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ETYl\fOLOGY
AND
SYNTAX
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llEING ,

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AN . AUS'I'RACT ,OF CONVERS1\. TIONS.

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· .ENdLISii
\GRAMMAR;
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EXERCISES lN FALSE .SYNTAX ARE ANNEXED ';'
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AD~PTED .:TO TII~~\.r~t
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SCI.IOOJ.S .
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. ., ..,. \., BY· Cll.ARLES ·M. INGERSOLL.
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· 'rbere is iio otber method ~f teaching that of which any one is ign!>·

ratlt, tl1an by me~~s. ofs~metl~~ al~~ady,.~no='.~~· ~:1~son

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!'UBLISRED BY . BENNETT

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&' WA.~TON, NO, 37, l\Ul\Kl:·~

William Br9wn, Printer.

1822.
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:Pl-IILADELP.fui.;. · --. _c ~ -- .:~- ·

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XlECO ,M lWEND;\TIONS .
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1.'lu: followi11g are some
·

Ensteni Vtstrict of Petinsylvania. to ?llil :
. ·BE IT REM .EMB~Rl;:D, That on th" t~ntlt day ol'Octobel', in the
forty·sewnth yenr ol the Imlei1P11<lence of the United States of Ame·
?"ica, f!t.· 0.1822, qn1i"1Ps M. lngersoll, <?fthe said Uistri•'ti l~ath tleposited
m thn offire the t11k of a book, tlw righnvhereo(he ·c a1m1 as author,
jn th e words fol~owing, to wit:
· "Conversations on F.tymology ant! Syntllx; being nn abstract ofConversations on Eng ~ 1sh Grm1mllr; to which Exereises in False Svntax
nrf' nnn exe<! ; :i.•l~pted .ti the use of F1unilies~ :md S~hools. By ('.hn~les
·M. Ingenoll. · l herf' •s no other me.tho1l ' ot terichmg that of wlnclt
:tnj• 011 1> is ignornnt, than by means of- somethir1g already known.Dr. Johnson."
·
· ·'
In conformity to the act of the,Congress 'of tlw United States, inti·
tied ·• An 11ct for the encouml!';ement of lenrning. hy securing tlw coJ>fe!I
of maps, chi;rts. nnd hooks, to thr 1111thors anil proprii>tors of •uch copies,
during the rinws tlwrein mentioned."-And also to thP ncr, entitled" An.
· act rnpplen•1·ntary to an fl Ct, e1ititled 'An ac·t for r.he c11couragement
or 1t·~mi11i;-. by secnring the copies of maps. chart .~, and books, r.o lltie
nurhors ~IHI proprietors ofsnch copies during the tim es_therein melltion·
e<l,' rind e:-;tenr!ing tht> benrfits thereof to the arts of designing, engrav·
: 0 .
· ing, a1~d etch!ug historical and_other prit~ ts.". ·
D . CALDWELL,
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Clerk of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

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1·ecomment/ation1 of.the wol'k .from whii:lr

t/iia .Abstract i~ taken.

The· following 1·emarks hy Mr. Walsh, are ..takcn from '"l'ht'. National
Gaze>tte'' of th e 7th Sept. 1821.
''. Ot!r. avocnt!ons _p1·ev,e11ted m ~rom ellamining. until late!~·, 'The Coll• ,
ve1.sat1oiu 011 1'•.11ghsh Gran.mar, !Ste•. l>y l:l111r!t>s ~1 . lnger~oll; a work
which w~s pnbhsfwd ncit long since at New "York. [t ~ Pl'• ars to us to · ,,· .
. ~e. s upe~101· Ill •!•e 1>lan an~ execution, 11s regards the. purpo<t' for which
Jt IS ~l a lll)y tles1g1ied,-the, lJse .ofschool9,-IO any t'lement·•ry trellrise Qf
Engl_1sh Grammar with 'which we a1·e acqu:iintt-d. H~· 1111~ chosen the
happiest form 1111d thL most dlical'ious rnode of in,trndion · nnd woo1lcl
see in, fr!Jm 'tJte sou.nd grnera i views presented· in hi• w .. ll wriiren Preface,
to l~a.ve studied, ~1th ,tht" g 1·eatest care, the kind 1111"- dtg1·ee of' assist~11ce
wl11cl~'th e; you1l~ful mind. rt•quires in dw pursi1it of 11bst1!lcr kn· wlt·rlge.
.;Iu, his 'Co11v,·1'satimis,' · th<~ natur~, principle~. and rules of Eugllsh
G~Rmmar 1 are .so unfolcJ• d , prugre~~ively. th·•1 _ihc le;i rnei· j, a~;,1steu by
each s~ep m <: very .further advai.ce, 'l1td all the p1·eliminary id.-:i, n ... ce$·
sary to tl.1e .compre.hension of any 11ar~icula,r . topic, ate fixed in hi, mind
as ta1· as 1f, 1s practicable. .. · ,. .,., ' ., · ,,. . · · ·;._ ·.. · · ,. · · ··
·. · ·
·• · '' )l~r. lngi-~1·soll has, \Vit.hout que~tion • .'adminisll'red iri1porte0'". helps,
m this V<,>lu~11e; .10 stich·as ",\re ~11ffieiently ripe in understanding ' o mRs· .
ter the ~u~1ect •.· The work i~ a \'a,li111ble a'ccession to the lis1 of •chool
m!l~u~!s~ and, m~y l>""=l?_i·ofi,talily consu.~ted ~yadults iu evt:ry libu-al waU~

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,. . ·. ~Mr: Chal"l.es·-:M. Ingersoll. · ···. , · ·' · ~ ..
'' S_ir-1 have read with mueh . 011tisf~ctioil ·yom· 'Conversations on
English Grammai·,? 'l he work contains all that is useli.il in M11rr11v
Lowth; 1111<l ot_hers writers 011 gri11m1111r; .and th e instructio11 is crnn·eyed
011 ~ phr• entirely !.lew, an~I well aclapte•I 10 fix ·it n1ethodir •lly a11<l per·
manPnl.ly on the 111111d. Its 1J1troductm11 mto oursemi11ariesofeduc" •iou
would fac.ilit:•le the progres,s of ~hf· pupil."and I cnrainly hope that you .
may .rece1ye the l1atrn11age wluch the tli~tinguished mc1·its ot' this work
demantl. I nu?, si1-; your rnost ol..lerli~!1t _s ervau c',
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J . V.~.YAJES,

. "Secretnry <?fState, >tnd, ex: officio, Suj;erintendeut ofCourn1011 ::>cl1ools."
Albany, St:' µt. I, 1821.
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Extract from the Mo11trenl f."mll"an·t-, or Aug11st 11th 182 1.

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· "Edw:~ti.u11.-We ~" in i11rr'.>duce the su~j ect or" Mr. lllgl'rsoll's new

systen r ol Grnmmar, lrom the tinn conviction of its superiority o\·e1· any
other work on .the sa·mc subject."
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"Messn. Wiley & Halstead-I have examined with at1e11ti.o n, and with

I~l_eas ure,' Corwersations _011 ~nglish Gra111ma1·,'·hy Charle& M. In~crsoll,

Es11. allll have no hesitnt10111_11 saying, that, in my opinion, it is mcom•

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11:ll'alily the b~t En~lish Gr:unrnnr, for the use of schools, that has been
laid before the"pnblie. I trust that the facilities which it offers to )'otmg
lellrnen, will inducn pl\renu who consult.their own interest iu~l that of
their children, and teachr1·s who intend to do'theh· llnty to bot.Ii, to unite
.in giving this book an immediate int.ro~,u~ti9~ into all om· schools. '
'· '
.• : • 1· J . PEHRY,
"Teacl1er of the Cl~ssical rmd G1·ammar'school, No. 142 I<"ulton street."
New York, May 14th, 1822. . .
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PETER NFLSON.

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. PREFAC.E.. ..
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1 .~ ;f1iE suggesti?n~ of n)any respectable ~e~ch­

'. ~~·.s \Vho)1se :." (:.o~\·ers,atiofls onEngli~h' Gr~~·mar,"' h~vc ind.u'ced the ·autho1· to · pre·p are . th-is
. An,sTnA9T fo1~ th~ use "o.f>young -learners, both
. in.. familie~ :;,~n<l · s~hools> ~, it . c~nt~ins
· su'f fide_nt t~ · give·: th~ ptip,~l a · g,o dd knowledge of · .
Et~mology and Syntax; · an'd the arrangement
-.and explan~tiqns .o f the subje,c~, are . such as
. ~will, . wit~l a few.' weeks' application, enable him

matter

·

Former Presideht of Washington Henry Acmlemy.
. HEBBEUT C. THOM::>ON~
J. H. TUUNER,
' .·
'. JNO. L. NELSON.
?;he fol,lo~~ing, - hy N. H. Carte;·, l<::sq. late Pr~tesidr' of i.11ng~iiges'. i'n
. ·: . , : , ..Darr.mouth College. is an e~tr11ct.froro 'the Statesm11i;i. · ·.
"Mr. Ingersoll bas bl'OL\iht to !us sul~jet( !l :· lear ·and 1·h1loso11h1cal
, tninrl; a1,1 extt>nsiveaml, acc11hite knowlt)dge· of the '11rin,,iplcs.of. univer·
sal grainmar, and of the En~lish fanguligidn particular; much upe1·ie11ce in the science on which he has written; auif a ha~lPY ,f a<;ulty of ,
expressing aml i\111stra1i11g his ideas . It would exceetl the ·li1111ts of a
newspaper paragraph to enter into a .fi1ll explanation of M.s sys1em.
Sliffice it to ,;ay, that he has, in ou.r opinion, intrnducell tYiany valuable
impro\'ements both in .matter and manner; He has reversed m:my 11ru:ts
of the system 'Of grammar, putting the first hist, ajld the · h1~t_. lh~r, ttn<l
.. fo:lowing th!! 01·der of !hf. wulr.r.:ta11ding, insteml ot the •ll"tificml 11ml un·
naufr:il :it·rangement which his predecessors h1\ve adopted.' · Hi9 im·csti·
. gatiom have st1·ipped the scif:'nce of many of it> techuicalities, uml of
much of the my~tery in which it 1111.' been envelope'il ; and !Jy. reliP\ ing
the t]UJ>il from the Sl:'Vt,rest :ind inost irk~·o,n•; of ,a ll ta,ks-th:tt of comm;.thn!! to memcn·y what be does not cornprd1eml, 1\fr: lngt>r,oll hus ren. 'lerecl the study ol'grammar at oncl' easy, pleasing,.mid prnlio1hk. Ahle
· and ·e xperienl'ed instructors havt> pronomleed it tii.be cll·('it!1·(Hy thP Liest
sys.t em which th ey have mctwitl1, amt th\'!re is :i pn1spe.:t of ors co!ninjj
intc:> gt·neral use. · On tlw whole, ,we fnlly·eo11c111· in tlJt.~ fa1:011r:d1i ~ opi·
11ion whid1 othl'r~ have expressed, and , belien~ it to be a work hig-hly
ci·eili• i1hle to its autlwi·, aml wo1·1hy of 1lnblic p:itrom1ge."
,
"\Villi:I;ll Co!Prnan, Esq. Erlitor of the Eve1ii• ' g Post, copied the whole
nrticll:', 1111 •1 s111d, "As nn evidence of ollr.acquiest~ence in .the ahove ,re·
marks of Mr. Carter, we hwe t·epulilish ,..d 1hc~ al.Jove a1·ticlt~. Mi·. Inger·,
soil; in "the C011rse of (his work, discovers ·an CY.tensive and thorough
acquaintance with the English grinn11.1;·1rians who have prt'ceded him;
shmetimes agreeing amt sometimes disag .. eeing with them, ancl always
ti;tates his reasons in language at one\! plain il.nd pe1·spicuous." ·
·

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·" 'Ve; the urnlersigned, Teache1·s in the city of Richmond, having ex·
11mined Mr~ C. M. Ingersoll's Conversations 011 Englhh Gr;.imrnar, conceive it a duty which we , owe to the pu\Jlic; as well as ,to the author; to
announce, that, in our opinion, the at'rangement and i1nprovements a1·e
· most hlipliily nda11ted to facilitate the acquisition of a correct grammati•
. cal know edge.
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· ""\Ve recommend it as the best composition of the kind, which we have
ever examined, am! doubt not, that its general adoptio.u would vrov,e to
~e of vast utility in the instruction of yon tit: .· , , _ ··
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, ,toJ?_ars~. th;.e E._ilgl~~h , Ja11gu~g·~ .'~hh _~.ccu~:~cy
: and des1iattlr ' ',; ' .· . ;I '' (.,. : :· •. : .- ,· . :~ . · . .

,'

';!are~H~~:, e,~~1~' thos~ ~ho }~-a~.~ - but ~slender

or

, knowledge .:
Englis.h , Grnmmar thC:rnselves,
.. may, by .ti$ing ~1-iis bo.ok, -pr the ' lai'get· editions
J?f,thc 'S~me.' woi·k, te~ch '~hf;tr childr'c n succe~s. r~111y, ancfwith 1ittie . 1abourto' tli·~msel~e~ their
': _P,u'pits.. ' ~f this.~ it i~. bdie\,;~<l, ' ~hit ·any one ~vho
will take the ' trouble 't~ ')•~ac1 · 01z~ ·c;n1'er8atio1z'
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"nd ex~.mine ,'the' :arrangement'. of; the . subject,matter, _will b~. c6nvinq:d.
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leat'. Iier~S vi. ~ .~v, : ~11 l~' is, prp~r~,ssfr~1!1 the simplest
elements tO the mos,~ ' c'o mplicated ~~nnexions,

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P.HEFA dE •

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only . su~h pat·tsofth~ si1bjyGt a:;;· l\e i15 prepared

fully to c8rnprehet1cL; . theq: t~1 . · ir~pre~s 't1leri1
thoroi1ghly, in his mer,nor~, .l7y pyescnting parsing , e_xerc1scs, a\1ncxcd to '. e.a ch conversation,
coin posed exclusively of the . materials previously expl;~ned; and to co111 l>inein.:cacl~ succes.sivc
exercise, all the: prin.c iples', 'presented in tl~ose
· ;which pi·ecede,. · Thus, at ~very step, what is
. new, . is .associated with what . is known; and
what· is known, ·. becomes more fan~iliar by re-

petition.
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In conformity to this plan~ · thc. verb is parsed,
for a consicletabl.~ timc,.,withoutl egat·d to the
moods ·. and tenses; the : e~1~lanation of these
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being deferred, Jill the natu1;e -',and c,baracter of
this part of speech, al'. e well unde1~stood. · '1:he
explanations
·of the fwssi·~e·
· verbs
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. and neute.r
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are also deferred, till -· the ~ active verb, and all
the mo~'ds and tenses; are th,oroughJy. known.
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anne~ed

to. each ·conversation,
are, word for
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,,worcJ, the same that ' are · used in the entire
·work, a1~d in th~ 'Ab,i:idgment. ,:
The conversations are also numbered to . cor-.
respond to those in the largerediti0,ns '; (No. III. ·
being set ov~r thejirst conversation in this :Abstract, h cca usc· this is ' the. third in ·the large~·
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COl)Versation ,carefully,- till he , can · answer the .
questions{ .,a hd ;parse tll_e·.,: exet;ciscs; . and, when .
he ·can ··do · this, h~ - ,vill; ,necessarily, not only
Irnve co1nmittetl to . me~qry all the ·niles and .
' definitions,· but' he<will ' ~i\de1;·~'tand their appli~

'

· .3.· Tlie :Questio'ns and f!,xercises in · Par.~in.g ,

:-

e_<litions, the fi~·st twd, ·u;e_
ating o(Orth~gra\)hy, .
· beit1g excluded·;}:so "t_ll~t th~ thre'e sizes may be .
used in the sam'e clas's .withotlt' confusiqn ". or incoriverii~h~e~ if \ the conversation be referred to
instead of the fmge, ·< · ,: : · · ·
~ 4. On'e \.Vo1;d,'' ·as- to the ·manner ?f '.teaching :
with · this book. ·:, ·
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The pupil's business ivi~t'·n'ot be· to commit to :
l}lemory' and .: i·ec~te'' verbatiin,. any ' particular .~
por,t ion of a ' cot1vc1'sation'i-.but to 1·~ad the •whole .· ·

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No child should cornmence the s~udy of gram-:
mar~ till he is S\lfftc_iently ~l.atured, and - advance~
fo · his general,kno\vledge .of words, to · com pre~ ·
hend· \vhat . is wr'ateh - in .the5e - conversations ..
Many will be abl~ to do this at seven · years . of_
age; but~ inorc, n.ot till a later period~ . But what'"
ever may be . the . age of the _learner/ .the. tim~
spent in · 'c ()mmitting . definitiori_s aQd ~ules o.f
gfammar, before he i~ suffiafontly .i,mproved t~
un·derstand these simple conversations, .an.d apply 'the p.rinciples an cl _ru.I'es, ex/tlained h1. them,

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in parsihg tl~e le~sons annexed, will be :,•worse ·
than lost ·/ .for the su9ject . c~nnot be ' presente~

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to him · in any for111 whi 1ch ~vill chable hirri to
compreh~nd it . at aH, .if he ·c~nbot understand it
as · it is here treated; anc,l ·compel him to stu-dy \vhat his . years, C ~p~r~.eqce;_ an;~ g~neral 'ac-

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·.. >·'.1'1i to;~ . .·· Grammar.·· treatlS •.·of ·tanguage 1 ·®er ·
t~ay •be divid ed intc) two .sorts; Universal
and • •
f
...
. PaHicular. . Universal Gra1t1mai: .e.x plains the
pr~nCiples which are 'c~mmon . to ,_all .Jangu,age~.:
Particular Gramm~\r . ftpplies.·,those gen.e ral principles 'to a partict11ar langu.~ge, -modifyirig them .
accor.d ing to the' geriius of >that-lariguage, and
the established practice of th.'e best speakers and
~ '. ' writers by whom it .,is used ; _, .., , ' ·
!
· ·
~: ..· .· George. I suppose;)hen,:,that the estaplished
· ;. t .·. pi•actice of the best .ppeakers· and :writ~rs' is the
j,; ·. ~standar. d by which:we de~erinine· an' expression
be grammatical 9r not. ·<· :. , · . ·. '. : :: ; · ·. ·
.Tutor. Yes. But'l) vill proc.er.d : . . .Gramtpar
_treats,
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CONVERSATION
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.ETYl\'.lOLOGi?AND ..SYNTAX . . '· .

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quire~' ents ; have not ·prepaN~(\"' him ' to unde,r ,;
stand,' is . not only not to imfirove. him-; but to do

him ·a positive injury.

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AN.D I SYNT1\.X.

ETYMOLOGY ':
,

,:.

sounds "o( the ' hpnia~ voice;' fOrtned by .the 01; ..
gans. 9r .speech{ and of the . foriri .. ~trid _sou rid o'f ' ·
lette.rs, whid1 are the ·repr_c sentative$
p'f thosu '
1
articulate sountls; of the . con1bi 11ation '. of lcttyrs
info syllables, atHl of' syllables into "w ords; · ; · · ·
: " · s<'con~lly, : ofthc .cliffei·ent scfrts of wo1;ds, thefr
.various· n1.odi,fications; _a nd ~h .e .ir : derivations ; . · · ·
· ,- Thfrdly, 'of the j11st · arra11genie~i{of · words i11
'the formatio~l 'of a sentence '; . a.rid/ . ·,
.. .
.· ·Fourtlzly, .of •the ·proper · pr91itii1ciation ·" and
poetical construc.tioi1 of sentences. ·· 1"'hese four
parts of.Grammar are called, · ., , :.

'. ~:" ~:. 1 ..._: 01n~~O.~ll~P~IY,
"' · : ~-•... E':(YN:O _L OGY,

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gender, anc).;'.case. ,.: .. , >
. . ,· . , :: . ·
_Nouns haye two persons, the seco~d and third. · ·
'W ~1en. we speak of," or about a thing, the word,
:wh'1ch .1s the name of that thing, is a noun of the
'tlz~1:d ~e~·s9n; when :'Ye speak to a .p~rson or
thmg.' I.t IS · of the seco,nd person: .·as, \vhen acl~ ·
dressnig a ,Jperso,ri, }'·;: say, Th~ '.book iis on · the '
. taq1ei G~orge ;-,-tl1e nouns, book and'.table are of
the · tlii'rd persori~ bu .t Geoq~e . is' Q(the '. ~econd
person, .becausc rspeak afthe "llOok , and' th~ ta1
1
ble, b~1.t I spea~:;: to· G'eorgc. , G)rls, .study your
lesson. · In this example, g irls is a noui1 of the
· · · ..~econd pci'son, antl Ic;s~on of ,the' thi1~d perso·n . ·
1

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ai1Cl IN:TER"' i i .
Eci10N-. · · :\'V~ '.c<_lll theseAiff~,r,e1'ii s~.r~sof ~vord~, , ",:
parts of speech. . ·: ·.- '
· · · ' ', 1 .·: :,: ::... .
'· ·
'
,:~\ substant~vc,, . or Noun,' i~ ,the nan~e
any
t!1mg tl!~t cx1st_s,·_ or of ,whi~li ,we haye ~riy no~ .
twn ... :I he w.ord; ~<?un,. · tneans n:;i,m·e . . The ·
1_' · . · lt1ame,of;a11y,.t hjng \yhich '"".e tan _s ee, tas' te~ ·smell,
"'
iea1:, 1ee1_' Ot :c9.1 1ceive of, is a nom1·: ' Book,
}..!·_'. , . . apple, .rose, song; pin;, m~des,~y '··truth, · bi·avery,
f
a_r~ notrns,. ::· N ou.ns ha~e:f?ur 1 di~erenl proper'
t1es1 1,rnlong~ng to ,.thep1, v1~. fzer~o.1i, _tfumber,

of

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'PR;OfOUN' CONJ,Uj'.ic·r:tbN; . PHEP,OSITIO·N',

..

_ . ;At . p1~esen't, I ~ha'U spe~~ oo~y of Eihrn~o9y
atid Sv~TAx'.· · · ·
· · .• .\ · · · •[ ~ . · .'.'. ., ·
·Etymology ' t~e~ts of tl~e · differenJ sorts ,of
· words, of thei1,. clerivation,. a11d various:i:nodificatiol1s
accoui1t'
cases; moods, and . tenses.
Syntax' tr·c ats of th~ ' arrar)ge1nent oLwords in a
sentence according fo g1·ammatical .rules. llu t
you · can.not, ·at pre~en t' fH~rfectly corn prehe!1<l
-. the'se 'defiriitioris: I shall illustrate them :· rnore
'fully' as·" we advm1ce, ,: ai1d
r find ' yo'u ·}::>repa're<l
to undet~tarid " th~ .subject. - . . .
.
'
Caroline. You say Etymology; , tt•cats · of ~he
different sorts of words; I think there must b e
a great many sorts. · -· ', ' ;'.,. ·i ~ ": ·. : " • · ·
· · ruto1~~ iNot so many; pei·haps\ asyo 'u imagine .
. Although ' there a1:c nqarly forty thousa11cl .wo.rd s
in the English · language, yet there ai;e only ten
different SOl_'tS, viz. the ' NOUN, or 'suns'tANTlVF'i,

, ·

. . ....,

·. ·.J

··5;N:l,AX; and

· ;4. Pn~sonY.

:,.;,/'', : :

'

VEllll,.AUT~OI.~,· A.DJif:,~tivE; r~"rn;1crp1,E, ADVEl~n, :

' ·:P11~st," of !articulate; sau.n<ls;,. whith · ard !'the

.

'

.

. · .,·;Noim.l) have two 9'}mbers; the si~gl.1lar num- ·
:he~., ai_
1d the pluraJ lrnmbe1~. · · _,i\Then :'a \Vord is
the name of one person or th;ng, it of the sin~u.lar 1:umbe1·; "Yhe,n it denpte9 niorethan one, '.
.H ;is o_l' the plural nl.m1bcr.
. ·.. .. ·
· ·_
-~ouns . lu~'vc thL'ee G~rn.l e rs. · GENDER is the
di5,t inction of nouns with regard to sex. vVhen
' a noun denot'es "~nirnals or'the r"'. alt~ kind it is
, 'o f the 1l'~asfulin,e <1c_nder ; . v.:i1en l,t denote~ ani~

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Kl'YMOLOGY

1na1s of the fom:~IC· kind,

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of the 'Fenifriin~
instructed us·. in otJ1er subjee:ts; .abd if ·you can
do . _so . in this·,' I arr(sm•e .we shall be interested
Gend_e1·;-~ncl when it sig~1ifies objects t.hat a~·.e neiin)t; ,. ·::·, · ,/; ~. : , .'>.
·.,· '.: ·. . .. .
·' . '.
1he1' males nor females, it is of ' . .Neuter Gende1: ..
Neuter· means neither one 1101; 'the other;· ·
. . TJ.~tor.~ I . will . proceed wj th the . Ver!J. A
~·- }'f 6m1shave th re~ ca~es· ; the:Nomitiative cas·e ,
verb)s a w<)rcLtliat ·cxpresses an "action of some
' creature or.' thing. · Thus, if I say, The boy
the Pos~essivc case, .and the ·. O_bje2ti"ve · case.
Case: is 'tl1e· condition, or situatioh of the · noun
1'trns-,The ball r,olls-The dog barks-. The bird
in relation to other 'vords' it1 the' sentence. ;, · ·
· fiies.-Thc t;hildren pla}'-.-The r~i1.1 falls-you
can be at no loss to know, whicl1 words arc the
'.:· At present I will explaiI1 to· yo~, only t.11e No.::. ·.. v~rbs i ·They a;·~. tho sc .thatexprcss th e actions,
. m~native- case; . the . others ' will ·pc · explained
'
•VIZ. runs· rol,ls-harks-,.-fli e~-pl ay-fall s. The
1rn1~eafter. · A noun which denotes·an animal,or
··~· , nouns, .b,oy,, b~ll, , ~log, bi~tl, children, rain, are
thing that does an action is "in ·the 'Nominative
i
, .;. · act~1·s; or J>~r~ons ' <1J1d ,thi}1gs . that ,a ct 01· mo.ve,
case.*' ·or, in othet• words;' when a_ noun is the
:. ~:. · · and, therefore, .in .the , hominative case to the
O.ctor or' agent, it is in the noniiirntive· case. Anc.t
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: ~.· i '
vetbs that e~q)ress thc.ir, s~v.e,r'al actions.
'
if a noun ·signifies an. actor; there· must be some
' ·t · Yo~ may percciv.~, then;. how i11tim ate the conw9rd in the sentence ' expressing the action. .. '
i · ~'./ ·
ncxi91,1_: is, betwc.c n the nominati.v,e .-.casv and the
. f!e'orge.: vVhat are. t~e· ":'?rd~-' w0hich ex~re~s
•
a~tlons, called?
·
,, ·
, ·,
, .,.
~,1 ·,'· · verb: ,one' denotes the actor, and .the other 't he
Ti.a.or . . VERBS. I shall ?WW , give yotf 'on1y
'·
.action,.; , <A11d}?~ :will.., .1;~_adily se~ .' that, if only ·
:!; _one a,m_ma,l oJ· t~1mg . act~, .' there can be only one
such_· a ' definition of a Verb, as is :sufficient. ·for.
'/., . . actio1z. 01~, in . other words, when the 'word de- ·
· ~Our present i1u·i ·pose; and,_ irideed;'the •m1ly one ·
t'.·: · .noting , the' actor· ',signifie.s only ·on e thing, the
which you can yct'clearly ·compreh,erid; ·. but, ·as
'.,' . word denoting 'th,e ac/i?ri 'w ill . s,ignify only one ·
· we advance, I shall giv€ you a.· mMe ~ compl e te
,' ·., actiqn. Thus; · w.~enl s.ay, the box rolls-box
definition. An cl . let ' nie ·remark'·· ta., you,. once
,·.
is :in ~he singular nu1nber, beca.use it denotes
for all,.' that I sh:itlL i:i~;es~ nt' to you only_ such
hut
.o ne thing, .and r o!ls clenotes .J?ut one action,
. :parts of\he subject' as l knqw you are prepare d ·
1
· ; ;·,'.
.which ,the box , does; therefore tl1e ve'rb rolls is ': ·
to uriderstancl; antl give you ' such;·delinitions as
you can · con1p_i·chci1cf at the tirn'e they .a'r e given. · · · t ,'~. · . (Jf th,e singularnun)ber,just like th~ nominative .
· ' ·J.(,, qox;"; _. If the i1?tninative .ca,s c, or the acto1•, is of
,Each-Conversation' will prepai·e you for t11e on~
that will follo,v .' ' '
'; ', ',
l!J': , ' the smgular number, the verb must also be 9f
~ · · · th,e singular nuniber. And the verb. must also. be ·
. - George. · 1'hat is .tl1e way)'n. which yd~ ' have
I .
.
' ·- of the same fzer8on that the nominative ' case is.,
',·
On this accou~(f will giv:.e ypu a ru,l e.
*' This dcfinitii:rn· is· ·s ldRcicnt for 'the' le ::irner's 'fm ?se1d
·
·.
·
.
A 2 .·
. . ·
purpose. See Conv. XV ~ll, the d eiin itio tt iii [ta~i c.·
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several times, till
. ) 1,hc' manner of parsing ,it is quite fam.iliar to rou,
(·- · ·and ' thcn -p arse .the 'following , ·.

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-oe_rb muSt agrce :w,ith i{s noinillative. c<rnJ:, iu · ' : ,~;:

nzinzber a1id jzei"so>i ~:·

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·,_ ,,·
·. }' Exk1tri1sEs
iN PARSING • .
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Parsing a noun · is telling it~ · person, number, . . ·
gender, and case; and also tclling:·all its grafI!,. , ~'-~. · ·: -. \ ' Snow 'falls • . · ·'. : . : .,. Fire.burns. ·
~ "-~ · · , Iloysplay. · ...
'·
, Catsmew . .. . ·.-;
inatical relations ' in ·• a sentence wlth .· 1'.c.spect .
'''
'·
·1:\1
en
lab
our:
·..
·.·
La cl ics cbnce .
to othcy words . .· 'Parsi11g . any . part ' of' speech
·
l)avid':stuclies.
~>
...
,.c..:
~
Childrcn study.
' is ~ telling all :its prope1•ties ·ant.I· i;datior!s. ' These
.,
·
Emma
.writes.
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.
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.
Girls write.
l'elations, then,'must be.· perfectly ·tmclerstbod he·: -~: .' 1V1an talk~. :>- '"' ;.
<. Men ta115'. ·.'
+ ·
. fqre Hie scholar "can parsc. ·i . You·'. c.alnwt . yet '
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parse a verb completely, as you.' are not yet in ~
. . . " · · · · , REMARKS ON <NUMBER'. · .
.
foqned of all.its'distinctions and properties; ·ptit ,
., '·, .Nutnber ·is 'the co.nsideration ' of an ·object, as
·-' you · c_an . e~pl~in . such · as . yo.u have ' already.
~
·~~
learned.
·
.. '
. · .:
. · , .. _... ·
(,. . one , 01 1no1 c.' . • · ,
, .,
.
: ,.
" ··.·
·when' yol1 par~e serhs, yo:u; ·~~ill ~t1ly t~ll, theil· ·
· )~- . ". ~ ·· Some 'nouns~ · from ' the ' nafor.e of th.e things· . ·.
l)'erson.s anc,l lll!:tnbcrs, whi~h -'. arc the same,· as ·• .. '· *·· '· whiClf they express~ .~re· µsecl bnly itfth~' singula·r .· .,
'.>:.,Jpi;m ,.: <:· as~; wheat., 'pitch, · go.Id ~ slo't'-1·,:.pHde, &c.\ · " ;
thosC:of th~ir nornhiatives.; ·and y_ou :w ilh.e ll.with.:.
{·::r othe(S' only" i~ the'_ plura\·form ·: as;b'el,I~nvs,-. scis:~ i·
wh~t :nomin(ltiv~ the vei·,b ~g.rees, .acto1'.ding, .t o'"
-~~i: ~:~ars·, ,Jls hes, ·~·iches, &c::. ·'"' ···; ··.· .;.;: · · '"'. . ., : :", ";::. ··'
14~ -r~le \vl}ichI. haye jusLgi:"'_¢n , yo~i. ·. ¥ourw~ll t:
~)';:
:words
'ate 'the same in , botH numbers·:' .' .,·
n9t. - ~1v~ to. the v:~rb - ge,ndrr. flnd case .. •;,•I .;·w11l
•7\ '•>·' ·''.\Soille
"
.
· ;.::-· as :~ , deer·, 'shee\1, ' swine, Sfr / .,: " ': " . :.. ·' ;!: _,:
... · :·"-., ·-~~
: p~r~e. for y9t1 011e. s_enten~~r~Otl tainirJg". at nomi ~ .
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gcner~,
nf, ~
natiye .ca~e an<l a.v:~rb; ·th't\9nly_sort qf sente1:1ces··
, "l~ic:l:i yo_u _~re. prcpare~l',tp pa!~s~ ::··,~~ ., ·:· · '.·; · · ,
;;;(;·( form!~d, by addfog _~~: to the '',singui~r: ·-.a.s',.Jdov·e,
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f: :;,'.·:··,· ~loves;

face,.· ~aces.;

. ·thought; th,oughts .. ·; nu~

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;\· "".1'1,;.! . P."::·l'..\,vhen· the sub$tantive 'siilfiular ends i.in :r,cdl soft,
_:4Al\ l.PL~.'-~:·-·,·.,. ,. :: ' --.. ·r·t·.
.·. Smrfkc ·a'ste.nds. · Smoke "is ~' 11oun of the third ' .. : ~: . ~'~t \«J~i~.·,li8~ o;r. : s;·').Ye · a~d·, eB 'hi:.Jhe ! P~~ral: ~a~ ·b?x,
... person:,. ~in,g:ula1~~- nqmb?r, 'of: 1~eut~r\ gen de~; ·in.; .._::,.~: ::r,'..: ..,bpxe~ ;· c'hurch, . churches; .~ lash, .la$hes; k1~s,.,
the .nommat1ve : c tlse to the i.'Verb cuicends ; '! ./ls- .... · . ,:-~'-'.ki.s.se.!? ; ·r~bus; requ.ses. · If .t 4e.~ing~lar ends .in'. C'fi; .· ~
·i_-;,'. :h~rpj ;-the .. 'plutal ~ is ; forrned · by adding, only- . ' th~', '. : ~-·
· c~nda: ~s a v~rb of.the third pe1~son,- sitjgµlar n-um-~,« ., ·!·
~7i\·.
~·: a?,-· monarch,tn~rtiarchs. rdi~tich~" distichs.'.~ ... '.\ · · · :
. her, ~n'.d ag,r ees .with its noiµimitive ;case ' 8 ~'oke • . ·;,-. :~y
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4 ·"';1et~'mus·t agree' Slc. ·: ·: t~ .' .; <"i .:·. ·: "· !:" · .. ·, \!;
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added to ' fot:tn.the plu-ral: as~ ,cargo, e~ho~J1ero, ., '. '
·ncgro,manifesto,potato;,vokanc>,wp:and ·sonH'.!.; ·
times only s«: · as, folio, · imncio; punctilio, seraglio. · When the o is imn1ediately
i)recede<l hy ·
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a vowel, we add only,. s. · · , ' · · • ., ' . . ; '. ,. ,. .· " ·
Nouns ending inf; 'o r fe; ' are· rendcr~<l plui·al
by the 'change of those terminations into ves ::as, ·
loaf,· lo:l:ves; half, halves; ·:w;ife,.wives: ~x .cept
grief, relic'f; 'reproof; ·a nd ·several,'others,.'" hich,
form 'the · plural .by the :· addition
s. '., ;.r hose
whichend·inff, have theregularplur'a l: ·as·, ruff, ·.
ruffs:; .e xcept staff, st~ves . . · ·.:; ..
. ·'
·.
N 'o uns which have y 'iri the singtilar, with ho "
other vowel in· th c same "syllable, cha~ ge it in'to' '
ies in the plural: as, b,eauty~ 1beaU,ties: ' Hy,flies,
Hut ' the y . is llOt': chan'ge,d; . whei·e :. there is ario"
thervowel. in. the syllable:·: a~,.k~y, k~ys. ; : ~~ela~,
delays'; attorney, attorneys; '.": :,·· >: · ".:,.:. ·/ ,: .'."<' · , .
,, 'It is 'agreeable'to 'analogy; and. the pi·actite'. of · ·,
the :.generality of conect wdters, : fo · construe ·
the - follo_wing woi·ds as ' plural . nouns: ·j1itirJ,~,
riches, alm ..;; . and 'also, mathein.'atics, ,· metaji/iy-

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;: :; . ;;' :, (:· \V i1en' ti~op_~ed' i.nto ' ~,~i-- tong~e:' hiatµs; app,avatu~, ''.
" ·:: :·.: series;~ species;· .~''-"·:
'
' ·( ·' 1. · · ·,· , ·
·.;
· J: ;< >·, >·: ·' · ·: > .; ·
~ · . ,.., ,.
, . · / ··: · ",.··. QUESTIONS; .··, > ·.i." "
·W .hat is Grammar?' · .' - :,.
t'nay ·Gratnmar be di~ided? <.~ <·~ .<
· ·: 'Vhat does .U niv;ersaI' Gramm:w explain? ; ..
. , J,. Wh'a t does''P.articular Grainmar te'a ch·.? · · · ·
' .<
. .:\Vhat' does Eriglisli' Granun~i· ' tea~l1? ,i· ' :·
. ·'.What is" the 's'taridard of ' English ; .G1; ammar, ~
,;·;''. _pywhieh w..e must be~. govern.ed . ? · ,-: '. .:r r: · : · . · ,. ·
, ,.;::.-: :·. In,to · h,ow., ~nany_ p~l~·ts is '-Eng.lish·Qn1inmar di~ "
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v1dcd? '· , ...

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. ' :: ' ~ ' ··vVh.at are they called? ' ,;, ,. ', ' · . · : ;.. , ,_:.:.. \
·<.; :·.· Of what' does each 'tr~at?,'-'·'
,::. _,'., ·
. ) :· :'. :· How' many parts of speech arc there? ·:.; .
'\ · , W ·hat is a noun?.·
'.', ·, · : · . · .·-'./!" ; · Ho,W)n~ny;pet·s~ns· has.it? -."'.>> ,.' · ~ ·. ·, 1'';,"
;:~· ; · ,-, :·:,:!Iow ·<lo you ,distinguish .the })ersdns'? ·: · :·.
";~:, .' i/I:!ow many:.numbers· have nouns?':: "-'.
:<. "
,' ,;
vVhat are the;H . . :' .·: . . ! · . ..
' ·:
:-' .'
·. ' ! '
.': ''. .;, , 1 How 'do you distinguish f~1em? ..
::/ics, /10/itics, ethics, ' o/1tics, !jmcumatic:s- ~' With
.. '1>' ' : '.How many genden»have nouns?
other similar names of science~. · ;
• ··
'~>
\'Vhat ·m'.e ·t.hey ?"·'· ·.> · · ·\.,.;~ . ,. · ·
· ~ > '.' ,
.' Tho "vo1'd 'neczvs is now .alrriost universally c~I!- . (,, ]: ' ;; , ··.How · do y0~ :knqw..thcm? 't ·"· . ·
1:'
sidered ·as· belonging W the. singular number; ,
How many cases ;have 11ouns? , ::·,:
··. 'The . noun · means is , used both in the . sii1gular
'-(' .· · '.' \'Yhen is a::noun 'in~ the· noininative case? ·
. .. .
aricl ~he plural nu1nber.:·
· "· "·
.
'L -, · ": -'Yhat is a .'verb ?' :',:.
t.~··i , . .'. · . · .>.,
Som.e . words derived : from . the learn eel . lau- ·
.: . . - :,\'\Vbat belpng to. verbs? , · "', •. . >-:.- •, < ...
guages, are confined to' the 'plural number: a~,
. ,' : ",,· lI ave they genders: and 'cases?
',,. ·.' ' . . •. <
antipodes, ' credencla, literati, .rninutia::. ·· · . '· .
· ' ". ,· ,'•: Ho\ vdo yo1u knol'(:the person · and .,numb er of
: Th,e follo'wing nouns being, in Latin, botli sin-_ . ·/
. ~ \'C\'bs r... '" ~ . .. '·, .,·,, .·,
~
g\.llar and plui·al)are us.e d in the ~mm~ ma11ne1:,
. Al·e ~~ rbs. of tl~~ - ~i~1gula1: 'and p·l~ir:~1' 1i(11nber · ·. ·
/( ' ., spelled ~tlike? . .
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· , , \Vhat rule do you giv,e · wh.en ·. y()u parse a
4 .~ ·
.v.erb?
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\Vh~t is the use ·or necessity of this rule? .'
\Vhat nouns are us ed only in th e singular
form ? ·· ' .
·
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vVhat are us,ed only i1qhc ·plural form ?
VVl1at ai,e the ·satriC in' botl111utl1be~~ s? .·· ...
How is, the plural nurpber ·oE i1ouns geneya11y.
forme d ?. · . . · ·
,' '•'/ .· ._,
· · · .
. . ,' vVhen ~ q1e n~un , sing.ular: emls i~1 . .:t:' ' .d i ·so{t,
.sh, 8 8 ~ ·: 01; 8, hc;nv is th,e plm·al formed?:,. : . . . .
,But if . the singulflr .ends . in .. :·cft hay<l, ho,w .1s
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fonncd? · ·

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· . How do nonns ending in o, form their· plural ?
H~w ' ti10se cnd.i ng ; ir~ f, or~je ..2.'i \v,hat. q~ccp . '
I

tions !' ' ."
.' ' · · .,.
· :.-; ; · ·:
· ···
· How those ~n y .2 what ..excep.tion? ~ :· 1' ·•
· Wha~ ·is the genct:aL n ,ilY, ', resnectrng;. the
i)ames of.: things :Weighed, and ,,mea~ui·ed ?,; .·:
Is t\lere. an1y exception· to this? · . . . '. :·. . .
I

· vVhat nouns · chang~ a in~o e, ~ml oo:.· mto. ee,
't.o form the plural? .··
. ·"·. :"i.''.,~·. ':• . · :· : '
~. What is the ·plura' of brother .2 ·· · ·," , "...
· Of." what number are /ta,ins, : riches, ., ·a/J~z s; ,.
.ethics, . o/; ti~.s, , &c.? . . · ; , .'; , . ·.
; \ · · '.•,
. ·or.·what nuinber is news .2 .· ",·
· l.
. I-Iinv is the no\.ln u1.eans, ll~.cc~ ?..
:
. , I-~o\y. are : hiatus, .af1jwra.t.u s, ·stri,e'v, ;·· ·~'f1~cie8 ,

used .?. vVhy? . '
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nouns · have· threc\.case~, the Nominative, Pos ~
. . · sessive, and · 09je~tive; .' o\1t · I explained only
;. ' . the · .1Yominativc, · '"hich <lenot<;:s a~l actor> J
..;~ . shai1·' tio~ · gi\re "yofr t.h e 'Fos'sessivt? and Objective
cas e s .
.
..
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.
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.
· ·vVhcn the noun · is ' in th e Possc ss i,, c Case , 1t
. de1.1otcs the possessor of some ~Iiin~, alHl is
sp ~ll.ed differently fr9~n th~ · n.ornJnativ:e .case:
as, Dov's hat.-Thc· boy is· the poss,cssor of the, .
(,. · hat',:.\vhi.c h is ,sho\".1},,by an 'apostt:o1)h'c~ and a·Q. s, . ·.
\: .aftei·the WOI'q b,dy; ,: '\Vl~en.' a tioun o( the plµral .
.:. ' . ..1)umpe.r ·er1<ls i~ s, iqi<l i~· ii)" theP,oss~~.s1ve ca.se, ·.
;~:,~;·. :We o'r1iy a9d
afws)r6/ilic :to i~ ~ as., Boyf ha.t.s :.
~.·
the ·:plural .n.um bcr 1.s fohned i,othcrw1sc
:'~/ · th~u by.a.dding 8 .to ,' . ~he singnlar~ . thc-pq~ses~iv'c '.
~·:'·, ·,, ca~e-J1lural

is fo'rt,ned · by the ap~stro,phe and the
:",;.;y 8 :als,o; just, ·as.-: wt(fq~m tl1e posses.~iv,e .c·a~c sin- ·.·
,~· .'gula'r ·: ' as,__;,_Ma,n~s : . ho,t1s(---l\1.C1J'~.·:· :' hc)us~·-:­
t r.; . ·Woman:s bonne.t:..::.,.. W o'rne1)'s 'bonnets~ '.Jn these
1
r:';.'.,. exa'1nples; ' j,ii:z1z's; and -'l;~;,,a,;~;8, afe, ' ~n ,t.he pos~ . ' '
1
,:::. , sessi\r'e 'case;_ sihguJar 1)umber, ail(~ the llOUrlS '' ·
',~ ·Ymeri' s and women's, are in" the ~ · possessive case, .
•·;. .. jilu1:at nulnber: -. .' , · ·
.
. . .
·
·~~~:: ·~-:~ - C~roline: ,!' 'understand . the · Nominative an.cl
-:•~;',. ~ossessive ca~es ;, please to explain t~1e .Objec~
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01'1 · ~?UNS>A.~1H~; "VEl~BS. , "y~.~ES . q~·· N,OUNS .

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ETYMOLOGY
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Tutor. The Objective ca_
se ~<lenot.es tl)e object .
of · ~n ~ction, and is spelled just ~s t~1e nomi~a ­
tive is. . The fo.l lo'\ving examples illustrate flw
three cases .of nouns. ' . .
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"The pupil shoul tl parse the nouns anJ n :rbs in tlic~;e
:.;:s.amplc s, o mi tti ng- llic oth er words .
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. · · H'/1en , l'lvo 1zouns come to.n·ethcr s izni/i;in,,·
J {(f t.'r('7l t t lz in gs, ti!(' .form cr .ii~ jil lj i.11~g- j1 ;)88 ~·.s~.\' i 0 ~l
must ()('

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/1 rjssc.~· s [·" c case , u n d grruc rncd b !!

t lic fattf'r .

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Poss. 1\l :m's
· .M an
Obj .

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..Mothers'
lVIother · --Obj. . Mothers .
,.
· ·~¥_,hen nou.~s .i11'·:· th~ :singular num.ber ' end it~
'"·" , .' ss,-: .":- ~ somet1m~s .,vi·itc the Possessiye ·case th
;,:. , i: . ~ n ap.ost1;oph~· ?nlJ> :Witholit;anothcr . s; as g~od. ..; ' ,z: s8 . .. · sake; · rzglz! eou.sness' · fok e ; · because it'
;'.; . ~':oulcl ca;1se ·too, nii.:t_h of a' hissi1)g sound to say
~· .-]'OOdn ess 8 8'CT~e, ~ ~ ; ' fiut 't.hc afiosfropbi c s, is
1l_?_t ahr_a ys omitted ·m words ending- ill clou ble s .
. ·\·v c.1vrlt c t he~ word witi u:s:s·, whcu ill the P us . . sc ss1.v c c as e , th_n s: 1Vit ;z cs8 ' s test im on y. \V lic n
the ,:vorcl cnc_!s m c71cc , the s shirnld be om it ted;
;:ts, 10r ~ onsc1en c c ' sake; but, obs e rv e , the apo strophe is used.
.
.
· · G eorg e. Ye s , for c o11~cicncc's sake; 1vo111d not
only be disaf;recahlc to the car, lJu.t somewhat
'1,iflicult to. Le pronoun c ed with di s tinctness.
B nt althoug h we have nouns in all their cases,
WC know how to p ar~ c t hcrn ouly lll the .,,\ umi. · nari1 1' rasc .
. _Tutor. I will g ive yo n two rnles which w ill
~n!~rm _ yon how to p~~r sc the; P o:;:;cssiY c a n d
\Jn3e c t 1ve r·ascs.

or

..7\''o m .
1 1 0.<:s.
· Obj.

·:;.

Obj; ''

out maki nv; a sen t ence, bu t me r ely t o shov.· th c
term in a ti on of t he noun in t he d iffe r en t c:J. s es ,
we call it declining a noun. T errnin atic)l \ m ean s
cnc1i11g< 'T'bc Possess ive case you ha\·c seen
has a ·term in ation, 1n· c n<lin g~; <liffi!rcn t from lhal
the No111in at iYc; 01' Objective case.
The · nouns , lVfon · and lvlother, are t lrns · de•
c1iue<l :
· ·
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os~. ··. ·Mothe Ns ... ,·, . · " Po ss.

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boy ·
beats . the <. man's : .· ho1•s.e J
..The horse · 'kicks ·the .·ll'ia.n 's . boy;·
'fhe . man . ' ~ti•uck ~ · that . man ' s· ' mati /
. · T~w ·. servant lost .· , .tho~e boys' ·"ball.
You hav e now had nouns in their .thre e cases ;
ancl ·see that case nieans th e <liITerent situation
or ·relation of nouns in sentences ~· E very noun
must be either in the Nominative, P ossessive.
or Objective· Case . ...
., Vhen '"e put a noun h1 the three cases 'Yi th~ ·

Sing.

· : ·:

.

