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TALKS ABOUT
COMMON THINGS.

BY

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MacLEOD.

A itthor of JlfacL eod Reproduction Stories, JJ!acLeod Composition
Oatlines, L essons on Common 1l1inerals, etc.

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NEW YORK:
TEACHEH.S PUBLISHCNG COMPANY,
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TALI\S ABOUT
COMMON THINGS.

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BY
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7 MacLEOD.

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A utlwr of JlfacLeod Reproduction Stories, MacLeod Composition
Outline,q, L e.qson,q on Com,mon Minerals, etc.

NEW YORK:
TEACHEltS PUI3LISHCNG COMPANY,
.

18\"ll.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE

COTTON ....... ... .... 1 ··~-

• • •• • • • • •• •• • • • • •• •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • •

7

Wh ore Fonrnl-Appear. '''t ee of Plant-Growth of Pods-Gathering tho
Cotton-'rhe Cotton Gin -Getting Reatly for· the F actoriesMaunfocture of Cotton-Spinuing-wheel-"The J enny "-Spoolthre1u1-The Weaving-Fabrics made of Cotton-Blackboard
Outline.

INTR ODUCTION.

WOOL . .... . .... . . . .......... . ...... .. .. . .............•.. . . 11
The aim o f thi s book is, as th e n am e implies , lo g iv e information abo ut the familiar obj ects a ro und us .

The wo rk is esp e cia ll y

prepared for th e sch ool- room.
As a s u p plemen tary reader it may he placed in th e h a mls o f the
pupil, a nd as a book of refer e n ce for the tea ch e r in preparin g o ral
lesso ns, it will be found app rop ri a te aml us dul.
~

T11E

Copyright ed by the Au tho r, Jan. 189 1.

AUT ll OR.

From What Source Obtained-The First Step-The Washing-The
Shearing-Appearance of Fleece-The Sorting-The Woolcomber-Manufootnre-Yarn and Worsted-The Cloth-Where
Manufactu red-Varieties of Cloth-The Llama-Cashmere Goat
- The Alpaca-The Early History of Wool-Blackboard
Outline.

SILE: . . .... ... .. .. . .......... . ............. . ................ 16
The Silk-worm-Method of Cultivation- - The Cocoons-Dest;oying
the Moths-Kinds of Silken F abrics-Satin-Velvet- GauzeWhere Silk is Produced-Introduction of Worms into EnropeMethod of Batching Eggs-Different Ways of Renting EggsBlackboard Outline.

FLAX ... . .. . ..... ... . .... . . .. . ............................ 21
Tlte Pln.nt-,Vltere Raised-How C1iltivated-How the Flax is Prepared-Mnuufncture-How Linen is U sed-Damask-LawnLiuen Manufacture in Egypt-The Seeds-Blackboard Outline.

LEATHER .. .. ...... .... ... . ... ....... ... ... . ... . .. . . ........ 25
Its Sonrce-Prepamtion-Tnnning th e Hides-Varieties of IJeather
-Morocco L eather-Sh eepskin-Kid-Materials for WritingVellum-Glue-Blackboard Outline.

FURS . ... ....................... . ....... . .................. 29
Source-Preparation of Skins-Uses of Fnr-The Seal-'rhe BeaverThe S able--The Ermin e-The l\forten--The Otter--The Muskrat
-The Fox-Blackboard Outline.

IV

v

TAffLF. OF CONTENTS .

PEPPEH, ..... .......... .• ..... . .. .. . .. ............... ... .. ... GS

FEATHERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :34
Sonrce--Usflfnl Feathers-- J!;i1kr l>111:kH -- J•: i1l1•r Dnclrn i11 T1·Pl:i111l- Swans-tlowu--Ornmn e11Ln l F1•at,hPrR-- '!'l10 OHt.rii:l1-- ~ I aral,011 t
Feathers-- Ospr<'y rtml E gret-- llinl o f l'm"flllisc--H at. D ccorntio nR
-Blnckbourd Outline.

TEA .. .. ........ .. .. . .... . . ........ . ....... ....... . ...... .

\\l()()J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . .•

71

i'lonrce--'.L'ho Oak-Waluut-- l\fohogauy-Rose-wood-l'iue- -1\'Inple
'l'lrn Cliestnut Tree-Euouy-Cetlar-Fnel--Tilackboanl Outline.
a~

Appenmnce of Pl:mt-- How CnHivnt.rnl-Vnridi<'H of 'l'<'a- Ago of a
Pln.utntiou-Prepru:nt.ion of t l1 0 L•':tV<!H- l 1np11 riti m; i11 'J'l'aCousumptiou of 'l'ea-Tert afl rt Dri11k- Effed.s of 'l'oa ])riukiug
- - Tea Drinking iu Chiua- Ti lacklJoar•l Ont li11e.

COFFEE ..... ........ . .. . ... ..... . . .... ....... .. . . ....... .

'l'J.w l'laut- Prevnrntiou- Uses--Effects of Pepper ou the H ealthU11yc11110 Pepper-Early nse of Pepper-lllackbo11rtl Outline.

CO lU\: . . ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

75

'l' ho Cor k 'rroe --Ilow Cork is Procnred-Ilow tho Bark is 'l'rentetlUAei:i of Cork- -Blrtckuoanl Ontliue.

GLASS ................ . ........................... . . . . ... 78
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Growth-Cnltivatiou -T'repamtim.i ~Co fff'o T'n "lncing Co nu t.ri<'RAdulterlttion of c, dl'ee- Use of Coffo1•- Phyi- ic.al Ell'Pets of CoJll.'n

J\fau11faet11re--Glnss Blowing--Killlls of Glnss-Fliut G lass-Plate'
Gln~s- Au11Paliug-Crowu Glass-Bottle Glass-Enamel--History of GlasR-Importauce of Glass-Discovery of G lass-making
- lll ackuonrtl Ontliue.

-Use of L eaves- Story ahont Co ll'ce-Bl:wkhoar•l Ontlinc.

Sl'ONG·E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

CHOCOLATE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Hi

Origi u-Appea.rn.uce--Frurn \VJ.rnt Co untries Obtained-Preparation
fur Use-Uses-TI!ackuounl Outline.

The Cocoa Tree-Tho Frnit-Wlicffe Co<'na (1rowR- --Cnltivn.t.io11 Prepnratiou of S f'P<l R-Chocoln.t.P. rtR :i. ])rink-Other 'V:iyR of
U sing S t'<)<ls--Illackhortnl 011t.li11e.

.L VOttY ....... . .. .........................•...•............ 85

RICE . ........... ... ..... . ... · · ··· ··· · · ··· · ··· ···· ·· ·· ···· -l!l

Plout-,Vh c re Fo111ul- Prnp11r:il.io11 Jor Uso-'l'lic J\ e rnnl s--'1.' h••
Importance of Rico iu Chi11n an<l In1li a-Gu11 crn.l Cnltivat.ion Difficnlti es iu Cultivation-Rice as au Art,iclo of Foo1l-Dlnckboarcl Ontliue.
SALT ................................... .. .............. . · · !i~I
Whero Fouu<l - Ilnw Ohtai11rn1 from \Vntm-Halt-Rpri11 gR-Ralt. in tho
United Stat.nR- Snlt l\iiucx- t'repar:d;i1111 of Hock Halt.- ' l'IH1
Famous l\Iiu e of Polaml - U sm; of f\rilt.- llel igion>1 Tmportm1cn of
Salt-Blnckbonnl Outliue.
SUGAR . .. ............... . ..... ... ....... ·················· !i7
From \Vlmt Obtain cLl-Cnltivnti nn- \Vlll'rn R11 g:11: On.11f'R Cl rmv-Procuriug tho S ngar- '1'110 Jtl'fi11i11 :.; l 'n11'l'HR- iH:1pl1 · R11 g11 rOther Sources of Sngar -MolrtRRCR--UR<'S of f:l11 gnr- Eff«ct, on
H ealth-Blackboanl Ont,liue .

BREAD GRAINS .... ... ..... .. ...... . .. . .. .. . . . ... .
Wheat;-Grmvth-\Vh ent iu Amcrica-Imlia11 Corn-OntR-B:irl cy Rye--Blrtckbonrd Ont,liuc.

CLOVES . ........................................ .. ... ... .
The Tree- Cloves- Uses of Cloves- Oil of Clov<'x-J31nckboanl
Outline.

()]

l~ rom 'Vhat Ro11rce- Apprn1rnu co of Ivory-UtJo of Ivory-Early
1fiRlory of J vnry-V cgetn bl o I vory-13lnckuoan1 Ontliue.

BltICKi:i .. . ........ .. .......... . .. .......... ... ........ ... .

sn

l\fanufactnre-'l'he Kilns-Color of Bricks-'l'erra Cotta-Early History of Brick-Use-lllnckbounl Outline.

INDIA HUBBER ..... . . . ...... .... .. ............. . ......... !J3
:-lu11rce-Ho w Procnretl-Proparntiou for tlie l\iarket--Qunlities of
Hubbt' r- URPB of Caontchonc-Wnterproof Clothing-l\fockiuf;os h es-Vulcau izcll Huuuer-'l'he Hubber 'rree-Illuckboard
O ntline.

'l'ODACCO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 97
Doscri ptiou of Plaut-Cu ltivation-Where Raised-Prepnrotiou for
tho 1\forlwt- 1\IPtl1 mlF1 of Using-Wide-spread Use of T obacco!Jis<'m'!\l'j' b.Y Hpa11ianln- Effccts of Using Tobacco-Cigarettes-No Decrease iu Usc-Blnckuoartl Outline.

p Al'J~R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . .. . • . • . . . . . . . . 101
How 1\I:tllc-Varieties of Paper-Wall-priper-Pnsteboart1-Pnpier111ach1)-Aucie11 t Met.ho1ls of Prtper ]\faking-Chinese PaperUscs of Paper--Tl.Jc Frrr;t Paper 1\Iakers-Blackboard Outline,

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....3.........,_.,....,_..,._._n_~~

Where found. -The co tton plant is cultivated
in almost all warm co untri es. It is found in the reg io n of the Med ite rra nea n Sea, in Europe, Chin a,
India, So uth A m e ri ca and the W es t Indi es, but that
of th e best quality is rai sed in the sout hern portio ns
o f the United States.
Appearance of Plant. -The plant grows to
· our
various h e ig hts in the d ifferent co untries , 111
own coun try be in g from fiv e t o s ix feet hi g h, occas io na ll y reac hing the h e ig ht o f nin e or te n feet.
The seeds are sown in the s prin g -time, in row s
abou t five feet apart, and soo n the small shoots
appear above the ground. The leaves of the plant
are dark gree n , anc:1 ti
l e f1· owers are l arge, and
usu a lly b ri g ht ye ll ow.
Growth of pods.-As eac h flower drops from
the plant, a seed-pod takes its p la.c e.
These pods
are three -sided, a nd a r e abo ut the s ize of a walnut.
vVhen ripe, these pods b urst ope n , s howing the cotto n sto re d within. A fi e ld of cotton in this stage
is remarkably beautiful, the dark, g lossy lea ves,
and s nowy balls of cotton fo rmin g- a decided contra st.

N a me coun trie s which produce cotton.

WI

iere

"best

d

oes

quality

grow?
V.' hat is us ual
height of pla 11 t?
\.Vhen and
how are the
seeds sow n?
Wh at colo r arc
the leaves and
flow ers?
What

shape

are th e pods ?
Where is the
cotton?
How docs it
look?

8

TAI.KS ,\!: OUT COJ\ I J\ I ON T lll N <;S.

Whal is in the
cotton?

Gathering the Cotton -- Now co 111n1 c 1H:cs
th e pro cess o f makin g t he se downy bal ls into usel11l
articles for mankind . The pods a rc g;it hcrcd, ;rnd
' the cotton taken out a nd sp rc;1d u11t to dry in the
"What is done
with the seeds? s un . lt is full o f seeds, ;1nd l.Jcforc it ca n be o f a ny
use, the se mu st be removed. For many years this
was done by h a nd, a nd was a very tiresome proWhat niachine cess.
i s used l or
cleaning cotton?

Who inven ted
it?

Find o ut all
you can abo ut
him.
·

The Cotton Gin. -Now a machine is used,
called a cotton -gin, which was in ven ted by a Con n ec ti cut m an, named Eli Whitney.
The cotto n is
passed betwee n revo lving cy lind er s, which a rc covered "·ith s harp tee th . The se teeth tear the seeds
from the cotto n , a nd leave it so lt and smoo th.
H o rse-power is used lo wo rk the machine and so
·
tune·
~tn c1 s tr e ng t J1 are saved .

Getting ready for the factories.-T~ ·
cotton is pressed into large bundles o r bales, eac h
weighing severa l hun dred po und s, and these bal es .
H o w is th e are sent to the differ e nt fact ories to be m ade into
cotton sent to .
.
l l
the factorie s ?
th e vari o us c o t is we use so co mmonl y.
Manufacture of Cotton. ---Th c manufa ct urin g of raw cotton into c lot h is now done e ntir e ly by
W'hich is done m ac hin ery. The cot lo11 is thorniq.~ hl y c lean ed , ;111d
first, spinn ing th e n is sp un into long, fine thread s.
or weaving?

How
was
spinning done
many years ago?

What was the
"jenny?"

The Spinning-wheel. - - Formerly a sp innin g-w h ee l, s uc h as may often be see n now in cou ntry h ouses, was use d, and in t h is way but 011e
thread co uld be drawn o ut at a ti111e .
More than a hun dred years ago a machine was
in ven ted, by which e ig ht t hreads cou ld be p ro duced at the same time.
The ''Jenny. " - - The people , h owever, wer e
afra id that U1i s new ma c hin e, ca ll ed t he "jenny ."

TALKS ABOUT COMMON THI NGS.

wou ld d ep riv e them o f work, a nd they drove Hargreaves . the inventor, fr o m the t ow n, and destroyed
hi s ma c hin e . Later o n, th e "je nn y" was impr oved
up 1) n, and became very ge nera lly use d. Continued
illlp rove m e nts hav e made the machinery in use n ow·
so perfect as to rend er the process of spinnin g very
easy a nd rapid.

S pool-thread.-When several o f the fine
threads arc spun and twiste<l t oge ther , they form
our s tro ng sew in g -c o tton, and th e manufacture of
spoo l-thr ea d is o f itse lf an impo rta nt industry.
The Weaving.-T he w eav in g follows the
.s pinning and thr eads a rc cros·sed a nd recrossed
and so woven into cloth. The threads which ex~
lend th e length of th e c loth form the warp, and the
threads crossing th ese threads from side to side
f or m th e woo.for weft. As it leaves th e loom, as th e
weav in g ma c h ine is callee!, the cl oth looks lik e th e
unbl e ached muslin, so ld in the stores, a nd is used
fo r m any purposes. Most of it is bleached or
whi tened and is of course, much nicer.
Fabrics made of Cotton. --Variou s names
;i re give n to the diflercnt goods made o f cotton.
Gingham, cambric, muslin, and lawn, arc famili a r
to all. Ca li co is prinle d with co lor ed fi gu re s, and
is named from the city of C a licut, in India, where
it was first mad e .
C hin tz is a kind of calico, heavy in texture , and
gay in co lo rin g.
ln co ntra st t o this thick material, very delicate
Li ce is a lso manufactured from cotton.
111 addition to these fabrics, there are m a ny mad e
o f a mixture o f co tto n with silk or wool.

9
I l ow were the
invention

and

the
invento r
treated by the
people?
Fin<l o ut the
names ol those
who improved
the "j enn y."
What is in
comtnon use,
that is made of
cotton?
What follows
the sp inning?
'¥hat is warp?
Woof?
What is

the

weaving-ma.
chine called?
Name kind s
o f cloth made
of cotton.
Where was
ca lico fir s t
made?
What delicate
fabric is made of
cotton?
What is cotton often mixed
with?

BLACKBO ARD O UTLINE

COTTON .

r.. THE COTTON-GIN.

1.

WHERE CULTIVATED?

2.

DESCRIPTION OF PLANT. 7.

'l'HE SPINNING.

3.

APPEAHANCE OF PODS.

8.

'l'HE ".JENNY."

4.

GATHERING PODS.

!).

'l'HE WEAVING.

5.

DRYING AND CLEANING 10.
COTTON.

From what s o urce obtained.-The term

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING

COTTO~·..

1.

A RBAJ_, CO'l"l'ON BL08SOM; IF NOT <lB'l'AlNABL1'~.
'l'HEN A l'IC'l'UHE OF ONE (:-)lIEPARD 'H SCHOOLROOM STENCl.L OF CO'l''J.'ON.)

2.

l\IAPS OF HEl\IISPl:U.a ms - (8TENC1L
COTTON llELT INDICA'l'ED).

3.

SPOOLS OF THREAD.

4.

LOOSE PIECES OF COTTON.

5.

SAMPLES OF GINGHAM, l\fUSLIN, LACE, En:.

l\lAPS,

Wh at is wool?

wool is applied to the fleece of common sheep, such

KINDS OF COTTON
CLOTH.

WITH

as are found in the m o untainous regi o ns of many
countries, also to th e silky covering of th e llama
and alpaca, and the fine hair of the Cashme re goat.
Th e llama and alpaca are natives of Peru, a nd th e
goa t is found in th e hilly po rtions of Thibet and
Tarta ry .

Where is the
llama found?
Where is
Thibet?
Tarta ry?

'Ne will first consider the process of changing
th e covering o f common sheep into a use ful article
.
o f commerce.
The first step. - The fir s t thing to do, is to
wa s h th e s heep. In their wand er ings over the hill s,
th o rn s and thistles, a nd quantities of dust gather
in their fle ece.
The washing. - - The sheep are driven into a
s hall ow stream, on a wa rm day in Jun e or July, and
th oro ughly washed, a process to which they strongly object.
Th e sheep are th e n allowed to run around m a
cl ea n place until th eir fleece is dry.

In what condition is the
woo I
before
washing?

At what season docs the
washing occur?

TALKS A BOUT

12

\V hat
shears?

are

I l o w docs the
hair look?

Are the rough
edges of the
fibres ol a ny
u se?

Are th e hairs
all the sa m e
length?

How are th e
hairs stra ightene<l?
\V hat tw o
processes convert th e raw
wool int o cloth?

\Vha t is yar n?
Worsted?

COfl l ~ I UN

'i',\LK~ Ai~OUT c' oM~10N

Tlll Nt: S.

afte r b e in g m a d e in to c loth.
W oo le n c loth is es pec ia l ly acLtptcd for makin g clothing to b e worn in
co ld weat h er.

The shearing_ - -Tli e ileece is t l1 e 11 c 11t o lTwith
large shears.
Appearance of fieece.--vVh e n exalll in cd
closely, it is found that thi s fl eece is co 111pose d <>I
h a ir s o f different lengths, e; ic h li ;1ir su mewh; tt c ur ly ,
a n d h av in g un eve n edges. The irreg ul a ri ty of
the edges o f these fibr es is o ne of the c hief re;-iso ns
\\'hy wool is s uc h an important m atl: rial o f 111 ;t11u factur e. Th e littl e ro ug h project io n s w hi c h YOL•
will find on wool fibres, if yo u exa min e the111
throug h a mi croscope.cause the se fibres t o attac h
the mselv es t o eac h ot h er very fi rml y.

