w J1 it•l1 it is
ll. "1•1l;' ' ' ' t wC' nt y .-:u!I in 1111 · nlli 11 .~ ·· fn r •· {\\' • •11t y YP.'Sl+'i with
~ :i.i L..; ; " " th •; 1 1r 11 i:=- 1 n i .!.~: l it i1·r 11i:111 //, ,., ...:.1rt1r,1 ·~ f11 r " tl 1r· a ~·e 1 1 ci cs
n f l'0a 1--P :1ld0 1·i\·iliz ;1f it11 1 :1ri"' ~trtH 1 .~ ~"" r th: l\1 t l11 1;-;p of war ; ' ' ''her
l ' fJfJIH1 1 ,.,., , \\· J1il1 ' JL"
1'\'t>J' .\' :-- 1• :1: : :
"hr • W ;\ "' :ti! i11;111rlit rw1 ' ,a. , 11 he
f~· dr1·;..;s

·1u langu n.g e appropriate to the higher life of' the ,;nul.
For example : -

11.~c .

T iiC' l'ill'<' L' " 1.· Tr< l/ll'" h1· lp 11 g· i1 1g· tn ;111 ." "f' the varieties
( i11,·l11 d i1 1g· 11<dl 1 ,; 1· 11 <'t"l' wl1< ~ ;1 11<l mctn nyni y ) nf this
h rg'<' (' la,;,; Ii"" i11 il 11· hd ll1 «l the y s /; 1.'/11· 0 11 t a fpwlity
oC i li e· 11 11,i c'l't o r ;i. 1: il' .. 11111.,;L1111·l' c0n11t'l:!1 ·d 11·ith it, and
fr t/11· 11lt.-111/,,11 11 p n11 i li:d . T lte •111al i1.1· ill' t li r ('i ream,;(~ 1 n< ·t; 1l 1u,; !' lllj1lias izc1l ,;J 1nuhl , nt' co11r,;c, !J c tlw real
cent 1·1· of

l'IU.l\'Cll'LE1:i OF C lll>I CE.

I.]

1..'< !1111·

tn

g-r :1\·e . 1 '

.\monp; ll 1c mos t 1·, m ·il1lc Tn1 pr,:: arc tli11!'C " ·J 1ich
1.,.,.,,,,,,0 ,. ". <ii l rilHitc l(/,: t •1 tT1r· l il'el1"'·' · ;i,; [1 1 U1 c fig ure
I io n.
r.
<::t I] ! ' I l 1'1·r ,; oni11
r ~tion : o r a /;fr difJ>rl'l1f from
/ /,,.; ,. 111 1· /l 1,, 111<· licin•;, n,; \1·l11' 11 \\·1· ;q•ph· 1.n i11tel1 cd ual
u r 1;1.. 1-; tl ri n:1li t ir: :-; tt ·n 11,; t k d ]'l"']"'rh· l iclo ng Ln ol ijects
ol' tltC l:i l:ll>' C,.: , Cl l' wl 1t' ll \1 ·1; '°' [H ' <l k 111' 11h,i\' cb of' LJ1c i:iC ll:iCS

J .. t l1t· luJ1 yi11,r1 11t'l h 1· S /ii 1/d '1\ /l :hy ll: Ll!H· . ( /t(•I/ (1' 1 111!1/i11:1 F i e_ [,/ i
Fi el d of 1\i-: 11lt. wh e r\! ·t·r tli•ut lw ,
G'!' u (l/t (/in11 \\'i!h !Jll\' \· i('( t1ry '. ' ' ',f

For cible a.s it. i,;, ,vJwn prn1w rly u:-;c,1, Pcr;;;on i fi• ·:t t io 11
is dangerously ca,;y i11 h ng11a g-r.s, lik e t he
11,
Engli:oh, in w l 11.1·J1 t ] 1cre ;ire 11(1 ar lJI. l r :lr\' m;1:-;- <.bu g •·r~ .
culine or fo mi1 1i11(· fr ·nn:-; ; for a \niit-r m;i y :1l t rili11 t c
p cn;onalit.y to ~1.1 1 i11; 111i1 11:1l e c.Lj.·<'t., 11 1crl:ly l1y g iving i t
tl. masculi ne o r a fc 11 1i nill(; g" ·11dn .
To speak of :1 sl1 ip f< R " f'hC', " nr o f ti 1c snn ns "]10," li :is lo ng
r cn.scd to IJe a !'1 .~· 11n· u t' :-:11t._·(·cl1 . T1) ~1 11 ·:d.;: <1t' a co\J,._~..:: , ~ 1 ·la ~ ~ 1 rir 11 !'
tl ic United Stall':-4 , a ~ .. :-; \11:. . , i~ ridi1 ~ 1 il11 u ~ . ' · < ;r: l _(:-; p c r ~ onili1·a t ii in ..;
were u1crc pr in t er< 1l e vi ls' 1H·r.. .; onili(' a ti n n ~ . -- p t· r~. 1 i n ." ,\·ith a C' :lp ital lette r, abst rac t •1u :d iti l'S \\"ith a s1n:ill one." tu Tl1c remark is
Steele : T he Tatkr. ~ n . :1 ~.
(i coq.:;c Eliot: l 't ·lix ll olt. ·1 nurns : \\ \lrk~,
6 Shakspc rc : Tl1e ·1\·mpc: :'3t, net. i. se<: 11e ii.
1

2 n y rn11: Cl 1i l .\r>

0

3

YOL

i. p. ~:.!7.

6 'nrowni11g: l'ri11 ct'. l l ol:P 11 ~ t i d-~cl 1w :rn~ nu .
,. Milton: Parad i...,1; Lo:-- l, l1•111 k i\·. lin e ! 1 K~J .
'J 'Vords worth: ~n 11 p: a t the F ca:, t of Drougllnrn Cast le.
10

Coleridi:;c: TaLlc Talk.

ti

I br11lr\.
( Al.\ i111._· Ltl. )

flli ll : l\titure.

..~·

l'RL.'WIPLES OF CHOICE.
cq1 1a il.Y t rn .. o[ ofl 1rr pnds than Cr:w, a~ \\-e ll a~ of prose-writer~
iikL' Bulw e r_ _r,,,. 1·x a 111pl '" .
' ; ,i..;.o ma.\' n.. rutl ian ff' d in,r: in thy hren:" t

ll1 .. 1·on !;1n l j;1r I ii .' · lir -.n1 11 -('l1<1r •l"' arnnng-;
0

Hnt /'1"''''

( >r / ... ri
Or f' it.1(

.-:

:itr11 11t'

t l1.'- ~· · n!lt· .. 1t1d to n ·"'t ,

1·~· .. 111ti1· \\ ;1 1\i•

lii . .:

~ · · rn;•h ~ 111t .,;- ;

1

in !11x1 1ry of l<'ar..:..

11 ,, 11 ·..:..

;\ ~ l l l"dt•'- 1 l lrn ol t \ 1°· !;d " 11f

\ \"1 l j •

r 1• \ "f•al ... :

'\' hil ·· • ·•11--•·1.,i; .. l" irtn . a ll 1Ji .. ... tra in •·nd1·ar '> ,
:\n d l11·: 1, · .. n- l11 r 11 /' i i ty h+•r :-- :l T}('l i •1n '°i ':d-.." 1
1

T l1c i11o"l crn111111 ln :rn.1, ,'..;1'1wra ll.1- "l"':iki11 .:._:, the most
"e rl'i1 ... :il1l" of T1·•1jlL' " i,- tl11; siu1i/1• or nu:taI :--. i nli l ··~1
;•11•1r
. '!'J 1c t11-n i11a1- J1c c (l11"1<. j c rcr 1 as ono,
,,i1 1('( ' tlH' 1· di lf, ·r " nh· i11 l'nrl1l , till' ~i 111iil' :-;tal i11~· 1Yiiat is
i11q il il' .J i11 tl11· \ll'l;iJil'" l'- E,·e rr. " i111ill~ ca 11. :l l'l'•Jrr1i11"·
h·
0 J'
J,,. co11 d 1' 11,-\·(l i 11 to a mL· ta pl 1or 1 <tl}(l C\'c ry ml'lapl1or can
IH.: 1_·x l'a 1nlcd ill( •• a ,-i111ilc .
01 ,., ,".i,..,."

1111 ·

1.ea.r · ...: .11u 't.:q 1! 1t 1r 1 ' ' l11 gTa ti t11de! th0u

1w1 1·Me-li c' <tl'f t ,/ lif•1HI ~" ·~­

i f r·l1a11g< ·d to
" f 11g-r:d i t 11di• '. U10u

fi t..: 1111 1

willi h1· :1r t /,"/,·.·

Aceonl ing to Dr. \Vha te ly, " -1 10 a<1<)pb the i< le:• fr urn
\ristotlc, tl1c supcri•ir ity ul' tl1c :i fcLtplwr i" 1,..,., .. ,, r.. , ,1,..
a-:-cribablc t o Lh c fa cL tl1aL " all 111l' ll an.: 111 Prc ;,',',1 ;·,.','.'1 ~'..'.'2"'.'.r
(!TClfijicd a t C:ttcJti ng tl 1r J'C:'L'llli1l:Jl rl'l' f(lf' tJ 11 ·11t- >itui lc o<.
6cl vcs, tlrn. n :tL h:L\'i1 1g it lH1ilii Cll •>11 L to tli c 111 ; .. J ar·,· 1;iding Lo Ilerl.H;l'L ~ ] 'L'll l'Cl', "tlii: // i'l' ril ,.,.,,,, ,,111.'J it 1(1.ft1·,., ·,·s
-wo ulcl seem t u l;c t ii <> rn1in.: prnualilc caus1.! : .. ~ 1J1 1t
neither explanation i,; al log-el iter ,;:i (i:--Ltct .. r_;-. O n tllf'
one hrrncl, tlic i-I l' laplior , t l1 u1 1 ~l1 ,-J ,urtc r tl 1:rn t llt' ~i u:i], ·,
usually m akes the ir 1i1lll L1u more tcu rlc; on t l1c c•l l1 l'r
lirtnl1, the mind is r cnrkrcd 111 1r c a{,fr- Iv 1/.'(lrk , - - not.
however, 1.Jcc:rn"c i t is " gr:ttiJi cd, ' ' l1u L l.11·r_·;llJ,;c iL is
stimula ted 1o C Xl'l'i i•JlL
Tho Simile i:-;, Ji .. 11-l' H' r, (o 11c i•rl' fl'rn·•l t" tl1c :.l l'Llphor wl1cnl·v1·r llw n; :o;<· rnl , J:111 1·c \)(·( 11·,·1.·11 t liL· 11-1.,.,, , 1,.,; 1,.,
thing:-; eO llfJ>:J n·d \\' tHild lH· oi 1s1: 11 l'l: i11 tl 1e 111dr ar" i'' "'" ,." 1"''
apl1orica.l f, 1rnL I11 sll c: li cn,.;c,.: , Forcl: mu,.: t lie "al'i'ifi,:c1l
to _P erspie ui Ly, or hoth 11-ill li e Jn,- t. 1'\1r l'X:1rn1.Je: 1

11111 1·'11· · ," 1

T lw ~i 1nih· :diinn s a n •:.-1•1 11L J;u 1n• l!!•f\\·rcn the
h1·; 1r l ;1111! 111:1r ld 1•; t.l1t · llll'l;q1l1nr <1 0 0~ 11 n tl 1i 11~ n 1nr1• , f nr tllf~ asscrt.i· " ' t l 1;1L th e li l';i,rL is marl de i,; a l'i1 etori cal cxagg-c r:Llio n which
h1·1·0 1111 ·:--: a :-: i1 n i l1".

Hnt :-:pl1·1Hl id 1T in .' :i tnrn· :-:,

" I
11 n

r ; 1;·; 1111 "' I ha!

1111 1r:t \ ' 1•ll1·d

F nr•'v1•r :u 1• l

f n r P \' f'r

is p\1 sily C'h:inr:::,.,J In

:1 ~ in1i k

n..:. I

fad t•s

lll 0 \ ' 1• , · · :i -

tl1 :1t ' a1·, !h r· sanw tl1i11 g- i11 tamer lan-

g~1i:L e,·p; 11:11 11 0\ .';.

j,

" E xpcricnc0, in ii .~ r1·laf ion l n tl11: 1111 k11 o w11 fnture,
;;;.·" ''"arch in ils l'l·lati"" to ti 1<' y0t 11111·i.- it l' d 111•r lt! l11·yoml it."

:\I I \n·i! c r :-; a:,.:T1 ·c tk1t. nt lirr t hing:-; liL·in;..:· l' •1t1al. the
\l. ·t:1pl1 .. r i:-; mri r•· f11r(' ilik tl1a1 1 tli1· ~imi l1 •: l111L u11inions
fij ff,.r '.1 " lfl I ] ,.. (nH· f'X l'l:i 11:1ti1111 "j' !! 11' f;;t'[ .

l~·ar 11i ..... ;11 w i1 ·1il 111: 1rin1· r

B 11 rt1 -- : l\1t ·11 1-. .

\ ' 1• ! .

iii. p. I:..'..!.

:-:ihak ' P•' t..~ : Kin l'.' l. r·:1r ..11 ' ! i. :;: r· ~"' JF"'

i\".

8

!

"A fine h tly i.' a ,:qui1-r,.l -IJt" :1.I, ..( tl1i11 g. with sr11;tll '"'·' :11 1· 1
sm;tll noti1rn .-; al«>ut a.-< :l['l'l ie:tl •I• · [.., tl11· l111,- i11 1:-;, uf lil'" "·'" i'"ir
of tweezer-; L•' Ll 11· «J,.:ui11 .l!: o f :t f, ,,...4," 5
In tl1 csc in ;-; ta 1J t..:L·:-i, tli l're i;-; li ttle n 1\itll f11 r 1li ffl'n; 11 c 1~ of t 1jlil1H>1L
\\"hat 1.. : ly : J: h·· t.. r·k . J'art ii i. 1·h:q 1. ii . .: 1·d. ii i.
~ 1 · .. ,.i . . ,, I" J1 ;:;.
a l't'~1t :-. : l ly111 ·rii 11 l)•i•1k ii.
~ 1 ' , iJ, ·rid :.~··· · Tiu· .\111"i1 •11t '.\larin••r, p: 1r 1 i\'.
r, (; L·n rg 1; i':li nt: 1·t·li x 11 .. l; , \·.,J. i. t·hap. v .
[>
1

:--:.p1'll 1'1•r: l 'hil.1 -.nphy uf ~!_\"IL' .
1

.1

l.,<·k-..

1 f1·ar thy ~k i1111y lt:rn.J ~
A 11d tli1111 an ]1111 ~ . a 11d l.111k, :·111d hr1nv11 1
As i:-: th <' r il1l1L· d :-- t· n - ... :111'1.·'"

•rn·}1 w l wr1 · thrnn~ h

w 1·rld . "h 11:-;c 111 urg in

w\iP"'" li11:1r

li/L· ,, llH· lnild ili11 .!. !.· f• i; 11 11 al1r1ut. u keel
\\. !wn !li•· prow :- \\"t••·) •"' i111" a 11 1i d1 1i j.'; l1 t, ('; I\· ,-. . · •

llll'lapl1 11r, -

"Y d :di •'X\Wri 1•111 ·1• /.,.

JJ,. k11Jk ·11 n p•1ll tli1 ·111 :di ,

Sli•HH'.

dt • 1'1 •i\'~ '·" uiihud\'.
' I' t.·11riy .... P 11· s

•

And i11 ,·a<"h ~:1· · •· ht· """' a ~1 · · : 1 111 11 f l i.~ h ! ,

1

ClIOI CE 1\XD

l~E

OF \\'OHDS.

r 1u ~CIPLES

\"nt. so v•i tlt an l'x:11111•k g-i 1·e11 hy Ifrrh>'r!. Sp(, nce r , firs t , in
f11rin

{J f

tho

In

~· "ii 11f

l lll' pnl·I, t llf ~ Cl•i<>rk'.'i r ays of lrnlit
i""'lry.
"Tlie 1rhil.•.' li .~ ltL of lrnll1 . in t ra 1·r r,i 11 i: lh ·· rn:rny-siderl t.rn1lS·
11: 1n ' 11 L :-;q ;t} 11 f tla· J" h'l, i."' n·Cra('tt ·d into iri .. : -l1w·rl 11uvLry ." l
!11 il1i s c:ts1', ~l'" l "" 'r p1-. ·f•· 1-., li1l' :'lld:i1 •l1or lu t l1 e :::i imil c ;
J,ri.~l>tl.1·-tinll'd

p · ·1-:-~ r 111 s

-HLaw 's lil·e b u1blll 1ll1; i t '' mucl1 mnr!' <'as.1· lo

H1 'L r 11 11\·1·r:.; a11t. \Yilli t he 1'!11·11111 111.•.n:t vf refrar.tion

\\(11d d f:1il Lu ,t_;Ta:-.p tl 11..! id t' :l , 11111e.'·"' tl1e co11111ari:-:1, 11 were llrili\\'ll out
;II. ! 1 ·J1 ~l h.

difft·r1·11 L :-:11hjc.c t., i...

:t

L~·it• ·r:

su1;h (; 011111i1 1:1.l it 111 ,.;, tlil· :-;i11 1ik wlw11 it c111111· s fiL,;l.

•riblc. In :-;ud1 case::-<,

T Ji ..

i w ..

" Thl:re are

tJ 111:--;

tht• ad\':L Jt tiLges Of

.J,.n,· l>y J'.1i1·J;o · i11 ilii• 'l'll l•·11er· 1:1 , f "il•'<l.
i lt :--. 1 ;\llt ' 1·.-; ill" ' : - " ~111 111· i11i1ul."" an~ \\'q1Hlt·rf1il f 1r k 1 ·1•pin ~ ll wil' ldnnn1 in th is
\\·:cy. 11s a 7•11 fr i11rrh11/ f/•i /, /:fi.-11 <lj •j•:ll'< '11li .1· n·l:1 i11 s [!, lln1 l:ust its
_\'l'ltli 1f nl illu , inn tli:d it "'lll s11·i1n ill a ,1r:ii ,~ lit. li nP Lcyo11d the
t·11 . . ·ir1 ·li 11g gLi :-;:-: . J\Ir:-: . Tullir~· r wo .' (f/ I r1 1J1i1d1!r' .Jf.,/1 oJ: this ki nJ ;
j,

( )t lr ~ ·r

1

;1 1HL af:~·r n1 11t1 i11 g
y<~ ar,-,

ahcri Ly."

hi· r li t•:ul :1.~·ai1 1 :-: l

wrndd

tli··

~;1tn 1 ~ r e... i:-:t i11 g

rn edium

go a t it. :1g:i i 11 t •.>-tl:ty 11·itl1 uJJ du).led

3

Fur ex:rni J> lC :

T11«11,

linlon 111 :-.

Tliat 1 lin g•·ring- a lu 11 ~ a 1 u: lil~l1·J

Doth f1._· ar to 111 cc t the

1
'

:!

11rook

t'1._1 a .-: t 1

:-.t:a . " ~1

" Th e n di .\ 1Ji,·i r J,1:- . : Ii i" f1._11·1111·n k nnw;
T l1r·ir Ki n.!. ::. tln·ir l.<·n l . . . tl11 ·ir 11 1i ~ iiti1·"'t luw,
Th . .·y 111 {/1 ,d fro111 tlll' !i 1· ld. "·" :- r111w 1
\\' Ji ,·n .o. . !n·: 11n..; :1n· .. w,.J11 and ~ j , 11\li win d ~ ld~1w,

I )i ....::-nh·.._·:-: in :-iknl dew."

lint 11 1'11 r1 11s :n1 · s1•,· 11n ·1!.

fu r t.11i1te"ll

'A

''Su far li 1..: r \·oicc .f/(1 /1' .cl ~'" · 1;1,. ,

:.!

a'h;111t ~g ('01ls io use 1i 1c Si1nilc

))ll'ft1pJ 1or i1 ·;1l f'Ul'lll :

R ~o rl

"·J:q :-: e \'i :.: ;1g 1·:-1
D11 1.'l'e11m an d manf/,, /:J:,_· a :-.!: 1 ndin~ p11nd.

-

nnlil
r"""" il 1L' 1n1·;111i11g is pl :1in. and tllt't t t •> adopl llie

ni nd·i iwd.

Tl1i ,

tl 1c :-ii111ile ,;cn·e,;, J1t1t Lo n ·1110\' t.; a i1

-obscm·i ty, hut to dd e rn1i11c n 1un: pn·, ·i,.;t·l.\·, ()r lu c: 11 large,

" T l 1l' .'<~ nwl:iphY, ic: r igi d,;; ('11[ e ri 11 g inlu cn n1n1 n11 life, like rayl
of Ji.:.;·[, [, \\·J,il'i l pi1•rcc i11Lu a .J .. ,-, , ,. Jll <' di11lll, an', h_y I.li e htW8 of
,\';d.11ri:, n:fi·1u:l1·il frn111 tlt .. ir 'tra i.:.;lit lin e . l11d \'f'd, i11 tl 1e gross r~u d
0'011l[dical <•1 J lll:L ,.-; nr ituni:lll jl:l.'S i• lll' a11d n>ll C1'rn-;, !li t' prirni tiYO
r/!tlil::. (!f' '11u n 1 ru1 d1 !'(J O s11clt u rur;' l.'! r~( rr:f;·lfr'fi1111s r11ul n:flection1
1li;d. ii . l"'' '"lll '~ ' ah"ml lo l:dk nf I l11·n1 :t.' i( tlH:,Y cn 11Li nn1;d in l.h6

IL is ()f"it-11 f111 11H1

f \ 11' jj;

. t}H~ Sim ile g i v1;s eh~ ;trllt~,;s , tl i t~ :'d eL1pli1n l'orc1~, L" t lie ft.'.~ ­
. ~rn . Th e reve rs e ord e r s l1() ult! r ;1rl·ly. ii. 1•\"CI'. 111.· :u1\l[ il•"i
\1X pt in cases in wl1 icl 1 tlw :\lcl<l[ilt•Jl' j ,; by ihelf i1itelli-

.' i1nilar Jl g n rl', i11 it.s :ipplication lo n

t'i 111 plieity u!' tl11·ir 1.1rigl11;1l din ·ctio 11. "

it as a q11:t1 ·l;

, ~JiLi W; t }1 C j\( cLlplW l', ;111.J (] 111s l' l' l'jJ:ll'( ',; (] Jl' t11i 11i\

meaning alr eady ::; u gc;"<·stcd.

B11 rl«!s tn: :i t. 11 1<'nl of

11.<c

. t.han to l earn l.u ;1.p['ly iL lik .; a J.>h y., ic i:u i. " 1

a :-ii1nil1·; ,-.;i ·1 ·undly, in tl1at. u f a nH·Lqd1qr : -

•. J\ :-; 1 i11 po1 :-:s i11 g t!1 n111 .~· l1 tl w cry :- ; \;d. lwa1 11 :-: pf ·wl1iLe
d1 •{·11 11q11 •."'t' d i1d t) lli1 • 1·4i\pr:-: \)f U1 e r;1i11l1uw,

Jll(l ~·d ,

OF CilO ICE.

4

" ThrttPly l1old.-; tli:l L t l1•' si111 i!1 · i11 tl1" Ii i"'·' l:t .'L qucil<'•l ,,.n·c·" [q
ex plai n t.lic 1111 ·t.:1 11J 1qr i11 " 111.. 111 .. J; . . J.11 L j ,; tl1i ;.; Sele Tl1(' lllt'i:lphori cal " 'nrd •· tiJ1 ·lt ··d, "' L 1r frP tn J,j·in_
•. :: ( 1li ..... 1·11r< ·, :-:11 .~.~·, ... . l :-l tlw
idea. of snow tn :u1,Y 11\w wl 10 i .. .: :1c1.·1i.-..t •111wd 11 1 :--:1 ·1 '. ;-;1p1\\" 11w lt fro1 11 a
field; a.nd L l11 ~ s 11 <'t1•1 ·dill .:. ~: i i1H '. . . . :.;1·rY1·. 11) 1· :...ll· nil 1111 · c11 111 1f;1r i."'11 11 fru1 11
snow t,h;ct Jlll'I Ls t." s 111i11· I li:d. 111o ·lb m1,;.t /:1 ·

To
been

en11111(• r ;d« :111 i IH: c l:t,;,;1·,; i1it" wl1i"ll Tro]''~" 11:1 ,.,.
dividt.:d ll\· rlil'iur iciall,.; \1·,,1ild i1c t.() Alt""' " "" ~"
' r, \ \'i't J 1011 L s ] JC( l l ii•11rati\ t ; .
a11' '] perp11 t' X t] ic' rc:l\t1.~

·
faL 1gue

h

<li n ~ any lig l1l ll [Hlt t tl1eir i1a t 11n.· all<l u ;;ec;. Tlil'.)" :tl' L',
indeed, tlt t.: ve ry sLuff ol' hmnan la11gu:Lg1; ; for e v e1 1 lliu
words wl1iclt <l!']iear to lJc pcrfl.,·tl .\· li tcr;ll . "" f;1rni liar
h ave t hey heeo1nc·, w ere once Jigm:ll i 1·c .

J

F-.-.:ay on tli· · l'liil u-.11ph.\· uf Styll• .

l

'Z

Frt·lt l'il I :n·1,l1iti nn : \YPrl.; ..; . t'hap. iii. p. 8~.
Gt:Ul'g"c Llivt: JJ ill vn tlit..: F !1 •... ~ . lwuk i. ch up. v iii .

2 Sliaks pc n.: : Thi· '.\l 0 ·r1·li;111t of Y 1.:11 il· e 1 art i. ~~·l'Jlf' i.
U Keats: Hype rion , b 1Jnk ii.
.; ~cnt t: ~lan11i ,111 . \'i. x .,xi''·

:J

ScoU : Guy '.\la111 !t·ring-.

\·qJ.

ii. ch ap. xx i ii .

·;;,.

C I IOI L' Jo:

A ~D

PlUl'\Cl

CSE OF \\" () l{JJS .

'[l111 s , \'.-c :;; pv:lk 1)i' an

rri~f11 i n .r; di . . rr,11r ... (' , l1ut
o f ' }' 11 1/ rud urd111 . 1lllt 11 11 1 l 11 · · i Ju • . 11 ( (1 n oI ~i fii c· ''
111.n tf l , l)Ht 111it. o [ l. an ai. :ule ra z11r; 11 uf s11eculcztict
0;11u iu11 s , l1 u L JH> l u f "' :.; pt· e ul atl un jn th 11;-1 1· l',Yf.'." ; 1 1 of t.hc lteif!J o/ ·~~
u <-lff t n1 (· l(-r , L11 L noLf f ~ · U11• le,·i ty of r 11rk . ~'
"Tliinkl>L ih o11 tli•·r<: we rn 110 l""' I' t ill Dan Chaucer? No
l1 t·:11·t. bun1in g 11· illi a tl1 n11 :Jtl . ll'liicli it con!.\ l l(lL hol d , and hnd ;
110 \\' Ord fnr , :mil " ""'1"ll tn , J1:11•c a11d CPill a \\'n rd fur, - what
l.l1 0 u c:dl e,;L a 111 cta1 •hl•l', lwfH'. Pr tlie Jik ·"I F1>1· 1• 1·1·ry \\'Ord we
l1:\\·c, LIH' re \\·as ,;11,.)1 a ma 11 a 1Hl l'' "'t. T he tl1ldc~1: word was
c111t·n a g- lo \\'ii: g·. i w \\' 1111· l:q IH11·, :nid b\t\d, q11 c:'>t i11n;ddc origin ality.
• 'l'hy \' ~ ·ry 1\T I I-::\ I Ill:\, dnt ·S it ll •_lt. llH ' ; 111 a11 11 !/,'11/ io , a. ST JtETClf..
1:--:1; T•l ·:' F:rn"y tl1:i t. aeL o f ti "-' rni11d, \\' l1il'i1 all 11·" re co11sciou$
of. \\·l1i (' li ll «ll •' i1:1 d yet n:i111 ed , " ·li c11 tl1i ,,; 11 c11· 'J>Od ' first foll
lJ"itlld :t11<l d 1·i,·1·11 Le, 11:u11 c iL! Iii> q 11 •> li•111al_.J,. nrigi11ali ty aurl
w~ w gl1 .n·i11 .:.:; 111('l:q •l101· wa s fo 11 11d a.t,,1•t:tl1lc, i11lell igil!le, and
rc 111:ii11 s (Jiff 11:1m<' fur it to thi s d :ll' ... 1

i ng a. ch 1Hcli
01 an q c ut 1 ~
I'

; ''

.

.

I

1

1

i·u:s

\IF C JIOl CE.

A ·word that still exi :oh u 1 \J oth ;t 1ilc r; tl a11cl a 1igu r:1lll iL Jll:l ll llel' Cl.JllSi::>tCll t \\ 1tit
b(it.h meanin gs, w1te11evl' r IJ.,L!J 1u c< tni11 gs ;.i.r<.; likely Lu
lto suggcstcll; fur, if ::;ud1 a wu nl i::; jui tcll 'ri t l1 1: :\. pt 8· ions inappropri;ttc tu iL i11 c illrer :::eu::;c, tlie i11• ., >1 1\!>'l:Uity is app<ll'e nt, and, if glariug, constitutes a scriuus
1

fault.

One c:.tn throu; liglit. on ol1.< c11rit irs, lint nut "unr;i,,.,,I" tJi ,. :11 .
p e rpl e.r;1 1:1~s, liut 1l11L ' ' f11ruw li.S"l1t 0 11 . , th c to; l\110\\ l1·d _~ · ·
tan he d1·rr.u n .Ji·orn or r/ ,,r(1·( d .fi·u/J/ ,. .; onrf· 1 ~~ ,,[ i 11fun t1 ;1li111 1, l 1t 1!. 111 -!.
, · .''\)tlSC(l o n, '' vr •; n·111 ·aLl' d f n 1111, · · t Iwl 11; all i 1111•re.";-, i111 1 c; u 1 i 11_· 111u •:'"
.·'·I'll the mi1 1d, l•1t t 110L " co1"" '.\'"il '""it. .
"O nr h1.1 1 g- 1 tagt ~ ha:; 1na11 y 1·n :n li i 11; lli u n .. .; iJf \\·o rd :-;, l11 ·J i ff1·r~·1it :1.--;
· reg~rd s t lic rnelapla\r, LttL li'.\.<'•l Ly""" :11 1.J tl1 e rl'fu r" 11<.\. l" \,.. ,], ._
_partcll fro nt. l\' u s:1y ' u..; .. ••r c:111 1.i•'.1· 111,. :111 .;' a 11d 'l ;iJ,,. ,;("! " · · \,"t.
Olle 111a y u1·11ulr1 ' k11P\\ I•. d~· 1 '. 1 t11L~ d t·.~T1'1 ':-:, ( '11 11! ( t•·t
t rc:t:--;ur ~ ·, ol!f11i 11 rf·W:Lrcl :-: 1 w /1 1 priz·"~ ! :1 ni H 1T k 11 rit y .
·arrive at l l<1 11or.-.. ) r 11 1J1/11 ('f afLl ir....;, r; ...·111111s r a :-. i\1,· , l11kr;J11s1:· a11 t l1 11ri ty ,
p ursue a. co 1tr:-:f', turn lu :H.:<.:0 11li t , _.., , rr 1· fdr a '.\ ar11i 1 1~:: 1 /11 111· 1111 111; d 'ico, prr~/'ess pri1H. ·ipl es 1 <·11/1i ,·u fl? ru:q1 1:1iula11cc· , ;111s . .· ,,,.,,. i11 :--ik n1·1 · :
all whi ch cxpress i1rns o\\·e tl"'ir su i!al.ilily , 11 ot tn 11,.. ,.,·i ,..;i 11a l '"" ·' ' '
·!Jf tl1e words , but tu ll1 l' l',;L t.l1 lislll" l 11.'" ·~·,. ,: of tl 1e 1 :11 1 .c;"'"~·,. . ·· 1
1

1

Num c rou~ 11·onh nt\ ~ li ll u~cd 11u tl 1 m tlH ·ir primitive
"'""'1" '·' """ 0 a 111l i11 :1 f'e corn.la r r ;-;in· 11i ill' :tti o n.
!ik r;d ;rnd

..

1 igiir:tliv i~ .

V

:\1 i rr~ > r .. .; :u1cl n 1i 11.1 . , :ilil.:1_ 1·1./f, I"/ ; tl1( · n~ an~ snurces of
ri\·e i·s a;.; \Y f•1 l :t:' nf i11fo n n :i t i1111 ; \, .•• lr11n1r/, 111·\\· 11n1j"c.. ·t s as wcll n.s

new

,·c s:-: ~ b;

1

\\'e

::f 111 ·1• k11<.J\\· Ied g\.~

as \\"• ·ll a.s 111crc ha11d i ;jc .

_ ' 'y"rd" wl1i cl1_ li :ll"C on ce l~ 1f:t tlwir pri 111 it i1" lll Ci1 lling
lit , l'\'Y1~· c d 111 tl1;i t 1110:11 1111g In· 11«l l1 i11.:.:· li11t. a changn
11 1 i 1 s:1.~'(: ; ll11t. tl111sr. 11·l1i<'l1 rPt:1i11 l.i n1l1 t l1ci r primitire
:111<1 th e ir sc'c<m1hrv s i .!.~: n i flc:1tio 11 a Fk ilf11! ,Hiter can
111 ak e as Jignrat i1·p :1s 01·e r.

""'-. In a corn plcx or cLih"r:tfc fi;..::11re .,r s l't'l' L:l1, tlw
"is tha.t t\1c tl1i11g ill11slrail'll 111: ty l>L' f•1rg"tll·11
ju the il111 ~t ration, tliaL 11·]1i l.:li ~lw11ld he

<':1 1\

"~ -I i .. .;

'. 1'.t:tinn _ i~.fl n u· in.r1 :1 nd h :n111iJ11 i11tl."' ; :i11d th e fl owing' may
1
n,d,·1..:;, r•d1_y , l 1r•ca 11 ;-;f' it. a]\\"n \' ."" 1; 11 ,f,. - its n11 · n /,, ,. ,.,/ . " 2
"To C(l ll\' ill <'<' C:11·p r.f J,i;; m i., t:du.,· ;;n.. tli:•l hP "·n11l.J ktVe t.oent
11 i:-: .(Hn: wop/.-: wi th a gn(11l d P;d (I r indi;J'J."tinn, would he an agreeable
:1,·1·11l r·1d 1•[ lr i11mph a11t a nt ho r, hip . " a
l •('

1

~ :lid Pl i t,

I I ";tr J.,· lt-· : l ' ;h{ :l lld !"'r" '"•'ll f . hnnk ii . 1 Ji:1p . X \·i i.

!.f r..; . l ~ r c\\ \ 11in:..:· : l.1'1 !1 r-- !11 l: i1·h:1rd I[ , ;1: 'i · t ! f11n1• ·. d 1:q1. x ii i.
:: ( ;,.0rl-".·· E li"! · ,\fidd li· ma1Yh. 11""" j,· . ~ ... .. 1 ; ~ r ;1 11 ,., X. ;i lllpk in a Yl' ry tliffer·
1·nt to1u:, :\ Ir. ( ; dJi I" .. J. ,. \ ,. :--.; 1. ,ry. 1·ii.q1. ' .. J. 1.. t 11:i J .t;,.: : .q .~ t.

<:

1.mbon1in:1tc li n'l>t11i1 1~· tl1c p1· i11 ... ip:1l (dl.il·l· L .. r

d:111 .c;·1 r

I '• Hllj 1l1 •';:

l\~ti l · · ~

.. f

~\1'' • '1·! 1 .

o.ttentiou . J\ figmc ol' tl1i s kintl, i11~tt •:t 1l c>f illnminating the pa. lh ol' lliou:..;h t, i" ;in i:1ni., /"t11/I!<- S1 1l· h :tr c
the conceits of C owlvy aw1 otl 1cr old 111·itcr~; l lll' all •.:gories o nce popula r: tl1c exe n·i ~c " f>i' i111l'll t·t·I 11:11 i11'. _;·cnuity whi e h 0 11l y t1iffL·r ·rrnm c<>1111111lr11111,.; :1u1l e11i '.-'.' :1i;1"
in not be in g a 1n 11~i11g . \\1ri i.i11;_..;· 11!' tlii~ ki1 1d i.'°' \\·1 ·1l t11 ·13cribi: cl a ::; "L'ri g itl; " L11aL i ~, il 1:01 111k1 i'eit,.; tl 11_• ,1·.,rn i1h
l Bnin:

l~h e to ri e,

pa rt i. chap . i.

C Jl'Jl< ·r: I\\'l> U~E 01'' \l' UHDS.

C1tAP.

nrn1 .~· lD 11· of pud ry, iJuL lca1·c~ !ho~c \1· lw111 it
tlte cukler for Ll1L·ir di~<1p['oi11tnH:11t. F ur ex<emple : -

" '\Vandering o,·c r lhat illustrious "'1·Jll' [1111) pl:ti11s u[ Tr.,y ] ,
hy t he l(•!11h; uf l1 c·ro('.' ;111<! l•y tl1" ('lll•Jlti""'''' of ]" •cl ic:

I WT01i11tled

strea.1n:;, n1y 11t usi11 y 1.li (ll l .~·lit...;

"l\]:11 1 j..; ll h:1q1, '\h., -.: 1• C'ltnrd ..; 1·l11d1• 1l1P ~ i ;..: lit ,

E: 11..:h

y1 1 ·lii1 11:..:. !i;1rJ11(111y

Th e :-= crl· \\·-.

Cud

!.

I

I

a

n1orta..l song, Lv \Yl1i,·li :ti !

di'l ' "" ~ · d ari.t.:.ht :

vr ... .. .i {a ta-..k w lt i.-1 1. if 11 •· jdL'a ~ c 1

111111111· 111 1· Xt.:L'llil':-.

with

1.:<l :O: l· ),

Tc.·11 tlio!l:--and tli1111 ... a11d :-; Jri n~ . . at vll\'1 • J:" lo c)~e,
Lo.-.:t, till lie ttrn1 · 1111..:111, all th1! ir p11\\'t'r a n i l u:-c."

'!

, : I'

ill

I' •·\

1

"Tli v truth i., tii:1t ,\L11·:c11 hy \Y:1s 11« L l11 1i.1· a cr- 11.-;Lorned,
111ill'f! 1. 1
1 !ls, t.~ 1 .1..::u 1lld li 11l1l1y-rid i:1g. lnd, fn 11 1t tl 1u pu rtc 11 t.ous
v igo r t 1t' (lit· ani111a! !11· ll1t1111it·· 1I. wa:-; li aJ.I ,•, 1111ir1· tl1a 11 11 1ust uf us,
l<' he rn11 '"'·:1y \\itl1 . ][i .-; 11 1..rit. ;, tl 1;i t. l11·1·1 >1ild kc·;·]· lii,;,;eatin
~nt·l1 a :-; f e1 ·1d 1·-<"l 1;1....;1·; litil. a s 111 · · 11l1j1·1'{. i11 \ · j, .,,. i.. .: ;1rliitr:1rily clioscn
lna11y

'

.

I

:--c_, tt 1 ~ r1·; wl 11·d l~y 1·1dli11!..:.' up tlu · 1i1·\d .. .; , :-: 1i• 1i l i11.~· tli f• e rop~, and
:-:1f11ili11.t: ci r l 1 n•;1kitt .~· 1ln\\· Jl 1111· 1'1 ·11 ( '1"..; 1 1H'l'dr11 1 f11 ~1·t·1 1 r1 · tn Ial1or its
,I

!
I

pn.til, :u1d In 1na11 ::l hr."1· 111 1• f11ll l'lij"."""''1 l. «f l1 1" fr ui ts of tlie
c: I rt i 1." "

T J11, f.,l"llll'I' l•f llll' -''' l'X: t1111 <ic.' j, fri.~id i ly ih,·lf: Ilic· uhjectio 11 lo
tll\• bllc1· li1 ·s i11 1! 11 ' diili ,·1ilty o[ ,:.;i,·i11g '-''[ll:Ji all l'11t i1J11 1hrn11ghout
tt h di1 ~ i tll'., o f 1! w ('!1J111•ari ~11 11 . 'f'11t• n·: ul··r i... i11 d : 111 .~·1 ·r of forget,.
till ,c;· ~la .. :iul:1y i1 1 Iii " l'X •·il ,·11J1"11t ,,[ti "' cl1:1 .'l' : !,11L l111; 1u cL1pl 1ur is
<'cH1.-..i:·d1 ·11tly, tli1111 g h r;t1l11 ·r awk\r;trdly . t:a1T it>1l 11ut.
1

1

Fi;._~· 11rc s ,.;u~·~" "l i\' t• 01· i1J("ornp:ttililo

i(k:1s slw nhl not
~ 1 ; ,.,. 1
IJ,. l.1 rn 11ght cl11,;c l11g·1·thc:r, f'1>r tl1c more fon:i111'.'l:q.J,.q·•. l>lc Lill'} arc, t lw 1111>rc delri111c11(al tl 1c.Y mn:;t
Le tv c:1 l'l1 utl1 e r. Fur (· x:w1p le : H

~·\ ci·o:-: .'-' U11· ~ lrt·i·t..;, at

\\'id._.

i11l 1· n ·;d;-;. n111•

('lt1 111 :.\.\' lan1p was

sl1111.c: liy" n •[>" :i11d J>1ill,•y; a l 11i e'. l1I . wll\' ll tl11· l:t1 1qd i,:.;l1kr li:td let
tlJ1",l' 'l .J" w11 , :111d li ,:.;·l il1.·1P a11d l1 oi.-t.- d tlw111" :1 .c:·:i i11. :i fe1•J,Jnpro1·e
oi' dim Wi('k~ :;11·11 ny i11 :t si1L/.'l 11i:11 1u1·r «\·n li ••:id , a ..; if tlwy were
(/ (

a

,\'I '

If . ~ ) •J

" TI,,• \\'1>rl1l :<l11111!.l lli 1·n\\· ope n :ill ih an1 1111 •s to lhe pas::porl of
ll'UlllUH's l1fr r..1 !111y /1('' lrt. 1' G
1

('•"\"JWl'; \\'~ 1 rk -. , Y<i J. i. p. 'f.C: '. !.

4

<d :t d:-.!utH' 1 in 'l'lll~ l/n:1r:\·rh· H1 •\· i1.; w .
Di 1·k t•11:-> : :\ '!';de· ,,f l'wn ( ·i1i1• .:, h11"k i. c!1ap. v .
1J 11wth ·11·1 H·: IHi tht·1Lll1: I:o111a11 Ct', l'J1;lp. xxriii.

5

1'11INCll'LES UF Cl!Ul CE.

I.]

Sec p. i2.

nn1111l r/1('

ill ( ' ll inr!J

<•f tl1at . i111-

:u1tl f'u1111l ri1·.-:. :liik1: r1 ·spP1 11l 1 \Ylii1·l1

has vnnqui sl 1ed cha11ce a.nd <.kiied l i111<' . . , 1
"H no auth urily, 11ut. in its 11al111·._, lr· 111 pnra ry. w<:rc :Ll l<> 11"··l tn
(H i ll liuman bein g (1\· 1·r a.11 nt h1·r, soc i.:ty \\·.-11il 1l nut lie c111ploY1· d i11
f;uildi;1 y up pm11en.<ilies ,,·itl1 nm: liancl wl1 icL it k ts lo c11rf, \\·itl 1 tl1u
other." :i
"Yet exactly 11pn11 this k1"<:1 is U1.-: m1li1i:try sbk u[ rnn s i1 ::.I
feel in g thro11 gli o11L (; r1:;tL Brilaill; a11d lh " /,.;1rli11g 11'1/•l•r11 c.' .' .,[
the psalm od y in lll O:<L ii:iri ., ] 1 clwrches uf Ll1e la11d co1111t,.,.si!J"-' t!ie
st:1temellt." "
"Tli e oth er sl1all li:1\· c 11s.-•.J ("·p ry ti ~l]1• ,_,f llll' s:i 1111' 11 i:ill ··r with-

out el icitin g 0111~ Hc i 11Li lla t ion of ;-; y 11q :tl l1y , '' i1 l1u11L !1 ·:t\· i1i.~ twl1i11d
one d istinct i1npr12:;s iuu in tht; 111 c111 ury, or pln11ti119 <111 1.: 111urm ar in
the hcmt." "
1

A simil:u f1.i1l t is th:tt of JOinrng literal 1v i lh metaphorical cxp r e~:-;i1J n s .
"13oyle w:.s tli L' .futher of cli e1"islr!J :11111 111·0//ia to
Cork."

th ~

Eorl 1'.)

"Thu :;, a,; T 111 :1.y :<:t.v, ],dnre t.lie 11sl' of tlw ]1>:1.l-,tn 11< ' or k11nw leJge o[ tl 1 1..~ l'1> 11 q 1 ; 1...:~ , T w ~ts sailing i11 n.

\·:t....; t

nc1 •a11 \\' itl1 1H1L iitlwr

help t,h:w Ll11.: l"''" -.'tnr of tl 11: a11e i1·11 Ls a: 11! 1111 · ,.,,/,,., •f 1/,,. Fn·1111,
sta.'I'~ fu110 1q..~·s t, llw 11111d1•r 11.....:., \\'l1icl 1:tr 1~1..:xl n! llJ ('ly differc•ut l"rurn our:-.:.,
by re:tso11 u[ ll 1eir ' "l'l""iL.: L: i.<l.f' . " 0
" \Vl1 c1 1 1"11l1·ri: 1g t lit; 1,,.i/i:;/11 {J[ <lot.age , rPa1l1·r 1 1 m ea n to li:1,·c·"
prin.L£ny pn ·ss 111 111.11 011:n sl1ul,1;. 11 G
"A c/,,,,,/ ,,f i,"11111-. u1 cc 0\'1•rsprc•:1d i.111: " ·li<>l1· f: 11·c n[ tl11! cl11tr('h ,
hardl y brnkc,,1 by a. f1•w g li11 1llll.'l'i11 .c: li:;l1ts, 1r/10 7 01Ye wu cl1 uf Ll1l'ir
Jisli11 ction Lo ll 1n surru11l!ll in g d;irkn es.:; . ""
Disradi: Pn·fa ('P tn Thi ~ l~ t·v .1lntionary Ep ick ( 1 81 ~ ) .
:\lill: The St1 l1 j1·1"t i·i1 1 t i f \\' ri111t:11 .
De Q ui111 · 1 ~_,. : l ·:;-; :-: a ~· 1Jn Style.
Ci Dryd(•11: J<:;-; :-;ay t 11 ~ntire..:.
IJ lk !,lt1i1 1t' I' }
S1 ·i.Td ~nt ' i• ·fic·~ .
7 \Vould the s ulJ ~ lit 11 tiot 1 v f 1< wh id1 1 ' fur '' wlw '' r 1.: 1n un: tlie Llillku!ty '/
See p . .\.!.
8 IIalln111: :'\li dd l ~ A g-P~ , Yvl. iii. part i. cha p. ix.
2

1

!l

1-l11:.; f, ·1·1·1/

t '!'1 ' l ·d ....

.,._.

~~.~..,....µg~,._,.,..._

c1r1lWE ,\:-;n csr:: OF wo1ms.
"E:it11n. D:t1·.. 11po rl , ~1n;J lh" 0!! 1t"r.' ''l'n' th e s0vcn pillars for
11°· \ , . I I' q1 -.: , . 1 •f \\ . i ... , tu rn i 11 t !11· wild··nwss .
sc r• 11 i'il/1/f"s. 11 :-: ...:.11uf,/, r/ . 11 11..:.sf.,·.~·/ 11 .1 ; f11r tlw ti11lP full ;1n11:0·." l
"J J,. Jc; ,,J """' j•Ltt·c· d i11 tlw ,.;,.,._r,,yally of ln•l:t11 1l that star
o f e xcc~ ·di11 g lni gl it11 c:;~ bu t. .1. : i11i stPr i11!l1H ·1 1c1\ tlt e u·illiit(J (lll{/ ablt
i 11stn111F' n / CJ f d1•:;p1di c powt'r . f.11rc! :-i Lr:l fford.'':.?
"Bn t, ciltl11n;f.!· li c/0 1(1/...:. <1l dn :-:k.y warrior ...; wr r,• :-;tu n from time
to ti inP l1 o n ·ri11 g Ptl l !11· l1i .~l1Lt11d.-.:. :t " if 1rut,_-/1i.n!J tlicir progress~
t lu·,y l'XlWri t 'I H..:c d !Ii i iid1·!Tltjd ii 111.··:1

Pln:\t'Il'LES

OF C'lltllC'I·:.

t IH ·

\\'hc111; \·r·1· Trupeo> cxph in, cnf'urcc, or enliven tho
Ll 1011gl1l, tl 1vy 111;1y be s1il J ~l it11 l l· tl f()r proper terms.
\ ·:c:11e
Su111e \\'rit c rs ><11c ak uf the ir ll ><L: ful' pttrposes
and
,.r1r.. 1·c". of nr 11: 111 1e1IL ; lJt 1t iL 11 1ay Le d"uLlc<l whcLher,
in i11·0,;e :1 t l1·a,.; t, tlie.1· e Yc r :id()rll a c:11111po:-;iLi on, with011L at t lie sam e tini e rc11tl c ri11g iL citl1er lll ul'C clear, or
rnurc cffcel i \'C fur l ite Jmruo;:c i11 l1a1l(1. Tl1 c ir power
111 :1 .\· Le: 1. L1ee1l ln llie :-ill]<cri<1rity of tl1c iliing-s of tho
i111<1.L; i11:lti1l11 to 1110,.;1; Clf (Jie llllfi Cl':-;(;11 1ding·, oJ' tJie nnfarnili;rr 1o t.111~ t ri (1' . A ll'< •J>C ,;]1011l1l 11allll'ally grow out
\If lln.: ,.;1il,_j1·1·L; iL ,.;J1n1il1l l>c 11icl"ri:1l, so :is (l! :-;11 Jistitu te
a ;-;y1nlil)l l't1r a Y1·rl.:t1 :>i.:..:·n; f'n·,.;]1 1·110 11 .g·l1 to give the
l'<'at11·r :• pll·:1,.;:rn L,,11rpri:-<c, ln1 t 110L :-;n "lr:11 1g·l; a:-; to startle
l1illl; i11 l1:1r111«11.1· 11·i: li !lie i•11qi11;-;,· :111tl tp 11 c of t.li1! compo:-; iti1111; <11 1d " " l1ri1·1' a .~ j,.; c1111q1a (il>l1 · \\'itl1 1'11·a.rn cs~.
F<1n·i ld1· :1,.; fi .:. :· 11r:tf i1· ,, h11.:_:·11ag·,. is i11 tl11· l1a11th of
a. 111: 1:<1\'r. it 111:1.1· 1J<"' lt·:-;s f'1n·,·ilill' tl1an pl:iin
S11111'ri•>r f• il"l 'I}
01' W<•n!"' !hat pnl,.;tJ "l1c11·11 l'1 'l •m ]if',·."'
' · ::\11ll1i11g l111 t great
a n.: tli i11g-~.
1n·ig·l1 L in tl 1i11g ,; c:rn ;1ffu1·1l a <ttiite liteml
,;pe1'1·h; " ·1 lit1t \\'lll'n lilcral ~p C( ' (·l1 i...; ,.;o Wl'i g lt tetl, it is
irr('si,.;tihl c . H1 ·11 c.-· tlw 1101,·c r pf D,·1110,.; tl 1c11 c's among

l<'orce

rnay lie g:• i11 c(l liy Ll1u 11se of wun1:-; 1>1' wl1 i,·l1
so und ;-;uggest;-; Lhc mL·a11111:;·.
s .. 1111.i '""t
f' tt:.!'t.; ·· ~l:-<

~uch

J,

are word::; th.: no Lin g

lJuzz, !ut!Jlnd1,

I H;1rr('roft :

l l i-. 1ory fl :·11w

{'11i1,·d

~r:ilt· -' . \'•ii . i. di:tp. ix. p. :>:W (Cent enary

4

1

. On a :-:11dd1 ·n ' )\l (' !l ily
'Vith irnpd 1tu1i:; n :l·oil and j arrin .~ :-11u 111J
Th' iufe rn al d oo r:::., and 011 tlkir li i11;,;1._·:-; g rnk h:1r.-.h thunder ."

1

"And tlic lun t; l'ttrpl.'t:-: l'CJ!-i c nlong tlie g 11 ~ ty tloor." 2
" l ) n t ht! r·ar
li~·l1t

Drnps th e

drip ,,f ih e ."'iL1:-J11.: 11d cd •>a r,

AnLl c hirp~ tli c g-ra ~~ hnpp 12 r o n e ~nod-ni h lil carol more. 11 8
-.; UCh

arc

ll1 :Ul,Y

i11 L1·rj1•('t,i nns:

1
/, r· i.1Ji1 -/111 . /l' fu' 1f' .'

h;...:.! .'

l uu 1.rj .' ,fi11.1 /~

4Dng.' pooh.' /111.slt .' S 1wl1 , t i in , :u ·p \\'(1 rd s de ri _\.t'd fnq :.1 \•l. 1j 1•1·1:..: ":
(h.ll M(JllSCR, buL :1ppli e1l in 1n1·11 tal 1.J"'<1 0 1111·11:t l"'c:i<is•.' "' :i. "'i'i'' '"''l
t:ftembl:ince or a ~:-:oc i a.tinn uf l1l 1·;L....\: · 'a !1ffr .. Jl t1·1 1qier,,, ~ . . . , ~/( u1;111ers," '' a,s wee{ dispO."-iflon, 1 ' • 'SfOJ"Jn.lj p:-t S.s i01i,c.;, '' '' :1. 'f'll',),· lllilHl, ' '

.t• n .<harp tong<t e. ''
Such wonb, or cn111hi11:di1111,.; of "·oril,;, l1a,· e c< ·rLtin
.' obvious adv;1.1d:1ge:-; . Tli(·1' :11·\: nu L 111ily "Jll'ciii 1" l'it-ar,
itnd foreiLlc, 1J11t ;il,;o ;: n r:,ui1ili;ir tl 1;1 t Ll1L~Y 111ay Ill' <tc. counted n:1.t11ral s.1· 111liob r:ttlll'r tl1:1.1 1 arl)ilr:1ry "'.!..:'Ih:
bu t they may h e 111i ,; 1i:-;e1l, ;t,.; 11111·11 (:l11i,;c 1111·itl1 a1 1 « l11· i' #. {) US effort, or 11e1·a11 ,.;c tlicy su11111l well. ratli1 ·r t li:11t
. because they arc prc11li:nly 1~ :-;:prc;;;; i 1·c . TJi,. ,;al'c c 11 11r.~,:
il!, on the one h:111d, lllJt. (n rljl'l't a wur11 or pl1r:1:-;e l1ccause iLs som11l liclp;-; to cPn1 111u11i L·rtte the llt L'rt11i11g·; Oil
. the 0Ll1cr l1 :t1 1l1, not tu :-;(r:1i1 1 al'ter C'llcli t:xp rt·,;,.;iu11;;, Jc :-; ( ,
in the effort to gr:t:-;p tl1e sliac1uw, Ll1c o>nli,.;Lwcc 1J1; l<lst.

l la \l:1111 : ( '1111--t it 11 l ion:t! Ili~t<ir.L \·1 1. i i i. d1:1p. x\·ii i.
l'r1.... ·1 .it : 1 ··1 111 1111•-.. 1 .. f '.\l1ox ir11, '. .. i. j i. <hap . ,·ii.
L111 c r ::-u 11: L.dli ·r .-:

~cll~!J.

111 .,·.-.: 1 ntflf(' , l1 n11111 ;. 11:u1_1 es l ;,1 kt ·11 f r\ Hit
1

~d

1

:1

1r/1 ;::. 1 rorn· 1 sp{asl1,

UJlds : cucll·oo, 11·lo'p -/1r1u r- 1ril! l1 tu11!1/,-;-[11.,' l11uJ111u11 :;-lnn l, cruq: \\·urd:-'
arrnnged that tl1e sou nd ""l'n;:<:;1.:s Ll 11.: 11H: a11i11 .c::

11 :--i.: M

hliti1111).

mur11:1ff',

~01111d :-; :

ilti dr: i'a r;tdi:-- t'

l\. 1·:ll :-: : ~t. :\ .~ 111·"

1u1d ~1J t ·ia ! :\i1n :-: ~ p. 11.

L Q~ i,

u Byron: Child,_· 1lnn dd.

G*

l1 1i11 \.. ii. Jin,_. 70.

Fn·.
1·u11to

iii. li11t·

~1; .

100

CIIOICI·: 1\\" D l'SE <>F \\" U l{O::;.

·· whi h prove m or o clearly tkrn lli ·· 111 .. sl
If
$ECTTO ~

III.

ft leg o[ 1n11 Li.OH al, 1m·h·,, _.. 1
"The l Tou:-:f' o[ Socra.l 1·:-> (' J),1111 11....;

TUtl i7'110

Hcsil1cs Clearness (1 he p1·i1nar_y rp1ality o [ all cornpositi!111s, lJHt c,.;pc<: ially "f l ltv,.;c ·wlii d1 arc ;tdd1·c,.;seJ to th
nn.JnsUtml ing ) a11d Fo rce (the approp r i;1le cxc:dle nce of
1a11_c;11;c.~ e a(ltl rc,.;scll tu! lie f'ecli1 1gs or tlH~ 11as,.ci1i11,.;), t here
is <L tliinl q 11alit _\· ol' ,.;fy lc c:tllc1l l,'/, ·.'frflu ·c ur B eauty.
EIC'ga11cc co 11 st it 11 Le- ,; l he cl1 :ll'ln of L1 ng ua gc Lhat pleases,
tic tli c 1ile;1s1:rc nf a 1nw nr o l' a l1i g h onler,
E l ~ ·.1!: 1n r n
d c li 11 eJ .
:1.s distinguish ed frn m tl1at \\'l1i"11 \·i tli cr i1st r ucts or i111presse,.;; it i,.;, thcrc·f'on', l11c :ippropriatc
excell enc e oL poc: t ry . Eleganc e <li <: tatc s Ll1c cl11i ir;c of
wonls tlia:. :i re r1g n '.('a l1lc to t he ear, llll' bsk, or th e imag-i 11a ti11 11 : all(l it. pr1ili ihi ls har:<11so1 1nds. "na.rsc cxpressi11ns, :111 c1 111 q il eas;111t. i11 d :1pl1ors. Il is nffe11<l1·(l liy tlic
Ytil g ;1rih· ul'Ji11c 1Ni l i 11,1/, 1 r>11 the onc hand . :lll <l lJ}' brntal
or lll',.;t ia l 11Lii11 1H'"" ol' ,.;pcecli . on t l1e ollwr.
E k;,.;-. 111 ce L'l''il1i l 1i fs llw i11( 1'<H111d io11 i11t n ,.;('l' i1ins com{
pn:-i ( i11 11 pf hng· 11:1 .~·n that, i,.; I 1·/1· /,i/. or vulgrir,
<~i,;\:·:;~~:•i l! .~· ~I
•
~
"il11 ..: r l1 y i t~d r ur hy •it s ;i ,.;,.; 1wiat1011s.
cxa111ple : -

I

Tk.t w :ts Ull C o [ II i8 o/Jscrva-

t i1111s. ·' 1

" I[,. [ Prnl0f'<'llPS, t lir gram111:1r i:111 ] / "ti.<
<fjJj'' ont nn~ t ~1."' P \\' I H'l(~ . ··

i11

a

r a .'/ 11 11/'l ecwrnl

a

· ·Our fri 1·11•1. till' !(""""1 <'i t ,·' ha.' llll•n·f,,rl' tlit1' f:1 r, i11 hi s progli fi· , 1' lit ai 1wd no lJ1'PakL l="' I. i f iH' 1· \ ' i'r i·o1Ji.· 11q 1laled an

J't· ...;;-; th nH 1 .~ l1

i

l1 ' ' l ~ \)

./1·011tir· . . . . I

1·11qjd

hr ing-

i/'(l!'/'1 11

/rur r/..; of

p rofi0 j

I

~\'( '

1

na.tnely , the ult!

prl':i i-ln ·r.
.J ;--. , . . _. l'· '27.

'"4·

and hb two a1~111T11tic1: K , Pl.do :ind

_:\. t'Jl t•j 1ltt •!I.
:wl\\](\\\ li·d~· · rt
hu.11·c1l l.<>\vanl lli'' " ·l1 nJ,. 11»11 , ,.J ,.. 1.1, f' " '"" "d \'l1it'fJ_,. "" 11,.,
in tense fet·ling \Vl' eut.:-·rl ai11 that all tl1rvt' \\'t'rt' !t1u1il1•1:;s. \ \'t· '' " '11

~

/lie stony irnp11w;/i1r11' 1<I . "

It is incleg;rn t, cv<.:1 1 \\'here Ll1c nw;1 1 1 1 11.~· 1s ck:1r, t•>
use n, wonl i11 two ~c usc s .i1t 1.l1c ~a 111 c >' l 'll- 'j',, .,,.. .. r
:1 \\11rd i1 1

;\'.' ;·i,'.'. ~;~ ,~.,

tenee.

!-< 1·1 11. ·11n ·.

" . . . CYt~ry Jll ( •l"lli llg s!f tln .? a \Y<1rl l 1y f.'X:11 11 pl 0 lo hi s 111•·11 l ·v
$Clling fi re, wi llt his ow 1t lll•>nc;lcr ];;111d;.;, to tl1<.! l1 uu " l' wl1er" J ,.~ l 1;1.t

slept last ni ght. "

3

" . . . con t r;t41 i ~· Lu rs :tllil r:i.ilc• r;-; a1. p11Llil~ ;uic l 1•ri\·;l L·-~ L i L\ r · ..: ~
likt~ tl~rrit'l'.~, "·111 > l''Hlr'~·i \· 1· it. tlw 1l 1it y 11f a ~! 11.~ 1•f f1 1n1 11·
g"l'O\\'l :\ii a,JJ} }li l;-;;-; eJ' - lty, a.JJcl 11() t ! 1 1 ~ ft f!/ / f) fS uf l ltt' l lt!\1 ... 1 ' l 1y J,;l J" k -

;\'ho are
to

1

ing him (>11t of "it;l d.. ·· 4
1'hl.s :-:pcc i l'~ vf in <~ l <'g: u1cf' is S(IJ1H'li1111 ' .. .:

n· ~u rl1·ll t.d a ~ a l1u111 o r1q1 ~
dev ice; as, " . .. lw.ft !1 i11Lo ll11 : 11:11Tnw, ,,,,,1,1:1.-.f r1.. ../1 ('/', :-\ i1nn1t.a1 11•i:H1 :·d y ·: r.
1

Ver11ri.l ·11 11 1111s i11 -i11:1 ;ir1: i1 :-; 11 ;1lh· i1 1(·l1'.c;;111L :111 d c-<JllH 't imes olJs<· 11n•, p:n tictila rl y \\·]1"n' ]';1rli1·it1l< ·s f•I' ,,;Le:
verbal f!1J'lll s in -iJ1.'/ <>LT11r in Ll1u ,;c 11t t: 11L: c . ,.""1.,. 1 '"'"''"
T11 most case!', it is po ,._ ,.;jl,J(; t.u sulis( it 11le f1ir ;,. _ ; ,, ~, .
them ei t.hcr i101 ms not opc11 to ll1 c ":uuc oLj cct ic•n , or
parti ciples: \d 1crc t.liis "a n11ot li e l1ollc, it 1,,; u~1tall.Y
l1etter to g iv e t l ie "cntenec a111.lllll'r t.11rn .
1

!"!

PJ•l' ll·air

.'/''11/ {;•11ur11 !1l1J1sr · ~ (. 1/11 • .J;J1111d 1 1· r~( 11,,~ 1·1111 .r· 1-rt1 ,

·' 111e<;king

S\ 'll l iJJl t' llb; . . .

p. ';'.) ,

\l 111 .t1 ·d f r1•lll thr d j.. , ·q 11r:-:.1· ,,f :u 1 E 1t~ li -:i h
3 J\r..: lil1i .. Ji i•p Tre111__·li: l 'l ut:1n ·lt. k t.: 1. i.

:--; ,HT:1 li t·:1.. · i .. .:. ll11 · t' XJH ' j"' ~ Jr111

\Y erc Lhu:-;e wl 11) Jlt.•xt :d l "ll lj t1 ·d 111 i'' 'illll:1ri1.t• ( ;n '1·l.;

n1·

Q ui 111·py :

ll1 i'1 . :
'J

('111innil Jlil-.' slo)/' . . . th:1t

a n1an . . . 111i:-:;:;es hut cofff·C atid roll:-; al 11i 11<·, l w n1:1y e:~ :-- ily

of IIo r:1.cc)

" ' n1.. , s~ 1 : d arc th e llH:l' k I I

101

PRT\" C IPLES O F CllnICK

!1 ick o•l\ :"< : :\
F1 1 11 · r ~ 1111:

6

Pinn (' r T!t·:d

n11d

1:1 ·11u1i-d .

J ·~"..: :1.\' •di ~tyl1•.

f 'h il d' :-- ll i-. t11ry ,,f l ·:n .~ l:l 1 1d , <·hrq 1. xiv.
ii. p. ·l () 7 .

\\·1 ,rl~" . \ 'Pl.

I )i..\, l' il "'-: }' irk.w ick 1'<1 pf'r~. nil. i. (,: h iq• . xix.

·. !

1U2

C'll01C' i·:

A~D

PHll\CIPLES OF ('ll l lfCE.

L'SE OF \HHW S.

" For tlie pr frei1 ti11,r; :mil F 11101·iw1 uf rrr• >r , mi11i,f,-·r.~ nnd ciders
o f llt':tr :i.dj .. i11 i11g l'i1111·c!w.-< llli.~· Jtt 1 hold 1•11lili t.: Cl1ri ,; Lia11 co nforc11cc, pru1·id1·d lli:Li. 11ull1i11.c: 1, ,~ 1 i1111••1' r·il J,y way of :wl.11o ri Ly by
0 11 <' ,., ,. """'<" cl1ur1,;I,.·,; 111•0 11 a11c•ll11~ r, l111L 011ly" liy way o[ brotherly
1,;011 ,; 11ILtLi1111s . . , "
'· }~\·l · 11 tlw ~t: i1H·P11\·•:11i i·nve.-.; \\'(•re lia.rd l.v f,·it :1.11\i d:-;l ll1 c ap pr~
]1Pns in11s "·i1i , ·lif1 /li11~1 i11tu tJi ,., l1a11ds uf lli•· Kin'..'.' ·' forc es reasonalil y 1·xc iLc d i11 Iii .> ' "''1•11 >."'
•· Aft tJ r su llll' J.•dly di1lict1ltics . . . l1ea cco mt·li .- Ji,.,l aossinythe
c:11n 11 Lr.Y. '' o

Tlw n10;-;t l'kg:u1(, wri te r,; :ire 1wL Olt<'n the mo~t
fon:ilile on1·,;; n or arc tl1l; 11111.,t furci!Jle pasE1q.:~1nl'e
"""'
..
'"'"'
'
$:1~·u ,; in tltc: sa rnc writ er tliu:;e rno~t rcmarkawith F orce.
ble fo r lwau ty of exprcssiun.
" Ba rry C(1rn11·all k1s J.,1ie

:i

good (!P:tl, \Yitli all liis gon ius,o

a nil perli:i.ps as :i. ('tl1lH'1l111·11 co ,.[ !tis g-1· 11 i11:;, tu (·111<1 s1,; 1tlate tho

poetry of the
lo KJH'ak uf

\Ya' \\'itJ.

;t

[•:t ...:si11g " .~·· ··.

wu1111 •11,

'J',1 talk 0f • 1':1ir t!ti11 ,(.'.,,' wl1e11 li e had

a ri d o[ 'ia11 .l..::l1i1 1g· llu\\'t·rs' \\'lw11 Ii i:-; busi11ess

f11ll-l.J,.•w11 .! :ti ..: y [d;i11>

1•

or d:ii1·.\·-111 :t id ], i, tJi,.

fa~ lii on

ffi-.; 1• ;tr1' lta ...; 111'1 } 11.' 1·11 fo u .-.:1 • th,~ 111 n .. : t 1· x11ress ivc,
lll1t. 1111: pr1 ·lti,• ..;t \l·nr1l.
!!is ·~[u;;e Ii:" lwl.J i11·r l';i11tl•·1no11ium

(If l1is

s 1.:lit1!d.

t"o 11111c:!t i11 tl1 e ca1·it." 11[ Iii,; ca r.
a. 1111 1 vx qu i ... it 1• :--it' 11s1.! u[ l1l :tttty a:' a
1·,·id··n t, . · · 7
1

Still, tl1:iL tl1i,; ar i't·s from
111cw1;; a:-;

\\'t·ll a s a11 uhjt~ l:t, is

[ ;11iJ'.,rn1 clcg:llH'!'. tlw11.:.:·h a1 ·(t1l1lp:t11 iv(l l>y 1111iform
f'orcc, "nun cloy,.; 1111 tlit~ mi11d n11<1 e,·,·1 1 o n tlie e:u· ; and
,;(1mcli111e:-; tl1L~ only ''."} ,ir· ru\' iYi11g ll1 c interest :;ccrns
lo lJc hy tlil' u,;e of ;t \'lg't'•l'OUS cxprc,:,.:iu1 1 wliicl1 i:; positi n: ly inc 1vg·: rn t .
011 tl1e f1llicr hantl, a \ni ter m:i\· saC' riliGc degance to
S•·e p. :is.

~t · t • I' · :17.
Bancroft: Tli .. .: triry nf tli1~ Unitl'd Stak', vr1I. i. diap. x. p. :J;J;'", (( 'e11t e11ary
editi.,tt ).
-t ~1·•1tt: \\ 'a v1·rli·y i vol. ii . dl:tp. xxi\·,

i

:J

r.

fhid . 1 \·hap. x.~"-

~ ..,. al-. t• p . -~: 1.

ncrgy to s11ch an extent as Lo del'cat l1is ]Htrrio,:r:; 112,
.may offencl Llie ta::;lc l1y nilg:ll'lf.)' vl exp1u,;s1t1n ur \ll
.,u..,.(l·cstion · h e rn:1y lie h o111\,a,;ti c, - t11aL i::;, e111pluy
v co
'
fong uagc too forcilile l'ur l1is t hnugl1L; he 111;1y, 111 s\1.,r:,
in one way or anulli er, make Furce, "·l11t:l1 sl1oul1l lie a
means an encl in ibelf. The appeara nce of att1·11tion
wheth~r to t.lic hl'a11t..\- or 1.u Llie ,·ig·, ;r of e:-.:prc;,:,;i"" i,.:
fatal to succe":;.
11 tlic fort11\' 1· case· ;i \nill'r is ,i11,,tly
u

called r1:ffi:ctcd or sn1tin1nllal.; in
justly callecl 1;i:nsaliu11rd.

•

tl1(;

Littur ca,; e, lie L>

1 0-1

CJ l llff'E A:"n C::i E qF \\'IJl:OS.

l'\U~lB EJ \

11.]

u 'rlie r ca.tl~ r is rP-qn'':"lca lo 111ilP ;"t ;..:1•v111i11.~· crni1radil·ti11n in tlH·
two vi ews wl >ich h;i,,·e l1e1·n g- iY<'ll uf C: r:il1:i11t llrdlu11 - llw J>lllilic
imdp rivate-tlie out-d.•or a>Hl llt" i11-.J, ,,,r \' i•· w. 111 Ll11· li1>i, ti1•'
public, lie is sli(iW n olili 1·iuus vf ,;1·11'; ;1.' 1 1111 .. k-,;l- i11 tl1e di-<1 ·1"_1· , ,f
his energi es, as 1 e:ll'll l':<L i11 ll1eir ,.x1·1Ti .'1 '. !1> the"'"''""' · il«· lir•·!l-i<le picture, i l1ere i.> C!ijll'<::'"ed cv 11 0ci<•u,;11l"'' uf \ I li;lL lie l1as '" "!

CIL\PTER II.

wh:it he is."

A SE:'\TEXC'lc sl 1\l t1l<l c1•11 t ai 11 C'HTY word whi ch is
JH ·1· essa ry Ln tl1e elii 1·i\'11l cnrnmu11i 1::1 tio11 of tli o ug ht or
frcli11g-, i.11 L 111•L "11c \1·ord m1 1re.
lf a ,.;1·1 dt·1HT <· 1111l: 1i11 ,; t<>n

\1· o rd ,; f'll r adcq11al c cxpn """'' •11 , t l1e rc<1dL·r e ithe r ]1;1,; lu :,;11 t•1>l )1 U1c
'1')11· f:llilf 1.f
11-i11c '""
1l/lll
>s1111 1 fnr hi111,.:l'ii', ;1L a 1· .. s(. of time and
I~ ·\\' \\ ,•r• I~.
l:il, .. r tl1;1t \1·u1ild 1ltl1crwi,.:c lie g·i1·on Lo tho
11 w a1 1i11g, or lw 1,.; 1111;tlil e tP ,.:11p1ily tl1e (•mission, in
\1·lti, ·li <'<t,;<; t l1u >'< ' 1ilc11vc f'aib (1> t:ffcd iis purpose.I
:-;,, l·l1 i11<· 1 1111l' l 1·i1~ ,.;1·1ilP111·c,.: lll;1 .1· L1· 1111 ~·1·;u1 1111 at.i 1 ;;i.]; 2 or
t li1· y 111;1 y l!l~ c<!lTC1 ·L 111 i'urm, li11L uh"c lln: ur ;lJlilJi g uous
in ,.; 1il >,.:la n ce .
fl'\\"

'J'J,1~ sc 1 1,.;1~ 11w.'· li 1· 1·li;11 •;..:·c1l or darh• n1:1l liy the omisn,,,; ,,;,.,, nl' sion uf' t 111 • art i1·l1 ·.

The pre"e 11 cc or ll 1c a\J,;e 11 cc ol'

:111d :-; ·1·n ·1:in· ··
0

t wo oll ii:(','4; " tlit · 1i'1'; 1.. . . 111·1·1'

JJtt ·a11:-;

111 11•

; l !td t/u ' ." • ·1·r1 ·!ary "

111·r ~; qn
t11• ·: 111 ~

who holds
j.\\'1 i

<•Hi tC'l'S.

'' .A ld:1ck ;u 1d \\l1il1· d11,:.:,· ·· 1111·:t11s rnH· p~nl i -('"!.11·.·d :u1i1nal ; "a
l dack a11d n. n · l1ii1· d11.~· ·· 11l!':l11s two d,·~··' · (JJ11~ ld;ll·k :u 1d t) 11 e \Vhite.
"Tl1 e li 111 lt' :·d, a 11d i1d 1 •Jl i .~··· rd, ... :1r1 · i!Hh1' \'1 111 art ~ !10!/t li onc!\t

:rnd i1d· ·li i_
t:• ·11I.; •· ii"' l1""'"'t "' " ' 1/,,, i111 .. lli .~·<'11L" :ire lwo C'ias8es:
<·r111 1pu:-it•d l 1f t/1 11 ... 1• trlw uo· /,,,,,,,sf : tlw 11tli,· r (1 1° t/10.,·e who are
1

( >Jlt',

lulr lli.111 ·1i/.

'f'l11' f1flJn,\ i11 g sP1d ··11c1·.-.: :·11·~ " fl11 ·r··fj)n •. t], .f, ·f"ii ,· I': -

'· TJi,: c"111wil 1111,/ s;11•"'!" 111a i11tai 11 •·il tl1;1t. ll w 111 1ily ,,f U"~ person
i 1111_di1·<l

11u L :111y 1111ity in tl11 · ('1t11."··i1Hl.'ll •' .':O: ...

.i

1
~111wr\·:1cna <'11111 l;h· ·li~· (Ji. ·!l n!11r. rH·•·1· ..: .... :1r i:1 c11rn 11,.ri•·nJ.1 :--.11lrirn h11 11 lt1r.< ~uin1ilii11 1: ( 11 . . t. Ora t1.•r. j,· . ii . xliv.
:.l ~ i..·(• pp. :1:1- :1s.
1
ii Tl11· ~-p111\ xt ~ how -. tl1:1! the ('<HIJH·il w: t..: ()JI(' hl1t !\·, th e sn1uJ a11otl 1cr.
i llume: Ili ~ tory of I·:n~d and. \' PL i. c!1a p. i.
.
.

;t

t1di11 i te artil"li· 11r

antecetlenL, ur m e rc l.r opllfiuo iL " r 11dd.s srn 11 ctl1i11,:..;· l1i it.
In tl1c 8Clllc11c{ ' 1 " 1·; 1'1111 ·, w/1/1 ·!1 lie pu;..;:--:.1•;..;,-.:c1l itl lar.~.:y !1 w :·1.... \I J' t•
is it:-; ow n re \\'a.rd, '' t.1w r1·lati,·c 1· l :t11...:.1~ i~ tlil'D\\11 i11 : 1....:.;111 :11!1 \i1i1111;1l
·t;bought, and 111 ;1y b(~ (lJ ni ttt'd \\'ithnnt, .l1·:-. t. r(1yi 1i g tl11~ .~T;l1111ti;tli1 · ;tl
cohere nce of t1 1n iiri11Lipal c1;11 t:-:I'; L uL i11 tlw ~1·i1h· J1('1', •. T/11' [_111·
t11al] virtue u·fti, ·!t 1ii11t·.. :. it:·:l"i[ i .. ; nnL ."l1t r 1· 1 1f r1.· \\':trd ,'' 1111~ ri·Lit1\'t~

clause is es;..;(•11Li;d
00 J1 St l'U Cd

lo 111n

l1ut.l 1

llC ffiQVC /h e f r oll l lwf111'1~

ri,-/111 · 1

lik e tJu• fir ... t; fur

dcnts th:it t li1· a.l·,··11i:c

SL·11 .... 1·

:l!l d 1lw

a11d

l'li llll!Ll :-,; '.l :ti'•' Sl il

1•( "'"' i."

lo

f't'( ' (I JHl

""I. d· ·c i,; i\"(• .

1

t!1( :

<·1111 :-; tnwtiq11.

;-;1• 1J11·J1ce

jt ·(•l t i,

Tl""

llli ,'.. '.·li! 1. i~

SP l11:111y ~l("~ · i ­

f, ,iJ ,, "· i11 _~- a1 ·,.,

therefo re, ri g l1L: '1

frP:1....;1 1nT

~

·d e mom;traLiv e pronoun 1><:1'11rc tli c ;1 1 . t1 • 1·1~- \\';11 , <• ·hii"'
dent of a relative p ron o u11, oi'Le 11 dden11i 11 1·s 1""""" ''"
wheth er t1 1c relali 1·1; c.lam;e 1"1'-''n>ts the 111 c; 111i11_~· .,j' till'

f j .,. :tl'lit'fu.

'' '1'111·

] ii[;

OF w o1 :ns.

]Jru.ce, tr/in lt~1d lu11.c: harb(ll't•d in hi:--:. Ln ·asL tlw

d0 · ..... i:..::11 <1[

freein g- li if.; f' 11:-:l a\·1·d 1·111111t r y. \ 'f '11i.11rr·11 at h ."-'t Lo l!j 1( ·fl !ii-. 11 1i11•I !11

John C 1111nni11 , ;\, 11(J\\'l' ri'1d

;10!1{1' /fl ((/ I ,

11·ith

w/1 11111

111 ~ liri·d

i11

:--:t ri·:L

intim;i,cy . " ·1
u ]lobert Hru ec, .~r:u 111 :-;0 n of ll1rr t !?uf111rl w h0 had b 1· 1·n (d l'' <•f
t he corn1w t.it. irs r.. r 1l1e l'J"c)\\"ll , l1a1l o<ll l'•' ('l'il•·d, l1y liio< g ra111 lf;itl ll'r'.-;
and his f :c ll 1 e r '~ .J, ·: dl 1, t u all tl ll'ir rit:·lt1 ,.' · &
In the Jr1:;L sP 1d•'1l C<' . tlint i.-< 1111 ·rc·l y lli•: t·1111il':1l•·11L ., f //,,. · l.11t
the prese 11 cr' ,,r ti"' (o r it:; l' •111i1·;il,·11I) d1•1•,; ""I. ahl"a1· ,; sidlicc· tu
deterrn i11e i11 11· l1 il'li 11·;1y till' n·lati1·" ;_, 1,, \,,, u1 " l" r,;t .. nd. 111 " '' ·1 1
cases, thal i ~ lllore (ldi11it1· tl 1a 11 1!f, , ,.,,11 1lii '"' · Tl>11., ; " Thos e £1dl(//,itw1/s wl10 l1ad Lcnircd t Ii () i 11 s urrcct io11 CX] •ccti··l
I Sec p. :J7.
:.: t 'l1arlPtti.: Hro1 1tC : \' illdt1.·, c ha p. xx.
See A ppf·n tl ix, p. 21::L
4 l-l um e : ll i,.;t~ ·ry uf E ngbud, \"o l. ii. ,·hap. xii i .
& Jl 1 id.

8

~

.

.·

.• ~ -.:-

. :~·

l

t 11 i

s; wk a11d 111a :-;;.; a t;n ·, :111d i1n11hwf•( l t he i'r(\ l~T i i1111 <•f
fl'lu1 pr(,t't·:':-;,·1l ll1 1' HP111a11 Ca.tl1 olic rl·!ig iu11 . ·· l
I l t/i r ii ad 11,·1·11 u:-:1·d at tl 1e h ~·.~i11ni11 .~ o ( t.l1 e fqr\·.~u i n g HC' n~
fo·lw<' i11 :-: i<' ad nf 1/,,,.,,.. tl1<• rl'ad L· r J11ic:iiL li:t,.,. i101'0·1Tl'<l t.l1:tt al/ the
i1d1:1hi1a11t ~ fan1r1·d 1111· i11 :- 11rT1 '('lio111 . ' ' f'l1<· (lt11i :-: ..... i1111 pf th ose fJf or
s1u ·l1 r~( llt'fi1r1~ " 1l1··ir 11 1·i ·...::lil•c1 r;-:, " (lll llH · nil1l' r lia.nd) ).-.; to be
j11>tif j,.,j .,11J y 1•11 (J,. . .c:rc>11110l tl1aL tl1c cuntc•xl >ii uws lli:tL th e ueigh·
L1 r :-:
1

these are not .

L - -

w;1 11! 1·d tlH ~ \ul•· .-.; 11[

h \' ()

c111tl1l

l111k111·11d t.: 1d :-:, l1ut,

!H•L 111..:

i111l111· 1·1I

r. --wna

tu n ...1Le ."

f,q· J1 i111 l11•<·:u1 :-: 1· lt" \\a...; a l! 1·puLlicau ,

\\ 'i 'l'e t!t t',\' u11 ald 1· Iii , .1 d 1·

bec::t11.'" liv \\·as :t 1•:u· li 1·11 larly ol•j<'l'li,.11a J,l 1· J{,·1•11 lili t:;t11 '/

Tl1c nw; 111i1t;.:· ,,i·
ohseun·d
( 11n i:-::·d1 m o f
11 0 1111 , 11r
wo rd :-1.
C.\alll plc:
1lt" 1·~·:-:"l ar y

n1:1\· :tls11 lie cl 1a 11 gecl or
liy tl10 0111 i~si u 11 uf ;1 prc·u11s itiun, a
some othe r wunl or \\'urd ~ .
For
;1

~l·1dc 11 1·<~

" .\ litLll' li111i.·1', '"'' 11,,,,.,,

lli~111

0

nl'i'1·r~

('lt> \'t·r . :u1 d ;-;1111 H· 11r1·tt .'··

tli•!

~111 - •·< ,

lnunan !if1_: ;uHl

" ·ill 1 all tl oc guests

li11111 : L11

11:l.111re uuJcr

\ 't •ry fan 1r:thl1• 1· in ·111 11 :-- t ;11Jt '1' ' · .. :.?

.. 111 fl1 i:-: lw [ Lor.I l'l 1111 k<' I] 1·1".-.·ly n·;1•111J,J«,j 1111· gr•·aL1·stof 11d\ ' 4ic·: 1i1· ...; i11 111111l•·r1 1 I i111·· ... . ;1;1 1\ :-- 1·1·11111l tn 11•1111 · ,,f t!H· a 11t ·i11 11L 111asLt· r~.
' .1'!1{· 1·· ·"1·11ild:u11T w:l~ 111d ~· 1° 1ilill1 · tl to tl11· :--.j·l t'-dj·11i;d , th. · 1·11Lirc aL~
:--: 1 ~r1ifi411 1 i11 tl11' 1· ;1 :--. i·, llw i11 \; 1rialfl1• :tnd. ;i -.: ii ,, ,. 1·,., it1 s li11ctire sacrili1·1· 11J

l111L E r. . . l.;
t11

1

I ;ull .Ji1rji·r; 11l a Yt'r,V i11qlli ... tl i,·1\

11tii 1tlf H1iJ11a11 l ':dl1 1dil':-: .

1

il

n11rl 01llllire1/ . ''

,\_~· ai11; tl11· r/i, 111·(.,·t.-: 1~(;1!1."\ • l 11t1 · 11 11q1;ir1·l1y l1:1,·1·;tJ,,ay!-< affiniicd
lH· llw only 11al 1tral f,11·1n 111" g-11\·1·r 11 111 ,·rd. ·· 4

\\•'l'P

a. !: ;11d1/in111 [ .j ./;,,. lf'/ru 111 tl 1··y
or

u His politic:il e1 l11calion ll'as d11 •: tu .Jn1·r11y lk11tl1:u11 , 1c/,,, 111 he

, dittd

Brevity wl1i c1 1 is p ttr1·ha,.;(·il by Ll 1l: 111111 ,:,: 101 1 or \\·11r1 l,:
neces ' ary to make tl1c 1rn::11 1i1 1g· pn l«· etly 1· l1·:1r 111 11; . . ... j,,,, . . 111
is more excusable i11 poet ry ll1a 11 i11 J. •ru ,;u , atHl 1"'"
"' """"'
\\r i : i11 :.:.
in <lrarnatic, or<Ltori cal, o r i11 1:ig i11aLin; prn,:e
t.han Ill d ilLwlic wri t ing . \\'l ll're tlie ""]0 nl1j1·d 111
view is t11c i11st ru ctiun oi' p1·r,:11 11 s wl1u are 111·c,: 11llll'1L
to have r cacly hut lluL llL'cl's~ arily akrt 111i11ds, l 'er,.;l'iuuity is the om: Ll1i11 g n c c<li'1il: lrnL w]Jcn; ;rn i11q m·,;' io11 i::; to Le pru11u1·•:d <J 11 tl1u rl'l'l i11.t.:" • l'l'r" t'il·1 1i ty i,; 1,f'
little value will111ut F"r1 ·1; ; a111l F11rcu 111:d;c,; tl 1L' 11,ii; d
i; aetivo as to ;,;·iH: il (lie p11\\'c' r uf scci1 1g· al <t gla:ll·\· ,
n.ml of u11ckr:::ta 11di11g f rum a 11i1 1L 11 1 p 1·11p11rti\111, Ll1u1,
ag prose nt1prna cl1 c ,; 1111\'lr.\' , it lll <t .\. l<) :t li111ill'd v:d e 11 t
avail ibolf ul' tlii ,; l'ri \ ikg·L~ uf ]"'L'l ry, ris ol' t1ll11·rs .
To a li11 1ilc1l l''o:l\.' 11L ot d\', !11111'\'\.L'I': 1'11r 1·iiipti._·: tl
exp ressio n s J.•l'l'lt li ar t•J J.liH'I n · a1·1· i11 j'l'<J:--e L;I 1· 11 11111n;
out of pl.we ll1a11 i,; l"ll'li•·al h 11 ,.:11:ig•" :; La11 .:..:·11:ig·e 111:1 \·
be ad 111 irc1l 11.r tl1n,:r: \rl 111 illl 1111L 111 1dn." t:111d it.; 1J11L
gaps ill t11 c s1 ·11 ,.;c an; 111 1l ic:1r:il1 l< » IL i,; idl1; Lo :dtf'm11L
by such rn c;lll ,; lo "<'1 ·1 11·1· i11 ]• 1'""': ll 1<; 1·11n1 11:td 11l's,:, tl1u
eleva t ion , ur till' 1·:1pidit y ,,f· pm:tn» l' r1 1."U l 1: 1s a 1·1·111pactne:os , :u 1 1 ·l l~ \· , iti(l t1 , a11.J :i r:q >id it y <>f' its "11·11; l1 11L

'1'!11 · f1dl0\\' l11.1. :; ." t'1d1· 11t··· i ...; :ui in :-:Ltnce of a11\ l •i .:.:· ni t.y : ~.

107

NUMl3Elt OF \VOJWS.

jl, uf

:ti[ f1 ·1• li11:._:·...; . ;-; ;~\· 1· 1!11~:-it' witi1· !1

i 11I', l no. \\' :t~ •·111i t1"rili ,\·

an

t '1 Hdtl

1·11 :-; 11n : Sll CCCSSj

:1r .!.!' tll1H·td;1 l i\·· · s 1 11 · : ~ k i·r." a

i 11an

l•y lt•111p1"' ra1w :11t, " saiJ

l\ l'lll'J111."
"Ii' Iii·· l1 »rc.i111' i..; d"J•i 1·k• l a,: :111 1111 1., ,·a] ,j,. cl1aractL· r, lltere 13
lilll•· toi l.o: .<itid "( (,'1 u/s that i." :it, :ill alf r:w li,.,., .. ''
1 ~Ia i·;111Liy
l) i ..: rn i·l i :

l! i ... t•1ry

l: 11L!'" l:111d , \'111. i. d1: 1p . \' .
d1:q 1. ' i.

(if

(',. 11i11 !..'..· .. l1y .

JI !~r1111 !! lt; 1 111: .'1n !1 •'" lll"ll o f 1ht: T i111 e u f C 1 ·••r:...." IIL 1 Y•l l. ii. p. 3:38.
4 ~I ill: i 111 r .ih1 ·rt \',

l{1il\\'1·r : l\:..n . l rn ( ·11illi n:.:l .\·.

e Thi· [. l .tH11h ·n J :-.;1•1·t·t:1t111"

i. 1.,1 .. 1\ iii. t·l111p. X\ ' i.
( 1...;,·;1; ). :-;1'l' al:--n I" 11'.1.
\11 1.

i11(' n n~i,:t c 11t wi tl 1 pi:rfl' c t c·l1·arnc~" ·

Ano t h e r l':t h e econ nm v j,.; i l 1< tl ()f 'lni ! crs who nm it
the conn odivc,; w l1iul 1 1ii11cl cla u ,;e to c·l: u1 ,.;c, 0111b:...i· \ll ,,f
sen tence to ,.;c11lL· 11 <·c, :L1Hl p :i r: 1 ~T:·1pl1 1o prir:1- l'" lll\''• ' li \'i•:-1 ,
graph . .Jllili c innsly l1Sl;r1, ll1l'SC cn 1111c·din""
I An1 c ri <·11 n N1 · \,· ~p ap• • r.
2 S tred :-: ig' IL 'J'li;· J.1 . . t 1l: r\· 1· ~ · i1:l!i111 1 .... 11 111y lw r.· .! ~·: 1r1 \, · d ii " ·· x ;1tn 1 l
n" t 1•11!_\·
of omi :-;~ i(1n, 1~111 1d :'o vf the 11~ c of 11 w() rd i11 t\\'o :-:1·11 :-:l':-: . :-:il·•· pp . 711- 7:!, 101.
a See pp. n, JO.
1

1 ·..:,

.~.··

•.. ?:

[rloo1{ U.

· Cn.w. II.]

'N L.i ~l !IEl1

OF \ \'\J IU>ti.

1 tJ! I

:1 l11' frI'<\Q'l' ll! 'tH I>< ('\111 ... ·: iu n 111' """('l'(it ll):-; info :l, COllljlO"ifi\111 . ;1 c·<11h i,.;t,· 11(. 1rl1,,J, ._ _ tl 111>< 1·11:tlili11g il1c reader to
11111l1·r><tand ll1t! r, ·l.11 111:1,.;

.,f' 1l 1l' tl .. 111.~·]11 " ·i 1!1 t.l1c lan-

~·11<1.~ ··· io l'u /! "11· a \'liai11 •ii' idc ·:1,.; li11k l1r l i11k, to per•·1·i1·1; w l1:tt I>< \':L1 1,.;c :11 11 1 ll' ii ut c·1i11,.;c· r111c1 1.. e, what iR
111· i11cipal ;111d ll'l1:1 L "'.'" '"""IT.

A •·l n,.;c l'f'aso ncr a11 tl

:1 .~·111111 w rit .. r i n g 1·11nal 111a.1· 11 .. ki J11 11·11 11.r lii:,; pcrli11•·11L ll>' tl uf' co 1111,T li1·c,.; ." 1 ~ tril\1 · l'r11111 a pag e of

" "~ · 111<1 ><fl'I' (ll' 1't·:1 ~• 'f1i 11.s· c1·cry t/1,, 11,r;lt . ·11-/1i fr, lt1' 1u·~, accord 111.1;!:1 • .'f"I. 11, 1/ a·it ltsl 11111ll11:1. fur , t lu·/'l:f;,l'I,, Oil tlte one
luf)l({, IJ // fit• ' oi//11· 1' lu1J111. '/ /"1/' 1 i11d1' 1 'l l , illid \'()11 Will be
,.;11 1·1·ri,.;l·tl !11 >' i'" li1111· 111u d 1 i>< tak,·1 1 a11·:1\'. Tl1 c argn111 1·11[ n·111ai11..;, "'. 1·11ur:-l': li11L i t is 11111,·li lll()I'(; diffi cult

lo fu ll1J ll' .
fll' tJ; h 11t

You li:11-e ~l1ul'i<'1wil tliu 1" 1 ~·t, li_1· :i line or
y(Ju l1a1·c /,· 1 1.~·1lic11cd !lie ti 111 1· r1'< 111i si lc Cor its

c·cJ111jlrl'l1c•11,.;i111 1 1.,,.

:111

:11•t1rcT i:tl1k :1111 0 11 11 t.

t Ji e ,.;];:j)f'1iJ II>'!' ui' Sll t·/i l'"i lltl' di 1·c· ,;

:ll' l'

f.:x: 1mplcs

of

fl 1t ! /',J!J \1Wi1 1g :

"T l1e c11pi1a l lcad i11;.: ' Jli<''lions o n \rliil'li yo u m ust ll1 is day
<lt'l·idt0 :1 n· ll1 t.,,; t11·": Firs/ . ,1·l1l' tiitT .ro11 (lll ght t" l'O ll cl' tle ; and
"""i111/l!I, \\'li:it your Cllllf'l'""in n ' "'.!.(ht to lie:. 0 11 iii <' Ji1A of these
q11c.,li» 1is ,,... l1a1·" gai111 ·d la" I lia r !' .i 11.' t t:1k,·n the li l1c rty of ob~ 1 · 1Ti1 1 g t() yntl) SO(I}(• gl'l HIJJ i/. };l1(( f :tfl l St'li :-. i/1iv tl JH f il g-flc>d tleal
111ti r e i ~ ;-; fill t.i lw dPJll'.
/ ,, ,/,,1/. :-ii r\ t11 l'llald1· 11 ~ lt1 tl l' l1 ·n11in c bulli
C)/I
lh1 • flflt ' :11Hl flu · ufhrr u l' I/Jr ',\.'( ;. .:: n ·a t '!llt '!-l in 11 s wi t l1 iL linu aud
jl l'l'f'i"t' j1td;..:n11·1tf . f IJii11k ii l11:1y t'l ' 11\'l'l'.,>: Jn· tn i'Oll , idn di stiottJy
t/ 11 · i rne nnture and 1111· jllTllli:ir l'ir"111 11~ta1 u.;es () {'til e oli.icct wh ich
\\'e lrn1·c /Jcfo re u s, Jlu'<ll!st' ilf'lv 1· :i ll ou r >l l'll,!!',~lt-. wl1et ii cr w e will
or not, we n111 st go 1·ern /1.1111 ·ri c:1 or1•ur1!i11fl to (/i,1t nature arnl to
/!1 nsc c i1·c 11 ms ta11 ccs. a11d 11 0/ 11rr·111·di 11r1 to n11r o wn imag inati ons ;
11or ncco rdin g to :11°,t rnct i,Jc.as of' ri ;..:·lit : l1y 11 0 mean s 11 cc: onli ng to
rnc •re g1· 111·ral t.l1 co ri rs o f' gnn•rn 11wn1. the· n·so rt t0 wl1i(·l1 nppcars
t11 l1lt'. in 01 1r ]' l' l' Sl' ll ( s il t1.1tin11 , n•) l11·ltn t J,,1 11 ar r:int trillill;.;. I
s iiall ll11'i'~fur,• <·1Hl ··~ yo r. wit Ii yu11r lc:t\'('. to !:1.1· J.efi1rc you ,;ome of
t ill' lll OS I lll:>ll' r i a J oj' //11 .<C (' j l'(' ll ll hf:lll \' l'S." '
1

~

C'nl 1 -r i d~.::<' : T:tl1!, · ·r ail\.

B 11rk 1• : \\ .<11·1.::-:, rol . ii. l' · :._::; ( Fditi 1111
t:il iat iin 1 with J\111 cric:L

J"'i; ;~ 1.

B11 . . to n);

~prr t'1 1

u 11

Cou~

...

-

(

110
atiu 11 :-; .

,-.."'";_..11,,"'
i ..i,,

111

( ' l lUJ(;E A :\IJ lJ :-rn OF WUI W S.

1""·

Cum 111 u 11-p b«t' tl1 (111;.;·l if,; 0 11 L11 11ili;1r to p ic.;s :idm il "r J,r il'l',·r cxpn·s,;i., 11 tli; 111 "ri g i11 al i<1eas ;
gT1· :il v:- co 1 1c i ~c11 1·,;;-; is d .. 111 a 11.l.-d i11 a l;ovk th an

i1 1 a JI C\\'Sji:1p1 ·;· t> l" a "l 'Cl"cl i : i1t tcl li;..;1·1it !'L'l""O l i :-i rnquirc
J..,;s cx1i!a1 1:t1i,,1 1 tl1a1 1 ig·11u r;1 11L OIH':-<, i 1u L 111 il y J; cuause

oL lli c ir :-< 11pc ri<>r k110 11·l1~ • lgc.; . lrnL a ls0 l.wc atl:>c u(
:-<up"nur L1 e1 ilty ()1· a L!t: 11(iu11 .

their

' ' ;\.,r i,; il t·11P 11g·l1 (li: 1L ll ic· ,Jy l" he rn..! 1 as Jl1 r•y [ r1•atle rs or
t•f 111Hl t·r:-.t :i11di11 g- , {f th~·y },(._•:-; lPW tl1t~i r ll t111ost
:dk11 t i.. 11 : IJ .. . d··.c:T•'< ' 0< 11.J lli1 · k i11d .. r alf«11 ( i,,,1 " lii cl 1 l1 1.. y have
11t ·ar·c·r."'] :ll'( ' <'u1 1,,f,f, .

h l'v1 1 1(('<'ll:•:lll111"! o r ar·· / ;f.", f.11 t11 l)i'.. - !uw will Le ;u 111• 11 g tin ~ ci rcurn4

sL:i 11 r 1•s tl1 :iL ;m· I" J.,. l::b ·11 i: 1ln tl1u :t(·r•lt111L :t11d 1·rp1·id1·,J i'll r.
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1

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shall be so tli:-<li11 ct. 1n " l'[ll':"l r:111 cn fr1 111 1 tlH'. o tl!l' rs
• to di sg1 1i ,;c Ll 1L·i r iil c 1iti 1.1 i1 1 ,; 11iis(;1 111-.; .

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be looked a t f'1·t1rn ;i. 111: 1r i111i 11 L ul' Yi c ll'; a1 1 : 1r~· 11: 1 !• · 11 t.
nrny Le prr sl·tit1·il i11 a \ 'ar ict .1· of' i'llrn 1:-: . Tl1<· ili:<.-1111r"1 '

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man1H~ r;-; a 11 d 01•i1 1i11 11:-; 1wri:. . J1;

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ofte n u:-;c tl lo 11icl1 · p,i,·crfy of U1o ngli L. J\ ,.; Ltterncnt
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tl tl' rc i,.; a11 \· fir ('. c\ \Hilt·r \1']1 0 l't'] •l':t h l1i111 ,.;c lf in this
\\';1 y m c1y k 1)(1\\' ,,·Jr:tL lie ·is d 11in:_:· : l111L tt ,.; u:illy li e docs
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Lu tli . Tl! p k:i ,.;t· 1lre r ar i,.; mn i·l1 e:1,.: i1 ·r tl1a11 to S:ltisfy
1lrl: mi 11cl; t11 ,.; l1a ci u\\. fortlr ;rn iill'•l. in s1·\' c·ral tol crnhlc
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t l1c IJ cs t ,.; ]1:tj•l'. It j,; i •:1 i nf11l to tl 1i1 1k l1ow rnan y Looks
\\·0 1tl1 l ,.; ]1ri11 k l11 a 1,·1itl 1 ,,r· tl1 L·ir s i 1,1 ~ . \\'< •re n11ncccs~;11T rqiel it io11s l' \p111 1;.;·c·ll; li1J \ \' n1a 11 .\· "kad1·r:;" woulcl
d,,·i 11 dlc i11 to p:1r;1;_;T: 11 1l1,.: ; 1i.,,,. n1 :1 11 .'· s1·n11011 :; anLl oml Hi1 rk 1· · \ \."rl\:.: . '·"L i. p . j lHI : Tli 1i1i .:~hh <•11 t lh· l're:-'e nt Disconte nts.
:--;, .,. 11. J( Hi.

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113

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ampliiical io 11:; of ti re t.-x t. i 11 " ·cakc r Li ng11 agc .
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nnot.licr 111011ll1 to U11: y<'ar, o r rai :«c ;u1 y " 1111 .,r w1l11 rn "·"' r· ·:id l'r .. 1:1
cleYell lo L\\' L'l\'U l 1u111lre 1l .

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of Ll 1i11ki11 g, r"·rli:1 ps l.\\' u se nt en ces out u[ l' :1 l' l1 tl 11·r·u 11\i ,:.:·ld \,,,
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be increased _i11 a Ll 1 n~1· f1 ,J 1l d(· ,~T t~ t'. . , 1

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opinion Sf )('P..dil.11 !1 e s1fJ'JlUs.~· e d . • • . ! llf 1/"l ... orJ1 1' 011 e tcill tell lll f'; I l1 op e
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/1 .. :. ,. ·f' 11 Ifi e lr1litJ1t S1/I .-.:..- r~( lime . n 4

,~· li;t t,· \' vr

1·11('{111c i f'S r~( utfrntiun . ;l 111l

1

\ ' i'I' \'

fi r ~ t

.Ji ,:1·,,1·1·ry nf it slri/.'rs

ll1 r 11ii11 ,/ 11'ilh an in1V•11'd

joy,

\ \' onl" t11 :1( an· 11:i11i l 11:111 _\- <'0111·k d 1·0 111r. tn L:o 11 s t. it nte
i<lt-:1. \1·l1iL·l 1 n·q 11in·,; l111t l1 \1 ·11 nl ,; l'11 r i l::; foll
\' :\ j t I'\· ,;,_. l ll 11,

:1 ,; 111 :.;- !1 •

11 11

f .·s

:-lft' : fl'".'JS

(//I r/

f. ·11 uwl1

111 y

lun111tf.,,

o n1/ morns . nHI rn,, / ,,;,,, .
sr~f; ' 0111/

:•01111 (!,

,/!!" u 11d l1tfi,.i'1" por/

nu ll

u111/

7,,,,.,.,/ . ... 11111

1111•1 1 n upo.~e$,

cnir l , ·· li~ fli e LH..!:•;t of
11tt1 f

:nd1:1(1tn1·e.

l 'i.r 111° · ! •l'•· j .. r, II!' " J wl\\ t' l' ll lhl'.'-(' lWO C :wi;~
pn•...... j, 111 ... .... 1 .,• p. 7~1 .
:.: p j, 1, ,.n . . : ,\ lar ti11 ( '111 111. l. · wil. d1:1p:-0 . Yiii ., xx i.
;~ .liil1 11:-.i•I!: J. if1.• of l 'ri i11·. Til l· 1ir .. 1 11:1rt of t l1i . . ~~·11k 111 ' • ' i:-: , 1wrh11 p~, v cr~
ho :--1' r:d 111·r tln111 la u t ul11;.:i(· ;t l : ~ ~ ··· l '· 1· ~ 1 l.
:'· ,._ l11~w 1 · \'1'I", D l' Q uin cey:
F -.:- :i." r . 11 Hlit ·ltiri 1-, n1 1t 1·, ii.
• . l 1d1 11 ... ~ 1 11 : H:t ... !">t' la ::' , c li np. L
f, \\' u n b worll1 : l\> ciiv ul
\ \'urk ~ . ,·, 11. i. !'· 1•.1·~ i(\· 11lt-11:1 r y Edili on) ;
l

l·:.. -..:1.'·

1111

1:,1 . . \Y 1 ·l\'~

1111rl

i 11f1· 11 13

..\ \l l' ('d\•lc f~ \ I' F a l lil' t':i.