· ;sirig>1l'µ-'.>n., ',· . , ..... . ~,. · : , ·'Pl u.. ,num.
; ·· ·· · . ···.
-.1Vom;·
Moth
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No.m.
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EXAMPL~S:~ '
.Norn, Case. ·
Verb. " · ~- "; : · Pou. Cnsc, . Obj, Onse.
. ',

·.'·

Surnctimcs the latter

llOUll

which o·ovcrns
0

\\ t'h.e . Possessive case ' is understood: as, _this is
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. AND . SYNTA?C :

, BTnIOLO$Y
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"we,II . ~' xplainc~l. «: ~ow; ,George,
g1v~ ·m<!; .an .J xam'p le of. 'a transitive verb : '_. :,' .'. ..
. · G~ org e.' · Carot'ine b1~ok.e the ·'glass'. Brnke i.s
a transitiVe v,erb, because it cx'1;rcsses '. ~n' acti(i ll
done .by the ' Nom.iJiative case Caroline, to the
iJbject glass. • Broke ·gove1·i1s gla~~·s iri th e Ob-

I

. J9hri's ba,t,'.bµt' that is Peter's . . The n,oun hat
is understood after Peter's, and ~ fr gqv'e.r ns P,e ~
. tc r's in ' the · Possessive case. · . : . : ·.. ·
.·

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RULE III. ·;·

.'1'1~a1~siti1.Je ·;erbs·go1;ci-~z (/;~ . a' bjc~ti·u ~ .cas.c ."·
, C~~·oline~ . JVe do not kn<n~ ~vhat' a t1;a/isitivc

jective case, acco.r diiig,' ·to Rule' JII, Transitive

i verbs ~~overn , &c . · "· "'
~
Caroline~ .Give u<:>, if 'You please, a few such

: verb i ::;. , . ,
,
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· Tui~r: · A tran'.'? itive ,vcl'lJ· ~ . is ~· one that ': exsentenc~s as we a~·e prepared to p.arse, that we
. p1'e~ses an act.ion clone ..to scim~ o,b}ect, and 'go·may practise upon 'them : '
.'
· ·· '
VCr)IS tbatohject ii1 the objective case, ··.
· ,
. ·,'.' Tutor.
J
will.
I ' ,,
- .
· . .Geo?·g<:. '\Yhat does the · wor,d 'trans ith).e
'. : ·
.Horses draw,.men' s carriages . .
mean .? " :· " ·· · · · · ·
4
'.1.'ut'or. It . m 'eans jwss ~ ng-or . hav inK the
I . will pa1:sc this s entence for you, and then you
\ po,~ct· '. ~f passing· · from one' 't hing lban'other.
" can parse the · others yours elves. If you find
\i\T:bcn ·at>plied to a "v erb, it'mcaris ·that ' the .verb
any difficulty, r e fl~ct upon what has been ' told
1
. expresses· 'an acti~n which ·~. O:ie ': Nominatiye
· :you,. and you will ~·~ . . Iengtl1 .~ut;ceed. '. . Horses
rasc ·cl oc~ to so me o11jcct _: as, n.1e11 build houses
1. 1s a noun o f the third person , p1 u r a1' number,
-ho1~ scseai'hay. -fire c·o n s ume:i wood. , ln these .
masctiliQe gende'r, in ·.the nominative case to
sentences, build, eat, ccnsumc_s, are transitive ._ · :- ,· " the •, verb d ra'1.v. , Dr:.a<zp is a transitive verb o f
,
't he tlriri! 1wrson , plu.nil number , and agrees\vith
71~rb_8 ', - ~r~ d gove,rn lwuses , !ia !! , and 7vob d, in the
/ .• 1 • its nomin at ive case /zorsc's accordinr.,. to Rufo I,
.objecti\ e . case~ a p:orcling t.o th ·c r~ile, Transiti've
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, Jcrbs g·ovci·n the objective case:' · · .,,
~: : ,_ w!Jich ~.ays, The .v~rb must agree, ·' &c. · Jklen's
Caroline;, l suppose · if a t r ans iti'vc , vei;b · ex. '; .· " . is a .. notp1 of the thirt,1, person, ; plural number,
nrcsses an ·action . cl one to some object, an in: · · ""1nasculine gender, in the Possessive case , and
:. " : ,·'. jg . :gov'erncd~ by th e following· ; nou,n 'c arriages,
tran sit ive ' verb ·~ust e ~~ press · ari a'c tion which )s
11o_t clone _
to, any o!lje(·t.: i . . .·· ' • " ' ' ' .' .
" , . agre eably to Ihde Il: ' Repeat 'the, · rule ~ · C ar -, riagcs is a nou11.ofthe third person, plural num, Tu to r'. . You arc riglit. Iutpj.lsitivc verb s
. :·.:· ' l1e11 , ·9f neuter gender, , in the · Objective case, .
exprc::;s 'u'c jioi1s conl11icd to the actdrs . ·· Give me
an exam\)le.
an'jntransitive ·yerb . . •. , . · ·• , · ·
:." ': ahd is ,gov.er'ned by' the transitive verb (traw,~:·., ·. ac~cord!n~ to Rule II( · Repeat the 1' ~ile. ·
'. ' . ·CarolilLe;o Geoi·gc runs. ·· Runs is an intran. . 1;i~ive verb, becalisc George's action is. confmel:l
l'~ ',. '.'· }>ars~ .· ~~c Jollowi?.K .sentences, in the same
1.0 him self, ~ntl does 11ot nffeq any obj.cct .
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E'i'Yl\IOLOGY
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;, EXERCISES IN PARSING;

' · Fo. ~e~ :,~m p'cople'~ .· ge~seJ · · .\ V 01;e~ · w;sh
children's ·. clothes. vVomen walk. · . ~ l\tlothers
m·akc c.i'a~ghte.rs' ; frocks-Daughters' · increa~e
, m-othcrs' pleasures-John · whips Pete1·'s dog-

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by - 8ister~ ,·

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Da:vicl · jtlays-B,ays Jilay-Take :notice' .. in
thes.e , as well as in the other sentences, that the · , ·
sii;gulaf vel·b··~ncls h1 s, ' but in. ~vi·~ti~l&) the plural verb Jhe. sis
.omitted
. . - · ·.'.,·::
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' REMARKS ' ON NOUNS'.
Substantives' or .nouns~ are citl}er common or ,
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,. p1~oper.
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::,_
,. Propet· names or suustantive~i , are tb.e n~un~S ·,
\ , appropriat~d ' t.o inc1ividuals: as, George, Bos·· .
''.' ·
, ·
, ton, .Delaware,Ohiq. ' - · · . ·'.
Common 11ames, or ·substantives, :. stand · fo,r
·, kinds :.· ccrntaining · 11iany "sorts, orJor ' sqrts 'c ontaii1ing manfindtviduals ur~dc1·}hem: · as,"ani~
· mal, maD, tree; &o..
,
·· .
- Wheq proper names have an. ar.ticle anne)ted .·· ·
to thytn~ they .are used as commot? names: as ~
" I-Je is ·t!ze .Ci:cero of his ag·e; · he. is reading the .
lives of .. the T\velve C£sars. .." -·.. '.' ·
r · .· - .. : • . .
·T~ ·subs,tantiv,es · bel~ng· g~nclei·; i~·umbcr; and ·
cras,e ; ' ~lJd \hey .· a1.·~· all o( the' third pc1•spn, when '
s okcn of, and pf the second , when spoken t9 :
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· tit°lid·e ·: 'as;) h~ 1)e0j) l, c~ th:e p\o}i·liair1cnfr th~'.~rrpy: , ' ·:j
. J.lbsiratt ~ t1ot1ns; , -01':' the pam~s of 'qual,1.t1es ab- ·. ·
_ str'acfrd fr6h1 iheii' 1 s\1 b~t,at1ces: ~ as kho\~ledge, . ·
'.> :. J;.o.a'clncss··= ~·, t;""ef. ~al 01: :. (iqrtici[~fa l nounS,: ; a~~ be~ , ,
· tririnirii ~ 1;ca'cling;. ,\r ntmg. !· v , ,: '. , · . · .
_
t> ,~Th/English' l~nguagc 'b.as tlnee incthods of.'
disting\1ishing·· the ., sc~, , viz. ~·" ..• -J . ·;' ' >i ;·'.' :
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:· ,:~'.·;.' 'of ·men. '.,,...,, . :·
·.· ,"·,".·:"' ·'r. ...
'·'
'.~ : · , · Somc.'s'i.\b$taritives~ 1iatlirally ' nct~ter, ~i·c, Ly
a ,figure ~(· ~pe,ech; conv'erte~l }bto the mascu- '
,'I
' File :' or '. fe1~1j1\ine ?.ender: : a.$,:' whe~ · " .~ve .s~y _of . ''
<:· ' the ' ~i.ip; · he;. is sctt1'.ng ;' ! ~nd, :?~ _ a shn?, :·~~i~ .:s:a~.1~ :• '

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'· . ';. · Actor· . ·
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?, ". :, ·' . ,_ /:~ : Administrat~r" ',,
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,Abbess·'.· ' . · " ·, ·
,:Actress 1 • - -

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.: Jewess '."' ;< ·.',
' Landgr~yiµ~.
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'" either m_as~uline or femini1ie. ··the words ·jzrt)t-' ·.· rr:?Zt, clzzld, . cditsin, /riend, neighbour, '. urva1it,
(: and sf vcral . othets,_ arc us.cd indifferently for
:; :· ' .males or f ~males. · Parents is .a ·,i1oun of the'·
r:'. ::· ·masculine · a~1d ~· Jcmininc . g~nder ·;: ·Parent if
:: dou~tf~l,. is of_ the masculine .~r f;1ninine ~en­
:,~. de~, 1 a1_cnt,. if . the · gender 1~ ·known · by th e
~01.1str~1~t}on, IS of the gc11qcr s.o ascertained . .

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h· ~ : >, A. re_, yei·~_s1. 1 fo ~tl~esingui'ar nu~b~1~, . ~nit ten.,: .·,
~:: : as .t 1ley a1:e in' the" plural? .:.· O'.: ·" , "· ··.·. ·· .
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01'. ( '-ARI
ICLES
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· · 1·;~~'. o·:·:;. In \h~ .t wo ;)\·c~ccHni. Co1~~ci·s~1tiou~,
I ~ndeavourcd to .cxphiin·to y.9_u the two principal pa:rts ·of speech)n ~l~c)a~1gu~ge, yiz: ,}.h e
.Noun and th~· · Verb ...· .. ~very ~9jhig ~l~at you .s.ec
abqut':y6u is : ~allecl by so~n'e, '..,name. Th.~- . s.ub- : ~a1ice ·. on which· I . write is · called jzafier·; ·the
· ,· thing· v~hh wl~i~b'l w11ite, i~ ' c:alled a.· fleh; :the ·
·, ~. ', t~ing, Whic}~ >'·Oll · h~\~} i~? }~~lr . h~~1~, :is ' f::?llc.cl; ~ a
1
, ll~p, k · ; ,.a!1~l"the th,i1ig f!i1c11, ~ar,9h1)~ ·:we~~r~i- rn
. ,- her han\1s callect ·a ·co,m b. - ·: You; perse1~e, ~hen,
•. th~t Jld?zgs are call~? .-.?f tfatl,1,e~ : ~s 'Y.~U as ~er-' ·
,, . . · spns ; .and a '\Vord .;that:is a nartH~, you know,.Is a ·
!;."· ·,.noun; ' ·. A :. v,erb, · f ,()U i·eri1en1ber, is a' _w ord of
t; ·', :.tyery ~lifferent meanfog from ~ npun .: a V ~rb ·.
_l signi~~? ·,~n ~ctiO?:i:·thah sorr.i~: . Person or thing
1
· · · i cloes ~:. : i ~ wilF no'o/ intro~~lfo'e .: ~nothe1~ .' i).art' "; og
~..:.·,·~ speech;·: · ;; ·:· - •~' · >" · ;.~· :· '. · :./"'. ·· . · ·
' '- .'.
:. ::,,. ~· ·. /An_: Art.icte: i~ ·a - wotd.'.yzrefix~d t,o nouns; to .ti:.
::; · ;:' 1nit tiie~ir_ 8igritfic.q.tio1i_. ·" · · · ·.. · ·. ·. · <:"
'··
..

>·

t·:<:'
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"Yh~ 1 .i ,~ fhe _<l_~ffei.-cn~c , bet~Y:~~rl ~'. f1·~n·~itiiJ;e
:>- ". and an zntra.nsitzve v·e1·b ?:: ,::.
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.H ow ·maJ)Y' ge11ders?
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Ho"Y 1v~ny cases? · , ' · · > :. :
·
,t.:
How ~o you <listingtiish the thrc.c :cases.?
·~;'- , W,ha,~ rule do yci,u giv:e whe11 you pa1'se the
. possess1 vc case? -.
·
." "· '·
-·· · "
· vVh~nj1 0_~ pa.rs.,~ . a;1 _obje~tive c~s:~ .w hat rul~ · ? .
.. , Wha.t is a verb.? .
· •· ,) ·
-_,;,. ·~ :.·: . vVhat.1 ', dist1'11ct1;011··.
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rnve ,give!} · respect~ng
·'···· -verb ? . ·. .,.. ·. • ·. ·... .
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. ·'. . ·"'·' .\,.· · · ,i' . ,.,
Yt ~ ··:.Hq\y l1Janrp~1~~on~ have · ~1o~m$ f<"·. ,,. ·
1;~- · , • liuw. many nuiubers? · .,
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Of. \yl)at· pet·sq\f .are ·: al~· ·nQ~rn.s ?;\
· : ~~ - ., .· ,
Hoj\ f 'are inbut1s,· naturally 1iquter1 made of
ma_sculine oi~ ferriii1i11e. gender? ·
· Can prop~rnom~s .be. co11yc.rtt;d. ~nto c9JJ1mon
nouns? How ?
. ·. , "
.
.

· · ·
hxed to tlze. substantive: as, ,·
' ' ·
. :;~;··. , ·:.A co.~k 7 ~p~rrow . ·" A hcn-.s1;a~·ro\y ·
~.,· .
',..'\ rrian-servant · ·· · A . maid-:~ervant .
,

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. ~Nl) · SYNT.AX.

Wl'YJ\IOLOGY ·.

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;

~.rt ides, .a ,and

tlze: a becomes

J

• .. . . . ..

a1~; ,vhen the. fol· .

,

' •• •

·n~u~1 :~~s~~--· ~.itho~ t .:~n :: ~rticle . to limit :, it, : is
gen~rally ,taken in' the 'widest';sei1sc :· as/ Man 'is
111o1:ta?• . ;Yo!-! readily\ s'ee t~~'t ' this d~~s not

]owiil~~- word begii1s Wlth ~· vow~I, '. 01~ a 's ilent ii ·.-.
as ..· tw ai:orii, dn lzour • . Here yol_1 ·sce that ac~rn .
begins .with a -\rowel; .and Ii ·in : Ii our is silent;
"
therefore _' an is 'used; for ·the first leltC1"50Ul1ded' . ' I , .
in !to1ir is the vowel 0.
',
' ~' \'• '' ; ) •' ,' ' , .'
. -: George .. :)\tlust we al\:va·ys us~ :a · 1~efore a word ·
beginning :with Ii that .i.s sounded? :
''
•;
.. Tt!tor. No : tl;ere is 01ic·· 'e xce1ition . . An .
niust be. used. when the, following; wbrd b (g· ins .
with an h .that is sounded, if the accent is on
thc second syllable : as , 1111 !itroic action , an historfrnl :1ccount.' · But when the !z is sounded,
~\l id lhc ac.c _c llt ' i~ llu.l on the second ,syllable, a
is only 'to :be usccl : ' as, ·a llai1d, a~ /ztl&band, 'a /1ea-

.
.. The article refers to a noun, c.<.'jirrssr:d 01 · mz dcrst'ood, to limit its si,gnUi catio 11 .
"
Gforge .
both the articles limit the nouns
., ' th ey r'efor to?,
,
· Tutor. Yes; but in different ways . A or an

then, :

--_~;. }'Cq~ires

·i

·

.. . ,

. -:, , _ ·

, Ca1~oline. '.' You said ·'"': e must use ·m~~ and not.
before '. a word be'g inning · 'd'th a 'vo\vel; ·is :!
tl1crc 11 0 ex1:c p 1io 1i t () th~ 1 t ~ ,
.
' 'l'11inr . Y e ": lh er e ci t·e t w( .'. · . '{11 llltl '.ot :: c)t be

a)

used before ' the ' VO\vel' u~ ' when: it is snn.nderl ·
long·~ hnt a:. as~ a tininn, ·n. ··11nh1P1·:-<it;1 ; o ~·t"":fit!
.book; &c . .4' must be used.. also · h~fore the ·word
one ::· as, . many a on e-because in' prot1oun c ing;
on c, ·\vo sound it as if il .we1·e \vritLen with aw.
· · A or wi is c;.dlc (i the iiideil 11 ite- a1·tic !e: l H'.~ ·
c :n 1s c it is it sc d t r) po in t o ut o ne :; ingic th[,',!.', of
:t k ine! i 11 ;u 1 inclcfin[ t c m a 11 11c r: a ~;, (~ ivc 111c a
hook - Brin~ me ,a n apple; not mcan in:': an . ,.particular book, or any part ic uJar : apple . ·~ 'J'/i.c
is cali c d the _d efi n ite ar t icl e ; bec a use it point::;
out wh:i.t part1nil:i.r thi 1 q~ o r thinr.>;s ~1 1 -c rnc;1nt:
as, (~[vc me !li e IJOok - Bring met/}(· :1pplcs;
meanrng some ·p articular book, ot apples , A

IBC<l;ff the ~ame,- . as a rJ1ali is · mortal. .· The for ~
ri1er·phi•asc ill Cans~ the Cl'CatUl'.e,· rirnn, that is,
all mankind; the lattei• ,restt•icts the meaning to
.; , an individual. 'T'he 1:ule we give; then; when
:" ; we,. par.s o an arti,c lc, iE1?,',,' :

I'

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RULE IV.

no

the following noun to be in the singu~(. Jar number, and · therefore limits it as to its
·\ · :nl1mh_e r. '-·
, · -; · · ·." " ·
' C a r 0Li. 11e. Docs a

01·

an a1wavs re< p tirc the

f9l frn vi n g nnun 1< 1 be sin~~1Jhr? "
: . '."I ~Tutor. . 'Not always ; for when the words /i'"w,
r:---)' [frfat 11ian11, · dozfn , 11uhdrr d , t!wusand , cornc
:~etwecn tl1~ articl~ atH1 noun~ the noun 'is p1ural: as~ · afe<tu men, a great many menl a do::en
- .1 · · ~ncn , a hundred houses, a t/;.01i.sand houses;
bcur[!,t: . I cuulcl nol p rupi:rly s;i y, 11. i1r;ils1' ·" ;
b n l if I t1scfc::·, o r :i.1w o f the worr1s you mcntion cd, I perceive that ~he nouu rnu ~; t i;c pl 1:l';d:
as , a few ho u ses , &c . B ut the cl d i. n itr~ ~lrtir-lc,
Isc2~ may be used with nouns of either nu in bcr :
1

'I can s a y, th e ho u se, or

the h o1ls1·s, with cqu~1l

11ropri c ty ; h ow t hen clue s t he (:cJin it c zi.rtick li ;11it it~; llOllll?

'Tutor; By rcfening; to some particular thin g

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AND SYN'I'AX..

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thinp;s, known; '\vhile aor·a·n ~·tjfers to things .··
• ,, · t~es, .sc1e11ccs, at' ts; p1etals, ·herbs; &c . : as'' p r u 'm1kno'.rn, and of c o ur~c.,'to no frn.rticu !a1• thit\ g ~ · 1
i . dcnce ,,is cotrim.e ndablc ~ · fals e hood is· odious;
Caroline. I believe;- that ,\ve now .·entirely
ang·cr ought to . be e,( vo1decl," Sec.
'
comprehend tlfe different uses of the articles·.
.. ,.
vV h 6n ' an a Jj e ct i v e i s u s e cl \\' i t h t h c n 0 LI n t ()
. Tutdr. I think you do; an'd I shall' now write
·'
w h ich t ]w · :lrt iclc r c \71l c!i, i t is pLt cc cl li c t wcci;
several questions i'or you to answ e r, a nd th en
t h e al'ticl e a11cl the nou n : a s , "a g ood m an,' '
give you ·~1. parsini; lesson.
~-: "an agreeable w o1 nan, " " th e b e st fri end ." On
' .':. sorne o2casions; how ever, th e ~tdj cc tiv c p r ec e d e ~;
. .. .'., , ,. QUESTIONS. .
)
· . .,:. ..a ' or
a1i :· ':\S
- '"suc!t a sha1l1e '' ''as trreat ·a rn ar t
iI~w many 'article~ are 'the~·e .i n the ,Engl_ish "
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author."
· Iangua~e ?
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·ol;· ·
1 What are they called?
;. '· -'·
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. For \'\that pnrpose are they 'u sed? ·
. ·'· .
1
Ho\v does the indefinite arti.de limit the noun? .
••·
' ·
CONVERSAT IO!~ VI.
· , ·How docs the .definite articte.lhnit it? :·
" ; ~~· ·.,
. " 'iVher~rn~1st .a become an? '. '
·
,
.-·11· what instances rnust a be used before a ,'·'.•. ,, . . , ·:.'.
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vowel? · ·
. .. · · . ' ·
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\rVhe11 ' must an b~ · u,secl 'ibefor,e an it that is, , : t
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j pzdor< . A'1) · An;JEcTivE , is . a word added to a
l10 L SJ] ent~ .
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, . . ( ,.·'. ... ;<
: >1.Vhcll .' tnust a be follo~·~cl' _ by .a 'plural noµ1~ : ? , .. ·~ 'J'.\··u~u·n/t,q .e :r;1;ess, ,sl>.me :qzuditV, 01· circums.tancc
· .. ;vYh.at rule do you. , giv~ \~h~n you parse ~ t~e · !},, ·,t,'; ~f ~he /ll'.1,·-~!on .o'r th?ng, of which the noun is th e
"-:.·. ·iH~me: as_, <~good .a1)ple-·-a s7u cet apple-a s mall
'1 ·1rticles .;> :
·
• · ' '·ir •
· · · ·. : -· ·
· ·· · · ·~"~:"·.~
·apple / . I · wish yqu to be · careful · to inake the
EXERCIS~S '.J N •,PARSING . . ' .· :. \,' :~::-A .· ~.;·~'distinctio11 ' her"e l>'e~\,; ccn · the wo'rtl that denotes
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. Th~ 'm~n , si:1\v wood. 'A · b~y · runs~ A 'girt '\~~ '}~;· : : ,~J~e 'thing, ·a ,~ .c~ the >~01;d th.al cleno~cs the mert:
,, _writes. _ T~1 c husband gove,rn~ t~1e ~an~ily. ,: ,'~'\i~ .> ;'.. " !.-:_', q1pil~y O;' Cll'{;UJDSta,nce of l,h c th_mg. 'J have
owl hoots. The o,,Js hoot. . An ostrich runs. ·:· '· '(:} .. '.1.r ncnyn ,many pupils .to inistake the adjective for
..A .:, bird . flies. 1The ladies : t~·~ch . the.. childi~cn~- ; :; ;..,:; · t~1·e· 1~_o !JJ. 1i, · cvc11. after' studyin'g grammar a lo11g
~f:.> :; Jinie. · .A little re.t1ection oi1 the nature of these
" The' O)erchant sells the goods:. ~fhe farmers sell :/
:':~)~ \:\-VO ~ ·p~rts ' <>f speech, \vi'll prevent mistakes of
": pr?d~1ce < ·
·.. ' '. .··
·!;:·::,::::~ . .:
'··
. REMAHKSON THE ARTICLES. ·".·~J · ··" -~~· ::thi,s.·; sc;>.~t . .· ,¥h.eri,I~ay, that I wear a nrw hat,
.l..§:-1.~you . n~ay i;eadily perceive the differenc e between
·: The article is ,omiltcd before 1iouns that 'im- r'~
·~ .,,·. ' the, word denoting the {!ting, and tl~.<i word de- ·
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ETYMOLOGY
t

thing it is. ; . 111 :011 de1" to. make 'y6u1:s~lv'cs fam1·: · ·p
.liar '~.ith .the adj ecti ~-e, ~vri~c , a (dy 1~ouns, , cl, "-;~.
then prehx 1as many ad;ectrves to -,t hem as vou. •
can. ·., 'fhus; · yc;:iu ·may · wdtc: .the 11ouhs, :fr~e.~, . ., .-ro~n~,/abl~, · 8treet; &c. and then 'pi·efix' stlclf' · -,-_·
: . _ adjectives -~() -them, as will mak~ sense: as, dry, · . _:.:

'an

; :·~ ~ tall, green ·~ ' shady, tree~, &c:~a ~var7n, . Jiigh ~

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·~~~ ... a1i/ oljj<tct;

'i.1~'crea~e ·o~,-i' dim inti ti~n ' : ·as,
.; ;' goo.d boys; ·,wise boys, ·great'boys~ · ·:. '. · < '. · :,. ,
<; . The GoiTip~~rativ~ Degree increases orlessens
/,'. the Positive. in s1gnification: as, 'Z:Jiscr boys-

;vi_t\1out

\ ·.'IJreater boys· -· less <tviseboy's.:._o r boys 'less c:vise .
;:. '· An Adjective may .be· ·placed after a nouh, · as
;_> welLas before 'it, as in the last ex~tmple. : .
.

:.". · low; we!lcji<?"rz,ishcd, . roorn-'.-a s!wrt, 'lvi<le, n(zt'~ .. 1 ,;;,." . :> 'fhc St1perlative De.gre.~ in.c1·eases or)essens
· roc:u, dirty·, or ctean!!J, table 01· street. You un - -.:...
t!1. ~ Positive to !he highest or lowest dc~~r ee: as,
~lcrstand that each .o f these adjectiv~s expresses .
· ... « gr~atesp, pi.~cst,, l~ast. rzvisq boys, or rncn, or
·. so1ne. gucllity Of .the 't-/!.ings, of·\vhicl1 tl1e i1ouns ;.
~.:·- p~.9P~.e ..' :· · ·'
· ·: ·· , ·
~1·,e the .nam~s. · You must prat~isc i11";this way,: ::_. .. - i -: .;. , · J:l~e,, ·~,iwpl~ _word, o,r. P~sitive,, becomes the
frcqu~ntly, till.)'OU com1)ktely comprehend the >,.'; ~:,: C;Q.mpqt~~tive,, by adclin,~ 1' 6r ,er; ~ml the Supe r. nature of an adjective . .. ' ·: . •· :. \ ;, , . .
. . .. .: ' · ;'. ' lativc, by addifrg st or' est to th e 'end of it: ' as ,
' . Ge.orge. Adjectives, then; b'e ing .wo1:ds to ex;.::
Li:):- . ·\. :.' :Pos. ',
·. c~·11i. , ..
S~/1e1· . . "
press qualities, and not 'things, cannot, I think, ': ·: .;::
·· \vise,'
"wi"se1·,'.
. \visc.s·t,·

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. ha~u~~::.so~vi~u1~b~~" gendc_r, an:d ., case;
. ·../.-~~;-~; .•i,,,,:,,· .· ' . ,g_r.eat, : ,·.' ,' ?1:~~,t~r,· . ·, , g1:eates.t; . . . ·, .
0
·: f :.
. , Gr~r r'.~ : B X
· l . ·;: - .
··--.:.: ...,.~· '12·\ ;'f!1¢' '\vords .mpr¢ (;ll1g tnos.~, less ~n<l least, have
· .. r · .g . . eca use I 1 . su y, t i.e lo?1g,- th c s lwrt, ...-~ · :: · _lh C-,sain.e . e:ffec t : · a,s , . : \:>.: '·: .·
· ·
.the round, I~nu_st tcll _what ' it ·. is that .islont:r. . "".~ ;.:·:'(.,":~:t; /.'< "·-'· '·:<·
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--· . . · · :- · J~os" · . ·· :. •:' cont'. "
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szqrt,orro,
u nd,' etorelex1)rcss ·anysense·and ,,.- "j: ._:i.' :•.: , · :,:.r:,. ~ .. • · . , ,
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WISC .
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t l1es.c wor<l~ do -not •how; whether I "mean to .
,{ >. ·:J, .·, . ·, . • ' . ' , . . ._vis ·' ,mos w:sc.,.
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. ;' ,, :· " .: ......,WISC
less WlSC ' least WISC .' .
spc,t o oncpe1sonorthmg,ormorcthanone; .
~' ,·1::"·,·, ... ':· ": ·: ·. "' ··. ' · · '. ··· . . . .. , ·.
·. .
therefore: they have no ·irnr11 ber"· ·nor do the,•.· · ·· ·'-{ · ::Y?~i:rnust · perce1ve· that ·an·AdJectivc Is a very· ·
__
deno.t e actors, ·.possessors, ~ 1..:objc~q_s?Jhcrefor~·'>. ~:~; . ·;'. sJiiJl)l~ part ~?.f speech_; ' and whe..n yot,1 i>arsr·i!)_' '' ;.~· •
they hav~ no case . ."
':. ··· ·
: :. ·· ·
· · . .~· ,:·.'1.~ ,~:·, you w1ll .1tierely, tell of what degree . of.' com part- 1· 1
. · T_utor~ :.You· are 1·ig·ht; · · 1n our fanguag·e, ad:.:·''.'.:..,:_. ~~,s~n)t)~., a.ncttq_what,nou,.t . it belongs ;j and then
. ject1ves, ha_ven~person,~rnmber,geiider,orcase;· F :·/: ·~~.j· !£J..Y· e..tl1.~~, 1:l\lyf.. ,:,',_~ , .,, .. ·
, ,·
.... · .. ...
.. and · the only· var· f . . h' I ·h ·,. 1 I .. . . ",.,.,~
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. . ,._. ,1,_-:.~·,·\«··, " ''i""··
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.thatof.thedegreesofcomparison; :.; .· ·
:,,,... \.:. ;.·: ~~i; :t... "" ',,:·, ,.: · ', .•. ·HULE .V·. "..'.\ :. ·.·. , y "·':,"". '·
· .· The1·c·are comi11onl,
·l
i·t·l · . d
···:· \ ' ..,..,-;· ni';.,<',:· · .· ,-) ......:·,. : ., : · ,,,t. · ·., ... . · ·
· ·
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}. . rec ~one~ ·. u:ce, · egre~~ · ·,;. :_:... ::~.;. "!fV,ery~·:"adjative: . ; be.long$ ,)o" s.ome no,mi, ..e.x..·.-. .. ·;
, . o .cornpanson, 1 he FosITIVE the CoMPARA-· ,,-: •· h i ,., ·a. :· · · d ·.· · · · d .. ,,,. ·.·· ,. · · · ... · ·. , .. -· · :· · ·
' ·· · d l S
·
· ·' '
. .":)•' "' /.'resse . ·orun e.rstoo . ........ , ... > , ;» . . . . ·
·. TIV1~1' anl' t.1 ~ ~SPERLATIVE. .· '',,' '-~
--·~ :~;>;
~._;:: r c~fotine'; Tsi1p1)ose ~v~ 1' ar.e- ncn~ pt;ep'are~ to .\.'
·. .· rn . 9~1tiye .... tate expresses . the quality 0 f :, ~-... · ~. ~)~.:;; i':·>:D·:i'' ~~ ·' · "-./ ', :·":_ ,·
';,? • /: ·.· . :; ''!'" <'- ...._ _.,, ~ · ,
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'; Verb's;· .::~(.
1
' .~: : · Articl.~s; ,'}nd Adjective.s ;,,:.'/:· ·, ·: .',<\,' ~'
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yes.· _.

parse

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fo'r·' y.9u;

. _ -Tittor ..
.r will _first '
o_n e
·.'"-~
· · · ~ml . ~heh_-, Pivc . you · s~~er~l. . n~_o·re, / whish.', yo:~i'.-. )>
.·. must .practise upon. ·. . · ,. . ._.., ." ··-:.'· :'," . :' :. ··.r·:·.
.« . ' The~ little girls write a -lotig ·: zetter." _': .·.- ,~-, ·
. . :Tl?f '. ~s; : th~ .a.~~.n.ite Articl~,'}"~d" re·f~r.s· fo:th~·: <~i
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po. ~~~ - p. ~rf·~)· - /~ep~~t Rul~ I_Y.~ . i: :Liul~_ 1 1_s ~n .(\d~:t:·:

JCctiv:e o~ t.he . Po51t1ve state, , an,<l ' belongs to the~., ~
_· riouri.'rf.irfs'. .:·· Jlep~at' Rule _v;: :·<: ~Ji:?;-/~>is ,~.' npU~l ~~{ ·
,o f th,c third: p~rs~n, pl,ur~Lp.uml?er, ~of th~ 'fenil;""~ , ·~

i1}ne· g_e,.t~. <:\ei·;-., \\i1<l _nc>Iji~natty~~.:~a~~~:~·fo th 1~ · v~1:µ;\ ~

<jl!r'it~~ ' . ~ f!J':rite' is 'a . tra-nsiti'v,e yerb /~f'_ th~}il}.i°f,d~_~J..;,
person, , plii1'alnui11b~r, an.d agi:.ee§'._w~th -~ts~. ~o.<;;:~

. 1ninative

ca~e;gir:ls, . ~epeat .R,_~\~'.l., · -~d'~fsJtll~'. ,'·~~.

- h1definite , .A'. ~·ticle, and refers' to '. th'e -.' h oun letter·. :'.,('."
1;el~e·~t }lulc IV: · Lon~cJs.~a!1/·,A{lj_~:~1i,vc, of t}w '.;~
I osll rye, s~-~t~"! ,, ; ~nd l?el?ng(:, t~>,;,t,h ,e\ ripun · -zerM>r_;·;~;·; .
R_epe~t}~ule: ' V, Letter )s'.· aipoui) ._ .of'the)~i_r~.<-,
P.<(rSo,_n, s1_ngl~la1', .n~ ni,ber,.· o~ ri,e -~ te(gendy~·, .' ~r.'i~:-:.~:\,
. .m the ,0bJCCt1ve case; governed .br: the. transi\l:ve ·':,
' 'b . ....
R . t ~R " l . -I I I .;', .' ' .. . '~ :; "
.V er ·'Z.unte.< '·. epea..., .. ~1 __ {{_\_ ,/ ·i: ;·:,-,,:... .,.'' ~·-,. ~J\·.:"·!., ,;
- ,._:.,,." J'}:-a; ys~ thi~ s~nt~nce _· severa,l~ tim,~p, ; : - a~d. ·wf1eti '1~·
.- )~ou. S~!~ }lo ·1~·· a~·cui:at.~Iy~ .px.a ·s:~~, s~'.:. ~.P.on,}~~,
lof-~'1 '
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Jow~ng, m the same rnanner; -:·:c. .''
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, : :.:>'' EXERCISES.
. IN\ . PARSI·:~·Hi •: \):: '!'~.~.,\.
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··' :.' The gr~at ships c.al:ry l_~~ge";"b,urc~ens ;:;..~q'i1: >·
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. . ,smaller ships bear lcs.s ~ul'd~~~:., :· Qenerous',p.e t~·. ~'
'•' .. · sons, i'di¢vt.: the poor;,old men~'·-· w e'althy ladles ~~
·,. _ __~1elp . indig~nt . femal~s. .'The'l_~tti~· childt·ep;~~1~y<·:r.
· · fhe ,'·old b1r.c's fly. · Wise 1i16th~1'. s ' te::>.cb ,li_t\le1~1
'. g.irls.-':' -~.,h ,e ·ma11's di.s~_on ~se ~<;tµ,s.e'cl· : muchse·x ~· ,
::c-~t~11:i~nt. :~ The '.. gir~'s _, , friel).<l-S · ,abuse · th.~ /G'\~k~

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::... . .:. ,''. , .. '· :_· ·,-:· ', ' .... ':':. .· . :. '' . ·.;
·.:.-;, '' -. ;~'=;·:.~., •
1
{ !( . · . d ·Iow i~,;- -_the G9mparative . for:me<i.- ~ .' i ,'·. \ .. ·~ •• '". J.~:
f..'.: , · : ,:' Ho~v the ·supe1·Iative ;i · ·' · · }:' ;.~~·, · •. ,. · • ·:· .,, ..-: ·i,,(. i·"~
~ff' .1 · ·.;·Is 't'µ~:-;1;~h-11~·-· to_. ,\..hfc.fr ·{11e
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.·)., . · al\va}·s
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;> ·"· ·· ·,.
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.
·.,,. · · \ ,
ri ' .
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·\ ·}~ . . ~.:: ;w~~~-t ·ru1~·_,do . you g~v_e~· wheq y'ou i)ab;,y - u·a.-~ ; ;~;
~~j eCt'ives? ,·· ··::'· ·: · ... . . ·-,. .1 .'! "'; '/ ·_.· .::i-.' . . .:< · ~:-.:.-.:: ;-:,
·-,; · ·. . Is ." an :adjec~fve...,ev:er ) 1sec1:in _~h~··11~. ~~1r_e of:fi,)'
, i~9un? .·: ·; '?/ ;·. . . ' ..<::.'.,,:' ":.<:':"> · !);>: ,,, '.;;:.; ,':/-...>~.-- >:',\~:/1, i.
... _' .>· Ofwl~at n~~i:p, er, 1,~·.; the . aclJ_ec!}\;~'<1~vherf', ~1s~~-~·;:·
·:·:.
sups~'J,ntively'? .. .. ·., . . : · '.l_'.\ ~'·~;(. ·:'<'. '/·•·· - ·; .-1 ;,~J.,:..:•.
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t·_ .: :,'<:~ ··~<''· r~r. '· :.?1
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"· . :.•·• · 1 · ·, JlEMARKS
ON:.·ADJECTlV.ES.
·
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·
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·~· . , . . . ··~ . .
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1
· · Mono~Y,Ha,~~es, J9r:. tl'.e m,os( ·pa.tt, 1 ~re : - c~m; -i~i.'i
pared by .. e1~ · and est; and ·"d1ssyll'ables by mo1~e -v..,- ·
and_''11iost. : .-: -~5~ .' ~-ild,_:.; ti1i~~l. ~,~~r:.' ~i!d'i~t; fi'li ~~t.;>;/'
mory frugal, most :fr4g<!-L ; I)1ssyllables ~n~1~g 1 ·
111 y,· as, happy, lovely; ;· :an'c~/ ~n· ·1if,· af~er a mut_
e,-'? .
as~ a~l. e~ -' 3>1~1ple; ;or ~c~e~te· ~ :<£~1.; ~~-~- I~~~ syll,~pl~~ :.;·,~
,as, , d1: ~cy~et? . -po_~1t,e; ~~. sily _• adt~~\ o~ - ~r ~1~<l_e,f.t:"i:;;·
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as, ,happ1_er., happiest; abler:, a~lys~ ; ·:po~1~er, p(>;~i: f' f
lites.t. ': Wm;ds'. of more tha11; tvy·~ i s'y pables\ha~•µty ..:/..
eVer ,. ~c.fmh · 6{ thOSp te~ihati'9n's ;_':'·;: ,'';~/ ' ··: ';> ;~;:·t_il,~,

-'.,. Iri··soh~e -\v<l:rds ' ·tl~e ; sti'l1~1~lati~.~ ,-i~·! . f.orm ~<l : ti-y:~t· :

..

,, . ' . adding' the adv'e1~b most 'to · . the\ ind of.the.ti' h~s:~~
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. /; 11ethermost, uttei·most, or··
utmost; ·under1'riosq
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u1ppermc;ist;, foremost. · ·' .."_, /· " .''' ·· :,:•. ·,:,.,' ;
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"ln r:nglisJi, ·as 'i13 · njqst lapgu.a ges·, · there ·. a~e. '~.'
. some ;wo.rds of very comtnon'' use;· (in .which ' ~h¢ ·~
capdce'.'."()t'cqstorri ·i_s apt to'. get ',t he bettei· .of. apa~?
1
., Iogy,}-~ th:H ,are · ·irregulat"~ ih _~'. this / 1·espect: :_a~/
'.: " g9od,.bettef·, bcst; 'ba<l, worsy,-\vorst:; litt1e;,Iess{ ·
· · Jca!;).t; 1;nuch' ·o r marry, more, most"; near, nearer, ~
' · '.,uearest'or i1ext; late, ·,, 'later; · latest'. .df. l~st f,. old~ ·"'
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·.adje,l.'tiv e:: ·:~.It :partidpates 1of :1ti\e'. nature . ofr .t :~ . '":': ·
verb,'beca~s'e itexp1;esses 'action as"a verb .~}oes '; .. ,;~
at1d ' i.t · }~ arfak~S ;· Of 'tlie :natut•e: bf !an ·: adjecttV,e; . .· :'
bec'a use ,it-freq'u ently belo11gs to soine 'nom1, .and ..
. is used · as· an adjectiy.e. · There, are ' t~wee kinds .
.of:' pa~·ticipl~s: ftre.sen;t; fidj'e'ct;"'').nd cornji'ozi.nd
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s)iall '. Ti ow-. explain to -fou; ·;.denotes .:' an: ·.aCtiofr. ' .~~,
. contim\i~1g·, 1or ~ .still going oil', a~a "ends· in.,·; ing l:::. .'i.
as, I se~ . : ~ boy · beat~rig a · dog~+r ·~ee ·,. thi dog\ ,:"'.;,'
runn(1ig';:;i<zvalking;-: ji:glzting, eittirig,:'1dri7Jki~~g~ : ;, ·. G. ·
· . &?-. :.·T~ese.": . arc .. Pr.ese~1.t .pah i7'i pl.es·; , <leri~'ed." .....;:
from the :y e~bs . beat, 1'1!-n,' 7.valk)fi,t{ltt,::ef!.t; 4.rzrz.k, ;. .,' .!!
&·~· : 1~'h_e-_~·i·ul~ ; yoi~ :YP~ ' gi.~ ~ ::iy l~ e:~'.. ~X9u .. p~ts_f,: .: ')
. this· part1c1ple is, ; :'.:::-; "1 . : · ·;:(','.\;·~~.:·.~-/·:', -.: . .. :.< :''·:·itc'"·: . ,:;-

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·1i~ct~~d · -. tt.tJfth, t.he azt:X,:ilzary ', Vqr4,'.1't,b:}j~~~ ~r~f.f! r~ ' '. t~ :

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· rul~, that Hhe first participle '. Which yoU' n1e11.- · ''\;~
.,tio1)'ed, beatinf{; ' refers to ::. ·~he \nou~) b()f'-·-.· a~~cl " :'1,

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. ~. ');,:·;./"-C arbline; !J, urld¢rstand ·~hat;;a participl:~ dqqs·1 ~.::
?l!'.:-i1, <')t~.~~g1~~e < W,ith ''.3:•:\11·6.\in, but:\. ~irri'ply refer._8 . to{;, : :; ;~·

:~{it; ah_d ':'.l . know ~t~". m\i~t, of, 9;~· ~essity ;·>ref~r t~; · ...;_: ~
~ ·:,~?m.e · .,word ) hat . de1w.tes .'~he ; aft or, be,qrn!?e .·a·\' · _.:.'.
{ . p·artic1ple · expres~es JJ.11 action as ' the i.v erb Aoes, :· · ·~· ; .
.:'.r . a~c,Lth. ~fy · ~an' be· nQ:i(l·ttio'!- v(it1_10u·t an:ctcf:or.' . , ,;
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::·:;:f ;':"i:9~ a ~;g~·: <V~u· . sai<l~1' ~ha~ · a 'p~· 1'.~iciple).~r~a~e.s> ·' : :
.r of(the:.·'. IWtpre .of:·an.> !ad;ecf:zv.e;_, and sorr,ietu~es .." · ;. .
i'~ -~-~ld~gs.· :~p;\_a' no~ui'~ .1~1"e ..a.n.' a~jfctiv~.· ~<' JV· ~l.1::; Y,O U . ·.·. '/."
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'J\~~ ·: . a:q~u1zn~.1~rn ~tr~~~·~ "~· ~1151 ·:.'( • .
-..\; fiY•k'; 1~~ou.gs~. · ,',.lr-fere :·y ou ~: se~i that·: 1tlle partic1~ ':r . \;. ·\
·J...:t?Jt~~'F,1,:U"~ning. an~ijly'.i1~g,. a. r~. tis,~~r. as adj~.c~~ves~ . ~ ./· ·'.
_,;: ./~I1.4·.;.\~J1~i1.p.arti~H)t.es '.: ~r.e SC? .q s.ed,. you,:JI,iay-: ~a.ll '. .:·;-:
'r~.ctl;.\enFadJ.~C ti ves:\ •·.Soh'ie graµi,maqan~ ·call ' the.m . _, .. : '.
'.\.'~ . pafti. 9 .ii).~a~ ;~a .djec:tiv.es~< 1};~ut, ~J . li.~v.e'.:.:'a~qp1e(-re:.-.:: -~:'.'~,
};'.1".lafi91i .'; t~'. , expJ,ain ; 1' rtt·spet.t~~g<~,t~he~: .paftieip,l~.., .-·.:.,'.-~-:
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t-}.:'i\'."~e~· .1,. ; say~:· 7·1~e~:;r;z..a_ ~·f~f"~~;<:e,s~ . 'tlfe · gt,~ijt ~:'._ ?, 1oy :~; ,.'.·
('i terJcli,t,n'[f th e lzt,tie· 1t;_li.z~d:.;-,· wh~t ca~e do:you tlunk :·: . ; ~
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t'. fr:. p1\esse~.(~.by the 1 /z,arti.cijz le . t .e acliing, .tJi¢-11.efoi::e ,::. )!:· 1.
/: 1._ .s' h~tt'
.ld ~ take fr·· to~· b.e·in.' the; ·0bje~H_ve ":6~s.e(~>u
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:..'(.'-;~~e<h~~e~~9 _rule ' yet.,. / \:V hi ch ~,te_l}.~ :'!~: .) 4~..-,~µ .'ob";' . :.:-: :;'./'
,!, ,:_,J e-t.t1ve- case i_s go.v.er.ne<l-.by a paroc1pl~.:'·f·PJ · " ·;, ;.,. ;t
~->/·f· XU r br: ~Yot'i.. :..~re. rr;ight; and; ·as'· y6µ' 1~·un. ael.~~ . ,. .'. '~·· · ·~
·~:-~. ·~~all:cl ~ " t9e \propep~;:.~eJaJ~o.n . of ·. t.he 'w. pr~d~,;1~"}'0U·:.: ... ;·;.~"
,·•· might -.m~~~ ·a. ru~e;"· y:~4r~.elf. ; ·l .:WiU, ,how.~ve1:,r -.: ..1" ·:it

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'ripming·, ·· W.-~lk(ng,'. eating;::,cj.~7i1i·IC,ff1,g·; 'ji.g'(i..ti1ig ; '..
alf.}et~ei~--~o :tl)e/ noun' dog: : .>' ·1 , <·t, ,/!·:,;:P' . '. '. ';'!.}.;';, ;: : -~;-·{
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.. : 'Thi~ip~i;tidple never · ~aries '. i_ts te1•~irh1tfon ;· -,:~,.-· ;:.;.~/'~{~:·;·;~·}"~;~:(>.{' :~ ~·/ ~'.trf ~ ;,~i-~· ;~'. )l~ ...:,·:.. i ;i::', . ,.;~~; · ·: · «·i/;1it!i;:t.::·~~: . ).
. )t . is sp~ll.t:;~l .in th,e s.a me maim~.r · \vhe~her ~he - ;:,:.i
· · . w.orcl denoti.1?g · ~he actor;'is sit1gula·r ·or plur~l, )- · ~;~~P.f?(.{ic'ijz/e~ . of· ·'i'RANSIXIVE,.'. v~r~~: go~ern<(l~e,:.: .oa~· ,:·i/. ·:·: .
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see the boys running,
or. the
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r,~2f:~:5~,a1l. . you . give e?rntpp.les , wiFh}he/i1~e~~n,t, /ia~,~

n~·~.~r~ . at~d p.o_mjwu.nq 'jte1:fec? partici})le' · s«l'~1sed? .

·J~{·;. :··· .•.... ~ ·

r . ;,,·+, ':>>,eo.· ··• .·

d~ri~-e~· -~t~ ;iai~1.~.fr~m~ . i!;: ·r~.is/\

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<{f 1>~'._."· . ~: :.,i: : . :\: QUE~Ti'.O~~. : _,· .·, · ·. ::·;;::. ;!·T.,' _.. .·. ·
,.i!'I,~~·'·.;~at; ;e·~~· ~~~ ''is-' :iip, arti~fpf e'1i'k'~-:~ :v~\~'bj ..

,. , ";.-• • ?;, "" •• ·

. · · , . tic1patmg,_!1ot onlr of·y1e : p1~9p~rt1.es of: .a·;.vfrij( .
· ·" but · a!so ,of those of an ~d)ective: as; '~ l,ialJl~ .
, · .'. . desirot~s of k,n ow inf{ l!i 11!: ;':;·.'{ a<bnired,:,~r.4::1i1.i.:.·_~ ·
1
~ - . jllaude.d, he 'became .vam; : ")ta-ving · .fin'ishe4
·: , -·. 'his ·\vork, he submitted-it" Si;c·; (~" ~- ' ·::--: , - ~s. · ',~"f.-

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, ', i,. ,REMARKS ON '. ~~Aif[lCIPLES ;> -~.;~ ...:· .-

...;', :'. ), ~ · !h~; pa1:ticip\e

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~~· ·.. . .....: .""":;· .., '"4·
l ,- . . -~ -.. . ; . ... >;-: ' ., : ·.:. ·
. .: ~Vb. ~~ rul_e ,, when 'Y.o?. payse"an p,bjec~lve
·:cas~;,:·
wl11ch1s· governed by 1t <. , · ' · ' . ... .. Y · ·.- ·" 1 · ; · " "':-,. ~

'

~I1~e.?nr~~ · his .c~own ;, ..:;·~' · T~1e gene_ral's lzavir~g
>-".faz!ed ,·.1p otlus enterp1·1se ·:occasioned . his '.dis- ·
:;~ra~.ef'. · '~ :Joh~'~ _h.aving _been,.,.writing ,:a ·~ ~. ong ·,
:;it 1me ;.had weaned !lum " · - · . , , '.: ' · "' '·.-.\: '.."· ' · ·

· ...vV lucl,1-liav _e I explaine.d ?.'- ~ ··. ~ . . ·, :-.;::: ·..:r
.. -~l~at . rule : dp. ypµ ,giye ">vheri \ y. 0~1 · p'ir~¢.. '~/~
.

:~ A~D · :~Y1N'fAX. '.

~f,~f?ll?Jt~ g' _ips~a1i~es : :~:" "The' ,·be¥i~nihg ~j'?,) . '~a
):?ooc} ·; ·utide1~~laiidihg }~ ' · -" ·ext'.:eUeilt ·~vritin;g >_, ·
~;~~':TI~~ 1··d1,~ ·~.pc~ll01·'s 6 ~~.ng . /it'tac!I'ed · tb : the ki1;g

· · " -,. •
· . "· :;)·<

an. '.~ r.t1~ \Jl~s a1.·e·,~t.h~e·.

-.