The sorting. Tl1c il ccce is c; ir d ull y sorted,
the lon g hair s b ei n ..; se p;-ir;-itc d fr om t he s h o rt ones ·
Hairs of various len g ths a rc found 0 11 a single
s h ee p.
The fl eece is th e n cleansed again, fo r the
first washing is n o t s uffi c ie nt l u remove all impurities.
The wool-comber. -Next, to stra ighten the
hairs , and lay th e m a ll o ut in the same direction,
an ir on comb is u sed. ca ll ed a woo/-, ·u11tl1L'I". It h;\ s
s h arp poi n tcd teeth.
Manufacture.- Th c wuo l fibr es ;ire then sp1 111
and woven into cloth, th e sa m e kin d o f n1a c hi11 e ry
being used as in th e manu factnre or cotto n c lo th .
Yarn and worsted .- Some or t he woo l is
n o t woven, but after bein g sp un into threa ds,
severa l threads a re twi s ted to m;ik c _J'tll'll, w hi c h is
used for m ak in g stocki ngs. \N hc n t he thre;uls ;1 1'C
twi ste d very firml y. wor.>tl'I{ is ni;td c, fr o m which
so many beautiful fancy ;1rticlcs ;ire fashi<111ed.
The cloth.-- \tVoolcn c lo th ;1s it l'<l lll es l'rnm the
loom is very soft a nd fl ex ibl e . lt is someti m es
colored before being woven, but usu;tlly is dyed

'ri11NGS.

I

Where manufactured.-Fran cc and England manufac ture a large qua ntity o f woo le n cloth
eve ry yea r.
In t he New F.ng-land section of o ur o wn co untry
a rc man y mills which produc e a very fln e grade of
g·oods.
Varieties ofcloth. - T h e cloth rece ives diffe re nt n a m es, ow in g to s li g ht differences in tex t11rc or width.
Broad c lo th is a fin e ly fini s h ed goods, ve ry wide.
It is use d principally for ge ntl e m e n's clothing.
lVIc rin o is made fr o m th e fl eece of a spec ies of
s h ee p of that nam e.
Flannel is a h eavy material
used for bla nk ets and und e rc lothin g.
Shodd y is a coarse goods used for ru gs, carpe ts
and rough c lot h for overcoats. It is m acl e o f old
woole n rags whi c h are c lea n ed and so ft e ned by
ma c hin e ry. an d spun and wove n over aga in.
So m e tim es a littl e fresh woo l is added to th e old
s tock.
Ma n y o f the beautiful table - covers and ca rpets
we sec, are m acic o f o ld soiled woolen rags di sca rd e d a s unfit for use.
Felt is a t hi ck clo th used for making h a t s and
fl oo r- cover in g . It is mad e o f woo l a nd h ai r mi xed
t ogeth e r. but not woven. Layers o f wool and hair
a rc sprea d O il top o f ea c h o th e r, th e n dampened
a n d sub mitted to g reat pressure. Th e rough edges
of the w oo l fibres, b e fore spo k e n of, mak e thi s process possible, for t h e littl e projections inter lace and

\.Vhat season
o f the year cl o
we wear woole n

clothing?
Where is
cloth
ma<le
wnolcn

What
is
b roadclo th?
Merino?
Nn.me so me
gar me nt s
a !ways mad e o r
flannel?

What use is
made of olcl
woolen rags?

What is fell
use<l fo r?
Is thi s goods
spun o r wove n?
1-J 0 IV i S j t
made?

TALKS AB O UT C O~lM ON Tl!IN(:S.

Describe th e
llama?

Wher e
Peru?

is

Where w e;c
Indian shawl s
fir st made?
How does th e
neecc of thi s
goat grow?

take firm hold of each other, s o that afte r th e
pres sing it is impossible t o separate th e fibr e s .
The Llama.-This animal is so m ew h a t lik e a
camel in sh a p e , o nl y it has n o hump .
It is so m e times c a lled th e P e ruvian cam e l.
Its hair is lo ng
a ;1d silky and is muc h use d fo r frin ges a n d o rnam e n ts .
The Cashmere Goat.-T hi s go at is so call ed
b ecau se its h a ir wa s fir s t m ad e into b ea ut iful sh awls
in th e c ity o f Cas hm e re, in India .
Th e y a rc n o w
mad e al so in so m e parts of Fran ce. Th e o ute r
hair o f th e ;u1imal is stiff and co ars e , whi le u11cl c r
this is a la ye r o f fine si lky fl eece.
Th e Li t ter is
use d for th e sh a wls. Th ese ~ hawl s ar c e la bo ra te in
desi g n ;u1d co lorin g , and a rc \ 'c r y ex pe ns ive.

Wha t oth e r
anim al prod uces
mat e rial
Io r
w oolen cl o th ing?
Describe
it.
I s
woolen
m'1nufacture a
new industry?

Tell
wh e re
each of th ese
natio ns lived?

I-l o w was a
Ro man
to g a
made?

The. Alpaca .- Thi s is a s m all e r ;111im ;i\ than
th e llama , and h as a lo n g· nec k and h;1n d sn 111 c
head .
w oo l is lo ng and g ._,.,ssy . Th e rnat c ri ;1I
m a d e o f it b ea rs th e na m e , rrlfam. a n d re t a in s t h e
silk y g loss , p ec uliar t o th e hair of th e a nim ::i l.
Early history of wool. - Th c m a nufa c tm e
o f w oo l into clo th d a tes ba c k to a ve ry e arl y p e ri o d
in th e hi s t o ry o f th e wo r ld . F ro m th e Bibl e we
learn o f th e fl oc k s o f s h ee p whi ch co nstituted th e
chief wealth o f th e p a tri a rc hs o f old e n tim e . Th e
H e br e ws, G ree k s, E gyp ti a ns and R o m a ns a ll use d
c lo thin g w o v e n o f thi s m a te rial. Th e ir ga rm e nts
wer e lo ose and fl o win g , and th ey we re ve ry parti c ul a r ab o ut th e fin e n ess a nd bea u ty o f th e m ate rial o f whi c h i:;1 c y we re mad e.

·-=.::...:=== ====================~!

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

WOOL.
1. WHAT IS IT?

7. MANUFACTURE.

2. WASHING THE SHEEP.

8. YARN AND WORSTED.

3. SHEARING THE SHEEP.

9. VARIETlES OF CJJOTH.

4. SORTING 'l'HE HAIRS.

10. 'fHE LLAMA.

f>. APPEARANCE OF FIBRES. 11. THE ALPACA.
fi.

COMBING THE WOOL.
13.

12. THE CASHMF.RE GOAT.

WOOL IN ANCIENT TB'.IES.

Its

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING WOOL.

1.

PICTURES OF SHEEP, ALPACA, LLAMA, AND
CASHl\'rERE GOA'f.

2.

SAMPLE OF FJJEECE.

B.

SAMPLES OF YARN AND WORSTED.

4.

PIECES OF FLANNEL, MERINO, FELT, &c.

Ii.

MAP S OF THE COUTRIES MENTIONED IN THIS
ARTICLE.

TAL KS AB OUl' COMMON 'J'HTNGS.

\Vhnt in sect
produces s ilk ?

On what 1lnes
it fe ed?

H ow is th e
culti vati on
of
th e worm con ·

ducted?

How are th e
cocoons

1n :l.dc ?

Describe
th eir
appearance?

The Silk-worm.-S ilk is obtained from s 111 ;tll
catcrµillars abou t two in c h es lon g. and li g h t
colored. Th e leaves of the mulbe rr y tree ar c th e
principal food o f these worms and t h ey cat greedi ly
0 f them .
Method of cultivation.-The worms a rc
placed o n s h e lves in a roo m which is k ept ;it s 11m mer h eat. Th e ins ects a rc th e n s u 1~ ,. .ied w ith m11lbcrry leaves, o f which th ey pa rta k e eager ly fn r
seve ra l weeks. Th ey grow ve ry st upid and increase t o d o u ble their ori g inal s ize.
The cocoons.- vVh e n t h e worms ca n cat no
more, th ey co mmen ce sp innin g two s ilk e n t hr c; 1d s
from tw o co mpa rtm e nts in th e ir wo nd e rful li ttle
b o clies.
They unite these threads b y m e; u1 s o f a
g um, sec reted in th ei r m o ut h s, and envelope t h e m se lv es in th e silk until e ntirely hid den .
Th e
s h e lves arc th e n covered with t h ese ball s of s ilk
Th ~y are li g ht co lo re d, and th e
ca ll e d cocoons.
s ize o f a pi geo n's egg.
Destroying the moths.-T hc s ilk Cllitivat o r se lec ts a numb e r of pe rfec t cocoo ns , a nd p uts

them a way as a s upply for th ..: next season. The
Whnt trnnsm o ths in th es e cocoons arc allowed to wo rk a pas formation oc ·
sage out. The o ther cocoons are h eated in an oven curs within the
~111til th e m o th s are dead , then th e o ute r fl oss , which · ·cocoons?
is coa rse and rough is re mov ed. Th e inner b a lls arc
H ow is th e
thrown int o h ot w ate r to loose n th e s ilke n threads silk procured
which arc th e n ca re full y unwound . The thread ir~ fr om th e co. I
coon•?
a srng c co coo n ge ne rally meas ure s about six hunWhat is the
dred ya rd s.
Occasionally one is found twelve
u sual le ngth o f
l11111Jred yards lon g. The threads arc so fine, that
one thread?
several cocoons are untwi s ted a t th e same time,
and th e threads wound o n a re el. In this state the
What is raw
silk is c alled raw-sii!.-. These threads go throug h silk?
the processes of spinning and weaving, that the
What
proco tto n and wo o le n threads do, a nd finally w e hav e cesses convert
th e beautiful s ilk e n tex tures so much used.
raw-silk
into

K"

si lk en
rials?

mate-

Inds of silken-fabrics. -Drrss -s £!!.: is
wo ven lik e pl_ain_ c lot h , a nd h as a lu s t ro us appeara nce. It vane s Ill co lo r and quality a nd is often
'.ia_med a ft e r th e m a nufa cture r o r the c ity in which
1t rs m ade.
Satin is a ve ry e lega nt m ate ri a l.
The woof or
cross -wi se threads pass ove r seve ra l threads o f th e
warp a t a time. Th e fabric is th e n passed b e twee n
h ea ted iron rollers, which impart a s m ooth and
g lossy ap pearanc e.
Velyet h as a s ilky pil e on its surface formed by
s ho rt pieces o f thread which are crowded toge ther
so c lose ly th a t th ey s t a nd up a nd hid e the warp
a nd woof.

H ow is velvet made?

Gauze is a thin mate ri a l, woven in a p ec uliar
manner which g iv es firmn ess with o ut thickness.
It is used for .makin g veils.
Besides th ese plair1 1n a t e rr·a I s, ti ie re are some

gau ze?

How is satin
woven?

what

i

l

-

-~ -

18

TALK S AHOUT COMMON Tll! NCS.

What is silk
sometimes
mixed with?

that are brocad ed , or ornamented w ith figures and
flow e rs.
Silk is o ft e n mix ed with wool, as 111 b o m bazi ne
and poplin.

did
Where
the silk-w onn
fir ~ t ns~ume importance?
\Vhat
tries

111

counn nu -

fo.ctur e silk?
\Vhcrc i"
Lyons?

Where silk is produced.
The cultivati o n o f silk-w o rm s was fir st atte mpt ed
in China, and for a lo ng ti m e was no t intr od 11 ce cl
in any other country. China still takes the lead in
silk manufa ctu re, but it is n ow mad e i11 Fran ce ,
Italy, P e rsia and Indi a.
The c ity of l ,yn ns , in
Franc e, produces so m e o f the ri c h est s ilk fabric s in
th e world.

Introduction of Worms into Europe.H ow was th e
s il k-worm c:trri etl to Europe?

Th e first silk-worms we re t;1k c n fr o m C hina to
Europe by tw o Persian m o nk s.
Th ey h ad great
difficulty in obtaining wo rm s. fnr th e C hin ese were
opposed to ha v in g ;1n y ot her tLtli on c11lti vat in g
th e m. and used every effort to k ee p t h e ir m e th ods
of making s ilk a secret.
,
At la s t the se m o nk s s ucceedcl. . ti p roc urin g a few
Wher e i s eggs, which th ey hid in their c lothing a nd ca rri ed
Con stantin opl 1!
t o Constantinople, wh e re th ey hatch e d th e m .
What
is
n e c e s s a ry to
ha tch lh e eggs
of silk-worm s?

Is it wise to
h:it ch th em at
any season?

Method of hatching eggs.- l ha ve to ld
you th a t ou t o f eve r y co ll ectio n o f cocoo ns. a num ber o f perfec t o nes a re re tain ed fo r f11 t 11rc s uppl y.
Th e m o ths c rawl 011t a nd lay quantiti es o f tiny
eggs. The m o th s th e n di e.
C a r e mu st be tak e n that th ese eggs do not be c o m e h eat ed which wo ul d c;u1 se the m to h atc h at
o nc e. The c ultiva to r d nes nnt wi s h the m to ha tc h
un t il the mulbe rr y 1c;1ves ar<: ;1~~· ;1 i11 p le ntiful. Th e
eggs are placed in g Lt ss li ut tl cs . ;ind a ll air ;111d
he a t exclu d ed.

TALKS AiJOUT COMMON

Wh e n it is desired
is n ecessa ry .

TliINGS.

t~ lntch ti • I
<

.
1e m, ieat ts all that

ways of heat1·ng eggs- I n
so Different
·
~ m e countries the warmth o f th e s un is suffi~i e nt
_rh e usual _method is to p la ce th e eggs in heated
i oo m s until hatc h ed .
In other places they are placed in small
packages a'.1d the peasants wear them in p~~~~
bosoms, until t h e warmth o f their bodies n I· ti
eggs ready to h a tc h.
. I a ,es 1e
The in sec ts are ve ry s mall and dark co lored
whe n they first appear.
Th:y grow rapidly, changing th e ir s kins four or
fi ve t11nes.

Tell some of
th e clilT~rent
met h ods o f heat .
ing eggs ~

How clo the
insects
I0 0 k
when
hatched?

first

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

SILK.
1. THE SILK-WORMS.

7. sn.TrnN FABRTOS.

2. CULTIV A'rION OF

8. f)JT,K PHOJJUUING
COUNTRT"ER.

WORMS.
3. THE COCOONS.
~

4. THE MOTHS.

5. OBTAINING THE STLK.
G. MANUFACTURI<:.

9. TNTRODUC'l'ION OF SILK
TNTO EUHOT'E.
10. 1\m'l'HOD OF If A'l'CHTN <i

WlOH.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING SILK.

l

11

1.

SILK-WOllM, OR PIC'I'Ulm OF ONR

2.

COCOON, OR PICTURll; OF ONR

~-

MOTH AND EGGS, OR PICTURE:-\ OF 1.'TTF.1\1.

4.

RA. \V-SILK

5.

SPOOLS OF SEWINCl -MACTTTNE RTU\, FT,ORH

6.

SAMPLES OF VELVl<:T, HA'rTN , UAUY.E Etc.

.mo.

The plant.-Flax is a plant from two to three
feet in he! g ht, with smal l iJointe d leaves and blue
flowers. The stems are very p e culiar, bein g hollow and cov ered with fibrous material. Th e
fl owe rs grow in clusters at the top of the stalks,
and when they fall off, are succeeded by round
seed-vesse ls, the size of a pea.
Each seed-vessel
contains ten flat seeds of a brown color.
Where raised. - Flax is cu ltivated in most
parts of the world.
It was firs t known in Egypt.
A fine species of th e plant is now found in Holland
a nd Belgium, a nd is a lso raised in Ireland. In
Belg ium the women work in the fl ax fi e lds.
This
useful plant was introduced into America in 1629
from England, wh ich c o untry owes its knowledge
of th e p l ant to t I1e R oma ns .
It is now ex t e nsiv ely cultivated in the United
States.

How cultivated.-Flax thrives upon a rich ,
m ois t soil. The se eds arc so wn ea rly in th e
spring a nd th e crops are gathered in July and Augu st. Sometimes a seco nd crop can be obt.ained
lat e r on . In Jun e, wh e n the de li cate blue flower~

From what
source is flax
obtained?

\'Vhere are
the seeds found?

~here

doe s

fla x grow?

When was
flax fir st seen in
America ?

When is the
flax ripe?

22

How d ocs a
flax field look?

How arc the
fibres separated ?

How c lean ed
and
s trnight en ed?

What is a
hatchel? \Vh :it
is tow?

What is ;lone
to make /lax in lo
doth?

How is 11 a x
sometimes whitened?

J"A L K S

A BOU T C Ui\ l i\ ltl N TILI NGS.

a rc in bl oo rn, th e fb x fi e ld s pres e nt a b eautiful ap p c.1ra11 cc . \.Vh c n t h e p la nts arc th oroug hl y 1·ipc ,
th e leav e s drop off, and th e s tem s turn y e llo w.
How the ft.ax is prepared.-Th c s Ltlks ;ire
pull ed up and ti e d in bundles t o dry . The sccdve sse ls are t a ken o ff and put a way in ba gs fo r
futur e u se . Th e s ta lk s are steeped in w ;1tcr u11til
so ft e ne d so that the fibr es o f the o uts id e cove rin g
or bark can b e se pa rat ed . After b ei11 g dri e d i11
th e s un , an y w ood y p o rtion o f th e p la11t whi c h m ;1y
adh e re t o th e fibr es is r e m o ve d by a11 instrum e nt
c alled a brake. T o pr e par e the flax fo r th e spi11 ni11 g m a chin e, th e fibr es mu s t b e laid o ut s trai g ht.
Thi s is clon e wi t h a /1,1trl1d, a co nt riva n ce rese m b lin g a bru s h , with s h;1rp pointe d 11 cedlc s 0 11 it
wh e re the b ri s tl es a rc us uall y fou11d . Th e fl ax is
dr a wn ove r th ese p o ints, and th e lo n g fibr es b e c o m e str a ig ht . Th e s h o rt , un e ve n o nes are left,
and m a ke a s ubs t a n ce ca ll ed t ow.
Manufacture. - Th e p rocesses require d to '"' 11 v e rt th es e fibr es into c ln th ar c th e sam e that ar c
n ec essa ry in th e 111anufact ur e o f woo l a nd co t to 11 .
Th e s pinnin g· a11d wc;1vi11 g ;ire n ow d o ne e11tir c ly
b y m ac hin e ry . Fla x fibr es ;ir e o f a brow11ish co lo r,
a nd h ave t o b e b leac h ed befo re th e bea utiful whit e
c o lo r o f li11 e 11 c an b e o btain ed . Th e qui ck es t way
to ac co mpli s h thi s is to use c hl o rid e o f lime .

What is linen
used for?

