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A COMPLETE COURSE IN ENGLISH.
llY

A.l\1.,

AtONZO TIEEJ>,

A,;r>

nn..i:-;<;HJ)

l\EJ.LIJ G( ;,

LL.n.

PREFACE.

REED'S WORD LESSONS, A COMPLETE SPELLER . n.,1~ned to tench tho
1·uri ed rlj•t'l11n,I.!', pi oouo c u.1ti o n, nnd ll 8e of 1o1uch won!" ouly n"' ure m oe t co mrn u n
i n l' t irn· 11t l11eratu1e, 1111U u~ ar c 11 10 1'\ l li k ely t o be JIJJ ~;; J H: ll cd, 11_d ~pro11o u11 c t·tJ, o r

---

111urnst•tl , und to uwak1•11 new iutcn: r;L iu the tHudy o f ey 11 u11ymis und o f W(Jrd .
l 8S l'a.f.C c il, 1~11 10.

11n1dprn;.

REED'S INTRODUCTORY LANGUAGE WORK.
but tllt·tho<l il':t l !tNi t •fol. o f <'Xt•r1 · 1,.. t• R ill
g:r 11mruar. 2:,;..: pagcH , lfl rn o, li n e n.

A simplo, Yaricd , 1111d pl ea •iog,

J~n~l is h l o pn.:cede llic r.iludy Of

REED & KELLOGG'S GRADED L ESS ONS IN ENGLISH .

tcd11JJ c uJ

An e lem e nl11ry Eng.

list. g1arnmar, C• JO l"i ri tiu i.:: C•f o ne• ln 11 11 lrt·ll pra c t kal lcMOlli-1, cu1efuJJy grn<led a nd
Htlu p tc d tu the cl11 ~rl ·rou 11i. :.'00 11ug: ee, lflmo, lin1~ n .

REED & KELLOGG 'S HJGH ER LESSONS IN ENGLISH.

A wo rk on Eugllob

g-rnmma r nnd eom1H., "i1i11n, iu whi c 11 th e s dc 11 ce of t11 c Jangun;;c its made tri l.i utnry lo tll e ttrl o f t· ,;JH l· ~is i o 11 . .J\ cuun1ic of J1r:.i c ti ca l fr gsu ne c11 rcf111!y graded, and
ndapt cd to C\·c ry -da y lltiC i n t he scl1ool . roo111. 3 16 pag es , 1&1110, clot Ii.

REED & KF.LLOGG'S ONE -BOO K COURSE IN ENGLISH. A rnre fully grad ed
and com pl ete ~<'ri t·~ of l t· rf'!u n~ i11 E ng"lieh gram1111u· un<l cumpor;it io n UrutcJ o n
the 1111t11rn l d cvcl u p111t:nt of Ilic 1H: ni..: 11 ..: c. F or e c J1ooli1 tha1 have not. lim e to con1p lc tc m o re than o n e bouk o n gra 1J1111ar. 328 pages , 161110, c lot lJ.
& REED ' S WORD-BUILDING. F i ft y '""""""· coniui ni n~ 1.!ltln,
Ort•ck , mid .Ati glv - ~ason r uvlr1, prl'li Xtli , und ,.uf1ixes, iut o nLo ul flfty . fivt1 huu.
tl r1•d con1111vn <li·d\"alh·· W1 111l., In E111(llr1h; with n Urlc f ll inlvry of lh ts EngllA h
l1t11 g11 Hge . ] 12 j>Hg'.l'I'!, 101t10, t: ltJlli.

KELLOGG

KELLOGG & REED'S THE ENGLI SH LANGUAGE. A b rl d ld•l o ry of Ou· ~rnrn­
n1ntlnd t•h 11 11g •·H uf th~ · 11111 ~ 11111.~ c : 1111tl Ill'( \"uca Uula ry, w it h t'Xt•rdl'!ctl on K)" ll1J 11yn11t ,
1nt'fixl·~, 1rntlixt'ff , \\·ord - anal pt i~. :wd w o rd -h u lllli ng. A te:st-Look fo r lli g ti e c lioola
un<l collcg:cr1 .

2'..!0 pa g('1' , JtJm o , c luth.

KELLOGG ' S TEXT -BOOK ON RHETORIC.

lled •cd und en lnrged edition.

Sup.

Jil{•menlin g the tlc\"C•lopmcnt of th e ec-icncc with c·x l1 u u ;iti\'c prn c ti c e in c ompo"i·
l io n. .A coun~c o f pral:ti cal l c~ ~ o 1Hi ndnpt cd fo r t1t1c in liig- b ec h oole, a cad e mi ce ,
and lowe r c lus"cH o f <'Olle~{' /4. :J4 5 pa gt'"• l'..!m o 1 dot h.

KELLOGG ' S TEXT -BOOK ON E NGLI SH LITERATURE, witl1 co pl ou• c xtrncto
from tlu~ l t' :idi ng uut hors, En ~ lil"h n nd Amrri cnn , and full ln~tructio n s tUI to \bo
n..cth od in whkl.1 tlu·P1 c arc t o be studied . ~ R,j J'llKCti , l:lm o , cloth .

Copyi-il!ht, 1 8 ~0 , JS!H, l 8~i~ 1 lJy BnAINt~nn J{ rn.tooo.
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Rhetoric , an Art .

J, •nf>,. 1·1,iu g_ " ·l1:tt to (lo

:u1cl l 10 w

t0 (h'

it rui<l r etililin g t h e ae<1uire<l knowl edge in r ecib tt iun s :lil1l
in oral

or

written exarni11 at io ns

arc

tlii 11 gs

easy

of

:u;cnm -

'vl1·,·t
·
plishm e11 t ; <l orng
• • on e l1as Jearnctl how t" do, a1 11l
doing t li is Jiabitu:-tl ly, are 11ot. \\That tP:tchrr of rlu•lori <:
h as n ot sy mpa.thized with the d eligh tful l'urt.ia, i n the
"J\{e r c l1 :rnt of

Ven ie<-> ,'' wh en sh e says, with :t sigh, " Jf to

do w e re as easy as iv l•J1uw w lwt were yoo1l to do, chapels l1a<l
.
' pa l :u:cs
. " •)'
b ee n cl iurelu's, :rn \l poor m e n 's cot.tn.ges r•n11<·.cs
}kc:wse of tl 1i s <liH-it·ulty of <loing- :t11 <l our 11 rg!Pd. of it.,
how m LH; h uf o m instruction· fai l s of t liat fu r wl ii eli il is
chi efly inten<l C' d !
N o profnssor of JJ111 s ic-t.ext-bnok :1s \.l' l•ll :ts i11 sl.r1ll' l <1 r
_ sits <lown wi th his scholar, ex poulJ(l s t h e pri11 " iplt-s 011
wlii\:h t li e a rt of music r es t s, C'Xp1ains 1ww this, tl1at, :tn•l
the otltcr pie\:<: shoul<l b e ren<lerecl, in sta11 cC's motll·l p 1.• rformers, w:m1s t h e pupil against the

e rr o rs

in to whi ch lil'

is

Jin,lJl e to fall, and then goes a.way im agi nin g t hnt rna1t'r su eh
tra inin :; t li c yo uth is li kc' ly t o Lccomc a rnus ici:rn.

Bu t in

t eaching the a rt of arts, tlt e a r t of tl1i11king nml exp rrss ing
tho11 gl1t, a n · w e not prone to stop
t.ion nf t h1 ~

)'ri1w i pl l's

sl 1o r t

nf tho i'<' i<'n Pr;

1·orr0('tio 11 ., so 1n~ ~ ]i:1s ....;: 1g t·S

violating-

or

thesf~

witlt th e 1n·rs l'11 ta-

:·1i1 <1, it;

111 :1.\·

lie.,

f1•r

pri11<·ipl1· s. '"' 111 ·
3

4

I'r~firrf'.

I' reface.
Arc ,,.e not apt to tl1i11k

speakin g, rhetoric can not- nothin g ca11 - tcu 1_'h t.lw J>LIJ•il Lo

that with this our wo rk a s author fitly ends ; or, if not, t hat

t hink, r ht:turic e:lll 1Jr111 g tlw p11j>i l into such rrbtio1i s 11·i tlL

the t eache r will take up 011 r unfinished task, :ind , witl1 ou t

his s 11 uj•'Ct th:-tt li e sli:lll fi nd 11111 .. li tl1rn1 g l1t i11 it·, a 11 ,; i .. ·
led to put t liis i11tu t li• \ nw ~t kl li11g pbue iu liis oral ;11iti

stance writers who observe t h em?

rn od els, hi 11 ts, s nggcstions, o utli n es, diredions any ki1Hl hid out for him -

wo rk o f

wr itten dforts.

will go on to tench t h e pupil s

a :S(;11tcnee is a~ the t·n1 l1od in11 ·11 t u f a Llt1)u~l1L

to translate in to product an<l make :w:iilabl e in speec h thu
t h eory nnfold cll aml the k no\\·l cflgc im parted '?

:1i J1i

t

fp ·

i11 strnment or its expri'ssio11, tl11' 1rn l'i I

;

·~

tliro11gli tl1e ('<1 11.sL rw· t i1 m u f sc11Ll' n(·_,.s of ;dl t'(>Jl( ''' l\·:il.:"

T he cry comin g up

T he Text-book Teachers Demand.

Hav i1 1g lrarncll what thi11ki11 ;.; is . :t 11< ! \1 !1 :i

from t each er s on :ill sitles is, t h at th ey n eed somethin g

ki111ls -

more in the t e xt-hook, something tliat, afte r t h e p r in cipl es

t r:-i.ns ro ri11 cu l1y s 11 bstitution :tnd l1v <'<>1il.r;u-t 1<111 :wd <'\. '1., 111 _

from t.lic si1 1t11l c:.st Lu tl1t·. rnu sL 111trll':d.1·, :wll ti1<'Sl>

of the scicllCC have lJcen folly a nd clearl y nnfoldcd, sha ll go

s ion,- t hrough U11• sy1 1Ll1esis

~

or

Sll('li Sl'l1t.1·11 .. 1·s

on imm ed iately to m:uk out 11·o rk fo r the pupil to do in

gr:tph s, ;1.11d t.lt r1J11 gi 1 tlw analysis .,f

ill nstration of what he kts le:nnc<l , :wd shall exact th e

p rqi;u·:cLi"11 uf fr:u 11 ,·11·u rk,.;, l.u
f u r Ii i.'-i t li•.·1 11• ·-' ·

do in g of it, not in the n·<·lt;1tion-roo rn, but i ll i11·e i .1 aration
fur it :in cl as tl ie bunlc11 of !tis lesson. ' Ve bcl icv1\ witlt
:;uc ii t(':teii crs, that th e ai lll of tl11~ stHdy s !touM he to put
thn pH]'il in possf>ssion of an art ; an<l tli:1t this ea11111;t ],,.

Rhetoric, the Art of Expression.

111'1L

:w t.ho r ltas prc·pan:il this work

'fr 1 1 l1is

:111<1

;,, ,..

ti111ii11,c; .. r i.11"

1 J,,, , 1.'-'.J ,t

1· 11d"r '/ 'l"/ifi, ·s

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do to s c1:lll'l! tlt"s.-: <111:1i1Lil'.'-', and l1:is pl: 11·1» I J,. f,,; -,. ) 11111
p :tgcs oI 1:xtr;ccts frn1 11 Liic best wrikrs for ti "' ni l ll'lli st :r•ii
• ,[' .sf.1· J,•.

liut must brgPly Le accompli~hu<l hv 11 raw in Q' it out o f h im.
:111il

SllliJ1·1·l.s

lf1·l i1'f t J 14 ·

Li 11d1_:r _1>rodaclt'o11s, :i ll d1....;<·011rs 1: is d1\'1d1·d irdt) 11r: il :tr id

In it all c xpbnation s of

Ti,.._,,. :iri · ~ 11 1 ,.

prin c ipleti a r r, one at :t time a ntl in1m ed ia.tely, supplc me1 1Lcu

wn t.t1•n, :tlltl w riLlt·1 1 i11t." J'l'Osc and j11><· Lr1-.

Ly L'X l1 :wst il' C pract iec in curnpoi'itio n.

d1nd"d, :tlld Ute n•11ui,;iLl's :i 11 d f111 1t:ii1.11_, .,f tl11· ~: r:i 1 "i

T it c plan purs u!!d in t l1 c l>1111k is si 1nJlle.

Thf> work

;._.

d i1·i s ioi 1s :uul uf Ll 1.,ir s11l.d il'i su 11s a n: t: X}'L1i 11 P1i.

stands 1111de r t hree J 1 eads ~ ln l'c nti o n, QHali tiPs of ~t.y l• '.

a Lt. .. 111. 1.,11

and rrod uctions .

-

Rhetoric, the Art
n pon i111:e11lirm. -

of Invention .

th f• find in~ of t.1 11·

t11

uf jH>d-ry :lll tl

1 l1"s1 ·

s11 J,st.1t.11f. i,il 1 ur f1 ·1·L :m·

lltl·Lt-r

tliou .~ltt.

Lo t.h1• jllij•ii ';; l'lHllj>l'l :l 11·11 s1 t>Jl ,
r r1C1 1·:1I s!111.iy uI )""·l.ry .

-

t h .-~

most

\\' h jJ .-., st ri dh-

:-;!"'"i :tl

prud111:1.i.,:1s 1·x:wli·d «ft lll' 1o1; ;, 1:.
d1·l1a k s, orat ion s, l<'tt1•rs, 1•s says . Tl11· rliyt li1:1 :1i 1d :.i 11 •
is g in·1L

lf rf·:tt stress is Jaj, I

irnport;rn t <'k1w·J1t i11 disr-nnrsr n f :my kind.

·~; "t .' ·-

Lltt; l•llj>i l 1:-; lJJ:tt it; Ln111 l1 :ll' wi th ]'<'r:-c.111 "11 ity, i11 1:1_c:• ·ry. ,. 1,.·rc:_,-.
,,-it, l•:-it.lins, n111l i·l1·g.11wr-. J,•;u-ns i11 ill't:itl \1·li "t ),. . 11 1,1-;c.

du ne lJy forc in g t lt e science i11 t.o him thro ugh eye arnl c:tr.
in Jl l'tHi11rts . t.hrongh tnn~11 f•

ti 1t :

1i::r:1-

;:;j .,

Lil\:

11111 ' i"

:·t111l 1· xt. r ac!s :tl'l' "'.i':··]I

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Prr.facc.

G

The Doing, the Essential Thing.

Hut wheth er, u11 tll'l' t l1 "

h ead of .fovenlion, tlie aut.hor is c01 Hluct i11 g t h e pupi l up
tltrough the constru etion of scnteuccs :iml par:.igrnphs, :i11d
th rough the analysis o[ sul•jects a1ul t] ie prcparatio11 uf
frameworks, to t he findi11g of t hou ght for his th em e ; or,
un<ler the h c:ttl of sl!Jle, h e is n.cq u::tin t ing t he pupil with its
car<l iu:t.l q ualiti es; o r, 111Hll'r t he hr:.itl of Jl1"0cluctions, ho is

ia the s:une cla.s:;es wi th the old.

U1ttll'r tlw l11·:11l of ;11·,,_

priety may be fo 11 rnl a 1lde neo uf mall } uxprPR:;i111 1s 1111jusll .1·
con<lemnecl by rece nt cri1.i1·s ; a111l, u11 <lt:r :<£111_,, /,~ 1 •,, ,-./s,
1

som e original work r rspccti ng t h e Latin ::u11l t he :\ ll gluSaxon in 011r vocalmlary.
Put . YTl~C JINJ C IN~T1TUTF., R H.u cl Kt.YN,

Juno l,

N.Y.,

1 ti~ r!.

rlivitling and s ulllli1·i(li11g tli scon rsc , 11 0!,ing t he 11:t.tu n \ an1l
ofllces uf e:teh c1 il'isin11; - evcryw ht·n; }11: i:-; k1•t•p i11 g in s ight
Ll1e fact tl in.t !,he pupil is to a1:quin: a11 a.rt, n.11 <1 that tu
attain t1 1is he rn1t st co 11 :-;t.:111t.l_y do wl1 at lw lia:-; J.. ar1 wcl , frn111
th fl stutly of the t.lll'ory a11t1 U11 · st nrly nf :lll t li11rs. Ll 1at it. j:-;
" good to <l u."
Rhetoric, a Preparation for Literature .
Lu (10 is not eve ryLl1i1q;.

Th e eapacit,y to apl'n·ci:Lte wliaL

()tite rs l1ave done is so 111..tlii 11 g.

This J.uok is a w:Ly of

:Ljlproa..:h to li tc ratn rl', :.i prqia r: ttio n fo r it., antl i t is 111 .. a.11t
I.CJ l>e lllOrt'. T11 tl11• 11·urk l"'•[ lti r .. (1 h_y tJ,.. 1lin·1·! i1> 11:; :i1 1< l i11
thr. st iuly of 1.lw ('XLr: 1ds fr11 111 prosP. :u11l 1'rn· t ry, t l11• ]'llJ>il
has to m:tk c fr('<[ll('llt a111l pr<d<llT (;t'll i11 r: 11rs io11s i11 t.o th()
fit'l1l of l it.<•r:Lt.un· iLs1·H. \\'l 1al, l1u is t.11 luok fo1· a11d l1111k
at Llwre, what v:Lln c l1L) is to :ttl.:11·li t.o Iii:-; fi111li11 g,.:, a 11tl wha t
e11 juy 11ll'Ht he 111 a.y ll1•rin1 f"rulll Ll11•rn , !;1• is L11 1;.: ht.
The Rev isio n.

'l"/1,. fi rs!. '" ii ti .. 11 .,f' l i1 is "'"'·k II"' "'11 !1111·

li:ts 11 s<"d !"1r twt'ln; Y<'a rs 111 t i 11· 1·l:tss-l'l><•I11.
:1

r 1'.Visi11: 1 o!

i 1:1, v1 ~

i1t •1·11

!l::tl .

drupp 1.·1.l

\ \ .lid " :-: .. 111•' 1 111 11~·~
fr11Jll

111

I iii:-: . a1 1d 111:1ny

Tl11s i" '" k is

:11·· P!' l _~111;tl \\"~i r k
1l1i11~~ . 1111L i11

or iµ-i 11:1.l. 111:1 .v 111· i'u11nd i 11 !.11i .";, t!1t• l1·s.1...,ii1 1 !1t111dw1·s ::1·1
1· l1 : i11 g-1 ·1l -

I l11'

i11·\\.

1· 1!1 1 :

11

11

1

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11:-- 1·1:

\\ 1; 111,11 1

1

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111· ·
1~1t!.

t 'j• i i l 1; :~ 11•11

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Cu 11li.:11/s .
1t.

TABLE OF CONTENTSI. Prose .... -

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I. ( ·.. 11st n11 ·1i"n
C' 1._\1111 1ll'x

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C:lall~(·~,

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<l[ Simpl1· and

~t.:11 t1•nCl'S

1

I" \\"u1r11·. ~

RHETORIC.
Advt·rh, nr
an d wit.Ii ( 'J a11"·s Cu111plcx or Cu lllj H• lllH l.

- ·

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t: \

l ,·

~I ] :. 11 . t I.

111 J

I

~i11q1l1•.

/

a nd l •rl'c ist'.

" I •,· i ·c :1( ;~

{1_ Prnp1•r

c. 1:11d. h'.1·1>-

a111l1it(U1•llti.

I. P ers pi en i t..v
, ,,,

111.nlih·, 0.':-tl

iPll'.ti. '.lJ ll l

I ' r1 ·:- 1·11 i

r .

a t f'
:~.

r..i

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AuH .\ ~ti E '.\lEST O F \V n1t 1 •~ 1 J•111 <.\ :-<-I·: "~ .\~JJ
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.,... \\'~11:11 :-t ,\::-;11 i'11n ,, ~r ~.

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Cl?
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_.....,.,_

IV. Wit
V.

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=

=-·=

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i ... ! !··r . . .

f.

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1 -:~:-.a_'.:·; _

}.'1t · I i, 'II .

l\l1y11111 1.

l\l1y1 111·.

·-·.1.-r
it",

II. Poetry ....
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/,.

~a.tirit';d.

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tki ent. Nt111ilwr.
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o. Tn·a t i:-:P~.
r. Tr;1,· ··b .

IJ1 ·1Jatvs .
:--:.}H'i'l'la·~­

Noun

i IL .Anaiysis nf ~11/ 1jtTI.)-;.
I\'. l'n·pa rat i» ll ., f Fra111>'ll'1>rk~.

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f.

l

Co mpou nd Sentr:nr.t·N, rtn rl .-.f

\ritl 1 A djl'cliv,:,

''· I.t·i·t tin·s

l

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r. ( >r at i111i,...;_

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C 11 1t\1·r:--.<lil11 ll.

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.

' 4 "1 1111•·- !y.

l>r;.uuallt,; . l Tnq.;cdy.

i'·-;,.
~ J ·:

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1

ri~ACHtlt

-------

TwEL\'E years ' nse of tln: 'JJI't•\·i o tts t>tliti()n o f t.Jd:-; l.1 ·xl.-L11i1l. in tlH~
clas~-ruu1n -w~\.rr:t11ts ll!'i , pl'rl1aps, in 111:d:;iu ~ a f'llg-~ei-;tl nn \H' two.

LE SSON 1 .

I. lf y1111r jiupils lia \· 1_ ~ lit'l'll II11)rPl!_!..(lily 1·xt·r1·i ....;E·d in tlu · :111;tly :-- i...
and Lite cvnstr ucL io n ui :-;c11t.1·11L :t·s, a::; ta11ght iu ''''t'(l & l\1 ·!1 .. ~g·;-;.
' ; Cr;1dt"d L< ·s~ •1J1.-.;. i11 E1 1.'. ! li . . i1 ... "iii ,'.2,l 11·r L··~.--1111~. • ;11111 .. ( 'rw !{1.,~k

l\TJ:11Jll ! "1'111:r.

1

1

( 'c1urst·,:} or iia\'l: d1lIH' i' !J llir:1!1 ·nt. \Yt1rk in otlH 1r ~ r:nnrn ;lr~ 1 l.1· c-::-o·.i 1s

::!-:!O 11f tllis Ut)ok n1;\y h1 ~ l111rrii·d 1•\·1·1'. 1!1tl if y.111r }iupils l1a.\·1· 1111 L
fa irl y Hla.~t .t·rc·d tl1n E11~li .·d1 ~1·11t1 · Jw i · , W( • c•r11111:·w l hcildin!..( 1 h1 •111 !-'l~·ad­
fastly to Lht·se Lt •sso11...-.
2. Ti u ~ t.b()roug·h 1111<l1·r!-it.a11cllng- of t.lie para!..!'rap11, llat• a.l 1ili1 y '"
f11nu guud, J11gi eal f r a 111 ewn rk~ , •Liili l11t• li;dn t, of ina ki11g t.IH• s< • trrtllH' work:-; before t hu la!Jnr of wr iti11 g is hf'g-11n Rt'l' IH. to n~ i11 valurdth•.
T he w1irk in l,l· sso n;--; ~t -:~o, tlit·n 1 sltn11!d 11 o t lit· .. . : l i~lit1·1L 'J'li(• w(1rk

fornwrl y cxaetcd in Les so ns~;; ;111d ~ li has bee n 0111l1t e<l.
3. Sec to it, :tlso, that in tl11· ti (·pa rtnH: 11t c:ill1·d <iu n lili l'H of ;o.;1y!P,
~' ottr l'llpil~ ("1) u11dl·rst.;11Hl t.lu• n·:i...;4111 , nr pbilnsnphy: of 1liin ~s 1 t~ i v 1·11
iu tl 1u 11111 ;.: prilll\'r lYl"'; llia.t (:! ) thl'y rrcil,1• !Ill' dl'fi.ni1i .. 11s •'x:wtly as
Liid d~1\\"t1 i11 tilt ' l1·xt.

i•r

!]1;1. t.

iK :-;a.i1l i~ :1rr:111g1·1l ; and l l1a t (- 1) 1111,y Jwrf1•n ll a Ltl'g"l' fra··li11Jt, if :1•1!.
;di , ( 1( Un..: w11rk t•11jni11l'd iu tlw J ) in Tl i1111s. Tlw i111p~1rlallt ' 1• 11f the

p11pib' d11iJ1!f wliaL lli< ·y lian' h·an11·d ii.
d(J

1.;a11J1 qt

i11 L1·:--i.'-iillJS

ll l~

O\'C r- t::;t.i wa ted .

:;:·~ -:)(i~ l1{· t.wt·~·11

i:--: ~/1 1111 { ( n

l'a:-;;-;

l.1 y

d11 ;u1d l1av1· kill'IJ\'d

1!11 1:-.c pair:-J 11f ;-;_y1:t111y111.i

~nfli1·if'11ll_v hn1ad di~­
tinctin ns h a.v i ~ n r1t yet t1hfain1·d--- if in yn11r jud.:_:;11H-•1Jt HllY ~ttt ·h an ~
then·. J\Iak e i11u c h. an(1 in t li o w:1.v P-' in:,C'd nut. o f th e extraets ln
l.f' ss,,ns 7-1 a.nd 7G. ~n c lt wurk will np1·11 th e ryt•s of the pupils to th e

4. <:r~ )u nd
l •1 wt i,·:: 1 f, ·• · 1 :

.Y "lll'
;1 1id

J•ll]• il:-1

i 11

\\'11nl...; 1>f

tl11·r·1u ~ lily

:--;, ·;1 1l ·I" r 1, : 1·; i; 11 i

l '11J , Y'l't-:1 · 11 srr· l :->wr1 ·1· 1:TF ,

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,,.

01' wriLL1·11 co1111111111 i t '.: tt.itlll.

\Vord s arr;u1 g \·tl

or to the

ill

;t lTl'L:tiii

unh·r all d

C_Yl'. : a11d t.l1"r" i,; ll1;tt 1rl1i t:h

; Lddrt· s~cd L•i

t:i,_· ~·:1r

tlw,;1: 11·ur.Js

<'X J' l'•''"

a11tl i1111•ar t: , 1V.e1L un i1l':trd ;u1d u11s1 ·e11, l.ut J'< ·;u·lii11g- t i11:
mi1lll of tlte bearer or ri·:ttler thro11gl1 tl1e mwd s \\' li i('h 111'
liears ur s"('S . Ti1at ll'!1it: l1 Cll!'s" word.s ('X [irt· ss 11·1· ··:ii i ;i.
t110n;.:l1t; li <'1lf'I'

tlwy i11,·1·1d ;111 d. ;_;- j,·,. J,,.tf• · r "ill' ,. ., ; !li:tl.

( ::) llwy 1,·ar11 1.hn H11ni:111 :in d 1111 : 1\r:il1ic 11ntatir111 1111d1 ·r w liid1 wl1af,

IL uW lu

What Rhetoric is. - \\·, ,

wl1il'!1

in rl1yr!1rn ,
) ii

1;1 ;J 111 1.,;1 , Y:O.: , ~fa_,.

!11 llH· :--;1 1k;tit1Hi11!1 ,1(

i 11 I ,• ........ , or 1-.; ~ '.1
IS'. !i!,

: 1 11•

! >~ 1

,, / st·11/t·11,t•t: is

11. [:·ro11;111/

worrls 1:.1·;!/·1·ssi11!J

11

l/11111 ::.,' /1/.

Hhd"ri<: d1·:Jl ~; \\'itli t ill' t·iin1 1.gl1t of t.lir: scnl .>'ill'1· :1ild 11·11h
th<: woril s wlii1·li 1·x pr1·ss it. ;i111i su iLs fu1l('t.i1111 is t " ·., f,.id .
lt tca1:i1('S 11,; ltow tu Jind t.!111 t.l1011gl1t., a11.i Ji.,11 1;,.,t 1<>
expre ss it ill \vurd s . I 11 ti11~, 1Ls Lw1Jfo1d ft:11~·ti1l11, 1·li i <1 1r; 1'
w orks iwar lll'ig l1bur t.o gr; 11 11111ar :u 1d tu lo,c;ic. Cr;1111111;1r.
as \l't•ll :i s rliviur11-. d1 ·al~ wll !1 t l1" 11·1Jrtls u[ :L s 1·1it1·111·1·; ;111,[
]og·i\ ·., :i.--; w1·ll :Ls r l 11 ·t .~1J'it'.. dt·;1.ls \\'i1.l1 tlH HIJ< ltt.; !11d t.l1P lii·!d s
of tl1e tiireE·, t liou ,:. :. 11 ly i11.~ ~. 1d1 • l1y ~iil1 ·. :tn· d1 :--;t 1111 t.
Tit" li••ti.•·r t •> S<'(' t,J,. • i11 ·ld 11·l1wl1 rJ,,.J ."ric !til~. 11 1:; 11 "" :1 -

fui,

\\'ill11 >1IL ;l11• · 11q1ti11 ~~ 1·• \lllj~l . ·t 1 ·

d 1·! i 11it1(•11 :-; , tp
11

~; 1 \

1l1 1L

Introductory.

12

l11.tru1 lw:lo ry.

grammar tl!at:lll\:s u:s tlic ofliccs oi si11 gle word:; 11t tilt'
:;e u tc n cl', a n<l of those groups of word:; call ed phra:s< ·:; and
clauses, an<l :shows us what fo rms t he i111lecktl word,; 1uu:;L
l1ave i11 thei r va 1·io11s relations . H Le;1t:l1e:;, abu, l1ow to
constl'llct co rrect sentences containing the part:; of speec h
in tl 1cir sevPr:tl r elat ions. Sy11tactical conectness is its
chief aim. Logic dea ls wi t h thought, lint not with the
thougl1t in single and tlet:tcli e<l s<!ntl'11ces . lt Joe:; 11ut
deci<lc whethl·r this thought and th:tt thought a rc tnH', lrnL
wktt co ncl usion follows from t h e tu if we as:;urne Ll11 :111 Lu
be tl'lle. \V itl1out poin t i11;.: v11L it,:; fu ll fu11cLio11, we iu;ty
:s.-i.y t l1at log ic tca.cht·s lls t(I l'l'a.so 11 cur n~dly , Lu u.1 ;d~e ngl;L
i 11 [cn• 111;1•s, to <lra w just eo1H• l 11:; ions.
Jn what rhetoric has to do with 1crmls, it begins its work
wl1r·n' Ll 1:tt of g r:unm :n· ends. 1t k:u·l1cs us ho w i11 the
cl 1o ice and arrangement o f wurds tu L:xprc:;:-; Ll1t: tlH111gl1t
clc:trly o r fu rcibly o r grat"dui ly- i 11 a w" r<l, I"'"' tn l'XJ.t·n; s
it 11\0St happily for the SjJl!CI:ti j'lll"[JO" \" i11 l1illl•i. ,\ n<i lH:lping us to fin<l the th oug·lit "w ith 11·l1ich we r1•aso n, its \\'urk
with the tlw11yht en<ls where tliat or logic l1!'gi11 s. j(lwt. .. ri1-,
tlll'll. l i1•s in lw t wP "ll ~ r:1111m:ir a.nil logi1 ~. Till' 1cunl sick "[
it.S tir•1<1 t O l;('1H ' >'. tht" fl,•i1l of .~-!T:l!llltl:ll°, i 11 1• fiHJl •'.//i/ !-. i ! ~l '. cir it
torn :lws the held of lugi1;; la: 11 l!l!
Rhrlnric is the s/,wl f11l111.t fr a clu·s 11s 11011 · /11 i111·1·11/
t lu 111,g ld, llli(l huw lu c.tpn;sl) il 11w .,l u ;1;1ru;11·i ,, t cl !I i 11

What the Wo rd Rhetoric means. - Yuu l1:.v.; s1•e1 1 wli;LL
the thi1111 is; louk now at its 1111 11it' . Tii1·
o r lgin:1ll .Y fn1n1

:->peuk.

1

--

\\', •re

11'<'1"1 ,./,;-t.,rii; 1·"111l':i
\'t'r \_1 wli i1·l1 11t t · ;1i1 ~ /,, .Jfut Pl' to
to 11 :1111t~ thl' sl.u1i_y 11 11\\, i L i~ 1111.-. . . . . d>ll'. : l1.tL

a ( ;rl'l' k

\\' C

1

w" sl1oultl tak" so 11w won! \\'hi1:l1 1n1·:ins
rht ·Lu r il: w:ts s tudil'd Uefpr1• \\'ril

111g

•

ti) ·w rite.

l11·1·a111t~ gt•1;1 · r;tl.

1:11 L
a11d

a1phauet; so m e ui the Lwc 11 Ly-six lt- tLcr:-; :; t:u1.Ji11g 1·:11 ·1 1 fur
n1:u1.v so11 1111:-.:.

so11Jt:

11:1.\·in.~

11 n sound;-\

l1t·l11n~111~ f' ~~(- Lh; ,- ,. ; \­

to t.li<' lll , and so111r- •·<> 111 l.i11:itio11s of l1 ·1 tP r s ],,.j 11 g " ~ · · •i :',,
1'f'J1 l'f•s1 ·n t. si11~·l1· S<lll!H1s. 'l'li;it it wa s h:u·d f11 li 11d ;1 s 1:it: 11. ),.
~1ill<;trt11r· I' n11 wlii1·l1 1,11 \\·riL1'. a frw w11r.Js :Ll i.o ·s t .
J-'i·,,n 1
7Ht1· ·!1111l'11( \\· 1· 11·:1r11 t!i;t1. 1.l11• 1· !1·:111 :--;1·d :t1 1i l drii· ( ~ sk:i iS ii i.
sl 11 •1'J 1• li:1 n· ~. g11;d;-.;. :111<11·;d\· 1·s \Yt ' l't' t1s1•d. :uid f r11lil .ttrr i;,,, 1
1

1-

·"(Jsl. t.!1:1t. rr·111 1 ~\· i11~ tlH · \\·ritill .L:' so tl1:tl

11s1·d :1 g :1i11 l 11 '<':111H ' :l l,11;-.;in,·:-;s:
('11lw si\'1'

J) ~ ; t I 1:

.

L1\·1 ·rs <11'

1 ;1 · :

...., 1 ' 1· \- • · 1

:1

t.lH· s t 1•111 111'
1: 1: i : 1·

1·i :11:

tl11 · ;-.; k i 11 1·1 q 1;,;

l 1•'

r r" 1"

''" ,,,.,._ 1 J1;t1 ti ii' 1 !1111 .
Li11• J'" i'VrllC'. ;1 11 E~y ; ·1 i :t11

f' 1·1 1: 11

r i s.', ., r , . ,·s 111

;

11 11 J

I., ·/ , r ! ;_..,. ::1 ,

t. J1 ;1t. i11 \·1 ·1 fi11 i_: ;1! . . \ lJ11•J1S 111 \!;\!l!.'-\ }I :L 1· 1l . i1. 1· 11 . ;1 1·J;1_\· jjj 1• 111· ;L

sl 11·ll \1·:is "''"!. :11111 :it. :-;_n·:H'ttC'I' :rn 11lin·-]1•a l' : l'rn111

......
'

//!Ortis.

:-tgt•s :unl ;i ~: · ~ s lJl'l'orn J riuti11g was i11v e1 1Led. ;\!en sp .. ;,,.
lu11g lwf'orn tl11'.Y wrntP, bcca11 s<! speak ing w:ts <'aSL T ill'
mr, t.]11, lungs, and Llw u rg;u1 s uf the th roat and rnoi:u 1 \\"i'l'P
l" t~:1dy :111d \\' ;11tl11 g 1,1 1 lw 11~1·1l.
Writing was at tirst i111pussiblt-, :tnll fur :i lnn.c.:: \1·\ 11 ;,.
<lilli cult :tl"ter it lieea1 1t e 11ussil.ilc.
TLl'rl' wen: rn .. .. :. ·o1
(1) a11 :tll'h:d.Jd, :u11l ('.!) S111ll •'l lii11g 111io11 whi.- li \ " \'. r it •· .
Letters, cliar;u:tns wl1 ic h \1·011l 1l r ep n·sP 11t t.o tlil' •·vi' t Le
sounds wl1i cl1 Li1l! voi<·1 · a.11.ir;•ss•·d t,o tli 1· 1·a r. ]i;1il . tP ],,.
inve nted. Aud that this was ll< >L a 11 t>:tsy ta.sk .is slww1 1 Ly
tlie L1<·L t.li;d . 1·\· 1·11 to -d:L ·; ,.,., . 1,1,·1.\·1•. llfJ •1,, 11\
· j'·.1 1 .~ ] :: >,I1 ::\ j "· 1 :·,.c· ~

s11rL1(· t•s SllH' ;:r1·d \\·il.11

\\·;ix

\\' t·rt ·

p n·11:tn·d ·

fr 11J i !

.'".11/,,, 1 h:it

/il 1t•i·

;t rii\

li/11·111· 11. tl iat. fi11 • l>: 1r k 11!' tr1 ·.. ~, ·,L 111l 1·1·1. '111 l111r./· 'I l ; t t, 1l!'l" ! ',jl':
' l
'

)1 ,

I

J \1q 11 ; 11 1 ~ 1\ " ' i.-.·
JJ,. (,h11nr ·(•\' s:11·,; il w v11 11·1· o f tl11· ;11 ·; ., 1._ :ii:• i
that. fil' th 1· s1 ··· :il.;1·!'
1.11 .: !1• ' 111u. 1ir 11L1: !"c1r1 11. 'l' L 1 -. 1 1 1 1 ; ~. 1
1:1r _<.'." 1'i_\" 11:1 \·1· 1!1 i1 ·r 111:: 11· d ( I l \\ i1:1: ;\i11d iii. ; il1·:·: 1t 1: r ·· -- 1.1.1. ,
hP ('1 i\ t1Y:it, ·d . :1:11l (:! .) !i t1· :-; f \ ] , . ir1 \\·}i j, L 1111:--: :--.ii1• ;:: 1i :11•

Publication, tl 11' n. :unong tin.: \;reek s an<l

t.hr• v<•i1·<· -

Jt!;

1

cnmprisr·il.

111 1111· 11111i11 t.li:tt 11·: 1s wri i.l•' ll \\ J 1i, ·l 1

, ... ,

1[.i

' "'

.'-;

14

1.1

Introductory.

pression it Las 011ly u sage :ts a 11 tlw rit. y f',.r what it tt::tl'.lll's
- th e rn;a.gc of tl1u bust write r :; :ulll s1;{'<tkers. A11d tl11~ h
v:tri<tble, ekt11gi 11 g fru111 g1 ·11 e ratio1t tu ge1ll'r:it.iu11 . \\" J1iie.
for exa11111i1', it rnusL always !Ju lrw; tJ1 :;L a L!llJ 11g lit. slli•ti:.[
be exl're::;sed dearly, it is n ut true that an cxpress1011 ul :t,
cl Par to one gc·ncration, will n1•f·t· ss: u·il v ],.. cL·:u· t." t] ,,. IH'\:.
J\fany wonl s narrow in i11ea11i11g, 111:t1;y \\'i<l1·1: , r•tlwrs c .. n 1-

l>•l :LJlJ 1reciatetl by the lis t e ner. To this noteworthy faet
111 ode rn literature is signally i111le utetl .
lts bwgiven; i11
En rope aud America l1 ;tve uee11 Lli osc whose sty le was l'uri fi 1:tl rual })Crfo c teLl Ly t.h e :;t udy oI the great model s whid1
,\ thens and ] {olllc i11rni::d1cd, o r by the st udy of writers
familiar with the se m odels. lt is mueh for 11s that tl1 ese
Jll o<lels w e r e t h e 1ns c lves shapetl Ly tlie n ecessities of .oral
1;0111111uuication. T h ey we r e tu uu ad1lressell tu Ll1e uar a11d
n o t to the eye; t h e ir 11w:t11i 11 g and m e rit ca ug ht by the
h e arer as tl1e speaker hurri e d 011 from sentence to scnteuce.

Jild.Pl.Y cliang•', :1.11([ so1111· words drup <;Ill (I[' ti"' 1·u";iL11Lt1·y.
Tlie11, tuo, an arr;111s1 ·111c11t ot wo rds t:ust .. llia1·y at. 1>111· t 1.
i~ n ot at anotl1e r . A u~e of imagr· ry suit.·1l bl tJ:., t.:t.'-'l" iii

i:;,

om~ age s11 rfr1 t.::; the i1ext; in 11" .. d, \1·liat w:ts 1111:1g1·ry 1>11<·1·
is a ceo uut1·d j>bi11 l:rng11a.g1; n o w. C11 n 1· 1· i t ~ :i 11il tu r::c. 1,'
exprt's~iu11 curn_·11L iu SitltH'.~"s d;1y g r;tt1· li:i.r.'-'l
1ii :11n r 1 1tr
ea rs; antl \\'bu \\'01d.d lli1t 7 iu tl11· JJ1:d,Lt·r rif :-: !y1 1·, :tj •j H·; tl
from :::;hakespe;ne i11 "Luvc's L:d1or Lost." to Sk1k1''i""ir.·
lll ",\,; y,.11 !,il(1' 11 ···.·

Such diseours<~ mu st l1:w e had, and dicl h ave, th e great and
essen ti:tl <pw.liti l's of sty l e, - s irnplieity, clearness, LlirectJies;;, vigor. Thu wri tt• r \\"Iii) is a<·c11stom e tl to s p•~:ik i nR,
a nd who brings h is sentL•11res to t h is test, is the one likely
to h :arn th e secret o[ exp r e~s io11, t l1 e a.rt uI "putti n g t hin gs. "
An d t.hi;:; ](,;t1l s u s t.o s1 11•:tk nF

Usage as Authority in Rhetoric. -There is

~ L.) ll', tl1t'.t 1, i;-; 1:ui1l ;u1d :-;l111'tin .~ .
its 11i!_'."l11·st. ~ t· 1 1 1 1i; 1 r ,I
i 11 ;wy \:r;c is ll1l' ]'rt'l'ai!i11~ usag<: 11f tli:1t 1·r:1. \\.li:it t Ji1...;
11:--:a~( · is t·;uiilut :._tl\\·ays he ('a.r...;1 J.\· dt·ti-·n11 i1 1t ·rl ~ li1Jf . :1.~ s1 i; 1J i
;t,.'i it. i.'-i <lS!TJ"Ltitwd r\)r \ ll1' pi·rii>d, Wt ' lltll:~ t L11\\' (q 1: ;\" iit~'
s 11i'r"11'" :111 I I 111 n I·'" .

110 r ca~o n , in

the naturn uf tl1i11gs, why all EH :.dish 11011ll in the 110111i 11at1ve plural :o;houid a.lwar:-< havl; 1L,.; YPrl 1 in t.hc J1l11r;1.I - t.\11,
(;ref'k ilCHill i11 t.11t' 11 ri11C1• r did l11d;; or \'>'l1y l·~1 1 L~ li sl 1 \\'(1rd~
.~h 1ml {l lH' siwllr·d awl ;t<'C-•·nl•·<l :11111 l'rnnn11nr'l'd ;1s t.l wy llllW
;tr•~ Lh<:.v l1av1: n ot al w:1.ys bC'P11. Tit<•. n •:is•rn whv tl11·s1 :
things :tre as Ll1e_y am is, tl 1:tt tlte iwnple wlin 11s" tl1 e l:rni.:: n :igu ha1·0 :i.gn•i;d t.h:it. 1.llf•v slw11ld 111; so :111d 110!. 11t.lll'rw1sP.
Tii e g r;Ulllll:LI' ;111il Li1t• di\'.! ltJ11:L1J ul' t.u-d:1_y :tn: f1ili ur Ln1Ll1s
whit.:1 1 l1 ave ll ot :tlll':tys bc·l'n trnt lis , :tlld 11·ill llot a l w:1ys be;
ill ot her wurd s, LlH·ir t.rut.l1s :tr•) 11ut, like those of rn:1t lie 111atir-s, 11 n(' iiani.::,-·ahk. Til>'v :1 n ; <'<1 1n·c 11ti<1na l. dq 1t•11d 11 pon
l'Oll :::i l'ilL ~ ;tn:- trnc a~ lui1~ a :-; tltaL t ·u11 SPJ il l::l glVl'll; c1_ ' a~c tu
I)('. tn1e wli<'ll that <:u11 s .. 11t. 1s w1t.lidraw11 .
:-;., in rh<'!.nrit·. \\" l1il" r l,.. l11r i" is has•' 1l \l]'flll }'ri111· 11.!1 •s
:i s "li:1.11gt·lt·ss :1s t.!11' 1111111 1\l· l11 .. l1 1.i1111ks :illd i111 1':1.rt.s t . li11 1 q~ l 1 t.,
i11 1li:tt d<'p:trtl1J1'1tL ol' its 11·11rk 11· Ji wli is t:ulll:\'rlu·d w1l l1 l'X·

1

Value of Rhetoric.
1. !>1·:1!i11g '.\"Ith invent ion .: 1, .. ti 11 ·iing 0f tlw ti11111gid., ur s11i 1j .. 1·t-111 ;tf.t .. r. rlwt,,1·1,. ('(•lll:"· :s 11 ,
t•) tl11llk : ;111d tl1 11 1ki11g- Js Uii· l1i;..:-l11 st :1<·t 1~ f \\- ~ : > li 1; ,.
111 t t' 1i1 '('t. i;-; \·:q 1;1 \ _1 ~ t'.
1

l >1·:ili11g w; tli expression, a1.u1d, w11>l:. :1:< 11 .. li:J\ ..

'.! .
'il'l'l1,

i.ltH~

Ll1L' i" t'

1-lJ

111:1y iw 11l!1·,li1111 , :i11d l:trgt' fr• ·1 ·d 11111 ,, f 1·!1,, 1,. 1..

1,1 11 '!! 1i1~:i:1'.;it1(•ll . , . i•Ili]·' · l~

;uid d1·\ 1·l 11 ps

:u1

jq :t

1i:t;:: ; w 1 r 1 _:

11t1i ··111·111i+·11i . .i11d .~ 11 H·11!.

•,.
11 !.

: ·· ·

. ; :

T 11i :--. . : 1. .: , 11., :; 1 ·

iy \\ ' !11.J • · :--; 111 1H' : ;111d 1·r1·i • : 1 r1·~ P!\t ' 1"1ir 1 ) ; 1· : ~l1 .t :; 1 ,;
... l:lil'l,,r11: .c;i11·' ;i commall(l "' 11, .. vooabu lary
1u li:1\"J11,:..:- 0 11 JJ11· Ll1 iii :-; t' I ;--;t ..~ !."\ t l1 1· : 1; 1il; t \ t (_' 111 11 •;! J' l I !
t·111 1 111·r1 i

L

--

11

J

Hi

Introductory .

11

----- -----apt wonls titly arranged in the sentcncl', in SP1i11.·11i::es h;·1ppily wa,rshall ed in tl1c paragrnpli, i11 paragrapl1s standing
to cat:h other i11 t:heir uatural orde r.

e11 111 p11;-;it i11n.
he ma.de i;uuordi11:tit'.

4. J\lieturi1: lays literature und e r tribute.
Ha.~Prl, ;; s
rliet"ri e is, 111"·:1 ii:;· 11 n Lius"' ,,f t.lie gn:;1t, 11n11g and dead,
it opc 1rn 011 r ··yes to s,-..., :mcl "'l ut:ates utu t,;1,.'>te tu enjoy,
th e treasures of tltouglit and tl1c gr;wes of sty!(, lavi1<l.Pd
npon tlwin.
Of ali tiie arts 11u11e uuti-anlrn literat.nrP.

r).; \' J·: ·:--.; T 1 <) .\.

Hh C' t o ri c npn lls llii,; i " our JK1ss<'s.,ic•1 1 ;L11,] 1·11,11 •y 111 .. 1it, alld
ai1us L11 rn:1ki-· 11s ) 'l' 11fi1'i 1·i:t_. i11 ·i t.

No valid objection lit':< a.:::1i1Jst th0 study,,[ rlwt11ri('.
allows

11s

~ili

tlw frq•.J uJJt

.!;T.-a. t writf•r.s anr/

spf':tl; ,·1-.•; lt:11·"

LESSON 2.

:1,• ·· 1. "·'"J'l:1i11t-; 11' \\i!L :J,;:;, 11·]",.;, 111"L"" l l1 1·: r pr.,,J11,·111•1:s

('i:t.-;:; ic:, :wd li;,r.s .,,,,. str;1y1:1g il"· iL_\' i:i:.., ~;til1.s t l 1•:y ); : 1\· 1·
- j'aLiis tliaL le<td to harm.
It e!H:eks lice11 se
lrnt not liberty. Only a false rli etorir·, 11arrowing good
usn.ge by forliiddi11g w11at tl1is all ows; tli;ll, 1·11f•111:1·s a
iiillJki:::;l1 tlidi o n, puts 11nrlcr Lan thr• idi .. H1.s .. r coll \·ersrtt,iu11, insi s t s upon an ;nra11g1"1111·11t, stiff and 1111n:tt 11r:il,

sl::111H·~d,

;wd g 1v1·s

~Dt

r

'~
[

l

L et 11s add tl1at, w<•rc rheto1·ic to end with t.c;u•hi11g the
l'Upil l1ow things s l101dd l.Jc du11l', its study woulJ not lie
frnitle.~s. l01cto ri c bears itsfull fruit, h o wever, 01ily whelJ,
in addition to this, it leads the p1111il to clo th1~111 as they
shoultl be clon e. Not l'h eto l'ic in the memory ;i]n1w, enal>ling
one to crit.i,;i.sl', lrnt rh etoric that l1as \\·orked it;s way down
into the tongue an1l i11 to the ti11gcrs, ena.Lling one to "!"'ilk
well antl wri(,e well, i:; wli;tt the pupil need:;.

.

To the Teacher. -S"" t n it . hr·r.. r;· .\·.,n ['' "" ""d , lli;il liw JHll •il.,
lllld(·r., !;ilJd wli:>l,• rlwt .. ri c ;,,_ :i11.J I"'"' ii ;, 1·,.J:i t •·<I l•J ki11,[rcd st•.1di.-s,
a11d }"t.

diff•·r.s front

I 11\'JU.

" it'11"

,J. ,.ll
t.:l!Jl ' ii'

· l
S[ll>l'l:I,

I

t.

l
f

·1-:~.

1 l liy nw all ~
What Invention l·s. _ '1'] 1 ',, 11 .~,.. Jit is cull111111J1il'atl'
.
Tlw
'l'lll'.\' :u·., 'it ..'" 1' 1i.·.l
' ,·. >·1111H·11 L, its ~,·r\·;ui 1·
f \. i i·ils
ot 'ilOllL!iit
. ' · c · ddt'l'lllllll'S
·
· •I
"' 1··
::t
.
tJ I(' CX)ll't_':--; ~J(} ll - t. I JP \\·(~J ··I
l l .\
l I
-,

jllOlllj , \ ,..,
. 11 wi11 1" a

t1, wil l1!ir;i11· l'l'"j 1t.' J'
atk11Liun frv!ll the 111 nf'.t,P r 1 -only '""h 11 rlwl"iit: ""l.Jtt! lie
lrn rtful.
s1wit Clll]1l1.1,-.;i ,s to 111.1111H·r :1 s

1·1.;: c:1:vn::-.;i

•
• ·t.. Ji I•.'
l ''-' .. t li. 1 IJl ~
(rii L
t':O:]'l'P:<s1011,
t ] "" \\t11
.
·
j.
"
'Li ld 11 1 1111]" '-l'·
i·xpr1'ss1 0 11.
l ,iUt'] , lll
.1111 .. .
,
[
j'
t
l ' ] ._ ..S ' · n· l's. j I H'
ti1(•
;.j,,-,11~J1t sLtl!< s
trs :, iii >•
.

to a

.~' f' ll '
tll
at IA'll 1",1011

wnrtl>Y

1)(111r

!11 1Jr'11.tinn

"

I' t·)1"
• · [>tIJ>il .

is tlut.f

rlr'Jlffl'l111r·11 I, nf' rlif'lnrir·

·
·j t,
tr1H1ts
of llw ji11rlin0· oj . l I t1Jtlf!.'

and for conti nncd <lisconrse.

;·ur

11-!1ir·/1

sill:_:'lc s 1·11/1·111·1·s

1 ~)

]i11·c/1 t ion.

Si1 1iplc 81·1llcnccs.

word calli 11 g up tl1cs1• pil' t ures to t h" 111i11 <l . 'l'hL'Su i111pn·ss iu11s, or i111ag .. s, or pid.un's, of thi11gs "'''call ideas.
Th:tt tho mirnl dnt· s l"l'l'('ivo :w<l ~tu re away tliL'S<' i1lt-as is
pro,·c<l l1y the fact Ll 1:tt w e e:w brin :; th clll 11]> 011 t u [ the
rn e111ory, look at tli1~ 111 wiLli wl 1:tt wo m :-ty call t. h1• '· mi11d's
cyP," :u11l t hrnngh tl1l'lll p erceive a gain, as it w .. rc, tlie
t hin g s long :tgo St'Cn, h canl, frlt, ta:;te1l 1 or s1 11 e1t . Tliis
l1ri11g i11 g up t he i1k: ts :rn1 ] t.l1rough th e m knowing tlic t l1 i11 gs
aga.i11 is r emembering, recollecting.
J\ 11\l wi t hout tli() l1oolily s1•11S (!S tl 1c rni11rl can j•Crne1v e it can J•Cl"L"L' iY c its ow 11 :w ts, Ltet~, fe..Jings.
Tl1 L'SC :uc
:tlrr·a dy i11 t li c 1ni 11•l, :u1 d :;o 11('CLl nu l1odil y s1 ·11 se tu l1ri11 g
th l'lll i11 to it.

lletcd:; t.lu.) rehLi111t s 11li::; isLi11 g ],et, 11·n:11 enLtin tl1i11 ;..:s . ;1 11d
un ites ]1i:; idv:lS of tllt"ll1 SO as Lu l"l' j •l"l'S l·lif. tlw111 i11 t.J1i s
rebtiun, t.:l"l'<ttcs :111 absolutely original tl u 1llgliL; i I he is
ign o rant t li :tt :Lll uthcr h:ts dune it be fo re him, tl 1c tl1ni:t:l1t.
i:-; u111y original with himself.
A tl1011,cJ1t is pro1lll1·ed by t.l1 c fusi"n uf a t l1·:1st" t11·" i<l l':i '< .
Binl.~ JI.'! = ]; in f.' (1r<' .f1:1i1i!/.
H1 ·n• t ill' iti•·:t 1k11,,l··.t i·1·
uircls a1tll iliaL dc nu t1 ·d liy jlyin'./ Ml! \iro 11gl1l-. t.1g1·illl"r, ;11: .J
i11 t1 1e Si'11h·11•·e a m c·rnq1l"<l h1· lli1: copula ur<' . r111ii t11 11s c<11•·
is :1Jlin1H:il or tl 1e otlll'r. Dinis, 11a11 1111 g Lill· t.11111 .gs :11 1d (< \Ir
ide:1 o[ Liu · tlii11 .gs 1•f wl1il'l1 su 1111•tl111 1g is lol !." :tllirn1 1-. i. is
tl1i: subject or tlw s1·11t.•·111 ·1·; and (!/"I' Jl:1i,,:1. d1 ·111 >11 11 .c; 11·l::1l
is aflin11ed a111l :dlin11i11g i t, is t.he predicate.

18

rI'l11· t.1 1l11 gs p1'l'I Ti •; 1· d :--;!: 111 d J t ; :-:-11:1:i· J'1·Li1 i111 1 t" (·;t1·!1 "l l1t·r;
\l"C f.;•'L oJ" \.] 11 •111 t.J1 rt> ll;-'.l 1 ll lll" s1•11 ,;1•s J11:1y lw 111:1.d1:
td 1·i· p rr•s( 11t. t.h1•111 ln i 111s n·Li! i () ll .

\,\1e ideas

.-l .,·/111;1!1:

.s c11f 1:11r ·r·

is

111 11 · !/1 11( 1·1111/oi!ls !111/ 11 111·

su.lu"cr ·t (11111 0111' ;1n·1/i1 ·,1/1·, r:il!t1 -r or l10Llr 1J' 1rlu ···!t

1

~

·-

To think is ( i ) Lo dl' L1·1:L this n·bLi u11, u11o; o( :1:_;1,·0:111..:11L
o r uf dis:t,gn•c111 c• 11 L 111 so 11 H' 1o rn1 , 1wtwc·1·n tiii11gs, i11·t\\·1·1·n
0111' llll'lltal l'ict.111"1'.'• or i1kas, of tilings, a11tl ( '.!J so Lu 1111i l.·~
tlll'se id1·:1.s ns i1 1 o ur 1n i11ds :u1d to 011 rs1·h·• ·s to at"!i r111 thi s
reb.Lioll . 'l'li. : l'f' s11it of tl tt •s1' t11·u :1 1·ts pf 11l'ti!l'I i11g ;u1d
n111ti 11 g i::; a tho ught. Tl ie 11· r11.n cir s1 11·ak1·1· ii(·t,.<'ls ti 11s
n•htiu11. aflirn 1s it to lii111self 1 a nd tlll'n expresses 1L Ill words.
In n·:1.di11!.! l1i111 or hsL1 ·11i11!_! to l1i111 11·" n·i:c>iV1! tliusr: 1d1·;ts

71/(U/ 7111 1·11 111 /1"1//u/.

Other words 111:1y tH~ t1ri'111.~ 11L 11it.n t.lH' S<'J if ~·iw1· ;u:1:
gn>111wd ai1111 11. li w suhp ·1·L :11 1<1 t.l1c· )•l"•"ii1 :l1•'. 'i' l1·· ., ,,,r.i,
s " 11.'< 1·d :u·e ~ij adjectives 1· x111·1· ss 111g 1il1·;ts (' 1.J assumed; :Js.
}11,-f 11.-;ln·,_111s l '( '1 ;1l1· v :111 l11 · l'11l1i11l ~ :111 1l (11) asserted . : 10.. : . T l1 1·
t ~ l1111 1· :-..: 1· ;1. 1·1 • ,·,,,f,1sf,,·ir111s: ;1i't• ('.!) a<lver·bs . ;\,>..: . ' l' ]i 1· , ;11li
~t.n·;1111 li"11·s r u1,irl/.1; ; :1n· ( ;;J nouns 11s1 ·d "·' complements .
1

1

as. ( ~; 111

111•1•(11111·

;111

0;·11t1u·

t

!,r:H·ti1T

1 n:1k1· s

:1 11

11ritl11 1·.

{--.

~

~ -E ;:m'[I""~.~.,
~g·.:...-l_,/

i 11 tlH~ fol'Ill ut tlJtHli-'.·ilt.

idl':tS . Slll (.d e !UHl clct.a1 ·1 .. ·1i. i\ ·~ 1·;111 (1\l l"='" h't'S l'Olll"!'l" L t.lll'lll
111 Lu t lw11gl1L i1111m·11iat.:iy, or e:rn iay Uwlll away 11 1 1111·Hwry ,
n ·•,:·iJ l th e m at any ti 11 1() :tfLcrll"anl, and fo so; tlwm into
1 lp 1q '._.- )J1.
\\·'111•\1

!9!Wlt~~

l f' t . 111· ~ 1 · i111 ·: 1:-:.

'.

-~

~. ~

··~:

{ - ; 1:•11 J1:ll! ! H'd,

tl1 1'il ~( lit,...;

111

; 1 i'i' ;-;,(•

l !11''." ;u···
ll\'

t Ji 1•

J" ;1 \\.

111:1li'J"l;1 ]

t>1 lt

id'

r 11· r1 /1,, ·...,

!1 :1 s

.~;1 •1111·

i11: tji1·

1111·11 '.

:11· 1·

(I;

1

J;l:ll1i!'..1 1· l1 1 r 1 ·d

1i11i! 1'il :: ;-;

n·11nY1 r 1-i1r· r r·l:i ;t 1·t1u ll \ !11 lti ! 1 \·;1 1·1i

1 '\:\1· : : \ '

whl1·l1 tlit '. i . i1111~ :"1 lllt'y 11i1· L1l l'\ '
i 1t·1 ·, tl H· ti, ,, 11~..;.l~: 1 ·, t rue .~· ! ; , :1 .-.....:-.! · 1 :

t. 1011
1d

;1}' 1'

i~1·:11·t11 ·· ·

noitns
11s1 d ll s adj ective modifiers . 1•11 possessive: "' · J,;1.'t .- ;111,..
Jo.1;"s 1..-:-;t; li w t n:tl ; ( /,) explanatory; :1s. !':. ! 11-. \' 1.. '/'111/•11-.
prer.1·dl'd ,'\ l:!.ry; are (:,) words 11 s1·d independen t ly: ;1 s. 0 ·"·,._
l11· l11 111•'.
\\.l1:1 t,

\1 1

1

1<

n·iat. 1.,11 , t.J,., t.!1 .. 111.;·l it. is un true "r false.

1

Li1· · ;! i :- ~1!:1 1_·

. ill H·r

1

Directions. ilw iil1i --.lr:\; i .. 11·-

t

I)

.J11."rify 1111· l ll11wi11:tti 1H1 :11Hl t h i·

1\•.,\1·

i ~: ,

t11ad1· ;1l 1> 1\·1·. h11t 11 ..: 0 • 11" \\··n· il...: 111 r 1· l: 11 j. •ri-- .. r lw r t 11: 111

J II

\\' I' I f i I l . ~

! ! ti

-. '

,, ' I I: ' : 11 .

1

·: 1j• it;1 ii :;;1t i··11 i 11

\\ ' 1·ir · · .-" · r1t 1· 11«•· ...; ~il1 1 -- 1 1.1; 11 1_, ;~ :; i:1•

~ ' ' ,i I •,I . 1· \ ' '

.I I i

j

I

i I 11 ' 1 I' : I 1 I

1 Iw

I"

111 ...... ,. , ., 1·hi r11 ·•l
! ' Ii j ,. '.\' l I l;. r' l !.

t·

20

In cnifion.

Capital .L c tt<-rs.' - JJ1 ·jfin rl'il/1 11. t'fl/11'/fll feller
( } ) 1/11· jil'sl ll"Ol'rl nj' 11 sc11!1·11r·r', 11111 / I .' ) nj' fl !i111· u/'
/Jlll'l!'!J; ( :J) /1/'U / 1''/' 1/11///l'S i i 11 1'711rli11;;' 1111 //fl/I/I'S u/ /Ju·
})(>if!J) lt//.d l/'IJl'rfS d1·ril'!' d

j'l'l! /11 · !J11·m ,

C/ _1

/111/111'-'

~~-

') 1

-1

~-

11/

LESSON 3 .

/11.in;;/s 1:i o idl!J / J1'1'.wJ11ijir•d, 1wrZ ({)) 11wst o ./1/Jrc ui11.lir111.s;

rt/Id

ll'l'il P i n l'il/! il!fl 7,:tf,•rs (f:) 1711· 11'11rrl.'i

I

11111/

n, 11111/

(';') 1u1111h c r s in Ili c H1111111n 11 ol!/fi1J11..

f'

Period. - l'lar·c n 11cri o1l ofte r ( } ) n d cclura li l'c or
un i1n;H: r a,tiuc s1:.11 tcn1·c, (2) u11- ulJl.J!'l't.:i11.Lion,

nnd. (, j

)

it

n111nuc r writt en in l hl' Ro11wn nol 1tl.ion.

C o111111a. - SPt

()/T /,,; !li e

r!n11 n11.r1. ( /)

1111.

f',l'/1l l/.nl/fnr11

111,r)( li/in· w hir:h dor·s not n •slri1 ·! l/u• 111rnlij1' 1•1l lt-l'ln or
C(J J1i/1i11f'- dnsrl_11 1uifh if ; (.! )

11

SJ:\11'1.I '.

11·0,.rl n r 11l11·ow• i11tll'-

11r 11tlr 11J or 111!rtrl_11 sn.
Apost.roph<'. - Usr tlrc 11;1ns lrn;ilt1: ( 7l f.n 1lisli111f11ish
lh-1·- ;1 t1s.-.·1)ss i 1·t'- ;l·o 11r rd!trr t· r1_,..; , s .

~-

Si'\'J'J:\ < T~.

A 11011n or i1rono1 1n \1·1 tl1 i t.-; 11ri'i111sit io11, f'nrini":-: ;l prep
ositional phrase. Ill a_\' I JL; i1 r<J11 ;.: i:t i11 t. o tl w s1 ·1ll."' ""' :1 11ii
perfor111 ti 111 <>ilin: OJ' ( 1) ;u1 adjective modifier; :I', \' 1\11·::tion::; o/ l'lft,..,. c;111s1· ii:-:ht. ; or('..' ! "" adverb modifier. :1s.
Fur f/1 is. 1.1""' is r1·•1111r1·il. Without its preposition 1J,.. ''" " "
may !)(' 11s1·1 l adverbially :u Hl l)l·1 ·11 11 11 1 ( I ) :1 su -.-:ti l1-.I dative
object; :is. l! 11il r1· !'11" ·.I (_'/,,,,-;,._, !. :1· l 11 1i1 t:111 ,. .. ; :111•! ('..' 1 ;,
11rn111 11 1' measure 11r direction; :1.s, I !1 · r"l 11riw. ! /u11ne.
A11 infinitive phrase, l o 111tl , it s 1·1·rl1, 11 1.•y J., . i11 .. 11•.:lt1
i u tu

t.l1t'

s 1· i ll1 ·1wi· ,

:u1il \11'{'( •1111 ' ( l)

;l

subject.

;t.~ .

'f',, ,, ,.i.

1 ·~

1

J11te rrog-atio11 Point. - .-l d irer; [; inlcrrn[!r1livr! .w•n/!(: jiJl/011;c1l h!f r111- i-11te rruf/rdion
/J1J i11l.

tcnr·c or !'/a11 sc :sh o 11/d

Ex('l a111atiou Poi11L - - .-In r'.rl'l 1111111lnn; r. 1·1ir1•ssinn
s l1ri11T 1! h f' fn !lnrrnl /J 11 r111 r'. 1·r ! u11ur lin11 11ni11f.
t Th e rnl t·R e:h·1·11 in
ti 11n ;.1n· l.ho."'e i11 H t·t·d

H f >JH'

B110)(

llii~

luH tl\ fcir 1•:11•il:1l ll'll•·r:-: :in d f n r Jllll J1 'f1 1:1.
]\t·llogi:·:-; i i !I i,!.!lw r Lt ·ssn11s in En t:li:-111 1' a11d
C1H1r:-::t•, n wiu · r 1· 1 l'~IH· 1·i : ii iy n11d1 T • ' n111pn~i t i1111 1 t lH'Y ;1n ·
~\:.

g i \·L·ll awl fu ll.Y il !u;-;irah ·d.
'l'l1P f-t 'a c·lit ·r 1· ;1 1111 .. ~- !w !1111 tl111 r 1i11 g l1 i11 l1 i ;-.;
1lrill lq H1J\ lliv:-1e rule ;-;. l'11 nd11aiio..•t1 i;-i, a.. .:. 111itt · l 1 a j1.t r l t•i ;t ;-..v lll{ ·111 ·c ;1s
i." ;u1y ,,·qnl in it. Tlw 11 ·;u·1 1!"1· ."li• n:il i1i .-: .-r 1! 0:1! 1: q :---( ri t "ll•"i' L"' n :lily
writtl'n u11til it is p rdperl.v punctuated.
~t >l\\ t · 11f I J1 .. 1 !1 1 fi!1 i ti~ 1t1 ...: :11'' ' j;1k• ·11 fr• •!H !l 1" ~ : tHI•' W•'l 'M.~.
1

!!:~¥"' ~ t ·n tt'lH't•:-:.

J!l.1 1wtil:tt\i111 :1n·

l o 1111d .

illu s tr:1t 111!.!. all\'
:d\LL\'~

:.!.t\1·11

iu

~,r

tlt1· rn!1 ·s f<•!' i ·:q'lt:1lizati n 11 or f ur

~ii•·

l

'" '"'''' ll

\\l1°·r··

HH_· l1

nll··~

an·

l1a111:u 1; (_ '..' ) ;1 complement; :1s. Tl 1c1 1·"1"111:L111l 10 1,, 1:,,-: ,,,·,._
'l'h e Hili !t: ti1:wltes 11;; l o _1;11·r1i1•r>, 'l' !i1• f.1 ·: 11:!ir:r i11a.J., 11"' l"'l1il
(lu ) _lim1i1·(• :
:Ill adjective modifier ; a~:. '!'lit' 11·:1 _1· ,,, /,,.
j f>ryio n 1s n· ,· 1·;i ]1·d; (I } ;111 explanatory modifier: :~ :-: . 'J iii"
1l11ty, I" "'"'!/ , is r1·1 ·.. ;_: Jli1.1 ·d; (;-•) :111 adverb modifier: ;1-: .
Striv" t" ti" y•111r d11ty; ( I;) ti"' principal term .. 1 another
phrase: :1s, Ji .. 11·:1s :1IJt,lll. l r1 -'!'' "'!.-: :11"1(7)1t. 11 i:1 .1 1,, . independent; a:-< , '/',, /1-ll U1u t.n1tl1, 1.. , it:11111L1'l l 1:01111t.111L:-r11<>1w;,
A partici ple 111:1,r J,, . 1Jro11c:J.t i11t<i tilt' s"1.t ·111 ·•', :ill1! i .. •.
1·«11111 \I) :1:i ad,Jcctive mod ifier ; :1s, .\ 1r, ,.,,·1,. 111 ,/ i,,:1- " '' ' '' :
\:..:) :1. compiement; '"'· T l11: :-:hii 1:1t.11r 1:1.1· /,;.,.,d i11 :1. \l1 r1_., "111·
]it'P]il·· ,.,.,,,,;,,,/ ti 1·· lirid ,c:··· ; ( :: ) t 11 1· principal word ,.1· :1
prepositi onal phr ase ; :1 s, D 11 /''"""/ 1b 11r i\ :1.-_1. \,..,,. 1.. :1·111 ·,.
],,,,, .s lls 1· li;1 1111 : (I) tl11· princ ipal word i11 :1. phrase 11 .s 1·d :is

en

1

0

subject:

:1~. {'rr:-:!11111 i 111t

1!w ~J·:-; \\'ill

1ir11 \ · 1·

1l1· · \)l1(·r:it 111r1 ;

(;-•) :.!,..principal word :11" phrase 11.- 1" ! :1s complement,
.l':1r1irn1 111,r _1;,,-'.fi'lfi1111 _1·1111 r 1·1·•1111•.st.; a 11d (1:) it. 111 :1.1· J,.. independent; a,;, ~'F''t1!1i11:1 1•l:1i11l _1· . ILi 111l1·L 11·:is11't. 111:111.

"'.,:

lnvrn tlu 11..
- - - -- -- -

----

-

Directions. (~)

( l ) .J u't ify tl 1e. p1111,·1 n:i.tiua i 11 t il l' il !u,trat. io11' a lmv •"
\ \' ri te !';l' ll tl·1 n.·t·~ il lu:-;tra ling ail tlin pl) iJtts 111 ad1 • tthH\' l', 11111, 1i si·

11u Wt•n l s in otlwr rt ·L1tiu1 1s 111:111 ll in." t: 4•XJ1Ld114·d_ i11 il1i:-1 <111d it 1 11 11 •
J~i:-·t n u w11rd have 111 o re Lii:in a si 11 !_!'.l1· 1tH1difi1·r.

}ll'f'Ct:.'di n g Lrcs~on.

and,

1f

]>t>,s ible, l et

JW

rn od ifil'r IJe mudi!ied .

] 11

I.

2.

5.

!1 ·r.'", j/~--:1!

/'1'.•.:J

Hyplwn. -

1t11t l

u:onl

£!? -

~
.· - ~

11 L l • i ~

LESSON 4 .
~1·:\·1 · 1::;1·1.;;., _ 1·1J\l l'til :\ii

.'-I J;,// T T

I'l\Ell!C.\TE . .\ \] 1 1·11\l l 'lll \II
C!l\ll'LI·:\

Compound ft1odifiers . · ~

i?U ~

tl l'

l !Hl l' I '

~; iC ;-..;\·\~· r: ll

ulli1 ·1·;-;

11:r.~1c: L ~. ·- ·1. [

11

]J\;1\

: it

r

\i'~ •'d

t·

l' l 1.

Pt ·:-\rrih1·

t\11'

ul"

l]

1

1

•

,; ! l: t ."~

tl11 · ~ ; t11 i, · "' 1 · r~l .

:ts :td\'~·rL

11l11'f1:--.1· 111 ,•,\i! i1· r :- 1

.i \\~ 1 ii°_\

11<111r1·d

1qu)11

, ·,,;1 .-....1

iii

tlw

1·;,.·

:ti1t i.

:1 1\)d1li··r:--; .
."- t

11 tl'll·· ~ · ....

lw[,.\\-.

j 1111 H '11l : t! i-.11 .

tlw 1 · ·· !i1·; 1l111~

(,(

•[i1,...._!i 11 1t :111.I

l\1 111 -. ]1.

\\ •·; 1r ·; ;l \ \;t.\ 11iiw 1""1 :1. ',1· :1r.

\\' rit· · ~i11q1\to ;-; 1 ·11t1'1i~··"" Jll11str;1ti11!..'." tl 1

1

i1 1:iritl i \· 1·

Jili1 · :1 ~ t"-; nr

Ll1 1: \'a r i"1 1s 1illin·s ii11l i1·;it"d i11
~-··

i!l

;t

•

p• ir t-.: J1!·,1

11:1rt

l<'lj 1: 1· :--;

111: 1\

\11' 1t:-J1•1l

1:1

1,,., ,, .,11 :\.

Di re c tion. -

J'1•i:it

lH·! 11 w , tt·ll

1i11t

: lw irlll11i 11\1· 1il 1r:1 .. .: 1·...;

tlwir f1 111 cli •_ H1 ~ . <111d

; 111d

p:1rti .·ii ,1 .. ...

_i11:-;tify lfll' 1 11r11 · t1i: tl
1

i 11

i l11·

1•11 1 : -

1ui_1 ~ liiit~ d

:-i • Ji\•·fil' ! ' ,

L\·_,.· ril 1 :...: . . 1111-1 :_ui,\

adj1•1 ·1.i1··· i 11 Li1 1• :-<1· 11kili.'l' '""} Ii,: )ll•u l1Ji.,.[ \ 1y
v li e :u ~ \

"'·

'i.1.

,\:\Ii

1111•l' 1' 1J11111: ....:, !' ; 11_· l1
IH '

:111 1i:1Ll1· a11d

\\; t "-

~'-.

p;1 -.. ...:i j 1JL t ! 1·ly.
a.-.; ....: ;l....: .... ii i :111 1l ;1 tr;1il••r .

l!J (Hl1ti1 ·r.-.;

;1s a(l.it'.1·1".11.·1·.

:--1 111 ·11 1

~t~\.t 'r;:i

.\\11

~1111111·11 ·: 1~~ .

-- 'l' w<i

: 1il. i i ·1· 1i \"(• ...:.

.

; 1J 1, ·..:.111;tll . 1· it .l / .• ' 11 .

'.

s1 •11 t.1 ·Jlf'('S

11y " J\t:

-.:!

lt1.-.:. 11,i·i : u1 . :t11ol .~L t\1 >....: 111:111. · l1 1· 1 l ii i J-....-,~1.

111 : ul 1~ l ~l"ttlu:-; :ltl

.-\L C;t],'' ~l;1y. tl 1•·

D i re c t iou . -

SL\ll ' LE

t li 1·

:ttid

2.

3.

~--='-

i•·1· .

i...: t .

I . TL•· t.·r--i· .... i. ."-ii 1q1l11 ·1 :y :11:.J ;1 ; •r•· '...:_11:11it !, r1· , tt ~\
u f r +' ·1ity ,,.{ ·r1 · 1·l1:lrartf·ri .... 1 i<'" cif ti;1 ' ~1·;1r!:111 ....: .

a pit.ile." ''

~

:-;. ri J,j

1· ....:...:;1.'

l Hil.lll~ \';1Ll1 t.i 1c·1r pr 1.-;H1:--.!l t1 1J1:.; , f 11 l"J! 1\Jl .~

D i r ectio n . -

/u ./''111 !lu· ;1111-f., ")

1

tlH : :-;ta.~·,., tlw j·i ri' H."'.

\Vit l1 nr wit.!11\llt tli1·ir 111·1·1H,~i1 i1"11 s.

u/ /,·/-

d.i.;;ilhd.

I;:>

]]!\j,

1.t' ] \ \\'l 1at i ) II" _\· 11 l• ·di!.\·, :t J 11i

l1u;1/1,.,1 ( I

t1·t \1 lt·t· i•i d:d 11- \ i 11 ":-;,

~ h:1.k 1 ·:-\1w :1 r1 ·· ~ ; l 1Hl 1'\·1 •ryl1ud\ ·.. : id1· :1L PPr l i: 1.

:-.\Pv1· r :d

1:11111)101111(/ 1c11nls, 111uL \~) l;c f1cccn Ll1c :>uUul1/cs 1c /11·n
il

ii·

rn:-tv \)(~ u~ i· d

r11urru ·/, ·r:.:.

f 's1 · flu·

J )1'...:!1;1

6. ' l'lw Li1nes

tlJ1'

r o11l 11' ( ;:!) I 11 111.11 r k

1J1 ~1 ·,·1 .-.:. d1·\ 1l\ll'

u ohlu. ;111d l11V1·d lwr l111.-.\.a11d 1 rtily ;1 11d

0

rt 11osl

;l:1d

'l'l1 e l~lltt1a 11 a11111 s1 ·111 1: 1i! .:--) \n·rt·

3.

cun11 tdN/.

{!st'. flu•

'l 'li 1' ~~n-~ vdy ,t :;n; li;-;

4 . ;\l;wa11L 1.. y.

ll'i t h fli f'. 1"1'.~f, f// U11· s1·11te 11 N •; 11.11tl (,~) 11. 11r11"/i,.i1i71' 11 sl'l1 11 s 1111 ' " U'' l'/icc
11 1.ot/ i jir·r, 11"i l /1 /l1 f' u ·orrls 1ir•11J11 (ii11!] to if. 1111/nx
r 1·s!ri1-lin·.
C."' 1/11· c11 111111 11 (/j ) fl'/u :111 'C1'/' iL 11·i/I
p1·1·1·c flf, runl1i[fni I LI 111' 1n11 i,., ; l!u: 111 1;1111,i n;;· ,.:/ / 111·cr.
A post rophc . -

i1 1 I :ll'

ar1·11a .

Co111111a. - ,..,·i:t uj}' l1Lf I Ii 1; 1·u 111.111 11. ( .,' ) 11. ;1 ! 11 ·,1s1' I Ii u /, is
71l a f'c d u/l.l of i ts 11 1d111 ·11l or d1· r <lll <i 11 uufo 1·111p l uit i 1· .

n111issinn of ll'll 1' 1·s. ff/JI( ( .,' ) in l/11' ;1 !11 rl)/i ~ i11;;;·

• 1f ·"' lw~· 1 ·\1

an(l Jl l:-\ tify !lit• i11 11 1 ° · t111l1i~ 1 1t :

l11 ·;.u 1:--:, l1t•1·t~i cur1 1, :L1;d 1i!lwr j• la: 1t:-- .

\l' r iti n.c: o lJst•n·e tlw"·

l"Hh.' H a,h-;1 1: -

or l li ut is 1onsrlrt

I 'oi11L il ll t 1 l11 ~ q(tin':-i of t lw i 1;1 rl :--

Dire c tion . He. n t1•.11i'.t':-I Ul'l ~ j\\' 1

\ i_

l llu l' t"

rli

Jli
.•
1i1

Ll1<111

2 . . \ ! ii•r l1i . . ;ti ·· 1!1iiL1l . \\ .. tlT"il

!!;1-...!111:_:--

1•n1! u

!!i-:\ 1iH'..'. !1i-_ ~l'·•l ! : i!I ..; . ri1!i:1 < :; 11.-

1 ·~'ar

l11di:u1 :u1i! 11: 1l.-.. :111 · ! , - ~·.·-~· 1·t. 1 i · i1·-. i11 !·. 1

;111111 .... 1·•1

i1 i1 11-. .. : 1·

\'.1 1:1

\r,1 l • \1111"~ •' " · :1: 111 ::·.,·ir 1'.'
h:11I .

~

'-

.

.. .

,~

;.; ~

.

fn ucntion.
3 · ..\ lu11 g i11 g Lo d ictate, t.u i11Lt•rn1eddle, a11d l u 11 1aki · ollil'rs f{~ P I
liis )•owe r lllaJ e F rederic ll1 e G reaL llll\l' il li ng to a,;k 1:111111,;el to
couhJ e i1 11 porla11t ""crc•ls, or to delegate a111pl .~ puwern.
•

:; t1gar, a 11 d Lu rai~ e and li~lllt.:ll Ll1 e l~1af l 1y

4· Th e worlcl saw i\larie A11 toi 11 et t.c <l ecora t i11g- a11c l eh•'••ring
li er Pkrated SjJhere.
S· The quee 11 ·8 !to rses, saddll'd and bri1l lei l, am! ahont to starl
a 11 d fo ll ow Ute chase, sto"d pawi11 g tite earl li a11d c lta111pi11g t lwir

w eek and 11i11e h ours a. d:1 y, wc111 id Jia,·e h H 111 ~ ht. lla . . . Li11r>' tl'ia l.
yt•ar :-; ~ to a cl11.-..e i1 1 tl1n·1· 1 11111 1t l1 ~ .
7. Addiso n 's frie11d~ stuocl g r eatly a111azetl to see )'<> 1111 g Al1•xa11 der Pupe p e r."\i ~te nily 111a !i;...,:11i1i;.:; tl11~ ir t'l 1iei. aitd yet ~i ri1 q; l1i11:."~ · l t'
out as a camli d alt: for ,\ddi,,011·, ia1·ur'.

tlitt.""-1

d1:--1wr:-.111g

; )w

Jilie raLe J carl 1011 iv acid µ.·a s vqnally tl1ru11gi1()ltl tlw 11111.......... .
6. A well ClJ 11 :;t11,uc1:d trili1 11 1:d , .-.; itt i11.~ n· .i.:,uL trl.Y six 1LL \s 111 iiw

last in g eigiiL

l1 il.s.

6. OIJcy in g the prPcr pt,, io \val l'h ancl fr, pr:1 .1·, a 11d ",,,.,.].,,.); i11g
Direction. -

nur n e i gliho r ~' ~pt ~ak iri g ill of 11 s and dnin.i...:· 11 s wrt111 g coTJ.'-'t.it11fP

7 . T o tell t he tn tlh and no t f11 Pxa ggN:t!P, ;< p••aki11 ,; J, ,, 11 L·stly
1li .-.:sf·11ildi11 g 1 11 0 l\l:lli l1a:-; f'\'1·r .... f111 ql !Iii:-- 11·.-. I 1•1·rf( ·1·il_y.
8. '1'11 1• liiglit s t 11rouf uf v irt11 1• is 1o po:i:si.::;:-; bo1111dlt·s;-; pow e r
\vithuut al111:)i11g it.
a111l

tH 1I.

Direction. 1\~t·11 t lll'

.•

jn

~

~---

'Vr ite simpk Sl'llle nres illustr;it i11 g all Lli<'se p0i11L'.
p u:-,:i il1k , 1wrfc1·Lj y dear 1)f c1i111p i ex 1111 1diJit·J":-;.

lllotlili1:rs
m od i ti,,,[.

Djrectio 11. -

\Y!it:· i1 1n 1n. lit} ~1tlwr JJh1<liii\·r."i

1JI'

1iar1 . . .

adje1..·t,ivl' pr ad vl'rb

r. l ' n,111\r e H was Liit t erJy v1111v.'icd Lu all juri ~ · i i cl.1 1j ll i11 ina t.Lens
2 . .-\ ct· o1·di11g t" ·!\'far:-;h, fl10 irrPg 11L1rity uf thri ~qwlli 11.~ i1t 1·;lrly
E:i;. .:;!isli i ...; n·ry fl'1'1lll'·11i l ,\ - l·l1:t1.:..;,1·dl, I·· ;1(111t~ . . . 1 "'! Hilly tiJ t i1c tliui1 .L:. i1;/,._..,, _.. , J 1!'! ti1 t · J ' :-. d 1· :--in· !11 Jil! 011! 1~w i 1r1··

~!

3 · ( '1111/,/

~~~

i~.

;-..aid 11_\'

l-:; 1 rl~·

tn

l1a\"1·

;11·,11111·1 ·11 11:--: I l1y ;1 ...;s 111·i;~1ir1 g

\l'i t !1 t!iri:--1· ! illl1· \Yrq·,!... , , or ;t1 1\iii:1ri · · .... .

IJJ

' I'l1e ~axon w q rd.i..; i11 En g li~l1 ai·e :·:l 11Jrl. i11 :l:: l'l':lf part. 111n11ni"yii ai1ic. a 11.I !"ttll , ,( 1·01; ~-1111 ;ll ils.
5 . Y1 ·; 1....; I i.'-' ad di·d tn dotl.'.. .::h 11t ('JY·1y l o ·· n11\·,· r!. 111' , JHdli11 .~· it in
Of.lie r \\'Ol'Ll ><, to eJia11 gt•, U}' eitL'llil C;il acli oll . '<Jiiii ' ,,f tl1c• ,-<larch i11lo

~-j

11'1.,/ :t 11.J s /,, 111i/1/.

4·

wil11

l jij

,,
!•

pr1·d i ~ · at1- s a11<1

·.1 ·rl 1.. ;
i ;_ ·,., 1·x l f~; 111:1 I• .1-.\-,
<1r ad v1·rb 11111d ili1•r .. ; ; :ind 1!1:1. t Jiarti 1 ·i1il1· ~ ll'.'-'1·d i11d(· 111 · 111!.-111 i y · ·r ;1-.
adjt : 1 ~ t.ive 111ndifi1·r.--;, it="' f'(fll!Jd1·111t· 11t:...;, :u1d :\~ pri1wi11;Li \\·,,rd ...; iJJ 11r1 ·1 ·•1~
sit. ioua.I pb ra.~ <\ s - tl1al. t l1t '-"'' a .rl'. all 11 1(J1lili· ·d. Y1Hl :-;1·1· ab1) l iy \\l :;it
tiH'.V arc1n t, d iii<·d.
\\'ri t •· :...;it1 i j d 1· ~1·n11·11,:1-.....: i! l1 1:--t1a1i11 .~ all t lw ....;·· 1.. i11(...: .
l n writ in;.: 1d1 .....:1·rY1· t fl!'...:..•· nil--:-; ;1i.-.q: lt....: t · d

i11d1·1w11• It-lit ly 1·r a .. ;

wunl;:;

Sc1H1,rr1le

Int

tl/.I ·

!F-i ::_

~ ...

1'11 11111111,

11111/ 11l1/'11s1·s. 1111./1'.'·' 11/I

CX/ 17''1l SSf'!l;

l lff(f

(/')

1·u11111'f'l1·tl

fr r1 n

Sil/// I '

!hr

({J)

ru111u·r·l1,1I

1·u11j//111'/iu11s 111 '1'

jJ/"l'tft1·u/1'S r1111/

11//11 '/'

r11f(/ lfi;Jr· 1·1'1itlu 11w1li/if'll, l/11111 :_:)1.
11111//11'1/.

r·onnrdN/

:<1-t

u//' lu;

to 11110!/irr 1111 or

t/11·

1· r111111111

11111/

l1r11·i11!!

/// I' l l / I f 11 ::'.

rcriod. - l'l rt i'f'. the /H"l"iurl
nsnl tu t'fl/lf/11·r11/1'..

n~li~· itni.

~j _;

." 1ti ·.i •·1· ; :-;,

ad jl ·1· tin·s 1kJl< f ti 1 1~ '!1 1:illl ii-.·•

tli:tl

;1d _j1 ·t ·l

/Ji!'

I

"·""

111t•~l 1 1 i~ · r:;_ <t?t 1l 11. 11 11 1.-;

;i.....;

(8) n

tlw111. arnl j!1.....;tif.\' tlw p1111r ·t nati•lJ1 · -

of

s1T tli;lt. JHH111 s

v.\1d;u1: 1t1 1r _\

iil in 1initive p!1r;L....;1·-"

11f

•'•

yl'11

;1 11 •\

JJl 11di1i1·r:-;;

phrases, H'/11.•11 /1mrJ
no 1· 1J11,iu11,.fiu11 1s

l't•i 111 t1t1l ;111ii d v.'-'~ 'l' ilw t i1t · JJ111di1it·r~ iii ll1t'. M 'I1k1w1 ·s
!111;:->i·

1 1~) s:--:1 .....;:-;i\· 1·

a..l..)S\ll1 lt'd or a:-:si.:rtt·d; tiiat :tdrt·riJ ....;; U1:1t. \'1·rl1.-.;

<J o111111a. ~-

~-

~

iwl11\\ , }1;l rl i· ·ttLt rly a ll

a .;-:.

1

:-.1· 11lcHn_· :-; , it

Complex Mo difiers. -Tho nouns a 11d Vt!rbs o f plira::; <i
'""l all otlll'r rn ud il!o rs nt :Ly tl1 e 111 s t·lvcs lw

r-

lit tl1 1·.-..1_· :-:.1· 111 1· ]!1_.,.,..,

as eo 111 pl1·11u ·1 it_... ,

tl 1e severest 1,,,,t, uf ( 'liri st ia n v ir i 11 C'.

( ,~) offr'r .1ru1J1°C

Fs::'11rrs

.·.:: ,-

20

Invention.

C'u111plc.c

~~r-~·

~-­

Sui/1111·c.'.

~.r=.

Adjt:l!Lin:

LESSON 5 .
( '<l'.'v!PL1-: X SENTl·:NCES "Tl'![ :\D.lECTIYE CLAP~F~.

Yrnt liavc SCt:ll that en· 11 si111pi1: se11l."1"·cs 111 ay lie lu11g
and. ddiicult, a11d 111:L.)' l''\l'l'Cc:s lii11el1. J:11t tlte ;; i11q.J., s1·11t1;i 11.:c is llot the 011ly se11tl'nee i11 const:i.11t 11s1~ . \ Ve 111:1y
put Lll'u 111' 111urc ;.;i11q•k se11L1 ·11•·1· s t .. gt'\lll'r, 1·:il'lt 11·illt :tli
i t s t•:-:st>1di:d p;lrt~ :t c e1111 111:1i1 i1·1i J,y 1l 11 ·ir llltl• lil i1·r:-;, ;11 11 ! r~1J'l!l
wl1:Lt w" "all :t complex ,,r :1. compound sentence. TJ,,.,.. ,
p:ut~ o J' t'<1nq11 e x tltHl tif t't)\11111111n1l ~1·I1t1'1\('t'S, r·11t1L1ini11.L!"
i);'L<; l1, ol' t:uursr, ::t subject antl a pred icat.·, we call clauses.
Sonw of these clause:; may perfunn n1cr1,ly t.l1e fttn'-'Li1111s pf
adjr:dives, of adverlis, 11~· uf J1ou11 s . Tlicse \re call dependent
clauses. Those not so degraded in oJfo;e we call independent
clauses. Heuce

1:

A cl ((,11,sc is a /)(trt nf

snllnu:e

n

(f'mnpfr.i:

or

7101uu/) co11t11ini11_(;· rr s11f1jf'l"l 1111rf ifs ; 1rl'f7inrlr'.

A d c;1cnde nt
rul1·r'!'h. nr rr

71

drni.w:

is one

usf'rl

as

Direction. ~1· 11lt : 1w1 ·s lwl11\\' ,
:u1 .v , tlial.

lll:t_\'

l J1_:

cl:t ~~tl i 1 ·tl

:Ls l'•'.SLri<· L1"' ' :i1 :t i

1·a1·h

l 1t1i11 t. 1111t :111d da:-;;--;ify tlw :ulj1 ·t·ti\" !' da11....:t·s i11 tli· ·
l··ll \\'l1:tl 1lwy 11111dif\ . 1u11 11· 1!1(' ;1dd iti 111.il ~·r li·· ··. i!.
0

1·111111t·1·1i\· 1·

r. Tl ii· ~,..\\ ii•,

1 lr i1~ i\

111 · rt"·1·111 :..: .
! .... . 1·

t

:1111! ,i1 1. t i f, · 1!11· \Hl11 1·t1i; 1t i 1·11:

i1 i11:, \,, ... 1-.

1: 1 .it 1P \\' :\ :~ ~~'J'1•; 1{ l•!li_\' in

2.

3· l\larll11Jl'un:._:·!1. ,,\H1 di t·d

\'.] 1:d

I':---.

\\ f '

1·:t l l

1,\1 _\:-- i1·:1 l '~)•· 1 •

is 1w r! 1:q1:--; t.lw 1i1 tl ,\·

__•(] :.

i11>!:111.-•' 11(

a J11al\ n( l' C:tl g-n·atn e:-:.~ wJ111 ]11\c·ri llHllH'_\' f11r IJ1ol11 •y\.; :-::11\.i' .
'I'ill~ cHH~ ~:re:1t

cn1Ttl]ilifHI 1r~ \\l1itd1 all rvligi 'HL is 1·\1 11..,1·d 1..;
f !'! lfll Jrl! i r :tl: 1 \'.
5. 'l'hr• hr:111 t) ( \'.-j1 .. :d, \\'i1i c l1 j...; 1li1 • i'~1\·1·ri1 1 .~· (1 f 111·~ k ·· rill'i . 1"
1n ad1 ~ ll]1 o f ~1·\·t·r:t.l Lt\· 1 · r~ . a11il i~ lir11k1"11 i1tt1, ... 1 · ;tl~""' in .~rir1r i ::,.:..:._
6. '1'111'. 11 1i~. :.-l iti1· :~t l!Jjt'11 · r 11[ \\'()rd ... tl1t• \\·urld c•\'(•l' k 1 :t~w \ \':1..'-> tl11:

4.

its
~

~
co 111,-

cLlll S '.'S

unrestrictive. Restrictive clauses J1111it tl11· '" 'OJ"', or :1.l' l'l1cation, u[ Llw words titt·y lll\Jlli I\ ; :1 s , \\-at.<:r t!url is slru11111n l
Unrestrictive clauses d,, 111•: ~" 1i11•1I. •· r
l'l'Stric!:. t.liu :t)•J•ii1:: t1i••ll ••I' tl11 · \\'or<b ll1•'.\' l11•.,lif1·; ;,,;, \ \':i!o ' ·
1nh.i<'h is u.1·.11: 11'11. U11 rl fl .11d 1·u~/Pll ·1t11i/1'rl_. i~ i'~~ .-~ 1·1tt i;tl 1.11 ;lft• _

~;~--

'.-It']

1

iara t i( 111

gre;d, Atl1" 11i:t1t, IJ- -111--'·

'·

rrn f/rUcr·/i,.r',

f/n

~:-'.'·

n11 n.

.:1n i111lt7H' 1ufrnt c lrur ge. fg n11c 71 ot rl1'jln1rlr·11f

U[tc n t.l1c cu1111cct.i11.!.;" w1Jrd h 0111it.tl'rl, :11111 so, ~" 1 111 · 1 i111•·;; ,

-~­

tliu a11tt'('t'dei1t .
-11711·11. and n-!11 ' 1'1', ('<jlla11i11g ;,, 11'71/1)1;
cquall111_!...; J;,t lt'/11·,.;1 : :u11l 1r/1.11J"1'l' .'f~ ' 'q11;11:i1i .~· IJ .'/ 1r/1i'1-!1 ,
ina\· in t r\} ihli.: •,: :l(
\'P cl 1.11~1·~' ·
fl : 11Hl t/11 re :n·t· 11ft 1·11 11.--1·d
iditl111;tt.1(·; t.lly t.u t.i1ri:1\\' t lH : l't·;il :-: 1l l i,i1Tt. :d.ti r tlw. \'t•r!J .
JS

t.Uh,1/ .

on

1

i/1/
i'i
)'"

11 / !If'/'

• !/

1) I{ /I SI'_

, '/

('11/// {/{)''('1/

('(J/l/)lff", \ '. Sf'Ji!OU'f' '"Ill/I'

C!IJ. 1:/u.11,.-.;r t111.tf. 011-1~ U/'
('()/!1/!( J/ l f l f /

11/

1

II// .

i111f,.jll'//l/-

lll-t1/'1'. r/1·;11'11 .d1 · 11f ,·/011.s1 -:,\' .

Sr'/J/1'/lf'r·

{.";

/Jiit :

f ' i)/JljJll.,;t'I/.

t1j'

:uiy

11/ '

nwrc i n lle11nulent cl nnsr:s.

·ri:

11

lld ;iii

8.

\\' e \Jq.:·in with tl1at si'"':i•·s t11' tl11 : 1:10:11]>1<-X s1 ·11L1.·11"' '

adjective ela.use .

;1

:~d .i1·1· i.i\·,· 1·L111~·· 111;1_\-

IO.

11H1dil\

:u1y 11ll1111 i11 1l1P l<·:1di11!_'. •·l:iw;1•. :11111 1111 • ''"llil!'di11 •.; "'"rd 11 1
tlie :1dj 1 · <:Li ·.;~ c1ause .llc1.·d Jli)L i11_ ·1_· l·~:·< t1· i iy ln: ll1 t.: ;-:;ul 1}·1·t.

l111 : 11:u1

IL ls f; 1i th

111

'1')1 ,· \'; 1( l1

1

tu !i11.t.::1·r f"r
]J.
~--

rea:)uli

l ·, \•'11

wl1y

\·

l(

:-;nr1wtlii1 1 .~ a 1id 1•11tl11hia:-;111 for su11wt1ii:1;.. ~ tli:d

11f {

d:1\· .-:. ;\11· 1

l'

-----·-· !'

111 1i ...;,11u

f, ., .h it... .: 1· lf :d•"\'

l 11 · 1~:-:.

J1i;11.1· ]if1• \\' 1frt!1 }1 11d~i1 1 .:..;· :t!.
9 · .\ \·1:rL b a \\'r1r(l \'1 1t·rt• i1\ tlw 1·i 1i1 · f
e:...: l ,r, •:--. ,.. : 1·11.

\ Vill <'.Jt ('.Cll!i .;1J JJ:-.; ~I, 1l1'jll'llljl'llt 1·i:ttJ:-.;1• lJ;.;t'lt ;i :-.; :1li ;1~iJ1·1·1 i\'t '.• t.J1;1J·.

is . :u 1

Tlwr1' ;11·i· ti1 1l1' ...; "' lti'IJ ~·\.t 'J'\. :H·ti\' t' 111i11d

7.
ftt'IJ

;wli1111

rff 1ltc' 1Hi11°l

i ..:

i:....: ;1 ]•h1·1· \\ l wr1• t111· tr:1\" · i
:"' '
,·1· 11 l.1.r ,,.1·1·\.:. .-. : .
11 -- \
,- \\t 111;. i lw 1r111d d"d 11• .'....:.!\•' l i 1· ·

! 1;11 11<1\J;ii

i\u1"" ;u i· i

11ii4!.~t· . . . 1·\1 :--. l .

28

!11 rc11 li1111.
A.fter tlwn a111l

12. 'Vlioever ur wliakn:r violale8 n. law u( llal,11ro is p1111i.,hed.

13. lL was li Ce t hat lw :.;;keJ fo r.

~"'~
- -

--'"-

14. The divi s io11s whi ch La111b lllakes of Urn 11111111111 ra<'e am
two - tlie borrowe rs ancl the lend e r;;.
15· Thrice i..; h e armed that ha t h his qrw.rr.,J j11s t..

~·~

Ji' ' int~ 111:1d1•,

ln writin g

Co111111a. - Sr·/;

11/r ''!!

nh~1·r v • · tl1 1·:-:p

t li c

l>a.sh. -

uw~

1s ,

(/7/.

n1d

11111\'i~ so

ra11idly

a_...:.

tlw

\ Y an•s

4·

'['lie n11r.-i<·til, I!o111a11

Wclit

t o lH·d (';1rly .

;-; i11q1 ly

lw(':lt; :-;1• /l h

wurLiiy 111utl1t: r E:tri.h 1·t 11 1ld 111>\ aff,,rd l1i111 c a11dlt·:-; .

errect.

([I) Lhe ruljcr:t i Uf'

thr rfush lf"l1r•1·r· Ill('/'(' IS

do

11

rl((tiSG 11·h1' n 11nt ,.,, slri!'fi ur~ .

( /) of as, namely, viz., i.e., rJ/' that

'l'}i (~ Wa\·1·s of :-;0111111

uf I i!~!tt.

n.11d ea r1 H'."'it. ill 111a1111Pr, t.iie ::uh· , ·rl ~ s 111ay l~t: <'1"11\\d~ · d \\ t1 li .~ Lt ·l

rul1·:--; :11:-.:q: ---

Gl/ l//,]/Ul

11·111.,is :tr<' so111L:Li 11 ,.'s u 1J1i it1·1L

5. l li spl'd in lll!lltlwrs, fur tlit: 11 u11il1c._·rs ca11 1t>.
6. 'Yli ere th e re i:-; a \\'<·ll-LalL1 . . ! il "J••Ha ,~TilJ•h , ~~ilid in 111 :dt ··r

Direction. - 'Vritn C'fHnpl1' x s(·11t-l•ncrr; r.n11lai11ing a-<1jectin~ da11.,~ 1·s
i11tr.11lt1t:1·tl hy tli 1• ~ ~·v,·ral c· n n1w(·tin· ~ l l:"ti 11 :th11\"1• , a11d illu .~tr:it i11.~ all
11 H•

3.

<1.-< .

fll/ //SS /fl/J.

i/ll!'ur/111,i11 ;;i

illu:;/.ru.liunii ur er1uiuulr'ld e.l pn;:;sirJ11s, llll<l (. .!) w!u.: l't;
tlu.:re is an 0111.is1Jiun of l i:llt'l'li or jljf 11 r1's.

~~-.

~_.,.-

7. A., 1111' lwig is ],.·111, 1111• tr"" is i11cli1w<l.
8. " "!t i le .Jt,.J..ig!t was Lu111 c!ti11g- ]•aper 1i:t1·ies, Sl1al< espeare 1uts
s! r L~tcliiri~- Iii" ],;il.y !1;u1.l:-> f11r :111 '. 11P1~)1) .
9· J\li!k is O IW of tJ11~ Jt}(1:-;t ·i ri1porta11 t foud-. , :--:.i 11t' t• it COJ!l:ti11S
ail the e i l' t11t~ 11ts ul 1111tritiiJ1 1 ill titt ~ i11u:--:1. di;..:1·:--.til1ie· f,)r111.
10. 'fl11.• 111urc \\CC knuw uf a11cie11L lil\·Ta.t11 re, tlie 111ure ,,.~~ ar• '
:-;I.ruck with ils

I11otl1 ·r111 H':"'S .

II. 1\liltnn al111(>;...;t rt•<111ir1:s a. ~cn·1ce to l·e i~layt~d \1\· f un~ \ 1'll

---

~11t 1. .·r llJ 1! ' 11 Li 111 .

I2 .

·.m-:.

LESSON 6.

~;'.'
cnr-tl'LE\: SKNTENL'I,:s WITH XIJ\"l·:nn C'LAlTSFS.

~:.·

,\ .. .

\\'t'.

).(rnw 1il(lc·J', we

U1i11l.. 11111ro :111d 11t,1rn

~d· <1lcl pi ·rs,111.'\

a11d ul· idd ]' L11·i"" :111•l tf1i11 .~: :"'.
13. So1111 ·t.i1111'S t,i1rre i:-\ ci11der i11 tl1e iron~ ht·\·au."' '' tlwn~ i.'"\
t~ inder

iu Lla.: 11aJ.
14. Si11c1•. \\'<' d1•cl:u1 •l 011r i11<kl'c:11d1•11c" i11 17-- -. l1"w t.l1is <'111 111 ·
l.ry l i;t .'~ <Ji. \ ' t •), 11H'C1
1

})1'l"' 1nhrnt da1lses llla.Y 1lis .. i1:u·g" 1.l1 c uflic" of a d\·1·r1Js .

.

'·

15· A.<.:. t.l1u jnicPs of J 1 H~at. , d1 ~ h" ri11i11i11,L( it.s t\avor, :ire ti<d, : he

~11t'li

same tlrn·11~lin11t :.11 a11 i111a1. ;lil par t s uf th e fksh do 110L ta,fc alil•.«.

dawws, c:i.llt>d adverb clauses. 111:i v f'xp n 'ss (I) t l1P
time, (:?) tlw place, (:l) the degree, (-1) th'-" manner, a11d
(ii) tl11~ real cause uf tl 1c :1d.iu 11 or 1Jf'in:; rl1• 11 otl·1l by vt'l'l•s,
qr tl 1ey m:ty mo.Ji fy ntlj•' div· ·s 11r adv1'J'J.s.
Dir ection. - rJa.s ~ify tl 11 ~ :-i 1h·1·rl 1 1·\:111;-;1 ·s in t lw :-;1· 11 1 t'J1('i•:' hj·l· •W,
t,,·1 1 what Ll1 ey ruodify, .~ive tlu ~ co 111wt"fi \'(·s wi!li tlw ir full fu11t : l.i1H1 ~ ,

a111l j11,t,ify th" 111111<'t111tli1111: I .
1s

'J'itt~ colurJ......,-;~ suh~tanc e k1111\\·n iit a1wi• ·: it tit1H':-l a ."i l1ird · li1 rH'

tli<' gl 11U ~ n

l 'i"1 111 ;.1i11i11g after

16.

~~~

18. Ti1e 1•ll1n i11 ·']'a"" i~ HJ i!ti11 li1aL so111e sl' i< ·11Liods ,J, ,11), (. il o<
havi11g a11y resisting power.
19. 111C1wtlw':-11·l1; 1ra1·l1 ·r o f jlt wl, 111~ :-;t'f. a:-1 litt.!1 ~ f'111r1 : J,y :1:·wli·"--.:

-~-:

lear11i11g·

c

·w.r:

a. 11vlitici_a.1J.
_L_ _

,.

~
. -

;t~ ,"-\h:1l.;,1· ,...j i··;11T

di1l.
:l1·i1i i--'.;1:-; :->i11J.;:-; 111 tlH• l1<d!c1111 of t':l.\t'....:. aH d ;lL<tH·
do1H•1l \\ 1·il:-;. a:-1 iL i:-. !11 •;1 '.- i(· r 1 l1;ti1 ;11r.
2I. \\'lwiwv ··r t.ln~ st1l1j j·, ·1. ·d J1al1v1i t• \ 'l ' l1 : q•J1f11\11t1;t11_' ~ ( 11 : Lll
20.

tin: .-.. 1;1r1·ll i11 ll1111r ha." L11~L'll \\;t:·-lwd

'J'l1e co11v;_d1 : :·H_:•~ nt cl1a11t;"t...' ~ s id \ · ~ u ft •·1Jl'r i ii;ta

c_Tr1·r11ur1y.

·• 11in

H.\\-i l y .

2.

As uiw tr1 ·1_~ k1·e11."' 1111\\'tl a111dli1: r i11 tl1i ~ fure.-.;t, ,. ., u u1 1c :-1 111··1·u~

la.tor anla~.::iniiz" ·"' utl1•.•r :-<j_1l'l'H);l l111'.'-' .
17. " ' l1e11 lon' ]11,gi11s to s ie ke11 ;11111 decay, it use1h a11 enfor('t·tl

(';1iJ1(1t1J,·

30

:n

I11 nc11 t inn.

e rl'1a lity i11 111aLe rial or 111 e 11 Lal fv1·ce, Lli e J1ati1•e dia lect is ado]'f"d
liy tli e eu1ii i u e r or.

5. ~lnrali . . . ts ~lt1 111id l' lllti \· :lln 111 ltli'll tl11· prc1p1 ·r l11vc (•f wt•a ltli
a11d lif 110\\e r J,·:--:t ci\· i Ji1atit"111 ~ l 1!Ht!·l lit· 111 Hl1H1e.
6. ,,-l'l't' ' •11 1· 11 f " /•e !1 lii:-; 1·:1r and lii s pur .. .;1 · 1c1 ;tll t J1. ~ >i- i H·11i1 ·~
1

22.

'l'l'a. lllt'rt' i.lS PS i h e W~L:·de in !lie !1ody, si11 r v ii. proinol.t·.~

Uii!

tra 1J...;fonna Liun uf f\ 1ud wili1011L l"lll'f'i_ving- nutrilll cnt, a11d 11uTea...;1 · s

t.l11~ Jn:-;~ of ii t a t \\ itl1,n:L ~iljtplyi 11 g !"1;c·!.
1

23. K11 owl1··.l g-e a111l (,i111h• ·r sl1 0 11ltl llOt be murh 11~ .. .i fi ll tlir·y

~;;c~

proposed tu lii111. l1 e \\"U1ild f'OOll 1ind J1i 11 1self i11 tlw j f(1(1 r -hot1.•w.

ZL~-~~ -­
-:-:::~-:.

;1,r1 ~ .'".:!Ca~u11eJ .

COlll HcCtil'l"S l! St•d a .I.J ove.

f' 1)1llpkx s 1·11!1 ·1wr·"'

J11

~i11 c e

8.

of

writ.i11 g Ou,erve tl1i ti rul" als0°: -

C omma. · ;:)p t; ojf' l1y !/11: 1·n111rnri (./()) tlu: rt(ft ·n·l1
cl anse, llnl ess it closely /of 1ows anrl restricts lhe word
it m odi ji'.es.

7 . Checs(', althu11gli it is ils .. l( ditlic11il of di1.:e,tiun , 1•rn111 .. t1·s
d i ~·1_-•:-;ti u 11 uf ut hv r f oucb.

t.lw

rn nt ni ni11 .~ :1d,·1Th t ·Lt 11:-: 1·...: , if
titn t· , pb\t'l' 1 d1· .~ n·t·: n1a11n"r 1 fl.ml r+ ' al 1' :1 11~i· , iritrnd 1w1·d b y tl1i · . . . 1-\t_T;d

Direction. - '\rritt·

-~­

?--::: ~=-

ti11 •J"e ar1·

~'

CU\ li'l.E X :"' EX'J'L ,\(' J·::-; \\'I I'll AIJ\'EHB ( ' I.Al:"'!·:,-;.

Arln=-rb rlau s<'s lll:l,)" rxpn•ss (( i) reason, t,);,. ";ui.-; .. .,r <•111
and ;1ssctt111g s01 11d.l 111q; lu lw, (7) condition.

(."J purpose.

;11 h i

('.')con cession . tl 1;d i11 :->J 'lf··

pr

\•:lii (· i1

1111~n ·.

r4. Ln\·1· 11(/i .'-' l1·1·11, li·.'-' t tl1<HL 1·(111 1t ' 1t• i't'\···rt.v.
15. J 'n>Y id1·cl a l111y has an 1 ~ye fur 1•\'1...·ry :-;.id1· arid a11 .t.::l1· of cu11 -

-~

#t.

rod.,;~ :ltd(·-dati11 :,.:. Tli:u1 . t) JI' fi r~ t.

13. l_; 11Ie:--..°' Ll1L' yuu1 1 ~· o[ U1t: (1_Yster {'t•ri:-:lwd Ly tl11.: 111illiu11. tl H·
shallow ~f~:ls willi; d :-;\\· :1n 11 \\·itii tlH·.<.;1 ~ 111! d i11:-.li. .'-' .

~~-~

iu11J11·111g

jll tJw

a11i111als i11di g11 ityc•!ll ld11.,t. l1ave l>1•1•11 th•• tir,1 i11 t i11I>' .
9 . Cli::irles T. cr i11 ,L:;1• •l to Louis XI\'. th:if. ],.. , tl11' E 11 glisli ki11c:.
n1i;,.::ltt { i'itll!f •i1· '•ll J1i:-; (J\\ 11 l •1'1 •j •\,._
10. liu\Y el'er i111perlecL the .1u ry-:;yslc 1n 111ay ] ,,., w r 1·a1111of ;tfT.,, d
to :tl>a 11 1lu11 ii.
II . 1{icii Pl i(·n dir-d in flu~ natural ('ot1rse ,,f 1nd u n., 11uf\\"i1li:-;t;u 1d ing he was all lii~ life lu11:; he'd l,y assas,i11s.
12. Except. your y111111g" ' I' lirof.l1er co1111' down with yon, _l'f' ,,],al l
~ee 11 1y Lu·1• 110

LESS ON 7.

f {)~~ ib

te rre~t. rial

ti11.~· (· 1 H'_Y.

ht_'

l11;1y S\ll'l't'l'.J

ln la\\".

ca~·~ 111,. w111ds w1·r" ah\·ay~.; ,1..;n11tl1w1·st

16. 111

~--·

Ly wi ·sl , \\'1lfn1·11

n1i .'. .'." lil 1:1L1· ... 11 ii,._ 1( • "' ·:t.

17. ~hllll d L' l1t iii ~1rd1·r th; \L

i":5U1ill'Lh 1n g ex I Dt!:l.

_\'(l\l

111a.y

ll C\' l'l' h< ~

tl11~ .'-'h\'1..' of

(']"1•clit111·~ .

Direction. - Clas"ify t he ad v1•rh cla 11 ~1· s in tl11·"r s1·11f t·1H·• ·R, tt ·ll
wi11tl Ll1t·y 11111dify, n 11IL' Ll1 t..: cn n i wc i i\' t•:-; wl1kh i1J1 rod nee the c b1u~e!';
jli i'ft •ft.• Jd ill l\i111! , ;~!1• ! j 11:-: !ify t lo 1• 1 111;i 1·i 11::ti · •l1 ; -

r. F il lll

18. On co1lllition tiia L lw,.]vc cit i11· 11 s of Cahis w1111ltl g·il'•· 1\i,•111selves into hi s lia1111', l·:d,Yard 11 L j11"<>111is1 ·d tu sl 1<>\\' '""'""."tu t J1,.
tow 11.

r9 . 'I'lie f>t·a s on Tllll'-'l lia,·1· lw<'11 a r:1.i11y O!H', Lt•1·;u1s1· yr· .~1·l:di!l11

11~ · ···1...; \\ill ri .~.1 · : fiHi1 ::J1 :dl 1111 1•:tr ti 1,,·1·n\I~· 1r 11 1llt'r1:. f!i
l:·.;

Ill • I i . >·•" \ " " .

r:t11lz .

20.

1\ l I

:n ·,\· .

3· \ ' u if1.' l ', l'ua :-- lt't ~, is .~.:J1111111i ·'" ll1 ai
JI. 111 a,v

I

lw

arc1 11i;l{

ic Ynlat iie oil

he dt •\·c inpf' d.

4. Jl l 1ad

111 e11 q1111 l, i11e 1

i 11

( f \ \'

11111 ..... t.

:1 ~:-.: 111·iale.

thr111 i11\'i:-;ilill· ~]'irit of

1'." . ], ' t

l l .... ( ' :i :

\\"IJlf',

if

t1HHl

lia~l

111 > n;111w

t {) 1 1·
1

l I l 1' . t • i ~ . \. i \.
I

Direction.
of

Liw 1...::ood

(J
!l

:-:, 1 · \'

n ·:1.:-:.• ii1.
~ ' J' ;I

}

~

'< f)

1·11 11di!ii .11i.
I I I!' j ' !

i \"~ ."-'

I ) -... l

lH1r; ,,1 ..: 1•.
·

iJ :t \ \ " \ . I '

:1r 1d

1·!1/!('t·~:--:i11ri.

i1t1nid111···d

!.y li 1j·

..

3 ')

'

''I

I

1:

;1,1
1:'

i

fll ucntion.
----------- - - - - - - - - -- ------ Lt is worth nu ti 11g tki.t or the 11ine classes of ad vcru

cbuses, expbin cd :rnd illustrated, the last five r eall y com e
und e r the hc1td uf cause, alth ough only th e Jirs t of th e m
assigns the cause prop1: r. The reason clf\use a.ssigns the
c:iu sc o f our kn owi ll g ant! asserting something to be, tl10u g h
u ot the cause whi ch makes it to be; the condition ch.use
:issigns what, if it occurs, wi 11 be the cause of so lllcthing;
the pw7>0se cbuse ass igns the mot ive which is wo r kin g i11
:-;ome mind, o r might work in so 111c mind, to cause somethin g ; :tnd th e concession d:wse ass ig n s a cause for something
else th:ll1 that ex pressed in th e leadi n g propositioll - a cause
ill sp ite uf which wlicLt is i;aid iu the leadi11g prupv:;iLivu
takes place.

_::..:

1\.. direct quotation

l ::> u11u

wl 11 >sL~ t ~ xa('t \\' 11f'1t:-i (ts \vv i~ ;is

·\

though t arc e upi ed , ;u11l an indirect quotation is unu ,._ 1,u~c
thouglit is co pied , 1,ut wlius(~ l':ctd words are llOt.
Direction.

-C la.~~ify

tlw

Jlii\lll

1JatL"'t's

ia

tl1 t ' ."'it~ H1·1:l t·1 1t't·:-:.,

•'

p1i it1t.

out th e direct aml t h e indirect 11ucsli1 111s :L1 11l '{ll 'll:tl iulls, l'ii:t11.C:•: th:
.:-:..

direct q11t·stiv11 s aml qu flta tlo11s Lv i11di1·l'ct auJ th" ind irl'cL t11 dir"ci,
aud justify the pu nctll<Lti11n :u1d Lite cap it:Lliztll. iuu: -

r. 7\l uch tll J'lJS \l!JUI! \\'lit•t t ~lild \\·Ji, •r1 • _!'Ull r1 •:t il ;1 li~IC!~\.
2. Lowell !t;,:; lu11 g l•een cerLLi 11 that tlte great\' ;,.,, u( A111<·rica.11 wriLi11 .~ a1ld ;-:peaki 11g is n. studied want of s i11q1lit·it.L
3- N athan Hale's 01ily r.:g-ret \\'as, that he ha.I l111t 011e lif<' tn
gi ,· c to 11ls rnnntr~:.
4. Logl f'i:11 1-; ~;ty U1;t l l/1
n a1 11 e l.v~

1_•

operation:-; of the iid,· ii(" ' i :1r 1 • 1/;r•'";

.1. S i111pl1.1. appn:: hP11 s ioll; :2 . .T 11d g·11 1ent ; ., . ! )j.._1.,H1r:--i · ,

(ir

r e a.si1 11l11.~.

5. Byron. :-.:cl' in .L'.'

LESSON 8.
COM PLEX SENTENC ES WITH NOUN CL A TJS ES.

,''

/::' i

,' I

11'

I

J)PJH'll<tcnt ch11s1•:; 111:Ly 1wrform U1e office of 11t_111ns.
S1wli <~b11ses, call 1•1l noun clau ses, 11i:i,_y ho· used (1) as subjects o f verbs, (:!) as object complements, - object:; of ve rbs ,
(:1) as attribute complements, - pr<)di ca t e c laus r s, ('I) as
explanatory modifiers - in appPsition, (ti) w ith or with o ut
the p r Pposi ti o n PXpn 'ssPrl, :ts principal terms n f p repositional
phrases, and (Ii) ;1s principal terms nf absolute phrases.
'J'lwsc claus es rn ay Le <t uestions, !lired or indirec t; alHl
they m ay Le <pwti•cl din:etly o r i nd ir Pl·tl_L
A direct question i11t.r11d11<'<'cl i11t" a s1•nt.P n<'I' 1s 0 11" in
wl1i c h tliu exad wunls and tlll' ir onl•T in a.n mtPrrog:Ltivo
se n t m1cn arc pn·sP n·1•!l, and wl1i1·li i,.; followc1l by an i11 tc noµ::1.t.i"11 point ; a11d ;Ill indirect quest ion is 1Jlll' n·f'1·n1·il I 11 :1.s
n q u es t.ion, hu t-. 1ir1t ~skP1l n r q11n1.1 ·il :1s snf· l1 1 ~111 1 is 1111 t f'oll~1\\· • ·1l l1y :1n i1d.t•l'J'f• g"~ if- i1•Jl !H1i 11 L

>111J.it·1 _•.

1.'ati 11g- a11

u11d 1·r1l11111·

lw ,·l~i ·· :1i\.

:1-..Li · l
1

if lH· wrrC' not afraid nf r· nt n111itli11 ~ nn1rr1(•r :tfl1•r ~u1·h a 11 1.. :·i l.
6 . Tli:ct i\Iary llJJC•t•JI of S rol.' . l1:m.ll.1· i11 f.-rior '-" Lii1" J,..ii 1
in Le ll ('cl11:Ll powe.r. :-;l,oo d

l1i~l1

1:0

al111\'1' lwr i11 llr1· a11d gr: 11•1• ;uid L1·i! ·
d,. tiLt.

iiall' 'Y 11( ti·; ;·q ,1·1·. ;u\1 11it-.; 11 i. 11(1
7. (_'li:trk' L:i11 1h, r e adi11~ llie Cj'it:q .!" i11 tli.- rh11rri1-.1:ir.\ ,
i11q1 1i r1·d. •· \\.l 1tTt' i1 · 1 :t! i tlw L:H: jH'1:1il1· l 011rii·d
8. '' [ Wo 11J 1l SUJ T('J\i! (' r :dJ 111,Y i..:,·1·11 iu :-; :t1 1d l1·:1r11i ng i11 i. 'XC}1:t1l .~C
fur h1•:u1ty" is :L n·111ark c n·dit!·d lo ;\la1Lu1w iii- ,...:..t:11.·L
9. 111 ~l 11tlyin~ t.::r~t111 11 1;lr ilir1111 ~ l1 tli" l-:1 1:..·; li -.,! 1 1:111~11:\ ~ 1 " ·s
rnnsL pnn.:·1 ' (111r 1ni 11ds o f l i10 \\' tl! ·11lt·r1 11 nti(ltl lii:tl. it i:-; ;111 iHlll'r1 ·11 t
1111:1lit.y 1.. 1f a \\'1>1·1! .t.o lH' ti1i .-. ; 1ir t!1:1t 11:1rt. 1,f .....:111 ·1 ·t ·l1.
JO. 'l'liat, Cro lll\\·i·ll \\·;1~ a great g• ·rwral h1•i11g :ul1nitt 1 ·~l . ,,·1· \'.ill
turn I n l1is ~ Li tes 111a11 s i1ip.
JI. ' r!1' ' wh1iJ1 • f11n · r~ or COl\\ 'PJ":':tfiP J! 1!1 1 pi'lltl~ on h ow 111 111· h y1111
1

!'11r :..:.T :t1 ;11·d.
12. Y o11 r ;u1c e~to r s' l1aYing Ll utit"· 11 tdl1i11g is

'

cf' ~.

1,,,..

.·.

··.:::.

1·;u 1 : :1k•'

t.l1nt. yn11

~'1 ll

ti(,{·

cnn ~ id 1•n·il l'rn0f

dn n11 y llti11 g-.

Direction. - \\' rit1· 1·1111q il1·x s~·1!!1'llf' t ''-' ('1 lfd ;1i11i11 '...:
;di ki 11d ...; . ;11\d ill11 :-,ir:1Le..· ;di tltv p1~illl.-i 111;1d.· :1111 1\·1· . 1 11
!h1 •:-:.t · l'!lk ~ :1 !.""•Jo : --

11 1 0 11 !i ( ·:.111 -t ·.. :

\\riti:i "..;

11

qf

J, --; .. nT

t'

34

1,

Invention.

Comp 7cx Srn tcnrcs .

Com ma. - Set o/J' by the conuna Cl 1) a n oun cl11..use
u.sed as wi, attr i/Jnte co111.;11 ement; ruul Cl 2) n d irr:l'l
qcwtatiun nw./..;i.ng· complete sense awl introrlnrf'fl into
a sr·nl1·nce, u.nless it i.s j'orrnal.Ty inlrodnced or is l t
nonn clause u.sed ·a s szdject; and nse the com nw.
(1 "1) after as, viz., to wit, namely, and. that is, w lum
they introdu.ce e.ixu11plcs or illnstr11..tions.

3· 'J'he nean ~ r you CUilH' i1ifu n ·la ti1J11 with a. r erSOll, tlll~ i!lOl'f '
necess ary do t a.ct a.11d cn11ri· ·-..;y l1e(·11111
. 1·l\' C~ I'":-'." tle
4. The 1mt11rnl te nd<'ni:y lo r1111 a.< I.J"('
. • •1· 1ntri:1.d :- : i.'-t
an instinctive effort of I.h e 111 i111l lo i'""'""'t a i.11()11;..::lit. wit!1 Ll1c
three <linif~l1 R iu11:-; Lha..L l_i1->)p11 g 1.o t'.\ ·1...r_: sni1d .
'" = e1•e11 '). . = I}'""'.! l]
5. "Truth gets W•~ 11 .f
1 .L
1 ·'''j " ' l.SJ'lllltJY i·rllV

Capital Lcttcrs. - BrJ!in with a. r.rrpifrd letter (8 )
the first word of a direct quotation m,alcing complete
sense and of a direct qzwstion introdncccl into a sent ence, ru11l ([} ) 71hrascs or clau ses se;Jar ately nn1nuerecl
or paragra µhe d .

Quotation

1\'.farks. - Qlwta.tion 11u1.rks endosP ll

cn;1i.cd worrl or p assa'}ft!.

If !he qnofo.lion con/.airu;
qzwtat i.on, this is en closed u:ilhin single marks.
i'.icmicolo11 . - Usr~ tl1e

11.

sr111..i.rolon ( 7l lwfm·,~ as, viz.,

to wit, namely, an1l that is, 11·hen thry infrt0rlnre cxnmpl es or ill n s fra t i.on s.

LESSON 9.
COi\iPLEX: SEJ\TE\'CES \\'!Tl! .-\LL l\l'.\' J>S OF JlEl'E'.\'llE\'T

(' L.\ l ' SES.

1

1' .

a locomot i Ye."
.
6. "Thanatnpsis" fir~ t " l 'l'""r"d 111 pri11I. in the> :Yo rtl1 ,.1,,,,,.,,.,,,,
J-leview, whi c h fo r ~o 1nan.v y1 ·ars was our l1·adi11 g 1l'1art r· r ly.

7.

l i1a,·e gati1crc1'. tliy cbildre u Log1,l hl'I', :is
rn11l~r ],,.,. w1nc:s !
8. Ye t I am stro ng and lusty . fo:· in 111 y youth I 1... 1cr ili 11
apply 110L a11d rd .. dlio 11.s 1i •1 11111·s in 111.\' J.J,,.,1].
.
I ( a "ii
9. Know ye not l.1:..
11 , i " )""''1•11 ] ""'"' Ill' t •1 L!1t~ w11t.J1• ~tl ll l j 1 ?
IO. The unpoetical s ide ul l'rulesta11 L1' 1n i,, !hat it, li:Ls "''
wo1nen to lH~ \\·orsh i 1 ~1 11-~(1.
11 • ''·' lien~ t.l11•re ls n o 1:Ll1· - hean~r. tl1c s trif(• c ·a:-w!l 1.
I2 . '.Ye dis lielie ve that w e rnay th o beUP r b eJ i,,,·e and l 1eli"'"'
l)w b .. l.l.1·r.
1 3. "C od ,t.;:n·o two-thi r d~ of ali th1~ l• .. :tt dy lo l: Ye" i.s ".'-'ay i11 .c:
of Lhu ;\Ld1:·a.111111~·11a11s .
14 . lt \\·ill ii~ ~ fa.ir t 1)-d:1y. f(ir 1a:-; t ('\· c11111g's ?Td ~ ky is f(11l1)\\'•·d
by this 1111irni11 .~·.'-( .L::r:1y.
1 5. Da ily clo we ycrify tl1i ' f< ayi11g: '".\la11 's "xlr"mil.y '" (;".]'.-.
0} IJ ~(11'i 111 l i j _\" • .,
.
l6. 'l'll c principi~ i11,·1d\·1•1l in , "i{;; :-..;1."' t:uH'O f11 ty r:1n l " i"' PL•·dit~ncB to (; od ," \Vas th i ~ s1_
·111i11a.1 pri1ll'ipl t.~ uf li11 ~ Ar1wri(';u1 I·:1•\"41How often

\l'Ollicl

a hen doth gntli e r !in broo•l

1

1

lut.io11.
1 7 . 'i'lia,t \Va:·d1iog f( t1l w ;i~ Uw 11l :"ll1 Lu lt_.:ul t he ;\1n1•ri o:·;1 11 ;tr 1;1 y
I.
being th e be lid o ( Ll 1c (.."11t .111e11 ( a I '"'11g1-.
·s., , l 11.. \\",tS Ii( II i ! 1:1 j t
for lli:tt 1" ,,t, \iy .T"l111 1\d :111l«
1 8. Astronomers am c.1·r1ai11 Ilia!. t he 1.J :uwt .Ju1•itrr is 11,,t
j 11 habit.. ~ d hy crra l ure,; lik 1· 0 11r,;ch·1"'·
1]

Direction. - l'1 \in t 1Hit nntl f'la:-;:-:ify :lll' ;1d}· r·th·,., thf' ad \' l-rli , and
the 11 uu 11 clau:"ICS i11 the :;e nte rices belo w, a11d j11st.i fy1 t.hP pnnctuat inn: I. If we tr;i.f~ k Qu i-' Pti Eliz;dwtli fli r1tt1 ,~:1 b· r t ( 1rtiH H I.'i Jl ll l.ZI'"
of l.\-l ng ;-\nd i nt r i _l!,.ltt--. t/11• ~<·1 ::--;i · uf lwr g n·; lf11P ; ; s i.-.: al1nd:~f 11!.~t i11

a ~ r· n ' ' " nf r n 11 t 0 n ;i't.

2. \\r illi:1111. 1'::1rl ,,f ':'\Ta ........ ;tH, ,,- ~ ~ It a .-. 11i.jt ·c·l rr!\1)1 ~1·:ti 1t \\ IH ' l!l'\'t•r
1t l 11 ; 1 I 1 J·j · i I j ·~: i ! ; Lf..

Direction. __

\Vri~ l · ('"ll\1 1]..x: :-; 1·1 1!1·1wt .."'

of di·1 w11cknt cla11.-.:1·.-.;.

111writir:~1il1:-:~·n· t·

i1l!J :-; i r:1ti11 ;..-: tl w :-- 1·n· r :1:
l lw .. .: •· ri1\ ,.,...; ;1i:--- 1 1:

f"I

11'-• · ~

! '

<..:01011. -· L's1: Ili c l'IJlun ( / ) fJ1ji,r1· 11 'f" " l"liu u.11 }' 11n

. ·~~-.'

3G
·!'I

1:

!1

In vention.

c1uunerali on of purtt'.cnlnrs U'lw n / or11wllu inll'o
dn ce1l.

5. Ni t ro-glyce rine h as g re at reudi11 g po \\·c r, lJUL it I'"' 11u

1 a ;111·

~ ' Vl1:itcvPr as a pr• 1j 1Tt ill·.

- 6. Vat is he;.d.-~·c nt •rati11.:; a lo n e , wl1jl st !l1·.--i l1 is lHi t h t1~· :- : l1 l 0 1r 1 11 i1 1 ~
aod h or1,.t.-g r~nPr a ti11.~.

Hrack,·t.I'. - U sr, 1Jr((.1:kds lo en f'l OSI', u·li al, i 11 11u.ut i/I f!
r1/l of71rr 's words, yon i11 s1·rl 111; n·"!J o_f explanation or
{'on·cclion.

7.

~prin g i ~

a fi(· kl e 111i ~t rl' ss . ~ lll ll!Ilt'r i:-i !H un.~ :-; I. a id . .\ nt111! 1t1
j,: a tl1oru11 g lil y h"""·'t. f,. IJ 11w

is th n po..t, of tl1 u h111i ly , 1,11t \ Vi11t e r

with no n o n:;.:ensP. in h 1nL
8. Ju thP. wi ld _.; of ill<1iu c t he al>o r i~ i11al t rees li ~iv e ne ve r l"'" "
disp o s se~o> e d, nor has 11att11"f: lwcn di ,-fr n·"t> ·d .
9. Ohl co11u.~ ye i1l p t'. :lf'P 1H· rP , o r CO llli' Y" ill war ?
10. VVisdo1n is tl 1e prin ci pal t !1\11~, t !1t '. rt~f"r1 ' g 1·t. \\ i:-;d 1H1l.
11. ThA '" ui1t·I La; Lec1 1 tl'rllle1_l t l1 1; shi p u[ tlic ,i ,._,,. , ( , t l1 "
1

Ii

'L

LESSON 10.

I

l

C OMPOUND SE NTE:\ C ES .

,.
I

r.

r:

I

I

;r.
!.

I

I

.,•' i.
•I
~
I

;. ,'

caravan nmy L>e w nne1l il,; 1\cct.
I2 . rri c~tae ! t. i < ~ - i ac l .~ It 1111 · \\' l 1 e1 · l~ o f tl 11 H1g·li t. ; c i ll l' \\ill l ':lllll 1 >t
s top tlH'Ill j Llw y 1· ;t 111tuL :-;1111• ffi,·111:--\t.· lvt> .~; :-. lt• e ) • l· :t 11 ll!Jt. ~til l t! 1 ·11 i;
_nlatlnes 8 oulv n1:d..:1•s LIH ~ 111 g;o f;t s ter; d1·:L1 .h odut11· 1.. ·a 11 L r 1· al ~ i1 t! 1 1
the ca~~, a1iti :-- il1··11t·e a.t la st. t.IH~ clit : ki1 1~· u( Ll1 l' t1:rri l1k~ t '.".l ·:q ·1·11 11· t1L
carri ed :--<1 l1. 111 g L1 ~ 11 1·aLh ua r \':r i1ll..:kol f()ri· lw ;l.J . . . .
13. Y o ung t. re1·s 1u ust \,,_. j.J a111"d i11 0 11r u ld~ r >t:tf " .' · .. r till'
wa.Lc r in 111:uiy (If u11r :-: trt·a 11 i.. ; ,,i\ i fa il.
14. 'Va.i.t ·r f' :x p: 111< is i11 fr cPzi 1q.; ; o ft. ell ia tl 1e \\i11 l• ·r ·"'':l:--•,t l

T h e i n<1 rprn1lr nt chn ses j0i111'1l to fo rm compo1111<l sr nt rrno f' s rn: ty be ( I) in th e same line of thought, t lin s1· 1·"11d
1ulili11 !/ t o the 1irst, t l1 0 thinl :11l il i11 g t.1 > t.111 • first ri11d s,.1.,11111 ,
:t11u :-;o rn1; tl l('y lllay ],e ('.?) adversative to each C>tlie r, p rcs,• nti11 g t.ho11 g lt ts i11 contrast or in oltcr 11o tiu1, ; o r t. 111'.)' J11 ay
ex press t ho ug ht:; o ne of whi L:l 1 sh:ill he c:) a consequence
u f the 0 Ll11 !r, u r (- t ) :i.11 inference fro 111 it. Tli e l: i: u 1s1 ·s an;
11,;11:1lly 1·111 111 0 .. tc .,] hy ('1111 j11111·i i1J11s, hut fl""} J11:1y , f.:t1 1d
j11i11l'd.

p ikl wr.' ti Iled \\it 11 it I 011r.' I.

t.l11· i r \' P r y l'n s itio11 i11 tl 1f! sr n t.r 111~ c- c11 11111 ·dl'tl

li_\'

\l'itli o 11t :I.II.)' ('Ollj111H:tio n

Direc tion. -

15.

expr()SSC•l.

3. The

c o 11~ona11L

4. Tl1 e

1111 c

R wa ,: Oll ce a pict11rn o f a !11' 11 "',

prt1Lie11e e

in

Direction. -

d e1~p;

111u1al , g ra ve.

\Vrit1· 1·n111p1111rnl ~ent c 111·(• s wliuS L' cla11 :-1 1·:-; s! ia ll ~~t.;u 1 d

jn t.Jw n·lati1_1ns t·\plai111 ·d al1t 1VI'. and !"hall illu s tr;-Ltt" tlw l'ui11 ts t '11·r1·
nut1h·.

lu wril

i11 L:"

ji1 ~ ....;1·n·1·

t.l1t ·:--. 1'.

ri dt ·:i 1bu

\\i11"' 1111' . . 11111.
a n11

n i~

Con1111a. - (

;u1

old pi cf; u rc of a doo r.
~1 i;-.; .... i11a t iun.

111 0 1wy

17. lli~·-d.( •ri •:' :' nial..:P. llH'll \\'i s u ; pt-i i~ t .:-: . \\'iU..v ; t.l1u 1i1 ~ L t l H: r1 i a l i ( · .o. ; ,

subtle ; natural pl 1il ()supl1 .v,

I. A ll th e arra11 gc n1 c u ts o f uur l 1d1·sc1;1•1'."i a11 d 11iic ru ... 1..: u1•e:-; an ~
a1i t. ie ipaLetl in i l1e ey1', and our l.>es t rn11 s iea l i1"lrn1n e 11t~ ar" s11r l""~"d l1y Ll 1e lary 11x.
1111·1· i t

Uw 111tJdt~n1 la.ngua,i..:;• ~ s ~hould 1 11 ~ ~ ;11di 1 ·d

thy 1-11rs1·.

t i t

2 . C l1ari11 s sL rik1 ~ tl 11' .-.: i:. .:. ld , 1111 1,

;11111

tii e 11 .
I6. 1 ' lw;.;.e :\lu11rs an· 1·l1a11 ,t. .;·e a. Lle in th ei r will ~ -111 1t

111 0 rt ·lat>tH' h nt lu·r, 111 •!1' t lw 1 · ·· 11j n 1 w1i 11 1 1~ , wli t.' 11
11 .-.;H I , wlii1·h uni te th e c1a.u:;1:s ill t lu· se i-1 ·la1 iu11:->, aIJd jus tify til e
ptul c tual.ion : -

' l

()11r n11•111<1ri1·.-. ar1 ~ 111ust. r1·tc 1d . iv 1~ ill y()1dl1, <' cHL"'1'•[l lt' r11iy

geography, hi ... to ry,

C'las ~ify tlit • s1.•11tt ·11f'Pf-I. lie-lo w :t f'(' 11 r di 11 .L;" t o

t. i1.i 1s o f t.l11 ·ir clau sl' S

o[ life JS eot1cl·11Lralio11 ; t.lie 0 11 e .,,·ii is

:~t~

-~

..

.•

1

-·'
+:·-

/ ,j) ( ,'o - orr! i11r1l t'. r· l 1111 s1·s . i11rl 1·111· 1" l1'11I

ff / '

ifr>prmdr•nf:. 11·l1en short ((1Ul r/osl' lr1 NJ//flt'r·fr'd, s/1 011/rl
be SP/111l'tlfn/, hf! the t'.011111u1.
Usr~ the co11111u1 ( / .~ J l u

d enote an 0 111 ission. n/ 11 ·orrls.

. .,,.
.; ; •V·.

Ii':

38

Invention.

Serutcolou. - Co-ordinate clauses, independent or
d ependent, (:!) when slightly connected, or (;J) when
them selves divided by the comma,, slwuld be separated by the semicolon.
Dash. - Use the da~<:h (3) where tlie sentence breaks
off' a)1rnptly, and tlw smnc thoug ht is rcsunwd after
u, slight suspension, or another takes its place.

LESSON 11.
SIMI'LE, COMPLEX, AND Cm!l'O UND SENTENCES.
Direction. - Classify tli ese S('nt.r·nce;;, name the independ ent and
th o <lepend cnt clauses, gi ve th o fun c tion and relation of eitch, and
justify tho punctuation throughout: I. A g reat d eal which in colder regions is ascribed to mean
disposi t ions belon gs to mean temperature.

2. C1l:'sar thonght Cassius dan gerous to the state, because he
had a lean and hungry look, and was without taste for music.
3. Most people in this count ry must work with head or hands,
or th ey must s tarve.

4. And wretches hang that juryme n m ay dine.

5. Th e m o untains in Draiil are too high to scale, the river.~ are

too wid e to bridge.