·:

1

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-

: Ho\v does 'it ·differ from ~t verb T ' . ·
·. .· Ho·w.·_.rn
i)a.
i
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1
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.. '

!/;~hows it..to be. an adjectn'e. : . . . • , • · • ,
.
·\P'~ , T!1~r~ ai:e :th,1;~~ part,i f ~pl~s, ~h·e'.· p~'.ese.ntoi·,: ~Ac­
":~_;;;t1ve, the r,~rfec~. o.r Pa.ss1v~, . an,d ~h.e C<?mpt;:»~nd . ·
;:j• ~erfec;.;t :.· as,~' lovmg, lov,ed; ·havmg loved/ ,'1. .
'.!)'..:'· :P~r-~ic_ip~es. ' · .s.briictiflies p ·e rform : the ;:office ~f
.:.{subs_tantiyes; ·ancl: are us'ect as si..1'ch : " as iii ' the

' '~ r'• ~

I

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1

'/ ;~;nu~lit('of ,th~ . si.1bst~1i~i:e· ji'e1:foh;ian~e;
, '~h1ch ';
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_,. ' · ·.- , QUESTIONS.:'· \~~., . ·.· ~:.· .. _>.,.:,;.t,~.~ .
'
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. ,What is a Pai·tkiol~? ~ ·; .;,-,.,< 1·· : ,,' , ,
· · '~\V.l)y . is i t.callcd f->a;·ticiJLle\?_'.'.:'):~~:; : ·,
::);) :.i~;::r1:
I.

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~~' Jens~, ·W?d ~r th,e.i mu;~1c.;1pl~ ;· pas~1ve · qf'the· v~i'l1 · .

,. · . :l}~e hu~riJ~1;s shoo t the /le~!'. rt~?1.1ing •. · ~ ·i':\~.\.:
.. }~ht\· fly1n_g clou.ds obsd1r-.~~ tI:~; sl1n."<>"j;,s , , :· .~
. I hy :ratthngbail pel,ts th~w1pdow(>. :... ~ .;··; _. _. :, '·
·T he la))ouri11g men culthr-at'e· the ; earth. / : , ~< ~::
:. :r,11e.: child sc~-s the ha'v l~· killing'. t.b~· ~hick'~n.~{ .·:::.
· ,.;1 he:·~c~·vant \yatches t~e _9oy9e -,eatrng oa,t :. 1•<;'~
1

_·, ·•• • . ·

· ::;,~,o ;_ adn1z. re _; 1 ~n<l; · at H1t'1 . sa111e time it"d~11ote's

. ·.,, 'EXERCISES' 1 IN ,.~A. RSiN 'G. ·. ·:· '>-~ :~>->~J

'.'

~~;i}~.h.~ w9rd . 9-,f!,1?1.zr,e~has .tl~e ~~rm _ o~ . t~1~ un1)er,fect ;

r·:

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f

~~~·) '}n tl\e p~ira~e,: _'· ~ An

,g avc :y9u a few minutes sinc~~':t1t~' ina.ster ;-' &~} !
,,·---:a~d ·then parse .the, r?tl_o\~~11'g \e~~mpl~s, co12/·· ~.:~
.ta1J?1ng the five parts of ~pee~h 'w!th wh,1ch ,yo,u;. .·~ :I1
are .acquainted: viz. , N otths~- Verbs, : ~i;~ idcs ; >·: ' "
. Adjectiyes, ·and Participles.· /, .-: . ·. ·· . · ·, .
<:,;."'
• . ·, " • . "'
..
.
.
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i \:

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E 'fYI\101.. 0G l.f _· ·

... .,.:. ·.·::: ·, ... ,'.. •,·. . ,·

-

...·-:;} .;:_. :. t) :.. ;i. ·. ·.·:: .:;) .:.
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F.TYMOT.OGY

/\\'])

part of .speech in ol'der ;. sn I_st~ppos~ we arc.:to
11<1\'c th~t 1n this Cnn\~e r s~ tioh."' >.· •
·
· "• •
· . Tu t or . : Yes.; an .Adverb is a,.word whicli gen~.~
e'~presses mnnn et; tin1e? fd~ce, 01' dr:.r;:ree; .
and ha~ its grammatical conn,ex101fS always with .a; ·-~.
Verb, Particzjlle, .lldJ.ective, ·0.1' aq9 ther Ad·verb. ;
ih~(you · are·. now prepat·c:.dtQ receiv~ · the e~- ..
~ phnati<?ns r.Qncernin~ this part· of :speech, aod
understand. ·its relatiqns in. a .s entenct1. , I.t has
no co~m~xion with a noiJn ~
~ny other part of speech .except the four •. which I:.have just mentiom:d. · · It is called ad-verb, because it is m ore
fr~q~c~~tly adde~l tu the verb t h. a~ , to, any o tl;,er . :·~:
part· ot : speec,h.; ; and when, :;tdde~ to ~ a -verb, m• · :_~!
a jztzr~iri/1le, it usually expr.essc~ :-tl~c . t~me, t,h~ ·~f
m ~ nnrr,'oi', the /i{ace, in. w~1i.ch -aµ . asvo~ Is -done; . /'-,
as_, the boy, walks slo,w!y~ le.isur~ly, ~u.zckly, liasti!y, or badly, _&c.; or wi.th a, participle :. as, I
see tb.e . hoy rz~alking .slo7.u[y_,. ,lcf~urr:ty~ . q_z~ i,.ck(y, .• ~
&c. · . the~c ·a dverbs qualify th<f partici pie.' ; ~,n~ ·; .
you'·. se·e ·that . all these . c~prd.ss' . the ,c~na?,m.,t.'. r~:i.n "~.

neralJy

. so

or

. wh,ich:tl.1e_a,c,tioris ~n·e 901Je~·;._ tq~t .a1:c c1en.oJ~·~J~X le~
th c vei·b 01' par,ticipl~. > '.:· -~f ·.: . .,· ' ,• ,,. . . "; ' ; i·<.:1·:, •:..

:. : ..,Vh~:1~

.an adverb is

join~d t~ . ~P · at!Jec.~i,v.f? 'or" ·,'

n I:
J ,}

SY N'l'AX ,-

. A<lvcrbs _cnding in Ly, are compared by mart:
v." 'c\ nCl m6st: · ·
"' · ' ·
Positi-uc .
Com/zarativc.
Sujzerlati-ve .
..
'. \visel)~ , . . t110i·e wisely' most wisely.
;.: ·>".,,,:' "> ably~ ·!; . ' '.,.·· more ably,. <· ~ 'm ost ably.
; .'\ And :a.d vexbs . e~press the ~lc gree5 o,f ad jeer
1~ !~·v'¢s ._: ,a~,.>:,_,
:!:,"
~: ~" ;'' . 1~ositive . · i:omfidr~tivd. Suj1erladve .
_·wise, ·
more wise,
most wise.
1!~··. : ,· : ·.:·: \vi~e,''
c less wise,
least wise.
prudent,
mo.re prudcut, niost prudent.
4f\7hcn such phrases : as the following; none
~~~ -'. ~t, ·afi:? a !freat.·· d~ul! "!any times, ct few days
. ;;,' p.go ; - ~re us e d to express the manner, or tzme,
~-'.~~uid ai;e joined to v .er~s or participles, you will
-'i:.· saJl .~hc. tn ~ a,d·vcr,~ia( jz!zY·ases : ~·, :. .. . : ' ".
·~ ., ~ George. I suppose :we can now p::trsc sen ten ·
:r:;.c~s · cont&ini11g; six pa1·ts of speech: Nouns,
_ ~--,M.erhs; ·- Ar,t idt;s, _ A.djectivcs, P articiple~, and
J:::~q:v~rl;>s:. ) ,.·r'.·" j""'·· : >'',\~··:·.'. , · _. ~~~; ·~ -, :- · '. / ; ;:-:,<t ., ·•· ·
~ ·:J;t~F-1fui9;.~;{y ¢s t · : and
rj1 list ~·arefu1 '~.t·o ,1,re;:..

. ,,,: · . ·

·

·yoli

be..

l ~{fu~e.tnp:er :~b\v ' ~~-ch'. is~·l>.atsecl: < :<';~-' :'·"'-~;~:·· ·:::. -; ,:·,~~·~>Jh Jia1',~Jng a .tVoun~ ·'. tell . 'Y h~tJ.fo'1~ · i(ii;:~ '. GO~· I

.: ~~9:h,: ~tfr :;py~·per, ·.J.t:'i> ,:~e.~ ~q~1,' ,· ~ im~er;':~g,~ ~~,<~i·, ~

.'.''!,'. . '· ~ .:
~)'.{-J'.!~'. ka.rsing · t?~ .V:erb; .tell . w~~~t~~r.ir isJransi- ·,
:::~ iWe ~r. mh~nsit1ve; als.o ,tell . It~._i1er§on, - nurn-~, · .
adycrJ,~, ,soon, often, muchJ we,~~ · ; , an~ the~, ~ _, a.fj~ :.!~~ ~.~~~~~r; ~.P~l :.with ''; ~at, n.~i;nmat1ve},t, a. ~re~·~"- a.11~". .
compared ~hus: ,
. . · · ...: . ".,... : . · .) "··· ·:~;;. ~."' ,;1,:._gi'V~.: Rule)., . • · · '. _· '" · ,: ;· · · · .,. :·· . ,. .,·. . · . .
1
:·, P~siti11~ .. · Comfwratipe. /: Sµ,/z_erla~ive: :~.-- ';;
•t:~":>Jh; '.'ifarsing an :Ar.~iq(ef ;'-: tell ~hat '.kind;" anrJi
.s.c:oh; · ,..; . sooner, \ :"1 :.-· ::: soqnest~ ·~.~~. ~~ :t<
~\\x.h~\i.~ ~r~.~ei·s .to,."and J~~~·t · ~ule_lV. :":"·:'''..> >/ :': .
often; ·
oftener, : ~ . ·:; , oftel)e,s t. . :y·~: : '.·"
~~, l_n~. pa.rsrng ' an· Ad;e_ctzve, tell ' the degree . of
~, ·m uch, .. · ,. more, : ,; ··'.(:.,most . . .. : ·"''. :::?~~~ . >
, ~~.oil)parisqn~ aµd ;'vhat'n,Qtni '· it' .helongs"' tp; . ~n~l :
"· " \v.d l, ·
bettc1;, . ' . · best_. ;; .. ';.j':, •
·~lgive . Rulc··v . '.. "·: . ,~ ,'·- ·· . · · · · · " · · ', .,, . ~·

·adverb, it generally expres:scs the degree 9,f},h.e •i"
adje<'.tivc 9.r a.<h1 e~p; f~: .some:a.~l~erb~ l~aV~; ~lc:- .:.r
. grees · of :.' c<?mpnnson hke ~dJe~.yves : . a~, \~~:~ .,i}r

.

,

·: .:~.

~.~.'n~t'q$.e. ~ :, · ·. :.= ,

"•i~· · .": ··~-·· .t. >~ ;-· ~·

,

-1 , , ,

· ~ ,.

;· · .'

.\

....

~·,'.-.

' I.

_,

· :~·-·

i.

··7 ~,'. (.1 \' ~

1~C:['\,·..·. ·. \ ~~o;.Y~1:A,~ r . ~ ::' :•.•..·~ :)(
··:;:&i,~·,t .,.f,g.?,o,d;:P,~;?~ 1lt?)}q~t. Y,<?~.h~~icJ:i~iI~r~i9~rni~g (:·! ~~:.:<
~~eJ),:7~atg~-,~:~1ue~ ~.r.1~itft1,1? ,~;<l1!X, poq~ ,}nha1?1~\'~'·'· ;.;, '.·.'
i~.:;~~t.~~Jf ¢.~li9~s.,• ~e_e111~· lgt~~- ~1r;~~' ~ !~:a. r.~. 1n'g gr~~~ , ·.::,·_

.{mar ~hb~;oughly, fee~ rµ·nch pleas_ui\e~l3ehavmg ,. \,

~-;~;.~afole~sly~ ~b~is(:~c]d~:foHdiief~R¥~~i~g swiftI~f-· ~;> .·.
\I~o,rses f?reak _c~~T1ages::---&er~a~ts dnv1_ng h~rs,~s , .

::::.Vi,¢ry CC\rele,~sly, ;'19ft_e1i'·i)~'.~ak · p¢.ople~s hmbS-. ·_-· ·; ~- . , -. , .
1
,"/; ' .
• ... .. . l . . ,. r,
l I ' ./: '' d
. '
·:W-:t/;:;;>:'' 7'1lf!_ d. 'eJznzte,
<f.··1·~t.¢. e :·:u~'. J requent y 1 1.1~e._ 1 ,,xe , . 't~:~ >_5·1~
.1:·:#d'Pe_1J~h8; hf - tfle< c(;~n:i/uz1~at.ive ahd _8uft.er,latiVe -_ d4._,_~. '-,):-".:
•'}gree'8, to-·1riqNc tlui dtghfr 1no1:e 8ti:.01~gly .~ , as, -.: · ·~.-, ', :':, ·

f~;:/ :Tl~.c . mo1.1,e'·1~l_1e,_.~vi~d·~,. blow~., ·t.I~:e:fa~t,er: ;the,'~hip.:;, '.t .:.
~\Sf,11~-L:-T}~e, nwr~-:,th~ . R<;>x» stud~es:. the.. l~. S~<:Jl1~JJ:ie_~· · --:
.n:.6Ju~_z- the...bpy unde'rst~~)ds the les~on. ~ ..'. ;,· :. ~:;.!;' ':'»; ".,:;'
~t~~t_ :'):~' · ;r:1· ·,.: . \::,;:: !:?':.: ··· .: :'.: ~. . .~r~ . ··. ~ ·,.. ~.'. :,:.~·~ ;::_:' ·:·;\'.
....
,,. : .... Rµ:l\iI~Rl\.S
O-:K( i\J?,V:i;.:RBS. , - .· : ,..
.~.·
.1,~,)/ :·~/:,·. '.:_,
:·~·.-'.:",·•fl ·~·,\-,-~ ' . - . \ ''.> , - •"' ·· ._.. ~I; .,_.,·. ;.
~;\ ·~,
'i/ :./,' '- . ....

. ,

••

· •

'~i·;,/1:h e~·~ ·;;are:
: tn~tiY ' '"<?rds }n. the E,n ghs_h . Jan-.".)·';
1
·ig'.9a_gy;~ '_that a~~~;_:-~oh}~t\iT! es,~ l!s¢d ·a. ~. - ~,9je.p~iv~s, _~ ..'_;.,·
_.;~~htl . ~<nnytin'l(!s": :a~:;<\'dverbs": " ~s;}',~J\19rei'#.i. ~. i1 t,l~a,n:': . '. -~ . \
t4!~$9~:~n~~~F.~'~·~'1Ji~~r)}Ii, ;{.; ~.~-1 :;- '.' ;! ;aw;;: in~r:~-:·, ~il~g~n( '.>~·.

'? :~Jt}\~~J:,;:~·;.:i.h: ~IWJIQ"t~et: · ~~.~~nce_; . 1?;Z·~J:e. 'is:. ey,i~_:" ; ,::?~:

... ~~t,!Y_ .N1. ~·?.J~~-t1Y;~~· .~n.4 iµ :tl1e~).at_~e~ a~, ~dve~r.b.,. .
lt'],here
are
.:others
.~hat.. are .sometimes
. ·u sed,. 'as.,·,:.·/.
11,t~\·'-" - >....t. .t .
•
'b:
:..•• "'· /'' '',,·\·'
, ...... . _.
' ' ·.:.
" .. \ '",;

·.:{ ,-:.
0

,'.~,ij~§t,a~tfr~s! ·, ~il~~ ~· so~.:~~-itp~.s ~ '.as{_adv~,r.bs ;: : ~s) -, : '~-;
~<!~l ~~~~l~y's.{!,.esso~ , '(l;f' ~R,I'l$~~· · t~1}~n..:. ye:ltrt9ay?.s.~ ~} ~ '«:: . ~),

~;~~.rt:fo. : .1.~Y: an?.: ye~~f ~f:/~ay

:><.

are ;~,tipst~pt~v.es·;..~~::.

".\~:u~.~:) tl~.~y ay,e:~~. ~q~:. :~h_; '!:t ..~nak~ : s,cn,se. ,ot, v.· .c~,--: :, ~\:
-.:8.~l.~~S.~ anctadJU~~ ·bes1a~~ of. , . p_o~.ses.~.1.ve: P. as~ : ~ ··<1··
.' H~~t:~~}YJ~l_,e . P,h.~~a~p,,:~.' , fl~',c_a1!1e. 1~?~1:ie..~_r,est,erday, .~~~;~·:·!
j

1

.,...

~:~n~.re.ts:,R_\~t ~.a~a1~1.: ~R"'~l.~y,~' th~-~ :..~re.-. ~p~~r.bs. ·of:~.~·~ ;}

.,t~me·;; p.~caus~-thef .~xpr.ess th~_. time cu;lien " ·he,.-:)'.'!;.

~i~~µi_e: ~nffs,~t$ · q~l(t.',;. ~ ·:{fhY·: ~d,ye~b . 1nuc(i)~.u~~.d·>;" :'~::·
-~a$'':' a1Fthree:·:
{·,.}';
• • '- ' t ~ ''' , ~ ~.s ''' '. '.':"Wheh~
· '~"~I

m·ucbjs ·giv·en·, '. much·/-~)
' \ .-' 1''-'

· ~~:;;~~ulr¢c(;;t ·'~ . Mli2h.-·lli6ri~y-1~ias ' b.e~~ ;~~.peri~-: : -,.) <
I

•

''••

t"

:,~/H~i)(~~-!:t.is': m. ~~cl1~~-~~t.~~ to ·go;~.tha~;~tq!. ~~.!~~/~ , ~~· -,,P;~

~?,'_',:j<:.:~·: ,:":•j \>.

:":'' . ;~:;\ . ]) . . . . >:":

_.,. -. ··'· ...;~:~,.>::..

' .;•'' ·'. i~ '•·; •;:: ~} (;:J\i'.;?'.··•.~::~.·.~\:.',·; :.)~~:~::}~.~1.:.~:· .:·.~:<':'~;:,f.:'~':1';~.':,'.~._."~,~:. '. ·_;:':·.- •
. '·, .- . ·.,·.:;- r' ; .· ;·: :··.
' ""'
38 ''• · ".
..
El'YMOLOG"Y " .. · ·\ .. ' • '· •_/:_;~! t
',· ' ....··· ., .·.: · :~;;· .. -.. ~ ·.:·:'j'}. ,.:.' ( .. · ,:·:·:'.::. . .·,:\¥
\,t h.e )irst<'o f 'these sent~nbes )1nU.cfi;, is\a .substni1 ..· ?'·?
..,,, ,ti':.k.;·:. ~n-\h~;· ~~<;:0.~ld ;: . i t'\~ ·,~ ·1~·:¥~l]~~~\i.~· d;'.~:; ~1~~1. : 1~/{.ife:,>~
t.

f

J

t4~rµ; .:·a~1.~ a(!v.erb.::,::~ Ih ~'. sl,i"9rt,, \n'o'ihi.ng : hu't hh~~i
··~,
:;ens~ can;:·dGfo 1'rn in 6··what 'they,'~·f:~ :',~·/. : . ,., :r· ~~_.:· i ·1'('fl.'. ::::,. ;
J ·.A,. dY:,ert~$;; \_\h;qugh \'e~·y \~nl1~?t~~;u_i{mayi: he.'.~e~ '.'.j·:·
_dti.c ed to cert.a m cl~se~, the '.c hief of'' 'vhich :ate ·: . ·
'. .thqse'; 9(N u1~-lhe.r.1 o 1·.der? ,Pi~.s~,-!·T'.irri.e! Qpa1i.t~ty, ···; ·

::_.<i~1,a11ner :~)~~ 9ua.1 ity, ; J?? u?t{;~~!.; i.~~fi~n~ '. ~ e~a,~ ;,~;;:.
· ,.t_~()n, Jri.~.err9g~t1ol1,1 ian~. ~o~~l?.~·:~sqp. ' . ;. ' r/ ;'. · <~~
. . , ·: ...C .Of ,~i.71n~b,e.r :..as., " 8!1C:~,?' ~~,Ice,_tl1nice,~'1 &f.'. ·:,..~~
1
._:
• .. •
2 . .Of .:order: . as, ~· I:n·st; 5 s.eco1??ly_, . ~hir~.lf;h , ·.~
· four.
t hly ) ~fifthly
lastly finally-"
." &c ' .· ' . · '_· .: . ·.::< · ·.• ··:... !""
'.
'
• 7
'l
..

..: 3'. ~0f}z't.aie:·. as~ '~· H~i·c;th'ere~' wbe1."e,
'I

'

els.cl>··:...

:j

'; \vher.~~ ~µywb. ~1·~, s~'m,.ewl{ed:~/i-i'.d_wiie~e;;:· h' ef~}~, :~_ ~-·

. 'V:hi,t he:r; ' hither·~ '.~h\tl1er~ -~ upw~~a·s.,' "' Clownwards1' .' :(t

,Jor~~:l£.ds~:_,,,~as,k\y~nls, · . "7J1.e1~1s~. ,'.:, .!1~~.c~{ ' ~hc~1·c·e; ·•: ·:1~
· .w hnhersoc.ver " · &c. -: · · '. :;-·:.·..·:,:\. :J• ...:.· '" 1! :i· · '" ':,1i·. ·}
:,;/;: :·:..
4 '. : of'ii'nie. ~ ''... · i · /L,'.'.::'.: :· :Jj~.~f: ·:~·,_ :>: :, ·lj'1
: . '. ' ~:- _Oft~IJ'!ejt_ r~serzt: as, . ": N,o,,~, - to~day," . ~t~ . .' '.-~ ::: ~
· .· ... ;,: :· Of Anw. ACi~. t: 'as, "A1i'. ~a~y' -'-before·;::iately; ;"(}~ ·
··. ' ·~: 'yestei·~ay; :hq~t6fo~·e, 'hi~he1~to;Jorig' since, '. lpng\:),,·
,';,-:!:ll?o,'.", ~t. :,.,....... ';' · '0' ,··:''7·\()··: ~:
"<·-. O_f ·i_ime io.» c'ome: ' a~;·",' ' To,~pi9rrq·w~ , npt · ye.t:r ·;t~

· .>

T·:,

'>·: ';''· _. "·-.:· . .

1

:

. : :~1ereafter, h¢riceforth, '. h~ncefo.i·w~rd~· by · ana " by;;~','l:< .
. • inst_a ntly; "pFesently, ir~1mediatcly,' strai.ghtways," ·' ~
' ~S· ; ·-.;" .:, . ' ' '.·. ' .· I ' ,: . ; ; . . . i ' '
'
'.'to

~, ..:..,· Q~ ~i7ne .{i,idF.(in~~e: as{.::,':.<?f!?,;of\e:ri; of~:.~im.~.s,/_~.~~
" . P~~~.ntn~e~, . somehm_
es,'; -. sqop, . ~.el,dbn~ (: . q~lly,-,:~ .:

.... , .: w~ek!_Y,- .m ont.h ly, yearly, al~ays; "when) tnen,:')'.r~

, · : ~v~r, "neve, r,:.again," &c. 1: ·•1 " ·;" , ~·,,

, '1. " . :·:

.... .. :

/';~ •.,

,\ 1: '.

~-- 5 :-. I Of,,, qi:f,antity ,• , fi~·, ', ''°:l.\il UC.il~'.' } j ttle; .SUllti ~. )_;,"' >
< ~ntlf,) ' "l~o'Y '.~ .~c~, c,nougn;_:a,qu' ~1dantlr,/' : ~c /· · '.t·rr
-_ i;.«. 6 •." 9,~ . ~~a~~:er ~r _qua/i~~ :; ,a.s ~ ·: ~~,.Wisel}', {~fol-~~.:.;
i.&h)y,, J~s~l,J., ·:u~lJUS_tly;·, q~.ickly~ · 'sl,owly," :.;&c:.~;

- .,: . '.,:,

" '

\'., ., '

. ,'

'·•

'

.. :·_,'"

.... ,

,,

,-.,

, . .

"'

~.

,.

'-

.,,

,. 1,i '< '.': · ;;.;,;·

.l f, . .~

.

:. ,~,,

'L

~~~ "'j~'

:( : · i,_; ·:·:<'.j:~.;.'.'::':~.:'.(··~'.:'r" ·:> <:}f·-'·.: ~\ :. ~~;~. .
•.:

l

.... ·~. · ,.,::.1".'·'.

,

'. t4..t;> . • ·.: .

'

,

.

. E1'¥MOLOGY "

.

.·.' "·: ,~ -, ·!, ;·~-~ . ·. "-~ . /; .;-,.:{~ :.:>A··;:,", !~·.,-.

•

\

t ~· t.

·'' ., .

r

'\' }

..·;>\~,.,

,

.:/, !· · "

.,

t~· : i,,-

..'·· ·)

>

I

• ,

'.~ :-~/:. i;«~.;-;f.:~;

•.,

\

•

·
1'

:.

·~

1

1

'AND;.SYNT.l\X.. ".

•.

·.,

,;

.':.,]'

•/ ,. ,
J

'

" \.:"; / '·'

'

', '

:'

'

''·.>

'

,

..

·'.

I

~

'

' • ,\' ,:

. ...... _.

;;!~; 1so. m~~~~c~ :~.~~· ~ ~~. ~-4~.~?· ~.·~~e~,~: -~~~1 , s-~~~-t~~-~~ '.:· ~ ~;?

. :;,· · ·< ·There :are also some[.}d,\~~rh,~;:~1vhich:<,a.re:, cp1~1,_~ ·:~
.... · : ,.' posed, of .no,ui1s 'and._the, j~fre1; a.:µ~ecl jtjste~.<l
.'
at;':'{'n ',:' &c :·: as' " A"side}'.1 ath,irs~, . afoot, . a~leep~~.}·

I

':ii. '.!

41.

..

:~

. :; .. ·~ .

:.~1>iP?· ut1s.;';, ~.a~ ,Y-~,u·,J~.'~~ . exa_mpl.c~.·7 . , 1 .;. · \ . !'"·< , · ·.:-i
·O.f.
.:~:;:,·'.':i.~ ·~.~n; }-~~/the_~· ~.ords, t~-,1:z.1.1, ye8~~r.~ay, :_a~4.: <:·:::!
.1 , .to1:-·~1io,rrow, ·nouns, ,and -when ' adv·crbs? . . ' . . ,.• '.
·"' ~- ab6arg,_.a,shore; abed; ag~·o\_1~d,,.a~oat, , " &c." ,,..,,..,,..~:· / .:-: ·; .i,wti:~t . are th.e'(adverbs ' of\.i:unz.~~c~'? :· ;--: · 1" • "-~.::-.-·: <'.-:.:·
:Tl)e w~.1.·ds ~~lzen,-.i.ncl .-. 'l_vl.,f.r_.,,r e._,.. an'd all others ot,•.•·: ~ ;, :,: <>' Wh(at' are ' tl~e '~dvei ·bs ' df o;.de?...2~· '~·· ': ' ,., . . ._ .
1
/.
r:~v\ ,.,
~
~··/ t. ,
, . the '.' same. nature,,. sue I1 . - ~_s,f.k~prien,ce, · 'W tene.v er:r·",: ~;:< 1. . ~~hat :are ;the ' adv'e1·bs of f1~at'C ~2 .. :: < ·;, . :,.:"/::.-,.'
1

'. : \

1

;

:. ,

I

i

. ·< "lvlz ere"l!er,, &~. ·!Ilay__be · piop~d~- ~·aqecl acl'verb,i~l_:i:>;.f
: . ;:cprz)1;ft!~. t,io1'!s, l?~caus_e ~!l.~._Y:P~Sttc1p,a,t .e . tl~e n~i~ff.~ ~.:; ,.r
".',.both .of adverbs and"cOnJ UlJtt1.ons. '. , . <'"'".:..;:·: ·.. .('., ,:: , ~ " ,•
, "" '-. It :,q1.~y be, :particu~a!·~y:- c;>.bs;e,r~ed; . w,ip{~e.spe.~b_{:
· to the word tlzerefore;·that'it is ·an : a.dverb, :w.heµ.__ . ' ,

~~wi~hou t~: j9ining . se_nten. c~~;::, i(, Q.nl y": giv~. s /.: t~.e~~,.~
.· s_e nse of, for "tbat. reason; ·}Wh((n . ~t;)~_iv:.~s}l1~P .
. .·-seri~e~". a11d als,o connects,d.t' is -: a ,cq11ju.h ction ·: . a~,.;,r

...

1'

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t\

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,.,t.

t

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f

·~:; 1 i'. Whafare the.~ adverbs ' of time.jzresent .2 ; 1 :: : .·:.: ,.
,.-:,'d-_.: What':~re· th~Ca'dver.bs ·of ti?ne Jta8tf .; · <·~
.: U
J. '.;'/~.WI1at , ftre: thfadverbs 'o f time
co.1~e.2 "·": . ·_ ·. ~ :
-J·:·t ·vVq~t are 'thq adverbs of time indefinite.? ._. " : .
''\';~ 1·~ ~·w1rn·c ati·e '-Ul'e:·adv.erbs of ·quantity·? '. · ". /· ,,,.~
'.Jf~~~·~w11~ t :'a re t~1e',a~dyerbs of' qu,al~ty or'1rzanner i ' ..
' ;'i':i''What are' the·~ advet'bs of 'doubt .2 •. . ' ·' · I ·.'. ' .
~,>.(
1Wfi.at ~rci"th<r adv~rbs of' d./fihnatio~?
.....:~· ,:
1
"if. ~h~t'. ar¢" the.t a.d~ej~bs ~f'.negatidn .2
• · "' "'
\r '·What are <the adverbs. of iht'erroga~ion .2 ~-~"·
.:~~',,. ; What 'are' the aaverbs .of 'tomftarison'.2 '\ . ' \ )". I . - .

:'/'.'.).·:'.

to·

<:-·!L

..

1

·;·" ' ':~;,H.ci\s:~ goQµ, t{1erif.~1:e ·"P~<r'~j~:J;1~ppf};~.'·:·,.- :Wh~nf.:;~· .

' .: ..'. it i~. sti.bj9ipe,d '. to ~~_c!;, if,, 01•:~i.h;qf , - i~. is a~ ~9.:v:e.~:q-,~· ~ .
,. :; ~he:· cofo:l~.~i.o,i1' l?eii:i'g -:in-~.cte''.?µ}:~w,i,~h,o~'.Pt '. _:~l·- ·.~ \~~;:

I

;) ::;:r·:;. ; .•~ rY Q\JF.~}1.qB~.1.~; .::?,J,~\~!~;t~ . :~ et:;i:t2·~verp:~· ·r..~·;~;'l,m P.~·e~ '?f . no~~·'. and th~. . ,.,:

· "

·.· ·W ,hll.t:1s an

adverb?~;- ":/:. :"".·"·:.•· ·

·,"F ·1,,_.,.,: ... ::.: ··:;< ~,~•.:-.: .:'.P

"'. ;« :., :\:To:~v)ui't 'doe.~ ' a.11 . ~tlv~·rh~·b'~.I ,ong ;?f· . .:;~· ,'.·.··<~~~:;(g~;~:~:

,.

~·~~:.~1;· what· 'words;~a~'{. called

To ,v_h~tdµ~s · an' adj~t'tiv f ~b~tc;>J1g? ·:;-.'.:···t; })\~\:.Y~" /

: ·< :.:o

... : '.:_ ; · -';y11.~i~;. '.~ :· .wor.Cl qu,al~~1· es~ a~~.e~~~?)),at·ti C.i,p'J.t:; (\~~1'.'!-~~~

. ·> ~e~t~v~,: ?r. 3:110.~hcr::~.c~~,~Ylh,\'Y1H~f "P.a,r,t ~~ . ~p5,~c-~~P;:
.

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,,- 1Jeen' o' rig. inally· ~ont6vecU .',. !;._•':,.,.- !. ',,:.

·~.'(': :,· · :

.r::.· ·:. r :.·,;.:·.:.· ;· ·...:.:;. . ·_'.,..r :,
.:.- .· '. Foi· w_l1~.~ pu~h)os~: dq·~i;thf'artic_c. le (refe1~",;~o iJ}~:;?. · v:
". ·For ,what purt)Os,e .._do :.a.. ~ly. e.., 1.·~~ . ~eem .tc,>;"".hav.e,,:~{.
lli ' " i''··· .... ·
": :. / ' •: 1..,,
•1

I•

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;:··'tJ ·...,;_.:,·\

1

,

• ·~ • •

•

,, '.,:· ·'i f "~

,~,:Whaf ~:ord~ arc :{is'c_d<s oi~ 6tln~~s as ad~:cr~s,~ "'.

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< ··., ....·" '..," ;·:',. ···,. ": . '

encl,ng

· ''.· Whati., ' a'n .advcrhi<i.l ~pl~ra~e?
·...
1

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an

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·:·~-

( " · ~; , '~ ' •• '.' 1 .
' ·:; : ' / ";_,· ·". -' .·~·,'.· L "·: ·"\ .:·
f}/ ... )\Thy may .they be so called?
.. ' >::,, ,. , :. ~, · ·i r, ·~
'~:_' / When · is .the. word,, tlierefore, ·ar{i' adverbi~t :'-" ~"-l
· {eqnjur:i6tfo,n,, and when·
adverb ?'' er::,_
.
1

It:.
.. : ~' ~".{,;\·~I~~ !'
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vcr ,)s compare <l~
. ·.~,: ·r .:: .." ·.-·-; '·.'""~ :·- :i;;~;',
· •· ..
· 'How · ar.e · adverbs
'i~f.~~. cp1:n l?~_re~\;?,.~. :-'.i~'-'~· a1r.o\l~r,.

.·1 · ..

. .-1 -.(:lt'e ac

;«;

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adverMat conjune-

\~~o.ris? ·i '"" ·

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:-~" ~.\ !,:_.:-~~?{
.. -·

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•!<.;~./
>'f-·-' -b..~.~~
11 .1f .··.~~~- ~•. t~.:·, 1 .~ 1 ;~ ..,~ .. >-_. l'· · · t:·~ .~·-··

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: ETYM-O Lo tJ\'. -:' . :

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_should . say'~

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·- gtiage;".J

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" 'Cafoli,ne_.' is a : good-~·gi_rlj ·

-.~ :·: -.;·i·because ·: Caroline studies ·ca'?·olini-:' s lessons \vcllt ·
-,;,,;·: ';-.' and _Caroline wil1 soon ··,~understand Caroli.ne''
'::e,..':·>\~ram1~a1'- .)il · lhit
haie' prono'uns which !_ar.~·
· <i-, · '. u~ed . to prevent this disagr.e eable' re11etiticfo/ · .

we'

A .-·-· ...George . . And 'therefo.re,

i~st~ad of repeating,
,:the word CaroUrie, so .mahy tirri~s a,s:you dic;ljust '•
':riow, - ~should say,-" Carolill~' is 1 a -g'ood girl, be; ·
cause' 8lze 's tudies lzer lessoqs Well,.; and Bile ;Y ill ~
" _. , . so~n un.derstan~ lzer gramrp.a.r'~ ~ '-It is plainly.to ·
- '. _..be· ~-een; that she and lier "ai~ fi'ronoun s, use.d ·in·
· stead.of .the noun CaroliizeJ ,"\ :. :- .\·
.-.;-~~ -: ''· ·
· .~' · _. . '.9a~olirze. ··And if the same -_could ' be said' of'

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;~'book· .'zf l>elongs ' . fo y
--6u
" and ::you
_m. us.t · us.~
· it .,->:• ·l
\Ir' '"" ,.,, ' . . . t )
. .
- · .! ' - '
' ' .
- . -. '
.
.. J 'j
~::& <frefully : .' · . ~No\v _you -_se~, ",tlh\'t- 'j)i·o n o u11 s n~ n -s t' "_.~ :r Iii]
·~'Q~ : of th_e : ·.sain~ -. gender, ·as·' q1e_'bouns are--ror - ~~·'ii
7,~v}1i~h they stap~L -.::: · . : . . · · :, , ·· · · , -. . 1:~;,f~
·~~::{?cor~e;;~ I ,s}~o\p;d .thi~1k, that they ~ust ~gi~cc _ .iJ~l~·
1p number too, fot,~he.n I $peal~ of t71Jo or mor~ ,_ ', 1~~~!

. . :-1ipi'
.. " i·r~~.ip:111e;~'it
'. .. .... . .;1s.. ,._tis~
. .d'' :· . as, "" -I;
-,('{'..li1~

OF _ THF~/.PERSONAL A~D :',f\DJ:;_~iry~ . J.!ll~NO~-~ f ~

'

,·' .. ·I' I '. ··.:,,\,').·!·~-~·:" ,,:: ;;:t.

.·r;:)V-~_ en yo~~; speak C?t':'-~tl.~mK thaL1s ne1t~er .mascu·

I

.

~:

"•" , A:N.D . ~X-Nt~~· ·.'

say;' ":H,e stµ<lies ~/ijs . Jessqns
~ t;~~~)WeJi;'' ..' ~ .¢X·~. -~~'. · ' .:~:· ~~~;~:. :~ ·.··:.~~; r '~ -: -~' .<:4 &,~~~. l :. : '~·:'·~·/:i
~·· ~:--~ {
~~~;;}/:fut.oti'/¥ es: ·: ~tgl '.'y;<jµ ,· nl_Us.t1~~adilt.:·petG~i

4

. ;.1

~ - ;-

1t:~.:Q.e.orge, . ·r 'sho1,.1lcl;,

Tut?n~ •. I shall this- inornrtj'g.,.·'-make ~ you' ac~:~:.
. 'quainted. with Pronouns. :: · ·.:·: .; .··
, - -' -"<l ·. . ~··
·: Geo1_"ge. · wh~t is _tn, ean.~ by Ji~~ t-:a' n~tf~1 w~./
know-is a name.
· . ' :~' ;'> . · .,_. ",·· · '· · ·::1 .
.
- .
. '
'
.
;
·.. Tutor. ,Pro mcansfor;·,?r i_~f!. ~ttd of.· :. ·.. • · : -~
Caroline. · Now I · think.1101f<ler'stand ·what'a
pronout1 is . .. It in eans ~n~ttta_c!: of ~ nout~? - orJt i~:..
, a ·word used rnstead of a ·noui1.--":·'.": · :.. - < ;· ·•• 1
~ -- Tutor. It i-s a wor'd us-etl instead ·o f a noun 'to· •
.·iweven.t the. too frcquent"repetlt,ion:oi· the_:~a1~e ,, . .-::W.<>1',d.• -:: Thus if \ve had no proi1ouns fo theJan~
• _. '

;· ,

.'~~·'.::"':,. '1 '·'.

..

•

.
1.,i{;-, ,..·-~~

/;f:(ha,t g·f'n,lf~'r~::bylqn,g~~.\t0:1H;o~.oun$ -; .fc?r\h~l~en: yo~ :-.'.: ·1·
1
.~fs1)f;~)\. , Q.f.'.,'.Geprgef r:o;.u.~1a,y.?ze:._ abd1 ltzs; _
~tir \vhen· :- ':r 1
~~-~ou : spe_~k. -o.f C~1·9lm.e,.you ~~~ .site ?n,d/ze1~/ but ', "1

• !'· .'

.•

, ..

:. . . •

:f.;t:}··:'. ., >_
;-~,\?:'· : :..:.'.<::.::·:~ :>~, ?_....,: ::~r~:.'. i:~;:'.. ·"·' - ."~'~'--~:i" ·-:.__., ~·~:r~ 7~-.;

i

''

4~

- ~ ~-.:
.(·i..-~i''f:n:,,

·~29ok~.I,..~P n?t ~ S~f\ z.t"7.but I , say

4
they or~_ them.·..( .. -i~1'~ij.
.: ;~·:·· .•·Tzuor;_\I \Vill..g1v'.e ·y_qu a .rule _conce1'1~mg .pro- ._,; y.i~ir,fi'lJ!lltl!I

·:·~j:'.7~~~~· ;.~e ·,;·:tii~~~'.E i:~~"f·'., ~h; :.' }': ·"·'/

Jl'~.-:·p·fo.nq'i;i,~,s;-: : 1~,~~:{~:ai~~~ · <z.vtdr the_~-:z~u1?~ _. /01·
.-~,·~~lzzc/J. ~t~-e~::.~~dn,.~:,:, in. -1f u.1!J-be:".and gel}ff,e~: ·1 ·.: · : _. .
>i~~\1 :~C:arolin_e._'· Do_;:;pot. pronoun~ agree·.. w1tll then•
-~il'ot1'11~ i~ , pers'oii too ?,· :;: '•:
. _· · · · · ;· · · " ::-1
~· ~'t~:-;rutar. '. They;·m;,ly ·agree 'in .~ pers9_
n.,:- or they '• "
·. ~.'"ha'y":,:n9t.:•-r<' 1Pr_orim;ins ~1'. e' frequently\1s.~fl in s·uch·:,<
}~~)m:anner'; that they. cannot agr~e in person' with
.1!-~he: !_.1. npµn~ .for which , .t hey . ~tan<l • : ' _ a_s,'~ ~~ Ancl
'1\Tesris ctied with a lo.ud voice,·,Laz~'ru~;-· co,li:ie
.. :~ ot~~ -; .. ~r_id)i~ came forth bou~d h~i:i,d . a_nd foo_t,"
. ·:;.&
, c:. :: .Hf ll}~ans,-Laza1:us,- : wh~~~1_, 1s se_9~n4 per. ,. ...son, . but/z~ is tlurd.. . '."
...
, , .
:;h1 . Carolin~. ·I ', und,erstand it>.''.,T~1e ·p~on,o.un~ .:
, t''. tmiy ' agre~ in person .with their, n9uns,):>ut they ··
~/~ Ao _not;a,Z'U/,ays ; '. ~·bu.ft_Ji~y ,m!ust, al'o/..~Y~· agree..in ;
:~·.r~_;\:.:-.·.: ->>·J:._- . . l.' · .. , .-··: · ·~ ·;- . ....'."-::... '·. :_~'·:· ~ _·,1.· > .i
' • •'/ / '-

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we

'.• number and . gend~r, thet·~f()l'. ~
_m ay put.J hat,!•:/-.
r
.
l
fi.' ,. f
I
.·,,
....
, .:·· ,1, .... ,.... .,
· 1act n~to , trn . o.rmo .'. aru e; : ·;.~- ~·-:_;.<,>·•· :"«i· .1; ; { ;.. ·~1....~t
T,1f.tor,,''. y:
~fre right~ .· ~.~roline.-Tlier.e ~ .arc;.~i·-~
four kinds of pr?noqns, viz. pE~-~AL, ~b~Ec.~~.'.
TivE, RELATIVE, and · lNTERRO,GAT.IV.E PRoNo.trns.1)\\ ..
At this · time . ~ shall o~nly. n.o tic.e ·.those cal~ed·1.'::
.. .l~~rso'r:.al~ ·and thos·e : called 1dJ.~c(if~' pror1.q9.~,S~\:· .;
·. · 1 here .:;tre five Perso,n al ·pro.119bps, ,v~z . .l, .m.o~{.\.; ·
. ·. an d t h e1r
. .p Iura Is . ,_:·,',..':' ..· .. ;... , . ,.·. " •: \ ....~ :·.:.:~-.. ~
lle; , s h e, .1t,,
~
;r
~
~'
t ' ' , ..\,,,:;
'I, is·· ~he first person· . ';··' ·,·_.. ·,,,
;~t(·q.
, :,,Tlw.u, i~ the s~con'd pe~s~n " :,· ·: ' ' S.i,n~~.l~r. ~,~'."· ~
. . ;H~ ... ~~l~i <?r it, is th·e third per~on
·,~
'·~} ..._.;.~ .
, .,We, 1s the first pe~s~n . .1. '.: , ·, , , }
"·: ~ " ,®t _
,,, Ye,' <;>r you, is ~he .second: person_ Pl\lr~l'. · ·'{ ,1 •
.They, Ji the tlurd person. .
· : ' · · . : ~~. 1 : •
. Th~ ;zoun, .you know, )1~s· 'qu~ ·two · p·~rspn&~~;. ·
viz~ 'he second, . .when · i~: deiwt~~ ·· the iiersqp :or;:~}
thi~g. sjzok~n t~:- ; .and the ~llii:,d, \y.h en it d<?J?~te~;~_i,~·
the person or thmg s/wken :of.. ·J~µt you must:·::;-.. ~
perceive that the pronoun .is als_o us.e d t~'. d~n,qt~;{:,~
the person ·sjzeaking; for , when I 01" we is ' used,{~ .
it ·denotes , the pe.r _s onor pers?~i~ spe. aki~~g:~ ,.~ro ~~i--~
nouns , 'ther~fore, have a~r~~ pe.rs.op.s , . ~1~.: ;.,th ~.' ·
·' first; second, and third. · · · · ' · ~ ', ·
·. ;" , '.~ < •
P~n:soN, in gr.a m1nar, . is .,tht:'. property _ of · ~· )
noun or pronoun, which ' shows us whethei· the;".·
J
"\<.
nou~1 : or ·p.r onoun denotes tl~e . Pe~s~p .~pea,k1,ng~:.;'.
tl\e: person spoken to, ortl~e one tl1at is spo~e~ -·
oL .. i This pr9perty of the nov.n or pron?.~p . ~lso~ i,
causes tile 'verb to vary' in ~he .seco.n d artcJ. tl~!rf!:~'.: •
persons singular: 'as, " ": . ' ' · '.: I ,'·. . :,., '',,' ' !. / '>I

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' Fi~st.ft,ers.on,
8i.ngular,
." I walk.
. !,, •I
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,

• · AND SYNTAX •

.~1

:ETYM.OLdGY .

. · · . , :. /·>; · .. · . · · .
. . '> ; ·:~
· according to Rule Ir vii. A wrb mu.st qgre~ .~viUL.. ..

. .,

~

...:

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~,'.~\( .

·.

·it,,ise

• .·: ·

• . .
i:t.u~A~
Pe,.son. ,;, · .< .· Qcl.:,
·

.i

..~uM·~ .~R~

>,-»<--··, , .

3d. · . " 3cl• . ' • 3d. .
its nominative .case in:nu11iber and f1erson. · '1· " ' '.°;,:. '§f)Ninn. · "we .. " Ye or:you. "_:- <'rhey. ,'. '.':rhey: -''1 :. They. " ..
·. .Qciro.line; ·I ·nqw see tn~H·e. · c;learly the · tise «:iC·.f. ·"~~oss. ; · Ours . .. Yours. · , :'; :. Theirs: ..:.The1rs( '.· Theirs'. '
this rule;. for it ,voul<l not be - ~·armnaiical)t~ )~ ~ ~.~_Obj•., , ·{]~. · · Y.ou:i·.; .. ,· Them. ' · 1:h.em. '_. Them.· .

or

say, I reads or readctk, I goes
lgo<:th: because },
·the ·Verbs reads, readeth) gae s) gaetlt, are of tire·•:third person singular, and · f'is a nomiaative: ~·~:':'
thejiri>'l person : "~or \.vo'nld· it
~orrcct to'say7 rr,·
· 'thou. go, ot"thou goes; ·because ne1ther :?f these_.: £
. verbs is of the' second person, as it sho~1l<l be. to / -agree with the riominativc thou; the1~fo1;e. the ,'~.
,verb should be. goest; then the . ver~ wo14lf~4iagree wi,t h its nominative agreeably to the . rule.'. ~
Tutor. You are right, Caroline. Nuw, Ge91:ge, ~,,
can you giv~ me an example of bacl.. Englis_h ,, '~-...
which this rule enables. you to correct?
" ..: -:
, ' George. I think I -can. -." .Tlte 1,-buys 'lVlzisjtef's1! ~.;
. . I.1.,_II. .· c'~
- " Tlze children jzlays '. - " ,.1.'''Zie ju:oI zl e saz~
are ungrammatical, because the verbs, whisjiers, ,.:_.•
jzloys, SCfith, are all of the third person smg_ular, .~
and their nominatives arc third person jzlural; _,,
so they do not agr,ce with their 110rnina.tive~· '.:.:..:
They should be 'Whis/1cr, jzldy, say.
'
·... • ·;~:
Tutor. Very well. I shall now g·ivc the per- · .
sonal pronouns in their <lifferenl cases . The ·
persollal pronouns are Llcclin ed in the followin g
111allncr:

be

... • ;

~i•

.f:~·j _ '--h~

- - - - - - - - -- + - - -''- '.\ ·:

S
,_I:<:Gt:LAH N l

;.~

1

!11HF.IL

..i\ ~J}.ll

r.

Thou.

3d. l!us.
Ile .

'),/ I ', ·711.
~lie.

}'fJ .';S .

.\1i11c.

Th in e .

I I 1s.

()~j.

Ille.

Thee .

H im .

Il1 rs.
Iler.

ht

/ ' ci·.1·011.

~ d.

.~d ,1\ ~·u.

Jt.
I ts.
lt.

r

/~".,. '. ADJEOTH'E PRONOUNS arc .a: .k1nd of.pronouns
.;t,!ia,t belong to · n9uns like adjectives; ·: and ·are,
goµ that a~cqunt; ' call~d pronouns. adjective, or:

1

::~.~9jec_tive prono~ms. : ".'fh~y ''_. are :. ·: ther,efor'e . o,~·· a,:

~_pi1,xed. 1 nature, partlc1pat~ng of the .. pr9pert1es
- , ~oth of pronoun~ andaclje~tives. · The y may be

< rl.i~ided lhto .fom" ' sorts . . Those ".vhich imply ·
~h'p;>ssessi~n at'.e . call~d j~osses,sive adjective jtro_'.~; ~ouns, viz. _',> . . "·, ., . ,

·..· ; .. · '
·
·
your, th eir, own.
f~:;· Those that denote the persons or things that
. ,' make up a number, each taken separately and
"~ ':

Jiily, tlzy, /zis, her,

our,

·,: singlv;arccalle.tldistributiveadjcctivej1ronouns,
•
,,;' viz'.
,l r

; '

' '

·" ·

·

·

·

Each, every, either.
" ~ ,..T hese you will perceive must be used with
; ~ ;nouns of the singular numlier only.
\'./<;"G eorge. I .see c~carly it would be improper to
" say, every l!oxes-rach houses-either j1er.rn11s,
Y &c . I should say, every box-each !zousc-eithcr
:,.~ ',jierson. But what arc the other two kinds of
~tdj e ctiv c pronouns?
'J'u t or. The c!r:monstrati'11e and iwlr:finite. The
dr monstrath.1c arc those which prec isely point
. out the subject to \1,·hicli they rchtc; t hey arc,
.
This and that, and tl 1cir plurals, tlu:sc and
~·, t/irJ.1·r:, anrl the worclsfor111cr and latter. The last
two arc dcclinablc.