1

1

R ecl1rn danc,1; (o r J>f,:•>n<1.rn1)

ogy in the

n :pdit.io11

c1 111 ,,. i,,, b , 11 11l lik e Ta 11 tnl ul' a1 1 i11e:t i11 utl1er Lu1g1t :it;'u, but

in the rvlcli l io11 uf U:<1 ·1c,;" \1·1mb. I11sta11n·" l\ t:•ltlf\ll :tll l'}'.
hn.ve :tl rc:uly 11r r 11 g·i vc11 of ret1 1lllda11 t, \l'urd ,;; 2
but no oth e r f': t111L in c01 ::p11,;itio11 a"s1 11 nc.s mure \'ar1 crn s
form::; than thi :s. Fur r xa1 11 pk : " Tl1 cy rch 1rnctl back agflin t o th e city from \\'l1rncl'' thi'y came

f orth."
"I w r ote- you rr il'lit'r Y('t" tcnby.''
" I rcjo icc1l at 1lie g/,11l t"i ,!.!: II L"
" Soml' h mY ()/' o//, rr." ,, Some \\- ~11· nr nrl..:r!'
"I li:1v c fl''t :1 c11ld . tnr1rlhcr with frH•r."
" T herr• i." 1H1tl1illg- ,,.f,it ·lt di~~u;;ts us :-;0011e r than llie CII lp ty pomp

of la11g 11:1g<·."
" l\ <'CP off •f t hr ;:; ra" . ' '

the ho11or

atH1 ."pn or/ .. : o f'f,,, 1)i1'111 ,.,. u 111/ d111.'/lil f/11·111r.11 /1 ull t/11 · j ;t f'itlfi es. ' ' 6

:--: 1wh

Ta utology; ;1,,:, -

})romin enl :uid /H1rll11y la.\\·ycr:-\ 1 ' ' • • l11dd a 11 d 1111 lu1·/111t ..; r nl1lH.~ 1' :-\, '
• ~a u."ttal a.ntl onllu ury occlll T e 11n· 1 " ' "r ule.' ;u11 l r e:111 /u l i11ns . . , 1
u

"/Jriny co1 1l<:1 1L 11·ith d!':.;e ni11g a Lr illlll)'h, lie rr f11,;,•1 l In

lli-: l1l' :ld h1· rni,,·d - l ht/ "1 W• / ,O: i11 .<1.;;;l1I ;
lt •'rlll.'//1f /ri.-. ' ,'/ " · /11• ;.:.1 • 1!' ;I J1( 11i11l ' p• •ll d11 • 1i lf 11 .. P-1"J 1. .L:"lin ,· rin.~ ln· ig'ht ,
_.\ !1 n1: 1d :i nd ~ild,·d Ya ll\' . ·· r,

' ' T!il'

1\{any common expn:s!:'ion:-:, on Lhc other k rn d, arc

ju:;tly d1a r6c:thlc wiLl1

nff,·n··l lii1n . "
"1'/i ere cn n ''" 110 dt1ulit /nit //1 r1 (
altog<'the r t.oo 1111\l'li."

r c<"1 rc

1/,01 "'"·'

IH·· w ;-;p:tp< "r;-;

ot prrsent ar1... l"":l1l

i:-; not, ll11i fn n n an t/ i111·rrri11ldr'." 3
111 1il ti1ili1·i Ly ,,f \\'tll'< ls till' Sl' lili1 11 1• 11 t. is not S•·L " ff an1l
nccon11 11 odali·1! , l111t , l i l.; I' ]):1.si d l'q 11i 111H·1l in S:uil"s arin 11r , i t 1s
e nc n1t1 bf' rPil 11 111 / 11 11111 · ,,,.., ,... ,,, /_ ~ · ~
1 ' Jl1 ~ rt 1:-; l11•d i11tP tin ~ yard wi tl 1n11t. !ii .. .; (.;(W J.;l' d -l1at .,-lf'/1;,-,11 !'i Is a
" C o 111111 0 11 11 :-- ; Lgi'

"ny

:i

veryfi ('1 triou s 1111 1( n·111:1rkaldl' <·i r1 ·1 1rn.-..:t:1 11 c1·; ;1:-: ;-; li11\\·i11_t.!,' tl1;Ll j·\·,~ n
a. Uea dle, :LL 't<' d ttpo n l1y :t. :-:udd 1· 11 ~111d j•1)\\'vr f1tl in1p11bP, 111ay h1~
a.flli c l.e1l wi t h a. n1 u 11 u·1d :tr.v tiisif11tio 11 1~( lu.' s r~j' .w: lj:; }()sses .. .,· ion rr111l

furgclf nlnes,; 1of pe n•o11al dig n ity . "

7

.J,,J111..:11J: .

ti

~

s..,.

p, 14.

\\"li a!t-h·: ]; h(·toric, p ar t ii i . l'li :i p . ii. :-:l ·t t. :oi: ii.
1 (';1111 11111 ·11 : l: li1:fl1rio..' , l1uok iii . part i i . c hap . ii.
o s,.,. 11. H.
o ,;;;e;, p. llG.

8

Pil'.kt:ll :-' '. l )Jiq: r Twi ... 1, L·li:q1 . ' iii .

:\ddi:-"•J ll : Th\' :-i.pt:clalo r , No . 4·12.

. "·

.

~-·

, I

l:J lj

[l3ooK IL

117

arc n~ d1111dant when not

!iQllS \\'hy Am e ri cans sL .. 1il1l n ol i1"lnl ge natic,nal prejndi.~,-..;;, g .. e~
on t,o say : " JJut abov e all id us not, h .. i11f111 e1H·r d L1· ;111y :i11;:ry f,.,.Ji11 t:s, so
far as to sli 11t 011 r <')'•'' t" tJ,,. 1·•· r""i• l i,,11 ..[ 11li:d. i, 1\·;i lly •' X('('ll· ·1il
nd a miabl e ill t l1 e E11 .~·l i.-d1 d1ar;1t·1 .. r .. ,
Tliis :-:c 11 tc 11 ee, l'iu Ltr fr1n 11 :-1 ayit1µ: a11 y tl 1i11 g ill t111pn;-;it i111i 111 wli:1t,
was sa.ill iu .llu! prL·<· vdi11.~ 1•ara.i.:;r;q •li , c<111ti11 lH':' tli e sa 11H' linl' ~,f
thought. lJnl i;-; ! lh1·ri·frii·1..~, :-- lljH'l"!l111111 :-: , i( 11cd td sn H1i .... J1·:uli11 .~· :
ahooe all, an ;.1,d n .'.rLia l 1·:·q•n· . . . :-1 i o11 \Yl1i1·\ 1 11td •lit!_\' f 11n1 l'"' an f':-\.'-'(' 11 t i ;d
pru-t of th e sr·11lc·11 <.:l', l1t1L a l"-' S(' n ·e,; ao< " C1>11j111wli•i 1l. ,;J 1.. 1d.I \,.·;.:-i11
the p:tr:igraJ il 1.
' ' The H..1Jl 11;l.l\S ,,.t ' l"t.' f1• rt1111al1· 111 l1:tYing ~n 111 ;111)1 \\.<,rd:-. tu (·Xpre.ss but, a11ut.l 1er ~q d :-:tu111ldi11g blt •ck l11 u ...; . ()nr la11g11age i~
much c!eforrn ... d liy Iii <: " "'""" ily <•f ih '"' "111Tt·1h'I '; ;u1.J I k11 ,, 11·
not any n11 t.l1or \\'l1u l1as t.: tkl'll great. 1.•:ti11s \,) "'" 'i,\ it wlil're lie
could." 1

l'l!Olt'I·: A\IJ 1·,;1: OF \\' OHDS.

~ 1 q ·e rl: tl i\·e fpnn ~ -

as ,

1·('r.11 , 1110 , :•o -

r erp1ir1·d by :hL' sens(• , '1'lu1s:
" l ';cre mu ,;L u[ conr,;e I•(' taki)l\ tli:i.t th e i"' .l"'t itivn m:iy not be

'"" .~b 1 · i n'..;ly a p pan•llL. · ·

1

Tl1(, jml ic iuu s tt,;c ul co1111t·clirc p;\rtic:les - " the joints
2
ur liing·,·,.;
<ll l 11·li iclt ,:ei1tcnt·es turn" is a
l\i i-.u:-:e 11f
._,
1
" ' " " "··· '"''"·
rncri l ul' :-;tylv; :; liul tl1L·i r rnisusc i::; a scri rn1s lik111i,.:li .

Till'l'l! ar1 ·,

liu11·c \'t ~ r, :-;o

many

varieties

ol" err"r a,.: 1t1 pn· .. l1tdl' « sy,:tcm ot" rult,:. ".A LlcnLion
t" l lit· practin· Ill" t Ill' llll•:-- L ;tc c11ra te \Hi tc rs , .iu i11 cd wiLh
f r c<l1l <'ld tri;tl,.; ul' Ilic ,]iiTl'l'l'ld dfcc(,: 11r:1tluccd Ly a cliffr·re1it 11s;1~c oi" ll1o"l' particl1·,:, 111u,.;t, l1cre LlitTt·t 11,.;."• A
cun11e ct i1·e \rlii ch sc n ·c s 11 11 purpo,:c is wnr,.:c tl1an u::;e]c:;:;,
<Lill[ OIJ(; ll,._CI) f'ur a 11 llllSllitai,\c r1lll'[lOS(' le ad ,; astray.

The u1111ee1 ·s ....;a ry r1 •11ctiiiun ,,f u111{ 1 •11f~ ·,·l• l( · s ~h·Jt.. 2
1t ha:;
th e same so r t .,[ dl'c·l'i. " ' II"' fr···1"""l 11 -. · .,f \],,. ,.,il.'.!;ar 1·1.ra>1',
l•

.J 11,/ a.111l /wt :i.n : fr, ·,1111·llL offt·11d 1;1·,; in i... 1h 1ray,;.
A 11d and hut.

TJ11_.y

~ho n ld

arid
1111 ' a1ti 11 .~ al!d :'i 111 ila r i11 cu11.... fr 11cti1r11. -

.~o,

wh e 11

l1y way

Or of antf

addiiion (a:-; in "p<ior r111 1/ l111 111 ...d, " ) : !J11f . hy way t ~f ~ ulitra cLi o n
or npj·,·~i l i111J (; ls i11 "pn11r /,.1/ 1111 11•· ...; t. .. ) .
A l't1?1q1i1 .. : ili n11.··d1illil1 l 1w\"1• r l11·~· i1 1 \\"ill ! r11ulnrl111I: f n r , if 11 r1lhi 11 g
cn11w .. . ll('fur1· tlw 1·1111,in1:<'ti•)JI, ll11·r•· i."" 11ntl1i n ~ fp r ii focn11 11 c r"twith
\Y}1 ;tf ('<Jiil•· ...; ;1 ft1 ·r : :111d a p:1r:1gr:q•h ...:l 1n11ld r :in·l.\· ." «i lir·g-in, fo r

speaking.

r111 1/ 1

(1f

•'l

111·\\' p;1r: 1 .:~-r :11 i li i: idi, ·;d· ·=' !l1al ilwn· j , a lir· ·:1\.: in tl1~· ..:i-11 ~ ,.. 1·00 im~

)'" rl;11it to li. · hrid~ · ·• l h:-- n co11_j1111rti 1111. A ~imibr ol.,irrlion 111ight
ht · !:11'1'1 1 fr) llH· 1·11q·l •y 11•1·11t ,.r tl11·-..1 · ,,.,,rd..: :ti llw l11·~ir111 i11g- of a
~1 ·1 d1 ·1H·"; I.iii f1'r t\1i:-: tlivn• i:-: 111 111·! 1 .!.!•H •d u :-: a~···
I n n1 :111 y cases,
li11\\' 1'\'\·r. f\\'O ;-:f ·11 l1 ·1wl.' ."' c1H 11l(•1•!1·tl h,,. rn1d ur /,,,,wil l 11~· 1•hlarer if
tlm·11·11 i11to <Ill!': :u1 .J in 111:u1y olh"r' it ll'i!J l,,. f.,111"! tl1:ita11i/or
/1111, :tt. tl11· lw_
t.::i1111ing of a :-:1·1d\·11ce , nnt ()11l_\· .1.:f·n·(·:-< no purpn:-:c, but
ke<'i'' a 11 i111porl:111t \\'Ord n11t of :1.11 r n1 pl1alic pl:w!' .
,\ n ex;i1111.J,• ,,f tl1t· fanlL J;cst 111,•11 t in111 ·.J 111a.1· hr> taken frcim a
writ ,•r wl1 " j, <'Olll\•ar:tli1·r-l_y l'r•'<' fr<H ll ~ 11d1 f:u tl b. In "Engl ish
\\'ri te r~ on .-\.1 11L"rica, .. In·in g-, 0 a[t<-r e1ll1rn .. 1-.1ti11r; a m1111ber of re:i1

1 \Yhn!Pl.•• I!lwtor ir. pRrt iii . ch;ip. i.
nlair: l:Ji.·f·'l·j, .. 11 •1' !. :-..ii .
1

Hbir: l \.!i l'! i r1 ··. 11·1· 1. xii .
1

~ f>cl.
,1

i i.
~ ....

:'1•(•

;d ... , p. 1;0,

Jl· 107.

n11c

11fJl1' '1 iii

is L1·1li11g a. :-. t.ury

i11

Tiapi~lit}·, <n: tl 11• 1dlwr l1;·l11d,

co11\· e r ....;: dio11 ; •• 3

c 111111111H1

a. lH.. ~\\·~ p;q1 (' 1' ]•;iJ'il .'..!""l';q,\1,

fll '

i .. .;

of ;\

dra\\" Jj 11 g

.~· i\· 1·11

1

tJi,,
•' l11 1'l"Y ' ''I.
1.\·

tu\1l'

ill

11111i..; ."i~111

of anrl from a pbcu i11 ll'liicl 1 ii "''"d'l '" ""11.'· \,..
" 1-. ,,;,
vid;, rici, <'xpr• ':-::""'<':-< with 1111)]"1· :""')'ir il 1111 · r:11iidit,\· ;1111l 1111 i1 ·k :--; u, · , ·i · ~ ­
~ion o[ cnnqut·:..;f~, tl1a 11 i i co11111·1·ti11 .L!" 11: 1r ti i· l1· ...; li:lil 111..•1·11 11:--1·•1." ''
' Vhrn, lio\\'<'\'f'I', a wrili·r ,J ~· ...; in· . . 11) 1n;1J.; .· 111 1· 1r1i111l n'....;f t)JI 1·;ic·li 111 1··
of:\ llllllll11 •r of ol·.i~·,·t .... \\l1i1 · ! 1 lw i·11111 11··r;d 1·.'-' iii ~ ll!"t"! ',"-'.'-' i ' ill, (' ;l('h
.oho11 ld h e :-;1 ·}•arat 1•r1 fr•lt JI 1·\·1·ry ci llw r J,y :1. c<. 111j1111cti11J1. ' i'lw f1illowing ex.an q.11-s 11·ill 111:tkt' tl1i,; 1·hi11:
41O'i·r 111 r 11111 11 (1· .. ;: 1, 11 1 m1111.'/ ' ' li4·ry :\lp.
j~ 1 , 1 ·k.~ . <'•l,/"i ... : /,if.· ,.~ . Ji 11 .~ . 1111;1..:., 1/111 ..:., a11 d .. Ji:td·· ... of .\1·atli.
A 11ni\·1·r:--t 11f 1l1·;1tJ1. ,. ·~
"Or 1t!h1·r \\' o)r\ol-; t!W\" ~ 1· 1~ 1 n 'd. nr h ;q1py i~l 1 ·..;,
Lik1..· t!i .. ~f· l l1 ·... p1·ri;1.11 ~; 1rd· · n .<.: , fan1'tl of q]d.
"F"11rt 11 11:1l i• fl 1·\d..:. 11 0 , / .~ J"ll\· , : ..... ''"'/ !l11w 1·ry ,·:do·:-i ,
Thrin• h;q1py i:'\ h::-i ."

IJ.

1 La11d1oJ·: \\'11rk:-i 1 Thi rd S1•riP . : . p. ~~r; (. \ in. f·d. ).
:J l:L. i r: l\li (,t11ri 1·. kd. xii.
2 Sel' 1'· 1~0.
4 ,;,....

I'· R.

,·

....

'~

,.
•,;

.

11.':l
'·I '

'1/

Cl l<iJl'l-:

1\ :\ D l_;::;E OF \YOHDS.

A co mmnn fnrni o f Hnlu1111:rn c,1· is in tl1e acc umulatiPn <>I° ;1d.icct iq:,;, p :1rti \'1 il arh· of tl10,.:u wlii e !i arc rn cro
,,1,///11·!.,; 1 t lia L i,.:, \\·unl,.: 11 l1id1 in no 11· a.1· :ifTu;LLile mean·
1
lk·'" " 'i,,,.1. i1 1g· 111" tl11 : 11u 1111 tll('y arc J' l' I '1 11, l•nt which
1
··1·i ' ''''" l'.\j1r1·s,.: ""11l<'tl1i1 1,g· ~ tln·a.ty i11q,Jic1l in the
110;1n . \\' l1L:11 I fo!l11· r " l'L·aks of " 11:1·/ \\-;1.1·l~s , " "ll'ltite
rn iik," l1 u 11 ,;cs cpill1L·L<:; ; fu r en~ ryhudy k 11ows that
w:t\"l's a re 11·d ;u1d LiiaL 111ilk is wl 1it1.;. " Tl 11 1:;, too, in
011 r ow1t 11:1. l i(l11al ,.:ong·s, l>1n1g·bs is al 11 10,.:L alway::; the
c111u g·lit y J )qugfas; E1 1g·l: t11 d is llH' IT} E11gL1.11<1 ; all t}io
g old is n :d: :uid :111 tlw l:td ic·:; :n,• ~ : 1y ... ~ Su ch expressiu11 :; 11 1:1.y 111.: p n111itll'•l i1t <L pot' 1t1 tli: 1. L imitate::; the
s h · it; uf thL· ultl l1a l1:ul ,.: , a1td, p c rl1ap;;. i11 a trallslati on of
I lollln : h11t 11 0 se11 ,.: il;lc :tutl1o r " ·u 1i11l ll 1i11k o f usi ng
il: c 111 i11 111•Hlc r11 l'ro,.:c .
Ye t h e wl1osc' s t:n is always
' ' g·l 11rint1 ,.; ," \1"11 0:-:c ,.:now i,.: a l w:11·s .. f<-a lli t' ry," who ~e
rno o 1 il i .~· Jit, is ah1·a1·,.: •·
11·lin,.:(' g rp\ · (·,; ;ire alw;i.y~
"sli ;1 d_r, " wli 11sc imp1ulc11t·c 1;; al 11·:1 y,.: "],,,Jd," whose
l1 r·rnc,.: :trL' a l11·a1·s " 1111l1h·,"· <1ifTr r,; n11h· in d 1·g ree from
J1i111 \\" ] I(),.:(; \V:i\' CS ;l!" <' "11 \'! .
\ \"ri tPr"
tl1i~ <:J a"::;, llOt
<·0 11tc1 1L 1vith a ;;i11g·lc f·Ji ith d, l1:1l 1it11:ilh· 11 ,.; <: two, or
( ' \.( 'I I (Jil"t'(', a,.: ii° liit'_\ ('\ jl('.-(1·.J Jiy jllit ( i11 ;..; 1·i [1lw r ai'Ler
.-i]' li<· r [11 11 1:\kc :1 1111 il.
~ o coll l\11(111 a L11ilt i,; tl1 is tl 1:1.t s1111w ni ti< ·,.: h: tvc mn.Jc
w :1r u pn11 ll1c :ul jl'din', as i f it 11·( ·r0 a pi!rt uf speech
l'cc 11l i:1 rly Ji;tlJi<: lu ;1 li 11 ,.:c . T lw1· Wt1u ld l 1a YL' a. y ollng
w1 ·i k r ,;( ri kc 1111 L of h is cP111p11,.: it io 11s every
l · 11wi.-:1: ad\j . ., . ' " ~"' " '~
;11l.ic1 ·li\"l', as <>till'r cri l il';-; ;11h·i.-:<' l1 i1n to om it
w1i t ,· r:;.
l'\"l·rr pas,;:1 .c:·(· ll'l1i1·l1 l1L· j1;1rli1 ·111:1rh· likcs; hut
liutli 1· ou11 ,.,el ;; :i r e g- ru11 11 d 1·d on tlw 111111·:1rr:1ntl:Ll as;; 111n iii i1i11 \'illwr t h:1t :1 ~·n1111g 1niter h:1 -< 110 .inllgment,

,., ,,n:·

1

or

0

I T~1

h r [Oernv ( 11d j 1·1·!i\ 1·) . f r1'l ll (1r 1Tf 011µ 1 (·r•licin), ll•ld, J• l1t1.'P on , p11t on.

.:'i l at'atd;1y: La.'· ·· •Jf

.\ 1w it· 11t

l!()mc.

'>L:~IBElt

II.]