6. The starting eye ball and the open mouth tell more terror
than th e most abj ect word s.

7. Nature is in earnest wh en she makes a woman.
8. New rice must be inferior to old, inasmuch as it is Jess

digestilJ!e.

9. It is r emarkable that scarcely a house bu ilt before 1860 has
any special m eans for ventil a ti on.

Io. By a usage, wh ich was peculiar to Eni.;lan<l , each subtenant
in additi o n to hi s oath of fea lty Lu l1is lord swo re fealty directly Lo
the c rown.

l ('

:i (I

Sim:ple, Cu~~~=:_-~'~ C~~1~)(11~_1: r_'!_~~-tt:1i:_~_"__, >_J
~

II. To be bold again~ t an en e my i~ co111111on to the urutes, bu t
the prerogative of a lll:\ll is to be uoltl agai.11st himself.
1 2. Very fe w people now urge that 1t is u11JU8t to Lax one fur
the education of other people's childre n.
I 3 . Controversy equalizes fools all(! wise men, alll1 tlie foob
know it.
I 4 . As th e door turn e th upon his liingeR, RO doth the slot.hful
upon his lied.
.
I5· Horse-racing is not a r epu1lican institution; horne-troUrng
is.
16. 'Vhere there is no vision, tl1e people pe ri sh.
17. The inte rnal sec rf' Lions :ue <li1ni11iKhed hy the use of alcoholic drinks; hence t.li e lary11x, rno ut.h , a11cl l11roat become dry, th e
tendency to co11gest.io11 of th e ci rc11 latio11-cc 11 t.ers al so i11crc :t~ i 11g.
I8. Thou g h l\lilto n .-l efe ndec! the e xecuti on of Charl e ~ T., y<'t
he died fin or<linary death .
.
19- That forc e is ind estruc tible a111] d crnal was firs t r ecognize,[
in India.
20. The belief of some is, that hospitality is largely a mat te r of
latitude.
21. vVallace's di scovery of the military value of the stout peasau t
footman gave a death blow to the syste m of feudalism, and chauged
in the end the face of Europe.
22. That the Bunker ITill l\founm e nt sways with the wind be ing
a fact as t.ronornical olJservalori es 11111st at ti Ill es be uuse rvi ceable.
23.' l\fa11y people are still co nfident, tJu'.t the. national history
and the 11ational language are studied only 111 their decay.
24. With us law is 11 othing, unl ess close bchin•l it s tan d s a
warm, living, public opinio n.

Direction. - 'Vritc simple, complex, and co rnpo1u1<l 8<:11 tenceR.
Illustrate all kind s ,;f tl ep<:rnl ent cl:wses in your complex R<'titences,
and all kinds of irnkp<•n<lcnt cl:rnsC's in yonr compound scnl.ences. I.et
some of your compo1tnd ~ent e n c cs be without cnnn ert.ives. Atten<l
carefully to the puuctuation, au<l illustmtc the use of all th e marks.

40

Jin;e11 tiun.

('mnpli-T rmr1

,.'

r'11111;111111ul

11

( '/u11s 1 s.

""I

6. On lv rc1 t1t;111l1t·r tl1i c< : ll1:1 t, if :t l>11> lwl o f J•1>l:ll11<'s ;, ,J1"L"11
i n a 111a.r k:~t. (':tl't \\it liu1i! ~ pr i11 g-~ l t) it., tln; :->!ll!tll Ull1'."-i ah\"il)' .'i .L:.··L

I

J.

I:

j.i

LESSON 12.

to tlie

l.l(1U i 1t11.

7. \Vl11'" one li:1., lia•l all

8. H man could lrnvu i11ve nted l:u1gu;cg-1., ""' 111a_Y "'f,;Jy cn 11cl ude that J1e did i 11 ve u t it; for (~oil Jo•,8 u0Ll1i11 .l!; for us which\\'\)

You l1ave seen tl1at si ngle "·ortls lll:tJ be united to fo rn 1,·
fur

:,i

(•X;Ul l j1k,

:i

COlllJ!Oll ntl s 11 bjl'«t or a COlll jJUUll(l

can <lo 111!l'~d n:~ .
9. J\ l a r s l1al La11:w:-; 11l1t~t ~

CCJ!ll i ,]...

lllt~ 11L; and t l1 :tt th o sam e word rn:ty kivc in:w y rnodifil'rs
forllli1 1g what, t:tkell :ls ;1, wlwlt·, we l1 :t\'<C c:tll1·<l a eo1n1 11111 11 ,[

Co1onl11, Lkd. 11one
afraid ."

lllfltl i li e r.

•~·
;i';·>«'

4~:f-:--~-~'5:"
-~~~~··

--:~,'"

tlH ~ i11t11·pi·11dt·11t. :111d tl1P ,ff. 111 •1H l1 •J1t. !'!:in :-.:, ,,.,
i1 1 iiwst; ;o-;1 · 1 1 l1..· 1H·•· ~ , tell wl1at !'!a!1:.;1 ·.-.: :in· <'•1- fl nli11;1f 0 :1nd w! i :I! iiiti·s
11 1.. d i fy ~ ·Ltll:'it's wi1i 1·ii an ~ t. l w111s1·J y 1·~ di·pt ·11 d1• 11 f., ,i:i\·e U1t ! funet.iun uf
4'ilch c'la.tco..;c , a11d jl1;·d ify Un· 11111H·luatinJ1 i.lir 111 1.!..:.l1rn1l.; _ _

Direction. -

,, :··1.
J
':II l''i!'
i

•I

;

.

I

I

l' 1ii11t 1111t.

c a11 tull'l'ak

111<', I thi11k I

1

l':tll ~tand

~- '.l'lit ~ l111_1 1~rnhl1_~ , nH •rlJl•C' r 11t ay ]"'rliap:'i f!:id tl1af. i11 tliat
l<i...;t,, ilH:ru w11l lie li 10\\'."i to t ak e as \\ •·11 :1..., l1ln\\·s 111 .L'.· i\-'' i

(i l li•,; r~ c an :; tal e c n1111iari ;-.u1 1s a.s si ;.:,1 1i li 1·a1i!.
!

I

~·

~--~-

;1 L

rny

lt·a ~ !. a s l 1is U\\"JI;

4· \Ve ]'i<'k tl1n sun ·s r:iys t" pi• ·•· '"' · '" [ ""' " " '11 J,J pi .. k fl1t•i11]
if th ey Wt~ rt ~ ~o n1;t11y :..; k t·i11 s of r o lt1 r1 .l \·;u :;.
S· 'l"r:1i11 1q1 :i. c·Li:d i i i t!JI' \\tt\ l11· :·d 11• 11i1l .~ 1 f, :1r1d. whr•n 111·• i ...,
0 l1l } lte \\ill ltoL d1·11:1rt fr o1 11 ii.
1

11. 'l'li... ord iriary l:tlk 1;f 11111i ·tlert·d 11w11 a1nn11.~ ns i.'i f11l l(· r ,, f
m e tapl io r, and of pl 1r:i ..-." tli:tL "':.'..:.; L·'L li1.,:ly i111a:.;•· s, tli:u1 t i1a: . ,,f
a.ny ullll' I' ; 11' t •j 1] 1· l i i :t \'1• >.., 1· 1· 1 i .
12. J\s \\'t-~ pt->ri't·iv1• t!1 +• :-;\1;ttl 11\\' l1 f lian• 11t( · \ ·1·d :ti . Hi:.:.· t L1 · . ! 1:1 l,
hut did 1111 1. ,..._i• 1• ii 11111\·iit _L'..· : a11d a.."' it. ;1! )l11•ars tl1 aL t\1 ; • ~r ; v·'·"" l1;1 'i
g rown . t.hn 11 !. .:: lt 11(1l 1od y c•\' t •r ." ':l\\" it .~ro"
. . . 11 tfll' ad\' :tl1t·1· ~ \ \t· 111:1 1' 1•
111illt tlt·

.-...t1·11'i, art' 1H·r1~ei Y ald1 ~

only l>y I 1,,. ,Ji-ta111""
Direction . ~ \\"rif·· :-11· 11!1 · 11<'1· ....; c1Hi!:d1ii 11!..'.' 4·(11 1q1111t1Hl

<·.lau:·ws :1 11 d i ll1t."ilr; 1tlrig ll w 1•1ii 11 ts l·x! 1il iitnl ab 1 1\T.

·-·.r:r;-- - --

these

rc;ie11{J'fl
~·
..;.'""'~
~.::..

~ ~

--

:::c:c~c:-:---c:::-:-__
~--=-=

-=-= . -,:..

---y-

-

-

a !ld

1·•H1q .J 1 ·

\

In wriri11g 1d1:-.1·n·,.,

r11 ! ~ ·s : d~1 >: - -

})ash.--{'."· //i(' dnsl1 ! _~ ) /,,ji1n·

<'1i1 1l!r:tt·

:t11d tliat l1is l1J1pt111i t y 1t1:1 y )'11:-:.-.: il .i\· tl 1• 11 1a11d 1_11· li i1u wliaLe \'er
powers 1>[ tau nt a111.l sa r ~ a .-.:. 1n he 111a y J111s ....;1·ss.

,,f L r1 11.~i 11 11~ : nn<' <•fl l1 t'. aLl1 ·:-.t c r it it·s of ;u1 ti ~11r i! y .
the ri.L:·lit. 0111 >. flsaL, if llH· Ilia,J wa~ tli('. Witrk 1)f lli 111wr':-; li"r.\ youth a1 Hl early 111:ud1nod 1 f . ! 11~ ( ) dy "" ~1 · .Y l11•l1i1 1 .~·s Lo hi"' :-.1·r1•:wr ;t_:..: ··
- t hat.. if f.lw n11" ic< t,),.. g·J,,r.v ,,[ tl1t · 111id-cLt.r. 1111 · ,,fhcr is tlw g lnn
of \,} w ....;~·I I i 11 .:..:.· ·"' 11 11.

in knowkd .~;<'. as l lit'.Y ("t111 s i:-;L uf ,-.;ucl1

I. \\'i1eu I 'ai d I wuultl die;, ba1 ·l1elo r, I did 11nt. t l1i11 k l , 110 11 1,j
liv e t ill l we re l11ar r ieJ.
2. ;\,, lon g rt~ Ll1e Lnr,J
f,. I luw -c rc aLures.

l11 :L Fr1' t11·l1

waR

JlJ(}11ifit ·r.

Y•>11 ar,· 1w11· Lo st·t: t.lu1. s1 · 1d"ll<'•·s 111:ir 1·n1d:1111 ci:iu s <'s
·wl1i<:h aru tlt \' llt s elvcs t·.011 1po 1111d or f'<>tnplt·x . ·in !-llll'h \\'i •
r1·:1,i:h tliu liiglll'st stag e of i11tric:1<1y 11f wliich thfl sP1il.<'Ill'fl
i::; s11 s 1 · 1·pLil1!1 ~ .

])ilt

(1lli 1·!·r. "I\ 11 0\\' ,
a polfruo11 wi ll hu:c.'I. tli:tt. 1,,.. ""'''r "" '
... ai1l

IO. ~Th e vi 1:~w

Yoll .l1av o i-;1.: Pn, too, Ll1:1t on e l1H•1li f-i\'r lll:lJ lH1 111 oll ifi1:d
1'.r :rnotlwr, th e whole fu r 1ui11g :1. ni111j>lex wunl o r phrase

''

l1i,; "''''"'·iL fak1·11 ut1t of lii111, l1is

fen,tlier:-1 wi11 sPon ,<.;nal( 11ir o ll~·li , a11d lie \YiH tly 110 n11,n·.

SENTEt\'CES WITH COM! 'LEX , \ "D COMPOl:-XD CLAUSES.

rr/. i11ll'J'l'!fls

Colon.- / fsr: !/111
of a. s e n/1•11 1·1· 11:/11 •n
by iii c snni C'ol on.

/ii/'

11

/l"fl/'1 1

11r ;1!1rr1sr'

l'lll /1 ! 11/sis.

f'11/n 11. ( ..! ) IJ1-lfl 'r'f'lt

1/11'

:;·1·1' 0/ f"" ·( s

llu:s1: /Jl/J'ls 111·1•. l/11·111scll'r's 1li1·irlol

42

lnrcntfon.

Subst£tut£on anrl Con trorfirm.
10. They se nt Tallien to seek out a boy li"11t.e11:t11t.. ;\111•0!"" "
Bonaparte, the shadow of an oflicor, ~o t l1i11 a11d p:tl! i,J tl1at, " J,..,,
he was phtced on Lhn ~land bdorn them, tl1c l'n:s ident of tii"
Assembly, fearfnl, if tho fat.c of France r1·,;l.t-d 011 the ;d1r111i),,.,1
form , the a.shy cheek Lefore l1i111, tl1aL all l11•1•e was gone, :c.,l;.-.J.
"Young rnan, can you pr1)tect. t1 1(' ,\~'."c111bly?''
II- The dog111[1. is borrowcJ fro111 a clia.ractcr in a 1olay "!i i1 ·l1 i.' .
I dare say, a.5 great a f::n-oritc with rny ]e[l.nu'<l friend :is it i>< witi1

LESSON 13.
SENTE NCES WITH COMPU:X AKD COMPOUND CLAUSES.
Direction. -Treat the se nte nces in ti ·

tlio,;e iu 1.csson l:.l: . I.

ll S

L

·

csson as yott tre:tt.ed

n1e,-I rnea.n t.hr~ con1etly of" 'l'l1e l~iva.b · ~ - in wlti1·!1 ~Ir:--. ~la~:t ­
prop, giving a h•cture on the Rtih.icct o( 1ua1Tia.~" to li()r lli"ct·, (wli1)
jg unreasonah1<~ r-no n g h to talk of likin.~. ;-ts a. 111 ·cPssary i'r1 ·lir11 i11 ary
to such a. nnion 1 ) say~ 1 "\Vi1 at have you to do with yuur lik ·i11.~ .'i
and your preferencP", 1·hild'I"

"1f I 1~· .:re rich, T think I would h;wc my garden covered

w1t.h an :·twn111 g, 80 that it \1·oulu be co1 11 fort.able to work in" says
\.Yanl<'r, the h umori;;t;.
'
•
'2. ' Sp(':lk th() ~f'Cl'l'h , T pray you. IL' r j•l'OllOlllWC.J it to .Y<lll,
tr1pp11 1gly on the t.()1 1!<"''; !>111. if yott l!I01ilh it., aJ< lll~rnv o f your
pla.y 1ei~, do, [ :1ad as lid th e tow n-crie r spok e rn y Ji 11 es.
3_· ~hert) _is no ehst. ieit.y ~11 a mafhcl!latical fact; c 1·erytliing
m11 st .t,o lo pieces that co 111es 111to colli.,ion with it.
4· E111erson tells u~, "I k11r•w a wi~c
" ,,·011·1," 11 w J10 sa11• J to lier
frie11Js, '\\' hen I am old, rul e me.'"

Direction. - "'rite as directed in llic prrcl«linh f.ps;;on.
lng observe t.hrsc n!lr;: :ilsn: -

Marks of Parenthesis. -j)f11rks nf 71arenthnis may
be us1~tl lo r:ndosr 1r/11tl /111s no csse 11 li11/ ! '.flt1111·1·/ir1n
with the rcsf of Uu:. snit n11·r.

0

S· "I am never beaten un t il I know that I am beatPn" was a
reinark o f Bcncdicfs.
. 6. Str:u1g,.ly i11 tha t. 1lista11t century,
l .~ . l_11n·~ onf li11P, and th e gn•at ltir·n :uid

wli1·rc t] 11 , l!;"JH; ra]

Da!'h . -T!tP. dnsh

m -rtl/ hr nsrtl (.')) i11sl1·111Z 11{
nf /Jill'l'llli1rsis, 11111!
l/J.!lf/ jiJllu!i! ol/11·r
111,,arks, u. d di 11 (} lo t/11· i r f'orr·r;.

Jii s torv

l!l

un

1nr1.rk.~

\\"(H111·11 \rl1<: fl g- uri•d on t /,·:~
f11r i lie rno~t p:ut, 1J1ily n:uni-·s, titP ,..,f 11 ry n[
llH' l:t_...,t tl:i ~y,-;, uf i t 1• :-;J'11·1·ia l l\' . ,,•l .·t11o l.·'• •>Il l a ~ Ill SOil!'.
~

'\ ut ids ~ t;~ _t.::t ~ art•,

HPf'k!· t,

111 \\ri t-

~'."_i ,. Jit•l o photograph,
1[

t'\'t: ry mi1111tes(. fr;1 t urc of it a.s Ji 8tincL as
it we re prc;;;t~nt to our eyf'~.

7·. Tho poi11L of hono;· " ·ii ir: h l'<'•1'1i1-.·~ fl. 1 11 ~w to be afraid of
·'I le 1~
· .. a 1lalt
"· ·I ol,· f urn1c1l 1.10 part of the
~) t' \ \·l l.tv

LESSON 14.

s"""""
.,
'?" to
. he
- ·tfr·,
•. • ·1'1
l 1u11ien c

1Jea ot

heroism.
SUB~TlTUTJt

8. Sl~;~ ridan.' w}1Pn hf~ (•orwl ndcd his grt.'.at ~P' ',_·1·li in Uic iinpt-;u·hJ1«·11L
"' If:l'l
Iii".'
l ' Ul1t1·1· , . t ' { I , ' ' ··ti
. )·'\l!O\\Lf'(
' Ig1_• () f ~tagc cff1 ·1't
.• , •
·
..., . . ,_
l 1 ._i

:1·liw11 111s father nn gh t !rave e nvied, to Ni 11 k ~•ack , a.~ ii exhausteJ,
uit.o th e 'n.r111s
of Burki' ' wlio htW<'t•1!
l,,· 1,, '"tl
tl
f J;t 'll•
......":>
\ l
I . lP f'fH'r<r-y 0
t•rQilS e nttuuna.s nr.
c- ..

9 · H11t we ca.nnot. have cn•rdhing , ~.~ tlw n1:1n ~aid wh r•ii ""
w:t~ dow 11 w il.h t he small-pox and tlte cholera, anti the yellow-fever
caine rn Lo the n eigh !Jorhood.

,.,,.,
)~~

>:'-1 A:\l> CUNTHACTl !)N.

One part of spcl'cli (Jr modifier J11:LY lie cxcli:ut;<"'l f,,,.
anothe r, an<l by omission ;wd contraetin n wr, may :i111·i<lg1'
a1Hl (~\'Cll gd ricl of cLw sc•s, llt:pc·1Hil-11t <•r indq>t'111l1·11t.
\ Vf'. skt11 rn:ikn 11;;n of 1.lws» f:ir·1s \1·lw11 \\' •.'. 1·0111\· 1.11 "i " ·:1L
of cert.a.in r1n:d it ies nf styli', but fur ol1\'in11s n·:iso11s \\-.,
shall take up the matkr hl·re.

44

Inl'(:ntion.

Direction. -

\\' i1L·re ynu f':tll 1 1·l1a11 .~t! l11e i11·t·p11s ili11nal pl1ras1·~ j 11

I.

/\

1. 'Io 8peak p rv1 1crly, v1ilcarit y j~ i11 tl 1c
tlie ·wo rd.
2 . One of 1.hc gr .. at. 11 r.f'd:< 1of h1q.;11ac;e is

2. ( ;,•n11a 11 i:--1 11 0 111 og1·1 1l'O ll:-< to a. re111arkah1(~ dP. ~ rf"e .
3· .·\ L Nasehy llie r uut of tlie forc"s r,f t,]i,, l\i 11 _;.: was co 111 •

D irectio n . 11ou11s in tla:

111a11y

c:·t~(·;-;,

.

1111l _v l11wln·
. i11

11 11 ~

'~~-~
.,.'"\"J."--C'.?(:

' Vht·rc you !'.an, cl1:u1g1 · t l 1 e ~ 1 · adj~·rti,·1·~, :ttlrerbs, a n <l
ve ca~e tCJ p r t:1>osiL iu 11 ;d J1l 1raM·s; -

111JSSL':i:1i

ci111ci11:.;iu1JS

ul i"'L'lence ari.!

Sl·ldu tn

1•\i

r !11 .. 11 1 :t:l.

6. Tl1<·r" \\.,.,.,, 'illil,tlll() vuk i11 tl"' ! ""' .\ ],.,,,,,,Jricu1 li L•rari1·.s.
7. Bri t isl1 a11<l .-\n1 e ri ea11 t·u1 11:1ie1T1: h ;L..; :-:c;til1·r1'•1 tlic l'ruducti1111 .. ; nf An~ln - ~axon gf·1ii11 .-. o\·"r tltf' 11;1Lif;d1f1 · ;.:.Ldw .
8. I1 1 1•:ii1,alwL11' ,..; rei g 11, du:111·.·; f j~~ :tr1·l1il•·t ·tu ri · w;ts j11 its i11[a1 1c\·.
9· 'f'lit~ \\alt~r-1i l_y i.' Ll1e type (1f tli1 ~ po1•!'s ·" " Hi .
..
IO. This str:rnge wo n !, tle111ijoli11, 11:1_, s:; .liy pnn] .. ,] ,_·ty 11 1u],,g ists.

D irectio n. - \Vritc scntt·nc1· s il1u slT:1ting f1111y hnth tlw ....;1·

s1 ·ri1·s

11[

c11a.n;r€.•:-;.

.l'artif".ij 1k•s may be suhstiti1tet] l"nr i1ilinit.i\-•: phrases, an,l
i1ili1 1iL i ve 11i1r;ise:> for JJarLi ciplcs.

j~ af t.er

6.

J<11r;.;i11;.; it ,.f it-<

al a tLe11ry of di ~ t '.:l:-'t· i" 1.\

alt tii e f\ecri·t. uf th1• art . iii' \\riii1i~· .
;,.. aH•l a l\\; 1\·..., tli

'l'o l 1a\·1 · a. :-;pec ili c ...-t~

J .. ._:_:i11

it. i .. .;

1L...;1 ·

i.(1

L1·

i•111!!'

i11

sp1'ech .

Arlj<w.ti1·"· :1d v1·ri1. a111l i111ir·11"111J..1:!. 1·l:111 so· s J11:11· ],,. 1·,.11tract1)d \)y

u 1111LLl11g i•ruI!PllllS :t111l

{11 ·

tlit·

\'\·1·l1s ;1 1cf !l1 ' .

1· L111:--:1 -...;. : -

L1~ !r11 t·

r. <h 1r 11L 1.1·1· i ... tii
-";~·- --·

\'1•rh-.;

< :" 11 1r;wt 1J11·st~ ;1dj1·1·ti\'t· and ad\ 1·rli 1.·la11;...;1·s :111d s 1•1tw.

Direction . -

of the i11d1·j1t·11 1l 1·111

111 on~ 1l1a1t liic;lily

4. '1'!1e study ()f th(~ f:n•t •k <111tl La!i11 l;i;1g11 : 1.~· t ''-' 111i.'~L1 . ad\·aiita.~Po 11 .-.:iy Iii• j •;1rtly n·pl:tt'f;d l1y fl1I' :-;!_11dy tff . \:i .~l tt· :--,;:l\,,ri.
·r11t~ s1·r1H·1d .',,, fraii i .~

!1"'

111

·-~,:

.~~-

e"·"··
,':)::;.

C:harlt"s tlic Secn11tl 's l:t ~ t ad was tu Sl'l' k for111:tl ;"] 111 i"i""
iato Lli e J~u111a11 Catlioli<.: Church .
2 . ·ri 11~ i 11 te rjt·ct.iu11 tt1ay I 1e said 1o bP pa:-'sipn 's 111 otlier-L( , 1 1 .~- 11 (._
3. Thu
pnll1;1l1lr• .

tli1>11.~ht a1 1d 1111t

ui ug wiLl1 tl1u tl1··ury ~if li1' ;tl! ii.
4 . To reuuc c a language tu writing ls Lu put a sl< •J> Lu ll1"
formation nf i11!1 1•r·li n11s.
5. Jl: 1. vl 11 ~ so 1111 ~l hi ng- fo .-:ay :uid ~ay 1 1q.~· j t1;...;t tltat a11d lHJ ullwr

I.

S·

r_flu~ l,p :-;1, w~t~: nf arriri11.~

3.

4· Fruin lhc ti me of Eolw;ml the F i r~ t to that. "f Crorn wPll, 110
.Jew tuucht>u t he soi l oI E 11 glauu.
S· Tit., 1]111q;eo n w as, i u its origi n, t11c pri1wi1 •al t ower Ill t h o
c;~~tlc of Lli e lo r d.

are, in

:--1 ·r1·

p r urir~nt, al!d 1ll'l•le111 i11t1...;, i:1 1·:;q1li11r.....

pl de.

7· V11l ,l.!,"a ri s 111s

t !11·:--1

U-HlC~H 1.u i111i11it.i\t : l Jl1ra:-:,1·:-',:1111l llw iiilii1iti\t; 1.J11":1:--•-...;. 11• 1·~1rti.·i1.J~ ""' : ·

t.lii11 ;; of l>e:utf y is a jo:\· fon;n•r.

6. The l1est foat urcs of lh" tr:lll .qJ a tin 11 ,,f l\i11.L'. J , 111 , ,..~. i 11 ] t;l J,
a.re 1lerin._·1l frorn t."i1e v•·r:-;ion of ' l\·111/alc.

\ \" \i,·r1· yilll i·an. 1·!1:l;1~1· t Ill' i•:1r t i< ·q.Ji·:-- i11

Direction. -

1111· ."\1'. ;-;1·11Lc1u...:e s tv a.tljt·t:LiVt· ~, Li • ;tdvl· r i>:-1 1 01· tu lllll.lll~ in tlie }JUS:-;e.ssi vu
c a:;e:-

tll tli·· j,j""'L tliat \\ · i· LiHi\\· .
;t\11id;1l ·l·· .'-ii!·k111· s .<. :. 1s a

2.

All a\ l ai 11ald1~ iH·alt!~

3.

Y1ia an~ :Ll\\a.\:-> ."lilt~ lq d··l1·d :t ;.;f1a111 i 11 !iw !!1111 .'..:. .-.: \\f11··'1

j;...; adu! \'. ;tll

i'ul k~ 11 11 i,"'t. ;t If, ·1·\.
4. \\ ' lll!l l yutt are a!l a11\-il, l1 ul d _Yull :-.till;
}1a111nH-•r :-;f-rikn yi·l!r fill.

y~111

wlwtt

~:1i.

ar1•

a.

1

5.

J\.11

1'\'t'I' !Jlf1rt' h11111a1t il1a1i ( ')1;u11·t · r":--1 1~.

p1wtry was

6. '1 ' 11t'. n;tk d1».'S 11ul .:.'.Tu\\' sn tall :1~ tl1~' 11i111 · ;.:.r11\\':->.
7. ' l'r11tl 1 g•·ts \Yt· i l if :--:l11' j_.., r111i 1>\' 1• r Ly il l()('tH 1i<di,·,·.

8.

'J' li o 111 ost satisf:1cltJry i11q 1 n~ss i(l\JS uf })l:H'.L'S

llCVer SPf' ll :ll"I'

1! t· ri\·1· 1]

9. Lawy1:.rs

ar1 1

fr11l!l

\\·lii( ·li

Wt ' l1a\·•·

J'lw!ry.

tl11' , . J, 1 yr• rf'~.t 111en.

n1i11 i :--1t 11 rs

a111l 1!(,('f, -,r~ :tr1' ;] 11 1 rr 111s: :--:11t1"i1 1l1 ·.
10. 1J'l11: Y:inli.f•t· .-.:ays ti1 :1t . if it. wert~ p(1 ,...; ,. .;,jj,J i' , lie

arn

t.111-~

111 ~1:--t

Jeanie<l.

outsidt>

l'I•\\·~;

i11 i1is

11ld

\\' 1 1

lt:t\' ( '

1·1~nifi;·]1l.

Direction . - \ \'rit1·

s1 · 11t 1·1w1-....;

ill11:-;trati11g tlw r-w

cP11lra 1·ti • 1 11~.

11u

·\;..,l

.)

47

Substitutfon and Contraction .
- _Direction. - ·write senteuces fully illu0tr:cti11g tl1<':< e cl.:111:;.. s.

15.
SUBSTITUTION AND CONTRACTJON.

'IV c may ri11 the f'c1\te11cc of :i.r1jcetivc clauses by clroppini; tlw suhjPct arnl the verh; of atlvf'rh cl:rn scs hy
droppi11g th e sul1jeet, the verb, aud the connective; a n~l
<if iH11np1•11d ent clauses by 11roppi11g the subject, the verb,
and the rep e;ited words.

An adjeetive c1ausn may contr:lct to a prq1usiti0Hal phra.""
. with a noun for thP prirn~ipal word; :rnd an ad vnlJ ur a 111 •u n
clause, to a prepositi onal phrase with a participle or a ll<Jun
for the principal word.
Direction. - Co 11 tra.ct

l 'i Ii
I

I'
I

'

I

''

f·,i
r
ft,·.

a111i

JH)llJl

ch11s1·:-o;

wurd~.

D irection. - GC't riu o f n,q nw.ny of thc~o adjective, adverb, and
i11lieiie11d1·11t dal!S<'8 as you ca.11: -

like peaclies and pears, grow sweet a littl e \Yhik bef11 r<'
they are ready to faJI.

I. Affoctat.ion, which is t he rl esirc of see ming to he wh:it we
are 11ot, i:< the uesctt illg si n of men.

3. A sharp criLieism which has a <lrn[' 111 wit.ly V•:11u111 rn it
stings a young :w th" r ;1.l 111ost. to .J c:ttl 1.
4. i\'l:uiy people fail , because tltey 111· .~kt ·t tl1~ir h11si1w.ss.

2. Sacrifice was not 011ly a .Jewish cu8lom, b11t it was a Grec ian,
a l'hwn icia11, antl a Rom.:111 c11sto1 11.

'I

a-d jl'ctive, :tilVt·rh,

I. A shrug of the shouluers woulu lose much if it wen: tr:u1.' -

lated iu to

I '

tlw~e

to prepositional J!!tra.sus wit!t 11 ou11s ur partici1•lui as ll1e ]'ri1wi1•1Li
words:-

2. Men,

5.

Trains sho11lcl he ru11 that travelll'rn 1111iy lie acn11111111i•lat.···I.
6. Tf we keep to the gulde11 rnea11 i11 everytl1i11g, "'' shall at.

3. There i:; 110 place which is too hurnLle for the glories of
li eav e 11 to :;liine in .
4. One of t h e moRt familiar English endings of 11ouns is er,
whi ch is i11dicative of the age11t.
5. \Vhat the Purit:u1H gave the \\"Orld was uot thought, but it
was action.
6. Though Elizabeth was Luried in foreign intrigues, sh e was
above all a11 E11glish sovereign .
7. Thn best sermon whlch was ercr preached upon modern
sneiet.y i.-; "\rallit.y Fa ir."
8. Ju 111 f' re love of what was vile, Cl1arlcs 1r. Rtood ahead of
any of hi s s11 lijects.
9. T'op11 hr opi11 io11H arco oft'" ' true, b11t 1.l11·y are ~elilom or

leaat avoid da11g,_•r.

ncvc r the whole truth.
IO. T li e proportion of water whi ch is commo11ly found in bntter
is from half a n ounce to an 0u11C'e in ~ p0 11 111l.
II. At Cnnr:ord, our fat.hers tired the shot " ·hich was l11'artl
rot111d ll1e '.-vuria.

Direction. - 'V ritt RrntPnCf's rnnt.aini11~ a•l .i~ ·i·I in~ f'la11:-;1•f.:., an(1 t ho.-.:1~
classes of adverlJ ;mtl noull cl"l10c~ u~c:tl al.Juve, and illuslrate tl1tt
changes there shown.

7.

Q 111•<'11 J\lary was hupeful that. sl1t·. sl 1n11ld

J,., lihi:r;1lc'd Ly

France or Spain, the f'11Pmies of Elizal1t"Li1 .

8. The tnw

Citristi:u1 liv1•s ;is the"'""' Tcsta111e11t din·cls.
9. Shake;-;pr•;tn~ dit:1l wlwn ~ h~~ wa:-1 h111·11.
IO. Milton was t•i .~ltt ypars olol \YI""' c;[1ak<'s]""'r" di.·11.
II. Some mi11Lltc animal::; feed, tlwugl1 tlwy hav1; 1w iuuullis or

Rtom::whs.
I2. Though we care for our bodies, we cannot always ke1·p tlw111
in health and vi::;1w.
I3· The thought that the fix.,d st:u·s are l1illio11.s uf 111il.·s :may

is appalling.
1

48

Adverb and iudt.:1ic11cknt clallst.:s rnay
absolute l'li rases.

::

LESSON 16.

COUli>leX :5ellteu~c~ Lu

Adj ective, advl·rb, noun, arn1 independent chuscs n1ay be
<:1>ntradl'd to parti ci pl rs, or to I >lirascs contai1 1i ng ;1;lrtici pl es.
<tlld
nr

ii1dc1n~ Ildl'J1t. 1·lau ....:.1._· in Ll 1u

a11

11)

( 'Jia n gP 1·;1 d 1 d1·pi·111k nf. clt lU ~c ill
l.'u 11 1p411llit.l

t.llt'st·

~t· 11tcll Cl' ,

tu

a11

itU sulutc

hy it.
3 . 'rho tides rise hi,;.:)1 c r

s 1'lll l' n1 :v s,

a participle

pi1l';t:)t: ; ·-~

tl1a, 11

u.-.;ua.l at. llt.'\\'

llh) o11, Hi11n.~

tl11: ~1lr1

and tnoon tlt<'n a c t i11 cc111j1111rfic>n .
4. 'l ' h ouc;h t.he a._!.!"C of read i11.l! and uf 1hi11ki11g 111en lia~ (•u11w,
the age o[ lndltd_:-: is l\{) L uY~T.
5. H tl1e J.ov SllWS 111'2 .• b ·cis of 111ornl or J•ltysical ill-lJJ•al1l 1, Iii<·
man will rl'ap tlw hit.l.•'r liarvP;.t..
6. \Ve liave passe•l 1.li e 21st of ~Pp ternb e r, as t.h" s un sds :iow

M e u "J iu i1a1· e not hamllecl books iro111 i11fa.ucy a.re afraid

o( t h e 111.

2. Cla.cit; rs, whi ch flow d own 1nouufai11 gorges, olwy t.!te bw
uf r.iver8.
3. C()nd A1nc rica11 s, wl it• n thi•.\· tJj,-., .~.!J> tn Pari :-;.
4. Err11r di e8 of l1Jl'kjaw if .~h e sc ratcl1t's lu~ r fi11g!'r.

h.,forc six.
7. Every inordi11at.c cup is 1111Ji1".,se<l , a111l Ll1e i1 q; r1_.. ]i,,11t

S·

Tl1;it a l11ap le 1r1·" l1 :is s1·x se1·u1s a liiLJ,c; stra11g1 ·.

devil.

6.

\Vl11 ·11 .J olt 11so11 wrote for p11hli ca t io11 , he Jiu his se ntences
f.:11_1;·!i:·dl i1d1 ) .fo)1 ll~illlO• ....: p _

Hilt

pf

7 . I> 1 ·:dli , tl1ou g h it tl el:ly.-.: it :--: \'i~it ln11:-,:·, wi1l
a l, every lluor.

CPrl:1i1ily l\!ic1ck

8. l);1rk clutl 1es :u·, , wann 111 si 1111111Pr, J.,.cau S() tlrey aLsorl1 Ili c
1·;1 _y .....;

,, f :.!11·

·" lltJ.

1

ll P t.

cvnlrdd(:d L"

I. \Vh en the c<tt.'s away. th" rn i ~,., wi1l plav.
2. T h e Jct.te r A \\'as 011c1• a J•id1 1r1 ·, "l.11ll"s head \\'as r f'pn·s0nlt-d

a pl1ra.:-;1· 1·nntai11i11 g a participle:--·

I.

l.J1 )

Direction. - C h;m gl'. one i11dq'it'n1ltnt. elans" i11 1-<wl 1 '"' lllpn11111l
t;<.mtence b1·low to an al1solutP pli ras1'. and e.n·ry adnrli cla11s•· i11 tl11•

STTH<:;TTTCTT0"1 A i'>J) CCi;\TlL\ CTI< YN.

Di rection. -

49

SulJ ...,titu lion rmrl Con lrrtl'f ion.

In cent t()/l .

9· l'l1l' 1111!_y crit.ic i:-: 111 111ad1·
i11tYll1 •c : !Ldly e 111ill('llL

lifH'il

'\\.:1...,,J1i 11 ::;-l 1111 i .... , !l1aL lit·

ro. 1''r:uil\li11 n111sc h:t\·e bei:ii a\\' "'' 1·liil1l:->111il11 ·r , ,-.; 1111 ·p

q 11 ol<'d l•y •'l' •·ryl•ody .
II. \\'l1:tl . l"'Y dews lJ(l t l:LJ111·11t 111"(. ],,. 1w1·n
\\' 1•i 1;-; t e r ~1wak '!

:i1:1 i

Ii; :\ l

)1

•\'1 •.

er))

i ndf'!ll' l 1ti1•!)f. 1 · l;t!l ,~t · S

~

--LESSON 17.

Jw j~

1'tJB:-;TITl ; Tlt>~

li•·:ird

A~D

CO:\THACTION.

]i:i11i ,·l

Adjective. :-i.111·crh, an1l nrnm cb11s1·,.; rnay l;t.: cuntr:ldt·<l

Direction. -- \\ "ri 11· ;--;i. · 1i11 · 1w 1·." 1·1 11 d : 1i1l i1 1:..:: 1) 1·1 - ti i··ii\ · ~· ;irid (~I 1111 _
r.-.. . 1ri 1·li\·1· ;Ldj1·1 ·1iv1· cL11h1 · ... . (; : ) !!w ki11d-.... ,, f :td\ •·rl1,. ; 11 1-.:1 · " :q 1d ! 1 i.f
I! '. . ', ! '~

cliauge::i lltt_'rl' .-:_;livw11.

-~

--+-- -

T i t t ~ ~l1 1sq 11 e ul ( h11a r n1T1q1it·~ l l1l'. :-:it e (1f ~olon1ou's 'l't:1np\11,
a11d it is Ll1P. mo~t gr:1cdnl i•11ildi1J g i11 11 ,,. F:1>I .

If 1, · i·f1;1

~·~~-

Direc tion. - \V r itl' (l} Rt•1tf 1·11.-1·' ··••11tai11i11~ I.ht• ld11ds "f a•hnl,
c:la,uses u:-H~ d ahnve. and (:2) c11J11p1111nd .'-it'Illl'll< 't·s, and illn ." "tLdt· tlw

\\;t ....;

12 .

lllltlll CJ:tli:"'i('S, ll ~t·d :tiH>\"i' , :l.lld

~~
-:::7"

is a

1

:1.rtd i]Jtl~f }';)fp

to in1i11itive

plir:is1•s.

Direction. - ( '. 011tr:"'\. t.lic ili:p1·111k11t. 1·lausl'.s i11 th1·sc SEJJ tern·"s tu
plira:·w :-5 c·ilJ1Lti11i11:,:- i1iii11iii\·l·;-;:I.

A ge11ernl oft<,11 ]";wcs his camp-fires burning- that t h"." lllay

concPal 11 is n·l 1'<·:11.

GO

lnncntion.
2.

~l oJe rn fail11res are nf su c l1 111ag11it11de tl1al they a1•t•all Urn

i 1nag i 1 1 ~1. t i o 11.

3 . So 111e st.u<lrt d.s arc f"u]i,h, b1•cause tlwy st11.Jy so late at
11ig ht..
4. \Ve sl1uuld
nl.li,.rs.

r<'j oicc whe11 \\"e l1ear of tliu i•ro~perit.y o[

5. lt is of the ve ry nature of an interj ection that it eludes the
1111·.-<l1 e.'! of a de ti 11 ition .
6. E1· e ry Bnsto 11iru1 t.11i11J;,c that tlie :0::1.al.e lJ011sc i ., the li11h of
t.he sola r syst.c 111.
7. Th e Sun of i\Ii.11 ha<l " '' phee ""here li e might Ja.y his !wad.
8. Th :Lt we make the 111 ust of g-olde11 opl'orlu11iLies is a privi!t•g-e as we ll ati a '111ty.

Gl
2. Ag-•-•sila us t.ia~ Cn_·att l11: ari 11~ 011e l'ra1...;1· a11
tho power of n1a .~ nilyi1q.~- liLti e thin .~·:-; , :-;aid, .. I d1,
n1aker W}JO p1ils i:u·,:.;.-1• ·'°'llUt':-i c)IJ :L .'°' t11; l\! f,11,(."

fo r the Loc ly of ;\. T. Slt'wart.

uecc.s~;:u le~.

l\·ople i11 tl1is con11try arc sclilo111 without tho mea ns hy

13. Ifow d t•l i;; ht.ful it. \\·011ld J.c if \\"11 ('n11ld tlir<>W :t\\'ay <111r
locks, and f.11rn o ur j:i,i!H and 1•ris o 1 1~ into h osp itabl
14. There is a ti1110 wh e n one m ny cla11ce.
Dire ction. -

:vlvl"rh, a11d
Ll wn ~

" "rit<· Hl' n ll'H<"<·x, <"••11t:1ining 111 <' ki11cl8 of :ul jn·t.ivc,
tlan s '-'s u i-:; 1·d aU1n· t·1 and ill11~trate t.l 1e cha11:.:c8

nt111n

;1,

Allve rL clans(·S rn:iy L;: el1 :111 L:ycl t<> ; uljt· •· tiv· ~ ··h11s>'s, :t11<1
one of the i111kpcmlcnt chus•·s iu a ('v111pou11d se ntPnce to
an atljcctivc or an a<lYcrb clause.

:t~lj1·(·. Un· nr ;1il \'i'

12.

lik1 ·

3. IIa<l a Sparl:u1 L<·" n :"kt·ol. "\\'ii;i t i.' : '"' l'i1i..f "1"1 of t11;i11 ':'
he woulJ lmvc :LllS\\'l'red l •y i 11• 111i ri11'"' i[ it. wa.' 11"L In ];,.., a' 11:1 comforla.Lly as l'"";i\,l e, a111l lo tli e fi'"'l 1l i11g, 'i 'i Lti·d l ·y a h<"l i le' )''"'"._

9. Th e i11fl11 e 11 cc of S<.:hool prizes is, that tli ey lead pu11i ls tu
study for t h e sake of the111.
10. Ev1"ry b ody is cruif c snrc th:lt h e shall mak(• a mi11t n[ 1110 111·.1·
ln i1l~ "'llfTtJl:tl in11 .
II. llis fril'l"ls die] n ot lrnow how nr whrre f.lwy sl1 u 11l•l l•Jok

whi c h tlioy <:a11 prn<'1tr•~ fnnd.

h;ul
:-:l111t ·-

11r:d or \rl111
JJCil,

Direction. - l' ha.ngc th e ad n·rU claust_• ht·l1Hv

and one clause of t•aclt

con1p011111..1 Si'Ute11ce tq

t i~

;1 a ;tr! j t·1~ t h· f~ clat1~1 ·,

a. d1·pt·11Lli-nt L'Ltu:-:,<·,

rl) :

I. Gi\·e us l11t~ 1uxurit':" (,[ 1if1·, :11111 \\~~ \\ill di."1•cns1_~ wii11 it_-;
2. 'J' li e rc is ~un.:ly

eclil'·"'''· it i:-' .~l"1.1\\· i11g 1lark a.L 111idd;ty.
tlw tlr•· i:-1 1•11t 1111t..
4 . 'Vh E" ll a. n1i:..;e r ha.."'i J.-, _.._t hi:-1 l1<1ard. 1 11 \ h:l .... 1111ll1i11;..: l,~fc 1n
co111fort hi111.
S· The 1·rodi!-'.al son had (.lie ],,.,,f, or l"»:t S <lll~ for sf.ayi11g Ill.
home, yet he w:1.11tlen"<I away .frv111 it..
6. Pearl~ a rc worn l1y 1pH'c11s, a.11.l y1·f. t.h1;s•J jcwl'b n.re fornwd
in~idt~ uf t).\':·-d,,'.r :-; }1t·JL-.;.

3. T1 1P l' ll gi111· :--:

n.11

an~ r('t11n1i11 .~ .

:nad1•..

Direct <] Uus tions or quotations may be chan ged to indirect, an<l indirect to <lirect.
Direction. - Cha.n~n t-l1 e ~lirvlf. 'illl'St ions aw1 qnntntions lwlnw and
in Ll·:; ... 1111 1:: tu i11direct, 1-l1n1 ilw i11din·1·1. t.!I din'"t-:

L
<'IJ

LESSON 18.

An Athenian, Sf'nt t o Sparta on pnhli!.' lrn si111•ss, r"pnrf!.'<1,

ri ·l tll"llill.~ t•> }ii:-; 11 ;tf 1\·4~ t·ily. (i 1:d iH' lllldt•r:•dciprJ \\·fiy l ] w ~J1;1.r~

1.:u1s wt•rc• so rc-:uh t.o r"111 ~1. i11 0 11 fill' h:i ttl ..-tii•ld , a.' a Spart:u1 d1•;Jf)J
\ ·Va.,-; l1· .... ~ fn r111idahI P- Utan :t ~p~rf:1.11 di1111r'r.

Direction. -- Hy 1·xp:111~i1ll1 :1!1d f-:.td1 .-..:1i 111!i·11t ill1 1:---. t1;1r\·) wiil1 1h·
se nte n ces in t.liis :tt!I! i11 1! 1(' f1il)11\Yi11:.: f,1-....; :-;,111. tlw l1·a("!1 iri ,::,: ,>[" 111 ·· L1 ,...;t
fuLir L(·~ s 1111.-.;, a11d ,:; i\·1 · a11 ;w1·11u11! pf _Y•·11r \•: .. rk

52

I . };verybody has something to teach us.

Almost extinguished amo11g the Jews, sacrifice is still a part
of the worship of the Bedouin Arnh.
3· A<l:un Smith's "'Veal th of Nations" is on e of nw rno;;t
irnportant books men l1ave writte n.
4. The wonderful having b~ome common, we are likely to
overlook it.
5· f: eo rge the Third"R reig n w:1' th e gol cl•' 11 age of 1w·rliocritv.
6. Milton wa;; 11ot only th e l1ighest but th o comple!''st. t.yr><,"of
1'11ri t.ani,m .
7· Th e settin g su11, mantlin g \\'i Ch U1e Lloom of roses the
Alpi1w ~ n o ws , lut•l to our ey••s a value beyn11ol it,; opt ical one.
8. A race shortenin g i ts wc>apons lengthens its l•ouudaries.
9. 'Ve are all tattooed in our cradl es wit.Ii the nation al bel iefo
and p rej udices.
IO. The story of Cromwell's bein g prevented Ly a royal emb:irgo
from crossing t he sea to America is probal1ly unfou 11 ded.
II. No poet of the first cla.~s has eve r left a school behu1d hirn
his illlag in ation being iocommu11i cable.
'
I 2. A petition from the oflicers of Parliament demanded the
" ' it.hdrawal of the pr·opos:il to re8t.ore the monarchy.
13. After eat ing hon<'y, one tlii11h lii s te:.i t.o be without sugar.
I4· The fire is out, for the engines are returning-.
15. IIa<l you asked Dr..•Joh11son what his opi11io11 of a si ck man
was, he would have replied, "Every man is a rascal a.s soo!l as he
is sick ."
I6. To defe nd ou rseh-es and our ow n is an irnperat.ivR dnty.
I7. The Nibelungc n Lied, t he great epic of Gerlllany, dateR, in
all probaL>il ily, back to 1:200.
18. The best of perfumes is just fresh ai r wi t h no mixture of
a11 ytl 1iJ1g in it.
19. Shakespeare was forty-four year~ old at Milton's birth.
20. Moharnrnedans promise to live up to the teachings of th11
l\-(1ra n.
2.

\Visiiin;; to enjoy the Adiru11dacks, you must. carry n101111lai 11s -i11 y our l;ra.in _
22. Ji.,,.,-.d by so many, the word s of the English Bi!.lr, do not;
beco me obsolete.
2I.

G3

E xpans'ion and Suustltution.

Inventfon.

23. The effect vi friction is to lieat the

s ub ,; ta11ce~

rub lJe t!.

24. We are certain i11 the end to overcome evil with good.
25. The weeds in our gardens and in our minds are like ly to
grow so fast as to ch ok,• the pla11 l8 .
26. Staying at home, one n1ay \'isit lt:ily a rnl the trnp i.-,_
27. Trifles light as air are, to the jealous; confirrnatio11s strong
Q8 proofs from holy writ.
Direction. - '\'rite s•.•nt<'llCl'S a11d •'XJl:rnd them 1,,, ill11 str;d " 11,..
pointi;; rnatle abi)V ('. \V 11l' ll yun can, illustra.tf•, as aL1_1 vt ·, 111o r.~ than
oHe poitd, iu a. :·H:11tt· u t·1·.

LESSON 19.
EXPANSION AND

~.;DBSTITUTION.

r. The lamper eel fa8tcns upon a person or a fbh to :rnck out
the blood.
2. 'Ve are always glad to harness a force of 11ature to our
work.
3. Drive a stran.1.;e ox into a p:ist ure, an, ] them wil l :dw:<ys Le
a trial o[ strength between i1im :wcl t he J.-,ad <' r of the herd.
4. The do ugh not bei ng w"ll kneaclecl, the hrea•l is loo porous.
5. Dry flour kwin g bee n a<l1J.:,J lo the cl ou).(h, the loaf wi ll l;e
hard and close.
6. Sir "railer Scott was unjm;t to hilllself tu wri t• ', after lii s
g reat failure, almost wi thout ce;:,-atiun.
7. Vve n,re sorry to sec the days growing shorter and the nights
longer.
8. It is a gooci ~i g n, "'hP.n \\Tl1 in .g-, to l1aYn your ft~ et. g·ro w co11I.
9. The fro8t h:wing appeared, the yellow fov er is st il l loth to

,1:'··

le a.ve.
IO.

Lil)erty~s kt1owing nolhi11g

hut Yid,ory l ias al111n:..; I. LPcor11 e

an arla1-:·e .
II . Evl'rvlindv c-0 1wctks \Ya.sl 1i1q; to11"s liavi11 g liec11 a 1•urer
patriot tklll Xrq•uko11.

,-,..' :-!

54
12.

Invent-ion.

GG

C01npositfon of :::Jodt llr:cs .

Goel umcl e tlie co trntry, aucl rnau, the to wn.

Direction. - n, ~ card.u l so lP l'Xpa 11d :tll d c l1a11 gc tll t ' :--l i'lll!'IHT ~ i 11
L essous l t\ :tlltl UJ t hat ci'l·ry pui11 L i1 1 Lli l' f1•llr prcc1·ding l.ess1111 s sl 1a ll

13· Tu earn is to ha ve.
14. lh·i11 g deli ghtful b h e i11 g class ic.

hl~ illn:-;tr<tli·d .

15. l'a!'1. L;,Js l111il t jdties at tile 111otttl1 of the i\ I isHi ssippi fur

t

;ivi ~ th l~

I'i'<t."iPll

fi,r t•vcry 1nark ,, f

l'u1w11i a tl•!lt 11.-.;i •d il l

yullr \\"Pl'k .

th e i1upruv e n1e 11 t o f tJ1 e cha1111 e l.
16. W itlt good h ealth and clice rfol sp irib, oue cau accompl ish
Ill ll!"h.

17. By k1:q•i11 g- tlie fi elds free fro m weeds, one will uot n ecessarily n .: :1}' a UuLi11Liflll harve.'!t.
18. By all o wi11 g t lie weeJ:; lo g row uu cl1 eckecl, the farmer will
real' 110U1ing at al l.
19. l\ain, falling, ri ses from the lakes and sea,s as vapor .
20. 1': ig h t c:une o u , clo~i 11 g t.ln ! peLal s of th e fluwf'rs.
21. A stro 11g- a rg 11u1<'11 t a ga. i11st th e jury -.,yste m is the court's
exd11il i11g i11 te lli ge 11 t 1ue11 fr o1 11 t he j11ry-t1ox.
22 . .Arnu!tl \\as fearf ul ut' l>e i11 g del<.:de J iu his tr .~ as on .
23. E :u·li rog ue , l'l"l"" 1ti11;, 1111.d h l1is s te rn papa.
24. Cairo is si tuated at tl1e ju11d iu11 of tl1e Ol1io with the
,\I iss issippi.

LESSON 20.

Direction. - ""'ice 1i 0 ,,-. bv n~ d11t'i11g S\ll\le l)f tl 1•'-"'l' :-; i11q •lP
clau~t·~ ;ind a f it·nvanb 1o 11;u·!i( ·i1 \i;d :11 1d
.IS CUtt• J11.'.1•.:-; t t i adjec tive
v

pr1•p11sit ii 111:d

1 1 hrasi·~,

tlti:-; i--;vri es nf •w1 1 1 1 ·n c 1·~ is co nv1_·rtl'd ill tu ct1 1u

se11tence : -

25. 'J'h e N ile, ri sing to a ce rtain h eight, makes E gypt fr ui tful.
26. Hy no e nactm e nt of l\bi 11e Lt\\·s will kgi:o:J:i.tnres utterly
<l c·s h'(1 _v i11!1 · 1111H ·r ;1JH't!'.

27. Th e grnss is co vc reJ \Yilh d e w this lllornin g, Lecause tlic
11i 0 ld. was clear and cool.
28. By the co 11ceallll c nt o( li is c rime, the rnnrJ ercr escape d
<.leLec t io 11 .
29. A sc holar wh o l1as lost h is 11w111·:· is nnt. a ha11krnpt. .

30. Th o ugh we liv e in ti 111e ancl :ij•acc, yet we ca n unden;l: u11l
11e i t li e r.

31 . \Yate r, o ne o ( wlt ose elc lllr:nl.s i,; i11fla111 m able a nd the oth e r
SllJ' pOrts co lllh11 s t ion, is ilsc lf li o:o:L ile t.o fire .
32. Th e ice, havin g co n t.ract .. d a.n<l ldt g reat cracks, must have
h e<' n s11hj eetcd L.o v<· ry low le 111p1·rnt 11rP- .
33. 1Ianil1·t's rn nth<'r :1'ki11 g l1i1 11, " \\'l1 1d k t\'C I Jnn c that. thou
da r ':"' t wa,!.!"

tl1 y t nrig-uc

i1 1

11 ni~n ~o n1 di• a .~; 1 i11;.; t 111 t~ ?

..

l1r• re·plit~d

that it was an a ct wl1i ch hlu tTf' .J fJi,-. t;ra1 ·» a11d J,]11,lt o f n1 n1lf'sfy.
34· l:oad s arc 1·1: pai red Jor I. li e ru·c11111n1nd:tf ion nf t ravell ers.
35. The I. rue patriot d oes 11 ot. ad f rv111 "·lil slitn·,,s.

---"'--

1.lorn n.in .

'JF,
"'J!'if.''

Direction . ---- ·"'' 1' ( 1 1
··t · ·s th1·~l ' ~1·n1 .~·11('\ · ~ n·dt1n·
ar111pr(•p<1~i1i( 1 11:d11 I il , :--1.'

~~-

.

"i:~

~~
~-

~.

_?1~:_ _ _
-~

•

.

r:H..: llLl"llL"i': -·-

,.

t" ,· ]c\\'

l1 .\' llw11 ...:1 , 11f:id iel"f i\'f':ltl d ;1dv1·rli ('lall.""•'.o.:
,

·

· I

t. d a, :-;111 g 11· lwan t1 1II

GG

Invention.

The confusio11 o( unloading was Jo ng ove r. The ship by at. th e
wharf. All her voyages ><eellle<l to be e11tletl. Theu I dared to
croup timo rously a lung the edge of the doc k. The water of its
huge shadow was b lack. Th e risk o( falling into it was great. I
i>laced 111 y hand upon the l1ot hulk. ] thus estalJ!i.,lwrl a 111yst ic
and ex 1111isite con11ect io 11 with l'aciti c islands, wi th paii 11 gr~v e,,
and with J1as~io11ate l1ea11t,ieR. The,,e heant.i ••s tl1e p:il11 1 gnm·s
e111bower. I estalilisl1<•d a mystic a n1! cxqni,ite eo nr H•c.·t.iu 11 with
j 1111gles, Uto n gal t i ger~, p•>['l'er, :tflo.l the crushed fed of Chinese
fairi es=

Those days am loll,'-'. past llO\\' . H1tt still r
Battery. I look towanb tire Narrow~ . Beyond
many friends. I know this . Tlrey are '"')•:t1.,1le•l
sea.· Of these I wot1l1.l so gladly k11ow. Uf tlre.-;e
Direction. beg-i11n in.~

tl1<1

0:

two :1.hs.,lnl1· pl1rases, tlie tw" 1•l1r:1."'·"

with p:lrti1_·ipll's~ and tlw t·xpl:tn;tt1ir\

'pl1r;t....;1·

h~ · l 11 \\'

i1tto

clauses, eontracot. llw adj"ct ive cla use, a.11Ll n·writu Lill: s•'ltll'nc": - .r\.ncl tlieu - l fo1ner';-; frc111.y uf y1>ittl1f111 :t1h·i·11l1tr1· n1w1· ap1• 1·:t.-. 1·d,
his kno"\vlecige e11d1ra('it1g- i~\·1·rytl1i1q.~ tliat. \\·;1,.-.; J.:1111\\'11 i11 liis ag 1 ' the i111ap;e of the l1e:urtiful lo11i:i 01H;n 111or" "'"''"'tu Iii ., 1·i -io11 , :c11d
a. horne~o uging-, like tiin,t. uf ()dy :-;~1~ 11 ~. si!fi11 .~ 011 tlu• ru1· ky .-. !1ur1'
of Calypso's isle-, y•~ :.rning fur ll.l1al':i, t.lic d1Yell i11g- r,f his wif., and
son, compelled l1irn \.1J n1t11r11.

L ong after tire co11fu,in11 of 111iloadi 11g was ol'c r, aml t.lte ship

lay a(, the wharf, as if all Yoyages \\' ere ended, I dar.,,J to cn·ep
t1111oro11sly al o ng the eJ~c of t.li<• dol'k , a11.J, at f;Tc:tf, risk of f;dlill"
into Ll 1" L.J:tck wate r of ii., l111g" ;d 1ad .. w. p]a,.,. ;J my h:111d ll['Ull I.Ii~
hot l11ilk, a nd so estali li .,h1·d :t lll}'stil' :111d 1'xqn i., it 1• f'OJlll•·•·I ion witlr
l'aciti c isl;tnLb, with palin gru1·es, and all till: p;~5sio nate 11eaulies
they e mbower, with jungles, Bengal tigers, p eppe r, and Llw cru~hed
feet of Chi nese fair ies.

Direction. -l'llaHg0. a

n·• un ('\:t. 1 1;.;: 1~ i11 tlH · :-;L"11te1H'P

ht'l11-.v ti, an

infinitive p hrase and a. p n ·p1>:-1it.ional l'l1ra.se t.o an advt>rl1, gt~t rid "f
the aUjective clau::.;e, awl ct1ll\·1·rt tl 1 1~ w lt ok i11tt1 tw11 ~~·Hli ' IH't·;-;:

Direction. - Cont.met cacll of thc:sc ;;ruups of sentences tu a siu~le
RPnt rnce : ~

Twice reforrin« to tlrL' witticisrn of Calo, who declared Lli:tt hr·
did not tiee hnw tl~e :-:ootli.-.:tYt·r~ cf:111l1l a\·1 1i1l lan.~·hi11g· e:wh otlii•r in
t.l re face, Cicero exhibit,; tlte oli,-IJL·iid 1Yl1icl1 1•n:1"tiit:d, at hi., ti11 1e,
respecting tire l11•aU,..11 ;~o<l,;.

The ~,.ji,, hung ready. Tire ship lay in tlre stn·:un. H11.sy lit f le
Lon.ts da rted about her. Putling littlt: stPanH! rs d:11·tod a.h 0°, 1t 11..,..
Tirey c ln11g lo lrf'r 'ides . Ti"'.Y paddJ,·1! away fro111 lier. Tii•cY bl
the w:w to tl1 e sea. fn this 11r:t1111<~r 111i1111•111·s mi g- 11! 1·il1•t a wl;"I'"
B:dthazar (;eranl wa~ tire 11111rdn1•r o f l'1·irwc \\'illia 11 1 ui
Oranc;-o. " ' illi:c111 \\':t.' s11n1a111l'd 'Villia111 fJi ,. Sil .. 111. (;,:rard Ji;ul
JroppeJ Iris .Pi.stub. Ile dropp1ei l tl1t•111 on tir e spot. Ti re .~pot was
wl1ere Ir e had eu1 11111i tte1! the cr i1J<c:. I ~l""I ]1i.' 11f•r;;on were fou 11 d
I w - 'I . l '
""
l I Il
\, ·u u <u 11ers.
J lH~ ~i~ 1 a.1 t er~ 'n~ rr.,, prn,·id t•d \\·i t h a. 11i1TP o f pip••.
" rith these l>hdders lr c lr :Hl i11te11<1Pd to as5i;<t lt i111sdf across the
llh~:"tt:. Beyond t.his Tnoa.t a hor:-;f! \\' a~ waif in .~ fur l 1i 11 1.
1
.. .''~ '"111J'
..\f .J
._
ta t'.u e r 'J"1l '110 It 0111 c:a 11 Pf l n1 0 into h i:-4 pn•sf'tl('C". T w:i.q
rt 111 ",.e r:hi l.J. l!e s:i itl lie .,i1011ld sonn lie gonP. Ile wanted to

Direction.-Cl1an ~t ·

pon_n d

:~t~Jlt.eUC('."i Olli . nf

out uf tl1u

:-:O\'t·i11HI

t.111· 111'11 11<·r ('tllllw•·livi· ....; a1Hl f11n11 h\'11 1··1111 --

tilt· 1ir:-;t. ;. .~T1iltp nf

IP<i\'n wit;l1 111e so 111c 111• •1,•11·11lu ,, [- 111':-i !111·,,,
'l'I t•' Se SJ«cc far:l t>s al'.,
~
,,
\':tlnalde. lf,. k11 e w of ,, ,,1,1,1 :.r1 .C" r11 n 1·p , .,.,', 1r,· 1'1 ,1,, •. "
1 our gra11dr11nt her
1q· 11 !!.·..!·Jit
flu ' ill frtJl l l 1. ~1 ~1· lr.·.",· ·,,.,_. '1 .c l,··<lt' '1.
·
.
,
,,"I' 11' arrn·e1
l· j 1ere one sum.
v

- ~~
··- -·
-·,-

-

'}

..·

~t

.

.

.~

r;.1_·1J!.1·1tl'.\':..;

l1 1·J1 1W, ;111d l)1r1·i'

;..:,TPtlJi : -

Charlc8 TT. l"~"tow•·d rnn ch. He 11c\·c r g:tv1~ ·'Jl<1lila1wo11 sly. l f,•
n either e n joy1·d L!1t• pk:i .s11re nor :it-.[11ircd t.ht' h11 1e ,, [ lw11eJi,.,·11ce .
It w:ts p:iinfnl In l1i111 l.11 rd"'""
The poet uses wonL<. '\\'c nl>snve C<'rla i11 pli»111'111c11a. l\'1~
cannot Pxp1:·1i11 tlien1 i nto t11:tlt i·ial <..:a11:--:(::-:. f,c ,_L:,i1·i:u1:-> rnay ri·a-..;n11
a.hnut n.hstrac1io11.'-I. \\~1. 11H·ref1•r4• inf,•r so 11w1)1i1q.~ n<il rn;tli·ri ;il.
'I'hA _gr P-at nHL-.:s nf nH.'ll 111u:..;t lwse i11 1 :tt.~:C"~. 'rJH'Y ;1n· 11wrt·ly l l tr~
instrum e nts of 11i~ art, not its ol•.ir·cf , , "'" l':tll ,J..flfl••. it oi1h· i..,.
n1~g-ativ t~ :':.
()f tl1i.-. so1!H'll1i11 ~ \\'t' LaYi ' 1 111 i.L·;t. The t('!td r·11 1·y ul
the rn111t;it11(1~~ in :1.ll :H,::1~~ fr1 iil(il~ttr_v r;111 L1· 1':·q1 Lt.i11Pil on no fdlwr
principle. "re can n·asu11 :tLc.ut it. urtly l 1y ':111],..>l-;.
1

1

•

Expand

walk 111''"' tlt
them there are
from 1111' Ly lh e
l so rar•·ly l1e:tr.

GS

In oention.

Direction. - ( ;nn.p tlt e st·nLelie<'ti 1.H:low in tu fu ur, some complex

together to form parag raphs.

:u1<l su111e eo rnpuu ud, uue or two witlt cu1J1plex dau ~ e,;: -

\\" L\ :oay juin .w11!111 ce s lo'.1ctl1a;

for, just a::; words, phr;1.:oes, aittl claH s•·s an~ 111or1 • 11r i('ss
closel y unite1l in tlw 0e 11t(·11 ce in 11Jl·:uri11,g :1111! i 11 [•(l.,i t i .. 11,
excluding from, or a.1l111itt i11g, lwt.11·.,1·11 tln·n1 :t cu1 11n1a, :1

J\fr. l\u , kin ~ ays that Sltak<>,pcare ltas 110 he ro ... s. lie says tltat
S li:Lkespca. re 11 eH•r casts aro1tml l1111na11 11 a t11 n: a n·ally lwroic !1 1st rc
e xc., pt iu th e pc r~u llti o[ wo111c11 - Cordel ia, JJctide rno11a, I l enui one,
J111 og-t,11. It is i11J i,11ut:i,lile tl 1at Sltakcspt,am ;~<> si g11" to liis good
\\'0111 e11 a s pir itua.l 1111rit:y a11.J elcvat ior1. Tlti:< lie att rilrn tes to 11 011e
o f h is ;1 11 •11 , or to Brutus onl y. But the cltaracft·r iu !tis drnrnas
" ·!t iclt IP:ub is iu t.li c Yast; umj ori ty of iu st:u1 ccs a 111 ru1. T lt c p:ut
p laye d by won 1c11 is 111orc S(•lf-,acri ti ci 11,t; than tlia t j •l:.yctl h_v 111ar1.
11. i ~ Llw wo rl d o[ llla11 , li o wt!\'CI', t.lt:.it. l ite action of th e play chi ctly
ill t" Lral.e s. !11 Sli:d<1'."J>" '\ re's d r:u1 1as tl1 e \\' n111t·11 111ruw light upon
ll1 e 111e11. 111 (] eo rgc EliuL's 11 on :b th e rn e11 throw li ght UJ•J11 t he

dash, a sernicolou, or a culun, su se I1k1H.:e;; sep:1L Ll ·1l l1y
a peri od or oth e r kr1 11 ina1 nrn.rk m: 1.y 1.11 ; cu11111·1· L1·d - tl11 :
.·bond that u nites them liei11g tliuir l:1nn m o 11 n'1ation to Ll":
1

thou ght, or point, wliiel1 jo i1 1tly tlll'y ,],,1·l'l11p :ulll <'X !•n ·ss .
S e ntence~ tlrns rPL1 t1·il :1.1111 g r011111·d l.11 c;···tl11· r 1·,1n11 " ·li: 1t. 11 ,call a paragraph. :-;.,111..t i11ll's :1. si 11c; l1· s t·11t.,·1 to·< ·, s1rlli··r .. 11t 1.1·
developing t l11 : p o i11tc, f.,r111s ~. p~1r : 1 gT;q1l1. T lw j•:t.r:1 g r:1j •li
is cxeecJ i ngly useful , i r 11 u t alJsvl 11 t d y IJ L'< " ' ~.,;1 ry , i 11 :111nouncing to the r ca1kr wh e re the 1lc1·elo pnl('11 t ui' :1. 111 .•i11t
begi 11 s aucl e n ds. Th" p a r: 1.g ral'h is i11ili1·:1.t1·d to t li<• 1·yi: Ly
beginnin g a li ttle to the ri ght 1Jf tit<: 111:1q,: i11a\ lin1· of t lw

\\'Ul ll e ll.

page.

LESSO N 21.

Ja.1nes TL at t l1t~ 11 101nc11t of i1is ae cc· ~~ it•ll \Ya.S in d l1uh t \\·l1 efh ·r
the kiugdo rn wu1dd ['c:<tcdull_v ,;ul0111i L lo l1is :uill111r ity. '1'111:
1

SY::\TIIESIS OF S l" '-i'l'E:\CES INTI) l'AIL\GIL\l'llS.
I

·i

Li.t.dy f.. O p(1\Yvrf11I. 111i.~ l 1 t. ri . . . 1' 111 an n ...; a ;..::ai1 1:-;. I hl 11 t.
Ile 1ni µ:lit ht ~ iu gre at need. a~ wa:-: liis l1rot.1 w r, " f Frv1wl1 It ! tJti•' Y
and li'rench tr o u1l.-; . 1i1·. wa:--;, tlwn· fun·. d11ri1 1~· :--; n 11w da y.-.: . ('1ilil 1·1 1L
to be a svcopli:rnt a 111l a 111 P1J1iic-.:u 1t. lie l11111il.J.v "l'"'"·'-'.·i1"d 1<l

-E x clusio11ist:.:. ,

Y <m ar,, 1ww a (: <p1 a i11 k d with all Ll 1c 11a1ts of s1w1,1-.li,
a11d l1:1 ve used tlien1 i u Ll1toir Yari o u s ofli ces awl rd ations iu
Lit " s1· 11 k11e1-. Yuu l1a v1! Lunilia.ri zt•d y o11rs..Jv• ·s with """rd,
J .!1 ras e, and 1:b us c nwdi li L: rs, s i111 p lc, c um JIOUlld, :uul co111jd1:x, an 1l l1 avc cons trndcd s1 ·11 k11•·c s of all kin1ls, simplP,
<·0111plex, a 11 Ll cnrn po1111d.
('I'll t.r:i.cti n g l'Olll j•l t•x ;111 11

Yuu h:1\

0

CO l iljJ Oll ll 1l

('

l 1•:u·1w1 l t lw ways of
S1·1tf l'll f ' (' S to s i lllJ 1]0,

uf cxpa.11di11 g ::; i:nple s c nt<·1w1•s t o C•> J111•l• ·x ailll l'Olllpnu11d,
a11d of snl1s tit.11(.i11 g 011 c word , p l1ra s•·. o r 1·la11 s1., for :wotl1<'l'
-- ill li11«, y1 111 l1av 1~ lit'l'll lirn tr,c; lt t f:ir- 1· f ,, L1o·i; wit.It tlt1 :
sc·nh•nc(', :t11d l1aYc 11 ·:nm:1l to 1 -.0 11 ~l n1<: l it 1a all its

Lou in XI\.- . fur 1L1riri g t.o ,·:ill

-~--

--~~·

·~r:

to .L'.·t·!IJl'r

\\it l 11•11 L

tlw

w:<

of th e l·'r c11cl1 govc rn111l'lll.. Il e t .. ·;;·g"d hard f<> r a l·'r,- 11, ·!1
subs i1l y. lfo w•·:pt. \\'i t.It jov uver t!te Fri ·11,- h hil l' of t' x, ·l.an;.;•'Ile sP-iit t.o \'t·'r.""a ill 1· s a ·""J W1'i<ll 1•11d~a ....::-;y 1'l1ar.L.:·1·d \\ itli a, ,. .; :--;11r;11 w 1·." 11f
his gratitud e, atta c li11to~ ut, a11d ,1i\J111i .'.' i"" ·
D irection . ·-

and

!H)W

Nut.1~ tl1P faC"t:-; wl1id t t l11 · 1•ar:q.~rapli a1)u\' e c ~ 1J 1Lti 11~ ,

tlw y an· t·xpn· :-;,. .; ,·d; - -

--t---------

.. r

-~~-t,:- ..-..

..,.~?"F"
"~:-.,-.

I L1Yi 11~· 1111 1. " ·.,riis, pl1 r:1.-;,·s, a11<l d a us•·s
tugetiier to [onu sc 11 te1 1c1•s, we rn11s t J;•arn t.u join s e11te1wes

The Parag raph . -

l'ar!i;L1 1w11t

co11 ~ e 11t

·I. \ \" l u f f H'
r ont.Pnt 111 111~.

]...,Lit.iull.
Se ll t.

d. Ii i...; :q1q]1. :_- y - t~ 1

7. Jlis joy.

ii. llis

\\· f i 1111 1 : 11H I

f11 r

w ! 1;d .

t1 w
\ \; I"

1;. I ii"

l' li il•:L"'.l'·-\\ l1ill1,.r :wd f<,r \\ li:t L

60

Invent-ion.

Synthc;;Ls of Sentences -into I'aragraphs.

61

:• , ,

·'' ''

'

Direction. - St.ate and number the facts in these paragraphs, and
then, without reference to the text, develop these facts into paragraphs
of your own 1 -

i

.!

·;i ~

, I,

....'

.. '

11,
I

1,,

'
i,I\!

.

., "

F o r many years after the Restoration, the Puritaus were the
theme of unmeasured invective a nd derision. They were e xposed
to the utntost lic e ntiousnes ~ of th~ press and of the stage, at the
tillle wlt e u tlte pres~ and the stage were most li ce11tions. They
were 11ot 111en of letters; they were, as a body, unpopular; they
eoLdd uot defe nd themselves; an<I the public woul1l not take them
und er its prot•~c tion.
They were, therefore, ab:tn<lo11ed, without
resen•p, to the te11Ller rnercie8 of the satirist8 arnl drnlllatists. Tlte
ostc·n t:Ltious simplicity of tlwir 1lress, their so11r aspect, their uasal
twang, t hei r stiff posture, thc,ir long gr:tces, th eir H ebrew nalll es,
their contclllpt of human learnin g , and I.heir detestation of polite
an11tse nie11 ts were, indeed, fair ga11 te fo r the laughers.
The l'nrita11s reeognizecl JIO title t.o •uper ior ity but the favor of
(;o,[; and, confident of that favor, they despised all the accornplishrne11ts and all the dig-nitics of th e world . If they were unac<Jnaiutcd
with the wo rk s of philosophers and poets, th ey were deep ly read in
th e oracles o[ r.od. If tiH•ir nam es were not found in the registers
of he ralds, they were reco r<le1! in the Book of Li fe . Jf their steps
were not aecom pan ie1l liy a s ple mliJ tr:•in of menials, leg ions of
mi11i:>terit1g angeb lia<l c harge over them . Their palaees were not
made with l1a tuls ; their 1li:ulc 1n", c:row11s of glory which should
nev,•1· fad e aw:iy. On the rich and the eloq11e11t, on no bles and
pries ts they loo k ed 1lown with co11t ,. 111pt; for th ey estee11te<l thcmseJvt,s ric h in a m o re precious trca~urc and clo<J 11e nt in a more
~111.Jinrn lan g-11age, n ol>lo•8 by the ri .t::ht o[ a11 ear li e r creat io n, and
pri e.-:t.s by thn imposil.ion o[ a rnigltli<'r ha11d.
\\'!nm 1\Iore IH' :trd tl •e voice of otw \\'Ito was known tn l1av•' I
\.ogi; lcd lrnrd at lit e ual h a lilt.If, wliil" lidur.,, t:alling lou1lly a.nd
oste11t.atiously for <lri11k, he only not.Pd him wit h his pecu liar h1tnt or.
'' 11,, drn11k," :More s uppo~c1l, " ••itliPr fro11 1 dry 11ess or front gla1l11es."' ''or" 11u)r/ ille Tlol11s t~ rul / '01t11jln ." :'\I on ~ wa:·; ca\IPd i11 again
al. l:tst, hut: on ly rrpcate•l hi.' n·fn Ral. Tt. was in vain that. Cra11ntPr
plied hitn with distiuct.ions which per)'l•·X•'•l 1·1·e 11 the subtle wit of
the c x-d1 a ncellor; he rernailtcd unshaken anJ p:L~Sc d to the Tower.

For the mome nt, even Crornwell shr:Lllk from !ti s bloo<l. .l\Iore
remained a prisouer, while new vi ctims wuro chosen to 01•erawe
the silent but wide ly spread opposition to the bill of Supremaey.
A mock trial was hardly n ecessary for the coudemnation of
More or for that of Fisher, the most learned among the prelal•·H
who had favored the New Learning, anLl who had been imprisoned,
on the same charge, in the Tower. The old bishop approach e<l tlte
block with a l1ook of the New Testament in hi ~ hand. He 01><'11 .. ,\
it, at a venture, ere h e kuelt, and re;1cl, "This is life eternal to
know Thee, th e only true God ." His ,]eatl• was soon followed hy
that of l\Tore. On the eve of the fatal lilow, he mov<'tl hi, ll('<trd
carefullv fro111 the block. "l'ily tli:il s h.mid l" ' cut.,'" Ji,, '"1s li<·ard
to mutter with a touch of the vi.I, sad irony, "that !ms He v•' r
committed treason."

LESSON 22.
SYNTll ESlS OF SENTENCES INTO l' A HAGRA l'l!S.
Direction. - Const.met ont of ra.ch gn111p of tlil"Be bald Lwt s a
pitrap;raph of t.hrt>c se11f1•w't·s. pla.cin': t.lw facts ill their prnp•·r n·lal i"t1
and supplyin ,~ what is n eeded, an,[ write on the Jirst line •Jf each
paragraph the topic it <lPwlopR: The same cletnents in flesh as in t\011r. Jn ani1rn.Js as in l'Lu1h.
The vegetalJle draws w:cter and mi11er:ils from the soil. A l1sorhs
and incorpor:de8 tlic- air. T::it.P11, it sus1ai11s I.he life of :111i11::d.-c
Hence auimals i::ain th" s ulist:u1c1· s the vPi::etable tirsL ac1j11in ·d.
The
vl-'u·<·tahl1~
J:t ·(·(•i\·cs fr~i111 tlie a11i111al tile air tl1ruw11 u11t. i11
.
,,
re~piration. Liv1:..~s a.11d ).!,T o \vs upl}n it.. 'l'he alli111~l it .'"lelf lH·cn11w.'i
i.ts f 0 nd. 'Tht~ vf~ rv hn1w~ 1n:ulc t o int~rea~e tli~~ gn)\vtl 1 of \'t'g1·lahles. These eale t~ by tho :u1itnal, U1e a11i111al cat." iLK uw11 lJUtJ!':-\
a.niJ livet-' 011 il:-; (f\\"ll l\1·:-di.
Org-an~ and ii." ~llt->~ of tl11~ hod y c~diti11 11all y c11an~~iog.
At . u111~
presen t on<' 1wnr go11~ ll. 1i ~ 11 cx 1... \\" }1i'll gn11c, tlu~ buil}· wa. ....,1.1·1\.
Unlcs:-; renf•wal atte11d.'°' tl11 ~ pr11cPs~. H.t ~JH'\\"irig s 11hs1.ancc l1Jt1."L L1_:

,t • j,

Synthesis of Sentences £11 to Parru.J mtlis.

l ncenlion .

--

· .;..----· ------~-

A p io u s Brah min n1acle a vo w.

\\'o u lLl "ierifk,, ">'ill'ep. \\", ·11t
to b uy one. Tn his n 1, ighborl1nnd, t Im·" r 11 .~· 11 Ps . I\"""" liis
Laid a sch eme. Tht: lir~t. 111 i>t lii111, a11.J '·" "''-'l if li e 11rnild
,buy a. sh ee p. Jlad 011 e lit fur s a c rifi ce . Fu r tli: d. l't'I'.)' 1•11r i'" '" 1,,,
e1~me forth this Jay. Tl1tl rog ue "l"'1 1c d a I"'-' · llru11 g l1L ,,,11, :rn
unclean b east.
An ugly dog . \\'re tel1, c:dJ ,.,1, tl11111 tl1at c11r "
sheep? Trul y , a sh eep o f th e li11Pst fl ,.eee a11d of li 1<' s ww• t1·st tJ...-11.
An offering acceptable to t h e gods . F r i1·11d , t.l111u or I 11111st. J,,,
b lind. Th e seco nd co nfe (lerate ca111 e ul'·
l 'rai_,.,d [,e t. li " g-11ds.
Am save d I.li e Lrl!t1bl1-' of g <>i11 g k> 111:ir k• ·t f,,r " _,1 ,.. ,.I'· \\ "li:il I
wanted.
For what wilt tl 1ot1 sell it'I
Th., Hr:il111 1i1, ii»:ird i t.
}\;fi nd wa\"erccl.
Take hL""l what th o u cJ,,, ..,( . ;-.;., «1,,.,.1' · .-\11
un clean c ur.
Sai d the 11 e ll' co111t:r. Art dn111k or 111ad . .- \ li1inl
confede rate ca m e tH' a r. A sk this man what Ilic 1:1"f•atun: is . \\'il l
stand h y what Ji n sa._ys. A greed. lie ca li«d o u t. Stra11;.: «r, 11 l1at
dost thou call t hi s u( ~ ast.'t ~ 11ri·ly a !i1t1' ;-. lwt'i•· ~\lr1·ly t!11 · .~ cids
have t a k e n away m y sC' t1 sPs. Asked pardo 11 .,f t.! 11 '. ow111·r . 1;.,11_<_;l1t.
it for a m easi 1re o f ri ce a11il :t po L ,,[ ,c;l 1ee. ()ff,.1·, .,j it t" tl1" -"'"k
Vlroth at. the un clean sacrifice. Smote lii 1u with ;1 sore di sc ;~'" i11
a.11 his joints .

uf the sa 11 11' 11aturc as the wasted. TI011e r ene we d Liy Lio11e.
by tl cs h . Body a lw ays c h a11gi 11 g, yet the sa1n e. Tl1i s duty ass ig ned
t o fo(11l. Supplies t o r·acl1 part the kind of 1I1ate ri al lu~t.

'I

'

forth
'\•ow.

The a 111 uH1 1t. o f vita l act ion s h o w11 b y rc~pirati o 11 and pu lsation.
A t ni ght, low a 11d t o leralily uu ifo r rn . Hi g h a11d vary in g •luring
t he 1by. Large increa,,e after a m eal. D ec rease, before t h e next
llH!~tl. I 11 cre a.~e followod by decre a~ (', due to foocl, proves its influc 11 cc te 111porary. Afte r a s ufll cicnt. in tc rrnl , a n other s upply of food
111,cessar y . nut the body n ot n pa~s i\" e age 11 t. Not e ntire ly subject .,
t o t h e a ctio n of food. No sup p ly cou ld preve nt d ec rease of vital ·
a d iu n a t ni g ht. Nor m ake the 111 equal 11ig- l1t a1ul cl ay.

.,II~
I

Direction. -- C1111st m et o u t of t his g ruup of bnlcl facts two para,.
gr: tph s, s11pplying what is nc .. dcd to mak e the n a rrative smooth and
llflwin g, and write on t h e lirst lino of eaeh paragraph t he topic
d l•\"l'it1p1·d : -

\\'as in my working dre.'s. Res t c lot h es not yet a rriYed. Vias
di rty fro111 n1y j o urn ey . l'uck els s tuffed with sh irts a nd s tocki ngs.
I\ 11t: w 110 Sottl nor w h e re t o loo k for loll gi ng-. Fatigued with travelling a nd want of rt'st. i\ ln ruey, a ll1 il<'h dollar. a-nd a s h i lling in
co1 1 Jn'1'.
~l1i l!i11~ nfl't•rPd for rn_v pa:-;~;i gf·.
Hcfn~Prl.
H 1'~a u se I
had rowe d. Tl"" ' I wa.lln•d np tlir· slr<· ..
C: az•.·' d a l orn tl. l l1111J;ry.
]\[et a hoy wit.Ii li1-.•ad . !lad nrnrlr• n1 ct nv a nwal Oil hn·:tol. Tnq uir«d wl1('rc he g .. t it..
\\' Pnt to th1~ hal:rr's. S pcnn d ,,fred.
i\:-;l'-t 't1 fo r l1i~(·1 1i L :\l1•; 11d. :-:t1cl 1 ;1,-.; WP h:1d in Bnston . \V1• r 1~ 11 Prie
in l'h ila; J1dpli i:1. Asked for :1 lhrr1•-pP- n1 1y l0af. ll rvl 11 0 11 0. Jgnora11t liow cheap lin.,ul wa.-. Jgnora n t o( th e names of hi8 bread.
1\tiked fur t!trce-pc nn y wor t h of any so rt.. Three g reat, puffy rolls.

t.

----

:: :

LESSON 23.

Direction. -

~tlllly

t liis

.~n 111 1i

. ,f f:wls (:a r 1·f 11lly ,

:-\t 'i ~ \\'l 1; tl. ~11H·.-.;

an·

related in 111• ·a 11 i11g and ~·;111 f)1' 11n1t1 ·d, f11r 111 a :-. 111:tu y 11:1 r:l :. '.Tapl1s
.
as
you thinl< t.la·n \ slwnld IH') ;uid wr i tt: t.!11..· ti)J!ii"s ;1s di 1·t·cli' d alJ11\"i:: ~

A p e r su 11 iH :.; 11dde 1ily t.l 1r11 .-.;L i11 tu a. l"(tr a11 .~ 1 ! Jl"·-.: iti<111.

Firi •1..., I )11 ~
1LLs cu111 i11ittt·d a cr i HH.. ', 1wrl1a 11:-'. :Sr:11t tu ti1 1 ~
St ate Pr ison . A ll t.he ,ZJ ,:trp cn1 1rlit io n s of t h e ""w life st:rn1p tlli'111selv e8 011 h is cu11 :--1· 1uus1w;-;s . Like a ~i.~n( · t 11prir1 \\·ax. ll l11-..tra1~·1l
by an i1n a.g·e.
Pi d yo1t ~· vi·r :-; 1 ··~ t.!H' s11ft -:-.:11 qli. 1·r1, \" •·l \·1·t-l1a1 1d··d
stea 1n-e u g i11t-: "t At Llw 111i11t.. l i:-- l1>11 ~lidt· ~ l 1; 11·l.;\\"ar · I a111l f11r\\'ard.
L a,dy s li p ." !1t :r fl 11_:...:.·1·r i 1ih1 arid •1tll r1f ;1 rl11L::i.:1y...; 111 11' 11 f if..;

place lo hL

~

~­
,ii;~· - ­
~ --·

3 ... . . ._

lii111.

1

fingers O!I a Li!

ur

t1H·t :ii.

it.
sileut-1110\'in g- lllil'"r~r p11t.s
Tell a.

SYNT HESIS OF SENT ENCES INTO PATL\GllAT'IIS.

• I

G3

- - - · · · · -- - ---

11 e w

A

r;1.c0 :1 Ln11f.

:t

('1iir 1 ]l(J\\' ,
\\" i l l
'I\v"n1.\· ('f>li1.nri1 1.-,;

)" t'IJH']llj,(•r

l11'IH'''-

tlt~W :-1ta1np 0 11 11 s.

tlw t11iJt•l 1.

~P a _[.'" n· :tf,

f11 an hn11r.

A

moment. 1111prPss i1in shaq >. S1Tllt.' a s i r ii. l1:ul t a l; ,•11 a l i 1«·-1 i ''"'
to e ngra ve it. !\""" doll'11 In tii1' lsla11d. ll«Pr - sl1ooli11.~ . bl:i11 .I
where? .i\u matt.•r. Sl'J, ·11did d,>111:ti11. J\iit» sPa :iro1111d it. 1:1111"

Direc tion. - Construct out of this '-'Tn up of facts t.hren paragraph~,
k l' «pi11~ up tlu • tlin,. :t cl iscn ursc as far as JH>.,sibl(•, :111Ll write, as Ll irccted
abov •., th e tvpi cs developed : ~

_L__

L

,.f;~:

·~.

'

04

Inventfon.

up into its heart.
Boat sleeps like a bnby in lap. Tall ships
out.,.;ide. St.ripped to fight the 1111rricaue . Storlll st:iy-sa ils tiying
iu riliuon s. Trnes. l3 1eeche~. Oaks. H ung with moss. Bearded
Drnids. Some coiled in the clasp of grape ·Yi11 cs. Ope11 patches.
Snn gets in and goes to sleep. \Vinds come down finely sifted.
Soft as swa 11 '8 <lowu . Rocks. Fresh-•,·ate r lak es. Mary's lake.
Crystal-dear. Full of flashing pickerel. Six pouuds for breakfast.
1 did it.
.

:.

"

LESSON 24 .
SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES J:-.;TO l'AHAGHAPI!S.

Direction. - Out of this grnup of facts cor"trnr·t as many parngra.phs as you th ink there Hhn11!1l hf' .
Yon will notice that tl1p parRgraphs arc themselves rel:ttcrl, bnca.11sc
t.h~ topics whi c h they dtvrl0p an>. ·whf'n ynur m1rk is d<111<", write
O\'t·r them the _general sul>j t•ct, or topic, treated, and the topic .,f l'ilCL

CG
Slave eoultl

owll 110 }'i''']"'rly .

,, I

11 urnan life not hclJ sacred among the lioma11s of tl1e first anti
seco11d centLiries. Seen in the crnelties of their warfare. Lives of
th 1~ COIHJllPred in halt.le forfeit. !11 t li e crn11111P ror. 'J"l11' s11rr!'11(ler of
a town a signal for indiscriminate mn..~sacrc . Little h eed paid to
the distinction between combatants and the peaceful inhabitants
for wlwm they fong-ht. Hig;ht. uf ]»trents to destroy off,p ring not
tl10 11 g-ht d"sir:dJlc to l•ri11g up ren1g11ized i11 law awl prnctice.
Th e re wn..~ a law, origin;dly, f<irhi<J,]ing tl11 : ,],.,t.rnclio 11 of in fant.8.
The 1:tw b ecame 11r:tcli cally nhq1)ei C' . Tl": Hu111a11s fullu\\ed the
t«:Lcl1ing-~ nn<l the p ract. iec of the (;reeb i11 t l,i, l'•''l·":<:t.
Ho11laus
h ac1 a co~1rse :tppf'tit.e for fnod. Gltltt<>11_1-. :\l"d"n1 society affurds
n o parallel. Two hundred a111l fifty 1lnll 11rH for a si 11i;le fi~h. Tlic
mullet. Snppt>rs exten<lNI far into 1l1e 11igl1t. C11C'sts infla111cd
- \vith wine. Coarse revPlry. No 111 H'1 il!l 111011 1hi11~· f11r a. HonHttl
g-(' ntl f'rnan to ta ke :tn f'm<'t.ic. So mi!.'.l1t. ind11l!.'.~ his n.p pPtite
agaln. Prnloug the pkas11rf•s f1f tlw tal1le. H11111:u1 1aw ga\'(~ ahho-

11u 111arri;1~· 1'.

l'u11tr;u·l

\\'lw11 ; ~ i-

..-- lowed to gin! lt•,...;ti111111iy~ f'Xa111i1wd u1Hkr 1.Prtun· . .\L1:--li·r ! r111r-~-.Jered bv a sLt \'L·~ all tlH : slaYt's uf hi~ ln 111 ....:t·l1uld cn11·ili1:d \\ itlHHll
-.tnercy. • Sl:tv•'~ IJro11 i.;-l1t fn1111 all .Jir,·ct io11s .
Larc::<·st. 11111111«'1''
Every Ru111:rn felt :1 J>rid" i11 01\'11i11g aL lc;"L a l•:11-.
ten to t\\'('llt_y t.111111,;and. A fr,.,..{111:1.11. 1!:1.J l•>.'I
lhtt aLk aL hi~ dealh to lean' '111G . ,\mong .,1a,-,.,
were so1neti11ws car]1t·11V1r."'. '."-t _'er r·tari1·~. l·l1y ."'i1·i;u1:-;. a1111 ar('l1i!tT(··. .
N0 t.l1ing· tn pr+•\·1·11t a 1lr1111k1•11 111:1-.;!1·r fr1J1r1 \\T1';1\.;ir1.~ YPil _!.:·1 · :L!H ' " ••ti
his s lave. E.x cl' \Jt. 1J1·1·1111iary lii.-..:s . ()Jjl . . . 1:1.\T.'-' \\ft,, c1111],! JH• !11 11.o_:•·r
work :-\old fur \\l1at . t.ln-·y \\1H1ld f1·l1·li. T!w ('1r1 · 11,"' i11 .l i1]11t...., ( '; 1"·- ; 1r ':-;

from Asia.

j

rnore.

Late r .

H•:il~

wt>re

Cl1 ief t.l1i11g
Cha.ri~it s a111I

cite1 u e 1i1.. ·

teHLS.

.Xul_,J, ......

ProsLratiu11

fnr
1i 1, ~

}i,1r:..;(:':-;

ur

l~iJlllilll

Fout.-ra~Ts .

;;;...;;-1,UIJO.

uwn et...l lry

~'.11J1111:-u1i1 •s .

\\" l Jl11t•11

1~tdt·r1'.1l

dig11ii .y a11d \'irt.ue

I 1)"

J!ll! , fltll)

Ft·af.-.;

~. ~ \'i~ral

('l 1ari1;1, r;t CP,.

c1111wr11r:-;. t'\'1·11

1qHJ11

c1111il1;datif .. .:.
l\,1·1·11!' _.. , l

i1do

~ee1neJ

(~,\ -

1· u:1cu11q.ili..'tl'..
ti1c

-----.....-..---....

p:trngraph, as directed above: -

''

Co11ld Ln:al, 111;1i111, kill J, is .,la\·,._

-· 1ut.tt power to :;hn•li ol•kr.
- ~-~

LESSON 25.
SYNTHESIS

()F

Sl·:YIT'\<'LS

l'.\:'J'i1

l'.\l:.\1,J:.\l'llS .\'.\:ll '>I·'

1'1\I L\(; IL\l'llS l:\TO ,\

The
phrase:::;,

Theme. illl• l

\"11ll

~·ltt1t:·.;1'."i

l 1:L\'1.:
11Lt.\

;-;L' t'll

lw .iiHt11 ·1 l

TllE .\11·: .

tl1;1L
111

j1 1~ t

as

\\ ' 11r·t1:0-:,

....;1·r1t1·11~·1·.-..;, :1111!

.--;1 •11 -

tences, Joi11tl y (l<-vvlo11111.~ :1 i •o111t, "r tl11111gl1L, rn;i\· i ...
u11itcil in to ;L 11:tr:1;..:r;1ph. s11 p:1r:q..::r:LJil1s rn:t\' 1"· 1·.,111 H'l't.-d,
stand ing u11t1 :tlt1·r :1111.tlwr 1111 tlll' 11:1::;1" J ... 1o:uts<0 tll\' ,\ :1r•·
related- th•' p11i11t.s, (Ir t h11tL~l 1ts , whi1·l1 tlH'.Y '1··v1·l<•i>, lwin:<
divisions 1Jf t lH· (1!\t' ~1 ·1H·r;1i s1il .j1 (·f. ~Ji· 1.1)1)i('. ri'L:Jt \\·J 1i 1·i1
tlwse para,c>;rapl1s, so l'l.'l:tted ;11H.l ~" j•ht'.t'd, f.,n11, is a co1u1

position, ur theme.

GG

Synthes-is of Scnte111·c:s 'i nto l'um:;mpl1:s.

Inv cntiun .

l)

7

Dilection. - " Ludy ,·;u·dt1lly ti"'"'' f:wL" , g r"lli' 1lw111 i111" tw" gre;ct
parag rapl1 .'"i wh11;-;t~ t0Jdt·s 1 writh.: 11 a.s Lefort::, sliall be iua.tked with
H1.1111a.H 1. a. 11J U . ; llltd l'r t.IH~htl 1111tl·w a-:-< t1Ja11y ~1!11-paragrapli~ a.~ you
tli111k tltL'l"e Hliuukl lu ~ ~ ':·itl1 1.l11·ir fo'.Ub-l11pi1·s 11iark1·d w ith ..\raUic
li p1 1·, · ~, :tlld write tile ~ ulij e<:t "[ tlu; theme at the tvp: _

The t.ea-1•lanL ~ 1tl t.il'af erl in Cl 1i na.
tl•·.~T,,e
, ol.· l.·.1t1't11 tlt•.
( )11 l I "1 11 ."Ht.:.".
.l
.-,
,-,
~· \t ·

LESSON 26.
OF SI·:i\TI·:\CI·::-;

~ lilH J f,_.,.t. :-;oil rid1 ;u1 d .J,.,.l'· llr·ai11a;;•' ;.:•.'u•_l. Su 1ili g l1L "L1rn.Iant. \Viii "row in al111ost a11 _~: f,•rnp• · rat0 ,·li111al•.'. ll e11cc: farllier
11ortli o r :-;u 1illi of tlw 1>1~\{ , L1•t\\'L• 1·11 :l ! '1 a1id ;;,-, 0 . (;r(lnl!d l'f.'1tiiin ·s
g(1pd c 11l li\'atio11. ;f'l 1e nid li_.a\· f:l~ l11·cn 11 1i11.:;· hard a111l L1u g l 1, tlit~
old \\"C1od i1111,;t, be cut out, and ll l'\\" sli oob prutl uced. Tlie tree
re 111 a i11s 11s.,fu l a ,t.;•·n\'ratiu11. Tl"· j>lants, ,;fa 11di11 g f".,, f··el apart.,
grow t l1 i rt,y or forty fret. l1i gli . Ste111 n. foot. tl1ro ngh. Hy pruni11g-, kt·pt duw11 to" la:ig l1 t o( fro11L three lu Iii·., foet.. Leaves not
g:Hl1 e rnd till the tl1ird year. i\11111i··~r of pi<'ki11g.'. fo11r. \\ipt,
.-.:1 •ason, hn··. ll1tf·n·ai fro nt futtr tq ~ix "'"· ·ks. l'rtwl'.-.:~, 1-ii lnple.
\V ork .10 11<' by \\"1>111c 11 a11d c hildre 11. Old and filiron,; leaves Jt:ft,
0 11 t.li e ln'"'· Yon11 g J..a.;· " s strip]•t:d l•y the lia11.J. An i1Jl'ii or two
of tl11' ·'"it, :llld s111TnienL stalk taken with Ll1<'111. A wn1 11 :111 will
g:itill·r fro111 Iii to :..'tl ll•s. of ra\1- l<'<t1·es i11 a daL Fa<'li i.Ja11t. will
yi •id in I lie ti 1i rd ~casn 1 1 lialf a p o 1111d nf raw li• a\·•·s. 'J'wn Y•·arR
aft.to r, the yi.,ld \'a ,, tly i11 en·.ased. F1rll grow n J..a,· cs r. tn fl i;,,,h~s
.it 111g. .:\vt ~ ra~·e y ield al1out ;):!O lbs. of dri1·d l.1·:i. JM'r :u:n· . Fo 11 r
lhs. of gree11 l1·a\·,;s 111ak1~ 01u· of dried. tJ11aiiti1·s (Ir 1•· : 1 ~ Yarv w ilh
ti11iu o( pickin .~· . Xt!Xt stt•p t11at of dryin g a11d pn· ... en·i1;g the
le:t\'l's. Dri ed i11 pan~. Pan s ht'a ted with straw nr ,.J,arcoal. No
s1 11 uk.,. ll cat Pq11ally applietl. Lc ·an•s 11 1uved ],y tlue hand . Ves81.. J shaken.
Hapi1 l dryi ng k eeps th e gn't'll col11r. T.rH1 gf' r an<l
slowe r dry ing- r1.11cl 1·xpns ure to tl11e a ir, fernw11latio11 Sl'lt.i ng in ,
]'!'••duce hla,.k tea. The l<;af is 111ad t• SUJ•plt! fur ro lli11 .l'., J. y the
h e at. 'l'he flavoring of t4·a, i.1:.1 a, w1dl-k1H1\\· 11 JW1wt>~s. Carri1•d 011
wit.Ii t.li e middle a11d i11f, :r ior qua.lilies. l·:fl'r•rfr« l liy plar·i 11 g the
1.ea iP:ll'l's, \\l1ile in tl1 c process of lll:11111f:1..t1n». i11«·n11tnrt with
tl11" arn111:dic· tlnwr' '"'' of 1.Ja11t s. ()d,,r., f' l'tlllt'.'('• '11 1. n,.Ji r :ifp am!
HL:T<•c•n l_; J,,_ llo llvL <;dd tv tl1e elr •· 111i1·al <1r .Ji• •t•·I ic va.lu., ,,[ the
tea.

i' .\H,\Ll>Al'llS A7'iD OF

Direction. -:--:.tudy C' arefnl!y tllcsl~ faet:-;, t11n1w11 t<•gC'tlwr 1•r(•11li~­
cuously, sort :uid arr;u1µ: P t l11·1n i11 ~ix 1) ;1r; 1 .:.::r;q.!1~, i11 tlH·ir 1•rj1p1 · r
Order, and \Vl' ite tlie .L(1~J 1 eral lql'ic illl(l 1/tt' t •1 J1ie t•f 1·:tdt l!<tl'a:. .:. r:qol 1, a:->

Each kind of rn eat its own flavor. Tasles uf .li!Ier1·11t }><:JS•111 s
~ratlf1e'l by St•1e('liun of 1lifT1·re11L i1wals.
Eacl1 a11i111 al
is also cut up into j<>i11ts. l>iff··r<'lll. jui11is, ,,r p:irls, ,,f c:1111t·
animal liave tliffe n·nt. 11:1.H•rs. ()f t.lie "u1 1c· ]" ·1·~011 at. dilfn•·1Jf,
n-1ay lJe

Nut

uf suc11 ] a.d ." as ar1· di:-,1 i1H·I. i11 !'11111·1 i1Ht, a:-i
Fli·:--11 1if a ll a: 1ir11;1h di\·i,!1·d i1if1, ,.,,.11
principal pa rts - fat. all•l 1· ·:111, i11 tl1t·ir s•·1•:1r:if" ,dat1 ·. Tl1t·r., is
a lso fatty rnat ler 111ix··d \\11.h tlie j11;,.,., :u11l 1i-s11•'·'· 11t•I· .,,;d,·1it.
to the~ eyt•.
Al:-:o <ii. tl111." • ~ 1•:1rt~ \\'lio:--1~ f111H·li 1t1 1s an ~ i·l1·11ti!·;1l.
Flavor o t all 11ll'at.-., dj•p,·11d :-; 1q•(1Jt j11ic ·· ·s i11 tlt!' til ·rt':-:. ()11 111i11ntt·
qua. nti ti1'.."' t11' t LL\.11ri11 .~ 11iat ti ~ r i11 1 l w f;tt . Tl11· J\;l\ (1r pf ;l ). ·.~ 11 f
inuttou differ::; fru111 tl 1at <...11' i\11 : .-..l1 1111l 1!t· r.
'1'!11· l1r1Jj•«)rlir111 " , ,f fat
a.uJ leau vary \\iil1 tiie :u1i!l1;1i. j\i.-...(i \\ 1:!1 it...; ( '1 q1di!i111 i \d wll
k illed. ()11 Llw Pil_\· :111d Lttiy r11:t1l1 · r" itt !lw .i11i~·"·" i11 tlw 11w;i1.
But botli j•1111ts ar1· ('1H1111(l:"'it'd t1f tli' sl1. tir 11111.... 1·1«'. };1>1!1 )1;1\'1~ tlw
same duty to 1w rfu r111. Fi11e •111al it.'· of 1n•·:ct kt;; ah1l!1d:t11t and
full -flavored jllict.'S . lla.:-: abo a co11sidf'ralol.e J•rnpurl.i••ll ,,f fatty

the liver and

1

., I

l\T<!

J';\J\ ,\\;llAl'!I:-; l\TI! ,\ Tlll·:\!E.

