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PRINCETON

TEXT BOOK
IN

RHETORIC.
BY

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. D.,
'PROFESSOR OF BELLES LBTTR1!S il'D POLlTICAL BCONOKY;

JN '1'1111 OOLLBGB OP OW J'BISU,

PRINCETON: N. J.
nJnJJ)

JT .JOU T. :IOBIKIOX.

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. PREF .A.CE.
TnE accompanying little treatiset is, purely,
what it.a title page imports :-a TExT-BOQK
in RhttOTic, fpr the use of the author's own
pupils. It is, therefore, printed,-but not
PUBLISHED·

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Indeed it ought' to be said, that the first intention of the author, was to prepare a mer~
sy'llalnts, or comprehensive abstract of the principl,a involved in Rhetoric; primarily with
the view, of facilitating a review of the subject, as preparatory to the :final examination
of the class. This should be !aid, in explan-'
· ation of the heading of the work. It soon,
however, became apparent to him, that the·
form first intended, would be unsatlsf'actory.
both to himself, and the student ; and very
ea.rly,-even in ~e treatment of the first Part,
-the conception of the plan, took on the form
it now wears :-not that of a SYLLABUS, but
that of a TEXT BooK ;-but still, a Text Book,
1hat needs the full and free development,
which, as his pupils know, it constantly receives in the mental gymnastics, of the CLASS
Roox.
The inducement leading to its preparation

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grew out of the author's experience, in the
ROOM, in the U!e of{-WHATELY'S RHETORIO,-and its object, is, to facilitate the methods of instruction there in use ;-1, with
a. view to the better attainment of the ends of
mental discipline, especially, in the attempt
to train the student to think, under the stimulus of recitations on the subject of Rhetoric ;
-and 2, to impart a knowledge of the principles and laws which underlie, alike, the SCIBNQB, a.nd the-ART of Rhetoric. The ma&terly
ttork. or Whately, heretofore in use, is now
~,-for the time at least-partly
for reuon.s growing out of its etrects upon the
students, in the matter of their Belles Lettres
culture :-partly from a conviction that the
ultimate grounds of the validity of arguments,
can be set in still clearer, more forcible, and
readily remembered, relations ;-partly because what seemed to _be a very important
practical end, for students preparing for professional life-and treated in the FmsT Bomc
of the THIRD PART of the present treatise,is not embraced in Wha.tely's plan at all ; and, still more, because the FOURTH PART of
Wha.tely,--on ELOOUTION,-is not only inferior in its method and handling, but positively,
and mischievously erroneous, in its theoretic
principles, and consequently in its practical
precepts.
The first two parts,-and as they lie in
CLASS

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Whately, incomparably the abler parts-of the
Book are formed substantially on the plan of
Whately ; though the treatment will be found
to differ very materially, in the details of the
exposition. The classes carried through the
study of Rhetoric by the author, will recognize the book, as substantially a condensed
'reproduction of the teachings of the CLASS .
ROOll. The author has not hesitated, how- .
ever, to use any materials or suggestion, supplied by other Books in use,-common or
otherwise-; setting them, however, invariably,--except. where they may be . expressly
quoted,-in newtu"elations, which seemed to
be better adapted to meet the uses of the
student.

Besides the . masterly work of Whately, _
there are two others, which have render-·
ed so much suggestive a.ssistance,-though ·
neither of them much that is express, or formal-as to deserve a s9mewhat special mention, in this connexion ; viz : ELOQUENCE A
VIRTUE, or OUTLINES OF A SYSTEMATIC RH~T­
ORIC, • Translated from the German of DR.
FRANCIS THEREMIN, by PROF. WILLIAM: G. T.
SHEDD,-now of Andover :-and .-ELEMENTS
OFTHE _
-- o: b .

tlie student

ld lay his accou11t to

master the latter work, in its crnnpkte and ex, l&austive
classijications,-and especially on the
.

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&Ubject OfINVENTION ,-it would• prove 8. 'flig/Jf/<
educating Book. For a ge~ral TllT Boog,
on 'tlte whole Mihj1et of RHETORIC, however, it
hu proved so philosophicJ and· technica.~ and
complex, that it ha.s been found difficult, to
in.duce that complete mas¥ry or it,-a.t least
by a con.siderable portion· of the Class,-on which its value, chiefly depends. Instead,
therefore, of introducing it as a Text Book,
- for the final study o~ the. subject, we prete:r:
.... to use it, as a text-book, only, in the earli•
· ,. · ~ .. of THE PAB'f, which treats of ~TY.LB ; '-·
... ·. -..i tlleu recommend it, i:q.connexion with
. ' ~ th 'Work of TIDREJIIN, for tire oateful pn"vat~
-- - study of the crass, together with the TEXT
BooK now submitted, as a preparation for the
recitations of the Class room.

