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IN A.

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SERIES
OF

PROGRESSIVE AND PRACTICAL

Q U E S T I 0 N S ·:
lLLUSl'RATING

THE PRINCIPLES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, ·
Al<D

THE MODE OF SYNTACTICAL PARSING.

"Interest omnium,juventutem probe institui."

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BOSTON:
HILLIARD, GRAY, LITTLE, & WILKINS.

1832.

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~TERROGATIVE GRAMMAR;~ .
.

IN A.

SERIES

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OF

PROGRESSIVE AND PRACTICAL

QUESTIONS:
lLLUSl'RATlNG

THE PRINCIPLES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, AN'D

TIJE MODE OF SYNTACTICAL PARSING.

~'Interest omnium, ·juventutem probe institui.''

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BOSTON:
HILLIAn_D, GRAY, LITTLE, _& WILKINS.

1832.

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PREFACE.

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according to Act ofCongress, in the year 1831,
By H1LLIARD, GRAY .AND Co,
in the Clerk's office of the District Court of Massachu1et'8.
EllTERi:D

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NO apology or eloquen,t appeal, with the ~sual number
of certificates and puffs endorsed, is offered to the pµblic
to give this work a passport to popular favour.
Every judicious person will examine and decide for himself, whether it contains any thing valuable or not; and
although it js not accompanied with any extraneous evidence in its support, .it is presumed that it will receive an
impartial . expression of public · opinion in relation to its
merit. This is all that should be sought or obtained.
The following is the general plan of the ·work
The interrogative style is adopted, corresponding chiefly
with the phraseology of Murray, except in such in~tances
as seemed to require some alteratiop, to render the su.bject
clearer to the youthful mind. Some may object to the
general adoption of Murray's language, inferring thence
that the work is not original. But it may be asked, in reply to this objection, are not the concise and generally
clear terms of that distinguished reformer of the English
language preferable to the novel and ludicrous terms,
which some authors of vast originality have palmed upon
the public, merely to give the appearance of a prolific and
inventive genius, and to procure an enrolment of their
names upon the immortal records of Iite.r ature?
Every person who understands the subject, must be .
aware that these rarre aves have been obliged to adopt the
principles, while they have derided the phraseology, of
Murray and other distinguished grammarians. The plan

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PREFACE.

however of this work is not limited by any other treatise.
Where Murray ends, a mental process · commences, by
which the judgment of the learner is kept in constant exercise; and this process is sustained under every division
of the subject, where it is practicable; and this, in such a
manner, as causes the memory to retain what it has acquired in the previous lessons. But a special regard is
paid to mental exercises in syntax, where generally ·a
mere mechanical process has been pursued, as unintelligible to a learner as the jargon of the Assyrian Tower.
Every experienced 'and competent teacher, as well as
every intelligent advocate of education, must have perceived and felt the justice of this assertion, with deep regret, although they may not have discovered a remedy for
this long endured evil. How common is it for a scholar
(no matter what the part of speech) to go through the following form.
It is a common noun, third person, singular numbe1·, nominative case: "-Here he pauses for the kind
interposition of his teacher to conduct his struggling mind
through the dark and dreary labyrinth . . This is only a
specimen of what many have witnessed. It is . believed
howerer that the syntactical exercises of this work, if 'the
plan be pursued with a few additional exercises furnished
by the teacher, will introduce a mode of parsing not only
intere sting to the learner, but highly practical and useful.
T eachers and others, interested in this important subject, are requested to give the treatise a candid and an attenti ve perusal, which will give them a more minute know-.
ledge of it, than can be obtained from the remarks of this
brief preface. It may be obse,rved in conclusion, that the
plan herein rrdopted has been in manuscript for a considerabl e length of time, and has been satisfactorily tested by
daily experiment, in the school room; and it is confident-.
ly believe d that similar tests in other school§ will furnish
to other teachers similar evidence of its merit and utility.

INTERROGATIVE GRAMMAR.

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LESSON I.

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Q. What is English grammar?
.IL En~lish grammar is the art of speaking and writing
the English language with propriety.
Q. Into how many parts is it divided ?
.B.. It is divided into 'four parts, namely, Orthography,
Etymology, Syntax and Prosody .
ORTHOGRAPHY.
Q. -,Vhat does Orthography teach?
.B.. Orthography teaches the nature and power of lktters.
Q. What is a letter?
.B.. A letter is the least part of a word .
Q. How many letters are there in the English 'language?
.B.. There are twenty-six letters in the English Iang~age, namely, a, b, c, d, e,f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q,
r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z.
Q. How are they divided?
.B.. Into vowels and consonants.
Q. What are the vowels?
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.IL The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and som'etimes w and y.
Q. When are w and y consonants?
.fJ_, W and y are consonants w_hen they begin. a word
or syllable.
Q, What are the other letters called?
.fJ__ The other letters are called consonants.
Q, How are the consonants divided?
.fJ_, Consonants are divided into mutes and semi-vowels.
Q, What are mutes?
.fJ__ Mutes are letters which cannot be sounded at all
without the aid of a vowel ; as, l, p, t, d) k, and c and g,
hard.
Q, What are semi-vowels ?
.fJ.. Semi-vowels are letters which have an imperfect
sound of themselves; asifi l, m, ni r, vi si z, x, and c and
g soft.
Q. Which of the semi-vowels are called liquids?
.fJ.. Four of the semi-vowels; namely, l, m, n, i·i are
called liquids.
Q. Why?
.fJ.. B ecau se they readily unite with other con1;onants,
and flow as it were into their sounds.
Q. What is a diphthong?
.fJ.. A diphthong is the union oftviro vowels in 011e i:;ound;
as, ou in out.
Q. What is a triphthong?
.fJ.. A triphthong is the union of three vowels in one
sound ; as, eait in beau.
Q. What is a syllable?
.fJ.. A syllable is a sound, pronounced by a single im.,.
pulse of the voice ; as, a, m~, ant.

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LESSON IL
WORDS,

Q. What are words?
.IL Words are articulate sounds used by common consent, as signs of our ideas ; as, .Mari is mortal.
Q. What is a word of one syllable called?
.fJ.. A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable ;
as, book, pen, desk.
Q. What is a word of two syllables called?
.fJ.. A word of two syllables is called a dissyllable ; as,
· table, _rules, paper.
Q. What is a word of three syllables called?
.fJ.. A word of three syllables is called a trisyllable ; ·
as, adamant.
Q. What is a word of more than three syllables called?
.fJ.. A word of more than three syllables is called a
polysyllable; as, contemplation, multiplication.
EXAMPLES.

We are young. I saw the boy. Promote the public
good. The calumniator usually injures his own reputation. Let earth repeat the solemn sound. A flambeau
was held up to view. Seek improvement .
In these sentences, what are some of the vowels? In
which words are w and y used as vowels? What are
some of the consonants? In which words are ·w and y
used as consonants? What are some of the mutes? Why?
What are some of the semi-vowels? 'Vhat are some of
the liquids? Why? What are the diphthongs? Why?

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What are the triphthongs? Why? What are the syllables?
What are some of the words? Which words· are monosyllables? Which are dissyllables? Which are trisyllables? Which are polysyllables?

Q. Why?
.fl. Because it is used to point out one single thing of
the kind, in other respects indeterminate; as, Give me
a book. Bring me an apple.
Q. What is the called?
.fl. The is called the definite article; why? Because it
points out what particular thing of the kind is meant; as,
Give me the book.

LESSON IIL
ETYMOLOGY.
Q. Of what does Etymology tr eat?
.fl. Etymology treats of the different sorts Qf words,
their various modifications, and their derivations.
Q. How many parts of speech are there in the Eng•
li sh language?
.fl. Th e re are nine parts of sp.e ech in the English
language, namely; th e article, the noun, the pronoun,
the adj ect ive, the verb, th e adverb, the preposition, the
conjunction, and the interjection.

EXAMPLES.

·Jam es, bring me the book, and a ruler, and an inkstand.
How many articles are there in this sentence? Which
is the definite? Why? Which is the indefinite? Why?
Why is an used rather than a before inkstand?

LESSON IV.

ARTICLE.

Q. What is an article?
.fl. An article is a word prefixed to nouns, to point
them out, and to show how fa r their significations extend; as, a garden, an eagle, the book.
Q. H ow many articles are th ere in English?
.fl. In English there are two articles, namely, a and
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the.
Q. When does a become an?
.fl . .fl becomes ai.i before a: vowel, or silent h; as, an
acorn, an hour.
Q. What is a or an called?
.fl . .fl or an is called the indefinite article.

NOUNS.
Q. What is a noun?
.fl. A noun is the name of any thing that exists, or o(
which we can form an idea; as, John, Boston, book,
virtue.
Q. How many kinds of nouns are there?
.fl. Two; namely, proper and common.
Q. What are proper nouns?
.fl. Proper nouns are particular names; as, George,
London.
Q. What are common -nouns?
.fl. Common nouns are general names; as, animal,
man, tree.
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Q. What belong to nouns?
.fl. Person, gender, number, and case·.
EXAMPLES.

George and William write in school.
Time and tide wait for no man.
My brother and sister are in New York .
Which are the nouns in these sentences? Why?
Which are proper? Why? Which common? Why?

LESSON V.
PERSONS.

Q. "Vh en are nonns of the third person?
A. Nouns are of th e third person when they are spoken of; as, ' Villiam improves.
Q. Whe·n of the second?
A . Th ey are of the second, when spoken to; as,
George, come here.
GENDER.

Q. What is gender?
.fl. Gender is the distinction of nouns with regard to
sex.
Q. How many gend ers are there?
A . There are three genders, namely, the masculine,
the feminine, and the neuter.
Q. What does the masculine gender denote?
.fl. The masculine gender denotes animals of th.e ~~le
kind; as, a man, a horse.

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Q. What does the felllinine gender d~note?
.fl. The feminine gender denotes animals of tile female
kind; as, a woman, a hen.
Q. ·what does the neuter gender denote?
A. The neuter gender denotes objects which are neither males nor females; as, a table, a house, a garden.
Q. How are some nouns naturally neuter converted
into the masculine or feminine gender?
.fl. By a figure of speech, as when we say of the sun,
he is setting; and of a ship, site sails well; and of a country, she is powerful in arms.
Q. How may the feminine be formed from the masculine genilcr?
.
.fl. By a difference of termination; as,
Male.
Female.
Actor.
Actress.
Hero.
Heroine.
Poet.
Poetess.
Bridegroom.
Bride.
Widower.
Widow.
EXAMPLES.

Charles has a book and a slate in his desk.
George loves to read. Mary is eager to learn.
James, let us walk. Charles, where is Joseph?
In these sentences, how many nouns are there?
Of what person is each? Why? Of what gender ia
each? Why?

