<J01111UON SCHOOL

GRA·M MAR;:
E~GRAVIN~!l:
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,coNTAINJNG

DIRECTIONS

FOR CO!UPOSING, ETC.

BY CIIAllLES l'llORLEY, A· D.
Author of "Gcog~~pbicnl Kc)' •" elc.

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PUBLISHED HY HENilY BENTON . " '

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ADDRESS TO CHILDREN.

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Entered acco.r<ling to Act of Congress in the year
1836, by

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HENRY BENTON,
in the Cl~rk's Office of the.District Court of Connecticut.

MY young friends, the design of this little book
is, not only to facilitate your progress in the study
·. of Grammar, but also to make it pleasant and in·
. teresting.
The directions for composing, i~ the Appendix, arc also intended lo guide you pleasantly
along lo the ac11uisition of this useful art; like·
wise to afford you an excellent mental discipline,
and rr.1.1.kc you practical Grammarians.
I hope, therefore, that you will apply your
minds with diligence, to acquire both the art of
Grammar, an<l Composition. ·without your own
efforts, the :;;olicitu<le of your friends will avail
you nothing. Say~aird-" They who are
learning to compose~ange their thoughts
with 1.1.ccuracy and order, are learning at the same
time to think with accuracy and order."
THE AUTHOR.

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-INTRODUCTION •
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LESSON I.
Science means knowledge ; arl applying that

, _knowledge to practice.
· ENOL1s11 GnAl\IMAR, therefore, is the science,
i. e. knowle<lge of the English language, and the
I art of speaking and writing it correctly.
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A description of the nature and power of letters, also of the just method of spelling words, is
called ORTHOGRAPHY.
a, e, i, o, u, are called vowels ; also rn and y,
excepting when they precede a word, or a vowel
in the same syllable.' .
. All the remaining letters are consonants.
A vowel can be sounded by itself ; a consonant cannot. ·
; : b, p, t, d, k, c and g hard, are called mules, be." cause they cannot be sour:.ded at all without the
aid of a vowel.
f, h, l, m, n, r, v, s, z, x, c and g soft, are called
•~mi, or half vowels ; l, m, n, and r, are called liquids.
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A letter, or several letters, pronounced together is a syllable ; as, a, an, cmd.
A syllable standing · alone, or several syllable~
united, is a 1rorcl.

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l~TV Jifor.oca· .

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When a wort! can not lie reclucerl to a more'
simple one, it is a zn·hnili11c 11'Cml ; whon it can, a
derivative.
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What is science? Art r English Grammar? Orthography ? A V 01vel? Consonant? Semi. Vowel?
Liquid? How arc won.ls divided?

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LESSON JI.

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A description of the various kirids of words,
their derivations, anti modifications, is called
.ETv11101.oav; from man is derived manful, ma11·
fttlly, <S·c.
Modification means cha nge. a, an and the,
nre called AnT1c1.Es ; a and an, the indefinit e,
i. e. unlimited articles ; the, the definite, i. e. limited article.

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What is Etymology ? What are Articles ?
many kinds ? How distiuguished ?

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How

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LESSON UL

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A nnme is a NouN.
Have all the things that you see in this room
names 1
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Name them.
What are they then 1
·H ave all these pretty pictures names 1
What are their names ?

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NOUNS.
NOUN S.

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LESSON V .
Genoml, :when applied to names, means a great
many, as man, book, tree, &c.
A general name is called a COMMON NouN.
'Vhat kind ofa noun is boy? Girl? Horse? Can·
Are there a great many

1lle? Dench ?-Why?
boys, girls, &c.?

But, if I give tI{e name of a boy, as, Charles;
of a girl, as, Eliza ; of a city, as Boston ; of a
river, as, the Hudson; these are particular IJames,
i. e. the specific name of some general name ;
h ence, a partic~lar name is a Proper Noun .
'l'o what class of words do they belonrr 'I

\.Vhy are they nou11s ?

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WJ1at kind ofno~ns are all the things in this room?
Why ? Broom ? Hoe ? Bench l Philo ? Mary ?
Girl ? Lucy? City ? Charlestown? Dog? Tray l

LESSON IV.

I~oint out the words that are norms
in tlie fol.
lowmg sentences.
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Good scholars love study.
London is a large city.
A g?od and wise man is esteemed.
Ba.lt~mo~e an~ Boston are large cities.
Wilham s krufe ; Mary's ring.
Charles studies his book. ·
Good scholars study with diligence.
Why are the above words uouns ?

LESSON' VI,
I, thou, he, she, it, and who, which, what, and
thal, an; SunsT1TUT.i,; NouNs, because they are
words used in the place of 11ou118. I, thou, he1
she, it, are PERSONAL SunsTITUTE NouNs, because they refer to persons.
Who, which, what and that, are RELATIVE

SunsTITUTE NouNs ; because they are related
to either a common or proper noun ; as the man
who, the dog which, the boy that, this is what I
. wanted ; i. e. the thing which 1 wanted.
What words are substitute nouns? 'Vhy ? How
. divipecl ? Why are the first personal ? lbe other re-

lative?

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NOUN.

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'N uCNS .

Wlint numhcr is wom en '

LE 8oON VII.
Singu/11.1· 111 eans one, 71/nrnl more than one.
\\' h t' 11 1 sny buy, I mean but one boy;
h cnc r, fwy is of th e si11gular numb er ; but when "
I s<1y boys, I mea n morn than one boy ; there·
fore nn11ns ham l wo numbers, the singular nnd
plural.
\\'li a l 11 u111b c r is l o~ u s t ?

Why ?

Why ?

NOUNS .

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NOUN .~ .

Whal number is men?

Why?

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What nl1mbcr arc the objects m this room ?

1, is first person singular ; thou, second person
singular, am\ lie, she, it, third person siiigulnr.
fVe, is first person plural ; ye or you, second person plural, and t,hey, third person plural ; hence,
nouns have three .persons in each number, i. e.
three in the singular, and three in the plural.
I did this ; hence, the first person is the speaker ; thou art the man, the second person is ad·
dressed or spoken to ; he is reciting, the third
person is spoken of.
How many numbers have nou.ns? What are they
called? H9w do you distinguish them ? How many
persons ? ·. flow do you designate them ?

'..~E:SSON VIII .

When I sp~~k of males, as man, horse, ox, &c.
I mean the MAscuLINE GENDER ; when of fe.
males, as, girl, hen, cow, .&c. the FEMININE
GENDER; when of bench, lcn~fe, book, &c. the
NEUTER GENDER ; when of doer, sheep, people,
&c. the CoMMON GENDER. Hence gender is tha
distinction of sex, of which there are four, viz. the
mruculine, all males ; the feminine, all females j
the neuter, neither male or female, i. e. things
without life ; the common, either male or female.

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NOUNS .

·what genJcr is rcprcsc ntcJ by this plate '

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NOUNS.

\Vliy?

Whal by this plate ?

Why?

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NOUNS .

\V hat by tlois plate?

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NOUNS.

Why ?

What hy this plate ?

\\' hy?

LESSON IX.
When I speulr\ of th e rlifferent cornlitions of the
noun, I mean ccdF-, us JVi//ia.m R lwlic.~.
\Villium is the na me of th.0 actor, or doer ;,

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N011NS.

2.3

NOUNS.

hence, the name of the one that 1loes any thing
is in the No~uN A Trvi;: CA sc ; also when ·i 8 comes
after, or is connected with the noun, it is ,in the
Nominative Case.
\Vhen I say .J\Iary's 1·i11.:.!.·, Ed1cin's knife, Ilrl1m's book, &c. l mean Mary owns the ring, Edwin the knife, Helen the book ; hence the owner
is in the PossEssrvr. CASE; but when I say,
Chai·les slttdies his book, I m ean book is the ob.\ect that Charles studies ; th ereforo the o.bjecl is
in the OnJECTIVE CAsE.
lVhat words are in the 11n111i1wlive cr11e in the ex.
ample of sentences, lesson 4th, \V hy > The possea•ire, Why ? Th.e objective, Why ?

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Thus th e Clii111•,;0 draw ll1 cir water.
That

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smokes his pipe.

Point 011t the no111irm1ive cases in the plate.
'Vhy nominative 'I The possessive, why 1 The
objecti\·e, why?
N orF:.· Case bclonr;·s only lo

11011 lls.

The following is tlw mode of g-oing through
the different case,; :

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NUUNS.

SINGULAJL

Man,
Man's,
o~;.-- -~ ~
Man,
This is declining the uoun .

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Decline

1'/iinl person

J'L UllAL .

.Nom. .
Poss., '.: :

Men,
Men's,
Men.

.N'um.
Poss.

Obj.

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SJNGULA!l.

SINGULAR ;

Nom.
Poss.
Obj.
.Yom.
P oss.
Obj:JVom.
P oss.
Obj.

l'LURAL ,

We.
Our, or atu's;
Us.
PLURAL .

SINGUJ.All.

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PLURAL.