Tlrruu;.;h aLouL eJ.,ven
:tll !' I 1__1 \'a l.lUll t::\Ll'llt I i11g· to

~~~~­

~;

-t---

- -----~ · .,,....~· · · · - · ~~-......

tH1l,\·

1

1.iit ~ 11111 ~ t1t'.

n1atter. IIe11ce lhe agT•:P;tld1•11·-··"'·" (,fa, \. arii_·ty 11f j(•i11t.". f;1t 11f a11
ox may Le douL! c<l l•y f,.,·di11". H··arlv f ,,r 111:u·L,·t , t],.. Lit. !if tl1• '
ox is one-third tl1e \l·holl' \n•i.L:l1l.. lf<,l1<' f' Iii<> pr1·f••r•·11 ,·e <.t tJ!lP
joi nL over at1()tlier. 1.-.; rt. .·d al!d 11 1'111.\· . l11f1·ri(1r l!H ·at . is 11aler.
'l'he p r opurt.iu11 o f fat. to l1·a1t 1111H.:l1 gT1•;l11 ·r i11 t l11~ :-;J11·1·p ;l111[ pi,l!:
than in the ux. l.1·a."L i11 c:d1,·,. ~l"r" Jil.r,,11 ., , \\"i 1!1 l.11 1. i1lll1·
proper fiavor . 1\11i1· i tiYI' Yaluf> 1•f f:u. ,,r ]1·:111 111111·\t 1h1· ~:111:1• ir1 all
a.nl111als 11 st-•t1 as f1 .111l. Fal 1·1111.... i:·d .. .; 1'1' tl1n·1· 1·!1 ·t1w1 d:...; i11 tlii:-, 111·(,_
pnrl.lon.
Jp.a11 J\1' :-.ii d, ·1 1ri•:1·d iii' Lit 1· u 11 ~i ~,t~ nf J'<l1 1r 1·l1·1 111 ·11h.

'
'

·;·;;. ~-

GS

I n 1:cnt ion.

. '~-1·
'I'!le 1' npuru/11111.

!.

I

77 _J•arb i11 1111 1, of 1'<1 rl1011.

11 of oxyg··· 11 .

l:! ,,f l1ydrngPn.

11111 <' 11 as ll1e :'a 111e \1·eig l1 t fro111 a11u ther . H11t "l 'l"'lilt- !'lays an j 111•
p:·,r t anf. ] ia r L l11.u11tritio11. Kit roge 11 , ca r hu1J, 11 xyg·1_·JJ , and ii y drog·en.

!

.,1,
l!j!1,,

~;

:JN~

t

tl':teli i11 11• i n\·t_•1 1 ti111i~ 11r tl 1i 11l,111 .~ 1 ;11 1ii tl11 ·
ul· t,li 11 ug-lit.
. . -.A Framework.·- I 11 J'l'" i•:t. rin ;; a. fr:i111n111rk t.lwr1• air
several steps to h1: t ak .. 11. \\·,.nut.. ~ tl"'s" i1 1 tJ,..ir .. r.l,.1·.
I. Selection of a Subject . -TIH~ first st• ·1• is . of ,.,.,:,., ...
.the selection of :i sul1j1:ct. H tlic: 1·li uicc i;-; ld t t" yu11, li11.!
.one which you can lt::tmllc, one tliat is attradi\·c tii ·"""1 111·l
,,vill start you off 011 111a11y lines of tli11 11gl 1t. A g .. 11..,:.l
Subject, likP JVur 01' 'i'l'U, ll'i]\ !11: t<'SS ,.;11gt:;<'si11·t: l.!1:11 1 '.'111111•
1-anch or phase uf it, :1 s, f\) r •'.X:1.1 11 pl•» 'J'!u~ IV.'U/J1 111s 11H1/ i11
lVm-, or T!t.e. l'n,paru li1Jn ''.( 'J',,11, Ji"· Jfrul.:d.
II. Accumulation of Mate rial. -- 'l'I"' 11<·x t st.1·p is ti11·
Fur tl 1is, a lila.11k -lt1>t>k , i11 wJ,,,.1,

ean rlt et.< 1rit~

·-'--"''- ~xp ressivu

L es:-; re lit; lt of

J11od fullu11·;·1 l hy le.'s di gcsl io11. l,1•ss di gc-.,tion by lrss a.,sirnil atio 11. F un 11 s carl10 11ie ae i.J . I lyd r .. ge 11 tak1's a 11 otl 1 ~r p:•rt. Fon 118
~1:a 1 e r. T he a!..sc•111·e of 11i tro,c;c 11 i11 fa~. Jts prese nce j 11 Jean.
J l11s, lty l1 ·ss 1111l ritio11. Fat !,;-'°'llcrales lu•at. j\,,jJ, fat"'"] lean
ge 11 e.rate. l1 cat .i" tli r• Ry~t.r1 11 . Dd'ici,,1wy of nxygc 11 Hupplied by
t~"' 111 sp1 red ai r. I l1·at 1s gc11crale1l Ly c1-. •ry cli»rnii·al coi nl> init·
t1nn. Nitrogen c1il.t> r;; i11to the cn 1n pos ilio11 of l<•an. J'.Pa 11 aJJd
uut fat contains uil rnge 11 . Lean anJ nut fat for rn s i u u~cle.

rlif,1•

~·I

uxy,l.!,"t ' ll.

I'!

!
:

I

;·1

LESSON 27.
Till·: l'HEl'.-\IL\Tl<l\' <W .\ l'l~ . \.\IE\\'<1HK.

':!
.

'"
IJ

"

I

t ''

I'~

·r

I-;

''I

.. ;i
i-;i

'T
11q ~
•. • It

ll

I

i.1}:~

i .' l ~ .

t.,"i

'i
,. "
··-

.. :}
I

'

~

i

J''n1111 cu· ur !..-.

A

'V 1 ·1.~· ltt, o f 1t>:t ll 11wat f ro111 <ine :u1i111al ,1.;}1011l d 111111ri .. )i tlH ·. hody as

~· at dt·l·n111pos1 11g , c:1.r l1q fi 1:t1.;l's par t of

11

l11 t.li1 · pn·p; 1r ;d~ io11 (Ir " l11en10, yo n li:t\' (' sr· <'n t. liat ::;P v1·r;1I t. l1i1tg,,; 11111 st l1t) .J u111'. A s 11lijr .. ·t 11111 s t ]") i·lwse n.
f ;tct.s l'" n 11in g tl1 u :s ul.j1·1·L-n1:tl.Lr!r or t.!i<'. tl11· 111 <: 11111 st be
i'1J11111i. 'l'l11 •y 1111 1sl. Ii ...L'.'1'"11) ""1. T J,..y 11111st. lie grrn qierl
1111<! .. r ti"' s1 tl1-L1tpi .. s i1il.t1 11·l1 il'l 1 J.1 1.: ;.:•: tll'r;d L"j •i i·, 11 r s iilJj<'..t, ur tl11! tl w11u -, is n·suh vd . 'l'l 11·y 11111 st tlu;1 1 lie wro u g ht
i11 Lo t li v11gli ts, tl11·sc t.l11>11g·lit s 11111 st J,, . <'XJ•l'!'s.-; .. ,j in Sf' nL1· 111·1·s, t.l11·sn :s1·11l.t·n1T.s fr;11111·d i1 il " pa r:1 '-'.r;1.J> h s, and t.lir.sn
J •arn g r;q .J1 s <1 rran g1:d 111 10 11 t.lu~ pa'-'.i'.

I 11 cvny sb"p .of t l1is w ork, rl11 ·t.nrir f':ttl :i.i d tlif' J!llpil,
b11t it 1·;u1 <t11l y ;i1 d. J t <'an dir»d t i"' ]•llf'i l t(I tliP Pli 11j,. 1-.
ol' :• s 11!ij .. ct :tt 111 ]'Llf·1! lii111 i11 t·J11 , l1apj1i .. st, n·lat io11 w ith it. ;
:rn.J r· :u 1 J .. ;i,J lii111 011 i11 s11 .. 1i wi,.;i· 1J,;it ],., ll'ill li11d tl1 e
1110.sl, an d tl1t· ·1,esL rn at.1.1•1· in if. w i l l ll1i11k, :ind f'XJ! l' <'SS liis
tl11111giit in the most effi.!eLi \· e fo n11. l 11 tl1i~ se lls!', ;u1d this

"·~---

to n ot e w hat1:ve r f;1.cts o r t l1u ugl1Ls V<'<'t1r Lu )""t al·t .. :· ti"'
choice of a s uhj \•et a11<l lJefure y11u Legi11 tu w ri lt' . will \,.,
found us e f11l if not i11.J i~1 · en~ahi .. .
upon wl1icli y<111 m11st n·:1.1I "r " "1 1\'<·rs< ·, ,[,, "": 1111 1 11'• '
what th e read ing or t li e 1'<111v1•r:-;a t irrn s 11 gg•'-'b r:II l1t ·r I i::111
what you l1;wc r ead or Jw;u·d. Tl 1i 11 k, tl1111k, a 11 d ;ilways
put the thought into you r own 1a11g11:t;.~''·
Ji, .. 11H~11il"' 1 tii:d.
the more co mpldely tl11., Cll lll[>usiti <111 is y "1 11·s, i11 LJ1 .,11 gl1L
and in wor11, t h e g 1·L'<tlvr is U1 1: g·,,.,,[ i ts ""11 s l.r1wl.i1•11 .J.,,. ,;
you and tl1 c liiglier tl1e val11t: yu 1t yu11 rsi ·lt' l'la"'' 1q11111 \111:
prodL1dio11.
III. Construction . - T l11• tl1i1·i1 sf,·1 , is t.11" c<111slrn..ti •. 11.
out of your rnaturi:tl, or the fra11 11·11·.,rk . "r sk .. ld.1 •11, of
your thcrne. Hy tli1s ll'e r1wa11 t.li" !i111i1 11 g and arr;111.c:i11g of the 1P:tdi11g tl11t11gl 1ts, cir p1ti11b, u r li1 ·:1.! s, \1·!1i :· l1 ,
in tlt c prccl·ding J~t"·s s ,.111 ~~ ynu lia\'1• h1·t·11 wriLi11g a:-\ t.1Jt ·
speeial top it·s o f ti"' p:iragr;1v l1 s.
l i 1.. t11 110 1.:1rt of y1111 r
work 1u 0n: t.li:111 llJ>1111 t Iii.-< will tl1" 111 .- 1·i1. nf your """'i"'"tion or it;; J:i .. k of lltl'rit 1l<'["'11d.
Talrn ti 1111 " :t11d t;i];,,
thougl1 t f.,r i L.

1. Search JOUr ma terial for the leading thoughts, or

70

In vention.

71
- --

-

-

-- - -··-·· -

points. - H n0Ll1ing noted Llu11·11 :;,·,·u1s to you, as it stawls,
:-; uHkien tly i11elu:;ive, study to see wlmt these or tlwse jottings p(liut to as bru:Ld enough to lJral'kd them. Be certain, before yo u ePase tl1i s work, that you liave found all
t he general thoughts into which, as it seems to yuu, the
su lij ect should be r esolved.
2. Study these points with care.-Lct no point disguised
in different wonls appear twirc, ll't 110 two points cover
tlte s:L lltC g ronn11 e ven i11 part. J:ai s r~ 11otl1i11g t o the rank
of ;L t<1pic wl1iclt may prn111•rl.r st;1J111 1111il1·r 111 1>' aln:a.1ly
fotJll(l.
C:Ls t 1111t any ]'Ui1it. t li:it. Olt r11rtlt1·r tl1ottgltt SPt' lllS
in.,],;vant.
.A \"<ii1l a t .. dii>11s rnul t i1ilic;it.i1111 of ]'Oiuts.
S t ud y t o s ne wl1at on es Jllay be s parr·d with good e ffect.
'l'liis rnatt ... r of cu-on1i11aLiu11 an1l s1il1urdi11;tl.ion n·1p1in•s t11e
11ict·st di sc rimi1i:d.iw1. ]L j_, tl1 P i'"i11 t i11 wl1i1·l1 ,._,,;tys,
st:rn 1011s, speec h1:::; - tl1e \•ll'urts u[ adults - arc 011cn to
c ri t ic ism.

3. Concentrate attention upon the arrangement of these
points. -Tltt•re arc man y illogiC':d ortlP rs in whi ch the
I

,I
,1.!

'

•.1

Direction. -

l 1n·i1ari' .

;11 · 1_ ·4 1nli1t~

t•1 tl1i~ 111 •.il,·l . l111t wit!11;11t ... Lt,i-...!1

i1nitati0 11 ot it, l.111· fra1111·\\'11rk •if a t!11·111t·
~lark

Lil e lea.di11g l'tt- urdi11al.t• r11Jill1S will1

subdivisions ul

tli~se

urcl c r in whid1 th ey 1;ho11ld stand. Find it. It woulu be
i l logit;a] 11 ot to begi11 a t.lt e nw upon a l1a1.th', as that of
J, ,• }':L11to, for i11sta11rr., \l"i th :111 :u:.-·otlllt uf the furn:s e 11gag1:tl :u11l tlt<'ir dis posit.ion wit.!1 ri·s111·•·t t".tl P:t<·lt nth<•r. Nor
1:11111<1 you l'w111:rly tl1:Lty till aft•· r lltt• l1:1ltl1· wh:it tnr1k
plat:c IJl'fon: it. 1 f tltc tight lwg:1 11 n11 t'11r ],•ft, that 111ust
be S)iukt:11 of before yo11 tlcscri! Jt) t he strngglu in tl1t: cei 1te r
or tha.t 011 the right. The losses un e ith e r s iJe follow the

battle, a 11d the effect of the battle upon the <1ucst ion at
issue follow:; tlw account of tltn losses. l'.:rlmps 110 011<• of
t. ltt's<: l'oints ll•'l'd hn exl1;111st1·d i1 1 a singi.: l"1ra i; r:q1li , !Jut
tlrn on1er i11 which they shoul 1l h<: taken "ll/I is fixed.
lH e\·,~ r y kiml of dis course, 1.111: <JllCstioll uf order is vital.
No poiut to the ele:ir UIH1crstandiug- of which, to feeling

tl11·;..,t' ~11! •j1· 1 · t .. ;,

11111111 t·;l,1 '. li tlf

l:i)Jll<lll

c l11tract(·r.-; ,

with ,\raiJi l', n11d :;t1IJdivi~1nns

,,f

('11-iJJ"d1i1:\! , ·

tlw:;1·. wit.11 :; nu ll

letters: lHmlel.-'l'/ic

Good a. 1Jd1ali11f;' ,_'/ocicl!J dues

its

.lrlunuers.
I. The good it docs th e m in

pr~pari11g;

points mig!tt be anangctl, th e re is alw:tys at lc:ast 011c proper

,j

!

li,_J

the full force of wl1ic li, ;t k11uwlt·dge ut' s111tte utl11·r i"'i11 t
would have to bo pres u111 e1l should jll'et:t,d e tl1at utl11·r.
And thiti s itnpie ntlc 0111' rnust rq;ard wJ1,·ll1er :ts :L l ''tj .i l
_ he is writi11g a cumpus iLiu1t, as a bw_ycr ltt: is 111;L ki11;; •1111 "
brief, a.8 a preal'l1cr lie is pLumiug a scrnw11, ur as ;L sLti•· ., .
man he is prepa ring a. spf'1' cl1.
So necessary is a littiug framework t'ur Ll1e strnd11r1· 11t' :i
theme - a skeletuu s L1st;u11ill 0· ;ttt<l giv i11g sl'"l"' l•J t.l":
body-that we shall r1·qt11n: furtlwr 11·ork 11puu iL lwre.

1. It exacts vigoro us t.ltiukin g

f

for t.liP 1lt-La.t.P.

rt. In :u1a.l.vzi11g t!w :-;nhj 1·1·t.
b . .In 01·it.:ct.i11g tlte stro11gl'st
p11i11 1 .~.

1

! c.

ln 1·ni11ing

l

tlHt11 g l it.!'i l,11 t·Hf.alJ-

l i .-. I 1 t l 1t · :-;., ~ I 11ii11! ;-\ .
\\'id1'. l'1· ;uli11 g ii. ('1Hl!Jll 'l....; ,

2a Jt adds tu tJwir k110\\'i1 ·d~t~ l1y !lit'
0. it, t1·;u_:l w;-; !!will l1• i!. ·i ··J11l i!w li t i!!1 l!11 ·y !1;1\'1• l'...:, J~ 1 HL'"\ •·1I .
4. It t1 ·;u '. l1t·:-\ ltil 1: r;iti 1n l)y s l1 t •\\·i11.!..!: 1111·1 11 tliat tJ 1(·rt._· an· ur 1:111!::>Wl"l':LLd e aq.:,· 11 1111_·111.:-; t)Jl 1·ach side.
IL The good it tl• ll'8 t.111'111 durin::.; tlir 1•r<>.c.:n·ss ,,f th<' rl1·ktl<-.
111 l}1af, it f11n1islw~ nppo~iti11Jl.
111 c·xciti1 1g l111p1~ nf vi!'fn r.v.
0

1. It is an i11t.<·11so sti11u1Lrnt

f

;:

c.

fll

HlJ:tl'pt'llillg" Wits

1

f'JTnr.

L

f1·11(·1· .

Id. In

cnrnpt'1l iH .~

a.

tq dd,1 ·1't

vig1q·1111~

2. Tt ~jvps tlwm ~Plf-!'n111ma11tl w1 ,; 1., undl'r fire.
3. It Lt·:tdw.,; tl1l'lll :t 11111tkst. "'t.i111alt· of their abilit.i.,:;.

de-

72

Invention .

I <>

·1. 1t t ead1e>1 tht:lll eunrL•:~y tu <'l'IJt.lneuts.
Ii. 1t co rn :cls th eir opinious , aml wiuc us their vi ew.
0. It. g i\·es the m cou111t~ml vf the ir vocal.ml.try.
7. l t is a, r li t·turil'al and a l11gkal C'Xl'n:isc in cnu1posit ion.
lJ. Jt te <tcl1<·s tJwnt MPl ll eliiillb <.'f J'ar[i:\!Uelllary !JraCticC.

1. JV/wt t h e 1Vinds do.

could nut lJ1: t:u1gl1L 1rit.ltu11t t.iwrut tgltly :u«11u111ti11 g t.lw
·· wit
· I 1 tl• ,,; 11;1 t urc •'\lt<l 1•!'1·1,.,,. <J[ :L 11:u·:i.\.'.r:111l1
·, !lit• 11:1r:1pup1l
..
graph cuul 1 l 1111t lit: ex['lai 11 t:d \vi tlio11t. l:u11il1ari1i11 ,; t lw
pnpil witl1 tlt•.' '.'•·1!1 .. 11«•·; :111.J t J,,_. s1·11l1·1w1• ,.,,,iJ,[ 11<1\ j,,.
understood l1y lii111 witl 1uut liis se1·i11g t lt :it it w:is the t-111bodim e11t of t lw11ght. A111l :;u 11-.· li:l\'<· a tk111i't'·d t11 \!-;11·l1
wh at thou\.'.ht is :1.11.J lww iL is !«n1tll'd; li"'' i 111· """' '""''.
1

2. Octover 1Voolls.

The teacher s huuld exa <:t tlic lllust 1:ardul aLLe 11tiu1 1 uf
hi s pupil::> to tlw co-unli u:ttiun :wd tl1L: su l>llrdin:1Liu11 uf
pui nb, rerp1irin g t !J e m to use tlw l ~" 1u:u1 , Ll 1c Ar;dJic, a 11J
t:1e literal llotn.tiulls, as al.iuve. Tlu.: i r whule work slio ulJ
lie critici seLl ri g idly by the teacl1ing of this Lesso n. 'l'he
t each er slw1dtl allow fo r intli\·it!nality ; shonl1l not insi st
that hi s pupils' :walyst'S mu st cunform each to the ot hers
:.wLl all to l1i,;. 011t uf :ill the ]1ui 11 L,; 11reseulcd let l1irn prep:irc one fra111cwurk each d:1y tl1at .-d1:Lll Le :ts Ut.::u ly t:.\h:u1stive anfl pcrfcd as poss ible. Ll·t him talk with his
pupil :;, ask ing and giving reasons fo r eve ry step. Let l1 im
i11 sist that they shall carry tl1is kinLl C•f work over iuto tlie
prcp;u·ation of orclina ry co mpositinll s, or themes.
lf t he pupils nee<1 lllore drill tli:m tl11•s ,~ 1,cssons furni sh,
tlie tl"ac l1 e r can eas il y su ppl y s11lij1·cts an'l co 11 l i1111e t lie
exercise. A singlo sul>jcct m :ty Lo suJlleie11t, fo r a ks:>uu.

exp r P.ss1 11 g

1t

11i:ty

~l'u\\'

fnrins : 11 11~ : i . 1' ! 'li1 ; 1l1 ·-::: :t 11 . l

up

fru111

i iitri ~ ·:1t 1 ·,

L\\·11

\\"itli

t liri·•· \\

<ll'

\\ · i ~rd .-. . .

11 r d

s 1

1

>

:1 ~ 1 d

1·l 1r:

clauses iu lll_\·r iad cu111i.J111:1.Liu11 s , :u1d li"w li_v 1·11 1it r:i<'l 11•1t.
expansiu11, :u1d sul1sL it utio11 aliuo::;t a11 y st·11L1·11ct: way J,,·
transfor111e1l; lww ::;c11 tt.:1 11:1·s may 1·"11tl!i11l' i1ttu \!:lr:i;;r:11•k<
a.ml wl tv Llt1'V llllls t; a 11 .J li"11· t.111' 111:1k111:-; uf 11:1ra,\,'.r:11•Ji.-;
compels., tliL' i111j1il to 11ru"d u\'n liis s1 il1j1Tt ;111d Lr i11g t11
light tlw. g r•·at. Lltou:-;l 1ts. \1l1i1·l1. li1.l_v j11111"d, f•mu tli" f1·a1111•
of the s trndu re i1u 1,; Lu irn ilLL
In atlLlit. iu11 to what. \1·:1s s:iitl Ill Ll1t• T,1· ss11n lll'"l' t l11·
Preparation u[ :i Vramcwork, it m ay Le :o:c r vic<«thk to add
that in fonning fr ;11111· w1irl c-~ u;1.-1n
Narrative or Descriptive Subject s, n·al or fi«titi"11 s, tl11·
pu p il sl 1o 11 ld ]1 ,, car•d.1ii !." s.-11 ....t 011h tl" · s:di1· 1d. t],,. r1·1 1resentat.iv<', P"i11ts. Tlt1•s•:, arr:.t11 .L:•«l i11 t.lll' ir 11:1Jt1r:1l 111-.l.-r,
carry wit.Ji them the 1J1i11 11r po i11 1.s. ;\lultlj.Ji«it_v e111il11s1·s .
Th e ot1t·lin« f 1ilh- 1-11,,] .. J,•:1rh· pn·.s1 ·11t .. .J. tl11 · 111,,1«· tli 1.· r.-:i ,k r
o r hca.rr>r c:ui c:i~ ih· snpph , :-11t1l is ldt. 1" s 111•1•ly, tl11.' l,,.u .. r.
Argum entative Subjects. - J;,·s11hc: ..-<11cli s 11 lij'...-b ii li u:ili
possih!P Jl"i 11 ts, :111 ,i t.lw 11 11 ,.,, . gr1•:1J. 1l1se rd11H'. lll, si·l1«·\111 ,c'.

LESSON 28.

such Ji<1i11Ls :1~

;tl't'

1 · :1r~li11:tl ~

'
(l~ta) .
1:0-:j l lH•\'1 ·1n1 j '1110 S t,1nn

11
J-forf'. jll"rl 1.1.I'"·
.

ANALYSIS OF Sl Tll.TECTS.

S1H ·11

:ts, it

lit

l_Y

(l\·\

1

·111 IH· 1 l,

t]' )(' (Oil!
•
·'1l
J
11l l \ l \l lS\tk1uj1IU\('.
I
:-..,
0

lll! •l'f' 1l 1:rn 1•l s1•11 lw11· tl1I' 111.1 Uc1 "f .nr.ui;~I'. l r
mPnt is ,·ital. Tf. for 1• \ :1111 i'l1·. :t 111;i11 \1-.·r·· :1«« 11""' ' ' '
hnr 11 i 11 :-; ]1is 1J1· iL:lil11•r' s li1111 s1• :11111 Wl'n' lir1 t1 ,:-;l 1t. t.11 tri:1L :ill
fwirlcne<' :i.nil 1.11<' :1rc;1rn1C' ll1.s l1:1sf'il ll["'n it g11im.: 1" • sl 11111'
that t]H• :w1 ·us, ·d w:1s 111·:n tlw ill1ildiJ:g at tl 1e tillle ,11· tl 10

Th o wisrlom of tre;uling the stPps bl<Pll in ll"'arling n p to
tl10 a na.lysi;i of snl1jPc:ts :tnd the prPp:n:1tinn of frarne\1'orki'i
- 1.lw fincli ng of the sril1jPet-ma ttPr of 1li s1•011 rsc -w o l1ope
is by this time apparrnt. The resol ution of the subject

1

..fr.:_,_·

74

I nvcnl'ion.

- - - - - - --- --- - --- - -- -- - - --- -- - -- li1.m 1i n g, or t .l i :tt his clo t hes lJo r~' marks of hi s ha vin g done t he
tkcd, wo u ld l1:tve little weight wi t h th e jury u ul ess preceded
by pruo [ tliat lie was iutere:; ted i11 t he re moval of tl1e buildi11 g o r t hat 11\J liatell lii :; lll·i r; h\Jo r, :1.llll t ha t hi s cliaraete r was
s uch t li:tt l i e woul(l 11 ot sc rupl e to f'ommi t tli c cr ime if a fi t
uppo rl.t tni ty offe red. A ll 1·i 1·< ·11 :11 sta11 t ial proo f of the arson
\1·0 1iltl he d is1·0 11n tc1l , if !l ilt Sl·t as id 1·, l •y th1 · ignurat H'e u[
t lic ju ry Ll1 :Lt t h e :u:cuscil hail a n y rn u Liv c to co mmi t th e
d, ,.,.i, :Lil t ! was w it ho ut pri11(·i ple tt> r1·:-;t. ra i1t l1i 111 . \Vliat
\ Vl1 at1"ly cn,ll s n,rgnm cn ts fr o m ccwse to P/f e1~t , a rg uments
aceuHn t in g !'o r a nyth i ng, ass igning t h e caus1: of it, s hould
pn ~ c :c lk c:i re11 111 st:1 11 !. ial pruuf', a rg um ents of s i'.tn, a rgum ents
fru1 u r'. //i'l'l tu 1·u ntl iliun .
Direc tion. - l 'n·p;tre t he fram e wo rk <•f a t he me on each of these
sulijl' t ' I~: -

.l. TV"111it sl/()ul1 l 1i:r'- R ead f or ?
3 . J'lw S turu of a l'euvle.

2 . Cl o11-cl S cen ery.

Direction. _ -1'rc pa rc the frau ie wu rk uf a

tl w11 ll: Pll

tl1t ·:-; 1·

l' :,(· il pf

subject.s: -

1. A rrUl.J'! lerr •t l R . 0 ~'1 11 c ir: 11 l !/ //(/ .Jfudern 11 ·, ,,._
fare c01np a r ed. .J . ..:\'u.l1.i n :-'s Su 1u(.(l0.

A S C llEME Fell ~ H E \'I EW .
D efi nit ion n.u d Vin1li1.:a t iu n uf H lwt .. r ic ( 1.1·'' "" 1 ) .
D efiniti on uf ln ve 11ti u 11 and pf Tliutt;.d 1l ( L 1· :..; s 11 11 ~ ) .
Sitnple S e ll ll' llt'.t '. wi th ~ i 1 1 1 1 1 l1 ·, Ci •111 111,1 11 11l. aud ('p11 q~kx
(Lc tiB 1J l i ~ ~ ~·I, ;ui d I l) .

Compl ex t;e utc llCl\ w1 tl 1 Ui e 1 \ djcl'ti vt:: Claust: ( Lc:;su ns fi , ~J , .u id

11) .

l

J

I. l( (' ~ trit'.l . i v 1 · .
l ' J1r1· sl ri( ·ti \'t '.

•J

I. T i 11w.
"2 . \'la·····

i

LESSON 29.

CtHnph:x :--:.t· HL(·J1 1..: 1· with tl1 E A 1l v1·rl1
C la.llSt; ( Ll·.~:..; 1 H I ~ n, 7' ~ ) , :u1 d i I j .

•·\ N :\ I.YSIS <W SI I II .I ECT S.

Dire ction. -

l'rC]_Ja re tin: fra lllc \\'urk of

:1.

tl 1cwu

u11 ca d 1

of

tliese

s 11l1 j r·cl ~; --- -

1. The 7','/}l:l'ls 11[ ('/ ,·n ri 11{;
::!. The Brill! e uf Hu.nk1~ r lfiU.
0

11,1Ml hu ,')'/;c n11w r.

!lir. Forr·sts.
J . Travel U!J lla,i/,

r11/'f l ff

I 1 ' .~-·:r \ · 1'.

·I. i\ 1a 11H1 ·r.

,.

t

-

l '() 11 di1

: 1.

"

;1 \

] ~ t ·.

1;1·;t :-- l •I\ .

i" ll .

. . .:

l ' t l l"J' •J :--il" .

~ I.

(

' I )

JI ( ., . ~,"ii ~

I.

~ n!1j 1 · 1 · I .

__

i

\[ l.

1] 1j t·( ' t { ' ( H1q1 b' Jl 1t' !t L

. ' · .\ tt r i 1, 11 It- (

'1 111 q 1lt- 11 w11t.

-L 1·: x1)L 111 ;1l 11ry

> i ~ 11\il i 1 ·r.

l 'r i11. ·i1 •:d T1 ·r111

1•f

l'r (·1 1-

11:-' i f i111 1:1 l l ' liras1'.

l'r i 1w ip:d T 1· r111 pf 1\h~1'1 111 ..-~

l 'l1ra..... i ~ .

7G

In vention.

rc.,mp"oml '""""" <'·'""""
I
aJHl 11) .

0

H

'~ I

I

I

,1

/1
'.

I'
1'

f

I

1 1

Il ·1. 01,1anct·J,~·;~11f..r,·1H:e
1·.'""" Exfrom
pressing
the

i

f-<

JO

1. Clauses in the. Sarne
Lin e of Thought.,
" C lansPR Adversative.
;: One C la nse Expressing
a Co ns"'J lll' nc" of tlie
Pl.! 1t·r.

z

S<· ntullces with Compound and Complex C lauses (Lessous 12

:>

~nustitt:tiou anll Co n traction (Lessons 14-1 i) .
1'.xpansron and ::Substituti«n ( Lessons 18-20).
Syn t.hes'.s of Sentences i11to l'aragrnphs (Lt»•sons 21-24) .
Syn~l.' rs 1s of Sm1tener-s in to Paragraphs a ml of J'arngTaphs into
r1 1 lwmc ( Less<•ns 2f1 and 2G) .

i:.:i

z

H

QUALI'I'lES OF STYLE.

and 13).

l'reparnt ion of a Framework (Lesson 27).
1\ nalysis of Narrative, Descriptive, Fictitious and Argume ntative Suhjec t.8 ( L<·Rsnns 2i-:Jil). ·
'
Ca1Jital Letters aml l'unctuatiou (Lessons 2--0, 8-10, 12 and 13).

LESSON 31.
PERSPICUITY.

Thus far we have Leen co 11si•l• ~ rin g the tl1011gl1t., tl ..•
subject-matter of discourse, one of tlie two tlii1q.:;s with
which rhetoric is conccrnell. In d o ing this we have bnen
forced tu <le:tl with the se 11t.em:e aml the p aragr:tp li , liut we
have dealt \l'ith th e m only as the necessary forms in wl 1i l'l1
thou ght must Le cxpresst!d. Yon have been 1n a.dt• Ltrnili:tr
with the v:nions kinds uf se11tl'11ces, lrave l1•an1<·d lo t'(lllstruct th1·1n in all tlll'ir varieties ant! to co11ol1i1w t.J .. · 111 11.t."
paragrapl1s. ]~11t you l1:lVL' bt !c11 taught littl e din·1·Ll y ol'
th e qn:i.lit.ics \\'hi\'h s l111ul1l bPl«11g to tl ... m, ---· <111:1.l1t.i .. s
which evf•ry t.liillg w r itt,·11 or s 11.,Jw n sh ould li:t\'<.\ ttl 111:1.k•·
it tl1e hat•J>Y iw;tru111c11t o[ cxprcssiull - a11d so y«11 io:t\' 1·
learn ed little of style proper. To tl1is great <kpart111e11t of

rhetoric we have now come.
Sty lo. - \Ve might, witli De Quincey and others, aSs(•rt
that thought atHl ex press ion are so" intertw in ed,'' so" i11t·xtricably ble111lecl,'' that the two arc, in some real se ns•\ 1111t•
- that any change of eith er is <11' involves a ckrnge of t.li1·
other. We might more properly i11sist t hat style appli .. s
to thougl1t as w•·ll as lo ('Xprcssio11, :-;i1H:e mt·11 <11ff1,r :1s

essentially in the

011c

.i.s in the other.

And this

W<'

77

dt1 nut

'

.

~

.

78

Qualt:ties of Sl!Jle - P crspituity.

I'r.: npir.: 11it_11 a F.clutlcc (j1111/il.'J .

c1(•1 1y, lrnt rath e r a flinn , wl1(' 11 , u11i t i11 g t he t wo in t lw de fi11it.io 11 , WP s a y, Hy style we rn Pa11 t ii c manner in wl1i<~ l1 the
thought is expressed i11 words. En•ry on e h as his 111au1wr
uf ('X}l rt·ss i11 g th o ug ht, j ust as h e h as a c;:i~t of featur es,
q 11a l iti es o.f voi ce, ant! a carr i: tgc o f body p eculi a r t o himself.
Tn to <.:ve ry o ne's styl e, at k as t three cle me n ts s hould
l' ll t l'l' :11 1<1 clt'tP rmin e it.
I. The Topic. - .Ju s t as a pi ece e xpressing various pass iu 11 s d1•111:u 1d s of t lw read e r a va ry ing pitc h a1Hl s tress, a
va ryin g rate o f rno v('111 c nt, and diffPrl'11t to nes of vo ice, so
var io us to i'i ,·s r equin: o f t ht• \\Ti tr r vari ous styles-th e
L"J'i " P11l.1·ri11 g in to the styl e arnl h1·lp i n!..'. to· (k te rrnin e it..
()11. : \\·ri t i11g l•ll di fT" r1 •11 t s11 lij <1"ts w iii 11 111. wri t •' un1f<1r1lli_Y,
i f' Jw \\' r itC'S ll:tt UJ ';L] Jy . '' '['}i p, JWrf,.<·t·iy 1•11 .J tl\\"1 !.J lll:tll will
llll ('! 111 s .. iously w ritt! i11 :i.11 styles," s;1y s I [(•rbc rt Spen cer.
I I. The Writer's Individuality . - I:oo rn for t he 111a11 hims,. Jr is :ilw:1y s t o 1H' fou111! i11 his st.\" l(•. Tlii s trnth kts
1'1111wl (' Xl.l'l' Jll e st:i t e m e 11t in th e 1k1i 11itio11, "~ tyl n is the
m:u1. ' ' llis t1• 1111wr:11n<'n t, t :t :<t 1·s, att.:1i 111nr 11ts, en lturc l'\'('ry Li1 i11 g HJ('IJ t: tl tha t di st, 1n g uisiH•s li irn :1 s :in ind1\·1d11:d

1

0

-

111 : 1y

fin PxprPSSC li 1 11 J1i s U St~ u t.' 11 11:1 ;.!''ry , Iii:-; c h~tic·H u[

wnrd s :rnd hi:< arr:i11 g1·11H·11t and arti1 :nh t ion of thf:m i11 the
s1• 11t.1·Jl1'l', in th e <·.a s t of l1i s pa r;1 g r;1pl 1s . :u1 d i11 all <• ls(• th;1.f;
go1•s t," t.11(: m a kin g of :; ty le. It is no t t he 1insinl'SS of
r l11•tnr i<' t" r n b n1 1e 's sty] ,, p f thi s 1· l1•11 H·11t. 1t s linul.t Olll.Y
\l'l ·:1r dm1·1t th e s i1:np :rngi .. s :1 1111 s11 li. !11 " 1.h e writ.t•r's pc·1·11l1:1r1Li .. s, so tl 1:tt !1is s1.y lu s i1all J,., l'rc• p frn1n !ll:llllll.' ris111 s (·1·(·ry t hi11 g o l'f1 •ns iY c ly eli :na<"f.1·ri st. i" " r l1i111. A11d this is
do111 : l)y ti](' 1·l e 111 c nt of
l l I. Authority . -Th e prin r. i pl1' S \\'l 1i1·h f' 111 i1wnt writ.rrs
l 1:11·p cun sc ion s ly or u11e o11 s('i o11 s ly o lJ:-< <'I"l'<' d :tnd t.lie 111Pans
t ill'y l1 :1n : 11s(•d fnrni s it rit et o ri .. t.i 11' j,•;; .s.,11 ,; it is t o L1·a<'.!1,
a11d 1•11i1it. flUt t.1 • 1.!i., l'llJ•i l t,J ,.. p:tl hs Ji, . 111:1 y 1-.i11"w. \Vlt:i.t
· s 11"h wriL1• rs ktve dtHW is 1'('1'111i ss il.Je Lo lii111 1 \1·liat. I.hey

Uwy eoul.J Hilt safrl y du is u1ii;t1d 1Ji. A 11d 1l) 1.s
eleme nt ,,uti,:rs l:t r_:..:,. 1.v 111 t " :di st.yie Ll1:1L lw1· .. 11 1'"' ,. 1;,, _,1 ,. ,
puttingac.11r i111p1111 t l1t: :1 11 Ll1ur' 0 11 :c,.1it.n1:1t.i1· s, :111,l l,,.,.,,111i11 ,.:·
a spur t o AV<,ry i'!lnrt m:ul• : for th1 • l"'ri", ·di11 g "f lii s s tyli·.
The tirst canli11 :Ll q11:ili t v o f >:t.v J., is
Perspicuity. - Perspicuity is distinctness ul expression ,
tra.llS[':"Ll'i' Jl':v . (l11r th <1 11.<.;l 1t slin 11 iil \),., s1·1 ·11 tli r11u<.;l: 111 11·
words, r A•]Hiring 11f t.1i1• r1·ad .. r <•r J1,.<tr1r !111 ,.:1r1·f1il s .. :u·,.\ 1
to discov f\ r it. \\' h:1 t ti": ai r. \\';1 s l11·d ,.1 ·<111 ,,f .'i" "k " <11 1d
vapor and dnst, is to 1:110 treps :llld till' r•wl<s 11!' d1 s t:11 1t
hills. brin g ing thl•m ll f':t r ;1n1 l i n to s li :t r p .li st i11d 11 .. ss. t k <t
sho t;ld 011r bn!..'. 11:1 gro lH' t " tl11' t ll\ 111 :._:li ts 1L ,·,o;1 f:1 i1h. :--:1 11(..'"e \Vrltf• :tlld ~p 1 1 ; 1 k l 1J ('\ / ll1 l 1l l l l 1l 1·, d ,1· ~\l l l1t ' l l1 1 11~· . t ~I!!' J i ill'p ose is d1 ·1'1' aL"d 1l' 11·(· an· 1101. .. 1.. :1r: w1· 111 1'-'.l1t. 1... 1.t " r 111 '. ,.
spared nnr pnor hl1or. lt is a duty wlii1•.h <'\'1•r1· 0111 · 1)11·'"'
his reader or ]1,:a re r t u s pt'ak 11 ut s i11q 1l y s11 Ll l'.1L li " 1· ;u1 \,,.
nnc1Prst,11" d li1il "" tl1:i t. 111' 1·:111 11Pt. n·:; s1111 :1lil y h i! ,. f ln·11 1g
understnrnl. O ll e k1.s S( -:llT• 'ly 11111rt' n :._:!1t t u t :1k ,. ;u1"t l1" r· s
tim e a n11 P!l <' r g y in :t 111111 !. l«1r 111" ll l\' :111 111 .c: t li :i 11 \11 · l"1s f, ,
ta,kP: a. JHltllPr ' ~ !' 1· 11 1t. ()! ' l1 i~ \\":Jl't' >" \Y Jllt ( l\lL (' l! lll ; H '!J:-: : ili 11! i.
1:'o be lH'l"~jJ i 1·11,111.~. t l 11· i 1. i:--. 111 ;1. j 1 1 ~l .-.;. 1· 11 :--d · (111 ! \ · l\1 lw 11 111 11 ~,1 .
l'ers]'i<, 11i t..v 1s Lo , if l11·r 1111:1lit 1.· s ,,[' SJ ""'' ·l1 11 l1:il. 11.c: lit i-;
to co].,rs - t l 1:i t. 11y w ] ,j ,.Ji t lll' y .-x1.'L :t11 d :t i" · ·" ·,. 11. :--: 1\ J,.
that lack s it li:1 s frw i'X,. ,.Jl ,.11r·t·s tl1: 1t :11"' :1l'l''1r,.11f. as 11 1•'
dis cm1r se l1:1 s I 111 l" 11J,, 11gl1 t t.li:d. is ,, J, , i"1 1s.
A Relative Quality. -- 1:1Ji. it "11 L'. l1t 1" 11<· s:11d il1 1! i'" l"
spir,nity is ;1. r .. l:1t.11·p qH:il1t.y. T\1:1' is . wll'.t1, 111:1.I' ],,. ,. \,.:ir

-.-.~~,.---

to nn e 1T;1.d1·r ur h1•:1r1·r

11t ;ty

11 uL 111·

t1 l

:11J1it l w1· ,, j' !' 1 ·\\, ·r

yertrs or !1•ss ,.1iJl11n>. :--:1_1·1,. 1wr1·,.,·1 l.1· i'l:i111 111 :i 11 :111d1 .. 1w"
~f srhol nrs tn :1\· 110 nlis •• nr P 111 1111·11 ; t111 l \\'1•11 11· 11 11 ·~:-; i 1if1 ·ll1 gm1t, or to el1ild1.,'Jl. .111st. :i .s f,,,,d 1·:1.,ii.1· d 1.'-'."·' i• ··I l'.1 a 111:i::
i1t

vi ~~o 1· n 11 ~

J1,

1

:1l l l i

111 :1 y

lll'

111 1l1:....:· ·

·~ l

1L] , .

1 1i

; 11 1 111\· ; 1 i 1d.

l il

j11dgi11 g t.lw ;.:iv J,. ,,f ;111.1 1•n1d1 1l'IJ'1 11 . it "" l,11 1 L1 11· ' ' ' l: 1k,.
into ~u~ cil1111L Ll 1c a \J ili t.) , ii· Ll iu :-;t • f11r \\

11 1 11 11

1L 1~ i11l.1· 11·: i· d .

.

,;·.

•:i'""

~--~~-~-~~-~·--.
,,~~~f:.;')J·

'

.

so
-

''!

·''

''

I

' I

]'ers11ieu ity <l~'p e 1Hls
L Upon the A.uthor 's Mastery of His Subject. -Much
misti1inss uf expressio n is 1)1dy Ll11 : l1aw t.l1at partly ltides
tl 1e s 1 thj1~l:t from the w riter. Tllll ;rnl 1j1•1·t is see n liy 11im
but 1111ly in tlie 0 r:1y 1Ltw11, it d11C's nut sLuHl n:1·ealed i1r
noo n-d ay li ght. J:1·uw1nlin tliat you r.ann"t c1rn ,·ey j>lainly
to otl 1l'n; morn tl1:u 1 ynu t.l1oruugl il y k11u\\', ur Jll alu: your
Llw11:;! 1t d1·art•r to Llw111 t.l1 an it is Lu yn11r>1·lf. Jt will 111~ ;i,
tr i11111ph if you e: m m ake t h1'1lt sco wl1at yo u see .a nd se t~ it
:ts cl<':trly. 'l'lte work of accumubting mate rial and of prepari 11 g fr:w1 cwurks, i11 s istc<l on as p rclimi n:uy to tlie writin g , 1rill he of gre:it serviu' here. 1t 11·ill supply yuu witl1
th,; knt1wl 1•tl 0 e nce1k•l, a111l will 1l isl.rill\1k tlie fa1:ls, tln1ppin0 eael1 item in to its place aml Lri11~ing unl1:r uuL (If
1•onf11 :-:;iun. :--; t•1·i 11 g <)VPrytl1i11g- y1i11 1w1·d, a111l s'·1·i11g it \\·! 1t ·n•.
it LeluHgs, yo ur task of m:tk ing it a11pareut to otl 11:rs s l1 oul1l
lie t:U lll j •<Ll':tL i Vt ·l y 1:asy.
ff. Upon the Author's Useaf Words.- Tl1is s11lijh·t,
wlii1'1 1 will r1111 tl1rn11g li lll:tll }' T,l':<.'ons, must be subdiv id ed .
1. Us e SimplB Wo rds . -Tiu • s i111l'l1•st 11·n!'.1s i11 tl11• 1·: 11;;li sl 1 l:t.11g11ag1>. :tre tl10sn wlii1·h li1•ln11g to the motl 1c·r-deme11t
o f it-tli1' :\ nglo-:-\:txnn. Tli1·s1' 11·1·r" 111·1·1·r '"' l1iglily 1:ll111l""111ol"ol :1.s w.· r1· t.!11>. L:it.i11 a ntl t,j,.. t ;,.,.,.1z; t,1;.,y :i.l'P t.!1 t' n'1'on: s i111plt·r, si111:u e:p ·h ll'urd in :L ('O lli[">11111i •'liters its lllP:llli11g into tli:tt of tlw whul c'. Tlw.v wn1 : 11eve r su l1igl1l y
i11l11•d1·d a s Wt:rn Ll11~ !,;1(.i11 :t J1 1l Ll w Cn···k. and ll\':Ll'lY :d i of
tl 11 ~ few i11tlP1 :tiom; t.l1t•y 11111T pos.>\'Ss1•d J,· 11 off duri11g t he
t l1rec e(~11t11r i es a.f't"r -Lite Nnru 1:rn Cullfj lll' St; li e ll cc tl 1ese
w11rds are Ll11: sl1ort1·st i11 thr>. l :1.11,g11agP, :ind f'111· t.liat r P:tson
t'.l1n si mph•st. lk·s i1l1 ·s, llll' ,\1 1gl 1i-:-\"x"11 11·1 •r1 · tl1 t> 11ri gi11:1l
words in n11r langu:'lgP, usP•l t-.11 11:1111<' t.li•' 1 liings kn own to
n11r :.1.nn•sl1J rs, :lll1l to il1 ·Jl 1>!.1· t.l1c 1111:11i t i1·.,;, :ids, stat. ·s, :u1.J l'l'.·
bt:ions uf' tl1f'Sl' tl 1i11gs. '['Ji..,,- ;1rl' tL11s 1q11· li11ns1·li11],J \\'1•1·.J s.
and, a:< a wli ulr', are lll'th·r u111l1·r st.oud l1y a ll, c ve11 11y t.l 1e
e<ll l <':-tt.Pd .

-

-

,_. I

Siu1p lc Wurd:::.

U:::c uj Wurrh- -

(1 L

- - ------ - ----·

Dll-ection. - Filld

Au gh.>-~ <LXtt ll cxpn·:;:-;iuns, 0aeh a. ~ i11~k \\ t 11 ·· i
where it i:-:; pussilil.·, f11r tla· ~1 · g:11tHl words uf Lalin or Greek t">rigin, a11d
.use theui 1n s1· 11t1·111·1 ·s 1)f y1 111r 11\\·11 : - -

Res irlcncc,

ac;graxatc•,

i 11 st ru ct,

i nval if lat• ~ ,

i~i

rctt 111s1 •t •cf,,

1

l i:-; -

pa.ragc, a.t,1111 )~pl I" ri:. , occ1 1It., i :-:~ itlH ·r111a.I, 1li· I ' r' ~ ''' I. 1· Ati 1q. .:,11 i .... J i, i~ l i~
sync ra.sies, tc r111i11ati o 11 , n~s i1l1 • 1 aceo111plish, u bli t.f• rat.e, t-!lwn·aL
1-

pa.h 111urn,

;l•:'fl 1 " ti1~~

philauU1r u11ic,

sup1:- r ~Pili'.

int1·rp1'1a t.•',

:t 1111111 a l.\· ,

.':) 11. \1urdill:d1_~ , ::;i11it1!ta11t·uus, Jt·jduraldt ~ ,

f11rti1~ 11 1..;.,

eli111i11a1 i1>Jl,

circumlocution.

LESSON 32.

Dii-ec tion . -·- l ~1·ad tl1i:-; p :t r:l g ra p li '.Yitl1 gr1·at <':1r1·, :11 1il :-;11l 1...;tit11 i 1',
wh e re it. i:-1 po:-\:-;ild··,

' Vh 011 an

1\11 ;...": \11- ~axnn

\\:onis f11r tl 111st'. i taii 1·izl'd : -

i11tr 1/ i yr' 11t J~n·1 ' /~;1u' r i'(Jlf1lllC1i •'1'S

ilH'

study

,i f L11 gli.-..h ,

!11•

fi n ds evc r _v ) J'' -'f'' :--prit1k! 1·1! ,,·ii.Ii \\'•ir,!:-;c \\·Jin:-:c /;1011 111ir'1;11i1 ·.,, ·,J/!.'l
belra~lfS a U l'L'.L'k ur La.ti11

ori!;i11, and li e u/J:•t'1Tes tilaL tl w:-}e knn"' :u e
\Vords be l oll,!.!;in .~ to t Ji, : (/lu fr r-f of Llu: 1t·arne \l }-lf«~/~' s.·:iun .~ . of lft•'11lo9icul 1//... c11 ... ... /u11, of f'ri°tu ·/.,·111, of r)Py(f nf url, of 111nrul a11d / HtP/11""1·r111d
p!tilo."011ltf!. uf ul1sfn1r·f Sf';1 · 11n~ . :uid uf 1lw 1·1 tr:u11.x ln·1111i'l11·s of rurt 111 ·1d

kno\vlcJ g:e. li e r/isco1·er_.. that. tl1e wu rd s wl1ich li u 1·e1·1Jg11/;:,_, s a~
Greek a nd La.t.i11 an 1l Fr1·1wh 11a.xe d rop1wd 1.liose i1vf,-- ct11111...; \\·J1i(·li
in their uat1~c c us e were i111//,,pP11-<rrl1lf' to tlii· ir i1itelli.11ll1ilit,11 an cl :1r11n11natical si.t/ ll{/i'1·11w·e; tl ia t tlw 1111tfuul n _ ,/utions o[ t:u1:11!1/v:; ;u :d t lw
sense of the E 11 gl i.>h p er;o, / are llll!f'l1 111ur" oft.e n d t:1u· ,,1i11n/ I'.)' tl"'
p ositfon of the \Hirds than hy th eirjl11·i11, and in ~ h11rt ll 1at tl1c: srn·
ft' nCP i~ L11ilt. up 11pon Sf!'l1C(ll1"1r! prit1f'ij1lr'8 \d!tllly <tfiq1 tn 1L~1 . . . (' c1f
the classical la11ylflff/CS, ;\lid co111 pr1r/e</ and J., ·] , j l•ige t.l1n \ ,y a class
of word~ 1·ifllf'1· 1111k11nwn nr r r' 1·,11 rn 1lt'li le."~ u_.:.1 ·(! i11 thn~1~ ttiJ1 .L:·1w:-1 .
I-Ie lind s Ll 1at 1·(.,..11 n1a.ny of Llic 1l(1.t/ue 11w11os!1//a/Jh:s a.n~ 111r-r1• dr ti-rrni11ar1'.rt'."' · /Hfl ·f/r-/1 ' .-: . 011_n'lirrri1'"· a11d r•-l1r1:r1 ' .~: a11•l l 10 f•an 11:'p·dly ,1; ,;1

to i1: / er that all tlie

tfl lcliet'iuul /";,.l

of our "i ''"·cli, all Ll1at curtt"NflS

O•)
,,_,

(j11alili1·s uf St!Jle -Pal)picuity.

our hi g hest .<pirituril anJ te1111J11 rul i11tarst.< is of rtl ir1t birth, and tha
011 ly tile merr' .<l muclti11er!J of grr1111111ar l1a~ hcP n deri,.e1l from a t1ativ8
.su1tn'P..
Furtl1e r s111d!J would Lt'<lcl1 hi111 tl1at lie ha<l overrated the
i11111ortu 11 ce a11 rl relatii:e m1w111<1 of t.he .Ji.1rr]i;11t inyrcdients ; that many
of

(lllr

St'('l'llillg!y ·in...:.ign~·j;f'ftll [ :t. lld l1arfnrrnns

1· 011Su 11a11/a[

1llOUOS.1Jliab/a

arn11reywrnl wi t h the 111i ght.i1•<>t tli o11,;lils a nd ali,·c wi th t l1 e deepest
fo1·ling; t.hat th e la11g1111;r nf th1· l""i"'·"'" :111 .I t!tc 11(/i.,·tio11.<, of the
\\'il l H ild ,,f l.11 c heart,, i,; ;;1·1111iw En gli ,;h bo rn; tl1at t!tc dialecl of
U11 ~ 11111rkPt a11d tl11• fin ·_,jt] ,. i ~ A11 ~Jo- ~ax o n; lli:1t. lii P 1·1w(tlndar!J of
Lh e 1nost. i1111 11·,>ssirP a 111I r'j/;.,.,;,. p 1>11 /11 i t 1l J"1tl or.<:: h~ts l1111·n :1 i ni ost wl1oll y

dra\\'11 frnn1 the sa. 1111~ }Jli l't? srnu·, ·e ; t l1a.L t i11_• tu!runrft' \Ylio wonld conci111't ' ll1u f e(:lu1int! j H1/yc or 1lazz!c a1 1d {'111 ~ /~1:-:t' t lh· j11r.'t ~pPaks Latin;
wl1ih· li e wlif' wo11ld louc!t tho bt>tt1·r sn1sihilitir'.' ,,f hi s audience or
ro 11 ~e t li c mliltirurlr· t o 1"i!)nro11 ...· u.·1/,,n clt• Hl.""t':-- l1i...:. wunls frotn the
110/it·P ~ 1•1'1· f' h o f (lllr anc i1 ' n l fatl1t rla11d; tl1al tln ,/umc_'.,·tic tougue is
the lu11:;un9r. of puss iuH :i11d 111r.-.:1H1si,,11, tl 1ej'cu·r•i!Jn, u[ uu.:hority or
rh r lorif' a rHl r!f'lu7fP ; t.liat \\'C 111:'\.y nnt nrily fr; 1n1r• single s r' 11leno'S
bu t s p<~ak fnr /1111u-s witlto11I. Plfl/J loyi11:1 a. sing/p impnrfr1/ word; :tnd
ji1111fl!J l hat we /'"-'"~ss tl1 c entire r11!11111c ,,f 1·1•1·r/,,1irm i11 tlt P t.rn e.-t,
1

1

c/,,11rrs1, a11tesl .Jr,,·m in wlt iclt """"' " i11;1r'1Jt1ity l1a,; 111ad c it ru:assilile
t n 11101/ N n 111:c11 , and yet w it.Ii a 1·nco lm /!1r!I wli err in, s1winr; proper ~
l1:H11t ·S :u1d /1•n11s 11<1t in t11f'ir Httl 111·e fn1T1 ..::/11trtl1fr, s ncrce ::;eve n iu the
!tund rc d are dnirol fr o111 any ./ •re;:;,. .- uurc· ~ .

Tl1t' :it.f.1•m p t. t.o sul 1sti l11 Lr 1\ 11;..:](l.:-;:1xr •n wnrils f111· Lhos.•
i t:il i1·i zl·1l iu Ll 1i s rxtr;1 ct wii i lw :ii11 1os t; fr111l l1•ss, a s fr.w
siwh stil1s t.itute::; can be found . E1p1 i1·alrn ts r.:rn Lio discov.
<'red fpr 111 a 11y of t hese worrls in i t.al ic.s, i>H t in gP11r r al th ey
will not Lurn out to he A n g-lo-:::iaxr.u. 'l'l1 l• ]'llpil ran 11 se
(,.,'./;"" l'ur cu111 11ie11ces, sr>es fur obsr.n·r>s, .Ji11ils for iliscm •f~ rs,
"111 [ ·1111'1tni11'J fur se n sP, hll t f,.w ut. iw r An;..:io-:-o;:i xun equi v:i.i1·11t.s fn r ti 1n cl:1.ssi l":d \\'Ol'<is i11 t. li r v1r:1 .c:r:q ·li i': lll Ill· found.
\ \ <' rnm111r 1Hl to th e t cac li \•r and to the p11 pil t h " ll:Ssu11 ,
t:1.1 1g l1t liy !.l1is q110t:i.t.io11, rn n r·Prn in :.; tlt 1• ],i nd :111d tlw
J111· :1 s11r1• .,f our .l1 'i" ' 111]1 •1w1• 11111111 11,.. L:il .11 1 :111 d t.111 • (lrr:ek
11·onl :-< i11 E11glis lt-tli1• J.,ss1lli t.:rn g lit .. ii""'" '"'I', 11ot. l1y what.

The .An:;lo-Suxon awl the luti11 .

83

Marsh say s, but by Ll w \\'ur1ls h e us•·s iu sayi 11 g it.

1Ve submit that, i [ t.Jic, ..\ u glo-Saxon

SO

ll('arl y Sll fli t" 'S

fl)!'

11 our needs as .l\lr. Marsh lH: re eLiims, li e w11Hl1l n(Jt
. "mself have lwl'n 11riv1·n t() rt 1lid.io11 so largr·l y .,J:tssi 1·: tl.
If we cou nt each word liut 011ce, we ti11d tl 1: d. si.rl!J JH'r 1·1· 1il.
of th e words J\Tr . .l\T:1rsh lll'n '. 11 :;1· s 111 ""''''.tiz i"'./ ti"' .!"'.'' " ·
S axon arc th e 111s1·l V l·~ ,),1.,,;,,,,/ !
The Anglo -Saxon and the Latin rn Our Vocabulary.-:

Rlig ht pPr C:f'l th1 ~· 1· oi n11r \\"11rr!,-.: ;1 J'( ' tli 1· 11t' i '. . '.· :11 : 1i l11(l11 - J·: 11J' ( 1pcn.n \Vordi-;; son1t· art- ( \·lt i1·: :-;1111H·. ~c;u11 l 111H\' i;111 ~ ;-;01111',.
Greek; a nd a f,:w hav e Lt>1' 11 :td t>pt•·d fru111 Ll"' l:111 g 11: 1;..: 1·s t>I
the peopl es with whn111 Ll11· 1•:11gli s li l1a\'1· hail 111 k r,.., 11rs1· .
The rmnaiudo·r :ll'n 1\ 11 :;l 11 - ~axu11 ;111'1 L:1ti11. 1t. 1s , .i· t li1.s
~ remainder, more 1ii:111 ninety per cent uf ti"' vocabul ar~-.
th~.t we arP now tn

s 111•ak . ,\1111 11·c sh\11:1.J s1w: 1k 1111)1..pl:i.i11ly if we 1:u11l.J SJll';dt l'jll '1·il i1::1ll.v -- 11' ,,. ,, •·111ild tl1r"w
these words i11tr> (']:1ss<'s a11d 1.... 1< :1t, t.! 11 ·1 11 1.Ji, 1·"· Tl 1is w roanno t i10 l1 f' l'I', l111t \\'i\ l':lll gi v1· tlw n·su:b ro ·:l('lll'1l l1y ll"
in work of this kintl snlist:111 l. 1:1.liy d"111; 1· ls1 ·\\·)1,.r1· - n-.s1dts
whi ch n ot u11L1i t. i11'11ll ,v pid11r" l.1 11· l'u11di1111 s uf ll1" A11!-'. l11Saxvn ant! t.! 11' l.:1t.11 1 i11 t.!11· L1 1!-'. l1 sli 1·111·:1!.11Liry .
'['h e prOIIO\IJIS :111ii i.111' lilllllt'l':ils (Lli1>.S('. 1111 (. l 11ll11-E1 1rl)pea11) , l»li1' irr1· i.; 11i:ir \·r·r iis (i 1ll' l11ti 111.c:: Iii •' :111:-:il i:1 ri .. ,), t i"'
prepositions , and Llw 1·011w11• L11>11s ·" " .\ 11_:]11 :-;,t\1111
.
In addition WC m~.v say that. t.liP ll:lllil'S or Slll'll tl1111 ,i.;s
(1) in the animal :tml vcg<'tal,] c 11·orlds :is w1·r<' 11:t1 i , .., 11>
the iflland and :.'." '"' rally k11nw11 lwfnr<' tli1' C11 111111 .. st; tl11·
Jl:ll\WS (L!) 11[ t.li.- 1111t\\·a.nl p:1r1.s 111· t. 111' :111i111:tl Lully. a11d of
thmw i1it·.1,rna.l nr i.;:u1s t.i1:i.t 1·:1s1 l.1· r1 '\' l':1 l t.l11'i r 1> n 'st ·111"':
(:l) ol' C1>llll\\J)J1 !1111! .Ji n ,:.;s :lll•l ili1·1r 1wr .. ·ss:1 rv 1•:1rt.,; : (-1) 11 f
the lwnselwl1l <"111i 1o111•·ntt.h:1t h .111ili «s Jt, i11 g in s11t·l1 huus s
rn11st. lia\'<' ; (:ii 11f s11c·h f:1r111 i1nJ>l1·11H·11ts :1s a !'" 11 1•11· n1.1 1·
in arts ;lnd :q.: r 11·.11 lL 11n· 1_ ·11u !d 111:1k1 · :111d 11~1' ~ (Ii) (if i H'('t:r 1:tt io ns rnai1i!y lll:lllll:li; (7) uJ' t.J11 • l':.;Sl' llj,j;i} d j ,· j.,j 11s 11f t.i1111· :
11

84

Th e

{(Jl(l t/11; !.u1:11.

_,.·f 11vlu-81uun

tli1 ~ a1 1t. 1i\ )J'

(S) t l1 e vnl 1s ll 1a t cx prc,;s ma ny of tli c c us t vmary aets in

J[ t: \' t.•r y \\' u r d u f

tl11~

·u;;etl, tl 1e l'l'.,.. 1i1Ls n·:u"111"l will \i., "'"' t.11 111 ,c; : 11'

111 atl' r ial wurl1l :111<1 " l"'l':tt.iuw; i11 t.l1e 111c11tal; and
('.I ) adj1 •1·Ll\'1•s tl 1:1t 'k1111 L1• 11i11·io11 s s1' 11 s ilJk •111alit.H·s and thfl
ol;t rn s ivc ;1ttril111tc:s oJ' Llw i11tellt ·d 1 ol' t l1 c 1•11 wtio1 1;1l 11ature,
an d ol' c ha rat.: te r; - U1 1::;c ;1 rc l11 :ti1il y An glu-:-)axvu.
Hu t tu 11;uHe (l) tl1i ug;; i11 tlw allim a l a11il veg r tabl e king<l u111 s sPr- n 11y t. ra v1!l; (:!) tu t1 1•1w l1• ln1i1 d i11t:s lii g l1 cr and
u1vr(· co n111 lex than th e rrn11111" 11 <hn:lling, and to ma.rk
t h11s e ]':t r t s uf tl1<·111 and tl1 0,;1 · ll!' lo11 gings to th e m nufallliliar l 11 tliu A11 g lu-:-;:1xu11s , l111t 111•1·1ll'ul, 11·c s hn11lJ th ink ,
p1·.. 11 for co mfur t; (:: ) l1 l i1 1d i,·:d.r th usc parb of th e
l>ud y am.l t licir fu11l'l.iD Wi 11·hi1·h s1· 1t·1Jr( ~ h as cli se loscd;
t.11 il e 11 <1t." (-l) til L~ lt> 11g•' I' 11 r Ll1 e 111or<: w i1111 te d ivi::; i1111 s of
1.i11 1e, a m] tli e oe1·11p:iL io11s t.li;1t in<liL·ak hi gl1Pr c ult11re ; aml
(;'•) g t'll L'l':tl ly, t.11 J11 :i r k tliv l1·ss 11rcli1 1;in· J•li ys 1l':tl ads,
r1·q 11irin;_:', m:llly of tlw m, phn a.1111 cn11il,i natio 11 . :incl to
Ji,·1111h· th u less <•l>vi uns "bjt"Cts antl <1ual1t.i es <Jf <JLj1•1:ts in
Lh1 • 111 1!.L·r \l'O l'l<l; - L11 tlu tlll' s •~ t11i11 ;,:s 11·,. tlr:Lll' laq;1:l,v
11pu n tl1 c J,atin e l1·11u·11t of t lH: lan g 11:1 ge. An1l whu11 WA
1111'11 to t.i 11• \l'()Jds in l•:ngli s h · ~ xprc·ssi1·p ((i) or e i1· il a11rl
srn ·i: il n rg:111izaLio 11 , or m;o·tl (7) to il1·1 wt" i .t.ell1·cl ual ads,
s L:1 l.1 ·,; . q11:1lit.i<'.S, jJ(J\l't'l'S, ]tC1SS\' Ss i<'11l S, j•l't Jd11 .. t.s , tJI' l'P•]llir"d
<·'-') lll 1• ;.q 1rflsS ti1t • l i i g- IH· r ( t ·1·111 1!.!"·'-' :in d tilt· 1 r :u: ~ o f 1·! 1:Lr:u·.L1·r. rir lll't:tlt-J (!J) tu dt·110 Lu tl :tss <·s and g<·11e ral 11ut1ons, w11 Ji11d t.l1 e r1111Lra s t lil' !. ll'i'C' n t. lH· A 11gln-:-;a xo n an d the
L:t t:in in Englis h m ost strik ing. 1t is in wunls expr<'ssive
or t l1t'SC t.l1i11gs that the Anglo-;-;ax o n elellll'l1t is painfully
ln.1·king.

i.....;

,.(11 11it1· 1i ··cr' r .'f

oa.ch word of t.111, rw t li()r is 1·111111 t .. i1 l.1111. """'', 1111 111:111 .. 1· 111• 1"·
often u sed, t li e r (' s 1lits r 1·;u·itl'<l 11·il l L1! •111it.e a1111tl11·r t li i11 .c: .
The wonls ofte nes t e 111i'l uy 1·d , nu t. a lv 1w i11 nrdi11:1ry t.: v111 n sation, Lut fur lit vrnry ]' lll'J'OS1•s ;1s "··· 11 . :1r1· tlw in1 •::1 1b r
·_ verbs (l'SJll' " i: c11y i h e ; 111~iii : , ri1 · :'), ti"' 1• r<>11 .. 11 w' . 11 ,,. :1 1::
cles, the prqlosi t io11~, ;111d t l1<' 1· 11 11.i111H·li1111 .' . Tl11 ·s ... 11·11! 1
scarcely an e x•Tj•tiun , ;1r1· J\11 '-'.)" - ~ ;1 ~ 11 11. 'l'i 1" 11.. r.J:-; 11 ,,. 11
constantly app•·ari11::. reap pe:uing. 1•11 ti,.. pages 1·1 literaturc
and in public discourse a ,; wt·l l :1 s i11 1·11 \J, ,. 1111 a l s 1..-•·1·i1 :11"
almost exc l11 s i vd y Anglo-Saxon . :'-\ 11r1·l \' ti"· 111 .. 11" "1 .. r
counting \v1!1 lia.v1'. n 1111·l1 t. 11 d 11 \r it-li tl 11' i·>.: l11liit 11 1; 1dt ·.
J\fr. Gt~ org" ·1'. J\far.-;Ji at 1111 <' ti 111 e 11 1:1.J,. s1· 1·i·1:il ,._\, ·• 1· 1.t ,,
frorn 1>r1t.i s l1 :i1 1t i .\ 1111· 1· "·:11 1 " 1· it • ,. , . 111 · counted each w onl
in these cxtr: l(' b ev ry time it w;1s found. :111.t 1•1il .J1,,l11 ·, I t! "'
r esults in t:Li il 1· ,; 11·l1i l' i1 s lio11· tli: it tl"' .\ 11r.:l11 - ~ " ' " '1 ""•l •l '
u sed Ly i l1 f·~ 1 · 1 :1 1· n r. ~· ~· 1l f r11 111 ~~ ·\ · 1·11 ty ti' 1 1i11~ ·t_\ 1·1 ,·1 · 1.. ·i- 1· · 111
of all th e wo rLb (•111pl<•y1·(l 1..1· t.J,,.111. \\ '1 · .c: i 1·1· t i'" " ' t i~ 1 111 ·,.;
with out jud g 1111•ut as t11 \1·111'1 l"'r t l11· 1·:-;l.r:i"h 111:111" 11i·r"
amplu i11 1111111l1t·r a11il 111 l1·11.~· 1l1 111 j 11 s Lil.\' t.111 · 1·l: 1i111 ll i:tt.
tl1 e y f:li r1,1· n ·J'l"'S >' lll t li 1· 11· 1· 1 11·i111 ·i1 t J,,.., .. 1111· 11 111 I !w i r
C0111pfe / f! \\'!1\"i..; :-.; 11 1; 1. l i '

llj l 1 H l

t ] 11 •

.\

ll,'..'_ 11 1 - ~ ;l \ ( \lJ.

lt came i11 o ur way :;;m111 · y 1·:1rs s i111·1· L•> 111 :i k1· a h r 111"""
e xtendl!ll Px a111i1 1at iu11 of t l11· \1· 11 r.J s 1· 111 11"' 11L 11 1·1t • 1"' :111.J
Rpcake r s cl111os' " Tli e tli [/; .,.,.11/ words oi' 0111~ :\ 11H·ri1 ·a1 1,
H.ufus Choal1'. ;1:; i'u1111 d i11 l11 s •·1•11q•l1·ti· \1·u rLs. 11 1 l't' i11 .. 11 .:.J 1t.
to getlw r arnl :L1T:111.:::•·d ;1lt,ii:dH·lw ;1l h·. 'l\1\'11!1· otl1··1· oil.' ·
tin~uisLetl J1u~ 11 t.- 11 J:ri Li., Jt a 11 1l 1>'11 ,\ 11"'r i.. a11 -- '.1·,·1· ..
ch osen. l 1'rw11 Pad 1 of !. ll<'s•· a s 111· ,·1· l1. a11 :1 r~111111 · 11 t :i t. t 111'
bar, a n o ra l i1111, <•r s 11111•· <·li :q 1t.1·r s <• t a. 111 .. .J; 11 .·1·,. t.:1L .. 11. :iit •i
the W\\nls nf' 1•:Jl'l1 :tHl l111r 11·1·r•· :il 1•l i:11.di1·:1lh· 1,J:i ,.,., J No
word i11 any one "r 1111· tw • ·111.1 · - • 11 11~ 11' 1s t 1111 .·; 1·.. ,·111.·.J w as
counted more than once. 1111J...,s t. l"· s1 ·\· c·r:1i 1.. n11 s ., f 1t. 11·,.,.,.

The Anglo-Saxon and the Latin in Actual Use. -The
n•Li t i v ,~

11u111llf'r of tli c An g lo-S:1xnn wnn h a111l nf t h e Latin
11 ,;o•il h y writ.PJ'S :l.llll p11lili n Sj•<':'Jk l'l'S d1'l >l'IH1s SOlll('\\' liat.
11J •Oll t h t• 1u:i.11, 11}\(Jll liis ~ u l1,i 1•1·L :ind 11 p <1 11 th e cnlt.11rn of
tl111s" atlt!n·ss1·,l.
H11 t . in tlH· s li1111·i11g, t.ii e J•Cl'<'.<'JJt;1geH
iJ,·1w11d ~t.ill lllOJ'e la1·g1•ly 11]•011 tl11• 111dl11ld uf C(l\lllLi 11 g

-_.(

·~ .

'Us indispensable.

\\', ,

s:1y i11rl1'.'J'''11s ,1 ule:

~~ 1i 1 ' li

1

com1w) npL v:e i11 11 1:Ll.tt·r an•l 111 111:11111"1"

fn!ln disLi1wt r11ot s ; 011ly Olle de 0 n·e of an :uljcctivc or a
ad1·erb; only 011 c of tlie six or se1·cn possible forms of ;in
ve rb; 011ly on" case or m1111 bcr of :i noun or pronoun.
··
this be li<>rne i11 mi111l- it is tlic one p11i11t nf tlilfon'nccp
1111te wuril1y l1erc, l!l'tWt'l'll our 11·ork a1Hl tliat of 1\fr. Marsh>
J\ f'tc r tlic elassilii:a Lio11 o f th(~ words a co uut was 1nado
n.ntl t. !JtJ p e n· e n t.:1 g 1·s \l't•rn n· a«llf•tl. ()qr h 1il cs sl1ow tha.t.
twl'11ty -011c r1 ·1 11·1· s" 1it :1t. ivt~ :111 t li .. rs, in r1·1•n·s• ·11t: 1Jin' dforts
!
-- . '
•
'
lt:-1P1t a.111·r ~·1·nt ui Loit111 w11 r d;-; Yaryl11g- f r o111 !)()~- to 72~·, _ ,
.~
a ll t! ul L:Lt111 a 11 d (;n'1·k t1wdlll'r
frn1 11 (i:~ 7_ t,o~,..
1 , vcr
;-,
•d
1 0
10 0
ag-ainst a p•·r et·11t I)[ :\ 11glu-;-;axon r:rngiug only from 2.1ft;
to ;l;{ 1-10 • 'l'l1is is the ::;hu11·i11g if e ach wo rd is con ntt·d but

1-1 I I t t

11·,.

1'11r, wl.11k tl11'

·y-hoat th~Lt tak e::; llS dfl il .•1 t." 11111' jthl'I~ 1>!' \.11sllll'SS IS
(liRpens:Ll 11.. , t.l1t: t.r:u1s:Llh1 1ti1 · sl.•·:11111 ·r tl1:tl. lw:t1·s us 111

fuope is Hot lc s::; su, 1·1·,· 11 Ll1u11 gl1 \1·,· S'J ln1 t """'" .
.
Itwou1ll ::;er m that tl"""' t.11· 0 1·l:1ss1·s 111' wur1b. m111glrn ;..:
·1',.,1V in tlH' r1in1•nt nl' 1'\'•.·rv Yw_:l i.slt Sl'ltl1·11•·<'. ]1;1\'l> ,[w,· lt
lo;ig and j'l(·:t--~ :11dl.'r 1'''-'.°'·t l wr 1!1:1 L \\' 1• :--.l11111ltl 1".l';t:-:t· l1) ·· :1! 1
1, 1.. 11 \\ ~· 1·:1 !l Ill it ., \\ l: lt1 1\l l. i ' l{ ,.,,.
t'
'
I
'
ruti ny, t..:11 w111•·' 11·nr.i.s :11·1· I ,:i I 111 :11 ,,J \\ l 11·· l1 "IT .\ 11·..:I ·1Siu.::on . Hv s,, 111 , . <'·:1r-111:1rks, l"'rl1<1ps. 1111 1". 1... rL1i1d1· 1111L hv
•
l>y l11s i11al1ility tu

.

I

·-!;h \31"

1

.

J

f : :I.SS .fUJ't'U/11. ti It'll _

'

I .

UIH' l·.

(1i·!"t \y,

Jl:i..n (11 l ' tlll ' lll

'l'l1 e ge 1H·r;d lwlit'f (I) tk1t for o nlin:1n' r.omm 11 nicatio 11 we make t lw lJt·:Hi• ·st dr;cfts 1IJ1P11 tlw .,A n.:..:l o-Saxnu; ( '.!) thr.Lt t.],p \\'Ul'cl s 1·11J11i11g !llost f tT•[ll•·11tly Lu tl1e Luiigue
:t111l oft.1:11\'st rqll':t!.1«l <>11 t-11" page are A11 g l o-::;axon; and
(:)) ll1;tt, while 0 11 so1· ial or b11si 11 .. ss topi c:; \\'lJ ca11 construct
wltule p;tragrapli;; wiLl1u11t a word uf Lat in, it is all but
i111possil1le to fr:u111: ;t ::;c 11tt'll<'" 11·itl1rnil. l.lH· Anc;lo-Saxon . _
Llii~ lwli1·f ti1 1~ llt-:·11r1·:-1 u!' 1.lH' cn11111:1r1:-:.1111 ~1 0 ' 1iuL ,j 1stt:rG.
:\n il t·];is :s lllll('li !;I) t'(i! t1'1·ss .; r.. r i!. i., :tll :u·k1111\\·]1·tlg1111:11t
Lii:1t 01 1r dt'J"'11tll· 11 c11 tlJHlll 1.111: A11 .:..:l11-Saxon is :tl1sulutc, so
far as it PXt<' 111l s. Ko r do tl1 es c iigmPs ( ·I) g il'I~ tl1e nurnb c r of tl1t! J\11gl"-S:1xon ant! .-.[' tl11· L1ii n \\'Ords rn nur
v1wal111lary, o r ::; t'l"t ie tli1·ir r:1t.i,; tu •':l<'li ,, f ),,. r, 11 r (:"i) <l<·i· ide
tl1e q1ll'stio11 wlil'tl1<'r, liad Oll i' :i111·t'.st;.. rs "f tltc tl iirt:i·l:ntlt
a11 1l i'tJ11rt1••·11tli Ct' l1L11ri,·s i1J11i;d,·d U 11 : :uwi1·11L (;,.,.,.ks or Lhe
111 0,_k rn <_;._.rm;~11::;, a11d. fo ruwd 11e11' wnnls hv cumpn11 11 din::i
11:tL1ve lllat•·n;tI, we llll g' ltt 11nt 11011· lt•: usi11.c; a 1·o 1·:ihnhn·
:ill of a pi1·1·f', and y•·t :l111pi1 • f11 r rn 1r 11 ! 111 ,,,._t llf'Pds. ]; 11"t
l'ru111 Ll11: t•xliii1it. J1i;1d" i1.1· tiiP '"""•J•:1ri;;1J11 ;iJ,,,y,., 11 ·11 t.] 1j 11 k
We: an ! w:1rr:wt.1·d 111 l'l:ti11 1111;..: t.i1: 1t. 11-u 1· ;1111ll!t dr1 witliout
tl1c Latin words in 0 11r Engli s h; tl1at, \l'ilt'll we rise above

\\. (1uid

(I JJ!'

,i1·

: 1·

\1111

1· 1il 1 11r 1 •

:1 \ 1 r:1 ....

~1 t :-:-

t.ha.t. t.liu 1'ollull'i 11 ~: Jt1111lls, :t>i.i•·•:1 i1·1· ;;, ;1.111! 1·c:r\;~ !J.. \.. 11;.;

)N'.t

o the J,;t1.i11
·\ 0rrp--' ' ••irt·,, C'\."'il!
{'t'til
_, . t

~

- pa.rt, p e n , pi ect> ,

•

c 1,...,I
.

•

f.11·f . f, 1r111, ink. !i111 ·.

111 ·ic1 ·, r11ll', :-\lHl1ttl,

0rn~~, cr11,l r~. Vir111. ~T:111d . l:1r~· '"

rare, real. ri ch n•iind~ ~a r" .
8(-'J rve,

try,

('rnik,

1· t1r1·,

1(1111•,

l11ik .

;uitl \·•_l il

~

j•: tiH .

J •;11r,

il) 1 l:

1·!t-ar~

J•a\1•. 1·1:1111, llf'OI'. 111ir··.
.c;1irt~, \·ai11. a11d v:t:4; ;1dd. aid ,
li.x, fry, 1111\, 11111\ · 1·, ]·:1_,-, :--;l\·, . •

lrlt' l'I ', 111<··· .

·"' " :ll'('i'.

1

c1 11 .~".

tu11,.

fail.

L11r 11 , :1111\ 1i:-;1· .

These :u 1ll l11t11<lr"1ls 111' 11! l11·r sl1111·t L:tl.t11 11·.,rol s, :1 s w1·ll
unJerstood a s t.] , .. si 111 pksl. ..\11 ;.;! 11-;-;: tx .. 11. ar1· rn11s1 ly ll'i1l1 •11 1t.
·
~
t
f•11111v:u,.11
"· ]: 11 1. 1·'.- ,.11 t.l 10:-; 1· \\·11h ~;1 x1,11 d11 1'1 l11·:tl1 ·;-.;
t 1H ·y '.f 1\·1· 1,f <•11r :..:.]q'1 ·1·i 1 :L r 11 l t :-:-\ 11 ( 11 \·111 \
that. :ci11s 11s i11 111:tki11:-:; :111·1 i11 •' \J•l'"~~111.c: 1.111· li1ll'r t!is11111·1

=

~:i. xon
n.re

1

np(·p:--;;-.;;1r_,.;

tiom; i11 1.11 .. 11 ;.; lit.
Thf' Latin an· often ( l) tlll' n1t1~ l forcible

rn Fw.:-

11·,,r·ls

1ish . \Vli;i.L , \t 1 ~1 1 1 . ~;t~1 1 1 1 \·1· 1·\11 1!. t1·;t1·l111 1 .~ 111:1 1 1 ·!11·~ 1!1 \ ·1:_;1f1 ·
'.n culcntri --·
(l ri\·t · i11 \\· it 11 t lw 11 1·1 ·1 '.' \\" ] 1;1t. <ii li ·r :i.d.iiT l l \'
11
r1rnot in g liP;iltl 1
\\rOri1s,

'

1111

..:x.,
~:;~');:::

11:1:-; tl11·

rurLltl1a l 1

the et.y 1r11 d11;~ist .

1

1

t,(1

,

;-;. tr•·11 ~·1l1

:1r1 ·

,.r

11r~·~11:11it.

r11lu1s.I -- 11 ; 1l\~·11 ';'
.

1

\\·1 t. 11

•

11H·:111111 g

l'

lll~lll11~\
.

•

;...;,t1··l1
•

t.(1

I 11 this 1lll'y diff1·r f'n1111 ll'li:d. t Ji,~ v1gurn11s ,

'i

I'

"

88

Qllalitii:s (f Style - Pers]"ir·uity.

----------·-- - - - - - - - - -- - -----s"ll'-('Xi•:ai11i11g A11gl"-·'-'a;;ou word:; would Lan: !,.,e n had
tliat c lL·1n c 11t lwt,11 fostered. Tlwy gi\·c ('.:) conciseness to
expn:ss iu11 ; like t'anals :ieross i:;t.l11m1scs they >iliorten the
---

·
1· LI '""'-'
. ''' 1· '.lr<'ss1·d
,::-~fovel to tlw con1pre l lf·11.sw11"
-. . . . 'l'l1us·. ·1>1t1<'li
..
~ we mav prop1•rly i11 . . ist 'IJ""'; l111t it 11·"1ild lH> un111,r. tn
- e ncourage
'
·,·i·k fur sneli 11·unls in t.! 11 ' A 11 gluour pn p1·1 s t<.• .s_

ll'iLJll':;s ·111: 1tlu11l, rt!011i111,li1', <'irt11111loc11tion. Ol'tener
A 11gio-:::>axou tlwy are (:)) metaphorical,
11 pun t h e thong ht a poetic l igl1t; as, dilapidated, appl ied to
fortun e or dress; ?"tli11ed, to el1ar:tctf; r; himinons, to express1C1 n . Tl1ey impart U) grace a11rl smoothness to stylcan, tlie 111.11sicctl, melodious, a.nd mellijluo11s 11·o nls of the lang11age. Tl1t·y give (i"i) pomp and stateliness to diseo11rne,
a111l make possil.Je the gra11d m:urner of Sir Tl1u111a:; Bruw 11e,
of J\ii1to 11, antl of D e ()uinn•y. A \"llf::tlrnla r y l ike ours,
dul y <:r1111)'onnll cd of the Teutonic a1Hl the J1omau ce, has a
1n:u1if'ulrl1wss and an affl11e1Jcc of W<'alt.h that adapt it to
f!\' c•ry ki111l of writ.illg, and a rc wu111l .. rf11ll y sti 1Hrrhti1·e of
it. A1" l so, wltilc th e literat11rcs in C1tliPr l:u1gu:q;cs excel,
Pa.<·11 i11 some single Jcpartment, onrs is eonfrs:;erlly cl!linent
iu all.
ro11tf· -

Saxon elemeu L ~dune.

th;u 1 tl1c

LESSON 33.

usg

\Ve arc not surpriscrl then to Jind the wise Alexander
llain breaking out, on the opening p:ig1~ of his work, On
T.,addng EngUsh, into, "To write co ntilll1ously in aJ1ytliing
lik e p11re Saxon is jilainly irnpnssiJ.J,.. i\lnr.-·11ver, no!lc of
our sta.nd:u·Ll English ;urtl1on;, wlil'tlH'r in l"'"s•· or i11 pndry,
l1avc t.l1(1ught it a m e rit to be st11di o11sly :-;axon in tlwir
voPabnlary."
The words cllllscn shou ld h1• appw1 •ri:1 Le

1.,,

tlic t''l'ie, a11d

l'lt<>l'ltlETY

,\\ ll l'(( 1:< ·1:-;11 •:\.

'l'he tlio11g11t of a sentence may Le largely _or even wholly
. el
o bscur
' < l1y tl11•
· , "X1·1•cc1.v1·
~- . "'"
• us"
· ,,flung
· :t11d :t111·0 i1·urds.

·w h il e it is diflirnlt tn ex;iggPratc tl1P \\"Ork and tlie worth
u[ tl1r! A 11,glo-:-.;axoa in E11gli 0:d1, we 1l1·pn·<':d.P wk1t l1:r.-; bct'11
e:dl1·d t.hc " vioknt l'l!adit•ll '' tkLt l1as sl'f, i11. in fav11r of it
- a n·action that, canied to t.hc cxtn·11w, would pradi"ally disi11li<·ri t 11s of v:u;t Yl'rbal j11•ss1•,,sirn1s. ]~ut, without
any wish or effo rt: t.u e lia11111i o11 t.h 1• L:di11 1·l1·n11·11t, we may
s:1f1•l y s ay that this reaction ramiot Ill: c:tnie<l to the extreme.

'·i

OF WOIUlS- lllF F ICl ' l.'I' \\'<lH!l:-;,

To the Teac h er. - r11 t· i ie. H e visinu
· - Lesson t.liat }'t1ll will 111 ·cf l tu Jn;tkt' l\Vu

\\" f~- l1'L\"e
i.uldl'd HCI 111nclt to t.l1i ::\
'

Direction. - :-;u1d1· tlic-.sc· s1·11t1·11 c-r·s

·1 1 I ·" tl tl1i1d
\ 'ull t1lidt_'r:-:. t:u1d
t i.
.
'· _

tlie1n, awl tlw11 µ·ivt· tl11·ir

l111·:t11iJt ,~

uf

it.

111 ·""i11qrlt·

Lu1.~tLt ,:...:;· ·

1. 1Ji111i11uLi\·c ;lwJ tkfect iv1~ :--Ian...', l't·at·li r11_y i·< 1q1.'H'u\·~.·'.·tt11:(~
innne<lia.Lelv. ,.J'is 111y eu111pLu:1:1n:y thaL \·e ...,L lu it;tVG to cit~( o111'
lllV 1-JCl'SO!l l,ri !ll l

" 2.

]ITf! 1. i(1Ufh.
·'-

ta.nces, with

--

fr i.~i,Jity .

.
.' 1111. -11 1;1,.,
-. r··fi l' 1il:l11·.J. or .11·1' 11-<sated, :d. eq11al dh-

i11L1'.r:·d . i1·t~:-i lwt

. An auLupsy was

dis~ase,

! lw i11t1·1-.....;1•(·1

\\' tT11

}u~l.f,

wl1ich

H111:-i.

l't:\'l'·a l i·• l

.

ex tt>ll~ 1\'• • -c·anl
. . iac
. .

consist.ing of hyperlr"pl1y, with aneuns111 o( the ·"'' L1

. J·ust below iLH bifurcation.
.. '·
' _ in<livi<lu:Ll
.
. .
4 . A 11, or 11 , use<l i 11 :i general sense to clenot(~ :in
_'::."_• member of a cbss o r sp1eci.-s or

-

~-.· nus

in all utl1er respects mdelet . .
5 l le felt tJ 11 , f11\i fun'>· .,f tl•a t. ;;11l•l11n:uy "'\Ill]'''''" that "'e 111 "d
·
·
.11 t of !01w-sn
evermore
to ha11~ s11spe11dc~d 01·er 1·I1e a tt. arn111<
"' · 11"·iit
"

minate 1 is calkd "'' i11.J.· 1i:i it .. ar1i .. :1·.

!JO

'\

(Jaalit iel:i

4

Style - l 'crspicuitv.

7 . l it! wa~ a:;,;aulted duri11 g his pn•cipilatetl re l urn by tli e
rud c:st fi e rce ll es8 of wi11try e le 111 e 11tal str ife, tl 1ru11g-li wl1ieh witJ1
i·ad acTu 111 111 udat io11s :rnd i11 11 11111<: ral.J e accid1·1!1,; li e liec::u11e a )Jrey
to LI"• 111 c re iJ.:.,, J>:111 gs uf tl1e ac 11 lt.!.' t. >J>as 111111lic rlwu111ali.-;i11 .
8. J .a!l~l ta.~·e, ur ~11t '. <:1·i1, i:-; t!1 e u. tt.._.ra11 cc of arli c ul aLe :-:;uu11Js
r1 ·11d1•retl , i;,; 11iti ca11t liy usa;.;-e for th e e:q>rcss io11 :iml cu11111 1u11i ca1i~ H 1 11r !l 1 0 11 .~· lJt:-i - 1ll'l i 1 · til:tf1• S() 1111d .. .: h 1 ·it1 .~ t J1n" t' wJ1 \1·Ji a n • r11n1 1ed
l1 y tl 11 · upe nin~· :111d c lu ... i11 ~ of tl it• nr;_!"a11 .... 'f' Ji,. c lu:-:i11~ ur approx·
i 11 1;tL i u 11 uf ilic o r g an s i:i an al'lieulalio11, o r joi 11 t l11 g .

2. Use Words with Propriety and with Precision . - Pro'l .j

I

l·

"i

priety n :q ui l'L'S t. li:tt t.! 1;, words and phrases 1·111ployP..J s li o1ild
lll' used i n t lit.: senses l'l'l'Og 11i zed by goo1l E11glisl1 a uth o ri ty, · favored liy prc vaili11g- usage.
Precision 111 ea11s exactness, and iiP111:i 11ds that one's words
s i1<> 1Iid express j us t ll'k1t hL' means t·o <'Xpn ·ss - 1111 lllure,
1111 I i · ~:-: . "J JO Pt-ii •.'!'.
i• -l' ru pri ety
is s:i l !:·d i1·d if\\' (' writ P g1iud
E1 1g li s lt: l'l'l'Cis ion di·111 ~uHl s sud1 a cliuier of gnoi1 1''.n gli sh
:1.s s l1 :1ll Pxpn·s" m1r Jll1•:u1i11g."
TJi,. first half of pn·1•1·pt ~ - t l1:1 t n·s11('ding propriety
- L·1 1jui11s 11:; Lu m;e wunls wi Lh the 1111 •a11i11 g::; th 1•y l1ave in
g<HHl :111t.h;,rs. ·\\'1• C;1 11 ti11d Pu t t li1.•se 111 .. :u1in,c;s u1ily as
\\'(• l'P: 1d s w· h :u1tl 1urs, a11t.1 st11<t.r tla~ Lli1:tiu11:Lric~ , wl1ich
rdl 1·<·t tl1" 11 s:1gt· s11ch authors u11(·on se io11 sly e 1·1·aLe.
])11ri11 g t.h1 ~ Li s t t.. ·11 t>r fift1·t•11 y1 •:1rs m:111y lio11k s l1 avc
U• ~ 1 ·11 writte n to tell the E ng li s h wtirld "·liat w o rds aml
pl1r:ts1·s !ll\lst 11 ut l ie usc 1l at all; or, if nscd, in what
s1·11 s1•s antl ll'it.li wl1 :1t f'u11c1ions.
The \\·riters of tli cso
h Pol; s sin g 11l:irly :igr"(' in wk1 t tlw1· ]'l"<•" l'l'il11 · :111il i11 wli:1t,
npt•11l y and hy in q 1li1·:it.inn , tl 1l'y J'l'l ·sc ri lw . Hut iL J ue3
ll()t :t]'!'• ':tr tl1:it t lwy l1a\'(• t l1P \\':11'J':lllt. 11f 11 s:ig-t• i'ur wliat
U1t ·y so oracuia rl y r.e:11·ii - LiiPy sdd11m or 11 l'\'1•r q11otc it.
L:11· l1 \\'nh·r s 1waks for liirn st' H, :uid 1111 t.lic :uithurily uf
l1i,; i11t1il'itl11al n ;asu11. Tl 1i s w.o 1·:111 :1nlr rn, for wo am a,l;h;
(.il sl 11_>1Y Ui:tt i11 very 111:u1y, i11 llltist.. ,,r ult' i lllj>Ort.ant judg-

1. \VP n ir1 11 11sP s 1u·h lw !'u n· a 11 :1il ,1 1·1 ·t.i,·,. a!ld its 11w 11 1
..- 1..u·h , \l•t ·:-:. 1:(J t 111 1l1i i ly t !11 · 11u 1111 :1l 1H11' ~ \\'t · ;tr 1•

p ve·n \v11, . 11

n<'lt restrw t.1•d t" s 11 11 1 S1t1·l1 1·:1 01·s .
Sur·h

0

l'alua/,fr

come lle\\' s .

--

a ii s\\'l' L _

:-:i 11q1r i:-:. ,'.

')'1; 1111 !Json. .

a t

su1-!1

111111· r-l-

1:,.f) 1ufr .

2. VV e muy uSH e1u·h oili er wlwll s1wak i11 ~ of 111ore Ll1:w
two obj t•r·t",; - \\'" a n : nu t· n·s l ,I'll' t 1: • 1' l.11, uu1~ u11ut!u' 1· in :..;111 · \ 1

cases.
'1'he lhn: i~ llllh h·:-; 0 [ sl1<q1in;..( ;1 pro p n:-- iti1111 , i\i ... ti111 •t as th 1' _\" a n ·
fron1

eucli

1''eumun1.

11{/1,' r,

f11llow

C'~1JH'!111r:-1r•

11 f

f' ({ 1'lt

utlwr

Ill

·"' ' ' l \ll 1 ' 1}t ' I'. ~ ./ .

11;tl 11r ;1l

th(' 1·r1ri1111s _i(u·1il1i,,s

111111d \\!iii

11( tl1 e

//.

,q, ·h

oth er. -- ll'. tf1 ,,- /',,r, ·r .

:1. \\- 1 •

111

only-\VI'

1111 11 :--:. i'

;11:,_. 1111t.

1 1 1 11 '

lfufl/!11 ;1·

]' P ~f.rH·l1 · d

\ \- L 1 11 :'J )t ; 1L i 11 t.:

111

( ' ff()J

1 1'!1 1' 1·

ThA lrno il1'11Ji1·' L1ii1 :1l 1.. lt i» I ,,,,,. '1 iwllu
rlo t.h~~ miud

J\lurli 11 N11 1.

;111tl

I . Iii~

1u1i1-fTS1 '

1·. -·- ./.

1·n1111111111i1": 1te

\Yi

( 1f

l \ \ "U

Pl\.i,·1 ·1:--:

~~ \H'li ('~l S t_'.'-'.

Ill

1:.

th

r;,. ,., II .

(11/1 '.

11 .. \\·

u11 11 flo-r.

-

-··.. :

92

Qualities of Style - Pcrsp icu'ity.

4. \ Vc ?nuy use a greca deal, a great many, or a good
deed, a good many. l.!sagu is equally diviJcd between the
two forms.
r.Icans a great deal. - E . A. F reeman. A great many authors
live uccause, etc. - L owell. A guod many things have goue out
wi t h the fire on the hearth. - C. D . Warner. Detained befure tlie
eye a .qood deal 1011ger. - D e Qui11 cey .

G. 'vVe 1nay use which with a clause for its antecedent.

·on t hese subject!; th c·y ;ire deYoid of the fal se prete11s io11 s of Ll1e
npper class, which is au nn~pe akalil e corn fo r t. - P. G. 1Iamerlon.
1f Oldy~ ni eaut the last Duke of Buckingha1n, which is possiule.
- U. (; . Wliite.

fI;r,

~) ;)

of IVunLs -Tropricl.'f ·

0. \V., 711 111; llS11 /,,,/ft 11r <1// \\'llli ''.f :111d its 11"1111 :tft("r 11
nec1l JH1L \)I' a(lj1·{·t1\·1· s ln_ 'J(1n ,:_:-i 11 .~ t ct I HHl!l:--1 ol" J 1 !'t ~ -UO UHS, tho ll gh t. his is tl1t•1 r 111or" CO!lll!l(Jll llSt'.

~"'-:·- -t J-u~y

' •·;;1a1·"·
.
- For all of //1 c111 t.he (_;rr.r'J l1:u l u11 1y e1
)8 enough of hi111 fo r /,o/h. of tis. - E verell .

lQ. vVe

?/ll_('!/ llSI '

eillwr i1 1 t.Jw

S 1'il S t'

nf

/1. I '""!J ·

'1'1w 1·1·.

f" t t o'/1.

Tie R:·nv t l11~ la1Pl :-;\\if! Jy rr·1·~,;li11 g 011 t"it/1rr _.; /df'. - ln·i"_r:. :\
te rr11 inaJed hy e~·a.g,L!"y rocks at f'/lh1' r 1· 111/. --- flau 1tlwr11,.,.

11. W e may u se the forms ony or evP r!J or no or sumr'
· one else's, o r lUl!J cir erery Pr 110 o r sr1n11' IJ11ti!/ p/sp's. Th1·n·
-- is very little autli\lrit.v f11 r }'lit.ting tl1e 's ll['Oll

0111:

nr /,,,,/!/.

Niy hap p it1t ~s:-1 ):-;

1;. \ Ve muy use wlt ether wlie n three o r wore ol>j1·ets are
spoke n or - it is 11ot restri ct c(l to two.
lFlt PflttJr :-Ls a (· iti.:cn, a. JNtl r iur , or a l'racli cal pl1 i!n snph,~ r. - F: tti'Cll.
l JI ltdl1 Pr !Jrim , qroltJ."'/'U', 1t·!1i111 .•:i,·,t!, cir playf u J ly nj/1•1·tifl1Htlt' . - ,\f/1110.
IVl1 e1/i er arl or sc ie11 ce or pr;~ctieal cmft. - D et111 Cli •ffc!i.

- fll'?'t'lU .

110 inorrl. d e:-: lrabln t l~a11 anyluuly 1.· f.'i f". ·.~. - . il_l 11 r1_iF' i ~~ ht. i n somf'. onr. rl.w: ' :-; quarr1·\. -- l~ ' m . J:/u.·k. ( )11r laitl1 i :...

. apt to be a f:Lit.h i11 sume on e ei>e\ h11\1. -

7. \ Ve ?l!ll!J HSC tli1~ r·o11j1111rli"11s e i/fu•r <Lilli 11e itli er 11·lien
s p1·:ti(i11g- o( Lhrec or rnon ~ oiij1•1·ts , - \\"< ' n e 1·1l n"L r1 ·...;t.rid
t.lH·111

t.o t:\vn .

:\ '1·ith er J: cr1r nor ()1/,.-1/0 n•>1· J f,,,./,,•//1 nnr ff• 11t1I•·/ i., s o ty pi cal ly
]'f'rft'd a tragedy as I.lie A qnm emno 11. - 1-"r . lln rrison. By either
1l f 11r/owe, Greene, P eele, or Shakespeare. - H. G. IVhite.

''!
~. \Ve may n sc tlin adjrctii·e prr11lfl1w Pit/11~ ,. or 1willter
wh e n s p1•aki11g o f t lirP P o r rn o n : oi•j1 ·1·is - we aw not
rest ri r.ted to any or none in such eases.
I I

·i

Tllt'rC is li lt.le nr no r c forPl1ct', i11 1•i1/,,.,- of I iii· 1/o·N parl$ , t,., tl 1e
clialog·11e. - T1rf' l'/1lonf"k. A111l ::.o 1u1itl11' r [nf t/11·, ·1' f:1n1 ili1-,...;J «:~11 lia\'e
prf\('f•rlc 11ct-'. - llir1qins1H1. ~l' li c d<•ci~in n niay <"<ill\ ( ' in ,•/thl'r of 1wrny
modes. - P rof IV111. Jmi11•x.

0

11111:.;.

12. \y,,

'!II"!/ 11 sto nu!! i' i n tlw siu'.;11/nr :1.111\ 111 Llit' 1il11n r/.

Hut

of t! 1 o~e wli o 1an .~h aL hi111 11oss 1,,..,, a tit hi-> ,,f Iii:->

1100 ,,

bilit.y. _ }1/n c uulo!f.
1.

11 ·111 . J

..Y11 11P has a lway:-;

t--11 ;u·1 1l1·

a.

:-:. 1·11 :-: I'. -

1:~. \ VP mm; use smn1•, wit.h 111111u ·r:ds . in t.11<~

:-11·11."\J-

/ , oirP//.

St·ns"

,,f

a //(Jill.
Some s.iJ' yf':tr'."' a .~·o

tir

da.qliell tl1ruu glt t li P g- alt'. -

11111 r0 . - -

( 'rr,./ylr: .

So11u · t!tir·ty l1c1r.'-'f'll11' t1

/; 1d!(' 1'I" .

14. vVe ?llW/ use the form st"ell 111 is being bui/l, was bPilf'./
built, to 1IPJ1< >l .1· 1'11Ji1.i1111i11g al"1.i1011 i 11 t.lw 1':1.ssi1·1· -- l\'t' :11«·
not r PRt.rid.1•11 t." t.li e fur111 SPP 11 i11 is l1uiltliu !/, 1c,1,; /1u iltli11'./·
Fro 111 !1'.
Thf' poi nt OH \Yhich Liie hat.Li e irn.< /,,.;,, !/ } ;" u1/,1.
\Vhid1 is lu·in11 ,/,, ,, , hy 111,.:11 is .,f ii . - .I. Jf ,, ,-f,..'I· \\'liil i· it /rfl.'
·
I
111• , I :1 _1· ,., I al l '.:ti Ii . -- .I . . I . :<11'"'""/.<.

1,_111:; f'"'l '"'-n ,

15. Wt• JllU'/ 11 s1· 1/11• witli :1 1111rli«i1,/" :i11d it.s o/>j ,,,·f- Wt'
are not eomiwlkd to pl: w.., t.!1" olij•Tt al'kr :L pr•·l'usit.1011.

CJ4
- - ---- -- ---- - -- - -- - - - - - - -- -..:...

-

.\ In d i tic-:Lliuu is prop1· r ly tl1 e /,rin;1i11:1 '' tlti119 i 11lo a certain
ll r1111ilt1J11 - Th e 111uki11y lumsr·lf dn11Jk . . . i~ a crime ag, •
0 Ll1 e rs. - _,1/1//. l'11lLro011 ery is th •! acl.-11011•/erl!]in!J an inferioriq; tu
i11cura.lde. ~ 1~~11u:r . .·u11.
-

e may use 'j<'t
•t by excr twJJ .

uth,·r ~c1 1Sl' :-i tli:ui tu "L''-j •r1-,,.; at Jc m:1 r i,, . u.-;1-.i '' 1tl1 /,,11·,. t " i11d1- po10sessioll a111l ( :!) ll•···· ·s-;it_1· : 11·itl1 .. 11t ""I'". c:) :1.-<
(4) iu the se nse ur /11·1·111111 ', (,., 11Hii,·.aLt- ~->) r1· :d 111t1l' l' ill

<l (G) figurnLive
lG . \Ve -may u,;0 lie/ween when speaking of three or
o lijr·ds - wp, a.rn no t n ·st ri ctt•d to a 11w 11y in such c
Tlii,; use of ud1ceen is fa1·o r('ll by the great dictiona
a1Hl can be trac.ctl ail the 11·ay hack into Anglo-Saxon.
Tlte i11t.e rco n1111u11icat.ion s lict11:crn t.lte eye, the em-, and t
we re of tlte od.JPst a nd ll1c MLI'allge~t . - Dr. John Brown.
falllil y lik e n ..ss /JetrrPen t he 11ine is so str(J11".-1lfarsh. An d
1/11·1:" w1·1-. , t!. 11 .Jrag-011, t.l1 c Jinn, an d tlte \H1l f, ll'liid1 sho uld 1_·
th e r .. :tl 111 lwl1r<'l'11 tl1 e111 . - ll oli11-<h erl.
TJ1e g-cnet,ic relat'
c L.ii11"d f,> e xi st hel11'f!P11. the jive g reat braw:lte.• of the$¢
f:u11il y. - W . D. IV!iit11 ey.

17. " 'c 111ny fulloll' tit (, i111ldini t.11 adjeetive pronom
liy a p1•rso11al prun <Ju 11 "r :t 11<1tm US(' (l in place of one
nc1 :1l JJ ut n~ JlL':tt tlic one.

rnuvum·11L.

arn-e eves you lta ue 901, wlt:d. l:tr g11 [,.,.f]1 """ h 111 ·P !I"' · ---

~ °'vv~ha:ie .fJolto 1(~'rr11

tl1at :--f<ll'·:-:1na 11 :--lii 11 i:-' th 1 •

.d of all art.s. -- !,mrYLI.

Tlw1- a1.- ti,.•

'""'t, ""'·'

lil 1 i:-:1

t" •vr

T:in 0 rson ,1,Jt 1rl'f :1.11 •1 clii]] .. d. --- ll11l1111 '.'· · .. \dou11
!tome. - ()1·on;e J»liut.
11.,11- tl1t1 .J,.11s yo/ '"'

Mosaic law. -

Stedm a n.

-~-.lli we can no lo 11 ge r f.uueit 1111' 111 ,.f:i l will1 i1111>1 111il Y. --9 The lead er at loiyt/, arn,_,,,_ _ _ .11,, .. ,,,,1,,!I·
.1 t 11''.';it''
trembles on. th e brillk of ;c1111iltila t.i .>11.- flu1rdn1 . 11 .. ,
·:ee which ori g· inat.es exact tlti11ki11g "ill u l lnu1t!t coi 11expre~si o n. - J)rr: f. J>/u)11s .
'J'i l ! u t l ·n:1tl1 \\·e r1·:wlll'd
-ills. - Eccrell.

exiict

1

~e_ may

11 se a t I1r<s t -

w11

ll l'<'<l

1111t.

Sit •y ul

IIll'

lwsl .

To liav c ""' " ' a 11111111·rn11.' l11 J11st•ltold ass0rnhled round
wn11ld l1 a.\" 1' i111a g i111·d tlial . li r "·;1 ~ f.ra11:--;portcd ba.ck t-0 ·" "l'l'.\' days. -- ln·i11q. To wa lk sta111i.-l1 lv l1 v the be.qt li ght ~,_
li:t." .. . - t.l1is i., tlt e dis.·ij' li111 1 l< y w i1ici1 :d1111e man is cnabl
n~ :-\<' He his life fro111 U1r:tld 11 111. - J/ .. I n 111!1!.
<Hu'

tli c phras •· o./ ult .

1S. \Ve

rotlier. hwl uellr?r lidore tlrn · -·
ri Vt~ - - we n eed nut s:Ly u:o 11l1l rullwr, would uetter, i:
Tltis is common usage from befor e Sliakl'spcare anJ. al
m:1y nsc lur<l

: \ t)

(l/11// . -

11·:1y d o wn.
J l,, l1•1•l fn·tlr:r !/n In an old r11ri•l.'i ty 1-'li«p on TTi g-h Sire-;!,
llu11·1ltorn(:. T luufratl11•r f1 tli1•1·e all tl1<' f:tLl11s i11 tl1 e Lege11d '."
Lhe Tal11n 1d :ind thn /\ kor:w. - 1Jaco 11. 'Ve !tad belier see
sysfe111 which will dev11lop l11i111· st 111 1. ·11. - J:11sl,-;,.,

.c \Vc

use con.shier wit.Ii tl 1 1~ 111>': 1n i11 .~ ,,r ile,,111, tl1i11!.-,
need not restrict it Lo tlu1 s• ·11,;u ul' pr11ul 1·,-,

'//lll!J

VG
Sl1P co 11 .<idered hi111 it reJJega1],,. -Jlfotley.
dut.y to c riti cise l\arl icab. - Minto.

He considered it his

24. 'Ve ?!lay n se just t.o <lr •11 nt.0 t im e and in t11c seusn o(
rece 11lly - we llCell Hot r es tri ct it t o mean e:ixictly, 7>rP.1:L~ely,
only.

I

I

l

":I

j'

.I

0

•/

25. \Ve rnay use rptite with the meaning very, rather - we
n ecJ not use it only in the sense of completely.
\Vhi ch is 'l"ite closc/_1; allie1l to 0111• of th~ more comm on
llf1 111Prl11n.
Q11il1.J car/11 i11 l:11 .c:·li.sl1 }if,·· rat.111-.·. - ,1f,11·,/1,

i 1 1 ~ a11il y . -

I le was r;nite a lion.. -.f 0/111 Fiske.
:.,

Quite nrrhnary humauity. -

ll 'alter Fata.

Tl1PStl are a frw ur the words arnl phrrtst·.~ n·s11Hicti11:,:
w;agt1 ;u11 l t'<•rL:1 in e n ti('s an: :it \';1ri:UH'\, - u sage
:tllu11 i11 g wii:tt tilt".) lurl11d . \\'t: say 11il111ri11y, 1"11r t.l1e eX·
]'l'l'ssi n ns whii:l1 w1• hcr1· claim "iil<P/ l1t· 11,.;,.d ;in· fo1111<1 i11 great
:il11111il:111eti i11 tl 1e :u1tl111rs we lian• r Pad. Tl1""" 1· x11 ri· ssi uu s
fur wl1i ch Ito al t.er nat. i n:s are g i1·L~ ll l1y u.s :lru Liw~e r.;um 11wnly
!' li1pl"yetl ; of tlie all i• n1:d.i1·., <' X]' r1·ssi1111s w1: lll:t} say that
t l1t1 one co ndcmiwtl is rn .. r. : uft.1·11 tl1t : t1111· 1·s1 1,.1·i :illy f<Lvoret!
w i11 el 1

!'
I
I

·i

1:1

···,

,_j, .•
'•'t'

0

1

Ire had just bee" so i11 tlignantly and rl1etorically denyi11.'I. 'Vhich had just lu:ni d cnri.<• hv a ;< 1111w-,tnr111. ·- '/'?1111/ali.

1lfotley.

oftc11tiu1e:;, tl1u.-;1; ul :L gruup, Lr".11 1 tJ,,. s: 1111< · 1·l1 ·11,..11l ,.( "11r
s pnlli" 11; I.r.·q_11•·11t. I .1· , !' r""' • 1' 11··1· ,.,.,.,, I · ,. I ,. I "'''I I ' ' · 'i'l11 • t J' :--;1 ill ]"1 '!' ')
in ]~ ng· li.-.;}i ar1 ~ Lir;..:-,·1:\' t.111: .\11.~~l \)-~:1~1i:l :1111! lh1' I,:1! 1 11.
\Vh en tl 1c:;e IVL'rl~ ult·11 d I 11g, \,l11· g r<>11· i 11 ,; l lllll [lllll<']I L ] t;td 1\ s
cholcfl lJtd ,\v 1·1·1 1 t\\·o ,,. 1Jl'd~ fu r tltt· s;LH1 1· Ll1 it1 g . t >ft. ·11 11.
chose OllH, h11L fn·1ii11·1it,ly IL L1111k lll>i.11 . i\L11 1y .. r its ··:11·ly
words tlin E1i;.d isl1 l1:1s si 11"" 1l1111li1·:1L•·•l or lrit,J1,.at 0·.t l1y
borrowillg dirn:tly frurn tln: L: 1tin.
Hestrictillg i·a..11 woril uf a g ruup t o :t part of the llll':111l1 uhl ill ,·0111111011 l1y :tll is to rn:tirn t•:w.11 wur1l 11wn :
suecific; is tu sp1·:1k l11on• 1·l .. :1rl_y whl'n Wt' usi• it; is lo :11lr1
t~ th e r~sm1r1·Ps of 1Ji, , v111·:1 inil;i r v.
Synonv111s cu11st:u 1llv tli1·,·rg1 • fru111 ··acli uflit·r in s ig111ficati~u; tl1a,L is, Ll11; g1··,~u11tl uf 11w:111111 0 lwld i11 tou1111 11 1111 L_y
the memlwrs o l' :t )':1ir or tripl..t: is gr:1'111:illy ili111i11isl1i1 q.;.
while t.li:1.t 1i .. 1i1 ,·,:1·l11 s 11·1 l.1· 1·;1• 11 is ,.,,,"\:i11t l_1 11wr· ·;i:-;.
ing. Tl1e rnu1•·11\L"11l. Ji:1.s !u1 1c: lwo.11 u11" vt desyuonymiza-

by usage.
Tl1e second half ••f prct.:ept '.!- t.J.;1.t r.·s1w1 ·ti11g
- e njoins 11s to \ISP 1<1wh 'H>rils as <'xpn·ss Jir,. .. is..Jy
our id eas, such as fit the thou g h t. ywrf•·r·Uy a111l convey
it <'X:tetly. One is mure li:d1] ,, t.11 1·.li,111se t Lc wr11ll;; w1ml
wh e n two or three \1·ords h:t1"i11g ""lilt' 111l·ani11g in t:111111111rn, - au,l 1lilT1·riug fr"ll1 ":1.•·.]1 11 Ll 1•· r "r ilv i11 l':irt.i1·11l:irs, offer
t.hr1 11 s1·lvPs fo r i•l1nicl'.
:"111 ·h w111-.ls 1r" •·:dl sy11u11yu1s.
Synonyms :u·,• words, in ;:;r"1q1s "r t 11 "s or tii n :t ·s "r 11111re,
tl1:1L l1;,n : a meaning in common, \1111. l1:i.v" :i.lso each -so rn et:i1u cs u11ly one-a meaning wholly its own. Tl"'.>' eome,

Nu lwt.l.t'l'
ll SP

ol'

t'Xl'l'i'IS!: tt1 s t · 1·11r~ ~

\\'1~r1l~ t';lll

!it•

t':ll't'

a11d

dis(·r111111 1: 1l 1 1 ~11

t l1•\"\."i1'd 111.111 \lLU 0 Li1·1 _• i11

1L tl1 1 l l 1t1~

synnJJy 111s.
'l'o exl1il>it t. IH• n _•l:it i"11 .. r :w11 01111·111s t." <':Lt·l1 "l.iil'r h·t 11s
draw t11t: l':ir;1 J l,.J.,_.,," " ' 1- -1.

illl" th<'

j"·" p:ir:ilJi.J.,gr:irns 1-·'.! aJJil ::--L will1

:3- 2 for111i11 ." 11:11·1. of •':1 1·h .

_\"w l1·t w-: s1111I'""'' tlw :1r1·:1 1-~

tu l'elJfC.Sl! llL Ll1c ~T U UlHl ur ll11_·;u1illh. cu\"l: rc d Li~\ Ulll~ ::;yt 1u11y11 1,

:i..nd :i- :1. th:it <:n\·t·red ily the ut.her. :>-:.!. o r the spal'c J11u.rkvd
c, will t.li(:n 11i1·1.1ir,; t.h:LI. sl1:u·,.,[ h\· tl 11· t.11·., sn1<111y111s; ''·
that wliicli lll'lm1gs ('Xt:l1 1si1·,· ly to tl1t: fir s t sn1011y•111 : and /,,
that wl1i .. l1 i"'J,,11~· s 1·\o·l11si1-1·ly (<1 tl1e s,. , ..,11<!. \\"!1,·11 1110·11,

,C::;nrm ym s.

I>redsion lwlull', \\'e u se the le t te rs a, c, /J, it will be under::;tood for
wJ1a t pa i·t::; of tlie sy noll y ms th ey stan<l.

I<

I

I
I

'

J; l'; u· in 111i11 d tl1at l t <llld /J do. not g i ve th e full m eaning
of t li e sy no11y iu s . Add c to <i for th e m c a1J ing of the first
sy 11 011y Ill, aclLl c to /J fur t hat of tlt (' second.

1:

J f t he re a r e m o re th n.n tll'o in t he g r ou p, con ceive the
c tu be c x te n<lc·cl u p wn. rils aml downwards.
L((:l1 exte m; io n jJlus (: will t l1 l' n s.1' rnhnlizc a11otli e r sy 110 _ ·
n y 111, :rn<l th e coinp lf· t·,,. fig u re will re vresc n t a g rnup of four
l'.a r a.llel og r:uu

\ \'lt.!1

t}H ~

Ananias \\'rl-" s111it.L1 ·11 d1;a1l for the Li11 lie tol•L
tingly utter wllrutli.< .

T'eu)ile 11111v1t.-

Discover awl i111·eut; in a 11 d in to ; h ea lthy nnd healt hfu l ; sea
and oce a11; tilll•tl" a11d subtile; art.i:;t ;rnd artis<tn; lie a11d hy a 111 l
their pre te rit~ ; ~ it ;~1 1 \] set and their prPterit.~; Hli;dl a11d will a111l
th e ir prete ri ts ; lncl g in gs a111l apari.m•~ n ts; br in g :1111! ff'l.ch; :L,yl111n
and refuge ; L\\'O an1l <'.011ple; "l'l'la1h" ;111d prai"~ ; a11c<•st11r:; ;u1tl
forefath e rs; fe w a 11d littl u; fe \\' Cr arnl less ; many a11d nrn ch; ka,;c
au<l hin~; 11rupv:::.c a1 1J puq ip:--e .
·.,i-.

C0l1l l!H)fl 1lJ1•:1 ili 11 g i '.

-----

Sou1cti i11 1~s tht~ ri:iLtr inn

(if
l l:P sy~1nny:ns tl) t'; 1i· l 1 uU1cr is
t.Jia t it wmiJtl OC uettt~ l' ill11:-. t rat.• ·cl hy t.11,-• pn.rall r logrn.m
Ji l'ld l:J Ll1u s : -

-

-

S ll('.)i

LESSON 34.
1·s 1: OF \Ye

('

Direction . ~ l> n witl1

1

by U ll, U of t i1 e S "\' JIO IJ •)" lll S -which
J1w:u1111g e xclu s ively its own.

S\"ll() ll\" l ll
"

,

•

flH · 1"1

I

l 1·1
·
,S

I

JO

>! ! ,'-;

iI ~

er11i1it:11f.

L1r

"11(r 11 th 1111d
is

trnth ;

wit! 1 tl1u:-\1· i11

,)1 ,1.•fr

On a.ud upu11; d1;fe 111.l a11d i)r1Jt•·1 ·l; \\1H11a11l y a111l \\' n1 11:u1 i ~·d1;
this and th at and their pl11ral,;; ti11· '" '"and till' nt lwr , :;t a tin n
a.lid depot: hope a11d CX \ HT l : LttiiL :\l i d cl1 ·f1 ·ct ; \\Jin a11 d \\ l1ii·h;

f'hast<-11e ~~ .

,, '~ _,,,, ,_, I~ ··..... •, .,.•I• ' , I111 t,

t1·ac l 1;

i 1:1 .-.:te

:u11I

l111rry;

u1· w ~ a11d

tiding8 ; lii g it a11<l lall ; ti1a n kf 11l :lll•l g r:.l-<'f11l; i11 al ·ili ty a111l di .,abiliLy; bu11 ds a11d ft •lli ·rs ; aL,Jil·a l 1• a11d ck·:-:.t"·rf ; i11 ... tnwti u11 :u1d
educat.ion; apprelie11cl an <I co n1]'re he11<l; l')'Oc li it11<l t" rn; l"'i'I'""
and transpire; e h a.r al~ le r a11d rep uta l iu 11: occa~iun and oppu rtnnity: ](In .~ an11 1"11 t.,:· tliy ~ ri g·l it . ;111•1 11ri\·ilt'1...:,1· ; harr111111 y ;t11d
1nr~ lod y:

l1i11d· ·r a11d

apt anu lia1il e ;

Jir1·\· l ·1 11 :

O'l'Jl .'; ll<l\l.'i

iik1•

;111 1!

lciv1· : 111i1Hl and i11 !1 ·il l·\°I;

;u"l '""'"'1al, rt· laliu11.'< ;u11l rel:tti1·,.,,

·".
-- -- - _..:.::..l.__:
-~ ~

..

--~

- -- - - -- ,,-,

t f f 1r <' I1u sl1·ty

I1' 1

o

f

.

. 111l/11.d

111117

( 'hn;..tity

!"tl,11 ; a , 1nu1·111; h, r l 1el•1 1·ir·r1!.

~\\'i fl i.'i
I 1! '

·~-

t lw st ~ :-;y 11111 1y 11 1...; :t...; din·4·tt·d

\ Vhich and t.liat ; jear 11 :uid

.. Direction. - <;il·., ( ! )t ill' snnrr!'.~ o f tlir ~y11n11 y 1 11 s f!;r<1upcd hclnw,
it .)' 1>ll ca 11 ; ( :; ) , Ll 1e 111e:u1iu.~ whid1 th e sy110 11 y n 1s o f l'a.c! 1 g-roup Ji a,ve
i n C111u n:111 1-- t111' i'; ( :1) Uw r111·a11in g " 'liit· lt lw /1>11 gs t o Pac h St!pa'.'att-ly
l 11<· r1 ;t1 1d l hp /1; a111l (-1) fr:irn!' p l11·"·"'" "I° ·' •·ntcllu·s illllsl i·at111 .~ tllf• 1' rl l T 1·1· t use.-; t-if tl11·:--1· ·".\ 11 11 11 y 111 :-; : _ _

' " /111

1>:-; -- T'J:E('TSTc

J,esson SJ:

HrrP 1-2 and l -4 rcp rrsc nt th e two sy1w11y111 s ; an<l c, their
gruuwl uf CO llllll01 1 1n(•;u1i 11 g, is all of tl 1e 111P:111 ii w <'overrd·

iHo<1Pl. -

11(

II

Lie, lm! /1

. -l11·'lu-S11 .1·1111.

'" all

h!J 11//ll'li fh -- " sl~1/,• 11Lnil fuckin•1
b, 7!1or/ e ll'ith intent Lo t/1·,·viu'"
l"IJ/'t '/'1'1/

','Ii.

100

Use of Wunls -

l0I

l'ersuwd l'ruuowu; .

malleable; !.,laze a111l tla111 e ; awak e :.i.1111 wak e 11 ; cry a11J weq•;
vibrnte a111l os1:ill:.le; tvkratcand \'<'l'lni l ; le11q•1·ra11cea wl ,d.,;linr-,ncP; hunian :uid li11111:t11 e: uoxio11:-; a.11(1 ol tHuxiuu:;; i~x il c :t.1lil

LESSON 35.

lia11i sl1.

1-'upils sl11H1l1 l ].. , lll'l, l t" tl1 is (' Xt'J'1·i s 1· Liil tlw.\ l i:1\'1'
Direction. - .Do with

the ~e

syavuyrns as directed with tl11ise i11

l..t' SRO ll J;) : -

become c rit,i1 ·al i11 1li sti1 1g1 ti s lii11 g lid w c:1·11 ::,y 11 01 1y111s, :1n 1l

tl"'ir m•"-

hahitnally <·ar d'ttl i11

K 1w wl ed ge and wi sd o m ; proud aa<l Ya in; stout a11fl strong;
ill eg ilil e a11.I 1111rt>a.Jabl1•; 1111t.rntli a11.I li e; 111111 :;!1, branch, a1 11l
tw ·i g ; pil e :t11d hc <tp; se x a u rl gc 11d cr; gaze aud s tare; faculty
:1.11d capacity ; d eist a 111l :t l l1ci;;t; },J,•:wli ur li b11cli, :u 1d wl1 ile11;
Cl' r ta iu a nd s ure ; safe a11d ;;,•(· 11re ; ra is•) and ri ;;c ; rdl111le lo and
J11 e 11Liu11; f1·111i11i11 e and t:ffe 111i11a le; l 1uy i:-'"l 1 a1Jd pu c rilt; ; geJt uine
a 11d a11t.l 1e 11li c ; fa ncy :u1d i111ag- i11ati o11 ; pity a111l sy111pa.tli y; selflnvt ~ a11d 8e lfi:·d1J1l''.'{S; ri g- ht a t\(1 j 11 :-:t; j~·alou~y :tt Hl ell \' )' ; uotl:t1 and
11 uto rin11s; s in ,

vit~ e,

a11 J t:ri111 e;

l' t:" li ;..:. i t 111 ~

lt

sliutd il lie ill s tstc·d

that this eare i;xtc nd to all tlie ir ri; e itatiu11 s ~uni 1,;x ,·n:i;:;\·s .
'l'h e rea<'tivn dfN·t nf pr<•r-is ion in tl11' u"" of wo n1s w ill k ,
se e n in more exad and 1listilld tl1illkillg. J•:l)('rliard asks ,
"\V-h o L:L1J tra11~f,·r l~is t.hn11.L:11t .s \\·i: !1 t•J d ire t•x:u' t lt • ':--.:-' ,, f

contour ~ 11 <1 sig11iii 1•:u H:y of a c(·.cssu ry itl1·:1s wliu du•·s 11u t.

form them llejinitcly? "

:uul pi(}ll:-i; :-;La.,v and re·

111;1i11; ridt· a11d driv e ; a11:-.w1·r aHd H 'j 1ly; Li(l a11 d order; c11...;tu1H
t.LIH 1

habit;

e111i~rauL

and in 11n igra11L

LESSON 37.

3. Use Personal Pronouns with Care. n,ri~l~ S

LESSON 36.

rr()Jll

LJ1 1'. ( '. ;11·t· l 1• ;-;;-;

ll\:-lJ\Y n111111 s Ll1 1· \\ !'\\1 ·1·

Direction. - J)o wi t h t11e8e 1iy11 o ny 111s :is tlin -ett·1 \ with th ose in
Lt · s~o n ~)j : -=-

Hrntal aud 1.•ru t.is h; lnuk a 11cl l•ea,;t ; ca11 J,11 [. ;1J;oi l'<t111JoL l.>l1L;
1wa.1..· ~· f11l and l)t'atTaLl e ; arLt.'.f} at1d rciu; s \\ t·al a 11 d
~

}ll-~ r s pir;Llit!ll i

i11f··r fer o a11d 11d1 •rpi1.'-' I'; tr1:."iwnrtl1_\- :u id r1\ li;il 1l1·;
l'lllli1 i ~ ia~1n and fa11ali1·i:-:r11 ; ~ u q1 ri:-' •·d :111d ~1....:titJ1i-d1i·d _
; l;11•1)11i! · :uiil
<'.Oll C. i :·:O t ~ ; b e lll ' \'Oh~ll('t" a. 1Hl lwtl!'fi Cf"}J('{t : rh:i...; ff' llP ~S :uid C'.11:tst ity;
f:t!ll(' :tllcl .~ f'l!fJ (' ; 011 0 llg"h and :-: nfTI <• iPrif; cl1 11Jl tf . llllf'f•rf:""l i1ify. :\ 11 (1
s11.' l"'""e; .!111 .v :111.-J ohlig·at.i1m; di ,;h,·li..f n11d 1111J,..]i1 •f; rlnn~ n 't,
:i11d .i .,11·t; l '""'IV a11d a111ialile; tkxilil e a11d jolial. J, . ; d1l<'tile mid

fl (wl\ a 111..l lH·rd

ll ....;1 •

41(

111 t ··Jt 1b

/11 ' , ;..:./11 ' , ;111iJ

fd

111·

1 ]H '

~J

,,..lt

ii,

!11

ol•sn1n t.y
Llw!I'

; 1itl1 ·1T dt· : 1L - -

:--.1· \'-

t! H·

wunl fur wlii<'li t.l1t: i•ru11ull11 sl:u11 ls , - :1.11d ,,u 1L is 1111J" '·' 'ihle to knuw c"rtai 11l_v wliat tlw writer':; rn e alli11g is. J lere
anscs t.li:1L ki11d .,f ., J,si·11rit y 11l1i«li 111· •·:ill ambiguity. TL
i~ not tl 1at \'Oil i::lll ll\J L ,,·:-.:t.racL a l!JL':t 11 i11;.'. fr1•111 t.J,.. ,.,.,,t,,·11>· 1·.
" t \'l\ll (';111 ('X j ',l': ll ' Iv '///II".'/ 1111·:111 [ J 1;_,.,,.
c c•
'Lill l ',L['I: 1° I I 1 l<it1 Jil,
JllL tn;-i
0

1

wl1i1:h t111• :1.1i1 l1<>r 11·j_,j ,,. _, '"" l" t.:ik •·.
Tf thl~ ;unhi gnity t11'1 ur~. :1s it. uft1·n d o1• :. ; ,
rp iot.ati o11 , it m:iv l..-' n·11Jl'<li1'<l

1.,,.

111

ii1t l1 n'l' t

1111<.ti11;.'. t1 11• p:t,.s:1g 1 ~

rlirn!'.t.1y. fn ntlwr 1::1s1 ·s a"·"i'l t.111· prn111>1111 hy 11,rn1g t.111:
non n for w l1 il'i1 it sla11 ds: .. !i :111;.:<' tl11: f .. r 1ll uf t.!11 • s1· 11 L1·111«-,

.;

102

'i

Qualities of Stylc-Perspfruity.

if n eed be b k.
· ·
' rea · rn g it rnto pa rts and making each part a
s ente11 ce,

•'

''

)

LESSON 38.

Direction. - Stutl_y tlit•sc H(•ntl·nc(·s l<l sre hrnv m ·1 11 •
. .
tl .
. _, l..
. · '
' .Y llH',\IJJJJg·:-; eaC" h
.. . . e'
•e ll St ',,t tl1a t Olll• wl11 ch J<>ll suppuHe tlie auth11r ink 11d u l, <Lllll reca.-;t so as to express that. clea rly: 111i ~..d1t l1 ;1v. ·

USE OF WOTtDS-01\SIJJ.ETI·: \\'lll<llC' , FOJU·:I<;N \\'<•HI•;;.
ANll W OH IJC' l\EWJ.\'

Ch arles the First's dup lic ih· w· 1..~ re vealeJ to C
11 b
le ll.t.: r of his to his wife which fell i 11to, J ,·, I 'd . ro111we
ya

COJ~LI>.

I.

I "

.

2. J o11e8

!all

mo11 ey lie de~ire<l.

3· .J uhn a s ked his co usi n to uri11g l1is h:it as J e

!' '

an e rr::m d for hi s mother.

:,

' ",

4· Th e servant pro mised h er rni ,t ress 'l1"t s l

d el.it.

.

.. •

u

l

him the

.
was gorng on

l1
ie wou ' pay her

Tl ie J'ion h ad a strug1•le w ith a m·rn " 1111 li e l"" . l I .
_
"=>
'
' •"
\.lJ1e1
1un.
. . '.
•e earth see 111ecl to lie as kin g the m oon if it thou •ht that
it,; li c1g l.J,or, 1.1.e s '.111, ~uppoHed tl1at it needed its li g ht.
i.;
7. Wl1 e11 D a vid ca111e i11to th e prese n ce of Sa l I ti
j:tvt• li11 at him .
·
'-' u • ie 1rew a

6S·

'1'}

. 18 .. Tl1 e gi rl s asked the l.ioys wh ether t he books which they had
i n t. ie 1r li:wJs we re t h ose th ey had seen in their desk s.
9· .lohnso 11 we nt to (;oJdsmith, and fou nd that his Jandl d
l 11 ul :uTo·,.f.e•I h11n for del1t at whicl I
'
a y
IO. Tl"',
. .. . ... •
1 1e '~flS \'Cry angry.
.
. ) we1e J1<ll Ru ns of lll OJe rntn tnt.cll cct" eve n hefo re they
W1·r 1• 1111p:11red l1y t.heir pa .•s i o n ~.

I~. I le tuld the coael1J11 a n tha t h e \\'o uld be th e d eath of him if
h e d iJ ll ut 1.a ke care and rn i ud what he said.
'
12 .. Fi ese~1i di8oharged nn "infernal inachiu c ,. at the Kin" li' h
passeJ lns wrnJuw.
" s e

I

I.,

j:
'!

·I

4. Avoid Words and Constructions that havo no Good
Footing in tho Language. - 'iflu lt·an11·1l 111 ll1e int.rodu('-

$.

_se nt the 11rn11 to his n e ighl.ior, anJ h e leut

Direction. - Brin<> i
·
• .. ,.. .
.
,., n many se ntences :unlJig-n ons thron<>h 1
ca1 clt.::s:s u:se uf persuua.I pro11on 11 s, autl free tlicm frum their aml.Jlgui~;~

.

tory J. . nsson t.li<tt usagc is uu r a11tl1ori Ly i 11 d1..t.oric. · I 11
nothin g i;; usage less u11t·11 to 1pu·st.io11 tli:lll 111 t.lli'
departme n t of words - in diction.
L1111g a go tli e r l1< ·turician C:unpbell sai1l tl 1at use res ped i11g wurds ~lw1dd
be (1) reputable use - tli:l t of th" m:1jority 11!' tl1to lw s t
writers an1l spC'akers, ns op pn s<~ •l to tl1;1t of tl1t• 11n c11 lt.ivated; (~) national 11 SL', as opposc·1l to provi11<·ial :t111 l
foreign ; and ( 3) present ww, as oppost"d tu obsol1,Le a11d
epheme ral.
Rlwtori cians since C:1mpLell's day h;tvc :11'. cepted the principl e, as cx 11lained Ly l1i111, aml in turn
have inculcated it.
'Campbell's Canons . - But sometim es good usage is so
divided tliat it is i111pussil1le tu tell wl1id1 of t\\'u wurd s
or phrases is s11pportl·cl l1y tlte lH•st ant.liorit.y. To g 11idc
the pupil to a cho ice in s11d1 cas1·s C:unplwll laid 1low11 li ve
simple precepts, or canons, tl1 c suLstauee of wliie h we lie re
give: 1. Choose the word or phr:1.sc wlii eh h :ls lrnt one u se or
signifieati;n rath er than tl1at whi1·l 1 l1as two or n1on'.
Take, as your adj ccti ve, PX/ Pntporary in prefere nc e to exte1npore, si nee Pxlernpore is used as an a.J verb; and use ale a111l
eaten for the prd.e rit aml the parti c iple instead of eat, because eat is a form in th e present.
2. Have reganl, in your rhoice, to the analogy of th e
language.
U se contrm7wrro·y a.ml not cotemporary, sin ce
usually then of con is r1·tail1('ll be for e a co rn;onant, a11d is
dropped be fore a vow el.

JU4
:;.
'
I

'J

1

'j'

·i

I

:·
Ii

'•4

'I!

1,

Qualities rf Sl!Jl<: -

] 'l't'.'jJicu it !I .

I 'refer Lliat wliicl1 is rn ust ag recaule to t.lie ••ar; aH,

i11;;enio us11ess.
-J. J.'ref'<.:r tl 1e s i111pl er expression ; a;:, s1dAract to snlislra.d.
fi. \\TJ1 c n tlw ot] 1(•r C:l! IOll S fail to S('f;t]c tJic d oul it, prefer
that r·xpn·ss io n m os t COllfu rn1:dJl1! to a11PiP11t i1 s:rg-c.
'J' l1 e pupil w ill not ll C\'tl to l"l'SOJ"t to t hPSC C:lll O!lS. ;;;1,]flom can it Lie 111ai11 ta il!l·1l t k tt 11 sag-c is ('<[llally tlivitl (•1l
n·s1i1•1· t. i11 g any two l"Xjlr; •,;.< i1>11..; ; :111.! , wl11•1t it is su tli\·:d ,·d ,
111·itli e r c; m be called •1cro11:1. \\' c dn nut g i ve tlws" c:1.11 n11 s
su Pl'"" i ll t; t hat th ey wi 11 Lie vf great as sistau1:e to tl1t1 p11]>il
i1 1 l1is 11:1 11·k.
1: .. t11 rni 11g to the rul e tl 1:tt good use is reputable, national,
a111l present, w e say that ]'•·rs 1•it·llit y i11 t1· rtliets tliu 11 ::;e of
all vulgar, provincial , foreign , obsolete, newly coined, ur
ephemeral " '' n·t! s a 11 tl pit rasl's, b1•1·:1.u ;;•', w li :d.evc r th1'y .h ave
hee u or may h e n·af'ter 11(', t l11•y :n c not now E11 gli s l1 , an1l
0110 e:rn11 o t p rrs wn e tl 1at t h f• _r would h1 1 11111l1·rsl"u(1 by
t lie E11 gl is h re;ul n. Purity, l" n, }'llt.s tlil'111 11111ln li:tn,
lwe:rnst· they would degrade style l'." t:t i11 Ling th1; la11g11:1 go
used.
Tl:is prnliil,iti un is 11"t, i11 s111tt •: 11f ils s 11•T ili,;;1liv11s, Lu
i!l' t akt•Jl ;d isulutL"ly. \\' urtls :t ttd plir:lSL'S fro 11 1 t !i,; Ld.i11
a11t! •· \·1·J1 f rorn ti1e t ; J"t ...Ji. f r11 111 ti 111 1:n ·111 ·l t, lt:ili:rn, :1111l
ui.11\' I' ll Jlldl'l'IJ l:tllgllag1·s, l'X l•l'\' SS i11 g Sltad t•S oJ' ll\(':tll i11g [()r
w l1 i,·li 1111 •· x:t1·L 1·1 11 1i\' :il1·11 ts <" : t11 lw 1'11 11111 1 111 11:11.i.;l isli , are
so1 11.:t.i11 11·,; s1•••11 ull U1,• pa g1·s ,,[' lJlll' l1L"sl a11t !to rs. Ul'Lc a
t.! 1,·y S('l'lll tu 111 ; ll<'(;1h11l, 1.11t it \\'u11 ld l1an ll y l n ; 11111~·li:11·it:1lil u lo cl1a rgu t h Pm, :1.t ti lll('S. l.n :1 ff1·d.al in11. lt 11"l i 11 l·n·•1 u(·11tl _1· l1 app,.11s , t no. tli:1t 111· \1· \\·11 rds :ir•· <·"i111·d; :t ll!l 1li: .t,
old wurd s "·ak e 11 1.' fro m \\·li:rl ,\l:i r;-; !1 1:a1ls a J:i11 Ya1 1 \\'i11kk sl1·«p, :u1t1 IJ1·;..:·in s1·n·11·1; :·1n1 ·w. Tlw s 111.jP1•t,; ton t.l1r.
d isc ussion of wl 1ie h llier an· ll t'l'(lfnl havin g 1'1•:1s••<l J:o
1·11 g ross att1· 11 t iP11, t.11( w .. rds 1,..,·u11l\· cili;-;(JJ..S<"t'll t ;1111[ li11:i.lly
ubs ol1·l1·, to l ie n ·vi\·1·ii , l1u1\'l·\·,·r, \1·i 1L" Jte\'\' l' Ll1e l.o ['i e IT\· 1ves.
i11'.f''1 111ity to

1

:Hu t t.lw rul•• , 111.J. sl.ri 1·t. ly olis1·n1·d by \\' J'lLt·rs uf llllLl',
i111 ·xp,. ri eneetl. "H1· 11 vt
the firs t, " s:1.y s ] ' up•·, •· liy \\'l1o rn tlie 11 1' \I" a r" tri 1·d , 111ir yd,
th e la;; t. to l:i.,;- t J1e ti1•l as 1t· lc. '' J [1·L
- ·1l t.11·1,,.· .·1.1lv i1·e in .\'(•\l l'
cJ 1<>i1·1 · ;111 d \lSt-· Of \\'•.'l'.j;o ,
1\ barbarism is :111 •'Xj'ress111:1 ,1·li i1 ·l1 \'j.,];,J .. s t !lt' n1k tli:li
in 1anguagl' g ood 11 :-;P is l'' '!1Ul:1Ll1 · ~ 11;Ltio11a1 , ;t11d 1·1·1· s (·11L

is absolut1·ly lii11di11g llJ HJll tlll·

Fnnn ;-:.(·Jlf 1 ·n <· 1 ·~ ,

Direction. -

E 11 ~ l i :-; lt ( ' itnh· :ih · 1tl ~

f11r

1

1Jw ~ 1 · l' :q ri

Tl1a.t. i.-; a .-:i111 ' 111ul
2. ll1· is 11f t\11~ /l/!1' .

1.

3· JJ e

;1i /1·/11'S

4.

St~ "Pr:Ll

u·

tlii11 g-s

muRt l~c dtinr"
5. 'l'\p-· 1u'

]'/11.-:

·~;-.i 1

)J111/'1·

.'' " ·

,. ; aid s 1il1 ru .-.:n .
\Ya~

"/'

/;/,..;, l ' f[l' .

18. I Ii· .(11 1r1' l1/111s.;-~/ ull"u!_I·
19. l lc l(1uked d11/l'fl ; ,, r/11 '

li:i :-;

1!lO'/f/1 .

1

8.

\Y:l :-i

17 . l'11cle \ \' c 111 lt·ll
(1/l.

20.

6. II. "'''11! 111T "ill. .", ·/.1 1.
111 t.l1P

011/.1/

16. ' l'lii . .-

tJ11•

nnl l! lfJI · ~

1dtni

~ 11 <1d

1 · o11 1L 1 i 11 111 ~

15 . Tl1e lwro !:i ll ~~ f:i"'t, liL, .
( 1 11• t ,(]JI•]' ....: ,

h ee 1t r. . . :-1cl11· I.

7.

i·;1 11,

111:-.:

111111 .

1·iy lii i11I O

maUe r.

~· pu

wl11 ·r-._·

-·

-· . . '.~

A111<'ri1·a 11 ;; arP. d e 1! .. ie11t

CO'l f J

Jlf'fif1' f/111r t1f1~ .

1 In ·

9 · l 11· i.. : t 1·1 11 1 I ~! t ' t I \\ i ti ! t' ! l f l II;,

22 .
\\ ; 1-.,

1 r.

·1!. was

12 .

ll t> rac• ·

r·o111111l!

111• '

ii _/( 111{.

\\' :t l j•.,k

\\a ,

"

dilellnnl c i11 litn ;d 11n'.

13. ('o '{•·r/ ..: 1111ril111s, !lw
pll· ~l wur .J ...., :1r ·· il w lH·:"-l,

!Ital

-'"'( 't '

\\

it/i a

~

. I

li e lwl v 1t;.;nl lv

:ru1! 11 f r' .

I du11 ' t

11(1Jt

011(

nll

t lie

1·\" • t] •li;•1;,.; .

IO.
t:ivP11it1g .

lll i ,L.:; Jif

) 11P

/ J1' 1/ r1

2I .

A la /•a ris.

(

d 'u·if .

ll1 i v l

j. ,;.' . ./.
23 .

:-.it1i -

I4 . . J11\"'1•11 l 11.-.: . tl1H 111 '/ 't) . . l:-\
be11 t "" Y""'-'I it w 11 ih.> li e is

Li•ll ~ I'

,\

li111 · 1 // 111· i" .~ t1!

~

wa:-.

.. ,

1:1 · 11 1•... '

L1 :--.!

!j

11i ,L·,l it.

tl1 i .. ;

......

1

~-

:11Jd

ll l 1)rn 111_~_:;

''!/ (/ /,, ,,_,/ ,; /,,,/,

24 .

.\ll lit•J•t'

25 .

'!']1;1t

2b.

Tl1 i."' i."'

27.

l• ll

:•11/l /"( ' 1!

~ 11 1

111 1· .

\\ ;1-.: (u 11 !/1 111 .

Ii i:--; '"''.'l'''lf/1 "/ii'·'·
li e 111ad1· ajf1 u.r pu .'> .

J'Ullll:C.

Direction. _

Hri 11 ~

int n

tl 1t · i·L1 ....:.~

l11;111y

;.;1J1' l1

( •xpn'-~~i111i..-~,

:111d

g ive g1h 1ti En i:; li sl1 l'1111i\alt-11t:--. l · d· l tu: llL

•

~ J~.

.

Qualities al St11le - P erspiw£t11.

JOG

1117

\\ 'e mu st, in rlil'toric, JiITs u11 ie tl 1:•t the p u pil is a gr:uuwhCJsc syut.ax l'as~ e s musLer.
Hut :rny const ru ctiolls n u t :11tU1 o r izt'd liy gno11 us:i gc Riil
agai11 ,;t i•cr:;p ienity ns Wl'll, si 1wc tlll'y nn~ :111 ofT,·11c:e t o t.l1 e
c tlu l·.at1· 11 n 11d Lli straet tl1eir atle ntiou from the thou ght. A
111 nr i:lll, a11cl write:; se 11 te 11<·cs

won1 <•r two upon g rammar

may n ot he out of pbce h ere.

A solecism i s a co11strnl'l io11 at w ar wiLl1 Ll11·' g ramm:t r uf
Lile l:u1 ;;11a gc. ;:ioleei :;rns J11:1y lJe fo11111l Ul'.t ':tolUl t:dl y Vil tlic
l'a.;;t·s o f l'V <'. ll our ]Jes t \l'rit .. rs. T ii Py arc slips r cs nltini::
from ca n·l < ·ss n t~ss, but a r c 11 o t nn tli:it n<·r:ou 11 t v e nial.
'l'IH·y J; t ) !I SISt lll:tllliy in tlic : llSf' nf the \\"l't1llg lll nr!t~ ,:, tP.lls<'S,
a n 1l 1111111l w r s o f v1· rli s, t.l11: \\' r n11g n1t1111"·rs, g •·111lt ·rs, arnl
c:ts1 •s o f 1•ro n111111s , and i11 t lt\• us1• of adj1· .. t.i\·1·s f or acl vl' rhs
a1111 uf acherbs fo r atlj1 ·c;ti \'l's .
Direction. :tud

l~1dnt

<~o tTt~cl

tlu ·in : -

Jt ~

rn e 111 l•ers

I.

P xi ... ti··I l1 1 llt rtk •·

enc!11Ls \\·liiclt

rt.

out the :,! rannn a ti ral

are

~·rrnrs

in

1hP~e Rf'ntt~ n<'f'8

tlt c \'cry uf!ici:ils \\' ]1 0 111 Ca rmin ,; said

11p11..;t. . . _- _/;11_r1~-/111!.

are t•acl1

Ill

their

2.

turll

.:-\1it iH 1;.:

il1e 11n111en1u:-i

t l"' 111 u>t. dirt:ful
;u11 Lli111l. i iow I

'""l

3. T1·l i 11 1c , \\" li u lll.
iil1:dl
S11·i,./111r11 e. 4. A11 lri sl 1111:i11 \\ 110, lilw l'ri e~tl y , tlte
l~1-111d1lit·:ui."i <kl1:-:,lited t.u l i1dll1L - ·- ..il1·.l/11.-.;/, r.
5 ..\ 1J1a.11 wlHilll
t-111_~ r1·fn_:;:1·1·.-; d i·1·L1.r1 ·d l1~H l iJ,i!p~• ;drc11_· ii .i t...: d ··1:d......
/, / _ 6. Tl1e
lii_:;-hi• r :u1i111:d ...:. lian.: t'at·!1 !lit ·i r u\YI J utt1·r :1nc:'. - F1l!Trll" . 7. Let
t ~ Vt:r_y 1111 1.. : 11k; l :->L: tl w 111:-.vl\1· ....;,. --- /\-n1!r/1!/- 8 . L ;11· i1 iii tlwir.'it ~ pa.rale
world. -- tlu /1011 . 9. lit: is tlti11ki11 ;; nf tl11 • lit tl1: 1·11i>.>< wholll he ldt
roll i11 g· i11 t.h u etu rnal s uows . - //1111 •!/ionil'. ro. Tit" (;,)d that mad e
b.,t It s k y, air, e a rt lt, aud J. e:L1·1·11. - ;l/ illun. r r. Tl"' d cstrudiun
u[ 1... t1t l1urso a11tl <':trl a111l lu:11li11 g . - s,·o//. 12. 1 s lt o 11 J.1 t!ti11k
she will l ie· a. gn·at ~ ll CCP~:-- . - r;,,,,, 1-..'iilif . 13 . 11 \\";l :-' Hacnt1 's i11t c 11L it>) l tnl 1 a\~ (, .i .. .ii .. a'i l'd it t n l'ri111'P ll r>nn-. 14. n (,l'(lntfa
111v!a11t·11 ul __v. - - / 1"1" 111!} .

bear 111y s1·lf. -

sr,,,,,,

'"a~

tHd, 1011~ 1H·fnre lie

t li1.~

.-\1•1 1:-·dl1""'· -J.\.,.t·w111a11 .

t-o 11ip111w.- ( ,·,n _ ] :.' fi rif. 15. The
1\.i11 .~· · ~ J · :1 1 ~..!· li ~h pnli1·_r. li\.;:i- li i~ LP _
:._:-li . . ); i::u 11•· . :u· ~ · t l w s i,:..::11s t ~ f a 1ww
t>pocl1. - (,'n:t'll. 16 . ..'\t•it.i1t·r l'••p1• 11 1_1r C'1n11wil t t.r ; ~ 01 1 a. level with
1_·a111e

17 .] :-- tq1 1•0:- t· i t

d<w.'-'1i ' t

really dr•eeivc

pt.~ople

auy J110re tlw.tt .-1r11l1ir1n. .;\'l!/fif...;, ur (,'u/!11·o··s 'l'rt11 ·d .. !1".
Iloluw:;;.. i 8. N t ~i tht~ r .Tane nor El i1.a h~·~h \\'f:Hu 1·u111 f 1 1 rt ;di\1~ <lit tlii..;
subject. - A asln1. 19. You J.:l\·c h:ul Li"' j •<.wl<.-t-1 .. ,,.k f,.vcr w l,..11
you wer<' )ittl1·. -- llol111•S. 20. \\' e sl11>11!.J },;i,.., li k .. d to I"""'
seen more of Ern crso11.- Bray. 2I. J\uo w i11g ll1at Hu aclit•ll v r
ii1Htitution c:rn he sal11tary a11•l s taid., wl1i c l1 are 11ut lia~ e J 0 11
rea~on an<l tlie wiil o f Gud. - ,1/. _·I nwhl. 22. ".ll 1-. L at >g s""'""
incli11Pd to t ry " '"' throw d.1111.t. " i"'" it. -- .1/ .. J ,.,,,,/./. 23. 11·,
'no u se being 011e tltiug 111o rc tl1:111 a11u tlwr. -- 1;,.,, _ l·.' /,,,r _ 24 . I
will try alld ask 111t)n~ q11est ioll:->. - - /:.1.w--!10!. 25. I~ql li 11f t lw11 1 f1,111 1d
the other m ore lik e utl ... r ]"'"i'l e tl1a11 111; had •.'X ]"'1·f.,.,J.
'''"!1·'1' .'I·
26. A11U wliu d o y(ln thi11k I :-:aw ."t ali di1i~ 1_q11)11 d ··ck
-- // uwtlwrn e. 27 . l '. nu!d liring 111yst·lf t u iilai1ily 11 iak t· this cli a r.~1 ~
against yo u. - 1Jru1n1i11y. 28. ~~ "illi1·r tlit-~ ('Iwr.L::y uf tl1i ...; 1 1 a:-::-.:a_1..:t~
nor tlu~ etit l11rst'tH1·n t of lt Ly Prnf. -~lax. ~\lull1·r .. . 1111 1\ 1: 11~ 01L
all.-- Farnir. 29. Nutliing !,11 t lov<>, tli1t:<t i .. 11, :w1l otlicns It"""
been in h er h ead . - A 11.<len. 30 . Popi'. co u ld i•vlisli, ,.,,.... ,.,:l, eli111i nate s111wrJiu it i l'~, :wd co m p n·ss ltis 11 wa 11in :.; . . . till lw l.a s """stru c:tt~d 1"ihu rt 1•as:-.:agl':-> of 111 q1ar:di 1· l1'd <·xn·lit-1 11 ·t'. . --- /. . ,'<t1pl1n1.

3r. Jt.,;l1uuld s01: 111 t ltat:i full l1alfof .J., l111 ,«>1> sli f.. " '" i'""'"l t11>1l" r
0

tlie ruuf uf t1 11 : T11r:tl1_'.. ; . - - .1[!f ('(llil<1_1; . 32. ~\11y fl1i <·f .• . . Le l11 '
whn111 li u llli_f.!,"lit, i"'liould bu li111l _L'..· · - ( 'o!lu1s. 33 . L1· L l1i:-J c ol;diur tTs
l>e wlwm t.l11 oy 111ay. - Ii . 1;. 11.liitt· . 34. i\ly t'_I '"' ""' t 1·111· . · -- II .
'1 1oy!or. 35 . ll1.iTild1 ~ i-;f1·1• 11. - Sli11f..·, ,_. ."J,,'llr1'. 36 . . J1) s1•1,J,i1 11•. 1(1111\.'-'
fil l}~erldy

i11 lwr wl1il.- t11Jl;·. -

Ii'. rr',-1111! .

a.t i11e lia .!.f lll', l w .-..i4lt- ,'-\ 111lwr ]l)()J"t~

M'\ '1" 1

37. lf1·r ;l1·1·r1·dil1·tl
·L :1 ,:.;,1 ·11! .' .

\\t ' !' •'

e1011lo y t~d.
]~Hg·la. 1Hl

- -1.Hur/,·y. 38 . Lu\\'••l ! a 11d .\ r!H ·l d .. .
a11tl tho utl 1cr i11 tti~ ~ \1 '. \\'. - :·-.:t, · / nu tll.

j

11t~ 1 •I H~

i'l t \'()\.

1111 :--. i !\

in ( ) ]1 l

1

Other e rrors wlti1·lt n 1i ,:.;l1t ] )(, s..t. d nw n as gr:i111111at.il':d. l>11L

which l.Je[ong JtWl't' l'i'O[H' rl,Y tu rl1durt C,
the next tw o lr.:ssu11s.

lt>:IJ'

1"' J'u1111d III

108

j(l'.I
SPSS!< ill of it ; a11.I tlwy 1·;Ullll_•L rd11r11," wl11 ·:-•• ""' li s 1·11t. 1 ·11•·<'
p cri shf •s ; 1 ~ ~11011 n:--1 i t is li1ir11 , L<l 1'P l ll j1lt · l t · ilw i r g L L:--iJ ' 11 !'
it. '\V1•h st.l' r, \\·l111 sr. sh·lu w:LS f111'11,.. d 11 1 a .! .J1.,· s ..;i11.c: j111·1 1-.s,
r eite rnt<'.s l1is nw:w111g b11t always v:1 r i1·s lri ~ lang11:1 <:;•', .. ,·,·11
1

'

LESSON 39.
V;;l: O F IV OH1)S - 'L\l ., l'11U11:Y.

\-ETH\1 1 ~ l l T, ,\\fl

in hi .-.; gn• :tt ~ ! · ii: Llr il'\:l l :-.:jH' t'1 ·li1·:--;.

Words used Ne edlessly . -

H El >l i '.'11 1>.\MT.

( 1) An, t>r a, lwf,,rl' a 1111 1111
t.111' ·s l1; i\t• ,, f : L (' l:l:-; -.; : ( ~ ) the l1t • ft)J'\' ;L 111 •\ l l l
s ui!i 1.,iv11t.lv di.,li11 .c:1 1i ., Jl"il ,,_, \Ji ,,11t. 1t ; , :; , he, she, a11d other
personal pronouns wJ ,..11 1lw.1· ]1;1v 1· 11" 1111,,.t.1<111 ; ( ·1) a second
negative contradicting t li (' first " . lw11 y1111 d ,, 11"\. "1:-d1 t • •
:dlil'l11; (·-;)other 1•r others'" I"''' l •y i: ., us 1· :111 "''.i" '·1 ,.,,, ,,) ,j
lw hr1111o;lit i11t.11 ;\ •· l:is.s 1•> \\lil\' !1 11. d111·s 11,,L 111 ·!.. w .: ; ;111·!
(G) . in g .. 111•r:1l. :rn adjective "r :111 adverb , :1. preposition o r ;c
conjunction 11!1 1•·11 !,;i , 11 •1 'l '1' •·1; tl ! 1111 1·\ 111 11 - ;il l Li. 1·, 1· ,} 11111 i1 l
\V lli('. li d1 · 111d.1•:-;

5. Avoid Tautology, Verbosity , and Redundancy. - \\-.1nl s
t.l 1at J1 :cv u 11 0 1·xclusi v,, f1111t•t.i1.111 ip tl11 ' ]>l'«S1•ntat io11 of tli e
Ll1 0 11 ,;l1t o,-,,rJ11a1l t li o sP11h·11 1·t', :11111 ln1ry tl 11• Lliought lw 1i P : ii1i t. 111· 11· r111'11isli.
'j'l1t~ s;t 111 t· i11:1.y \,, . sai1i 1,f' 11i1r:1ses a tul
cla11.s1 ·s tl 1:it s111T111111d t l1 n l1·:1di11.c; tJ1.,11glit. with •111:tlifying
1·ir<'11111sLa11«l!S 11 ut f•ss1• 11t.i :1l to n11r 1111<1 1·.-s l:inrlinc; of it.
Ti11 ·y di s trar·t <>11 r att.•11 t io11 fr11111 111" J,.:1.Ji11 g 1l1111;ght an 11
dissipai..1• tJ11r 1·111-r:..;.y.
Tautology <'u 11 s ist.s
L'llt

!"

tlw r qir·tition .,f tl 1.- '-" ·11 sl! 111 tliffer-

\\' O l'tb.

Verbosity nuns ists lll tlit1 u se of

\\'Ortb,

unnecessary,

t1H 1t 1 ~ l1 111J i. r1· 111·:1tin g t-1te ~ 1 ·11s1• .

Redundancy "011 s ists i11 Llw aJdi t ion of Pirc 11 m s t:u1r:es n ot
t'SSt'lif ia] ttJ t}ll' Sl'llS f' .
'\\' ,. lll :ty :tYPid L!1t 'St> f:u1lb :1.11<l stil! l"''•" 'llL t.lH· t.l111ugl1t
i n all tl1e fl!nn s 11\·1•1lf11l to L!1,: e],.;1r c urnrn1111ic:ct io n and full
cu 1J111rc·l1l'11 s w 11 of iL. J>u (J 11i1w"y ;;:ty s, ·· Tl1 c n ; i.-; <L ~ort uf
]il'L·l' iv11s lili1r i.. ;1L iu11 , sud1 ;1s Uw l> oa-constril'f.v r applies to
:ui y s ltl 1.i1'l't of di gestio n, wl1ich is n •r1u is i1 e Lo familiari ze
tl1 n rni11tl with a sta rLl i11g o r a curnpl 1~ x 1w\·,.!t:y . A11d tl 1i 8
1,; 1.l1i.;iin, .. l r.. r Ll1n i11 t. .. il""L l•y 1•:tryi11.c; 11 "' 111<111 1.·s of prcs i·11 ti1 1g it - 11 01\' 1111 t t.i11 g it dirP..tl_1· llt'1'11r" l.11" l'_l't:', iiow (Jbl1q 111·! y. 1111\\' 111 ;111 ;il•,-..:.lra i·t. :--;)i;1p+-' : ; i!1d Jlf 1\ 1,: l i t 1111 • r·r11H ·r1•te."
~\ L·:1 \\ liu:-it ~ :-..L \ L ~ L:1 ;-;. i w ,· 11 !"1 11·:1 ;i·~ l 1,... .' 1 · :i \ , ~ w :-:J ,f': tkin;; ~n~
1
g t \'i•Jl f;l Ji1: 1~ kiil .~. · l,y :-;1i.~·lit diff1 ·n· 1w 1·s i11 t 1H · Jii:ttlllf'I'. a
vir1.11;ii 1d1 ·11l.1 Ly 11 1 Ll11 • :rn lhl.:1 1w•-." ,\ s11 1g i" s t;it .. n 1.. 11 t, of a
f;ll'L 11r :c t r11 ti 1 du, •s no t :th1·ay ,; t>11t. tl 11 : a111 li i·11t'1· i11 hill pns-

lJe

Ulllllt L·1_l.

Direction. - Tt·ll wlii1·h pf tlH·~ 1· tl1r~· 1· f: u il!s, ta 11t()l n!..!: Y
_ . vt·r1-11 •:--:i1 y .
or n·.dund <L llt :y, b cu1n 111ittcd lH·r1 •, a.1n1 l'P lT LTl tin· f:uilts in }'111r
rt'('a.:->I.

I.
2.

<)l tilt' :-;1· 11 11 ·iw' ""' : -

Ezra n•c;r·in"d a rn.val 1·d11~t. fr11111 ti 1e Ki11~.
wnit .1~ t1 1 y (i 11 ;L \. 111 .'-!.· \t-L11 · 1· .\ 1· :-- \1·r1l;1 y .

3 · Twill

l\(il ,

\\' :t ~L1'.

4.

~11ri1t·1~ ti11 1l .. ·r

5.

1{1 •d1 111da1 w_v

"'liif'\ 1 J r~ ads tlw

ltl_\'

:-: lr1·11 .~·t!1

i . . . 1· ! 1 1 ·:1i ~ ; ·r

r.. r

tl 1:i11

su 111 1·ti1n,.,...; ari..;1·s

;t1i!l1i1r

\11

r1·p..

at.

tHdl 1i11 g ,

t\11· 11i111 ·
frP111
a11d

( 1\ ' l·r

modi £'.lt111 oi' :-l•'ll:-'1'; at l1i:-; 1·i111111i}l!1ti.
6. 'l'l1 e 11 tl1t~ r e wa. '-' a :'l+• t·l ax1~

(1r

a. wa1it. of tl11/t l.'-!.li1,

1) \·~·r a.~a1n his iittk~

h a 11111wr, c:tll1·d a.

111;ll't: - (>f-

arrns, a.11 d wl1i r:h h1111~ lo 1lw :-;:ul'1l~" -l1f1W.

7. o:· :di "'"" ,.1,-.· I
8. Thal. "il'il
lu11 ~ · ~:.:.t l i :·, ..

9.
IO .

li;i\'1'

a,·.,j.J,.d tl,..e .

i1"L il11Lio11 whi,· 11 of ;di ul.hers l1a~ kt1l tlw

\l1·H ff) \\l1111t1 1l1i ... l\ir1d
} J11r it1~

<1f

;111 11rL'Jll1l za_tion ha.:" lw1 ·11 r_:,1v 1·1 t

llw 1:;1J1 a11d lli•· 1 itli

I I.

J {i • l1:1 .-.: 11 11 t _\ 1·t

12.

('; 1-.; t

:..:,- 111 \ t',

I ' \, •11

1

n ·1 1t1 11i1· :-' .

t !1i 11k.

Yu llr j•y1· i1 1 n·tri1--.1 w(· t li:t(·\.;

13 . ( ')1;1 rl•':-I

\· . :u1d l:r;u11· i ....

I.

\\l'l'I '

t1Y ! ' r

1\1 1• p a ,-.;t .

l1utl1 11il1 l 11;dly t· x l 1 a1l~t,•il.

'''..:
. ,,,__,cc
4~.~~~{i/
. . .-1·~·
~-

_;~~

•.

·,~

110
-

·-

Qua/ itics of Style - P erspiC?.tity.
- - - ----------

U;;c of TITords -

------

-

14 . Tlte ]Jrophecy k •ti bee n fulfilled lite rally and to the letter.
15. Made 1;ad1 h or~e reco il hackwar<ls upon its ha11nch~s.
I6 . ()[ all 0Li1er nu.:u the ::iaxon is l lie siowest to aJmit the
t.l1011g·ht o( r evol uti on .
17. I It> l'• 'cl' in,<l tlivine h elp frorn Goil.
18. Tl11>11 did.,[. ~wear to 111 e upon a parcel-gilt gobJ,..t., Ril.Li11g in
11 1y Dol]'hi 11-c li: u11 he r, at the ro1111d-tali J,., by a Rea.,,oa l fire, upon
\r ed111·s.Jay i11 \\' lii tsu JJ- week, wl1< 11 the p r i1wn hrnke t.hy head for
li ku 11i11 ;.; hi s b t he r to a s iJJ g in g man o( \\'i11d sor ; - thou didst
swear lo 111e t.hu11, as I was w ;~, lii11 g thy woun d, lo marry me.
19. TJ ,. ~ a11 1111 a·1 an 11i1·1·rs:ny of !h r~ l:rndi11g uf tl1 c l 'il g- ri1uti,
cc·lt-lirat.1•d vcadv. lnnk pln"P a f P w rl:ty ., ~iTJtC.
20. li e l ives 11ear to hi s fathe r.
21 . \\'e wi ll co11 s i1l e r o( this prese nll v.
22 . " 'u ll i11 gto11 h e won \Vatc rloo. -

LESSON 4 0.

6. Use a Sufficien t Numb er of Wo rds. - Th i' tl1n11 .c:l1t 1nay
be obscured t liro n g l1 failure to n s1) :1. sufficient number 11f

0

23. The dawu is ov1•rcast; the
cloud~ liri11gs 011 the day.

words.

Words which should not bo Omitted. - ~1 >1111· 11 f Llw w 111·.J s
that sl 10 11 l d Hu t lie u111 iLL<·d art.) (1) the 11 lll'll Lli 1· ulijt'd
.is not :rn!lic ielltl_y d1s ti11g1 1i sla·1l \Yitl11 •t1 L iL; ~:.:; an, a , ur the
before each uf t11·0 or more conrnTlPrl :ulj<'l'i.iv1·s 111oilif1· i11 g
different n o un s ; Cl) an, a, or the l1do rc ra.ch uf two r.r
more conn ected 11<>1t1 1s dL·1wli 1q; tl1i11gs t.l1:d, :1. re tu J,c tlistingui s ltetl frum 1•:t1·lt (l t l11:r or Plll\.•l1 :1si1.1·cl; (.1) a l1d"r 1· few
:tIHl little "·li ,·11 ti"'·''" :m· "i'l'11.;1·d \t1 none; \ ·-· ) other\\ !11 ·11
n ct•tl etl tu kt·•'!' :Lil t>ii.i<'•·I. 111 1b 1·l;1ss; \Ii) that 11r which 11 r
the w urds f11r wl11t' l1 1t. st.:111.Js . ',1·lw 11 r1·11111r1·tl ! 11 1-. 1111111.-11 · :1
,., 111 tr:tst 11r t.n rx11 1-. •ss 1111 · 1lin11 ~~l 1 !. fiil J.,- ; ( 7) 1111 • verb "r
th e v c rL wi 1. lt ib s11Lw1 ·t \\'l11•n 111·1 'cl 1·.J :illc ·r th an ,.,. as 111
pn~v1o1it. a11il1ig111t .'; 1:-;) much 11·1,..11 lw• ·tli·d a ll• ·r very;

mornin g lowers , an d heavily in

24. I le had not St':tl'cc·l y a mornent to live .
25. \r n11Ll tr1 f:11d tl1al l1a r i11 v11y 111ig11L a.t-: ;L in nJturn (1nea11 ing
{'1)!111• f !11• ·"''r' 1·r11ul ii fl!P ) .
26. Na 111 e tl1 e a·pJdt•1 if yon ca n, hy f asfii1g of it.
27. f \\'t ' lif . JiOlll f_\ fu ll Of a .~T !';tf_ n1:t11y ~l'!'ioH<.; r1-: t1".:CtiOJJ9.
28. I cllll 1' t lik e to 11t•a r a wrn11,11 1 sp<>~k '"" !011• 1.
i9. ;\ ~l tt(I1·11 t , g r:1d11:\t.i1 1.:..:·. l' ~'l'i ' i\' t' .'"i illP tit.IP (Jr ;1 11 ;\.H .
30 .

'i'i:1· s1_:i_:1__1!Hl

;u1d Lh0 U1ird words are Latin .

\~) \\'OJ'(::::\
l

3r. A tli;dl'ct i11 wlii c li th <'y cou l<l re11 dc r Ll11 ·111~elvc8 mutually
int1·l l ig ililo t.o <'a.ch other.
32. 'l'he la.\V is TJ1tll. yf,i d , d 1· f1nict, nnd dPnd .
33. ' l'!i et ·l 1a.rg-1~ i~ idt1•r ly. fnf;11iy, an.! al ..... ,_ ilu! 1·!_y f:dsi'.

34 . II " "'u1't. hardly i'fan tl II)'.

ill 11....;fra ti110 tlH'.'-H' fa11lts

nf

·
ill

1JJ'1

I l'I' 'l
' I, \\ ·()
l· LIL

\f

r

1 lL· \f

r I · (' ( 1Jilw1·! ··d

r . 'l'liert~ i_.,.; :L ~n ·a t 1liifer1·1!1.."*' lit·t\\. l'('J 1 ti1" i;i11',.!t1d _:...'.·e tii11l 1·r ("liari1 ·:-;
I. a nd Cl 1arl1•s II.. l .. ·l\\«<."1 tl1:it 111111.-r ('Jia r lt•s ll.:i111l 1111•l1·r <i11 1···11

0

,...;1 •ritt •Jl 1'\•-.:

j't·c11ur1·il'

wor<ls or plir:1ses n ·f'P rrin g 1.u :u1< •tl11'1' w11rt! " r ]1lir: 1s •· sh11 1ild
cad1 111akt: !-'.""ti s 1·1 is1· wit.I i i t.; :u1tl ( Iii) adjectives, pronouns, prepositions, :11111 :i11 other l':1rt s ,,:· s111·1·1 ·l1"111·11 tlw1r
repetition \\"tillid gin~ distinctness or 1m•11t ·r iir11111111L·11cc: t. 11
th e i(lras rx 1ircss"<l by t. 111 · ft1llcnri11c; ,,.,,nls.

35. 'rl1 r~ cliildrc- n nc1·d r.nns t:111 t ~ u p1'rrisii1H all !l H· w l iih~ .
36 . ..:\11 t•11i11· ....;tr ia1 1 ~:atn" fif J,nfa_\.t•fti' u11 :t ii(1r_,,. \\:-(:....; t111Yeiled.
37. 'rhP d o 11 Lts h: it that. ti it· \Yor!d i." i i11 1•r0\-i ll .!. .~"!
38 . 111 l>cce 1n ber, tl1t• Cu n~T'"" a~.,0mliil's .
39. ~ l : "L of !.1 11, 111 wcr" for a.i'C•·pti11.i.; tl11· f:l\ 11rnl1l,. f,,rms and
\\·J1i.-1i •· 11 il1raeed :i.ll the fi rs t Crusa1les J.ad lwf"11 i11 t.!'1l' letl to gain.
Direction. --- ni-i11 ~[ in

J ]I

T uo Few Tl7ords.

Arnie. 1n e 11 t.. -

cx1:f'S~

novelg. -

in rd ! t hei r .·arktics , alltl CQrrect t!11.·11L
1

J ..

'f' r t? nt·lt .

lVuntt"r.

\\" Jin 11 c:Y (•r Lad a.

2a

'f'l" rrkt'r1111.

~·

4~

It

ta~'-\!P or e:1111il 11•11 f) J' t · 11j<J_\'-

niali:1· ~ ntH' a.'i li 1 111 ~ry a.o...: n111• (1f ~ 1 ·1dl . \;

IL i.' tlli11ki11g

111akj· ~

\\ !itlL we r1·a·l

<1

11r.-.; .

..

':-

..............
:;.- .• .. '.):

Jl2

•·I

li

I.,

U::>e rif .1Viml.s -1Vurds nut to

T.r!lL e. 5. Pu111ppy 111 (>re sLriki11 ~ l v Lhan a11v n1an i11 /ii,tory illustr:1fPs th e 111nr:tl in his e:it a, tr,,
..I J,,· .· • - fl ,· r1< 11 ; 1 . ,.I · 6 . ·1·1 11· l llt ' /"l· o ·
1 1
,\ifred huLl t i11 pri\· a t1~ and pnidic lift · 111:t\· .wit l 1 ad,·anta•"f' b0
.
•.•
.
0
s 1· t, 111 01•po s 1t.1on t o tlt:it of a11_v 111 1•111tn ·l1. - //11 111r . 7. li e had
h:ld· tJ,., lio11 se ll1oro11 g lil y n ·11 0v ate1l a11 .J fun1ish etl it an ew. //., /1111's. 8. ll u th tl11~ a1wi. •1it, :t11d 111 o• le rn idyllis ls. - S todman.
9· Th e re han ' lief' 11 tlii11 g-" e1Jo 11 g·l1 l1app('11Pd in !.li e t i 111 e. -A usl e11.. IO. B1·f.\\'l'C11 a l1i g li e r and lu1n·r J•rden·n ct -. - /,". (,'. While.
II. :rlt•·y wnuld l1(' J.,.t f."r in tlw s• ·11af., th a11 t/i ,• fl ,.J,J. - 1.. -'i•plirn .
12. l lie ways 11110 11 wli1t'h a s l1i p is la.111wJi.,.J :11-.~ verv like L! 1" "'·R. U. WJ,;1 ,.. I3 . \\'hi ..: 11 111:uk lii111 at. Oll Ce Lli e gl ~ ry a nd Bliarne
o( En g lish 111a11l1 uud. - C li 11n-li.
1

''

_The tl 1uuglit lll:L_y ht ! ohsr.n 1·(•t l ( 11) l1y th ... :imhignnns u se
o t nouns :_rnd p r o n ouns in th e p osscss i v1-, (12) l1y th e use
of a word 111 ma11 y s"n srs in t-11r s:irnp S\ ·11f,·n (' «, ;1111 ] (1:1) J.y
a.11 ex prcss wn too eonc1s!' .
Direction. -Tlte ita lit •izt·d wnrd~ i11 t!1r-sP !'it'n1encc 8, wh Pt.li L'l' re~
P~':t.~f·d w11nl:--; 1.ir n c_i t. :-oavv lli1 · :-<t• 111.1·nc(·s fl'o111 :unlii!;uity nr se lf--cnntrad11L·t1nn , o r lJt' lll .~ 1d1·;1....; i itfd p r.ippr l'! f•:trn i ·~~ nr pr.1T1Jiiwrwt•.
J~ 1. ,aJ
Lit'.~ t · St.' ll H: li i.: t:~ witii1111 t, ~ll(' it wu rd !; , and

tlH'll

l" t 111gu1
.
. s IIC•11 'Y Z<':tl ll1a11 ''!/ ca1nlor

lll fH't' ' I.'

2. Tl1 1• p out ry o f l h11te is i•il'i 11n•s1i111· J.l'y o 11 d a 11 y oili er eve r
writte11.

3·. Tli e days o[ Cl1arles 11. we re tl1 e gol.!1• 11 a ge of th e cowanl,
tli r. bi got, a11d //w s la \'\).

'1

4 · Evny a nc i1•11t a11d 1•rrn1 111 n•J..rn Li11 .c.:· 11:1 .~p has rontrihuteJ
f'(H l !l' lhi .11 .~· o f g rat'f\ '?ft· JH·rg·y. o r 1~( 11111 ...;i c tu ~[iJt 0 11 ·~ poetry.
S· l>1d a n.\' l ir:t\"f \ E1 1.~· li :·d1111:11 1 \\IH1 n rnd1~ i nto thP i:lw,q nf
d t":tl h" at I: a bklava ~e rv " E11 g ia11tl 111 o re truly tl1a 11 i/ 1',{ j:~ l on· i 11 ·e
i'\i g l1ti11 g al.,'!

6. Th e wo rks o f l'la re11d n11 :1 11 ./ il/ 1111 1111· ai-. ' thP in nst aulli"rital in~ :ind th e most pop1d;ir it i:·dnr if•:d \\"(ll·k ...; i 11 nnr J ;- 111 g· 11 :t ~"-

7·

11:)

and lo th e dist ant. lo !h e present aml lo !h e past were collcded o n
one :--:1Hd ;u :1l ir 1 u 11(~ t1 (!11 r .
8. \ 'u il i1in· .L! :lndi oi....: : lu' .~ri 11 s : lie slial;. 0 .~ tl11• ~ id t• ; /11 ' 1 11 i1t1 ...;
th e fing e r; lu~ tur11 s up tln~ Hose; Ju~ :-;J1oul .~ out il10 tongu e.
9. 111 A11wri ca, milli1111 , o f E11 gl is h111t.: 11 were a t w:lr witl1 t.111•
couutr,Y f r o 1n '' liici1 U1ei r Liuut1, tlu:ir lan.~qage, a 1111 ti1t.:ir i11~tit.u ­
tio11s wPrn d r"·il'ed.
IO. I han.: al11·ays /1,./i,.1J1;i{ a1Hl st.iii ,Ju liel ie 1·c ll1"l. l),., soul is
1

iru111 01·t:-i 1.

II .

A has trav e ll ed m ore than If. but i:i not so we ll

e.l11 c : tlt~d

:,,; H .
I2 .

There \\'as a h eart-. a ki11diy fe,. Ji11 g.11-lii1-11 prc1·:1i J,. ,J o\·i'r ilti'

party.
13. 'l'he lif'.a.t i 11 g- 1 qa1 ·~ or 1·~c1' inrtf (n(tt. '"!I h~oti11_r1) did lii111 .l!'nod .
14. Lo\·bi. t.i1 0 1.1 llllo 111 o re tl1an these lui:e me, ur luv est t.J. .. 11 111<'

more t ha.n

tlimL

iorP.c.t t.hP.~P.?

15.

'1'!1 0>.; wl 1u Jrove Ja ntt•:; fr c11n !tic; thron« , tr/io , ,., \111:1 ....l liis
an11y! ll'lio a1it>11at e<l lil s fri1 ~ 1J1b, tc!io i111pri so 11 (·d 11i1u in lii s pa1:i.ce.
1cho l>rok t' in u po n hi s Yf' ry sl111 nhl'rs J.y irnpe ri o n" 111 e:;~ages , anrl
1111!0 p11rs ned l1i111 with fire an<! S\H1nl fr o rn rnu; p:u·t oi tltP r"npire
to anoth er wi;re liiti ll• ~ )'ltt\\ ru1cl !1is two •_h u.~lilern.

p'iint onl Utt-! fnn c-

t i111 1s nf t.l11· HP wurd:-;: -

I . Tli e-·s" 11.·1\'1• 1ll'l'll
or/,_,/ 'kill.

ue Omitte.1l.

.-\ JI fli t~ \'ari v 11 .. .; kind ;.,; uf i11t L'l'1'."' t 'd1 i1 ·li l11 l11n g f11 tliio J\l':tr

Tl1r Prrors l1t'rea f t ,• r g i,·rn fo r 1'o r n·ction will n nt li:t1·c
the authors' 11:u111~s :t}']'t'I1tlt'tl. l:11t \\" ' m:1y ;-;:1y t.lt a t ;i]111< 1st.
all of tlie:;c cr rurn ha ve been found in our re:vli11g.
Direction. th em:-

Fi111l arnl 1:lass ify th e

fault~

bc·l•1w, a11d

cn rr •..-t.

Tlwre an • ie w a rt ists wltt1 rlraw h o rses so well a s :\I r . L er ch.
'l'lit-~ g r:t\'• ' uf H11h(•rt Hnwe wa .... 01ily r11:trld ·d hy tw< 1 br(lad
flag-sto11«s, 011 whi c h Burn s k11elt a11d k iss.,d .
3. <> 1ir n ·l111l.- 1' l1ad t.111· d 1·sirr,_d f~fTcct.
4. Tl 1 1~r(• i:-: a 1-~:ruat diff1·n•11f~ 1~ l11·Lwt·1·11 t .l1r~ d(I.~ a111l (:at.
5. Sl1 1.• h a rl no t )'" t li .slc n,...J pat i.. 111 ly tu !1is h eart.-lwa b, l• ut
Onh· f,.]t f)i ;1t li<•r O W!I ll':t 4 )lp~f in :_; vi o )l' llfh·.
6. lJ ,. 111nl~t'fli l1i :-\ ~ 1111 lo i-i~1 ~ 011 111-· e\·il ;u1d ~· odd 1 :1n d _..: 4·11d t•ll1
I.

2.

rai11

1_f11

t l1 l ' j 11.-- 1

:111d u1 1.i1 1--. I .

e

;:·

•I

114

Qualities of Style - P erspicuity.

Arran:;e1nent of

1Vurds~

P/ira;scs, etc.

llG

- -- ·-- - 7. The e rror has and will aga in be exploded.
8. 011e shou ld coYet n othing less than the Lest.
9. P i11e is the talles t of o ur trees.
10. Much to la is co lllfort, few of his creditors met., anrl gave him
li t t.l t~

l l. The brai n n eeds rest lL'l much if not m ore tha n t he rest of
the bod y .
12 . \ Ve are chan11 ecl by that ~i 11 g ularly human e and
l1un1 or i11 wh ich Ad Lli so11 excelled all 111en .
13. I le h rL~ worn to-<hy :i si lk a11d ft>lt hat.
14. H re• l'•ired few tak11ts to whi ch most m en are 11 ot
at least, do 11ot acqui re.
15- Se wal, Archb ish op o f Yo r k , co mplain ed of the way in
which lie hail bee11 l1M:L'""d l•y rns]>l'I1sio11s, ex alllinatiou~, and
i 11 ot he r ways .

I

''i
•1,,,

. I

LESSON 41.

en co urag-e ment.
ARRANGEMEi':T 0.F WUl{D::i, l'l!HA~E~, AND C LAl'~J ·S

r~erspicuity, w e have seen, de pe mb, I. Upo n t h e auth\ir's
mastery of Li:; subj ect, aml ] l. Upon liis use of word s .
Through ni11e J,.,::;suns we ha" '' insist•·d (1) tltaL yu11 """
simple word::;; ( '.!) that you use wunb wl1icl1 "x1•ress your
meaning- with vrop ri dy and with prec isio11; (:)) tlt:Lt you
_use personal pro nouns with care ; (-l) t h at yo n avoi d words
a,nd COnStl'UCtiOllS whi ch h ave JI () g•1od footing ill t h e ]:11\guage; ( 5) that you a \'Oicl an excess of \Y onb; and \ti)
16. J\frR. Horneck and her rhught er!'< \WI'-' w·ry please d to hani
that you use a s11flici c 11t numlwr of wor1ls.
with t.hP 111 o n t hi s Co11li 1w11tal trip so rlistingni;;hc,J a pArsou as
.:_
We add tLat 1•cro;pi«11ity '1··1•en1h :i.lso
Dr. Goldsmith.
17. Th e peasantry o( Scotland Jo,·ed
III. Upon fhB Arrangement of Words, Phrases. and
loved a poet .
ClauSBS. -Th is is a m :tttl'r o l' s1111n·111e impor t:111r·,., :u1d
18. l aRk him , you, and eve ry h onorable
one not a lways c:ucl'ully attc 11 dl·d tn even l1y the h(·st. .,r
qu estion.
nutho1·s. One cannot rely up ou pu11ctuatio11 to c"rrc•·t
19. Thc- r hythm oft.],,, '"l'onrl a"'l f11inl li1w i-; i11l]•'. r fcct.
blunders o!' pt1siti.,1i.
_20. It i,; somf' t.i11 H•s dilllc 11l t. to .Ji ~ t. i11gui s lt L1elwee 11 au interrogPlace (1) the :-;ul1jP<·.t before tlic ol1jr·1,t, or ol•.i''"t COlllJ>l•·at.1Yc and e xclarnat.ory scnt.eu ce.
ment,
i f tl1< ' r" wniild i11• :i. doul.t. "·l1i .. Ji \\'<JI'! ] is s11l•j · ·• ·t. :rn•l
2r. Pl a.t i11111n i ~ h Pav ir·r h111 riot ~o u.'-lcru l a~ iron .
which is ol>jcd in e : L~l'. the pnsitio11s Wt' l'l' n ·v •'rsecl. 1 'L11·.,
22. H.cform, thcrPforl', witho11f. hra,·i ·ry 0r sra11.-Jal of former
(2) all s in gle word 1uod itit:rs, St ll'l1 as adjc.·li\·,·s :tnd :i dti mes a n<l pe rso ns; hut. y•' f. "''f. it. down t.o t li y.'•'lf, a.swel l