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LESSON VI.
NUMBER.
Q. W hat is numb er ?
JJ.. N umber is the consideration of an object 1 as one
or more.
Q. How many numbers h ave noun s?
JJ.. Nouns have two numbers; n amely, singular, and
plural.
Q. 'W hat does the singular number express?
JJ. . Th e singular number expresses but one object; as,
a chair, a table.
Q . Wh at does the plural number express?
JJ.. The plural numb er expresses more objects than
one; as, chairs, tables.
Q. H ow are some nouns use d ?
A. Some nouns are used only in the singular form;
as, wheat, pitch, gold, sloth, pride, &c.; others are used.
only in th e plural. form; as, bellows, scissors, ashes,
riches, &c. ; and some nouns are the same in both num"'bers ; as, dee r, sheep, swine, &c.
Q. H ow is the plural number of nouns generally
form ed ?
JJ.. Th e plural numb er of nouns is generally formed by
adding sor es to the singular; as, dove, doves; box, boxes.
Q. How are nouns ending inf or f e rendered plural ?
JJ.. By changing for f e into ves; as, loaf, loaves; wife,
wives ; except grief, relief, reproof, and several otherll,
which form the plural by the addition of s:

Q. How are nouns having yin the singular, with no
other vowel in th.E) same syllable, rendered p)u,ral ?
JJ.. By changing y into ies; as, beauty, beauties; ffy,
fli es .
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JJ.. By the addition of s; as, key, keys ; delay, delays.
.Vote 1. T he following nouns fora'; their plural variously, a•,
Sing-ulm·.
man.
woman.
child.
mouse.
ox.
alderman.

Plural.
men.
women.
children.
mice.
oxen.
aldermen.

Singular.
'foot. tooth.
die.
penny.
child.
goose.

Plural.
feet.
teeth.
dice.
pence.
children.
geese.

Note 2. It is a general rule t.h at all names of things, measured or
weighed, have no plural, for in them not number, but quantity, is regarded·; as, wool, wine, oil.

The word news is considered singular ; the noun news
is used both in the singular and plural number.
J\'o/e 3. The following words which ha~e been adopted from the H~­
brew, Greek and L atin languages, are .thus distinguished with' respect
to number.
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cherub.
seraph.
crisis.
genus .
index.
arcanum.
axis.
datum.
radius.
magus.

P lural.
cherubim.
seraphim.
crises.

genera.
indices.
arcana.
axes.
data.
radii.
magi.

Singular.
antithesis.
basi;;.
critarion.
hypothesis.
medium.
phenomenon.
appendix.
erratum.
stratum .
vortex.

P lural.
antitheses.
bases.
criteria.
hypotheses.
media.
phenomena.
appendices.
errata.
strata .
vortices.
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Q. What does the objective case express?

EXAMPLES.

The sun has set, and the stars begin to shine.
The tree is covered with leaves.
The boys are in the house.
Spring produces flowers.
What are the nouns in these sentences?
number is each? Why?

Of what

LES SON VII.
CASE.
Q. How many cases have nouns· ?
.IL Nouns have three cases, the nominative, th e possessiv e, and the obj ective.
Q. What does the nominative case express?
.IJ.. The nominative case expresses the agent or doer,
or the subj ect of the verb; as, The boy plays. The
girls learn.
Q. ·w hat does the possessive case express?
.IJ.. The possessive case expresses possession, property
or ownership, and has an apostrophe with the letter s
coming after it ; as, The scholar's pen. My father's
house .
N ote . ·when the plural ends in s, the other s is omitted,
but the apos.trophe is retained; as, On eagles' wings.
The drap ers' company.
Sometimes also when the singular terminates in ss the,
apostrophic s is not added; as, For goodness' sake.
For righteousness' sake.

.9.. The objective case expresses the object of an

ac~

tion or of a relation, and generally follows a verb active
?r preposition; as, John assists Charles. They live
m London.
Q. How are nouns declined?
A. Nouns are declined in the following manner:
S ingular.
Plural.
Nominative case.
A Mother.
Mothers.
Possessive case.
A Mother's.
Mothers'.
Objective case.
A Mother.
Mothers.
Norninat·ive case.
The man.
The men.
Possessive case.
The man's.
-The men's.
The ma_n.
Objective case.
The men.
EXAMPLES,

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His father and mother and uncle reside in London.
Joseph's book is lost. The men's opinions are altered.
For conscience' sake. For righteousness' sake, do your
duty. John struck TQ.omas.
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Which ~re the nouns in these sentences? What is
their person, gender, number aµd d~e? Why?

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ADJECTIVE.
Q. What is an .adjective?
.9.. An adjective is a word used to describe nouns· as,
an industriQus man. A good scholar.
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Q. Of what variations do adjectives admit?
.fl.. Th e only variation of which adj ectives adniit, is
that of the degrees of comparison.
Q. How many degrees· of comparison are there?
.fl.. There are three degrees of comparison, namely,
the positive, the comparative, and the superlative.
Q. ·what does the positive state express?
.fJ.. The positive state expresses the quality of an object, without any increase or diminution; as, good, wise,
great.
Q. What is said of the comparative degree?
.fl.. The comparative degree Increases or lessens the
positive in signification; as, wiser, greater, less wise.
Q. '\Vh at is said of the superlative degree?
.fl.. The superlative degree increases or lessens the
positive to the highest or lowest degree; as, -.vi sest, lowest, least wise.
Q. How does the positive become the comparative and
tbe superlative?
.fl.. If the po sitive have but one syllable the comparative is formed by the addition of i· or er, and the superlative by adding st ':or est; as, wise, wiser, wi8est ; great,
greater, greatest .
Q. How are they formed when the positive consists of
more than one syllable?
.fl.. When the positive consists of more than one syllable, th e comparative and the superlative are generally
formed by placing more and most before the positive ;
as, frugal, more frugal, most frugal.
EXAMPLES.

A large house, a larger house, the largest house.
A beautiful temple, a more beautiful temple, a most
beautiful temple.

. Which ar~ the adjectives in these sentences
Wh '
What are t.heir degrees of comparison? What ~ouns ~~
they describe?

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LESS _ON IX.
PRONOUN.
Q. What is a pronoun?
.11.. ~ pronoun is a word used instead of a noun to avoid
repeatmg the noun . as The
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enevolent ; he is useful.

Q. How many kinds of pronouns are there?
.!J.. There are three kinds of
pronouns, namely the
personal, the relative and the d' t'
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Q. How many personal pronouns are there'

.!J.. There are five personal pronouns ~am j
with their plurals,
or
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Q. Of what do personal pronouns admit? .
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.!J.. Personal pronouns admit of
person, number' gend er, an d case.

he, she, and it;

we, y; yo:,

Q. Of how many persons are pronouns?
.!J.. Pronouns are of three persons in each
namely,
.
number;
I is th~ first person
;
Thou IS the second person
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He she or it is the third person
mgu ar.
We is the first person
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ye or .you is t~e second person
Plural
They is the third person
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Q. How are they declined?

.a.

They are thus' declined:
Plural.
Case.
Singulai·.
Fust.
Norn.
Myself.
Ourselves.
wa_nting.
Poss.
Myself.
Obj.
Ourselves.
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Thyself
or
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Second.
Norn.
Yourselves.
Yourself.
Poss.
{ Thyself or ~ yourselves.
Obj.
Yourself.
Third Mas. N om.
Himself.
Themselves.
Poss.
Himself.
Obj.
Themselves.
Herself.
Third Fem. Norn.
Themselves.
Poss.
Obj .
Herself.
Themselves.
Norn.
Third.
It se lf.
Themselves.
Poss.
Neuter.
Obj.
Itself.
Themselves.
P~rson.

Poss.
Obj.
Norn.
Second.
Poss .
Obj .
Third Mas. :Norn.
Poss.
Obj .
Third Fem. Norn.
Poss.
Obj.
Third Neut. Norn.

Mine.
Me.
Thou.
Thine.
Thee.
He.
Hi s.
Him.
She.
Hers.
Her.

It.

EXAMPLES.

Charles and I have seen James, and he told us
that we had offended qim. Henry, you tell James and
John that they must come here, for they wish me to ive
them
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Harrietg to
. . h some. books . Mar y says, sh e wishes
visit er.
I myself have seen th~ president. We ourselves witnessed the spectacl e. J ames h as lilJUred
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much'. The boys themselves acknowledge it.
y
. Emily herself was present. A house divided
itself cannot stand.
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Q. Of how many numbers is who, and how is it declined?
JJ.. Who is of both numbers, a~d is thus declined:
_Singular and Plural.
Who.
Nominative,
Possessive,
Whose.
Objective,
Whom.
Q. When is as used as a relative pro~oun?
.!J. • .!J.s is used as a relative pronoun, when it follows
such; as, Charles is such a boy as loves study.
Q. When are wlw, wliich and wltat, called interrogative
pronouns?
JJ.. Who, wltich and what are called int~rrogative pronouns, when they ·are used in asking questions; as,
Who is he? Which is the book? What are you doing?
Q. What words are compound relative pronouns?.
.fl. The following words are compound relative pronouns; namely, whoever, whosoever, whomsoever, wltich. ever, whichsoever, what, whatevei-, whatsoei•er.

tences ? Which the compound ? For what do they
1tand? What is their person, gender, number, and case?

LESSON X.
RELATIVE PRONOQN.
Q. v\That are relative pronouns?
.!J.. Relative pronouns are such, as relate, in general,
to some word or phrase going before, which is thence
called the antecedent.
Q. What are they?
JJ.. They are, who, which, that, and sometimes as.
Q. ·what is said of the pronoun what?
.!J.. Whcit is called a compound relative, including both
the antecedent and the relative, and is equivalent to that
which; as, This is what I wanted; that is, the thing which
I wanted.
Q. What is said of who an_d which?
JJ.. Who is applied to persons, lvhich to animals and
things without li fe; as, thP. man who; the house which; the
tree which.
Q. What is said of the pronoun that?
JJ.. Tiwt, as a relative, is often used to prevent the too
frequ ent repetition of who and which.
Q. To what is it applied?
JJ.. It is applied to both persons and things; as, He
that acts wisely deserves praise. This is the book that I
want.

EXAMPLES.