H e,
'l'hey.
His,
Their or theirs.
Him,
Them.
Third pc1·son j'eminille.
SINGULAR.

Nom.
Poss.
Obj.

She,
Her or lier~,
Her,

'~'h e m .

The Relatire Pronominals, or Substitute R ela·
ti ve Noun s, lll'C thus llcclined:

Nom. 'l'hou or you,
Ye or you.
Poss. Thx C!r thine yours or your, Yours or your.
Obj. Thee or you,
You.
· " Thirc~pcrson masettlinc.
Nom.
Poss.
Obj.

They,
Their or theirs.
LESSON XI.

The P ersonal Pronominals, or.· Personal . Substitute Nouns, are thus. declined ..
_ J!'irsl ,,Person.

I,
My or mine,
Me.
Seconil Pei·son.

PLUHAL.

It,
Its,
It,

boy, girl, Milo, M a ry , Susa.n, Eliza.

SINGULAR .

11 c1tfu.

S INGULAll •

LESSON X .

Nom.
Poss.
Obj.

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NOUNS .

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l'LURAL.

They,
Their or theirs.
Them.

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PLURAL.

'Vho,
Vll10sc,
·whom .
·w hich,
Of which,
Which.
That,

'Vho,
\Vhose,
Whom.
Which,
Of which,
Which.
That,

That.

That.

Note 1st . When self is added to tbe prooornin als
or substitute noun s, as, himself, herself, itself, &c.
thP-y arc called Conwond l'ronominals, or Compound
Substitute Nouns.
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N otc 2<l. Pronornina ls are class~d with Nouns ,
because .. they are used as their representatives or
substitutes. Thei r use is to avoid the repetition of
their , aotec~dent; .i. e. tbe noun. going before, to
which they are related. That 13 a fine horse ; be
trots elegantly ; he runs swiftly ; i. e. instead of repca ~ ?~ the word horse, we merely say he.

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NOUNS•

A OGECTITES .

LESSON XlL

that mnn, these men, those men, the former ruler, the latter harvest.

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You have learnt tlrnt whatever has gol I\ nnmll
is a Noun; the word tliat is used to describe the
name or noun, or tell its quality, as, a sweet apple, a sour apple, a red a pple, a green apple, is
called an ADNOUN 1 or ADJECTIVE; hence, sweet,
s011r, red and green, are Adjectives, because they
arc added to the noun to describe it.
Describe the objects in this room, i.·e. add the
adjectives to them.
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Add adjectives to the objects represented by the
plates in lesson 3d .
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lloint out the adjectives in the sentences In
lesson 4th, and tell why they are adjectives.
Describe or acid an adjective to ench of the
following objects ; Fire, book 1 slate, sun, moon.

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W liy ? Whal is an Adjective or Adnoun?

LESSON XIII.

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Each, every, either, some, one, at1y, all, other,
such, few, little, much,-are INDEFINITE 8rEcl 1
FYll<G Ann:cTIVEs ; because although they spc;
cify objects, yet it is in a general manner ; ns
each man, every p e r11011 1 either way, some per·
son, one boy, any book, all books, other books,
such men, few men, a little time. This, that,
these, those, former, 111.llcr, same ; are DEFINITE
SrECIFYING Aun:cnvEs, because the.y definitely point oul some speci fic object; 11.s, this man,

\Vhat 1Vords are Indefinite Specifying Adjectives?
Why? Definite? why? _

LESSON XIV.
Adjectives are vnried thus;-wise, wiser, wisest. Great, greater, greatest ; hence, you perceive that there are three degrees of variations
called comparison, or degrees of comparison.
One mode of comparison, as above is, to add
er nnd est, to the - first or positive degree ; the
addition of er, makes; it comparative, or est, superlative, or highest or lowest degree.
Another modo is to prefix more ant! most, ns,
Positive JVise,
Comparative .J\1ore 1Vtsc,
Sttperlativr. .J\1ost tcise ;
·Or less nnd least ; as,
Positive Wise,
Comparative Less wise,
Superlative ~Least 1Visr.
Ob•. Comparison by more, most, less and least, applies chiefly to words of more Ryllahlcs than one.
How are 11djecti1·es varied ? Ilow mnny degrees
e1fcomparison have they? What arc the v? Whal
arc tho modes of comparison ?
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J. DJECTJVES .

LESSON XV.
Some ncljecti ves have irregulnr comparisons, ns,·
Positive Good,
Comparative B etter,
Superlativo Best.
Positive Bad,
Comparative "\Vorse,
Superlative v~lorst.
Compare great, small, little, big, beautiful, ex- '
cellent, bright, anxious, sweet, red, black, good,
bad.
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vr.nns.
Objec t.

Actress. Action.

'fhc woman spins

her flax.

What have you done to day ? What else ? To
what class of lVords do these actions belong? W~1y >
Wha•· kincl of Verhs ? Why ?

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. LESSON XVI.
You have learnt that when the Noun or name .
does any thing, it is in the nominative case ; ns,
Edward walks ; Edward is in the nominative
case, because he is the actor or doer, nnd what
h e does, i.e. walks, is a VEnn; hence, n verb is
whnt the nominative or doer docs; this is· called
nn Aclivc Verb, because it expresses nction .

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Actors.

'l'he

racers

Action.

seek

the

Object.
prize.

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vcnns .

The

Ac tress .

Ac li un .

wo111an

walks.

VERTIS .

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LESSON XVII.
eti.

Transitive means to pass over ; hence, when
the action of the verb passe~ over and terminates
on an object, the verb is called an Active Transitive Verb ; as, in the example of the last lesson,
the woman spins her flax ; spins, th e action, pas·
ses over and terminates on the object, flax .
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Active verbs, whose ac tion does not thus pass
over, are cnll ed Intransitive. But most nclive verbs
may be, nnd ac tually are transitiv e, th e object
being expressed, or implied, i. e. when an a0tive
verb has no object expressed after it ; as, he
tvalks; we can supply an object thus, he wallca a
t~alk, he nms a rncc, he sleeps a nap.

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Point out ~he active verbs in tha example of
sentences or 111 your rna<lmg book, and give the
reason why.
What is a verb?

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vEnns.

vr.nns.
Actrcr.s.
She

LESSON XVIll.

/\cl.ion.

reclines.

If I say, Charles is struck by Henry, instead
of, Henry slrilccs. Qharles, ,I chnnge the meuning
of the verb, so lhnt instend 'o f simply expressing
action, it expresses net ion . ~eceived by ' Chnrks
from H~1\_,ry ; this is n Pnssire Verb .
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O~s :'; changes tho ' .object into the agent, and
the agent into the objective case, i. e. when 1he. passive verb is used instead of the active; hence
when'tho passive verb is us_e d the doer becomes the
object _ and the object the nominative case.
Object.

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'Vhat <locs trnn~itirc mcall '
transitive ? \\' hy ?

ii.re all acti1·c verbs

Jlclion received.

cloth . was

woven

by thnt

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man.

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· NeTE. la tho aotiv~· verb, the actor [man] i• in
tho norninlllive case ; but here it is re versed by the

passive vcl'!:>, and hc:iomes the ohjcclivc case ; while
clolb, lhc object, is the agent of tl1c verb, i. c. 110111inative.
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,\ctor.

Action received.

Henrv .
That lesson was
' recited
by
That house was . ,buil~
by Charles.
loved
Martin is
by . Charles; .
1. c. Henry recited that lesson.
Charles built that house.
Charles loved Martin.
In like manner any passive verb may be changed to an active verb, if it has an object after it.
Point out the passive ve1·bs in the following
sentences, and change them into active verbs.
Washington was loved by the Americans ..
Good people are est.ecmed by the commumty.
Good scholars are loved by their teachers.
What is a passive verb ? What two cases of nouns
does it change ? Hmv ? How do you clrnnge n passive into an active verb ?
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LESSON •XIX. ·

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Ifl say I am, he ·is,· &c., am nnd ·i., express
neither action nor an action rccPi1·ed ; hence am,
is a Neuter Verb, because it simply expresses
being or condition.
Hence, you perceive that there are tl1rec kinds
of verbs ; viz. actire, passive am! neuter.

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llo1v do you distinguish them? Verbs have two
hurnber•, like nouns ; as, sin. I am, plu. 1Vc are ;
also, they have three persons in each number, as
llouns have.
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Object.

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VERlls.

vr.nns.

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LESSON

xx.

. Mode :"mean~ manner ; the ' manner in which
the differ'ent (orm of verbs are expressed, is mode .
. First. . The Indicative is the first or t5imple
form ; i. e. it simply indicates or declares a thing;
as, 'Villiam rncites. Recites is the simple form,
therefore indicative mode.
Seconrl. The Imperative means commanding;
tts, study thou. The imperative mode is also
used for entreating, exhorting, permitting, &c.;
its, do thou study, (entreating ;) repent ye, (exhorting;) Jct him study, (permitting.)
Third. Potential means power, and is known
by its signs, may, can, must, might, could, would,
should ; ns, he can . go ; it may rain ; he might
Ienrn ; he would go ; he should study, &c.
Fourth; Subjunctive, means joined to : it implies condition, and is kuown by its signs,-if,
though, unless, except, whether, &c ; as, if he
study he will improve ; i. e. upon the condition
that he study he will improve.
Fifth. The Infinitive ; i. e. unlimited .
\Vhal is mode? To what class of words doe8 mode
belong ? How many arc there ? Hmv distinguished !