How linen is used. -Vari o us qualiti es o f lin e n
a re m a nufa c tur e d, whi c h are use d for makin g she e ts,
h a ndk e rchi e fs a nd und e rc lothin g.
F ro m l ine n
thread we m a k e la ce and fan cy ed g in g s.

What. is damask?

Damask.-A ri c h va ri e t y o f lin e n c lo th , wo ve n
with fi g ur es, is ca ll ed d a ma s k. lre la nd m a nu fac-

23

TALK S All O UT C OMMON THING S.

lures a fin e quality o f this mate ri a l.
t;1lilcc lo th s , 11 ;1pki11 s a11d to we ls.

It is used for

Lawn is a ve ry fine mat e ri a l, fir s t mad e in
Fr;111 ce. It is no w made in l '.c lfas t and other citi e s
or l rcland.
. Linen manufacture in Egypt.-The spinnm g and weaving of flax into linen is a v e ry old
indu s try . E gy pt w;1 s note d for the fineness of the
li11 e n mad e th e re , th o usands of years ago. Some
o f thi s lin e n is on e xhibition in mus e ums in our
larg e citi es, forming the wra ppin g s of E g yptian
mummi es. Many yard s of these g oods were used
ro r that purpose and e x a mina tion shows that it was
o f a ve ry fin e q ua lity.
Th e G ree k s and R o man s also used large quantiti es o f linen in the early a ges .

The 3eeds.-Th e see ds o f the flax plant are
ve ry valuable. They a re gro und a nd pressed and
y ie ld a use ful o il kn o wn as linseed oil. This oil is
use d for mixin g p a ints a nd varnishes.
Flax se ed s are als o used a s a medicine for colds
a.nd lun g t ro ubl e. They arc often made into poulti ces.

J .t\\\

11

?

What co untry
fir s t e ngaged in
lin e n manufacture?
IIow wa s
much o f it used
in that co untry?

Where do the
G ree ks and Roman s live?
01 what use
arc the seeds?

What is linseed oil used for?

r ---==--=-= --__
II

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

FLAX.
I. 'l'HE FLAX PLA N'l'.

G. U8ES OF LINEN CLO'l'H.

2. CULTIVATION.

li.

LfNEN IN OLDEN 'I'Il\rnS.

3. PREPARATION OF l"IBHES. '7. FLAX 8EED8.

4. MANUFACTUHE.

8. LINSEED OIL .

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING FLAX.

II

I.

PIC'fUltE OF l'LANT.

2.

SAl\iPLE8 OF FLAX FJHHE.

a.

SPOOL OF LINEN 'l'HHEAD.

4.

PIECES OF LINEN, DAl\IASK, &c.

G.

BO'l"l'LE OF LINSEED OIL.

6.

SEEDS AS PREPAHED FOH POULTICE.

Its source.-The skins of hors es, cows, calves
and oxe n are con ve rted into leathe r, also the skins
of the wild h e rds of cattle found in South America,
Sw itze rland and Mexico.
Seve ra l processes are necessa ry . to change the
hid e s into the durable, useful material known as
leat he r.

What is leathcr made of?

Preparation.-The raw hides are cleaned to
remov e the fat that may be 011 them, and then th ey
arc soaked in lim e and water. This liquid loosens
the ktir so that it can be pulled out.
The clean hid es are again soaked in water mixed
with barley, or some subs tance of an acid nature.
The po res of th e skins become open, and they are
ready for the next operation called tamzz"ng.

What is th e
first step in the
preparation of
the skins?

Tanning the hides. -The bark of the oak or
h e ml ock tree is dried and gro und into a coarse
powder. This powder is mixed with water and put
in to large vats. Th e skins are s oa ked in this
liquid for many months. The action of the bark

How are the
pores opened ?

What s uhs tance is used
for tanning?

TALKS ABOUT COMMON TlilNC S.
How does the
leather appea r
after tannin g?
How is the
leather 111 ad e
smooth?

\Vhat skins are
used for shoes ?

What is seal
s kin used for?

What is l\l oroco leather ?

causes the skins to shrink in s ize , ;lJld become very
strong, whil e at th e s;11m: ti111 e th ey ;ire ll c:-.: ihl e .
After r e m a inin g in th e tan-pits until thoroughly
tanned, the skin s are tak e n o ut and dried, ;ind th e n
passed b e twe e n roll e rs to mak e th l'. 111 s m oo th .
Varieties of leather. - Th c a bove operat io ns
are necessary to co nv ert tht.: raw hid es intn leather.
Sli g ht variations in th e m a nn e r or treatment pr oduc e the different kind s of leather. Th e ski ns <>f
calves and so m et im es those of co ws arc use d fo r
the uppers of boots and shoes, and the hi des o f
oxen a re made into th e soles.
Th e latte r animals also rurni s h th e lea th e r fo r
straps and harn esses . Seal sk in is co n ve rted into a
firm leather use d for the to ps of hunting· boots, and
for the m a nufactur e o f bag·s and poc ket-G ook s .

Is there any
peculiarity i 11
the appearance
of Morocco leather?·

Morocco leither.-Th c skins o f goats found
in Switze rl a nd arc used for m a kin g Mo r occo leath er.
After the tannin g , for whi c h s urna ch is us ed in s tea d
o f oak-bark, the leath e r is rubb e d with a b;tll 11·ith
a ribbed surface, so th a t it will l1ave a grained appearance. It is used for cove rin g ch a irs, b oo k s , &c.

Name a cheap
leather.

Sheep skin forms a cheap leather which is used
for pocket-books, lining bag-s and covering books.

What is kid?

What is
used for?

.t

l

\:Yhere are
shoes made?

Kid.-The skins of lamb s and young goats arc
used for making gloves a nd ladi es' sh oes. Th ey are
not soaked in tan-bark a nd water, but alum is use d
instead of the b a rk. Thi s r e nd e rs th e skins very
soft and flexible. The lea thc1- so made is known
by the general term of kid.
The manufacture o f s hoes is exte n s ively e n g a ged
in throughout the New England S ta tes. In England and France also this is an impo rta nt indu stry .
Fine leather gloves are obtained fr o m Gcrm;uiy.

TALK S ABOUT CO ~!MON THINGS.

Materials for writing.-- Parchment is a matc ri ;tl 111ad e fr 0 111 t h e skins o f s h eep o r goa ts. The
sk i11 s ;ire soake d in water mixed with lime, salt and
;tl11111 , then th ey arc scraped smooth and stretched
111itil th ey ai:e v e ry thin. Thi s kind o f leath e r was
lir st madt.: in As ia, many years ago . It was use d
r"r 11·ritin g upon, a nd it IV.I S upo n t his m a te ri a l th a t
t he ri rst copies o r th e Bible were made.
Vellum is mad e from th e s kin s o r ca lv es trea ted
to th e same pr ocess. It is st ro n g and d e li cate, and
wa s use d in o ld e n times for th e leaves o f books.
So 111 c of these boo k s a re ye t in ex is tenc e, and arc
very cur ious a nd beautiful.
Glue · - Th e sma ll pieces o f leat he r which are
left after th e various arti c le s hav e been manufa ctured arc n o t wasted . They a re b oil ed until th ey
form a je ll y -lik e substa n ce . Thi s, when it hardens,
is the g lue so use ful in m a ny w<iys.

27
What is parc h-

made fr om ?

Of wh a t use
is it?

Wh a t o ther
writinc:nrnteri a'.
is made o f lea-

ther?

Of what use
are the small
pi eces of leather?

1- ------BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

I

i'

i
LEATHER.
1.

WHERE OBTAINE D .

2.

PREPARATION.

3.

TANNING.

4.

VAilIETrns

5.

ARTICLES l\l ADE OF

fi.

KID.

7.

PA HCll 1\rnN ' I' _

8.

VELLUJ\1.

LEATHER.

OF

LEATHER.
9.

GLUE.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING LEATHER.

1.

SKINS IN RAW STATE.

2. PIECES OF '!'AN-BAHR.
3. SAMPLES OF LEA'l'HER
4.

ARTICL ES l\iADE OF L EATHEH AS SHOES, l'OCJJ\E'l'BOOK, ST RAP, BAG, &c .

5. KID GLOVES.
6.

GLUE.

7.

PIECE

8.

PIO'l'URES OF ANIMALS NAi\lED.

O_l_i'

11

PAROHJ\·U--;N'l'.

'.====== =: --- ----__-

= --_--::-:_; ---;:-

Source. - Fur is a name appli ed to the fine,
hairy cover in g o f ce rtain a nimals . The animals
producin g th e fin es t fur are found in cold reg ions.
Th e largest numbe r co me from countries bord e ring
o n th e A rc ti c Ocean . Th e most we ll-known forbearing anim a ls a re th e seal, b eave r, sable, fox,
mink , marte n, o tter, ermin e a nd mus krat.
Preparation of skins.-Afte r the skins have
be e n r e m oved fr o m the a nimals and b efore they
a rc c lea ned, they a re ca ll ed p elts . The pelts are
c lea n ed and dri ed a nd th e n pl a ced in tubs, where
th ey arc s ubj ec ted to a treadin g process. Men
tr a m ple o n them until th ey are soft and flexible.
Befo re the p e lts a re trampl e d o n, they are greased
with la rd , which add s to the softness. They are
ne x t p laced in tubs and covered with saw-dust
a nd th e tre;tdin g is repeated . This ope ration is
r epea te d a third time wit h plaste r of Paris or whitin g laid betwee n th e pelts. Th e skins are then
vig oro usl y bea te n, and the hair c o mbed until it is
smoo th _ Furs a re frequently dyed to make th e m
o f a ri c h e r co lor-.

What is fur i'

Name so me
a nim a ls th a t
furnish fur .

What
pelts ?

are

What is don e .
to so ften th em ?

Wh a t differ ent s ubs tances
are used on th e
pe lts ?

TALKS ABOUT COM~ !ON '\lllNGS.

Uses of fur. - Fur forms the prin cipal c lo thWhat is fnr
ing of the inhabitants of very co ld re g ion s. The
used for?
Esquimaux and inhabitants of Greenland a nd lc eland depend entirely upon fur-bearing animals for
the warm clothing so necessary in the countries in
WheredoEs- which th e y live . In the tempe rate regi o ns, fur<:
quimaux live?
arc used a'l ornamental additions to th e t oi let and
arc very costly.
The seal.-This animal is found in the countries
Name some
countries bor- bordering on the Arctic Ocean. It spends mo st
dering on th e of its time in the water. In appeara11ce it is a\\·kArctic Occ:rn.
ward, ahout five or six feet in lc11gth, with a sm;tll
head and brown fur . The under la ye r of fm is
composed of short, fine hair. B eyo n c~- thi s, lo ng ,
coarse hairs extend. These arc removed and the
short fur is used. The fur is slightly c urly, but
Describe the after dyeing it bec o t11cs str;tight. Sc;tls arc ca tq_~· ht
seal.
in this mann e r. The hunte rs w;iit until a Ltr gc
number are asleep on the roc k s near the water.
They then surround th e m and drive th c t11 to the
killing ground whi c h is at some dist:in cc. The
How are seals men then ga ther around the h e n! and bc;it tli e m -to
death with heavy clubs. Th e sea ls arc sn crowded
killed?
tog e ther and so tired from their lon g journey on
land, that they offer but litllc resistance. The fur
For what is of the seal is very valuabl e. It is used for making
seal-skin used? overcoats, sacq ues, muff'i and trimmings.
The beaver.-North At11erica is th e hom e of
the beaver. So man y of these animals hav e been
killed to furni s h fur, that th ey ;ire becoming very
What is bea scarce. The fur is a dark, ri c h color and is 11sed
ver used for?
for muffs, collars, capes and trimmings. Bea ve r is
also extensively used for making h;tls .
\Vhen
mad e into mate ri a l for h;tts, the hair is re moved

TALi\.S ABOUT COMMON THINGS.

from the skin. This hair has the same property of How is it
felting that wool has, and is treated in the same prepared tor
hat-making?
way.
The sable. -This animal is a native of Siberia,
but like the beaver, is rapidly disappearing. The
sables vary somewhat in color. Some have long,
dark brown hair; others have dark hair with white
points. The most valuable .are all black, but these
are very scarce. The process of catching sables
is a difficult one. In the autumn the hunters travel
in sleds to where the sables abound and erect huts
in which they live several months. It is extremely
cold and the hunters suffer many hardships. The
sables are caught in traps, which are scattered over
a large extent of land. The fur is very expensive.
The ermine. -The fur of this animal used to
be the favorite material for the robes of kings and
ciueens. It is not so fashionable now, and therefore
not so expensive. The animal is found ir :hr- Arctic regions of Europe and Asia and is a lit-tie over
a foot long. In summer the fur is a reddish brown,
but in winte r it becomes pure white except the tail,
which is pale yellow with jet black tip. The tails
arc us e d to d eco rate the muff5, collars, etc. 1 made
of the e rmine .

Where are
sables found ?
How are sables captured ?

Describe the
various kinds
of sable fur.
Ilow was ermine fonnc;·ly
used?
Describe the
ermine?

What use is
made of the
tails?

The marten.-This animal is found in North
Am e ri ca and possesses valuable fur. There are What familv
several species of martens . The mink belongs to does the mink
this family, and has beautiful brown fur, with stripes belong to
of a darker shad e . Mink is used for muffs and
capes, also for lining outdoor garments.
The otter. - Russia is the home of the otter.
How does the
It is three or fo ur fee t long and has glossy brown otter look?

1'ALKS ABOUT COMMON THINGS.
How does it
carryitsyoung?

How are otters ki11ed?

Tell some o f
the habits of th e
muskrat.

How
a r e
muskrats
killed?
What species
of fox furnishes
valuable fur?

What skins
are used for
carriage-robes?

fur. It lives in the wa\er and swims very rapidly.
It has extraordinary love for its young and when
moving from place to place will carry the little
ones in its mouth. The otters frequently lie on the
rocks in the sunshine, and it is while they arc asleep
in this way, that the hunters kill them. They are
eithGr shot or caught in nets. A species of otter
is found in Alaska an<l in nearly all the States a nd
Territories.
The muskrat.-The muskrat resembles a
small beaver. Its habits resemble those of the
beaver. It h as its hom e near the water and spends
much time sw imming. It builds a little hut in
which it liyes during the winter. Early in the
·
sprin2' the I nclians k·i ll t 11e mus 1<:rats J:iy speanng
~
right through the huts . The fur is reddish brown
and very soft. It is used for making hats.
The fox,-The fur of th e most common species
o f this anima l is a reddish color. The A retie fox
has fur of a blue-white color, which is very valuable.
The skins of the bear, buffalo, leopard and ti ger
are made into mats and carriage robe s. -

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

FUR.
1.

ITS SOURCE.

6.

SABLE.

2.

PREPARATION.

7.

ERMINE.

3.

USES.

8.

MARTEN.

4.

SEAL.

9.

OTTER.

5.

BEAVER.

10.

MUSKRAT.

11. FOX.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING FUR.

1. PICTURES OF ANIMALS NAMED.
2.

SAMPLES OF FUB., BEAVER, SABLE, &c.

3. OOLLARS,
11

MU~F~&~, M~~~~F~~

TALKS ABOUT COMMON THINGS.

'

From what
are fe:i.th ers ob t:i.ined?

or what were
pens form erly
made?

For what arc
geese- feat h e rs
used ?

What o th e r
birds supply
s tuflin g
becb?

for

\Vher e co
eider -du c k s
live?

Source.-The pluma ge o f various bir<ls forn1 s
an important article o f comme r ce. No t only d o
we use the feathers as a rtic les o f tr immin g and
o rnam e nt , but for the s t.urting of be ds and pill ow:.; .
Th e qui I ls of fca the rs 11·c re form er I y mat.le in to
pens, but the extens iv e nia1111fac t11re of stee l pen s
has made this unnece ssary at th e prese nt time.
Tooth-picks are ofte n made of th e q11i ll s.
Useful feathers. - Bed s an cl pillo1rs arc stuffed
with th e fe ath e rs of geese. I 11 rnany sectio ns o f
Great Britai n, and in 0 11r o wn co untry ia.rg c n111 ''
bers of geese :-tre r:-ti•sc d.
Their feathers a.re pick ed sev eral times a year.
The :eathers so pick e d arc ca lled "live geese:
feathers ."
Th ose taken from d ea J geese arc not as v;i\uable. Th e feathers of th e s wan a.nJ d11 c k a.re use cl
for the same purpose.
Eider-ducks.-Th esc birds furnis!' a. very valuable arti c le kn01n1 as cidcr- d o<c•1t. 111 Scotla nd,
Norway, Gree nland and ot he r co ld count ri es , th e re
are larg e flocks o f the se bird s. Th '..:y li ve o n s ma ll

islands and build nests very close tog-ether. The
down grows on the breast o f th e duck and after she
has laid her eggs, she plucks out th e clown to cover
them. The collectors of this down watch the ducks
and take away the clown.
Both the m a le and
fe mal e bird continue th e process of lining the nest,
a nd cove rin g the eggs with clown, until their breasts
arc entirely deprived of this beautiful covering.
Th e down is li ght and soft and is used for stuffing
bed cove ring . It is especia lly adapted to this use
as it g ives warmth without weight.
Eider-ducks in Iceland.-In Iceland these
ducks are very plentiful and at the season of nestbuildin g, man y of the s mall islands and sections on
the co a s t a re almost impassable. The nests are so
c lose toget he r that they form a solid flooring. The
birds are quite large, the female being a brown
co lor, and the mal e mu c h lighter.
Swan's-down.-The soft feathery substance
ro und o n the breast and under the wings of a swan
is als o much used, both as a stuffing for coverlets,
and as dress trimming . For the latter purpose the
bird is killed and th e s kin taken off, and the down
lcrt on the skin and cut in strips. It is very soft
and pure white in the natural state, but is often
dyed delicate colors.
Ornamental feathers.-Feathers which are
on ly adapted for ornamental purposes are obtai;1ed
from the os tri ch, marabout, peacock, pheasant, bird
of paradise, heron, osprey, egret and many other
bird s.
The vstrich. - The largest number of feathers
used fo r o rnam e nt is furnished by the ostrich. This

35
Where does
the down grow?

F or what ii
the do1Vn used?

How
do
e i d e r-d u c k s
their
build
nests?
What color
are the ducks ?
What
is
swan's-down?
For what is
it used?

N~me
birds
wh ose plumage
is used for ·ornament.