UF

";:'

~~~ ~·

\ \"<J I(!) ~.

or tlin.t h e i ~ 111 0 1'(! l ikely t o li e 1111111\ia.-:lil· ( l1 :t11

(t i lie
tame. U1 1(hrnhic.lly , tl1..: j 11<1 :-: 111 \· 11 L .,r a .1-. 111 11;.. :· w rite r
iri Jes::> trustw., r lhy t.l1 :u 1 tl 1:Lt 11 1" a 11-ri tn 111" l'X] ><'l"l cn cc; a.n<1, u11 ll 1aL Yi.:ry a 1.; cu1 11il, lie 11c1·il ,.: tu 11i: tL 1;
hin i::;cH L1 111 ili:1.r \\·it h Ll 1..: Jw,.:L 111111 lt:b u f "t .1·li-, ;u1d t"
i; nlrn iit ] 1i:; cu111 1111,.:iLio 11 s tu c rili1·i ,.: 1: 1: li1it (11 ,-.11111 ,.,(· I
hi m to Lulal a li;-;t. i11cllcc i1 1 t l1i.-; tl1i1 1s- "r i11 tl 1:1 L is l"
tc<tdl l1in 1 ti.:1 11['cra 11 ct: in 1111tl 1i11;; .
C 11 dul!l1t.; d ly , 11(;
shoul 1l avoicl t:t,nlry 1.:p ill1 d::;; L111L lie .-'11»111\l J,v :L L \va st
cqu;tl] _y 11 ]_)011 Li .-; ~1 1:1nl a:,;a i1 1,.:L L1lli1 1lcn>(L"ll.a111l 1111 i1 1terc::; Li1 1g LLm c 11 c.-:s . 011c rnigliL a,.: 11·c·ll p1-.,l11111 l tltl: 11,.: l~
of fi gnraliv c la11g11:tge l1c c ~u~ c 111ix cd 1.1H:Lq 11u:r:-; a n ~
worse t l1 ;u1 1w11L: , as lo n'1·11 11 11 1wn d t lie cl1,; 11"c u! a1ljcv
tivc::; licc1.u,.;c t l1 ey arc 11flc 11 in i,._1 1c'l·1l. 1
Ep iLl1 ..:(,.: :He ol· su ni\' C, wl 1e 11 tl1 1;y fix tl1 c :1.Llt·11li"1 1

upon :1 q11alil.1· \\·l1i l: l1, :1l t linu;...:·lt i1npli c11 i1t tlw """; ... ·al·Ie
1
non11, 11ccd::; tu li e 111:1.dc e111r1l 1aii c .
..,.;' "'"·
] f , [11 r

t· sa 11q 1\ r·, a

\\TiL1 ·r \\ i ;..;liv :-; 111 l'tl l1lra --t

tlit· li .t. : ld . of t11 1·

or iLs a s:;o· ·i 1.d .i1o11 s \\·itl1 tJ 1.. ..;1 · •. r a c111i1 L l.'....:T:1t i 1 11 1.

.i .
l! HHill

1w \\·ill 11 :dllra ll _\.·

anJ pro1wrl y Ll•n11 11 1<- IWHl11li:..;:l1L ·· ....:.~d· L ·· 1•r ' · g·1·1ill1· . . ,
f( , {o r

111 l'n\llH 't't
lw du 1· c- \\·1· \l tu

Si.J1h i :•d i c aJ I'V:t>1lll :-\ , ;l!J .\111•·ri t· :u1 t>l':tl 1 11' \\·i -.. Jw ...:

patri 11 Lit.: 11 11·1111.ri i·.'-' \\'il\1 a qn1· ....:.t i1q1 1d' tlw
SO tl lHl tlw ) • Lli ~ t\~

4 1f

l l

tl1·· 1,,,f! /1- llf/I' //

j ' llt T 1·1wy,

g !'l' t ' l f l 1: lt 'k, "

-

tlw

i

?_

ar.:..:.· 111tl"l ! L

lurki11g- i11 a11 a1lj ··1.:li\·1· ,,J1i <:li n·ally i11q·l i1•...:. ncitl1i11:-!' L1·y• 1t d 1!1 1 ~
w<0ll -k11ow 11 f:tcL tli:il tl,,; 11 :tlional c111T<' ll\",\' \\·;is i" 111 •d t" l'".1· ti> ..
1

CX }''-' ll Si>S

J(ith ers

c.f tl11•

w;Ls

!"l'Ct"llt (" j y jj \\"a r .
[11 lik1 · 111 ;i1 1111•r. Ii"• ,/"l/11r 'fuur
us1-<l i11 tlll' l "11it e1l :-;1:it"s ( i11 !.'ill) :cs ;i.11 arg.,11m•11t

fu r J1l: tki11 g r: ih···r a. l• ·!,!:il l1 ·11111·r. 1
T1 1 tl i <~ Sl' 1i ti· 11('1\ 1 • \\"<• tH1 :.,d1t 1n l :tk1• \\';t.l't1ing l1y t,!11~ l1fr1 u 1l.1;
renilnt io11 .,f Fra111·1 · .. ( \\'li:it .. h" s 1·x:i 1,q ·I· · 111,,J.. r ll1is Ji,.a,1). il1co
ita.li( ~ i zi· 1 l ,y 11 n1. tl1un .~·li 111il.'· :u1 1·pi tl11·i !'t •I' :dl \\' \1 d k1111\\' :lit ,\' t\ 1i 11 .(
a l 10 11 t, tl 1c F r<•1wh
n1 t: 11i a+~ ain s t

I fn

H t•\·nl1di P11, 111a.y

pill'ri ."' nratio

f"' rf• ·1·1a n1 1·x i ~i 1H·1·
·1·

lai·la .~i · 1 1t·rc,..j, 1 111· 1·1111 :1tn "'

tilian:

lw 111 :1d e Lu :-:.en' t' a :-: a11 ar.~. .~:1i­

:1ny n·,·<,lut iun.

J.1 :--t. () l' ;ll 11 r .

ii.

I'{

:-:1u ·r; 1ri J•'ii •"• I : nwli .. r 11nl 1·111 i11·l 1·lt·"i

\·c l 1il11 r:.l in -.. ! <• t'••1wi 11i•· 11 .,. i1 11t·ri1u :--j1iri1 11-.. - .. i!11 i1 1-

i'" ;,.,

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.• ...

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1 :21

1:2U
, \ 11·orr1 \Yhit·li 11()1ild li e :111 q1i t l1c t, if joincll to a
ll <1u11 i11 ii,.; prt1['c l' sl' 11., t ·, lllay IJe 11 ec.cssary to cxplaii.
1li,! 1nca11i11g of a rndapllllr.
'J' l 11 1:-; O!H ~ \\·11 uld 1111L J>r111•1;rly ~ 1w:1k
wl1e11 .J:,,. 1J yl 1rs ~;dis Uw ' ' l'Ol_t;le t J.. ,

e:igl e ; " but

of" t l 1r• 11·i11.r1,,1l

"".":!"''

Vi·r!1usit,1; dif'i"·rs fr,,m T ; u1i<>l < ',:.~y an<1 Pleonasm in the
Ltct l l1 ;1L it. so int in1; l( (' l_1· pcl'l'a <l es ;t ~c 11Lcncc
Y ..:rJ, n:-;ity .
ur :1 p a r;1 .~r;qil 1 ;1,.; tu lw i11 c11r;1hl c hy the cxci,;101i "[' Wllrtb o r u1·L·11 <:h11"l' "- :-:"1 nl'l i111 e;;, illlhcd, a
n·rlJ()"<J st· 1ilt: 11 c<· >'ii(luld L e L'l'flH•il ;1s lw i11 g :iliog·ctlicr
r1·d 1rn<h11 t ; l111l ii' it i11akc s a n ·; 1l additio n to 1l'l 1at ]Jas
aln·adr 11<· <·11 ,,aid, it sl 1() 1ild he 1·c .. :1.'-'t. i1 1 f'v\\· c r wurrls.
T ill) /'''rr1; 1!1/'118,; is, eu1il\ ·,.;sedly. ()II <! '"ll'l ll of Verbosity,
i ls o l 1j t• c· L ht· i11 ,g l1 > say i11 nw 11y \l'Pl'•l>' ll'lial lia~ al ready
l1( ·r• 11 "<tiil i11 fe w.
lL J1; 1s lwc1 l like11t..:d ll"i a Lorpcdo,
wl i it:li " iw 11111lllis " ·]1;ii it. tut1 \·i1L•s.' '
D r. C1n11 1l1l'li 1 «ii "' 1'1·0111 a11 a11ll1<Jr [ Dr. C' l:irkt'] 1 \Ylio " is far
fro111 d1 "''' n·i11 .c:· t•l J,.. :ir·cn 111 1kd .. i1!""1· 11 1• ! " "'·'(. '"' rl;u-;f' or l hc le:i.st
,i 11di"i"11.-; uf L) ,., lr iJ ,.. [11 f p a r~l'lira-;l -;J, " a 11ar:i1•li ra.<e f run1 the fo\.
1 0 \\ i11 ~ t 1·xL: ·· 'I'h1·rt •f1irt ·, " l 11i .. . ; 1>t'\·cr li ··a rt· U1 tl11· ...: f' say in g-:-\ of 111i11 1~,
:111.J d .... 111 l l1"l 1l. r \\iii 1; 1, .. 11 l1illl 111il" " w i-;(' l l\:lll, "'"i"" louilt his
l11n1 :-: 1· u 11111 1 a. h1t·k ·aw l I itt• r; ti n d 1· ~1 Tt11l 1_· 1 l, ;uid llii• ll ood:-; came,
:t11d u,,. \\'i 11 11" 11]1·\1·, :111.J J,.. :it. "l " HI tli:tL l11rn.' "· a nd it fell not ; for
) t. \\';p.; fo11 111l1·1! UJi11 11 a. J'p(·l.;: .' ' 2 :\11 w . ~ a y .. ; Dr. ('a1 11ph\ •lt, ''let us
lil':ll· 11 11• 1•:t r:c1 •lira.' t: '\\'ii •'l" ' f"rl' 111• 1li:1l. -;Jiall II «(, 111 .ly ;, ,.,,,. :tnll
r t n ·l1·1 · Ut i•,-.;i • iny i 11 :-: friw t io11 s , l.i 1L ;1 !... ; 1) r 1·1111JJil11·r . :1 11 tl r'1111sld1,,., :uicl
1 1) cll \ 4'

11· ···1u·1/i11y

j) 1;1( lH1 i !1i....; J1i ....; 111111....; t '.

/r)

t!J1·111 . .'·.:t l l'li ;1

l l J•(•Jl

a

1'11\'l\ :

lttall

1n;1.\·

ft 1[' ;t,...;

;I

lie 1.:n1 11 pa. red

li n tl :->C

fuu11d eL1

:il l t ltt · :t:':-iaiil ts of
iii:-; li fe· :u1<l t;O ll Yt. 'l':' al.ii•11, ud11uily ;1r11 1· /i ."' t·:·: :i11d ulwy" 111y i n .. :. lr 1wl i\ 111s , \\'il l jirml!f
re,;i-;l :dl tl ie l1 ·111t ofal i1 111-; ,.f ti ll· tll',·il, th ,· :ilii1re11 1>·l1 l.,; of J'l" :isure,

llj •1J ll a r11('k :-:1:11 11! :-i 1111 .,'f1 n f.- ·' 11 : 11111 J ina :i .:..:::1i11 :-: I.
r: \ it l:-\ . :u1d

ll11111! :' . ;11i. l ·' 1 ~ t11r 111 :-i , S1) t l 11 · 111 :111

(}f j udglllCll t, il lHl be rl'\\':trdl'.d

(I f (;,,1!.'"
..
AnoLlHol' .;xampl e lllil)' he t:i1"· 11 fr,11 11 a \"l'I'} .J11f .. n· 11L :illl ll '<'l~ :
" [ re :il e111 l11;1· Lite n •lid will1 \\"l1i cli, af l•·r J.. 11 g 1'1 •1·li1 1,t.: 1111) swa.y
ci Fra11kliu' ;; i11 1 p e r L 11rl1 ahh~ ( 'IJl!)!Jl(l l\ -:-'l'!l:-' 4' , l ('.;llfl\ ~ U}l<11l a }H 'oj tTt
or hi:-t fu r a 11 e w \' e r:--:iun uf t. ht! Bu~)k t'l .J,1h. ti1 r.·11Lu· t• tlw it\cl Vi·r ~i<l n th e ti tvle o( \\'l1i c: lt, says Fr:l11k li11, lia~ lJ<'<:"I" " 0J.,,,,\ d 1', a11d
~l(:Hl,Ctl lcss~~g reeab l e . 4 _l ~i,· e,' li t~ cn 111 i1111e .-.; , 'a. fvw \'t' l':'f · ~, \Y i1i1·l1
0

l1o uml uf ,Jove, " t.h!)

:id j ec li\'l~ l1 t.T\111w s i11di s 11l~ I1 ~;t l ;le tu t!1 1.! s1·t1.""e .

;11·rr r ri.-·1'. :11id :t // , ·, .

.;\IJd the te rrors of pe rsec u i iu11, :i11 d ,; \1a ll l1 e ;i],Je l.11 sL:rn <l in Ll11' Jay

,._. J,p ,

i 11

;L ~:llllplt ~ 1\f th t! k illd of \'\_\ r~ i on} \\'< Hild n _'l'O I Jl lJH' !Jd .
\\'e all recol l<:d t.l1 e f:111w11s 1·er-;e i11 our I ran-;l:ll.iun: ' Tli.·11 S:c l'rn

JUa.y SCl"\'C ;LS

i

answe red t!H: L•lnl , :lll d -; a id : " lJuLl1 .r,,11 frar C;od f,,r 11 <111 .c;·l1L ·~ "'
· f ra ukl in n1 a l«:s tlii-;: • D111.:s y ,,11r :-.laj •-.,t y i1nagi 111 ' t!I :t t ,J1.!i's goc d
1,'.lll1<lu ct i,; t,li u effecL uf lll,. t'I.> [•e rso 11al :c tl.ac:l 11 lll:llL :tml :cffe<:l ioa '( '
J well rntue 111 11.; r Jw,1" , "''"'" li1· sl. ! l'l'a.d tli:cl , l drew a d1•1·p hreallt
of rel ief, ;wd ,;;1i d lo 111.' "' 1·1i'
' .-\fte r :di, 1.ll(' r1 : i.-; [t sLrd clt uf
1
hu111a11ity beyo nd Frauk l i11';-; vi e Lu ri u 11 :-; .~«1111 l 51·11 :-:
0

1

l'l1il r1 -.ppliy .,f i: h1·!11r i1 ·. IJouk iii . par! ii . l'\ 1;q1 ii.
,·ii. :!·I, :,!;,,
:-=. t.·1..· p. J 17.

.'.\L11lli e n·

' '

Parapl11«Lscs of tlii .~ cl1:1,r:tdc r arn, i1 l >' L11 IJe li<ip cd,
more r:u c 11ow-a-day,; tl1all tli cy were a c1:1 1t11ry <1g"1,
but thc v :ire still in f:t vu1· 1vitlt a cl' r La i11 t. : la>'>' o!' pr1:acl 1ers, wl~t..:iltl·r cle ri 1« 1l or hy, \\'l1dli cr 1rri i.i11g in 111'0>'(~
or iu verse . Tlt o1 1g li 11 0t tlil k1101\·n in 11c\\·-c1<1pcrs a111l
m•tgaz in c,.;, t,li cy ;-;e e Jt1 cs pct..:ially to thriv e ill a lukewarm m oral al nH1 >'11he r c .
Th e c1:1'r: n11ilu c1lli•111. (or paipltras is ) ts an oLlw r for m of
verbosity.
Its na.t.ure nl ;ly l ie ga.tl wr1_·d frt) Jll LlH· f, .]]1)\Yi n .~ pa:-;_.:;. ;1~.:l~ : "All tli<! :c.':ie 11J\.J1,.l wi L" linr-; t i11 lu :.t Lu1 _c;· l1 " ·\ 1,. 11, af tn 11111 ch
bl ruik-versc pomp, I. li e poi·L I 1eg-:w a 1 1t~ w p:tra,t ;ra l'l ' Lh tt:i: ' '

1

N11 w, .\ Iu "'• !, let 's :-:in~ uf ra h.

1

Ami what i11 c n~ a ;;e .! 1.lie ri1li1:ul e \\· as, Ll 1al. """ ,, [ tlie cnrnp:rny ,
who slil y ovcrlook<·d t.lt c n ·:til,.,· , pc·r1·"i'"',J ll1:1L tl 11: "" 'rd l1ad liee u
ori gin all y 11ti1·c , a nd lia1l IH. 'l 'll a lLl' reJ Lu ruts, as 111 ure dig·nili cd.
l I\fattiu.: w ,\rnold : Cllll11ri: an( l ;\ n:1rt"hy . «h:q1. i. p. ·hJ.

Till' wli 1d1! of tlii .~

rcniurku l ,\ c trau :-. lut ion , whid1 ~1.: r \'~:d ""part o f a po\i1 i1 ·:d :-- 11 11 i\J, and '"' l:-:. l· la ~"c! l
Uv ils a uthor with l1lh1·r " h:q.~ati ·ll 1 ·~:· rna .v 111~ f11u11d

\'~ !.ii. l-'· ].1;1; ( Spark:-.' :-1

'.'

the language he U!'il'd a:-4

1·tliti 1n1 ) .

in Frn1dd i 11: \\' o rk:-l ,

(J ii;.:ry whl'llu· r Frn11 k l i 11 ~t·riun -. ly rq;aril L· d

a 11 in 1pro\' l' l 11t· 111 011 1111 '.

,,J.l

, .l' r ...i.i1i11 •

"

] ·>·.>

C'llO JCE .1\~D C::;E

N C ~IBEI{

OF \\"ORDS.

"This pa,s;1ge d"'-'·" 110L :L[ •pea r in l1 1,, pri11t1 ·1l work ; Dr. Graing-e r, l1 u'.Yc1·1·1" .
. 1·r11il d 111>t hr i11.'.!' lii 11bc·lf lo rt'li 11q11i,;li L11 c iul\11.i
for tlu!} [ !lit· r:il ." ] :11·,, 1111 1>. i11 a ,t ill 11 11>rc' l11d icrnu,; 11rnu11er
1
i11·ri1.l1ra., t i1·:iily 1·~l1ihitl'd i11 l1is J•U<' lll "' it 11ow :< ia.11J,;:1

Somcli1nc", i1 1dccd, a circum] o<.; uliun ::;cn·cs
LN~ f nl

1·ir-

cu 111 lvt.·11ti•• l 1:;.

d ·!i l 11'r:1le 11.~c a-; :1 w l':q u 11 in tl 1e war f:t rc of
pu litc: ,ul'i .. fy; ,-;\\ ift' :< j>:rn·1itl1 ctil':d alli1 ,; iu11 lq J)efoc (" tl 1e follow
ll1:tL \\' as j>iliur i,·d, I l1a1·e fnrg• >L l1is llct ll l •'..')" i:< a ' kilfu l attack
0 11 :u 1 c111·11>y ; Ci cL·rn ·, s tak111 e11L ~that .\l ilo'." i' l'n·a11ts did 11ot kill
C l0Ji11s, l111L "Jid that wl1 id1 <·1·e ry uu e 11 01tld k Ll·c wisl1ct.! his
~ <· n·a11ts Lu d u i11 a s i111i la r ca>c," is au arg11 11 1t:11t ; ll o1r1cr'a
p··riph rasl ii.; e:q •rt ·s,; i1q1s f1•r t lie ad of dy i11 ,g ,·e il a11 11 111.lc:i'<liuL
fact, :u1d a old a J1·:u 11<t l i~ d!'1·cl : :t11<l La11dur llli gl1 t 1>lead scvcml
rP:1,;n"' fo r hi s lll~l 1111 er uf "IJ'lll6 tliat s11H1 e crities resemble
1

1

l HU ll kP.y:-; : -

..,

l:;)the J1urnan miml.

\\", · ar•· t1.Jd lli:t! tlil' :rng• ·I f,·J I a d:iy , a 1"11 .c;
,1.Untuer' s day; Liu· tLiy i:-; Ln 1kv11 i1itu fqn•111 1•111 :uid a fl~ ·ri1 1 1t111 , 1l1;1t
th li1ue 111ay :;eelll Lu 1,., [ll'<1l1·a1·kd. 11· · d' """ II"' ro·:11·li 11,.. c·: u·tli

·r·u sunse L;

' · T l1C're i,; harilJ_,. a :·01111 g :111tl1nr 11'110 tlnps no t n1akc l1 is first
at ll' rn pL in snn1 c: n·1·i1•11': sli .. wi11 c; his l e<'tli. k uir; in'.!' liy li is tail,
pk:1, 1·d a11d J>IP:t:<inc; \\'ill1 ti"' ,-.,litli ilil,v of J,j, <'iiat l1' r, :i.11d doing
l1 is J,,. ,1, t" ,t.:"d a p1· 1111y f,.r Ii i,; ex. liihil oir :i11 d a 1111L fn r hi s 011'11
]". >t 11· li , hy tl10 • f: 1,.,.f i•111,111·;.;s n[ tlt1, tri c k' Ji ,~ pnfll rn1 s upo11 our
li t• ad . .; and :"'d1111tld1·r.'i. ''"'
l:\·e ry ll'urd i11 J\lilt1111 's linrsfr·· in

1

lil)\\'(; \' l'l',

l>l' ,.::1 i1 l
l"\l [l l l•>t"lli i < •I!~ .

n Tllelanip o f day,·' ·'tlp~f:i..ir ::;c x , "t l11·11 1£ir 11i11 ~ 11 1<·:d," ·· tlii·
den tal organ s ,'' an.~ weak way ::; o[ dl·:-i ig· 11ati 11 g tl1 e .-, u 11 , \\'11111 ;1.11 ,
breakfast, Lee t.1 1. 1
.
t

1

A t U 1e t i 1t11..! of tih~ Iri:-.h Luni111• , llP t· lt· r_t.,:·y1n :u1 1·11t dd lii-111 .:.:

himself tu s:ty Ll1 e 11·"nl 'j•t1Llf,. , · i11 tli•; p 1il 1;1L. l'r•' "' ·lll'r., 1·:JlJ, ·,J
it' th:Lt ruoL llJttH I \\l1ivl 1 :-..n 111: 111y l\111u:--;111d ." ,.i· (;11d ' :-- 1· r1· :t1ur 1· ..... d··}iCHded fur snt11,urt, a1 1d \\11it·li i11 !I i.-; , ,j ,.., (' 11 11r1•11:-:
OOU...';Cd l o flo1ni :--l 1; ' or s111•l\t' uf ' tl1;d

t"·o1·t1 li•11t

li:i d fur a t in ic

1 • ...;

11 i1 ·1d . th··
tl1,.ir d :1i ly

:-1:1 ...

u[

t.cuancc;' bu t 11u u11 t ~ !":1itl ~ ; 1•ta l o .' " 1
,1 In stead of sf;Ll1ili11g, 1>rydc11 • \\ ilh

i11\·; ldt "'"' 11ie li fi· : '

·"'! 1· 1·l

~ f r . Bru ce . i i~ a. J);uii ..; \i \rar - st>11.~, calls 1H1 l\11 .: \ . i l\i11 .~·-"'

their oars. '

~ :L\· : 1 ~· ··
II

l t1

i

front, a ! l:IJ"lor l ll f•l'( ~ Ill .\ · ('l\\1 •ri 11g- \'i 1· W ,

~l w<e,

n

ro iq 11

111 ,- ;\\.l'l' l n · f ~·, · l i 1 .i1 dtH· . '

1li s.! :t it1i11 .L; tu s i11 g· 11 !'

:t

"!I

s"re throat, s:1\·s :

" Thi· wind :-< uf )l ardt , ~11 1 iling- in -.iil io11 ~ l .\' 1
/( ,1/,.-. ,/ i11 tlil' f 1·111lo· 1111."'·"'"f/ •' r;/ t/11: tl11·11ul
l°i nrlt.-..~ 11i1slr111·1/. ,u.!> 4

Cowper, 1111 \\· i ll ii ig

:1dds to tlic pffr<.:t . "l\"11:1L art." says \\' 1•!1, ter, 6 " is 111:<11ifcst in
the:<P f,,,,. li11c·s ! Tl1•· ohj1• cl. is Lo <' X J •r<';:~ g re:1t di,l.:111 cc and
great H:loeity 1 ue itlic r o f " ·hil'li 1.-; ea]':il.J l' uf Yt: ry e:1:<y s 11ggestion

t\>

\\Ti tt~ lif tlit ~ di :-:(' l1 :Lrgt · uf

a g n11, says:

' ' S11rh i:-- tli1 '. l·lamor uf nink:-: . d11w.;, and kilt'~ .
Tli t: cxpl 11~ iu11 uf tl1c ft:r t·lttl lu h~ t·x1 ·ih: :--. " 0

l

Sec al <o I'· 70.

I J:H:-:Wi.:11: L ife nf ,Tq}rn :- on.

'f, .., t.

lii -t oration for :\l i! o .
·1 Lu1al1Jr: \\"u rk:'i, cl 1;1p .
6 :".1 il1 1111: l 'nrndi.; 1· f.. ,. . r, li;.11k i. li1H · i ·l:!.
t.> I la11id \V 1.. : U:-t l cr : l'ri n Llt.: ( '•>1Tt·:-- 11• 1lldt •nct•, n1l. i. p. ~ fj.~,.

t(' · a:--... 111110

\1Tiks : -

l )l'l" "' 'd,

11 1•.,11 l<> di•\\·_,.<'\"(•,

, \ l.l·ll\·r ( '01i. · 1·rni11 ~ 1h c Sa crarr1c11! ;il

t1 that di.: li1..·iot1 ... l''1 · 11knt ,.f I ii ._. t r 11 j'ir-., Ill<' "' 1 1 1 1<1~11."
J. H. Low ell: A 11 11J 11 g- n1 y B1 1 ~ •k:-: : E.;:--ay 01 1 Oryd 1·11.
4 Poeti;.:a l \\'urk ~ , \ 'vi. vi. I '· '1-17 ; The Excur ~ i u 11 1 L,, 1uk Yii.
6 Co w pl·r : II opl·.
(j*

jury abuut
iv. i'·

:!I.

:; u s-

1

A ~ 11l!l111 e r' ~ dny; anti w ith t hf• ~1·tti11t:' :'lll l\

tl T11

111 -"-"'

of wl1ie;li li:Ld d• ·1.,·i1···d s•• 111 :111y li1 111 .c::1',\' s i111 11·rs

" 'o nls1Yn rll1 ".-;

l> ropt fro11 1 lht.· ze1iith like a fall inµ- ~ta r'' & -

111_1~ ·

~111d L tj>ld

are

cir1·u11il111·uti1111;;

ways o[ say i11 g- w li:1t 111 i:.,;l1l lwi kr
directly.

frnm m nrn
T1) nnon Ji,. f, ·11 .

and L11e11 t.u n ·11H ·:-: j·11 t 1\w \·1· l1wi1y. l w • drc111:-i , · - -

u~ u:tll y ,

puq11 >,.:(; .

1n ac l 1in t\" s 11 .:. .:· .~· ' ""'t:-; it...:

1 .)-U•.'

\\'(if:l l S.

£ lhc Vl~ l' V lil'sL wo nl:-; ill t l w Ja11 .~· 11:t ,~·1· l.i .-.i .~· 11 i f ,\' :-:11 d 1k11
full; u11J Lhcn eo 111c.-; a :; i111i lc, 'like a f:1l!i11~· .'t:1r.'"

.. · ~·1· r \\·ith ll':':' "a =- l •· 1!1· ·
...\ 1·u u1 11l 1 " ' ' 1·!:111 .

wJii . . k l·r1..·d \"l'rl~ r at'(',
1h·:-1tt1ilnl thl: l11wb11d t_·;im·.'"

C)F

~

Kt..: :.11 :E lt (IF \\'()1(1):-i.

,,

•I,

·' l1

!·

Circ1milncnlio11s son1cli111c,; a rise from an effort to
avoi 1l Llic rqic:tili1>11 (>['a word, somcLi 111 cs from
~" 1 1r, · 1·~ nf
wnllld-lie \\·it, :\111l somcti11 1c.~ frnm a vain attelllpL to r·l1·1·:ttc tlw sh·l1:. 1 Tl1e fa11lt is still
11 Hll'l' sPrio11s wlll!lt tltl'} 1·u1111 : frn111 c11 11 1'11.' iu11 uf tlw11gl1t.
,\ \\'rit1·r " ·!1< 1sc ideas arc 111iL cli:ar, 11r wl1u dues not
ki111w how t o L'X p rcs,; tl 1<'m, i:-; apt to "·a11il er colio ut a
1•oi11L i11sh•a1l 11J' goin g· :-;11·aigl1 t. l11 it . lie has a va.gue
t'1·1 ·li11g tl1:1l l1 i,.: r< ·ad ,•r:-; wi ll, i11 1·,1 11r,;e (I\' ti 111n, come to
1u1d ,·r,.: t:1 1Hl l1irn a,; W<·ll, ;1 t 1":1st, as· lie u11dcr::1ta11tls
lii111,.:vlf; ln1t tlwy arc rn1ir1· l ik<:l.r tu Le~so Lewildercu
11r so J'a.ti g uctl lJy llt t.; nrn lti t llllc of w or1l,;, tk1t the
t l1 11 11gl1L will e:-;c:q1c tl1 1_' 111 in p a rt, if 11 0L :-ii toge ther : in
p: 1rt., 1[ tln'.Y <;0 1:il11 c tl11·ir altf·11li11n to on e of tl1e
1 lir1·;1.J,;
tlw11gl 1L 11·1iid1 Cl'(),.:,; a11<1 l'f• cr11,;,; one an\lLlwr; altog1~ llwr, if Llicy ea1111u t fiml th eir \\'<\Y through
t.l1 c ta1 1g-Jt. .
Pruli.ril.tJ - Lhe r1111111t' r:liio n of tlii11g,. ; c iLl1 cr unim]h•da nt, o r so ulw i•111 s tktt Ll1cy migh t ha1· c lJecn left
to ll 1e readl'r tll ,.:1q1ph· from tlic co 11text or
J•i·.,Ji .x it )'.
fro m hi,.: g<' nn a l k11r111·1ctl g· r - is :illntl 1er form
or V orl1o:;ity. ;\ h til ,; (<1r.1·-tcl li'J' ;:;i 1-, •,.: tlll' S:1ll!C promilll'i)('l! t•1 Uie ,;11l1u 11l i11:11,· 11r i11 .. i1l1·11 t:il 11:il'ls ol' l1i,,; narr:1l iY\: ;1,; l<i tl1 u i11 tjll• 1·ta1 it ;11J<l 1'." "'·11(i:1l OJ H· :;; a good
,.:1.1ry-·t1·Jl,·r lixes atl\·11ti"11 li\">1 1 iht.: c:ll'lli 11al poi11ts, the
i:1di1·id11;d cin:u1n :; bnl' L'S . :u111 ll':tn·:-; tli c r .. ,;(, to tl1e im;1 ~·i1i;iii"1 L~
Om; of Ll1c tl 1i11g-:-; 11·liil'l1 di:-Li 11 c.;· 11ish tl1e
Jii:.;tt1ri:i11 f'rom tl 1c 111 crc cl1ru11iL·l\'r '" tl"' ::;];i]ful use
Ill lii:.;t11ri t·al pcr:-;pecliY c. In n.: :1:.;1n1i11g·. lie wl10 makes
c1·n .1· sll'p of (lie pn1c1:,.:::; ;1 ,.:yllo:_.:·i,.:111 11·ill ox li:wst l1is
l'L' :1<11:r:-; ln 11.Q' li1' l'on; lit! n'a c] I(':-; tl1c t·n11cl11:.;ion; li e who
~· " c s ,_]01\h· wi1cre lit <: p:di1 1,; Ll 1l1icult, a11ll ra1Jidly

or

·.!

S1..·1.· p. 17l.

where it i:; eas.r, will l1ring l1i::; read e rs to the cml wi lliout un n ece:;"ary f:1 t ig ue.
'Tbe seco11d_ of 1111-! two :-;(• nh! IH~P.'-' wliid1 f~ill ow , ti· JJ.. .; ;t p<·r:..;0 11 df
l\Ve rnge intc ll ige1H'1' :L il tJi; cL i.> <>:ti•l :tL J,·11c_:tli i11 tJ1., li1·st 11111.: : --11 Ou rC. 1'.t~l vlng t !1i :-: 11w."'·' ag1· 1 }i,~ a.ro .....,e fri1111 Ii i.' cli;t ir. JHll u 11 l1i s

coat aud l1a t, t1)1>I.: Iii.-.; 11111 l 1n·l! a, \\'e11t

dd\\· 11...; lair:-;,

\\'ttlk1•.l t11 ~ lw

railw;1.y st:ttio1 1, lio 11 .c:l1t :t t,i,.b•t fur l'ly1111!lltlt, at1•l sla rl<;d
eleven o'clock l r:ti11. "
H() 11 rt~e1·l\'i1 1 g· ll1i:-:. ll1 '' ·"~ ;1 ~·e,

}11· :-.:Ll r tcd

Illy1111111tl1

fiJJ'

111

u,..

\;y l]w

eleve n o'clock l.r;1i11.' ' )
It n1i g-li t he dilli c ult ln fi11d i11 a n •111ilaLl1· :i nilior a :- :. ··111,·i 11 ·· ·
(HhorL e nu u;,;·h Lu q11uL1') so p:t i11f11 llv ]''"'!ix as t,1 ,,. aloO\·,-,; Lllt 1·v,.ry
one wl10 ha s re:Ld alo11d a 11 .. 1-.·I .,[ ]Jick1·11 s n r uf :\11Lli oll y Trnliui.""
-- not to SJ•<•ak o f i11f-,·ri<>r wril•'l'.'i . -- Ii:" PX J".: ri1'l1c1·1l Lite eff .. ,.c ,,f
prolixi ty, tlH•11.~·h l ll! tn:i~· 1H l 11a\·e n: c ~1 .:..::11it.•'.•l tl ie ca n :-:.1l . "' \\' !1o

. ,.,.. ,

1

can ~tpporLiun ouL ;u1d do\·t· t:ti1 l1is i1 1cid1·1 1!..-.; , cliar~u.). 1 • r :-;,

scr ipLive

~P

l 11 t11·scJ.,,

i}lld e i.~· l1ty

a."' l1 1 Ji! t l1 c 1n al! 1·x ;u· 1l y

:-;ix

i11t.o

j•;t ,:._:·1• ...;. wi t l 111t1l. l ' i l l1 1'l' t:•Hl1j1f"1• ,..;:-;it1 .~· tl11 'fll

;liid

llll\l;ttlll':ll! \' .

exLe11di1ig· tli1·1 11 arlili cia!ly at iltt~ e11d 1 ~f Iii.-.: lttl1u r·: '' 2

d1 ·-

h11 11clr 1·d
tJr

.

An expn· :-;" i(l11 ! hat Sll.'/J'"'t'' : L secne <>I' a ll1<1L1o;·lii ,
while 11u L le,;:; ch«:.r th:t1 1 a sta!eme11l ill de - A i;i.U!.!::..'.•'~tinJ
"1l 1"·
tail, is far nH1rc fn rcil1l1·, -as a man see,;
more for lii111,;._.l I' i a i11 11mc11t tlia11 J.1~ ca1 1 l1 'ar11 fr(l111
prrges or <le.,;ni pt io11 .
J\J11eli ti1111 : 111 :1 1' l ie s:tYc<l tn linih wrilrr :t11<l r\'a1l1:r
Ly tlie ili"i"i"11 (Ir a. .i1,_,.(111r"e i1 it.<> l'a1·a~T: 1 1 11 1 ,, \' :1! 111· ,,f
pa1 .1 .~r:q ,J1-i .
ex:i.ctly c • 11 T 1 '.' l "'1P l i11 .~· (11 Ll1v L 1 r~<'l' di l' i,; i1111 "
of the s1d1jct.;L i11 li :1111L E1·l·ry i111p11l'!:l.llL
1 Q11 i11 t i!ia11 Jia . : iJ\11 .. tra! t••l ll1i . : l'''int in a -..i111iL1r
(lP. 8C partinm hn·,·it;I '",
111frr 111 pru.o:/Jt':t'i. 111ulfili

1111:11'
1·1

}11n ;.~ :i1n

tanw 11 1·tl i 1·it

/ rtl(l t: :wnf 11111 ·11,.,11" .-: .i/ 1·i/1(11 .~

prinrn,

dc!J t..: lllll :-1 ht•C

s..

1..

u 1·11 111 . 11 1 '<:/~ - ,.fi 811111 1 1.~ .

1· 11i1 n

qn:11·rb 111

h1 1111rl11111 ,., t1i.

.J. <.J .

\'i l1il

lio ri 11n

dii·i ('" 1 1 · ; ·~ 1 1 ..

E1 q1111fic1 1..: 1·xi tus r 1•i :-: ali:-; o:--! t·iid i !

(' '.':' C l·on!l' nfi , qun n ·l iq 1i:1

nl :--.r1,

"S o l\'!

', ..

/l( ·n I l1tf1 · 1'1';1:; 11n', ,/,, 111· ,.1;,, •"•111·, ·11it, cutt.,·,·, n 1li . .-11 /1.

pol ct-d ,:-:t·d :--1tilkit tlit·i· n· \.:] ,_, 11·11·l11 11 111·iynri.

iv. ii. xli.

"·: 1 ~· :

.:. 11t11111;t111.

Adam ~ : T.t~ ctt lrt • :-1

int1 ·!l1·g· u1if11r.' ! _
( I ll

Hh~ · li1 ri~

J11 :-: I. ~)ra!• •I' .

nnd Ora: 11ry, kd .

x,·ii i. p. 42:L
:! ..\.111li 011y Trvl11J!•(:: B11r ..:ll1' ::- tl'r Tower~. \'ul. ii . chap . x~i,·.

}-

.

~·

J :2G

CllOl C E ;\:\)) liSE OF

worms.

b e ing tlins m ark etl by a l1rc:tk i n the p;1g-c, iL i::; easy to ·
follow ll 1e main li11c of tl 1uugl1t. If, o n tlie other han cl,
an essay is ll ut di vidt.:<l i11lo p aragTa pli::;, or is divided
at the wrn 11 g p] ;1t.:cs, a n::u1 cr " ·ill gl:t u11 much
slowly tlia11 lls il a l, and \\·i lh rn u t.:h n wn: fotig1te .
An · apt quutat.ion, a L the same time tl1at it gives
,. 1,,., ,.r ,q.c the w e ig lit o[ au th or ity aml perha ps al::;o tl1 0
1
' ""''"i"""
c11 arm of nss<w iation to a Ll1n11g·l 1t, l1ri dly
sn g gc ,.;l::; 1vhat rna1 1y ad dit ional wunb 1rouid n ot fully
C Xj •l"CS:i .

J\.11Lit l1csi,.; 1 e11alilcs Ollc• t o economize Sj)acc hy Lhc help
l)tl ic r .i .. , h-e• \\·]1icl1 1·;1cl1 ut' L11·0 t.: rn1 tm,;1<'1l \Vortls g ives to
fu r 1·rc, ii y.
il1c o t lll'r : C lima-.:,~ l1y i1i crc;1,; i11 g int c rc~t
in a r a tio t.:n rre,;pn 1Hli11 g· t o t i111 c s11,•11L a 11 d e ner gy cxJ> Cnd c d; Vari el_\' i11 lang·1 1;1 _
g·c a1J11 i11 cn11strn c lion, liy
prev e n t ing the b:ssitu tle 11·]1i\'lt C1Jtn cs.from rno notony.3
"A 1,r11·1ioilu1· st.:1!t'1 1w1 il . ··x:1 mpl<' , Pr prnyr·rb . of 11·l1i ch the gen·
f•r;d a p1•l icat.i n11 "i~ o l >\' i11t 1.-.: . \\·ill 11 f ! 1·n ~a,·c :\ In~ .~ aL:-:.L ract rule,
whi"li 11 ec<b rnu " li <' Xj> la 11 :tfin n :111.\ l illli ta t i• >ll ; :111d will th us s11ggc•,t m11 ch tli :i t is 11 0 L ac t11 :d l_1· ,;;1id: 1li ll .< a 11 , 11· ,.ri11~ th e p mpose of
a mat l1 e 111:lt ie:1l .J i :t.~ r: 1 m. ,d 1ic·i1. t l 1 n 1 1 .~li it~ ··l f :u1 i11di1·id11al, s c r r c ~
n~ a 1 ·1 ' p r c ~ r·nt ati\·c o ( a i' i as:;; .
~li .t: li t /,; ,,,_... :ll:-'n re :-:pe( ~ I i 11g Lli e IHtb·
or.Ji11 a tc hr:c11 e hC's of am· s11l>j l'ct.. :111.l 11<.fi< '"" n f tl1e pri11 c iplc' that
w i ll apply to tl 1e 1n . &c .. 11 1:1.'· 11 ft1• 11 lie !-: tth-: ti11d t•1l f<' r d i .~ re :;s i vc dis·
c nss ii111 s . wlii c i1 . t hnt H~h hl1or in n:-:ly c11 n1 prt>:-: ~e d 1 wu 1ilJ yet occ upy
:\.. l llW.: lt .QT f' :1.lt• I" f-:.}1 :lCL! . '• ·\

On o \n·! J-,.] 1,),;(' 11 11·1>1·d 111;1.Y ,.::1_1· 11111rc t lian a "c11tcncc;
011 e 11·l·ll-an·;rn.c:·cil >'l' tiil' il" e 111:1_1· d i-pc 11 se 1\·i t h a para_gT:1 l'li; :rnd :1 d:1,;l1 111:1 y be 1·l<>q1 11·11 t : -.. I f y11u ,] 1c•11l 1l l r:u1 ,; f1•r 111<' :111\<H111 t ,.f y1111r r1·:t.J i11g 1by 1y day
f 1·,. 111 t l1t• " ""'·' i'''l'"r lo ll n: , t;, 1...l:> n l aut. l11 i r:<- Hut 1d1u dare ~peak
(•f s uch a. tl1ln g 'I) ) 6
12~.
'2 S c(· p. 111.
\rhate ly: R l u~ t o r i ' " p:1rt ii i. ('ha p. i i . ~ ect. i "- ·
6 n. \V. Em ers on: Svl: !c ty tu1.J ::: ul iti:dt , lJ- 17:>.

l

4

Sec p .

3

:O: t1· p. 1(;.1.

127

NlJ:>lBElt UF \\"l! !U)S.

"Richter sa vs , ill tl1 e bla11<l "( S11111:dr:t l11 erc is ~' ki11d ,,f
'- ~ [,\ <rhl-chafe r~,'~ large Firl'il i l · ~ , "l1id1 1 .·«) i1 h: ~· t i ck U}HJll ~ 1 1 i L:-;, :uHi
11

~- i U u "tnina te

th e \V:i.ys wi th at. 11 igltt. P v r:--;•111:-:; o [_ cP11 11·.
1t 1un can 'l I 1l1~
travel wiLh a l'l e:c,;:\ll t r:c1li:t11 ce 11·!1id1 t.li.:y 1nu ch adu1ire . Grc;1t

honor to the Firefl ies'.

Bnt - ! "

1

'fhe s1H;ccss 11 l" a s 11 ~·g·p s tiYr ' ,.:tyl <: c1q )('n cls, of" cour.'''·
upon t!1t.: skilfu l sclcdi <>11 of lli usc p:trt ic nlar,; S kill i n
which liring tl 1t.: n·sl a L 1J11cc a11<1 i11c\ itald y lo ;:,·:;;,'. i, 1·,·, ;:
mind. A cirt.: 111n,;la1 1\'C 11·1i ic lt. tl11>11 g l1 triYi:d
in itself, 1;tanlL for ulli cr t.: irr.:11111sLu1 ct.: oi 1norl: i1upurt:i1it,
-one, for inc;: :ti tCC , \\'l1i cl 1 i111pl ic,; t li c cxi c;l c 11cc of ;t
CltllSC for itscJ[ :lll<t Ctll' ll ll l l l C l'O U,.; o(J1vr ('ffr·e!::;. - JI Li\'
flash u pon tli c 1ni111l nwre ti 1:lll pages uf L1 et.ail C1. ll tl d
•
1

co mmun ieatc .~

"Jn hi s [flmk c·" , J ill11,;l r:rl inn' no l""' il1:u1 i11 tlic 1,,,.]y ,, f 1,; ,
work , few tl 1i11 ,e:s are 111 o rv r•·111 ark:1h1e flia 11 lii:-" ex1111i ..; it e i11 . . ti1it·t
()f :u:/ef'f,·() J) , - :L il i ll:' t i:t(' t wli ic1 1 ,..; t• 1 \/l :' a \111 <1:-: t Ct1 ufl11.-•1l \ q t.l H ~
}:'rench :L1Hl t lw E 11 g"li>•li 111i11.J. ii. i' 11><' l'"l:tr "P l'o"it c of 11li: ii.
is now so m ct i11 1(•.-; c1'1l c··l. \,_,.a f:tl., ,· :1 1•1· li1·:1 t i11 11 ,,f :i rn:itli l' 111:d.i,. :1 !
tern1, ef!tu usfio,n.1'."i." . ~ fn r111,·rl.\· n1uvl1 t.. r ;w1 i;-;1·1l l 1y tlic G C'r1 11:1,n:-: .
iintl con, i:;l in g-, lo 11:<1' tl"' l i:q •\'Y 1•l1r:< -.<> of (; ,.\,b11 1ith. i11 : L r('rl :i in
m:inner o[ l \\Ti Lin g th1 • s1i1 Jj1 ·ct. t o tlll' 1lri· ~s; · :-:;tyi 11g :ill t ii; d t·;1i1
be sa.icl on a .~i\· i · ll :-: u) 1jt•e l. wilhi ntL co 11 :-: id1·r i ng li nw far l L l ~ t ~ )
the purpose; :rnd 1· :1l11in~ Ltch \ o(•r·: 11 1."' t lwy :irl' trnl' , r:dl11·r ti l'.1 11
becau se t,l1 ey art· ... i ~· ni1i < · :111L. . , a
1

By :t sng~"< · sti1· e st _1·lc i,;, nf" cn11r,;<'. 11 1< •:111 ( a style t11at
is Sllf/.'/c>d i l'(' lo tl1 e /ll'/"·'"il 1u / ,fr ,•ssl'<l . Till' 1·11·- A'" """''·
Ii \• ' . '
I··
c111 11 sLa 11 ce tJ1aL "t!1t : f <> :O-: 1<111]; ,·d (11 1(, of tl1c ""' '' '" ~ " ' '' ' ·
willllow " al. Ji;dclt1tl1a 1 \1·,,1Ji.J lJ11t rq1rl's1·1 1t. 1li· ,.;,,l:1ti1111
to 011 e 11·lio ]; 11t· w 1111 tlii 11 .c:· ;1l .. 111 L f<>Xl':-< . B1 rnu's ":\i,.I1 c
o[ N :1 li< >11,.; ·· 1\·(111 ld tvl l i1< •tli i1 1.c:· ~ 1 l. 1 i11t Ht1 111,· t" 1111 t· \1· l1<•
h:Hl ll l'Vl' l" h eard ( \ll: s[<>I'}
iu l!l' . Tl 1c \1·or1l ,\ t l1<"1 1"
~I.'

ur :\

t C'ti r! y h: : I ll·rd1 ·"' a n d IT. ·rw\\·(1r:- li ip. J, .,·t. ".: 1: 11n 1...:
S

E. .I . l 'ayn L' : In tro ducti o n tu Seit:i..:t \\"v rk : :; uf Bur'li: c .

4 o~s i a n j

!.'l'C

p. ] 50.

':! :--;,.,.

\'l'· 17 I . ~ l 1

::-;.__.,. p. l 1jl.

;-~

.,

.'

128

C! IOICE A:'\D

C~E

OF \\' O Hll!-i.

lll.]

s: 1y s mu ch more to one 111 .-m tl1:m co ultl be Jearne<l by
a11o li 1l' r fru1n a s1 1111111ar"1· ol' (;n,c i;1 11 Jli stury, or ev ;a
fr(llll ;l sigl 1L ul' Ll 11 : l';1rLl1 u110 11 a1 1tl tl 1c J\ eropolis.
111 Lry i11 g 1w L tu 1,l'· pr•Jlix, one "'l10ulll l>ew are of th
<1J•posile c"ln.:rnc, sJ1,1ulLl avuill cl lips('s tl 1:tt it is <lit.
fie1tlt l o lJri dgc, cu 111 111·f's.s iun t hat takes t.l1 c life
uf Lu1 g1 1;i gc, Ltliorious cu11uist:11c,;s o f c 1·ery kiml;
\lj, 1,1;., ., ..i
c1·,·11 i1do tlic,;c faulh a \"l: rho:;c writer ofteu
i.r...:\·iiy
fall:-; . l 1111':iti,· 11 t l1i n1,;(']C nf' his sluw progress,
]1<• t;·i"·" l<l get <1n L1>kr, Lut 01ily sll<'•·eeds i1 1 on 1itling,
11"L wl 1:1.L lii -; rl'a<ln,.; 111:t.1· ''" pre:<u 111 e1l to know, Lut
11·i1aL Jii: ki 11)\\'S 11\':-; I !ii 1 11.~1·! I'.
Brc 1·it.1· is 11u t.. l1t1wc1·c1-, as some H'l'lll to tl 1ink, tho
0 111~ tlii 11g 1H'C'1!1'1il i11 1Hiti11g-. Tl1 c sliorll'...- t wonl, sen·
tenet·, or par; 1.~r:q1h is 1wL IH'< T""'1.ril/ tl1c lic:;t one.
EeuJJ Oll1.)' in sylhliles i:,; ll llL al\l'ays t.r11e eco11 0111 y. Tho
ve ry a. 11 t.l 1or wl;o bys i t dllWll as '"an a xiu111 that Jrtu.
g11or is Llic c:i. nsc or tl 1c effect o[ most clis•mler:;," also
says : "ft. is si lly (,) arg-11c tkit 11·c gai 11 gro und by
sl1orlr•11 i11 g nli all oel·a,;i"11~ tl1 c s1·ll :il1l.1·..- o f a s1·nteuco.
!Lili' ;L 11 ;in1ttc, ii' iil tk1'<l sn llltt;·l1 is l'l'tj~t i,;i! e , i;; well
s1w 11 L i11 ('l1·:11·11c·s,; , i1 1 f'1il1H·s,;, :11111 pl,•as11r:dilc ncss of
1·xp r"""io11, a11d i11 1 · w.:·: 1 .~·in~· Ll 1e <'.:tr l11 v:1.rry a rnc::;,;age
to tl 1 1~ 1111der..-ta11di1w ... 1

"'

1 L :1nd"r:

\\. url,.:. , , ... 1. j,· . Pl'· :,0 1 !11.

<2ui111ili;111 h:1 " a ~<'n l• ' 1H·e lo th csn rne

l.ff ,• t't: "F 11r!a..,..,f~ 11hiq11!' , i11 n:Hrrlliont"' 1:111 1··11 11ra1·1·ipuf' . nwdi;l 1l:t1;C tt~nc rula
~ii ,· i:1din· ndi .1p; flll lt1 rn "PH -" t·~t . 1· ~ q11a111.11111 ... ;i t i ... , ... f.

i

i',

i,l t1; 1t 11u n1

11p11s est. :tll(t: IU

llt!lt ita :-oln rn an·i1,i , ·, .J11, 1111 11 nl 1t 111 ad i 11 di, ·a111\11111 :- uni.·i1 . 1p1 ia 11011 i11ornal 1l

dt•! Jt.'t

e:- :- 1~ hn·\·it; 1 ~ . ;i\i11q11i

:-it

1111aP d;·!1Tta11f \ ' idP111ur 1 111
ori:-. . 111 i n u::i fa tiga t qu:1111
ii.

xh· .

ii1dn!'fa: n:un

a111111·1111 11 \

durum

...i

f;il lii

\ '1 d1q1 f;i ."'

d

111i1111s

lon g-a

n1· 11 11dh· ik r. P!i:1111 ... i t:~t !'- patii nmp l i~

aridu 111q ue cv11 1h.:11diu 111." -

ln st. Orator. i\'.

A RRA~GE ~ E~T

OF

WUBD~.

·_1

CHAPTER III.
ARTtA:-:GE'.\IE:\T OF \\' OJWS .

in eit Ill;!' sl'"kc11 or \1·rittcn <li...-cn m,.;c c1qwnds
eve n more Hpo 11 Lli c unl1· r in wl1ielt wnrth are arran0_T 1l
than npon tlil'ir cli1J i1·e or thl· ir 'l lllillU1'r . I ll all idL·al
nrrn.11gL·t11 e 11 t, tln· p11,.;it io 11 o[ c1·<·ry n· rhal sign Ti ... 1.i,.,.1
woukl e x:1 d ly co1T,·s1H111< l tu t I 1:1L o I• 'cl•1e t.l 11' 11g
· ·
j"'uifiell ; Llii.! unln uL' tlil! Li 11 :_: 11 agc 1ni11 l•l Le the orilvr
0
.
of tlt e tho 11 g lit , a111l wo1t111 .l i..- ti11t'tl y i11di l·;1.Lc tl1l! n :Lit11c
importa.llcu oi' l' \ C I'} clJ 11 ,; titu L· 1it. p:trt ul' tl1c eo 111p1•s1ti111 1.
•• If co 11fun11it y lid11·e,·1 1 \\'uril..- ;1111 ! thei r rn c:i11i11 g lJe
, u.g reea.lJle , it H1usL vf cu 11r,;e 1.H.: ag rcL:;d'11; Lu fi11<l tl1u ,;a 111c
,' order or a.rra11gc lll\'ll t i11 lillth ." ' l or tli is icl l!;d arrn1 1g·cmc nt n o hn1 na 11 L111g1 1ag1: is s tt:<l' C['I il1J ,. huL a wri ter
sho ulJ ai111 tu u 1m• : a,; 11 ear tlll' i<k;il ;1 s i" }H: rn1i tkd hy
the limi tations of tli e l;u1:-_:·11:•gc i11 \1lii 1·l1 !11: writes.
I. Cle;1n1 ess ;11111Ft1 n :<: 111av t11'k11 ],.. .~ :i i11 1 : 1i J,y A11tlthes is,2 - ti1 e ~1·//i ll.'/ uUC /" <1:/ 1tin.,f. ~ l';t('}I ()I itCl' <i J' Ya l "' ' n i'
.
, .
-.
·
) A 11 lll h~-'~Li.
contrasted or nJi p osed ideas, c: xpres:'C•l 1ll ;tllgua.ge t] 1a.t 11ri11g,.; ont tl 1c co11Lr<t,;L 11111sL l'"rci ld y, wu11 l
correspi )ndi 11 g· tu wunl , cb u,;c to cLlllse , crn1 ,.;!n1ct 1111 1
to constnt cli t>ll a Tiic prine iplc j,; tliu :same w1tlt tl 1:1 L
which makes a wlii tc object appear \Y l1i t"'1· and a IJlad;:
one black er if the black and t he 11 l1ite a. re pl<tc1.·1l sid t:
by side, - particularly if the_y arc ,.;i111ilar ill ,;ize antl an;
looketl ~t t f rum a. similar poi11 t uf Yiew. In liul11 ca,;co; ,
SUCCESS

!ll"L" ' U l"•·H H ·tJI

1 f. 11 rd l\: ;u111· -i: Ek111 e11l:-1 vf t 'ritil- i ~ 111 : chap . x,·iii . :;.t·ct. ii.
Frum

i.tvT,-r!Orw·'·

!Sd opµo:;i tc.

u Sci.:' p . l :Ji' .

.-

~ --_,,_

.

-~~·~;

mo

1:;1

ClllllCL A :\IJ L:)L UF WUltDS.

antitliesc :s are pccttliarly valHal11e as cxam tltU} :tl"l; rnd a11titl1e"L''°', l'.01Tl',.; j>()lil1i11g t•1
· ti real opposiliu n LeLweea ilka,;; :t1 1d abu lie cau,.;L: tlw1·
arc not :so fr Ct [IWll t or ,.;() prolrade<l a,; to \, 1•1;u1111: 111U, noto nous, -l'Xl'l']\e11 ees 11·l1 icl1 ea1111<1 l L u f1tli ,1· ;1p p rcciate<l wiL1w11 t •t t.lwrn11gl 1 ,;tudy vl" v11e vl" Bmke·s
i<pecc lies :ts a 11·1 ,.,J,) .
Jn striking eu11lr;1 ~ l \\'it\, tl1i,; gTP•d. w1 ilc' 1-',;
use of A11titl 1c,;\,; arc ll1e ex 1·,.,.;,.:e,.; i1 1lu "'l >ieli
:'.\l• 11· I<
Dr. Johnson, Cili l1u11 , ,Ju11it1 ::>, ;111<1 l'\"Ct l J\la- A 1••i•li o, i•.
(l,unlay fall. Su111 cti 111 es ,.:uvli \Hiln,; tl 1rvw ,;i111pi e se ntCllCCs in tu an a11litlietieal furn1 "by ll1 e :tdd iliun uf
cla uses wlii eli ~tdl1 litlk m 11 ull 1i11 g tu U1c se 11,;e, ;1J1<l
whieli l1ave L1ee n to111pa rcd tu tl1e faLe lia1 111l e,; :wtl k .. yholes wiLl1 wl1icl1 l'urniLure is d e1;uratc.1, tl1at :wnc 110
Qt}lCl' purpose (]1<111 lo 1' u !'l' l' ·'<j>0 1ul / 11 t11 t' "/"l'il{ 11/l 1' S ... I
Sometime,; the f'ault con,.;i:-;b in :-;1ielt a l"req11e 11t u,.;e

jiles, UCl.'.<Ll!Se

';'

"I f.' · n · jj, .... 11nr gund l·: d111 111 1,\ [ l~ 11rki· J wl1 11..:e l.!"l'lli1 1:-; \Ya s !jllt h
\\I ' :--<' ;l\'i '" l\ ' c: lll /1/ 'fli.,·.. ii , nr /,/1f/// f' it fO•l lllHCli.
'
\\'!i n, li11ri1.ftJr tl11· 1111/rn·:;, • , 11•11'!'1•11 -'d hi~ 1ni nd ,'

i''

An d

111 /H fl°I!/

;.:;a\·c 1q 1 ''hat

w;1-; 1111 •;111f f 11 r

111 n11 /:ind. '

I

, B 11rk e make ,; l"re •[l l!"'J1L a1ul effediYc use oC AHLilliesis.
l' x a Ill]' l c : d A gTt'i
lL c11q1ir ~ · :1 11d liitl t: rniw l:-; ,.....
r,.o ill t11f1'1·11
11 \ 1·• • • • Olll..i\Jlw
,
,-.

l· u r

1.·1· sl1 1 r s J1:1\·e. L1: n1 1·d a :-- a \·; l_
:. :_·1· " ·iJd1 •r11t ·:.;.' into :1 .~· lori11 11 s

l 1;1\' 1• n1adi>

' " 'L hy

1l1 t:.111 d:-;L

d ··~ L1-. 1n1;c;· ,

]1;11 111itJ1 ':-.."

i1!'

1.11 1·

1 · ~l1•11 :-. i r1 • ;l 11d I li e

einpire; nud

l1011(1ralde co nquet'tS 1

111il y

l.u L J,,. i' '"' "".ti11·' lit e ''l'·il•J 1 ii

i" 11111 1:1r1

r;·wt: . ..

:.!

~·

..

'

,

'

'

L
ie

11111 11

er,

ti
10

" l'""'I ''""'' 11 .. , t""'· Thi ,; I
11,., •dill'r 1"11 11 .,f l'"rjd <' x1 ·.! :t111l
l1 :1r.··d 1.

of Antitli e:-;i:-; ;i,; ~in's t n the cmnl'o"ition :>n Vx,.,., ,h..,
11
ar titicial :1.ir ; tl11' ;1t1ll1or :-;c•rrn,; 111 !'" ·'· 11111rt : ,\"" " ··i•.
attention Lo i11:11 11>l·r tkt1 1 to 111:ttt .. r: "], .. :-; ti11111Lit(',; till
all st i111 11la11h lu,; e tl11·ir ]'<>\\"er.'' 2 ~11e11 l'XcT",; 1\'l: 11se
of / u itit lll'" i" 11·:1(1.~ tu 1·x :1g,g<'r:.tio11. T1 11: i1H),.; t. :-;triki11g
contr:tsL:-; are l 1et11·1·1·1 1 1·xLn:111 e,.;; 1.11L tl 1e lr 1lllt ran·ly
lies a t eitl1cr cxlrl'111c .

'l'l1i .. .; is ft111 11d

Besid es <' IH}1lny i11 gn1111P1'f•:-; ...;;try
a 11t.it.11 P:->i~ l0 c·xpr" ss \'1 rv
siinpl e jffOJ1!1:--1it.1<111:-;,' s '.\Iac-;1.11L\y l1:ts a l l·1Hli•1 1c.v t0 lnak1· :-;lig 11t
sacri fi ce:,; of t.rnll1 to :wh t lic,;i ,; . Tl11: cli:q ·l··r 0 11 llw ,; t.:il.•· <>f ,,,, ·i cty i 11 11i8!l ha.~ hee 1t ro 111· ictt'.J of 111:u1~· 1•x:t.C:-.'..!"<'l":tl1·.J , 1.;t1,. ·11 w11t:; Ly
lesr; tla.zzli 11 ~ a. 11t.iq u a.ria11s. !11 l1i.. .; 11111111·r1111.-; c1H11pari ...;< 111:-; lwt,we1·11
d·ilfercnt i111·11 , li p 1111•111•·, t i.in:li.ly t:•"'l'l'l".' witl1 tl w rl' aliti 1·' f, ... tlw
sake uf e11 hallc i11g tlie vfT,·ct. l ie l'X•t.c::-:···r:.te' lh u 111eLu 1cli• .•ly ,,f
4

1 I :iil.J . : 1ni lh : l:l'talin! iun .
1t!HI l >ryd !.: 11.

~·· c· 111 :3-o

1

'

l

Popt1
] "'J1<1!1 ·l .\' : J: l u~ li)ric, pnrt iii.

1')1;1 p.

ii .-. i•d .

~l 111·a 1d a _,. ( <1f Tn1 ·i 111 .. ) : E ~~ 11y 1111 lli ~tvry.

" "Ed iidJurg! 1 I: L"\·it! w.

11

Xi\' ,

> .:;
•'

.'.)_
l .,

Cll11H T

Alll L\NGE'.\IE~T

.\:\il l·s1·: UF l\'UHflt;.

Jhntc> 's <'iiarade r <Jll tl1<' 011« lia11d , :wd tJ1,. cli('e rfulnes~ of Milt.on'&
o n ti 1t.! vl1 1c r; li e p11ls L1;o str·•111gly U1c' p1l1'l:ly ill1.1st rativc c!taract •
o!' J)a1Il.<:'s si111iles i11 C(J11L1·:1di .sti11di<>n Lo t.h c ['llrdy poe tic or or· ·
ll:i11w11Ld cliaracler of ,\fill.011 's. t:o lit! ]>rolialil.y ove rstates the
sl1:i!Jmrnt~ S.S ;.l.lld f Ji {'j><Lll CY of i\!tJJitt'.St]llil' ll , lo Ji e igJ 1te n uy contras(
tiie s<>lid ily an•l ;;bLclint'ss of .\Ltd1ianlli." 1

1:

Hal1rncnl .w·nt.;11, .,.., -tl1at is. sentences composed
riar a11 ,., •.J
succcssi1·c cla11scs wl1id1 arc con;;truct.cd OH ·
.,.,,,,,,,,.. the salllc plan, a1ul in 1rl1icl1 co ncspontlin g ·
word;; <• CCllflJ cun·espnudi11g places - ofLcn contain
an titlidical wurcls ur claus1's; l>ut CH:1 1 wh ere they do .
J1()L, Ll1cir :ul vantages :1JHl di:-;:1tha11lagu::; arc similar to '
Ll1os,; <•I' :\. 11till1c ..;; i.".
!Jr .. J0i>1J.st\i i's w .. [l-kno\\·11 par:illel \,,.[IY " <'ll l>ry .J en and Pope
i.-: fiill ,,[ .s.,11Lc 11cc!.-< of Liii ' 1:l1arat'i.!'r . It t'I1tl> a~ f<•llows : .. I t tlr" lli ;.: ltls u( !Jr:-1k11 tl1c•ref,,re are lii 1.:l •t'I", l'ope continues
ln11 .t:Pr 011 LI"' "·i:i g . 1f .,f llry•h-11·, fir" tl1" l ol:ize i' hri g liter, of
Pnp<·~s th1• li eat l s 111 n1 \ • n·.t!' ular a11d ( ' ! 111sta11t.
I>ryd1 11 <1ft.en rsurV"·''"' •' XJ'l'CLa t io11, nnd !'< •!'<' 11< · 1· ..,- Lil l; ],,.J,,w it. ]lry de n is read
11·illi i'r<'qllt'llt aKto11i,]11Jl!'lll, a11.J l'll ['!! \\·it ii J'..,- j'l'l ll:Il dcligiit."2
1

'''ll<'n not cn.rriPtl to execs,.;. tl1 c li.lla11 cccl structure
;1~T1· e ;ilil c in 1lic ('ar, i,.; a liclp t11 Ll1L; rn cmory, and
.~· i1·,.s ,•111pl1a,.;i,,; l1l (';td1 ,,f tlic l1ah11L·<·il cxrwcs~io n s:
1111!'11 (':irri('d lo 1'Xc"""· it. mak es :t writ er llic slave of
sn1111cl : it pr()d11vc::; uun11 ilic reat11 ·r tl1c! 111<Jnotonous
1·flL <'L wi!lici11t tl1c cl1:1n11 oJ' rl1ytl11n; aHd iL l ea<ls to
a ,.;a cri licc uf strit.:t tn1Lh .
is

0

'' ..\ l.n10, po ~·t wiJ'I n evr•r C«'t1fr)1t1hl \·cr ....:.1• a11d p rost\; w11 ereas

it is

":""'·'t

<' i1:1r: u·t .. ri;li•: .,f i1i,Jiff,.r,.11t I'"""! \\· ril"r" llta.L Ll1!'y should
11t· t·11 11.,1:uit!.r :-; Jil'J'ifl ~ int <J ~{' rap.'-' 1Jf 11u'tr1>. ., 3
En:n writers of 111,.rit arr' nnL fre e from U1is fa ul t . Heaclers

•J•}

fr. Dickcus, for CXR!llJ•le, arL' Lu11i li ar will > Iii .'< i'u11t111ess for rh1·tl11 n .
f rtic uhirly in patl1elic ['" '·'' lg"l'.s.

A"·art •. liitrh<'if uf tl1i.-< \\·e:.k11es.s,
asked Fm,te r , lii s friend and proof-r,.:rdn , '" r<'lll•·dy tl1" ditii tnlty by "knocki11.c.;· u11t a "'"rel lwn: :1.11.l lh<'r•·;" L>ut, 1111!'.. rt11ll:tiWly, Fornkr pa id litllc li ce•! to lill' r<'•\ ll<>t.

}n~

Clearness aml Fun·e faHlr tlre arra11gcme11t ol'
,words in a scnle11ce, a11ll uf "l'llll'1 1ees i11 a
Climax .
p rng raph, in a n a::;ecndi1 1_g snic,.:, tu cnnsti- .
t ute a Cli 111 0.c, 1 U1e less 1111porLL11 t. e1>111 111g lH'i"re tlic
more irnporla.nt, tl ie lc::i::i i11tcre;;t i11 g l.cf1>re Lill.~ 111un.:
fotcrc stin 6-, tlie gc:1 11: r;tl JJL·furL' t.l1c ,.;pecifil-, tl 1e spL:cilie
before Lhc i111livi(l11al. 2 A ::; the in lurest s li uulcl e1tl111i nutc in !.lie flf'll1 :w L l>f' :t phy a11il i11 tl1l: l;i,.ct, q11arlcr of
J.1 !:!lOl'.)', ::ill :;]1<>11ld "acli i1it.cgra[ ]':u'L ot' a C<>lr ipu,.;it i " 1 ~
ntl wiLl1 t.l1e nws t st.riki11g l·iretl1n ,.;t.: 111cu. "As i11111Jl'1li ·'
utch :tfter luuki11.~· at. tl1t: ;;1 m Wt: ca11 1P 1t j•l'r"' ·i1·L! 1lw
lird;t
of a lire ') \Y l1 ile lJ\:
luliki11•,. ;1L llie lin: li1·,.;l. atJ<l U 11~
0
.
nn a.fterw;trd,; we ea11 pcrn· i1·e [, ,,(Ji: ,.;(), al'kr rc cc il'in(Y
a Lrillia.nt., or \\·\'iL:·lit .1-, or 1t:rril1le tl 1011:.;lit, \\' C .. :u1o
not a.ppruc i: tle a le,;,; ),rilli:wL. li·,.;s \n·i~ltty, or lc,.;s
terrible 0110, wl1i k, lJ} re\"C:r::iing tl1e order, \1·e l':tll
appreeiatu C:Ll: I 1. ,. :l
Tlic CJ i1 11; tx: 110,.;s1 ·ssl's t 11·0 pri11 cip;il :uh:t11L1 gv:-; : it.
preve nt::; rn c nt:1l fatigue hy eo 1rli1111;tll.v in - ,,, 11.""'"~··"
crca:;ing the pk<tsn rc of nH ·11bl l'X1·rt.irn1; ., ,-, i.oUi•nax.
antl it :rnp1.Jies 111'-'a11s "[' mcas11ri11g the i111por!:rn1·c uf"
the final :;latun]('nt, a:; i11f'erio r el1•Yatio 11,; help the eye
t-0 mca,;nrc tlic lll'i;,;'1 1L "I' a rno1111tai11.
T l1 ere :Ll'e ll<l l1t"ll<-r <'X:llnj!li•s ur c li1n: ix Lkui ilIP liac knl'ycd Oll!'S
:..l

•

~

~·

from Cice ro: "A Li it, exC•'"iL, e1·:isiL, c nrl'iL.,.'
l

<\ .!1·ri dg\·: Li! e rar_v H1.: 1n nin..:. !,•t.:f . xi,.; <l11 ~ry J... 11 l) ratitJH011<l~:::;ccm.l e t
ad L'J'1·pituin d 1;; i111ru111.•· -\ltli111ilia11: 111 !' !. ()r;,ttur. Ix. j,·. h .
3

1 ""

uF \\'O HD:-;

K,\7µa.!. a lad1lt-r

a SJu'!H'(ff:

tW ~t a ir 1·a :-1 j•.

l 'hilu ~ q 11Ji.,· of

:-'t yl t!.

4 Ora l.ions agai11 ~ t Cutili1i..:.

ii . i.

2

Sec p. 81.

.'

~

.

Ci1<1ICI: ,\\!>

1,·~E <iF

n.-)

11·0 1:1>s.

abu fro1n tl1c

"To 1•nL a Hollla11 cil izPn in rliain ,; is a 111i.'<<lce,I; to scou~
l1i111 i:-: a ('ri11 11· ; {ti l\i ll l1i111 i~ al1111•."' t 11:trril'id1 · ; to critc~f'J hln\...:
\\l1 at >ktll I c:tl l iL'~ J.'.,r ''" 111·f:1ri .. 11s :111 a\'L tl1t'I'<' is no wnrd. "I
( >1 l1•·1· 1·x:111111!.-s - l""' str iking , i11d•·•·d. tli<ut Lhose [rom CicC'll!,·,

11111 n11•l'<' a1..-11r:11 .. ly n·1·n·"·1iti1 1;.: tl1e Cli111ax a s 11 sc1\ i11 mod
\rri 1i11 :.!-- an• ;1s t'1dl t1\\·:' : -

" S.111·!1 is ll 11· ,. 1ri·11 .~·t l1 \\'iili \\l1i c·l1 p"l"ll:di"11 "l"".ts in tltat rui'.
11f 1111· m•rld , tl1al , slal1· tl1t · 111111tl.,.r.s :1.s li i .~· 11 a:'\\.,, w ill, wl1il ~tthe
1

l i ."' J·11~1· l·•111li11111·~"' . t!w

; 111y ,:..:·1,·1 ·11

111 a _:_.:·111l11tl t_·, tl 1t·_,. ;l rl~

.sli;11! li11d "" li:l\·" ll1il li1111s 111 .. r·· lu 11i;1 11a ~· , ..
f r111 11 i 11fa11<'_\' l• 1 J!\;111h<1ud, t J1;t 11 Il1t·y :-- 1q·c;u l frvtll

.t..:TO\\' fa.'. 1L'r

1

a11d fro111 \'il la.'.. '.· i·...; lo

familiet

11a t i (11 1s . . , '.!

":--:ir , tl1~· Yt:11vrald e ag1 · uf t11i :-; ;,.;T1·;tl 111a11 1 lii:-) 111 erjLell rank
li i . . . s1q,L.:r iur eJ. 1qtH'llGt' 1 hi ." ;-;.1de11did 11t1<1li1ie ....;, l1i s (· 1ni11 e11t, servic°'
ll1 c' 1·:: sl s1•:lc'e 1... !i lls i11 t. l1 L' •·ye ,,r 1J1 :111l;i11d; allll, mure Lhan all

ti ... re,[ , his fa ll l'rn1u ]''"'·~ r, wi1i cl1. lik e d··atl1, ~a. 11 u ni zcs arul
:':L11t·I i!l 0~ :1 .L!Tt.• at d1a ra ckr, will 11• 1l :"\llffL·r
11
(t ( Iii .. .; ('() I lt l t1 L' t.
:I

"ll is ll11; "l'irit uf ll1t· E11gli ,; h C.. 11 , lil11 1i1111, wliid 1, i11 fu
ll 1r"11 .'.!·h t.l1l' 111i.c:·lit y 111" "' · l" 'l'I':«], .,, f, .,.,J.,, u11it e.s, i11 vig-umt.Ql
1i1·ili 1·< . 1·c·1·ry l"" L .,f tl w 1·1Jl1 •ir" . 1·1·,·11 du11· 11 tu tlic 1uinut.:8l.
JIH'J ll

JH ·r. ' .

·I

' ' l·:1·1•11(s \\'lti 1·l1 , 1, .. rt- :' i:,:·hl<·.J p ,Jiti,.i:111s :1:.:nil11·il to ciirlhly
1·:ttl "l 1'."" !1; 11 / 111···11 11r1h ir 11 ·•l 1i11

lii ... f !ltt· l 111r it.:11 1' ..,l

; 11·1·111111t .

Fol' his

~: 1k1· 1·1111 •iri ·.-.: li:l d ri s1·11. ;111d rl1111ri .--. Jwd . :11 1•1 •l1•; ';i\'1·d.

I.lie ,\ l111ig lt1y h: 1d pnwl:ti111f'd l1is "i ll !.v n, .. 1•··1; .. r th" Cl·angelist,
a11d tl 1e li;1rp uf t.I"· 1•r11i'l'"t. .II•· 11:1<! l.1·<'11 n:,;<·11t·t.1 l. y no common
d.·li1·1·r1·1· fr<>111 Iii<: ;.:r:1"l' .,f 110 C'0 111111"11 f,., .. ll" li:11l li~c n rau somed
Ly II "' sw,.at c• f 110 \'td!.i·:1 r agt>n1-. !..1· 111·· J.J,,otl 11f no c:irthly
.s:onili1·e. IL w:t" fur l1i111 !Ital t1 1" ~1111 Ii:"! hee 11 1brkc11e<l, that
1!1" n•('k,.; h:id !<1'1 ·11 r<'nl , tl1:il t!t 1• •l<':td l1:i1l :11·ist' 11. tl1a t all Nature
lo:1d sl1111l.Jv re.J al tl1e ,.; 11 ff, ·ri11 g.-; .. r l1•·r •· x1• iri11g GuJ! " 0
1 Or:1li•)fl;:. :1~:1i11<..t Y~ · rn· .. . ii . \'.

J.'\, ..

1·h:x .

Bnrl\•': \\' ., r \,;;-; , "''I. ii. p. :!I: ~ 1w1 ·1 ·h nn ( '•1J1cilint iu11 witl1 Amcri 1.: a.
It ll1id . 1 ,.,,J. i. p. '4~!1; ~!···n·li 11n A1 11nic:1n Ta,atio11.
1
·

Iliid., , ..,J. ii . p. Kl: Spr•p 1·l1 un
~lu ca1d:1y

E,,;ay ,; ;

~lilt u 11 .

H

\\'l 1il;-;L \\'c a re lli s cusMitt~
gn1,,·11 Ln it.
\ Yl1 il st w e spend our

111i llions, w
Y11111· cltildre u <lo not

tu c11?1 111111 11itit.'.""

~c.d,

l ' •11 11·i !i:t1io1 1

~ cc

end t:d wi Ll1 a t ' 11l d.~· i1l11\
\Vlia.t t•Cll ca1 1 d1 •:-.:1·riLe tlit•

L1j11H1 tJ1< 1 , frfi"("(l<'.'/ (~(his l11111dwn.!ln y .

t.< •:tr s ,

tliP

Ll11H·11lati1111....;,

tl11~ :1 .~(111i1·.--i,

1· 1Hb .

i'.\:1 .'..!'g1· r;t!i1111

i11 dclil1c r at.1 11g 1.._11 1 ll11· n1 11de ._ ,( g1 1\' j'n1i11 .~ two

ti1111·

" Langung(' . , . ran i: 1fu r111 t\1,·111 [ll'tmbJ \\'ill1 tl10 "i'irilu:il
thilosophy ,,[ Ll1e l'a1 1i i1 11• •·1·i,1l1·,;, ti ll' li1·i11g tl11 111d"r uf a JJ,.1,, .. ,;1 ues, OJ' the 111a.t l·r ial 11i{'t11rt• ... jl\Lt'llt' .... ."\ ul (f U tl .'"Sl'/I . . . J
An ul1it11a ry lll •t. ic:" , a i'l<' r 1·111111w1·: lli11 .'.! tl11· 1·irlt1<'S tlf 1111· .J,._

willi A1111...: rh:a.

i'P· Jll , ;t.JI.

SL'c p. 117.

:\:'

The

A11ti-dirn;tx. Ill a.)' , lw\1·t:1·c r, lw dkcti\'t: a,; a \1·c;t-

pon of irony: u 'Vl1 c n Georgi \ tll('. Fuurtl1 was . . till

fl't .~ 111u g· nn~r t111! p rirac11· :-1

of '1Vi11Jso r, wl1 e 11 t.lt e ll 11k e 11f \\'c·lli11gt11 11 \\'a -< P ri111" ,\li11i ..-t l'l',
11.ud J.l /r . Vim·y IC(IS 1lll l.'f' 11" (~( th e (1/1( cr11p11rrrtiou in )\f i1/ , /lr-111(1r(/1 ,
;\{rs. Casa ubo11, b orll J>,,rulh e<L Uruuk1•1 !tad Llken l1t:r 11'l·dd i11t<
to ltullle. " "
Clcarnl'""

re qu ire,.; t11 at the W1Jnb a11tl

arc di,; !i 11d,

i11

tl1011,c;ltL sl1:11l lll' 1lis-

t:il1c t in cxprcs~ inn , a11d

tli;1L tli11:-;t 11early
l 1n111 g· 11L a,; 11e;1r

ro1atctl .111 t l w11~· 11L s 11:t ll l l<)
to each 0Ll1er i11 cx11n ·:-::--:in11

:·1:--: p1,:-;:-.; i\11\·.

I~y

dati,: (' -;
i n . i 1,

; 11\~: 1 i1 ~ !.1\
1

in

~h,.. id
il 1''''"
.i;
;,,..,

1

l" .\l·ll· :-~ ' 1.
11

1

oonfonniLy to Ll1i,; 11 rin .. iplv, Lire 11111t11al rl'Liiit111s nl' !lie
co n~tiL1H·1it . J•;11" h

11 1' :t ,.;1 ·1tl('11•T, tJ11 tl11: 1111e l1:i11.J, \1 ·ill J.,.
clen,rl y i11di1·:11t-d: ••11 tl1t: 11tl1n 11:11111, tl11· w111d ,.; \1l1i 1·l 1
go to 1na.kr: 11p ,· ;u·h ]i:tr L \1·ill Ill' 1·l",.;l'ly l1p111 1d !11~·1'!l1tT.
Atlvcrl>s a11d a1l\·('rl1ia l ('XJ.Jl'C:':-.;i1>11s ~l1nu1d al\\·ays 1)u

so placl'rl

;i,,.;

f() ,.;]1()\1· 11nmi,.;(:1.l;alih· \l'l1a l \\'()1'11,;

t}1ey [1.l'C i1Jt elll l1'<l (n <11 1a lify .

Tlw ft1llo11 ing

Prn 1wr
Jr••:- il i,• n ,,f
;l 1lvcrl1::..

n.re in::;tanees ol· tl1e Yiuhtiun of ll1i,; nil<: : " \ Vltrtten1r qualiti es lie l1i111.'"l(, ;1rn/1,1/,/!/, 11;1.J nrq11 ir1•tl \\'iliiu11I.
difficnlly or speci al tr:i i11i11g-, lie Sel' tnS lo lia1·e su1•1•11St·•l I.hat l
ought to acquire as easily . " 3
1 l\Tn r:--11: Fng-1i . . Ji Ln n ~ u;l g-<'. lc· c t. xiii .
{; •. .,rg-1• J·:liot : ;\iiol tl\ o·ll)arl'ii. l10CJk ii. <"hnp . xix.
3 .\Jill: ..\ ut11l1iot;l'.'.IJ'h.'". p. :J7 .

13G

" T i"' .< 111,,1>tli T11•>111>1011y r, [ t he lr a.Jin f: r 1· ligio11s !Aipics, aa
ac:·ed l>y !11.· Fr,•n,·li <>r:1tor."', 11111/, ,. t lw /ru1t111e 11/ of .fe re 111~ Taylor ~ ·
ce i\'L"" a t •·a \·1 1 t11ri 1 1d. tlH· ;-;1•11 t1· t1 ce :t n ew !l f·xure." l
.
f · ·:~
"111 [':ti11ti11 g- :rnd i11 '1'11Ijdllrr' il j, 11111\' pa."' t di ., puting- th nt,l!
11·0 :u e .i .. , li111 '<l tn i11f,. 1·i,.rit .1· at a ll, i t j , a n i11ft· riorit.y 01tl!f t-0 tJa>. :
l ial i:i11 .-. :111d Ilic a111· i1 ·11 t <: rn ·k .' ; :111 i11 f1· r i<> ri l.y 11'hic:l 1, i( it w~
1· 1·1· 11 "11·1· t11 lH· pe rn1a11 e11 ! . II'>' .-. liar• • wilh :ill Lil e otl 11· r walici()U!f
11:d i 1q1:-: :tr11u 111l n s . , . ::.

"lI1• \\'HS a l111 ut, f c) g< ' n n, wlu·11 lie p<.,,n·1·in•d frn 111 h er qui\·cring1•y1· a 11 1[ pa llid "lw·· k, 1l1:il.11 01 11i 11 g ' "·'-"' tlia11 i "IJ""ture waR i11 tcndcd,
a 11 d Llu t. !iv \\' l1:d i· 1·1 ·r 111 P:u1-; li r r i111 ag· i11a till11 liad lwe n so impressed,
it" "' r1·a ll y di.,( 11 rh1· d i•y 1111:tff,-c l".[ a1Y •' :e nd t1 ·1To 1·." s
"l'.•nP. i•>i'" li:ul it) J.var "1' :1l <>11 e f••r t11·l'11ty 11·pary years, wi Lh·
011t a fri 1·11d , ll'itli1°11 t a 1·ou11s ~ ll o r , and 11·ill1 ccrn a cliilcl whose oon.
1

sta t H ' Y \\a S \\":l\"C' ri11 .~·.

1

·~

.. Os,vald 11ol on l!J cu11un 1111icatr•d a e1>}1y uf 11i:-; c:u 111111i ~;..; i o n /11il a.
an d~ lc tt P1· fn1111 tl1 e :-;"''" l'l' l; 11·y of ::it.at•·-" 1

rt of hi s instrucLi o ns

.A pronoun :,;]wulJ lJe so phcvil a s pru11 1pt ly aml 11n mistu.lrnbly to prc:o;cnt it:; a1 iil'ccdl· 11L l ll tl1e 1... ,iii '" .,r
m.ind of the reader . H, i11 a g i\·c 11 ease, t l1i s I"'''""'"'
eit h 1•r tl1e ,;1; n tc1 1c e ,;lw11ld l>(' g·i1·1 ·n
iothe r tu rn, or tl1 e 11<>1111 t l 1at ;;; c1·\'L·d f11 r :t1ilc u ·1 k 11t
J1ould be r cpeat cd.i Ex:1111pk:,; ur tli c \·iul:i tiu 11 "r tl1 is
rule arc ;ts fo I Io w ::; :
"l\!a11 y cle rgy 11..-11 a rt'" dir .. cLl y c:o1.t1·:1n· tn tiii' 111 f' (l11 1d 1kd ,
;from a h;dJit of sal'i11g- Li 1111• a11 d paj'e r, w/1icl1 tl 1ey a.eq11in·d a L Ll1e
11nh crsity 1 tltcy w rite in 'o di1ni1111li1·e a lllan 11 e r tli:it tlicy are
· ardly abl e to go 01 1. " a
"\Viih ~IH.' l' r d1•c:(·ent , 4

"n111' 1HT•·nt

pf 1111• Il11 ly Cli c•c; f
Tlt c ht• t'( l!c:-<:-: w11 rhl ila l h 1U' r tr lc•;o;: t. ' '

H 1. 1 :-:(~ -I

&

fr1.i11 1h1.!

1'(1t1f

11 lurrf·t lti h lt
in t 11 th e :-:ky,

rr·/1i·n1't' l'll l'i1 111:-; g":l Zf•J':-i

(;trc ,; h o11l 1l lie take n to pla ce con 11 ccti \'CS

ri:111,; as corl"(:srond·
,1 .. 11 1.i.-111 ,.. c11l 8, - s nL·h :b 11 nt 0111:;, /, 11 / a /.<<11; either, or ;
111· /t h1'I", 1u1r; built , 1111, /; on th,: fl /I •' lw11d, on Ifie utliet
lu111 i , - lll'X t to thl· mm ls tlicy conn ct: L E xamples of
careless n e ss in tJ ;i s n·s jw d arl': k:H111·n t o

c L 1,.: ,;

1'-»ili""

t l i' 1'1> 1'1"t· -

Q'I"< tm 111a

.._,

137

AHHAK GDlE\T OF \\"UIWS.

('IIOJ('E A:\]) USE OF WOJrns.

And :'\: \.! the

1.: a111p ,

T l1 i~l 1 L

th c rl et.: l ,

]111 .lt d n wn,

t!H · lo\'l' ll. '

0

6

"I fo ullll i t [ t\1 (~ lll a n u,cr i1•t 0[ \\"al't·d· ·yJ :i .~ :i i 11 l•y llll' r >' ace int among otli..:r w;c.-le pape r,: , i11 :111 old l'a l,i11el , Lll'· dr:c11·er, ,,[
'\\'hich I

wa~ r 11 1n 1n a .~ ing 1

i n 0 rd Pr to

some fi ~h ing tackl e , af kr it l•ad l>ee 11

:-tC' Cfl ll 1 1n n <l:i. ll~

rni~l:tid

for

a frir·11 d w ith
years . ""

~c1·c r a l

1

•• I

111Ji fh, r

f',...; ti111al1·d 11\_Y."•·lf lii .t. :-lt!y ,,,,,. lnwly. ·· r.

' ' l.';1r :-; 111 1t · r i1 •r 1 1 ~I r . (' ; 11111i1 1 .~ , i11 t l1i:-o rt' " /lf'<'I, rro 1n llin.t calm,
1

. . , fP:l•l y , :t11•l 1· 1111 :.; i1 l1 · r;ltt• {1n 11· \\ lii1·h ll ( '\' 1· r g i, ·1·-; 11 ff 01wr: , a.nd whi ch,
LL_1· i:i .~ a,; i1., t l1t: nr:lt nr . 11 1:1rk.' 1111· ~t:li 1·,111:t 11. he 11 citlr er 1tLtr-111pW
11l 1·'\ 1 ·i f·· a 11 g'<'l', nor r idi('11 \i>, no r :1d 1ni r:tl i< ,1r. " i
·' J,otli ai r \\':ls Hn:dT1•d,.dly gr:i t iii• »l :i.L 11 0 1 011 1.11 receiving hi$
fr i.. 11 .i , :tL hi s 1111·11 ca,tlc., 1111/ 11 11 .!•·r t h 1·'1 · l' in ·11 111s l:rn c•'S o[ inti.
l !l:tt '.\' . . , 8

I I >i· Q 11in •·I' ·\· :
:.I ,....; \' Off :

J·: . . ~a.'· 1111

() Id '' Prlaliiy .

l~ hrt,.ric .

d 1; 1p . X X \ '.

·1 i:rH tHlt' · ~hurt ~l11d i~· !' ~ · 11 ( :n·at :--:1 d1j!' d ". l'ir.: t S i ·ri(· ~ . p . 4 :~ :!; Tr 1m1t•r.

r, F1111•r .. n11: )•, 1i: 111..:: Tli1· l' r1.\ il c111. F or vtl JL· r (· xa111p le:-;, :-:. ce pp. 33, 142.
'' '' ii i : :\ 11t 11 l1i.. ~rnph·'" p. :j:i .
I.or.J l>a lti ng- : S ir Hul11·rt J•, .,.1, r:lrt ii . ~1.:r t. ii.
" l )J:'l rac l i: l.1>1liair 1 (·h ;1p. xxxix.

"It i ~ - ln .:: t c: t:urc of :i ll \\.}H•n wr an· fr t1z,·11 n p within 1 and quite
Th r ph:i ntnrn nf n11r"'t · ! \·f·.:: .
'J\, li1·11 r tlw w i· r! d nppl:1nil thP !Jpl! 11w hhn ~ I.
ll' /i id1 hla 11 11·il 1h1·

Ji, ·in~~

111 :111."-;

The co n ~t r1 1dion sl1n11li1 nnf 11P 1·l 1;rn g011 wi t.1 111 11 t an
adequ ate ca 11 se. Ir it. is sn ch :1ni:_:-e.J , tl1t · n·ad1·r (''""' "',., 1.. ,,
will eith er waste time in thL· Y:tin ,;(':1r1·h f'11r :t ~~·,·,; 1,',~~ .,'(;: i ~·; ;_
reason for tli c <"h an g-e, n r li e \\·ill <'X pe i-icnc<· ""1 ''"" "'·
nn unpl eac;a.nL jar: i11 l'i ll 1c r case, hi s attenLiu 11 will 111~
1 Bancroft: lli , ftH'Y ( i f tl11· t·n it"d ~! a t e ~ , \ ' 111. x. chap . xx,·iii. p. [Ji){). F11r
other examp les, s u· pp. -Hi, -l~I.
:.! :--; ,. ,. \' · 72.
8 Sw ifL; A Lellt· r Inn Young- ( 'it-rg yrn nn.
4 Hu.-i(' with ~ li c er r/1'.~ r· p nf f
6 r.on ing- to11 : T r:u i.;l:11 i.111 ;,f T lw ~ F 111·id, bo(•k ii . p :'i -L
G SC'oft: \\·:n·1•rl 1•y. ,·ol. ii. d111p. x.:c o·i .
.. \\Iattlu.: w :\n1 (,[d: P oe m:-- . \';,I, i i. li1 11 · 1-;:;. F11r "1J1,·1 1 · :.;, ;1 1u 1 ·k ~ . ~ ·· · · I ' · 7 2.

Cl l (ll('E AXD USE OF \Y Oims.

AlUcA::\ L;I~ .\J EXT

called fro m the rn eaning of the se ntence to
Fnr t·xami..Je : -

mati \l11 .

" \\·.... ,.,,iJ,.l '''"th " 1 1/.·,, ,.,.\' ,.tit,, 11·ond, , tll'o o r t.ltrec llli] ('~ ah~ .
r1 11 rl thut tlit· n,·vr 111 ad1· :u 1 nl 1nq 1l t.11 r11~\)llfl iward. " 1
1

' 'li t~ wus .'·.~i .w:1;, lwr i11j1111c1i.-111:-=, 1u11l tlu• .-:1,iril o[ tli c oraelt, ·
!111111,:.; !1 Ll1c· d1nJ1JI 1· 11;1.-; 110 l1 >1 1'•'•·r Yi silol1· l'l'l'l" ld ed I j
· d ,,
life _• 1 :!
~
.J
.
_,
.
•.
i ,.., 111111
an1.1.
" 1 l'(!U.>ll""t
.< l1ul11r'"'/ l1is · ( ·<'lll'>lr·l1' .\ 11,,·!, .. · ' ··c l"I"] .
·
..
•
•
1 - ~ •
•....,
• • :-.. , e t1 ~ears ~Jn.e-\
111 <.:1 >1 11pa11y 11·11 Ii a k11o t. " ,,i: fri1·J1d .' ill .\ 111 ,·ri""• :tlld ni orco\' r Iii~
\\' L~ \\' ('1'1' ;i JJ ( '~' 111 pl1 ·!1·l y l 1 i 11~· 11 :: \Yith tlw :u1 .l'.·lin .t.:· 111 ania." 4
1
·· I r ·c1dlc..-t, t/1~ · µ:1 HH ! , l1 1 1J11·~ 1, ,,· J 1 1 , !e.-.:~ 11 11 e , li ung ry: rr.';mst which.
"''' 11 :a.J,. 111 1./,· 1· a J.1., .,·l1 Ir"'' · j 11 .st h_y a 'l' ri 11 g- "[ l"ll'C: sweet wal.
tl1 a l 't 1>l1• t•11t .. ( 111 " ,j ,j,. "fa l1il l: rl/11/ ;,,11 ,..r, \\'lll'IJ it was ove r, ~
oi tl1t • ]';u·1y n ·:" I •·Id k1 :ik \\';1ll «p "s -''C''" " witl1 l11c milk 111 aiJ ."I
'· T!i .. s .. 1d:111 1111dnl11<>k 1/,,, f"'"J""'" ti""" <>f tl a· Ji, l, fl/Ill to Jlror.ii
:i1·cn 11 1: 11rnl:it.11 >1" :u1 d r!'fr.. ;-; l1111 e 11 ts of (·1·1; 1·y killd f ura!J wli o werctu
a:-::--: 1sL a t tlw. :-:ul1·111uit\· ... j

0

1

E1·1_' 11 wli r'rc a ~c1iir·11rc is pc rff'ctly clear, it may bn
n 111 kn ·il i11 1_:leg·;111l l1y tl 1r ) ll ll'j10~1·Jc ~.., i11 trud 11dion of
JH·W \ \ '\ll'd , lli l ' l'«h· , :1~ it 11·"11 ]<!
rqwtitinn . l'11r cx:11111'1r : " I[ "
lw.; f' . a.1111

\\' :l '

j1"I <"I" nf 1 lin' " 111 .. 11 tlirir t li1' r'< 111lltl'y ca n 't afford lo
i t j:-; ~11 n •ry l 1:1rd tn n· 1d :t1'l'." u

!l'/11J1n

"Tl"" ]" ""i!i:ir 111 •» 1" •·f di , .. i1.Ji11<' :id · •pl ... ,J i11 lfi gltl :rn,J warfani
l'f' fltlr •n 'i l 1111 ·111 P11 11:l ll y f1 n·11 1i 1Ldd" l1y tiH·ir i111ii\·icl11 ;1! (•n 11ra g-c and
l1i .. : ·l1 ·"Ji irit. :111d j i·,111r tl1 1· ir L1l iu 11al ('(111ri t.: l lu 11 Pf t ht.: lu;ce~sity o(
;\ ..{ i 11 .1.~· i 11 1111 i ~n 11 . • • 10
H l li: .l \'t• an111 :-:~·d 111y :-.1· lf 11.\· j •l·r )1ilw .... y i11 g . a.c; "'" 1lrovP ·i 11 to town,
11
''""' (.11 1' 11gh· l»L 1•t' s 11l>111·I" m i; dd j11i 11 ll' it l1tli:1t11 g- ly lot, mu/ that
tltt •rc w0 11ld ;-;. 111. 111111•11111~ 1· • 111li111u1u .... ,...; {rc·el. · · I :!
I lT (' llry n. Tli 1•1'•':llJ: >Li i111' ,\.11ud:: l p. 21/ :L
Jl i-. r:11'1i; i.otli:1 ir. 1·!1;1p. Ii i.
~ lr\'i11 :.:- : Ti1t· ~k. · r..!1 1:.,,i1, ; Thr> .\ nt.:- l1· r.
r. Ir·;in g : 'fh 1· ~l.; 1 · !1 · h lt 11nk ; T/if' .\ llgll· r.
fl

'.•

l •I
1.:

~1·•·lf:

3 ~er: p. !l1L

r1 ~, . ,.
7

T ti ,• T:t!i , 11 1:111. clo1p. x:-.; ,·ii.
, \ 11r!t 1 l!1_" Tr 1 dl··11" : T t, .. .\ 11 1• ·1·i· ·1111 ~· · 11: 1 1 1 . 1 · .
d 1o r
~ • ·•· I I; \ \ .: t \ 1' 1' 1• · \·, , . .,! ii d1 ;1 p . ' iii .
II
IJ~ · ! 1 ... : :-\·•ti;il 1· ,... ,~ q 1·,., , h:q1 i ' ·· p. ;10.

I'

:!I.

St·c p.

[,[) ,

'"'°·

!'PC

VF \\' Vl:IJS.

:&logo.nee prohibits an a rran ge me nt .that ~l1 rows llie
ho.sis on, and il1us cau:;c;-; a ;-;u;-;p01 1:-;t(Jll of the !'Cll"C'
I), particle or oUH:l: u11imp n r t ;u 1l \vonl (:'ts J11 t Li s
'y senten ce) . Sud1 a n arra 11 bT1t1(·1 1L i,.; al sv l1ustiic
Clearness, l'm: it fvrcc>< tl 1c rni11d to li:ilL at tli(: Yny
f?oints from wlticl1 iL woul11 11aturnlly liurry u1L Exa111 of this fa.ult a r c : " Th e Tery party , .. sati: tl•' <l ll'ilh, i ( not pro n<l of , past ga ills
·$ y refuse to te m l'L l'or l 111 1c :1gai 11. " 1
, ;:, I hav e o[Lc11 s puk1!1 1 l.u Y' "' "l"'" 111:11.t.""' kindr"d ro, o r at a11y
~~ not 1lista11 tly con 11l'el.<"l ll'ifh , 1ny o;1il1j<'cl f(lr Eas ler."~
, u . . . out uf 1n a11y f'Ppies ji·um, o r Yarialions u11, l1i11 1 by un i:i10wn or un ce r t;1i11 \H•rk11,, •11. '' ~

Dependent c:b uscs sliou lll he kq>t (list i 11d fruin i 1t -Oepon tl en t cb tt >"l'-" a11il l'rnm <'ach vtli(; L Tl11ts 1,,, 1,.. 1,, 1,.,,t
i11d•·1w11d .hC follo w ing ,.;f' 11 t . ·11(·c rn;1y j ie 1!111 j ers Luvl l :u
,...1d1 ,.i,,,
1_.., , .,
( punctnation :tparL) i11 t l 1r el' d iff1..T1_·11t \l'•i}s: - be h i .i " !'art.
. ''.Joh n del e r111i1wil lo g•• lo ;\vii' y.,,.k [,] (u 1nak e a f,,1·L111ll' [ ,]

:nd to study G l'rm:.in."
This m;ty lll •':lll that .Tulrn ddn111i11 .. 1l (1) to g-n tn \'1'\\' York
aflll to make a ro r(1 111 e u111/ I•> ,111'1.I' <;1· rn1 a 11 ; or(:!) 1,,,1/1 l•1 .t:n lo
New York fo r li t l' l" "' I'"''" u[ 111:1ki11 g a f,>1·(1111 e, 1111 lo ,111.!y <:r·rma.n ; or (3) tog" l.11 :\ "w Yurk l1 1tl1 in o rdt"r V• nt:ck" a fr11·t 1111 e 111 •/
.In orde r to ~t u dy ( : .. r11 1:u 1.
Th o follo\\'i11 ~· :-;L'1 1t1• 11ci> c(n 1 Llit1~ a ~ i111il:tr nh,C' 11rit y: " [t woitl tl l;e ;\ c 11 l'io11 s p1·nlol1·1 11 .,f likral'y g-1•.. c; ral"liy (o trac"
·• t he st rea m of F""""li i11t« lkd11:il i 11l1111· ni:<: \\'l1i1·l1 li:1 s 1•:1.>N'd 1l1r1n1 g li
Edi11liurg h, tu ''. //;.,., i h i11 li ll l'al iL• ll i lll.t> 1\11, J-: 11 .c:·li,li 111i 11 .t ... 4
jt; j~ \111 porl:u1t to iri:--l'rL e,·,·ry 1/1 111 wliic·l 1 lwl11s t•1 111;d\•.· tlll' ;-; 1• n s .-~
QJcar. 1 'h e full o wi1 1g sentc 11n~ , fe1r exa11qd1• , w1ii i: lt rai .,l'·s n(I dilli culty a.sit sta11 <l s, 'l'llul d J,,, r "n .J .. r1 •,] .,J ..s c 11 n ~ \,y llw o n1i s,;i t\ 11 (J[ any
of the i bd ie izeil t/,11/s: " l\·lake pcn l'l e Ull 1l1•l',;la 1Pl tl 1:i( llll'l'i' :<l'f' «lli e rol,j .. cb i11 life U1an
1/

1

l Hi,Uc r t Low P. i11 Th e Fr.rtni g- htl.'· l~c ,· icw . ( !Si i .)
l l elp.::.: ~ o ri a l l'n·:-;..:11n· . ~ · lin p . ii i . p. :lfi .
:l \\"alter ll. l'akr. i11 T li 1· Fun11 i ~ li 1 l y J\ ,,,·i1 ·w .
( 1A77 .)
1
~ ,James i\lartinea 11 : i ·: :--~ ny :-;, l hil <1:- 111'hi1 ·al anil Th1' 0\n ~it: :11. p.

1

'l

p. 31.

7

:~ : : i:.

HO
I

l

CII01CE A:'\D CSE OF

worms.

t !1c· at l ai11nw 11 t o f reli g icrns trn th; tli o l th'',V arr so ignor;i,nt and fit
Ii kt·ly l.1• lH: Il l i., 1.alu: 11 i11 Ll w i r r..:li_,;io 11s opi 11io11s tl1al. i r I.hey pe~
c1de at all 11,,.y :m' a.; lik··ly tu J'L'r><'c11tc trnth as fabehood; t}1,Jt.
i11 <1l"<lcr l.o ),.~ e!T1·cl11al a l"'r,«·c11lion mu st h0 so powerful, 14
~y~u· n1atic, and :-;() \'i ,;.;·11nn1;.; ly ,. ; 11:-: tainrd :1." to cr11 sh, paral y ze,~
d •·.,t. r"y ; a11d 1lt 111 Ll11: n ·" :lt. " ·J,.., n ou t:tin cJ \Yil l proL::i.Lly be of et·
(;('t•di1 1gly :-\ ll!:d J inq1q d ;ll l l T. ,, l
I 11 1lw rul !tJ\\"i 11.~· ·' l' lll e 11cc, 0111' is at first at a Joss to know wit!)
wl1 ;1L \\. tll' d fl 1<
1

it:ili~ · iz 1· d 1/,u1 j..,. cu 11 11f'tle J: -

t)i;d 111 rii···r 111adc an :tli rnpt turn south,
:trd aro1111<1th e 11 o rll1w e't e 11d of th r cliff 011 wl1 ieh we stood, oi
a li: tl•· aLOH! 11.s , so t hat 1\"l' linrl cut ofT a hcnd, :rnd that there WM
a11 i1nporta11I. fall in it 2 a ,.d1 urt dis t:rn ce helnw m:." 3
•· \\' e f'"llld

>'<'f'. • • •

1•

\I

A p :1n·11tl iel il':tl e:xpre,;,_;1011

sliou l1l "n ever hang
tl 11: lllidd lu of ; t p cr i0!1,' ' 4 but should.
.J •, ,..,j t i1 •ll ·~f
1·a•··111i.c1""'1 l>c ii1,_; c rkd " · l1 c rc· it make::; tl1c least break1 ,
c .,pr •::-::i i v 11~.
aml \\·here ib pc ,.,it io11 d d ermi11cs to whi 'i
parl of llie ::;ci ilcnce iL lidung ".
Tlw following
i c11ce:s arc, therefore, nprn tn cri t. ici;;m: -

loo,.;e

i11

1

" Obli g •"I tn p :nt. ll"illi tli1· ir ('ff,'rl.< at the l• nw:< ( prices, the Jew•
t.i t·parle< l , nmld t/1 " r·f t·f·rotin11s ':( the l )rojJlr: . r111r/ 0car;ng6 aUJt1f
/i 11t.. '"" t/11•/r if ,.,1 /11111· wi rPs r1111/ clo"/1!1·1•11, fro111 l lie sce n e~ o[ their
l>irtli anti i11 fa 11 cy .. , G
";\li .ss ;\l1':t.Jn ,HT" fl s•' arcl11'1l th•' nc"·sp aJ><"' I" fo r lilli11 gs of the
li\ · i11 .~· ,J(d1n Jago ;,, f/1(' 11ri1 ·rt c'.1! r~ ( h1T nu·11 nwm .'· 7
" For ty yr-:1r=-- :1..c;o . tlif're \\':ts :h ... 11rl'dly no ~·:r11' t nf ground out of
f>u lc ...:fin11, in ul! t/i P rou11rl lC01-/1/ , nn wl1i r' li ~l .' ll''l l:n e1c, e1:en hut a
~;ully

lifffr. f/ir 1

f/"f( P ('()lfr,-.'.1 ! ' '.{

fhr

!f'rJ /'f,f" ...:

/1 / ,.; fr1r .1f, .\'. 11l} .' :\,\\' 8

with SQ JllllC.h

j .. yr1il rl'1"f•r• ·t1 cl' t.!1e d:111·11 of 111nrni11 µ-. '"' :1l 1111• l'uot of the tower
.l!f (; i11t t 11 . ' . 9
" Tl11·.1· :1.1.t ire tlw 111 s,.h1·.; ac1·nr,]i11 _i:; h· f,,r what ll1cy may expect,
anrl r· xc,.pl f11r :rny 11:1tiYe 11 ol1ilily i11 tl1,, ir a ir, i11 th eir heai·y bootl
1

St qt!1 t.· n : Lih1: rty, l-: qu~llit _,-, and Frakn1i:y , p . 101.

:--:1·1 · p.

\:~7.

:' Tliurr' au: 7\Taine " roods, p. 203.

Hl.1ir: l~h dnril'. kd. x i.
;, ~t.·•· p. 1::1 .
1• :\I il 111:u1 : I i i--1 .. r.' ., f iii. · .T1·t,·.: . \ 'ttl. ii i. ),o . ,]\ x .-.;i,·.
\\' ilk it· l' o! !in.:: Di· ad .. \ Ji,.•., p. 1:.!7 .
ti I s thi' lhr r i~ht tense ?
~ · Hu:-ki11: ~lori1i11 i;i'i in }"') .. r.~ u n'; Th.· SIH'pht: rd· :' Tower.
4

141

III.]

~lid .'fe nsi/1/e sl1n11fiu,r1 s uits . a rt· sc:lrc t.: ly tn 11e di:.;Lin g ui:·du·d fn1111 1l1 e
'k~·pc rs

Th i ~

i11 :ctte 11da11<'•' ... 1

last se 1ll,.11c1• i.s

~11inti11g

a11

i11 ,l: t11 c;C of wliaL lt:c:< ),.•;·11 call· ·d ..

;1

co11sLrudio11. ' 1 "

IV. The pri111:ipfl1, or (a-.; L L1ir calb tl1t"1 n) l11 c " ''l'it ill,
· wore\::< i11 a sL· 1ite11u; :-;J 11>11i.l 111~ ";.;n tiLu:c..1 a,; rw1 .. ,,·1:uo1
W!11'd ,.; ~l1P!t l•l
to sta11d clc ;1l' ;111d di,_;c1I!a11gh:d l'r•Jll\ a11y " "'"! cl c· "r
11r i•1 !1··r
t hcr word,; tl 1;tt \\'tll!ld cl"g Ll1 cm .' · '3
w .. .-.1,.
" Ohscr\·e UH~ arr:-t1 1 .~·1·111 r• nl.

(lf

fi•l11 1 \\·i n.r..;· .1. i 1•1d1 · 11C(~ i 11

lli e

Lord

hn.fLesh11ry ·s • Ad\·ieP tn :u1 _.\1d lu1r. 1 Jli· i:' ·"\) 1·:tl..:i11g- nf l\Hi1l 1•1T1
poot.,, as cornpan·•l 11·iLh ll1l' :11w i•' 11 t : 'H , 11·l1i l,;I ll11·y ]'rvk ~ ~ o n ly
to pl ease , they st:cn·l.ly adl"i .s,• , :c11.J g i1·c i11 ,; lrnc t in11, ll11· y 111:1 ,v 11 011',
perhaps , a .,; w1·ll '" fur 1111·rly , h· t•,lc,. 1111·•1. " ·iili j11,; l i1·•.' , Iii< · 111· ,;L
and lll OSt lio t11• ralil1: tll!H lll,!..:: ;iu tl1fJI':-' .' Tl1i ...; i.. .; :t \\"1 il- t·nt1:-'l1'llt'l •'1l
1

it, C1 itil :t i11.-.; a g l't·at n1a11y c: irc1ln1 :-. L111 c1 ·:..; a111l a<l\·er\J:; ,
nccess:uy Lo q11 :1li!"y 111<· 111r·:111i11,;.;:, - ,,,,/_1/, ,,., ··rdl_
w,.//. t"'-1" '1 '" ·

ae11l.c 11 c0 ;

1
/ .

"·'

j wslicc , j iJ r11ur!:;; y•·L ti11 '...., <J a r1· 1dac:cd ,,·i tl 1 :-;11 1n11.·l1 :1rt.
s ncitl1 cr to e111h;t1Ta:<., 11 ur 4 ,,,,,i!;.·11 tl1" ,, ·1il t: nc1•; "),jJ,. tha t. 11 l1i«h
ja lliccapita.l ol•j• ·cl. i11 il-na111 .. Jy. ']'(.,.hl w in~ j1hlly ,.,(,·,.111,.:d
the b e~t. a.ntl 1111 1...:L l1 0111"•r:1Ll c• n111q1: .t.:- a11thi-1r~ · - ('!liJ11 "" nut i11 tl11 ·
tw u-, ·1cith

0011clu:-;io n t:l1 ~ :t r a11d dt•Ltcl1,'d , a11tl i'( i:-;:-:( ·."' . . . ~ ;-; lt ~ j)n 11• \ 'l" 1.Ja1·1 •.

:--:. ~ ' '\

now, what \l"(lliiol !1:t1·(· l.,.•·11 tl1l' df,.,·l .. r ;i. ,[jf!",•ro•11I. arr:u1 .i.:1: lll•'llt.
Suppose !1i1n l11 lia\'t• J'la c~· d tl1e llh. 'lli1 cr .. .; n f tl tt' ... 1:1 d1 • 11ce tl1t1:.;
IL
1

1

whi1 sl'. Lli ey prof1 ·:.;:.; tP 11l 1·:t... ; P ,·,111.\-, tl1 11y :1ih·i:-.:1•. and giYe 111~trn ct inn
"ecrnLly, Utl','i' 111 ;1y ln• 1· :-- \ 1·1· 111 1·d tlw 111· :-; t. ~u1d 111~ 1sL l1c111r1rai>l1: a11 11l !l k'
(lUf.h u r;-;

1

\Vll1 1 j11 s (i 1·1•. J)1·rl1;q 1..;.; .

1Hive pn~ 1 : i ::wly

tli1•

!": 11111• \\'1 1rd:..;

Jl<•\\·

;1...; \\"t'l! a.'-i fu l'llH'l"J_y.'

:tlld tl10

:-:. a11H'

]lt'l'P

:-;Pn :-; 1~; but. l •y

\\'i'

111c:u1....;

of the ci rCllJllSla11 ce."" l 11·i11 g· SO i11ten11i 1q. .:, !1 ·d it ." tu 1'. lt.1J.; Lill' c:q)ila!
words, th e whole l11·eu11te:< l'''i"J'lt.•xc'd, "ill1 (J l! t g rac,., :u1ol 11·it)1.,ul
strPngLh . ' ' 5

The sccon1l fun11 td~ the~ f, H·e:~· 11 in .~ .-.:t ·11t1·11 c 1· :d:.;n \·iolate:-:. it

ma.y b e acld ctl , p:trlic ul;1rl y i11 tli •-' . l''"·"i t. iu11 o f ·• ll'illt j11slice" a11d
of" perli:.q 1,; 11 n 11,· as 1q·lJ ,-,, f11rn11 'rl.'·· , . tlie nil•' :1;; tu t!:C' pn 1pcr
position of pan•11tl1<:1.·ic:ll cxpres, iu11.-."
1

T':ill

~fall

ll1t1le;cl.

10~.

(lR"<:J. ) Sc•e :i! 'O pp. 2. 31, ·l8,

S!'C' :d :-. ·1 tli1 · ti r:""' t :-- •' 11!1·n l· " 011 p. i:l 11.
Blair : l: li1·t11ri1', J, ·l'f . ;o.;.1: .

6 Blai r: Hli1 ·tnri <', l··l'I. x:ii .

·I

] ..;

a \Y i'"ir •l

Ci ~ e( •

\\·;rnt in :s

p. J.f.0.

~··f'

fi, ·rj · '!
aJ.. . n p.

}1; i 1.

J -! :2

Cl!OJCE

A~D

14~

li::i E OF wo1ms.

Tlw followi ng i., a nothe r in; lancc of d cfc•;Li,·e e0 mlii11:ition:, , A rn1H!1,rn lle\Y:<p:qwr :;t:tt .. 111,.11 L, tl1" uc:·li prul..•abl y trne, would
l>< : l:t11 g l11·1l :cl, if q11uk1l in a l.>1><>k '"' Le., Li1 llu11 y ; l•nt tl1e letter of
1·oi11 1-L gos~ ip is t.liunghL guod hi:;l\>ri<.:ai c\·i1l.,11cc , i[ written somo
(' l ·11 turil'S ag·o."

Tl1i s "c11 Le 11cc Tfc rlwrt :-:ix·11<.:" r " ·0 111.J n·:.rr:u1;;•>, as follows:
" TJ, u11g h prubal>ly t I'll<', :1 :>H·ckrn nc:W."] '"]'er sb\.e111e11t, qu o~d
111 a 1.. ,"k as tt·,t. i1111>11y, wou ld lie la11g\., .,1 al ; lrnL Lhc ldter of a
q111rL .~·()S:-) ip, i !' \\"rilt e n :-:uuw Cl' ntl1ri1· s a gu, i.. .; th ungl1t good histori·
l';tl t·\· jdl'IJCt.:. ' " l

Still aw dl wr :t1T; 1 11~·~·1n1 ' 1:t •n:iy, h11\r CYPr, be :' 11 gge.'-itc<l : -

HA

11 11id 1· r11

11v'' ~} q p1: r :-:late1ne ut q11 <,kd

i1 1 ;t l •uc1k as testimony,

ti" " 1.~-li }'r«L:tl .Iy l rtH', "·011 !1 l he b11.t;hc<l at.; li11t t li e le Lt.er of a court
g°"·" 'i[ '. if \HiLl<'ll :;01ne een Luri e,; a::;o, i:; Llioug hL goo J historical
~ '\" it l 1 · 111 'l '. ' '
Tlt e h,; t fo rm ~C' l' lll~ t.lt o J,,.,, t. uf t.h1· t.lin•", fo r ll1rce reaso11s: tho
]•n;;i t iun u[ 1/11,,u;h prolH1/,/:1 trt1c ck:irly , !tows LhaL LkLt expression
<jll:ditl c·s (as \\·a:; i1d.c·ndf'd), lll' t "a 111rn lrrn ne \\·sp:•pcr statement,"
J.11L .. a '"'"1" r11 11ecr., p:1 1wr ;;l al enw11t 'J"" te d in a l.iouk as testi'"""Y ; ·• :11 1d ti" ' n·1u o ,·:d ,,f 1\1is q11alil'yi1 1g- 1•l1r:t ~ 1' fru111 Uie bcgin11 i11g ,,f tlw :.;1·11L,.,-.. .. . 11«t <>nly bri11.c:·,; tlii· j>r i11,·i1 ·al sul•j ed to tho
fr ,,ll[. " hil t abo g i,·>'.'l ,; nJ•l' ri c·r 1·l· ·:1rn•· ' " a11d forei' Lo th e :t11tithcsis•
lwL\\.( Tll thD twu 111 l·ntl1l•rs u( the :w1llt'tll't '.

from the nature of the ::;ul1jcC't-ma,Lt.cr, and fru111 Ll1c
J:lresumed rn e 11tal attituilc uf l11e pc r::;qns al1\lresst•11.
The opcratioll ui' Ll1i::; rn lc i,.;, lwm.'. \· c r, ,.;J,ad:lt:tl lJ} a
· ,e.•n
m«• mrnati cal li111i (:Lt irm 111101 1 tlit• E11gli,.;] 1 as 1.irnif :1t i••J1
"'" 11,., 1111,,
()o mpn.rcd wi Llt ll1c Latin or the (;en11all "'
l tL Eugll/"'IL
arrangcrn c11t. In lii gl1 l y i111l eckd languages,
.
the sulijccL, tlw imlin:cL vl1jn:t, aml tl 1u dire ct ul1.1ec:t
of the ~crl; hcin;; rcallily disLi11gui,.;]1ed l1y U1eir Leri11icl 1a1 1".- , e i11 t.l1cir rebti\ c posiliu11s can afkd
sense; lnit, in b1 1 gt1 a~r·s i11 w1 1i d 1 tl 1c ,.;11l1jed a111l
the object are, rur Uic wus t lMrt, tlw sa.m e iJt j'.,rm, tll\~
order is alwa y,.; ;lil imporLa11L a11tl ::; u Jtt elllll\.'S a 11ccT::;s:•ry

Iu Latin, f<1 r f• xa1111d e , it is po:<s il.J e tu arr:1n~e i11 s ix differ011i.
wnvs, en.ch wit li a r11ea11i11g of its o'""• ti"; three \\'urds ti ig11ifyi11 g
th;t Nero kill~d .·I !/rij111 i11a : ·
N ero intc 1j~i:il :l:;ri1•1 1i11am : A gril'/1i11w11. i11i.-1:(ccil 1\'an: Jy, .,..,
Ariripi;iruan i1il1·i:/>f' lt ; : Iqri1;11i11tu11 .V cnJ intc1jf,1·/t; i11.lt 1j~,_,r·it 1Y11' 11
Agrip11i11a111; i11l,·1:f<:1·il .- 1yr il'Jii11am A,,,-o.

In Engli sh, ]10 w1·,· e r ,

\II(' 011ly llH':ttlS nf gi ,·inc: ' l" ·r· i:LI 1·1111•llit "i"

to onecif t} 1e \\·o rtl .'-' in s11\:l1 a. :-.v 11 t1 1ic 1·
1

V. Ful'l'C' r cq ui rc:-: tl1at tlic "rapilal" wnnl or words in
:,'.'.'.,':·, ·~· 1"" ' a s \·11k111;1! slin111tl he put in t he place where
.-1< .. 111.r1 .o
they w i 11 m;1ko tlie ;;t.ro n ~(':-:t i mtiression.
iii r·lltpl1atk
'-'
'""'' ""·
That pbi:e will 11 s11ally lie at the beginning
ol' a scntcnc1~, or :-i,; near it as i:-: practii:ahle, or at the
v1Hl; hut it ma,y 11e in Ll 1c mi 1111l c. 4 On tl1is point no
nill' can !Jc gi\Cll, tlic q 11 cst i1111 is :dTcctcd by so many
:111d :-:ui:h Ya.rio11s con ;.; i11c raliu11s, - con s id eration::; drawn
i'r"JJ1 tl1c \'J 1aradc r of' tJie Sl'li (C ll CC i11 ]1;111(], from the
c haradc r of t l 1e pn:ccd i 11 g or tlic ::;1 1i:cccd i 11:,;· seutcnce,
I .'-\j •(·11 cr r: 1'!1ilo-= rip!iy of Style .
a '.'1·•· p. I :,!~ I .
1
•

S•.:c tl h· pt1 .:: itin 11 qf ''

,·lohn:--o n rptot erl nn p. l-1 7.

~

Sec V., below.

lJounccd," fu r cxamph:, in the

scutcnl..'~ frum

Dr.

we 1nay fi x t h1•
ing, ,.

rt

\\':l$

~l t«11liu11

.\rrro

\\' lH>

i ~ 11~'

:lc i n·11111l111 ·11! i 11J1.

' l"\1 11:-: ,

· l><llll " " f 11 "' 11 11u'< I1·1·r·1 · L.,.· ...-:1.,·u1« •11 Ll1e
1,i!\1 d A.:. ::rip11ill:l.'' I11 1111.-; ~t · ~il1·~1t' 1 ' 1l,1· ·
1

words if w11.-: 11 n·. !ik1"l a. \1;t111I poi11\.i11g- IP .i\ r-1·ro aK lh 1• pr11wq 1:d 1 it1jcct of i11 tl'r1•,;t . Tl1i>, l11 c rd1>re, \\'01111\ \J,. th•• n:t!11r"l f'urn1 ,,f
expressio n , if ti1t• Ltd tl11tt. Agrip]'in:c l1i1.1\ lrr·1·11 kill 01l "'"" k11""·11,
while the ll :l lll\' ur tit•! lilllri11·1·1·r \\':t' 1111!<110\V ll. lf , 111 1\\'••\1'1'. tl111
on ly fa ct lrn own was tl i;ct );em lt :ul kili1·d .< 11 111 • !,~ll/.11 , i ~
more n:i.t11ral to 8~cy : "Jt was i l!fr>J•f'"' " \Y\1 0 11 1 ;\,•n1 1'1l1 1•1l.
fl.
again, tli e f]H CS Liun ,ya.s \\'bat ~1 · rn did tn Ag rippi 11a, Wt.~ :-;li111dd
say: "Nero a ct.nall y 111urder1·1/ Agr ip1•i11:1."

."."',':'! J.:·

A ::;irn111c il111c;trati on like tltc ahoYe is st1fli cic11t t."
R,·how th:1.L Ll1u usual E n;..:·1is11 onlr:r - :-:ul1jc L·t Tl,.·
~ ra11• ·
111;llk:tl :-nh'"t,
tlie11
v1·rl1,
Llic11
ulij
·
cetis
nuL
11cc;c,;j
••
'
''"'
fil .._,
al \' t1Y:o tl1•'
sarily the natur<ll or the logical onler. I n """' ' uhj··'·

i::·

1 II

('Jl(IJl'J-:

\:\' D US E UF

1

wmms.

m:111 r ca,.;<:s , HO <1\>uht ' i t i,; i1.~t1
,, 1 1·,·1l to

rn .t}

Jlot

.

. .

t. tlt,,

lit;

.

tl1e

"(\

<' J"t' l i 1t11a
· (..t e a [

Ht

,..,

L

I •j<· ' ct.

Tir e

11 0

I

rney
mo 11 ll1," dio-

I

J

,
l l' ill'l'"
tic •l'art. n ea r\'"( tl 1c
tltu ana11g<· 111 u11 t. 11f m;111 y H·n k11<·c,.;, wl1 eLhcr in

j~· 11r t'Xa111 plt; : -

SJ! CC'c i1 01' 1'11 \\' l'J·[ 111
· )..; ·

1l:lf }11' . .: ·1i1 l · ' ' ' ' · J.
1
.
.' i
·"lie t rt snot<'
/ I 1~ . '
}'" ' ir« r" s1e k. 1 ~l11•uld Ji;wc
ir~, 11 '.1101111
~ee y•>1 1 ;.Lga 111; . , ' · ll/' lie j11 rn · td . . , ,, 1I
.'I a1 .tlll tQ
L"r . . , " I , . •
1 ·
,,,,.,, ''""f'J l( d tlie tl 1ermome,
I it;! c rl''' 'i ll 1c· ··x 111 • ....... · ' 4. , ,1
, 111.
''' ••· , tl
ll C \\ , , ,
'
.t l"• , 'l li c lrt•s.. '1.o o!
I . . '
l 11 1) II 1•'i :-:) ·
..
. ,
, i e ant 111r Jl1es, · vTifu• Jny l:l\ry(· r , • are tlir idcd·' "
" ..\ ruic i s y 11ur I i 111 1• ·1 "
111•\· c r sa\v Uv fun·. " .. .J

.

•

.

" iillS
· J;-i
·

'

\\'

H•·l Wt~" ll 11 •..; ... , ..

J»' ·
\ lgl·

. .' .
!I" I L' :-.. ia .
"· ' LX . tn 1 1.J1 · ~ fn 11n f'n 1·y <h\· c
. ..1 .. 1·
tl , , . .
.
· · · '' "' ' ·'" "' 11 •111<! the
. .~
n1
H. I nll ., , t l1Prc i s , a ; n ·i.:·a r.!., tl1e ·11·1" 11 w.
''i'l •l'• ·1·1ahle ddTe re11ce : '
<
•
"c 111enl, no
I

'

f1ollo11 i1w frn

Mad L'

i.• 1!11· wint L·r of

cli . . et int cnt
h.t· ihi:- :- 1111 of Y ork

(\ lJf

gl11ri11t1" '-llll11J1 t: r

~

u

~i n~·(•

" l

J wa .: lllall,

' rrr·lt .r:/11 rt."' r:,(fi1·1·, s111'/1 IJ111 ·... 1.~ <•f li1. rritl rlt1rnd cr
·' 111

"llim H eave n !taJ k 11 1·atletl " [ 11111 t.:l 1 111Mt ' J'ok 11L siuf1

11 .1/1""' ' "·~ t)f

n1a ri11.~

w ind aud

rHin .

I

ll L'\'t r

11

On

( •ith1'I'

~ idt•

:l

r:r11 ..<:.

tl 11 •r1 ·

/ 11;.;f

/'•ff/:\

t h L· ir :- al1n·s

l.Jare."

t l il' hrt·:1k ~ rs

~l'::t- 11 1('w . "

5

roar,

t}

n OutUur,;;f all w it h 1 111 ~ an :onl. 11 7

So, too, poc lry , as p rose t:a 1111 ut llo, permits ibl'lf,
even at tl1c i'i:sk of uusumi Ly or a1nliiguity, lo puL
sulijeet and ol1j <..:e L, \\'lien Lol li arc i mlccli11al1k, lJci'u ru
the verb .
"The r i~ in .L; to mb u lo ft y

('(Jlu111 11

h11re.

11

8

" 1\11J thus tht.: :::on the fern: 11l ~ i re add rcs t. '' is

Poetry also may pnL a much larg<..: r part Of ;L J,1Jlz
predi cate ud'u n.: t lt e Y C J'b aml i t,; sul>jec:L t!t a11 the
bolue::;t prose <..: an llo. Fur example : "Jh:cp in tlit• s hady !"'all1 H·~s t•f a Yal e
Far :-.1 111 kt 11 from tli e 1~.Y lirl..'alh uf mo rn,

'

Fa r fn u n

t!H •

lit: ry nu lJ 11 , :t lld 1· \' i._" ~ ~ J n e s tn r,

Sat. g rf'. y -h air \.l :)alnr11 , quil'l a :-1 a :-:1 t1111 c . " v

,'I.fl (

fu n nidabl 1· .. 11npt.:. ' ' :i

/ii.- S1 fi / j,, .,.,,r1
[1 1· ~ pn ·; 1 d-. f 1•r ili~lit. · :i
•. . If

1

An d ... ftr i t· I:~ the wil d

•· So S/ 111k. 1Ii' :\ p•1~L 1 t .: t1lll.!"1_·l, 1h1 111 t; li i11 puin ." a
th 1·

F l 1s /1t>rl all

"ThL· "\"i ;..; ht . wi nd-i ~ig- h.

J: ,· 1rn ·1nl w r tu lia \ ·1· lu.;trd.' " '..!

.. n.,1:.,...

' . 3

In prose, !1u11·e 1·e r, a sc11 l vncc, t l1o ugli i L rnay lw;;i11
with part o f.' a \" eru or wit li a p al'li t·i11k, - hPi· ·l\\1
n;·n"'"""
···l1
s "go lie woul d; " ·'fullc 11, .f1i!lc ll j,; l hiJ y lon, prt
i'""'j .. ;il anol
lM' •IJ"•k l".
that g reat c ity," 4 - can nu t, u11 kss it is irnpnn.tivc, in tcnogat.i 1·e , or c :-;1· 1:l 1I1 a tu ry, h <t \ '(; tltc w l1uk
verb at tl1 c ucg i11ui ng; ))llL po<.;l ry takes g reate r liceu s<..: .
For example: -

!/'JIJr[ ruh· \\· ~ · }1 :1d. " H 7
f'<ll!lf' l:·ht \\' (•• •k; . ; ,'. 111•1\·

nufo11ceu·u:.:h
e dcf ...·' te' l·' ' '' '/ a.,,'~
. f "'I mnrc/i('(/
. Lite Scrn11 ' !1
.
/Jl l'ld . " " I
ti lt; v l. 1·I 1 l ll •t c rl re 'o r' . ~ ' '
L
l
II Ill
l
I ]I n

l

1

11 l (( t fl

'

" ,\ .11 1r

" So di1 r/ Earl D oorlll hy l1i111 he ('0 1111tn l 1lt:acl. "
" R (1u11.d .J;u. t/11:. /l oll, I am :-u r ...: wa ~ lw. · :i:

ll:t l1lC

jc<.:t Ul'fore : < aYi11"·
, ,.., ;i1 1.y t l1 i11•T
" ,· 1l1<1 11l .i t ; lJ11 t i n other
c ;i sf',;, it j,.; f'<111 a ll1·
11·
tl
111"
1l
·
·
· - 1· 1.v11 11·I 1l'1 1 tl1 c suliject is
1111k11uwn
tu
IJ<·
..
·in
1r
itl
1 ti l e. pit·
. t 1·.J('atc , or wi tlt a I)iltl
.
.
.~
id tltc pn;d1calc : fo r tliu r r a l
I
.. ,
sn 1J<' ct o f tl1 c sc ntcn c
11ro1·p rl;

1-J ,')

A Hl1Ai\GE~!ENT OF W OHDS.

"Al>o nt fo ur,;corc y":u,; ap;o , th ere usC' d t0 li1) see n saun lcri ng- on
the terraces of ~~u1 s :)0 L1 ei , fo r ~1 short time in tli c •tfte rn oo n, or yo a
2 lhi 1l.: Maud .
Carlyl e : 'JI i'- l ti ry <>i F r<'tl1;ritk ThP r:n·at. hn11k i. chnp . ii .
4 S 11 gg-t.:~ l t: d hy Dr. (.'a111pl>ell ii:' l11'ltt·r than the u ~ ual tnrn :- lation.
G Tc11 11y ~ u11: ( ' har~c of th e Li g-hl Bri gade .
6 lly run : ('li ild t· ll nr1il d, i. xi i i. i.
7 Brow 11 i11 g : lTt: n ·t'· ! : id.

1 T c 1111,,·:i- 011 : E11id.

B

8 P ope : Od y s ~ t'.V, l1oo k x ii. li nC' 2 1; bo11k xix . liu1· ·L
g Kc:1t s : l1 y \J1.: l'i P1 1. ~t.:c' , al ~n , J\l ilt u11 : l'arudi ~ c Lo st, bou k L line 1 ; Lvvk ii.

line l.

",

1-l:ti

Cll!>TO: A:\I) l "SE OF

1H

wonns.

":M r. Gor<lo1 1, who ful!O\\'<'<l t hi s i1w c rl e1l :.;t.ylc i11 Iii ..; t. r:u1 0- l:ition of 'faeitus, l 1a :-> ;-;u nteli na:s du ue .-.: nch \'i11l •:11ce to Lill' l a n g11:q..:·1·
11.~ eve u to' appear riJictd uus; as i.11 Llii:.; exp rc•ssio n: '.I n to ll 1i s linlc

Uirnst tl1 em sehc s three lturnan se11a lurs . ' l le li:1s tr:u isl:tt<-d s"
1L phrase. 1t.", 'J;, .//11 m ea l el//fl':.<lale 1111//u111,' by' \\' ar 1tL ll1aL

.11imple

time there
.

\Vas n u 11t· . ' "

1

So me of l>r. ,J ulrn so u 's Sl' J1 Lc 11 c1~ s s1,e111 to lia\'e b Pe1 1 cu nstrnci."'l

on this 11101lc l: "His ]c'Llers frn111 l],,, lld1rides lo :\l r." . Thr1\l1; "'"' tJ,., ori.~ i 11;1I
of that wo rk ot: \\'l1i 1·l 1 tlic ,Journ ey Lu Lli c· l lcl1r id1·s is 1.li " lra 11.- h ·
tion; a 1Hl it is tL111u :-: i11g to cu111par1! tl11: lwo , . L~ r.-; i u11~. '\\'lw11 \\'('
were ta.ken ups la ir> ,' say.s !10.·. ill <j ilt' c•f !tis l1 ·tters, 'a dirt.\· f, .11., \\'
bounced out o[ tl"' liPd u11 \\·li icli one• o[ us \\'a.s Lv li<:.' Tl1is 111<·1dent is rccor'1cd i11 th•; ,Journ1)y ;\s fullu\\'S: ' Out. uf 01J e of Ll11· J,."[s