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vr.r.ns.

LESSON X XI£.

LESSON XXL
T ense means time. · Thi;; belongs, also, exclu·
sively lo rnrba ; what is doing at the time i; the
71reswt tense ; as C harles studies, i. e. Charles
studies now .
Th e 7iast tense means, something tha t has been
done, as, Charles st11dietl, i. e. if he does not study
now, he studieJ in time pas t.
\\Theu I say stu1lied, I express the simple form
of the pas t tense ; but when I say I have, or ha
h as, or had studied, I ex press a lill!e more ;
hence, the past tensr. is subdivided into three ten·
ses ; viz. he studied, (imperfect,) I have or he
has studied, (the perlecr,) lie had studied, (the
pluperfec t ;) hcuce, ha \'C or has, is the sign of
the perfect teiJse; had, of the pluperfect.
, Future, means time yet to come; as, he will
go, i. e. at some future time ; he slmll study, i.
e. if he study not now h e shall at some future
time. But if I say, he will have gone, I say,
more than , he will go ; hence, the future is subdivid ed into the first and second future tense.
Shall and will are the signs of the first future;
will have and shall have been, the second futtuc;
hence, you observe, that, although strictly speak·
ing, there are but three tenses, yet to simplify,
we ha ve six.

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. \Vhat is the. in1li ca tiv c moJ c or stuJy ? Jmpcralt1' e ? Pot ential? Subjunctive? Infinitive?
Wlrnt is the prese nt te nse of study? Why·? Im·
)>erfect? Wh y? P e rfec t? Why? First i•'uture ?
Why? Sccont.I Future? Why?

LESSON XXIU.
Going throu g h th e variou s form s of the verb is
call er! Conjugating it.

Conju ga te the auxiliary, or helping verb To
lJAv E.

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Indicative Mood.
P resen t 1'ensc.
Singular.
Plural.
Pers. l have,
l \Ve hav e,
2 .J>crs . I Tho11 hast, or 2 Ye or you have,
5 Yo u* have ,
3 Pers. H e , -s he, or it
3 They hav_e .
hath 01· has ;

* It is the pra~ ti ce or.all distinguisheJ motlcrn write rs to use Yon ID th e s111gular as well as in the plural uurnbcr. In this case the verb retains the plural
tcrmrnat10n .

"What is the meaning or ten se ? How many are
there? How distinguished ? Name them.

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VF.RIIS.
VEHBS .

The Pnse11t Teuse, with the .fluxiliary Do prefixed.
Singular.
l'\ural.
I 1 do* have,
1 We do have,
Thou dost have,
2 Ye or you do have,
2 5
I or You do have,
3 He, she, or it doth or
3 They do have.
does have ;
Imperfect Tmsc.
I We had,
Thou hadst, or
2 y 0 or you hail,
2 5
I You had ,
3 He had ;
3 They had.
J l h ad,

'J.'he Imperfect Tense, with the .flu...:iliary DO pre·
fixed.
I. We did have ,
J I did have,
5
Thou didst have,
2
Ye or you did have,
2 I or You did have,
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3 They di<I have.
3 He did have;
Pe1fect Tcruc.
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I We have had ,
·.rhou hast had, or
'.t Ye 01· you have had,
2 5
I You have had,
3 They have had.
3 He hath or has had;
J I have hall,

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Plupe1fect Tenu.
Plural.
Singular.
1 We had had,
l I had had,
SThou hadst bad,
2 Ye or you had had,
2 I or You had had,
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3 They had had.
3. He had had ;
*Do is used as an a uxiliary only in lhe present and
imperfect tense of the indicative mood, and in the imperative; and when used, the principal verb is not

varied in its termination.

39

First Future Teme.
I shall 01· will have,
I W c shall or will have,
Thou shalt 01· wilt ha~e 2 ye or ou shall or will
h
Y
2 01· You shall or mil
have,
ave,
3 He shall or will have ; 3 They shall or will have.

~

I

,j

j

Scco11il Fultwe Tmse.
l I shall have had,
I \Ve shall have had,
Thon wilt havo hacl, or "y 01
"ll I
I d
25
I You will have had ,
~
e " you wi iave ia '
3 They will have had.
3 lie will hav o had ;

Impera.live Mood.
~ ingular.

Plural.
2 Have, or have thou or 2 Have, 01· have ye or
you, or do tl1ou or you you, or <lo ye or rou
have;
have.

Potential Mood.
l'1·cuiil 'l'c111c.
Singular.
Plural.
may, can, or mu st 1 \Ve may, can, or must
have,
have,
5Thou mayst, canst, 01·
I must have, or
2 Ye or you may, can, or
2 5You may, cau, or
must have, .
I must have,
3 He may, can, or must 3 They may, can, or
have ;
must have.
Impei:fect Timu.
I might. coul<l, would, or I We might,oould,"would
1bould ha1·e,
or should have, ·

I
.1
i

II

\ ·1rn ns.

40

VEnns.

lnfinitire MooLl .

Singular.
Plural.
Thou mightst, coul1lst,
wouldst, 01· shuuld st
have , or
2 Ye Ot' you might, coul1l,
2
'{ n u might, co ulcl
wonltl, or shou ld have,
} would ur should

l.,i·esr.nt 1'e11se.

~

P::t.rliciplcs.

3 H e mi g ht, could, would, 3 T hey mig ht, coulil,
01· should have;
would, 01· should have.

Plttpe1j'cct T ense.
I migh t, could, WOL!ld, l \Ve rnight, co11lcl,wo11l1\
ot· should hav e had ,
or should ha ve had,
Thou mights!, oouhlst,
wouldst, or shouldst
have had, or
2 Ye or yo u rnight ,coultl,
2
You
might, could
would, or sl1uuld have
would, or should have
had,
had,
3 H e might, could, would, 3 Th ey might, could,
or should have had ;
w01ild, 0 1· should have
had .

~
~

.;.

'

Subj1111clivr. ]\food.
Present 1'e11se.
Singular.
l If I hav e,
3 \ If thou bast, or
I If you hav e,
3 If ho hav e ,

Plural.
I If we hav e,

2 If ye or you have,
2

If they have.

To

Having.

Present,
l 'P.1fcct or Passive,
Coinpo111tcl l1e1fect ,

hav e,

P c1fr,rl T c1uc.
I may, can, m· n11rntl; av1? I \V e rnn y , ca n, or must
had,
hav e had,
5-Thou mayst, camt, 01·
2 Ye or yo u rnay, can, or
2 i must hav e had, 01·
5You may, can, or mu st must hav e had,
I have had,
3 He may, can, or mu st 3 They rnay, can, on.Just
have had ;
ha1•e had.

J' cr(a t 1'm1.<r .
have had .

To have;

llau.
Having hail,

LESSON XX l V.

'Co11j11galc the ilCntc r vo rb 'l'o .lh:.
lmlicative MooJ.
Prc.< c11l 1'c11se.

l'lur~J.

Siugular.
I am,
\Thou art, 0 1·
'2 ( Y 011 arc,
-3 He, she , or it is ;

t \ Ve a rc,

:i

Ye

0 1·

yon a rl')

3 They are .

Jmp e1fccl T ens e.
I was,
I \Ve l\'ere,
\Thou wast, dr
2 Y e or you were,
'2 ~ You were,
3 Ile was ;·
3 They were.
P c1fect T ense.
I We have been,
Th ou has t been, 01·
2 Ye or you have b e(l n1
2
You hav e been,
3 J e ha th or has been
3 Th ey hav.e been.

I I have bee n,

~

Pl11q1c1fect T ense.
1 We had been, .
SThou haost been, or 2 Ye or you hail been,
"l (You hail hceu,
J The.r hail. been.
3 He had, br:cn ;
t I had bee n,

i> 2

r1
42

VEHRS.

Fi1·st Future
SirlO'ular.
I shall ;;,. will be,
I
SThou shalt or wilt he, 2
2
I orY011 slsnll or will be,
3 He shall or will Le ;
3

Tense.
Plurnl.
We shall or will be,
Ye or you shall 01· will
be,
They ehall or will be.

l'c1:fcct Tense.
Singnlnr.
Plurnl.
I may,c1rn,or musthavc
\Vo rnay, cnn, or mu•t
been,
have hccu,
S Thou mayst, canst, or
2 Ye or you may , cnn, or
2 I must have been,
I or You, may, oan, or must hnve been,
~ must have been,
3 He may, oan, nr must 3 They moy, can, or must
hnvc be en ;
have been.