TAL KS ABOUT CO MMON THJ N(~S.
Describe the
ostrich.
Arethefenthers valuable ?
How nre they
used?

~~~~-· ·--

bird is a nativ e o f Africa, a nd is very lar ge , bei ng
from six to e ig ht fee t in h eig ht. Its plumes ~ r e
thick and valuable, varyin~ in color fr o m w l~1te
through different s hades of gray t o jct bb.ck. 1 he
pur e white feath ers are very scarce. Os tri ch fcatha nd trimmin g for
e rs are use d f or IicacI d res Ses ,
I · <l
hats, and dresses . Th ey are dye cl a n Y c es ir e

What bird
found in lndin
furni she s feath ers?
Of what ar c
military plume s
made?
Name" very
handsome bird
from which we
obtainornamentnl feath e rs.
For what are
birds' wing s
used?

color.
Marabout fe a ther s a re proc ur ed fro m th~ m a rabout-stork, a n ative o f Indi a. They a rc w l11te a nd
f
g rey, and very li g ht a nd sot.
They are used fo r trimmin gs and head-d resses.
Osprey and egret feather s a re used fo r the
plumes of military h ats.
Bird of Paradise feathers pi"csent a var iety
I
·
of rich colors a n c are 111 d e mand as o rnam e nts fo r
hats .
-,
Hat decorations.- T he w in gs .o f man.y ~ m a ll,
gayly colored birds a rc used to tn.m la.d i e~ h at s,
and so m etim es th e hea d, o r th e e ntir e bird is used
for the sa me purpose.

__

--~-.-~_--.::===========-===-=-=-=-=-=========;i

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

FEATHERS.
1. FROM \VH A'l' OBTAINED.

6 . THE OSTRICH.

2. GEESE F E ATHERS.

7. MARABOUT FEATHERS.

:J. E IDER-DUCKS.

8. OSPREY AND EGRET.

4. SWAN'S-DOWN.

9. BIRD OF PARADISE.

5. ORNAMENTAL FEATHERS. 10. HAT TRIMMINGS.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING FEATHERS.

1.

GEESE FEA'rHERS.

2.

PILLOW STUFFED WITH FEATHERS.

:-3. QUILL PEN.
4.

QUILL TOOTH-PICK.

5.

EIDER-DOWN.

6.

S'rRIP OF SWAN'S DOWN.

7. OSTRICH FEATHERS.
8. MARABOUT FEATHERS.
9.

WINGS OF 13IRDS

10. PICTURES OF VARIOUS BIRDS.

TALKS ABOUT CO MMON

1

IflNGS.

39

to those already mentioned, as the leaves of this
crop arc Lirgc and coarse.
Age of a plantation.-Whcn the plants are
:1inc or t e n years old they arc cut down and a ne w
plantati o n made.
Preparation of the leaves.-The leaves are
pick ed by hand, one at a time, great care being
taken to have the hands of the pickers very clean.
In C hina, th e nobility are supplied with tea from
the first c rop of leaves, and the gatherers of these
leaves have to be extra particular.
They are
obliged to eat certain kinds of food, and to take a
bath two or three tim es a day. This great precaution is take n to pre ve nt the leaves from injury
and to preserve their fin e flavor .

,.

Where does
tea grow?

How does the
plant look?

Appearance of plant -The tea-plant is cultivated in China anJ Japan, and in so111c parts of
India . It is an evergreen shrub, its height varying
from three to eight feet. Its leaves are numerous
and grow on short thick stalks. Th e flower s are
large and white.

tea

How cultivated. -Thc plants.arc raised fr o m
seeds, which are planted in holes about four feet
apart. The leaves are not ga thered until the plant
is three years old.

When is the
best tea gath .
ered?

Varieties of tea -ln China the first picking
occurs in Marc h, when the leaves are s mall. ..' Th ese
leaves arc consid e red th e best , and supply the
finest and most expensive vari ety of the c Ltss of
tea known as grt'l'll tea . A month later, a second
crop of leaves is gathered, and th e se leave s furni s h
the kinds of tea known as "imperial" and "young
hyson."

How is
raised?

W h cn
is
"imperial'' tea
picked.

Which crop
is the
most
valuable?

Early in summer, the third and last colle c ting
of leaves takes place.
This gathering of lea ves gives the black teas
known as "souchong " and "bohea," much infe rior

The leaves are then dri ed. This is done by
throwini; them into a shallow pan and roasting
them, stirring them all the time so that they will
n ot scorch. They are then roll ed in the hands,
when they present the appearance of the tea sold
in the stores, so familiar to us all. The tea is then
pack ed in chests, lined with a thin layer of lead to
exclude the air.

How long are
the plants of
use ?

H o w are the
kave s picked?

Tell some of
the precautions
r c quired of
pickers?

How is the
tea dried?

How is the
tea packed for
exportation ?

These chests are then sent to various parts of the
world and sold .
'

'

Impurities in tea. -Tea is so generally used
now that it forms a very important article of commerce. It is often impure, owing to the dishonesty
of the exporters . The usual method of ~heating
is either to mix dried leaves of other plants with
the tea leaves, or to dye an inferior crop of leaves
with Prussian blue, a poisonous dye, which gives

How is tea
so met i mes

adulterated?

How colored
to deceive pur.
chasers?

--

TALKS ABOUT C OJ\li\ION TlllNGS.

\Vhat country
consumes t h e
most tea?

What is the
average iti the
United States?

How is tea
used
7

What effe c t
has tea on the
health?
Whid1 kind is
most harmful?

In what country is tea o t
great c o n s e quence?

How doth e
Chinese
it?

drink

the leaves the rich coloring· that Jistinguishcs those
of the fir st g athcri11 g .
Consumption oftea. - Thc greatest qua11tily
of tea is expo rteJ to Grc;it Britain. The peuple of
th~1t country are very fond of this drink and co11sume it at th e rate o f from two to two and a half
pounds to eac h person, annually . Th e United
States a lso co nsum e a large amount of tea each
year, averaging about a pound to each inhabitant .
Tea as a drink-T ea is prepared as a drink
by steeping it in boiling water. In a few minute s
th e water is colored, and ha s the flavor o f th e
leaves. It is sweetened with sug;ir and d il uted
with m ilk to suit the taste of the drinker.
Effects oftea-drinking. - Th e effect of tea
upon those consuming it, has lo ng be1.;11 a matter
of discussion . It is ex hilar ;it in g without b e in g at
all intoxicating. It causes the brain to gro w active
and induces wakefulness. It is therefore taken by
persons wh o arc obliged t o write at ni g ht. The
be s t green tea, l..>e in g made of the fi rst crop of
le aves , which possess th e s tron ges t flav o r, is the
most lllJUrious. lt is very apt l o cause extreme
nervousness. B lack tea is not so harmful, as it is
made or lhe List co llccl iu 11 u f leav es , whic h arc
)
not so stro n g ly flavored.
.
Tea-drinking in China -Tea is an article
of great impo rtan ce in the Chinese Empire. The
inh abitants are very partic ular <t1td only use lh c
best varieties. At all the fe st ival s a nd h o lid ay
celebrations, this drink is p lentifully supp li ed and
is partaken of by young and old.
It is served very h ot in thin China cups, and
taken without milk or sugar.

~ - - ----

-

-- -- ---- --

BLACKBOARD

----·---·-· ------ ,a=--'.
-- I

-

OUTLINE.

TEA.

~

l.

THE 'l'EA-PLAN'l'.

5.

IMPURE 'l'EA.

~.

ITS CULTIV A'l'ION.

(i.

USES OF 'l'EA.

3.

KINDS OF 'l'EA.

7.

EFFEC'D:i OF ITS USE.

4.

PREPARATION.

8.

TEA IN CHIN A.

OBJECTS TO

AID IN TEA CHING TEA.

1.

l'IU'l'UHE Oli' 'l'EA-PLAN'l'.

2.

TEA-LEAVES.

0.

SAMPLES OF DRIED LEAVES.

4.

CUP OP TEA PREPARED AS A DRINK.

I

TALKS AB OUT

C OMMON THIN GS.

Preparation. -The berries are placed in th e
s un and turn ed often until th oro ug hl y dry. The
pulp whi c h su rr o unds th e be an s is r e m o ved by
passi ng tJi e berri es b e tw ee n wooden ro ll e rs . Th e
raw coftee-see ds are li g ht in color a nJ hard a nd
t o ug h . It is necessary t.o r oas t th e m b efo re th e y
are fit for use. After this operation th e beans are
a brown co lo r a nd hav e a n aro m a ti c odor. Coffe ~
is packed in la rge sa cks for expo rta tion . .
Coffee-producing

Des cribe th e
coffee-tree.

Describe th e
fruit.

What part <lo
we use ?
H ow is coffee
raised?

How o ld is
the tree Le fore
it bears fruit?

Growth.-

Th e coffee- tre e is an ever - g ree n,
grow in g in its wild s ta te t o b e fr om tw e nty to thirty
feet hi g h . The cultivated tree is n ot a ll owed t o
grow m o re th;111 e ig ht o r te n fe e l i11 h e ig ht. Th e
le aves arc dark g ree n , p ointed in s hape and th e
flow e rs a re s m a ll and white, and grow in t hi ck
clus t e rs . They have a fra g rant s me ll. The fr11i t
look s lik e a cherry . Each be rr y cn 11Lains t wo seeds
or beans as they arc ca ll ed, their flat sides pr esse d
ti g htly t oge th er. Th e pulp th ;t t surro un ds these
seeds is swee t and pl easa nt to th e tas t e.
Cultivation.-Coffec is ra ise d fr o m seed w hi c h
is sow n in ca re fully pre pared g ro und . TI'1c pbnts
are kept in nurse rie s u ntil the y are a year o ld.
Th e n a plantation is fo rm ed, the yo un g tr ee~ b e in g
placed in r ows a sh o rt cli sb n ce apart . The fir st
crop o f fruit appears when th e tr ees arc three years
o ld . Th e plants bear fruit for man y m o nth s sr1
that seve ra l crops can be gat h e re d in ;1 year. The
plantation lasts tw e nty year s or m ore.

countries. -

C off e e
thrives in a m o is t, warm c limate. It grew first in
A rab ia and Abyss inia. It is now also ctdtivate cl
in Brazil, India a nd th e W es t Indi es. Braz il produces th e la rges t amount o f coffee, Ri o Jan eiro
being an impo rtant coffee m a rket. Th e is la nd of
Java furni sh es th e n ex t larges t s upply . M oc ha
coffee , from Arabia is considered to hav e the fin est
fl avor.

Adulteration of coffee .-Coffee is often
mix eJ with o th e r s ubsta nces , c hi co ry bein g m os t
use d for adulte ra tin g it. This is a powder prep are d
fr o m th e roots o f a wild plant. found in m os t parts
o f Europe. It is so much cheaper th a n co ffee that
dealers save m o n ey , wh e n th ~y c h eat th e public
by se llin g a mi x ture of c hic ory a nd coffee fo r pure
coffee. Ca rro t a nd dand e lion roots a re :.ometim es
used for th e same purpose.
Use of coffee.-Coffee is used as a drink a nd
la rge quantiti es arc co ns umed in th e United Sta tes,
Ger rn ;in y , England, Franc e a n d m ost European
co untri es. It is prepared for drinkin g in a ve ry
s im p le mann e r. The r oas ted beans are g ro und to
a fine powder, ov er which boiling water is poured.

43

I low is th e
pulp re moved c

\\' ha t is do ne
lo the hean s ?

II ow is co fTee
St· nt lo oth er
countri es ?

O f whatcoun .
tries is coffee a
na tive ?
Nam e ot her
cou nt ries supplying coffee.

Name

s ub-

st:t 11 ccs used lo

ad ul te rnte
fee.

co f-

Why is
done?

thi s

How is coffee
u se d?
What nati o ns
use it?
'Nhere are
th e
countries
n'1med?

44

TALKS ABOUT C OJ\!MON TllTNGS.

After steeping awhile, a dark liquid is the result,
possessing the flavor of the beans. Milk and sugar
are added to suit the taste of the drinker.
What effect
has coffee upon
those drink in g
it?

What part of
the tree is used
in Arabia?

Relate an incident connectcd with the
discovery
" f
coffee.

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

Physical effects of coffee.-Taken in moderation, coffee operates in a healthy manner on the
system. It exhilarates and allays hunger. Taken
in excess its action is harmful, and it produces
nervousness, indigestion and wakefulness.
Use ofleaves.-In Arabia the leaves arc used
in preparing a drink instead of the beans. They
are dried and roll ed and used as tea leaves are
used. They have the taste of the beans.
Story about coffee.-This story is told of the
discovery of the power coffee possesses of stimulating and causing wakefulness. The keeper of a
number of goats was much annoyed by their playfulness at night. After close watching he noticed
that they were always wakeful after they had eaten
many of the coffee plants so plentiful around them.
An Arabian priest (Mohammedan) hearing this
story, determined to make a drink of coffee and
give it to the monks of his convent, who were often
so sleepy that they would fall asleep at morning
prayers. He did so and found it successfuJ in keeping them awake during prayer time.

COFFEE.
1.

THE COFFEE-TREE.

5.

ADULTERATION.

2.

CULTIVATION.

6.

USE OF COFFEE.

:3.

PREPARATION.

7.

EFFECTS OF USE.

4.

WHERE

8.

STORY ABOUT COFFEE.

rr GROWS.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING COFFEE.

1.

PICTURE OF TREE.

~.

COFFEE BERRY AND BEANS.

H.

GROUND COFFEE.

4.

CUP OF COFFEE PREPARED AS A DRINK.

5.

MAPS OF COUNTRIES NAMED.

-- ---- ··---·--·=========

TALKS ABOUT C OMMON THINGS.

pla11ts fr o m the glarin g sunlight.
The fl owe rs arc reel, and grow from all parts of
the tree. Th e tree is consid e red full-grown when
about s ix years ol<l, but it commences to bear fruit
in the third year.

De scr ibe t Ii e
cocoa-tree.
What tr cc
does it resemblc?
'Vh a t shape
is the fruit?

What part is
used?

\Vh crc

docs

the tree grow ?

Do th e trees
n eed 111uch at l " n Ii · 11 ?

The cocoa tree. - The tree from which w e obtain cocoa o r choc o l:tt e is kn o wn by the 11;L1n es,
cocoa, cacao and c oco tr ee. It is hand so m e , from
te n to tw enty feet high, and is like a c h e rr y -tre e in
appearance.
The fruit.-Th e tree ha s cu c umb e r s h aped
fruit, consisting of a h ;trd ou te r part, six or e ight
in c hes lo n g , and a soft, white substance within .
Thi s soft pulp surro unds and protec ts see ds about
as large as an almond. Many seeds are c o ntain ed
in each fruit. These see ds are th e source o f th e
cocoa o r chocolate w e use.
Where cocoa grows.-T lie coc oa tree ca n
only be rai sed in warm co1111tri cs . It is a native of
M e xic o , but is cultivated in South Ameri -~ a . Africa
and th e \iVcs t Indies .
Cultivation.-Th c trees arc extrem e ly te nd e r
and requir e a g reat deal o f ca re . To prot ect them
fr om the h o t rays of th e su n, large plants with
111u c h fo lia ge are planted between th e row s of cocoa
trees . Th ese s e n~·'\+a s a shield, and sc ree n th e

Preparation of seeds.-A fter the fruit is
ripe , it is picked and the seeds taken out. They
a rc cleaned and spread out to dry in th e warm
sunlight. To make th e chocolate with which we
a re familiar, the seeds are ground into paste by
poundin g with h c;1ted stones or passing between
hot roll e rs. It is then made into little cakes , mixed
with s uga r and spices. It is sold in this state. It
is mu c h use d by co nfec tioners in making candy,
and by bakers in m aki ng fancy cakes.
Chocolate as a drink-To make the drink
which is s uc h a favorite with many people, the
c hocolate cakes arc g ro und and mixed with boiling
milk and water.
It is delicious in taste but is so rich, owing to
the o il y m atter contain e d in the cocoa-beans, th at
it is n o t co ns icl c red very healthy. Cocoa see ds arc
so m e time s simply g ro und to a p owde r , and sold
in this state, unmix ed with any spices.
This p o wder is mad e into the drink o f th e same
nam e, <001a, and is not nearly as rich and indigest ible as ch oc olate.
Other ways of using seeds.-In th e countries where th e c oc oa-tree g rows, th e seeds are
ea ten as an artic le o f food .
J\ kind o f liquor is also obtain e d by the fe rmenLtti o 11 o f the fruit.

47
H owa reth ey
protected?
When does
t h e fruit ap·
pear?

How are the
seeds prepared?

f< or what is
chocolat e used ?

llow

is

it

prepared f o r
drinking?

Is ch ocolate
h ealthy?
\oVhat makes
it so rich?
What plainer
drink is made
o f cocoa ?

'Vltere are
the seeds eaten?
What else is
o btain ed from
the seeds?

-- -

----- --- ---··-·-----

BLACKBOARD

OUTLINE.

CHOCOLATE.
il.

1.

SOURCE.

2.

DESURIPTION OF FHUTT. 4.
5.

CULTIVATION.
PRP.PAHATION OF SEEDS.

USE OJ<' SEEDS.

OBJECTS TO AID IN

TEACHING CHOCOLATE.

1.

PICTURE OF 'l'REE.

2.

SPECil\IEN OF FRUIT.

3.

CUP OF CHOCOLATE PREP ARED AS A DRINK

4.

CANDY, CAKE, &c. CON'l'AJ NI NG CIIOCOLA'l'E.

G.

UAKE OF SOLID CHOCOLA'l'K

The plant.-Rice is a kind of grass, resembling
wheat in size and manner of growing. It grows to
be about four feet high and has a long central stalk.
At the top of the stalk, several stems are formed,
each stem bearing a cluster of the rice.

Describe rice.

Where is rice
found i'

Where found.-This grass is found principally in China and Japan, but it grows to some
extent in all warm countries. Heat and moisture