on wliicL we \l'>' rC lo repose sla rk 1l 11p , at uur c11t rauee, a mau
black as lt Cyek•ps fro1u th e fo rt(•).'" "
Macaulay cit •>.s Ll ic"e t\\'u "·a_ys u[ '1ty i11g llic ,;i1 1w ll 1i11 g 1"" illi1str11tive of Dr. ,J <JI J1 1su1J',, l'rdc rc:11 ce fu1· "fi 11e \1·11 nb 01·c r ll1 1.· s i1nJ>l 1 •
and pict 11resq1t1~ on e ..; tliat \\·ere a t !tis cornrJ1:111cl ;" :tlld '"·rtai itly
t bc worrl "houncctl" g i\' CS to t h e li r."t YC!""i0n a li i'e ,,·Jiicli i"
11bse11t from tLc second : but i u the second vcrtiiun, •· tl1L· s tyle
is characterized as 1111idi11lllaLic, quit e '"' 11J J1<' i1 Ly th" sus1 •«11 :; i<>r1
of the :-;e 11 ~ 1· in G~H l :'eq t11 : 11 t.:e uf tl1t·. cu 111 pl i1 'ilt.1•d i nn ·r s i 1111, • out (1f
one of t} 11 l wd ..:., ' ~\('. , as liy t ht.' :-:c· lr-t'.li 1111 of t !w words \rii ich c1n11 ii~, :--; ,~
it." 8 ']']11, fir,t, f,,j], 1\\'' tlw nrd,·1· i11 " ·hi"! ' ""''· \\'Olllol 11:it 11r;dh· t,. JJ
'°\

the story; t.111• :'W l·-111d , l.l1o u ,1. ::li :uT: Lt1 .~ 1·d pn ·ci.--cly li l.;1~ U H ~ t ·tr~TI in~
lines wiLh wl1i ch l\l' ai:-; UJli'lt S liy pt·ri o11 , 4 i:-4 111111 a.t ural iu }'n· ~ ~ ·, ;u 1d

especial ly so iu t he ;cceo ullt o( so s iorp lc all i 11 1:idc11t.

Til e rcprn d uction, in t r:rn~latin11 s from the Latin,
Greek, or Gl' l'ln :rn, oi' :rn :nra11gcrnc:1t JJa tural to those
la11g11agc", lint f11r0 ign to tl ie gc 11i11s of ours,
I inifalinfl nf
].;11i 11 Pr {~e ris
a faul t. tl1at. "J> rini_:·,; frl''J IH·11th· from ig no1oa11 v rdc r.
ran ce, lJll t. srnnctiu1L'" fr vm d e,; i.~·1~.

Tl1is Latin or G cr111 an structure of se n le nee was
elev :Ll,ell liy Bc n t.l 1a m into a m atter o f principl e.
" Ji e co nlll not ltr·a r, fnr tlte ,,n.f.·(' r~( c!t-· anH' . .·s awl tli reader's i-usv,
to say, as 01'<li11 a ry meu arc co nte11t to do, <i lilt.le 111 11 rc T he.·r i"" .. r
than the t ru tl 1 in on•~ ''~ 11 te J1 ce, 1u11l cor rect it in tire lk11tl 1a111 "'"l
S111..: 11 1..:...: r .
nex t. T h e wli11J o; o[ tl ic qllalifying H' tn i1 rk.' \\'h ich lw
intended to rnak• ) Ire iu sist.<-d U[ •<> ll •·111betlcli11g- as parc1Jll1e,;,·s in t.l1e
1

l

1

<'nrh ·I,·: Fr«1ler ick Tli c Gren!. book i. ch~p . i.
S«c p. 11l.

t l'rocm.)

Blair: J: hi·tn ric. led . xii .

!if acn nlay: E:-.:-= a.\· ( 111 H u~w el l':-; J ohn so n.
a ~lar .~ li : E11 µ: \i ;-;. li l.:11 1g- na bl' , h:d. \·ii.

7*

'

,,·

1-1:-)

CHOICE

A~])

USE OF wo1rns.

Yf' n · 111i.Idt... .,f l l1t• sl'1il(·11c" it., .. lf: :rn1l lh1 1' , 11i,,

s 1~ ns c hc i 11 g~o lfil-'\C

su:-: 111·1icl1·1 l. ;11 1,l :d.t1·1di1111 ln · i11 .~ r · ·~ 1 11ir1·d 111 tl1e accesso ry idt.:1\sbe.~

j,!,·a li:•d lw<'11 lll"'l'<"l' i_I' S<' il.<'d . ii. b1«·:L111e diffi cult, 1 ilb:·
n11t. .-<1•m1· !"·:wt i1·<', l<> 111 :il; .. 11111. till' t r:ti11 "[ tlio11gl 1L." \Vliile aim.
in.c; at i1n1•r:11· Lic:cl>ll' )'1"1 '1·i , io1 1. lk11ti1a1n " q111"1 stnp now licreahlltl;
of ut.l.1•r 11nr<·:1.d :tl>l .. 111·' " : and, :tfL•·r all, :t11a i11 cd l>O more accu ~
t i1:t11 i,; cornpal il•k willi O)'i11i<>11S as i1>1[ H·rfecL a nd 011e-s ided ""1110.-. : of a11y i.''"' l o r "<'11li 111e11hli.'t. l.n·all1i11g." Yet, accordiog
to tliu same a11Ll1 o ri ly, "lll':trly all l\1·1dli;u11·s ea rlier and many ~
p:trt .' n ( his lat1.·r \Hili11 ;;,; :trl' ll1<)1it-b of li gliL, pLiyful, and popu4f
styk." 1

".· !.~

1c /' errtl1 '!f ..:.11 111c, nn 1uf 111itai11 l1 r1 ' ; 1 ~t ,
:--;lidc..- from tlw rtwk t!ta1 g:t \'1· ii rt.·~ t,
!'flu/' l .'lli-11 .r;li1/11/ fr111n h1 •r ~ t:1y 1
And nt tl11· :'ll·111arcl1' ~ f~·d ~IH· lay.'' 1

tl11 > 1•ri 1"·i1 •:d

Tli o ngh not carrri11,:..; liis prr·frn·1iec for t11e inverte<!
(or, as lt0 call:-: it, t l1l' ,//,.,•,·/) st ,.Jc to :=md1 lcnrTths
·
0
....
a s lk·11tl1 a 1n did, lfn\Jerl S pcmcr~ pu,;hcs the the· ·
cny very f;1r: :1,.:, l'l)r cx; 1m pil', i11 maintaining the SU·
p c riority of' the E11 .!..;li:-:li nrck r in ·' hladc horse " to the
Frvll(:h ord e r i11 !'71 1·1·,i/ nnlr ; <iml in arguing t hat, a
few e;t;;es ('. xcq11cc1, !li e ;;i 1nil c ;;lioulll come Lefore tho
ol,j1·1·l it. illu:-:lratcs. - a;; i [ almo:-:L cn ry irnag inn.ti ra
writer c1icl 11nt a h11111111 in instanc es of Ll1c oppo ito
p r al"l i ec .:i
J\s rvganb t he Li st· point, it \YOnlrl seem that, if there
1., " 1,1.. .... r is :ln\· ]'ri1 11·ip l1· i11 tl1r rn;itlC'r, it must be one
d l'r i\1;d l"r"111 iii" 11at11n· a1 1d f111 1d io11 of figu·
raii\·t: lang1 1agl', a:-: :-:1•ni 11 _:. ;· c•itlll' r to impress or to
e:qila in a tl1ouglt t : 1 \\'li e n 11sc1 l f,H. 1.hc former purpose
exclu:; ivel y, llie i1lu;;trali<111 :-:hut1l d a:-: a rule come first, "
tl1;ll it m:ty, l1 y calling· 11p ap1•rq1rialc icll:a,;, prepare the
111i11d f°,ll" \Yl1at i,; tn l'i11lmv. H , i1 1 s1 11:l1 a ea::;c, it earno
St'Ct'11t1, jj_, \\'IJl1]d S (; l'\" I' 110 J'lll.']'l >S(' J111t JJi:it, of Ornament,
and it might :-:crio11:--l .1· i11ll·rrnpt tl1c !low of thought.
~

l '.\Iii\: lli -. :- t"r!:1tiPll" n111l P i:-(·n ~ ~ i nii ~ , yr,]. i. 1i . 41;i.
;J

~l' C , for

-t

~ (·l~

ex am pl e, Sh1'llry : Scnsiti\·r Pinnt ;
p. tJS.

t"·" li11e.' ,.,.,. 11 Pt 1w1-.],.,l tu rr nd '-' r u,., tl1inl
they sl:tllll, tJi,.y cn.,1L•· \V1npatl 1y ,,·itl 1 l·:ll1•J1:
1£ plttced after tl1e third li11<', tlic·y \Y .. 11ld ,,J ,,;l rue t t.i> l' 1i;11T:di1.-;
Jor, the 1uomc nt th e ri,;H!.-1· knO\\:i tlial. Ell•'ll ;, at ti1t• k iri :-: ·, f .... t,
h is iutc rest int.Ji,, 11 >:t11111.,· ,,flier g<:t t. ing tlwrc i.-; lu:; t i11 1,;, ,j,_., ;re
to kuow wh:~L li:tppe 11 c:tl 11vxL.
Evidently tile lir:;t

tl-uo intellig ilile.

As

\Vhen, on the other hand, the sirn ile cC>11111lcks tl1e
·; meaning, it is, wltatc\'C~ r i t.· p11sil.iu11, a ncc c:-::;a.ry part
of the :;tatcrnc1 1L J11 tl1i,.; 1·;1 s• ', tl 11·rdnrc, 1111 t 1>1;1'· du
' the object.ions to j)lltli11g iL i11 tlic scc1rnd pbL· c tli ,;;tp-pear, but that plac e is usually p rde1TeJ.
Spencer's fJUOL:tlioll fru111 A lex a11d c r S1uitli"s " Life Dra111e< ·· is

In point: All d nrl:

1

•

E\re.

o.'\ a r.:ti11y f'Ca .' 1

Tl1(·n c r~ up he tkw 1 an d un tlw tree vf lif e

Sot Iii:.,

a 1·11r111ora11L·· :..!

u The chi ··f'.-. <'.y1· fb . .; l11·il; lii . . . 1ila11 ~

s11rrn

d

llJJ u.r;11/11

Iii,·,~ flrf'.. , , 8

Frequentl y, l11)\\"("\'L'1", ;L li,:..;111·l~ or >'J>l' Ct:h sCJ"\'('S partly
to explain ;u1d partl y tu <'11l'orec tl1c 111 ea11in g. 111 :-:u ch
cases, a skilf"11l writ er will plar-c it at t l1 :it pn i11t. in the
sentence w li l'rc it \\·ill effccti,·ely sc n ·e liotl1 purpo~es.
For exampl e : "Th is has ca 11 s .. tl such pc1\\1·rf:il ill\·:t s io 1,,; of lJ rlllk ]':tpn, lil.·r:
sudden ana S l ll'C''l'tlin.~ fli ,:.Jit:-' uf l1ird.-; nf prt'.V :\Jl(l p;ls .. .; a;;e. and the
rapid di sappParan cc of s11.,ci .. a t il.s appro:L•:i1." •
Lilly pf tlw l,akf•. \·i. _•cx\·ii.

2 l\.fil1on: Par;11\i ~c Lo st.
K e at~: St. Agn es'

•/ft cl U 111T111

Here it is c1·ifl1·1it. tli:<l Iii •· Ya g-11 .- '"'""·,l .. , fn·lch" 11Pcds l.i J,c re nd<ired cleM Ly LI i t: words '' l. i,.J 1 r.. l lu w iL. Otl1<·r ex run plr•s ar ~ :

1 S e fitl:

!'hi), ,... vphy of :'.tyk.

1

lf(11 k i\'. l illl' -1~1 -L
8 Brown ing: Ini'ident of the Fre11ch Cu111p. F\) r other exa1 11 ple:-: 1 Stt.~ Pi' · !°J::.! i '. 1 ~.

4

" 'ebster: \York >.

Yu l. \".

1

p. 403.

lDO

CTT OIC'f·: AXD USE OF \\"OfWS.
1
'

~ T i~ thin l· , 0 C:J1·111dli n '. w hn:--1· b r i d~ · . . IJ all awflit ,
/ .;/.·,, H

{'An

[13001{ ll

a11 t l1 d r',.. ;

Jt .,·l·-ti.!:, ht.-d w:1tch-1ir", all ni g l1t a t the g-11tc ." 1

1 1.·11, lik{; l·l 1iJ.Jn' 1J· s I.. ·~=-- ,
1

i111pro \- l' :-:

l1y exercise.)''

F o r a11 cxa111p1c of \\'hat lie L'Oll"i d(' rs i l1u l1est, an :rng(}rnc ll t, tlic nret i(;all,r, Sj' Clll' (' l' lias rvc ou rsc t o Oss ian;
lH 1t t ~ 1· en i11 tlt c ::;c kl'lt· tl 1iassag c t l1 c pos it ion of the
Yc rlJ i11 t li e fi rs t, ( \\' U s i111 ilcs d un; no t co nform to tho
tl 1L·o ry . Iii nt li c r rcspcd,.:, ho11·c \'\' r, t lt c passage is in
p01 11t.. . "TJ1 c s i11.1i lu co rn t·s 11L·fon · tli r· ([llal ifiul im;1ge,
tlic ad.Jt · d :q;.~ l1L·l11 rn t ltc ,.;n l1,.;(a1 it i1·c,.:. tl1 c predicate aud
co p11la lw l'u re t l1c snl1j ect , a 11 d tl1 cir l'L""ll(.; c.Liv c co rnpl e111 c 1it s lw1'111 -e tlt c 111 .· ' :i
l:i rk :-: I 11r1n'

t \\·n iTl 1• ii Il g } 1i ! I:", so towards
/\ ~ t wu ~L n k =-- tn·an1...; f rom hi gh
'. 'u(' k=-- ll k eL a11 d 11 11x :uid n 1a r 1111 th1 \ i.J ai 11 : lond . roi ig-li , and tlark
111 l•atlle nu· .. t l,(Jdil i11 :L11 d l11i,f:iil. . . . J\s lli e tru11hlcd noiso
,, f ti ll! Oct':111 ll' il!' ll re.JI till' \\':ti'<'' <111 l1i.l.'. li: :i." tll<' !:t st peal of the
tli1111Ll er uf l1,·:tn !11, - ..;u..J1 i,; tl1•• 11o ist• ,,f the l1al tle ."
" :\ :-: ;ud

11 1 n1 1':-; 1

t.:' :1<'11 idlw r a1 11n· 11 :11·l_11 ·d t l w

pn1 1r fru111

li 1• r o t ·,...; ,

IL1<l t·li is passa!..;C fullO\\'C'\l " t he t heo reti cally Lest
' ' t hro11ghn11t, it \H>t il tl Ji a yc been even
rn.nrc l1 ornh asli e Ll 1:rn it is ; an d bomh:1,.;t- o r streng th
ol 1 : 111 :-:· 11: 1 .~· 1' \\'l1 i1·h i,; disprn1H1rtio1 1l'rl 1.0 tl 1e ::; tre ugth of
t l 1u 1 1 .~·lit ., :111d wh i1·l1 011 1pl1a s izes s()11 11d ra tl11 ·r Ll 1an sense
- is 1': 11· !'min h L·i11 .~· ".1·111i 11y 111 n11s wi tlt tl1 at F()rcc whi ch
('n11 st it11 k s <·l'f', •t ·li n · c xpr1·,.:..; j\ln . E\'l•1 1 O,;s iall '~ best
p: 1,.;s:1g«'s arc 111i L 1· h: tr:i d .t·rizcil h.\· :1 prcL1nmi na ncc of
il1c ' ' d ircL·L., ord er. F()r t· x:11 n pk : a1 T:111 ~·e 11w11t

' · I li :,,.,, ' " "II Lill• " ·alls of H:1kl11tl1:1 , 1•111 tl11·1· \'.' l'l' C dc;;oJate.
T lie f"x l""k"d "11L fro1 n tl 1" \\' i11dt1 \\·s, [), ,. r:1 11k c::rns;; of t.he wall

,,·a1·C'd round hr·r l11':td. Haisn U11• ~<> 11g of n1n; 1rnin g, O Lards,
Ol'L·r ll 1e lam! of sLrang(·r;; 1 Tl1 1•y kl\·<' h11 1. fall( ·n before us, for
I ( ':11 111•ht•! J: l.tll' li ii·I':-< \ \" 1tr n i11 g"
\ il 1·rid ;..:·1·: TJ, ,. J.' ri1·111 \, \ ' 1d. i., E :-:~ av iii.

:! (
11
-

~ pt.' ltlT I" : l'hil 11:" 11l 1h.' · of St:·k .

.

Cu.u . III. ]

l:Jl

.{\ JU{A XC:EMEYr OF w orm:-;.

one day we m11 sL fa.ll.

\\' l1y ,J.,,.; t, tl"''l Lu i Id tltL• l1all, ;;on of tit"
wi11geJ cl:ty;;? 'J' Jt ,,11 lou kt:."L fro 11t ll1y l•• \\"J"' t.. -d:iy; .\"· L " f,. \,.
years, ;<11J t he J.i asL u f Uw tJ ,.,,,. 1·L '"1t111·s: it ii<·" ·ls i11 L! 1y ""'i 'l .\'
courL, a11tl ll'l1 is t\.-." rut1 11 d l lty li;tl f-\1'< Jr1 1 , Ji j,.J .J . l.•·I tli" l.J:i.'L ,, f
the dese rt COlll l! ~ \\'<' ;;!tall he re11n\\·n"d i11 (Jil l' d:iy." 1
Whate ve r arra11gt:111 c 11 t. m ay , :l (Tt1 rd ing tu Bc1t tl1a 111 2

or to S pe 11 cc 1-,2 li e th curc:t ic;1ll y t li e best, t lw Tlw 11 al t1r al
best arra11 gt nH;ll L in pLtd icc is tl1al, 1rliicl1- 111«!,· r tl1e
l• t.: :' l O il (.} ,
wheth cr "direc t,. or" im1ircct.," " i111·e rt ctl "
or " ll<tt ural ' ' - c1111d uccs n 111,.;t tu " c le:tl'l ll' "·~ a1 111 t lie
i·eadcr's case .' ' J n t li c order, :1.,.: w cli as i1l Ll 1e cl1uicc
1tnd Jlllli lhc r uL' Jii s \\·urd:;, <Ill au tltu r who ai 111s aL t Ji e
cifocti vc corn m11 11icati on n[ tl1n11 g l1t. or i'cdi 11g· to t lie
ge neral tiul ili 1· JJrn o; l. ,;um1·t i111 c,; ,;:1ni fi cu p rc .. i,.;i 11 11 tu
Pt.:n;p ic11iLy ; fl• l· u11 der ll 1is , :ts 1111dc r o tlru aspl'd :',
P erspic 11 iLy is a n ·lati \· c q ual it.1-. A1 1y o n ll'I', w li cil1 cr
"nat ural " or 11 0L i11 Lh c()ry , 11·l1ii' lt is 11a t nra l lu tl1L~ JiCrsons aL1t1 rc,.:,.;e\1, is d 1•a re r, as 11't•ll as ni11rc fn i'l:il Jle , t li a n
on e wl iich st rik e;; tl wm as ;;( ran:-;e , a11 1l li y it s ,; [ r:111 ge ness calls att c11 t iun from t he s ulJs(a 11 ce tu th e t'urm of
the sc 11tcll cc .
vV urc it po ss ihl c, \Yith in 011 1' l imit,.;, t u pt1 1':'11C the
d iscu s,.; i"11 , tl11 ·rc w1rnld lH: 111 1 dilfi (' 11lt y in slw wi11 g tl1 at,
gencr; tll y spl' a ki11:-:·, t l11)SO wr i(L- r,; \1·l 1u,;c s1y lc is 1nn,;t
ar tifi cial a rc 1110,.; t. ad11icl c(l t,() p oe t i1·al <1r " li a r,;h in n :rsio11s, ::;o wi dt· l.r di ffc n ·ut, frnl\ 1 tl1 os1: g racc f11l a11d ca,.;y
inve rsio ns 11·l1i cl1 g in~ ya ridy , ,.; p irit , ;t1J(l s11·cc t 11L'"" t u
the c xprc,.;si(l 11 of ou r gn·a t ol•l 11·ritcr,; ; ,. ~ a 11tl t l1a t
th ose who are cli,.; t in gu i,.;h cil liy i11i (l111 at ic case v:i rr tli 1 ~
ord er of wo nls in su cccssiY c sc11t c11 ces ,.;o 11 at urally t ha t
the anan ge mc n t is ll UL 11 ot iccLl.
l 1\fattli cw Ar nol d: S l nd y uf ( '1·lt it: l.itc rnl urc, p. J&:J .
of Celtic g'e 11i11 ~.
:.! Rec pp. 1·17 - l !JO.

Cit cc..l ns n

:o-p •Til tl t'fl

AlrnA?\GE~lE:'\'T

CI!OT('F, J\:\D CsE OF WOHDS.

These prineipl"" aff., nl a ,.;im1il c a11d 1rnfficie 11 t answQr ··
to lit e H~ .\:C' < l c111l·,.; l ion a,; to tlte ","I.
lie of r1,.
J'1' ri•Hli ~
Y
f~
t

],.os~~
Nt..: l1l1 · 111·1..·r::.

jJ f' /'iorl it•

and

:)1'){f(' //f'( 1 -

()}'

f-:l' Jl t(llll'.C

jll " ' ltt'cll

lhftV

till ll 1c encl-as com·
]':ll'l· <1 with th e luusc sr: 11t c11r·1>, or ,.;cnte ucc wliid1 COlll<l
lta\·e be en lm1n glit hi a g-ra mmati1·al close at one or
rnure poi1ds IJt:l'\Jre l ite c ud.
mea11i11 g is su;;11c 11dc· (l

Lo(1 . . . E.

Puuonic .

" \\'e <":rn 1e to our jo111·nf'y ·.,
e n.I. a t Ja,;t , wil!t :10 """il l difJi,. ulty, afln lllu c!t fati g ue ,
tl1 !" "1';'1 1 .J, ,,.l , road >, a11<J li:id
\\'1•;l( i WI". ~ 1

"At la,-t. "·il11 110 small diificul ty, :cit•· r 1111 1c1 1 fatigu e,
t.l1rn11 gl 1 J,·,·p roa,ls, anJ b:id
""'at ii Pr. ''"' e:1111e to ou r jour1ti

·.r ..")

~ ' 11d.,,

Ilc111;e tl1c t•.\i s k1n:e in all Lt11 6·1i;1g-cs nf
l)artides tl 1aL sen·c i10 nt111.:r p11rpo,.;e tl1aa to i11 d i«a! t:

tbat tl1e sentence in wl1id1 tl1cy occ ur is 110L \l'l .. 11tl 1·r l.
In Greek :u11l Lati11 . s11,·l 1 parlil'l e ,.; arc i111111t·1«111,.;: ill
Engfo;li, tlt11ugl 1 cornparat i\'1 ·l y ft·11', tltc·y are oft,·n u,.:c fu l, as is ::;l rown liy U t ~ fullu1 r [11 ,;· exarnpll·s: } >1.: I : fl 1I111 '.

Th is was furl1iddt'll J,y l :1 >l •',
ns well a:; b y judgrn l· 11 t .
This dispu=' itiiHI ,..;a\· ·· .-.; l1i1n
frorn offc111li11g l1i s "'l 'i"•n•·nt ,,
and also (rn111 al i1·1 i: ,ti n:; l1i .-;
supporters.
li e k e1.t; lii11 t>l"lf aliv" with
the foh he ca ub'l1l , 01' \1·itl1 ll11:
goats he Rhnt..
The world i> 11 0L cl<' rnal , nor
is it the wurk of cli<rncc.
The Horn:111s cc>n si<ln r•·ligion a part of 1·irt11 e , th e Jo>l\·s
virtue a p art o f religiun.

Tl1i.'< 11·:1 :; f,,rl.idd··11 /,,,/)1 by
la:<t•· :wrl Ly j11d,c;111t•11l.
Tl ii .-.: di:-.1111 ;-; ili ~, 11 ·""" \ .·:-: 11i111,
//1, , Of/f ' f1UJ1if 1 f'rt1[\\

011

Ii i:-1 •11 ·putl f' nt s;

" ,\ f Ja ..;1., ;,ff<>r 11111 .. !1 [;1fic:·11t '.
dt·1•p

l'li;1d ...

Wt·a tl wr.

wt;

(«11111·,

~111:ill

:1111!

h:1d

wili 1

JH>

d ifficulty, Lo n11r jnurn <·.1"s

L'lti1. ' ' 1

" ,\t i:J sl, \\ ii1 1 11 0 SIJ'l :.J / t]jffi.
''tdt,v . :u 1d :tl°Lt·r 111-t1c11 fatigue,
we c11 11 r" tl1 r<> n~· !t deep roads
:u1tl l>:ul \1«·:t1J1,·r, to our jourt it ~y\;

en d.''

2

\\'h e n tlic rnod if'ying- C' XJ>H'!'.,.;io11< arr: so f,·w am1 s imi,.; :1~ ea,.;y tu u 11 d1Tsi:i111l tl1 c s( ·ttl e u cc in the
!.'(·1·i11dic n.,.; in t.lio Jons« forn1, t!1c f'<!rrnr·r i,.: ofto 11 prepl.· tl 1:it it

1

011e g1~11v r :din 11 \\'111ild lian'
no rulv a uta.~·e u\·1_•r a111dlit:r . i(

se ii te nce
scnLcnce

this 01•i11i o11 w..re 1Ycll- fu 1111cktl.
I sh al l not rntc fur lhi.-;
m easnre, 1111 1<-ss i t 1s clearly

\\"liicl1 of tlie'f: two forms is !h e betlcr?

constitutional .
vVh:·1t. is fl, 111r worth i11 r;.,J,J,
if iL co.-;h ;':; J11 " L:1rn· I i11 sil v1·1":

ll"IT1·d; a11d tl 1af. i11u. C'\'C' J1 \ l'l1c·rr· (li e )'t ·rirnlic
t.~ a little 1.J1 1n·
tl1 c· c·c
···
]'111g- j uvse
•
,.., n- tli·t11
•
, >1· 1c~pu111.
\\ ' !iat ciy: l: helnrie. part iii . tl1;q ,. ii. ~ 1· · · 1. xi i.

. "Spe 11.:er : f'hiloso1,hy of Sty le.
S•·e p. 1:1J.

His act.i 1.11 s \\'"re freq11 e11Uy
cril.ici;;cd, 1111 L lii s r.:l1 aradt' r \\':1s
abo,fo cr il .i<: ii-; 111.
TT c can L:..lk wlll' ll t here 's
a11yl1ody worth lalki11.t.: lt>TTi s word 111ay l 1e as g"od as
hi s bond , but we li:ti·c s t.ill tu
ask liow gCJod Iii =-- bo11d i .....

1dft 'IH!i1 1~

I 111 · ( 11l ll'r l1;u1d 1

<111

fr1;r11 ;1 \ ii·11:din .~·

hi .....-..:..111•1u1rl1·r~.
l ll' k. ·J•L Li111 ., ,. Jf ali1«· eir!u r
wit 11 11,.. fi .,] 1 li e ca 11 ;,;·lit, or wit Ii

tlw g11 al ~ !1(' ~lH•t.

'}'J,.. \\·,,rl tl i.'
lH•r

1],,.

n,o // )u

1·

0krnal

of ..Ji:tlll'P.

\1<11'](

l! 'hilc tl1" ]{u 11i: 111 ,; C(1 11 s itl <·r
n ·lig·i·111 a 1•a rt uf Yi 1·t11t', th e
,J,_. ,,·:-; , on tlH· (_"0111 ra r y 1 c1Jt1si dcr
Yirl

tLn 1ngl 1

1D0

or WORDS.

111 1

a 11arl.

, ,f

n •l ig·io11 .

'F /1 011.'/I' 11 i:-; ;1l·li• in s ,,·,·re fr1·-

<Jl!C'11lly crilici ., , ..J, !tis cli:tr:cd.1·r
' v:i.s

a1HH "l '

crilici :-; rn.

11 '/wn tlwn· ',. ; :u 1yhody wu rtli

t:dki11.L: I<>,

]!I'

Lalk.
hi s '' 11rd

t':lll

f ,',.uutiil.'f 1!11ll

1:-;

a:-;

g( 1P1l a=-- l1i s l n111d, \\"1_· l 1a\'1'. st ill
tu ;t...;.k ! 1t1\\· guud 11is l 1u1H l i:-; .

lf'1/'!: tlii.-< "i'i11io11 11.·ll -f,,11 11•1(:d, i..lJH' .~. .::e1wr ~ dit1Il w 1111l d lia\·t~

110 a1hantag«! rJ1·er anollH·r.
/.."11/r"'" thi,; 111cas11rl' is cl<'arly
cn11sl. it11l io11:d, I ,;] 1:1 ll 11 ut n •t.e
for it.
It' fJ.111r cos t.' '1)10 :t 11arrul i11
~ i h·1· r . \Ylt<d i .. : it. \\ 'j,J'tl 1 i11 r,·n!d'.;

('llilH'E J\:\D C::;E OF 'W ORDS.

H , lio we Yc r, the rc::;Lri ct ing claw;es are numerous IJf
as,-c rl io H s hould be broughi
111lu !.li e Jin;( p:trL u f t li e sL·nte!l ce. la su ch a case, i
lll<ly lJe necessary lo pu t ,,;o rn c of the q ualill cation s iu{J)
:11 1olliu r scnLene:e .
Tl 1c :n g111nc 11 t again,;l " cndles::; a nd
sc1 1k 1H· c::;" is f un· ilil y sLt( c(l by Oe Quim:cy , allll thnt
ag; unsL '' sl 1urt a nd u11co 111 1l.'clt.:cl" ones L,y Colerid ge .
i11rnh·ed, .. tlil: p ri11 c ipal

"Tlill.'C who an: 11•>( :to'c11,(ol1111 .. t tn \\ alch 1.l 1r, effec ls of com·

l'"·' iti .. 11 ''!"'" tli1· f<'cli11g« , o r li ;tl"i• ktll liLtle exno•ri·
r """
t · tH·e i11 Y1dH111 i1 t1111..; rl'adi11g p1 1r:-\th·d f u r week:;, would
~1..·11l • ; I H't·~.
I
'
.
I
.
.''c;irn• y 1111:1 _c; 11w 1,,11· 111111· li uf d•J 11·11right physical
.. xl1;111.,fwn I:; l""'d11c1"l Ly" li;lf i:-< t .. «l 111 il·ally calle1l L11e periodic
~tyJp n~ \\'rili11g: it i:-i 1J11l tl1t· 1 1 · 11 .~·tl t, tin~ t;:rf 1w1rrvAoylH, tl1 e paralytic
ll1_1x ."' 11·1w•b ; it i,; 110L l' l'l' ll t i,.. .- 11 111!.ro11,; i11 n1luL ion of pur~
\\ 1t.h111 l':L rt,;, :<t •p:L ra t .. Jy '"' 11., id•·n·d , tl1;it l1L·ar,; so heav ily 11pon tl!e
aftP11(_io1 1. TL 1,; tl1e w .'1'''11."•', tlw l1 •'1di 11g- n11, n[ l11 c rni11J uutil
\d1:1t 1:-< ca ll l'd U1 c ,;rr,;'~"""'' (1r cn 111i1 1g- roun d vf the ~c n teuce com·
llH!IHYS, - tit is it i,; wl1i" li wc·;ir,; o ut the fa c111t y of aLte ntion. A
S('l1tl' l1 C<\ fu r l'X:llnpJ. ', J11•g- i11 ,; II itJ1 a f'l'ri c~ Of u~ : j•e rha.ps a dozen
l1 11 cs arn occ:11pi1'll wi tl 1 l'XJ'a11 d i11g the co11 ilitinn s und er wli ich
sn 111c· tli 111 •g- 1:-0 afli rin1 d (1 r tll1 ni c•d ·, hr·rc .,. •,.,, 11 C"., lll1ot <l·1om1
· ·ss anu,
11 ; <1·" do)ttt• witl 1 t J,.. id<'as "" .\"111 g-n :iln11g: al l ;, lil'pot.lit•Lic · nll
i .. .; Sll."'J Wl1dt. '. d in all' . 'J'I I" t'"IH 1·11·1""" ar1• 11"t f11Jly ' to Le u11tlcr,
"t""d
l\ 111 ii \ ' "\ l 'Ir" ' l1' 1111·t '1 11! .1 l
"t I t I
l
l
.·
J
•
~
t
'' J 1 _ ie '1'JH !I t1 vncy: ynn must
•
~1,· 1· a s1·1 1ar;i.1,. all1·11l1 o r1 fq !'t t1·l 1 <·la11si· <•f Llii .' 1 ·~ H nJili·x hypothes is,
:111 .J ,V«f, l1a1·i11g oJ ,,111! 1/,,11 l1y :t p:ti11 f1il ,.ff.,rt. ·"" 11 J1aq, done noth·
i11 g :ti. ~di : . f1•r y1111 rn n ~t t'Xf' r1·is1• a r1•acti11 .t..:' :1U1•nfi t1n thro u ~h the

Th·· ""'"

ni:ai1 1:-. f

J:t1.y ri1i t ld:n;

1

l 'tl!T t"" J 11 ii~d1 11 g .lal! t) r :-:1Tti •n1 , i11 nrd1· r fo full 11w ouf. jL~ reiations
f,, a ll 1•:1rf s nf iii" liy1 .. .il"'"i" ll'iiit'l 1 "1 1., f;ii 11 ., it. 111 fact, under
U1 e r 11de yet a b<> :1ri ifil' i:tl clia1·a« f1•r ,, [ 1w""'l'"l'e r 1 stvlc each
·' ,
s1•1 i;11-;1 Le 111011 s l.t· 1.· J'(' ri .. d is a 1·ast. an·l1, 11·itich, .,t rccciYing
its

11
k .. _y,;(u 11t· , 11\lt li1•111g luckc.,I i1d.<> Sl'lf-.'llJ•l•"rti ng e .. lt 1•,,; i"n un Lil you
t1<'arly reac lt its <:!"""• lll1['0S1·s uf lll'C\':<., ity lll•Oll t lt e unhappy
1

Tl1i ...: i~ liy

11:1p ··r . . .

11 0

tn • · a n~

t l1 ._.

rlinrn cl1 ·r i.., tic

\\'1•1t k111·..:.;;:

nf Aim•rican

, dcr 111! the nm1 .s o[ ib po 11de ro us weight tl 1rougl 1t l1c1>1a i1t proce""

uf lb! con8tructio 11. "

1

"I cu11 u ever so Ltr ;;acrince

Ill )' judg·111 e11t tt) llie d.. ,.; ir<! of L.·i11 g
im mediately p op ulM , as tu ca:-<t 111y se 11 te 11 c ...-; i n l11t•
}'tench n 1o ultls, u r aff1.!ct a. st.yJ,~ which an a11 ci 1·11L :'. ~~:· 1 ~:~~e
~ttrltic \-VO ult.l lwsc d t 'L'lll v d 1·11rJ•t•:-;.vly i11\·1_·1 1tv d i'o r i•t: r- <1 :--.ll 11n;11k
l:)t;ltl 1.: 11<..: 1..·~.
llOll!! t ro uu led 11·ith tl1 e a, tlllna lo rc:ad, anJ .l u r thus,! lo
_comprehe 1td who Ld..1u r 1111 J ,.r tl 1e 1111Jr•.: pili:dJlc: '" t li 111 ;i 1of "."'l111rL·
witted i11tcl kct . IL c:w 11•1 I. lrnL 111• i»jllri u11.' j,, Ll1 •: l1111u a11 1J1i 11d
ncver t o uc called i11f11 1·lforL; tJ,., ii;tliil uf r,.,.,·i1·i11 g- 1.Je:i., 11 re 1vithout any exe rl io 11 uf tl1uuglit, l.y tl 1e """'" excil•c11 w11 t ••l curi u., it y
aJld 8e ll8il1 i] if.y, Ill a)' l>e j 11 ,.; tJ _y l'illlk <'d <tl ll U\ 11-)' !li e ll't!r' (, l"fl1:cl.' uf
habitu;:i,l 110Yel r<,;toli»g. It. is tru« ll1 :LL tlibc: , J1.1rL ;111ol u11co1»1<'l'l"' l
sente nces arc ea:-.ily :uHl i11 :--iai i.tly H111l· ·r:···l .11J d ; l111i it i:-: (·11t1.l:ly t:·tle
that, wa. 11 Li11 g all tl i· ~ ('i·11w11 L uf Ll1 1 111 .~ l~ L ;1 :-1 ,,.,.Jj a." td. ~.;1yt1 · , ali U iu
oonned iu1t:-<, a11 d (i f .""11 "ill f.. q,:-i 1·
t ri 1·i;d '' 11wh1·l1.,r) :i ll tl10:
hooks-and-1'.'ft','i uf t 111· l ll l'l ll UI'_\" ' ll wy tl!'t. a:-: t•a . . . i l_y r. d'g11l I•' II : ( ~ r rat Iwr'
it is scarcely } iOs~ihlc llia t tlt1·y :--l11i1dd be J"i·r11 °· 111l !t'rcd. :\' t>r j :-; iL
loss true, Ll1 at U1,,se \\l1•J C'<11tii11·· (11,.ir rea di11 g tu :-<m·h Lo(lk« dwarf
their ow11 faculli .. .-, an•l Ji1 1ally l'L'<ii ll"' tl1 •:ir 1111d"'"'(a11.Ji 11 g., tu <L •kplorable imucc ili ty . . . . l.ik<' idll' lllt<l'lli11g 1·i.-; i1 u r,, , tl 1e urisk a11d

.·!

·'.

"~-..;:.

1

0

•

" "

1

!

·f ,·

.

..

breathl ess pe ri n•b l1 11rry i11 :lll1l l111rry f>ff i11 q11i ck a111l J• rnfll l"."'' s111;ceas iou; each i1toh.,.,l fo r tl1e mon1e 1d,; ., f il.- ' lay prpn•1 1b llie p:<i 11
of vaca ncy, ll'ii il e it. i11il1ilg"" th •: luv1' .- ,f ,1otl 1; li 11 l all lo1g-eLl 1er tl 1··y
leave Lite mi ,tr""" ,,f tlw li n11s1· (!hi' ' 0111 l 111• ., 111) tl;d. ;1.11d 1: xl.:1.11 ., 1... 1,
incapaLl c ol aU.1· 11d i11g t n li er O\\' ll C() ll"1 · r11 :..; , a11d t111fi LLed f\1r tl11 ~
conversali o n uf 111ore ra l.in11al g11.,,L:-< ... "

Eve n w l1 "re (!11) tli st i 1w !io n lll'l WL'''il a !<J11 g a11d a
short se n t e n ce t:<)nsists cl 1i d ly in ]>11nd11;t- r. .. 11 ~"' .i,ort
tion,3 tl1 e lll L' l' C s ulisti ! 11 li nn oi' ""lo 11 s 11r s<:111i- •···111 """''"·
colo us fo r p c riocls m akes a worhl of' .Jiffe r c m :e to tlic
reader. A lu11 g c; c nlc11 ce that t: <Jt1l a i11 s a 1111111 !,c r of
shor t sc 11 tc11 l' l'S prc;.;c 11 !s, on the one liand, a ll1011 g li t as
a whole, lin t rn: ty, on ll1 c nll1 r! r l1and, evP 11 wli e 11 wcll conKtru ett:d, l>c •.1 i flluult t·o f11 ll"w: a slHirL sc11lt·111· e ,

fl l' WA-

l
!!

Dt: Quinn·.\·: E:-;:o:ny <1n St yle.
Co ler idge : The Frie1Hl; ,.l,J. i. E:-'~ ay iii.

8 ~l'.C

Append ix, p . :!7tl.

,_

15G

tl1ough clf'ar in il:<cl f a11d a,; for a,; it goes, may not ~
l"<h} iu l'.Ol l l !t 'cl 11·it Ji tl11· L'(>Ji( cxt. J n UllUL'Oken SU
::;1t >11, lo11g s c1 1 (1·1 11·e.~ Ltti g11l' i.Jut l1 eye a11J mind;
sl'11tc11 ec,; 1listracL liil'lll . Tll(: skilfol writer alter
t lie two, usi11g tl1c J'onnvr, fur the must part, to expla
tli c la tlcr to c 11f11l'('C l1is ,·i e ws .1

lt. is sumcti111es a quc;-;tio 11 wl 1i;tl 1<·r the last word in ;(
11,,"' 1,, ,.,..i sC' 11tc11 cc sli1•11ltl I.Jc a part ide
" '" "lcll<' C.
lll OJ' C i11 1l'Pl'la1 1L \\'Ord.

Tl1t rn :1rn (';1,.:0,; i11 11·l 1i1·lt :tlll\11,.;l a11.1r good writ.er
will 1llll11· ,.: it ati11.!..'.·h· prd'er, f" r it,; <':ts(' a11d often abo for
its lin:1·it.1-, t l1 e 111on· i111'11rm :1l ,;trnd.me, a11d others in
wi1ii;]1 lie will prcf.. r Lill' 111n1\' ,.:(ateh 011e . Tl 1c former
"'rn11n · idinm ati " tlia11 tl11 : lattn. :111tl i,;, tlicrefo re,rnore
fr1•quc11 t i11 ('0111·cr,.;:dio1 1 and i11 1':11nili:1r ll'tie rs than in
lirn 1ks, a11d 111orn fr1"111c 11 t i11 Addi ,.;1111, Col<bmith, or
Ini11g ll1a11 i11 ( ;ilJlllJt1 nr .Jol111s1111. 1\1.:itlter form can
lie rt.:c(llflt11L'1 1dcll as bei ng ll 1c 11l',.;l :1lJsolutely and in all
1

s•.'l' p . 11 J.
;\fill: Log il' , h11 .. k i . r h:111 . iL !--N' t . 1'. ·, <·!1.·111. ,."· ser \ . iv.;
·
"uook· m
... c)111p. 1·v
.'ICd. iL ~ c· c ~1ar" h: Lng li:-:h l.nn g-urig•· , lt•ct. vii.
i

J\lll{,\:\GE:'llE~T

CHOICE A1'D USE 01" WORDS.

151

OF \\'OHl>S.

umstances; for a pr;1 cti,.;f'<l writ1·r \\'ill insti11cti\'l' ly
QOSe tl1e for m wl1i eli 1Jl'lo11g·s i1 1 tl1L: se11te111·c i11 l1a11.l.
The principles \\'l1i eli l'l',g·uLitc tl1e f11rn1 atill11 ot' :;e11lc·11apply equally well to uar<1gr<1ph,:;. :::i c11T1i e f·1r111aUCeS in a pa.ragnq.J1, like ,1·oril s ur clau,;es gr;qil1s.
ti"" " ' l''"·aIi a se11Lc 11 ec , sliuukl (1) !'11lluw tl1e order
trl' thought; 1 :ol1<llil1l (:2) go fru1 11 tl1L: 11·ss i11 lt:re,,li 11g to
ti1e Tl10l'C i1tfel'Csli11g ill [Lil ;1 SCCt i.Ji11g Sl:l'i e,; ;l sl11 1U]lj
) give to tliat wli iclt is mo:;t irnp11rta11t in i11ca11i11 .~ Ll1u
ost prom i llCI l L posi Liun. 3 Tl IC irlt;;tl par;1gral'h is 1lll
nizecl wl1olc, of 11·l1icl1 e<ll.J 1 l'art 1i1·c1 1l'ir.:s ll1L: ollh·
lace in wlti1;l1 i t c;u 1 lw clearly u1J1.lcr,;t1J1Jd lJutl1 i11 it,.:1 ll'
imd in its r eb ti lll1s tu t.11 c ot li e r parts ,,i· tl1 e p a r:tgTaj>li.
11 a sentcnte C<Lll b" [>llL i11 n11 c ]>Ltc1 : <LS \1·1·11 a,; i11 :111l')ther, tl1crc is a dcl'ecL s1)tllC\1·ill' rc, a1"l i1,;11;ill.1· a ilci'<T L
0£sucl1 grnviLy tl1at it 1·a1111 0 L li e n: nwdi1·il will1ou L rccasting Lh e s1·1 1 LL:t1ct~ , il' tJ11L t.111: ]>otr<1 g r<1J>li.
Too much atl e11tio11 can l1ardly lie paid Lo tl1c ma 11)ler of getLiug frnm ()JIC ,;1• 11t e 11 ec t>l' lJ;tTagr:1plt Th·· :1rf of
to anotht.:r . A rn:i.slcr 111' th e art 11!' (ra11 ::;iliu11 Lra11...;iti ••ll.
moves so easil y a 111l 11:LI 11rall y, \11 a L the reader is l1arrlly
;tware of Lite sl1·p,; l1c is Ltking. S11cli a \l·l'i L··r lie!..'.·i11 "
.. ncl e nll s cac li se 11 le1 1ee (lJ' pal';1;_;r:q.!1 so a s !" 111ak c it
.a link bct.weeu t!tc ln·1.:1·e1li11g and tl1c "11ce1.:edi11~· ~cn ­
tenee or par< 1 ~Tat•l 1 ; or. ratl1cr, so a" tu mal;e ca..l1 :1r., 111
out of tlic Li.st ;1,1111 i 11to tlw 11cxL.
11

~

\.Yenrn yt:1k1: tlw"l'l'"rl1 111il yo f 11•1lic i11 g\d1 :t!. it. is il1:tf 1·1J11 , 1i-

tutes tl ie iwcul iar a 11d clia1·aclnizi 11 ;~ ci 1·c 11111> I :1 11t'I) i 11 n11 rki: 's 111 a11111:r
Q( co m pos it,in11.
It. is tl1i .-<, - lh :tl . 1111d e 1· l1is ln·: 1L111e 11t. 1.· ,·1· 1·y lrnll1,
be it wh ilt it m ay. <'l'l'1·y Ll11·., i..; t> f a s<:1ilc·11ce, !!"''""' i11 llll' \·c·ry a1·t
Qf unfoldi 11 g it.. '1';1k 1 ~ itll_\" :-;!' l lh' ll CC' ynu pl 1•; 1:-;1 · fru111 I >r .• J.dttl.'\~ lll,
suppose , allll iL 11·ill IJe fuu1"l Lu eo 11Lti11" tl1uu gl 1t- g·11"·' ,11· L:i.\

·i

1

Sec p.

H~.

a

~'-'l'

p.

1-L~-

CHOICE ANIJ !;SE OJ.' W ORDS.

[BOOK

U

- ful ly ]WPrn nr ei1·cd . " "l1r·r• •:i .' . i11 ll11rkP , wl1;tLC\'Cr rnay havt
l rL·11 llw pn~ L'PJ 11.: 1 ·1itiu11, il n·e(· iY1· ... a tH' W dt:lt· n11l11atio11 ori11flecti.o.n
;iL <'n· ry c-Ja11 -<" nf 1111· s1' 11L1 ·11c._:. ~ 0 1ne t.:oll:tt1 ·ral ;uljund of tho
1Jlai11 pru1''."itiu1 1, 'u1111• lt'111J •L·r;u111·11 L or rl'slra i11L, 8(1 tn e ·ublique
~· l a11 cc aL its n·111 t1lt: :iili11itiL'.-< . 11·ill ill'carialily J,,, [0 1111.J Lo alLcnd
l111) J•rogn' ss u( l1is s 1•11 t.> 11 c1·.; , - like t.hc ' l'ray fru 111 a waLerfall Of
tlit' sc i11tilla Lin11 s fru111 tlll· irL•ll 1111.Jer tlw J,Lt,·ks111itl1's lia 11111
ll1·11 er-, whil st a writ.•r u( Dr. ,J 11li11 .;1m ·, t.: la.-;s si·1· 111s 1rn]y Lo look
back upon l11s th.•ughls, B11rkc lnu ld f1ir11·ard , - a1u] does in fact
a1h·:u1c c· :u ttl t.:l1a11 .c:• · Iii ..; """" st:ili•> ll C••ll<' lllT<' 11lly wi th tho ad·
,- ~tn«e .,f till' s ·11t1·11 r1 ·,; .
Thi ,; 111·uil i:irity is 110 douliL in some
d1 •g r<'< ' du e LtJ li1 l' l1:tl1il ui' t· xle11q , 1rc 'l "'aki 11g-, but not to Lhat
011ly ." I
1

:er.

0

A \\Tit e r Illa.)" ~n11 1 1 cl't li i,.; ~c11tc1 1 c r::; or paragraphs
l1y n·pcaLt11g an lil L' a r1r a " ·ord; or li e may make
tl1L! co11ttlTliu1 1 plai1t 11y m eans of a cu 11jt1lldion or
!It.li er j>:trt icle.~ Tl1G 1110re itG varies l1is 111 GLhoLh, the
]\·,.;,.; lik\ ·ly lie i,.; tu c<tll <t ltl' nti un to tl1 e 111. If li e achieves
U1c rc,.;ult , willi o ut hdr;1 y i11 g tl1 e pr11r·c,.;,.;c,.;, lie is
said t o l1 aYe · ' :t fluwill g s !.1· k ."

justly

'· I11 Shak,.:pe re one

~ e 11l e 11 ce lH· g· v(,.; the 11 cxl naturally; the 111c[tn ing is

all

111wo1·e11 . IT u g11(' " 011 ki11rlli11g Jik r a rncl e or
!li e d:1rk atrno,.;plwn·.' ' 3

°

throurrh

. 1\ "t.1·l<' 1' l1:1ra clnizrtl ln- tlw <'Oi"l'<'" fl0 11lli11g demerit
1,.; w e ll d c ,.:n il1(•il 11.1· tl1 <' hornph Fn: twlt me taphor as
rl / 1·u 11 g11, - a t l1i11 g ol' slirtil-< a11il ]>: it .. lir,.;; or, to change
1l1t· fig·nrn, ' · I l1l' "l' lll C' 11cr,.; in :1 )':l '._;i: ha Ye th e s; 1,111e con11t·1 ·l it111 " · itl1 \':11 ·lt otl1t·r (J1;i! 111arlJh:" kt 1·0 111 a Lag;
111°·1· 11111,·11 11·it l 1011 L :1t! li ni11p; ... :;
111 L'1·c ry s,·11tl'11c1; , p:1r:1gT<1j1l 1. nr r s,.;ay , rr <"a rc1 should
P nifl·•· f
(.; iJ l llJ 1 u~ i1 i •1 11 .

]J(; had jJ) cl/;.l.'f <:f (:n 111;1().•ilio11 ."'
However
nu1n c r11ll,.; a111 1 Y;m. c1 l tl1 c part,;, tli l!y should
1

D(· ')11 in 1·"y:
'."'\ .... p. 11r;.

E ..;..: ;1y

i! rvient
CO Dtn,in

ti) 011c J>ri11cij> ctl c111l.

l·:\-L!I"} ,;e11tc 11n: ;.;]1111 ild

bnt ()!IL: jll"ill\°ip;i} ;1,_;,_;1• r f i()ll; (;\·c r y para gr;q 1Ji

shonl<l tli::;cu,.;,.; llie ,.;u\1jt·d i11 lia111l l'rotll ]Jul till(; Jl<•it 1(
of view; 0v~·ry v,..,.;:1 y or di,.;"u11r.~1; ;.;]J1111l1l tn·:iL 11f l11t l
ouc ::;ulJjGd, ;t11d 11 l' lntl one pn•L't1" iti1m r e Ltti11~ l 11 tl1:1L
·uLj ect at a l i1n c , -

digrc ,;,;io1 1,.;, if i11tl tdgc d i11 :t i. all,

bcillg

clearl y 111arkl'd a::; tli g rl',.;,.;iu n,;, and di,;ti1"'t ly ,.;uh1
ordiuate d tu t lie 111a1n p 11 rp o,;e .
"E vl•ry i11ali , a ...; ht.; walk s ll 1ruugl1 ti1 P. ;-.;trc<>l:-i, rna y rn1ilr i n• tn
jot Lluw11 a11 i11'1q><'lldt·11 l tli .. 11;.:l1 L; :c sl1url-li:rnd 111c111or:u1d11111 t• f :•
great trntl1. . . . ~ ta11d i 11 .~ 0 11 0 1w ho ,~, ynn 111 ay act;0 11q ili,.. , i1 1lii :-; .
The JaJ,or of t'o1 11p1 1~il i 1 rn J,,•gi11 s 'd"' 11 y• >ll li:LY t: lo pl1L )«>u1· s1·1•:1mte tl 1rt'aLls ,,f tl11111c;l1 L i11to a 1.,.,111; 111 "''"''(' tlll'lll illl•> :t ,.,.,,(i1111 ous wlt1ile ; (.tJ Ct11111 ect , to i11tr.. .Juc1' ll"·111; \,, lil vw t!l!'111 uuL 11r
expand UIL'll l ; lo c:L rry tl1 c111 to " cl u"'.., c
Blair's n1 h:,; for pre;.;l' n ·i11 g t l 1L! lll1ity uf tl11· ,.;1·11\, ·:11·'"
whit.Ji wi t h l1i,; CX:tlllj>l l's liaYL! lJL'Gll cupicd

l1y ,.; uc c t! t~ 1l­

:-

:_

ing wri Lc r :-;, al'G a,; foll1 J11·s: "I. 111 th e c•HHS<' u[ ti1" f'a 1110· ~·· 11 (1 • 111: e ll OL lo sl1ifL tJ.,. o<ccne.
u' .A[tcr \\"(' C<-11111' 1o a 1w\1or, tlt vy put llil~ (l ll :--:.lion•, u·h1 ·re I lf'flS
welco11wrl 111/ alf 111y ji ·i1 ·11tl ... , wlu> r1 ·r, i1 ·,·t! 111" wi r!t thf> yr Pu lt ... / J.-1.'11, fness.' Jl e rc tli c 1'11tti11g <•11 sl1 nrc r n1n pl •·l1;s 1111 c ael , a n d \d ia t.
follows ch:u1gcs tl1<· 'i:·.•11c', :111d sli11llld li:tve 11\atl;: :c new st·11terwc."

Anoth er Pxa 111pl.: in :ty he giv\'n: -

" J rece iv<•<l tlt1· li-ltn yo n wrnte frnrn Clti ca.g0 yc•st..1·.J:iy. a111l .
at fllt t'f~

without:\ u10 111P 1it ·:-; d1•lay 11r waiLi1 q..:: f11 r di11nr·r.

1•rocL·1·1kd

t,o :i\lr. B1111 sl1y' ,; onit.:t' . tltPll!.!;lt it

t.lt e ti1 1ll', a11 1/ //1 e

\\':t.s

ra i11i11 _g

;t{ .

·c1erk said he hod .i ""' 11·/1·!1'"" /''"'" his w·r·''J''" 11r·1· . "
"IL 'To ~L\' O id ('\"l •Wdi 1q..~ i11l 1_1 u 11 e ~1·1 1lt'ltL:1 · }w l 1·rr1gt•11<·n11s

: ,.

it11'.1"\ .

"' Till0tsu 11 .Ji 1·d i11 U1is )°\':Lr. ll1• \\'HS \"Xl'•'•· di11 g· ly J,..1 .. ,-. .. 1
both by Kin g \\"il li:1m a11.J IJ 1w1· 11 -:'llary. w/10 11fl111i1111/11/ fi r. ·r, 11ison, Bish.op r~f L i1"·ul11 1 lo .. .:. 1tr rh1/ him.' 'f l!(.! la~t ~·la11 :-;1•, lia,·i11g 110
1

011 J:li d nr k , nutc \·i.

t ·.,t~· rid ,i.;• ·: Tab le Tul le

\VUlW~ .

be mfl.d e t o appc:1 1· a,; p :irl,.; ol' unc wl1olc, :ol 1u til d lie ;.;uh-

Sec al:-o \ii' · lf. -1. 1.R fi.

L ~:- a _,. 01 1 :--:.1 .' \,., E x a111pl1·:-. c1f ilw ,.,·j\ l'ffc t· t:- 11f 1·\·adi11 g tli i ~
labor of t.:nmpr.:;. ition" :nc to Or found i11 Ur Q 1iinct.· y· fl <1 w11 w ritiu~ g .
2 Oe Qui1u·1·y:

11

:1

A lWA(';(;.Ei\lEYl' 0 .F

ru..r. HLJ

_,

·-

:-.

lGO

CllUI CE ,\J\'D IJS E OF WORDS.

11a l1 1ral <··>1111r-1' li1111 will1 ll11• leatling proposition, onght not to
l•e<' ll i1 1cl 11d<' ll i11 l li 1; " \Ill<' ~c·11l<: 1 1 c e.
" ·Tl"'''" 111.Lrcli ""' I l11 nugl 1 a1l H1l Ctd l ivaleu co un lry ,
sa\": 1.g1! i 1il1al1ita11! s fatTd l1artlly , /1111 ·111:; 110 utha ri1·h.es t!tcw a
o./ fr flll .·:.fu 1p , ll'l111se .Jf, sh ,,.,,,.. ru11k Hurl r111 .wu.: ur!J) /1.1/ reasrm of
l' 1i1ilinll11 l .J'r rr / i11 y

111 11111

S • U~/i.~ h . ~

''

A11<dht·r 1·x; 111q dl' 111 a _Y h1· .g-iY f' ll: " l'v11 i : 1 g~ I •_\· "Ji,, li:1d ), »LI 111" J; .. y .,f hi, ca rpd.-hat;" , 1chic!t !t e fi~
t ' itl r;; 1f· 11

'!/

/1/111/1

11'1/h u / '' 11 -l. ·111j ;,

hf' ./ ~ 111111/ r111 his

/ /; 1lf

1r/u'r ft !11 /1 1'11!.1 i11 th1l

0 1 11

ro l/1111,

u11 ly

ll'tili11g

fa/,/ f.: , and t~

rc acl H~ ll tl1 t: drawi11g-.roo:::j

tl11: fi .~1 1r1 · <1f Iii :-; g-r:111d l'at l w r. l 1·a11i 11 .~· 0 11 Iii ~ ivory cane,

;i :-;

a»tf

f,.!l,,\\"i11,g Iii:; g ue ;; t.:<, \\·a;; ju.'t Yi , ih le i11 tlte distance . l lel wn.,
(l\"l'l"l :i kl' tt.. ' "
T ltt· 1!.-L<i ls :d"" tl. ("111 1 i1 1~.,J,y",; r :1rp«l-l•a.:.: 1lo not belong ill.
tl11• :<: 11111' :<1 °1tl•·" "" witl 1 ti11' dd: 1i b .. r l1i s arri\":il i11 lhc drawin
rt H IJ )l .

111 " llr ,- 1; 1•1111111,. 1 ·:t1i n~· tl1l' 1·in·1111h t:11w1 ·' l11:L1, d1 ·l:ti1 1ecl Couinb'li•
l.y; tl11· '1-c11111 \ !· 11 .J i11 g \\"i ll1 a. g<'tll'ral :< l:tl l'1ll <' t1L al 1011 t Uie lai.c.
11 t·ss 111" l1i s arricd. T l1i s, !•f C'011rs1' , n11 tl 11' ' tli'l '°"itio11 tl1at th
11:1rl if' 11l ar:-\ :1 hn1 L

r

! ,,,.:

r....

ti w {' aq 1·l-l 1:i g- w en.·
1

\\·111·t J1 1111.: 1it,io ni1 1g

aL all.•

T li i.-; ·'<' ll l<' tll" c• 111 ay :d .< o ]," 1h'1:m ed uhj1_•c tiu11alJlc under Blair'J
fi r.-; t r11 I•! .'

'"l l l. T11 :t \"i 1i.J " X'""'" ,.f l"''""lll l1" tical ela11 sr•;; .
"1\- . :\« t .1<1 :uld 111 <' 111 l« ·r.' aft1•r ;i f111J ;rn1l pr·rfl"ct close .
" T1·11q de :<:ty s uf f.'111 ti "lll'i I" , • I Ii; fall.-; 'o grn,- ~dy i 1tl,0 the ccnsurl)
,,f ll H· 11 1.I J«H'lrv , a11 .J 1•rvf,.r,.11 r 1· uf tit,. II<'\\", t li; tt. I cot tld uoL read
Iii:-; ~L rai11 ~ \\·i tli\ 1UL i 1 1di .~ 1 1;d

i1 111:

11·/1id1 1111 ';11uhl _11 r1111011f; meu

is ,to

u11t to n 1/s,- in nu' a ... s 1 -~(-s1~/ii1 · i1' 11r_11. '

Tl 1i:-: la;-; t el ause is an cxtrn..
111·0 11 ;-; addiliD11 lu t\ 11· ~ 1·11t\ · 11 c l'' 7 \Yh iv1 1 i:-i 11at11rall_y clusrll a.t i11dig ..

11o l iu 11 . ' '

. \ 111tl ! t• 'l' c' X:l llljdl' Tll :l }"
1

Il
g

ht•

g i\·1 ·1 1: -

ill ....., ll'li l lJl'll l"\, t}u· t'X J1il1it, Of tltt:
l-'n ·1 11·li 111akl' r:< _,f:ind :< li r., t. ;i lli1« 1tg l1 it j , s111:ill , th<·y IJ:wing sent
11 1< 11e l.i 1t ltrsl-ch"' i1 1'Lru 1111.' 11(<: [Lnd tl"· y ii:H'c captured nearly
1·\·i·ry prize, lt'/1i1 ·h t> is u-urt/1,i/ r~/ NfJ fl' . t·1e11 i.J it i.-; nut a circumstaua
1r/1il'h is cr r.11 cn·dita lJ/c lo nu t ice i 11 ,/ 11slr,t1 r11ul i1dell i;j1}11 ce ." 1
"

J

;l.-.\ :-\ i 1t ,L!'

i

r,

I Hi \\'

Si-t' I'· :-~.

;1 :--:,, ••.

\1.

J~ -l.

;; St•(· l'I' · 4-1 1 7:?

lo

t)a • \\ i1 1d

l )i .. r;11·l i : ( 'n n irn~ ... hy , l'h,1 p. v .
p. J:-1!L
Ci ~ • ' C' p. 42.
~ (·{\ 11 · 11.!'L f;P (' al =-n I' · l R7.

~ ~~·4 ·

,,.
1G2

CHOICE A :\D USE OF WOlWS.

CHAPTER IV.
FU::\'DA>I E:\T ,.\ L

PRl~ C1 PLES .

T11t:s we han· "ccn that io t l1 e cfliciency of commutii•
cation h.r lan ~·uage fo ur thin gs are nccc s~arv: .
r ·q11i:-111..·s
•
.. r g ... ,.1
Gr:unm;t(ical P11ri ty (or C'(J]Tcctness),-th
(;O lllJ' i11' iti <1 11.
ll'e o[ tl1 osl' c xp rl';-;:-<ion;-; and Llw,;e ouly which
<ire ;u.' crptC'1,l IJ_r tli c co11,.:e11tic1> t pradi cc ol' t11 c ::;pea.ken!
ur \\T1.tc rs nf tliu prl''cnt tirn\: wliu l'".i ".\. tl1 e bc:-;t 11 ational .
~·1 · pnlat ion ; C'!c;trn1·'s (ur P cr"pieuity), - the quality
rn ;-; ty lL' hy \\'l111·h tli " i11P;111ing i,- eu11\·c'ycd to the person
add rec::-;ecl, in ;i ppr(lt• ri ak \\·onls, as fe w as are com·
patil1lu \1· ~th cciJu 1il..tl'111·,;s of sta(l'lll C11 t, and arranged ...
a,: JIC'arl y 111 tl1 u unl1 ·r of (!tu tli o11 glit a,; tlie language ·
J•nmib; F o rc:l', - the r1 11:tlit_r t li; tL sc leets the mo.t •
l'ffrdiYe rxl' re,.:,,; iu11 ,; ;1nd arrange:; t.l 1em in the mosi
rffe ct i\'C manucr ; alirl Elegance (or 13cauty),-con·
r(J J'll l ih· to gnucl ta,;t 1'.
\ Vliilc r 11 gag·\' tl i11 !l ie aeL of rnrnposilion, a writer ·
;-;Ji oul<l t l1i1 1k little :il 1(111t Fo rce , aml 11ot at all abou~
pn;-;it i1·c El 0g:u1 cc; hnt li e f<lto ul1.l con:; tant.ly aim t-0
111akc lii 11 1,df i 1it clli .~· il1k, ,;me tl 1:tL if li e 1loe:-; not sue·
1·1· vd i11 cloi11 g· tlii,;, ntl1c r nwrits \\·ill he of' Jitlle :wail,
1111d il1 ;1L if l1L~ tl111·,; s11<T('C'd, ot11i,:.r !11 (' rih \1·ill be likely
t" t·o111 (· u11,.:u11 gl 1t. T11 il1is c11d, li e sl10 11lcl u1tain as
extl'1 1,;i\·c a cu mm;i 1t<1 of laugn:1 gc as pn,;::-:ilile .
T he 1-.,,,r
0

"\n H.,1 di sr:nun, in g in pn l•li <'. let. your r l1 nirer,[ \\'OHlsl 1n neiLhcr
l::i11l1 ·il "i1 i1 i11d 1·ii1·;1cy, " "" t :1 rnj , j,..,[ 11·ith :i ffi:cf'.:Lt. io n. Let your
word IJ<'a r ll1<• <'-'!:''"'" im:i.c;1' 0f yn11,. thn 11g hL , a11d trau srnit it COl!l·

Hi:>

FC:\ Di\~! E:\T;\I, l'HI:\ C l l'L ES.

li care r· s n1 i 11d. You 11 rrLI the n g ive yonr.-.·IL YNY
le co nce rn to in rp 1i rc fnr th e ]':tri'h n·gi, te r o[ its 11:iti1·it..1· .
Vhetli e r ne w o r okl, wl1 e tl1er o [ :)a:\:011 o r o t: Cn~cia11 p:11\•11i:1ge . it
~ ill perfo rm its duti es to your sat.i,[:1d i<111 , witli uut at a ll ini[•:tirbig your rcpntaliu11 for pur ity of ,;peecli." 1

., He should sel' k to confurn1 t o S\\· ift \; l1cfi1Jiti• l11 of a
tood sty le: '' Proper '\rnrd,; ill proper places;" ;rnd
to the rules l>y whi ch "any 011 0," as Locke say:-;, "rn;1y
'.})l"cscrvc him,,;df from the confines aml su,.:picion ol°
jargo n " : "My lord , Ll ir. n e w '":tY of i1lcas, ;rn<l th e ol<l way of sp(':tkinc;
,i ntell.igihly, 1rns alll':tys , :u11l c 1·c r " ·ill J;e , tire s:u ne . ,\11d if 11~ '"."
take the Ji hcrt y lo d<' cl:trc m y H'11 se c1[ it, li c n·i 11 i L cu11 'i 'I" ( I)
:i. That a llHt11 u:-;e ll O word .-; but. ;..; 11 ch a:-> lit! 111:d.;,es tl1 e "°'i.~·11s <.1[ Cl'r t ai1 1

dete nninc<l olij ·(·t.-.; 1..11' ltis 111i111l i11 tlii11ki 11 .~? ''hicl1 llf• ca11 111ak·~
known to a11 ol hl'r. (:.') N•:xt tl1al. 111.: ""' Lil e "'" '' ' ll'O r d ,(ea .lily
!or the s ig n o[ ll 1c "u " e i111111r·diat c tilij•:ct t'1f J,j , 1lli11d in tl 1i11k in~ .
(3) That li e jni1 1 Ll1 n~c \\" Ord:; lo,(!·1.: lii e r i1 1 l'ropo:-: it. ions, accu rdiri:_;·
1

t.o t he grnm11i:Lti cal rnl l'' of t hat !:111.~·11:1~··'· J. e ,praks
ho uni te th ose se 11 te nccs in a eulierc n t di:.:co ur;;e." :i

"' ·

( -!) Tlia t

.

The question rcrnai 11 s w li rt lie r, u n{lcr t he· gcnn:i 1
consid erations that ha\' e hel'n sugg(':-ilt)1l arnl the rule:-;
that have hcc n bi(l tlow11, any fuJl(1anH.: 11 t.al princ· i[>le

exists.
Herbert Spen ce r chims th:i.t :rnch :i, prin ciple is tr) be
found in wl1 a L he ea lb " econo rn.y of at tc n- s1H'n· '" r·~
11 •·; .. ry.
tion." He tli i11ks tlta t the snfl icie 11 t r easo n
for choosin g tlrn he:-;t word;-; f"1 1r the pmpnse in !t:rnd
o.nd arr;w g i11~· t l1em in tl1 c l>L'"t ord er i,.:, t hat th e n· :t<l Pr·,_
1tttcntion , l1C·i11 g tl111,; sn11j1·ct cil to t he lea~ t Jl'l" iltl c
st.min frurn t lie mac!ti11 e ry of Jan.~11:1.gl', can lie 11wn.:
closc:ly g ivc11 lo t l1 e tlw11gl 1L; tliat, Ll1 e rcl'l1l't~, tl11.: hc.~L
l

2

J. Q. Aflani~: 1.c(· tnrrP. rrn J;]i"lnri r· ftrHl O rat ory , le-rt. XX\' . p. 1;,0 .
Lo{;ke: \\~r) rk s . vo l. j, · . p. ·I JU: ~1 · c·o 1 H I 1:1·1ily tP ! Ii~ H1 -. li•1p j,r \\. nn_·r ~: .

8

:.

. '

lU-1

C!IO ! CE ;\:\ D USE OF

w ofms.

writ e r j ,.; he wlio, otl1c r tl1 i11 gs hci ng Cf[llal, (lraws 1\1. •'" .
lll'O ll a rvadn'::; rnc·11lal power:; and sc n:sibiliLi cs.
·
Tlii,.; tl1vury i,; \'cry \\'e ll a:-; f'ar a:-; it g <lcs ; but it dt
lluL lay ,- 1illi cicllL ,.;( re"" upt•ll Lli c fact t.h
11,
1 1111
11
i "
ki·· ··y . th e 111e1ital Jio\1·c r of 110 r vadcr is a con. tnntt
quantity; tl1aL, ll1 cref'1Jrl' , a \\Titer 1\'l10 in cre ase~ Lh~.
pv ll' el' hy sl in1uhti 11 g Jllelltal a diu tl :tnivcs, uy a Jiffllt;
i;nt road , at U1c same d c:- ti11at iu11 \\··l 1i 1·h is r each ed by
:111citll('r \l'riler \1·110 l>y a \\·i,;e ccu1 101 11_y prcvc11Ls unneo-' ·
(',;qry 11·a,; LL! . Thl! ,.;tqh' l'inrily of l!Jc llll!Laphor to th
;;irnilL., 1 ancl of a ,.;ugg1·;-;li\·c lo an .. e xli:t11slivc" style,'
lie,;, a::; kt:; h cc 11 ~d 1 clln1. in each ca:-;c -partly, at lcnst
- in ll1c ,- t imu1ati11g p11\1-c; r of' th e former; and tho
;;arnc llla.\· be ,-ai d <1[ ll 1e >'ll!Jl'l'i11rity of "wonb that
lrn r n" 01·c·r th1i,;e of L11c cuhl 11111l\'r,.;ta11<ling, a11cl of an
orderly ov 1·r a l1i(i><1! arr: 11 1gcmc11t.
Th e gn':llcst g-c 11 ius of all i><. of cou rse, he who
cc111111111iz1•,.; :1 r1·:ul1·r \.; :1 ttv 11 t iu11 at t l1e sam e tim e that
ill: :-;t i111uhil'>< iiis L'111·rs-it·,;: D:11 1lc. f1 ir i11:-;hrn c:c , "whose
\ '(•r;-;c li1ild .-< ibl'if n1'<·L l1y t Iii • 11wr1· f'nr1·c of' t lie ~ n b ­
s l:11d i\·c a111l n·rl>, ll'itli (lut th" lH·ll' of a si11s·k r piLhct,"3
hut wl111 "kn• ' \1· h1)W to :-;pc11d a ~ ,,·1·ll a,; to '-'pare .. . .
l l is :-;i1nile of tl1e <l1>1· c,.; (lii f'ernn, \'. 8:2 d s1·r;.), perh :1;1 ,.; ll1c mo><t l'.'\ •[11i;-; itc in all pol:try , q1 1il c oversteps
Hin1rol',.; n:-trrn11· l i111il uf s11h,;ta 11 ti\·e a11tl 1·c rl>.' " 1
\I lii1 ·li 1111clcrlics all rlil'ln ri cal rul e
is ( :1,.; iias ht· c• 11 lii11tl:il mun• tli:111 OIH;e in
i ·aikiy .
1.l1 c f't1rq.;t1i11g· ]><i ge s '') tl 1c 1iri 1w i pie of n.11
ar l, -- tl1c p ri1 11·iJ>lt• i ii' lj 11it y i11 dc;-;ig1 1 co 11jui11 cu with
111:1 11if'old \' :1r i..ty 111 n1dliotb .

J\ 1w ( l1n pri 11ci pie

l 'n ii,· wiili

1

:-.:. ·1 · P·

~I

I.

:i l: i\·,11 .. !. •p 111l ·

d 1,_, .I I:. 1. 11w ··ll: .\ 11 1••1 1:..:- 111_,. 1: .,, ,k ... 1....;,, .,., ,11d :--\1·ril·... ), p. :38.

·I 1.1! \\ l'! i : l li i.\.. I'· Ill.
~ ... .

l'P

111. 1:.-;- ,

1.~,:1 .

~, ... ~J .. n

p. i S'i.

FU j\ ]) ,\

~l

EXTJ\ L

J Ii:}

r r: I V'1l'LE~.

~ ,. .

J\ great ::u1tl11·q· is 11 0C" one \\'liO 111vr1·ly lia;-; :-t. C1J; ;irl r f' rfuo ·11111,
•Llwr in p rose or Y (' r.-.; P, :u1d 1·a11 , a:-1 i1. 'r"n' , t11rn <111 :Lt Iii ...;" ill
aay nu1 nl1c r o( Hpl t• udid 1il1ra ~c .. .: :u1d ~ \\'\ · lli11g ~ 1 ·1 d1~ 11 c1·s; h1t~ lw i,~

ooe whv li:ts sv 111 d lii11 .c; lo " iy a11.\ k"""'·' I"'". l•i s:1y il. . . .

II~

• ites passi0 i1 aLcly, lw1·:u1sl' lw 1'1 ·1·!.-; 1,,.,:11!y; f11rciL!y, Ji,•<::111."' I"'
· :&nceivcR vivjdJy; li e ;.;L'c .. .: t.oo c.:h:arly tu lw Ya.:.:· 1H· ; ·1w i.. .: lt>e1 .. : f•ri11 :1.-.:
. ti) be oLiuse; li e c:111 :11i: 1lyz, · Iii .' s iil •j•·d, :t111l tiH·rdun• lw i.-; r i,·11;
Jn:icrn br:tccs i t as ;\ 11·l"il c and i11 i ls J•ar h, a11 d lll>'r1·r,.,.,. Ji,. j, rn11 - ~~t-0 n t.; he has <t ril'll 1 hold of il , :11 1d tli en·f"re 111' i., l111 11i 11"1" .
\\'hen hi.~ illlag i1i:JI io n \\·c- lls 11p, it un:rfl •>\\·s in tn11:i111<:11I; " l11·11
hLi hr·a rt is t.01lf'lil'tl , it tli ri)J ,; :1l n 11g- Iii ., wrsc . ] J,. :tl" "Y" ''"'
\ho rig lit; w<>nl for (} w ri ,:.; lit. i1 !.o:t, :uid 1ir·t···r a wn r1l t"" rn 11 °· l1. 1 t
b iH lJ1·id , i l is 1.. ·1·a tlS" r.. \\. 11·ror.l s s1dlict'; if Ill' is l:t Yi , li .. f tl1< ' 1l),

!till each word li ;ts "its

111 :1rk,

march of li is (•iu1;u( 1"11. "

an d a id ~,

11 uL ~·1nl 1a t'J";l~~'"" , tltl' , · i·...:·(>r1J11~

l

Not that a wri1<·r ,._Ji ,i 11l1l :urn (1) 111: tl11; "p1·rl'tcl'll)·
endow ed rna11 '' fJf ·"·11"111 lf1·rll(' r t. S11 t·11t·( ·r ~ dr1·:t111,.: .
u To lie f;pcc ifi1 · in sl.yl1•,'' say,; Sl't'll\TI', .. j,.: tu lw p1><11·
· in spcccl1; '' lJllL to he in 110 ;.;(·11,.:c :11111 i11 11n tl t>;.'.T• '( '
"specifi c in st .\·lc " j,; tn 111; ·' h 1il1ily l'a ulll1 ·.•,.;," l11 I•\'
devoid of il1:1I. i11d i1·i1111:ility 11·li i1·l1 i,.; aL f!IJ C<' tlic " i•ri1 1.:. :·
nnd tl 1c cltanu 11l' gr• 11i11>< . E 111l'r,.;11 11 lc:11·lie>' a ,.:11111111.-r
doctri ne in g i1·i11g- t l1 r~ "c,;:-;1·11! i:il t':tlli it111 lo yo11 1 1 ~·
writers tl1:tL tl1('y "l1a ll n11(. in tl1l'ir di.,.:cu11r,.;1• 11 ·:1,·c 11 11t
the on e t11i1 1g wlii cl1 (]11• il1·-1·1111 1--e 11.1 -. 111 1Ur 11 tn ":'.\.
but shall (•:1 t h "ohcy., his·• 11:d in; lii:1><... '' T11 ca1·li
his ow n method. :otyle, w it, clo11uc1 1t:e." 0
" ] 11

e:l.ell rank r,[

endow ed ,,·itl1

ht their

1Hw

fritit~. ;1 .~

i11

1·;1cl 1

ra11k ,~r

n1;1 ..... l1·r:-:, 111 1" i~

,· ir t11c, :uid a111 °ll11·r \\"ill ~ a 11 nL11 ~ · r ; tl11·ir .~l 1 0 ry

t1i ~:-- i 111 j ) ; 1 rily, ;1111l 1!1• '.\'

"!111

11r411•11:-- P

t~1 !!11 • 1 11 :-.t ·l\· p ~

i11 1!11'

tra.iui11 g o[ an arli ."' t tli cll 11 1' ~ itt11 1 l d 111 1i l1 · lli . . : 1·41l.iri11~ ,i1· Ti1il Dr1 ·I.
the fi 1ri :-:.h l'f All11·rt l> 11 r··r. :111d th ·· 14·111!1·nu>....:.-.; ,, f l '111 T1 · .~~~·in , ;~t' t ' 1i1 1
wi:;er Llwn a. l1Prti <" 1d!11r\ . . . L \\1111 \ d l; 1• 1 wl10 111 ;1..d l· iL t.l1 e l,J,jn·I 1,f Iii..:.
1 .I. l I. :'\ , • w111:111: I,. ,·1u rc " un l

l'liiltt .. r1ph.'· of S-1.,·J.._
!J Ll'lt1 •r-.. :111d :-'· wi: tl .\ i1n"' . pp .

' 11 i \' L'l"- it ,\ ·

27 · 1 - ~ 77:

S1d1jt T I :-:, i •.

1 ; r· ·: tll11 - ... .

t;~.

··~.

lGG

cnmr·E A::D i;sc

or worms.

) I() \'l·: :.11·: :\ T .

l:tbor 1n prchlnce
llf'"

11 (

:i. fruit which shonl1l nni tc in ilself tl1
e luaelthe g rape, th e cri , pncss of the nuL, and Lhe fragr:ineC

1l1 C ] 'i ll C." l

Sli:1.k;:pcrc JllOst 11 carly npproachcs Spencer's id~
11cc:wse he f'penks tliron g·h m a ny voices; but even !:I
him, wh e n he ceases to l>c l:i go or Juliet," a spe iii,.
st.yl e " can h e tracc<l. The fact, howeve r, that his indi-;'
Yir1 nal ity so oft en d tHlcs clisco1·cry rcmlcrs liirn to m:.my
pcrso11s n hook rather 1liaa a man.
The U 11it·. y wl 1i<.;h c1· c1T wl'itcr shunl<l
1111i ty of perfect ion, lrnt i:-; th:it \\·liich come::; from t~ .
c;; ncP[>t irnt of' a di .,;, ·11urs1: :\s a "·l1nle, and from the hnr., ·
l ilO IJi1J lls ;tl'l':lll .~l'lll!'ll [. oJ' (!JC p:ir(s in CO llformity With
t liat co ucq1t iu1t: the only Va.ridy wl1ich can be of nvali
i s Ll1at wl1i<.;!t 11atmally i1rcse 11ts it,.;df. A co m1 o~ition
sliou.l<.l lie ":1 !J(Jdy, no t a m i.: n ) colle ction of mcrnbers,"%
,
li11t it slioul1l he a l/1·i11g bocly. It:-i life m11st com
partly fr om ll1c 11 atmal fp1aliti cs of the writ.er, and
pa rt l y from J1i ti ncc1 u irell r eso nrccs, w he Lher of ma.toot ,
or of ia1Jguage - r esources " ·hich it is not tl1c provin~
of W1cloric to supply.
•I

'

I l\11 :-: l<in: 1\fod1 ·r11 l'aittlr' r ~ . Ynl. iii . p:lrl ic l'· -i:I ( 1\111 cri cnn
(Jni11 tilia11: li 1s t. Orator. ,·ii. x. x\·ii.

:.z

PART II.
KINDS OF CO :'I IPOSITION .

BOOK I.
NAUlL\.TiO.\" AXD DESCHI PTIOX

•

Edition).

l'If ·,\J>TER I.
MO\'EMTrnT .

THE esse11tia1s of a goml narrative, whether of rc:il
or of fictiliuu,; cn':ils, :nc n111ul'1111·11l an(l 1111'l/u, d, - tl1e
life and Ll1 c l"gic of rli:,;cuurnc . H tl1c :icti(lll li;tlh, tl1c
attention l1alb \\·itli i t; if llie adiu11 is c1>nfuscll or
self-rep eati11g , the altcutioll is SOOll fatigued.
The arts of corn11rnnicatio11 l•y colurs or hy rn:irl >i ,)
differ fro111 tl1c art of eornm1111icatio11 by l:t:1.c.;·11:1g·e. i11
that they c:in <l ircctly rcprese11t statiuna1',y o!.jcd>', l111t
cannot rq1rcsent ndion. Painti11g and Sl'1ilpt11rc, :t.,
thcv addrc:ss the eye onlv, are sulijcct to
the. limitations to '~hi ch tl1c eye is ~11l1jecL ;:.;,';\',;,\~,'~".:',;/'
u l"l.'.
Hence, p;1inti11g a1111 :::et1lpt m e can rC'prC' ,;cnt
only a si11 .~·Jc rnnnH•nt of tilllC', since the eye e;1111H 1t
receive th e i111pn;ss i()11s o( two snccc,.;;;j,·e mo111 t~1tl,;
at once; hut tl 1c:y may r eprc.... nt, :L wid,: C'Xl('11t 11(
1<pacc, or :L s1:c 11 c c.olllj•ri><i11g· 11111111·r1111 s <kt:1ils, c;i111·"
the eye ca n i11 a n1011Jr•11t l' C(' l'i\'r, an i111]'n ·,;" i"1' 11!'
a whole tliat is eornposc<l of many widt·ly dill,·r<'ttL
..-.~·t1 11•:

parts.

. ' ·.~

HiK

~.\!UUTll ) C\ A:\l>

DI·> C H!PTJilN.

[BooK

Tli r.\· sl101Ild, i11 1in·n\·r r, c l1on,;i~ tl 1i: morn r nt wl iich
t1·1ls n1< 1st a lio11t !l1 l' p;1"L ;-t1 11l t lic l'uturc of tlte object
n· p n .: ,;c 11ll'd. Tlw ir L;1ily Ma clidli will lie ::;ltown in
tl1e skqi-11·; tlki11g ,.;1.·1·111>, i11 w l1 i1·li ,_J1l' li\· 1 ~ s over again,
no t 111tly tl1(' rn1mln, h11t tl 1c rnn!i \·1 · tl1aL Jell to it and
!li e l"l'lll rn·,;1 ; ll 1a L J'(lllows it; t.ltr·ir .\ [(•il1· ;t w ilJ lie siio 1r 11
as slll' a pp<':tl'>' dmi 1 1.~· tl 1r strn gglc lJCt\\·ce n her mater·
11.;d lol' e :t1t<I lt\'l' rn11rdc rn11.-; i111pul,;e.-;; tl 11;ir Aj,.x, sitt111 g ru11011 g tl 1e sL u 1 ~· ltt1·n• d l1 1·nl,; \\·l1<J>'e destru ction
li e 111iw n·.~· n·l,.; ; tl1,·ir Lan1·oiin, \\"ltiiC' hi,; pain i::; still
l'JH1mahl c ; tl1l'i r Dyi11 g (;Jad i;tior. at !l1v 11 11mi cnt when
wi t l1 tl1 c pa11g·s of" d1• :tth n1i11 g le llil' lll l' llt ori es of his
"yo1111 .~· li:1rl i;1ri:111,_; a t jil ay .''
Tl1 e adio11 ,.; 11·! 1il'l1 pai11 l i11g- a11 1l ,;1 ·11lpt11re cn.n thus
sugc;·c." t lo t l1t· imag ination , lang11a;_:·e ca11 f1ilh· recount.
It can Ll' ll t l1l' "·h ole story ol' Lady :\l a1·li1.·l·li , i\f clc:i.
Ajax,
L:w c(1 ii11, llie ( ;J;iiJi:itor. I'iu r.-:i ll e ri' ol" I)ictu re'
l
....
.
~,
1u 11'el"l'r largr , ca n 1<·11 a stnr.1· :1 !-' \\·o n!,; <·:111; for, \\·hii o
t ' :11:~1 i.iid 11rc i:; 1li,.;t i11('t f'rom C\"1 ·ry 11 (l1r·r a11cl represe nts
an i,.;ol :itrd 111nn1<·11L cacl1 "·ord j,.; !'a r t uf a e:o 11ti11nously
ilow111g t·1 11Tc·1 1t.
L:111 g 11:1.~·P . 011 i !1r nt lwr 11and. c:urnol, :is pain ting
Lirnir :.1 1.. ," n 11 d ,.;e1i11 1t11n · ("[!Jl. 11ring- a. fi g 11re or a scene
01 1
""""" i;c·. h 1·f'orc tl1c l'1·r
. \\'ii.Ii t l1 e aid of' the irna' bfYi·
.
nation, it c:111 rc c;ti] to th e nwrn o ry l1 1i11gs that tlie eye
l1a ...; s1·t·11: lJ11 t 11 t1 "11 nn1 -jtaintvr ··can ~· i1· c a n idea of
i i11.' :it' a ur :t 111u111 it ai11, (Jr a culur or a tlt11rcr, to one
w!i ,1 l1:ts l1t'\"!'r s1·<· 11 it. ; tllf'rc is 1111 s11c l1 t hin g as a
"poet ical pi 1·t 11n ·.''
I11 lookinQ" a t a r .. :11 or a p;1i11tvil sec nr, at a real or n
": 11lpt11n·d p1·r."1111 . 11·1· :1 r1· 1·;q1;.; 1"i <•ll." 1i1· :i ,_; i1 1g lc i111 1ires>'lt.lll upon tl1e 1·.1 ·", a1Hl. il1ro11 g h tl1c en., npon t11e
mmcl. ~u111 c 11 1t·la 1il1y,_i,·ia11,; 111ai11tai 11 that we ;;ee the

,\!OYEME~T .

L

1U9

part::; o[ an ohjcd , on e liy 01H·, h11t tl1at 1lin pro cc,.;~ 1>!'
pnt.ii n;; t.111'111 l1ig"t li e r is luu r:i pi•l tu lil' p•·n"" i \"1•d;
t.l1er,.; hold th:1L \l·e in1111<'dia1t· ly pt ·rl"l·i1·e ;t 1rl1vl":
.,., hut all arc :1 ;..; 1·L'l'd t l1 at !li e !ir.;t inqir1·ss i"11 r·on:-;("ir 1u ,.;l v
r cc iv ed hy an " h:-;c rn ·r is of a \1·l1olc, :u11l t !1at tl"·
_analysis hy wl1 il:lt k1 1 0 11" lcd~e nf Uw iiarts rn:1.y lie·
obtain ed is a su li"l 'l[ 11 c 11 L pr1 J('t:"" ·
Now , U1e u11l y way ill 1\·l1icli \1·unls can -~· 1 n: :111
impressio n of a wl 1olc i,; liy tl1e c1111111cr;di1111 11 1" t11c
par t::; . Tu lllakl.' :1. wl1t1 i<', till:,;\! parts 11111 ,.; L lH! Liburi Oll:>ly put l1\gl.'l l11·r, with ll11: ri:-;k tlia t ll1 c ]'art Jir.;(.
spoken of w ill ]Jc furg11l(v11 li cforc tl11: last. part i,.;
rcacli c1.l, a1 Hl wiilt l i1 l; 1.·1·rtai11ty tl1aL cnn1 p kte 1111ily
cannot be st•1·1 11·r·1l. \\-on],; ,;111·,:c l.'d c:wl1 u1l 1 L~ r i11 ti1111:,
n.s color,; a1 1d "1itli11 cs l il: si1lc Ii_\' :; idc i1 1 "l"tc1:; tl1e
former arc, !111"l'L·f1m _•, C,.;p1 ·1·i alh· fltt c:1l l•.i rt ·pr\' ,.;1 ·11 L act ion , Ll 1e ];i(.t.1 ·r Lo n·prc,;l' lll. l1rnlic,.; . A \\Ti l• 'I" 1·;1 11 11 11]\·
suggest to t hl~ i111 ngi 11 ;l1i 1n1 ,.;1· r• 11 l'S or iwr...;iin,; ik1t. :1.
paiuier c:1 11 tlepil·t lo tli n ('ye, as a pai 11lt'r \' :111 u1d1·
suggest a sitiry ik1t a writer can fully tell. 1·:;11·!1 is
stronges t a L the r1th c r's \\"C;tkl',.;t JH1i11t.
If Ll 1<'se pr i11cipl,·s 1 arc <·•ilTN:L till'} !1 .. 1d to J> r:1di l': tl
conclnsio11s \1·l1i 1·!1 ar" (Jr g n·:l! i111]'<1rt a11 n• t" tlw \Hit1·r
who aims (n :dl'1 •cL the i111;1gi11:iti<11 1 l)v a 11an;itiYe, ti>
en lis t tl 1e sy11111;1.tl1i1•s, or 111er\'ly 1o l1n l1l the at 1.. 1iti1111 .
\Vlwre w ord s sene n o l1i g l1('r JH1 1·1111,;c 111a11 il11·y du
in a n i11 vc11 h 1ry, a c;t lal og u<', or :i Ji;1 s,.;p1irl, i11
.
•
, ,
.
f ll ,·,·nl .. r;,."'
V1rg1l s e1 111111tTa!io11 of t. lw 1ill i11 ts "I' a g·nnd
cow , or in Sl1ak.;p1 ·n'" c 1111111l'rati1ll 1 (Jf tlll' ]'"i1 1b "r a.
good. l1nrse,-!h;1.t. i,;, wl1t ·re !!i vy ""l')ily 111t•;1 11;-; uf id .. 11tifying ulijl't·l,.; 1liaL ;1re 01· <ll"I ~ to u1· 111Hl L:r ll1e eye, l

For a fu l!t.:r

<I .ieq.

' ' XJH > ~i!itnl of t!i (• 111 1 ~c· 1· l.1·.: . . jn ~~

· Tli 1· L 11w,.1111. i" 1·d .. . s\· ., ,n·i .,

.•

11 ()

they g1 \·e n::-:cfol in fo rm ;1tion i11d ced , lrnt preten d to Ill)
hi gl ll'r e xcelle nce . Tl 1t ·ir u l ili ty t.:lm,.; i,; b , Hot in t.h ir
c;omu i11a tio n ;.;o "" to 1n;1 ke a pit.:Lo rial wlwl e, a work of,
a r t, h nt i 11 tl 1ci r Li it l1 f1till r:,;,.; t P a di d;1 t.:L ic purpose, - a
JHlrposc tha t co ul<l , ill lll ost t·a,;,· s, he 111 ore e{fcctuallv
f ulfill eJ in :-;0 111e otlt 1•r wa} tl1a1I lJy m1nls; as, for i1~ .
:-;tan cc, l>y tl1 1: ~ 11 li,;t i t uti o n of a plwlograph for the
}H: rsmw l dc:::c ri p1io 11 in a pas,.;por t.
Y et t lte onl y di ff1:ru1 ce LeL\\·ce11 t li e inventory, or
tlie pas,;p l1rt:, a ml rn ;111 y llltt ch-prai seJ descripti ons lies
i n tlie fac;t tl1;1t tl1e h t tcr sc rYe 11 0 u::;eful end. Tbey
nrc sl;ip pc<.l l1y th e 111:iju r ity of read er::;, and are felt by
111<\ll.)' c; 1·c; n of their nd 111 irc rs tu uc; illt errnptions of the
11arrn t i 1·e.
" IL 11111,;t lie ,;n m c sl rong mot in'l ( a ~, fo r i11 st.an ce , th at t.hc
d c,c ription \\·as nv c'"'"u·y (" the i11lt'll i...;il. ilit.y uf t.lw t;d e) wli ich
cu 1ild i11d111·1! Ill e (.o Jl·,c ri},('. ill a n1111 ilw r uf n ·r.-<es wi1at adrnught.a.
rn :rn ern ild 1•r<'O'l'1 il. to lh u " .n : 11 ill1 i1l!'u1111•ar:d>i y g reater satisfact io n l1y l1 :dr-a-.J11z(" 11 sl,ruk es uf Iii .-; pe 11 cil, or Ll1 e ]'ai11 te r with llS
111a11 y to11d1l'.' o f hi s hrn sli. S ud 1 d< '.><nip t iu11 s too ufl.1J 11 occasion
in t he rni ll d of :t n·:ulc r wl1 n is d etc m1i11("d I ll 111 1(le rst:rnd hi s author
a fi.eli11g of l:1l111r . 11ot ,·e 1·y <li ss im ibr to tl1a t. 1r ilh wlii c: h he would
co 11sl rn ct :i d i:igra111. li11•.' l•y li ll•'. for a long g •·o 111 Plri eal propositiol!. l t seP m :< lo hp lik <, 1:tk i11 g t h" p i1•c<·..; .,f :t t!i :;., ,. cted map out
of its li< •x . \\-,. fir.-< t look a l 011" p:H t :tn•l lh »11 at a11 oth er, then
.i•' ill :u1 .\ d"n ·-ta il fl,.. m; a11d w l11"11 f1 1,. Sllf">' t·.-<.-< i1·e acts of atteution
hal'c' l ll'C n co 11q.J ;·terl , th .. rc j , :t r1·f1·ilg n·"i 1»1 <·ffnrt o( miurl ro
l•e hol<l it i t~ :t " ·J1.,J1•. Tl1 e J''•d. sli onld pai 11 t l.o I.li e irn:1gi 11:ition1
n ot to f11 1' fa11ry: :1111] T k11nw no li: q• j•i •·r c:t.-1· lo ('Xi 'lllj'lify tho
d i.-di 11..ti1• 11 J..·fw1• »11 l l11·-<c f. 11·11 Lu·11 lt iPs . M:i ,;f "r- pic•Cf.'so f th e former
n w di; n f p11d ic p:1i11li 11g a h1> 1111 d i11 the 1ni1in g-; of Mil ton. For
exalll)'l e : "'T it ;• ri :~- trrf·: nnt :l 1at k ind for f'n 1i 1 r1·1H1wr 1' d ,
l ?q ! ..:1 11· h ; 1...; .'\I thi-. iL t.\' , lo l11di 11 11 ..: kJ1 qw11,

I 11 ~ ! :1l :1l 1:1r
Hr; 111i'lii11 !..;'.

,H·
..: J,

11.. 1':111

' j1 r,. ad ... l1 1·r ar11 1:-;

l ~ r< 1 :1 d :1111! ]1111g-, th a t i 11 ! ht' g-ro und

T il e h l'nd~·tl twig..: take n ,0 11 (rnd d 1111ylifrn yr11w

171

!llU\"E'.\!Ei\ T .

l\'A Rll A TION AC\ D IJ ES CIUI'TION.
A boce th e

mot l1tr-/r (·P,

.lli:;li ure1·-orcli ' d, ll fl •I

r1.

p i/l rrr' il shrlfle.

l•. ( "lft1!:\ti

WALl\S HET W I·: t·: .'.'I:

Tht> i'e <~/i tlie f nrl iun hn·t!.:j11/.111t , ~!1u111t i n!J l1e11 t .
Slt elt cns in c•1ul , 011 d lt·n1 /..; Iii:; Jilf :; lll r i11:; li1' 1 ·d.~
Al

lu{Jp- li ufr~'

r ut th ro 11!;li tliick f!:; (. ~li ui/ 1' .'

l

"1_,his is creati o n ra the r Ll1 a 11 pa i 11Li11 gj o r, if pai11t i11 g-, yet ~ t1d1,
an ti w ith s uch co- prese nce of t he \d1 ule p icL 1t n.' ib,; lwd :iL »1w•:
upo n the eye , ~s th e s 11n l' ilin ts in a cau w ra uli,;c ur;1 . B11t tl 1»
poet must likewise u ntli·r,;l.aml a11d <:(•1111n;11 id wl'.a t l h _cn n call.-< tlw
Vl!.<tigia co1111m111ia o[ tl1 e se n.'l·s , th e bLe 11 cy <> l all i11 .":H·l 1; a"''.
mo re especi a ll y, a s ],y a rn:.." ical !''' 111111 d111•i•'f , th e ex1 'l t1 ·111 1· 11 t ol
v isio n by so 1111J a11.J Lin! C'X )'OJ1 e 11 t.s of ~u u111l. TJi11,, ' T li.'! l"•'l 11 iiug w ~dk ' bet" ce11 ' m.t _I lie ,din o, t , ,u d t_o J1"1 c"l' 1Ji,. l. 1l1k rn
t radition of tlie h<'ail of i\l c•11111nt1, 111 th e L gy}'t t:L n sl.:iln··. ~t1 l'l 1
rn:cy Le dese rv edly cn t iLl.-ll tli e crca li..e 1cun/.> i11 Lh c \l·llrld t•f
imag i11at ioJ1 ." 2

To prod nee il l nsio n,- tlia.t is, Ln 111 :1],c ll w 1\•;u] l 'l"
fo rO"et the la 1w1 1:1.1re i11 t!t1: lll l' <lllin g- , Llt Ll n ·r- 11 .. ,,. 1.. 1.,..._
l::>
.".:'
O
"
duq· i!1n~1·11 1.
1.nl si•'" J1 in tlic tl 1i n ..· ,.:i <'llili c<l, - \\'()J'lb
s;wul:t"' b e use cl Ill t.11 ~.. , \\"a; iu wlti cl 1 Uwy are Jll ():'L
eflic; ien t , tl1 c \\" ay in wlii clt s1>11ud JJ1 u,;L c;] " "<'h CllJTC·
sp onds t o se nse, tli e su ccession of di aradr- r.-.; on tl 1c
nrtrre t o t li e sm· cp,.;si o11 of c vt ·iit ,.; in tli c story . Tl ie
l "'
atte mp t lo pnt i11 to \Y<mL wha t can rnil y l w Jia1.11t1·1l
should be ah am1o rn..: <l. FrnJJkl y recng 1tizi11g till..: lirni lat ions o f lii s ar t , a wri tN ,.; l1 ottltl no t atl.crn pt to gu l1eyu11d
thPm, L> u t sli " ttl d t r.v lo n ·:u.:h th e i111ag it1< tl iu11 or tl1 c
fo1 ·li11gs liy nw:111,; J•<'1 ·1tliar t.n hi,; art .
Su ~ h a .wri t er will, tl1 e11, 11 evc r 11111krl ak e t o 1l cscr ihc
in detail place,; nr pcr.. ; nn,; in tl w ir uut11·a nl H-"J'l'd;
but h e will m:rn:t~·e, in the e o11r,.;e of lii s JJ a n a ti Yc,
( 1) t o g in~ s11 e ]1 g-Jin1 p,;c:-; o f them as Oll C T l.i·,.,.
who run s m ay l1<tYC ; or (:2) to (·onn·y 11· 1(·as 11 11.:1 li tJ rl'i.
a.bout tlt ern t l1 ro ugh t l1e m 1· rlium of tlt e i1npress1011,;
1 P arutl i ~ e

T.() .. f.

2: Co l erid ~L':

l_,q1Jk ix . lin e:-\ 11UO-l llJ~.
Bi1>gn1plii t\ Litcru ria, chap xx ii

,\l()\' l·:~JE:\T .

:\ ,\ Jl IL \TlO:\' ,\::\ 0 DESCRIPTION.

11 1ey 111ak c nr tl1 c cff1;d Llll'J pror1 ucc; or (R), if it i,

11 1·i ·c,.;,.;ary lu b·q> ;111 vl1_j" ct lu11g l1dorc Lhc mind, to
ri ·lat c a. ,.;[ 11r y al>11ut. il, - :1. ,;Lury \\·l1 id1 ,.;hall grnLl ually,
t l11 J11g lt i11 ci1i1• 11Ltl ly, lvll U1<.: rc;rller all Ll1<tl word::; can
tv ll l1i111.
1. A ,.:i ll gl e wcll -elin,.:1·11 mml, wl1icl 1 fix es Ll1 c attcn1ion lljJ1) ll ::;0 111 c dmr<1 clcr i,;lic <ptality uf an
hr p rcfo raldL: to :t 11u1 n!Jcr of woul:;, be ea use it g iv tJ~ I\
!':tr lll• l H ! \"i\·id impr""" i"n of the <>lij Pt:t :t,.; a whulc. li
:-:c \' Cral adj1 ·di\·1·,; a rr: u,;c\1, ,;fill tlic imprcssi1in mainly
c Plll t'S frorn 0 11 c .
Fur cxarn]>le :
"Tlt<·rt~ \\' :t ." in tl1t' c111 1rt, a !'l'C't1li:1r 'il" n ~e ,;11111 "h ow; and tho
~''f'tiC n·iiiaini·il l1•1' C" i11 E -.; 1110 1Hl':-' 111c 111or.\· : - tl1 e Kk y hl'ight OYCr11 .. ,1,1; u1,. \11dlr·"'"' ,,f 11" · l•uil.Ji11 .~ a111l tl1" fi11 11 -cl ia l c;i.,;t.i11g
r-:li;._uluw (1\·1·r U11· g'ill. 1111 ,,,,.,"'' 1111Jt; i11-.:•:riL···l 1u1d1·r 111·alh; t he two
ilq~..! . a

l,la('k gr,.:--·li11q11ll ;)l1il a ~1iani1~l llt '~ l r l y wl1it tl1t• OlH.~ with
\ii-. LH ··· lll ' t" th ·· :-:11 11. ~tl'l ih r· •·tlw r ~nutiin~ atli l) H~"l t.he. grasa
:uii l :-l • Hi•~:-:~ :111 •1 111y k1r·l lt:aniu:.; <n·+:r th·~ f111111taill, which Wt'k1
buLld iJ1" a 11.\il•lY ... 1
"J 111:1, 11· .. ll :~II thing:< \\'1·rr n ·m rmbrn» l 1 Th•' :111 (' ic11t lowef'l!
an• l ::r :ihll'~ <•( tl "' hall clarkli11g a;.;:ii11~t llw ca'-! . tli f' j•lll'}'l•: shaJows
OJI 1'1"' t.;r<'i·11 , i.'i"'~• 1ht! ·111ai 11 t .J ,. yj('<',; :u11l 1 · ;1n·i n ~·,; of t he dial,
tl1 e 1'111'>··., (-c l'C>l\'Jl!'ll l1t'i ,c:·lit-; , tl11· fai r, \'<'ll ow pl:ii 11 cllt'l'l'l'lll with
er" !'" :u 1d 1·,.ri:, t li1: , )1i11i11 c; ri ,·1·r n.J l i11~ thr"u .L'.·h it l<lw:-.nls Urn
"'itl1 a. Lliou·
1,..: 1rly !1ill.-; 1.. ._\'., J1 •l. - all lh".' e "'"r" 1,,.r.,r.., 11.' ,
,;:ii;d lll' ;cJ1 l if1il 111 1·11lf •ri"" ,,f ••11r ~· CJ1ith, l1<':tt1lif11\ :111cl "ail, but :Ill
r .. :cl :i ncl 1·i1·i·l i11 ou r rni11.\ .' :t" Lli;1L fai r :rnJ a\11· :1y~-rc·111embcred
:0-:(.' •'l tl\ 0 11r 1·y(':-: h1! lw l1l UllCl' l lllll l'. , . I
" , \ 11 cl .,f l'ari " I 1·a 11 t1·ll \' O il JIO rnnr .. my d1·:ir 1h"" that it 's
t uw u and cn 1111lry h L' l\ 1 i11 llll:., a1 1d c·: 1n·cd sln1ll' ;t11d l1111 g strt~ct:i
1'1H 111l; 1i11 ....; <ll 1d :--!: tltl l'S ;111d LrcCli
1 1f Jij ..·h \i1>1 i :-> • ·.-; ;: 11 d g·: 1r d 1·n :-; ;111 d
and ~~iJ,l, ;111,\ i1 11 11 1,.1; . . . ~ · ly l1i~ ,, d . li~·r;-; a 111l i11 1n11· 11 :-<1·l y li tt lt· snl d ie.r~,
:it td l il t' ,1,.: 1. . ;ud• · . . . I 1111r ..:!• . ;, ,,·it1 1 1!11·. w!1it1•-.. t c:tJ':-i :t- J1l ;1y i11 g· aL :-:kip1
1,i ii.c;- >"•]•C with t i,,. l>1111 cl1il'>l \,:cJ.i ".' i11 1111' tlall•· , l c:: lj "'• :L11u ck: L11
1

• .

'""".L'.

0

py0ry \\'l 1(•re fo 1· di1111e r a11d penpl •: ... i1ti11 .~ 011t
or tl uo rs Sllloki11g :t11d .-; ip1• i11 g :ill 1l:ty ] , ,,._~ """ lit.tit· 1· L1y ' h.·i1 1,c;
fLCLe d i 11 Ll w up1·11 air f111· li11!1 · 111 (1 ]t!P 1 a 11d •. ,·,·ry :-..J 1qp :1 t·1·111j•l· ·: 1:
a nd elt · .~.:;a11L 1"1•11111 , ;u1d e\·1·ry l111d.' :--t ·~·111 i 1 1 .~· to J· l:i.y ;1t v\ i· ry tl1i11~
in t.hi .'i wurld . .\ 1111 ;1 . ;, j ,, il1 1' =-' j •:t rkliu ~ li .'.. : \1 1....:, u 1y d 1·;1r. ;1i'ti ·r 1!:1rk.
gliltt:·r i11g l1i :-:,· li 11p ;u1d I"\\' iJq\,.ll at1d t!JI lwfi~n · :t 111I t JII l u·l 1i1 1d ;111.i
all ro1u11! , :1.11d 1111 ~ '"'"'nl .. r t l1l':il r"·' a11d t lw """'''d ,,r \"'"l 'I" """
the Cl'Oll'd o f ail'""'(.', iL '., j •ll l 'L' l' ll l'i 1:t11(1111•J1(.
. . :-;,, al l•·J1:_;-t\i
and at !:est, 11 1y cl \'. ar, IH' ···11 11 e lo :-;" " '• a ]"·"UY Iii. Lie lu11·11 11 i1l 1 "
great Lw u - L0\\'1 red 1·atl11·.iral1 ;1 1id tl11· ]'(!I lk .. .: Jly i 11 .~· i11 :t11d utd t1 1° 111~ ·
1

1

)oop-li o lcs, an d a 11otl 1c r

it

1·il ;,q 1. vii.

Il i-. tury

1

ur

t )l l•' (1[

llw

l l)\\'('I' :'

likt· ;1 ~nit

alJ <lay l it..: . ~ a J,ind

11f

:t s1111-di :1l 1 and 1«111 1dry {>i' •']dt: d ri \ i11 .~

in n.n(l ouL t.>f t11 L~ ('1J1tl't .-yard i11 . . :arl....;, a11d l111tHli•d «;1l1 r i1d1•:.... ;111•1_
sucl 1 l ike, aJ1.! :t 111 al'l;c ·t ni11 , i, lt· i11 fr., ll L of tl1 e .:aU1ed1·; t! , :u 1. l .di
so quai11L r1.11.J lih· :1 1·i c1 .. ,._" 1
' ' Iri ;-; ~l1 1 .J .,· - r11 111 11 i11 tl1i -.. J1111 1... ,. \\'rt :-: i1•·rli ;q .. ;, 111 :ti1ily tl 1·· .11: 1\\ 111--:roo1n ; h.1f1ki11 ~ 1111t . . .lft •, 11\ '1' ll1" littl .. di11 ·: y ~l' ,l'· ... -1.~ · f ill l r1>11f .
nnd 1h" q 11i.. t li11l -· n·w .. r \, .. ,,,,., "l '\"''it .. "i·li t h ·· L11: .. d.1- ·whi rl of (b~f·1 r d :" ! l't ·"t :111d I. <111d1 >11 f;lr • · 111111 ~ ! 1 alw ,td (•f .\ .. 11 :l'..:
bnck-g ro11t 1cl - a:-; ha rk -r·url:li11. hlnitin ~ 1111! 111tly '111 ~ ( .' ' i it 1r id1a:
h e mi ~ p h 'c l' f' wit.h d 11, f :L11 .! ' "l"k l' .
011 11n! ri .~! 11. . .l'<lll )i;,c[ t l1•' ,·.. 11tinunus gr _wl o( tl11• l ' x hr id .~ " l: llall :ind il:..; ,,·111· .. !...;,, l'11111i11 ~ ;is
lulbl•y , 11 0(. i11lf'l'l'llj·lic>1 1. J,,.flw:i r.J a11cl r1':Lr11·:1rd, :1!'t .. r '' "'\" 1lii 11
be1L o( 11 1>1 1:..; P :..;, l:1y 1111· n' 1'<1111dry ; l,ri .~ lit . :-:w~ · c·p i11 ~, .~Ti't'!I "'i1:111 :--1·:..; ,
crown1 ~ 1! l1y 11k·:1...;.:i 11 t ff :11111'"l1·:L! l, 11ka .-.;; L11I ll :irn1\\', "if It tl11·ir ru -.. ti c
ste<'ph~ ri ' i" .". :1 .c:·: 1.i1 " t 1111· ,ky." 2
".TL \\'aS :u1 l'X•111i . ;. i tt• .Ja11 11 :u·.\· 1n nr11i11g 111 \\'l1 i1·!1 tlw:·1· \\' ;\ '."' 11
th reat 0f ra i n , l 111 t 0 g rj ·y ~ l.: y 1naki11 .~· t.lw c;1\1111·.-..t. La, ·l\- ,:_:::r111111•l f.q·
the c liarn 1s o!' a 111 il ·I ''i11t 1·r :-;c1 ·1w: - llw gr a:-.;:-:.y l111r1l 1·r ..;, 1if t l11-:
l :ine ~ , ll11 ! 1i 1..·.Jg··- ru\\:-; :-..1 ·ri11kli·d \\ it l1 n·d lwrr i1•;-; :u 1d l1 :11 11d1·.I \\ ith
low tw i lt.<•ri11 .~ .. ;, 1 tli t· 1n1r1il •· h:1re 11 c:-;;-; 11f ll1 1.. · •·1 111.-.; 1 1l1 u r i1·l1 bn1wt1 n(
01

1

1)

the

fllJ'J'I>\\':' . ,, :I

' ' ()11 1\ 1111111 lf •11l l1a, !

-a

J1 1>p 11

l111riP ·1l

i 1 1l1~ J1i .-1 li f1 · ;1 --;

1' 111 1 of .Jul y :-< u1 1.-d1i11t· a111l Lu ·.!..(1'. 11i1 1k

1n o 11 tet l l.
J

1 T \i; td.;, t.:ray:

{11\\' l ! I" a -f1 1p

of r1 s t.0 11 c ['J1l1• it.. . . . T l1e: )'l":1-<:L1JL,.,;1, ,; il 11a lt.:d i1 111, 111_1' •l.-:1.r'
\ I~ig-lit 1111d_1 ~ r tl 1e Lw 11 ti)\\'•'r ...;., witl 1 t!1.·ir .. . : l1:u {o,\·s a cl1; 111 '...:; i1 1~ 1q1(111

,f lfl..: nry L·m1t111d, l1uok i. d1;1p. xi\'.· \Jouk iii.
B

ii .. .; 1·!1 i1·f

~·1 · 111·! 1,

1'i>:O-: l ''- .-..!11•1 l1! ir1:...:-

I> i1 ·kP1h : 'f r~. l .i:Tijwr · ... 1 .•.g ;lf'_\' .
C'arl."11· · l.if1• nf .John :--; 11-rl in!.!', Jn lr l ii . 1·!111 11. i i i.
f_;e11rg 1; Eli l..' I : { 1a11i v l I h.• r,,nd tl, l)1 Ju k i . c h ttp. v11.

17-1

i':Al(l{ATlO:\ A ND DESCIUPTION.

tlieir J:\st petals on a gra ssy conrl enclosed on three Hides b:;
(;, >i l1i e clu isL<- r
[i11a~ i"' ' Iii in in sncli a sce ne: a boy of thi rtAw:i,
st.relelwd i•rc J ll'.~ 0 11 tl1 g ra:':-; wl 1Prc i t \\':t~ in sliaLlow, hi s curly
J•ruppt:tl O il l1i s anns uvc r a h oo k, 'rhile hi s tutor, also reading,
1•

u 11 a.

c a111p-~toul

1u11!,•r :-;lwlle r .. , 1

" It was uec il s io11:dly rcc a llt.!d that she kul bee n the h e ires~ of\
l"ort11ne g:t i11 etl by sn11ie inui.'L ur dry l111 -; i11 css in Lhc city, in o
f11\lv l u a ceo nnt. r,.,. li e r li:"·in r.:; a ~·1 11at fi .' "ure, a harsh, parrot-111" ,
r uit:L'. and a sysl«1 11:d icaliy lii g li lJl'ad-tlre.-;s . ""
" So 11 11wh d··" ~T i l i e "- th r -:t uITy little r oo mY 11l g-:1r. 11at . ~111 1 1 { . fh r 1· :- 111·f't a liil ity:
!\nt ~o t ht· l111r:- I of lant! -.~· apl' ~ ur;:in ;; in,
~1111ri~ ~· ;111d ;\\! , a ' li e wh D 11f til l' Jiair
{..:i }'lain ('ll t•\J !~ lt, th~· _n.11 11 .~ t·r J•t · r :- f•ll:t g'l~

Draw ,. ; :- haq1 tilt• :-. h rit·kin~ r1 1rt :1i11. :-:(·11 d.-; ah1ft
:--; 1... Ji , :--p r1·1\•L" w idt' a n d f: 1-. t1 ·11.-; IJa ('k tu wnll
~h11tl t•r :111d :-:h 11 tl 1•r . ~ h r1 w ,. ; .'·n11 l·: n;::L111 d ' s l.Jc:;t.
l [, . l1 ' illl" i11l11 a ii,·in !.!" ;..:·l11 r_, ·-l1:ll h
0 1" air an tl li sl :t. w h· ·rt: !--t'<'lll"' t o fl•1 :it :11Hl mo,·e

The

T hL' wrnHled , w:1l t· n"l l'1) 1111t 1·_,._ h ill 1u11l di1lc
.t\11 d ... t,.1·l -hri r:·li1 tlirc :ul <11" :• ln·:trn. a -... 11101\r- with mi st,
A-:-- 1•a r kl wit ii .\f;iy 11111rr1i11;.;, di11111(t11d drift.
()' t l11· :- 11n-t1 1111 ·h n l d l' w." a
11

II. Tli e \ni l'"r wlin p11r"11 r .-; t lie :-;\'cot1cl mell1od d<X's
reader
to infrr c;w,-cs from cff'"d:-:. Thi::; i::; tl1e Lest way o.(
gi 1' i11 g- n11 i11 1prc:-;,.;in11 oC gr1·at. p <·rso nal lJca uty; for .
u ca11L.I'. hei11g I lie re,.; 11lt. ,,f ;i, l1:trrno11i1J11:-; union of parts.
i:s Jicc1ili:u-ly 1lillic-1ilt to reprc:-:(·t1L lJy
mn,.;t tltcn ·forc l>c :-;liuwn indire ct]\-.
not at.t.P rn p L to n ·pn">'<' lii ;1 11 nlij1· e L hnt l1·avcs Lhe

71l:tcbme H1'r-:w 1i,.r°...; rt' 1nark alu>11t h1·rsc•lf is worth
scriplio1J. " l knoll' .. , :-aid ,\ 1e , "l1 1at I am no longerlJe:rnLiful, for
the el1inn wy-s l\·c·· p., li:11·c .c:·il'f: 11 11p sl•)ppi11~· work to look at me."
Tli:tch·rny ' s cn !llpa.ri .-. >11 o f lk :tt.rix f: , rn n11<l to a leopard, nud
C c:ri rg.: J-:li ot.'s <>[ G\\'1•11rloil'n to a s<'rp•·11L , "'"' what w e re111ern00r
J,, ~ ,t. ahou t Bea t rix and C\\· P11<lu1"11 .
1 G t"Or~t~ Eli 11 f: D a u id Ocr1111 d:1. !Jo •. k ii. 1·lrnp . xsi.

I bid., liook i. chap. v .
c hu p. xi.
4?

S ee

MO V Ei\1E:ST.

I.]

A striking insbncc

of ll1i s is Lhe \Yell -known passage 1u I lomer,
which h e s[•Caks o1 Ll1 L' e!Teet of the apl'eara11ee of ll c:k-11 upo u
l) old men oJ Truy: 11

1!1 ~1 a nt!y

Slh"! ld t. llt'r t liainlwr, n1l11•d and \'\• ili ·d in white,
,..;ht~dding- t1: 11~kr t ~ ars; yd II! ){ aloiw,
}'ur with h e r Wl'll! 1w11 111:1id t·n:o., -- .-E t l1ra 1 child
Of 11 itheu ...;, a1nl tlt e lar;~~'-•·y1:d ( ' ]y1n c 11 c .

And

Str:lig·hl lo th e S1·a•a11 gall's tliv_v walked, l1y wlti1·h
l'<.t1ttl1uii~: Pria111 , and T liy 1111 t· t1· :-; ~at,
Larnpu :-< and ( ·l y t it t:-i , lli ct:t a nn ~p r ung
}"roni ~l ;u· s , A ntl'll11 r n1 1d L'1 ·al eg-o ni
Two ~ :1 ~t· :-< 1 -t:lill·r...; uf till· p1:•11il c nil.

lk·sidc

1\ie ).!:at e,..; t l1 c·_,.

}'tir ta:-;k :-; uf war: liut

;.; at,

u11:1pt . tlircitq.~ h

llll'!I

nf tlt1t·lll :- pi~n: h,

11 g- t•,

Lik l'. th e cit- ada ~ tlial wi1l1i11 tlu~ wood
S it ti n th e trt!c~ a nd 11!\l'r 1klicat1: ~ oun(b.
8tu.-h W\·rc tli c 1H1lile."' 11f 1he Tr11ja11 rare
\\'lt11 s a t upo n 111 1· t1 1we r.
B111 wlit·ti t1H •y ma rknl
Tl1 e ap1 1roa d1 u f II j·il: n, to i:a r h olli l· r 1!it1 :-i
\\'ith \\· i11 ~._.d w1 1rtl:·:, lrnt iu lo w 10111: :-:, thi:y :-;aid; --• S111all h!a1 11 " i."' t li; ·i r:-:, if h" i li t he Tr"ja 11 l,11i b hb
And lirazt:11 - n1ail1·d A1·l1;1ia11 ..; Jia,·1: cndllrc (l

Sn 1011 .~ ~n m a ny t'\·iL., fur 1lu! ~ ak e

Of that. Ol\ C \\'0111;111. ~h1 · j ,. ; wl1 nl !y JikP
I11 fl' al11re to th•; d i:athl('":-: g"•i ild e -. s1· ~ .
~o Iii' it: kt hl'r. p1· 1·rk:-: ..; a :-: :-hi · i ... ,
He111rn c>ll J_,nanl th1: 1\(•1·t , 11 11r ~ Iii_, . lo IJri11g
lli:-a :-- l!'r 11p1 1n 11 ~ flll1l 11lt o ur rat..:1.:.'
So ~p ail c th e eid l.! I'~." l

"\Villi c,·r ·ry 1krl11cl.i<>11, D:rnl,p rern ai11s th e fir st. of rle.,cripli\"I' a'
well as mn r:1l ptwts. I Ii ., 1·c r." ) is as 1·:Hi»11.< as tll<' feeling it. co 11veys; now it. li:1s tl1c• Lni'!'111 •,.;,; a11d "de;-•· ,.J' stt-1·!, :111<! nnll' pa l1 •i t:tl1·.'
wit.h iridt•:-ic1· 11 t sufLn P.-\ .. .: lik e lllv l1rt'a;..;L u[ :i di1\ 't: . In \"i \·id1JI'."'" !11'
is with o1 1t a ri v:tl. ![ ,) d rag.' 11:1.<·k h1• it,; Luigl··d l1)cks U1 e 1111\\· ill ing l1t,;11l or S•>J'll C pr·LL:-· (.r:LiV>r .. r all Itali:t11 l'"'"'i11 cial l.>1\\'ll. 1.. 1,
the fire gltri ~ !J ll tl11· Sltlli'n fac e fo r a 111n1111 ~ nt. and it :..:Par:-; j1...;1 ·! f
into Lh e 11u •111tir _\' 1'11r (•\· e r. 111'. sl111\\'S u ...; a11 aJJ L!:t· I glo\\" i1 1g- wit/1 l! t :LL
love of (;tid ,,·l1i1·l1 111ak< '~ liirn a s l:tr 1•\· 1·11 all1itl tl ll' .i.!.·lnry t)f ! Jt•;1. \ · · 11 .
and th e liuly sli:q•<' \;,· c·1•.-< ljf, .J,, 11 ." ""ft-11 i11 .. 111· f:t11t: " .'" C»11,.; f:11 1t
as a 8enL illel. . . . Iii ::; S l l ~gc~L i 1 .H 1 :-\ uf itali viduaii Ly . Luu, fr o 1n :.dli1

n l~ n tlt t~ d1 ·~nipr iv11
8

of Crnnd..:ourt;
Drv"·ni11g: The lun Album.

1 Th(;: IlitH.1 book iii lines 178-20:);
1

Ilryunt· ~

Tn1n ·,\ation.

117

I .j
l 11d" nr .<p<'"rh,

-

:t'i

\\J1;1l i s \\1irf l 1 ;11·r1 '"'

i11 Fa ri11al:l , ~ 1 ml··ll o , or Pi :t, - give in n.hilli
(,f :--11-1 ·:dl1 ·1! 1· !1: 1r:1 1·l 1·r- 1•a i11 Li 11g . Jn MiraighiJ.

fo n\ a rd J'all1u .... l lw !' i1 1glv a11 d ;..; u lli \.·it: 11 !, tl i rwsl.. u( plira:-30,
11u co 11111etit.nr . · ' l

ho

lt~

Tw 0 taknt " ]:iy i11 i.:nlil , f.-. lH' tl 11• nl" f'1 l
O f hM11 \\· li () ... ,.°j11 ... !•·r j11 d ~1n1·11 1 :-h lf1tld JH'l·\·ail.
A r•11111d 1!w 1•t lw r L· iry :-11l {\ \ "11 lio .- .h
rn :-. ldn ill:!" a rJt l ur, 11 \'/ll fll lay it \\":t .. li·,
l '1il l· -'- th ·· d H· ·l l··r..; \\' 11111.t di' j,J ,. tl 1 •i r W • :d! h , 1

III. Tli c tl 1inl

11 1cllt1Jd

:,;

eith r to giv e glimpses

of a \\' huk: fn1111 0 11c i1c1i 11 t (If uew a f' le r :i,notl1 cr, or
l t> l1 ri 11g parL al"lt: r i)art l1cfure th e eye , a" tlic action
go(•,; Oil.

A Lu11 ous i11.-I :t11 <·1· j, I J.,,11 11•r':' arc<•1111t of A cl 1i lk~'s shi eld.
!11,; t.-ad o f >ill.'!" '11di11g- the 11;1.rral il'l', \\·l1i l• l d<>.'L: rih ing Lhc <le£ail1
of 1111' on1anw11l ali ,, 11 , JJ,,1 111 ·r rPp r•""'11 i,; \ 'ulca.11 in the :wt of maki11g- ll 11 • ,; J1i o: ld. .\ .-; 1•: 1.rl :tfl,.r j•M l :< j•ri11 ,c;«-; i11 lll l>L·i11 g , the !' Jct
lll· iug,-; if. j ,,. f.,,-,. ll'i , _ J,rillg:< lt P t Old\' \\'li: t[ ti ll' l ',l't) \\'l)ldd SCe, Ullt
:d:-:d wJ1at !ht! i1n;1 .~i 11 al i c 111 \\'11uJd ~ u .:. :- .~t•;-; t . lf t! t11a kPs noal..lt·rn pt.W
1•a i 11L a.11ict11rc \\itl 1 \\ 11 r.I...; , li ut ll1ere i!" l'llll:-.t.a11L acl iou ; Lh e 1na11uf;.,.[11r .. uf llw ,<J,i ,. ld a ,; :t 11!1,, I•: i,; 1)11•: .' l"ry . :rnd 1·:t~ li p:nt, o( the
ll'tJrk i.< m:td i' lu 1,.IJ ;1. ,;1·parat•· ,;f,,ry . If " "' 11:1.d il11, ,;lii el d liefore
o ur 1•y 1· ....: , w1 : :-;l1111tld :-: t iii 1·11j11.\· I lu 11wr 1 fnr \\ t' :-:liuu ld s Lill Ji11d tuor
i11 l1i111 Lh:1. 11 "' " ·' 0 11 11 ,,. ,J,j,.j, J.
' · T l1cn · 1il a 1·1·d h·· f \\'o l i":t ir i•itit·~ full of llH 'Jl,
Jn 11111 · w ~ ·r · · 111:1rria:.:\'"' and ft•:1...:f!': t li 1·y J.· d
Tl11· l1r i• I•·:'\ \\ il!i 1la 111i11 .!..!' l• •r1 ·h t•-; fnn 11 t!t c·i r 11.m·,··r:-;
:\ lt<1l .L: ih ·· ... lr· ···t..:, with 111any 11 11npti;1J "11/t~.

Tl11·n · r!t 1• y•111J1:! .!;1111 ·•· r...: \\' hirl 1·d, ;111 d !ln t 1·:0 u11d lyri..:H
( ;:1\·•· f11r!l1 il 11 ·ir .. . 11 1111 !..: . a nd wu11 w11 nr th·· d1111r~
~ l11o d a1 1.J :1il1 nir.·.l
.\J, ·a nwl1il1• a 11111!1i111d i.;
\\ '; i-. i11 111 ·· f1•r11n 1. wlH·r" a -.frif·· W4' 1JI 011, T " " 111t·11 t ' "l1!• · 11.J i 11~ f. ,r a l i nt'. tlw 1 •ri 1 ·1~
()f 0111 1 \\'l1t• h .1d lw• 'll ... h i11 .
H1·f.. rl' I ii· · 1T11wd
( )Jl l " ,·i;. i11 wd I IJ ,lf lw IJ a.j p;tid 01., lint•. Hild OJI••
lJ,• 11i \·d rhal a 1 1 ~ h1 11:1.I 111 .. ·11 r""'' j,·,.d . a:id 1111[1!
( 'a ll··d f,,r t in· -;,·11!1•111·· · wl ii··h ... Jio u],j t'!lcl th" ~ ! rift'.
'1'!14· Jl• 't'Jd ·· 1·l;t111• 1r1· d for lio!h ...:j;t , ... . 'f,,r ht.th
11 :1°1 · · ; 1 ~• · r fr i. ·nil .: : 1h1· h1·n1ld ..: li··lrl tlw l'l"1w d
In 1·h.11 ·k: !ht• 1·li!1·r..: . 1q •o11 p 1• li ~ li;·1l ... tr111 p~ 1
:--.: :11 i11 a . . ;,,.,-, .iJ ··i rd ,..
J-::1, ·h +'!w 111 .. \\,

ln l11 n 1. a lit'l".tld'.: .. "1·11tn: in hi:' h:rn d.
g;.t \ " t· hi..: :- •: l!!l'll t't' .
111 th ..: 1n id -.. t

A11d , ri .. in ,:.:-.

All t h at Lii ci r p!t:a-.;1nt li Plll •'" cnl!t a i11 1·d, -and yi t·ld
Th e· a :-;::: ailan h h;ll f. :\ :-; .''d t lw t·iti1. 1•11 s
I1:1d no t c1impli er l, l1 1l l ~t"-ri·tly li11d plan111 ·1l
.An arnl111 :- h. Th(· ir IJ l'! u\·1·rl ,,. ;,. ,._. ., 11 w ;111wh il 1'.
A 11d tl11·ir \'n11 11g- ~· hil dn·n, i-;t 111 •.\ :111d \\·at..J1"d the wn ll-:,
\\'i th Hh"'{ 111,. n a 111 011~ tl11·r 11 , wh d ·· th(· yon lh~
r.Lu·cli1·d on . with :'\I :1r,::; :t11d l':dla -= al tltt·i r li 1· a d .
Il1J tli \\"l'ol1 ~llf in g-11l t\. w it Ii g-11ldvn ~: tn11, · nt :-1 011.
Stately a n•,\ l a r.~c· in f1 1n11 , ;-u1 d o\· •·r all
Co1 1 ~ p k 1 11it1:: .

Thi !

.~-. d.,:

in hri g l11 :1r111 or . :1 ..: l11 •1·:1111 c
th• · r e~ t ,,· .. n· of :111 h111n\if,·r ~i;r, 1 ~ .

And wh• ·n tlu~ .\· n·a .. Ji,.,[ th 1• ~ p11l \\ l11 ·r" t lwy ~ h o uld lie