Sao111l F11ture Tense.
I shall have been,
I \,Ve shall have been,
SThou will have been, 2 Yo or you will have
2
l or You 1vill have been, been,
3 Ho will have been ;
3 They will have been.

Plupe1fect Tense.
I We might,
coulrl,
would, or should have
been,
Thou miglilst, coul1ht,
wouldst, pr shouldst
2 Y ~ o,. you might,oould,
have bee11, or
2
would, or ~hould have
You might, could,
been,
woultl, or should havo
been,
3 He might, could, would, 3 They
might, could,
or should have been ;
would, or should havo
been.
I might, could, would,
or should have beeu,

Imperative Mood.
Singular.
Plural.
2 Be, or be thou or you, 2 De, or ho ye or you, or
or do thou or you be ;
do ye,..r>r you be.

~
~

Potential Moo11.
Present Tense.
Singular.
Plural.
I may, can, or must be,
\,Ve may, can, or must
he,
SThou mayst, canst, or
l must be, or
2 Ye or you IT\ay, can, or
2
SYou may, can, or
must be ,
I must be,
3 He may, can, or must 3 They ma7, can, or
be
must be.

Subjunctive Mood.
Preu11t Ten1e.
I .

Imperfect 'l'en.ve. .
.
"
.
I might, could, would, or l We might, could, would
should be,
or should be,
SThou mights I, couldst,
l wouldst, or shouldst
2 ~ be, or
2 Y c or you mirht, could,·
SYou might, could, would, or should be,
I would, or 6hould be,
3 He might, could, would, 3 Tl1ey might, oould,
or should be ;
would, or should b!;J:

43

VEHDS.

l·'

·'

Singular.
I If I be,
\ If thou be, or
2 ~If you be,
3 If he be;

Plural.
I If we be,

2 If ye or you be,
3 If they be.

lmperfccl 'l'enae.
If I were,
I If wo wero,
If ye or you were,
2 \ If thou wert, or
2
I If you wore,
3 If ho were;
3. If th ey were.

\IF.nllS.
VERTIS .

lnfiniti\'C Mooil.
Petfect Terui':.
To hove beeu.

l're1e11t Tenu,
To be.

Deing.
Ileen.
Having been.

LESSON XXV.
Conjugate tho activo verb To LovE.
Indicative Mood.
Pr·cscnt
Singular.
l I love,
SThou lovest, or
2 ~You love,
3 He, she, or it loveth,
or loves;

'l'ense. Plural.
I \Ve love,
2 Ye or you love,
3 They love.

Tlae Present Tens e, with. the .!luxilim'lf Do ~rejii:ed.
l \Ve do love,
SThou dosl love, or
2 Ye or you do love,
2 ~ You do love,
3 He, she, or it, doth or 3 They do loJe.
does love;
I I do love,

lmpctfect Tense.
I loved,
I We loved,
S
Thou
lovedst,
or
2 Ye or you loved,
2 ~You loved,
3 He loved;
3 They loved .
The lm.petfect Tertsc, with the .!lu:i:iliary no 11rejiud.
Singular.
Pl~tral.
l I did love,
I We did love,

'

I Thou dirlst love,
I You did love,

3 Ile did love;

Participles.
Present,
Peifect,
Com.pound Petfect,

Singular.

2

01·

45

Plural.
01· you did lo ve,
3 They did love.

2 Ye

Pe1fcct 1'cnse.
1 ·w e have loved,
2 Ye or you have lov2 I Thou hast lov ed ,
I or You hav e loved,
ed,
3 Ile hath or has loved;
3 They hav e lovetl.
I I have loved, '

Pluz1c1jiict 'l'r.nse.
I W e hatl lov ed,
2 SThou had st loved,
2 Ye or you had lov eil,
~ 01· Yo u l1ad loved ,
3 Ile had loved ;
3 They had kv ed.
I I had lo1·ed,

F irst Future
I shall or will love,
I
Th o u shalt or wilt
2
love , ot· You slrnll 01• 2
will love,
3 He shall or will lov e;
3

~

T ense.
We shall or Will love
·
'
Ye or you shall or will
10''e,
Th ey shall 01· will Jove.

,
Second Future T ense.
I shall have loved,
I We shall ham loved
Th ou wilt have lm•ed ,
'
or you will h.uve lov- 2 Y c or you will have
2
ed,
loved,
3 Ile will have loved ;
3 They will haye Iov ccl.

~

Imperative Mood.
Singular.
Plural.
2 Love, or love thou , ot• 2 Love, or lo\'e ye 01·
you, 01· do t!1ou or you . you, or do ye 0 1· you
lpve,
lov e,

47

V EJlllS .

4G

VER US.

Potential Moo<l .
Prucnt 1h1se.
Singular.
Plural.
may, can, or mu~t I 'Vo may, can, or must
love,
love,
5 Thou mayst, canst, or
~must love, or
2 Ye or you may, can, or
2 5You may, can, or must love,
~ must love,
3 He may, can, or must 3 They may, can, or must
love;
love.

Impeifecl Tense.
I might, could, would, I We might could, would
or should love,
or should lovo,
Thou mights!, coulrlst,
'
wouldst, or shouldst
Jove, or
2 Ye or you might, could,
2 5 You
might, could
would, or &hould love,
~ would or should love,
3 He might, could, would, 3 They might, could,
or should love ;
would 01' should love.

~

;

;

Singular.
Plural.
Thou rnighlnt, oouhl•t,
wouldst, or shouhlst 't y
·. It
It!
luuc loved, or
. . e or you mtg ' 'eou '
2~y
. ht
I'
would, or should have
w~~ld, i:;;gsh~uldch~~~ loved'
loved,
3 He might, could, would, 3 They might, coukl,
or should have loved ;
would or should have
loved.

~

Subjunctive Mood.
Singular.
If I love,
5If thou love, or
2
? If you love,
3 If he love;

Plupeifect Ten<e . .
1 might, could, would, I \Ve might, could,would
or should havc"loved ,
or should have loved,

3 If 1hey love.

Infinitive Mood.
Peifect Tenae.
To have loycd.

l'rcawt Ten&c.
To lovP.;

Pnrlieiples.

Pcifect Tense.
I may, can, or must have I We may, can, or must
loved,
have loved,
5Thou mayst, canst, or
~must have loved, or
2 Ye or you may, can, or
2 5Youmay,can,ormust
muslhaveloved,
~have loved,
·
3 He may, can, or must 3 They may, can, or must
have loved ;
have loved .

Pre•ent Tense .
l'lural.
If we love,
2 If yo or you love,

.Pruent,
Perfect or Pa&sive,

Compound l'erfecl,

Loviag .
Loved.
Having lornd.

NoT11:. The conjugation of an active verb is cal·
led the active voice-of the passive the paHive voice.

LESSON XXVI.
Conjugate the verb To

passive form.

DE LoVED, 1.

e . the

,.
VEHIJS.

Inclicativ c Moo1l .
Presen t T ense.
Plural.
Singular.
I \V c arc loved,
I am lov ed,
2 Ye or you arc love<l,
:! \ Thou arl lov ed, ""
~ Y 011 are lov ed,
3 They arc loved.
;i Ile is loved ;
Imp erfect Tense.
l \Y e we re loved,
I I was loved,
\ Thou wast love<l, or
2 Ye or you were loved,
2 i Yon \Ver e lovc<l,
_ 3 Tli cy wero loved.
J llc ""'" loved ;

Perfect
I have bee11 lo\·ed,
~Thou hast bee n lov2 ) ed. or You l1av c he e o
{ lov ed,
:; lle hath or has bee n loved;

T e1t1e.
i W e have bee n loved,
~- ye or you have hcell
loved
'
3 They have been lov ed.

Plttptrfect Ten• e.
i .

l I

I'
I !

·,

i' ·1~ ..
"1

\ th %"

~ \~.
. I

I I bad been loved ,
I vV e had bee a love<!,
Thou hadst been lov- 2 Ye or yoll had bl!en
2 ed, or You . had bee n
loved
loved,
, .
3 He had been loved;
3 They had been loved .

~

First Future Ten se .
I shall or will be lov ed ,
\'V e shall or will be
'f,hou shalt or wilt he
loved.
2
101•ed, or You sball or 'l Ye or you shall or will
will be loved,
be lov ed ,
3 l·le •hall or will be lov ·· 3· They shall or will ha
ed :
loved.

~

49

VEltlJS,

Sccurul

l•'utu.rt~

Singular.
I Bhall lmvc bocu lol'cd,

'l'cuse.

Plural.