are necessary for its culture. The seeds are planted
and then the ground is flooded with water.

What are necessary for its
growth?

Preparation for use.-Whe n the grain is
ripe it is cut down with a sickle , and bound into
sh e aves to dry. The rice is separated from the
straw in mills, and the operation is called tlinsh-

What
1hreshing?

is

ing.
The kernels of rice are inclosed in rough yellow
husks and these are taken off by pounding them
.
.
between two stones. At one t11ne this process was
performed by hand, but now there are machines
for this purpose. In these machines there are re• volving stones which rub off the husks without

How are the
husks removedi'

.r
50

TALK S AB OU T

CLl:l l ~ l 0:-.1

TH! N <; S .

How do the crushing th e ri ce. Th e kernels of n ee th e n appear
kernels look? round and pur e whit e.
S o metim es the h11 sks ;i re 11 nl rclll n \'C d li11t th e
rice is pa c k e d with Lil l' Ill 011. ;111d se nl lo ol he r
countries, wh e re th e s h e llin g is pe rfo rm ed.
The kernels. - Th e k e rn e ls of ri c e va ry in si ze
Are :ill th e
rice kern els 1h c and must b e so rted so Lh ;1t ;ill of th e sa m e s ize \\'ill
sa me si ze ?
be to ge th e r . Th e la rge , pe rfec t k e rn e ls ar c o f th e
\V hi c h are
Tl1 c 1· e i' s· .~.... 1n»Jiun1
s ize · c al led
. V "~ I Ltc •
~
th e mos t valu- gre a test
"m
iddling·
rz'ce.
"
Th
c
br
o
k
c
n
k
e
rn
e
ls
ar
c g ro und
able ?
into Aour.
Where is rice
of great import·
ance?
II o w is it
eaten by the
Chinese?

Importance of rice in China and India.
-India and C hin ~1 p rod uce irnm c nse quantiti es o f
ri ce , and it fo rm s t h e p rin <.: ipa l foo d o f t he inh ;1b ita 11ts o f th ese cn lln t ri cs. In tl in Li tte r co untry it
is e;1ten w ith c h o p -s li c k s. Th csc ;1rL' s 11i;tll, p ointe d
pi ec es o f woo d o r ivo ry. \\· ith w hi c h th e C hin ese
carry th e ri ce t o th e ir m o ut hs. It wo uld be a s low
pro cess to a ny o n e no t famili ;ir \\·ith th e m e th o d,
but th e C hin ese ar c so d ex terou s in th e use o f th e
s ti c ks that th ey c an co n s um e a large qu a ntity o f
rice in a short tim e .

General cultivation.- Th e wa rm co untri es
Where is rice of Afri c a a lso furni s h ri ce . It is th o ug ht it wa s
cultivated ?
first intro d uce d int o th e \ 1Ves t Indi es hy Co lumbu s ,
on on e o f hi s ea rl y voyages. lt is no \1· ex te n ·iv e ly
cultivate d in N o rt h a nd ::1nu th C 1ro li11a, a nd o th e r
southern stat e!;. F o r111 e r ly l;1r gc po rti o ns o f th ese
Arc the states w e re sw a mpy a nd ap par e nti y o f littl e va lu e .
southern bogs
This b ogg y gro un d 1r as ju s t th e ri g ht so il fo r th e
of any use?
growth of ri ce , and 1\ 0 \\' i11 place o f th e wet . wo rthless region s , are fo un d fi e ld s o f thi s g rass.

TALKS ABOUT C OMMON THINGS.

51

Difficulties in cultivation.-The cultivator
of ric e finds his chief difficulty in the raids of the
s.parr ~ ws and rice-bird ::. . These birds evidently
Wh:it i11tcrlrk c rr ce a s well as the human ra ce docs, and they fcrcs with the
d o g rea t dama g e by bitin g o ff th e h ea ds of the growth or rice ?
g rass , just a s it is ripe nin g. Th e us ual m e thod of
~ri g ht c nin g th ese little thi eves is t o put a scar e -crow
~11 th e li e lcl. A s c are -crow is a pos t or rail dress ed
What is a
1n o ld cl o thes, so that it b ears s om e r es emblanc e scare-crow ?
to a m a n. It d eceiv es th e bird s and ke eps them
at a respe c tful di s tan ce.
Rice as an article of food.-Rice is a very
h ealthy and nutritious articl e o f fo o d . It is usuallyyrc pa.red for the table by b o ilin g it in water.
Ourrn g tl11s pro cess , the k e rn e ls s we ll to mor e than
d o uble th e ir original s ize.
Th e ricc-jlrmr is made into cak es and th e re is a
so luti o n called r z'ce- w ater , whi c h is use d for medical purposes.

- -- - - :

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

RICE.
1. DESCRIPTION OF
GRAIN.

G. V ARlET1ES OF KERNELS.

7. RICE IN CHINA.

2. HOW PLANTED.

8. GF.NERAL CULTIVATION .

3. PREPARATION F OR USE.

9. RAIDS OF

4. THRESHING.

'rJrn

Bll"tDS.

Where found- Salt is a min era l substance
whic h is obtained in differe nt ways. It is found in
a roc ky state in sa lt-min es, or it is procured from
th e water of salt spr in gs, seas, lakes and oceans.

10. RICE AS AN AB.'rICLE OF

6. HUSKING.

FOOD.

How obtained from water.-When obta in ed from water, th e salt is separa te d from th e
liqu id by a ll owing th e water to e vaporate. Th e
water is pu t in shallow vessels a nd exposed to the
heat of th e su n. In ve ry warm countries, the sun's
rays are suffic ie nt to dry up th e w a ter and leave
the sa lt in th e bottom of the pans. The salt grows
soli d a nd crystallizes in c ube -s hapes . Where the
c lim ate is coo l, artifi c ia l h ea t is used to cause
evaporation . Th e salt is made finer a nd purer by
boiling it.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING RICE.

1.

SAMPLES 01" THE GRAIN.

2.

RICE IN THE HUSKS.

3.

KERNELS OF RICE.

4.

RICE-FLOUR.

5.

CHOP-STICKS.

6.

MAPS OF COUNTRIES NAi'ITRD IN THIS
ARTICLE.

=-

Salt-springs.-The principal salt-springs are
in Engla nd, Prussia. a nd th e northern part of Italy.
Russia derives much salt fr om salt lakes, and
t he cou ntri es bordering o n th e Med iterranean Sea,
obta in la rge quantities of the mineral from that
sea.

Where is salt
found?
How is salt
procured fr om
salt water?

What shape
are sallcry s tals?

Wh ere are
th e most im portant s a It
sp rings?

54

What l arge
spring in Ne w
York:
How is thi s
spring work ed?
What are salt
n1ines?

Where found?
'Where are
the se countries?
How is the
salt obtained?

How is rocksalt
prepared
for use?

Where is
there a remarkable mine?

Describe the
chapel.

TALK S A BOU T

CO~ IM O:\'

Tlll NGS.

Salt in the United States -Q u;1 ntiti es o f
salt arc obtain ed fr o 111 spr in gs in Nell' York, Virgini;i, P e nn sy lvania and 1Vli c hi g;111. Ti1 L' 111 ost p roductive o n e is n ea r th e ci ty o f Syracuse, in Nc1\'
York . The salt is pro c ur ed b y l)()ri11~· \\·e ll s, lwo
or thre e hundre d feet d eep, and the sa lt ira te r is
pum peel into tanks pr e pa reel for eva pora ting purposes. After th e water ha s di sappea red , the s;tlt
is all0wed t o drain for a co upl e o f wee k s , and is
then pa cked in barrels to be s old.
Salt mines.-Salt min es a re found in Ru ss ia ,
G e rm ;in y and l'oland . Th ey c on sist of v;1st q11 ;111titi es o f rock-salt, c:-.:te ndin g hundr eds o f feet below
the surface o f th e e arth.
They are e nte red b y m e;i 11 s o f pa ss;i ges fr om t he
· s urfa ce ca ll e d s haft s , a nd many rn e 11 arc c rnpl oyc d
in workh1g th e min es .
They cut o ut pie ces o f the sa lt a n d lo ad littl e
cars with th e m, which ca rr y th e salt to the ope n
air.
Preparation of rock-salt.-R oc k- sa lt JS
tr eate d very mu c h 1n the ~;: 1111c mann e r that sa lt
fr o m sp rings is. It d ocs n ot diss o lve as e;isi ly and
is often mi :-.:ed with impur e matt e r. Thi s rnu s t b e
re m ove d, a nd th e salt b o iled un til it b eco me s th e
fin e , white, g li s tening s ub s tan ce 1\' e are so familiar
with .
The famous mine of Poland. - In Poland
th e re is a ve ry w o nd er ful min e , ove r a thousand
fe e t deep. It is divid e d into man y fl oo rs, g allerie s
and passages, all of solid sa lt. One of the div, s io ns
of this mine rese mbl es a c hurc h so mu c h that it is
call e d St. Anthony's C hape l. The altar, pulpit
a nd statues are all o f s ~tlt and arc as perfect as if

TALKS ABOUT

COMMON THINGS.

carved from marbl e . The royal families sometimes
visit thi s min e. and th e c hape l iR t hen brilliantl y
li g hted up . The crystals of salt g listen beautifully
and the sce ne is a dazzling o n e.
In thi s same mine th e re is a ve ry large r oo m,
call ed th e rcc<·ption r oo m, and fe stivals are sometim es ce le bra te d h e re . R o ws o f seats are a rran ged
around the room, and th e re is a raised pl a tform of
salt, for the musicians. On o n e o f th e upper fl oo rs
of thi s wonderful min e th e re is a la ke eighty feet
lon g and littl e ra ft s are employed to float noted
visitors o n its s urfa ce.
One 01 th e ro o m s o n the third floor contains a
tomb m a d e o f sal t, e rected in m e mory of one of
the Austrian Empero rs. It is es timated th a t in
order t o visit e v e ry p o rti o n o f thi s immense mine,
one mu s t w a lk at least three hundred miles.

SS
How
a r e
royal famili es
received in it?

Describe the
recepti on room.

Describe the
lake.

Is the min~
very large?

Uses of salt.-Sa lt is absolutely necessary as an
article o f food. It forms a p a rt of m os t everything
prepared for the table . It e nte rs also into mixtures
which are us e d as m ed icin es . M ea t is k e pt from
spoiling by packing it in salt, when it will remain
pure for a lo ng tim e.

For what is
salt necessary?

Religious importance of salt.-The Hebrews use sa lt in th e observance of all their reli g ious ce remoni es. It is consic.lered by them, an
emblem of purity.

How is salt
used by th e
Jews?

How does it
taste?
For what
purposes is it
used?

. I

- -- -- - - - - - - - - - - · --

·-

- -·
------- -"---1

--- -~----~- ~-

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

SALT.
1.

WHERE PROCURED.

2.

HOW OBTAINED.

3.

PREPAitA'l'ION FOlt

4.

SALT-SPRINGS.

5.

SALT MINES.

li.

'l'HE GREAT J\lINE OF
POLAND.

mm.

7.

USES OF SALT.

8.

SALT AS AN mrnLEl\[

From what obtained.-The principal source
of sugar is the sugar-cane, a plant which grew first
in Asia, but now grows in all warm regions. The
plant consists of a thick, jointed stem, which varies
in height from three to twelve feet. The stem is
over an inch in diameter. The outside of it is thick
and fibrous, and encloses a sweet, juicy substance.
Flowers grow from the top of the stem, and from
each joint there grows a leaf.

OF PUIU1'Y.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING SALT.

1.

SPECIJ\'[J~NS

2.

SALT-W A'l'ER.

3.

BAG OF HEFINED SALT.

4.

PIECE OF MEAT PHESERVEU IN SAL'!'.

5.

MAPS OF ALL COUNTRlES NA.MED IN

OF HOCK-SALT.

Cultivation.·-The sugar-cane is a perennial
plant, that is, it does not require planting every
season, but lives on from year to year. The canes
of a plantation are arranged in rows. The plantations supply a good quality of sugar until the plants
are from six to ten years old.
A new plantation is then formed by cutting off
the tops of the old canes and planting them .

THlS AHTICLK

Where sugar-canes grow.-The best canes
are rais e d in the West Indies. There are also
large sugar plantations in Louisiana and other Gulf
States.

L ----c----'\

Where does ·
s u gar-can e
grow?

Where is the
juice stored?
'Where a r e
the flowers?

How are the
canes planted?

How is a ne w
plantation
maclc ?
Where are
the best sugarcanes raised ?

58

TALKS ABOUT

\Vhere a r e
the \\I est Indies?
flow i; th e
juice ob tained ?
What is raw
sugnr?

What is mola>ses?
How is sugar
refined?
What is loaf
sugar?
Granulated
sugar?
Powdered
sugar?
\Vlrnt t r e e
furni shes sugar?
How is
procured?
What is
pie syrup?

it

1na ~

How does
maple-sugar
taste?

CO ~l~IO N

Tlf!NCS.

Procuring the sugar.- In March the ca n e'
arc cut d o wn ;ltld the Jc;i.v es strip1wd olf. Th e
stems arc c ru s h ed bctll'ee11 iro11 ro ller s , and the
juic e is squeezed o ut and no\\'s int o ve sse ls read y
for it. It is then boiled and st r;1in e d sevc r;1 I time s
and pl aced in s h a ll ow vessels to coo l. It co m mences to crystallize as it coo ls.
The sug;1r is
now of a yellowi s h brown colo r, and is c alled raw
or broum sugar, and the liquid that is still s urrounding it is called molasses.
The refining process.-To m ake the raw
sugar pure and white, it is m elted ;i.gain and ce rtain
chemicals arc mixed with it which c;1usc all impure
matter to separate from th e s ugar. The s uga r
hardens and is poure d int o m o ld s. It is known as
loaf-sugar. Some of it is c ut into cube s hape s and
sold in that way. T he remainder is gro und int o
gramilated sugar, and when gro und very fine it is
called powdered s uga r .
Maple-sugar - 1\ kind of s uga r is obtained
from th e maple tr ee . 111 t he sprin g-t im e ;1 h ole is
bored through the bark o f the tree and ;1 tube in serted. Th e sap fl ows out int o vess els pbced tn
catch it. It is then ga th e r ed , poured into lar g·e
pans and boiled over a slo1v fire until it assumes the
consistency of thin molasses, wh e n it is ca ll e d
maple-syrup. To make s ugar, the syrup is carefully strained and th e n boil ed again until it becom es
thick, when it is poured into m o ulds and allowed
to harden into cak es. Both m aple sugar and maple
syrup are of a rich brown color. Maple sugar is
very sweet and delicious to the tast e, and is often
made into little cakes and eate n as ca nd y.

TALKS ABOUT CO MMON THI NGS.

59

Other sources of sugar.-Su ga r is also proc ure d from beets, a11d from the elate-palm. France
produces mu c h beet sugar. It is ob tai11ed by c ru s hing the juice out o f the beets. It is boiled and c ry stallized mu c h as cane-sugar is prepa re d. In India
s uga r is ob tained fr o m a tree called the date-palm.

What Yegc.
tah:e sup11lies
s ugar?

Molasses - After the s uga r ha s bee11 boiled
and strai11ed, it is placed where it will cool. The
sugar forms i11to solid loaves, and the wate r in
which it ha s been boiled is by thi s tim e mu . h
thick e n ed by h e mixture of th e sugar with it .
Thi s liq uid is drawn off a nd is called mol asses. It
is d:ll'k and thick and is very sticky. lt possesses
a sweet ta.ste a nd is mu c h used in cooking.

Wh"tcounlry
o btains
sugar
from a tree?

Uses of sugar.-Sugar is very cxten:> iv e ly
used. It is n eeded in the preparation of many
kind s of food. Fish, ham and fruit s preserved in
it will k eep for a l o ng tim e. Quantities o f s ugar
are used in makin g ca n dy.

For what is
s ugar used ?

Effect on the health.-Sugar is co nsidered
heal thy a nd h as a fatt en in g efTec~.
The negroes
on th e s uga r-plantati o n s of th e So uth are sa id to
g-row fat during the season when tl1ey gather the
canes.

What effect
does sugar have
on people?

\Vlwtcountry
furn .s hes this
sugar?

I lo w is molasses made?

How does it
lo0k and taste ?

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

SUGAR.

~

1:

1.

PlHNUII'AL SOURCE.

G.

l\L\PLE SUGAJ\.

2.

CUL'l'IV ATION.

7.

DEET-SUGAR.

3.

WHERE IT nnows.

R.

1\ [0L ASS l •~f:l.

4.

HOW PROO URED.

D.

USER OF :-> UUAR

5.

REFINING.

10.

EFFECT OF USING IT.

I
11

Growth.-It grows very rapidly, a nd presents
a fin e appe arance. When ripe it is cut down a nd
su bmitted to th e processes of bolting a nd grindi ng.
The former ope r atio n consists in separa ting th e
coa rser from the fin e r portions o f the w h eat a nd the
ma c hin e used is ca ll ed a" bolter." The wheat is
then grou nd into fl ou r, and is used for makin g
bread, ro lls, b iscui ts, cake &c. It is pure white in
c o lor and very h ea lth y. Macaroni and vermicelli
are m ade of wheat p as te. The best qualities a re
m ade in Naples, Italy, a nd the Ita lian s a re exceedin g ly fond of these a rticl es.

OBJECTS TO ASSIST IN TEACHING SUGAR.

1.

PIECE OF SUUARUANE.

2.

PICTURE OF HUCL\ U PLAN'l'A'l'lON .

3.

SAMPLES OF HAW, LOAF, UBANULA'l'Jm
AND POVi'DERED SUGAJ{.

II

4..

l\IOLASSE8 .

5.

l\IAPLE 8UGAH AN I> SYltUl'.

Wheat. - This grain is supposed to have grown
first in Persia. It is n ow cu ltivated in all te mperate
clim ates.

_j

Wheat in America.-The intrnduction of
wheat into Americ a is s:l id to be due to a n acc id e nt.
Ri ce was brought over and particles of wheat
were found with it. It was planted a n ·l spread
rapidly and n ow a la rge s urfa ce of thi s h e 11isphere
is devoted t o th e cu lture of this grain.

Of

w ha

c 0 u n tr Y is
wh ent n native ?
How is it
p repared f o r
use?

For what is
it used?
Whnt Itnlinn
ci ty is fir st in
the manufacture
o f macaroni?
How
was.
w h e r. t introduced
i n to
America?

T A LK S ABOU T

Whnt g rain is
a n at i v c of
A me ri ca?