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·where is the man, who did the noble deed, whose
name is Brutus, and whom the Romans love to honour?
Who, that loves science, does not honour the name of
Newton? This is such a book as I wanted. This is .
the house which I bought. Choose what is good. You
shall have whatever you want. Whoever studies will
improve. Who comes? What does he want? Whom
has·he seen?
Which are the relative pronouns in these sentences?
To what do they relate? What is their gender, number,
person, and case? Which are interrogative pronouns?
Which are the compound relative pronouns?
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Q. What are the indefinite ?
.f:l. The indefinite are those whi~h express their subjects in an indefinite or general manner.
Q. What words are of this class?
.f:l. The following words are of this class; namely,
some, othtr, any, one, all, such, &c.
Q. Which of these words are declined?
.f:l. These two; namely, our and other; as,

LESSON XI.
ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.
Q. What are adjective pronouns?
JJ.. Adj ective pronouns are of a mixed nature, participating the properties , both of p.r onouns and adjectives.
Q. How may adjective pronouns be subdivided?
.f:l. Adjective pronouns may be subdivided into four
sorts ; nam ely, th e possessive, the distributive, the demonstrative, and the indefinite.
Q. What are possessive adjective prdnouns?
.f:l. P ossessive adjective pronouns are those, which relate to possession, or property.
Q. What are they?
.f:l. Th ey are, my, thy, his, ltei', our, your, theii·.
Q. What word is sometimes added to these?
.f:l. The word own; as, My own hand. Our own
hou se, &c.
Q. 'Vhat are the distributiv e?
.f:l . The distributive are those that .denote the persons or
things that make up a number, as taken separately and
singly.
Q. What are they?
.f:l. Th ey are, each, every, and either; as, Each of his
broth ers is in a favourable situation. Every"man must
account for himself. I have not seen either of them.
Q. 'Vhat are the demonstrative?
.f:l. Th e demonstrative are those which precisely point
out th e s ubjects to which they relate.
Q. What are they?
.f:l. They are, this, that, these, and those; as, This is
true charity; that is only its image.

Singular.
Plural .
Norn. One.
Norn. Other.
Others.
Poss. One's.
Poss. Other's. Others'.
Obj. One.
Obj. Other's.
Others.
Q. What other words are sometimes used as adjecti1'e
pronouns?
/
.f:l. Which and what are sometimes used as adjective
pronouns; as, What man is this? Which thing I also did .
EXAMPLES.

My brother is at your house: Charles has lost his
pocket-book. Emily has written to her brother. The
boys have recited their lessons. This is my own pen.
Each of the boys has a book. Every tree is known by
its fruit. I have not seen either of the men. This man
is more intelligent than that man. These apples are
sweeter than those.
Some men are happy, while others
1
are miserable. Such men aspire after fame . What a
strange man he is.
Which are the adjective pronouris in these sentences?
Which the possessive? Which the distributive? Which
the demonstrative? Which the indefinite ? Why?

~~-~

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21
Q. Of how many pe·r sons are verbs?

LES SON XII.

JJ.. Verbs are of three persons;

na~ely, first, second,

I

1·.
. I

and .third.
VERBS.

Q. What is a verb?

I

,

.fl. A verb is a word which signifie s to be, to de>, or to
suffer ; as , I am, I rule, I am ruled .
Q. Of how many kinds arc verb s ?
.fl. V erbs are of three kind s, namely, active, passive,
and neute r .
Q. H ow are they also divided?
.fl. They are also divicled into regular, irregular, and
defectiv e .
Q. "Vhat does a verb active express?
.fl. A verb active expresses an action, and necessarily
implies an ng ent, and an object acted on; as, James
wrote a letter.
Q. ·what does a passiv e verb express?
.fl. A passive verb expresses an object acted upon, _and
an ag ent by which it is acted upon ; as, The letter was
written by J am es.
Q. w·hat is a neut er verb?
.fl. A neuter verb is one, which does not have an object alter it.
Q. ·what are auxiliary verbs?
.
.fl. Auxili ary ve rbs are th ose by the help of which the
En .,.Jish verbs are princip ally conjugated.
What are they?
.fl. They are do, be, have , shall, will, may, can, and
must.
Q. How many numbers have.verbs?
.fl. Verbs have two numbers, namely, singular and
plural; as, I run, we run.

Q.

First person .
Second person.
Third person .

Plural.
Singular.
We love.
I love.
Thou lovest. Ye or you love.
He loves.
They love.
EXAMPLES.

James studies his lesson . The school is dismissed.
The trumpet sounds. The sun rises. Charles will
read.
Which are the verbs in these sentences? Which
is active ? Which passive? ·w hich neuter? ~V hich
the auxiliary? .Why? Of what number and person
is each?

"I
"

L E S S 0 N XII I.
MODES.

Q. What is mode?
.fl. Mode is the manner in which the being, action, or
passion is represent ed.
Q. How many modes are there?
.fl. There are five modes, namely, the indicative, the
imperative, the potential, the subjunctive, and the infinitive.
Q. What is said of the indicative mode?
JJ.. The indicative mode simply indicates, or declares
a thing; as, The wind blows; or it asks a question, as,
Does the wind blow?

I

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.1.

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22

EXAMPLES.

Q.

What is said of the imperative mode?
.fl. The imp erative mode is used for commanding, exhorting , entreating, or permitting; as, Depart thou; mind
ye; let us stay ; go in pence.
Q. 'Vh at is said of the potential mode?
.fl. The potential mode implies possibility or liberty,
power, will or obligation, and is used in asking questions;
as, It may rain; he may go or stay; I can ride; he would
walk ; they should learn; can yo u go?
Q. What is said of th e subjunctive mode?
.fl. Th e s ubjunctive mod e r epresents a thing under a
condition, motiv e, wish, or supp osition, &c., and is preceded by a conjunction, expressed or understood, and is
connected with another verb; as, I will respect him
th ough he chide me. 'Vere he good he would be happy;
th at is, if he were good .
·
Q. What is said of the infinitive mode ?
.fl. Th e infinitiv e mode ex pr esses a thing in n general
and unli mit ed man ner , with out any distinction of number
or person; as, to act, to speak, to be fe ared.

PARTICIPLE.

Q. 'Vhat is the participle?
.fl. The partic iple is a certain form of the verb, and is
so called, because it participates not only of ·the properties of a verb, but also of the properties of an adjective;
as, The sun is rising .
Q. How many participl es are there?
.fl. Th ere are three participies, namely, the present,
the perfect, and the compound perfect; as, loving, loved,
having loved.

Charles talks. Come here James. Peter can return .
If Joseph would study, he would make rapid improvement.
George loves to play. Mary is singing.

In what mode is each verb in these sentences? Which
is the participle?

LESSON XIV .
TENSE.

Q. What is tense?
.fl. T ense is the distinction of time.
Q. How many tenses are there?
.R.. There are six tenses, namely, the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the pluperfect, and the ·first and
second future tenses .
Q. ·W hat is said of the present tense?
.9. The present tense represents an action or event,
as taking place at the present time; as, I rule; I am
ruled; I think; I fear.
Q. What is said of the imperfect?
.fl. The imperfect tehse represents an action or event,
either as past. and finished, or as remaining unfinished
at a certain time past; as, Charles lived in Boston.
Q. What of the perfect tense?
.9.. The perfect tense not only refers to what is past,
but also conveys an allusion to the present time; as, I
have studied grammar two weeks.
Q. What of the pluperfect tense?
.9.. The pluperfect tense represents a thing not only

24

25

as past, but also as prior to some other point of time
specified in the sentence; as, I had finished my letter
before he arrived.
Q. What is said of the first future tense?
.fl.. The first future tense represents the action or event
as yet to take place, either with or without respect to the
precise time ; as, The sun will rise to morrow; I shall
see them again.
Q. 'Vhat is said of the second future tense?
·
.fl.. Th e second future intimates that the -action will be
fully accomplished, at or before the time of another future
action or event; as, I shall have dined at ·on_e o'clock;
The two hou ses will have finished their business when
the king comes to prorogue them.

Q. How is the auxiliary and active verb to have
,jugated?

con~

.fl.. The auxiliary and active verb to have, is conjuga..
ted fo the following manner .

INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
S ingular.
lsf Per•on. I have,
_2<lfl'erson. Thou hast,
3<l Pei son. He ohe or it hath or
h as.

Plural.
I st Person. "\Ve have,
2d Person. Y e or you have,
3<l Person. They have.

1,

IMPERFECT TENSE.
Sir.gular.

Plural.
I. 1-V" had,
2. y, . or you had,
3. Th ey ha<l.

'l .'I had,
2. Thou hadst.
3. ' H e, _&c. ha.J.

EXAMPLES.

The wind blows. The rain ceased. The boys have
played. John has recited. Samuel will return. The
boy will have return ed .

PERFEC T TENSE.
Singular.
I. I have had,
2. Thou ha 8l had,
::! . He has had.

'Vhich are the verbs m th ese senrences and in. what
ten se is each?

Plural.
I. "\V c have had,

2. Ye or yo u have had,
3. T hey have had.

PLUPERFECT TENSK
Singular.
I . I had had,
2. Thou hadst had,
S. H e had had.

LESSON XV.

.I

I

Plural.
I. W c had had,
2. Ye or you hn<l had,
2. They had haJ.

FIRST FUTURE TENSE.
Singular.
I. I shall or will have,
2.'f Thou shalt or wilt have,
3. H e shall or will have.

CONJUGATION.

Q. 1;,;·hat is the conjugation of a verb?
.fl.. The conjugation of a verb is the regular combination and arrange ment of its several numbers, person_s,
modes, and tenses.

Plural.
I. W e shall ·o r will have,
2. Y c or you fhall or will have,
3. They shall or will have.

SECOND FUTURE TENSE .
Singula r.
i. I shall or will hH ve had,
2. Thou shalt or wilt have hail,

~ • He shall or will have had.

3

J

Plural.
I. w c shall
will have had,
2. Ye or you shall or will ha.,.
had,
3. They shall or will have had.

or

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IMPERATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular.
t. Have thou or do thou have.

'

Plural.
2. Have ye or do ye or you ha'Ve.

IMPERFECT TENSE.
I. If I had,

Singular.

2. If thou had,
3. If he had.

POTENTIAL MODE.
Singular.
l. I may or can have,
I!. Thou ·mayst or canst have,
J. H e may or can have.

Plural.
I. We may or can have,
2. Y c or you may or can have,
3. They may or can have.
P lural.

I. 'Ve might, coul<l, would or

should have.
2. Ye or you might, could, would
or sho uld have,
3. They mi¥ht, could, would or
should nave.

PERFECT TENSE.
Singulai·.
P lural.
I. I may or can have had,
l. vVe may or can have had,
2. Thou mayst or canst have had, 2. Y c or you may or can have had,
J. He may or can have had.
3. They may or can ha vc had.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
Singular.

1. I migh t, co ulu, would or should
have had,
t. Thou rniglitst, couklst, \Vouldst
or shouldst have hacl,
J. He might, could, would or
&houl<l ha vc h acl.