We shall
lovod,

\ Thou wilt have been

2 Ye or ynu will have
/ loved, or
2 \You will have been
been loved,

I loved,

3 He will have been lov- 3 Th ey will have heen

loved.

ed ;

lmpern.tive Mooe\.
Plural.
Singular.
2 De loved, or be thou or 2 Ile loved, or be y e or
1
·ou
loved, or do ye ot
you loved, or do thou or
'yo u be loved.
you be lornd ;

Potential Mood .
Present T ense.
Singular.
Plural.
I may, can, cit must be I 'Ve may, can, or must
loved,
be loved,
5Thou mapt, canst, or
I must be loved, or
2 Ye or yon may, can, or
2 5 You may,cao, or must
must be loved,
I be loved,
3 He may, oao, or must be 3 They may, can, or must
loved;
be loved.

Imperfect Te rise.
.P lural.
Singular.
might, could,
I might, could, would, or I We
would, or should be
1hould be loved,
loved,

E

,,

'

ha1·c beeu

51

VERBS .
VERBS .

50

Singular.
Plural.
Thou mightst, conldst,
wouldst, or slwuldsl be 2 Ye or you migbt, could,
wouhl, or should be lov. loved, or
2
You might, could,
ed,
would, or should be
loved,
3 He might, could, would, 3
They might, could,
or should be loved;
would, oT should be loved.

~
~

Perfect 1'~nae.
I may, can, or must have l ~Ve may, can, or mull
been loved,
hnve been loved,
Thou mayst, cnnst, qr
must have been lov- 2 Ye or you may, can, or
ed,
must have been loved,
2
oT You may can, o r
must have been loved,
3 He may, c an, or mu•t 3 Th ey 111Ry , cnn, or must
have been loved ;
have been loved.

~

~

. ,1
I

;

:1

'.

'

Pluperfect Tense.
I might, oould, would, or l \Ve might, could, would
should -have been loved, or should have been lov·
ed,
Thou mighlst, couldst,
wouldst, OT shouldst
have been loved, OT
2 Ye or you might, could,
2 ~You might, c ould , would, OT should have
would, or should have been loved,
beeu loved,
3 He might, coul1l, would, 3 They
might, oould ,
oT shouhl have been lovwould, oT should have
ed;
bee u loved.

~

. •''

,.

Snbjunctivc Moorl.
Present
Smgul:lT.
l If l he loved,
5 If thou be loved,
2 ~ oT If you be loved,
3 If he be loved;

1'011se.
Plural.
l If we be loved,
2 If ye 01· you be loved,
3 If they he loved,

Imperfect Tense.
I If we were lov ed,
S
If thou wert loved,
2 ~ OT If you were loved, 2 If ye or you were loved,
3 If he we re loved ;
3 If they were lov ed .
l If I were loved,

Infinitive Mo011.
P erfect Tetuc.
Prucnt Tense,

. ··

To hav e been loved.

To be loved.

Participles .
Being loved .
J,ov cd,

P1·e•enl,
Perfect,
Co111pou11d Perfect,

Havin g hcc n love,].

LESSON XX.V II.
EXAMPLF.8 OF

Present.
Abide,
.Atn,
Go,
Arise,
Beseech,
Grind,
See,
Sow,
Have,
Oomc,
Buy,

IRR F.<IU J. A R

Imp erfect
a lioJ c,
was,

wen t,
arose,
besou g ht,
ground,
saw,

sowed,
had,
can 1e,

bou ght ,

v E: n us .

Perfect Participle.
a.bode.
hee n.
gone.
ari se n.
besought.
ground.
seen.
~o wn

.

had.

come.
bo ught.

52

A D\"F, nTIS .
E~Al\.11'1.P:~

l'rt:sr nl .

Can,
May,
Shall,
Will,
Ought,

or.· nF.F F.CTn·r. VF.nns .

ln111rifrcl .
could,

might,
sho11ld,
wo11hl,

ought,

LESSON

:·"

xxvm.

The horse runs ; how <bes he run? Swiftly;
thus, swiftly describes the manner that he runs ;
h ence, swil'Lly is an AJ\·erb,,,! . e. a wort! that describes the verb, when cpnnectct! with actil'e or
passive verbs, as he writes w ell ; but if l say he
is well, the adrerb simply ex presses the state or
manner, is being a n eu ter verb .
O ns . A<hcrbs a<hl force to rulj ec tir es, an1l tu
other ntlverus; as, he is a very ntrong umn ;
h ere, very, add s force to s trun ~ , &c . !\lust adjPctiv es become adrnrus by aclding ly ; as, good,
goodly, bad, badly, g reat, greatly, &c.
'VI.at 1s an adverb?
What 1locs it describ e ?
What does it do to th e adjective?

LESSON XXIX.
Th ere are several classes of AJverbs.
I . O nce, twice, third , &c. of nnmber,
2. First, second, third, &c . of onl er.
~. 1 lere, tlu~ r c, \\·hrrt', &r.. ofpla cc.

ADVERDS .

4 . Now, to-day, &c. of time.
fi. How much, enough, &r. . of quantity .
0 . Wisely, foolishly, &c. of manner.
7. Perhaps, possil:ily, &c. of doubt.
8 . Verily, truly, &c. of affirmation.
!J. Nay, 110, not, &c. of nega tion .
10. How? why? &c. of interrogation .
11. More, most, &c. of comparison.
How many classc9 of adverbs arc th e re?
What are th ey?

LESSON XXX.
Point out the adverbs, and tell of which class

nm! why, in the following sen tenc es :

'
Henry writes corrnctly.
Lucy s tudies well .
The horse runs fast.
H e recited first.
He w alks slowly.
D escribe what you have done to-d a v, a nd how
you <lit! it.
•
Wh1tl is that pnrt of speech cnlled wluch dcscribe8
the verb ?

LESSON XXXI.
Above, nbout, after, against, among, at, below,
b1meath, betwe?n,. beyond, lJefo re, bahincl; by ,
d~w1~, for, f~· om, m,~mto, of, over, to, through, with,
wnhm, without, unclcr,-arc PR.1::rus n10Ns,

£2

,.
'l!

53

I

I

:I

l'llE rosITION s.

SVN1"AX.

which mean placed before ; t_hey are placc1l before nouns in the objective case, as,
He went from Boston to New-York.
He read in the Bible.
He traveled to 13altirnore.
He walked on the bridge.

nre the clisjunetive conjunction" ? What is the mean ing of disjunctive ?

Name the preposition•. What is the me;i.ning of
preposition? Before what 1s it placed ? What case
is the noun ?
Prefix a preposition to the name of tho thinl\"s in
this room . Point out the words that are prepos1hons
in your reading lesson.

LESSON XXXll.
And, that, both, if, arlll therefore, are CorUJ.ATIVE CoNJUr<cnoNs .
Conjunction means to join; they join tw_? parts
of a compound sentence together; as, Charles
and William stt1dy.
Copulative, means to conne?t.
.
As, but, either, lest, nor, neither, notwithstanding, or,. than, though, unless, and yet, are D1sJUNCTIVE CoNJUNCTJONs, because they not only
connect the sentence ; but also express opposi.
tion of meaning ; as,
They came with her, but went away without
her.
NoTJ:. Disjunctive means to disconnect, or separate.
Whal are the copulative conjunct1011s.? What is
the meaning of con junction? Of c opul ;i.Uve? Whal

'1

'

1

I

55

LESSON XXXIII .
. A~as !. lo! oh! ~·c. are lNTEHJECTJONS ; an
lntcqect10n means thrown between ; and the a·
hove words arc thrown IJctwccn th e parts of a
sentence to express passion or emotion.
. ~hat words n re interjections ? What does interjecltou mean ?

From the verb lo love comes lovinrr lovec1
'
E- >
.. ,
. I
havmg
oved, <S·c. and are Participles, IJecause

th~y ~artake bot.h of the nature of 1hc nrb and
adjective.
Who.I is a participle?

Wliy ?

LESSON XXXlV.
. Concorrl, is. the agreement whi ch one word has
with another m g ender, nt11nlicr, pnrso n nnrl case.
Government is that po wer w 11 iclt u1rn poi.rt of
speech has over another in tlirci.;ti11g its mode,
ten~e or case; h ence, tl:al ]':1.rL uC grarnrnar
which treats of the concord and "ovcrnm cnt of
words, is SvNTAX.
b
An application of tho folluwiug H11l c::; to thr: .
parts of speech is pars-inp;.
lVhat IS syntaK?

·w1iat is l'"rs i11 g· ·'

SYNTAX.

SYNTAX .

56

57

two or morn nonnR singular, connected by a copulati1·e t::onj11r.ctio11 req11ire a plural verb .

LESSON XXXV.
RuLE l.

lluLE 5.

. (J'e . hence the inclefinite arli·
A man an ornu"' · 1
'
•
I
mbcr
.
'
.
ticle agrees wit I1 11ouns of the smgu ar nu
only.
N

Charles or Hemy has been to Boston ; hence,
two or more nouns singular connecler\ by a disjnnctirn conju11ctio11 have a singular verb.

Hence means the following reaso.;:, for the

rule odr~~vn from the examples ; as, a man,
llui.1~

c.

Hu1.E 6 .

2.

