ECLECTIC EDUCATIONAL

SERIES.

'

PINNEO'S
GUIDE TO

.. COM POSITION:
•

A SERIES OF PRACTICAL LESSONS, DESIGNED TO SIMPLIFY THJl
ART OF WRITING COMPOSITION.

Bv T. S. PINNEO, M: A., M. D.,
AUTHOR

OP

"Plt.IMARV

GRAMMAR, ..

"ANALYTICAL

GRAMMAR,.,

'\.VILSON, I-IINKLE &
13'7 'W".A.LNUT STREET,

rl"C.

11
C0., 1-.. •

g9 BON:O ST:&::S:::S:T,

CINCINNATI.

NEW YO RK.
'2._..,_-,.

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.·- ~\ \S-~.ll· l~
~ '/ ~:ft~Ai& COLLE6Ei~UABLE C1ASS>-4EOOKS
Qtfl Of

6EOllGE ARTMUB f'L1•PTO•
JAIUAaY 26, IH+

ON THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
PREF AC~.
By T. S. PINNEO, A.M., M.D.

· Pinneo'• Prlm1>r1 Grammu. A simple, olemontnry work for common
schools, lllustrntcd by' very copious exercises and examples. 16mo., 160
page11.
Planeo's AnalytlcAI Grammar. A thorough nnd complete exposition or
the principles or the English Lnnguage, explnlnlng 11.s lntrlcncles and
Idioms. 12mo., 214 pages.
Pinneo'• English Teacher. A very exhaustive work on the analysis and
synihesls of English se ntences, containing a great number nnd vnrlety
ot exercises adnpt.etl to trnlnlng the mind of the pupil to tht.' habit ot
ming lnngunge nccnrntely, elegnntly, and forcibly. 12mo., 240 paoe•.
1•1nneo'1 Gnldo to Compo1ltlon. Orndnnted J..essons ou English Composition, with appropriate directions, exercises, and models, designed to
teach the art of composing with accuracy nnd elegance. For the use or
beglnnel'!I. 12mo., J62pages.
Plnneo'1 Exercl•co In Fallie S1ntax. '.rhls work contnlns many exercises
ln False Syntax, systematlcnlly arranged . Promlsc11011s exorol!Mls are
also added, embracing Intermingled examples of correct nnd Incorrect
syntnx, designed to test thoronghly the pupil's knowledge or the subject..
12mo., 104 page"·
Pinneo'• Exerclsco for Par81ng and Anal11ls. Part!< First nnd Second contain a brief review of tile leading principles or Grammar, conveniently
arranged for reference. Pnrt Third consists of a well nrrangcd series or
aelectlons from tho best Amerlcnn and English authors, with explanato~ notes and refercuceH.
Slncle speetmen copies and SDJlJllletl for ftnt lner.clacUon
fnrnlshed OJlOD UIH!ral &erms.
~

~ J!ntore<\ nccor<lln!l t o Act o f Con a r c11e, in the )'f'Rr lff~, by 8A1'CH•NT, 'Vn,.,ox &
• H1:o1~ LY., In the t: lel' k' o omce of tho lllotrlct Court or tho United State9, for the South·
era Dlatrlct of Ohio.

Tms work is intended for those who desire a cone1sc out
comprehensive course of in struction in composition .
Thero arc few, in this country, who arc not frequently re quired to express their ideas in writing, and none who may
not, at some time, be subject to this necessity. No educat ion,
therefore, can be complete that docs not include this i;:nport
ant branch.

..

As language, also, is tho principal medium of imparting
knowledge of all kinds, the study of composition sho~ilt! be
commenced at :1 very early age, as soon, indeed, as the learner
can rr~d and write with tolerable accuracy.
The attempt is here made to render this usually rcpubive
and difficult branch, aimplc, caH!J of comprehension, and 1'utcrcati.11g. So gradually is the pupil led along, step by step, that
he is actually taught to write composition before he is 011-are
of it, and before the word composition is used.
It is hoped and believed that, by these instq.ctions, even
the youngest learner may be taught to cxprc~s his thoughts
readily, in a correct, clear, forcible, and easy style.

(3)

C:ONTENT!:l.

5
f'AOI

Caution 9.-Elllling of n Ser tencc... .... .... .... ... ..... . 82
Caution 10.-lmportnnt Words of a Senten ce..... ....... 8,l
Caution l l.-Ti111 e, Place, Circumstan ce, etc... .... ... .... 85
Caution 12.-Crowding n Senten ce.. ....... .. .... ............ 106
Caution 13.-Ha rrnony ................. .. ........... ... ....... .. 112
Caut io n 14.-Comparison and Co ntrast.. ..... ... .... ....... 135
Exercises on Sentences .... ...... ..... ... ......... ... ... .... .. 4-1-92

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.
PLAN.
·~··7

l. SPELLING.. .... .. .. .... .. ..... ....... ............ .....................
Derivatives.......... .. .. ...... ......... ... .... ..... ..... . .. .. ........

40

U. CAPITALS........... ...... ..... .... ........ ......... ............ .. .. .. .

8

Hules nn<l Exercises.... .......... ..................... ......... 0-103

III. PUNCTUATfO~. .... ...... .. .......... . ............ .. . . ...... . . ......
Rules and Exercises. ... ... .. ... ........ .. ... ............. . ....

S
9-99

IV. WORDS A::\ D l'l!HA SES.. ........ ..... ..... ....... ........ . .....

8

Gootl Ui;age. .......... . ...... .. . ............ ........................ 25
Caution l. -U 11<lig11ifi cd Expression s .... ..... . ,............. 25
Caution '.?.- \V or.ls nol nn<ler8too<l........................... 20
Caution 3.-W rong !<lens.. ..................................... 47
Cnution 4.-Hepetition of Words................. ............ 55
Cnution 5.-lkpc tit:on of l<len.~............... .. . ... ...... . ... 57
Caution G.-0111ission of"' onls.. ... .. ...... ........... ..... .. GO
C:rnLion 7.-U ngrammntical Expres~ions... . . .............. G2
Caution S.-Do11lllf'11l Meaning.......................... ...... G3
Exercises on " ' onlR.. ... . . . ... .. ....... ......... .. .... .. . .. ... 0-16
Exercises on P hrases ..... ................... .......... . ....... IG-30

"V SE:"TENCES..... .. . ... . . .. . .. . . .. .. ............ ......... ..... .... .... 44
I. Different ]1'i nc fs...... .. . . . ... ....... ... .. ... ...... .. ... . ... .. . ..
!:!. Simple and Cumpotmd ... . ... ........ .................... .... .
3. Variety i r. Scnfrnccs. .. .. ......................................

44
67
76

o~· A1rnAx1.a: )ll,:'.'IT . ....................................

77

Nnl lln tl Inv... ....... ... ....................................
1st ?ifotliod ........................ :...........................
2d :r.Ictli od. .. .. .. .... . . . . .... ............ .. ... ....... .. .. .....

77
79
81

VAntET\"

oF ExPm: ~s1ox. . ... ......... ........................... 86
Jst J\I c1li od. .................. ................................. 86
2d :Method........ .. .. ............... .................. . ..... 89
3d Method.. ... ... ... .. ... .......... ............. ........ . . .. 91

V J.RrnT\"

(4)

VI

DIFFEUE~T

KINDS OF COMPOSITION........ ...... .. O:.!
1. l•larration... .. .. .... .. .. .... ... .. .. ... ... .. ... . .. ........ ......... 03
Fables...... .. ................................. ... .. ......... . ... 03
Poetic Narrative................. .. ... ... ... ............... .. JOI
Bible Narrative ............ .. ....... ....... ... ............... 110
Narrative from Memory .... .. ... ......... .. ..... ...... ... I !ii
Exercises in N arrntion ...... .... ............ ...... ..... 03-l JG

2. Descriptio n.................. ... ... . ..... . ...... ... ... ...... ...... 11G
Excrcisl's in Description ... ....... ..... .. ........ ... I l(i- 1:20

3. L etter· lVriting ............ .. .... ......• ... ... ..... ...... ... .. .... I ::!O
Directions and Exercises.............. ... ....... .... 1:!0-1 31

4.

Essay s .... .. .. ........ ............... ......... ....... . .. .... .... ...

132

VJI. FIGURATIVE LASGU AGE.. ..... ... ... . .. ... ... ... .'.... .. ... 132
Comparison .................. .... ..... ..... ....... ......... ..... .. .. 133
}.fetaphor...... .. ..... ... .... ... .. . .... ... .. ... ............ .... .. .. ... 133
P ersonifica ti on .. ...... ......... ....... ........ .... ........ ...... ... 138
Apostrophe .. ... ... ... ..................... .. ... ..................... 130
Tiules nnd Exercises........ ... .. ......... ... ... ... ......... 13:!-14:!
TIEvmw ..... ................ .. .. ....... ..... .... .. .... .... ... .. ... ..... . ....

1~3

Capitals................. .. ... .. ........ ......... .. .. .. ..... . ....... ... ] 43
Punctuation... .............................. ....... .. ... .. ... .... . ... 143
Style ... ......... .......... ......... ... ..... . ........ .. ............. .. 144

•

VJ II. T IIE~fE S ........... ......... ......................... ... .
146
Narration anti Description... ............... ..... .... .
148
Fictitiou s Xnrmti,•e ........ ... .. :..... ......... .... .. .......... 154
Letter-,Vriting ... .......... ... .... ........ .. . .... ..... ........... 156
E ssays ........ .. ..... .... . ... ... ..... ......... ......... .. ....... 147-lf)7
Directions, Mo..Iels, Plans, etc ......................... : ....... !:>1
List of Subjects.................................................... l!>A

TO TEACHERS.

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.
'.l'HE attention of the teacher 1s invited to the following
features of this work :

1. CONCISENESS nnd CO)IPitt:IIENSIVENESS. It includes, in
a very small compass, all the essential principles of' compo-

INTRODUCTORY.
To THE TEACllER.-Those exercises nlone to which quution11 a.n
altnched 1tre lo be committed to memory.
be carefully rend nnd well understood.

sition.

2. The l\loDELS, EXERCISES, and EXPLANATIONS are varied
and numerous, folly illustrating e\·cry important principle
stated and every direction given.

3. The ARRANGE)IENT is especially adapted to secure interest and profit. Each principle and each rule is introduced
exactly at the point where it is needed in practice.

4. The ART of THINKING for one's self, as well as tho
proper expression of thought, is here taugl1t.

5. · The PLANS for writing composition (pages 148-157) will
bo found, from their variety and number, exceedingly useful
in teaching the pupil that most difficult and most important
part of this study-the formation of plans for himself.

Tho other portions should

Co::11POSITION is the expression of thought in written
language.
In onlcr to write correctly, the followiut subjects must be well

understood :
I.
JI.
I II.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.

SPELI.ING.
UBE

OF CAPJT.U.S.

PuNcTUATJOX.
UsE o•' 'Vonos AND PmtAsEs.
FOlll!ATION OF SENTENCES.
D1n'ERENT KINDS

OF C0Yros1·:10N.

UsE oF FIGURAT1n: LANGUA•JE.

TREATMENT OF THEMES.

6. SPELLING, CAPITALS, and PUNCTUATION arc taught by
instruction and practice, intimately blended with other subjecta.

8vory teacher is aware of the difficulty of securing

proper attention to these points.

It is confidentiy belioved

~ that tho plan hero adopted will accomplish this most desirable

object.
' This book s1 ..mhl be commenced at a very early age. If
.d oferred till tho pupil is somewhat advanced, tho introductory
may bf' more rapidly passed over.
16)

I. SPELLING.
IN writing these exercises in cowposition, very particular
attention should bo paid to tho SPELLING. Not the sl;ght-0sc
inaccuracy in this respect should be permitted.
A dictionary should always be at hand for reference.
M\).ch may be loarnod, also, and a habit of correct spelling
acquired nnd confirmed, by reading the works of good autl1ors1
and obscrl"ing the manner in which they spell.
Rules and exercises may be found on pages 40-43.

(7)

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

II. CAPITALS.
ALTnouorr tho pupil is supposed to be already acquainted
the proper use of CAPITALS, a review of that subject is
here especially appropriate.
For this purpose, directions nnd exercises will be introduced
as they may be needed.
~ith

EXERCISES.
DlRECTIOKS FOR WRITI.N'G

COMPOSITIO~.

For a tabular view, sec page 143.

III. PUNCTUATION.
TnE subject of PUNCTUATION, like that of capitals, will be
reviewed in the following pages, and copious exercises furuished as necessity for usin g the various points and marks
may ariso.
For n connected view, see pages 143, 144.

IV. WORDS AND PHRASES.

1. Let the handwriting be neat and perfectly distinct.
2. Ile sure that every word is correctly spelt.
3. Sec that capitals are in the right places.
4. Let the points and marks be correct.
5. Let there be no gra.mmatical mistakc8.
6. Let no words be used contrary to the directions given
in Cautions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, G, 7.
7. Let the sentences be properly formed, in accordance with
the principles stated in Cautions !l, 101111, 12, 13, 14.
8. Let each written exercise, when completed, be once more
carefully examined with reference to the preceding directions.
NoTE.-These direclione mo.y serve o.s o. guiJe both to the pupil in
writing nnd to the tcncher iu correcting the exercises which follow.

A WoRD is a written or spoken sign of an idea; as,
l\Inn, good, walk.

A

PuRASE is a collection of words that does not make

complet~ sense;

as,

in general.

· A

To do goo d.

A man of sense.

SENTENCE is a collection of words that makes com·

plete sense; as,
Life is short.

Truth is mighty and will prevail.

EXERCWE !.-WORDS.

Ifow sho11 lcl a se11 fence commence a11cl close 1
A sentence should commence with a capital, und should
generally close with n. period; as,
Life is uncertain. The time has come.
Let the pupil place two or more appropriate words .before each ol
the following nouns, putting capitals and periods as ~n the model
Let each exercise be written upon blackboard, slate, or paper.
NOTE.-These phrnsee, being independent., require cnpit.al11 and
periods, like sentences.
lIODEL •

1. Tree,

A large tree.
A small tree.
A crooked tree.

. An old tree.
A young tree.
A beaul·i ful tree.
Q
f

GUIDE TO COlllPOSITION.

9. n tall straight tree*
10. A high, steep hill.

PUNCTU'ATION.

11. n tall, and straight tree*
12. a high, and steep hill

JV7iat do marl;;s of parenthe&i3 and b1·acl.:.ets include 'I

JH arks o~ PARE~~'.IESIS ( )
01 l3!lAChErs

EXERCISE VIL-WORDS.

llow

A large, handsome, well-built ship.
2. Man.
An intelligent, amiable, an<l uprigltt man.
8. Dove.
A gentle and beautiful dove.
or, A gentle, beautiful dove. (Sec Ex. 5, Rem.)

5. Tr9p.

8. Farm.
9. Wind.

1"s

a pci·io<l used?

A PERIOD ( • ) _is used at the close of a. sentence. (Sec
page 0.) Also, in abbreviations ; as, Ex. for Exercise.

1. Ship.

6. Child.
7. Horse.

J

No man (however wise) knows all things.

Put appropriate words l>efore each of the following nouns, pln.:mg
capitals, periods, and commas correctly, and writing the plirnsc.s on
blackboard, slate, or pa per.

4 . City . .

[

include what may be omitte<l without materially af
} focting the sense; as,

Where is a hyphc;i use<l 'I

A lfrPJIEN" ( - ) is used between the words which form
a compound word; as,

10. Street.
11. Forest.

Tea-pot; sea-horse.
Fu 1· whnl other purpose is a hyphen ~secl 1

EXERCISE VIIL-WORDS.

The hyphen is also use<l at the end of a line, wh en the
other sy llable or syllabics of the word are at the begin·
ning of the next line following; as,
In warm climates thunder storms arc common .

Prefix wonls, as in the preceding exercise.

1. House.
2. Fruit.
3. Boat.

4. Storm.
5. Field.
6. Blossoms.

7. Evening.
8. Journey.
!J. l\Iorning.

10. Orchard.
11. A pplcs.
12. Peaches.

lrtwt is to be o1'scrred fa this ttse of the hyplim 'l
EXERCISE IX.-WOHDS.

Prefix words, ns in the
,..,
1. School.
4. Eagle.
2. Family.
5. River.
8.
3. l\Iirror.
G. GroYc.
!J.

..

The hyphen should never bo placed between lelfers of
a syllable; but between syllables; as,
nor thundnot thuthuner.
nder,
der,

preceding exercise.
Flowers.
10. Garder..
Teacher.
1 J. Voyage.
Steamboat. 19 Carriage.
~.

NoTE.-Thc hyphen is, nlso, somet.imes used in t!i~jonnries s.nd
sc hool-books, between syllnbles; ns, U·~n-nl.

NOTB.-Exercises like these can be continued as long as desirable.

EXEHCISE X.-r UNCTUATION.

For wltat is a l1race 11Sed?

A

DRACE

}

is used to connect lines or words.

.,

ll7wt docs a dash denote 'l

A

D.\SII ( - ), somewhat longer than o. hyphen, <lenotes
a pause of uncertain length; as,
·
l\Ir. - , l\Ir. -, what do you call him?

NoTE._-.A. da sh is, nlso, sometimes used for the pnrcuthcsis; c.s,
• See Ex. 5, Remark.

No man-however wiee-knows all things.

EXERC18ES.

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

lb

6. In winter the is r,overed with snow.

W],at does the mark for ellipsis denote 1

An ELLIPSIS ( ;;,-;;;; ), still longer than a dash, denotes
an intentional omissi'on of letters or words; as,

7. In the morning the rises.
8. The river overflowed banks.
RE)I. 1.-The pupil should endeavor to write so correctly that tho
caret will never be needed.
IlEM. 2.-ln writing the exercises in this book, the learner will
have abundant practice in the use of the hyphen at the end of the
line. The teacher should see that it is correctly employed.

C--s, for Charles.
The - - - - assembled.
The company assembled.

What does a caret denote 1

A CARET ( /\ ), used only in written composition, denotes
that what is placed over it is omitted by mistake; as,
tl1y
Honor father.

E...."<ERCISE XII.-WORDS.

m
Coruission.

Fill tlie blanks, writing the sentences in full, and using the hyphen

/\

/\

.f.et the pupil make on a bhckbonrJ or slate the following marks and points.

A

BRACE } '

(

),

HYPHEN

BRACKETS

[

],

PERIOD

(

DASH
'ELLIPSIS

COM;\lA

( ' ),

. ),

CARET

-

( ),
(-),
(-),
( /\ ).

EXERCISE XL-PUNCTUATION.

\Vrite the following with an ellipsis.

1. Henry, I-I--y. 2. Boston, B--n. 3. New Y1)rk,
N-w Y-k.
4. Charles.
5. James.

6. En gland.
7. 13altimore.

8. New Haven.
!J. New Jersey.

Use the ca rr·t properly in the following exercises.

1. Vain all things here below.
are
Corrected.-Vain all things here below.
/\

2.
3.
4.
6.

The flood wa s the days of Noah.
HoncRty is best policy.
Who ca n tell ll'ltat be on the morrow?
In summer the trees full leaves.

and caret correctly .

1. The
'l'he
2. The
The

rose is - - , but it is surrounded with - - .
rose is sweet, but it is surrounded with tltorm.
lily is - - , but it gro~vs among - - .
lily is fair, but -it grows among weeds.

3. The dog - - . The horse - - . The hens - - .
4. The cat - - . The li ons - - . The birds - - .
5. The sparrow hns two - - and two - - .
G. Ilirds are clothed with - - nnd lay - -.
7. Fish have neither - - for flying like birds nor - - for
walking like the - - .
8. They arc not covered with - - like birds nor with
- - like a h orse.
9. Sheep are covered with - - , hogs with - - , and fish
with--.
EXERCISE XIIl.-WORDS.

Fill the blanks,

1\8

*

in the preceding exercise.

1. Oxen and horses eat - - - .
2. Dogs and cats eat - - - .
3. Fowls and birds eat - - - .
4. The farmer tills the - - - , and when the wheat is
- - - , the miller grinds it into - - - , from which our
- - - is made.

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

18

EXERCISES.

TV7iat doc1 an exclamation point de11ote 'f
- AN EXCLA~IATION POINT (

! ) denotes emotion;

R easo11.- lV, a capital, m1 above; an exclnnwtion pomt at th"
close, because cn1oti on is expresseJ.

as,

Oh! ah ! Alas for frail man I

3.

lVliat docs an apostrophe denote'!

I'.eason.- Ca pitnl T as auove; 11postrophe at "1' Lecnnse 'T i1 i.t
contracted from it i s; an apostro!Jhe Lefore s in man's, Lecause
Ma11's i~ ir: tl re po sse~ sive; n perio,I at hou.se, because it is at lht
1:!osc of tl1e sentence.

Also, the possessive case; as,

J.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

John 's hat ; eagle's wings.

1V7iat is the difference between a contma and an apoatrophc1
The comma is placed at the bottom of the line ( , ), and
the apostrophe above it (' ).
Let each pupil make the following point.a and marks upon a
blackLonrd or slate.
DRACE } '

(

INTERROGATION

),
( . ),
( ' )i
( ? ),

ExcLAllIATION

\'

PEnIOD
Co~rnA

.I ) '

APOSTROPIIE
lfrPIIEN
DASll
ELLIPSIS
CARET

tis a long road to that mans house,

Corrected.-"l' is a long road to that man's house.

AN APOSTROPHE ( ' ) denotes a contraction made by
omitting one or two letters; as,
'T·is fo r It is; e'er for ever.

p ARENTIIESIS

( ' ),
( - ),
(-),
(-),

1-!.

15.
16.
17.
18.

( I\ ).

what can be more beautiful than the earth
the sun shines in his splendor
the moon and the stars come forth in beauty
the flowers lift up their bright heaJ.s
the brooks whisper so ~ly as they flow
tho birds warble ns they fly
is not all nature tuned to harmony
o that man would praise the Lo1tJ for his goodness
how important that we should be prcp;:rcd to die
Where shall we look for instruction?
who can tell what will be on the morrow
whose book is this ~· where was it found
tis true tis pity pity tis tis true
n friends faults should not be magnified
'T is not in nature not to scorn a knave.

EXERCISE XX.-PIIRASES .

. EXEHCISE XIX.-PUNCTUATION.

Fill the following Llanks, as in the model.

Write out carefully and neatly the following sentences, putting ir,
their proper places capita l ~, pcrioJs, intenogation and exclamation
po in ts, anJ. a postrophc~. 'J'll'o exam pies are correct..

1. He conducted
He conducted tlie business very well.

1.

where can happiness be found
Co1'Tccled.-Where can happiness be found ?
R eason.- lV shoulJ Le a capital, because it begins the eentence
Th<:'re shoulJ. be an interrogation point at the close, becausl' 1L quee
tion is nskeJ.

~

-·

2. .

.

19

would that man had never sinned.

· Corrected.-W ould that man had never sinned!

2. They saw

....
•.)

I

'Ve should improve
4. Most persons love .
5. We should love
G. Spring brings
7. Summer has
8. In autumn the harvest
9. In winter wo have

•

to

CAPITALS AND POINTS.

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.
EXERCISE XXI.-PTIBASES.

Fill tlt c ulanks.

1.

before all men.
His courage was fully proved before all men.

2. - - - - - - - - - - - - t h a n money.
3.
the ruin of thousands.
a dangerous un<lcrtuking
4.
very important.
5.
than death itself.
- - - - - - storm at sea.
- - - - from school.
8.
to the city.
9.
10. - - - - -- - - - - - sc\'erc aftlictions.

6.
7.

EXERCISE XXII.-PIIRASES.

Fill the bl an ks.
J,ct the pupil be encournged lo add severnl words or phrnse11.

1. The audience was :ul1lressed
'l'he audience was a<lJressed in an interesting man·

ner by a very able speaker.
2. The army was l e d - - - - - 3. The rain fell
4. The lightning flashc<l
5. Knowledge can be
.6. The ship was wrecked----7. Youth is the time
8. The elephant e s c a p e d - - - - - - - - - - - •
!:J. The telegraph
10. The steamboat--EXERCISE XXIII.-CAPITALS.

How should proper 11ames and adjectives derived from them
bc9in 'f

Proper names and adjectives derivecl from them, should
begin with l'n.pitals ; as,

21

Proper lYames. Lord, Jehovah, Messiah, the Eternal.
do.
\Villiam, the Hud~on, England, America.
do.
March, July, l\londuy, Friday.
Adjectives.
The American army, the E119lish navy.
IIow should titles of respect, etc., begin'!

Titles of respect, honor, and office should begin with
as,

~apitals;

K1:ng George, Preside1it Jackson, the C!tairmo.n.

IlEMARK.-\Vhen these refer to no particular person, the capita.
ts not used; as,
There are many kings and presidents.
H7iat ~hould I and 0 be'!

The pronoun I and the interjection 0 should al ways bo
capitals ; as,
\

0 that I had die<l for thee!
IIow should · the titlea of bool.·s, etc., begin'!

The principal words in the titles of books, headings of
chapters, etc., should begin with capita.ls ; as,
Pollok's Course of Time.
Wecms's Lifo of Washington.
Il1rnARK.-Important words in a sentence sometime.' commence·
with capitnl~, Lut this, ue:ng left to the taste and judgment of the
writer, is suLjcct to no rule.

~

.

EXEllCfSE XXfV.-CAPITALS AND POI:-fTS.

l?ut capitals 11ml points in their proper places.
· corrccL Let the pupil fillll iL

One

cxampl~ •ti

1.

the lord he is god
Correcled.-The Lord he is God.

R eason.-Tlie shonlll begin with a capital, because it commences .
the sentence: Lo"'l and God, uecause they arc proper numcs. A
period nt. God, because it closes the sentence.

EXERCISES.

GUIDE TO COl\IPOSITION.

22
2.

the fourth of july sometimes comes on sun·
d(],y
C'orrected.-The fou rth of July sometimes comes on
Surnhy.

R eason.-Thc same as in the preced in g example.

3.

queen victoria. is the present monarch of
cngl:rnd
Correcled.-Quccn Victori:1 1s the present monarch of
En;;l:1111l.

o for a l odge in some vast wil<lcrness Ch e atin g alwa ys altcnJs
gamblin g.
4 . how wond e rful is man
england frnnce and spain nre
monarchi es the amcri ean people fo rm a republic The llii.J le
is the b c~ t of books. th e lady of the lak e wa s writte n Ly scott
january and fcbruary arc eo ld mo11th~
5. ice is fo rmed in winte r how o lJ :ire y•>u i.; the mu~io
p: oo d
alas for frail man
you arc more patient t han i arP
nothing is more beaut iful t ha n spri 11 ;.;

EX EllCJSE XXV 1.-l'll llA SES.

R e.a.•o n.-Th e Rnme ns above.

4. t he earth is the lor<ls nnd the
$!.;\I.cs
h11~d1:111d

1.

sailed on l1is vo yage

Columbus

of' q11cc11 i-ictoria.

7. (..heat is the LorJ Jclwrnh.
8. mot111t ararat is in :1.<ia

sa ilf'll on his voyage

- -- - -- - r:1me yeste rday from--

" - - -- --- ·l. - - - - - •),

nr

11. jollll~ iJ IJS lil'CS
the P" el,.; is a Y:il11ahlc book
12.
hav e read sec•tts lay 11f the la st 111i11,trcl aud i th i nk it is
very intcrc;,;ti11 :;.

EXERCISE XXV.-0A PIT.-\ LS A ND POINTS.

Correct the errors in capi tal s and p1111ct11ation.
taina si:r: r;cnlcnecs. Sonic of llil'.' e are correct.
them.

of disco1•Ni.-s on
Fr/,la!J.
or, Th e captain sailed on hi s vo yagc w'if h a full cargo.
2.