· The indeJi nite arc those which exp res s thei r

' ,.
•' 1·

.'.' 48

J

' -.,,

: ,_l

· ·~ :. ··.".J. ~ .;,
: · ' AND SYNTAX.

E'.l'X,·}._fgLOGY
.

'( ·

.si.;bjects iii an in<lefiriit~ or general iirnnn~r:~·'._(fr \_

ii,~ :'': .·. -.· ,,.: ,·: ,,·. . :~.

" . · ·'
. · · < '·
·'. · · , "·. · .:· ..:;i ·-1~· · 't
Some, one; ,a ny, :otlfe r, :au;_such7 · &c.· ·•,:JV'.. ·

d lJ,u cl!;

tl~is_ kin<lar~ the follo,ving: ·~:'_·:, ·.:· : : . : · '"'··?_fr.'.:::,:. ~
·: George, let mc .hca~· yoti 're1;~at· _th~ ~djc.~tiv"ei::~

pronouns.

..

_

,

_.

·'

;·•,

.~ -

. . ""' -

~

•

·

··

'·

~

. . -49 ·

, · :\:\. ·

?ni,

J ',: .:: ..:('. .,;.:" · ·
a_1~y; . qt her, _O.,lli~.nll? ·

~'.~c,i:st<?_od. ;" A.nt~ . some,
yo_.u : w1~l .. ~all · in~ifin.ite :tJrµnouns;: ·,yhei'l '

Jf thcy .ar;. e ~not :prefixed

to l)ol,11i~. expressed\ ox . un~· ·.

. : :: · --'
•; ' . ~· . . ~ : · .
-· , ;,
~}·. ;· c;t(O;·ge·: 'vv.:ii'i )'O.ll ;_;i V~ ·l~S4S~IDC ·~X;~pJ'~s of

!. <lcrstobcL

0

The .ndjectivc pro11(>uns :'f'e , ·:"''' ' :.. ::= : ~-~ thc:sc worcls, when llscd as /n'011ouns mrrely, and
thy, his~ hei· , ou1"'"; yiJm; their,'· .:T~ son!c examples iI! \Yl1ich they arc used as adju·f) \Yn .
· · ··---·-~· · tic•r '/ l rfJn 0 un s: ?
lJ istriiJlltioc: Eacl1, crcry, either.
T ur f) /' . I sli~d l. in a few l1lllllltCS1 si\'C you
Demonstrative: Thi s uml that, these and
,.:. ~ornc. parsin!"; lessons to practise upon; and in
those, former and latter.
" ,tbern,,J will ~;ivc you such examples '1s "\\ ill ill us I11d1:finite: Some, one, any, other, all, such,
' ~ :trate th~ use of these words as pronouns merely,
&c:
.. ; ';~~ and also as acljectin: prnno_uns . But I have to
Tutor. You have repeated them very accu·: :: · ~rem:Jrk to you, th a t none ul these pronouns ::trc
ratcly. ' Several of · these words«1 rc sometime!> ·~ ': ~ dcclinablc e xc ep t lzis and her, which you know
used apart from any nouns: or i11 ot her words, '· ·,;.; arc the possessive and cJhjc cli\·c cases of /;c <111cl
they do not a!ways belong to a noun like an ad p. '
· she; a11d the m ..:rds one a11d other, and former
jcct1"uc.
·,··
;:md !utter.
Caro lint'. \Vhcn they arc not used with a noun ' _,~~- . ' 01u' i:s cl cclinccl in the following rna.1rncr:
l ike an adj. cctivc, either _expressed or tmcler.Pl uni! .
. ,S' ingu / <l!".
stood, then l Sll\)\lOSe theFJ arc not to ue called
~'uni.
() nc.
.11
Ones .
a cljr·ctic.1e pronouns, but /iron o 1111 s on! y.
..,
"' P uss. O 11 c' s.
Ones'.
Tu t 0r . Y nu arc ri~ht; for the meaning- of th e • ·
Obj.
One.
Ones.
'vord adjcctirr', is addcd-thcrciOrc, \Vhcn a \Vor<l
· ~
,\ ud of ha is dcdiucd tlius :
is uot added to a n o un it is no t an adjcctil•e.
For example, when his and ltt'r arc not a<ldcd to
· "\>.<
Singu!ur.
l'!uru!.
a noun , thc:r arc personal pronouns, and by deJYom.
O ther.
Others.
dining ke ~rnd she you will find what case they
Poss . Otl1cr's.
Others'.
arc i11. So f' acli , r"vcry, and cit/11-r, ·w hen used
·..
Obj.
O ther.
Others.
without a noun, arc distributive jzronozuzs . So
" One am! other when <lccl i11ablc, or used apar ~
also, wilh the demonstratives. Y ou will call
:· .frum an)· 11ou11, you will call i11d1ji11 it e j1ronoolll<;; 1
them demonstrative j1ronou11s, when they are ·
·'"' :tts well as the ot h ers mentioned with them. The
not prefixed to any nouns expressed or llh';. .- , '. ; word another is composed of the indefin ite ar ticl e
· · >".. and the word other; and it may be <ll:cliucd in
r.-eorgf' .

Po88<'8·"·f-uc : ~Iy,

E

t'

·i s·~ .:

E'I:h.,rn~o~Y. .
1 /

'

,

I

I

. •;'· .. .

,

:

,' .,

,

1

,.'f\.) t

:'.: .:';· ·:' :

•·· (;'Y; _. '-

~l~e ·, singula.r ,number;<,~nd '~ u~~d· i'· as ;· i '. -pi:o'iib~li:

I

'•"''-"'°'' · · '

- 5<'\'.;t;!y,r- '\6.lr ' •
'jr;.'.·1'/:• "!;' t' · •,t,.\"'\'', "",·.. •' {''f ' -:-'f\".!1•,. i' .' · /

':,

~:f·~~~}'.".'"···,,~· :;~,\
~.;
•L:_:f-~< ' "· ..:· .. ·: -,~N_~ sYN·rA.x .·:""
· · .,~, 1 ·
·.·b'Y do you d.ecline the::personal , j1roi}qun'.'. ol~ •

·.·

. '
·=,

.

'•!

•

1 "1

'

•

-'