good preced e n tR as t o fo lluw tl 1c m.
verbs, (:{)all plir:lSC lll"tl i fin.-.; , J•r<']'""itiu11al :llltl p:trti1·i1•i;,J,
and (4) all cl::t11se rnotli11Prs, a<ljc ctivc or adve rb, wh ere
Direction.- Tlring in Re 11t e n c('~ illu6trati11g ali theHc en-urn of
_their
position. will rai~e 110 don lit as tu what tlwy rnodil'y .
o mission, and correc t them .
'l'his rul e does 11ot r ii:;idly cxclnd1; wonls fr11111 hd.m·•·11
""'i~~~~?W".~these modifi<'rS an1l tl1c wor<ls rp1alifif'd o r limif <'•l; l111t
it does excllJ(lc t.l 1e111 i11 i·asr• tl,.·ir i11s1:rti"11 w .. 11ld r:1i'''
a. reasonah]p, q 11 t'stinn as t o wli:1.t y1111 i11ti·1111 t.111 •-;,• ,v,,n1.'.
phra~ e s , or d :111st's to rnod1 f.\· . or vv•·1 1 \rll\'1 1 a ~· · co11.J r,.:iding to ascorLaiu lli i;-; woulLl ]J., m•··d··•l. c;n·:iL fn:\•do111 .,f

·.,

·~

'•;..

'-: ,·
,--.,;_'
I

llG

Qualities of St!)lc -

Pcrspiwit!).

pos ition is allowe d, provitl c <l th e g ra1nmati c al
tlt c wonls arc k e pt o lwio11 s , awl th e tlt uug l1 t is k··pt clear.
Direction . - ~t 11d y th ese sen \.l.'n ccs c:trdully, dc t.l'n11i1 1e what. they
Wt·re ill tl' ll d 1·d t11 l' Xjlrt ''" • nut! tl1t•11 rt'<"a st t lil'lll, p l adn~ tl 1e it:tlicized

Ar rw u11; nu.~ nt

uf 1Vunls, 1 'lmLs1s, etc.

117

oth n · nuut.
2 r. A g-re:LL ri llt•11i:rn with ~t h ush:,. ,, nl i~ c :t:l1:d .~"
rlu\tTitna'~ skei n o f \\'O(il by thr, asfnur1d11 1. 1 flf/ 1) 1J •• lJrthy.

l ' XJ1I't: ...: .•-d 1•lh w l 1·· n · J t 1t1 l i 1i11k t l H'.Y l)•· l·•Hg- : -

Ln tc lw r, 01 1 u l11' r,,f 1 l1 ;t d ]; Lid Iii .. .; \\ltitt le d11\\'JJ.
2. I have thoug h t on• r \Yh;it y .. u :;ai d tl1e olli l' r 11iglil rcr.'I careI.

!fun /!'!/

:1.

Direction. _

H r i n~ in H'n t1 ' n 1 · ~ · ... i ll u.-.; t rat iri g ;lll Llit ·s•-' fa tdty iuTa1 q. ,.:1·-

- __ m e11ts, and c1,1-rec t 1lwi 11.

jidl if.

3. If T lo ve hi111 , whrn 1 t!ir. he wil l take me lio111e v11 Ligh.
4. Opt~ r ator8 a re wanted 011 c/011!.·s.
5. Ti1u111;is \\'. C ul, .., 1•111. <111 e 11d t .. llic A111i·ri can war liy l!JOV·
it ig i t.... c c~=-- at i v ll i11 1111~ llou sp t ~ ( ( ' , l}//}tl u/1 .-.' .
o. Th e farini:r ·,. u rc: itard is n:.,pec tcd i1y th e

ARRAN< : EM l·:NT ul'.' \\'<>HIJS, l'lll (.\;-;1,;;-;, ,\Nil Cl.AL~ J: ;-;.

dug.

7. 1\Iary 's 8iste r, u:ho

1cas

th e first '111 een of

LESSON 4 2.

E11glu11rl , wa.s a

Protes tru1t.

Direction . prec:t.'d i ll g I ,,· .. .; :-:. ( If t

8. It is o f nsc t o soe it• l.y tl1 al ii1t ·r" s hould ),,, )•n ly.c:l o t waitns
wh o c an ~~ l l 11:-; \\' l 1e 11 l-l1 e t ra in s t a r t,'{ in./·>1u· f/r f 1·,· l 1l fl !/11uyc s.
9. Pl ease re 1 ort, any i11atf P1tti nn o f tl 1 1~ w:1 i t1 '}" ;.,; In 1/, 1· 1·0 ....111>r.
I O. "\ :'.:ic i1· 11 Li.i L r u lll a l 'apcr 011 tl 1c c:Ltastro1il1e of geology at
1

r . .\

p ., wi1l1 Ill'' ·"''
, s 1·r1i,t' ll ll' :' a.s n ·c 1uirl'd wi t l1 U1u s t· in Lhl'
: -

r~ , L ii i :--i· ~ · :-- ; l \ \ 1d· 1r1 1!)11/( '

It

1., ·

2.

Yu le CullN1e.
I r.

,\ s t r;ci g l1t li11e ~ a11 un i!/ cnt th e circu1nfere 11ce of a circle at

t. w" po ints .
I 2 . In o ne ev e nin g l Cflunlt· d twc11ly· s cv c 11111el e urs :;itti11g on my
,,;,,_
7;:f1 .

r3 . 'rh(\
14.

;~:1\':1.Q'r': l1 f •r1• ,,,, , ."ir/ / /o· :-;1 1• \\' .

i:'r11111 a ~-d1ual ed. ricltt·."'I L niliii ·.-.;

1

r /,.,,,. <l !i d cu ld, Lruke ihe

Tnnrnin _~.

,,,, 15.
,.

'flu· n 1an st.ru ck 11is fri r· 11d rr/11'!1' f rJ1 1!." i"y lu'm .. :. trui!Jld in th e

I6. H e ~aw ih e place 11lie re \\' arr1»1 j, " ,] fa llc:1 } •r 1111' Jirsl tim e,
?1esterrla 1;.
17. I s hall '1 Pilher al.l<>mpt. I" f' '1lii:1t" nor rl"tl }' it,
r8. ThP grave o f Hohrrt Drnce \Ya:; only 1n:.rJ;, ,,j by t wo LroaJ
Jl1.~·- ~.: j ( l[J(' '", .

19, I ~ >l\Y tktf. tlwv l1nd 1,,.,.11 h11i ldi11 ;;
CliatJJ;L11 1 ~L. 1 fu the t,,.r,,,/,,,,, / "'!".,.·

it

J.rid,c;-" :tt. th e fuot <>f

of Jl11s ic.

·:
.. - ..·:.;·,; - - ""

llS

Qualitie::s of St.1;lc - P crspiruity .

U11 it !I rf tl1c 81'11 /1 ·111·1·.
- - - -- - - --

12. The jou rnals 11 0/ 011fy spoke i n high tenus of !ilr. Moon's
powers a8 a c:nt1c Gu t a bo as a writ e r.
lJ ·. Th t•· fir~· t \\' u- nl of a11 cxa1111' Io may also prop.,rJy begi n with

a ca11it:d lettt.'r.

. 14. They roJ e in an e n o rm o us ca rriag-e full of carving and gi ldrng m t li e sty le of t h e g rand e ur of Spain, 1d,idt
cu11rlynrrl.

15. Th ose who 11 eitlt er l iked ti lC )' w
. .l/ c11111
· nor
rn e n t agai nst l{ome.

11 uw

stu 11 ds ;,. the

Ill }

stro ng judg-

16. ,.\ ~l· r vant \\'ill ol1ey a m~u; l c r"s or1krs 1/,,11 he / 1Les.

17. l le ce le brated tl1e tri11 rn1•l1.' of ~l:trll•o rongli £n rer.>e.

18 . . Loni Uroo l~e
stoou

Ill

wa..~ sh o t frn 111 tlt e ch11rd:, ; 11 tlie ey e, a.s ho
a d oo r, oj w fudt li e instanll!f diet/.

. I?._

Th e 111 an cau1 e . to hi ~ deat h liy ex1· 1 ·~~i1·e drink in g, p roduclll g .tj>oplexy , m the 111 1.nrls oj the jury .
20 . And keep t he fl a m e fro111 wast in g by reposr..

_2 r. I <.l id n o t h ear wh a t you said coming so suddenly into the
noisy room .
.. D irecti?n. -: Bring in sentences illu~trating t.h e fan lt.y position of
sin:.:!" ,,..,rw;, of 1 1 lua~c~ , aml of daui;t:,;, aud plac:e tl1cso wllere they

llilould 1>ta.u.u.

LESSON 43.
UNITY OF TllE SENTENCE - MISCELLANEOUS ERRORS.
P e rspi c u i ty d e pends

l V. Upon the Unif.J of the Sen fence. -

A se n tence is not

~ bag ~o be

_stuffetl with mi sce llan co ns m atte r, its value
rn c~·eas wg with the quantity crowded into it. It is rather
a p1ctur'.)' aim in g t o prese nt a s ingl e objec t wi t h or without
accessones.

As you sa w in J~e ·so n s

:nay have more than

12 and 13, a sentence
a s in gle leadi 11 g c lause, each modified,

if u eeJ b e, by cle1>enclent clauses.

Jlut the thoughts of

-

- ---~

LI '. I

- - -··-

l.w dos .. ly rt:Ltt."d , --· ci 11 c '"'11Li11l1ing the otiil'r, 111 cull t rast w1tii 1(, ;t t.'Ulls<'<jl lt: ll " " .. 1 11, "r al 1
inference fr o m it, - a11ll :di ti1 1• l'l:lli .' "·' i1111~t. <'<rni111111· t " i·1rn1
a unit ::uHl nut a 111ass of u11its.
l j llity is ullt-11 YiuL.1, .. 1
by a cl1ange of sul•j c·ct, 1Jy l1l'l.1 ~ rug1 · 111·ut1.s 11>;tt,.ria l, 1,y ]" " .'-'.
se nte n ces, a.ncl cspPc iall _v hy lo n g p:1rentliPs""· tlH' llla ttn ._it
"· whi,,Ji 1ni ,g l1t lit; dr<>J>p t.:d ontr ig lit.. ur lJ\' ahs11rlwd 111t<> ti"'

:-_ th ese l e<.1.Ji11g eb usvs wu :;t

body of Llie st·11L•·11c·\..
Direction . -

l{1 ·1 ·a.st lll{·se s 1· n f t' Il ccs . alld .'-'l'<'ll l't' uni t.y l1y (I) ()!11is

eiou o r ( ~ ) b.v co 1111lTli11:! 1wirl· clq:...;l'l~· tlw
each sentence i11tu twtl ur 1tJt1n 1 se n tence:-; : -

p;lrt s

11 r

( :;)

l iy n•std\'ill g

1 . For w ho knows n o L tl 1:tt truth is 8l.ro 11 g next Lo the Al ..
mi g hty; sh e n eed8 no po l1ei<.:s, no st r at;;ge1 11 ~, 110 l1cens i11 g tu 111 ake
he r viclori o u:-:., tl1 0;-;1' are t.lw . . hafts a1111 tlit; d eft• tH'es t.ha t 1'1 T (1r 11:->1· .-.;
ag ai11 st li e r pow e r : g i1·e li e r but r oo m, am! do 11 ot bi nd he r w he n
she sleeps'!
2 . The Spartans were ce ns ure u by the anc ie11t w r it e rs for tht-ir
inhuman trcal.111e11t of the Ifolols, a race !011 g , 11hj1·d tt'I the l.~"''­
demonia11 s , wl10, w lH·n the forme r lie ca111e Loo 11u111e ro u,,, o rd 1'rf'd
th e yontli to h1111 t t li f' 111 dn\\·11 lik l"! h""'ts.
3 . Hern abo \\' 0 11 ld 1•rnp"r ly ari.,c t.li e q 11 .. st.i,m, star te d Ly
Charles F ox, (l111t. prol•ahly d11" nribi11:dly to the CO ll \'e r,ati"" " f
so me far s nbtl er friend, ;; 11 c h :Ls J-:d11111 nd llurke, ) l1<>w far ll1•" J•ract ice of fooL-noles (a pract. ie•: pmely 111 odern i11 its .f(1rn1) ix n·co11 cilable wi t h t he laws o[ j11't cornpos it.i o 11 ; and whet he r in Yirt.11<:,
though n ot i n forn 1, s uch foul-notes <li<I not exi s t for the an c ie n t.A,
by a n evasion w e could po in t o ut.
4. The Spani sh 1foe t co ntinu ed its r et reat., 11ut, in its passage
around Scot,la11d a ncl Ireland, a Le rrihl e s t orn 1 a.rose, and the vessels dashed again Ht the rock-l1ouncl coasts, a nd no t m o re than fifi,y
reach ed Spain , and t he g reate r pa r t of t.hPse were worthless .
5. To t hi s s ucceed ed t h at lice n tio us nes;; wh ich e nte red with th e
R estonit ion, and, from infect in g 011r r e l ig ion and mo ral,, fe ll t.o
corrupt OHr lang 11age, whic h h~t w:t~ no t like t o he much improved by t hose who a t that lim e 111 :1cle np t h e Cou rt of Charles 1r.,
so that th e Co urt (whi ch HseJ to lie th e sta nd a rd o f propriety a nd

120

J~ l

(j1{(({ities uf 0t!Jle -l'cr.~pirnit,1; .

c.;o rre l'll1<).'S of spce<:h) was tlw11 (a11.J , f think, l1as 1•\'1· r ,j,,c., con-

ti111t l'dJ 1.l1 e \\'Ol''t '<'huul i11 J·: 11 g laud fo r th:;t a cco 111pli s h1 11 1rn[., aud
so \Yill re111ai11 till lietl.l'r care Le tak\'11 i11 tli c edu cation of our

11 01.iil ity.
M 1:-;c ELLANEuU::; v 101.ATIO~S OF T'Ei1~PICUITY.
1.:11 n,·t:l Ll11.:~ e \'ivbti .. 11s of perspicuity:-

Direction. - Cl:t:;.-;ify and

I. Dr. ,\ruo !J wrote a Hi sto ry of Rom e in th ree voluu1es,
wl1i c1i \vas l1rok(' ll off l1y I ii ~ d e; i,lli al ll w en d of t i11.: s n ·1111d J'11Jtic

15. l\1wlli·r

destroy.
x8. ' l'lwrt •
19. It

Tin.:! (-"l l1i o r ;, \V e n t o ff Olla .i a111h o ree .

3· ( 'u 11 Lra1·t.ic11 1 011ly
4· 'l'iit•f 't ~ is
~elf ,

i t.:-i

pt-'rf(·ct

J1H: ~ll1l11g·.

i:i

ll OW.

6. 'fli t·rt.: i . . ! H1 ;-;tu11J u
wrought 0 11t l1y fit studi es.

i11111t.~di1 111_·1 d

\\' t~ t· ~t 1·1 Hl Ullr cJa ....;:-. i lic;ifj ill/

7·
IllOr e

r

r ca i~ not sp1' ;1k

Ub::i C llJ' t.dj', fru111

j',-\ llll

{!J

tlw

\'. i!

lllill"I'

L11t

1 11 ;ty

lH_'

1·!j•arJ.\· t o tli e

tfie lll O rf~ ClO:":'\el)' i 1) the Jll(I J'C rt•Jl1of1•Jy 1·n11-

Hectt••.l.

8 . Cl 1arJt.., V., wi,ltini.,: to ag.i .;raudiw lii s fo1nily. 111• 1u·go tial<"<i

for tlte marriage of l'l1ilip to lllary.
9· Tlit• f:u ·1 11 e r '"""t to hi K Jlf'ig-h bor, a u1l ~ aid t l1at, he knew his
cat tle \\' l, l'e i11 hi ~ li c ld.
IO . Su 1tll,1• ri y was Cartha ~c d c·,trm·1 ·tl tl 1al "''·' nre 11nalile to

po int o ut Lite place where it stuo1l, at tl;e prt·s1·1it .Jay.
II. Oftl'n as man y as live d t·ad l1odi (•s hy fr , tning- 111 a single
l11 ' u"· , wlii cit no Oil\! c:oult.l be iud1tC(' d lo drag to tl1e ,,.. ,, .. .,,c diL"li
~L!H ! l11i t"."f .
I2. Your l H•a ut.ifnl cloc k \\':1.'! 111111~ h nd111ir1·d. and i.' 11ow 111 11111·
parior 011 U1e 111n.ttl1t>l-piecf wh ~ l't~ I l1 np1 · In :-- 1·1' Y••n n ftr11.
13. \\ ' ii(~ IJ t.itt :-:r•archi11 g- ey1 • ed. i1 0: l\·1• 11 i_-; liiil lwlii11d 1!11• g !nlH',
LJ1 ;1L lii..::li ts lite l1)Wt :r world, tl1 e n t!ijt ~ ve ~ :u1d l' l1Ll" ~ r .. .; rar1 .~ 1' al1road
1

,

1
.

lln"1·1 ·1 1

I4· ,\Iler tlic 1'l1<1!11i1;ia118 d i"co\·e r"d t.lw )~ la s ., , !.11 ..y rn:ide mo11ey
vuL ,,1 it,.

lu l1l111

;t."'

;-;qui!

r t J;.; 1· Ill'.

add

tl1:d 1· \·i · ll :.-:-r:u 11111:1r I"

tl ia t . '' it !1 1Jtw

11....;

wl!11111 ..; 1 >1111'

:ifl, •1 ·!

111

11r

.-., 11l it!l 1·1• f

:1

l \\ 1 1 t'\( ' 1·1· ti• •t1 ..... ,

1·u 11:--: id1 · r

:t:i

lwl1, r1 .~i11 ~

ll w " · ri 1( ·r. thr1111;.:,i1 :1
c in~ui t of 11ru.J1 :~ i (11 1...; r1· ;1.\i 11 "-: . \\·!111 lias 1111L .-.u 11wt i 111~· :-; \·iu Ld1·d !.Ill'
f,1 ,

a

:--./'r 11

i-Larl 1: 1r!Jll...;
t !w . . \

2o . ' J'lwy 1.raY· ~ l

tu l:i111.

tlw

ji:trti~ ' :-i

L\\\I

allai11 11H · 11 I. :l1111 ir1~_...;!

a,·ci1l i 111·1· ( )l

j q tli·-~ t_( '!!! l ''" f' l ie

S·

\\i·l"e

11 1:dz·· ·"' 11...; l1lt1 ...;! 1 t(•

(o11 1 ~ \ 11 ·i11~ :--.:lrnl\1·-.!H';tl"P,

t.akP."I pl:u·1• lit•f( , r .. a \'0\\'1_·1.

r P.:tso 11 why a pros(• wri l •·r _-.: l1 u1tl d 11 o f a\·nil l1i111.
\\-1._•) J as a }'oeL, of all lll CrtliS of f'Xpn• .o.:.:-; i11g· 11i~ ' t ! sl1a.des of
11 0

_-.,;it.

\\i1 0

lie l1a•I ,kL'l chn l Ll 1c: 11· face,;.
16. It rccciYcd tJ,,, l" ']•lll:tr :t.< ., r·11l .,f tit" ]"'"1'1'"
17· \Vhe 11 th e Spanian.ls saw the fires hips beari11g <lowu Hj•ull
thr.111 , f'\"P l"\" cal di· \\';L~ (' ld, :l!Hl tl11• flq_
d dri fl t•t l 1 H i1 i1il 11 LJ1, • OjH'l l
sea.. an(l sP.v1•ral \'i':-\s 1·1....: w~n~ l1i~L. alld ti11: E11 g l1 '.:') h i 111r ....;1wd Lh1 ·111,
fi g ht.i n.~ :tll tlit.'. l i11 w . all 1l, li ad rH•L llw j••J\\·rl ·· r _!..!, i Y1·1i t i1il . ll 11· y \\!11Jl,;
h~ve Jestroyed more tl1:111 s ixtee n uf the A r111ada which they did

\\'iiT.

2.

ladit•..-.;

11.-.1·d l1 1 ,-.. 1•11tl <1_\'.;1_:; tilt'

n~

:1 '.;1' . )

' " ' l 1a Y i'

11 1·\·er

:.; 1·1 ·1 1

l·:11 .~l i:-.l1 .'...'.:r ;1111111 :1 r.

11 L1\

,.(

l1i

li111l

\\ 1 i1\.;,

ii" ti11·y

1·; 111 ,

d111i1 1;..:.·

tlw iwri (, ,j <•r

hard t i11lt':.;.
21 . "'f'liP H'Plwar;...;al ' ' 11;1 .. .: 11ot Yiiality ~111l"11·it · 11C t.o J 1 r e~·w n· o i t
fru~ 1 1 ] •lit r1·f: t1 ·t i1 •I\ .

22.
23.

~IH· 1!1w >11 ·1 r11 1· ;u 1 11( • tl1i 1 1.~

l y li i :d .

:\11 ,·., 111itr y lia.-.

ra 1·i l] _
, . ;1 -.. !l1 i ......

t.:,f"(1 \\

11 _.. . ,,

1

0

24. 'l"l w til tl 1 a11d t!w . . . 1x ti 1 ]'l!j•J l-. l11:1 ,\ 1· l1: 1 11.~ 1 • j .\;ll 'f""·
25. A H PW ~pp1 · i11 s or a li sh l1:tS ;q 1war1·d .
2 6. 'l' lw 11r1· _... ,·1 it i . .: c•ii 1_\- i1it 1·ili-_:i\. ii· i11 t l 1· · li '. . '. l1i ~,r t!i .. 1·:1..,t .
1

27.

'l'ht·s1· an_. ;-;o ;-;l.rolll~ a . . . to

28 . lf1 ~

;-;;1.w l.\\'1)

s1 •1·111

ap11:tl' l'! dly i11 ~ ur11H>1111lal 1 l1·.

11w11 1i ;..:·lit :1 1·ri11 •: fJllf '

\\";t...;

a

L1ir

111a11.

a . . . 1· r -

geant o[ th e g 11 :trd s ; ll11; \!tl11•r ld:tt"I<. a l>11ft-lwr; tl1e ser.>-:l':u1t 1.: .. 1
red brl'ec h es. tho l1ulcl1cr, li\1 11_·: tl wy ft1H_;,: : ltt llj'(IJl a ,...;t;q..:;1 ' , a l < 11 t.
1

fu11r

11'1,_\,11·k.

2Q.

l it•

;U1, l i i H' .'-. 1·i-~1·;1Hl .

d1 ·1 · \-1 '

l l ~ 1· 1;..,; \\T1111:_:: .
32 . Titt~ _...; !l":l\\"lwtT \' ,

33. ( ' u 11f1· .... -.. i11 !1

i.--..

:111d

r11iilrlt ; :~

a ll .. 1ii•T

11t"

0

·11llH · 1°11\( · l wr i11 tin; Jt.~.

:t ], ~ \', :111rJ

\'.\' 1 1 1 ; 11 1"" 1 · ...;

3r . .-\

\\'•11111,!

t l1 ·· 11 1, •r•·

:t'<

:--.ot !T,·]

lt

0 11:.: ltl.

rr 11ii ...;,

1 r>' i'1 ·r:1!1 l t•
1

i . . . 1l1 •:

11111 :.; t

d1·liciu11 . . . .

1· 1°11i- :--. 1•.

34 · . SL1'. liniL:-: liL~~ Lu L _'. l" !1 1~ _· t l1 1_ · r.
35 . \\,.,_. ar~ ~ il1;111l,f11l tl1aL \\"P !1:1\ ·1· f1•\\' g· ()u~1 friclltls.
1

36. \\"ill

ill'

ll'l':Ll 111" :h lit>'>~ cdll<'r:i!

1

l •»>.

((,11ulltics of 8t y!c - PaqJicult_lf.
I.

; i

·.l

. ~ ..1

,/

~-~·- -- --

-

·-~-- ----·--

~··

----·-------

37. 'J' he Hilile lias am! "ill be re:id 1. v millions.
38. l'ruM: r\" e Ll 10 ri g l1L oi" ll1y plac\': \.111 s tir Bot qucHtion s of
jmisJid ion; :wd ra ther ;i.,s u1ne tliy ri g ht in sile nce, and
lha11 voice it with c lai111s a nd challe 11 gPs.
39. ::;}i,, car ri ed L\\"O flags - a11 A 111 erica11 anJ English.
40 . Tlie widb were very 1lefacc<l .
41. Threatening Lo e ut 111y head off 011ce a quarter.
42. l J>r1>t•usc Lu lrace lii•> gr,> wlli a11d develup111e11t
opi11ions by m ean s of ext.rads fn11 11 Iii ., h·ILcrs.
43. Fare beyo11d tli" c it.y li111ils for adult$, three cents.
44. The Pliler of th<; two si,t ;, r ~ w~s not y et twenty, and they
li a d bt'e n ed!lcaterl sinc.e they we re abo ut twelve years old :111.d had
l11st their parents, on plans at o nce rni.rrow and promiscuous, first
i11 an E11glish fa111ily, and afterwards in a Swiss family.
45. Our times d o not suffer by compariso n with the
El izahet h, though these are callc<l the g-ood old times.
46 . In St'Ye r a l i11sta 11 ces, J\lr. Gould would uot have
.lk a11 t.u task had h e knuwn E11glbl1 better.

A ::iC:lll~;\JE FOlt HE\'11·:\V.
( I. Tlifl Topic.

tl eterrui 11ing it. .J ~. 'J'l"' 1\11 Ll 1or's l.J1L]i,·iduality .
:1. Autl10rity .

I

l)er,.;11i(~llit..\.: 1klinl:d.

I.

( L1..'.~.}~u 11 ~il . )
LlHlll th e Antl11q·':-; ~1a:-;t.1·ry nf 1ii:-l ;-.;.11ii jt·t·L

( 1. \ ~ ....;1· ~i11q;\t' \\' ti rd."'i.
I

I ~.

1'se \\rurcls with l'r,,1•ri•·ly
and wiLli rn:.l :i;-,i;_iJL ( :--:.yu u·
ll} nlS .)

I:

l_·r-;e r\'l' S1> Jl al

,,

i, ,i

;.
;

l ~n11J i 11111~ wit!t

ca re. (Alllbic:i.1it y . )
A void W onls autl t :n11st.rnc-

11. Upon tl1e Use of "\Yonk
(LesHOllS :Jl-4U and -1:.l. )

!•I'

i (:,

(•\n~. lt1-

~ax<•ll.)

1

rit.y.

( ';u11plwll':-; ( ';u11111s .

Barbari:Hll!-1. ~1d1·1.: i ~ 111 ~ . )
0. Avui1l 'l';Lut11l~1gy, \' 1·rl11 1:-oity,
n.nd Ht« lnnt!an1·y. (W<•rtl'

l

used IWl'tlkssly.)
il. lit"\<' a ~H1lil'.i1·u! :\1111.l·i·r () [
\Von!:<.
(\\'o nh
that

shoulu not. b " orn ittt·il.)

III. Upon tlie Arrangement of Wonlti, l'hrnses, and Clau ses.
(Lessons 41 --43.)
IV. Upon the Unity of tl1c Se11lc11cc. (Loug se ntcnct·s ~wtl J,JJ1 g
parentheses, Les:;u11 4:1.)

124

'''7It' ( 'li//lji(lr/S()JI.
··· •

Qualities of Style - l11w.t;1~ry.

.l

1')

o ·
"/ I' .
OJ" i'lllll

LESSON 44.
11\lAOEI<Y.

THE

Cl)l\Il'Arn~ON".

Things First Known and Named. - Our first lrnow] 0 clr-e
is uf c1111c1·f·te tJ 1i 11 gs - objcc:ts in t, }i,. out.Pr, t lt c rn:t tt, ri :71,
wo r ld. Su111c o f t,hl'Se thin gs we unl y see or !rear, sume we
sPc a11tl tur_u· lr , a1Hl some we scr, toud 1, ta!itl', a11tl srndl. ]3y
t lt t ~ w w ut our se 11 SL'S we learn the di ,·crsc r1ua li t ies of
tl 1111gs, :mil we lear11 to tli st in guish t hin gs by the ir q uali~il:S. 'l'ltis k 11 ow ]c1Jge we uegi11 ra.r]y to :1l'iJlli r r, we :tCllU ire
it :dl thro ug h li fe ; and, hn. vi1q.; to tlt>al nftr·r 1 wit h tliP s:tme
ol'.jP-cts, we learn agai n and ctg:tin tire lesso ns they t each.
\\· 1t l1 110 ot he r tlri u gs arc \l'C s0 f:unili:u as with th ose ot
t lw ou te r worl1l, <Jf n o ot he r know lctlgc are w e so certain a~
of tl1 is, a 111l uo utl it: r wunls 1lo we use wi t h the c learn ess
and <:a.::;e with whic h w e lr a u<lle those <len ot irw th e o bject s
of ou r sen ses.
"

I:

And wh:1t is trn o o f u ,; i11 1]i,·i<l11 ~1ll y is t rn c o f t l1 e r ace
ttlu ~ 11 a s a 11 in1l il'i d11:tl . It wa;; l ong f!llgrnsst• d with wl1 at
appealed SO ]lOWCrfolJy to t lt c S!'IJSl'S - tJic o\Jjects of the
rn :i.to ri a l wurld. Sum e vf tl 1t>se olijt·<'ts 11·1·n~ Ht' •.' 11 less fre'i ue 11t;ly tha n othe rs, a nd so W•'l'C l<'SS tl 1uro11 glt ly known . .
I 11 prot'l'SS u l' t im e rn c·n e:11n e to tlt i11k of tl1i11 gs which
tltcy eo 11l.J not sec or IH·ar, to11 (' lt, taste, o r smdl-ab 8t ract
tlti ngs, _s uch as hon e;;ty, trut h, lll';i,]t lt , st rPngt h; a 1ul tl1in!!S
of tlw 11111c r worl d, s uch as spiri[:, n~ t·o ll e<:t.io 11 , del ibera tio71.
Th in king of th e n e w t hin gs of tl1 c i11 1wr wo rl1! or of th e
c:ute~·, rn ~n wou],] soon wi s h t u speak of t lt em. But the day
for lu rn1111 g m ·w wo rd s fro1 11 11c w ronts w:ts the n p:tst. And
e ven if it h ad i10t bee n, it was obvious tlt:•t t he old words,

~

_ . )

- - -- - - -

if t hey co uld l.w u sed, wrntl1l l1e lwtl1·r u11derstl•vd. lt \ l as
:;oon see 11 Ll1 :1 t till' vld word:; cu1il1l Lt~ put tu tlws" rw\1· n s1·,.;.
T lt1~ y w1 ·n ', :ull[ 1111 tl11::; l'r1 11 t·i1d" - t.!11 11 .c,:-s, 11·!11·rL·1·1· 1· I l11·y
exist, ~L; 111d itt m:u1y slrikiti~ r"Lt Li,,11 s t11 1·:u· l1 ,,f]wr. 1 11
c1 ·1 tai 11 r 1 ·11 1;1rk:tl~l1 ·

(111;t11ti1·:-i

;11111

(11li( '\'.'-', ri· ;Ll

(11'

i11i: q. ~i111"l.

things an : ( l ) like l':lcl 1 utlte r, ur (~ ) unlike i:ai:l 1 " t.lwr, 11r,
speaki1 1g g 1·1wr:il iy, ( ;;) tl wy a r1· connected li_y su 1111: other
natural law , 11r relation. '1'111 11 .c:·s ,1·l1;,·l1 1111·1, k1"111· 1.. \ ,,.
t·.0 1111 el"!.1·d 111 :w y ul t.l ll' s" 11· ays :u1• so :1 ss11c:iatl'd i11 Jt1,.11"s
mi 11ds tl 1:1.t 0111: 1.i1i11g JTadily s ugg .. :;ls t.i1t : "LIJi·r.
Basis of Imagery. - U pon tlw ba sis o f t l1 1:se n:~ tl or fancied relations between things n•sts the i•ussili ility uf sdt. 111 g
one of t l1ese tl1i11 g,; over aga in st tl1t: ul111·r, or ,,[ s111·:tLir1gof one of t l1r m i11 tl11: tnrns tl1:1t. 1l1·11"h· 1111' 111 lll'r.
Figures of Speech -- lmages - a.re tl1"se cx 11rcss i"11s i11
whil'.!i, d(•p:ut i11 g frn111 "111· •Hti11 1:uT st.yl •·, 1vu assert ""
assume a 11 y of t.lll'SC' ll "bhk r1 •l:il'io11s . /\s imagi>s ;ur· us •.,]
in ;i,]] ki nds uf tli scoursc, i111agn y rnay wt'll Le r egarded as
a 11nality of s1y1t0.
Figun's vf sp•·l'ch of all kin.l s a rc i11 val11 :tlil•', hr«' a11s•', :i.s
we ha v t: SL'l 'll, tl1< ·y 1:11111'< ')' t he t lw11 gl1t 111urn cl earl y Ll 1an
plai n la11 g uag" '"'ul1l , :1111] t l111 s rnak c it e:1.sit: r 0f ap prclH'llsion. Tl1 ('Y tJ111 ltiJ>ly th u n •s1111rc1·s of l:rn g 11 :q;e, t oo, 1: 11abling u s
u s t: the s: une wur<l i11 rn ;llly se nses . Tl1t· y
ben.utify s t y li : wl1ilt: ],pi 11 g o f s 1 ~ r vir.c t•) thr tl1ougltt. - a
diarnon1l pin m ay ad orn whil e it d<ws tu i llc't duty.
A comparison, or simile, is a fi ~ un• uf s1w1·!'.lt in wlti..J, a
likeness is pointed out ur asserted h<:tween tltiu gs in otl1t ·r
r es pects 1111l ik<>.
Its rhetorical value li t>s mainly 111 th e fact that it m akes
the thou ght easy of apprehem; ion.

to

Direction. - Snh~ t.ilntl>, 11rra s io11 :tlly , pl a in la nguage fo r the fi gura.
tive, anti note the J o~ti ,,f di sti nctn ess and tJf l!t' a u ty : -

l'.2G
U nstal•lt• as wate r, thou ~halt not excel.
Tl.cir r:tllks a re break ing li ke thin clouc.ls before a Biscay
3· lluw oflen w ould I have g a t hered t hy chil,lren together,
a. lll·n d o ll1 g ath e r he r brood nud er he r win gs I
4 . Il is wore.ls were s h ed so fter than lc:LYe8 from the pin e, and1IH•y f, ·11 0 11 Sir Launfal, as ,m0\\"8 0 11 the bri ne.
1.

2 ..

5 · The l\ in gdo m of Gu<! is like a grain of mustard seed, is like.
leav e n 11i1l in three m c·a,mrc>s o f 111ea1.
6. A wo rc.l y w ri ter co111rna11c.ls hi s language as a
the l1urse that is ru1J11i11 g away with him .
7· Th e l.Inu•l droppe< l o ut of h e r cht'eks, ~"~ th e mercury drops
fr u n1 a b rokc 11 l.aru111d 1·r l 11l>e.
8. Tiic liLLle I,ird sits at his d oor in the sun, atilt like a blossnn1 :uncing the 1cavt..!s.
9· \\ "i1l 1 wi i; gs folded , l rest on mine airy 11e,.t, as still as
l 1r n- ru
- 1i fltD' •. lov""
- ·
IO. Th e ir lives ~lido on lik e rivers that wate r lhe woorlland.
II. Cowards w huse h earts are all as false a~ stairs of sand, with
liv e rs \1 l1i tc as rnilk .
12. Poets co n1111only l1ave no large r sl.ock of tu1rns tlian a hand
orga 11 lia.s.

13. It, [merer] 1lroppet,h as t,he gent.l e ra i n from H eaven upon
tl1 e plac<! ueneal h.
14. Site sat like Patience on a monumen t, s milin g at grief.
15· She let c0 n ceal1Jll' llt, lik o a worlll in t,lio buJ, feed on
dai11a:--k eheek. ·
16. A fatal liabit settl es upon one liko a vampirn,
his l>lood.
17. 0\"f'r thy w o u1HlR now <l o I JHOJ • hc~y . whid1, li ke
111u11l l1.,, do o pe t he ir ruhy lips .

18. Th e vulga r iu t.e llectual palate think:; ll olliing good that
d111·~ nut go vff with a l'CJU like a t'iianq1a g11e cork .
19. Slie saw niy statue, wh ic h, like a fo untain with a hundred
s1•011l s, did rnn p11rn Ll ood .
20. As fire <.h iv es o u t fire so pity, pity.

-

1. The vessel swept. t r>w ard tl1t• red -- 2. I )ark 111,ss falls fro•11

e wing of night-3. She rn clt.c<.l fro m her :;eat,-4. IL 1\as
besmeared as bl 11ck - 5. Th e Old Gua rd ruslll"d upou the broken
aquares of the Engli sh-6. A t h ought, sollldinws l1its <" '" -7·, ~I·:
isnsdeaf -8. Jl p, w:L,a.s hlind-9. !l e is 111 u rc puzzlec.l-10. lite
. telegraph stretches ib ugly length acrus., tlw n>l1ti11L·11l - ll. l.iul ..
· troops of sparks, scatte rin g :1., i11 fea r, ll1n ,:ul the ta11gbl ,J,,rb uf
_the chimney-12 . Luco1nutivPs wi t. Ii th e ir train ~ ll y t u a11<l fr.,
over the co11tine n t - 13. \V (: l >s t.Pr's thoughts stan d o ut a.s J>l:li11ly
to the sight,-14. Tn "Sartor l\ e" trlus ·· a11d i11 11111ch ,,f 111ud ..r11
lite raLure, pant.heisn1 g-lea111s an•l gl it.le rs - 15. As \\'l" grnl\ uid \\\l
shoulu grow S\YCet and nwllow Direction. -t-'up ]ily

each pair of

tlif'

wn r d;-.; //kl',

HCllLt~JH::c:-; llll!lll Jl' f l:J

lJeluw,

as, )11:4 11s, 11r

."0 1 a11d

( '(• Jl\ ' 1·rt

i11lu tl ,...;ii1_!...:l 1· ~ 1 ·Jltt· 1 w 1 ·

Odious habit.' fast.•11 only 0 11 nat11n·s tli;1t are :tln·ad:• ""f,.,._
J\1osscs a nd f1111gi gather u11 sickly t rct> s, nut on tltri vi 11 ,>.: u111· s.
2 . One rn a v spPa k a11d w rd+· in a. sl .\· !1: t' iu t.1~r.. . t~ a.ud cu11 -

Tlay .and straw 1nust be g- iv e11 t o h ur:-;1·~ i 11 u rd l'r Lu di~­

te1Hl the stomach.
3. Spec ifi c wnrrls are more effed in· t.li;u1 ge neral te rm s. T l";
erlg-c of a S\\'urd e11t s 1l•"']W r tl 1an 11 ..- l•:wk ,·,f ii.
Till me n are ace11sto111eu to fr e1' d"'" ' tli .• y do not, know
how to use it. 111 cli111:.tes \ 11.Prc \11111' 1s a r:crity i1d 1·t11 1H.·r:rn<'"

4.

al.munds.
5. Too Hwift,

arriv es as tartly a.s t.oo sl1iw .
reache<l t.hA ~o;~l hi>forr> the hart;.
6. 'Vh1m t.he 1•r1'su111pt.io11 is ou yn11r s i1l e, y1• 11 sho1iltl ll• Jt
ne~rlt:i. ~t tlu-~ advan t a~~-

J\ h nd.,· nf inH1p~ ai d~~ tu 1 11 · f·~ 111l a. f11rlr1· ..: ,..;,

wl~e n insid e o( it, may h e

!.eale11 it t.1 1<>.Y sall y f1 >rt li, ;u 11 l tlgl1t i t1

t.l1e "l""ll ti•·\,J.
7. GeuUe m call S so111cti11 ws acco rnpli sli what. harsh meas ures
cannot. The R1111 111a.d e t.lte t.rave ller take o ff his coat when lhe

wind failerl t"' 1lo it..
8. To add 11 ce Jf\ fH f~ tl1an i~ 11ne <.11 •1l t.o pru,·e your co n clusio n i~

Direction. - Find apt rcRernblan r1 ·s, and cornpl cte tile comparisons
liere o<:guu ; -

suicidal. If 011 1 ~ ~t rik•~s a. \\'t~dgt~ tou vi id e11tly , tlit ~ ~·la . . . t icil ..Y of tlw
wood tl1ruws iL o ut.

]28

Qualities of St_1;lc- l11w:;ery.
---

________ _.
thi.;l'C :·n·P wnr1ls whose 111"1".;1.p huric::i.l :sig 11ihl'at,1(·(• li:1.:; "'i
m1t of tliern that \\·c fail tu tleteet it.. hH:.l1k1 l1.1::>
. I' hd•·•i 11wt: 11<111>\',.
. .
called hwg11:ig<: '·a '11" 11" 1" 1r: " ·
. ,, .
. } J
j' 111« 1rn•l:1j> li<J!' IS t.!11 s,\11\\ ;LS t.l1:1L

~~ell
LESSON 45.
Tlllo: C()\ J i'AHl~!l\' .

'·

D irection. -

B ring i11tn tl 11• cla ~ :-i twt·nty-li\'l' rare

twt."11 ty t>f wlti(·lt Wt ' rt· f111111d

in

y1l]JJ'

n·:uli11!.!". a1td li vt·

1.et :;01nc be like those last c.; iv t·n i11 t hl' L e:-;su 11 alitlvc.

' l :~
__

LESSON 46.
THE METAl'IIOH.

In thP ~omr:i. nson , th» l'•·l:tti<>11 "r lii"·1wss lwtw( ·<~n
things is, :ts yon have tWPll, pointPd 011t or ;c;i1:;e rte1l.
t l1i s rela.tion rn :i.y l.Je assumed. Jt lwi1q.; takf'n for g ranted
ti1;tt Llw n ·aill'r or l1t·an· r S('<'S tli< ' j•<1i1 1L uf l'<'S<'J1tlila111:e1
tlw w ords like, as, j118t as. a11d su J11 ay lJe UluiLtied, ;uitl the
11·unl o r wurtls t.l1;1t d1·1\()tc one of the things m;ty be - ,
Ul'Ollght Ol't'I' :u11J :t!'['Ji,.,j ti) th(• oth!'r.
' l' l1is :ISSl\ll l}' Lin1 1 or likc1Jf'.'·' JJl:J.\' IH· of' ditT1•J'(' llt d eg rees.
\\' e lll tl)', f'ur cxanqil e, say, Th i! sl"r" (l,/'f' 11i!1hr'.~ nw<llP-s; or,
prcsu 111in g <>Ii. the n·atl1·1.-'s ur lJ(':tr•·r's l'uller luwwli;dge of
the like1rnss ht•twP<'ll t li c tlii11gs. \'andlt•s ;rnd stars, \l'C may
snJ,st itute th e n amr of 0111: for tl1nt of the oth e r, an1l, with<!llt using sta rs at a ll , say, Niyht'.< rnurl/l's a r e uurnerl out,
rn eall ill g, of r:u11rse, that the st:i.rs l 1:Ll'e vanishcJ iu the

d a\\' 11 .
/\ metaphor 1 ~ a fig11rr> of "l"'''•·li i11 w11i:·l1, assuming the
likeness l ><·l1H ' 1·1 1 111·11 tilin g.-; , 1.,·,. apply 1·1 one uf tJi.·111 11,.,
term tliai. denotes LlH! other. Tl1is lig11n· is t;11cu1wtie rc1l
eve rywlwr e in ::<J>t'\'1·li - i11 all!wst e1· 1·ry se11tcucc. Often

..

.

.·

.. .

l.

t]ll' lllt•1;q1J11tl. J1i l•·l1 I 1. I.Il l

111·.·11·1·1'

111

1<> 1111' l'l':t•l<-r «!'
.
. .
t11('· <'Ullli>:<l'i-;1111, 1i•;i\"Jll.~ !111)\' •'
deL\'<'.t ;11111 sti1111i1:1li11~~ 111111 111 t I ,,. ' Il ' t,,., . L\«II, l ' a :-- 1 r(iJ1 --:~· r
~\,·la1il1ors 111:<)' J ...
I
L\· · !I Ill\'(' ll';i ll · '
ti gnn'.. ( ) I'( I'! I · l 1·1-;
0
\

changetl

__..,_.___ - --

l:

Tlic rhetonca. va ue o . .
.
. . 'j '
} ; lit
of the ('(llltp:1r1~11J\. Ill :---.11111 ~' .

(·

i11 Ll) l'' H111•:lr1:--;~i11....; .

130

Qualities qf Style -

I ;j l

Imcu;ery.
·------~ -----

19. Oagltt has d ese rted tl1e 8el'\'icc of the \' e rL owe.
20. F o x winnowed and Rifted hi s phraseol og-y.
2r . Tl1 c ia111e u f the eld er l'itL kts L>ce 11 m -. ·r,d 1ad u 11 e,l l•y that
of Lhe so n.
22 . I f, gangrt' 11t•d by ~ la te je al u 11sy , I get up hen' to ali;d.e the
ti t l1 e o f <L hair fr o rn his just fam e, m ay m y t o ngue c le ave to the
r uuf uf 11 1y rnouth.
23. l111l cdi o 11fl aro words t hat ha\'C lus t their spec ilic g"ra\' ity .
24. i\I 11rray's c loq11Pn ce n.·1-.' r blaze(! i11to s ud.J e n fl:tshcs, liut
its l'iear, p b c id, a11tl 111 e llow s pl<"ndor ll'a" 11 en' r o\'e rclo11d eJ.
25. W e arc to judge uf <L w u rd by rdere nl' e tu ilti yok e -fe ll o ws
i11 th e se ntence .
Direction. plill r in c>;tCh : l.

2.

HecasL t lil' SC sent.e11 ces, using aL least a s in gle meta-

hicJd, ~ 11 my look.
I k11ow C:t•s a r wo uld n ot

J ha ve

J, e nu e l hu t t ha t he 8ees th e
Hu111au s a re gt:11tle.
3. Tal ley rand was c111 111i11 g-.
4 . l\lars hal .1\ cy was hra1·e.
5. On e rn ay lea r n srnn e tl1i11g
fr,H11 tn·cs a11d lirook s .
6. l'itt's flu e ncy and pe rso n a l
:u h ·: ui t a ges we re n ot ict·tl.

7. Keep
li:tl't).

t he

fri e uds

y(11l

Direction._ l\dut uut tli1.._· 1111._· t;qdior;-; in tl1l : ;-; 1·1it1·tH't·~ ~ d· L(· :->s on 11.
Direction. - \\ 'lit·rt · .Y"ll c a 11. 1·\1a1 1 ~i· th1· ('ri111pari;-; 0 11s in t.lia t 1A· s so11 i11 lu ln 1·LqiJH1r" , and Jliilt· tl1\' 1·ffi·l'I-.
Direction. - \\'IH·n· yo u ('all, cl1:u 1go Lli (' nH'lal'li o rn in t.lie pn:ccd·
in g Lesso n int o c0tn ]'al'i so ns , a nd 11tit.e the df.,l'L.
Direc tion. - !Iring iu Lo the class rare m dap li n rn, a pa rt of t l1 t·ll1
~lea n ed fr u111 yunr rl'adi1q.:, a11d ;t part of your uw u crl'ating. Let a

few of these LkgraLle tlil'ir u\Jjeclti.

LESSO N 48.

II. EYcrytliing favors your

plan.
12 . Jfo \\':l.H milol a 1Hl i:;e11tl e
i 11 It i' 111:rn ne rs, lJ11 t s te rn in

<li:--p11:.- itio11.
13. ( )11., is inj11rC'r l by evil

J<'ADEU !>IETAl ' H OHS -

SO-CALL EI> ~!IXED i\!E'L\l'Jl!II:~.

Direction. - Hcsturu t. h e cn lur to tlll's C faded metaph 11 rs by luok·
ing up the c tymolo:;y u[ lit e wvnh italic izt:d: -

2.

Th e reaso u is oli 1· iu11.'.
Th e ol•jrcl io11 is i11 ,,1111crn -

3.

'['h f~ im;u~ 1lim f' nf.o.;

I.

a ... :--n (' ialt• l'i .

14. l le lias er1 n1n1iLted liin1-

Direction. - Bring in tu tl1 c d ass all tlic IJtv ta]'li"rs y11 u have time

/,/e.
a r c 111any.

4. Select th e wnliu11l quali ti es.

5. A 1/li<'lio11.< are nr ctlf11 l.
6. 1;l1e greet in i:; wa s rori/i11/.
7. !Tis 111: tn u ers we re J"'l-

'

·-~~'

ME'l'Al'l!UW:i A:\lJ CV:'-11',\lUSll:'\S.

8. Tltc co mrn o n peopl e of
Ho111c we re Rc nseless.
9. Ti111 c passes.
10. I k t' '" foq;fJtleu that.

'"lf t<> Ilia! 1•nli ey.

t •J Ccllil'ct .

LESSON 47.

islw /.

8. I I t~ i:-;

nu11.i11n1i11y .

9. ! 111·.,,/1·11!" t.h i.-; l1•ss11 11 .
10.

a is a ;;a/ioil point.

Trilnilation.< a r" S('llt.
12 . 11 is fort un e is ,/ il111•ii/11 rn /_
13. 1~0111/cr 111 y s ayi1 q.~· ...;.
14· l I" .< u1•11orts l1i s 111 utl1 .: r.
15· C ot! succors tl1 e ll't:ak ,
1'1111~forls t he tl e;;pu nJi11 g , ;wd
l I.

con·er·f.') t111.! erTill.'/·

16. r a1 11 usto11i.<li u l.
17. It is ""'O l•f/ t.o give s11t: h a
11 1:t11 a.fi1rt!.i 11y.
18. It wa .s a

n11/i('(,/

111 «:t>··

Ill" '.

19· Ile a11d I ar" ril'ld.<.

132

.
20.

._, ,,
• I •)

----· ··-- · - - - - - - - - - - · - - · -- - --

' i'I H.! ('.r i le af/ r a c ts atlf~ 11 t io n .

The t otl ·1i wax ue.<icged .
22 . Q uicksifrcr is heavy.
23. l'a. nlo11 tl 1i:; i! i:; r~ssin n.
24. Il e is a d esullvry r eatle r .
Jr.

'.

l

Qualitic:: . of Sl!Jfo -h1a:;1;r.1J.
25. T l1e ~laf., 11 1 c 11 t is e.rlnwaga111 ..

26 . 're cany w11/11·e//as.

1

lJal'L t.tJ a.g r~ · ·· '' ii Ii \\ li; ll i • r1· ~ · t ·1lc- :-' :

27. TJ ,, , C\' il j ,i ' '.1'11 .' l:J' ' l'l//I'{{,
28. ll i ~ liealLh is 1·0011.<t .

Direction. - 1'' in d :ttHl liri11g i111 .. t he cla ss f;uh·d 11 1•·Lt!'l10rs, a11tl
p u int u l1t t h o i1n a.gc i n tht' Hl.

So-Called Mixed Metaphors . - I \' lt r nr '·"r :t md :q 1l10r rn1rn
th r ou g h t wo or mo re wo rd s, it is ah1:1ys l"' ' s il1l1· ll1at. t he
l •:l l'tS COn taill C<l in t Ji e S t! \'t' l'; tl \\' <1n1 s ll t: l } lllll. lw ll/' ;t }'it •C e
- may n ot lll 1ih• t u form a lw 11 1•l:-'•'ll ('(11:s wl1u],._ Tl H; 1111·t aph o r \1·iiich i:; tJq; un is n ut cu1 111Jlcte tl, lmt a fr:tg llwll~ 1Jf
a noth e r is a11tleL1 i11 stea<1; wliaL i:; 1Je g u·11 iu plai n lan guai:rn
e nds mP t :qoli ori1·a lly; 1•r Li 1u lll\'lapl 1o r bl'g 11n is J• iccrd out
wi t h pla i11 la 11 g 11 ;1g <' . )ll't;q 1li11rs 11! tl 11.' ki111l, 1/' 111,.f:1J>l 111r,,;
tlicy rnay b u call ed, ;1 ru l ilw tlie rny t lii l': tl 1n1· n 11a id - \\'J 1at
]){'g in s JlS :1. Ji ulll:tll h c i11g t•rn ]s ot.J l('rWist'. l f', fil l' l'Xalll]Jl e,
0 11 c w ere t o p ra y , P ilot 11.~ tl1 m111J h th ~ 11·ilder11 css cf life, the
li rs t word wo uld lll'i11 g lido r P t li c• l1 P:1l'i'I' thr p id 11rP of :i
\'l'ss p] s:L il in,g ; h u t 11·i/(/ r•nu ·s g cu11q 1c1s it t o sa il u 11 do1 T1111 d !
T li 0 co iT<'('t li g u re w o11 lil ]y ·, P//,,t u s o n •r t h e sea ,,f Ji j',_., ur
Ouiilf' \I S thrnu :;li tl1r lf'i!r/1 /'/!>'.' -'or i i f.:..
J> ut it u ug h t tu lie ::;;tid tkLt, i n cri ti c isin g ;;; ueli cx prcssivll s, w e slio u l1l
cert ain tliat t he :-rntimr i11te r11 lcl1 t hem
to Le m c tap hnr i1•:d . 11 1 a 1'r··· ... d i11 c; J. ,. , .~ "ll " ' ' l1 ·:1 1'111·d
t h:tt t lic m e ta.p li o ri ca] rn r;:i 11 inc; f':i .l 1•s out 111' wo1· ,"Js t hat :ir"
lllt11'1 1 u ,;ed. Tl1is sr•u tn llf'!" 1 i1 1st.;1 1w"11 ii_y l ' r n /'1•ss 0 1· \ Vh 1t11 r y, "T p r opos P to di sr· 11ss 11 11 i1 11 1•11ria11 t snhj• T t. " Jl"rfretl y
p n•pP r . i f WP RllJ ' l'ns1', n s wf' m:1v . t !i :1t· t!w ..tvm o lnc;y of th1·
wn rtls wa s no t i n tl1 t ~ :111 t.l 1u1"s thn 11 cd1ts. w o uld h 0 hut n.
j 111 1il1lr o f mix ed u r tli s<· nr,J;rnt. 111 .. t.; q.li o rs if\\'.-• " " i'IH•sf' Ll1 11f.
t l11' Pt.ymol n.;..:,1 · 11·; 1s 1·i1·itl h · 1•r• ·s,.1d t" lii111 . \ \'lll'll LJi., llld·
:qd11 11 · ~ t : 1 n d :--: 111 a s ing11· \ \ · 11 i: 1l. 1 l w d : 11 1 :~· · T \\-L. h: 1\·1, l11Tl 1
"Ji'·ak i11 g uf is 11 u t ~ u tlll't :a L1·11 i11 g.

uc

Directi o n . - l :1· 1· a;.;t. t ln •;.;1 · :·.; 1· 1i! 1· 11t T:-: . 1 ·i1; 111~ i 11 :...; ( l 1 i ii ,· lii-:-- 1 11: 1r t " "
the \Vo u ld - lH: 11 n·Lt p l1t 1r t o a g n: u w it h wl 1al f1 , ll t W=-' , ;u1d ( ~ ) till' la :- . L

1.

'J' h t~ Y a l"1.' l1ri Ul1~ \\· i1:.- , tli 1~ e d b'~ \\·li e r c (1 f i " s () <111 111r 1wd .

2.

J,i· I. 11 .-.: 1 · 11\!iY~d 1 • t l1 ~ 1H , 11 .~· lily t h i ~ l ir a 1w l 1

i

0

f t lw

\· 1r1•·\ :1r·I ~ ·f

lif1 >.

3· 1'J 1n :-- lr1 1 11.~ p1 11: 1r ,if !i 11 · 1· l1ll :· ,·li li :Lol !l 1·d .
4 'I'lli' r; \ \\- 111a l 1·r i;1l f ro 111 \\ l1i1·l1 11· · :--.\• ill :-\ l1is fi1 1i . . . l ie.1 f: ll •r i1'.
,,. ,, t li:u 1k tli1 · ,~ fu r ! Ii i:-: :-. 1•: 1r1.; (J r g r: 11'I' ; ,,- :d ~· r it , .'-'. "" d l. 11i- il .

S·
6

'l'l 1 ~ · 1· li ari 1.t, u f tiie
i ts j ,.,.j \i '" i i n ·I! -.

JT\'()!t1lil)1 1

is r1dl i11 g alu11 _-..:-. :uid t-',11a '- l i i 1 1 ~~

,-,f 1l : t : · i 1r•; •rs o \·(·r tJ1 , ~ 11 1t.__>1 1111ai 11 to11s.
I \\-:\ ~ r·t" lnw rn nr:i.l <·a !i! n·r.
9. T'h •·,..;e a:-\ ... PrLio ns :t rl~ 011ly r o i· k e t s \\lii (·l1

7 . 'l' h ,.
8.

{'h:t ri i d~

\ ':qH1lt •1111

P:l.f .

IO . l' ro 111 jl JI'

tl ir11 ;\! ..;

nf :-'i n()

t \1; d ,,-i1111r i\,-,. ,\ t ll1' L11 _~ J i ... l l

i

1·:1 11 111111

11 ( 1ttr1 · ~ 1

l I.

l-:r;ul i 1 ·a f 1 _~ tl 11'. :--,< · 11 il1 · ~ 1 · 11 f i1i11 11q o1 · r:l ll t "(' .

l 2.

lli s

lii1 ;-; 1 1tll \\":l ,-l.

it

,.., \1 11\\t·r uf l ·:tll.. :

:111 \.;,...; .

~ w nl l1·11 \\ i l l1 t lw lb tl! •'

11 f

J•;tl ri 1 d ls 1n .

13. li e is "";rn 1pcd in tl 1c m eshes o f hi; a rg u1 11 1·11 L.
14. ,\'..,\\ill l1ur1 1 a ll <HJI' , !i i11s ; a11 1l , willi e1-.· ry "" l 1111 f11 r l1·d,

15·

ll 1~

i:-:.

:1.11 ; i;...;,...;

1d. t l iP

! ir~L \\: 1! 1· r.

16. S uc h a. q1 10 11 ci1i 11;.:: () f c : 1 _~ l f...:~ · Lll •iJJ'-' \Y ;t" 111 •\Tr s r- 1 ·11 Lf·fn n ·.
17· A \" :tr 11i :--.l 1 ul· 1111 11·;1 ; i1\· 111:tL 1·.. ; l1i -. :t i·ti ( i 11."-\ 1·;d :d;i l) I· ·
18. St~ P 1H_•\V t.lie ltl 11 t• l H~ I H i t· d ll uu r;-; uf Ll 1c l 1eav i.; 11 :-i are fr l ' .'.'i C Ut' d .
19 - 1f1 • l{i!1cllP .. :. : h1• Sl ll lll l H'l"ill ,!.; fl f t'~ c1f p ;1.-........:..i1dl.
20.

~ iil rt ~ t lw

111 : 11. 1· :-:.. 1 1f

.n . lI P. s tn op 1· ~1
D i rection . jd i 11r~

p ,,

111 d

il1 i." d :Lr L tr a .~ 1·dy .
<_, f n1t-•a11 1ws:.;;.

t o s 1wl 1 h~ 11gt11 s

l ~r i n _!! in t.\_, thc d;i.ss
: 1i 111 ! >1 11 1;tl\ 1·

;i,,

[ c \\ i1 u..:1_111_:..:;nt u! Li

·. ·r

11!i\. t ·•. l

li i ·- ~ < 1- ­

--·~~-~
- ?.

·a: ~

!lw1 11 '. ~ r 1 0: 1 · ;.;1 [\ l!" ~ liuL kt 1:w 111 lw ~- \ 1 1· ! 1 ; 1...;

u ln.: Lhr uu:..:. h t ·a r 1· !1·:--: :-- t 1t ·.-..,:i u1 i::;i 1L 1i1: 1L 1·.

·~

'.~

-- -~

J34

TllE

Qualiti1·s o.f St!;lc - Jma:;cry.

A1ll/sions, Pasoniji.rati.on.

LESSON 49.

IS· I le fa ll s lik e l.u t: ifer, neve r l.u hope :.q ;ain.
i6. l'o liti<'al a11Lagu 11i,ls sl1 ould 11 01. s t rik e IJe low tl 1L' l1t:IL
17 . J\1il t.o 11 's 11ruse writin g,; a n : : L j>Crfe<.:L fi e ld uf clulh ul gu ld.

COMPARISON AND

T llE

METAl' JIOR

CONTA Tl'HNG

,\ LLl' SJO~S.

A fignre of spe<'<,Ji rnay co 11 ta i11 a reference to some notewo rt hy in c i11<·11 t i11 l1 is tury, iu <:lassie sto ry or lite rnture, in
t lw l:ibl (', or to so n1v fal1 !1: 11r ]'l'O\'l'rl 1 o r wclJ.k11own custo 111 , a nd l11 •11<•i) car ry a<ldit.i o11al :wtlwrity and beauty. F igu1·1•s <·<>11t.ai 11i11 g s111·!t allusions sl1ow 11ot 011l y th e a11tlrnr's
p1·rr.ept. iu 11 uf U tt : r" L1ti ., 11s \\·lii .. !1 t. liin gs s11 s t:i i11 to each
ut.l1<'r, h11 t t.l1a t It,· l1:1 s n ·:ul as well , autl for Lktt n;aso u are
g rat1 ·f11l t 11 t h !' l'< ':ult•r or lt .. a I'< ' r.
Direction . -

tl1 e all11 s io111s i11

I

20 . J\ le t.!ii 11 ks I see in 111 y 111i11.J a 11 ol.Je :wd p11i ~;; a11t n a ti(ll1.
rousing li e rsel[ lik e a strong 111:111 af ter sleep, a nd shak111g l"'r
invin cibl" lucks.
21 . " 'c sli u 11 !d stop tl 1rowi11 g g rass at t hi s evi l a111 l heg i11 Lo
throw slo nrs.
22 . These fi shes in 111y st e:ul a re se nt [,.\' him wbn ga,·· ~ the
t.:w gl1' d rant t o save th e cl 1i ld of A hrnlirun.
; 3· 'J'l 11 ·y an• feathe red 1'.•cks uilfo, lo be su re .

· ·
Direction. _ Bri 11 .~ i11 s 1•\'t·1·al fi µ:nn·s t·ont.a111111~
a 11 '.1s it) ns. ,
glt-·a.nt ·d frn 11 1 y 11 nr r l'adi 1 1 ~, and a par t uf y o11r t 1W n 1n ak111 g.

Ii i· po urs o ut all th e Yials of hi s wra th 011 1n1· de v11t.ed head .

m Pt:q.J1ysics.
4. I le Llo t.li be., lri.J1; th e 11 arrnw \\"< >r id li k" a C: o J o, ~ u ~.
5. Il e recein:J I. he li o1 1's H li an~ of th e profits.
6. "I ' ll ureak a lance in yo11r dde11 cc.
7. I le th re w tluwn t he g a11n tlet uf Ll eLa te.
8. Tl1 is is l it e pa rt.y shibbol et h.
•
9 . l la 111i lt.on s 111ole the rock of }'111.J ic credit, and streams of
rev<" 111 u: g 11 shed fo rth.

I !:ts t he gh os t of the mm"<l cn·d coaliti on co rn e back like the
gh os t of lhn <] UO?
I I. S 1dTer not yourselvP8 to lin l wl ra.\'< •1! h\· :\ ki , s .
I2. T lt,.y follo w t heir chiP f fllr 111,. lo; m ·.' :1 11.J fish es.
I3· li e will go from Ila11 lo BL•c r,}11•lia i11 p11rs11it.
I4 · Wh o can clean the A11 ge a11 s ta!.I L• pf polit ics?

\)

~.~

......
..

t

; ; l. :, ;,
; ~

·~;-,

a f>:trt.
'

.~

l 'o i11t, 1>11t alltl 11:ww t he li,c; urcs lil'l ow, a11tl cxpl<tin

3. Tli e sl' li oulu11•11 rai se11 Yas t. :wrial ,Jaco b's hdd c rn of vapory

IO .

1 8. I " ·ill not lie :in y l> otl y's caL's paw.
19 . :-; 111111 tt·r was:\ 111a11 of t:de11Ls.

tiil'lll: -

I. l>a ily, with souls th a t crin ge a nd plot, we Si11 ais climb and
know ii. 11 ot.

2.

·,

LESSON 50.
l'E H~ ' >NI FI CATlON.

Jn t h e u se of the 111 ct.q 1!1 .. r we m:ty trami fer 11:u 11cs t o
th in gs, and g in: qua.li t io ~ s u r asc ribe a c tion ,; tu th e 111 wli ich_
lift t he m up from the ]Jla.Hc uf tl1 c rna1111'.1a.t e _to Ur:tt of
t h e brute, au<l c vc11 frorn tl 1c plane of tl1c 111 :w1mat<: ur of
the brute to t hat of hum an lreings. These plaues we may
picture Ly 110rizonta.l li11 es, thus : Human

Brute
J11:wi111:-tte - -- - - - Th e figur r t ] 111 s f<>nn cL1 i:; a J11('ta.pl1 o r; L11t, sin ce it
ra is es o l >.J· Cets 1· 11 tl1e "'~ c·.'' l e of l1<'i11,..," towon l or lo the realm of
perlions, we call it a pc rso nili1•:1ti,,.1.

L3G

Qualities of ,'.'tylr: - I magery.

I'erson ijir:atirm, ./l pos lroph e.

A personification is a ti g n re of s1w ce h i n wl1i ch thi ngs
a re rai sed t o :t pbn1• o f lici11 g abu \·e Uwir uw 11. This tig ure
is, a.s yu u S C(:, of t h ree g rad es - ( l ) t.l1 at in wl1ich ina.nilll ;ltc thi ngs a.re rai sed t o t l1t' rallk uf 11w r.· a1 1in1als, (2) tha.t
i11 whi.~ ] 1 lll<TC ::tllilllal s are r:1i s1•d t () tl1<• r:1.1 1k o f m a n and
( :~ ) tha t in whi ch in:i ni 111a tc t li i ng-s a n; r: ~i ;;c 1 l to the 'rauk
uf m a n . Of t l1esc th e (:!) is tl 1c le;1 st co inm oll, and the
(: :) , in w hi ch th in gs a rc ra ised t h e fart hes t, is the most
11 ot iccal1h •, :u 1d Ji ,• nee tlll' lll ust. fo r•· i hle.
'J' li u rhetorical value of t l1 e Ii g un : l it:s in t l1is : to us thin gs
r ise in d ign ity a ll ti i mpo rta n« c as t li f•y rise in t h e scale
of lic ill g .

16. Ilr i n ~ wi th t l11"t' S po rt that wrink led C are d<'ri .J 1·s . a11d
- ,aughLtJ r, l11JlJi1t g J,ut l1 I i i ~ ,ides.
' 17. N o r ll e a n~ 11 p ee p ll 1ru ugli t.hc l.J a11k <:t of l h<'. da rk 1.o cry,
Hold, hold.
18. So t a ]k Pt] llw sl'ir ile•l. '' ·'· Sn :i k· ·.
19. C: ri111 i'l's l.il c 11 ce stalked o"e r I. li e land.
20. Freed ,1 111 si 11·ie ke•l \1li c n l\ osc iu s ko fel l.
2 1 . The ve ry \\' alls will c ry out a g: •i11 ~ l it.
22. T h r· Sliip \\T0s tl 1·<: wi th t he sto rm .
23. Flatte ry s pit s lH·r pu i... 41 11 ~H t l1 ~· 111i6\1t i , · ~ t J •P 1' r:-; .
24. 'l'J11, S111 1 pi llo11s \1i s c: l1i11 u1•011 an o r ie 11 L "' "''"
25. li e pl u c k s tl11· pt ·:n ls tii a t st11d t i re .J,. e p, a1l 1u iri 11g J;, •;i11 1y»•
J:ip to fi ll.

N utc ti w.t., w h ii. : a ll ['nsuu i licatious arc 111ctavl10rn, not
all met:tplw rs arc )>l' l'S0 11il i1_·:t t iuus .

D irection . - Hri1t '-'. i11 11i:11tY r:ir" 1><· rs o11if k a li o ns.
t li e 1n tl1 e Lhrt·i· g r;u lt ·"' ,,f i•t · r~ t qii l~c ; l- t i( iii.

l l\11 sl r:1l<' \\i ll t
''-'

Direc t ion. - l'ni ut o u t t h e iigu r .. i11 t hese Sl'llleuc<·s, name L11c grad e
to w li ie li it, l>t-·ln n g-~, a ud t h1·n rt>eas t s n 111t · uf t !t c~ S t·111.t '. ll f'Ps , us ing plai n
l:u1 g 11 a gt·, a.11d no te tli e lu:--::-; in 1·x 1ire.'-' i':' i\' c11 e ss a nd lwa11Ly : _

r. Fart.h fpJt. t h e ,\·0u?1J .
2.

N e xt. .'\ n g ~~ r n 1:·d1 (·d , hi :-: l'}f::-i

n 11

fire .

3. C ri 111-v i~ a .~·e d \\' ar l1a: h ~111< 1r,1J1 ,· d lii:-; \\Ti1i k ll' d fr o n t.
4 . 'l' J1e \ Vi 11d" , wi l.li \\'() 11d1·· r \\ hist , s 111oo tl d y ti"' wa.LP. rn ki;.;.qi•I] .
S· \..- r'r.f"s.:..;ify i ~ 1l ic t llPl ! H·r <ii. i11 \ ·· · 1d i1 lfi .
6. T i1 e m o ping: Ow l d nl li 1 1 1 11,.. 1\f.,on ,.,,, nphi n .
7 . Tr11 e Il o[><' is sw ift, a11 d ll i1•s with sw :i ll"'r ·,. win g:.".
8 . ' l'1H1 g u e \\·a~ th e i ~\\' _Yt ·r, a1 11 I ar~· 11 f' d tl 1n ('a~1· .
,

9. V '"" i ~ a rn o11stl• r of so fri ;.; h t t 11! 111 i1'11 a.' t u be h aLctl need"
i1 tti. !.u lH: /'jt-.:e ll .

r o . Sj 11·e k h ·d \" a nl ty w ill s l('l,1 ·u .-.:~". ' ll aud 1lie.

II. [11 t·u the ja ws uf l >eai.1 1, i1 do tl11 • 1110111 Ji .,f Jf, ·1 1. rud e: the , ix
h11 n(lred .
12 .

T lw \ Va vr>s t o sle<'p h ad g-onP.

13. And li lf ~ \·r·ry Sf,ITH ';-; o f l ~ , ,tll " " il l !' i .-.: f• ;11 1d n1 ; f i11v .
14. T h r• Bree ze l ' Ul ll t!S w l11 :-; 1 H • r i 11_~~ t11 • 11 1r f' :1r.

H~+r-

LESS O N

51.

.:::.,~

_ _ .._.___
~:..

..

~-

(h tl' rn:i v st.11 p in l11 s SJl"''1·l1 l. 11 t.i'""" lwfnrt • l1im . " r 1 111· 11
fro m w r1 l.111 g .. r t.l 1itl!.;s i n t.111• Ll11rd 1w rs 1111. :i 11d atl.i1 ·1 ·ss tJ, ,.
:1.h sP nt. li\· i11 L'. or tl• ·ati . u r • \' l :ti lll •j< '1· t s t li:1l. \\' <' I'<' :ilway s
inflnima t.1•.
Au apostrophe 1.s a fic.:·111··· of " 1'"'' ' '11 i ;1 11l 1i 1·l1 tlw absent
:1 r f'. a d .J ress t·d a s 11 presen t , :111d t 111· inan imate ; 1 ~ if intell igent and present. l n t. lll' :ldtln ·ss t o rn ;u111 nate t l1i11 gs --th f'. fo r11 1 o l tl 11 · tig11 r<' 11rnst. r·01 111111 111 - t ill' s1· a l'I '. o f ""11rS• '.
p1•rs1111 i li ···l.
T l11· ,., _,.. 111 i:il .i.rr ,. ,.,.11,.,. J,. .1w •·•·1 1 t.J, ., f \\'tt

1

15. \\"il.h
l,e 111·ii i ci L(·.

an11 s 01 1t" t.r..tcl ... d , t.1 11 ' d r11 id \\"ootl waits wil.h h i ~

tl g 11r1·s .

;I JH i:--. 1 r iq ;]it ·

;1 1i d

j ll' l' .....,1i!1

1! i1 ·:1t iP11 .

J."1

111 1·

:iild r i-.-.. ....;.

Objects p1 ·r s 011i!·iP1l :irf'. r:1rri••1l 11p t o ward o r t i) tllt' r ;111k
of p c r :;ons, u 11 t an · " " / a .\dr" s~ · · .\;

,, \,j· ···t.s :q .1>.'i lT<>j •!. i1.1•d,

.-·i 11/ ,°//11

Si-' .

\\'lll'tllt'r aln·;uly p l' r s o11s nr rn:1d" s1 wli li1· ti"' li ~· 11r1" 11r•'
;ul dn·s s1·d.

rhetorica l value or tli<' li c: 111-.· ,· .. 11"i ' I" i11 lliis . 1k1t iL

Tii1·

'. . .:"l\' i'S \'; 11·1· ·t \' ;111d ; 11:111i·d i llll

1I

I

t

iJ! '

I I

.i

I)

t '

i '

111

~!.\ ], ., :i11il

.:. :- r· ·:tt

1·\; oi ··-- --

1)1 .. :1 :._·]: i-.. i 11 :- - .. 1111·

111 ·1pnr1:11w1·

l ; [I l I ! ! ' i ' :-.., :--, I ' ( : •

Dir ec tio11. --- l 'Pi 1ll

1it1I.

tlw f i_:. .: 11 1·1"

1111 ·

11f

~t!

LE:-;soN 52 .

'.:,;,

.\\i T l lll>I~.

·,,...:

llw:->1: :-1t·1 1t1 ·1ic· ( •:-; w i1!11111f it , a11d 1111f1' tlw 111 ~-.: 1•f li r 1 · Ji1ll· :-;~ :111d \'i .~! !f

'i' l1t~

li .L'.·un ·s

Ltr

ti 1u :--;

('jd\ ~ 1il1·r1· d

l, ;t.-. ; 1·1] 11i1n11 1111· r 1· l: 1-

;tl'i'

of likeness, ro ·;il 11r i 111 ;1c: 1twd. \1·[11;·]1 IJ1111 .C:S Sl1.,l ;1111 l 1•
1·:11· 11 .. 1l""r - likeness 111 lp1allty 1·1· 111 fun ction.
ti,; n

I-

() i~u 1 1w,

2.

lic1 ! 111aid1·11."' (1f Yi1·1 i 11a l

\U•1·p ,

i~•-illlt', t1 1111 1 11;1:-.i L1·1 · 11 ; 1 i.·11il1 · r 1111:·_.., 4· !11 111t-.

Ilu~ 111;t l ro11 :-; \.)t' l~111·1·r1 1 c ; l w e 1~p,

a.11d r 1·111! )•Hlr l1; ur f11 ;· tl 1 u > 1 ~ \\!11 1 1w \·i _' r

\,\/,~

,...)i;dl r. ·: :1r1;.

f·~·· s "' hir. wli:tl 11;i ' ll1y 1!<-li 0 lil1•d
'!
4. Tli1· re r<> c< 1 ~ :i. ~i1011L p rok111 g·1 ·d and 1<>11.J , lli:1 t 1" ti1P o"e:in
Sf'.t'll! e t! tu :--:ly , 'l':tk1· IH·r, 0 Britl•·:...:.n,, ,111, i..!d :u1d .~T:1 y .
5. C:o111 ,• t.o I.li e l1r itlal cli:1rnl>er, lleatli.
6. Hl o w . \\"i11d :-: , ati d c r;i ck )·u11r chi · i·J-: ~. !
7. l'1>111t', 1dd :\ ssyria. . with 1'11· d 11Y1' of !"<i1H'Y•·h upon thy
(' l1wra_J ,l 1T11\\ 11. \\ !1a L Lli ii LL "·-· J, _
, , .. '!
o. ~i""I" ;.:1011 ii c :-. k "I " \;Li 1 11c·~ " >I L 1.:1 r.'' " i1u\\ l. :L11; l fr i,,;l1l-

3. J;111. 1111>11, () llul"" \\ill1

llt P; t "-l llrt-"

~ 1 1t..: d 1l1~·e tf1al llHlll IHI

ltlol't '

\\it! \\1·i .:...~ !1 11 1\ ·

9 . FLt ~- t)f tllt' 1 r a\"I'. iliy icdd...;
l r iu1 1111L lii _'- -'. i1.
1

JO.

~\\" •·· · 1 Fl 11 \\'1·r.

tH111 : 1r!-.

Il.

(;r,· .tl

Llw111 <l:-\

if

'" ! l1 ij,,. :--; .. r

Ftd!i~·r

.,J'

,\•1 Hr

.:1 1\
i .....

D irection. -

:111'

'-1 ...:,11

l,_,. it. ; it. is 111 11t· l1

i •t l 11•1·c a1 1tl

iL.'-'

Bri11 .C'. 111

a~

II .'• ·1l

rhetorical value

ninst cli';u·l\·

i \1:1 • l '":i 1·1· i11 11· :1rl -.. .

I\

l1i1·l1 is 11;1,;1 ·.!

1!1(' r1·Lit 11•11

II['""

i• )

i

I•: ;l t • I 1

( ) i ).

11.'\ l'\',

:i tl1 j

f '( •

1· ..

it

\\'lP ' ll

t . \\ . l 1 l 1 l ' l

•

1> r;1!11n·

I II

11.·~1-" t;--; iii

1·;1 i·l 1 1 1 1 lwr
; Lt ; .[

I Ii

:: ;1., ,

ili;1i

n·l; 1·\·(·(!

:-d:1 11 il'-'

!.I ' 1· ~ ' l l ( ' l ' t ' I 1 I11.

;11"1'

i'i,1111 ·;1:--:.t,·d

;1 I I 1· .. 1·1·11.1 .. \\ 111: 11 .c:
:111 11l1.11 ·(· t. 1:--; s 1·1 · 1i

:1 ·..: :11 11 --- t

~ I I : ; ! i 1 1 .\.

i1 i1! H1:--. 1t'"

it..;

l

\ \ . 1l ( ' i I

1Il

l

t

l ...;

t 1. r;1·;,. t. r . ,.-.,.., ,-, 1.:1r;nrC'd ln hnr

1·1111 1\try i

YP H 1d.t 1-: J'i·d 1.h c 1H \ViLh

1111· difft>n·11I

Ii\·

lic:11n·

;L

t.l1l11.:..'..··--.; d\:1!111·t r i1 ·:1il_\· 1•]' ] 1.1 .. ; 1·\i

tl1•\\l l !

1h(l 11 fr·il 0.:.:t i1ow i1;·;n f s :1 -: 111 1n·. :1'-' f1•rnl1•r as

t\ 1_\" 11·:1\· 1·-.; will . .: 11 r~ ·l:: L11r 1\\· il: •·

lf

-.l 1: 1 ~i

l_'\"1 ' \id-..

1111\\° 111

('t)J\\I'

oC unlikeness iwt11·1 ... 11 t i 1i11 :~· ,; . Tl11:.; 111il1k .. 1wss 111:11· [., ... 1
m;wy gr:ttil'S. I L 111 :1y 1·\t.1·nd .. 1·,·1 1 Lu 1111 e l1u1llir c"i ;111d
(•.i;.:: J1t.y dt·~J'tT:-1 t i ll t!Jt ' t'll' \'\ll !! !' t J"~ ' ll\' i· 1 d
ilifft J'~'llt'i' , Ill tJ11:--;
t·.:1.st'. l.l1l'. l.]1 : 11 .~s :!IT 1/1,r111
1•J1!H1:-·-« ·i! l1J t•:11 ·l1 1 d]1t·r. ;1 :-;
hh<'k U1ill.'..'.S io wl1ii.t• tl1i11 .~·,; . ii.111'..> ir 111· I" tli iw,:,; Lil " ··
.\ 11 antithesis: .-; :: 1 ic; i: r·· .. 1· ··; · ' 11 1:1 "i 11 .-l 1 thing-s mutually opposed 111 ·'·<1111 · 1·:11111 ·111 1r :11·· se t .. 1 .. 1· a.gainst each
Other.
.'\ 11 11 t l11" , ] -..; J...; : l ~,1 ~· 1 \\11 1 '...~ !i ~~- 1!1'1'. ~"~ j H'< 't:t J iy \\'iwrl

\\l '

iH·,·d y1 •1 1r \\prd.-..;, \\(' ft•j·i

~ i l : 11 •: ! l ;: I i l;

l ll

_'1

; -..;

l t l : 1< l llf1 r '!

J.

:; 1't'lli /;/11 .-l.- \\ ]10·11 \ 1J lll r:L >I• .[\\ii i1 : i1i1::; ., i ii:d ;1r1· 1111//,·.
0

ltt'·" uf ll1""'i 1 ;uHl i1i\H1•L

111a11y r are• :q1n><t1" 1J•h e><.

\11 1 I i 1'i'

tht~ :t\.Pl':1 ~· 1· ]11·1 .~· J1: .

feet tall :u1d

l.1·t tli e lll be l'f

1d j wc 1] 1; 1·

\\'t l't'

!i\t' f1Tt ,

:u1d :L li:ilt' J'c·..t,

:t .. i1:id t.11·"

Ir

fJ1 1•] J ;i ;..,:1 :1!11.

!1·i1

~ Lt11.J 111 g s1.J 1•

1>,y

sid 10, wrnild s 1· 1· :1 1 t11 J,, . 111 <' .. 11•· f11·i1·" :ts Lill :1.'; li1· r1•;1 l i1· 1s

kind~ ~~ivriii nh1n -'P .

;1 IH

...

--~-

! t )i 1 • l il

J t(' J'

l

ll I]\· ] 1;1 J ! ;t :-:

").

:t. sL111(l:1r (! ! 1:1 \ ' i ti~~· 1~:1 ] _1,

--:..

f( 1r ' ' l 1i (·l 1 l i

.....

! •

1-..;

'l'l 1P ;-;1·~·, 1 11( l

Lu:t(Jl' wlt11·lt

1

I 1-....1

1 : , ·· t t 1'

( ~r ;111

]l dl'l

J1 1t d t q l i i ':->
1

t ·111. 1w1 ·:t l I "' t · 1 ·;11 · i I j~..;

1 1\ 1•:1 :-;ll \'1

·iJ \ 1\

0 111 '

i 1• i
·1

:11ititlw~1.-..;

1lw

f ( 1r(·1·

.O...:~ l l llt' Li1111' .'" ' ' (1!1L1i11 :-; :L

: t1iil

1,·: dt1t• of

tltt · li :.;11r1· .

Hu

} '/11

Ex:unpie lii bdow, taken frnm J\l ac:i ulay. \\'ould !1(1 a good
aut1Ll1l'::1i::1 if it ra.11, Our 111d i:t11 ~ 11 Lij1·ct;; Htilrn1it pati ently to
a m1111111111l y of sa lt ; for s11ei 1 :t rc·strieti1111 t.]1<~ lir'IT" brc·Ptl
••I' I!"' l' 11rif:u 1s '·'-· r 1..~ t. · tl f r nm 11' :1 11 e 111 11in·. I I" 11· Ll 11· !'on•e
11f t".li t' n.~nrri i~ ilif'r1•:l~t-· d \\t J 11 ·11 ',\'f' ;n·p tn1<
1 th.1t tl-1c· T'11 ri

!I

J /c!u11ljlll,1/·

13. 'l'h e Saxon word s ;1re ~i:1qd1 ·, l10111i· ly. a11d :-; 11L:-1tardial, litt •:d
for every-day C\'l'llh and 11alural frt:l i11.c.s; w l1il• ' tlie J.'n ·1wl1 a11d
Latin \Yurd s are 1· l1 ·_:.::a11t. di:~- 11il't~·tl. ;u i ol :trii !ic i; 1l, ti tii·tl for 11 1
po111p of r!1 eLoric. tin~ ~u!JtlJty uf ~li ...:.11tlta li ! lf l , ur tJw (' Ut1rli .\ l"i.'~vn·1·
1:

Of Ji1Jt1.Jlll:.lC},
14. Fur f1,..11_d:-; ru:-'l~ ill \\"iJt•n• a1 1.L'. " 1·b f,·: 1r

t<i

ln ·;td.

15. {)ur l1Hli :ut ~uhject:-; ~ u h 111i t i)ati· ·11t!y t(, :·t

11H 1l\\li\Ply j,f :--.:1\1.
'Ve Crit~d a sLu11p ditty- a duty ::-v li_:..:,l1t a s l1 ;1.rdly tq L1: 1w1· 1·, ·ptililfi0-011 il1 e fa·1Tt~ hrec'<l u f tlie old 1'11ril:1.1is, a111l """ ],,,t, ""

Dilcction. -·--1-'uiuL uut Llll' w11rds l wl.11.\· \'.-l1i 1·l; iJ._·11nH_.. t l1 e tltint"N

n·-1If:

Cl l / I LLL:-i l l" d.
L'-il, :-. L tii _1111 1.;

!111\V

Liw

li _:! lll"i '

of Lile ~ e a t e nce:-)

i1 r i11 .~:--;

l)H•Sfl

w1t h il ll t ll:-\:li£."'.:

tl 1i11;..::...:

illt1_1

reli et and

l~~

antillw . . . +>s : -

e lil J-f l I't' .

, ·,f.:c;.;• .'
~~·-.i4~·:.._.

16.

P r•· .-., •·t1 1·1·

1i',~-~

17.

l'llt

"C·

.-·

llU L

(1f

111iiJ 1l ;~ J--;T i';lll y

.YOll r

tru:--.L

ill

t' r<fl!J fdPd 1~,· al. ...,1·111·1· td.11111!\·.

]IJU!lt_·y,

l1ul

1o1.1t_.

,\l llll'

/ J!Ul:t')

111

tru~ L

r. ~a11l, SPeki11g liis falh cr'" n.<'""· fo n111l lii11 1<l'lf tnrn ctl iid:o fl

18. In

kin g.
2.

\ull\'1 •rsatin 11 . .To1 1 11~on

ing 11<: \\"a.-.; po 11<lPr,111:-..;,

Fit th e f':i1n1• i 1i11"ll1TI - tn a. 1r1:u1 , ;111'1 it

i--;

:i

lu 11 il 1 ~ ·r i 1 1~; 1

" ·:1.s r:11·y, 1a<'u11ic, f1 1:1·t:

ill \\Til-

logy .

}q1\\·-,-.;lrir1g; to a

Direction. -

--;vu :11a11 , a11d j {, i~ a. linr1 ....~tri 11 .~ .

Lt·:-; .....: 1 ) Jl

3. ' i'IJtJ Fr1•11('.}i a111! l h1• (; .. rr11:u1:-i l 1a\-,~ 11 arnr•1\ th,•ir vnw1~l ~;
t.l1P Er1.~Ji~h hit.\' <"' 11if·kn:1111 r•r! t lwlr:.: .

] 'u i11t

(1\ it

t l l\' a1ttitltt' :•1·:-; i11 t !i1· 1·\tr; 1! ' l

Direction. - l ~ ri11 !. .'. in 111;u1y
kind .':\l't."ll iu .:\11:-;. ;-, a111I 1:-l .

4. Li~ht ru :i._y Uc tkl l 1H· d as l'tl1er in 1noti1 >Jl; dar k 1H ·~~ , as (dlie r

fr( 1lt 1 1! · 0lr1w .' .

·~ -l.

;..:<1i1d :-u11i 1l lt' :-i · · ~;.

l,1 _·i. ·""111i1t ·

lw ,,f t lw

:d f't•:-d.

S·

Trnt.h gets well i f ,Jw i:< l'llli m·l'r hy a locomotin\ wliil1i
()f l11( ·kj :-t\\· if .'-dt1 · .....:t · r:1 lc · l i1· ....: l11 · r fi n_t..:.•'r.
6. i !i1uu:._:-Ji1 . tJ1al tJ1i....:. IJl;lll ii:td !1 1•1•11 a ]t)J'd an101Jg- wif.<.: ln1 t [
1
ftr1d 1 li: il li 11 i " ···nl_\- ;\ \Yit :1 11 1 1 -1 1 1'.~· )1 1r i\...: .
Lr r (ir di" :--

7.

111 llH~ world, a

11J:u1

\ jy+ ·:-; iu Iii~

agt·'·
8. T\11' Ati1 e11 ia11s 1111dc"L< f:t11.! 11i1:d.
111 an:-. J•Lt t.. : li t...:e

s1ilil11d c,

i11

LESSON 53.

all
TJll·: '!E"i'<>'.\Y,!Y.

i-'.'""I , li1Ji the L:tc<'1krno-

j_,

it..

mo1111t.ai11~ giY1' ti1,.ir i•>.'t. ,.)ii idre11 iwrri1 •s :11Hl writ e r;

9. The
(I w

c1\Yll :1 _!_'."I'; i11

·L-..: fl 11 · i l- ti 1i r....: i

:--. 1'; 1 : 111 \1

TO.

j~, -·f lt· J· fri ri·i .:...: 11 ir1

II.

PLdq';..:.

ar ro\\',

:1 1 J•

l11·ii

]

1.. 1 . . 11w!11 ,1i· ·.
l1 ·;1v1 ·11.

li1 ; l l l ~:c·n·· i 11

1

ai1111~ d :1L !l 11· :-;!:tr:-: , \\';1.~ ful lowi ·d l~y a

t rac k

c1f

i L11.1.li11:~ r:1•1i:11w1· , ! 11il i i ~ ! n1··k 1: ., t \1 i: 1·..: : n;:<'n11 1!\i ·d l1i:-..; ,~ye oii a

111;1rk ,,· 11ij ~ 11 \\'as 1d:lC\'d 01 1 li 11· 1':trtli. :tnd witl1in h11\\· -.. . . li ot. an<l hi t

lt ill t hi• wli if f~ .
T2. I\ i11 ~·-.; ,,,· l!l
;· r1 .r11 I 1ri r 11 · i 1•l(• _

"':4:~-1·
~- ~oµ ,_:-

'1'!11~ 1ig11n·~ t1i11~ Lir r·1 .11.-..;ii! t·rt ·d ;1r1· 11:1,-...; 1-,d lljHl!I t1i 1· r 1·la1.i1111 1i1t.lll'r (I) •ii lik eness "r ('...'.) .. r unlikeness 111 11·],;, !1
tli i 11 .;; s :-...:.1:i11 1l I 11 i ' :L1 · ]1 ( 111 11· i · i it 1!11 ; 1 \ 1 t .\· ( 11 · 111 ' 111i1·1·
\\'Cl't' t11! d itt L1·:~>.i111
1-t tl1 : d , 1.l1ir1:_:·.-.; ;ti '(' t · 1 11111 1·1·1 .1·d l~\ · :--, l 1111t '
other natural law " 1· re lation 1 !1:111 11"-"" :i1 1ol 111 ,; 11,.11 ;L '" .1 \ '
th at. t. lij•y \11T~1 ;11 ~' l1i1i111;t!1·h ;1~;-o;l)('l:tl 1· d Ill tJ111· 111111d ~, --- ~1111·

r~1sll.,- ;111d ;1h\· : 1.\· s

/,;.,•7.·

11(~ tyra1il~ fr11H1 f1t1li1·y

·wh en ;.: nLj .. r· ls

:t n~ r1·lJe1s

ll:-...:.1·

:A'"
;l

~;

:-.-; 11 '. . ~~.:- 1·~-.; t iii :__:·

t 111 -· ,\- ~1r1l (1~·11~it . 111 ~.~

ti I\' "L Ji,. J".

c))11·

11: 1·

(1 f 1.l1 1 i1 1

(i\ 111 I". : 1i : d 1·1 1;1l 1 l 11 1 ~ l l >'
;11 :--. t1 · ;11l • 1!"

t"

1 l1: tt ~ l 1·11 ! 1t 1 ii.'...~

·.l

{211 a/ilics of St1;lc
-lmw;cn;.
.
. .

·"

A metonymy is a Jiga re uf s t•e e<.; it l it wlii1:ii ti11~ 11anw of
l>y :0:11mc bo111l not of likene~ s ul' l11dikt ~ t1ess is t:1 J.::P n t o d1 n11 b · t.ha t ot hf' r.
The natural hws wlii .. h cn1111t>et tl1in ; ,;, the hws 11.)'
\\'liirh W t' as snr i:1tP t li .-·m, are 111 :u1y an.J 1li 1·1·r·' "· Tlt e rnu.-;t
inq•urt:rnt IJUt yd spuk1·11 u f :ir" tl 1l's1 · : t.hi1 1:-:s :11-. · r1 ·L1l 1'll,
:111d :1r1· :1 ss"«l: Lkil l1y 11s , (I J :ts sign, ill' symbol, :111.l tl 1c thing
symbolized,\:.'.) :t,; cause :rnd effect, " r source :111d 11li:Lt flows
from it, ('. :)a s instrument '""l 1111 · use r of it. ( I ) :i s cont1liner
and t.11., thing contained, (:">) :1s mflterial :u 1d i lw thing made
out of it, \I;) a s contiguous Iii each ot her, ( ~ ) :is i ill' abstract
:111>1 tli1 • concrete, a1 1t! (~) " ' · pflrt :u1.! whole <> r whole :111.J p1ut.
This List rt:1:d.i"ll is S <> i1111•"rt:111t 1 li:1 t i l 1t· 111d1111y111y
tJa s 1·.I 11pu u iL l1:1s lH ·t'JJ .J ig 111 li1«l iiy :L ,;1·1 1a r: d" n: 11111:-ll1 "
synecdochc.
Rhetorical Valu e . - · 111 1J,,. ;11 .. t ,>11 y 111y. :.., i11 Ll t< ~ rnd:1J 1l1 .. r . i lw 11 ; u 11 1· 11 1" tlit · r1 -'. ;li~·1i ( 1 .i1'1· : \\· / 111 · 11 i.-.. . iJI'~!. L 11 u \\·1 1 l.'-i
t:i ) ~ t· Jt t.1) d 1 ' tJ<d 1 ~ ll H· <.itl1 1 1 ~li . :~ ·1·1.
l. i;\1 · lli i' 111 1·1 :qi/1ur, 1.lt 1:

/1 ·11/l ha il•• 1i :u1d /, .,,, f raiiw il i q01•11 tlw , · t11_·1 11y .
J4. 'i'f1 U jl('!i i~: 11:--lll"l'jll,~· llt 1' tilJi 1.__'! ' <•f lilt' S / /' 11 (i/.
15. T iH; (nu' ,•[ i:-, .~i\ · i1:~· w:ty l11 IL· · l!lr:' . 11: .
16. \\ 'e l 1a \·1: pru . . . irat~·d u11r:->4·h·1· ...; l)\'L ir1 · tJ1,~ tl1nnw.
17. 'l'!w l111:u·,/ a t t !1 e l i u !t: i111i \\;l ~ 1·XiT ]l, ·1it.
18. }Ji url1 ( .. 1: i1 1 .~ i1.1 \\ •·r .. : .
19. Tl11'. .\11w r i1·:t:1 -- ail ! •!' ii1 111 1l l•· <l tl w l~arl 1 ;ny .Jl11 :1-

13.

0 11 u tl1i11g <·u11111·1.:lt' 1l tu a1111tlll' r

,l
.I

•'

1

1

1111·1-1 1t1y111y gi\· 1·.-. .;

0

t

/wi/ r:·" r1 r1 / i-;

20 .

Tl1 1•

21.

Y u 11r !Lt :--.l it •_-;

11f

:t ! Hl

i w ;t 11t ,.

1<1

Lli:tL

1111 1-ri11H·1it

tu

\\'t.'l"L· \\'Uli t

."'l! '. t

t! 1t.: !1tl·/('

a r11:1 r.

>ll

22 . . \!I'

l1 1•1·r fr•·:-11

a1 1i!

tl1 ·· 1r"o./ .

fr11111

23. L\"· 11 /,,,:,,..,n . .'.' ti1i 11 l\
24.

A \ikt ·

25.

\\ ' i·

l1 i..;

\\'a _..; far1 1< q 1...; f n i-

l ' 11 1

Direction

:t11d l1r11t d r .

ari t t

! l w s11/ 1,/ u-11//,"'" "'-" l :---11,\\\ J ll11'Plt~h.

- l : 1i11:.::

i! i

r11,1 1ty

~·" 'd

i llt1:---trat_i 11 .~

1t11·i 'l1)11ii1.·:--1 ,
1

tlic

tr\ :L !t ·d ; tf1 1\"t ·.

t't.:\' t ' !I \.\ 111 d :i

1

------

1

1·l1·;1r11t· ss , \'l ~1 i r,.

J 1 ;1h ( ·t•.

( 1\IJ'

~ lyli~.

'-

LE S S ON 54.
Direction. -

(.i;t:-i:-i i fy tlw

t" !lH · 1·\pn·s:-d1 111 1 a11d

1t1 1· tr ··11 y 111i1 ·.-.;

nTa~I

l w ]1f \\'~ 11 11!1· w l1:t1

t lwy add

Till·: :-;Y:\IT J111 1· 111·:

th1· ~«nr . ·111 · , ..., , ll :-; ing i il< lill

:-;111111· (If

1

I. l '! 111·l1 :\ii .-.:ai J,. , j :t\\·:1 y \\ i l li :t li li i...: r'1 1111 ·1r s :--j1 J"1·; 11l.
2. 'l' IH· rTrst·r·nt i11 EuriijH' i:-: ,\·a11in~ h1·f1 J rt~ t!i c crt1ss.
3. I I e i.-:, a. :-ii a vu tu t ltt: C''I'·

4.

,....; l nk t.: i" u r

\utlr !l1°!<1. t' •..; ;1 11 d

\111 1 1

5. \\ · L,) .-. t, ·:1 i-.. :i i_Y 1·111· ... , '-! 1·;1 :" : 1
6 . i Ii, r ,-,-.;, -·, ."t! :•I .1• \ , l 1° · -., ~ , . , } :

9- 'r!w

r n/ 1·011!s

l

\\ "lw r1•

Jr.

'f'f: 0 w :tid 1r d /i· d 11 •--. ': •T i ..,i J<

12.

Tlw

1; nr 1;.f,, u, ·1i 11111 ·f f,i :111 1

f u :'i:uu ;;

icld (.' t u

ar1·

'J'l11• ti.~·11r1•
l1L·t::lllS l "

0

()f

111 11+ •1· 1( ' 1t

i 1 11 1 ( 1 j'

i>:i'1·,/
II: ;

Tl; i >!' !>' .

111

t 1: 1r 1

llJ'"I l

II \'J'J-:l(l\i 1LE.

ri .1 li: y 1 : 1t,1l ;u ·1• ;1s:-; 111·1 :1f •' 1i 1 y
l 1<i ] •' i! r 1 ' f \\· l 1\ il t • t 1 ' l i; 1 rt-.
1

I {, \\

t 11 1.-; -

1"1':1!Jy

:t lllt'i'llt.\°lll _Y -- - !t:1-; ,

a s 1·11ar;1T1 ·

i11 q 1( 1J' L !ll 1'!', l'l ' ( ' \' l \ " 1· d

l l :lll H '

-

t !1 1·

!JI • ,'....~i'] J \17', t l1t · .~~'('ll\I S for tl1 t'
s111_·ct\· :--: . ~t 11d ti 11 · i 11· l 1\ 1il 11.t1 i' ··r t lt 1· ,· L t :--;::; , ;tr1 · ;lil 1..·:\ : 1111 1 1 1 1·~ 111'

~1 1 .

1, ..

l'l1i11 ~:s

s, : 11 i l t, • r• ·;;t t

S\'l\t'1·d1H

L·

) 'l

i.l j1 ; (1·l

i :J1>1 d li "d .

nn1'11!r J ( :

il t L:Lir~ : d.

l11' .

' J'lit ·

..

Sjli' \ '!1• -.;

! 11 1· t ] 11· \ \' ] 111 i 1· 11:· 11!

A synecdoche

rn .'lr1 .1; ,-.

111nwd ;111d f1 1·d .

I O.

tl

111· ..~·.

'7· 'rtw .-.c:t11f·! it\" n i' tii• ' l rrr:·" c.:ri(.iJ; ;
8. ' rl it · /"tf,,,.,. :-- l1• •1 1]1] ti11l ~q ·(1n1 1 l1r·

··\.

.\.

l : 11· \\. I J!11 1· j·,,1· : J jf:11 · 1

pa rt. tl1. I,, ,j "·' 11, .. \\' 11,,]1 ', "r 1I11 '
:1

l ':td.
:\:.: w r·

l

I .~ :1 li ~l !!'t' <1 [' ,"--.l)! ' t'l ' )I

lli

ll:t llll°

\\ll l i'lt

(11·

t.I11·

t}1,·
II

ll :lllll '

r, f

:l

1, .. 1.. tit· I l l ,j 1·~

____.:..:·--::::-:.:::.::::;;

. <·J

~~1 -: 1'.-:; j i :1

i1:1rt n f

\\'lwk, tL;it i, r;.i.n c !i .,r 1.ln:

U 1c t u r tu.n.

f11l'

:1

thin ;_::-

Ji ,_,, 1 Jr1~ i11

TlH' n'

f';1~;ii \"

•

! !1 tii

!fp•

w l1ii: l1 ti.it: l.l;.i.mc ui Llic

,..1

JA4

J I :")

-- - - - - - -· ·---- - - - - · ]Jart d e n otes tl1 e whole pres l: nts tltc object more vigorously _
than tlocs the other, :tn<l is more com11 1011 an<l more valuable
tha11 tli c othl! r.
I ts rhetorical value consists in the fact that it
t!tiug wdl ku ow n i11 pbcc of one less know11.
Direction. - T " ll wh ich branch of t li e fi.'-' ur1· tlu·sc ".YJH•r1loches
illn .-..t raft_., l't' \'; 1....:.t su 1111 · ,,f tl11_• :-; 1· :-:1 'nf 1Tt l~t"\ :-:, dr(11111in .:; Uw ti,~Urt\ i.llHl
lh llt:.> tlt e los:) o f i.-i ~u r :ind (lf l w;111ry. -

..

1: !
j j i;

l, j J'1·

whiclL tli:tt t it. l1• ll1os L e x•1uisit"1.v s1 tits-tl1u s1! t1 1r11 s t li:1 L
\in in :1dj1 •1 ·t. iv1·s." Tli ..: :iti.11·1.:t.1q·:-; i11 s111: lt 1·.\11n· ss11.1 11s ;1s

tl11es1: lit: 1':1 I l.s / r u 1ws:
I.

Grace is

~aid

Lefo re

m ea l .

2. (jalil eo rai~eu his glass tu th e heave ns, a111l Lehe ld the pl:uiet
Venus <:resce nt lik e th e muon.
3. l ip ca me the rese rve of/i1nl and lim"""
4· 'l'he uuy Jeit hi s fat he r"s l1 e<1rlh.
S· 'l an1 is the prod1 1d ot tl1 c s;1i111l!c: cl oll1, uf L11t' sl111 1ile.
6. ~lie le fL tiu· 1 rutc etio n of Li s J' il! ~(
7. L'u u1 1L n u.,-{_.,"i .

8. C o111e anti trip it., a s _yo 11 go, o n th r ligi1t fantastic toe.
9. ,\iiiluu · ~ wift! ldt h is liL"l ;lnd liuard .
IO. Th e co111me rce wa~ carricLl Oil in Bri t ish bolloms.
IL IIe Luugl1 l furly li twl o f c:itt.lc.
12- F ew A111 c r ic:rn k eels 1.J cn1 gli U1e oceau.
13. IIc was riding ou hi~ U_.' fu:.(-1.
r4. \Vp t r: t\·r· 1 hv ,·oil, by st··'""·
15. 1fe e inploys a 1-orf11'1-1 nf h11n•ls.
16. J\liks of h11!/s arP rnttiu g in tl1P l1arli" r of l'o rls n1n11L1 1.
17. It. is a Yillag<' "f r>lllJ chi11111 c11s.
18. It is a city of spirl'S.
19. Th e liarlior was cru wd t•1 l with 111u.< ls.
2 0. rJl• cril·t1 1 'L . -\ sflil, a ..-nil.''
2L l\ I ilt o11 is tl1 e p11 re11 1 of Sa111;.;0 11 Ag u11i s1 .
22. \\" l1 u \Y u tiid J1u L iik1 ~ Lu Yi .-. it llw I J/,/ it on'd l
23 . .T:t1111 · ~ l. \\';l ;.; iroti it·al l.\· l':1l l1 ·1l tl1 1.: ,'''!.'u!u m u :i uf l1i~ a ge .
24. Th e ln1 sy.Ji11;;crs to il1'<l 011.
0 ;: .

Direction. -

Bring in a.-; 111a.11,v ·'\\' r11·1·d1wlw:-: 1 ;\!!'1 illu~trate buth

bt'< ll1cl1 t"s u f Ll1 e lit; uru.

The 111Nr.'f helb ri11g ro1111.J.

ll1 ·a1·en's fJr:1i1·i11:1 ra i11liow.

~i1 P.

wept, t.o lea\'t' tl1e .J; 1u1/ r<1of. j l 1a\·1 · :-;4'1_•1 1 a fa1 ·1:· :--;u \"t::"I'_\' unyr_'I· 11'111~'
()ctol H' r .:. .'.·at!11·rs i1 1 tllf' '...'.l':tin . J' l:u· i·:-; \\ )1wl1 111 tl1' 1•:t~:-i!111 ], ,, ·.. .. .; . T1,
hide her _1;n il ry fru n t wi1h i nll•Jc'Lill :->!JO\\'. '! 'li t• J11 •l u1 1·/,,,/ _11 d ;1 rk11• · ....;:-;
0

j.~J~ntly \ \'t'l'!l:-;,

:""-- !t ~ l11·;Lr :c; t\t!~ (':l li l Hl lJ

0
,...:.

l/1 : !1 /l .1j

1";1 !![1·.

()t!l\'l":-i

fr( •Jll

th e i/(t1rni 1i j iii ih innl\Pd rr;i111d.

1

.•· '•

Tropes. - Tu our li~ t Sl>llle rl11· to rir·ia11s wuultl ;u ld a
figure with tJ11, ultl a11d Luuili:u· ll:t111 t' or t1·u11e. I n l11 .,;
" The l\li g lit ;i11d ,\IJl' t li ur L1Lt-rat.11n -, ' ' :L il A111cri r·:u1 """rk
,;l1owi11g 1yi,J., n·;1.di11:_; :L11tl ra1«· tli.,1·ri1J1i11ali •J11, I 'ru 1"1·ss"r
l\Lu·.l>d,li i:-; "d:u·i11g· 1•1 1t >11 g h tu s<'i1.1· :tll llll:1J11'r"l'l'l :Ll,1·d I 1t l"
[trope ] and to \1·cd it to :t 111a.g 11iti1·1•11t gTt11q1 ot' lig11n·s.

BuL a 11 tli1· :--; 1: \\" 11 11111 f:1l1 iii!.ci tlw 1· l; 1:--;;-.; 1· ....; ,.i· fi ;_:·11r1'S \\' 1'
k tvt; d.-li111·.I ;111tl il l11"t.r:it... 1i. Ut.lll'rs 111: i.\;" /1-.•; w t.1"' 1i: t1111 ·
u[ the ge1111s u l wl1ivlt tire: rn..tu11 y 11t.)' a.11tl tl 1L: :-;_v 111·1'< i1w\11,
are tl1 e S!'t'l:ies. Tlt '" 11ru1•ri..t.y uf tl1u.s li1uit.iu " t],,, 111Jr.J i.s
unt a11 1•:ir1'l1t.
lt a •: c urds lwst \\'ith tlli• 1•t.y1111Jln gy 111" tl1<> wortl trope
((;n···k 1,- ,,1,,,111, tu 111,-,,) t1J 'lJ'i' iy it. " ~ t J,.. general name ,,i·
:ill those figures i11 ll'i1icli 11«1rii.s :11·1· tu r n ed f1«n11 tlwir li1·c:t.
a11tl l1t.1·r:1l 11ll':L11i 11>.::. ;1. r e tr:1.11sl'<•rr1•1\, anti us1 •1 l in :1 s1..-111 1il:ir\·
s1·n se.
\\'t: J!l:1y, till'n, :say tl1at tropes i 1ll'li11ll' m"l:11.J1 .,r c:,
\!' ' rsu1 1i fi1;:d;iu11 :;, a11us l.rul'lws wltid1 personify, llll'tu11 y 1u11· s,
;1.11.J sy 111'(',j()( ·Lc•s.
\Vl: rna v a1l11 U1at frc.111 1 t],., s:i11 1•· r111< t c1_11111_• Ir''/"'·'!,
which lllt':LllL Ll1t•. 1111 i11Ullll'Jd. 111ll'.1'. set up Lu c·.u 111rn1 ·11 1ur:1.Le
tlie S!'llL \\"ll'.'rt• all t 'l lt'lll )' /11(/( l'I / :u1.J 11 .. .t -- Jlti\\" llSt· tl ,,,
11a1111· t l11: :1.n11s, fl :iµ;s, Ill' s11]di1·rs t:ik1· 11 i11 hJtJ],. :111tl i J11i i1_ •. ; i-t. 111 ~ \ i1·f,1r y :llHi /!'1_,1,;(.! \\'lii i It 11:1 JJ 1l · ~ I t li1_· i11Ll.'. ~ i 1 1 a ry li111 ·s
wli1·n· t.111: s 1111 ser· 111~ 1t> /11r1 1 i1 1 it s 11t1rtl111·:u·d :111•l i ~.'>
__ ..:.;::..;;:;.-:2;!

'

·-~ ·

-· -., .;..,.]

-~~;::::~

] 46

()1mlit frs of Style -

I111rrr]t ry.

-·-- -·-· -

- -----·--

to call it a t.:11aracte ri stic or ima gery t han :t sepa r:ite image.
1\l l in1 ages rnag nil'y 1. lw thought t li•'.V t: Ull\'l'.Y o r illus trate.
lt is tl 1u s tl 1at t h••y rna kP tlH· t hought m orP prom i11 e11t and
di s tin ct t, ki11 a li tt-ral :;tail'llll' llt of it euuld.
" ' '· lia \'l' alw ay~ llda in .. .J o ur l'lassl's l11· re fo r
th at Hh <1 11ld pra1·tka lly illu s trak what h as lil'e n said
llJ'Pll J H·r;..;pk uil y ~ a 1nl :s li unl d sho w ~kill in tlw use pf i11 1a!!ery. 'Ve
lia r ,· 11 <1lii't·d til:tl t/11· :-> 1· i · ....; :-. : ;1 y .... \\'••r1· :1h\':1y .' l: i r :_:: , ·1 ~ · jk :-. : 1· ript i \·i·. This
To the Teac her. -

Olle o r lwn

l ':->:-ia.Y:i

h: t .. ; su~~t·:·'11 ·1l 1J1at:i
11 1 j •LI• .,· l w r1, .

.,

_,
'

~

..
•:

117

D csr·r1j1tl1J11. .

- - - - -- - - - - -- -- :;outh w:trd move me nt, ::tlHl was t h en al'plit;il to the belt of
t lie C[tr t.1 1's su rfa,;c lietll'CL' li tli est: li nes.
Hyperboles, t:xt ra va g: u1 t t:x1m·,;sions ul'nslati11g t h e fads
or 111<1.g aif'y i11 g the irntli, a re seL tlu11·n 11y su 1ne writers a.s
a sep:nate figure. Hnt though hypr r bolc m a y som etimes
he found in <" XJW!'Ss im 1s not fignrativr, it srrms to us better
--- - - -

ft'\ \. \\'li t'd:) 111111n

1li- !-: 1Tipti n· \':ritin '. '." pn11)l' I'

11 1;iy

l1 n

Jlese rip tion can scarcely be cal led a Jist. i1lt' t di\' is iu11 or
writill g, but it for<:es itse lf, h e re arnl tl1e r e alltl i11 \1i t.,;, into
all dl' p:n t 1n t: 11ts, - i 11 t u li1 stu1T , t.r:tvl'ls, trvat1srs C\'l' n, :t11<l
in t.n ;1.ll ki1u1s uf p<11·try , - allrl is :tl1\-:l\-S\\'Pi<·n111<•d :i sa.L'.r:ttnfol l'li :tllg<"!. Description is large ly of thin gs :q•pn·ll<'nd ed
h y t.hu eye. H11t it rn:iy li,; nr 111< ' 11 Ill 1.i1<·ir lll<'llt:il a11d
S< wi:il cli :tractc ri s ti cs as w• ·11 as 1ir rn1•11 :rn rl .,f t.lii11 gs i n
th t· ir o utw an l appearan ce.
1lt•sc rip tio n is a k ind ot c:o m pns1t1n11 all urin g tu _y01111g
writ<!rS si1H:.; it tleals ma inl y wi t. Ii <:<>llt~ n ·J., t.l1i1 1gs, adn 1its
of' :tlJ1111da11t im agery ar1<l s liuw s this off with h :1ppv t~ l'frd.
J:nt. 1L is a <:omposi tio n 111 whi cl 1 it 1.s 1·:i :< _\- t •> 111· <1l>s1·11rr.
J\ description is a. picture. u s ual]\· 11f so111t·tli in g perceived :1.t
OJ1<· 1 ~ :rnd :ts a whole - ti"' p: 1rt·s i11 tll<'n1s1·l1·1· s . i11 tl1<·ir n ·ht,inn t.<> •' :1.1:11 ot.! 1<'r, and :ls to,c_:·1· Ll1<·r •·<111.:< f it1 1l i11 g :t 11ni t . To
lit' }ll'l'ft ·1 :L ~ t.l1t.· dl·script.i(l1 1 sl 11n i1c! l'l'j 1i' 1' 'i 1' l ll. 1! :-l (1li.11·1·!. i ti 1.Lt'.
n ·ad t: r a s i t, was u n g inaliy l' r• ·st·11J.1·d t,u li 11 · s1 ·1 ·r. Tl11 s i~

plainly i11q1u,;sil1le. A v ~ r lml 11i durn is nut :L 1,:1i11Li11g " " ;L
plw tug rap l1. lt.s \\" (l rd s fullu1\' 011 1· ;111 0Llw r; i t L::L1 ·.s 11 1:11 1_1·
to depict L'\'CJ1 :i Slllgi" fr:1t1 1r1 • uf tli" ol1J •'1 ·t., :u11l t. 1111·· t"
rlepid all a11d n·p1'l' :>L: 11t U11! \l'lwk-. Tl 11 s llll1tLs Lli e 11ttlll iJl'r
of t h e points t.l 1at !' :I ll ]'l'"l'"rly P11l.1•r ;t ,],·s•'l'il't.i(l11_
}'1111
ca11111<t "'"' 111:i11y in :ill tli r·ir rt· l:1t.i.,ns . :111 rl y•> ll 1· :11111"t l<1·i11 .c:
aw:L_Y and \IS< : Ill \' il"ld d<·S l'l"i j' I i1 111 :ill I ill: p:irts ) " l l S;l\1'.
Hut if y o u cuttld d11 li utli. yu 11 wu11ld 1111!. ],., :dil1 · "" t " 1•r1·
se n t all t.li:tL t.!11: r .. :1d1· r t'<1:ild i!i s ti11ctly s1·1' t l w111. I J,. Ji.,_,
o nl y y our words 011t ,i1· wJii,·11 and Ly wlii,·11 !.o •·r•·a l· · 111
im agi 11atiun, and onu aftt· r a 11 .. L1w r, 1!1" indi\·1d11 :tl t'1· :1t 11r1· ' ·
a nd bl <!l1tl Lli<' lll all i nto a j11st wl1 ult >. 1 ln <:a n sh: t.!11 ·
d etails at l ies!, !J ut Ya g11l'ly, ca11 l1til.! l1ut f,·w (1f tl1l'.". :1 1
his grasj>. ;u1t l g r1n1p sl ill 1't·111· r i11l•> :t j•i•·t11r1 ·. ,\l11lti11 ~ 1• 1!1
\\· 01tl 1l ( ' PJ1!'11 ~( ' lii tll :1 11d L r i11;-: t1i 1 1 1 111 .~·iit, tli ~· 11uqH ~.-.; 1· pf t li 1·
dl' :-;1· ri !'1 i 1ll1.
.!. (/ 11t. ,,j' tJ 11• ]'" ' 'ii1 l1· 1ld:t1lc , I J1>· 11, select ""l.Y :Li'<'\\" - - ·
the few est n eeded lu r clea r presentation. l xL tlic~• · l•·\1 lw
essential. 1 · l i: 11·:wt.1·ri ~t i1·. sugg·estive "t' 1111• p •st. :111·1 l .. t tJ,. .1,,
!in }'1'1· :<1 · 111<-.J l.r 1,.l !y :111 .J dis ! 111<· tl .\. .\I 11• i1. ii. 1' 11 .. 11<! •·1 f11i
li(i\\. I11 1t1 · 1i, 1·;111 !JI' d1>l 1t· 111 tl11:--i \\:1\· .
}{,,,,. a fe w :-\i\.il l !11:
st riil;••s ol' I n· 1n g J•l:ii"<' \\-1 J1it •·r \' :111 'l \ 1·il l•·r J,..J".,r,· 1i,; - a
l:tr ,!..~ • · S j dH •r11 ·:1\
[l
(J] )

lu>tl.\-

jj \- •'

}i,·;id . s •·L wi1 .l1()11t. IH"' k,

fr,·t·

I t· .~;-\ :--.il"J'f

SIX

i n }11'1gJ1t.

;111d ,-.,1\tl'd\'

-

;L

:111.J

lH'1't'

t 111 ~ lJ;11·kL(J!it':

1i11

six ft't'f.
\1:ll'l' ~ ·l

tl]\

jj•;1·

111 ,'..;ir t J1

:--L11 I:-; :

:-'llLt : 1

gr:1.y t'y " s ; ,.J"''·ks 11 111t I J..il. a11d st l'l': tl,,.,! \11t 11 d 11 .,l;y r•·•l.
toll -g~1t. i11 ' r< ,rs of all U1aL !Lui ellk re.l th~ 11111 11Ll 1; :11 1d :i
v;1st \'XJl:lll .'i <' oJ" f:1<'1 ! ttlli'lllT U\\ ' <· •l J1_v illll'S o f' tl111tl.~i1f. ! \\'l 1"
dew s n ut :-\1 '1'. J1l111'.'
'.!. ,\l11 (' li 111'1p is gi1·1·11 11_1' a prelim inary com prehensive

outline l'r"sr·1il111,c; i11 ~ketch tli:11 wl11 1·l 1 t" ]J.,1\·s 111 .J, t:.1i.
S1wl1 is \ ' i1· l111· I f11 ,~·1' .s •·:q1it :i l A (i1 1st: u11:vd l)\' 1'1· .. r,. , ,, .,r
(;1 · 111 1 11 ~~ ) j•\1'lli! ' ll1,'. .~

tl 11'

li1·]1! 11! ' \\ .

1t, · 1·i()\ ) --

\\'1 111 :1·; ! 1111

;111 1i

tJ1., J·:n c: li.sli :d. Ll1, · t."]' .. r ti..- A, .J1 ·ru1 11t: J;,_,11.11•cc1I ··, 111 11 \.-1

148

:

;;

• •f

'·

wliurn t!te l1attle LH: g;ui, at. ITuug0mo11t, at tlte foot of the
kl't lL·g; Napoleon at T,;L Hl'll<' A llia111'1', :it tl11) foot of the
rig Iii; 11,g ; tlw r:rn;;s o[ Ll11: A t Ji,, s111il-.·11 r(latl ol' Ul1:1.i11,
ll'hi1·!1 Sll':lll"\\'L•tl llj> so 111:111 y 111' tlll' l11qwri:tl C11:11·d \\'l11•11
n11d c r N-1·y it:-; h:;t, 1;liarge was ltladu; tlw st rnggle Jur Lliu
triallgnlar pbt1•:w 111'!,\\'l'l'll t.l1 e nu::;s anrl tlw two siLles ol'
A rn1:di1Jg at tl1u L"I' 1H'i11g t.!1< : wl101l' of t.li1; hattlc.
. .. :ri11 1l' 11, by a condensation 1• n ·11 uf a \ i \id 1h::;c ri 11Li,,u
into an image :it the close. J low Ve \211i111 :1·y g ruups the
e111i1Jeut llll'll of Urecee, cl11sLL·ri11g :1.i1u ut tl1e great l'erides,
i11 tli1! bised ing yPar uf l1is lift', -i-U .11.c., the tragedians
A::schy lus, Sophocles, :in1l E11ri1ii1lcs, the co med ian Aristophanes, the plt i lnsopl1 Prs J\ nax:tgoras, !-;ocrates, I'bto, rrnd
X1:nophon, the a rfr;t l'hidias, and the l1isturia1JS J l erodotus
a1111 Tlincyd i1les; :tnLl tl1c11, moving forwar1l 111 years to
;);_);) H.c. (_111:1.dc the tlin·e da U·s) , how l11· 1·1 ·11!.t·rs al1uut
Akx:t11der tlie U wat a glitte ring- cor/1l;1c of gc1wr;d orticers,
1•xq11is1 Le maskrs of r"lilll'd 1·1>1111·dy, o;n·:1 t 1il1ilusll11h1• rsel1ide s t, Aristotl .. , wl10 pl:ty 1•1l \1·it.lt lill'll's rnillds as l1is
pri11 Cf•ly l'll(lil Al<·x awl•'r ]>hy1•1 l wi tl i th•'ir p1•rso11s-the
great urator D1•rnustl11'111·s, L ysi[J l'll S tb1· se ul11tor, and
Apdl1's t.!11 ) p:1i11tt>r ! A111] \111• 11 i11 a li g 11r1• 1li:1L •'ll t-":r:tvt'S
fun•V<'l' up o n 1.111• 111t·1111l1·v :1. d1·s1TiJ1t.i1111 alr1·:1dy g r:1[1l1i", lie
lik ens these two cl ust;,• rs of illu strious mc11 t o the two
gllllies of a Lluml1-l>e1l; :flit! b1H'rat1·s. wl111111 i11 1·1,11sei1·nce
]Je Q11i11i.;ey eunl1l nut e:dl ~1rr•ul :u1d "" 1·:1ll1·il lu11~/, lw makes
the cylindri ca.I iron handle nm1!llTLi11g thn two glol1cs.
{ . l\foc!t, by a single sentence summarizing ~L long description. After a 111inute ac1·.ount of' th" Jin., tlic sw1ml, I.he
exi h\ :tlld tli(~ f:tmi110 hv whi1·li tl11• 1·ou11tn· w:1s d1·v:1sbh•d
au,[ d epup ulat1·tl, H11rke gat he rs it all up i1Jt.1i tliis s1,11tn1w.e
t'\:{11"1·ssi11.~~- fl1t• J' ~ · :--: 111f-. : ~
~o

1 \\l

Qualitiu; cif St.'}le - Ima;1cry.

co1npJ,•t1·ly did tl11•se 111astP rs in th Pir :1rt', ll.\·d1' 1· :\Ii and lii.q
111ore fe rucio11s sun, ai1 stJ J\ · 1 ~ tiw111 seh·1·,; of tl1<·ir i111J•iou s \'O\\' Lhttt,

wh t• n tliP lhiti . . . 11 ;i.r111il'.'i t:·a\· Gr.-.:.c d. ~ L:i tli cy did, ll1e l'ar11 :tt i1· fqr
httlltlri•d:--; of 11 1il~·~ in all dir1·ctiut1:-.: . tlir011.~lt tlit~ \\'hul1• lir11· 11 f tlwir
111 ari·!i tli e\' did 11r l1 ~1'f' (111 • · 111:\!1, 1Hd P!W \\11111;111, nut u11i _' (·l 1ild. I H I
one f(111r-f1, H1l1·~l lwa:-;.L of tt 11y ,! i·:-;.1·ril1li!>11 \\ l1att ·\·1·r.
1

Turn t.<> L1·ss1>11 7.1. t.11 t.l1t• I':-.! r:td l'm1n t ':1rh\,. , :t1 1.\

r;

Sf'~· l111w rn111·li description derives ·rru111 wk1.t 1::1111 l':d i>'
"associated circumstances" ~111d "associated human feelings."
'fhn si~<'!'l:Jiiq· :tiJC l cl1 ·:--:1·ril1t ' l' 1:-: irt 1 11 :--\ \\ ; 1t.\ ·l 1 l1i\\· 1·r i11 tli•;
attif' oft ]i., l1i<.: l11·st l11111s1• i11 1!H· 1·it_\· . J f,. 1s at. tlii: \\ 11111»\\',
loukill g upnn t,]i,, Pit.:· spn·:ul (111L lll'l u w liill1. 11 1s 1111 il·
nig1 1t.. I{,· is 11ot 1lesrrihi11'.~ \1·]1:t!. 111· J'l·:illy St'l'S, -1.lw 1:11 11 1•"
:irn 1li111 :111.J tl1c ronfs op:u1ur·, - l111t wlt:it he i111:tl;ilJ1 '''; :1111l
he is im:1~i11iw; 1111t s111111ll'h s,.11silil 1· tl1i11 c:s :i s tilt' 1\1,,i: c:l t! s ,
the feelings, and th e purpo:;es ut: tlie [)1111,0110 Ji""f.f·· li··nP:tth hi11 1, :1w:1k1' nr :1sl1·1'l'· st.:1111li11.". si1ti11". fl!' i11 :1. l1"rizo1t!al ]>11 s iti .. 11. -;\!111"'"'""· 1111· s1 •1•1· t:tf .,r is :1 ]•liil»s11 11 llt'r.
a1i•l is rn :t 1111·dita.tive JllOlHL 111· is sail, sy111p:1.t.lit:ti1·, :u1d
ia ca.r1t1_~s t.
Direction . - Point. nnt. t.lH• f( •af.nn·s C'arlyl(' s1·lt•C'.t.s in tliis p:t:-'~a'...! •'
a,111_\

dt·:-:c rilw t.\H' tn·atJlH'lll. t!iP Sl' H'CL'i\·1·-f1·:tll!l't':-i ill!d lr1·al1JW1't
11
fr11ll\ tlll' '' ('j!'('\llll~. 1:t!H'PS n :tlld tl1e "f,•elill ~~
1, f tlw 1 •ll C

(it-ri\·1·d

d1' S('J'll1ill.:..'.:.

(i, 7. Imagery :1.nd word-painting pl:ty a gr1 ·:it p:1rt 111 t.111·
]1,,st. descriptions . \\'li:i! . \·11·iii11·· '·' :111.J \\ ··1 c: ltt- tJ,, , :1.J y "t.ivi·:-\ s/, 1/1/wf'liu_I. ,1,,a1 1,,f, J'i1:f.-,,/.1/. '.l'''.l'.//1 ' , ~1 1·11f• :~ (/If' ' , 1·11 11!1 .1/. :111 1
•110/11Joi 11 1111s. :11°111 tl1t: 1101t11s r1u!.i!,/,., ,-uilu111011!>1<i1', li 11JJ'" 111 1T!I,
:t111l 1wilt1r •f i11111:1rt 1•l tl1P 1.l1 ·s1 ·rii'ti"n 111' .1:111\t's l. in 1lt 1·
"xtr:wt !'r1>111 .J . l~. (;n'l'!I. L• '~.'1111 7 I ! J\11d \1·l1:d !'11r1 ·1• 11:1.-;
tlw 1·1>1t1it1111·,\ a111itl11·si~, \1·l1i•·lt si·h ti"' i11111·r 111:u1 111·1·r
4

Direction.---- \'
lf·~ :~1l)!

i11 , ;

1rnr 1 t\i;, i111:1:_'·,,...., i r1

r·r1\·1,rli.\

Pf \' ;111•H':-.:,"

":-;in11ki•-('j1 1111 t1·rp:1111'." ..t_c ..

(_'t<.' .•

(,

tl1•· 1•\tr:1"t fr .. 111 ( '; 1r h· J, .. -.... :1 11 ~

r,'rJl)l'IJ1ill ~ \·; 1!," "1; \)ll!·d

( ·1.t'. .,

and

\ ' i\l i' I' :-:..,: '

i11tlw111:Ll1y ci•11tra~ts; ;t11d

lGO

]Ji:-:Ni111inr{/i1111. rf Fi'.111rr·:-:.

(!ualitics of Sl!J1C - I mo;;rr.1/·

lt\11 Jiu\\' fhi..:y :t id 1111· d1·~1·ripti(ilL (;in· t iH · f• 1r;· t· iii t!i1 · 1·x1 in·st-iiYu
1
opitht•ll"i • r-.it·li1,rut1i-; 1'' ;;. f \\' t•-lq.~g1·d, 1 1 1• \\'eltt.:ri11g.'' <•tc., t ~ l.c.

·"· Description

i.,

i 111·., J; ,.d 111111· :ts

11. · 1···r

11<'1111·1·

in

Bl·ftJ1·1·

1t·;t\'ii1::-":

tlii :- ; ~ nlJ j '·(·t v.:t-'

~\ 1 :c11 i·x •.·rc1 se Ll1e ['lli•il 111

t.\1P .!i ~1 ·ri11 11 11:1(i" l l ,,j li ~l ll'•'S .

1.l1P

;1ii1·1111•L t. .. 111:tlu · ~• ·11· 1 1 L 1li<: t.n1U1 s 1·:1sily :l]'j•l'l..!1<·11.,i!i],. :u1d
science i1v1 111 h r.
Directio n. - St 11.Jy 11 .. : 1·xl 1';1t·I f r n 111 Ty n dall, l. 0ssn 11 7J. .Note
h nw dt ' :--\ !Tij1tiiill ;lid .. . i11 r11;tl,i11 .:. o, ~ ·i 1 ·: 1r tit•' :1 _'. .;: i·JI'' } ;1111i tlw ;11111.i111t. ul Ll.n.:
p ;1ri i1·h·;-; i11 lhl' :1ir, <111 wli1 1s1 · J •i 1\\' 1·r 11~ r1·lit-d 1!11• :--1 111 a!l1·r li:..:,111 w; 1\·1·s
1!1·1 11·11ds l!tt'. hl111·111·:--1s 11f tl1t' :-;ky -- alti:-"" tL"'i !11~ 1 i11 1111d , T~la11d in g 1 ~v1·11
U w ''t.:ulnt•l:t r y n 1at.11·r, 1' 11.-.;1· cl lt1 •n : liy Ty11 d:i.il c nly f,q· il!n:.;fraiion .
1

'.I. Description is f,,1111.J n-.-rr11·]1<·r« 111 poetry.

4
:u·('l ( •tl'-' \1:1...: ('!1111 : 1w1 11· 1 ,

Direction. ---· J',,i11 i " tl! 1it1· d1· ...:1 · 1i1oii \ ·1' ;•· ,rii11J 1..: .. f \ .. ..:_ 1. :!. 7, H
;un i J~ , Li· ....: :..;11 11 ,...,;; ~ ;u1d ;~j11·ah. ~,f tl11' f 111 1·· li 1iJ 1 t•f dc:--1·r i1 1J j1q1 in thPm .

: :\ ~ I

l II'

5·
b . 'J'a \.. 11 t

Direction. - \\"r1 t 1· a11 1· ........ :1y 1li:t1 .... ),all iil11..:tr;ll1· tlll' tw(l .L.:- r1·at
~J !1:dl1i 1 ·~ ''' :--; tyit· 1i111.-.; f:1r :r1 ·at1 ·1l. I r !l i1 · 1·:-- ." :ty i:-; descriptive~ .~i\'l~
f-~~;w1•i;1l l1t·t·d i!! it;., \\ ' J1:1l !ta ~- j:1 :-; ! l w(' Jl s:iid.

t ( ~ \ I 1 • I I t • .".i 1··1 ' ,"'

7·
\ ll ; I I ~ . :-;

8.

1'>1()\\",

L

i ' \. . \ '

\i;l --.

1;t ~ :i :-. L

Llti11 ,;..; ....;

\Jr

t111'

1] _~ 111·1·.-.; ctl~

'' !11,:it :L ft•\\' ;111t.l1til'."

;,1·i1·1·; _~. 111 ·.-. .

ti~· ;:j of st

i_} r

~<11 1 10

:-.1 11•1·( · 1 1 1-.; 1111\\. {'(1J111 •11• f1 · .

~-;ill li_~· un· s

:--it' •'i11

to

11s

(

1)

,-1t'.-

\\·if.

ki:id .._, ut' d1:..; , ·11u r.---~· -

1
~ii· \\' 1 · 1ti11 ,~ ,

:1n1l irc 111\· : 11r ( : :) jir<q[11i ·t:-.;
Ldd1·. t ' f•!~·r:1111. ;t lir'.:.._:·1 1:-y : nr (I) \\' ;1y.~
I l ~ :' .

..-1 ....:ion.
la ... 11

:::·,.

c·x t· l:1111: 1i11 ):1 .

(·]:111:1\

;-.:.,q1H·

i1f

11•1!"'' ' llw 11illl'l'S \1111 IH.: Sj 1ukt ·Jl

____:(_____~---

:l 1' 11t1 q·l it1\ •'!d

i11t1·1·

1· l i··t 1I..;. .

\\'i 11d, \ )Hd~

i ; I :..:_ ]": l 1 I\ 1l ' \ "
l Ii -..

rt·;1 -. 1>: 1-. :1r·· ; l ..;

't'\

1

11 1111 it '

T4. T'."'

:1 .~1 t1 · 1· . --- ;1 1i11.~- it >]l ;111 1l !1 _\ -f) t· 1· i1, ,; I. . 111 · ( "..: J 1 11:1!1 -

I : ! I ' -, .

111;111_'

I, \,•\\, I \1 , •ti \\

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l.

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J

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; ll'1

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:t--.

(jual/tics c~f Style - In1rir;uy.
~ n u w fo rLresses.
lkr l•rl'alh M:c· 11l ~ u( .June, lik e " ll \'W-111ade l1aycock.
2 1. I 1111 1(' , 1·1wita1ill.'d , :-: 11tilc d, :u 1d war t·1i li ~ r g,iJ c.. kll l1a.ir.
22 . !!"is fairly lat111l'l 1t'\l 111•u 11 tl1 e ru:lll l u prc;fer111enL.
23. Tlw IH,11clt slt u uld Le i11 cur rnj>lil>l l'.

r9. E ve ry villa;;e Luy 1s a \ ' auLa11 uf

'fl11..· n~ i:-i 11 u ll1i11g out. of \\"l iit..:h t li e

7.

nr

20.

24 . ..\

'. i

l ik e a

JH111 ,

f ' t ' 1111y

1 1

~ ~

~- 1• ~ !

fo c li11g .
8 . I I 1•

t. r1·11 1L·11d 1111:-1

a ll

"'1 J llt•t• /t '

li.\ dra11!i1·

fr , .,..,f11w.-... .. . ;

;Lt1d

\\ ;1:-; ;u ld i~ ·! 1 ·.i 11i t 11 • l
·11 \. ·
9. ' 1' 1 ~ n 11y.~1n1· ....., \\'l11·d ."' f~k: 1111 l ii\c J•1·:1rl :-; :u 1d t•\f;li.··. likf· r u l·i ·· ..,
q

oil tlie rail:-; , 111a_,. tl irnw tl1 e

·" ""·e rs:d io n off t he t r:ll'k .
25. T l1 Pre is a 1id1• i11 tlir· ~ ffairs rrf '""'l. wlti1 ·h , tnken
ll 11d , l1·ad ' 011 !o t"nri 1111 c ; n111i t kd . :il l tlw \· uy ;~ ~· 1~ (Jr t heir life
ho u11d in s hall ows :-ui d in n1i:-.1·1·i1·."-I..
26. Tl 1e sLrnke oar a L Y a l•· r,.JI s il'k .
27.

11i ll

<1 :-ll'l'f1d 111 :-:1·1· lltl' 111a11!ii11~· /,Jj;,,;..;

10 .

'1': 1l··i it i,., :1 ( ' i .. t. · 1· 11. t~·, · i 1 ·111 .., i :- ; :1 1·, 1111 j ! :1111 . 1l11 · '. 111 ·
1"
·• I 1 t
i t. li :1:-; tak1·~ 11 i11 . f iH · ()tlw r what l1 ;l :-; ri :-; l' t1 fr jlf 11 its t1ll :... 11 11 11d c l
1

W1 •\ ]~ c>f
I I .

Ji\ .Ill'-'. l ] 1.,i!'-'.lil
11 l :-> l )( 'L' ·\ \\ ;l '-

12 .

y, .

g-r. r,·,11n1l .

28. Th <' pr11d ig :d l'(•l>s hi,; l1r·ir. 11,.. 111 i«• r rnhs him .<rlf.
29. \ \ ' rt· l t"ill'd!u.·~s C' P\\' f' l' S i1i1u tru<·kk -! ·il:-;, ur sl1i\·c r:4
sl l'icke 11 i11 tu iLs iair of straw.
11

1 ·•

:11:-. ·1 ·i '.,

11

~l11rr r 1~ .

n·:-;111 111d

J.

111 •'

J 1 r;1i.: 1•:-;

J lr • i· ,,l\ i1tl;llil!1·.\ ;( l "l ! l ! l i ' ; l l i .\
' !'Ii i' 'l 'r1111l1 :1d n11r-..: \\1·r1· 1lw

in µ:

_.. ; t. 1·; ·; 1 111

t

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I: , i11 1: i i 1 ! 1 I•

1":1: •

1

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yn 11r

l\i1 1.~·.

11( l:1 J11·1 ".

1l1 r 1 1\l~.l1 \\f tit·li ll H· fail-

1·111 1.J11i!

1:1·! iti'111 Jl, 1\\ ··d

15. ,\ \l l1i .. .:..:1)( 1.I i11!··111i;1 11.. \\1·rt~ 1.·l1·1L1·d L .'

Ii :ti •I l.
~

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~

Direction. -

..

llr i11 :; i11

~e n ten c l's wl11d 1

il lu, tratc ni l the li,;ures in ._:

r6 . I Ii . . fifli'..!,ll •' '..:,r ;q• \ 1l1·d ,,1 1l1

thuh ~vt:ira..l va.ril.:tie::;.

.,
'f

17.

~ 11 dd + ' nly 1· l i1:--t•1I l !tt'

of ('\'i'ry-d:1y \ifl· i•J·i ·1 w •I .
18. \l (•Jl nf :.:·1·11i11.~ :1rP 11 fl 1·t1 d1 1ll ati·l i11 e r1

'

blazin g

19.

}h 1 1inl

Ii i ·

D ir ectio n. ~prh'P ;lin ~

J ,1-....;:-;;

0

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1

as dir1•t 'f!' 1l

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for 11 1y 11 1iril1.

11.\·

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il

t

d ' ; l ... 1 I ' l 11 ~~ '

tlw

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l1;1:-; s1d . l 1··: 1.i1rl tl11 ·. tt•at·l 1 i11~-.:·

ls

tl11' p11J1,il.
25. 1 ' 1w n.J,·t ·1 d nf ;..;1 1ri 11 ~ l:--1
hln~:-i1n 11 j 11 .~ :

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i t lt

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\\'t · r1•

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23.

lir;11

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i:-; u1 1ly a ..... !111w,
~ 1· :t : tr1 1~ L 1J1d It• n1 t!1· r1 1·l;111l\."I .
d1.,... .-,•11d.-.; lo 1· ; u ·1i 1.

22 .

24.
l>.·:111 S\\i fl :t" l•il" 'd In ii,.. 111it ,. r.
2. Th e to\\'ering ll eadl a 111i.-;, cro\1·1w1 l \\'ith mist, their
:\ll1<) 11 g the i.Jillo1rs, k11ow t.ILtt (1" ea11 i., a 11 1i ,: li1.1· l1; 1. r11 10 11i sL
3. ' l ' l1i11_L~: s are i11 th fi.. sad 1l l1• a11rl rid1 · n1a11ki 111 !.
4. E \' e ry pc r,;,11i's fel'l i11 gs liav" a f 1., >1 1f.-d11or a11J ;1 side-door,
]_,.\. wl1i1·l1 1liey 111ay \,.. ,-·111"rr•d .
5. ~ i,;h L cl re w li e r saLl e 1'urlai11 du1\'11, a.111! [•inned it wi th a

li:.::!1!

iii

ht1r11 h· ;llt~

('()111!• 11111.., 1\1, · ·. . : 1:1)" ',

U10 r: 1 , ·1·1 1:-:

I.

it

1nl'{e111 ·. \ \ lwt 1

20 .

2I.

LI

' L '

11f ''"r'!".
<it" dr1·;i111..;, :11i<I tl11•

1l .. 111l

:1

1\· 11r \· g al1·

tl1 1·

.'-'.: r ~..,at

..\::r1i1t ':-; r1 1d, r1'!•i':d1·,J

11ll

a1 11111a l

111.'

111ir:u·l"

11

tif

f tLu

ri:id :-i ;uid 111\· riad .'-' 11f

l('l w .~.

26.

\ \ '1·:iri1w,.,,

( ':l! )

."\ 11()\' 1'

1q~11 1 1 l l w 1lii1I \\lH· 11

d, 1\\ l\ ··Jii j[. ~\\ j L I I" •\.
27. 'l '!l\'. -11i11ddy l"•(Jl i1f 1.o\ili1 ·"

rP~ t\·

:--\1>1\ 1

li11il :-1

t, 1! 1'

Dire c tion. -

!hi

;l :-; n· 1i1i~·~t1··l

\\:1-..

at. 1lw

t li1 · r •l• k
1·l••.'-'t"

t1 11

,,f tl11·

\\ lti 1·L I . . . Jill!.

11n·i·1 ·1\i 11 .:..'

J,1 ·.-., -.. 1111.

'.... ..;·

I

!ll !l

! !l 11 1

I ,

"j

!i

',:•f'
E:::
!--;:. -.;;;l' •

~ ~.~t.._.
i ,;

~ :··;k~.
·~""k
i

1:~-;
J'"'

Ti1e rhetorical value "I 1111:1g .. ry, you a rc 11u w pr" t'ared t-0
s'"'> lH·s i11 Ll11s - (lJ li1a1. t.!1<' i111:1.~•'. lik"1 1 i11 .~ 011 " thiu g tn
a 11o ti 1n lJ\'Ltc r J;i1 1i11· 11, or rn11t. n s t.i11.>-: it. ll'li.11 t.li i11g s Ll1aL it
is u11iilu., Pr s1il•sL1t11 l 111~ \1·1 ·il k11 1l\1·11 r1 •Lt. t "1 I fli'.i"ds arn l
t.111 : 11«nds dt·11ot t11g tl"' 111 f11r tli 11s" 11"L " " 11· .. ll k111111•11,
Jll:i.kt •s t.llt' JJ 111 11.:.:lif. 1111 11'" j><' l'S!>i• 'lli>l!S ; ('_!) ll1;Li, 111\' 1111)!1)-'.lit,
111•H.i ' •·;1.;-; ily ;1pi'r1·l11·1H !i· d \\· 111·1 1 tl11 1s 1"\.!q·4·:-: :-:v11, i .. . ; 111on ~ fur ·
\' j i 1 [ 1' ; :: II .J (:; .) I] i: ii j !. j S :: II "I' 11 ll 11 "II I. I " ·:I>; I j J'y j 11 .~ ti 11 • S ( .)'] t'
:111.J 1l .. l i.c:l 1t.i 11 :,:· 1lw r" :1 .J .. 1 "I' ],.. ;,r .. r. Tl1is •11 1:liil.y u[ style
li:ts, 1,l w 11, a v;t111~ · 11f i!.'-) 11\'. 1i. : 111 11 1 ]<1, ..~; ,·:1l 11·lld 1· s t'l'\ ' l( '.t~ in
Sl'!'t!!'l ! l'_r: ;11: d ill't'!1·1 ·\ :1 1:...:· 11! J: i ·t· ~T4'~ll ;1t11! 1· ~~ 1·;1'. i;tl 1p1;11i1i1•:-).
Tiie value to the pupil .,1 till' li:tl>Jt. (Jr 11si 11 ~· in1agrery i~
i1 w:11« ,t! al 1],;. :-ii 111;1" all 11 n: •g'<·n· 1,.; ha,;1"i 11po11 tJ,. ., rl'lat.iorlf;
tl1at 1.l1ing s sustain t() 1·;u ·h tJ t]wr, tl1" ('n·:L1.ion of imagflS
<:011 1pt' ls to a ddt:t".t1011 or 1.h (•;;,• r1 ·btin11 s . and in this way
lw g <'t.s :t c lusc (JJJS<'n·a t iun "!' 11:1t11 n'. It. 11:1.s lJt 'Pll s:Litl i.l1 :Lt
\\'1 ,;do 111 1·1>1 1s1s1.s ia tl11• n·adr a1 1d :ll'<'t1 r: d1: J't'l'<'<'['tiu11 of
:u1:Ll"::i1·s . I l ow lllll l' h g n ·:t.Lt·r 1 rntl 1 1Ji,. ,,l.:1 l r·111<' 11 t. \\'"11lil
li: Ll'(J 11' lor ((J1 11/u'.1ies ir e s 11 l1st1t11l1~d t /u! nw.i11)i1!1l rl'lrlli011.q
/,1'/l(' ce 11 tl1i"'.I", u111111 11·i1i"h i111: 1'.-'•'r.1· n·st,;. J '1111iis sl 11111ld lie
st.i mu htt'tl to tl 1<: (:1ilL 11·a1i,. 11 ., [ t1 1i s •111:i1ity .,r sLyl e. LPt
tl11 ; l.t':l<'ilt'r wt ·J..,, 1111 • it i11 t l11· ir d:iily r• ·l' il :ii i1111 s , :11111 Pxact
iL l'ro111 f.111•111 in t.J,..i r ll'ril 11·11 ,.ff.,rt.s . X11thi11g <' H ll he more
i11di1:at ive or J•l'(•!l111 ti n : tJf i11t1· i1"..tn:tl l11·:d1 ii and vi gor, for
i t is tl1c prud uet of i.li e '"x1·it"ii i111:1.~ i11at.io11, of powers
arn11~ f' <l :r111l :tlnt an•l n ·joi,.i11 :: 1:1 t!\('ir ;; I r"llC:tli.
;\ s t h,;
j>lljiil h as fo1111d in l11 s searl'l 1 rl)r i111:1 g1· s, tlwsn
sp rlll g 11p i11 ai111 o~t e1·1·n· li11" .. r 1'"" 1 n . .,f i1 111 •a ssi"1"•tl
11r: d <>n', :u1d uf t.lt c ,•]11111 1.. 11 t '"'~:1.1 · . F ' l"''·1:tll.1· sl1u11ld Lliey
lH: fuullll 111 t i1 e S[•<.'c.. ·li uf yuntli, 11 liu :tr« 111•\. .\.«L Lr:ci1H:1l to
c:x:cct sc 11.·11Lih t: t lirn ki1q. ~" (J I' sta t.!'J1H '11t. 11 tiic you ng tree
li: ts 11u g ra ce: an d i1ri:1.'11" ' ' · ll'i1:1t. '"·iii 1,.. lr 11• · .. 1· iL ll'lie11 the
i1td k uf 11.S 11·orni Jias Jiariil'll< 'ti. :rnd it LLi t'. S:tp circulates
tliruugli its ve iu s '(

:Let

ti11 ·. l.1·;1e·:1i' r s1 ·1 ·

t i 1;1,L..

t l L1L l

l 11·

Ll11 rt '

IS

lays iL

1111 · ! 1· 1 :; ·1ij11 1 1·

l)l'<'SS~'~ ]1i11 1·. 1 · ' ; · J~ .\

f'Xil«'! t· d

Th is

pf

q i!~

.J

:11

111 1

11i:1 \ '

i

: /\ · 1

li. :-;( 1i 1· l\·
!1;.-~

111iX t1 1g

L

1 "I

ll j'

1 l 1c

<ljiL : 111d

ll1C(lil .~T \ ltlll:-i
] 1! 1 l !l

l '."-'

«

1\\'!1

tli:1!.

!'11 J' , ·,·1 1t· t· r111 .'.. '.·. li11L

1

\p·

1l111 11 _:· i 1i -tlii11 l .;~ i11 it. :1111! 1·~-

1: :111ii tl11·1111 ,:__:]1 11

li! lJ •i l ... .

!1 ; 1._, :-ill :.!: !. .'. t · .~ ! 1

~l:-1

;-. t 1 :·. i l'

·~ '-" ll(•t, lt:--;1·

1111: t,~· · i.-.; ( · l 1(J11 · 1· :111 d

lwi"<>r1·

tl i. ll ; L

:....' " 1! 1::

k\ '. \\ "rd .. .

"ii

l.111 r ~·\ .

f,,

ttj1"lt

\\I !'•"

11:tl T:tl!1• t1 111 . t_\

II.Ii 1,1 11\ 1 ·

111"

11 1

1°\.11 ·1·

}i(•rt·.

A narrative 1:--.
\ \ ",,

:1i1 :lt'''t•u111
JILi\ '

\11·

L r11

(If a

r

~ i 1 1:::l 1 · , . , "1·11L

lwr1 ·

:1:--:.

l!llli ' l t

<1r ,,r

: 1 :-- 1· 1·11 · .. .;

\l l lil t •l'

I lt · :--; t•\ ' l j t-

- tio11 is i11 l" 'i11 L 11111kr Na n;il.11111, :111d :1 s tlw rn11 s t i111 1" 11t:u 1t.
-

topie.s r1·.~::1rd111~

\ ;1 r r:ii11111

:1r1· 111l1rt' :111prt111ri: Ltt·l~\ tr1· :111·il
( r·}

und(•r I I i.'l "n. I .• .,., ,.11 ;- ;-,
J. \\'l"'li1"" .. r" ,;11,.~i " 1·1 .. 11 r ,.,. ul' :i ,,.1·i,. ,, _ 11,.. account

slirnilil follow '" :'"' order, ""'i lli:it "r·i• 1· .-d1•<11I.! 1, .. natural
- t lic ul'd«r 111 111 11 ,·li tl1" l:1" ts '""· 11n1"i. 11 11 · 11 1"l"r 111 time
and ol' depend enc e. T l"· 1'"' " i .. r Ll1i,; :1.' 11·1·il :1 ..; 1 J,,. 1,,.,. ,.,_
sity f.,r. ~Ul • l tl11_' llH'l1 i./( l....; (• i". k~·e1,il1.:...'." ;J1:-;t11ii · t. tl11' (' l f ! l t \l l "l"l ! I _~
stn•:i111 s 111' .. 1.,·111,;. "'i""'1:ill_1 i11 I I i.;1,,n., :11·.. 1J 11.,·ll 111 ""' :11
SOlTl~ lt·ngt.h in f;P}--!~till 77.
~. Tli 0 11:1rl':il"r 111 11.,t li:i\· •· ,.],.:i r1v in 111i111l lhi.; "'"! "1"
must ";;ec Ll11: end fr,,11t t.1 11 : l1.. gi 111•1 1•g" :llld make every
step fr111n t l1 r· ,; l :trl· lir i11 :; him ne a rer 111 it. ·1 ·~1 'i" "''' ~ - <· \ ·
cursions t o 1.l 11 ~ ri gl 1t :111d t" t.111· 11-li -c1111!'11sl' tl"' n ·:id •·I'.
Dr: ()1 1i 11e1· y :-11,,; 1111 1•:11., J.. 11: il ·h· i11 u,; ,.
;). TJ1 ,, movement ,,i · t 1,,, s(,,n· , J, .. 11 ld 1,.. imitative
tanl.r 11·li ,•11 ti"· "n·11ts l1nc.;" 1. :111<! r:1i<1•l 11·!"'11 tl1t:_1· l111rn·
to tlic cu1wl11s111n. 'Jl11s 11·111 1,..11' 1" m:1k• · tlt1'. n:1rr:r t 1n·
lifo-lih .
4. As i11 11,.,,n11•Ll •• 11 , "11 h L],,. salient :111.J <' :trd111:tl points
shou ld !11_· selected. :-;](illuliy 1•n·,;1•11t, .. I, tlt"se w ill suggt:,;L

·t·

.\

.·.;

a ll tkLL lll'l'd IJt' Sll]')' lt"d, and f'a]I
f' ttl <' \ •·n·i sn !ti s i11 1: 1g·i11 :1t.i111J. ( :t)"d sense

lo i.111· r1·;1d<' r

lV. 'l'hc ,\1111 .. . ; !r 1plw .
1

v.

judgment are l'<' 'lll ir"d to s "t.Ll•· wl1:1t 11art ic1118. rs
1.; 11JL ;rnd ll'ltat :i ru ll1Jt. 'l'l1e d1tll ;111,J ig nur;rnt
l1tll 0 • diiT<' l' <'IH'!' hl't,\\'t't·1 1 t l1• · irn·l1·\·:u1L :u11l t li e perti uru·
t.111 : trivial an.J tl11: s ig· 11iJi<0a 11 t. j\ ii ss l::1t1•R, in Jane An ste
·· E11111 1:1," 111st111< ·1"l hy l' 1·<> 1't-ss u r .la1111 ·s in liis "l'sych
ogy," :lll•.l. 1_>; 11111' Q11 i1·kh-. i11 "l [1•11ry 1V .. " Part TT. , ciuci
IJy Sir\\. 1l l1a 111 l f:u11ii1·. ,,n , :u·" ;..; •><1<] "":t1111•l1·s o[ suc h minn!I
111 l it .. r:t.1111-c"
Unintrlli ."1·11L 111·1-.s!>11s 111 t. lte ll'itn ess-h!
<) \•e1·y

d: 1y illu st ratt~ w11 :LL

\\- 1' a r1 1

l~lw \1ir i 1_·al

\' ;tl tt l'.

( l.1 ·.--:-: 1lJ1 :-i .-11 , :-,.-,, alld

f)I i . )

A11litlw ., i ...; .
;t111l .,1;_

I :r;td 1· ... .

VI.
VII. Tl1e

~ _YIHTd1ll'lw -- Tlw

( I .1· ~ ·"'

•I J.'\ ' I

' j \,·,,

h. iJ1 1L-.:.

I- .-,! f . _)

'.\I 1·1 :1 i >!Jl •r.-.; . l '~ ·r:-;1 ir1 i !i1 ·:1tj,11 1:--: . . \ i >•• ....:\ I"• ft ilw :-- t I 1, 1l
111..·r :-;1n1i t\ • .\ l t·t1 111 y 111i1-.... , :t11 1I :'_\ 11t ·1·1l i1d 1L·.'\. l ly1•1·1 l 11d t ·....

TrPp1..·:-; -

~;1\' i 11 ~.

Tii1· r" is :tl i1111d:111 t. oiiportunity ·f, ,1· .·t '1l tl: 10 arts
1"11i 1·1i clearness is s1.,·1 1r1·d; a11d , as 111 I » ·seri ]'t i on
fur word -painting ;u1 d " " !>1'<· ssi1·1· imagery.
'
;i,

Directi ou. -- \\ ' rit 1·

''

·\J
.L

~---

:1 11

1',.;; -.; 1 \

1 l1 ; d

t l n<1ilfH '.'\ ~q· :---1y l1· lli11s L1r !n·:it1 ·1 l.

~Ji:tl l i ll 11 -.:r 1 :11 v
JI t}1(' (·~ :-;ay

LESSON 57

u 11 .
:-; 1·JTl l Ii'

\ \t> J\1 1,;.

'" !•Ct ial hcL·tl t 11 wha t ha,; j11.' t LLTl1 oc:titl.
'l'houg-lit

A f;CI IF\IE rn1c

nr:vn :w.

Tl1i11 gs flr't. l\ 1111w n arid ll::c111 ..1l.

r
;:.;

1111 i1 111s.

H:i~ is of

Imagery.

( L1 ·ss<111 ·l ·I. )

I. '1' !11: «•nnpar i...;11 11, i ~ r ~i11 1ii 1" Hlu ·tnrical \'allrn.
1-1, ·F), -17, Dti, ;uid f,ti. )
l L Tiu · i\!,.t a.pli nr. llh1· tori1':ti \'alw"
1

r,n.)

ri:;
µ.)

() ;

~I

~1

C"itange of ( '0111 1•:1ri s""' 11 11" \ !1-1:11 •Ji,, rs a11tl of ~frtapli or~
in Ld ( 'ouq1an ....: 1111:-> .
( l.1 ·~...;;1 n -17. )
F:ttl"'l a 111, ::io-calktl 1\ lixl'd ,\J ..t.:c pl1 u r~.
and ;,1;_ )
f'l>tnpar is o11 :-; a nd ~ld ~qilin r~ ('11 nt;1,i11in .~ Allusions.
:;nnH . i u~

1

r,r.

1

:i 11 d r.1:. )

ii[. Pt·rso11ifi ca tio11 - TJ1r1 ·1· Crarli ·:-: .
8011:-1 f>O, r.:,, and 0n. )

Hl!Pf nri ca l Value.

(Les-

111 :1.y

1,,,

1-·~l'r"'''" l St>

1, .. . 1,J y as 1o 111:il\,· lilt [,.

imp r ess ion "" t l1c: ltL.. l l' c' l' u r l' l':tdv r; it 111ay Lie 1n1t ~u i'u r1·1Jii_v a s Lu 111'<.,. [1 1cT a 1•ruJ'.,1111tL l'il\' 1· t.. " ' sL11111•111 g ib .. il 1>1 1
h is 11lVlll U l' Y ! . !:;~\. i t. 1· ;ui : Hd lH ' l'1 1!"-»1 d t 1·1 i.
Energy 1s Li 1;tl. '111:ii1L,1 ,,j st .1 It- i1_\' Llti: 11 ,,. oi' 11!1i1 11
thougl1t is 1'11r1·iiily ·· ~ jll'• 'SS t 't l.
1·,·1"' i'" 'll il._1 I S l '.SS l'lliL tl ltt
energy, s i11c c: 11·lt;1L is i11di s ti11\'L 1s n11I. '" ' ·11 ;111.I is 11111 f,.;1;
imagery c•mdu•·• ·s t() 1·1 11 ·rg.1·, a s it 1•r1·s ··11 Ls 1111 · tl11111 .'. '. l1t.
more g r;q1liwa lly tli:t11 pLt1 11 l:111 g 11:1g<' 1·a11 du it l111t. 1·111·r.'. '. _1·,
e m plov i11g tl1t• .s t · ·"LL!Hi q1ul1t1"' , ,j' st 1·k. 1s s .. 1111·tl1111c:
ditfr.r1• 11t f'r1 1111 t. 11<"111 . .\ 111•• 11·..: lit. 111:1 _1· Ji,. 1"'rf1·1·th 1! is ti11 <' l .
::rnu m :i.y lJc' •.·:-; 1 .r•.·ssc·d 111 ;, ti"11r1>. l111t. it 111:11· 11.. t 1'1>111 ... 11trat1e upon i t.si·ll' u111·' s 11l1t•l<' ;1tt .•·1d11111 a11 d 1•u\\'1'l'i'1ili_1
;d'f,·c l. l1i111.

Not all Th ought Expressed with Energy . - I 11 t.111' t1rdr nn,ry t ~ nt1ltnn11i1•:1tt1H1 (> f 111 1t• \\·itl 1 :111(11 lwl". i11 1l1 · ;-;1· i-itd11>11. 11 1
n:•rr;LLiu11, i11 ~ 1111 p l t: 111 .sL n1"Li o 11 ,,i ,~,· ··r y ki11d , tlH· ('"·'."

158

Q1ut1lt ies of Sl!Jle- Encrgy.
,_,, _,·,
4 . \\' t' ;1 H ' // l'<J
J Jo.1r• :u11 ! r ;1\1 11 it: ·: ,· i , )\ \
:c, ]1;1 i r- 1 111/ 1 ii.', /, ,1.l:'I·
6 . I ~~LL i)y lH'I' ( '(1(1/,'1 ·. r f11 1 ,1 1'. \• ·1 ! ]11 • i" /1r '/ /"." .

1:11 l 11·! 11·11 1!11 · tli()n~ht is Wl' ir.: ht;.

111;u11 1"r is al'i'l'"]'ri:itr·.
;1 1id

5.

;l.s ('il!11111,~·l1t.· 1 1.-.;in1 t d1·11t:11Hl~ 1' x) 1;111s t. ing c•!Turt., wlu.\l).

ll JiUl l iLs act:qi tallCC ::iOllldiii11g vi tal :;et.mm to uepenu C!I
1
c iall y wl 11 ·n feeling respec ting so me Lluty is to Le awake
;i1Hl the puttin g fort. Ji of an :i.ct of the will is to bo seett
t.li 0n tl!i • tl1onghL J11 usL l h'. ex pr1' SSt:d with great. t'.arne 8tth:5S.... .:-~
Th e ~pt 1 ak i· 1· C)f' ',\·nt.t·r \\·ill tl1t·11 lw :t rou s•· tl Lu .-.:tro1 1g fcr· l·
i1 1g, ;unl liis J11Lssio1 1 will JH ' rv;u)1~ his tlwnght rts l ight fill.5 .
the air, gnidi11g l1i111 in the- choice of wonls an 1l in the
t:onstrnetinn of liis sentences.
1·:1wrgy is ass is t.I'd no t onl y by tlic nwans t,li;L(:
Jll'l'SJiii ·uit,v, :i.nil l >y th•• use of t111;L,c; cry, b Ltt
11SI" (_) f

T. Specific Wo rds. ·- \\."r1is
U1 11 1 ;;· ~, 11;(. \'l r: ~~

"lii cl1

ltlll'l'•i\\'

ur

Lrt>:Hl:~l

1

1 '

:;11;. . .-.; iLit '. p1_'. 1· Ct_~ 11L vl" L!11:-; ~.lH_nd d

]1!' J' ;t

13 . I

IJ:.' cull1_'.t 'l1ir:L tcd 11pon the

ti1lH1.~hL.

fji \ ; ( '

2

_, .

tit \" ] 1o.-. ~ ( If!

I >1.! I !1i ·,
T) ii l ·1 I';

aiiil :-:; 1\· tu

14 . \Vill ynll. lt Hik
und1·r /; 111 / j] 11· /11 1,/i1s

:--."l\'1•
\,•

.\j l J"t' c' :O-:i\"1' ]!! ' '-"\ :1: 1.J

!]1 1• I

) ' fl'!' ! /

tlt ·· /u , 1./

1d. {,,, .;,

,.," I

.-..:'lllh'

(1f 1l1 r 1st• in

1 ·1 ~!·1' ~~ .\

!

1, ,

yr it 1r

!111r 1·, f . tl1:1t .\''- ' ll ;tri' 11~1t ai1 1111111:-:f

1i; 1

••.;

' !11 /

'l

iL;dics,

v:l 1il 1· 1_!;1•

( ',,_,,, i:r) ".-:: 11 !' 1 ! 11 • f :i r \ 11r !li

11( y1•1il"_f ;1.'/1 , i'.". f!l · •'lur.'·.

1r/ ;· , ,-,

:1 i 11J

f,1· 1 111/

t-fi i/,/ 1· 1 n/

15. ~If y1111 !1a\ · 1· /d//".'·. 11r1·j ;1i-1 · tOJ .--furl !)11'!!1 [I I •\\ ' .
J6. ·1 ~ a\\. tiH· Lr(·;1_-...1 111:1: !1 :1•1 11<1t1r i:--l wd 111•· tr;111qil1·d 1 y tlw
/ino( 41 t" t\ie /l'if/· - / 1 11 (s1·, tlw !1/lf ·r/1111; /,o,f,t;uf 111yj;t!l11'1·Jl111 1.1; ar r1id...: t t!w
b/ 11 •.::i n (/ rn /f, , -.,· ')j" ( i11 r 1!\\ -i: i 11 .:..: .
1

1

1

i7 .'

11 1, ,

L.~;r(·tl.\·

;i1l\'Hl ii ·i ·

; 1...;

~iir •_ :- , . .__

\'1>1!

tlw

!1:1\" 1' -" ' 't "!I

1\ 11·

( 1\·+· r

S 1{f

1'!' 1-.,·t, ;1 11 tl ,

l 11·!'(' /i°ff.1/ <(' I I/,\ \\ t'1'i ' J.-, I i / ii
I8 . \\ ' )1,. 1i .l/i .,·< f/1 : ·,' 11 1· .1f 1 .. ,

f;-'f'1'rl \\

i

li ft· 11 1 -'ll lf;·r i ii.;_.:,· 111 111: 1r.i1 \'. ii
i !11 •i I" lt1 ,J>

19 .

ll1 • ) !l( ' l!

20.

\\'ill

I

/r!I/!

llJI

at tlw 110111. ll' (f fi'/'.

//1 1111 1, ·nt. 1!tt ~~ PJl11 :/':.Jlrit~

i11 a

,/.

/ ' 1·,

l/1, 1/ ,i1· i1 : 1',

j.._ :t.'-' rr1111 · i1

1·!~.--lJl;l
. I~ · ( l

. l/1 .-· ~·

(1!'

J:lar'(irf'li'. : i i' i'<ilJlj•\i--. i: i : i~·: 1]11· 111.-. 1· l \· i ..~ ir1

!!)JI 1) j

:..·1 ·111 ·ri< · '> ': 11ril...: f,,r

1

/11 .'/:/!fl".

ltU\\ ~:t\' .

att ,V lnn_r1- lu111· ·1·1 / 1 Slf !'1i!ll'.

Direction . ---~1d1.-..!l t1 1 !t •
; t! jd

Iii

j 11 tlit· ,,.,,1"/J /,u .1;

llll' ; c111ng,,

prcv<'nt t.he r ea d1·r 's 11sin!!, lii;; 1·n •' r:~'.'-' i11 se/fdi11;1 the idea,
:ind (•11a\;l1) him tn lwstow it llj>" ri tli1 • th n11;1f,1 l'X!'l'l's,;L'tl.
.1\ dl\:L.,ri" J1J1t:lt1. J,.. l'.' ;·1t i 1·11 h:1.';r ·.[ :\11""-'t \\'l1nlly nn th e
priw:iple d economizing i 111 · rerrder ·s attention. This is tho
1111" u,,1], tl1·\·1·],,i., .,j :rnd il l 11' t r:1t.. ·.J Iii J [,·dJerL 1'iJ"'.11eer's
•• l'li1'.1):-;1 111iy r . f ~ t yJ,. " -tL.if, tli t· \\· : · ~ · !'l' .~ii ,Jii/ 1_ l 1i 1 :tl l a\·ail~
:u 1lt· \\· ;1. y .~ j i r1 •\'1•1i :. \\·:1st <~r 1. lH' !"i' : 11!1 ·1 .. .·; l'll1'r.~:.r. 'l' h1\ L1rg1·~t.
1

tlil: ;..:T1.1\\"tl1 ( )f tht' ~/fll>'.' , i11 tlw !l\(l\'(•flw !d u l
1Jf 1l11· /, llf. i11 tlw t /J1111u' '1' ( i f IJl':i\'1 ·11.
IT. J\lv \\' incL e( ) 1 •lir1~· 111\' /i r11t l1. \\'1111lj l l 1 lr~ \\' 11w 1•1 an 11y11 1'.
I2. JI~~d !i r~ 111 te 11d(._'d tu 111a i(c lre! a11d a , · / 111 · 1, ~ 11\' .-.; !ttit1l(l li:t\"l'
IO . (;i-Hl is S('t' !l

the strl1'.o.:,

kPJ it,

dt·no tc

:lrn lllOT(!
rea11 i iy und e r»t ood and produ 0c a deepe r i mprt'ssion than
t.li(1.'j1_~ \\'ilusu 11u· ;u 1i11.~ i;-) i, rii ;1 1i··i-. t.l J1.)su \\·liich 11;u1u· ('.lasses
vf vl1jeet.s. ::-;lll"l:ilic w"rds , pn•.-;011t.ing Padi :t si ngle it1 Pa,
(I

7. ' Vli o co1 11pris,. d tl1at g:ill;l(ll nrn >y w itli.,ut _r,oif, " ·ill"''"
-y, ~lte{ter [C.,.<, MUi
' e/ess, j> ellll(·1e.<s , u~ llll ·,1l111L•st nul.nl, i11 tl taL d re;i.d fu1 1l'i11frr at r '(1//1 .'I /-'/!,._'/ '' ?
8, \\'iii \'u:I lH'l !( ~ lil :u ;tr ,·/ilu _r:'s itt Jl ittJI• .,· ;u1d \ · ~1\tr /1((rr ·1·s,1.,·

1,.,

,- ,11 11i-tlw

c:tr r y !!11 ·

tl11 ·i 1· r;·_Jil a :-.

/,,, ,'_1, \\·l11J

/// .'> .<i 's

it

1l11·111

! ! 11' -... ] 1 I )\

.~ :dit • 'l'

f/"1/" ·"

' ( 1 ,·/

1,::i.111 I

\ "l)i !

:1

•tl°
i : 1 I'\ I!"\

Ji'·/,/

;t11d

/11/!i :/

lllt'tl

i:c,

a :-1

Jf, ,·>·1 s

11:1 1111 11 !

1l1;t! (i f
tiwy- ~ ·~

lGO
pillaged, \\·l1t~ 11 a lt111Jdrt_'\l t.huu::;a1ul i11sur.i..;·1:uts app1·ar t·d i11 ar!IL" 1. rt
Bladd1eat.l1, wlll•n a r.. 1d rn 11rdt>r, i><·q•e tr:itJ•,J in t.J,,.j,. pn-."·1w<'. l1:1d
raised tlwir 11a.1..;,-.:in11 s t o 111ad11r•.-.:s, \d11•11 tlw.\· \\'t'n: l111Jki11_~ n 1111 1d
1

LESSON 58.

for f.;olllP c :qitain tu ~ !l1'('t• 1 ·d ;uid a\'1'11g·,,

Direction. - ( l ) f' •111s trnct s(·nt<'llCl'" rn nt a i11i11g these generic
\Yord'"'; and t.hv11 ( ~ ) t •x 1·li;111 ~ 1· tlu·.-.;1· \\'11rd:-: fq r l'111-r1·:-;pu11ding: :-:111 ~cif11)
1111(·:-1 , a11d 11 ul1· tl1e ;.:,a1H i11 l ' ~[il"t·;..;.-.i\· cH1·.-. ....; ;1 11d l 'lll ' r r: y

.

l\11 i j , ]i 11.~.

i!l~ ·r ur

l1i111 \ \

110111 tltt~,Y l1ad ici:-;t,

Tn1 1t ('arti~r 11r

.l;t ck

~ ! r: L\\

coul.l place lii111.<1·lf :i t. tlll' ir heail, th11 l\ ing rc1d1e up to tlH•m aud
ext:lailued; "1 wil l lie yuur l e: ul~r:.. c\11tl at u11c:e tl1•.' i11f11ri ; t\•~"l
n1ult.itud~ ~ laid dnw11 U1t•ir ar1n.-..:. :--:11 l1 111i lt.e d t u lii .-. -~·ui 1 la11 ci · . di:'p~ r SPd at

J) i~1·;1...... 1•.

I. 1 tllj ilt·111t·11L
2.
4
3
5. I\ i II. 6. Flu\\\:r. 7. , \ l I j Jt:;t J. 8 \ \' <':lj" "!. 9 l)la1 d . . IO . (~a~.
II. ('1·1wl.
12. Crai11.
13. \!"1·1·:11•·11t . 14. \!11,-t!""'"I.
15- l><'slrny .
16. Su l"ta11 c•: . 17. Su1 1 .~·, 1,·,-.
18. Cai tl.19. I 'l'l''""·
(;:trill• ·id

I Li l • ,\ l

__:_ jtist U11·11, lwf11re

s1 ·1·:1·1vw \\'11Hl>S .

to t lw

Iii '"'

II1·rt~i11

('0111111a1id .

!H'ojil1· 1 .. \\ 't~

:Lr1_' yut1r

l1·t

11:-;

IYt . 1i:-;

i111iLd1· lii111 .

l1 :1i\1·r_.. ; , ---- \\·1·; yuur u\\

ti

~:1\·

1 l1 1l! :-. t' (Jf

Co11111i u 11 s ."

Direction. -- t ;in·

it

.'it1!11t :

su\'11 ;-;.tnr_v or i1[(~ idt·nt. 1 a lld ,-.;tat.e t.l1;tl \\ lii 1·h

·was lh1·d t11 ,'-il lJ •j •1 1rr .

l '1 · rt:---l1.

20.

.-----+-- - ·--

Direction.
\\'l)J"d:-\;

.!_1 •

--~

( l ) ( :1111 ..... t nu·t

:-; , ·11t1·?w1'~

a11d tl 11·Jl (_ ~ ) t'Xt'il:tll _'...!:l' i.lll':-:.L' w 11rd:.;

1 11 11·:' , ;111d 11ult ~

tht· \ ,, ~ "" ~,r ~·x1 11·1·~:-ii\· 1·n1·:' ....

1· 11 1il :1i1 1 i11 ~

f 11 t'

! lw:-.:i · :-.:1>ecific

1·• 1 l'l't ':•q11 lf\di11g g 1·1tl'l'iU

3 (;.,Jd. 4 C1111,; t:d>I P. 5 'l'liid.
8. .\h,-i.lv. 9 i ~oi ii·d . IO. l:olii1i.
l 2 . ( 'ri 11 .:. :· ,.,
13. I :r.-al I 1. 14. B11 ~I 11. ·:--:->. 15- l\11l'.J".
I I. l'l:t11k .
16. :\luunlwa1tl. 17- 'l«11-r" 11t. 18. l;r:u1dfall 11•,-. 19. 1\:,-tidious.
l.

6.

:-;1;, lil 1e.J .

I >:11"~ 11 it',. .

2. lh:.::t:'l'I'.

7. l>a 1.1.l1· .

I!

, il.l .

..

f (' '

I 11 kl' e pin g w it.h tl1i s l1 •:1l'lii 11g we m :1y s: 1.,v t li:tt a chm·:l('l1·ri sLie anecdote 11r :in illustr ative instance, incident, or
l: ll'.t is invaluable in t ' sL;tLl1,i 1i11 :~ a g .. 111·;-;ti ,,1.;,t,,- 111 1·1 1\.; ~u:;­
g1·,;t i11g vul11111"" «i' 1111'1·rc·1w1·. it. 111;i.1· ,.1·,.11 t; 1kt: t.l 1t" pl:t.i;" uf
stlt'lt state 111 L• 11 t . l fll\V t:lll1J!1lt ·L,.] y is l1i s up pv11l'11L's ubjei;t.io11 in d antl an s 1n·n•1l hy \\"i ·11tl1·ll l'liillips in the instance
u1. i.;11pyi 11 g tl1n·e llllt 'S ul' Lit e t. l1i rd l'a.r:i g raph o f t li c first
t•xtr:LcL, L1·s s1 111 G7 ! Tn l1i s g r1•:1t s 111·1·i: h un the Hefonn
l ~il!. w iLli \\ l1<1L 1. :T:111 ·:: iltlll:-> 1·!T1·1· t. \L!l';u1 L 11,· i1.-~ 1·:-> a. IH1La.Lle
ll!.', \(11')1•;Ll

iJJ< • \1! o• J 1\

~ir, Wt ~ rca1I

L ESSON 59.

;111d t·11 .. r '...'"y

! !i;ll.

TI:A'.\Sl'<1SL1l lll:JlJ-:l( • IF \\'t >l,ll:-; ,\'.\l > l 'l llL\SL:-;.

Natural Order of Subject and Predicate. -- :\ s 1· 11t .. 11•T.
Le.ssu n
RnbjPd
thi11g.
rnatio11

~. is 1·01 11jHJSl'.d uf a s1ii1 j t't:t ;u1 d a Jll't'lii1·;tte -

tlin snby... t ll;ll1ws: lll':w1' t ltl' pn ·di .. :1li' is 11s11:tl ly t.J1 •· l""':"r
ancl :tlll':1 ys tli1· ll11>r<' i111i'nrt:rnL i'" "t (If tliP St'lll.1•1H·1·. In
the rom mon :11111 1 nat11r a l cml1·r of :1 s irnpl t· d1·1·l:ir:1 t i\"' s1·11-

t ence, t li e prt·dicate follows tli1) snhj ect and ends the s1· 11t encc.
Natural Order of Words and Phrases. -- l 'oss1·s,.;i 1·1• 1111111 i_ti e r ...:;

(JHl\l ll :-> ;111d ]l l'11J111\l!1 .-..;

Il l

1.l11'

!Hi;-.::-;1 · :-;~ J\"1•)

!fl't'('t·il 1·

I

i11

,J!,l

t

i1111 ' .'-i

\\

!1 ! 11 ll11 · \1!lt·i11 :-; \\L'J't:

dri\·c11 Lu

l"C' Vi d t Ly uj•jH·1· .-.;s 1u 11 , • . . \\!11·11 ilt1· \\;1 r1·l n111-..1·.-., ~ 1i" l.llJ H.i u 11 \\t.:re

tl w

11:uni11l.'. t.li:tt of \\·liid1 tl 1" pn·di1·at1· :1tlirllls snn11'\Vt· 11·r1tt'. or \\'t' talk t11 impart tfJ 11tli1 ~ r s t,}i, , i11t .. r\'011tai1H ·tl in t.lll · pn·tl11·;1t1· t'1Jlw•·n1i11g tl1;1t. 11·lt i1·li

po~t·d

nnkr (•f ,,·,q·d .-.; :ind

6 1-;-,7 in l\ i ·4·d ;111d

1.!1L\ ~ 1 ·-.:

l\i·ll·1~g ·.-..:

i11

.. ll i.!...'."lit ·r

a.

~ inq1l 1·

L 1: ~sn11;..;,

.'-i 1 · 11 f •·)w~· .

i11 Eu g !i . . . i1.'

l lH·ir

lG~

aml to give th em the gre:ltest p ossible emphasis tl1at p os ition can besto w.

ll(JllllS, ~Illl

_,

e:q1Ja11atory lllUU i riL"J"S ( 1\"ol'dS i U appos ition ) fol.
l ow Ll1e11":;. Adjt'dl ve:; p1·et:L'dt• th vi r 111iu11 ~: if of un equal
rank, tlw 0 110 must elo::;ely m odi fy ing tl1t' 11oun stands
1wan·::;t to it; if of the :;;u11t..: 1·;wk, they :;t.;u11l in tl 1e onlor
uf their length - the longest n ea n~ ::;t the llou 11 if they precede it, the sl 1urtest nean•s t if tlwy follow it. The obj ect
CU Ill plelll\!llt ( t J1 e OUjl' t:t) :lJl(J tJi e attriuutC COlllpJcmcnt
(pn·d 1e;ttc 1101111 or atljective) fullull" tltc Yerl1; the object1 I'(; (;Ql1 l p] (' Jll~! llt (the 8l)t:Ollll ub.il'C:t) follow::; tJie UUject
t•u 111 p]<,111e11 t ; am! th e so-eal krl indirect objec·t precedes the
d1r1.·t:f:. _ An :uln·rl1 pr1• 1_:i·d1~ s tltP :trljPr·t in·, :uhi ·rli. ur pliraxo
wli11:lt 1!, 11wdlfit·s; J>l'l'<Tdt·s ur fo ll 1ms t l1 u hi1111'le verb with
its •·<J1111d,·1 11 1·11t., and foilow:; rn11 1 or rnnrt1 \\"urds ut tl1e verb
if t.l1is is C<Jllljt<llll11l. J'liras e~, ll'itli <•r "·i t.lill11I. pn·j>usitiun~
L1 1 i11L1·udl1r.·c tl11_·111. !'1ill1)\\' tllt' \\ · 11rd~ t 111·\' l/ltid i r\-; if 1\\'U Ul'
rnure 11111d1t'y the s ame word, those rnv,.;L el•_•::;, ·iy 1111Hlify 1110
it. st.:111d rwa.r<'st to it.
J-:111•1"!.;V Ill;\\' i11, :'<l ' l'llt"t1 d !11· tla!
I I . Transposed Order of Words and Phrases. - ( )11 ,:,:;
11Jt'a11i11 '-" is 11"\'t'l" tl1st.nlllll>'cl 1·1·e1 il y ;1111111 1_" l1is \\'!ll'tis;
1111Jrt1 of i1. li1·s in s 11 111t_, t.h;111 in u Llwrs. C.111 ''"'" i11 I.he
phci11g of :;11£"11 wunb i11 t.lie Sl'!d.1·111·1-, i11di .. a t.e tl1at tl 1o
l11Pa11i11 ~ is heapl·d lip in tlt1 ·1 11 t li; Lt ill t li1·11 1 tl1t· t.l1tl\11rlit
.
.
- h
IS 111t.1·ns1.' "? \\" ., 1:a11. ;ulll l"·r tl 1i s 1-.·:1."<11 11 - \\'li:it. is t'l!S·
t.•111:1rv dt>t':< ll••t at.t.r:wt atLt•11L1t•11. \\"11: 11. 111 :i11\· 11u\.i1·.P:ili\ 11
rt·:·q1t•t•L IS UJ1t1.-..1i;d ;it, 1.lJllT Jn •1· 1111 1t·.'-' ) ~l' \ 1!1iil11· ii! .
' J'u pLt\'t' a
ll'ur,\ or \'hras1 : or cla11s" wh•.·n· it 11~ 1 1;ill 1· :--1:111.ls i11 tl1e sen1t' I It ' t. i ... . I l• 1L i I l ; l 11.\" \\' ;\ .\" I I, Ii : . . . 1i l 1 '-'.' I j) '-.. ! l ; I l 111 t 1t1 i 1]: 11 "i' it I Jll L
of iLs wonll'Ll pusit.101 1 is l11 J'l'•wl:ii111 t li:1!. :L J ... a v icr li11nl1·11
.,ft l1 1 ~ 1;.~Jit i~ Lti d 1q11111 i1 r l1 :11: ii ·i: ·il111: 1ri:\· l1 1· ;1 r~ , li l'a\·i ,·r
111;111 ;n1y 11f its

111 •ig! il1 nr\.i

lu •;i r s.

.\ s

\\ ' :1s.

~:1id . tl11 ~

l\fuel1 It.Ls l"'c:11 saiJ about tl11· emphatic places in :c senT l1e tirst place a11Ll tl11• last pl.Lee lian ~ bt·L' ll !':ti J,.,J
the 11htccs of l'llll'itasi~. HuL 11t•iLl11·r pJ:L,._., g i1·cs 1.:1111,Ji:L~I"
to a worcl t hat 11s1111/ly st:uuls t111•r1'. I t is a 11 ul11·i1111s :u1.\
pnrpnse1l remocal ut' ::i. wo rJ frorn its c11st11111:1ry l"""'iLi1>11
th:it r.:tlls att1•11t 11111 to iL - tl1 e ;1 t.L1·1 1t. i1111 ;111d t.11t· t'll lj•l 1: 1s1s
i11 c rc:asi11g witl1 t lll' tlist.:111 1·•· llH l \"t.,I. \\ 'unls :it 11r llt':1r
eithl· r 1·xt.rP11 1(' nf th• • s•·nh:nr·" gain most, <·o nsP<Jll •'Ji!.h . it"
mon·.\ h> t.h.~ otl1(·r <'xtrernr. 111 tl1is sl'11s1· th•· first :t11d l:1.s1.

tence.

jil:u '1'-"' :1 I'<'

f t·1w1'. flt,• jJJ'!·di1·:1h• .
i:--; tit

rr11 l t ri11 ~

r1·11111\ ' 1• tli1·111

Slt 1·lt

!':1rll11· ... . t,

1111.} I: It i".

\\'111 ·11 (I) :1•l_j1.,·t 11·1·-.;
t.ltat. :1ss 111111', i11 s uh11·1·\ 11r }'l'l'd11·:tl". :tr• · 1•!:11·,.d :tfl 1·1· tl1.-11·
n<ll IllS ; \\"I It· 11 ( :! ) t. I 11. "i._j "'·I t.,, 111J•"'11 11' Iit "I' (::) t I It' "x I' l:i 11 :lti l I"\" 111 1>ili!i1·r 111' ( I 1 t 111' :!l: ril1 1d ·· 111~1111 11 r ( .-, ) t \1 •· :ii t ri\ 111 1,.
adj1·1·t i1·1· 11 r \ <; ) :11 1 ;i,\\·1·rl> i11 111,. 1o1-. ·oi11·:1t.- 11r (-; 1 a 1•!11· : •~··
1\·i t. li •ll' ll'it·h1J11 t: '.t 1•r• ·111•si1i 11n 111 i11L1 .. 11ltw1· it. is 1·:1n11.,i f, ,
tlt1• fro11t. \\-,' }1;l\' t' a. ('11t1111J1ll 1 111....; t;11w 1· 11!' t.li1· t r; 111:--;j•j• .... •·d
~l 'l il I'll!'(',

!l11'

\11' .:. .:·i1111i11:__:-. dr;1;·.; :t!'1 1•r i t

:l11 · \' 1·1"ll

11r

;1 J•.1 1·t 1d. 11., l 1:1i i·:-

i11 g \\·'111]\y 1ir 111 i1 :1rL fhi• n r rl1·1· "j' ~1 1i1_ ] 1T1 ;1 111 ! 11r1· d11·;il1-. lh1·

t~ xt.n·1n1· 1·;1si· of tr:111~11n .. :. it1un ;11111

tl 11· l1111il.

,,i·

1·111 ·rgy d,·

~1

.. , 111" :11 1_1· 11:1rL ,,rt 111· 1.r.-d i~·:it· · f r 11111 ti"' 11.. . 11:1 1 i· l: w" j,, ;1 j )h 1·1· 111· ;1r1·r tl11 · ' ' IHI 11i" 111,·
s1 ·Jd1'! l l'1' 1:-i . :. l1·_rldl\" Iii t'lll!J l !:\ :'I/ •' ll.
l': \"!'I! Ill tl 11 · 11" • ' c1l'

111·111lrnc: "!"''1 it :11-.· r1 ·a,.1 ... .i.

till' li .~ 11r" 111' ·'i"""·i1 •·: tli .-.1 comparison, 11r _,11tti l1-, force :.-.
gained if 1•.- ,. place first t l1:1t 1•:1rt .. r it 11 l1i1·l1 ·1,.· c:111s 11· 1i 11
like. as, .. 1,.
\
t 11 !t'I'
1J1;1 t i: l ~ 1!1 it :..: :1 1( I 11 i:t t ]'t•] !I' 1\'; 11 ~: \\ '1 i1 ·1] ~ ll' 1·l11·:1 :..;1 1:..;
f !' ( ) ; 11 f i l'. I !' I . \ 1 ...; 11 )J 1 l ' ' l" \ ' i )1;!
L': 1 \' '...... ' 11 •. ,. :..:· \. f I > t j l 1 . \\" i I • I I ~ . :-... 1 l l t.1·11,.1· - strength 1' added 1·1 11_1· f,, ti''""' " parts 11i11,.J1 it 1-;
plainly seen i1:1\•' Ji..,·11 moved.
f

! •' .

Jllul't..\

!11 1 !t1· lw ~i11 11i1q. ~· of 1.h<'!
!' r1iJ11l i11·11 · 11111·111:d

t'

Words and Phrases Removable. -

i111J>orLu 1L wnrLls ~1rn m;ua.nr in tlt1· lat Ll' r part 1_1f tl11· s1·11:--. 1 ·id 1 ·11t· 1 •

JG :-)

Words anrl Phrases Rwiouaule.

Qualities of S t!Jlc - .Energy.

11l:wt',
, ...

',

•

:.;:;

;,:;.

j1

"!

'"_.·.i-..:

1G4

25. '' Tl11~ ~ upn · 111 P. \Yritt •r uf Iii . . . l'1·11t11ry .. Burl\ e li; 1. . . 111·,·11 1·a lli-1l

Na ml• l.hl' parts uf t hese s•:11tenr l'H t h:tl. h:we Leen
tlwir usual 1•·1~iti;Hl, r Pst11 l'P tlu~tn to t11t·ir cw;to11m ry
l}l;t.<'t·, a11d Jll•le tlll ' l u:-;.~ of C ll lT~.Y: D irection. -

11111 \'t· ii

:i

1ri

11ut

hv I ) p