!J. thorn:1'3 jefforso11 tlil'•l in lS~G
10. o that i haJ 1rin;c;s like a t101·e

1. Hcl'er tlccci,·c a11y

Fill tli c L!t111ks.

fulln e~s th e reof

5. gcorge washi11 0 ton wa s the firs t pres iJe11 t of the unite<l
G. pr in co alhcrt was the

;) .

..

- - --

t) , - - --

,_

cnntains

- - rc>turn
-

-

;:ood

s1;c urc tl1 c l.1vc

- - -- --- g-rc;itly surp ri sed

8. - - ·--·- --- -

a t.

~l.

i s t i1e

- --- - -

l:"t

rc ~to re<l

h:st

10. - - -- - -- separated

Ea ch <li\'i "ion co 11Ll'L tli c l'"J>il f111.J

EXEllCISI; XX\'ll.- l'lllt_\c;J:c;.

Fill Ilic lila11k-i.

(;.

rn:i<.l c k11nw11

the farmer sat in lii" easy cl1air si 11ukin!: his pipe .,f <'lay

7.

ol't c 11 hear1t

day

- - - - - --- .

chuw ed me hi s

br in gs flow.cm
wlio
'!reated the world alns for poor human nature
ships cnrry
goods an d men Who can live without air?
2 . T lie house is 011 fire i H tli" lH.ntsc 011 Ii re w lio~e house
is it Leaves haYe their time to fall. when will 111orn111g- co1111'
a soft a.n;o:.W1'-r turll"" ;tWav wra t h'/
;}_ who i:s fjllCCH ni' cu~laud \'j('.lt1l'ia I:-' fjHCCll nl' C11~b11d
when tl-1c fourth ol' j 11 iy <:11111eo; 011 ;;1111dav it i.< kq1t. 011 llHJil 11i;111

23

hllllll11u·

I. - - ------ -

nearly dcslr•1ycd -- - -- -

T/11· Cit.'/ nf 1\l('/c Yorl'-

was

1'1111
t•,rn d1)11· 11
] 1r() k f'! I
\\ j J l .~i \'C

nearly dc~troycd /,:;.fire.

'lS

29

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

CAUTION SECOND.

EXERCISE XXXIII.-PHRASES.

4 He told - - - give - - - dollars if - - break the
bundle.
5. Each - - - - hard - - - break - - - but - - - nol

fn the following exercises, 33 to 53, write out the whole story, fillmg
the blanks with any words ~hat will complete the se~se .

- - -.

MODJ.;I,.
TllE DOG AND TllE

6. He then untied - - - - and broke - - - one by - very - - - - , telling them - - - while - - - together no
one - - - - injure, - - but i f - - - quarrel---- each
happen - - - t.hem as
sticks.

SHADOW.

1. A dog, crossing a - - with a - - of meat - - - mouth,
- - his own shadow - - - stream.
2. Thinking - - - - another dog - - - piece - - - dropped - - - and grasped - - - 3. Thus, not only
the other, but - - - - already had.

EXERCISE XXXVI.-PHRASES.
TIU: WOLF.

Completed and written out.

1. A boy - - - care - - - sheep - - - near n forest.

1. A dog, crossing a river with a piece of meat i1t. his mouth,

2.
3.
4.
axes

Neat --village where - - call - - help-- danger.
One day - - fun - - cried - - Wolf 1 wolf 1
The men - - - village - - -, running - - - clubs
- - - kill - - - .
5. When - - men saw - - fooled - - back - - left - boy laughing.
6. The next day, - - - more
tried - - same way
7. On the third - - wolf-- earnest.
8. The boy - - - fright - - - loudly, Help 1 help! tho
wolf---- the wolf---9. But no one - - - - to help - - - - - - 1 - - finest
- - - f lock.

sa.w his own shadow in the stream.
,2. Thinking that it was another dog with a piece of meat, lie
dropped Ms own and grasped u.t the shadow.
3. Thus, not only di<l he fail in obtaining the other, but lo•t
that which he already had.

fun --

EXERCISE XXXIV.-PHRASES.

Fill the, blanks, and write out the whole.
TllE FOX

.<:m ·rni,; ORAP1'll.

1. A hungry fox
into a vineyard where there hung
- - - - bunches
grapes .
2. But - - - so
that - - - not reach - - though---- till - - -tired.
,· 3; , At Inst---- attempt and
away, consoling
- - - - by saying - - - sour - - - worth - - - trouble
- - - picking.
EXERCISE XXXV.-PHRASES.
Tllll SE\' EN STICKS.

l. An old man - - - seven sons - - - always quarreling
2. One day
called
around - - - ·.
.. "3. He laid---- seven 1;ticks bound----.

...
EXERCISE XXXVIl.-CAUTION 2.

"

words not generally understood.

What is the first caution 'f

·-; . '

(See page 25, Ex. 31.)

1V71 at is the second caution~
CAUTION 2.-Avoid· the use of words not gener:i.lly un·
dcrstood; as,

erst, an old word for fornic1·ly;
e11ibonpu'int, French for corpulence;
fore and aft, a sailor's phrase for froni end to end;
connexity, a new-made word for connectio1i.

30

GUIDE TO COl\IPOSITION.

CAUTION SECOND.

IlE~t. 1..-W ords like erst, which have gone out of use, nnd 1
therefore, nrc not uudcrstooJ, arc said to be obsolete.

EXERCISE XXXVHI.-CA.UTION :l.

2.- Foreign words may be used when they have become
so common as to uc generally understood, and arl) authorized
by good writers; ns, depot, cn1111i, etc.

Correct accorcli11g to th e pri11ciplc s lalcJ i11 Cnutio11 '.!.

RE)f.

REM. 3 .-Exprcssions like Jure and aft arc calletl technical,
that is, they arc used only by particular trades and profession:;.
'Vhcn those who understand them arc addressed, th ei r u:>c is
proper.

RE)L 4.-,Vords m:11lt~ up for the occasion arc ca lled 11ezo-

coi11ed words; us,

Olsohfo ll'urds.
I

Behest,
Bewrny,
F.rst,
1 rks,
J,H,
Likes,
Quoth,

1.
Tl1y speech l1 cwrnycih thee.
Corrcclc<l.-Tliy Jpeeclt bdray ctli tltt.:e.
.Rcaso n.-B.:u.:ro_11ct!t. i ~ i1npro per, l1e:·t1t:-it..· it i.°' r1&sult'/r:,) tha t
01 use, and, therefore, not unJcrstooJ.

~s,

ou l

The canaille w e r e lii glil y f'xcitcJ .
Currectcd.-Thc raMle were l1iglily t.:xcithl.

2.

lleason.-Ca1talt/c, is improper, IJeC;"\ use it i.'3 a f url·i.1111 wurd, anJ.

co1rncxif!J.

RE)!. 5 .-'fhc use of eit h e r of th ese four kinds of words is
called nn offense again s t PURITY, because they arc not purely
Euglish. The follow in.; arc a fow examples:

ODSOLET.£4

:u

110DF.n!'f.

on!OJ.ETF..

Command.
Betray.
For111(•rly.

'V earies.

Since.

Wl1ilom,

Of oH
Know.

\V it,
"' i~t ,

Hintl er.
Snits.

'Yot.,
Yclcped,

Said.

MODY.RY.

Sith,
St roam,

' 11e r..__·1~1rc,

3.
4.
5.
G.
7.

8.

]~ <.nm.

9.
10.

11.

Knew.
Know.

12.

Named.

13.

nut

t1 1td ...: r::;tul)d .

The king ' ~ &chest must be oLcyd . ( :)ec pa;..;o JO.)
lVlu:Zoni Noah was s:ffcd from the tl c iu g c .
I wo t not what to do .
They w ist not where th ey were .
The bean mon1lc is \'C ry attractive t,1 th,~ yo u11 ~; .
He aspires to be 0 110 of the literati.
That was an admirable coup d 'etat.
"Alas," quulh he," my hopes arc fled."
I hare been let from eomin;:; hitherto.
H e is a savant fr om the Ea st.
You will do in this case as it lil;,cs you.

HE~r.-Obsoletc words mn y be use tl in poctr!J when they a re

improper in prose.

This is calleJ poetical license.
EXERCISE XXXIX. -C AP!TALS ,\:--ifJ l'\i'.\1:TU,\TJ O,\" .

Poreig11 Words.
roni::rn!f.

Bngatelle,
Reau monJe,
j)izarre,
Cu nail le,

Co1ip d'etat,
Dclicateasc,
Enieute,

Exuvi::e,

J::\ GI.l S U.

'l'nflc.
\Vorhl of i:-.~11 ion.

I

J-0 1a:IG:'ll

i Fl:it11 ;..,

i Fl em

de li1< 1
Odd 1 exlrnn1gant. l lnntenr,
The nd.•lt!e.
Li te rati,
Stroke of policy. N'i111portc,
Dclicn cy.
N o1 1 ~ ,·en·onJ,
Di8t11rlt:t11 ce.
l'viit<'Sse,
Cn s t-otr s kin s.
S:n:111t.,

F.XG l.lSJJ.

"'i nd.
Flowe r of the lily

"

The names o r objects or anim als, w;,·11 as if" tiicy ·were

111(' 1) .

It is no rnatt·~r.
\Ve Blr 111l see.
Politeness.
A lcnrr1cJ man.

NoT &.-Thc preceding nro merely spooimcns or the kind of word•

referred to.

11.< c.l as per·

the names of persons, should begin w1t!t cap1rnls; as,

Pride.
Learn col

][ow slwulil t!t c names of objec ts or 1111i11111/:; ,
sons, l1cg1"1t ?

AnJ the

ll ~J (f

talked with the J,11mD.

River () H.iccr, whither do you g lide!

H7wt is a quoluliun '!

A Qt:OTATIOX is a r epetition of th e en,;t 'rnnls of
another.

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

Ho10 slw11ld a quotation begin, and whut

PHRASES.
11iarl~

should be

used wi"th it?

A

should begin with a capital.
(" ") should be used before and
<ffter a quotation ; and
:\ COLON ( : ) should be used immediately before it; as,
QUOTATION

QUOTATION

33

8. slander and good, naturo one day held a discussion
9. An old Crab said to a yo_u ng one : " Why do you walk
so crooked ? "

MARKS

EXERCISE XLI.-PHRASES.

Complete the story by filling the blanks.

A wise man says : "Know thyself."
that when the quotation is divided into two partR
by other words, these parts are separated by commas; ns,
OBSERVE,

Let the commas and all points for which no rule has yet been
~iven,

be retained as they are.
THE WOJ,F AND THE CRANE.

"There is," said he, "no other hope."
REM.-In the Bible, a quotation is preceded by a comma, and the
quotation marks are omitted; as, Jesus answered them, saying, The

hour is come, that the son of mnn should be glorified.

EXERCISE XL.-CAPITALS -i\,ND PUNCTUATION.

Correct capitals nnd punctuation.

One sentence is correct.

1. and the fox said to the crow how beautiful are your
feathers
Corrected.-And the Fox said to tho Crow: "How
oeautiful are your feathers!"
R eason.-A should be a capital, because at the beginning;
F' and d, because Fox and Crow arc spoken of as perso11.J;
FI, because it commences a quotation.
A colon after Crow, because it directly precedes a quotation.
An exclamation point nt fcatlwrs, because emotion is denoted.
Quotation marks nt flow and featlier8 1 because at the beginning
anu close of a quotati on.

2. A wolf, drinking at a brook, said to a lnmb below him
why do you muddy the ~trcam
3. And the lamb sa i<l to the wolf that is impossible
4. King davi<l says o that i had wings liko a dovo
5. The Psalmist says i am a stranger on the earth n3 rny
fathers were
G. Pope says the proper study of mankind is man
·I . 'l'hc bible su.y~ love one nnolhcr.
'·

.1. A Wolf, having---- its food too greedily, felt a bone
- - - - throat.
2. Being in great - - - - , he
a reward lo - - who would - - - - out.
3. A Crane, tempted by
, undertook---4.
long bill - - - - W o!ls throat,
drew
- - - - and - - - - reward.
5. '.l'he Wolf----" You may think
well paid
- - - - saved
head, when I - - - bit - - - easily."
EXERCISE XLII.-PHRASES.
TUE

QUARRELSOME

CUl:JKENS.

1. There - - - farmer's - - - two chickens - - - habi&
- - - fighting.
2. One day,
fighting----- hnrd.
3. The largest, named Poco, - - - - beat --,,
..~-- crowed
---loud.
4. The other - - away hid - - - 5. He - - - desirous - - - punishing - - - beaten him.
6. So he - - - Fox - - - told
fine, fat - - in the barn-ynrd, and - - - show ---where--.
7. The Fox - - - glad, for - - - - hungry.
8. 89 - - -· went
found Poco - - - roost - seized - - - neck - - - ate - - - .
9. !l'he other - - - stood ~y - - - - crow.id - - - -

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

PHRASES.

10. But the Fox, - - - him, said: "Poco - - - good - oot enough
"
11. So - - - flew - - - other
ate - - - also

EXERCISE XLVI.-FllRASES.

34

THE

AND

TllE

SIIEEP.

1. A Wolf that
bitten - - - dog, being unable
- - - - , ca lled a Sheep - - - - p a ssing - - - nnd begged
- - - - water from - - - - near by.
2. "For," said the 'Voll'," if' you - - - drink , I - - - meat for myself."
3. "Y cs, indeed," - - - the Sheep, "I - - - - no doubt
- - - , for if I come - - - - enough - - - - you drink,
you
mince-meat - - - me."

3. "No, no," said - - - - " I - - - - go t - - - now ,
but if - - - - water agaiu, - -- - tuuc - - - Le, catch
----can."
EXERCISE XLVlI.-l'llltASES.
TllE UOY WHO STOLE Al"l'LES.

1. An old man found - - - - Loy - - one - - trees
- - - apples.
2. Ile told - - - down, but the boy - - plai11ly
'
not.
3. " 'Von't you?" - - - man ; "then - - fe tch - - - do'>l"n."
4. So he - - - grass - - - threw - -, but this - - youngster lau gh, - - think - - pretend - - - <lown - -tree - - - ;:;ras>i only.
5. "'Veil, well, " said - - man, " if neither - - nor - will Jo, l - - try - - ,·irtuc - - stones ." Su - - pclt cJ
- - whid1 soon 111aJe - - hasten - - nnd be;.; - - par<lu11.

l'XERCISE XLIV.-PHRASES.
THE

DlllDS

AND

Tll~:

SAii.Oil.

1. A sailor, one day, - - - streets - - - city.
2. He saw - - - birds - - - cage - - - sale .
3. Ile looked - - - - flyin g - - - wires - - - cage
- g e t out.
4. He asked--·- what--- Lake - -- bird s.
5. The boy said - - - Jo liars - - - ull. So the man paid
- - - - o p e n e d - - - - Jct - - - fly away.
6. "'\'hat---- that - - - ? " said - - Loy . " Bcc:iusc," - - man, "I myself - prison - - years, and
- - - nerer l c t - - - pr i ~o n - - - can help it. ·'

EXERCISE XLVIII.-THE CO:\DIA.

These

<;JL\ IJ

,\XIJ

ITS

rule~

RULE

EXERCISE .XLV.-PIIllASES.
THE

i"ISIIER)IAX.

). A fisherman - - - - l o ng time, - - - nothing - - one little fish .
2. "Spare---," said - - - "l - - - small. Throw
- - back - - - river, and wl1 cn - - - bigge r - - - c:i teh

EXERCISE XLIIL-PIIRASES.
TIIE WOLF

35

m:iy be COlll111iltcd to 111emory, or use·, ! only fo r rl'icrc11ce.
Que s ti o n~ 111 ay l.>c fo 1111 J at the clos<'.
•

1.-Advcrbs* and adverbial or cxplan:ltory phra.-<e>',

MOTllER.

1. An old C~ab - - -youn g - - -·: ''Why
walk crooked, child?
stra ight."
2. "Molhcr," saiJ - - -, " show - - - way,---- you 1
when---- you - - - stra i;?;l1t, - - I - - try - - fol low ~ example."

•The pupil is supposed lo hnve somo know!ct!gc of grnmm:tr, or, if
quite you up:, to be studying some clemenlo.ry wutk like Pinn eo·s l'ri rnary
Grnmmnr It is better lo attcntl to the two sl utlics scpnrntcly, thnn !3
attempt tt. unite them in !he same hook, bccnnse 1liis can, nt. heSI, Le but
1mpcrfcctly Jone, nm! can not rcmlcr unnecessary, sooner or later, tlie

1. ;.=:o;c
-- ~
~~ -:..;~ -

-

~so

of a B<lpnrato work on gro.mmo.r.

3&

PHRASES.

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION

2. Tho ITorso - - - a man and - - - him to help hi111

----Stag.
3. The man - - him, provided the Horse would permit
- - - - a bridlr in his - - - and a saddle - - - 11. This - - - , tho man mounted - - - and soon - - away the Stag.
6. Tho Horse tlianked - - - and - - - to be relieved
- - - saddle a n d - - - 6. "No, indeed," - - - the man," I have found how - - you arc, so I shall - -- you f'or my own - - - . "

EXE!lCI SE LL-PHRASES.
T II E

11 E A It

A N IJ

T JI E

T ll. A V E I. E It S •

1. Two men, traveling - - - forest, - - - to help each
other
danger.
2. They - -.- not - - - far, when a bear - - - out
- - - wood - - - - cnme - - - - them.
3. One, - - - light and active,
tree.
4. The other, - - - ground, - - - breath, - - pretended
---dead.
5. The bear - - - him, smelled - - - , and supposi!lg
- - - dead, -· - - - away.
G. When - - - - go ne, the man
tree, asked him
- - - bear - - -said, ns - - - whispering to him. '
· 7 . "--advise d --," said - - - , "never - - - trust
- - - cowardly--- as you--."

EXERCISE LII.-PIIRASES.
TITE

FOX

A;-ID

THE

CROW.

The pupil may vary the la nguage given, if he chooses, M the only
object of. these exerci~es is to gi ,·c him ideo,s to be clothed iu his
own words.
'

1. A Crow,hq.vi ng - - - cheese ---window - - - cot ·
tage,

· tree, to cat it.
•

"-<-~.·

3U

2. A Fox, seein g - - - - , followed - - -- si.t
possession - - - ben eath - - -, thinking how
cheese. .
3. - - - began to praise the - - - , saying - - - never
'law--- - plumes und - - - eyes.
4. The Crow li stened - - -, but - - - not move .
form,
5. The Fox then - - - her - - - sh ape and - .but still - - - nothing.
G. - - - then began to - - - - her voice , - - - richest,
sweetest - - - - heard.
7 . At this, th e Crow - - - delighted - - - mouth - sing-, and - - cheese - - - grou nd .
S. The - - - inst; ntly - - - it up , trotted off - - - .
- - - heartily at her - - - in permitting herself - - - corn pletely - - - .
EX EllCISE LllT.-Pll RASE~.
Tllg WOT.F AX!l T HE T.Allll.

1. A ·wo lf and a Lamb---, one day, - - same - - drink.
2. The Wolf - - - up the stream to - - - .
3. The Lamb - - - distance - - - him, do wn--- .
4. The \\T olf-- des iro us - - quarre l in ;; - - La 111!1 - kill - - cat him - -.
5. So - - - him very fiercely, what ho meant by - - the - - - so muddy, that - - - not - - drink - -·.
G. The frightened
very mildly, that this - - not
- - , because the stream - - - down - - - \Yolf to him,
•
aud not up - - - him to the Wolf.
7. "However that---,"---\Volf, "you - - - ras<'al,
for a year ago - - - in sulted - -. and now I - - you."
8. " - - - impossible," said
"for - - - - not
born--."
·
9. ". \V ell," - - - Wolf, - - - mother, then - - that - ~tlm e - --."

10. So , in a - -- pnssion, the Wolf - - - the poor--,
and tearing - -- - pieces, soon - - - meal - - - .

40

GUIDF. TO COMPOSITION.

PRDIITIVES AND DERlV ATIV ES.

J> RIM I T IVE S AND DER IV A TI V ES

Bxc~: PT. 1.-,Yhcn the om i~ sion of the c \\"Oulcl occas1on a
wrong prouunciation; as, peace, peacca/1/c; coura ge, courngtu11!,

I:XERCISE LIV.-DEFINITIONS.

not pcae<1ufo (peal•aule); nor courngous (eouray11-')·

This may Le recited or not, at lhe pleasure of lh e teac her.

A

PRLMITI VB

Ex c EPT. 2.-The words hoei119, shoeing, d!Jci11g, C!JeinJ, sir1gei119, ti11y ci11y .

is a word that is n ot derived from an

other word; as,

HE~r.-1\'hen the part added begin~

J\Ian, goo<l , know, kinJ.

knowledge, frun1 l.:iww;
1rnkinJ,
frolll /;i111l.

~,

Deri1·atives arc fonucd by adding somcthi np; (callccl an a(li.G
or su.fli:c) to the c11d uf" :1 \\' <ire! ; "" •

.

t

~~:.;;,·"'.--:'-

~~
t" . .

f·:xcEPT .~A we,:lll/11l; Jue,dul!J; t ru e, trnl!J; 11ltulc, w!.ull!J;
j tlll ;.:c, juJ;;mc11t; acknowleJ;;e, ackuowl eJ,;111 1·11/; a rc;ue, ;i r:,:umc11/.
QuESTTO~~-- H'/1n( /.,t he rul~for dcrivativ e.J jrom u·vrd.~ r/l(lin_i/ i1t
JV/,,,/ ercrf'liom?

t'

~i/i•nl !

flow'"' it if tire aJJ<'J u·o-rJ &rg11zs ·1cith a cu11.rn/1>111I?

11"/wl

n:r"ption.,?

EXEitCJSE LVI.-L' S! LL .\T.

Form, former, formed, formi'11_q, formal, etc .;

\\'rit e or Fpcll dcril'aliYc~ from tl11 · fvllowin;; ·.voni s.

or, by placing sorneth iug (c alled a pn:flx) ur_(urr: a word; as,

~I

Form , reform, deform, co11form, tran sfo rm, etc.

IV 0 1ms are those formed by the union
other ;;ords ; as,
COMPO UND

l110l'i11g,

l\Iovr:,

of

Ink·st.au<l, book-store, tea-pot, Rea -horse.
A dait•ative ?

t

Hate, hat1jul; pale, pnlcnr.<s; grace, graer/111.

r~-·

R.:M.-Primitive and tlcriualive are here n pplied to words n~ dc>ri\'C•u
or not deri\'ed from others in our ow,. lanyuuye.

QUESTI O :'\~.- lV!iat i.1 a primitil'e?

with a conso11a11i, the

is retained; as,

A DERIVATIVE is a wonl that is deriv ed from some other
\\·ord; a~.
.i\Iaul!f,
from m1111;
good11css, from 9uud;

41

Bl:imc.
Name.
Scr:1pc.

ODE L .

moved,

Jn () \' 1'1",

~hO\'C.

Date.

~h:irc.

Bake.
Splice.

~cr\"c.

JnO\'((b/!'.

}>cape.
1{c \' i (.~ .
I 1.t!an1c.
1:

Compouwl word.• ?

As WC HilYan ce f'ro1n the l!~ (· or 11:nnls tn t111· f'Prlll:ttin11 nf rr1m;if, ' ft
sr.nten ces, it wii l lie lH'C('~~nry l0 ltH · d eri\' :tliYC'~ not 1; ,1111d in all
B(.;.1 1001 dict ion aric8. Direc liun s \\·ill, tl 1 e r~l"on\ be giq:n for f-l ptlling

EXERCISE LVI!.-l" AFTElt A CO\:SQ\:,\.\T. ,.

the most co nrni o n.

2.-\Vonb c·rnling in y after a. conson~rn t, change
tll(' !! j 11 to i, or ~om e tirncs c, upon :Hl1ling a syllable; a~,
RULE

EX l: Itf'l~ I·: LV.- !..' ~1 U:\:T.

1.-\Vorrfa cn<lin.g in c silrnt generally drop that
letter upon add in g a syllabic bei:inning with a. i•m111·l; as,
RULE

Hate,

ha tiny, ll Ot liav ui~J;
li;i tr,L, llllt liit (' ,.,/;
hater, nuL halt! er.

.Lul'c , !01· 1:119, uot lnv~ ·i11.r1;
Jnyq / , ll l >t lul'C cd;
!ov a, not love er.

Uuty, dnt1/11I; loYcl.'f, lol'clia; sk.1;, skil'.<; bcauf!J, Lc:rntcu :t ~.

1~XC ET'T. -\V h0n the n1ldcd part begi11s 1Yith i; as,

Glory. ;.:loryin;/ (not ~lnriin?); fl!J, tlyi11:1 (t 1" t illi11 ;1).
Qu1-:-.TI0~~ -- -1r'"bnt i.ir th e ru!ej~ 1 r sprllin(J ilcrirafivr,1/rvm wordt 01(i in9 in
V n/ta a

c011so11rmt

Cnm .-·1

'!

Tr!u1l rrcc11tiM1?

42

UUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

FOilMATION OF DERIVATIVES.

EXERCISE LVIII.-Y AFTER A CONSONANT.

EXERCISE LXI.-DOUilLING A CO NSO:-< ANT

Form derivatives infull, ncss, or ly.

RULE 4.-Wor<ls of more than one syllaLle, ac.:cntctl
on the last, an<l ending in a single consona nt after a si11yfr
vowel, double that consonant upon adJing a. syl lable lie
ginning with a vowel; as,

JIIODEL.

PITY,

pitiful.

GLOOMY,

Bounty.

Fancy.
Duty.

Hasty.
Lazy.

Beauty.

gloominess,

gloomily.

Holy.
Juicy.

Happy.
S tcaJy.

l'XERCISE LIX.-DOUilLING A CONSONANT.
RULE 3.-Wonls of one syllable, ending in a single eon
sonant after a si11gle vowel, double that consonant, upon
adding a syll able beginning with a vowel; as,

Run, running (not runing), runner (not runer).

Begin, beginning, beginn er; remit, remit/er.
Exr.-Bcgin is acconteu on t l1 e last syllable, r.nd ends iu th e singl<
consonant 11, after th e single vowel i.
RE~r.-In

other cases, the cou~onant is not doubled; as,
Travel, traveler; transact, transacting; detail, detaili11g.

Exr.-Trat'el is not 11cccnted on the la st syllable, \Jut. on th e fir.~11'mnsact uoes nol end in fl singlt conson11nt, but. a double 01-•e, ct.
D etail hns, preceding tho final consonant, fl dou/,/e Yowc l, ai.
QuEST IOX s.-Rep eat th e fourth rule, and give examples.

Exr.-Rim is of one syllnblc, and ends in tho •i11yle consonant n, nfter
the tingle vowel 11,
REu.-In other cases, the consonant is

not

doubled; as,

EXEHCISE LXII.-DOUJJLTNG A CONSO:\A:\ T.
Form tlcri"ntives fro m t h e following word s, as in the tn oJcl.
MODEL.

Act, acting; tax , tax·i119; toil, toiling; (not netting, taxxing,
toilling.)

Occult, occurring, occurred, occurrence.

Exr.-Cl in act antl :r (h) in tax nro doublt, not tingle coneonant.s, and
oi in toil is not a ai11yle vowel.
QuEsTroxs ..:._Repeat the third rule, and give aamplu.

The remark.

EXERCISE LX .-DOUilLING A CONSONANT

CoN'SENT,
Co;-..1PEL,

Hebel.

Enact.

Offend.
Expand.

Plan.
Fan.
.Fret.
Fit.

l"orm derivati\'CS from eac h of the

chatting, chatted, chatter. Wit, witt,11.
sailor, sailed, sailing. Wind, windy.
Cram.
Shut.
Snap .
Sun.

Sin.
Run .
Sit.
Let.

Hcpea t.
Redeem.
Curtail.

Jump.
Burn.
Pluck.
Bind.

Du el.
Level.

Visit.

EXEltCISE J.Xll l.- - FOIDIA'l'lUN OF DEIU \' AT I VF,;

MOD E L.