•

''merely, .like; othfr, o~' as~ ah . adjectiiie)1r.Olfiou'ii. ~~
\,;,.~·'.thmlpersoi:i) rri.asculine· gender?;·:: . :· ;"' ·~rs~-~....
The ' wo1'. ~ n .o ne is corhpbscd of'not and:o1;c'. /itld
fJ,How th~~ third pei;son ~f.fem~tie.' gcridci· ?. :.;' · ,
it seems . originally to hav~ ~ sig_nifi'ecl only·. ~- s~:
/~jHow :the thifd · p~i·son ornet1fei· ' ~~nder? /::· ·~ .
l?Iepe.rso1; ~.rdii_ng,; but ·'the{e .is goo_Q autbori~y 1
-4~:.)VJJen yoµ ·.. declme; the -·pyonoun of ·,the ·:s·e - . ,
. for usmg 1t m both num.b ers; '\ ,- Jyone, the~,.is an
:£,9ncf.P..erso1i, y91,1 find that:you . is ·usec\..in the rio. · iiidejinite fironoun, · eitber·1of the singulai·..'or plu. ·~.-miil'n
. inative case, as well as, ~h it he .objective. -When .
' . -r~l number, ·~ as the senseiljlay tequire.'. ",::;'.·... '~f: _
~OU -~ee .the . .word :- ,you, ; wr.itteil .,.jn a'. sentence~
. · . ' ''When norie is used as'·an •adjective /2ronou'11, it ·
-J1en; ·how will you· ki1ow 'whether it· is · a · nomi ~
. follows ,the noun to which it b~longs: ·as, ' \T~""!-'r" .. -~iative or an objective case'?
of p~ace were none. vouchsafep." · Self is .a<l<lcd .
~~~ ~How ' \viH you kno'v \vh~1) the' pronoun . it, is
· ~~I)~niinative or. an;:object!vc <".ase ?
'
',•
' to possessive adjective',. p'ronoi.ms; as, myseJr;-.
y ,o m·sel-ves; ~hd sq~etitiles :fo:,: p~dfoil~l 'pi:6~,
,r~¥;W,hen . you: ~ay" a ·word .1s of the -first , second, ·
,'J1otms: as,' lumself,' t~~mselves, '&c.' and' the,se,·-~
):-::third person,-what ck> you understand by the
yo,u will call compot1nµ .p'e,rsonal pronbu'n's ; an~ ~
'.~rdjierson? • ,:, , . , ~·- •·
.· , I ••
myself and your'st:lf,•&c,·•the(J?arn~e, 'ihe;
'":W:hat are q<j.jective fironouns? "
" ' •.
<
.. lar number. Hiinself .arid'o:. themsel'VeB" are ·n 0 \.,.• c,ny ,,n1any kin.ds are _tl1ere h ·>,
, ·, ··: ;,·.. ., '''"
used 'in the nominativ~·- ~a.s6''11ns.tcad of !fii1ieif,
·'· W~at.,. are q1e .possessive? ·. . 'r:.'.·,;.y . · ..· . , "
::md tlieirselves . . l will no\v give ·')ro\.1 a·numbe.~of ~.
Wha( are the distribuifi-ue .2 .·· . .:~; · · · ' · -.'. . .
q_uesti~ns, and when yotj1 ~an' ans•ver'·:theni ·'.aH; .
W :h -a tl.are 'iii~.' de~onst~ative?.. ,;_.:'..·: · '•. ,.,, .·:~ .
yo~ will be pr, epai:ed " to r .pa1·se. thes~.rlteg¢e.s_·
'.What · a~eth~in<l~finite? · .· ' ' . • , ...
. wluch I , sh~ll g,iv~ ' yo~ ..to, pta.ct,ise· upon:~·,: '::~~~
:,l\?)1icl~ o_f t\1ef1·a;s'es~i-V.~ 'ar~: ~eclinable,? ···
;, ,
· :\;:i '. . :; ·
... · ·: · ·.,. ·'.'. " '' / ' -;•: , ~:·'.'t"i·' ::··. ; i :;_\(!·:
., ~1\r~ the~e two_ca.l led adJ.f.'.Ctiv~ pronouns when ' , · 1

in

:·. ·. ·1

· vxr

.

.

.QUESTIONS. ·,. (.,<_·}{,.I
.

.·.-·"~"·· )·,:·. ,, ,, , · .. , ~

·i·· ·

.

. ,.

(

.'.f ·:):. ·;,::: ·

',

{· , ,, "....

,,
•

~

,.,~·

,...c'·~

"

•

T

'->. ·. . . . ,·!

. ~'.~yaredecl'inablifah'd :h·ayecases? ·: '· "'..
i~l · w1 ·
J? ' .
.
.: rnf _a.r~they: callec · \·;.· ·,,c;,.,,,:, ..: :, .:'.it.-, .:
~ "Yhi~h o( . t~1c:J.p~. efii:i;te arc. ~c{,~f.{i~'qble
)D.e~l~n,e 1 one; '.'- -~.~~·~·<.,~
.'.~<1·;·~ .-·.;' ..·
· ~ pechne o.~!ier. ..,~~".-:~: '.: ·: ;· .":;:;:/ :· · .' ;.· .-:;;-"· :: .

.

·:·· . . · - · · ~·,,.."tt.."- ·

v.hat1sapronoun? ,.1·,·,··:,; .1;· . ;· ·."·i· .. ·. ;,
. Ho.w ·many person.~l p·1·onbµns ..are th'ere·?-~/
. How rriany persons' have pronouns~?! ·/t.' !'.!':~:ry.
, . _H<?w many cases .havp th~y.,?' ··: :,,.:-:;·...~·. '.~·i::' 1~r~V.
. · \Vhat ·is the first ·persori.? :.:·,. :;; .. 1;: · :1·•;::.. ·· :i~ •
· ";. l3~ ow.'· c10· yot.1 ·.decl1'n'e'' . 1·t'·'~.r ·.·~.. ·. ·,· ' ·... ·. :·:.'...1··.~-·.i'. :.,\.'._., _
.... . ~hat , is: the per~ori_df·:· 1~·h~n·~tm .· ~'r· d;~,)~·~c,JK4
,person ?1 ~ . .
•
1 • ... ,).•.• , .
• · •• •,,,._,_,. ~,..·'('
· · ' i.How iidt declined? ·:::.~,_''~<·· . _:;·,,:
~~

' ' ',•'

j.·

sin,gu,,

~ ~,

·;:; ."·

·

?c/,:t·,::

r :.-,..:· ··,: '.'.

I

·i.Ar.e ,any .of th'e ·distributive or. demo'nstrafrve ·
., · · ' ·'<.. /·<, j'.'. · ·.,;-;
.;.<·,:,,';.
·,., '·: ' ·. .
• t:.:""',J,.".....
' ."

·· ~e
:· c' l'1'i· n, a'bie· .•? ·, ...
~
'I,

•

·,, _ _',.

•I

!"

<·<·· .:. ,:.

~D~¢li:ne.former
~~na i~#e1~. : ":<
·~. -.;):: :~.-..
1
;if.° 'Vhen" are' ~,n \he~ci '.·. consicl.erecl as ' adj~cth,J.e '.
'iqnquns, ai1d . w1~·e11as .pr~nouti~.·m~rely?. ·: ,/• :--·,

' i

~~:'(:(.>

tl.1'.:' .;;~ ,; ., )J..'·~··

II

• ) :

'f1t\l1

; ')"'.'·' ,\ :, , ' >'· '"y
' · , ··{• ,
'I~·;'' .:·I :, ' I . '

'

·.~...

,, •.' ·,

~,~

r
i
,-:, ··,· .',.

"

·.I

02 .

I<~:Y>:o;.~:~1'(·,':<;',:;;,~;l~,J .

,

.

-

. ·. ..,: \ ., '

·:<~;~~·~.:- ~
...~ •·\Vhal uo you unclerstaifclby. lhc w 9 rg ·:afv..~\'4'

, ii-oi? . · ·. · ., · .·:.·.::: o..- · :~>-.....·• _, .r

(/!j/t"f!-

.·. \N~ SY~TAX'~ ·

'i

'...\ ~.· little ,· . Some .~ p,er~.
~
ons. ;labour,'. oth.ers )abo.u r .
.J'

I,.

.

I

'

-· . '.;
·i...)wt;.·_
thet. forrr1ei· ': ~~cr~ase, : t~e ~. l-~ttet· deer~~se.
1
vVh.at 'rnlc ,havc 'yo4 fo:r - pr6 1 ~;mris ?-, :': \l"•.::-~~~~,:.::.~i ;~ rt¥fose. h.qr.s,e s ~t'lil:~ : t.he . ne~\' c?as~1 .,very ~t;a.s.1ly .
. ,:· .' vVhat ~s : thc 'p'erso'n..art~r-~1j,n,ition of_the :v·~t}~;·:,,., - ~. ;·Each ·pupil,·da1ly r~c1tes :. h1s ,o.'w1~ lesson twice.
of the second person ·. s_mgnlat ?- or '> tn · i otJ1e1~;~rr ~:··Yo1,1 have not any other b9oks. : , _. "1 1', . · ·
-words, how does the verb of · the sccoild .person<., ;;~'i :! N,~~~ ., :-1 ftronou'n in tii~ ftosse«rnive case, ,like
- s in~t!larc 11d?; '; '' ..\ , _, _,' ~.' ' .. ' ;. ' ! ' , :-::-·:;~~- ".J, a. ·noun," fa ' g.rruerned hy thefollo',wing··noun ·ex' J·.·

'~ - -\Vhat'is . the - persoi1~l t~1;'mination of'th~,:vcr_b : , .. 'jn'essed :.o r ~nde.r's~od'd. · , ,; .. . .·
''.'
·,/.; .
of the third person singular? ">'; .· ) ·
_,-. ·~-4:::.. ' . ~,:·fi'.Orie · Io ~e~; 011e's ';g.eJf,' :"Our·' neighhot1r~ i~~
• 1J,)o cs the verb vary in the pl':\rnl '
· -, >t-vite .thei1· friends .., ller .b oys play a great deal.
1
. ' ; 'Vhri.t is none?
- · ·. · '"
ti . · Of which number is it?
. Huw is it ·us~d '~he11an :~rljectivc ?- ,

. - .' Her' son lo ../cs ' he {-'. Thy 'u a;}ghtci- plcas·cs her
°.';:<.: .: ~.'<Je~cher. Y oµr dog hurts rnii:i~~ ... lVly sc,rva!)t

_-·assists yont·s; - 1-~ow a:·c lz~ms~U and ~lzrn~se{ve~ u_sct~? , . ·. -<'- k ~-~ ·. Non:. Adjectives, and adj~ctive fzronouns ,
No\~ parse the followrng sentenc~s, l~ wlu?h _:_ - ~~M,e;long to f!r~nouns as wfL! a:.: to nouns.

,
_you will find thc.fzersonal and arJ.jectzve fll 0 -- ~~ _-~, .. -The old bird feeds the young ones .
· ''rt'ouns, com,hined ~vith . ~ those parts ·: of ,speec~
.~-$t- Ever'f 01-\'e leaf. ii·~ his task well.
~ wl:ich. you had befoi::e; ' a.nd :vhen p~rsmg 'che ':'",_ ~· ~:- Greafl)'()ys'"teacli ' the ~n)all o~es.
_a.dJ;::ctive pt'?nou,n, you '~11_1 g1ve .
- :, ..c Non.e ·docs his ;¢.uty.
·' ·
c-

. .

...

· . _,

··H ··-· .. ;

·)!:~

RULEX. ·, ·.

-. ·.• Every ~djcctive, j1ro1.zo,~J.n ·belong; t~ so me
·noi11u, or}1r011011n,
e:r.j1re.~serl
orr unrlerstuod.
'·. •
• ' '·
,
• ,, , . , •
,.
,
.•

·~· '' -11 ~· , ,

~

..

___

·. ,

,,,.:, ,.

CONVERSATION X.

·,'

EXEHCI~ES'_ IN~ · .PARSING. ·'~'
· "'.;· 1 . ~~c . that rna1.1 teac.l~i1~-g ~1is ;:chiid. ;·: ·Y6.ur.{~.t

"

.-- -1::--::-!7;:

-~••

i·r· ~ ..:.~ .

•• t

~ ;:
.' , ·l _, " ... ,,

• '

.

.

.

·.

>

.: . :.

/ .· ·-

OF ·RELA 1'IVE AND "INTERROGA TIVE

·. .ther loves his children vc1;y~:~~_uch . :My frkhd.,.
"-' ' '
' PRONOUNS >
~if<! _. "
visit me· v~ry often'. ·' Peopl_e::•hiatiy tirnc~s , coin-: , l,~: 1 , Iri .our last Conversation I told: you, that there
.PJa)ri tli1reason t1bly.;· I 1~~n ; :; J'hn~1 · rui1~1<:;_~r:, If'ci~
-. ruri,s. :. · He runneth. ·· .\\i.~TUtJ. ·."\;on nlll'. .c j 11~ .·~
._r!,"were four kin~s 9f' pronouns, viz. persona], ad ·
· run; ·Thou-, tcachest •me, I teach .· thee ..~ He , . -:;}jectivc,. relative, and int~rrogativc pronouns.
teaches · us. · Sl.1e lov~~ ,' hini. - · He p\ti fs~. h~t·~ . ~-c:·!fT he first two I have explamed to you; the last
~;1._~P'':·:· '
-- .. Her they .instruct. : Th~in we command > · Xmr
;r...~ "" The article refers to a pronoun as well as to a noun.
---·.they focd.~-; · Tliein you carry'. '::~Eve1f rna,llhGIJlS

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54

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.· ·hv.6,:I wilt end~a,;oµr to , inakc y·9u acqquint~~-'1..
· .. \vith, ··this. nrnr9_ing. ,. · · ·
'·'· ::'. ,' ., , , ·\;>)::: .:/;;~~;'~{:<

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'AND SYN'IiAX.

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)1;<.~~tive_s~' 'Thati·~ ·arqlat1~· c, .0111)~. ·y\lh~n~. it ii~10

·,

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the '

~;. . ·(~e·nse ' of ~vho;:·· o'T· 'which; :: th~Lis, ; wl1en : yo~ can ·
. · : . ·.ltc!ati\:e pronoµns. are · such" a~, in r;Ciicra1;:i~~~- ·
-.T~ \1;se <i~;ho .pi· . ~vhich .in its place 7 . Thus. \vhcn I
lote 'to so'1J1c preccdi.ng ·nou11· 01; p1·01;·otfo .' · Tnq~·~::L ·~¢. ~ 'say, ," Berc is a box· that I l?ought;''~· it' is the
preceding noim or ' pronoun, ~is calkd the· an.te- . ·.:::' >._' -· same sense, as if I were to say, ·i II ere is Lox
cc-dent. Antccc<lt!nt 'means .going b'ioi-.c,;~ 'J'hc •. :i.c; / 'Zvlzic!t I bought.," ''The man· that tame," &c .
llOUD ' Ol'" pronoun,, therefore,· that - ~;oe S' "lJcforc - ~~, ·~:-;,.,.,is th_~ same sense, as the'' tna:ti who came." ., .
the relative; ·whidrthe·r(!lativestuncls' for, ·or re"':.~;--· 't:::'.'<:'.~ · c G~,rh:ge. · Bu~ 1remember:theword •that, was ·
la'tcs to, is ·its antcccdellt; <.fod 'the relative n1l:fst: .'f.~-/ amorig the dcn!O~t1·ati-ue . adjecti"ve fzrrmouns .
_,, .b e macle _t9 agree wit.hits ·a9~ecedcnt; in pcrs.oi1~ji·~~
~.. How shall. r. know yhep it is a, d c 1~wnstrati ·vc)
, llUtnOcr, and gc.ndcr; because . the feJ ativc lS a . ·~'tiJ
' and when lt IS a .relative pronoun? i. ,
••..
'. vrohoun used to'' save, the ret)etitfot1 of its ante· :·.fJ;
t:._;;:. Tu.to1< \\Th~n tlzat is a Jlemon~trativc, it
,cedcnt> :The relative protiotlt1S: arc, ,w lzo, wl1i'~/t~ · 7'::. >.} :points out something precisely, and it cannot
. and that. Thu~·,wesay,•.'The boy learns we![ .~ ,·· *S\·riibc chat~~cd into 'Who or which , as it can when it
·"'~ho studies.:' ·. 't(l)rn, ~n this ~en.ten cc; is: a rc}fi.£:: ·.
~<is a rel~tive :::; For example, · " Give ·me that·.
. tlve ; pro1ioun, · thil'Cl l~'erson, ·)~irigul~1:'' 11tf.ml:ie~'f
;[\',"box"-:--" See that bo:x,." ', In .the~~\p~rases _that
·masculine .genc}er, agree}1~~f~;i_th ·its~0, a1~teced~~~t.' ,
~:~:} is , a dernonstra~ive, .ancl you pers~-fY~ th;t you
ncmn boy, and m the norn111at1ve, cas~ 0 to ·~tud1q~i ~ ' :
'Cannot supply its place Ly wluL or:?ll!bich, as you
· ( ' Sornctirnes the a1gececle(it to a re.Ja.tive, i ~:.~c
.;;' ;cau in the~~: ''The boy tluzt: studies wilf imphrase, ·a sen'te1i~e, " or part of a scntcr}(;:e; and : 'J;~ a)fovc;~_..:'cTbc wobcl''that I bought is good." ·
, .w, then th c irela tiv'e , is ..;.of ;11eute1•/ gende1·. '~;'A per:.,~'t ... -.;-.; . :, ;•Caroline. A,te the relatives declined 'a s ·the
' sonal pron.oun, and, . ,sometirnc~, an intcrtql?; ativc ·:~',::.~ ., personal pro~1,oµns are !?
' -,\.'. .. .
.•· , · .
: pronouh, may be anan~.~ccc!ent to :i ,rel~!~.'.le :"qst', · , ·. :,; , . "Tator'. . The, :rclative 'lvhp;)p. thus ,. d~0clined:
· I who came, remain; ' •W/iqi,,tJfat deals honestly,-~;,. .. '~~ : Siiiguldt, Nominative~ TYho, Possessiv·ei rt'"lzose,
,beha~cs tl~ps? Thidi:~st }Yh? ' agf~es with~ '; o,the, '~,,
Gbje~tive TVhom;~ ._;:Tl)e f~lunzl . is , the·.., ~ame .
relative that agrees with·the second .who; lls ~an·,
- ~> Jlelatlve pronouns .do not ,;vary on account . of
' teccdent.
.
.·
~·1~,
;; ; ( - ' ' ,: ' :,;·, ,
r their person, 11umbc1·, or ge,nder.
.
George. ,I fow then shall. we. l~now thoir per'. ;And wl~en you parse a relative, always#~ive ~.., ,_- ,
, tlus rule: '
.. -'"'· ,....
"""'a\ ,,,on,humber, _and .gend,e r?, .• ·;: · · . ,
· .. ·.·
·• .>::~<::, • " -· ~, ,
·.,, ;~;· ··..~ Tutor. : .~Y their aht~ced~nts. ·· . :· :_ , ~ '· · . ·. .
·· ·
RULE ~XI~":~·.
,,.,,.;;- . Caroline. I ,c ould. have · answ~red that quesRelati-ve ftr01tOUn8 agree 'ltHth'their antecede'IJ~t'
·~,;, tibn; for I remember the .tenth rule, ~' Relative
in j1er8on; 'number, and gender.' ·.
. , :q~~p~
( ·,';pton9~tins ~ig~~e with:: thelr. antecedents ~inJi;er-

a

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'. I ·have said that who, which, .and that,- -~re '.fe~·~
-

•• ' .· ,_-.

• ..... ...00.;:.--X.
,

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.., ·;~'On, n.nfnl1er, , :and gen.de~._,,_
, Dut :~~. it ·proper to
:1 .\
., ' ,' .. .. '·
. .
,.: ~\; ,'' -.

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.:?;:;!:.· · .:... }' . .

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· ·· say, .The . 1~aste.r 'liJlzi~/i · te.ache,s .i:n.e , :. te:ip,h,es ·:~'.<.. h'.; :-~~ an:. tha~ you saw~, ,~ 'Th~ word a.~,· ,vhcn it fol .George ?· ·~. ,, . · ·. ,.,
' ·· · . · ' ' · ' , . ~;.: ~ . :'
;~~ ;:'· lows such,. is t se i.l'as a ,relative, in pre ference
1
:. · ' ' · Tutor. N ci: when tht: ant.e cedent denotes per- ·· · · . t:~ t.6~ ~uho, wlzich, or · ih(zt: as. " I 1ike sucl~ people
' son~~ -. b~'; intelli~ent bein~s, .yo,u.. must us~ who, ' --'.·.>~ iz8· are a gTee:.i.ble." ,· "I am pleased with such
·· ''luhose, and w li om; therefore you should say, th e
., pupils a.; improve," ~:c.
master ~vho l\:aClil:s, &c . But when the antccc. · George. \Vliat arc the intcrrog;~1tivc pro11t de11ot cs animals or thinj;.'1, you m~tst "use ·
.>':
-· ·nouns?
. /.i UI\ t',;a t .
'W /.llC
·
.....
Tuto r. Tur
, r10, w /..
11c /.1, !11
• 1'1
' ~,tihat, wJ1e11 U'.;cd in
George. ·\ r e 'Which Jt1 ll that declintible? ·
ask.in~'; questions, 'a rc illicrrogati<Jt.: pronouns.
' Tutor. No; these relatives
indeclinablc.
' TVho and 7Ulzich, \Yhcn they relate to anteccThey ar. .~.;.used in the n~mina}ive, and olij ecti:e
dents, are rrla.tives; when u s_c d in 'a: king. quescascs and arc spelled rn the same manner rn
.,,., tions, intFrpgp.tivcs.
H'jw is dccl.mctl m. tl~c
both/ bi.1t"they have no possessiv¢ 'Case. :'
;"
A:'lf_.same manner: when an inttrrog~trnc, as ,1~ ~s
Caroli ne. ' Is 't!zat nc\·er tlsc cl as a rdCJ. tiYc,
F
•vben a rrlati-ve.
lV!rnt is indeclmable.
l his
. \~he n the ' 3;11tc,~e.:dct?l d~notcsycrsuns, 01' intcl.
~ ~vord ~houlcl not he used as a relative. '"'~' he
ligcn~ beings? ·· ,.
· ·
·'
~
hook 7 uhat you gave me," N:c. is bad Engl1sl1.
tutor. . .Y~s, ...in several instances: as, first,
··,
It shoulrl b~, "The book wlticlz, or that, you
when 7V/zo has-'b ecn used in -the same member
,, &c
, ·- ., : gave n1 c, c •
•
• •
of the scl1ten c·e, lo prevent the foo frequent , : : ·'
TVhirh ancl whut Ztrc somctnnes .iomed . to
~'ccur~ence of the .same ~vor9,, we use that.
~ .,\ 11011 n.s lik~ arlj~rtives, anrl then they become 111·
, Secondly , when pc1~ s ons l11<1~C out par,t of
-.. ,· , terror-:itive adjarivr pronouns: as, ,, TV!i ut ¥nan
._ . ~ .: is t!ta; .2" ,, 1ll/Jich pen will you have?' ' . ·.
·· the 'a i1teccc1ent: as, "The man and the horses
;1ia·~·., w~.rc drowu.cd; have Lce;1f ,' found~" 'In
-·•·:/ /;,.. nut wlia,t, wluitn1rr, an~l whoever, so~11et1mes
thi~·~. ~'entence, '.neither who : nor 'lJ.Jhi~li wonk! .
f::~; inchi~k 1iolh ·the antecedent ancl' relative;, and ~'
, be proper: · Thirdly, when,:-\ve. ask a question
-<>- when w/;aL . <J1''!tJhatf'1Hr, has the ,. sens e o ftha ~ .
<,with who: as, ." vVho . tha ( is.honest would .be~\~:~dlztcli','. tl;,cse i,whicli, aucl wl10~11er, has t,he sense.
. ~-h~·~,;e~' thus ?" , i:ourthly'j. th~/ is ~ore ·elegantly . , _ ~~~'pf/ie · ~;J!t~~ th'~ );-· 'ai·e calk<l .; compouncl prono~ns,
used as a relative than , who or wfzich after ad- r.
H~~li~~-~iise , tliey ' h1 cJudean.~i:i.te.~ede~\t~nda r~la.tiV.:e.
jectives. of the -supel'lati.v e deg'r ee: as; . " Mo-, '.·
il!f:Tf,ii.a/.e ,.~ ,i s so~n,~times;t.1~.e,d as_an',lndefi~nt.e,.·_q~l· :

de

are

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~ess o·'lwo... amso~ t1tl1:as~~:k~fse::::~:;;~!t ~ee~e;iJ:~:::.

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·"This is the, best pen that I , ev~r, had." Fifth.l y,
. tlzat
used after the ~djective ~a_me in pre- · ...~.
ference to 'Who or which: · as, ' " He is the same "

is

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~1·~~~i}~f:ti'z!e p1:<>onoun ;., ar,i,d · 'ZV,/~.?:\~~r._ 1s :·,.~on~.etir~;es :an • ?,,J in.d efinite prnnoun..' ·, , ,·· .' ' · ·
'; :· , . .: .-, '. '' ·', .
~~i~~~:":~c~4;.~lfnr.,·,·\Ve " kno,w ,: ~}pw;, t_ ha~:: ":.i'.1~1 'lU~z.z~[''':
::?.z.: ll.~cl .~ t{i~t., .are ca;Jlea. rel~. fz-:v, .~,. /21;.o,no;.}f~W' :; b 1~~<t~1.-:~ ) !
. :i)'. .tliey relate to some antece~lent_; ape~ ·th.at (ldJec, . 'I'
1

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ET:YMOLO~Y

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•,(!<. ; •l

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so .caile<I, ,because they,

.~be~;'.~ '

interrogative · ~zrunOZf118 are ·s<_> calJed, ~CCa\f.SC,~~
they are used rn ·ask11)g · quest~?ps; · for . aques·::,!

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,?:., , • . , .AND ~Y,NTAX, , , ' ' . ·. . •
{'(:•}J'ut~.;. f; I! all no iv.tl.Sk.:·yo U a number o1, q ti es-

,, . : , ,

if t b >~;urn <~ .i'1oun, Iik\an ;:a.qj~cti.ve3 , a~~ -: ~~~~f;;::r

:-::::· ~-; ·;.~.: ?~1, 1 ); ~.

( • •

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to,,-'~ ' ' ."': ~:I1:1'1 ::I_ '~f.:'f
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59

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f·:fafos which I presµrrie .you can ans,wer,. . ·

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'·· ,QU_l~S I l()~S,,
tion mean_s an interrogatidn), b,u t we do r _i:iot'. ·.
!;'., ,'.;What ~re Relative Pronouns?,
know why ft 1'r8onal /1r onouns 'are so c all ed . ·
... t llow do you de~line 'iuho?
T u t or ."T h ey are so called, because they de -.·
-Arc wlziclz allrl that dcclinalilc?
nott~ tlH·ir pers~m by their spelling. 1~hcy ,do -- . ~ ' \1Vhen must who be used~
11
n o t d e ,;n d u1 1 a ny o ther word fo r their fter~ .' _""'; .··:. ·· In what illstallccs is tlzat more ele,r;antly ap :10n . · T hus , if I write the word 1, or thou, or , ..~ ~. p lied to / ter s ons than 'wlz o?
lif' , o r 8h e, o r it . without any connexion w~th . ,, · .-..,·. In what inst:tnces must tlzat he used as a rcla~
another wo rd, yo u kn ow wh at person each of ..~ .... ~ live, where neither 'Who nor which wou ld be pro~
thL· n1 1s ; · b1 1t 1f I w r ite the won! w/zo, o r w!iich , ,; · ~. p e r ?
.
or r'· rrt . ,. 1,u r :rnnot t ell .w h at person it is. Bu t'
"" . • \V licn must as be used as a relative?
ir l
lie a s a ll autecedent before the relative, :·:
·.How do
h .now the , persol1, number, and
tiieO we k now . the / 1'rsono f the,relative, a.s well • '
a rdadv c p ronou n? .
, . . · . .
as iis number and g-6 rider; because the r elative
·~: Ho w. do yo u know when that 1s a 1elat1ve, and
d e pends on th e ant;·c~dent for 'its f zei·so n , nu m .._'
-~''when a clemonst1·ativo?
.
. .
b er, and gender, a nd agTe es with it according. to ,
,~ : , TVh icll . an d that be in g in cl eclinable, how •will

wn t~

;"~
y~u
:' ~elldcr"Of

the tenth rul e. Thus, · when · I say, " I whoThou wh o- He "·Jw-\Ve who-You who-- ··
Th ey who " - in al l these in stan ces, you perc e in; "that 'who do c s llot vary , and yo u c a n know
ib p e r.s o n, &c. on ly by i ts a n t eced en ts, I, thou,
he. &c. llu t it is not so with respect to its an.:-:,

.

;:·~· tecedents, I,

/ you know .their "..a se? . Sec. the rule bclo;v.
.. · . \V h at
,, .•. · . \Vhen
- what are
.;_•. __.. \V h ~
£.. ·

?

arc the rnterrogatl\"c pronouns .
wh ich . a nd w hat a r e a dded to nouns1
th ey?
ar e w lw t a nd wh a tever compound pro'

1f~~H?~~~~n'
~,:[_

·

lhou, h e, &c . whi_ch are persona(
they a r e s u ch , what do they in clurle?
pronouns. Th ey hc! VC p e rs o ns. o_f
\Vhen is . whoeve r a compound p ro nou n, a n d
and ' denote their p c 1so,n ~y ,th e ir spelling . . : · ,'.·:(_ · ·"- ;.;;: ,~h en an ind efinite prono u n ?
Caroline. I think we now undprs tand why the;,. ..,, ':)'.! · .will now ·
.you so m_e exe rcises, wh ich
1 are prepared t_o prtrsc . .
cliffere;lt kinds of pronouns arc distinguished
particular names or terms. These distinctions (·
..\,~ .. , . ..
· ..
.
.
·...
· of the pronouns ~how us, in some degree, the~~t~
.' i-:
EXERCISES IN PARSING. ..
,

themsel~es;~ '

giv~

by;.(:·~..... ..~· you

different natures. and

··"

con.nc~i?ns,:; , '.; ·.'.

· "· · ,,

1

:.,.'.;

c·,.

;: " ' .'

,·'.

').'· Who dol s that work ?:_:Who

.:;.~'. son ?-Whom
'
..

~~-,..

'

see I ?-vVhom

re~ite; this lcs;

sees~
'

thou now :

ET.Y~10I.OGY ':

.·-v"h~tn sees he ?-VV:h_o m , s_ec . y·e ·s.omet~ipi.~f;'"".
~~ellt>. ~~I, ·: who~1~ ycnJ call, . heat;· .your voice,. . ' -::':'-Who1n ' love.st ' thou : m:o.~:tr-.-\V_ha,t. dost ,th09:.;.. - ;,P,-hou, :vdi.o makdtniy shoes, sellest' 1i1a11y more.
to -t1ay,?-. \Vb at p c1:son sc ~·s .t tho u t eachi.11 g, .th ~f ' · ,,_i.~ J have .·g~ods bu(.) ks, .yuu hJ.vc bctt~r, lie has
Luy ?-vVhich ~it! instr uct they ?-I have-'·an.. .
. ) he hest.
··
.L-,
excellent honsc.-Thoti hast a · handsome little .:.,
•-..,,
:·sister.-·-fie has an honest;frie11d.-.-He hath' \~~~~."+_~~Pl?
.new hnin.: s.-· \V c have most worthy friends.- · -:.-...:..,,,~
.·COP!VEH.Si\T_ION, IX . ..
,You have 'a niost agreeable tempd-.....;.,,..T11ey have:~~-~-~~
. an easy task: -\Vhat has he ?.. \Vhaf book · has·,,!1e ?- vV hich road takc<; t thou?-· -· \Vhat .- cbild~,_....,..,.=
·
· Us th ct' tcat l;.-~l'h cm : vie' tc~ch.~.~
..... ,
· ~i; l;,HEPO.S ITION.S. :
: teacheshe ?· , ~I-I~r · I inst~·uct. 7--d~ h ee he oftGn p1·~i,?e~.:;·~1 · -.. ~))~.
~r·
,~
.· ,: ·< ...: . ,:· ,, .. (. '.·. ' . ·... -..:;,.1 . +::··' :·y;1.... .::;{t 1'utor."We con1men'c:e this morning with the
_,; · 11 ·
·
· • RULE XII '' ·'·:<- 1
,,.,
·< •\' "
"
:))i·epositiou, which)s a pa1•tof speech very easily
;
'. 1-j'o: H l~d 170 ?zom,~u;lii've ·~omcs.·1~t/;~u-~~n· · ~~·:;,·'. ~~ ;:.2
~~p~er~to.ocl. ~)repositions se.rye . to connect
'. ?i'fJe ~nd cM/ vei·b, 'the ;.~;lat.ivc · i;., ihe -. Ji6ii~ iuati;";. "
·woi'ds with one another; and to show the .rcla . n0Es '• to'i1ii:""~~
.. , ~·· " . !,, 1 ~·. . ns between them. , Prci)~sitions, being· •vorcb·.
to the verb; but ·w!ien ' d nomin'ative'.
· · · ··
·
., · · · .· .
· ··
· · · · ... ,..,
- p_~ed. _.to · express · connexions, have no .person,
betw_e..en the re.lati"ve cin.d, :t/Je: ~ :ver.b,,-tl~e ' relii.tivie
, .,··~-·
.,,.
"
·
, , ·
.
·must be in · tlze fzos sessive 'case, ·a nd governed b~ _.~;•·
. , um_b~r, ,ge1!der, 01: case. ,·· 1 hey .agree with no. .,. the fo~lowing · nou~i, oJ: . in' t(i~ '-objective; aJt<:('g6:.£. ~
-·'.:t hing t · _but they ' govern ' nouns and pronouns
· '"Uerned 'by· the fo!Lowi1ig 'Ve'rb· ; 'f1articijile ' or/ire ;,! ·' ··· i.h~l:J.t
-. fo1lb\V· them in the obj. cctivc, case. . . · ·
t1 o~ition; in it.<J own lnember. ·~01~:t1[e ·..se?tt~n.~e:~· -~ ·./:( ~ µ; .. Ii rri;1.cip~1 pr~pos.it_~uns are the ro.11~w i1 ~ i; =
·>-:.. ·····. . . "', ~~ "~"'·
,,~fl ,;_· .. !n ·< · h etw1xt .
. near . o> et aga111st

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. \;~EXE~CISE ' IN'": r:A~SING:~~.'.· .. ;;-.· .~;~~

:you:

· · The · man who ~teaches
ple~ses · };ou1: · fai.-'.:..
ther.-'- Tbe ·1Je1·son whpn! I. .teach,· loves · his.".. _
· .··-The ·woman .whose
· ·
· ·house ·· they · hire:·· .. ~·
, frieh<ls.owris ':inany houses.-. Thee/_ whom thy , fri,~nd~'3.
a'clmire, we also Jov'e '. _;,_~]:hem, . · whom "tho·11,,:•
please~t, some others disple~sc.-·-· vVbpm :ycjg ..
norantly . worship, · hin1· declar~ L-.-.Him', w'ho~···..
. you see; · I love still.-°'.fbe. ·h'ouse ,\vhich he',_oc :.
cupi.c s, : om· n eighbour owns :~The /elegant~·"'
bo<?ki;, which .t he li,ttle boysread, · thc · ~l.d .:i).i~n -·
4

·!~~d~t;:~" :'"~:~;l:i, .'. ~.~::~ath

·Y'fof · , .unl1er
~·by :·.~ ·'· through
~~·ith' ·, about ..
"'
.,. . · . '.
···

'.'~ ;{g~~n· '. . =~~,~~~t .

b eyon<l

before athwart at· .
· ·,
behind towards · ·· ·
off .
beside
··instead of ·
~V!thiil .'' amids~
notwithstanding on
. according to
·.,\.-~,thout: l~clow ' '' c<l~c e rning '· , upor~
throughout
. ·:1r,?!r~1~ , between touching :. · · amongst
. . . .,·"·

rt " .?•i:--~ I here are others

.

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{

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which need no.t be men- ;
't~9.n~<l; because by'.examining and :parsing;the·se,
,Y<tu will. easily undcrstan,ll the na,ture · a1~cl · cha.;r.a$Je~ r; ~fthis ,par·t of speech; ancl)c ~ble 'to ~is ~
~tgui,~!1itfrom ·:Oth~rs Whe11cver you s~e h. ·,.· : ·
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62

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ET);MOLOGY .'..
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,SYNTAX~
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·- ' G~brge. r'. You s(l.y · that fprepositions:.go:y ·ern 11 ·~.:~ ~':~·:\ : '; 1 Tuto1· . . i' 'will:illustra.te th.e "lrnture 'and office

th~ ol~jective ~ase.·· ), _They ::d<? ' 11ot ; ex pres~ ~~'nY,:.~:~; . f~·: : · 1of a pret)osition · by ~ few cx;mples: '-· . :, . .'.::
ac tion d o ric to an obj ect,_'1.S ::;l ycrb o~ part~ciple _.. ·:_ -.~~: . :~ .The boy \\;ritcs-.- -a ,pcn . ,. _The n:ian wal~s

·does. ·'-,. _, ..,_·•
· ' .. ,· . "".', ,' • ... ,, . .. ,·
·.'.,-._·".::_ · -theriver. 'My horse i s - t he stable . You
1
Tutor.' 'l'trnt' is true; ~rl1e objective case ~h~t · ~.. -_ , li ve--St. Paul"s. The man fell--the water.
is govei·ned by. a prepositio1i, -is not the object 'of: · ~-\__ t ::"':O "fhe Theafre is si'tnated-·--t he park .
'an action, but . the ohjeet ·, merely of a relation; · : _ - : · In each of these ·expressions, -you perceive
. They reqt1ire the noun 'or •pronoun following, to --':'-~ ::.,'"' either a total want of connexiori, or. such -a con:in ~he objective ca's e; and not.the nominative .-. _'! • ~2>~ne:fion' as > produces : either falsehood or ·non·or ·µossessive case. ·' This··you 'Yill ' p'erceive ~y .' "· f': ~. sehse.· Fill ' up. each vacancy jn its order, by
p1itt in g pronouns after the' 1frepositions 'which I '~~ " i .~"· .·;the fOJJowing ·prepositions, wit lz, towards, in! 0/1"hav_.e w. ritt.e~ . .; You. will see :that: the P'.o.nouns . :. : : ~ ·,_L." Jws,Ue/ o, or over ag~inst , into, of/zosite to , an<l
, ·niusr. be · me, thee, 'him; lier, ·us, the~i;• and mot_. I, ,'._·:·'. -".'\' .~ you ~v1U see t~at· th e "co71,n:exion '\y1ll be perfect, ·
. t/zou, he, she, they. To·'. say, ·.Of I; :to thou, .with '.'t-: -/ and the sense ,complete • .;
··
·' they·,' &c.'-; you ~ immeclia'tel npercei:v~, i_s :contra:· ·1. >'..George. :I 1 now• see the- nec'e ssity and use of
:ry>to ' usage, ' and that it is nonse11se> ,...
> :. 1', < ~ '.'. . ;: ~ prepositions as connectives, but I should lik e to
" · Whenr no'u ns are·. placed i ·after,.prepositioqs,~ · ·, , ·;:-·. ·., bear· one word, if you please, on the subject o f
· : , ·, .'· ·
.tl1eµ, th~y m·~st be in the .s ~me, ca~e that.a pro~; ·:., x:·:~·:ret~tion/ .,
.. noun .would, 1f placed where ".' the ;no\ln ,,1s, fo1 , •
·~··;.,: , X'.u tor. When I say. this box hes on the table,
· · nouns ·an'd pronouns have the same c01;1str.uctio~. :_''. ' ,. ;· . ' _you~ may percei\·e, that · on · shows the exi~ting re'.'.' .When iybu parse an objective cas~, gov,er,ned, ')
t;; -~ latiqn ~ betwee!1'the box an'd th ~ table , or th e re.~y a'j:>rep~sit~on, yo.u iwip gi,v~ this ·.~ule: : · .)' .. '. ~~'.i;.' ..J.at~ve position each has in resp~ct to the oth_e r.
'
' " '. , ..
..
"it• 5 " - •
...
.'., . • • " '" " · ".
"· ·
... •
' \( :.And · so whe)1 [ sav, · I. t_h row the box unde1· the
. '. ;: '.
..
RULE XIII.. I . . : · •
""
'
···1,~: 1V:6' tabl~-·- the ch l1~1riey.L't/1ro~g!i ' 1 he ' M'iildow.; · :•. -' .Prefwsitions goveriz tlze obj~ctive case,-* ."' <i,'-. "1 ! ~ do'1V'n stairs-into the fire. &.c .. ·1111:.se\· eral pre.· ; ··"" " •'
· · · ·. . •
? " , :. ,· · ~ · ' · · ~' - · · · ·•· · ·,;.
•• \.>:_·i;o~itions · show _
t he di_ffe'rc nt :.relatio11~". 1>ctween
',."'- Carp line. " . I do not .p erceive .vefy clearly how . r;.. ~> _1 1,~~he: hox"and' th e other things, mentioned.,.· Pre. prep,nsitions ,conriect words · together; ..n~r . .clo,I ·.·,; ' . ;·11.)1p?sitions, then ; bei11~ words. tlfa t';s ho\v. the_1·ela·weU · unClerstand how they ··s how the rela,t10n .be-. ·~ ') < :tion b e tween perso ns, pla.ces, ancl ~ tbing-s, . neces, tweenth_e m. ·· ·
'. : .,:.J, ·~" i
,.·
·):'.;··~· ,~· ;fJ;. sarilys.howtb_e rclationalso,be tween ·the'word's , . ·
·;-, ' ··
-' " '
,,
t1r " ;;• th~t ,<lenote · the persons, .pl ates, and · things. ,
: ·' " T.h e advnh Wee; and tl~e ~<ljcrctiv.es wort~ ~nd li/...~ .."... ~ ·, f. l,'.\ Caroline .. I · think ' the.· offi~e of the preposi;
when they belong to precec.l1ngno~ms or pronouns, alse '·"
.i.·\:.·:.~ 1011 :, '. . is',, quit.e " distinct ' fron~1. "ib. a~ . o.. r _1a1.1·y opier·
. g9vern the obj ~' ctiv e c~se; as, She da:nces likehi9.'.· - sl~e ~ •·
.
.·.· is li,ke'him,. she, is 'lvorth him ,aild all liis..famay. '
~. •<: ·', . /~/;~::.,P~i't,.' of ~pc:~c}h ~e . h~.V(f~ be~11·. 1~a1<'.,.' a~qu~!il.~ect ·
. ~ .,~,
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SYNTAX.

.,
,., ,
', .•
with; anu ·that :we now cleai'ly com p1·ehend 'i ts ·.
use , and k now how to p a rse it. ,, , · · ,
· may remember . from the examples I g ave to
T u t or . f th ink you do; b u t I shall here n1::ikc
sho w you , t h at p r epos i ti o n s con n e ct wor tls .
a fc,~.t·c.;mar ks conccntf1~ g t he vcrli s, _whic h YO \l ·
Th u s when . I say," I wa lk t he 'IVinrfow," yon
we1~e not bef?re prepared to comprehend. Th e re
· perc e ive that some p reposition mu st be placed
··are ' _thre e ·s ort s of v cr hs , .,iiz . t he 'ac tive ,- th e
<· b efore. th e wo rd w incl ow: · as, " I walk to, or by ,
. ·pa ssive , a nd the _neuter v erbs . Tbc passive and
or t o·w ards , the wiu<lo w. '' ll u t the t ransit i·u e
n euter v erbs, l sh all feser ve foi' so m e fu ture
ve rb re q u ires no pre::ositio n " to foJlow: as, " I
Conv,e rs atiori . . Tl.1e one wi'1ich I h ~v e explainFJtr f.k e the ' window"-1 ' I 'break t he witidow ,"
, cd to you, and which you hav.e beei1 parsing, is
&,c . I will no ~v . give y ou a ~ew more c xamcal~ed· t,he ac~ i::ie verb, becaus,e ~t expresses an
pl es .; .fi rst qf trar1:,siti-v,~.. y,erbs, ', an.d next of ina~t10n, that is · performed 'by its nominativ e ;
tran.:~iti-veverbs. ;',' · ·:/, . • :;~ . ,. . e' ·, ,
. .,, :~ ..
and the ~0~1inative case :;to ·s~·ch a · yerb; .m ay ·.
; , · ; .. · Men build . sh.ips ."'""'' '. ' ·w e :love t'h ee ;":·".
therefore _be defined to bet.h e actor,"51s it 'is t h e·
~·, ' J He ins t ruc ts me. 1• ' · They ca rr y h e r .
;word that denotes the pe1;son:or thirig that acts .
· . She teaches him . ,. ·
Men build house s.
This aetive
verb
then
;.is
eithe1~
tran
;
itfoe
or
in
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·
'-'
·
·
·
·
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'
·
·
rr
·
'
· ·
ntransztruc ' r er b s' ." · ',
trans jtfoe . ·. In, ~· form e1; Co,n,versa tion, · I· ex- .. ~; :
1J"
;
, ,, . ~·· ..
·, " .
· · •
·.. ·
.·
plaine.d th~ ·, distinction . bct weeh' transit'i ~e ahd ·, .-~
He looks me.
. , ..· • They play her. ·
···
·
·. U
. .
She'. d'a nces him.
· ·~· · M en labour hou ses.
·
· ·
.. l
llJt}'a1~s,1t1 ;v.e , ~ ens .. ~ µt ~ ,~,ap n~.w, .perhaps, . "!1
· - ·
v
·· · ··
mak,e ,you see the chstmctiot) .more clearly. The ..,,~
.. '.; i ~ T~,e..;~nan '_ ~qesJ3~~ton . .) \Te complain thee .
t_ra_r;~ifru c verb cloe_~ 'not ahv~y~;'in · reality, ex :.. ,
Supply such prepositioi1s, in_these sen te nces ,
PT~ss ;~n ~-~tion d_ohe t.o,'. th ,t? ~pj ~ct/exp(·e.ssed by . '~ ·:
.as will , ,rn~ke sense . Re fle c t u pon these exam .th.e b9Je~t~y e ~ase 'whicl~ itgoyern's.'. . ;,,:7'h~s, ·you ·. '· .'f. •,, ' . ;'p~es,: u,n til yoµ . . have a dear not~o~'
of th e t~an1
' Yill p,erse1v_emt~1 ~ .9.\e: of',the v.e,r.bs, res'ehfblc, ·,
sitif.:e and , intra~,9itive verbs .. .: "; · ·.
\
." ; . . .
· ; 1rnd~1:stand;, believ e, and, ., many . oth ers: as,
'.. Verbs a r e freque ntl y compou~cled ~(v erbs
'~James re s f. mbles' ' hi m'';.'--:"You '. u n d crs ta.·n d ·
' and prepositions: as, to u/1hold--to .inv est--to
, ., .·he:r"-,- "' We .believe Y~ U:~'. '· · · -Tl~e ti'ahsili~ e v ~· rb, , .. .
qverluo~/ ancl this composi tio n , g iv.t:'s a_ new
· _l~owevc1·, : has a · dire.ct rcf~r~nce : to the object, , .
sense._ to '. th ('.,.vt:; rb: as , to u n di:rstand~to withand does .not p~rmit .a: prepositior\ . to be plat e d · , '
dra\v~tofo~give. But th e p reposit ion 'is still
. betw~en it and its object. '. · I~.ut the. object which
mor~
frequent ly p laced after the verb, and sepa7
follows an intrans itiv e verb, inust be g·ovei·ned .. .
rately fr<.~m it, ljke an adverb: .i n this situation
. ~y a,pi·epositioii, either cx pres ~ ~d oi· underst~od ., "
' it does ,nQ.t less' affect ' the.sense o(. the verb, 'an d
"3:11~. tl\ e · i~i91n · p~ _our ' lan~gY,~g,e :~,generally _rc ~ _., ._
give it a new rneanin~, and may .be considered
. ~rp 1r~s ._the l?{~pos1t1~n ~(} .. ~ e. ~~p1:?~~~.<l; .~~ ;,yon:, -:/
. "~ . part of the verb, as .it is, ,wben . placed ,be,f ore
"' /;~
·
.
·
·. · · . . · . ·· · · ,
it. · When you parse such verbs, you may .c all ' !~ •g
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ern . c_o :nfto u·r:d n1er.b_~· ".'. :.Ain_d ,1:e~1~em be~~· : ~ L\l~S ;·: ·~ · ·
.JHepo~it10n · gives. a new mean.m g, to·:. the··. vero;·. · ,
which it would not'have.witljo\.1t'. it, it ·becom·e:s' ~ "/
u:part ·:of'. the verb, .· \vhe~he,.- placed , before, ch<::r·
';after ·it. -· Thus, -to cast7r,)nea,ns . io ',tliro'1u- ;>bi.ft~"<:~
• ·i.n .the phrase to ia.~t. uji .a\'i ·~ cco.imt-t(i'c a 8t uji~ ··.- '.;
. ., mea·ns ,t~:.ct.J1npt1te ; ~ · ' So~ :.tofall "pn; to .bear. outj '· · ~
't.o gi~.e o.v c7;, &:c >hav"e '. ve_l;y . ~lifferel1t 11~eanings, >' :,'
. fr~l-r:t ~lfa~·-they would, _1f?N~.e·p.ryp?~i.tio11s o~· a~~·! .. ;·~
. ".,er_b.s· after · them, were;.m ot·'. ·used.-·-You ttg,v1"" • ~'
.. ·" . i. k.r.ow, that three pai'. ~s ' ~f·'Mp ~e~h ' g~wern · thci o~~'.,~

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/ .\ . \V.ho ·haved rigenuous\ minds\ .susp_e ct not others .
1)/1' of :. '. disit'lgenuousness. i{The , ·man' · :whom niy ·
.::."J:frjend 'suppoi·ts,-:treats ;him; ilh:· The army which
.:: ).'en~·amps ; on :the ' ba~ks ·" of the ' river, marches
~:·:-,_: then'ce to· day: · ..T.l1c ·pen, , with , which I . wri~e,
( ., ~ mak,es "too . Iarg~e" :a ":l!lark ;:·· .My cneighbour'.s ·lit,;;.
i»"'.i . :,. tie girl~~ .goit;ig '.· t:9 ·l\i9hqol, · the ':.~ther. day,•:, lost
" ,·;_!;~th.ei1~ · 1 . books. " ~·My ' "'vPfkm;en,:~ ploughing ' the
1
• ,~t!,:grf.>~;i!c.l, <brok.e · th.~ l 'pl9\'.1glii 'YShe :i~ " like .. him •
f::- :· S,h.~ wt·ites' likejt1im."i1'. SJ1e 'i~i w~rth. )'1i:o.l and all
0

< "·~· his . connexions'""': .:.
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;~;~ii~.~~~~~~ii:~~: '.~~~~~r:~;~:~b~ ~~·:;i~t~~·;;,-::;:,· ,'·~-:~· :;tt; '.'.~~~·:-·::;: '5Y'.f:'.,;·'-:;;.;5t ;:.; :}: ·>.? ,t;\
.' go.Ye.rned ',by ' one 'dL these, .three;· ,· . ' .f ' ··i-: ',
;. ' ' ". . · :
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· · .. .,_.. , · · QUES:llONS '""·'~ "··"· ·"· · · .-·,,., · ... v.~:ti-: ..... · · · · '.
What :is a preposit!o,n)'•::.:_\0>/,.~;.~:· :I.-; ~_' .' ..· <·~
:::'., 5Jit:.,~·i !~;: ~·)_:,.

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'/.op <;:ONJUNCTIO~s 'i Nn 'm>f·-E'l{Jt:ct1dNs.-~ "· '.1u
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.. : ,':·. '\JVba~. case (1oes it ~go.v,ei·h ?-:'!i~·;~." ~~,;.:~;.: !;~:· ,/ ~\; ·.
1:·": :
· -ls it. ever cqin pounded,. with ra•;verb ·?..\.'.-: · <;,&i .". ' :~. ! ,' .,.. . . : .; ·"' ·.i:{,:, > -;; :•/i<·i:; { . ".!•>·•/7• ~ •r.. ~, • ' .
11!
..What.k~!~ d of .verbs. ar~ :t.~1~~.c;:· · ~~ll~c.J.?)" .. · ·~~>'-"~ '~
."· i'~tor'. ~ I ,wi~l .n.ow'. give yot1 t~1e last' two. l)~rts ·.' lli
· .:.:·~~pl~m : .tt;~ d1ff~~·-~o~e:·: ~.et1"',~~n:· ~'~ ~r~r.:~it~~·? ·· ·
.:· , o.f, ·sp~e~1,-' vi~. J}1e ~o~jun~~~~~ · ,~nd.·: ln~.~i'Jec.- : .".I~
0 '. •

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~· ~:W~~~;.;:~:; eo~.e~~~esl}.: g·~,v~.~~:., .1·i~~- :-~~J~c~·i·~~~ : '; ~~: :Y~1· Co~;~JcT1~~ .<i~\a·' p~r{or s·1~ee~h, c~i;fl~. ~ Ji
case : ? " ',· .' ''~

.:' ,. ,·~,,-~;>-.',:; ·,: :-,: : :_

·;.· .·>.. '/ '.'.. ' : ...~

·used to Connect sentences; 'SO Up, OUt'Of <tWO'·or ' "Ji1
. :~; Tsha.v ,~·?~~ giv~:'y6~;. ~ .P· ~r~i_;i~g !~,~~n~·~ t.Q ~·pra·~~
·~· : . "·'t~\~re : s~ntences; . to· rirnke · ~it · on.~~" . _ 1.t-/s.~rne~ ,,'; .:.i[i
·t1se .u p,o.9.:·'-. .·: · . .·: "~, t>.·· .·~ . .>;'O::-. :·>"·'<;h;}~=:< .'>.'·-.·?~·
'," .:, ti.n:i,es c~1rnects only,words ...:· ConJu.~dhons ;__are ''.; Jli
:" .,. .. : ·" · · • .._
.J "
. ,;; . ;: \' : : · ":
. ·: ·;.•;'
" " ·
,'" -$h.v1ded1i;ito tw9 so.rt~, . the .C.~PU1:-ATIVE and . t~e : ..: ·.n.
' :. · ·EXERCISES, :IN.~·PARSING; ··:, . . ~ . '
: "DzsrnNc~rI'VE 1 ·;. • L ' 1,. · : : : ·; · " · ' · , - • ·
.... i: ·
1
. , .;An . hi?iie.s~. adv?cate;:-.P)~~d~\:t)w._' cause ,~f his ..
.: ." ~ ,'.· -The ,c~~ju.ncti.on · ccipulat~~~ - ~erv~s ~ to :! c·o~~ ·
<:.l~~~. t ·''?~~much . z~. ~1-:: .G?od , ?hlldren. ,t~ll 1~0 ,
"" ".::nect7 01; :continue· a ··.sentence, . l)y expressn~g.:. a:
,, l~es; . ~hey s1l.eak, .the ,tru~~· ~_:'lhey l~v:e .t~.~1r. pa- ._,· ..
'.: }~o~dition; ~ ·supppsition~ a ~ause; &c~ :. as; . ~. He · · l
1ents., _-they .. respect their. super.tors. · .Envy ,' :'.: .}{·" . -. ·.,
·.1 <-'.':,
·""·''" ·· . ,,
.~:- ":· .· .,, ...~, ·
· n~unshes ,m,a1~y ba·d. passions;· . B.eJ;iave. ye ,kiqd-. ~:: , . ~:;~.. .1 .• Nouns of time, pl.a?e, and dista~ce~· .are gef!erally. . ; ·
. ly ·to your friends• ' treat them . with1 candour · '·
: , governeti., hy .a prepo~1ti.on .,~mderstood. ·See !he Jarg~ •., . 1,
'
.
• .. , ,,,, a ·
· ... 3 t "d
18"11 ·
' .. . ·11
·

. ~· .~ .·L?ve n?t.·.i~~enessJ .i~~ cl¢st~~Y\:many. .~1e~~s?~.~ ~~/ ·
;.~ .·.· ' -<~··

. yi~··

..

~;"<.!, ;_;;·\

·' · <··~:~.·..

.'.\f_·_:\1···~~:;.~~::.·:

':

"~:.\~"'.f:z·~~~' se~\. ' i·~ e,~~. . ~:~(~~ ~..: ~. _:;,
~#~·::.<....{

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: .·· .. :_,~-:-·. ' .'.;(

=

• • . :·: ·

'.1·

.

',,:,>.'.-: t··;·'.: '.~~~. 1·

,! .:-' ·

',\·:1·· . . .. ·.....

1.J

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:·, .....

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.,,.,,:.

, 1 ·•

68

~~:r~.

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_:;~~-,~ ~j · '..~~i

--~::~;~;:r: .

~; :

;"" ·~. '.~rt

·tf:f. i· . ~ :.:,

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~

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~.~:fJ:l':,;{

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69

. AND. SYN'rAX •

~~"

ETYMOI.OGY

~

'· · "_.J.

.:~/
~:r c;s·, than, · lest,'li u'n less, yet, notwithstanding,
an d hi5 sis tc1· st udy .:'. ·~ LwilLgo, h e; .wiH
t h o ugh, wh e the 1~· exc~pt, ci._s well as.
.
..
p erm it m e ..'' " .T he-. maniis .happy; beca u se h.c is . . t\ ..· Caroline. The · conJunct1011s a r e so differ ent
g\io.!; ,, . <·
.
·.. .
,, " '
' i .
·. .
"
'·'.
·:· { ' •. froni 'thr: other' parts o(s pcc ch', that 1 thi11k \ve
T he conjunc tion d isjunc tive serves not only
;q bould have known them, even if you had 1~ot
to connec t an d continue the sentence, b ut also
written them.
to express opposi tion of meanini:; iu different
..
71.tt on. I s hall now say something to you about
d egre es: as, '" He or: bis sister studies ." " I
- .sir11 p1e a nd co m pound sentences, th~t you may
·'would go, but lie wil l 1io~ perfriit me." " Tlz ouglL
more <:learly perceive the use and nnportancc
she is rich , wt sl1c is not amiable."
, of co11ju1\cti0ns. ,
.
. ,
Geo rge. I sec clearly a' cli!Tcrct1cchctwec1i. ' ·' ~, . , •. A szmjile sentence contarns onl y one nomma1
th c:' copubtivc : and . q,isj unGti v,c .conj uncti9n~ ; ~ "'
t ive, .an<l one verb tbatagrees w ith that nomina.for ·wlien I say, Peter and John study, the ext ivc. The re n1ay be other wonls in it·; inde ed_
prc ssi on implies, tha t the y b_r;th study. But,
a simple sentence may conta in seve ral parts of
when I say, Pet e r or John stu dies, the cxpres,, speech, and be longer than many cornpot~n d ~ension s h ows, that only one studies-and therefore .c
tc n ccs; yet, if it contain s but o n e uorn:n at:ve,
I 11se the verb studies , in the third person .sin~
·and one verb, which agrees with that nommauve,
· gular, not study~ in the plural.
it is but a simfilc sentence. Thus,''' Gra88
Tutor. V er v well. I will now mention the
grows," is a s imple sentenc e; and, " Excellent
principal conjunctions, and you must make
·l"rass gro~vs in great abundance, in all the nort!ithe m fa m il ia r to yo u; bu t you must s t udy the
~rn i·~gions of our country, frn r ticularly in the
c ha racter of the two sorts of conjunctions, so
J'tcw 'England States," is but a sirnplc sentence,
.th at 'f'OU m av kn ow to w hi ch class a1 1y one he foi; i Lcontains but one n ominative, grass, and
lonK~' wher~vcr yc.u may see it. ·The nature
oi]e vcib, gi·ows.
·
a n d ojficc of each part of speech must be careA compound of any thing, you know, ~ s made
fully s l udic<l-not jwrticular 'Word8; for the
tip of s im ples ; so a compound sentence is com. ,same \vord may, iu cliffcrc11t senses, be u sed as
po u nrlc cl of two or more simple ones, connected
several p arts of speec h. Of th is I shall, by and
"'
'together by conjunctions, expressed or un<lerby, giv e you exa mples.
·
,· ' st;od. Thus," ·Grass gtD'W8, and water ru n s,',
, ·T .he .. princi p al conj unctions are the follow ·,is. a' comi)o uhd' seritencc .'' I wjJF'now give you
ing·:
. . several siµq)le ' mcrnbcrs, , which yo~l will_per. 'rhe C ojw.lative. A nd, if, t ha t, t hen, both,
'ccive have no relation to each other, till conJunc5ince, for, because, therefore, wherefore, be·=-. ~,,~ tions arc used to connect them.
sides, fmther.
He is older _ _ I ::un. She can improve -- she
•\
The Disj unctive. B ut, o r, nor , either, ·n either,

u·

l

F ·

.' .
l

' 1 ...

•; \

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. ..

~.'

.

" : ·~•. ;:.:

,.

·;: •. ' <;'- .

. :'

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. \.

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70
•

~;

ETYMOLOGY
I

1

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•

·

.
• •

' >.: I~

,

•

.

,

..

~

t

.

1 , ~ · .•

AN.D .SYNTAX.
•

.;p' leas.e s.:-' · He has talents ~. op.J). ortunities fr) cul• : ' ".' .; >·,,~ .;,·. "· ,... ,. , . •·· ·. v~.._ - . · . . .; . · . . )'
.·. " ,
, . . "·,.
'
. ,. '· . ' · '
"
. ' '\ .., ··"\ ' '' '"· . ·. ·.' (.·. ' R' UL· ~ ·. x1v.· · ·(
ttivate'·: them,_··- ,friehds ·' d~si'rous '- ' he ' s~q\ild .' ;- :,,':rr,i1:·.'..1·,
,
r.
· ·.• '''
· ·make a · fig-ure.'~ ·:· · ' ~.,-,.: ·~~ · ,,
· ·r.. ..••.:.: .· :.
. 'JVo i11;g ~·n d·: /1'1'!~·~;~;, ·~onnec,ted by con/unc.: I;I ere you see the want ofc,0!1jun'ct io11s'.'' Fill ·•
tions, 1'n.11. •.,t ;he i~ Hie 's a in,e: _ca8 e, .
. up the blanks by - ~he; following conjunctions' in ·.. : ~·- : ~ .G'eo'r ge,,· ~re". the ·:·'words. whkh are used as
thCir :01'd c1·; than, 'if, aud ~ and,· that, and yo u will :··
conj u11ctions, ever u sed as'othcr 'parts of speech?
, b etter u nde rs ta nd the impo rtance of this part of
Ttttor-.. Y.es,. it frequent ly happens that t he
speech.
'
· ·,
· ·
same word is used as two or three different parts
· Geor ge. T his illustrates the use of t he . con- ,_
of sp eec h in one · sentence. "Thus, " He la, "j~n~tion very ;clearly. \Vhen these ·conjunc• _ ': ·~.bou i·,ed fo r a d?V~r a ·<lay,, .}ar he coul~ get no
tions can be placed between'the siniple menlbers, . · ,more .." .·In th is senten ce, you perc eive that
·, they connect theni~ and make one com-pound · · ~- ; .~ the .fi:rstfor .is a·/i r<:/ws itio n, an d g oye rns d ollar
sentence.
··
·
• ;;. ; in the objec tive case, and that the second is a
·'··' Tutor.< Some.conjunctions ~can be .u sed to .c on- . > · :· ·ConjunctiorJ, connectih g th_e tw o m e mbers of the
11ect untencc,s. only. T hat · is, afcer one com ~
'
compound seiltence. .
.
. p1 e te sc'.lt~nce is fini she ~I, th e nex t ui ay be com·· .For is a conjuuc tion, whenever it. has th e
m enccd with one of th ese t onj u11c tions, to show
meani n g of becau se. ' So the word after may be
. thafit h as son)c con1iexiof1 \\:·ith the former ; 9 r ·
·; _ used · as a conj un c tion, or a preposition, or an
1
to express somn]1ing in · ad (lition · t.o ' wh at has
· · ad ve rb: as, " L ,wen t aft er him, after I had seen
.- b f~n ~ aid . . T he co nju n ct.i ons, besidrs , fu rther,
, his friend, and, not' long after, I found him ."
. •again , &c. · at~e of this: sorr. ' "T hese a r e . n ever
,.. ~ Bu t I can place the 11oµn time after the last after,
<'us'ed_ tojoin'th~ simplem ~!nl{e ~s ~ft\. ~ompound
f ·. and then it will. become ·a. p reposition : as, " not
sentence,' · '
·· ' '· '
· ·. · ' ' ' · · ' .· . '
', 0 , long 9fter t ha t. tim e," &c . The word bifo r e ,may
·.;.',·' · lf' than; lest·, t!zouglz,1d.mle·8s ;' yct, '· no t'Zvilh·
:'.''.·a lso .be usc.d as aprepos,ition, , o~ a conjunction,
. st~.n<f:ing~ because, _a,nd the 'conipound ' 'conjunc ~ ·i· ,.':'.'.·. or aq··aclverb. : : · : · ·.. r' • ;, ,.
: /1•
'tio'ns; ' 80 that, ' ani:l"l'.18. w'dl ci8;·. are ' u::;ecl oi1lv to .. :.. :I:··:·\·· .. · When before.shows' the relation between some
.·: coiihect ·_ simple 'rt1embers of a compourid. · ~en·
two 'words, and govern~ .an object~ it is a prepo . .'.' tenc,e. , ;.And s,o me 'may bc;:',lised ~either t,o · co11- ·., ~ 1;/" ' si, tion ·;~when it.conn.ects •two members of a sen. ,1:1.e~t sen~ences , ··01• simple m·~ mb~!·s of compound ·· fo· · ' .'.' tence, a conjunction ; an d, when it has a refersentences: such are, and, :but, for, therefo re, .