ln : un lJ n~h, l1y a ri\'(I J.. :-5 .... id•'. a plal" e
F u r w:l!1·ri11g- li1· rd-: 1 t ill'.'. ~: 1 1 1! 11 ·1 11 iJq,, n. all :tr n11.:1l
111 :- h it1i11 .~ h r;1 ~s . :\ 1•:1rt f rn1 11 a ll tl11• l't' -.. l
T lwy 11L\1'1·1l tWP ~P ll tri··--. 1111 tl H' ,,.;1 1\'h t .. .. PY
T IH· !IJ•jll'O:td1 ,if ... Ji,•1•p and hnrn o·d ki1w. :--; .... 11 I :till \ '
T li t.: li o..:rd .-. i1 1 si ,:.:;ht : t w <• :.:1 11 ·1.!wr.J -. \\';1\k 1·d w i! li lh 1· 11 1,
\\ ' h n, :ii! 1111w1 •.. tin g- ,,f t h1· ,.,·i i n i .~· h,
~ 11 Ja~· 1.: d tli l" ir \a .. k w it Ii rnu .. i1· fri 1J 11 t lH·ir r• ·1•d..: .
Th e \\' : 1rr i11 r;;. ~;i w a lld ru-..l11 ·d •111 ilt t· 111 , a nd f .. ok
A ncl dra \·r :1w;1 y la q.~· · 1.i·, ..,. of l~ j· 1 ·\· 1 ·-.., and !l111·k s
nr fa ir w hit ·· . .: h·· t·p. \\ 11• 1-. ,· k1· •·1wr:-- tli .. y had -. Jai n .
\Vli 1·11 tl1t· l1l•:- i t·~1. · r:-: i11 tli· ·ir 1·Hu n 1· il h 1·;1rd
Tlil· ~ ound of t11n11tlt :d th 1• wa tc r i n ;.:; - p l:t"t',
Tlt i·y ~ pr:HI ;..'." 11p•1ll tl11 ·ir 11 i111l1I L·- f111,ft'd :-l i·• · d~,
}\ nd 11\"t·r 1.. uk t h 1• J1i l l : 1 ~~·1"·.: . H1>111 l1:111d :-;
Arra\···d ilit·ir r•u1k'"' :i nd r.~n ~.:: ht 1.. ... i.i .. th• ' :-- t r.· a 111,
.Aud ·... 111 11! •· {·:w h •d lwr. ' I li •·r1· did !,1 ... 1· 1·rd ra ~ t·,

A nd T 11 :1111 lt . a 11.\ tli1· i; ri· a t l•,·... lrl'·'·· ·r. l·'ak.
On t• w n1111.\ 1·d " ·arriur ~ ht• l1:1d .... i;;1·d ali\'l\
A nd Olli' un\1.·11 nnd .. c! _,.,., , :1 1111 t l1n 111L.::l1 !ht· li .. J<l
nr: lt.::!t•d ii,· tlit; f.1ut :ll ltith t: r. fkad.
I l 1·r r ol1c

\\.: 1 ~ n·,ld 0.11 t·d u ' 1·r t h, · -; l11111l1ll-r ... \\'i t li 111 1' ld11•H l
F rn tn h 11 man ,·1·i11".
Lik e !i ,· in ;.: 11 11 ·11 !lit'.'' r ;1n .l!," j'd
T'l11· bat tl··-ti cl rl, n111\ drn g-l!'.''d li_v 111 ri 1<.; th1· ~l ain.' ' 1

A s intilar di·Yicc is 011q 1l c1y1·1l h:· .1\ 11;wn·1 111 , wl1t •11 lie: r 1·1· r1'."' l' llh
n.n rirLi ,; L i 11 tlw act uf pai 11 l i11 ~· ;1. 11eaulif1d 11« 1111;11 1: 1>,y Sd1 ilk r , 111

.

178

1 7:;

i\"AHHAT10 :S A i\"D DESCHll'TION.

U1e S"ng of tlw B .. 11; hy Lo ngfollow, in th e Dlliluiug of
a nd by Sc:ol L, i11 ll 1c: fullm1·i11 g p:t,-~ :t gc : -

tmds " s tn,nd Lv compa ct fo r Llic Ya rious i<lc::ts with
which it i:; fra11 gl;t, i L is c1rnblctl lJy this rn c;ws l\l i111i.:fatc as far as bngnng-e can c:xprcss ; :rnd Uiat, it is c\'ldcnt, in cludes all thin g.; .'' 1
If langu age can 1w L tl epi ct tl1 c fe a ture,; o f Lao<'<•; ;n, it
oan ma,kc n :; h ca.r l1is cry uf agony; if b 11 gu:1 ge l«1111H •t
'iJrirw the color a nd furm of a fluwc r Lefore t l1c eye, i t
b
•
.
..,
Ctln make u::; feel it::; l1cauty, and can rnvest :t w1t11
poetical assoc.:iatium;. Tl1 e loft icst poeLieal ..eoncc!1tin1_1s,
incleeJ, cannot Le r c1ll1c r ctl vi;;il ile or al!llwl c ; lur t he
sulilime tran::Jce lllb t1 1c ,;c nscs.

" Far up i!ic lt·11 g t ht·11·(t la ke w ~ rc ~p i ed
F· <1 1r t!Hr k('11i11l..'.' ~ Jl• T \c.; 1qio11 t!Jr tid e ,
Th:tt, ~!11\\' l' lila q . ,:-in.~ Hll 1h e Yicw,
F1111 r n1: 11111 ' d :111d 1n11-.1 ... \ l>;1r~· · :-1 ,t.;- r Hw,

,\11d , I J1· a ri11 .~ d ownward :-: fr o111 Gh.: 11 g-y le,
Stt'i •r'd f 11ll 1q 11111 tli (• l11 t1 cly i:-; le;
T he p11int of l ~ri;u1t: li11i! tlll ·y pass'd,
And , tu th<· wi 11 d,r;1rd :1~ ll1t~.r ca s1-,
A ~: ti 11-.1 tlir .. 1111 th1·y g-:1n: t o :- !tine

Thi_'. lH>ld Sir l<nd,·rick':-- l1a11r1t:r'tl Pin c.
K t.· ttrt'I' :H11l 1t l'arer a s thl·y ln•;u,
~pl::t r ~ . pikl':', and axt· :-< fla -i li i11 ai r.
'No w 111 i:.:h t yntl ~ec t he tar!an s lira\·r,
A nil plaid..; :11nl pl11 111 a.~1· tl:rn c,·· :u 1Ll wav e:

Apollu"s dl·sc c nL "li ke 11 lg-lit,·i S:d a 11 ':'.i Ld l frClll li ea\·e11, :in~
~o are 11 u111eru1 ls 1 1 a:-=.,..:age~ in l\i ug l . . t: ar, tLe
1

:\ 11 \\' ~c•· 1li1· h M 111t•L-; ~ ink

A s !ii"
~ 1··· .

{<0t1 ~h 11;ir

and rise,
thl' rhWL· r pli es ;

·~ fnrnili ar in sta11 e1· ~.

Tempest, l fa rn let, :t1Hl :\Iacl>e ll1.
"It is not Li111t:l! us, or Ca \'\rndi ., h . or CuYier

ll:i . . Ji in g :l l 1·:1l' h .~ 111nl y s lrok e ,

\\'li 'l gi'""' ll" t!t e
· true sense of a uin 1a b , o r wa te r, o r planl:-< , , \}1 0 ~ 1~ iz1 ·:-: tl1 1·ir :-;1T r t·t
·!or us, wlio mak e~ u' parli c ip:1l.e in tl11!ir li (e; il is Sltak,;p c r~ "·ith

Tli ~ w:i,·c :l:.:cc 1H\ing- iuln Sllh •kc i
~''l' !h t.·

pro 111 l 1•ip1·r...,,··

l ...

]n l.lt l'..:.:e l if h.! . . , ~ clltl e 11: iti/~·=-- na~ n ·; u1cr

tlll')" C" Jd:t i11 ; 11 ot a., lt e mnil d ><' •'

wo1il d gr;ul 11al ly

« <'Ill'~

tn

Li1L·111 i11 rt JiicLure, but as

l}~ ·

i11l11 ,-i.:;·l1t, whi le rtpl'ruat:l 1i11g .

That com e li l' fnrc tli t.: ~ wa llo w dar1'. ~ , and tak e

In l ike 11i;u111"r, \Y C l1cc01ne J11 ()re fami liar wi th tl1
npprar:111 cc "" wt•ll as \\·ith the ('h:i raetc risLi c qualiti•
of a11 intcrc" t in'. (' JH' r"o nage , wh ethe r in hi ~tory or fa.
fictirn1, wlio is ,.; l1u wn lo t1:; f'l'olll l i11 1e Lo time for a
m orn c 11 t , ns :tll acto r Oil t Ji c sce ne, tl1<tll WC can CVCf @
with llll C fu nn ally dc"cril1c<l. I t i" tl1t1:; tl1at we como
k 11ow 11cnple 111 real life, and tlic n·fore it is only tln3 "
tl1:1. t \\'C ca1 1, il' at nll, come to kno w t li osc whom we
h :l\·c not. "Cc'I J. Tlit~ s t1p<' riur Yi,·id ncss of t he dramatic
f.,1·111 uf' c1111q 11 >-< it it>11 i.; 11art ly attril111talilc tn this ca use.
:::>11 c li a n: I ill' l i11 1i la t i(l11-< i11q11 J.-<c·d 011 ll1 c art of the
\\' rilL·r J,y tl 1..: H<1t11n; "r h1 1g11agc ; hut Ian·
( 'n• .lli,·e
'"'"""'
g11:1c;t• i::; 110L lllL'l't:lv ;1 .;11('\'l''"i() lJ of
uf \\' •11' •1:; .
,; 1::;·11 ::; or of' 11 1<: l'L ' "0 111Hl" . :\ s its "1g- 11 s

m

I ~'. 1..···ll:

La .\y 4..·f th1.:

L:tkt~. t'tl!!lo

ii . xd.

'liis
T he win d~ <•f ~1arrl1 wit h Lcauly;'

it is vVords \\' or tl1, \\' ith hi s
" l Yoice . . . l1 cH.rd
fr <•lll th•· c w.:kov· Lirtl ,

~pri11 g-- ti 111 1·

Jn

Hn.:a k ill ,t.! th1: :-: il\'tin~ of lllf• ~{· n~
A nwug t h e farthe ~ t l kbrith: ~ ;'
i':·,

•1 1 I\fo,· ine wafPr~ nt

or cold

their prie~ tlik c ta~k

abl uti1 111 ' l'Ot tlld Ear t h's human :-1li o r l!s;

I

it is Cha.teauhri :111d , \\·it.Ii his 'ci1111! ;,,, /<frermin e'e 1[Ps .for(/s :' it iR
· Serrnncour, with hi s n11)1111l.ain l1ircl1-1.J'ee: ' CP ll e e;'"ffr l1/onr-l1 r ,
li~t"e el crer n. s. . .·r' · r·df1 • tl_rjl' O!fl' C... ff' ; (' f' s /; n11 /l'J,, is 11ui ·' ' lu clin 1 ·11I rn"" 111
terre j /rt moln'/itt! rlr .. jf ·1Li/11 ·s, d to ur eel u111 u11/lu1 , si11111 fic i t1:' dr· lu nature, attilurle tlt~s d e:.. ,,,.,,, _,,, 2
" I n p;ti ntin s \\· 1 ~ 1n ay rr p rt-·:--:ent :1.11 .v fir w fl .:..:·11n~ W(' pl 1•a.. .: ••; hut.
1 Ha rri ~ : Conef·r nin g- ,\ rt, ~tu -.i j·, l ':1i1 11i11::. ;1nd l 11wt r.' ·· 1·hap .
:l Matlb ew Arnold: E ... :-. ay ~

i11 ( 'r it ici:..; 111; ;\1;.111r kc d e l~ 1h" r i 11.

i. l'I'· ;.7. i"i8.

:\'Alt! L \TJl l:\' AND DES C!UPTION .

i\1 ETllU D.

181

CIIAP TEU IT .
J\IETTI O D .

1

Burl~ c: ()11 t l w ~ u l di1 11 c a11 d lh'aut iful , 11arl

I' . ..:. •·" .
• c c

vii.

IT is n ot en ough tk1t a 11:urati1·c ,;ltoulcl mnn~ ; it
oulcl movcfl)ncard. Tl 1erc f'l1oul<l lie '1nctln11{ 1 i11 it ilmt is, prug n: .~0.1 · e t 1·a118il iu11. 1 lrnporL111L a,; 111l:ll1ti< l is
in every ki1J(1 of co111pl>:; it io11, it, 1.-; lll! t ah1·a1·" ''""' ·1iti;d
to success. A p l1i lo,;<l pl1 c r 111ay co 11 tri l1u le 1kt.1c·li" ' l
!:i.yin gs (n.pl1uri ,; 111 .") [1J tl 1e g <'lll'J';t ] ,;( 11 c l; uf' ll'i ,; tl n1n , :111

Sc:e i'· Jlt.

~n,yi st

111ay lll! l' i1 a nni1 1g ;1,; ]1(0 ra111l 1lc,; i11 i>i <·:1,a11 L
fields of t1 1 01 1 ~! 1 l a11d g u,; :-; i11,.; " ·it l1 hi,; n· :ul n"; :lll<l
j1Yen a co111 pu,;it. i<l11 mailll} illk1J<lc<l to i •crs uad e Li ,..
"arsons a\JLlrl's,;e<l 111ay, t\) a cc o11 1 1ili~li ,;11 111 L; i11 cid c11t:d
.purpose, lcav...: t.l1 c m ain li11c ,,f :1 rg 11111,·11L f1Jr :t rno mcnt; bnt :t narr: tli1·e i,; d cfed il'L" :1 ,.; :t 11:trr:Lli \'C', rn
so far as iL <l vcs not go rig·i1 L 0 11 l'r< llll tlic IJ,·;; i1111i 11g to
~110

end .
A prolix 'ni t n 111 :1y, p(']'li : 1 p~ . liC' C" l'Cl'jl i11 µ: 111 t1 1c righ t
d:irc<;tion; a " 11·unl -pai11 tc r," t )1 ,, 11gl 1 lie det:t i11 ,; Ii i,; r1 ·:1d'.crs whi'le li e is " dui11g" a c: u11 ., l't cir a lie r .. ill c, 111 :1 y
detain them at th e ruad- siLlc; l111 t a st ory - telle r ,,-]1•>
r uns this way :rn<l that, wl 10 i,; n·mi1 1<kd ul' ,;011w1l1i11 '..;
c

whid1 is e nlircly ctsidc J'ru 111 l1i s H:m·at in \ lrnt \\t 1i1· l1
luippc ned :L t al1u11 t ll1 <' c;:tl nc ti111 u or lll':lr llil: :-:1 1 1 1 ,~
pince, n,ml \\'ho n :l1 1rns to hi,; :-111..je<:L n,.; il' l1y a u ·iil 1· 11t ,
i.:1 perha[lS t 11c: 111 11,; t \'cx nt io u,.; u f' :1 11 11·]10 lr.1· lv c1.11 11muni ca te uy Lt1 1 ;,,:·11:1 g 1 ~ " ·it.1 1 ll1 1· ir 1',· ll 1111 -l1"i11 g·s.
A m utlwlli t:al ]1aLiL ur miml U0ill "ti l 11 k s tl1 P m u-;l 1111I M/ OuOu r, fr, in1 µ f: 1cf , afl1_·r', a ntl JOO s, n r11n tl or w:ty.

•.'

.:-,,

':
~AlilL\TJO~

purta11L differ('nce liet \YCtn a wcll-ed ucate<.l and au
cul ti 1·ateLl wa11.
Tl1 c s uperiorit y of tltc ('duc:1tC'd m:in is <l11 c to the unprem
bte rl ;111.! c1·id,.11tly Ji;d1itlial arrrr11!r111c 11/ o( his worcls, grounded

ll1 l' h:ll•it .,f fo1"' ' '"'i 1 1.~ . in ""ch i11t.,,.: r:d 1•:trL, or (111ure plaiuly/
1'1.>'I')' s1.• 11l1·11Ct', li1t) I\ l111J,_. tl1al li e tliPl l i11 Le11Lls to CO llllllUU ic~.l.!)< .
l l .. 11·('\'>· 1· iri·1·.c;·11lar a11d d1:s1tltory hi s Ldk, Ll 1ere is metltud in lii;·f:·:1 .~· 1 11 1 · 111 :-; .

"Li ., t»n , 011 11,. ,_,.tl1"r li:111d. to an ig11 0r:utl. 111a11, tho ugl 1 perh !Ji
slm·11'< l a11d ;tl,]L' 111 11 1,: ]•ad1 c11lar ealli 11 ." ; 11·i1 et.l1er lie Lie dc&:ribj11 g· ur n·l:Lti11g.
\r l~ i111 11H·di;1t1·ly p1•rr vi\'l' tlia l, hi s n1enl0ry altr
is 1·albl i11l1' adi nn j a11d il 1al. !lie: ol •j<'ds a nd e1·e 11ts recur iu .
11;1rratio11 i 11 th~~ ~a11JI' 11rd.·r , and wi ll 1 tlH! :-::u n n accon 1pauinientJt ,,
l1 n1""'1·n :11·1·id<'11i:tl ur i1l1 j»·rl i1"'11 t, a,: 1lll'y l1:u.l first Ol'C IUTed to !ht ·
11:1rr:tl<1r. Tl1e 11l'1·e.<,: ity ,,[ L;lki11g br"atl1, tl1t: d1'1> rLs uf n:collec,.
ti u11. a1 1ti tlPJ ;i Lrn1•l .... ,·ti lic;ifin11 o( it,: failul'Cs, prod uce all h!l
11;tt1 ;-.;t •....:; a1ic! will1 0xe1·11 t i1 111 of tlic 'ru11f t/1 en ,' Ll 1c '011t! there; and
tl1e st ill le''.' s ig 11iticct11L '(wJ so ,' they eu11 s Lit11 te likewise all hit
CP11 111·c tin11s. · · l

l"d('rid g <' g"""' 1>11 !o1 ('ln1lr:1'L th e 11al'l':tlio ll gi1·rn liy Hamlet 14
lloraliu ul l1is 1" '.1·:1 .c;-e tn E11 .t.:·land (lfa111J ,. t, ad \'. scene ii.) with
tl1u l'li"'·11 's (· ,·id1·11"" (:\f ,•:tsu r<' f•>r ~l l':tsu l '<) , act ii . sce ne i.) , lht
talk uf t he .\111»« (!\.,1111'>) and .J1tliet, aet i. sce ne iii.; act. H,
S•Y1 "' ,-i. ). :i n il ,\Ir.« Qu i<'i; l.(s n·lai i•111 1>f t li e ci rc11111sta nccs of Sit
.J 1.J 111 Fa bl:ill"s ,[..Id t11 It"" (rT.-·11r_1· n·. 7•;11·t ii. act ii. scene i.).
:\11 t'X:11"1"" 11 i; 1y " " l:tk<'11 frn111 \\' .. li.st1•1" s ' l""'<·li in the Wh it~
1n 111·.!1·r ca:-:t·.
ll 1·r1· tlil\ 11arr:diil11 JJ()t <•1 1\y St 'rn· ~ a~ :i n-1et,hodicul
~t:tf1 ·n11•11t of (si11 •1•nS<'< I) facb, Lu L al.<>1 pal'1·s th e way for
argn11wnl; " Tiu' c irr1 1111< La nn's now rl..;1 rJ_,. ill ,.,-j,]0 ncc Sjlrna<l out the
\\ll<ii<' srcnc l».·I"""' 11s . l>""P 'l"C'J' Ji;1d fall1•n nn Ili c <l est.inccl 1ict i111. a11d Oil all J,.• 11.·:111 1 l1is rl•«f . ,\ J1 ,.:1ltl1f1il ul .J 1n an Lo whom
''""I' \\':t s s1l'ed. . tl1" Jir.<l ·"'lllttl sl111 1tl1L~lil.l) 11ight lt~IJ him in
llll:i r .-....d'L l111 L ~ ln•ll .!.!" 1•111hrace .

.i\IETIIOD.

A:\D DE::; CH ll'TlUN .

183

mber.

01 tliis, lie m oves the lock, by sof L :in<l co11linn 1»1 pres , till it turns 0 11 ih hin ges wiU1on L 11uisP.j a111l he c 1it c r,c;, an 1l
beholds hi s vid im Ldu1·e hi1n. Th,, ro•>l n is u11c:• J1l11nf11tiy op•:11 tn
th n<lmi:;sio11 of lig ht. T l11: face o( tlte inn ocent slec•pcr is llll'1w d
from U1e rnu rJcre r , a11<l tl1e l>t;;1 11 " .,f till' 11100 11, r,·slin~ •rn .th1· .~-r:t.v
Jocks of hi s ag1 '<l L1;1111.Je , s ho w I1i111 1Yl1erc lo st rike. Tl1t: L1lal
blow i;; give11 ! a11d the ,·i cl i1n p (t :->:-ie:-' , wit.li o 1d :L str1 1 ~· .~le or a 1111 )iion, from Lhe rel'ose of sle•!p to the l'l'l'"·"' o( 1l .. all1 '. It is t.li"
i\ssassi11' s purp(lsC to iuak e ~ ure work; and 11 1~ plies the da;:.~ 1 ·r ,
though it is nl!l·iu us Lh:tt li fe has hel'11 d<'sL r" J''" ' l•y tli •: J,J.,w uf llic'
bludgeon. u,, el'e11 raises t.h c agc1l :u 111 , ll1at. Ji,. m :iy 1101. fail i11
liis airn aL t he ht)arL, anJ re['l:tCl':'i it. a.g ai11 <>1· c: r Lill' w111111 ds uf tJ,.,
ioni:m1! To fi11i sh tl 1c pielLll'<', h e \'X [ol< 1rt:s th<) \\'r ist fu1· ll1c p11b" 1
1
.fie feels for it., :wll as('l' l'tai1h tl 1aL it. l"';ll s 110 i<oit g<' r 1 1L is a1'< :<J 111 t>li~ hcd . The d<:ed is ([,111 <.: .
I le rd l'eab , n.•t " 'Lt:e:i his sl<·ps lr• t l1<:
'Win<low, pa :->~1..·:-; uut tlirou g lt iL a:->

J1t'

ca 11w i11 , a1 1d t•:-:cape:;.

11'· l1a:-\

done tl1 c murd e r. l\ o ")°') ltas s<,..1 1 l1i111, 110 e:u h as li e;t1·d lii111 .
l'hc secre t is 11 is 011·n, ;rn1l i Lis safe!" 1

The main cau,.;e o[ this diff"re11 r c hct\1·ccn the pn•d' ucts of a.1t 1\lld i,;l'it•lille1l ;11111 tl 1<>st: (Jf' ;t cnlli\·all'd rni11d
iies in the ;Lli sem:c t'ro111 th e one allll 1lw pn·s1·11ce in tli1 :
other o[ :t k;idi11 g thought, a 1:1· 11 lral iil c; L, an1u11 d wl1ii'li
' fac t:; rrrnnp tl1cm,;ches in accon1a1wc \Yi t h tl1cir n·l:tti\e
·value ~tnd p ert inl'nce. Thi,; le adin g t li n 11~~;l1 t gin~,; lJ11ity
to that wl1i 1·l1 would " Lherw i,.;1: lie :11111 •: u1i11g-Jr: ,.;,; VariPt,r.
\Vithout 111uu 1•11 11·11.t a 11;1rra t iv1 : can lmve 110 lii'e; witl1out method it,; l ife ,1·ill lrn to little pnrpo,;c .

'l'lw a;-;." a ...:.-.:i 11 0 11f1 )r s, tltrough tho

wind .. 11· alr<':1dv pr<'[':ll'•"l. in to an 11"'"'""! 'i ,• d apar!.ment. Wi th
n11 i,-el""' fn1•l. J,,. ]'"""' tl1 " J,,111'1_1' l1all. l 1:1lf - li .~· l1L"d by the moon;
li e wi11d s up l it>: " ·' '"' 11 l uf ti,.. sL 1i1», :111d n·a"11es Llie door of the

,f

(IlOOK Il.

AHC: C;\ i E~TATI YE CO;\ll ' O~ ITlO N .

13001\.

II.

AR G O! E:\T .\Tl \' E co:\fPOSITlON.

Cll. \ l'TL!{

r.

T1 11·: lHJdy of cn· ry compo,.;it i,n 1 in wl 1id1 rea:io niug
1il:1.n; an in1 1•<1rb11t p;nt eonsi,.; ts o[ th \.! Prop o.sitiontliat wlii1·li i::; t" lJ e prun·ll - allll th e .I'r1J1f.
TJ 1" pn1po" ili,,1>, in ll1i;; s«11 :< 1', i.' :11"<1 (' a!Jt.,l th" cM1cl usion ,1 th:it
wl>il'h •·is r111d 11 11 1.,L l•c: s/11 1l in ll'ith 1 Cl'rtai n ot.lier prtceJin
Lhi 11g,; p11 t in tirsL.. ~ (11r , lh:1t wl>id 1 closes tli t>:<L' ]1fl'Ce1li 11g tl1inga
fr,,; f'l /11 .,.) .
T h<' }'l'Oc•l i:< :dsn c:1llnl tl11• /'"''"' '"'"'-"- Lk1t is, proposi.LiuJ>.:i (:1d111i1t1•,\ or 1·n·,·i011-ly 1•r.,,·l',J) "l1 i1·l1 :ere /'"' f orwanl 1 as
t lin lia . . i:-; uf tlw n·a .. .: 1111i11 .~ . •• '['u i 1'.( r 4 :L l'n111·lu~ i1) n is to bring
;,, , • ; 1,; it \\ <.'I'•'. th " dir1'l'l ~la f Pll ll'lif ,,f Lh:.t wlii c· h l1as been virtu·
:dl_y :<t:t11"l :t!rl' :l<h·, l1as \,,'l' ll sh 11I i11 ... 0
In a c l1ai 11 11f r va:-:~ 1 11i11 .~, 1111• fin.:t . f· 11 111 . . Jn, i11 11
i n f~ · r1 ' ll t 'l' ,

St..'l"\.l':-i

:t~

;\. pr1 · 111i ...;.t' fnr

th ~: ;:,:Pcn 11d i 11 ft'fi' ll CC ,

tl·,.,(. "·l1i"li was

and

a l tin;(. a 1·r"l"'"it inn Lo be 1m •1·ed lieco mes
111t·n l t'<H' a n•· w 11n111os i:i.111.

SO OUt

an argu·

I t n1 ;1\· 111· 111:11· 11ol l ie n1· cr,-,nr y tn nppca.l to Lhe pas::; ions "r tl1(' f'..1·li1 1g o< . to l1t '" JH' :tk i'an1rald e altontion by
1 ( ', . 11 ~·{11.~11.~ :

f111 n1

1· , 1111 - .

n· itli . 11111! «l 11dn . •1r ,·/,,,11/11 1 t:lo:-:B .

1It· .\ l1 •n..::; 1u: i"onnal J..,J.!" ii ·. 1,.' h:q• . ii . p . .~:1 .
8 /' 1·i1 tml ...... 11: fr1t1 11 }"''''' · h1• f11r1· , u11d
·i

Frt'i1~l

i ti.

in. nnd/i.To, bri ng- .

~ f 1 11tl n r put. Sec p. l !JO.
r, Jl1 · .\foq.;:tn: f,ogi1· 1 d1ap. ii. p. (.3, .

111/tfu ,

1·1:0l'OSITlON At\D l ' lWOF.

cxonli um, (o make a fa\'Or:tlJic impr('s,; inn Ly a
sk il l'ul pc rora tinn, or to pa,·e t h t~ way l'or tl1t' a1 ·g1 1111"1 1L
by an cl:tl 1u ra (c llilrra ti o 11 , o r ,;!at f' 11 1L' nt <if fads ; 1 Lui
it is al1Y:1y,; 11 ccc s,.;ary to l1an:! clear ly in rni11 d :1 pr\l position to l'rn,·c:, :1.1 111 :L t. lea,.;L 0 11 0 :1 rg u11 1c 11L \\ l1i c h t;°" l'oi
to prove t l1aL prnl'osiliu11.
No t Llia t it is alway,; c:-;pc1l ic 11 L to st at e Ll1 c ]'l'OJ'i•oi tion di stin clly al Ll1c outset. Bca suns sp ri11g-i11 g fr.,111
t he natnre of tl1e subjccl -rnaH c r eir f'rnrn tl1 c L·l1;iradn of
t he perso ns addrbsc1l rn :ty (as will l1 n(·af'kr b1· ,,L1•11·11 ~ )
rend er it a1Li,-ablc lo lead 11p tu tl10 co11dusit>11, citl1cr
rapidl y or by s1 1cct.'='" i1·c s t" I'" of' rca,;0 11i11 g- . l\ et 11· t.. ·1 1
the extr eme uf hu ltli1 1g· tl1L· Ll1 i11 ~· t" l1v pr<>\·1·Ll in L· L1i1 1
view tlirouglw11t the arg1 1111 .. 1it, :u1d tliaL 11f ]; vq,i 11g it
ont of sig·hL Lill Ll1 e \ ' l'l'J' u1d , t !1 " rc arl' many 11H:tlwd,-,
n.ny on e u l' whi ch may 11r ju st ili c1l 11,r t ·i r c 1 1111 s ta11 n"~ No circ 11rns(a 11 cc,.; , li owt·\·e r, (';111 f'rt·i; •t wr il1· r <>I' a
Rpeaker from tl 1c o l>l ig ation t<> 11:11·e tl1c prop· ( ·
/ ' ·
/
•
T111 1•11rf;1 1wo
0 I' j, !' O il ] ie 11l:llll
:tlllS ( 1s/111 1'1 .'! .fifed tll !1/8 .,f 1,;" i " ~
·
d
1. [
]
1
a di-.1i1 wl
&wn 111.m u(; ore H.! 11 11< (• rl alzcs lo rir~ 11 c ii i l" "!'"_;,;.,11
,··~
_ ..., snpp1> r L 'fl
. 1c p roc<· ,;,.; of in \'e:-;t i.':-. :·aLi(ln, ill 11ii11d .
by whie11 a 111an arril'rs at C(' l'fai11 co 11 cl11 si1111,;, 111 1:,;l
be corntil ek d l1t f"or c t he rh cto rit-;d ]'rrl('C,;s , l1y wl1i cl1 111:
ndeavor,; to cn 111·i11 cc otlwr:-<, c.rn 1u·ope r l.\· lll'g i11. Di,; tinct11 cRs of co 11 n •pli o n do ts li()t, i11.le(·d, 11 •·c·c·ss;11·ih·
_."' imply tli,;t.indnrs,; 11f" (•xp rro<s ion: f<>r ki1 u 11·!vil:..: 1' is .a
very cliffe rc n t t, lii11 g fr.,111 tl1 c ;1l1ilit.1· to ('<lllll1i llllil·;l(c
knowlc(1gc: l111t 110 one ca11, t!XC'<'Jd )·, }" :t(Tid1·1 d, dc:ar lr·
tate wl1at 11 0 d ues not clearly 11111lP;.sl a 11il. Hl 11'! 01 ·ii:.
acconli11 g·ly , Ll 1o u:..:· l1 il il(ws I HJt 11111l1·1·l:1k e to pr<>1id1 · a
..•riter wi tl 1 111:1!t: rials, du( ·,; r1·11 uin.: ll1:1.L li e ,;] 1u1ild ] •!'». ide l1im self witli t l1cJ11, - Lo tJic, cxlt:11 L, ;1t. 11·a,;t , t l1;iL
I

$ 1,.·i.: p.

182.

1

See p

~n .

186

.i\.RG U ME~TATIVE

lie sho uld hnxc a definite

co:vrPOSITION.

a.~sc rtio n

PROPOSITION AND PROOF.

a/Jont something to :,

maintain .

A term - tl iat i,:, t h e nam e of a thi11 g - is not a
propositirln. "JI011c:sty,'' fu r e xample, is
A t e r m i:-1
""' " p ro po- no jt1:st scn:-:c a l't1l 1je ct for co11 1posit.ion (un·
Hit h,1 1.
less, indeet1, a c1efi11iti1J11 of the wor<l is re·
quired ); for, tliou;,;·h rna 11 y pn>p1Js itiom; alJOut honesty can lie frarne'1, tli e word lJy it:sdf suggests no one of
them r;ttli er than anot.l1cr: lrnt" l1011 L's ty is t lie best pol~
icy" is a s nhj c et; fur it makes an affirmation concerning
h onesty, an nffirmatinn whid1 can lie reasoned about.
If, tlien, a p c r;;on is askccl Lo \Hite upon "honesty,'
he s110nld licgin liy con:-: iderinL; wh at li e l;el icves to be·.
true al1ont liu 11 cs(y, tli; Lt i,;, hy fr:t111i11g some proposi~.,,

m

tion about il.

composition by young l\l r. Tirown, whi ch i ., ' UJ'·
b ee n se n t by his a<l111iri11g fa t her to a tutor at Llie

""'

"1 wo 11ltl go th e lrn g lh of r r co 11110Pndi11g- a preacher to place a
di s t inct catcg<Jri ca l l•ropo;;i t.io n bdorc h im. su ch as he can write
down in a fo rin of word s , r111d t,o gu ide anu li rni L l1i8 l'rcparation
by it, and lo aim in :ill h e s:tys t.o Lr in g it out, a 11d 11ot.lii11g else.
. .. Nor will :t preach1~ r· s earnest ness sl10w iLseH i11 a ny thing more
un equivocally than in l1is rejl' cliu g, wl1ateve r Le t.l1c kn1ptatioq
to au mit it, c n~ r.v re mark l1 o wcYc r ori g in a l, every period however
eloque n t, wlii cl 1 does 11ot in sonw ''"ay or oth er tcnu to brin g out ·
il 1is 0 111· clistinct l• ropos iti o n wlii ch li e has chose n. Nothing is so
fahl Lo tln: ,.ffed of :i s•~rn 1 o n as tl 1e haLit of pre:1chi11g on thrc
ur fou r s ul1j ccts at 011 cc .. , 1

ny

so cloi11 g. he wil l bring the subjec .

within couve11i c11 t lirnih, will sc c mc a 11 ue:lcus for hi ';.~
a.rgumc11 ts, and tlrns btl; e the fi r:s t i-;kp toward Unitg,
r!f compo.~it lo n.~ He m ~t.Y not el 1oose tl1 e be::;t road . to ~
Jiis <l esti iia( inn, but he i::; Oil some road at any rate, and,>1·.!'·,
>'
l ie l 1as a destination.
A gon ,] <'X:nn ple u f Ll1<· prac1 ical cff,. ct o ( tak i1'1; as one's
a te rm i11 8tcad of a propos iti 0 n i., gi1·e n hy Dr. J. H. Newman 1 in
1 .T. H. N'<'wmnn: L<'ct urr" on rn i,·r r :--i1y ~ 11hjN· t ~. pp. Hl6, 1!17.
., Sec pp. 158, lG·I, 183.
3 1.cc111rcs on Un ivcrn ity Subjects, p. 150.

187

"• Fornr:s

FonTUXA

A n.1u v ,\T.'

pn1n· r~ wh id1 rul e our
earthly d es tiny, Fortu ne i:; t.he chi ef. \\'h o l1a.-i nut heard of the
~ ,POOr b ein g ra ised up, a11<l th e ri ch b ein g lai,J low? Alexa11der t.1 1c
Great sai(l h e e n1·ied Ding1•11es i n ltis t11h, because Di ogr• 11 es co u ld
have nothin g le:;s. \\·c u eeu not go far for a11 instance of fo rtune .
"" Who wa.s so g reat as l\id1oh~ , Lite Cz;cr of all Lite H L1ssians, a year
,:>go , a nd now h e is" fall" n, fall e n from hi s l1igh l'stalc, witl 11 •11 t a
friend to gr;,ce his obse•p 1i es . " 1 Tli e Tu rks are lite finest 8pe r: i111c·n
of the hurnrtn race , ye t Ll"'Y too l 1a1·e ex p(' ri e nc".J thr: viei:;siltt•ks
of fortune. Jlnrace :;a.ys that w e should wrap o urselve:; in o u r virtue
whe n fortun e ch an ges. J\'apulc:on, too, s ltnw:; Lis how little we can
rely on fortune; but his fau l ts, great as lltcy were are lwi1w redeemed by his n l'phew, L o u is Napoll'oll , whu ha~ ~lio wn hi ;~1scH
'"'tery diffe rent fro m wli ;Lt we expected, tlto1tgh he has 11cYe r explained how h e ca m e to swear Lo the Co 11;;Lit t1 tion, a 11 d ihc11 111u ut1tecl
·the imperial thro 11e ."
'... "' "F rom ;di t his it appea rs tl1a.t "·e shonhl rely on fo~tune on ly
while it re 1uai11 ~, - recnlledi ng thu words of the thesi,, " Fort.es
fortuna ;idj uvat ;" awl th at, ;i l>oYe a.11, w e should e1·e r cultivate
ose virtu es which will 11eYc r fa il us, a111l wl1i c li are a sure basis
respectu.L ility, ail(l wil l pruiit us h ere a11d he reafter .'
"'Not one wonl uf this,' says i\lr. Bhck, to whom the boy's
ther has su l•mitt.ed t.l1e co111pus it.io11 fu r criticis m , •is upon t,)i,,
sis. · · · "Fo rks for t un :t adjny;;t" is a propo:;irirm ; i t states a
ain gelleral principle , aml this is just wh:it an r.nlinary hov
uld b e s ure to mi s~, and Robert dues mi ss it. Il e goes oft
ce on t he word "fortu11a."
" Fo rtu na" wa.s not his ~uhj1· ct. ;
thesis was i11 te 11rled to g11iile ltim, for his ow n good; he refnscs
be put i nto le:1d i11 g-stri 11 g.s; li e lm·aks louse , a111l ru11s off in hi .~
• n fashion on the bro:1.J fie ld a11d i11 wild cha'<> of" fu r tt11w,"
nistead of closin g with lli r subj ect, wlii clt , as b.. i11 g 1kii11itc, woulcl
lll\Ve supported h i m.
. "'It would have been very cruel t.o ha1·e tultl :i boy t <> 11-ri l t· on

"'Of all the unc<:rtai11 a n<l capriein11s

;:t

1 "Mr. 13rnwn prophesies here .
2

Sec p.

!J

15~ .

Il e wrot e iH June, 18.'d ."

188

ARG mIENTATIVl~ COMPOSITION.

II.J

THHE E CLASSES OF ARGUMENTS.

189
'·l"·

"fortune;" it 'rnuld h:wc bren lik e asking him his
~ 1 tl1 iugs i11 general." Furl u11 f' i ~ " good," bad," ~'capricious,"
" u11 e xpeeLeJ," tc 11 lhuu sa11,l t hi11 i;' a ll nt once (you see them aU
i 11 t he ( ; radu s), aml one u[ lhe111 a-5 much as the 0L11 er . Ten thou•
sa11d thi11gti lll ay be tiniJ of it; gi ve me 0 11 ~ of Lh em, and I will
writ e 11pou it ; l ca1111ot wri Le ou 1nvre than one : ltobert prefers f(l

-.:t ·;
;

H

C1L\ 1'TEll II.

wri te upo n all. . . .
"•Buys du 11vt rou se up t heir aLlc nt io n a n<l rntl ccL : Lhey Jo not
like Lhe Lruul>le of iL; L11t·y ca.1111ot look at a11y Lhi 11g stead ily; and,
when Ll 1cy atkmpt to w ri te, oIT Lh ry go in a ri g marole of wordsi
whi ch does Lh e 111 no good, a1Hl neve r \rnul<l, tho ugh they wroto
Ll1e1nes Lill L11t:y <l iL:<l . . . .
"• 0: ow , l k11ow ho\\' thi ,; tlicmc w:\s writ.ten:
a nt! the n y.iur boy f'al U1i11ki1q; a11•l d eno11ri11g Lla: e ncl of his pen;
pn·"1 ·11 t.ly 1hiw n we11t ll1e f'cco 11 d, a11 d so 011 . Th e r ule is, fi!U
Lh i1 1k, and Lhe1[ wri te: do1 1' L wri te whc1 1 you ha ve noLliing to say;
o r , if you do , yo u will lllak c a 111e.<s of iL . . . .
" • 1\ow, 1 will prophesy one tlii 11 g of H.obert, un less this fault
i~ knockcJ ou t of him,' co11 Li11ues merc il ess :\l r. Bhick. 'WhctL·
h e gro ws up, arnl ha.s Lo ni•tke a speech, or write a letter for tjl(/
p :tpl'rn, h e will luuk 011L for fl uwcrs, full-bl o wn fl owers, figureii
:; 111arL exprc~s i o11s, lril1 ' quotations, lwck neyefl l1(•i.;in11i11 gs and end.'
i11g-, , pompou" circ u111l oc 11tio11,, anrl 'o on ; l111 t the me:111ing, the
s1· 11sc , tl1i\ s1> li1l ;;pnse, the frn1nrlatio n, y011 m:iy hu nt the slippci
long e 110 11 g-h, hdorc yon caLch it.'"

The Pro1'.f comp reh ends :i.11 t he ar g nm ents that tehd
to conv ince th e per,;oll >' alld rc,.;,.;ed of the truth
Th e Proof.
of t h e propo,.;ilion to be p r oved. I ts eogen.cj
<l('pcnds (1) u po n a j1nlicious ,.;(~lection of su ch argu;
mc 11ts, :ind (2) u pon their ~kilful arra ngement. W
ha ve, the n, to co nside r the cb""'ificatio n and choice o
<.i rgu ments, anJ the principles of their arrangement.

THREE CLASSES OF AIWUMENTS.

Sf:CT!ON I.
Pn1:-1 c rP LEt< uv C LASSIFI C ATION.

Trm sul •:jcd-m:itie r of Argu me n tative Composition
may
com e I r•llll an y of the n11rn erons rl ermrt'
[ J
.
~l :tf c rial of

- ments

0

l lllll <l ll

b1C11V lcdgc ; for every de- u rg tl rne n l•.

.par.tme.nt. of kn o wledge em bra ces many t opics upon
which it i:; po,.;,;1l1lc to r casvn. The process of r easonin 0cr
is the same , wl1att.:v cr the topic .
: "~h e vr,st rcs1 dt:'l ol >t:1i 11 cd hy scil'llC<' arc won b y no m ystical
:-"ult1es, by 110 n> Pntal proc<:Rf'cs, ot li.,r 1li a11 tl iosc whidi arc prnc_J~sed by evrry one of 11s 111 th.: l111mhl.,st an1l m cane"t affairs nf
•}1fe. A d~ted i n: pol icc111a11 tliscOY•~r;; a h 11 rg lar from t] 11, lll :tr k~
·~ n;ad.e by hrn s l1 ne, hy :tn 1c1il al proccs;; id e 11 t. ical with t hat by ·wliil'i i
p µvier
. ' resto red tl1. c (·xt 11>d n.111111:tl s of il lu11 L11rnrt re froin
· fra"nl
• 0 e' lI t g
of, ~h e ir Lo 11 es. 1'i11r d N·~ tl1al ]'r"cc.<S of i11d11 d io 11 1 :rnd 1fodu ctio11 1
- which a lady, f1 11 Ji11g a st ai 11 cif '' p:1 rtic 11hr kind upn 11 ]1e r
, .concludes tliat so 111chc•dy h :1s npseL Ll1 e i 11 kst:u1J l] 11:n:o ll,
ffer rn any W:t~' from lli:it l>y w l1 i· ·h Ad:i 111 s and Levcrri cr d is.vered a n"'·" ph11<'l.. The man of science, in fact, si lll}' ly w;e.s
th scrupulou s cx acL11•'ss t lir~ 11 J<•t.hods \\'hi ch we all li al> itually and
. e very rn o 11 if'nt u:-:e c: : t:·t· l (·~sly . ~=

2

-."The validi ty of til e argu111 e11t, wh en co nstructed, dt'pend 8
Imlu ctinn i~ "tlH' pr0«r~~ of colll'l'ling ,l!"f'llt'r;il 1n1tli s from the examinaS
· ·IS " th e pr0ccs~ of dra w' l'e , '·al :-;·o , P· 9!'l
- · · fl • / uct1u11
1-ng eo n c l 1 1 s 1 0 11 ~ fro111 fn nda mcnta l prl11cipl1·s" [li 1lWCYc r obta ined]. \\"h ewd l:
.History of the l11d 1icti,·e Sciences ; ln l roduction.
-, .·~ T. H. Huxl ey : T.a~· Se rmon•, p. 78.
1

tion of partic11
. lar facl•..
· ·

!

1

"

190

AfW l : ME:\TATlVE COMPOSITION.

THREE CLASSES OF ARGUMENTS.

rn1
' .1·· ' •

on principl es , arnl 11111,- L Le t ri c•l by t es ts which are
for all ,i,.,cri pt ions of i 11 '1 11 i ri· ~,, whet he r tl1 e n •s11lt be to
A an estate , o r to enrich scie nce with a n ew general truth.
the one ca se a11<l in the other, th e senses or testimony must de
on the i11divi.111:d facts; the rnl cs of the sy11og ism 1 [t,he j
tngeth er in th onght of two proposiLio 11s] \Yill d cte nnine whe
t.l 1ose facL~ being s upposed correct, the case really falls withi
f1mnnlre of the Jiffe re nt indu cti o ns 2 under which it has
s11cccs, ively Lroug li t.; and fi11:d ly , tl1e lt'git.irnacy of the induo ·
t.he n1seh' cs mu st b e d ec ided by oll1 e r rules." 3

_ Logic, stridly so called, deal:; wi th
r
tween the premises aml the co11clusion.
.
1 Or llHt
J
o f nrguru e 111 •· con cerns itself will 1 the q ucstion, not who
the premises arc true or false, liut wh ether the CO!iCl
sion follows from the prem ises ·i f they are true.
If held to in clude ind11ctio11, 4 Logic concerns
wi tl1 the ~rnbject-ma tte r, as well as with the form
rc<tsoni11g; arnl it differs from H.hetoric in the fact
i ts conclusiorrs arc estaulisl1etl for tlieir own sake, w
those of RhL:t.ori c are estaulisl1cd with a view to the
viction of some person or pcrsons .5
Formal Logic, however, the science of rat·iocin
( li .)r .•ylfo.r7· is111!<), lns no conc ern with
~yll11glt4llc
r~a••• 111 1 • i: suliject-maLLer, Lut is as applicable to .
meaning letters or fig ures as to intelli gible langu ·
Its business is to supply tests by which to deter
the validity of all reasonm g .

1 that there should be tl1rcc , and no more tlm11 t.lm.:e, terms;
mely, the "nbjed a11tl t•redil'al.e o f the <·011c!u,ion, and a11 otli er
lled the rnidd le te r111, whi!'h must be fo t111•l in both preiui"·s ,
· ce it i8 by means of it that the otl 1er tll'o t cn11s arc to be conected toge tl1 e r. Th e i1re1Jicate of th e <:n11cl 11.sio n is calkrl thn
term of the syllogism; 1.hc >n11Jj c:ct of tho conclus ion is
the mi11or term. As th ere ca n be but Ll1rce term s, l.11c
jor and minor terms mu s t each be fotuHl in one, a11d 0 11ly
e, of tl1e premises , togethe r willt the rniddle t<:rm whi ch is
them b oth. The prnmisc wl1 iclt co11 tai11s tl1c rnicldlc Lt: rm
d the major t erm is callecl the 111ajo r pr1·mise; tl1at whi('h co 11'ns the ·rnicldlc t e rm ancl the minor t erm is called tlie mi11or

Jft.~lf':t

"To a l<'g- itimatc syilogism it is c~scnt i al that
three , :wd 110 more than th re(~ , projX) siti o n~; nmncly, the
sio n, or propo ~ i t i on to b e pron'tl, an1l two other propositions ·
togeth er proYc it , and '"hi ch arc call ed the premises. It is
l From ff~v, togethe r with, n111l

below.
See p. 180 . .
• See p. 180.

B

A6)'os 1

th n11 bhl or rcaf'on.

J\1 ill: 1.r,L:"ii ·. l111t1k iii. d1R.p. i.

~ ;-.;.1·1 •

ln1r11 rl 11eti<•n.

argument may be presented m various
For example: -(1) A law wl1ich ca 1111"t \ .., 1:11fo rc1·•l slwuld not l'l'rnain 1>11 tl1r,
te book; thu law prc>l1il1it.ing the :-:alu o[ l11t.uxica.l i11 g liquors
~lionld 11ot
ain on the Htn.ttttc hook .
(2) If a law c:11111ot be e nfo rced, it sl1ould 11ot n •.1nain 011 t11f•
tute hook; Lit e l:tw pro hibiti11g UH) s:d" of i11tuxicati11 g !i,Jtt"rs
law wl1i ch cr1ttu ot 1,., e11forL:etl; thi s la\\', tlll:rcforc, sho uld nut
ain on t he ~ t:<ti i te b ook.
(3a) A bw wliich c:cn11 0L he e11fnr<'l'<l sl1oulcl 11nt rern;ci11 on t11e
ute book; l.111' hw pr.,Jiil.>ili11g tl1c sal11 uf i11t,< Jxieati11 g li•Jll'>l'H,
efore, ~l 1 onJ.l not r e11 1ai11 on the stal.11t"·· hook.
/i) Tlw law prol1ibi t i11g the sal o of: i11Lox icat.iug licp1ors callbe enforced; tliis la\\', t he rl'fore, sl1oulcl 11ot rl'rna.in on the
te book.
he syllogism under (1) differs from tliaL twd er (::?)onl y in its
ner of stating tl1 c firs t i•n•1nise: ill t.l1at under (1) a propo>< ition
ffirrnecl concerning ccrtn.i11 laws \Yhich arc ass1w1 l' rl to cxi:<t; in
under (2) the s:ime prop<Jsition is aflirn1c<l co11cerni11g cPrtajn
on th e hypothesis tk1t tl1ry exist. The abridged sy1J.,;.;i'111 s
and (3/,) (known a s entfrymr~111es) differ from the syllo;.;·i,.;1 11 .,
r (1) rind (2) in th e o mission (:la) of thP secn11rl premise, o r ('.1/1)
e first premise, - an omission wlii ch is rc11dily supplied.

;i.

law wh ich c:t1111ol, loc e11f1Jl'L:cd; th is bw, tl1crefo r.;,

a

1

l\Iill : Logic, uook ii. chnp . ii. sect i.

~.

A R l ; l" ~ I i: \'T ATIVE CU1\ll' O::;ITION.

T i1e ,;a me arg nm cnt rn:1y be u ~e d for opposite purpo
i t rn:1.)" ~en c eitl1l'r (1) to e.slabli8h or (2)
Di n-·d. a nJ.
i 11di1,·ct
ovc rt!tro111 a p ropo:;it ion, - that is, it may
ar g uu n; lll:-i,
n se Ll (1) d i1·cr:tly or (:2) 'indirectly. As:
(1 ) Skill ill l"dJl iu ' !''" ' k in;; is li;d,]e t o g rc:tt abuse; it ah
the refo re , Hot bu c ulli l'a lt·<l .
(2) B u t th e propos itio 11 in the C'xp rcsse<l pre mise is equally
of th e b est th i 11 g~ in tho world - as hea lth , wealth, power, rnili
ski ll ; 1 th e bes t. ti ii ng-~ in th e world an', th erefore, not worth
Yating-a n a l>s urdi ty .
T l1c <;u11clw.;iu11 1111 dc r (1) 1-;111nr.t be pro\'cd without' the ailf
the im p li ed l'rv1nist', - 1"1 rn1·ly , tl 1a t n othin g which is linbl •
great ab use s l11llll cl be c1il l i\· a teu : tl1c arg 11111c11t under (2) '
1in e~ thi~ p remi se wi t.Ii tl1 e Pxp ressed pre mise to show thn~
k:t< l, n ot 01 il y to th e co nd 11s ion 11nd e r (1) , but also to a
g e ne ral co 1JC:lw;ion whid1 is a l1s >1rd; tlt e arg um ent under ~
thu s a 1·er!u clio w l ov.<tm{111a of t hat u11dcr (1).

An argumc 1tt whi ch can b e answered Ly a red
arl l/!1surd 111n i::; ,;;i.i.<l to pro1,e loo much, that is, too tu
fo r iLs force a::; an arg ument; since to disprove ·
con clti::; ion is, if Llt e r ca:.;011i ng is l ogically :;ound, to
p rov e one of Li te prem ises also. The argument
carries in it,;clf 1.ltc m ean::; of its own destruction.
exn.i nplc : " II e [ :\fr. Glad sto ne] lriys t1ol\'n broad gene ral doctrines a
pow e r, wh l'11 the only power of whi ch he is thinking is the l
of gcwernrn e n ts, - al>o11t eon jo in t aclion , whe n toe only cot)
ac ti on of whi ch 11 0 is tlti11ki11 g ·i,: the conj oint acti on of ci'
a State. Il e fi rst rcso h·cs 0n hi s concllls ion. Ile then
1w1ftJr 2 of most co m prchc11., i n; dim e nsio11s; and, having sa
himse lf th at it conta ins l1i s concl11 ;;ion , never troubles h
a bout what <'l se it. tn :ty co11tai11. And :i s soon as we exam'
w e find t hat it co ntains a n i11fi11i t.e 1mrnber of conclusions,
••ne of whi ch is a 1n o 11 stro u ~ al.s 11rdity." t
1
.Ari sto tlt': Hli l·luril', bo nk i. chnp . i.
' J\lu~auluy: Eo:iUJM; Ctwrcl1 onu State.

II.]

THR EE CLASSES OF ARGUMENTS.

103

a dfrect argument, a reason er openly, serio11::;ly,
his own p e rso n, seeks t o e,;t al>lish a p1Ji11 t . In <li t
irect arg um e nt, he masks l1is plll'po,;c ill ord er Liic
'ore surely to prove the falsity of hi:; opponen t's :ng·uents; he prct c mb to agree will1 them; or lte rnain·ns with mock ::icriou sness- irony- the oppu,.,ite of
·1at he him:;clf Lelie ves.
·ell-known in slan ces of irouical arg ume nts are Bmke 's " Vinion of Natural Soc iety ," i11 wllic!t Buli11gbrulrn's arg um t• 11ts
inst reli g io us iust it ut io ns a rc app li ed to ci vil socie ty; \Vh a tely' s
istoric D o uLts, " ill w h ich liumo.;°,; argu111 e11t.s ag ai11 sl Ciiri:;1ity are used to prove Uie 11011-exi stt> nce of N apoleo11 13o na pa rte ;
ift's "Arg ument aga inst th e Al 1oli~hm e 11t of Christiani ty ,"
his "Modcs L Proposal" for reli c l'ing lrelan<l from famine by
'ng the childre n cook ed :t11d e ate n.

-From whaL has Lee n saiJ, it is eviJe11t Lh a t the essf' n1 di:;tinctions of argtun e nt::; n.rc foundeJ upon nei t her
eir su1jet.:t-mn.ttcr, nor tlieir logi cal form, nor the pur·e for whid1 Lh ey arc u ::icJ; since ai1y :ml1ject-matter
be presented in any log ical form an<l u::;eJ for any
rpose .
rguments mig l1 t lw classed as e ith er i11ductive or
uctive; 1 lrnt a classifi catio1 1 eqnally c lt.~ar , ancJ moro
venient for the purposes of Rl1etoric, i::i that based
' n their derivation from one of thre e sources: (1)
.t ecedent ProLaLilit.y ; (2) Sign ; or (3) Example.
SECTION II.
ARGUMEl\T:'l FIW~! ANTECEDEl\T PHOBAIHT.ITY.

~ argument~ of the ftr,-t elas::;, a n·a>;oner, assnming
·oposition to Le trn e, tries Lo accuunt fur it, to show
J

Sec p. 189.

i '. ; _
t. ~: ~

, ' j ·~

<

TllimE CL ASSES , OF ARGUMENTS.

ARGUiVIE!\TATIVE COMPOSITION.

In a trial for murder, for example, e~:
deuce that th e ace used hated t.f1 e m ur<lcrcJ man or wo I!
lie e11ricl1cll L.}' his deat h goes to shuw, llOt that he co1 ~
mitted the crim e, Lut w it.'/ lie ?1111!! have committed It/
Tl1e n.rgume11t Lasell on sm h evidence lies in a prob
l>ilil): deri\·cd fro111 the existe nce oL' a cau.~e (the motivo)
te11<1111g· l" prod nee an e.fli:1·t (Llte rnnnler), - a proJ»; .
l>ilily wl1ieh must l1ave cx i,;tcd antecedently to the com•

sh guilt for wl1id1 110 sufflcicllt motive is alleged, an
ffect for whi ch U1orc is 110 ad eq uate cause.

why it is true .

:

mi,;si on of tli c crime.
The force of tlie argument in this case varies wi
the degree of this probability, which depend
Ar~ 1111 1 c 11t!"
fr""' A11 tu- in its turn, upon the 1wcsc11ce or absence of "
ecde1 1t rn,lJc\1
\Jil i ly """Y
othe r antccctlcnt iiro1a1il ities, - that
tn fotcc.
UI
c;rnscs t c ntli11g to pre ve nt l1ate or coveto~ - ·
ness from protl11cing its 11a( mal e ffect. Jn a civilized ·
cornmu11 ity, such a proba bili ty, if u11:Lccompanied bv~.
other cvi(lcll cc, would lJo Yory :;mall ; for,· in a civiliz w
corn mu11i t.y, the passions and app etites are counterac
by so many oili er causes tli:Lt t li cy mrcly produce theit
natural effe cts: but among savages such a probability :
15' ,

1G5

-

woulcl amount to a reasonable certainty.
':"
W c may arg ue i n a :::irnilar manner with referenc~·
to every lwm:rn action and every natm·n.l event. ~
argum ent may b e as strong as the prolJalJility that tho laws of tho physical m1i ve rse will conti nue unchanged ·
or as t ho probaliilily that lrnmn.11 nature will remain . ,
w e have known it to be; or as the probability that ~
ce r tai n man will act as most men do, or as he himselt:.
l1as do110, in sirnilar ci r cumstances.
.
It is l1iJli cnlL 1o con \·ict an accused person agai L . .
N•'""""if;·
\\'horn no argum cll t from Antecedent Pro}) . ,
ofJ,:i,·inu:
l 'l' ,
1
_
.
~
'lr"'"""''" >1 1t.\ cn.n >c hro11ght. The evidence from ..
01
this c1:i,.. other sources must be \' Cry strong to est.al>- ~

In the fa111ou8 case of L evi ancl Lal.:u1 K'"u11i ston , indi ctc'<l for
hlghwfl.y robbe l'y 011 the per~un uf ;\lajor Guu<lridge, \\' l'hs t .. r"s
defence 1 was liase<l ou th e l1ytHilhes is that Goudri<lge rul•liecl hilll·
self, nnJ the main Llillic:11l ly h e s lr uggle1l \\'ith \\'as the td.>se ll C<! .,f
·:t suftkie11t m otiv e fur s 11ch :e n act. On t11is poiut he is rel'orleJ
t-O hfl.ve spoke n :~q fo ll ows : ,. "It i:; next to Le co11 Hid ercd whetl11•r the prosccutol''s swry is
clther natural or consiste n t. Bt1l., 011 tl1 e tl1l'e.,Jiuld of L111 , i 11qui ry,
very one puts the •1ucsti 0 11, \\' li:it 111 uti,·e ht.id tl1 e J_mJsce ulor tu lie
·guilty of the al>om i n:d>l e c011Llud of frign i ng a robl>e1')"! 1t is
difficult to assign rnut.ivcs. The jury du not know l·no11gh of Lis
· chnrncter or ci rcl 11ns l:u1t·0s. Snch tl1ings h:i\'e h appe ucd , a n1l lllay
happen again. ::;uppL)se li e O\\' eLl money in Boston, :11 1d li:1d it
-not to pay't Who k11u\\' s l11 >w high h e 1Higl1t est i1n:tlc lh e \'alu e uf
t1 plausible apology?
Sn1n e t1w11 Jia,· e a b n a whi111 s ical :u 1il.ili on
of distincti on. Thel'<! is 111) Pnd Lu Ll1u \':tl'it't.y ,,f nludt'.-\ i11 "h iclt
.lluman vn.11iLy e xhil.it.s iL,;(•\f. A st<> ry .,f tl 1i :; 11al11"" ex ,·i Ll's th e
' . ublie sytnpnthy. lt allr:tcl.s g<·.ne l':d :tll.,ntiun. It c:u1~e~ th e
'111me of th e prosecutor to lie cdeb rale.J as ri n1a11 \\'ho ha.q J. c,~11
attacked , n.11d, aft.er a rn:tll! y resistan~e, overeurne l>y l'vlil>ns, :rnrl
who has r0ncwcd hi s res ist : w~e as SOl>11 ns retun1i11g lifo and ~• · n­
s:i.tion ennblcd him, am!, after a seco nd co11flict, ha$ b <'1'11 qui te
.:Jlubdued, beaten and bruised out of all sense and sensati1Jll, :t11d
finnlly left for d ead on the fi~]Ll. It is not ensy to say how far
uoh m otives, trifling and ridi culous as m ost men would think
them, might iufln cnce the pmsecutor, when couHeell'<l with n.ny
~ctntion of fav o r or i11<lulg-1' uce, if he wa11led su~h. frum his
Ct' dit-0rs.
Tt is to ue n•rn e mliered that he p wbal>ly did uot
·11eo all t)ie consequences of his conduct, if his robbery be a pre fonce. He might n ot intend to prosecute n.11ybody. But he
probnbly found, nnd ind eed there is ev idence to sliow, that it
wns necessary for him to do sn111ething to find out tl1e aulhul'S
(It the nll eged robbe ry . Ile manifl'ste<l 110 pal'ticular zeal on this
subject. H e \\·as in '"' h:tsf.l'. lle apJll'ars rath er to h:l\·•~ hec n
ressed Liy oll 1ers to do that whi ch, i[ lie lt:"ttl really bee n r1>\.lwcl,
l \\",.J.,11•r: \\'ork", \'ol. v. pp. HI. .1-lR , -ll; l.

O*

~-

' :

HHi

A HGuM E:\ TATJ \' E COMJ'OSITION.

w e ,} 10 11 ld Sll[' i'"'"' li e w o nld hase
Parli< •st 111 011u ·1 1l. '~

I·:\'l'l l i 11 ll1 e i111j •l!rfed l'<'['Ort of \\'1·bst.er's arg ument, boul
Jifli c nlty i n m e •ti11g this po i11 t, and h is J1aste in p;~5 s in g
·
to t h e stron ge r p"rt uf his casi~ a re e Yident . Yet the di
w:v; much Jess 8er inus l km it w oul<l lniYe Lee n , h ad
bee n the a cc used pe r,0 11 i11stcad of being tlie accuser; for in
~a,- c the p res un1pti o 11 1 of inu occ ncc, as it is called, would
aided liim instl•ad of t h e m .

If there arc equ ally strong argu ments from Ant
d ent l 'roliauility w l1 ich conflict with e.
1\1 l:-.11~ 0 of
"'~'""""1" othe r, th a t is, if t he concl usion can be
o r 1lli::1 d a ti.'i .
COll llted fo r in C:L clt o[' LIVO Wayt; equally \'{ •
tl1 c a,.;s11rnpl10 11 that one of tl 1o::;c ways is more probab c
Ll1;Lll tlw ot l1c r is the a,;sumplio 11 or the very point itt
iss ue , - that i::;, it is a pi:titio principii, it begs t.Ji
1J1u:.~lion .
For e xam ple : "A ship is r~st ;iway nn<lcr such circu m stances
be a rco u1J l\'d for l'i t lier 11y fraud or by acci<lc nt. The cap
i ., tn"d fo r l1l :tki ng
\\'ith h er. A nirie ty of circuma
exi ., t \\'l 1_i 1.:h would inrlica l " prr parat.ion and expectation on his part
if the sh ip rcall~ \\';Ls 1n;l<le ;may with, but \\'hi ch woulJ justify t1q
sw<p1c 1on at all 1( s he \r:cs not . It is manifes tly il logical, first, to>·.re.Li:crcl llw :w tecl'rlent. c ir('1 nn st:tnces as suspicions, Lccause the 1<!8·
ofUll' .s hip j, a ss 1111wd tu J,e f1·; u1 dnlr•1d, ;\ n•l , 11Pxt.. t;o in fer that tho
~hip was fraur l11 k 11 Lly •ksl.royell :from the sus pi c io ns ch aracter ot·~
the anteC<!lle ll t c irc u m~t:ln cf's . An illust ratio n of t lii " fo rm of er~t
occurre<l in th o ca.sc of R. i:rrs11s ~teward :ulfl t wo othe rs, who were..•
~ n ay

""""Y

11.J

THREE C LA S~ E S OF AIWUMENTS.

197

oun<l. to folluw them to tl1cir 1L· git i111at e con cl usion s, Ile 111ay l1ri 11 g any d1 ;1 rac~ters h e choo::;e::; upon tlie stage, liut t li use \l'lwrn lie llues
bring ther e should act 11;Lturally, tl1:tt. is , ill tlie 111:lllner in
hich beings like them wou ltl ad. li e may i11 ve 11 t a.ny
· ries of eve n ts , but he shuuhl tak e ca re not fla grant ly
violate the prouau ili l ics familiar Lo h is reade rs' cx11eence . "He slwuhl p refer an illl uu:;s iu ility wl1id1 secllls
robaule tu a pruliali ility \vhid1 see ms irnpossil1lc; ., 1 for
he aim:; at u11iv<:'r:;al, uot a t pa r ticular, truLh. 2
The argument frum Anteecdcut l'rul>;tb ility ev id e11tly
may
lie . u sc11 u ot only to
cxpla iu what !ta:; 1·hr.11ud
Logi,;.t ""' t
~
.
_ ..
. •J.; lcal
happened, Lut abo wl1at 1:; lt!ccly tu lutJ')J<:n.
""'I"""" ··

he effects of those ca nscs .

1] 1us , the fac t tl 1at a g<· tn;ral li:ts ,,·01 1 :-;n ec .. ss i\·(· y\rl11ri1·~ \1v
superio r s kill ra.i s..:s all ;wleeede ll t 1•ruliability tl 1at li e "ill "i11
anoth er viclury o,·e r the ,-anw anl.ago lli s t, - a prolialiiiity whi ch,
' how e ve r, m ay lie c0Lrn te rl1a.h11et'<l ( in whole or in par t) l1y <>Lli er
)?l'OOabili t ics ; a s , for i11sb11ce, OJ I<' l>ctseJ O il tlie fact that tJ 1e C ll C lllJ
has, rncalltirnc, 11ecn hea\' ily re in furceJ .

This a rgu ment may 11c usell in rca,;0 11i ng from tlic
past to the p r esent or fuL m c, or fro m the pre;;enL lo
.· the f ut ure; for c attS('S rnn,;t p rerc cl e l·ffcet,.;. Tltlb tl 1c
order of tl1c arg11mc nt [rorn 1\1tt cced c u t Prol1ahi lity
· coincides wi t.lt the on1c r o[ eYc n ts, - the logfra l with
the cliron ological, or hi::;torieal, sequence .

~o '. 1 ~: i c~cJ at :::iing-apo rc , in 18G7 , for c a~ting away the Schoon

E1 Il l , and suuseque ntly receinJ a free pardo n 011 the gmund of
tl 1c ir i11noce111:e." ~

The argu rncnt from A ntecc<lcnt P roh ahi l i ty is
~rgu- 011 whi ch the wri ter of fictio n nrninly relies;
111
I"'3 C 11is pr emises - the crrnscs - what 1.hey may
w.,rk• .,,
U ~llu n .
(and as to th em h e has great latitude), he i.$
T1i ..

1111 · 11 t

1

Seep 22 1.

2

S tephen; Introduction to th e India n E"idence Act, chap. li.

SECTIO::-J

m.

I N Ar,r;1.1111 cnt11 .from s;.'//I., l og ical seq ue n ce ne ver co incide~ wi th l1i"tn ri,:al sc:q11cnrc, :1.1111 usnall y is its nl'posite ; for S ig 11 s are n ut ca11scs kncli11g to pro1h1c(! c1•rt; 1i 11

effects, but reasons tending to produr:e a beli<f in certain
l

Aristotle' Poet. xxv. xvii.

2

Ibid.: ix . iii.

198

n.J

ARGUMENTATIVE COMPOSITION.

TIIRKE CLA:S:::iE:::i U.F AlcGUMENTS.

or fu ture), which may or ma •.·:r ::i<
st:w<l in tlie relation
en.use to the Signs from ~
.
the inferenl:C is llrawn.

. . b Lo a ccwse "''''!"'
I
ti ' llllL 11 <1L
: it would Le :t siyn l'urnL111
c,
cssary, to produce tlte e ffect.
.
.
, .
I£ we knew tlmt ice had formed, w e mi ght rnfer that the Llll:l oroeter ]Hill fallt•11 lie low Llic f1· e1·zi11g ]"'i11 t ; i[ "''~ kne,~· tl1:1L th1 •

Thu s , w e rn:iy arg ue from
tha t so rn e Lody sow eJ it, and tha.t somebody will rel1p it;
rin g in ~ o f the cl 1urch hl'lls at the u s ual hour 0 11 Sunday tltnt
will lie services i frnlll a funnal process ion that some one h a~
fru1 11 Ll1 c !lag-.-; fl y i11;.; 0 11 O:< lin rn c Iro1 1sc o r on the Capitol
\\'ashi11gton tli:tL tl"· tiul't'n is i11her111ansi on or th;it Conrr~
0
st>ss io n; fro111 Lhc· pr., ,·aili11g low rnte (If i11 tf'rest that thero ·
dau ce o f u11ctll[il"y ed ea]'i l:d . l n :di Ll11·sc cases, it is obvio11.1 ~
the siy11 is in 1w se nse a J'hysieal ca u se , but; is a logical reason.
:So, too, i 11 tl1r following- pa;;s:i gc : "As to Lho position, )'llr,11its , a111l conn ections of Juniu.,
following arc t h e rn o;;t illlpOrtaut facts w\iich Call be COllSidtlffl{
deMly pro,·etl: fir st , that l1t; wn.s acquainted with tho tecl -•
form s o f the ~.· c r l'L ary of ~bi t:",; omc,· ; sr·co ndl y, tl1at hew jfl.tl.
matel y ac111 1:ii11tecl \YJlh tlil'l hnsi11e~s of t.hc w;1r-o tti ce; thirdly, i
he, du ri 11g- Liu~ y1'ar liiO , att<•111le d d chales i11 the lloLLSC of W ,
allll Look 110Lcs u( "J'<' Pclw;;, particularly o[ tho Rpceches of Lmf
Chatham; fourth ly, tl1:1.t he liit t<~rly rl)s1·11t1,d the appointment~.
n[r. Cham in to tl"1 place nf Ikputy ~ cc rct:i. ry at War; fifthly, l1l,
h e \\·as bouml hy some strong tie to the first L or I Holland. Nti
Francis passcJ so m e yc~u·s i11 th e :Src r f'ta ry of State's offioa;
was sul1srcp1r11t ly chi"( ckrk of t.l 1c war-uflicl'; 110 repeatedly ~
t.i,11H•rl that h•• l1ad hi111sr• lf, in 1ii0 , h('ard spor.ch es of Lord Cb@.
11:u·11. :ind so1111' of tl 11lS(' s1w1• el ws \\'"l'l\ actually pri n ted from hlf.
11 o t('s; li e n·s ig111•1l l1 is cl1•rk:<hip at ti"' w:Lr-11/lice from resentm :i
at t,llf! a1 •1)() i11t.rnP11 t (If ;\lr. ('h:u11i01· : it \\':cs by Lo rri H olland
Now here are ii

rroorneter ]i(l.J falle11 l1eluw the freezing \)()int, we 1111gl1 L 1111"r
t ice had fonne1l nr was fnrrnin;; : l':w\1 wn 11ld J,c :1. ".'·C•"'·" rr!J -' 11!"
f the other. Jn tlii~ ea.-«; " '" ,- ii o tild rc•a.-«111, 11 0 L frun1 effect to cau se .
but ~rom one e,{!'ecl uf u ccwsc Lo a 1w//1u 1:J)'ed of Ilic .;a Ill e ccwse, - Lhe

facts (past,

prc~cnt,

of

'

.
. . ..
· row tempcrntu re.
If we 8 Jiould inl•'r [mm t h•! c lrH"e 11 houfs .,f a11 a111111:d ., [ "h ose
:: habits \VC w en~ i;;nuraut, tha t h•.! wa;-; a rutni11a11t 1 \\'t ! :-;liu11 l1l arg-lh ' .1 'y
• n; but in tlii,.; e:~'e \\'e sh u ul1l kn o w 11oll1in ~ '.n •>re Lh<t11 .Lli c ~·oe.nsl­
e in other ;wimalti o C clov"" l1oob with hab1ls o( ru1111nal1 o u, fact~ LliaL 111 :•y or may ll oL clcl'ellU Ul'Oll a co11 u110 11 c:tLISe.

':>;:_

l ~tac·nula~·: E· ~ n~·~:

\V nrren lfastinge ..

•• : • .1

· argurnen Ls f ru· 11\ <.:!j
<r ll vari c::; , of
The d egree o fforl:e 111
.._, ,,..
11 L•
Ar~"me
urse v ith Lhe condition,; of cadi ca::;c.
:-.1 g11
'
· ·t, ·.~11 J tl1.tJ?.,,, o f the~ rnrv- i 11,.furc·o.
The pro11li ec ·11·:; ot· t I11: 111 e Leon.1 lvg-1:--

r

two of tl10111 ca11 lie fou11•l i11 a11y ot l1 Pr p erson whatever.
n.rgument dne~ 11ot 'di.l e t.l1r; qu1·,t,io 11 , the r e i s an e nJ of all reuoni11 g- 011 c ircnms t.:wtial e Yi th•11c•"" 1
H we were to fi11d hu1na.11 lilurnl upo n the clothes of a peJi!()
accnse<l o f mtirde r, w e might arg-uc tliat it came from the murde~

~.

,

fr1 1 ll\

ttonomcr :i re l1ot1 1 l•as,.,J on t.li" ·• \llllforrn1Lies uf :\ature; 1111t
the former an' h-ss Jik"ly tD 1.., folfill<>•l t.ha11 Lhc lat:l<·r, l•t>caus .. ti"'
sfgns of the weather arc less f111ly known than the si g ns furnisii 1' d

)Jy the movcmenLs n[ t11 c 1•h11ds .

.

.

.

:: •· ,, In hum:u 1 :tfhi rs, :Hgn 111<·11t s fro m sign us uall y 1111j>ly cansat1on ,
~ • ' ut that wl 1ich is in A Ll1c s ig n of o n c ca ~1 sc 1n a y in il b e the sign

·: of an
~·

entirely different c:1.11se, ~o n.rious i.-; cl 1aracLcr, so compkx are

.

·.the motives oE :tcL1on .
"All Cflll\'1•1tl ion :Ll " i ~ 11 s , - s 11 ch

:ts worrb, :d,;1·l• rai cal or arilh1netical ~yn1hol...;, ll h'11•·y, !' i g- 1i:tl ~ , &c .' - a.n~ <·~vets uf a con1 n1n11
design to l'•'l"rc·;;c 11t a ce rt ain thin g in a c1·rt.a111 nt<lll t:N; l.1y. ~h1'
assumption o[ t.liis co111111l>11 callS<', "'" r;o 1istrue all 1t.s elli:c t.s . 1 he
· value of the co nv c n t io 11 al sig11 cl1•pc 1Hl.-; upon the rccog111t.w11 o[ a

common cause.
,
"iYhen an dTcci li:c' only o"'' cause, we rc·ason conclu siYely from
,.·~;','the occurrc 11 ce of the e ll'ed to the occu rren ce of the cau,c. " 'he n
"·~ a. young birJ h<Ls Leen proll 11ceJ, wt; know tl1at it has Leen lmkh c d
om an egg. But wl1c11 llll effect has screr11l poss1Lle c:wsus, th~
existence of the e ffect only prnvcs the occurrence of 80rne one u ,
.' those causes. Thus, many plants can be propa~;tte.l in m ore than
instead of Lcing, like animals, collfiued to a s iu gle mode

-)
.'

.~

t..

,@:·h·

200

II.]

ARGUMENTATIVE COMPOSITION.

of reproduction; :tntl th e rl'fore, \\-hen we s.-.e :t young plant, we · be u11ct·rLa111 wlielher it; ltas Lee 11 grown from :t seed, from a cu
from a l<Lyer, from a hurl , or i11 ,om" othe r 1vay.
"Th.is mode of n•asoni11g- may Le ill n.'trated liy the anecdote
1nan slnpwrc:ck ed on aa u11k11own coa,t, who, on seeing a
b_ody_ha11g-rng from :t g ilibet exl'res.,ed his joy th at he was ·
c1l'llized con ntry. If
dead liody indicated a capital exec
~11d a rcg 11br adrni11is t r_atio n of justice, the inference is a just
rna.·nnucli as , 11·1thuut c11·il izatio n, such :<state of things couIJ'
ex ist. No ut.lier c:wsc was atlerprntc to i ts production. simila r arg-urnc11t is employed by the Church of R-0
wh1 cn lays doll'll Ct' rla.in nolr!.< or 111ark« of the trne church. 1'
ma'.·ks ar: ~'su11iecl hy th e Tiuman d i1-i 11 cs to b e the effects of
rl11·1m' ongrn of tli e ir clrn1·cl1 , a 11d to be rcfera1le to no other cause
If th ey could liaY c l.,·,·11 Il ie effects o ( auy other cause, the argum~n
'vo tilJ be 1111.;n 11el11 ~ ir c. · 1 1
·

u.. ,

'.':A.

Ev e ry ar:,;·ume11L 1ased on test imon y is based on au
argument from Si _rrn,
tlie cxi:;fonce o+'
t //,1•e te•o •.
T11 c rlTJ.!11b
:J
;1."·"
r frn 111 m on!J hcing·- a s£,r;n o.f the trutli o.f tlte •11a'•
I c!-il llnony.
/
te-'liJicd to; for the iHfc-rcncc from testirnon·
to fact conl<l n()t 1>1 ) drawn at all, were there not
general prohaliili ly that men will say what they believ!}
to ,~c _:rllc mtl1 er than what thc_v l1eli eve to be false. :
1 lns general proli:1hilit1', thouc;h it co nstitutes t
gro111 1tl fin· tlic :1dn 1 i.~s io11 l>f tc;;lin1o n1·, docs not furni1:1 h
a. reason wliy we ,.;holll<l Yi eld erc<l<'JH:c to the tetihl•
mon_y given in a parti c ul:n c·;t~c . There is, indeed·
grea~ ]~l':t('tical dillicult.y i11 tld<'nnining in what case~
the lllll:l'Cnce from testimony to fact is true, and ill
what cases it i;:; false.
r

o(t

'.' If ll' e were a hie to :dTi n11 a propo~it io n , ' All men upon all ooc :1s10ns 'peak I li e truth,' t li (• rt·111 ai11i n .~ propo, it.ions. _•This mMl
;:<.vs ~o ~nd so , ''. Tl1«reforr; i t. i, lrn•'.' - 11·01il.1 present no difficulty:
fh e lll ~1.1o r pre mi se ,' holl'e n :r, j, s111.j •!C t t.o ll'id e exceptions.
1
L:~vis: 1'fethods of Obsen·ation and H1 ·a"'•ning in Politics, vol. i. chap.
•ect. xn ·
~ See p. 191.

jx., ·

THllEE

CLAS~ARGUMENT&

201

"The grounrl' for b elie vin g or <lisbt>Ji.,ving- particuhr st.:Ltcrne1d,s
. a.de by particular people unde r part.ieuhr c ircn111'tances, may J.e
rought under three heads, - those whi<:li affect the 111111·.,r of. t],.,
ll'itness to speak the truth; those wl1iel1 ;d'fect, his will to tlu s11; :wil
hose which arise from the 11ature of the stak1ueut it:-;e\[ aml from
urroun<ling circumstances . '' 1

Of two equally ho11cst eyc -wituesses of some simple
occurrence, one may pos::;ess superior haLits
of observ;Ltio11 wl1ich enable 11im to see a :,i,i,~'.·i';~""""
·
] 1 ]
w itnes~es .
. ung more c ear y t ian the otlier, or :rnperior
, uowlet1ge which enaLles him to uml e r;:;tand it Letter,
or superior powers of statement which en:tl1le l1irn to
make others urnlerstanJ it lielter, or a sn per ior juJg.ment wliicl1 enables l1im to draw more correct i1d\~ re11ccs
from wlwt lie sec;,;. Even in tlic simplest lllattns t11at
are presented tu the sen:-;es, it i::; next to irn [H>s;:;ilile to
report all th at the :;ense:-; perceiv0, n,nd only tlin,t; for
~ven in telligent persons confuu1H] pcreeptiow; with judg'ments, and assertion with inference.
' Hence it would seem t hat tuo much stress i;:; often
laid on the distinct.ion Letwcen matter8 o.f J\'lat1er~ of
, fact and matl:crs of opinion, - s i nee opinion ~:::i 111~1/~1 of
-enters into almost all statements with regard upinioll.
· to matters of fac t.; since t he in::;t:rnt an i mli v id ual facL is
, douLted upon r easonn,1Jle grou nds it::; exi::;tc nl_:e Lecorn es
matter of opinion; antl since doubtful mat.U~ r::> arc tlwse
.with whieh argnmentative composit.io11 eliiefly deals.
"A matter of fact is: (l) E1•ery thing capable of being perceived hy the tienses; (2) Every 111e11tal co11dition of wl1ich any
person is con~cioirn . " 2
" By a matter of fa ct T un1le rslancl auy thing of which we obtain a conviction from our i11te rnal co n sc iousness, or any iudividual
1
2

Stephen: Tntrodnction to Inclian Edde nce Act, chap. ii.
Ibid.: Digest of the Law of £,·itlence (second edition), art. i.

202

Al1GU~!EKTATIVE

COMPOSITION.

THREE CLA:::>SES OF AH GU MENTS.

eYcn t o r phcnomc11011 which is Lhc oujcct of sensation.
lh:it CYc 11 the si 111plest sc11sations iuvolvc some judgment: w
wi t11Pss report' that he saw an object of a certain shape an!l
or at a cert.aiu <list.ancc, he <ksc riucs so mething more than n,
imprcssio11 on hi s st•11sc u( si1'ht, ::w <l his statement implies a
au<l explrmat ion of t he l.Htre phenomenon . "When, however,
judgment is of so si mple a kind as to become wholly unconsc
and the inlerprelat. iun of the appearances is a matter of
a.gwt! lllC11 t, the object of se usalion may , for our preRe nt pu~
considered a j(1cl. A fact, as w (ldinell, must he limited to i
Yiuurd ,;ens ibl e ol•jl·cts, :111<! nnt extended to general expressioll!
formulas, de;eripl in' of "l:t's"' of facts, or sequences of pheno
such as that the ld,10J c irc1da.t<'s, tl1 c su n :i,ttracts the planets,
the Ii ke . Propos i Lions of th is sort, Ll1ol1gh descriptive of reall
and th erefore, iu one se nse, of matt e rs of fact, relate to large cl
of phenomP na , whi ch cannot lie graspcJ by a single sensation, w
can on ly be J eterlllin ed by a long ser ies of observations, and are
tabli,;h ed by a p rocl'ss of i11 tr icate rcasouing. . . .
"]\falte rs o( opi nion, 11ot being disputed qu estions of fact,
geucral iwopnsitinw• or tl11'<>l'l' ll1s rl'lat.i11g lo bws of Nature or mi.
principles ancl rul e:.< of l111n1a11 condud, future prou<1bilities,
tions from h ypotl 1l'."l'S, and lhc like, about which a doubt may
so11:1lily exi~t. All <.I on ht ful qu es tionR , whether o[ speculation
l'ra,ctice, a,re 1n:1tt«rs of op inion. YVith reg-ard to t.l1ese, the
mate source o( our he lid is always ri. proces; of reasoning." 1

doo

The re~~l disti11 ct in11 is lid ween nrntters into whi
faet most hrgely e11krs, a11d t110,.;e into which opini
most largely enters; for, thnng-h the honesty of a wi' ·
n ess is hanlly ever the onlv thi1w to be considered ' ·
rlctcrmi11ing the value of liis tc;timony, yet
classes of q ucstions his intclkctnal character
much more than in others .
In a case of shoplifting, t.ltc trstimony of a clerk t
he sa w the nc1,; 11,,:cu lay hands upon the stolen goods, or
of a police ofTic cr U1a.t he found them upon the person
1

G. C. Lr.wi": 011 the lullu euccof Auth ority iu l\!ait er; of Opi nion,chap.J• .'·

203

the accused, ~rny, in the absence of testimony to the
ntrary, suffice for co11 victio11 ; 1 but iu a diffi cult
nt case, a11 expert 2 may !Jc the only vahmLlc wit. s as to any of the importaH t facts in issue.
)t is, however, to be noteJ tl1at the v;i] uc of tlic tcsti,ony Of expert:; is sometimes impaired by T eslirn""Y uf
'eir prejudices. A speciafo;t is in Janger of
•>xpert•.
oking at a fact through t11c distorLi11g glasses of a
. eory; of taking a profossional iu preference to an
vious view; aml sometimes, it is to Le feared, of u n.·rly discrediting discoveries made by a rival. Hence,
· most trials at which such testimony is introJuced,
iether the question relates to a prisoner's i-\;uiity, to
e genuineuess of a piece of haml writiug, or to the
fringement of a patent,-expcrts are called on en.ch
·ae· of the qucstion .3
'"Where a witness testifies a:1ain1:;t hiis own pnjudices or
erests ' the value of his testimony, whether Unwillmga.ud
..
to matters of fact or as to matters of opin- lcMllllully.
"''"""ig"~.1
For example: The testimony of one o[ two pl1 ys ic:i;u1s b1·]011ging to uiffercnt
hools of mctli ci11 e to a wo11Jc rf11l c ure liy tho uthcr; the Le,;t.iony of a caudidate fur oflice to tli u ability or i11tug rit.y o[ hi:;
pponent; the testimony of <\ uisbcliever iu "the Darwini:m
. c, t)leory" to facts that go to support tliat ll1cory; testimony agaiust
·?~tn'e best fri end of the witnc~s, or in farnr of his great.est enemy;
" testimony to the existence of a will the effect of which is to
disinherit tl1e witncsR; all testimony given unwillingly, or by a
witness who is hostile to the conclusion which lie wulesignerlly
11\lpports.
1 Not nlwnye, however; >ec ]\[~moir of Lord A Linger, p. 101.
i11 any s ul1jet·t un whi1:h a C •)llr~(' 0f
'special study or experie nce is nece!"sary f11 tl1c formation of an opinion.'' Stt!phen:
'Digest of the Lnw of Evidence, art. xlix.
8 See, however, p. 207.

·:..;.

, ~ Thnt h~, "u pcr:->on spl'.Cially ~ killt-d

.,
i

I.>

('_;.

204

Undes£gncd tPsti mony is strong, because it precl
the suspicion of fabrication . The more incidenta1
point thus cstabli,.;hed, the more oblique an allu~i
the less th e l ik(: li hood of a fahehood; for a liar
most pains with the most important parts of his s
Lnt a rnan of verncit.y pas:;efi rapidly over things w
ti <~<'11 1 to liim thing:; of conrse. It matters not how
1li 11 g a circumstance is if it is a li nk in a cl1ain of e:
deuce; as .it matters not on what absurd
cipher is constructed, if it is a cipher.
A ski lful furgpry i.~ detected by rniuutc inspection; a muti
body has be1)n id entifi ed by the peculiar shape of the teeth; a
dernr has been trricked by the position and number of the
in hi s shoe. Swift, ridi culed th e attempt to convict Bishop A
bury of treaso11abk correspo nd e nce, by ev idence drawn from
allns ions to a Janie hp-dog-; but the r c:il qnrstion was, not whe
tli e bp-dn;; was important in it:;elf, but whether it did or did
stal!J for the 1.'rct.·uJcr.

An ill<;idc 11Ld allusion may ;;crve to establish a h
F urcoofa llu •i
ull>< ' "fa.~l:!.
hbtorh.:al

toril·al fact, n ot 0111,r a~ a fact, but as a
a bou L w ltid1 there was no dispute at the ti
th e nllu~inn was mad e.
·

"Tl1 c a ccouJJI, g i1"'" liy I ferodotus of X erx es's cutting a ca
tl1ro11gh the isth n11ts of Athos, \\'hich is ridiculed by Juvenal;.
much more stro ng ly attc.sted by Thucydid es in an incidental me
tion of a phce 'nc:cr 1rlii ch ,,om e n•1nain s of t he canal might
seen,' th:-111 if lie kttl di s ti1Jctly rccordc<l his conviction of the tru
of the narrati1'<)." 1
" A s a n ach·ocaLe was pl<~adi ng the canse of his client befo
one of the pr:-etor~, h e conld only produce a single witness in
point \\'l11,•re the law l"C'!]llirerl the testi1nony of two persons; u
wl1id1 tli 1> :iiln>cal<" i1"<ist"d o n tile int egrity of that person wh
li e had J>1·odw·r"I: 1.nt I i1 l' pnet0r told him that wl1ere the l:iw re- ·
quired tll'o \1·itnesscs he would no t accC'pt of one, though it wera
1

,,.hntc·Jy: part i. chnp . ii. ~ect. iv .

205

TIIHEE CL ASSE S OF AH GUl\1ENTS.

ARGUMENTATIVE cm1ros1TION.

,0 Jtimsellf. Such a ~peech from a person who sat at the h e:vl ,.[
•ourt of ·J'ttsti ce, while Cato "-.is stl·ii 1·1nng,
·.
· u··"• murc·, t. h all
s l\O\\S

.
· . . m .,1 n. haJ
•earned
thousand examples, the lugh
reputa t"ton U. 11~
.· _ .•~·t
ong his contemporaries upon the accou11t of his s1ncc1 tt) · . ,
1
"Achilles, we are told , wept wl1iill Uie funeral pile h e 11a.<,
cted w:ts burning, all ni;::ht Jong, Lhc bones of PaLr<~clo:, 'as a
er weeps " ·]·ie t i ] 1,.~ 1u 11 1· 11-._, th
· e l•u
" ne s uf in" ·youthful son (Ilia 11 ,

--v . 1'liis
. tes tifies to a

... 209_.Vi;;)
111.
--

rcenc ral practice. "

2

b

Silence may LenJ to prove t 1ie 11on-ex1·::; t ~11:cc of ·',, fact
l' ssue the ::;trerwt.lt of the argnmcnt Yarying ArgmHcot
)
b
. _
1 j·
fn•lll ~lit;llCC.
' th the amount of probal11l1ty that t te t tlllg.
.
question woulJ have been mcntioneLl, 11ad it exrnted.
The ornission from an in Yeutory of all re~erence _to a ,-~lu'.1ble
cc of property m ay, wl 1e re tl1 c otl1er ev1Je11ce is conll1ctmg,
rmine the r'ucstion
of ow11 e rsl1ip.
1
·
" \\'·1nrr
"The negat.n·c
ev ·ill ence o [ a 111,·ii·t "'.
"' 'I never !ward a11y
.
·in arrainst tl ie ckir:iclc r of tJ1,, person of \1·hose charactPr I coll\.'~
g , • . · · 1· s· tl· 11", i110st CO<'e
spea
" nt e 1·i.Je 11cc ,,f a 1rn1n's good ch:u-

k~

ter and repnt:Ltion."

3

Under tliis li •: a•.l, Arehl.ish0p \\'l1atdy arg-ues, frr•rn llw all<"~'.·cl
· · n s t u tl, 1a t l' IT.t.·<: t , tl. 1;1 t 110 ·,
, . " ..: """
bsence of n .:cf•rd:-; t.ir Lra d1L111
~ · . lr1t»'
•"
· ·11·1:;:e(l 1·1·,:--e
. Jf.. ']'J1<·n•
ns :11no11 g-. th" Cl11 11 c.-c,
er c1v
· , •ire
• · · f-tcts
'
· (trad1t1o
.
·
or example) which rn:ck e a.gain st tl1is asse rti'.)1_1; but lf t.liere we re
. l 1t, 1na111va111,
. I • in 0 J' ll0Sl(Jtlll
lo"' li: Lt...!y,
t.J.,,t
o such facts, 01H~ nug·
. ·
•
savages won!J be niu cl 1 lllurn i11 qn"·ss1·,J by a ch:wge "'.'i'l'o~c<l to lH•
\vrouo-ht by a s upc rn;.cnral a;;cncy than by oue w lu ch t hey had
$low!~ and, gradually worke<l 0:1L fo r th e m Aeh •es; _anJ ~1'onld, ,L_h'.~r'.':
:ore, be 1nore lik ely to ham records or trnJ1t10ns 111 the fotrnet c.1se
than in thn l:ttlur.

Every aclclitio1rnl witne::;s testifying incl~pende11t1y to
lie same fa.et aclds to the probability of its concnrrcnt
. an at
. 11'
·
1 tes1Jrno1>y. ,
ruth ; not oHly 1ccan::;e h e is
c itwna
· ca:;e,; in w ·111c
· I1 tl h.. t·e ccml cl
rvitness, 1ut abo Lct.:ansc, .111
A

l Atldi:o;(1ll , in T!i (: Spectat or, No. [,!)7.
2 Cl.l d ....:to11e: Preface to Schlil'111au11·~ l\fycc1nc.
8

C hief Ju stice Cockburn, iu Cox' s Criminal Cases, p.

3~.

,,,'

20G

AlW U.\ll: :\TA TIVE COMPOSITION.

han been n o prcYious concert, it is more likely t
the fact testifi ed tu should h<nc ex.isled than that ·.
agree ment in the testimony should be aeciclental. Every
alldit iollal wi Lucss, moreove r, en large s the surface ev
posetl LO attack, that is, increases the likelihood that h~
wouhl l>e impl':Whl'd if he could 1e.
A sirnilar argum e nt may be drawn
circ'llm;;tances.
One may arg ue lh:tt in a Iott.cry there are :is many chances o! l\
prize as them :tru of a blank , and ,,(, th er e aru as Le tw een a prU.~
and an!! rme Ula111.:; lrn t if t here are twe nty l>hnks and one prize,
ern ry tickct- holckr has only one chance in twe nty-one of draw ing
the p rize, si n ce eac h of the t\\'Cn ty lilan ks creates one chance agaios
tli e ]>rize .

Tlw apparent footpri 11ls found by RoLinson Crusoe on the sand
rnig ht poss ilily h:ixe l•rt·n m:ule hy lLe furtuitons action of tho
wal'l~s ; but th e pro ktl>ility that tli e sand ~hould l1ave ammge11.
itself in thi s way ra the r tli:tn in any othe r 0 11 e of 11umc rous possiblu
W [L.)' S i,; very small, :ts comp:ued \\'it.Ji the pro\Jal>ility that the marks
were made by a 1111111:111 fuut .

In all cases in "·hieh there arc some arg11ments
each si11e of' a question we compare the alternatives,.
n.ml decide ac:cordi ng t n tlie prl'ponderance of probabili·
Prcpoll<l<'rtics. l'o!;i(i\'C l'c r ta i11t.y in practical matters
a.11~·1J of 1iroU" l•ilitic,;.
we 11cvcr aLiain; but a reasonable probabil~
ily sufficiently C'trong to act 11po n iti often within our ·
reach.
"\Yli ctl1 e r a ny hi gh e r <l cg r<>o of a,,-mance is conceivable tlmn'
t.11 at wl1i ch 1nay C:t., ily IJe ohta i11l'1l , ,[ Lite facts th:it the earth re·
Yoh·es ro11nd the su11, :rnd that. Delhi w:is hc s icged a11d taken by
tl1 c En g ]i,h in ] S:J7, is :1 q uest io n whi ch does not belong to thi~
i11qui ry . F or all pr:t cl.ical parposes s11ch co nclusions as these m!\y
b e d esc ri \Je d as al"ol u tely certa in. From th cAe down to the faintest; guess aLout the inhabitants of t!t e starR, am! the faintest suspi·
c ion tltat a parti cular p erson has committed a crime, there is a

207

TllltEE CLASSES OF AIWUi\lENTS.

descending scale of prohn.hiliLit•s '"hiclt <'!oes not. ad111it of :my l•n t
a very rough n1r·:"11re111ent fu r pradi cal p11rpnses . Tlio; 01il y poin t
'i n it wort;l1 110Liei11g is \\'h at is co1 11m o 11ly call1·1l moral cert:ti11ty; and
this mean s si mply 'ucl1 a tl• •g r,;P. of proli:,Li l ity :t~ a i•ri1<l •• n t, man
·would act llj><) ll u11d t· r I.li e ei reu ms la11 c•'' i11 wliicl1 !,;, li:q•1><·11s h• ],,_,
placed in reforenc e t.u l.h e 111:.l.Ler of wltich he is said to l>e 111or;.!Jy
oertain." 1

The argumc1 1t from Sign llcrived from the co11e11rt etitim 0Hy of in\1epcnt1ent wiL11c,;:;e,-,
A ri::l1n1 r: nt
must be dist in guished from that L1 crivecl
AuLliority.
from autlwrit.IJ· Unable to invc::;tigato every
.quest.ion fur l1irn,-elf every ti111e it :~ri sl's , a nian must
accept the co nclusions reachcll hy oLher:; in matt ers on
. which tl1cy are com pc Lent j111lgcs, or by himsdf on a
· previous occas ion. Tl1csc co nclu sio ns arc often tl1c ]Jest
. evidence within reach; Ll1ey arc t li e collel11,,;iu11s of an
fro11 1

"Jn 'Jlh :sf iuns of a11Lhority T believe a rnall.l'r of (Jj• i11i .. 11, bec·:wsr;
· it is belie1·,., j J.y ;i pe rs1Jll wl10111 J co11 .iiue r a eornpel.i: 11L j11dg11 uf
the ques t.i1H1." 3
"Autho ri ty is t.h,, opinion of one 1•crso11 npon a d<>ul.tful questioll of fa d, Sl"'C1lh(i1J11, or pr:td.ice <t<'C<' pl,1;d \Jy anot.ho·r fwr;;o n :tS
a rcaHon fur l1eli1 :vi11g that \d1icli Lit e perRnn fir8t me11l.ioned believes in r l' h l io11 to s 11ch 'l"'"'t. iu11." 4
"Aul.hority , in 111at.tern of 01•i 11iu11 , 1livitles it,eH (>my ) i11t<• ll1 n ·e
principal chisscs. Tlwrc is th e iwthority o[ witnesses. Tlwy lf·st.i fy
to matters o f fact: th e ju•lg 111 c11t n pon these is corn11w11 ly U1011gh
not always easy; hut 1.ltis test im ony is ahrnys the suh,t,il. uti on nf
the fac ull.i es of oClwrs fo r onr own , whi ch, t:Lk <~n brg·cly , com; Litntes th e esse nce o f antl1orit.y. This is t.he kind whi ch we justly
admit wiU1 the s111:illcst j<•alousy.
Yd n ot alway,.;: one man
adrnitR, an oth e r refuses , l.! 1e ilut.hority of a sea-captai11 and :i. sail or
or two on the e xiste nce of the sea-serpe nt.
Steph en: Introduction to the Indian E,·idcnce Act, chnp. ii.
2 Sec p. 203.
8 Lewi :-; : On th e Influe nce of Authority in 1.fatttr~ of Opi11io11, chap. iii.
• Stephen, in The Nineteenth Ccntu 1T.

1

..

.,

'

208

AHGlD'lENTATIVE COMPOSITION.

II.]

" ~l1 f' n t here is t he . authority of judges. . . . These j
somc t.111ies s upply us \n th op in ions upon facts, sometimes
fac ts t~1 c mse h·es . Th e resu lts, in pure science, arc accep ·
us a~ fac ts ; l1u t on tl 1e 111 ,·tho<l s 11y wl 1ich th ey are reached '
'. nass, cn• n of 11J te ll1 gc11t a11d ~ultil-ated me n, arc not compe ;
:nfo 1meJ. Juclgm 1, 11 t~ 0 11 J ifhcu lt qu est ions of fi uance a r e ·
111 to cornp1.il so ry l:tws, in par.l ia11 ie11 ts wh e re only one man.
score , poss ibl y no more tha n 011c i11 a l1nn clrecl , thoroughly
preh c 1~ds th em . . 1.\ ll .k inds of profe ss ional adv ice belong
01Je r 111 th e. class1hcat 1oi 1 of a utl1 o riti~s .
·
''.But, thirdly, ns LPwi s has ohsl'!'l' Cd with m uch acuteness ~
ar~ 1: 1 t '.1e co 1~sk'. 11 t l1ahi t <> f fo llo ll'i11 g }" t :w oth er kind of authority~
tl 1e .llltl1011t: . of 011r.-;"1 1·es. Jn 1·<> ry m:111 y cases, where we hill'f
n ·:.1c·l11·il ce rLa111 n •s 11l ts liy o ur o\\·11 i11q11i ri!'s , tl 1e pl'ocess and the
1
p\·i l1 ·1 1c1 : h;t, \· ,~ h P f" lJ forg1
1t tt:.111 , a 11d nl'e 111) lo r-ic•\.•.r l:lresent to H_.·
. ,
.
o
m:n u :1t t im e;; \'c hen " ·e a re called 11 po11 to ac t; t li ey are laid ::isl ·
as no lo'.1:qcr 11e ces~a ry; we. arc sat is fi eu wi t. It the knowledge thAl
\\·e acq11ll ed a~ a fo nncr l11ne. ·w e no w hold to the conclusio
not r~m c rnb e r 1 n g acc urate ly its wa.rrant , but rememberiHg only
t hat. '' e once clcci<led
tk1.t it had a warra nt . J n its essence
ti· •
.
· , · llSfa
a ct'.11 g upon authonty '. F rn m this sort of act.ion npon authority!
hc iI C\ e no m:rn o[ acL11·e life , how c1·cr tenacious be h is memo
can esc npr: . , \11 11 no rnan ll'h o is conte nt to a ct on this kind
auth o n ~y is c 11t1 t,led lo ohj •' ct in prin c iple to act. in g 0 11 other ki ndt,
\\ c .arc l>uu11 d to a d 0 11 t he l.Je,t p res urnption, 1 whether thelt
prPs111 np t 1nn happ!'" ·' (n l'l's t (>n snr11 et liing done by others or

to

w~

.S( •n1Pth111 g \\' e l 1a \'C d u 11 e t111r ~ c h · c ~ . · · 2

A ~ e rics of ar.rrum
c n t·c.·''·
,_,

,•·1·01n ,::,1g
°· n

'

011
·

m:.i.y have a cMI

Ar).!'11111on 1s
tinnoui;l!J
progressive tendenc11
to establ1'sh
•
i:I
te11du11cy certain co ncl u::;ion .

f1 'o 1!1l f'l" <1 J.!1"1 ':q-

•ive

'Ve ca11n ot directly p ro,·e t hat a body once set in motion will ·
ne\' e r stop unl ess it rn cd s "'ith some irnped im ent· for we cannot ,
re rno1·e eve ry b t 1
I
·r ·
'
·
.
:
~ s a c c : 111 t 1 1ll p r0 pnrt ion as obstacles are re. ·
~ 101 ed ~n ot i o n ls protr:i.ct<'il . ,,.c lll ay fa irly co nclncl c that, if th y
cn1il d h L. alt n,c;1•tl11•r r»111on~d. mnt in 11 ,,. 011 jrJ "O on fni· f•\'ei·
Tl
·
"
.. '
1e ru·)! 1t1n P11t l1y ,1·iii cli tl1t : •· den·l11 p11 1t •nt 1hc·ory " is snpported
1 Se~

p. 220.

TlIREE CL AS SES OF ARGUMENTS.

209

l'rofessor H uxley and otli.irs is of ll1is cbss. Though t11 e rlevel, ent of one species into <inotlt<;r c:w11ot l•e din;cLly pro\'cd, yet
it can be show11 that t.hc inLL'rtll!.'diaLe fo rrn i> uetw ee n two species
hibit , ~o far a' is kn o wn, a reg nbrl y progn•ssi \'(J npproacl1 toward
higher spe<; ies , th""'' is g round for tl 1e in fe re nce that the interiate fo rm s wuuJ,J, if th•iy were all k 11own, form a t;Oll secutive
in of evide nce fo r grad ual development.

~·-.

.Argument:-; from S ign n cc<l t•) h e stron g er wh en tlH;y
ave t o ovcn:umc an ant.ec c •le11L i1nl'rol1a1iilily :sti::n"
than wh e n il1 cy arc s11pportell hy an :wtcce- ~.·,:·;~',~:.'.',0,~~~:,t
dent prol>ahility.
I'ro li: Ll, ili Ly.
Those \\'11 0 di si>eli cn : in 1hc Cl 1ri sti:rn miracl es a rg ur, fro m
experience t.li:c t it is improl.,;t ble tl 1a t, ll'ktt sc if· 11cc e alls " t lw r>r.J1 •r
Nat1ne" should be disL11 rhc1l by an y ca. u ~e ; tl1ose who bel ieve
in the miracles main tain that the re was an adequate C[rnse in
operation i n each case.

of

SECTTO:\i

Trm A rgum ent fr111n

IV.

spri ng,; fro m t h e proba'ility that objects wl1i e h rc;-;,.m hle on e another m so me
respect::;, will abo rc.,l'lll!;lc o n e allotl 1cr £n t lw puiut in
question.
R.1·11111;>!1·

A sc: 11t(' 11 ce in Pa.trick Il c11ry's fa.11 1ous speech contai11 s a n n.rg Hment frvm ex:cn1pl te: "C:-esar kt•! l1i.s B ru tus, Ch:crl es tl 1e Fi rs t
his Crornwdl, a nJ Geo rg e th•J Tl1ir1l-may l'rof1 t. hy th e ir example." Ilad lie not bee n in te rru pted liy cri es n( " Tn"tsLH1," IIc11ry
might pvssihly Ji a,·e brou g l1t out still more phiinly tlie arg u1uent
impli ed i11 t he wonls after t he dash.
Aristotle I founds a n :trgnnw nt a .~·:,inst tlw choice of magi strates
by lot u pon (supposed.) e x:t1n ple:; of t l1e choi ce of a wrestle r o r o ( a
., steersma n uy Jot ; sincr, in liuth c:tses the best ma n would he, not.
th e per son on 11·hom tl1 c lut fell , h11t tl1 e pc·rso11 who tmlkrsttxu!
the art.
l Rhetoric : book ii. d11tp. xx.

r

l

210

R eal examp1 es, s uch as those cited by Patrick He
are to lie di sting uishe d from invented e
Hcal rL1Hl
iii vcnlu~ l
plc;;,
s11cl1 as those quote d from Arist.o
tJ X <LJJJpl c~ .
Th e for mer, !icing matters of fact, dcri
allditional fon:c frnm Ll1e prolJab ili ty that what ~
happened once will happen again; t l1c strength of thi.}
laltcr dcpe n<ls upon t he lilcdilt,,od t hat things such '
arc s11pp11s,.i[ tl) hav e happ ened eve r did or ever
happen, - that is, upon th eir a11fe('(·dent probability. _'
Tl1is A11teccde nt Probabili ty , it is to Le noted, ill
itself dr;Lwn fro m observed faeL,;;, - that is, from reil
exampl es.
Aristo tl e 's arg um e nt n.:;:1inKt th•' ch <•i cc o f mn.g is trates by ld~
i ts whole fore<> fr<1m commo n experie n ce. Everybody
kn o ws that i11 drawin g lots :m idiot h:ts the s;i.m c ch an ces in hi$
fa,·ur ' ~' a. g en ius; eve rybod y kn""·s , too , that, tho ug h starvio
nwn m: ty dr;i.w Jul,; (.n 1letf'l'l lli11 <.> wh i.:h one sliall he eaten,
al, Sl' <i Jo 11 ut t.rn ,l cl<:t11<·e t.o g i1·c tl lt'lll tl"' m nK t. <;n1r1petent pil
Thu s, Lhoug l1 in J\ ri ~ tulle 's a rg um e nt th e co mbin atio n is a new o
th e 111 ;1te rials 0 11L of which it i:< rn;ide and wJii,·h al o ue give force
1h <" l''-' :l~ nni11g- a.-r~ nr~t 11 '-'''"
th· ri\·e~

If, 011 tlie ol.hcr hand, a n i n\'entcd example is
c:cdl' n tly i1 11pr11l 1ahle, - t.li aL i~, has no basis
Fklitlo rn~
;·i~;:;.'~!: 1~·~'°t in cxpt· r i1·11ce, - i t lia,.; n o force whatever.
a r g u u11.: lllH.

II.]

An cmrnNT ,\TIV:E COMPOSITION.

F())"

exa1npl e : -

"Tl"' falilu (I[ u,,, <'n1111t ry11i:t11 who o!.tai11l'd from Ju p iter the
r eg11laL io 11 o f th e wc .. .tli,.r , a 11<l in cn11serp 1,.11 ce fo un <l l1i H crops fail 1
due,; n ot, f;<l o n e sl.o·p towarJ, prov ing tilt' i11l.P11 Lled conclusion;
l"T< llL'" t.11a.t co11 seq1H·n cc is a 11w r1-, g r: ll 11i l.»us a ss tunptio n without
any probability t o s u pport it. 111 fa c t. tlw a,;:il 1mpt io n t he re is not <•11 ly g ra ln itous, but is i11 direct co ntr;1.ii<' li" 11 (.., rox1w ri c11cc ; for n
j.'.a rd 1· n c r l:rrs , to a cpJ't;i.i n 1lcgr('e , t hr r;,·nnin :tn d of r a in and sunKhi11 c, J,y Lht' h e lp of loi:< watc>ri1q"- po ls . .gh<sf's , h ot-beds, an d flues;
a11d tli c r e~ n lt iH 11 ut tl11: <l <'sL ru rt,io n of hi::; c ro ps .
" T her•: is a11 in~tan ce o f ;i like e rro r in a ta.le of Cumberland's,

211

TllHEE CL ASSES OF ArtGmTE:\TS.

·nded to prov e Llie <uh:.nl;•ge of ii pnl>lic uYe r " JiriY;cle e d11 c: ;i.}. Ile r e pr ese 11L~ two lirul1 11; rs, e ducaLe<l <1 11 Llo e L1vo [•la1os,
cspectively; L1 1e fo rm e r L11rn i 11g out 1·ery well, an•l ll·:· l:tllt.'.r ,.'"J