CHAT,

consenting. Prcrnil, prevailing.
compclli11g . 'J'rav cl, trav el ing.

Omit.
Abet.

'Vrite o r spell derivatives, as in the model.

SAIL,

Th e remark.

Soil.
Rail.
Sail.
Dream.

following

word s, as in the 1n od cl

UODEL.
FORM, former, forming, formed, formal, formalist, form ation, formality, etc. ; reform,- reform ation , deform, deform·

ity, inform, information.
Act.
Press.

Dcf'cnd.
l'rdend.

Ju:<t.

ni .c.:1::

u~e

L" u' .

FOR:\IATION OF SENTENCES.

GUIDE TO COl\IPOSITION.

44

4!i

4. 0 th:lt truth may prevail !

V.

FOltMATION 0 F SENTENCES.
1. DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCES.

EXERCISE LXIV.-DEFINITIONS.

This may be recited or not, as the teacher may clioose.
Sentences arc declarative, intelTogative, exclamatory,
imperative, or cornli tional.
A declarat-ive sentence is one that declares; as,

Exclamatory, uccause it contains an exclamation.

5. Cast thy burden on the Lord.
Tmp erativ~,

because it contains the imperative cast.

If truth should prevail, etc.

(i.

Conlitional, because it

expr~sses

If we arc diligent,
" re shall succeed.
Cease to do evil.
When will morn arise?

7.
8.
0.
10.

a condition..

11.
12.
13.
14.

Who hath sorrow 'l
Vice is contagious.
Let there be light.
0 that night were gone

Light will arise.
An interrogative sentence is one by which a question
is asked ; as,
Will light arise?

EXERCISE LXVI.-DIFFERENT KINDS.

·w rite each sentence in all its forms.
MODJ:L.

An exclamatory sentence is one which contains an exclamation; as,
0 that light may arise I
An imperative sentence is one that is expressed m the
imperative mode; as,
Let light arise, or, 0 Light, arise.
A conditional sentence is one that expresses a condition; as,
If light should arise, etc.

1. Ann studies hard.
Docs Ann s tudy hard?
H ow hard Ann studies !
Ann, study hard, or, }
Let Ann study hard.
If Ann studies hard.

2. George is faithful.

3. The nati on is co nquered .
4. How strong he is I

Qu};~Tioxs.- What a" the different kind& of u11/e11cu 1
What i& a dt·
clamtiue u11/e11ce? All i11lerrogative 7 A11 exclama tory 1 A11 i111perativ1 '
A co11ditio11al?

-

(Declarative.)

(I nlerrogalive.)
(E.cclamalory.)
(Imp erative.)
(Conditional.)

5. The 8hip is n wreck.
G. The ri 1•er has risen.
7. John loYcs to play.

EXERCISE LXVII.-SENTENCES.
l n the preced ing exercises the use or words anif!pftras es hns been
In th e following, complete sentences arc to be for med, ond
to nit! the learner in thi~ lnlio r, ideas arc suggested, first by giver
phrases, nnt! then l.iy words.
·~11ght.

EXERCISE LXV.-DIFFERENT KINDS.

Describe ench or th e following sentences, os in the m0Jcl.

Form sentences containing the fo ll owing phrases.

MODEJ,.

1. Truth has conquered.
This is a declarative sentence, because it declares something.
2. Truth will prevail.

•

3. Will truth prevail?

JIIODEL.

1. Not at all.

He was not al all to blame.
2. Without reputation . Without reputation, a man is
poor inde ed .

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

CAUTION THIRD.

3. A man of ed ucation. Ile is a. man of edueatio11, ur1
A. man of ed ucation will be respected.

EXERC ISE LXXl.-SENTE "iC ES.

46

4. Without health .

5. Without friends.
6. In a proper manner.

7. At

that time.

8.
9.
10.
111.

Great s ize.
At that place.
Without doubt.
With perfect sincerity.

Form sente nc es.

l. Many years s ince.
2. The members of Congress .

G. S hall rcaJily finJ.
7. Overco me by fati .~nc .

3. Tlrc great influence .

8. U neo ur1ucraLl e J i:;l ik e.
a. 'l'h e ki11Ju css jJ:l TClllS.
5 During the co ld weathcr . f 10. Tf' we desire happiness.

or

4. While visit.in ~ Tllin ois.

EXERCISE LXVIII.-SENTENCES.

I

.EXERCISE LXXII.-SENTEN CES.

Form sentences, each containing one of tl1c following phrases.

1. A long time ago.

G.

2. Very frequently.
3. In a large house .

7. I would rather.

4. What we plea se .
5. At a great distance.

Form sentences.
6. Objects of great interes t.
7. In the deserts of Arabia.
8. In the heat of ~umm c r .
9. Undoc an incle ment Kky.
10. In the darkes t uight.

Great patience.

8. Continued industry.
!J. In a friendly manner.
10. When 1vc had finished.

EXEltCISB LXIX.-SENTENCES.

41

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The industry of' youth.
The wisdom of age.
With great severity.
The animals of Africa .
The Indians of America .

I

Exercises like the preceding can be extended or abridged, accor1l
ing to the proficiency of the pupil.

Form sentence~, ns in th e preceding <'xerciscs. Let th e first four
ltc interrogative.

1.

6.
7.
3. '"Fr-obi Bo!" ton to New York . 8.
!J.
4. In the United States.
5. T~e eleph:int and tiger. '10.
The highest mountains.

2,. The news of victory.

Without any authority.
When the wind was fair.
On account of his health
With inexcusable lrnstc .
Great patience and care.

EXERCISE LXX.-SENTENCES.

Let some of · th~ sentences formed with the following phmMCI!
be exclamatory.

1. With a, knife.
2. By experience.
3. Beautiful scenery.
l

·4, Undoubtedly true.
6. Covererl with snow.

6. From Europe.
7. Oan find.
8. Very well ·done.

9. Some parts of America.
. 10. From motives of .pru<lenre

EXERCISE LXXIII.-CAUTION 3.

\Vords conveying a wrong i<lca.

What is the jii-st cauti011'! Sec page 25, Ex . 31.
What is the second caution 1 See page 29, Ex. 37.
What caution is ncccssarg concerning words that convey a
- wrong idea '!
CAUTION 3.-Avoid the use of w9rds tha.t convey e
differen t idea. from tha.t intended; a.s,

for

Fulton discovered the steamboat,
Fulton invented the steamboat.

Exr.-Wc dtacover whnt already exiels, though before unknown: we
invent what never before existed.

She fainted and lost her conscience,
for She fainted and lost her consciousneH.

48

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

CAU'fION THIRD.

Exr.-Co11scimct is n sense of right nnd wrong : co11acioumu•, n knowl
edge of whnt is pnssing.
RElll.

Ingenious, skillful to con triva.
Ingenuo•:•>, ope n, frank.

1.-This caution includes two classes ot' words;

I:.ay, to pince any thing.
Lie, to be at rest, to remain.

1st. Those which resemble each other in meaning alone; as,
invent and discover; learn aod teach.

Lea rn, to gain kn o wledge.
Teach, to impart know ledge.

2d. Those which resemble each other in sound alone; as,
conscience and co11scio11sncss; lie and lay; observance and ob
servalion.

Observance, strict regard.
Observation, a remark.
Respectful, showing respect.
Respectal>Je, worthy of respect.
Res pccti,•e, belonging to each.

RE:-.r. 2.-The improper use of the first class is an offense
against

PRECI SION ;

of the second, against

PROPRIETY.

REM. 3.-Thc followinf; are a fow of tho words often improperly used as sy nonyms, that is, a~ if they had the same
meaning. Sec page 87, Ex. 137.

Acquaintance, familiar knowledge.
Intimacy, very close ac'lnnintance.
Active, nimbl e, s prightly.
Laborious, diligent in work.

Set, to put., to place.
Sit, to occupy a seat.
Stationary, flxcJ, not moving.
Stationery, paper, pens, etc.
~OTE . -F or Yarie1l and full l'Xl'rciscs 1011 rn ch of the prcce<li:ii;
word s as are co nn cctcll with gra1111nuti~al con~tructio11., as l.ry, lit:, Jit,
aet, etc., sec P1:oa:o' s ExE1tc1!:n:s 1~ FALSE Sl.'XT.H.

Assuran ce, contidcnce.
Impudence, want of modesty.
Alon e, npnrt from others.
Only, this and no other.
Common , belonging to two or more.
l\Iutunl, belonging to two alone.
Cripple, disabled in a limb.
l\Iaimed, deprived of a limb.
Dnmb, un able to spea k.

Silent, not s pea king.
Duration, conti nuance.
End11mncc, bea ring long.
Falsehood, what is not true.
Lie, what the speaker knows is not true.
Fewer, smaller in number.
J,css, smaller in size or degree.
Jiumnn, belonging to man.
Humane, kind, benevolent.

EXERCISE LXXIV.-CA.UTION 2.

Corrl'ct the following examples according to Caution 3.
correct. Let the pupil find it.

One

i~

The observation of the Sabbath is rc'luirc<l.
Corrected.-The observance of the Sabbath is rcquircu.

1.

Reason.-Thc observance, that is, regard for the Sabbath is re11u ircd,
not observation, that is, a remark about it.

(See list on pages 48 and 4\l, for most of the f4'll owin l!.

2. N cw York haH a large stationery population.
3. There were less people present than usual.
4. He was very ingenuoua in his contrivances.
5. The youth ha<l a very ingenious disposition.
6. · Bach returned to his respectable a Lode.
7. He was a man of respectful character.
8. Tho city lays at the foot of a steep hill.
. 9. The ship is layin9 at anchor, in the harbor.
Com ......!l

1

rm

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

THE COM.MA.

10. Will vvu set down till I return?
11. 'Ve sir out trees in the early spring.
12. He unintentionally ga,-e utterance to a lie.
] 3. Galileo cfocove r ~(l the telescope many years eincc.
14. Eli '\Thitnc•• .1.iscovcrc<l the g in for cleaning cotton .
15. N cwtou ;.,wr.nte<l th e attrnction of tl1e earth.
lG. Ee 1s ieaching hi s brother much evil.
17. He is learning his sister to sing.

:)J

EXERCISE LXXVII.-SENTENCES.

Vvritesente11ccs, each containing some form of th e two words given
As the only object in giving words i s to suggest id-.as, th e pupil
el1ould have any latitude desired.
MODE I •.

1. (Man, pain.) All men na.turally dread pain;
01·, No rnan should unnecessarily give pain
to others.

2. Spring, trees. 5. All, silent.
8. God, love.
3. 'Vinter, snow. 6. Desert, water. !J. Ambition , good.
4. Youth, learn. 7. Love, money. 10. Jane, strawberries.

EXERCISI-: LXXV.-SENTENCES.
Let "the pupil form sl1ort Hc ntcnces, ea ch containing one of tlu
following words. Any fo rm may be used; as,
TVish, wishes , wished, wishing, ca" wish, co1ild wish, must wish, etc.

The teacher can in crease the numbe~, or ~eparate those given into
eeveral lessons, to suit his class.
MODEL.

1. (Wish.) All men wish for happiness;
or, How ardently the thirsty wislt for water;
or, Few wislies a.re fully gratified in this world.
2. Desire.
3. Nation.

4. Entirely.
5. Ardently .

6. Houses.
7. H.cmembor.

8. America.
9. Industry.

EXERCISE LXXVIII.-SENTENCES.

Form sentences, as in the preceding exercise.

This can be

divided, if thought desirnule.

1.
2.
3.
4.

City, crime.
John, skate.
Summer, roses.
America, contain.

5.
6.
7.
8.

Ship, ocean.
9.
Study, learn . 10.
Spring, birds. 11.
Boy, lessons. 12.

Plow, plant.
Peach , fruit.
'figer, Africa.
Knowledge, read.

EXEllCISE LXXIX.-THE COMJllA.

Ruu: 3.*-Throe or more words or phrases, used together in the same wa.y, should be l:leparated from each
other by commas; as,

EXER CISE LXXVI.-SE'.'{TENCES.

MODE I•.

1. (Create.) God created the universe;
or, GOLl is the Creator of the universe;
or, A novel is the creation of the author's
fancy.
2. D<'stroy.
3. Compel.

4. L orn.
5. Admire.

6. Farm.
7. City.

He is good, wise, and great.
·He is a goo<l, wise, and great man.
Jlonor, wealth, and fame are his.
'Ve should love, honor, and obey our parcnt.il.
The affair was managed wisely, ably, and honorably.
The love of .fanie, the desire of wealth, and the pursuit of
pleasure, have destroyed many souls.

·•

Form sentences, as in the model.

8. Contain.
9. Receive

QUESTIO~s.- What ii(

the tl1ird rule for the comma1

Er.pla.in tlte examplta.

,_ •This. rule is give_n on pnge 11, and it.e applica tion partially illue.
trahid. It i~ here made general. .. .
..,

52

GUIDE TO COJl[POSITION.

SENTENCES.

EXERCISE LXXX.-TIIE CO'.\BIA.

While the earth remains, aeecl-ti.mc and harvest; and cohl and
heal, aud 111mme1· and wi11lcr, and day and night, ~hall not

rut commas in the proper 1 lnccs.

One example is conccl.

ll!OJ)EL.

Reason.-I'arents, brothers, and sisters, being used in the smne
way, arc separated by commas.

Tltt third 'I

Whal i& lht fir•t rtmarlc'I
Tht •econd remark 1

Tl~fir•l

aception 1 Tltt 1wmdt

EXERCISE LXXXII.-TH£ CO'.\DL\.

Correct the commas acco.nling to directions in Tiem. 1 and '.!.
l\IODEL.

2. Peace happiness and contentment "Wero his lot.
3. The tree is tall straight erect and flourishing.

4. Ile conducted the business ably wisely and successfully.
5. Industry, honesty, nnd tcmpe1·ance arc essential to happiness.

6.
7.
8.
9.

l!casc.
QuF.8TIOXS.-

1. His parents brothers and sisters were present.
Oorrected.-Ilis parents, brothers, and sisters were
present.

53

A man of virtue will ho rcsp?cted esteemed and trusted.
Time slrcngth nnd money arc means of usefulness.
The mind is thnt which feels knows and thiuks.
For tw'l days, he neither ate drank nor slept.

1.
The sun, :m~l moon give light.
Con·ecled.-Thc sun and moon give light.
Rca.son.-Thcrc ucing lint l\YO words, sun and moon, witl1 a coo
junction, no co111111a is usctl.
2. Sin, and sorrow never enter heaven. (Rem. 1.)
3. The moon, and stars shine by nigilt.
4. i\Iind thought forms the strength of man. (Exe . 1.)
5. We arc fearfully wonderfully made. (Exe. 1.)
G. Such language is impudence not candor. (Exe. 3.)
7. Prudence not tameness is required. · (Exe. 3.)

EXERCISE LXXXI.-TIIE COl\Il\IA.

Ruic 3.-Rcmnrks.

RElr. 1- -When two words alone nro used in tho same

way,

therf is no comma; as,

MODE I •.

Heaven and earth shall pass away.
E:tCEl"l'.

l.-Whcn tho conjunction is om itted; as,

lleaven, earth shall pass away.
EXCEl'T. 2.-When two words connected by or mean tho
111mo thir.g ; as,

'Iha ship entered by a small bay, or gulj.
EXCEPT. 3.-Whcn the two words arc used in contrast ; a11,

Though deep, yet clear.

-RBu 2.-Whcn words arc used in pairs,

oom:na

between the pairs alone ; ne;

EXERCISE LXXXllT.-SENTENCES.

Form sen tences, each containing the tliree words ginn.

there

is n

1. (Goo<l, wise, great.) Washington wa.s a good, wise, ancl
great ma.n.
2. (Love, lwnor, fear.) He was a ma.n to b~loved, honored, and feared.
8. Jump, skip, hop.
3. Able, useful, honorable.
4. Iletrny, scourge, crucify.
9. Air, earth, water.
5. , _Var, morals, soldiers.
10. Kindness, trouble, Sav ior.
6. Bra \'C, patl"iotic, honor- 11. 'l'empcranco, chee rfuln ess,
able.
prosperity.
7. Beautifully, eloquently, 12. Industry, honesty, temper·
a nee.
forcibly.

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

CAUTION FOURTH.

EXERCISE LXXXIV.-SENTENCES.

EXERCISE LXXXVII.-CAU TION 4.

Fori1.1 sentences, as in th e preceding. The teacher can <livide thco•
exercises if li e chooses.

Repetition of words.

llIODEL.

1. (Apttrtmcnt, person, sick.) Upon entering the apartment, I found a person who had Leen, for some
time, very siclc.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

'W illiam, James, school.
Ellen , l\Ia1·y, Jane .
Burn, horse, travel.
Live, house, painted.
Cow, dog, fie ld.

7.
8.
D.
10.
11.

'Vealth, honor, pleasure.
Life, death, time.
River, banks, flowe rs.
Knowled ge, youth, time.
Child, vase, floor.

EXERCISE LXXXV.-SENTENCES.

Form

sentence~, ns in the

precc<ling exercise.

1. Good, happin ess, others.
<i. Ship, ca rgo . storm.
2. Health, life, happiness.
7. Thunder, lightnin;;, rain.
3. Sickness, misery , dea th.
8. Year, last, month.
4. Steamer, river, passenger. 9. Sabbath, time, God.
5. 'Vinter, ice, streams.
10. Youth, hope, pleasure.

I

55

What £s the fi rst Ca ution 't Sec page 25 , Ex. ~ l.
Wlwt ·is the seco ncl Ca ution? Sec page 2!J, Ex. 37.
What is the third Cuution ? Sec pa ge '17 , Ex. 73.
1Vhat caution is necessary with regard lo the repetitio11 o.f
IJjOnls ?
CAUTION. 4.- Avoid, in a sentence, the needless rcp e·
tition of a word, either in . th e same* or in a. different
sense; as,

for

He 11s11ally uses lang uage correctly .
He genera lly uses lan g uage correctly.

for

He went to Boston and then he w1:nt to N cw York.
He went to Bos ton and thrn to 1Vew r orl.-.

•

Kin g Hichard was succeed ed by Henry, who 8pecdily
succeed ed in res torin g pence.
f or Kin g llichard was succcc<led by Henry, wh o speedil!J
restored peace.
REM.

nnd

1.-Thi5 i~ an offense against
and is called tautology.

l'1tEc 1s 10N , CL EA!l :-1 Ess.

STil.ENGTil,

REM.

2.-This caution in cludes two particuh.rs, namely,

1st. The repetition of a word in the sain c se.1sc ; us,
EXEllC ISE LXXXVI.-SENTENCES.

Form sentences, each containing all the wor<ls.
MODEL.

1. ('.l.'rouble, learn, friend, real.) In time of trouble, we
learn who arc our real friends.
2. F ire, ni r, earth , water.
3. N oah . floou , men, ea rth .
4. Mury, Susan, sister, school.
5 Spring, summ er, autumn,
winter.

· G. Life, death , time, eternity.
7. Hours, dnys, months, yenrs
S. Brother, I, pond, skate.
D. Nation, free, virtue, intclli·
gen cc.

He wmall!J uses language correctly.
2d. The repetition of a word in different senses; as,
Richard was wcceeclecl by H enry, who snccea<iell in
restoring peace.
RE~l. 3.-A repetition needed to make the mc1.1nmg clear
alwuys proper, as in dcjinitions, legal dowments, <:tc.

So, also, when it is required for cmphasi.. ; ns,
'Ve demand notking mqrc. nothing less.
• See nlso Caution

o,

p:uz:e 67.

1c

50

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

CAUTION FIFTH.

EXERCISE LXXXVIII.-CA UTION 4.

~. With t,he leave of his parents he took leave of school.
5. Not a letter in that letter is formed correctly.
G. I found the patient calm and patient.
7. Timber of all kinds is best seasoned in the suru1uer
season.
8. The blades of grass fall rapidly before the blade of &
ecythc.
!>. In that quarter of the world, a quarter of a dolla1 ia
not worth much.
10. Ily a figure of speech, his figure may be compared to
that of a monkey.
11. The board of trustees offer little more than board .. ad
lodg ing for the best teachers.
12. The success of the cause depends more upon tl,ie chan
upon any other cause.

Correct the tnutology according to the directions in Caution 4.

(Same sense.)

1. Abundant supplies arc Bttpplied from the gardc11.
Correcled.-Abundunt supplies arc obtained from the
garden.
2. And Mary, and John, and Henry, and I.
Corrected.-Mary, John, Henry, and I.
3. He appeared to rc:ison very reaso nably .
4. And Jane, and Susan, and Ellen, :md Sarah were ther".
5. The ad<lress wns characterized by its respectful character.
G. This trnvclcr has traveled very extensively, and his
tra,·els nre puulishc<l.
7. He got up, got breakfast, got into the cars, and got to
N cw York before noon.
8. Though auimals displ:iy much that resembles mind, man
alone actually possesses mind.
D. He stated that the sta tement he was about to state was
dcri,·ed from good authority.
10. This is a work of great severity, but is in reply to ono
of still .grcat<.r seYerity.

EXEHCISE LXXXIX.-CAUTION 4.

•

EXERCISE XC.-CA UTION 6.

Hcpetition of ideas.

lV7Lat cautio1i is 11eces11ar!J with regard to tlie repetit-.Jn oj
tcleas '!
CAUTIO~ 5.-Avoid, in a sentence, the needless repetition of ideas, either in the same or different words; as,

for

Correct the errors according to directions in Caution 4.

( Di:(Tcrent senses.)

1. Wi~h . the proceeds of his labor he proceeded on his
JOUrn cy.

5?

for

· The deep depth11 of the ocean,
The depths of the ocean .
The green verdant grass,
The gree1i grass, or the verdant grasl!.

REM. 1.-This is an offense against PREcrsrot, and is called
tu.11tolog!J.

Corrected.-With the proceeds of his labor he continued
his journey.

N oTE.-The repetition of ideas in the same words is included in
Cuutiou 4, 111;d illustrated in Exercise 8\J.

2. As the sun rose, a beam of light fell upon a bcnm in the
()Id house.
3. Under the arch of heaYen there is scarcely to bo found
IO aroL ~ rogue.

RE». 2.-In poetry and animated style, a repetition of ideas
is sometimes allowed, and is called a Pleonasm; as,
l\Iy banlcs, they are furnished with bees.
We have /,ear</. witli our ear•.

3UIDE TO COJ\U'OSITION.
EXERCISE XCI.-CAUTION 5.

Correct the tautology according to Caution !°J.

1.

Can you tell the reason w/1.y he acted thus?
Oorrected. -Can you tell wlty he acted thus?
or, Can you tell the reason of ltis condw:t?

2. He gained the universal love of all men .
3. They were th e fir st aggressors in the war.
4. God first creat ed the world before he formed man .
5. I returned /11/I of a gi·cat many fears.
G. This is Geurge ~mith's his book.
7. It is four years ago since I saw him.
8. But a few yea rs only have passed since then .
9. He gain ell nothing further but only delay.
10. Its value is unircrsal ly acknow ledged by all.
11. O~r duty in this case is clear and manifest.
12. 'J'hcy arc Loth cr1ual in their attai nments .
13. The reason of hi;,i fai lure wn s on account of h is ill nc8s.
14. H is moti\·es in th is matter arc plain and ev ident.
15. 'l'his meas ure rnuy afford profit and furnish amuseme nt.
16. The cause of his conduct was on uecount of his i0 noruncc.
17. They return c•I back agaiu to the same city from whence,
tl111y came forth.

EXEllC ISE XClI.- SENTENCES.

Form two scnten ct·s 1111der each h entl on the same , 11 hjcct 1 each
co ntni11in g one of tlic ·giYcn words.

·S·ENTENCES.

3. 1st S.- Occan.

5!}

7. l st S.- l'oor.

21.l S.-Wuvcs.
4. 1st S.-Brothcr.
2d S.-Sistcr.
5. ht S.-Gardcn.
2d S.-Carcfully.
:i. 1st S.-Last week.
2tl S.- Next week .

2d S.-ltich.

8. bl S.-Orange.
2d S.-Trcc.
9. 1st S.- Tigcr.
21l S.-Asia.
10. 1st S.-Stuuy .

2d S.-Youth .

EXERCISE XCIII.-- SENTENCES.

Form three sentences on tl1c same suLject.
lllODEL.

1. 1st S.-('l'ree.) A free is always a beautiful object.
2d S .-(Leaf.) All trees hav~ leaves of some kind .
3d S .-(Fruit.) Many trees, also, bear excellent fruit

or, 1st S.- ('l'ree.) Many trees bear fruit.
2d S.- (Leaves.) Some have beautiful leaves.
3d S .-(Fruit.) A tree, adorned with green leat'es and
loaded with r ipe fruit, is one of the most beautiful objects
in nature.
2. lst S.- City.
21l S.- Strcc_t.
3d S.- House.
3. lst S.-Rivcr. ·
21l S.- Stcamcr.
3cl S.- Bank.

4. 1st S.-Ship.
2d S.-Wrecked_
3d S.-Savcd .
5. lst S.-Battlc.
2cl S.- Kil l.
3cl S.- :ilseapc.

MODEL.

1. 1st S.-(Goo<l nature.) Good nature is a very impo1 t
ant quality.

. 2d S.-(Ilcarts.) It is sure to win the hearts of all men.

2. 1st S.-(Ycstenla.y.) Yeste1·day I visited 1somc friendR;
2d S .-('l'o-morrow.) To-morrow I must write letters.
N'>rE.-'fbis exercise cnn !Jc divided if desirable •. ·

.t

EXERCISE XClV.-SENTENCES .

Form sentences, a<J in the preced ing exercise.

1. 1st S.-1\Iinc.
2d S.--Oold.
3d S.-Iron . .

.I

2. Ist S.-Arnerica .
2d S.-Commerce.
3d S.-Pn;>11pc.1·ity.

60

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

&.

]st S.-Peace.
2<l S.-Lorn.
3d S.-Gospel.

SENTENCES.

4. lit S.-Crime.
2d S.-I>rison.
3d S.-Intempernnee.

RElr.-These nre gi,·cn ns a Apccimen of tlais clnss of exercises.
They can be multiplieJ to nny extenl The tcaclier can furnish
words, or the pupil s m:iy select for themselves. lt will be fou11J nu
interesting and profitable met!io,J of practice.

xEXERCISE

XCV.-CAUTION G.

Omission of wor<ls.

lVliat cautwn is necessary with i·eganl to the omission o;
,oords.
CAUTIO~ G. - Avoid the omission of 'ror<ls that arc
needed to make the sense clear; ns,

This is the man brought tho report,
for This is the man who b1·ought the report.
The works of nnture nnJ nrt,
for The works of nature nnJ of art .
..RE)!. 1.-An omission of words in a sentence is called an
ellipsis, nnd the words omitted arc said to bo understood, ns
who and of in the examples.

2.

Is that tho worst can be said of him?

Correcled.-Is that the worst lliat can be said of him ?

ru

the· following, u caret is put where something is needed to
make the seuse clear.

3. There were two men /\ killed by the fall of the trco.
4. 'Vc must carefully observe what goes before and/\ follows.
5. The Latin language, in its purity, was never /\in England.
G. He is author of a. treatise on the soul and /\ body.
7. This generous action greatly increased /\his former services.
8. W c speak that /\we know; we testify that /\we have
seen .
9. The works of nature and /\ nrt afford subjects for tho
painter and /\poet.
•
10. 'fho wise and /\, fooli:ih, the, Yirtuous and /\ Yilc, tho
learnc.d and /\ ignoranh the temperate and /\ profligate, must
often, lfh the wheat ana ·/\ tares, be blended together.

EXERCISE XCVII.-SENTEN CES.

Form four sentences

011

Sec Pinneo' a Primary Grammar, page 74; also, Pinneo's Exercised
in False Syntax.
RE11I.

2.-An improper ellipsis is an offense ngain8t
and ST!lENGTII.

l'llE-

. ClSION, CLEAllNESS,

EXERCISE XCVJ.-CAUTION G.