11f

'''iii

j

·'Iii

:·.,.jl
; :

11

·11:.
'J•

1

·-,.

I ti G

Qualities of Style -E'n crr1y.
<-i11i1H~Py .

Direction. - Bri1 1!..'." i1 1 ,-;;(·1tt1·n1~, . ~ i ll11:-\tr:tlill~ tlif · :-:1· :-:1·\' 1·1t 111t ·li 1· H!.. :. 1, f
ty·nn:-:p1 \:-.;itin11, p l;w1 · tlw \Vurd ...; ;u1d p l1r;1;-; t·K in tl1e ll atur;d qnJt.r, :1 11d

l. Ht>.\'<J111l that T ~ 1;P.k u ot to p<'IH~ trate tliP Ye il.
2. 'l\H> l1u11dred a11 d e ig lit.y-fi \'e y1·ars ha~ thi s church been "t
wo rk.
3. l'art>ik ers in e\·ery peril, in the g lory sliall w e 1111(. ],.., per-

11(1{1·

till'\ ...-;:-; ut

\'i~1 •l'.

niitti·d !11 lf:nfi.-il'iltr-'!

4.

Tlw11 ;u 1d !l11·r1~ \LL.'\

5.

~\\1•1_·t :~n· till· u~1·."i

li11rryir1.( t11

nf

:111d fro .

L ESSON 60.

;_tdn·r:-;l{ y_

6. J\ ~ 11 iril, a t·rial , inf11r111:·; tl w n·ll ol' lll'ari11g, dark a11tl l_11inJ.
7. A t n rn·11f .• tt-- rrilil P a111l s lr<lll !.'.". it. S\Yt 'l' P~ ton .. ~ ahy~s.
8. On 'u111e of tl11· 1n li:cd ri .' "n fl1 l' Sun,,[ A 11.,lcrlill..
9. A!. !1 ·n lllinuf.es l•t"iti ne fin· 0'1·loek, o n tlw I P11th of .T<tn.,
1,;1;11, llw J'.. 11ilwr l<> ll .\!di. ali li:111d .' lo,·in~· 1o11 il11h-. f1·ll.
10. 'l\rn hundred and fi f ty year,; ago, on r fathers li ghted a
fee l.l e watc h-fire 0 11 t.l1 e Hock o f l'lym o 11th.
11. '1'l1u .~ npt~ne1l a11d eln ~··d t.l10 g r1·at c:t 111 paig11.
12. Slo\l'l y, 11n.Jp r the ro lli n:; s111 o k e of those g reat g-1111~, t.hc
Old (;uanl atlvaucf' d.
13· ~11ll e 11 and s ulky have we ro ! t urn ed fro111 th e YPry fidd o f

Direction. -

..

1.

2:).

~-1•\' t• r

l

1

1·!·11·,.

it i ...

co nntr~, ·:-1

J,,.

5. \ ' ic!H r .-.: 11111:-..:t \\1· l ll · iu 1l 1;d. si r 1 1 .~~k .
6. :--;t 1t '.l1 , Sir, wa,....; l l 1t~ c(t11d11cl 1>( t l1 ~, 1 11 t li.
7. ,\ll l1i ,-turv , l'"ldi t: ;11,d privalr·, n·«t>111it,- th e l'to11ra :.:·1· :L11d 11,.,
i'.i11ff1• rin .~:-1

(If ~oi di 1 ·r :-; .
EYP.11 . . . o }1a\·1· ~oc l P li1:.-.: tlil'ir law pf _!..'.,r i\\ fli.
9. ~l11Hlldi·r tn ,o. .;l 1nu l1l1·r tlH·y \\"t'llL il1r111i_t..: h tl 11· l~ 1 ·\ · 1 1l 1di 1ni.
IO. Fav1 ) rilt· s u f tlw .\11.!lwr ('1it it11 ry tl11·y 111i :..:Lt l 1:l \ 1· f1 1 t111~l

8.

1

111

tli1-•ir :-; il11 af io11 a . .!.!." 11:1ra1il1•P 11!" tlw f11:--t1·ri1q.~ c·an· (1f ( ;r1·:1t };ri 1ai 11.

cause .

drov e 1i1 P e ne my, ioy swi!t a11rl s1le11 t

I.~ :

'

~f

~li!teri11_..;- uf tlw cu1ra ."' ·"'1"""

4. ' 1'!1f' glt>a111 of tli(• la1H'•""" a11d tlH'.
tlw y 1· y1·il 11 :::-' \\ · 1· n-i11~.

'II. '!'hat

1111\\lwr t-'. .

!1 a1I 1l 11• .\ rdic· j ., ,r 11•' :-0 111 ·i1 ;1 h •1'-'I nf 11:1 , _,,· 11:_:1·rs.

24. l\y l1· rri hl1• iol n1v~
u1 ar!' ill'ti li e lbnk ed lti111.

So OliYer Cro 111\Ye ll l1 el d Irclarnl; "' \\'m. 1 If. li i'ld i t : '" :11 '"

1•

best oruen is our
g 1\ · tJ 11

~· ---

1

20. Th e roar of d ea th fro111 tl1<J'<' :llHl c:lllnon 1ltroat.s th ey li Pa rcl
1111Cii s1 11ayed.
iJin· t: l iy

~li ·

('a r ri 1•( L

C:l/1110 11.

'l' h1~

\\ itli

2. H1•y<•llc1 t.111"111 l:t.\' fa111~ an (l honor :uul \'ietory.
3. In p(•ari~ or in l'(11lY11l!'li1111, h.Y tlit' law Hr i11 :"J1 if1· uf tl1t : 1aw ,
tlirn11 gli t1H~ Par li a11w11 t. pr on·r t!11· 1 arlia11t"id. n• f p n11 111t1:-:.t J,,.

18. ,\ro1111 d 11 0 IJ 0 111!'ric bat.tle-t·i1•l d hun g th e tcrrilic sul.Jl in1ity
of 11 11; fi<·ld of \\'at.e rlno.
19· U11 lit e rid ges .fro11tin:; th c 111 ll' e re pla11ted 0UU pi eces o f

21.

d i r1_·,_·11~ d

a .-i

Pitt li e lu it; aud tiO tlie lluke of \\'elliu:;t.011 111i gl 1L l"'rl 1ap:i lian·
hel<l it.

( )11 t ~i1fl S\\'lllig".

22.

.::H..: 11 Lt: ll \...'t:.:1

-

16. Fur fo11r long yea r s it \Yas ti re iigliti11g tire.

17.

U1c!:ic

--w·-~

11• rfj , ir .
14. A11 111y fo nd love tlins do 1 J.iow to l1e a1·e n.
I S· ~11' did.-.. ! tl1u11 Cull .'-l l l111,• a }1rlj·.'-' t 11 f tl1i111'.

,.

Do wi t h

~:
"'™.·~ .
- --. -

~
O;t,,"

~

~
¥~
.,.,.

l"11i(11l WI' n•:u · l11•d (111l_\· }'.\.

1111• di :-:1·i11li111'

i11 tlw ." •·\ ·•· n ~ :-:d111iil 11f :1• \,·,·r -- i1\·.
r2. \"11 111ilr4· ~l 1: 1l l <...: ri~ t' i•I 111 1111· t \1 •' :-;1 ·a ~ 1111 \\

i3.

1\ht_1 \"t~ tlie t:ra cJ,Je

Jik., ;•hell.

;, l 11d

t \11·

r(1:L r,

a

cif

1111!' \· irl11t' ."

r 1ot1:..:·.

\\tllr1a.11's

V1)[n '

Lu 1;..;

1J11L

'.

·---=-__.:..,_.4

·.:.-..:.:;;

"=t:i
_;:,, =·

'

'

~;.-;:

·,. '"'

·'

JGG

Qualities o.f Style - Encrr1,11.

Direction. - n ec>tst these tie nt•·n ces so Umt thl'rc shall he two
illnstratinc; each u[ the s e ve n rn etlw<ls of i.ranspos itiuu npoken of: -

less exp ress ive CV<' ll tlia11 signs or gestures. '' Tlw slr .. 1ic.:e:st effects are proJueecl by i11 tt' rj1·div11s, wl1id1 1·c111.J,·11s•'

r. 'i'lt o:-:0. iron-tl1roat t~ d lJH) I L"f 1·r~ ~ t·<rk1• a li 1 1i~- }d l<1J1g.
2. Y.. r n·s, lrntl 1 as ljlJ:l'Slur a1lfl " ' i•rcl'lur, w:l-; guilty of shameful outrages .

entire st•11t,·11c;•,; i11Lv :-iyll:tlil1•s ."

3. Th ey were to move now for that dear master against those
1111co11que raul e squa res.
4· r do not discu11ragP , I <lo llOt condem n tl1is.
5. Th ey we re toil -wo rn, a11d few in 11u111bcrs.
6. A ddi11it iu11 uf style is proiw r words in 1wo1w r pl>Lees.
7. S1>ciety did n eve r udorc wit.ncss a total pruhiuition of all
i11tcrco ursc lik e thi s.
8. Tl1n lia11111•r of St. Geo rge tloat.•.J in triumph over their heads.
9· f s li:Lfl tlefe nd a114J CX<·rcisc this high CO ll Sf it.nl.ional privilege
within ti1is ii uttsc and without this lluus,; and i11 all places.
10. 1'hey, fri e nd~ Lefort~, n ow h1: ca11ic l11Yer~.
II . Adv e rs ity is th•~ iron key to unl ock the gokl1·11 gates of prosperi ty.
12 . Do not appe ar in the character of bloody, violent, vindictiw-, and tyrannical madme n.
13. l\!any an<l great lll;roes illumine the pages of hi8tory.
I4- Th e co11111'~-<s an(! the S\Yell of 11otcs are rast for terror, joy,
or p ity.

Direction. - Exp:ll1U e:cd1 l'X}'rl'ssiu11
a.all uule tlic luss uf
I.

A rhitrary i'rin ci ples, like

1

4. 'Vell 1lone, g-oool and
fait!tf11J s,,,·,·a11r.
5. l'l11•1•rs fur ll1<• Ji,i11g-,
karR fnr 1111' d•·ad .
6 . Off with l1is head I so
mu c h for B11cki11 g lia111.
7. Be:llltif11l l
8. Fro111 llll' awhile.
9. 1\ 1i ~11·1 ·, T:n 1.... , :q 1;u'e ,
IO. On l o Hed in .

Eccl•·siast.i;'.al

est.:d >I i.,h-

cruelly.

3. It i8 11ot so.
4. Anwrica

OMISSION OF \Y Ol1DS EASILY S Ul'PLIED.

Often i11te11~;e e n e rgy nrn,y be sePured hy the
1i I. Omission of Words easily Supplied. - WorJs, as
Spencer re marks, are sonietirnes a "himlranee to thought,"

Sl'l11'-li >'>'.

rnrnts

is young flt1<l
prospero11s.
5. Jt, is true that Napoleon
did n <•t wit Ii harr·d arm l'll;d1
int.o th e midst of the <·un1bat.a11 ts.

free and

.'

from th,. \\"hi le S'"" tu

I Jow 11 i11 froid, I
wi t h l1i111 '.
14. S11r·· .,f tl1at ·1
15. llahuff '
16. l\f.,rry Clirisl111:ls; lial'l'Y
N<, w-Y1,ar.
12.

13- .\ wa\·

17. Tr11 P1 the ~Pf' ('Ler

1....;

1111\''

lll- •t

i• lr•·t

s111:dl.
18. ;\nt a t :di.
19. If lhr-• pePt•lP do

tl1e pre ....,i•lt•11t, ,'-i(111it_.l1111l_v 11111.-..l.
20.

>:,,

2I.

Liherty first and lJ11iD11

11111n: 11f Ll1at..

;tft1·r\var1 b .

22. Lil1erl y a.1Hl TT11i« 111. ! H1W
cu1d forP.ver, oue a.nd insApara.l dP..

Direction. - - l'i 111t ra1·l. 1 IH·~n s1·1it1·1 14 ·1·~ h y •l111itt i11 g- t !11· w11n\ !'l 1li:tl
can be spared, and 1J•1t.l' the gai n in vigor: I . !Ic is a rno11!'ler.
2. lt is an nuspcakal.l<'

LESSON 61.

i11t" a full

ucl•>W

--

Ll' 11d have cost. one king· ol E11gla11d his lif.,; :rn ot.l1~r l1is cr11w11.
2. ]\\iscrea11t !
3. I\o 11li1111t<· g 1111s, no tlags
at half 111ast, 1w 11al ion i11 t.1·ars .

I I.

Direction. - Fin1l i 11 nrnt <> ry a11d in poetry as m:wy sentences aptly
illu..;t rating the:su tra.11spul"\i t iu1us.

:.;.Ln~11gth:

6. l\hy woe he ti.!e tl""'e
w ithi n.

7. \\'hat is the cause, tlw11,
S ir, tl1e c"use 't
8. You shall gn lwn ce 11pDn
your we.ldi11g day.
9. '\'hat 11ews lmv e yuu
}ward frn111 ( ;1·1111a '!
10. Thon art " I >a11 i..J c"111e
t.o j11dgn1e11t.

__

.;

168

(Juu!itics uf Style -

]',,'ncr:;y.

l!

,,

rr. C l1i id re 11 arc a.d111itted at
i1aif i1ril : ~ .
12. Hu.'i h y•e tc• tJi,, field.
13 . J)u yo1t !t·L 111y d1_•1·d~ i:dl
1l}'td ! 111\'

l11•:trl.

14. Let it ue rieli, b ut let it

15. This do thou heed above
Lu Lliin e own sell be thou
tru e.
itli -

r6 . I t is the cry uf a11 aggT it> \-1•rL 1-,f :-u 1 iu:-"ullr·d, aud o[ a
11111ch

r7

ab1i:-'.!'1l n1:t n .

\\'.

Woe 11nto

nu·an <:011stn1ct.w11s 111 ·t·1tl1:1r Lu it , :u1d 1·xpn ·s.';1011 s w!t 1,.J1
tr;rnslat.1·d i1L,.rail y 11d " :1ny •·! l1t ·r L111 :;1 0: 1.'..'. "· wn1d,l n11 t 111:1 k "
S(' !lSe Ill that. l:i11c;11:1 .c:1·. (lj' 11011!.I 11 11!. lll i';[ll tJ1 .. rf' 11·li :1 t tLi• \'
llll':lll 11 1 tlw oric;111 :1l.

TJ,.· s1· i.ti,,1 11 :1 t i.: \''-;)'l'<'Ssio11,; , \'>ii J,
whi ch t;\.t'I)' L u1 gu:ig t~ :-;\\· ;1n11s . ; ln_· 11!'tcn tig11ral.1\·t· , :u !d
alway :; linl'f, a11tl jJl't'g11 :lll L \1·1Ll 1 u1t ·;rn in .~. 111 tl11·111 Ji,·s

\\'l'(l !J _L::~ .

11 o t, i>e ,L;alul.v.

''I

!

18. Tli;rn ks be to (; od, n1 c11
han; a t las t L.egu JJ tu 1rnden•taJJ,J
eacl1 otl1er's rights, :-t11d have at
l:"l L,.gu11 to feel Pacli utl. c r·~
r9. Th e liberty of th e pr e~s
is t hat Raned pall:vli11m whi ch
no i111lu1•n c>'. no power, 110 mini.~­
te r, no govc rnrnent, whirh nothi11( L11L tllf• d"pra,· it y or the
fuliy ur ti; ,, currn ptiuJJ of a j11ry
can e r c r d c!"' tro_y .
20. Go ye 0 11, r.om;.r ns, go ye

\ \"r1ri

111dn llw l':trlv an1l "'"" 11111 0 tliP
pni1 ey 0 11 whic h he r L.li .~liti11 g
i11d1;..;11;tLJu11 s hail fall.

Bai11 says tli: d. ;u1 <'J•i ,gr:1111 n111s• ·s t.lw rninil (i) in tl w
contradir-tion b1·twr1•11 ti11' la11g11:1g•• :ll11 l its n·;i] m1·;rn 111 g 1Ve r.r111nnt seP t/11' ll' nnr / .1;,,. //ii' lr 1·1•s: ( :..'.) 1.,,. t hl' sJi.,, .1; 1•f
:111 id1·11Li,.;tl ;1ss" rtio11 -- ] !1 n ,,/ is l11 ·1·uil: (.::) L1· ll'r<' l•·\·;111<'>'
- 1Vli1·rr· s111111 ; Jirl/s. 1/11 ·1'1' is /, ., ., .,/,1111; :i: 1d (I) ],_,. :i.11 1111<' _, _

r

2T . Fi ff .\' .\"':ll'.' .. r"'"' PP a re
l»~ tt• ' l' th a n :t n ·,.J,. of Cathay i,;
good.

Direction. -- Brin~ in a~ lllaiiy

."1· r1 1 1·Jl!"1' .'-' t k1t n1 a ~· li1· st rippt·d 11f
11hr:t:·w,o.,; 11r I'• 11 1j1111\"i i1 •11:-i ( il" I''"' "jll •~i ! it lll.'-' ~•I' t'\"('H
of tlH.. ~uhjt-·et. nr of flu· v1·rh or ,,f h nf l1, ru1 d .~;1 i 11 in 1·r w r~y l 1y 1lie } ( •~-"'
uf w t.1 rd:-1 .

----------

/ • ."\

1 1
·

"';,>.)>_

·-~7-

' ii , 1T .\TI< 1\s.

1n~y h1• ni ; 1d•_. P!i +'l' ,~t· t 1( · 11\' f!Jf' ;1 ~<· nf

s1.,11 :; p t;t: Ul 1ar Lu tlw Lu 1g ua.g " 1·1111 L1111111~ tl1i:1 1i.

-~,

"

··-~-

The Idioms of the Language, Epigrams , Proverbs, and
apt Quotations. - Idioms a.1·1: •:t111 s1. riwt.in11s and f•x prl'si \ '.

\Ylll:ll w 1:

UL l/u; id/um o f a l<t11gu<1gt', W" lllt'<lll 1[.s general CharaCtc ri stic:s -tJi e stru ct.nre, spirit, an<l gc• 11ius l1y which it is
~..: ;;; . \Y"l!~ ct11 ;J L·.r \\·l1 icl1 iL i :.~ tii fft ·:·,_:ni·rd Jr01n t)'i,,Ler .id.. 11g·u,.1..ge;j.
I;:LL 1.\-" la~ll \\'t• ;, 1)1·; tl\.. ur uu /dio lit. uf ii., 111' cil' !Is ,·,;;,F1JIS\ ,,re

Sj1 c;;ck

0

,,~~L.

LESSO N G'.J.
l IHt 1~1s, !·:1·11; 1:.\ >Is , l'I(• 1\· 1·:1: 1:s . .\ \ 11

Ile l':tlls :L i '1111 ;1, -' l '"" i•·s 11f " i' l.!.'. r:L 111.
Hal t.lw 1·111;.:T:illl Ji;1s :c \1· 1· i"r l':tllg <' t i1:i11 t Iii,; . ,\ 11 Epigram"' a s h:1rp :111<1 terse expression ,,r :111 important truth
It 111av o r 1t rnaY rn >t lll" l't a11.\· ul' t.lw 1·t111d1 ti 1111 s :il .. <1·r·
]\~/l()!f" /f' r{~f (J 1'(! /) / r' S, /iii/ 11" /.-.:, f 11 (J/ /1./i;/ 11 ( ...; , r·/ , ( f/
f/u , i / / f J//11f r:/
setfi..' l,l/, It o ult is lnr t tl1 c fl";" ,., ,· s s tn r11 ; i, f/ , ·1111 rl.1; 1 1,.,. . . t.111111 tl11'

-its us1111.L serr'i'il .'/-

adj1·\'{ i \ "t• ...; 11r :tc l \' t•rli:-\ ( 1r

i>is1:i1llrsi'

uf tl1<' Lt11;.:11:1g1·, :rn.t t.l1ro 11 ~'1 t.111.'1 11

run s i ts very l1fe-Lil.1ud. Tlwir us.: 111:Lk•·s d i.s,·"urs•• J'r,-.si 1.
cri.'J '· zut.i ,., .. ;11 111 f,,1 ·1· 1i.l l' .

fill.

the• dy11a_~ty and

stn•nl~· t .h

mueh of t.lie

--T~-

1'

rl/sPtr.:·w.

H'/" '·,.1' l!ltl' enils f.111·u1111_11 lw~1l11....-:.- - tl 11 • s j• :1r1 · 1l ll1:-:.1r;i-

t.iu11s.

I f (,f: I ' I l

qu11t1·d .

i'J1 1~: ;11 11....;

l1 t '('( 111i ~·

Jll'11 \· 1·rli~.

' i.lt~ · \ ·

arre st attr nt1 on hy cro's·rt rn g- g-r0:i.t truths rntn hnd a11 ri
] "•r t :1 l ,l, · I"' l'lll
Proverbs :H» pit11\· :rntl s1'1i1 "111 i1111 ..; s:1 :•lll c:s . Tl1 1·1· :ir"
j 1:l( ' k 1· l; \•:1 1li tJi ,. \\ " Jt ; t11il ,,. ;_.. :.1 ] (f !ll
1' ii 1(i~ 1 · \•:li t, ()r 1:._:·11i:it,• d
tlwlll awl of th 0 g-1•11er:i1i11 11.-< \\·l1i('li li:11·1' 11si·d a11d :l]'J>l'"\·,.,[
1 1

tht'Ill.

m:u1\-

~tit111•

c;i.11

flt"

1H~

ti1(·111 1·:11J lw !":1l l1i·1Td 1Ip11:1 ;_:ri·:tt

t.r; u ~ t :i l

Lo nti

p:uTI1L1.;..~1· :

l111L,

:1u! l1or:-.:.

wti~~L1H:r li.11..~

chiidre n o l so mP one o r ot 110 one whom""" ca.n n il.lll 9 ,
they liave 1Jeen aLlopb·tl lJy all, lwlnng- t.o all, aJH1 di ;;,•1osP
;~ Li1c 1u Lcno r ;il:--1Lu ry, Ll1e

thP

Pll S t O Jll:--<

of thf' fit 'flji l»

i;1;u ; 1n · r:-j,

Lia; ui11 ni u :1 0 , Llt t Lw~i t: l:"I,

:1 11;1 ·tT1~ .... ,-iin111 tl1P\" li:t·d·

h:1d t ll''ll'
~.~;/ -·
4•

.~ .....

·--· :'.:.~ £~
ll '!ii!1i!Pi5iF

170
cou rse ." Holling down the stream of nrttio ual li fe arn l
smoothed a11tl r o un ded by it, they a rc fit pel1Lles for use in
a11y lhvid "s sli 11 g .

Other Quotations - tl wugl1ts :-11 l(l

1Hm ls 11nrrr"v <·cl

from

ue

·;
l

g rea t write rs a nti speakers - may titly
usPd :rnywh en•
and Ly any one. On e 's cli scu nrse shouhl not Ge a patchwo rk to whi ch others have co ntributed as nrnc:h as he has
h ut the occasio nal and ha ppy use of quot at io ns br-tr:cys a1;
aequai11tance with a n t. h ors tkit is grateful to r caC! n or
h ea re r. Arraying be hind his thou g ht n ames greater thau
hi s o wn, these quotations g ive to what he says an a uthority
whi ch without such r e-e n fo ree 1n e11t i t co uld 11 ot h a ve.

26. [ /l((r[ rutl1Pr /111 a d ug.
27. Ti1 cy had a j;tllin y

35.
011/,

an ~ 11nw a t nnf! .
28 . .\l11rder 1nll uut .
29. 1V o r1·-11-r/ 1c.';,-< .
30. M ctlii11ks I "ee rn y fat.l ier.
31. The t rain 1c 11.< beliilld /11111'.
1 32. S:tlmasius w :1s pnt _to th e
worse hy l\1 ii ton.
33. Frulll llic11!o11uu: li ><: 111u1·c:-

. b ut

me11t has liee n toward sirnplicity.
34· He wa" i" rt/ tl1 P 1/r·ath.

:\c·\\· tu 11

c a lt · 1ilat

u:us out i11

Iii.-;

i(ir 1.

36. I

\..:11<1W

it.Jin·

1·1, r/(11.u.

37 · JL die! ll<>L l•r1·;ik ,,:T J11,

had

li a liit~./;1,.

38. Tl1 e

lung.

l1rid gt~

!Jtll'f

trlf .'J .

39· J rl' dn11't' a l1lfrtl /1u1·_1111111 .
40. Hn.-.;\\'t: il s1Ta;11 ·1l 111 ·,1u11i1ita11c e with \"ult;cire :111-l \\ -e,1.-y.
41 . I it· .' /Uf 11·c:ll, .• //JI Oil( ,
42. Lutl1 er '1ruke u:ith Lra~­
n 1ns .

43· \\'ill yon !''"'ISP

}; p ]p I JI C ')

I

Direction. 1 1 r1 1 \' 1·rli ~ .

\\\\ µ-ivt · l w l11\,. a

Ht •n 1h ·r

Uy ~u11111:_\l'i:-{ull

fi·\\'

<'nn1m o n idi o n1 ~ , 0pigra.n1 s, and

1!11 · ....:;· i r1 \\' •'1'11..; 11f y11 u r n\Y l!, a1Hl 11 111.t·,
li u w tanw ;u1d fc1·lilc j,:; y,1ur t raufr'la ti n u uf Ll1 t-' lll: ~
HtlJJJ1·

nf

! ,,

••'I

r~1·
,.
:11

.;,

.

' ;
• ~ .1

Idioms. him.~~lf wi tlt

2.

r. lf, was beside
rage.

They got wi"rl of his pur-

p ose .

3. Goethe set litile store by
u se less learnin g.
4. The prnjf'ct tonk air.

.,

'i

''

5. Thi s louk plorc y{;stPrcby.
6. Il e l1ad a stroke of luck.
7· lfo w do yu11 d u?
8. i1lake w11y for libe rty.
9. He jwnped lo ili e coti clu,. ,,on.

.,

IO .
II .

snl11tc
I 2.

13.
14.
15.

lY /ia(s th e 111al/er?
Darnley t11r11erl out a di shusl1antl .
Th e bu i! Llin g tnokjire.
Il e/ell osleep.
Louk out.
Il e i ~ out uf liis hear!.

r6. She .<truck an attitude.
17. I have see n full many a
chill Septe mbe r.

18. Etymology bri11gs us acstrange bed-fellows.
19. " 'e ca 1111ot help k11owi12g
tha t sk ics are blue a11d grass is
grow ing.
20 . •Johnso n did his sentences
uut of E11 g !iRh into .Tohnso11ese.
2I. I le u·ent about lo show his
q1m i11te1l wit.h

a{lversary'8 weak 11 ess.
22 . Th ere are many obstacles
i11 th e way.
23. It is l, l1 P., we, they.
24. Elizahet h pla!fed fast and
loMe with her Ale111;on lover.
25. U111fo r th e circumstmice.i,
he clitl rig l1t.

Epi grams. -

I.

Th i'

),p t.f.pr

par t of va lor j..,. di~cn ' f inn .

2. h11 u wl c d ge is 1111w c r.
3. Strik,,, lnd. h to:i.r.
4. A11 ho111 •st. 111a11 '8 th e nob lest work of God.
5. The image of God cut in
ebo11y (clescript io11 o f a n ~gro ).
6. Sweet is plP:ts nre aft.er
pain.
7. N ot to kn ow rne :irg nes
yourself 1111kn nw 11.
8. All rn e11 th ink all men
mortal but thc mscl\'es.
9. Devil take th e hinclrno8t.
10. The half g reater t hau the
whole.
II. 'Tis only nobl e to be good.

Proverbs. -

111 ·1! j,

!2.

j•'.l\'1'ol \\ itli !.'.""' !

iii! 1·11! ic111~.

13. ;\l " n ,; l101ild lie w ki.t. 1 l«·y
SC'l'lll .

14. f\y indi g nili e~ lll en CO ll lC
to <li g nit.i es .
15. Much virtue in an if.
16. A past that ne1·pr was
J'l"l' S•' ll t.

17. Th e lal1o r we d e lig ht in
ph ysics p:1in.
18. lrnl P1n n it.y for f.111~ past
a 11 d sec uri ty fur t he fut 11n•.
19. \' c rbosity is c ured J,y a
wid e voca l111lary .
20.

Vox J!U/!lll i , w.r dei.
t e ll truth

21 . Graves tun es

scarce forty yearn.

A carpe nter is k11 0\\· n by hi s cl1ips.
Fa, t !.ind , fast fi11cl.
3 - JI,, has loo lllan y iron .~ in fh P fire .
4. \Vlrnt ca n" t be c11n·d 11111st l"' e nd11red .
5· J\lake hay wl1il e the ~ 1rn shi11 es.
J.

2.

172

1

Qual£t1:es cif Style -.Energy.

6. l;ive tlie d evi l hi~ due.
7 · J\loney 111akes the mare g-o.
8. Charity bc;;i1rs al l10mc.
9. A ~titcl1 in t.in11· ~a\'f'~ 1ii111•.
IO. The recei ve r'i; as bad a.~ the th ief.

Lllil
i!'+

!I .

~li ~ft1rt uneH ll{~Vt~l' CfJlll(~ si11.1.:_i~.

lL1 I

I2.

A b urnt child foars tht> firP.
The river pa.•t, and God forg-otten .
Ile who wil l not. IH' rn led by the rnddcr must be ruled by the -°?.

:

1

I3.
I4rock.
15.
I6.

!.

i!;i

i,

-;.·1

LESSON 63.

i

LESSON 64.
Till·: CLl\L\\:.

Pr•nny wi-.;r> rin.l l''1 1111d f1udi:·d1.

JJiscm1rs1) uuy l>c rn:Ldc c11c·r,;..\it: l>y :rn :1n:111gc·111<·11t 111'

'rltt" lovt·lit.. !-il 11ird l1a:-< "" ."l111: .~ .
22 . Barkinc: d o.!!"s sel du111 liitr.
23. ~h o rt reckonin c:s make lrn1 .L'. friends.
24. A gvod word eu~t~ 11utlii11g-.
25. T"·o of a track scido1n a_c;r~e.
26. l'rucrasti11aliu11 is tin: ll1icf of time.
27. Better late than 11l·1·,.r.
28. St.riko while f],., iro11 j, lint.
29. Uc that is down need fear no fall.
30. 011e rn11 ~t. l1:11·e a long spoon tiiat eats with the devil.
31. The chi!tl is fatl1er o[ the rnau .
32 . Tillle a11<l ti<le wait for 110 rnan.
33. W o rth makes th e man , anrl \\"a11t of it the fellow.
34. :-;;t\'l) tl 11, 1•e 11ni•'s, tl1e dollar" will lak.., can· of Ll11' 111selves.
35. 1Ju11't cu1 111t yu ttr <.:l 1i ck., 11 s [,, ·furc Ll1ey'rn hatcl1ed.
21.

·H'. 1,1
1

'1-: ~ ..

'.

'"'

36.

.

-~. ·'•

Direction. - I ~ri ri!...': i 11 a ~ 1nan_Y i1 l itllil~ 1, f (' x pr• ·~ _...,i1\J1 ;111• I 1f j' 1 °r1 ."t n w
tion, \Vitlt out any taint of vul,!!arit_v up1in t li l' 111, as 1ua11y l'p i gT arn .-. . ~ :uid
as n1any pr11v\·1·Jis as }PH llan_· ti11w tq tilld .

A fool's h1,]t, i:' ~oun ~l1ot.
( !111 ' 11111sl 110L look a g- ift.-ho r'e in t.hc mouth.
17. ·1-.·ll th•• lrnll1, a11d ,1"''"" tl1e devil.
18. Ill \\"t-'t>tl."' ;...:r,,w ;q1:t1···r9. 1f you g ive hi111 an i11ch, J,.,·11 lake an ell.
20.

~·)

1 I ·J

T/11; C!in11u·.

parts S<'\'l! in
V. The Climax. -- A climax
are arr;111.~1'd
sU~ndi11g

:111 •·:o:pn·s,;i.,11 \\"l11>s1· 11:1rts

Th is urd1·r rn:1y ),,,;,[ 111

(Ii

11·,,1.,k ('..'.)

J 'ar:1 g r:1j 1hs, l'\"1·11 .
may st.:wd 111 tl1is 1Jn!1·r. :11111 :11'11 tli 1· 1•11 11 1\s ., r :1 d1""'''1rs".

phras••s, (:>) 1· l: u1s,·s, :wd (·I) S•'Ii\.!'111:1·s .

Tlic) parts .,f :t di111:1.x gru\\" in i1111•.,rL1 1w1-. t.li1· 11111st. for, iliJ..
sf.andi11~~

la:-\1. ;ind

11i;Lk111g

tbt•

ti1't'j11'.'-'t i111j!\·~·:--.~i 1 ,11 ---

t111· L1~t.

impn:ssion lw11q.~ t.lk· Jll1l'J"\' S.s11>11 of t.11" 11·l1 ok \1· l1i.- l1 tlw
rPadPr or 11:"1.,.1wr ··:1l'l'l• '" :1\\·:1.\· . 'J'!i,. ''l' l '"·'it(' :1rr:i11 .c:1·1111·11t.
g- i v1•s 11s 1.lw anti-climax - :Ill arr:111g •·11w11 t. i11 1·\·1·n· r•·sl"'"t
weak; s1111 ... , tl11• h't. )•:tr!. l.1·111g f,.,.i, ],., 1lw \1l11Jl1· 1,; tl1 .. 11 _L'.lil
to b<: J\·dil1·: ;-;1111·1" tJ,,· 'trn1 1g1 ·st 1·,,111111g ,.11,\d,·11h 111•1111 11s .

A new hruu111 sweep.4 cl'-'all.

WI' dn 11nt f'11llv appn·1· i: 1t• · it; a11d ~ilH' • ', i11 ••11r 1•1l11r t t" •i"
tl1is, \\C :ire i1w:q1:wit:d.1·il fur l"1·•·l111,:.; t 111' 11·1 ·iglit .. r t J,..

37· l'racl in• ""' kC'" iwrf••d.
38. A 1nl ~~ i~ a ... gond a...; a 1nilP.
39. Fnrf'-wa.rnf'ol is forf'<1rn 1P1 l.
40. E11n11~h i"< :l ~ ~fl rHl :\ Q '.\ f1•; ·1"-L
41. If th f' ,},,,,. lih . J'llf it Oil.

tirst.

is

ll11· ur di· l' uf thi 1r ~t n·1igtl1. tl11· \r1·;d.;.1·_-..,t,

iii

-::::i

,-,~,

d:1_\', J... gi1111in'-'. \\"tfl1 it \\·l wn it. 1~ a •·:111". \\"<' .-:1 11 i11"t it."''
<tl'l~ 1.o Jd , WJH·J1 If li:t:-; \w1·11Jll\' ;!JI j1 \:; \w~·i 11Jl\J lh° \\-it \1 it \\"Ji1 • J1
a11 ux, l\'1' ·· ~tll 11•_'1<'1" l1!L t.1 1•'. :t11i111;il :t l :di.

42. St.ill \\·a t.e r ' ru11 d e<•p.
-~
·:·.:.~-

.

.zrl~,_, .

'

I

.

...;;.;·

174
--~

Qualities

4

Style -

Energy.

~- ---------------------------~

Were we to strive for energy
il:l!jj

always (lvsiraLle eVL'll w]ll'r<; it i~ ]'l!S:;iiill' tu i:;et.:lll'O it, \,.,, sli<111l1l, in :lrr:111~ing- tl11' p :•rb of a co mplex SPntence,
J•Lwc t!i., independent clause last wlicn we could do so,

s111c·e tl1is 1s thi; sf.rn11 g1·st cl:u1s0; a.1111, in gPnnal, we
t lw qualifying parts of :wy sentence before the
qualified . This is the climaderic or,lcr.

slio1 tld pbi;P

Direction . -St11ily th('Sf' ·"'llll'11r<',; , firnl and clas., ify t he clin rnxeH,
note· ll1t• <· 1wrµ: y tl t1·y µ:iv<· ; :uJ1l tli (' n, reversing t.hc order in some of
tht'lll. l HJ te t!Jt: 1(1.ss uf s l rt : 11~tl1: --1. It may he that Ll1 e s ubmi ss ive
pref.,rnhle to that i1 uttiir i11 i;, cc n ~ uring, resisti ng
11uw a l1 ruad .
2. , \ ]] tl1at I liaH' a.no! :tll that T am an1l all tl1at I l1 ope, iu
U1is life, I ;.11 11 110,..,· n.:-ady here Lo :st.ake upou iL
3. Y u u Ca ll nu lull gt" r L:o llfi11 e th e lll [ socidie,J witltiu Lite swad·
dlillg bands o r lull l11.,ll1 ill t he craJl .,s or a1nu se tl1em with the
rattles o r terrify t hem \\'iLh t he bugbears of the ir infancy.
4. Civilization :; 111ik,.;, Lilie rt.1· "' gl:ul, Il11111a11ily rejoi~es,
j ' iet_y C~\.Hlt~.
5. 1\ day~ a n b11ur, ;111 i11.•dauL 1uay r1ruvc LLta! .

6.

-

~-W·'

T'! .....,.

~!1:-til

. clli
·~f!i
i: .... ~

duw11,

:;hak~· 11 to~l'l i1 1; r ,

a11d

ru111ii11 :~· 11Yi ·r.

14. Y on tn a.~· n1ake th e cba11~e t ediuu:-i. _\'l)ll 111a v 111 :-tkt> it \' i<11~· 11t.
yo u may - GoJ in li is 111e rcy forliid ! - yuu 111ay 111ak e iL lduudy,
litlL avert it yu11 (·a:1iiut.
15. ~1 · \'(· 11 l11 H1rs to law, t(t s011th in g- ~lu111lit'r st~\"l' ll , tl'li tu t.li t•
world allul. a11tl all lu 1,..a\·,·11.
16. 111 fonn aud 111uvillg bow r:x.p n·ss a1itl ad1 11irahlt- ! i11 acti(Jll
how lik.e a11 '1. ll (<C i ! in ap1•rcli('11sion ltuw lil;e :t h" d !
17. F r .. d H ick tit" (;r1·:tl f1111111l flw 111" 11 11" li; 1d .( : tl l""r"d aw1111d
him t u lie t.Le rn ost j•allry, \·ai11, e uvi o us , <p1arrebo111c, u111' ri11c1pl1~tl. a.1111 \' illdi cLin.! uf 11u 11liUl LeiH .!.:." ·" ·
18. 'l'ltt·.v are tlw hn1,k :-:., tlw nrt:-;, tl11· ;i..1·ade111i1· .""i tliat Hlic;w , 1'1'1 1·
taio. aiid 11011ri:--l1 :tl l.
19. l la \' 1~ I 11ot, i11

111\' ti1 11P,

lit'ard

li(lllS

rn;U" '!

1l a \'t.' l t1l1l. }war d

th e se n, p11 fT•· d up\\ it.h . wl11d ."-. r rt.gP. likt' a 11 a1 1gry t11Jal' di;l f1·d ''it \1
Rweat? l!av c l 11 0 1 h l'ard c:-1·.,at (lrd11a11ce i11 Lite fi eld. a11d l""'\1·11·s
artill e ry t ltu11d (' r i11 t l1co skit's'!
Direction . n.rr;~11µ,1·

H('1':lst till'~t· st'nl1·111 ·t· .s . if tl1l',V nl·t·d !'l'l'a.-. . ti1q. ..;1 :ui d

tlw part ;-; i 11 di11 11u· t1·ric 111 ·1kr

a11 i11ft·riur 111a~i ~ t rat,'. a go\'er11 ()r, Li rHl , sco u q;~,

turt.ure, a nd ]'lit t.o a11 infa 111 ou~ dcat,h n Ito rn:rn ci tize n '/
7. Th e i•ul> lic t.re:1sure ~q 11 ander e d , :t co 11 «11l st ri pped anJ
h<>trayed , au a r111 y Jescrt cd and reduced Lu wa11t.." 11rovi11ce robt..cJ,
tlte c i\'il and r " li g iou ~ rigl1Ls of a pe(lple 1ra111pied 011.
8. I adj 11n' you, r warn yo u, I i111l'l o re yu11, Oil my Len<l ed
J, ll t'"' f :; 111'pl ica Le yo u.
9. Ali tit e tal t! 11b ui C'ltarles T. a11<l all !tis Yi r t1 1<·s tli1l not save
lti111 froJll 11111'ul'ulari ty, fron1 c i\·il war, fr o111" priso n , from a bar,
fro111 a. !"caffuid .

'.·ff:!

12 . Tlic sky is 01·erc;tsl, t!te cluwl L•rcaks, till' r"i11 falb a11d
d ului,;m; Ll 110 Lu1d.
13. (;i vc ;u1d it ~ l1all lie .~ive11 u1it1i yn11; go1nl 111t:i.i."l lrt', J•re:->:--\·ri

ro. 'Ve may die, die colouisl", di e slaves, d ie, it may be, i)ino- =~~~~~~
111i11iously and 011 t.h n scaffold.
II. ' l'o wcf\ p for fra r is rhi ld i:·di : t (i wet•p fur anger i~ woman- .:..=:=~~~==
i .. .; li ; to Wt..' ''P f11r µ:r ie f i ...; l111111a11 ; 1<1 wet·p for co 111pa~ s i o n
di,·i11c.

1. 'l'lu ~ :-ri11t~ \\'S g-row }1i 1\\"Prlcss , tlie ld11 <11I n ~1·1 : d1 •s 1 t.he 11111 ....;1·!1-~
relax. th· · fl, .... . . J1 d 1· :--,'rl:-- .
2 . It is g111 1d t<1 cu111 111 1• 111 ()ra t e 11; tlriotic Si' I 1ti 11w1 it ..-..:, gn(Jd l n
h ono r tl11·111, good tu P ll<' <Hira:..::'~ t\1+:•1 11. .~ 411•d to li ~ L\"t' t!w111.

3. (hlr ~af,·ty. u11r p1ditil·al lia1111i11t·~ .. ; . o ur t•xi ....;f1 ·n 1..· t>. dt·j• t' lld
upn n th P 1111i n11 nf th""' sta\Ps.
. \\ .i1l101il 1111i4• l l \\·1· :--l1; 1ll 11 1 1'1• ' !' .~ 11 1 lit· 1111~1wal\:LLl~· t·;t1a 111i t i
4
whl c li hlondslu·d, di~cu rd, war, 111r ln1\1·11l't', :uid fal"ii o11 1~r(idu1 ' t '.
5. '1' !1t · l:lw li:t.-.: 110 lia11d:...;, tl1t• !:t\\' i ... 11t>1!1i1q..:,. 1Ji,. l~~w h:l:·· ll•1
1

•:...;

<'Vf"", till !'"!.li e "l'i11it111 l1 r,.allll'.' t],... 1.n:atlt .,f liit· i11 f11 i lw d .. a,J
l.eU;.or.

6.

~111111•

\\· 11 rd~

~l101d

a

('l iar g 1· li l,1·

ir111111 w!:-., :-:. (~11 1 1: llr•·:tthc·

nw1 1 11~ri1·:-.. :...;w1•1•t a ."- tl1lf"...:, ... . n11w 1· all li\.;1· a 1·lari111wf, ~1 111w s1 1t 11J 1l
out

1ikt·

!ln1t1 1:-1.

.

"

)"
-~

-- - ~
~M~
·.··..j.'

'Hf.

Iii!

l 7(i

:;;
1;•

11:1

i'ii

7. TJ,., vessl'l plvngh s t.he l1i ii<>'ls like a l11 1rri•·a1""' her wl wel~
t11rn, ~h1~ tLro\\'S t lw \\ rdur fru r11 iH ·r Lo w s i1c s t;lrts.
8. Tl1i.' vth er Ed e n, thi s scq •tc:rt·,I i~J,., ti1is seat of .l\Iars, this

I"

ld!

"

f• :trt-li uf JHitj i.·:-:iy.

9. l Kink

0 t.rnctJPll ;1 11cl

Un· IH1:-: 0 11 1 o I ii ic h l'a\·, .. it upe us to rece iv e Hi e,
n1y race is n111, 111 y la11111 uf ii!'1: i ~ 111·arly r· .\ti11~· 11i;..; ln: d.
10. :\l ay 1n y to11~· n1• {'iP :l \"i' fn fi1 c ro nf ()f 111 y 1uo u Ll 1, if I :see
i11Lu

ext raord inary virt. 11e an d c:q •acity in auy srn1 of th e Sout.h, and if,
g:a n ,_:Tc ued i>y state jP:ol 0 11q· or 11101.,·d hy lnr:i l ;•rr·j11dir•', T f'.l'L "l'
l•ere to a L>ate th e tith e of a hair frnm his ch:irart"r and :i11~t fam e.
~s

Directio.u. - - Hri11 g ill .L:.11rnl cl i111~t.\L· s i i f ;1 1! 1Ji,· ki1rd:..; s p vkc1 1 ofrn:1t1y· a~ ynn hav1..• tiirw fi ~ r.

lI i l l \\.

()j

prl'li111i11:1ry 1•: 1rL J1:1 s. i11 c 111 1.-... l n11 · l i!il l, 1!11 di •Jwl1d 1· 11 <·1· t ,ll
wl1:1t f.,JJ1J11·s, tlH1ng i1 \•:J1:d. f.,[ [., 11., 11'-!ll'iid.'l J',,r lis 1'"11-

1

lt'

\\'il:Lt

it;-;

~\'ll'~1·

jl! T('t' d i·s

e aclt uth l'l' huti 1 in c <1n

~+
-:.__~.,..~.

·-~~-

-~]

v~~";:_

"-~

tl1t • 1i r1

(J!\

:ind

\'; h;Lt

s tr1u · i1!Jil

1

l1: 11i11: 1r.\·

~ ll" t'

:1111!

:->1 ·1 1:--. 1• ,

i11

l ' li( l'f

!~

\tltd

h:L\"ili ,~

t i 11'....;1 ·

1 · L 11i ~~ 1 · ,. . ;

~,I 1

(1\ "1 ·1·

;1 .; ;t!Jht

:tl11Jilt·s in \\· )111 · )1 ;11J!1 tli1 ·s1:--: i s t"1• l!J1i! 1i 1:1y

r,:!.

,\ ;'\ J)

TllE

•/

I

•),.:
; I

t·:11·1i

rd lt1 r ~

Tiii:-;

l't' l!Ltk 1 '.'-i

:--.twl1

:--0 1 · 11!.(']!('1 ' :--\

\11 '

s1 .·1 :1 i1 1

l:\ L 1 ,...;> 11 r1

l' !!t'l" ,'_;1·1 !!'.

F.

D isco urse m:iy lw mad" rnPrg•·ti c by th e u se of
\'I . The Period. - Tl1 u period is a sr 11 tc11 ee conta in ing
pl 1rascs o r clauses so arra 11 getl that the rn ea ning r e mains
in s u s pe n se till t h e elose. A loose sentence is on e in which
t l1 c re is a s i11 g le p o i11t, at lt> ast, lH'fo rc t lte close, wh ere
a t lio u g ht is i.:rnuplc tcd; Lut w lt a t follows i::; not, by itself,
compl ett'. Jt t ak es t he wh ole of :t perirnl to e xpress a
tho u g lo!t; there may be m:rny places in a. loose sentence
:tt a ny of whi c h a th o ug ht l1 n.s bee11 expresse rl, and a full
stop co t1l <l Le m:td e . Tu co11struding a p e riod, th e whol e
must l.H· tho ug h t out before anytl 1i11 g is set d o wn; s ince th e
lH' g in n i11 g has rrfen' 11cc to tl11~ e n d, and t l1c end r ecall s
tl 1r- lH'gi 11ni11 g, :1.11.J 11ll t l1 at ]i,.s hptw,' r11 loo ks bac k to t he
h1 •g i1111 i11 g a 11d fu rll'ard to t it ,• l'IHI. A luose se nte nce Legi11s

('/f):.; 11 \':1•

:-;li;1JI :

lil:trk111 .~

1

fl1l' {'PJ!\'~·l!H'!Wt ' ,

Rhetorical Value of the Period, the Loose SenfBnce , and
the Compromise . - Tlw i'•'l'l•><i 1.s 111<'1 '<' :1rt ili1·i:,I ll.:111 111 "
1.lit·n· 1:-i 1n11r1· 1d. 1i1· :-\1 _:._:· 11 111 it~ l111t it. J:..; !J!< r
si1 w•· 1lw s t 1·1 ·11c:·t l1 1s ,.,,111 ·· ·111 r:ii<'.J :111d l•r111wlit. "'II.
ri.t :1, s i11 gl1> l'"i nt, till' r.lns•'. 01H1 11111 st. l1<>ld :u1.J 1·:11T\'
the ar1·11m11l:tti11g it(·t11 s :u 1d (•r1 11il itio11s n11 t il t he" 1·u 11 1i11g
r oun 1l" of t l1c :;e11t1·n ce is n ·:u Jlll'il . Tit ., uflfo., o f t.J1,. l''"'li1ui11 ary p11rt i"n s is not S <' P ll till yo 11 know wl1 :1t tl wy
•ittalify ; lJ11 t. Ll11•y 11111s t. 1w 1· :1 n i.-d i1 1 t l1111 1gl1L 1,,, 1lw d"cit',
a n cl t ltt•n t l1 e r clatio11 o f tlie 1·u 11 cl t1 s iu11 to t•:wli 11 1ust lw
traectl, and th e c01 1111 •ct io11 w iLl1 it rnatl e. If the J>n·li111i11 a,ry p:trts are nwn y, t l1t• f:u·11lt.y of :1tt1•ntion is L1.:·«·il and
w earie d bv t h e t"fl'ilrt. 111 s 1wlt 1·:1sPs t he e 1 1 11q11., •1 111 ~ 1 · wu1il 1l
be se r v i c~1~a l 1l r, !' nal1l i11 g thn n •:tclc r or listt ·1wr to lay <11111· 11
hi s gro wi11 g l111rtk11 \1don" t11 1:~ <"lost! is n •acliet!. [ [' tl11•
pa r ts arc arr:w g1'1l 111 t l1 c « r.l•·r nf tl1 e ir st r .. 11 g tl1 , tlw ]"'riod
Lecu11ws a climax.
loust ·

t•f

•if

:--, · 11 1 1·1 11·1·

,., ,111 1 1.. t .i·:1ll ll11·
compromise , si1w .. it. l1<·s i11 lif't.11·.-1·11 tl 1• ' nr.Ji11:i rv I""''.· s•·11t,• it c1• :u 1d ii 1t> J"'rl11ii , i111t. (':111 \w nc:·i 1ily 1·l:iss<"1l \1·1tl 1 111· 1tlwr.

LESSON 65.
( ' ll~ l

t.!11·

nftt•n i11 :111111 !1 .· ,.; 1,.; - - i' ··:i i i.· ,[ :1 bri.lanced sentence

sP n s P st:1111lsn (\:1r t.! 11·

:-:i::--:·n:;-.; ci:,

i1t d ~ j 11·11 il 1 · 1it

is n e itiwr a pl'nod 1111r a l uos1· s1· 11t1·11•·•>, l111t. r:ll.l1• ·r :t ~ 1"• 1 11 1
pf i 11 rl1· 1n·n d1 •n t 1·l:11 1~ ·· s 1·,,!'ll1i11 .~ :1 compound sentence. . .\
COlllJ'Ull!J! l St'l!l!' l !1 · 1· <"l) I 1lfHl:'lt
. ' i I .,j I \\"(. 1· !.1 lht• ....; S!lll 11 ; 1 [" ])I !(i]"[J l

Tli:t t t.ypt! o[ s1 ·11t. .. 111·p whose ]'" i11t

TllE PEH!O I>, TllE 1.on:-:1·:

j 1:1rf

l1dl()\\'S

;-;1._·1il.t · 111·t·,

r111.,. 11,i ,. ,

1

1•

...

lli!

TJ11, l<>os e sP 11 t!'11r'.r- is m11r1· 11;il11r:tl . 11 1" l'f ' rollnrl'1ial, :.1111lmt. i t is liahlr, to lnn.~t1i:-d1 ~11Hl grow Lin s<in11· .
Hy ;t11 1n\·1 ·r.--:io 11 of p;1rts, loOf\ O
se11t1·1w1•s 111't.1·11 m :iy l,e c11:111g1·il i:ito iw ri nrls and period ~
int 1; l no~1 · ;;:;1·1 1 f ''TH·cs.
dn1•s 11 ot. l' 'Ctd s1wlt <'.]Os11 at L1·11ti<1n;
1

llH

: ·1
!!ii

I

Direction. - Bt>l cnv Wt' g i,·f· 1wr i1HL" , lt )iJ." f'" ~1·11t 1 ·ne0s, H1.:· nlcn ~a
wl1i1·lt a rl' Jtt·itlwr , and tlt o s1• wliidt :1r1• lioth i11 11 111 ·-a compromiBO
h P t \ n -·t·1 1 t lw l\\" 1•
( 1) Cbs:.ii f.\· tiH ·:--;1· ,-.; 1· 11r1 • 1t1'1·:--: 1 ( :.! ) (' i 11 1rt· r t 1 if po~ ~ i ~
bk, ....;n11H' 11f tlir' jlf·rinrf:...; i 11f<1 l n ~ i.-..1· .'-'• 'r Jf,· 111 ·1·:--:, a 1t d "• ll1 1v uf tlie luosc
Sl'I Jt 1·1H'l'S inlu peri< 1d . . ; 1 a11d ( :~) JJ 1lft• liil' ]ll:-::-> Pl' g ai11 in l'llCrp:_y : -

·r.

....,

I. Tlll' rt•, u11 tl11_~ v1·rge of tlw rn ·1·:1r1 , lt1t1Jted fq tli e la ~t a..~yl u m,
t !I!' 1r1q •1·r ial Ll\' t' t11 r1wd d1·..,1wr;i!1 '!.\· 111 \1;1 ,\·.

2.

Le t r a _! t·d, dt ·. . . 1·rt1..~ d, d i :--u r ,!.!·;ui iz,·d. llll provideti wi t.h
lw,s ir t \riil i 1·11 c 1Hi 1_·.-i 1 ti 1e 11uli!~ city \\a,,-.; ,-.;t i\l uo ca.s_y con-

Tl1u11gi1

r 1· >~ ' 1:r 1 · 1 · >,
tp t~"'::. l.

3.

Tia~ defcnc1 ·s \\'t•rt-• w1·a iz;

i11ee 11.,..1•d tyr:u1i. and

tlw pro\'i~ l n11 s were sc~nty; an

a. J..~TPat ctnny W(•r f' at tlw g-:tf f's.

4 . ,J,·1111 y l.iHd , P11cha11 t i11.~ t iH · Jw;1rr 11 ( tl1e world, :uHl Alln:\.
1>i~ · i..: i11:--ull, Ji! t ~a d i! q..:· ft1r the 1·1p1;LJ ii!11•r!y u f IJc r ~f'X, art~ duing- wJiat
,..:i

( .od , liy l1i.-; gn·a t g·ift,...; (Jr 1• l1u1111•11t·1~ a11rl tif :--:n11.~ , ap[•Uillted them

. '-. '~ ; ...r '.~

.

;.~.;::

. ::~ '(~#'~~

5. TIP_' ~ea is a p nPrn as jr. 1n 0:lns in :l ;:::;1d, i 1-1iliOr l\P}' ali()ut. t.110
luiwly f1...,l1t·1"."'i 1Jt:t. tu tin.: l1t· a r t uf tlw wa tc li ir1 g 1islt1'r-wi!'t\ nK it
~i 1r11·l . . s i11 \\ ild .~l e e , r;t~- i 11~ tl:ruu~h Llw ri~-~i11~ ui Uw l.1:111pH,.,.l.Lo:-.,-.1·d \- t' ,.., ,... .... I, ;~ ."'i it. :-<ill :-; ~ a11 ~ ·r1d l 1 -·..; :-: ~r111.:; oi t"tcrnal sunshine a.nd
sl u1nhn al1011L tl1 c is les of Ed e n, lyi11 ,.; in d:irk, p11r['le s pl1eres of

=~ --;:\

.,. . -:.~.

-~~:-~

>,.. .. '

'·.~;{;'~
6 . F11dowed willi a r:tre pur it y nf i11t .. tJ .. ,.. t, :t
cx pres:--:1on , a y<"arnln g t P11dP1T1PS .... t•-•\\ :-1r.J ...; :tli 11 f
11 0 poe t appeals more i.e nii••rly Li1a11 Sii1· ii1•y to
1wa.uti f u l, l.n 011 r n ci. :'tpPt-..t fnr onr fr•ilow - n1Pn, t n 0 n r

~:vx

cl:1"i'' l•eanly of
': ud's creatures:,
our love for the

iH•:-trt-fi:lt charity

for ln111l an weakn ess .
7. Su ~u 11qd e Lcly did Lhc:-.e nia., 1.t '. I' .~ i11 fiwjr art.J llyJ t:r _..\Ji an<l
11;,..., l! lt1: ·1 ~ f1 ·]'(Wi1Hi~ S,i lll, ;1L...;1d\-t~ tl1t ·:th .. ;,-, . .., 11f t lp· i r i t llj '> in 1i s YOW
tl i<tl, \dH• 11 l!w Hriti··.:l 1 :tl'l11y tr: 1\·(·r .. .; 1·1l. :1 -; tl H'Y did , llif' C:trn :1l io
f,,r ll!J 11•!r1· 1!." 1,( 111i!1·_-.; iri :il l dir1·1·fi111 1.-. . , i iir, 1 11 ~ :1 1 1lw \rl H)l 1• l i 11t~ of

.

'

:::...L.:~~

- -~

'

·f

180

Q11rt1itil's n.f St,1;/e -E'nergy.

LESSON 66.
Tlll~

J'EIW>D , Tl!E U HlSE SENTE1\CE, AND THE
CU~ ll'IW'.\l

Direction. - Bring in a8 many

!S E.

p~ri(irls,

loose sentences, balanced

s L·nLeH ces, crn 11pn 1111d sentence ", a nd :;e nte n ces called the compromlae
as you )lave Lime Lo find ur eon s! m et.

LESSON 67.
V,\H IETY -1?\'TEll HOC ,\TJ O:\, lllALOGt:E, EXCLAMATION,
Vl:-ilON.

E11 e rgy may lie securrt1
\' 1l . By Variety . - Variety is tla: oppos ite of uniformity.
Su111t: u11 c h :Ls said t hat sty I" is (>t il y the <lit of varying well.
Not l1i11 g i11 di st:o ursc ]>lt•ascs 111orc th:u1 light arnl shade,
:llld 11<>tl1i 11 g lwt.LC'J' 1· xliilii ts anrl t>mphasizns t he cxcP.l lt~n c i es
of s tyl e. Certainly nothin g is 111 or c restful to reauer or
listi:m· r, and therefore notl1ing cn ntln ces rnore powerfully
t<> e ne rgy. IV c gro 11· wl'ar.r of s:un1 : 11 cs~ - weariness is the
o nly effect of whi c h, in th e c ntl, i t is t'apable. Without
v: tri nty, nothin g sta11 ds out in r el ief. " H we l1old a flower
to t he nose for long, we h c<'<> llli' i11 s1 •1 1si lilt: to its scent."
That \1·li ich is st rong apprars so only \\·he n it is co11trasteu
wi th wha.t is w ra lc 0111 ~ t.i n ·s o f t he Ti tanic energy of
111 otm tai 11 r egion s , a 1Hl at last ceases to feel it; the tran'luil
sc<·11pry of the plain is neP1l <' d to res to re vigor ancl delicacy
t.o hi s d c~ aden,· cl sc n s iuili t ics .
Kinds of Variety. -The varit:ty cl e manLlecl in style is
multiform. Tl1c sa1J11: word sh u11lil not appear with offensive

1 ntaror;rdion. _Dirtluy 11 c,

}<,'.1·1./1 mwt i1 n1..

Is 1

frequency; a11jcct ives, ad vL:rlJs , 11r 1101111s 111 Ll11· l"'·'sc·ss11·1·
and th e ir '''tni valP nt pn: pusitiu1 1al j>hraSl'S s!.(J1il1l i11t.nch ange, a s . al so, ad jt>ctiv1., :ul vt>rl>, Jl (Jllll, ur i11 d1·11('11d,·11L
clauses a11Ll tlil'ir cr1 1ti va!P 11t i 1ili 11itin~, p:irtielj•i:d, a111l :d1s11li1tn pliras;•s: ..la1t.'i1·s shmil.t i1,11'<· 1111 1igi .th- Ii:-;,., [ [><•sit 1<>1 1:
specific wurds s houl,[ alternate with ge 11c ric, lung w1Lli
short; lon g sc nte1;ces with sl1 urt, co mplex and compound
with s imple, th e period 1\·itli the loose sen t <'n••,, , :uul L11e
coml'romisP. wi t h l'acl1; s1·11t.- 111 ·.1· s w"ii'l1ty w1tl1 11w:u1111;.::
slw1i1d ::;ta.1111 d h.1w ti1 1•llimv ll'it.li tl 1e l i.;.::ht a11il tl1" t r11•ping; irna;.::e rv ,_if· tJ,., s1 ·Yl' r:tl ki11ils si11>1ilil ·'l''11kl1· lin1·
an1l tliPrn fru111 tlie sd l.111 g nf 1.!:1111 L111gt1: 1.C:"; t.!11 · 1i;,t11r:il
or1ler sh(lt1ld 11<>\\' :w1l tl11· 11 y1..Id t.11 tlli' Lr:111s1• .s1·.l. :i111l
thn fnll st.:lt.1·1111 ·nt. td t.l"' :dil1n·\·i:1ti·11; -- i11 :1 11· t1rd . 1111
011e form o r m ctliu1l of cx11r1·ssin;.:: t.l11•u;.::l1t sl1n11ld crniti1111t·
till i t l>f'COITll 'S Jll(lll(lt()JHl\IS, li11t. sl 11>1il .J ,i.; iv" ,,."." '"' Sl>l11 1 '
othPr, t.h:1t. t lw n· :1d Pr nr tl11~ !1 t•a n ·r 111:Ly IJl' ki·[iL fr,.,Ji "''d

·....,·

i!·f ~ ~·

11

. ~·, ~

':

'

i11Lt-~ r1""' t.t·1! U1riii1 .~11t fl1t..

Interroga tion , Dialogue, Exclamation, and Vision. - - I 11
ora.ti1111s ;ind in :di di scm ;rsc wlH' l'Lt •._·111.·r;.::y is s1111 .c'.l1t. 11·l1il1·
must of t l11· s1·1it.1·111·,.s 111:1 .Y L" 1k1·l:t r: it11·1· :rnd l111111·r" l 11·, ·,
not all sliould li!t. A question s l1 uuld uow a11d tli1 ·n lm ·ak
in npon t.h P 111011ot.011y 01· a ..;s1·r l i1111, t1 .. 11i:tl. or 1·11 11 1111:111il; :1t
}Past in fnon t.1 1""' l'l'<'Sent s l111 ulJ L" a sk1_·d lt> ttk.· l':irt in
th•"> dis1·11 ssion . Hn·; 1.kin~ up n 11 1ti11 ... and 1·•Hw iii: tt 111.i.; 1111·
~ornl will of t l1os1• :u111ress .. d l1y t!1is sl111 w (If rt·spt·i-t to tlll'ir
OJ1ini( 1J1 s, 1111· s1il1jr'l't tl111s l1 r<n1,.:l 1t !1111111• t.o tlll'111 :u1d 111, 1111·
p e rsu n:il t.alu·s u1 1 i11 tln· ir l'}l'S add it iun;d i111j1urLa 11t' tt a 11d
intl'T<':-<l.
']' his inl.i:n:st. lll:cum es iut eu~e if r eply follows rpwstiu u
-the Sj>P<lkPr a11SWP T"il1 g for -l1is :1ttc]itors, fp;d " r Sllj >j>fl;lt'i\ ,
a.ml c:anying on a iiYcly dialogue between li 1111~ t-lf ;w1l
them, - his :rndit.ors lw rnay picture ati Jc-11yi11g, 11lijcding,
querying, or :1 ss,·1 1ti ng.

- ·~

~;·2: ~
'~ --,

,.,..,.

- - .:. ~;.4~.3i

-- ~~iii
1

·-- =~~
~~4~~
I

·"i

,_.

1 S2

Qualitio; of St!J1e -E'nergy.

If t!lt) s peakl'r i ~ l1i glil.)' charged wi tli feeling, thi~,
carn e~ t co11versation, ll'ill uow a nd then discharge
iu li ur!:!ts of exclamation, all(l we sl1all have the excl
sentence s ide IJy s id e with the declarative, the imperati"i
and tlt e iutc n ogativc.
Jn i111pass io11 cd 11 a 1T:ttion and d escription, one may - ·
d r"p tli e prc t c ri t o f Vt •rbs :lll il s peak of tl1 e past as ac
enacting und(•r Iii :; vision and witl1i11 l1is present knowledg11

1. Yn11 ~ay tliat wo111 a n differs esse11 tia lly in her
lllan. llut is tliat any g ro1111d for di:;fran chi s ing h er?
Fu lto us say tu th e Haphae ls, "Because you cannot make ste~
e 11 gi 11 es , th e re fo re yo u shall not vote?" Shall the Napoleons •nil
tli e \ Yas hin gto ns say to the W o rd sworths or the Hersche.la.
" Bt·cau se you cann ot lead arn1ies and go,·ern states, therefore yo(l
~ ball hav e 110 c ivil ri g hts'?"

Yo u reply that wornan is r~se n ti ally inferior to man.
lias ri g h ts . <rra11 t tha t f>lrs. ~ o rto11 uever co uld have been Byron;
that Elizabe th Barrett ue 1·e r co u ),] have wri tte n Paradise Lost1
t hat i\l r,. Some rville ne ver co uld l1 a1·e been La Place, nor Siraui
hal'u pai1d ed thn Tr:u1 s fi g 11ral ion. \\"hat l.!i,.n? Does that prove
llia t tli .. y , hu 1i!t) lie d1· pri1·., t) 11f all c ivil right s '! .Tol111 Smith never
will ''"' ne l'e r r an lit·, ]);111i"I \l"t·l.,te r . Shall li e, therefore, be
put 11 11der g 11ardia11s l1i p, and forl•idd (' Jl to vote '/

H 11t you rdo rt that wo n1a11 111ay sa f,~ ly trn st. to th e watchful and
ge ll ero us care of m :iu. She li as l.1•c11 olilige d to do so hitherto.
With what res ult, let tli e un c'1 11:tl and u11ju s t leg islation of all·
nation s :inswer. In J\fass:tchu sf'tts, la tely, a 111an married an heiress worth fift.y thousand d ollars. Dying abo ut a year after his
111 arri:ige, he lef t th ese fifty th1111.,a11d clullars to her so long as she
,J1 01ild re n1 a i11 hi s wid ow! Ou ght. a h11 , b:rnd fo have such unlimited
control over the property of hi , wif .. , ur or er the property which '
th ey hav e toge tl1 e r ac<1uired? O ug ht 11ot wo111an to have a voice in

· l u:;uc, };.r,c/a 11 wt1'.un.
I nterrogation, 1Jw
___ _ _183

~a-:-~1::ll

. .
..
be in reganl to th e prop•·,-_ty .,(
determ111111 g what tlie .
se nor 1•ast expe rt el " '"
.
'l N eitlter co 111111011 se11 .
..
marned
perso
us
t
r
of
tlt·1t
encourages h e r to tru st the pro ec ion
' rigl1t to tlte votes ul
men.
. stru111e11,
t .'' g.te<l
. ..- t i ii stru rn e11t ' of ed 11ca'b T t ·
e 111
Respons1 1 i y is on.
;I t · I lt sharpe 11s the fac ul t ies. It
tiou, both moral a11d 111te ecltt. l· e. th e carelt::;s prtllle11 t, and
unfolds th e n1 o_ral J1at111 e .. t
11J1a' l~ ·1t the j ' Ullll g' wi fe sudcle nly
. t 0 SOU l"l (' y
,oo ' <
111
turns reckl ess ness
. _, . , . . edu cation a d e11 t ran ce
'
· •
.1
·u 1 tli ecare o fli er cI 11u1
11
1 e 11 s
left a w11. ow, wt
I •.
How prntlent :u 1< I sag:u·iulls she
into life1 thrown upo11 u.1. . . . a11d co 11 1preht·1"i1·e iu liPr
b
Il ow fruit f ul Ill reso 111 ces •
.
I!
eco111es .
.
·I ... · te r she ·" "'l •rtst·s l11•r 11 •
.
lit tit• t11t·n
views I How m uch 111 Le ll ect a lll1 c i.11 .tc . .
.
l ·e t with wh·tt g- rac im1s co11desce 11 s 101 1
.
friends
Am j and p1..
, '
"the fe 1Jiale sphe re a11d fe111al e
t . with
to Il•• cture
e .tc 1' Oil
con . 111ue
. J>·
lt · \VF~1J
I"
f e-lureo11JV0111r111:;
"!!"·
-· t-: 1.L !'1111.uPs . .
duties
- · c
t 1• t
\t te ll i 11 th e 111 nrn111 g ,
2. Th e Gth o f Sept., 1774, di""~ '! ' a I .tst~' ~ofl:t'<' ll u nse.
Fru111
t
. 1 ibl e -1 t t ie n e re 1a11 ·
·
tr.~ de lega es asse '
'f t .I
th e s tree t u11t.il th ey re:w h t li e
that point th ey lllarch on oo .i o ng
.. i.1, 1irocessio11 I 'l'l1 e
. l . ll Anti what a. rn e llt 01<iu e
I118
threshold of t
ia. ·
ti e . ,. ,. for th ese are th e
l t
und t 11e m as i j 1 •1., 5 •
young me n c ~s e r ar~ru le that has co 11le. The wo111 e11 peep at
chosen lead ers 111 th e s
gg
.
.
f th e ir low -roofed
d . . 1 f· 11 the bowed w111t 10118 u
them wo n . e nng y 111
_1o i
l
t] . t tl1 ese ·tre th e Cathe rn of a
1
·
hou ses, lt· tt e d reani g ' pe r 1·1ps
' · ' •. 1,1
. •. . .
t be \IT1111g,
.
I
· l· ' of whi ch t he ir hea rts ,u e soo 11 o
republt c_
t i,e.
<lesolat e. Yrn11kr urchi11 , play in g b y tl1e
and the11
1,
I I I . ft) ,,o (·u·
.
I I" I l1t·'ld
Slit t t'll y .
" .., at t.11 ., slaLt·l .y ··01 11pa 11 y.
. I t lOUses.
roads H e, ,u1 ns ' · ·' ·
·
.. I" ,, to S•·t"! l\l e11, 11 l11"e
I l
f ti e wo111lcrs 11" ' 1' '' 11 1" ·
·
Does ie'
. t i 11 .o II g II '·ti! t! Psct
·11di1 w,... ge 11',. rafi.,11s,
I . ream
·I · 1 Inre n s' Ii a I I re ve r"
,.
nhave
amesb 11 s c it '
.
.
I . I ' ·f be know s t ll\'111 ltt>l.
ru shed uy hi111 wht!e h e pla ye• • .Liit ) e ,
'
.l
u tl1 c
.
.. t·ow co uru :..nu ]'
And so along
the st red a nt.! _d o wn ti ie na1

~o;·

s;t,'~t!e

broad ste ps Congress_ takes its " ·ay. "ll I ose11. The Ca rpe11te rs'
The )lace of mee ting has bee n we cl . .
.
Tl
l
h " l 1 . , . th e hall a re t he fri e nd s of libe rty.
IP}'
Company, w 1c O\\nS
'
ti
h e ' seP 111 s fit.
1
1 1
0
have offer~d tl'.eir hall .~ t~h.~ '~~·, ;'g~~t:~h: ~~n ~'r1' ~a;~islied, and
11
The quest1011 JS put
ie · ie
l
·e .. )O n seated and the
at M
'
Passed in tlu·' al t•inna (".ive ·' j .he fi111l'.lllb 1e rS
k
' ·y J\'fi· r ynch of So11th
'1'1
·
1
'
is
H ·t
ro
·en
u
.
'
doors are shu t.
ie S J e nce .
s
"
. ·t " "who h::c:t
Carolina.
"There is a genllelllan present, he M• y ..,

11

184

Qualities of Style -Energy.

A Sclu..: lil c fur H a·icw.
" . CliarlPs I. ~ ··l'i11c:•·d to Louis :\I\". U1;1L J,,. 111 ic:l 11 11';11n" Jiis own 1,,., ,1i11.," Tl11• p11!'p<>s " ,. I ;1us•· I 11 ·c; .111111 I' .~. 111tl1
ple on
that may s t· ~·rn l i·; .1w l' L: J·," ' l· u ' '"., L•t· 1\'l 1c n : L:JLl 1c r can·t i:;.

11

HO, and yo11d er
largt"\ well-l1)(1ki1 1g n1a11 ," carefully dr .·
w illi well-powcl 1:rl'd wi.'..'., rises a11il f:i.kcs fhe chair. -Or11t
Ce11ln1ni11l A ,,,,;,.,_.,.sar!! n_( Fi''""' C'on tinenlal Con!Jresa.
Ai<.\llT T

BHOWN.

Direction. - \VritP an "''-''H' wlii r h sl 111ll
:said conct·ruiJJg t ho ways o f s1·e uri11 g t·11 t·rgy.

avoi<l t h e 111 0 11 t •tn 11 y wt • Ji a q• lJ1·(·11 arr:1i~11i11 _!...'.'.
nn<l your l't'\Vard \Yill 111 · 1-f.I'l':t L if. ;it. Lt sll t!wy
tl;at variety uf t·x 11n·:--; .... i1111 i11.-;i:·;t1 ·d ~· 1 1.

;t ll ai 11

l.11 Sillllt'

111;1.-.;t ~ ·ry

LESSON 68.
Vi\ ll ! ETY.

For a partial review of tlie ficlil of variety - the su
tution of one modifier for another, contraction, anrl rxpan;
s io n -wc sl1:d l ask th e pupil to look Lack to L essons 1419.
Direction. - Review Lessons 14-l!l.

I . Spec ilit: \\' lil'd.-; ( l. 1·.-..;;-;\111.-; ;;-; :u1tl ,-i-::-:. ) .
Ti te Tran:-;p11s1·d • >rd1-·r uf \\.,,rd :-; a1l11

Jr.

an1l

liU) .

] 'l1l' :l .""i t ·S J;1·11 11>\

;iJ,l i

arnl ():\ ) .
'l'h c

,", '. •

:u1d

)

A 11 ld in1 n nf

( Th" ldi <> n1.

(' liill;ix

tht·

( J,i>:-.:.s 1111 1H).

Expn·~MiPll

(\ f

(/\ 11!i r·l irn :ix .

n.-, :tlld

( L c;-;~(lll:-\

l~ alafl(' Pd !'-'1·nt1•111·p 1

! ~ti ) .

( '!'lit·

L11 41:-:1· ~t 'l!lt·]H'I' ,

a11 d ll H· ( 'nmprn1 11 i:-: 1•. )

( f, 1 ·~::.:n ns ti7, fi8 , and liO ). .( l 11~.1·rr11~;1t ii_ir1 , ~ >i:t1~)gut , 1,'.X· l' ]a 111,·tti n l Yi .~ i1i11 , '~t1b l"l ltt11l1" 11 < 111i1r;1.1·1.Jun,
J.:xpausiu11, l'us itiu n uf JkpL·n1knt Cbtus!', ek., de .)

Vn.ri e t y

1 1

Complex sentences may be varil'<l in form by placing the
deprnd ent clause iu tliffnent positions. This clauso may
hrgin tlie s ente1wc o r may e1Hl it, or the leading clauao
may he parted, a111l t l1 is :it s0 vnal points perhaps, and tho
·
su lionli natc clause in serted t hus : -

( Li_· ...;sd Jl:-i

Th e Wonb

t ' 1 in s t nwt i111 1. )

Tl1 c l 't·ri1ul

V,\HIETY.

l' lir;1:-;1·~

( ) n I ,.,.,

III. Utni.-.;siiHJ of \\'11rds 1·: :1:-:il y :--:.1q •1ili 1·d ( L1·:.;s 1111 l\l ) . ( \\']1;\I.
J'arls <>f "pcec li. )
lV. Jdi n rn s , Epig-ra1t1 s, 1'ro\·pr1Js, and <lt1lltati n11s ( L1·,..;sn11s i ;~
• ,f

l:.,ESSON 69.

JN'atu ra I

(Tl1c

1

] 86

Q1utlities

(l

Sl!Jlc -

1Vit and Patllos.
l -'-'7

LESSON 70.

- fonrn; wlii eh iL LLki·s ;w d ils 11 :-<es and ()t:<'.:ts i<>11 s ;11· ·· 111.111_1·.
- Often wit is l1dligt· n ·11 t, ant 1 'l
·t p rw
· l'" t.li» ·'sll"i1t1 -l.L\.].
c 1t•11 1.
.
. t y fl 11' ti ~ . () 1· ~. l t 1 H ij _-.;
ders" on 11"lticl1 11rt·L1·n s1nn
or p11111 1111 s1
its slmrp arrows ;i,t follirs ;i,11.J vir ,·s :ll!d 111o':111 1"'"·" "' a 11·l
wieked11 1:sses \\·l1t·n·1·e r 1l li11 d:-; Li1<'111. ( >l't··n wit. is 11 1il .1
sportive, ge11i :tl, a nd l1u111:u1 e, a11il , witlw11L l1 oslil 1t.y L" :11 1y body or anything. mim. stc· rs t·o 011r st·11sc .,r ti"' li1d i,·r .. 11s,
our fr<·li11g u f 111ir tl1f1il1wss.
T a ki 11g wit as l l w ;.;-i ·1rns, .,.,. ,. 111a y, 11 l ·'.' · 11l 11 '1 1"1· 1' ~. i ()I l \ I j' ] t)
0

\\Tl' ANn PATHOS.

Wit. -

Wit is a word once u seLl to wtme our intellect1ial
powers by whir·l1 W () pe reci\•c, lc:un, un<lerstaud;t l1i11k. T11 I Luu]et•s rrp ly tr• (;niJden stern, "1 e:-m11ot miUroyou a wlt oleso me ;w swe r, my w i(s diseased," the worrl. is w
use<l. In our i11f-i11itive pl1rasc, lo wil, thP. ety mology of tl10
word ( A.-S. witwi, lo l.:11 01c) tl ct crrni11 es its meaning.
'l'he supre me a ct o f t he intellect is thinking. The relation ·
11 pun whie lt a thoug ht is hasrrl - t h e relation :tffirmeJ liy . :.
t he thought - may he ;1, rrhti nn be twee n tl-1ings, b<c' twcen -'"idt~as, that li e wit.le :tp:trt from each other, and a.re seem· ~
i11 gly unre lated to each oth e r. Th e union of s uch ideas iu
;i, tho ug ht exc ites s urprise and pl e:ts ure in the reader or
li ste ll e r. It m:ty even exr ite laughter-an ex pression of
pleas u re uy t h e mu sdes of t he face. In<leed, to produce
laughter, t he laugl1 ter of de ri s io n or tlie la ughter of goodfo l'ling, sPe n1 to Le the ]'lll"pose arnl the e ffect of what we
now c: Lll wit. Of th e thoug h t whi r- Ii causes it we say that
it is wit ty o r th:tt it is l1umo rou s. lVit, tl1 e n, in our modern
us e of th e word, de notes a po11·L· r in t li e t1 1inker to detect
liidtl e n a,11d pl easing relations \)('t wt•c n ideas, and it names a
quali ty of the th o ug ht whi ch expresses these r elations. In
rh eto ri e, \\"C may say t l1at
powl~ rs -

Wit is a q u:tlity o f sty l<: resulting- from the union of
see min gly unrelated i<leas - a uni on producing surprise
and pleas ure.

Its Use . - ·wit is not, likr prrs pi cuity, a common and
n ecessary quality of styl e, si nce t l1 e feeling which begets
it is Hot alwa ys o r often t ho mood of the author. But the

say t haL
·Satire i,.; a s pec irs of w it usi·d t.o eo rr1·d, t.lw f111lii·s a111 l
vices of me n an <l to re for m :tlmst·s. ] t :tLLti·k;-; !,.1t h 1:1<· 11
. t
\\ l1; 1 li
and institutions. A pro1 i11 rti .. 11. 1011.~ 11 r s I1111· t , 11t"
this rin :tli ty 0nt••rs is ea.il,, d a satire.
.
Sarcasm is a s1•1 ... i,·s o.t. 11·1;( i1 st·r [ 1111 ] y a;.,;' 11 11~.(. t.l «' f< 1J\ ,j, ·s
and f olli es :tllll l'i ci·s of ml'n. \\" : i·:Ll l :L s1·11t.1·1wt· "r :i .C:'."_''!'.
1
of senteHccs in to wlti elt thi s <j11:t11 ly enl1.:rs a sarcasm. I .ie
11
etymology of the wonl i111pl iPs tl1at a s;treas ln: exl'rl' ss 1 11
t ears away a porti on of tlt c ffosh.
Ridicule is a species of wit 11·ltich provokes h 11 g l1t.t'l" :it
.
its o b JCCt,
au <l tl111 s 111akcs it cuI1tl'n111tilJl c. :l\otl 1iu g tl i:· 1et], o r m:t<1e 1·1'rl1"c11lo11s,
can co mma nd n's]><·et, can lu11g
ric
.
.
stallll.
Irony is ;i, spcc irs of wit ust·tl in llisco ursc wl11 clt, takt :11
lite rall y, conv eys the ve ry ol'l'o::; ite of what '.s 111tt:11di·d .
The wonb convey a cornl'li111 cnt in th e gu ise o[ an rn s u lt ;
oftener, ;i,n in s ult in the g ui se of a compli111 e ut. l t.:; ]'rt'scnce i 11 ;i, se nte nce mak es of it a boome rang, Lo11·dl says.
The we;i,pon goes in a d irection different fr om tliat rn whi ch
· tl 1rown, .~.i1·u1 docs 11ot strike the o ne at wl11 ch it is
i"t is
seeming1y :ti med.
.
.
A burlesque is a spec ies of wit ty tli s(:oursc or oE can catu rc
USetl to take uff, uy Jndi c rous imi tatiu11, ll"!t:Lt Ill:!.)' }Jt) tl1 g 111fied au<l proper. Tltin g'l rn ay Le Lnrl esrpietl 11ot l1y wurJs
<

. , f-::, '
. ·~

188

Qualitie:; of Style - Wit and

alone lmt Ly pictures, l>y ges tures, by
c r uw; i111 it.a t io11s of all kind s.
'l'l1 L~ mock-heroic is a spe(·ies of witty discourse used
raise low or trivial things to a plane of false dignity :mtE~~
i 111 por tancP .
A parody is a species of witty discou rse in which
w o rrls of ;t prndu('tion :lrn eopie<l in })art, but the spirit
tli1; l'i,;ce is elia11 getl and lowere1l.
A pun is a witty cxpn,ss ion in which a word
sound with a.nnthrr is 11s1 ~ 1l in place of it. vVords agree
i11 souncl, but differin g in meaning, are called homonymJ..
l nto a pun, not only is the li orno 11ym of a word importodt
lint, if th 1~ rc :nc any wo nb wh ich sho111Ll accompany th&,
!tum01 1y rn to itle ntify it, tlwse al so are hronght along ti
co mpl .. tc tliL" in co11 g ruit.)' a 11 Ll Lhe hulicrousness of tho fll:•prcssi ou_ 'J'li c n \ mus t lie conso nance of s01 111 tl t o pro<luoo
a pun; 1>11t p c rktps WP. s!in11ld ri11alify our 1lt>finition by ad
ing that the a g rct' men t of su und m ay be bietween a syllabl
a111l a word, bet ween <me word :tl)(l a group of words, betw e <~11 tw o gro11]'s, o r brtwN• n one wonl or g roup :ind another
rni ss p1·ll1•tl a11rl 111is pro11ouncctl but :;till capable of being
rt:l :og 11izt:ll.
'!'he wit we hav<'• tlrn~ far lil!t' n tlcsr:rihin g and defining is
the wit wli ie l1 , in varitHI S deg rees, is essentially hostile, ~nd
is used to a tLack a nd to <l<>strny . .It ra is rs a laugh at bad
rn e n a nll things. I t is inva] u;t11J,., alm os t i11di spe11sable, in
tlic di seuss iou and the re format ion of Lad manners, morals, and in st ituti ons.
But there is another rlep:ntmen t of wit, l ess earnest,
sweeter in temper, more playfn l a111l tr:n(ler, compassionitt6 towards its obj ects, LLllll sy1upatlietie with them. It minis. .......
~7~~fljj~~
t e rs to crnr clcs irc for fun, !mt t:l1t ) l:rn g litt~ r it provok es is
11 ot a " lau g h a l llll'll :wd things," l111t a " laugh with them."
Thi s kind of wit we call

Humor. - Humor is t.h:tt. k i11d , ,f " -it \\'hi1 ·l1, \\'it l1rn1 t iills tilitv t" :11l':ll1i11c:. 111i11 1stt·1 s t " .. ,,,- f,· .. i111 _c: .. r 11 1irtlilul111'~ s ­
J-lui;1 o r is ;1<, f t" lH ) distiuc:uislwd fr.,111 "11., J,111. frullt ti1 1.:
Ruh cli visit•11s .,f wit. j11st. .i .. 1i1wd; it is .. 1, .. h1 ·11 11s l'l11·n: <>f
wit, tl1 esc s ul,di\·isio11s l_wi11g U1.- .. tlll'r. 'J'li;1t \1 lw -lt '1 1stingui sl 1L•s it f 1-.11n tli .. 11t all is its fn·c"l"lll f n >1 11 :111i1 11.. , it_1 Hum or ]nflk s l1·11i .. 11tlv llj>Oll h11111 :w l'railt !I ' S ;llld f.,i\,\1·s.
anl] finds fflod rniJy ful' ]i;1tllii<'SS 11111 Iii Ll11' lll l\ >l'll1·.- ( 11•l lS
an.J i11f,.]jt' iti<'S of Jif.. . lt. is ;I, sJi<l\\'!'I' tJi:tt <jlljt']; \' JI S, Ii" ! :l
storm tliat d1•strt1ys. Fu r ib 1·1'ft.d, 1111111<>1 t1 .. 1w11d s lt- 0 ,s
upon s urpri sn tli:i.n do t lll' utlll'r r.. 1111s .. r \\'it ; !1t·111·" \},.._
proJueLiu11s ii1Lu \\·li ii: li i t e 11tns [>l1·:1sl' i-011t i1111:illy.
It will Lie ::;1'•-·n t.k1t., tJ .. ,ug h we h;111_: c;d! 1-.l 11i t a q 11:11ity
of sty]P, WP 11 :1 \·1, g n Hl]'" d u11•kr it. tlw ln1rl .. s•1tt1 '. tl 11• 1111 ,, ·khcroic, the parody, a11Ll tl1c )'lll>, " 1. i,- li ar.- 11<>L ' l" ''·i•-s "f
\\' it , 1,ut ~11i'\'. i1•S ()f" \\'il l y cJ\:-- 1·11tl !" :-- 1· --- ! •J'«l1\\Li'l l <1J!:"' ~ 1 1· t' \j 1 1" 1 · ~ ­
SiOll S into wl1i •.·l1 wit >'llkt s_ I:11t. 1t. s1T ll!l'd \wot, 1·\'> ·1 1 :.,
the Jisrq,:anl of ].,gi1-, to spP;tk of tl11' s<: \\'it.Ly J>rnducti., 11:<
hpn; wlll't<' \\'t' W• •ri; :1 t.tf:' llljlt111 g to 1!<- li 1ll' \\'it. :1111[ il l11st r:tl1 ·
its 11:it.1111• :111•1 f11ndi1111 s -1 'Sj•P<"i: 1l lv :i .s t.111• dllnr to 1li1 s w:i s
opeuctl l1y pur being olili g1·d to s: ty <>1' s:1t.i1,. ;rnd s:11«·:i.s111
not u11ly t.l1:1J. t.hr·v :ti«'. 'l"'t'i1•s or tl1i s •111al1t.y <>t' styl• '. \,11t.
tli:Lt tl1;:y :Ll' L'- abo- prud11 c liu11 s i11 to wltii:h wit t'ltLL:ts_
],it<_.rature kems w ith witt y 1ir1,.Judi1111s ;wd \\'ill1 1·r1oL]11 diu11s in \Y li icli witty 1·x11 n •ssi "11 s glP:tlll a1111 sl':1 rkl ..
fr om tlie sL·tt.i11g 11f sP riou s d 1s«liu rse. :-;1 1L·l1 prliil111-ti1111s
appe:u 111 tlw cleeatl c•11 d ! of lll :lllIH'rS a nil 111n1:ils; ;i11d t lw_v
:tpp•·:it at :tll tim·· ~. si1wr in 0111" i111prrff.d ('iYilizat iu11 tlwn·
arP. :1lwa.\·s in stitHtio11 s that 1l1·1nand rd«1n11ati<>11, ;rn1 l 1'1·ils
th:it ('ry ..1.. 1111 f"r r<'ll ress. 1\ nd tk1t form of wit wl1i..11
w.--. have e:dled l1umot", "1"1111 uf liun1 ;111ity, thv o n ~.J tl1r"1q.;-lt out witl 1 t. .. n,];· riwss :111.l ki11<l1wss, .. l1as g iv .. 11 11s t'l"1':d.i1111:;
whic~h arie an (•x hau slkss s"11n·e ul' rern 's li1111•11t a111l 1!t:li:;l1 l.

;,·;

..

:·~

· ~-'- ~

'· .·~

·,;,

.,

'
--~ -~
.
-;-~

100

] '.Jl

Qual itii:s <f Style -11 ,'i:t and Pathos.

Pathos. - Pathos is a •1u:di ty of f'tyle fouuu in

passag~

top, \\'ith hug-e ca rs, large,

PXJ>n:ss ,;orrnw or grid, nr symp:1tliy with. these. -.-c-·
l':ttlius J,riu gs kars i1t!•1 tlue <'.)'! : a111l tren1uluLLcmess in to t he
U1at

It k1s su111c natural connection with l1umor. L;wgh,._,-~

Yoicc.

t .. r a.11<1 tc•ars Ji,: duse to P:wh otli<·r, all<l t,lte tra11si t iou

~,Jtiil
:>:.•-=H

~~ t:~1:,n

Direction.
11f

-- C'Lbsify

tl11'

\\'illy sl'11i<'IHTs

lwlow arcording to the
patl1etic sentl'nccs

wit. ,,·lti1·l1 PT1i1·r:-4 i11111 tlw111 1 aJlil lht'

tl.t:•.: 11rdi11g lu L.l1 u sotln ~e t.,f tl1e patl1t1."'l: I.

ls ll(lt, a i•alron, 111y 111rd, u 11e who 1ouks wiLl1 unconcPrn on

a 111a11 slr11,~ ,~li11;.; f<> r lif.: in tl"' ""'""· a111l, when he has reached
tl11· .~ruu111L 1..'IH.__.11111L11_·rs lii11: \\ itli h t·l1··:
2. I can easi1:r t.1 ~ acl1 twt-'11t.y ,,·!1:1t. \Vf~rP. ,£!/ind f,,, be <lone tlu.tn
f11> n1w nf tl11• lwt·nl\' lo fu!!nw 111i11° P\~·11 t--:whing-.
3. \\'i1aL \las .Ju;i,11 of Arc 111ade of'!
( lrli·a11.'-'.

4. I a111, i11d1·1-• d,

~~

-~r-:~

!11 old :-.1!111 .. ~; whr>n Lhey are in

I n•r·o\·r·r f lli'tll.
5. l l1ad rallH·r ],., 111arrj,,.J to a l>eall 1's-l"'"'l with a hone in
)ii~ l11(11t fli t11ru1 t(1 1·ill11•r ~1f 1111""'"
6, FaL111 •r, I hav .i sinned ai;ainst, lJ ;;:i,ve n '""l in thy Ri~ht, and
:un 11 0 1n ore worthv tu 1.>c cal led ti1y su11; 111ak" "'"as one of thy
hi red serc_tn t ~ 7 · 1.:l1al1utl Crane \\':Ls tali. l.11t l'X1·ecdi11gh l;rnk, "·ith rntrrow
sl11111lder.s, l1111g· ar11 1s a111l 1"gs. li:u11ls that da11e;l»d :L mil0. 011t of his
81ee\'es, feel t.l1at. llligl 1L l1arn '"'l'\'\'<l for sl1ovels, :rnd his whole
frame m ost loosPly l11111 g togf'tlier. llis h <'ad was small ;ind flat at
gT1•; 1t. tla11 )-:·"r.

'.Mli1

~ir, iL ~11rg·t•11n

gla.'-'S.)'

t'_Y1>.-.;, a11ll

a ln 11g·

s11ipi~

11eck tu t~ · ll wllil"l1 \\·ay tl1l' \\'i111l ld1·\Y. Tr ,·'"''''. liiin 1-(fridi 11 ,:. :· a l (,11 .~
the proiile of a l1ill 011 a \1·i11dy day, \lilli J,j, c l<>il1c s liac;;,;i11g :u11l
fluttering abont l1i111, f_Hte niig-l1t ha,·r' 111i.'-'fakt·11 lii111 ft1r tlw g 1 ·11111~
of fa1ui11e desccudi11g upon the eartli, or so 111 tJ s1 ·an:cruw t·l111•1·d
fru111 a t:or11'i1·ld.
tl. Su .:\atl1a11 liale, di:-;daini11g 11t1 ser\·ict~ that Li:-; <'<Jtl1i! 1·\'
dt~111a11ds, p~·ri~lrt~-.; 11111i11H'ly, will1 1H><1tl1er frit~ nd tliall (;.11{ a11d tlw

sanctified ... . t·11~e pf d111y.

9. lk:tr lillll', '"""t liltl•', 111«e litti" ila111n.s eb,
"\\"t •, tlw ni:.1:..:.-11lti(·+·nt ('J"t•a111 nf :-\()1·i1·ty,
Hid
'\V1'

g· 1'J(1d-11i .~ht;

y(lll

}\,r tlw

~=:::=::;::::::;~;::==

" l11lll1a11 lllist·ry ur [i;1.p1•i11..,ss,"

:--11w1·i 1·:-\

iE·~

-

l'rn 111 tlic humorous to the patl1<'Li1: is short a nd easy.
]';ith,•tie p:tssages, full of t .. 11dt•r fo1ding, a lJOunu in J.is"•Hlt'Se ul :dm us t cv., r y kiial.
'l\, 11d(:r fn,lings, J•l'<>lll!•Li11g to pathdil: expression, comp:tssionatc or s_y 1111•atlll'Li1', may hr: :iwa.k 1" ncll by alln sions
(1) t"' "t1 ·1"1"r n·l:ttiow;Jiips" :1s of l1ome or country ;
(:.'.) t o" :tds nf goutliwss" a.s of l1nu i,;rn or devotion; (3) to
"h11111a1w sl'.11Li111l'.11ts" t.1\\1·:trd 1.11<: hrntt: creation; (4) to

gn·(~n,

11ose, so t11aL it luukt~ d likt~ a \u•ailier-cuc·k 1wrt·lwil 1q1u11 lti."i ·"Jii11dl1~

:-\\\. t'1't

h:L\"~

~ll1il t: S

a11d \\'1~ tr11 ...;L
\\t:!

,\'()\I f1Tl ,L'.Tatil111ln
lut\· e sc:dli·rt·d a1111111 .~ y 11 11.

hN·n horrd, hnt wr g- l:trlly pn t up with it;

X uLbi1q. ~ is ::; "1.;eter titan Ji::;inlt.:re::;l 1:d1u::::;,.
IO.

,\ ...; yull

slij1 tn alld fro

{J!I

tlw fr(1/.l'!1 11' \ 1..']:-; of C(1\\ 1· r '... ;

y~ · rs··.

wliich gin~s nu fudtl1n!d to tlie 111i11d. as y1•nr 1wr\'1H1:-\ 1·;1r a\\aih
t.he i1H'vit . aldt-~ r1_ ·curn~11cn (if i1is rli.\'1111·, n'.L'.·11L1rly p 1·rli 1i:1(·i , 111 .. .:. a:-:.
the tick of :.n t ' i.~ht .-day rlock. and n~n1i11di1i.~ y1111 of \\'(1ril:-.:wurth's
' ' i l111·1· 111oir~·

th•· :t ."'-' d i d l1 ·r 1:_.:. t lwr1 1H1 t

Ttw h:trd 1 dry si·f•s:t\\' of liis l1orri!rl1· l1ray,"

)'OU leara tu dread. ai111u :; t tu r,_....;1w 1·1, the 11ow1·r.i t1f tl ii. . i11di f:di-

gal•lt'. 11i:t1i.
11 . \\' liy ,

iL ft)r 111(~ to l.:i!l tli n ll"ir
I 111r11 1qqlJ1 !lie t1·1w l'ri1H't_<j
\\ . i1Y. 11HHI
k1h1w':-;t I a111 ~1~ \·ali;u1t a_..:. Ti c r,·111e ~: : 1111t. 1-ww ; trt~ i11 :-.:!.i11t:f. j t.lit" li1111

appa.n·1it.'!

ltt~ar 11w, 111_\' 111a.:-.t.er . . . , \\·a:-<

~lH11dd

will not t1n1<'lt t 1,,. I I'll" Pri"""·
12 . \\' liy is a ra gged boy likt • a.

pri·:11·lier lleari11g t.lH~ t'IHl uf

liis sennult '!

d1Jt/11 's.

13. I

Ht..·<"all.'-' C

ha\' 1~ c:tl1·n as

lw's !11n'd }ii ."

111:u1y shri1nps as S a11t so11 slt-w J'liili~ti1w:-\.

)\""· tu1d witl1 tlit· ....;:1.111e i11:->lr111r11·111.
14. Y<'s, to Hllwll j<(Jrk; to C':tt n( tile liahitatio11 which your
proph~-d, , tLt~ :\a,zarit .1~, t'.l111jnr 1 ~ d tlit'.

deYil iulu '.

15- "I' is true, tl1i,; god did shake:.

l did lwar liilll

~ro:111,

- - -- -----·- - - - -- -16. Tii e Ho lll ans \1·c rc 'itid tu ur11 l.l11•ir d ead,

~ ~1fg
"":':..:::r::

livi11g·.
17 . I f··ar r wrong ti"' ltc>1tu1·al.k
.'-)L;_d,:1cd ( d·.-..1 r.

lll•'ll

\Yiu."~ d agget'll

0

LESSON 71.

18 . Tl1t·r1 · is u11e ..... t' lTct a w ouial! 1·;u 1 ke1·p - hc:r age.
19. Of t.!1<: S,·rgt •:rnt u( Law, U1au cr r 'ays,

\ YJT .\\ II

l' ,\TIJ<1S.

"Nowh1·r ~o lH'S.\' a rnan :ls !iP 1li1·r 11 :1s ,
A nd y it, h e set·m1 ~ de ht!S it·r than li e was."

And o f th ;• Duclur,

20. Late 11 pon a Ill id11ig l1t d reary .''-' T p<•t1<l Pred , chill and cheery,
()\·vr n:rtai11 1-'ru.-;y \' ul 111111_•.-.: ut' co 11 te 1npora ry lore,
.1\ l i1 1. . . t 1ir1 1d wr ii' 1 ·a.~ 1 ·:-i Jil'u\•,-l ing, . . udde1dy 1 heard a g rowHng,
..\.-; 11f :-\1J 1 1wll1i 11.~· f:1111 I!~· 1111w 1i ri g , Ii ow ling a t Jny cl1ambcr
d1111r;
1

fill l

" 'T b so11ll' )?uur, s tray tyk e," I rnut.terccl, "howling at
c.l:~1.11:Ll'r Juvr.

uifili

::;:.._~

On ly tl1 i,;

ffit:~

;lltJ

1t ulli in g il1ure."

2r. lf t he d ay Kltall en· r arrin; wl11·11 lt is j>ar ii11 g
tlt:tt !tead s hall lit'. forg-oll1' n, 011 thaL day. <' •>Ill>' it K(H) ll or CO ltl e it
la te, it niay as 111ournf11lly as truly be said that \Vn.shin gton hasi
lived iu v<iin. Th e n th e '"'sse ls, as t hey n.scc n•l and de8ce111.l the
l 'oto1nac, 111ay toll th e ir li<ells wi t h lt t' W s ig nifi can ce as they pass
l\1ount Ver11ou; th ey will 8trike th e req uiem of constitutional
lilie rty for us , for all nati o ns.
Cl 1a u ce r, Shakespeare, Dry rl e11 , Cong re ve, Addison, Pope,
Swift, Goldsmi t h, J~amb, Irving-, ::icott, J e rrold, Dickens,
Thackeray , C arl y le, H olm es, and Low"ll arc but a few of
the writ.t• rs of Engli s h from wl1 0 111 illu s trations of wit can

be gle:rn P.d .
Direction. - Bring in illus tr:ttio11s of n.11 th e species of wit, and
illustrati o ns of path os al so.

r. Th e re ar.~ • • 11 11.11 wb1 ,_-:(' v i _....:.; 1 _~~·~ ,1.. 1 ·r 1·~t 111 •tt1 1l 111: lt 1tk liJ-, .
a st a11di1 1:._:· p( 1nd. :i lld d11 a \\i ll:. 1il :-- t1 il 1w , _.., 1' Jt lt ·1·raiu \\it l1 / il l"j" " 1'
11 11• 1 , ·~ , r 1, · • · 1 1 ,
to l1n dr;'':'·· ,! i1 1 :ui •• 1·i1 1i .i1 ·f \\ i :--. 1• . r 1 1• :..:. 1· : t \ · i 1_\· . 1, 1-\
kl.
as wlt• l KJ1,, 11 \d
" I ""' Si r ( >r;ti ·J ,., a11d \d 11·n I llJli' 111 y !i1
1

1

"'Y·

1

I

r..

1.",

l U-1

Q11r11/tics <f ,(:;t,!Jlc- ·Wit mul I'at/ws.

9· •· Y.. u 11111st J,e ., it.h<:r a knan• or a f"ol," sa id two Jawyei"!l to --~-..
·· L\·<,, .I'u 1 bt tween both," wa,a
liis re ply.
IO . :-;Jiu11ld ,1'0 11 a,;J; lll C \\l11•re] f.,llll<l it,
Fu11?Jd thi." :-:011g , i·•.: rl1ap~ so ~t11pid,
Fu11 11d Ll1i .-. lllP:-.L al_,11si\·p 1_·11it:,
l .,J1u11ld a11,11e1-, l shu1tlJ I.id! vou
That l fuLllid it <t l. '".Y li uele's:
N11111L1:r n1H·, aru1t11d ilu_• con1cr,
111 a: p:qi•_•r, ill a 1nwk1·L
-111 a enat 1 \\·itl1i11 ~L lll111.di1•,
'fi1 1d Ill \ t ii ·k Pft~d :111d Ltl1t •ll(:d,
Lal·dk<l !.y Ill} Gllt·ftd t:11t:lc.

]Jdil.) all 11i .l.'.l1t: a c:tl.'s sL'111I. l1ide tlreir lm·a~l1•l:il"s lr:q•1•ily

au Ii 1.-,lin1~u1 :,it.l ing betw1 ~t'.11 tlie11i.

~11I 1 1 ili1·1 I,
Slre11gil1e111'd \\·itl1 i11l<'r L1ci11.l'. ri:e1ls; rigltt. gla•I t!tPy ,](inned

t 111• c·al.;
'1'!1t' .,,·al 1,1. " la111p tl,.:ir shit>l1l; t.llf: llt'<·•lle for a h111·1: tlwy

\lit· Id.
J,1)ng- , pie-r1·i11~. kf-•P11. nor ~lars :t shaq 1er Wt~a.p11u ~·q111rt.··d;

Nor liel 1111•t. litn·d e'er no well , as
ol1o·ll.

1111 s tn.·ss was 1111d e a! id 1uulio 11 ic~:-.; fort> \·t~ r.

13. " Tl tr•·"'""" l1ad I, tlircc, \1Te kl1 ed tliree; a1111 now not OJJO
i,; leit to 111e.
Out of lib liulc the watclti1 1g cat clragi.;ed one, - a curst
rni,l"'l';
A1HI 111 o n.~tcr 111a11, wiU1 1·111111irig frau.L:;Jit, n 1y second in an
cug·i1H : L: ;u1~l1:,

calJt.. d a trap.
tu 11H ! ;tJHl tu Lis 111 ollu·•r

.·\ Jtt·w - i11\' t·1!11·d i 111n1t:..;1·-d .. _...,f1u:1 i11g i·1 i;. .:,i11t ·,

t;lk1•,''

11111111 '1·111
tn ri111 tliru' '•~Il l.

;111d 1101

T11

~uff,·r w1·! dan111ati1ill

15. lhy h:1t.l1 1•111. "" Lis j;wkd, :c11d aruu1lll

H11t Id ns arr11 a11d arm with 'l"'l'.!, f"r· tliis the villai 11 frog
sli;tll 1.J.,.,d;

Arnt ' :Ln 11 ' l,..· "h'I
1'11 111·11'
··
I,. If', atH I J1·.t us
,•
• 1 co1np

Cuuld Llw yuutl 1, tu \Yl1t1l11 tlt1'.

:-iCel:t'.;-o; of lift• tir
the ClltPri11g- 11pon SOl!lt ~ lit~\\ Jy di .~c. uVt'/"l'd Jiaradi~t' 1 iuuk ilJ!t> lllV
de:-;olat.ion, and Le u1ade Lu 1u1d er~Ltt1Hl \d1a t a dr1'ary l11i11g it. i ...,
wl"'" a n1a11 shall ft.1,J l1i111st· lf gu i11g du11·11 a l""·1 ·i1 ·i··,. "itl1 '')"'II
eve~ a1 1d a pa..,:-\in· \\·ill,~ to ,..;1_~e Iii ~ dt·~tnwtion a.11d havt· 11<1 p1J\\"t ' r
t~ sto11 it. a11d yt·I. !11 ft•i·I it all tl11·: way 1~t11a11:d i11g fr P111 l1i111 :-1 ·lf . 1,1
]H~ r1·eiV t-' all ~.::1J1Hl 1 11""':.; 1·11q1ti1•d 11111. uf l1i111. :uid y1·t. Jl<•t to l 1P aLl1·
to fnr.~1 · L a tinin \\' l H·n ii wa.s 11flt('l"\\· i."P; tt) Lt•ar ahn11t, tl1f' 11il1·~ 1 11~
sp1~ctai"l ' " of !ti.-.; (1\\'11 ~·w if-ruiris: - c11uld hl' :·wt~ 111y f,•ven·d 1·y 1•.
fevt_·ri~li \villi la~L 11iµ:l1t's dri11kill .~. a11d f1·veri~lil.Y kinking f<11· tl1i . .
11iglrt.'H n •pdilin11 nf tl rP f,,Jl_I'; co11ld Ir<' f1•t·I t.lrf' \,.,.h· .,f tiw •lt-at 11
out. of whi1'.h r (~J'V hn11rlv \\"itli ft·P1dt-•r a11d f1 •1 •ld1•]' 01111·ry le) Lt •
di.JivPn ~d ;-- it.".,.,:,. !'111111 _~:\1 t11 111ak1· lii111 d;1.-.l1 tl1~· ~1·: 1rkli r1g- IH·\·1·ra.ge t.11 tlic earth ill all the 1)rid1'. 1,f it.-.; 1n;u1tling t1~r111dati1i11; to
make l1i111 1·\:1-.1• l1is t.-<'i.lr,

I2. lkar, g<'11ile, j •ctlieJJL, lt1JL! e ,'\,.JI was dead. Her little bird
p1i11r, ~lig!it titi11,:;· llw r1r1""'·"'11r1..: ,,r a Ji11gt·r wo11ld hav e crushed
--··-~ wa~ st irri11 g ui1JJl1ly i11 its ca.:..:·e; ;u1d Lhe ~trong lt earL uI its child.

:·-:ail

Brrt. out of tlr••. I.lark

but st-"!. a. fo~>I, ir1 t.!i,; fwri],,lh JI( Hid.

:L

d:irlin .~·,

14. Th e w:tl•' l'' lral' e .u:o 11e """" 111e.

flavor or Iii . . . fir st wi1H~ ls (kiiL'.iuus as the Ppe11i11h·

\\'liPn the lnisba11d :t11d so 11 fell i11 t.lie wild storm of battle,
t.!11· '.•1·a1" : w o 111a11 ·~ lJt:arl [,,,,1; .., i11 s ile11ce, Lut. tlie busy Jiugern did
110!. !:tlkr.

\\,.e had tl1is third, r111 r
.;ad .

t.hl'ir heads th<.: wal1111l-

t!i·pt.11.-<. crnil d I J.,. li•:ard. l "'"lid ny lHtt. lo all ti""" ' 11!1., 11:.v,;

IL

--

u 11

Iii.-.: l 1 1iri1i1 1 ~· h) :..;1,111 111t!l11111 ·il it. \\ifli :'la.rs.

llt·rt! \\·ill I lay

\' 01igeanco
.

11 11 • 1111

t\11 • \·1·h·t·t g ra.-.::-\,

' l'l1 ;1l. i:-\ Ii\.;!' 11;uldi11g tn 1·artl1'~ 11wagt-r ril 1 s .
~ ,,._
-

At. nirci· to ar11" tilt'.)' flc11-, arrtl Ma rs l1i111self their
" '"apo11.-.; drew.

11 .. ' "id.

~l·lil lll';t1 i - :--i1··ll~ ,:. .; ri·1·11 . . . 1· 1 \"c1l ll1·· 111 fu r ;_:lt':L\'t ~ •...;, wl1icli U1ey
\) f'J'•' 11

iJ.Lli I I~

;i

l

---~:t-'
·~ · :?'

Direction . . . Hri11~ iri i1!1t :--.l1:tl i1111...; qi all Lite :-:1 1q·i1 ' :-i
illt1:-- tr; 1!i 1H1:-; 11! p;1t\i1•S ;11:·- 1>.

1°f

\\it, alld

J%
SCllE~IE

A

REVfEW.

Wit -- Its ncfinition ancl Use.
Path os - l ts Deflnitivn and Use.
J. Satire.

....

r rr.

0

~

"
0

~arca:-; ui.

I

:~ ~ )
;a

i

.D

"'

ro

L

>._ _0
"
....,.
~

~

J:on

.g
0

p:;

r

i

J

l

Ill.

Hidicule.

l V. .I ru 11y.
V . illllll Ol".

J. A Bnrll'S<jllC.
lf. '!'lie ~lock-lltroic .
II!. A l'arvtiy.
I\' . A l'u11.

LESSON 72.
ELEGANCE.
J

Jim

In 0rd1uary prose, stylt! is wholly rn the service of the
tl1u11glrt. I ts \\"()rLli is llll'tlS lll"t"d uy Llie (kgrce in whi ch
iL rnakl's tl1t~ thought disti11 ct or forcible, and forgets itself
i11 Lliis service. J !Pre that is r egard ed as the best style
which d oes not :lttract atten t ion to itself, but leaves that
for the tho11glit. Hut st.yin, wlril1 ~ sPning the thought, may
d u 1L w1Ll1 :l <:u11 sc iu11 s 11<·ss t.lr:lt 1L l1as :t Y:tlue independent
of the service rend er ed by i t. The lir:rntifu l color of the
h or se, its grace of form, its styk :1.nil carriage do not pull
at the traces, are no p:nt of the beast as a working animal;
lmt, tlrcy are qualiti es so valuabl e as to be secured at almost
any cu::;t.
Elegance is that rinality of f<b· ] p whiPh ,;hows itself in
gr::we a11d l1r-: 1u ty of l'XJll"Pssio11. 111 its rarPst form it is
fo11lld in 1'(1Ptry, th e most artisti(· spC'('.H'S ol' litnratnre, and

is 11 ut. su11gl1t '' it 11 s111·.l1 :u1xiu1 1s 11111·~t Ly \\l'1Lt·1·s ul' l'''' s '"
!<;kga11<:e is tittJ lii.glwst and 111usl tl..licatc 11u;ilitv uf SL\ J,.,
tliP c>11<> 111ost di!Ji,·.ult ul aLtai111111 J1Jt , :u1d Ll111 illll•
Li~t.
altain1." l. 'l' Jl\; el':L uf deg:lllt jll"t•SG 111 11;1t.iu11: il JJ fc l'Ullli'S
when tl11e rough, ]iio11cer work h:1s Lc·,·1 1 <lu111•, wl1t·n disti1rl 1i11.g '11w ,., tions 11u lu11gPr <·xcite tl 1e tl1i11k1T~, :u11l wli1·11 l],..
f1id.i1>11 ul' pa1ti1·s lr:1s lll'ell ruluc·ed tu :l 11111 1i1111111 1. 'J"l,,.
a1111:11iti1 ·s ;u1d J"t'li11<·1111·11ts ur styli• 1·:111 lw n ·:11·),..d <>l1 lv
wl,..1 1 1•111·r.gy l1as i11 :1 J11l':ts11n· s1 1lisi1k1l , ;ls l';l,_,,. :u1d J..i ,.,11 1-, ·
follow, l1ut do nut preceLlt', c;t.n1gglc :u1d 1·111111 •1"t.1·11t't' .
Jn a writ1· r, plf•g:uH:n is the outctJ111u of l1 1glt cult11n., l'"rl1TL
self-possession, a tranrp1il thcmu all(l c·rn111•ktL• 111astny uf
it.
Ifs Requisites.
f. 'l'lreri; must lw beauty i11 rnw" s
thought it' l1tJ wu1iid li;t.\<1 l1caut_y 111 its i·x1111·sstu11 - tl1<:
soul witl1111 dews 111111'.!1 tn 1':1sl1iu11 tlw l11111y it i1il 1:il11 h .
11. Words 1n11 st l>L~ chosen witl1 regard t." l11 ':u1ty :rn1l
euphony. The n :rbal rcsounTs of the English lur \;trit'll
expn·ssi11n are great. [11 its er111111c1s1t" vuc:;llHilary, wo1"I~
of l\,11111:uwe a11d wurtls of T1·11tll11i1: origin - t i l l ' .s 1111•t1th ,
rndli!l11011s \l'ords .,f tl11-: i11tl1il1·11t :-;t111Lllt'r11 rai:1·.-; a]l(l tl11:
harsh, vigorons wonb of t111~ P111:rgeti1~ J\i urthern 11;lLio11s stand si11e hv siilf:.
Our voc: d.)lll:Lry lras n ·crnit1·t! 1ts1:lf
from th e spe1.•r:h of en·ry pt'O}'le and lit1·rat1m· with wl1 i1·l1
tlu~ l~11gli:·d1 r:l1'1'. Ji;1.:-; l1:t1l <'lJI111111i11lt ·:1 tiun.
J\11 111·t·il!'1d, \\"I'
lia.l a1111.,,; L said :ill 1·c>11<·1·1,·:1l il. ·. so11111ls n·111-.·,- .. 1i1 .. d l•\'
vowi·ls a11il t'1Jl1 st11 i;1nt.;-;, ;;ing l1• ;u1d in 1·t1rnli111atiu11. ;1r1• 111
our w<mls - words, some of wliicl1 gli1le from t111: t.1>11:-;111',
arnl so111c of which mu st be 1'.i ac 11lat.1:il. l 11 English, l•dt"r
pPrli:-1ps t.han in any ot lwr S]'•·reh. living or d··ail, W<>l"i.s
1;a11 lie fou111l t.11:.t :ll'<' ;u1 "<Thu tu tl11· se11st· ," kt !.1111 s1•11s•·
\)p wh at it will. (1) lb]>id 11111ti<>11 antl ('..!)slow 11111tio11. (:;)
ease :i.nd (-1-) d itlir·ni t.y of dfo rt, ( ,c,) smouth nPss and ( Ii) liar,;li1wss, (7) tlw:tgTe•·abln and (S) th1: disag n:eaule i11 tl 1i11gs,a11d

ms

Qualities of Stvle - Elegance.
]oner stretcl1Ps without slup pi11g. lLs ]':trLs 11111.'L 111 •L 111 : ""! 1·
ara~eLl atHl so rn ctl1i11 g 1J1 o re ur k ss part~ nth l'L i t·:tl [," n 11 '1" 11"d
in bct\\"i'f'll , r·rniipelling tl11• r>'ild"r to tlisn11•1111L 1.- .. 111 111_··
maiu thouglit only to ]1 ~a p 11ack i11tu tit•' saddl" wh•·Il t.1 11:;
tl111tt .,], t. 1S l't ' Slt lilt"!_
VI~ TJ 11 ; use of rhythm 1·1111tril111t<"·s tu elegance . Prose
.
. I 1 r•"!'". r '"
· · "!" , ti"'
rhythm
is tltat. r 11t alit.1· in :t sn1tt· 11c• ' w I ti<'
.,
·
1
1
r
·
1
r
t
l
'"'
11'•'
one n •:uli11g it alnu.J a nsP ;1n :t at u , "' · ' · 1 l 11·
n':t1l•·r 1·1itnlis 0111' si.J<' ,,i· tit " 11111 :111d d"s1·1·11(l,.; "11l1,.. .,\ ],, r.
T! II' 1"11\s ,,f 1111' ,'<' Il l•"'"·"" 1111'1' I \ l "' I ,1 1I " ' I I (l l't "I I t "I" 11-

(0) size cau, to a tlegrce, Le imitated by words combined into .
sentences. E\' ery passion and every thought can be uttered
in language especially appr0priate to it. From this rich
diversity in our vocabnla,ry, it lutppens that the felicity of <liction aptly used is at orn:e see n, si nee every kind of it
is set off by some other differing from it. ·when th e words
of a language arc mainly euphonious or harsh, short oi· long,
weak or forcilil e, there can be little lwa nty arising from the
fitness in sound of t he word to the idea, because there can
be little or no co ntrast .
Elegance requires t he choice
words ;i,grecabl e to the ear.

of

I I t.l"' ]':Ll·h :ir"
111~. disti111·tll' a11t.it.ill't.i1'. l•11L r;it.lwr \>:tr:1ll .. 1. ""''· ]i;ti·u :t 1' 111_'~
of balanced ~entence (Jt"ltl'l' tl1:lll Ui:tL s11uk en or Ill Lc ss ull !,.,
iiw

Direction. - Turn tor., L"~~(lll i\:;, allll li11tl line~ illt"Lr<Uiug (1),
(:.!), (4), (&),am! (G) uf th<· 1•arng rapl1 :dJon·.

III. There must be beauty in tlw imagery. \Vl1ile we
insi s t that no figure of spl'eeh should be used, like ear<lrops, merely to aflOrn, it is true th;tt no image need enlitit
wholly in the se rvice of the thought. 1t may rni11ister to
01lr taste, gratify our craving for the beautiful, and this
without neg lecting its tluty to the thought.
IV. Elegance allows Alliteration. - While in a prose sentence words wl1i.-'11 su ttl1d alike arc offe nsiv e, it is agrceaule
to t ltti c:i.r to lwgin s1•\·cr:d s11ccess i1·e words with the same
letter. Alliteration, th e re11diLi11T1 of the same l etter at the
beginning of s uecess i vc words or words Hear each other,
if not frequ e nt and obviously striven for, contributes to
elegance.
V. The sentence may be long. hut it must be smooth and
flowing an cl Pm] in a cadence agreeable to tl1t' t>ar :wtl in keeping with what pn·r,ccks. Enf'rgy is s"n"·li1111·.s impati .. 11t of
ll 111g ~c11Lcr 11 :t ·::; alld Dcck!:l thus1 : Ll1aL an~ sl1urt, rugged, auJ.
fitted Lu "xpre;;s inte nse Liiuugi1L :u11l passion; I.mt elegance,
i11si:,;Li i1g u n ly tlta t the :se11k11 ce sit al I 111o ve s moothly, leisurely, and witlto11t appare nt e lforL, allow ti it to run over

tltP pivot of a /111/ or :Ill

ntt

1111.t

1•r :1

111

1

1.

, ;:1 f;
·'

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~

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I

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Th e e\' nb,-ting ga \PS nf ),p;w1·n

I.

f<,rlh; aiid, ,.J(lthcd
of

Sf'r:qd1i111

and

\\'itli 111 aji·:·d

\\·i,le 111 1.. t 1i:111 I'"''

np('ll

.\" , a 11 d ;i1T~1111p:t.riit·d

· , ;t11 .\l!!H
· ...·
(');f•rul.1111

''

1111 tl1(•tJ:--al!ds

tu I w I ll~ I I t I 1 · "1t".l
~
1

1

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k t ·' 1.,.
.

dr111r\ iw d1w ~ jl:l'"'i fortl1. f;11" i1d1~ l\1 ;!1 \1·1 ·y {'l1 i1t'." tl11·,,11._J1_\\l11(.·l.1 tlH~
n •h i• l ati~··l:-: li:t\'P :-<n r• '{·1·t d ly f:dl~·r1. :u1d '' l11cl1 111 1 \V 11!11·1\ 1 ·tw :-hct.\\.Ti'Tl

l l1·a\'t•11 aJtd I ltd:.

2 _ \rliil c t.he wild wiiid

·
\\"('ltt

lllDa11i11g

e\'1•rywl1··r,·. Lt11wrd111 ~

the d e;u] cl 1il.J r,.n of Ll1e air.
3. l'p tlll' !1i_c:l 1 !1ill lw lw:t\"•'-' :c .l"''-''" r:•1rnd _,\,,111•.
'-\v r1·11 ·'
..., \··I l1 1• ,:.,_rl j, li-d l 1 ~v
4. Ile li:-Jle11ed lq t· 110 1..;.nng- 11 I 11 w '"'
without being- ,.;rcl11ee1l to the ir 'liore.
_ .,
S· Y11t1 ('li-!lJTllnn er.\' rd' (' Ill":-\ ! \\'\10..; r• )q·,)atl1 1 l1af . ;1<..: .r· ·1·l\ CJ .'.]p•
l'CJtlrn f1• 11:-:, wli(l:-:'~ 1~1\·r·s I 1·ri11• a~ t1w d1·ad car1 ·a ,-.._..,, ..... ,,j 1111l.H1 i· ·d
1

...

--:-~­

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•

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( 'h:1t1<·i~r·:-: l"• :·d

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. ....·t I'll ·11 l'.._'..

i:tli·:-: r 1111

011

lil~··

.• 1 lit ! lt• ·' 111 il I 11r1 1ir1"-,

11tw

11f

1i11r

ri\· 1 ·.r...;.

ir1la11d

l. w.-.;
that di11q1l1•. witl1n11I , r1· l:u· 1li11 ~. ti11' i·111-r1·1d . : ~1111w!111H"" !j1.\t•·r:111:..:
~n1ont lily, \\ I1 ·1
t e j 1,,
~ 1-,.
~ ,'lltil t. lli~rt : a c111i t·t tliu11c;lit, a 1 •1111'-r ! ···1111,:;,
.

~O l!ll'f 1 !Ill'"'

1q11111

1l11'!tL" 1·\. \ ' 1•:-;
1

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.

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;t

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p l r·a .-.: a11L itna~· ,.!

or a. g, iJ .j4•11 -lw; 11·:1·d \"•·r:--;". u111·11s q11ivLly a.-.; a

wakr-lil y tu 1lu:tt 0 11 tl 1e s11riace witl101tL hreaki11;.: it i11Lu ri pple.
7. 1 :"\ifL the ~ I JU\\' 011 t ill! lllUtL11la111:) l1cl11w, ;u1 d Ll iei r g T1·al
p in~ ·:-; g r o~1 1L :·t glia .. .; t,; a1 1d all tl11' ni~· ltf '!,is 1n y pillow wliite, wliil1~
f slt>i'p i11 th e :1n11" 11f 1l1 c· l 1h::-; t.
:--; :1\i littH' r111 tl1t' iu\\·i·rs of 111y
_..,i.:y··\" ) ... \\ .· '!" --., li~i 1 ini 11 ~·. lJtY 1·ii1•i, '"'ii-- , iii :L 1·:t\' 1·rn u11der i:-; f1· l: 1· r1· •! f !it· tl11!11,l . · r, it ... tnI .'.. '."':..:,li·...; : l1i il l H1\\' l...; :tl t\t...:.
8 . ;\ow ,.... \1ft t.lll t.11 1._~ . . . ;u11I, 111~w J1,111l uri tli1...1 le1lg·e, is l1eanl Llio
LL.L111p

ul

111.'i

~Lt..'ed

t

111

w1-ul, 1iwr1· is Jtl•

11;1111~-.

li• _' l' l :

;-.,!

_-.;)1·1·1 •.\

0

I !l I!"-.., ;l l •1 llJt

[i( Jt

. \11.i 1l:i -..l1i:1.~·

JO .

Tli " l··Jit•r

.-...11ft

nl('L" :1r11 11t 1• !.

fr 11111

t' hllJ t · i1

J,111-...:.1'1"

Llii a11d

l1 1 1l ilili :i,~

1

i .. ·;111 : 1I11!

1

·d l'.\

.o..:idi•. J. 11l

:-:!01nl l11·ft_,rtl

,...,1 i-.1i ~·. i1L a:-; llie

11illa r

1·;1"J i1! i ,:_:, ! i I•' (;11· 1 J lt':-..i

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l

l._\· l1•'1' :1n 11i .. -.;

11111 -.. !1·r1·d

f,,r

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he \\·/ic) litte rs tl1l." SJHitlid di1·, yet tin~ illl!llOrt a.l fire
1ir .:..:. :1r1 idHJ ("t •li
· ·" i t ; a1 1d tlit.· lircatl1 uI
ld1Prt.v, ii kc tl1 e. ,,.(lrd l)f lh~\ Loly 111a11, ,,- jjj 11ot die \vitl1 tlie Jiropliet.,
1~ ll I \\ i! l .. . l l 1· \. i \' j • j I i ; I! .

~·d1;tlJ t1tll l:L:--;L Llie h11111lili·

\,y :t11\· lii.~h .'"' lalld::rd ~, :· i111:1.~ i11a ti 1111 , P(11·1· ,,-i!l he
ft111 11d wa11Li11:._:-; tr ie d li .\ · a11y lt·:--L uf \\ii. lie is t1u1i\'id i t'.{l.
i5. T ii en ·· ;-; a d:111t·t• uf kavc .'-1 i11 tli:tl ;1"11··11 1><1\\"1·1·. tiwn·':-; a. Li tk r
u!" \\ i11d .'i i11 tli:tt ln_: t•1·l1 t ·11 lrt·t•, tl11'!"(' :-i :t :-;i1iilt~ ()!l tl11'. fruit. and a
...; 111il 1· 011 tlH~ tlo\\"er. a11d a, lall~li frt -! Jll tiw !q·1111k tli;tf_ l'tl!1:'! tu Ll1~~

J.l·

.\ l1_';l " tll"• '1_i

0

16. J\.,

tl1t~

~nft.

air ~f 1•;1L..;

i11

a111l 1•11\"1 '1t1p-.;

\vuilil , :....o iliaL !lw tret '."i ;utd tiw liiils

crops, and ti:e St' a
it s 1111ru l.·~ q d
-~.

i=--111 . -

an~ 1n;td1• rt•11Hi1t:

:--o, uver all !ln•

a11d

1·\· · ·r.\tl 1i1 i ,~ i11 tl it-~

1lw r:\'1'1".'"' . tlw t'iti t·:-:.. tliu

;111d

d1-lit· :1 !!'

t • \ "t'llL..;

:111d lw ;111tif1il

li_y

tif I'll!" iirt ·s, c 1J11tfur li1 1 .~·,

reli1!i11g, at1•l 1· leval11 1.:..!' . fall~. li~e a l_.,,_. ,l'·'1 l!1_·t1 1it 1, tii~ n~111~tr1bra.t11'.~
of (11 1r (· 11 H:-; J11 Iii•' 1·t1 r. t!•· .

i7 . There an ~ IHJ h eld:) uf a111ara11t!1 ull ti 1i .'i ,'jide ui il1e graYc;
tl1t·1·1·

;ll"•' 1111

\'1·1~···;--;, () l~lH " l''!"'

<",

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t\i:1 :

l•h\·,

\" 1' !l1at 1l1 ru 11 _~-li ,\t•!!1· !1• :1i- t.""

f1•i•i \ \ 1.- .!..:l:t• \ 11" :,."i 11f t ]1 1• .\la _Y .
4 . A11d t!11111, a!l-sl1akiHg Tl1r 111d 1·r, strik.: tlaL tlie tl1i~:k rtd1111 -

j,HJ:l\'

13. ri1u11gii

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2.

hl1·w :u1d ! 1t•;lf,

1

1

l1i ."'

f;tir ;i11 d

\~·~- 1....: 1!1 i· :t !111ir:t!i• H1 :1 .\ ·1l,;1 ·1 w

.'....'.

I-: 1.1 :1; .\ \( ·1 ·:.

n11t1w l."

ti11: l1:11t!1· .. .:. pf Lnrp11c ' , iwr 11;1\' w :<. o\,· r.-..l 1:1df)\\i11'-!: t\11' 1 ~1 ·, •;t11, ur lJt·r
I' JI Ii •I J"t'

1•a,-;..:-; iu11;l l 1 •

l.1· ;-.,:-...1 111 -,·:..:'.
Ilu

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Ll.

1if

l t J!/ .~ .

l1i111 g·lo rili1 ·1!. :·d1i11i 11 ~ a11d
l 111·

'·11q• l1 a.-.. i:-;

LESSON 73.

l_.li ;l-i, ,-..1 ..... i 1

1 \

\\l1:il1 \('I

I

11i

j•·i1w.! ;ll" ,-..(1111111.
I I.

:..'.11

·:·1, ( // (' f.

Direction. - l {ri11 ~ in :-:1 · 1d1 ·1)!T:-: 1·• 11it .ti11i11 .:. .:, tl\t' ."t '\' 1·r;il r··qui .--i t ··~
(if tdeµ- a11 ct·, aud (•tlil'r:--: wl 11J:-:1 · :-;1it1nd i:-; :111 ' cc..·li u ti.J l.ht~ :;t·11s c."

as he ride.') .

lli t·y 11:s1.:d lu :-:.it

,

lc1\·e r1·1 wal1 ·1l , o[ \\hi~·l1 1lw ''t ' ltL1 i~ ! Jfd fai11t at la ....;l.

l lie :-:li :iri · ~ ti 1r 1J :: .~ li a. ltJ11.~-, LLJ.y ;.,11111 111 e r's d:ty. Ldki11~· li;-.;l11.•;--;:-;Jy u\·1~ r Yi!Ll .:..:1· .L:"·"'-"'i 11, <Jr ll'l lit q.~ e ndless,
9.

\i i1 l1

I '/

1 ·...

1li:t t ~tr•

] , 1 1 1 -..j H, 11

1:11 1t 1·, !1v\\'P\'t:'f

dit \.

u' tli e

\\"{1 r ]1l.

5
s l 1' i rt l~"·
llttl Ltr )w\(J\ \ I )1 ,.Jwlol \ 1·1 · 1t 111 i 1 t1 ! >1\ \ -i \,i-at111.~- i.tt tfi ,. 111° -.; .. 111
c•f :·d• ! lw li: 1 1f-i1 idd1•11 \;tl~·'. :l :_: c1 ],[t.1 1 1·1 :l ar ,fl· ....:(i\ ;11' :--1 1i• ·1 1d ( 1r \\l1h·l1
J 1;lrl 1•:....r'<tj•t·d tl1r()11 ,~l1 rif t:-; ai i d r1_·11h ill t.i1t: l'l()11d:-1 Ll 1aL tu 1111_
· \ \'1 · r 1·
a .-.i, ill\·i .-..il)],• a ...; t!w .-. . 1111 liir11 .-. . 1·: f.
7 . .. . :. J t1', 1T11\\'f11·d \\it!1 1i ;i\·,, ~:r • ·+·11 , (';1J1i•' :--•1ftl\· :-;li.Ji11 .~ d{o\\' ll
l ) 11, •\! ~'.) 1 if I t· \ t i I' 11 i Ii_; :·· j •) 11• 1···, J 1j..; ]" t ·: t• j _\ l 1: 11· ) , i 1 1 .~ 1 · 1·. \\ I l J 1 11 l ~ 1 j ,. \ \ l I! _...:
t) 1,. :l!l\ ( •1"1it1..: ~·],.11 . i...; dii"idin'...'.:: a: 1d. \\a,·i1 1!-!: \\· id,~ lwr 111yrtl.- \\a11d,

li:t 111 l I l w
6.

sl1" ~11·ik1· '-'

;1

1111 i\' •· 1 -.,; 1] 1•1':l!T tl1rq11 .~;l1 :-;~ ·:l ;1:1d i: L11d_

l1ri1 · J":-', :. . li:trp fur:.:.1 ·~,
111 i1 ·ki 11 :. :,- .~ .. ,. . . .: _' : 11ii\ tr : :)rr1~ \\'l1l1·\i t>:i11·r··d tl11 · ir f rail _...;)1ill :-;.
9. ' !'h,-. c:.-11 Ft -r·1rp"d tn'.'.Tr~ . t iw ;...:•1r~- .... n11~ 11ala1'P:-', l-l1 ... ,..i.).- 11111
it '. liqi l ~· ..... ;Ji,. .~r· ·.1 : .L'. 1t 1i ,, · i1 .-.. ,· lr . .\·· ;1, ;dl ,d1icl1 ii i11L ~ ·rit ~1 1a! t di:..-~tJ!vt .. ~ aHd 1 liku tln.i i11.-..1d1.'\LL111.1 ;d pa~caul L1JcJ, k~t\. l'· i1uL a Lt~: !\.

b

Tiw\· 111\· li1\\i 11:._r ful ~ 1 . w 1 ·d LLr(1H~ )1 t <~•il l 1'd

ln·i1iJ1d

-~ -- ~-\~~-[
-~ '':_._ ,__·~2

~··=

,:..·

202

Q11alitics of Style - Rlegancc.

But tell wh y the sc pu lch l' r, whe r ein we saw thee quietly
inurn crl, lmth op e<l hi s po nde rou s and marble jaws to cast t hee up
agam.
II. Nut in e ntire fo rgc t.f11l111•ss a11d no t in utter nak"dnes8, but
trailing clonds of glory do w e co111c from God wl10 is our home.
I2. \Vh e n tlic lou d s11rgcs las h the soun<li11g shore, the h oa rse,
r o ug h ve rse sho u ld like th e torre n t roar.
I3· A s loop was lo ite ring i11 the distance, d ropping slowly down
w it h th e Litle, her sail hanging uselessly ag:ti nst the rna.~ t.
14. Oth e rs 111ight possess th e qual ities whic h were necess:iry to
sa,·e t.h c popul:lr party in th e cris is of d a nge r; H a mpden alone had
l1ot.h th e pu wC' r auc.l t h e inclin at io n to restrain its excesses in the
li o 11r o f triu111 pli.
15· If, t 1m1i11 g hack, T co11l 1l overpass tli c vale of years and
e1J11ld st:111d 0 11 t he 111 011 11tai11-tnp, a11il cn dil look li:wk agai11 for
Lefore m e at t.lie Lrit;ht :~scc nding 111 o rn. we would enjoy the
prospeet tog1·thc r; we would walk along th e summit hanrl in lrnn <l,
0 lth o< l <>pc, a nd we wo ul <l 0 11 ly sigh at last wli c n we foull<l ourseh·es Le low with , others.
16. Fro m the sil <'tl<'c and d ePp p eace of tl1i s ~aintly summ er
night, from t h e path etic bl e nd in g of this s weet moonlight, dawn- .
light, drea111li g ht, from th e manly tenderness of this fla ttering,
whi speri ng , 1nunnuri11g love, s1Hlrl<' nly as from tl1e woods an d
fi1 •l.Js , s11.J.J., 11ly :L~ fr o111 tlit~ cha 1111J t~ rs of the :Lir ope ning in revebl io11 , ~11d1l<-11ly a.~ fr"111 1111· g- rn1111<l yaw 11i11g at l1 r r feet, leaped
UJ>Oll he r with tl1 e 1lashi11g of cat aracts , Deall 1, the crow ned phauto 111, wi t h a ll th e e •111ipag•~ of his !e rrors a 111l t.he t.igPr roar of his
vo ice,
17. \Vh e n I re1n c n1he r what a noLle am! beautiful woman is,
what a numl y man; wh e n T ree l, dazzl ed by this glare, druuken by
th ... se 1K,rf11111 cs, co11fusc1l Ly t hi s alluring mus ic, and refl ect upon
th e e no rn1 o us sums was te d in a p o mpo us pro fu sion that d eli ghts
no Oll f'; wh e n T look arou 11 cl upo n all this ram pant vul garity in
ti nse l :w1l l\rn ssl' ls l:t<'< ', a11il think how fo r t un es go, how men
slntgg-1<', a11d los1-1 th e l.Joolll of their honcsh, how wo 111en hide in
a srni li1 q; prl'Le 11 ce , :rn 1l •!ye \\' it h t·a u,t.ic gla n ce~ t]H,ir neighbor 's
11 ewe r h11 11 sf'. oli:unolllls, or porcC' lai11 . a11cl nlosr•rv<• t.l11 •ir tl a.ug hte rR,
:;uch as th "'"; - why, I tre111lile and tre11tl1le, and this scene
IO.

~11 :)

to.ni gh t, e \·e ry Cnll·k" i1<dl ti1is wi1d c r \\ii! lw. 1111l tlw 1 l··: L'-;l1 1t
society of 111c u a11Ll wo11n·11, but e Y1· 11 in llti.-; yu11n .~· Ctlllrilry .. a11
11

1

1

~neli

org-ie

it:-;

a=' rott in g- Cu ri11 t h ....;aw, a

fre1 11.it~d ft·~t i, · al

ol 1:,i11w

i11

d eca~l · ·r 1 e ,·.

18. Fur so li a.v 1 ~ I :-;~'.t~ll a lark ri ... l11g fro tll his lwd 11f gr;t .. . ;. .; ;u 1d
111 .wa.r1_1_..,, .r.:.i11~·i11.~ ;1 _...; iw ri.-.: ~ ·;-;: a11 ~1 [lw ] 11111 1•'-" f(1 .'. .:. •'i : , 1

sva rin .~

he axe11 and 1· li 1nl> aho\· e f lw

l'l1111rl...;:

h ut Llie p~ 1ur l1ir d "· a;-; \ .. · ; 11· ·11

b ac k by t 1i e lo ud s i ~·J 1i11 .~s o f :u1 Ea ... . tern '' i1 11', a 11d hi:-; 11; ( •11 1•:1
Tnade irr e .~11la r :uid i1 wo11stant, di '.-.; t · ewl i1 q.~ n1 11r1· ;ti. 1._·\1 · ry l1r,·;il !1 11f
t,l1 n tr~ 11 1pt· st t l1:tn it co uid r rco \-cr by Uw liLLltHill :t!ld f r1· 1; 111'J 1 t
\Vt·~ i g" lii11 .t~· of hi s wing-~, t.ill tl1e l i ttlt~ er1 ·; d ,11rc \\"; h f<1!'1'1·d 11 c- i t
Jow11 and pa11t a11J st a y t ill the st urn1 "a" u\'• •r ; :1 11.I tl..- 11 ir 111:td··
t~ pros pc rou~ tli;..:-lit :rnd Jid r is•" :u1d ;; i11." a .-; if it i""I l··:u11.·d 11111 ., ; .·

.,
: ; I;

:_~

1

:tnd Jll O filHI fr<1lll :l.ll ;lll ~ t'l :l S !J i~ p;1.-.; ~1·d ~()Jl\c1.i!1w :-; t\irutl .'-.:,fi t l i•· ; l i l"

ab <1 Ut Iii:-' 11 1i11i ... tri··:-; lw 1·· · h1.·ltJ\\'.
Brin~

Direction. Direction . sa.iJ

crn1ct·r11i 11 ~

j-

d

in sentences conta in in~ tl1l' Sl'Vl'r:tl

uf 1·l1·ga 111· t · , :t rzd utlwr:-; \\"lH•~t· :--1•l!Jid

":I

i:-;

rer111i,it l'~

a!l .i~·t· \1 ~ 1 t11 tlw ;o-;.·11~t· . '

1

:: i~~

•ftU-1
0

Wri t" a11 l' ss:w 11 1:tt s l1a ll ill11 , trat t• 1111:11 li: L" J,,

;,,;

· · 11

the \vay:-; tlf st·t·i1rill .'. .'.: t:l1.·g;uw1· .

\Ve l1 e r e e1"l wl 1at wo ha ve t n s~ L V n n Qua.l iti es of ;.; t,y]1' .
\ Ve l1:tvc all alollg so ugl1t fur q 110Llt iuw; t11 illlt sL r: d.1: :lt1d •·11 forcr.

th e rull's bi<l d11wn .

Tli1,; c1>1 1rs1 : \\'" sli:ill <'11 llfi11111·.

Even if tl11· se t:xt raets <li1l I111 t 1'111l·. i1ht.i · :u11l 1· s t:tl ili o; J1 " ""'' '
poillt i 11 :;t_vl1• . t.l 1ey w11t1lil 1·1ilt.i,·:.L,; 11ll r Taste.
IL j , f,. l1t e r: Lt.l1rt ~ t.!1:tL l!llder w ise di rcd iv a we are lv gu J1.1r tl1i s culti -

. -.
--?~

a p o wl'!', tl1·li .. :1 tl' as \\'('ll as r·:lt 11-

.,;,i

olic, to detl'ct tire e x c ..Jl e ll<·it>s o f a.a aut.l 1or, a11d a cap:11 ·1t._;

··~·'.~ -~

v a tion.

·n y Taste

\\' e m ean

\Ye mean a ft.,.l in g for tl11: lwst a 11il a11 111 tli e best in thuught :ind t.h1· l11· st.
in ex pn·ssio n . l\'e m ea n a f:u:tllt.y tl1at makes n ·:cd:t: .:; "
snl!rf'.f' of e11nst:rnt ClllL urn a1Hl tkligh t . A lid we ll\ t';L1 1 rn11rt ·.

~

-==-:: : : :

to e njoy tl1 e m.

i

~

stinct iv e prdercrn:e of i t -

\Ve talk o f th e Taste \\' l1il'li au author shows i11 l1i s \\·r i Lings.
\Ve ha ,·t~ in rni111l lii s CP111111:u"l o [ s1•a.s1 l11:d1k tl111 u g l1L. !"it

for hi s purpose ;uul :t<l<'f]tlaLC: to it..

\\'1 : tl1i11k uf l1is

dom s hown in Olllitting what was un s 11it:Ll.tl e .

11

is -

t

-:.~:j

;.~:--- -:::::!:

,.

:'*~
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....
l

1}1- '1' -=i

\ Ve tl1i11k u l
,;.

:..:11.-,
liis apt exp r ess iu 11 - tli (: inevitalile word, t.lie h:i.ppy h --.·
ph ras e. \ Vo think how each scntenoe iJ
onlt: r et! a1Hl arr:ui gNl t hat everv part y iel1ls np tlHI
and t h e bt·st tl1:1t <":Ill lJP got out of' it. ..\Ye think wl1at Ml f:

'~ _,-;~:..- --; .• _-,....,

· ~- - ·«i!J

Jli!fii l
=~O: f"fi"fi ii

. 'WI.II

SC!ll . .\tl:

part :u·i,.;i11 g- .. 111. ct!' ]'~t r1 . s1•u 11 l:1111·1111 sl,v :uHl 11·iti1 .,11 t :tl. r11 1•t11ess, tilt"· ~ L y l\'. l.'-' :-:.n1r•11 .1/, 1J1 · 1! 111'/11•1 : :1rH l, i L 1)\·i:l .~ ~1 1 1tHd li,
;1i ·1 ' 1 ·lHi~~· r i l"u r il1' ;1 1:t\· 1i! . _
....,1)11 11 il ;t11·.l 11w:111i1t.~ . tl1··
is qrr1""(11! , 1·1·1·11 "' ' ''/lfll/ . :-;J >:i rL:t11 lm.·\i ty 11 1:tk1 ·s tJ.,.
Rtylc /u,.;n 1i,· ,: l'rf't't! " lll fr;1m Slljtl'l"lii1 it_\· 111" 11·nrds ;i 11 d n1·1 ·il.
less ('ir1·11111 . . , t :11 11·!·~ n1:1k1·~ lL 1'rj111· 1 .-.:.1· : ~1 1111 · rl111 ity 11f t · :.:1)1 ·1·.-.; :->iO!l ;tl11! i · i: T l ll llSf:ll H' ! ' , :t !H l tl1l!ll! 1 '.'-i:-\ t >f t.l 1 11 U~ltt, llLtkt'. l t.
dJj/i1sP nr /Pt//u11s. 4H" 111·1Jli.1:; LlH~ !'rt·1' 11:--; t•. of t11t· ldi <illlS ol' 1111"
l:llq.~1!;1 _~~1· 11!;1 \d'S i1 1"1!/1111 11rf /1·; t JH' j il" t'.'..; t'l!l' P o/" ;-,]t,)J-1" 1 j1iiJiy,
pn1t.:1.\dt~ se 11 te 111·.cs 11L1.k1 ·s lL <"' ' 1t i1 ' 11/iu 11s 111" "J " .'. /J'lf i11111r1l i , · ,·

thn \\·nnl:->
sty1 1:i

I <•l : J;L\' JL\\".

\\111"11 .'1

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II.

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~_iliiji_QO~JliiL ~

i11 r li•· T li.i 11 '. ~ ht .

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t l'ar1i1· 111i tr ... i11 \\ l1i1·l1 \ \ .11nl:-1 <·;rn
l l i . l~l ·auty in i..i a: JJH;i :.;, t i_v .
!\' . Alli tnali ., n.
\'. '0 111< >11th a 11d Fl n\\ i11:; S,·11te11 cc;;_

l ·:t ·l11~

tl1l'

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stiff ;111d

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r ~ l i"lll

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11\'l'!Jj('.

k1_ ·1 ·1 .i11 .~ \\'11 !1

F'i:TIL\ C TS F<il{ TllF 1· 111Tir'\L STl'l>\' l!F IT.

-~

lil!'f<

Names of Styles. -

T i1t• prr•\·:1 l1'1w 1'

Lli" st.\· l1· .florid; if it
1f 111;d.Lt·r -ul'- L H·L ;uid

f•i

:111,- 'l ":·1ln.\· in <•n e's

Jr in1a:_:-1 ·ry alJ!ilit1d s in it~

j, l 1;i1T•'l1
\ \ ' J t l1 (111L

\\"f '.

C-:111

nf i111:1c:,.n-. ""' s:t .\' it i s 11lr1i11 ;
Lttll '\' <1r 1111:1 .'. .'.· i11aL1n 1i , dry ur

\:11111···.

: 11 11!

i l 11·

t ' \j)l" +• ....:~.:1•11

/, ·1 ""'l ll 'r I,.. /,'

\Vi )
l'rc1111
1111 \ \ '

.~i\·1 1

1· j, I1.-:.1 I / i i "

lH 1l11\\·,

f1i!'

<'<1 ld i·!1 11111 1 ;1r\·

li\·ir1g.

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t '· r I/.-

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11 ; 1,..,:--; :1 ·_~ 1·

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;11 Jf

l111r .~ .

1·:1r1· l'11l

:1 11d

!'• ·\',.

;-; 1> 111 1·

:1 tt i·11! 11111

\\ r1t 1. · i1, :1 111 l

J /i'lt 1111/1· .

,"{I '

1 11 t l11·

f11

111 · i 1 ~ 1·

fr<iJ11
t li1·

.-, ;\·li·

f• xtr:11 ·: ··

; 11!\ l1t 1 r:·'

11• it

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\\'iti1

li

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t1 ·1 11·1

II . •

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(~rt';t t \ \"l"Jti · r ....; ~i\·1· i]!i·i r 1i;1i 11j·:--; 1,1 tl 11 ·1r :-d\· l1 · ,i.''/1 i I

si.ylt· 1n: ty li;l lill' t.!1 t•. ~t~·!1 ·.

U1t·

tll\' 11 11p , , ~i11g (lif.il'i"i .-. :

dt •1.' d;-; , (!\'\\" !th

t1i i· 1·1·:---: 1~;\ ] 1· ~ .c. : jll)\\"1 · :· ~~ f )I

·nn

: 1111!

it si' 111; 1!, · : ! 11'(l:11i 111 · t 1·1· 111 .'

< -~- ..... ;-.Z.t"

Ta~t" .

ST\'1.E -

~'

;t 111l
tl ;1rr;111~ 1 ·1111·1it . 1d' t l w111 ll1 : tl \. t ' it s.fil/1·1 !: ;11 1d
Pxpre:.:.;...;11111 f·rH 1 \i i ·:: fi ·, r ~ 1\f· 1l111t11_'.·l1 1. t1i;1}\ 1•:-:. 1111· sf,· 1· · IN1!11f1.1 ...,1i' .. .
If t.!it· ('! 1!1 \ ! JJ!ll! I_\!" '(! !' !lit ' ;-, 1· 11! •· 111·1· :-\ 11.-... 1·d i:~ t111 · j14' \" :<1 1 i. t li 1 •
~tyl t •. is 1wnu1l/ 1·; :uH l 1!' ('il lILL X ;tiH1\lt1d...; , t\ii • :-.;1y l\· 1.--i 1·l i"t11<11'l er i( '..
If tl11· ~1 ·1it . 1·111·1·. i;-; 1( ; 11.~ :l11i l 1· t)11q.J 1·\, - PIH' (·L111~ 1 •
rn1Hl1f\i11 " :1111>t lll'r, ;11 1, l its··lf° 111.,.Jili 1· .J \,_,. :i tL 1r.\. :rn.J tli:il

<111i;1

mm

1

1

ot~.;,_,,.•

l t is to 'l':i.stu tliat hl'l:my:; its1 ·l fin do ing as well as to thnt
wl1ir:lt ma kes 11s apprceiat ivc of \\' ha t others k tvc 110110 that----w1 · 111 ay all i1.1 SU lll•c lllC:l.'illl'C :lS[J irt:.

A

111:tl;1._, t 111· st 1 ], . /;ii··
if th{•. ex p r1· ~:-;1 1H1 ru11 s ;tltJll _f.'. - u111:-.: i :illy ,

tit.'il'llll r ,;,· 1'11r .[,.Jj1 ,.n·

c1~UlP or 01"11f or i1·ul;

r1· s tr:tin t tl 1c :1111 lwr sh" ''· s, l11rn· 1:xr·css ~tn r l s nr phrna~,, f1ro ~~-:-.. ;-.;,;,,.;4~J,r>avoitl c1l, wh a t rnrnl c rati on prc: \·:i.il;; :m<l what disciplin e ruleil.- ~
.. :_.. ·.···<~v

~:!:!: ~2~

I\\'

t\'ll('.r• s lil.t.i w • l

tli ~ fo l1 e i tuu 8

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i

l

1 l I . 1 1 ] . ! I I '_

f •

j

j

l1

1 '

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it

,I

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20G

Qnalitics of St!Jle.
Si n c-l~

tl 11·

of wealtl 1

es ." f 'I H..'i•

i ii

( ' 1111:..;i:-d.-.;

1 111\\·1· r

1r1i· 11, \\'ill II

U\ ' i · r

11 uL f1dl11w tl1al. tl1t• i11il)l 1· r a11d ! lw 111111·· · i1 1 1111 1rd er tl1e llt ' l":->1111:-, ;11"1'
1

has }1 11 \\'l'I", till' .~r1:at1 • r I )H~ \\" t'alll 1 ·:

if.

Q\' er Wb o1 11

1! 1ity

a ft Pr _..; t1 111P c u11 ...;id1·rat iiJ11, tliat t lw per ....;4ifl:->. ilw111."'t'l\·1"·"
:u· ~. t I! I. \\ 'I .: tl ! l ! ; 1 l ! ; ~ ! ! i l' ':..;t. 111 t.' " t • ..; ( ) r ,!...',' 1] d ',\"it I 1 \\ l ! i (·I 1 \\ ~. ;u ·1. i 11 t l !! '
lia li it. u f ~ 1 iidi1q_~- 1./ 1 : 111 a r1 · , i 11 f ai·t, 11i dl1i11g ll!~i!·1'. tl1a11 a ki11d (, f

The Extract from Lo well -as

Hy1.; u 1tl11" i1<1!·11· · ..........
l111.rl 111.r i1 ·

~i,~fil,

i r :111 1 1i11.~·..: ,

i11·

\\iH· 11·\\·iti1

\'1 · ry

.'-'..litl1 ·1·i1 1g ;ui •I lw:t11!1ft1l 1:1

i 1rid!1 · tlit~

\\" l'

l>td

l'r1o;d11r1 ·.-.;:

!Ita l ,

if

t!H · ~e ~a!tlC li,·i11 .:. .:· C t' P :tltnr•..; L"!lltld fll' -~t1idi·d \\i1lt(1(Jt tl 1t· fr 1 ·!ti11 .~·

sh rih!J!f, p iud1t¥k_
~111!11ecl, 01£/j(ice, depravity; l1 is 11sP, th ro11ghont, of-w1¥:1rm-fl!
to 1,J1 ., " l' J'l'( ·li.-.11sion of every p1q.il; tll(• t rru1~pt1rNwy' u(l1i_~ .. .-...:.'~,
stylP, r PsuHill:; f'ro1n tlic c;nr·f11l s1 ·],.d i1J11 atHl :1rnu•;.!~'mi'ttf
nf' 11is w1 ir<ls; fl1 r• i,Jio111s, s11rl1 :1,s tf1,. re 1Jtl'1 to l..e ~"·""• /r;>;;J:
slur/,/,y , u: 11ti"11sl tlu~ ~/r"f'1 ' 11, stur1 rl ?1)1 : lu()k like., au d t!:. n,,1f ~\,Y·
s1•((; ti1r: g-r:wcful variety of s1:1 1t1•111·1·s, lung a.lt.. m1,~~\.K ~ tt~L'­

;1s

l\· rl 1~ljJ S jt_

appt~ar,

eve n

ch osen.

uittr.r -ri1uforl,

an <i j i 1 q.~· li 11 _t!: nf 11 11· Hyza 1if .'-'

i11 tlwir

a nd

11ltJ1t1!1_-.;

iH~ di'( '.t1\'1 · 1·i·d tl1at
f(

it· 1~ . l, 111

tilt'

i 11 ! \ . . . ] 1 : l · i '1") 1; q1 ,...;

1'11 i l- l11·1·;t1 i1(•i

!, /.1·1 .~) 1 ! - 1 · _ \ ,. , i '

s l1<>r t, s i11 1ple w ith componnll and compk1;{, aud._ <U<md;i:r;:.,_ _,_,~-~
w i t.11 i11 tl' r rng-ative a nd expla uatory; tho Oellli.tiful·Jll~&!l,11Mml~~cm~~
i n snfo s i11 ~1crs, cho r11 s, lwiT, mu.{lfr, bfJflrnn, rohhim;, "1<1r~, J•.-,fi,4'
.
-·---..
s111:tr~, s1 1iril , e.1·11rwrl, 11''1istco11f11, cl111lle11:1"-11, j1rry, f"'H' l~;--~----·:::-·_,,t
l'. lll'l' r,
!,/q,,if; t ltt-• f'.!lll lJ':ll'iso us 111 likf> •• wnrfl.l.1;•1"''"""" ~>
.. sl11!11fd, ris . . slr>11k; tlw al111~inn ~ injirl' ·!"'••·-',;,.,,.. iil;J.
]'e,·ks11i:tJ~; tlt0 tlcli<':-it1• t.liou gli t of tl11• l'i•'1'1•; t L.. •l• ;,a.._.,...
}1Ull llJ l' jll'IT:td i n g j(, j tJ1c tou('.}i of' iriiny ill <'!l'l•1</~J ii#>~°"
honest se([-<'011Jirle nee, lio11 esl robin; ti-,,, s.a~iri• ·: .i l !1~w•~ ~
tl H; lo blJy ll1l'llllicr and :it tho j11r_v -;;y~i., 111; l ),,, ,..., ~ >t•1:/&
"l"s" ol 1s<•rvatin n of l_1ir<lg M ~huwn b;r tire_tITT':'~......,t?"!~--'."'.+t::;,=!'~-~--~-~.•:":;,======~~=:-:
lnvi11:~ sy111]'at.hy with tli !'111; :1111! th,- t•>t1<l• ·l'-i .. ·.">.1!.r:-!tt~M
:i1 1d g<'11i:11ity of the m an .
----~·-·_·-~'l'!H' 11Ll r<' r i•xt.r:tl'ts cliff .. r fi-11 11. 11.i ", 1.nt """
rn11 1..: h o ut of every on e of the m.
'.A_~'-

·--~'J.':;;-~

-

\\1 ·;Lll

11111:--.l 11ulitic;1J

li11rnan

it l •y

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111•J\

lw

I

l i, tJ'j •\

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!1i1il.;,

ic 11i;1y

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1 '1 1! ,·1111 11· : t 11

I

!1111 i 1;111

1·,,11 -

"""iL i1 ·

1!1:1l!_\'" a-;

;i..:

- )1,·;11·11·1

1

;u 1.{ i11•t 11 1

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t"l

1·;1! :11!'"" .

r:1t l11· r a t1·11d1'!I("_\" ! !1t· 11 \ l1 · · r \\

l1 ;t...:.

:1y

;t;1j>1·;tri11:..,:· tu (' 1i11si1l1·r 11111\ti111~k ..... {If

tTt 1111,111i:--!'-'

c r1·a l1u · · · ~ u ot c cHHltH·i\i' I() \\t·altl1, 11r ;1t L1·_....f corJ11!1 1· i\· t · 111
i rt

n ·•t 11ai11 i 11,t.;

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t, .

Ii. l

t l 1:ti t I ti· ! i 11: ii

1 · \"i , r i

Lwt

111

J>lil'l flt ·,

<ll"l'

i~ i11 1!1 ·• j • !'11d111·i11~

s1111 111 1jdi o r1 'd ;t!l \\!·;il!li

(Jur 111u1kni

\"1·i11~ (1f \\·e altli

tr111·

llw.\· 111i ~· l1t

1· ar.-..:.

tl11-~1 11 st~l\"1' ." l 11· 11H1n : \· a!11;dd 1 ~ tl 1; L1 1 llw i r Lridl1'.""i.

r 1·:t 1!. · r· ....

a

1' ll! IJ1" '-'

l

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tjlt;1)il _\

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l11 11L'. , a11d

1111

li(d

i 11

l:l ""f

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ir 111 111rl;qil

if

0

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f r11;11 l1 i1ii Li 11 .i;i ·_:_L ! lw

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l. 1.. · 11

>1:t·t1·ly .

L;...,., !w.· :1

· 1 ll1'r1 · ;u ,.

tlw

:t 'i l i i l 1•

l11:1y ! '; L.-. . Ji _\"

J4•1t1ar!~

ll ul ba~ - ~ ~l. ~Cli.~, ; ul !. J:J;-. l ~!.~ ~ •• ~1! .. ~ : 1 ;L ~~:, i~ · a. ; 1 1 o l ! 1:"c
1 J111

1 ; 1·;i\4 ·

ar11<i11 .:...:· i1 : 1li1111 :1l 111:L11!1 f ;wl 11 r 1'" ·

111 : 1\c

d1t ·:i . . . ,·d 1<• l1i 1Jl, :111d _\i·t. 1i" i1 1 :-:y11q~:ltl1 _\ \\it!1 !lw
11i111 11i111 ;t11d

1

r1·j·";l1. l<i :--•·1 1( 11 1.... 111t1· .... !111:1. \\l1h·r1

] •••l11 !; •rit 1_:...:-.

11f :t

> 1 11i) ....

1l11 t H' \·~ ·1 ! :u1 1i 11a~TtJ\\· - .·lH·:..;t_1 · 1 l :->lal ·.· ~1 f l 1 :·i11 ,~ .

1-.... 1·11•• •1: ,

n ; ,\-", li !;-'_
1·\ , ......

t!1:t!!

!11;1 r1

l l:-> tl1:d a 111;u1

:1.!

II'" _..:i1;1 iJ
t ..

\>1111•

111i·.: lit f:1 l i

a 1td Jt v u 111111h, ~tt:: i11 Lu cad u u L l it e

po !~ CC , ta.!~ 0 a.!l tU u iiiU tJ i J1 uL. ce a.1 1t1 t e 11ui1 c t.: I U W \.1t J i)r uad way· ~
~ n <i th a ~Pl'n r i !.':' o f n1i ll lnn~ t n prnft•r· t i11d1 ,·ld11;iJ.~ a~1~nd ~ h·~·t n.
1

To

the

T~~chcr

i); 1:-;,-.; ;1 ;_;, i ':--; }),·!ti\\' .

dtaH.aipLiv ~ .

l !1·.:...::i11

f~ n r,.:::ff nn

l_1y

y nq :

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'!"T: ~ ~"'.; ? .- i -;-

a.-..kitt~ w!wtl11·r rlw •' Xl ra

11a c1·ati ve , or arg u i n entative ; a11d
l111 r1 i1· 11 1 11f ti •"' ~ ·x t n wt i ~ : -

1

·t

~

i-. , ~H'!o

it

t

wh1,J~p.

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wh~t- ~~fr
~"=-~I'======-~-~.;-.;::=
____.....__-_.,_..;..__
_,_-:;..,.,.,.~

.....

;,.-.

l

i 14: 1111l1i; 1 i_\

1·.\1'

1

11w1·I. IHnV

11 11i l•·r r 11... 1i(· ; J ,1 ,. \\ .--.

·rli crt: ; u~ :
a i 1 i I ,. \, ._. , f 11 !l 1 ,f f;1f • ·
L\:l\'u11•. : L..., .

dar~~iy >j1<1ri~ ! i 11:.__:,

11r1d1-r

1· l··11(·; ti. JH•\\

''!' i...: !] 1,· 1::l _y (_1L L~L 1_· 1 ..:d . .L wu11 . · ~ l.~
a;.h111l-.'.

... , ..... ,

a.,,.,_,.,prl .i H!..'. +- - ' .\ · -' ~ .

:; ;:;; .../i

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"liH!.! ·· y .. ·-.:

, . , ,, ·..

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_;·==· ·-~-~.d

-~----;]

208

(Jualities of Style.

Th e all Aged power to ch:mn down in ~an i ty, or ierorJ~y in:
i~ "powe r hehi11.-l tlin "Y''· H 111 11"t lie 11 vi<~ fnry !V'hirwi.;.d m
will L>efore it can be sig11ifierl in t he Bye. 'Ti ~ v11ry C"rfi\fu
each man ca rri es in his eyf> th e <'xac t indicat.inn nf hi.11 rnn1r1it
in11n e11 sr sc:tle o f lll e n , rind wB are a.l wayH learnin g to re!V\ U,"7:..
reaso n why 111P11 clo not ohey lt 8 i ~ J. ;•ca11~e t h<>y ~l' Uw niml
bottom of our eye.
R. w.-:E:R'Tl 1t~ rubi11s are 11 ot goo(l sDlo ~ i11 g<• r.'-:, hut
i•ri111itive fire -wor,hippns, tl"'Y lt:til th e rdurn ..f li ~:J:t

\Yilh1H 1L 1ln~111

To Rpen<l t oo mu ch time in ~ tndi<'q i~ ~ll)lh ; in""' .i li¥f!'l i~'
for ul'llarn e nt is affectation ; to rn 'lk " j 11<lgnM1t wh.-.ny 1'if
rn les is the humor of a scholar; they pcriect i:.lilure_ •• ~f ectPd by expe ri e nc<", -for n atural i<hilili•'" nr" 111;,. fu11llll'U
that 1wc1l prnni11 g· \.y Rb1dy; n1Hl st11.Ji,.s tl1<•1n.'U•ll·M ·fll4tt•din·diou ~ too rn11 ch al hrg-e, ('.Xc«pL U1 ·y !,,; h•limlol liL=..__=-====
~· 11n'.\ .
( 'r:1fLy 111~·11 eo 11f ,• 111n !-i frnl iP~. l.l.i111pl'· ttwn :vhnins tlff1Hl, -~;.-

tlw 111.

o\\· 11 IL""• ';

\.ut 1!1a! 1.-..; <L
l~f·ad

\\"lllt ],,. ol1:--1·n ·;t1 i!Hl.

1·1 111f 1it1·· . l 1~ 1 r tu

l wli1 ·\· ·· ai1d t: d\j: f ell' .L'.r;ull1·d 1
nnr to find talk a 11d di :-.n1 11 r:--1~ . l.11 l t i ) \\,·1 .~l t ;11ld c .. 11-..id ·1· . ~ 11/1w
books are t 11 !H_'. ta..;t•· ·i. c• tl 1· ·r_..; to li e '.-'\\:til11\\"~·d) a1 1d .'-'i1 11w ft'\\ ' t (>
lH~ (:111·\v cd a1~d di _
:. ::1.·."tt'd: tlial i ....;, :-<!11111· li1 H1L:--; are l1J lie ri·: ld u11h
1

in pal'f :-; ; (djp ;J':-> t o \ 11~ r1 ·:td, l1llt. 111 11 1· 11ri11 11 -..,I .\-; a 1id

ful l

to Ll1 e wurld, i:-1 u11riv a lle1l. ]'lwn-: ari) n, li ll tHlrNl t-J:_~:_u:
Th,·y rm; 11 u i ~y e11 uugl1 t.l1e11, :t11•l ~i11g, a.• !"-"'!;; J>h __ ::. _
af lt:r-tl"'" g l1l.. B11t. w l1 c n they co111e aftpr che r ri•·• Ul th~ _
lll.)' window, t.lwy 111ullle t.l1eir voi1~<·.~ , and tlteir f:\inl l';f'•/#l•,J-wifr,
'""'"]~ L1r a wa.y at U1e botlo111 of t,he g-anhm, .,,.h
-slt a.ll Jl(•L "''l'''d. t.h L·111 o( rc1!1loi11 g lhn g reat l 1h•-k ·~;.i1111l
J.itte r-rintle1l :->Lore. They a re fo:~l h ered Pedurniib,,J_~.,;.,•
~ _,;.1 -,.
·"~!!6;!!5!;::~
1.1"'" l1ow ],ri g htly th e ir Lrca.'<t8, t.h r.t look rntlrel"
s11nligl1t, slii11e iu a rni11y Jttyag11i11st. 01\1 t!ark !(
tree I Afte r they lia~-e pi11cheJ a u<l iihak:el['~i,
ea rll1 wonn, as lla lia11 cooks pou 111l all 01t!""~plr1
t.i11·11 g nlJ>"d l1im, U1eysta111! up in hont>t;t~l'""""''*' t lwlr ri ·il wai~t e oat~ wi t h tJ1t) virtn t~)\iFi ftf~~~..:·
ot1Lfac,; yuu with an eyn that c11! 111ly e1; 1i,rl ;;.i11-1~- :iw
luuk like a uircl Llmt knows the il.avor ulff!:,,W::'.t'.i::l:Ia;
:-wll' U]'Ull a jury of my pee rs . .i-h k aui im~lzn,t.;ft ·
an ,Y Lhi11g less ascetic t.lian Uui frugi\l l~ny · @(; Uk<it;-~ .
will a11 s we r tl1at hi8 vow forbi<la lii111.'' '·
Cu\'UI" st1 c lt d epra vity ? A Ins, ye~! I han! WJ Jui;_lrt ),.rt t.r~!{~"f~_cc-~~~2'~':if-'<-,~
r e tl1lc r at l!.at very monHmt with th(1 hkl-0<1 of

tli c ir

t 1·:-ll· l1 11P t

:i11d ;tl 11 1\ ' t•

not. to ('.(lJ1tr adic L llttd

r~:ttl \\l11illy a11d
;s!;it

tl11'.Y

w1::; e 111e11 11....;e th e 111, f u r
wisd\llll

diii ~· t'l11 ' t' ;u1d :tli 1·11t i1it1.

\\·i;L

if i1t• ('1 JJ1 f1 · r
if li e n·ad li!!I•· . 1w l1:1d
IH ~

d1dl1 IHil .

u~tlur:d

11!1"! 1

\\i :-i · ,

E11rop1 ~

j1 1:-.i it :t•.

ar(~

llws 1·

:-<.df-dt·:1 1i: t1 .

1

1"1:.

111(1r:1I,

\~c 1...:.

;_:1

!}1 1·
:t\ ' "

H.\ t "ti.'\.

1t11lil t~ llt'.-..:-\. j ·ttrily . lii~h-111i1Hkdu e :-.;:-;.

ilw tJll:tlitii 's l)efure \d1i~·l1

h:l\" e l w 1·r1 t·11Jll1'lllcd

111 k111i\\

i" w f·., \\ill .\

1·l1i l1_1.-.: 111il1y, d ·1·1· ;

:uid rlwtur ii·, a11 \P 111 (_· • J1il\· J~1L

'Vi sdo1 11.
-

111:111:

e \ ;il·:

11,.i·.J li :i\ ~ · 1111 11·) 1 1·111111 i11 .~ 111 .·-.. ·1·1 11

lJ i:-.l•1li1· --. 111;LL1·

i11atlH..!l1t a lil>' . ::-;ul •tlc ;
lngi( ~

;111d \\riti11:._:·. a11

Jl! ; t\1 :

wri!i· littl1 " lw !1:11 l l t•'i · ~l l1a\·1· :1 .~: r1 · :1t
lit;](•. l1·· l 1:td 111 ·1 ·d !1:1\"t' ;1 i• r1 ·:--.1 ·Ht \\1t · ot11d,

11i: tr 1

111 t: 111 ory :

tJ1a t

n·;\1! y

c1) 11f 1:r1·1w1" :L

111;111:

:.u11l. tl wn· !'11r1·. if a

f, i !w

!"dl!W f1·\\

l~t·adi11:;· 11 : aki,tli a

1.11

l)u\Y; :t11il

t li1 ~

t'n·,• -l itll'li

i11

1111

[i·ilwr

ra1·1·_...;

o f

<i1 ·1Jt-r

uf

J

s11ch qualiti es t o he fo1111tl :1 s 1!1t ·y \Y1·r1 • t"111u 1il :--.ix l 1t 1lldr10<l yl'ar' a ~o i11 1!1,· · ·kr~· y of 1!1< • ( 'atlo " li·· I ·1,1m -l1. Tl,.. _1 1- all"rl
HH :n

w1: re

th1 ~ 11 1~·wh·t · s tl11 .~ ,. .; 1ir'('1 '.'-':--:o i-....;

()r tllt' .\ 11( >.-..:!] 1· ~.

'l'l w y 1· Ll i 11wd i11 tilt'ir

.1.\LLslcr'~ u :u1 ll:
tlu:ir

l1Hi\· e r::ial .":i t1iri tu al autli v ri ty. L ut Lln·y 111 adc
}'i'1'lt·11.,i1>11s Ii_
\ · tlw f111li1w."."" iJf tllt'ir (•\\ti li\·c~ . Tl 11 ·\
1

allU \\ Cd lo r1tl•', l w1~ a11 ~ 1· l!w y 1'4- ,-.: 1•]"\' t•d 1<"1 n1 k; :llid , 111 tlw

ol

l't'\'t'l"l'IWf'.

HCart.•r to

Li11 .:._:.."i

{;pd tl1aH

and

St~ ri" , a

tl 11~

111 a_L~; ic

:111d

111,l, ]1•:-;

l·~·11!

11\' ft>l" t'

it

1H1\\ 1•r

\ \1·r1 ·

f11\J1t ','-',..;

\\l1i<"·l1

O\" t' I' 11ri1 1n~ :11\(I ~t il • . it ' (' t.

t!i c ir O\\"ll.

g uu a

\\;t .-.:

1·l1it·fL1i11

)H H!y 11f 1111ar11wd. d ·ft· t11· 1·](.,.....-; 111t·11 r··i .~·1 lt'd >lq•r1 ·t1 w J,y
11f ,-..,;1rt1·ti!_\c . T lw\' Lt11wd tlw f1,·ry 1111rtlwr11 \\ :1rri11 r.'-'
wli11 l1;ul l1rul~1·11 iit Jii1T1 .·,-; tl11.· 1\1 11 11:111 L 11q 1i r 1>. Tlwy t:iH:..:,lit tl 1t·11i.
Li u~ y Lr1111 g lit, t !1\ · 111 r1,;il: y ;u1d t r1ily l1j l ll' li 1•\·( ·. 1 !1:1.t t !11 ·y l1:1d

l1n111urlal

:-; 1H J]:-' ,

0

a 111i 1]1;11, tl 11 ·\" \\.1itil1!

j11il .~1111•11t-l1ar a11d

:_:i\' t•

:11'1·(1111 :1. fill"

l >l w

1h\· :-; l:ll11 ! at

t!1 1·i r li'·'""'· tlwl"".

t!:1 · a\\f11l

\\'i t\1 tlw

bn.tVf', lh1• iJ, qll'<f, :111 d t1w :..::nn•l, \\'i1l1 1li1 i....:1• \\Lr~ k1d 111 1! <1}1J 1 r1 «~ 1 ·d
t.lw t11HH 1111r r~· 1 n11 \'•·1l llwir iw i:_:l 1l 11 1r·.'-' !:u11l111ai-k. \\ilii tlt( •... t' \\ ·!11 l
had l1 r• 1l1 1 ii1 ~t in :il l tl1i· i r d 1 ·a l i11 ~:· ..... \\·i tli l l111 :-' t' \\'l111 l1ad ft1t1 g lit
n.u-ain~t t•\·il. a 11d li:11l l ii .-d ,-:1iia1itl\· t n dn tlwir :\fa.st.r'. l.. ~ will. - al
t\1;1.f·, .l~T 1. •a1 dav 1t \\cit1I.! lw \\"t·!I.
j-',,r 1'( J\\'a r 1i'> . f(q· 1•r1.tli~at1·~. fo r

210

Q1111litfrs

1/

~Ii

S tyle .

11 ~ 111 l111ri1.~1nl:d }'''·"'i1i1>ll ; tlwir lwa·I~ al i 11 1 11i.:.:.·l 1t - 1·:qt:"i :l111 l 111 11 ,,f
tlw f,.,,]j,J,,.,f . .Jr,·:1111 s .. . . . \II tli""' lw:qu·.I :111<! l111 d.JJ,·d l<> g•·fl .,. r,
with ll ol l1i11g- l111L a 1it t k c:trpP1it !')-·' a 11'1 111 a:-;( 111 r_v L11·! \\'t-1·11 l h1•111;
cran 1111 cd i11 Ii\;·~ , :.Jt., .J ti sli in tlll'ir l1:1rn·I; or \\' 1·lt1·ri11~. ,.}i:til
T sa\' , lil\•' all l ·:~-ypl i;111 11il.-lwr pf l;i11wd \' i]ii · r~. t':li'li ~trti .:..:~· lir1 .o;:
to g~•t. )!..;. h1·:ul ai1<1 ,·1• tl11~ n U1 1. ~r.-. : -- ...:u1· h \\·p r \.;: gu•· s (1Jl u 111\,·r tl i;d,
:;:.111~}l..:P - ('11111 1t\ · ri1:t1w ! B11l I. n11 ·l11 lt'1 rt/1, r. ~it al111\·.--• it all: I :till
a.10110 \\'ii .Ii liw :o-;\ars.
' j l!tl:"\1.\:--\ l' ..\Hl.YLE.

t.!1(1sc 11'110 Jj,·,.d for l11x11ry a11d pl"a"trc a11cl sclf-i11 dulgence, t.itPJ'll
\\'as 11,.. ld :u'k 11 Pss nf el1·rnal cleall1. A11 :t\\'ful conviction of thiff
tr<'1111·11duus kind the cl e rgy l1ad ctlcct11a.lly i 11 stilled into the mind
of Europe .
J. A. FHOUDF..

H is a lru e s11Ll i1 nily Lu dll' el l lt erc. These friugcs u( la111p·
light, slrngg li11,; up, Ll1r1111gli s1nnk1: :rn•l Ll1ousat1Ll-fol1l ex kdnt,io11,
su111e fallw111s i1.t.u th e :u11:i ·ul n·g iu11 o[ ~i g ht- what tlii11k~
llu<il•·,; o( tliL·111 a.s !11' 11·:111.' l1i,; li11111i11g·-dn,c;s over th: z1·11itli in
the ir leash o[ ~idP r eal lire '! That ~ titl e d hum of rniJnight-wlien
trattic has Jain do\\'11 to rest., aud th e chariot-wlicels o[ vanity,
still r o lliug here and tit e r• ' U1roug·h di s tant st.reds, are Le;u·ing her
to l1aiis r<><>fed in and li ~ hted to liie due pitch for her, rllld 011ly
vice and 111i se r y, lo pro\\' I nr tn moan lik e ni~.d1t-Lirds. are abroadthat h1111i, I say, Iii«.: 1l1l'. st.1·rt<>rn11 ,;, 1111q11ict s iurnlier of sick lifo,
is i1e:.rJ i11 lwa\·e11 '. (Jii, un . k1· ll1a L l1idco11s co\·i;rliJ of ntporn
a111i ]1t1Ln·!':u:li1111s and 1111 i111: 1_·~i11aldf' g:t .' ' '~, what. a fcrn1enting"-v1tt
Ji,·s si1 n111 ,.,·in;.; and i1id ! Tl1<: juyful :111d Ili c SutTull'ful are tl1t;re;
0

·j;
1!1

11w11
ti1l'

;ire

dying

th1·n•, TIH ' ll an •.

hi ·iiq.::

ut. IH·r .... id ,~ of a. liri('k 1•ar1ition

;l11d

an ~ rt1rsiu .~ ; a.wl

; 1::1 \ i 11:..:." tlwi r 1·i11·~.-.:~·;11111~. \\-lij·r1 ·nf

1

>: \

:u;d
!ttt"ll

f ai11!, :11Hl

:tt I'

!11

l i li HH ],/; (it

j,,. \1:111·-: ·· 1

!

\Ill

i·y1 · _-..: )1 q•L 11 11!

t l1no11 L:l i

l i1·· 111"\ : I \ \ \

('! )I l l !' ," '

•

tl11·

tl!I

! l' () fll 11 11· J.'o!u · :;:! ! r•::; "! ~ I !i:·:r ;..:·:1 !J n '.·,·s );;:: :-! ? 1-•;1·n li(l',\-' IH;

I 11\\ :1riJ ..., r1i

.- .iHl,IHfj) !

\\! )- l• -:.:. ·-.:. ··d

-··':fl-

~:!!C