en~c to time merely, it is an adverb. The same
&c. ·S ome may b e u sed also to cbnn cc t •words .
:
remark applies to since an d after.
: These arc, <ind, or, n or , as, &c .• And when' con -. ~
Whenever the words since, after, before , when ,
;' junetions Connect l10lll1S and p1'0l)OUl1S , ,,, the fo[. . ..
. w/iil8t , ·~u!J ifr, 'ZVhenever, an cl 'ZVJ1erever , are used
lo ~v;ng . rule ~ust be obs,e rved. · ,· : . ,( ·
·'V ) o connec t s~ll)ple · :m~embers of ~en tone~~' they
1· •

' i

t.·

1

·- {/•
f ''

<'f ..·: ·";

.. '

, ;I ,

• ',

1

IF.'
'
, ,~•I. I
~;.
·~·{1~ ...:
'

: ••:

f

' ~

.\ ,
, •

.

\. '

._

ETYl\lULOG\

ANl) SY:-;TAX.

.may he called adverbial conjunc~iuns _; l.Jcc;..lU::iC; .
altho ugh they COll!iCCt a3 COll_IUliCllOllS, they .
have a reference to time a::; adverbs.
.
.

\Vhc11 nouns and pronouns arc connected by
conjunttions, wliat rule must be obsct·\·cd?
Arc the words used as coujunctions, ever cm •

Curo!iw:. I think

\VC

11owundcl'starnl the con ·

junction . 'Viii you e'xpla_in .the i11tnjr:ctiu11,
'\vhich is the last of the . ten parts of sp ecr:h ; and_
we shall then be able to· parse sentences, ' con~
:taining, all the parts .of spe_ec;l~. ; .· · .. · .
. . ._·
..:. · Tuto.r. 1N'TEIUECT10N,s,,. are '· ~vorcls .·throvvn m
. . · J)e.t)V~'en ' °the; parts . ofa 'se~ll~nc·e
expr~sS;. the' :·
· ·.· , sudde11_. passjons . <;H' emo~\ohs_ .o f. the :· sp~~ker_~ · ; '1
~- The ~ int ~rje~ti?ns of earn_e stness . ai~d gr1e!, . ar~ . · ~. ; .
oh t .. ah ! : alas L &c .. there .are .many othe .r . rnter~ . ~
· ·· j~Gii~ns;·:exi;i·essi \ c of'\vo!-i<l,er, .Pi.ty, ,co,1.1te;i1pt;:,
. ~~~gusJ,,:·adrr~iraqon, .an~\ ,:s~J uta~~~:m_.. Sq!11e.t1m~.s ~ ; ;~r
; a ~~hole pnrase 1s .: u~~d :;as,:; a,n .,~n.terJed1qn, and •r. ~·
;-w~ 'Call' SUth z7zt_:e1:j~c~ip,n~t.;·plu'~S~~; as! _o ut Ufl .9;~ '· . :~ .
:.' ht·?r?J away ,'lVZih . hwi !-..-, A/fzs,_'l}Jhr;i.t . won.cir,~ • _,,~•
,)k~.).. In; parsing aQ in\~,rj~ctiop," y().U n~ere.ly· t<:U:
.· .> what. part oF·: speech it. is.-: I. sl1all !}OW as.k yqu:; ·:•
: , .gb.~ne.. -<fue~tions, and U!en · giv~ ..yop ;a par~i~g :~.~r <~:·
· -·s oh, .co11taining:a11 .lhe:parts of:speech, ..,,: ,;' ., · ·. · .,_,.
•' ..~ . -.. . . '.·. ·.·..'.'.: . ··.·· '.. ' -:.·:_ .;·_\"'. -~.-1~...--.~~:.1.~ . . _j·.,t:: .•..•.•.'" .\..,.. : ... \. ·. .·,·,!..~.>.,-.;'
··:, .. , :'· -: ~ ,f • .·. ' :~
. , ,. · " 'Q UES TI 0 NS. '. · · · ' . · · .· . . : .

t?

<.

1

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1

.. ·. \·.·,:..

'

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.

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_ · ,,,•'

:,:,

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. ,'': '·'; . ._· _, ~- ... ~, :::~

.) ' • i,~ i; 1.'

· .'. ~What are con1u.hC:t~ol)s1? : · i ·· , ' ·. '· · ·. :·; · · ':,;:- ."
··•• :\ ·, '/How
.m'any
.
.
, kimls -. are
, ther.e,}., \: 1•'..•/.'1
t , ,. .,.· · . /. . .. )
_, ,;.:-;_·~)l{hat are the ~ pi·inc:!R~l ~opqlfttIYe; con~Ul)~: .. \'
' ,.:t'ions
' ?. ' .
'·' '-'-•·... ,,,
; '; ''.•-.'
,. "·' .. ...· - ."... ·' " .''.. ; .". , (... ), _ . '.), . :·Jt•
11
·~ ·
1' . ' . ;> . ,.
'
' ..
~'
:: :h~:vVhat are the t is1unct1Y!': .. :·'r.\'. '. \ -. . ,.·: ,,"· ~ :·\_,.
.,. ,:·· Wha~ tonjunctions ,c<;)1n)cct. s.entences ordy!'l,J·;·.tt.
: . : .:. ·'\V;h'at conjunctions ,rnay . .conneCt , eithe~ s,e!l· ·:. ;;
·!.'ttrices or mem hers of sentences ? · . · .. · ;., :'-!.c»: ·~ _,''
~· ,. , '\Vhich are they ,t)lat may als.o· cc;mne~t··s,ingle /~
""words? " . . .. · , .· ,· ·. '.1·"' /; ·· ... i· ., \" " <<....-,·-.
'.J~;
~

I •

.'

,

..,,_,

~ ~ '. ·' ~-;.

I

ployccl as other parts of speech ?
Gi\'c examples.
\Vhat is a simple sentence ?
What is a compound sentence?
vVhat is an interjection?
When is the word that a relative pronoun?
When a demonstrative adjective pronoun?
When a demonstrative pronoun merely?
And when a conjunction?

' · EXERCISES IN PARSING~
'
The boy improves very fast, because he ap plies well to his studies. Your son behaves so
well that he pleases every person that sees him.
The snow, falling from .the houses, hurt that
child v_ery much. You employ all your time
in study and exercise;· that strengthens the
.mind, and this th'e body.
NOTE. The prepo8itions to and for·are fre ~
quently understood ; but they govern the objec ~
tive case tl:icn, as well as when expressed, as you
will perceive by the following sentences.
He gives a book to me. He gives me a book.
We lend them assistance. I Yo u give me many
.
presents .
Modesty makes large amends for the pain, it
gives ' the persons, who labour under it, by the
prejudice, it affords every worthy person in their
favour.
NOTE. In this last sentence, you will observe,
that the relative •which · is understood twice:
~

'

--

I

ETDIOLOGI:'

' "It

· first after jiain, and is . governed by giv es , s.e. ·
' condlit after j1rejudice, and
governed by aj~
fords~ according to the latter pai't o~ Rule XL
The fric11ds whom you treat µul1Ldy, uftcB
call at your house; and they sometimes Yi sit me,

is

~nd

my hrothers

~nd sisters .

I oftt>n st>e p:nnd

])Coplc beslo\ving charity 011 the poor. The rich,
giving employment lo tht.: needy, . a1iti1d to the
latter, th e mean:; of support, and keep them

j

AKD SYNTAX.

:1

~

]

REMARKS ON CONJUNCTIONS.
· The same word is occasionallv used both as a
conjunction and as an adverb; ~rnd sumetitucs,
as a preposition. "I rest, then, upon this argument:" t/1 e11 is here a conjunction : in the following phrase, it is an adverb: '' IIc arrived ·then, and not bcfo1·e." "I submitted; for it .
was vain to resist:" in this sentcncc, for is a
conjunction; in the .11ext,. it. is ,,a preposition=.
"He contended.fur v1ctory'only.
In the first of
the following sentences, 8inc~ is a conj\}nction;
in the · second it is a preposition; anci' in the
third, an adverb: " Since we must part, let us
"
do it peaceably ;" '( l have not seen him sinr:r
that time; '' "Our fri endship cumn1ellcetl long;
· since."

q

CONVERSATION XIII.
, Tutor. vVhen I spoke .of the conjun ction in
the last Conversation, I told you that s9me con~

nect single 'luo1;d,s . When th~ copuiative con- .
junction and, connects two or more actors, 'you
may perceive that the verb, which :is used to
<ledan: the action, expl'esses the acliuu of both
or,p!l the actors, and is therefor e a jduralvcrb:
as , tlH: bov (!r;d his sister st11'r111~11o t studir"~ ·
The man 'and horse walk-uol 1~atks ; bcctusc
the v erbs study ancl walk in each example, (~X­
prcs2 the actioll of both the l\Olllili~lll\ cs, ancl it
must t herefore be plural. B11t, if I say, the
boy or his sistcr, l must use the ·verb studies,
in the singular number. The man or horse

from idleness and dissipation.

-

75

czva lk~.

Cll!"olinc. I sec the difference very clearly;

for when the disjunctive co!1junction or is med,
the expression docs not mean th:tt both nominatives act tog-eLber, bul th~t only one acts: it
mqaps, that - the boy studies, or his si!Otec s tu dies; but that they <lo not. both study. i\.nd in
the other sentence, the ;ncanirr~ is, that ci~hcr
the man \\'alks., or the l1orsc w~dk~:, Lut Jwt b'ilh.
Tutor . I will give you a rule concerniug this
matter.

RULE XV.
H'lien t7.Vo or morr 11ou1: 0 , or nowzs and /11·0nouns oj' tlzc singular number, ere conncct ..·rl by
a (.JOPULATIVE conjunction., e xj1resscd or 1uzderstrJod, they mu8t ha·ve ·v, rbs, nrJulls , and /1ronouns in tlze PLUilAL number to agree witlz them;
!Jut •when they are connected by a DISJUNCTIVE
conjunction, they must fza.ve verb8, nou1l8, and
jzronoun8 iti the SINGULAR number to agree wit!t.
them .
0

.

~

... .

76

E TY i\tUL O G 1·

AND

Caroline. \.Vill you please to i ll u~ tratc tl11s
rule by a few ex amp les, shuwi u g us why the
n ouns and f1ronouns must be p lu ral, w hen
o t her nouns or pronouns <ire connected by a
copulative conjunction, and why th ~ y must be
singular, · when such other nouns or pronouns
are connected by a conjunction disjunctive.
Tutor I will. George and \\>' illiam, wh o
obc 11 thl'ir father, arc dutiful s uns.
In this sen ~
tcn~e, the relative "who is third person , jzlural,
b e cause i t s twu a11 tcc c <lcn ts, Gtorge and IJil·
iiam, arc connected by t he c opula tive conjunction and; thel'efore, the verb obr ·y, iuust b e
j ilural, lo ag ree with 'Wh o; and th.c adjec tive
prorn1un their, is plural fo r the s ame rea:,o n th at
who is; are is plural, to agree with its two 110n1i1rntiv e s Geor[c;·t: <tlld lVifLiam; and 8o n s _is
plural, because it means both George and William.
•
But let us use the disjunctive or. George
William •who obeys his father is a dutiful son.
Here you perceive, that the verbs, nouns, and
· llronouns must be singular.
George. These examples sufficiently illustrate the rule, and I now perfectly comprehend

..

7'1

!caf, <rnd twi g , and drop of water, teems with
life.
G~ o rg e. I s ee th e proprie ty of thi s excep tion
to the general rule , because, alti1ough several
things arc referred to, yet each is tak e n src~ pa ­
rately, and the verb agrees with each nominative separateli· The sense is, that, Every l~af
te ems , ev e r y tw ig t eem s, ev e ry d rop of wat e1·
teems, &c .
TutFJr . That is right. A nd when you p 3.r se
such sentences, supply a verb for each nominative, as you have now. .,.
I will now g ive yo u ano ther r ule .
HUk,E

:·

~ V I.

.1\/ouns a 71rl j1 r onouns i n aj 1jw8 it ion , mu st be in
t h e sam e cas e.

Caroline . \:Vhat is meant by a/1/zo sition ?
Tutor. A/1/wsition, in grammar, means .th e •
addition of another name for the same p erson
or thing: as~'' iVatts, the mer chant, sells goods ."
In this sentence you understand, that \:Vatts
is the name of the man, and merchant is another
name for the same person; therefore merchant
is ir1 apposition "to T¥atts, or another noun in addition to T¥atts, and must be in the same case.
Sometimes several nouns or pronouns are used
in a'ddition to the first, and then they are all in
apposition to the first.
You readily perceive, that the two noul)s
.must be in the same case ; because, '.if '\V atts
sells goods, the merchant sells goods-for both
nouns mean the same person, and, therefore,

or

it. '

S> YNTAX.

.

, Tutor. I will now give an ' exception to the
first part of this rule. , When a distributive adjective pronoun belongs to each of the nominatives, the· verbs, nouns, and pronouns, must be
in the · singular number : as, every man, and
every boy, exerts himself. · Someti111es an ad·
jective pronoun is used with the firstuoun, an<l
is understood with those that follow: as, every

G2
··' t ..

..
. '18

.

~TYMOLOGY

AND

Is there uny exception to this?
\:V Ii at is i t ?
vVhat is the rule when llOUllS and pronouns
of the: singular numb er are disjuncti-vely con-

both are m the nominative case •to the verb

setts .
Again, "I saw Plzel/1s the tailor ." Now it
is plain that, when I saw Phel/zs, I saw the tailor; fo1· Phelps was the tailor; therefore the
noun tailor is in the objective case, an<l is in
ajzfwsition to Phelps, and is governed by the
transitive verb saw, according to Rule 16th .
George. This rule will be easily remembc,red,
because {he reason of it ,is plain.
Tutor. And you will find it of use to you
in your writini; and conversation, as it will
guard you against such errors as the following-:-" Love your ·Maker, he that made you.',
"You should honour your parents, they ' that
nourish and protect you." " Give the book
to my brother, h e whom you saw· here to-clay."
. In the first of these sentences, he is wrong;
because it stands for JV!aker, 'f hich is in the
objective case and govemell by lo-ve; therefore
he must be changed int,o him, in apposition to
Maker.
-In the second example they must be changed
into them, in apposition to /zarents,and governed by honour. lu the third example, he must
be changed into him, in apposition ·to brother,
and governed by the preposition to.

nected?
How do you parse nouns and pronouns rn
ajzj1.qsition .2
vVhat is meant by apposition?
How do you parse nouns and pronouns, comin~J together, and signifying different things?
See Rule II.
·
,
When is an adjective used substantively?
Of what number· is it when so used?,
How many ca~es have nouns and pronouns?
'\\Zhat are they?
How do you distinguish them ?
Jn which case do~s the noun vary? ,,.
How does it vary?
· How many persons .have nouns?
How many have pronouns?
Decline . the three persons of the personal
pronouns.
How many kinds of adjective · pronouns are
there?
·
What are they ? Repeat them.
Which of them are declinable?
Decline the relative who.
Are <ivhich and that declinable? ·
lfow many parts of speech may that be used
for?
· W).1en is it a relative?
\Vhen is it a demonstrative adjecfrre 'lJro-

QUESTIONS.
'\Vhen nouns an~l pronouns of the singular
number, are connected by cofwlativ,e conjunction, of what number must' verbs, nouns, and
pronouns b~ to agre~ with them?

a

' '~

79

SYNTAX.

noun?
I

)..'· .,

,

,. '

1:'

.
_j

80

.f:TYMOJ.OOY

vVhen is it a dcmonstratiYe pronoun
\V hen is it ~l collj unc tiou ?

merely~

EXERC I SES IN PAltS ING.
The generous nr:ver recount th eir deeds of
d1arity; no1· the Grave, their feats of vahur.
That man whom you se c, bestows in o rc ' bcnc fi ts
on the poor , than an y o the r who m r know. \\1y
neighbour has two sons , \ Vill ia rn a nd J o hn .
Phelps, the tailor, works for me. You honour
your parents, th em who protect and educate
you. John Stiles, the attorn ey, pleads my cause
against Tom Nokes, who pleads for my adversary, the broker. A coJHcntccl mind and a go od
conscience make a man happy in all conditions.
Prudence and p erseverance overcome all obstacles. · \\1 hat thin partitions sense from
•thought divide ! The sun that rolls over olll'
heads, the food that we receive, anc\ th~ rest that
we enjoy, daily admonish us · of a superior and
superintending power. Idleness and ignorance
produce many vices. Either his pride or his
folly-c-Jis~usts us.
Every twig, every leaf, and
every drop of water, teems with life. None
more imp at iently suffer injuries, than they that
most frequently comm it them.
N oTE. vVhen nouns and pronouns of different persons arc connected by a copulative conjunction, the verbs and pronouns must agree in
person, with the second, in preference .. to the
third, and with the.first in preference to either.

EXAMPLES.

He and thou study your lessons well.-J-Ie
and thou , and I , bbour much i n our ficl cls .

r
r

81

AND SYNTAX .

In the ' fli·st senterice stli.dy is in th e second
person plural. Tl is j ilurn l ;1~~reca b ly to lhtl e
I Sth, be ~ausc its two nom ina t ives arc co nnected
by and, and the ucond person agre,.ab ly to this
note
In the second sentence, .iabuur is of the
fi rs t person, fzlural, accordi n g to t h e same r ule
and note .

CONVERSATION XIV .
: ;

Tutor. I shall commence this Conversation,
by explaining· to you what is called the nominat ive case ind1j 1cn dn1 t . ,\II the nouns and pro nouns which yuu have yet parsed in the nomi11ative ca s e, have hacl a verb, you know, lo agree
with th e m; therefore in parsing such, you have
said they W(~re in the nominative case to the
veru. But, a nou11, or pronoun, may be so used,
that it can have no verb to agree with it , and
still be i n the nominative cas e . This frequently
happens, \vhen we make a direct address to a
person 01 · thing: as," George, I wish you would
study more ." Caroline, will you give me your
book?"
In these sentences, you perceive that the two
nouns, Geurge and Caroline, have no verb to
agree,,,:with them; therefore they cannot be no minatives to any verbs; and you also perceive
that they arc not in the po sse ssive or o bjective
case; but they mu:=;t be in one of the three

ETYMOLOGY

cases.

AND SYNTAX.

The rule then , for such a construction ~ ·

is,

•

HULE XVlI.
TVlicn a direct address is made, the noun, or
j1ronoun is in thr nominnth1r rasr· I~nEPF~lH'. NT .
G eor.r~;e. The 1101J1in ative case · indepL·rnlent,
then, must alwavs be iJf tlic second person; becaus e the rule 5ays,- \Vllen ''· direct addrrn8 is
made, [~c.--and when we make a direct address,
the p urson or thing we ~ peak to, is or the se~
concl p e rson.
.· Tuto1·. Right. The nominative independent,
is always in the second pers'o n; but you must
observe, that a llominative of the se co nd person is llot always in dependent: it is i11dej1,cndent
only, when it has no v e rb to agree with it. And
what is meant by its b e ing in d e/i endent, is,
that it is ind ep end ent of any verb. All your
other nominatives have had verbs to ~gree with
them, a11.c1 t herefo re they were not•independent.
Carolim'. \Viii you giv e us a few example::>
to pai·s e n ndc r this rule?
Tu ter . Y cs ; yo u niay parse these

..

()'
'.).)

Some l;'cr5ons b ehave well; others ill.
Two and three make five.
One and one make two .
Two persons perform more work than one.
One likes not ill treatment.
Boys, yon do yolll' work \·cry well.
Those who labour with dilig-cnce, succeed in
business; but t he idle and vicious come to poverty.
(l
NOTE. The worcl 7Vhat frequently has t lie
s ense of t/zat 7Vhiclz, and th os e which, and then
it must be parsed as a compound pronoun, in. eluding both the ant ecedent and the relativ~.*
In this construction, thp.t is a demonstrative
pronoun. I will illustrate this by a few

.. .

'

EXAMPLES.

-1:',

. I lik e w !zat you di s like. That is, I like. that,
<;v)1 ich you di slike. ·
T¥ /rnt pleases me, di sp)eascs y~rn.
TV!zat · we
han~ ,

w e pri ze not t o th e "01·th , while we en"-" Ji ~\ l C \' C\' fol'll.lll C rni>s US of, WC Clljoy
wL1atevcr she leaves.
I sec no object whatever.
Parse the following

j oy it.

. EXERCISES IN PARSING.

EXAMPLES.

"Georg Caroline studies better than you."
" Caroline, you understand this rule quite
'Yell."
" Iloy, I Jov e vo u for youi· good conduct."
You, and 1, a~1cl nw cousin: meet here daily.
I saw you yestcrda}- writing a letter.
·
You see me now t.eaching you.
Caroline hears George :r eciting his lesson.

He ~;ave m e a book. He bought me a present. 'f ha t is , He houghtfor me a present. He
g a \'e to me a book . I-ier father bought lier a
prf' -;ent, which she gavr:: her friend.
l\for~esty mak es lnrge arncnus for the pain it
giyes the per~ons who labou!' under it, by the

1
: ,

~

• See p:iges 56 and 7;

ETYMOLOGY
l

i\.Ni> SYNTAX.
,,'

prejudice .it affords every worthy person i~ theit'"
favour. ·
··

CONVERSATION XV.
OF THE MOODS AND TENSES OF.
VEHBS.
Tutor . I will now commence the explanation
o f the moods an d tenses of the verhs . .
·
IVIoon or MouE. is a particular for_m of a ve_rbi
showing the mcrnwr i11 which the action or be~ni~
is represented. It consists in the cha~f;C v..-1.llch
the verb undergoes, to signify various mtent10_ns
of th e' 111 in d. :ind Y:Hious modificatioi1s and c1rc11mc:t:inces .o f :i.ctio n . Thus. the expressions,
I _,,, /k
I( I , ..., ·:..·-[ '"nu ()r rnn ~: ..1n-Ta
'iVa'i.{.'_·_
·
~ii · differe nt moods or
modes of ~ xpr essi ng the same action.
George. I pcrcciYe a difference beh,;een these
five forms of expression. I walk, expresses
positively what I do . If I walk, do es not declare positively, but it expresses doubt. I
may or can 'Walk, does not declare that I da
walk; nor does it express a donbt, but it shows,
that I am at liberty to walk, or that I am able to
walk. And the fourth expression, to 'Wa lk, is
different from the three others: this simpl y expresses an action without a nominati> e. And
tile fifth, "::' a lk tf. 'J:i , is different from al l the
others; it simply commands a second p erson to
do the action.

Ti1;/J.: th·o·;;_are

Tutor. Very well; your distinctions are quite
Gorrect.

.

Caroline. Are there no mor e than five forms,
or moods? ·
Tutor. No; English verbs have but five
1noods.
·
f George. 'Vhat are the names of these different moods?
1'utor. INDICATIVE, SuBJUNCTlVE, PoTENTIAL.
fNFINITIV E, and IMPEllATl\'E.
I will now explain the I11dicati11c l\Iood to
you ; and you will perceive, that nearly all the
.. verbs that you have hitherto parsed, ha Ye been
in this mood .
\Vhen a verb makes :.t direct affirrnativc, or
a~s a question, it is i11 the I ;\'JJICATIVE l\Joou:
as, "He walks, he walked, lie will w;t!k :" or,
\ · "Dr Jes h e walk? Did he walk / \Vil! he walk~ "
This mood is called Indic . divc, because. generally, this form of the verb simply indicate,~ ,
or declares the action.
I shall, in the next Conversation, explain to
y ou the other moods, and show you how they
differ from the indicative. · With this, therefor~, you must make youi·selves very familiar,
that you may the · more clearly see how the
others . differ from this, and from one another.
TENSE means time, or the distinction of time.
Every action must be done in some time; either
in fta st, ft resen t, or future time. You perceive,
then, there are three grand dirisions of time,
viz. Past, Present, and Future.
'V'hen I say, I walk, walk is a verb in the in·
dicafrre mood, present tense or time; but when

J..

H'

86

I say; I ,walked-I iiave 'Walked-I lzad. •walk •· .
ed-the verbs are in the indicativ e mood, jza s t
tense; and the expressions, I shall or •wiU walk,
or I shall have walked, put the verb in th e .fu:.
turr tense, b1~ ca11s<• these cxp!'essi ons indicate
actions to l.H.: don e hereafter, in som e futur e tim e .
Yo"' will observe, that the thr ee expression s
ii1 past tim e , are all diffe!'ent, viz. 7u a lkcd-lza1.Je
'ltJalked-had walk ed-so that there are three
distinct tentics, or distinctions, of the past Jime.
These are called Imj1e1fcct, Pe1fect, and Plu/ze.t:fect .
·
And now observe those that indicate fzt tm·e
time, anti you will percciye two fotu!'e tens es,
viz. shall or will w alk-and .s hall lzave 'Walk ed.
These are call eel First Futzn-e, , and Second Future tenses.
The INDICATIVE Moon, then, h as si:x: tenses, .
or distinctions of time, viz. Present, Im/1e1fcct,
Pe!fcci; Pl11/ 1C1fcc t, and F irst and S cco11d Future.
The Sl.1nJUN CTIVE has al~o the same si.<: tens es.
The PoTENTIAL has .four, viz . the· Present,
the lm/1C1fcct, the Pe r.fee~, and Plujie1fec t.
The INFINITIV E has t'lvo, the Preunt and Perfect.
The IMPERATIVE has one, the Present.
I will directly explain to you ; how all the
tenses of the indicative mood are form ed and
dis1 ln g· t ~ ~~ h c d ; ~ ' t~~ 1'ct:)rc l t J L1 th ~1 !. I n ':: :s! in~:, ~ ·n , , ."" \~

.

~-

:\ : ' . · :'~'~ ~ . . . . .

r- ~ : ?)f·:-

BT

AND SYNTAX.

ETY?i10LOGY

•-:·,- .... ,· :- ·· ". ~ -:·.... ,.. ._p· -

. ~,
. ~l. . ~ ."' '\ ~' ~) \1 C' '- t ' ?.'\~ ~ . tP ~ l ' t? t h t' (~i rf~· ! · "' ;:1...' t'' ~~:· : \\'{' (. !l
th. •:'r w hid1 :t r c ,·.dkd ~·:-.~·1: .. : ,·, :rnd t h t> :'L' c dleu
ir r 1 ·8~ ,·: 1'1 r.

The Ycr b s wh ich fllr m th eir impe rfr r t te ns e,

, ~d perfect ~r pas~ive p articiples, h y addin g
e ither d , or cd, to t he prcsei1t tense , arc regu lar; .and those which form their impe rfect
t.c.nse, and perfect or passiv e participl es oth erA
' .vise, are irregular. Take the regular v erb l ove,
tfo r exa m ple: as ,
z>,.e,?ent Tense.
I love ,

I mj1e1fcrt.
I lovc<l.

l'e1fect, ot· Pafl~itJc
Pa1·ti o jilc.
•
loved.

H ere you perceive that the imfw:fcct tense

and t he perfect participle, arc fol'm ed by addin~
d to the p1·esent tense, l~v c ; but when the present tense does not encl rn c, cd must he added
to form the imperfect tense and perfect participle of regular verbs: as,
.
Present Tense.
l walk,
I labour,

lmJ>e1fect.
I wnlked,
I laboured,

Perfect, or Passive
Participle:
walketl.
laboured.

But observe how th~ following form their im-

per~ect _tense, and pc1:fect participle: · ,

•

P1·csent.
. I write,

I be at,
I teach,

Imj>e1:fect.
I wrote,·
I beat,

I taught,

·

Pe1fcct, or Passh:e
Portidj1lc.
:wrilt e n. ·
beaten.
taught.

T h e;; e ~.re f.rr~ f?'Ci ,':·I r verb :
. " ' l:en I fi rst e~pb!ncd th~· Participle to rou
Jll a funn e r CunnTsation, I told vou there ,~ere'
three pa1 ·t"ic1p
· Jes , v1z.
•
. jll"e8t?nt,
' the / zeifect,
the
and the comjzoun d / ze rfect. T.he / 1re.c,1?r.! , or ttt:·

. i'..•

88

'
sent and

the Imperfect tenses al1d naming the
perfect participle: as,
' '

tiv~ fta~ticijLle, t

explained then. You now hav~
the /ic 1fcct; and the comj 1ound p erfect is form ed by placing having, before the jie1:fect partici-

ple.

·

'

The three participles, then, of the verb lov e,
labour, teaclz, nre,
· Pl'esent.
Loving.
Teaching.
Lal)ouring,

Per.feet• ·
~ Loved.

Taught.
Laboured.

· · Compound Perfect.
.· Havinl{ loved: ·
Having ta11ght.
Having laboured.

Imper.feet.
I spoke,

Pe1fect Participll!.
Spoken .

J,.F,qrnt,

I111j1r1fr·ct,
I left,

.I'c1fect Pm·tie1)1lt'.
Left.

Here you. J?erceive ,t hat the imperfect tense,

' I

a1~c~ the participle of the verb _lea-u e, are spelled _
a~1~e, but th e -verb has a nommativc-the jiar -

You \vill perceive, that the imperfect tense,
an(l perfect par1iciple, of all regular verbs, and
of many iri·egular verbs are .spelleq alike.
·
George . l have observed, that tl1e verbs love
and teach, mak e loved and ~a~ght, in the imperfect and participle; lo·oed and taught, then, are
sometjrnes verbs in the imperfect tense, and
sometimes perfect or,pass.ive participles. How
shall we know when these words are verbs, and
when jiartici/zlo; .2
Tutor. If you observe the conjugation of the
verbs, you will perceive, that the imperfect
tense of a verh has nominative, but the par~
ticiple has none : as,
·

,..

tzciji!e has not.
·
·
. Th~ C.onjugation of a verb, is the r eg ular
combmat10n and arrangement of its several munhe.rs, persons, moods, and tenses. Or it is couI_>hng the verb with its nominatiYe of the different number? ah~l persons, and making it agree
w.th that nommat1v e, through all the moods and
t enses.
·
. I will now present to you the conjugation of
t he regular verb walk, in the indicative mood.
INDICATIVE
l~RESF.NT TENSE,

a

Imperfect.
I taught,
I wrote,

P1·esent. ·
I speak,
l Iea.-c,

•r

P1·esent.
I teach,
1 write,

89

AND SYNTAX. ,

Singular.
iwalk,
Thou walkest,
He, she, or it walketh,
'
or walks.
. · Plural.
\Ve walk,
.
Ye or you walk,
They walk . .·

. .>

1

Pe1fect Pai·ticijile.
taught.
.
written.

:M oon.

h1rEm?:cT T:EN1n:.
I Perfect 01•
. Stn!rular.
pa~s. parl "alked,
ticij1le
Thou walkedst '
1· · .'· .1 •
He, she, or it walked. l walked.

I

' ..

l

P lum!.
'Ve walked,
Ye or you walked
They walked,
'

I

I
J
. · To form ~h~ Perfect Tense, prefix liave to the

Whenever you have a verb-to parse, the first
thing you must do, is, to find whether it is regu. rm; or frregzilar, by conjugating .it in the pre-

perfect part1c1ple : as,

I

·~

'('

· ,
112

.

·.

ETYMOLOGY ,

91)

. PERFECT TENSE·

'

· '. Sing1ilai·.
Plural.
I have walked,
'Ve 'have walked,
Thou hast walked,
·Ye or you have walked,
He~ she, or it, hath or has They have walked.
walked.

To form the Plufzcrfect Tense, prefix had th
the perfect participle: as,
PLUrERFECT TEKSH.

91

AND
·
. ' SYNTAX.
'

..
l

I f

verbs; . I walk, thou walkest, &c. in the presen't
tens~; and I walked, thou walkedst, in the impel'fect. These, therefore, are called simfzle
teRBes. · Bunhe four other tenses, you perceive,
. a1;e formed by the help of other words, called
auxiliary verbs, or helfting verbs. You must
also remember, that when have or had, is used
as an auxiliary verb, it must be used with the
participle, and not 'vith the imperfect tense.

l had walked,

~All the tenses which .are formed by auxiliary
verbs are called comjwund t enses.

To form the First Future Tense, prefix shall
or will to the present tense: as,

I will now give you a list," which contains
nearly all the irregular verbs in Olli' language j
the others are, of course, regular, and are to be
conjugated like walk.
·

Plw·al.
'We had walked,
Ye or you had walked,
Thou hadst walked,
He, she, or, it had walked. T~ey had walked.

· ,'

. '.

Singufor.

FIRST FUTURE TENSE • .

. Singular.
. .
Plural.
I shall or will walk,
'Ve shall or will walk,
Thou shalt or wilt walk, Ye or you shall or will walk,
He shall or will w~lk.
· They shall or will walk.

To form the Second Future Tense, prefix shall
lzave or will have to the perfect participle : as,
SECOND }'UTURE TENSE.

Plw·al.
Singular•
I shall have walked,
'Ve shall have walked,
Thou wilt have walked, Ye or vou..will have walked,
They \vilf have walked.
·
He will have walked.

Now observe the Present and Imperfect

Tenses.-These are denoted by the simple

Many verbs become irregular by contraction:
as,'' feed, fed; leave, left:" others, by the termination en: as, fal), fell, fallen:" others, by the
termination ght: as, "buy, bought; teach,
taught," &c. ·
·

-

.
, Now you can conjugate
these verbs, except
am, in the Indicative · Mood, through all the six
tenses, with the personal pronouns in the different persons and numbers, as walk was cot1jugated:. as
.Present Tense.
Abie.le

Imperfect Tense.
abode
was

Am
Arise
arose
Awake
awoke, n.
Bear t.o bring fo1·tl1 bare

Perf. 01• Pass, Pm·t.
abode
been
arisen ·
awaked

born

''

ETYMOLOGY

102

is

wish, or .supposition, it
in _the SunJUNCTIVE
:Moon: as, ·
·
He will injure his health, if he walk in the
rain; I will respect him, though he chide me;
on condition that he come, I will consent to stay.
G eorge. 1 perceive, by your example~, that
· the third person sin~ular of the verb, m the
' subjunctive mood, present tense, has not the
.fl same termination, that it has in ~he indicative.
In the indicative, the verbs, winch you have
given, viz. walk, chide, come, would be •walks,
chides, comes.
Tutor. That is true. The subjunctive mood .
·
does not vary the verb in the ftresent tense. All
the persons are like the first person singular, as
you may see by these examples: .

..

:;

•

Singular.

Plural.

If \ve come.
If ye or you com<' .
If they come.

You will conjugate all verbs, in the subjunctive present, in the same manner. But in the
subjunctive im/1e1ject, /1erfect, jzlujzerfect, first
future, and secondfiLture, the verb is conjugated
just as it is in those tenses of the indicative
inood; except that 'iVill and 7!.'ilt are not used in
the subjunctive second future, and that a conjunction, expressing a condition, doubt, &c. is
used before it, as rou haYe seen, in the examples I ham gi,·cn you. The subjuncti,·e second
future of the Yerlj corm', is conjugi.\ted thus:

Singular Number .
If I shall have come.
If thou·shalt have come.
If he shall have come.
Plural Number.
If we shall have come .
If ye or you shall have come.
If they shall have come.

I

If I con1e.
If thou come.
If he come.

AND SYNTAX.

Anc] all others in the same manner.
'f/Creorge. I now see that the difT~rence betw<ren
the conjugation of the verb in the indicative
mood, and in the subjunctive, is only in the j1rer:ient tense, and the second future . In the ftre:qent, it does not vary on account of the person of
~ts nomibative, as it does in the indicative; and
m the second future, will and wi?t. are not used·
1mf.<?!1a!l and shaft.
- ··' ·
'
Tutor. That is ri?;ht.
Caroline. l suppose any conjunction, that express~s a c~1Hliti?1i, doubt , motive,, &c . may b e
used, rn conjugatmg the verb in the subjunctive
mood, as well as if.
Tutor . Ccrtainly . You may use though, wh cl her, un!ess, lest, &c. but these being long-er
words, arc not so com-e1i ient in conjugati1w
the
0
verb as if.
G~o;ge. A re the conjunctions which express
cond1t10n, daub~, motive, &c. always written
before the verb m the subjunctive?
Tutor. No: sometimes they are unclcrstoodr
and the
[orm of the expression will show .mu
,
I

I1
i

I
I

AND SYN~AX .•

E'l'YMOLOGY

when they are understood: as,· '' 'H ad he conrn
sooner, I sho.uld bave seen him_;'' ''\Vere he
i·ich, he would be. liberal;" _tha~,1s, '·'If he had
come," ~cc.; " lj he were qch, &c.
·
Caroline. I believe we comprehend the character and use of the subjunctive mood.
Tutor. I believe you comprehend what I have
said ; but I have a few words more to say on
this subject. There .are t_wo forms oft.he Pre·
sent Tense of the subjunctive mood, wl11ch I dctrnminate the Fir8t Form, and the S econd, For~11:
o J the :rnbjunctive pr~se~1t: the Secon;~ i'o1?n is
. that which I have explamed. The .hr8t l'orm
is that in \Vhich the verb retains the perso~rnl
termination in the second and third per~ons sm ' gular, as it does in the indicative present: ·as,
SunJu~cnvE

lVIoob .
J?rese1lt T'eT1.8e.

FIRSt' l"Oi:tM.

SECOND FORM.

If I study.

·If I study.

If thou studiest.

If thou study .
1f he study.
Plural.
Tf w~ stmly.
Hye or you study .
If they study.

If he studies.
Plural. .

If we study.
If ye or yon study .

If they study.

George . The distinction of tl.rnse ~wo f?rms of
.the present tens~ of the subJunct1~e, _is very
easily. remembered, because thejir8t 1s l.1ke t~rnt
of the indicative present, except the COllJUncyon
must be prefixed rand the uermd you explamed .

before.
••A

,_

• ,

105.

Caroline. But I perceive one difficulty; which

' i~, that I do not kno.w when I must use the first

form, or when l1nust use the second.
Tutor. I will ti·y to inform you on this point.
The, Second ,Por,n of the subjunctive present,
a~ I have given it to . you, always has a future
signifi~tion ; or a reference to future time, as
Yiu will perceive by reflecting on the cxarnples
which I have used to illustrate it.
The first form has no reference to future
time. - Iloth are preceded by a conjunction, expressed or understood, or by some words which
express a .condition, doubt, motive, &c. so that,
when_ you take the whole compound sentence
togt!iler, in '\vhich the snbju11ctive present is
lised, and find that the expression has a refer.
ence Jo future time, you must use the second
form; otherwise, thcjir8t.
The truth is, that the "~econcl form; having a
reference to future time, always has some auxili;ry .verb understood before it; such as may,
can, or should. Now you will perceive, that, if
we conjugate the verb, and use one of these auxilia1·ics, the fzrincijzal verb cannot vary, in the
'~eco nd aud third perso11s singular: as,
0

If I 8/iou!d g-o.
If thou sliou!d.st go.
If he s!wuld' go, &c .

If I can come.
If thou canst come.
If he can come, &c.

And when I say," George will improve, if he
study;" the phrase means, that George will im..,
' prove, if he should study.
George. I perceive, that is the meaning; and
t he ve rb must be study, and not studies; for

'

..

ETYMOLOGY

' ,.,106.

~

\ve cannot say, ci If he ~/wuld. studi~s ;" · and Hu! ·
principal verb must ?~ w1:itten m the sa~.e
manner, when the auxiliary is understood, as it
is, when expressed.
.
Tutor . . That is right; and I thmk now, that
you both understand the ~ubjunctive mood; and
when you parse a verb 111 the pr~s~nt tense of
this mood, always' tell whether lt 1s m tl~e .first
or second form.
l will now question you concerning t:hc subject of this Conversation. ·

QUES'fiONS. .

,

a

'\tVhen is verb in the ~ubj11nctive mood? '
\Vhy is this mood calle~l s~bjunctive? · '
Is this mood ever uscd·m simple sentences?
'Vliat is the difference between th e .firm ·and
.
.
the second forrn of the Sl,tbjunctive
prcs ell t ?·
<l
?
.
How mmiy tenses has till~ mo~ .
.
In what tenses of the subjuncuve mood is the
verb conjug-atecl, as it is in the concspon<lent
tenses or the indicative?
•
In which is i1 conjugated clifferen~ly?
In what instanc e s must the first form of the
'subjunctive p1·esent be used?
.. ?
In what must the second be used .
Can you conjt1gate the. verb sf1eak, throt1gh
all the t enses of the subjunctive mood, giving
both forms of the present tense ?

EXERCISES IN PARSING.
I shall walk in the fields to-morrow, unless it
min. If George studies well, ' he does his duty
in that respect. If that man thinks as he sp~ak~

. AND SYNTAX.
'

'

~

'

j

107

I

be will hereafter find l;imself in error. My
es{atc has considerably 'increased during this
year, unless my accountant deceives me : If he
acquire riches, and make not a ~·oo<l use of them
they will corrupt his mind. .
'
It is here necessary to give you another rule
to assist you in the p~pcl' 11se of the verbs, i~
th~ co.n struction of compound sentences.

RULE XIX.
Verbs, cvnnectr'd ¢y · c,onjunctions, htust be
in t/ze same . mood a"nd tense; and, 'ZU/zen in t/ze
subjunctive mood, they must be 1'-tz t!~e SAME
.F OHI\-1.

You reri1eml?er, doubtless, the 14th rule,
which _says,_" Nouns and pronouns, connected
by conJunctrons, must be in .the same case." ·
. . This rule, and the l~th, ·which I have jus(
gn:en~you, arc of great importanc€, in. eale con<..
struct1on of compo~nd sentences; and you ·mwn,
therefore, pay particular attention to them,

-

CONVERSATION XVII.
· .O F THE POTENTIAL, lNFlNITIVE, .A.ND Il\fPE.
, . HATIVE ·.MOODS . .··· ·

· Tutor .. I_n this Conve:sation, I will ·give you
the remammg moods, and their tenses. · I shall
· ijrst explain to you the potential mood.
· ~
. . T.his inood implies po~f;ibijjty, 01· Jiberty, wm;

.

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•

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! •.

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!

!

'

EtYJIIOLOGY

• ·1·

or obligation: as, " It may rain ; he may go ; 1
can "\Valk.; he \Yo ultl ride ; they should study.''
Thi~ mood, you may remember, has four .
teDses , viz. the 1;re,;en t, lhe impe rfect, the per-f eet, Hnd the ph1p~~rfe ct .
I liayc told yuu, tli ~lt tbo:;c tcw;cs ·.diich ~\IT
formed b1· auxfliarv .-crl.J:; , ar c called com/wund
tenses. the pres~nt atili imperfect tenses, · of
the indicative nml subjunctive moods, you k11ow,
are simjdc tl:nscs, au<l the others arc compound;
but all the tenses of the potential mood are com~.
pound.
The auxiliaries which form the tenses of the
potential mood, are, may, can, must, might,
could, r;vould and should.
·
.
will, first, show you how these auxiliaries
are conjugated, and will, then, give you the po··
tcntial mood.

.

MAY.
PRESENT TENSE .

IMPERFECT TENSE.,

Singular.
I may.
Thou mayst

Singular.
I might.
Thou mightst ,
He might.
Plural.
'i\T e might.
Ye or you migh t.
They might.

He may.
Plural.

vVe may.
Ye or you may .
They may.

CAN.

Singular.

Singular.

I can.

I could.

Thou canst.

Thou coulds t.
He could.

He can.

AND
' j '

:

' :' .-;'

... ·

ye oi· 'you .can .
T l1cy cali.

l

~nPufu r.

Plural.

. .f.lur~l> ; .
"VVe could ;·
ye Ot' VGU coder
They ~ould.
c

u'ingular.

.

r

•. . ,

Thou must.
J
l ie mus t. .
.f'lu.ral. ,

e must. , .. . . ' . , :: We inust. ; . '
. ., ye. or·you ., must ,".· . ,·, rYe ' ot;·yo·u·,·m
··. . t..Ist :..
.. < ·Th
·
' · .. · , " , ··
·• . · ey must. , '· . . · 1 h~y. rnust.
,
.:
. .You will here observe ·that must has no variat10n on account of.jierson~ 'n?fmber or tense ...
. "
.
'
,, .
.
.
"'" . ...
.
W1q. · ~ · · ,
.
. L
~ingular.·.- .. ,
· . .' . Singular . .· ..
· :·.: I will •· ·. ·
· · · ' · I would;'
" ~/ That.I·wilt.'' ' · : ;
' .. 'Thou ,w.oul<lst.
:.;... ,He w~lli · ".· ·
, He would... ·
:Plural. · ·
,.
'- : ,

.

.

10~ .

•

I must . .

I• ., must.
·.
1
.1. iou iiiust.
He must.
·\V

·i

'l t:s1~.

.:.

i.

, :

SYNTAX.
: .
. f ·, 't ' ~'

I;' ·: • ' .I ,

i :,

We bn '. .,,. ·

L

r

' "
Plural.

I

. ..

. ~ . .~

108

1,

'

'

Plural~

·' . We wilt · , ,,
. _. .ye or you will. .
: They will.

Singular.
I shall. · ·
. TI~ou shalt:
. He shall;
Plural.
·;. We shall.
: Ye or· you shaJJ.
:.:·They shall.

.

We \Vould .
Ye or you would.
They would.
. SHALL.

.

.

Sing~lar.

I should .
Thou shouldst.
He shouldst.
Plural.
We should.
ye or you should.
They shQultl.
IC_

( '

110

E'I'YMQLOGY
1,

..

AND SYNTAX.

t

11 l

. :·G eorge.· olJse1:ve th:at ybul~-~v~ given iio pe}'~ . : ! • .
~ow'. gi_ve you , th~ il:r~gular verb BEAT
;feet or passive participle to _these verbs. - . . . -~
.m. the four tenses pf the potential .mood. . ' '
Tutor. These verbs have no participles; and
· · · "'. -.
·
· ·· · ·
·
ihey are, therefore, called defective verbs.
·.
; .·j
PoTE1''l'TAL :!Woon.
Caroline. 'You say, that all these are used in
·T r ·
· · ·
· ·· ·· ·
·
·
.4 . ·o wrm
the fzresent tense, }Jrefix the /1resr11t
.
.
. I
d b I
forming the tenses of the potent1a moo ; ut
c
f
.lense 01 ?ny o the , auxiliaries, which I have
·recollect, · that shall and •will were ·used ,as aux7 .
JUS't explained, to,the v·erb: as .
., .
iliaries, in forming the fi1;st and .second future
· ·
" ·
' ,
tenses of the indicative .and 'subjunctive moo.els . . " ': (
..
·. Tittor. They were ; and, when they' denote ...~ . .'. · -· · ...
. . .· , : l~RE.SENT_TE.NSE. ,
....
.filturity, as in these exp1:essions .: "1 shall see
· · ~. · .S ingular J ·";. · · ~
you to•morrow; or .1 ,vill ~1~,et ychi ;'_' nleal1ing . .. . , ..
I may or c,a n; .&c. beat'; : .
. .-: ..·
.. " Tl~ou m_ayst or can~t, &c. beat,
.. ,
· . at some future time.; they put the verbs in' the ~ '
indicative first ·future.- ' :So ,,_ in · these phrases, '·· .
,
.-, He_may or . c~~' &c: 'beat. -~ '.' ·
" I shall have see1i hirr1, ;. or if I shall have seen : .· :· . .':,
··· ·
1
'
· >Pt~i·aL/
him," &c. the -. verbs are ,in _tp~ in.dicative a~1d ··: ,: .
: :· · · ,.
subjunctive, second future:' · _; · . . .
· ! .. ;
vVe may or can, &c. beat .'' · · .
. . But, · when these . auxiliaries denote inclina- J~ .
Ye ur you may or can, &~. b~~t, .;
..·· tion or.willingness, resolution·,· or i)romise, they 'I .
· ·· · : '!~hey may or ~an, &c. heal.
·· L
1 .» ver'b s · m.
. ti1C..
t t' l
t
·· '' : '
"
. . . . . . . \ _,,.· • • . '
"·i. put ·.t1e
.•.. po . ~nrn . presen: <;ls, :,;'.', .
. · ·f :·.:, '. ':·
'. ' ", ,...........
··. --:" .: ·." ·~- .- ··. ·
· : ~' : wi~l you i give .. ~~: ~hat: b~ok, Georg e ?~' th~; · 1, .'. · • ·. · To- form ,~he i.m{i~1:fec~ ~en_~e;· p'1•efi~ :the iniju~;.•
.1s, · '~Are y9u willing to · g~ve me that ?ook . •: •,_ ',' ~(e~,t of apy
th~,se a.ux,~lrn,r1es .tb' the :verb: as, · ·
· Aga1_11, " So1~1c_. persons. ,.1vill ne':'er a~s1~t · t.he ·. _'.: ' ·· , ·
.· · . " · · , · .
')
poor;" that is, some perso~s . are umyzllmg ·.to ,' · ' ·
'. .
'rurEil~Eici; ·TENsi~ '.
· . ·..'· ..
assist
the
poor.
.
;
<·
·
'
·
.·
·
.··'':
·':i·· ·
·
·. , ....
.
.
Singular '' ·
"
,· ' ·
:·-: Once more, "Shall I' hear you reci le now?"
I · 1
·
•
' · '· " ',
. "You shall .r ecite now/'.··· " 'He · shall ob.ev' ine ·· ·: , .
• ~ mig 1 t,_ could, WotJld, , or .should ;
·beat
..
;
lboum1ghtst,&c.beat,
· · ;·,.. ·
'
at all times," &6': But:.will ancl slzall are not so
· · '·
: If c might, &,c . bea:t.
. .··
.. ·
often us eel in this sense, as they, arc in that which · . "·' ~'
•':. ' ' ... ·,
,
.
I ; '
,
denotes futurity : · '' · ,
'
· · · ·
,, _
·
. , Plural. _; ·. ·
llfay, d:an, must, and their · imjze1fect te,nses, ·:~ 1: • .
. \Ve ~iight, &c.· beat, .,.
·
ttnd th.e i.'njie1fect tenses , of will and shall, :Viz., '
,,, ,,
•.
c or .)'?H might, &c; beat, .. •"!·.
would and 'should, are the auxiliaries, which are ·
· · 1 hey, tmgl,t, .~c . ·bca_t. .· ·.. '.
almost always used to form the potenti~l mood. •·
'·.

'i

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rwm

..

1 • , '·

•

•

,

":

•

:

•

?r,

;&c.

'. X

\

''

' '·.
AND SYNl.AX •

· ETYl\IOLOGY '

. . ' To foi·m the fte1:fect'tense, combine the · izre-

.· Ge orge. I now see that all th e ten ses of tlfr.;
:'. :te;it ·tense of any of'tht;se a'u xiliaries with have; ' ' ; :,':: ' mood are compound tenses, b cc at1s c they a r c all
and prefodhem both td the pe.l·fect participle: as, . ~ · ·~ t
formed by auxiliaries. I think, with a little re I:> ,. '·
·
'· ·'
.•l,'j ·' · flection, that ' it will not be diHicult to r em ember
· PERFECT TENSE ;·'.
the particular fur1 ~1 of eacl1. ·
.,
· ·.· ' \,
··
Caroline . · If. you please, I will end eavoUl' to
. '" · 'singitlm;; .
tell how each -is formed . •
. !'may or can, &c> have beaten,
. : Tutor. Let me hear. ,
. Thou ' mayst, '&c. h a ve beaten,
C'
l inr . ·1~11e po tcntrn
· l j 1resent is formed by
' /: .
He rµay, &tc~ hav.e ,beaten '. "'- .
pre.fixl~H~ may, can, must, will, or shall, to any
· ·· · · '·
verb ; · th e imjzerfeet is Jormed by prefixing the
· . · Plural.
·.·
,· ·
· i 1r:r) r.ec t tense o f t I1ese,· viz.
· m ight, co u ld , m u s t,
.
.
zm
'. w .e ·m. ay~ &i;. have ,. beaten, ' ' '
'
i ,
•wvuld, 9r ..~hould;
· t9 ·anx verb; the fzerfect is
,Ye or you may, &c. have . beatc~, ·. '
fo~metl by'p~·~fixing ntay have, can ha-Ve, or 1nust
; ..
· . 1~ hey may, &c., h~ve beaten. " .' · · ·
have, to th e fz e rfect fwrticijlle of any verb; and
·
' • .·1 " " "
" ' ' :,. ;
•
• ' : • ' .: •
•
·'
•the jzlujzeifect is formed by prefixing might hav e,
To ·form the) ,phfperfect terise, combine the ·
. . <:ould (lave, 'lUould have, &c:' to the tzerfect jzarimfterfect ·of any of these · a.uxili~ries : with l~a~e,,
i .. ticijtle of any · verb >«· .·, ' .. · . ' .•. " ·. ·: ····' .. '' . .
.and prefi?>. them bot~~. to.the perfect particip!e·: as,
l ~;.,. :· ·.·· Tuto r .
w~t;d jwtential, means. fi~we1jut,
. ' ·' · •
·
· · · . . ..
· '
):· or extstiizg in'jwssibility .' When us ed as a term
· .. ,
PLUPERFECT ~'ENSE.
r'. , ; ; :;
~·: ',. i11 gra~nmar, it <le.~' otcs: the possibility, ~[ ·doing
·.·. ·· " Sing ~ la.r .' ."
. ,/ .
. :·,
,"- an action. Although ·th1smooddoesnotalways
· I might. or could, ~c ..have beaten, " , .
- :, re~resent tl.1e po:veror possi,b ility of doin g an
Thou mightst; &c .' have beaten, · · :: · ·
. action~ yet it freque~~t.ly does, a)1d We, therefore,
··He might; &,c:: have beaten .' · · ',: .
- ~ ,· call this form of the verb the Potential Mood. ,
·, , "· . . . ·"
. · · · . ·' · · ·; . .
:; ·. . I will here remar~ to you~ that, .'as th~ inclica,·; .
... Plural.
.
, ·'' ... ,
· , '." tive mood i_s converted into the supjuhctive; by .
·We' might, &c. ·have beatep~ •
·
the expression of a condition ; moti.ve, wish, supYe or you' mig'1t, & ~ . have beateri,