Correct the improper omissions.
MODEL.

1. A saYnge state of life is happier than n. slave nt
tho oar.

Oorrccted.-A savage state of life i3 happier than tl1at
. of a. slave at tho oar,..
·

61

the same suloject, ns in the model.
Ill 0 DE f,.

1. 1st S.-(Ocean.) Tho ocean is a vast and sublime
object.
'
2d S.-(Ship.) Upon it sail ships of various kinds.
3d S.-(Wave.) The waves of the ocean ai~ frequently
very large.
4th S.-(Wreck.) At such times, ships are often
wrecked and never heard of more.
2 . 1st S.-New York.
2d S.-Contains.
3,z S.-Busines,.
4tl• S.-Poor.

3. 1st S.-Father,
2d S.-School.
3tZ S.-Learn.
4th S.-Lifc.

~

.·'

62

OU IDE TO COMPOSITIO?i..
~

CAUTION EIGHTH.

EXERCISE XCVIII.-SENTENCES.

- -I

Form sentences, ns in the preceding exercise.
l. 1st S.-Brother.

2cl S.-Sister.
31l S.-School.
4th S.-Play.

2. 1st
2d
3d
4th

lVhat
lVhat
W!tat
What
What
What
lVhat

EXERCISE XCIX.-SENTENCES.

2. 1st S.-W ar.
2d S.-J ustificd.
3d S.-Too ofte n.
4th S.-Pcace.

3. 1st

CL-CA UT ION 8.

Expressions of doubtful meaning.

S.-Intemperanco.
S .-Property.
S.-Timo.
S.-Charaeter.

Form si;ntcnces, as in the preceding.•
l. lst S.-Earthquakc.
2d S.-Dcstroys.
3d S.- Volcano.
4th S.-Etaa.

J<~Xl::RCISE

is
is
·is
is
is
is

the first
the seco nll
the tliinl
the fourth
the fifth
the sixth
is the seventh

Ccwtion ?
Cnution?
Cu11li"n ?
Ccwtion '!
Cantion?
Caution?
Caution'!

See
See
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec

page 25,
pu gc '.W,
page ·l 7,
page 55,
puge 57,
page 60,
page 62,

Ex.
.Ex.
Ex.
Ex.
Ex.
Ex.
Ex.

31.
37.
73.
8 7.

!JO.
!>5.
100.

VV!tat cciution t"s necessary with regard to the meau ing of
words?

S.-Cloud~.

2d S.-'l'hundcr.

-\(J AUTIO~ 8.-Avoid both such n. choice n.nd such an arrangement of words as may render the meaning doubtful.

3d S.-llain.
4th S.-Dangcr.
4. 1st S .-Gardcn.
2d S.-Flowers.
3ll S.-Spring.
4th S.-Swcct.

What is the first thing included under this head 'I

1st. Words that refer to other ~ords should be placed
as near them ai; possible ; as,
not, The judge d ism issed the prisoner, c.unvinced of his inno·
CCII Ce .

lmt, The Judge, convinced of the prisoner's innocence, dis·
miRsed him .

) __ . -· EXERCISE C.-CAUTION 7.

Ungrammatical expreseione.

Exr.-It wns the jud[Je, and not the priaoner, that wns convincc<l.

W71at ca1ttio11 iM nccesaary with 7·cgard to tmgrammatical ~­
pressions '!
CAUTION

7.-Avoid the use of ungrammatica.l expres·

sion.s ; . as,
Says I, .for said I; I don e it, .for I did it.
[ intend~d to hw;c 9011c, for I intended to go.
Great pains has been taken, for Great pains have been .taken.
RElI.-This cau tion is necessary to secure
, style.

PROPRIETY

of

NOTE.-The pupil is supposed to Ile more or less acquainted with
grammar, and i8 referred to Pinneo's l'rimary and Analytical
Grammnre, · nod I-:xcrci8c1:1 in False Syntax, to which die 11ULjecl
more properly belongs.
. . , • -···

}Vhat is the scco11fl particular wulcr this Caution 'I

2d. Especial attention should be paid to pronouns; as,
not, If the lad should leave his father, he would die.
ht, If the lad should leave his father, his father wouhl die .

ExP.-lfe nrny refer either lo lhe father or the lad. A word sl1 onl<l
elwnys be repented when U1is is necessary lo make the meauing
clear. (Seo Cnulion 4, Item. 3, pngc G5.)

1V7iat is the thircl thing necessary to mal;:e the meaning plain 1

3d. The words should convey !he right idea; as,
not, J,uthcr's Reformation commenced in Germany.
.b-ut, The Rrformation in Litther's time; or, the R e/ormati<>11
01·iginatcd b!J I.1Uther, ·etc.-

GUIDE TO COJ\IPOSITION.

SENTENCES.

1'~1r.r.-Lut"6'1 Reformation mny mcnn n reformntiou in Luther'~
chnrncter, or the reformntion in religion which occurreu in his tim e.

9. The Roman s understood liberty,at lca8t,* as well a8 we.
10. Some friend s whom) I met, after a !0119 journ ey , in l'aris,
supplied all my wants. /

U4

RElI.-This caution is designed to secure

CLEARNESS

nnJ

ST RE NOTH.

Pince "After n long journey " immedi iL tely before 1.

EXERCISE CII.-CAUTION 8.

Correct in accordance with Caution 8.
l\IODEL.

1. The ladies excelled the gentlemen in taste, and tltey ·
were not backward to confess tlieir superiority.
Corrected.-Th e ladies excelled the gentlemen in taste,
and the latter were not backward to confess the
superiority of lhei,- fair rival11.

11. l\Icn aro apt to be jealous of others, anu to think that
th eir reputation obscures them.
12. There is not a word that the author docs noL sincerely
bclic\·c i1r the. book.
13. It is folly to nrm ourselves ugainst the evils of life, by
heaping up treasures, ngain st which nothing can protect us but
the care of our heavenly Father.
14. He can not travel upon a hard-trotting horse, havin g a
disease of the heart.

Rea.ton.-It is doubtful to whnt th ey and tlteir refer.

2. There is a caYern in Hoonga that is entered by di\"ing.
Il is the ca ver11, not lloonga, that is entered by <living, nntl the arrangement shoulu show it..

3. The animals were conveyed in boo.ts that were accustomed
t-0 the water.
Which were nccustomcd to the wntcr, the animala or the boa ta'

4. We see the Yarioty of color in the rainbow, and are led
to examine its cause.
And arc led to examine tlie cause of that - - Whnt?

G5

Variety, color, or rainbow 1

5. A doctor was employed to attend his wife by a poor man
who was dangerou sly ill.
6. They were persons of Ycry moderate powers, eve n before
tlicy were weakened by passion.
Let tho construction show whether the peraom or po111er1 were wenk·
enetl.

7. God protects his followers, ever libtral and faiiliful.

rt is Ood who is libcrnl nm!

faithful.

. 8. I will l1ave mercy an<l not sncrifict.

EXERCISE CIII.-SENTENCES.

Form two sentences on the same subject,
gi,·cu words.

t~.1cl1

containing tl"· two

MODEL.

1. 1st S.-(Spring, leaves.) In spring the trees put forth
thei 1· leaves.
2d S.-(Season, garuen.) At this season, also, gardem
are prepared and seeds put into the ground.
2. 1st S.-Cannry, sings.
4. 1st S.-North, col<l.
2.d S.-Yellow, lives.
2d S .- So uth, wind.
3. ]st S.-Iloncy, bees.
5. 1st S.-Homc, pleasant.
2d .S.-Summcr, flowers.
2d S.-Friends, cnjoymcn&.

EXERCISE CIV.-SENTENCES.

·•

Form sentences, as in the preceding exercise.

1. 1st S.-Grnpcs, garden.

3. ht S.-City, to-morrow.
2il S.-Rcturn, week.
, 2. 1dt S.:._Industry, wealth.
4. 1st S.-Study, lcnrned .
('
2d S.-Indolencc, poYcrty.
2d ,.,.-PerscYcrc, succeed.,
21l S.-Applcs, pears.

(Require.)

• As well, at lell8t, as we.
('0111 .- 6

':i:

GG

GUIDE TO COl\IPOSITION.
EXEH CISE CV.-SENTENC ES.

2. Slllll' J, f:: AND COJ!I'OUND SENTJ'JNCES.

For111 t!.ree senten ces on th e ~nm e snujcct, ench containing th e tw'
wort!!! g iven .
~! O DE

EXEll CIS E CVII.-DEFl NlTlO NS.

Wha t is a simple sentence ?

L.

1. 1st S .-(EJuca tion, preparation .) Eduealion is un important p repamtion for use fulne ss .

A simple sentence is one that co ntains but one no111i•1a
lii•e and one verb to which that is n ominative ; as,

2d S.-(Neglcctcd , obta.in eJ.) If it is neglected in
y outh, it will selJorn be aftcnrnnl o!Aainecl.

Clicc1julu ess 1n·o 111oles hea l th .

T rue ch cc1fulii css will cc rt:: inly prumotc health .

3d 8 .-(Fi tted, li fe .) Wi thout it, no one is jilted for

E x P.-llc re, cheerful11eu is the nominnli ve, nnu promo tes nnu u·ilt p ro-

th e «luti cs of life.
2. 1st S.-Povcr t.y, misfortun e.
2<l S.-llccome, blessing .
:-l< l S.-Born e, chee rfull y.
3. 1st S.- Night , ra in.
2cl S.- Dawn , co mm enced.
3d S.-Journey, rivers.

mote th e verbs.

4. 1st S.-Eaglc, nes t..
2d S.-Fee<l , youn ::;.
3d S.-G rown, fl y .
5. 1st S.-Man , walk ed.
2d S.- Fi elJ, fl owers.
3rl S.-Birds, sing.
I

f.

lVha.t ·is a compowul srn tence?

A compound sentence is one tha t
more simple sent ences ; as,

T he man who is illibe ra l is J espis0d.
Exr.-hl S.-The m 1rn is des pi setl. 2d S.-W ho ( the man)

i~

i lli bcrn '.

The r clntivc who is the conn ec t.iv e.

1. lat S .-(New York, since.) Not long since, I visited
N ew Y ork.

Whilo there is life, there is hope. (Thero is hope , wltilt
there is li fe .)

2d 8.-(Stores, houses.) It contains many fine houses,
anJ a still g reater n umber of large stores.

ExP.- lst S.-There is life. 2d S.-There is hope.
Her e, the conjunctive adverb wliilt is the co1111ective.

3d S.- (Carria ges , p eopl e.) The streets are often r.,

REM . 1.- Simple sentences may be eonnectcd ''\:iy couj11 1: c
tions; .as, and,~(; by relative pronouns; as, who ; or, by'"'
junetive adverbs; as, while.

thronged with carriages anJ ot.her vehicl u.·
that it is difficult for p eople to cross them .
S .- God, author.
S._:Preserve, bless
S .-Happy, forever
S .-Robin, bird.
S.-Spring, hours.
S.-Summer, sing1'.

01

2<1 S.-Th c min· fel l.
2cl S.- You tl c~ ir e it.
The connu tives nre th e conjun ctions a11d null if.

J\!ODEL .

4. 1st
2cl
3d
5. 1st
2ll
3d

corn poscJ of two

Exl'.- l •t S.-Th e winu bl ew.
l •t S.- I will go.

'

Form sentences, ns in the preceding exercise.

S .- Horse , an imal.
S.- Saddle, harn ess.
S.-Gcntlc, child.
S .- Cow, animal.
2tl S.- -:Milk , but.tcr.
3d S .-Flcsh , food .

1s

The wind blew and the rain fell.
I will go, if' you dc8irc it.

EXERCISE CVI.-SENTE NC ES.

2. 1st
2d
3d
3. 1st

G7

SENTENCES.

RE~L 2.- Senten ces, called complc:c in the author's
may here be classed with compound sentences ; as,

g rnn11u:1r ~

'l'hc earth, the air, and the water nre fu ll of lifo.
ExP.-ht S.-The earth is full of life.
'
. '/..:,.· Sil 8 .-Th e wntc r is fn ll of life.
. I"

2cl

S. -Th ~

air

i~

full ol l ife

THE COi\Il\lA

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

l'iS

E"S.EllCISE CVIII.-SDIPLE AND C:O::\ll'OUND SENTENCES.
S1'pi1r.1tc the following compo11ml into their s imple sentences, omii
tiug connccti1·cs, ant! lllaking nil necessary change!!.
~IODEL.

]. (Compound.) Joy beamed in every countenance, and
hope rcigneJ triumphant, when victory was proclaimed.
(Simple.) 1st. Joy beamed in every countenance.
"
"

2. (Compound.) Uc not only · approves the plan, but
has aLloptcJ it.

(Simple.) 1st. He approves the plan.
"

11. Tho ocean, tho forest, tho desert, nnd the mountain are
full of animated existence. (4 se ntences.)
1'.!. The elephant took up the child, placed it upon its back,
und would never afterward obey any other master.
13. Tell me not in mournful numbers,
I~ifc is but an empty_dream,
For the soul is dead .that slumbers,
And thin~s arc not what they seem. (6 sentences.)

'----·

2Ll. Hope rcigncJ triumphant.
3J. Victory was proclaimeJ.
Connccti1·cs, a11d, 1chcn.

2tl. Ile has ad~ptctl the plan.
Connccti1·cs, not only, liut.

3. The i1eavc11s arc concealed by thick clouds, and tho air
is heavy and breathing is difficult. (3 sentences.)
4. The birds have ceased to sing, and the bees remain near
t.hc hiYcl!, while the flowers, half faded, seem to languish 011
their stalks. (3 se ntences.)
5. The swallows fly about nnd skim* the earth. (2 sentences.)
G. A flash of lightning gleams from a black cloud, und is
followed by a peal of thuudcr. (2 sentence ~. )
7. 'fhc clouds see m to burst., and the rain fulls in torrents.
8. The rain has ccasetl, and the sun conYcrts into diamontl~
tho drops hanc;ing from the lcaYcs.
!J. The birds sing ngain, tho flowers resume their splendor,
and e\"ery thing is fresh, smiling, and happy.
10. 'fhey sang, and luughcd, and played, until tho setting
su n warned th em to separate.
Exr.-l st S.-Thcysnng. 2d S.--Thcylnught•1. 3J S.-Tbeyplnyed
~th S.-The setting s uu-s epr•rnt c.
• 1'httwallou:s, understood; "lho swallows skim tho earlh."

G!J

- \-

EXERCISE CIX.-TIIE CO::\DL\.

Ru LE 4.f-Commas are generally placed between the
simple sentences that form a. com pound sentence; as,
The rain desce nded, the floods came, the winds blew, and beat
upon th at house.

•

Exr.-IIcro arc f our simple sentences and tltrte commas.

I will endc:wor to obscn·c the directions, if you rcal!y desire it.
Ex r .-!Iere nre two simple sentences and one comma.

London, \Yhich is tho capital of Engl and, is one of the largest
cities in the world.
Exr.-Herc nre ltco sentences.
ht. Lond on is one of the largest cities, etc.
2d. Which (London) is the capital, etc.

There arc two exceptions to this rule.
Exc.-1. "'hon tho sentences arc short and few: as.,
The floods came and the winds blew. ·•
Exc.-2. When a relative, connecting tl}e sentences, limita
!lie word to which it refers; us,

The man tcho is generous is admired.
ExP.-!Jere, who limits the mnn to n. gcnero1t& mnu, nod, therefore,
•.here is no comm:l !Jet wee n 111art nnd who.
QuESTIOXS. - IV/wt ;, //ti! fourth r ule for the comma' .Firat ez ap tion l
&conJ ezee}'tio11 9

-

..i

70

:5Ii\IPLE AND C01\IPOUND.

GUIDE TO C01\IPOSIT10N.

71

3.-No imagination can conceive the horrors of
famin e

EXERCISE CX.-TIIE COi\Ii\IA.

Separate the simpl e sentences by commas.

(United.) No ton gue can express, no penci l paint, ar.d no
imagination conceive the horrors of fami11c.

MODEL.

1.
Who can be gay when all aroun<l arc sad 1
Gorrecled.-Who can be gay, when all around arc sad'!
2. The fields arc white for the harvest_} but the laborers ure
few. (One co mma.)
3. The sun shinctl1 in the clear sky; he s ittcth on his thr o n~
in the heave ns and he lookcth abroad over the whole earth.
(Two commas.-;'
4. But he, who made the sun is more glorious than the sun.

5. Gipsies live in no settled place) but wander from -spot to
spot.
6. \Vhcn the lion raisc th h imself up from his lair ;whcn he
shakcth his mane) when the voice of' his roa rin g is heard the
cattle of the fie JU fly a nd the wild beasts of the desert 'Lide
themselves. (Four /o mmas.)
7. The light shineth in darkness and the darkness co mpre1
hendeth it not.
8. As they lowered the coffin into the car~ the creaking of
the cords seemed to agonize her.

3. 1.-Emmct, the Irish patriot, was tried 0 11 a cl1a rge of
treason .
2.-Emmet, the Irish patriot, was condemned on a ehargc
of treason.
3.-Emmet, the Irish patriot, was executed on a charge
of treason .
4. 1.-Thc eye may be wearied with seei ng.
2.-Thc car may be wea ried with hcarin ;;.
3.-Thc mind may be wearied with med itatin g.
5. 1.-Not many days after, the yo unger so n gathered all
together.
"
2.-N ot many days after, the younger son took his journey into a far country.
3.-The younger son wasted his substance in riotous
living.
6. 1.-Uoward Yisited all Europe not to survey the grandeur
of palaces.
2.-Howard visited all Europe to dive into the depths
of dungeons.

7. 1.-Howard's plan
EXERCISE CXL-SlMl'LE AND COMPOUND.

Unite the following simple nntl compowul sentences, putting
in tli cir proper j)laces.
~I

1.

comma~

0 DE J,.

1.-Swartz was for forty-eight years a. missionary.
2.-Swartz died at . the age of seventy-two.

(United.) Swartz was for forty-eight years a. missionary,
an<l <lie<l at the age of seventy-two.

2.

1.-No tongue can exp ress the horrors of famine
2.-No pencil can paint the horrors of fn_m inc .

was original.
2.-Howard'11 pl:.tn was full of genius.
3.-Uoward's plan was full ot' humanity.

8. 1.-0bidah was deligi1ted with the songs of bir,~.
2.-0bidah was fanned with the si nking breeze.
3.-0bidah was sprinkled with dew by gro\·cs of spices.
9. 1.-Blcssed is the man that walketh not in the counbel
of the ungodly.
2.-Blessed is the man. tlrnt standeth not in tho way of
sinners.
3.-Blesscd is tho man that. sittcth not in tho seat of the

scornful.
J\

72

SENTENCES.
EXERCISE CXII.-SENTE:NCES.

Form two sentences on tlic same snlijcct, each containing the tliru
gi"cn worJs.
De careful, in LOmpounJ sentence~, lo place the comma. correctly.
M ODEJ,.

1. 1st S.-(Spring, leaves, flowers.) In spring, the trees
put forth their leaves, and beautiful flowers appc:u'.
~d S.-(Scason, garden, scctls.) At this sea11on, also,
gardens arc p1:epnrcd, and seeds put into the ground.
2. 1st S.-Summcr, fruits, birds.
2cl S-Season, heat, thunder.

2. 1st
Zd
3. 1st
2d

73

S.-Sugar, cane, climate.
S.-Hcalthfu l, pleasant, food.
S.-Li fc, short, uncertain.
S.-Prcpare, death, eternity.

4. 1st S.-Elcphant, largest, animal.
2d S .-Forest, tremble, tread.
'.

-~- - ,

, (

EXERCISE CXV.-SENT.ENCES.

Form three sentences upon the same suLject, each containing the
three given "·orJs.
MODEL.

3. 1st S.-Countrics, traveling, America.
· 2d S.-Chicfly, steamboats, railroads.

1. lst S. - (Young, tas te, reading.) It is v ery important
that the young shoulJ form a lasle for reading.

4. 1st S.-Tclegrnph, modern, i11\·c9tion .
2tl S.-l\Icssag-cs, distance, time '.
5. 1st S.-Tigcr, Asia, Africa.
2cl S.-Fiercc, Leasts, men.

2d s:-(Equally, book s, kind.) It is cq nally Jcs iral>lc
that the book;; whi~h they read sl10ukl b~ of the right kind.

EXERCISE

CXIII.-SE~TENCES.

Form sentences, ns in th e preceJing

exercis~.

1. lsl .S.-Spring, country, cit.y.
2cl S.-llenuty, coolness, refreshing.
2. 1st S.-Indians, origina l, A mcricn.
21l S.-llcmovc<l, <lieJ, destroyed.
3. Isl S.-Cotton, plant, South.
2cl S.-l\Ianufacture, mills, clothing.
4. 1st S .-G olJ , valuable; metal.
2tl S.-llloncy, plate, jewelry.

3d S.-(Enc.:ouragc, feeling, instrnction .) They ~hould
oc Buch as will cncuurage right f eeling, and give valu able
instruction.
2. 1st S.-Young, relig ious, education.
2tl S.-Happiness, usefulness, world.
3cZ S.-Ncccssary, happinc~s, another.
3. 1st S.-l\Ian, h onesty, respect.
21l S.-Sueh, succeed, bu~ine ss.
3d S.-Useful, honored, iprosperous.

EXERCISE CXVL-SE NTENCES.

F'orm four sentence11 upon the same suli3ect, each containing t he
three words gin~·n .
MODEL.

EXERCISE CXIV.-SENTENC.El:!.

Form scntrnccs, os in the prcceJing exerciee.

1. 1st S.-Grass, horses, cattle.
21l S.-Hay, food, winter.

1. 1st S.-(Garden, properly, beautiful.) A garden prC>p·
erly lai1l out and attended is very beautiful.
2d S.-(Ilor<ler, flower, vegetable.) It has neat bor·
.:l1ws, contains gay flowers and useful vegetables.
Com.-7

GUIDE TO COl\IPOSlTION.

3d S.- _(Contains, berri es, fruits.) It also often con·
lains fine berrie.~ a11d Jcliglitf"ul fruit.
4{/, ..5'.-(Carcfully, attcn<le<l, we ed.) A gartlen shoulJ
be carefully attended, or it will soon be fille<l with weed1.
2. ht S.-Lnke, often, beautiful.
2,1, S.-B order, town, forest.
3d S.-Freciucntly, s mall, islands.
4th S.- So 111 c, lar::;e, shipii.

3. 1st S .-.Nc\'cr, rc1·enge,
2d S.-Conlrary, good,
3tl S.-T hu ~, kindness,
4th S.-.Also, law, God.

injury.
evil.
ourselves.

THE COMMA.

7"1

2 . The people and cities of remote u:res aro little kn own.

3. The m os t flattering promises of childh ood arC: ol'tc u d<;·
ce1tful.
4. The worthlessness of all mere worldly objects will soon
be discovered.
5. The many wonderful· and useful inventions of modem
times facilita te all kinds of business.
·
G. The elas ti city and hopefulness of youth should not be
repressed.
7. All the misery existing among men is the result of s in .
8. The habit of listening to gc'n era l conversation may be
made an important means of improvement.

~

EXERCISE CXIX.-TIIE COMMA.

EXERCfSE CXVII.-THE CO.M:\IA.

5.-f-Whcn several words follow the nominative, a
comm·a. shoul<l precede the Yerb; as,
.
RULE

A man of sense and cul tiva ted mind, will always find enjoyment

RULE 6.-When a. noun in appositi on has words connected with it, except a, an, or lite, it' is separated, with
its dependent words, from the rest of the sentence; as,

in reading.

\V ellington, the conqueror of Napo/r,011 , was a g reat general.

Exi'.-lTerc, n commn is placeJ. before 1rill find, because several words
follow its nc.minnlivc 111 <111 .

Exr. -Here, conq11tror being in npposition with lYelli119ton., antl hnving
,J epc nuing on it, is, with them, sepnra teJ. by commas from tll<ll
antl Wellin9ton.

RD1.-Thi s usage is n ot uniform.
:omma. before the 1·erb.
QUESTIONS.-

Some writers place no

Qu E~TIOi<s .-

1rtu1t i& tlu fifth rut. for tht comma 1

·~
EXERCIS E CXVIII.-THE

CO~DIA.

Correct the punct11atio11, according to Ilule 5.
MODEL .

R eason.-Tliere sl1011hl lie n comma nt .tlalion, becc.uee llP.Vl'ral
wo1·d11 follow the nominative desire.

.,,

}' v-e, .
%

JVhat ia tlte aixth rule for tht comma1

' 'u

,I

c_:f)
f

~

> 14J

EXERCISE pxx.-TIIE CO:\IMA.

Punctuate according to Rule 6.
MODEL.

1. Luther the g reat Reformer was protected by Frederic

1. A desire for great wealth and high station should
not be encouraged.
CorreclPd.-A desire for great wealth and high station,
should not be encouraged • .

... 1 .

wortl ~

I

Elector of Saxony.
Correcled.-Luther, the great Reformer, was protected
by Frederic, Elector of Saxony.
Reason.-Rrfo r111 er a nd Elector should, with th ei r depen<lcnt words,
be separated from Lutlter a111! Frederic, with which tli~y arc in ap. position.

:1

~

I

GU IDE TO COMPOSITION.

76

2. l\Iary Queen of Scotland was beheaded by Elizabeth
_,
'-'
Queen of 1~nglund .
3. Henry the eighth King v~ that name was father of Eliza)
/
beth the famous Queen.
4. Milton the greatest of modern poets is said to have been
1
blind.
·
'
5. Napoleon was born in Corsica an island in the l\lcditer
J
ranean.
G. Newton the great mathematician was rema rkable for h1~
J
/
modes ty.
7. l\lohammcd was a native of l\Iccca, a city of Arabia.
8. Iluco n/he greatest of mod ern philosophersj was an admirer of the works of Horner ,author of the Iliad .
9. Scott the noveli st was a fine poet, essayist and historian .

NOTE.-P~actice on this .Jn.n<l

lho precc<ling rule will bo abun<lanlly
furnishe<l in the succec<ling exerc ises.

NATURAL AND INVERTED ORDERS.

V Altl ET Y

71

OF ARRANOEMENT.-N AT. AND !NV.

EXERCISE CXXII.-DEFINlTIONS.

lVhat is m ea nt U!J the nall/J'ltl onler ?

The nalllral onler is that which corresponds with thti
ur<ler of ideas, a.nu which is used in plain a.nu simple
st yle; as,
The good man dies in peace, honored and lamented.
lV!wt is the inverted order?

The inverted order is a change from the arrangement
adopted in tho natural order; as
In peace, h onored and lamented , dies the gootl man.
lVhcre is the i11vcrtecl order cliiefl!! used?

The inverteJ order is chiefly use<l tn poetry an<l

pocti~

style.
3.

VARIETY IN SENTENOBS.
EXF.R C~SE

CXXI.-DEFINITIONS.

Horv may sentences be va r ied without clia11ge of mea11i119 '!

Sentences may be varied without change of meanin g,
lsL IN

ARRANGEMENT;

2cl. IN

ExPREss10:-r.

What is variety of arrangem ent?

Variety of arrangement is changing the order of the
words or clauses; as,
The rushing wind came on.
Varied, On came the rushing wind.
· The storm raged far and wide.

Varied, Far and wide raged tho storm.
W7tat is variety of e.'l:pression '!

.Variety of expression is changing tho language; as,
Say nothin::; of the faults of the departed.
Yaried, Speak good alone of tho dead.

EXERCISE CXXIII.-N AT URAL AND INV EllTrn.

Change th e inverted into the natural orJcr.
MODEL.

1 (111vertecl.) Faint with old age and dim were grow n her
eyes.
(Natural.) Her eyes were grown dim and faint with olJ
age .

2 (l11vcrt<Xl.) Then fo rth the noble Douglas spr.t1ng,
And on h is neck, his daughter hung.
(Natural.) Then the noble Douglas sprnn;; forth, and hi'
daughter hung ·on his neck .