ny wh om was
it fi r s t cul livaled?
\ Vha l na me
d id they i; ive
to it?
\ Vha t do we
call it?
\Vhat E u rop e a n co unt ry
fir s t raised i t ?
How is it
cultiva ted?
What are
so me of th e
na mes app lied
to d i ff e r e n t
varieties ?
For what is
Indian m e a I
' used?
How is corn
pre pared as an
a rticle of food ?

CO~ l ~ I ON

THI NGS.

Indian corn.-U 11like w heat . t hi s g ra in is a
n a ti ve prod uc t o f A m c r ica a 11 d was ca lled I11dim1
Corn by t h e Span i;i rcls wh e 11 they cam e to t hi s
co untry , beca use th ey t h nug·lt t t h e n e w wo rl tl -w ;is
a pa rt o f In d ia . Th e n a ti ves o r In d ia ns ca ll ed it
1J1ahi'::: a n d it is n ow o fte n cal led mai:::r , t h e Eng li s h
tra ns lat io n o f th e ir wo rd. Co lum b us t oo k sa mpl es
o f th e co rn b ack t o Spa in a fte r hi s Ji scovc ry of
A m e ri ca , a n d Spa in th en c ul tiva ted thi s g ra in a nd it
was soo n introd uce d in to oth e r p orti o ns o f E uro pe.
A fi e ld o f m aize pr ese n ts a b ea ut iful appea ra n ce.
It s cu ltur e requ ires co ns ide rab le ca re. It is µ hn te d
in hill s , an d th e so il m us t be o f good q ua lity a n d
fr ee fr o m weeds. Th e k e rn e ls diffe r so m ew h a t in
s h a pe a n d s ize a n d t h e n ames wl1itr- con1 , swertcont , p op -cont . &c ., h ave bee n g ive n to t h e va ri o us
k in ds .
G rou n d in to m e a l, In d ia n co rn is m ade in to bread
b isc uits , ro ll s &c . It is a lso used fo r fatte nin~
po ult ry a n d feed ing a nim a ls.
Swee t co rn , bo il e d 0 11 th e cob is used as a n a rticl e o f food . Ho min y a popul a r bre;i.kfas t di s h is a
p re p a ra ti o n of m a ize .

Wher e do
oats grow ?

Oats are c ulti va t ed in m ore n o rth ern clim a t es.
Th ey a r e used m o r . as food fo r a nim a ls th a n fo r
the hu man r ace.

W h at is oatmeal?

Oat meal a n d o th e r p re parati o ns of this g ra in are
h ea lthy break fas t re li sh es.

F o r wh at is
barl ey used ?

Barley a lso g ro ws in a coo le r c lima t e tha n wh ea t .
It is n ot ve ry im po rta nt as a n arti c le o f foo d, but is
use d ex te n s ive ly in m aki ng ale, p orte r ;in d bee r.
Th e b a rl ey is s teeped in wa te r un til it sp routs
th e n it is d ri ed qu ic kl y in a kiln . It is th e n ca ll eJ

TA LKS ADOV T C OMMON THI NGS.
W hat is malt?
malt a n d is th e pr in cipa l in g rc:." d ic nt in th e a b o ve
n a m ed d rinks .
Rye is c ulti vated in Emope a n d in t h is co unt ry. Wh a t li q uor
A kin d o f coa rse b re;i d is nude o f th e ry e m ea l. is ma<lc o f ry e?
R ye is used in m a kin g· w hi s key .

= =======--=-==-==----=----- - --

B L ACKBOARD

-

O UTLINE.

USEFUL GRAINS.
L

WHEAT.

:,.

USES_

2.

USES.

G.

OATS.

3.

INDIAN CORN.

7.

TIAHLEY.

4.

EARLY HISTORY.

8.

RYE.

I

The

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING USEFUL GRAINS

SAi\IPLES OP WHEAT, CORN, OATS, ll.-\.liLEY

1.

AND RYE.
2.

WHEAT FLOUR

3.

BREAD, ROLLS &c. 1\IADE OF WHEAT FLOUR

4.

CORN 1\IEAL.

5.

SPECIMENS OF POP-UOHN, S\VEJ.:'l' COHN &c.

-

-

-

- --- - -

--

-- - = -- - ·

I

I

J

Where do

tree.-The clove tree is a native of the cloves g row?
Spic e Isl ands and is now c ultivated in the West
Describe the
1 ndi es and o th e r tropical countries. It is beautiful
clove -tree.
in appear a nce, resemb lin g th e laure l-tree and
grows to a h e ig ht o f fr o m fifteen t o forty feet. The
leaves a re la rge a nd ob lo n g, the flo\-v ers small a nd
dark red . The fruit r ese mbles a n olive in shape,
and is th e sa m e co lo r as th e flow ers. It is dried
and used to so m e exten t being known in commerce
What is the
fruit called ?
by the na m e "mother cloves."
Clov es.- The cloves as use d by us for flavoring what are
consist o f th e unopened fl o we r buds. They are cloves?
gat hered fr o m the tre e in a gree n state and dried prepared
Howare they
fo r
th oro ugh ly, first by a rtifi cia l h eat, then by the use?
s un 's rays . The buds become of a dark brown
color, a nd loo k very mu ch like na il s. Because of What is the
this rese mbl a nce, th e na m e cloves is g iven to chem, name derived
th e word clo<-'l' being derived fr o m the French word from?
clou which m ea ns a 11ail.
Th e littl e ball which see m s to form th e head of

66

TALKS ABOUT COMMON THINGS.

How can you
prove that a
clove is a flower-bud?
What proper.
ties have cloves?
For what are
they used?

What is
of cloves?

oi l

How i s
used?

it

_-

____

· - -_--__--_
__-::.._·-_- _- ._-_-

·-- -·---

---

the nail is in rea lity composed of the petals of the
flower, and if you soak a clove in water for a while,
you will see the petals soften and unroll.

BLACKBOARD OUT.LINE.

Uses of cloves.-Cloves possess a spicy,
biting taste and strong, aromatic odor. They are
us ed for flavoring food, particularly pies, puddings,
cakes and preserves.

CLOVES.

Oil of cloves.-By d istillin g the cloves In
water, an oil rs obtained which IS found useful 111
medicine .
It is also employed to sce nt soap for toil et use.

1.

THF. CLOVE-TREE.

3.

PREPARATION.

\!.

'rI-IE BUDS.

4.

USES.

!3.

OIL OF CLOVES.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING CLOVES.

IL.

1.

PICTURE OF ULOVE-TREK

2.

SAMPLE OF CLOVES.

a.

AH'l'ICLE OF FOOD FLAVORED WITH CLOVES.

4.

IlO'l'TLE OF OIL OF CLOVES.

TALKS AllOUT

CO MMON THINGS.

69

How is white
pepper ob.
tained?
Which vari ety is the more
Uses.- No spice is so univ e rsa lly lik ed as pepspicy?
per. lt is use d by a ll nations in cooking and pickWhat is the
ling. It is e mployed somew h a t in m ed ici ne. An common use of
ointment pr e pared fr om thi s sp ice is used as a pepper?
How else is
rem e dy for rin g worm.
it used?
Ilow does
Effects of pepper on the health.-As a
flav o rin 1_ for food, in s m a ll quantities, pepper ~c~s p epper act on
the health?

bleach ed. Th e y ar e in reality not white, but li gh t
g r<l y in co lo r. Bla c k pe pper is much more spicy
than th e white vari e ty.

as a pl e~ ant s t1mul:rnt. vVh e n very much of 1t 1s
tak e n, its effects are irritating and injurious.

Where does
pepper grow ?

Describe th e
plant.

What color
and size are the
berries?
\.Vhen io; th e
fruit gathered?
How do the
berries l o o k
when .dry?
What is black
pepper?

The plant.-·l'e pper is a n ative of th e East
Indi es, but is n o w cultivated in man y tropical
coun tri es. It gro\\· s wild in Chi na and Indi a .
It is a c limbin g shrub , with smoot h, spo ngy
stems, and thi c k , ivy-sh aped leaves. It is tra in ed
ove r poles a nd supports, and in c rease d in siz e by
fr eq uent cutt in g o f s lips. The plant g ro ws te n o r
twe lve fee t high. In three or fo11r y ea rs th e fruit
appea r s. The nowc rs ;ire s m ;tl l ;1 11d w hi te. The
fruit is rou nd and red wl1 e n ripe. ;tttd about the
s ize of a p ea.
Preparation.-Ju st befo re the fruit is ripe , it is
gat h ered a nd dri ed in th e su n. If allow e d to fully
ripe n b e fore bein g pic l<ecl it loses mu c h o f its punge nt ta s te . As th e b e rrie s dry, th ey be co me black
and wrinkled. ReJ11ced to a po wd e r. th ey form
th e "bla ck peppe r " of cn m m e r ce. Black and white
peppe r are procured fr o m the same plant. White
pepper is obtai n e d fr o m th e seeds of th e berries.
Th ey are r e m o v ed fr o 1t1 th e pulp of lite fruit a nd

Cayenne pepper.-A variety of pepper 1s
s hipped from Caye nn e in Sout h America, which is
parti c ubrly put1gcnt and is greatly used in a green
state for pick lin g.
Th e berries are bright red
when ripe.

From where
do we obtain
Cayenne pep per?
For what is
it used?

Early use of pepper.-As a me dicine, pepper was used in very a n cient times.
In the middle ages it was known as a spice, but
was so cost ly that on ly very w ealthy p eople could
us e it. A g ift of a fe w p o unds of pepper was considered a very g enerous offering.

How was
pepper used in
early times?
When was it
employed as a
spice?

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

PEPPER.
1.

THE PLANT.

2.

PREPARATION.

3.

USES.

6.

4. EFFECTS ON THE
SYSTEl\1.
G. VARIETIES Oi•' _l'EPPEH.

PEPPER IN THE l\lIDDLE AGES.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING PEPPER

1.

SPECil\IENS OF PEPPER BERHY.

2·

SA1\1PLES 01" CTBOUND PEPPER

Source.-\t would be difficult to name a substance more necessary to the comfort of mankind
Fro m what is
than wood. F o r this material we are indebted to
wood obtain ed?
the fore st trees which grow so pl e ntifully in many
'"ha l porpnrts of the world. The trunks of these wonderful
products of nature represent beauty, strength and tions of th e
trees are used
wealth. To name all the different species of trees as lumbe r?
wh ich supply the great demand for wood, is impossible within the limits of this article, but we will
consider a few of the most common ones.
Whal is the
The Oak. -This tree takes precedence of all most usefnl
o thers for use fulness. The wo od it furnishes is tree?
-What is oak
very t o ugh and strong. It is use d for making arti- used for?
cles that will be subjected to great weight or rough
usage. It is particularly adapted to ship-building
Whal color is
and quantities are used for this purpose.
The
it?
timber is a brownish color and is very ornamental.
It is used for furniture and for the decoration of
Where docs
buildings. The oak grows in England and in the the oak tree
grow?
Unite d States.

72

TA L KS

'Vhat color is
walnut wood?

What is hi ckory?
. Describe th e
mahogany tree,

"What color is
this wood?

What wood
is· n s c d f o r
pianos?

Why is it
named?

so

Name a V O )'
useful w ood.

\Vhere d oes
it abound?
For wha \

it used?

is

ABOUT CO ~ I ~ I ON TllJ J\CS.

Walnut.-:-l\f11 c h o r th e r11rniture in use ;1t the
prese nt tllll e I S 111 ;11ic "f tJi c (i111IJe r or [JJ e i>J;i l·J·
walnut tree . ' Tl !I· S· t I·,CC· I· S· lJ Je n t1fui
·
· lll USt p;tr( S o f'
1n
the world. 1 h e w ood is s tron g and ku1d sn 111 e. ]\
c o m~11on spec ies Of t he tree, k no wn a s ll'lti te walnut
or hickory, y ie ld s a very use ful plain woo d .
. Mahog;any. - The mah oga n y tr ee g-ro ws to a n
t1'.1m e nse s ize. Its trunk is fr o m five to s ix feet in
d1a~ e ter, and the fo li age is ve ry thick. ] t is a
nattv~ ~fthe W e: t Indi es. Th e wood is very va luabl e , 1t 1s brow n tn co lo r, s hadin g fr o m a yc ll t•wi s h
hu_e to dark reddi s h-brown, and is [Jc; 111 tii"ully
vem ed . Th e tr ees are ~o large and th e c lim ate so
h o t, that it is a diffi c ul t tas k t o pr oc ure th e wo od.
The Jogs arc drawn by o x en lo the nea rest s trea m
an_d float e d to th e d ocks fr o m whi c h th e y a rc
s lu p~ed t o oth e r countr ies. Tli c w ood is use d fo r
m a king
furnitur e a n d a rti cles nndc
or it a1c
. I1IC· 11
1y
"
.
po I !Shed and v e ry h a ndso m e .
~
Rose-wood. -Vast q ua n titi es or this woo d a rc
used for makin g pi a n os.
The rose-woo d lree
g ro w s in th e. tropi cs. Th e t imbe r is ve ry hard and
has a dark ri c h color. Jt rece iv
· es it s 11;u11 e rr n m
th e pec uli ar o d o r it p ossesses, so mewhat JiJ..:e that
of a rose.
Pine.-Thi s wood is very pl e ntiful anti ra nks
n ex t to th e oak in use fuln ess
Th e trees. 0er ro w 1n
·
·
·
m~ n y ~art s o f the w o rld, th ose fo und in co ld cou ntri es like _ Russia, _Norway and Sweden, yi e ld in g
th e _bes t timb e r. 1 h e whit e pin e o f ou r o wn CO lllltry is a tall tre e pr otl ucin g \\ "Ol)cl much in d e m a nd
for h ouse builcli11 g and for the ma s ts o f vessel s.

TALK S ABOUT COMMON THIN GS.

73

Maple.-Very hand so me articles are made o f
mark ed.
this wood. It is beautifully g ra in e d and
Th e tree is American in origin.

What ca n you
say n f th e mapl e
tr ee?

The Chestnut tree.-This tre e g ro ws abu nda ntl y in this c o untry and is found a lso in th e
so uth e rn p art o f Europe. The wood is v e ry durabl e a nd is mu c h used for railings, posts a nd
s tron g house h o ld furniture.

' Vhat ca n yo u
say o f th e ch es tnut tree?

Ebony.-This wood is very d a rk in color, the
m os t valuable being black . Th e ebo ny tr ee is
found in Mada gasc ar and Cey lo n. The timb e r ca n
be hi g hly polished a nd is used for d eco ratin g artic les. m ade o f ot h e r kin ds of w ood. Objects m ade
e ntire ly o r e bony are ve ry expe ns iv e.
Cedar.-A s p e\lles o f th e cedar tr ee ca lle d the
" ce d a r of Lebano..," is m e nti o ned in the Bible.
Th e woo d at that tim e was use d for bu il d in g re li g ious t e rn pi es. Vari e ti es of thi s tr ee a re fou nJ in
m a ny parts o f th e world. Th e cedar use d in this
co untry is fr o m the West Indies and th e Sou thern
S tat es. The co lor is reddi sh , and the wood
a lth o ug h s t ro n g , is not heavy. It is us ed for m a kin~ furniture, particularly chests and wardrobes in
whi c h cl oth es are packed away as m oths cannot
ca t through it. Row - boats made of it are g raceful a nd easy to manage. Lead-pencils are made of
this wood.
Fuel.-Besides its importance in building and
th e manufac ture of furniture, wood is n ecessary as
fu e l. In some regi o ns, wher e coal is not easily
obtained, it is the only fuel used.

Desc rib e
ebony?

vVh c rc clnes
the tree grow ?

\Vh a t woorl
was used m a ny
centurie s ago ?
Descr ibe the
wood.

F o r what is
it used now?

What great
want does wood
supply?

p = = = ===-- --==----- -

BLACKBOARD

OUTLINE.

WOOD.
1.

SOURCE.

Ii.

PINE.

2.

OAK.

7.

l\IAPLE.

3.

WALNUT.

8.

CH l·:STNU'l'.

4.

MAHOGANY.

9.

EBONY.

5.

ROSEWOOD.

lO.

CEDAR

11.

WOOD Al:! FUEL.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING WOOD.

II

1.

PICTURES OF VARIOUS ·rnEES.

2.

SAMPLES OF DIFFEHENT IUNDl::l OP WOOD.

3.

ARTICLES .l\IADE

L_

01~

WOOJ).

The cork tree.-Cork is obtained from a tree
which is very much lik e the oak in appearance.
The trees are allowed to grow to be from ten to
fift een years old before any cork is collected. The
cork is the o utsid e surface of th e trunks of the
tree s, that is, the bark. Cork trees sometimes live
to be o ne hundred and fifty years old. They grow
in Spain , Italy and Portugal.
How the cork is procured.-The bark is
cut into in a le ngthwise manner a nd stripped off in
sheets. In a year the new bark forms and the
trees appear as th ey did at fir st. The process of
re m ov in g the bark is repeated every few years, the
quality and quantity of cork being improved at
eac h operatio n . Th e cork is collected in July and
August.
How the bark is treated.-The sheets of
bark are soaked in water and heavy weights placed
on them to prevent their rolling up. When they
are dry th ey are ready for use.

From what is
cork obtained?

Where does
th e tree grow?

What part of
the tree is u sed ?

How is th e
cork obtained?

How long do
the trees live?

Whal is done
to the bark?

76

TALK S AH O l lT CO ~IM ON TlllN GS.

How
a re
corks for bo ttl es
made?

What

nati o n

m an u f acturcs

th e b~ s t cork s?

\\' hat is cu rk
used for?

Why i s it
adapted to mak i ng life- preservers a11 •I Iircboals?

At fint the se s h ee ts of bark we re cut int o cork s
by ha nd , n o in st rum e nt be in g- 11~c d but a knife .
Now a ll th e c uttin g is d o ne by ma chin e ry . T h e
s h ee ts are divid ed int o narro w s trips , t he n th ese
s trips are c ut into p ieces th e ri g ht len gt h a nd
round e d into c o rk s s uch as a rc used fo r b o ttles .
The Frenc h a rc m ore expe rt in the manufact ure o f
co rk s t han a ny o th e r nat io n .

Uses of cork ·--M os t of the co rk o btained is
us ed fo r makin g stoppers for bottles . It is so e lasti c that a ft e r b e in g pressed tig htly into th e n eck of
a bottl e , it fi ll s th e space so that n o air ca n p ;1ss in,
n or ca n th e co n te n ts o f th e bott le e scape.
Cor k is a lso used fo r the soles o f s lippers and
shoes.

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

CORK.
L

'!'HE CORK-TRER

2.

HOW 'fHE CORK IS PROCURED. 4.

It is so li g ht that it fl oa ts easi ly on th e s ur face o f
the wa te r, a n d b eca use it p ossesses thi s f)Ualit y it is
used for li fe-prese rvers a nd in th e co nstructi o n of
life-boa ts .

3.

HOW TREATED .