I. If I have had,
2. If thou have had,
3. If he have had.

Plural.
1. We mirrht, could, would or
should l1avc had,
2. Y c or you might, could, would
or shou lJ have had,
3. They might, could, would or
should have had.

Plural.
1. If we have had,
2. lf ye or you have had,
3. If they have had;

PLUPERFECT TENSE.
Singular.

IMPERFECT TENSE.
Singular.
I. I might, cou lJ, would or should
have,
ll. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst
or shouldst have,
3. H e might, coulJ, would or
&hould ha vc.

PERFECT TENSE.
Sin"ular.

PRESENT T ENSE.

Plural.
I. If we had,
2. If ye or you had,
3. If they had.

I. If I had had,
2. If thou had had,
· 3. If he had had.

Plural.
1. If we harl had ,
2. If ye or you had had,
3. If they had had . .

FIRST FUTURE TENSE.
Singular.
Plural.
I. If I shall or will have,.
1. If we shall or will have,
2. If thou shall or will have,
2. If ye or you shall or will han,
3. If he shall or will have.
3. If they shall or will have.
SECOND FUTURE TENSE.
Singular.
Plural.
I . If I shall have had,
I. If we shall have had,
2. If thou shall or will have had,
2. If ye or you shall or will haYo
had .
3. If he shall or will have had,
3. If they shall or will have had.

INFINITIVE MODE.
Present, To have .

Perfect, To have had.
PARTI CIPLES.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular.
I. If I have,
ll. If lhou have,
J. If he have.

Plural.
I. If we have,
2. lf ye or you have,
3. lf they have,

Present or Active, Having,
P eifect or Passive, H ad,
Compound P eifect, Having had.

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LESSON XVI.
Q. How is the auxiliary and neuter verb to be conjugated?
.9.. The auxilia;y and neuter verb to be is conjugated i11.
the following manner.

INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singula1·.

Plural.
1. We arc,
2. Ye or you are,
3. They arc. ,

1. I am,
2. Thou art,
3. H e, she, or it is.

IMPERFECT TENSK
Singular.

Plural.
1. We were,
2. Ye or you were,
3. They were.

1. I was,
2. Thou wast,
3. He was.

PERFECT TENSE.

b.O
c

·~

:::c:

Singular.
I. I have been,
2. Thou hast been,
3. He hath or has been.

Plural.
I. W e have been,
2. Y e or you have been,
3. They have been.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.
Singular.
1. I had been,
!2. Thou hadst been,
3. Be had been.

Plural.
1. We ha<l been,
2. Ye or you ha<l been,
3. They had been.

FIRST FUTURE TENSE.
Singular. ·
1. I shall or will be,
~. Thou shalt or wilt be,
3. He shall or will be.

Plural.
1. We shall or will be,
2. Ye or you shall or. will be,
3. They shall or will be.

SECOND FUTURE TENSE.
Singular.
1. I shall have been,
'· Thou shalt or wilt have been,

1. We shall have been.
2 . . ye or you shall or will

3. He shall or will have been.

been,
3. They shall or will have been.

s•

Plural.
ha~·· :

l.
jl

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31
IMPERFECT TENSE.

S i11gular.

! . Be tholL or do thou be.

Plural •.
1. If we were,
2 . If ye or you were,.
3. lf they were.

. Singular.
I. If I were,
2. Ifthou wert,
3. If he were.

IMPERATIVE MODE.
Plural.
2. Be ye or you or do ye·bc.

PERFECT TENSE.

POTENTIAL MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
·

Singular.
I. I may or can be,
2, Thou mayst or canst be,
3. He may or can be.

Plural.
l. We may or can be,
2. Y e or you may or can be,.
3. They may or can be.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

Plural.
l. W e might could would or·
should be,
2. Y e or you might, could, would· ·
or should be,
3. They might, could, would or ·
should be.

PERFECT TENSE ..
Singular:

1. I may or can have been,
! . Thou mayst or canst have been,

3. He may or can have been.

Plural.
1. W e may or can have been,
2. Y e or you may or can have
been,
3. T ney may or can have been.

PLUPERFECT T ENSE.
Plural.

I.

Sin,'<fdar.
1. I might, could, would or should
have been.
!.. Thou mightst, couldst, woulds~
or shouldst have been,
3. H e micrht, could, would or
"
- should have been.

l. W e might, could, would or
should have been,

2. Y e or you might, could, would
or shou ld ha.ve been,
3. They might, could, would .r
should ha ve been. .

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
PRE SENT TENSE.
S ingular.
1. If I be,
~. If' thou be,
3. lf_he be.

P lural.
1 If we had been,
2 : If ye or you had been,.
3 . lfthey had been.

Singular.
1. If I had been,
2. Ifthou had been,
3. If he had been.

IMPERFECT TENSE.
Singular.
1. I might, could, would or should
be,
i. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst
or shouldst be,
3. H e might, could, would or
should be.

P lural.
1 If we have been,
2: If ye or you have been r
3 . If they have been.

Singular.
1. If I have been,
2. If thou have been,
3. If he have been.

FIRST FUTURE TENSE.
Plural.
Singular.
1 If we shall or will be, .
l. If I shall or will b~,
2· If ye or you shall .or will be,.
2. If thou' shall or :v1ll be,
If they shall or will be.

s:

3. If he shall or will be.

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SECOND FUTURE T ENSE.
Plurnl.
we shall have been, . ha ·
1: 1f
If ye or you shall or w111 vtr
2
._ __
been,
3. If they shall or- wlll have ...,..n.

Sing ular.
If I shall have been,
1 If
thou ~hall or will have been,

2:

3. lf he shall or will have been .

INFINITIVE MODE.
P1·esent Ten se, To be.

P erfeet, To have been ..

p A.RTICIPLES.
Perfect, Been.
.
P resent, B emg.
· been•
Compound :Perfect, H avmg

Plural.
1. lfwe be,
2. If ye or you be,.
3. If they be ..

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IMPERATIVE MODE.
S iugular.

!. Be thou or do thou be.

I

IMPERFECT' TENSE .

I

Singular.
I If ·•
..
1 were,

Plural.
2. Be ye or you or do ye·be ..

PERFECT TENSE.

POTENTIAL MODE.
Singular
I. If I have been
•
2. If thou have b~en
3. If he have been. '

PRESENT TENSE.
·

Singular.

I. I may or can be,
2. Thou mayst or canst be,
3. He may or can be.

Plural.
I. W e may or can be,
2. Y e or you may or can be,.
3. They may or can be.
P lural. ,
1. W c might could would or
should be,.
2. Y c or you might, could, would
. or shol.ll<l be,
3. They might, could, would or
should be.

PERFECT TEN SE.
Sing ular:
1. I may or can have been,
'.!. Thou mayst or canst have been,
3. He may or can have been.

Plural.
1. If we have been
2. If ye or you ha ~e been
3. If they have been.
r

PLUPERFECT TENSE.
S ingular.
I. lfI had been
2. If thou had b~en
3. If he had been. '

IMPERFECT TEN SE.
Singular.
1. I might, coulil, would or should
be,
!!. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst
or shoulilst be,
3. H e might, coulil, would or
should be.

Plural.
I . If we were
·
2. If ye or yo~ were
3. If they were.
,.

2. If thou wert
3. If he were. '

Plural.
1. If we had been
2. If ye or you had been
'
3. If they bad been .

FIRST FUTURE TENSE.
S ingular.
I. lfl shall or will be

~J.Uho~i ~balj gr~ f41>

Plural.
1. If we shall or will be
o

re

i\ha~~ bC~-~-\\-ba>
-~e - -- - -

\.. 1:\ vie sha ou sha\\ ot
2 lf 'le or 'j

Plural.
1. W e may or can have been,
2. Y e or you may or can have·
been,
3. . T uey may or can have been.

.

'YI\

oeen, h \\ or·vi\l\ ba'I
3. If t\le'j S a

e \)elR·

PLUPERFECT T EN SE .
Sin.r;rular.

l. I might, couid, would or should
have been.
t. Thou mightst, couldst, woulds~
or shouldst have been,
3._He mi~ ht, could, would, or
shoula have been.

Plural.
1. W c might, could, would er
should have been,
2. Y c or you might, could, would
or should ha-ve been,
3. They might, could, would .ishould ha vc been.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
S ingular.

l. If I be,
2. If thou be,
3. If he be.

Plural.
1. lfwe be,
2. If ye or you be,.
3. If they be,.

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LESSON XVII.

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THE CONJUGATION OF REGULAR . VERBS,

E--<

ACTIVE.

Q. When are active verbs called regular?
.fl. Active verbs are called regular, when they -form
their imperfect tense, of the indicative mode, and their
perfect participle, by adding to the verb ed, or d only
when the verb ends in e.
Q. How is a regular active verb conjugated?
.fl. A regular active verb is conjugated in the following manner.

INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular.
1. I love,
2. hou lovest,
3. He, she, or it loveth or loves.

Plural.
1. W e love,
2. Y e or you love,
3. They love.

IMPERFECT TENSE.
Plural.
1. We loved,·
2. Ye or you loved,
3. They loved.

Singular.

1. I loved,
2. Thou lovedst,
3. He loved.

PERFECT TENSE .
.':iingular.
l. I have loved,
~' Thou hast loved,
3. lie hath or has loved.

Plural.
1. We have loved, ·
2. Ye or you have loved;.
3. They have loved.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.
Singular.
1. I had loved,
2. Thpu ha.d st loved,
3 .. He. had loved ..

1

Plural.
1. W e had loved,
2. Y e or you had loved,
3. They had loved.

34

•

FIRST FUTURE TENSE.
Singular .
1. I shall or wi ll love,
2. Thou shalt or wilt love,
3. H e slrn ll or will Jove.

Plural.
1. We shall or will love,
2. Ye or you shall or will love,
3. They shall or will love.

PRESENT TENSE.
Singular.

Singttlar.

Plu ral.
1. We shall have loved,
2. Ye or you will have loved,
3. Tiiey will have loved.

IMPERFECT TENSE.
.
Singular.
I. If I loved,
2. If thou loved,
3. If he loved.

IMPERATIVE MODE.
Singular .
2. L ove thou or do th ou love.

Plural.
Singular.

or

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

Plural .
1. vV e may or can love,
2. Ye or you may or can love,
3. They may or can love.

Singular .
I. If I had loved, ·
2. If thou had loved, ·
3. If he had loved.

IMPERF ECT T ENS E.
Singu lar .
I . I migh t, could, would, or sho uld
love,
2. Thou rnightst, cou ldst, wouldst
·
or should;t love,
3. H e might, coulJ, woul d or
should Jove.