;ind \1ad Ll 1e \\"hole 1.wc 11 1na lt• ·r ., [ fad, a sull 1c1e 11l 11u11.lw1
such in ~La.i 1 c .._•:4 \HJttld h a.Ye lia. 1 \\ e i ,t.;·l1L ~ .-; a11 a.rg u111 1·11t; IHtL a;,
•t 18
· a fic t i<>ll ;11 1d 110 n·ason i,; s l1 .. wn wliy Lloe n·,;11ll slHl11ld Le
J
· . t.y o ( a... l" ii. ' i i c
'
auch as r epre,e
11 ted, exce pt t l 1e su1•i'u'e.' l ' lil '"nori
1
education, Lil e a rg n1n e nL 111vol\·1• .-; a. n1a.ll1 fesL 1wtil1 0 11r11 11 1;111, . •uui
resembl es U"' "l'l'""l maLle, in tl1e well-know11 Ltl 1k, t" tlie 1·<o·t<1rn

· ill :

i -·Of

·of

a mau co JH\< ler i11 g a. li on,_,, resnl t wl1ic>h 111i .c;· l1L j1"L a,; ,;; 1.-ily
ho.ve bee 11 rci·erne<l, and ,,. ]ijcJ, wu nl LI li a,·e lieen su, l1aJ lic>ll :i L1ee n
painters. " ~

Henc e, t h e 11 sclessnl':;s o[ atLe m pLi11 g by a iiditi»11,;
'nanaliVL\ j,) cslalili,;li a. disputed prnpu:;it i<111. Fi"ti .. 11
:can hel p us 11 w re dc<Lrly tu u11tl e rsLw<l or rnorc tir111 ly
t o hokl wlia t w e MC a lreally di,;pnscd tv lJel ie,·e ; ln 1t,
.the nn•rn i:;es of flc:Lio n 11e i11g ;nl.i t r;u ily :<lJcdell, it:;
1
t
.conclusiuns can Le lii11tllllg npo11 tlw,;c 01 11 y 1Y11u accq1 ·
he prcmisL'" a,; hirl y re1•re:;,·1t1i11.c;· rv;d ex:unpl e:; .
Tl 1e y;,i\ 111· of arg- 11lll('ill>< draw11 l'r<>lll n:;d C:\;lll1l'k",
-· as \vell a.s tli ;t l "f tl1v:;e dr; 11n1 i'r<1111 i11vc11 ktl H f':il "'cim1>). ex 11 1l: l'i{_·l11. '. l~ J\ _ ~ iu .~-lt· 1· 11 ·:-- \: 1r: i n
f, ~re c.
care f'nll y -g 11; mle( l expcr i111 ent i11 nat11rnl s(' ience by a co 11 11'd1·11 L <> l1,.;<o rvcr lllay l ie c 11 i111 g l1 tn <>1:il 1lish a gc 11 c ral propos ition; lJllt i11 l1uma11 affair:; ::;e 1·c ral
obser\' ctl i1 1sta11 ces are rarely e110 11 g l1.
.l.

•

,

'VI 1e 11 :\"i '. \\'t. l ll 1l; l.1 l ana lyze.I u11 1~ ra,y ,1f li .~lil i1 d<l th 1' 11ri:-.:.1n;d i(~
colors, !J<'. j11, tl y <: " 11dt11led tl1:1 t Ll1•) sa111" ;ci i:Jly,is 1Y<>11ld a}' ply (c)

all 0Lh e 1· rny,; "f li ,:.;l<t .

.
() 11 t,l1 e <> Lli e 1· !1: t11d, il wonld r<'q11i1·e rn111iero11s c x:.ml'ks l1k .:
,that of H i1·har1l Ill. to p,;taL!i.- h a11 i111·:1ri:1l.l1· , or <'l.<' ll :t IL'tl :lL

·

COJ\l\ec~ t.it>ll lwh\'1 ·1·11 l'liy ." 'i1:al ;111d 1rH1r;1l d ,. fj,r111i:.\·.

not a.s PX;u·tlv si111il:tr

ti)

:u111llH·r 111 a 11. 11 11 1 • ra('i '

,_- l., an ot1 1cr r~l ('f' o f
1

Sec p. ! %.

In

11w 11,

1

"I )1p' 111 :1 11 J..;

·f 111 1 ·11 i...;

Olli~ iiulit.il·al

11iil .

co 1n1 1u1 11i1y

: i.....

i:-;

!''

212

A nc DI E~T A TI VE COMPOSI_TION.

n ot as ex act ly s iniihr lo :woth~r politi cal community, Mone
of pl:.Li1111111 is I•• :11l Ptlicr 1•i P.''" o f platinum, or as one vial o( o
i s to ;u1ullwr ,·i:d ot' uxygvn.''

1

It i,; i111puna11 L lo di~ l i11 g11i;-;h examples wliichsen!J
ar•»11111c11b
f'1-u111 ll11be which serve 'mcrelv.A r g 111111·n i
t"'
.,.
;t-

: 11 1';~~;~~/1' 1'h·t~
cx:.nq.Jc»

illu~t.rat.i1>11s.

1\ ~t111pu~ed ea::;e u1Hler a
cr1d prin\'iple, tl1011gl1 it may m;dco the p

ciple rnurc intl:lli g· il.dc, has 110 temlc1iey to prov°"··
trulli; bttL ;tit c:G Lllli'l e drnwa from another clas
ca::;es is itt Lite naLttre of an appeal to experience, .
l1as, tlierefvre, Lite force of an arg um ent.
Cic:l\ ro's pr11po>< it i.. n lh:tt ll •Jth i1Ig- whid 1 i ~ clishonora.ble is
dient iti e x['l:ti111,d, l>ut n"l f'sta.11li shed, by his e xarnple,-Tl
tocle.,·~ l" uject of lrnrni 11g the Sp:utan Heiet. Tl1is plan Cic
co n t raJic:lio 11 to A ristides , mai11tains to be ine xpedient
\ <lisho uo m Lle ; l1ut 110 Oii•) wlto had not already asse nted to tbe
i\ e r:d prill ci phi would he co11Yi ll c1·d o f ib sou ndn eB:> hy this exam

·.

"-,

·l
'

'
. .,_ ....••/

1

fur Ll 1_e_ 1·xa1npl l\ is. merely the statc:mcnt in a concrete form of

q11 e~L 1c..J11 a.t 1.-.;:-: uc. 2

B

l(\lge r " ' illi :uns, on t he otht' r hand. present;; a valid argum
f1•r liberty of c1 11"c: i ~1 11 c<', \Yh •·n \1P maintain" t.ltat tlte civil a?t
it.1,:::; lt: •H) JH) m ore n ;.;ht.- to co rnma11•l <)Yer tho so uls :•nd conscte
,~
of t h"ir s 11l.j1·cts t.h an t.he mas te r n ( '' sl 1i p has over those of
i'"""' " !-;<'.-S or t.li o sail\\rn n11d1·r _I1in1. ":•lll1 n 11 g h he. nrny jus~ly
/ to t,J,,, l:thur o ( tli e o ne , a111l t]lt' <.: 11·1 I heh:wiur 11( all in the ship.'
(
\~
, j
An1dlH·r 1•x arnpl e m:i,v h<' t.ak t' n from the prefac e to l\{. Tai
"'-._ · ;
"Anc i<· 11 fteg i11w ," in ""Jri,·h t.hf' a 11 t.l1o r argu es from the a1111logf'

1

-

Let.w ee n a hn u,;e :intl a n :-it.ional c.rn ,l.it.uti on: " P e rr·rnpt.or v :Lth·ise rs eon s t.rnclt,.l a con;;titut.i on a.~ if it were.,,
h<>HSC. ;trrordin~ to f.he m os t fl.Ltrad il"e, t h e newest-, and the SiJUI <!
pl:\n , hnldi11 .~ np for cons i•ll'ration the m;rnsion of a marquis,
<l1'111i1 ~ i1, , of " l1011rg-eoi.•, ~' t c nt' llH'11t for workm en, barracks
,11J.! i1·r,, t.!1 <: <'1H1111111ni st 1•h:il:i11 ., tl'rv . ~nd e ,· e n ~\ c:unp for s:w,
..
Each o n e ass l'!' tl' d o[ lii o 1110.l ,· I: • Tl1is io U1 e trne ~•bode of lDJl~-,
l f. (' wi ..;: '.\l 1· l hod . . in l'nl iti•·~, Y111. ii. c1 1:1p. X\·, ~ed. i.
~ ( 'i c\· ro: P r (l1Ji cii<:., iii. xi. di.

a The Ulootiy Tenet uf l'crscw tion

Diocu s~cd,

chap. cxxxii.

II.]

nmEE CLASSES OF ARGUMENTS.

213

nuu1 of se nse c an dwell in.' In my opini on, the
ume nt was weak; pc rson:d f:wcics, in my j11dg-1ne1iL , are 11"t
thorities . . . . A peup k, 0 11 lJl'ing C•>ll•illlt.1-d, ru:cy , i11d,. e1l, tell
form of goverrrrne11 L llicy Ji kc, l1t1L JJ uL Lite fur111 ti"'} 111·1·d;
is is poss ibl e t1J1ly Ll1.n 1t1glt e xj>e rieJJc e ; Li111c j_, r·- •['ti rcd Lu :h•-.·r fn if th1.' pol ilical d \'i-·l' l ii 11;; is co11vt~ 11 i··1 it .. du rald eJ pn 1uf ag:;t l 11:->t
eleme11cies, su ited to the Ot:c11p<u 1t's li:tbit.s, pursuib, d1ar;u:lt-r,
culiariti1c1:l, aud c:lprice:-L Now, as proof o( this, we lt:we llC\'•·r
n content with our o w 11; witliiu eighly years we haHJ p1dlc-d it
wn thirteen tim·~ s i11 orJcr to relJuiJ,\ it, and this we hav e du11e
vain, not ha ving yet fo un<l one that s uits us." 1

Analogy, one of the most common forms of the arguent from example, i:; <lefiiicLl l'.y Ard1bi shop Argum'" ''"
fr11111 !t.J 1:tl<1l.{)':
hately, in l:ouformit.y with tlie pri111ili1'e .i . n'"'" 1.y
\Y ll:d1·l y ;
eaning gi Vl'll to iL hy rnathemaCil:ia11,.;, as loy ~1u1
a resemblance of r1Ltios," - tl re reaso11i11g , on tl 1is tl1c, Leing tlr;twn, 1111 l frum a dirct· t r c~c mlJ1anc c Lceen the two tlii 11~· ,-; comp; ~rc cl , but fro1n a re:;c1nlJla 11 ce
the relation Llicy Gear Lo cerL<tiu 0Ll1cr tl1i11gs.
"Thus an eg.t; :urJ '' sec <l are not in t.hPn1'vh·es alike, J,ut hear
like r elatio n to tlie ]'iil'<' llt bird a11•l to li e r ful .11re Jl(·_,t.J i11g, 0 11
e one ha11d, ant! to tl1<: 011 \ :wd yo ung plant 01 1 tl1 e othC'r. re.' J•C-ci:vely; this 1·clation lwin g the _g enc:s whi r h liulh fall u11der: a11d

ltny arg11rnP11ls 111iglit he dmw11 frnm tl1is a11alugy." 2

Whately, linwever, aclrniLs that, in Llie langnagc oC
inent writ er,; as woll flS in Lhat of commoa ;-;pceclt,
alogy is u;-;e<l in ;1 rnuch \Yid e r sense. This sense is
ore accurat ely expressed in Mill's dcfi11ition, wl1ich
·tends Lhe 1ir1me of analogi cal ev itlen ee to argum ents
.·awn from any ;-;ort of re,.;emhlalll:e;-;, provided they
· not amount to a complete i1Hl11ction. 3
. "An;Llog_y a_~n·es with i111l11clinn in thi s , that they both arg-11c
at a thing- kn ow n to rese mble rw othcr in c" ita.in ci rc11n1 sLt11c"s
l Tnine: Th e A i:ci (• ni
g

[.·t11,...i1•r1l

:Whately: Rhetoric, parl

j_

H1'·gimr; Pre foee . Tran slation of Jolin Durn nd .

chop ii. sect. Yii .

a Seep- 189 .

·< .

215

A l(l; t; ,\J Ei'i TATl VE CO MPO~ITION.

(call
c1un,-ta11ci: (" a ll it C) .
an<l I\ are k 1J ow11, J.y a previous com par iso n of many in~!
lie t ltt• n :ry circ1 11no<tan ct"' 0 11 which C d e.po nds , or wi th wh·
;;011111 way cu1Ju1·ctv<.l. \\"li e n tlti,- li:ts not u cen ascertn:inetl,
lll e n t amo11nL< only to \hi,, \h:it, ~incc it is not known wi
o( the c in~um s L.1.11'"'" exi,-t i11 g in the k now n case C is oo
th ey m:i.y a.-; well h e A and B as any othe rs; a nd thereToro
a greate r prol>:ib ility of C i11 ca.~c:; wh ere we know that
ll ex ist, thau i11 c:c,e., ,,[ wh ich w e know 11oth ing at all. ,:
arg-u111 c11t i!l o f :t we ight Ye ry diJ!icuJt t o estimate at all,
possiule to csti 111a te pr ec i~ely. Jt, may b e very strou
th e lrno w11 point:< of agn·1·1111·nt, A and B &c., :ire nu
a11<l !.he kn own p ni1Jl.< o[ d i lf,· r(·11re fo w; or ve ry weak, wh.
n· Yc rsc i,; the c;c<c: b ut it can n erc r Le eq ual in validity to .&
in <l ucl iou ." 1

an'·

011 0 of ;\ [ill'~ cx:lmJ>k•s rc11d ·rs l1i s m ca11ing plai n.
f ac t tk1t 1li erc arc 111111H!l"Otls re.<c 111uhnct>,; laelween tho eatth
tho othe r pl:u aeL,, it 111igl1 t h(! i11f1•1Tcd t.l1at tlae latter are in
i l1·d L<:ca11 ,;e t\11· \"ornJo•r i,- . Xnl\" , it' tla c \'X i,;tc ncc of human
could i,,. pron:.J tn ol 1•1w 11 .J 11 1><•11 C\111' or 11111rc of th ese poinbi
rcsr·11il>la 11ct", lo 1,., th1· effect pf \\ii, nr that ca nso wh ic]1 i8 in
ti un 011 tl1t• n\1 1cr p l:t11\'\;; a~ \\' f.! ]i a.< 0 11 ti ll' en.rth , or i( it could
pro,·1•11 t la:a t Lin• 1•r1'"''" "' \If l111111a11 l; .. in g-s is tho effect o{
r.irc111 n st :t11P<' 1101 1·011 1111 nn t0 th<' nt hPr pla nets a.rnl the earth,
:J rg1 11111·11t d r!l\\'11 fl'l>I ll ,;\]("Ii fa c ts of (' ;L llSa t iOll WOUid in each
ue n ( flll i11d11 ct in· cla:tra('tl' r.
0

So lu11 .Q", l1 ow <'n.: r, a,; '"C rlo n ot k110w wh at the cond itions of
arc , " t.li ey 111a!1 i.,. co 11 1H•ckL1 l1y ~0111e bw of Nn.tnre with
corn111011 p ropert i(';; a ml t o 1li e f'X t<' n t of tl 1n.t possibility t4~ ··
pla11<'ls <tro more likel y ln he inhahi l!·d t.h:w if they did not . '·,_
l>le t li e i:a rt li a t a ll. This no 11-as,; ig- 11 ah le n.11.J ge 11 erally smnll bk '
cn·a.,;i • <t( prnhaJ ,iiiLy , h• ·Yon<l wl1 at " ·0111.J · otli crwisc ex ist, is
t\1(' 1'1·i•lc11cP " ·!1id1 a cn 11l'. \11 sio 11 Pa11 ll Pr i,·c from analogy. F
m· l1 :w c 111" ,- Ji g lit1 ·,; t r.·;1.,o n to s 11 pposl' a11y r<'al conn ection bctw
t lw t"'r' p rn p1·rt i1•,; ,\ an d 11 , t li •· ar;.;1 1111;•11t. is no longe r 011 fif
:111al1•Q".\". If it. la :L.\ },,.,.11 :Lo<C<'r lai 111'.\ ( I p11 r1•ns .. ly· p11 t: an ah~ol\f
til1j•po,; i( i•>11) that tl .. ·rn wa s a con n1·clio11 J,y ca11 ,;atio11 betw
I ) j ill: Tlir1·1·

r ..... a.n·:

l•n l: l'l ig-i1\ \1, 11ar l i pp. 1fi8.

revoh·i ng on a.11 a.xi .~ :1111! t.l 1c e xi,;k nce of n.ni111at.c•1l

J:lgs, OJ' i( there W l'rC :lll)' rt~; 1 :-:~~1la.b}1~ ,t4T•\lll l l l f~n· f:! \'C l l ~u:-: pcc ti 11 ~
h a co1111cct. ion, a prol"'Li lity \\'C>11 l1l :iri o<e o[ \.h<J cx1,;l ·1 1c•' u[
0

llobitants i11 t la i! pl: L11 l'L>' , wla ich 111i ;.;\1t be c.i· a11y .11·;.;reC' <tf
ngtb, up to a cu 11q•lde i11d11 ct io 11 ; lH1L "" ,}J ,11 dd \!11·11 i11f<' r
fact fro m tl 1e ascertain e\l or pre,; u1w:J hw u f ca usali., 11, :l1 1d
from th e ~tn a lo;;y u[ t.he ea rth . " 1

Argum en t:; frum 1\ 11alogy a r c val id whe n co11fl11 cJ.
·tho point of r e:;c 111 ula 11 cc , a11d allow ed no
FaJ , ..
·'re t hall tl 1c ir ju:;t w eigl 1L; u11L tl1L'} arc A"" 1 ''~ i""
n usecl a:; ir a r e:;e m uLrncc l,ct,,·ec1 1 two tli i n g s in
'e point nwant ;i n •s1•rnulan c·c i11 poi 11 b i11 \\ l1ic·lt they
'ally <liffcr, or ;i,; i[ :L s11pL: rli 1~ ial :lllil [>Mti:tl l'l'"L :11il 11:rn1:e
1\:lplicll a eO llljl le te n111 l fu1111:uJll·1ital 01w dqwn<lcnt
n a com n1un <.:au :<e : tl1e :u1 alug.\- is e i t l ie r fal,;e, or it
·tre;it.e<l as il' it ;i rnuu11t c1l lo an i11dm:l iun. Th e folowing are <.:X<tlllples o[ fabc a11:tlug ic.o;: "' If,' tl1 cy s:Ly, • fn•c cn 11q ><•liti1111 is :i. good tl1ini.:: 111 tr:1t!1>. it.
ust sure ly 11(' :i gnod t.lii11g in r·d 11cati u11. Tl"· siq>J•ly nf oll ac r
romo<l iti c,; -uf ,,11.i.::ar, f•ir ex:11 11\'J.:- i.-< kfL 11> a.\j1ht il-·· if tn
.bo dem a 11 d; :1.111! tJ,.. '"'" "''·1 111,·1" ·" is , (\1a l ""l :tre \,,1-tl •· r s1q 1p li•· 1 l
ith sug:lr tl 1:u1 if t.111 · G1i1·1·rn 1n c 11 t 1111.\•'l"L""k lo> suppl y 11." . \\" l1y .
en, sl1011 J. l '"'' d1 i1il •t t).,,t \l ac s u pply ,,f i11 st. rn <.:L io11 ,,·ill, "'i tla <lllt the i11 L" n 't• n ti un u[ th e (; 0Yc rn111 e11l, lac fo 1111d c••Jll:<l to tl11:
demand ? '
' "Never 1yas tl1Prc :i 111 nrc fabc :rn:i logy. \Vh et1 1er a m a n is
•ell suppli ed wit h ~ u g ar j;; a m:itti· r wl1i ch co ncc· rn s hi111 o<olf alon e .
ut w hot.J 1p1· he is we ll suppli<•tl w it.Ji i11 , t. rncti011 is a 111al ti- r wl1i ch
ncerns bis 111•iglih0r,; and th e Sla te. 1f h e ca11not al'for .\ to p a.v
or sug:i r , h.: 11111"t go witlanut s11.i.::a r. B11t it is l>y 11 0 111 e:u1,; lit
hat , u ec:i. n,; e Ji " ca111 11•\. :dTonl In p:ty fu r e•lncat.io11 , he ,-IJ,,nid .i.::o
ithout e1l uc:d io11. lkl\1'"'' 11 \.\11 i ri ch ;,11.t tl1t•i r i11,;t.rncl.11rs tl11•m
ay , a8 A 1L trn ~ 111 itlt ~ ay .... lit· free t r:uli" rl' llt' ;-.; 11p1 ily n f r1111 ~ i c
'Jniv<t<~rn a11.J li:di:1n 111 :c,;it'rs 111;cy he ldL lo ad j1 1,;I; il'<·lf to \ia"
demand. Bu t, \\ha t i,; w beco111t· of th•" m illion H \\'l10 arc tun !""''"

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21G

An GU lllENTATIVE COMPOSITION.

:1 (n.

21 1

TI!.HEE CL A SS ES OF AH GU ~IENTS.

II.]

I,, I

eir earli er st.ages , co11 stitut,c, its growth tu n1a l uri ty ; \\·l 1i lc i11
be body pol itic t he pro.e: ri:>s u [ Ll 1u'e cha1 1.c;es can not, i;-· ·11 er:tlly
I · 11 g, ·11..i. \· , ~ 111, L· f1'1·•·t J.11l tlie still furlh•:r ''"11t11 1t1a11 ce ul
s_pca.0
g row th: it is th e sl P[1pa g-e ui Ll1;d, 11rog-r1• ss, .'utd tlH · <.P111,111 11t c ~ -

to proc11 rc wi tl 1u11 t asoistan ce the senices
n 1ast1·1..! ''

1

.It is argn1•1l Ll1 at, " a g rc:i t :mil pe rm n.nent
q uantit y (if :..:~11 11t ~ 11 ...a· f11! coi11111otl il y, sueh as corn t or coal, o

1
...

ll 1rough •i11 t 1!11; ll"l•rld. wu11 lcl IH ! a .>i·r io11s :rnJ lastin g loss;
if th e fields :1111[ cna l- 111i 111·s yi cld••tl regularly double qu
wili1 t he 8a 111 co l:.11nr. we sl1 01il d lie so mu ch Li te ri cher: l
111i ," ht lie i11fnri •d tk1t, if tl 11• q n:rntity of gold and silver
" ·orid \\"L' re di111i11i, l1 C' d um·-lialI. u r were doubl ed , like resulb
foll o w, Ll1 c 11 1ili t.y of tl wse 111ctals, fu r th e purposes of coin,
n~ ry g ri·at.
:\ o w lhL" re a rc nia11y 1 •1 i11 L~ of rcse111Llance, and
of differe nce , Letwern l ite prc('i uns m etals on tl1e one hnnd1
corn , coal , &c. 01 1 U1 e ot her ; li nt Lite i 111por/(/ll.l circnmstanco to.
supposed a rg 11m e11t is tha t t he 111 i/i1 1; of gold a nd silver (!111
" ·hi e Ii i,.; far t l1 c ch id) 1/1 p m 1/s on !lt» ir rnl11 e, whi ch is rcgul
tlw ir 8Ca rcity, - 01· r:il l1r. r, to >peak strictly, liy the difficul y
ohtai1 1i 11g i It em, " ·lil'ri·;1,, if ('O rn :>11t l coal were ten t.im~'ll
alt nwla11t (i . c. 111.i re c:L> ily o!.tai1 1vd) . a i >u.- lwl of either would
J.c as 11 . w f11I a .., no w. llu t if it we re twice as easy to procur
as it i,, a ' o H·reig n \\'U til d lie t.w i,·c as large i if only hal f M
it wnulJ li e of Ili c s ize of :i half-,0Y, ·reig 11: :rnd tl 1is (beMide
t ri fl i1 1g l'ir1:11111., (:1 11t·,. of tl 1c cl 1cap11t•,.;s o r dea rn ess of gold
1111' 11ls) w<> 1dd i.,. all tl1t· ,Jiffr r<' 11 cc. Th e analogy, therefore,
i11 the pui11t Psse11 t i:d to th e aq..;11m r11t. " 2
"Jkca11se a j11 st. a11al o.c:y li :ts l>cc11 discC'rncd between tb11
tropuli .., ,,f n <"<H11dn-. a11il i.11<; h"ar to f Uw a11i 111:d body, it h
so m e Li 111 cs eo n tt• nd ed t h<tt its i 11 crea~c il size is a di sease, - ti i;
may i111pPdc so 1111' of it s mos t i111 po rl.: rnt fun cti ons, or even oo
cause o( lts (l i:-:., olut ion . " 3
"A noU1 (• r exa111pl" is th f1 11 11 t 1111 com111o n die/um
pol iti c ham yo nll1. ma t.11ri ty . ul1l a::c, and ch·ath , like Lodiea !ill!;,\
r al; tltri t :1ft ro r :1 C'l'r t:lin il11ral i.,11 of prosperi ty they tend spon~
o us ly t o d <·<·ay . Thi s al ,.; o i' a f:il s<' :111alogy, hec:a use the decay .."·.
t l1e vital J" >\l.l:r.' i11 a 11 :111 i111a ted l•ndv c:m be di st.inctly tmcaj i
the Hat 11 ral progrc·s..; nf t li o..;e 1·,·ry c!t:rnges of str ucture whi ·h.i .",;"·
I

llfo ea 11 1"y, ill lite l i<>t!S C or Co 1nn1 n11 ;; ; T rcYclyn n' s Sclcetions, p. 4t" '

S t~ c

abo ' l at l1 1 ~ · w :\r11 c1ld; 1': :-:-. ay:-0 i1 1 l'rit ic i :-- tll , p. -:lGL
' \\"1>:1 t cly IU1 c t"riv, parl i. cltaJ'. ii. >eel. l' ii.
' lli sl I< l }I Cu 1• lc.- t o 11 : !1 11 111iry int» lite n 11ctri 11 CR ofNcccssily nnll
cl csLi11aLion, 11 o lc to JJ i>l ou r;; c iii. ; ')llUlcd by \\'Lately.

.,

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.

•

•

ment of reL ro ~n ·s:-: i o 1 1 , l1 1aL a.lu1 1c \Y o u \1 l 1.._' l 1J 1:-.t 1Lule

•

•• •

J;i 1t Ii·· =--

1l1 ·c:Ly .

.politic di e, ui;t i l is c1[ di~e ase, or viu le ul deal.Ii; tl1 cy !ta\·c 11u t.J,l

age."

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.

.

.

:.. A fabe anal n;.:·y lias uec11 mriil c the lnslS o [ all arg 111J1l·11 t Ill[;" l'l
of despoti· c goH·rnrn1' 11 t . J•" I 1 .·l~, I>e.· 11 1·11'· "·11 c·1! to Lite ,.,,,111·crn. 11 w1 1L
.
· l "uy :t f :tl li ,. 1· oi· c1· 11·1-·· cl1il1 ln ·1 1• a .-.«vver11111. ,. 11 l wlt1t· .l1 it.
exerc1sec
resemLles only i 11 it..., irrcsl'o11 sil•ility, that is , in tlit! tad t hat IL is
'a deRpotism ; wl 1ercas the be ueli ci:d wo rkin g u[ .1·:.Ll'rn:tl f;t"·e rn ment depend~, whl·11 real, not 0 11 i ts irrespo11 s1li il1t y , l• ut " 011 l. wo
other circumstances of th e case , - th e a!Icct.iv n of lhe i•an·11 t. .fur tl 1.•;
childre n a 11 d t he s 11 peri ority of t lie parent .in \\'isd un1 :tnd L'XJ •e n ence. " i The arg-um cnt fr om l.l 1is faJ,; ,; a1i:d ogy is us Li:dly su111111 c1i
up in tlie co111·e ni cnt 1•hr;i,sc , "l'~ te rnal g·,,,·er11111 c11t.," - th 1, t" :ill: u·1·
lurk ing i n t he \Hin] patc rurrl ,~ :1 wo r1 l ,,·l11ch n1ay rd,·r lo tlie l""" ·r
of a fatl 1cr or tu his po" ·e 1· j 11dici11u sly e xc re1sed ; 1L 111:1y 111,.:u1 Iii.' :
afalh er o r lik" o '.)W•d u11rl tcise .futli.er .

' !:i ~· , ' "

0

;.

Th e C' H (l l' w l1ich 00 11 ,.: i."t,.: i11 onrrat i11g the l'rnl1ati n.:
force of arg 1un e 11 h Crum analogy is said to ht~ Fa ndfn l
"the ch itracte ri :-;tic i11 Lt.: llct.: Lual vi ce of tl1 n~l' Aii ai .. ~ i · ·:-1 .
vhose ima.g i11:i.t in11s arc barr1.; 11, c ill1u· from \1·a 11 L (I f
n:c t nr:il llefcd, or t h e ll~llTO Wll l' "'s uf tli l' i r

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iclea~ . ''

"To sud1 mind s oJ.jccts prcs(·11t lh cms0h·cs <l1lfll<'•l in l.ut. f··w
properti es; an<l a s, tl1 vrd11re , few an :d t>;.: ivs Lf'hYl'l'll c:> 1w <> l •j <Tt
nnd a noLl ie r occu r lo ll1 e n1 , th ry a!ino,.; t i1 11· :.ll'ial•IY 01·..-rr:if c t lie
degree of i111 l'orta11 ce uf tlt <1se f,.w; \\ hil c on e " ·hos(' fanry tal;i•;;
a. wid er ra11 ~e pe rec i n~s a nd n •n11·11tl" •rs sn 111 a 11 y n11al o,c; i1·s l.c111 l·ing to co nfli ctin g co ncl11 si1>11s, th:1t hr• is 11111\'h h- ss likel y t•' L1y
un<lucl stress 011 :rn y <1f Ll1t·rn. \\" e al\\·:iys find t l1 at. th"·"' " a r1 • ti:•·
great.es t sL tn is lo rn cta1·l 1<•ri\': il l:u 1g-11:1 :;e wli o ha1·e 1>11t 1111t· ·'•·I ,.f
· met:tphors. '' 8
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a :'llill: l .ng-i<· , ho<, k v. c11 11 p. \' . ~<T t. \'i.

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2l8

I t may,

IlURDEj'; 01'' l'IllJOF A:-\D 1·1u:sUMPTJO~ .
A l(li lJ ;\J E ~TATI VE C'O.\ll'OSITION.

0 11 the oth e r hand, b e suggested

'

thnt ttl~

wl1 0 s e es rn;u1 y anal o;.:·iv,; is ill danger oL' mistaking fnn~
('il'11l for rC'al rn1(':;, ol' 111aki11 g a m e re metaphor <lo duty ;is an arg 111ll l' llL Hu sk in is a s triking i11::;Lan ce in poi11l;
and l\lill l1im s1.: lf cites Ba con as be in g " equally
sp ic nons i11 flic nsc a1Hl al111sc of figur;LLive illust
Lio u. " 1 ~11d1 is nbo ~l ac anlay's op inion.
•· Tlie lrnll1 is, l1 1:tt h is [ Bat'l>11' s] 111i111l \\'as wonderfully q~
111 perc« il'i11g a11 al,,gi1 ·;; of a ll ~nrts. Bu t, lik e sc1·eral eminent
wli um \\' C co uld 11a11111, bu tli lil'i11g- ;u1d dc:1d , he tiu metirn es appe:
strange ly <ldicic 11t ill tl1 c 1•011·c r of tli s ti1Ig11i s l1i1 :i:; rationa l frnm fu:
ciful a11a log ics, - a11 alo.:..!' i 1·~ whicJ1 an• aq; u1111·11Ls fro1n analogi ·
wl1ic·lt :LrC 1111•rc illustr;Ll iu11s , - a 11 :d.,g- ics like lha.t wlticlt Bishop
Hutl1!r so ;d.J y l" 'i11t1·d Pill l1l'L1l'1'l' ll 11 al ural a11cl re\'CaleJ relibtiOlj,
fn•III a11alog i1·s like that 11·l1i clt ,\ ddi ,;(>11 disco vernd between th
,,, ri es uf (:rel'ia11 g1nls cal'l'cd liy l'\,idias a11d the SC'ries of Engli..h
kings pai1Il«d l•y h:1I clle r . This wa11 l u( di sl'l' i11Ii1Iatio11 ha.sled ~
many slr;u1g·<' politi 1·:1J sp••e 11 lat.i•>11 s. ;o;ir \Y il li a111 T e11 q.Jc <leduc
a 1ii «o ry u f go1·1· r1 1111<· 11l fro111 tlt1' pro1•l'rli es uf lite pyrnmid. Mr. ,
Sou t hey'., ll'it c•h- syst.•·111 of fi11an cc is gron 111J"d 0 11 t he phcnomelll\
o f r1·:1p.,r;1l iP1t and r;1i11. [11 theol" g-y . tl 1is l"' rv <, rlcd i11 ge11uity h
JlladP still \\'ild ,. r 11·mk. Fro m tltc t i111P of lH·11 a•1 1s and Origen,
d o\\'11 Lo th•· prPs.·11t d:iy . ll1 0re ha~ not lH'l'll a s i11 g lc ge neration in
whi"h g rc•at cli1·i11< '.' li al'1' 11nt h r!' ll ],.,] ill t•i t i"' n1 ost absurd expo."\ i t i1Jns of ~ tTi pl 11 n• h.'" 1111 •rf' l1wap:1rit y tn tli :-; t i11 g11i:-:h analogies
proper (Lu us« tl1<• sl' holas ti c 11l1rase) fr.i111 ;\ 11:tlo;;i(·smet:Lphorical." 2
l ~Till: L n~i1" h•111k , .. l· i1:1p v. sec:L d.
2 .\ lat'a lil a_, . : I·:.. ~ ny .; j Ba rn 11.

CIL\ PTE.R
, AC'lJ
DUllDl~X Oc' l' lWOl·

BEFOIU.: <letc rrni11i11 g

III.

-.',::(

1•1:1-:s LJ.\IPTI O'.'< .

in wl1at or(l cr to )'l'l'St·11 t \ii,;
s \i uu\([ J.;:1111\V \\·\1it"i1 H01r·l ··n .. r

i · ...... 1 .i..i ; ,,...i.
;i.rgument,.;, a r easo ne r
ide is l.>on111l tn l'l'Il\'t l l11 e propus i l iull i11
S
. l s ilk, in utl1er words , r e"ls (\ie
dispute; up o n w l i1 e t

B~;~~:n .~~:,:.:::~,~·~llle,

in etimls u!' law, 011 tl'.i s s11 1.ji·t·t
l
.
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.
tl •
. :-..i111 tli:tL .. IH.: \1·!1u al \11'111 ::; 11111:--L
is cmbo1 l1 el 111 i e 111 .L
prove."

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. l' urL tu ''°''·,. Jll• .,·11u~ 11 u ~ :-; q ·' .
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l 11 11 \.. 11( o11 tli . . : ~·x1 ;. ; t1 · 11 e1 ~ ur I H dl - 1·Xt:-.l 1 I H
. l t . l 1· II I Ly ' •· 1 · ' ' .
I
rig l o1 ·'
.
l . . l cx i"t rn11 ,l 1•rn1·•· lli;1 l t "''1~
facts wl1i eh h e ac<c<e rls "r l •·111e~ u . . '
.

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facts du or do 1tot l' Xisl."
·
. f·,t•· t 1·1,., <lll ilia l l"'I'.
1· . \O ' Ill \' j•<l l' ltClllal
c
"Tlte l>tll'lle11 "l J'l'll 0 a'
' ·
] . · · 'l is
.
. 't t o lwlit'\'C in its l·xts tP ll C: l', \111 t :--~ 1 .
son wh o wi..;h es th e c.rni l
·J. , [ i•rul' in g lli;ct fa d sl 1all li t•
. l l l v "ii\' bl\' l\1:1.t. L " ' 1Ill! C l! u
provH e1 "' ·• J
on a11 y p :trli e11 la r 111· r, •111. .
" l . . 'l • C' <•ttrl 1n ]>,. li 1·1·e tli:1L
> 1· . (} 1('[ ( 'L' 11 J II h II ' 0 If.
· ·
" • '
u A prn:-wc 11te:-' I) dl
.
.
C
·\ n111 :-: t prnn.; t.\11.· ilf11111 s :-; 11111.
B ad111 il.11•d th1· th«lt. t.o . , . . ti . t ·tt tl 1e time i11 •111 c:< t io 11 , lw
"B \\'i slt r s tlw ('011rt \.1) lu' lt <·11• '·' " , ,
was else \\'lH·re. II •' II111 ,.;l j'1'111'C it.· > ~

of !iii ,; lc ()'al m:ixim appli<' =' to arg 11Th e prin cipl e
() 11 e who woultl c u11\·i11t·e
men tali vci enrn posi I ion.
they <lo unL lll'l it ·\·1· i,;
oth (' rs o f :t prnpo,-ition wl1icl1.
A m<Lll c:ulll n l l 1e
bouml lll prove th:tt propo,- 1tu111.
I S11·ph e n:

2

st of the
r) '1 1w
~· ·

I hill -, art.. XC\'I.·

10*

Law of E,·i1\•·m:c, d1np . xiii. art. xt·iii.

Sc... . . , howe ver, P· 22:-l.

' ~··

•

220

l.,!

AR G U;\I ENT A T I VE COMPOSITION.
llU IWEN OF PJWOF AND l'l{E SU :\ll " l'IU)I.

expecte d to d 1angc l1is op1111ons unless ancl
::;01 1.-; fo r a <J i;u1 gc a re alld uced ,
unl ess aml u11 Lil o rid c 1H..:c lias been given
ni ::;l 1cs r caso11s for i ts adion .
A r casonn upon " ·h o rn U1c D unlcn of
1>r e~11111p ti on ll Clt l'l'::;t l1as, llSUalJ.)· , t ltc J->re:;urnntion
I in
r
- ,a'•
d c llu u.i .
fa,·0 r ; th;tt i:-;, th e prop osi t ion he mai ntlll~
1
is l 11!.·en as Lr11 c in r1 dl'1 t nr·c 1 ol' d irect proof. A 1~~ ­
surnplill 11 , in tl 1c wo rd" of' a d isti ugu isl1cd E nglish l ~..
ye r,~ "i::; si 111ply an anl\1·cdly i1npcrfct;t generalizatiiltlt
a llll t l1i s lll l lo-;t,
co u rse, be fo tt uded on experienClt
Expe ri ence l1a,· in;;· tultl n s tha t s 11 ch and such thing
l1 a v c ha pp c11c d, 11·c z1l'i:gumc, i n tltc absen ce of diw~111
ev id e n ce, t l1a t si Ill i Jar oc1·u rrc nccs b .ppc ned or 1 'J{
h;1ppc n in si 111il.1 r cireu m:-;l :t1 1ces. " P roo f, " said Lot'(
Er::;k in c, " is 11oll 1ing m1•re lli an pres ump tion of a high__
onl cr ;" fo r proof sim pl y crea tes an ex ceedingly stron,11
•
pro 1J:dJ1J- d- .r.
Co a f u:;io1t lt a;; Lcc11 crc;1tctl 3 liy co nfoumling whn~

or

arc called 1' r esu1 npt ions of law wi th p ~-s u11 1p l io11;.: pl'op1· r. A pr<:sn 111pLion of law
might lll Or C l11'0[!L'l'l.)' lie ll:l' lll Cll an agsu,111plion; for it
is cqu ivalenL to "a ni k of' law [pe rl1a.ps arbitrary)
tha t co m Ls rt11<l juJgl·,; ~ 11 all dr;1 w a J•arti c nlar inference
from a. p'uti c1dar fa t..:t, o r fro m partic ular evidence, ·
u nless a nll un til Lite lrnl h 0f s uch in fe re nce is dis·
Pre,irmpiio""

ur

1
" "' ·

proved .. , 4

"A p e rso n sh0wn nnt t n haw• liN·n l1 ca r1J of fo r seven years by
those ( if any ) \\' l1 u i [ 111, li: 1rl hce n :d in, \\' Onld nat urally have heard
of l1im, is prcsw" e'I to be J ea rl 11n le-:s th e c irc umstances of the case
1 From prne, hdon.: . 1111 d
2

8
4

s 111;w,

tnkc .

Si.cphcn : Liucr1y. Eq u:rlit _,-, anti Fraternity, p. 20 1.
13y A rchui ,hop \\" hatch-, fu r in>tnnce.
St eph en : Diges t, chn11 i .

' ro such a s t o acco unt fvr his uo t bein g heard of williv uL ass 111n iu;;
is death . " 1
A pc rso u acc n ~ell o[ a c ri nw i;; ; 1r1::s1t 111('d tu Le in11 0ce 11t.
, .
• A p res Ulll j •l icm u [ llt is cla.-;s - a l'r'" llt111 •t i1J 11 c a palrk u[ . r>C' Ul g'
rebutted- U:it'ol tn !Jr : c: d \ed jt O' .<lllll / 1liu J·llris ; a nd t\ 1e lc- r11t l S still

used j 11 111any of t Ir e Loo ks .
" The pres 111n j> t iu11 l; 1r O\\'ll in t lw ol d

. Jure,

l>uok ~

. _ .
<\S / lf'".s11 1111•l1•1.1111-i.<cl1•/c

o r as Ha l'.ll n t· lu :; i\·1• prL·s iu tl l 1Li u11 ," 1s inure 111 Lcl!1 ~ 1 L l y caLl'.d

con clu.<ice pn10{
"Co 11Glu :-i i n .! p rou f 1 n e ;1 11 ~

.
1}\' itl1 •J)(" l' 1q11) Jl

_

.

t1h · u1:111lt1cL1 .i /l td wl11~ · !1,

or a fac t tl [Hll! ti " ' prur,f u( \\'lri c \1 , t \i .-. j11d;,;e is \,.,r111ol 1,_v l'.1w '.' '
..,. regartl :su tll l! 1·..Le·t ..·1 :-;· i•rv\·ed ' •·lll d lo exd lld e en d e11ce ll1lc11d ed <0
· disprove i t ." ~
.
.
Suc h i.< l he ru le lkct. a clii ld un dr,r sc \·e n years ol age is i11 ca p:1.-

ble of coauni tl in g a cri111e.

The P r c,.:u111ptiu ns ,1-liir-1 1 l1a1·c plaee i11 arg 11111e;11L1.ti ve co111 pos il in11 arl' , o n ! lie ol lt cr li a nd , \\'lt:~ L t· r··"rr"l'ti·rn"
the bw Looks ca ll prcsu111p tiv11 cs lw lilin/15, Pre - J"" l!C ,.
,sump t.1011s
o ( ft' c t., - in fc rc·n c·. r'..,; , or ar(l'
"' u1n cnh,. d .ra/l'n
.
fr om lcnuicn f1 1cls (l e1p eric11-ce , a11d vary i11 g- 111 fo r ce
and in di rccLiv1 1 wi t Ii expe ri e n ce.
Th e p res ll mpl in n l\ 1;1 l snow will fall al "\"ew Y ork i11 tltc ~0 n 1:sc
g iH, 11 \\·i 11 1.!' r is 1n1ll'!t str" ng-r·r Ll1;111 t\ 1al 1t \\ 111 fall aL ?'\a l*' '
in th e sam e \\' ii tl.i·r , 11ut. ;,, 111 >L so s ( rn ng a.,; ll 1L! pr cs um 11 L111 11 t\1.tt
th e Lid C's \\·ill d >L aiirl Oo w 1wx t year as lli ey it;w e al\\':1ys du ne
within k11 u\\'11 lillm:cn ex pe ri c11cc.
_ ..
A few yr,:1rs ag·o, th r>rn was :1 prC's11111pt! 'l ll a.!.ia in st Ili c f~O:'~ d,iJity
of t elcg-r apli ic cnm 111 n 11 ic ;>t iu n lwt \\'<'<'n J., 11ro pc a nd Arn i 11<:.1, lrnt
now t l;-c presu mptio n wo ul d lie in fa\·o r of th e ~ uccessfttl use of :i.
n ew ca Lle.
T h e re is fo r c,·cry m an a p n·;; urn ptio n in Lwor of ti''-' Ci>rrcctness of the op ini o ns, - r eli g· io us , pvliti cal, se 1e nt 1f1e, l iterary , iu wl1 ieh h e b as lwc n liro ug ht up .
. r:11.ser] Ill
. f an• r .of lJ 1C_ .COITL'c!.In som e mi nds , a pre;;11m11lio n 18
~ess o[ o pini o ns \Y lt ich arc c x p rcsse•l \\·il h dug-111at1e pu.,1l1rc11e:>.-< .
· 0 ti. 1C1'S aga1
- · Hs t tli c. m ' - so m e co ucl uuing from fads wl u ch th ey
Ul

of

.

.•I"

·.;

..

S te ph en: Digest, nrt . 99.

2

I bid., cha p. i.

~

' i

;i.

l

•,;

!"';'

Al{G UME:'\ TATIVE COMPOSITION.

III.]

ha\·e ohsen·e1l that a man who d id not know would not be so
lie was ri g ht , others tha t he is so sure because he does not
tl1 e arg11111 e11ts 011 the other side.

"In e1·ery res p<'Ct U1e bnrL11cn is liar.I 011 those who attack an .·
:tlmost u11il'(•rsal opini on. Tl1c~y must be H'ry fo rtunate as well
un11 snally cap:d•le if th r y olit.ai11 a heari11g at all. Tir ey have more
<1111i'. ·11lty i11 olit ai11 ing a tri:ll , tl1 rL11 :rny otl11 ·r li tig;u 1ts have h't
g<•Lt. 111 g a wrdi ct. Tf tl 1P,v do P. xf.OJ'(; a l11 •:trin~. tlH·y are subjectlJd
t.u a s•·t .,[ '".L:' <c:tl r«•p11r1 'fllf•11l s t.otall.1' Jiff1'r«11t. fro111 t.1 1oso exacted
frum <11.!1<·1· )'i'<IJ>I". 111 :d i ot lw r ca.' v~, tl1 c l1urtl1e11 of proof is
1
s111 po.,, .. 1 to Ii « wi th U1e :1fftrn1ati1·e. . . . Tt is nselcss for me to
say t!t:1t tl1 ns1• wi1(1 n1ai11 Lt i11 ll1•• doct. rin<! th at men h:we a right
to co 111111<t1,1d anLl \1·011w11 are tt11 de1· an ouligat ion to obey, or that
1'.11' 11 arc ht for go1·cr1111w11t and wom e n unfi t, arc 011 the affirml¥t11:e "1de of tir e (jlW.,tio11, and that tl11'y arc bou11d to show positi,,
0
endt- 11 ce fur tir e a sse rt.i nn,;, o r 81tl1111it to Lhl'ir ruj ecLiou. It ia
L'<Jually 1u1 :waili11~ fur 111c to say tl1at those who t!eny to womeu
any frecdo 1n o r pr11·ri 1·g>' ri g htly allnwed to nw11, Ji;wi 11 g- t:lic double
pr«~llrnpti o n :1 g-:1 i11 ., t t.l1em thnt tl1 cy nl"C oppo~ ing freedom nnd rccomm .. nd ing pa rtiali ty. lllllst he l1 eld t o Ilic strictest proof of their
easc. :111d It li11 t J unl ess lh ei r su eces~ lir •uclr as 1<1 exelu<l c all <loulit
the judg ment ouglit to go agni n~t tl1 cm. Tl1csc wouhl be Llioiwh~
0

111 :wy co mmoll case; Lut th ey \\'ill not Le th ougl1t so
Before I could hope to 111:1.kc ally i111prl'ss in11,
I shoLllJ be ext1ecleLl ll L•t 01ily to :rn s11· 1 ~ r all t.ltat l1:~s r·1·er bt"t·: 1
aid by those who take the other side uf tire q11e, l iP11 , b11t lo
· agiu c all tltat coulcl Li e said 11,v th em, - to fi11d tlt e111 111 r1·:i."".1.' ,
o.s well a.s a 11 , wcr :d l I fi11J; an•I t,.., j,[,., r..f11t.i11g a ll arg11 111 c•11 ts l•H'
the ;1ffirm:d.i1·t ', I sh;d) J,., called llJ"'ll for i111·i11 eil.le )"'·'it i1·e arg11 ·
xnents to prove a nc,g:iLiv<). A11d c1·<' 11 if l e•rnld do all tl 1i s, 1111 d
leave l11e <)[•[>Ositc party \\'ilh a ],.,,, L u( u11:1.11 ,;1H• red a.r.c.;11n1< ·11t.-;
c ag;iinsL th em , and 11ut, :L "i ngle u11rd11 LP d 011 e "" tl11 •i r ,,;,1, ., I sliclll ld
. ' be thou o-ltt, tu h:1.\'c do11e litLI<'; f11r a ca11se :; uptK>l't e.J on the one
. · hand by" uni\·ers;·,J us~gc-, :tllll 011 tl1• \ ol11t:r Ly so grL':tl a l""'J••.•11• I ' _r·
3.UCe Of p O j>ltlrtl' ~e 11t.i111<:11l , is Slll'l" ' ·" ~ d tu J1 aVC lL j >rt' :< lllll j•l /\Hl 111
its favor, s1tper ior to :rny <;0 11 \· ictio11 11·!1ieh au app<,;ll Lo l'l'<<'1•11 1"1s
power to proLlnc1~ in any in te ll ccLs Lut lltose o[ :l hi gh cla:<s . "
11 this i11 sta11 ce .

. Pre l' io us go'.>d eha_mcte r affo rd~ a pres umption of innocen
l1Lcral cd11c;1t1un aflord s a prc'! 1111ptiun of k now ledge of
a lrnsiu e.'s 11 [e , :t ['rl's11 1up t ion o f kn ow.ledge of affairs.
There is , i11 _.l;e11<:ral, a j•l'l!S ll1ltp t io11 against rtny thing cont.
to r.e ce1n!d. op11110 11 s; for it is pr<'.'lllll<'d tliat I.h ey would not I.iii
n ·cc1n;d 0111111u11 s unles' ti re proln!.ilities of tr tJ
· .c , ·
favur.
.
'
u 1 were in w.io.r.
A si111ila r p resn 111 ptio11 <'X ists aga inst eve ry move ment that is fo
oppositi\•n t" (•,, l:tl1li :d1t!<l i11sl it11ti o11s; for ii. i .~ pres 11 mecl that. th
0
:1·ere t·stalil1.,Ji ed fo r good rea""" · Ile who wou ld overthrow wb:
IS estal .J1sl11:d is l1u1111d to sJi1,1r e illier tl 1··1t tlio"c• i·e"s
I
·
.. ,
. . .
.
·
' · ... ons no ongel'c
;:1:t, ~ 1 - ~l1.1t tl11·} an; O\'crLorn l, Ly stronger reaso ns for a change•
.I lie p1csent 1110J,, of J.11nal, fo r cxa111J>le, has the pres umption ii
its f:wor; a 11 d. tl11•reforc, th e :1<1'-oca b·s of crema t ion are obli ~ ·
to bn ng fonn.rd argum ents lo sl1o w t!1,· Lk-; irahlc 11ess of a chan~
:'-n~thcr exa mple may Le taken from Mill's paper on "The Su.lJ..
3ect1o n of \\0111 1•11: " -

Il UH I>E:'\1 OF PHOOF A.\' D PRESCMl'TlO:'\.

•

He on wliorn the Bmtl cn of Proof r c:-:b, a111l agai11:-:t
whom t li e Presu mp t ion lies, 11111:-:t, on~reome t l1 c existin cr prcp\lll clc ra n cc of prn1JaLi lit ics Ly t.]ll'(mi11g pruot'
in~o the oppos ite st:al c. A ve ry litllc may s uffi<:(\ or a
great deal may Le ncedcll, according as t.lie pres111 11uti on
to be rdlllttl'd is a weak or a :-:trong one.
One way of r clrnt.t.ing a !'resumption is liy t.11e intro duction of cvi<.l c11 ec wl1i e lt r:li:-:e::; a ro un ter- r·.,., 11 .,.r.
l•l'1..: !"lllllJ l i•)IHL
presumpf iun .
1

The t•res 11m1•t io11 i11 fornr of :rn <' s bl1li ., hc~ ,I i11 st.it11li o11 may be
reb 1tt.t e.J, e,·c·11 to a eo nsen·:tLi n• 111i11<l 1 by cv iJe11(;e t.•: 11d1n g tu
show t.li:tL tir e i11 :;tit11tio11 i11 'l""·' ti .. 11 is an <11,,;l:tcl e to th e siwccs:-<ful wo rk i 11 ,l; uf ~"Ill•' other es t.a.bl i,; hed i nsti tutiu11, the st tJ •c ri vr v;d uc
of \\'hieh is au1niLLctl.
Th e re is :1 1•re"1n1pt io11 in favor o[ a sy,tern. of hw s u11tl"r whi <:; h
a co untry l1:1s Jlonri., !t ed; L1tt if :u1ot.her country , Ri111ihrl y sih t:Ll«tl,
b:is ·uee11 sti ll mo re pn>., pe ruu~ 1111<11•r a clifTereut ~yste 111 ,,[ bw., ,
th ere is a C<Hll1t.·r-pre,H111q1tilll1 tli:tt Lite prosperity of tlr u first
country is d11c to othn canses t li:tn her lall' ~.
. .
.
"\\'it.h rt'Sj•(·('t to lir e clefe rence d11 e to t he op 111 1011s (ll'r1l t« 11 or
~pok e 11) uf i nt t•! li ,e;e11L a11< l w1·ll -i 11[o n11 t:u me 11 , it lll :t.)' Ji., r.·111 arked
that. lw/ i11·,, a •JLI C't.io11 lras liee11 full y <>rt:LH:cl, tl1 cre is :t !•r>:s u111)'l1v1 1

i

224

A l{ G U ~I E::.:T .ATI VE COMPOSITION.

tliat they arc~ in th n ri g lit; hut afienccmls, if objections h
li ro~1 g!1 ,t 1l'lJ1 c,l1, ll1ey .l1;i1·e fail ed to an swer, the pres umptl 11
'.i t li"1 11,1y . J. l'. c 11 t>c r .. , t hose opposeJ to yon, ... the
is tli c proLaLd1t,v lkLt i [ th ere were any fhw in your
lill'y wou ld k ll'e r ef ulccl you. Tl1is important distinctio 11
O\'t~ rl uo k .. d. ' ' l

Th e eo un te r- prc"umption which reLuts the ori 1
p rc,.:u111 pt ion m;i.)·, in i ts t urn, be i·ebut'-,-i
Pr 1 ·~1 111 q.r l · •11H
~
"1,;r1 rr .. 111
i'urt
l1c 1· ari:;umcnt
,· and thus, i' 11 tJ 1"', , "-,,01·1
isi• lc tu ~ i l l O .
.
'-'
.
. of a lo ng disc ussi on, ea.c h :;ide may sey
tunes Cll,J1Jy th e ad va.11tage of the Presumption.
l\' h('tl1c r the l> 11 1·d ,. n o( proof sh if ts at the s:mie tim e wlt
prcs 11111 pll o n 1s a ljll ('s[ i(Jll 011 wl1i cli leg:ll authorities differ.
Li1 c co11rLs of j\[;issacl 111st'lls , it i ~ li cld that t he lrnrden of
l'Psts ll11·o ug hout 1>11 the }'arty on "·!10111 it rested when the ' ·
was made 11 p. I 11 E11 g-la11d , t l1c hi\' b as fo lluws : _
"The b ttrd e n of J'l'O~f in an y proceeding lies at first on
p a rLy aga111s L wl l\1 :11 Ll 1e Jl1<lg11tcuL o( Llic Court would be gl~· ·
110 c n ,Jencc at all 1Ycrc .prod ucecl 011 eillier side, regard being
Lo :t11 y l_'r es u11 q •! J1Jll wli 1eh rn:Lj' appPar upo n t1 1e pleadi ugs. a,
procc"'d111 g g1 1l'sO t1 , th e l1mdt' n of proof 111 ay be ;;l 1ifted from
p arl y o n 11·11;1111 it reo Lcd at first, by his pro v111g facts whi ch rai~
p rest1lllp t io11 i11 his f:t1·0 r.
'
." 1\ , a n1 :i 1Ti1·1I ""1111~.11, is ~<'c 11 sN ! of tlif'ft and pleads l?
T h" lo11l'ii<'11 (If p nhif j, 011 t he {'l'OSl'e11Lion. She is sl10

g uil ty.

~1; harn l •c'cn i11 po'.' <'ss i<>11 of th<' stolPn g-oods soon after the thr.f: ·
1 hc IJnnk n (1[ j'l'<>nf is sl1 ifl 1•d to A . ~li e ;; hows that she slo
Ll 11 •111 111 tilfJ J'l'l ""' ""0 pf l1Pr l11isl1a11 d . '1'1 11) Lttrdcn of prov
that sli e \\'a,; ll <•L ""' 'rCl'd hy lii u1 is ;;l 1ifled o n to [sic] the p
c u to r.' '

2

. Tli c fJll P:<ti,1: 1 is :i 11:1 r ro w onP, and turn ~ u pon :i definition· 1
1t.111 ay ,~·el l h1· !h:i L t 1,,, .I >11 rd cn of p rn< •f a~ Lo the iss ue (the gc~e
111 uposi.L1 n11 111 dt.' j'llt") 1s " 11 01 11• i'ar ty !l1rougliout, but that M
s 1d.J1)rd111 :1L<.! q111 ·sti o11 ;; it shi fts frn1 11 side Lo side as thecasegot:sqn
1

\\. hatc l_,.:

..\11 uo1 ati v11s lu 1Jaeo11 ·:'\ E-,:oi.:1y:-;

'' 0 ( S 1udic.s ."
:.?

S[ cphen: Digr!'t. nrt. xcv.

Xutt ~ to the fifti<~ th E

BURDEN OF PIWOF AND

A reason er sh ould, however, alw<tys avail h im sel f of
,the Presump t ion, ::iO long· as it i!:! i11 l1is fa- fl11r•icT1 nf
1
vor, and never assume Lite hunh~ n or prov- ::. , ;; ·1 1 , ,'.'.'._ ; .~~",
· l ] 1as rily a::-s111 ucd .
i.ng
w ] w.t LJ1c expcn· c nce o f· man ]um
proved for l1i m.
1 1

"';
''

1

In crim i11al c a ><·~, tl tt) q 1w,l io 11 11 ['011 wh om re,;ls t.li c l1tml r n of
proof m :iy lie a q ncsli o n u[ li fe Pr d eatl 1. 1
"A rn odl'r:t t.e pu1t ion u f co 111111u11 ' ensc will c·11alik a11 y one to
perceiv1i, a n1 l tn sl1 ul<' , 011 \\' l1i c·h side !li e pr1•,; 111111<1 i" 11 \j ,.,, \\'l ll'n
· once his alLcnl ion is c:d k· l tu Ll1i ,; q t11·s t iu11; tli (J u,"'1 , fu r 1Y:u1L of
attention, it i; 11ft.. ·11 01·,, l'loukerl: :wd un ll1 e <l dc r111ina t iu n uf tl1i s
questio n tli e wl ll) I•: cl 1aradcr o[ a di ,c1 1.s,; io n wi ll uft,.11 1·Ny m uch
depeml. A bc•cly u[ tl'OP J'S 111ay be }'1: l' feetl y :l<l..:1 1u:ctc t u Lli c dl'fen ce
. of a for tress :i~;1i11 , t, any a l h ck tli:it may !Jc mad e 011 iL; a11Ll y d ,
,Jf, ignorant of t li c a1h·:wl;ag•~ tlll'y poss1;s,; , Ibey sall y fort h into ll 1c
open fi elcl to c11 co t111 Le r tl1 e l't1 c111y , t hey 111 :i y ~ tt lfer a r cpul,;c . A t
any rate , c1·c 11 if st rong e11 011 g-li to act 9 11 th e offc·11sil'l', !l11·y 011 ,:;i1t
still to k ee p possess io n of Lh('ir fo rtress. ]11 like 111:111 11\ ·r , if yon
have t he p rcs u111['Li o n 1111 y1>ur side, an1l cn.11 IJ11 t nj ~ <l c a ll tlH: a rg1 1ments i.>rou ~ ht again st you, yo u l1:wc , fo r Lit e i•n's(•11 t a t ka st ,
gain ed a vi d ory: lmt if .)'" II al.Ja11ilun thi s pc» il in11 , J.y s11 ff1.·ri 11.i.:
· this pres11m]'t io11 Lo Le f1J rgr •t.t.c 11 , - whi ch is it1 f ;t cl /m ,.i1111 0 11 ! uw:
of, p erhaps , !}1J flr .-:tro11!Jl':-:I 'lf .'J'"'1en. ts, - yo u 1u ;ty appl•ar to be 111 ak ing a feeLl1] at.ta~k, instead of a tri umph ant Jd,•11ce . " z

A r e:i,,;on er wlio 1111ts hirn,;elf 011 tl1c <1 c [1: n,; iv c hy
relying 011 th e pre,.: 11rnp l ion i11 Jij ,., fa\'() l' is, rn orr1wc r,
likely to r e<t11irc dif'fe rc 11 t :trg 11111 c 11t,; a11 cl a diflerent
arran gem e nt t'rnm tlwsc Li1<Lt would he n ece::-:sa ry, if li e
ohlig·ccl to nw et a11 oppo nent in the ope 11 fi eld ,
or to attack l1i111 Lcl1ind ;;; t ru11 g ent rc nchlllcnts.
I :-i L'" York' s Ca>c, fJ :l[ cltalf' A Pfi1 <S ad111 >e l<> ) Hep. , fJJ.
2 Wlial e ly: W1 etoric, part i. ch ap. iii. sect. ix.

'
:

220

PrtESL'~I PTION.

1

;,·:

'
!,

;

i!

!·, '

l ,.
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: i

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.. ~·
'I

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22G

__ ,

~-.,.)~

l'ROPOSITI()\ ,\;..;[) l'IWOF.

CII APTER

IV.

ORD ER OF PUOPOSITION AND

Tur~

imp or tan ce of so a rrauging the several
a n a rg irni : n t.:ti vc composition that th.IP
..,. "~"""
r e 11 dcr cflcc t1v ..v vc 11 lJjJoi·t t 0 one anoth J
arra,, ;;c·1u u11t. l
iardly Lie O\· cr-estinntcd F
th
l>c 0 , 1 , · l
.
·
'
·
orccs a.t
en. .e n 111 ( e tail may be incs istible when k
d raw n up, a11d llla,;scrl at tltc rioints of d
1 ... p .. r1 ri 11 co

,, _
.
·
~ o n ~ l111d l11111dreds o f p erson s able

anger.

.
good Itl ca .~ n po n a1 1v ~ ul•j ec t f .
top1 oduco n ~
to tl 1e l.w,t adn11t·w: ])° . ' ' .. Ol .011 0 that can mnmulf
. . ' · • ..,,,.
1spos1t.1011 l~ to th e or to .·b ,
or the cl 1se 1pli11 e of a nni es" is to t l c . ·1· t
a r w 11_•
, . I.
. .
., . ,
i • 1111 J :try ar t
\ d
IJ.c

,rn ce uf ,·11 ·to n · ha . , I

·t

I

.

·

/: n

·liii

of tactics a11d of Ji'.,;.i·J',/i1:1'),:' ;01 "t·.l·tys bl'e 11 tm:11 eJ liy the , lll
1
· • ·'
· tso f eoqo
I
alw avs p rnd 11 c 1·.J h1r - ti
. II e grl'·.' tt eff tc
It
•
•
HJ cxre e11 cy o[ t.l'1 . 0 · ·
part of ti I C ~Cl<
. ·
·
.
~ P ~ 1Ll o n.
The
'll l:I~ 111 wli tch ti
'
.

deci d edly ma1·ke,l ont-, as liy ti

i ~/011.s u1n 11.iatc omtor will

ic pe1 ect10 11 ol l11s dispo8ition.
A t the VCJ'\' hr" i1111in rr of J1i ·· 0 t •

t.11'1
t

:;
ra 10n on tho ""
l l f
.
•v
cc ro m llls . d
eo11d1t1011 of Lt ir play f· · l
.
JU ges,
w J1 . .
' i ccc om m the arran o-em
c a,.; Ill tl1c s(' le ct io11 f l .
o . n
o 11s· 'aro·umc
.,
11 t 8. FT au
l JL~ C 11 ol>l iirctl t
l
o
A.: . . .. '"'
o ac npt t li c arrangemen t of his adv sd 11n cs, as .1E,; .. J11·11 c. l · . l
· v
"
< <::-: 1ret
he wou 11< nece1.1ersar
liavc g ive n 111 1d11 c . . . .
'
ri,ty
LI
.
p1 o11 1rnc ncc to the strong· poin h
ie case an·· i.inst 11·
l
('1J
"''
.
i1u, :i.nc llllLlne subord' t'
strnwr poil!ts in 1 . . 1.
ma ion til
. .-,
.
11,. a\·o r. IrnrtrTine
h
I
.
ul1l 1g·,. cl to fl'O Yc rn 1 . .
a c es -p a.y.
' ·,,
b
J I,; lll O \' () .~ 11}' tho~
f} ·,
.
Imag in e Napol eo n fo rced to 'td :i11t ,le. 01· us oppon11
' '
us mes to th
I .T. Q. A 1ln ni. : l.1·•·1,,,.,., "" l'I ' f .
l
''"one"'" Oratory, v ol-. i. pp. 168- IGO.
n l.<o ..\p pe lldi" , I'· :!d:J.

,..,
b
1) l' ll !O,.;j JIClle,.; .. 1·11,.;(J,,
d, .
. .

<

.

·'

<; 111,i. 11 t

::enemy,- to post carnlry opposite to C<l.Yalry, art il to artillery , i111'a 11 try to i 11i':rn lry, wltal c \· t'r the c liarr of th e gro uml (I r tl ic di ,;l"nit y ot' 11u11il)('r,.;. Tlic
·,t effect ive o rd er i11 ,.;orne cin· 111n,.; ta11 ee,; is tl11..: kn:-;t
ctive i11 others, fur tl 1e c·u111li I in11 s ul' e;1.el i ca:-;1.: dct1·re the lw,.;t ord er fur that ca,;(!. ] lc111·c, 0 11 ly t lie•
t gen eral ru les !'o r a na11;;1·111 e u t c: ut li e g i,·c·11 ; l11tl,
the prin ciple,; vvlii eh u11tll'r lic Lliosc nil es a rc OJ l<' C
roughly llll tlc r,.;Lo(Jtl , tl 1ei r appli catio n 1111der 11 c w
clitions will n ot li e diffi1..: 11lt.
S110uld t he P ropos iti on come first ? or ,.;]1nu ltl tl1c
ument lead up to tl1 c Proposit ion throug h si.,,,,1.11 1..,
0
c Proof?
( 1·1~··; 11 1 '·)~ i1 ·i1 ::11/,r
fi r:o: l '/
vVe hav e alrea11 y see n l1 ow in1portant it is
at a reasone r slton l1l him self, a t th e 0 11he l. 1 clearly
nderst::rnd the Prnpo,.; itinn li e i,.; to mai11 tai11; lrnt i t
no m eans fullo\v,; tki.t li e shn11lil lta.,.;lc n to a11n ou11cc
.e Propositi on t o t11osc whom l ie wo11!1 l co 11 vi11 tl..: of its
ith. His fil',-t ol1jcct slwu ltl lie to SL·c11re ll1 cir fa\'O rle attc11 lio n.
at all , iL j,.; de,-iralil 1' to ap ear t o lJc s:1 .\·i11 g s1i1ndlii 11 g· n<.: w . H , tl1('11, t l1e l'l'l•pnt ion is a 1.n1i,.;m to tl 1n pcr,.;nlls atl<lrc:-;,;c tl , iL will u,; u;1 lhe judiei ou,; to aw:tke11 t heir atte nti on hy lwg in11i11g \\·ith
;vhat is novel in tl1 c Proof. R cganl1 ·d f'l'om a 11 vw p11i11t
£ vi ew, approa ched by a n ew pa.th, th e nltl c o 11 d 11 ,; in ll
· rill acquire a. frc,;h in te rest, - ex ce pt, i11d cl' tl, fo r t1 1nsn
·nfortnnatc pc r,;<111,.; whose rni11tl ,.; a.re :t l' ce>'>< ilil1; to 111itli1ng but com mo11 phcc, a!ltl f'or wl1 om, t.lt erc f'm c, eve n a
uovelty mu ,;t li e p l'cscn tt' d in a co 1nmon plaec d n•ss.
If th e Prnpo,;i t i u1 1~ w ltd li er Wl' 11 k 11 nw11 to l he p0r'11s alldn.: sscd or n ot, i;; li k ely to a\,·:i k cn t1 1c il' l1us1

1

1...: U lll C

1

Sc-e p. 185.

1

'•

228

ti li ty, it shoul<l not Le n.11nonnced until steps hav
taken to procmc fur it a favor::iLle reception.
t lie l>e::;t co u r,;c to th is end is to state n.t the
the quc;;t iu11 al i,;,;uc, ln1 t n ut Lo espou:;e either side
tit af(L'l' tit e <ll'f:i'lllllCllb for cae;h have uee n CUilV!lS
IL ma}- abo !Jc po,;siblc lo sec ure assent to gen
principles , from "·liich lhe conclusion ca,n Le logi~
dctlu cl· d . !11 pt1rsui11g lh i,; co ur:;e, a, rcrtsoner seem$ 'Ul
i11\·itc liis n' adn,; or l1 earn:-; Lo jui11 l1im in an inqi~i
Jvr t li e trnlh. Tit is i1u I u iry res ults, if li e is success!
not so mu ch in co 11vi11 ci11 g them as in ll':tding them
r.·01wl.111:1; tl11'/11."' ll'1•., of the ju,;( nrss of hi:; conclusion· if
lie is u11,;nc ce,;>'fnL in i11ducin g the m to give some weight
to r ca:-;011:; " ·l1icli tlil'y \l'•J11ltl not have considercu a~ ~U
liad thl'y k110wn to wh at co 11d1t::;ion they led.
A not I tl'r met I 10<1 of 1foarn1i11g l 1 0:;~.ility i::; for asp ak
to rsLtlJli,-h plca,;ant r eLtlio11s wiLh the alldien ce by nd
Ycrl i11 g to ol'i11io11s ( irr<:lcY:u1 t ones, it may Le) whiah_r.
t hey hold in COlll lllOll wi lh J1im, lJefore proc ee ding ~
poinLs of din'cn.: 11 cc.
Thus. a " ···ll -k11ml' n n11ti-,-la1·1' ry o rator ('f J\fassachusctts
acc11sto111•,d, i11 tl1» d:cy" wli r 11 AlNi iLio 11ist.s were pe rsecut,ed 1 ti;i.,r c1 11i11d rural :rndi,·11 c•'s tl1al, ll'h al c 1· cr rni g·ltt be said of his politic$l~
vi ew s, hi s rcl ig io u;-; 011 ini o11s we re a ~ ;-;u u11d as tl1cirs.

In the

01un:1t OF l'lWPOSITIO:'-l A~D

AHGUMENTATIVE COYIPOSITION.

alJ ,;<' JH' <', lio\\·cvc1-. of co Hsidemtions

hccn l\()! i cl'<l, th e hett c r co m,;c usually is, first, tu
1-'tntc wlta.L i;.; to he prnvccl, ancl, :;ccomlly, to prove it.
Tl1is cour;.;c i;.; p:irticul:irly to lie recommcnued if lb(}
,;1il 1j r,cL is ah,; lrll;.;c , allll tlie arg 111nents arc numerous.
h:11t iwktlg·1· ur the prnpo,; ilio11 serves as a clue to diflt• . ·
h:i.YC

C\l!L l'C'aS\llli1 1g .
Tli11s, :'l lil l l"·;.:- in -< Iii.-;" Lil1Prl.v" an•l " lt1·11rrs1rntative Go1•crn·
me11t " l1y
• la1·i11
•
,l!. down tl11.i )'l'(Jpos il io11s he me:UJs to establishj t

,

nwor.

. , l'i·i

:~ . i~

d . . "The Subjection of \\'ome n, " ll 1c very titl e sbtes his cu11-

an

in

·

.

.. ·

i

u n1·ke

. clusio n if irnleed it doc; 11vt L1 eg lhe quc,L1 v11.
'
.
<l s Lv '"" I" ' gonu' .
. enumerates
the propositions lie rntea

i

'"ua lh·

to say .2

.

\,'.

,,,

!:{.

i ..

i

! 1•··

.

.
. I · . t"L'
· . . sili ,·e · 1L co11.-<1sl~
111
"Th e b rl'l'ILy r c·r1u1 re1. 111 l'a1· 1 10 11 " 1"'·
.
11
1
usin" the sHi:tllest 11u111uer o f \\'O rds po"ible to Pxprcss yum· l ·<i .•
Evei~y word m11"t be used i11 its plain, litnal '.nc:i11u1g-, ll'ILiiu~C :u1_y
!lie
d . . ~ t ·e of fi ~ .-ur: 1i1· ve l:u1rruag-e . .J\ p,·u·t,l Ll\111 h· ,t' ro[><'r<''
.J
a n11x n1
"'
. .
. .., . .
l · f l. 1•1., ; . it 1. must
solution of the ]'l'Opos1L10n 111lu it; ele11H·11 , .
· ~ i' , · I 1< u .

.. r.
l'
1

If tl 1c Prupo~it iun is ;t com1'1cx 01 1t:, care ,_Jioul•l lir:
t;ikcn Lo ar ra11 gc its p:trts i1 1 th e urcln in wl1 ic li tl1ey
are to u e taken up, ;tlJLl Lo Ltkc tlll' ltl up i11 t.l1c ('~:\ct
" X 011

1.-·\1 i 111 ,

qui1l

d icarn11:', ~c~l 1 1.k q11 0 did11ri

.

:--n 111u ..;i , .....

tilia11: ( Jt ... t. ()r:ttor. j,·_ '" · x:-.:Yi.
3 .I. (J.. :\d u i n ~ : J.eetnn;.'i c111 J:liclori1· and Orah1 ry,
from 01ii111ilia11, In ~ !. O rat11r. iL \·. xx\·i.

4 .\Uin g·l'l·:

Aut~ 1Ui1igr:q1\ 1 ~·.

p 7·L

1t-nd111111~.

·-

;i

-'.!

I

···-

ii. P· 1'. J.

'!

t

I

; '. . t

;( ~
Ii:

I

'

\,

i'

! '

1,

r,l 11 i11-

1: 1 1 rro w~·U
\·11l.

.-

'\.

.
. . .. \ 11·Ji·1t (" Ill ],p 111<>rC :1l>'lll'•l
depend :dlo:.:;1·tl1er upon its prec 1s1011, ,w i
· .·
. - .
.
than for lh:tt part Lu be ob;;cn re, lltl' only 11 se o[ 11l11d1 1.-; Lu tl11 ow

Ji crht upo n all Lh e r c.< L'!" 3
.
-·
o
. ' ,, \Ynle. :-;,,,,,.1<'tt
"I fo 1111<l from cxpe r .J1' 11 cP, :'IS\\'\ •11 as 1]• 1L·o1:-,
-~ · ·
L ord Abill g1' r), L],., 111 e>sl s11cc.. ssf11l uC E11 .:.::li .-<lt ad1·<>cat.-s, "tli:tt
(
. \·e 1·on rsl'l
f 1111•l•·rsl1 •' "\.
.
]·
· t
the m ost c,;sc11lial l'a r t o I S!"'a <111;:; is "' '""' .
·
· .
For this purpo;:e it is al>solllkly nccf's,; ary tk1 t 01 e C\ 1 111·l '""] .111.ry
shoulil k 11 ow a' <';trly :is poss il ilt: de'!"'' "'' u;111111·. It \\·a, 111y li:11. 1L,
th e refore, (.<> sl:tt." in ll "· sinq•kst forn t l11:1L llw trntl'. ~11.l .111<· "'_"~
w oul d adni iL ti" ' ,,. 01 ,0 , ;1;.,, , .,[ whi ch r n1a111 L:t1111·1l L111· :t1l1r111at 11·c
1
n.ncl the d eft•ntla11L" ;-; i · o 1111 ~t·I tl1e n<·g-a.LiY1' , ~111d tl11.; 11 , w1tl1:111t. r1· ~~r~n­
in g upo 11 tlll'lll , t1 1l, kadi11g- f:i...ts i11 SllJ'l'"rL ,,f 11i y.'." s• ~rt 1 0 1'. .. ] 111.1;;
i t h a" ofk n li:ippi· nc J tll "'" t <> ••p<·n a c: t1 ist· 111 fi" n11111tl • ' · "l11di
woul d li;i1·e uc c1q•ietl a ,;p,.ak 1·r aL th e Har of lhe prc;w nt day fr•11n
4
half an liiJur Lo thre C-fjllarLcrs v[ au h our o r inure .''

i
l

;

. F'. ·.: i, : ·,·i

..

The Proposition, when stale<l a L Ll 1c r1t'. t ,;c t , shntil(l
· l with tlic utmost clcan1cs::; a11tl li1c or;,..1·.-..
p•"i ·
l )e s·t·1..L Lel
1111 n ~1i,1tt1t l
,
.
L
·t
hr
·vity
·
for
it
scr\'CS
to
sliu11•,
nu
t
1>.- ,·1<-ar.
g1 e,t CS
C
'
:uHI und.
what we arc sayi ng, but \rhat we are gu i11g

lSecp . 1%.

.f:

f:: q ~

! '

'

230

ARt•DIE.\TATlYE COMPOSITION.

ord er an nonn ec d. Otherwise, the preliminary -s
rn e1i t tloes more harm than good. The worst fo ul
all is Lliat a,.:crilir (l to a celcLra tcll Am erican prcae
- the fault of lir,.:L maki 11 g a formal announccmuut
wli;iL i:; to cum e. a n(l Llic11 bo-ui1w
on as if no sucl1
b
. .
nou nce mcnt liatl l.J cen matlc.
Tl1 oug h it is alm o;;t al ways possible to strengt
A_ri.:""'"""
a cha in or rcasnni1w bv
arg umcntti l.Jelon tt·
rr>·~
! 1·:1.d 1 (' l ;t ~H
J
"
ll MCfttl.
l0 each (l (° t he three elltllllQJ"<t ted kincls,l it i'4 in
so me cases C'xpetlicll L Lo lay g reater ::;tress upon those
one cla,.:s, in ot li er ca,.:c s 11 po11 those of another class. ·
i,.:, fo r exam plc, di lli c11l t t •>pro1·c l.Jy any amount of dire
e vidence a fo ci tl1a.t i,; in apparent opposition to comm
cxpt:rie n ec, unl e::;:; we ca.11 also suggest a probable cau
l.rnt wl1 cre tli c c1·cnt is a usual one, we are on the onu
ha 1l< l ,.:at j,;flc(l wi ll 1a ~mall a mom1 t of d irect evidence, llll
011 t.l1 c otl1 cr han(l promp t to tl 1i nk of probable cnuscs,_
th e pc r,.;nn,.; arl clrcs"('(l arc al rea<1y of tho speaker'&
op lll 1011, li e need n11h· .~ i n.i tl1 en1 reasons for the faith.
th at i,.: in t hl· m; he ('an, ll1crefo rc, r ely in the main n
arg 1un e11 Ls from J\ n tecc d c11 t l'rnhal)ility: b ut if th y
arc i11 a 11<1,.:lil e alt it1irlc, s11 i:h a rg 11m c1 I1 s will Le of n
ava il u11 Lil a s lro 11g fn1llldati o11 f"r Ll1 em has Leen Jn id
wiLlt arg11m e11 ts from Si g- 11 or from Example. A politi·
cal spea kvr, for ill,;L111ee, ,1']10 is aflclrcs,;ing men of his
own par ty l1as a very diffe rent (a:;k from that of one
wli o is ad<ln·ssing op1 1011e 11 t".
In arran g ill g his l'rouf, a r ca:;on er ·does well t-0·~ ~- '
or.1"r ,.f ) ;,lf~, 11' I he n a l11 ral onlc1·, - that is, the Ol'UCt., •
Proo f.
·
J· I
111
w 11e 1 arg 11me11 t,.: wou ltl natnraJly occur to .,:-"
the 111ind. - c 1·c·11 wh ere th:1t onh' r · is, in it::;elf consid· ·..
ere<l. less rffcc ti1· e tha.n an art·ifi cial order would be.
t°)

11

!f.

I

Se., p. rn:J.

IV.)

OHDElt OF l'HOl'O S lTJON .A.:\D l'HOOl'.

231

. ny clep::wt ure from !.h e oL,·ious arran ge men t is likely
· su«o·est
the id e;t of arti ti(· e ·' a nd tlt e ,;1wcrp;;t
ion of
oo
o~ ·
artifice cx l:ites s1 1spi <:iun of :-ul'l1istry, - 11" l1at m ay Le
merely a Lwlt of form 1Jci11g illlputed L !) ::-u\1,.:Ltncc.
If, l1011·e vc r, in co11 sec1 11 c11cc uf l'P ll owin.o; tl1c 11;d mal
order, a11 a1ttl 1or or a speakL·r is ul1li g cd (, ) prc- ~ ent l1i,;
weake;;t arg u111 e11b la ~ t, lie will (lu well tu n ·capiLulate
them <.tt Ll 1e c11d i11 tl1e reYcr,.:c ord er; fur tlte i •ri11 cipl e
of Climax. 1 appli es to r caso11i11g a;; fully as to st.1·le.
Iu ma11y case::;, l1 1c 111osL na.Lural as well as tl1e most
effecti vc onln i,; il 1at w l1i d 1 places arg 11 men h fro111
' AnteL:etl ent Pruhal1ility flr,;L, tl10,;e frum ::-; ig 11 :-t·('<>l 1d,
· and tlin,.:e frorn Ex. :1111plc la:;t. Tl1 e :1rg11111 c11 b frn 111
Antece(l ent Prul1alJil ily rai,.:e a presurn p ti u1 12 in fa yor
of tl1e Propo,.:iLiun i11 l1aml; the arg1 1111 e11ls frum :)ign
, ad<lu ce c 1·itl e nce tc11tlin g to st rcng t h t· n tha t Jl l'L'Slllllpt ion, by sl1owi11 g t li:~t a Ll1i11g wliid1 \\"as likely t.rJ occu r
did occur ; aH(l t he arg un1c nls fr()m Example strcn gt lien
it still fu r tll!'r liy c 1·itl c11 ce l:011 ccrni 11 g :-i111ilar occu rren ces. Tlt e fir,.: t prov es tl1 e prin c: iple wl 1ic li is appl i, cable to tl1 e (.;a.,;c ; th e ::;ccotl(l prove:; tlia t Ll 1c pr inciple
actuall.Y applie,; to tl 1c case ; tl1c tl1ird f11r11i ,; lws i11s lan ce:;
of its appli L·a.Lio11 in other e;1ses .
"The ex:1111 t•l e , i11 t rn.Ju cc1l afl.··1· t he a11t,. (·1·rh;11 t prnl 1aL il il.\'
argument , will ~e n c l>"th to il\11, t r;cLe all.J a bo to C<' 1ili rn1 it.
InJeed, ill thi~ or.J(•r, t.l1v y re [\,~ct. ligl1L ••11 e;ccl 1 <• t h e r. '.\Ir . l\ 111·kc',
in his spel'rl1 011 tl1 c ?\ :tl >o h of Arc<'L°K .J,·h b , i11 f·111k: " ·.,r i 11.c.:· [.,
prove th at Tntli:i li:ttl l1ee 11 n·1l 11ce1l to :t eo111litinn ,,f t·xt.n· 11 H' \\" :1 11 t
n.nd \.Y r e te lu ~ d11 0s::;:. 1 fir:--: t pn · ~ (· 11 t:-:. '" '' c rr11sr s i11 <1] 1(·r;d .io 11 f .( ) 1i1 ·1 ) .!U1 ' 1 ~
it; th e n , Pf ' IJ"/'''' -' nf tl"' 01wrnti o11 of tlws" e:rn ' '"' ; and ti11a ll y .
particnl:tr si11ns .,f ll11 : f:"' t. Tl "' 111i111l n ·ry rl,;itlil y ree1·i 1·c.-; t lic
whole sl.ah' rnc 11t. l11·('a11 sn from t.lie Yif'w o[ t h e c: u"c llw l' ifrds
. , are natura lly a nticipated. " 8

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p 220.

part ii. d1ap. , .. f'· ] ;1.) .

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AHGu~lENL\ TIVE

JLlP.

COMPOSITION.
,f

Ju legal opini on,; , it is usual first t o lay clown the prin ciple of th '
c:1se-a fo n11 of tl1 e a rg um e nt. from :111tececlent prohilbility- 11;:111
thc'n to cite prec,>de 11 ts; that. i,, e xamples o( similar cases : in.lie
tre:iti.'e on rt1 Pdi .. i11 e , th e th \'n ry of a course of treatment comet
fi1·,;t , :rnd ex: 1111 plL"' fr1> 1n prac tice follow .

An ;uldi t io11al rca;;on for n o t putting the arg umen
fro m A11t ecc1lc nt Prohal1ility last is that, in tluit place,
i t mi ght b e s1q>po,;ctl to lie , n ot an instrum ent of prooCi
l>ut an cx p Lu 1aLion of a fact already proved; an<l, na
m ere cxpla11:1tin11, iL \YO t1!1l, o f co urse, have no weight
wi t h those wl10 d c ni crl tlH' fa ct.1
All ad d i Lil111;tl r v :i;.;011 for putting exa,mplo;; after the ~
arg 1l!l1 c 11 ts fr(\IJ\ An tcc" d e nL l'robaLilit y is that, un til I\ "
prin e ip k i,; c;;tald i:-d 1etl, o ne c:a1mo t tell whe ther a given
exalll pl e i;; an e xception to a ge a c ral rule or an instanc.e ·'
unr1 c r it .
Thus , th e c x ~n1pl«s of C:\';;~r. Xa polcon , and Cromwell, which
we re ad.J11 cc1l s<>1 11" year.-; ag-n li.v parti.-<an 11 cwspap11 rs to prove tha~
Presidl'11t Cra11t. n11 ·a nt to e.:<Ld1J i,d1 a tl c,potis m 011 tlt e ruin s of the
A mcri e:w H< ·pu l.li i:. fri .i.::l 1te n,.,J 11.il .. l<l.\', iil'c: u1 sc th ere was no evi•
(le11ec f«' rnli11,i.:: to h1·i11 .c; ( ;rant i11 Lo th e s:u n" ('l ass or unJ cr the snm6 -co11 1liti1111 s 11·it.l 1 (' ;r.,-< ar. 1':tJ'"leon . ('ro11111-.·ll. o r e1'e n Aaron llurr. ..
llad it. 111.,·11 pnss il1 J,, lo lay a fn11 11dat.io11 f<>r tl1 cse examples by
arg 1111 w 11L:i frn1 11 :111Lcecdc" 1t prulmi.JiliLy , th ey rnig-lit have had somo
'v eig lil1.

On LIH' ot her l1 ~tl\tl , tlt c fea rs o( patr io t ic c i 1· ilian ~ , including
i: 1·e 11 Dr. Frankli11 , "·e n· arouse<! by t.lt e establislimen t,1 in 1783, of .
Ti1 e Ci nci1l1t:1 l i. a11 " '" 'c ia iin11 forn tt·• l bv t he olliee r" o( the Revo.
l11 Lio1 1:uy an11 y or lit e Cn it e1l S tat1 1s for soc ial awl henevolcnt
i•urptl., es . Tl1 e 1H'n1·i'i " 11 for t he tr:rn smi ss ion of t.l1e honors of tho
soci ety in the e\,k_, t lll:tl1• line o r th e uriginal rnernbc rs was clee meu
tP l1n Ll1 e lir"t sl,1·p t.nll'a ril a n aristocracy, - an apprehension for '
\\'l1i ch a cP rta in a111011 11 t of ant c1,..dc11t proliahilit.y n.s well n.~
111111t•: rous n:ample ~ could lin a.J.!111'ct! , li ut \d1i ch soon pro\'ed
gro u nJl ess .
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IV .]

OHDER. OF l'HOPOSITlO:N AXD PROOF.

233

Additional con,;i1le raLions com e into phy whl'rc a
speaker i,; ohli V<"< '(l to follow or tn precede a H(:futati.on.
formidable opp1mo n t . Jn tl1e former case , lie
.can ma ke 11n !1,':1<lw:i,\· u11til li e l1as w c:1k f' 11 c1l t h1: imprrssion prod11 c t"I by l1is atln: r:;:u·y; i11 tl1L: Liticr 1·:1~ <', li e
$ho u}U str i \"l~ to prOl]ll CC SU llcCp <lll itnpn:ssion Ll1a t it

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annot b e ol1l ite rn.te1l.
Caro rnu:-;t, h O\\·e v c r, be take n not to ma g ni fy the
strength o f an o ppone n t',.; c:1se hy spe 11<li11 g u111H 'C•'""'1ry
time aml !nrnlJle 11pon l1im . True skill co 11 ,.; i,; t,.; i11 sl1attering l1is arguments whil e sccrni11g to ::il i~li t tl1 c1t1 .
"Pc rc.. 1·al said of L aw (Lor•l Ell e11 boro 11g h), 'Ile li: cs g-rcat
strength wliid t li e ]•li b fort Ii on oecasio11s Luo t ri1·i:d L" l"'< \Hi rc it..
H e wi el<ls ;1 11u .c:•: , t11·,J-!t:t111l<·1l s11· orcl to e xt.ri c:th' a. il y fr""' a 'l'i der' s weh.' Tit <> "'" " :u·k was j1l't. Lt>r•l El!e11l.<m111:.: li l1: t1l .~ 1.,· at
talents, 1J11t aL Llie lhr lt c alw;cys sce mecl di:<p<1secl to carry l1is J"•i11t
by fo rce."

1

It is 1111wi;;c, 011 Ll1c 011 0 h:iml, to Jx<gin, e\· cn wil r n
one is prcs;;r 1l lianl, wi t h :rn daho rat e r e l'ulatiun of object ions, a;; if they w e r e YL' l'.)' ~ e rions in1lcctl; or, on tl 1c
oth er h a 11 d, t-<1ll cgll·d t li c m al l.nge tltc r, for e ntire Jl(·glt.· ct
r ai:;cs t il e ;;11spi ci11n tl1a t, tlwy are not am:wt•rc<1 hccanse
they ca11110L lrn .
Th o disa<lv:t.11b1gc s of ea ch altcrmtt.i vc can Le avoided
by 11ui!cl11.1 a g eneral aw<wer to th e arg um e nts \\'!ten lo
. l c, j mt pos j pnnlllg
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t] ·
- on the other SH
. 1e1r co m- wai ve a. puint ·
· plctc refu ta tio n till a mo r e eouy cni c 11 t ;;c:1 son . If this
cournc is pmsucd , it is \\·e ll to say di :-;l i11 d.ly il 1<tt t11e
disc ussi o n i::i waived - tlia t i;:, put a ;; irl e - fo r tl1 c time
b eillg o nly . J\ t <l htc r ;;Lage o[ tl 1e argum e n t, whc11 !lie>
spcaic r l1a.s mad e a prima fa cie case on J,i ,; sicle o [ ll ic·
quest io n, h e c:a n ll i~ po ;; c o f ohj .. etio11s \\·iLlt les::i tro u1Jlc

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AH GlJ :\rENTATIVE CO.ilIPOSITION.

and wi th g reate r effect. Reaso ners whose ohjeot i~
tory rat11 e t· t lw1 t r11 th so metim e::; rn:ike a di::ihone t
of tl1cir rigl 1t lo 1vairn a po int, by forgetting to roo
it::; eo n ~i(lcr :itio n . Th is stratagem, if discovered,
~orcly plagnc tl 1c inv cnlor; a ml it can never be
c nq1loyc<l , cxeq1t wl1 c: rc the (li:scoun;e is a spoken
d( ·lin!rccl for " te mprmiry .pmpose : in the a.ddrm;
a jury, for C' X:u 11ple, of an a<h ocaLe who spetiks
or in a politi"a l liar;u1~11c on Lhe eve of an election.
Tl1 c 1110;.L f a 111"u " ex a.1:q 1Je unil 1!1' t his he:td is Dem sth
O rati n 11 0 11 I lie 'C'r0wn . T l1e great o r:tto r postpon ed th e couii
tio 11 nf lite spee iii e d1:1rges :t.'.!ainst lii1nsc l£ until he had pre
tl 1e j111lges in l1 is fanJI' l.y :tn c n11rn c rat iol1 of his sorvic03 !A)
St:ttc; tl11· 11 }i,, ll!11 cJi,., ] 011 tlie po i11 t,; rn:tde by JEschin es , l,,11t
co11 f.to mpt.110 11 "IY di ., 111 is,ed t.lwm, a111l n •t urn eLI t o hi s own merl~ - co11 Lrastc<l \YiLi1 Iii:; :u h·1· rs:<ry'l'I \l'a11 t of patr iotism.
~

I'nHlcncc, as well as honl' ;-;t;y, prescribes
Expf'•lk ney b"1111 1c11 h of a n 01 •1)n 11 cnt sh:dl be fairly m
"r1r.-atln.:
An y· :tlt cm1 1t to ~l11r them, to misstate thet
1IJ•jl• tlU-ll l
fairly .
0 1' to 1111<l t'l'.~l:ttc (.lt c 1n, i:; al most sure m
clct('rtetl, anil , if' del(' <.: h :tl, i;-; Jikel.v Lo he judged cv~
mor u ~cn· n·l y l1 1:u1 tl 1c fa ct" w:uTa11t; fo r ihe morti.il~~
prid e of' a min \\'llfl l't•('I,; i11 ,; 11ltcd by ilie effort t-0 IL.~
cei 1c lt,im will i11l c 11 ~il\ hi:; indignatioll at a fraud on ~ ~ '":
~

C0!11 111lllli ty .

Jl c 11 cc, ,;k ilf'11l spr~1kc r:'l or wri Lcrs seek to produce t}"'
imprc,;;-; ion tl 1:tt tl 1ey c;m afford to rlo their oppo1.w1m .
more t han j11;-;ti cc , their ow11 ca:::c bein g so strong. . _
"Yc ry oflc 11 , " ·hl•n tl1e i111prP,;; in11 of the jury and

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OHDER OF PHOl'OSITlON AND l'HOOF.

somet!~~: ·

t.lie j 11dg·<! has l1eP n rt,i:;ai n:.;t 111 e 0 11 L1 1c co nclusio n of th e defot1~! ··~
case, I li:wt• h:i<l t It<• ,i:;1-it11l fNh 1111) tn b ring them entirely~ a&; 'I'"
m y co11cl1 1sio 11 s . \\-1t .. 1w1·o' r T 0J.s,.1Ted tl 1is im pression, but
•
m y,.,lf e ntit led to till) 1"< ·rdi•'t.. I 111:ule it the rule to treat
p ress io n a s ,·cry 11 a tnra l a11 cl rca-;0 11al1lc, to acknowledge that

ore circumsta1 1ccB whi ch prcse 1Jt c1l great difficulti es and do ub ts ,
invite rt c;rn cl id and te 1npera te in vest igati o u uf all Lit e impu rLu1t
pies that ud1111geL[ to Li1 C case , a111J tu expres.S rnlh er a hope til:tll
onfi<len to l'i11i u11 [ t hat] upo n :t1lt:liuc ra l1! a11d cairn i11,· esliga t iu11 I
ould be :tl1le Lu 'atisfy t h e Co ur t and jury th at lit e pLtinlif'f ""'
titled to tl 10 ve rdi ct. I t h e n a vo id ed all appear:t11 ce of coniince, and c 11J c:l\'o red t.o place th e rcaso 11i11 g 1111 m y p:1rt in the
arest and st ro11ges L vi e w, a11J tu weake n that uf my :t!hc•rsary;
show that tltc Ltct~ i vr th e [>b inti ff cu 1ild lead 11at 11rally li11L Lu
e con clusiu11 , while tlw;;c of ll1 e defendant m ig l1t bn :tccuu n t .. 1!
r on other hypotheSl'S : ant! wl 11•n 1 Ll1 u 11 g l1t I had g ain ed 111 y ['Oi11 t
left it to th e ca nd o r an•l good se nse o( Lill' jury Lu drnw t!H·ir ow n
onclusion]. Tl1i s cour;;1; see ms Lo me n ut. to ue th e re, ul t of :my
nsumm atc art, but the pbi n a1111 nat ural co urse ,d1iel 1 c111111n1. u
use wou ld Jictate. A t l ite san1c lime it mnst l>e ul>;;e rwd , t hat
who wo ul d :tdopt it c:w only expc·cl success wl11.' 11 it is k11uw11
tat b e ca n d isc ri111inatc betwee n a so un d a nd a lt opel1•ss ca ;;e, :ill ol
at bis judg m e nt i>< s11 flic ie nt.ly stro 11 g lo o ve rco rrn! tl10 u ias of l11n
vocate and th e impo r Lunii.y o f th e di c nt, and to make him at o nce
render a case t hat ca n nut and o ug h t not Lu u e s ust.ain1·1L " 1

A reaso ner may even go ;-;o far as to admit tliat :so me
the argnm c 11 t~ on il1 c ul h t: r si(le arc una11....
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iVCrable, for m c \·cry d1,;]'11h:(l rp 1c;-;i10 11 t lH·re ,,,.~ ""' ""'"
0 11 c a d 1 r; ldo.
somethin g to be ::;ai(l fur a g ivt:n conclu and ::;omeLlii11 g nga.i11::;t it.

'on,

"There are arg 11m e nt~ fo r a /''''"'1111," sa id Or. .J1olrn son, "and
guments fo r a uacuwn; hu t o ne uf th e m must Ull tr11 e. "
·There are a rg 11111c 11 ts that co n vi ll ('P g-eo lo1g ists tha t the cart h h as
isted for an i1111n e nsc pP ri (Jd of ti1111', and tlH:re arc argurncu l.s
t convin ce c hemists a11•l ph y.,icists th at t lt c ea r th is 111 11ch
anger than geologis ts l>el ie\·c; L111t l1o l h t.11 eo ri es ca1111ot be tnlt'.

he a11 ;-;werc<l may he ov('!'rne by other arg 11 111 e 11 t:'l. 1L rna t.tcrn no t wliat is 111
e scale, if Lhe otl 1c r decidedl y prepo llll erate;-;.2 011
other ha11d, iL sl 1u uhl be iioLcd iliaL iu a.n:swcr all
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AR GU~ !E:'>TATIVE

COMPOS ITION.

·-

the arguments whi ch have been adduced by an op ·
n c11t is to sil ence l1im indeed, but not necessarily fu
O\'erthrow Iii ,.; con clu:;ion, ~ t ill less to establish auoth~t
conclusion ; for the streugtli of a e:i use is not mcasutea:
by th e ,.;l re ng th of it:; athocates.
If the pcr:-;ons tllldrcssed do not have the oppwl
Place r.. r
arg un1 ents in mind, it is obviously injuuicio
Rcfu t.uii uu .
to sugges t tl1 em unt il one's own case has~.
bee n (partly at least) made out. H, however, an opptt•.
n ent is to foll ow, it i:; impolitic to state his ca.so f
l1iu1 after get ti 11g tlirn ug h with your own, for
would Le to lean; l1im ma,;tcr of Lhe fi eld.
Generally ~]'l':tki JJ g , then, the R rfntalion of obJ'ectia
::;]1ould lie near the milh11c of the argument, so th~l
the argum ent,; rcfulc<l may 11o t mak e either the first or ·
tl 1e la,;t imprc:;sinn. The liegin niu g :1nd th e end of an ·.
a rgnrne nt ati\·c, as of a dramati c, composition are th ..
most im porta11 t parts.
In Ref11latioJ1, :ts in th e shk mcll t of Proo£,1 the na
ura l order shou ld he fttllowc cl. A reaso ner should ru k
h imself wl1i c!t uf his opponent's arµ;nmcnt s he would
ta k c ll p first, if the ncce,;::;i ty of replying at
laid upo n him .2
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2 Q 11i11tili11n: rn ~t. Orator ., \'i i. i. XXY i.
in ref11tation the W t)Hkl·~ t uiJj"1·tion :'1. huultl l.Jc u 11 ~ ·wcrcd fir."t seems to l>o in~
>ist cnl wit It tltis.

PEBSUASION.

V.]

237

CHAPTER V.
p rmSL"AS IO N .

IF, in on1 cr to make a man act, or e \·e n h cli cYe, as
one woulLl h:i.Yc him, it were 011ly ne cessar.y to cOll\ 1uce
his under:::tam1ing, t1 1ere would he notl1i11 g· rnorc to ,;ay
'con ce rnin g A rg um cn tati ve Com position ; ln: t wc ;1rc
all Lcin gs of fccl i11gs :1llll passiom; as well as of r ca,;0 11,
·and must he lrcatell accor di11gly.
"I foll [in rc·adi 11g l\lill's 'Sul•jecliun o [ '\'omen'] wl1 al 1 ;rnppose is a \'ery cu111111011 a\'\~ rs i u 11 to l 1c·i11 ~ comple'.dy co11\· 111ec•d l'..Y
• cold lo"'ic
with 011lv a little irony for sauce-with 11ot 011e \\<J IU
0
·· of pernuasio11 , 110 warmth of eloquence." 1
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A man ma r JJ cli eve, and yet not :1ct u pon l1i s Ul·licf ;
or h e m:ty ~ct on i11s uffi cicJ1 L r easnlls. To IT •·"' 1.. in11..... . .
•n
t.:IJCIJ th u \\' ll1 ,
influ ence lii,; will, i t 1:; n ece,.;:;:u y tu 111 ue11cc
the aeLi\·c principles of hi::; nature. Tu wi11 assent to
a gen eral proposi tio n i,; co mparativ ely easy; lJll t t o se cure at1h c,; ion to a doc tri11e t l1at has ~t pcr:;onal a pplication a nd l'C(l u ires exl' rti ou is n ot easy.
To make a millionaire co11trilrnle libc,rally to a publi c chari ty , it
is not c 11 o 11 .~·lt to cnn1·i 11cc l1i111 t!tal Llt c olJjeet is a 1\·urthy one; it is
necess:trv tv 111:ik<· !tin1 [L'(·l i ts cbi m,; upo11 him.
T!te 1'.n!ii.i('a\ <1pi11io11 s o[ m"st p1· rso11s i1 1 t!te IJ 11i L1·<l St.;if<'.-: ,
wh ctliu r al tltl· ;'\,1rtlt or a L tit<~ So u L\ 1, \\'C l'<' funn ed b..fnr<' tl1i' alL1 • k
was 111 ,tde 11po 11 Furl S11111kr (i 11 l 81il); lint the fla111 es u[ 11·arli k"
enlhusi a, 111 1rerc 11nl ligl1ted till Bcaureg;.trd 'R gu11s \ \ ' CJ'C' t11r1"" I
upon th .., fo r t .
1

Chan nvcy \\' ri g h t: L dtc r~ , P· 152.

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AR GUME ~TATl VI::

PirnSCASTO~.

CUM l'OSlTION.

Nothing, ind ecc1, jn:stifie:; t h e atte mpt to give evi·
dcrn:c a \\'ei g !tL whit.:11 Jocs not belong to it.
Tnt•1 rdalion
1 d by t he
v.,1.w .. e 11 fact" Our feeli ngs ought to Le regu :tte
auJ fuclinK~·
facts \V ltich ex.Cite thcrn.
" It i,; a great mi,;take, :ind the so urce uf
exi,;t, in the \\'orld, to yid,l lo th e t1•11 1pl:\lio11 Lo allow our fee lings
t.u t-:'""' 1'11 u11 r es ti111:it"· of facts . !Lctio 11 :L! reli gious feel ing is !.hat .,
fc .. :li 11 g-, wli:d1·\·l'r it. ma~· lie, whi ch i:; excited in tlw mind by a t rue
csti111at.n of tl 1e l';c,:t,; known to u:; whid1 l1ea r t1t•011 rel igion. If
we ,Jo 11 ut know c· 11011.t!;lt t(I foe! \\'arml y, lcL us Ly all means feel
calmly; but it i:; di,;h one't to try to co11ve rt exc itcll feeling int.Q
eviclc1tl'e uf facts wh ich woulcl j usti [y it. Tu Kay ,' There m ust be ·
a God lweause I Jc,,·c lii 111 ,' i' ju,t, like srtying, 'T hat rnan must be
a. rog-u., 1,(•c-:111se [ h:ite him ,' wlii,:h 11rn11 y pc11 pl e do say, but noi
wisl'ly. Tl1erc :ire in t.hesc clays 111:wy spec u lat ions by very ab!~ ,
men, or 111l·11 n·pnlcd to be of grc·at :ll.ilit.y, \\'lti ch can all be re-..
so ln~ ·.l i11Lo att e111 pt.s to i11 c re~1se tLe L1ilk a11d Llie weight of evi·
tlence by he;LLi11g it with lu\'l~." 1

On the othe r ha.nd, t.h c nnu ersta.mlin g is an untrusb'
worthy g11i11e on many q11cstio ns. H e who is devoid of
imagi 11ation cannot j11;;t.Jy tlecillc a quc:;tion abo ut matters that arc l'l'mote in space or t,in1e, for he canno.,·
br in g it before his mind in its true shape, with itd.
true cond ition;;. He who is t1cvoid of sympathy canno L p1 1t himself in tl1c place of another whose case l)e
ha:; to pass upon . ,\ co l1l aml prosaic nature can bo
r ca ehcLl by no argume nts but those drawn from its own
e xperie nce .
Of the brn c x.trcrnc,;. that o f giving undu e force to .
fevling is th e usual faull of the ig nora11 t, that of giving .. ~ ·
t.no liLllc i11fl 11cnce tn fceli 11g Ute fault of the ed~cate'1t~·
sinec e<.l nc:tti o11 r cad1t:s tl 1e head chi efly, and too oft.en "
culti vates it at tlie cx. pe 11se of llie heart. Hence, thet11""·
I Stephen: l.ih<'ri~" E>111al i1.' ·· und Fraterni ty, chup. vii. p. 324.

289

i : 1j'i
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is g r eate r difficulty in moving an illtcllectual than a,
dull auJi c m:c ; anJ far g reater :skill is req uirccl.
There i:; lt-ss ev iue11ce of \Vh itefie lJ '; «loqucnce i11 I.h e fact that
he drew CJ'Oll'(l:; to he<tr him Limn in his cJTvct upon Dr . Fra11kli11. 1
A l<Lwyer wh•) st;irts a l>ench of jndgl's from lli e ir m c"1ri11g,; ll'i11::;
a g rea te r triuml'h titan a score uf succe;;e; with orJinary ju r i0s
can give him.

Th e best way to r each the feel ings of any audi1·11<:c .
ancl tl1c o nly way to r each tho:;e of an i11tel li- Jf,,w 1.. ,.,.,.,.1i
gent audience, i:s an indirect one . It is true th e keli"g'.
that., in periocb of great n .: li gi o11s or politit;al cxc.:iLl' lliCllL,
those wlio are not u11ly co1 1\·i nce cl of th e t rutl1 of the
speaker's. co 11 clu siu11, but, :d,.;o dis]>o,.;ctl to feel it,; force,
m ay succe:>sfully lie exlwrtcJ, f'lw l l1cing tl1us h1·:1p1"l
upon already ki11clleJ pa,.;s ions; but even in such ca:-;cc:,
if there arc any cool !1cad:; in t h e hall , il " ·ill be \\'c•ll
to stmly moderati o n.
If, howeve r, people llo not feel strongly, it rare ly
, answers to t ell them that Lliey ought (.() J"·d so; fur
n e ither rc:'tso n n or duty <:a11 govern tlte issues of tl1e
h eart. Tu will to lie sympathetic is as icll e as to \\'ill
to quicke n t h e circnlation; but :;ympathy can he cr eated, a.s tl1e circuhtio11 can lie quickened. \ V c :no
m ade to feel Ly being t;~ken to tl1e sources of feeling .
"I do not, m ea.11 that a prc:Lcher mn st aim at eorne.<t111' s.<. hnt tha.t
he mu st aim a.this nl~jPl'f , whi ch is l:i> <lo wme sp iri tual good li> Iii~
heare rs, and whi ch will at o nce make him earnest. lt. i>< 8:tid Lhat.
when a ma.n hrt~ tu cro,;" au abyss by a narrow plank t.l1rn\\'11 o,·rr
it, it is l1i s wi.,dorn 11ot to look at the pl:u1k ;il11ng- " ·i1ich lie:; hi><
path, b ut to fix hi H eyl'R skadily 011 th e poi nt i11 tl1e oppo,it<' pn·cipice at. whi ch Lhe plank e 11 <k It. is l1y ga.zi ng at t.h• : nl.j1'c· t. whi"11
he rm.1 st re:tch , a.11 d rnli11g him ~elf by it, th:tt li e secu res Lu l1irn8,. lf
_. the power of walking to it st rai ght and steadi ly. The case is t.liu
l

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Fra11klin: AulolJioi;raphy, part i. p. 43.

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2-l-O

AH GU MENTATI\TE COMPOSITION.

CHAP.

~amc 111 morn! m al lc r:;; no on e will beco me really
a irn i ng clire.:tly at earn estness; any 0111' 11i:L_v l1eco rn e
.,
rn ed ila ti11 g 011 lhc 111 ut i n:s 1 aud by dri11ki11g ;1t the sources, of " .
ea rn est ness . " "e 111ay of co urse work o nrsc h ·cs np into a pretenc ,
11 ay, in to a p:ir\L'\ )''1 11 , o( e a1·11l'st11ess ; as we m ay chafe our coltl
h a llll" t il l they a re w:trn1. Bu t w hen we cease clwfi11 g, we Jose the
w: rn nth ac;ain ; 0 11 U 11; co nt. ra ry, k t th e s1111 come o ut and strike na
w i t h ltis lica rn s , a11tl we n eed 110 a r ti fic ial clia fi 11g- lo be warm. Tlie
h"t wo rds , t.lwn, :rnd c11 crg-et ic g •·slurc;i- o( a prc:tch e r, taken by
t hcrn scln.! s, a rc j1 1.' t as rn11 ch sig·11 s of earn estn ess as rubbing tho
ha11Js o r tl app i11 g- 1l1c a r ms to;:ell 1c r a rc sig11 s of warm th; though
th ey arc n a tura l w:1 cre ca rn es t11Ps.-< alrc:tily e x ists , and pleasing n.s
1.icing ils spo11 lan co uH co 11co n1i ta11ts. T o sit down to compose for
tl 1e p t1 l]'i l \\' il h a rc,, ol11l iu11 to b e eloq ue n t , is one impe1liment to
p<.'rwa siou ; li u l lo be Jete rn1i11cJ lo be f-'a rn est is a bsolutely fatal
lo i t ." 1

A skilful spr :-i kc r p m s ncs o ne of t wo courses : he
d well s u pon top ics wliid1 arc lik ely tn eall out the fool· ·
ing::; h e wi,.;li es to ex cit e ; or lie c xpre::;ses his own
feelin gs in s11 el 1 a manner as to communi cate them to ':
ot h er s.
\V h e n t h e for mer rn cth ocl is p urs ued, time enough
mu st lie tak en to let the a ppr up riaLc t opi cs produco
th e ir fu 11 cffl' d . \Vhat is all d rv,.;sed tu Uic lll!llerstand~
iwr ca.lll1 ot li e s ta ted Loo brie fl 'y, i[ so stated that its'.
b eari ng an d fo r ce a rc t horoug hl y 11nd e r:-;tooll: but P er•
:·rn as io n may g o on lon g afte r t he f1· elings have been
r caclH ·<l; fo r it is n eces~a.ry , n ot only t ha t t l1 e feelings
sh o u l<1 t a.kc the ri g ht directi o n, liut that they should'"'·t
t:ik e it witlt a w ill.
He nce. th e nAh· :in t a~e ,; or cop ious d e tail , wh ich holds
t h e i nt1·n •.,.;( long· :t1 1d do,.;1•ly ; o[ imli villual in ::;tance.
, Y]1ieh to uch t l1e i111 ag i11a t io11 or t l1 c hea rt; of associat;.
i11 g· the 1ww top i c \1·itl 1 [' n · Yi (lll >:i L; 111 vL i u 11 al experiences ;
~

V .]

241

P E RS UASIO;\'.

of r o usin g the fe elin gs about som ethin g whi ch is, p erhap s, e ve n irrelc v:rnt, all(l t he n turnin g t he ,.; l rcam in to
t h e d esired chann el; o f imliree t suggestion, - as by
r efere n ce to some one c ffeet, in itself s li g h t , uu t servin g to ex e m pli fy n ume ro us o t he r effeels a nd t o forc e
t h e rnincl t o t hink of t heir co mmo n c:w sc .1
If a ,;pe:tk c r d esi r es to kiu d lc th e e11 thnsia"rn of othe r,.;
from hi s own, h e may ad op t eit he r." the c1·r1,17 - Ex~~g .. rg eraling· or t he e.ctennaling m c tli od ." 2 In the C" Xl1 i"1•11~ 11""d
:1! i ll f;
form e r, h e e xpresses a ll that lie fe els, or more, ru c•lli«I •
aud t ru sts to th e contagion of sympat hy ; in t l1 c latter,
h e p r et.e nlb to snppre,;s his e m otio11s, t ha t the appa rent
di ffi c nlty may app ea r to enh a n ce tlt e ir fo rce ; aml lie
may coml1i ne t h e t wo, l>y a t last allo wi11 g th(: l() 11 gr estrai11 cd torre n t free co urse , a::; if he co uld nut lwl(l it

-"

back.

,

A 111 a, tt- rly i11 ~ta11 c e n( t hi s eo mhi n;i l ion 1s g in rn J,y S h aks pere
in :r.fark An to ny"s au•lrcss to t he l{umans 01·er th e dead boJy of

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. 1;

Cresar. 3
" I come not, fri end "- , tu ~ l1 1 al nwny your

h eart ~ :

lam no o rat o r, a ~ B r utu ~ i ~,
Hut , a:-i you k now me all. a pla in, blunt mnn,
Tli at Jo ,·c my fri e nd ; a 11d tlial th ey k now full well
Th a t g a \·e lllf! pu l1!i c lca\· c t0 :-: 1wal< of him.
} '(Ir I li a\·c nei t li r r wi 1, 11 ur wonl:-: 1 nor worth ,