~~~-

·:::

darl.::11 es:-;,

l11a11l..:i11tl,

!~1·11 .11111;-;(111

ll e is

~axon

E11 t.;:la11d ill ''! ;i\(it1w,

i1i!<1

111:1 11, -

;1

l~1il!

,J,i\111

-..:tr 1 1 11 .!. :.·.

]'l' 11 tt<L

Le :---. ai 1l t 11 J'1 '! >1· 1· :-: 1·nt
_-.;tand.-.; f!1r F11~li .-. : l i " ki11d.

i11 1 1 .~l 1.

l"· 'r>j>J1<1li1 y

J•:l ." ·'1:1.~

f r 11111

a

~··Ii·!.

,l ., 111it ll' •' r-i 1 1~

h(·

.'P\ i '!'~·rl. 1·Y 1 ·11

t·a111i1il

l ~ t' r "'-'•11:il :11 ~ 1w:1r:11w 1'.

i11d ••t.::.d , \\':1~ r(111t1·d 111 l-l1• 11·> , · i1:1r;11.·\ 1·r. :11 :d i i i ...

H1·11':-..:

111 i ;1i\.

t()"I . : > .\

,·!1;1rat · l 1 · i-

111-

re)t'Jrl : f~ l1 !-.. j •11 y.-. i1·:! : f J";\ ] IW. J J , . .'-l"•'li I <' ! ! i " i I 1!) 1, J J)I '); : ::.11 :\·
a . . \\~ · ll ;1 :-:. L111lily. 11111 11!' IH'j f :u 1d >.;\ ('] , , lil l !llr1tl :u 1·l ( ':11 i :iry; l•l". \,,
i1•

~a\' t!w ka ."'1. \\;1 .-..: :1

.i! •i!IL J•/'i>.\t1 •·L 1 ,f ! lw F11 :.Ji --. li 111i1 1d :111d tli•·
1':11.L:li ;-; l1 l:irdi·r. ,,f t\11' l:ll a .-.; \\1 •il :t~ 1l1· · tl1• •11.:.:,l1L ,,f tlw Ll11d, •. f
t li1 ~ ~nil :1 "' \\t·l i ;1 -.; !l 1·· :-- 11 11: t•f L 11:..:.; a1 id
111· i." : L ,_ -,.r_\- 1ilt ·:L>:tt tL
L~.1

-~-

111

,·.111111;111i1.i1

:1.-..

l 1J11 :-:

:u.~r1 · 1' with

hi...;

i1i11·ll1Tl11;1\

11r1·i•·11:--i!1l1>.

~td1.i1 · 1·1,

} 1i-.;

11\\'11:

\ 11 ' ~'. i JI

;1.-.;

11i;1kt· 1i111

\'-•'

'i dt·;t 1..1f

Lttl. t!1j · i11.,.!:uif , \\'• '

1·1ot1 1il··1i:1111·•·

Iii.-.:

:tll1·1111 1 L

ir1q1<1rL11J1't'

tn di;-;:-..:•·ct. hi"'

li,·i11'-.'._ a11i111:1l !w1·1 11111 ·:-> a
11 :.. ; .~ 1·1· ;\\ J 1 :l1 1 ii :~ d1 )1 d

tl1"

!\; 111 1•· .--. .

1L1t1 ;...:·1·ri111...;
1! 1•

1q 1 ,

l1i..;

j ! Il ~

i I 1 \; 'i' \ i \ '' ; :1 I: ' J. \\ l 1i :,.
j \)I ~ i'l'i f i( ·":..: i) tlj >!"l '." ."'- i1 11L I,( 1 1i ]11 i " ( l 1 \I ...; :t l \ j !II' JI 11 11 1' \' i \-iii, I 11· 1-.;
1· !w1 · !,t·d. i11 ii.'-\ j'.\J•n·~sit ) l!, hy :t Y•·ry 11:1111r:i! f··.ir (1f tlw ('<1J1'-'' (i1(1·11 1·1· -.. .
Ti1· r . · i...... 11.. >:t 1· •. 1 y 1° 111 i1 1 i:1 L1 11 -..:. 1l 1i -. r .. \\•ly J .. \·l:tt l 1:1 t1 ~· r
l 1·ili•r:-; :d h1 "' fi\\'1! Y;1l 11:i! i 1111: :1r:t! 1l w r•·hi i 111 1 ,1f cri ii1 ·--; !11\\:t!" I "'
!1:1 11 i." :1.-..: ]"•ii l 1• t i ~ ;1 " ! \1 :1! .,:· t ii 1· 111 1 11·." t 1•\\:1 1.] -..: t!w lri -.-d 1 ail \ · 1 1 ~· : it "
,,11,) h:ld a11 111qil••:1 ~ :11it li:Ll.it , ~ r .-..:P11di11:..:, tl 1·· 11 1 tl1t· 1·l1;tllt·11 .'...::e 11f 1L··
d111·l!i -..: f '' lw111·\' i·r 1i1t•\' l1r•1l!'..~ li1 111 a \-•·r·li~·t ;1 '..~ :1i11-..t :ill.\" <1f lii . .;
4· l i··1th.
'] lwr·· i...; , 111 f:1 1·t. :--1 11·! 1 a \:t>i :u1i !11 :d f 1 · !' , ' 1' i1 1 11]1 ! J; 1· 11' >
t ) 1 i, · \.;,

] !] ,-..;

1 11,r : ~ l' I• ' ' . :1 11r!

a-builUlli ,q".

:-<jll':tn~

:1:·!1\!JJd

:l

i11divid11;1l. \\· 1111 ;-;1• iiit1·!l1·i·! . :1t id
i11 t\HHJ:.:ld. t'r1))11 lii.-..: litH] _,- ;1 1\il

11;1 t!llr1t·ri11~­

; !l !~t1i:tl'- \\Ii i1 ., 11: 1···: 1tl 1+ ' )"'- l i1'

1111111i ...;,t:d;,, alil y

:1;-;

11a1111\

l111l

aro11n1l

tl11 • l1a\\'11....- ;1r1· 11w11.
Tfw i1ly1·r \\ fii--j11 ' r _-.: lii~ nii -.: 1 rP~ .i..: that, 1he
{' Pach i...; n·:uh·; and :-.hi-. 1'11ll oi· l1n1•P :111d fr·nr , g·iidt·.s down to lly
Y1·i t i1 l iitn ;1y1 · r tiw )i 1, i- d •' l'": t\ i• ' tlii· ·f. _...;11ii J!i .. r•. ~ .i. : 1l•'iiti y. :-- 1- h to hi."
i'it'lduck:-1 a11d cru\\l•:tr:"'i, in !11rk~ i11 wail ti ll 1l ie \\:tl.i~l1111P:11 llr:-:t
~ll! IJ"t~ in ti11 ir 1H!\':I' .>-:.
( .;J\' l11 :1:1i..:1 11J1' .
\\ itl1 '-'!!J•jl t' f' - J"illlltlS a1Hl
da11ci11g-n101H~. an-~ full ut
li~l1t. ;uid 11111.'-ilC a11d liig·b -swel!i 11 gli•·:i. rt ~ ; l.nt, i11 tli1• 1·011d,.n1nPd 1·•·11'. t i1< · 1•11J,., of lifr• hPats trrm11-

i1 111....;

---:·, ;,r;·

l11H·11; Jlil'll are pr<t.vi11g-n11

l!IL'll

Iii" '" :di is till' ,·ast, ,·.,id \'i~lil. TJ 1°· l''""'l gr:t1 1dee still lin!:• ' l'~
i11 Iii .-; 1wrJ1111 wd ~;tltH111s ur l' l 'J'U:-i(':i \\ i1lii11 d:u11a;-;k curla.ins;
w retc h.,dn pss co wt>rs into trnckiP-hPtls nr sl 1ivers li1111ger-Htrid(f'n
i11tn ii.-.; lai r uf st r;1\\'. I11 u ! ~ :··l'llrt.• t'1·l lar .. .; , f:uu_1;r:-ct-J..Y oir 1a.ng11icliy
cn1it:-; i1s \'11i1·1 ~ ilf di·stln.\" j,. ii:t;:t..,:-ard. h::11:...:T_,- Yi! !a.in s ; wl1ifc~ ('. 01111 ciliur.-. uf :-:.t:l!e ~it 1il1d:iii~·

-~~

:-;1111li·d" ~l 1:1kt•."'!'t'a\'t '- 111ay

If 1lw ': 1l1utl,....;l11d

~;-

1 (,

I\\ it ! ·11

\\

i l !l

\\ )1i l• "'' ' :11l i: 1it

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Qua! ities of Style.

at1d rnake it 0 11r lllli t uf tll L«tsure. T u prud11c•· a eu lit e t"s tail of tlte
size just 111e 11 tio 11 ed, aLoul 000,UUll such t1t ca s11res wo uld l1 :tve t.o
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r cq11irn n1 .. re t.lia11 a s111all fract.io11 o f a li u rsc-po\l'<·r lo re tn ove Ut e
CO lit da ry 1l11st.
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f11rr111 •d fr r> nt a 'l11:uifity <> f t!! a t t .. r11·Jij,.Ji 111i;.;l1f. J,e J1 ,. ld irr flw l:olluw of th e hand.
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:di ftJrtll ...., uf l\11111 g· li t. a ll ki11d :--: of Pltl<ilin11 , all tlw r1·;1.-; <111i11 .~~ t• f
1il 1ilus11p l1 y a11tl 1!11 ~ sul1lli>t.i( 'S of 11H·t:qd1 _Y~ Jc' s. a 1 1111 ,~111> 111w11 11a~l,·d
by a1 1y ollwr k11u\\'ll tu l i tera tu re; a la 11 '._!, t 1:q.. :·1· ti!" 1· xl1 : 111 .-. !l 1·:""-:--. ra1i1·f .\,

sky . [ T y t"hll is li l'n ' spe aking o r th e 11arti c lt"> o f 111 :ill ··r irr s pace
whi ch tl1r uw Lack ut rl y the s1 na li1•r d ii <' r \\'a\·c•s of li,t'.·irt., and gin>,
as a r t•;; 11lt , t.l "' ltl 111· c:o lor to tlrt! sky.] S nl'I""" a s ll('ll tu sntTO ttttd
Ll 1e .. art.It aL :t he ig ht. abo\·e tlt" surface wh ic h wrrnid plac<" it licyo 11 rl
tire grnsse r lllatl er th rtt !tant.:"S in t he 10 wer r<'g·ions of 11,., air- say
at Lit e he ig ht or l it e J\laLt c rh orn o r lll o n t Blanc. 011f s i.J ,. tltis s]r;•il
we have th e d ee p-blu e tir1narne ll t. Let the at1110~11lwri1: spa, ~ 1:>: b Pyumi t.ite s h e ii Ue S W Ppt clea n, a11.J Jet I.h r! sky-n 1att.l' r lH•. prop1•r iy
g;aLli ered u p. \\"!rat is its prn babl" a 111011nt. 't I lta.ve soi11 r· l.itnt>s
tltougltl that a larly's portn tan tea11 \rnt tl d contain it all. I have
t.h o 11 g ht I.Ital cv r·n a g-P 11tlc111a11"s por t111:111t1 ·:t11 -1 •os:< il •h· l1i s s n11ffl1o x - 111i :-:, l1t Ld.;, ~ it i11 . A11d "iw t l:1 ·r 1lH · ;11·111:tl .-...J;,y. lH· c;t.j):dde
of tlti ., arno ttnt. of C<> 11<h-11 sati n tr <W 1101 . i <'tde rl:ii11 ti.-, .J,>1 11. t tli:d. a
~ky qu if P a.'-! v a .~t as o ur:-; , and a.'\ ~no d

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capacity

sn rn e li11lt's t·11 l t! rl,ai1wd c o111 ·t• r11i1 1.~· tlu~ q 11 a 11til y o f rnattf• r i11 our

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iii d arkness, i11 t he hid.! 1:11 c l1a.ntl•el';: uf !ti s l 1t~a r t? ]!'the ca use of
tl 1L'>C c 111otio11s d ot's 110L li e l o11~ to tlii s Yisible \\' Oriti, the ol1ject to

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iron ca.gt·, Otlt!-'idt• H1•rwi ek c~l:-iLie, i11 pe11alLy fl)r C l'U\\'l1i11g- Hol1t•rt
tlte .llrnce; wl1t•11 tl1 e :;tai11le"' s" ul nf .1 <1:.11 of .-\rc met (;,.,1, liko
~111 .....:.t·:', in a. bu r 11 i11 g- 1\a11w; ~- 1hi:st: L l1 i11~· :-; \V en~ a.;-; i.l wy ~liu td d lJe.
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\\"'a~l1i11gto11 is u1ilu1u\\'i1; ttnrl 1hPrr·. ton, wh t-· 11 th ey swann '"·ith
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- -----+---- -

.ED\YAHD .EVEltETT.

LESSON 76.
OI UL llTC:('(1('J\C:J·:-l\J\llS OF .

H:t\·ing- t re: tt\'•f (1) of lm·1'nlion, t.lw fi111li11g of tl1'·' ,,u l..it'"l·111at.1.1·r. or t.l1t>11_'..'.lit. (,r <li:;1·u11rs•· , and ('..:) of ~ t\ ·J,., t],..
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fur IH•tice 011ly thP i'r1Jdtt('tions i11t.o which disc:tJurs,. 1ll:t1· l11J

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tlivid .. d ~ t.lw kinds of •">l'' i"''i ti ••11.

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Departments of the Mind.~ As :111 <lisc ·o11rS•'. :t]'J''' :11111g
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Orol I'rose.

A SC HEME OF L JTE HA TUH8,

on

DISCOURSE.

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Travchi.

Prose.

Fit1 iim.
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Bi11~r:11)liiPR .

Wrilten.

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~a t iri c :ll l'uetry .

Poe try.) Lyric J'.)Nry.
~

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i'a:-:t nr:ll l'nct.ry.

Epi c l'0dry.
I ha 111a tic Poetry .

All disco urse i s intc• 1Hlrd, as was sai d , (1) for tl1 e in telled, l>ri11ging it farts, thoughts , truths, pri n ciples, a nd
lmildin g it up in kno\\'lc1l gL'; or (~) for t h e Prn otiv1: natn rn,
ur i11 gi11g to Lliis lJC'auty-Jo\ i11g p:1rt of ll S t h e s u stenance it
c rav es ; or (:i) fv r tlie \\'il l, ai111i 1q; to d iss u atlc us from or
p ers u all e u s tu any :wt or Ji 11 e of :tct iu11 LJr of co11duct. Of
t h e t liree g ruu 11::; set:n in t li e st:I H'llte a liove, we may say,
spP:iking bro~illy, t ktt t.l1:1t \\'hich forms t li e prose division
of writt1•n di sl'l• 11rsP is :ul il1 '1·ssP <l tn t.111 ' inte ll ect, arnl a ims
to i nfo rm a111 -l i11strnc-.t it. 'l'i1 e g r <•11p fol'll 1i11 g t he d ivis ion
of wrilf.1•11 di s t'ttl ll'S<' !':1]!1.,] 1111..f.n · :1i111s Ill 111i11i stP r to onr
freli n gs :1.11d d" s irl's ; \\'hilt- 1 llt' grn 11p e<• 11 stit u t i11 g oral dis-

Exposit·ion.
c ourse, co-o rdina te with writt .. 11 , is <lissu;tsive or pnsuas1 vt,
and is rnP:111t to rtffcet th e will .
Exposition. - l~t'for e t;1ki11g H[> tl 1c s 1• vP r:11 prc11lurfi<tns,
or ki11d ,; uf Llisco1nsP, i t is 1itti11g that S<1111<' thi11:.:; sliu1ild Le
said co1wcrning the JH'('St'nbtion of tlic rn:ttt .. r , ur t \i,.
thought contain ed in all discourse. Th e h a rnllin g ol' 011r
knowledge so as to mak e cle:u· the m e :wings o f Lhin:.:;s <1 1.'i cussed in pvery kind of rnmposit ion rhctori«i:tns c:tll Exposition. I n particular, Exposition is tlin rn ethurl uf J11ak i:1 c;
iutel li gi i,h-., co ncrete olij""ts, id .. a s, gcnt·ral not.ions, or an
as::;ert.i1 ~ 11 n·~pr·ct i 11 .l!' a11y qf t Ji,·~i·.
lf it l.Je a co11crd(' oLj<'d, il<' .'i •· ription, t r1•a1. ... 1 i11 L1·s"•n
54., will s uffi ce to make i t c lea r. If somPthing rn o r P <'lnsiv,.,,
a gencr:tlized olijed, ;t el:tss t1•n11, :t complt·x 111>1.in11. \1· " 11 1:1_1·
mak e it apprelil'n s il>lc l>y d eli 11i11g it. '!'lie d1·li 111t j.,11 lll:ty
h<' more or I C'ss rnmpl•·te. (I) Strict definition pla•"'-' t.J1,.,
objef'.t in its 1·bss or gpn11s. a 111l tli1·11 gi\'PS sn111" 111:1rk ttJ
disti n gu is h it fr o m other objec t s in that r l:t.s s. Tn s:1y nf ;i
c irde tl1:it it is :t 11lu11e ./i.'.111r" is tn Lim•I\' it i1tl<l 1h "l:tss;
to aJd, /Joirnd etl U!J a CtUTl'tl lin e ail r:( u'iuJs1' ;11>i11/s ti,.,, i''J'li disla 11t from a 11•1i11 t wil!tin is tn :ttt:lt'h :t 111:1rk 1 li:it dilTPrf' n ees th P cir,..Jt. from :ill othe r plarn· ti g11n•s . \Vint words, in
LcsSO ll ·Hi. 1w rfon11 till' ti rst \) r t.J 1\'SI' olli t'l'S f1 >l' t li I' 11 1..t: I I ' l 1•'\' '.'
a 111l \\'hat the s<'eu1 ul ·: l' Prkq)s (~)a giving (>f one or two
marked qualities of tl11 '. g l'J\\ '.l':il t<'l'lll \\'1tlild ltt• s11IJi .. 11·1it r.. r
t h e JHlrl'ose -rltyl1un :uHl m l'ler, L1·sso11s SO :L11d SL 111i ,g l1 t.
cl1':nl y enongh lll' n ule poet ry. J 'crl1aps (:>) su111e concrete
instances w o uld. s uffice -on e or two poe m s 111 iglit gi1·e one
a s uffi c i" n tly clea r id ea of J>Oet ry. Hy putting (I) ovn
aga in st the object its opposite - poC't ry as rli yt li111i .. :il and
m et ri cal :i11d tlir-. r-xpn·ssion of tlw irn:i gi 11:tl it111 Wt>1ilil 111·
u11d e rstood l1y tl1 u \· u upl i11 g u( a ri d 1 J!Ut'l11 \lith a l 1 il 1 1 f
sci1•11ti fie pn_,,P .
Jf !l ow it is a gcne r:t! prrnci pie o r proposit.io11 th ;Lt 11\' l'tl:s

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l'rud11cti1111s -

Orol I'rosc.

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d cari11 g up ::t11<l enfo rcing, tl1is may he done (1) by repetition uf tli n statement, - iteration, as it is tcclrnically called.
Turn l.Jack Lu L•·:>:>u11 3U a11<l ~n· what J)e ()uincey says of
rep<' Li t io11 anti what was \Y ebster's habit learned in talking
!.<> j11ri 1· s. lh ('.!) antithesis, <1r contrast.
\\',,saw, Lt•ssP11
;-1'.!, iiuw Li1is Jig1 1rn, by j'i:wi 11 g in uj1pus iLiu1, tliiugs unlike in
:>u mc p:1rtieular, ma kes tliat u11li kcncss di:>ti11ct and promi11 cnt; and we s::tw the phil osop hy of it. By (:J) instances,
o r examples. The incani n['. or the stat c~rne nt, J1fen m1aoc11s/ ,nne<i tu fn: edu m tio nol k1101c li(JUJ to use it. is showu by
t.ltt· i:1sLuw_1 · t:iaL 1nt c·:n i11·r:u H'!' ;l:Hiu111i~ lli cliillates wht).r o
\1 111 ·· 1s :1 r;1r1 i v. I :.1· (I) iil ustrative figures.
l'li<• U1on gl1t
1

1r1 ,.....,·,1111· 1Ji1 · Jl'rinls
ol\\'t ril! :--:

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at a. vt· rdwt.. : Ji;1.L

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1>Jit ·

1111r1'''-~t· , ai1 11 i11 .'.. :' 1l1i:--:

J1 11 1Ltl

u11t: at a \· li:111.i..::1• i11

\·(d .1·.-.;, t · \·1 ·r y

lwl1rf ur <·1J11il111· I . s1w1:r i, ]'"]11.11·:11. «r r1·l1:c.1.,11.-;,-:dl ;"·"
trai11i11;.; tlH ·i r g 111 1" 11]'"11 t l1;, \n il, t 111' f"rtn ·ss uf 01 ... ·s ]"'r·
~()J J :1l 1t \' .

Rela.tion of the Intelle ct to the Feelings and to the Will.
-

\\" l1t·11 it is s:ll d Lli:t L ]'"dry Lri11gs <b ,·u11tc-11ts tu I ill'

f't·1·ii11~~. alld
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11 111111 t],.. will, \1·,· 111 11sl 11t1!. f«rc:• ·L tl1:d. i"" ·tr·; 1·:i11 r1 ·: wL
f1•t·liu .~ :--1

:t \ l \ l

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j1 tsf its t/11' 1 1 1!~1 1 ' r~( t/11) :·,·word 1·uts <fre1wr

I'Y ( :·.) calling attention to th e
special difficulties of the m:itt1 ·r. This r:xf'.1t<'s c:11 ri os ity,
:t ruu s•. ·~ a1t llt l ••r\' st, and stillllll:il,t•s t u a11 "IT"rt li ki>ly t o
r es ul t i n a clear nncierstan rlinz of tlie subjec:t. Every
tc a.cl !l'r has li a 1i 1•xp1·1w11c1' uf this. By (ii) deductions and
applications. The statrmPnt. lt11mcle,/!1e is 7wwer. is expLu 11t·d, 11., L tu say J•l'<>\'ed . l1y ,,;hu\1·111L'. \\'l1:Lt lu1owledge has
tlu11e fur Llic 1n1·1·11 tor, the o r: ttnr. .i ,nd the' n:tvi t;:1.tor.
Oral Discourse. - ~111t·1 , oral <llst·<>11rs" J 1r<'< '. 1 ~d.,,,; written in
ti"' order of tune, a nd sinec 1t is mnrr~ r•.omrnon anrl neccs.
::;a ry t h a n wri tte n, w e have pl:i.c1~d it ti r st in the sc heme.
'l'lic subdivisions of pnlilic: oral disi·.<>11rs1" o r oratory, aro
demonstrat ive oratory, - t !1t• or:1t"ry of ::n·:1t. <><'\':ts1011s, parliamentary orato ry, platform oratory, forensi c oratory,
pulpit oratory. Ti"' end, or purpose, .. 1 oratory is, in tho
111 :111:, tr1 11 t1 J\.t' tltt· •siil -- · t'J il·:ul llll ' ll ti) d(J S 1JJt1('thi11.~ or to
IT !"r:1 11; frnm d<>11:c: it. Tl 1<· ];11"·.y, ·r 1:1lLi11::;· :1t tlie h:tr, tl1''
pn·al'!11•r plP:ul in !! frnm tlH' p11l1•it . thr· r r• fnrnw l· dPnnimring
on the platforrn, Lhe politi<~ian hara11g11i11g from the stump,
Llw slal.• ·s11 1:(11 tlt:b:tl i11;.; i11 ;1 lc ;.; 1~l:tti·;t.: '-1.oSc:lllLly - '111 wlw
t!t..111. 1/t,· /111,·k u{ it .,,.,,u/•/.

\Vrit.t· nr s111';1k \\'ith ;1 ( l:.~t 1111· L
0111·

dis 1·()Jt1':·; 1· 11111:--:t
J't ';tt' h

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~ Ir

and tl1at. ,,1· t l w f1·1·l111::s 1,, 1·,·;11·!1 tl1•' , ,\/ 1,·r.
!H'l'~1l:i.·~ Jt1!l ;1J11l

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tlia1. wl 1il 1· 1t . 1·1<1J\·i111·,· s (\,,· 1111il ·· rsl:i 11 il111c:. ii ;1r1111si· .' f, ·, ·l1w;

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a.nil

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w:ut 11111!11

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th1 · \\"lii \\';1 1! .-i lljHH I

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d1sc · 1 1lll" :-; t· ,

tltt·re are l)11t, 1.l1 nT )..~Tt';l l 1·11ds \Yl 1 H · l 1 di.'-it 'c i11 r :-..; 1· 1·:111

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Tli:1t 11 li11·!1 l1r111:.;c; 1h <'1<lil•·11h 111 111<' l! il1 ·li<-• \.

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1. Conversation.

d1\· 1si1 !Jl

t~1

;-•>":3
tl1· ·

i11t .. ] ..

l:ik•• 1·:i1•t 11·,. till' \1· 111 11111,J
, \\\.i! : 1·11

1u:111\" ~,i1]1d!\ " l>l ! 1l1~;.

'l'li1· fir:--;t

i!s triL1it i·

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t' ~ · ( ll1 1.._:- ;t!td di ·:---1 1· 1· .

1l1t""' ' ' ~ri · ;ii

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di:--1(·(111r~,,

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Li:--;:...,•·:-..;

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M ueh ot oral Lliscou r st' is w ri tten, h11t
wntLcll to [;,, sp11i< .. 1i.
( \111\«Ts:1t.1011 w·\'1•r i.<. Bnt it~
v:tluc as prf'paratorv to \\Tt1.tcn disr,01 1r.-:e - wlicth1n· thi s is
to be spoke n or Ho t - is bc.\·01Hl estimate.

or more people.

1. Conversation Widens one's Views of one's Subject . -

!

Conversati o n forces one to look at a suhj,·c·t tli rough tlie
'~Y~'" of ;L11 nt.h1' r, a111l t.li11~ S•'e wltat ltc '"'1tid Jj()t 1list:11\'n f"r
Iii 1mwl L lj n de r tile sti m u l11s o f opposition, ht, is carri1 ·d
in hi s own thin k in g lff('f ti-rritorv lie <'ou ld not travprsn
alu11c. He l":trns \\'li:1t \\ill lil' :u· thr· l11'at. of tlis1 ·11ssi"11 a11d
w hat will n ot. He SPcs that l111 rnust StU\'f'Y a s11hjcct from
:til s icl es i[ lie woulcl l1 :rndl _1 it \\·,, Jl , liittls Ll1 at :d 1 Ll11' t.rnth
ts neve r with any 011c disp11t:lllt, ltas l11s own opinio nR curr e cterl and brna1lf"tW<l, sett.ks d own into a n10rP rnorl es t estimate ot his ow n powers, and masters what Curtis sa.ys is
the great lesson of tr:.t \'d - tolera.tion .
0

2 . Conversation Puts one in Better Possession of his
Thought . - U 1H' llt'V t· r k1111ws Li1:1t It., k11m1· s :1.11 ,v t.hi11g till he
· ti11rh hims Plt :tl)le to tl'il utl1t· rs of it. Cm11rn1111i<'ation mir-

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lw 1nade ~1.·r\·ic· t ·:d•lt·

t11

tirn1.
ll:1\·i:1 .'-'. l'Si>«llSl'd """ sid1· ul' :L 1111 .. st1«11, till' dt'ILii1 ·r
:trr:1y.s :il l t.i111 Lll'ts and ;1rg111111'11is ]11: <'illl !i11tl 11·iJ1,.]1 ~1 11 •­
purt his 1111si t io11 . :rnd t:dks nnt s11 11111r ·l1 to 1111j•111· t k11 1< \11i'<lg" :is '" .. ,t;,J,i1 sli l1is ] 1rr •1111 ,., 1t1 .. 11. \\'li:Lf. tJ:,. ['l'"J'"1·:ct!"11
fur ti1<' .J,.[1;ttl' :!lid t )11• diSl'llSSi(Jll u f [Ji,• lj\ll 'Sf i<>ll .J11 j'.,I' f ),, ,
di:;put.ants \\'P ;1 ttf' lll)'t!-•1l tn sli<>w i11 011r rnrn] .. J .'-'.i\'1·11 in r. .. s-

_,.
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F r:11111'\\'11l'l;. :ll11i 11 111,·li s:i11i i1 1 tlr1s 1,,.,,_
l )f' n·1 1• ·: 1t1·d ;111d 4·r1111l1:t:--;!11·d !i ~·r 1· .
Burden of Proof and Presumption . - - \\ ,. \ 1· islt t,, :1• Id i !::ii.
i11 c11·d111;try ('(lJ1\·1,r:..:;ili 11n, 111 d1'l1:lt 1·. J JL ~11qk1·11 a11d \\r1t!· · 11
elf11rl.~ ul' :ill ki11d:<, y1 111 s li11ulil 11 .. t dhr•· ;;:ml \\l1: 1t. i., 1·11ll ··>l
'1'111 · l:1 1ril1·11 1 1!' l'r~H1!' :iriil 1 l'l11· l'r•·:--;1111qit11•11.
\\" li(Jt ' \. t·r :dt.;11·ks ;111 yll 1 111 .1.~ 1;1Li ·s upo11 L 1111:-;1·lf t.l1t· \,11r dj J! 1d. · l1· 1;J1 J!1sLr;tf , lfi .~ ii:-; 1111r1·as,l!1: 1l il1 ·1 11·ss 1i r f:1i:--;ity ·-- •• f .··'1 111 \\ Ill~ j' :t l J."-.t '
wl1y i t. .'-'IHJ1i!d 1)1' 1·l1:u1 .~f ·il 11r :llH1 }J.'-'l 1t·d. 1 l is is t lt 1' !: d 11)J J1 ~ ~
o:u-. \\'1 tli tii:tt. \\'iill'lt i.-; :tLt:ll'k " d 11"' tl11· 1•r1.,-;i11111·ti .. 11 tii:1 t.
it l1:1s :t ngl1 t t.1 1·x ist.
I t. s <'X 1-'l"il<'<' tlfl•·s 1111t. 1·st: 11.l1:;J. 1 i1:cl
righl, ~lse "\Vhatevcr 18, is right./: and there should bn no
PhanQP :ind ('~-111111 i11-• ll1~ i11111r1) \' t'l!H'!d.
i~t1 L i i;-.; di'fi'IH11:r:-;
:Lr 1• Jl4)L 1· :d l1 ·d 11;11 111 l 11 i 1r1) \' • ' tli:1L 11 1~ r+·:t :- -. ~1r1:1l1]1· ( 1r trtl( ' ,
son. 1111

Co11-

I t g ives him an Pa.s.v l 1a.11dli11 g fJf his t.l1 on glit., arnl thP art.
(If putting it so as tn rnakP t.!11• rnn;;;t of if'. Tf,, l1•:11·11 R fr11111
it that the strongest point may fa il tliruugh on e's bck of
tact in prt•sr• ntin g it-it. \\·;1s nnt. thr> l ii d l'(" pei\\'f·rf111 T\1H1t,rid' l!ltu lrnt. th" tr:111w<l :·111.J :-;l;Iil!ul 1:tt.1.-.l:1 11 1f's wlto won
111 th e swo rd ii11l'L
1i1unl11g t.111· 11 1 : 1L LlH · 1n ;-; L;111l. lHddi1: g· 11 f l1is lt 1T1 L-..:. h(• :wqn ir (I~

t!1 P t1

t.111, wr1 !1·r a11d t" ti"' 1•11 lili c SJ"'"k"r.
11. Debates.- .\ debate 1s a f'11rn1:11 and i' 1i11li11 1'<1111· .. rs:1-

1

1

\'l"l'Satio 11 k;wl1!'s 011 e when: Lu lw'..'.i11 :11111 what. ortl"r (-.11 follow.

l11a11y w:1ys

tlw l r<'par:1 ti1111 111'

\V e l1·arn
( '• >Jl\' (' l'S;lf l<ll l 111:11'1'.~ flt<' \':t ,'._'.' 111' 1J..fi11il.1•. :1lill
.~ 1°:1~]1 (lr \\'h:1f \\'!' lH ' ftl)'I' l11 lrl llH)'-'i'ly .

3 . Conversation Teaches us how to Com municate. -

J {,. 1s t;11 1.c:iiL ti ... d:ti l'-'. "l' ut' \'< rl11:i ;.c:• "
tlH· I1t'('1':-;:--;1ty ,,f· :111 :trr: 1 11 .~ 1 ·111 ·· 11t tl1:1i. i."i d1r1·1·t :uid (,f :t ~1\ ·] 1·
th:tt is l1ll'1ii. JJ,. J.. 1 11'!1~ tii:1t. 11·l111" 1•r111g111o_: i11s tl 1•111:.'i1t
lo l.il':Lr fru111 lll;rny sidc;s il' ll<'<'d J,.., l1i.~ .. 11.,rt sl1111il1l ,.""''"
wll t'H lil· ii: Ls l<1dg1·d l 11s t lHll i ,:._:-l:t \\.lit·J'c ltt~ \\· ;uds it.
i 11

liis Ll1u11gl11. lt<>1 111 ·.

SU!!

rorn to u s t lt P L'xaet e<111tlition of o ur knowl"dgr~.

ii.I' tl';l\'hlllg.

.

j

:t

'1111Y 1·rs:1l i,111. n11~l1t

:ttPl lf1 1·n ·l"rHT h:1:" :l l'l .'-~ 1it

t1- 1

j,,-. _

l 1 :\~·11i1iti 1 11i

!'r()Jll

]ol' iJ \

1r1 .~·

!. ;i l ! I : t l 1 i .. .: t i I i "'- - ;,J : ~ : l ) , 1 \ ' ! ' I I '~ • 1 l > .
The Burden of Proof 1s 11,,. J. ,i,,, 1· .. r i"'"\· 111c: 11"" 11:1 1··· 1'" '1
: 1 r 1i.·11 , · ·' ·"' , 11· i I11. 1·: 1 l ·, i i \- 4 I 1· 1 l i: i 1 \\ 1111 · l i i:.; : l ;- -; .-~ : L1lt· t1, ; 1111 1 1 i 1t '.
t.r11il 1 «1' tli:1L -.1l1wli 1,; ,,ff,.r,.,I :1., :i ,,111<:,1.111 11 ".
t. l 1 I .'-\ i :-) ; l -.: .__. ! i ) i l

llH ·

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230

f ',.udw-tlu1iS- OmL l'rosc.

The Presumption is Llit.: CXl' lll !'Liu11 from all bLor in JeLaLe savu l.11aL 11! d•_·IL'llct'.

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l'rc:sLtt11 pLiu11, :u; \U 1aLl'l,v :;a ys, 1s ii kc a fortress withiu
11·]1ic:l1 Lill : ,[,.f,·1 1d1·r:-; J11 :ty :i.c:i1t.. ,\11 tltt ·y UL: c:dletl upun tu
du in urd .. r Lu wt n is Lu w:ml (JII a Lt:t,: ks - l't'j•el Lli e a:;sail;i11 ts. 'l'!te fortre :s::; it ~wlf may be s u tti cie ut for t his, it is at
lt·ast : ~ j'OWe rl'u l J'l'Olel'tiu 11. Ht1t if, al1andoning th is tignrative fll r t n •ss, a,; Cl 1a rll' s Pl Lon:1llll'. at L .. 11tl11·11 au:uHlo1wd
lii:s r l'al u ne, the dd'eudl• rs sally fo r th to tight without it:;
walls , th1 ~ y m:w like l1im be ueate n.
Ti1e pn· su111pt iun uf i1llluccni:e Lclougs to rvery onr, until
lw ts proved g nli t_v. J\ nv u ne an .. st. ·d a11d a ccuse d is hel<l
iu duress only to allow t he pros!'cutor to attempt the proof
o f li1 s guilt. If tlic prost' 1:11tur f:uls. t:lie ~1f:L:11s"d is disl·i1:Lrgt"d. Jtrcs u1H pL io n. as 11as bl·t> n sa.id . ll es \Vlth evPry
1· x1stl!lg 111st.: t 11LJ!lll.
H_1· a sktll!t tl tlirn11· 111g 11:u·k of tl 1e
•j ll•·:-d .i1>11 Lu :~ l. 1>1«: 11 i " '" tl1e i11 ,.;l-ll11lw11 did 110 L 1·x ist, 1.lie
1H1nlt>1t uf proof rn:tv i1e s h i l'tcd, anti the de f,,n<Jers of it mav
be called upo n tLJ show caus e why th e irn;tituti on arose an;i
I f this hro all"wl'<i by tli<'rn, tl1r.1· assume the lahor
n f i'I'f'nf :lni i }1 -1.<.:::P ti1t' l·I·1 ·,.:; q:tlj1tll}! L
Rufutation. - :\ '.;'""i 1iiilstr:1t111n ;,f tilf • \1·a1· an :1.Jv .. rs:cry 's u!1_J 1'<'! 1.. 11s 111:l_Y ),.. r..t.111<-d . 1,; l111 111 d iu t.11t ' <'Xt1·a.ct
frolll \\' <·11 d1•ii l'iiiili j>s . l.1 ·sso11 Ii/, wlii!'lt s1•f'. But time mirl
st re ngth may iic u:asteri in :w1-rn·cr i11 b' objectio ns . A prineij>ie m a._y iH· t r11 n cv1·n if 111t:11 1s\\'f' raiiit ' arg nm.-,nt.;; 1uak<'
ag:1in st 1t. J l uimcs sa_1·s, .. If i i1:ul li"t f"rcc 1·11u11 gl 1 to
!Jn>J"d a j'riue1pie full in the fa.c c ot tiie h:df down lil(JSt
ul ,vw11s fads wli1d1 S<'<'lll to c11J 1tr:1.J 11't it, l W1>1tld think
uuly i11 s11i;..: l1·. lil1 · l'r11!11 li11s d:1y f,q·\1·ard." ~ .. ,; if yew ! '. :tll
ov1 :rLl1row }Olli' o ppon e n t\ r c:u;onin:.; h_v s huwiug (l) that
tl1 .. premises lr<>111 \1·hwit Ju; arc:u11 w 11t J•l'<'<'1Tds :tre unwarnu1tably assumed; llr t lut 1-.: 1 1I ti11'_1· 1•r<>1·i; :rnyti 1i11 g tlwy
prove too much -- :w alis11rd1t_r: --- or t.li:1t (:)) even if trne,

tl1i; reasoning fnJ111 1111· 111 i--> incorrect :i1,,[ iiluc.::1•· :1'; tl1:1:
('I) the · conclusion ill' n·:1,·l11·d 1--> at war 111111 that which.' .. 11
ca n establish as true liy J>< >S 1t.t1·,. :111d 1rrd11L1liJ,. :u·_c.;11111, ·1<1 .'
(lf y1 HI I' 11\\" l l.
Ill. Orations .-1\ 11 oration i,; :L d1s•·<>111·s1· .; .. 111 .. n·.J iw for e an audit· JH· e ui' scl1ulars.
-~

-..,..___
.$£.,,..
,~··'·.•

_.........,._~

~3~
~~...._~

~­
'f

_,:~:.·

a.

~-·~T1 ' ; Lt stLLt•:-illL tll ,,r :-;1·l 1<1L1r ; (dl11'1':-i ;1r1· f' l' t•p:u ·-· d f11l' tlH·

;u111i,·1·r--;;u-1,·s (Jf l1t.t-r:tn· s1wwt.ll's. :ts tl 1<>_._,,. ,.f l'l.IJ,._c;., a.l11t1111i
•>r uf tl11: l'lii ] ~ l'l . :t l\..:q•J>:l lr:tl•·r11it_1· ; :111d i-11·1> Llw S!"' ' "'Ji ,.._,
lJ f t.IJI' :llll'l!•JJt lll':lt"l'' 1·.. 111<' .i .. 111. j,. II ~ 11 111 > ti"' 11 1],. ,. (
oratirn1s. Ail S1ll' li l'IT"rh t:1k•· t lw1r k1·1·- 11ut" lrllill t!1 •·
0<·1·;1sit111; :111il. ;1 :--: t Iii:--; is 111 \ ·1·r (" <ll1111tq111il:11T~ :-:ii) t lH·y :tr~ ·
111·vPr Lu 11iliar ;1ud (" l1l] t :i(i111~t1, l11tl L1l~1~r 1 ·1\. .~· r;1 1·1·!'11 1. l '1i\1-..,l1\ ·d .
a11d d1.~ 1 1itit · d, dt.'-ii·lii:--:111 .~ 1·J.n ~ ~ 1·111,Ltr.--;!1111, ;llHl

S<'l' \'t\·~ ·

t ri

t iu1 1.'-\.

'I'! It'\ . In Jl'!'(

1111·1 ·11.

~-7

-~i:1

; t l•11tt11 ( l111g,

•·las . . . w ;1 ll i1 :·-. i1111.
\\·n 11 :->1 : llll: ,1-.,rd oration t .. ti•·11••I·-. :ii ~ ". 11,,. ~1,,,l-., -11 1•1 " dul'.tio11s ut' yout.lt i11 s1·J1.,,.Js :llld , ... JJ,·g'"'· I 1. 111:1_,- J.,. ,.f
"1" !1·1 1, 111

t 111 • st t1il 1·11t tc ) S;t \.

\\"l1i1 · l1 tl11 •\' :11·1·

-.~--

~11Jllt' ur:tl\\JIJ:-i l ' (1l11 1111·11111l':tl•·

g r• •.at "" ' ' llts-tli<' L:u1diug ot' t.111 : l'ilgri111s, till' l l,-, -l:.r;tl1••11
()r l11d1·J'H'11d1·Jl('j' , tl11· L1.\ i11.~ (11" a ··•1riwr-:--.t111H" tl11· c!1·:l1! 1 (Ir

j l\"\

1 \ \"

J 11

1

1i;11·1·1l.

:--;11J11t·!

J l 11) )( 1 r ! ; t 1 w1 ·
\1111

111:: . ., 1

]'1

\1i11 ,:_:-

1· l"t '! 11
] _, .

1d.

1111 · ~1 ·

1 l 1t •

1111(1]1

t l11 ·11·

} > !'~1 d1 11·-

;t :-- 11111

f 1 •

l'

l l l l l ' l l l '-. J•'

\\ . ]i;lt w ; 1:--, .-...;iii! . 111 l,1·:<-, (111 :.:.·;·, tq1111 1 I !11· l' r1· 11;1 r:tl 11111

of a F ra 111l'\\'1•rk is i11 ]'"1111 lwr>' - 1111·1-. · 11111.-->t. \.,.I \1 1· s··l····tllJll LJf :t suhj t·c ·.t, t\1., :u·1 ·1 11111tl:1t.1 <111 <>I' 111:it .•·r1; d, ti"' 1•h111111 1_:.:
and tlw p1ttti1 1:.: r .. _c:•·tlll'r 1if tl 1l' --;tr1wt11 rt'. J:11t t.!1" 1·· 111sid"r:it.io11 ti1:it. :t ,.;11Lj.. d . :111d :1 _,J\ J, ... r t ,-,·:i t 1111 ·11t ~11il:il•l,. t"
;111 t'SS:t_\' 11·u1tl1l lw 1ll - ~11i1.t-d tu :111 11r:it i<>11 , _--;111<-.- 1ill' <1r; tl 1"11
is tu lw "i"'k1·11 :i11il 11 .. t r• ·:id, is :i ll i1111•<>rt:uil :111d j11st lfi, ·s
:111 :tdd1t i<>11:d 11- .. rd.
1. The Choice of a Subject. - A s1tl1j1 ·d sliu11ld l"' t.:ik1·11
·11J. 1,·l 1 is :id:11•t ·· d (<1 :111 ;1k1 ·JJ i11 t.lw Siw:iL,·r 11"1 tl11•11.c; l1t
":il.1· \.11t. 1, -.. !111 .c: :1J., ., _ :\I. st 1·:11 -t ' 11\.j,..- ts <>I' --;1i\•_i•·· · t~ 111<·11· !_1·
"l "..-1il:i t.11L: an; 11uL :-;u1t.l' d to tl1" :-;1.1lllu1t.'s purl'ust:. Tl1t;

l'rod11r·tiu11s -

( )nr( /'ruse.

s11l1jt'i:L slw11ld l1to v11e t]1;Lt ill s111111• d<'llt<Jllst.r;dile way 1s
1.. 1111 '!'1'1\J'd ll'iU 1 tho 1n·ll-lwi11g " !' 111<·n -tl1 1; n·forn1a tiou
1d' so11w al>11s1', the j11st claims o f sollw l'ra..t.iu11 "[the rac.e,
tii11 improve1 1H ·11t of lin111n.nity in so 1nu pa.rti cul a r, the rights,
ti 11· wn111gs, Ll1t; d11til's, or the development of rnen. It mav
lie so11lt-1 q11Pstiu n vf tl1e l1u11r, agitat.i11g nwn's minds, ;r
blllllt '. uld1·1· Lupii: tl1: 1t <':111 11t•1·cr C'<':l~C tu illt1·1'!·st. 11 the
:rniiJt'"t has in it tl 11s l11111um l'Ie1111 •11t, :w1l, in :1ddition, is
:• •111•·st.iu11 ll[1t11l whi\'11 lltt'II ar1~ llut :1.t rnw, su tliat the
"l"'"k"r lll:1y lt:t\'<', or i111:1,~i1111 t.iiat lH' has, an npporwnt to
goat[ him to h is utmost, all is ,Jo11e that the s11hject can do
t o i11c1k him lo his hr.st th i11 k i11L'. . k i:: .J],, strong foeling,
gt\'c pui11t <till[ weight to liis btd .. , :111<[ a11i111;it.i111t 1.o l1is
Jelivi; r y.