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CONTENTS.
C~TERI.

Definitions and Disti~tions, ....... ......... l-4

PA.RT I.
CJLA.PTER II.
Rhetorical Process. Prol!Osition. Argument, . . 5-8
CH-APTER IT!.
Classification of Arguments, .•........ ...... 8-10
SECTION

II.

Classification of Aqgnments, as determined
by their nature as arguments, ... ........ 10--40
CHAPTER IV.
Dift'erent.ends or uses of Argument, . ...... .40--43
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OHA.PTERV.

Presumption and Burden of Proof, ....... . .. 43-53

' CHA.PTBR YI. .
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Arrangement of ~rguments, .............. . 53-57
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SECTION

II.

Order of the Proposition and the Proof:-

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Three methods of ate.ting the Proposition, . 57-60
SECTION Ill.
Order or Arguments relatively to each other,.60-64
CHAPTER VII.

Refutation, .......•.....•....••........•. 64-67
8BOTION

IT.

Methods of Refutation, .•....•.•.........• 67-73

p ART II.-PERSUASION .
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CHAPTER!. ·

Analysis of the ·Process, .................. 78-84
OHA.PTER IT.
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Active Principles tributary to Persuasion, .. 84-8~

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CHAPTER Ill.
The Lan oHmpassioned Discourse, .•.... .•89-90
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SECTION

I.

Conduct of Discourse in Persuasion, ...... . 90-102
CHAPTER-IV.
Sympathy as an Instrument of Power in
Eloquence, ..... . . . ................. 102-110

PA.RT III.

CHAPTER I.
Introductory, ............... . ... .. . .. . 111-112

BOOK

!.-CONSTRUCTIVE RHETORIC : DISCOURSE.

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OHAPTERJ.
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Cultare of Efoqu(lnce, ..•.... r·. -· ...... 112--119
CHA.P'l.1m Il
Hetbods of Preparation ; Advaniges, and
. · Disadvantages of each, ........ . ... ... 119-130
CHAPTER Ill.
Invention, ...... .. .. . ... .. . . . . . .. . . ... 180-132
CHAPTER IV.
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~ .. Organic Rhetoric : The several parts of a.
Discourse, .. .. ... : . . ............... 133-135
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CHAPTER V. ·
The Introduction, ... . . . ..... . .... .. .. : .135-148
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CHAPTER VJ.
The Proposition, .. ... ... .. .... . . .. . ... 148--150
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CHAPTER VII.
The Division, .. ... . .. . ... . . . .......... 151-154
CHAPTER VITI.
The:Narration, . . . .. ... ........ . .. . .... 155-161
CHAPTER IX.
The Ar~ment, .. . ........ ~ . . . .. :. : .... 161-165
. CHAPTERX.
The Conclusion or Peroration, ..... ..... 165-166

BOOK Il.-STYLE:
CHAPTER I.

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The Nature, and Standard, of Good Style, .166-173
CHAPTER IT.
Clearness, ............................ 174--188
SECTION II.
Relation of Clearness to the Construction, 188-194:
CHAPTER ID.
Force as a Property of Style; ............ 194SECTION

I.

The selection of terms tributal'Y to Force,.194-200
. SECTION

11.

.. nonstruction, as 1ributary to Force, ...... 200-209
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CHAPTER IV.
Beauty as a Property of Style, .....•.... 209-211
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SECTION

I.

The Material Elements of Beauty, .•...... 211-212
SECTION II.
Beauty as residing in Form, ............ 212-218

SECTION Ill.
. Principles ruling in the use of Imagery, ... 218-227

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. PART IV.-ELOCUTION.
CB'.A.PTER I.

·Introduction, ..•.•.•..•.. : ...•.•..••... 228-233
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CH.APTER II.

::Woice, ............ .•........ •••..... . .233-23~

SECTION I.
Of Quality, ........................... 234- -23~
SECTION II.
· Of Force, ........... ................. 237-240
SECTION III.
"

or Time, .. : .......................... 240-24a

SECTION IV.
Of Abruptness, ..................... ·... 243SECTION V.
Of Pitch, ............................. 243-252
CHAPTER ID.

Articulation, .................. ....... 252-258

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. CHAPTER IV:
InfteqUon, · · · · · · ·

. 258-266

'ciiiPm . v:······ 266-267

Accent, .. . ....... CHAPTER.

vi........ 267-2'77

Emphasis, .... . . "cilli?TER vii.... ~ ·. ·." 2'77-271

Pa.use, ·... . · · · · ·ci.ii.PTEii 'viii.' ··

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Vocal Culture, · · 'ciiiPTEii 'ii:: · .. ~ : ~ . 2-289

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Action, ... · · ~··· .

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