·.. · pos~tion, &c:. bein~ s~peradded to it; so the. po -'
'· . 'They f[lighti &c .. l1avc 'b eaten : ·
· · · ,_. . :· ·. tent1al mood may, m hke ma.n ner, be turned into
· •· • '
•· • - •
·
·• 1 ,
·
•
, •
·· ·" .
'.' :,.. : ' the subjunctive; as will be · seen by the follow ·.. ·. I ha~e · ·n~w·, pr~se~ted ·.to you the pot ~ n~ial .. ·· 1 ; "-, ing examples:". If Icoul<l deceive him, I should
· . mood with its tenses, and ·'havc explainecl ·the
·~-:.-. abhor it;' \ "Though he.. should ' incr~a~e ' in
manner in which they 'are formed. ·.·
we.al th, he. :w ould not'b~ ch?-ritable ;~ ' .~~ Everi {n
•

•

: 1'

· ·

,, '

:

.

m:o

'fhe

)

I

'

.

. ..

.

'

: ·

I

'·'

··. K

2

.

.

,.

.

.. .

/

...

,\

.

. .

,..\

• .,t

\.·.

·'

114

.

ETYM'OLO.G Y ~:
I,

o··

I

l. l 5

f

·. prospei·ity he wo.uld ·gain no ·~;tc~n1,~ unle. s~ ,h~· '·· ~ ' iWh?~' in a fo~rner Conversation; I explained
should conduct himself better. ·
· ··
to you simple arid coplpound . sentences, I told·
:vVhcn the verb is changed fro1)1' the potential . .··
}'qU, that a simple s<,mtence has but one no 1ni11a1n to th r s n h itrncti v t> moo d , th{' t e11 sF i" ' not
,- i tive a nrl on e 'rerh . You d id not , th en , knrrn· the
r h '.1rnr t'!L F,"n· t· X 'l mp i e : " · t ma;· ~: o. " i s po .d iffct:cnc c b c:l w cc i; 'l /i ii ifF ·Ve!'h , 1:1 w! :i Y !•rh in
tcqti~l·l present;" If i m ~1y ,g~;" is , s~bj~nct1,v~ · · ,.I
~he intin,tive ·mood; or I should have told you,
1
th ~ft 0.. .\1.in ./ 1/1' .\·tn/t·nr('. is 0 nc. ·-7uh ic'1 c o .1 Lf t..:. f. Ju:J /1 u t.
1 ~r 1. . · ~ l'.. lll: :i n J,. ~ · llc \ \ ilul(1 i 1. 1)~ l1otc 11 t 1JI il!tp_. . _1 ~
f'cct; and, "If he would go/'.· subjunctive iin· .,~
one, n_ominative and otie FINITE' v .e rb . . It may
perfect, &c. . ·
'
' '_ · · - ·
. "J cont::un other verbs in the infinitive mood and
. , Caroline. No\v I should , like . to •hear some
,•
~-till it will be a simple sentence . . · , .- ,' , ,
, cxpl a;1atio1i ofthe infiriitive\ no()d... ,· ' ·: ·,,·
' · .. · ,,.Caroline. · I' think' ·you ·have s~id, that this
.~,'.·. 1 Tutor ~ The l ·NFINITIVE Mooi> is thatform of
.· x:i1ood ·h.as but t'lu~ · tenses. ··'.-:.;: :.;. -, . , · '
_,.,.,
J; · th~ ' verb' whic}{ ' ~imply 'expl·esses the'• action,.
1 · .T~t.or.
es; the}fr~sen'tandj~·erfec.l. Th~ pre.,.
without a nominative case: 'asdo •walk', to eat, to
. sent tense ·1s formed by •prefixrng to, wluch is
· ~/leak; &t. Every verb', rnti'st ' have :·a nornina·- .
..·' called . the sign of the infinitive~mood 1 before any
tive· case, ·if it is nut in the infinitive'. mood; but
. · ve1·b: as, · " To .go, tq walk, to .cat," &c: T .he
. in this': rilo.o d, )'.OU may:, eas)Jy .· pe1:ceive .that ~t·
, , perfect is formed 'by -prefixing ·TO','HAVE before ·
caririot .have a domi1)ative;fol' t.his fc>rm ·ofthe . ' ·.· the per~ectpa1: titiple,ofanY:verh: . as, '' Tohav,e
verb ' as !'have shown you, i'si to 'Walk,, to go, &c : .. " : . gone, Ao ha'J]e walkt:d,· to· have , eaten,~'.· &c.
'
and · ~ve can.not say,'' 1 _·to , go, ·' I to walk, he :to . , ;: . ' Bu.~. ' :when a 1 ·verb - is . if\.." the: i~1fin1tivc · mood,
' • ru'n " &c. ' A v e rb in 'any. moo cl, exc.ept the ,m-.' ' ·.'
' and , lS ' 'placed ' ,after· make; rneed; . see,' biq, . da1·e,
· firlitlve, is called a.finite ve:rb; Ji.ecause it isjinite;' ., . ·: feel, hca.r, ~et, in any of thei1~ · m~ods or tenses,
Jirrlited, ' in ·respect to its ' numbei· . a~)d person; ._ ·." .- . or ; after their partic'iples, the to mµst be omit- . .
for a· verb', \vhen it has a:nominative, must agr~e • .
· te.d ~ !:\S," .I · make hi11:i study "; l hear her ~ing;
with i't i'n num be,r and pe.1;son. · Thu~, when. I .' "':.' :· I see him run ·;' I will .let, hih1 ' go;-· I i" dare ·not
sav, '' I run," r_µ n, you kno\v, is of thefirst ..per:.. '
.sjieak;": &c; In these exafo1)Ies, you perceive,
so;1 singular to n µ;ree with I; and, 'w hen I say;
'.: ·, · that it would be inelegant to express ·the to,
" They run." nrn is of the tliird person plural
and say," I heard her '. to Bing," &c.
.
to agrc~ ·with th ey. It is the nominative, then,
George : All this .is . very plain, and · easily
you perceive, that gi'"es number and person· to
understood; but how_must · we parse a verb in
the verb. 'Vhen I sav, "To run," run has no
the . infinitive mood? for :we cannot apply the
nominatiYe, and of co;irsc it has. neither numfirst · rule, as . we · do, when '. we parse verbs in
ber nor ,person, and is , therefore, not ajinitn·erb,
ot '•er moods, because a .varb -in this .mood has
but a n!rb in the infiniteform, or infinitive mood.
. no nominath'e case. .'

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ETYMOLOGY

is

Tutor. , You will tell whether it 'regula1' ·or · .' I ' '' tivc mood; foi· we c·a nnorsay, " I will let she
irregular; transitive or in,transitiv.e,; as you do .: ,': .!tii:gs;" ·. .··;·- -. ·. ·,.':, ...-,· ,. . ::' ' '; :·"" ,:•• ., .. , . J .·· ,·
::
Tutor. ' Thi~ · mood is «generally governed by
of.ve'r bs in other moods; ihen - the - mood - ancl
tl1e pt'eceding verb; but," sometimes, by' a noun,
tense, at?<l gi_ve tbis
·. ,
adjective, . or .· p_a rlitiple ;, and, . when these '
· RULE XX. ,· ''
gover111 it; they,' in some way or other, prevent
'.
·.
the verb from having a nominative. Thus, if I
?h.e : infinitive mood m~y ·be 'governed by a ·
·
. say,"
I go,'. ' ' ~' . they work,;''· 'go . and. 1vo~k are fi,
verb; no1:ln, adjective, 01 • JiartZcifile.
' '
' nite verbs; · but insert the verbs intend .and ex·. Government, is the influence' which one word .
' fleet '; ·" I intehd to . go," · ~' they' expect to •work;"
has · over another in directing its case or mood. .
· no~, intend and exftect take I and thFl/ for their
· A verb in the infinitive •mood, has no nominamyn nominatives, and put the 'othe~ ~erbs into
tivei When a verb, nou,n, adjective, or payticithe infinitive fl'loo·d. ·
· .· · · ·, ·.
',
· · ·.
ple," then, · prevents "the-' following · verb from ·
, Sc>, 'when I say, ·44 Endeavouring to persu~de .
them,'' ·&c·. .: " '. He .is eager 'to · learn"-." Th:e y .··
. having a nominative, it preve1its it frorri being .
. a ~finit'e 'verb, and, consequen~ly,-ca~1s.es 'it".t~ be
have q desire to mp rove;"· you see, that a nomi- .
in the infinitive mood ; · · ·. ":. ., . · '·
J
, \
native co.uld, not be .inserted ' after 'he participle
. . Caroline. \\Till you .illustrate this r.ule by .a •, . , endeavouring, 'the adj ec tive eager; or .the noun
few 'examples?
. ' . .·. de.sire '; but, ' that they govern the vei·bs · that fol. Tutor. I will. When I 1 say, " · She sings ;'7
low: :herll, 'in the .ir}fi9itive'' n)Qod : ·' > ·
you k11ow tliat she is the nomiµatin to the verq .
. . . I wiHjt\St remark to you, :thatthe verbs ir1 the
sings. ;~· But no.w I write-, ' " ' I will let," before " .\: · infiJlitive mood,'that follow ' make, ne~d~ see, bid,
that· phrase, and you w~ll . pcrceive · that the pro:. . .
dg.1·~.• fe el, hear, let, and their participles, are al- .
noun she, can no longer remain as the 11oniina- . •. .ways· governed ,by them. '
'.
' .o'
tive to sings, but must be changed into ' lier~ in
AnH 'I \v.ill also observe, that there are a· few
the objective case~ because let is a transitiye
verbs; 'besides these, which . 8Q7netiJlif'8 require •
verb, and governs that case; and the s, which is
the infinitive, that follows {hem, to be used '''iththe pefaonal termination· of the . third · person
out Uie .si!{n to. ,
· . '. ."
singular, of the indicative mood, must be taken ·
· ,, .ca1;oiin.e: , I hope · you 'have now finished your
off; .t hen the phrase will sta1id· thus:" I will let .
re1riarks ori the infinitive mood; for I · wish to
lier . sing;" and sing is n'ow in the infinitive ,
' h eai· something ' a'bolit the imp.e rative, which is
mood, and governed by the verb ·will let. · the l:;is t of" the moods. · ·: · · 1.'
,,
George. I see very clearly, that 'Will let, · 1 , • " Tuto1•.' Th e .h1PERATIV:E l\'looo may .;be ver
governs sing; or causes sing to be ~n the in!iniMon disposed of.' . .·. · · - : · .' ;· · \ ' '· ·.. ·

a

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·, It simply '·

.

.,,,. , : ·
AND .S YNTAX /

r.:rvMo.LqGY '
,

. . .,

.....

c~presses a co. ~m-x'i~nd t~ · ·~ s~cb~d; ·j . ,..

.·-·

119

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0
·•

·pe~son; . and t?e pei·son commanded, ·· IS its. no~ .·

I

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'. I111j1erfect•.

0

P e1f or Pass.Par. tir;ijilcswmiti11g.

.•
.
minative. It is, therefore al.ways of the second:
·:May, . . · ' tnight:
.- could.··
1)erson; and, as we cannot coinmand in jwst or
.Can,
futifr~ . time, it is always o! t!1e_ present ~ense.\vouid.
" TilJ,
Thc nominative to a yerb 111 tl11s mood, is geneShall,
should.
rally understood: as, " Go;" that is, " Go
,M\.1st,
rn U'St. '
·
\: ·.· - - . thou,"-- or, " Go ye."-." Come_to me, and re,:
Ough't , ;
ought.
cite;'.' that is," .Come thou! or ,c ome ye or yo_u ,
quoth.
&c. ..
. ,. . .... . . . . .. , ..
'
.
I . .. .. ,... , . :.. , . . .. : , .
: ,· . .
· ,' . ,
. The .verb in the imperative mood, th.e n, is al-.·
All ' these' ·are · used . as auxiliaries · · except
· ways .in the present . tense,· and. always · of the
oug11't (lnd. q'uotk; 'these two a1;e nev 'e'r ' used as
seconcl person, either singu~ar. or plu~al. . \Vhen :
sucl/ · Yoii wiiJ· Q.bservc -thafoug/2tis the same
· one person is commanded, it .1s of tl~e smgula1· . 1
in both tei~ses; yqu \ vill be able to determine its
number, and agrees with thou, expressed or un : · '
· t~nse, then ,' only by the follo•v1ng ir1finitive; for
, c\1rs.t ood; whe_n more than oneare comma.nded.,
· it is always followed by a· verb in ·tpe · infinitive
if is of the plural number, and agrees. with ye
" ·.mood. .,Vh'e n the (ollowihg,infinitive is ·in the
or you, expressed or un{le1;st~o4 . . .D,o is some·:
present tci1sc, oulfht is in the present: tense; as, ·
times used as an auxiliary, rn .· tlus mood, as
ougi;t t<? go;'.' and wh~n· follo,ved by >the ·
· well as in the indicative and subjunctiv~; as,
::
· ir)ffnitive.· i)erfed,_~ught_is in._the· _imperfect: ~s,
• "Do study;" " Do thou stucl}\o·~ ~o . rou s.tu:..
.~
.·': He ought to have gohe.'' ' · · · ·
dy ;,,, " -Do d_o the work bett~r, . ,: &,c. ,.. ' ·Do let
_.
'.:. I \vill ask 'you a·
qllestions COI)Cerning the
that alone." -· ·. • · · · " . , ·--,··. '.. .· .
·,
•
. st,1bj,~ct,s of this (:onv·e_rs~~ion'.
·
·
· vVhen I . gave yon the ·, potential · . mood,. I ·.
made you acquainted with some of the defective .
~.
QUESTIONS. _verbs. .
· " · '. .
·
'Vhat. are the auxiliaries whicli foxm the po -.'
· · DEFEcT'1 vE ·VERBS are th0se \vhich are used
tential-,mooci ?
'· ·.. ' -•
· .
only in some of the moods and tenses, anrl hav:e
.Ho,~·-mam• ten.ses has this mood ?
no participles.
How is tl;e present formed?
The principal of them 3.re th~se:
· How is the imperfect formed .?
•
How is the perfect formed? '
How is the pluperfect formed?
vVhat 'is the meaning of tei1se?
, i. .
When is a tense called cof\lpouncl ?.
'
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< ·· · · .

few

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120

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ETYMOLOGY

12 r

.. AND ' SYNTAX •

~iVhat is a simple tense?· · ' ' ,
.
''.
' -,..
<:'. t· ,·-, ' ·~) ... ~· ·. ' ~I.
'Which tenses of the indicative , an~ subjunc~ ,
':>·· ~ ; _,: 1 ·
tive lnoods are simple, : and , which cpmpound ~
,,. / ; CONV;E.HSAT~ON xyru. '.
,_ '
'.,
many te.nses has the ..infinitive ·mood? . ,.
' H6w arc they formed ? · • • · · · ·
How 'does tI{is mood . differfrom the other~
' t.
OF PASSIVE AND NEUTER VEliBS.
Why is it called infinitive~
. Why i5 the irnper~tive sd called? I '
..
. Vvhen, in the third Conversation, I expla.ined.
rt · : Of what . person mus~ · ~ verb., in '· t.he impe~a· ...
the ·verb to you, I gav~ you this definitil'ln of it:
t1ve mood ahuays be? · ' :·• '· ,,
. ·
: , .
" Averb is. a ;W ord that exfzre8ses '. i:J.n action of
· .', H ~w do you know the tens~ of' the defective
~_oin'e . ~reature ;.of: ·thing ;" . Th,i5 ~eijnit)on; alver~ ought .2 .
. ..
. tlrnugh it has been sufficient , .for pur ·purpose,
.'..~· · ::' EXERCISES IN·_P.i\RSING. "
.. ;,
'. thus (a.r ; i~; : peverth~l~ss," ve1:~ inC<:>niplete, as
. , , (.- ,
, .., . ,' ·. , , :;
,,. " . , '.<
yo~ will soon :_ percciye. · ",
· ,'·,
.. ·
·.'
· · Study,·ifyou wish toimprove.· .- Behave' well· '.· · · ' VE.RBS are divided into ··three,sorts, tile Acif thou lovest vir.tue·or a goo~ na1:ne;:_Su·ive_to . .,;
· thie; the ·Passive/an~I the Neuter v~1:hs . .· : ' •. , ·
imitate the virtues, which ' thou ·seest exhibited .'
·. "' The-deflriition of .a verb, which hasbeen given
by-'ti1,e good;thei1 thou wilt giveevidenceofthy1<'' 'hy ' . the most .respcc't able: g1;~nrniariahs is this ,:
· OWll:-I:Ie may impr<>Ve. hi,f1self if· his industr,y · ,·
, "'A \'erb is a '. word ·\Vhich si~nifies to BE, to Do,
. should · mcrease .-He ougfl.t to study more.-. · i : 1 • or to sbFFtm: ' asj I aii.1;TrulC', Tam ',i ruled." ' ·
· H~ -'ought to have sttJdied ;hi7> lesson better:.- . J . • · In ' this exarriple,Ai\l is a vcrb.1neuter, HULE is
. • He can go if he chooses.-The hoy, must ·not ; ; . a vci·b active, and AM 'HULgD- 'is a. verb passive.
· treat his superiors ill..--My neighbol.lrmay have
'· · • Accqrding to this definition, then, a verb .neuter
·sold his house, .for aught that ' I know .-1 told
signifies io BE, or to e.;rf·~f me1;ely; a:' :ver? act~ve
him : that ·he' 'might go yesterday, but he wo_u ld ·.
,' si.g,n i,fies to no, or to act; and a, v.e~b l_Jass1ve s1g~ ·
not.-Hemight haveacquired 'g reat ·wealth, . if .
nifies ·to· sUFFER. · ·•... · ·.· .·.· ,. ·.: .. 1·
·
'
·
he had desii·ecl it..:._The.' tnan· sttbuld have re.\Th.is 'definition ofthe active verb ;,you under~
.turn.eel when he found 'his enterprise ,unsucces$~ .
stand; but, perhaps, you wolilcl hardly know a
-· fol.,:""""" We would not serve him then, but we ~vilt
., , , ·passive verb, from the definition here given. : - ,
he~eafte1• • .. 1 : · · " ~ ' · .
'
: .: · . · · · .
• .' ,:
• • , '
· ;
·'
.
George. To suffer, means to undergo pain, or ''
· ·,:
·
·' · · •
":
inc~nvenience: Then, when ·,1 .say; · '' I suffer . ·
,·,
pain; I · suffer iticonvenience ;·.I endur~ (lai11 ;"
are not suffer and endure, passive verbs? .
·
Tuio1·. No: .these govern objective cases1 a,n d
. I

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l22

ETYMOLOGY
:

.

"

:

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•

;

any verb that. governs .an obj«tive case, is .. a .
· transitive verb. Yoq must,reflect on what 1
said about the transitive a~nd ' intransitive v.~rbs, '
in Conversation XL " You, may remember, tl1at'
• I , callecl your attei1tion t~ ~ ~his su)lject imme_- ·
· diately after .giving you ai~ · explanation of the
· ' . • ·. · · ': · "
, pr~1JOsitions. · · :.. ··
·carolinq_. To .rnffer, sometimes .means to al- .
lo\v, or to 'permit. If I say, ":I allow, I /1ermit/'
without . using an objective case;_ as, ''I allo'lv
that he is right ," &c. ; a re not tlz ese p assiv e
verbs ?
Tutor. No: allow, : in the sentence you hav<;:
· jt~~t · given, · g~Ycrns . the whole ;phrase that' folJaws it, . as an object. These verbs require <'ln object) without which they make no sens~. · · 1
.· Caroline . Then I do not understand the dcfi,.
ni.tion that is given of the pas«.iv e. verb . . "" . ,
' Tutor . .1 will endeavour to ·explain the differ- /,
.ent kinds of verbs, s,o th.at you will · be able to
,distinguish. the active :verb frortl · the /zassi1.! e,
and the. neuter frorn either, without hesitation."·
To 11omi11dte, means to naine, or .to design'ate,
or to point out' by name; and NOllUNATIVE, is de- ·
rived from the verb to nominate, and, when used
in grammar, means the creature or thing '!lamed,
or /zointed out; so that all nouns, when they are
merely named, and not connected in sentences,
are in the nominativ e case; that. is, they de.n ote
things that e'x ist, named · merely: as, houses,
trees, nien, paper, ' &c.: these Y"ords, used in
· this manner, ;>imply .denote things named; ·01• .
:in . a state, condition, or cq.se, named merely,
without having ~ny ~'elation with · any , Rther
0

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123

AND SYNTAX-.
-

thing~. Ilut, 'when. we · frame a -sentence, and
plals.e a e:.omplt:te. sense, :whic!t ;we can nFvcr do
. 'lilithout a VERB, the term ·1wminati've, is used to
' designate, or point out, . thc ' subject~ concerning '
,
w.hich the verb makes some affirmation, in contradistin.Ctidn ' to tl~e of>ject of . an action or of. a
relation. '
· -.
'
Every sentence must i1ave in it~ · at least ·one
-verb and one ~iominative, '. eipresscd
tlnder. stood. : \Ve cannot form a sentence:or any kincl,
\vliich will m'a ke a complete sense; without a
nominative and a verb . This you will eas'tly
pe rceiv e, by a fe w examples. If I my , " The
-, . man in the house;" "The horse in the stable;"
' . · ·" .The books on the table;'.'
labourers in
the "field,''- &c: you.: c~nnot . asce'rtain what is
• , meant, because there is 'no affirmation in any' of
these expressio_ns. But insed 'the__verbs, ~ats,
· . · drinks, sleefzs, is, walks, "remains,'jn the first
·· . ' two; aiid are seen; are found;~are b,eheld, 'Will be
observ ed, in :the next two, and you "will sec, that .
a complete sense \vill be formed in each ' simple
~sentence, for you "'.ill' have . a nomi'native ·and .
11erb in each. - ·
·
' ··
· "~- · ·
'·
A nominative to a verb, ' then; ' is tile word
czvhich denotes tile j1erson or - thing~ ·concerning
'lvhicli tlze verb makes. an ~jfirmation '. · ·', , . · "· ·
The nominatives to verbs _may be _d ivided ii1to
three classes, ·viz; those \vhich jzroduce 'the
actiol1 expressed by the v·e rb; ·'those 1vhich ·receive' 'the action expressed by the·_ verb ; ' and '
tho~e ·which neither . pro ~luc~ any · actio. ~1, "noy
, receive any, · but .are ·the stibJec~s of ~he verbs,
which ' simply . express ' the '" exis t~ nce of these
subjects, or · their state of existence.:· .·
"

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El'Y l>IOLOGY
, I'.

.. ·' TI~·e , firsf ~las~, then, · a.re· ~~tiven~n~iriati~e~:; ' .
· native, it is an active verb; if a /1a s8h.Je no1ni · .· the . se'c olld 'are fiassive ·,1omfoative~; ; becau~e.
'··
native, it is a, jiasszve verb; , and . if a neute'r
.
·. • fta8sive ·is: in ,.direct oppositfon ; to, 'aetive .; .: it
:.. nominative , it is *1neuter verb> ' . ,'
means · unresisting~ or receivin'g an action, or' an' ' l
;' T_t+tQr. ' tb~t is .right., Bt~t I will i10~v give
im pt·ession; without ' resistance; .' ia nd ~the ' third. ' '. '
are ' neuter no m inatives; · that .-is, .n ominatives"· . '
,' which ri either , prnduce nor l;eceive
act.i on;
. because th <1 se are connected with verbs which ·do
not ·express any' action, but a mere ·existence, or .
state of exi'stence. ·
"
' ' · ·. ·
· .,
. . Tei illmtra~.e .· wh at 'I have· said/ take the fol- .' .,·
. lowing examp'les:
· ,
. '· '" ·
" ·:Firs{, '. of o\CTIVE NorviINATIV~S .' as;" The box
rolls(:·"Tbe horse r~lns;" " :The men labour;~'
" "l'he 'ma1-l \vrites a letter.''. ·· :.· ".""' ·' · "" ·
.·..Secondly, ,of PAS~IVE N,6MI~A:ri~'Es: '. as:· '' The ' ·
box is heicl :" ""f h t· h c> r ~ e is· seei1 ;'~ ''The in en
arc 'puni-;hecl ;" "The man is carried."·
~ Thirdly, of NEUTER NOMINAi·1vEs: as, ",The
box lies on the table·;" 11 The ' horse remains in '
the fidd ;'' '-'The men stay in he , house;"
"The man abid<:s in the city.'"
Caroline. I thii1k I now 'unc;lerstan,d the difference between.the active, ftassi-ue~ ·and neute1·
verbs. · vVhen a.verb expresses tl~e action of its
nominative, it is an · active verb; when it expresses. the action' received by· its nominative; .
or done . to.its ' non1ii1a!ive, ii· is ·a passive verb;
and when .it expl'e~ses 110 action at all; but the
mere · existence of its nomin ative, or its state of
ex i~;tenc.e, it is· a \•erq, uei t b er active nor· passive,

'YOU1 the conjugat10ri of. the neuter verb · BE,
thro1Jgh ·all it~ rno~H1s arid tenses. vVh en you
. und.p rstand ·this verb, so that you know it instantly, in all its moodg and tenses, you will
pa;ss~ss · additional means for distinguishing the
l?ass1ve. verb; because this neuter verb BE, is
frequently used . as . an auxiliary, . as well as a
pi·incipal yerb, !ind no /lassiv~e 'verb can be form~d
without it. You , will, therefore, find it of great
- irnpor\an~~ to make, thiS' verb, whiCh is the most
~rregular .0~1e in the ·E_nglfsh l~nguage, exceed~
IJ}gly familiar to , you. . .. . , . . . ":
,
:The auxiliary' and neuter verb
be, is con· .

an

j ugated as follow's: ·

.
'

lam, .
~£hou art,
He, she, 01·

'· '· ;

'

·.. :

'

'

·. , '.

(

•

~

~·

.Singular;
I was, ·
Thou .wast,
Jle was.

'~ 7

·.

. ..

I

"

,;·

·

I

Imju1:fect 'Tense. '
.. . . · Pl~ral .
' \Ve were. ·
. -Ye "or: you were .
Tl~ey were.
L

"

To

·

Present Tense.
, Plural.
'Ve ar~.
Ye or you are.
it is:•
They are. : ..

. '
· . Singitlar. · ·

and is, the1·(·fo re, c f\ !JP.cl n eut e r. ' · · ·
·
George:' So th e \' e rb takes its thar~cter from
j ts nominative. If the .verb has an actipe nomi:- .

~

,·. INbiCATIVE MOOD •
.

•. J

,

'

'

'

c ·

2

"

ETYM~LOGY .

126

AND

. '

.)

:

• /

)

. ·; ;··
I,' ,;

Pe1fect Tense . .
, '. ', Plural . . ·
Singular:
·have b e en~ .
vVe have been .
Thou hast been,·
Ye ' 01'. you have beeri .
He hath or has been. ' Th ey have been .."

.,,

.

.

imperfect tenses of '. the neuter verb BE,' ai;c
these :*
4 ..

•1
,.,

. >

' ....

·. ..

.' ' .

1

·.-"

i

·'

".

•

,I

. T .h is neuter vei·b BE, it~ the Subjunctiv~ Mood,.
has . two forms o(tb~ IMPERFECT, • as well as·o.f
the fl res ent te1ise. : All oth er verbs, i1i the sub-'
junctive mood, have · tw.o fon1:1s ·of the ' jzres~~zt '
tense only. ·
· .. ' , .: .· '·"
'' . . ·. · .
Tl~e two (orms of the sµbju,ncti,vc presen L~n4
.
.
.
.
.
'

.

':

.

·\ .

'

If we are.
· Hye .or you are .

j.

. , I.f they ~re . .
Imjzerfect ·T ense, ·

.. ·

'O/
l.;, ,.
·. Singular'. ". ..' ··"'' ... · · " .··~·).'.
·· ·.r ura .·
If I was, ',
•"
·If we ' were.
H thou wast,
, .'.Hye or you wel'e. ·
· · If they; were.
Tf he was.

,•

Second Future 'f.19n se.
•
Singular.
Plural.
I' shall 'have been, ,· · ·"We s1'-lall l1aV.e b'een. . · .r
Thou wilt have been, .:Ye or. you . ~vii( have.'.. :. ·,:
,, · been . .·· ··. ··. ' ... " · ' " 'i
He will ' h~ve be~Ii . . f · :}~ey~ \:Vill have. been.':
~~

•,

'· If I am · ·
.
'
. If thou ..art,
If heis. ·

.'

,. ·. .

. ~ l.'

P1·es~nt Tense.
Plural. ·

· Singular.

. ·'First Futur,e ,Tens e.
' ,,. .
·· :
' I'
Singular. · , · '
Plural.
' I shall or will be' · · ' ·. 1• . \V' e shall or will be; , · '
Thou shalt or 'wilt be, Ye or yoli shall or will
·1
.
be: ·
·
.
He shall or will be. , They shall or 'Yill be. : '
i

" '
SUB.JUNCTIVE MOOD . ·

.

Plujzer:fect Ten8e.
.
.
Singular.
' · ·
Plural.
I had been, ·
,
,We•had been. . .
·Thou hadst been,,
:Ye 'or you had b~en i
·He .h ad been. · ·
They had been . . · ' · ,

·1

.•

\

.,t

•

,.

.r

·.

127

SY~TAX.

.,

,.

••

",

.,

~ ,

I

'

: Present T enst. •.', .·
' ," Plural.

Singular . .

. lf I be; < "
. If thou lie,
. If he 'be:· ·

J.

.

Jfwe ,be.
.
·.· : If ye ·or you be.·
_}f the~. b.~·. . " ,

·,,'

·" ···

Imjierfe.c t Tense ;
" · Singula,r. .
.P lural . .
1 ,,
If I were,· ; - .' .,.. .,. · ·: . If -~~'e, wer(;':; . ..
i;' .: Ifthou .w ert, · ·, . >,· Ifye . or. you . ~ere.
If he were. , - "· .. ,.: .·H they , ~er,e. ,
.
,•

',

\''·.'

'.,.

.,

'I

'

•

•

•

.''

,'..

,•

•To understand th~ proper ,use of these, see , 'S.~c.
XX, page 263, and onw~r~s,, in the large g.r ammar. ·' _
1

J

128

AND SYNTAX.

· The remaining tenses of this 1i10o~l a\·~ sit!li~:·
lar tb. the correspondent tenses of the Indicative
Mood, with the excepti6n which I have befo~·e
given you, viz. tha~ :v.il(. ~nd. wilt are not used in
::
the second future:
·
·
.. ·. ' '
·
'

POTENTIAL MOOD.
Present 1,'ense.

.l .

.· ..

..

.

P.lu~zeifect. Tense . , .

'·. Sin/jular. ' . :... .

· .. · Plural. ,·· '. · . ·

, I might', could, ·,vould, 'We might, could, would,
';': ·. •or should have been, · _or shou!d have been.
, "Thou mightst, · 'l~uldst; Ye or you, might, ·c ould,
: '· ·wouldst, or . stiouldst . would, pr s_bould have
. 11ave bee11~-· :· ~ · ' ··
' · been ..·
· Hemight,could,would, They ., might, co1Jld,
or .should have been . . · would,
or
should
·
: have been. ··'

· Singular.
· · I'[ural.
.' )'
may or can be,
· We may or can be,
Thou mays~ or canst. ·Ye or .'you may or can /
INFINITIVE. '.M OOD. '
be
·-~· be. ·
•
' He i~ay or can be. . . , They 1;iay or can be. ,. · . · • Preunt Tense. T~ h~;' ' Perfect.' T'o have been ~
.. .
Im/wj'ect Ten se. ·.
'.
'
IMPERATIVE
MOOD.
.
. Singular;
. · ~ .' .· .. · ·· ,,~ Piural.
_ .
~
I might, could, would, vVe might, could,woulcl,
Singular.. . .
r
Plural . .
· · or should be,
· or should be. . . . . · , } i'.
thou,
or·
do
tl;iou
~c
1.
Be
·ye
or
you, or do ye
:Be
'
Thou mightst, couldst, Ye or' you might, could,
,.;·
'
"
'
·
·
·
,
',
be.
·
...
wouldst,_ or shoulds~ . 'w ould, 01: should be .. ', '. .
· he,
..
. ,·:.
.
,
. .
· PAR'rICIPLES. ·
,.
·Hemight,coulcl,would, They · m1g~1t, · could, ·
or; should be. : .
, · would, or should l~e. :, -,'
· Pres.e'nt.. Being:,
, Perfect. Been.

...

>I

'

".

I'

•

•• J

Pe1fect Te nse~

\

, .••

•

J •

:

' .- '

•

: , Co1ri/wund Perfect. , . Having been.

• , ..

·,.

' ·

'

·

' Singular.
'
· .Plum!.
. :· . · · . " I remarked ' to you, before .' ~' gave y.ou the
.I n'iaf ~:can have been,: We may . or can ;h~ve: · ·: 1. '. conjugation of this v~rb, ~h~t no p~ssive verb
bee.n . . , . .
. .. ·
can ever be formed without 1t. . I w1ll 110~ tell
Thou · mayst . or
can.st,
Y
~
.
or
you
rn~y
o~
ca~
.
.
"
you
how the passive verb .is formed : Add
·-· have been, ·
.'
have been. .
· . -· ; \ _the perfect, or passive /1ar~icifz,fr, of any,. verb
He may or ~an have They may or can hav~ ·. ' that can be made transitive when used m an
·. been.
"
'
'
'
" . h~e~.
~- ~ "· , itctive sense, to this neuter verb BE, and you
1

.:

1

t.

/

'I
/•

.'

-;

' 130

'

j

.ET\'~10LOGY

·

·

l SI

. AND SYNTA:X.

·will hat·e a passiveverb', ·.in the same mood arnl · ~ , : '·
,
terise that the · neuter verb \Vbi.1ld be in; if 'the · · ·:., · Caroline. ,Tl;c actfue fzarticij1le ~ncling in .ing,
participle were not added., / Yon cannot forri.1 a .
•whe n not uJiznected with a .1!erb, refers to some
passive verb in any othe1; way : ,· ' ·.
. . :" ' .
npun, or j1ro11oun, denoting the actor..
.
Caroline. I think I un<lerstancl it. If I fake
· Tutor. , That is right; :but whei1 it is added to
the word forsak en ; whici1. i~ · the perfect or
· .the .neute.r ver~e, be becon;ie~ an aJtXiliary, and ·
pa.s sive participle of the active verb to forsake; · ·
i,1 1arks the mood and tense 'o f the vet·b, and the
for this verb can be matle tranSiti-ve: as, "1
· 'trniticijile becomes the fir·incf/ial part of the
forsake him;" '' He 'forsakcs me," &c. aT\d place
· ve1;b., just a:s the fwssive participle does when
if'after the neuter vei·u be: · as," I am forsaken;
you form a fzassive verb.
.
. .
..
• thou art forsaken; he' is forsaken; 1 was for· 9eorge; And what sort 9f a verl;> have ~c, _ · ·
sakcn, .&c.; 1 have been forsaken, &c.; I had .
w~en th~ jzresent rarticiple is acld~d to the ne,u:been forsaken, &c.; I shall l>e fo1·saken, &c. ; . I ·
lett""verh be? ,
',"
·
shall have been forsaken, &c. ;" I shall have a •,
- -'Tutor. , Ei.ther an active transitive or intransi·. jzassive -vei'l), from the active ve{G tbforsake, in
ti1J~ verb, or ' a'verb . neut~r. · If the pa1·ticiple is
. all the six tenses.' of 'the 'indicative mood. · · And
. clei;ived fro in a transitive yerb, you have an active
I perceive, that .the pfonoU;) I, when conne~ted
t~·ansitive verb; if the participle is deriv~cl f1~oryt
'\Vith a passive verb, is ·not _au active, but ~
· an i11trahsitive verb, then .you have .an iritransiftassive nominative. · · ' ·
·. . .
· . · .·. '
tive verb; but; if it is ·derived from . 'a ,verb n~u. · • Tutor. · I believe, Ca~oline, that yott' under, ter, .)'OU have a heu~erv. erb : . 'r.s, "I am writing
stand how to form the passive verbs.
a 1Ctte1· ;" he1;e you see that a1ii. ~vriting, . is a
: · '.•.George. But there a.re many aqive verbs. that ·~· :, transitive verb from' t:he . verb, to write, . and go- .·
are intransitive) such as, go: fly, mTiv_e, &c. ·~' verns letter in ·, the objective case; . " I am runSuppbse that l should put the perfect paniciplc :\ ·• ning ;'.' . htre you see the verb is activ.e; but in-.
. of an active intraiulitive verb· after the neuter : . transitive, frorn the verb to run; . and, ".I am
: verb be, ' and say; "He is go1ie ;':- "He h ar:. sitting; I am standing; lam lying o .n the bed;" ,
rived;" "The bird is flown," &c.; vdrnt kind
- you now perceive that the v~rbs are ~neutcr, from
of a verb shall I 'have then?
,.
the neuter verLs to sit, Jo .stand, to lie. And I
Tutor. A neuter verb, in a fzas8i've form.
wM rein_clrk lo you, that this n.e uter verb be, i.~
· · Cq.rolin.e. Is this neutc1· verb be , ever used as.
· ne·ucr used as an a,uxiliary, excef1t 'ivit/i the fire- ·
an auxiliary connected with th'e /1rese11t parli·
· • .<;ent, or jid~siVe jwrticijzle.8 of r;Jher verbs. . .
ciple? .
'
' l
, •
•
I will now give you the CO!Jjugation
the re~
Tutor. Yes, very . often. What is the rule
gular verb to love, in 'the passiv~ fo!'m.
·' · '
which you give, when you parse the present parA passive verb is · conjugated by adding the
ticiple?
.
·
:

of

,•

1
•

,

ii-.. :

. :·~.

!

E.1' Y}d0L06Y

132

,.

"'""

~

'

\

'.

' ' ' , ·, ·

. '·~ . : ~, ..A·ND.·
;"
,· ! ' ' SYNTAX.
.· : ..' • "
.

. •t.. '

.

. ., ,.~t ::>

6

1

,

.·

:,

. . ' .,

~

.

.

rno '
•:. tf ~ ')

.

·"

~l~~~~~tc~~;~~c~t~!~1 ~~:~1~B~~ ~~~, ~b~~~~~~ ' 1:t >.. ·s'i;~;utar,,, , f/:~~f. , ~~;~,! \~f:;z;2.~~\1,:: · <.::"!?\•.'

·

1

'tense, i.n the.following manner: · ' ·

i

·'"

To BE LovED.
I

'

INDICATIVE MOOD •.

Presen/ .' Tense. ·'· ·
Plural.
:. ·
· Singular.
..we are loved, · ·' ·
I am loved, .
ye or you are loved, ;
Thou' art loved,
. ~rhey :are love.cl.,
· He is loved.

•

I

'

'

'

fmft~rfer;t
Teri.'! e. ·
.
.. .. .

(

, Singular.
· I was lovecl,
Thou wast l,o ved,
He was loved. ,

•

'·;

. , . ..
,,
'

'L I shaH 01~ will be:lov.ed, 'We'shallor1.will . ~ loved,

or

·•· ·r11ou shalt ' ori ".~vilt .' be Ye 'ar you shall
·will
..
. lov,ecl, , . . · ... :. / ». ~· : .; :": be loved, ·: , · · •.
''. · .He shall or .will be l~v~ They sh~ll o;'-vill be lo.v1
1
:.
·ed •.... <.: ·:>· · ·~ . . / ! i"!~".: ed:~"t : >.; .. '· · · :· • ·
'.
.1/ · Seco1zd ;Fut~re , Tens~. ·. ···., · " · ·
· . · · · Singuta'r. · .,:...
.:· ·, :· ·Plt~;al.~:>., · ·\ .:, 1 ", ·
I shall J1ave:bee11 'oyeci;·\ve .shall · ::.·h~v,e ::.; b~en .· ·
· . ., .'· · · ·~'::;; ····<··1'·;·:",,,/;'.:;: · 1o;ed, ... _::';o\• 1 •
. :/ J'hou '¥*J·hiiv;. ~,( 9e~~..Ye o~· ;yoµ .will ha:v~: ~~en
,
loved, --. , .. . ,! , ,. · . loved, '. .
...
. , 'Ile will have been loved. They ~- · \viii · have <· 'been
.~ ,..,
·
· · · . · ·· ·
loved
: 1 ~" · • •
1

<;/:,:.: ·/, .

Plural.
',
·'"·'Ve were lov.ed,
.
·'
·.. Ye ,01~ you wer~ loved,' '
. , They wer,e 'lov,ed.1· · "

J.

.

·,

'

.

·: ~ . .

.

..

' .

.

•

.

"' '

The passive . verb, ,.n ecessarily, _has .the same
t_wo fo1~ 1rispf thf subj~rl'ctive present and in)p er t,cqenscs, that .the ·neuter verb ·BE ·has·. · · : ·
• \ . •; • '.... : .·. ·_:. ·,> .' i.'', ' .. ....., :· ,. .~:/··~..-·· "/••_ .~ \...·.!:· ·:· /' '.:; '· "
,, I - /

Perfect Tense.
"
· Frns·r FonM·. .,. :
'singular.
'. :' ' P{ur~l. · · · · ,' .
"· ~·\·. ~ .· ,t
I
I' •
'
'
• I ".:"':t'!'",.· :1·.' , .
. ': " ."· .SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD."· ~ .. ;':- '·
I have been loved, ..";. vVe have b'eei1 loved,
·.. ~ 1.' '.· " ! .. \ .. :·· ···.:./··;· ··,·/:.. ~ . · , ·/_-i. ,·:·~,··.··~ · 1,· .... ! :'(
Thou bast been loved, ·Ye or you h'!-ve · beeo · 1 }
' . Pi:esent ·Tense .' . *. '..; '~·: ;.:.:·.· ,, "
·
• " .,.
loved, ~ ·
·
Singu,lar. .
Plut:al~
. ·. " ,
He hath or has been lov- They hav·e been 10'Ved. -: ,
'
If
J
am ' loved,
i>; If we are loved. ' .: ' "
ed.
,. If.thou art loved, , " Ifje . o~· you are I~ved.
Plufterfect Tense.
, .' If he is .Io:ed, · ·; ' .,,., · ~f tl~ey;· are lov~'d : ; ,
" Singular.
.
Pliiral.
,
,·· . ,
., . •. · !mft~1:fe7t~.Tens~:: .... ,.. · . · ~: ..'·. . p ·
·I had been lovec~, . . We had been loved,
· .'! _ •Singular
.. · t ..' ' · ...,.": .·•.:.·.·".. i,, '.,,,
.£ .
., ..: · ,
. . · · .. .. · ,.- , · '. "pzu1•a
Thou hadst been.loved, Ye 01· you had been lov.:
' ; .·,If. I was)oved, . .· '. .. .I{w~ were Io~~d; ..
·- · "ed,
:
:. ~ ILthou · was,t lovea; · · ·If ye or you ., vere love!J ,
Jie had been lGved.
'· They,hac\ been loved.
. ' ·.If he .was loved,
If' they were loved. ·
. . ·" .

'
.,

'

1:.

..

'·

... 1\f

.

.

ETYMOLOGY ·
'·

.

I

. S~~.o~n . Y'~R~I·:

<ti? ;"· . .. ·.

t.

: · '; ;: .·He might; could,wbuld, They might,
could,
·' V ;·,
. or should -be 16'\'t;d,'. < 'yvould, or should be
~!. ri • , ! ~ · ,
<. ·: .· · : · .\.· loved. · , . . ,

·~·Pre~ent ~T~~~se:·: >. ·.: · \! · ~;\: ·~:J:..
•'

·, ~

· · Singular.
' · · Plural. ·
If .1 be loved, ,, ' '
' 1f we 'be· loved.
' '
' If thou be. loved, ·:,',
If ' ye
you, be l~ved :
'. .,.If." . ,he
be loved, .'. · ... , .If·· . t,he}"
beloved.
·
;
,,·
·.:
., ·

• ~ • 1

'

. . ·• Perfect .'Tense.
. 'sin.~:ular': ' · · , /. :. :, · ".·: .'. Pl~ral._ .
I may 01; can have been \Ve may · or can have
\

·,

or

,.

AND, 'SYNl"AX. '

,.

_.; .\

,: '

\,

~

. ';.- ! ·

•. ;_ loved,
been ;loved.
· . . ~Imjze1ject ' Tense. ·
. ·.:.
Thou
mayst
·
.
or
can,stY
€:
or you 'may or can
: " Singular.
.. ' · · . Plu1:al: ... ·.
" .. .
have be~.n lo'-'.ed, ' " ~· ' have been love~ . .
HI were loved, ·· , ... '·If we wefo loved. . .
He
may ' or.. can hav.eThey may o1· can ' have
If','thciu wert loved,
If ye Or• you\~ere lo".:ed;
·
been
.l.ovec), . •·• '.· -.· ,:' . · . been loved • .
•' If he were loved, ' ' 'If they we1;e loved . .. '.
·:· T.,~1e remainir\gtehsesof: thi~· mood aresimilir ', j :.' ·· · '• ;., ..
.f/itft.e'fe.c: ,Ten,s_e.
to · the. correspondent ·tel'\ses ·· of .tJie J ndicativG . . ;; '
Singula.r ,1 · - :.
Plural. ~Mood, :except will ·and' '7vill~re : \10t -_ useq ' ;in'· ' the · ,,
I .might, _could, would, 'i\Temtght,cou1d,would,
#

I,

','.

'} ' .

:

.

·' ,:;·~~ ·· · · -~ ·,,
· .. ' ·
POTENTIAL 1:MOOD.

second future.

•

· rh should hav:e been
or should have · hcen
·, loved,
· . . ·. loved . .·..
. •
'..
Thou mi.ghlst,.C:cnll<)st.,Ye, or' yoll :might, could, '
"wouldst~ · or shoulds.t ; would; or shoul.d have
·· . . ,
. ·. ' P 1;,e,~ent Tt11.-~:e'. ; .<-,', .
,.
· I~ave' beenJoveo; ,'i.- '.: i: :. heen lov\!d~·
. ...·
SingulG.r . . '
·: , '; ' I'; Plutal.
HeM!righ_t,could~:~'oul~l,· 1:'hey 1night,
could~
:_1 m~y 01~ ca:n be loved, .W~ l'llay_or can be,loved >' ,:~,,
· ··:·;n'·' should · have been' ' would~ or should have
Thou -mayst or canst be Ye or you may or '?~n . be . " ·' ~ loved, · · · . "' ,_ .. ~~ -. ·:' ; Feen Javed. ·' . · '·
1
loved,
' · loved.
:
' .
'
' •
':- · · -. :
< , , .· ·" · · , .. , .~
He may or can be loved,T)1ey may 01' can be lov- ·
' : ( <···~·,:' <; , ' INFINITIVE' ,MOOD. •:':" (. .:..' ,.
",_,i
.. .
•
,
ed .' :, ·
\_, ' ·.-, ·· ·.:
. ,:. · ,.· - · · · ' :.,>. ·, ' ." ..::·:'
·. · ·. ,. :':. /
·
• ·"

: I

' :·

:.;

·

'

•

•

•

•

· ··

·,

I

• ·

,

,l

· r_11, ·1 e .r._e.ct_-'. ~ens· e··. .

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·.• · . .. J1.re8ent
. Tens.
e;.;·... :·· . ;.1,, ••. :~JP..erfe.ct.-. ' ,i.·' . '
.
. . .:.
.1'.C,..::'·' ..:',. 1 · .•l• .ll/~\
-·
·To· lie loved. " . .. · : fci have ·beetl'loved. '

'. ·,• '-' '

':-~:'·:,,

· $i1igulizr.
' . ·'
Plural. ,. 1 ·• ' "
·., ·. , . :,',: :. :. ::.
·;o;~ ;_';\r~'. :; '. '."~'-: ; ~/.,:, , r,-· ·. ~ · ·<,._ ~-~ i'
') m i~h t, could, would, or:
e' ip~g~t, could, wpu~l'·.
'. :~.'.: :'.I~ · ·· · ;·,,iM P.ERATIVE, :MOOD.>: . >\ A" ,.
should be ~oved,
, · or ~should. be loved. ,. ·
_, , ,, ,?"' :• .·; . ._ i_ •• ; • 1• .,·' .:: ,· , · ·: ;; ._ ''· ;:·, :: ; - ._ \; . '-"" . ~· ~' :· • . : ,
: ,Thou mightst, ,could st, Ye or you might; co~Id, ;·: ... ·'.--· :..;_, ,,., : {'j'in!Jitlarj' >~:. ·: ·!). ": ; ·; ·; "JUur.a /.".. . !~ ; ... _. ,..·,. ;-,..~
. : '.-. ~woul.dst~ or . sh<;>ulqst .. :;1wo_uld, :: or., sho'rl.l d i.:~e. .:.>~ :· ·} 'Be .thou loved, of.(lo',tl1q,u •Be' ye ;or. y,0\1 lov.e.~1 1 or
" , · be.loved, , » · , .., · . ·-,loved. , . · ., ·: : :' id· : •.~ .*.::.-: :': "" "-'· he. lov.ed, -., ·: ' ."'.' ;, ~ ... ~: · .- do. y.e be. loved; ;;:,;;· ,
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E'l'YMOLOG¥ .

'.

; ·r

~.~m SYNTAX • .

,'

137

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wcll.-The farm is well cultiv.~ted.~The goods
'. j_l;li'i i! :lj~ ··. ·,
were purchased;· The house ·was sold.- The
·1 111,t [ 1~
1
.
,
. .
4"i ,'
, .
. . . .
,
· ; '
.· ~ .1 • ship , ha~ b~en lost.
~rhe money will be found.
:Th. ::. ljt ·· ·
7
. "Pres enL , ,
: ·... . ~: Being; lc;lVed, ." "' · .·.- .
·}:
--The boy will '. have completed his t~sk before
11i~ 1 '. ~. · ~~ ~
' ·Pe1:fcct or Passi1:e. , : Lov.ed:. : : ·.. ; '
,
·you .see him.-The . task · '.vill have . been com~!~· ; '. /
Comfwund Pe1:fect. ,· .Havii'.g bcc;n _lqvcd~ : l ~ • . ,
pleted "an hour, in ten minutes more.-The lady
i '.;11 ;~ 1 it
1
' ' ·
'
· ··
· ·· '
remains at home.-The book lies on the table.
"~> i .: 1
''
.. , ·. N
. o\v y.0\.1 c_a~' t_ake_ tl;e ·1;a_s~i.~c1)_afti~i1~ies :or ::
·-The desk 'stailds i1~ the corner of the room,..;...
:::;
~'
' otbe.r verbs, an9 conjµ gate t)1e~1 111 , the.< same.:
Tlie coach and horses ;are in the · stable~-I ;un
i1;!ri: : !~F
manner. ·· T~~ke beaten; c,m:ded, ·sce.11,forg.ott~n,, . • J
here.-Thou art nere.-He is in ,. to'Yn.":"""""We are
; ,:;l'l" 1~. 1~
and many others, and use ~hei'n instead ~ of _ l~v.e d,
~ '~ . 'hpnesL-._Y ou ' are 'p.t \)ud.. -They~are :sobe1<-I
1 [![~!i.~:!•
-~-s a~1 e~ercise to 'n1ak_e y9u: f~t_nil}ar . with the c _o p- . , ·"was 'slee·p y.-·Thou:wast angry with liim ......... He
irLH ·i~
jugation of a pas.s ive . verb ..' .. . ;
· · · · · >·.. .... 1· _ .\ • ,was n~t ' eager , ~~ le.~rn,.~They\vei·e guilt9.ij~i tf~t ,
.· you .will nowobsei;;-',y!1 ~.hat,~.hen (\n; a~xlliai, y ,: •i 1 , ·'.;Vewer<';i'easoMlblemour.dei:nands.-,-Yewere, 1 1 ~:: r:· f;~
isjoii:iecHo the. pai·ti~iple of_. t~e princ1pa~ ~·- ~e}~b., .· , ; , , _·found '~u ih y .. -. l '.'. lrny,e . bee~ oi1, the water fre!~. ~ :!lJr
the auxiliary :go<is thyo~gl~ all 1 ~~l~ ·ya1:1at10!1s, of · _.i · · que,n tly:-.-· I hay~: be~n · seen .?n · the water fre; ;\1 ~; :i'r~• ·
.' person ~nd n~~ber, a~9 -~.l?.e .part1c1ple_1tsei;f c~n~, ' , quently.-··-!' J.i~:Ve' : ~.e_en the · ma!1·:;I h~ve .been
: ::Jr,: 1H~ ~·
1
.tinue~ mvanably..th~ :s~n~~ .. . >'.Vl;icn th~ .e. are
. s~ery by .~he m.a~·~:'"(~1e .?oy had1_ s~~n 1 1l~---. ~h~ _ : ~~jl : ;;f-_
two or more auxiliaries 1o}ne~. to . ~he ya,t tipple~ .. , -~ ·. -boy h;id been ·s(!ep.-__-fhe lettet:-_w1ll be here ..'~W l<'i#·f .:
the first of them only 1 is )_r ~r.ied 1 accordmg toyer~ ·, :\ _:' · ' Theiet't'er"3vill ; b_e 'J::>-rought_ H\ther.-·-Be' ho·nest. • · i!1
l'.i!ki :!. :
, ~on. and number.,, -'.f!1e;~~xi_liary 11Hf 8 ~, ~9mJ_~~- 1°f , ··:\ ,._ r-Be ·:'no_t 'idle:~Bejnstructed.-· Be _carried.-·-.
~ f>
no 'vat:iatiop. · :-.. >; i :· .~ :: ~ " ~ ( ·, . ;,: » _;;· " '1-' .. ; 1 -· :_••'i,· . ;·.,·-~.·-··. ' ' ·YYou likeh~ob_ e cbari·ied.:- YouH·m~y be carrie <l_.·l\~fW1Jt -~ ·
, I wil.l no~v give you SOJTl~ . . ;---. . .•1 _., ~ :·, . . .
•
ou oug t to e carnec . - e oug 1lt . to 1rnve
·f ~ ·1;~ 1 •• I".
" .. . . ,
..
.
. :,, .. , .- . · · . " . ' / : ,, ,«· ,· '., . ' -} :.
b'eert carried ..~I-Ie _should ha ye b~en ca_rried, had
!1 ~ ~''.':·:i
. ~· · EXERCISES . IN ." PARs'tNp-.t: ~ -" '. ~ ..-_ .1-- I known his 'sit~ation.-The .house :can._be.en- :J\r~n'.t.) -_
.. ..-.
.
........ -,· , . , ., · "" . , ·. .; .. y. :» ' "
l.arge~.. He · rmght ,be convmced._ He i:n1ght
ilj/·n~ ~0 1
-. ·. _T he m~n beats. the}?Q}1 ·.- . The boy , is ~.e.a~e! 1 ·.. -,~ ,· · hav_·e been convihc.efl.-Bei11g ridiculed and de'. ,u~i ':~:\1 ~1 ·'
,
I
I
1·1
; . ,d1· ~· 1I '
. :Qy the man.-.-The liors,es . ~11:av( the c.o.ac l'.. - . . ~e '. ., . .·-apised~ he still mai'~1:tained his principles.-Hav-. : J11~!m ,::•:"
co.a ch , is . drawn ' by t\1e l,10r, s~s.-_ lhe rpas~~r
~ ," ~ng been ridiculed, he could hof et1dure his cha- :it.;;'_·.
, tea<;:l~e's . t,he 'children~-- ~~he childr.en . are taui:;:J1t . ) ' '.:: · .._g~·~n. 7 Ri~ic:uled; ·despised, ~1)sult~d, h~ b~~ame
: :; ~··' h
·"by -the rnas,ter.· _T he carpente~· ,b uilt the l~ouse~. ' ,· :· 'Ill"." d1scouraged.-If I ~e beaten by lum, he will be ::!idr i I~; .
. ...- . Th~ hous'e s were bu.il~ _~y the carpe_n~er.;--G9._i11 ~ . • 'J.'. · "__punish_ed,.:._If. he)fas 'been seen~ ·he has not been
:j~•w n; ~"
· 'merce introduces luxury .-Luxury is i~1troduccd, ·: '· ·caught;..:_Whether he is at home or not, J have , iilnb;,i!;.;I; · ·
· '
· · .., ·,.: · " . ~- · l\I 2 · · · ·
·
-:,:t -•:. ·
!iy', cominerce.-. '.f hat fa,._i·mer cultivates his .f arm , ..'
1,~ ,~· j! I< j1 "~
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138
';

E'.l'Yirot6GY

AND
SYNTAX
. ,
··.r . . . . •

.,

139

l~O. mean.s ~[.knowing.' . If 1.' were be~te11.'~~\b:~11~.': :._ (

as I ,will ~y-and-by sho.w' yo~: The1'e .a~~ 1.f ?Ul'
he, I should .complam.-If he was beaten ' it ·,: : 1verbs· wluch ·. are sometime~ . used as. a~x1hanes,
is /lQt known. · . · . , ·, :· .:" · ·
·· · ·:. · ',; '· .
. and sometimes as princ~p~ls. ' These are,.do, be,
1

~s

. · ,·

. ···:q

-

~.

•:·

.

have,. and czuill . .· · ,·, ·' · · '\
·· '. ·· ·
:·
Do is u's cd as a·n . au'Xiliary, in the imperative
mood, ai1d in thc 1pfoser1t·ancl imperfect tenses . ·

of the imli"cative and subjunctive .
. Be is used'· as 1 ~n auxiliai·y/ in ' all the moods
•'
and tenses toforin ,the ,passive verbs,· and neu tel.'
ve.rbs in a passive form, by being· ~onnected with .
.'
.
. '. '
~
'
.'
the .. i)assi ve.· pa1:ticipl es ·"Of other verbs i. and in
OP THE AUXILIARY, VERBS,· AND OF
,
forming
-acfive and neut~i· ~erb.s,. by berng con1'H~ TENSES.
.. ,·, ).·
nected with 'the · pr~sent parnc1ples ' of . other ·
'··'
.
.
.
,
. verbs'; · an~, i1). both ·instance.s, ·serves .t o !fl~rk , ,
. ·Tutor : You· must, b}r tl;is tim ci;thave ,. obscrv~cl
the mood and . the ,tense ·of th1 v.e rb,:
· ' ,
· the g:reat in1porta1~ce o,f. -~~~il_iary ' v~rbs in ' the
'c
.Ha''Ve
is
used'in
forming
the
perfo~~'
P.lup~r,'
English Janguage; : for yq1:1 ~ave seen, that .with."
feet,
and
'
second
.future
tens~s
?f
the
'
md1c.a
uve
out . them, the verbs ,.Yoi.ild ., be·lirnitec( in d1eir
ahd ?Ubjunctivc moods; .t he perfect and plu~.er.- '
. i:ioo<ls and t~n.ses, to the indkative .and ~ubjunc;;- . ·
feet ::·of \h.e·-. po.t'enthi_l ~1.1,~~.~ { ~ml the. pcl'fect. 9£ .
tive .moo?~' Ill the present and im1)e1Ject tens.e s;
the mfi111t1ve moot!. . . , . .
~ ·.
.
the mfimt1ve mood, . present tense· and the ini~
·.. TtV1iL is u·secl in for011ng the .first and s~cond
perative· mood. .
· · :· ' .. :_. ,· ·' · ·: · . · ·. : •;,
future tenses' of the'.indicative 'and ·subjunctive '
. Geo~·g.e: I ~e:ceive, ~ha.t ~liey are o(gre~t im~
. ,moods; and, s'ametim~s;· i.n fon~irig t~.e fzreie?i~
. portance m g1vrng vanet.y, as ·well as vredsion, ,
' tense·, of the pote9tial mood. · ·· ' ·
·· ' ~
. to the language. For with these, we form the . ·
'
"
1
Caroline.
And,
when
these
a.ry
·used
'asf1rinciperfect, pluperfeG_t, ' and ~ two futm;e ter1s.es of the
ji~l . ~erbs,·.' their mo~.d~ 'and tenses: are formc4
indicative and subjunc;:tive moods; all the tenses ..
jus.t as those of oth~r verbs -are; are they not?
of. .tl~e potential mood; ,and the perfect o( t~e in .. ·.
. ·TU
They a re. 'A iJd · you 11erce1ve, that .
fimt1ve.
, · ·
·
· ·." . : ·
. have .
·be, an auxil ia1;y to ,its' own· participle:
.: · Tut.or. Some of .th~se. auxili~·ries I have al, ~~·.in c inc1~c'\ti.v. e ·~n~l subjunctive ~.erfect ~nd
. re~dy. particularly ·:noticed, ,v iz·. may: can, · inust, ,
·'
.pluperfe~t, 'f I hav~ had~ .~· had ~. ad, . and, · • If
'1.uzll, and shall. None of '. these, except w·ut; ii> '
',' I have .had· if I had had,' &c. And m the m~~er used as a principal verb, but as an aux-' ·
fi~itive·· pe1:fect : .a?.·,
ha,ve .had.'' . A~d · c1~
ilzary to some firincijwl, eithe1· expressed
tin'.' .
u~ay
b~
used
as
an
auxiliary
to , 1~self;
as,' ... I d,.o
.
.
.
.
.
d.erstood. 1Vill iH sometimes a principal v~rb,

CONVERSATION
XIX;
·.
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"·_r.o

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4

AND .'

ETYMOLOGY

l ·H

SYNTAX..

· "ff hey : were .' t1:avcHing . post, when he met ·
~fo ,it," _in the present;' a1id," I did ·do it;" in .the
· . the1n·.", /: · ~ , . .. . .. ,. ' ' ·~ ,:'·:-,.·-:
··
.,
lmp(Tfec : ; and ·will, as, · " He w.ill will if· , he
wi!l hi ve willed it," &c.
··
" '
1·,
. George. I believe we und ~rs tancl the us·e ..or'
: The P .ERFF.CT TENSE not 'only refers to what
th e a uxili~\ 1·y verbs no\v very well, and kn~w' , . is t'r nst, but also conv eys
allu sion to ' the pre.-··
which are us ed as .nuxiliari_e s ahvays, and whi~h·· .
sen( time ·: as; ·" I hav e finished my l e tter;'''~ I
an.0 ust'd sometimes as ~uc/z, and sometimes as
have .seen the perso1'l ; th?-t '"was recoln1uended t<?
fzrinci/ial8.
' ] l le~'
'.··I

an

j

I

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· \Vb'e n th e p,ar.ticular tim;~· of any, .o ccu1-rence
HEl\IARKs o~ 'rHE TENSES~
,
. is speciifi'ccl; as pi·ior to · the :· present time, this
· T ENSE, be~11g th e distinction of time, migllt