2. Th e Framework. - Sell't't from your n.nalvsis of the
sulij(·ct not morn than two or tlirl'e poi11l .s. But l et these
Ii,• Jiil'"•tal --- 1,.11 1ils \1·l1i,.f1, 11· n1 :1d". <\·i:l Pst:1\,1J.,Ji wl1:1t yon
ai111 t. .. !ll'<•V•·- T/,., li1.st11ric !Jalt!l'S :ll".' 11ot W!lll l1y rll'frlllllllg o r ca ptu r111g the fort;r,•sses ;i.l i along the line, but by
iiuld1 11 g "r ca n yi 11g tl1os<1 \\'l1icli furn\ tlie kt'y "[' tlie po8iL1u 11 . Tlie g rl'~tt dl'tJ:tt'"rs art~ Ll 1us11 11·/10 k1v1j the tliscPl'llmPnt to see wJ1;i.t points are 1·0111111:rndi11g, :1,nd who,
1wglecting :di else, r·0nr.Pntra.tc tlH ·ir fcn·c.-·s upon these.
\\'" du nut l1sl.t'11 :t111l a:;sl'llt to one for l1is "nrnch speaki11.L:·,' '

ln1l. lor

l11s \Vl.-.\P

spt-'aking.

1111111 .~ it,

\\.j·;tL

lwi11.~ 1lr1i\1\11•1i-;u1d tl1 1 •

d!'Vl']li]'lll!'IJ!, uJ' l':u· l1 . \\"!1110'. do'<']' f,.,,.)111.c_:· lll:t} d1:ll':L1 ·t.,.1·i1.•·
t1 1,. ,1r: 1t 11111 a,; :1 wl11 •],., y..t. .. :ti·lt p: 1r:1g r:q•l1 sl 11111ld l11'.;: i1 1
1"o]l"'l11iallv , :i.11il """!1,.11 111 t.111111 .c:· lit :1111l 1·111oti,;i1 as it prni·t•t ·d~. t\ 1e ll11l'd1·11 g r11 \\'lllg lH ·;1\·i1·r tc> Lh1• cl(i:-\1' .
j,,qi~ ;-:, · Jt[,.•IJl'l'S and 1wriods arP in pl:ll"' l"'n' - gn·:tt. 11l11111 .. 11l11n1
<': 1111111 1, '"" at.t:1i11!'d 1! tll!' st"!'' ar" tr'"l111"11t.
(;n·:1L 1:u·i,.1y.
,. s 1.... i:.1ly in 1.1,.. ki11d. t i1I' J.. 11 g ll1 . and tll('. .. li:1ra..t... r of till.'
1
s1·11t.1·IHT:--\ ll.....:.t ·,J,

sli11111, [ 1l1:--;t i11~11i s l1 tht ·

uLt LH l!l.

4 . The Parts. --- Tl"' parts 11!' :u1 11r:1t1"'' :tr" tJir,.,· - - t 11,.

i..-·
-.~

~"-'~~
;.,

introduction. 11r exordium, tlll' discussion, :111'1 tl"· peroration,
or conclusion. Tl1t· i11t .rnd11!'.L11111 :-;J1,11il.t \,, , l 1rid a1 1d .c:r:ll' l'f11l, 1111 .[ s\ 11 1ul •l ]'l"'l1:1n· tl11• 11:1v f11r t !I!' dis1 . 11,;, 1<11 1: 1tll'.
<1i;;<·i 1s,;inn sl11111lil ],., lit>ll!'~L :u11l t.l1ur.,11.c:li; :u1d t,ll\o ]i"r"r:tti,,11 sl 101 i],[ m:t1.('li till> d1,;!'11ssi,,11. Jq1 1ki11g hll'k t" LI"' 11 l1 11ll'
of it ill n·i ·:t pit11btio11 or inf,·r»IJ!'e ur :t!']'li .. atirn1 1 a1J1l titly
1· l1hJll

1r

Jl

\\' li~t ),;.rt 1"'

"Y~
-c~~:w.=-.·.-,.:;.

-.=-t.!-:---

3 . The Treatment. - - E111·rgy is t,Ji,, 'lual 1Ly ul' style tha.t
.sl1 111 tlil d1 1111 i11: ttt' i11 your lll':Li i1•11s. \\"•rd .s :lll•l li,gurcs uf
"l"""'lt,:;l1uuld lie cltusl'll for 1·igor rat.lwr tiian for lwa11ty.
h1"·j1 to tl1c cu11lTCk a':i far as po,;s1iil,1, ;1.11tl :tnay speeilie
i11sL11 11 ·.1·s 11 1 t.!11: 1r:1y nf ili11.str:di"n :u1d 11rnuf. ]11 the
an:u1g<;1111·uL u[ t.:0 11qilex :,1;11tl'1H:<:s, 1,J:i,.,, , tl 1e ti<:l1<'llLlent aJHl
11ual1i.}'1J 1g cb11:;t':; Gdure Liie i11d"l"'ll •iv11 t and the qualitieri
-1.11 1• w;1Np c;trrit ·s 1t.s f(lrniid;tl >l <' w1·:q1011 111 its tail.
Lt·t
tll!::> :;u;:;;e::>L tlrn unkr ul point:; wline not.hiug else Jeter-

~-11i11~t' al~:--d1!:1t.1·~y

l''"'i111sii i .. 11 t" J,,. ['!'!11·1.,] sl1!111ld \,.. s1: 1kd
lif'fon• tl«• 1lisc·11,:si11n 11r :it tliP l'l11s1• of it dq ... 11d,; l:tr:.;"ly
upon y 11 iil' dtTl'i~1 11 uf t.lll' 1 1111· .' -'ti(lll , l:-; 111y 1irt1JH1:-;iti(>!t. ('.r
tlH·~is, agr 1·1·;tidt; t() 111y audiL<1r .. .; ':)
If l!{it a.~~Tl'1·:dil1·, it
sltonld ],, , 11 itlilll'ld, :rnd i.litj :1111\ il'llClr 1": <':tl'l'l•"l :Ji.,11,g liy
thr; arg- 11111 ,·nt :rnd ],.~ l"1'""·d, at the (·l11s" ol tl11: d1"·11 ,;,;irrn,
t, 1 ; 1.. ,.,. 1,t tli 1• th(·sis :rn•1 tl11'. I''"",:· (1l 1t. Tlw i1it1.,,,[11!'1 1"''
y 1111 11 i: 11· \I rit.1· J:i,;t , tlill11c:li it st:111ds 1ir,1 - - \l't : l111il1l tl1"
p<>!Tli alt..r tli ll l111llSI' i,; !'l'l'l' L1·d, t.l1!1llf'.l l ll'L) pl:Jl',1' lt Ill
f l'o Ii It.
I\·.

>#
~

~~~-

-c--~ ·~

Speeches. - Speeches :11'<· "ral ,]1,;, .. 1111·~"~ 11 ~1 1:11\y d"l11"<·r"d 111 l•'.!.ii:-dati1·1· :Ls sc ·11il1]1 ,·s .,,. ],..f,,n· Ji"liti .. :d i11 .. J1<· ,; .
.\111Ull" tlll' "1'1•:it. s11.,k1·11 ,.ff.,rh 1L:1t Sill'\'!\'<: i11 1·:11:.;l1sl1 :ti'•"
~1 11 · :-;p~t't'lll'~ 1tLt1\1· i11 \';1rli;11111·11t. :l1H! i1l ( \ 1 11gn·~:-;. l)f l : trli:tllll'li1:i n· 'l"'l'"I'"'· s11111<" li:1\'1' t.n· :d"d of tlw l"'l1l1<-:1l
ri~~lii~ tl!" ;.iJ!·. jH ·o;lli·, (ii. tl11 · 11r1·r1).:..:::iti\·1·s 11f thi·(_'rtJ\\'11, pf tlw
p·i:J1.;tll l 111111 d1tl.l!'S uf /•:11:.;i :lltd tu h!'l' t.:uJunicS ;l!lU of jl\'l'
1

Coivuies to i1,.,r, o f the fnrt'tg11 poiicy of tlw gu\'en iurnut,
a11d u ! d111rcli, hnancial, anrl Ltml r111csli o11s. Some uJ those
iuaJe in Co ng ress li a ve d ea lt with the 11a t ure uf t l1e central
gove
. rn me Ht, with its relation to t he states corn 1)o:;i11"~ the
Un io
n a nd to t li e terri to ri es, with th e tariff, with iuternal
im prove me nts, with th e c11i-rcncy, with our relat ions to tli c
l ndi ;u '. s and to fo reig n powe rs, a ntl with negro sla very.
Their St.1/e and Value. - Th ese speech es co ntain the best
t houg ht of th e wi ::;es t sta.tes 111 e n, a nd have been of service
iu settl in g iHtri cat e n at iona l and in te rnationa l questions
and s hap in g t he forei g n and domes ti c p oli cy of govern~
11H·11 ts. D elivered on opp os ite s idt~s of q uest ions that have
can ed fo r a ~ote, t h <·y l1 avc eli c ited all tl1 e l egal and
pol1t 1ea l learnrng of the ablest pu l>lie men, a nd all their
po wers of reaso nin g and pers uas io n. J\epulili cs a nd limited
in ~na rc hi cs, in which the full est freedo m of speech is
c n1oye J, are fav orable to thi s kin d of discourse. The subject-m atter of these speech es is us ua lly thor oug hly prepared, but coiumonly t he speeches are 11o t written outt he wo rdin g of th e th oug ht I.ic ing left to the occasion.
\ Vit h som e just ice o ur Co ng ress ional speakin g has been
acc use1l o f a styl e ho rnl>a .·t ic a ncl declamatory ; but it is
thong- li t that age will !i rin g seda t1• ness, and beget a d isposition arnong ou1· orators tu tiy with less of " soar" in their
lllOV!'lil l'll t.

Campaign Speeches. - Ou r a nnual an d preside ntial elect io ns f u nn a val uable sc hool fu r the cult ivation of public
SJH?alrn1 g. Tli c prin c ipl es o f Lli e cun te ndi 11 g political parties are ex pound ed, cri t icised, a 11d d t>fo 111led, th e merits of
th e ri 1·al candidates arc ca 111·asst•d, a nd the dut.ies of the
cit iz,• 11 s at t l1 e poll s are cnfo rct>d in t hese speec hes. These
campa ig ns are l1i g lily exc it in g; cvt,ry liarnle t has its gathc n ng-s, every large r to wn i ts mass -u1 Pl' t in gs, antl t he land
rin gs witl1 tl1 e noisy co ntli t.:t of opi11i o11s. \\' hen, as often

h;qJpen:-;, ignura1w.•·, 111isrC]' l' t"Sl'l1Ltl.1u11, S<>!'lti .,Lry , :u1<l : 1 1'~
to tlte lower pass inns m:1.rk tl1esc ;;pt,l'.-11 .. s, tlw_1
deserve a nd s ltoulr l rc r,, ,ive 110 l1ig- l10r title than harangues ..
After-Dinner Speeches s houltl li0 graceful, wi tty, illll of
happy all us ions and ready rqia r t«e, a11d should lie rn;u·k,·d
bv a stv l e :rnitl'll t o the ocea:;ion ;ui ,l to the toas ts, or :SL' t1t1;;0nts .that call them fo r t h.
v. Lectures a nd Addresses. -Lectures anrl Addresses rm~
o ral di scou rses de li vere(l Lefore lyce um s and l ecture assoe iati ons. Such in st it uti ons are fountl, one in aln'.ost cv_,·ry
villa<•e of t h e North a nd \V P::;t, a rnl local talent 1s 1haf tf·1 l
and for eig n en gaged for th e a 1111u :tl course._ Tl ie_ top ics di scussed in these lectures a rc ex l1austless rn vanet.y, as a rc
also t h e styl es in whi ch th ey a re t reate11. Sl!t·h e ffor ts a re
· t e-ildetl
. · l y 111
rn.un
. to in :;truct ' n ot a fe w a re m eant tu a mu.-se,
11
and some to persuad e. They h ave bee n, a llll are st1 ,
though in a wa ning tl egree, a m eans of popular edu ca.t1on.
spe·tk
M a ny o f our 1.est
u .
, ers h •ave se r ved
. an
. ap prent1 ces l11p on
th e platform, aml h a ve learn ed fro m 1t rnvalu al>le l csso ns_VI. Arguments. -Arguments are. or'.11 d1s,c,o urses d ~liv~
cretl Ly lawy ers Lefo re judges and Jll_nes. lhe occa:swn:s
,. ·tt - law
tha t give Li rth to argum en t s are su 1t .,-,
. . coiH.:e rnin!!
.,
prope r t y, an(l tl 1e tl·i·'a]u., o f t h ose ;:i,cc use<l of m1 stle 11 wanors
..
and erimes . Arg un1 e11 ts a re based upon tl1 e docum ents s ulJ.tte 1 ui io n t he t est imony of witn esses sum moned to
rn1 t'
Tl .
t estify, antl u pon tl1 e law a 1:plicable to the c~se.. .
class i fy t he ev id ence g ive n, pornt to th e co nclus '.on s \\h teh
this est abl islll' s, array a u t horiti es, suggt'St t o Jnrl ges tlic
rulin gs d es ire<l :i.ml stri ve t o pe rs uade juri <~s to bring 111 the
venli cts wishe;l fo r . 'l'hey are exte rnpora 1_·y, th~ lawyer
talkin g from t he points set d o wn in l1i ::; brief. 1' r o1n the
irn portance of th e q uestions in vol veil, a 11tl fro m • t_lw
l 1L)'.
display ed in ]1all!ll i ng t h em, some of t hese effo 1ts li:.1.1 e
pa,ssed into pcrm:rnen t li terature.
pe~ds

H?

'. d"

23G

Productions -

Oral Prose.

Arrangement of Points in an Argument. - vVe borrO\V
from Prof. Gilmore a sentence or two quoted from John
Quincy Adams. "You c<tn fi nd hundreds of persons able
to produce a crowd of good ifleas upon any subject, for one
tliat can m<trshal them to the best ad vantage. Disposition
is "to the orator what t actics, or the discipline of armies, is
to th e military art."
T o the lawy er especially the matter of arrangement is
vital. We repeat what was said in Lesson 28. If, for
exampl e, a man were accused of burning his neighbor's
house and were brought to trial, all evidence and the reasoning based upon it going to show that he was near the
buildiug at t he tim e of the burning, or that his clothes
bore marks of his having <lone the deed, would have little
weight with t he jury unless preceded by proof that he was
inte rested in the removal of the build in g or that he hated
his neighbor, aud t hat his character was such that he would
n ot scrupl e to comm it the crime if a fit opportunity offered.
All circumstautial proof of th e arson would be discounted, if
not set as i<le, by t he jury in their ignorance that th.e accused
h:ld any motive to commit the deed and was without prin.
ci pl e to restrain him. What Whn.tely calls "arguments
from cause to <
!Oect,'' "such a1·guments as might have been
employed not as arguments but to account for ·the fac t or
principle ma intain ed, supposing its truth granted,'' should
precede "such as could not be so employed" - circumstantial
proof, arguments of sign, arguments from effect to condition.
Th e pnpil will of course see that ·w hately is here using
th e wonl argum ents in a logical sense - as that having
weight in lcadiug to a t'. nn r.lu sion-and not, as we have
used it abovt', in a rli ctorieal sense, naming a department
of o ral discour,.;c.
Vl I. Sermons. - Sermons are oral discourses delivered
by }>reachcrs to their co ugrq;ations. The topic discus8ed

Sermons .

237

in a sermon is tak en from some verse or passage in tlie
Bible, an<l the sermon consists of a clevclop111e11t and an
enforcement of th e truth found in th e text, and an applica,tion of this truth to the con<luet an<l life of the hearers.
The design of t he sermon is to t each what is to be \w\icvcd
concerning God aml our relations to him and to our follows,
and to lead us to be and t o do what is becoming to us, arnl
imperative upon us, as accountable beings. Our rnor:d ;u1J
relio-ions duties - th e duties we owe to ourselves, to our
uei;hbors, and to God - furnish the preach er his sul>j1·c·ts.
The range of these subjects is immense; and th eir impor·
tance is beyond estimate, since they hn.ve to do wi t h the
forminrr of th e most p recious thing con cciv:tlilc - hurnan
charac;er. The preacli er's fuu ct ion is extending with the
advance mad e in the interpret ation of the Scripturr:-;, with
t he disclosure of new min r s of t ru t h , a.nil with the appl ica,.
tion of it t o u s in the rnhtions w hieh we s ustain to oth ers
- e ver inereasi ug in nurnber and in read1. No otl11 •r s pecies of oral disco urse rn.nks with t he sermon in vaxi!·t y :lll<l
dignity of topics, a nd in the importance of the motives
arrayed and of th e ernls presented. Th e lawy er sPeks to
redress wrongs, the pren.chcr sel'ks to prevPnt th<· ll1 ; the
occupation of th e on e would in ce rtain dirc .. tions decline,
were the t eaching of t he other c:ompletely effe etiv e.
Oratory, n.s we have seen, is largely persuasiv e - forl'n s ir,
parliamentary, platform, and pulpit o ratory a re. Hut th1·i
work to uc <lon e by th e speaker with different audie11r·1 ·,.;,
on different thrn1es, an1l :lt d·iffcrent times - nay, on th· ~
same theme arnl with t he same aUtlience at different t i11w s
- is very div erse. All the persuasion one':; hcn.rer:-; snmf'times need is thn.t which a clear presentation of th" subj1•1·t
by description, hy n:uTat ion, by t' xposition,. afford s. An
underst;L111li11~ of tlu~ :rnhjt'et is a.ll tlwy 1v<1u1rn - 110 proof
by argument, 110 exeitatiuu of the feelings need follow.

· i rii

u,.111

l'nul1u:fi1111.s -

l'r11s1'.

Bu t , un!rn:irilv. pruof. m:ul1·. up .. r f°cwh :1rra1·1·rl lll ar<" n.
llle u ts unkcd into a chai n of rr,a.soning. and pn·ssccl home
Ly :dl tl: e arts of wltich we Jpa.1·1wd 1111.J ,.r l!11aliti1•s of Stylr,
1.-; 111•1 ·•l1«l tu J•rodUL'.C eu111·i1 ·t.i"ll :111d l1•;ul lu :id.iun.
'

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'\11d t.lii.,_ 1s ufll'l1suppi1·1n1·1il.1•d b.v wli;lf WP i·all an appeal
to t!le feelings.
\\ li :1 t du \\'•' 11lt': lil l1y tl11s ·: lt was ;.;ai<l
11
·' 1111· !"'-C::•· s J,:" k t h at. t.J1, •r1· 1·11t1 I,! 111· 11 u J in:cL :.i.Jdn:.~~ to
t i11· r [' f'1i1l,C'"S nr t·c, 1
· 1,, . 11·1"'1·11. ·1· 1ii ·y 11 111.'-"' · 1H' ;u I t1rt
. 1 ~~(·d, if at
..

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Hs t o do'. H1· appeal to the feelin gs, tli1·11, w•· 111•·:111 :t i'r"' ' ' "
tatiul1 tu tlie iHtelJ.,ct uf tli""" trntl1s or thu:;t: pk tsc·s uf t rnl lr s
bPst J-ittl'd to awrtkt·11 l11rni:1n .4IISi '«]lfil1iliLi<'s :1111] l1 ·:t•i 111:i« 1s
of t.Lc will, to r·1 i11dIIct. ln t.l1is. tlw passion "f t l" · sp•·:d;< ·r.
SII]•j>n'Ss•·d ur 1·x1•r•''·'•·• i. :rntl Jij , language- l1is 11l1 ul L· demeanor - 1:uu11t Jur rnu cl 1.

}

:til. tL:· \J :i.~li t l11 · i1itl·l :t·1· t., t1 1~ u11dt ·r~ t.:u1d111 .~. B11t all trnU 1
:uldr1·ssc·d tu (.Ji., i1d1·llt-..t. is 1111L 1·•111:iilv :id:1i•ti·d to :tl'l•llS<'
f1Tli11g.

_..;\o one bnt it.s

1]1 :-; 1'(1\' 1•n•r w;1.'-' t•\'i'r I!Hi\'f•tl

f,o

( l Jl-

iii'i&i ii
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ll111., ias1JJ liy tl 1u tn 1tl1 Lliat. t. '11· s111r:u·" nf tli•" hvpotPI1\1.se of
a 1· i_:__.:- l:l-:u :,:_:: \·d i.1·i;11 1t. ~l1· 1."' 1·1 1ll :1l f 11 U:t ' :-: 11111 , ii · t lic .s y u~t.l'e::i Ld .

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s i d ~-s.

"\. c<,id lv l<>gi•·;il ;111d 111 ,:uJS\l'l'r:dil c

:tr~t111H·nt d (' ;Li1n .~ \\·ith cn1r r1~l;1fi1lJ1 ....;

;i:-\

1·iti:-_1·Iis t( 1 ()Ur ennn-

Lry, sdli11g f"rtlt its c i:ums 11pnn 11s and 01ir ,-,J,Jic:::itiJJJJ.-; tn
1L, 11·u1dii 11:u·diy be ctlect1v1·' 111 1· 1ilisting sn]rliPrs in a tim,.
"f' t.l1n·:Jt1·rn ·d 111\·,·ts 1<>11 . IL 11·",,"1 11< 1t- :i1
· Jl :u11•·<>11r1•:1lnutisrn
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di\'i;-;i( Jl n\' \\'r il tt•Jl d i~:t''Hl\'.'-.;! ' lS iiJt ~ · r idC' d
lll:ti11h· fo 11t1lJrr s l1 tli:it ii• jt: trl 111t• 1ii. <>f tlw 111 i:i · I 11·i11 1·l 1 1.-;
rf}u•

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ur ~d."r l'urLr:ty the gbrlllg ill.Jll :-ll.i.,11 of thP irnpt>rnling :itLtL·.k, let. l11rn slww us t.li:d., 11' :..;nrcps,.;ful_. fl11• inl';i;.;ion will
\V-ft:Of·k the 11alion, dPstrny ou r p oss r.s s i1_J J L~, i·uin our }1on.:.cs.
and stri11 11 s o f :1.ll t lut ni:lkc:s ]if'.: 11.·:i1·. '" "1 rJ 1., 11 lt·t lriiu
•iJ,•
1 - 11 It"
·· 11 11·] Ill Ilf'ff' :1 11<1· •'
•qi·t·1rP
I
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t ! i(']'<.'
l l ll'Ul!C:: !iuUt J1ist.nry

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lllg a11d inst.nJt't.111.L( t.l.c« ""i-£l•I f.i1·, · jt:IrL <>I 11 .s , Ly l11n11.-i11110.:
1t Lwts. t rn t hs. :i II d r lin 11L'.'1l :-< . \\·,. s:i_1· t li:i! t 1.1.' i.-; 111:1111 ] 1
its fun ction. but, in ccr t:tin subdi,·i sions uf it. \\'e s ktll sc:c
th:tt tlw :Li rt iinr d<.f'rr si 11·s :1 lll"r:il f'lll" f' " ' " :i s 1n•ll. :itt r1111 1r s
thl' r1·furi1 Lll H•!1 uf SilIJH ' : tl~11... .; 1· , 1•r t r11•s tn l 1•a\· 1· ;L iwnn:uw11 t

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T.

Treatises_~

A treatise

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11· ri1.t.-11 11.,rk ""1il:i i11i11 c;
U11 · l1r111!·111!,·s ;1 11d t !1t· f;p ·ls r1!' :ir1y s1·lpr 11· 11 nr :irt.
\Vc}1~n-p :i. rl~ h t t ; ) r1Prn:1nd n f :l tr 0 :1ti _;:; ,-. tl1 :-tt tl tc· Lu_:t s ~ !i; d l
1lt ' g'l'!J\!p1 ·11 i1tfr1 f}11' ( ·l : t :--\;-- 1· :--; Ii! \\l1i1 ·li li11 ·y 1wl 1ir1 _:; j f/i; tf- tfH '
Jiriuciplts gUVt!l'lling L11i .., ~L:t.":lt> ifi cdL ivll s11all 1,~ n-~a.:-:;:n11abl1~
arul a.ppan ,11!.; t.li:-tl a rit::iil t:: r:ubt.io11 ,.;hall !"-" u]_>;<<·n·c 1l
throughout, suhonlirmti11g and co-ord in at ing, a11d liri1 1gi11 g
is a

the parts into a scheme t hat brackets them all, bolds everything in it.s pl::irP, anrl Pn::i.h l P>: t.hP rN1.d Pr _. hy a gl::innP ::ii:

0

tl1r 'r;-i111r n f C n nt0n t s. tn g 0t :t f' nrrr• r·t vi rn,\- nf thr p;1rt s _
111 t.lwir r •·L lf 1<>!1 t<> .-cwl1 1<1111·1· <111.I tn t l1" 11 l1«l1·; ti1:d ti ...
dt<lin1tluii::; skdi IJe l1n•_·J, ::,11J11d•e, a<c1:l!ral1e7 cl!ld adt''jll<Lk;
1

1

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~..,,, ~

~

in1prc~si1ii1 11111)11 t·h ;.l-l'~1i_' t 1_'L

have ghdiy so11g]1L Lu avt,rt thPsf' · P:i.hmiti,...; f'VPn nt th.i_•
_ri.:sk uf <leaLl 1 on the fiel1l- tlrPn, it at all, our fee lings are
kll1<]kd, the will s urre nd e r s , arHl the armif'~ nf rl»fen;e ar~
;rn ~'.!'.. Antl l~ o w mu c h mo re likr1y to happen wi ll all this
ne ir tile sprakn 1~ one in whose intellige nce a. nu virtue we
h·wr
rnLir
· ,,·un1s , rn
· ,; lJ111.:t
·
·
- c c c u-r1fl" 1e111:e, 11·] 1w;u
with g-reat
1':1s.si•. ll . Cul lite fi-0111 :t I'll i I heart. and w li o l1a1; prov<";] ] 1is
sin c enty Ly having alr••:irly d(_•n·~ wh:it lw i-.; ple ading- with

1 )J' O:-i i'

....,J._
- =f-

1'

:t11<i lillrr_y US into the f<Lllks of th,-,,;._, ''P(.ti11 .g 011 t tn t)rp
11·1"·1·· <>I 11:t.l11·e or:tc! o pt. r'r i l:ind.
l:11t.. :1rtr•r J•r<>i·i 11 g- all tliis,
ur 1·1 <·11 \1· 111l e :tSSllllllll!-( Lli:tL Wt! air•·ad_v k11uw it., ]1,t th n

LESSON 77.

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., ;

240

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§1"
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::lili l
m111 r

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Ii

and tl1 :tt th e style :ind treatment sl1all be clear n,nrl exact.
Exposition has g reat scope in treatises.
II. Histories . - A history is a. written work detailing
tlic achicvL,111t •nts o f a natin11 . lts purpose is instrudion.
It teaches us the ]J(' ut, o r gPnius, of tlic na.tion, what has
1":. ,11 ils govern111P11t and wh !'thcr l1t'lpfu1 or hurtful to tli 1i
p1·u1>l•', w ii:LL its suln t ion of ti1t' ;:.:-r•·:tt s<H·ial. politic:i.1, a11fl
n·lig1um; prnl1kms, wii:Lt gr<'at tl1111i-:s it J1as dune and by
\\' lt:tL 111t':L1< s , a111l w liat has liL'L'll its itdiu cnce upon "Liter
Ji:tLiu11s.
Ti1e topics former ly discussed hv the lii stori:rn wPre the
1<:cLiu11 ':s lll:LrLial <'X]>loit.s hy i:uHl ;rn1.l s e:l, i I ... n 1aj1·~t.y :u 1tl
pm1·1·r of its rulers, the ·wealth of its 1101,1.,s, t.! 11, lit.1 ·rat.11 re
ul 1Ls s<"l10iars, the d t<cds of its h eroes, alld its l11,ari11g
tu\\':tnl ::;11rroundrng nati ons.
Tl1 1~ topics now discussed t·o11e1•rn r:1thi•r th " r·"ntliti11n nf
with ·\l'li:1t rnn\·rnir-nccs :l!'t°'. til!'sto !11r11ishf'd, wl1:1t. dre ss tlo
tl1u ]>PO)'l e w1 •;1r, \l'l1:tt do tlH·.v Pat and drink . what is t.hrir
t•d1wat1C111 , tl1<· 11· r1·l1'!inn :ind l1rn1· do tlw.\· " ·ors l1ij1. wl 1at
are Lilur u1 ·1·u p;l!.1011s ami LlH· i r s:u1 1L1.n · r q.: 11 L1.t.i1111s, liy
w l1a L h1ws are Ll1t· .\· gm·enw r!. 11·li: tt i~ t.ii ,, 1111'; 1.s11rn ,,i· frt•e du11 1 till')' 1·11joy, wi1:tt l1a 1· 1, li t·t·11 tlll'ir st.r1wg l1•s for i t.. :rncl
ul wli:d, nglit.s a r" tl1• ·.1· siill d1·i•l'l\'1·1l-t li1 •sl' :ind s1wh :1.s
u.. , ., ., an· t.lie q111•sti1111s that Pngrnss ti1c: i1 ist.1in:1.11 of t.o -dav.
V1ily w 1Li1111 a :sliurt. L1111 e lt<tve ti11· Cii1111·s1· 11·:dls o[ 1'.la~s
:11111 11:il.1n11:il <'X (' l11siv1·11<'sS 111•1·11 Jq·.,J;,.ll d1•\1·11. a111l a 1·nns1·i<>1t:< fr1 ·i111g o f tlH· i1rullll'rl 1u1J1l iii rn :111k111il !1:1s olil;11111· tl.
J' t'() i,lt· JJ(,\\' :1r1· ;1n xJ1 1qs tu k 1H 1\\. ,,f ( iil1i·r J11 '1 11de:. ()n1y
rece11 Lly, t.110, h;tv 1_•. the natrn11al arl'i111·1·s 0111·1u·d t.l1eir tn·.;1sun·s, and spn ·:1d state r~pcrs and utlit-1:1i l'l'l'\11'ds lwfort•. tl1u
lii~J.u:-i:1.11 f 1_l l' 11is iu:-;pccti•.:ll tuitl HSt~ TJ ,,.. spirit l!> wliitd1 111 ,;tn rv i ~ n"'': \': r: l\1 ·:i i:; that of th r.
Lu1111ilt·, ], 11L yaluus, scckt:r ;citc:r tnllii -- t rn t i1 fu r its uw11

sake, autl truth fur tl1e sake o[ the l1·sso11s it. 1·:lll t1·a1·l1.
Tl1 e 1uateri:d a vailal1l1J is l 1ru11gl 1t i11 (.,, t h1: f1w11s ,,f t.Ji ,.
111m1t er itical st:ruti 11Y. \Vliatt-vvr will 11"t si.<u1tl Llw Lt·~L
of the ::;1·Y1· n·st s1 ·1· 1>ti1 ·i s 111 is rl'jl'dt·<i. J 11wl!1111·11 L.s ar1· s1il•je<"t,·tl to mi1·rns,·01 ,i1 · i11sp1·1·tion, :rntli"nli1·s ;1r1· 111\i'rr11g;d.-d,
atll.l t1•stiu1on1· w1·i;..:·l w1l \1·itlt : L ]•:tl it'111·• ', a d ilig1·111·1-. ;111d
:t 1lis1 '. riu1i11a.Li11g j11dL;111t·11 t i111lo1t• 11·11 tu 011r a111·1·st1·1·.s. l t
i:i ::;ai,[ that., i11 tlw 1•r•·par:1tiu11 ,, f :t r1·1·1 ·11t liist"ry ,,j E11:-;Lu1d, '..'.\Hl, (JUu dot ·nm1·11t s, lll1>stly 111 111:u1l!.,,·ri1·h :111.J 11 1
1nany la11 .~ttagl'S. ,\·1·n~ c1i 11 s1ill1·d .

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are 1111t tu 1(1<1k fcir

ahs o l11t,·ly i111 10:1rti:tl :i111l :lll1 iii'1l1i1 · lii -;\ 1•r i1·s.
L1l..: 1 ~ f-\j)J1lt·

f11r:1 1

Illa_\" LJt; pn·ss1•d

in~u

:\ l':id 11111s t

tl11 · t'_\"• ' ili;11. :-;, ·1· s it. ;u1 1l 1L
tli,, s1·n·i1·1· i ii' :11·1·rt: 1i11 ti!l'ury 11r it 111:1y

:11111 1·01nr

fr(iJJl

11u t, a1·1·ortii11ic: :ts t i ll' li1st1>r1:111 :i1T1· 11ts tl11· tli1·11ry or r•·j1·1·!.s
it.;- 11:1.1·, tl"' sa1111' Lid. t·a11 l1t· 11::1d1· (t1 s111•pt1rt " i'l"'si11 g
tlH"lirit'S Ly 1u1·11 xlit):-;t· ( 'J't•t·d~ ;1r• ' 11 11it1i;tlly n1~1H 1 St' ( l.
\\"li:d,
t/]lt~ llLLll l 11>l ds t P iLt\· 1· (11'J'll 1·;tl!:--t·d \1y .-...1 1l!lt' :t.~1']H',\ ; 1JlPtlti'l'
J'1·gards <LS ('.\.1:--:t i11.~ l l l ~j1 Jr t ' iif' 11 .
rJ'li i."\ \\.t ' Ji l l!.',!, t 'X ;>1 ' \'f,
l111t. JH'rhaps tlwn· i~ l1·ss .,f t l1t · 1·:'1111, j11i!11 ·i:tl spi ri t :1111<>11 L;
liist.or 1:111s iii' 11>-d:i\· t. li;111 :ii lir~t. \\·1· :ir1· i11t ·!1 111 ·d 1.t1 lwl1 1·1· ...
1

\\·t ~ 1Hll.'-1 L l't'!llt'!Jl iH ·r, )1<._1\\'t'\' t'l', 1 ii:il J11:-\lt1r1; 111 :-i :Lrt'

Jq1 L

1111·11.

\\ ' 1ti1"1it. i11t.1·11iii11.t.: nr 1· 1·1·n ki1"11·111.t.: 1!, tlll'_I' ]1111k 11["•11
t.hi11L!'.s •.1·it Ii t J,,. , ..,·1· s ,,f j•:1r t i,;:11". :LI1· l >li11il t" t 111· siL;11ifil'a1 11 ·•· uf 1Trt:1111 f:1•·t., , :i111l ~1 · 1· i11 t•l. li 1·rs '' li:1t. t l,..y t !1 1·111sdves put i11to th1 ·1J 1. Hias sl11m .' itsl'lf L'S]>1'1·1ally i11 tj1t1~ 1·
J1t 't1 l'"rtraih t1l till' gr1·:i L ;11·L11rs i11 l111111:u1 :ilL1.irs - purtrails tl1:1t. fllr111 s11 st r1k1 11.i.: :t fr:it 11n· 1i1· 111od1·rn liis t11n· - -111"st 1•f t !i1·111 111:1st1·rh· :llld 1·11il 11ri11ic:. lHtt Slllll•l t•l' tJi,.111
d,1111~ 111 1· ,,J, ) r:-; :ilr(·ady L1il 1 11.~.
The style li11th i11 matlt-r a11il 111 111a1111< •r 1." v:u·i,·11. T !11 ·
11:nrati<"111 of f'\'< ' nts. the ,J,.serij·t. i1111 <>f 111e11 :i11 d 11f tl 111 1.t.:"t.!1~

t1r:-t\V!ng of

\V ~!rranL.: '.d

LJ1i11~

" t-'. 1f.:tti11 i:: tilt'

\\Utld

H1a.ki11 ;. ,'. ·

conclusio11;-;,

tea ch b\' l'Xa:: 1pl 1·, a nri t111_· appl11·;tl

11111 11 f

;Lt t.l1t: t.i JIJI'

it::;

ur tJ11,

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\\'I' ;i.rr: 0a .~·'r ti-_i k1111\\' h o w the cli :ui.t...:c of

n1nnarr·h ',\·a~ n·rPi\-,.d ln L 1~11irfrrn :i. nd tlir(>J1~·h tlif' t'( l t1ri l,ry. :111d
114 • \\' .f;111w.-.; .•dt~1 11 i i1: f1i . .; r·4·lati<>11...; \\it it i·r;u 1• ·1· :111 d i!\11 11('. \\· ith ~('()t ­
];111:l.

ai1d \ril li tlw L 11~li-d 1 1·l" r.-'.'_Y ;t 11°\ :)11 · J1i--....·11i1•r:-;.

tu iti ! IH ~ i.'\ fairly s1·tl!1·d (111 tl1P

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istration in E11 .t.:Lu 1<i diJ\\'li t11 t\H: i11 :-1 1uT,·t'.tinn 11f ~lt111rr\ 1i111l: ; tlit·1i.
the st.ale nf aff:tirs i11 ~cot.b11d. i11!'lt1 ili11:.; ,\r:.;.1·lc"s 1111· :1>1u11 :111.! tl11:
cn11d1wt ,,f tl1" l 'a rl ia11H ·1 1I. 11" i; oes npon tl1" phn of t aki 1q;

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Sumrnaries

:iri ' :1:)ri1 i...: ;1 1 ,·11t~

i11 comprehensive views

,J;t1 11'· ~ u lll' 1~ e~l ali lisla.~d,

1 l ,..

1l1:i l

!,•;i, J111 .c:

distinct ] •Ortio11, of t l11· 11:1n:11i'""

our intl•rr;;t in l1irn j , fo r tlw tilllc ;;atisfiNl. an<l we tl•·.,irc to lrnnw
tl11~ r~rOf'f'f'<iin~s uf iii-; h:tfll··il (1ppn1H·1d~ .
A('('(1rdi11 ,t.:·ly, tl10 histor ia n tran;;port,; 11 s to lh1' :c.;r]11111 of lh•~ "'lii~ r dn~·ce~ nn the
Co ntin ent, rle;;c ril>0s tl1t •lll , a11d kl"'I'" th e ir 111aelii1rntions in ll1illa.nd ,
a11d tht·ir ~11cc0ssive in vas in11 .... nf Brita in, prn1ni11f •nt 0 11 th e stage
un t il the ti11a.I <·ollap:--;H of tl11·ir d.• . . ig 11..,. •t11d th .. ••x eculivtt uf their

\vli11:1i 11r1·:'1·1 1L-,

:--;/i;1rp1y

to

111

11 1t1 i1 r1•·

~\lid \1}'!1·lly il11•

tr:lV1·1.

t

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,.,., .11 1..; ,,i

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:111.1

Tl11·y n•s 1·11 1l>I .. a rn:q•

1· 1)111d r\·.

\\"l' 11:1\· 1·

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l l':t\·1· ll 1·1i

t r : t1 ·1· d

"!" :!l"I' ; tiH1\ 1i

li1 t· tJ!ll j1li~·at1 · d li1:-;lt l" _\" tl1•·i1· :tid i:-; i1i 0 li :-; 1w11:-;:1 l 1 l ~ · .
1

A preface, 111'1: t l1:it. i11

~l11tln·'s

"I l11l .. !1 !: 1·1111!.Ji .. ,"' 111:i.1· 1111

f()r till' wli11l1· i11 s ion· s11 1111·t .l 1111 g Ji],,• t 11:11. \\ l1i«li

l1·;uicr.-.; .

"'fhc arrangcrnnnt. is s0 f'il.-".Y and natura.i that, ont~ altn~1 ...;L wuu d e rn to Re e it alleg-cd as a merit. But, whl'll we co111parn ii. wit.h
l l11111 e 's arra11g-ernent uf U1e e\'e1tl" uf Lite ""m' period, we see that
(•\' t• ti a. hi ~..t.o rian uf l~ 111i:i~·111_·• · 1nay 1n1r;-.; 1w. il. !1 '" ·" l111 11i11011 ...; n1f'"t.l1od.
Hume relate,, tir,t, all that i11 liis (1 111•" ''"' k 11uwn n[ ,Jan1 es's
1'(' !;1.ti \ •lJ .-< witl1 fra1><:c; t)w n , tJic variou' pa1Lic11brn vf )iis ;1Jiuiu·

Macaulay

1

1

,faritt''."i

'l'lia L l·l1 :qd•·r r_1f tl11· lii...; \., ry f':id..; \Yill1 an a1'('t1111d. ,1f tho
crt11·lti1•s 111·qwtra l 1·(l 1q1 t!ll' ;l; ,J . · r .-. : :lr1 1l ttlw111_1r-:; uf tl te west~rll
i 11s11rn:cli<1t1 u11clf'r (l{c)111nnt1tl 1.
Tlwn tl1t!.-.;~·1·11j • 1·\1ang1'.'4 h 1 [ri· la nd,
tJi.-, llOXt i11f..en• :--:fit1g f}waft•r or i'\"t' !l f."<. .- \ 1111 ,<:; (I Oil: flH·l'!' \\'t'l'C
Yarinu ~ critiral junrt11rr~ 111 ti111 hi-:t ~-'1'_\· r 1f th 0 C1 1\"i"'n1n1r·n 1, and U ie
events leading to each ar1• traced separately.

l ocal departr11c11tg. violati11g ·1Hi1i1 t l1·· orde1 .. r

111 ·· 11 rd ·r t1f dependence.

;111d

ernmeut "l James tl1c councctiug rod "r t r unk . l:tl,i11:.; "!"
<J IH~ aft{ 'r a1H)t l1er. tlH ~ dilti1·11 l! i t· ....; tl::it :"'l !t"<'t' ." ·" i\·i·ly 1"':-.\1 .... :1 · it. :lt1•l.
wlw11 1H:'"('1 ·." :-:ar:', :-'tPJ'l'i ltf.:: ),;wk 111 tr:ti'P tltl' 1·arti1· 11 l:tr 1li i1'11 · 11~ty 11 1
)i;u1d lu its urigi11ai. without rebard t .. l ocality. 1: 1· ·~ r ,11·1·ii11 .'.
th u s \1u!div witl t 1\H· cq11q1li1·;w_\' l)f 1•\ ' 1•1 t1...:, lw rr·11d1·r ...; Li-.\ ! l:tl' t : l lin ~ 1111 ir1 ! (' u1i1 iJJ1H1\L" 1 a11d avoids tlt1' erro r 1J 111:tL i r1.~ :t '-'iii··
separation between eveuts 1)1 ;1: \\·1·1't' closely connected 1° r
interdependent.
li1· d11".-; 11 11t. liL ~ · ll11!11 t · • ...:,[ -:·( · 1) ... ,\ . . ,, ....
,,f
~ l(Jl!!ll (il lt li i11 UllC :-'tTtitHI . <lttd 1lw d1'_-...0' 1·1 it 11f .\r.~_\l1· \lj ><1 ll ."t·,,tla uJ. an PY1·11t. 11riu1... ill 1iui1d uf t i 1111·, iii :u 11itl1er ;111.J .-..til•:-1 ·111t .-1 ,t

~Lt1·;111bv

l1·:t\·,.

event~ i11

:q'

tin1e

"ITP i~ l' X•'mphn· in ];-·rr,ing p r ominent 1iw main action :1111!
l }w

follows 1.l1t· lead ()i" I ii:-... natural interest, itli · i ii<H'."

!t

•/ 1:;

call, now for tl1 c 1uost vigonrns a11cl logical exercise uf his
rca ·ouing faculLy, a11tl 1iuw fur tl1c spaciuus fliglits of his
im::igin::i.tion, and 1lt:!u1a11tl a wurdi11g wl1ielt shall range from
1lry anll l11<-•Lter-uf-fact lij1 Ll11«.Jt1.(lt all gr:Hles of CXJ•l't:ssio 11
t.o t-1 11· ur11;LCe a11 1l 1 · l 1· ,~a11L.
l n Narration tlrn ro 1s :1 .g n·at lll'••d of k 1~Pp ing the events
111 tli1,ir proper order of time an d dependence and the concurring streams of events distinct. ~ n f'min,•nt 11·:ls ' .\1:il·:111by
i n thPsc respl'cts that we m11 sL <[<1>ib1 a pa;;c f;·o1n :M:in Lo resl',." 'tiuc; liis 1tH·l]1,111.s.

c~t·rit.~ rs
= '=
~··

11 'rlt li;n l'rosP.

:1,

011111111:.n·

Ji•·rf11r111....; f· 1r :t 1·11rt :1 •:i.

1111\1· ],..J1J11i 1,, ti,.. ,,r.Ji11 :11·\· n·: 11l1·r :tr<' 1·i1i1] geograph-

ical pictures, l111•. l1k1· tl1:it . J',,r i11sl:1i11«', 11li i1·li ,),,: l1·1· 111
this

..:::z.·

s:tnit:

\l·l, rk. 11r1·s1·11L 111 .":i.1i11.c: 111' till' '.; .. th,· rh11 d,; 1l1:it

a. s111all tri:LJt!.!lt·. 1 ·11 1·l( 1~i'1 l L 1· tw1't'll Fr;u11 ·•-. (;1·r111:11 :\· ,
:u1d the s1•:1,; di1· i1lc-d l1y tl11 · 11w1krn ki11.:.;il11111s 11! J:1·1.c:11:111
ancl Hulb111l i11t.11 L11·<> Jll':trl v 1·•111:tl p11rl.i1111s; \1·:1l• ·r•«I L1·
t li e ]\l1i1w, ti'"· ,\ l .. 1i-;1'. :111d 1111 · ~«i 1. ·ld, wl1i1 Ii J',11· :1g•·s 11:11·1·

it

is

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h(':t\'t•d UJI

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subjec t to co11 sta11t overflow from the rivers, an<l to frequent
and terrible inundations by the sr.a !
J l I. Travels. - A book of travels is a work that picturrs
pl:u,es ;111d ]'l'oplPs visited hy the author. lt gives his views
of whnt hn kts lti111::;1·lf sc1·11. ::-;uch work;; am e11tt,rl.a.i11ing
a11<l in stnwtive. thou g h t:llt'y tlo not prd.t>111l t.n he rno1·e tlian
.-11rsolJ ' aud ::;1q wrticial, and sho11ltl !in rPad hy tlwse who
,lt, ~ire :t k 11o wledg1' ot couutriPs tii1·y h:1\'l~ not senn, and nf
qr1 1!.t:111pll rary 1:v1·llt.» .-11:11·t111 g lwn1 11d th1·ir immcdiatP.vision.
Ti11·y furm an importa11t part of litt-rat ure; tlwugh, wiH»n
cornp:tre1l with hi sto ry prupe r, to which tliey a r e tributary,
tlH·y are light and rp h Cllll' ral.
.IV. Fiction. - A work of fiction is ~- prnrlnct.ion wl1id 1
1iepicts the ii vcs of irnagin:lry ]"'rsons. It may , i1ul1·e1l,
d1·:!i \\'ith 1·•·al men and worn t'n; li11t, wl1e11 it do1·s tl1is,
it dews not claim to tl'ii what tliPy rtct.u;illy sai1l ;11111 cli1l.
Ord in ari l y, a work of fi ction treats only of imaginary persons , tl 101 1gli it trc:i.ts of them a8 if t.l 1Pv w..,rn r1,;d. It has
ttJ do \\'tlli t.l11~ rno t ivt>s th:tt inMll<'lW.n prrrnns, with t l1e hej,a,·ior ')f SllCh JH'J'SUllS lll1ti1·r t.i1:1J. i11fJ111•n1·(', ;irn[ wit.Ji Ll1tl
development ot character und e r the comlitions irnpo;;nd.
J t aims, then, :i.t tl1e purtr:tval nf' 1•.li:i.rar.t Pr, an fl f\f'PkH to
gi ,·1 ~ :t j11st insight i11 to 1111lllan natun·.
Surne 1wvtdist.s show
wrn 1d1·r ful puw1·r iu Ll1l'ir i1 1qH'rson :1t.inns, li111lding 11p nn thP
l';t~t· l.)t 'fPl' L' us U1c1r llll'll ;uu l \\"(JJ111'Jl. J"(i1 11!di1 1g tlit·in i11Lo
1·0111pletPness, a11cl y1•t krcping tl ... 111 :1 s d1st.in1·t from each
other as are the real men and women about us. Ot.lrnrs, in
the ir a11xiety to prese rve the i11divid11ality of thPir persn11agc·s, mak e th e m tl1e embodiment each uJ sn111P. ;;ingle trait;
and , instead of c har~ ctns . prese nt us so111t:t.l1i11g a] ']'r11:wLi 11 ,l(
1·:ll'l eat.11n·s. Jn the novl'l, di:tl1'.l'. lte abound;;; r1111l in this
Pa<'l1 p<'I'son rf'veals hi s peculiariti1·s anil j':tillts himsclftl1c pidurc completed by th e touci11•s whic~h thP author adds
when s1>eakin g, as it were, i11 his ow11 name. Ureat ingenu-

iG

, ,...

iLy Is su111cti111cs sl1own ill tJ11, 1· u 11stn1di1, 11 ,,r Ll1t> pJ,.i, :1111!
i11 tlw rnan;1 g1·1111·11 t (1 1' tl1e i1lt' idc-11ts liy wl1i1·li tl11 · :11· ! '"" 11f
tl11· ~L ory J.~ 1·arri1•d f11nrard :llld t.li" 1·li:11·;11·t1·rs art· 111:1.!1· 111
gruw IH>fon• t>llr 1·v1-.'i. Love l11r111s, i11 gn·:r t j•:tl'l., t i1l' sLq>l1·
111' till.: 1111\,·l, ;u1d it is tl1i.-; wliil'l1 gi1·L'S tl1<.· j•l'uiludiu11 llltll'l1
uf it.s f:1s('i11:iti11,i.; i1t11·r,•sL
~Ill Il l '

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l t1ry 11f ti11• l"'"i1i1· d11r111 .c: t i11· :i g1· i1t \1·l111·i1 1 i,.. ~1·,.111 ..s ;1r1·
Lt1ol . Till' i';1.c:•·s u f' ullr lll'sL l1<•n·l.s an· s lrt·1111 111t i1 11 '"'
1.11<111,i.;lt!s :11.~ " . \\ i1i"li J,,.t r:iy ];i·1·11 :111:il,1 sis, :11.,·t1r:it1· ,,J,,,..r.
vat.ion, and j'0\\'1-rs uf l1ru:rd g1· 11 t' ralJ1.at.iu11. ;'\ 1111. t i1r"1111
i11lt1 tl11• 1t11\"<'l , till'S<' :11·1· r" :1d 11.1· 1lru11s:111d~ 11· )11 , 11,,t1l d
ttt•\'t•r :-il't' tlii·iit 11' llH \. :--:.t ( ·111d 111 \\ {)rL:·.; 11r(1f(·;-;:-:.1·d ly :-:(·r 1( 11 1,
ur i 'i 1 il11s"l il11• ·: rl.
:-i 1J1111 · 111J1·,.Js i1:11·,. :i p urpose beyond 1rr1·r1 · instruction .
Tlt1·y aim to int .. rest 11 s in 1·l:i ss(·s ti!' ~1wi1·t\· wli<>st• 1"111 d 1tirn1 ~lio11ld ilt' i1111'l'0\·1·d, 111 1:1y "l"'ll t" ti,.. :itt 1·1ii t1•lt ,,1· 1111·
JHiliii•· n·rt:1111 •·1·1is. a 111i. ii · 111 ... d iw, 111 l1ri11>.: ],.gisl:it 11111 111\ii
j'L .\· 111 r• ·d r1 ·ss ti11·s• · 1·1·1\.s.
'l'lll' placed 1111· 111,11'\ in literature :r11d its claim upon
the reader an" l"'rli:q•s. ,,\" i1 .11 s fn,111 ''!.;rt. !1:1.s 1,..,.11 ~ :11d.
Tltrn1gi1 <>lt1• 1,f 1.\t,. Lit1· s i. l11 1r11 <>I' 11,,. •i 1·1,:irl111 1 11 \s ,,1· lil•·1·-

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g1-.11\·ti1. :111d tl1:tl 1h .sl ;il11n· 1.s :iJ1,·;1d1 11111'''''1' .'..'. · :-ill\•I
k1·• ' ]1.'i J':l''I' 11·itit d1·11t:11td. :1111i 11 111.11· In· ~:11d t\1;il r1 ·:«I• 1·s
do 1111t 111·ed i1lt't!e1111·11t t" 1·1it.1·r th1· ti1·ld 1.t· ti..ti1111. TJi1,,1;.;·l1
it give;; i11si ,L'.l1L i1ilo lir1111;111 11;il lll't', l1 ·:ll'li vs li1s111n·, :i11;1..J;s
evils, alm1111d .s in ~1l'il u11 µ; tlr1111;.;·lits :11111 r;1n 1 tl1·~··ri!'l11111s.
an<l li:1s µ;n·:1 l 11·1·:iitli 111' ~t.d1· l:i1·isi,..d llJ"''t it , y ,·t jj,·:i""
sl1u11ld 11111. ln• rt·;1d 1» ti 11 · 11•·g]1.,·I. 11 f ul i11·r \1r:i 111·l1•·s of
lit1·r;t!r1r1'. H111 it i.s 11illri11 l1(1\ll1ds 1.11 s:i\· 1liat it. 1s Sll!'·
pla11ti11g i ts t•Jd,• rs , i11 j>0}'11lar J't·g;1rd. ( h1r yot1Lh si11111id
be tauglit a wis,• t.1·1111•L·r;u11·1.: i11 t.lic: u:-;e oJ Jidiun. The

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11 u 1·d s l1u 1ild lie: n ·;ui a:; ;111 :1111u~u1 1c11L :in cl ;t rdax:1Liuu,
<111J Lli1:; 11111illl's t.i1;1t it, sltuultl onl.r a lrx ni;1 te wi tl1 u1ure
_\11d l( l ;..:·(·l ( )1 !1 11!' tlH ' ll()\'l' l t lu· lwst. lt'SSUllS
i1 t·:1 11 l.•.':ll'li, t li1· n•:t<ll'r ,!t111ild 111 sOJ1ll ' \':a .•: tlrlinT 11irnself
f'rnm th e · e xt·itPrnPnt o f th r sh in·. Tlii s !111rri1·s !ti11t tJn•r
t ll\1 1i:1 g·"s a11tl 011 wit It a r11sl1 111 t l1t'' t·1·i sis, ant! seals l1i s
1·_yps to that fo r whit·h a l nl(Jst :t!une tla; l1oo k slto1iltl be
l'l':tt l.
\V e :til!l ost ll:trc :i.1iv isc t h e rca.<lrr that Jiu sl 1u1tld,
at tltc sta rt, l rJok on to tl1 e C'lHl tn sr·c· h o w the hrro ~nd
the l tt ·roi11<" J'l'""l11·r, 11 nw t1 1i 11~' i11 ~>' I H 'r:t l issn1·, :tntl tlwn
rl'tnrn to tJ ,., 1,.>'-'." i1111i1t~ :1111 1 t·:irdu il.1· .~:tt!H'r tlH1 l1:1r\·1•st
11·i1rt lt r•·:i1•i11.'..'. f'1· .. 11 t 1~t 1· i'" .'..'.' '' · II" sl1111tlt! J'l·ll11 ·111l"'r t11:1t
t 1 1 f, .. t·1q1 1t ~ lll1t·~ 1:<i · iy :tli\·i· lr1 !:11 wi ~·d ~11ff,·ri11g~ ill' l~i11dll'( i

eHdi•aynr tt1 c n· :d1• an i111:1 .~i1wd \Yt1rld

striki1ig tl1a 11 li11 r cu1111nu11

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l .: 1!1lt.\· Lt>

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\\.tn ·s ;111d ~1lt f1 ·ri1 1 '. . '.· ~ tll'

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LESSON 78.

fil'Lion.

~--= -~.,--l; ~~

Iii"·· . it ai11: ~ 11 1 ·· r~ · ty • lt• l1"ld tit•' 111irr1q· 11p f( , 11:tl11 r" ,· :-:o ll iat 1·ru·li

Confi11i11 g if:..;f•lf fo fli+• ch:tl':l.i'h·r."i Ftlld t11: 111 11 1>r.-; of ordinary
111a y

c::q 1cl'H..! Hc v .

:--;p,~

n·!l1·1· l 1·d tl1f' rt ·i 11 f'111111•1l1i 1 1~ l';i ra ll~,1 to hi."'i own

it

is uf t e 11 co ll l..'.t:' rlinl \\ itl 1 ti111·r :--1l1 adi11 gs a11d tr;Lit.s

tlie ru111;u1l;~ t·xl1iliil.-.;; a11d 1111-.. . 1 ~ it Jiud s in 8 ucli
1~i .-.,L !iri1·.-. a .-. ;1 r1~ 1ia.. .; . . . i11g 1·\""I } ~Li y ;1 li :11 ,11111.J ti.' .
.. Ro1nance 1il_11•ys t1le !clH !t 'l 1l '.Y t 1 ·· 1111·l1a...; i 1.1•1 h1: li/11 rf ;, ,,· (if tit·l i1Jll.
ul cl1a.racler

t.l1ai1

i

IL d eals will1 st ·t·11es ~u1d (•vent~ (.llll:..;id1• t11t• ~1·1 11 ·n ~ of co111111c111place
li fe• , -w it h :uh·cnt11r0, n1.';,;; tr·r :·. ,<.; f ;·iki11.~ i"'t 11 i\r;1-..:i..:, ... 1tq1ri . . in .~ incid i ·11L ; ur if w it.h co111111011 ~\e11t •:-:, it :-: i 'i'l' s. t 11 i11y;• :·d t hf·rn wltli a hnc
r111d pici.ures11H f" llt'1":-0: not of n11r t ·\· i·r .\· • L1.\' f· x i. . t1·1 w1 ·. lt i~ gPtwral!y
conceriwd n ot so mnch ll'it !t 111i1111l<' sltad1•s ni l'ltar;1.r'i.<' r :tll<l motiv~
a~ \\JI. Ii llie l!ture vioi ~ ·11 L and f'lt> rn1·11tar y pa :--:-; JtJ11 :-; , -

jt' ;lluu>_y, lialrcd, ~l'lr-.--acrlt ic i 11 ,:.; c111t1a .~ '-'·

\\'lllTTE\ IJ!S('()\ ' J(Sl·: ..-

V. Letters . tJ! lt'

in ., i(l0 thP !imirrrtion.' nf

~~i l

n·ader

1111•ft'

0

l' t-:il \\' 1•r1d.

n1 nr1'

i11!1·re :--ti11g a11d

JJJ111" e

uf 1· x1n·ri1·Hc1· .'

Allegories a!'l' :1 s11r·f·11·s (Jr fif'ti< •lt i11 \l'l1 if'li virL 11 •·,;, 1· 11·"'' ·
a11d ditli .. 11lt.11·s a r.·. 11•·rs1>1 1ilil'il, a11>l g r1·:1t 111Ural d11t1 .. s i11t·11l t · ;1 l 1•1l.
Tl11·y :t rl · li·:--:-:i fr 1· 11U 1' J11 ly \\· r1 Ltl ·11 111 1\\' tli;ui f11J"J1 11 1h.
Tl11 ·r " ar" a f1·11· i11 ,.].1,,, j,. !·:1t;;·lis! t l1 L1·r:tlt11·,·.
Fables :in· s liur t. st ,,r i.. s 111 11 l1i1 ·l1, Ly t.111 · 1111 1;;·i11l'd
dt:aliug s u[ 111L'I 1 11 itlt a1ti111:ds "r !llt'l'I'. t.lt1 11g.-.;, ur l1y t]a;
S lljl}'ll S l' d dt i11,;.!S uf t11t':-it ' a1u11•.'. 1.1:--it'f'ul lt·ss <>Il.'-i ar 1· Ltll!-'."lit.
Parables a n· sit" rt :11Tou11ls 1if' S(>1111'llt11tg J't·:tl " r s 11 p]"•s•••I. " ·" '',\ l•y 011 r L11rd i11 illustrat1u11 11r i11 c·11f111·,.·c1111·11t. f1l
lt1,.; t1::u·lt11t;; .

\\·J1~tL ltt' i.-..;

\\'1.· 11 11<>t1· !r1 ·1 11 l ' 11d . C1·11 1111;; a frw l i11•·s 1 11 • i11Li 11~ 011 !:
11 1<° rss .. 111i:1I .!ilfr1., ·n1 ·"s \.1·t11·,.,.1t t!,.. t11 " !-'.1·1 ·:1t divisions uf
I:'1ction - tltc .Novel :u...L Ll1 c Romance.
··

r u 11r1(!

love, r eve nge,

1t i.-; t he

n ..·::itilt u f

au

_"'__]_

p t· l".'-'t )Jl

t (1

.\.letter is
:t ll< ltJ1t'L

]'111'1'1_)'

j>t ' l' ,.;llll;i) ;1111[

l1·tt1·rs

()f

g 1•11t·Ltl

~t•l l li '

11f

l1u:--:. i 111· ;-.; :-::

('(•J11·1 ' r1l

:11Hl

;t

l'l(fJSI·:, hl\llS PF.

writt1 ·n ,.,,111111111t1 t·;iti" 11 fr,, tn

l_· .o. ; 11 ;t}]\·

lt·ltt r.....;

J'l'i\·;tt" -

Jl'{{t'J'S

~11111(·i11111 1 :. .;

il11'}

;ire

tl 11 · ;-.; t', [11 · ~ · :tll:-' t'

i if

11~,111.~~l i t
t\1 1'

; u ·t·

llf
ar•·

\\ ' 11rtl1 y

:...;t;t l ttlJ!l~ c1l

llj111 !J

ll t:tU1·:·s

fJ'll' llllsli iJI
11 111111
1d
1]1 1·

tj1i\11· .o. ;

(II'

,,f

j \l1 idt1 ·;1 t11 iJ1 .
\\"l "ll t•r a1 11l

tl1t· tk s 11T \.11 kal'l1 al l tl1at <":tit ill' k11,,11·11 ul l111tt, fr(llll tlw
11111•< •1· t.:i11 1·1• 1i1· ti "" s11l •y1· t di ." t1ss•·il. ur fr"111 till' l':\' \tli'I(,.
i11 11 li1L·li his tl w11gli t i.'i t'IJtll'lll'ti, lia1·1, IJl'e11 g:ctlll'n·d

~Lyle

int" v"l11rn1 ·s , :i11t! foJ'ln :t v:il11al1lt· 11ar t "f lit.1 ·rat11r1'.
,:\ut e\' l'r_v p1q1il f':Jl1 J'l':l ~ 111i:il1 lv aspire t.u \\'l'iLc: li1.-.;t.uri 1·s
o r \\'1ll·L s uf !id ir111, b11t l!\'<'ry fJll<' 1u·it1.·s ],. tt1· r.-.;. 'l'l1i.'i fa('(.
('ot1pl1·d wiLh awithl·r- tha.t :l l<'ttl'r l1as Sf:v1 ·r: t1 p:crts , <':wit
ui wlti .. it l1as a fklinitc a1td a ]'l''•Pt'l' fu1·11t --· j1tstiti"s 11s 111
devuti11g- a f..w ]':tg-e,; tu tltc: sulij1 ·ct of Ldkr-\V n ti11g.

- - -H
-

-, --..'...+ -

J n wnt1:i g " l1·il"r !lwn' ;1r,· s,·1·,·11 1. l1 i11 g:-: t.<> 1·<>11 s icl<.:rtl11 · JI_eading, 1'1 1(' Address, tl11· Salutation , 1111· Body, •J 1p
Complnnentary Close, 1Ji .. SignA.tur e, :Lr 1•l t'.1L: SupcrscripLrn .
---·- .

1.

The Heading . -

Parts. -

Ti lt' J l i·:uii 11 ;.: 1·11J1sist.s uf t,J 1.,

place ;1t whid1 tli1° ldt.·1· 1:-: wr tl.t<- 11 , :1111] tli (• dale.
I :' J iit1 \\ - rlLt · f r1111t a (·i ty, g·i\·t · tltt: dvo r-11t1l!dwr, tl ie lLuiit: tlf
1lw s!rv..t . 1.l11r 11:11111 · ,,f' tlt •: 1·i ty , ;i111i ti11_· .•1~urn· u !' the ::;tat.<.:.
1f yuu ~ 1,,n_~ ~:.L ;L 111iJ ..,l "r <1- ,,,· hqul 1.1r ::ny ot.h r 1· ,~,· t ·l.l-~110-wn
i11.,t.it 1!1.1"11 .• its 11.11111· J1L1.1 Ltlu· t.111· 1•Li1 ·1· ,,r· tl 1,., 1] <JO!'-llt1miwr
; 111d Ll it' l!:l1 111_· l ' L LLt: :--it.1·1·1 ·L. :1 :--. 111;1\· ii is n t l1 1• 11 t11 11 i wr uf \' <li d '
].•(•sl-ullice box. Jf yo11 wnl•· frrnn a Yill: 1.o.;·" or 11!.l i\' r ,.,,u; 1t.ry
j 1J; ((:t', g1 \\.: y uur ]'u ~ L-uilii:.: ;1.dd l'<';o;s, 1 i+H 11;rn1..- o f 1lw 1·m111t;·
' tl 1:1t. (I f thP o; Lttc. Thi s vu·L uf t.111: ] f1·a1li11g ~!to11l1l
., '
anq
~liuw ..YUU l' l'!)l'l' ('~IHI JJ d 1· 1d, wllt ' J't ' fi • ." \l'l!d lii s J'i'Jll\·, l f \' f l ll
Wis h tllP ft>)>Jy 1>ent e1sewJiP.rP, ;:ivP. ft:]] .J i;·ndi n ns ;i ftf· l' 1],,.
llalllt' of(.],.,

~!f

~· ID

---' ~

.') l ()!Lltt ii't ' .

Tl 1e Lbt.(; l'llllSl'its of thf' l1:1lllf: pf !ht:
o f l11 .. l11•_11 1U1, a1td l!f ti1e \'car.
II

--ii

:W1!¥&5J!

r-.f-· a ~ 1 1 ,;~1 1 -, \ 1 ; 1.~i" yuu

11i: 1:•

J)t·g n1 the tirf; t lin e of

tl 1t;

1111.J<i lH ..

r

tl11· l'".~·...

Jr

iH':..:i+1 fli, .

~ ,; : :

-··
---:-!:
-~-

A2ft:•;:

(L y

1f1·: 11l 11i .i :

), J\\-i·r d 1i\\ ri.

it. i>l'l'lil• l>'S ]lll•l'I' 111 :1 11
f1)

t11

u,,.

itlll'

li11<',

ri~l 1t tli: 111 tl 1t;

1 111• n~ltl 11 1:1 ri

1 )11• .~1 1 1·1irid .

Tl11 : 11 a11rn uf tii 1; ]> Ltt't' :111.[ t.i ll' 1Lit, · ;1r" snJ11· ·1 i1 1 1 1·~ j•llt
bPlow tJi,-, si ,;_;11at.11n•, at tJ, ,. l.-rt 11f ti ll' i•:1c::•'.
'l'l1t~ d1)t 1r-11nudJ'-'r, U1c cia_,.- f,f tl11 ~ n11i 1it.l1, :i 11d t 1H· _Y Pai· :11·1•
wnt.t.Pn in tig-11rrs ; th r l'C'St i11 \l<>r.Js . r:11·l1 i111l'tll'ta11t
word begins i\·ith a capital lt:LLc r, ead1 i L1·1 11 1s ;u~t ._,ff by the
co1111ua, a111 l the wlwle doses wit. Ii a. 1+vri1•d.
Direction. -Sindy wh:lt i1 1« brcn s aid , a nd •nit.e tl11; f.,]] uw i 11 g
Lill'."'i1 ' 111 •11 !t- L.... ; ---

] ' Ltltci'\tr~ ll. :'\ Y ..

ti, 1'< 11.
L iii'11fi .. 1.1 r 1<.. r ~oJ11 1 . •
:\11\·~ · r 1ilwr .~ , 1 .. . .-...n.
r. ll y alLa11y t'Xf'l'. 11 1 i\''' cha11ilw r j a11 } ,"..\!;() ;, _ 2 . -l l(/11 g 1.--lntt il
ru1 1:l i1 ·:t ] .....,:-'./ j 1ily.
3. li<!l l."t ' ;q1r ;1i1 ·t T''l•ulll 1.-..:-...,~1 l1J'()<l1.;,~yt i 1 tl'' \\
\'•,rk. 4. 11t·\\·f 11 1tr14! ] a 11d 11 y l 111 1Ld(1 art ~ ·1 ft•l i r 11a r y .-iti!I 1:-..., ...._Jl .
5. 11t1\· ~·j i \\;t .. .; \1i110-:t1111 i111 • :!,-; ri 11l1 \' 1.....:; .-i. 6. 1.-...,·;1 ; l111 ll tw! :--:. r11;t -.. -.: .
7· ,i..,\ 11•''.\' \'1 1rl: rii \' i; i '.1 (·li 1iiflll .-, d• ••' 17!iC. 8. \ ' (·1 · 11Hil1t d (' ;t'; i•
\\'a..-..h

i 11L""l"1 1 }.'-\~() 1 ~ ;

~»pt.

4.

~ 1 i;u · 1,11 .

iii;1rcli : ·. ; ."\ .

2 . The Address. - Parts.

--'l'lw Aililr•·ss 1·ll11 .-;1,t:-; , , j' i l11•
t.!11 , j+ L t.< ' l'. uL lH 1:;11 1c:i:i ur n· sHk 11 cc: u[
t.lu.! ullc iu \\·l1 u111 Uu.: lcll1_·r i'=' \\r! ti1· 1i. ' !' i t :~· .-.; 1 !' r 1·"'; 11 ·f ·:
: l I ! l '' ~ •\l 1- t <•.\' :-.; i I ( ) \ i ;
I 11 1 11 ' ' l I' i 11 t l t ~ . • \ l 1 j l' t . -.; _-.; .
a tn:1n '!'\ ~1:1nlf': lJft•Rf'.r.~. to thr~ n :unes of seve ral gt?n tl >?Il!"~n:
J/1ud1'r 111 1111' 11;1!1H · 1,1· ;1. l:ti l ~ J /1.:·.:.s i.i1 t 114' 11;1111~· 11!' ; 1, ,\<1<1:1 .'...'.'
Ltd\·; J/ rs. 111 tl11· 1J;1111<' 11! ;1 11i;11Ti +·d l:tii.1· ; ,l/,'.'.""' t<> 1111·
ll:illl<',

t.! 1<·.

1. 1t.l +'. ;1.11 d

1

I

I •

I [

;

I

~l ·\ ·~·r;t l y1J\1 1 1 .~

L11l1 l·:--;:

; ll ltl

of severai llli.llTied. ur elt ie rJ ,v hLtiie~.

.l/1,sil111111's I <•

tl 11' J 1;1J 1! 1 · ;-;

'~< .

,L

l're iix. Vt. t.u Ll 1e 11;.t1 11tJ

i1 l1 y ~it : i a n~ 01· 1v-rite .J.l.f.D. afte r his nttinf'.
·1-;,, , / ; , .1.'.·
T/11' f,J1·1 · ) l11 il it' ii: 1 111 • <,r : 11l1·r .L'.'.\1 1: .l1 1.
lf \·1111 d11 llt 1L k1 1P\\ ' hi.-.; ( 'i1 r1...:.j i:111 1i;111u ·: 'l1/u) }~1 ' 1). ]Jr . 1t' Li·
" a lJ.,, .1,,1· ,,1· !) j,·i11it\'. 111' 11 rill' '/'/,,, fi,., .. J,, .f,,n · t.! 11 · 11:11111•
a11d ]J.fi. :ilt•·r it.
1'1.,· fi:-: ]/ is L'_,.,.,,;;,,,,,·:; 1 t" 1),.. 11 :1111 •' , ,f

uf a
1-1 1r

;t

1\1

\ip\1·1· 1H1 l'

pj

(1 \ '

:1 t1

..\ 111 L . t.-...-.; , i 1[(1l'

}/1111

\ i •i' 'f'/11•

f/ 1J11. I !1 l

.

t.() 1.11~·

11:1111\'

ul'

(dli1·r i ir1 )111i111 ·1 1t

:t

Lt \\·y1 ·r.

1 ''·1· :-..;4 111:--; .

:111d

:-; r1111 .. t i1111·~

t .11

1111 ·

i 1: t11J1·:--

1, f

I I' t·\\'O lit1·r:·1ry cir 1 1 rj1!'i·~:--:i·· 1 1 1 ;1 i

LiLlcs a.rt t1A1llctl Lv a. lJd,, lJ1t~~ 1c L Lh e Hl sL1.1Hl in U! t:. u rJ cr in
\\'l111·l1 t!t1·\· \\·+ ·1···· , ..,11 f' t·1T•' ,j - tli is is tlw "nkr c•f a I•' '.\'
1 //1,.-.

L 1: ~u.i i11g.-.; <L cu 1rd111 g Lu

3

1:-:·'"''l.

rl 1i··" :; ' " 11i.,
.\lay;) , l." :---1 1.

ll:tllH' -"' 11 f

Ji1·a.di11.~ a iii.fi ,. t o tlP· iPft u f tliP

first , a11t1 t!1u li11r,[ t': 1rt l11·r

,,,,'

or t li1;

.

How Written. - l h!gi11 the H en.<iin !! an inch or mnr" from
tl1e top 0£ tl: c page. 1£ th e kttcr Vl~_:upics Lut a fow lin <:>~

tl 11 ' i><TOIH! l11Ju ~houlil be~ in L1r1lll'r
~; ;

lllllll!.11,

H:llli , >lai tw, ( k t .
2 . .-, 2i :\!il'l1ih;t J! .\ \'(·.,

r; 1·,~~·l!i·~;t·. y \\·;;_:;

l ni: tlw 111r f1 ·1T1 ·i1

fi1rt r1 i~ .

i n rrn:Tly n::.:t d Ht a.ddn•:.:.sing th! '.

Pn ! ~i tfr :1 ~ ;

T /t , ,,,. T't .-."' ;,7,. ,, / , r.t'r .. · 11(/1 · .- ,if,,rrsi-tn,

i H1flu11, lJ . (_'_ ). 1.l1c :··q ) \!Llli .. 11 i.-.- ~ i 11 1j d y .\ Ir. l 't 1'si•l•·lll .

n · . , .~ \ ­

. .:-.·-...,·:
~ ..,.

~>~t~;
-- -~

== ... ,,,~

===~---=-"*±

::.,:!--'· ;

~

2GO

I'roductiow; -1Vritten Pruse.

L'o11111w11 011cs: A.ill., l'h.JJ. , lJ.U., LL.IJ. (Juanl against
au cx1·essive us e uf title:> - t he hi g he r i111plies the lower.
1 Ju 11ot u se two t i ti 1•s "f tlw s;w1e lllt":tll i 11 g. A void such
co rnbi11atio 11s as the followi11g: .i'lfr. Dr. B rown; Dr. B1·own,
AfD.; Afr. Btown, 1lfD.; Afr. Brou.:n, A.Jr; Dr. Brown,
Ph.D.; 1lfr. Bro wn, Esq. :::luc!t as tlie full owing, h owever,
arc a llow t•cl : Afrs. Dr. B1·own; ~vr.'<. General S cott.
How Written. - 111 a /;11si11ess feller ti"' Addrl'SS sl 1ould
follow tite Jfc;uliug, l1c·gi1111i11 g on the 11ext lin e, and standin g on th e left s id e of th e pagP. ln a f amiliar letter the
A(ldress is gPHerally placed at the end, on the left side of
the pag1·, l11· g i1111i11 g un th•. ~ w· xt li11 c lwluw the s ig11;tture.
Th e re s houlu al ways be a na rrow marg in on the left-hand
side vf the page, aml tl1e ALklress shuulLl al ways begiu on
th e lll;trgina.l line. If th e A1lclress occupi es more thau oue
lin e, t he initial w o rds of these lines shollld slope to the
ri g ht, as iu th e H eatlin g.
Ev t·ry impo rtant w o nl m th e A<hlress s h ould begin with
a c;q1ital lt:Lt(·r ; all th e itern s of it s houltl be s et otf Ly the
1·01J1lll:L ; ;u1d, ;1s it is an al1\ireviate1l S('ll LeJH'l', it :;]10uhl
do .>e witit a ]"'riod.
3. ThB Salutation. -Forms. -~:tlutati o n s vary with the
st;ttio n of tlui uu e addressed, o r the wri te r' s degree of intirn rwy with him ; as Sir, R everend Sir, R ev. a11d dear Sir,
Ge11.eru l, .~fwlmn, Aliss Bro'trn, 1 D eur Sir, D ew· lrfada-m,
D ear Aliss Bro wn, D ear Friend, Prie)l(l Brown, Ji'riend
J ames, D ear Cousin, J'lf!J dear Si r, ]lfy dea r Jlmlmn, ;'lfy dear
,~fi:ss Brown, Jly d eur P,-ie11d, Jlfy dear Jones, .illy dear 1Vij e,
:Afy d ear B oy, D ecirest Ellen, et c.
l ;l/ i~s is not uscJ al one RH :1 sa lnt fll i<>J J.
In :u.ldrc8sing a young
t111111arricd laJ y, Lhe 11ea r rqJeliLiu11 ,,f ,l/;.-,, i.; ge11 erally avuiJed Ly
omini11i:: th e :Salutation anJ usi11~ Lhe AddreH>i ;done, or by placing
the Address flt th e end of th e letter. We ca n see no good reason for
rcs lri eli11g ilfaclt(m or JJew· Mw/•1111 '" 111arril'tl :111d eldt•rly ladies.

How Written. - H1·gi11 t )1., :-lal11t.:1t.io11 01 1 tlw 111arg111;d li 1"'
or ;~ lit.t.1" t.11 t.111'. rig·lit uf 1L 11·lit:11 tl1t: ;\1 ldr"·' ·' 1w1·111•i1 ·,;
.-__, ;~

t l11·1•1· li1ll' S; 1111 t lw 11 1:1rg111 :tl l i111·. ,.,. :L lit.ti ·· f:irtl11·r 111 t \11·
ri,,ht t.l1an t.h <' 1ir:-<t. li1w . 01· :t litLl" f:irtlll'r t.li:111 t li« ,,.,, ..,,,.)
li~P, of thP A,1.Jrps s w lll'll t.l1is cll·1 ·1q1i1 ·s t.11·" li111•s; a l it tl 1·
tn t.l1P rigltt of tl1P rnargi11:d li11 1'. \\'lll'll t.111 · J\.J dn ·ss 1•c1 ·111•i""·
.. 11•· li1w; u11 tl1i·1 lll:cl'!,'. i11al li11 !' \\']1 ,· 11 t.l1e "\ .J drl'.'iS sLlwh
lw\.,\\'.
TlH• first won1 a111l 1·v1·r.1· iw1111 i11 t.lll' :-\:1l11t:tti .. 11 sli<>1tlil
lH'gi11 with a 1• al' ital ]d.tYr, ;111d t.llt' wl1ol1• slitHdd Iii•. f1ill1lll·1·1l

hy a comma, ur l1y a 1 : 0111111~• ;w,l a d;1s l1.
Direction. -

~tutly

,\·hat 11as la~ t-·n Haid, a.Hd wr ite the
rnodeis ~ -

f11lJp\\

ill g

Introdw.: tion~ a.ci~1irlli11 g to thL.:Se

1.

Mr. St<>phen A. '\V1Llker,
New York Ci ty.
D ear Sir,

2.

Dear Motlier,
Your, e tc.

3. H on. John \\'. Slewarl,

....,..,...;

ll1idd1d .. ll' y , \' t.
J{psr)('cted ~ir, -

~~ =~· ~;

T

4. l\lt·ss rs. l\fay 11arti & Cn .,
iii Bruadway, ;\.Y.

·•
''
) '.

--h-~4J

c;e11llelllell,

=~ ;: :-::;

r ev dr pe11tecost concord 11 h my dear frie111l. 2 . prof george
H },oanl111aI1 theo ~"'n chi(':tgn ill 111y dt~a.r t.eau livr. 3. 111r gt ·u
r curlis il livi1q;~lo11 8t Lruukly11 11 y si r. 4. Javid h cocl1ra 11
HJ pr~si1k11t of th,, pulytecli11i t.: in stit ute l.ruukl yu 11 y d ·ar sir.
1.

~i.o'1•:::.ii

....T"-•f;J

0

5.

mr~ clara

e comstoc k newpnrL r i dt•<tr 111a.Ja111. 6. 111y tl1·ar
1.laugliter your letter~. etc. 7. messrs tiffany & co ltJOO broadway
new york city dear sirs.

4. The Body of the Letter. - The Beginning. - H1· g iI1 t]11,

~

-~

- -'"'~
•,- ~::,
~-

- .:

Budy of tlie J, ntt.•·r a.t. t l11 : "11Ll of the !::ialutation; anJ. ua tl1t:
same line. if the Intro1!ill'tin u ( = ur/rlress and salutulion )
is lung -· ill w l1id1 ca:se the co; n rn:t :1Jt.nr t.h n Sa.l 11tatim1
sJioultl ]JC foJlow <'d by a dash j - O il tJiu liae ueluw, if the
f11t ro1luetio11 is short,

. 3~~
..... ~,\""?~

.::.:.:;~;;;!

252

'I

Product-ions - W rittcn Prose.

Style. - Be perspicuous. Paragraph and punctuate as
in oth er kintls of writing. Spell correctly, write legibly
and with care. Avoitl blots, erasures, interlineations, cross
lines, and all other offenses against epistolary propriet,Y.
The letter "bespeaks the man." Letters of friendship shoul<l
\Je colloquial, chatty, and fami liar. ·whatever is interesting
to you will be interesting to your fri ends, however trivial
it may seem to a stranger. If adJressing one of your
fami ly, wr ite just as you feel, only f eel right.
Bus-ine:;s letter.~ shoulJ Le short and to the point. Repeat
nothing, aml omit notl1i11g ner<lful.
Official letters and f ormal note:; should be more stately
antl cer emonious. In fo rm al notes the third person is
generally used in:>tead of the first and the second. No
H eatling, Address, or Sal utation is placed at the beginning,
and no Complimeutary Close or Signature at the end. The
nam e of the place and the date, when given, are written at
the Lottom, thus: J.fr. mid J.frs. A r eq11 est th e plea sure of J.fr. JJ" s company
al ct social ga.tli ering, on Tu e:;da!J evening, .i.\'uve mber ftj? eenth,
at eight o'clock.
32 PiJ1.h ..ti'VC .

.11/r. B

a ccept .~ with plw 1..,ure 1

J.Ir. a11d .J.fr8. A's kinrl
iwvittilion [ or the z>ulite iwvitlllio n of Afr. rwrl Jtfrs. A]
fur Tue1:1cluy e·ve111:11g, Nu'uember fifte enth.
10 Astor Place, Nov. 6th.

5, 6. The . Complimentary Close and the Signature. Forms. - The forms of the Complimentary Close are many,
1
Or regre ts that a previ ous {l n ~agt·int · nt ( nr illnf'sfi , or a.n unfortunate eve11 t) pre vents th e acce pl<lll CP uf - - ; or re1-:rets that on
nccoua t of - - · Ile i~ unal>lc tu accept - - .

L etter- IVri:ting.

%3

- - - ---··--- -- - -an<l a.re <l et ennined by the r elations of th e writer tu tl1 e
one a.<lLlrc:ssr d. I n letters of fri ewlsltip you may usP, Yrmr
sincere fr£m1.rl; Yours c~/Tectin nutel!I; Y our loving .~rm or
<ln111ild1'r, Ptr.. . Tn busin ess letters yun· m:ty u se, )-1 J11 n::;
Yor;r.~ truly; Tr" l.'f yn 11 rs; Yn11rs ?'l' -'J'"c((11U11: l 'ent r1'-'l'""lf1tll!J yours, etc. l 1t ottici::tl lette rs you :; lwul<l bte 1no r"
tle ferelltial. U se, I have the honor lo be, Sir, your ol1ecli 1' 11l
serca nt; Very r esp ectfall!J, y ou 1· most obedient sen·1111 t , rte .
Among oth er forms arr, - Very truly yo 11r.~ ; B elin·c 11u'
sincerely yonrs; I am, d ear ,,;,-, yours m ost r espect.fully; I um
i·ery sincerely your jrfo111l ; Faithfully yo1crs; C'11n/iull!/ ?!" "rs ;
Yo 11 rs v ery co rdially; J.Iosl r especlftilly you rs; 1 remain 11ery
tntly your fri end; Si11 cerely and gral e.f11ll!f y o 11r.-;; I ,.,, moin
yours .fnitl1fnlly; Yonrs, as eve r; Your q{/ectionale fri eHrl;
With kindest reya rds, e ver n.ffectionately - - . Do nut w n Le,

Y011r.q, Pfr·.
The S ig11:Llurc consists of your Christian n:une aml . y•n1r
surname. In addres sin g a stranger write yonr Chn st1;in
nam e in full. A 1:uly al1L1rcss ing a stra1i:.;" r ~111,ul<l 1• r 1 ·fix ,
·to her signatu re, h er title, Jlfrs. or ~Miss (]'being it wi t hin
mark s of -p;u-entlwsis if pro·f.. rrt>d), u11lcss in t lie le t.L\' r sl"'
has indi catetl which of these titles her corrcs pornlent is tu

use in reply.
How Written. - Th e Cumplime11tary Close shouhl 11t•g i11
1war tlw rnit1<11<' of t he first line Lelow t li c Body <•f th e
Letter; a ud , if occupying two or rnure liu es, sh uul•! sl"]'l'
to the ri ght like the l leading a.n<l the Adtlress. B egrn t·~ch
line of it with a. cap ital letter, punctuate as in otlH'r writing, antl separa,te it from the signature hy th e cornma.. Th e
Signature shoultl Le very plain an<l shouhl be follow ed l>y
the pe riod.
. . .
7. The Superscription. - Parts. -The S11perscnpt 1on is
what is wr itten on tl1 c onls idt• nf t\11~ 1•1Jvd"]'"· ft. is t. h•'
s:u 11 r•. as th e Ad,Jress, consisti ng uf Uw 11:uw·, the titk, :u1d
tlic full Jire\:tions of the on e addressed.

;

j;

'1

,,
j.1.!

't.:~.

r··

~·

J

2G4

I'ro1luction::; -

1v,.;, ten l'rose.

How Written. -The supersc ription s ltoul<l begin above the
middle, on the left siuc of the envelope, :ual should occupy
three or fou r lin es. These lin es shoul<l slope to the right
as in the H e::tcling anu the Alhlress, tho spaces between the
lin es should be the s:une, and th e last lin e should end near
t l1e lower rig!tt-han1l corner. On the first line the name
and the title should stand. If the one addressed is in a
city, the door- nu111 Lcr an1l na me of the street should be
on the second lin e, the name of the c ity 011 the third, and
the, name of the state 0 11 the fo ur t h. If h e is in the country, the nam e of the post-office sho11ld be on the second
lin e, th e nam e of t he coun ty on the third, the nam e of the
state on tho fou rt h. The num be r of the post-office box
may take th e place of the <l oo r-nnrnber and the 11ame of the
street, or, to avoid crowdin g, the num ber of the post-office
box or the 11:i,111c of the coun ty may starnl at the low er left.
hand co rner. Th e titl r s following the name should be
sep:i,ratcd from it a1Hl from each otlw r by th e comma, and
every line sho11l1l c1Hl with a co mma, e x c <~ pt t he last, which
should ue follow ed by a period. The l i ncs should be·
straight, an<l every part of the Sn pc rsc ri pt ion should be
leg iLle. Place the st:i.mp at th e upper right-han<l corner.
Direction. - l'nt to~e t.l1 e r tlie ]l('a1lings an1l tl;e introducti6ns given
in this Lesson, h·t a few bl a nk lin e~ rc pre~C'nt the body of the letter,
co n r lucle wi t h a fi t tin g co t11pli1nl'ntary clt1se aJHl your signature, and
supe rsc ril.>e, us ing the fon ns below as models: -

2G5

L etter - Wr'it'ing.

Waa-ltA~UJ~, .b.~.,
I

cJ'&ovua/l/I) 2, I 31<'/·

· 17111 dw/v 6g,c,lid/
{lll ~ ~f&.

J~U/Jd

U/JUfviw th.~ 11'l01inUJ1./j 'l_hVE/W-.VJUj
tk& fildCj1n£nt Un clf&w llcVJ'll1ikf1.ki/i&.
!luJ-tnt - JJrauJ,/wll, UJa. :£fu~i7t01i,
Luur/J·z·r;~ton, JolVJuwn, .buual, a.Jut r!ftuz. 'l
1Uafl;

au MYJ1AP/Wl/vtfl1Jj fnut })1{,·Val :
·UnrJ

n<> U~01'U

Cl/J'ld fi& CjUU -

to

th,c, €'.i'J1i'tui1i1j. J'h&
ofrkuni,(}-n wa.f1. ddwuu.d 6-1;1 tlu (/jj?J-t/ Jiir:t-

tiu. cft 1Ua4- a,!J-U ((flU/, V&1i1) Efa(HYL£l.U ,- it
7o&f1. tllh wiioU un9tk, CVJUt Ua1J0[}; not
cvn r/Ju fu of r;ruY1.M ut /{)//,. tflh ZtnivuwA"iil/
({'} r:ttcvnd MU.

'frYU/1#

affutirYna~,

J;Cl/J1id

6jhlUl ZU-06 d&rv,
JJ~@·MfJE/J'l_;I elf.If,

W~-tuv.

256

Production:; -

Written l'ro:>e.

7J1&'J,'J,1.,'J,. $u,i,l ~ lfai4~k,
5

c.lfw!Ml{hih

df'EA-U

cft.,

'!jot,£ f!2ii-71-

Direction, - Study carefully, for their spirit and style, these chara.cterhitic letters of Macaulay, Lamb, and ,John Adams, copy them in
pa.rt, and supply headingii, introducti orrn, conclusions, and superscrip-

tion.s of youi· own, taking those above a.s your models in form : March 9, 1850. - I have seen the hippopotamus, both asleep and __ awake ; and I can assure you that, awake or asleep, he is the -~--~
ugliest of the works of God. But you must hear of my triumphs.-=-=~
Thackeray swears that he was eye-witness a11d ear-witness of the
proudest event of my life. Two damsels were just about to_pas_s
that doorway which we, on Mon<lay, in vain attempted to enter,
when I wa.s pointed out to them . ":Mr. Macaulay I" cried the
lovely pair. "Is that Mr. Macaulay? Never mind the hippopota- :__::::
mus." And, having paid a shilling to sec Behemoth, they left him
in the very moment at whiclr he wa.~ about to display himself to

Letter- Writing.

2D7

t.hC>m, in o rd<>r to see - but spare my modesty. I can wi,h f<>r
not hini; more 011 earth, llOW that l\!adame Tussaud, in wJio,e
Pa11tlwo11 I ouce hope1l for a place, io dea.<l .
.hn. 22, lH:!fl . - JZurnor t e lls uu ~ t h at :\fiss - - is marri f'11.
Who i8 - - ' ! llavc I seen him at lllouta,cutes? I l1ear he is a
great chemist. I am wmetimes cl 1crnical myself. A thought
st1·ikes me with horror. Pray heaven he may not have done it fnr
the sake of trying chemical ex-perimPnts npon her-young frmal"
s11Ljccts .ire so scarce . Ain't [,\r'11 ' t] you glad aLout Burke's ca;;t' '/
V.'e may set off the Scotch murders against the Scotch novels.
IIare, tlie Gr.,at Unch:.rngPcl l
Mr, R. is richly worth your knowing. He is on the top Reale of
my friend~hip l~-Ider, on -..hich an anp;el or two are still climbing,
and some, alas! descendi:i". Did you see a. sonnet of miml in
Hlackwood's la.•t 't Curiolll\ construction.
Etahorata frzdlrln.~ i
And now I'll tell. 'Twas written for" The Gem," but the editors
decli11ed it on the ple:i tl1:it it woulu shock all mothers; so the:-·
publislie<l "The W itlow " instead. l am born out of time. I ham
110 conjecture about wh:ct the pre~<'nt world calls clelicar y .
I
thought "l\o,arno1Hl (;ray" was a pretty, modest thing. Hes"'Y
a.'s11res me tkLt the world wo11J1l not bear it. I have Jived to grow
into an indec e nt cha racter. " ' hen rny sonnet wa.~ r eject<'<!, I
exclaimed, " Hang- the age, I will write for antiquity!"
Erratwn in Son11et. - Last lille but somethi11g, for lender rrad
tewl. The Scotch do not know our law ten11s; but 1 find Ao111e
r e mains of hnnc·st. plain, old writing l11rki11g there still. TIH'Y
were not so 111ea,ly-111oulhcd as to refuse my verses. May be ' t i.~
tl11:i r o:L1.n1eal.
Blackwood sent me 20/. for the drama . Somebo1ly cheated me
out of it next day: and my pair of breeches, jnst sent ho111e, cr:Lck i11g at fir-Rt putting on, I exclaimed in my wrath, "All tailors are
cht•ats, and all rne n are tailors." Then I was better.
Philadelphia, .J1111e 17, 1775. - I can now inform y ou that tlir'
Congress have made choicce uf the modest an<l virtuous, tlie .an1ialih~ . generuu~, and lira.ve ( ~eur .~e 'Va~lii11gto11, EHquire, to br• Ct·11i)ral .-_,f the A 111ericrrn arn1y, :u11l tl1at h e is to n•pair, as soon as
possible, to the camp la,fore Hoston. Thi~ appointment will ha Ye
a g reat effect in cc 111enti11g and sec11ri11g the u11iu11 of tl.ese colu-

==:::;;;:
I . ' ~: ~~ · .

''.'.:~'.;~f;';
.~· .• i

<~ ~~

..

'-.· ~~

258

Productions -

Written Prose.

nies. The continent is really in earnest iu defending the country.
'.l'hey have voted ten companies of riflemen to be sent from Penn· ·sylvauia, Maryland, and Virginia to join the o.rmy before Boston.
These are an excellent species of light infantry. They use a peculiar kind of musket, called a rifle. It has grooves within the-bari·el, and carries a ball with great exactness to great distances.
They are the most accurate marksmen in the world.
. I begin to hope we shall not sit all summ.er. I hope the people ·
of om· province will treat the General with all that. confidence and
affection, that politeness and respect, which are due to one of the
most important characters in the world. The liberties of America
depend upon him, in a great degree. I have never been able to
obtain from our province any regular and particular intelligence
since T left it.
I have found this Congress like the last. When we first came
together, I found a strong jealon~y of us from New England and
Massachusetts in particular; suspicions entertained of designs of
independency; an American republic; Presbyterian principles;
and twenty other things. Our sentiments were Leard in Congress
with great caution, and seemed to make but little impression; but
the longer we sat, the more clearly they saw the necessity of push·
ing vigorous measures. It has been so now. Every day we sit,
the more we are convinced that the designs against us are hostil~
and sanguina.ry, and that nothing but fortitude, vigor, and per·
severance can save us.
But America is a great unwieldy body. Its progress must be
Rlow. It is like a largll fleet sailing under convoy. The fleetest
sailers must wait for the dullest and slowest. Like a coach and
six,. the swiftest horses must be slackened, and the slowest quickened, that all may keep an even pace.
It is long since I heard from you. I fear you have been kept
in continual alarms. My duty and love to all. My dear children,
come here and kiss me. We have appointed a. Continental fast.
l\!illions will be upon their knees at once before their great Creator,
imploring his forgiveness and blessing; his smiles on American
councils and arms.
My duty to your Uncle Quinc.v ; your papa, mamma, and mine;
my brothers and sisters, and yours.

Biographies and Essays.

250

To the Teacher. - Have your pupils writ.e complete ldtcrs and
notes of all kinds. You can name the persons to whom these aro to
be addre8sed. Attend minut.ely to all the points. Letters of introduction should have the word Introducing (followed by the name of
the one introduced) at the lower left--lrn.nd corner of the envelopll. This
letter should not be sealed. The receiver may seal it before handing
it to the one addressed.

VI. Biographies. -A biography is a written work descriptive of one's life an<l character. It is a history, settin~
before us what mann er of man the subject of it was aml
what he did. If a statesman, a distinguish cJ gcncr;tl, or
one in any way eminent in pulJlic life, a biography of him
is largely a history of his times. A biogniphy pidurcs t11c
early and the later life of its snliject, tells us what werL'
his talents, his natural bent and surroumliugs, what he
became in consequence or in spite of l1is environment, what
he did, and whn-t was his influence upon hi8 times. Biography deals much with el1a.ra.cter. In this work the biographer is h elped by the letters of his subject. In these the
man speaks more fully anJ frankly than in his pulil ic
efforts. His hopes an<l fears, his struggles, defeats, and
triumphs are recorded in his letters - in these he opens
himself to us. Hence it i;; that, iu recent times espPci ally,
letter!> form a l:uge part of uiogra.phics - often the most
valuable part. Biographies abound in personal incidents
ancl anecdotes which turn an electric light upon one's character, ancl reveal much that we are eager to know. The
works of literature cannot be rightly read till we have
learned under what circumstances they were written, what
was the author's natural fitness for his task, and what were
his limitations. ·what would not the admirers of Shakespeare's plays give to know more of Shakespeare's early life
and training at Stratford, an(l of his later life in London!
An autobiography is a biography written by the subject
of it.

: :;c;· - ~
· ~~=-~

260

Productions- Written Prose.

A memoir is a brief sketch of one's life and character.
It has been, and is still, a question whetlwr the lives Of
men great in intellect and in executive ability, but not eminent in moral virtneRJ should be fully portt-ayed. It is
difficult to see what good can come from an exhibition of
one's vices, unless out of theRe some of his noteworthy
achievements sprang. While the biographer should not, in
what he says of him, misrepresent the man, he iR not bound
to present him fn11y. The man's private life dors not helong
to th e public, it is his own. De mortuis nil nisi bonum - of
the dead nothin g but what is good should be spoken - may
carry suppression to the point of distortion; but certainly
the biographer wrongs no one by his silem~e upon so much
of a man's evil nature an<l doings as ha<l lit.tle or HO i11fiuence
in shaping his public career.
Great interest will al ways be felt in biographies. "The
proper stndy of mankind is man," and certainly no study
has greater fascination for us. The lives of others teach uf!
invaluable le:;sons, and are an in centive to h01w8t and even
hrroic Pnde;wor. HiogT:tphies are of essc>ntial service to
the Jiistorian, and constitute a most important part of
literature.
VlI. Essa.rs. - An essay is a short composition. The
snbject may be of any kind whatever, one fit for fuller treatment in any of the species of discourse described above, or
one without sufficient dignity for sue!\ treatment. No species
of writing ranges over a wider and more varied field of topics
- nothing less than that of all the others com binecl - and
no11e other allows such freedom and diversity in the hand1i II c•.
"'
In style of thought the essay may be flreamy and sPrnipoetical, aml charm by its beauty; it may be merely instrnc1.i v.-~ or 1•riti1•;1]; it rnay l1hze with l1r illi:u11·y, stiug witl1 its
satire, com·ulse with its humor, couvim:c with its logic,

:. ·'~~
' ' . ·"""''; ~":i

Biographies and Essays.

261

or stir with its appeal and move to inst~'lnt <lnf.v. The
author may wander off leisurely to the right and the left,
or, like the orator, he may keep his eye on the point he
would reach, and move swiftly and in a strai ght line
toward it.
The style of expression should fit the thought, and October woods are not more varied iu color than th is de part men t
of literature, in utt<'nrnce.
Es:;ays, as the name indicates, are not ambitious works.
Their subjects are specific, and the view the author allows
himself tu take is narrow ratlicr than comprehensive. Tli"V
are mo11ographs,_ <Liming eac;h to present a single tl1ing in ~l.
clear light. Most modt>rn writl'I">l spenll tlu·ir proh:ttion in
essay-writing, and no better training for larger works can
be devised. Essays arc usually written for the monthli es
or the quarterlies, and bence are prepared for rca<lcrs of
scholarly Ltstcs and some culture. 1£ thev have met with
favor, they are gathered into book form, ; ntl pass in permanent shape into our lilH"aries.

1r- -

! -~~

262

Productions - Written Prose ..

A SCHEME FOR REVillW.
-

The Lhree Departments of l\IinJ determining the three Divisions of
Discourse. Exposition.
I. Convcrsa.tion -Three Things it Accomplishes.
IL Debates-Burden of Proof and Presumption. Refutation.
Ill. Orations - Subject, Framework, Treat- '
ment, l'arts.
Oral.
IV. Speeches -Style and V alue. Campaign
:tl1ll After-Dinner Speeches and Ha.rangnes.
Y. Lectures a.nu Addresses.
VI. Arguments. Arrangement of Points.
VIL Sermons. Appeal to the Feelings.
I. Treatises.
IL Histories -Topics, Spirit, Style, Ar-·
rangement, Summaries.
UL Books of TraveL
IV. :Fiction - Purpose, I'lace, Divisions. Allegories, :Fables, and Parables.
Letters - Purpose. The Seven Pa.rtsv.
Hea.ding, Address, Salutation, Body
of the Lctkr, Complimentary Close,
Signature, and Superscription.
yi Biographies. Autobiographies and Memoirs.
Essays -Style of Thought and of ExpresVIL
sion.

"".rltten.1

I

l

l'OETRY.

Two of the three great divisions of discourse we h ave
spoken of-ora.l prose, whif:h add resses itself to th e wiJl,
and leads to action; and written prose, which is mainly
intended to instruct the intellect. We come now to the •
second division of written, and to the last of the thrre
divisions of all, discourse Poetry. -Poetry is that division of discourse which is
rhythmical and metrical and is addressed to tlu.i feelings .
Poetry differs from prose in three particulars - ( 1) in its
mission, (2) in its style, a11<l (:3) in its form.
I. Its Mission. -The mission of poetry is to brill g sust enance to that part of our natme which lies in between the
intellect and the will -that part which enjoys and suffers,
which is open to disturbing influences and responds to every
touch of impression -the feelings. Poetry fincls its material
in the world without and in human life - in concrete things,
not in abstract. The most artistic department of literature,
poetry, is near of kin, in its effects, to music arnl to paiuting. The poet is an artist, sellsitive to impres8ions whid1
ordinary nerves do not feel. His eye detects a beauty and
a meaning in thin gs - a beauty and a meaning that escal"'
ordinary vision. His effort is to put this meaning into a
picture, in which words are his colors, bringing all parts of
it-the incidents, the persons, the events, the Jan i:uage, tl1e
feeling-into harmony, knowing that those blind to what
he secs will sec arnl apprc<:iate what lw cloes. Much of
poetry ifl too ethereal in spirit to inhabit a hotly so gross as
that of prose. l'rose is rnaBculine and matter-of-fact, the

264

Productions -Poetn;.

"common drudge 'tween man and man." You can harness
it to the light vehicles of conversation or to the lumbering
trains of argument. Homely, serviceable, and made for ~
wear, prose will drag your heavy drays of thought from
premises to conclusion. But it lacks the grace of form and
of movement demanded on the boulevard and in the park.
Poetry is feminine. It fakes to itself a delicacy of form,
a warmth of coloring, and a richness of expression alien
to prose. Poetry deals with things as October light with
. the objects upon which it falls, painting ·everything it
touches in bewitching colors.
Nothing is so insignificant that it has not a poetic side to
it, and may not furnish the poet a subject for his verse, and
nothing is too high for the poet's reach. He catches
glimpses and suggestions of outward and of inward beauty;
and, in the play of imagination, he works them up now into
studies, and now into finished pictures that cling to the
walls of our memories, and stream their gracious. influences .
down upon our feelings, - a never failing source of consolation and delight.
Of all literature, poetry has in it the least of objective
purpose, the most of spontaneity. No great moral purpose,
no purpose of inere instn1ction, is supreme in the mind of
the poet as he writes. Some phase of outward beauty,
some deed disclosing inward grace, some glimpse of spiritual loveliness has been vouchsafed him, and he hastens to
embody in verse the sweet vision that has dawned upon
him. In just the ratio that the poet consciously aims to
give instruction or turn any wheel of reform, does he abdicate his own function and seek. to usurp that of the prosewriter. Not that poetry may not teach, may not even
preach. It may and it does. That is great poetry, the
greatest, which accomplishes both without neglecting its
ministry to the feelings. But it does these things, when it

Poetry - Its Style.

265

does them, incidentally. It cannot subordinate its own
proper vocation to any other without proving false to its
mission, false to the mission of all fine art.
But no thoughtful person sets a light value upon this
incidental service which all art performs for our intellect
and for our moral nature. 'YVe are not to disparage poetry
as an enlightening and as a reforming agency because it
works intentionally neither upon the intellect nor upon the
will. It works effectively upon both, even if incidentally
- all the more effectively, it would be easy to show, because
incidentally. The intellect ta.kes more than miller's toll of
the thought poetry contains, it appropriates the whole. The
feelings, to which poetry intentionally ministers, read upon
our intellectual faculties, and rouse them from any lethargy
into which they may have fallen. And the feelings lie
·close, on the other side, to the will, which acts as they furnish the occasion and the motive.
II. Its Style. -1. Words. -Poetry does not confine itself
to the language of conversation or of common life. It
selects words for their beauty of sound and association,
for their picturesqueness, for their elevation - rare words
often, words that are even obsolete in prose.
2. Arrangement. - Poetry uses the transposed order in a
degree forbidden in conversation, unpardonable even in impassioned oratory. It condenses clauses into single epithets.
"Imperfect periods are frequent; elisions are perpetual;
and many of the minor words, which would be deemed
essential in prose, are dispensed with."
3. Imagery. -Herbert Spencer says, "Metaphors, similes,
hyperboles, and personifications are the poet's colors which
he has liberty to employ almost without limit. We characterize as 'poetical' the prose which uses these appliances
of language with any frequency; and condemn it as 'overflorid' or 'affected' long before they occur with the profusion allowed in verse."

266

Productions - Poetr11.

Direction. -Study tliis extra.ct from Lowell's "Vision of
Launfal," and note how these three points are illustrated: \Vit.uiu the hall are 8m1g and langht<"r,
The cheeks of Christmas gl ow red and jolly,
And sprouting is every corhel and rafter
With light.some green of ivy and holly;
Through the <lc«p g ulf of the chi1n 11ey wide
\Vallow!! tlrn Yule- lug-'M ruariug tide;
The Lroad ila1ne-penno11 ~ droop aud lbp
And belly a n<l tug a" a f1:1g- in tl1e w i 11<! ;
Like a locuHt xhrill8 tl1e irnpris1111ed sap,
Hunte<] to death in it~ gallerif'R bliu•.l;
And swift li ttle troo ps of silent sparb,
Now pa.using, now !'C:tttP-rin g away :t.~ in fear,
Go threading the soot-foreRt's tangled darks
Like herd,; of startled <leer.

III. Its Form. - In treating of the form of poetry, we ·
shall group all we have to say under the three heads of ---=-~rhythm, meter, and rhyme.
1. Rhythm. - Rhythm is thr~t arrangement of words which
allows and requires the alternate stre:;s arnl remission of
the voice in reading. For ea.ch sequence of stress and
remission, of strong antl weak inq1ul~e of the voice, two or
three syllables are regularly r equire<l.
The rhythm-accent is the stroke, stress, or strong impulse
of the voice which falls upon ce rtain sylln,hles. In English and in other modern poetry, thn rhythm-accent must !::--~~~~~~'.'-"-.
agree with the word~wcf'nt-must fall npon the syllable ~~~~_i_!ii
,_~~~
of the word which is accented in prose. For this reasou _-_----=·- ours is called an accentual r hythm. ln Latin a.nd GrMk
the rhythm-accent falls upon ;i 1011 g sylla.bl t>, a syllable whose~-,-.:~t_:~·~.,· , :·
vowel is long by nature or by position, a syllable requi..ru···~~~~~
a long time for its cnunci:iti{ln. J fo1w" ancient rhYthm" 1s-based upon quantity. It ill thought that these two rhyth.,.~'"""''"""'""

Poetry - Its Parm - Rhythm.

267

mical systems, theirs and ours, a.re so unlike a.s to be iu
ant:J.go11isrn. :But we must remember t kit, in the on1i11ary
pronunciation of an Englit<lt wonl, we dwell longer upon
the accented syllable titan upon one not accented; that the
sy lhtble becomes long hy th is dctention of the voice upun
it, and hence presents itself as lon g for tlw rhythni-:tetTllt.
lthythm, tlwn , in English , evPn if we call it accentual , l'l'Sts
ultilllatcly upon time -the syllable rf'cieiving the rhythm accent taking long time fur it;; eimnciation, the una.eeenkd
sylb\1lu or syllables short ti1w~.
1t m:ty turn out, as our greatest A1m~rican pl1ilologist,
Prof. H~ull•'.v, virtually cla.im;;, that, ill tht•ir ordin~try
sp00ch, th e Greeks did not pronounce the accentetl sy ll:t11ll's
with any, or with any Rtriking, incre;u;e of force. It is
inconceivable that, in reciti1115 his potitry, tho Greek or tla~
Roman shoulcl give 11uth rhythrnic-stres,; arnl wonl-st ress
when these diJ. not fall upon the same syl1al1le; anJ. it i;;
also ineonceivn.ble that he shoul<l neglect the wor1l-stress,
in the recitation, if, in ordillary :;peech, it was as marked in
his language as in ours. In the one case there would be no
proportion, no mu::;ic, in tlie verse thus rra<l; in th e othrr,
the worJ.f rol>beu of its customary strong accent, would not
Le rf'<'ognize<l l>y the l1e~irer.
The rhythm-a.ceent in English falls upon the sylb.11!0
which receives the '\\'Ord-accent - the syllable ma.J.e loHg by
that accent. The two a.ccents harmonize. The rltythrnaecc·nt in Greek falls 11pon a sy1hh1e lon~ hy nat.11r~ (J I'
position , whPthN rpc'f'iYin g- th i> wor<l-~i:-.ent or not. Knt~ if
the worJ.-a.cccnt could not have been diEtinguishctl by w;i.rhd
stress of voice. the two accents could not noticeably have
~la.shed with e~h other when fall in g upon different S}:llables. The alleged antagonism, t.Ji c r1JA.Ucal difference, between t1rn ancier{t rhytlmi ic:il svxtNn :tnd our own, is then,
M it seems to us, somewhat imagi11a.ry.

_,_,·-.. '.J
' ' \ '1.

.:M~

:;

&.-i-~

-~:::;;

-~~~~~

.::---~
-~-"-' ~"-";

,~

:;,

·('~

·'

',;{ ~
~t-~

·--...:::-::'.!"+:=:~

<1~

r-?

,~

~~?~
-~

. ~· -~-;-~

-

_;!-~

if:,~;:~
t.;.

.~

sl
{~

--4
'

·-!~~

_-; ZB
ll~~

~---··:..~~
-;:::_:;._;

; ;:,.

:~

--~

268

Substitute.d Feet.

Productfons - Poetry.

It is to be noted that t his alternation of long syllables
with short, or of short with long, and the accompanying -.. __
variety of force and volume of voice in t11e reading of poetry ·-:::;:;::&;~~;::;;:;::-_·
give it, in part, its musical quality, and make it so delightful
to the ear.
A foot is the combination of two or three syllables that
requires this compound movement of the voice in the reading. Any syllable of the foot may receive the rhythmaccent. A trochee, .:. v, is a dissyllabic foot accented on the
first syllable; an iambus, v .:., is a. dissyllaliic foot accented
on the second syllahle; a dactyl,.:. v v, is a trisyllabic foot ~-­
accented on the fir~t sy Hable; an amphibrach, u .:. u, is a. .-~~- -.~--'--- - ,
trisyl1.1bic foot accented on the second syllable ; and an --~~·
a.napmst, u v .:., is a trisyllabic foot accented on tho third
syllable. Verse is poetry, and a verse is a single line of
poetry.
Verses with trochaic feet : Other

I i\rins

Dia.rer

may

l friends

I priss tht-e,

cil. l rci"ss thee.

Verses with iambic feet: Illl! books

I were

rf

I vers,

wvGJs

Th~ mcid I ow ind J the m~r.

Verses with dactylic feet:Fliished all their I srlbres bllre,
Flished as they I tifrned In li.ir,
Siibring the I gilnners there.

Verses with amphibrachic feet:The witers ! lire flishing,
The white hail I Is dii.~hing,
The hi5ar-sprly

I Is

dfincing.

l iind

skfes,

269

Verses with anap:nstic feet: The volci I llOeS arc dfrn I and the stirs I reel and swfrn
When the whirl I winds my L~n I nor i:infcirl.

A stanza is a group of two, three, four, or more vers(·s
3eparated from other verses on the page. A poem is a collection of verses, grouped into stanzas or not, written on
some one topic. Scansion is the reading of poetry su as to
mark the rhythm.
It must 11ot be supposed that all the foet of a poem, a
stanza, or eve11 of a single .vcrne, aro 11ceessarily of tL1•
same kind. It is not always easy for the poet to compose
a succession of such verses ; it would be tiresome to the ear
to listen long to lines so monotonous in their structure. A
. succession of verses so constructed would be rare; witness,
for example, the poems in the next Lesson. The kind of
foot b<~ ginning the poem should continue till the tongue a1 1d
ear have caught the prevailing rhythm, then here and there
other feet may be substituted for it. The substitutio ns
should not be so frequent as to lead one to doubt what the
prevailing rhythm is meant to be.
Substituted Feet. - If a foot acc<ented on the la.st sy lhblc, an iambus or :i.n anaprest, cannot, without a pause after
it, be followed by a foot accented on the first syllable, a
trochee or a. dactyl, because this would bring two accented
syllables together: and, if, as Abbott and Seeley assert,
three clearly pronounced unaccented syllables cannot stand
together; and so an anaprest cannot follow a trochee, an
iambus or an amphibrach or an anaprest cannot follow a
dactyl, and an anaprest cannot follow an amphibrach ;
then the substitutions will be somewhat limited. In a
trochaic verse, an iambus may be substituted for the last
trochee, and a dactyl or an amphibrach for any trochee,
represented thus: .! u, v .:. ; .! u, .:. v u or.:. u v,.:. v; .:. v,

II

h

270

General Remarks upon Scansion.

·Productions- Poetry.

v .!. v or v .!. v, .!. v. In an iambic verse, a trochee may be substituted for the first iambus, and an amphibrach or an anapcest for any iambus, represented thus: .:. .:,, v :_; v .t:,
v .!.. v or v .!.. v, v .:. ; .v .!., v v .!.. or v v ~, v .!... In a
dactylic verse, an amphibrach may be sub:;tituted for the
first dactyl and a trochee for any dactyl, represented thus:
v .!. v, .!. v v; .!. v v, .!. v or .!. v, :. v v.
In au amphilirachic verse, an anaprest may be substituted for the first
:tmphibrach, a trochee or an iambus for any amphibrach, or
a dactyl for the last, represented thus: v v :_, v :_ v; v :_ v,
.!.. V Or.!.. V , V .!.. v; V .!... V1 V .!. Qt V !.., V !._ v; V .!:.. Vt~ U V .
In an anaprestic verse, an iambus may be substituted for
any anaprest, or an amphibrach fot the last, represented
thus: v v .!., v .!. or v .!., v v :_; v v .!., v :_ v. These are
the possible substitutions of feet, if we do not allow the
claim that a foot accented on the la.st syllable may be followed by a foot accented on the fast; and if we do allow,
as we must, the claim made by Abbott and Seeley.
Poetry is full of these substitutions.
But we have purposely passed by the monosyllabic foot.
It 'is found at the beginning of a verse, in the miudle, at
the end, and now and then a whole verse is made up of
such feet. These words in Italics illustrate its use: I.

T5ll,

I tifll, I t0ll,

Thou bifll

I by

bfl

i lows

swii"ug.

I hfgbcr I will we I climb
Up the I moilnt Of I glfiry.
3. Strike I fur your ii I Liirn ~uJ J your
4. Bifry the I Great I Dake.
2.

Higher,

fires.

Direction. - Scan these verses so as to illustrate all but one of the ·
possible substitutions described above: -

1.
2.

3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

llalf a lea14uc, liitlf a league,
Half a league on ward.
.Erin, my country, though sad and forsaken.
And again to the child I whispered.
Lesbia hath a beami11g eye.
Then far below in the peaceful sea.
Then with eyes that saw not I kissed her.
N4'vPr, m•ver, t ... Jiev.., me,
Xt=•YPr, 11t>-V€r, ct.loll~.

8. Ifo lnoks to the beacon that loom9 from the reef.
9. llut rapture a11d l1eauLy they ca1111ul recall.
10. And worth a t.h•:iw•an•l ! Tn•J.•,••l it. i~ .
II . Think of your woods and orchards withot\t birds.
12. That <lan<lclious are blossoming near.

LESSON 80.
SCANSION.

As I look from th e isle, o'er its biilows of t,'"l"ccn,
To the billows of foam-crested blue,
Yon bark, that afar in the distance is seen,
Half dreaming, my eyes will pursue:
Now 1l:trk i11 111., Hh:vlow . HJ,., Heatl..-rH f.he Hpr1ty,
A:1 tlrn elm.ff in the stroke of tll.e flail;
Now white as the sea-gull, she flies on her way,
The sun gleaming bright on her sail.

General Remarks. -The prevailing foot above is the
anap<1:•st. Ouly the first foot in each of the vcrs«~ :~, 1, !),
7, and S varit~s from this and if; an iambus. Each iambus is
made, in the scansion, to have the same time as an anapre:st.
In pronouncirig Yon, Huz;; Now, etc., we dwell as long upon
each syllable as upon the two unaccented feet of a11y anapmst.

2i2

Cwsura and E'lision.

I'roductio ns - Poetry.

L et us say generally tha t, in scansion, anv substit uted foci
the same t ime as t h e foot fo r wh ich it is substituted. In ·
this way a re preserved, what should never be violat ed, th P.
Prprnl ti m P~ of the feet in a line, or verse. U pou this depend .::::::: : :;: ;::::::;::;~~;:;;:::;::::::;::;~.
the prupurtion, tlie rnusie, the L1cauty of rhyt.h m, <lnpends tl1e
rl1ytllll1 itsdf. vVhat is sn.id n.bove applies to the mono.
h<tM

sy llaliie foot ;Ls wdl as to tlH· otl1ern - i:t must lw.ve th e
t.i11w of tlw foot whose place it takes.
.Yotice that, though tlw rl 1ythm-a.rN·nt must fall npo11 the
::;ylLJ.Lle J1;1.villg tl 111 wonl -a1"•·,..11t., 1t 1we1l not fall upon CYC'ry
S\l(' h syllah](.,
(;/,,wn in !il'!U111i11:1, verse 8, has a wont ..
;wceut., lmt in tl1e scansion J1:ts no rhythm-accent.
l" uu will s"e hereaft.cr tl1ut. u puu a, long word rnore than
n. sing],, rl1_ytl1111 -act.:ent may fall.
Noticf', too, that the l{nimporb.ut 'rnr1ls, t l1nsn wl1il'h,
in ex pressi1q..; tl1e sern;c, we slw1dtl touch lightly in r1·ading,
a.n> Uio on,,s upon wliieh the rl1ytlirn-aece11t scl<lorn falls.
Tliis is as it ;;hould ht•. J\liythrn shonld not disguise tlrn
tl1 "uglit liy "":itli d 11:g 11·ith tl!I' lights and sliad1·s oi· Plllj •ktsis
t.i 1r(1 11.~i1 \\ i1i1· i1 t.i1t·
111111111 · f.~uu·p

n· ;1d 1· r

l't'\·i·;1)s lP

t}H ·

IH·;1iTI'

tlie r1 1 l;iti\· (~

Y'-'t u1u·111phati(' ,,·ore!.~ do :-;o11H·ti1111•s t.ak" tll\' rliythm-aecent, is in tlws1• li111•,.;: - 11

1' t-ii"

id,·:i~ .

I . Viee is a Inonst<"r ':fso frightful n1ic11

A s to bP hat erl need s but. to he"'""·
2. \VorLh lllakes till~ rnan a11d want ol ii tlw fellow.

scansion prevtm ts many irreg ularities, and often makes the
line m ore rnusical. The rhythm ical flo w of exampl e 9, Les1:1on 79, seem s more delightful if w~ regard the verse as
::unphilm1.ch ic, with an i;im1Jus at the close, than it wuuld
b·~ if we sc:u11H·<l it as 11nap;estiC', with an iambus at the lwgrnning. J'e rli;lps th e sn.me might Le claimed of the ll\' c
versl's we L.tve iwtiecd in the extract at the ]wad of this
Lt.'S J:'O il •

T he iambus sf\cms to bP. tlie commonest foot in E n glish
~"'

:-".C::fji-~ .

--·.

:'ii"'-~-

'i

j•O+"t.ry.

There beJIIg two hastily utte retl syllal1ks i11 ea<:l 1 trisyllabic foot, it 1v ill I.Jc seen tltat this foot gi 1· .. s :t light, tripping
movement \<> the vurc;•·, a11;l ;dfonl s great rPJip[ tu U1e ear
wheu occa~iuu ~tlly sulistitutcJ. for tlw J.is~_yllaliic foot .
Tl1 ._. cresura, :L 1•all s<' . or rest, fur the voic(~ , s o m11cl1 11s1·1l
in ancient poetry 11"Jtl: vcrst'S of six frpt en.ch, oct·nrri11.i.: :1t
tlie end ol' :t wonl a11ti ns11: tl ly lwtwccn the sylhl1l<'s uf tlH:
third foot , is f(l\\!lll iu Eni.:lish poetry als•>. cspt'l'.ially wJi,.rn
the \'t•rs1• is \ ' <'1'_1' ]1111g. lt s1·rvvs to break tlw li11t·s into
1•:L1'!..s a.;; 111 \. ],,. ,,. : You 111ust w:d<c and call me early, I c:dl me early, motl1t·r dl'ar ;
Tn- 11 11>1To\\"ll lie tht' l::tppi 1"t. t illle I of all tJ,. . .t.::lad X""" y,." ,. ;
( Jf all the gla•l ).",.w-Y•':tl', rnc>ll"'r. i the 111a·ld0~l, llli'ni .. st da\· ;
For l'lll tu be Queell u' the l\lay, mot.her, I I'm to be (l1wt011 "' tlit0

:iLLy.

'ii. ~'.

."'..{~,l
;,.m,·
,

'.~~
,,~

Of f.1 1" a mphibrnch it ii:; prnper to say that it is tlis:illowcd
~1y . many e n tics, a!lJ :iulJlC whu alluw i.t admit t.li;.t, p .. rlia]'s
it is n<'t rt'<p1in·d in Enc;lish podrv . H1· rn:lkim: t.11<' Jirs t
fout of au a11q1hil1rad1ie lllln :111 i ;u~lJl!s,
l'l'll1:;i11 i11g fr·t't
ar l'(lll\'l'rh·r! i11to :n 1:tp~ 1· ~t1..; ~ with ~n 1 e:.:tr:·i. 11n~LCT1·t1led ~\'; ­
l:tl 1k• :tt th;~ dusl'. Hut tli<·n· is 110 reason ll'hy the first a;1d
tl 11 ' List. s.\·ILtiii., "[' : t 1.r:,.;.1·lhl•11 · f.,,,t, .~J , ,,:!ld 1;10n"poliz1• t1 11 ·
ac;ce1 1L. It is n•rta.111 that the 11st~ of tl1l' a11q1hi!Jr;u·l1 i 11

t;]i.,

1

•

lt may Le fouml in verse of fewer feet., hut. it. ""'nl.11.11•
diltl l'1:lt t." sl: 11w that it is Jlf"ll11i111·1tt in ' "'l'S<'s "f ordi11:ny
l1 ·ngtl1. A 11l1ott alJ(l :::;f'Pl•'.V say tktt. in ti"~ rniddle of the
tliinl foot i11 ral'l1 of' these linrs: Et1 ·rn:d ,i .;unsh/nf (~(the :-1p(1th·~:-i 1ni 1ul ,
Each pray•·r lH'Ct'J •l-./ a1"/ each "·ish re~igrtt'<l,

''
Productions -Poetry.

274

275

Extracts f or Scann£ng .

a rest at the end of a word that breaks the foot into two
equal parts. ·
:,
Elision, or slurring, is the nmning of two syllables -in
one by the dropping of one or more letters. This may
sometimes be necessary in English verse, but some o ~m
best critics claim that in all cases it can be avoided by.c:
posing that, where it seems to be needed, the poet su
tuted a trisy lla.bic foot for a dissy llabic. In the verse,~ ·
.

'

~"'

2.

Is this a time to Le cloudy a.ml sad,
\Vhen our Mother Nature laughs around,
When even the deep blue heavens look glad,
And gladness breathes from the blossoming ground?

.. i~
'.?,

:·~ ""'
;: '"!!:

There are notes of joy from the hang-bird and wren ,
And the gossip of swallows t li rout;li iii! the sky;
The ground-squirrel gayly chirps by his den,
And the wilding bee. hums merrily by. ·

The illumined page~ of his Doom's-Day book,

we must run TlU?, and il of the first foot together, Hwould preserve the iambic foot throughout. But, if we_
the first foot an anaprest, there is no need here of elisio,

.
Direction. - Scan these extracts, name the :i:revalent foot_· _

The clouds arc at play in the azure space,
An d their shadows at play on the bright, green vale;
And here they stretch t o the frolic chase,
And there they roll on the easy gale.

'

and the feet that are substituted : -

x. Queen and huntress, chaste and fair,
Now the sun is' laid to sleep,
Seated in thy silver chair
State in wonted manner keep.
Hesperus entreats thy light,
Goddess, excellently bright.
Earth, let not thy envious shade
Dare itself to interpose.
Cynthia's shining orb was made
H eaven to clear, when day did close. ·
Bless us, then, with wished sight,
Goddess, excellently bright.
Lay thy bow of pearl apart,
And thy crystal-gleaming quiver:
Give unto the fl ying hart
Space to breathe, how short soever,
Thou that mak'st a day of night,
Goddess, excellently bright.

There'R a. dance of lea"Ves in that aspen bower,
There's a titter of winds in that beechen tree,
There's a smile on the fruit, and a smile on the flower,
Aud a la.ugh from the brook that runs to the sea.
And look at the broad-faced imn, how he smiles
On the dewy earth that smiles in his ray,
On th e leaping waters and gay young isles I
Ay, look, and he'll smile thy gloom away.
BllYANT.

3. Break, break, break,
On thy cold, gray stones, 0 sea I
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me.
Oh, well for the fisherman's boy
That he shouts with his sister at play I
Oh, well for the sailor lad
That he sings iu his boat on thti bay I

;..:

~> . ~
~ ~'!:'

.!:.'Ji

''"'\"'!'

~~
r:.:

·~

!_,,...
~~
~~~~ ~~ ~~

~~

276

And the stately ships go on
T o their haven under the hill;
.But oh, for the t ouch of a vanished hand,
And the sound of a voice that is Rtill I

5. B ut Jou g upon Amby's sunny; green highla11dl'<,
t;hall 111ai•h and their lovers remember tlie doom
Of her who lieR sleeping among the Pearl 1"1ands,
'Vith uought but the Rea-star to light up h11r tomb.

Break, break, break,
At the foot of thy crags, 0 se;i l
But the tender grace of a. day that is dead
Will never come back to me.
TENNYSON.

I don't know what I could <lo without it;
I've 'o wned one now for rnore than a year,
And like it so well I call it "my dear";
'T is the cleverest thing tliat ever was seen,
This wonderful family sewing machine.

We'll dive where the gardens of coral Be-darkling, ·
And plant all the rosiest stems at thy head ;
·we'll seek where the sands of the Ca.~pian are sparkling,
And gather their gold to strew over thy bed.

It's none of your angular '\'heeler things,
With steel-shod beak and cast-iron wings;
Its work would bot.her a hundred of his,
And worth a thousand I Indeed it is;
And ha.~ a way- you needn't stare Of combing and braiding its own back hair.

•

•

•

•

•

Mine is one of the kind to love,
And wear a shawl and a soft kid glove;
None of your patent machines for me,
Unless Dame Nature is the patentee;
I like the sort that can laugh and talk,
And take my arm for an evening walk.

And still when the merry date-sea.~on is burning,
And calls to the paim-groves the young and the old,
The happiest there, fro m the pastime returning
At sunset, will weep when thy story is told.
Around thee shall glist€n the loveliest amber
That ever the sorrowing sea-bird has wept;
'Vith manv a shell, in whose hollow-wreathed chamber
We, Peris of ocean, by moonlight have slept.

4. Listen, my boy, a.ud hear all about it-

•

277

Extracts for Scanning.

Productions - Poetry.

MOORE.

6. Say, shall we yield Him, in costly devotion,

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Odors of Edom and offerings divine?
Gems of the mountains, aud pearli< of the ocean,
Myrrh from the forest, or gold from the mine?
Vainly we offer each ample oblation,
Vainly with gifts would his favor secure:
Richer bv far is the heart's adoration ;
Deare; to God a.re the prayers of the poor.

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One that can love and will not flirt
And make a pudding l\8 well a.~ a shirt;
Ready to give the sagest advice,
·
Or do up your collars and things so nice.
What do you think of my machine?
Li it not the. best that ever w~ seen.?

Brightest and best of the sons of the mo~in~,
Dawn on our darkness, and lend us thme aid;
Star of the East, the horizon adorning,
Guide where our infaut Redeemer is laid.
B1sHOP U1rnER.

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278

27G

Extrr;icts for Scann£ng.

Productions -Poetry.
7. Drunk and senseless in his place,
Prone and sprawling on his face,

More like brute than any man,
• ·~~~~~~liili~~~·
Alive or dead,
By hjs great pump out of gear,
Lay the peon engineer,
Waking only just to hear,
Overhead,
Angry tones that called his name,
Oaths and cries of Litter blame, Woke to hear all tl1i8, and waking, turned an.d fled.

"To the man who'll bring to me,"
Cried 1uLe11dant Harry Lee, Darry Lee, the E11gliMh foreman of the mine, .. Briug the sot, alive or dead,
I will give to him," he said,
"Fifteen hundred pesos down,
Just to i;et the rascal's crown
Underneath thiR heel of mine:
Since but death
Deserves the man whose deed,
Be it vice or want of heed,
Stops the pumps that give us breath,Stops the pumps that suck the death
From the poison lower levels of the mine."
BRET HARTE.

8. Do you ne'er think what wondrous beings these?
Do yon ne'er think who made them, and who taught
The dialect they speak, where melodies
Alone are the interpreters of thought?
"rhose household words are gongR in many keys,
Sweeter tlrnn inRtrnment of man e'er caught.
WhoHe habitationR in the tree-top~ even
Arc half-way houses on the road to heaven.