Plural .
1. \ Ve may or can have loved,
2. Ye or yo u may or can have
loved,
3. -They may or can have loved.

P LUPERFECT T ENSE.

·1

!
I

'1I

S ingalar.
1. I might, co11ld, wou ld, or should
h ave loved,

:'.!. Thou mightst, coulJst, wouldst
or shouldst have loved ,
3. H e might, could, wou lct or
ehould have loved.

Plural.
I. W e mi~ht, could, would or
should nave loved,
2. Y e or you might, could, would
or ;;hould have loved,
3. T hey might, could, would or
should have loved.

P lural.
I. If we had loved,
2. If ye or you had loved,
3. If they had loved.

FIRST FUTURE TENSE.

Plural.
1. W e migh t, could, would or
•h0u Id Jove,
2. Ye or you might, could, would,
or shou Id love,
3. Th ey might, could, would or
should love .

Singular.
1. If I shall or will love,
2. If thou shall or will love,
3. If he sha ll or will love.

Plural.
1. If we shall or will love,
2. If ye or you sha ll or will love,
3. If they shall or will love.

SECOND FUTURE TENSE.
Singular .
I. lfl shall have loved,
2. If thou shall ur will have loved,

PERFECT T ENSE.
Singular.
I. I may or can have loved,
2. Thou mayst or canst have
loved,
:~. H e may or can ha,·e loved .

P lural.
I. If we have loved ,
2. lf ye c>r you have loved,
3. If they have loved.

].. If I have loved,
2. If thou have loved,
3. If he have loved.

PRESENT TE NSE.
2. Thoti IJHn-st or ca n st l0>·e,
3 . H e may
ca n loYe.

Plural.

I. If we loved,
2. If ye or you loved,
3. If they loved.

PERFECT TENSE.

2. Love ye or you or <lo ye love.

POTENTIAL MODE.
S ing1dar.
I. I may or can lo,·r,

Plural• .
I. If we love,
2. If ye or you Jove,
3. If they love.

I. If I love,
·2. If thou love,
3 . If he lovo.

SE COND FUTURE TENS E.
1. I shall have loved,
2. Thou wilt have loved,
3. H e will hnrn loved .

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.·

3. If he ~hall or will have loved.

1

P lural.
I. If we shall have loved,
2 . If ye or yo u shall or will have
loved,
3. I i they shall or will have·loved.

INFINITIVE MODE.
Present Te nse, To love.

P erfect, T o have loved.

PARTICIPLES.
Present, Loving.
Compound Perfect,

1

J

Perfect, Loved.
Having .loved.

.,
-.

36

; .}--

'

37

•

LE s so N

xvnr.

PASS IVE VERBS,

Q. When are Passive verbs called regular?
,
.8.. Passive verbs are called regular, when they form

-d
<>

their perfect participle by the addition of d or ed to the
verb; as, from the verb To love is formed the passive;
as, I am loved; I was loved; I shall be loved; &c.
Q. How is a passive verb conjugated?
.8.. A passive verb is conjugated by adding the perfect
participle to the auxiliary to be, through all its changes
of number, person, mode and tense, in the following
·manner.

~

0

To Be Loved.

~

INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular.
I. I am loved,
2. Thou art loved,
3. He is loved.

Plural.
I. W e are loved,
2. Ye or you are loved,
3. They are loved.

IMPERFECT TENSE.
Singular.
I. I was loved,
2. Thou wast loved,
3. He was loved.

Plural.
I. We were loved,
2. Ye or you were loved,
3. They we!e loved.

PERFECT TENS;E.
SingUlar.
I. I have been loved,
2. Thou hast been loved,
3. He hath or has been loved.

Plural.
I. We have been loved,
2. Ye or you have been loved,
3. They have been loved.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.
Singular.
I. I had been loved,
2. Thou hadst been loved,
3. He had been loved.

4

,
Plural.
I. We had been loved.
2. Ye or you had been loved,
3. They had been loved,

38

.

FIRST FUTURE TENSE.
Singular.
1. I shall or will be loved,
2. Thou shalt or wilt be loved,
3. H e shall or will be loved.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

Plural.
1. We shall or will be loved,
2. Ye or you shall or will be
loved,
3. They shall or will be loved.

Singular.
1. I might, could, would or
should have been loved,
mightst,
couldst,
2 . Thou
wouldst or shouldst have
been loved,
3. He might, could, would, or
should have been loved.

SECOND FUTURE TENSE.
I.

1'

Singular.
1. I shall have been loved,
2. Thou wilt have been loved,
3 . H e will have been loved.

Plural.
1. We shall have been loved,
2. Ye or you will have been
.
loved,
3. They will have been loved.

PRESENT TENSE.
Singular.
1. If I be loved,
2. If thou be loved,
3. If he be loved.

2. Be ye or you loved or do ye
. be loved.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

PRESENT TENSE.
be

1.
2.
.
3.

Singular.
would or

should be loved,
2. T hou
mightst,
couldst,
would st or sho uld st be loved,
3. H e might , co uld, would or
should be loved.

Singular.
1. Ifl have been loved,
2. If thou have been loved,
3. If he have been loved.

Plural.
1. W e may or can have been
loved,
2. Ye or you may or can have
been loved,
3. They may or can have been
loved.

Plural. ·
1. If we have been loved,
3· If ye or you have been loved,
3. Ifth.ey have been loved.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.
Singular.
1. If I had been loved,
2. If thou had been loved,
3. If he had been loved.

Plural.
1. We might, could, would or
should be loved,
2. Ye or you might, could,
would or should be loved,
3. They.might, could, would or
should be loved.

PERFECT TENSE.
Singular.
1. I may or can have been
loved,
~ . Thou mays t or canst h ave
been loved ,
:ii . H e may or can have been
lov ed.

Plural.
1. If we were loved,
2. If ye or you were loved,
3. If they were loved.

PERFECT TENSE.

P lural.
We may or can be loved,
Ye or you may or can be
loved,
They may or can be loved.

IMPERFECT TENSE.
1. I might, could,

Plural.
1. Ifwe be loved,
2. Ifye or you be lov.ed,
3. If they be loved.

Singular.
1. If I were loved,
2 . If thou wert loved,
~. If he were loved.

POTENTIAL MODE.
Singular.
1. I may or can be loved,
2. Thou mayst or canst
loved,
3. H e may or can be loved.

Plural.
1. W e .might, could, would or
should have been loved,
2. Ye or you might, could,
would or should have been
loved,
3. They might, could, would, or
should have been loved.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

IMPERATIVE MODE.
2. Be thou loved or do thou be
loved.

39

Plural.
1. If we had been lo.ved,
2. If ye or you had been loved,
3. If they had been loved.

FIRST FUTURE TENSE.
Singular.
'
1. Ifl shall or will be loved,
2 . If thou shall or will be loved,

I

3. If he shall or will be loved.

Plural.
I. If we shall or will be loved,
2. ~f ye or you shall or will be
loved,
.
3. If they shall or will be loved.

SECOND FUTURE TENSE.
Singular.
1. Ifl shall have been loved,
2 . If thou shall or will have
been loved,
3. If he shall or will have been
loved.

Plural.
1. If we shall have been loved,
2. If ye or you shall or will have

been loved,
3. If they shall or will · ave
been loved.

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SYNOPSIS OF THE MODES AND TENSES.
IndicatiTJe,

~

Present,

I am loved.

imperfect,

I was loved.

Perfect,

I have been lcived.

Imperative.

. P otential.

Love thou, or do I may or can be loved. If I be loved.
thou be loved.
I might, could, would If I were loved.
or should be loved.
'
I may cir can have been If I have been loved.
lo~ ed .

Pluperfect,

I had been loved.

First Future, I shall or will be loved.
Second Future, I shall have been loved.

Subjunctive.

\

lnfinitfoe.
To be loved.

To have been
loved .

I might, could, would If I had been loved.
or should have been
loved.
lfl shall or will be loved . .
If I shall have been
loved.

PARTICIPLES.-Present, Being loved. l'erfcct, Loved.

Compounc!, Perfect. Having been loved.

.,

42

43

LESSON XIX.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Q. What are Irregular Verbs?
A. Irregular Verbs are those, which do not form their
imperfect t ense, and their perfect p~rticiple, by the addition of d or ed to the verb ; as,
P1·esent.
Abide
Am
Arise
Awake
Bear
Bear
Beat

hnpe1fect.
abode
was
a.ru se
awoke
bare
bore

beat
began
Lent
brought
built
bu rst
bou ght
cast
caught
chid
Choose chose
Cleave clove or {
Cl eave cl eft
5
clung
C ling
c'.othed
Clothe
ca.me
Come
cost
Cost
cre w
Crow
crept
Cre ep
cut
Cut
durst
Dare
dealt
Deal
dug
Dig
did
Do
drew
Draw
drove
Drive
B egin
Bend
Bring
Build
Burst
Buy
Cast
Catch
Chide

P er. Par.
abode
been
arise n
a waked r
born
borne
beaten {
beat 5
begun
bent r
brought
built
burst
bought
cast
caught r
chi dden {
chid
5
chosen
cleft
{
cloven r 5
clun 0cr

clad r
come
cost
crowed r
crept
cut

d are d
dealt r
dug r
done
drawn
driven

Preseiit.
Drink
D well
F.at
Fall
F ee d
Fee l
Fight
F in d
Flee
Flin g
Fly
Forget
Forsake
Fre eze
Get
Gild
Gird
Give
Go
Grave
Grind
Grow
Have
H a ng
.Hear
H ew
Hide
Hit
Hold
Hurt
K eep
Knit
Know

Imperfect.
drank
dwelt
eat or ate
fell
fed
fe lt
fought
foun d
fl ed
flung
fl ew
forgot
forsook
froze
got
g ilt r
girt_r ·
gave
went
grave d
g round
grew
had
hungr
heard
h ew ed
h id
hit
held
hurt
k ept
kmt"
knew

P er. Par.
drunk r
dwelt r
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fl ed
flun g
fl own
forgotten~

forgot 5
forsaken
frozen
got
gilt r
girt r
given
gone
gmve n r
ground
grown
had
hung r
heard
h ewn r
hidden {
hid
5
h it
held
hurt
kept
knit r
known

Present. Imperf ect. Per. P ar.
Lade
laded
laden
Lay
laid
laid
led
·1ed
L ead
Leave
left
left
L end
lent
' fent
Let
let
l et
Lie
lay
lain
Load
loaded
lad e n r
Lose
lost
lost
Make
made
made
Meet
met
met
Mow
mowed mown
Pay
paid
paid
Put
put
put
Read
read
r ead
Rend
r en t
r ent ·
Rid
rid
rid
Ride
ridden or
r ode
[rode
rung
Ring
rung
r an g
risen
Rise
rose
riven
Riv e
rived
ran
run
Run
sawn or (
Saw
sawed
sawed 5
Say
sai d
said
Sell
sold
sold
S end
sent
sent
set
set
S et
s hook
shaken
S hake
Sh ape
shaped shapen
Shave
shaved
shaven

Present.
Shed
Shine
S h ut
Sing
Slay
Sleep
Slink
Smite
Speak
Speed
Spen d
Spin
Sp lit
S pread
Stand
:O lea!
Stick

Imperfe ct. Per. Par .
shed
shed
shone or shone
shined
shut
shu t
san g
sung
slew
slain
slept
slept
slunk
slunk
smote
smitten
spoke
spoken
sped
sped
spent
spent
spun
spun
s plit
split
spread
sp read
stood
stood
stole
stolen
stuck
stuck
:S ting
stung
stun g
stri ken or {
Strike
struck
struck
5
took
T ake
tak en
T each
taught
taught
rrear
tore
torn
T ell
told
told
Think
thought thought
Wax
waxed waxen
vVear
wore
worn
7
V. eave
wove
woven
Weep
we pt
wep t
Win
\ VOD
won
Wind
wound wou nd

DEFECTIVE VERBS.