A d io n , 11 nr 1111 c ran l.:C , 1111r th e po we r uf fi. pccc h,
T o :- lir 111<·11 ·~ Ll oc11 l: I onl y :-:pi·nk ri g- hi nn ;
T h'll y o 11 tha t whi1·h y ou y o ur~e h·l· ~ do k11 ow 1
!':ih uw y1111 !'. Wt· (·t C:r-~ nr ·~ wound s, poor, JHH•r <lumb mnuth:-: ,
And hid tht· 111 ~ r11 · n k for me : Intl 'n~ r1: [ Bru1u s,
l \1 HI Bn1t 1 1 ~ ..\11t 11 11y , tl ll'n' " e r~ a n A n l1HI_\'
"" 011ld rull h.! up y 1111r ~piri1 :-:, n11 d pnt n tnn g- ne
111 C \ ' l'T_,.

w 111111d

<•f l' :i ·..: ar th at

.r

s .. ,.

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~ h 11 11 \ d m ov e

'l'li e !" tr111 es uf Horn e to ri :--c a11rl rnuti11y."

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I'· 127.

,!

\\'Jia tl·ly: l: hi-tr •rk, p:irL ii. 1·li:1p. ii. Sf•d. v .
8 ~IJa k~ pt•r e : .Ju Ji tl S ( ' 1t ·:-- ar, iH ' l iii. :-;1,_.c ll C ii .

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A HGUME NTA T lVE COMPOSITION.

[BOO K II.

C llA P.

PEHSU A SION.

V.j

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To sn ccessful P er suasion it i:s, of co urse, essen tial
t h a t a speake r :;lto uld get on the rig h t sid e of his
a u d ien ce. T hey sboulJ Lel ieve him, says
B.cp1 1t at ir.11
" " l'" "k c r
Ari:;totle, to ha;ve j ud g ment, virt ue, an d
~ h u ult l ha Yo.
g ood -w ill to w :i,nl them: 1 j ud g ment, Llm t lie
may b e a l1le to sec the t rn th ; v ir Lnc , t h at he may
hav e t h e tl cs ire to tell the tru th, th e wh ole trn Lh,
a11J n o thi ng b ut t he t ru lli; good-will to l1i:; h earers,
that h e lll <LJ h ;w e tl 1c d ispositi o n Lo l uok at t li e truth
from thei r p oi11t of view and to shap e it tu th e ir advant age .
S uch a r eputa t ion wi ll s tarn l l1i111 i n g«lOtl ,;tcad even
w l1e11 it s h oul d n u t d o so . A characte r fo r up righ tness
ad d ,; we ig ht t o a rg 11rn e 11 ts upo n p urc l.v intellectual qu esti ons, o r g ive;; <L judicia l ch aracte r tu t he r easoning of a
professed adv oca te ; a r ep ut at io n for al1ili ty to j udge
g iv es ad<l iti o11 :t! credit to s tate m e n ts a h u u t m ; ~tters of
fa ct , as to whi ch t h e aui lity to ouse r ve is o[ mos t conse q u en ce ; a s u p p osed fr ie llllliness r e n d ers ;i,dv iee acceptable e Ye n w l1en it is i n opposit io n to tl1 e interests
of those to w h om it is giYen. O n th e oth e r ha n d , some
p u bl ic m en hav e s11 d 1 h:-ul n ' ptila t io n s t liat t heir really
ho n es t or ::- hr cw<l opin ion s g o for little e ven wit h those
to w l1 om Ll 1ey m ea.11 Wt·ll.
A r e p u tat inn fur cl nrl11e 1H~ r , on tl11 ~ con t ra ry, is an
obstacle t o su c(' ess i11 l' e r:-;11asio11. It pro c ure:; cli ents,
n ern tn t lon
]Jil t. it p u ts j11 ri cs on th e ir g· 11a.rd.
It at.t r:wts
for dt>fI """""· larg e a. 11 d ic 11 c1·s . l111 t i L d <•<•p e ns t he ho::;Lili ty
of t110;;e w li o d is:1 gTCC wi t h the >'Jlcak e r . So long as
the a.lllli en ce a rc tl 1i nk i11 g abo ut a n orat or' s eloqu ence
or hi::; r e p u t ati o11 for e loqu ence, so l1111 g· li t' is 11 ot eloquent, so fa r as !l 1ey are eo11 cf· rn etl. lJ n t il l1 is cloqn(' nce

ma kes th em fo rg e t l1i:; r ep u tation fo r clo<p ten ce , lie is
uu ::; u eeessful.
!11 rn:1k in g Qt t t· ~n Carol ine , a fte r l i..; t. .. 11in ;.;· Lo .Jeanie ])f'a w<. "'Y
"Thi s is elo1111•• ncc, " 1 !"colt d•11 ·s not pay .J .,;i.11ie :i co rn l' li1nl'1 1t..
In s]' i t." u [ Iii ,; per~o n a l tl d ee L..; , F ux '" f ttll y l'" ''"'"'!•l •· l.11 e art
of •·a1•Li 1·ati 11g tli e at.tl'. lll iu n tJ1;ct yo u f•> rgut Lite ma n e n tin·ly :111.J
tliu11g l1 t. n nly n [ !li e s1il1jt-ct. " 2
" 111 li is [ Er..,J.i.i11 1·'s] l'l'l•ly, t h o1lg l1 ab< H 1ndi 11 .~ witl1 el0que 11ce
a11<1 or11arn e11 t. , 110 lt>pie ' "" ad lll itted th a t d 11 l 11 uL l1e a r ll ired ly
u po n t li c \' enli ct . '' 2
" T l11 • ··x t.ran rdi H:1ry i1H pri'S:iio11 prod 11cf'1 l l1y lt i111 [ L11 r,] l'li 111k .. tJ

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in Parlia111 e llt, was c a 1 1 ~w d li ~y tlu: w\ 1id1 · t e xt ui-1: l'( l 1i s ·""lw1T l w:-\ l1 . ·i 1 1 .~·

a rg 1111 1c11 t :1lir e; tlH! di et. ion pl:1 in , L11t fo rei LJe ; Liu; t. 11r11 tJ fl u11 t·)'i-

,i"

g ra111111 ;1 li 1..·; t l w fi .t.: ures as 11 a. Ll1ral a s tlit ~y w1 ~ r f~ u 11 t~ xp1· ctc• 1 l : ."o ti 1:1t

"'ha t

l 1a d o cc 111-rt·d

to uo

o tH ~ sPt• 11H:o d

as if e ve ry

01 1e

ongli t tn

,1

l1~ 1 n_~

au t.i cil'a ted i t ; li11 t, 11 ll-s t n111 ~ e x p rt! ss io 11 ...;, te r:-;c l' !• i gT :L l l l, l 1ap1·y
fig ure - \\·e re wholl y :-> 1tL:-;e n ·i e 11 t t{) U1t ~ p 11rpos1.. i 11 Yit·\\' , :11 1'1 \Y 1 'n ~
m;rni f1·., LJ y perc«i1·•·d 11 1.:1·1·r t.u J,c tl 1<'. 1n ,;e ll·.. , th e olijt•c t. 111'\'•.' r l"
Ge i 11t rnd1 1l' e<l f.,r tl 1e ir ow n sak1;; Ll wy w1 "·" t li c ' !'ar ks Ll1 rn 11·11 tdf
Ly tl 1" rnnt io 11 of t.1"' .. 11gi11c , not. Ii re wo rks t•) a mu "' l1y tllt'i r ><i1 1g 11 la ril·y, or p le: tse liy tl11 •ir li•.·:w ly; all w:t., fur us<!, not orn a 1n<'11L ; all
fo r wo rk , not.lt i11g fu r di , ['lay; the su bj•·!et e,·e r in ,·ie w, tl 1t•. 'J•eak(•r
HC\' er , e itlwr o[ l1i 111sc lf o r of Lite a ud ie nce . '.l'l 1is . i11d 1..,:d, is lit e
i n\' a rial1le n •, 11 lto [ t he l1 igltest \'l oq uenc<', oft.h e gr•· a lt-s t j't'rfPct ion
of t.1 11• a rt , a nd i t.s c11 111 plet.e co 11cca lnwll L. Ill a.ii g ro·aL l':tssag-"s ,
t l11 ! art i.4 lii111 s1· lf, w rap L up i n Ii i,; work , is 11c1·e r t.l1 u11,i.;l1 t. o f l·y lti s
Jw;u·• ·rs , eq11 al ly 11Ta pL up i1t i t , Lill Lite moment " ·li en tl ll'.)' (' :111
p :w se :u1d t.ake 1.rea Lh , an d reflN:t o n th e maste ry 11· liieli has \ ,. ., . ll
e x1·ri;is1·d 01·t·r tl 1e n1 , an d can t.l ll'll fi 1·,;L t hi nk of t l11 , n1: 1'lc-r . ., 3

•· TJ11 , p:tssag1·.s wl 1i..J 1 .Je lig ld. LJ1 ,. ge ne ral audi•:11 •·1." a n1l rn :1ke
tl1 c ' l" "'"li . \1'111! 11 p u bJ i , }11~ rl. a;.; r<'e:d1]; , Lo t.h e n ·a1kr , a r1· 11< 1[. tl 11 >
pa.s~ :1 g· 1 1 ... w hic h carry co 11 vic ti \) 11 to the rni1 Hl. " r a d\·a 11 c·1• t h e rrtd
t ne r it~ nf tli c c: 111 ~ 1 .. " ·it h tli osn \\"h o a. rt ! tn d t • c i ! l t~ i t.
Il e! \\" }1° }t111k;-;
to tl1i ., 1•11r110;;1• o nl y 11111, t; He n !r ]o,e si .~J1 L o [ a11 y irnpn rL1"t fad "r
a rg 11l11<'11 L tli:it propr.rly he l u ng~ to or ari ..;es o ut of Lh" e an >«~ . I lo-

•,

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T hi• ll•:arl of ~ li d l.<Jlhia11 , ,·ol. ii. c h 11p. x ii .
2 ..\l 1ir1 g-1·r : :\11 to!Jiogra phy , pp. !)8 , lj~i . Sl't' 1 :tl :-:o, (!_11i 11ti !i a 1t : I n-.. L Or ah•r.
1

v ii i. ii i. xii i.
8 ll ru ug ha m: S tat(.':'11ll CJJ of the T ime of George I ll., vu!. ii. p

11 *

f

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2·H

A!WUMENTAT1V1'; COMPOSITION.

wus t s h ow Lhat his miml is busi ed about n othing else. He mu t
be alway s "·o rkin g- n po n th~· conc rete , "11<.l poi n ting to his conclu•
sio n. lJ e 111 11.,1, <li ~dai11 a.ll j.·>L, o rn :u11 e nL, or sa rca:m, that d~a.
not fall Jircc t.ly in hi s way and ~ee m to h e 'o unarn1Jablc that l\
mus t strike e \·e ryboJy ' '"ho t hink s o[ t.hc facts . H e must not look
fnr a p eg to h ang an y thing upo11 , \Jc it e ve r so p~·ecious or so fi.nc.
H e mus t rouse in th e minds of the judges o r the Jury all the exc1!.e· •
m e nt whi ch he feels ahu nt th e c n.nse himself, and about nothillg ,-''
b ut t,l 1e cause; and to lhat h e mu't s tick c losely, and upon tha ·
r e a so n so Yehcm cu lly an cl ~o co ncl u s i 1·dy, Lhat t llll g reater part ~i
tho ancli c ncc \\·ill not llll < ler~Lan<l him, ancl those who read hls
s iwcc li a(Ler\\":n.J ., '"ill n ot Ji, ~ ahl e to C<llnp rch (, 11 J it, with~ut hav•
iiq; prese nt to th e ir m e m ori es all the fat: Ls a1lll a ll th e lnstory of
t h e cause . "

1

He 11 cc, pn lil ie spea k c rs see k to establish a r eputatio.n
fo r :-;urnd.lii11 g l'be th:m cloqnencc, to attribute their
::;ucees:s to ,;ome other ea11~c , or to prove tlrnt it has beon
w 011 i1 1 some other Dl·lll th :m th<-1.t on which they art}

e ntering.
C ice r o bc,,.ins hi s n rali on fr>r t l1 c poe t Archia.q with the remark1
· letl 1:1t. ·IS, " &c. ·I nrul.
"H I h:wc " a11 y aliili t.v , - ;11Hl r fee l ho w htl
h is oration fo r Q 11 in t ius liy ~a:-·ing that he e ndeavors to mako
am e nds for hi s \\":tilt o[ tal1•nL h.v appli caLiu11. 2
.
Durin~ the mos t famon« prrio.J of Sc~rktt'R caree r as leader ~f
tli e En g li ,; h b:ir , Jin \\":\S r<'1>ul ~1 l to l>e th e !11d;iesl lawyer of hll
ti 111 !' .

y ct nei tli e r C icrro n or S c ar kl t
l

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no t ed fo r hi s modesty.

Al>in gC' r: ,\u t11l1i 11,:.!' r:1 1•h y . 11 . 72.
Sec, al so, \\ ' i•IJ ... h ·r: E:x nn ii11111 in tlic \\' hitc murder cnsc, q uoted p. 24.:i.

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CHAP. Vl.J

lNTRODYCTIUNS ANV CONCLUSION!::>.

2-15

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•.I•

CHAPTER VI.
INTUODUCTIO::"S AND CO:N"CLUSIONS .

0TffER. things b ei ng equal, the s ho r ter the exonlium
or the peroration the bette r. Tim following parag raph,
with wltit.:lt \Vel>ster ope 11 etl the \Vlii Le rnurder ca:-;e,
is a m odel i11 it:; kiud : "r a 111 Jill ie a cc 11 ,;to 111c cl, g-•' 11llt'l tl Pll, In Ll1 f' part whi"11 ram nnw
attempt in g- to J>e r[urm. llard ly 1nqro: Ui:rn u}1 r.e or t\\"icc ha..'i it
h appe ne d to 111e t o lie co nce rnt'<l o n th e ,ide "f th " (;01·1.,·n1111·nt. in
any c ri1nin:d pro,;e1: 11 t ion what.e w• r ; and 11e 1·er, u11til tl 1e p re,f'Ilt
occa s io 11 , in any case aff1:d i11 g lif,, . 1
" Bu t I very mu ch regre t t.l1:1t it. shnul.J ]i;we h ce n t. !1<>11 .~ht i:Pr'< •,;sary lu sn g,Q'e ~t fu }\)II t\1at. f ;till hrou .~· i1t Ji t~r1~ l.o 'J 1urr_v yt11t ag ai11 .... t
th e law a11d IJ<'ynnd I.he c vickn r.1:.' l l10JH' l ha 1·" Loo 1111wli n•garcl
for jnst.iet', and \(lo n111 .. h r•' ·' i"'" t for 111y nw1 1 chara>'t""· t o atl<'111 1•L
eith e r j anti, Wt' rfl f to 111:.Jw Sll<"h at (C·lnj'l , [ am S iii' /' Lha.t in thi:;
court ncdhi 11 g ca n he carri.•d a g-:1i11 st tl1 e Ltw , :w.J thn t g-1•ntlemen ,
inte llige n t a nd just :1s you are, an: n ot , by a11y p01n·r , lo !Jn liu rri1 •t!
b eyon d the e1·id e 11c1:. Th ong h T co 1il1l \H' ll l1:LVe wi,!wd to sli1111
thi s o cca s io n , f kn·e 11 0 L fel t at libe rty Lo ""iUil1(l ld my profe" in1 1:tl
a.ssistance, wlie 11 it is ,;npposed that I may Le i11 som e cl c•grv•' 11sefL1l
in itffcstig a t ing :u1 1l cliscn1"t' rin g- the truth r"s prct i11 g l.11is m o.st ex. . trnordin :1ry 1111t rdc; r. H Ii:'" s1•1• 111t•d tn lie a d11 t.y i11 c 1L1nl 1c·11L on m r ,
a.s on e ,·e ry otlw r citize n , Lu d o my liPst :rnd 111 y nt1111>,t tAJ I.irin g
to ligl 1t t !t e peqH'lr:ll o rs o f tl1is e ri1ne. A g-rlin st t.l1c J•rison e r at
the bar, aH an i11diviLl11 a l, J ca11not have the slighte;st }'rej udice .
I would n ot d o him th e smalll'st injury or in justice ; but l dn
not affect to be indi ffere nt Lo t h e discovery and t h e punishment
of this deep guilt. l chee rfully s hare in th e o pprol.irinlll , 110 11"
great soever it may J.e , " ·hid1 is cast 011 tlto~e who ft. cl and manifest an anxious cu11t:e rn U1at all 1d10 had a l'arL in planni11g, or a

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l'il'ero : Ora ti u in Cue(' . (Didnutiu) Li.

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AR GlJ ME~TATI\" E CO :'.tPQS ITION.

2-Hi

CHA P .

J1and in ex Pc nling, this deed of midni ):iht assassination , mny be
h ro 11 .~l 1 L to an swer fo r their e 11o rm ons c rim e at the bar of public
jnstiee."

1

The followin g pn,rn,gr:i.ph, which for ms the co nclui;ion
o[ \V ebster's address o n the completion of the

Bunker •

Hill l\1 011um cnt, is another model: " And uow , fri e nds and fel low-c itiic n8, it
discourRc to a close.
" 'Ve haYc indnlgetl in g-r atify in g recollectio ns of th e past, in Uia ·
rro~pc ri ty and pl ea,, urr:< o[ th e prese u t, a nd in hi g h hopes for th
future . But let us re m ember tha t. we h a ve dnti es and obligationt.
to p•!r for 111 , co rrc,, po11di11g to the l>les~ ings wh ich we e nj oy.
us rc m c 111 be r th e t ru :< t, th e 8a.cred tr ust, ;ittac hing to t he rich inh c> rit ance whi eh we lial"e r"cei ,·eJ fro m ou r fathe rs . L et us f el.;
o ur p•!rso nal rc~po n ,, i li ili ty, to t h e (1dl ex te nt o[ o ur power 1md _
i1d1u•mcc>, fo r tli n prcsr rYation o[ t he pri11eijJles of civi l a nd rolig· '
io us li be rty. And let us re member tha t it i$ only religion, and ~
m o rals anJ lrnowkd"•", tli;Lt can m :tkc 111e n rcspectal>le a nd happy,
u nLlc r ;\ll y fo r111 o f g~,·ernmen t. Let U$ hold fast the g reat truth, .'
that ..:om mu11i tics :Lrc r1·spo u,; i\ile , as well as indi viduals ; t hat I) ,..
gon•rnmc n l i,; n·~p1•rt.abJ,., \\·hich i:< no t ju st; t h <.Lt withntit unRpoU.ed
rur i ty of publi c faith, without sac r<'d public pr incipl e, fid el ity, and .
h o no r , 110 m c rc for111s o[ i:;m·1· rnm e nt , uo m achine ry of lll.ws, co.tt ·,
gi,., , di .c:11 ity Lu 1"1litical snci Pty. In our •hty and ge ne rntion let USsed;: to r:1ise and i mpro Yc th e mo ral se ntime n t , so that we mat
look, 11ot for a ile,,::rade<l, hu t fl) r an ele ra tL•Ll and improved future.
, \ 11 1! whr·n uoth we :uid o ur c!tiklrc n sh all h ave b een consigned tQ
t he Ji o nsc ap po iu tc1l fo r :ill lirin g-, may love of country and pride irf ~
country g low witlt cr1 ual fenor amon,(i those to whom our nnm
an cl our bl ood sh<tll h ave Jc,,cendcd ! A11<l t hen , wh e n honorocl
:rnd dt•crPpit a);C ~hall kan ag;Lin>t Lh c l>ase o[ t lii $ monument, and
tro11ps o[ i..1.1;c n1to us yo ut h sh all
gathered ro und it, a nd when th .
011c ,,1 1all "i'" 'ik tu the! ot he r o[ its oh j•;cts , t he purposes of its COii•
~t rnl'I iu11 , :tllll t ln• gn'at a n• I g lnr io us l'\'1 •11ts wi t h whi ch it iRconm•cte•l. Lh\'re ~li all ri,;t· from '"·ury .r nutl1f11l breast the ejac ulation,
2
· Th a Hk Uud, l - 1 abo - A~l A ~ A~11m 1 c A:-." ! " ' .

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INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCL US IONS.

2H

Young writers often have to be to1J to begin at the
b eg i11 ni11 g , and to enJ nt tli c cn<l Tli cy Jo n ot know
how to get at a s uhjcct, n or h o w to get llll'Uf/ fro m it,
as an aw k \\"ard visitor (loes 11 ot know li ow to br"ct into or
out of a cl r:rn·in g -roo m. T hey sl1 o ukl make it a rn le not
to put in a wonl of in t roJn ctinn tliat is no t closely cm 1nected wi t h what is to follow a11d n ecessary to p rl'pa re
the w ay for it,- by g ivi11 g n ece ssary i11 fo r mat.io11, by e ngaging attentio n, or by w in llin g regard; aml not to :Hhl
a word at t h e e 11d beyond what is n eeded to st rc11r.;Ll1cn
the conclu s ion, to re ca pi t u la te ingum c n ts, or to jl(;i11 t a
moral. T be only val uable c xonli um is t hat wl1i d1 leads
up to the s ubjec t; the onl y valnaulc pcrora t iun, that
whi ch g rows out of th e su hj cet. "\Vhat is he co1 11i11.r
t o '?"
·
,.,
· "\V
· 1' JJ Iie ne ver gd through?"
arc fatal <p1c:; ti ou,.;.
. Tl~ c ohjcclio11 whi ch is so me t im es mad e to alm1pt bcgrnnm gs or cncli ngs is not so well fou nclccl. I t i:; far
b etter to tn,kc firm hold of t h e subjec t at on ce t kw t<l
nppro:ich it " ll o ub t fu lly aml far :"tway;" :t11cl t he 11H.: 11 Ld
shock ca u,;cd by a. sll<ldl'. 11 c11d i11 g may lie ju:;t wlia L is
- needed to clench the <trgum e1J t .
1 See S ir A rth 11r lldps : Soc ial Pre"'""" ch ap. vii i.

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Ibid., vol. i . p. JOO .

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APPENDIX.
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I.
GEIS'ERA L RULES FOR P UNCTUATION.

J uDG >rE'.'T d etermin es the relation::;, wh e th e r of
tho ll gl it or of lang11:1g c , wlii e h m:trks of pun d ll atio n
iJ1(lie:Lte; taste deterrni11e:; t he cho it:e, when g oncl 11,.;a g1 ~
a1l1ni L:; of <t t:lwicc, b1; twce11 twu lllOLks of in d ica t i11 g
th ose r cl:t tiu 11:; : judg111e1J t ;u1d La:; Le arc , t h ere fun;, the
guides tu correct pu 11 cl 11ation.
Sin ce p11 nel 11:dinn j,.; 011 c of L11 c rnc:rn,.; 11y wh ich a
wri tN 1·ummunicates with l1i:; r eader,.;, i t 11a t11rall .r Y•lrics wi th th<rngh t and cxprc,.;:;il)n: t11c pun ct ll at inn of

" T ri :;Lram Sl1a11dy" will tl H:rc f,irc differ from tl1a.L o[
"The Rarnl.Jler;" and in a],•,.;:; <l1·gr<· P t li e p11n ct 11ati<1n
of H urkc 's O r at io ns, from that of ?d ;1 ,·a11 lay·,_ E,.;,.;ay,.;.
H e n ce no o ne writer - eve n wen: lJ11ok ,.; pri11t1c1l l'urrectly , ;1,.; is rare ly the case - ca n h e Lake11 ;t:; a lllrn1 1' l.
Hen ce , Loo, a sy ,.;te m of rllles load ed wi Lli cx:cqitiu11,.;,
thou g h found ed u po n Llie b est u:-:age a nd frame1l wi lli
tl1 e g reatc:-:t c:nc, is a:; like ly to fetter t liou gl1 t as to aid
in i L:; coinmu11i cat io 11.
A;;t;i:;ta 11 ce rn ny, howeve r, lie o11 tai11 cd frrn n a few >'ifll plc rules fo nnclcd 11pon tlie prin cipl e Llial t/11: r11r1,,,s,:
of every point is to indica te to tli e e,1Je tlu: c1J 11s/r11clin 11 of

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Al'l'E:-<DIX.

PU~ C TUATION .

t he se ntence in whi ch it occurs , - a p rin ciple which is
best illuslratcJ by examples of se nfrnci: .~ co rrectl!J con1Jl r uclr d as well as conecLly JHI 11 et uatcJ. One who
knows fe w rules, but who lws rnastc red the funJam ental
pri11 ciples of construction, w ill p1rn c tuale fo r beLLcr tlrnn
one w l1 0 slavishly follow~/a ;;et of for111ula::; . The latter
wi ll no t know how to act in a case 11ot provid eJ fo r in
any fo r mula : the fo r111 er will read il y und e rstand that
t he letter of a rnl c lllil.V h e Yiolatetl, in orLler to give
effect lo ib spir it; that arnhiguity an tl ubse uri ty should ,
above all t liin g::; , be arniJetl; and t l1at 111arks of punctuation \1·hi eh arc rcq 11 irc<l o n pri11 ciple rnn y Le omitted
wl 1cll tl1ey are disagrecaLle to t he eye or confusing to
the mi nd.
Some r11l cs nrc common to spoken ::11 1<1 to w ritten dit:ico ur,.:e : lJ1 1t tl1r: fo rm er is clirrctcrl to t l1e M r, t he latter
to t he <'.'/I' ; a11tl the pa u,; cs rcq uireJ by the ear or the '
voice do not alw;i.rs corre:;pn11d with tl1c ::;tops required
by the eye . A speaker is ofte n olili gt\d to pau::;e between ~
wonl::; wl1i cli sl1 o uld not b e sl'pa ra tcd hy mark s of p unc~ ·,'
tuation ; or he is curried hy t he eu rrc 11 t of e motion over
places at wl1i ch marks of p1111 ct uat ion w ou ld Le indis·
1>c 11sablc: lie 11as i11flcct ion, cn1phas is, gt~ st urc, in addi-_.
tion to pa 11s1's, lo ai<l h im in tloing what th e writer has '
to do wi th s tops alon e.
A sl ig l1 t knowl edge of pu nctu ation s uffices to show
the absurdity of the ol<l rnles, - t hat a reader should
pn.use nt ;t eo mnrn lo ng Cll Ollg l1 to eo unt one, at a semicololl lo ng Cll oug h to co rn1 t two, a nd at a colon long
enough lo enu 11 t tlircc . Tltc t ru t h is tl1 at, in some of
the m ost common case;; in whi ch a comma is necessary,
a speakt.:r wo1 ild make no pause. For exampl e :

On the otl ier haml, sente n ces often occu r i n wl1i ch a
co1nn1 <L can at no point l;e propl:rly insertc<l, but w h iel1
n o o ne can reall wi t hout rnaki1 1g on e or more pause,;
b e fore the e nd . For exam11le : -

l

Th a nk you,

~ ir.

The art of le tter~ is th e llldf10J l>y " ·!1ich a \\Titer Lrin gs out
in words t he tlio 11ghtl wh ich irnpn·ss him.
I lately h L·anl ·a m a n of tlio Hg h t allf! ene rgy contrast.ing lhc
m odern \\";Lil t ,lf :i.rdu r ;11Hl 1110\"l' t1 1c11t witl1 \\·I.mt li e rerne1 ul..> e rcJ iu
Ii i;; ow n yo uth .
The great, use of a college e,Ju catio11 is to tcacli a uoy bow to
rely o n him self.

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In pun ctuatio n tlie fullowing pCJiuts arc use•l: Colll ma
Serni co lo11.
C( 1 k~11

J',.riod .
T11 ter ro.l!"atin n P o i11 t

Exc l:u11atiu11 l'ui11 t .
Da8 h
l\ l a rk~ of P a renthes is .
A postrophe
ll ypl1 e 11
l\l a rb of Quota.lion

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No one of the:;e points sho uld b e u seL1 cxclusiYely or
to excess; for each l1as som e duty w hi ch no othl'r
point ca n perform. There arc , howeve r, a num lir r of
cases in wh ich th e choice between two poillt:-: - ;1s
comma an<l se mi eolon, colon and ,.:c 111i colon - is dete rmin ed by taste ratl1cr th a n Ly p rin ciple .
A student ol' pn n ct uation sho uld ask hi mself why in
a g iven case to ]Jil t in a stop rnth er than ,,·hy to leaY e
one out ; fo r the ill sc rti on of unnl:ces:;ary stops is, <'ll
the whol e, more lik ely to mislead a reaJcr than is tltc
· omi:;sion of necessary o nes.

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APPENDIX.

PUNCTUATION.

Perhaps the most in tell ig ililc, as well as the most
eo rnpelllliuus, rnc tho<l of gi,·i 11g- a general idea of the
principal ll'il!S of the ::;evernl 111arks of pullctuation is
to e nlarge a short sentence Ly rn ak i11g s uccessive additions to it.
ExA~11 ·1.Es.

1. J olin w ent lo town.
2. John \\ "illiams we nt to th e
city.
;J .
Popular Joh n \\"i ll iam s
l>vldly we11t to lite city of ;\ c w
York.
4. Popular atlll l1a11 1!>0111c
J olin \\" illiani,; L1t1ld Jy went to
the c ity of ~ .. w York .
:) . l'upul:1 r , ha11< bo1ne ,Jol111
\ \'illia111s lioldl y went to the
city o[ New York.
(i. l'npular, 11an.l so me, and
w ealthy J'olin \\" il liarns bol dly
w ent to the city of .:\ew Yo rk .
7. Pop1t!ar, h:rn1bomr, and
wealthy .Tolin "\\' illiam s , son of
:;;amucl \\" illi am~, boldly wcut
to the c ity of X1•w York.
S. I a ss u rn yon, g<'n tl emcn of
th ~ j ury, tl1at. pnp11l:ir. h:lll•l snrn1\ a 11d m·:dthy .J nhn \\' illi:un.,, so11 .,f ~am t t <'l \\" illi:1m~,
boldly Wl'Ut to t!t e city o[ ;\c w
York.
9 (1). I :issurc .rrrn, gC' ntl cm en of th e jnry. Lh:tt. pop1t! ar,
h :wclsom c, and wealthy .TnJ111
"Williams, sou of Sarnuel \\' il-

RE~!AHKS .

1 to 1. Cornpl ete sentences
req11 iri11g a pe ri od at the end
( XV.). No othe r poiut possible, hcca.use \ W l'lb closely connected sta nd next to one auot l1 e r, aud Lite construction is
pla in.

G. Co mma afLcr " popular"
i u place o( " aud " (I. e).

Iiams, w<' 11t, wi th the bol<ln Pss
of :t li on, lo t he city of N e w
York.
D (2). I assure you, ge n tlem e n of the jnry, that popular,
lmudso111e, and w<:althy ,Johu
\\"i lliallls, son o[ S:u nn el Wi lli a111s, we nt witlt the bold ness uf
a lio n to the e iLy of New Yurk .

10 (1). I assure you, gentlemen uf tl1 e jury, tli:t t pop ular ,
lia nds•111ie, and we:.d tlt y J ol11 t
\Vil liams, so n u[ Sa 111uel \Vil]ialllS, \\'ltu is uow ove r 8l~ve nty
yea rs o[ a.gr, bflldly we nt Lv t he
eity o[ Ne w York, t!tat city
whi ch is so wc:l l go ,·crn cd .

stru ctio n of a n ad,·eruial phrase
i ~ more un certai n tl1an tltaL o(
a single wo rd (fY. a).
D (:.!). Con1111a~ rnni!t.1·cl after
"we11t" a.1lCl "l iu11," lH.:-can. . e
disagreeable to lit e eye (sec
p. :,!50), - a practi,·al reaso n
wl1id1 in t!tis ca.Re o,·crrulcs the
tl1eort:tical reaso n fo r th eir inse rt ion.
10 (1). Com 11ia ],.twee n " \\' il li arns" ancl" \\'lt u," [.,.;cause the
"w ho" cl:tuse mak e,; a n additi ona l stateme n t ( V. a) , i1 1 Lit e
n atu re of a pare11t.!tc;; is ( \T n).
No cnm nrn between "cily ,. :111d
'"whi ch, " bccat1st ~ the:' wl1 id1"
c lause is a11 i11L•·gral p:Ht ,.[ ti"'
Hf~ 11te1wc· ,

1;

a nd is t1l'cP.'-!.sary to tl1e

~e ns r,

G. Co uun a Lefo re " and ," beea11se each of t.he three adjecti ,·cs ;;tan1b in a similar relation
Lo t he 11oun ( I. !/)·
7 . " S1i n o f Samuel Willi:uus" liC'tw<·cn commas, beca.11se in a ppo:; it iou with "John
\\"i! liams" (I L fl), a nd parenthPLie:d (VL a) .
ii . " Gent l1' 111e n of th e jury "
lic·t WE'f' n cn 111m a~, b eca.11se indir·al ing tn 'd10111 the whol e sente1irl', o ne pa rt. as much as
an oU1e r , i;: :vld ressed (II I. c), and
beca u:;c p:trc nt,h et.ical (VI. a).
!l (1 ). " Wi th t he . boldness
vC a li on " between commas, though it.q eq niva lent "boldly" .'
(in 8) is uot, - bccat1sc the con.

10 (:2). I ass me you, gentlem en of Lite j ury, th at popula r ,
ha1 1dsom c , :tllll wcalt.!ty J"ltn
\ Villia111s , so n of S;unu el \\'illiarns, wl10 is now O\'Cr seventy
year.-< o[ a g-<'. ],o]dly \V e nt Lo Lite
city n f New Yurk,- that c ity
wl 1ic!t is ~o wdl gove rn ed .
11 . T assurn yn1 1, gentl eme n
of Ll 1e j1 1ry, tl 1at 1~Jp11 l a r , l ia ndsom c, an 1l w _·:tltl1y .Tohn \\' il li:uns, HOil o f ~ : u 1 1111·l \Vi llia111s,
0

\Vho i~

11 0\\t

n\·l' r ~ 1·\· e 11ty years

of age, boldly we nt to the c ity of
New Y ork , - that c it.y whi ch,
as e veryb ody knows, is well
gov e rn ed.
12. To show you how well
gov ern ed tha t c it.y is, I need

(V. h).
10 (2) . D:L'lt addl·<l to C()t n1na
betwee n " Y ork " a11 1l "that · ·
t o relie ve the eye frolll loo many
com mas near togellt er ( \"I. e) ,
- a reason stre 11gt hl'lll'd in
paragTaplt 11 by U1e a1ldit.io1rnl
co 1 n r na~.

l 1. " A s C\'cryborly kn'l\\·s "
betwee n co111111as, be cause it is
a p:lrc n thetical cxprf'ssirn1 w!tieh
ca n he li fL1~1l uut of Llie sf'ntcnce
wil. houL i11j11rillg the co11 sLruet ion (VI. a).

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12. l\larks of q11otal.io11 to
indi cate Llt at the " Quarterly

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only rE' fe r to the "Q1tn.rl t' rly
l:m·i(,w," vol. cx l. p. 120 , a111l
" Th e \\'.,l!ldyClario 11 ,'' _i'; o. xl.
p. 10 .

l:J (1 ) . The first tells us
about a man who is called J oh n
Doc; the sccollll, abo ut Hichard !toe . Doe \\°aS charged with
lan;e 11 y; Roe, wi th breach of
t ru st.
13 (2). The fin;t tells us about
:i man w ho is call ed ,John Doe,
t hi; second abu11t Rich;i,rd Koe.
l >oe w::is chargC'1l wi th l;,rce ny,
l{"f! with breach of trn st.
H. J\lr. Williams was bolt!.

1!) (1) . Tf J\lr. \\'i lli:ims was
l1ul d, he was also prn1k11t..

];") (2). l\Tr. \ril li: t111 R was as
prud1·11t as he was l>oltl .

l G ( 1) . 1\[r. "'illi a ms . " ·n.s
b old, and he was abo p rud1• 11 t.
lG (2). Mr. Wi ll in.ms h acl all
t h e boldn ess of tlic li on; anJ
lie al so h:lcl th e wisdom of th e
se rpe nt.
17 (1). Mr. Wi ll iams had all
tl1e buldrn~.-;s .-,f t.111' li on; antl lie
also had tl11• wi sd(>111 nf tlto SN1•e11t: but. !tc lack"d tho i11110cc 1H.:c of t.hc d un; .

R n icw" and " The Weekly
Ch ri ou " a re calle1l by their
11a111cs(.X Yll.a ). l'erioJsafter
cxl. an 1l xi., because in better
ta"t.c nncl more agreeable to the
eye t han commas (XX. e) .
J:l (1 ). Commas after " second" a11cl " Hoc, " to take the
]'hcc of words necessary to com]'kte t he se nse (V lI. a) . In
t l1i s case se mi colons required
l>etwc(•n th e clauses.
lJ (:.!). Conunas omitted after
" ~eco nd " and "Roe," because
the ~ c n se is plai n without them
(\.!!. /,). In this case commas
r er]l tired h et.wcen th e clauses.
H. Per iod <lfLcr l\Ir., an abbre,·i:tt ion (X \'I. a) . Su, too, in
p a.ragrnp h 12, r•fter "vol.,''
uxo .," op."
15 (1). Cu111m;i required bet wNrn the 1•r i11 ci pal a11d the
dt·1H·11d1•nt ch usc (VI I l. a).
JG (:.!) . :\o co n111t:t required,
ht•c,tus• ) t he pri11 cip: ll clause
n tt•ri:;"s i 11 the dependent one
( \ ' Ill. 11).
1G ( l ). Two independent
cl a use :< separated by a comma
(IX. a).
11) (2). Two
in dependent
c la11s1·s scp:Lratcll by a semicolon
(IX. /1).

17 ( l ). Colon 0Jte1· " scr1'"11 L" to in1lieat.e that the clause
aft1• r it i8 i>al:rnc••d ag-ain st the
L\YO clauses uefu re it (Xll. a). ·

255

PUNCTUATION.
17 (2) . Hr. \\' illi am s had
all the h>ldness of the li on , a ncl
hr' also li:Hl l li e wi"l om of the
8e rpc11t; l11.1t !tc lacked th e inn oce nce of the tloYC.
10 ( 1) . .i\Ir. Willi a m8 had all
th e huldn Pss o [ t.he liu11; an1l he
:dso !tac! I.h e wi,don1 of tl1 e snpent: Lin t ltc lac k,,d th e in 110ce11ce of the d on); li e lacked
si in[>l ic ity; l: c l:tck t>d purity;
lie Ltck··d trutl1f1il11e;;s.
18 (:.!) . .i\lr. \Villi rrn1s had
all t he lio ld11 1•ss of t he li on , :md
Ill ~ also lt:"l tltc wisJorn cif Lite
s"r]•t>1 1t ; b ut ltc lack ed th e in110Ct•11ce of tlte don., - ltn bcked
sinq1li c it.y, h11 bck e<l purity ,
' a11d !te l:Lclw1l truthfulness .
HI. J\lr. Willi a m s h:.d all th e
bul.J11 es:; of t!t c li on; and lie also
hall t he wi sd1J1n of t.lt e se rpe nt:
l111t, li e lacl;etl lil\» i11 11nce ncc of
th e do v"; he laclrn.l s impli c ity;
h e Lcckc·d pnri l.y; he lac:ke1 l
trntl1f11!11ess 1 - wli:tt good tltiug
did Ji., not lack ?
20 (I). Do you ~11ppose that
Mr. \Vil liams we nt to X cw York
for an h onorable purpose? t lHtt
h e had 110 i111 proper motive? no
criminal design'(

20 (2). Do yo u s uppose t hat
Mr. Vv'illi:uns went to X cw Yo rk
for an !to11oral1l c purpose, th at
h e had no imp rope r motiv e , no
criminal d csig-11 '(

17 (2) . S am e e ffcd produee1l
l1y ;;ub~t i t ul. i 11 g cn111111:l f., r . - e111ic11lo 11 , awl t:H~ 111i culu11

f1>l'

1..:1il 11J 1

(Xll. /J).
18 (I). Se ri es o f ~hort. se 11·
teu ces atlC'r " do,·e " s1·p:~rated
by tiem ieolo us (Xl. u).

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18 (2). Co mma anJ dash suhHtit11ted fur Se!llico lo11 , b1·caw:e
~ucceetling
c lau s(·~ nn 1011gr·r
i11 a se ri es with tlic l.rt·c .. di1 1g
011•: , hut in appositiun witl1 it
(IL d).
1 fl. Da.-;h r e ndered nccp;;s:try
by the s uchl1 •11 ch:rnge of C•H1 st ructi o n (XI\'. u). J 11 lL'I T''·~·a ­
tio11 l'"int. t.o indicate a direct
11uestio11 (.XV.).

20 (1 ) . fotnrrogat iou po int.s
to i11<li catc S ll CCPSSiY C 'lllf'St.in11 s ;
Slll<lil h·tters instead of ca 1•it.al~
to irnlicate ('lo;:enes;; (If co n n rctio11, I ik e that of i 11il<' p<'11dcn t cl:w sp;.; in a n afilrtuativ.e
se11t(,IJ CC (Xv. a).
20 (:!). ~am e n,.'1tlt n•aeh1•1l
hy s1 1 b~tituli o 11 of com rn as fo r

i11t.r,rrogatio11 points.

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25G

APPEXD!X.

21. Excln.nrntion points a~
11s1 ·<l in sr nte nces closely con-

21. Hon o r! hi s honor!

22. T t eli yo n that his purpose
was <lish o 11ora l.l<•; t hat his m oti 1•e was l!lns t. i1 11prnp0r ; that
hi s J es ig 11 11·as li• ' l It ],.gaily and
m o rall y cri111i11a l.
2:1 . Il e wa~ . a., l have sai d,
UOlcl : llllll' it Jll ;)\' lH: rlCCO llll'li ,;JictJ l>y 1H 1l d11 P.<S .

2·J. Hi s l"'l'J'""'"' wr n' : firs t,
to nH·et 111 :-{ c n nft· d~·ral 1 1 :-:; sec0 11 1ll y, Lu <!S<'"l"' .i l'Ll'cl i\\ 11.
:2 iJ .

~ 111.:!1 \\' Pl'< •

:\[r .

p11rp(1ses, and sud1

\\' il li :11 11 .,·~

ll'CI"'

hi s cou-

:W . :-;ucl 1 \\'en: :'llr. \\'illia111s's
p urpt>:-:f•;-;, and. ~tl<'lt w1: re lii~ cnn f\·dt·r:des' purpn:.:1·:-: 1 - pllq1n~l\..,
whi c h l w ill 11 uL c harat: l<- riz,; as
th ey d1· se rn·.
27 (1). "!lo w .Jo yo n k11ow
thi,; ·1" l :till ask ed .
27 (2). 1 a111 a sked, "Ho w
do yon k11 nw th is l"
:27 (: I). [ a 111 asked: " Il• >w
do yo n k11nw this ·1 011 what
e v id"11 ce is t he t: ktrge fou nd-

ed? ,,
:111\

:\S k <• il

2:1. C'nlon b f! t.wnen short sente 11 cl's nut close ly co11nect;ed
(XI. /,).
2 L Cu lnn hc[,,re pr,rtic ulars
fo rmally sfal,,, l (XIII. a).
2:}.' A pos t ropli t>s toin<l icatethe
pnss0ss i1·1:0[ :i. si11 g- ular , and that

,,f ,., 1•l 11ral ,

f edl:' ralt.·:;' pu rl'o :-:t·~.

27 ( I ) . I

n ected (X \ ' . Ii) .
:2:2. :-;c111 ico lon s to sepa.rnte depr nd<' 11t exp rc:;:;io11s in a series
( X. a) .

ho w

k11o w Lhis, n11 wli:tL t•1·id•'ll<"!

11011.11 ( XIX. c).
2li. !Jash to give rhetorical
e m1•has is ( Xl V. c).

:2.') . I

an sw "r

tli: d. I li:11·e

:2!).
k n ow n

si nce
<.:ease .

an s 11" e r that l li:1 1·e
it s i1wn ;-rarch, .1Hli7:

his

f a tl1c r-iu-lall'' s

de-

30 . The authori ties on whi ch

:}Q. Colnn t o supply ellips is of
"lite followin g"( \' l L e). Sty It:
of quot ing htw bouks.
3 1. (l). Every com 1n a inscrlcJ
i11 ol>eJie11 ce Lo some rule .

I shall rely arc: 11 l\lass. Hep.
15li ; 2 K e nt 's Cum. ll::i- l 2li.
31 (1) . I b eg yo u to g i,·e
c lose alLe11 li o n to t hese autho riti es , \Vhid 1, tl1 ouglt not rece n t,
Me importan t , pertinent Lo t he
case in hand, ~tnd, therefore ,
not to he s lurred, Heglectell, o r
Sll(:l'r<·d at.
3 L (:.!). I hcg yo n to give
close att e nti .. n to t h ese a11tli oritics, whi c h tho11gh 11 r•t recent
a.re irn porLant, pert i11 e11L to ll 1e
case in ha11d, and tltcrdorc
not Lo be slurred, neglcck<l, ur
s11eereJ at.

a1 (::!). Comm:Ls ornitl"d fur
rl':t.,0 11s <>f L:k• lc and fur the cu 1ufurL uf Lh e eye.

I.
WOllDS IN A SEllrES .

27 (1 to 4) . Quotation poin ts
11s»d wil lt a direc t question
(XV I I. o). futE'r rogatio11 point
e11n111-'. h if q 11 r.s tio11 comes first.
1[ it co1n es last, com ma used
w!i,•11 l>ut 0 11 e <j11estio n asked
(X lIL c); co lo n , when two or
111nrc ( XI ll. /;). TnJi rect qnest io n p 1111ctuated like affirmative
:.;enk\ ncc .

nw k~~ t lie el1aq.:·l'.
k11nw11 it ~ i11 ce ;\l art'h, 'H7.

PUNCTUATION.

28. Apostroph e to indi cate
on1 is,- in11 nf fl p: m cs (XIX. Ii).
:20. 1Iyphe11s to join parts of
~

d r•ri vative word (XVILL b).

(1) No comma [,] is inserted before or after conjunctions-su ch as an,l, or, n or, lmt, yet-when L·rnploy c<l
to con nect two wo]'(l::; belong in g to the same p:ir t uf
speceh and in th e same <..:on,;truction (n), or to c01 111 e<..:t two exp rc,;sions w b ich arc i11 tlie :;ame co nstnwt ion, allll n.rc use<l as if they belonged to tlic sam e part
of spec<..:11 (b) .
(2) A commn. should, howeve r, Lt' in ,.;ertl'tl wlll' n: tlic
wonl lJeJ'o re the co nj un ction j,., ri 11 alifietl by a \Vl)rd tl1at
is not intencl ctl to q u:tlify U1 e word af'ter t li e eonjunction (.:); or where the \V()rd aft.er the co11ju11 <..:tiu11 is
follow ed by an expres,.,ion whi<..:11 qualifies tl1n.t wonl

alone (d).
(3) A comma

i,,;

re•1 nin·d between such words or

•;.

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258

PUNCTUATION.

Al'l'El\Dl.X.

expres::; iuns, when they arc not con n ected by a conjunct iu11 (i:); ur wlt c 11 tlt cre are more lhau twu such word::i
or cx pn.: ssi o11::; (f), enm tlwuglt a conj 1111diu11 is put
bcfure Lite la.-t one in the series (:;). If, howe ver, the
wonl or exprc::;::; ion following the co11juncLion is more
clo:sdy co1111 cctell with Llie w o rd or expres:siou immedi;ttely }Jt"C L:cJi11g it than with tho other worJs in the
serie::;, the co m111 <L is ornitte<l (lt) .
( 4) If t li c co11juuction is re pen.tell before each word
or expr essio n ill llie series, the co mma i::; usually omitted
wlicre the wonb betwee n wl1id 1 the eonjunction stands
are closely uniLcll in mcalling (i) , aml i::; ::;ometimes
irn.;erte<l \Yh t.: re they :we not ::;o united (J) .
(5) H lhe ser ies i:; compo:;c<l of :several words uncorn 1cdvd l>y co11j u11l:lions, a t.:u mm;i is put a fter the
last mm!, in order to imli catc tl1at all the words in
tl10 seri e,; h ear iltc same relalioll to the succeeding
part of lli c sentence (le) ; but some time::;, as where the
sc ntt'ncc i:s so shor t as to prl'sent no difficulty, this
rnlc is disreg ;u·Llcd (l ). If the su cc:ecding part of the
se ntence i,- eon n cd cd wi t h the la::;t wonl in the series,
but not with tlie preceding words, the
omitted (m).
(n) Sink nr swim, ]j,·c nr die, s111Tive or perish, I give my hand
and my hcrirt t.o t.his rnlc .
(a) A just IJ11 I rn <'bncholy rdlecl ion c mbittcre<l, however, the •
n oblc~t o f human enjoyments .
(11) Th e rn· " · 1m lcr 0f thin g-;; "·as in<l11ci11g laxity of manners
awl :L d epar t u re fro m t he :1.11 cie 11 t st ri d ness.
( c) Ile sudd .. nl y 1ili 111r1er/ , (111<{ sank.
( c) llis mi11J was profo undly thoughtfrd, and vigorous.
(rl) All <lay h e k ept o n wa l king, or thinking about his
fortunes .
(rl) 'Twas ce rtain he cn1dd •1:rit1•1 onrl ciph er too.

2!)9

i1

(•' ) fiis trees cxi.endcd tl1 c ir cool, 11111/1ragP0 11.< br:1n ch es .
(1·) Ki11 ghke h as g ive n Aleck a grrnl, l1wHisom e 1 cl1 cst11ut
m:trc.

(/) Tl1 esc :ire no m ediawa l l'e rso n:Lges ; t.hl'y l wlu11g- to an
olde1·, ;•OfJ0. 11 , "' !flh11/ogicrli wv rlJ.
( !!) Tl1is is the he:; t way Lo s tre 11 g l11 c 11 1 1'lji11 c, wul l'll l'i ch tl11:
int..tl ect.11al po wers .
(IJ) He hrid a hanl, r;my, anrl s nllen fa"" ' t1i erei11g Lhick eyes
und e r \1usl1y grny eyehrow s, tl 1i11 li;1s , awl s'l11are jaw.
(!/) [t is tl1e ce ntre o [ Lr:cJc, Uw s upn·11H.: co11rt o[ foshi un ,
th e umpire of ri,· al l alcnls , a11d the sta11d:Lrd o[ thin g s r:iru aml
preci o us.

(h) l l1ave h:td to b e:ix he:wy rai11 s 1 to wTcstl e wi t.h g reat sto rlll.'l ,
to fight. my way a11d ho!J my own as well as l co ulJ.

.:

(i) Th e re speec h w 11l th o ug ht. 1111d n ature failed a. liU.le.
(i) \\' e 11 11111]'<'cl and scrapt~ tl c111rl ro ll etl V<'ry 1111pl«a,a11tly.
(.j) For his sake, empire:; h ;td Ti :;e 11, w11/ tlumi sli ed , a11d d ecay e<l.
(i) , (j) Aml frc·li11g :dl :il<J 11g th e g-anlc1 1 w all,
L l'st h e should sw oun (1111/ t.11111l1lc <1111 / lJe fu11ntl,
C rl' J• t to the g: tle, awl u1 1e 11 '< li t, w 11! cl1"e11.
(i). (1/) [ saL ru11 l louke1.l 1111•1 li s t.•·11 etl , an./ tJi.,11 ghL l1ow rna11 y
thousand y<!ars ago th e sam e thing was g1l i11g 0 11 i11 h u1wr uf
Bulmst.i s .
(k) Th e co ll eges , th e clergy, th e lawyers, th e w•·:tlthy 111crch11.1.ts,
were a g ai11 sL m e.
(I) All g- re aL works of ge 11i11s come from d et•p, /1m t l!J t.ho11 g l1t.
(!) 1'1111 i sh, g-u id o, instnict the Loy .
(m) L ydgate's co n ce it was o [ Ll1e arrngant. sort., ne\'er "i 111 pPr ing1 11 eY<' r i11q1erl in ent, n ever pett.'l i11 its cl :ti111 s , h11t l.H.: 11e1·ule11 ll y
con tern piuous.

In the example under (}), som e ''Ti ters would omit
the comrnn". Their omis,- ion woulJ be more usual
in a c:ollu<1uial than in an orato ri cal ::;ty le, such as that
of tl1c pas:;agc in J\fac::w lay from wl1i c li the scutcnu:
is tak en .
1 Tli t: r(' i ~

is hand ~ 11rn r:

1111

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cnn 11n:1 l1 erc, Leca1i ~c tit <• wrikr i . :. " JH':lki11~, n flt of a man• that

1·hcs l1111l , but uf a chcgtuut mare that i ~ h:111d ...:u ni•..:.
1~

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260

AP P EN DU.

PUN CT U ATION.

II.

UL

W O ll l> S I N A l'POS ITlON .

A comma is pnt between two wo rds or phrases which
a rc in appo8ition witl1 caeh other (a) , unl ess t hey are
u sed as a compoun!l nai nc or a ::;inglc p hrase ( b) . Instead of :t com ma, tlic Llasl1 [- J alo ne (c) , or combined
wi th the comm a (1l) , is sometimes uscll.
(a) A ho1·c all , I should "l'eak o( 1Va .< lii11gtu11 , the youthful
Vi rg inian colollel.
(a) Next Lo U1t~ capi tal 8tood lfristol, then the first English seap ort, and 1Voncich, th en th e first E ngl ish man nfa<:turin g town.
(Ii) On t he se" "11 l<' r.·11Lh of .NOl'crnbe r, 1558 , after a brief but
m o8t d isastron s rPig-n, Qrrccn 1lfory llicd.
( Ii) JVa n l H oo ;n, Fra11!.:li11 Sclwol/111 11sc, 1Vas!t;11'.7l on Street, Boston.
( c) T hi s poin t re prese nts a second tltou:;!tt - an emendation.
( c) Do r want an arm, wh en r h:t\'C th ree r ight arms -th~
( putting forw: ml hi s ldt one), and Dall , a nd Tro nbri<lge ?
(1/) The two p ri nciples of \\·hich \ \"C h ave hi therto spoken, Sacrifice aml Trnllt.
(1i) llc co 11 si<le 1w l fine \Hi t. i n~ to be an ad1l it ion from without
to tli c malle r trea!t'd 1:f, - a so rt of o rnamen t superind ucecl.

In a s<' 111l-11 <:0 l'u 11 ,;(rndc1l like Lh o fir,.; t o ne under (c),
t.110 d a,.;J 1 is prcfl' rn.11\c l.o t li l: eorn1n :L; fo r Ll1 c <l.u:;h indicates u1t 111 istakalily that t he t wo cxp re::;s ions between .·
whid1 it stands arc in apposition , ·whereas t he comma
mitrht l ea ve roo m for a 111 u111c11 lary Lloubt whe ther " an
.em"'en d a t ion " wa.s t he second t erm in a series, of which
" a ::;cconcl tl 1o uc::h t" ,,·as t he fi r!'lt term . A similar remark can he ma.d e aliout t he secon d se n te nce under ( c).
\Vhcre, as i11 t he scllLc nccs n1 Hlcr ( d), the words in ·
ap ]'os it io11 arc separatc1l fr nm each other by severaJ _
other w or ds , Lli c <la::;l 1 i11d ica lcs lli c con :struction more··
clearly t han th e · co mm a. wu1il1l dn.

V OCAT I VE

261

wnn os.

V ocative words or exprcs::;iom; a re ::;cparalk<l from
t h e con text lJy one co mm a, w lwn tli oy oec ur at tli 1~
beg inning (a) or at the eml (11) of a sente nce ; by two
comm as, wh en t h ey oecur in tli c h url y o f a sen tence (c:) .
l:

( a) J\Ia.rk A.11tnny, here, ta.k e )'Oll c~es: u"s Lolly .
(Ii) Wh al; would !f111t, D e.<t/c111.1111a?
( c) l\ Ir. ALla 1n;; anJ 1':lr. J e..f/er3uu, j "ellow-cili::.ens , 1rere SLu..:cessively .Presidents of t he United States .
(1:) I remain , S ir, your obedient sen a nt.
( c) X o, sir, 1 I th ~rn k yon.

IV.
A DVEIW S

A ~D

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ADVE Rill A.L E X PR E SSIONS .

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A dverbial (a), partieipial (b), adjectival (c) , or al>solu te (d) cxpre;-;o;io ns a rc se pa.r<L!(;d fro m t h e co 11 text
by a corn ma or co nmi:-Ls. So arc n1 :1ny ad ve rbs a 11 d
co n,1· 1rn c 1·11J11 s w Ill' ll tl 1ey 111( >cl1·1·),
_ ,.-•, (·, l.·1.11;.;c or a f-lc nt encc , or eo n ncc t i t wit,11 a nother se 11 toncc (e).
(a) By t he law of 11ati1ms, citizens o[ oth er co un t ries are allowed
to sue arnl to he su ed.
(a) Th e: /JOok, greatly to my disappninlm enl, was n1,t to be fonrnl.
(Ii) " ' it.bout attemptin g a fo rm a l defini t ion of the ,,,,'.rd, I am
incl inetl to co nsider rl1 ei.o ri c, when redu ced to a ~y ste m Ill lioo k ~,
as a body of rules de ri ve•\ from ex per ience all(l o bse r vat i on,''~ ­
t end i ng t o all comnrnnic;1ti on 1y la ng uage ;w d dcsig 11 ctl to make it
effi cie nt.
(b ) H.d urn ing to th e 111cstio11, let m e ::vltl a sin gfo \\'orcl.
(c) Viohmt as w a~ the storm , it soon bkw over.
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See " Capital L<;ttcrn," Ill. p. 279.
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262

APl'E ~DIX.

PUNCTUATION.

(d) Tv make a long story sh ort, the company broke up,
t 11rnccl to tli c m ore impo rtant conce rns of the elect io n.
(cl) .':'o state my Yiewsfall!J, I w iU beg in at the beginuiug.
(e) l l1 e p11rs 11er.', loo, were clo:;c IJ<,!1i11J.
( e) Fi1111 1ly , let u:; 11vL forget the rc li g iou::; ch:trr1cter of our origin.
(-?) lfae , i11 clc1•rl, is th e a11 swcr Lo many criti cis ms.
( e ) Tlr en'}irre, lw1r~ r a g re:1t t li e chan ge:; to be accomplished,
and l1nwe1·cr ,J,.u :;c tl1 e :irray ag:t in .,L us, we will n either despairl
O il th e o ne Jrnml, nor 011 the oth er 1 threaten violence.

".i\f:tny " ·onls ran keel as adverbs are sometimes em~
pl oyed conj1u1L:ti \·ely, and rw1 uire a different treatment
in th eir p t111 d uat io11.
\Vli en u:;ecl as conjunctions,
Twwe ver, 11 u11 ', then, lrJo , h/(lted, are cliviLled by comm as
from t he co nte xt; Lut wh en as adv erb:;, qualifying th
words with whi ch they arc associateJ, t he separation
should no t be macle. Thi:; lli:;tin cLion will be see n from
the foll o win g examples : " 1. HowE\·1-:n. - \\'c must, lt o1cever, pay so me deference to
th e opinions of lh c \\·i:;c , hoicevcr much th ey arc contrary t.o our
own.
":2. ~011-. - T han' 11 n1v sh own the co ns istency of my principlC8j
and, 1101c , wh at i., t\ 1r. fa ir and oln·i o us conclusio n ?
"3. T111·:N. - 011 th ...w f ;1cts , 1/,,:11, I then 1-c~ tod my argument,
nntl afL1·r11·:trds 111:111" :1 f" w g1 •m·r:1 \ ol>s1•ry:i.ti onHon tho subject.
"1. TclO. - I f1111n 1l , ton, a Lli .,;tl re :i.t Al cxanJr ia, anJ another at
Cairo; but he wh o woul d e njoy t he reprc:lcntations must not be too ·
p arti cular.
"5. T1'on:n. -Th l" young lll :l. n w:•s inrleed cul pable in that act,
though, indeerl, h e co udu eted himself very well in other respects.

"\Vhcn placc1l ;i,t Ll1c cn•l of a se n tence or a clau c
th e co njun ·Lion too mus t nn t he separated from the con·
tc-xt hy a co in ma; a:::, 'I would that they had changed ,,
V OICCS too .' "2
"
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f'o m111 : 1 ~ om iU i·il hC' rt• for reaso ns of taste.
l'u111..: t uati11n 1 p. 7;J.

Seep. 250.

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RELA1TV I·: CLA US ES.

Relative cb.u:;es whi 0h are merely explanatory of the
anteccllcnt, or which present an additional thougl1t, are
sepnsatccl from the co11text l.iy a comma or co mma:; (a);
but rclati ve clau:;es whid1 arc rei!trietive, that is, w hid1
limit or determine the mcaDiug of the anteceJent, are
not so separatcJ (b) .1
( a ) IIi::; sloril's, 1cltich made cve ryboJy la ugh, were often m ade
to or.Jer.
(ri) At firn in t he m o rning of t he sc 1•cHLh, Cre!f, ·1clw li :c.J ll'andurr•tl fro1n hi s ji· ien rls, was seizuJ by two of l11c Sussex scn1it . -;.
(u) Iii,; vuice, wh ich was so pleasing in private, was too weak for
a public occasion .
(a ) In times like th ese , when the pas,;ions a re stimulated, lrnth is
forgo tten.
(rt.) Th e kaJurs of the party, /,y whom tlii8 plan haJ bee n dnis cd,
lwd heen sLl"ll ggli11g fo r :;eve n years to org anize such an assc w\ 1\y.
(r1) ·w u nut onl y fi nd Erin for lr elan tl, 11•/1 erc urcv ity is in fa vo r
of th e s11i•sti1111ion, out :cbo Caledo nia for S cotlanJ.
(I>) l [ u clid that whii:h h e (cared Lo do.
(Ii) lfc 1rlw is !tis ow11 l:iwyer is sai1l to li<L\'e n fool for a clien t .
(/,) The upro:Lr, t he ulood, llie gashe;; , Lh e ghastly ./i:/ •ff e.< wlrich
sank Jown auJ 11c ve r rose again, spread hvrror and di s1uay through
·' the town.
(&) Those i11luil1itru1ls who haJ f:worcJ t he insurrec ti on cx pccteJ
sack a nd nHtssacre.
(b) Th e e.rte11t lo n"l1ich th e F ederali sts yield ed their assent wou!J
at this day be incredibl e.
(&) 1 told ltim wltae th at oppositi on must end.
(b), (rt) Tho"e Presbyterian m embers of th e H ouse of Cf!mmons who had ueen exp elled by t he :mny, return e1l to tlwir s«:d.s,
an<l were ltail eJ wit.Ii a<·.,Jamati o11 s by great 11wli i1udes, 11:/ricli tilleJ
Westmi11 ste r Hall au d Palace YJ.rJ.

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API'ENDLX.

VI.
l'A1rnNTITETIC

EXI'll~SSWNS .

P arentltetic or interm ediat e expressions are separated
from t,hc oonLext by commas ( a) , by dashes either
alone (/•) or oomui ncd wi lh oll ic r stops (c) , or by
marks of paroHt li csis [ ( ) ] (d) . The la.st are le:;s common now Ll1an Ll1 ey w ere formerly. The dash should
not lie used too frc<1u enU y, but is to be preferred to
tho comma when the l;:i,ttcr would cause ambiguity or
ol>scmity, as wh ere the scnlon cc already contains a
numucr of commas ( e) .
DrackcLs [] arc used wl1on words n ot the a uthor's
(f), or \vhcn :;ig ns (:;), are inserted to explain the
m oanin g or to s up pl y an omi:;:;ion. Sometimes also
brack e ts are n ee l cll for clearness (It) .
(a) Th e difference, tli crcforC', be twee n a r rgirnenL of the foot
gun.rd~ anJ n. reg iment of clowns jus t enrulled, though do ubtless
co11"i1/e ra/,le, was by 11 0 means wl1 at it now is.
(a) T he English of the N orlft., or 1 Nor1lw 111liria11, has bequeathed
to ll S fow lllOlllllllt'lltH.
(11) , (a) IL 1rill - f am ~ nre it 1cill - nw r~ :wc l more, as timo
goes on , lie fo un d g-ood for this .
(!') " rhcn he \\":l.S in a, 1·r1:r 1 -anrl h e very often was in a rage,
- he s wore like a po rter.
(r ) Th <>y " ·ho lho11ght lier to be n. great 1co111a11 , - an d many
peo ple <lid t.hi11k her to be great, - were wo nt to d eclare that she
ueve r forgo t tl1 o'c who di <l co me, or th ose wh o did not.
(rl) Il e \\" :\ ~ r ec(•i 1·ed wi t h great r espect hy th e ministe r af the "''•
Grand D11k e of T11 scr11111 ( 1tfw :1fi··rwanb m ounted the Imperial
1/,ro11 e), a 111l by t he a111l •:i, ,atlo r u[ the Emprc:;s Quec: n.
(rl) Circumstances ( 1chiclt with some g en tl e men pass for nolliing)
l

Jn th i• • ent •1wc, the wort! "or"
0

" ot her wi se cal led.''

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di;j un ct il"l:, out has the force ol

PUNCTUATION.

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2G5

givP- in reali ty to every polilic:1l pr inciple its distin g 11i ., liing color
and tliscrimitrnti ng e ffect.
(1/) H it is Lru e , a.s t his new teache r says , tkit Ll 1..: a.r Li:;t is the
protluct of his t.ime , i t is evirlen l (l!t ey will i11/er ) thal uo rn oclc rn
a.rLi~t ca.11 bccu me lik e t11 c p rocl ud of ;inot her ti 111 e.
( e), (a) ln th e i11surrcdio11 of J'l"OVinces, e ith er <list-a nt o r se1•nrat!0<l by 11:itural blfan.r/1tries, - ff tu f"f! eH pec i:tlly if tl 1..: i11\ial>ila11 ls,
ditiuri11g in ruli g- io11 :11111 la11g11 ;i,g1~, <tre rntll<! r s11 lij1·d s of t he samo
govern11u•nt t han po rtions o[ tl 1e s:1111e 1>en1,/e , - h11stilitics whi ch are
waged u11ly to sc1·('r n. Ir gal t ic lll ay as;; 111ne tlte regularity, and in
some measu re th e 11iilr/11 e.<s, of foreig n war.
( /) Th e chair m; rn of 01 11· Co1 11111ittcc of For,·ign li 1·lu li•111s [ .l lr.
Epp""] , i11trod11 ced at t his time t hese a. rn e11dme11 t.s to t l1 e l lun:w .
(:J) [::iee br<tckets enclos ing the pare ntl1 t:\l.ic signs in ·vr. , li11 e 1 .)
(h) [As l1 cre and in (:;), to show t hat these are not c xa111ples ,
but references.]

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Tl1c prin ciple w lii ch r eq uire:; parc11Ll1ctical oxprcs·
sions to be :;oLoff by m;trks of pnnctuaLion, - n pr i11 1·i l' le
umlcrl y ing II., III., IV., a nd V. (a), a::; well as VI., fo un d eu though it is in the oLvious u t ility of scp:trn t·
ing from the rest of tho sonLCllCO won.ls wl 1i clt in terrupt
tho cont inui ty of thought, a11cl can lJC rcrnu 1·cd \vilh out
impairin g th e grarnma,tic:•l :;Lrncturo, m ay occa,.;ionally
Le viuh Lc<l to advantage; a,;, for oxa111ple, hy t ho omi s;;ion of co1111na:; Lefore and after U1 e wonb "tl1ou g h i t
i;;," in tl1c fou rth lin e of U1is paragraph. So, too, i11 Ll10
firnt lin e of XIV., th e paro1it,hdi cal expressio n, "eitlicr
alone or combiu oJ witlt oLlicr stops," is se t off 1Jy
corn mas ; but, in the second anrl thinl Jin c:; of VI., the
, same expression is w r it ten without tlie first comm a,
bocau,;o uy t he omission the expression is mad e to
quali l"y "tla,.;]1es " 011ly. In t h e dausu, "afler a brief
but most di::;n,,; t rous reign" (I L li), t l1 c WfJl'(l::; "but
mo;;t Llisa::;trou:;" arc pa re11tl1 cLieal; but n1<trks of p:.i.rcnthesi:; can w ell be sparell, tho clause is so brief.

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266

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APPENDIX.

PUNCTUATlON.

VII.

VIII.

ELUPTICAL SEXTEXCES.

DEI'EN"DENT CLA USES.

A comma is often r e<J_11 ired to indicate an ellipsis,
(11.); but t he com ma, if not nccdc(l to make the sense

A comrn;i, is u:;c<l Lctwcc11 iwo chuscs, one of whid1
depeml::; on the other (a). H , 11owe vcr, the cb.tiscs
are in timately conncdcLl in ll< >Lh sc1 1sc and const n tetion, the enmnrn is often 0111ittt:tl (6) .

clear, may Le t1i ,:p e n ~c cl "·ith ( b) . ·w here the ellip. is
is of th e ex pres:; ion:; that i.~, 11a 1ncly, an<l the like, a .
po int is alway:; l'(;<1u irL·1l: i11 so111 e cases a comma is to
be prefe rred (r·) , in ollw1·s a co1 11ma an<l <lash (d), in.
others a colon ( .:) .

(u ) T !ton:;h lier:;clf :L UJ.u•ld uf p c:r~u ucil beatll!J, sh e was not the
go1ld1' ;~

(ri) A 1/111iss io11, t11·r• 11t!t-fi rr ce nts. Tick ets, fl.ft!! cents.
(a) H o was born :it tl1l' ol<l !t n111 este11rl, 1lla!J 7, 1833.
li\·c1l i11 1V1~ 11 ·port , f.' h•ir/1! l .</11111/ , /T11i1,,/ St at,1~;; of America.
(ri) Hs po liti cal m:i x im ~ a rc invalualJI ,~; its ex hortations to love
of co11n t ry :rn J Lo hro ll 1crly afkct io11 arn o11g citizt 11s, loud1i11 g.
(u ) \\' it.Ii a u11iL<!•l gornn1111 <! 11t, wdl ad 1ni11i stereJ, he saw th t
we h:itl nothing- Lv fo:u; a.11<1 wi t.!tout it, uolhi11g Lo hope.
(11) On tit •) b es t li ne~ u( co mrn1111ica lio11 tl1 <! ruts were deep, th& ~-r/escr11t.< 11rff 1j1 i rr,,1.>, n.111 l t i1 n "'"!! njicu such as it was hard ly possi·
blo to disti11 g., 1 i~h, in th e dark, from t.hc UI1e11closccl heath and fou_:_ __ .~
whi l.!1 1 hy 011 bol h ' ides.
(11) lhnc<>ck "·n·,.d l h " · · ~w sc \Yilli lib li!Jcral opul ence, .·Id1111;J
with his i ncorrn p l i bl e po\· 0r ly .
(c) Tl1is sce ll e :td111i ts o( but one addition, that we are Jllis..
g oYe l'll ell.
(rl) Th is d eplor:il 1lP ~cr n r admits of but one addition , - thaJ. w
n.rc gon'rnetl by co un cils fro111 \Yhi ch n. rca ·onablc m a n e:.ia expect.
110 r medy J,11 (, po iso n. no rel ief bu t death.
('' ) 011 0 tl1i11g is s11re : //, e, hill \\"ill 11(1L pciss .

In b oth t l1 c ex a rn p lt·s unt1 e r (11 ) , il 1e

·rLivn of co1 _11J:t:; licLwc,·11 Ll1c it: die i ~.eLl wonb w(luld, 0 11 accon. ul' the proxilllit.1· o f o tl1 cr <'nn11nas, t:JTalo
:-11 1'1 u ll'c· 11t l t I1c: 1'.I '-" ; i ll t Ji c: U1i rtl a 1u l four Lli
1111der (o} . I Ii i" 11l 1j1T f i"11 Ut•c::i 11ot li oltl.
ill::;

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of lin:wt,y.

.

(a) Ilad a co111ii et ouce uegwi, the rage o[ t11e1r l'l' l" ~l'<; 1d., 1·s
w ould ha,-,, n:doulii eJ.
(u) Ji ,111 r ,yill u e rc,id!J , u 111" po\\"erB ~re not cld1 l' i ..·11( .
tiw wl "' l<· 11ati u11 \\":l.S
'
(a) As soo 11 n.s l1is d "" l ar:tt ·w1t was 1.-1101c11,
wil •l wiU1 tkl ig-l1 t.
(u ) \ Vhile Fr:u 1c; 1; \\·a s \\':t,lc'd l•y 1r11r, tin! E11 g- li ., l1 l• k :i 1k1l ,
tr:vled, n.nd sturl il' tl in ~ e c urit y .
(b) The 1).ianl w ay h :mll y lJc' n 111i,,,fr,/ !l1 rt l tl 1c·-_ j>< ">l\"1'1" o( l'X[ >t' llll~
· g any purL1· u1 • v [ t, [w 111111
·· cl)'.t
.· · l u [ v L11· fL111d c .x11m .: d :it U1c l'llll of
w
t\\' P Vl' :lr~ .

(I~) ;\ 111l

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if H ~ Jj.L:°} if

(/J) \\~c wi -- l1t•tl tu :l'''"'' 1,·i :d 1• wit \1 t\ 1r•

lik'· lo11k whi1 ·li it.

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u11 til iL k 1:->t t1 11• t 1i •111i -

\\·1· :n .-.: i t • ;L <' Ot li1 t r y1 11 :111.

(11) Y•iti l JJ;ty !/'! ~·, ·y ~ J ! I \\ iil .
. .
(Ii) r du id 111' /1, 1/,, r iJf' ~ :t\\' t\1P t r11 1111111~ ()f 1:1 :-; li· .
'(Ii) ~flit ' ll ~liak :-:p1 · re is a y cn ;u:::; lw «1r11 .-:1· 111 · 1·a n l.11 · t.r;1n ~ l:1. lcC cl

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in to German, n.ntl uot a gc11 i 11.< bccc w ,<c h e ca 1111 uL Le
French.

t 1 ·: lll ~l:tLe J

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Tlicsc cx;i,rnplc:; slJtJw t11a t, it' tlie: rl"iw nd t• iil- l'l:tusr;
COil tt· ~

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i::onwt.i 1 n,,s lllll'. i::; ll Ut. n ••111 ir1·1l ii' tl1c ""Jl"i1d"11 l via1 : ~t ·
com e:; in11 1w c_li;li r·h· aJtP r Liu: cbllHJ u11 \\·l1iclt i L 1lepe1" l s . I 11 tJi ..~ furnt c r t·:i s c, 1111· \\·11rd wl1i"li rna k t·s
LliL!

i:-\ al a 1li ~~ l;1 ;ic ·1 ·
in ll1» bttn 1·:1 ,.;r ·. it st:111d,.;
a l least. 11e<ll' tli" 11·0rd,: it 1'lH11 1t't' ls.

l · 1lf :i1t ·1 · ii •1 1 1

from 1.111·
between

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or

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1:111 111l' t:h :

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268

Al'l' l'.:N J>I S .

PUNCTUATION.

IX.

x.

I N DEPENDENT OLA USES.

A poi1 1t is rcc1uirctl between two imlt:pendent clauses
conncctctl by a conjunct ion,- snch as f or, and, but, or
y et, - in onler to re ml er it cc rlai n that the conjunction. _·
does not ser ve to connect the mmls between which it ..
sta nds. H the se nte nce is a sl1 ort one, and the clauses ,_
are closel)' <.;onnc ctetl, a. comma is suffi cient (a); in other <
cases, a se mi colon [;] (o) or a colon [ :] (c) is required.'.
(r1) 1liad 11ow a 1ni11rl to try how 111 ;1.11y co LweLs a single spider·
cotLld fnrniol 1; wlterefo re I deot roye,l this, alt({ the insect set 11bou~ _
anoth er.
(a) There \YaS a lock 011 thP duor , /,,,t the k"Y was gone.
(a ) L erm1 to li,•e well, or fairly 111ake your will.
(a) Tlie lock WPnt liard, !J''' t he key d id open it .
(a) H e R1 notc t lic rock of the na t ional 1·esou rces , and abundant ·, '·
stream s of r eYenue g ush ed forth . l I " touchccl tlie dead corpse ot,...
the l'ublic Crer lit, a11d it ~p rn ng 1t po11 its feet.
(/1) Tl1is \\°:\S th e g-rm t e~t ,·i dory in that war, so fe rtile ~n gr ·
exploit.;; m11/ il at o nce gaYe re 11owu to the All111iml.
(11) , ·o crnl t.h e :111ciP11 t n 1ic1·s o[ n· li gio n :wd fermring; but th
arc 8ile11 cNI, on ly to revi rn m ore g- lorionsly elsew here.
· ""
(a), (/1) The Vl'ry i.Jt'a of p11rity a nd di si11terestedness In
po liLies falls ill LO di.<n•11111t: , wrrl is en11si11ercJ as a vision of hot
in cx pr-ri cnccd m~ r1 ; a nrl thn s rli so nlers b eco me incurable, not by
t he virulence of th eir ow n quali ty, but by the un apt and violen~ .
n ature of t heir n·111l'di 1's.
(r"), (11) The Mohawks wrm at fi r;;t afraid to come :
th ey se nt tlie Flc111 isl1 B:i,-tanl ,,·it h o,·ertu res of p eace;
a brge rl ep ul:1lin11 of thr-i r cl1i t•L; :ipp1':1re,J at Quebec.
(rr ), (c) lli s rril'tl\J..; J1:tno g- in ·n HS matr•riaJS for Criticism,
fo r t hese we ougl 1l Lo he g- rat du l; his l'n cmi es have given us nest
t ivn critici.'ln, and for Ll 1i s, up to a c1· rlai n po i11 t, we may be gratefd.j
but the cri t icis1u we really wa11l 11citl1er of tl1 em h as yet given
' .F1Jr pu 11cL11alion of ind ependent clau ses not co nn ected by n coil)
tion -s ucc cs~ i w: sho rLsc ntc11 ecs-scc XI. , p. 270.

a.nu

' Sec also Xl l. («), p. :!71.

DEPENDENT EXPRESSIONS IN A SElUES.

Semico lons arc useJ between expressions in a scncs
which l1avc <l common t1cpclllle11<.;e upon words at the
beg innillg (a) or at the cml (b) or a sentence.
(u) Yuu co uld giYe us uo curnmiss iu11 to wrong or opprt'S.' , "r
evc 11 lo suffe r an y ki 1J d of Oi'[>rcssic11 1 ur wro1 1 ~, 011 :wy g r.. 1111d ~
wli abtJ•!l' L! r: 11ol 011 p1.iliLi e:d, a:; in Lhe afLtirs uf A111 r· rir ·"; 110/ u11
coni 111 ,. r,:i:d , as in those of Irelu1ul .; 1wl i1_1 eivil, as i11 Ll1 e laws fo r
de/A ; not in n!li g ions, as in the s ta t u te~ agai11sL l'roLe:;lant or
Calholi e ,1issc11tcrs .
(a) They forget lhat, i11 E11 gl a11Ll, not oue sliilli11g of papcrmon cy of any dcseriptio n is rccein)d but of choice ; t/u// tl 1c -.d 1ole
- has had it:; origin in cas h act uall.Y de1Jn~ite rl ; aw l tha t it is co11 vertibl c, n,t Jil casurc, in an insta 11 l, and without t!tc ornall cs t lo:;s ,
into cas h again .
(a) I n L1 1is choice of i1il 1crita11 cc we hav e g i,·en to our fram e of
polity lli c: i1 11:1ge of a relation i11 bl11o<l; l.i i11 <li 11g- 11 p Llie Cunoit it ulinn
of ou r country 1r iLl1 our de:cre:;t do111<·sLic t i~s; ad,,1lf i11!1 our fundamental bws i11 Lo the bo:;o m o[ ou r fa mil y (~/)ixli1111s; kapi>uJ i11 sq1arablo, rtn•l chcris hi11 g- 'vit h t he warmth of n, JI tl1<:ir co111lii11<·d a1u l
mutually n·ll eclc<1 clrnrities , our :::itale, Ollr hearths, our sepulcltres,
and our altars .
· (u) The g ro un cl strowetl \Vitl1 lli c de:t<·l a11d Lhe d!J i11v: //rt
impetuo us charge; th e · stcacly :wd suceessful r f.Jr1d.< e i tlu' lu11tl
·call to repeated assault; tli e ~ u1 11111 o ni11 g- of :di Ll 1at is 111;t11ly lo
repe:.blccl r es istance; a thousaml huso111s fr eely a111l f•carl ess ly
.• bared in a 11 i nsta11t lo whate ver of tL" rror llierc rnay ue i n war
and deatl 1;-al l these you have wit11 cssed, but yu u wiLu c:;s them
po more.
(u) How w e have fared si 11 cc th en -\rhat woful varidy of
schemes li:i.ve liee n adopted; whal c: 11 fo rci1 1g, and what '"''J"'alin g;
what doin g and w1r fui11:;; u:ltat sl 1i[Li11gs, a ncl cha11gings, and jumblh1gs of all kind s of rn c11 at li ome , whi ch left no possibility of
order, con s i ~ lc n cy, or vi gor - il is a te d i o 11 ~ k1sk to recount.

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A l'l'E!'iDlX.

l'UNCTU ATlON.

XI.

XI I.

! '.

271

8l'CCESS l\"E :"'I I ORT SE!\TENC.ES .

Either semi colons or colons may be use<l to connect
in form succe::;sivc :;hort se ntences whi elt are, though
l>ut slightly, co1111 cde<l i11 sense. Se micolo us arc usually
preferr ed wlicw th e con nc<.:t ion of Lhouglit is dose (a);
col ons, wh er e iL i,; llOt very do::;e (t1).
(11) Th e u11ikd fl eet rode numoles ted by Lhe lJrili~!t; Sir Charles
Hard y eil11 l: r di d 11ot o r wrH1l1l uot s.·c Lh c ni.
(u) Sn t:h was o ur s it uati on: ~m e! su ch r, saLi s faclion was necessary to prc n~ 11 t rcr1•urse to rlrms; it was n ec essary to wanl laying
th em du1cu ; it will Lie uece:<sary to preve n t Lhe Laking them up
aga in :u1d agai n.

(n) :\fark ll 1c cl,•;;t i11y o [ cr ime . lt is ew•r obligr.cl to resort to
s uch s11&tc1/u;1.:«; it t rem bles in the broacl light ; il uetr<1ys itself in
scek i11 g cu nceal111 eut .
(a) T he mHm·11 am g-('n erally pr8 1f/ : .fe1c of tli e m a rc urunettes ;
ma n!/ of the m are di sc reet, am! :L g uod nu111l1e r are lazy.
(a) H e Lakes t l:i 1q:;s as tl 1!'y arc : he s ubmi ts to Ll11·m <ill, as fariui
they go ; ft,, r ecoi.; uizes t he liu es of dc w :ir cati on wh icl1 nm between
subjrd :11111 " 11l.1jer'l.
(/1) \' ,~ ry frw fa1iltsof arehilPch1rl' :m' 111i,;tak1 ·~of ho11cst choice: ,.
th ey :ire almost all h ypt>Pri s ir·~.
(11) Th e sau w may J,c ~a icl of ll11' cla" i<':d l/'rilr''"': Pinto, Arist otle, Luc rdi 11s , :wt.I S eueca , as far :t~ 1 reco ll ec t, are s ile11 t on the
subj ect .
(/,) Com pute yo nr gr1 i11 s : see wh:il i;; g-rit hy those extravagant ',
a11•l i'rcs n mpt11ous spcc11latio11,; "l1icl1 haYc b11 g hL you r leaders to
drspi,;e all t.hPi r prcdPCPs, nrs.
(/!), (a) Th e p rofessms of 'ci1'!1CL' wl111 Um'w o ut the
pri11 r· i!'le 11:\\"l' g ain l'd a ri ('h l1:1r\'•·;:t fro1 11 t l1c· s1·1·.! ll11•y sowed : they
g:ll'" I h e 11 riwi11l1' .: th ey .c:nt, back fr11u 1 t he prac tical telegrapher
ac1 · t1r:dt> ~ ta1ularc..l:s o f 1n L~a :-: 1trL·tn c 11l. 1
l S1-c ak.> XII. (o ), i " ~7 1.

Colons are u:;ed uetwecll two 111 e11ilwrs of a se ntence,
one or both of wl1i ch arc com pose d of two or more
cbuscs separated by se mi colons (a) ; sem icu lom:, or
v ery rarely colons, between clauses , one or bo t h of
wl1i ch arc s ubd ivi<lcd by a nurnlJer of commas (h).
Tl1c r elati o n~ wlticli tlt e several part:; of the sc11tt·11 ce
lx·nr to one a110Ll1er arc U1u:; clearly i11dicn tc d.

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(a) Ea rly rl'formati o lls :we a mi calJ!e anange mc 11ts \\'i Ll 1 a fri .. 11 .j
in powe r; late r eform ations are t<' rm s impo; P<l upo n a co 1111 11t·n·1]
reformat.ion s :trC rnade i II t:Ou! ulood j J:ttc rd Onll: lti(lllS are ni: tde uud1.:r a stal1 · o f infhn11 ll afio 11 .
(11) \V ,, are se ldom t irPso me to f111r;;ch·cs; an d tl"' ad (> f cnlliposition fills :tnd del ig hts the n1ind with el 1:UJg<' of la nguage· a 11 tl
s ueePss ion C>[ i11w!Je.; : e:·a!/ co 11jil1· t \I' lie n Jirodu ced is ne w; and
novelLy is the g reat sou rec of pli'lts u re .
(a) There seem s to liave b ee n a11 liidi :w path ; for thi s was the
ordin:try roule of Lh e M ohawk a11d OnPid:t " ·1ir-1wrlies: /,111 the path
was narrow , broken, full of g ulli Ps a nd P.itfa ll s, cro;;sed hy sLn· aJns ,
an1l in 011n pince in t.crr u ptr<l hy a lalrn whit:h tlH'y passed ., 11 raff.:;. l
(11) lfe was cn ur t•·ons, not cri11gi11g, to s11111:riur.<; u//~,/,f,, , not
famili:t r , to er111Ctls; all(f kind, but n ot coudesce udin g or w1 •e rcili uus,
to inf,.,·iors .
(/1) Tl1•at.11 is tl1 crc associatrd , n ot, as in \Ve;;tn1in skr Altl )('y
an d Sa.i11t Paul's, with ge 11ius ancl Yirtu e, with put.lie Yenerat.ion an 1l wi t.!J im pc rishal1l e r e11 01c n ; 1111t , as in our hu111li l•·st
church es :lltd Pl11irchy ard .,, wit.Ii en'r,v thing- t h at is ll! ost cnd e:tring in social and d omr,s t.ic ch :trili f''i J.u t. wi tlt whatever is
darkes t. ill li1J111:rn nalurn a1 ul i11 human d estin y.
(/;) Tl1 c rdore LlH'Y lonk ou t. fo r the d:ty \\'l1t·n U10y sha ll J.:cn!
p u t do wn n ·liginn. not by 8h11 U. i11g it.~ s~ h ools, 1111!. l1y PmJ>l.,·i11g
th em ; 110/ J.y disp11 Li11 g- it.s t.<• 11 <.·Lo , but l1y the supcriur "'" i.c:: l1L :111d
pe rsu:i si\'e ncss of th e ir O\HL
Cnl' lll!J : C(lr/!J

I Ser ttlso !\'. . (1·),

n1Ht XI. (/, ).

(o), pp. \W8. :> ~n .

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FOlOIAL

Al'l'END I X.

PUNCTUATION.

XIII.

XIV.

STATE~H:)[TS;

( a) So, tli eu, U11:sc arc the t wo ,·ir t ucs of IJllildiug: first, the
s igns of man 's ow n good work; seco ndly , the cxp re~s io n of man's
de light in \\'ork bct.ter than hi s 01rn.
( a) Ayriin: this :tr~ttm e n t is un so nn <l b ec:i. use it is un fo unded
i n fact. Th e facts am s uch :i.s s ustain the oppos ite con clusion, as
I will 1wo,·e in :i Yery few \YOrds .
(/1) TowarJ the c1ul o( yo ur letter , yo u :i.rc pleased to observe :
" Th e reject. ion of a t rea ty , duly nrgot i:i.t.ed, is a se ri ons question,
to be avoidc1l wh eneve r it can be witho ut too g reat a sacrifice.
Tl1 0 11g h t h•) 11atio nal faith i:; not actually com mi U.~d, sti ll it is more

or

l c 1 ~s Pn g:1g11 rl. ,,

(c) \\'h 1•Jl the n' p:ist w:is ah o11 t to co1nn1<•111:1" the m ajor-domo ,
or stewan l , s u.J,Je u ly rai ' i 1 1 .~ hi s waH<l, said uloud, "Forbear!Place fo r the L:trly J{01n•1ia."
(il) Ali ce fokled h() r lian cb, and began : " l'uu. an.: oltl, Fa ther \\"ill i:rn1," the young mnn said,

u Arnl yuur ha ir is nnr(11rnno nly whit e . . . "

( e) Shak spcrc wro!.t• t he li11c, u

Th i.' t·,·i l tha t me n llo lives afte r them."

(/) Th e com mon people rai sed th e c ry of "Down with the
bi s ii1)pS."
(f) 1t <l cd<Lrcs !ho! "11•ar ex isl,; by the :ict o f Mex ico."
1

T rn; l> AS I-I.

QUOTATIONS.

The colon i;; u::;c<l befo re p:nLicularn formn1ly stated
( a) . The colon (b), the comma (c) , or the dn,sh combined with the colon (d) or with th e comma ( e), is
u sed before q uobtio ns iuclicatcd by marks of quotation
[" "J. 1 T he tl:t,.;lt is gencr:tlly nsc <l before a quoted
passage wh ich fo nns a new p<trngraplt; it is joined
with the comma wh en Ll1 c qnoLatio a is :short, with the
colon when it is long. If the quotation depends directly on a preceding word, no stop i:s required (/).

Sec X 1· 11. p. 2i5 .

273

;.

The dash, either alone or combined with othe r stops,
is used where the constrn ction or th e scn:-;c is stH.l.l ellly
changed or suspcmlctl ( a) ; wh ere n, ;;cJJtence tern1inates abruptly (b) ; for rhetorical emplrnsi;; (c); in
rapid tli sconrnc (d); where words, let ters, or figu res arc
omi tted (e ) ; and be t wee n a title and the subject.m at ter ( f ), or the subjec t-matter and the mi tltority
for it (g), when both arc in t he same parag raph.
( a ) The 11w11- £t is his sy;;tcm : we do nott.rya solitarywo r<l
or act, but hi s h abi t.
(a) Consid er t he Ep istle to the !Iclirewo - 1clt ere is there any
compos iti on m ore caref ully , m ore a rtifi cially , writte n'!
( a) l fome, - 1cla1t was Rome '!
(o) Tn let loose hussars a n<l to bring up :trt illcry, to gin· 1~ rn
with liglite1 l m :i,tches , and t o e ut and p ush and prime, - J cal l
thi s , not vigor, bnt the sloth of c ruelty and ig no r:w ce .
(Ii) "Long, long will I rem C' mbe r yo nr feat ures, and bless God
that J leave my 110hl c deliv erer uni ted with" Sh e s toppc<l ,hort.
( c) I cannot fo rg-1; t that we are 111 e n uy a m ore s:tcr<'d i•nnil th an
w e arc ci1ize11s, - /Ital we are childre n of a cm 11mu11 Fatlier more
than \YI' arc Am cri e:u1 s.
(c) '\'h at , Ji :ill b ecome of the poor , - tl1 e in creas in g Standing
Arm y of th e poor ?
(d) IInilo ! ho! the \\'hole world' s asle<'p ! - Z,ring out the horses,
- grease t h e 1cheels, - tie on the mail.
( e) In the fin;t place , I pres ume you will have 110 difn culty in
breakin g vo ur wo rd with Jfrs. C--y.
( e) 187J- 7G.
(f), (!J) Di-d-na. - The us u:i.l prontrnciat ion is Di-1in-a . ~
SMAftT.

(!!) Tlt e East.Prll a nrl ll 1e " resb· n1
S t111il1'.'I·

i111:t.c: i11;d i1111 •:oi'1 cidr:. -

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PUNCTUATION.

Al'J 'El'\ Dl.X.

27.5

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XV.

XVII.

PEHIOD , NOTP. OF fNTElUlOGATWN, AND NOTE OF

M ARK S -oF QUOTATION.

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EXCLAMAT I0:-1 .

At the encl of every co mplete sc ntc11 cc, a period [.]
is p u L if lhc sc 11 le nce aflirrns or de nies; a note of in tcrmg aliun [! J, il' t he scnten<.:c asks a d irec t qu estion; a
n ote of exdun atio n [ '. ] , if the sen ten cc is exc lmnatory.
Intcrrogatiuu or e xelamatio n points are also u:;ed in the
l.JoJy of a sc11tc 1ll:c wl a.: 11 two or m or e interrogations (a)
or exclanrnl ions ( /.;) are closely co nnected.
(a) }'o r wliat i;; ;i, l)()•ly Lut an a ggregate of i1u/ividuals? a11d
what new ri1.d 1t ca n bu co 11,·1'ycd l1y a 1nern clm11 gc of 11 ;u11c ~
('1) !low !JC co uld ! rut .1 lww h e co uld ru11 !

XVI.
AB BREYI AT WXs AND IIEJ\ D I NGS ,

"
P e ri ods arc usc<l a [tr r ahl> rcvi;tLio ns (a) , and afte r
h eatlin gs a ntl s11b-h e:i <li11gs (11 ). Co m111as a re used Lefore every three fig u res, <..:0 1111 tc<l fru111 t l1 e rigl 1t, when
there arc more t han three (r·), except in da tes ( d).
(r1 ) If g-ol 1l w ere tkpr<!c iale• l onc-l1alf,
more tlia11 l /. lfk i,- 11 ow .

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wo ulJ

oo

Expr essions in the language of <mother r equ ire marks
of <l t10ta tion [" "] (a) . Single quotation points [' ']
ma rk a quotat ion wi Lliin a q uotation (6) . lf, howeve r,
n, q notat ion is mat1 c from ::;Lill a t liirtl source, the <loul.Jlc
marks are again put in use (u) .
Ti tles of Looks or of period icals ( J), and nam es of
v essels (e) U8ually r eq uire marks of quotation, unlc:ss
tli ey are italicized. Somet imes, however, where Llicy
occ m frequently, or in foot-note:;, titles are wri ttc: H
in Roman and capitalized (f) .
(11) [Sec Xlll. p. ~7:l. ]
(11) Cu!.; riJgo s11 ccrcLl at "tl1e cant ph rase 'ma<lc a g re:1 t
s1 ·11 ~n.ti tn 1. ' ''
(c ) "Thi s fri end of l1uma11ity says, ''Vhcn I co n ~ i t!< · r ll11 •ir
l i1·es, l sec 111 to see the" golden age " begi1111i11;.; aga i11 . ' · ·
(ii) " \V an:rl <'y " was reviewed in" T h e Edi11l1t1rgh ."
( e) "Tho Ct,11stituti on" is a fam ous shi p of W<\r .
(/) [!:lee foot-notes in

th i~

book. J

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THE HYPHEN.

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(r1) To r" tain s uch :i l111np in such a n orbit requir e~ a pull of
1 th. G o:: . r, J [!'"-' ·
(/1) \\ 'nHJ>~ 1/J·:Fl:\1-:1> BY C:-i A GE .
( c), (1/) Tl11• a111 r111nt. ,,[ sl <><·k issuc1l hy t !i ,~ se,·cra l States , fo r
f':t<'la JH• ri nd 11f fi \·1· yt•:Lr;-; si 11 Ct' i :--i:!O, i;-; as follow:-:, \'iz.: Fro1n I S:.>ll- JS::?:, s•J1new kit 01·cr ::5 1:.! ,1100,000.
] .'l:!.)- ] 1":)11
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J:\,OIHJ,01111.
10 .01 10 ,oon.

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The hyphen [-] is u ,o;ed to join th e constit uent parts
of many t:om poun<l (a) and derivative (b) words; allll
to divid e words, as at the end of a liue ( c) .

,,

(11) Tlie i111:e11se-l11·er11hi11g morn .
(11) I Ju wears r~ l1rorul-uri11wwil, low-crowner/ h at.
(!,) T l1e 1·i,.e-l' re.,id1'11l of tli e U 11 itcd S ta te' ~ .
(c) [ Sec "i ntor-rogation " und er X\' . , scco1"1Ll li 11 c; "be-fo re "

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APPENDIX.

PUNCTUATION.

277

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xx.

X1X.
THE APOSTROPHE.

I'CTNCTUATIO};" IN TH E ::;mi v1CE OF THE EYE.

The apost rophe ['] is used to d enote the elision of
a. letter or letter::; ( a), or of a figure or fi g ures (b) ; to
llis tiu g ui sh the possc::;sive case ( c) ; and to form certain
plurals (cl) . Th e apostrophe shoukl not be used with
the p1~onouns its, onrs, and the like (c) .

(1) A comma sometimes serves to disting uish the
componen t par ts o.f a sentence from one ano ther, thus
cnauling the reader more readi ly to catch the meaning of the whole . \ Vherc, for example, a number of
words which together form the objec t or one of the
ol>jects of a verb, prececle _instead of following the verb,
they shonld be set off by a cnmm'h. when pcrspicn ity
requires it (a); but not otherwise (o).
(2) A subject-nominative may need to lie distinguish ed from its verb, either because of some peculiari ty in the · juxt apos iLion of words at lh e point when)
the co mma is inscrtcll ( r') , or because of lhe le ngth a1 al
complexi ty of the suhject-nominat ive (d) .
( 3) vVhen nnm eral;i are writ te n in R oman lette rs
instead of Araliic figures, as in r eferences to au_thor itics for a stateme nt, periods arc u::;c<l iustcall of co mmas, lJoth as lieing in better fastc ami as being more
agreeable to the eye. For the same rc:-tson, sm :-ill
letters arc preferred to cap itals wh en the rcfcrcnl!cs
arc numerous ( e) .

•i

(a) 'Tis .fam es of D o11.;las , by Saint Se ri e !
(a) The O"Dnnoglt11e \\·as a broth of a boy .
(a ) \\"liat o"clock is it? I can"t tell t im e.
(rt ) H op-o"-my-thumb is an active litLle h ero .
(/J) S in ce th at t ime it has been r e-oliscrveJ on e1·ery subsequent
r evolu Lio n , - in '.?::, ':!5 .
( &) Th e patriots o [ 'IC.
(r ) Spe11ser's a d ulation of he r beauty may ue extenuated.
(c) T he Se,e n Y~ ars ' wa r was c;i,rri cd on in Am eri ca.
( c) Tlte Jo nes<"' d ugs arc on goocl t erms with Mrs . Barnard's cat.
(c) La ,fics' ;i,11d gc11 l!P.111en"s boots made to order.
(") The book (' :J.l\ be fo nn<l a t Sco lL & Co. , th e p11blisliers'.
( c) Th e fr>.c's tail was nccording ly cut off.
(c) F or cnnsc irnce' f'a ke.
(rl) i\fark all the n's in the exrrc i,e.
( ii) S m r ly long·'° -' (.() han', li ke th D T urks, hnd tl1 eir dny.
(e) It.- [ 11 ,1t i L's ] ll' n ~ l.h l\'l>S tm.! 11 1.y feet.
(e) To111 Burk" (J[ Onrs.

I t is so metimes a q uestion whether to use the possessiv e wi th an ;i postrophe, or to use the noun as an
adj ccti vc. On e may wri tc, .John B ro,vn,

1\ t!;<' 1t t

for Smit l1"s Org ans and Rubin son' 8 Pianos:
or,

.John Bruwu, A ge nt fo r Tho Smith Org:.rn and The Robinson
l'i: 1no .
Tltl~

Lill er l<>r111 i:-; preferable .

( a) E1·en the kind of p ubl ic int erests whi ch E ngli shm e n care
for, li e h eld in ve ry little estee m.
(a) T o th e te nJer a 11<1 111ebn ch oly recollection s of his ear ly da ys
with thb lon•J companion o [ hi " cft i/1l/100,/, ire 111 ay a Uril.u le su1110
of tli c llJO!it l1<'r•rtfclt passages iu his " D ese rted Vi llage. "
(/') E1-en hi s co untry" " 1lid not care fur.
(/') To tlevout women ~lt c as,;i g n,; sp iri t ual f u11 ctions, cli ,l!: 11i ti .. s ,
~rnd

rn:tgistr;i,c ics.

(c) l low 1n11ch ri <lnn ce tli rit li:ts bee n sent tn r n,un,
Excels n. dun ce that h:ts l>l~e 11 ke l' t at home!

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APPENDIX.

(c) One tru th is clear, Wl1 ateYcr is, i.< rig ht.
(d) The s:une m ocl iftcati o n of our Gcr111anism by another force
whi ch see ms Celiic, is vi~ i ule in our rel ig io n.
(ti) To allow the slaYe-ships of a co nfcJe rati on formed for the
cxtc11s io11 of s laYery to come and µ;u free and un exa111i nctl between
Am eri ca a11J tlH! Afri can C<l(tsl, 1rrJ11/,/ bu to n •11 0 111 1ce eve n the pretence of atle 111pli11g to protcet Afri ca agai nHt the rna11 -stealer.
(ti) Tho~e Presbyterian rnembers of the Ilouso of Commons
Who had many year; before been CXjlO!lud UJ the Ul"lll!J, returned to
th e ir seats.

CAPITAL LETTEllS.

279

II.
I

CAP ITAL LETTERS.

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( e) ~ facaul:w: Histo ry of F.n gla nrl, t·ol . i. chap. 11i. pp. 60, 65.

[Sec abo notes thronghont lhi~ hook.]
( e) D e nt. :rci . lD; J t>hn ui. 58.

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EVERY sentence openi ng a paragraph or followin g
a full stop, antl every line in poetry, t;)10ultl l.n:gi11 wi th
a capital letter.

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Every direct qnota.tion, formally i11LroJuccJ, sl1nulll
hcgin with a capital letter (a) .
(a) [See XIIl. (&), (c), p. 2i2. ]

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III.
A cap.i tal letter sliould begin every word which i.q, 01·
is used as, a proper name. We should wri Le England.
not england; the Arneri ean Tmli:w, 11 ot the amcril·an
inclian; Shylock, not shyloclc; the · white Star Linc,
not t he white f'ta r line; the Bible, not the bible; J\Iilt o11ic, not miltoni c. \Ve sho nlJ di:.;ting ui sh Let wee n the
popes and Pope Pins Ninth; between the cn11stit 11li on
of society and the Constitution of the United SL:i!l'~ ;
between tlie refo rmation of a man's clmracte r an<1 tl 1e