USES.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING CORK.

1.

PICTURE OF TREE.

2.

P I ECE OF llA RR.

3.

CORKS FOR BOTTLES.

4.

LIFE-PRESERVER OR PICTURE OF ONE.

5.

CORK SOLE.

G.

PICTUHE OF LIFE-BOA'!'.

I

L

--·=====

·--- 1

80

TALK S ABOUT CO MMON THINGS.

What nation
Ii r s t manufactured glas s ?

History of glass.-Th e Egyptians manufactured g lass thousa nds of y ears ago, and fr o m it
made bea ds and imitation gems, a lso curious urns
and drinkin g vessels. Some of these can now be
seen 111 museums.
The fir s t country of Europe to engage in the
m a nufac ture of g lass was Ita ly. From th ere it was
introd uced into England, and later by the E ng lish
into th e United Sta tes.

What

co un-

t r Y furni s hes
tile bes t sa nd?

Nam e all lh c
articles you ca 11,
that nre 111ndc
o f glass ?
ls glass
expensive?

A ve ry pure sa nd is needed a nd this is not plentiful. The fin est is found in Massachusetts i1~ the
Green Mountains.
Importance of glass.-We have only to look
around us t o r ea lize what a useful a rticle glass is.
Mirrors, window-panes, vases and articles for the
tab le fo rm e d o f thi s materi a l co nsta ntly m ee t our
view. F or many centuries g lass was v ery expe nsive and o nly royal families could afford a rticles
m aue of it. It is n o w so plentiful and cheap that
a ll m ay possess it in some for m .

Discovery of glass-making.-The following s to1-y has bee n h a nd ed down to us from former
ge ne ra tion s in relation to th e art of ma king g lass.
Its truth ca nnot be vouched for, h owever .
A party of pirates landed on the shore, so meRepeat the
Th ey built a
sto ry told o f the wh e re in th e no rth e rn part of Africa.
origi n o f g lass? la rg e fire o f sea-weed with which t o cook th eir
fo od . After th e fire h ad burned o ut, th ey found
pi e ces o f g lass in the ashes. The sandy ground
upo n which the fire had bee n built, a nd the alkali
in th e sea -weed h a d united a nd the heat of th e fire
had co nverte d th e m into g las s.

BLACKBOARD

OUTLINE.

GLASS.
1.

MANUFACTURE.

n. EN AMEL.

2.

FLINT-GLASS.

7.

HISTORY OF GLASS.

3.

PLATE-GLASS.

8.

USES OF GLASS.

4.

ANNEALING.

9.

SUPPOSED ORIGIN OF

5.

BOTTL E -GLASS.

GLASS-MAKING.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING GLASS.

1.

SPEOI1\1ENS OF SAND, FLINT, POTASH,
SODA, &c.

2.

OBJECTS M:ADE OF GLASS, AS VASE, BOTTLE,
BEADS, ETC_

a.

PIECE OF LOOKING GLASS.

4. WATCH-DIAL.

(ENAMEL.)-

TALKS ABOUT COMMON THINGS.

s haped. Some have Vf'ry coarse fibres, others are
fine as thread.
r

.l

\V h

:l

t

I S

sponge?

"W here is it
found?

Origin.-For a lo ng time sponge was supposed
to be of vegetable origin but it is now known t o be
an animal of the lo west orde r. Th c;u1imal s arc attach e d t o rocks, s he ll s and ot he r hard substances
below th e water.
Appearance,-Spon ge is a ,very soft, elastic
ofa hor ny framew o rk, mad e up
tub es , branching from large r
ones which grow st ill larger near the center of the
spo nge. The se tube s a ll h;tvc openin g s at the su rface of the sponge and a rc fill e d throughout their
le ngth with a jelly-like, fl es hy s ubs tanc e . Throuah
b
the p~res at the end of the s n1 ;ill tubes the sponge
ta k es Ill water, which passes through the tubes and
finally out again throu g h the open in gs of th e large
tube s. The nourishment for the spo n ae is thus
supplied, the food necessary for th e grO\~th of the
ani'.nal b e ing le ft by the water. Sponges are of
various shapes, som e being almost sp herica l, ot h ers
cone-shaped, cylindrical, cup -shaped or bottle-

vVhat are the su~stance, consisting
qualities o f of innum erab le small
sponge?

Describe
appearance.

its

How is food
s upplied?

i

Nai;ae some
the forms
~ pong e
assilmes?

6f

From what countries obtained.-The
fin es t sponges arc from the waters on t I1e coast o f
Greece. In so m e of th e islands of thi s cou ntry the
pc nplc arc trained when very young to div e for
spo ng es. Fine sponges arc found in the Mcditer r;t11ean and Reel Seas and o n the coast of Florida
and the \V es t Indies.

From
whnl
country tlo th e
fi
rnest sponge,
come?

Preparation for use.-vVh en first removed
from the water, the sponges are slimy and sticky
owirg to the je ll y- li ke matter in the tubes. There
is also mineral matter in the sponge s , such as s mall
s tones and s hell s. The spo n ges are buried in th e
' sa nd for a few days, when the animal matte r beco mes putrid and can be eas ily washed out. The
mineral s ub stan ces arc red uced t o a powder by
Ji e,1tin g the spo nges and can then be rem oved without troubl e. After thorough washing and soaking,
the sponges are dried and se nt to other countries .

vVhere
are
the
West
Indi es?

Uses of sponge-As a n article for th e bath,
sponge is familiar to all. It is of great use to phy s ic ia11s a nd chemists.
Th e French h ave taken ad\7antage of the felting
properti es of sponge and make it into a kind of
c lot h which they use for the foundation o f carpets
;1nd ru gs. Spo nge is sometimes used to stuff cushio ns and fur11iture.

\Vhat
SCO O'
furni s h sponge?
vVhere
nrc
these seas?

How do the
sponges f e e l
when
first
gathered?
H ow are they
purified?
How are the
sponges
prepared for export?
How
is
sponge used?

What use is
made of sponge
by the French l

'I

\'
I

II

'/!1

ii

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

''

SPONGE.

1.

NA'rURE OF SPONGE.

2.

APPEARANCE.

3.

HABITS OF NOURT88.MENT.

-J.

Cnl TNTIU

l ~H

Jo'UltNTSH-

\.

lNG IT.
;,.
li.

Fro m -vrhat s o urce .-The large teeth or
t ·Jsks of th e e lephant, walrus and hippopotamus fur11isf1 a hard, bony material which is called ivory.
The large st supply and fin est quality of this article
comes fr om Africa. Much o f th e iv o ry in use is
obt ai lied from collections of bon es and tusks found
in Asia, which are supposed to be the remains of a
spec ies o f a nimals, immensely large, now no lo nger
in existe nce. The bones a nd tu sks so found are

PREP AltAT l ON I•'OR US:C.
US.ES .

O BJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING SPONGE.

].

2·

SPONGF.8 OF. y I \HT OUR, .I >EOJU:l~ R OF

usu ;tlly imbedded firm ly in the soil and seem to be
a part of it. Many valuable tusks arc often found
together, some weighing over one hundred-ande ighty pounds, and as much as ten feet in length.
The tusks obtai ned by huntin g the e lephants of
Africa and lnclia are much smaller than those mentionec\,
the weight of a tu sk sometimes being fifty
.

FfNl ·~NESS.

MAPS OF SEAS AND COUN'l'H lt<;8 NA1'1ElJ.

,\

j
j

----

What
ivory?

is

\

Where is the
bcsl ivory obtained?

Wheredofos.
sils
ivory ?furnish

I> c tusks.
'c r i h c
these

What is the·
usual
weight uf
a tusk?

or sixty pounds, but usually much less.
A ppearance o f I v o r y . -The ivory procured " Describe
from elephants is a h ard, white substance, fine in appearance
texture and showing when exam in ed a fine n etwork ivory.

the
o t

I
I

I

86

TA L K :-i

,\H OlJ T 1· o~ l ~ l <>N Tlll f\'(;s.

What :>re its co m pose d o f c ur ve d lin es c ross in g and int e rLtc in g
qualities?
eac h ot he r. l vu ry is Sll lll ew h a t e last ic a nd can b e
mad e st ill m o re ncx ih lc l1y ph c in g· it in a snl1iti o 11
o f ph (ls ph o ri c ;tcid . It th e 11 l>•xomes sc 111i-Lr;1n s p a re n t.

·uses ofi vory. - Lar ,;e qua 11t1 t1es of t hi s s ubNam e articles
made uf ivory. sta n ce a re used for ki1ife -h;lll d les, b illi a rd ba lls,
c h ess m e n , po rti o ns o f g;un es a nd t oys . T h e k eys
of p ia n os a n d pa r ts o f ot he r m 11sical in s tru111 e 11 ts a re
France 1n ;rnu factu rcs bea ut iful
What people made o f ivo ry.
are the fi nest arti c les o ut of t hi s m ate ri a l, b ut t lt e C hin ese a rc
wo rk e r s i 11
th e lead in g wo rkm e n i11 th is ;1r t. Th ey c;1r ve it
ivory?
w ith t h e u t 111 os t de li cacy, a nd lll a k c mini ature
c h ape ls, god s , in1 ages. v; 1ses ;111d o rn ;\111 e nls o f it ,
th e ivo ry o ft e n prese n t in g a lace l ik e appeara nce.
How is ivory It is ofte n used as a b a c k gro und fo r d e li ca te p ain t used hy arti sts? in gs an d po r t rai ts. I vo ry obta in ed fro m th e hi p popo t a mu s is v e r y w hi te a nd n o t gra in ed lik e th e e leWhat kind of ph a nt ivo ry . I t is used by de nti sts for m a k ing a rti ivory do den- fi c ia l t ee th. T h e va ri o us uses o f ivo ry m a k e it a
tists use?
s ubs t a n ce o f g reat imp o rta nce a nd th e dem an d
What abo ut fo r it is co nsta ntl y in creas in g . Th o usa n ds o f
the demand for e leph a n ts a rc s la ug h te re d e ve ry yea r t o 1n ee t thi s
ivory?
de m a n d .
Wh at book
mention s ivory?
What nation
made statue> of
this material ?

Early history of ivory, -T he va lu e a nd
b ea uty of ivory w e re app rec iated in ve ry ear ly
tim es. It is fr eq ue ntl y spo k e n u f in t he B ib le . T h e
Gree k s m ade stat u es o f it. o ne in pa rt ic ular , rep re.se n t in g th e O lym pi a n Ju p ite r, be in g o f w o n d ro us
b eau t y, a nd s h ow in g th e g rea t sk ill o f th e sc ulptor
P hi d ias. Th e R o m a ns use d ivo r y in q ua n t iti es a nd
by th e m it was int ro du ced into o th e r po rtio ns o f
E uro p e .

I

TALKS

ABOU T

CO MM ON THIN GS.

What is veg'[·
. h
I11
.
- T \1 ·, s s ubstance w c. table ivory ? :
Vegetable .1 vor_y· 1 . o r y in a ppea ranc e, 1s
I
n b lc s a111m a iv
.
<
1 s p eci es, g ro win g m
c lose y rese t
Describe the
S th Am e rica . Th e
t h e frui t o f a tr ee o f. th e p af tn
1
·
sec
ti
o
n
s
o
·
o
u
I
tree
furnishing
l'er u atH I ol tct · ·
· .
1.tg 11 t g ree n ' pointec it.
1
•
•
ffu\
h
a
vin
g
1
tr ee 1s v e ry ueclll
'
'
.
ce the y
In ge ne ra l a ppectra n
.
·.
l ea ves o f g reat s 1 z~ .
t ·ich feathe rs. The
f imme n se os I
t ·r
r ese tn 1.) 1e t u rt s O .
1
. Th e fruit is as l a rg e What par o
in tlu c k c us te rs .
·
the tree is used ?
nowe r s grow
d
t .
m a ny nuts the s ize
. 1
' I ead a n co n a m s
;>.s a m a n s l · ' <
1 f th e se nuts fur111s 1
.
Th e ke rn e s o
" n as ve ge t a ble
What is made
o f a h e n s egg1· .
b st a n ce l<n ovv
th e h ard, w ute s u
_.
b tto n s umbrell a and 0 f vegetable
. .
lt is used fo r m a 1d ll g u
,
ivory?
1vo1y.
.
f.
lry
\es a n d a rticle s o Jewe
.
ll
a
n
d
ca n e
.
!

,,

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

'I

IVORY

wonr
· \. IN IVORY.

1.

SOURCE.

.J.

CHINESE

2.

AP PEAHANCE.

5.

f•:ABL ¥

3.

USES.

6.

VEGETABLE IVOHY.

7·

mm

Manufacture.-Bricks are made of clay,
Of whal is
which is abundant in many localities . This clay
cl ay c,;;npose<l?
contains
lime and potash. It is du g up and
exposed t o the air for quite a long time, and is then
mixed with water until it mak es a thi ck paste.
How arc the
Formerly this was done with a spade a nd the bricks
bricks made ?
were placed in little wood e n molds by h a nd, but
now the whole process of brick-making is generally
pe rformed by machinery. The machin es are quite
co mplicated and many skilled workmen are nee ded
to attend to them.
When the clay is finally
removed from the machines, it is in the form of What are
b<ick; which a« rnoi;t and a<e called gr<e" bcich <""' ,,;,k'1

ir~1,

I'l'S USES.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING IVORY.

·.rusK.

1.

ELEPHANT'S

2.

OBJECTS l\IADE OF TVOHY.

3.

PICTURE OF PALl\I '

A single brick-making machine, run by steampower, turns out from twenty to thirty thousand

PI~.ODUCING

VEGETABLE IVORY.
4.

bricks a clay.
The kilns.- The green bricks are dried by
ge ntle heat, sometimes the h eat of the sun being
s ufficient. The final process is the baking of the
bri cks in imm e nse ovens, called kilns. It takes
fr o m two to seven days to bake or fire bricks.

BUTTONS &c. l\iADE OF IT

·-- --=-=-

,,

O f what are
bricks mad e ?

OF JYOHY.

-

_ _ :::J

H ow are the
bricks dried '/
\V ha l

are

kiln s ?
!low I o n g
docs it take lo
flre bricks ?

TALK S 1\H OU T

TA LK S ABOUT COl\rnl ON THI NGS.
Wh at affects
the colo r of
bri cks ?

The color of bricks. --- Aft c r th e ba kin g , th e
bri c ks as s um e v.1ri o us s hades, du e to th e ;1m o unt o f
iron contained in the clay. If th e r e is mu c h iro n in
the clay, the bricks will become red wh e n fir e d ; if
only a s mall proportion o f iro n is prese nt , th e bri c k s
are cream colored.

\Vhal is ler ra
cotta?

Terra Cotta.-Ve ry fin e clay is so m e time s
made into ornamental bri c ks of va ri o us s h a p es,
known by the ge n e ral na m e o f terra cotta.
to the appea ranc e of a b1.1ilcling.

ja rs.

Thi s

Many architects

use it in plac e of ·th e sto n e a nd m;irbl e decorations
formerly the fashion.

T er raco tta is ;i lso used for

urns and statues.
What nations
first engagrd in
brick manufactnre?

Of what materials did they
make
the
bricks?

Early

history of bricks.-Th e inhabitants
of Egypt, Babylon and Assyria were the fir s t to
manufacture bri cks. R o urr h vess els and fr a[T m e nts
b

~

of brick tombs have be e n found, full y thre e thou s and years old. Bricks at th at tim e we re probably
dried in the sun, as the building of kiln s w as int roduced at a much late r p e ri o d.
Th e bricks o f
ancient time s were mad e o f clay mix ed with grass,
or straw.

In Indi a, th e wa ll s of old t ow ns a re

made of brick, a nd the ruins of grea t buildings in
Rome are of the same m ate rial.
What nati on
introduced this
indus try in lo
England?

Th e Roman s

introduced the ar t o f brick-making into E n g la nd .
Various porti o ns of the United States furni s h c lay,
and th e manufacture o f bricks is an impo rta nt industry.

91
Fo r wh al ar e

I f - l>uil d in rr h o uses, br icks used?
Tl , bri c ks arc 1tsec o1
"'
.
U ses .ie
. . m c nt s wa ll s, arches .
With
wh a t
1. . · \ff ' S t owers , p.ive
'
.
ll Clltec\ toQ"eth e r a rc bri cks ccc hur c h es, u l I L be.'
"
. . . . They arc cc 1
m c n t ct \
to·
c iste rns, vats, etc.
f n cl ·uid lim e .
.
I
.
.
i1a<le
o
sa
,
i;ct
he
r
?
with m o r tar, w 1u c 11 5 1 '
cl is itse lf
Whal articl es
.
.
f w hi ch bri ck s ar c m a e .
Th e rn1xt1t1 e o
\ fl ower-pot s anLl ~re mri <lc o f l he
.
coa rse vcssc s.
clay mi xture ·1
i1'-'c d fo r ma I.;: 111 g

material is of a d e licate red co lor and adds g reat ly
F or what is
it used?

COl\\ l\\ON THING S.

.....

-·- ··-

·-·---

·•

'I
BLACKBOARD

OUTLINE.

I
I

I
I/

BRICKS.
1.

l\IANUFACTURE.

·I.

'l'ERRA COTTA.

I,

2.

THE KILNS.

r,.

l THJ.:H

I

3.

APPEARANCE OF BRICJ<S. H.
7.

OBJECTS TO

/

<lJ•'

' l' lcJ'I'
' ' ' '\. CO'l''l'A

HIS'l'OUY OF BHICKS.

USES OF B LUCKH.

AID IN

TEACHING BRICKS.

1.

RAl\'.lPLES OF CLAY.

2.

BRIC.KH.

3.

SPECIJ\IEN OF 'J ~ mRA CO'l'TA

4.

FLOWER-POT, JAR

.~c.

i\IA.IJE 01" BRICK.

I
I

Source.-In cl ia rubber is obtained from l arge
trees, which grow in Indi a , Central America , Mex ico. and Brazil.
The larg es t qua ntity of rubb er
comes from th e \::itter cou ntr y in the region of
th e Amazo n r iver /
How procured..-A h ole is bored in the trunk
of the tree , and a thi ck juic e o f a yellowish white
co lor Oows o ut . If kept in a bottle , closely corked,
it retains its fluid state, but if exposed to the air

From what is
In dia
rubber
procured?
\\'h e re Joe'
the mt.her tree
grow"/
llow is th e
India
ruhlicr
obtained?
Wlrnt is it~
app c ar~n cc?

soon hard e ns.
Preparation for the market.-The 1u1ce is
placed in mold s o f clay a nd h eated over a w0od fir e
so as t o h asten the h arden in g process. The m o ld s
are in various s h a pes and when h eat ed s uffi cie ntly
they a re broke n a nd the rubber removed. The
latter is in th e form o f the molds and has assumed
a dark color fr o m the action of the smoke of the
wood fir e.

ll ow is it
prepared
fur
export ·1

India rubber in thi s form is exported to

other countri es.
Qualities ofrubber.-This substance is also
known by the n ames caoutclwuc a nd gum-elastic. As

a dark
Whatcolor?
gives it
Whal other
names
are
appli ed t o rub·
ber?

TALKS ABOU1

94

95

l
Whnt is vul-When the caout!= iouc canized rubber?
Vulcanized rubber. b. tee\ to intense heat
. l 1 su l P\1ur 'anLI su JeC It becomes more
.1