Q. What are Defective Verbs?
A.
some
Q.
JJ..

Defective Verbs are those which are used only in
of their mo.d es anci ten~es .
Which are they ?
The principal of them are the following:

Present. Imperfect:· P er. Par. , P resent.

Can
May
Shall
Will

could
might
should
would

. bi:>
.S

'§

ii::

Must
· Ought

I

Imperfect.

Per. Par.

must
ought
quoth

.S
'E

bi:>

~

45

44
•

LESSON

XX.

ADVERB.

Q. What is an ad verb?
.fi. An adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb, _a n
adjective, and sometimes to another-adverb; as, He reads
well; H e is greatly admired; H e writes very correctly.
Q. How are some adverbs compared?
.!J.. Some adverbs are compared like adjectives; as,
Soon, sooner, soonest. Those ending in ly are compared
by more and most; as, Wisely, more wisely, most wisely.
Some adverbs are irregularly compared; as, Well,
bett er, bes t, badly or ill, worse, worst .
Q. To what classes are adverbs reduced?
.fl.. They are reduc ed to the following classes; namely,
I . Of number; as, Once, twice, thrice, &c.
2. Of order; as, First, secondly, thirdly, &c.
3. Of place; -as, H ere, there, where, elsewhere, anywhere, nowhere, herein, whethei-, hither, upward, forward, whence, hence, thence, whith ersoever.
4. Of time present; as, Now, to-day, &c. ·
Of time past; as, Already, before, lately, yesterday,
heretofore, hitherto, long since, long ago, &c.
Of time to come; as, To-morrow, not yet, hereafter,
henceforth, henceforward, by-and-by, instantly, presently, immediately, straightways, &c.
Of time indefinite ; as, Oil, often, ofttimes, oftentimes,
sometimes, soon, seldom, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, always, when, then, ever, neve r, against, &c.
5. Of quantity; as, l\'.Iuch, little, sufficiently, abundantly, enough, &c.

6. Of manner or ql.!ality; as, Wisely, foolishly, justly,
unjustly, quickly, slowlf, &c.
7. Qf doubt; as, Perhaps, peradventure, possibly,
perchance.
8. Of affirmation; as, Verily, truly, undoubtedly,
doubtless, certainly, yea, yes, surely, indeed, really, &c .
~. Of negation ; as, Nay, no, not, by no means, not at
all, in no wise, &c.
. 10. Of interrogation;- as, How; why, wherefore, whither, &c .
11. Of comparison ; as, More, most, better, best,
worse, w.orst, less, least, very, almost, little, alike, &c.
Q. What are those phrases which do the office of adverbs', properly called?
.fl.. They are termed adverhial phrases.
EXAMPLES •

Hen~y acts wisely.

I shall visit Salem to-morrow ..
It rains · abundantly. I often think of him. Perhaps I
shall see him. I now think of returning. The report is
undoubtedly true. I cannot go. How does he succeed?
He is more faithful than his brother.
Which are the adverbs in these sentences?
To which class does each belong? What word does.
each qualify?

LESSON

xxr.

PREPOSITIONS.

Q. For what are ptepositions used?
.!J.. Prepositions are used to connect words with one
another, and to show the relation between them.

-- -

--

--

=~

•

..-... -

- .

- - - .....-

-

--

--

-

-

-

-

46
.1
i
I

Ii

Q. Where are they generally placed?
.9.. They are generally placed before nouns and pronouns; as, He went from Boston to Salem. She is above
disguise. They are instructed by him.
The following is a list of the principal prepositions.
Of, to, for, by, with, in, into, within, without, over, under,
through, above, below, between, beneath, from, beyond,
nt, near, up, down, before, behind, off, on or upon, among,
after, about, against.
EXAMPLES .

He is a man of science. I went with him. The sun
is behind a cloud. He was among the soldiers. Joseph
acts against his interest. Which are the prepositions in
these sentences? Before what noun or pronoun is each
placed?

LESSON XX.II.

47
in London,"" I will go ifhe will acc.ompany me," "You
are happy ~ecause you are· good." _
Q. What is said ofthe disjunctive conjunction?
.fl.. The disjunctive conjunction serves not only to connect and continue the sentence; but also to express opposition of meaning in different degrees; as, "Though
he was frequently reproved; yet he did not reform."
"They came with her; but'went away without her."
The following is a list of the principal conjunctions:
THE COPULATIVE. And, if, that, both, then, since, for,
because, therefore, wherefore.
THE D1sJUNCTIVE.
But, or, nor, as, than, lest,
though, unless, either, neither, yet, notwjthstanding.
'EXAMPLES.

William and Robert reside in New-York.
If Francis would try, he would improve.
I will study, although it is late. Charles will not improve, unless he studies.
In these sentences, which are the ' conjunctions?
Which copulative and which disjunctive? Why? W)1at
do they connect?

CONJUNCTION,

Q. What is a conjunction?
.9.. A conjunction is chiefly used to connect words
and sentences.
Q. How are conjunctions divided?
.9.. Conjunctions are principally divided into _two sorts,
namely, copulative and disjunctive.
Q. What is said of the conjunction copulative?
.9.. The conjunction copulative serves to connect or to
continu e a sentence, by expressing an addition, a supposition, a cause, &c.; as, " He and his brother reside

L E S S 0 N XXI II.
INTERJECTION .

Q. What is . an interjection?
. .fl.. An interj~ction is a word used to express the pass10n or emotion of the speaker; as, Oh! I have alienated
my friend. Alas ! I fear for life. 0 virtue! how
amiable thou art!

•

48
The following is a list of the principal interjections.
O! oh! pish! heigh! lo! behold! ah! tush! fie! hush!
hail! poh ! so ho! fie! alas! hist! hush!'
EXAMPLES.

Amazing! what do I see! Alas! I am undone!
Hark! the trumpet sounds! Lo (the poor Indian ! &c.
Hail Columbia! Oh fie! I do not believe it! In these
sentences which are the interjections?

LESSON XX.IV.
SYNTAX.
Q. Of what does Syntax treat?
.fl.. Syntax treats of the agreement and construction of
words in a sentence.
Q. What is agreement?
.fl.. Agreement is when one word is like another in
gender, number, person or case.
Q. What is government?
A. Government is that power which one part of speech
has over another, in determining its mode, tense or case.
Q. How are we to determine the argument and government of words?
.fl.. By the following rules:

RULE

I.

The indefinite article a or an belongs to nouns in the
singular number only; as, .!1_ boy plays. .11.n apple falJs.
In these sentences to what nouns does the article a or
an belong ? Repeat the rule.

49
RUµE II.

The definite article the belongs to riouns of the singular and plural number ; as, The boy writes. The boys
write.
In these sentences, to what nouns does the definite
article the belong ? Repeat the rule.

RULE. Iii.
The nominative case governs the verb in number and
person ; as, .George studies Mary's book. Emily lives
in Boston. The books lay upon the shelf.
In these sentences, what are the nouns? Why? Are
they proper or common? Why? Of what person are
they? Why ? Of what gender? Why ? In what case
are they? Why ? What verb does each nominative ca5e
govern ? Repeat the rule.

I'...ESSON XXV.
RULE IV.
The person, thing, or . pronoun, addressed, is of the
second person, and is in the nominative case independent; as, Charles, come here. Gentlemen, the hour has
arrived. Birds, sing your merriest notes. Oh Thou,
who rulest the universe.
What nouns are addressed in these sentences? Of
what person are.they? lo what case are they? Repeat
the rule.
·
5

·1

•
50

51

RULE V.
f

I

RULE

A noun or pronoun joined with a participle, and not
depending on the remaining part of the sentence, is put
in the nominative case absolute; as, The sun having risen,
the clouds were dispersed. The city having been captured, the inhabitants wer!3 put to· the sword. The sun
rising, darkness flies away.
In th ese sentences, which nouns are in the nominative
case absolute? Why? Repeat the rule.

VUI.

Nouns, signifying the same thing, agree in case; as,
1

Cicero, the orator, lived at Rome. Homer, the poet,
lived in Greece. William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania~ was distinguished for his integrity.

In these sentences, what nouns signify the same thing ?
In what case are".they?
peat the rule.

In what do they agree?

Re-

RULE IX.
The possessive case ' is gove'rned by the following
noun; as, Henry's book. Mary's bonnet. Eagles' wings.
In these examples, what nouns are in the possessive
·case? Why? .By what are they governed ? Repeat
the rule.

RULE VI.
The infinitive mode or a part of a sentence may be
used as a noun in the nominative case; as, To improve
requires study. To begin is the best way to accomplish.
To relieve the oppressed is commendable. To be learned
requires application.
In these sentences, what verbs in the infinitive mode
are put in t?e nominative case·? 'Vhat part of a sentence is put in the nominative case? ' Vhat verbs do they
govern ? Repeat the rule.
RULE VII.
Any verb may have the same case after it as before it,
when both words refer to the same thing; as, Charles
is a good boy. Cicero was an eloquent orator. George
is considered a good scholar. Fle is my friend. Ye are
they. I believe it to have been them.
In these sentences what verbs have the '.same case after them as before them? Why? What cases are they?

\

L E S S 0 N XXVl.
RULE X.
The objective case is governed by active verbs; as,
William calls George. John followed Charles. Edward saw Joseph.
In these sentences, what nouns are in the objective
case? Why? By what active verbs are they governed? .
Repeat the rule.
.Note. Neuter verbs govern the objective, when the noun
after them has a signification similar to their own; as, To fight a
battle. To run a race. To live a life. To play a game.