3. Then deeper paused the priest anew,
And hard his laboring brea th he drew .
4. A chieftain's daughter seemed the maid ;

Her satin mood, her silken plaid ,
Her golden brooch, such birth betrayed.

AllRAN G E'lENT.-lsT METHOD.

GUIDE TO COi\IPOSITION.

~-

x's.

In yonder cot,
The village matron kept her little school,
Gentle of heart.

/!I

EXERCISE CXXV.-TIIE CU,DL\.

.Put comma~ in tl1 eir prope r pla ces 111 th e fullowi11;: ir ·1e rlctl
sentence".

l\Iore to be desired are they than 0"Old ,
l\Iorcovcr by th em is thy servant warned
And in keeping them is ~rent reward. '

MOD }: L.

1. 'l'o moti,·cs lik e tliese !JOllll[/ perso ns arc s tran ge rs.
Couected.-T.o motive s like tftcs.:, !J 9Ull[J p c r~ o n s arc
strangers.

7. Fast asleep were they both on that summer day.
8.
Noiselessly, around,
From perch to perch, the solitary bird
Pusses.

Rcasn n.-If there were no comnui nL t!iese, it wonlJ sec rn to m ea n
th ese y o1111g p ersons.

Staid was the dame, and modest was her mien.

2. 'fo the \vise and good olcl age prese nts a sce ne of' tranquil enjoyment.
3. Of' all the pnssio11s c11c.'1 aml j ea lousy arc the most painful.
4 . Of good del iver!! di.>linct arti c ulati o n i:; a !'un J am cnL.d

aO. His chain of gold the Kin"'0 unstrun"'
'1'1 10 l rn
" k·s o ' er l\I al colm •s neck he flung;
""'
•
Then gently drew the b"'littcrirw
band
,..,
'
And laill the clasp in Ellcn 's hand.

requisite.
5. Let it be well 1111d erstoo d tl1at t o swh• '"" '"r i:; due.
6. \\"hom ye ig 11 ora11tl y worship l1iin d ec lare I unto you.
7. For want of I/ti.> rnrc is r c nJc rcJ ul' 11 0 a\•ail.
8. In the solemn sil ence of th e mi11rl is form ed the reso lu-

Far along,
From peak to peak, tl1e rattlin"'
cr;ws
amon"'
0
r:>
OJ
J,eaps the lirn thunder; nor from one lone cloud,
But every mountain 11ow hath found a torwue
·
0
1
And J urn an swers from lier misty ehroud,
Back to the joyous Alps, who call to her aloud.

put between those pnrts that arc out of their natural
places, whenever this will i·en!lcr tl1c mcanrng
·
more c,·i<lent; as,

I

lflial ·is the first me/hall of ·w rying the arrangcme11t of

u

sr.ntc11 ce?

1st METllOD.-A sentence may be v:iric<l in arra'1gemellt
by merely changing the order of its parts; as,

'fo such men as W!titjicld, the poet l\Iilton was n fountain of
Gilbert Ainslie wus never idle, Ill aoors or out.
( raricd.) Out of doors or in, Gilbert Ain slie was never idh

in spiration.
. F.xr.-rr; in this inverted ortlcr, tloerc were no commn nftcr Wbitfie!J
'

'fhc ju8t medium between rudene<is and form is

R1m.-This punctuati on i ~ often extended by gooil authort
to other cases of inYCrtcJ style.

po 1i tcness.
(Varied .) Politcuess is the just medium betwe<:n form and

ICVell /!.

ruk / or

C0nllnll6'

:1

I .
·iI

I ·I

l'X 1mc 1s E c xx v 1.-DEFI.N" !TIO:'\ .

Ru1.E 7.+In im·ertcd sentences, a. comma should be

QoESTJONll.-- lJT/411 i1 Litt

I

;i

Ij

EXERCISB CXXIV.-TllE CO:'IDLL

1L wo•1hl socm to menu ll'h itficld th e r•otl.

:1

tion which decides eternal destiny.

VARIETY o~· AnitANOE~lENT.-lsT Mt:Tuoo.

-{

i

rudeness.

\ 1~!

.I

II

1'
I I

I!I
I

Ii

I

!~o

EXER CISE

CXXV I L-ARRANGE~!El\1'.

Vary the nrran gcmcnt of the Mcn ten ccs, as in tht rnodel.
M ODE L.

I.

At once, they embark e d in the boat.

Vi1rir.d.) At o nce, in the boat, they embarked.

"

In th e boat, they embarked, at once .
In the boat, at once, they c mbarkctl.
Th ey em barked in th e bont, at once .
They cmbarkctl, at once, in the boat.

2.
A young stranger, of pleas in g countenance and per·
;: o n, mad e hi s nppcarancc at Niagara, ab o ut fifteen years since,
in the glow of early sum mer.

81

ARRANGEMEN1'.-2n l\IETIIOD.

GUIDE TO C0MP08lT10N.

eingin g 1; f bird s , he was fann ed by the flutter s of the breeze,
nnd sprinkled with the clew from gro Ycs of sp ices.
11. N o t a m o rse l of food wa s eaten un der hi s ro of, nor a
,;armcnt worn there, that wa s not houcs tly , se 1·crc ly, nobly
earned .
l Z. Th e ~pa<lc, th o s h ears, th e plow-shaft, the s ickl e, and the
flail , all ca me r eadily lo tho hantl8 that grasped them we ll.
13. Thy ~kics a r c as blue, thy !icltl s arc as Yc rtla11t. , th y 1fl'O>c~
11rc as s 1rect, thy olirc is as ripe, thy cr:1gs arc :Hi wild i.1s th ey
were in th ose early day s when .Minerva h cr~ c lf g ra ec tl the sce ne.

VA It IF.TY O ~· AR HANG EM f; NT .-2 D MET JI 0 V.

EXEH CIS I·: CXX V lll.- DEFl);lTION .

(Varied .) In th e g low of early su mmer, about fifteen years
rn::id c l1i s appearance at Niaga ra.

1171al. is the seco nd m ethod of varying the arm11gc1ncnl nf a
&e11tc11cc?
•

( T"aried .) Th ere made hi s appearance at Niagara, about fifteen
years oin cc , in the g low of c:irly summer, a young str:rngcr of
plcn ~ in g perso n allll co unt e nance.

2tl :M ETIIOD.-The 01rrangement of :~ sentence may be
varied by substituting the passive for the active voice, or
tl1e active for tho passive; as,

since, a young s trnn gc r of pleas in g person anti countenance,

( l"aric.Z.) About fift ee n years sin ce, in the g low of early s um
mer, a youn g s trnu gc r of pleas in g countenance autl person,
made hi s appearan ce at !\iagara.

Act.

So rrow c.1:c itr.~ pity.

P•r ss. Pity is c:ccitc1l by sorrow.

rass. \Y cal th is sccm·cd by intlustry.

A ct. Indus try secure&

wealth.

3.
•!.
5.
G.
7.

111

Homeward th e weary plowman pl ods hi s wny.
A Turk r epea ts a prayer, nrnny times, C\'cry day.
The wind s l.il c w, the rain dcscc ntl cd, and th e fl oods cam e.
That forsaken m o narc h <li ed, s ic k, and iu pri~on.*
By a s li g ht c h ange of the n:d<lcr, a s hip may be s teered
any direc tion.

8. J,u cy was six years o ld , bol<l as a fairy, ancl never afraid
Clf doing ri g ht.
9. 'l'Lc tongue of the patient is swollen, hi s brain is diso rd e red, an<l his eyes become red :rnd fiery .
10. As ho pas~ ccl alon g, hi s ca rs were <lcli g htc<l with tho
- -~-~ ---------------------~

• l. 'l'hnt monn rch <li eu , forsnkcn, sick, etc.
eto., dicJ.

2. 'fl:at monnch, sick

EXER CISE CXXIX.-AltIL\X G DI E:'-<1'.

\ Tnry tl1 c foll o win g

se nt e n ce~,

as dC'sc riLct! in th e

prcccdin~

M 0 DB J,.

1.

exerc ise

...

Batl company ruins :t man.
(Pa ss. for act.) A man is ruined by bad compa ny.

2.
(A ct. for

pas.~.)

Death is dreaded by all men.
All men dread deatl1.

3. No one kn o ll's the future.
4. Few m e n obtain ~rcat wealth.
5. The ~ospcl ca n save a ll men.

l. I
I

I
I

ft;
I

IA

!
I' ,

l~j·

82

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

6 . Honest men will maintain the right.
7. A soft answer turns away wrath.
8. The Homans conquered Britain.
9. The Danes kept Englancl in constant alarm.
l 0. The earth is fortilizcd by the rain and dew.
11. Po,·erty is most certainly caused by idleness.
12. The rainbow is formed by the refraction of the sun's

CAUTION NINTH.

83

2<l. When a compound verb is used, a short word may
wme last; a.s,
Language is treated of.

r:t_Y!l .

In the preceding e;i:erci~es, 122 to 12<J, the pupil l1ns had 1>r:w 1ice
111 the various mctl1od s of nrrn11gl'mcnl lie s hould 1111dt•r•l1111o1
1
howe,·er, that some of these methods arc prefcrnolc to otl1 ercl, 1u .. l
some nre entirely inadmissilile.
The followi11g d irections anti exercises (Cautions 0, 10, 1111 d 11,)
contain important instruction on thi o sul~ecl

The bo~1t was shoceil off.

Ext•.-Treated of nnd •hoved off are compound \" erbs, the pnrts of
which can not be seprrrnted. (See Pinueo·s Primnry Gmmmar, page
114, nnd Analyticrll Ornmmar, pnge Oi.)

3d. When a short word is emphatic, it may, if desirable,
end a sentence; as,
Man of'tcn spurns the wret ched; woman, never.

EXERCISE CXXXI.-CAUT!0'.11 !l.

EXERCISE CXXX .-CAUTION 9.

The ending of a sentence.

lVliat fault is /o be ai:oided fo the en.cling of a sentence 'f
CAUTION 9. -A \'oi<l unnecessarily ending a sentence
with a. short or unimportant word; as,

Correct the following sentences in accordance with the preceding
caution.

1.

Eternity! who ha.th mcasure<l the. vastness of it ?
Correcled.-Eternity ! '1'ho hath measured its vastness?

un eas1n. - l l ,

Ln"
'- 111 ,.
0

u short word ' shoul,J not unnecessa rily enJ a

sen le nee.

This is the business which I .was intrustcd with,
for This is the business with which I was iutrusted.
The army was routed, at .last, completely,
for The nrmy was, at last, completely routed.
lh::u .-Thc object of this caution is to promote CLEA ilNESM
and STltENGTII .

JV/1 en may a . short 1co1·cl properly e11d a se11te11 ce !

A short word may end a. sentence in tltree cases:
1st. When t!tat or a.~ is used instea<l of wliiclt; as,
This is the Ycry book that I spoke of
\Yh o can desc ribe suc h scenes as I was witness to'f
Exr.-Ommmnt ical rules require I/wt instend of wl1ich nfter ""!! nnJ
certain oilier words. (Sec Pinneo's Annlyticnl Ornmmnr, pnge 60.)
As W11 Cll ll not sny, " tlic oook of that I 8pokc," the •L<)l'I. wonl of
must come last; ns, " Ilic book that I spoke of." For the oamo rca~ou,

2. Ile should be avoided instinctively.
Corrected.-He should be instinctively avoide<l.
Reason.-Instinctii•ely is too unimportant a word lo enJ a sentence.

3. The ocean! who h as measured the depth of 'il '!
4. Ile is a man whom all have great rc ~pcc t fur.
5. Few could succeed in an enterpri se 111:wa gc J so .
G. Dr. Kane di<l uot reach the pole, lh ou 0 h he attclllpt cJ to.*

7. Ile did not succeed, thou~h he richly d csc n·c~ to:l8. J\lay the gospel reach all men in the power o · it.
!l. The rca<lcr \rill sec the g round whi c h I stand upon.
10. J\lcn sometimes lose their presen ce or minJ totally.
11. The pasl:lcngcrs were sa\·cd, and the capta.in, al~o, at la~t.
1 ~. The question was not decided Ly the. mcnt of it. me re Y
13. The couutry abounds rn fruits wluch th e natives are
rcry fonJ of.

of follows t lie rch<ti ve a•.
" l\lndo the attem pt.

t Deserveci

euc~ess.

84

CAUTION ELEVENTH.

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

EXER CIS E CXXXlV .-C AUTION 11.

EXEft CIS E CXXXII.-CAUTION JO

Ti111 e, place,

l m port:rnt words o f a se ntenc e.
ll'hat is lite 11i11th Ca ut(o n ?

!:Sec pa;:;c 8~, Ex. I::lO.

What ·i s the 11i11th Cuution?
Whul ·is tlw tc11th Caution?

H71 crc slt o11ld the m ost -important 1co rds of a sentence be pla ced f

Sec page 82, Ex. 130.
Sec page 8-l, Ex. 13~ .

etc ., /, c put ?
C,\UTI0:-1

11.-Exprcss ions denoting time, place, circum-

sta nc e , otc., that r efe r to th e whole sentence or clau se ,

Th is is gen e rally at the commencement or close of a
senten ce .

should be put near th e beginning; us,
One da!J, a tra1· elcr in the de sert met an Arab.
.In the d ese rt, no man meets a friend.

HE .\J . 1.-'fhc pro pe r place, in many cases, mus t be left to
the juJ g mc nt of the writer.
CLEARNESS

c lc.

Jl'ha c slw ul1l c:rprcssio11s d enoting lime, place, circum sla ncc,

10.-The imp ortant wo rd s of a se nt e nce shoulil
be place d \\·her e they will most clearly aml forcib ly e xpre ss
the ide a.
CA UTIO:-<

Rni. 2.-'fhc object of this rule is to sec ure

cir c ltm sta nc ~ ,

anJ

If h o w eve r ther e arc several of th ese , they shoul1l not

'
' e ther, but plac e J in different parts o f th e
be cro1Hle
J tog

STRENOTll.

senten ce ; as,
H7iilc th e!) we re at th eir silent meal, a h o r~cman cam e ga l·
lopincr to the doo r , anJ, w ith a lolt(l -i:oicc, call ed o ut that he
-haJ Lee n se nt e:r:z>rcss, w ith ci letter for Gilbert Ainslie.

EXEHCISE C XXXIIL-CAUTIO~ 10.

Correc t th e nrrnn gc mcnt so ns to give fo rce to tl1 c id ea.

1. H e that co meth in the name of the L on! is Llcsscd.
Correcfed. - Blesscd is li e that cometh in th e name of

TIE)!.

the L ord.

IlEll. 2.-Es pccial pains sh ould be tak e n to cultivate jud gment and taste in the arrangement of these parts of Rcntenccs.

2. And Moses with Elias appeared to them.
Corrcclcd.-And th e r e appeare d to them l\Io scs and Elias.

3. 'Vb ere arc your fa the rs ?
, Correclcd.-Y our fa t he rs , wh e re arc th ey?

EXERCISE CXXXV.-CAUTION 11.

G. 'Ve came to our j ourn ey's c11J , after much fatigue.

7. A ll who put on th e ga rb o f ~oo dncss arc no t gooJ:r
8. L et us employ our c ritici ~ m on ourselves instead of
'

9. How will that man be aLlc to co nJu ct him se lf' ivh cn rn
11uced to poYcrty, who wa s cJucatcd only to pl ca ~ ure J..
"The prophet s, <l o th ey , et c.

Co rr~ c t

,·

4. D o the prop het;; Ii ye f'orc 1·c r ?*
5. Diana of the Eph es ia ns is. g reat.

criti c is in g ot hers .

1.-This direc ti on is de sig ned lo prom ote CLEArt:-1t:ss

t\l1d STRE:'.'IOTrl.

IN ot eve ry one is go od, etc.

the arrangement.

1. A man was seen passing up the hill at early.pawn.
C(,rreded.-At early dawn, a man was seen passing ·up
the hill.
2. A tulip-tree stood in a ce rtain fi elJ , 011 the top of a hill
Currccted .-In a certain

tulip-tree .

3. 'fhc citi zens meet to elect officers once a y rn r .
4 . Two Loy~ found a fine, large nut, 1111dcr a fr ee

u,>ods.

i11

th1

Ru

87

GUIDE TO CO:IIP OSlTIOX.

4 th . A ch:u1;;i: of pl1rnsrs intfJ pltra-'•'-'; a~,
A i:iofral !Lmper :,l 1u11ld li e 1-.i 111 1-. >il 1·1l.

5. l\Tr. Post l1 c ad a noi se a t. the Jnor, 011c culd 11/;;lit, ajter
he luul 9011c l o l11·cl.
G. r \JU ~ l io ul Ll ll Ol 1;,j[ to !'ray, al 1/11; r./l)se nf the ,!11y, ic .
for e yon go lo bed.
7. :::i li cep are lakcn tu tlie wall!r tu Le wa,l1ccl a 11 J ~hcarcu
tri

thr

.r:pn· ,i~J.

wh n1 s/1 ,.-·,- n ·1·n2

\ rl.iried.) A !1~ 11.dcllC!J

OF

E xP HESS i flN .--'- l sT

Vaa·y bY clia nn·i n{l' words int o other words of th e s:-un e o r nearly the
- a ; 1c t!l ca~ 1i1~'. *
U nd er nny wort! in tli c Ji cti on ary may be
8 1
fo und i t~ "'sy nony111 .

Mt:TI!OD.

I

J: X E ll C l::; 1-; C.\ XX V l. - ll EFl:\ I Tl O:\ _

lV/iat is varlet!) of c.Tp1·ess/vn'!

Sec p:i;c I G, E x.

Ttl1 cncss rou sr ~ w:1nt.
T.Jl ene<s ]'roi/11,· 1°> \\·~nt.
lJk:nc.::.:s 0 1·r· r1:;./nn.~ \\·ant.

"t

· (

'!;t

~=

~3

l

~

.::;

IJkn c~s 111 in;,;:;

jt UL'trl!}.

1Jlr11r~~ iirin~:;

,/,,ti/11/1•111.

( Vo1·icd.) Anger should be co ntroll ed.

211. A change of words in to phrases ; as,

n dc 1·stn na rha t ll:1~ ~rt:n ter tho nurnLcr: the

Pa ssion should be controlled .

A v iolent tc111;1cr should be co ntroll e1l.

~

-~

Jjj

" Wlii le Yet"\" few p:li r s of woi-.ls ]1 avc eracl/.'f tlt c s:lm C mra11in::;. 1l 1nc
P.r c many in ~·d1ich sumc o f tl1 c m ca niu g~ l\l'e tlt e ::3:u 11 c, o r utatly tl1 t
~a w e.

~

;;

,:.I

m0rr, iuHLl'llf'ti,· t

(Varied.) A v iulc 11t temper should uc co ntrolled .

( Vi1ri"n!) A 11.9a should Le cont roll ed.

~

1Jk11c::!:) Lri11~ _-; 1'11J::p·110·.

1 1

~;

~

li. H ones ty is th e best pu li cy.
7. F u1·tu nc is ~ h a 11 ~caL l c .
8. Virtue pro<lnces hap pi ness.
!J . \"i ce always brin :;s mi sery.
10 . Beauty is a<l111ircJ by a1l.
11 . lnt!ustr_y is it ~ own rewar d .

1: u 11lru ll cJ.

3<l. A cha nge of phrases into words ; as,

-=
~

2. \\'i s1lo111 is pr o fit.abl e to direc t us.
3 . T he blc ss in ~:> of life arc fl ee tin g.
-i. }I i"i"url1111 c i< the 1.-,t of rnnn.
:1. \\'c 0 ],,_, 1d 1l 11U t be too a nx io us to be rich.

1st. A change of words into words; as,
Le

"
"

: =;
~

will lie th e exerc ise .

117iat f our part iculars a rc included in this method i
~houl,l

( \ 'aried.)

/r11/n/r n1:r. l1rin ~s want._
;·..,'lr1/ h 1ll'i11 ~'.· s \\':\ 11 t

llll
:

NoTE.-Thc pnpil n ec1l not. be r equired to m:1kc m"ny v:i r i" ti ons. h ut
s h o uld

l'a ssiv11 sh ou ld be con trolle<l .

( r ar frcl.) A 119cr should be co ntroll ed.
"
A violent temper shoui<l be controlled.

/,/h n r'.< hrin;':S w~nt .

"

1st l'l1ETH OD .- A sentence 111ay uc Y:i ri c<l in expression
by chan ging words or phr:iscs int o otlicr wor<ls t' ." r'''"lSCli
of tlae same mennm g; as,

' lit. .).
·• )
(Sec pahc 4 n~i E· x. -.,
;._, , l \('

1.

"

l~ l.

lV/wt ·is Ilic _tirs/ mctlwd ·in 10/1ich e.-1prcm .on 11WIJ /_,,; raricJ 'l

l'u .,s iun

in clulgc i11 rrngcr slionhl i.._, •..-.r.trnllcd

1,·n1r 1·i1 1ni' 3.

8 _ Tiie c: liil,lr,:11 ca1110 :H1Jt11tLl i1i111, onc du!J, w; he 1CclS yoiug
by th e school-ho/fse.
!l. A s th e sno w foil fast and the wiml blew h ard , a cry was
hea rd , one 111j;ht.
10. Jane wa s \Y:tlkin;.; home from school r e:u lin 6" bo ok, on-0
fine ~ut11u1cr';; dJy.

VAHIETY

lo

"

J;l

~·~

:

·i;
II
~

...,

...

~
~

ii

t

II
i
~

i
' ...'

BB

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.
EXf.RCISE CXXXVIII.-WORDS INTO PTIHASES.

lVhat ·is cha11:;i119 wo rds into phrases called?

The change of 'ror<ls into phrases is called circumlocu·
lion; as,
won ns.

EXPltESSION.-:fo METHOD.

J. J/on csly i; the bes t p olicy.
6. C c11crusil!J is a noble quality.
6. Riches tak e wiu gs aud Hy a way .
7. Chcc1jul11 css brings ha1111iness to all.
8. 1bnpcruncc pro111otes h ea lth a11d lwppin l'S3.

Anger,

i

A Yiolcnt temper.
Waut of indus try.

Because circu mloc nlion means

:i

. I

EXEltCISE CXL.-PIIIL\SES l"'TO l'lllL\SES Olt WOLW8

Vary by c han g ing phrases i11to phrase; or wonb.

round-about mode of

expres.s io11.
IlE)l.-Thc following arc a fow examp les of i:i rc umlo c ution:
wonns.

l'll H .\ S t:S .

"
Eagle,
Generosity,

Science o f tlic h e:wc1d y bodie~.
A lmppy di,pos iti on.
A co 11t ('11tcd s tate of mind.
Th e king o f te rro rs.
Th e la ~ t e11c111 y o f man.
The kin g o f bird s.
The n1 o narcl1 o r th e feathered tribe

Ilappincss,

Liberality o f so ul.
A st:it c c1 f enjoyn;c nt.

ITo ncs ly,

Frced o 111 fro in pain.
Co 11 fo rn1ity to trutl1 and justice.

Indu stry,
Poli cy,
Prosperity,

Co nstant dili ge11cc.
System o f conduct.
Attainment of th e object des inct!.

EXEHCTSE CXXXlX .-WOHDS INTO P llllASES.

J1:lost men have their price.
1.
( Vili"ied .) Nea :' 'J all pasons hav e their price.
'l'lte genernlit,1; of men kt1·e th eir price.
"
l\Ios
t men 11/(t!} ue bought.
"
l\Io
st
men arc influenced solely li!J interest .
"

2.

Viol e11 ee in lite expression of our
cites angry passions.

Idleness brin gs pove rty.

( l'aricd .) 8loil1ful11cs.~ (If ha{,it brings poverty.
"
H'a11/. of' i11d11slr!J brings poverty.
"
Arer.,/011 In labor brings poverty.
"
'l'hosc w/111 idle a1l'a!J tlteir lime will find poverty
2. L'r.ath comes to :ill 111 c11.
3. The eagle soars a lof'L.

(Sec Ex. 138, Hem .)

fedi11g~ CX ·

(Varied.) Anger excites passion.
3. (,'rm/unnity In truth will always be respe cted.
4. liulu!:;cnce in ·i11toxirnti.119 drinf;s destroys happine ss.
5. A lwpj >J di:<positi.on is a great blcss i11 ;;.
G. 'l'he last c11c111y of man comes u11billdcn.
7. C111s/(111/ ililigc11 ce is the path to wea lth.
8. 'l'lic g runl things r~( this wol"ld will soo n pass away.
9. Th e l•i119 of Z,,)ds soars alof't toward th e sun .

VARIETY

Vary by c han ~ in g words into phrases.

].

!

I'

TV!ty is this ca lled circ11mlocut1:on?

Death,

I

l'llR .\ S ES .

Idl e ness ,

Aslro non1y,
Cheerfu ln ess,

'
'I

OF Ex1•1u:ss10N.72u

l\IETIIOD.

EXCR CISE CXLI.-DEFINITION.

· .f

H'/wt ·is th e scco 11d m ethod of var!Ji11g a sc11lc11cc i11 c:cprcssiu11 !

211 :\lETllOD.- A :;cntcncc may Le varic1l in cxprcssiou
hy changing a negative into an a.(/in11alive form, or the
contrary; as,
A .. t'llUU.Tl\'t; t"O llll.

st:G ..\Tl\"Y. t 'O JDI.

Hr~ is 91·11 c ru•1.~ .

He is uot 1111gc11cro1.<s.

He is a lf/r:;e 111an.
n e is indolent.

He ts not a snwll 1nan
He is uut ·i111l11striou1.

Co 111 . -~

'I

uo

GUlDE TO

EXElt C ISE

CO~ l l'OSIT!O:\ .

CXLl l. -A FFlll~ L\Tl\'1;

A:\ IJ :\i :(;,\TITVE.

j 4. Tin..: :--ky i;-; t1J/ uuc/rnulnl .
F ortn11c is n ol 1rncluw.r7c11ldc.
: C. Th:lL laJ_y i.-:i uu~ i~ t·lhuut f..tull~

1. Slie i~ a1111,,1,1,..
2. Th ey :i r e lcarnrcl.
3. Tl1e lr1.:e i~ lu/L.

EX l' lt ESS l1 J\'. - -:)1>

! fl.

7. The sC:L is not fi·rr, frnin r o11 c::l 111css.
8. He is much tu /Jlt1mc in the matt e r.
D. He acte<l prudently un<ler tl1 e circumstanccR .

~I

ETIJ( I IJ .

\ ' AnIETY or Ex1 ·1ti:,; .q o:;.

Jl7wl
-,

to

!II

::n .'I ETll OD .

the ihi,- ,l mdhu ,l u( r;, io;in.; /.h.;

.;.tpr.;;;;;iull

u(

,L oc 11 ·

tr;p·.- 't

3 <1 ?l f1 :T111)J>.
.\ ~cntt·111 · 1· rn:1y !"' Y:1ri1"l 111 1'Sjll'<' " l<n1
Ly 1.: l1a11 gi 11g <L ccrli i11tu :< pa,-/i1:ip/.;, <c11d u111it.t.i11g ;111,v
wo rd that is thu s r e nde red unn ece:;sa ry; as,

H e 7'ru11ght tli e e l1il 1l 1111rl r;:ive it tu its 111 ul lJ1:r.
( Vill'icd. ) Br i119i119 the t: h ilJ, he save it t•J i tH 1110tl1er.
EXEH CIS E CX LIII.- Tl!E co:1n1A.
RULE 8 .-Th c

11ominalive abso lute with its pai-tic: pl e,

the infinitiYe independent, and th e case in de p e nd e nt, with
th eir con nec ted words, arc scpa ratctl from th e re s t u1 •he
sentence by commas; n;:: ,

(Nam. abs.) 1Yi_q!tt !w ~ in_q co 111 c, th e party se parated.
(luf. i11d.) 'J'o «/Jtak plainly, hi s selfisl111css was extiem-1.
( Cusc i 11d.) Ge11 tlrn1c11, I nsk yonr attenti on.
N"oT1·: . - ~e e

I'i1111to'~

Jl'!t al ;, lit< er;r;!tth rule /()r the COllll!IG 7

CO ~DL\.