Think, every morning whe n the s1111 peeps through
The d im , leaf-lattic•~d windows of the grove,
How jubilant the happy Linls renew
Th.,lr olJ, mel0<liou:; -madrigal!l of love!
And wher1 you think of tlii;;, re111e111l,er too
'T is always morning somewhere, and a.Love
The !\wakening continentf!, from ~horc to shore,
Somewhere the birds are singing evermore.
Think of your woo<Js :rnd orchards without liirsh I
Of empiy liCsts that dillg to Louglis aud beams,
As in an idiot's Lrain nm1emkred wordl'!
ll:rng e11 1pty 'JJJid the colJweLs of his JreaJJJs !
\Viii bleat of flocks or bellowing of herdoi
i'vlakc 11p for the Jo,\. 111n,ie, wl1en yo11r tea111~
lht\O.: lio\\Je the stingy l1arvest, rrnd 110 111oni
The featl1ereJ gleauers follow to your Juur '(

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-- -

--

-- -

_,, ; ~ '-/

- ~'

--~ -~

-- :: ~
. ·';:-

~~~

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And so the d read.ful massacre began;
O'er fielJs aud orchards and o'er woodl:\11J crests,
The ceasel ess fusillade of ter ror ran.
Dea<l fell the Linls, with blood-stainR ou their breasts,
Or, wounded, crf'pt away from sight of man,
While the youug diNl of famine in their 1wRts ;
A slaughl~ r to be told in groans, not words,
The very ~t. Bartholomew of 13inl8 I

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Th at year in Killi1q:;worth the Autumn came
Without the light of hiH majestic look,
The wonder of tho falling tongues of flamf',
The illumined pages of his Doom's-Day book.
A fow lo;;t leaves blushed crimson with th eir shame,
And drovn1ed thernselvt'S dPspairing i11 the hrook,
\Vhilr the wile! wind wt•nt moaning everywhere,
La111e11ti11g I.he <lea<l chiitlren of the air.
L(•NGFEl.J,()W.

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/~

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280

281

Productions - Ppetry.

.Jfeter of Psalms and Hymns.

LESSON 81.

The meter of a verse consisting of two feet is called
dimeter; of one of three fet>t trimeter; of four feet tetram•
eter; of five feet pentameter; of six feet hexameter. A.
line of one foot, if such there be, is called monometer.
These words are simply names of the number ·of feet in a
line. The meter of a poem will be that of its standard
't"ersc.

METER AND RHYME.

Under the 'general head of the form of poetry, we have
spoken, and at some length, of rhythm. \Ye pa::1s now to a
closely related branch of the same subject ·
2. Mete;. - Meter is the <pmlity of a poem <letcrmined
by the number of feet in a regular verse. The number of
feet which the verses regularly h:we determining the meter
of the poem, meter should not be confounded, as it so often
is, with rhythm. Rhythm concerns itself with the arrangement of syllables into feet, and it is the regular recurrence
of the accent which divides the line into these syllabic combinations.' It is the number of feet in each line, or, if this
is not <:onstant, in the prevailing line, which constitutes the
meter of a poem. You have already seen, and will again
see, that the number of feet in the veri-ies of a poem is not
always the same. But the variations from the stan<lard
number must occur with reguhrity. Poetry to be poetry
must be rhythmical, but not all poetry has been metrical.
Anglo-Saxon poetry was not al ways - verses not having
each the same number of feet occur in an Anglo-Saxon poem,
and not always in fixed and regular sequence, or order of
succession. Rhythm, then, is more vital to poetry than is
meter. Even a prose sentence, as we saw in Lesson 72,
might be rhythmical, migl1t demand of the reader at least a
single swell ancl sinking of the voice, but prose could hardly'
be metrical. Meter, the regular succession of poetical feet,
falls in like rhythm with our crnving for proportion, modulation, regularity, and is in keeping with the spirit and
mission of poetry.

Direction.- Na.mo the meter of ea.ch extract in the preceding Les-

son. If there a.re verses which <lo not ha.ve the standard meter of the
extr11.ct, name theirs.
Meter of Psalms and Hymns. - Certain religious poems,
called psalms .and hymns and :;;et to music, are writie11 iu
meters with peculiar names. A psalm or hymn in long meter,
marked L . M ., i~ ma<lc np of four-line stanzas, eaoh line te-tra meter iamhie, as this: O LC1nl <li,·i11e, ll1at. stooped to Rhare
Our sharpest pang, our bitterest tear,
On thee we cast each earthborn care,
\Ye srnile at pain while thou art near.

Though long t.he weary way we Lrea<l,
And sorrow crown each lingering year,
No paths we shun, no tla.rknel!s flr.,a.d,
Our hearts 8till whispering, Thou a.rt near.

A pstilrn or hymn in common meter, marke<l C. M., consists
of four-line stanzas, the first and third line tctramet•'r iambic and the second and fourth trimeter iambic, as this: -

'

No mortal can with him compare
Among the sun~ of men ;
FairPr i~ he t.han all the fair

That fill the heavenly train.

282

Productions -Poetry.

A psalm or hymn in short meter, marked S. :M., consists
of fo11r-liue stanzas, the thin! line tetrameter iambic, aud the
first, second, and fourth trimeter iambic, as this: Stand up and bless the Lord,
Ye people of his choice;
Stand up and bless the Lord your God
'With heart and soul and voice.

A hymn in hallelujah meter, marked H. l!rl., consists of
eight-line stanzas (the la.st four sometimes written as two),
the first, second, third, and fourth trirneter iambic, and the
remaining four dirneter iambic, as this: The warbling notes pursue,
And louder anthems raise,
While mortals sing with you
Their own Redeemer's praise;
And thou, my heart,
With equal flame
And joy the same
Perform thy part.

A hymn in long particular meter, marked L. P. l!rl., consists of six-line stanzas, all tetra.meter iambic, as this : Judges, who rule the world by laws,
Will ye despise the righteous canse,
When the oppressed before you stands?
Dare ye condemn the righteous poor,
And let rich sinners go secure,
While gold and greatness bribe your hands?

Other hymns, whose feet are not iambic, marked 4'1 or 8'1
or 6'1 or 8'1 and 7'a, etc., etc., are found in our books.
These numerals mark the number of syllables in a verse.
Rhythm and meter, two of the three elements that determine the form of poetry, have been examined and illus-

Ji,hyme and Line-Rhyrne.

283

- - - -~Ve
~ome
now
t
o
the
tl;ird
and
last
elerneat, w L.ic1
trated.
is not necessary ot uni versa!.
3. Rhym11 • - Rhyme is the accordance in sou!l(l of the
fin:1.l sylbbles of verses. A couplet is the two verses whl•'h
rhyme with each other. The rhyming syllalJl:s _must 11ut
be completely identical in sound but only s.mul;~r - the
accented vowel and what follows, identical, as ill this coupl et: A man he was to all the country dear,
And paBSiog rich with forty pounds a year.

If the final foot in each verse of the couplet is accented
on the last syllable but one, - is a trochee or an amp!t1brach, -the syllables next to the last must rhyme, the la;;t
syllables in this case being identical. Such rhymes, called
double rhymes, are illustrated in the first and thud verses

below:But the young, young children, 0 my brothers,
Do you 'a sk them why they stand
.
Weeping sore before the bosoms of theu mothers
In our happy father-land?

If the final foot in each verse of the couplet is a dactyl ,
the last syllable but two in orre verse i.s that which must
rhyme with the corresponding sy~lable m th~ other. Such
rhymes, called triple rhymes, are illustrated m the first and
third verses below : .
Take her up tenderly,
Lift her with care,
Fashioned so slenderly,
Young and so fair.

Line-Rhyme is the agreement in sound between the final
letters of two words or of two syllables of words in the same
verse, as in these lines which we borrow from :Marsh: -

284

Productions -Poetn; .

· - -- - - - --

r. Iler look w;~ like the morning star.
Here iu fr ont you can see the very d int of the bullet.

2.

3· Long a t the wi ridow he stood, and wistfully gazed on the
landscape.

These vernes from P oe do not contain line-rhymes, since
;it bea.ms and rise the fi rst and third lines might be broken,
e;:wh mto two, a.nd then the rhyme would be terminal or ·
.
'
on1rnary,
rh y me : For the moon never beams, with out bringing me dreams
Of th e beautiful Ann abel Lee ·
And the stars never rise, but I f~el the b rig ht eyes
O f the bermtiful Annabel Lee.

Allif&ration, the repetition of the same letter or letters at
the beginning of words, is also found in poetry, as in these
verses:I.

There lived in Lombardy, as authors write,
In dayes old a wise and worthy Knight.

.2.

And rivulets, rejoicing, rush and leap.

3· He rushed i_nto the field, and/oremost/ighting,/ell.
4· Steady, straightforward, and strong, with irresistible logic.

R?yme proper, or terminal rhyme, line-rhyme, and allit. ~
erat10n are all repetitions · of similar sounds. They are
agreeable to the ear in poetry. They accord with the other
ap.p~iances by which the form of poetry is fitted to the
spmt, and deepen the effect upon the feelings.
. .
Direction.-Point out all illustrations of these in the preceding
Lesson.

. The s~nza named Spenserian from Edmund Spenser, its
mventor, 1s a stanza of nine lines, or verses. Eight of these
are pe~t.c'l.m~ter, and the last is an Alexa.iidrine ·composed
of six iambic feet. Note what lines rhyme in this stanza
and what is the effect of the ext1:.a foot in the last line:-· '

T lt e sk v is cli angNI 1 an cl Huch a chan gi; ! 0 ni gh t
A ll tl s t~ r m an d tl arkn esR, y e. a re wotHlro u" stro ng,
Yet lovely in yo ur strength, a.s i" the l ight
()[ a <.l a r k ey" in wo111it11 ! Far along,
Fro1u lwak t• > [><~ak, tl ie rattl in g crags amo ng,
Leaps t.he li\'< ' t hunde r I 110 \. fro rn one lone cln uc l,
B 11t eve n· tll' •U n l ain JlOW h ath forn11! a t ongue,
And ,Jur ~ all sw erR, throu gh her rn ist.y shroud ,
Bac k t o th" jo y ou~ A lpR, who call to lwr alnud !

D irection. - i\o\.t' (1 ) t.li P fr et in tlie psal1 11s a 11cl liyrn 11 ., ju.'t
descrilwd, arnl (:;) tli e 1111111\Jer ol lim· s iu the HOll!H~t ( Ii, LeRson ~ :: J ,
the meter, and the rhy me.

Hhyme in English is more diffi cult than it is in lan gna g\'s
highly inflected, awl abounding in common tenurnat 1011 s.
It has been estimated that castin g out the En g lis h words
incapable of rhyme, the ratio of those which have rhyme::;
to the total number of rhym in g enuings is as three to OU\' i
or, to tum it about, the number of different rhymes in
English to the words having them is as one to three. Tlns
is very much less than in many other modern langu~ges.
This poverty in rhyme in English accounts for many mexact rhymes - some of which may be seen in t~e extracts. of
the preceding Lesson - and for the introduct10n and wide
adoption, especially in long poems, of blank-verse.
Blank-Yerse is verse without rhyme. Here are a few
lines in it : But, looking deep, he saw
The thorns which grow upon this rose of life:
How the swart peasant sweated for his wage,
Toiling for leave to live; and how he urged
The great-eyed oxen through the flaming hours,
Goading their velvet flanks: then marked he, too,
How lizard fed on ant, an d imake on him,
And kite on both; and how the fi sh·hawk robbed
The fulh-tiger of that which it had seized;

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286

Productions - Poetry.
The shrike chasing the bulbul, which did chase
The jewelled butterflies; till everywhere
Each slew a slayer and iu turn was slain,
Life living upon death. SO the fair show
Veiled one vast, savage, grim conspiracy
Of mutual murder, from the worm to man,
Who himseli kills his fellow; seeing whichThe hungry ploughman and his laboring kine,
Their dewlaps blistered with the bitter yoke,
The rage to live which makes all living strifeThe Prince Siddllrtha sighed.

Direction. - Scan the poetry of this Lesson.

LESSON 82.
WRITTEN DISCOuRSE-POETRY, KINDS OF.

I. Didactic Poetry. -Didactic poetry is that which aims
to tea.ch. But to call that which directly aims to teach,
poetry, is to be guilty of a misnomer. In so far as poetry
aims directly at instniction, it usurps, as has been said, the
function of prose. Prose· is free from all the artifices and
. a_ll the restraints of poetry - rhythm, meter, rhyme - those
peculiarities of poetry which solicit our thoughts from the
subject-matter, and fix them attentively upon the expression
of it. That poetry, then, which essays to tea.ch, "defeats
its strong intent," the charm and fascination of the form
withdrawing us from the instruction conveyed; the instruction, if attended to, luring us away from the beauty of the
expression. Still, there is that which we must name didactic
poetry. We are compell ed to call that poetry which is
poetic in form, even if not eminently so in spirit.

Satirical and Lyric Poetry.

287

II. Satirical Poetry. - Satirical poetry is that which
deals with the vices and follies of men.' Its aim is destructive, its spirit often malevolent; there is little of sweetness
in it, the feelings which ·engender it and those to which it
ministers are not the most healthful and humane. When
the relations of poets to poets and to critics were less
courteous than now, poetry of this kind, in poems of great
length, abounded. But since Addison's day, when English
prose first overtook poetry and commenced running abreast
with it, satire and instruction have sought expression
· through prose; and both satirical and didactic poetry have
lost favor; they are not now cultivated as they were. The
great satires of Dryden and of Pope did much, Thackeray
thinks, to bring th e profession of literature into contempt.
III. L.rrio Poetr.r. -Lyric poetry is that which is written
to be sung. The range of its topics is wide, but the range
of feelings which inspire it and which it inspires is narrow;
within this realm, however, its reign is supreme. Lyric
poetry may be divided into sacred and secular. Hymns and
psalms, expressing our feelings towards God, co~titute the
one ; songs relating to battle, to patriotism, to party, to
sociality, and odes, elegies, and sonnets form the bulk of the
other. The ode, a poem longer than an ordinary song and
full of lofty passion; the elegy, also a long poem whose
burden is regret for the dead ; and the sonnet, a poem of
fourteen lines, cannot always be called lyric now, if we
rigidly restrict lyric to poetry which is sung.
Pr.of. Hadley says, " The poetry of our day has been
almost exclusively lyrical ; our poets have, to a singular
extent, been song-writers." And he accounts for this by
adding, "Moving hotly and hurriedly in the career of
politics, or swallowed up in business, or prosecuting science
with a zeal never before paralleled, we have found no time
for lengthened poems.

~;.

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288

Productions -Poetry. ,

The influence of lyric poetry is well expressed in that
oft-quoted sentence of Sir Andrew Fletcher's, "If a man_
were permitted to make all the ballads of a nation, he need~
not care who should make its laws." For out of the very'
songs that we sing there steals an influence that enters into ~
us, and does much to direct our conduct and shape our
character, almost rendering needless the powerful restraints
of law.
IV. Pastoral Poetry. - :Pastoral poetry is that which
deals with the obj ects of external nature. It finds its
topics in the greenness and freshness of verdure, in the life ,
and growth of spring; in the sunrise and the sunset, the .·
sunshine and the rain of summer; the yellow harvests the '
rich coloring of the woods, the dreamy Indian summer days,
and the gradual decadence of nature's growths in autumn;
and in the winds; the falling snow, the bracing out-door
sports of winter. Flower and leaf and bird and insect, the
scenery of mountain and valley and rivers and lakes and
clouds, rural life in ~11 its changes, nature in all her moods '.,,.,
- these not as matter for mere description or for science - ·.
but as objects of beauty- these, seen by the eye of ~ " Bryant, or by the keener eye of a Wordsworth -these are ,
the subjects of pastoral poetry. No poetry is better under- _...
stood or appreciated, and none·is more popular. Poems of ·
this kind, short and endlessly varied in subject and in form, '
abound, and constitute a most entertaining and valuable
part of poetic literature.
V. Epic Poetry. -Epic poetry is that which deals with
_the life and adventures of some real or mythic perso~age, · ·
called a hero. An epic poem is usually long- too long to ::
be read at a single sitting. Intense feeling, such as poetry ·
arouses, is in its nature exhausting, and in ·duration is, and ;
must ?a• brief. "Violent delights have violent ends, and i,1 ·-·
their triumph die." The opinion of Poe that such a-0ompo- ~-

Epic ·and Dramatic Poetry.

289

sition as "Paradise Lost" is not so truly a poem as a series
- . of poems, seems to be gaining acceptance. Such sustained
efforts are now rare in English, though not wholly of the
past. We must take this statement of Hadley's, made in
1849, with some grains of allowance: "As for great constructive poems, vast systems of narrative, meditation, and
description, built up in the deeps of an ideal world, they
have well-nigh disappeared. In America, where the influences that oppose their construction are the strongest, we
have nothing of the kind. The occasional attempts which
we have seen in epic and dramatic composition have been
generally unsuccessful. Yet this ha.a been almost equally
the case in England."
An epic poem affords room for a vast variety of topics
and of treatment, and demands of the poet a higher grade
and a wider range of powers than are common. A great
epic is the work of genius toiling it may be for years. It
"doe11 not need repeat," but insures at once the author's
immortality.
The heroic measure, the pentameter, the iambic of ten
syllables, is the meter generally used ih the English epic.
A few great epics can be found in our inheritance of
English literature.
The romance, of which we have examples in Scott's
"Marmion" and his "Lady of the Lake," is a subdivision of
the epic. So also is the tale, a story in which love may be the
motive as in "Enoch Arden." Still another subdivision of
the epic is the ballad - a short and simple poem full of incident, serious or humorous, and moving rapidly to its conclusion. "Chevy Chase" and "Lord ffilin's Daughter" illustrate this species of the epic.
VI. Dramatic Poetry. - Dramatic poetry is po{'!try written
to be acted. Dramatic poetry exists in the form called
plays. These are written in a style that fits them for

290

Procluctions-Poetry.

stage representation. There is in
rnonplace; everything is positive and pronounced; the pas.. .
sion is strong, often tumultuous, the thought is vigorous, th&_
incidents exciting.
The divisions of dramatic poetry commonly made are
comedy and tragedy. Comedy is light and humorous,
abounding in ludicrous action and incident. There is often ,
a dash of satire in the wit, but its main purpose is to amuse: :
Tragedy is earnest and serious, deals often with great men ·
and lofty actions -;with those actions which lead to calami·.· ··
tous and even fatal issues. But comedy and tragedy ar~
found side by side in some of the greatest dramas, as they..
are in real life.
The human element is the prevailing one in dramatic '
poetry: Such poetry brings people of all grades of station,. ,
culture, and character upon the stage, there to act and talk
as real men in their circumstances would do. It is by what
they do and say, and by this alone, that they exhibit what
manner of men and women they are. The great work of
the · dramatist is impersonation-the embodiment and the
revelation of character. This kind of poetry is in verse .
what fiction is in prose; in<lee<l, plays not written in verse
belong to that division of prose calle<l fiction.
.
History furnishes a favorite field for the dramatist. The ,~- ,
rea.l personages of th e past or of the present, as the poet •: ·
conceives them, are placed upon the stage before us, and are ~
made to live over again some portion of their lives. In· ·
doing this and in uttering what the chamatist puts into ~
their mouths, they stand out in the play more distinct, and
often truer to life, than they do on the pages of hist.ory.
Mark Antony, Julius Cresar, Coriola.nus, and Cleopatra are
better revealed in the cl ramas of Shakespeare than they are
in "Plutarch's J_,ives."
But the triumphs of <lramatic art are better seen perhaps '

Dramatic Poetry.

201

in its pnre1y fi<:titious J'lTsonagf's, rPprPsentations of r bssPs
of men or women in real li fe. In the nration of thrsr, all
the poet's knowl edge of human nature in its broad feat ures
and in the <lelicate sha<les of character by which men differ,
one from another, is brought into use. His ability to construct a plot an1l to invent opportunities for the development of his characters - each made to influence others
an<l. their material surroundings t o influence all - has
widest scope and is put to the severest test. There is room
here for profound insight, for imagination of high order,
and for the most varied exercise of artistic skill. Without
intending it as his main purpose, the poet makes a deep
impression upon the intellect of the spectator or reader, and
so becomes a teacher.
In dramatic poetry, the poet keeps himself behind the
scenes and out of sight. His choices and his personality
are not disclosed. The excellence of the play <lepends, in
large part, on the poet's fidelity to nature, on his bringing
into active exercise the proper agencies, and those only,
and in allowing these to work out their natural issue without help or hindrance from him.
Into <lramatic poetry, description and narrative are freely
introcluced. There may be great variety of incident, but
there must be unity of action~ each part helping on every
other, and all contributing to one res ult.
Rhyme may occasionally alternate with blank-verse, and
prose may be put into the mouths of some of the characters,
especially the more common, - even into the mouths of
the greater characters in their more common moods.
A farce is a species of comedy marked by low humor
and abounding with ludicrous incidents. There are prose
farces also. A mask is a dramatic production, once common,
in which the actors wore masks and represented mythi cal
or allegorical characters. An opera is a tragic or a comic

R c-nwrks upon P oetry.

292

203

Proifurtions - Podry.

drama set to music and sung as well as acted.
music accompanies the vocal.
Concluding Remarks upon p~,stry. - In his early pape
upon .Milton, Macaulay says, "As civilization advances,-poetry almost necessarily declines." The truth of this
assertion seems open to question. In its highest essentials,
civilization had advanced in the two thousand years between
.lEschylus and Shakespeare, but surely dramatic poetry, as ·
represented by these two, did not decliue in the interval.
The lyric poetry of Burns is not inferior to that of Anac.:
-reon, nor the great epic of Milton to that of Dante or that
of Virgil. In all that goes to the making of the highest
and the best poetry, the manhood of the race is richer than
its infancy. It is not rash to affirm that in sensibility to
the charms of _rural scenery and landscape beauty, as well
as in the eth_ereal perception of the graces of character, our
own Chancer, - an<l we have advanced in the five hundred ·
vears since his dav-living in the autumn of the race, is
~uperior to Homer "living in its sprin g-time. It is certain
that poetry is more needed now than ever before, and that
it is more widely read and better appreciated now than ever
before. If here, as elsewhere, the demand creates a supply,
we need not be apprehensive of the future of poetry. It
bas this added felicity that, as knowledge accumulates, material for poetry accumulates. Every truth tba.t brings any
incitement to the intellect has a poetic side to it, and can
furnish the poet a suggestion that may be worked into the
background of bis picture, or even stand as the subject of it.
But whatever may be the future of poetry, we may comfort ourselves with the thought that there is enough for all
our needs, though another line of poetry should never be
written. From the beginning, poetry has attracted to itself
the greatest writers. The best thought, a.live and a.glow
with the best feelings, has gone iuto it. These rich products, ·

of the imagination, the grc;.i.t masters h:ise iucarnate<l iu
m.elliliuous,- gcmmcll with i1m.1.!-{1.:rv,
lllUSical with
la1wuaae
e
o '
._
,.
the melody of rhythm, -fit body for the inrlwellin g soul, ~

and on the shelves of a.11 libraries stand these productions
possessin g a power to charm ucuieu to paintiug or to statuary.
And this i;iheritan<.:e of ours never wastes. Poetry dot>s
not grow old ;.i.nd unserviceable. W hat satisfies our a:sthetic
nature compktely wi11 continue to satisfy it -we can no
more outgrow it than our lungs can outgrow air. Poetry is
immortal. The feeling, the sentiment which fl oods the
thought preserves it -is the spices a.nd the aloes that
embalm it. Nay, poetry, which haunts the memory as prose
never does, is not only a "joy forever" but is ever becoming more and more a joy. For poems grow richer and better
by use; and this not by what they lose but by what they
gain, for out of us there goes, at every reading of them,
something that enters into them, and sweetens them as
sunbeams sweeten gra.pes. Not only <lo their \vords grow
into pl;i.ce and grow togetl1er from frequent repetition of
them, hut, little hv littlP, poems fill thPir pores with the
emotions they awaken in us, and which pass out of us and
enter into them until they exhale a fragrance that makes
their very atmosphere aroma.tic.
_
. Substituting Read for Not in a stanza of Longfellow's,
we conclude these remarks by quoting,
[Read] from the grand old masteni,
[Read] from the bards sublime,
Whose distant footsteps echo
Through the corridors of time;
Read from some bumbler poet
Whose songs gushed from his heart,
As showers ·from the clouds of summer
Or tears from the eyelids start; -

294

Productions - Poetry.

Extracts for the Study of Poetry.

And th e ni ght shall be tilled wi th m usic;
And the cares th at infest the dav
Shall fold their tents, like the Arabs,
And as silently steal away.

LESSON 83.

295

EXTRACTS FOR THE STUDY OF POETRY.
A SCHEME l<'OU REVIEW.

Poetry - Definition. Differs from
Prose in three things.
Primary Mission to the Feelings. Secondary
I. Mission.
to th e In tellec t and to the Will.
( 1. Word s.
I II. Style.
~ 2. Arrangement.
~ 3. Imagery.
Definition. A Foot. Two
Dissyllabic Feet. Three
'l'risyllabic Feet. Mon1. Rhythm.
osyllabic Foot. A Verse.
A Stanza. A Poem. The
C~snra. Elision. Scan-

~

11

siun.

Definition. Meter in or2. Meter.
dinary Poetry. Meter
{
in 1'oetry set to MuRic.
Definition. D ouble a11d .
Triple Rhyme. Linc3. Rhyme.
Rhyme. Alliteration . A '-{
Couplet. Blank-Verse.
"":;;o;;i!iiiii!I
( 1. Did<>eti c l 'uelry .
J 2. Satiric;Ll l'oet.ry.
a. Sacred.
3. Lyric r oetry.
11. Secular.
I V. Kind s .
:: Pa.storal Poetry.
Epic Poetry.
5 a. Comedy.
(1 D1a11Ltl i• · T'ol"t ry.
l b. Tragedy.
Concluding llemarks upon Poe try.

I

l

I!I. Fo=.

1l

Direction. - Classify these extracts, scan them, give their meter,
and note their beauty of thought, words, and imagery: -

x.

A brook came stealin g from the ground ;
You scarcely saw its silvery gleam
Amon g th e herbs th at hun g around
The borckrs uf L]1; d . \\'i111li11 g sL rearn, The prdty ~tre a 111, tli e plaei<l 11Lrealtl,
The softly-gliding , bashful s tream.

A breeze came wandering from the sky,
Li ~ht as th e whi srwrs of a rl re am;
He put t he 0°e rha11gi11 g g rn."'s"s by,
An<l gayly stoope d Lo k iss t he ~tream , Th e prett y stream , I.li e fl attered st rea m,
The shy, ye t Ull rcluct.a11t 8tream.

Tl1 e wate r, a;; 0 10 w i1 1<l p:l;;se1l o'er.
S hot upward n1 a11 y a gl an ci ng lica1n,

Dimpled and quivered more and more,
A nrl tripperl along- a livelier Atream , ...:_
The flatt.ered 11l.rea111 , t.l 1e >1i111peri 11 g stream,
The fo nd , deli g h ted , silly stream.
Awa':/ the a i ry wa 11.Jere r fl ew
To where t he fi elds with blossoms tee m,
Tu sparkliug sp rings a rnl ri ve rs blue,
Aud lef t a lo uc lliat li t lie ~t.rearn, T he flattered streall!, tl1e cheal<:d 11tream,
The sad, fu rsakeu, lonely strea m.

296

Production.'! - Poetry.

Extracts for the Study of Poetry.

That careless wind no more came back;
He wanders yet the fields, I deem,
But; on its mel~noholy track,
Complaining went that little stream, The cheat~d stream, the hopeless stream,
The ever-murmuring, moaning stream.

The Wind and Stream...'.::..
.l.

'

Du KE. Now, my co-mates, and brothers in exile,
Hath not old custom made this life more sweet .
Than that of painted pomp? Are not these
More free from peril than the envious court?
Here feel we but the penalty of Adam,_;.
The seasons' difference - as, the icy fang
_
And churlish chiding of the Winter's wind- .•.:
Which when it bites, and blows upon my body; •··
Even till I shrink with cold, I smile, and say, ·
This is no flattery- these are the counsellors .. •
That feelingly persuade me what I am.
Sweet are the uses of adversity;
Which, like the toad, ugly aud venomous,
Wears yet a precious jewel in his head;
And this our life, exempt from public haunt, · · 1
:Finds tongues in trees, books in the :running broo
Sermons in stones, and good in everything: ·" .,_,,
I would not change it.
·
AMIENS. Happy is your Grace,
That can translate the stubbornness of fortune.
'.
Into so quiet and so sweet a style.
_,
DuK~ . · Come, shall we go and kill us ve).1~
And yet it irks me the poor dappled fools, ·
Being native burghers of this desert city, , .
Should, in their own confines, with forked h'.
Have their round haunches gored.
1 LORD. .
Indeed, my lord,
The melancholy Jaques grieves at that; .
And, in that kind, swears you do more usu ··
Than doth your brother that hath banish~

wooda

2P1

To-day my lord of Arniens and myself
Did steal behind him, as he lay along
Under an oak, whose antique root peeps out
Upon the b rook that 1 rawls alon g this wood:
To t he which place, a poor sequestered stag,
That from the hunter's aim had ta'en a hurt,
Did come to languish; and, indeed, my lord,
The wretched animal heaved forth such groans
That their discharge did :;lrelch his leathern coat
_Almost to bursting; and the big, round tears
Coursed one another down his innocent n068
In piteous cba.<1e; and tpus the hairy fool,
·Much marked of the melancholy Jaques,
SWod on th" extremest verge of the swift brook,
Augmenting it with tears.
But what said Jaques?
DuKE.
Did be not moralize this spectacle?
1 LoaD. Oh yes, into a thousand similes.
. First, for his weeping into th' needless stream;
"Poor deer," quoth he, "thou mak'st a testament
As worldlings do, giving thy sum of more
To that which had too much.'' Then, being there alone,
Left and abandoned of his velvet friends;
"'Tis r ight," quoth he; " thus misery doth part
The flux of company.'' Anon, a careless herd,
Full of the pasture, jumps along by him,
And never stays to greet him. "Ay," quoth Jaques,
"Sweep on, you fat and greasy citize.ns;
'T is just the fashion; wherefore do you look
Upon that poor and broken bankrupt there?"
Thus most invectively he pierceth through
The body of the country, city, court,
Yea, and of this our life ; sweariug that we
Are mere usurpers, tyrants, and what's worse,
To fright the animals, and to kill them up
In their assigned and native dwelling-place.
DuKE. And did you leave him in this contemplation?
2 LORD. We did, my lord, weeping and commenting
Upon the sobbing deer.
8H AKJl".$"1'KARit-

-....,;,
..... '1

298
3.

Productions -Poetry.
BuL Butltll1:L softly sa id,
" Let him not strike, g reat King I " and therewith, loo:i~=:i
The victim's bondB, none st:iying him . so great
Yi';;~~~~,.,
llis presence was. Then, craYiug kave, he spake - -- -- - or life, w!tich all can t;i.k0, but 11011(' can give,
Life, which all creatures love and strive to keep,
\Vouderful, dear, and J>kasa11t u11t.o each,
Even to the meanest; yea, a boon to all
·where pity is, for pity 111akes the world
Soft lo the weak and nubk for the strong.
Unto the dumb lips of his !lock he lent

Sad, pleading words, showing V.ow man, who prayiJ· ~iiii~
F or mercy of t he gods, is merciless,
Re ing as god to tho~e; Rilw it all lifo
b lin ked a nd k in, and what we slay have given
1\f.,ek trihnte of the milk anrl woni, :i.rnl set
Fa~t trust u pon the h:u1ds wl1ieli 11111nler them.
Also he spake of what Hu> holy hooks
Do surnly teach, lww tlmL ••Ldeath some siuk
To bird anrl he:i.,t, and th"'f' ri;;P up to man
In wanderings of the spa rk which grows purged flame.
So were the ~rilice new ~i n, if so
The fatc<l pa.;;sage of a soul ~e slaycJ.
Nor, spake he, shall one wash his spirit dean
·,
lly b lood; nor gladden gods, b ei ng g ood, with blood;" i.
Nor brih<> th.,m, h <>i ng "vii ; n11y, nor li.y
1; po11 Li11~ hro\r of i1111111 · .. 1it Lc~111td 1wa.-..:is
On" l1air ' ~ Wl'ight of tli:Lt. a11,,\\\'r a ll 11111,;t give
For all things Jone :u11i" or wro11gl'11lly,
Alone, each for himself, r,·<;kv 11in;; \\ illi that
The tlX'Cd arithmic of the 1111iYcrsr,
Which meteth good for good an1l ill for ill,
l\1easure for measure, 1111!.o deeds, \vnrds, thoughts;
Watchful, awn.re, imphcalil e, nnmo"'ed;
======~5§
:!\faking all futures fruits of all th e p:1sts.
Thus spake be, breathi11i.; wnnb ~o pit.eons j~~~~~~~~~~lli~~
1ViLh such hil{h lo'rJli u.,:;:; uf rulli arnl i'ight, -...,,.,.
The priests drew back th eir gn.rrnents o'er the-hands

R :rtracts jnr the 8turl!J

of

200

Poetry.

~:
I

Cri10:-1u1wJ \Vith ;_;:ti;_.;hll' r, aud the King cat n e llt.'ar,

Staml iug with cla..ped p~•lrus rcvcrcncu1g BwJ,lb;
While still our L o rJ went on, teaching how fai r
Thi~ earth,.,.,.,.,. if .-ll li\·iu;; thi11;;:; l>c li11kni
ln fric 11 1lli1wss a n.\ co11111w11 nsc of foods ,
Bloo1llcss antl pu r"; the gol1lt •11 grni11, bright frnits,
f'wpi·.t herbs \Vhic 11 _l_(ruw for all, tlu~ \Vat.t·r~ wan,
Suilicicut dri11Ls a11<l 111eals. \\'hicl1 wl11•n tlwsc heard,
The 111 i,J1t nf g1·ntlencs8 su ro11q ucrc,] them
The pri~·sb; thc""''he,; sc;LUcrc1l tl11·ir altar-ftanw~

A 11 J !lu11g away the s tee l of sacritice.

Light of .4 , ;a. - Ernvrs

A RNO LD.

4. .TPsns, lover of lWv son] ,
Let I!le t.u t.liy u osom fly,
\Vhli1·. the hiik1ws nPar 1nr -l'tlH,
\Vl1i\c the Lt'lllj>""L st.ill is liigh.
Hide me,() my Saviour, hide,
. Till t he storm oI liie i,, pa1;t;
Safi• i11ln tlw li:tve11 guid1',
Oh I receive 111y soul at last.

Otl1 er refuge h:i.>e I none;
Hangi; 111 y help le55 soul on thee ;
Leave, -ab l leave me not alone,
Still support and comfort me.
All iuv Ln.l.:::t on t}icc

All ,111v h +lp

i :--> :-;! ;tjT(l,

tlwi · I bring ;
Cov<'r n;v Jde11cck:;~ he:u l
With the sha!luw uf t.l1y wiug.
1

fr(llll

Thou, 0 C:hri-<l, art all I want;
Mor.: tl1an all in thee I find;
lLLioe the fa.lh>n, chei:r the fai nt,
Heal the ~ick, and lead the blind.
J usl and holy i~ thy nami:;
lam all 111irighteouR1101•s;
Fai:;e, :i.uJ fuli uf sin I am,
Thou art full of truth an<l grace.
' ·~'.
,.':J

;,.-,,.

-~~

300

Production$-· P oetry.
P lenteous grace with thee i~ found,
Grace to cover all my sin ;
Let the healing streams abound,
Make and keep me pure within.
Thou of life the fountain art,
Freely let me take of thee;
Spring thou up within my heart,
Rise to all eternity.
A Hym n. -

CHARLES

5. But most by numbers judge a poet's song,
And smooth or rough, with th em, i11 right or wrong.
In the bright muse t hou gh thousand charms conspire,
Iler voice is all these tuneful foo ls admire;
W'ho haunt Parnassus but to please their ear,
Not mend their minds ; as some to church repair,
Not for the doctrine, but the music there.
These equal syllables alone req ui re,
Though oft the ear the open vowels tire;
While expletives their feeble aid do join,
And ten low words oft creep in one dull line:
While they ring round the same unvaried chimes,
With sure returns of still expected rhymes.
\Vhere'er you find "the cooling western breeze,"
In the next line it "whiRpers through the trees."
If crystal streams "with pleasing murmurs creep,"
The :reader's threatened (not in vain) with "sleep."
Then at the last and only couplet fraught
With some unmeaning thing they call a thought,
A needless Alexandrine ends the song,
That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along. -~~~
Leave such to tune their own dull rhymes and know ·
What's roundly smooth or languishingly slow,
And praise the easy vigor of a line
. , ..
Where Denham's streng th and Waller's sweetness join, ,
True ease in writing comes from art, not chance,
,.
~a those move easiest who have learned to dance.
·
Tis not enough no harshness gives offence,

E xtracts for the Study of Poetn;.

301

The so und must 8ee m an echo to the 11enHe.
Soft is the strain when Zephyr gently blows,
And the 8moolh stream in smoother numbers flows;
13 ut, when loud Sllrges ]a..,Ji the wunding shore,
The hoarse, rough verse should like the torrent roar.
'Vhen Ajax strives some rock·H va.st weight to throw,
The line too labors, and tlie "·ords move slow.
Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain,
Flies o'er the unbeudin g corn, a nd sk ims along the main.
H ear ho w Timotheus' varied lays surprise,
And bid alternate passions fall and ri"e l
'Vhile, at each change, t he son of Libyan .Tove
Now burns with glory, and th en meltH wi th love.
Now his fierce eyes with sparkling fury glow,
Now sighs steal out, and tears begiu to !low;
Persians and Greeks like turns of nature fou ud,
And the world'8 victor stood subdued by so u11d.
The power of muRic all our hearts allow,
And what Timotheus was is Dryden now.
Avoid extremes, and shun the fau lt of such
Who still are pleased too little or too much.
At every trifle scorn to take offence--:
That always shows great pride or little sense.
Those heads, as stomiwhs, are not sure the best
'Vhich nauseate all, and nothing can digest.
Yet let not each gay turn th y rapture move,
For fools adi nire, hut meu of seuso approve.
As things seem large which we through miflts descry,
Dulness is ever apt to magnify.
·Essay on Criticism. - PoPF:.
6. Cyria.ck, this three years' day these eyes, lhough clear
To outward view of blemish or of 11pot,
Bereft of light, their seeing have forgot;
· Nor to their idle orbs doth sight appear
Of sun or moon or star, throughout the year,
Or man or woman. Yet I argue not
Against Heaven's hand or will, not bate a jot

..=L::_j
,~

~

~: . .:..~'.~

30:2

Prodllcl1>ms - I'or· try.

Of heart or hope, but still Lear up alld steer
,,
l\ight Oll\\'ard, What 8Upports 1111i dost thou ask'?
l J .. , co1iscwllce, friend, to iiave lost thew overplied
Ill Libc•rty's Jl'fence, lll)" noble UL-;k,
<! [ wliich ail Europe ring' fr.,111 .side to siJc.
,
_ This thought might lead inc tl1ro11g-h the world's vain mask
l unlellt, though blind, had l ll O better guide.

Sonnet -

To C!Jriack Skinner. -

MILTON.

7· And what is so rare a.s a 1hy i11 .T1nie '/
Tlien, if e1·.. r, co111c p"rf1·~t. da 1·s ·
Then l l(•aH·n tries thP 1•art Ii if it. ·J,:. in tune
AIJ(.l over it sofUy lu·r 11arm ear la\·s.
'
\\"Jiether we look, or wl1ell1 cr we list.~ 11 ,
\ \",,hear !if,, m11rr111l!', or '"e it, glisten·
EY Pry clod fc1·b a stir of 111i••lit
. '
A u insti nct within it tl 1at 7-c~•hes and towers
Ami, gropi11g blindly auuve it for lig ht,
'
Cli rllLs to a so ul in grass a nd flowers.
The tl11slt of life lllay w .. 11 Le seeu
Thrilling l>:i.1·k 01·er l1iils :i.nJ vallevs;
The co ws Ii I' xf.artl"R i 11 mradowR ~re~n,
The butterc up ca t.ch r~ thP. s un in it.R chalice
And th ere's nevP r a leaf nor a bl:vle too mean'
T o be so me h appy crcat11re'R pa lace.
Th e litt le bird Rits at hi s d oo r in t he s un,
Atilt, like a blosso m am ong t ire leaves,
And lets his illumined bPin g o'c rrun
With the deluge of su mm er it receives·
His m ate feels the eggs be neath he r wing~,
And _the heart· in ~er dumb breast flutters and sings.
He srngs to the wide world a nd she to her nest,_.:, ·; •
In the nice ear of Nature which song is the best?
·
Now is the high tide of the year,
And whatever of li fe h ath ebbed away
Comes flooding back with a ripply chee r,
Into every bare inlet and creek aud bay.

Uw }wart is so f u 11 U1at :i <lrop overfills it.,
\\'.,a rt' ii :•: i'Y now 1'1.'<':lll.se Coil wills it;
Ko IHa.LLer fo.JW ha.rren the µa;;t way ht1Ye bee n,
'1' is f'!Hll L~ il fo r 11 ~ now tl1at tht~ leaves are .~n·,·n;
\\'e ;;it. in ·, Jie \\'arin sl1a1le, a11d f,·el ri1,:h t wt·ll
H<>w tl1e o:Lp c re"J'S up and t.lie l1lossorns swell;
\\'1· rnay .-.hut. ni11· ey<>~, ]q1l \1·e cannot help knowing
Tliat ~ki 1 ·~ arc clt·ar a11d gra."'8 is grvwi11g.

]I< ow

TliP hn• ••/.(' c·on it ·s wlii~1,.·ri11g ln 011r ear
r1' /1al d;u1deli1 1t1s an~ hlo~.'-'Oll1i11g DP:tr,
Ti 1a l. ma.izc li:~s SJ'l'Ollkd, t.li:tt sLr<':llns are !luwi11g,
Tl1at t lw ril'er i,.; Llun tli an 1l1c sk,1·;

Th:i.t the rol>i11 j,.; phsterin.c: his honsc hard by;
A11rl, i( the breeze kqit th•• r.:001! news back,
Fnr ot.Jwr cn11r i er~ Wt' :-;11nul~t nol laek;
\Ye c1111ld g1 1<'" it all hy yon l11·i ft·r'.s lowing, And h:i.rk I hnw clear bold ckrnticleer,
"'armed with. the n ew "·ine of the year,
Tells all in his lusty cro\ving I

.I

:~

,Toy com rs, grief go!'s, \\· c know not how;
Everyt.h i11g is happy now,
Every thing- is 11 11ward stri1·i11g;
"l' i's as Pasy 11 ow for tl1 n hc·a rt. t.o l"' true
As for grass tu be g rc!.' 11 or 8ki•)s to be Line, 'T is
11at11rnl way of living.
1Vho kn o ws whither th e clo ud s h ave fl ed?
In the un8carred heave ns Ur ey leave no wake;
And the eye8 forget the tears they have •hed,
The h eart forgets its sorrow and ache;
The soul partakes the season's youth,
And the sulphurous rifts of passion and woe
Lie deep 'neath a silence, pure and smooth,
Like burnt-out craters h ealed with snow.
What wonder if Sir L aunfal now
Remembered the k eeping of his vow?
Vision of Sir Laurifal. - Lowxu..

ti"'

I'roduction8 -

304
8. Ti llle

Extrar·fs .fur th e S turl!f nj I'udry.

Poetry.

wa.~. ere yet iu these dt>gcnerate <lays

Tgnobl11 them es obtaine d mistake n praise,
\\'he n H<'nse a11 d wit with poesy allied ,
i"o f;d >l e<l .:;rac.,s, f\p uri shPd sid" by si1le,
Frnrn I.he ; arn e fo un t tl11, ir in spiration drew,
And, reared b y ta:<tc, b loo med faire r us they grew.
Tiu,11, in th i ~ l1appy isl<\ a I'op•• 's pure strain
:--:, 1 111~/i t Uw rapt ;-;otd In charrn . llor ~011gi1t in \'!Lin.
A polislicd nation's prciis" a'1•i rt'<l to dairn,
And raised the people's, as t he poel'H fame.
Like him ~rl'at Dryrlim poured the tide of song
l n ~trPam IP• ~ •month, i11<1 .... d, yd. ,]011!.l y t<tron g.
Tlu~n Cu n gn•ve 's sce nes coul1l cl1et'r, o r (Jtway's melt;
Fu r uatun~ tlH ~ Il an E u gli:-; h :.u1 die11 ec frlt.

But l\·hy thc3e ntt r n~~.

When

or gr~ftt~r

Fotlil t n~t.r~..e,

;ii to feebler bards resign their place?

·

Y 1· t t.o :-i.u eh ti111 e :-\ our Ji n g f)ri 11g look~ arc ca8t,

\Vhe n ta.«te an d rer~son with th0sP limes a re past.
"Now l ook arournl, and turn c:i.ch trillin g page,
Su rv ey the p r ec iou s works that pl•'<Lse t. li e age.
Tl1is truth, at l0a>-'t, let sat i1·.,·s sPlf allow,
No dearth of hards can be compl ainetl of now.
The lonf!,.,l prP~~ hP-nPath hP-r lii.hor g-roanR,
And printers' dc•ii8 shnlrn their weary bone.ti,
\Viii! ~ Southey';; epics cram the crcaldng shch·~,
And Little's lyrica shine in bot-pressed twelves.
Thus saith the preacher: "Nought beneath the sun
Is new," yet still from change to change we run.
What varied wonders tempt us as they pass I
The cow-pox, tractors, galvanism, and gas
In turns appear, t-0 make th e vnl gar ~t.arf>,
Till the swoln bubble bursts, and all is air I
Nor less new schools of Poetry arise,
Where dull pretenders grapple for the prize.
O'er taste awhile these pReudo-bards prevail,
Each country book-club bows the knee to Baal,
And, hurling lawful genius from the throne,

Ercds a shr i11 e an1l id ol of its own:
Som e leadc:n c;d[ - l111L \'; li om it 111alte rs not,
From roa rin i; So ull11•y dr>w11 to grovell ing Stott.

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

As fur t111· snrn:lcr fry, who s ·s:u·111 in ,Jwals
From siil\' l l:d iz 11p Lo si11q•1" Bo\\· lo·s,
\\'!i v Rho ;Jl,[ we call thP111 from th,.ir <lark ~diode
] 11 l;ro;i.1! St. (;i l ~''" or i11 TutL<·1il 1;•111-road 'I
()r (_:-; i nn-' :-:.n1111 • 11Jf'll nf fa :-.l 1iiiii IJi)Lly dare
To bCr<.nvl iu ycr;jc) f ron1 l~.:)nd ~trcl't (1 r th" ~r1 nar·~?

If things of ton their harmless lays indite ,
'!\Inst "~i~Plv rl(){)mPil t 0 ~hnn th" pnhli" Rig ht,
'V ha.t h:trm ·t h1 ~plr.-\ of PVPry Prlt-lc Plf,
~i r

'l'. 111ay rea.d hi .. .; st ;u r1. ;t_-.i; to Li111~ c-lf:
0lil ··:-i 1 \1 1i~ln· w ~ st di hi s :·dri ·: !:..:,tli in co1qdet... ; try ,
A,Ht liYc in nrolo.c"ucs. t hou;.:h hi::5 dr-tt n1 :-t:"! o:l i-.

t.fa> :i.r~ bards, such things at t ime5 l><>faH,
Aiirl ' t }:-; ~nJ!lt"' p r ai'-'P i1 1 j w •' rs t.o ·w rite at a.11.
Y1-'t, did or ta.sh~ nr rea.so11 sw:ly t lu~ t iJ1u•s,
Oli '"li" \\1rnl•l take il1Pi r title· " with l11 f• ir rhymes?
ltosco111n 1011 ! :-;h,•tlio· ld '. wi th yu11r "l'inls ikd,
>:n f11t 11re 1:-inrel~ dr '<'k :i 11nli11· h1•:td;
~u tuU .:it..! will t:i1e l: l' \\·ith rc11(1 Y; tt int; sr11ih:

T..-.rrl><

i

1

'Th e p:i.r:i.lyt i ~ pn: in~ nf (','';H:<1"'., _ , _
The p uu y sl::hoo1Doy a.nd n ~ s ca.r1y mj
:Men panluu, ii l1io fv:li., ,; !•aill! away.

But who forgives the senior's ceaseleee verse,
Whose hairs grow hoary as his rhymes grow worse ?
Eng/i.,h Bards and Scotch Reviewera.-BYKON.
9. There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream,
The earth, and every common sight
r_r 0 Jllfj tliJ t!~e 111
Apparell'd in celestial light,
The glory and the freshness of a dream.
It is not now as it hath been of yore; Turn wheresoe'er I may,
By night or day,

"·:;.\;4~
~:J~l

.

=~

f >rod11ctions -

}~~

·rhe 't-hi 11 gl-' wh id1 l bJ.vc ::;een l 11nw can see uo i11ore.

'f l1t• ~ 1 111:-·d1i11 G i:-; a i;l oriu11 ~ Lirth;
l\nt. ve t. I k11<1w. whcn'-'••r [ g o,
Th at theri• li:L1.l1 J•<l;oiS1etl ::rn·ay a i-:, ll•ry fro111 1he earth.

-;\ow. w hil P th e hir.J R thn~ ~\ng- a j•)yons Rong,
A 11 d wJ,jJ._., llw vou11 _c:; b1ulb Luuml
1\~ t u t 11~ ta.Lor'::) .i:>uU ii J ,
To tn~ ainn1~ !lwr•· \·;unA a, tltcnq:.:ht of g-rief;
A timely u tte ran ce
that th 0 11gltl. relief,

f;"''"

:\ tP-1

T :i ~ ~in

a111 s t rong .

Th" (':ttanwh 1.1 .. w l.l1"ir trumpets from Un: "\""P;
No rnore shall grie f of mine the season \vroui:;;
I hear the echoes through t h e inouBtains throng;
'J1 he winds co iu~ tn i;;t-, fron1 the fielJ;:; of slecpt
Alll.l all 1.l1c carlh i::; ga)' ;
Lan d and ~c a
Give th e 111 ~e l ves up to jollity,
AtHl wilh lh'-' !wart o [ l\fay
D oth eve ry l.J<,as t k eep h oliday ; Th o ll C hil d of joy,
Shout ro111 .. l '" "· !el 11w he:ir thy sl10ul~, t.11<.•H l1appy
;:i l1 ephc rJ-boy.
Y o hlc ~~r d erearurf'''. i Int\'« ]1..,anl l11c call
Ye t o eac h o t I"~ " mak e ; l ~ee
'l'he heave ns 1aug11 wi ll 1 you iu yo ur jubilee~
l\[ y heart is at yo ur festival,
J\f.v hea,1 lialh iLs cvrona.i,
The fulln e;,s of yo ur ltli 0 ~ T frel - T feel it all.
Oit. evi.1 d ;W I if f w1·m ~ ulicll

\\' hil" Eart:h lt crsc lf is a.h.rniBg,

I

l:.__.

1 'udry.

'Jhe rain uu w cutuc::; auJ gueo,
A 111 I love! v is the rose ;
TJ 1,-. '1 .-.ni; r]nt h with rlelight
Look round h er wiien tl w heave us ar e IJare ;
\Vatcrs un a starry ttight
Are bea11ti inl an rl fair;

.f.'

A±1~
~

Tlii.'j S\\· ·.:.~l .:iLt\ - I Ull l"l1ll1 g,
Ami i.l 1c chiidrell are cuJJmg
()u e ve ry f;ide,
Tn .'.1 tl 1·-111 c. :-t 11,1 \· :111 1 y:-. . Lu· ;1 rll l \\ i111 ',
Fn •.. ; Ji 1lt 1\ \ t · r..... ; \d1i J,. tlw ." iti1 1 :--:l1i1ies \\'<ll'lll ,
J\11d tllf' l1alH' l1·;q1.-.; ti]'

l1i."-' n11dlwr ':-; an11
will1 j .. _,. I l1"ar' H 11L tlwr1· ·"' a Tr1·1·. 1•! 111:111y, qJw ,
....\ . . . i I 1':..!,"lj • }.' i· · i~ I \\Ji j, · l1 I l 1:L \-,. 11H .L t•d ll ! 11·1 11,

I Le:ir. I

tll1

:

!1 , ·;11·,

H!ith t Jf t li 1·111 :--1it•;tk uf ~<1 1111· 1/ 1 ! 11.~· t liat h g uilt ~ .

Ti ,. • I 'all .' .\ at 1uy f ·~ d
llnih ihr- ~ ~trn•• hl r rrpr:it .
\\"LiLl1t·r i.-.., tl1·1l t l11· \-i . . . i 111 1ar \' :..:,l1 ·;u 11 '!
\\~la : rt : i .... iL Hu\\', t.!11 '. gi 11l',Y a 11d ~ . 11~ drt-..1a.I1t '?

Our bi rth is bu t a ;>]ccp :u:J
1"'i11~

:i

for ; c llii:;;;

Send i.h ;d, ri'" ~ ;yi:.f1 H'. n 11r lift--i ~~ Star,
lL-tLli La.d t--d .... t--: \ -\· JH--:. i't-! iL..; Srd . i.i11~

And co me t h fro m afar.
Not i11 e ntire fu rgeLf uluess,
A11d

111.f _ i11 !ti-irr

11; 1k i-d1ws:-:,

But l railill i-: cl~niJ .. . or ~l11 r~\'

1l 1J

\\ "1'.

i '.,_llllB

Frum Go<1, who is our home.
H eav e n li e>i about us in our infa11 cy I
Sha.dt~~ of t.h e prjs o n-li o u~e lu_•gi u lo close
Upo n the ~r o wing- B uy,
But h e beholds the li g ht., and whe nce it flows,
ll e see~ iL i11 his juy;
Tho 1 0 11 t.lt, \Vho dai ly L1.n.l 1er fru 111 tlit Eadt
~l11 ~ L t.ra.v el, ~L ill j.., ;-.; t_t. Lure ·,") rrie:;i.,
And h y· ilH:. vl . . if•n

>;'p J,~ndi 1I

l s o n hi s \YaY at.te nd ed .
At le11gl11 l-11e i\ra11 j'en:e iv eo i L 1lie away,
Anrl fa.d e into the light of co111111 on da_v.
F.ar t.h filb h e r lap will1 p kflo ures uf lier ow n;
YP-a.rni11 .~ s ;.;hP; hat.ii 111 11,-.i. r f 1Wn Hfdu rn l kl1 1d ,
_,Aud, en ·11 \\ill1 :--:. <J11w ll1i11 .L!.· of a :\lt dh ··r' ..; 111irH.-1.

.i,:~~
~!l ­

:1 iiriij
~

i-. ·1

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..J ... '

~~

,.: . ;
~

t::~~
;- ..~··.~

~
1:J

Prorl11r:tin11s -Podry.

308

- - - - -- - - - ---- -- --

-

]:,':rlrwls fur t!/l: St11d1;

Allll 110 unworlhy aim,
Th e homely N lll'tie doth all she can
To rn:ilc" h"r Fusler-d1ilu. ht:r Tn111ilt<\ Man ;
Forg<'t. tl1.-, g lori es he hath known,
An1l that im pe rial p:i\are wh1•ncc h e ca.me.

Bel1oltl the Child a111011g his 11 ew-Lorn blisses,
A tiiX ye:trs' Darling o( a pig111y size I
St·f· , \d1 ere

i111id

'iYo rk of his u\\

Fr1'1.t1·1l l1,\· :-.a!\it·:-; uf

lii:-;

o/

Puitn;.

;\ () ~)

--

11

l:a.1111 lie _lie::..,

111uliH ·1 ':-. J.;.i:-: ...;,t•~,

'J'l 111:-; ldi11dlv
. \Yitl1 tl1v
.

\Vi th li :-;i1t. "!""' lii111 frn111 his failwr's eyes I
Iii :> fe,·t. ,-u 1111· Jilli" l.Ja1111r <'l1art,

Sd\ at.

S n111P fr:l f; ?llCllt fr n 111 l11 .:.: dn~:nn

or

l111111a11

l\'hich we arc toiling- all our li\'CS tu tiuJ,
In darkness lost, tlie 1.la.rk11etis of Lhe grave;
Thuu. uver wl10111 tl1v Inrnwrlalily
Broorls like the d:w, a !\lastr;r o'c,r a ~law-,
A Pre s1· 11 c1~ ,\'J1ic·l1 i.-.; 111d. tu \11: jlltt l1y;
'l'iiPll little ('!1ild, y•·I ~:lur i""' i11 1\,,. 111i;:.lil
Of fl.,av.,11-l.orrt fr.,.,.Jo111 011 thy l ..,i11g'~ Ji.,ight,
¥Vhy with such earn es t pa.ins dost thou provoke
~l"he yµars {.o bri11:..; ih P iiH•viiahl·~ yok~.

life,

Slia)'•'tl \,y lii11i:i•·lf 11itl1 111·11 ly -k:i.r1 1e1l art.;
A \\"{'dcli11g fl!" :t fe:-;t.ival,
A Hlllltrniu t.:· ur a. [u11era1;
And thi 8 hath 11ow his heart,

And unto this he fr~11w:< his song;
Th e11 will h e fit his tongue
To <lialng11f>s of business, love, or strife;
But it. will not be long
Ere thi s lie thrown a.side,
And wit.It n ew joy and pride
Th e lit.lie Act.or cons another part;
Fillin g from time to time his" humorous stage"
'Vi th a.11 the l'e rso11s, down to palsied Age,
That Life brings with her in her equipage;
A~ if his wli ol.- y<w,1tion
'Vere endless i:nit:Ltio11.
Thou, whose ext,erior semblance doth belie
Thy soul's i11m1e11sity;
Thou best. Philosopher, who yet dost keep
Thy heritage, thou Ey" a111uog Ll1e blirnl,
Th~t, deaf a.nd sile11t, read'st the eternal deep,
Haunted for ever by t.he Eternal mind, .Mig hty Prophet l Seer bl est I
On whom those trnths <lo rest

~r·i

JtJ,·~~t·d1w ...; ...; at ;-;!ril'~'!

·~

Full ,-0011 111.1· Sotd >liall lia1-.· hn 1':trll 1l y frei;Jd,
And cu~tuin lit~ tqHHI tliv~· willi ;l \\-1·i~l1L
Hc~wy as frost, and dcPp alm ost as life.

-~

·<-Pi
~: ~~

Ult ju_v ! tlietl i11 0<1r e111Lns

-~]
T.:

J:; :;u111dl 1i11;.:: lh a l 1luli1 li1·e,
Tlial ualure j'eL re111e111 Le rs

;~~~
........

\~-·

~

The t.hought of o ur past yea.rs in me <loth breed
Perpet ual be11etl iction ; not indccrl
For that whi ch is most worthy to lie lilest. D elight and liberty, the 8illlple creed
Of Childhood, wliether lousy or at rest,
With new-fledged hope still fluttering in his Lrea.st:
Not for these l raise
The Hong of tha11ks and prai8e,
But for those obstinate questionings
Of ~Pl!S'l a11'1 mtt.w;u.,] f.hi11g-s,
Falling:~

frotu

u~ , v ;.u1 il'l1i11g~,

Dla11k misgivin gs of a Creature
Moving a.borit iu worlds not realized,
High instincts, Lefore whiel1 our rnortal Nature
Tlid t.rc111hl c liko a gui lty !.Lin g Rurpr iscd;
But for thosP 1ir't aff1•1·tin11;;,
Those shadowy recoll ect io11s,
\Vhi ch, he they what they rna.y,
Are yet the fou11ta.i11 li ght of a.ll our da.y,
Are yet a master light of a.11 our seeing;

,.

,:a_
-~

\Vhat. was so f11git.ivf> !

-~
..-

~

: ~:

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"
i:i\i

ii

I

, !i ii

f1''i

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,)

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ii

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-i
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ii
~

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~

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~!l
-'li

~

!iii
~
:··-:

310

:~

l'roductiuns - I'odn;.
lJ pliol<l us, c heri,11, a11J l1a n.: puwer to make
Our llui.\Y year" 8ee111 lllOllH'llL' in thP oeing
()f the dn11:tl ,-.;;J,.11<·e: lrn t li,; tli:it wake
To peri'h nf'Ye r:
\Vliid1 neithe r Jistl essnt'''' nor maJ enJeavor

)'Pt j 11 111v !it ·arL

:1 \!

ti1:11 i . . ; ;1 ! ' ' !1111i;\· Wi 1]1

j1).\/

1 :--- l1•\t• l\

L'a11 11 LLt-! rl_v al111l i~li or dl ~sLr11y .

11•.'.Jwt· in

;1.•-...t ·;i.-.;. 1111 1 1 f 1·;1 !1 11

Tliuui.::h inland far w e

\" 11 11r

111i .t. : ;ltt;

J n11h· lia··.-1· ,.., \j1,. ;• 1i -\1 .. .\ '""" .),.Ji .c:lil
'l'u li-,·0 l1t'1w:ttlt \< lllr J11 <1rt· !1al1it11;1\ ,-.;wa.\·.
1 lii\·i· th•• Hriu1 k~.. ; \\·lti1·h 1!(1\\"ll tht·ir cha11111 •b frf'f.,
E,·.,11 11H1n• tl1a11 wl1t·11 I trip111·d li .:..'.:111\y ;1...; th•:y
'l'lw i1 1 11~ic·t•tt! l f ri ~ \d1\i' :''i pf :1. 1w\\·-l 11 1rii !)as

\' ur 1r1a11 llor h()\.

\ ' 111

l w:1rl:-.; l f1·1 ·l

1i!-

lI

'l'lw ( ' lond:q

weatl1er,

j),

l

ti111t g;11

I ;i J, t' a ~( 1\ 11· 1·

' ·1

lwr

)I I 1ri 11 '._'.," f I"•

Th:tt lialli k1·1·' \\ at~·li

lH".

Our Sutd.-; iia\·e si.~l1t 11f f.hat. i11111111rlctl HP.a.
\\.hich lirou g lit 11s l1i l lll'r,
Call i11 a 1I1u111 e 11t t.r;i,-pJ thith<:'.r,
A11d ,...;1·e t.lw ('lii!dr1·11 ~l'(irt u1iu11 tl1c sl1()re,
.And i1ear t.l1 e 1nigiity \\·af -1·rs rnl!ing cvennore.

..\!l(dlwr r ; 11 ·~ ·
Tli;11il\:-: lu

Tu

111 ,.

t!H'

o) I l

!111111;1!\

Thuii~Lt .' tli:lt

c\1)

1dlwr

lt··:tr\ 1

l1 _·11d1·r1w:-:.-.:,

Jtll':l l \f'''

t . l1t~ .'"\t'.U. iug ~u11

;111 !'."''

11'1·r 111:u1· ...., 111(1rt:1lity;

\1;1111 lw1·11, a11d

tlw

Tli:uil\~ \il ih

\1·1 .

r 1111111 l

Ji;t.1111.'i ar~ ·

\\\1i1·l1

1: ·

\\!'

\\"1111

li\·P.

it-.: .i1)·\', and f1·:1r:-.:,

1\1 1\\ •'l' t'liat . l1l11\\S ca11 ~ 1\'t •

(\f t1•t1 \i1· t1)n 1\1· ··11 f1\r t~·ar:-.: .
(),/ 1' u/I

flllf!lr 1/'flf//r.1;. - -

\\"4\l(J1~\\"t1J ( !"II.

'J'lJt·11 :-:i1 1.~ ..'''Hird ." . ."i11g· . .-.:i11::-~· ;i jllyc111s ~n11g I
,\11d [,·i tiw _\" !>11 11,t...:· l,;u1 d 1 .~ L•<n11u._l

A s tu Lii e t:ilH_>r · ~ ,-;uu1Jd.
·we i11 Ll 1uugliL will join your throng,
Y c that pi pc, and ye that play,
Ye Ll 1a. L tlirungh )'<1111· liea.rt~ to-Jay
h·,.J till· g-l:1d11"'·' of lite ;\Jay.
\VJ.at. thn11g-l1 the r:idi:t11 r0 which \\':ts 011ec ;;o ),right
Ht· 111 )\;· f~ 1r ~·\ · 1·r f ;1 k1·n frl1J11 111y :-;i _:_:li t.

Tl1011gh nothing can bring kick th e hour
Of splcndur i n Ll1e grns,.,, nf glnry in t.h'1 tiower I

IQ.

'· \Vitli :-;a!TilicB l1ef<1rt• tl1f' ri ....;in~

111on1

l\. . rfnl'!H f''l. Ill\' ,..; \a11g·)itPrt>d l<11"d l1a\'t' 1 r1· 1 111in-~ d;
A 11 d in tlti<"k d;;rk111·,;,;, ;w1id oliad c:' furJ,.,·n,
I liin of 1.!11· i11f<·rn:tl g-"'I.' h:l\·e I iJ,•,;in·d.
('1·l~·-.,tial

t·i t y I :1 ~ ai11 i111J•l 11 r 1 · :
H_, . _...(1Jrt.~ lii111 tu 111y ~i .t.;"lil, ~n·aL
~ 0 ~p1•al.;i1i.~. and l1y

.Jt) \'t',

n: .'"\ 1Pl'f' '. "

f1·n·1·11t, \11\' 1' 1·11diJW 1·d

\\"it1 1 f:titli. 1l1P ,;11pplia11I h•·:l\· ,·11ward lifh lwr ha11d,; ;

\\·,, ,,jj j .~-rii•\1' 111il. r;t !i wr li111l

"\\'l 1il•'. l i \.; 1• tlw

,....:.LrellgLl1 i11 wl1at. n·111ai1i,..:. L1ehi11cl;

llt ·r c 111111 t1 _: 11a111'1' \.ri,'..:,lif1·11:-.:. :111d lJl'r 1·y1· t· XJ• ;u1i\...:. .
Il e r lH1snni lwa ,·e"' :11itl >Jt1Ta1l:-:. li1•r :-.:tat11r1.• grtiw~,

111 the prirn:;l sympathy
\\"liid1 li:n·i11g- l.ec 11 mu st cYcr he;
!11 tl11· ,,.,,1J1 i11 .c: lltr•11:.;l1h th:iL ·'l"·i11g
011L 1if l1n:11an s 11ll1·ri11.~;
l n tia: faitii 1.l1a.t. looks throu~h Jeatl1,
Jn year~ that l_1rin g- the piiilo~nphic mind.

An.J, 0 ye Fo1111tai11~, :lfeadnw~. llill~. and Groves,
Forcl•ode nut any severing of onr loves I

1·11wr:..:, ir1;..:·

>1111

A nd :-;\11 ~ •'XJ•l·<·t:-; tlie i ....::-.:itt·

i11

f1 ·1J 111 a

('1

1

111<\,

n·1 1 u:-' e .

() t .. 1-r1>r' \\l1al l1all1 , \,.. l"''l'•TiY <· d '! () jo\-'
\\'iiat dn1li :--.lw !, ilk (11 1 '! \\]Htl!l d()tl1 :--. lw l11.:l 1oltl?
1

Ilt>.r ht>rci :-; lain tq1(\J1 th1• h•:1c:l1 uf ~rrny'!
Jli ~ Yitai presence'! Iii< enrpnrPa1111<•11ld?
lt i.,;- if ,_,., ,, ,. 1k r·.·i'·" J,..,- 111 1! - 't ;, lie I
And a God leat.b hilll , wi11geil :'ll .. n:ur_v I

312

Productions - Poetry.

l\lild H e rm es spake, a11<l touched her with !tis wanJ
That ~alrn" all f<"ar: "Such grace hath crowned thy pmyer,
Lao<la1111 a, that, at .J o1·e's conunand ,
Tliy hu sLaml walks the paths of nr•per a ir:
Ile cornes to tar r.Y with thee three ho urs' space;
A ccept the g ift, bc h o l(l him fa ce to fa ce 1"

R xtracts jiJ1· the 8t11rly of I'ul'lry.
Hy clo ulJt, ]'ru pelkc l l hl'e lo the fatal shore;
Tl1uu .fu1 111d's L- a11d I f.,rgil'" tlw<'. -l1c-re tl11J1l
A nobler co1111 se llor t.l1a11 111 y pu1w h e:t rt..

~ rt ­

Bu t t.ho11, tl11m g-l 1 c:'l'"l.le of sl<> rn est d eed ,
" "ert kind as r eso lu t.c, :lllcl good as l•rave ;
1\1111 li e whn:-:t ~ powPr n~:-;ton• s l.lu-' f~ }1ath df-·1·rPPfi

Forth s pra11g- the i111pass io ne<l q uee n her lord to clasp;
Ag:u11 t lia t co11su111111ation slie cssa ved :
But u11 substa11tial furll! e ludes he r gT~L5p
As often as t.li at eage r grasp wa s n 1:ide.
The p h a ntom par ts , lJ ut pa r ts to re-unite,
And re-a.ssu1ne !1is place Lefore h e r s ight.
" Protesibus, lo 1 thy g u i<le is gon e I
Co11ti rrn, l pray, the vi s ion with tliy vo ice:
This is ou r palace, yo nd e r is thv thro 11 e ·
Speak, a11<l th e floor Ll1uu tre~J"st 011 ;vill rej oice.
Not to appall 11u ~ have th e go<ls b es towed
This precious boo11, and htest a sad abode."
"Great .Jove, Lao<l:u11ia, cl o th 11 ot leave
Hi s g-ifts irnperfect. S pecter tho ug h T be,
ram 11 ot se11t to sc am th ee or deceive,
Hut i11 re warcl o f thv f11l nlity.
And so111t'lhi11g also .tid 111 y \~orth 0Ltai 11,
For fearless virtue Lri11ge th l>0u11dless gain.
Thou know es t the Delphic oracle foretold
That t he firs t Gree k who touch ed the Trojan strand
Should di e ; but m e th e threat could not withhold;
A ge n e rous cause a vi cti1n did demand ,
And forth I leapt upon th e ~andy plain;
A self-de voted c hi ef - J,y Hector slaiu."
"Snpre n1 c of h e roes - Lra1·pst, nobl est, b es t r
Thy rnatdil uss cnu ra ;.:-<· I oe wail 11 0 more,
·which the n, wlieu le ns of thousaud s were deprest

Th o 11 sho11 ltl ·.-; t. p] 11,Je th " rn :1l i"' ' nf 1h" g r:t1'f':
Red11ncl:u1t :tm th y lnr ks, th y lip.' as fair
A s when their 1Jr eatl1 e uri c hed Th essali an air.
X u specte r g reels 111 e~ Hu vai11 :- : ltaduw i11i:::);
C o 111 e, ldc)O lllit1g lwrq, pla( '. • ~ l l u_. e Ly in y !"id.-!
Gi,·e , on thi s wPll-kno\\·11 crn 1i-l1, one 1111 pti:tl lei _,,
To 111e, tjiis Jay, a second tim e thy brid e !"
.-J on~ Jrown r: d in h'·aY f~ n ; tl1 (~ <' 11n ~ 1·iou~ Pare a: t.lire\Y
Upon those rose:tte lips a Stygi:u1 hue.
"'1'}1js \· isagt-~ Lt-~lb f . 111-~t~ U1a,L 111 y don111 is pa.."'1.1.;

Kn o w Yirtue \l" Crc n ot Yirtu c, i.i the j oys
()f S( 'IL' " \\"l'l"(' :tl>i (! lo 1"1 '1 111"11 a., fa .' t
Anol ~ llrely ;lS n .... y \':t11i sl1. Earlli .],.,1 rnys
Those rap tu res d11ly - · Er1•l,u s di sdrtin s:
Calm pl easures t.h.~ re al1itl" - 111a.j,,st.i c pains.
II " t.:u1 g- ht., 0 fait.ltf1il e"'""rt., lo eo11trol
Hebe lli o us pass io11; fur t.h c gods approve
The Jcpt.h and n ot the tumult of the soul;
A ferve nt< n ot u11gover11able lo ve .
Thy tran sports mocl e rate, a nd m eekly m o urn
·whe n I depart, for brief is my sojo urn - "
"Ah, wh e re fore? Did not H e rcules by force
'Vrest from t he g uardian monster of the tomb
Alcesti s, a reanimated corse,
Gi1·e n back to <I well o n e art.h i11 ve rnal bl oo m?
M<«lPa's spells di spe r s<?d the w e i~ht of yP.a.rs,
An<l ,'Esou stood a youth "111id youthful peers.

314

l'roduclirms -·- Pocli'!J.

L':rlmcls fo r tlu; ,l.,'/111l.'J

1f

l'rlf'li'/j.

---- - - - - - -- - -------- - - - - - - ----- -- - - to 11:-1 an. . T11ti1Ti f11l, a11d t lwy
Y e t further rn:iy relent; for mightie r far
Than strength o[ nerve and sinew, OJ' the sway
'_l'}ip god~

By martial sp o rt ~, - or, ~"atrrl in thr· lent,
Chieftains and ki ugs iu couucil wen;i detained,
What time the fleet at Aulis lay enchained.

C)f 111agil', 1·()tl'1d <~V•T :-;t111 a11d ~tas,

Is love , thou;.:h oft lo agony disln·•l,
Awl though his favurite seat Le feelik wo111au's lJreast.
Hut if thon guest, I fuliuw - " "l'eace I" lie said.
She looked upon hirn a.11tl was cal111ed aud cheered;
'J'h e g hast ly •olor fr o n1 hi s lips hail fled;
In his 1lepo rt111 e nt, shape, :u11l 111ie11, appeared
J.:lysiau beauty, 111ebnch o ly i.:race,
Brought from a pen"iv" though a happy plrtce.
Ile s pake of ]o\·e, such Jove as spirits feel
In worhls whose course iR equable and pure;
No fears to beat away, 110 striie to heal,
The past t111si g l1 'd r.... , a111l t.he future Slll't);
Spal,:.e of beruic arts in gra.\· er luuuJ
Hevived, with fin e r harmo ny pursued;
Of all that i~ most l>eauleon~ - imaged there
l 11 happi e r l>eauly; lllore pell11cid streams,
An ampler et.h er, a diviner air,
A11J field:> i11 ve;;tetl with f'lllTHrPal gl <'a m~;
C iirn es whi c h the sun, wl1 0 sheds the lJrightest day
Earth knows, is all unworthy t o survey.
Y ct there the so ul sl1all e nte r which hath «arned
That priviiege by virt 11c . - •· Jll," said lie,
"The em! of man's ex i>te ncc, I di sce rn ed ,
'Vho from ignobl e g-ames anti re\•elry
Coulrl draw, when we l1ad parte1l, vain delight,
'Vhile tears were thy best pastime, <lay and night;

And wl1ilc rny youthful peers b efore my eyes
(Each h Pro following his 1wc11liar bent)
Prepared themselves for gl o rious (•11terprise

Th" wishrrl-for wi111l was gi1·1·11; -

I U11·n rt·l'oh·,,.l

Tl1e p racli~. 1q1011 Uit~ :--:ik11L s1·a.;

And , if no wo rthiPr let! ll1n way, n·,oh·•·•l
'J'l1at.. oa f!\, tl1Pll"'at1t\ Vt'.~:-tt-" }S, lltiltf': :-d11111 ld lit"\
The for cmo~ t prow in pressing to the straud. 1\-line th e fi rs t blood that tinged the Troja11 sand.

Yet bitter. oft-ti111es LiLLer, was tl1e pa11g
Wh e n of thy loss T thon;::ht, h0lo1·Nl wife!
On thee too fondly did my memory Jiang,
A111l 011 tl1e jnys we sli:cr ... ,J i11 111f•rt.a l life, Tl11~ paths whi ..·h we have tro.-l. tlwse fo11ntains,
J\ly new-planne•l citie,, irnd 1111ti11islited t.owers.

flower~ ,

Hut ."'iliPll1i1 ,...;.u ,-..p~'.llS{~ rwr111i l. t.ltt'. f11 1~ to cry,
'Be hol1l they tremble l hau•r hty their array, ·
Yet of their numbe r no one dares to die '!'
111 Ron11 '"·r·pt th0 i111lignity aw~y:
Old frail t ies then recurred; buL lvf ty thought,
In act embodied, my d e liverance wrought.
And thon, tl1ough Rtrong in love, art all too weak
In rt>a!<ou. in sPlf-['.overnm f' nt t oo slow.
I co1111 sc l th ee lJy fortitude t o seek
Our bl est re-uni ou in the BIHulcs b e low.
'l'lH• i11vi ., ihle wnrl<l 11 it.11 t.lw<' haLl1 sy 111p;ct.liize1l ;
Be thy affections raised and solemnized.
Learn, by a m ortal yearning, to ascend
T owart!R a hi g her nhject.. LovP wa.R giv,,n,
Encouraged, sanctioned, c hi efly for that e nd;
F o r this the passion to excess was drin:n
Thal se lf might be annull ed; her bondage prove
Th e fetters of a •lre:un, nppoRNl to love" -

-.

Productions -Poetry.

316

Aloud gJic shrieked l for H ermes re-appears l
Rouud t he dear sh ade she would have clung - ' t is vain:
The hours are past - too brief had thuy 1eeu years;
And him no m or tal e ffort can detain .
Swift, t o ward the realms that know uot earLl1ly day,
J! .., t.hro ugh the por t..-.! takes his sile 11 t way,
And on th P. pahce-floor a lifeless corse sh e lay.

E xt ract.s f or the S tw(I/

1J

Put fr!J.

·wi t h , Ji iverin g li <oart the strife we saw
Of passion wi t h eternal law ;
And yet wi t h revere ntia l awe
\ \' e \\·atcli 'd tl 10 fo1 11 1t o f li1·r.) lif 1~
' Vhich se r v'd for t-hat. Titan ic st.ri fe .
\V hen Goethe's deal h " ""-' t nl1l ,

we

sai<l ,

Sunk, then , i.s L'u ro;u..:\· sayest l1catf.

Ah, judge her gentl y who so deeply loved I
Iler wh o iu reaso n's spite, yet wi t hout crime,
'Vas in a trance o[ pass ion thus removed;
D elivered fr om t he galling yoke of time
And th ese fr ail elements - t o gather fl owers
Of blissful q uiet 'rnid uu fa.ding 1 owers.
Y et tears t o human sufferin g are clue ;
Aud mortal h opes, defeated and o'er th rown,
A re mourn ed b y man and not by him alone,
As fo nd ly he believes. - Upon tl1 e side
O f H ellespo u t (8 uch fai t h was entertained)
A kn ot of spiry t rees fo r ages g rew
From o ut th e t.o mlJ o f hi111 for wh om she died;
Aud eve r, whcu such stat ure th ey h ad gained
That 11iurn's walls were s ubj ec t to their view,
The trees' tall sutnmi ts wiU1 ercd at the sight;
A co nst ant i11 tc rcha11 gc o f growt h and blight I
Laodamia . - vV O RDSWORTIL

u. Goel.he in 'Vci1n a r sleeps, and G reece
Lo ng sin ce sa w Byro n's st r uggle cease.
Bu t one sncl1 d l';1t h relll ain'<l to co me ;
Tl1e last poetic \' oice is <lumbW e stand to-d ay by W ord swort h's tomb.
" ' hen Hyron"s C)'l'S were sh ut in <l eath,
c bow'<! 011 r IH'<Hl aud hel1l o ur breath.
Il e t au ght us li ttle ; b ut o ur so ul
ll ad /dt him like th e thu111l er's ro ll.

"r

Phy,., ician of th e iroti aye ,

G ue/h e has d one his p ilyrimn!Je .

Ile took th e sufferin g hum an race,
Ile read each wo11111l, each w1·a k11 e~~. clear,
And struck hi s fi nge r o n th e p lace,
And said, Tlw11 a ilest here, and here !
H e look'd on Eu ro pe's dyi 11 g h o ur
Of fi tf ul dream an d fev er ish powe r;
Il is eye plunged down the weltering strife,
The t urmo il of expi r ill g life;
H e said, T he end is e1·e•·!J'Vhere ;
A rt still ha s tr uth, ta ke r~fwJP. th ere !
A11<l he was happy, i[ Lo know
Ca uses of th in gs, and fa r below
His fee t .to see th e l11ri 1l fl ow
Of terror and insan e di s tress
Aml h eadl ong fate, be l1 appin ess.
And W ord sworth I - Ah , pale gh osts, rejoice I
F o r ne ver has s uch soot hin ~ voice
Bee n to your 8hadowy \, o rJJ co nvey'd,
S in ce erst, at morn , some wa nde ring shade
H eard the clear soll g of O rpheus come
Th rough llades a m! t he 1n o11rnful g loom.

,,,rord swor t h h as go ne fr om us -

aud ye,
Ah, lll ay ye fee l his vo ice a8 we I
Il e too upo n a wintry clime
Il ad fall e n - on t hi s iro11 tin1 e
Of do ul1Ls1 Ji s pu lr ~ , cli:; tractio ns, fears.

·~

318

Productions -Poetry.
He fou11d us when the age had bound
Uur so uls i11 its benumbin g rourid;
He spoke, aml loos\l our heart in t.earf!.
He laid us a.s we iay at birth
On the con!, flowery lap of earth;
S111iles broke from us and we had ease.
Th e hill~ were rou11d us, and the breeze
'Vent o'er the sunlit fields again;
Our foreheads felt the wind and rain.
Our youth return 'd ; for there was shed
On spirits that had long been dead,
Spirits dried up and closely furl'd,
The freshness of the early world.
Ah ! since dark days still bring to light
Man's prudence and man's fiery might,
Time may restore us in his course
Goethe's sage mind and Byron's force;
But where will Europe's latter hour
Agai n fi11d Wordsworth's healing power?
Others will teach us how to dare,
And against fear our breast to steel ;
Others will strengthen us to bear But who, ah! who will make us feel 'I
The cloud of mortal destiny,
Others will front it fearlesslyBut who, like him, will put it by?
Keep fresh the grMs upon his graTe,
0 Rotha, with thy living wave I
Sing him thy best I for !ow or none
Hears thy voice right now he is gone.

.Memorial Verses. -

MATTllJtW Aa1'0l.D.

I.
wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead
Are drive11 like ghosts from an e11cb;i._Hter fleeing,

12. 0

Yellow and black and pale and hectic red,
l'estilence-st.rick en rnultit.ude~ I 0 tl1ou,
Who chariotest to their dark, wiutry lied
The "\\·ingr.11 scc1b, wh ere t.lwy Ji., C!ll1l :ulll low,
E;;cl1 like a co rpse: wiLlti11 i(,s gmve, u11til
Thine azure sister of the :"pring ;;l1all hlow
H er clarion o'er the drea ming earth, a nd fill
(Driving swee t OU<ls like Hocks to fee<l in air),
With livi11 g l1ues and odors, plain and ltiJJ ; ·wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere,
Destroyer and preserver, hear, oh, h ear I

II.
Thou, on whose stream, 'mid the steep sky's commotion,
Loose clouds, like earth's d ecaying leaves, are shed,
Shook from the tangled boughs of heaven and ocean,
An~els

of rain a nd lightnin g ! there arc spread
Ou the Llue surface o( Lhi11e airy s urge,
Like th e bright hair uplifted from the head

Of ~0111e fierce Ma.;aad, e ven from the dim ve rge
Of tire horizon to the zenith's height,
The loc k~ of the approac hing storm !-Thou dirge
Of th e dying year, to whic h this closing ni ght
'W ill be the dome of a vast sepulcher,
Vaulted with all thy co ngregated might
Of vapors, from whose solid atmosphere
Black rain and fire and hail will burst; oh, hear I
111.

Thou, who di<lst waken from his summer dreams
Th e hl11e M Nlit.erranean, wh ere he lay,
L11lled by th e coil of his crystalliue strea ms,

ii·

320

I'rocluctions - Poetry.
Bes id e a pumice isle in Baim's bay,
And saw in sleep old palaces and towers
Qu1veriug within the wave·~ intenser day,
All overgrown wit.!1 azure moss, and flowers
So sweet the se nse faint.~ picturing them I-Thou,
For whose path tlie Atlantic's level powers
Cleave themselw's into clrnsllls, whil e far below
The sea-blooms and th e oozy woods which wear
The sapless folbge of the ocean know
Thy voice, and suddenly grow gray with fear,
And tremble and despoil themselves; oh, hear I

\'.

tliv lvn.:. , c\·P n a:-: t.l1 e fort- .,-.f, ii':
\\'hat if 1;11:k:t1·e.ci are fall irt ;J; like its
The tumult of thy rni ghty harmonies
J\ta.k '~ 111t:'·

1

tJ\\ Il?

\Viii take fr o m bot h a deep au t nrnnal tone,
Sw!'et tl1 01q; h in sadtt""· H... thou, Spirit fierc<.',
lily spirit! Be tl1tJtl 111e, i111pcl11ou' "'"'I
J)ri,·e rn y rlea1l though ts over th e universe,
Like with ered leaves, to <111icken a ne w birth,
And, by the incrrntatio11 of thi s verse,
Scatter, as fr om a11 un extinguished hearth
Ashes and sparks, 111y word s a 111 011g 111a11kind !
Be through 111y lips to unawak ened eart h
The trurnpet of a prophecy! 0 \\'i 11d ,
1f \YiuLer co mes, can Spri11~ h e fur hi·l 1i11d '!

IV.
If I were a clear! leaf t hou might.est bear,

Ode lo tlw W est l! 'iw /. -

S u ELLEY.

If T were a swift c loud to fly with thee,
A wave to pant uencath thy power, and share

13. I t little profits tlrat ai1 i1\I ... kin~ .
The impulse of thy s tren g th, only less free
Than thou , 0 1111 co11 trollabh• I if even
I were as iu my uoylwod, and could be
The comrade of thy wanderin gs over heaven,
As then, when to outstrip thy skyey speed
Scarce see med a vi sion, - I would ne'er have striven,
As th us, with th en in prayer in my sore need.
Oh, lift 1uc a,.q a wave, :t leaf, a cloud I
I fall upon the thorns of life I I bleed I

A h eanr wei«ht of hourn has chain ed and bowed
One 101;

lik 1• .~lH'<' - tar11 elcss a.11<1

swift and proud.

By this still hearth, am ong t. hcse barre11 crags,
lll ritc l1\l wi t h ru1 :ig-e•I wife, I 111 cle and dt1le
1.! ueqlial law s u11 lo a sa vagu

t'<I L' (',

That hoa rd a 11d slee p :urcl feed , ant! k11ow no t 111e.
l ca1111 ot rest frorn tra\'(·l: I will dr ink
Li fe to the lees : all ti111 es J hav e c nj oy'd
( :reatlv, h am suffe:"d greatl y, l1o t.h with I hose
Tl mt l;we.l ru e ;u11! ali:nc\; 011 slr ore, and wh en
'J'hro' scuddiu g drifts the rai11 y l lya1les
Yex t tlr<~ di 11t sea: r i ll II becorn e :L 11a111c;
F o r, :tlw:tys roaniing willr a h1111gry heart ,
l\[n ch ha\'!~ l sc1• 11 a.ire! k11 ow t1 ; C' iLil' s uf 111err,
And

111 n.1 111 e r:-: ,

elirnalt·.-=- ,

CO \l11('il :-:, g- ( 1\·e r 1111 w11t:-;,

Mv sP!f t1 ot lea.st.. hu t lt o rror'd nf th e1 11 all;
A;Hl drunk delig-ht of baillt! with 111y pee rs,

I'rodu ctiuns -Poetry.
Far on tl1t ) ri11 gi11g plains of windy Troy.
I a111 a part o[ al I that I have met;
Yel all ex1•e ri e11ce is an arch wherethro'
(:J c:u11s t hat nn trn\·c ll'd world whose margin fades
Forever a11J fo rever whe11 I move.
ll ow dull it is to pause, to make an e nd,
To rest u11burni sh'd, no t to shin e in use!
As lho' to u reat.he \\'e re life. Li fe piled Oll life
" 'e re all too little, an d of one to me
Lit.tie remain s: bu t eve ry hour is saved
Fruin that ete rn al s il e nce, somethin g more,
1\ bri11ge r uf 11t·w things; an<l vile it were
For so111c t hrcP "In s to s tore and hoard rnyself.
A11 d t hi s g ray spirit yearning in tle:-; ire
To fullm1· k11owl cdgu like a sinking· star.
B eyo nd the ul111 0,;t bonnd of human t hou gl1t.
Thi s is 111 y son, 1n11 1c O\\' n Telemachu s,

I\'"t.

111d.1:en111in g

TL1 ~

!i;_:;lil:->

'1'1 11 •

liJ11~·

J\ ' l()a11.~

111t•11

111:1t

;-...IJ"(i\ · 1 ·

h1· .~i11 tn i\\'itddt~ frtii11 tlw

day

wa1w;-;;

rnu11d \V it It

tlw slu\\'

111n..11y

ll!(H•ll

vo ices.

There lies the port; t.he 1·essel puffs her sail;
Th .. re g lou111 tltt• dark, broad seas. My mariners,
~ .. 11ls that ha ve toil'd :t11d wrought and thought wilh meTha t. e ver \\'it.Ii a frolic welcom e took
Th e thu11d er :rn,] th e s 1111 shinc, ancl opposed
FrP•' heart s, free foreheads, - you a nd 1 are old;
OJ.I ag•• hath .\'" t hi s l1.,11or an1 l l1i .-; t uil;
l>c•:dli cl<>sc·s ;i]J : 1>11 l soi111• tl1i11 g, '".'" Lhe e11 1l,
::iu11 1u \York of 11 ul .J e 11 ofc-, 11 1:ty yd IH.: du11n,

r1l('k s;
cli11i\, ,..;; 1l1e

d1·1·p

C~u 11w , 111 y t'ri 1111d~,

"I' is not !ou late If> st'c· k a !IP\\' C r \\'oriel.
P 11:-1 h (,ff, alH\. s itti1 1~· \\ t· !l i11 u rd1·r. ;--.111it1~
'1'! 11 • .-.;11 111J1!in .~ f11 r ruw ....;,; f~~r Ill!' J•lll']u•."'•· Jiqld.'>
To :--:lil h L'.\( Jl11! tl1 ·~ :--.1111.-..t·t, :u i d tl 1·· li:tl!ts

:tll tl1e 11·•:>k r11 sL u-., . u1iiil I die.
IL 111ay 1.1, tli al t.hc• ;;1il f, 11·ill \1 a.,Ji us du1111:
lt llJ: L_I' loc 11·e ,,J,,di 1.. 11 .. !1 li1 A llal'J'V I,1,•s.

(I f

A11d ,..;ee iiiP gT t~ at. A 1·l1i il1· ...; , \\ IH11r1 w1· l.:1ww.
' f'!i n' 111u c h is t;1 k011 n 111 r li a l 1i( lr•.-: : an1 I. t hr•'
\\' P a1·p not 11 0\\' that. strc·11;::t h 11l1i1· !1 i11 ., J,J ,J:-c1 .'
1\11ivt•1l 1•a r!l1 artd lwa\·1 ·1 1, tl1at which \rt' an·. Wt' are.( >1w ~·11u~d t1-'1 t1t. L" r uf l1 t.: ruic hcarls~
Made 111,:tk J..v ti111" :111.J f,,f,,, J,111 Hl1""''..'. i11 11 ill
To st.r iv1•, tu ~1..· 1_·k, l1 .1 li11d, a11d 11{)t ti) yi1·l1l.
1

'r\1 wlio1n I it:a\'1} t.l: c ~cc ptt ~ r a nd Hit-'= lsl e " '" ll -l<l1-.·d nf 1111 ', di ."'" 'l'll ing t<> fol fill

Thi s labor, J,y slu\\' J'l'll<kt1l'e lo make 111ilcl
A r11.~·g1·d j•1_·01d1 ·, a1Jd tliru' sofl degrees
~1ii><l11t• thc·1n tu th" 11sd1il and the good.
l\ lost, l>ian1<' J,.ss is he>, f'Pnlr·rc•d in t.hn sphere
0( <'0111 111011 d11ti es, dect\11!. 110!. to fa il
'I 11 ullic1 ·s .. r le 11d1·r11 1""', and. pay
J\l1'et atl .. ratio11 lo 111y l1 011"•holc.l gotls
'\Vhe n I am go ne. Il u wurks his work, T mine.

:r

\\·itl 1 grn l.".

f. ·'f!/-'-~ t ..'l .

-- -

'j'r;:-; >;Y.".O:\ .

LESSON 84. .
,\ I : ' I' I l ll H c; 11 11• ' >I<' ' ! I ' 11'1'. \ ' I' l" \; :-; ,

I ·I ' '\ f 'TI '. \Tl" '\.

.\ '.\ J)

I'!>< "if'-l(t·:A I H\1;_

\\' f'. J,;1\' P. lwr-n a skP d by t.l-;u ·l11 · r...; ;11111 io111 ,jJ, t .. 11 :1 111 t· t lit>
a u tho rs of tl11! sc nt.c1H' f'S q 11nt.et1 in L<'ss .. 11 s .11. 11; , l'.l ..-.1 1_
ti'.! ,,-,.-., i-l( i, I:! , ;t!lU j ~i. \\' e CU llljJJ } Ill j•:t r l. J:11t. ,; .,ll ll' uf
t.li1 ·s " •1n .. i.:tt.in11s :m· 11<> t. s 1dlll'i•' l1 i.ly st.1il;i11,;; 1. .. j11,til\ g i1i11 g i l11·ir p;1n·11L1g·t·; :--;n 1114 ~ 1t;1\'j~ 11,·1·11 ,.._11 ln11g ;t11d :--. q of t t·11
11 s1·•l tli :it. it wo11],] llf'. i1111n 1,..;si l,J,. l.t• hl.l,..r t.l,..111 "I"'" :111.\
nn1·: :11111 sonw, still fr rsli , \\'(~ co11t'ess Wt' ar., 11 11 .'tl.!1' t o tr:1«P
to t l11'l r ~' 111 r1·1 ·.
If' h ' :H·lins skill h r·. 1•«1 h .\· tl1 is w11rk t" fl;c · :111!]1,.r'i
1111 .. 111 "" 11:11111" :11 1d 111!!1 1J11·1r p11p1l s sl ull 1'<':1d tl11· 1•:t.'i~

Productions.
sages in which th ese sentences have their original setting,
we shall not r epent of our labor.
Lesson 44. -

I. Genesis, xlix. 4.

2. l\Jacaulay's Battle of lvry.

3. Luk e, xiv. :1±.
4. Lo we ll 's Visiori rif Sir Lawiful, Part If.
5. Subs tan ce, in 1\l atth ew, xiii. :Jl and 33. 6. Substance, in Whately's Rh etoric. 7. Ilol1n cs's Tlt c Autocrat of th.e Breakfast Table,
Paper II. 8. Vision '!( i:Jir l.aw~(u l, Prelude I. 9. Shelley's The
Clu w l.
II. 1llerclH111t n.f Ve11ice, Ill. ii. 83.
12 . Th e Autocrat, in
n earl y th ese word s, !'ape r V 111. 13. M erchant of V enice, IV. i. 174.
14 and 15. T1ce'.fi/, N iyhl, 1 f. i\·. !)7 aud !)3.
17. Julius Cwsar,
11 r. i. 2ti0.
18. L owe ll"s essay, C/t(1tu-er, in Jlfy S tud!f Windows.
19. Juli11s Cwsa r, 11. ii. 7G. 20. Ju lius Cwsar, lll. i. 172.
Lesson 46. -1. 1 Sa111uel, X\"IIL 1. 2. Macaulay's essay,
Jlfo ckintv.<!t's Jl is t. R erol utio11 . 4 . Lo,wll 's essay, J\fy Gard. A cq.
5. ftferclwnt of l '1,11 ice, I[. v. 00. 6 . Juli11s C 1c.rnr, II. ii. 33.
7. 1\lacaulay's ess ay, Lord Baco n. 10. lla111/et, I. iii. 24. 12. J11lius
Crt'sar, IL i. lG:").
13. Juli w; C(t:.<ar, I. ii. :!!lS. 14. Julius Cwsar,
11. i. :!::li:i.
17. Substan ce, in 1\lacaulay's Burleigh and ltis Times.
18. ,f. \\' eb st.e 1-'H lVe.<twanl llo, 11. i. 19. Earle's Philology of the
L"nylish To11 ;1ue.
20. J\lac :wla~· ·s J1fackintosh's Hist. Revolution.
22. Wel>,; tcr's R eply to lla!Jn c. 23. Earle's Philolog!f. 24. Macaulay's essay, 1J'/lli11111 ]'ill , L'arl of Chat!tam . 25. Earl e's Philology.
Lesson 49. - 1. l' isio11 nf Sir I.mrnjid, I'relu lle I.- allnsion,
Exodwi, xix. :1.
2 . ll ay 11 e< R'l'l.110 IVel1sler-all., Re velation,
xvi. 1.
3. !le (~11i11 cey ' s essay, St!;le - all., Genes is, xxviii. 12.
4 . Juli us (,' (eso r, I. ii. I :\.I - all., the Statue over the entra nce to
!{h a des. 5. A11. , .:E sop',; Fal ik of th e Li on, th e Fox, and the Ass
that we nt h1111ti11 g , the spoils of which hunt fe ll mainly to th e Lion.
6 a11tl 7. All., c11st o 1n s o[ th e T o urnan1 e 11t. 8. All. , Judges, xii.1 - 6.
9. \Y e bste r, all. , :\'mnbe rs , x x.11. 10. llayn e's R eply to 1'Vebste1·:ill., .H acheth, 111. iv. !l3. 11. l'atrick H e nry's great speech-all.,
;\b,t,th e w, xx,·i. ~ 8 a11d 40. 12. All., 1\lark, viii. 6 and 7. 13. All.,
th e .l e \\"i sh e xpress ion o f g reat cli st:w ce ; th ese places are at the
e xtre me north Pl"ll anrl srrntl1 e rn li111ih of Pnlest in e. 14. All., on e of
tli e t. we lrn L alio n; o f ll e rcul es. 15. J/e111·!1 Viii., TII. ii. 360-all.,
Isa iah , xiv . l:!. 16. All., the c us tu111 of th e Ring. 17. Macaulay's

Authorship uf (Juotations.
essay , Milton - all., the meeting of H e nry \'Lil. a nd Fraucis I.
near Gui s nes, the profuse e xpenditure giving the fi eld the 11a111e.
18. All., th e Story o f th e Monkey's using the cat's pa w to poke the
ehes t11nts fr o m th e lire. 19. All., l\fattlie w, xxv. 15. JO. 1\.liltou's
th e A reopagit ica - all. , .Judges, xvi. la et seq. 21. All., th e Story
o f the Old Man's urin gin g the b oys d own fro m his fruit-tree.
22 . Whitti er's S1ww-Bou111l- all., Ge nesis, xxii. 13. 23. Lowe ll 's
essay, Aly Ga rd. A C'f· - all., character in J\1arti11 C lw::.zle wit.
Lesson 50.-I. l\lilt.on's Paradise Lost, Book lX. 7 82. 2. Co llius"s Ode on th e Passions. 3. Rici.an] ] fl., I. i. D. 4. l\lilto n's
ll!J mn on th e Nativity. 5. C. Farqul1 a r. 6. Gray 's L'legy. 7. Richan! i 11., V . ii. '..!;J.
9. P ope's E ssa!! on J\frrn, Epistle ii. :! 11.
10. fly11m 0 11 th e N ativity.
11. T e n11yso n's C l1arye t!( th e Liy!tt
lJriywfe. 12. Colto11's L ertp f or Life. 13. Ju lius C a'sar, I 11. ii.
2:!fJ. 14 and 15. Vi.;ion of :iir Lattn.fal, l'relutfo T.
16. i\lilt n11's
L'Allegro. 17. J\ fo c/Jeth, l. v. 51. 18. l'arrulise Lv.<t, Buok IX. (il:I.
20. llalleck's Jlfarco B o::.::.aris. 21. 'Ve bste r 's o rati o11 upo11 th e
Lives wul S ervices o.f John Adams and 'J'/wmus J~/} erso n, iu Hi:.W.
24. Hyuw on tlte Nativity.
Lesson 51. - 1. Spartacus' 'To th e Roman E nrnys.
2. l\Taca ulay's Ballle 1if i vr71. 3. Collins's Ode on the Pa ssions. 4. Lo11 g fello w's L a u11chi11y of th e Ship. 5. lfall eck's J\Iarcu B o::za ris. 6. J\. i11g
L ear, Ilf. ii. l. 7. T. Parker. 8. J/enry i V., l'art ll., JII. i. [i .
9. Drake's T!t e A 111 erican Flay. 11 . Alar1·0 /fo::.::.aris.
Lesson 52 . - I. L o we ll 's Pssa y , Cw·l!tle. 2 . .·1!ll11crrt1, Pape r VI If.
3. Earle's Pliiloloy!J. 4. T y ll(lall 's essay, ltwlia1io11 , i11 Fnr9me11t.• of
S cience. 5. A11011 y mo11s. 6.· Sa1nuel John so n, sai<l of l.ord C h e~­
t e rfi elJ. 9. Autocrat, !'ape r XI. 10. I'ur(l(/i.; e L ost, Boo k l. 2 6:1.
11. 1\Iacaulay 's essay, J:onl Baco n.
12. Burk e, n Jl. iii. p. ~2-1.
13. Iladley's Pr~(ace to W ebstei"s Dictiona1·y. 14. P ope's E ssn.'I nn.
Criti<-i.<m, 625. 15. 1\facanlay's Speech. on th e R Pfonn !3il1, i11 JS:) !.
17. Autocrat, Paper IT. 18. Professor Phelps's English St!fle i11
Public Di., co urse , Leet. TIT.

Lesson 55. - I. J\f.t ,./, et!t, TIT. ii . 'IG. 3. EvcrPt.t's ornt ion , T/11•
!hes of Astm110111y. 6. l .11111/011 ,.I t!o .< . 7. As You T:i!.- P Tt, TT. \" ii.
11·1. 8. JU erchcrn/ <~( l'e 11ia , I. i. l l i:i. Q. A 11f1J1"rul, l'aper I\".

326

1~u111111ary

Productions.

11. Peter Bayne's essay, A lji·ed T e1rn!J.<011, i11 I>sou11s ji'om 1ll9
12 . .l\latter, iu Lord Cluitltatn's Speech agui11ot E'll!p/o,ying

JJ1a~ters .

India/ls i11 1Var, in liii. I3· Baco u 's essay, Of E111•y. 14. Arito11y
and Cleoput rn, 11. ii. 1S!I .
I5· .l\lacanlay 's es~ay, Lord Bacon.
I7· Macaulay 's es ~ay, IVulpole':; L ellers.
I9- .l\ l atter, in Lowell's
A Good 1Vord fur 1Vi11 ter. 20. OrerLu1fs A Fair a .. d Happy
Alilkmaid. 2I. Ode 011 the Pa:;siu11s.
24. Substance, iu A utocm'f,
J'aper l. 25. Julius C(esar, IV. iii. '.?lti. 27. Golds111ith's Deserted
Vi/luge, I. 2-18. 29. Carlyle's Sur/or R esartu.<, chap. iii.
Lesson 56.-2. " 'onls\\'ortli's 011tlie l'n1cerofSound. 3. Eme rso u's Ode to C li a1111i ug-. 4. A 11/ucrat, Pape r V I. 5 . .l\l'Donald
Clark e. 6. Julius Cwsar, IV. iii.·!!!. 7. Lowe ll's essay, Chaucer.
9. Bay 11 c's A(fretl 'l'e11 11!/so11. IO. E. I'. " ' l1ippl e's e~say, (.'enius
an,/ 'J'ale 11t.
I2. 'Vo nls\\' ortlt.
I4- Lo\\'ell 's Cltawer.
15. AlluI7 a11<l 18. L o u~fe ll ow's l\u('(mayh.
sio11, .l\laltl111w, xiii.:!;) el seq.
I9· A 11to11y awl Cleopatra, II I. vii. GJ. 23 and 25. Ka vanagh.

26. Cymheli11e, I!L vi.
Lesson 72. - I . .l\f a~ so n's l nt1·o!luctio11 to Paradise Lost. 2. Long·
fellow's JJirds of Killi11 y1c(>r/h. 4. l\!acanlay's essay, Milto11. 5. Coriolamis, 111. iii. l lfl . 6. L o well's Cl1 cwcer. 7. Slielley's The Cloud.
8. Lougfoll ow's Paul R ecere. 9. Irving's R1jJ Van Winkle, in
Sketch Bonk. IO. Ode 011 the Pas.<iuns. 11. Vision of Sii· Laun/al,
1';1rt TL
12. 1-:Y<'re tt,'s Our !:1,hiti,,11.< t11 I::11ylr1111l.
IS- Bryant's
f ,'/adll t!SS 1~/ 1V11t11n'.
16. ( '11rt.i~·s ( htl' < 'ousiH tlu: ( '11rate, i11 ]~rue
u111l I. I7- L:111d u1"s I 11111!;i11w·y ( '011cer.<(ltio11s - .1!.sup and Rlwdope.
Lesson 73. - I . C:u11pl"·ll's T. onl Ulli11's lJuuyliter. 2. Matthew,
vii. :!.7. 3. \\" onb\\·o rtli '.-; lnti11111tions of l111mvrlality. 4. King L ear,
11 L ii. (i. 5. Ode on th e P 11ssio11s. 6. De (inin cey. 7. Hy11m 011
th e JVatiuit?/· 8 aud 9. Th e T empe.</, TV. i. 17!) aucl 151. IO. Hamlet,
T. iv. 48. II. " 'orc lsworll1's ! 11ti111fltions ().! ]111111 vrtality. 12 . Pope's
F:s.•ny 011 ('ritil'ism, !108. I3- Trvin g:'s Th e Lef!end of Sleepy llollow,
in Sketch flnr,A-. I4· ".\la ~a nlay's l11rd N11yenl's A.fem()rials of Hampd en . 15. h11(/(1i11r11'.'f Cn11r er.<alirn1s-./Esnp and R!todope, 2d conversation.
I6. 1>e Qui11<'ey's 1','11 r1li.<!t .l/">1il Coach- Th e Vis-ion of
Swlifrn. Dr•oth. 17. f'11rti~'s 0•11' JJesl Society, in Potipltar Papers.
18. ,Jcre 111y Tay lu r°> 011 />rnyer.

SU~IMAllY

o/ Rt1 le.~.

OF lWLES .FIJ I{ CAPITAL LETTI·: Jts AN !>
l'UNCT U ATIUN.

Capital Leffers. - The first wonl of (l) a sentener, of
(:!) a line of poetry, of (:~) a Jirect lpwtaiiun u1akin 0
<·ornpl ete sense or a direct <Jll estion introduct!tl into a St~ ll­
tenct', a11tl of ( -l) p!trases or clauses separately nu1nl1ere<l
or paragraplt etl s!tuulJ l.Jegin with a capital le tter. Begin
with a. capital l etter (Fi) proper n ames (ineluLling all 11a m<· S
of the D e ity), an<l wonb tle riv e<l from them, (fi) n:unes of
t!tings vivitlly pcrsonilit'd, an<l (7) most n.ul1reviatio11s.
Write in capital l< ·ttr rs (S) t!t e worJs I and U, antl (\l)
11umbe rs in the nontall i10tatiu11 . 1
Interrogation Point. -A <lirect inte rrogative scntenee or
chtuse shoultl Le follow ed by an inte rrogation point.
Exclamation Point. -An ex clamatory expression should
be followed by an exclamation point.
Comma.- Set off Ly the comma (1) a phrase that is
plaeed out of its n atnral order antl made emphatic, or t l1 at
is loosely co nnected with tl 1e rl'st of t he sent<:n ee ; ('.!) a11
ex plan atory rn o 1lilir~ r wltich clcH's 11ot rL·strid the 1111 )(lili .. cl
kn11 Cll' <-.ond>i11u 1-.l11s1 •ly 11·itl1 it; (:i) a partic·ipl<: 11 s1·d as
an adject ive l!lll(lilic ·r, wit.It t.111 : words l)('l1111gi11g io it,
1111less restri1:tive; (-1) t.li e adjc :dive <:la11sc wht:11 11 ot n :strieti ve ; (!i) the ad verb cbu se1 u11 less it clu:wly fol lows
a nd rest ri cts the word it motlihes; ( u) a wort! or phra~e
indepentleut or n early so; (7) a <lirec t quotation making
compl ete sense and introdu ced into a sentence, unless it is
f ormcilly intro<l uced or is a noun clause u sed as su bjt'Ct;
(8) a noun clause u sed as an attribute complement; and
- - - · - - - - - - - - - - ·------- - -1 S111all lc·t.t l'l'S ;u·n prd1·rrc·d wlit•re 1111111<·rn11s
Lt..:rs, et.e., ar1 ~ Blad e.

rden·111·e~

lo ch:q>-

328

P!'oductions.

( ~J) a t e rm co1111 c ctcd to a11otlie r Ly ur all(l having the sa me
lllC <Uli11g. :::ie parnte by tli c co mm a ( lU) connec t ed words
<Lilli pl1ra:;c:;, u11k :;s all _Llt c co11ju11ctio 11 s are expressed i
( 11) cu1111 ccte1l pretli cat1· s a11tl o th e r phr;~scs , wh en long or
diffe r e ntl y rn u dit-it> tl , tl1 uu g h 110 co 11j11n ction is omitted; and
( I~) cu-u nli11atc <.:l a.u ses wh en sl 10 r t :iml closely connected.
Use th e c o111111a ( t::) t " <l1 ·1111 t(' a n o mi s~ i u n of wo rd s ; (14 )
afte r as, 11wn ely, Tiz., l o u:it, that iii, i11 t r oducing examples or
iilustrat iu11s ; a11 Ll (li:i) wlH.:n c ver i t will pre ve nt ambiguity
or m a k e th e m ea11i11 g d eare r.
Semicolon. - Co-u r Llin ate clau ses, ( 1) wh en sli ghtly conn ected , o r ('.!) wli r n t l1 C" 111sp] ves di v itled by the comma,
sh o uld Le ""l'aratr1l Ly t l1 1· se 111i eolu11. U se th e se micolon
('~ ) l>e tw1·e 11 se rial pl1ras1·s o r ch u ses h av in g a common
1lc pe 1Hle n c,: 011 ~o m et lti11;..: wlii e h Jll'L'Ced e s o r follows; allll
(.+) befo r !' as, tn 11·it , ?:iz., 11111111'/?f· i. e., and that 'is, whe n they
i11 t ru\lt u:1: 1·x ;1111 pl1·s u r illust rat iu11s.
Period. - l 'hce a p e ri od afte r ( 1) a <l cclarative or an impe rativ e se 11te n ce, ( '.! )a n :1bli rc Yi at in n , (:i) ; b number written
in th e l t om a n u o tat io n, and (·t) Aralii c l-igures used to
e num e r ate .
Colon. -L'~e t h e \'U]P n ( 1) hehvee n t he pa rt:; of a senLt 'll L'e \\'lt1·11 t lH·se p:t r ts ;1n · t. lwu1s1·l \'l·:s divid ed by th e se micnl o 11 , a nd ('.!) l1l' f'orn ;1 '!t1otatio11 or au ~·. uuu11, n1.tion of
p:uti1 ·11 hrs \\' l1t·11 j(ir111nll11 i 11 trrnlu rl' d.
Dash. - Us\' t.li e <las h '''l1<' I'" t. l> 1• r n is a n om iss ion (1) of
k tt1•rs o r ti g un•s, :u1d ( '.! ) " [' us, u11111 cl!/, v iz., 'i.e. , or tlwt i:s,
i11trndue i11 g illu s trati u u s o r ec1ui val e nt e xpressio ns. Us e
t lt C\ 1lasl1 (0) wlwrc tlt•~ Sf' ntf' ll f' f' lin~ : 1l< 1< off ahrnptly, a nd
th e sa,m e tli o ngltt is r c·s u111 t <l a ft1•r a slight sus p ension, or
a notlwr takt•s i t s pla f' f' ; :rntl (- 1) befo re a w o rd or phrase
rr·p1·a t P1 l at in tP n ·;1l ,; f(l r 1· m l' !i ;1s is. 'I'll<" ctn.s h rn ny lw. nsNl
(;'i) in s t ead o f rn a.rks of 11:1n·11 t.h<'sis, an 1l (Ci) m ay foll o w
ut.h1·r 111ark s, addlll g t u t hPir fon· 1'.

Marks of Parenthesis. - 1\larks ur parc 11tl11"SIS ll L '.I' lll'
u sed t u lll cl vse w kLt has IIU esse 11ti; tl l'u1111 cet iu11 \\1tl1 tl w
l'l' ~ r. 11f tl1r~ F> \~ n t. 1 · 1H'f-' .
Apostrophe. - Use tlne apos trupl11· (1) t.1 mark 111" 0 111i.-< s iu11 u l' l ette rs , ( '.! ) i11 tlt e 1•l11rali zin c: o f lette rs . li f!u n ·s. a11d
c lt ;Lr:wte rs, a11J ( 3 ) to cli sti1q;uish th e pussl's s 1ve l'n1111 11tll!'r
Hyphen. - Use th e h y ph c ll (I) ])e t 11·cc· n tl1l' J> art.s ,,f 1· ,,111po11111l wurtl:; that l1ave 11 ut Lceom e eu11s ulida tc· d , a m l ( ~ .1
be t\\'t' t' ll sy llabh-s wl1 e 11 a wor•l is di v i<l P1l.
Quotation Marks. - li s " 1111ut a t io ll 111ark s t 11 i111 ·lusv :L
eo pi c 1l wo rJ o r passage.
.if tl1 e · q u vt:1tiun " l 1 1il~111 1 s a
111wtat iu11. t l1 e la tte r is i11 cl uSL'll w ilh in s i11 g ]1_• 111:1rb' .'
Brackets . - 1:sp l1r a(· \;..t s t o i11 1·l nsr> \\' h:it. in '!nntill'_.:
a11otlll'r' s wo rd s , y 111l i11 ~ ,·rt by wa.y ut L'X t•Lt11 ;ti.111n 11r
co rrecti o n.
]'){()(JF-HEAJJEl{'S

MAIU\~.

( Frn1u \\' t.:Ls tc r' H lul e r uu tiuu:d lJ it.:liuu a. ry . )

8
<J
11

( L. d e li~ I 1J1•l1•, ur l Jcldc ; LLkt'. u ll l. u r eX j>llllC:c.
'l'urll a n·v1·r s1·d i» t.1.>'r.
A s p a1;l', or 111ore " l'a t' l' , l1«t\\'t'l'It \\'Ur tls, l1· f l» rs . "I'
1int'S.
111·

L u ;· J
D
r-i

T,1·s s sp:LU', or 110 Si>;lCt', lwt\\'l'l'll \\'( 1rtl s 11r ]dh ·1· ,"
Carry a wo rd fartl1 e r to the le ft or to th e right.

TIH1 <" nt.
El1 •v at<" a h •tt.. ·r. wur1l, ''r 1·l1:n:wt.er ll1at is s 1111k 11..-],, w

tlw 1'1'"\'' 'I' 11·\'l•l.
1 If, \\' itl1i1t th e qn11 tati1 in haYi11;..:;
ti 11J1 is 111 a d 1·,

tli e d u11 l 1!1- 111; Lr k ....,

s i11~k 111;trk s ,

; 1rt · ;1 ,:..:.:t i11 11.-., 1· 11.

::;L ill :u111Ll1 c r 11t111 ta-

I'rodu c t~ons .

S30
'--'

~

x
[
-

ii
-

-

w.f

:-;i 11 k :t kttt'l', wonl, or cl1:tracter raised above the
proper level.
Shows that ~t portion of a pn.ragraph projects laterally
bcyon<l t he rest.
Directs atteution to a quadrat or space which imprope rly appears.
Di r('etS attenti on to :t broken or imperfect type.
Bri ni; a word or words to t he beginning of a line.
J'ri 11 t as a cliph t ho11g, li gature, or siugle character.
!';traightcn crooked lines.
1\lake a new paragraph.
Put in ltalit'.; ahv, thangc according to the mark in
the margin , as from Italic to H,ornan, or from llo111:w to H :tl i C'..
J'ut in ~ m : tll Capi tals.
l'ut i11 Capital s.
Jt es ton: worils that have been crosseJ out-stet being
us11ally written in the margin.
' Vrong font;- used when a character is of a wrong
size or style.

tr.

'l' r :w~ pose.

l. c.

J,owm c:1sc ; t hat is, put in smn.11, or common, letters
:t

wunl or letter printed in Capitals or small Cap·

ital:-;.
s. caps. l'ut in small Ca.pitals.
l2u . or Qy. Que ry : Ts this ri ght?
uul, s.c.

Words om itted, see copy.

33 1

Proof-Reader's .Maries.
Legend of C«:dmon/.

~· ~

/)./\There was in thef monastery of Whit· ·
by, 9-.er which presided the Abbess S.to;w.
S.COJW· Hilda ,..a certain brother who had ft.a4 ~
# learned th~art of poetry, not from
men, but from Go_E.; for havpng 9> ~
lived in a secular !:!a bit till he was--!!!. ..o-.

0

/ll"/

oS\

.../!/

we~advanced in years he had never]

]

. ~> lea'.n ed anythin$" of versifying; for

which reaso n; being -sometimes at enX

tertainments,~ it was a reed for -cf~
the S_!ke of mirth that prese nt all ,,£;.v.

J.da..v>
. in
..__., should si~g,

J-

.
turn s, when he
saw the instrument come towa rd him,
he rose up from ~ tabl e• a nd re .!..- - /

......

turn~d ~Orne.

their

~

/\

c.Wn.ej

HavingL ~so at a L
L.__..J
certam time and gone out of the h ouse"
where the entertainment was/\ to the
~. ~ ~le/ where he h!!d to t a ke care o {
,./Jlthe horses ~ he therecomposed #
/'
,-..
/\
I\
0 0 him3elf to rest/\...)
<in his to him, and saluting him,
/':,A. ,.....
•
···-r· ~ sa1'd , " £~ d mon/\ smg
some song to

£n.y
-V

AV/

0

me~ He answered~! cannot sing, for

that was the reason wl>y I left the en•
tertain!!!ent.v
Eccl. Hist

x
'\1-

.PM Q

~faZ/~~

.Abbreviatfons.

ABB RE VIA '!'IONS.

Remarks. - Few nhhrevintions are allowable in ordinary composition.
They arc ve ry co 11 ve11ie 11t i11 writi11g lists of articles, in scientific works ,
and whel'c ver ct~ rtain terms frequently occur.
Titles prefixed to proper 11ames arc generally abbreviated, except In
addrnssi11g :111 ollh·.e r of hi g h rnulc Titles t hat immediately !ollow namee
are a lmost always abbreviated .
N arn es of wom e11 are 11ot generally abbreviated except by Ulllng an
initial for 011e of two Chrh;tian 11ames.
Abbreviations that shorten 011l y by one letter are unneceRsary; M, Jttl.
for" ,July, " .l111J. for" .Joh11," da. for" day," etc.
1st, 'ld, :1<1, 4th , et c., are uot followed by the period. They are no'
treated as al1Ure viatiorn;.
(r1), At.
A. B . o r B. A. (A rti11111 Bncca·

lm1reu-<), l\achelur of Arts.
Acct., acct., or %. Account.
A. D. (A 1111 v ])11111ini), Jn the
year of 011r Lo rd.
Adjt. , Adjutant.
.lEt. o r ret. (1ctatis), Of age, aged.
Ala., Alaba1111i.
Alex., A lexa11der.
A . M. o r M . A . (Artium Jlfagister), l\laster of Arts.
A . M. (wile 111aidiem ), Before
110011.
Amt. , A111ount.
And. , A111lrew.
Anon., ,\ 11011y 111ous.
Ans ., A H S \\' t~ r.

Anth., A11thuny.

Apr., April.
Arch., Archibald.
Ark., Arkansas.
Arizona or Ariz., Arizona Territory.
Atty., Attorney.
Atty .-Gen., Attorney-General.
Aug., August; Augustus .
Av. or Ave., Avenue.
Avoir., Avoirdupois.
Bart., Baronet.
bbl., Barrel. bbls., Barrels.
B. C., Before Christ.
Benj., Benjamin.
Brig.-Gen., Brigadier-General.
B. S., Bachelor of Science.
bush., liushel.
1' or ct., Cent. cts., Cents.
Cal., Californit1.
3a2

Cap., Capital. Caps., Capitals.
Capt., Captain.
C. E., Civil Enginee r.
cf. ( co1\{er), Compare.
Chas., Charles.
Chron., Chron icles.
Co., Cornpany; County.
c/o, I 11 care of.
C. 0 . D., Collect on delivery.
Col., Colo11 el; Colossians.
Coll., College ; Collector.
Conn., Connecticut.
Colo. or Col., Colorado.
Cr., Credit; Creditor.
cub. ft., Cubic fe et.
cub. in., Cubic inches.
cwt., Hundred-weight.
d ., Day ; P ence.
Dak., Dakota Territory.
Danl. oi· Dan., Daniel.
D. C ., District of Col11 111li ia.
D. C . L. , lludor of C ivil Law.
D . D. (1Ji vi1litatis D octor) , Docto r of Divinity.
D. D . S., Doctor of Dental ~11rgery.
Dec., December.
Del., Delaware.
Deut., De uteronomy.
D. G . ( Dei gratia ), By the grace
of God .
Dist.-Atty., District-Attorn ey.
D. M., Doctor of 1\1 u~ i c.
do. (ditto), The same.
doz., Doz<' tl.
Dr., Dortor ; D eht.nr.
D . V. ( D eo rn/n; ff' ), (;,)(] \\"illi11g.
E., East.

333

Eben., El>enezer.
Eccl., E cclesiastes.
Ed., Edition; Editor.
Edm., Edmund.
Edw., Edward.
e.g.(exempli grat ia ), F or ex amp IP.
E. N . E., East"northeast.
Eng., Engli:;h; E ng land.
Eph., Ephesians; Epltrai111.
E . S . E., East-southeast.
Esq., E squire.
et al. (et ali!Ji), And elsewhere.
et al. ( et a/ii), And others.
et seq. (et sequentia), And the
follO\ring.
etc . or &c. ( et cretera ), A ttd
otlters; Allfl so fort h.
Ex., Example ; Exod us.
Ez., Ezra.
Ezek., Ezeki el.
Fahr. o r F ., Fahrenh eit (t l1 Pr·
rno1111Jter).
Feb., F e bruary.
Fla., Florida.
Fr., French; Fr:w ce.
Frau.,

Franci~.

Fred., Frederic.
Fri., Friday.
ft., Foot ; Feet.
Ft., F ort.
fur., Furlong.
Ga., Georgia.
Gal., Galatians.
gal., Gallons.
Gen., General; Genesis.
Geo., George ; Ge org ia.
Gov., G overnor.
gr., (;raiu; Crain ,;,

334

A librev fotions.

h ., H ou r; ll o urs.
H ab., l lahaklrnk.
Ha g., llaggai.
H. B . M ., I I is ( <1r l kr) B ri tan11 ic J\laj•·sty.
hdkf. , I I an <l kerchi ef.
Heb., ll cbrews.
H . H ., II is I l o li11 es~ ( lhC' l'ope).
hhd ., l l ogs hea1l; l logshe:11ls.
H . M ., lli s (or H er) J\laj esty.
Hon., J [onorable.
Hos., Il osea.
H . R. H ., ll is (or Iler) R oyal
JI igllll CSs.
ib . or ibid. (i/,i,fe111) , In tl1e
sa111e place.
id . (idem) , Th e sa111e.
Idaho or Id. Ter. , ldaho T e rritory.
i.e. (1",/ cs!), Tli :it is.
I . H . S . (./c... us li 11111in111 1L ,i..,'llfrrt tor), J e :-;u:;, il1 e Sa Yiu r o f 111 c u.

Ill., l lli11 ois.
in., l11 <'h; Tn cl1 e.' .
incog. (i11 coy 11 itu), l j11k11 u w11.
Ind ., l 11 di :u1a.
Ind . T ., l11 clian T <•rri to ry.
inst., .l11 sta11t (Ll1e pr1 •se11L
111 0111 h ).
l oW'a 11r lo., To \\':t.
I . 0 . 0 . F ., l11d epe111le 11t Order
of Odd l·\· ll uws.
I sa ., Isai ah.
J ae ., J:u· uh.
J a n .. J :11111:u·y.
J as .. ,Ja111 •·;;.
J e r ., .J .. r1·111i:1li .
J o n a. , .ln1 1al l1 a11.

Jos., J oseph.
Josh., .Joshua.
Jr. or Jun., Junior.
Judg., Judges.
Kans. or Kan. , K an sas.
Ky., K entucky.
1., L ine ; 11., L ines.
l. or £ , Pound sterling.
L a., L ouisiana.
L am., Lamentations.
L ., L::1ti n.
lb. o r lb. ( Libra), A. pound in
weigh t.
1. c ., Lower c::1se (small letter).
Lev ., Leviticus.
L. I., Long Islan d.
Lie ut., Lieutenant.
LL. B. (L egum Baccala1.1reu.1) ,
l3achelor of L::1ws.
LL. D . ( Legum Doctor), Doctor
of Laws.
M . o r Mons., l\1onsieur.
M . (mer idie.•), N oon.
m ., l\ Iiles; Minutes.
Mad., 1\ ladam. Mme., Madame.
M a j., Major.
M a l., l\falachi.
M ar. , March.
M ass., 1\1,lf;sachusetts.
Matt., l\ latt,hew.
M . C., 1\Iember of Congress.
M . D . ( M erlicince D oclor), Doctor of l\ leJici11 e.
Md ., Maryland.
mdse., Merchand ise.
M e., Ma in e.
M e m., l\ le 111 orn11drnn; Memor:u1da.

Abln·ev ial'ions.
M essrs., Mess ieurs.
Mic., l\1 icah.
M gr. 1 l\1011 seigneur.
Mich., l\licl1 igan; Michael.
Minn ., l\I inne8o ta.
Miss., l\1iss issippi.
Mlle., l\ l a<le rn oiselle.
Mmes ., 1\[esda111 es.
Mo ., Misso uri.
mo., l\ lo nt h. mos., M onth s.
Mon., l\louday.
M . P ., l\!e111 ber of I'arliament.
Mont. or M . Ter., Monta na
T erri to ry.
Mr., M iste r.
Mrs., Mistress
(pronoun ced
l\!issis).
MS ., l\lam1script.
MSS ., l\fa1111scripts.
Mt., l\[ou11tain .
N ., North.
N . A ., N ol'th Am eri ca.
Nath ., Nat haniel.
N. B. (110/n. /;ene), l\Jark well.
N . C., Nu rLh Caroli11a.
N . E ., N e w E11 g la11d .
N . E ., Northeast.
Nebr. or Neb., N ebraska.
N eh., Nehemiah.
Nev., Nev.ada.
N. H., .Ne w Hampshire.
N . J ., N ew J ersey.
N . Mex. or N. M., New l\.l exi co.
N . N. E ., N or t h-n ortheast.
N . N . W ., N or t h-ll orthwes t.
N. 0 ., XPw Orl •·:w s.
N o. (111u11 ero), N'11 111hc r.
Nov. , I\' ove 111l 1P. r.

N . W ., No rthwest.
N . Y., New York.
Obad., Obadiah.
Oat., October.
Ohio or 0., Ohio.
Oreg. o r Or., Oregon.
Oxon. ( O.i:onia), Oxford.
oz., 01111 ce ; Ounces.
p ., Page. pp., P ages.
Pa. or Penn. , P enn sylvania.
Payt. or payt., Pay lllent.
per cent or per ct. (perce11tra11 )
or o/"' By the lrumlred.
Ph. D . (Philosophice D octor) ,
D octor o[ I'hilosoph y.
Phil., Philip; P hi lippians.
Phila., P hiladelph ia.
pk., P eck. pks., l'e.:ks.
P. M., Po~trnasle r.
P . M. or p . m . (7,osl 111eri1/iem),
Aftern oon.
P. 0., Post-Ofti ce.
Pres., President.
Prof., ProfeHsor.
Pro tern. (pro /e1111u1re), For U1 e
ti111 e bein g .
Prov., l 'rove rus.
prox. (pro xiuw), The 11ext
111 0 11!,h .

P . S ., Postscr·ipt.
Ps., P salm; !'~a lm s.
pt., Pint.
pwt. , Pe nnyw e i gl1 t.~.
qt., Quart . qts., Qnart s.
q . v . (f'JttOd virle), ' Vhi ch see.
Qy., qu ery.
rd ., 1{0118.
R ecd. , H ec t ~ i,·1 ·11.

,.,I

336

Abbreviations.

Rev. , Rev ere nd; l{evelation.
R . I. , Rh ode I sland .
Robt., i{oLer t.
Rom ., Ron1an s (l3ook of); Roma11 l e tte r~.
R. R ., l{ail road.
R . S. V . P . ( R 1·j 1011rlez s'il 1·m1s
plait ), A11 swer, if yo u please.
Rt. Hon., Ri g ht Il onorabl e.
Rt. Rev., Right l{everend.
S., So uth.
s ., Sh illin g.
S . A ., So uth America.
Saml. or Sam., Samuel.
Sat., Saturday.
S. C., So u th Ca roli1rn.
S. E. , Southeast.
Sec., Sec reta ry.
sec., Seco nd.
Sep. or Sept., September.
Sol., Sol o!llon.
sq. ft ., Square fe et.
sq. in., Square in ches.
sq. m., Square mil es.
S. S . E ., Sout h-so uth east.
S . S . W ., South-southw est.
St., Street; Sa iut.
S . T . D. (Sa cra; Tlt eologia; D octor), Doc tor of Divinity.
Sun., Sunday.
Supt., S11perin tende11t.
S . W ., So uthwes t.
T., T o n; Tun.
Tenn., T cn11essee.
Tex., T e xas.
Theo., TllPodorP.
Theoph ., Tl1Po phil11 ~ .

Thess., Thessalo11i:111s.
Thos., Tho rnas.
Thure., ThurR<lay.
Tim., Timothy.
tr., Tra11s pose.
Treas., Treas11rer.
Tues ., T uesday .
ult. (ultim o), Last- last 111 ontl 1.
U.S . or U . S . A ., U11ite<l Stat,,,;
of Arnerica; Uuite<l States
Arm y.
U. S. M ., United States Mail.
U. S. N ., U11ited States Navy.
Utah or U. Ter., Utah Territory.
Va., Virgi11ia.
Vice.-Pres., "'Vice-Pres ident.
viz. ( videlicet), T o wit, 11a111 ely.
vol., Volullle . vols., Volum e!l.
vs. (versus), Aga in st.
, Vt., Ve nn ont.
W ., ·w es t.
Wash. or W . Ter., 'Vashin gto11
T erritory.
Wed., ' Vednesday.
Wis., Wisco11si11.
wk., 'Veek.
Wm., Wi lliam.
W . N. W ., ' Vest-northwest .
W . S . W., W es t-s o 11th w e~ t.
W . Va., W est Vi1·gini a.
Wyo. or Wy. Ter., Wyomiu i:
T erritory.
Xmas., Christmas.
yd., Yard. yds., Yards.
y. or yr., Year.
Zech ., Zechariah.
& Co., And Company.

SUBJECTS FOR THEMES.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Style in Writing.
Politics anJ Statesman ship.
Our Euvironllleuts.
Cheerfulness as a Duty.
5. l\lother-wit and Book-learnin g.
G. An OJJ .. fashioneJ Cornhu ski11 g .
7. Capital a nd Lalwr.
8. Law and Tyranny.
0. Li berty aud Anarchy.
lll. Ca11t and Si nccrit.y.
11. A ffr ctati ou and N atural ncss.
l:!. Cana l t.hrou g h the htlllnlls
of Pauam a .
1:3. Steam as a J\ lotive Po wer.
1'1. Power of Kindness .
I Ci. foflu e11 ce of Poetry.
16. Heverence.
17. The Forrnation of Character.
18. Self-control is True Freedom.
lfl. Con fusion and Onler.
20. My Experience m Gardenin g.
21. Fashionable Follies.
22. Winter Eve nings.
28. A Flnocl .
2·1. A Picni c.
2C•. T!i e A rt of rrinti11 j:i.

2G. Wik! Flowers.
27. Kiu dn ess to Animals.
2~. My IJeas of a N oule Character.
20. An Instance of True Courage.
30. A Presidential Cam pai g n.
'31. Lillli ted a11d Uu ive rsal Suffrage.
32. Sho uld Educatio n be Compulsory?
:1:1. Should Capi tal Punishn1ent
Le A Lo i ished '/
:H. Was the Exec uti o n of A1ulrc
Uujust?
35. The Chil<l is Father of the
l\fa11.
:1G. The P e n is Mi ghti er than
th e Sword .
:17. L ook be fore you ere you
leap.
38. Bette r to ' Vear out than to
Rust out.
30. Pluck.
40. School Frienrl sll ips.
11. \\1 he11 rny Ship Conics in.
42. Auci c nt ant i J\ lodcru \\' a. r·
far e.
4:1. Th f' View fro m my \Vi11dow.

'1'1. ! ·J o me~ '.'.' it!1011!. !b nd ~ .
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Hr1di.;e.

<Ill

t~~ · adi11_~ .

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:-. , ·,- . c ·,,ll \-i, ·1 L:tll( ·r .

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l~ : lit1y ~ : 1t 11ril:1y

liti. Cl1ar l1· .-..

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I

The Liquor

110. /\ !lll0X;lt i0 n

l r ( 1p1· r!y :1 11 1 l-:1! 11>!i :t l
\;, . .._1 r it·t i1 111-., lw

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107. G li u~L SLvry.
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340

Suujccts for Themes.

17'2. Th e Evolution of a Political Party.
173. Il as the l\laximum Speed
of Steam V essels been
R eached?
17-1. Ti<le l\fotors.
175. D oes Advertising Pay?
176. Shou ld the l\I etric System
Le Adopted in th e U nited
States.
177. Cam paig n Stories.
178. Mode rn llletho<l s of B enevo le11 ce.
179. Ilahits of E cono my.
180. E vils of Immigration.
18 1. 1~n g li sh Ideas of Am erica.
182. P e rsec ution s of the J e ws.
183. Prog ress in H ousehold A rt.
18.J.. Battle of th e Boyne.
185. Th e l'uritan Sabbath.
186. Th e Field of the Cloth of
Gold.
187. Th e Childre n's Crusade.
188. Th e No rthwes t Passage.
1H9. Th e Siege of La l{ocl 1l' ll e.
lDO. Th e Battle of lllu11111 o nth.
1!11. A Spanish Bull-Fight.
Jn:!. Th e Kre mlin of Mosco w.
l!J3. Th e Style of Mac:tulay.
l!J4. The Siege of Luckn ow.
l!J5. Washingto n Irving's Style.
106. The Insularity of Englishm en.
1fl7. Ca mp-fire Stories.
HIS. Th e Use ;me! Abuse of
P a rk s.
lfl!l. An A<lv e nt nre wi t h ""
Ll epl1 il11t,.

200. Rushing the &a.son.
201. The Destructiou of American Forests.
202. Gra n<lrnoth crs.
203. The Boy of the Story llook.
204. Jack and Gill.
205. J\fake Haste S lowly.
206. The Ship of the Desert.
207. Whi skers.
208. Cities of the Dead.
:!O!J. Street Cries.
:!10. Th e W o rld Owes me a
Living.
:!11. C'lea11li11 ess akin to Godliness.
212. Fighting Willllrnills.
21 ~!. Along the Docks.
:!H. A Girl 's Trials.
215. A Spider's W eb.
216. Th e Story of Ruth.
217. A Country Store.
21 8. Autumn's Colors.
210. Th e lllission of Birds.
220. Parasites .
2:.!I. The Schoolmaster in the
"Dese rted Village."
222. A Day on a Trout Stream.
:2:!:J. Of what Use are Flowe rs?
22-L A Desce nt in a Diving-Bell.
22:). A Day o n the Farm.
2'.!G. Thank sgiving Day.
227. A Day at the Fair.
228. The Menage rie.
22!). At the Photographe r's.
:!: \(I. At t he ll! uRe um.
'.!:\ t . ,\ Day Ly Uw Sea.
:.>:\:.!. A 11 ei1•11t a11d i\fodtm1 Mod es
of Trnvej.

Subjects for '11/iernes.
233. ll lud1 Aclo abou t Nothing.
'234. I low [Spend my Saturdays.
235. Caterpillars .
23U. America Two Hundred
Years Ago.
237. America Two Hundred
Years H e nce.
2:!8. The La11 g uage of Anin1 als.
2 ~!U. Aucient and Mo<leru Cust oms.
240. Advertisements.
241. Supe rstitious.
2·1'.2. Economy a11d Pa rsi111ony.
243. Liberality allll l'ro<ligali ty.
2H. Itep utatio11 and Character.
2-15. Th e P ostal Service.
246. A Thousand Years Ago.
247. A Storm at Sea.
248. Courage and T e merity.
2-Hl. Cautio n and Cowardice.
250. The Art of R eacli11g.
251. Sailors.
'252. Spiders.
253. Wit aud Humor.
'254. Recreation.
255. T11flue nce of Climate on
Charact e r.
25U. l\ly Favorite Books.
257. Effects of Stimulants.
258. Advantagesof Compe tition.
25[). Ph ysical and Moral Courage.
2GO. Beauty and Utility.
2G1. A Storm on L a nd.
'262 . Changes of Fashion.
21;:1. P a rty F eeli11 g.
2tH. Adv a nt ages of Self-Reliance.

341

265. Our (;uv enun e11t a11(l the

l11clia11.
26G. Corruption in C ivil Offices.
2G7. Me thod:; of Ve11tilation.

268. Love of Nature.
2GO. " The Pilgrim's Prog ress."
270. Th e llurnbl e Origin of
Great :lll eu.
271. The Power of Ea rl y l rnl'ress iuns.
272. Earnest11css as :w El e111e11t
of su~cess .
27:1. Crit.ici:;111 a11<l l11\' entiu11.
27 -1. ls he Trnl y J:ich who ]), •.
Hires No U1i11 g?
27 5. Shall Cremation Supersede
Burial ?
276. l s Dicke11 s Faithful to Nature '/
277. P uri tan llostilit.y to Art.
27 8. l1 0111e Rule for I re la ud.
270. fa L <tbor a BlesH ing '/
280. Painting in Colorti and m
Words.
281. Cigarettes .
282. I s there a Sea Serpent?
28:\. T\1 e Next Cri His in th e U. S.
281. E11gla1Hl'R Supply of Coal.
285. A J\1a11 without a Country.
286. Signal Lights.
287. Signal Service Reform.
288. My Experience in a J\line.
280. The Futu re of Ireland.
2!JO. Th e Charac t er of Li11 col11.
201. Th e Tnl a ncl Waters o[ the
llniterl St.ates.
202. Th e ,\ 111crica11 .Jury.

342

i:J1t!Jj cct:s fur 1'/leme:.;.

:.i!J3. 1:3ru t us
and
( 'ass i1" Cu111pa red.
2!J-1. The Early Bird Calche8
the 'Vonn.
2!)5. Th e 'Yatched Pot never
Boils .
2DG. Our Alphabet.
2!)7. The N ext Presid ent.
208. Outdoor vs. Gy 11111asium
Ex ercise.
2!J!J. A Roman ce .
300. Th e Bt~ s t l\l ethotl o f Study.
:lol. Tl1e Bes t Existi ng ( ;overn111e11t, and why 't
:~02 . Anarchists.
303. A G eu1n c tri cal Problem.
304. A Good W ay to Spend the
Summer.
305. 'Vho is the Real Coward ?
30G .•Je ws of Fiction.
307. The P oe t a11d the Nati on.
308. Th e Li o n in th e Way .
ilO!J. What they did in the Ark.

:no.

Free Lil1rari es.
311 . Lednre Sy8l c 111.
3 12. L eap Year C nMtom s.
31il. Ex clusion o[ l ' hi11 cse.
31'1. Cranks.
31 5. Does Climate Affect Character?
316. A Stitch in Time Saves
Niu e.
317. Luxury is D estructive of
Liberty.
:11 8. D oes l'ros p,, rit.y Depe nd
upon l\l orality 'l
;IJ!) . A11 Tnfmiated l\loh.
:120. S houhl tl 1e ,Jury Syste m be
Abolished?
321. Th e Story of the ll o ly
Grail.
322. ldi ornatic Style.
3:?:3. DoesAnxie tyShortenLife'l
3'.H . The re is n o New Thing
und er th e Su n.
32;) , Th e Bookish Man.

INDEX.

-

A1l1lrcsscs, 235.
A lleg-uri es , :.!-47 .
A \litera t ion, 1~~ ' 284.
All11sio11s, 1:\.1, 1:15.
Arnhi;!Hity, 'IUl.
Ant i-1·lii11ax, 17:-t
A11t i tht·:"'i s, 1 : ~~1- 141.
Apos tru plu·, Tlw , 1:n , 1:)8.
Apostrnphu, l{nlt·s, :._'() , '!.'!..
Ap 1wal to tJw ·~"' t ·1·li11}.!s , :!.:)8, 2:m.
A r•'llnw11 ts , :.!>._'), ~ : )ti.
Ar~a11ge 1ll l'lll: \Vonl :-1 , Phrases, a11d
Clauses , 11 5-118.

Aut.ohiug raphy, Au, '.!5~.
Jlarliarism, A , H15.
Bio~ raphit.:s, '.!fl~I , :LtiO.

Hra .. k el" , Rui c, :\ti.
H11nl c 11 uf Proof , :t.!9.
Hurkstp1 e, A, 187, l t\K, l!l0-1\~5.
C:csurn., Th e, ~7 : t
C a111phc ll's C a11011s, .10:1'. .~<»:
C:lpital Le t.tc rs, 20, .14 , .U>, ,\_7 .
C lan s~ s , :!ti , '27 , 36.
Adjee t ivc , 2fl, "17, 34 , 35.
Ail verb, 28, 3:l, 34, :1.5.
Complex , 40, 4 l.
Compound, 40 , 41.

.,

Inll epe 11de11t, 26, :JO.
N uu11, :~2-aH.
Climax, 17:l--17!i.

Co uv e rsatio n, 2"27- 229.

Copula , Th e, l!J.
Couple t, :!& I.
Dash, Ru ' ""• :!8, :IH, 4;1.
D e bate s , ~:...hJ-:.! : H.
D es .. riptiou , 7;1, Ht i- 150.
Uialo~ lh..' , 1 8 1 - l ~:L
f)h;, :ot1r~ e, Di v illt·tl , ~24 .

Oral , '!'2:\-:!:\\I.
\\' rit.Lcu, ~:.>~•-~l.
El e~aw :c, l Hti- 204.

El is io 11, :!7-1.
Eu c rgy , 157- 185.
Epi~r:uns , lH!I , 171.
E ssayM , 2ti0, :.!lil.
Ex .. l11111a ti o 11 , l ti l - 18:1.
'Exi ·la.wati cm PPillt, l{ttle , :!O.
Expans ion, 51 - 55 .
Expu.sitiun, 2:!5 , :!:.!t ).

Fabl es, 247 .
Fi('li o n , :!4-1-247.
Fi l-(tircs of Speech , 125-157.

Frnn1cwurk s, 68-75.
Granunar, H, l()(i, 107.

l-larangues, 235 .

Hi s to ries , 24-0- 244.
H omonyms, 188.
Hum or , ll:i!J-1 fl5 .
( ;01011 , }{.11leR, ;{!.) .
Co1nrna, H.ules, 20, 2~, 25, ~8 , 30, Hyvcrhules, Hti.
H.ypli e u, Rules, :tJ.
:\.I, ~\7.
Compariso11, 'l'lte, 125-128.
Compositi on, A , G5.
Compromise , The, 177- 17U.

Cuntractiou, 4:\-51.
l

'

ltl ea s , 18, l!l.
Idiom , Hill--171.
Image ry, l:l4- 157.

343

344
Imager y, Ba,.is of, 124, 125.
Dil<crimiuation or, 150-153.
Interrogation, 181-183.
In terrogati on Point, Rule, 20.
Invention, 17-76.
Irony, 187.
Lectures, 2311.
Letters, 247, 2ll6-21S9.
Letter-Writing, 248-200.
Logic, 12.
M11rk~

Index.

Indc:i:,.

or Par@nth"sis. 4.">.

Ma>1tcry uf tho S ulij11d, ilO.
Memoir, A, 2tllJ.
Metaphor, The. 128-13.3.
Mctnphor8, Faded, 131, 132.
So-called Mixed, 132, 133.
Metonymy, The, 141-143.
Meter, 281-283.
Modifiers, Complex, 24, 25.
Compound, 2"~24.
Simple, 19-22.
Mock-Heroic, The, 188, 194, 195.
Narration, 73, 1511, 156, 242, 243.
Novel, The, 246.
Oration, Tile, 231- 233.

I

Poetry, Style of, '.lfl.5.

Precision, 00, 96-101.
Predicate, The, 19, 161.
PtCHUmption, 230.
Productions, 223-331.
Pronouns, URe o_f, lot , 102.
Proof-Reading, 329--.'l.'ll.
Propriety, !JO-!Jfi.
Proverhs, 169-173.
Puhlicati on, 13, 14.
i Pun, A, 188, l!J0--195.
j Pmwt11atio11, ~ununary of Rules. 326-

I
I
'

:l2'l.

i l'urity, lW.

A , l OG, 107.

222.

Quali ties of, 77-222.
Styles, Names of, 204--206.
Subject , The, rn, 161.
Sul 1j t'l<l~tg, A 11alyKit~ or, ; 2-tu.
~nh~tit 11 t ion, 4;~r.ri.
Rnm niari!'R , 243.
l'y11 ._,.._cJodu•, Th .,, 1-1:1, 144.

Synonyms, 00-HJl.

I

! Quellliou, 34.

I
I

Quotation Marks, 34.
Quotations, 170.
Authorship of, 323--326.

Recollection, 18.

, Hted uudancy, 108-110.
l<; •r11ta t io11, Z:!Q, 231.
Hhetoric, Definit_ion, 11-13.
Usa~e in, 14, 11!.
Value of, 15, 16.
Rhyme, 283, 284.

1

Double, tri1,Je, 283.

1
1

Un.,,'lJ<;I,

Rhythm, 100, 2-0G-279.
ltidlculo, 187, 100-195.
1 Romance, The, 246, 247.

Pur(•hl.,s, 24i.
Parngraphs, 68--08.
Parody, A, 188, 191-194.
Pathos, 100-195.
Sarcasm, 187, 100-195.
P eriod, The, 176-179.
Satire, 1117, 190-lM.
P eriod, Rules, 20, 2.'i.
Scansion, 269, 271-279.
Schemes for Review 715 76 123 156
P e ri<onitlc.'\tlon, 135--137.
1
Perspicuity, 79-123.
I
1ti7 18/i 1<w;'
'M)? ~ '
MIS(',eJlan ooUI! Violations of, 120- Scmiculuu, Rul~"• ~#.
122.
Sentence, The, 11.
Poem, A, 269.
Unity of, 118-120.
•
Sentences, llalanced, 177, 199.
Poetry, 263-323.
Extracts for the Study of, 2%Compl ex, 28-41.
3'23.
Comp•nnd, 36-39.
Feet of, 268-279.
Loose, 176-179.
Form of, 266-286.
Simple , 19-26.
Kinds of, 286-2!».
Serm0t-1s, 236, 237.
Mission of, 263-2611.
Simile, The, 126-128.

I
I

zW
:18.' -- .,

I

s~ 1l ec isrn,

Speeches, 233-236.
Stanza, A, 269.
Spenserian, 284.
8tyle, 77-79.
Extracts for the Study of,

Taste, 203, 204.
Tautology, J{)l;-110.
Theme, The, 6.'l--138.
Thinking, 17-19.
Thought, A, 18, 19.
Travels, 244.
Treatises, :!:~i . 240.
Tropes, 141>, 146.

345

I Va riety, 180-1&5.
Verbosity, 108-110.
Verse, 268.
A, 268.

'lffl-,

Blank, 286, 286.

Vision, 181, 184.

' Wit, 186, 100-100.
Words, Anglo-Saxon
8'.t-811.
11illleult, li.'I, ~Kl.

In English,

Foreig-n, 10:}-10.').

Latin in E11,idhdt, x:~SH.
Natural Order, Hil, lti:l.
New, lOil-100.
Obsolete. 103-JQQ.
OmlMion of, 166-168.
Simple, 80.
8pecific, 158--161.
Too few of, 111-111!.
Transposed Order, 162-166.

Use of, 80-114.
Writing, 13.