52
RULE XI.
The objective case is governed by active participles ;
as, Charles is studying his lesson • I saw Robert :eursuing the thief. Charles has been writing a letter.
In these, sentences, what nouns are in the objective
case? Why ? By what active participle is each governed ? Repeat the rule.
RULE XII.
The objective case is governed by *participial nouns;
as, He is employed in building a house. His blame consists in having injured his friend. I am weary of hearing
complaints. In these sentences, which are the objective
cases? Why? By what participial noun is each governed ? Repeat the rule.
RULE XIII.
Two objective cases may follow active verbs of asking,
teaching, and some others, a preposition being understood; as, James asked Edward a question. He taught
William grammar. He wrote me a letter. Samuel gave
Robert a book.
In these sentences, what two objective cases follow
each verb ? What preposition is understood? Repeat
the rule.
RULE XIV.
The objective case may follow passive verbs of asking,
teaching, and some others; as, Edward was asked a ques•

* A participial noun is so called, becaus.e it partakes Qfthe na_
ture of participles and nouns also.

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53
tion. • William is taught gram~ar. He was allowed a
seat in thii House of Commons.
In these sentences, what objective 'case follows each
verb ? Repeat the rule.
RULE_XV.
Nouns signifying time, measure, distance, dimension,
direction or space, are in the obj ective ·case absolute ;
as, He was in Boston two years. They were at Salem
last summer. The wall is six feet high. 1 have walked
four miles. The room is twenty feet square. They have
gone South.
' In these sentences, what nouns are in the objec'tive case
absolute? R epeat the rule.

L E S S 0 N XXVII.
RULE XVI.
The objective case is governed by prepositions ; as,
He is in town. They have gone over the river. He
was among the captives. She was loved by him. The
waves rolled beneath them.
In these sentences, -wliat nouns are in the objective
case and governed by a preposition ? Repeat the rule.
Note. 1.

The obj ective whoin sometimes follows than . . -

Note 2. Nouns signifying value may follow the p.djective
worth; as, "My book is worth a dollar

5•

''

-- --- ¥

..

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54
RULE XVII.
Every adjective and every adjective pronoun, belongs
to som e noun or pronoun expressed or understood; as,
That man is wise. A wise man governs his passions.
He is wiser than his brother. He .is the wisest man in
the city. The boys have seen their father. Mary will
visit her sister.
In these sentences, what are the adjectives ? In what
degree of comparison is each? Which are the adjective
pronouns? To what nouns or pronouns do they belong?
Repeat the rule.
RULE XVIII.
Pronouns agree with the nouns; for which they stand
in gender, numb er, and person; as, Henry is a good
boy; he is industrious; he is honest. John saw the man
who was injured. James saw the house, which was burnt.
George gave Samuel such a book as pleased him. This
is the man whose money was lost. That is the man
whom he injured. The lady who visited us has left .
town.
In these sentences, which are the pronouns? For
what nouns do they stand? What is their gender, number and person? With what nouns do they agree? Repeat the rule.
RULE XIX.
A verb must agree with its nominative case in number
and person; as Samuel improves. The birds sing.
The flowers bloomed.
In these sentences, what are the verbs? With what
aominative case does each agree? Repeat the rule.

~

.-

., •.;...~

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l·:

'RULE XX.

r.

A noun of multitude may have a verb or pronoun
with it in the singular number, when it conveys
unity of idea, but it may have a plural verb or pronoun,
when it conveys plurality of idea; as, The meeting was
large, The parliament is dissolved. The multitude eagerly pursue pleasure. The council were divided in their
sentiments.
In these sentences, which nouns convey unity of idea
and which plurality of idea? Wh'at verb or pronoun
has each agreeing with it?
agr~eing

LESSONXXVIII.
RULE XXI.
Two or more nouns, in the singular number, connected by a copulative conjunction expressed or understood,
require their verb or pronoun, to be in the plural number, to agree with them; as Socrates and Plato were wise,
they were th~ most eminent philosophers of Greece. The
sun that rolls over our heads, the food that we receive,
the rest .that we enjoy, daily admonish us of a superior
and superintending power.
In these sentences, what nouns in the singular number
are connected by a copulative conjunction expressed or
understood ? What verbs and prounouns are in the
ph1ral number to agree with them ? Repeat the rule.

5'6

57

RULE XXII.

In these sentences what are the participles? To
what noun or pronoun does each belong ? Repeat the
rule,

'The infinitive mode is frer1uently independent; as, To
tell the truth , ] was to to blame. To spealc plainly, you
are in an error.
In th ese sentences which verbs are in the infinitive
mod e independent? Repeat the rule.

Note. A participle joined to an adverb may be independent ;
as, generally speaking, Charles is a good boy.

RULE XXIII.
Th e infinitive mod e may be governed by verbs," participles, nouns, pronouns and adjectives ; as, I wish to imz1rove . 1 am trying to improve. I have a mind to irnprove. It is for him to decide. He is eager to learn.
In t11 cse sentences, by what part of speech is the infinitive mod e govern ed? H.epeat the rul e.
,I•

RULE XXIV.
Verbs wliich follow bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make,
need, scc, and some others are in th e infinitive mode,
with ou t the sign to; as, Bid him depart. I dare say he
will come. H e fee ls tb e rain fall upon his hand . Emily heard th e mini ste r preach . L et me write. Malce
Ch arl es study. You need not hurry. We saw the boys
play.
In th ese se ntences wh at verbs are ia the infinitive mode
without th e sign to 6J What does each follow. Repeat
the rule.

RULE XXV.
Participles belong to nouns, ~ and pronouns; as, Henr~
is playing; he is running. We are walking. I saw
him studying. James having finished his task was dismissed.

LESSON XX.IX.
RULE XXVI.
Adverbs qualify verbs, participles, adjectives and other adverbs ; as, Henry acts 1A.;ely; he is running swiftly; he is extremely studious ; he acts very wisely.
What adverbs are there in these sentences? What
part of speech does each qua~fy ? Repeat th~
rule.

RULE XXVII.
Conjunctions connect the same modes an·d tenses of
verbs, and the same cases of nouns and pronouns ; as,
James and John were brQthers. The speaker took the
chair and the assembly proceeded to business.
In the foregoing examples, what conjunctions connect
nouns in the same case ? What connect verbs of the
same modes and tenses ? Repeat the rule.
Note 1. Conjunctions sometimes connect verbs of different
modes and tenses ; as, If you will assist me I can accomplish my
design. My brother 1wa left town, but tl7ill return soon:
·Note 2, Conjunctions sometimes connect adjectives, adverbs,

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58
and participles ; as, He is benevolent and useful. He speaks clearly andforcibly. Mary is playing and singing.

Note 3. ·when th e qualities of differentlhings are compared,
the latter noun or pronoun is not governed by the conjunction
than or as, but agrees with the verb, or the preposition expressed or understood; as, Thou art wiser than I; tha t is, than I am.
They loved him more than me; i. e. more than they loved me.
The sentiment is well expresse d by Plato, but much better by
S olomon than him; that is, than by hirn.

RULE XXVIII.
Th e inteij ection 0 ! Oh ! and ah ! r equire the objective case of a pronoun of the first person after th em, but
the nominative case of the second person; as, ah ! or
alas! me, oh ! thou, &c.
In these example s what pronoun is of the first person
and in the obj ective case ? Why?, What pronoun is
there of the second person and in the nominative case ?
· Why?

S entences containing words to be parsed according to
each of the foregoing rules . .
RULE I.
A bird fli es. A man walks. An apple falls. An eagle soars.
' Vhat words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE II.

The boy plays. The trumpet sounds. The boys play.
The stars shine.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?

I

'•

RULE III.
James surpasses William. George will visit the
school. The boys have recited their lessons'. Henry
esteems James.
.
What words here are parsed according to this rule

.

RULE IV.
Mary, you may recit e your lesson. J ohn, your father
has returned Gentleman, the hour has arrived. 0 !
virtue ! how amiable thou art. 0 thou ! who hast created all things.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE V.
The sun having risen, the clouds were dispersed. The
city having been take n, the inhabitants were put to the
sword. The sun rising, darkness flies away.
.
What w"cirds here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE VI.
To acc.omplish our task requires study. To relieve
the oppressed denotes a benevolent heart. To be learned requires application .
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE VII.
Order is heaven's first Jaw. All partial evil is universal
good. George is a good boy. Cicero was an eloquent
orator. H e is considered an upright man. Ye are they.
I took her to be Mary. I knew him to be a benevolent
man .
What .words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE VIII.
Cicero the orator lived at Rome. Homer the poet liv-

...

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ed in Greece. Mr. Jones the lawyer has arrived. I
have seen Mr. Smith the merchant.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE IX.
Henry's brother has left town. Robert's book is lost.
They mount as on eagles' wings. Wise men's opinions
sway the multitude.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULEX.
William calls George. John follows Charles. Edward saw Joseph. The officer apprehended him.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE XI.
William is studying his lesson. I saw the officer pursuing the thief. He is considering the question. The
speaker having addressed the meeting withdrew.
I'
have been examining them.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE XII.
He is employed in building a house. His blame consists in having injured his friend. I 8.Jll desirous of see-'
ing him.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULEXHI.
Idleness teaches youth all evils.

~:

John asked Charles

a question. Henry gave me an apple.
Mary wote
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?
her a letter.

~-~::.~RULE

XIV.

. Albert .;vas asked a question.' . Mary was· taught music by Eliza. He was al.lowed the privilege of voting.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE XV.
They resided .at New- y ork six months M
·11
· · C
·
ary w1
v1s1t harleston next summer The h
· r
r
h'
·
· ouse 1s 1orty 1 eet
igh. The first day He made the light. The hall is forty fee t square. I intend to travel West.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE XVJ;
- They r~side near· the State-house. They sailed across
the - Atlantic. He is in town · They have gon e over
t h e r~ver. H e was among th e captives. She 'ivas loved
by him. The waves roUed beneath them.
What words here are parse d according to this rule ?
RULE XVII.
~our frie~dsliip is grateful to me. A just man is ten~c10u~ ofh1s purpose: E very grove will be g reen. A
wise man governs his passions. He i~ w.i ser than his
broth er. H e _is ~h e wisest man in the city. The boys
have see!! the1.r kite. Mary will visit her sister.
What words. here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE XVIII.
Albert is a good boy, he.is industrious, he Is , honest.
Charles saw the man who was injured. That man is
br~ve who _conquers himself. I have read the letters
which
. wante d.
. . were sent to me. He is such a man as 1s
This is the boy whose name is John. This is th e man
6

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62
whom he injured. The lady who visited us has left
town.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ? RULE XIX.
Brutus slew Cresar. Dido built Carthage. The oak
extends its branches. The spring furnishes flowers.
Lightnings strike the highest mountains. The golden
sun rules the world.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE XX.
The nation is powerful in arms. The. meeting was
large. The parliament was dissolved by the king. The
multitude eagerly pursue pleasure. The council were
divid ed in their sentiments.
·w hat words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE XXL
Marius and Scylla carried on a civil war. Socrates and
Plato were great Philosophers. The sun that rolls over
our heads, the food that we receive, the rest that we enjoy, daily admonish us of a superior and superintending power.
What words here are parsed according to this rule
RULE XXII.
To confess the truth, I was in the wrong. To be sure,
I once believed it.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?
RULE xxm.
I have a desire to study. 'He is conTell him to recrite. I am anxious to

I wish to write.
triving to escape.
improve.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?