1 erb Z,rvuyl1t i s cl 1a11 gt: d 1u tln0; 1';11'! i1_·i 1·l " /,rloyi1 J.
1

1

Exr. -11crl', the verb arrit•f' rl i:; cbn.11g:e 1.. i int o tlie 1JUl'l icipi e /uJ t'u:;.
qrrived, wilh Ooal as nominative nbsolute 1 n11J when i~ u111i l1ct..l.
I

, I

EXER CI SE (; XLV!. -- VERB

TN'l'O P.\ H'l'T f' ll 'l.F

Vo.ry th e follo win g sc nt c n c~~ according to tlt c :>d in ctli od.
tl1c c o 1111na:-5 prope rl y witl1 tl1 e 11 0 111 i11illiv-.: al1st.._d11tl'.

\Vli en tlic
harbor.

( VaricJ) The

~torn1

~Jto rm

J

Pla ce

cease d, the s hi p left tliP

mailer

7'ci11g cxplai11 c£l the cro wd J 's

pcrsetl.
2. Th e sun ha ving ri~ c n they co mm e nce d th eir journ ey
3. Th e mon ey having {, cc n p n id the busin ess was se ttled
4. ( l11f. incl.) To spwh the truth r was an g ry .
5 . 'lb return to the suhjcct I will repeat my proposition.
6. 'l'o give him hi~ du e I mus t co nl'ess he acted well.
7. ( C1sc ind.) Gc11tlcmcn li ste n to my" statement.
8. JI('/ frie11rls permit me to explain m yse lf'.
9. Ladies awl :;mtleme•i to you I addr ess my r e mark~.

'- ~

..

=

:~

' 5!

~

. :i

!1aui11:1

<?1 '1"/s,',/,

1l1v ,! 1111 k!'t tl1.-

j

~

Po i11t tl1c followi11 ~ in accordance with l~ule 8.

1. (Noni. abs.) Th e

I

~ I

l.
EXERCI SE CXLIV .--TIIE

th~~

·when t he boat arrived, the crew di ,; pcrscJ .
( l'lo·iol.) The boa t J.a,·iu r; ani\·L,.J, U"' ere \\" ,]j ' i' " ' ~c .J .

I'ri1nnry Cr:-lir11n:-1ri } i~ge 157 , A11:i1y~ :·".i! l

Gram111:u, page :!07.
QuESTlOXS.-

Exr.- lf t\ r t\

11.n ri being omil tc<l .

2.

They trnvel e11 tw e nty mil es that tlay,,.a11d
1-cnclw1l t]1 1; city al 1.Lll !..

(Varied.) H aving {r,wcled tw e n ty

mil e~

that llay, tl1l'y

reach ed tl1 e city at dark.

or,

'fh ey travel ed twenty mil es that day, reacki119
t h e city at dark.

:t When th e sun rn~e, th ey commcncecl th eir j ou rney.
t . 117iw th e Rpea ker hail finish ed , t.l1e audi e11 ce di sperseJ
f>. li e too/;; up th e h undl e, a.nil lnid it. on th e shell'.

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

.!!'All LES.

C. They lrought their ~:s:cs '1'ith tl1e1u, wu l ~ i·e ccli ly cut
do>Yn tltc t rees.
1

7 . 1.'hc flllH ·t os1•, anr{ tli c party

Ji~coYcrc ll

1.

thrir d:1ngrr.

EXEl( CJ:·rn t'Xl.L\. -- flEFl'i!TI<!\':'

8 . Tlic shower ceased, and icft the air fillcJ with the per -

Ir/wt

f! n\\"<'I"~ .

fume nf

ia c~\ }J r L~.~ ~ u :i ;ual ;lrraH.'. ~cn 11...·11L
i:·1..-~_ ·l:

t·_\,_·n ·;- t. l1i :;

J,...t, tl1e l'Hj>il

f;t.""~'·

I

.~<rnd we tind in tlii9 'rnrld J'I tr:-insitn1-y.

lluw ~!iurt-l1 re d ar e th e plc :1surcg robe fo1rnd

"

111 t l11s v:11tlily ~1, l1L'l"1 : '.
.,

\'," e:1l1l1 ,,],,11e 11ill 11t·1·,·r

~t·· · nrt•

l1 :1p['i'" ''"·

:~ . 1( 11 0 \r l1:.1.'....'.c c:1 n Le 1)li :: 1i11cd Ly ~rud _y :1 lt11H ·

·L l

IH'i rf'nl1H'.'·<.;
0

11ru11 11i!1 '.'i l1:q >pi11t: ..;:-; :11111
;11111

i11 1l\t'-'t r.v .'....'1'111 ·

ll:- t·l'11l 1H':-.::-1.

.'-!'1 · 11re

:)

'l'i ·n11,vr;11wt '

t ).

T !i1· ir1d (d 1·11t 111: 111 d1-·;-:1' n·C'" t (1 LL~ ]HH)r.

1 i r(1"pe~~ 1

Tl 1c rinr .\ik :1111111:illy p\1 ·1 fi o1h ih ha11k ., .
8 . lJcath is a duo111 ri c lil y 11 1eri;vd liy 1·1·t·1-;· t rai l<Jr,

YI.

DTFFI:J~T::-.-T

t

1'; ;11T: Jt 1u 11 111:1 _y lie,

l sr.. The r c l:i tion of 1·1°al r \· crns ; :is in :\ ncr:dritc:< , JI 1s -

Hi og r;-ip l1 y, Obitn:Hy, V oy:-igcs, 'l' r:-ixcls, etc.

t01'}",

or

:.:J. Tiu.:

rclal iu11
llllll!Jlllil l"!J c\·cul::;;
T,-tl c.o; , 1':1r;-i hJc .,, N,1ycl.o;, Ro :11:1 n ccs, ctr..

J(L\"DS iJF CO)fT'OSITTO:.I

~·

a:;

Ill

FaLli.:::; ,

if

i

1.

(Varied.) '!'lie

cn·nts rn th e or der of their nrr 11rrcnr,c.

lrl1nl urc r!u. fu;o f;r·n1 '1·1tl rlt'clsio11s ( ~/ .\~to··1fi'u11 't

l

;ru ry tla: i"Lillo\\·iu~

1Vm ·ratlon 1

1·s

rclatin.~

lt is

D. Tlic r eg ion Kas foll of wil<l beasts, and tliu tnn•lllen; !tau
t•;irc!"illl\· :1r ll 1cd i hl ' ill:~cl\· c;-; .

l t ). l r!' l 11r11 ,·d w11 i1 1111· 1'1·icnds tu the oli i]' , "'"' ;;aw tlll'tll
~:i i'vi1· "" tlil'ir vny.1 ;c .

Kc1I'.J: . I TIOY.

i

II

F .\ n 1. r: s .

A F:1hlc

i ~ :i fi ct iti o 11 ~ n~rratin',

short :mil

in ~ tructivc ,

1n wl1i1·h ;111i1n:il ':i or illan1m;1tc olJjcet.':i ar1! 11.,11:111 \. I"l'j•l° l'HC1 1t1·d a,; speak in g.
Th e ftil!o\\' i 11 .'.! c .\.l'l'Ci ~·( · :..:, 1:11) t • ' J . J~, \,-;1 1 ,·.111 . -i . . l ., r 11 •• l\ ' )•t·11 · lt ·r 11
ff ()J" !~,

fr, ··· rn \\·l1 i1·h.

IL·~1ri 1 c r
It ii./ ::i

tq

~i:..: ! 1 i11!.~ .

,)r·

Tlil' 11...:\:

t I 1\ · i r \.; t l ti ~·

i: X I:ll CIS I:

th e' 1:1\.L ·s

.'-'t)111L' ~1r 1!1t ·.-..1._· l11

(, • r

1 !1 c

I 'rt· :-..:\.' 1 it

t ~ l.. - 'l'IJI;

1 111

~lrC'
:111

1.1 l 1c cn1111 .k1L ·,I \,_y

:irHdltlT i'1•n11. ( 11 .

11111

:..:t - :. : 1.1),

r I" ~ :-. : l'

,\SS I \

I. ,\", ,ki11, Li1111 , 1111t u11.
1> (;11in .~.:. wn(td:-;, p ; 1:-;l 11rv ~, fll)l:k:-:

'l'Jll: I.I()\ S Sl(I'<.

fri~ · lit

1 herd ....:,

"· .\ t i:ht, "1r1 1<"r, fri.c:l11c11, 1,;11·', lic-1r: 1y cil.

.+.

;-)0

1

ClHlgcl 1u g , sc 11 s1Llc; thuu = h_
, Jr c;"}::-cJ 1 :--.I.ii i.
M tJ It,\ I. .

ll""'ltut ore t/u;, tu;u /un11s 1:(

nJJnp 11,, 1.t lrJJl /

'J'hc tin> forn1s o t' ClllllJ'"'itinn ar1' l"· osr. :rnd pocl r!J.

H7wl

urc Ilic />rtHC tj'!li

The prin c ipl e kiiid;-;

,1J

1. N;1rra t io11 .
2. Dcscri ption.

1.·i11ds

,,i ,.,,1111u1s ltlu11 '?

c1l!11p'.1~1tii_Hl ~ire

0. Lettcr-wri tiu.!;

4.

E~snp.

~1 .

Dc1~ cp ti ,,11 ,

d i:;cu\c>rc' il, dctec·tcd, ]•\1111 , ltc" I

(Rtf,/~
T JI

r omplctccl and 1crittcn

0 11!

t-:

S

.-\ ;-; .')

I ;\

T II E

I. I 0 ;\

in full .)

~ h I ".\.

\ . A11 As s, u11e tl:iy, fi11din,'..!; tl1c ,k i11 ,,fa Li<llt, p•il it ui
3 . ( ~oi 11 ~ i1itu tli (~ \ \·1i od :-1 a11d }' :1sturc :1 , lie threw tl1l: Huch:"!

nnd herds into a t•·rril1lc J'ri 0 lit.

94

GUIDE TO CO MPO SITION.

FAilT. E ~ .

3. At lasL, meeting the own e r of' the s kin , he att1~ 111pted tn
fr igh ten 1iu1 abu, Lul tl1e lu 1i µ: c;11 s v !' the A ss, :<f 1i d< in g o ut ,
betrny eJ li iu1.

5 . " No," \V ulf, "y ou, think, we ll , pa id ,

~ : t v i !l~;,

hc:td , wh e11 ,

bi t. otf, i::1':1 y. "
?- f 0 HAL

·1. ou, rccci vin .::; a goo d cud gc liu g, lie was soon made se n8ib le
tli:tf. :dil1,J11;:;li cltc'.'0C1l III :1 I.t LJl l ;:, cL u, Le 11a.-; 11utl1i11 g Lllf ;i

G. 1'h n:o;c, dn gno <l , p:i_y, cxpcd., d is:ippnintmcn t.

l' <H/ D.Jv!i;:;L A,;,;.
J:\J: l ~l : J " I:

.II (Ill .\ L .

:i. TI.is f'. ,Lie il' :. chcs tl i:it d•.«'L'Jili«11 1\·ill .!..'."lll·r:illy Led,,;.
wve red, all J 1rlie 11 d cte<:tcJ , 11ill ce 1Lll1ily IJe J'llll i,;lll'Ll.

·1

l

Le t the p11 pi l r omplrtr anrl rarcfl!I J_,. \\'rile

ull! ! ]11,;

la i! le.

Till : :Sl'.\t ; .\.\I> Ti ll : li 1 1l:.-; t.: .

LI\'.

1

1.

:--:t:i~~·

....,

I I (1r -.., 1'. 111:1 ri, ! 1(· I l 1. l 1tt 11 1:-- l1. :-., t;1 ,'....'.'.
,\l:i11 lr«ll' · rt'. [i,., _- ,. .-:id.JI.-, J, r idlc

:--L :1 r1• . !1·•r1!-.: ,

!. il·ir:--c.

(!l"<f\

,..;ay111 .:.: ,

J•~!"-lllrl·.

; 1 _~:r··c1l. 1111 1; t r1lcd.

d run: . :--!:1
r c,111<:.,tcd. L11cJ !,. 111,,u!li, ,-,1,l1lJ,,, IJaclc
G. •• .l\o,' 1u a ll , •: L uset'u!. n ut 1 relc;i:-;e 1 ~e r \'n..:t~ .

:1 .

Jl, •r.-c .

ti1;i11ki11~· ,

I. A F11x, ,.;""-""rd. J,,.:tll lii'ul. 11111,,.1,,.,, .~r"j• C :' .
" Jl 1,:.;h, ll 11t. rt':l\·1 1, tl1«11.c:li , tr1<«l, .. xli:1u otcd.
:·) _ 1\t. List, atternpt ,

!11.r ..;··.

t'.

ll .\ !. .

.\I()

St1 ttr ) ~Teen .

4. 'l'hL•se, l ike, e:it, l, ict. al1 11 1e .
1:;;1;1 : 1·1,:.1: 1' f.\'
.\I <> f l A L.

fl . Find, fouit, Ullauk, ult1 :1111.

LXl:l~U:iE LLIL ~ Titl: ll1J1 ; ..1.\l > 'l'llE SIL\.Dl)\V.

Co11 q ,Jt. te

fitnl wri t t~ nn t thC' fol!nwing.

I. A do.:;, cross in;;, Ti1«'r, 1wcal, rnuul11, ~ liaJ v w, i;trna :u.

2. Tlt in ki 11 .'.'., :i11<dl 11 ·r, .J,,~- dr"l'I "" ' "'""• "" "l'l""l.
:l. So, n u t , ob t;iin , \\·an ted . 11111 . 11•-t, li:1 d .

l. \\',.JI". !,:11111• .

-' I'll I:

"111 ;, .

l1r'" 'k ·, dr·irrk .

\\." I I'. Ii r.c: 1r _c:1« 'rr "'I, "I' · , 1r""11 r.
:-L J,:J t!ll 1. di ...:L1t11T , l 1l·]11w , duw11
.[. \ \ ' u l!', p ick, •1•1 :rrr t:I, Lan 1h, ll1i .c:ht, k i ll, c:il.
;i ~11_ :i:-:k j' •l . 111 e:11l l . 111:1ki11 ~ . 111111! 1\v. l1·d tli-i11L
·>

{;_ L:11 n h . f"ri " lrl" """
down. i'r 11 11t . \\ .1)ll'. 111 . 11(i:

111\ ldl v. <« 1ul d
ll]l. !'1 ·tor11, lt 1.

1

•

Jt , \ [.

·L 'J'hu R, t.ho8e, des ire , not, be lm 1_'..'.. In."(', li ttl e l1a\' P.

11 1.t .

!""""'-'"""

~lrca111

7. " ll d\U: \·1 1 r, L r ." ' 'r1 -ill'. ,,- ynn, r~1 ~(': il 1 f ur. y c:ir , ~ .~n, 10

s u I1<:11. :111 •I , J. l ' 1rr"' Ir. "
S. "I 111pu :-.:s il d l· . L :1111\ ,,
1

~] ! I

\\'i lf.F .\\11 Tl! I: !..\\I iJ

!I. " \\«: II.'
IO . S o )

\ \'1111'

p :1:-;;..;in 11.

'

11 if. b(1 rr1.' '
1

11 wt l1 e r. tl 1e 11. tl i: it. """"

1lew . La1u lJ, te;1r 111 ~. ! 'ttTe::, u1:1dt~ 1 111 ~a l.
,\ ) \) j( .\ I . .

EXElt CIS E CL!ll. - Tl l l: Wou: A.\L! T H E CH A NE.

1. \\' ul f, J c vourcJ , greedily, L>o 11 c 1 :stie king , throat.
2. llcing, pain , r e wa rd , a ny on e, pluc k , out.
3 . Crane, te11lp tt- d, l1 ttpc , 1111.Jcrl•_,._•k, ta:,k .
.i Thr11st i11:;, Lill, t lm•at. rlrc 11·, ;ind, pay.

1 1. \ Vic k cd , 1v i:, li , 1i •1:trre l,

11 0 ! ,

filld , rea ,; u 11 , make.

EXERCI SE CLVL- TllE FtJX A :-; i i TlfJ ; CI W W.

1. ('row, st,,Je n . ch C«S t\ wi 11d 11w, ClltLr .c:e, tlc-w, tree, eat
2. Fo x. ~a w , f'o ll uwcd, s;it , tree , tlr i11ki11.", huw . .c:et. «l 1e1»•e

GUIDE TO CO:\I POSITlON.

THE S.EMICO.LON.

3. Began, praise, feath ers, eyes.
4. Crow , attcntir cly, but, not, move.

EXEltC l.S E C L!X .- Tlll·: S Em C) LO:'< .

5. Fox, prai sc J , s hap «(, fo rm .
G. S till, lis tcn cJ, saiJ, uot hin g .
7. At last, voic e: "0, voice, such, bird, haYC ! "

8. Crow, ncstlcJ , fiutl'crcJ, harc.lly, what, Jiu, Lut, quickly,
opeuing, sing, cheese, ground.
!>. Fox, snatchcu , tr otted, laughing, folly , completely, chcatcJ .
MO!lA L.

10. 'fhey, flatter, genera ll y, se lfish, oLject: fool s, listen .

EXER CISE CLV I!.- THE CO:\DL\.

Fr'J m law arises sec urity; from scc urif!J, 'i111l11sfr!J .
Exr.-.11nu• is umlcrstoo<l between oecurity nllll i11d11•lry, nn<l n cMnma
111dicntes it.

SPE CIAL Rur.E 1.-A sc micolo11 is use d betw ee n th ose
clau ses of a sentence, e ither of "·hich is sc paratctl in to
smaller p orti ons by commas; as,

As we c:111 sec th a t a s had ow has moved , but did n ot ~cc: it
movin g; so li fe is s urely pass in g away , th o ug h we pe rceive
not its prog rcs,;.

llu LE 2.-A s, introducin g an exa mple, shoultl
be preceded by a se mic olon; as,
A 11 ouri i:; a nam e ; as, &"!/ , " " ' :t.
llEM .-Oth c r u ses o f th e se mi co lo n arc'li nel11d c1 l in tli e ge neral rule, and mu st lie left to t.hc juc.l g mc rit o f '1· c writ e r.
QuESTIO~s. -

weciul rule?

H'hat i• 1/u ni11tli rule for comma• 7

EXE!lCISE CLV!lf.-TllE

What is lit e 9weral rule f vr the seJ1ticv/v11 /
1'!te ucond 7

Wh at is th e _first

EXEltGISE r, r.x .- 'l'l!l·: :-; 1-:mco 1.o:-1.

CO~DL\.

In the fol lowiu g scn tc11 ccs 1•lacc co1111nns ns required l>y the p~cce·
diu g rnl c. 0 11c is correct.

1.
Some tlelig ht in study; others in idlen ess.
Correcled.-Somc delight in stu dy; others, in idlcn ~ss.
fl caso n.-Delig lit is nnderstoo1 l Let ween ot!te,-s and iii, nllll its pl., ce
ij honld l>c indicat e.I l>y a co1111m1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
G.
7.
8.
9.

\V e Hh o uld spent.I tim e prope rl y; fo r it can no t be recall ed.

SPECIAL

lltrLE D.-,Vhcrc a verb is un<lcrstootl, a co mma 1s generally used; as,

QuESTIO:;s.-

GE NE llA L H ULE. - A semicolon i.;; usctl wh enever a pause
longer than a co mma is r c!1uirctl ; a s,

War lives by viol e nce ; peace by love .
)
Labor brings plea sure ; iJl e ncs;; . pain .
Rashness is the fault of youth; , caution.) of age.
Li;..;ht is foll oweJ by darkuc ss; Iii~ by death.
Tho youn g nre f'ond of nove lty ; the old, of com fort.
Conversa ti on mak es a r ea dy man ; writing 11n exact man.
Napoleon li1·cJ f'ur l1i111 sc lf; Wa shin gton)ur his coun'.•v.
Some arc influenced by good motives; others by bad.
)

I'nt

~cmic0 J o 11 8

in tli c

pr C>J> Cl"

pJa C:l'H.

1.
Some <lc li gl1t in idl e n ess, o tl1 c r s,
Corrccted.-Somc delight in idl eness; otli c r;;,

Ill
111

s twly.
st udy.

E eason.--A fl a co mma i;i requir ed in tli c last clause, th ere s li oul. J
be a semicolon bctw rc n th e cla uses.

...

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Love is th e law o f peace, v iolc 11 cc , of war.
A mountain i~ a hi g h hill , as, l\Iuu11t T um .
Cautio n is th e fault of age , ra s h11 c:;,: , ur yo uth.
·washin gto 11 lovCLI hi s co untry , Napuleo L !·imsc lf.
1''rom law arises :;ec urit.y , fr o m sec uri ty, indu st ry .
'!'Le old arc fond of co rn furt; the youn,.(, of e xciteme nt.
8. An is laud is lan t! surro1111dc1! by wate r, :1s X1111l11 c h et .
9. A verb i8 a wo ru that de no tes acti o n or IJc inc:: , a ' , tu Jf!J,

,... bl'..
Cum. -V

GUIDE TO CO :IIl'OS ITION.

08

I' A RAG llA PII S.

7. A ehieft.ai n to the Ili [.;hl ands bound,
Cri es "Boatman, do not tarry ."

EXE f\C JSE CLXl.-T IJE CO LO:-<.
liEXERAL lluLE.-A colon slionkl be uscll ,,-h e n a pause
somewhat longe r th:1n at a semieolo n is r e11uired ; as,

8. Th e Yoi ce of your father's blood cri es to you fr o m the
groun1l ":.\ly sons, scorn to l1 e slaves."

L earn to th i11k : not hin g is mo re in1porta 11t.
SPECIA L 1-\ULF.

9. Suppo se th e gl isten in g dew-drop
Upo n the grass should say
"\\"hat can a littl e dew-dr op do?
I \I be tter roll away."

l.-A colon is use<.l between those clauses

of a sen tence, e ither of which is Jivide<.l into smaller por ·
ti ons by a ~'~m i c o lo n ; as,
EYery one, of <:11 urse, tlii1:b l1ill! sel f ri g ht; for if he th ough t
him se lf wro n.!!, li e mrn lJ <: han gc : but 110 one oug ht to rega n1
him se lf' i nfalli 1, le .
SPECIAL IluLE

2.-A colon is uscLl before a direc t qnot<L-

tion; as,

It is Ste rn e th at s:1ys : "Goel temper s th e "·i ntl to th e sh or n
lamb."
TIE)L-Other uses of' th e colon m us t be dec ided by th e ge neral rul e.
Q uES Tl O:<S .-

1pecial ru le

~

11'/iu/ i• 1/,e !JCncral rule f or the colou 7
'J'he ·. cco11 J ?

!HJ

EXERCISE CLXIII.-1' ,\ lU.GRAl'IlS.

flow sho11l<l a composition uc divided?

E1· cry composition should be Ji vi de<l into small portions,
call ed paragraphs.
B.'f w hat rule should this division uc mn d c?

•

Those sen t en ces which a r c m os t c l o~e l y connecte d m
1:1cnse, sh oul1l be incluucLl in th e s;tm c parng raph.
11'/ui l sli o11 1d uc the length of the l'aragraph ?

Wh al i$ tlu jir6t

Thi s mu s t J cpc ml up on the connection of the sentences.
ge n eral, no parag raph s hould co ntain less than three
or four lines, or more th an t en or t welv e.

In

EXE!\CISE CLXII.-TIIE COLON.

lrh crc sho11l.Z the

In th e fo ll oll' i11 ;;, put cok>ns in th ei r proper places.

1.
Love not th e worl1l its joys arc fleeting.
Ga/lllJ/i.(!ctcd.-Lovc n ot the worl d: it s j oys arc fleeting.
n easo11.-Tli c

. .,,.[, /.
t.

F. c n sc

rcq11 ircs

a

long er pa use tlian

a

sc111 icol011

Be w:1 rc ol' flatt ery , it is a ~ u bt il e p oi~ · , 11.
4 . Do u ot 1k•1• isc li f'c , it is th e g ift o t' God.
5. Yirluc ,; ho11 ld Jl(lt. l> c cn 11ti11 cd: th e world i~ h er sp hL·rc
6. Allll li e , ai d:;: '' Father I lia Yc sinueJ agai11 s t Heav e n a11d
in thy sight. "
"For n few simolc

c~ercisc s

on !his point, ace pugc 32, Bx. 40.

line commence ?

The first lin e of each paragraph s h ould co mm e rice
furth e r fr om th e left tha11 th e other lin es, and these distan ces s hould Le the sam e.

al

Do u ot i11:rnlt a poo r man, h e on :.:;h t rath er to lJc pitied

a.

fl r sl

EXEf\ CIS E CL XIV.- TllE S ICK SCllOLAl\.-Fnoll

l>t cK~:< s.

Tlt c follo wing i~ J ividccl into parn grn pl1~ , to illustrate tlie precedio~
direc tion ~.

1. S hor tly after th e sch oo lmaste r l1a LI taken hi s scat bchinJ
l1is dc~k, a :;mall , white-haired I.J oy appeared :it th e Lloor , an J
otoppi11;; th e re to 111ak e a ru:;tic bow, came in allll took h i~
place up ou oue of tho furu10 .

GUIDE TO CO;\IPOSITION .

JOO

2. Soon afterward, another white.h ea ded little boy came
struggling in, and after him, a red-h eaded la Ll, and then one
"Nith flax e n h air, until the fo~ms were occ upi ed by a dozen
boys, or thereabouts, witi1 heads of' eve ry co lor but gray, and
ranging in their ages from four years o ld to fourteen. The
legs of the youngest were a long way from the floor, as he sat
upon the form; and the eldest was a heavy, g ood-tempcreLl
follow , half a head taller than the schoo l master.

3. At the top of t.he firs t form, t h e pos t of' h on or in the
s chool, was the vacant, place of th e little Hi ck scho lar ; and at
the h e ad of the row o f peg s on whi ch hung the hats or caps,
one was empty. No boy atte111ptetl to vi o late the sa11 ct uary
of scat or peg, Lut many a o ne loo ked from the cu1pty 8 pacc~
to the schoolmaster, and whispered to his idle n e ighbor, Lehin<l
his hand s.

POETRY INTO l'ROSE.

p

~l

being. Thus s hall it be with thee, uh man! and so shall thy
life be renewed.
Beauty shall sp ring up out of ashc ~, an<l
li fe out of t.hc du s t.
A little while shalt thou lie in t.he
grountl, as the scctl li es in tlie lJOsom of the ea rth ; Lut thou
shalt

ho rai se d ngain; and thou shalt never die any more.

A )t I t A T I

v )-; .

0 DEL.

EXERCISE CLXVl.-l'OETltY INTO PROSE.
T

ti E

G

ll E E

)J

y F u x.

l.

Ox a wi11ter·~ 11igl1t ,
• A s tl1 c 1110011 s h one bri g ht ,
Two foxes went out for pre_,.ll
AH they trottcLl al o 11 g,
With frolic r111<l so ng
They c l1 ccrcd their weary ll'ny.

2

Through th e wood tl1 cy we11t,
l311t they cou lLl not sce 11t
A rabbit or goose astray;
But at length th ey ca1nc
To Ho 1nc Lcltcr ga 1n c,
ln a farmer's barn Ly tl1c way.

3.

011 a roos t tl1 cre sa t
Some chickL· ns, as rat
A,; liix cs co uld wi sh fo r th eir dinners;
So till' pt·uwl,•rs fon11d
•.t
A hole i11 tl1c grn1111d,
And they both wc11t in, t li e sinn~r" t

•

Th ey both went in,
\Vit.h a squeeze and a g rin,
And tl:c chickcna were qui ckly killed;
And one of ti1 em lu11 cl1 cd ,
And fea sted, a11J 111n11 clH:d,
Till hiA ston:~ :tch was fairly filled.