Reform:ttion of Luther; between a revolution in poli tics and the Revolution of 1G88; betwee n rcpul>lit.:an

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AP.f'EJ\DIX.

priueiple::; an<l t he principle::; of the HepuLlican party:
tho fou]l(latio u of tl1e cli::;tinction in eae!t ea::;e Leing, that
a word, u·h en i1sed as a proper name, sltould begin with
a capital lr·tt er. GoOfl author" do not uniforrnl_y follow
tl1i,.; rnl e; LuL most dqiarl 11re .., from it probal>l_y originate in th eir O\\"Jl or their printers' inath crt.encc, rather
tl 1an in t.hci r in leu ti on to ig nore a us cf ul pri n eiple, or
11ccdle,;::;ly tc> create cx<.:eptioJJ::; to it. Th e onl.Y exception to llti::; rul e -an except.ion, l1 owc \·.cr, not firmly
estalJli::;hcd - i::; in sir, .r;rntlenwn, in tl1e botly of a eompos1t 101i. The reason for not ll sing a capita.I in such
ca.::;c:::; is that it would gi vc umluc irnportance to the
WOrll.

IV.
Capital letters exclusively arc used in title::; of books
or cliapler,.;; lh e.Y arc used more fre ely in prefaces or
introducti ons lha.11 in the bt.>tly of the work, and more
fre ely in hooks dcsig11ctl for i11,.;trnction t km in others;
ancl they, or ·i ta/icg, may be u,.;ed in ord er to emphasize
words (J(' primary importan ce . For pnrpo"es of empha,;is, Lhf'y sl1011ld, l1011·c\·e r, hr. u:-;ctl with caution :
to insis t too fr eq uc11tly upon emphasis is to defeat its
ol>jcct.

v.
Phrases or cla11"e", " ·hen separately numbered, should
<.:a eh h cgin with a ca11i Lal Jl'tt.er ( ri ) .
(11) l.O\'Cl'lllllf'llt r osSf'sSPS three tlilfon'nt cla,sses Of rowers: 1st,
T lll)s1 · necessa ry to c• 1i:1hl1: iL to acco mpli.-1 h all the declared objects;
~d, Tli o~e specially deYoh ed on t he nation at large; 3d , Those .
specially delcgaLeJ.

281

CAPITAL LETTEHS.

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VI.
" O" shonld al ways be written as a ca pi lal letter (a ) ;
"oh" should uot lJc :::;o wriLtcn, excep t at tl1c lJCgi 1llling
of a sente n ce (b).

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( a) B rca.k, brc:1k, break,
On Ll1y coli! g ray s tones, 0 S i·:d
(/,) Bu t oh , th e 1nadllcss of my liiglt attempt
tipc·ak ~ lo uder ycL !

VII.
'

In a le tter, the first wonl after the address ::;]wuld
b ccrin with a capital; this word is ofLcn pri11lt.:d, in
n
l
order to s:1:ve space, on the same l in e wi Lh the adt r e,.;~,
but should Le wri tte n on the line Lelow. In the
address, Sir ::;houkl always Log in witl1 :t cn.1;ilal; a]J(l
the w e i,,.ht
of no·ood usn."'C
favors Friend, Fatlwr, Brut lwr,
v
n
.
Sista , Loth as lJei ng titles o[ respect and as emphatic
words, rath er t l1an fri end, fath er, brother, sisltr, un lc ~s
when the word occurs in the body of tl1e letter. The
a.ffcct.ionate or rc ~p ect ful phrase at th e c11tl of a letter
shoulJ Leg in wi Lli a <.:api Lal.

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l\fy <foar Sir:
Your etitee mct.l farn r of the 22t.l inst . g ave m e the m ost sc n;.ihle
l'leas ure.
Your obct.licut servant,
A . n.
l\fr. C . D., Bost.on.
SEL'T.

20, 1870.

:My dear Fri end,
Yom favor of A ug11st 1st has just come to hand. \\'ha.tuvc r swccL
things may be said of me , there are not less sait.l of you.
Yours faithfully,
X . l.

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282

283

ILLUSTltATIVE EXTRACTS.

Al'l'ENDL\:.

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To th e Ediro r of T he Nation: Sir: Th e " ~re a l mercy " in Ohi o is do 11 Ltlcss a. cause for great
r ejoicin g o n Lhc p;u-t of ;ill h o nc~ L 111c 11.

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Th e llonom/,/e - - and Or hers :
C c11 t.Jc 111l' 11, - Yu ur farn r o( th e 2Gll 1 i11 sta 11 L is rcceirnd, asking
111e Lo 8[>eak 11cxt ,\fonday ;it .Fa 11 cu il H a ll llj'Vll Lit e political issues
of to-day. T!t a11 ki 11g yuu fu r iL~ co urteous te rm ~ , I accept your
in vitation, and am
'
V ery t ruly yo urs,
S. L. W.
IV E ATllEH S FIEL D ,

20 May, '75.

I am here, m y d ea r hro tl1eit , kwing arri,·ecl la:;t evening.
Affccli onatc ly yours,
C. W.

It will Le obser ved that in t hese cxa.rnl'lcs the marks
of pun ctuation betwee n the address ;i,nd the !Jody of the ·
l elLer d iffer. The co mmn. is lc:s fo rm al tl1;i,n the colon,
an d t he col on al one less fo r mal tlta11 the <lash with
either co m111<t or co lon.

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l\' EsT S-- , MA ss., Oct. l G, 18i3.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS.

NEw Yo11K, Oct. 28, 1875.

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[From lnvrrrn's Oliver Goldmrith. N ew York: G. P. Putnam.
183 1. J

Oliver Goldsmi th was born on t he 10th of November,
17:28, n.t the haml et of Pallas , or Pallasmore, co unty of
Lon g for<l, in Ireland. He sprang from a re:,;pcdablc,
but uy no lll C<111 S ·~ t hrift_y, stodc Some famili es seem
t o inherit killlllin es;:; and inco mpcto ncy, and to ha11 cl
down virtue and poverty from gen eration to ge nerati on.
Such was the ca::;e with the Goldsmiths. "Tlicy were
always," acco rding to t heir own accounts, "a l'trnn gc
famil y ; they rarely acted like other people ; th eir hcn. rts
were in th e right place, Lut their head:; seemccl to Le
doin g any thing bu t wliat tliey ought." - "They ·were
remark able," says anoth er statement, "for th eir wor th,
but of 110 <:levPrn css i11 t li e ways of the worl<l." Oliv er
Golilsmith will be fo und fa ithfully to inherit the virtue::;
and weaknesses of his race.
[From R.

IV. E)1El1SON' ti

S ociety and Sulitude.

Osgood, & Co .

Boslo n: Fi el,b,

1870. J

Next to the knowl edge of th e fact and its law is
method, which constitutes t he genius aml efficiency of
all remarkabl e men. A crowd of men go up to Fa.11 c11il
Hall; they are all pretty well acquainted with the ob, ject of the mee ting; they have all read the facts in tho
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284

A Pl'E:\ DIX.

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280

lLL US T! tATIVE EXTllACTS.

I

same newspapers. The orator possesses no infornmtion
wh ic h J 1is l1eal'er,.: h"vc not; yet he leacl 1es t he111 to see
the th ing witl1 l1is eyes. By t.11\: new placi11 g, the cire uins L;tiH·cs acq 11 il'e new so 1idi Ly a ml wort h. Ev ery
fact g;Li 11 ,; co n,;l:q t1 e11ce by lii,; u:uni11g it, an<l t rifles
lic corne importa 11 t . His express ions fix ll1e msclves in
m en's rncnwrics, ;111<1 Dy from m1i11 tl 1 to m<rnth. His
rnin<l h;t::; ::;om e 1ww pri uciple of onln . \Vhcrc he looks,
all things fl.1· i11 tn the ir pla.ces. \Vli at will he say next?
L et t hi s man spc;d;:, an<l th is nmn only .
[From Gu>11ra: f.:1.1<n°s .l!irf,Jl,!111"rc/1.
'V illiam 131 ackwood &
Suns : Ed i11l111rg h an<l Lo11do11. 1 ~7 1. J

Tl 1is " ·:is the php•ing11omy of !lie <l rawi 11 g-r oorn into
which L y(l .. ate was shown ; a nd the re were three ladies
to r<'cc i~c .l1im , who were also ol 1l- fa sl1 io11 ed , a.ml of a
faded bu t g 1: 1111i11e respcd;i.l1ility : Mrs. Farcbrother,
the~ V icar\, \Yl 1i lc-l1a in ·d mothe r, liefril l1; d nn<l kercl1iefe<l wi th lhi1 it.,y cle;u 11i1H's::;, 11 p ri ~· l1t, q niek-eyed,
iuHl still ttllllcr ,.;cvc 11 Ly; ;\[i ,.:s No lil e, li er sister, a tiny
ol<l lad y of m cl:l;:cr a,.:pcd., with frills and kerchief ' ''
(lcci d1·11l y more worn :tn(l lll l: tl(le1l; a111l ;,[i,;::; 'Vinifred
Farchrot1 1er, the Viear's elde r :-;i,;tc r, well-looking like
himself, hut ni pped ;ln<l snl1d 1tccl <ts single wom en are
apt to l>e who spernl thei r Ji,·cs in uninlc rru pt.ecl s ubjectio n to their cl <ler::;. Ly d~:1te ha,J not cxpcded to see,
::;o qu aint a, group : knowing si mply t hat ;\fr. Farel>rot.l 1e r wa,s a bachelor, he had th ough t of bein g ushered
into a snu g;:;ery where th e chi ef fnrni t.urc wo uld proba·
lily l>c li(luks and co lltctin11:; of naturnl objects. The
Vi<..: ar 11im,.;e]f scl'nH'tl tu W•«t r rathe r :t cha nger1 aspect,
as most me n cl o wlic n :1equ:1in tancr,.; mad e else where see
them fo r the first tirnc i11 thei r O\Yll hom es.

[From

D .\:';IE L

'V1 ·: 11 ~ T1·: 1 1',;

Bo,;Lon: L iLLlc, Brown, &

l Vorks.

Co. lotiti.]

'I

F inally, Gc 11 Ul·mcn , t.l1 1; rc was in th e lin·a,;t of \ V:1sli i11 gto 11 (llJC sc11Li 111ent !'() d cqi ly folt , SU l'U llS L111t ly ll1' pe r111 u:;t, tJi.c t llll prnpe r tH'l:as iu1.1 e;;capcll \1·itl111t1 L ih
11 tter:W<:l:. F rn111 ti n.; 1dtcr wl1icl 1 lte si;; 11 ell ia IJl'l1alL'
of tltc Co nve 11 !iu11 wll\.:11 tl 1e Cu 11 ,.;l it utiu11 was SL' Itt uuL
to tli e people , to tl 1c mo111 c11 t wlwn he p11 t lii::; ha11Ll Lo
tl 1at last paper in wl1iclt he addre::;sell Iii::; co1wLry111c11,
t he U11io11, - tli e Un ion 1 wa,s Llte g reat ol1ject ol' liis
t lw ug h h . Ia Uutt fir:;L letter li e te lb tlie111 tl1al, to l1i111
:u1<l l1 is brntl1re11 of the Cu 11 Vl:11Liu11 , u11i1111 :1ppca rs lo Le
th e gr1;atcst in!e rc::;t of eve ry trne A1n eri eH11; ;u1, l in
tli;~t last p;lper li e conjure,; the m to rl' ganl tli;t!. u11it ",. ,, f
g11\·1:r1 1111 l·nt wh ich ct1 n;; t ilt1lt::; Ll 1c1 11 <111c pe1111lc as Llic
\'eIT p;tll:llliu m of tltcir prn,;pr ri ty and ,;afcty, :t:1 <l !lie
scc ur ily of lilic r ty ihclf. Ile r1 ·g<tl'Ll1"l the u11iu11 1 uf
tlH:se SLLLcs lL·ss a-; n11 e of n11r l>les.,.;i 11 ..;s, tl 1:w as tl 1c
g r<'at tn·:-i.s 11 r1:-li1J11sc wl1 i1·.h co11tai11 c< l tlu :111 :tll. I !en',
i11 11is j11<i '.!: 111 c 11 t, w;ts tltc g1·c;1.t 111 ;1.g;tz in e oC ;tll nur
mca11,.; of prosperity; here, as he t. ho1 1gl 1t., :ttl(l :i.s cv1; r y
!rtt <..: :\m cri<' ;l11 st ill tl1 i11ks, am .J q 1();; ite1l ;1.\l n11r ;111im ati11g pn1,.;pcc, (,;, ;ill Ollr sol itl hopes for fu l11 1·c .~·r<·at11t'""·
H e 11 :1.s t:wµ;l1t. ns to m:1intai 11 t his nnio n, not h_v ,.; ec ki11g
lo l'1ilarge !.lie powe rs ol' tl1e gn,·c rnm cn t, on tl1c one
lia11<l , nor 11,r ;;11rrc111l 1;ri11 g· t he m, on the othe r; lJUt l1y
;w ;u]111i11i ,.;!ratio n of tl1 cm at once firm a rnl mc1<l 1·r:1tf',
p 1 1r:; 11in~· oLjcc;!s t ruly 11a.tio11a l, a n<l carri ed on i11 a
sp iri t of jn ~t i ec a11cl e<pti ty . . . .
Gl'n t h- 111 c11, T propose -

"T tr E :'IIE~ IO LtY

OF

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286

APPENDIX.

[From J. S.

Dissertation< and Diswssions.
H enry llolt & Co. 1873.J

MILL'S

New York:

Is there, then, no re med y? Arc the d ecay of indiviLli1:•l e n ergy, the weaken in g of th e iulluc n cc o f s upe rior
minds ove r the nlllltitlllle, the growth of charlatanerie,1
aud the <liminislietl dficaey of public opin ion as a restrnini11g powe r, - arc the::;c t li c pr ice we n eces:;arily
pay fur the l..H~ne fils of civili zation ? and can th ey only
be avoiJcd Ly cl1ccki ng t he diffu::;ion of knowledge,
di:seotrniging t h o spirit of combination, prohibitin g improvements in lhe arts of life , and r epress ing the further i m:rease of wealth and of produdion? Assuredly
not. Those advantages which civilization cannot g ive
- which in its u1H.:orrectcLl i uf1 nen ce i t has even a t endency to destroy - may yet co-exist with civilization;
and it is only when joined to civil ization t hat t h ey can
prodncc the ir fairest fruits. All t h at, w e are in danger
of losing w e may preserve, a1\ t h:it w e have lost we may
regain, and !iring to a perfe ction hitherto unknown; but
11ot hy slurnlwring, :i11rl leaving t hings to t l1c mselvcs, no
rnorc than bv ridi cnlously t ry in g our strength against
their irresistibl e te nd e ncies : 011l y by establi sh ing co unter-te1Hlencic;:,, whi ch may coml1 in e with those tendenc ies, aml 1110Lli fy th em.
[From

0

l\IA CAUL AY S

Jii:itnry '?r Hoglan d.

JJrothers.

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ILL UST11AT1VE EXTRACTS.

New York: Harper &

1878.J

\Vh en this hacl h ce n done it w ould b e impossible for
01 1r ruler::; to mi:;n11tlcr:;tand the bw: but, unless something mo re w ere clone, i t was by no means improbable
that they mi g h t Yi olatc it. U nh app il y t h e Ch urch h ad
long tanght tlic nation that hcrctliLu·y monarchy, alo ne

among ou r institutions, was divine and inviobhlc ; tltat
the right of the House of Commons to a sl1are in the
l1·gisLttivc p ow er wa:; a rig ht m c rl"l}' !1urn an, but that
U1c r ig l1t of the King to the o!Jedi c n cc of his people w;1s
from above; tl1at tltc Great C har te r was a stat ute which
rnig l1 t be rcpcalecl by t huse wh o hacl nrnd e i t, bu L Ll1aL
t he rnle which c:alle<l the p rin ces of the blou<l-royal tu
t h e th r one in order of succe:-;s io n was of ce lest ial ori g iu,
and t!t;tt any Act of Parliame n t iu co usistc 11 t wi th that
rule W<LS a nullity .

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[From T 11 0~1As CARLYLE':; l11 Clll!J'l rril Adilre.<.<, in Cri t ical and
:\li:;ccllaneo us Essays . New Yurk: Sc ri l1uer, Welfo rd, & Cu.
1S7:t.]

Fiually , Ge ntl e men, I have 011 0 advice to giH you,
wl1i ch is prnctic:dly of very g reat im port;u1ce, Ll1011 gli
a very humble one. In the m i,l,;t of your zeal aml
ardor, - for such, I fo r esee , w ill rise high e110ugl1, iu
spite of all the co un:;cls to mod erate it tltat I c:rn giYe
yon, - rc111ernhc r the c:irc of l1 eallh. I have 110 douL L
you have am ong you yo ung soub arllcnlly lJC ll t to con sider life elwap. fur t he purpose of gcLli1 1g furwarll in
wh at they are aiming at of high; but you are to co nsid er tl1rongl 1o u t, mu c l1 m or e tha n is doll c at present,
anc.l what it w ould k1\·c l> ee n a very great t l1ing f11r me
if I ha(l IJce n :il>lc lo e<1nsid cr, t h at lw allh is a t h i11.~ to
b e atte 1ulc,.l to co n t innall y; t li:tt yo n :ire to rC'gard tl1at
as the rnry highc:-;t of al1 temporal thin gs for you [Applanse]. Th ere i:-; no kind of a<.:11 icvenwnt nrn conkl
rn;tlu:: i11 the worl1l that is Cfp1al to pcri°l' et li1-:1ltl1.
\ V li<Lt to it arc n11 g,~·ct;; a 1Hl m illion:-; ·1 Till' Fr1•11c:l1
fi11 :u1< ;icr S<l ifl, " \Vii y, is there JlO :-;kr·p to lie o;ohl :.,
Sleep \\"as not in tlt c 111:1rkc·t at a uy q11<1ta1 i<>11.

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[From

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APPENDIX.

IlAWTH ORXF. · s

" Yon

mi:; Lakc

'\T e:;tenel t.

Dlithr-rlnle Roman ce .
& Co. l o/.!.]

the

matter

Bosto n: J. 11. Osgood

completely," rejoined

"'\Vliat, tlte n, 1s yo m own view of it ?" I asked .
"IIcr mi11tl \1·a:; adi,·e, a1Hl various in i t:; powers,"
saiJ he . "Iler l1 l':trl hacl a manifold adaptation; her
con:;titution an i11 fi 11 itc Luopn cy , which (had she pos:;essell only a little patie nce to await the reflux of her
trouLles) ,,·o ul1l k1\·e borne li er upw:nd, triun1plHmtly,
for Lwenly years to co me . Il er beauty wou]J llot have
m111 ed - or sca r cely rn, arnl smely not li eyo 11 d the reach
of art to restore it- in all tl1a t time. Slie l1all li fe'~
sum 1ner all Lef'ore J1er, and a humlrcll varieties of brill~
ian t suecess. '\That an ad rcss Ze 11 uli ia 111igl1 t lmve
b ec H ! lL was one of h er lea:;t v:tl11al1le cap<LLiliLics.
H o w forcilily :;he rni gl1t l1aYc wrungl1t upon the world,
either cl irectl.r in her O\\"ll p(:n;on, or by li er in flu ence
upo n som e man. or a scn r:; of me n, of controll ing
g-cniu:; ! E1·r ry prize that co1ilt1 li e worth a woman's
haYin g- - :11Hl m: 111 y prizf' ~ whi ch other wo me n are too
t i111id to <lv ,;irc -1:1 .\· 1\·it !tin Z c:1 1ol1ia\; rcac:l1."
"In ;t!l t Iii ,.:.' ' I oliservecl, "there wuulcl be n othing
to ,.:~!i,;f.y her hc:w t.''
" Iler heart!" answered 'V estervelt, contemptuously .

INDEX.

nr,t.!'lllll L· nt~,
1 8~ ; lu,.;ica! f 11nn ~ l1f, J~l~J; :-:: 1 m".:~r­

pend s, 188; rnat (·ri:1l of

A.

g111llc 11 l

Ann nEYtATIONS, bad on es, 27; good
Oil(':-', ~8.
.
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Ad,·t: rb :-o , in ('o r rc('! n ~e of, w~th 111 ~ 111t i,·i~, .i-:~ : inn1rn.:ct \1 :-'i..' 11f, ti•l" a dj~ · ..:·
ti n·~ . and l'ii· c

1·1· 1· ..:1 11

-Iii ;

:->t :.th• 111 \.'. 11l

of !!t.:-JWr:d print.:ipk c11 11 ct.· r11.11~ ;..; r(Jrn.:~ I. 11 ~1..: (•f, -ti j prupc r pu ...;, 111 1111 t.if,
1:1;,.
Andiig- uit.v 1 (1 f g-.-: 11\'ral t~· r111 ~ n11t11 ·1 1 1.n 1
1111111 \\' 1>n l ~1 ti:; - i:L
~e e 1 r111i111111~.
A11al11 g-y, tlw 1.:a 11 0 11 ~1,r, 1 :~; arg-111111·1_11...;
from dl'lim·d b_r \\ hat t• ly u111l i\ I ill.
'll:~-~ l f>: fab e anah1~it·:-;, ~l;j- :!17 i
fa nciful a11alo~ i <·~. 2 17, '21_8 . .
A111 ·i1· 11 t 1 1 :-;a~1' 1 lit e ta1111 11 nl , 111.
~ l n·I . prupt· r :111d i111pru1. H~r u:- r!-1 of,
I \ Ii;

1111 ,[

1;1111,<(:

11h 11 ~1

41.

bee

Lu 11pw 1;-

I 1i11/1/ l ' l 'flf1'$ .

A1 w l11 . ~;i x o11, word ~ fr <>11\, f'olllpa r c d
,:ii h \\' nrol ~ from l .:1ti 11, 74 ·-i~J.
1\ n t t'l'l'dt·n l
I 'r11ha Ii i Iii y'
ur~ 1111w11t ~
from, 11:1turc of. l! I'.\; ':ar_,. 111 1111 ~1 ·:'.
] ! IL \':l11w n f. 1 ~14: llll :o' ll SC

()r.

1.J (),

writ ~ 'r"' nf li 1._·ti11n main \." r~ · l .v on,
l !•ti: lo••i t·:ll arni 1.:hrt11Jolng-1(·al_ scqtw l ll"' M 1·ui ncid e _in.
1~17: ~l~IHi
.. 1n · n·•t l1t·11 1·d 11\". ~fl~I;

;.i ·il I~:-'

111 ·1· ......

,tr \- .

~:~11 .

wh e n

J\rra11i.:1·111t·11t

2:.!H.;

111

,· an<iu:--

l1 1 ~ 1t :11

l·:u1

l't)n:-i1\t-r ;1t11i 1i

l1 L'

~1,·1· 11,-

of

11 11t··l11·11

"

:_-_ • •
n-1

l'n 1\ " '~i!iP 11 n1· \' roj1 f
f-h 111d d 1·11 11 1t: tir~L :!:.!"i' :.!:.!~ • ; l ' r•·~ ' 1 ' ·
!'l it i111 1 ~ hnn l tl lo t· i ·k ar :111<1. l~r~,.f,
:l~ !J; ar.~111111·111... uf 1·;n·\1 dl\ 1-1" 11
tu

vd1 e tlH ·r

uf (' ]a:-:.:-oitii ·a ti .. n 11 :-..f nl. '2:\1t; " i-+!_,.,.
of J'n•of 2 :10- :..!:::l: i: l'!°1 1tali n 11 . :! 'LI;
w h l: ll to' wai\"t• a p11i111, :!Tl, '2:\ t:
(• xped it·iwy pf lr1·:1 1i11g- i,J•J11•1w1:t ~
foirlv, '.!'.~ -l. :!:\!1; un at1 :- \\·1·nd1 !•· a1 µ: 11rn.l·I H~ n il eat·h .. i.\,· . •.n:, : j d <1 1' C
l'o r Hc fotati o1 1. '_! :;t;; .. rd··r i_•f i~· ·ln1 a­
ti1•n, 'l:lli: ut h1·r 1 _lii 11;:~_ lw111~. 1·,!11 '_1!.
tht' !'! ii orlt·r tl 11 • J.. :..;11rd 111n 1 111 I 1· 1•1·
rnl i1~n 1111' l1t"11t ·r, '!.\ :.- :LI i".
Arr:ll H!'' 1n 1.: 11t , tli i: iit .. 11\. l:!'.I: 11:11111:: '1
the · li t.:~ l. 1;, i. ~1·1· #l r: 111 111 11t1 tl 11" c
Com1>11:;it1: .. u; Jf ,·rh111I : :-.:. . "'' ni'1 .~ .
AH t lwr i1,r , a rgu111t· ut fn.1111 :WI, :.!Uq .

![
'•

:~

:i
,,

t

·;

1

Sec St!J'"

n.

cspc-

A111i 1 h ~·:-; i .. , :1id 1~·1 1.r•'''.i' .'"_ 12n; Y:t lu c

[Those \Yh o wi .'h st ill f11rth c1· to pursue th e stucly of Punctuation
are referreu to \\' r 1."0:-; ',; Trc,.tisc Oil th e suujec t . J

l>c

u~ c d din.:ctlv nr 111d 1rt·ctl_\ , . I .__ .
w h en aq. :;1111i c 11l m :1.,_· U.-· . :-aH1 l o
pron~ tn o 111 11t·li , l~l'L: d m·cl and
indircd, i ~J:;: c\;\:":-i lil'atiflll of. l!!:~ :
i inpu rta11 c1: o f a {,1 11 i. l .\ 1T a 11 .t.:: 1·1 1H·nl1
:2:.!ii; 011 1.,· 111 .. .. t :,.::t·1 1.-• rnl . ruk~ ,r,(~t

A ll jt-l'tin::-;, unw i:;:c :11lY1 c~ .to yo11.n ~
,~· rit c r~ co 1H.:c r11i11g use vt, 118. :"'Sci:

Ad .-abs.

111ay

fu nn ~ , -~!11 ; ~ am c a:·~n .11H:nt ~)1 n ,\ ~;~

TI .>\H BAHl S ~ I ~ . ch·ft1w d. :rn1\ 11f wl::1 l
th t• \' t'1H 1... i-. t , }~; ;-.llll llllill"_\.. t't!ll '-lderai inll of, wit! 1 n·111 ar k~ id ,}n 1'. ; ' 111 1
l' opt', :\ rr iPl1l. a nd (Jr.\ dl·n, - t1t- ·.1U.
Hf·iw1 \ ' .
:--:.l ·e f ."l··.r; 11 11n· .

of. 1~'.I: Bu rkl··~

dl1•1·11n : _u.;: •· of1
J:H), \ :)]; n1nl'k, J:l l: 1.·:x 1· 1· .- .:-J\' '.: ll SC
nf _ \ l:l(' aU l:I \ ' an e x1u 1q 1\t' , l·>l .
,\ 1 .. 1111h n!.ll l\t: ( ' rn11pu ... 1111111, ,,f ,,·h; 1l
~ ,·\,. lii .. h o f , ,.,'·'" r< 111~ 1· I"". 1k L IW•
iiiq i.i rlalll"t' 111 r i·; 1 ~f H li· r 11f lian 1~:~

Ht·~gii1µ- t l1l' 11m·~ 1i .. 11 , l~H; .

H•nnLa-.t, l f11J.
.
Brl·,·it,·, til l' t·a nrni .1f , 1 1: 11 1iJ· 'lr1 ~ 1111~r
uf, fU!); d c,· kni tu r t,l , 1a l! 11 1tg1 l~ v 1

di .. tinl'l pr••\ 11 1.ifiqn i.ll. 111 i11d ._ 1:-<.,:
II lt •l"lll i;-; n o t H }•f't!}f(l :-; Jlll •ll. _l .'{t 1- I HK,
up1Jll wh a t l'0~1·11t ·y of l' rou f Jc-

1\J

L
!~

,:

·i;

i'

i' •'f'

:1
11

I

290

INDEX.

12G; cauti on :1,1.!:lin~t mi ~ pfotNl. 128;
impur1a111 ·-.; vf , ill HHl t.: lli l' lll of l'r o po:-: iti1111. '22:1; lll'\:c :oi :-an' in l 11t rodu1.: ti,111 and Co 11d11s io11 , ·'24I)- :.H.7. ~tc
l'11111· i:it:Jlt' ·' " ·

of rr.< nnd than, 45 ; use of tlinn ns
pn: po:; it ion in pit ruse tlutn wll. mn
a 11 cXl't.·pl ion to, -!Ii ; incorrect uso
of 0 ·1· with neither, 46. See Co1171.1· rlit:ts .

llllrdt:ll uf l'root: d d in .... d . 2 1!); g-e11crnl
ru le for , in co 11r1 ~ of law, ~l!J;
sa 111 c p rin1 ·i pl1· ;q >jdit·ahl c in .·\ rg- 11 111 c 11rati n· ( 'w 11 pt1:-i 1t io 11 a:' i n tt •ttr t:-1
of la w , :.!I U : t:n11~id • · ratio 11 of q11t·:'t io u il :'i t o whet hi.: r Bun h· n tif i'roof
shif t ~ at ~a1n e 1i1n c with l'rl'.'ll 111 ptio11 , :U -l; ne ,·c r to Ue a :;s u111 cU. 1111n eccs~ a ril v , '2:! :j .
B ut. prope r 'u ntl imp rope r u se~ o C 116.
::>c o l'un.junclion<i ; lu11nectiL·c.s.

c.
See 1Vominatice; I'u..i..<Jessire;
Olu·t!ctice.

C ASE.

C ircu1 11 lot:11lio 11, th e, a form of Vc rbos itv , l :::! I ; u ~c fu l one ~. 122; weak
o nes,· l:?:J: e-uttrc 1·..; 11f, l l -L
Chu1 ..-c ..-. St'e Stnfc.'71ces.
Cl c a r n c~!-1 . i111por1u 11("C of, G5; ditlicnl t. to a t 1ai11 C\'C ll un de r mos t faYu ra l,Je t· u111!1tiun ~, fifJ : th c:;c rt: mark~ 11ppli ccl tCJ i\Lu·a11 Iay, {jf);
ll\:lill ~Cl'l"d of ~liH'.'llilll_v·~ ~l l C('c~:;,
f)li ; I\ n ·Jath·c quality, 1;;; di:; ti11 cliu11 hl'tWt 'l'll pr~l'i-.io n a11tl, ti 7-7U;
pa rl ir u la r lt.·rrn ~ !-(l'll1·ra l ly clt·nr 1 84 ;

t he.! ll :'l~ 11 f {po 111an\· word!'-( a ~in
agai11s1 1 JU!J ; 1\•q 11 i:-.itcs <,[, - what
is d i ~1i 1w t i11 1h •i11g-h t !'h1Hild lie
di:-;tin cl iu t· x p rt·~ ~ i 1111 , l:1f1: ernplia·
si~ 011 1111i111 pnrra11t wun i..; l111.;;1ilc t1l 1
]:l!): hri c f dl'li11ititi1t c1 f, JI;:!,
~ec
/ • '11/'('f'.

C limnx, aid to IJn ·v il y, 1'.lH: t he• , li 1nv
CO ll:H i t 111ed , J :J:j: . HLhHHIHges u f,
JJ;J, 1:.t-&. ; the n111 i. -cffrc ri nJ .1f' a
w eapo n uf irony. l :_t:, : prin t·i l'l e u l~
appli1~~ t o r ca :;o11i11g a ~ wdl a s to
st l'ic, 2:11.
Cunipo ...; if i1111, thrl'C thing:-; that sho uld
be reg-ardL·tl i11 cn:ry :--1111k1· 11 <1r
writt t.:11 , f;:1~ th e 1111i1y 11f1 i1:-; ir11 p11r h lllt" e. I M~; Ji ,, w lo ht: anpdr1·1l. !t i I ;
th e fo11r re 1pti ~i t1 ·~ "f g-n •n\. Iii:!. S t:c
Ary1un t'. nl11 tin:. l'111111ui.~it i11u .
Co1h.:: i~~ 111 • ...;:-: . a r cl11ti n: qualit _,., .lflfi:
('au tiou a gaiu ~ t cxct· ~:o- i\' t· , l JU. 8ce

/J rerily.

Co ne lu !' in n , d t..·li111· d, l fH.
Co11jm~ c tio11 ::i . i111 ·orre•·1 l\ )" t ' nf, _ li<: fon~
r e lative µrvn u u11 :; 1 ·i.f; ru lt..i Jv r u:;c

201

INDEX.

Co 1111 l:d ivcs, o mi ~ :-:tion of, 107; value
of j wl icio u:; 11 ~c of, J.08; 1ni s 1.1 1'\ c of,
1 lti, 117; prope r posilion of tho:so
k1111wn n~ c1J1'l't'-"JIOrul tn t.s, I JU.
Co 1T1 ·t: l11 c~:..; of c xprc ..;s io11 , i111portmwo

o f, l ; rcqui:; itcs to, 2; IJricf dcJini..
tio11 of, lu:! .
C11 rrc~po 11d 1..: nt ~, po!-l ition of,

13G.

Cu xlo lll, tli e 111i Rtrcss of lungunge,lleu Juu so u, :.W.

fur<.:e, :L J0 1 ~ 11 ; rt:al ex a111p_lc~ \'ary

~l l: arg-1111 11;1tl a ll\'C a11d
i l! u !->lra tl\ ·c cx a111plc ~, :l l:!; arg- 11 -

ir1 fon:1:,

lru1 11 ;111 al 11g-y 0 11 1' .,f l lH· 1110 .-· d
c 11 1111111 111 f11r111 :0i o f ar;..( 111111·111:..; frt1111 ,

111 ,·11 1:0;

- d1 •1i111·J
21 :1- :!J fJ .

\\' liall:h· aud M ill,

IH·
~

.

Exu rdi11111 1 1111 Hk l uf, :.!-!;) ; qu aliti es uf
a 1r11t1d , :! -! t1- :2-l 7.
Ex p~ rl ..;, 1t·~t i1111111 _,- of, 2tn .
.
Exll'llwttin g m d li uU uf i.' c rsu a ~ 1tJI1 1
:.!41.
Ext n .! 1H1·s in numbe r of ,.,·u rJ~, to be
a\'o iueu , UlJ.

D.
DEDU<'Tto:., deOn c<l, 18H.
i>cl i11 i1iv 11 s, wli cn ll t.:Ce:-::;a ry, 70.

F.

Divid ed usage, roum fur argument in
ca se of, ll.

FArT, m atte r~ of. l1i ~t in g 11 i~hcJ from
11 1al1l'rs 11f vpi11io 11 , 2'111-iO ~ .
Fall;1, · ii' ~ uf t 1111f11 ~i t111 , what th e_,. nrc ;

E.

l .o!.!"iC 1·0 1w1 ·rnill t!", 71.
Fu :-. t idio11 :·11 1e:-s , 1 ·x. ~· 1.: s:'i\'i..' , in th e use of

de Oued, 100 ; opposed to
Vu i!-(a rity, 100; opposed to use of
wurd in t wo Rc nsc ..; i11 thQ. Na me sen·
tcn ("e, lOL; 11p puse1l to use of vcrlntl
n 1H1 11 ~ in - inf/. IUl, LO:l ; co ntro.:s ted
wilh Fo rce, 10:.l, 103 ; requires that
e rnph:1:..;i~ i; hould not be t hrown on
u11i111 pu rta1 1t word, 13!J; IJrief defi11itio11 ot; JG2.

EL EG AN C E,

Eloql lCll(; (",

J'Clllarks on, hy R. ,v.

E11wrsu 11 , G7 .

E11 g- Ji, Ji , !-(OOd, fab o tests of, 2, 3; deli ned, 5 ; true te~ t of, 5 i offences
ng-ain!'l t, H).
E11 g-li~ h l:u1 g-w1~.rc,

clu ss ifi eat ion of
o ffL 11ccs ag-uim;t usa ge of, l!J; und l! rg-oes co111 p11rntive ly few c hanges
of form, ;·H ; is cornpo~ it e , 78.
E11 lhy rn c111 c, ex~ 111plili etl, 191.
Epit hct . . , rcdundaut on e8, 118; sorvicen bl c 011es, llD, 120.
.
Et y molug-icn i t heory in th e choice nnd
u'c of worus, 3, 74 ; wh,\' of little
Jll'll<' lical use, 74-78; probable origin
o f. 78.
E11 phc111i!-l. m!' 1 h ow lhev nrise, 83.
E11plio11.v 1 t he <·anon uf, l4, 15; undue
weight nut lo he g-i\'Cll to, 15 .
Ex:if..!'gcrnli11g method of P ersuasion.
:UJ.
E xa mpl e, nrg um cnts from, n nf uro of,
~0! 1; real nnd iiH·enl ed cxnmple~ ,
2LO; invcu1cu 1:xu1nples that are
1

I.

ant.eredc ntlv im prohnhl c hnve n o
I1.1. us 10~,
111dl111d s

how produ ced . lit; tlt~l',t:
mc 11 tio 1wd, 171: £.. Wiii\

1·x a111 11l 1·:-, 17:..!- 17·1; IL , w ith

1111 ::..;, 17·1, 17 ;>

i

L'X: U ll ·

111., wi1la i.:xa111p k:..;,

l 7ti - I 7::S.
lrnpropril'li ~·~. d1 ·ii1 1t•d ,_ 19; e .-t:~11q'.l 1 ·:-1
uf, in w li i1·h ~111 11 1d 111 l:·<l1·ad'"'. ;1() - .i~;
in w l1 id1 re .. 1· 111ld a 11(·1 ~ i11 ~··11...;1• 11 11-.-

11..·ad :->, f1:,l- ;,.i; i11 wh ic h both 111i . . _lt '< ld ,
5.t , f)fJ: of fon •i;..! t• 0 1:i~i11 1 ;J ;J ; tll1_1 ~­
trali o 11~ of, ;,)') - l iU; Ill pltrn -.i.: ~ , _ 1, 1;
Ho 1111..:t i111c~ rhet u rit..:allv Ucfe 11 .:; il,!c,

!ii , tj:2. S ec Tn 11f11l11!/1J.
I11d11 L't iu 11 , d1 ·ti111"d 1 l ~!J .

l11f1 ·n.· 11 n •, d1."li11ed , 18 -L
J111i11i 1i,·e , i11curn.:<:t use of, with ael\' c rl, , -t :J.
- 111,r;, word :-; in , ·Pl , 101..
Irony, Je1i11i.:d, J ~;J.

!i uw cau:..;t·d: t·Xl ra1.·t frlllH Mi ll~'s

lall g' ll<l ~L' . ;J - ,:j.

F twli11;..,( .. , t rw · rd:11i1•1t l 1t'l\\"t'L' ll fa t.:t~
u11d , :tl8; h ow lu r 1·ad1. :! : ,~J.
Fit:ti1111 , arg- u111 t•n1 in. fr" 111 A ~1kce­
d t·11l l'ru lra11ility, w 1;; fr~nn Lx a1n pJ,., 2111, 21 1.
.
"F i111· wrilillg', \' Ul;,.!nnty o f , 7!..l, 80 : d('fo 1~,. h111nor11 11 :..; il p{1ll't1 l ca1 1s1!
d1 •...; i~11; 1[ ion of ~p{·ci li c ohj..:c t
IJ\' a •'"1· 111· rn l l(·n11 11111 • for 111 of.X \ - 8 :1.

:-:irc

ot', 1:'<0 ;

Fur~·e. ~u·a11 i11 ~ a11d \'alu c 11 f, H-1,

L.
LA:-: C L.:Af:J:: , fa:-.titl i11 u ~ 1 11·:-;~

in the

u~e

ot'. - r1 ·111 :1rk:-1 nf \\.a lt r: r ~a \'Hl!"C
La nd or. :S-f'1: 11 11!\· <•lie ~o n rnl pri11 -

cipl1: uf j 11d .:.:.·111t·Jt·t. in th l' 11 ....:1• .. r, :-, ;
Ja,,· and 1 HI, . ! l ;
s ulijcl"I: to cha nc-e . l. ~J; ~wi1r ·11
~t ra1 1g-e 11ro po.:--:al ~ l 'illH' t l'Jii_n ;.:. 20;
th e fa :-< lii1111 ol, :.W ; liow 11 ~.!T 11w ~,
2-1 ; 1i g 11ra1i ,·c 11 t""s <•f, ~.n. ~1~; i.11
a11a l 11~v 111..•twi.·1: 11

K:);

w het! , a~ an art jj fe orn1111111 w a t1t111, it

1;,. ( ' l!'Jtl'lli-"" :->, 8:>; ex 1· e p l l<lll s 111 tl 11 ~

d iffe rs fr v 111 pai11 1i 11g- n11 d .. l"H l l'I tire,
Wi; li11iitafio11~ of, JliR 1 JO!); crea~
ti,·e powt' r of. 178- 180.

i11 111aj•11·i ty ·Pf i..· a :->t..•s lo l_H· a11ai11~·.d
rld t•, 8ti 1 87 ; how pl:iin proo..:c 111ay

l w '"'t1Jn•ri11 r In ll g 11 rnliq~ la ~ 1 g 111t j..!l' ,
UH; 111 In • ~ ni1\I'.\ l~ y Ii "'~' nl w u rd:'(

of whi\'11

1111 :

1111·a 11i11g-, !J!I;
g-l.ll1 e 1•, 102.

!"lll tl t d

!" ll g"~i·~ l!'t

('P ill l'lt "lt•tl with
th1 ~ 11:-\C of

lO:I:

t

Ill!

l·:l 1·t110

111a11\· w,n·d!'i a ... in ;1g-ai11...: t, 10!1; rr·qttiri~ ~ tllat iinpnrtlillt WPn! s s h o u\ (l

Le in {· mpli a 1i(' plrh·<·~ . I-ti; ~. :-rn 1~1matiral li111i1ati 11 11 nil thi~ nd c in

J-:11 ..:Ji,-h, u :i ; uri d

wnnl~
word ~ from

Latin ,

fn1111 1 c 1111 1p:1rt••\

wi th

A11 ~ l11 - ~ax1111, i4- i! I.

l.111 i11i ~ 111 :-i. f)f'1.
Logit\ pnw in ce o f furrnn l, _l~ •O; pro ,:·
i111·c of i11d1wti\' «, 1111d 111 wli1il i t
diffrr=-- frolll Hl wt or k , l!)O: ~f'qt1t · 11n~

of, di r-< tiugui sheU from c hron u log- ical, rn7.

d efi nition of,

]Ii~.

Frig-id wri1in j!, what il i ~, and h ow it
&ri se ~, ~}[), !JO.

G.
f;Al.l.T C l ~ '.\I S, f) 5 .

li1:111·ral l t.:n 11 :- . Si ·1: T ermx.
Gru 111111 nr, lm ~ i ~ o f Hh eloric, 1.
Urnmmalitul purity, cJ ctiu tJ, 2.

M.
~fET A PHO H,

! ht\ differ~ frMn ~imilc
0 1il\' i11 fonn , Utl; ih ~ 1q 1(· r iuri:_\· to
:; i11~il e . HO ; n-ct . . 1111 fur. !H: " · lu·n
~ i111il c i ~ pn ·fPralil1• f o , ~ ll, !12: " """
of
forn1s 1·011d1 i111· d , !t:!, ~ : $;
11ii :xt·d 111 t: laphor:oi. ~tfi !ll"t .
~l e thod , d 1·li 11 cd , PU; 1111t alw(l _Y ~ f'~­
ae ulial, 181; parumuu11l iwpv rla 11co

""'h

.,i
I

292

Ir\DEX.

J;:-; DEX .

o f, tn rrnrrn ti,·1·, 181; h til1it o f. cha r nc 1c r i:. 1i1.· 1,f 1·d1i. ·att:tl nH.: 11, 181-lt<:; .
K1 :c Arr1111:; r: 111oll .
1\r1..· tu 11y111y. ~l'\! S~1 11 e 1_'(/och e.

N.
N.\rtnATn· ~,

c~ :-;. <' ntial s

nf a g-ood ,

J1: 7; i11q1n rtall l't..'. o f m o \·t· m 1·n t tn a,
lt i7 - 1~11 ; of lll"ll:od to ;1 , l ti l - JS:J .
N• ·i-:11 1i,·,: .. , d o11ld l..' , t 1T1 111t·11 11s ll"C of
~1• 1tl • · !11r111 -:i 11 ! , -t '. I.

l\'11111i11a{ i \ · l, l 'il :- l' 1 11.-. c
Cll .. t: ,

of,

fu r

1il 1j 1·1·li\'C

-! ."i.

N1 nlll" . i11 co r n·1·t u~c 1,f :--i11;..:-u la r a nti
pl 11r a l, ;;:.! : i 111 ·11 1T1·•· 1 11 " t: ,,f :- i11 g ld;_ir ,
w it h lit 11 r:tl ,-,.r1, , ;3: 1. ;~ -l .
Nt1111L11.: r ur wo rd:; . S et: l~ 'u r1 /$ .

Pr r .: : nnitk n l ion. on e o f t he mos t. fo rcil1 lt· l r11pt""' · X;-{, :-5 ~ 1 : da 11 g-t·r~ of, 8!) .
l\· r~ p i 1 · 11 i ty. tin: t·:w un uf, 1 ~ 1 ]:J. S1:.·c
( ·1, ,, / ' fl ' .....~ .
l \r ~ t 1 u ~ io11, wt"· n fl•' N·~ ~ H n' form of
A r.~..p l 111•' \l I al i ~- .. ( '1 11111 H1:-i ilio 11 , 2:n ;
linw to i11tl11 u 11 ·1· !h e will , 2:17: tru e
r1•la t io11 bd \\' ('(' 11 fad ~ a11tl r~cl in gs,
2: l.~ : li nw lo l'l'il l" li th e fcc ling"M,
2 : ~ ~ 1 · :2: -1

I: e x a ;.::~t· ra t i ng 1H1 tl cxt i' ll·
Hati11g- 1 n<"!li 11 d ~ . :!·i I ; n·pnlation
!-- fl• '1t kl'r :-hn 11 ld lt a \' l' 1 2 -l~ ; di:-1ul,·n11 ·
ta ::1 ·..; of n ·11nlal io11 f11r cl11que11 cc,
'2 kJ ~ 4 L
/', , ; , ;,, ;1 1·iu ,·:11i;, l ~ H :. 2 11 .
l 'hr;i . . ,... , in q 1r•'1 1r i1· t it· :> in. GI .
l 'l1 ·4•1\;1" 1tl .
~1 · 1 • Un/1n1 ilmu·!J.
I ' l11r;1!. '.'-i 1·1• . \ '111111 s : l ' r11 11 1111 11Y.
I 'u-. . :. , ....... j,-,. 4·a -.v . i111· 11 rr t~ ('l U !'i C of, :i8i
'I :ir-. h ' :- n1 l1• f11 r . ·~ K .
l' r\·1 i-. i., n. ili -.1 i 1io ·1i•n1

o.
~ I ' <' J\~r111 1 i11 t1 f i r r .

0 1u1:: f'T I YE .

u1, ... l· n ri 1y, in
U11 1i:-- .. it111 .

111 · -. .. 1111• !.

pn11 101111 ",

fit u l t~

at,,

uf,

7:!- 7-J.
:1(i; o f CC:C: (" ll-

t ial pa r l o ( ,·c r h from !"t' llte 111 ·('. :u; :
oi' word s lli' n •:--.. ary tn t'(ll!lp lt"l c
!'t'll:': C , J7 ; o f g ra m111 at iea l n H111 e e: i• •ll hd w e 1· 11 1.1 wnrd :1 11 d r1.·~ t of
s e 11fl_')H'I" :J8 : o f 1!1 1· at I idP. _i O-l ;
o f n e t e~ ~ a r v wo rd . . , l! >ti; 11f (.'111 11 J1 ·"-

t in ·... . 107 : -n f \\'tJn\:- in i1n :1g i1 111 tive

w r iti ll t;, 107 .
O p i11 i11 n .

111 :1tt1- 1·;;i,

nf .

<1i..:1i11!.:"t1 i ... Jw tl

P.
f' ..u:-.;T t ' '<: nn1l S c11 l p1 11 rr . lin1 it:1tinni;;;
of. U.'i ll r t :-i n f t·o1n11111 11 il': 1lit •ll, Jlii.
l li8 .
P:tr :1 .:: r :1 p h ~ . Y:dn (• <if . 12 :-.; forn 1a1ion
11 C I ;,7 .
P;1 r:1 ph r;1 ... r 1 tli e, a fo n n n f , -t·r\11, i. : it _,..
1:!11, l:! I.
P 11n ·ntl1l"ti1 ·al r xrrP :::!" ion <.i , po -. it io11 pf:

1411.
l '.1 rr ic·i1d1·...;. it1i·••JT1·el 11 . .: (• o f.
i 11

iun !wt \\"l'\'11 1

; 11111

/ 1111, ·l :L

· I ~;

n· rl1a l

d j..;, _

1111 1111 :-;

l 't·ri1·•ii. : -.t·11 t 1• n r~ t' . ::::. 1'(· S, nt1 !/'"•.~ .
l 1 t•rip hra .. i-., 1lu" :--: 1 ·1 • t 'i rr·11 ;11/ .. ( 11 li11 n.
l ' 1·rn r; 1ti1• 11. q11: 1li1i .•i. : u t' H guo d 1 :.H5-

1 -H ;

l'r1·n 1i . . 1· .. . d1 · 1i 111 ·d . I X ~. l!H1.
l' rq 1., .. i li1 !1 t .. , li "' I' t•f \\'l'Oll g', -(7.
l 'rt·-. 11111 1.ii111 1. 4l•·li11l'd, '2:!11 ; of 111w,
:!:!II. :!:! I : 111' fa c l. 2:!1 - :.!~ : ~: ho w t o
111• i • \'t "r~ · o11 l(• , :!:!:I ;
r 1· l 11 111i n ;: 11 1 · i.., l u

O!IC

lll Clh ot l Of

ni i ~ e a c11 1111t r·rpn •-. 11 111p!i1J 11 , i:! :j; s liifts frum sido

ff > :-i d t· . :!:l-L

l ' ru l1a Iii Iit_, . i l ~n~pnndtrn nee of, 20G.
) S 1·1·

. l ~1 f n'i , / ~

I l"t•;..:,T •· -. ...:1 n ·

nt 1'1·v/111Ui/i ty .

l l' lld e rn: y ,

nrg un 1cnt from.

~ 1 · 1· ,i.:, ;,i ll .

Qr t1TATIO=< S, rnluc of apt , 126.

R
1: _, T HH""' l:" .\ T inx .

SP t!

•·!·

0

n-.: l·t l

with 1·!;111-.t.· :1:-; an \ •·1·t · 1r/1il'/11 11 ; in q1•H' l;111 1·"

d .. 111 : 4 ~; 11 11r/

•J I" nl1 - •'T1• " . 11 f t1 .. 1i11(i " a r1 i1·l1· (ii' 1\1·tn ••!l ' l r:1 tl\ ' 1• 1•n ,~
111 11 111 lwf111\ · :1n! •·1T1k! ih 1.f. 10:1.
J: 1•1w t11i•ot1, \' ;1\111· a1 HI 11w l h 1 >1 \.., !1f :-- \,il f 11 1. l I ii I !~ : 1111 - kil t lil , 1 1:!.
]~ l'J llllal i •ll l. 1!1- . . ir. d d1 · fo1 r :- jw: 1k 1·r , ::! 1.:!:
in p11 i11 t of l' h :ir: 1l'l \' 1' , -..! 1:2 : j,q·
~ ··1n ~ l lt i11 g c l:-'e thau t:l u 1p 11· 11 l' {', :!i:!-

0 1· t lw !\J'1.' -. •·tw •·

l ~O .

11ivJ.t:I of , :?i.5.

1:!.-1 . .

s.

1

111 ·,, , -l~J ; •.!1..:. t· 1t r1· or t qt1 h· oc11l , i2;
Hit

f.11111

ll1Cll'I' l ' Olll11Hlll liillll 0 \i :O: ('llJ'Q

11 r a 1 11l1i .~111111 :-; 11 :-.l· of. i 'l ; cx 11111plc~,
7:! - 7-l ; prop1·r po ~ it i n11 of. 1J7.
Pro" I'. dt·lin1· d , J S ~ ; w hat ii comprclw11d :-:, 188 .
:--IL'C A1'f/ ll lll O i tut ire
C11111 1m.··i fi rJ11 ; R r1o fr 11 '!/'.
l'r up•·r 11:1111 L·:-; of for1·i g 11 1•x trndion,
furL•ig- n fo s li iv11g in s pe ll ing-, 26~7.

P rn po..:.iti nn . ri f• li tH•1 I. 18-L Sci: 1frgu ..
lllt' 11 f oli1·1· C 11 lll j J11... /t inn .
I ' r u\ · ~ 111·i a l i -. n i...; . i 11 ;-; l;111 c t•:-i o f , 7.
l'n " ·111 g- 1•10 1111 wli , l!Ji.
l '11 ri1 , -, 1gr:11 1JJ11n t i1·a l. See Correct..
11 c: .\ ;J

uj

l. .L'jJ1'to:>i.u1L
0

~E:'\..: .\TI O ~ :\t.. d P fi 11 <'1 l, 10 :1.
:-\ l' lll •· 11 1·l·..: , b11 \a 11 1·•·tl , ad\·:u1 t a g"1·s a.n 1l
d i :- ad\·n 11 t a !.!;t.':-l 11!'. 1:t!: t.: 1rn :-. ll' t1 l' l lu ll

oi", :-l w1 dd 11 1>L Uc c h: ~ 11 .~ 1_· d .w ii i11 11 1t
c a 11:--1 ". j :\ 7; i11tr".\1w\l"H Pl :1 i i "\\'
w11 rd . c \' 1' 11 in 11rd \ ·r t n a Yu id r1 · p t:l it io n, mnY
\ H\ 1d tw1•
i nt· l·· ~ a111 · t ".
1:;:; : d e pi·1;d1· 11 l a 11 il i11d "1w1 11k n t
<.: !;111..:1.,• ..; :- h ntd d 1Jt~ k 1·1·t n 11:11" !. 1:: ~ t ;
prt1 p" r pn-. iti•1 n o f parc llt li~ · i~ " ! d t · ~ - .
p 1., ... .. i .. r1... i -~ O ; pr• •1wr P' •.. lll• HI o!
pri 11 ,·ip:d w ord -. , 1-ll, 1 ~ -1 ; n ·al :i i\ 1j• ·t"\ 111:1 y 11 .. 1 Ill' gr11111111 :11i (·:1l :- 11l qt.'(·t.
1.1:1 I\ .",; d ifi'1· 1-. ·1 w1 · l 1\'l\\ 1T ll \l" " li. ·a l
n 11d p ro-' t: 01·,k r , \ .1:1, l 11;; l.:1t i1 1 Pt"
( ; .. nn:i 11 .. n l1·r . i 1n it :1t i n 11 of . 1.11 :. 1 Vi;

t lit'<•r i.· -.. Hf

H1· 11 tl 1a111 <11P l :--:.1 11 ·11 lT I'

n 1ll 1 T rn i11 ~.

J.17 , l -1:-i : tl 1at nrr; 111;.::1· -

111 v 11t

n e : -1 :o;

h o \\

1

''.'

t' LI' • •

~ 1 ·11ti 11. 1 e 11tal , d e lirwol. \ ():;,
:'.i g·n. a rµ; 1111H~ 11 t:-. fru in, n :ltun· <i f . 1~ 1 7 ,l '. 1'. I; \'an· i1 1 f nrc 1..' . l '. •'.I ; arg n1 n1· 11 l
fn ,111 'l\.::-.t i HH•ll .'' a !'o r!\\ 1ol. :!1111 ,
:.!Ill ; d1ff ..· r1: 11 n · :-. anH>L lJ..~: w 11n1· .... l ''·.
:.!:111; 1111tlt•·r ~ 1,l. fal' t a n d 1 11 :1 1 \l'r~ 1il
opin io n, '.2!11 :!1): :: ft •-. 1 i111 11 n y o_t' j• .x p1 · rl :-- . :!tn; 1111 \\ i l \1 n ~ a nd u11c k -1;..'.'11·· d
t ••.-.1i i11 1111 \· , '.!tH , :.! d i ; l 1r1·· ·
f ;ti!w
:-i • HI:-- ( 'I h 1:-1 ori1· a l l :1t ·1.. . :20-I: :1r:..:,1 1-

whi 1· h 1 · 11 11 d 11t· 1~ :-;
the Ut :s l , l fil;

11 10 .. f IP 1·1t- ar -

pe r i111..li! · and

11

0

0

r.

fr ,,111 ~ilt- 111· 1 · a ti •r1 11 .. '..! 1,-, ;
11f 1·c1[1\' ll lTv 11l ! 1·"t l l!l ! 'l l _\ · , ~ , ).-1 ,

Jlh·11I
f p f'! ' t'

:!O{ i ; 1•1'1 "\H •IPkl'a llt'l' of jl 1" 1•\1 ;1 l )1]i l1 " " ·
:2 l/l i ; ;\ t':.( Ll1 1\l'l!I f1 " '1l l . \ Id fi,.11!.\" f· •
IJL· di -. ! j 11 ;...:. 11 ; ... ii , , I fr•l: ~ 1 . '.! I
'..! 1" :
;I 1':_::1 (ft H ' I ti 11"1 11 :1 ! ~•I: i ; I!\ ('>I I ~:.\ j 1: •I
g" f·, . _.., j \ -.,' t 1·nd ,. r w y, _:!!!,...;
... r r .. 1 1 ~'. r h ­

1:

"n1· .\ !1\' a r.:..:.1 1111 1· 11 h lr1.i n .\ 11l• ·v ··d 1 ·11l
I 1' 11 I ' ; I ' : i I i 1 \ . ' :~ l ~ '. I
:--;i111il t· 1 tl 11 ·, ·1·11-.i t j .. 11 10 f._ I l· ·rl 11·rt ~ \ ·t· 1 1 I

q · r ' :-o tl n :11 n· 1·11 111· •Tt 11: 1;.,'.' .
11 11·11l
!'-\ l ' l'

lJi c " \hl' I'

O il

l -t .~:

:.ii\1•,

:1 r .:.!11 \ .l ~ - ).-,J .

,If d1111 l111 1·.
1

2H.

R h L'l ori1 ·. \.ramm:ir th e h :1. . j .. of, 1 :
wh e n it u Yo..: rrn k ... '; r ;1Jll i1it1 r 1 Iii , ~i:2;
in wha t it diffe r::- from l11 ll11e t i,·e

L' •!;ic ,

J .-,.~, :

:- li11rl ,

un it ,. Pf, I :"1~ 1 . I 1;0.

S.1rll.19i.w L

J?.-i/ 11f'fio 01 / 11/1.»U.n / 11111. J!I :!.
l:.·d n11tla 1w_v, n u fa ul t i1.1 <·1 1111po ~ i I i" 11 n-..:-- 11 111 t•:-1 rn n rc \'anon s l 11 n11 ~
1h a11, 1 1.~ : :l l' \'l tl ll n l a ti· 1. 11
adj 1;ct i,· 1·:- a l ·11 11111H•t1 f· ·rin qf. 1 1 ~ .
l ~t · f 11 1 a li111 1. :! Tl '2 .lfj. ~ 1.:1..· . l r!J 1111u·11f11ri r,, (. 1•11111u.-· it i•1//. .
l: l·h li\·i· \tl"•H i< t1 t l 1.. . wli n, wl11 J1 f1 , w/111 .... •' ,
i nt·o 1T tT \ I\" 11 ~ ~-d fur • 'i i i ' Hl l •dht·r ,
-t:I, ·H i il; (' or n·t"t ly i i..;nl I• ~ r,. ~",· r lo
inqu•r-.:u11;1 ] 11l1 jv t·t ~ . -\ -i: wl11 cl1 111n1r-

n·c1h·

111'

J;11i; H lai 1" :- nd n i f•1r prc-. ~· r\"ln g 1l1e

l ' r lix i1,:. n fo rm of V\.: rbo:-; ity, J24,
l'n 110 1111 1.: , inrorre<· t 11 ~ e of lh o~o t hnt
di ff,·r in 1111111l1"r from tli 1.· ir nn1 e('i: d1 · 1it:--, :1:! , :i;1: ill i' P!T e d IL" (\ nf t-1 in·
g-11 l:1 r 1 with 1.l 11 ral ,.t'l.iJ, :n, ::H ; inr u rrt·d u ~c l•f 1'i1!11: 1· o r r111 y one,
tl11· .f;1r1111: 1-, tlli' ,li l'sf, & e.. .rn ; rn m111 . ·11 1 1111 11 "" 1.'. of p l1r111.; e th e /11.~t <~f

Jo\o ~(', crnnpar;lt i \·c ,·n l11\· (> f, 1 _.- ,~ - -J ."d :
Ld• \·r int liil h ', :1r ~~ 11 11 11 · 11 t a g·:u 11-. t. 11\·
I ) t.: • \. J 111 11t· cy . l .J ..\: a :- 1 h 111 '. 11 i1· . : 1 r;::~1 11i1 · 111 a .~ a i 1 1..,. t , 11 ,v . ( · , . ] ,· rii _l .~ · · l .1.1 ;
! 0 11 ~

11

fr o 111 11l:l ll1·r"' o f fo c l. :!O l - ~ t t:L
Ord1 •r. :it·t· .·! 1·r111me1d !ff in: C 0 1m1Ji >.~i­
tion : .S t nlt'n c(::; _

1 i11 1· t

bet ween Cleur-

1; 7 - iO

Q.

1 11

~ ;;\1 1~~~.J;i;:·xa1~1~·;;,.'; ··:: r1.1 .~ ~.{ . 1 ;:::'. '. . :.·;·\.
b1 1 .:..:· n a ~ 1 '

1

11f

;h ,· ...:0 ;1nT id 1111 n·!1 , !; i

S nh- i.: i:-: 111:-., d l'l i111 ·d , l~I : :. : p1·1 ·1al n· a .-.1 1!1
for p11 i11 I in :: 11 11 1, :t I , : ~ :! .
S1 111l1i :-' try, in w l1 a l it l' \1 11 :-- i :- t ."' , -Cvlc r id .~ t ', 7 1.

~11u11.I , 1li :1t :-i n ~ ~1·..: t..;;, ~ <·11~ " . ~1:1.
:--:.1w1·i li1· lt · rr 11 ~. ~ +..- '/", !'1//,.~ .
:-.:, l'i· l I i n ~!". f1i r1·i l( ll fo .., Ji i•lll " in. :.°!:>.
S t \ l ··. \\· h n I j .... 1!1 •·:1111 I•\ :1 -.. ,,,. '• ~: \'•' .
Its Y;i\11 1! , a 11 d n po11 .'~·1 111 ! j [ .. "'.ll "":' "' '
.\ . · p 1·1 1d ..: . 1"2 :1. I ~ 7: :--. \\ :'. 1· . . 1i1·1111:1 :11 1\

, 11;:1: J. , wl 1·· - :- 1il
f ,.
g-11 1,, \, lti:t; :"'-i\•1 · n1 ·l'r · .~ il i ··., ry " !. ; 1: '
i11 . :. ullic i1·11n· nf iii ..: th 1·•·n· . j j; .1:
princ ipl ·· w 'hi 1· l1 111: 0 J..rli\' ~ ;\I \ _rl1 °_·!nrica! ni l,·:-: 11 f. -- l ·,,; '. \' ' \ 1tl1 \ :1:-:·· t _\·.

o r' : 1 ,:..!'. ' " 1d

-

0

r 1·111ar k -;

Em er . . 1•11 .
!'-\ 1n .:.·1..:: 1· -.. t J\ "L'

~ 1 · 1· 1 H· 1·r 1

,'\ , .,,111 ;111 .

1•:1;_

~t .' ·l i "

~ 1 · 1 · ,. .:. !_1;1,·
d1·lin iti .. 11 of. 1~1 0;

Sy .llo ~i:-- 111 ,
t i a l-. 11f

' fl

J l ; . 1-

· -

n

l1·:: i rin1 a !i' , l '. 10 :

t '""-' '11 ·

\ "; tr i o11 ..:

f1 , r 111:"\ 11 !'. l'.11
~\ ·11 1 ·1·, J , '" !11 ·

a 111 l .\ J.. ~ ,.n ,-111 \ . ,,·Ji:11 i 11°· \ ·
t li•: i r l· ·n· ·.· · ·• ·n-

. <1 r1· . :-..:~ .."i."i ; i11 '' l 1; 1l
~i - h . 4 "i

:-.:..,·n .. 11y1111 ·:-: 1 t c n .\ 1..·1w .\· ., f ,
pe ar, 77.

!11

d1 - iq 1·

,.

294

INDEX.

'

)J·

T.

ject though plural in form is siog11lar in sc 11 :--c, n11d nice 'VC1'."fl , 34, 35.

T .'\UTO L (H.."JY 1 crud ._
·st form o f repet ition , 1 J ;~-11 5 ; tauto lllg-011:-; cxprc!-'-

~i nn::s da:s ~c tl
(jQ .

a11 w 11 g l111 pro prictics ,

Te11 :-:.c o f d cpc11111' nt vcrh d c t (•nn i1H:<l
b\• i i~ rel alion to v1· r b 011 wliieli it
tl;·p~11d:-<, JO, :1u; ex cert io n to tit is
rul e in rn~e o f g e ne ra prr1pf1~iti111J
into wh ic h notitrn of t ime d ue~ not
e nter, au: d i ~ ti ll ('lio 11 bt·twcc n th e
use of shall nml 1cill, :1~1, 40; r x t nH·t
fr o m !'\ir E. \V. I l"ncl'!i wo rk 0 11
' • Shall and \\'ill ," 40-12.
T f'r 111 :--, g-~· 1 H:ral , U8; otlicc of 1 8-l. Sec
Fin ~ 11~,.it i uy .

T cs ri111mly. ~ee Si:J"..
T r: u1:-.it io11 , tlw art of, UH, 1f•S.
TropC:'l- 1 tleLin t'd, 87; va lu e uml u ~cg
of, !H:L

u.
U~ lTY of cnmpo ~ iti on, importance o f,

1;"">8 , l SU; Blair's n1 lt~ s for prcservi11g
in i'\C ll tc n ce, 15!1 , l liO; liow to n<..··quirl', 161 ; co11 jn int1<l with vai-if' l.v,
IG4-- 1Glj: the )llcal , ]fiti; leading
tl1 0 1.11-.d 1t :o;.011n·e vf, i n ~(·11te nC" e. 183.
Use. ~ood, d e tin cd, 5. G; rPpu lable. G;
nat wnal 1 7. 8 : prc!'Wllt, 8; bo1111dnri cs of p re~e nt , !I. IO ; ~n1n1111arian~
n1i<l l t! x i ro~rnpht· r~ g-u ' ·"rn ed Oy,
10; its dcci~iou s ll prcmi•, lG-18.

Ver l)IJ ~ itv,

in

S ee

Un ity .

Verbs , s h ould b e s in i; ul ar wh en sul>-

whut.

it diffc r8

'

front

T;rn tufogy n11d

){edunda11 cv , 120i
vari d i c ~ ot~ 12U- l~5.
..
Y ocahulur_v, val ue of un a rnpl c, 63;
how to e11lnr~e one, G4.
V ulg-11ri s 111 ~, iu ~ tanccs of, ~4 1 25, 31;
C)<tn.1,:t frnrn ~lill's u Logic " co nccr11rng, 55- GB.

INDEX TO APPENDIX.
I;

w.
" "men . S ee R elative Pronou.n8.
IJ!/,,,,

Sec R r,/oti ve P ·rfJnour1s.

\\ :~11 , the, how to i1_ill11 c11 cc, 237.
\ \ 1l 11 c~~e~ . i-; ce Su;n.
\\' o r d ~ , 11 f fur1·i g- 11 ;H"igin , 21 ; obs ta-

cl e.... to tl tt·ir i11 trod1a:ti on, 22; ex<'l':' :'! l\' C 11 :-oc t,f, :?2. 2:~ i for mation of
n e w , CTC ill la tit 11d e allowed in, 24;
whal <'0 1Hlitio11 .; sho uld be f ul filled
1!5; to uc left to I he poets nnd g~at
prn~c writ e r~, 30; of low orig in , 28;
tlic IJ) (•:rning-:-l g i\' Cn t he m ~ho ul d bo

meani ngs a ss i ~n cd Uy good
e rror~ in t he use of,
from ~i mil a r ity o f ~ou n d,
'.> O- fd: c• rror~ ari;; ing- fro m f.i imilnrity
I li e

u:--ag-l·, f10;

a ri .~i 1· .~

111 ~l·n:-oc, 02 -5.t ; c rrorR nri.-.ing front
~ imilari tv in !Joth so und and sense,
5-i; ( ~ all i d:-:.m 8 nml La t i11i sms 1 use
of, 5!i; f(llPfati on~ fr o m cminiJnt
n11tlior . . to illu . . trnte e rror~ in tho
u:-:c l•f, [)!)-GOi i·h o i~:c of. (i a- J O:l; the
m ore ~ pc· 1..·il~c t. ht•.v nrc the I t~ ~~ likely
to Uc lm1J/,:·u.h, s:J; oll it:c of genernl
term~. 8-l; w.:ie of, i11 IJrith u li teral
n11d a lig-nrativo ~(·11 ~e , H4, 05; fault
of u ~ i n~ too few, 104; fault of uAing
t oo m any, lfJ~j; t he ideal arran~­
m en t of, 120; use of, in iuventorteft,
l \iLl; in descriptions, 170.
1

VAR IF.T Y, nid to brc1· ity, 12G.

!

ho,.,. punct uated,
2i·I.
Ah:-:4i lutc expres~ i o n s, h ow pun ctuated,

AunRKV!ATIONS,

:lid.

Adjt·diva l c xpres~ i o 11 s , h ow pundua tl·ll. 2 til.
Adn!rhia l cxpr ctig ions, huw p1mc tu-

at c·d, 2\il.

A tln· r l1:-1. how punctuated wh e n w;ed
a " co11j11nd i un ~ . 2 f;2.
Al .. : o . e x a1 11 ples e+f, h v w punctuntetl ,
2ti~ :llll l "17 l. 2 18 .

Aud. ~\'lil·H to h•_! p recrd.Pd h y ~~\1~ t·~1;:• ­
tion marks u11<l. wh t:n n ut, - tJ1 - - u.J ,
~t i R.

A po:-. trPph c, u ~e of, 27G.
Appn:-\ ition 1 wo rds or phrases iu , h ow
pu 11ct uat cd , 260.
~

Aut huriti\!S.

!:')1.;c

fl1:/ cr e11ces.

Iln AC H. ETS, u ~c of. 2fi-L
B1t t, wlwn to Uc pren •1k·d by r1~1~c~ 1;~­
ti un 1111\r k:::, and w li c u not, ~u1 --u~,

1

:!ft~ .

(' ,,1·1-rAr. I.1i:TTP:ns, nt. hri::inni ng- of
." t: lltl'. ll CC or lin e of P'JC try , 27!! ;
a t l wg-innin J! of q u o tatin11~ 1 • :ll~~: m
prof)i-r nanws , 27!J, 280 : .m .ti t les,

pn· :H'l·:-: , &c. , 280 : nt. hf'g- 1.n111 11,!!_, of

sqH1ra t1·l _v n11ml~t·re 1l dau ~es , :.).))~);
() a1ul 1.d1, '28 1; 111 kttf'r.", 28 1. 1 282 .
('i1ati o 11 ~

of nu tli oriti (:.", '277.
. .
C<1lu11, u ~t ~ uf, to intl1c...· at e an e llqvq~,
2tlli: lu· lw t•! ll two in l1 ·pe nrl c nt c\aui:i c~ , 2ti8; to conn ect s 11t·c<·s,...in• ~ hort
s c nti-1H· e ~ , 270; i11 co111p1111nd H· nt1·11cl.':'(, 27 1 i iJf· f~')\"C f,4•~~llll Sl.ilt Cll h •llt:'(

a1Hl rp10ta1 1 1111~ , ~ ,._ . .

Co111 111a, u ~1 · of. with wP rd ~ 111 a ~ c ­
ri t.·s 2:J7- 2 fl\l; l wlWt '('ll w11rd s _o r
phr;.l f't·~ in nppo ~ iti o n. 2~;(1 ; ~,· ~th
v1Jcative wonl:-; nr c xprl':-: :-0 H111:. _2~ , 1 ;
with nrln.•rl 1s. :uh·f· r l.11 111, part1cqHnl,
udjectint.l, u11 d alJ~ulut e e xprt: s ::)ion~,

261, 2fi2; with relat j,-c 1.·la _ur;;rs , ~r,~ i
with pare 111h ~ t i i_: exprc:--:- 1011:-: , _'2 f. ~:
2LiG; " ' ilh t.:1 !1 p11'-"al s(·11tt·n 1·•:;-;, ~~.)! 1 ,
bc tw1.·l'l1 tW•) t·l11tt :o:. 1·~ , q1i.· ot wh wh
dl'Pl 'lld ~ i111 the olht·r , ',!Ii/: 111•IW1>c · Jl

t wq i 11dPJil'IH l1 ·11I d an :-. t:~. :!1;H; bt·f~· rc

quotnti:rn :-:, y.7:l; with fi g- u n·~ ·. ~,-i:
to <li ~t 111g1~1 : ~ <.: 0111pu11 t·nl p~ut:- of
sc11 te11 t· c:-:, 21 '.
Comp•HllHl word:-: . 27 5.
l in a
CtJnj1~11cti<1_1~"· •.\:ow p unduat e1
:-:c n eg :b 1 - 2:, J.
Cv rrh-•po11dcn1.:c. Sec L df1,rs .
DAsll , u se nf, 273: al1111 1~ o r co1.11l1i111' d
wi 1li co mma
IJl!l'tn't'll w111d:'( ." r
phrase~ in n pp11:-it.i11 11 1 ~ 1 ;.u; with
pare nthe ti c e x11rc:-:~1 0 11~ •. :.! 1 ,1 ~; <·o1nbiiH-·d w ith co111rn 11 to lll •_!ll" :llf' an
c llip ~ i !-i , 2fj(i; . ('ninl1i1w t ~ ,., .111.1 -~·11l1 1 n
or <.:u nun a \Jd11r1.· q 1H1ta 111111 " . "21"2.
DaH· .", li vW' }lll lll'lll att·tl , ~'j ·}, '27it, 28 1,

282.
Depende nt d;u1 ~ e~. l_ir~ w

p111 1('t u11 1t·d,

2fii j c ffl•c\ of pojoi. Jt Hill . or (lt-jwnd~
c ul with rdc r<·nce l o 111d1 ·pi·11.! 1·1.h
clu u ~e, 21;7; lkpe11d r- 11l clnu"'c~ Ill
a :-icrit:~, 11 0"•' putH· tuah:< l, ~·;U.
Ocriva ti n~ wur<l~ , 275.

ELJSTON , h ow_i111~ i cakd. '2_7.ii.
Ellip:·d~, 1H •W 1w\in1t:·d. :,.!ti!..
E1npha :.;i:-\, hnw att:.urn.:Ll IJ)' pun ct llati o11. 'l7J. 2RO .
_
Excla rnati. 111 point. t.1 ~<· of ,_21·1.
.
Expres~ion!'l iu 11 ."e.ri 1..:." . ~ ec 81' ,.1.('!:. .
Eve, pu 11 d11ati11 1.1 i_n :-:er:·ll·n <1.f, _'2_11 '.
·n·n"'loll

for 01111:-:~11·11

fll :.;tup:-, :l 9 U •

fu r i11 ~ crti<1n of :--H•p" , 27 7 ·
F! CUHI.:~, lll•"' punc·t 11at1 •1 l. 2 74.
FHr. wlwt p1nh.: luatio11 .sh ould precede,

2ns.

1
Formal ~ tnl .,ments, h ow pulH·t uatPt.
27~.

~-

296

INDEX TO Al'PEXDIX.

Gr.::xTLE:'\11': ~ 1

wh r n t o h eg-in with
fl; 11111 \ I lt·tt1·r, a11d w ilf'll w ith l':l).lita l,

280;

t.: :'\ IU11 p lt: :- 1

:l;d , ~ 8.J, ::!87.

nn1l writll'n disconrsc not

2fJIJ, 25 1;

IT 1·: An 1 :x <: ~. how pn n l' luat (•(l. 2 7 -l.
J / 11il'(' /'t•r ,

~po kf'n

g1n-cr11 ctl hy ~1u11 c rul1.:s, 2r)o i nb~11rdit .v of ~11111 e of tlic old rul cl\,

ho w 11111 1l·tu al t:Ll, :!ti:! .

H y ph e n, u;-;e of 1 :.!7.J .
Ist>E EI >, h o w p11 11 du:ded. 21;1.
I 11tl··1H.'lld1·r 1I 1·la t1 .. c"'. t \\'U l'o 11n r 1.·h'd
l•y a ('1111ju11d io 11, how puiu.: t uat cJ,

2.;8.
I11 11 •1-ro.~alin n

p1 •i 11i. ll~C o f 1 274.
l ta li1· ...:, " " ~11h . . 1itu tl..' f11r q 11 o tation
11\ark:-;, '27;, ; f,.r e nq•Jia .. i..: . :!l.( U.
/ /.\ nnd :-i 11 1il ar wor t! .:. 11 ot lo Uc writt ~~I\ w it h ;q1""' trnplH• 1 :l i t).

point~

used. urni g-t' ncrnl
r L·1 11ar k :-; eu 111..:c rlli11g th ei r u ~c, 2[d :
c x a111pks gi ,·i11g- gc ucnll idt· u of
Jt r ind p:d H:--l:S of the :'C \'t: l'lll JHHIH $,
w ith rcma r k:-1 ull ea ch cx nn1pl ..·1 2ri22."•i i in tltc bl.: rvi cc of th t: eye, :!.. 77,
27lj,

{)t: clT .\Tlt'~ nfAHl\ 8 1 ll f: C of, 275.
lJ w1 ta ti1 ·11 ~, liuw p1111c t ual t:: d 1 272,

275;
::; liuuld Uegin witli u <.:<tpital , 27!).

J: 1 ·:FJ ·: l t1-: '.\ C ' I·:~ t n lllltlJ o riti C~ 1 fl OW
lt1ntt •d, '27 :i, '27F>, 277.

nnnc1

J:1 ·l1t1i n• da11 :-:e:-: . how puncttlllt<'<l, 2():3 ,

nn cl <' apitalizin~
~ l't.! C1111it11f,.,.

LETrFH:"l , 11 1111(·t ttnti n n

of, :!8 l , :!~ :!.

S E'.'11( ·111.0 2'.'. ,
°NA~IELY, Pl!i 11...:i..; of . 21ir. .
/l/1w, w l1t·n 111 lw 111·1·1.···d1·d

i .J i - ~ ;,'. 1,

1V .11r, h ow pt111l'ltt a tl'c l. 21i:l.

N u 111 1; r t1.I:" , Hu111a11 , how punc tuated ,

:!.77.

0 , oh, ho w p11 11 t:t na tf·tl. ~8 1.
()111 i...... j, n 1, 11f \\·11 nl.: . l1•ttc r:'l 1 or fi g ure~ ,
how i11 d1n111·tl , :r;-:J.
01·. wli L· ll 10 lw prn·1·rll' d h_,. p11 n rtt1a li o ll ma rk:' , au rl wh e n 11ut , 2 .J i -~ ;)LI ,
2n4, ~ i8.

:;1·c Its.

PAH E :'\ T II F.S J:"l , 11 ~(· oi. 2G·L
l'urf'nt l lt' I ii' 1·:x prf':"' .. i1111 ~ . how pun ct u-

nl t·il , 'lli I, ~i i :;: 1n·i1 wip l1• w hi d1 rt·q 11ir1·~ 1111·1 11 l u h1• ..; l"f 11 ff f rn1 n l't' '" l
of :-1• 11 1t·111·1· !1 1:1 , . . . •l ll \i'I in1 c:o; lie \'iu lalt.:d tu ad \ an l1°t :.!• '. :?1;.-J .
P ar1i 1·ipi1tl ex11rc:--... i., 11 .: 1 li n w p u nd11a1l'.J, :!1;1 .
P 1111.:t.' ' · no t (' 11 JT 1'" J1t •!i•ll'lll to p1111d l1 :\ ·
1 i. 111,

11 ~ r

J:."ruplw. si3.

of. b<'lwcc n two i11dc-

t ·l a11 :oi t.:~ 1 21iti ; licl.wceu d e~
1.: x p r 1 ·:.:.~ io11 s in n ~ c ri es ,
'21i:1; fo c 111 1111 ·rt ~ u l_·1 ·c~s i,· e ~hurt scnl1 ·1 w c~, :l/ 1) ; in t o1n pound sentences,

1wnd 1·11 1

h_,. p11 nc- t 11n-

1i11rt 111ark:" 1 a n d ,,·J. ci l 110 1,
2liR .

Our:J.

~cc

Hliclori<.:al t in p\w:; is.

:! ."Jt/

llL'ri11d, li ' i ' 11f. !\f !' JHI jtf P \ ' 1•r v <'illll plt- !1! :-;1 ·11!1·1 1\·1" :_! -;- .1: a f11·r :i1 :1 11·,.,· i;11 i1111:-l , li1·a di11:._: ... ;rn.\ -.11 h-l11 •:1•li11 g-...:,
27 4: W illi 1:.. 111 ;1 11 llll llli ·l':if-.. '2 7/
l'l 11rnl:-1. t'un 11 ati 11 11 11f n·rt1 1i11, 1,,. a i1l uf
:qn)..: fr11pl11 ., :l"i" li
•
]' o~..;l'..;:-" i \'t• , ·;i ..... Iii·"- i11di1·a tn l 1 2:- 1;;
:-11h ... 1it1111' f .. r, :!71 i.
l' r •1 1wr 11111 11 .... , 11• 1,,· :. _:- i1 1 wi th (': 1pi1:1k
:2 7 ~ I .
l 1nnct nati1111, t hP g-11i ~ l··" f ,1 1 ·1~rrp 1· t ,
'2 -~ '. I: \' Hl'il':"' w it!1 ! ]11J1 1!.(l1t 111 11 1 •·.\ ·
11 rc ~~ i u 11 i 2.f~I : J•nr 11u:-: c 1.f. :.! 1~1. 2.iO :

J•t·11 1l1

1

11t

27 1.
S 1.: 111em ·e~ .

n s11 1T e~ :-" i o n of ~ l1 ort, lu.> w
p11nt·l 11a t1·d, 270; co111po 11 11 d, how
p111h·l 11a tt·d . 271; how to Lcgin, 279;
h n w to (· 11.\, :n-L

rx p res~ i o n s in n 1 how
pt11ll·f 11at l·d. ~U i - 2F1!J ; 'l t· pe11<lent ex1 •r C' ~:--i11 11 s i11 a , li uw punctuut ctl, 2G9.
Si1·. ,,.ht·n to l 1q.~ i11 with :-llliHll lett er,

St..·r in-: 1 W(1rd ..; or

n 1H l wh e n with cap ital , 280, 281;
exampl es, 2;JO, 2til, 281.

TA STE·, a guid e to punc tuation, 249,
2!; l.
'1 \• xl ~ of S c ripture, how punctuated,
:178 .
T /111 / i ..;, dlips i ~ of, 2G<i.
T ltn1 . liuw p111 11·t1111 tl' d , 2fi2 .
Tirkt· t.~ , J~'fi !J ct: nt~, bow punctuated,
~tj l j.

T itl..-..: of h oo k ~ , how p11n clu nlerl, 2i&i
to he wri1t c 11 i11 capital::;, 2SO; how
!-'C pa ra l(·<l fro1n !i' t1UjN·t -111nt1 er, 2i :J.
T1 1fl , liow p11111 ·t 11a tcLl 1 2U2 ; at e11tl

or

SC lll CIH.'(.! 1

2f.i;1.

\\~oHn s or expressions,
li uw pu11 ctual cd, 2Gl.

Yu c ,,TJ VE

" :11n n.". in 1q1 p~1;-; iti o n:
\\ o rds Jll a :-t.· l'l ds .

S~e .Appositfon.
St·t.• 8 n ·1n1.

Y1<:T, wlH·n tn he prcn •(l ed bv p11nr ln·
u1io11 murk~. nnd wli ~ n 11 ot·, 257- 2MJ,
2G8.

t

INDEX OF vVORDS

AND PHRASES.

l'
I
l

I

i

{

298

INDEX OF

wonns AND PHHASES.

I ND EX: OF

worms AND PllllASES.

Hignt, 28.

lliill'k h urse, J ~ 8.
/J[,,,.t, ·,-1, !!.') .
Hlot itl\·, 77.
H/oo{ \· 1'1,: \ ' u l 11 t i11 11 , 1 J~).
Bl t1 L·-.., 1j,1· l.. i ng' , ~. :.! K.

HL1.~ 11 :-; 1

b:.! .
1Jc li11ite, 5 1.
IJt: li 11 i 1i n :, 51.
l><.!litaey, I )cJit..·ate11css, J5.
Uclit:; tlc ... t 1 l b.

lliild nnd n 1 11la1.:iu 11 ~ 1 11 5.
Bo111 1Ja:-. f , :lti .

t ra11 ~ ad i on, b:J .
l> vl it·i o u :-1 t""1·1·d 1·t 1l , J:! :;.

lh·lit·a tc

Bu11 111 1 !l!I.

Buuki:- 11 8:J.
Hon:, Jh>r111: , 1:L
Ho ! Ii , mid , l_ :H;.
1

Jlt'm111ult:1 ·, f.i7.

l> ... 1111 •.;1 11 ,

:)·'-

54.
li e r:-elf, &8.

D l' lll L'< i ll
/) ('1111 11i· 1·

Bo 11 .~· l1 ll-11, 7.
Ho ws 1l1al wu!-' 1 .J.1.
,Jl,,xl'.<, ~Hra n ly , :!I.
Hr1.·all 1i11g its las t, 8 1.
Br1..·t:cl 11p, 1-l .

IJrii-1.· .

{)..._•111 a11d,

])1•nH: a 11or,

i.!l..

!-,-L

1
/ h- 111 i - 11llJJtflt: 1

2:3.

it.• 1 li'.J .
7i.

l> t•li\OlTlll

l>1.:1it n I,

~:!.

Brid ~1 · t1\ ' 1.T, 1-L
Brn:- li 11 f! 11 f 1 14.
Hudgt.:t, :!:!.
lJ 11 il di11 g- intc n:Jo; I, 79.
Bulitloz1· 1 :..!,' ) _
Hu i/k in, \! I.
llulh·. 7.
Uu11 i l 1 ll' - ln~c . H!L

1

EI L" tl h..' lll

l >i;lll, 21.

8.

llu 111 rner:.:., 7.
J1urca11 uf I '1t1norrn 1 ';'!J.
Burglarized, ~j.
Uut :i/ ... o. J: Hi.
1JL1I , a11tJ , J lfi .
Uu t whut,:JJ.
B11 zz. f~!f.
lly d~11t of, 4.

s.

l .'111t· f/f i ·,

l)i f1cr1: 11t t lia11 -H .
J>i1l ic11li h -, 1:).
1J i .~;.:;i 11 g:-1. ( th e:-;e) , 8.
IJilly-d:1ll_1· , 4.
Di11,.;-do11µ- 1 !)fL
Dint. .,f (by ), .J.

E11q1ll>y 111 l-.111 :-; !):).
E11tl a1Hl ai111. 11-L
1

l> icwe:-;e,

U iocc~:.:,

17.

1

l)i..,c m h ow c l. 1:1.

I >i "' Po"'ilhl e, lG.
J)i-.rPrn e ml tt· r, j .
I >i. . 1an t1,.· ... f. I f1.

n.. 11.

Ell\ ' U\ " ,~~H .

I Ex po:-1i tor,

'\

22.
l·:x tra 1 28 .
J·: x 1ra d i1t·d , 25.
Ex lrtL-o lli 1·i al , IJ2.
E xtra s , :!8.

f

J.

r···

F.1rn S1·:.x. 12:1.

[f.I.

F: 1ir~:- t

nf li t• r tl a ug-llll· r--<,
1-'a// (<<>\. r,.i.
[1;(1.
1-'aJ..,c 1 11i:- r. ·p rl' :-1Cntatio1 1 ~,
F 1d:-.l· 11 c:-..-. 1 r) t.

io

Er, 1, W.
Ji:...;1.·1 il 1.: 11t ~lll "l' t d c n t , 123 .
E "J11>t1..;c a :-< id l·, Db.
~ I.

L n·n , J.,f,,
J-: ,·,·ry, tl11.11 we re, :i3,

( I ). r..
f"t111.1~ /l lL~ . 2;J.

Fann:

F" IJ ( t,, ). ;, 4_
Fc:-.tin: l11 ~a rtl, 7!) .
h .:t1 ·li llJI, 7.
F ntJ' 11" 1 11·1~· /in· , 8.
F1l·lil iHll"' . b·L
Fi l'rn· , Fh: n.: cl y , 47.
Fi" ~8
Vi ii'
1-L
F ind:-1 it...; o\\·11 it'Yt:L !H .
Fire·., (lc·,·:1-.\;1tiu n , -' :S .
Fir,( ( li 1l'), ·l!I_
Fi1 :- t :q-!';..'.Tl':"'.-.or , GO .
F ir:.. t\,._ ~ .-,.
I· lit. i· l i11 i11g-, i.
F l~ 1 wi 11 ;.: . !H .
Fl tm i11;-!' ,..;t_ylc , 158.
Fl i111 :-: , -. 28 .
Folk< 7 .
Fo ll o w :ti!t•r, 14.
Frn•I, j / 1 ;j::J_
Fo r, Jf18 .
Fo rg"11 t, For;.;()tt l' n. 1:J.
Fo nn t· r ( t lit:) , -1!1 7:l.
Fo r 111 \ · .-:aki -. 4~ .
Fon,·:l n l, Fo rwa !'d:.: 1 J 5.

up.'

l'n11·11,", ~-

F n::ol 1l'll 11p, 1-L
Fro {to <11 111 l. -L
Fn1 111 wlP-nn:, 1-l, 1 15.
l-' 1111 1 17. :lH.
F111 11..: ral 11U:-:e q 11i1.:~ , GO.
r. .\l:"I' (" 1•: 1.Ell l UT Y ,

J-:x ~ 1111 .

( ,'omiu .

111 .

(Ji11w c sn 1·, f,5 .
(la-) . :n.

l1 0 11 "t

Do n ' t tc·ll 0 11 m e , 3 1.
/J u ..:-4i-d" -"• 2:{.
l ) riwn _,. ("1 11 1c h , 70 .
Jl r:i ft , 12.

t·:x u111 i111.1 ti11n, 2 7.

U5 .

8.

l·::-.:; 1111i ne int n, 1-L

'Can. 28 .

E:-.: <'l' JHio11a l1lt.· , 5 1, 58.
l·'.x1·1·111 io11 a l, fJ l.
l·:x1·11...;al , 2!J .

( ; ;.i:-:, (

l·::xh i l, i l ( l o), 22.
[:18.
E x l1i liilion, l ~. ~1.
l·: :•qw<:ted to i111n• fo und ,

<:-.·ntt•ckr,

(;a u l. I ~i .

;a:-:cou .-: . 24.
C a :-10 1t1t.·t t-r, :! -L

( ;l' IH.: l" tJl l :' C~ l ,

l [J ,

Jr,.

l >ra n k. I )r1111 k, l ;j.

Ex p 1· ri l' IH_·c

l> ro lll !.!;lit. 1::.
l >raw n from !'O urces, 95 .
!>rip (t he), ~!) .

E x. 111 1 ..: ant ~ . 'l :! .
E :x p11..,e. 1-.'.1·1mse 1-, 22 .

c; 1·11t. ( :1-11 1 l,·11 1an, 27.
Ul·rr.\"111:111 d1·r 1 :l8.
l~ < ·t ""'' ·11 lo U1,.·d -rol:k , 8.
Cifit· d , ~ -L

E xp11si 1iu11, 12, 22.

Ui,·es upu11 , 55, f>O.

( lo ) 1

:l-L

i'··

f,

1-:\· id{ 1l th· . f.12.
0

'b

Fl·a tl11 ·r 1 77 .

1-: ,·i d e m·c, H!).
l Ht.

i

t
i

f

Fal :-- it ,· 1 ;, 1,

1

}:,.,.;,ta ( an ), :J2.
1·:1 iq111·1 t.~·:

f)i ..:.1 i11_1;11•:, 2:L
l>uc li. t: l ( oil th e), 8.
l l11 rlJ..!'t,; ( ;t IH! W ) 1 (j ,
JJ., ff. 10.
falli er~,

E11t irc l \", i ~J .

Fr"

l >i·m nl t·rl_,. 1·1 1111 l1 1cl , 8:1.
l ) j !-i JH.' <lt't', 2:-),

I lo\l :ir 1 1 f o ur

23 .
E 1111ri11ity , fJ l , ;,8 .
E11nn1 1 ou.-: 11 t: ::i ~ , 5 1.
E111ai l, 8 , [>:L f>!J.
E ntl' r i1110, 14.
E nt ire ( lh l' ), ~n .
E nl in ·J _,. c11grosseU, lil.
f-.' IL .'J l'lllllft: l 11 ift.t11-,

Di,an 1111 l, l :L
1J i.-co 111furtahle, 2 1.
l >i-..1·0\"l' I" , ;,::2_
] )i-..e n ~!"es th e n•pa..-1 7fJ .

n .\ll.ILT , Oaily, 15.
1>1111 '.·c t1ll e11tlu11ce, 5 1 17.
I l:11uel . 88.
l >:i n ·. i>:ires, 13 1 15.
DPadl,·, ;jO.
Oca l/ 1·1.,-, on.
J>,-·kl'it·. f>·L
D 1;h11trm le, 2.'J.
Det· id ed r)o 55
Der is i,·e', '5 1'. ·
Dedi1111111re, 25.

J·:ti 111 in all· 1 [J(j .
J·: l11 ll i1 1at i11g-, fJ7.
E1"1", :W.
i': 111h;1rg-n. 2 1.
Eml1czzli.· ll H.' 11\ 1 83 .
1 ~: 11dn >wt.· I , J;L

l)i ffc l"t: lll to , ·li.
1

lh11 u.: u111 lie , !28.
lluo11nparl1·, :!Ii.

(d evo urin g, n u-

t i\·e ). i !) .

L>crin~ d f r11 111 :o-•)ll J'cc ~ . Uf>.
1Jc ,·u 11ri11g- c lc 11H: 11t , 7U.

] ) j ((l.'l'L'll l i; l {L' 1

Ead1 knowin g m ore tl urn
I he ul he rs, li :2.
E a1.: h we n:, :n.
l·:at, Eat e n, J:J.
Ea t w un l", ~ !-! .
l·:di fying-. !J·L
l·:dui·at j .. 11 ali !-it , :l4.
l·:'l' 11 , :Di
I·: 't·r, ~~:L
l·:g-u i:- 11 l. Eg-1 ,i:- t , 5 1.
E.:..:-0 1i ... 111 , l ·:~ 11 1 i :.. t , 5 1.
Eitlw 1·, -t !J.

Eillwr, u r J :l(i.
J.:l l' <'I i \· ~·, 7.

ur.~<1 11 :-.: 1

12:1.
1Jc pe11tlable, l U.
}Jl/1Jt , 8.
D cprct· iat e, 8.
l>cra i! 11 1e11t, 8.
lh_·1 1t al

Ead1 for tli c111 scln·s :l.1 .
Ea ch lh~ n: l' r tli i.l. 11 th e
uth e r!-i , Ii i .
1

V1 ·1·11 1,

o.

/J ,;11.'jt Ii i' ,

1':.\ (' JI , w ith !h e m , :12 .

fl i_;C1Ht.'Hl , l f18 .
V l.!edcd 1 '2-l.

,;

,.
qlf

!~

:300
Gli. lc; into, iD.
(]1>in ~ in t own,
(;Hii t; lllld do llt '

Jl onora hle, GO.

:n.

11 ur ..:. t• and fu(JI, 88.
I J u11 M·':-: rool ~ 48.

it , :11.
(;01 , ( ;,,111..:11, i :;, 11 :1.

II<•"", :n. 1:;fl.
I low did \'o il ~I t\''? 3 1.
I l 11 l d1ul 1, ·:l!J.
·
I f 1u· :rnd t'IT, -l.
1111111, for 1i·11 111ln q. ~ , 27 .

C r:111t (;1 ), :>!) . L1rn·11t:0, 7~) .
t:ra t1• f11I a1· 1\ 11 11 wl cd g { ; rn\· l1:1ir-. . HX.

r11!"1,

(;rc•:111·r par t ' 17 .

1111111:11 1,

( ir 1•1•1d 1; 1ck { h a ttl1 •- l1•1rt1 ) 1
( ; n· t'll (\ 1·r1la 11 1 ), li tl.
{; 111• .;..,

f:l H

1J :tJI 1.\·1 ~I I,
} la ppc· 11 , :,:) .
I l:1pp iJ _,., :J I.
11.ird 11:111 , 8
Jl :i r.J - , Ji L"l l. ~H .
l lar 11111 -... ,·an 1111 . ·'1 l a r . . h lc llipc r , ~J ~ I.
ll11!11 , Ill.
} / 0 11/ ' ' "'· 2:-i.
l Ic , 7:1. ~rn .

l k :t lllifu l. ~ I.
ll e:1l 11i v, Id.
Jlt-a \·t·i·d ih·, J;,,
I le dou't ii kt· i1 1
I h·i~ h - liu , ~• ! I.

I l n111:111 ly, tJ 11 &8.

JI 111 11a11t•, 5 1.
llt11lllrng-. :H. 2R.
l l 11 11 11!1i11;..::-l 1ird, !HJ.
1111111, ,·r, :?::< .

l l ), li.

I I .\ 1t 1T:-. 1w ct.E . \ :XL l ~E s:-; 1
Il :ic k, ~:l .
f (;i ,·k111· \· 4·11;u· h, :!t) .
ll ad 1,._.{11- r, IL
Had n ' t 1111 ~ ht. :1 1.
I lad rath 1· r. l ·I.
ll:1 i I fr11 111, 7.
ll :1i111 ( I ), :11 .
1t :u1 q 1d .·11 1 ~ ~.
J la11d . . 1111 11· , Ii-I .
l hn fh ·. 77 .

/ l11r h ·- l1t1rl\', ., ,
llu n.-i 1·:111 L-.-:! l .
I I 11rr ,·- .. 1·11rr \' 4

II 11- ll,

;1:1. - '

.

:.l :1· ~~ .ll y poclt o 11dria 1 27.

l 11e1· itablc by, 48.
l 11cxlri1·a b lc, 16.
( TOL
-i11g ( w ortls in ), 10, .J.J,
l 11 fo r11rnt io11nl 1 25.
In h i:-; tldc111·1•, -18.
l11~ tll ' ;\lll'I..:,

I.

·1~.

I I ' 111

g-11 i11 ~ in
l 1·u111i.· -..:.. !1L

tH\\'11 1

~I.

I d1111 ' t n ·11h·111hl' r o f, 3 1.
I li:1i11 t .~o l, :lJ.
l lia\'l' g-ot :l n d1 l. l l;J.
I ha ' c ' w t: n l. :i 1.
' ld1·11 1il it:< l \\'il li, i!l.
I :.:,· 1111r~, 17.

I II<. 7.
Ill, l lh-, 2 5.
1111 1111 · !1 -.:c , li .J. .
l111i1rat ri\_·al1l c, ;):1. ;_.8.
111, '.1 :..

l'Vll\' t.'\' d l

•

:n.

I

I l io l. I l id d ,· 11 , J:l .
I /11 111 1 r/i11.-\ /'I' .~. 21.
I I 1•·rnr.-! 1, .. K.
1 111 111 y :d1 -.l• 11t ' t ', -13.
111 u t1r nJid ... 1, -IX
l l 1c:"·1.. .i.1'- pi ~" l 1·d1-, .J.
I 11 t l 1e l ik e :- orl 1 :2 1.
JI i;.:: 111. Ill.
111 ! ht· Wil\' , ;,;L
I l i l"i' In· l1· a ... t •, &3.
II
ii j,1,, !l'J.
j-ti. In thi..; e1.i111 t·t·1 in11. 7.
lli 1l 11 · r10, t\S adjec ti\' c,
i11 !11Wll (g"ni11 g-) . :JI.
ll11ax. :?:;.
lnt·n~. l1 H"o.~ 11ito 1 "L7.
I l11 e 11 -.:- po1·u :-i 1 4.
111 1' 11111':-t'. ~ .-,.
J !1 1d ~t·- pu d ;.:,"l', 4.
J11 d tT< J. 1118.
ll ulih-, 1;1.
I nd• •fH' l ll ll'll l' t ' IHI , 4j.
I lo111;·li l.1·. 1;;.
[ 15. l 11d1 :1-nild11 ·r ... , 7.
Ho111t: w11nl, l l1 1rne wanb . l11 d i--p1·11 .. ;1hli>, Ii i.
1J q1 11.·:-.t c ... 1, ·1;,_
· l 11d1-.:pl'11 "' ;' Vlt· ... 1. 1::,.
l111li,·i,l11al, 11a.
llo11ur, l l u11v11r, :3.

:;i l \'C 1 j(,

Na ,· 10.

};l. ~ 11·- .

~

..

.-1)

!j.

.

.

,

"..'."'\.

~:~:·:.~,: .·, t:',. · ,'.'.\'.; ',~ ; , ,., 7 .
'\1 ·i·• ld1o r .; l WI.' uur ), 1; 1.
~~ \_' 1~\n·I'. 11. -11i 1 ·l'.! , t:Jl}.
:'\\_"11 \•li .' It ·,~ .

~·~.~ ·~.';: :- ::;~:1 ..1\, :1
1,

:'\t.:Wi--,

ij

l.

,\', ,:: 1·1 f 1·uu .~.< ,

l

Jt ' I' ,

2 :l.

\ j.l,

\i~b . 111 .
;-\ 11• 1.a, l, q· ;\ i1·.-, ~Li .
:'\ ii, 11• 1 11111n.: , -l'.1 .

'.\11 d11 til•l ln 1l ''h a t , 31
\u :.:; rt: al .. lJakl· ... , ti.
\ .. 11111·, -1~J
:\ 011/., ti•L' ltt.'\, · :o-, -: •

.J.1.11 ., JG .
Jockey , 22.

.J ollily , 15.
. lulh-, G!.

. 111 ~: 8.
•l1111gl e, 21.
tlt1 110 , 27.
. Jupih·r, 27.
Juxtapo; c ( to), 25.

~ v r, l'. ~ 0.

I\ 11 11wl!·tlg-1• a11tl
J\.11rkyra, :w.
L .\ ( ' 1·. P . E :\ lnN ,

~ .

.
'J,

r

i\ul ;d o 111· , :_H•,

tJ:.J •

:\1,t. a w hi i.. 4.
~ .. t 11 111'· . l ~fi .
;.: !1 1" ilJ ; ... 1a1i. l in~ . 1ns.
\ ;.: 11 J1 1j 11 g- it- ~:-' tl 1a n, 1:JG.

KA S TOI!, 25.
J\''" P .,ff o f, J 15.
I\ i 1H· 1 '10.
Kit It 1111<1 Kin, 4..

:\ 1H l "l1 !, \'.).
~ . ~; .... (1·1.l1 1·1·tin.;),

11 1

;\' 11

(IH .
uc1ic1,

25.

J.a ~d , ~,~, 08.

l. a11 1
Lakt·t! ai111 0 11 1 25.
l.:trnp of day, J23.
l.a>l ( t li e ), 4!1.
•' ·

I.a s ! of I wo,

nearly, -17.

~x.

i\L·t·k -h ou1d h. 1..:1 d 1h.: l 1 11 .
S 11-. K.
\, , .!, \,.,.,\,, 1:1 , \ '1.

t \

It ,, 3.

1 "

f11I'

' :\ 1·atli.

7J, H , 137, 140.

l 11q1;1... ... a l1lt• . :,;:..
flll jll'• •..,._j 11!l

~ au ~lit. ~nu ghty, 1°2.
l'\ a ,·ul, 77.

1:- lt·:-,, HL
[:-':; 11;.1111.:C, 25.
I 1 io li er, 31.
lt i:; m e, 31.

"""so.

I ai11 ' 1, :1 1.

301

PHR,\ SES.

'\ i·t·i" ·L ! 11lt'f.

I 111e111i-t a 1u l p11rpo ~e s , J 14.
I nh·rpo ~ c u 11tlwri1y, U5 .
I ntc n og-a te, l 1a.
l11 11·n·ic w {tu ), ~ -L .. [GO.
l ll \'i.ll'ialik ( uwrc or less ),
I ll\' t::ll t, [;2.
I re, Ill.
I rn·;.; 11lariti cs, 83.
I :-; l1c i11g-, Hi.
ls 111: t11 l11 u1 1c ? ;n.
[ , 11 '1 "" 1 1lu11' t tltink , 31.
11 , 7~.

l111pn::-... in11 m:1 1le on , !J5.
111:111:,::nrakd. HO.
111 :ll \ \ ' \\· i .. 1· 14
f (; ·lr .. r-..,fi 1•lt1 ·r 1 4.
111 l1k1·\\·i-.1· .' I 1:
I l1·111"t', 1-l, i ll, 1118.
J J, ·r ( ii j , ), :1 I.
1 111 111 1\\ j .. l . . IL
I I 1·rn , '..!.~· .
I n :- 111'! 1 w i:- 1· , 1-1.
111 l h :t! wi -.1• 1 14 .
I IL·r da11 ~ li l 1•r-.: , 1-:n'. fi I.
I l1•r11d1i1; ... , I l 1·r11d oJ11 .. 1 :!•i. 1 I n tlii-..wi-.1 '. 1-L

i'"·

n;<DEX OF WORDS AN D

ll\D EX OF WORDS A};D PHRASES.

3 ;) ,

w, ! uK .

;\l•\\ :1da\· '." 17 .
' \ 1+\\ i ~ ·· i ii i )_
l \.

\ t: ll

;! I PI

\ 't i

id. 1 l ·~-

...
1'.t

t )', '.! ~1 ll1 j1·l ' li \ 1', : 1.
t

1 ld1· • · .:~~ ·d,

'2\-.,

l )ln 1,, ;... 111 t1 ... ,

f"''

.i· 1.

t l\ 1... 1·11 :· 11 il' -. ph!'(• W

40.

l.:ttl cr ( ili c ), 4!), 72.
l.au g hal1l e , lG.

l.au11d1, !14 .
Laundcrc.t , 2-1.
l.:11• (to), 5 -l.
I .a\· ~ 10, 55.
1.11:,- 11 p t r~·a~ urc, 95.
1.c11r11, u:i, no.
I.earn ctl. I.co rner, 53.

Lenn1ing- 1 03.
Learn u p, 14.
Lcusc ( lo ), 53, 59.

.; .

-i'
~.

INDEX OF WORDS ANll l'l-IHASES.

I

O ft , 28·
i !'Ira ,. l' leadi11 w, 51 . [27.
U !d, 77.
l' l1·111 p11, l'lc 11ipotc 11tiar \'
( )n tt.: ld tc. 22 .
l'lum c, 77.
r,
On ( i11 ~ kpc n1lL'1tr c) , 47.
""''.'~ · calll·d rnak cr::., 17.
~J n n ur ih'CO tllll 1 4 ~.
l'ohlk~ , 78.
J Pu111n1ut (b ureau o f ), i!l.
c)11 tit.: k, G.
011 lh c doc ket . 8.
1'1,o h, :1:L
(Jn th e o ne h a111I , I08, t:Jr;. , l:opttlar pt~opli\ GO . rGo.
Uri I Ii i! other han d 10~ 1 .l .qpttlar. w1t.l1 lhc ,-~··1·1·· ,
1:Jti.
'
I " 1'11 !:1111111 , LiV .
~ '
On the lnpis, 8.
l'n . . itin: ->7
O n .'·cs tl' nla,,· , :!.;,
[ l!
I''" l.t I• '1,-u -t. - c arol, '.!8.
U11 c nft c r ;mo t he r h:n c, Puz , f11 r \}q-. 1! 1\ I.! '27
On l.'·, r,1;.
l'r,H' f11. ti ) \' , 'j.J '
.
011 l o lht! train , :l l.
l' n·dh 1, :.1; ,
O pe ll t u ~ r i 1id s m, 5:J.
l'n " l ll Hfl ~ ( lo ). !lG.
U 1w1111 "' up,
l ·L
11
' f ti
Ope
ll\H ill, 55.
1/1' ...: ra '\! ( 111 o rc), GO.
() p (io11a l, 7.
.':t'1.11ar11n!, o:t
[7n.
O r , 17, -Hi , l3G .
' .''.' ""('. ll ( t11 l' 11t (cQullt'! r foit).
Oral. ~-1 . 77.
I riec l•·• < ( i·cry ), till .

·I
I

O r i;.:in: tl ;t ~l!' f'CS>;o r , GO.
<,> r thngr; i pli,,- ( bad ), 4.
01h e r wli1·r1..:. 21.
0 t 111.:rwi;;t•, 4 7.

()

( ) 11 ~ht, I:!, li ~J.

ng-l ~t ( hatln't ), 31.
O val 11111 . 7!J.
0\'1: r·l n\·, !j:;.
() vc r -:" h Oc ~, 7.

I 'rn l>a hl \'. l:).').

cvu. , 4.

j',·,J arir(
l'ru1 Tt.'1 l ~

]'.P u.: urat o r! 11_n ~·11rnr_v,28 .

prmc11 1l1·:- , W".
I'
/n;. ?t':'<~ ( l o ), :!·L vfl l [J.
I 1ru 1 11111 c 1~t anti h·adin g-,
l rr 111111t CI.' ,
P ru11uu11n·d

P ,\ (;() PA ,

'

:a.

I' r npn ~i t 1.

21.

l'a11i <.: 1 ·)I
l';u 1 t1 u ~ (fo ), 8.

l' r •I JI OM'. f1~.

1:11t1ta~n t1 1 1 "', .Pan t1.<, 27.
l art , tor r \.· · ~ H lll 7.
Part ( rhc n~ •n· } 17
P ar! and par\·cl: U ·.l.
l'arla kc uf, 7~J .
Pani ~· i pa tc in, 7!).
l:art.v , fu r p t· r~ otl , :l l.
I a s ~ un• r Ill :-itl e1w1 •, n;;.
1;ir,'{.''<'.'/ t' r. !';1..:.-i.c ng-•: r , 1.7.
J i l :-i"' lll ~ i\W:l\' 1 ~q ,

1;r11\'l' d'. }'rrW c ll ,

l '1hl 1.1 ral, i1.

} 't·tl:t l. i7.
l'cl l-111d l, 4. 17.
l\:1111 !1, l'1·111il1i111a ti-, 2H.
l\!1'1loi ,·,.11f n rt', 10.

l:c rf..:ct .t 1_n 11 ·-t J. (j ll .
I lc rp h.· x tl JC" ( u11ra,·1·l ), !J5.

I l11~11nm1 : 11a ( a ). :u.
l' hiz, l'll\"·i1w1 1111H\" q ..,.
l :liuto , 1 i1•lf4)g ra pl;, ·2-K:. ·
I lin t~ 1 ~ ra p h t..· r, l 'l111tn ~ ra1

p l11-..t , JIL
l ' ii )rJa, ·f1' 1T 1 ~

l :~t:k

.

of tl; 1•111, ( tlu· ), 80.
I 10 11 ~t·~ t, J fJ .
1
l ite hc r, 8.

1"11 \· u k. Ill ' '

7.

.Jt.i

l)ro x y , :!.3.'
·
1'11lpit (the), 88.
l'1111t"lt,

~I.

1:11 rp11~e ,
a

l'yr rJ 1;1 ~ ,

17.

I:t·d i: q w, 88 .
2-1.
Ht·f1 ·1Tt.·d to, 52.
l:l'l lcd. V4 .
l:l'tl cl'I upon 5"
I~dt·r t.·t·d,

Hq,!·1il1rr al 1 li~ti;1~ 80.
l: 1· jH i1·t tl ut tlic g'IaU 115
Ht· ia ti 11 11 , J;J.
'
•
I :1·!111 i\'(~ J
Hl'li 11 l1h·: JG.'
H1·li ~.:: i .. 11, 78.
H"I.\ up1o11uhlc, JG.
1·:1·11H·111l1Pr o f, 31.

a

J:emovi ng-, 7.
Hcuus1·pm· t" :HJ.
1: 1·1•. fo r re puta ti on , 27.
l:1 ·pa1r:-: to, _79.
[H5.
l ~1· 1 wu1c tl.

frcim so urces ,

J,1 ·111)rli1n11l, 2:>.
1: 1..· 11uldi <.'<.1n 1 fj:.J .

l ' urp<is.j· { lu ), &2.
:.J;j .

i 'q tlr:,e ,

:lt;.

l j l '.\l.IF\', fi.
<Juid• 1n 111d 1 !J~I.
~ i "" t Ii . I ti.
tJ11in·. l :l.
(Jn~li.'. lJuifl' n. ;,i, f,O .
c,)u~tt: a µ: 01.d d eal, [18.

I lt1 1lC ~tJ . f18.

:~;~i1:t~~:A;:~;. 2~, GG.
l\anqdrt' . I 0.
l\a 11~ · h, :! I.
l\ a 1h 1•, 4.

l:atl11·r, :l

n.1.

1:111h .. r ( lind ). H.
liu th e r ( 1ru11 Id ), 13.

for l'hyme, 17.

B.'P ( to ), 13.

h1~ C!', U5.
l\i1'il,lf', 53.
Ht•<HI ll ~('JlfS, 83.

l\1111 r. !JU.

1:0111-:h ( look s), 4i.
l\ .. 111-:li ly ( !rent.), 47.
H<1 t111d ( c cim c}, 25. rn5.
Hul t;::; n11 d regulatiot1 s,
SAFE AN !) SOUND ,

;o-; 11il (lo). 2-!.
:;:_urq•lc, SG.

~~;~:::;::·:.~ ~~>'~;\, city, le•.
!::k ic mT ( 111a11 uf ), St: i<:ll·
1i..:. t, ltj,
S(·r.q n• :H:1 pwint;Lnr e, 5.
S~·a 11f fiH.' l' .... j'~).
S1•1 1:"-i hl 1· Pf, ~ l.
S .· 11 ... i1in! tn, td .

:-.oft. -\7.
S11111T1· ..: \ \,;t-...•·· I nn

Tak e

~011n1l;0.

:--\1.' n ··· f11r a " ·arni11;::, G5.
S~ 11i11 g , 5i.>.

;,2.

;,1,
!"'ll;ul e (. u111hr;1:..(1.:011~ ) . (ill.
S ha k t.·~ {11v ~r·1·al ), G.
:-:. lta k ,. , f-i. ~
S li al l~ :l'J.
Sharp ln n:.!; u e , ~1!1.
S l""'·I. ~I.

J14.

si.i11,·-,ltalll', 4.
~hi11: 77 . .
~!111011, fl)r ~hues, 10.
Shra11 k . Shrun k,

i:J.

~hr,-d, a1H1 pat 1..: h c'.:'.> , 15'3.
f-\lu111t. "2~ .
~icrra. '1. 1.
Si11t:c hurtl, 6 1.
:-;it. Sitt i n;.!, !:>5.
Si11 e11, 17 .
~ka1 1 .ri ; tl. 2 -l.
!" la nh. '.!8 .
~!in·, fur t in· -~ liov c l , 7.
~\11r 11 ,·er, 1-l.
~111arl \,11 \· , 7.
:-:.111 :1rl l'h.: 11a·c. 7.
~ 111art :- prinkl •'. 7.
~IH•W, f o r ~ 11()\\' t.: t l, 2 1.
~1111li.

28 .

!"in, I !ti.

t; o c:11111plt•t c . I l ·L
S o i 11111;u\· ;\\, \ t' , l l-l.
:-:.o in .. 1• pan1l1I•'. ti ll.
!"'n;q1 :rnd w :1\j •r, 80.
.tl {:o'ol\11.\:a ), 47.
Su!t~n u ff , 14.

:--:. 0

Soun.:e ~ut' 111 1Ur 11 la ll ul\ 1 U[).

' J'abk;WX

W:l.S,

Ta1°·11l

Tah-lltl'd . 2-L
'J';dk that { to ),

:--\1wnda t 1:- 1, ;n.
Sp1..·l'Lilati n; opi11 i o 11 ~ , !)-!.
S1 1id.: ailll :-\'all , .Ji.
;-;p1 r'1tu:d anl vr, ~-!.
:-:. 11 \;1-h . !I!).

:-:i1,,,k,., ~!H1k1·n, 1:1.

:-:ipran :.,:: . ~pn 111 :; , EL
:-\•111 :l\\'. 'LI

~t;un 1 na t a L : ~-]. .
:-:. ta 111 111·d1· . :l l.
S t andard ( n1 1; n'), tiO.

~1a11•lanl patU:rn , ijt ).
~tale , ti !I.

;-;. 1 a t e ~ 1 t!i e), 7.
S11 ·a l {a ), ~4.
:-\11·;11n {\ i1 ), 2-L
~ til l 11111 1'1' 1 10\L

:-:i tuc k {l o take ) i n. ~ .
~IP[l ( to ) fnr to slay , 7 .
Stnre I (o ). n.+.

p:l "i:-!i1 H\~ , ~l!).

:-\trn.la ( a) , :12 .
Strike a lin 11a11za, 8.
:-;1rike 11il, 8.

S(r i ki11~ , fl :'>.
:-\t 1111 11i11 g-. 1)4.
:-:.11hj1·cti·, .i., ~J.

Snh·j ~Tt - n1 : 1111•r. 17 .
:-:011vli wi :- 1: \ in ). 14 .

Snt.·in;..,(. fnr H.~ \\'i1 1 g- . 1.
:-:.nwid1·d. 2-l . 'l.:,.
S11111 a11d s ulJ..;tallt.'\', 11-1-.
:-:01111g-. 1:i .
:-:.. 1q1c r iur t rnnn:.· ). no.
:-;nperior ( 11111..:.t ), SO.
S11p vn1;\ tt1ral. H.
:"") 11p\1l1 •11w11t ( lu ) , 24 .
:-:. u pr1.:111 e . 5f.I , f)/'3.

12.

I ;1k1..· ~tq1", ~1.1.
Tak e ~tn c k in , S.

'.' p l·t:.

Stor111y

.

dt.,::;rt:~ s, !Jf).
U12.
'.l:ak c iut11 CH~l~idcrnti1Jn,

:-:. pa ke, 10.

~1 w : 1 k ... ..;oftl:·. -17.
~ \ H ' l·11l; 1ti n11, -27. f!.H.
S1w1·ulat1111 1 111 tho s<.: ey e ~ ,

,

T ,, B1w1, 2 1.

:--:. pl 1·111 li d. l).\.

S t.'. W t• \'; \ !.!; t ' ,

~ l wu l d. :Y I.
~ how e d. 7.

). 0;..

~11u r 1·l'.., l ,\ ra \\' ll !1··11 11 ), ~ ! :'."'

Se1i..:.u1111 .. , !I.
~·~11·r a phi rn , :~:!.

::;c wa ~l.'.

fi.

~ O lll l' fe \\' 1 tit!.\ nt lwr. l I;) ,
8 t>n11..: 1t0 w 1 S u 1lll.5 \\ a y, u r
:-:01>n1 1.: '\·1t a1 1111:\1l1111t1t l ~, (jO.
:-\oo t l1\,·1 ;l J.
~n r l ( i.ll tin· lik e ), 21.

Hii l' \\·, for :-<IHl\\.' c tl , 7.

Hig.111 h\·n-,' 1."
Hi~.!"1 11 off, 7.
J:ii.: lit , ( to ), 7.

Sn 1d. 8.
S11il , 88 .

:--:.an.~ . l\1.

( 111 ),

l ~w i11g1 · i n g- .

S_\To\d1a11t, '2:1.
~yl\'iUl \(irc:-:t , tiO.

!::)lH!t'P· ;-o;h ep h•· n1, 77 .

OG.
l:P:--1 of m 11 11kiml Gl.
J ~t·:-: ~1111~, fo r s11m 'up, 55.
ht·l lrllt\. 24 .
licl i rc~ ·,;, 79.
Hirl, :t', 2a.'
Hidit.:ul o11 i:t 53.
J\ i,L!"ltt 11 \\' ll~' , 7.
l: i ~· lit lum l 7

H~ 1111 · 1

Sat. Sa.l e . 12.
Sa t 11 n1 :d ia wa!'- 1 w C' rC' • •12.

St·I

<;weeth· (•inr:•l, n.
\ ;-;.w ...·t·I n·f1,d in11 , 1:2'.l.

!"If'!.

SPf l l\' t ~1wak~ ) . \i.
80111l·, fur ~ 11 J 1l l' '' l i;1\.--1i'. \ S"unl !ti ll' ). SS.

Sa1 1gui n c, 77 .
Sana ton· , f:i7.
Sr1111lin~·. !J7.

She . i:l. :i!I.

1:\'}'t1tation, 2 7.
l·ie:-.id•· l! ('f',

I l ' u11 dir. 17.
1 11 r..:. 11 c

l : t·~·u11110itr e ,

J!t.' :- Jt<) n~ilill' ,

l' r•J po -; ition, lj 2.

l

lkn son , !).
l: ec ipi1• 11t of 79.
l:c .. ipn>«HI (;n utuall y) GO
Hl'1 ·it:dd 1" W.
' .
1: .. .-ko 11 ( I), G.

111;11111 "' r..:. ,

SPfl -~ iwll. ~ 8 .

:)a11 ~ . 1:\.

H1·ality 1 5-i.

l \ t· 11a1:- :-.0 11H·e,

I I ro f1·::.:-o

Soft

Sample-room, 83.

f( a ttle , on.
Ha1·c l, J;J.

l:t· nH ~n·,

ti>. i!).

l ' r• 1\'l' .., , uf cr1..•t.:tio n , i9 .
l ' rot'tur, '..! ~.

;):) .

l'H -.: lur,

303

JNDEX OF WORDS AND l'llRASES.

30:2

T

1

( 111;1n

o f }, 17.

:n.

11 Ji ..;, 8 .

Tariff, :l l.

Ta ~ ty , ~ 5 .
T t.: :u: ll , fJ:L
Teac ht.'. : 1• Tt· :~ diinl!,

J t'i.111\. ;~d. 58.
' l\:dioll ~ llC S :', lOtJ .
' l\:l1 · ~ ram. 17 .
Tl:\\ 01 1 111 c .

~13.

:n .

Te11qw r;u1 ce 1 ~ i'.t.
'.l >·r 1 11i 11~ l a },;{:.!.
j ,.r .. \', a ~.
Than , 4;, ,
Th ;111 \ 1\ ilTl'rt.' nt ). 47.
Th ;lll w h om. 41l.
That, ltlf, , 1118, l '.~ ~. 13~.
That wi .. e l i11 ). 1-L

Th,!, i11 Fr1..·n . .·h id io m. :t:-1.
Tlw a1t1l a. l\1-1.
The 011(ire . ;)q.
T hi• f o r111 r r. 72.
Th e lal h: r. 72.
'fl1 c pit-k of t li 1•111, ~0 .
Tlie n ::-:t of 1n:111kin d, ft l.
Th l: r1.: :- l of nur 11• ·1:.:;-h hn r .....
ti1.

·

T!n· rn·nlu t in n . :):1.
Thi ~ who \1·, \~J r a ll , [> -!.
Tl wlh· :o' . ',21;.
Th l' ir, 7:{.
T!J ,•11, 70 .
Tli l'l ll·1· l ~
TIH ·un.: 71 ·.
Tli1·r1." \';ln lw 110 d 1111 ht
\m t t 11at. l P 1.

\ 11 :1.

Th1·rt• i;0. n u t hi11;.: " ·li ll: h ,
Tllt'n··.., tin: h o ,·..:, :sl.
I ht•1l'fn 1 1• , 'jt), J U::).
1
Thl'"iC, 1118
Th e \' , 12. 7:·L
S1t11n· 11111.~ . ;J:).
I r; I. T hi: . f11 r I hiQ J>LW''· I .
:-:. u n ·iv o r 11f pn·d1 ·et"~~o r~ , T hi:-- . f., r tli1"· •'. n w :11 1s , 1';.
Swcl'I ( ... l\'l' JI .. ). 47.
Th i" w i~ •! ( ill ), H .
;')\\'ct:l \.li ~ posilion, !)!).
Th o'. :!8.

I

1'

'

'

-·---~.·~

,·,

'~ .

::,

304

INDEX OF

worms

AND PHRASES·.

Tho•e, 108.
1;1"'s" k1111l, :n.
1 hong-h . 1118.
Thro', 23.

-q111p1e~tinnable•t,

/'hrow Jii.:ht "" • 95.

t.:JWll (J!iYe!') 1 ljr), f:j!) ,

l,;11rnn:I,

Upon ( lvok• ), 55.
U pon (oprm~J . b.';.
Up !:inlt River 28
t.:sc mean~~ u~ ~ tcps. 95.
Usual an\l onlinn ry, 115.

6.

\" crneity, ()4.
Vcrlrnl. rH, 77.
\cnlant green, GO.
\crtelir:(• was (the) 32.
\ c ry, .l l li.
'
\cry 11H."l'!1.sn.nt . GO.
" rry pl~· n 11.ct l , 3.1.
~~ c ry pril'clc ~~, liO.

long·h1s. 7.
:i:o111alrnwk , 21.
,l.on:otorinl arli:st, 70.
Joo, 1 l (i.
:1:00 u11in.! ~ill, GO.
luoth, 7i.

i1

Tr1111k•. 8 . .
:1:ru!'ll wor1 ll\·. HL
l,ry n11tl tli~11k. :n.
1 urn to n«c ·ount UU
Twifolcl 1 \!I.
'
·

'Twixt, 28.

r.o.

ll
lJ 111n ·o11lable to · -18 · [t'tl
' ·
("otnewhut}

Un lJ11,t po di, 2 L
'
U11bo1111t!cd (11111-(t), GO.

U 11 l·on~cio11s,
Urnh•rlit• ,

r,:;.

OU.

i

l ; 11~,·cr~al Jove of all, tiJ.
l : ""·er•nl l t<H>), GU.
\_; n l\·ornl, I:.! .

"'"c. I;J.

[GO.
Unprcccilc11ted (most),
11

\\' ll(•SC, 4;J 44 73
\\'i;..:-wn111

2J.' ·

\\' l're. 7 .

\\harYe~,

'V harfs, 8.

\\_hat for n, 55.

''. hat

kin,\ <•f n, 55.
\\ lrnte\'cr dicl "Ott
'?
J I.
,
say

• I
l '. "'. crst:tn 1li11g.!l. p1 r,.
l :111form nn<l i11rnria ulc. Whence, J4 137
lj I

\Vhom, -1.3.

i!l.

l.mn•pir!'d. ;,r, 1 59.
?.rent ro11g-ltly 47.
} .•rent 11rH•n. 1l.
1 ruffoi1· 8

na11i111u11~

\\ lio k·:--ome, 5L

I

u.

~llHtA(;EOU• • 11 .11>1<.

\Vito (nn'ct),
\\'Ito d icl you see 'I 31.
\\'. ho 1l<!11e II { 31.
[33.
\\ho of th ese two ha\'e ~
\\; hole (the), for all, 54,

95.

:1

u

Whilst , 10.
\\:hi[!-poor-will. 99.
\\ h 1>ke1·e<1 \'Crin in 122
Whit (110( 11) 4 I
•

\Vilfnlll" ;, ,,,;stake 61
Willtl ), ;J9.
' •
II ilh·-nilh· 4
c~ t. i.
\~cwh_os.,. ob~tru ction. 123 . \\·~ 11· pri ze's,'
'_J111 ~ with ) , 6.
[Iv. IV 1ngcd hou nd 1'>0
W ire tto) 6. ' - ·
'. ~ 11dtcatl\"c, Vindiclln~
\ ~rtt11•11~. 69.
' \\' isc {in ;11eh ), J4.
\V »C (i n that) J.l
'J r l110114': C~t. 15 .
Wi oc (in tl1is) ' 1-1.·
v it-ti-t'i,'(, 2:J.
Withnl, JO. '
Vi,itnnt. 52 GO.
\"i .. i1or. 52.'
Wi1h "im 6
\V it ho11t e1'1,
Votntion . 52.
Womanish, !)2.
Yolcnno, 21.
\Vomtuil v, b2.
Wonl. 7'r.
\V .1r.>:. Wn cc-fun<I 8
\\~1ti r, for w't·re i. ' ·
Wonb (to ent) 9-i
Wo11lil, 39.
' .
\\'n i~t1 ·on t. 7. '
\\'0111<1 Coil i5
\\" nlki"t . 2 ~.
Wo11lt1 rnth ~1-,"1a.
..
\\'.1111d~r tn ), 2-1.
ll, , 1·"i.fii r t:i1t , 55.
W ,.~,rs, Wrapping~, 28.
Wnnen,
1a.
"°"'!y ou), 31.
Wrong, 69.
\\~ aur. for were. 7,
Wrote, 13.
\\_a .v~ nn<l 1neut1s 114.
\\ 0 , i:l.
I
Wrote you a letter, 11&.
\\"c J 80
\\' c· 11t
' '( I ha
· Ye), 31.
XERXF.5 1 26.

Tun-,28.
:i:u,\•anl, T!lwartls, 15.
J race out, ]4.
1:rn111p (n), 2i!.
rumwn.'·· S.
.fr;rn ~nl'tion . 57.
.fm11snction (tlclicntc), 83.

Trouli{er;,

While,, 21.
Whilom. JO.

45. ·

Vcrm·c, 26.
V t.• 11t1~, 27 .

:1:0 t~1 e ir tTcdit.: 4s. ·

Which (ancl) 44
Whic h (of) .H_ •
\\' hi i.:, 28. '
•
While, 108.

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21.
Y clept, 10.
Yen, 10.
Ycnr'• work 48.
YA C HT,

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'l't., 108.

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Yore, 10.

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