RULE XXIV.
Bid him return. I dare meet him. We feel the wind
blow. I heard the tempest roar. Let George _recite.
They made the air resound. You need not hesitate
We have seen the boys play.
What~vords here are parsed according to this ;·ule ?
RULE XXV.
The boys are sµelling ; they have been reading ; we
found them studying. Having recited their lessons, the
'
scholars were dismi1;sed.
What words here are pars11d according to this rule ?
RULE XXVI.
George acts nobly. · He sp eaks eloquently. · They
were fighting bravely. He is extremely prudent. John
has recited very well.
.
Wh~t words her~ are parsed according ~o this rule ?
RULE XXVII.
Charles reads and writes. Ja.mes and John study grammar. I saw him and her in the carriage. If you will
assist me, I can accomplish my design. I have walked
to'..day but shall ri_de to-morrow. The night was dark
and stormy. He lives virtuously and frugally. They
have been reading and writing. Albert is larger than
Thomas. I admire Charles more than James. More
is expected of John than him.
·what wordil here are parsed according to this rule and
the notes under it ?
RULE XXVIII.
Ah me ! Oh ye ! who love the silvan shade. 0 thou !
Who dwellest, &c.
What words here are parsed according to this rule ?

1

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64

tuiue the mutual guardians of their mutual happiness ;
can no longer be fellow-citizens of our great, respectable
and flourishing empire. Hearken not to the voice which
petulantly tells you, that the form of government recommended for your adoption is a novelty in the poli,tical\
world ; that it has never yet had a place in the theori~s ·
of the wiljest projectors ; that. it rashly attempts wnat it
is impossible to accomplish . ·No, my countrymen ;
shut your ea.rs against this unhallowed language. Shut
your- hearts against the poison wh:ch it conveys; the
kindred blood, which flows in the veins of American citizens, the mingled blood, which they have shed in defence of their sacred rights consecrate their union, and
excite horror at the idea of their becoming aliens, rivals,
enemies.

PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES FOR PARSING.
A man walks. An eagle flew. We have hoped. The
Sun had risen. The enemy had come. The trees will
grow. We shall have walked. J?epart thou . Stu<ly
ye. The fig adorns the tree. The enemy is conquered. F ables will be related. The flow er was plucked.
He is praised. The sun may shine. The eye may
have se en. I might be carried. The gate might have
been opened. The sailor cuts the sea. The thorn arms
the roses. The earth prodnces flowers . The severe
winter is dissolved. The night is cold. A black cloud
has concealed the moon. The avaricious man seeks
wealth. Conquer thou thine anger.
I have received
your letter. Romulu·s founded the Roman Empire. The
sun rel urning conceals the stars. Care follows inc re asing wealth. Philip the Macedonian King conquered the
Athenians. The she·pherd Corydon loved Alexis. Virtue is the best nobility. Idleness is a vic e. Hunger is
the best cook. Cicero was considered the greatest orator of Rome. A true friend is a great treasure. She
walks a queen . He is a citizen, who loves his country .
A bird avoids the nets, which are too apparent. He,
whom all men hate, is not safe. ·who is more friendly
than a brother. Gold is cheaper than virtue.

MADISON.
Hearken not to the unnatural voice which tells you
that the people .of America knit together, as they are,
by so many cords of affection, can no longer live together as members of the same family ; c·an no longer con-

l.

THE YELLOW VIOLET.
When beechen buds begin to swell,
And woods the blue-bird's warble know,
The yellow violet's modest bell
Peeps from the last year's leaves below.
Ere russet fields their green resume,
Sweet flower! I love in forest bare,
To meet thee, when thy faint perfume
Alone is in the virgin air. _
Thy parent sun, who bade thee view
Pale skies, and chilling moisture sip, .
Has bathed thee in his own bright hue,
And streaked with jet thy glowing lip.
Oft, in the sunless April day,
Thy early smile has staid my walk;
()!!'

1

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67

I

But midst the gorgeous blooms of May
I passed thee on thy humble stalk.
So they, who climb to wealth, forget
The friends in dark er fortunes tried;
I copied them-but I regret
That I should ape the ways of pride.
And when again the genial hour
A,~akes the painted tribes of light,
I'll not o'erlook the modest flower
That made the woods of April bright.

.

MOONLIGHT .-PoPE.
'Vhen the fair moon, refulgent lamp of night,
O'er heave n's clear azure spreads h er sacred light;
When not a breath disturbs the deep serene,
And not a cloud o'ercasts the solemn scene;
Around her throne the vivid planets roll,
And stars unnumber'd gild the glowing pole,
O'er the dark trees a yellower verdure shed,
And tip with silver every mountain's head ;
Then shine the vales, the rocks in prospect rise·,
A flood of glory bursts from all the skies;
The conscious swains, rejoicing in the sight,
Eye the blue vault, and bless the useful light.

I

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PROSODY.
Q. What does ·prosody teach?
l
.R.. Prosody teaches the true pronunciation of words,
comprising Accent, Quantity, Emphasis, Pause and
Tone, and it also teaches the laws of versification.
•
ACCENT .
Q. What is accent ? ·
.R.. Accel}_t . is the lay ing of a peculiar stress of the
voice on a certain letter or syllable in a, word, as in the
word compose the accent is on the second syllable.
QUANTITY.

Q. What is the quantity of a syllable?
.R.. The quantity of a syllable is that time, which is occupied in pronouncing it.

.I

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EMPHASIS .

Q. What is emphasis?
.R.. By emphasis is meant a stronger and fuller sound
of voice by which we distinguish' some word or words on
which we design to lay pa rticular stress ,and to show
how they affect the rest of the sentence.
PAUSES.
Q. What are pauses?
.R.. Pauses or rests in speaking and reading are a total
cessation of the voice during a perceptible and in many
cases a measurable space of time.
TONES.

Q. In what do tones consist?

I

1

.R.. Tones consist in the modulation of the voice and
in the variations of sound which we employ i12 the expression of our sentimenst.

68

69

VERSIFICATION.

The Apostrophe, used when a letter or syllable is omitted and in the poss.essive case of the noun, as; " 'T is, for
it is." "A man's property."
/
.
The Caret used when ·a word or numbe:- of words are

Q. 'What is versification?
.fl.. Versification is the arrangement of a certain number an<l variety of syll ables, according to certain laws. ·
Q. What is rhy me?
.fl.. Rhym e is the correspondence of the last sound of
one verse, to the last so und or syllable of another; as
" In reason's ear they all rejoice,
And utter forth a glorious voice."
PUNCTUATION.

Q. "V\rhat is punctuation?
.IJ.. Punctuation is th e art of dividing a written composition into se ntences , or parts of sentences, by points or
stops, for the purpose of marking th e different pauses
which the sense and an accurate pronunciation require.
COMMA.

Q. 'What does th e comma require?
.!J.. The comma requires the shortest pause.
Q. \\rhat does th e semicolon require)
.!J.. Th e semicolon re~uires a pause double that of the
comma.
Q. What doe:o the colon require?
.!J.. Th e colon requires a pause double that of the
semicolon .
Q. What does a period require?
.!J.. The pe riod requires a pause double that of the colon.
VARIOUS CHARACTERS USED IN COMPOSITION.

The note of Interrogation ? used when a question is
asked; as, " Has he arriv ed ?"
The note of Admiration or Exclamation ! used to express admiration or s urprise ; as, " \Vhat a spectacle!"

his

omitted through mistake; as, "This is house."
A

A Hyphen, which is thus marked - ; as, "Lap-dog, tomorrow."
T .h e acute Accent, marked thus' ; asJ ''Fancy;" the
·grave A ccent thus ' ; as, "Fav 0 r."
The proper m:rk to distinguish a long syllable is this - ;
as, "Rosy,'' and a short one this"; as; "Folly." This
last mark is called a Breve. The broad Accent is marked with a Circumflex ; as in " Hale."
A Dire resis, marked thus, ··, consists of two points ·
placed over one of the vowels that would otherwise make
a dipthong, and parts them into syllables ; as, "Creator,
coadjutor, ae rial."
A Section, marked thus~. is the division of a discourse
or chapter into less parts or portions.
A Paragraph 1T denotes the beginning of a new subj ect or a sentence not connected with th e foregoing.
This character is chiefly used in the Old and New Te"Staments..
· A Quotation" "· Two inverted commas are generally
placed at the beginning of a phrase or a passage which
is quoted from the speaker or author in his own words,
and two commas- ~n their direct position are placed at
the conclusion: as,
"The proper study of mankind is man."
Crotchets or Brackets [] () serve to enclose a word
or a sentence for the purpose of explanation.

70
An Index or hand
passage.

ar::::r-

..

.. . .
points to some -remarkable

A Brace } is used in poetry at the end of three lines
which have the same rhyme.

.

An Asterisk or star*, points to some note in the margin.
An Ellipsis(- )is used when some letters or words
are omitted, as k-g for king. ·
.

•,

An Ob elisk t and several other characters, are used to
point to some note or reference in the margin; or bottomof a page.

•
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CAPITALS.

Q. What words should begin with capitals?
A. Th e following words should begin with capitals.
. J 1st. The first word of every book, chapter, letter, paragraph, &c.
____.
2d. The first word after a period, and frequently after
a colon , and notes of interrogation and explanation.
3d. Th e nam es of the Deity; as, God, Jehovah, the
Supreme B eing, &c.
4th. Proper names of persons, places, ships, &c.
5th. Adjectives deri ved from the proper names of
places; as, Grecian, Roman, English, &c.
6th. The first word of an example and of a quotati9n in
a direct form; as, Always remember this ancient maxim,
" Know thyself."
7th. The first word of every line i.n poetry.
8th. Th er ponoun I and the interjection O!
9th. Words of particular importance; as 1 the Reformation, the Restoration, the Revolution.
/

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