Divide the followi11g int o four parngraph s.

and g il<led the mountain-tops; the lark r ose t o meet him from
her low nest, aud the s hatl es of <larkuess fled away. I have
seen the insect, havin g co me t o its full size, langui s h allll refu se to cat. It spun it ~c l f a to111 li, and wa s s hroudc(l in th e
i;ilkcn coveri ng. It lay without feet., or s hap e, or 11uwer to
move. I looke<l again: it had burst its tomb ; it was full o f
life, an<l sai led throu~h the s11ft air; it r ejoi ce d in its ue w

c N

tl1ose points.

EXEH CISE CLXV.-T!IE ltESU lutE CTION.

I havo seen the flower witheriu c; on the sta lk, antl its bright
leaves spread on th e ground. I lou k c d again: it sprung forth
afre s h; its stem wa s crowned with n ew bud~ , all(l it s sweetness
filled the air. I have seen the Hun se t in the west, au<l tlie
shades of night s hut in the wiJ c horizon: the re wa s no co lor,
nor shape, nor beauty, nor music: g lo om an<l <larkness broo<lcd
around. I looked : the sun broke forth again from the cast,

0 ET I

Jn the following cxcrciecs, lGti to 17;}, the p o<'lry is to be change1l
into prose.
Tl1e gc 11cral mer111in ;; shou ld be retained, wl1ile the language Id
\"aricd ns llln cL a~ 1•0,;,j l,Jc..
I'rnctic c is h ere fnrni , h,.,l i11 all that ha s lic·c n thu:; far taught.
E~pecinl atlL·ntio11 8h o11ld l•e 1•ai,I to a pro per di,·i,i o11 i11to paragr:q.J 1s, to the l :1~t rul e fo r tl1 e co1n111a, :llld to tl1 0,;L· lu r tl1c ol·1nicol o 11
n11J th e colo11, aH thi ti is tlie fir ~ t uppurt1111ity lur gc11ernl pra ctice on

! O'l
i.

Tl1c ot ht>r, 111 orc wi se,
Loo l;c,I :il><rnl witl1 I.otli eye~,
A11d l1 ardly wonld <":IL at all;
Fo r, as lie ca111c in
\\'itli a squeeze n11tl a gr in,
lJ c rrn1arkcJ tliat the li ul\: wa e omul L

6.

AnJ, th e cunnin g ~ If,
lfc said to l1i111 8clt;
Jr I 1•at too 11111cli, it is plnin,
Ati tl1c li c.le i.~ s111:ill,
I s l1 :dl stid' i11 tlic wall,
Ami never get out again.

7.

Thus matters went o n
Till tli c night was gone,
And the 1":1rn1er ca111c 011l witli n pole
Tlil' (oxrs l•otl1 Il e"·,
A111l 011c went ll1n111gli 1
But th e greedy 011c st uck iu the hole.

8.

In tli e hole lie s!uck,
So full wa ,; l1is pl nck
Of tlic cl1icl;ens he "d Geen eating,
li e co uld 11ot get out,
Or t11rn nLo ttl ,
A llll so li e was killeJ !,y Lea ting.

! OJ

l'OJ::Tlt\' I NTO l'lt08E.

GUIDE TO cm1rOSlTrON.

,I

j\

ru;11J,.;id e .
Ln1J ki11 ;.:; c:iu ti o us ly i11 , tl1 c ir eyes liri .'.'.: lite11c•.l ""
tl1"Y J,cltc l,] l li t.: !:1r111 c r"s ht!cst, pl111 1q ><«-t cl1ic·k,·11s ,itti11:; u11
the ruu,t , witlwul a llw11;.;l1t uf <1ppru:1 c lii11'.'.· 1L111 '..'.c:r
4. Fi11di11;.:; a l1u lc thrn11 ;; h \rlti r· h th ey c<>11IJ , with Jifliculty,
e nt e r, tl1 ey hurri ed i11 , attJ SJ> Ce dily seeu reJ their n11 prol"cf1;d
vi ct i 111 ~.
~1. O ne o [' them, tuu mu ch dc li;.:;bl e1 l fur n·ll,•cli<>11 , i11d11l .;.:;1·.J
h1n l."ie]f' with J UL Ji111i t in th e fe:1ot beJ"urc J1i111 . '1'111: ot !1n.
l•u ll"l!\"e r, h ;11·i11;.:; luukt•1 l ean:J"ull y abo11L hi111 , eo1 11· l11ded it I,., , t
l11 rcst r;1i11 his :1ppelite withi11 n :ry t11 (J dc ratc l1u 1111d::;.
G. 111 fact, h•J had 11ulir·cd tli:it. tl11! upe 11i11.c: wl1icl1 l1aJ ,,,] .
t11iLt t>J th ern wa s cxeccJin~. dy on1all, scarecly pe rt11ilti11;.:; tl11" 11
to force an e ntran ce . U c re ficcteJ tha t 1f, lean :1 11 J hal1 ·. ,1ancJ,
they co ulJ uare ly c lil cr, lo pa:;s out at the ':till>' 1•!:11"1', :iftn "
hea r ty rnc;il , w1\t1l1l lie 111t crly i11q•u osilil1!. \\'li:1t . tlil'11. wu> il.J
LC('(lllle or lii111 , if suJdc ttly JiscuYere<l, an<l olJli;,:,c<l tu lice l<J r
hi :; lif"e "?
\
7. Ju:;t as 111 urnin ;.:; Lcga t1 to dawn, wlio +d1111t!d appc3r !.ut
the farmer hi111 se lf". lli s eye i11 :;L111 tly f"dl up o n lit e lw•J f,,H,.
a11J se izin;:; a pule , he r igo rou sly altack e J thu lr c111l ilin .;.:; culprit s.
8. The prudent o ne, who h ~d d e nied l1imself", escap ed throu;.:;h
th e ope nin g by which he had e n tered. IJuL tl11; 1il. hc~r , attc111pt i11g to fo ll ow hit11, stuc k fast, a11d, Lein ;; u11aGlc eilliL·r tu 0 Cl
lhro11c:;h the h o le ur lu turn ba1:k, w aH r::tsily killed Ly th1: c11 -

T!1e following is the same, changed into prose.
TilE

GREED\'

FOX.

l. On a cold winter's night,, wh en the moon was sh inin:.;
clearly , and the snow lay on th e c:;round, two foxc>i st art ed out
on an excursion to oLta i 11 :W111et Iii 11;; to ~ati~f)· l heir htrn;:·c r.
[n orde r to Leguile tl1 c tedious way , they sang, and frisked,
ond frolicked , as they trotted merril y along;.
2. F or some t ime, th ey "·ere u11 s neccsst'ul rn the object o f
tlt cir pursuit. !'\either in the wo od , nor 011 th e plain, nor in
th e vall ey, nor on the hill , co uld they discover eve n a s tr:1y
goose o r raLGit.
:=\. At last, th ey ca me to a farm e r 's Lam, standiug by tho

EXE11CISE CL X:VII.-I' OETllY I:\TO l'ltOSE.

Ifow should ct:cr!J lin e

Ev ery line

in

1"n

poctr.'I bc.1 i11 l

'•

poetry sho ulu bc~in 1uth a capital; •t~ .
.i\ly co untry , ' tis of' tltce,
S weet land uf libe rt y,
Of thee I si11g.

C h:tn gc tl1 c full owi 11 ;:; poctiL: n:1rr:lt iu1 1 int o

JH'U.it>,

r c~n 1ni11g tli t

ge 11 ~r; tl 11H:a11i11 ;.;, l11lt \':tryi11 g tl1 e la11 g1 1;1gc iu arrangc1ucnt an1l
exprc~s i on, na in tl1c prcet..•di11 µ; 111 udd , p:.tj.!;C lU:!

101

GUIDE TO cmIP OS ITI ON.

C ·ll A ft L E Y

AS D

JI l S

10. This his tender m oth er see in g,
Ki;;s<'1l it o ff L1efore it fc• ll;
"'Vhere to plant your uright new shilling,"
Sai,J s h e to l1i111, " le t m e tell. "

S ll l !. l. l S 0.

1. LITTLE C li:-Lr!cy found a s hilli11g
A8 li e can1e fr o m sc h oo l one day:
"Now," ~a itl h e, " I 'II ha\" e a fortune,
F o r 1 ' 11 plant it ri ght away.

11. "Pcte1· Bro wn's two littl e c hildren
Long l1a\" e wi:;h cd to !c(lrn to read ,
Ilut th e ir fiLtl1er is not aL!c
To procure the Lo oks they n eed.

2. " 1 ' II n ot say n. word to mother,
For, I know, she would Lie willing;
H orne I 'II nrn , nnd iu my ga rd e n,
Pinnt m y preciou s , uright, new s l1illiu~

3. "E\·ery day, I ' II g i,·c it wat e r,
And I ' ]] weed it wi th grea t ca re,
And, I g uess, Lefore the winter,
It will m any s hillin gs Lear.

1Oi

POETRY INTO PROSE.

12. "To th e ir use, if you will s pend. it,

I

Precious seed you then may so w,
A nil, ere many months are c n d~ J.
Trust me, you will sec it gro w."

4. " Th en I ' II l•ny a horse and ca rriage,
A 1111 a lo t. o r ~ p len did toys,
Ami I ' II gin :i. l111n.lrt· d sl1il li11 gs
To poo r little girl~ and I.op."

EXE!l CISE C LXV!ll.-P OETllY I NTO PltOSE.

5. Thu s d elllllPd, little Clo:1rit-.,·
Laid full 111:111~· a H)'l<"11did plan,

Tom to Ji111, a8 fortli th ey w e nt
To W(llk, o ne e\"e ning fin e :
"I wi s h tl1e sky a great g re e n field,
And all tluu paottu·e n1in c."

A s t he little coi 11 h e 11l:1nkd,
'Vi::ih in g h(; were grown a.

11 u u1.

6. Day liy day , he n11r,; ed an ,J wat c hed it,
Tlwu g l1t ur nothin g e lse Li'""idc,
Day Ly d ny , """" di sappo irit ed ,
F or 11 0 signs of growt l1 he s pied.

Change the following l'oc try int o

fil"O!;c.
~

TJ!E

AIR

C A S TLE.

SAYS

2. "Autl l," s:-Ly8 .Ji 111 , " wi s l1 yond er stars
Tlo:1 t th e n• f'O idly s hin e,
'Vere , ,.,·ny 0 11 c, a good fat ox ,
Au,! all tl1 osc o xen 111ine. "

7. Tired , at l:H' t, of lo oi'<·lcsR waiting,
M orn than any e hil·l co uld L•cn r,
Li tt le C l1ar ky tnl.J li is sccr(; l
To hi s 111 o tl1cr, i11 olt•s pair.

3. "'VJ. e re wouhl your h en! of ca ttl e graze?"
"Why, in yo ur pa s tures fair."
"Tl1 cy s honld not, th a t's a fact," said Tom,
" Th ey s l1all uo t, 1 d ec lare."

8. K e ver wa s a l;indu 111o thcr,

4. 'Vith tha t th ey fr own ed, a nd struck, and fou!!;bt,
,\ nd fierc e ly s tood at Lay:
A till , tor n. foo li s h r eason, cast
Th eir ol d reganl away.

llnt wh e n l1 is sad t:ol c s h e hea rd,
'T w n~ so f111111y, ~ l1 c· 1 fu r lnnghing,
Cou ld 11 ot Fpcak a sin g le wo rd.
9. Thi s wa s wo rse than all, for C harley
Tli on;,; lit Iii :; fiO tTo\\' l o o f.i(• Yl'rc,
And , in "Jli lc of 0\'(' ry d l'u rt ,
Down Iii ,; chl'!" k tl1 erc ro llc·~ a te!\r.

.) . And lllan y a wa1· o n l1ron1lcr scale,
!lath Hl:ci11 cd th e ea rth with gore,
For castles iu th e air th a t fell
Before ll1e slrifo was o 'er.

·•

GU llJE Tn ":'f}.Uf- nS ITION.

POETRY INTO PROSE.

EXElt CIS E CLXIX.-C.\ UTIO\" I:!.

by the <. o mhin ed En g li sh anJ Pruss ian 11rt11 ic" , th e f'urn1 c r of
wl1iel1 wa s co 111m :111J eJ Ly th e Du ke u t' \\' e lli11 :.:-t1111 , wl11) di1 ·d
not lu11 g s in ce, an J th e la tt e r by Hlu ehe r , IYli o arri 1·ed ju st i11
ti111 e to turn the tiJ c of battl e. (,\lak e, at least, three o r fu 11r

Cro1n li11g i1lcas i11 to a sc11te11ce.

r

117ur t ·r.< the 11 i11th
G 111tio11
1171111 rs th e fr11th
G 111tio11 ?
ff/wt 1s the clecc nth C rn tiu11 ?
117w t Ca ution

1's

Sec p:i gc S ~ . Ex . 1 ~ 0.
Sec p:i ;;e S-1, E x. l :-t~ .
Sec p:i ;;<: S.i , l·:x . U I.

S C ll! C ll Cl)S. )

5. Th e e loqu e nce o f' Cla y dc pc nJ cJ , in a f.: rcat d eg ree, u pt) 11
Li.'l 1·oicc , ma11n er, a11J e xpr es:; i1·e eye a11J 111 uuth , a11J he w:1s
greatl y Lc lo1·c d Ly all hi s fri c nJ ~.
G. B oast not th y self of 'to- mor row; th ou kno wcst n nt what
a day may Lri11 g fo rth ; anJ , fo r th e sam e reaso n, J c,pa ir no t
of lo -m orrow; it may bri11 ~ forth goo J as we ll as ev il.
7. H e too k passage fur Europe in a s pac ious s tea 111 c r, wh ich
wa ~ alrc:1J y nearl y full of passe nge rs, so 111 e o f' wh o1n we re
nati\'cs o f En ;; lanJ , whi eh wa s at war with Fran ce , an ,l so in e
of wh o m J cs ircJ to rel. urn to Fran ce , whi eh was th ei r na ti \' e
co untry, and whi ch \l' :t S co Hn1bc J with c i1·il \\'ar.
8. Pete r, th e l e aJin~ ap ns tl c, haJ Lc;p n a (i ,; hc rn1 :111 , :111 J
de nie d l1i s ma ster , but rc pc nl c J , aHJ w :.1 ~ , s ubscqu c111l _y, 1·c q
~u r,ccss ful in prc ac hiH :; th e gospe l.

11 cccssa ry 1cith regard tu cro1cdi11 g idl'lt.< l

CA UT!O:'> 1 2. -A l' oi tl cro wd ing into th e sa me se n te n cc
ideas tha t arc bu t s li g htl y co nn ec ted; as,
That buy i,; a goo,! sch olar , aHJ liv es tw u mil es o ut of
town , allLI h is fa th e r i:; a fonu cr.

f or Th~t boy is a goo J sc h olar.
on hi s fath e r':; f:1rm .

H e lives tw o mil es d is tant,

Exr.-ll crc nrc t/.rce i11 1lepe n1l cnt iol c:i s ; n:im cly , tlt c boy ' s sc holar.
•l1ip, !ti s re s id e nce, <111'1 hi s fath e r's ucc 11 pati un. Tl1 c~c "lt uul ,1 11 0 1 be
c 1·o wd cd iut o unc .sc n1c11 cc.
ltE\t. - Tliis fault i3 o pp oseJ

to

U NITY ,

STllE:\lJ'f'Il ,

J(J~

:111J

CL E A!l:\ ESS .

EXEl: CI SE CLX X.- CA UT! ON l:.!.

EXER CIS E CLXXl. - P OETllY INTO Pll OS E.

Correc t, a<'c01'd i11g t•1 Cnutio n I:.!.

Clia1t );C tl1 e
.\l

()I)

fv ll ow in ~

int o l'l'O ' '"

l·: J. .

THE

1. IIe was da ngero usly 1rou1 1Jc J anJ carri ed to hi s te nt, anJ
when he hc:irJ u f' th e d efe at of hi :; troops , h e was
put in a litt e r anJ cn nv cyed to a pla ce uf :;af'cty .

O I H I. .

I . 0 11 l1 ow 011 e ngly tri ck li: i; , ,,.-.; 1,.. 1
Tl1 c s 11·cc tc·s t a11tl tl1 c l·e~ t '
Ma tildn , li1 0 11glt a plt-:1:<:111t cl1il. J,
U11 e 11 ;.!) Y tri ck po.. :-;l· :-i~t.·1l 1
" ' l1i clt , lik e :l •:lo11d b e l ~Jl . l' lit e :; l;i ('"•
lliJ all li er lietl C' r qu a lit ies.

...

Cu rrcctcd .- Bc in:-- d:i n:c:erou;ly woun<l ctl, h e wa s carri ed to
lii s te nt. II carin ;; of' th e d efeat of hi s ! )'!)O p s, li e watl
removed tl ie nee in a Jilte r to a place of sa fety .

2. " ' ashin g ton carri ed o ur co un try throug h it~ war of iude? enJcn ce, 11 11J wa s its fir st pres id e nt, anJ di eJ in 1790.
3. \\'e came to an chor anJ went o n sh ore, wh ere I 1rns
ir elcu mc tl l.i y my f'ri P111I ,:, wh tJ r ece ived me with th e g reat es t
ki lllln css . (:.! :;c 11l c 11 1:es.)
·l. N a po leo n wa s lir ia ll y co 1111u crcJ nt th o battl e of \V uterl oo

MElJIJl.l:\ G

ff

"

2. So111 et1111 rR she'd lift th e tea-pot li1!,
To pee p at wl1at wa H i11 it ;
Or ti lt tl1 c J;e ttl t', ii' yo u did
Ilul turn yn 11r l1ack a mi1111t e.
111 Yai11 yo11 told li er 11o t to tou .. 11 ,
Iler tri ck of w edJlin:; grew so much.

POETRY INTO PROSE.

GUIDE TO CO:'.IIPOSITION .
3. U er g rnndmammn wC> nt o ut one ,lay,
AnJ Ly mi stake s h e laid
H er s pec tacles ai11 l sn 11n: Lo x ga y
T oo nea r th e li t ti< ma id ;
"Alt well !" th o ug ht 8h e, "I 'II try th c111 on,
As soo n ns grn.nd 1n n n1n1a is go ne. "

4. Forthwith sl1c pla ced upo n h er nose
Th e glasses large a nd wid e;
And look in g ro und , as I s uppose,
Th e s 1111fl'·liox too s h e s pi ed.
" Oh , wl1a t n prett y Lox i ~ thiti l
l 'II o pc11 it ," said lit1l c mi ss.

10{)

EXERCISE CLXXII.- POETllY INTO PROSE.
L et th e pu p il write thi s story in his own la ng iiage.
1' ll E

ANT

A ND

T ll E

C It I C K J; T .

1. A

s 11.1.Y yo un g C ri c k et, accu sto med to si ng
Throug h tl1 c wa rm, Runn y mo nth s of g ay s 11mm cr anJ spring
R egan to co mplain, wh en h e fo und th a t at h o m e
llis cu pLoard was e m pty, and wint er had co m e
N ot a c rumli to lie fo un d
O n th e snow-co vered grn und;
Not a fl o wer co11 ld h e sec;
No la lea f o n th e tree;
"Oh I what will beco m e," says t.h e C rick et, "of me ? "

5. S o thumb a nd fiu ge r went to work
T o m o,·e th e stu bLorn lid;
And presen tl y a mig h ty jerk
Th e mi g h ty mi scl 1ief ,J i,J ;
For all a t once, a h woe ful ca se !
The snu ff ca1n e l' u flin g i11 li er fa ce.

6. Poor eye~, a nd nose, anti m outh , and chin
A d is1n a l s ig l1l prC>sc11tcd ;
And a~ tl 1e s nu ff got furth er in,
Si 11 cC' rcl y ..; he re pe nt ed.
In Ya in sh e ran nLo ut fo r case,
She co uhl do 11 ot liin g else but s neeze.

7. She da shed th e spcctn ck s away,
To wipe lH·r ti ng li ng eyes;
An d a s in twe nt y Li ts t hey Jay ,
H c: r gra nd 111am111:1 sl1 e s pi es.
"H ey,lny ! an ti what 'ti t.h c 111:'llt c1· no w?"
C ri ed grn nd111 n111ma , witl1 lifted liro w.
R. Matil1la , s 111a rti n;; with th e pa in,
A nd tin gli ng still, a nti eo rc ,
Mnd c m a ny a p ro 1 11 i ~ c to refrain
From mc1lclli 11 :; e·; ('r 111 o re;
An d ' ti ~ a fad, :i s l h ave h ca nl
She e ver s in ce h :\s k ept li er word.

2. At last, l)y s tm·,·atio n a rHl fami :1e ru acle Loi.I ,
All dri p piug with wet, a nd a ll t re 111 Ll i11g wi>.i1 cr,Jd,
Away h e tiC t off to a mi ~c rl y Ant ,
To sec if to k ee p h im a liv e li e wo ulJ g:-a nt
Him s h elte r fro m ra in,
•
O r a 111 outh!'ul o r gra in .
U c wi sh ed o nl y Iv bo rro w,
H e'd rc pa ;· it to-m orro w;
lf not, h e mu s t d ie o i' star va ti o n and sor ro w.

3. S a ys the Ant to th e C ri c k et, " I'm your serva nt an t! friend,
nut W C Ants ne\'e r borro w, W C A n t:l never le nd.
nut tell m e, dear s ir, cliJ yo n la y n othin g Ly
"\V h e11 th e weath er waR wartu ·1 "
Said th e Cric k et, " -:\" o t l I
My h eart w a~ so li g l1t ,
Th a t l sang day a11d nig ht.,
F o r all na tur e loo k ed gay."
"Y on sang, Mir, yon sa y 'I
·•
Go th en," sa yt1 the Ant, " a111l dan ce winter away."
Thus endin g, h e hastil y lift ed th e wi c k et,
And out o f th e J oo r t urn e<l th e poo r li ttle Crick el
4. Thou gh thi s is a fabl e, th e moral is good ;
If you liY e without work yo 11 mu st go witl1out food.

110

Il!l3LE NAHHATIVE.

GUIDE TO CO:\IPOSITION .
EXEHCISE CLXXllI.-l'OETilY !XTO PHOSE.
RETltlllUT I O:-i.

1. T1rnEi-: l111n g1f tran-lers fonn d a l•:1g o f gold.
0 11c rn11 i11tu Ili c to\\'11 wlil'rc l·n·:id wa~ "ol,J;
li e tl1 011gli1 , '· J 'II poi;o 11 now th e Lr,·a·I J l_,u,·,
A11d seize th e treas ure wh c11 111 y co 111radc8 die."

.., Hut tli (·.1·1 too, tl1 011 gli t, "\\'li en L[1ck lii8 feet li nve 1i·1(d,
\\'c will 1kstroy lii111 , and 1l1c go ld di·;idc."
Tl1<•y kill",! l1 i1 11 , a11d partal;i 11 g of tl1 c Lrcad,
l 11 a J'cw 111 011 1l' llt8 all were lyi11 g til-:td.
3. Oli 11·orl.I' !.,·l1ol d \\'l1:1l ill tl1y ;:;ood~ ha1·c done:
Tl1y go ld l1as 1•oi,0 11eJ I \\' 0 1 a11d 111urdcrcd 011 e.
Non:.- For t'urthcr ("X(' J' C i~ cs or tl1i8 kind , let tli c teac her se]Pr\
from Ht·adcrB, 01· ot her Loo k8, interest ing 11armtivcs in poetry to be
changed i11to prose. \

Tillll.E

_:-,;AltHATl\'E.

ln tli c full owing cxer<"i•<·•, 17-1 to 137, let tl1 c pnpil writ e 0111, ii:
his ow11 l:L11 g 11 ag<', tli c• l1 i .-' turit·~ ns t011 11d i11 tl1 c pa:;oagcs rcll! n eJ to.
Tlic Hr ~ t will uc writtc11 out :18 t• 111udcl.

EXEHC!SE CLXXIV.-K\11LY IIISTOllY OF JOSEPH .
~I

0)) Er, .

Sec Genes is, Ch:.p . :JO, Ver. 22 to 2-t
Gcnesi;.:, Chap. ;Ji) Ver. 1 to 3Li.
G en esis, Chap. 3D, Ver. 1 to 23.
I . Joseph Wa8 01\C o r the yuu11g-er sons of' Jacob, and a
1-(rCat f;1\'0ritc with J1is f:ither. ,Jacu O s ho wed hi~ attach111ent
to this su n by many speci:d favors, and an1 ung o thers by ;:ri,·ing
Lim a bcantif'ul coat, called, iu the ll iblc, a "coat of many
colors."
2. It \\US on this a ceo unt, probalJly , that h i8 brethren envied
him :;u much, that they co uld sc:irn: ly ~peak pea<" cably to hinl.
'l'hiti foe Jing WUS incrca:;cd \iy ccrta iu lirca JU8 uf' Jose ph . which

I,

111

srcmed to indicate that., at so me future period, he would Le
cl cY atcd 1:1r ab Ol' C tl1 e rn.
3. \\'h e n li e was about scYc nt ecn _year:; ohl, he "· as dire cted
by hi s l'atl1 c r to ,·is it his brethren. who 11·c rc at so mc di s ta11 ce,
f'ccding tlicir fl ue ks, and i11r1uire o f. th eir wc ll'arc. A 8 soo n as
they saw h im co 111i11 g, they cxc lnin1cd: " Behold th e drcam et
cu11 1c th: le t us kill hin1 , and then we shall sec what. will l1ecu111e
,.i· Iii ' drca111 s."
.:. Th o11 ;: h they intended t.o kill hi1n , they were led by
.ll c11bc n a11J Judah, who see med not wl1olly to sympat hi ze with
the oth ers, first to cast him into a pit, and then to se ll l1in1 as
a sla 1· e to so ni c tra<l c rs wl10 we re on their w:iy tn Eµ;y pt.
!:>. ILiYinµ; thus di,poseil of him, they <lipp ed his coa t of
rn :111y colo rs i11 th e l; lo od of a ;:;oat, and sent it to th eir fath er,
prcteniliu;; that they had found it in th e wilderness . Ja cob,
;;cci n;.; it, co nelud ell that hi s Lcl oved son h:td been kill ed by
a wil d bea s t, aud mourned his early death with bitter tears,
'
rc fu ,;i 116 to be comfo rt ed.
(i. 111 the mcantin1e, Jose ph, wh o had Leen sold for thirty
pie ces of s ill' c r, (abo ut U\'e dollars,) to a compa11y o f" ,\] idia 11it e~,
was carried by them to E ,;ypt. Th e re, he w;1s a;.;:i in ~u ld to
l'utipher, 011e of t.h c priucipa l officers of the ki11 g of that
COlllltry.
7. ll c rc, he w:1s 80 faithful in all hi s duti es, an<l God ble ssed
lii111 so f.!:reatly, that l'otipher corn111ittcd every thi11 g to l1is
care . Af'tcr a wl1ilc , however, a false accu s:iti1111 wa s broug ht
aga i11st him , and h e was most unjustly cast i11to pri ~o n.

...

EXERCISE CLXXV.-Tl!E PR!SO)I LlFE OF JOS EPH.

Let tlie pupil writ e, in l1is own l1tn g11agc, nn acco 1111t of w1'1nt liar1•c11nl to J uoe pl1 i11 pri;on, as lie li11J ~ it in tl11.: p:1.;,agc8 rel'crrcd to
l·el uw.
J!.sc rl'l' cnn·l'ull.1· tl1 c Fpclling, ca pital~, p1111 ct11ati on, th e .Jir ec u o n~
IC•I' tl1c lt'C or w111·.Js, IOl'lll:lliOll or :; ellll'll C i~~. lllld parn.grapl18.
E.uuninc cacl1 co mposition uy the direc ti o11:; 011 pagt \J.