'l'ho army was brgc ; hence, a collectin1
noun, whc11 it conveys unity of idea, rnns~ have
a singular verb; but whrm itco111'eys plurality of
idea, it requires a plural l'erb.

article
en . henc,e ' the · 1\efinite
ti
The man
. n the s11w11 \ar or Jl Iu·
. ' 1c m -. tt•
agrees with nouns c1 ter l
"'
ral number.

Wlial i• lhe 4th rule? the 5th ? 6th '
Apply them to your readi11g lesson.

RuLE 3.

· . hence a verb agrees
I W3.lk, thou art, 1rn is '
n'tl ierson j i. e.

LESSON XXXYil.

with its nominative u~ nu~:ee/erare ~v;lk is first
I is first person smgu ar'
person singular, <S·c.
·
ems the
2nd. Also the nominative case gov

!lULE

verb.
.
ule I Give other examples.
What 1s the first r
? Give illustrations. •
'Vhat ~s the 2nd :~:~e I Givo illustrations of these
What\1s thfero~ your 'reading lesson.
three ru es, .

lI

LESSON XXXVI.

f

RULE

8ocrntcs arnl

r

4.

lato were wise men ; hence,

7.

Th e king who rules; h ence , relative pronominals have the same number and gender as their
antecedents ; as king is masculine gender and
singular number; therefore who is masculine
g e11Jcr anti singular uuml:er.
RuLE 8.

I

The trees which .are planted; hence, when no
nominative comes bet.wee n the rela1ive and the
1·crli, the relative is th e nominative case lo the
verb. Th ere is no nominali rn between whic' .

~.·· ·

58

SYNTAX.

SYNTAX.

(the relative) and the verb; therefore 1Vhich
nominative case to arc 11la11lctl.

IS

Ru1.E !J.

That person whom I love ; hence, when a
nominati\'e comes between the relative and verb,
the relative is in the objectiv e case and governed
by the following verb, or by a preposition before it.
What is the 7th rule? 0th? 9th .
Show their application to your rea<lrng lesson,

LESSON XXXVIII.
RUJ.E 10.

He, who came to save us, will wash away our
sins ; hence, when two substitute nouns or pronominals come together, the la tter is the 11omi1mtive to the following \'erb : tho former tu the last
verb in the sentence ; or in the objective case,
and governed by some preceding membtr of the
sentence ; as, To whom he owes his life.
RuLE 11.

What is the 10th nale ? 11th ? 12th ?
Apply the.m to your r eading lesson; or to some Jes•
'llOD for parsmg.

LESSON XXXIX.
RULE 13.

"0 virtue, how amiab!e tho~ art ;" hence ev•
ery objec.t ad.dressed ~ecomes the second pe;son1
and uommalive case mdopendent.
lluu: 14.

The house being burnt, the inmates sought
shelter under another roof; hence, a noun,
or pronoun joined with a participle and
standing independent of the rest of the se~tcnce
· / 'i~ in the no1ninative case absolute.
•
RuLE 15.

. Willia~'s knife ; ·hence, a noun In the posses•
s1ve case 1s governed by the ·possessor or owner.
What is the 13th rule ? 14th? 15th?
.Apply u above.

LESSON XL.

Washington the genernl ; hence, nouns of th e
same meaning arc in the same case.

RULE 16.

RULE 12.

A good man; hence, an adjective belongs to
the noun that it describes.

Who wrote that book ? George, i. e. George
wrote it ; hence, the answer is in thr. same cnse
as the question .

··/

,.

''!fl·i!:_tI

uO

SYrlTAX .

SYNTAX.

f{ULE

H.ULE 20 .

17.

He is teaching us; hence, active participles
govern the objecti vc case.

. This book belongs lo some ouc ; hence, adjcc·
tlvee are sometimes used as noun3.
llULE

61

RULE

18.

21.

Reading is useful ; hence, participial nouns
are disposed of like other nouns.
What is the 19th rule? 20th? 21st?

,

I'

LESSON XLlI.
RULE

'

Action. Object.
That rnan weaves cloth ·
hence, active transitive verbs govern 'the object
ur objective case.
Actor.

What is the IGth rnle?

17th? 18th?

LESSON XLI.
l{uLE HI.

He ia a good rnan ; hence, the nent,...r verb hag
the ~ame ca~n aft Pr al' before it.

~·.

J_

22.

" Lean to do well ;" she is worthy to be loved ; they have a desire to improve ; trying to
learn ; hence, a verb in the infinitive mode may
be governed by a verb, adjective, or participle before it.
RULE

23.

To rule is the prerogative of kings ; hence,
the infinitive mode is sometimes used as a noun j
and nominative to the following verb.
RULE

24.

He loves much, she is singing sweetly, he is
a truly good man, he writ&s very well ; hence,
adverbs deseribe verbs, participles, adjectives, and
other adverb11.

F

62
I \;
·!

~:

S YNTAX .

What is the 22d rule? 23d ? 24th

?

63

SYNTAX.

LESSON XLIII.

Rur.E 29 .

HuLE 25.

The storm is over ; hence, words, which nre
prepositions when placed before the nouns to
which they refer, are adverbs when placed after
them, or not governing any thing.

. No.r did.they not perceive him, i. e. they did
psrce1ve lum; hence, two negatires in English
destroy each other, and make an affirmative.

I

"

l

RULE 30.

Ruu 26.
On him ; hence; prepositions govern the ob•
jective case. ·
RULE 27.

A good man loves virtue and hates vice •
hence, conjunctions connect the same aases of
nouns, and the same modes and tenses of verbs.

Let us hear ; i. e. Give us permission to hear;
hence, let, pe1-n1il, and su:ffcr, have 11. 1~~un in the
objective case governed by a prepos1t10n understood; 11.nd the verb following is }llll in the infinitive mode.
Wliat is the 28th rule ? 29th ? 30th?
Apply as above.

LESSON XLV.

What is the 25th rule ? 26th ? 27th ?
.Apply as before.

RULE 31.

LESSON XLIV.

"As many us touched him were made whole;"

i. c. All that touched him were made whole ;

RULE 28.

lr_istcad of saying he was a good man, he was

hence, a.i, has frequently the force of a relative
pronominal.

a wise man ; we say he was u good and wise

. RuLE 32.

man ; hence, an ellipsis or omission is used.

He who came to save us; i. e. Christ; hence,
antecedents of relatives are sometimes only implied.
..

_

__........ ....______

··- - -.

-:-----~-

65

SYNTAX.

64

SYNTAX.

3

15

18

2G

27

2G

The king who rules ; king is masculine gen·
der and singular number ; therefore who is masculine and singular ; hence, relatives have the
san1e gender and number as their antecedents.
What ie the 3181 rule? 32d ? 33d ?
Apply as above.
II and some other nouns in the neuter gender singular, have plural verbs ; as, ii wcro belle•; good
lVCre it, &c.

Joi·

3. 2

JG

3. 2.

:J

18

8

18 24

15
3

13

18

3. 2

27

JG

18

3

27

3
3. 2

24

3

2

18 26 2

3

27

l!fi

~

understand the feo.r of tho Lord ; and find out the
29 2

3. 2

3

18

3

18

27

j

18

out of his mouth cometh !mow ledge and under·
standing."
·
2 . 3. 2 26 2

3 2

21

25

LESSON XL VII.
3

24

15

18

26

2

20

" Remember now thy Creator in the days of
15

18

26

27
3. 2

hide my commandments with thee, so that thou

15

thy youth."
18

figures are over a 1vol'd, as over boy,
ii refers lo the last part or se~ond par!·

----·--------

3

2

.

18

26 2

15

" Let us. hear the conclusion of the whole mat3

* When two

- - -- -·

18 31 18

31 20 15

26

8

My son, if thou wilt receive my words, and
15

3

est for her as for hid treasures ; then shalt thou

18

3. 2.

25

IC

seek me early shall find me."
IC

18

The feo.r of the Lord is the beginning of wis·
dam."
·

18.
3

3

24 15

standing; if thou seekest her o.ssilver, and search·

" I love them that love me, and those that
3

3

27

2!) 25 15

A good boy* loves his parents.
3. 2.

2G

knowledge, and liftest up thy volte fur under·

2G

Parsing.

15

3

3

knowledge of God : for the Lord giveth wisdom

NoTE. The figures over each word refer to the
rule lhat applies to the word.
1

15

heart to understanding : yea, if thou criest after

LESSON XL VI.
Examples

3

inclino thine car unto wisdom, and apply thine

Huu: 33.

13 27

.3

15

18

2!J

tcr ; fear God and· keep his commandments, for
I•'

2

. ;.1

66
L
• ~.
I'

PICTURE OF GRAMMAR.

PICTURE OF GRAMJllAR .

17 3 2

15

19 25

29 3. 2

67

3

this is the whole duty of man : for God will bring
15

18

25

2G

Hi

16

every work into judgment, with every secret
3

thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil."
15

13

3

15

18

" My son give me thy heart."