is mix ed wit
Namenrt1ces
·
omp\ete chang e.
. .
d made of it.
it under go es a c
't . clhesive qualities an
. but loses 1 s .1
r
ebs tic than cve1'
. .
Id It is used ior
How is ii
r
t
d
by
h
eat
or
co
.
Wl
mnde still more
is n o t a f iec e
d h se-pipes.
len ornamental?
.
b It'
gas tubes, an
o
d
spnngs, e ing, ·s added it becomes hard an
;1 \Jitc h y s ubs t:rn ce I
.
d.
very handsome
ol1she JS a
1 t · it
· l \
l
la
c
k
,
and
wh
e
n
11g1
y
p
k"
combs, boxes, Forwrn is
\)
.
·
eel for ma tng
.
.
used?
mate rial.
It is us
l
b ttons chains, Jewehy,
,
e nts knife-hand es, u
orna m
•
13ywhomwas
e tc.
.
b r was discovered by the art of v?ll . . rt of vulcani7.111g rub e
k C "t
canizing d1sT lC a
. New Y or
I Y·
covered?
I a m a n n a med Goody ear
t ee from which this
How is the
The rubber tree.- ie rt height before the rubber
tree v~l­
. d • ws to a grea
. .
O'lltn is o bta1ne
gro
. s from Jpd1a JS so ued in th 1 5
b
l
t Th e specie
\ t country?
bran c h e s spr ea c o u . .
d
an ornamental pan
·r \ti tit is c ultivate
as
b eaut1 u ia
. · this country .
in some conservat Jn e s 111

TALKS AB O U T CO l\HTO N Tlll NGS .

\Vhat are its the latte1· term implie s, it is pliable, e xtremely e lastic
properties?
and so ft. J\ t th e s;un e ti111 c it is t o ug h a11d ,1 11 o t
What is th e e asily cut . 1t burn s wh e n li g hted , with a whi te
effect ufhurnin i:; flam e and thi c k s m o k e , and e mits ; 1 strong, di s a g-rce it?
abl e ou o r.
Uses of caoutchouc.-Th e extre m e e la s ti c ity
of thi s s ubstan ce mak es it ava ilabl e fo r m a ny pmName articl es
Air c us hi o ns, po rti o ns of s urg ical in s tru- .
mad e of India p oses .
rubber.
ments and d e li c ate ma c hin e ry arc mad e o f thi s
mat e rial. A s it d oes n o t d isso lve in water o r al lo \\•
liquids to pas s throu g h it, water-ba g s and liquor
pou c h es ar e fa s hi o ne d of it.
It is employe d in
Ilow is rib- makin g e lasti c banda g es , g arte rs, sus p e nd e rs e t c .
bon e 1 a s l i c
It is wo v e n for thi s purpose into an elastic ribb o n,
made?
the rubb e r in fin e threads runnin g t!1 e le ng th o fth e
How is it ribbo n, th e c ros s thre :id s be in g of silk or co tto n
used I
C ut into s mall pi eces rnbhe r is us ed lo e r:i sc pe m·il
Why i ~ 1his mark s . The pr o p e rty it h;is of re m o vin g lea d p e nsubstance call ed
c il m a rk s cau se d it t o b e ca ll ed r 11 bbcr.
rub ber ?
Waterproof clothing.- Wh e n India rubbe r
What import- is mix e d w ith naphtha, turpe ntin e o r e th e r it forms a
ant liquid is
made of rub- liquid whi c h mak es an y s ubs tan ce t o whi c h it is apber?
pli e d th o rou g hly wa te r- proof. vVh e n c lo th is c ov ere d with a laye r of this liquiu it is used for makin g
How is it ladi e .~· rain- c lo ak s , ge ntl e m e n's coats , ove r- s h oes ,
used?
boots, and b Ian I-:: e t s for ca rri age s .
What i s
Mackintoshes_-Thi s n a m e is ap p li ed t o ra inMackinto s h
cloa
k s m a de of a stron g m a t e ri a l whi c h is c o mposed
cloth?
of tw o laye rs of cotton o r lin e n with a la y er of rub b e r paste b e tw ee n th e m. The cl o th so pr e pared
For what i ~ it
used?
re ce iv es its name Mackintosh fr o m the inv e nto r of
th e fabric. Th e cl o th is o ft e n stripe d o r c h eck ed
and g arments m a d e of it are pretty a s we ll as se rWhat is its
appearance?
viceabl e .

. COMMON THINGS.

i;_,l

\

.I

- - = ==

= ==

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

INDIA RUBBER.
1.

SOURCE.

G.

USES.

2.
3.

COLLECTING IT.
PREPARATION FOH. EXPORT.

7.
8.

RIBBON ELAS'fIC.
WATERPROOF CLOTHING.

4.

PROPERTIES.
!J.
OTH
10.
ER NAMES APPLIED 11.

5.

TO IT.

12.

l\IACKINTOSHES.
VULCANIZED RUBBEI"'.
-'
ITS USES.
THE RUBBER TREE.

OBJECTS TO AID IN TEACHING INDIA RUBBER.

1.

PICTURE OF RUBBEH TREE.

2·

PIECE OF RUBBER.

3·

RIBBON ELAS'l'IO.

4.

RUBBER BAND OR BALL.

5.
6.

SAJ\IPLE OF VULCA NIZED IWBBEH.
BUTTON S, CHAINS, &c. MADE OF IT.

7., WATERPROOF CLOAK, OVEH.·SHOES,. &c.

- -·

--====:..==- .,.-----

----

..

--

----

-

Description of plant. -T obacco is a plant
tive or six fee t in h eig ht, which grows e x ten sively Describe the
in North Americ a , and is cultivated in other coun- tob11.cco-plant.
t ri es. It h as a moi st, h a ir y stem, a nd very large
How are the
lea ve s, th ese latter b ein g so metime s two feet long.
\eaves
arranged?
The lea ves a re arranged r o und a si n g le sta
c lk, a nd
Where do the
th e f1 owers, which a re w hi te and s h aped like a
fl owers grow?
funn el , grow at the top o f th e pl a nt.
How is toCultivation.-The tob acco plant requires a bacco c u I t i rich soil. It is r aise d fr o m seed, whi ch is usuall y vated?
sow n in J anuary, in little seed-beds. Th e seedbeds are protected from fro s t by s preading sma ll
branch es o f tr ees over th e m . 13y Jun e, the p lants When does
h av e m ade a fin e start and are th e n tran splanted to the
trans-planting occur
?
anot 1er fi1eld. T h e transplantin g must take place
1
in rainy w eath e r or the sh oo t s will n ot g ro w.
Where raised.-T obacco is cu ltiv ated in the
W e st Indi es, in the southe rn portio n s o f t h e United
States and in Co nn ec ti c ut. Vir g ini a is co nsidered
the best tobacc o - g rowin g state. Th e plant is a lso
raise d in some parts of E urope.

Whe re is the
plant raised?
Where is Virginia?

98

TALKS ABOUT COi\·11'!().' .
"

·'

'l'HI Nl;S.

TAJ.K S ABOUT C OMMON THINGS.

Preparaticn for the
·k
__
are cut down tis tnll r . t
ma.1 et. - ] h e plants
. 1
.'
, ) .t noo 11-t11n e when the sun
ll ow arc ''"·· IS iottes t ;tJlL! spread OJ1t to dr' ' 111' .
rccr uf · · f1· .·
.1 •
SOllle reg io ns,
lea ve.< dried.,
<> ,lJ C \ 111"·-li;trll s 'tr' I ·11:
11·
- ;-,
. ' e )Ill ' dil l l tl1". t I
sta ,s are Jiu JJ <T Llj) in ti
.
'
o .iacco
WI·
"
tc 111 until th e leaves - . l 1en first c ut, the Jcaves J · ,,
. .
a 1ec1 y .
How do the sme ll b
I
. 1.11 c ve1y littl e ta ste or
dry Ieaves taste a nd ' _Lit W .I C .JI dntJ
'
t
.
.1 •
IC
:istc is ex tre m e ly bitt e r
and smell?
th e odo1 Js st ro 11 cr 'llld I'
'
p e rfe ct ly dtT ti, J ,"' ,
c is ag reca l.il c . Wh e n
Y.
co lo r
Tl , - •. . 1e .caves· '·tre 'a gtec
n1• s I1-ye ll ow
Which "'c
l . I icy .u c stnppcd fro111 the stems so rt , I
the poorest anc pac <ed for cxpo r t; tti o 11
Th ., . _cc
leaves ?
lowest o n the pl · t
I .
e leaves growing
.tll s arc t le Jc;1st valuable.

discovered by th e Spaniards in th e latter part of Who introth e fift ee nth century in St.-"'Do mingo . One of the rluced tobacco
into England?
Spaniards carried so me of the t o bacco t o England,
where it was rais e d at fir s t m e re ly as an o rnamc11tal
Ilow was it
·
an d cunous
a dd'
· 1t1· o n to t ).1e g;trllen . I t was soon used al first?
considered a lu x ury to smoke, and th e use of
tobacco wa s adopted by th e wealthy.

I

Effects of using tobacco.-The e ffects of
tobacco upo n the human syste m are universally
a ck nowled ge d t o be injuri o us . When chewed, it
discolors th e t ee th , and impairs the di ge stive
organs. No one who is n a turally orderly ~tnd neat,
would indulge in this di sg usting habit.
When
smoked moderately , its action o n the system is at
fir s t pl easa nt, but habitual us e of tobacco in this
form causes man y di se a ses. One of the most clangerous results of a constant use o f t obacco is paralysis, o r lo ss o f the power of moving any part of
the b ody. The oil which is found in the leave'" is
a deadly poison . It is said that the Hotte ntots
kill snakes by dropping some of this oil on their
tongues.

~ethods _of using. -Tobacco leaves are Jrepa1 ed for use in seve ra l \\" tys
R Ii d
. I
th ey form c i<>· 1r s
' VI ' - . '-O c up ti g htl y,
,,. · ·
v
1c 11 used w ith a ·
I
Whatis snu(J? are c ut int o s m;tll . , _, _ _
<
pipe, t iey
jll <.ccs . .ind II' li e n n- rn1111<i
,.
.
fj ne, snuff Js
th e re s ult 1.- - ·I
. ;-,
vc1y
.
.
01 L IC\VIJl<r tlie lcare pressed int o s mall c-tl ·cs ·t 11 I
"'1'
.tves
foil.
, ' . , c enve oped in tin
How

is

to-

bacco used?

.
Wide-spread use 0 f t b
.
0 acco.- fh e re IS no
How
dJr] the cl1"1111te ·I - I
·
'A
lll \V llC l tob·
- 1.s
. not
American
In rli- ,.
acco
co 11 s urn ed 1·11 s
10rm
B 0 tl 1 · -1.
ome
ansshowfricnd. ·
c1v1 1zed and sav;tcre in t io _
)ship?
of It. It is thourrht th;tt th _, 1 -"'1 't ' f ns ma ,e use
"'
e l.t J I o s m o k111cr ,
preva I e nt amonrr ·-.11e I I'
b
\\a s
,.
::,
.
Ile 1;i11 s of J\merici
1
b e 1o re the fir s t wi' .
What is
I
'• ong
Calumet?
a I
.
..e sett eme 11t was lll ;tde
F· nd1 ans of differe nt t " I , t
.
o1
•
J J Jes
o s m o ke ton-ct) , .
sign of good feclincr .
.
.
,., 1er 1s a
Which people pe ace" is a] wa rs S J~, •.t1,1cl
c C i! 111n ct o r "pipe of
are the greatest has be
)I
okcd .irtc r a b;1rgain o r tre·1ty
smokers?
e n co mp eted. The Tu1-J-s ·1 11 'i p . ·
'
th e g reatest s mok e rs i11 th e wo1~ld, ~ . ~1 sd1 ~ 11 s are
11 · n 1a also,
nearly ever 0 11
.,
. :
W h e ,- e d o
.
Y
e s Ill 0 I, c ~. a 11 d 111 C Iii 11 a t Ji e Ii b ·t - .
th ese people unive rsal, even Jittl a· ·l
.
.
a I IS
e ,, 11 S ll S IJl <>" l l lll CS
live?
iscovery by Spaniards.-To l.iacco
was

:Ii

n·

"'

--

99

i'

l

l

I

11ow c1 o cs
chewi ng affect
peopl e?

Is it a clean
hahit?
What are the
clangers of constant smoking?
Where do
the Hottentots
live?

Cigarettes.-Thc: mo st harmful way in which Of what are
tobacco is used, is in th e form o f cigarettes. These cigarettesmade?
are seldom m ade of pure t obacco , but are formed
from the stumps o f o ld cigars and refu s e matter.
Many young boys injure th e ir hea lth by smoking
cigarettes.

No decrease in use.-In spite ' of the suffer- Has suffering
ing caused by tobacco, and the many learned lessened the towriters who have exp ressed their disapproval of it bacco habit?
in strong langua ge , the habit of using the weed is
in no way diminished.

- - ---=-==-

li

BLACKBOARD OUTLINE.

f

TOBACCO .
1. SOURCE.

5. HOW lfS l·:n .

2. CULTIVATION.
3. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION.

How

6. EARLY UHE OP TOBACCO.
7. DISCOVERY OF TOI3ACCO

4 PREPA
. .
R EFFECTS Oli' ITS USK
RATION OF LF,,\. vro,S.' !l. CIGA H.E'l'TES.
.

.

I

OBJECTS TO AID IN T E ACHING TOBACCO .
1.

'I'Ol3ACCO LJ<:AF.

2.

CIGAH.

a.

Cl CT ATtET'l'E.

·I.

SNlTFF.

\

r.. CA KE OF TOBACCO FOR
CRE WING.

L ___

.. J

made.-Paper , at the present time, is 0 1 what is
paper made?
mad e of old rags. These a re collected b y peddlers,
who sell them to th e paper-manufacturers. The
rags arc sorted, so th a t those of th e same color and
How are the
qu a lity will be t oge ther. Th ey are cl ea ned and rags
p re pared
bleached until white . Chl orin e is used for the for th e machinbleaching. Th e n a m ac hine with sh arp knives cuts ery?
a nd t ears the rags into tin y pieces . These pie ces
are mi xed with water and form a pul py substance.
Whal is done
The water is drained away and th e solid m a tter is to th e pulp ?
subjec ted t o great press ure unti l it is fl attened into
a thin sh eet. Wh e n it drie s , it is the m a teri a l we
call paper . The b ea uty a nd stre ngth of paper
depend upo n the kind of ra gs used.
is writVarieties of paper· -Writing-paper re ceives ingI-low
paper preits fine surface from being dipped in a mixture of pared?
alum and hot g lue. The paper is c ut into sh ee ts
of var ious sizes s uch as are used for note-paper,
!l ow is it
lega!-cap, f oolscap, &c. Twenty-four of these sheets arranged to
sell?
form a quire, and a qu ire with envelopes t o m atch
is often put up in boxes fo r sale. The la rge sheets

I02
TALKS ABOUT

For what are
common

use<l?

rngs

Of wh a t is
wall - pap e r
ma<le?

Wh a t is pn• tcboard?
For
used?

w h n t

D cs c rib e
papier-mache.

O f wh a t use
is it?

What ;s papyrus?
For what
u sed?

By whorn ?
Wher e i s
Egypt?

Where do the
Chin ese li ve?
O f what cl o
they make
paper?

CO ~ l ~ION

Tlll NCS .

are· us ually so ld by tl . . ,.
..
l d
I C I c.11n.
111·c nty (111ircs o r
fou r l
and c icr ht ' s h ., .
. .
- tun e re
So m e not e pa . ·
"' )
cc ts m.ikc a rea m .
'pe r JS very fan cy i1 Ii . ·I
somcly d eco ra te d. C ,. . . . .
l
rn1 s I ;ind hand ~ .
l
.
<.ii sc i p ;ipn, s uc h ;is is used
OJ L raw 1n rr , blotti n <T - . I .
.
J d
f I "'
"' p.t< s, ne wspape rs &c. , Js
na e o ti e co mm o nes t rags.
.'
Wall-paper
pieces of pap _
c1,
ove r aaain
It ·
colors_,,
.
rs

is o ften ma 1, 0 f 0 1
_
'l c
d, worn-o ut
JC( 1ucccl to ·t IJ I
. l
u Jl , .111 c pr esse d
•·
co 1o rcd and printed ll'itlt fancy

s h~~ss!~boar~--This

m ate ri a l is m ade of se ve ral
I .
pape 1' paste d o ne ab ove th e o t h .. 1·t 1·."
t li c k and s tro rr . I
e r·
'
.
•
II ::, a n c va s t quantities o f it a 1·c
l
use<
for m akrn g box es.
Papier-mache
i\ hn
t" '
·1
.' Y a r ·ic ics , s uc h a s p late s
pa1 s, vases, &c. are nnd , 0 f
.'
stanc e c~JJ l ' 1 . ' c
a stro ng pape r s ub. .
' " ec J ap1rr-111,1du:.
Tit
.. ,..,
.
mix e d with rrJu e
. . .
e 1•1,,, pulp rs
d . l I b
OJ s1zJn g and mo uld e d into tli e
es Jre c s !ape
Th
t" I
. .
.
c ar JC cs are so m c tim s , . .
n1 s h ed ~nd are th e n d11rabl c ;111d watcr-t ig h tc. \ .11-

~ Ancient methods of pa

~-

.
l•,rrypfrrns m a 1 •
per n1ak111g. - The
,,
'
cc p.1pcr o ut o f a r ' I !"I
I
whi c h rr rewo n th , I · I
f
• cct -1 .;c p a nt
"'
c J ,tn -:s o the Nil· .·
·r he
plant wa s ca lled a , . . .
c J i ve r.
l -·
/' /'. 11 11.1, .ind th e JL 11nc faf'o · is
Tl . L.
·I
.
.
.
c e r rved f1 om that 11•o rd
wa s stri el
·
rc 1' 11 ' o f this plant
pp c o ff a nd fl a t laye rs m ade o f it 0
j ayer was pas te d
t
f
·
nc
Jn~ t -- l
on o p o another a nd a ~ tr o n rr
"e11a was m ad
..
"'
wrote.
.
, e upo n which th e E g ypt ian s
C?hine_s e-paper -Th e C hin ese
vari o us kind s o f pa .
.
.m a nu fa c tu re
stan ces. Tl
pe r' us in g m a ny diffe re nt sub 1ey m a ke it o f th e b;i rl ·
f
cotto n, and of s ilk . Tl , , . .
' . ' o plants , of
I C) n i. tl,c a fin e p;1pc r c tll cd

TALKS ABOUT COMMO N THINGS.

rice-paper which is us ed for wrapping up delicate
articl es, for table-napkins, a nd for printing upon.
Th e Japan ese manufac tur e strong- paper from the
bark o f the mulbe rry tree. It is used for umbrellas,
te nts and articles o f cl o thin g-. It looks much like
silk and is varnished, s o tl_i a t it will be water-proof.
Uses of paper.-Many o f the ways in which
pape r is used hav e b ee n a lr eady m e ntioned. Printing 11·as in vc n tecl after pa per had been manufactured
for many y e a rs. It would be o f little us e , were
there n o t suc h a cheap mat e ri a l pl e ntifully suppli e d . Newspapers and b oo ks r eq uir e quantities of
thi s m ate ri a l, and there is h ard ly a sm a ll t o wn
eve n , wh e re some work of this kind is not done.
All larg e cities h ;1ve o ne or m o re printing es tablishm e nts and it w o uld be difficult to estimate th e
am o unt of paper use d dai ly.
The first paper-makers.-Th e nests of
wasps are m ade o f a s ubsta n ce res e mblin g paper .
These littl e in sec ts m ake this mat e rial by mixin g
th e fibr es o f tr ees a nd plants with their saliva so as
to form a p ulp. They spread this pulp out and
bui ld n es ts o f it, ei th e r in a h o le in the ground, o r
han g in g- fr n m walls o r th e bran c h es o f tr ees.
Th e nests arc divid ed into ce lls , th e walls bein g
constructed o f thi c k p a pe r.
Freq11 e nt additions a re mad e to the n es ts, new
pa pe r b e in g mad e by th e little manufacturers for
thi s purpose.

What cloth c
Japanese use ?
Where i s
J apa n ?

What art de.
pe11d s
greatly
up on the manu fact u re ,.f
pape r ?
l s much paper
u sed?

What i nsec l s
mak e paper ?

O f what do
th e y make it?

Des c r i he
a wasp 's nes t.

BLACKBOARD

OUTLINE.

PAPER.
1.

MANUFACTURE.

4.

PAPEH MAKING IN EGYP'l'.

2.

KINDS OF PAPER

5.

CHINESE-PAPER

3.

PAPIER-MACHE.

6.

USES OF PAPER.

7.

PAPEB MADE BY WASPS.

OBJECTS TO

AID IN TEACHING PAPER.

1.

OLD HAGS.

2.

PAPEH. PULP.

3.

DIFFEHEN'l' STYLES OF WRI'l'INGP APER.

4.

NEWS-PAPER.

5.

WALL-PAPER

6.

PASTE-BOARD.

7.

AHTICLE 1\IADE OF PAPIER-1\IACHE.

8. SAMPLE OF RICE-PAPER

..