. ten;; e is no.t used; for it would be improper to
,_s<.> em to C\{ lrmt only of the iprescnt, p as t, and ft{ .·
', sa::i, .,, ·1 have spen him yestei·day ;" (W," l have ,.
tu re: but to rn~rk it more accurately itis tnade
· .firti!'J hed my, wo'r k last ' week ..'~ ,In .these cases
to COJ1Si'-'l of six Variations; viz . . ·'
'.. · ·
· tlte .im.p erfect n ecessary·i ·as," J. ~a'1U him yes.:.
·
· ·.'. \• 1. ·
terday;"" 1·. finished mywor1' ICls~ · wec~." Bu.t
THE PHESENT
'frIE PERFEC;r
..
'
f
'
.
'
r.. ,
·,
'
" · • '
· · whefJ w e speak' ind e fimt~ly o any t~mis ' pa s t, as
Tl-IE IMPEHFECT, THE PLUPERFE,CT, . an<l ' .:.
lia'p'pcuing; of not ha1) pening- .in ~ h.e day, year, or . ' ..
THE FIRST 'AND SECo:rrn FUT_U~\E ,TE_NS ES;. .' • ,
a ge, in whicl) · we .itlentio n'.'it,". t h e ' perf~ct 11,ll~S~... '
, , , The PnEs l!~NT TENSE -represents . '·~n · adiot1 . en~
be e'll,lplo'v,«:;d :. as, -'' ,I ,hti've been .t here tlus mor,n- .
event, as passing. at ·the ·time in · which .it iS
ing .;':' ." (ha-oe ir:tiv.elle.d mu,.;h this ye·a r ;"" We ,
mentioned: as," I rule; I am rul.ed; I think;" r.
" hav e 'escafze.cl., 1na1~y. dapge'rs' 'Fhr.ough lif~ ." . In "
fear."
,
.
· '
· . ·' ...
· · referring, hµ\v ever, to su ch · a division · of the
.·· ' The pres ~nt tense likewise express~s a cha:.:: ·' · day. as is .pas t;, before .t~1e ;time · of our. sp eaking;~: ·
!'acter, qualny, &c. at' present existing~ as'"
we: u~.e_,1~he)m1)~rfec~: : as, ': "~ · ,T hey .came home··,
Is ~n able man;" " She · is an amiable woman}' :
carly,.· th1s mol'.nlllg ;' ~' · I-fe •was \fllh ·: ·th~m a ~
It is a lso used in speaking of actions contiriued -- .
three o'clock.thts afternoon."·' ,
.: · > :
-- -~ .
, ~ith occasional inte1'mission8,- to· ·the presen: · ',• · '
,· :
,
·
' .: ·
· ': .,. · · .
'
tune: as, ," He frequen,t ly ' rides." ·,: '·
(.
·
· · · ··: The .-PLUPERFECT : TENSE:rep11esents ·a thing,'.,
·
.: ·
·
·· ·
•, ;· "- ' '- _ · ._: 1iot only ~s past, but · al~.o · prio1· ·to so·1~e other
· Tl I
·
.
·. ' · ·
· · / :.: . · '/ point of time, specified .in the · s~ntenc.e: as, ~ · I ·
1e M~EllFEcr TENSE rep1 e.sents the ac~ 1 on: ~ ·- ~ had Jiilish~d. my lettei· before he ' arrived."
or ~v.ent, e1th~r as past and finished, or as , re- ·
'· '. ;' ·
.. ·-"' ·
· " _._ . '_ "'.·
', · ·
..
~ammg unfimshed at a certain . time. past: :as, "
".';The first FuTUR.E ' TENSE 1·eprcsents the
I
I loved her f~r her : modesty · ~n<l virtue;'~ ,
.t ion as' .yet to· come; , ci't her, ·:with or without re- ,

is

•

He · ,

ac-

''I

•

··.
,

- F...TYMOLOGY

.

.

,I'

'· AND · ~YNT A·X • .

-spect tothe precise time .:_ :: ~,s;' r'·' The; sun '~Will ' . ;''.\ When m'~st to be o~itt~d before the"infiri'i.t ive
· i·ise to-morrow;"" I shalr see .them again :' :. .,::;"1· ·., mo~<l"?: ·: ., .. ,. i' ·' ·;. · ~'. '':. · · · .·:, ·
· · · ·
···
The SECOND · FuTUHE int~mates · that the . ac- .· · : Ho\v are all th'e ;passive· verbs foi~ med ?· '~. ·
· t~on will be fully accompli~hed, a~ or before :the
·,' ~··· vVhy are .passive ve~;bs so called? ·.::.:
.i.
tun~ of another future action or event: as;~-' l
: . vVhat is the meaning of a neuter? ·. ·
shall have dined ·at one o'clock;" " The . t\.vo
.. · When is a verb neuter?' : ;· ·
}10us~s will have finished their , business, ; when
·~,. H~\V' many classes' of nominatives are there'?
the krng comes to prorogue them."
· <: : \
. Can you: explaio them '?
·
··
·' ·. /
- 'Vhat ' verbs are spm~ti.m,1:1s · auxiliaries, and
QUEST~O_NS._
.. · · · ... ,·:· ,
sorpetimes principals? ·· · ·" · ·:. ·. · .
'When is a verb in ' the subjunctive mood?~:..:
. \Vhat' auxiliai'i~s' are • never ·used as pririciHow does a verb differ in this mood Jrori}
pals ,? · · ·
· .. · ·'' 1,. ·:: .,.
- ·: ·
one . in ' th~ indicative? ·Which tenses have', two"' "'
l'n w-hat ' moods and tenses is.do ' used as an
forms? '
..,., ' . ,
auxili;ry _? · ' · .
·.
·' · .
<\iVhat is the difference between .the first.f<;>rm,
,. In : wha~- tenses. is have·usyd as an auxiliary?
and the second, of the .subjU!lCtive mood-, pre-. · and how? " .
, .
. . .
,
sent tense?
' .
. . ·\:·-' ~ ;
" " '-: .' ·
'i'\That is it always prefixed to, whe~ an aux·w li en must the second form be used? .. 1'
iliary? ' ., .,_"
'" .:'• .. 1. : · · : ' ~
·
·
. .vVb en is a verb called regular? \ · ' "·· · '.!. •
·' CC\~ yol.1 ,give a· definition
tense, ai1d of the
'Vh en must the first form of the subjunctive
six· tenses? 1 ). · • .; ~- ·· '· '· ·
' •
present be-used? ·
' ·. ·
·· ·
··'
How arc the four tenses of the ·potential mood
·
. · , ·
. formed?
· Ho~v docs the infinitive mood differ from other
CONVERSATION XX.
1rnv1ds?
·
. .
' '
' · .
· vVhy is it c ~ lled infinitive?
__,- ~- ,
.
. Vvhy do es not the second fo1·m ·of tht:r sub-·
juncti~e present ,' vary tlie verb , in . the ·seconcJ ·
·"-Tutor., You are no~ quite fami.1iar"with:~ear- .
' and ' third . persons singula1'; "as . the indicative.
ly all th.e regular c'onstt;uctions ef the la11gu!:~e;
· doed .
.
. ' · . · ' <_, .· · ,•r ·~·;~ · · .. butthereareafew,whid(ll!avenotyet .present- .
· ··· How do you know the imperfect .· tense. : of_ ·ed to you. These .I will ende~wour 10 expl ain in .
· ".erbs, from the perfect ·o.r"1.rnssive parti ~ ipl~,
this Conversation. , A fe\v more rules, properly
'
.· when they are both spelled ah kc? 1 . , , ' • · , ·
explained, will ehahlc you to parse any wr:H'd, i11 ·1
a regulady constructed sentel)ce, in the ~n~lish. :

of

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..
ETYMOLOGY
..

A::'<D

.

· ,S-YN'l'AX~.'
.' ~

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.

"lauguage. The first, · which I shall .· giv·e · y~ti
'.~ ~:", 1..~un . h~ ., who in .: they. inv.ited ;'.-' :"
. It :111 ay .be
t~1ismorning,is · tliis·, · .·
;
"'
:· 1.:·, •• ,:•
. ~orrn1glHhave .. been)he,. but,it .c annot he.(oi·
_,,,. · .·/· :,
could 1io.t have bec,n) .[;" '~It is impossible to
R UI.,E. XXL ·
•· '. · · 1~c they;". ·. ~' It , scc1;ns · '.to ·. hav~ been· he, who
, :, Any INTHANSITIVE, PASSIVE, 1 01' NEUTEtl ?Jerb,' · .. conducted himself so wisely;'"'' °It -appears to be .
1izust have thl'. same . case aftfr it as '. befo ..·e. it; . ·· .she that transacted the busiriess;"~ "I understood
wl1 cn bo th words nfer to, and signify the sam'e
it to be him;''" l ·bclieve i~ to ·have .been th em;'·~
; thing.
\ ... ·
· · · · ·.
·
. "\Ve ~t first too.k 'it' tb be her; but were after~
... George. I think that I · already ' ·u nderstand
wards conyiticed that: it 'va.s irnt,she." "H e is: .
this rule, for no verbs except t'ra11sitive, govern"
. not the person .who i.t seemed he was." '' H c is
the objective case. Wheri nouns or ' proi1o!.Jns;
·:eaHy thepei:son ··'lv/rn h~ appeared to be'.'; ." :::. b...e ·
then, follow, intr~11siti've, • jzas8i7Je, or . ·ne~utfr •
_is not. .n 9w th~ w~1~aµ . whri11t ·they repnscn te;l
:verbs, they cannotbe_governe~ by.'. th{itn. ·-Anci, .
her•. to ha:ve ' been.". «.~ ~ :· 'fiVlz,om '. doyou fancv him.
. when both 'lUords 1;efer to, and ' signify ~he sa1ne ·
to .~?'~- ''1!e. desil:e<l to b.e, th,eir king;"" ;f1 1
thing, the latte'r is in appositio}1 to the forrner 1
d~sll'cd hi1n to .be· thei1; king.? ', ·
!
• ,
·and mt!st be in the same case, according ,tp the '
: · The foll~wipg sentences -~ontain deviation;,
sixteenth rule in Convers.ation XlI.J. : r:'. ,,; ,::··'
from the · rule," and ·~e:ichibjLthe · pronoun · in :.:a ·
1,tttor·. ,.fha·t is true>' ' . . :
-- ~ ·;.~. ·:.
'\V~ot1g case: ·. " _It' tnigh.t .. have beCn bini r.bll't
Caroline. Then what is the use .of this t\vcn: ·' . tlte1~e \is ·no prqof'of it
''~ . 'I~ hou~i~ I, was blain- ."
ty-first rule, if the sixteenth . would ei)able us · t~
ed, .1t could ·not have been .me;'' . '''.I saw ·one
parse all the ,\rprds
which this applies?.. ,. " "
\vhom · I took to b_c size;'~. '' She is the person
Tutor. This rule \.viii serve as a furtHer illus:;
· czu,!to I understood it to bavc been;" " ' Who do'
tration of that, and bi·ing under your consideta.i,
·. you think me to · be?'~" : JVhom <;lo .mei1 say that .
tion many cnone<>US coristructions, with . ,w hi.ch· ·" ,' I. am?~' :'' An,d whdm thiqk ye ·\hat I am?,, .
",
you have not yet been made ·sutliciently- ~~rniliar,
. , ..vV.he11 the ver~ : to, be
understood, it has the
and which might escape .y our notice, -:if'they
sa1~1e case ,b efqre and ' af~er . it, a,s 'w hen it . is ·
were not more 'partiCularly consic]Grecl. '. :;;_·- '."' i~
. Jfr~,~s,~d ·; .,as,~' .He s~e~s the. Le.ader <i>f- t~e p~r~ · .
. I will first direct you~· : atten~ion to the neut~r.i' · .: ty.! . ,,.f!e S·hall.contmue :S~~<zua1·d .;':' " . They ap.;
verb to be, and give yot~ .many examples and .11'-- .' pointed -1nt'.,;-e.xec.u tor ;'· "~'I ·supposed ·him a man ·
·lustrations, which you mustjiarse, and then yoµ "· :· of l~arhing .: " thati~, " :J-I.e .seems to be .t he leader
will remember' them~· ; The nouns '. and . pro-·:
, pf tl~e . party,'' .&c. ':'.· :.: :" '<, ' . · . .
. ..: -.<
1
nouns before and after th e ve1;b~, and \Vhich
Pass,ive v.~l'~S .:which "signify : narntng, .. and
will perceive to be in afifzosition, I will foar~· i1;1 ~ ·· . others .o f a s:1m1lar n_at~re, ,have · the. same ~a~e
. Italics,
. . ..
. :-, "
,
. . '. "· , ;·-:
before m~d after .t hem: · as, '' He. was called Cte~"

ey

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sar';'~ . " . She.· .was· . ·na:m-ed :· P~~ c'tofl°e ·;,, Ce1;taiti
otl~er m;uter vei·.bs, besides.' tl1~ . v~rb ''to 'b,e, 'r·e.· .

qmre the same ca!)e, whether it be . the' nomina: ·
tive or the objective~ · bef~re-' and after.' 'ihem.:
The ,y erbs to . beco~e; .to wander,· to go/to.• : re :. ~
turn, to expire, to appear, ' 'fo ' die, to live, ' to
.Jook, to gro\v, ' to ' seem, . to :_ roam, and se~et·al
·Others, are of this n~tur~.:·'. , " :After this. event,·
,he became /iliysician .to the Jdng.;" " .She wan- ·
ders an outcast;'' " " He forced :her to wan·d er
an outcast;"" He went outmate, :but h~ returi1- ·
ed cafitain
"
· ·, . " :.' . . ·., . · . ·. ·· ' . " ,.', · ....
. · .: ' "
.
. · Caroline. I think that we shall find 'these re· : t
m ·arks and examples of sei:vic e~ . to us,' arid ·t hat ··
~ve shall.not, after this, . say,-~'Tt
himj.it'was
her.; it was them; wht? "do.' y()µ" think . hi~ t~: be?
nor, whom does he think that' I am?" &c .'· ·, :· . ;
TZftor. I willn<?'~ ' give you "'.~ -,,:"
"·'" ' '•
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RULE_ .XXII. ·,·.>:. . - ·

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: · ·.'witliout .d.u;.,·consideration~ · ~ften 1;roduces . a
•,brea~h .' of pt·ori.i~e. : '['<?
with'out nieasure,
. · 1s folly.; ~ot to.1.n?urn. tit ~ cz/i; ' inse~1s_jbility/Read'.. •
, · ing ·· books_, .· iir~pi,.ove~ ··his :'mirid ... ,,-~et(ing· hi?n
<" t:scaf1e,·\~as a'faplt.· ': '.';:·,-..~: :. ..;
f ~ .· " ,'
·. . Wheri a n9n\inativ.e 'i~.'~qml'.>0s~d of a verb in ,
. ; " tl{e infinitiy~ 'mood ', only;' as~· to 'err; to '¢e," &c •
in JJarsin'g 'it, yqµ .'will say,;' ~· ~t is a ' ve1:b in .·the
· infinitiverµo,cid, 9s~~Hiubsta.ntively, of the· thirc~
person si1igular, and fo1·ms:. the ·.nominat.i ve '. lo
. the ,v erb,". what~ve1; -. it' may b.e-: .Then ' 'i-e1foat
Rule XXII. .'. ..\ '. ~ · , ;<:·i . '-" : .-~">
vYhei1 a pa~'. L. of ,th<sentence is 'the . nomina:..
t~ve, you will' calUt q. sitbsta,n tive jilmzse, third
·p. e' i·son singular '
'~
!, " -~ <·.
.
.
"
..
- ' . ..
~ . As
a' . .verb
in t'1ejofinitiv.;:
mood,
'
·.
' .. . . .• . .
"
. ·... ' or
. ,. a' substan· .
, ', tive . phrase, cpmpos,e d_. of .part"of. a sentence,,
'. may be a nominati11e to a;.v:er]), ~o e~cli of them ·
· may b~ : used slibstantiv~ly, as·a.n objed of a -yerb, .. .

mpurn;,

<> -·: ··.

<.' ..

· . ,.;_ ' ' : :

' &c>.' . .·;·, ;. , ·''· "' ". . . .

'

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r.:,' .,~·

t
"' .
to ·t tlay' ;''.
: The infinitive mood, or fiar~. of a scnte?ipe, is
mole
to ft(oitgh, the worm to weave;" " I cn·sometimes the subject ,of a ·-verb, ar;.d is, tlt~1:efore,
<leav..cnirecl ' t'o pi·eventletting· him escafte;" ·- '·~ I
·its npminative. '
·
· · , . . · · · ,,. --:·
love t9 , rer;z.cl ·g .ood b.o.oks,,, .· ' · , ' . · :.:
. Ev.c ry nomi'native to a verb · ·wi1ich '.·y ou ..- h;vb ·
. , ~-' In the~e .s~nttfotes, /lim. is :governecJ ·by. the _
hitherto ' parsed, has . J:>ee}'i eith~r · ~f noQn,. or.:oa ·
· 1)articiple. letting; ~tid .' bo6k.s~ qy. toJe.ad. ' B.u t
.pronoun. ·. But yoµ 'vill ·· now . find,-· that · a·'-verb
! · ,tl;ie two phrases,", lettirighjm, e~. ca]ze,':. and " .to.
in ilte . infinitive mood, may;be USt!d substanth~e- :,·
. : r ead.good kooks;',' ifare:g()v.ern,ed by ;the. prece<l_ly, aiia, form the .norriinative · to a ..verb:· ·A ;few ' ' ;< ing c: verbs,::to -/1revent, •and lope.. :,· ~o ~ ~ubst;m­
1
.examples, which you n1ust ·.parse; will' be · suffi~
.tive .phraso/ is frcqu, e~tly, goy~r11ed . by a prepo·
cient to illustra.te this rule~ , .r \vii,I give, yo,u : the
' sitiqn: as, ." A bread1 'of i)l'Ortlise: is often profollowing ':
· - ·.. · · · , · · .:
duced by,J1romfaing 7.Uith~ut due consideration."
' ..To er~·, is human. ·. · To be, contents his · riat~­
· ·" · The atrocious frime of beir;.g a young man, I
l·al desire. To jilay, i~ ·pleasant. ·, PromiQingshal.l neither ,attempt t9 .'p~.lliatc nor deny."
"

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AND SYNTAX;
• ''

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£TY:MOLOGY

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· i.t~,:,,'' 1 being badly .. wou~ded, y1ey sent:Jor a

< : . :. ·,:

. . 'Yhe.n Y?U ana.l yze:.su ch nJ1r~SY.S '~s . th~~~. i~;t "· '. . surgeon ·;" .,~ He" .b~ing•. _baillr, w_ounded,; ~l~ey
t:v?,·you .'V~ll fiJ.J~l ii)~~' ypu, _ca.I).l~Ot.'· par,se th ~ -p1ar• , : · ." ' sent," ..&c';'. '.:'fo ·.: i:hes~ \' Sentei:ices, )'OU perceive
tic1ple, as ref~r~·rng .to any.~subJe.ct or.. actor,'. ~c·· · ..thafthe ~· p~·onoU:n~~ I' atjcJ", lie~)rnv~ no . v-~i·bs .. ~o
cor~ingto the ~ix th 'J'.Ule,, . \).C \atise' ; th~. J'. e ·,. is ~:n.o .
. agree with ' th~m; t. ha~.':th.ey :are placed b~fol~
~t~ bJ ect or f1Cto1.' ~nown in .tht:; _sentence.; but .yoli
.:tlie jz,articifzl~; '. b ~ing ·w.,q :l_t h,d~Fl ~ ,an,<l stand.. mde~
,w!ll merely say it 1s a present participle from such .
1 i)endeiitly 011 the'. 1•e~t o.f t!1~ sen~cn~e: th ~y ~re,
a v'e rb, and . composes a part'.o f.: thc . substanti~.e
-therefore "iri the noininative .absol.:ute, accorchng
1
l_)_h.ra.s. e . . 1.,.ake,for instance,. thc1)l1rase....~" . P, r~'_-;-'·'.._· .. :·' .· ; ",·
.· ·:·
to · t h e I, u' I'e.:: .· '.;;·.~.;_-:.:;:(:,;···'_::
..· . ,
:rn1s1~? w1t110ut. due ·. consideration/ '. &c. · .nnd '
i<.. B'ut'4: I being ; badly : 'lvou,nded; ·: was .cai'ried ·
you '~11,I find, tha,t the participle,has no referenc,c ·
home "' " 'He beihg:_ ba.dl'y' ,wound_e¢,'. soon died,." - ·
to ~ny <ict0,r: in tl.1e sentence~ l:iut ! ~xpress~s ; ~he: . " . a re c~;isiru~tfal'ls ~ery' Cliffcrei1t'..from the o~her,9: ,
act10.n generally. . : · , . .. ,,.. . . . · . ; · ...,; . ~:. In tl~ese : sente,nc·e~, you· see.·:t,hat the''pron~un 1
. Thc,.~cxt ~n<l last rule that,' ~ . sl~all:; give:· y~u ,
lrns· the.·v:e~b: 'lva s. carried,"to ~gree \vi th it; and,
~O~;JJarsm,g, Ip,
, .:; .\ · ..·\, ; . . ..·, ,, , th~t /z~ has the verb died to' agree \vith it."' . But.
. ... ' '
· RULE~ 1XXIII '. .' •·: 1··.'. , 1
th~rule. beginsbrsaying,H~'Yh~.n~,nom1 _orpro_-. .
·
' · '
noun has no verb to ag1·ee with 1t, ~c. · . . ,,
·· ' ' , ·
· W/i ~h noun 01:·firon.0 z;. ~;.~· j~~;
v~;:{j ·;~'. ag;·(/·
s~n etimes the'hou11; or proi1oun, and the.par- ·
Wit!t .it, ¢ut is f1foced before/ a : / 1;artidfile, :indci
ticiple, ,~re both u!)derstood ·: ·as; "" ' Cons~io.us of
jzende,ntly · on the re.'!t of ·t/ze · ~ent~ncb,- it 'mit.st be:
hlS ' own··!weight ': inu'-:iinportance, · ' the ' · aid . of
in tfte NOl\lI~ATIVE CASI~ abso{Ut:e ··., 1 ·1 . • .. : .. . ~·, ·, ; ·• : o~h~rS ~ was '.i~~t ;s?1itit ~:d/' +:· ~Je1;e the'· .\\:orcls; '!ze
. Th· i~rule prescp ts . to. }-pu · an~th~~-: i.iH;tanci~> · .
being are understood j .that' 1s, ." H e .bezng con- .
· jn which a 1101.111 or proiH:n1i1 ,must ~e .ii1 ; the.' 110~·
sciou~- of his own weight,'-': ~c. :, :
.
1n!7w ~(pe ·ca se, witliout ;.}rnvin.g·, ,a,,"''.ct;b to; i.1g rcc
f ;,viU her<; say a word' respecting a particula1· .
w1th1L
;
: · . . , , . . '-· ' , ··:/'- ~. · 1 .' ,\ : : .
constru'c tionoftheir1finitivemood . . You know,.
If you now observ~ the 1io111inative
i1~dc - ,
that it>is gene?·ally governed by a verb, ·noun,
j;enr/ent, UCCorc.JiJ)l~ t.ci f lJ e · SCVeI~\ee;ith1:r'ufe, ·;.aJi(l , I
adj'ee:tive;· 01'. :pariidpl,~: "and, thafit is 80.1~etin:es,
the · noininati"Z.:' C cas,e a/J.<:, oluie, '. which;· we · 'have· · .
us'ecl "substantivety,.. and fqrms the nom1,native · ~
ncn~ un.dcr .co1~sidcration, ' y~ t~'.: will . see,\frat tho ·
to ve1:b. ,l will now show: you, that' it is .some.t wo con.st1:uction, are v<fry .. cliffet:ent. .: ·:rfie .no -.'
· times' used . in . neither of these constn1ctions:
:m\ n:; ti\·.9 . c~1<; 0 inrlerH:11dent,.'. a.lwrtys dc'n o t~s,,. ·
as'.." .To confess \the truth,-I was in fatllt;"" To
1hr; p_c l·son spokell to ; and 'is,' of the · s econt./ 1) cr;
. enJoy present pleasure, he sacrifi~ed h.is fu.t~re
~:;on; th e 11orni11 a tiv c .case absolute~ .1na)" be· :or
reputation.". · T ·hese ar~ ·Called the mfin~tivc ·
n ny o [ the t hrcc pers ons, and . is. a '"' ays connect~
mood a~Bolute.; .because ·u1 · sucl~ constru~~t1ons,
~ :d '.vith a frnrticijile, cxpressecl 'or t lincl ers to~d:
·
·
· · !\ Z . ·
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. 149

. AND SYNTAX"
" ·· . -··
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ETYMOL~~~:·: : • -. ..' _.-. .~·7 : 1:~;~.t~~~-~~:."·
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' sonsinwhich .yot1will find~'so.me'. constructfon5 '~ ~- /,":,,~:;:-:. : "· 1 •• ,_. ;:· .·>-' ·: . ··· ··'/' :•< ,· . . ',· , ' '•
·. 1ll9.I;e di,ffi~ult thal) any ;w-l~ic_h. y~u)~av,e y~t-.):i~d·; 1 ' ::-\·' ·.:_. ~·- Th·e,-fe\v uml thc.;many ·h ave th~l.r ' 'pre posses ~
··. but c?mpreh~ncl..tl~e sense_o_f .t~e au~\lor; ~.l;lpplf./ "' :-;: , ~Jot1s.·, : .-,_ ,.· ;,;.:_.:,' ' .;·:.~ 1 .: ·/ ·;·::/; ·;<·.' ., <: ·:' · ': ·
w.ha~ is' u!ldersto9,~; and:. Y9.4,;.:W1ll· ;l1pt. · ti.nd~m·uch t~ ~ ;. ' _'/ iJ!e\v . d ay.~ :-pass·.withou t _s bihe .Clouds:":, · '·· · ·
1,:.' -~ ,The hail was very' destrhttivc~ '
difficulty. ' 1' - ' / ·; ,, . ;., ''" -..-d- ~:<:t · ; :" <:::·.·'>'0~-ii·s:.· ..... _

:- :'; . :"·<:.' :":\"~: 1 " ·.~; ·, ~-~/[.j~;t''',f ':·_. ;- ' ~· Hailvi-rttle!sourceofcverygoo.cl.
' EXERCISES: ~N)?AH~INQ.\}?'~...·r"~-;i·;-> ;': . ·, '\.Ye h:~il you •as friends. ' '. '
. ·,
. A.(~7}' .instances, of the .sa;ne wo"rq~~-°'i- o~g!~t..~i{n~; -~:': '. " -. J ·Muc_h money is corrupting. i '
· · ~. ~·, -sever.a l ofi,tlze:jiarts .' ~f.s}1ee~lt~· :: .-:·Y'J :-,::·;··~..
:.~· :·· Think niucl~ ahd '. speak little. ·:
• ·. · · · : > .. . • ;·
•
,._,· ~ ; ' : · i"-r.:r;,:, .... ..f. .•• ;·, -i: ~ h ;"; .
;;:· · : He has •seen much · of ~ the wo'rlcl,. . and becu
·-..Cal~ was the day; , aJ~(i t.h -~scen·e~:d.ellg,htful'::-',·•.-'!; " fuuch 'caressed. ' . <i ·r · :,, ;: . : .. , , . ·.. · ,.
:W :e.may expect -a calm . after; a · storm. -:~r,/·~--~·: , < ' : ~--. ''i? ' His ' yea~·~ a'1;e_moi·e th;:tp ll~rs)"hut h? ~l~S )~Ot '
To p1·eve~1.t passion is ·easier:.·than.'. 'tofi aim"if.! ! ·• /' · more. kno-Wleclge. : ~ ' ,;. 1<.'_ 1 :~ ' • · . " , • · .. . . :· ·'
.
: ,·~3_c;tt.~r is a. little ; _,~,itl~ -i ~co_11~t.:nt; 1tha,n, -a{~f:e~('.: :.· ·:-. ' '; -., The.·mo1:e \Ve: ate' blcsse,cl~ the mor.c . gra't¢ful '
deal with anxiety. · ' ·- .. · ·· < ;.., · ·\·"'~ .. '° ~· ·.
"~ r' (\ve&l)oi.ildbeJ.·: · -,,.. ·.- .:..·.·:··:-'.;'_.,·_.···-:: ·, > ; O:' "ti;; · '' "
'. rhe ·gay ancl' dissol~'te .thi~Jt i.itt_l~·~f ihci~i~c'."·: - ., ., z·. , , The ~esire . of ge.tting 1 n\orc is'ra1'ely sa~isfiecl.:
rif~ ~hi ch .are ·s.tealin.g softlf-'-~f~ef~~h~m,::~::.;~Jf..'':~: ' .:'... ·. :He 'has an ·equal ·know ledge,· but inferio1;judg·.
•

_._ ,

·

I

..

1· '

··

· A httle attent10n will rec.tify some ·crrors·. ~r(r.~ '.
·~'. ·· ment'. ··:·' .: "·1:··1· ;:·: :_.i · ;::;.;;<::.' < ·. :· ·,.,,, ·,\ . :.-.,•,: J:.,J',
~ Though he i? out .of dange1· .h·~ :is·:still· :Ufraid ••..i. •
• ·She.- is ' his infc'rior .in''se11·s e,· b'ut his · equal , iri
H
_
e
l.,
a
boured
to
still
the
tu_m_ult_
:
·,·<
>.·;·~
·
.
"~·1:
.
.._
.~_.
·
.
•
:
"
)rudence
'·. · · " , , , ~ ~ ..! ·-.~· ii; ' ;'.;;'. " '.:\· ·' -: ":. ·. .-~->- :·
.''F .
1
d ' f I . f .I " ' " ' " .
"
'~ ~ . - , , ;li •
•
• ' '
'.
,.,
''
'' ' I
.
'
'
•. '•
·.-' r •a1r
.m1
sot
y
go
ar.
·
:-'
"
..
:
.
.-~
-.:;.-_,
..
·;
,~.
:
;:.
-,}
~,
:.·
.
.
_
..
.
.
_
"
•·v
_
cry
b,e.
inn: lov:_·_.es :its ,l_,i __
k e,J _
.· ·,,.. ··. · · .:".·. ' ..'. ·-· ..·
~
. " •
.
'
..
.
..,, :·
.. \ ' ~
'
! •• •· •.~ \ ( .. >'1
,._ 1J
.:- r~1 e fair was . n.um~1:e>~sly ._: a.tt~nclecl / ·.,(:-;"",,Yt '.·~;· :· :,:.·· . "!vV G m,u_st n;iakc a l~kc:· s11ace between thc>119cs. ,
· His character is fa.Jt: :and .:hpnoµrable1 ~ · : •\ • •. ~:·~"(1· ,;: ·. , _ ...B ~havc yom·selvcs'· Ji .k ~· mc~ < · ~ ...:: · ... ·_'· · ,'; · ·
,-_ Da~l~p . ai,r is UB\"'.holesorn~.'.; "iX··:..:;.-"-:'.: ,~
vy ~ arc .too apt to,.Ii,ke'', permc1ous 'com p~ny .
. , Guilt.often ca_s ts a~ d~tnp ~~e-~ -?4r ~P.ri_gh. ~1e~t~,.~ . ·. ;, 1 . Jl'. te:n1ay· go · (>1• · sf~1y/a~ ' heiEkes. h:. ~ .·' · ·.>. ". · >i· ·.
hours.
. ,
. .- ..~·:; '. ' ·-.,;,, . . ~ :}t!i. 1 ·,,. ~'. ' ' 1 .'.'.'.: T_h:ey~·strive : to '1 ~ a{·h:_· ; :: ,_ ..··_· / ' '. .. ....
Soft bodies damp the ·-sound:much ·.J1fore·t1idi1 1 f.
. ·. ·' '.- J-Iq~oes
to :lnd ·foo.1• ;.(,:::,:-,_ ' ;,,-: ,.,_. .. · . · . · · " · •
.
.
.
.
·
·.
,
.~~«,
.
.
:
.
,,$.
..
'i
·
.•
· ·1 .
. · ·.
··1 . ~ , i : ·· ·
'
·
.
h ar d ones. . . . · . · , .....:· ,. · .-:;.. 1-... ; .... '''1· . ~- ;,_, 'i• . - ·:;'.: ·•\ To . his . w1~;c
om 've ow~ d_u,r prn'. 1 cge . . · '· ·'
· Ti10µgh sh~. is .rich .· and , fa:ir/yet. : s.h~~i~::-~ot''~:::.: : /.: '=' Th &'-1)ro'p ot·tioids.. ter1 :to ohe. 1'' ,,;_,' < , , . '' .·
amiable. ·. ' . '' .. : ; ' .-.:·: ., ; ~ - l/;' . ~· · , .._.i· ,_ :-f. "" .. ', ' <:I-Jc has · s ~ rv' edth~n~ wi'th his ,utmost ' ahilily.. . They are yet yo~ ng; ~ncl ~u.st
th~i~ ~:: : .;~.:: .,,V\( l; im.1\\;e·'do oi11" ,u t'rnosi; no·m Ot' e ·is i'eq\1 i1•ccl.
Judgment yet awhile. '. .. · . ·.~·:'. ' ·(. 1'.<._ ·: --_: : ,~· 0 /1 .}_:' ... •'...
'· 'I :·\\;ill sul)mit'; for l . k.J16w - subn)ission " l)l;ii~g ~ ·
])e~ce''. ,.·.·~ ·-:i _-:., . . · · ·"'',:,::,, 1 1:.•
·. ,-.;·. ~·
· "'
. Many persons arc bctte~ than .we ~uppose:;.t: _· .
" them." tobe ·
· ·
·· , _· ,. : -:· ,:_ .. _ · ·>.-:·;~,,,,' ... i> ·· 'J tisforour ,healthtobelcrhpcrate.
, .
•
·· ' , <-.'..-.":-:_ ,:,;_ .< i':::_r'·.-'.'
' · 'pi1 !'for better tinies ~." · ' ·
't...'

;..r ;>./_;··\ ',•".''

·( ·:"<

1,

., ......

·suspend

'.'

t:\

• 1·

, I

.

.'
·

'"

.'

~

:

/

'

-

.....
.

: ~/

.. ·:_.,·. ;:,):,':. .(:i-~~":J , . ::,., ·'.\"_
'" . . ,; .. ',, \
H.ECAPITULATI
ON .....
,·,._
..
,. ·

" ·.·

, .
RUL~S 9F :SYN·T AX; .
-...OF ' THE \

.

-

/ •

•• \ -

•

'

; '.

·,

.... .

• .'

;

~

·,' !

~~

,

Exereises in false 'Syntax annexed.
/

{

.

.
..

"

.. .

.

'

--

~-

'\.

...... '.
.,

·.

.i·.

,.

':, ·

.<- SECTION J.
:

·; .

: ,

_· 1'hc third part of Gr~mrnar ~s called s Y NTAX~
Which tteats of the agreem.c nt and construction
of.words in a sentence ~ · · .. · .. , - , . · . ·
: :A_·sent~nce i; an ~s~e1;1blage of .words, fqrm-·
ing',a complete sense. :. · ·
·
.
. . Seritences are of two kinds, ~imple and compound. · . · -,· . .· . " . .
· . .
. . " A i;i.implc sentenc.e. has in it but one subject,
arid oi#e finite verb: as, "Life .is short."
. ·A 'compound sentence consists of two or more
sit'nple sentences connected together: as," Life
· 1~ short; and art is · long."
SY,htax principally· consists of · two parts,
Cu1zcurd and Govl'rnment.
Concord is the ag1:c.cmcnt which one word
_has with . another, in gender, number, case, or
;; ·. person. .
·
Government is that po\ver which one part of

...

' ·1 ' ··.

i

l_· I· · ,

• ~ . ' : i_ ,

':·:-' :,

.,

,,

'.

,. .

'

"

\ ' ·r

· ; ·:[;, ~:.~·..~:~:~~.~ · ~ ~ . ~:-~.;>:~· It'

' ...~ . .
··,

·: ·· ' '

• .

i- .

~ .

".

. ,, , .
.

..

.. "' .

:

••

,.;

/ '"" , • •. '
~

\

'

" • .J_f

I

-.-.

/ - ,l

{. ·"I

.'

,1 ',\ ·

. ,..1.- : .. ,:
..

'

c

. J ,; .

..' .:. . .

c:: -:

r' ....... ' ·

:-<

.,..

'~

.

_;.

.·

v'

~·
··
;.' I

1

'
•

'

·1:··,,,
!

' 1'1 11

:' · :1·i.!:
.. ; ·;
! ; .,1!•
: !! '"

11 .

~.

..

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;

l58
'

,'

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r

'

SYNTAX; ,

r,

'.

'

'

,

•

.<' _:., '

,·;,

1 .'

_

,

J

· '

':,..,,~· .. ,. ·r' ·., ~~:

· ,
'

1'•

.•

,

\,;.·~ . ') ~. ; ....~.:f

.' ,

I

inin.e ~r li~it the ·; Jhing spo.J<en
..1'. detc1~~ .
mines it ·¥> be . one : single . ,t hing' 'of 'the . kind,
(' leay~n~ i~ still uncertai.~ ,w.l?_icti: tl;f! dt;terrllines
. :. which 1t is, or of many, wlw:: J1 they are. •
'
'
..1 . . ••
The following passage will serve ·as ~n. ex. ample o f the clifTc rcnt u ses of' a :rnd th e,° and o i'
the force of the substantive .without any article.
" .J.v lan was. made· for society, and ought to ex , ~~pd hi~; gopd will to all ~e n : but a ·; man will
11 aturally entertain · a more p;:irticular kindness
_:: :. ·~~r the men, with ,whum he has the rnosl. frec1uent
· mlercourse; an<l enters into a still closer union
1
· w ill ; tlu' maii .wh osc tcinpcr. a_n d.-di sposi tio11 sui t
" best wi.t h his own .' '
. . ,1

or>·

. P,.t:t~r~s, John's', an~ .t\'n.<fre_~;s ·o t p4i>~tfo~{\f.a~ ,,;~;
that of fishermen. · . ::~ '. ', · ·1//" 7; ·" ..~ · ... ,. :".' \ " !,:t ,:· .
. ••, '.' '.
:,; ' ' , . >, '. ; ·· r '.<.~:·:\, ·:i t·.~r: .:'·'.:;;,: '.>·'.~· ·~ '; ~~
.. ,

'.

• _. ,,

.' I,,•

I

' ,'

"··.

• ,

RULE iff /;:... ;' ·,-,." .. .. ....~ ·

;:

,•

'\

I •

' ,,

I •

~~

'

• • I ': , ... :

- ·: :

:~·

\ •

': I ' •

•

• •

j

I .1. f.'

'•

· Transiti7.Je -verb~ 'gover1i ·tlie;objective ca'.;e. ·: _

.. EXE.R C TS ES IN FALSE SYNTAX.
', Tl1Cy who opulen~~ h as m~~l e proud, and wh o
I uxury has co 1~ru p ted, . cannot:.relish .· the .simple '
ple asures of uature .. · · , · ·. ·
» .
~ You hav:e reason ' to :· drea·d .·his .\vrath; ~ whi.~h 01~ e <lay will destroy ye both. · . . · · ;·' · · .J .••; · ..

'',<...

.

1

. J;ie and

th~Y ·-:ve

. .. , _

·

I

• . •. ••·•

·~ ~- ~
1' ;

·-:

" · ·

;·
,

..
·'

,

,,~

....

-

.

.· )''

"'I.

·. .·~ . ...', :~.: , .•·.··:.. ~ '

•

.......

• •,'•

•

•,"

I

-.,f '

~ ·

\ ''

:

'

.. ' "
·: ..
~ .·
.: . ; ,'. ..

f

I

;, •

'.

:1 .•: 1'

..

· RU~~ /V . ,.. . "·

>·

!t

l

•
J ,

•' '. 1:1

.- ': ·i ·

(·

..

'· <· ·,, .' Every 'adjec~ive belongs

.?-t•. ~: ..

I

,,

,

water,

I

l

_., .

•

...

.._.

t• ••'l:

"

·'

to some noun or'firo~\ 'nop.n, exjiressed or understood.
·
•:. · , 1. Adjectives are soD.:ietimes improperly ap. : RULE- IV.. , . , ......':-'·r- .' .. . .
:;. , plied as adverbs: as, "Indifferent honest; ex· ,.,:··The "article 1·efers i?:a:·n~~n··:6;; fz;;o;~ o~~t>L:> ·
' cellent well; miserable poor," instead of "In1
f rress.ed or understood, to li.mit' it~ si'gnifica'tio~: · :,
, -'
differp1tl)·. hc:inest; CX\::ell9ntly well; miserably
I :
is the nature of, both the articles to cl~t'c~r-"· '.:· .- ..:.:., . poor. H · .· · ·. ·. · ...
· ·.··
. i . '· 1··'.\·) ·, .... ...:

;.,·

.

! ;,

·j . . .ci'. roi;s.

~

'

.· sECTION':ju ~

!i

1

· ·
· I-- ,

'••1 !

EXERCISES .JN FALSE SY:NT AX. :
The . fire;° the air; ti-le earth, and the .
' ~are four elements of the philosophers" · .
. i 1. .
R~aso~ wa? giv:en to, a man to . cont,rol . his
I. passions . ·
·
'
·
~'.
· vV ~. have within' u's an iutelligent principle,
3 .., distin c t from bo dy and fr om matte r .
A m an is the 11o blc st work of c r cat iou.
vViscst and best men som e times commit

know, hut who ·are you? •. .

'· _

;

·

S~rn tJ1at . 1 ~ , ulle .a nd :r:n.i~chicrnus, · rcpmvc

sh~_rply_,

l; ·.

1

. vVhu hav e .I 1·cason to Jo ,- ~· s~· · r~~·uch ~ ~ ·tl~ is
irieud of my youth . . . · " ·. · . ·
··· '":' ..i
. . Y ew.h o were d~a~, . halh, l1e ·quicken.e<l~ .· 11 •
, .·· Who did they entertain ·50 fre.ely.
·~:'.i~ ; ..
',·'".·.•.:?,,;b1. -~c. u.r.~fr. ,'~. >.~s,.
' eaTd.h. e' i:,ian ~vho,, he r~.· is~ld: .·,f ·1.:.o.' m
d
.
.
. eYe.ca i~tnl.l.y have l known o( all' the:familie.~· pf

tI1

•1:'

'

,,1

!

'

', J .

. J.

'

,I

'

i ·I

,

'1:t :

u

.1 .

;1:

1:1, I
ll •';
. ! I .i

I

J·: t! ..:·
1: · · :J:iPr1
.•.
J

.

.., ,
•'·
. 't. ~ { . ''

.,

!Gu

2. A dve1JJ!;, arc likcwii;c ; i~;11iro p.~tly · u:sc;d _:~~ . <:' ;
adjectives: as, . " The· t11to1; addresse d · him in · ·\:'.
tei·rns rath er w:irm, but suitably.to,,J1i.s .off-cnce;"
"suitable.''. ."Th e y 'Vere 's·e e n . ' va nrl ering: aboo t '"
solital'ily and . c)istressed ;" ... soli1a1·y""'.·, .(" •' ··~'
.

. !~ .

. '

. f·: .

:

~

EXJ:;RCISE,$ IN FALSE . S.YNT1\:X .. " ' ' : ;
I . She r ea~ls · ·p roper', . writes very 1~e·~t ,... ,a;1~l .. '
comp oses accurate.
·
•.· •
He \Vas cxtren1e pt~o cligal, and his properly ''"
.is now 1i ear exhausted. . · '.
· :• · · · ·
· ""
.•
Th ey generally succeeded·; for th ey livctl c'>n~
1
form able to .t he rules of prudt:ncc. · . · 1 - ·
He was so de e ply . irnprcssed · with . _tl\C subj ect th a t few could speak ·nobler upon it: ; ~ . \>Ve may credit his' testi'!11ony ; Tor:.he s·a ys c~- ·
press, that h e sa\v .the·transaction. ·" '
'
2. U sc a littl e wiuc for thy stomach's sake, , •'
and thine ortc;n infirmities. · . : ' ..:· ' . ; ,.(·: .· .
! .
.·.·-

~ ··

' ...
'4

SYNTAX .

.

'

16 1

EXERCIS.E S IN FA.L SE SYNTAX.
Esteeming . th e.i1;selves wise, they became
fools.
· · · :
Suspecting not ot il y ye, but they also, I was
s tudiou s lo avo id all intercourse.
'I could net avoid consicle1,ing, in some deg re e,
th ey as en emies to m e ; and he as a suspicious
fri end.
·
.

·

·

~uhich

;Yotlo'it' m :e ,.rnitcd -to th e
note under Rt.JLE VII.

: T/l(i cx a111/ 1lcs

0

I . Il y obse1;\'i 1)g o r lru th, );OU 'will command

• esteem. as well as scci.1re p eace.
. H e 11'rcparecl them fo.r this ~ v ent , by the sending to th e m prop er in! orm allo n._ ·
·
.' ..
A per so n may be g r eat · or. n c h .bv c han ce ,
but cannot be wise or good, without ih e taking
v ain s for it.
. ·,

,

HULE Vl!I.
.flih•er bs qua l!f i; -v cri18 , / ia 1·t ici/1lcs , adjectiv es ,
a!id ot h er advcr b8.

· IWLE VII.
Partici/ 1fr.y o.f THANSITIV~ 11crbs :g ¢i:cni t/!O
'j
ofijecti1•e ca;;c. ..
, ·"
. ,., .. :". ·'-,'/.
I. The prese nt p ; 1:ti-cipl e, . " ;ith . the . de'fi·1~i'~;.·.

-~

ar ti cle .the befor e .it, beco m es a substaJJti,·e, ::i.nd
must h ave the preposition qf afterit; both·;11µst ;.
:.
be usecl or both i:>mittcd. · , .... · ' _" . ' "'"
. .·.. :• ~ · )

,.

.

Adverbs, thot1 ~ h · they ha ve no go~e rnrn_c 11t
o f ca se, tense, &c. r eq.uirc an appro pnate situ-.
ation in th e sentenc e, viz . for t_h e most part, before adj ecti ves, after verbs active or n eut er, and
frequently betwee11 th e auxiliary a_nd th e verb:
~s "He made a -very sen.~ible discourse; h e
~j1 oke u na(fect cdly .andforci bly; and was at ten th!ely hea;·d by the whole ass ei~1bly."
·
I. Two negatives, in English, des troy one
1

0

2

J
-

!
.

- .,

~-

~-,·

·,.____

~ «

,

·. ..

-.

r.

i-

ii'~--

••

..
l ti :2

SYN TA X.

an~thcr,

0 1·

arc cquiv'~ J c nt to an affirmative : as;

".Nor rlid they not pe rce ive him ;" . that is," th ey

did perce ive him." '' His lan g-:1:ige, thou g h
in elega nt , is not 11ngr am111aticat,'' th at is ," It is
grammatical." ,

EXEHCISES IN FALSE .SYNTAX.
Ir e · was picasi11 g 11 ot. o ft eil, because h e wa s

.

l'::tl\L

\Villi am nobly ac ted, 'th oug h h e was un success ful.
\-\' c ma y happily liv e, th uug-h q ur 1rnsscss ions
arc small.
Fro111 whcncc we .111ay cl aic. lik ew ise th e pe ·
ri od u(' this eve nt.
1. Neith e r r ic hes, nor honoi.1rs, nor nb such
perishinr; r;oods, can satisfy .the des ires· of an
im m ort al s p1rit.
, .
Th e re cannot l1e not hi ng 1not·c in significant
than vanilv.
Nothing 11 ever .affe c ted ,h er so mt1ch as thi ~
mi sco ndu ct of he r c hild ,

...

. SECTION V.
RULE IX.
Pro11.ouns must a g ree witlt th e noun s for ~uhich ;'
they stand in nztmb cr and gender.

EXE RCIS E S IN FALSE SYNTAX.
Th e male amorir;s t birds seems to discovel'
110 beauty , hu t in the colou r of its sp ecies .
Take i1amlfuls or ashes or th e ful'llace, ancl lct
Moses spri 11kl e it tow.irds h eav en in th e sight
of P h arao h; and it shall become small du st.
R ebecc a took goo dly r aim ent, which were
with her iu the house, and put th e m l1po n Jacob.
The fair sex , wh ose task is not lo m ing-le in
t h e labo urs of publi c life, li,as its own part as :-; ig ned.,it to ,act.
'RULJ<; X.
Ever y atljcctive j1ronou11 belongs to-~~mc· 11ou1;
or /u-. ondun c:x:j1rc sscd or u11dlT8t oo d . . · . . · .

Th,e acljectiYe ·p ronoun s this a ncl · that, and
.their plurals these aml.llrnse, ~nd .th e n\1me1;'!l
a dj ecti ves, must agree ~n numbe r w1t~1 the noun s
to which th ey. b elong. .
·. .
L Th e wo rd J11ea11s m th e smgular' number,
an<l the pli1·asc s, " By, this mean.~," · " By that
~11 cans ," arc used by ~ur best and m os t correct
writ ers.
:Y
.
2. · The <listributivt::.·~ulj e ctive pronouns, each,
-:v ery, eith er, ag ree with nou ns, pronouns, and
ve rbs, of th e. sin-g ular number 011ly.

EXERCISES IN FALSE SYNTAX.
These kind ~f ind~lgences soften and injure
the mind.
· Instead of improving yourselves, you have
been playing this two hours.

!··i·, .. '

! 1· ,·

164·

165

S YNTAX.

Thos e sort of favours did real injury, under
the app ea rance of kindness. ,
The chasm mad e b y th e earthqu ake was
tw enty foot broad,. an<l one hundred fathom in
depth . .

.SECTION VI.
·:.

H. ULI~ XL
Th e ex am/1/cs 1uhi.cli follo1u, are iiU ite<l to tlw
'
notes unrfrr H ULE X.
I. C harles was ex travaga nt, and by thi s mea n

becam e poor and despi ca ble.
It was by that ungenerous m ea n tha t he obtainecl his end.
Industry is the mean of .obta inin g . comp etency .
,
Though a prom isin g m easure , it is a m ean
wh ic h I cannot adopt.
Thi s person embraced eve ry op portu nity to
tlisplay hi s talents;. and by th ese means r end ered
hirn sc;l f ridi culou s. ·
Joseph was ind_ustriciu s,· fru gal, and discreet;
and by thi s m eans ?btain,ecl jJrop erty• and reputat ion.
~
·
·
2 . Each of th em, in their turn, r ccei.vc th e b.c nc li ts to whi ch they arc .e ntitl ed.
My cou nsel to eac h of·yon is, th at yo u should
m ake it your endeavo ur'. to co 111.e to a fri endl y
agrecnicnt .
;~~
·
By di scuss in g what r elates to eac h particular, in their ord er, we shall b etter und erstand
t he su bj ect.
Eve ry person, wh atever be th eir s tation, are
bound by the duties of morality and religion.

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R 1:l~ti·ue f 1rnuou 11s ag rec.vi•h h. tll~ir.afttecedents
.

in f1 er 11on , 1mmbe1·:; rmd ·gcnder .* . ·
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Th e rcl:ltive . ~ cing 'of the· ~at~e ·p~rson ' that
\h e anteced ent is, r equit'es the vec.b.1:rluch;igreef.l
with it, to he oftf1e same .person that\ it wnulrl
'be to · agree ~with- the .antecedent: as, "T!iou
vuho lovcqt .wisdom, \valkest uprightly;" " He
vulw loves ·wiscloin, ·w alks uprightly;" " I vu/l o
'\ lo~e,'.' &:c.
. . , .. ·
.. _ _
.. : .• .
.
. E.ve rv: r elative· 1nust have . an -~mtcce<lcnt to
whi ch Ii: re fers, either cxpres~ecl_'. or_ ~1nplied : : a s~
"\i\T hci is fatal ·to ,othcrs, is' so lo ,ln,lnself;- that
is;'" t!i i: ·111an vuhp 1s fatai to :.o~h ~rs.'.' '· · ,..,;,

EXE_RCIS~S . Il'i~~'A-~sE . 9Y~T~~- .
The" exercise of r eason appears _. as little Ill
'.th ese· sportsmen,'as ' i~ the ..- beasts -':vhom .they
some time$ hu11t, ': a11d ·/by;,vh.om they are ;>o metimes hunted . . · · . . .. ' · ·: ·
.
.Th ey which .s eek ,,\i isdom will ,cert ainly · find
. .
. ·,. · .· .
h er . ·, · :
Th e. wheel ' killc~t another man, 'Yhich is th e
sixth which h·av.e lost th.e ir'livcs., \)y thi ~ !)l e.ans .
0

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166

SYNTAX.

.

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xu>
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,

RULE
..

' ;-··1.;.: .. ·

SECTION· vn.
,)

. .HULE ·Xm.··.
'

.live and the verb, the r'elati7le 'is the nominative
to thr 7lr.rb; but when a nominatfoe does ·come
br. 1w een the relative · and the verb, the :· relative
must be in the fw sses sive case, . and governed by
the following noun, or in .. the o.bject.i ve ,. and governed by the .follo~uing Verb, or .by some fzartici/1le 01" f1re/10sition, in its O"<Un member of the
sentence: as, He 7uho ·preserves 'ine, . to whom I
owe my being, w!zose I am, and w!,om I se1:ve, is
eternal.
·
' .
..
EXERCISES IN FALSE · SYNTAX. '

,;ye are dependent· \.1pon . each other's assistance; whom -is there that can stlbiist by., himself?
·
· · . '·
· · · · < :. ·.
H he will not he::wl1is 'best fricnd1 whom shall
he sent to admonish him?
Th ey who much i~ given to, will have much
to answer for.
,
;
From the character of.those who · you associa te with, your own will be .estimated.
. ··
That is the student who I gave the book t9,
and whom, I am persuaded, deserves .it. ·
·

,,

1, · ,·

..

1-Vhen no no 1ni11atfoe i:;oiri'~s bet7veeil · the.rela-

t6't

SYNTAX,
. 1·

:/
Thou ·who has been a· \ritness .to . the .' fact, .
can give an account . orit·,..,: ~ :
:•
Thou great First Cause, least understood!.
'¥ho all my sense confin'd, ,f;;:.c~
.· . ·

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Pre/w'sitions govern .the, objective .ca .~e. ·.

.

EXERCISES IN FALSE .SYNTAX . .

We arc ali a~c'ourttable . creatures'; . each .for
hisself.
:·'-. ' ', ·. ·· . , ,
.·· ~.. · · , . . .
• They willingly, .arid of thcirselves·.cndeavour.7
ed to' make u_p .the difference ,' · '.··' .. ~ ' .. ..
. He laid th.e suspicion up,6.ri .so'm cbpdy, I kno,w
not who, in -the company; .
.
,
I Jiope it is not I whci · he. is displeased wi~h. ~
. . To pcio1· .w ~ .t here i!\ . n~ t in ,ud~_hope ; rpma1,nrng. .
..
. . . . .
, .. ·.
Doe~ that boy know who he speaks to? \Vho
does he offer such language to.?',., • ·, • ·.
· It \\' as not he that the},"' \\!ere so ·,ang1:y with; '
What concord can stibsis't be tween those who
com~it crimes ·and those who 'abho1' lhem?
The · person who
travelled,. with,. '.J~as " sold
!lie horse· ,vnich .he fode ondunngour JOllrf!ey.

I:

RLf LE XIV."

' .

'JVou 11s mid /1ro nouns ,' connected ·by: co11junc !.ions, must :br: .in th e 8a11ie cau, , ,'.

· RULE
•I

•

••

.xix: · ·
•

, Verbs, connected by conjunctions, must be i1,t
the same mood and tense, and wizen .. in the subjunctive, they must be in the S;\ME FORM.*
• As the neuter verb BF., and iiassive verbM, h:tve two
forms of the subjunctive imf1e1fect as well as of the pre.sent, this rule applies to the imperfect tense of sucb
Htbs, as well as to the present. ·

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16S

SYNTAX.

EXERCISES

IN' ~;ALSE

Professing r egard, and to act ' diffe1:ei1f!y, discover a base mind " ' · .:. ·: ·: ·. ,'' "
·"-. '. ·
Did he not tell me his fault,· and entreated me
to for g ive him? ·
" - .:
.· ,. ··
· · ... _.
. lVly brother and him ' are tol erable . ·~ramtha~
.r1ans.
' ·
·.
· t> · · · •
. .If he und erstand the subject, and a~t~1~ cls l!) it
llllh1stnou sly, h e can scarcely fail 'of succ'ess . .
·; .. Y.ou and us enjoy many privil eges. , ·' · >
Ha. man have a . hundred . sheep, and one of
th em 1s go ne astray, doth h e not'leave the 11inety and nin e, and goeth into the mountains, and
· seekcth that .which is ·go1)e asfray ?'.' • ·. : :
She and !um are ·very · t\nhappily connectcU.
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RULE

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169

EXERCISES IN FALSE .SYNTAX.
J dleMss and ignorance is the parent ·of ·many
·d ces.
,,
,.
·
vVisdom, virtue, happiness, dwells with the
gold en mediocrity. ·.
·
In unity consists the welfare and sec ui·.ity of
e very society. ·
'
·
Time and tide waits for no ·man.
His politeness and good ·disposition ·was; on
failure of their .effect, entirely chan~ed. ·
Pati.e nce ,and diligehcei like faith, remov.es·
mountains ; ·
,. ·.
Man's happiness, . 01; misery, are;.in a great. .
measure, put into his own hands.
,
Man is . not such a machine as a clock or a
watch, wliich movi': me~ely as they are moved.
.' ~ ·

·: ·: RU~E, .'X.Yl·

SEC'tION· ,vrir.
. \

SYNTAX.

SYN·r AX.

.

jVouns and. fzrpnouns in a/zjiosition,, _.must be
'
·. .'
I saw John . and hill sister, they who came to
your house.
" ·
·
·
We must respect the good and the .wise, they
who endeavour to . enlighten · us,. and make us
better.
in t!te sa'm e cast!.

xv.

i·Vlt en two or more tzouns; or nouns and fzr 11 •
1iouns of the 8i1l!J.Ufa1· number, art: comz ecied by' a
COPULATIVE con;unction, ei jiressed or 1.1.iidersto od, t'.ie y must have verb s , nouns , and f tro noun s , zn thei~LUHAL number to ag r ee with them;
but .~vhe1'. they are connected by a- DISJUN CTIVE
c on;unctzon, th ey must have verbs , nouno, and
ftronouns, qf tlir: SJNGUJ.AR 11 umber to OPTl'C ~1•it/1
t11e'11 .
e>
\I}

l

· Rl)LE

~X.*

.

The jnfinitive· mood may be governed . by a
v erb,, noun , adjective., or / za rtici/1le.
The yerbs which require those that follow
• There are no corrections to be ma<le under th e 17th
and 18l:)i rµles; and the 19th was considered with the
14th.
•

----170

SY.KT AX.

S YNTAX.

them in the infinitive mood, .to be used without
the sign to, are, make, need, see, bid, dare, feel,··
hear, let; and sometimes a few others. ·...., '
-~·his · irregularity, however, extends on ly •to
active or 11c11tcr verbs; for all the verbs above
mentioned, when made passive, require to to be
11scd before the following verb · in the infinitive
mood : as, " He was seen to go;" " He was
heard to s/1eak."
·
' . ·
··
'

EXERCISES IN -FALSE SYNTAX . .
I n eed not to solicit him to do a kind action .
. I dar? not to proceed so hastily, lest I should
;;1v e ofl ence.
.
·
·
I have seen some . yolmg i>ersons to conduct
t h e m~clves very rliscreeily .'
: ·, ·
.It 1s ~ g reat support to virti.Ie, when we see a
~ootl m\n~ t? ~na.intaih· its p~ti~nce anrl trancjuil~
l1ty, 1.1nl.c1 lllJUnes .and atR1ct10n and to cortli,
ally forgive its oppressors.
.'
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RULE XXL
.Any ·i nt ra nsitive, jiaxsi0e, or neu ter ·ve rb,
m ust have the same cas e aft er it as before . it,
w lz e'n both wo rds rifer t o, a·nd signify, th e .rn.111e
thing.
·
If you r ecoll ect what I said under this ·rule
in Conve1~sa tion XX, you can correct and parse
the followrng
·· ·
.
·
·

j

171

S.carch the Sct·i1)tures; for in them ye think
ye have. eternal life: and they .arc them which
testify of me . ..
Ile composed: it is me: you have no cause
.. for fear.
'
I cannot tell who has befriended me, UJiless it
is him from whom I have received many bene•
fits.
If it were not him, who do you imagine it to
have been?
vVho do you think him to be?
'\Vhom do ~he people say .that we a1:e?

• RULE

xxn:

. The infinitive mood, or /wrt of a sentence, is
sumetimc.y the subject of a verb, and is , there."'
.fo1·e, its nominative.
· vVhen several phrases, connected by a copulative conjunction,. expi·essed.ot·.understood, are
made nominatives · to a ·vei·b, the ¥crb mu&t be
plural: • as, "To be temperate in eating and
clrinking, to use exercise in the open air, and to
preserve the min ~l free from tumultuous emotions,. are the best preservations of health."
But when the whole sentence forms but one
~ nominative, conveying a unity of idea, the verb
must be singu lar: as, '~ That warm climates
should accelerate the grciwlh of the human body,
and shorten its duration, is very reasonable to
believe."

EXERCISES IN FALSE SYNTAX.

EXERCISES IN FALSE SYNTAX.

'\Vell may you be afraid; it .is him indeed.
. I ';oulc! act the same part if I were him, or in .
I11s s1tuat1011.

To do unto all men,·as '"e would, that they, in
similar circumstances, · should tlo unto us, con·
stilute the great principle of virtue: ·

172

SYNTAX.

From . a fear of the world 's cen sure, to be
ashaml'd of th e pra c tic e of precepts which the
heart approves and embraces, mark a feeble
anrl imperfect character.
To he of a pure anti humble mind, to exercise
benevolence tow ards others, lo cultivate piety
toward s God, is th e s ure m ea ns of becoming
p eaceful an cl h appy.
·

RULE XXIII.
T-Vhcn a noun 01· /n-onoun ha s no verb to ag ree
with it, but is /ilac ed ' br,/01·e a /iar tici/ile, i11dcftende11t!y on the rest of the snztence, it must be
in tile nominative case absolute.'

EXERCISES IN FALSE SYNTAX.
Solomon was of thi s minrl; and I have no doubt
he m ad e as wise and trn e prnve rbs, as any body
l1as done since: hini only excepted, \Vho was a
much greate1· anti wiser man th a n Solomon.
- - - - Him dc s troy" rl,
Or won to what m ay \\'O rk his utter loss,
./\JI th is will soon follow.
- - - - vVhose gray top
Shall tremble, him des ce ndiu 1.~ ·

I

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rC/ For th e rules of Orthogrn~hy, exercises in false
01·tliniira ph y, critical notes n 11 ~y nt ax, more copious
selections of fals e Syntax, am! severa l othe rrules fo1'
co l'l'ecting- it, a1Hl for P11n c tuntinn ; learn e rs are ' referr ccl to "Con"ersations on En glis h Gr:11nmar, abri<lgecl," from which this "hs\racl is tak e n, price, balfbo1111d,
seventy.fi\'e cents; and for. Prosody and the figures of

.,

speech, to the entire work.

. . ·~.
l •

THE END.

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