LESSON XLVIlI.
Now my little friends, we will again introduce
a picture to make your Grammatical exercises
as interesting ns possible.
We will suppose that you name the imagina·
ry objects lo compose it. 'Vhal shall we pµl in·
to it?

1st pupil, n house .
2d, a tree .
3d, o. horse .
4th, n dog.
5th, [l cow.
6th, o. goose.
7th, o. ponil.
8th, II. ri\·er.
.
9th, o. , ship.
You remember that whatever has a name is a
noun. Have all these objects names 1 What
are thr.y 7 Whnt class of nouns 7 'Why ?
.Describe thisc object.Y.
lsl. ·w hat house is yours to be'!
2d. Your tree ?
3d. Your horse ?
4th. Your dog ?
5th . Your cow l
6th. Your goose 1
7th. · Your pond 1
.8th., Your river 1
9t~ .' Your ship l
Whal part of epeech is the de1cription of the1e ob·
jecta; as large, tall, &c .

I

------~·

'

--- ------·-

--1

68

PICTURE OF GllA.Mll1AH.

1st. What is the uRe of your house?
2d . . Your tree 1
3d . . Your horse l
;·..
4th. Your dog 1
5th. Your cow 1
6th. Your goose 1
7th. Your pond l
8th. Your river ?
9th. Your ship 1
What part of speech is for, from, &c. placed
before the noun ; as, the house to sheller us from
the rain, the tree from the sun 1 Why 1

LESSON XLIX.
What does your horse do ? your dog 1 your
,
cow 1 your goose 1 your ship 1
, What part of speech is what they do 1 Why 1
In what manner does your horse run 1 '\Vhat
part of speech is swiftly 1 Why 1 What rule
applies to it 1 What part of speech is running 1
Why 1 From what verb is it form ed? What
rule applies to it 1
What connects the different objects of t.h e pie·
ture 1 What part of speech is it? Why? : What
kind of conjunction is it ? What rule npplies ?
What other conjunctions are copu!ative l What
part of speech are the actions of the dog ; as, he
barlcs, bites, runs, <S·c. ? What rule applies?
What case is he ? ·w hy ? What number and
person are barks and bites l Why l Mode and
tense ? Why ?

'

PICTURE OJ'. GRAMMAJ\.

69

LESSON L.
THE

SUH.

What part of speech is sun ? Why ? To
what class of nouns does it belong? Why T
What does the sun do ?
Wha.t is shines ! Why ? What its mode
and tense 1 Why ? Rule?
What is its imperative mode ? Potential 1
Subjunctive ? Infinitive ? What their signs l
h the verb shines regular or irregular l Why l
To what class .o f verbr1 does it belong ? What
is its imperfect t1mse l perfect ? pluperfect ?
First (uture l
Second future l What their
signs 7
Describe the manner of its shining.
What is brightly l Why ? Rule ? To what
class of adverbs does it belong ?
Whal does the sun cause to grow ? What
are trees, plants, grain, c}c. ? Why ? What
class of nouns? Why ? Case? Why? Rule?
Of what class of verbs is to grow ? Why ? Its
mode? Rule-?

LESSON LI.
That which teaches the sound and quantity of '
11yllables, and the measurement of verse is PnosoDY.
When I place a. forcible stress on a. certain
·
Jetter or 11yllable in a word, it is accent ,

'I>U~CTUA'l'lON .

70

l'UNCTU.l TION.

'WJiat is punctuation ?
A semicolon ?
·
A colon?
·
A period?
w .h ere slaould capitals be placed ?

If a forcible stress is lnid on n word, it is empha!is.
What is prosody?
phasis ?

What is accent?

What is em-

The nrt of pointing out tho marks in ~ wr•t~en
composition is punctuation.
A contented mind is a treasure, which all do .
not possess ; 'hence, a comm!\ is plaeed belween1
those parts of a sentence, which though closely
~nnected · in sense and construction, require a
pause between them;
Do not flatter yourselves with the hope of per- .
feet happiness ; for there is no such thing on
earth ; hence, a semicolon is placed in the middle of a compound !lenience ; i. e. when the conjunction is expressed ; otherwise, a colon :
The period is placed at the close of a complete
sentence.

END OF GRAl\1MAl1.·.

Ons. Capitals should be placed at the beginning of every book, chapter, section, the first letter of a word after a period, interrogation, the
first letter in the name of the Deity, persons, places, s)1ips 1 adjectives <lerived from proper names,
the first word of every line in poetry, the first
word after n qnotatio11, the personal I, nnd interjection 0.

',
.,
-·· -------~-··-·

I
1

LESSON Lil.

- - - --

71

.

',-?(

73

blREC'i'IONS FOR dOMPOSlNG.
My little friends, do not say i cannot com•
pose; you might as well say I cannot think;
composing is only writing down your own
thoughts, on a slate or paper. .
Remember that cannot never did any thing,
but to make dunces al1d drones ; while the little
'vonl try has doue wonders ; yea, it has raised
a poor, little, obscure boy to be the most distin·
guished man of his age. ·
When I see a child or youth not shrinking
from any obstacle that lies in his way to some
useful acquirement, l mark him as one that will
rise to eminence and usefulness in society ; but,
'vhen I see one recoiling at every little difficulty,
I set him down as a future blank, or nuisance in
society.
.
Composing has no difficulties worth naming:
nJtor you have practiced awhilu, it will be a
. pleasant and interesting exercise.
Moreover it is one of the best employmente for
invigorating and disciplining·the mind.
G

- - - - -- - ·- - - -·-- . . :

74

APPENDIX .

has been upon mo somo time, now nineteen
months; lJttt lite ti111e !ms not Leen lung to me ;
for, blessed be his na1.11e ! he has enablec.l me to
seek Him before I was ill. Oh how blessed it is
that I can feel it as coming from the hands of a
kind Father, who will not lay upon me more than
[can bear ; I feel happy in giving myself, up into his hands, He hath done all things well. I
find it is indeed,

For your c11couragc111enl, I inse
leller written by a girl 13 years f <

i 11
I

i·

~

75

APPENDIX .

OcT. 1st, 1829.
To Mr. 'l'--, Jamaica.
My dear Uncle,
Although it is several years since I .saw you,
yet time has not lessened, but rather ~ncrcased,
my affection for you. Your sweetest httle M~ry
grows an engaging little dear. I often thmk
how it would rejoice your heart to sec her. Her
lovely temper endears her more and more to us.
She very much delights to hear us talk of you.
When the letter was being rcac.l in which you
mention her, she was quite delighted . All the
time she kept looking in her Aunt's face, and
laughing as though she understooc.l all that was
said. She often gets a piece of paper, and ~ells
us it is her ?apa's letter. She very much hkes
to talk of her Mamma in Heaven; and to hear
about Jesus Christ. I have the honour to have
her for my little scholar, a~d .n ·very tractf;Lble
one she is. She is now begmnmg to spell little
words, and do a litlle work. She is always
ready to leave her play, when I call her. to her
lessons. She is very interesting, and w1l.l often
put pretty questions to me about Jesus Chnst and
Heaven, and her dear Mnmma.
.
And now, my dear Uncle, that I have told
you about your little Mary, I must tell you about
myself. You have heard the hand of the Lord

" Sweet to lie passive in his hands,
" And know no will but his."
My dear Uncle, I have reason to thank yo1;1 for
persuading my Aunt to let me accompany her
to the Sunday School. I have found much
benefit there. I have not been able to attend for
many months ; the Teachers and Superintendents have often visitec.l me . . Mr. L -··_ has been
peculiarly kind. He visits me with the tenderness of a Father. Under his Ministry I was
brought to love J esus Christ, and to seek un interest in his blood. I long had n great desire to
become n m'ember of his Church. When I told
him, he was quite willing, and requested me to
write him a few lines; and Oh I what joy it was
to me. when I was enabled, for n few Sabbaths
in the 'summer, to attend the Chapel. On one
of them I was privileged to receive the memorials of my Saviour's death; but now I nm again
laid by. I can l~lly c.lo any thing for myself.
I feel convinced l ~nil soon be called home . I
!

-

--L -

-

-

- .. _ ,__ _ __ _

'I,

J

76

,.~":1
j
'I

APPENDIX .

APPENDIX.

foe! no fea1· of death; Jesus will be with me, for
he has promised, "I will never lean1 thee nor
foH;ake thee." When I am in great pain, if I
can think of what Jesus su{ferei\ for me, then I
can bear it the better. I feel a longing to be free
from this sinful body. My corruptions are a clog
to my soul, that wants to ha soaring to Jesus ;
but I will, in his strength, wait his time with patience. His is the best time ; when he calls I
am ready ; as long as He wishes to keep me
here I am willing to stay. Dear uncle, I always
remember you at the throne of grace ; praying
that your Missionary labours may be blessed. I
entreat you to do the same fbr me, that I may
have a happy entra11ce into Heaven.
I remain, &c.
J. E. TAYLOR.
Perhaps after reading this letter yo11 may exclaim, oh I I wish that l could write as well. . •. ·
If you will follow clpsely the following directions, I will wanant you that you ca11, after a
few exercises.
r
Commence writing in the form of a letir.
'
B~ careful to spell every word correc,, and
to violate no rule m grammar.
·
:\lark the pauses, and capitals ; as in the rules
for punctuation.
"
Be particular in the proper selection of 'vords.
Express your ideas with clearness., nqtJ ut the
•ame time in few wonls.
,. ··
·
·
·/

Mark the most important words by n horizon-

. lal mark under them.
In order to assist your first efforts at composing I will insert a few heads; and suggest some
trains of thought, which you may draw out in
.your own language on your elates; and when
you have· written hand it to yom teacher for cor·
rection ; then write it in a book for that purpose.
•
Fill up the subjects of the following letters :

LETTER I.

'

I

.

Hartford, July 4th, 1836,
Dent Sisler,
.I take this opportt1nity lo write you a few
lines. ·
1 . . St11l!l your health, ~nd that of your friends .
2. ' Of your school, and how you like it.
3. Of your studies ; the progress you make in
them ; and how you like each, and which the
best-and why.
4. The use of these branches j and which you
think the most useful; ancl why.
5. Particulars.

' Q

•

77

2

'

78

APPENDI X.

LETTER IL

General Subjects.

Trny , .R.ttgttsl 1st, 1836.
Dear Uncle,
It was with much pleasure that I received
_your kind letters, especially your last.
1. Express your gratitude for kindness.
2. Give an account of your friends.
3. Any interesting event that has occurred m
you( vicinity within a short time.
4 . Prospect of the season .
5. Any interesting news of the day.

BEllA VIOUJt .

•

1. State its meaning.
2. How should you behave at home '/.
3. At school ?
4. Abroad i
5 . 'fo your masters?
6 . . 'l'o strangers i

7. 'l'o superiors ?
8. ·To inferiors i
9. At church?
DUTY.

LETTER III.
To a friend in Europe.
fl cllumy, Pa. Sept. l, 1836.
Dear and valued Friend,
I one~ m.~re attempt to address yo u by Jette;·.
1. Account of yourself and fri ends.
·
2. Of your school. .
, ::,-, . , .,
3 . Of your Sabbath School.
'·
4 . Public works going· on in our country. .
5 . Name the principal officers at the head of.
our government.
· ''
6. Of our State.
7. Prospects of our country .
8. Concluding rcmarlrn .
I

"

~

.f

79

APPENDIX .

l . Its meaning ?
2 . ·w hat duties do you owe to your parcn_ts ?
3. To your enemies ? ·w hy ?
4 . To your teachers ? •

5. To yourself?
6 : To· your country?
7 . To your Creator ?

Why

1

TRUTH.

1. Why should you always speak the truth?
.· 2. State tho anecdote of Washington when six
years old.
·
3. Is a liar over believed ?
4. l s he loved?
5. Does God love him~

80

APPl':NDIX .

APPENDIX.

What does he say about liars in the bible 7

DECISION.

6. Who were killed for lying 1
7. Do you always intend to tell the truth

come what will 1

( •

SPRING .

1. Its beauties.
2. _Describe the actions aml apparent happiness

ofammals.
3. Ofbircls.
4. Of bees.

·

PRIDE.

Definition.
Is a proud person happy 1
l s he loved for his pride l
Is he wise for being proud 1 Why l
5. To what animals is he indebted for his fine
clothes 1
6. Do fine clothes make a gentleman or lady 1
What then ?
·'
Are proud persons generally pos11essed of
bnlhant talents ?
8. Where will their bodies be in 'a short time ?
9. What is stated in the Bible about pride and
proud persona ?
1.
2.
3.
4.

.7:

81

l. Definition.
2. Overcomes diffiaulties-illu slra tcrl by Dr.mosthenese, Columbus, and Franklin.
3 . What. persons are most 11seful in commu ·
nity l
4. Should you be decided in your studieR ?
Why 7
5. Should you always decide to do ri ght 1
Is that safe l
Who will protect you if you do ?
Who that was thus deci1led did he protect,
when the world was destroyed ?
Who else?
Do you thus decide.
Note I. A little chip floating on th e stream, is tossed here and there by e very little hree ze a nd wav e ;
while the huge log ploughs its course majes tica ll)·
along ; undisturbed by the raging winds or fo amin g
billow1.
The former represents the undecided, th e la tter the
d.ecided man.
Note 2. After Robert Brnee hacl been defeated five
tiJDes, as he lay on some straw in a barn btooding
over his misfortunes, and on the point of giving up in
despair ; he beheld a spider attempt in vain six times
t<:i ascend the beam ; but its seventh, a ttempt was
crowned with success ; he th en arose anrl de te rmined to make one more vigorous cffol't iu th e cau se of
liberty; he dj<l so aµ<l it was crow11 ctl with e•111"I
aµccen.

......

82

ArPENDIX .

83

ArPENDIX.
EDUCATION .

l. Definition.

I. Definition.

2. Aclvantages-

Makes its possessor useful-How l
Adds to his happiness-How l
3. What are the most important branches of
ellucntion? Why?
4. Contrast the condition of this country, with
barbarous and savage nations.
'l'IME .

I. Definition.
2. Is time more

valuable than money ?
Why?
3. How should yon improve your time at
school ?
Ir you hinder a scholar from slurlying of what
are you robbing him ?
Is a robber of time as bad as a robber of money? Why?
4 . Are wasters of time, a blessing or a curse to
society ?
5 . Do idle persons generally end their lives in
honor or disgrace ?
6. Does our eternal destiny depend on the use
tha t we make of tim e ?
Give the proofs from the Bible.

'

EARLY P1ETY .

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2. What promise is made to youth ?

What commands ?

.

3. Examples of early piety recorded

.

111

the Bi-

ble. Other examples.
Were they happy l
.
4. What other reasons can you give for eaJiy

7
piety_ Are
you safe one moment withou~ it ?
5
Why?
..
6 . How can you obtam 1~?
When should you do it ? Why ?
Will you?
D1scuss10N.
1. JVhich have the most beauties,
Nahire or of .!1.rt l .

tltt

1voi·ks of

.!1.0innatiue.
1. Definition of the works of Nature.
·
2 . Beauties of the creation-trees-:-"meadows

-flowers-falls-grottos-natural bndges-sun
-moor.-stnrs, &c.
Negative.
I. Definition of the works of Art.

2. Silks-glass-buil<lings-:templ~s.-steatn·
boals-ships-balloons-pyram1cb-c1t1es.

- ------· -

'\

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84

Arl'ENDIX .

3 . <?ontrnst the present condition of our cou11~
try, with what it was 300 years ago.

. Yoll can probably now write ~'ithout nhy 118 _
s1stmv::e ; so that I shall merely give you a list
of st:1bjects.
1. Advantages of knowinrr how to rea.d·
2. Of Writing.
b
•
:.L Of Grammar.

Of Arithmetic.
Of Geography.
Of Composing.
On In temperance.
vVhich has caused the tnost misery, IntemJ>.c rance; or War, Pest1l<Jnce and Famine combmed ?
9. On Modesty.
10. Prudcuce.
11. Happiness.
12. ldlenass.
13. lrnlustry.
14. Use of Domestic Animals.
15. Of Wild Animals.
16. OfBirds.
17. Of Insects.
18. Of 'l'rees.
19. Of Fire.
20. Of Water.
21. Of Air.
22 . Of ths Sun.
23. Of the Stars.
, .. · '
4.
5.
G.
7.
8.

APPENDIX.

24. Of your Senses.
25. Wisdom.
26. Is Capital Punishment rigl~t ~
27. \Vho does society the most mJury, the Slanderer or Robber ?
28. Is War right?
29 . Is Slavery right ?
30. Which stmly is most useful, Arithmetic or
Geography?
31. HP-t1.ding or Writing?.
a2 . Gmrnmar or CompO!;!Og ?
..
33. Which are the most happy, Savngu or Civilized Nations ?
34. Is Tobacco necessary ?
?
35. Is Tea or Coffee necessary·
36. Self-denial.
37. Gratitude.
38. Ingratitude.
39. Character.
40. Choice of Companions.
41. Why should you avoid evil company ?
42 . Seasons.
43. Knowledge .
44. Quarrels.
45. Habit.
46. Health.
47. Wealth.
48. Poverty.
49. Virtue.
50. Vice.
51. Use of the Ocean.
52. Advantages of taking ii New1papar.
G

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85

3

i:

86

APPENDIX.

53. Ad vantages of attending a Sabhath Echool
or Bible Class.
S4. Public Opinion.
55. Have males more influence in the world
than females ?
56. What are the pillars of our national Independence?
57. Bounties of Providence.
58. Immortality of the soul.
59. Which exerts the greater influence over EOciety, Wealth or Knowledge ?
6-0. Was Napoleon a curse or a blessing to the
world?

THE Eril>.

..

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I

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