Sec Genesis, Chap. 3D, Ver. 21 to 23.
G c11c1;i s, Chap. 40, Ver. 1 to 23'\

CAUTION 'l'HIRTEl:: '.'rt'll.

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

112

113

Whal is th e second'?

EXERCISE CLXXVI.--JOSEPIJ'S RELEASE.

Relate Pharaoh's dream and J oscph' s release and elevation, aa
found in

2<l. Avoid words th:tt have simi lar so un<ls , either of
conson ~mt s or of vowels , near toge ther; as,
IIolily , j iw/uro ndc, l1 clplcss11css, a tr 1w union.

Genesis, Cha.p. 41, Ver. 1 to 45.

Whal is the thinl?

3d. Avoid very long words; as,

EXERCISE CLXXVII.-JOSEPl! 'S IlllETIIIlEN IN EGYPT.-FrnST \'1sIT.

Give an account of the first vi sit of Jose ph's brethren lo Egypt,
found in

Arbitrnri11css , i 11 co mmu11i cabili ty.
a11

Genesis, Chap. 41, Ver . 5G, 57.
Genesis, Chap. 42, Ver. 1 to 38.

IV/wt is the /uurth particular?

4th . Avoid too many wor<ls of a.bout the s:.1.m e length;

f or
EXERCISE CLXXVlll.--JOSEPJI 'S BRETHREN IN EGYPT.SEco:<n V 1s 1-r.

Desc ribe the secon1l vi s it o f j osc pl 1's brethr en to EgypL

Genesis, Chap. 43, Ver. 1 to 34.
Genesis, Chap. 44, Ver. 1 to 3 -!.
Genesis, Chap. 45, V er. 1 to 15.
NoTF..-This can be nbri<lged, or

di\·~~~nto two or three lcsson8.
i

. t, ·

EXERCISE CLXXIX.-CAUTION 13.
Harm ony of sou nd.

·I ' What caution

1s

Di sa ppoint ccl expecta ti o n is wrctch c <l11 cS5,
Di sappointed hop e is the so urce of mi se ry.

lVhat general rule 1llll!J &e sufd!J 1t<lupted

Avoid those words an<l that arrangem~ u t of th em which
will r en<l er their utterance <lifficult.
ltEM . 1.-So uml s that arc uttered with <lifli c ulty by the
speaker, alway s fall u11plcasa11tly 011 the car uf th e li s te ne r.

H.E)l 2 .-\Vhcn the sense requires it, words of diffi cu lt utlcruncc ;nay be usell ; as,

Up

the hi g h hill he he a ves a hu ge r ou 11<l stone.

Ext>.-llerc, tl1c labor of r olling" st.one 11p-l1ill is aptly desc ribed
by ll1c very sou 11<l of the wor<ls . f

.

lo be ouscrved w ith regard to soun1l 1·n a

1 3.-So far as a clear and forcible expression
of the se ns e will p ermit, the wonls of a sentence should
be so se lcete<l aml arranged as to present an agreeable
succession of soun<ls.
CAUTION

H.E)I.-Thi s quality of a sentence is called HARMONY.

H7iat is th e first ziartic11lo r under this rule?

1st. Avoid words that ha 1·e many consonants; as,
Harshness, acce ss, di sco ntent.

l o .<crnrc h • 1n11 0 11.~

1:~ !t se11/c11cc ?

'

EXERCI S E CL XXX.-CA UT ION" 13.
CorrccL as r cq 11ircd l1y Cau ti o n ].')

l.
W e should liv e holily.
Corrected. - \V c <il1ould 1i vc in a holy manner.
2. Sober rn£11dcd11css s uits the prese nt s tat e of man.
3. :\ parti e nlari za ti o11 is imp u:;s ibl c.
·1-. They co 11du r: tc1l th e mse lv es Yc ry w ilil!J .
5. An hi.tcrcsting '1:nterv icw was th e res ult.
G. A scn s ib)e ~e u s at.:on was caused by tl.te event.
Com. - 10

.i

GUIDE TO c mIPOSITIO:'< .

114

7. Co nstant s nccc:;s begets

vi c e~

B!IlLE NMUl ..\TIVE.

and follie~ .

EXER CIS E CLXXXl\'. - 'l'lll: FIJ:ll\' f" t.J l!\" .\l'E.

8. He clai111 s an in con1111u11ical.iility of hi~ peo diar power.
D. 'l'n11u111illil!J, TC!J11l11rity, anti 11wg1w11i111ity arc l1is .
10 It,; incon1prc hc 11 :;il.ti lity of' plan 1•rc 1·c n b its uscf'ul11css.
11 . He has hi 0 h eyebro ws, a ro1111d mouth , a11J s la k c.: h ('r; ks

EXEf\ CISE

C LXXXI.-T!Il~

YOUT H OF'

I 1!1

P.clatc tli c lti ,; to ry luallld i11 tlt c fulluwi11g 1:la: q>1 n.

Sec Dani el, Chap. 3, V er. 1 to

~lO .

EXEB CISE C LXXXV. - 'l' ll E CU\11: .\'I' .

~lOSES .

Gir e nn acco1111l of tl1 c co 11il •:l! dl·;.ni l,... I i11 tl1 e 1•:1.,.-agcs hr :·,· re
TI<:late tlt c cHnts of Moses' lil'c, from 1i rl:l lo fli g l1t f'ro111 E;!YJ'L

Sec Ex ouus, Chap
~ An t i': i11 t ro d11 f•. ri on l ikl~ tli e

~.

Ver. 3 to

followin g

1. Al'lcr th e dc:1th of Ja co b anti hi s

~1.

Exo1lu ~,

i~ 11et ~ e~s ary

s o u ~, 1l1cir dr scc mlant~,

Chnp. 2, Ver. 3 to :!I.)

EXEHCISE C l.XXX\'T.- TllE l.!TTLE Gil1L ,\\"D T ill·: l.El'Ell.

Gi ,·c !la c slo ry <Jf tl1e litil l' girl :111.J tl1 (· 11·!'"'"

S ee 2ll Kings, Chap. 5, Ver. 1 t~ 27.

EXEH ClSE CLXXX \"11. --TIIE Pl ! \"I S ll\IE\"T OF F .\l. S Ell OO D

Eciatc tlt c C\"(• 11t s cont:1 i11 etl i11 tlt c ful! owi11 ,,; p:i ssngcs.

Sec Acts, Ch:tp. 4, Ver. 32, 3-l, 35.
Acts, Chap . v, Ver. 1 to 11.

'

EXEHCISE CLXXX II.-T IIE FLOOD. I

Give n his tory of the fl ood in th e days of Noa h.
co 11si,lcrn\.,ly aLrid gcd.

Sec Genesis,
Genes is,
Genesis,
Genesi s,

Chap.
Chap.
Chap.
Chap.

! :) _

S ec 1st S:tmu cl, Chap. 17, V er. 1 to 58.
1st Samuel, Chap . 18, Ver. 1 and ~.

cali cJ 1l e Ln.: ,,·:-s , l'U Ul i11ueJ i11 l~r~ Jil, a11J Lccat11c 'cry 11u1 11 c 1vu;,.
A.t ! c n~th~ a ki::~ :·1rosc wh o caret! HOt for Ju:-jc ph ur th e lJcH cfit:-; he l1aJ co11f'e rrcJ upon th e nation.
'l'Li :-; kiii g c n:; lavcJ tlic
li cli r e w~, and mad e th e ir liY CS Litter with l1anl labor .
2. \\'li e n he f'uu11d that G ou s till Llesscd them , a11J ~ r e atly
111illti?ilit!t..l th c1n : he co 111111audcJ tlial nil tb c 1nalc chl hlrcn
HhuulJ Le p ut to Je1ith. AbouL thi s tim e, i\Iu;;es was burn .
(Procec1l with the story, fro m

!': •r:T :!

This hhonld L'

G, Ver. 5 to 22.
7, "\ er. 7 to 2-L
8, V er. 1 to 22.
D, Ver. !) to 17

Th ese exercises 111ay Le 111ult ipli cd Ly th e teac her to any ex te11 1
dl'sir ed.

\V

JtlT l :o;t;

S1·ll'cl a slt ort 11arra1i,·c ; let it I.c

...

ME~IOflY.

FROM

~hiwl.v

a nd ,J i,qinl'th n ·:1d 1.,

ll1 c l l'ac lier o r ~ 0 111 e 11\ (· 11il 1l' r u t' tl1 t c la ~K , a11d a

!\..•\\'

w u rd::i v r'

l ':11 · l1

~ "" tl'n cc

writ1<'11 dow11 l1v t li e <J ilt e r ~.
Tla cn, f'ro lll l't'<"u ll" c1i u11 11111 ! th e 11 <J tcs tak en, let r acl1 ]'U}'il wr i1c

EXERC ISE C LXXXTTT.-Tlllc FJHSl' DEATIT.

Hive ni:

~ ccou nt

of the firs t 1lcntlt tltnt e\'Cr occurred in
1'1111ily.

Gene sis, Clw.p. 4, Ver. 2 to hi.

.
-

'.

I,,
--

·~

~

~M

0 111 tl1 c 11 arrntin~ i11 I ii ~ o\r11 la11 g 11n ;;(·.
tl·~

1111uin1

T ill.'"!! ('Xl'l'ei"<'S 111 ay c1:11,; . . ,, at. lir><t ,
01111 tl1t•11

of lon ger

11:1rn1li \'l' ... , <> I'

or llll(•Ctl ll tes

de!"cl'iptirt· 11it•f' t'l",

or s l1 ort s t o r i c~ ,
0 1· e~:-;ny s .

l\y tl1i s l'Xl'rei ,;l', id,;us are 1'11n1 i., l1l:tl , :111.J tla c ]'ll]'il l1ad µrneti c•
Ill th e Uf!I: of wurJs an.I I.l ie l'u rinatiou vf tic11lc11 ccs.

DESCllIPTlON.

GUIDE TO COMPOSITION.

l HJ

EXERCISE CLXXXVIII.-ALEXANDER.

Places ; as , cities, towns, countries, etc.
Scenes; as, a party, a wcdtlin [;, landing of CulumLus, etc.
Scenery ; as,. Runset, win.tcr , a ca tara ct, a mountain, etc
Processes; as, manufac tures, etc.
l\Iat c rial objects; as, s hip s, trees , milk, hon ey, etc .
In::n1atcrial oLjects; as, character, mind, feelin g, etc.

'

.j
l

MODEL.

l. Alexander, kin g of l\Iaccdon, wa s remarkable for his am·
bi ti on.
2. Ile made war up on ot her nations, and co nquered them,
one by one, till h e had subdued all th e kingd o ms of the known
world. Even then he w as not :-;at isfi ed , lmt wept to thiuk that
th ere was no t another world f'or him to co 11r1ucr.
~- But this kin f!", who coulLl s uLdu e others, could not co 11trol himse lf. He could 11o t rcprctiS his d es ire for the excitement produce d by iutoxicatin g tlrinks . -+At the early age of
thirty-three, he di ed iu a tlrunkcn r e vel, a victim to his excessive love of intemperate indul ge nce . 1

lt•:~r. Z.-Dcscription, like narration , is seld o m e mploy ed
alone, but is u sed in connection with mo st ot her kinJ s of
compos ition .

EXERClSE CXC.-TIIE m,Ef'IL\!llT.

:M:ooE L.-For a dcsc ripti c, n of nni111al:-1.

l.

Notes of the preceding.
Ar.ExA:-;DEH.

Alexander, J\Iaccdon , amLitiou , war, nations, co nquered , till
i<uLducd, kin gdo ms, world, not sa ti sfied , wept, not another, but
thi s, could subdue, others, not co utrol, self, desire intoxicating, thirty -three, revel, victim , indulge nce.
From Huch n o te~, the pupil sli o11hl rcco n,; trn ct the uarrutive, iu
hii; own l.111guagc.

2.

JJE'SCIUJ'TION.

EXERCISE CLXXX IX.-D EFINI'l'ION.

lV!tat is description ?
Description is th e repre se ntation of an object by a
statement of its p ccu liariti c~.
Exr•.-As a pa intin g repre se n ts any thing to the eye, ~ o shou!J u
desc ription, as far ns possible, r cprcscut what is Jcsc l"iLcJ to the 111iuJ.
Ri-.:~1. 1.-Things whi c h may be represented by description,
ere such as the following:

Animals; as, the lion , the hcc, the whale, etc .
Pcl'sons; as, men, women, nati ons , etc.

117

\

.

The elephant is the larges t or r1uaJrupeds . llis hi g ht. is
from eight to fourteen feet, and his length fr o m ten to lil'tecn.
His form is that of a h og; his eyes arc sruall anJ lively ; his
cars, lon g, broad, anti pendulous.
Uc luis two large tu s ks,
whi ch form the ivory of commerce, and a trunk , or proLuscis,
wl1i c h he w;cs to take his · footl, anti fur attack or dcfen:;c'. Hi s
color is a dark lirown.
:,-2. Elcph:rntH o ften assemble in large troops; auJ as tbey
march in searc h of fo od, the forests sec1n to trc1nbl c und e r
th e m . They cat the branches of tre es, toge th e r with r oots,
herbs, leaves, g rain, anJ fruit, Lut will not touch fish nor fl es h.
ln a state of nature, th ey arc pcaccaLlc, milt! , auJ brave; exerting their power only for their own protec ti o n, or in defe nse
uf their own species.
3. Elephants are found both in A s ia and Africa, Lut they
arc of Jilfercnt species, the Asiatic elephant having.ftivc toe 8,
anu the African, three. i<'l'hese animal::! arc caught uy ; tratagc111, anti when tamed, arc the most gentle, oLe tli c nt, anti
pati ent, as we ll as the most do c ile anti sngaeious of all quadruped s.
4 . '!'heir attachment to their masters is remarkabl e. They
~eem to live but t o se rve and obey them.
They always kuccl
to receive their rid ers or the loads they have to carry. Anecdotes, illustrating the character of tho elephant 11rc numerous.

118

DE8ClllPTION.

GUIDE TO CO;\IP OS l'l'IO N

EXEllCfS E CXClf. - TllE I.10'.'l'.

EXE llC l S E CX Cl.-COLU\IBU::>.

With the fol lowi n0,. words a o s11 0" 0"e.-t1· ,·e u r· 1·11ea,, Jet 1J" ' l'''ld
writl' a ~ h o rt descri ptio n of th e L1ux, di 1·iJi 11 g it into apl-'l'O J•r iate
~c 11t,·n ccs and paragrap hs.

J',10 11E1..-For a ,1cscri1•tio11 o f charac ter.

0

ALridgrd fr om Jni11 g.

1. C<1lumbus was a man of g reat a nJ inYe nti1·e ge nius.

The
9perations of hi s 111iml were ene rge ti c, bu t irreg ular, bun; tin .~
forth, at ti mes, with th a t irrc::; i::; tibl e for ce whic h characterize:<
int el lec t of' w elt an orJ c r.
2. lli s :1111 Litio11 was luf'ly a nti 11 ub lc, i11 s p iri 11 ~ hi1n with
hi g h tl10L1 g ht s, a11 ,J a11 a11:-:icty lo d is tiu g 11 is l1 lti111 :'e !J' l1y i.: reat
deeJ s. Iii :; co 11t!11 ct wa s 111ark cd by th e 111a;.:11a11i111it y of' Ii i~
s pirit anJ th e µra11tlcu r of' his Yi e ws. ln :s tcaJ of' r:1Ya gi 11 g the
newly -found co u11tri cs, h e soug ht to colonize nud (; ivilize th e n1 ;
to s uLjeet e very thin g lo th e co nt ro l of law, order, anJ civilizati on . .
3. H e wa s 11 atura llv irrit:.iblc anJ impctuo,us, a11J kcc ul y sc nsitil'e to injury an J i.nju ~ti ee; y~t the qu·i;:k11 css of' hi s tc 111pc r
wns cou nte ra cted by the gc nenosity and lie ne Yol e nce of hi s hcarL.
4. Th e 111 agnani 111it y of h is natu re sh oue fo rth tl1 ro ug h all
the tro ubl es of' h i~ sto rn 1y caree r. Th oug h co 11ti11uall y outra 0<>cJ in h is di g 11it y, br:1v c,I in hi s auth o ri ty , !;1 ilc·l1
;i_' L~.in,_).hi s
plans, anJ e11d a11 gc rcJ in hi,; p erso n, allll th a t t""• \rt t1111 cs
wheu ' -~'•.iffe riu g und er an gui ~h uf' body aud _·a'1; ~i e t y of' 111i11tl
e noug h to exa~pera l c the 111 0,t pa ti en t ,: yct'.· hc rcs trniu e<l hi s
valiant nnJ i11Ji :-;11a11t spirit , am! brought hiu1 se lf lo for bear,
to re·1son, anti e ve n to s upplica te.
5 . His pi e ty \1·as .~ e n11i11 c a nd ferve nt. R eli g io n 111i11 :-; lctl
with the wh ule co ur:•c of h is th o ug h ts anJ action s. \Vh e nc n :r
he made any g reat Ji ,;co1·c ry, h e JeYoutly returned thanks to
GuJ . The 8al.1bath wa s to hin1 a tlay of Macred rest.
G. A pec uliar trait in hi s ri..!1 :i utl va ri cJ ch:.irac ter w a~ that
ardent a11<l e nthusiastic ima gi nati o n \1·hi c h tl1rc w a 111a ~ nifit-c 11 cc
over hi s whole co urse of th oug ht. "'e sec it in all hi s desc ripti o ns of th e licauties of the wi!J lanJ he was disco1·crin g ,
t he Yc rdure of the fo rests, th e g: rand e ur of' the mou ntain s, a11J
the c rys tal purit y of th e strca111 s. It. sp read a gl o riuu~ aud
golden worlJ arou1u1 him, and tiu;;e tl eve ry thiu,; with its o wn
gorgeous colors.

1 1!)

Lion, a11i111al, eat kind , fr om 1 thr ee , fi1·c , l1i ...." h , f'o ur , 8 1· x , fCet,
1011:-;, stre 11 :-; th , L1rca k , s kull , horse, p:iw , Jra ;.:, ox , color, Y' j .
lo wis h red , r oa ms, ui ;;h t., J'urcs t:;, A f'ri ca :\ sia t; 1111 ed )·u 1111 .,
l"'ll
~ l1 ow, mark s, k111d11ess, keepe r, cats ' a 11i1i<:ds ' da1werot1s
" "t
0
. , r- ~ ,
P'JWer.
•

,

'

l

EXEHC!S E c x c m.- TII E EAG LE.

Describe lit e eagle.
Eagle, kind s, gold en e:1:;
le, har1)Y' ca"le I ba it! c:1 ,-,.. lc 1 l·i•t
''
'
e111Ll e111 , co untry, fou r , feet , lie·1k
·
·. I 11· ~ I1,
• , hil
• , .s trou"
"' :-;oar~
11.esI t, roeb, cliff:;, li \'Cs, fi s h , wate hc8, tis h hawk ' ri .si 11 ,.,- , w·i. ;l,. ,
tis
1, 111_ c.ut h, darts, h:1 wk , let n"0 , •se ize~ li .sh , ft1Ji
., I 1...
·
11 .::n
.
11 I') ,
.
1
!,old , .stron g, attack, Leas ts, 111 a11 , fier ce, <1uarrelso mc, 8 outh
America.
~

1

EXEil CISE CXCI V. - - WA Sill:X GT0:-1.

DcscriLc th e 11cr::10 11 of \V11eli1'
., 110"to 11 . ·usc ti 1c won I 8 111 any fo rm
or order desired.
g ton, eo 111111:rndin«
"r:lcc ful well -f,Jl'IJI Cll uo 1··
P erson , \Va shi11
•
•":°1 1 r;
,,.
fe et, eh ~s t, l1rnad , f'ull , li111 bs 1 1011;;, hlc ud er , wcll -:; l1a ped , 11111 ~ c ular , f ea ture~, reg ular, eyes, lig h t blu e, 1;,1u1 1te 11 a 111:e, ri•..i ct,
state , appeared, sedate, thou;;litful , wh e n, atle11 tio 11 , eye, kiudl eJ
'
face , Leam cJ , anin1a t. io11 , iutcllige nce.
0

,

l

)

I

Le t th e writ er ad.I a11 y tlti11 g i11tcrcs ting tlt at li e n~ ]1avc read
or heard 11Lo11t \V a::1 lti11 gton.

EXEft ClSE CXCY .-Sl'ltl :XO .

Spr i1.1g, call ed, first , season, yea r, flow ers, lea rns, b irtl ~, g arden;; , fi eld,
1·oad siJc, s in ~~, trees ' nes ts ' )' Olill"
.
·•) h1ub .s , rr·1;.,·k'
g ree n,
li
e
Jown
,
111
e;11lows
,
hro
ob
c
hilJrc
n
sdll)o
l' hn .-..-11·111 .,_,
.
,
run11111 ;:.:;, ju111 pi 11;;, c ro wueJ , iluwer:;, i\l ay qu ec u, ,; hower. thu;;
dcr. rain . s uu , r ai u bo w.
.

.

)

\

.

120

GUIDE TO COl\Il'OSlTION.

LETTEU-WRIT CN'U.

ITT1111, then, slw11ld the sl!J!C of a

EXEllClSE CXCV l.-SUM~IE!t.

1'21

lell1:r resr 111 /, fr ,!

, The sty le of a letter s houlll rese 111Ll u tl1a t

Summer, second , seaso n, follow s, s pring. quickly, warmer,.
ro ses, flower s, ga rd e n, vegetables, s trawberri es, ch errie s , plums,
pears, peaches, showers, thunder, li ;,: htnin g, c l o ud ~ , breezes, sea,
mouutains, delightful, s unstrok e, die, Jog-days, Jay, long, h ot,
night, cooled, showers, time, fruit , reap, early, harvest, prepare,

or co 11 1·ersa-

L10n, e xce pt . that it s h o ultl be so rne1Yl1at more funnal :llld
,Jignifietl.

ltE)L-So mc cxprcssio11 s, use d 111 eo 11vc r, ati o11 , ar e 1i ut :«lm1ssililc in a letter.

winter.
EXERCISE CXCVII.-AUTUMN.
l

EXEllCl.SE CC.- PARTS OF A LETTER.

Autumn, fall, year, s ucecctl, sum mer, third, season, call ed,
fall, because, leaves , fall, trees, fl owers, astor, sunfl owe r, dahlia ,
leaves, change, co lor, red, orange, yellow, straw -co lor, ga rd c us,
crops , harvest, fruit, days, dark, g loo my, c1i1blem, approachin g ,
ngc, spring, s umm e r, prepare, autumu, gather, fruit s, sustain,
coming, winter, so, youth, manh ood , old a;oc.

Tl7wt arc tlie sevCl'a l pt11·ts of a letter?

'l'he se veral parts of a, letter arn:

1. 'l'he uate,
2. The introtluction,
3. The bouy,

4. The close,
5. The ad1lr rss ,
G. The Sifpcrscription.

These arc usually placed as 111 th e fvllo1riu ;;

EXEH CISE CXCVlll.-WINTER.

'Vintcr, last, seaso n, nature, s leeps, trees, stripped, flow ern,
leaves, gene, grou nd, frozen, not, Lladc, grow, birds , go ne .
cattle, crowd, barns, ask, master, fuod, shelte r, s now, ice, hail,
rivers, poud s, lakes, frozen , co Ycred, skaters, sleighs , Leib,
merry, youth, cold, e venings, fire s id e, read , talk, sport, plea·
sant, emblem, oh! age, winter, enj oy, fruits, obtaiuetl, su mm er,
aut,µmn, so, old age, reap, youth, manh oo tl, life, passed, cuter,

UODEL.
(1.) l>o l<! .

{2.) lutro11uction.

Albany, N. Y., l\Iarc h l!Hl1 , 1SG3.

Dear Sir,
(3.) 11 ... 111 .

. Yours of' th e 18 th inst. cam e duly to li ~nJ. I
am mu_ch 0Ll1getl to you fur the inf"urn 1atiu 11 it coutai;,,.;. Jr
I can Ill any mann e r repay th e oblig ation und er whi ch
have placed 11:<!, I shall he happy to d u so.

h eiwe n, spend, eternal, s ummer .

(4.)

3.

LB'l' 'l'JJR-IVlllTING .
(5.)

E..XERCI S E CXC LX .-1.NTRODUCTORY.

'"

W. S. 'Lilk e1.

No. 13 Chestnut St.,
l'hilatlel phi a.

Letter-writing is an important subject, liecause almost
every one is r eqnirctl, at some time, to write letters.

OnsE1tn:, that_ th e superscription on the outsitlc s!to11ld lie t1 1c Rflllle
as the_ address 111 the i118ide, marked 5, a:>d tlial tl1 e na 111 c of tlic
place Ill the date should be th e 61t 111e :ie tlmt lo ti~ u,;cd i 11 tlie
tddress and 8t1perscriptio11 of the uii.iwcr.
Corn.-] I

l'<>r what ,is it a substitute?

I

A.d1lr~1a.

Hr. L. P. Adam s,

Why is lctter-wr iti11g an i1llJIOrtaJ1t ~11l1jcct ?

,I

cio,..

Yours trul y,

Letter-writing is generally a substitute for conversation

•

GUIDE TO CO'.\Il'OSITION.

LETTER-WllITINO.

U u:iE H.VE als" . 1l1<ll io \ i,:ry i'vrllt~tl l1.:llt:1 ~ 1 tl 11· t1 J J ( , ''·' i.-; l"iJJIH'lin'i· ~
1
pl:1 cc1 l /,((or• the 1'11 lrnd11ctio11 , and tli c date at th e &ollu111, al th e lcfl

J·: .\Elt C IS E CCII -C Al'ITAJ.S.

122

LanJ, as li c low.
(.':>.)

ll'/1 r1t ·i.1 to l.,c ol,serucd with r ~ganl lo r11pilt1ls in /

0

11, ·1·.<?

Capital~

s hould ],., usPd in letter,: in th!' sa tn!' manner
as c lse \Yli ere, with the fo llowing

6wln·a1L

;\Jc$s r s . ,V iio t.l A:; \\' :ird :
('.!.} /ufl' oiluclio n.

( ~ cnt i en1c11,

ExcE

(;;.) flotitt .

Yu11r communication

ur

the l:Hli i11~1

has been r ece ived, and w ill r ece ive immedia te attention.
(-1.) 1.' lv.<• .

Yours r espcc: tl'ully,
Henry Jones.
(l.) Dote.

Cul uui1u::;, Ohiv, Feb . :20th, 1361.

!' T I

ux s.

l. The p rin cipa l noun in the intruJu d iu n ~ lwuld Lcgill with
a c:1pita l; as,

My tl ca r S ir, My dear Pricncl, Dear Father, etc.
2. Th e fi rst wo nl in the l,uil!J of th e lctlcr, aud the Jir si
word in th e clo:;i119 poirt, s li ou ltl bc~in with c:1p itals, on a cco uut
Df tlieir sepa rati o n frii111 the precedi ng portio11s: a~ ,

Dca 1· oir,
EXERCISE CCI.-1',\RTS OF A LETTEH. -Co~ r1~uED.

Your letter wa s r ccc i \·cd , etc .

1},.ital arc srnu c r.~/ th~., j~;rn1::. r~( ·i utroduction '.2

- - - --

S ir, Dear t:i ir, Hc-'31•<'1.' t<'<l :-;ir, :'lly de ar Fri.cud. ;\I_Y J;car
Fath e r , J\l o th e r , cte., Madam ,' Dear Madam , e tc., Gen tl e m e n,
~fosHS. Editor s , Jll c>s r:;. S mith & Bro wn , e tc.

lVh a t arc thr: j : n·n1,'f. 1.. s,~tl ·i n th e t:lr_, s i,1~1 1u1r~ ?

'rlic closing p:ut <kpcn<h alf:<i upon t he r elation of tho

parties.

It way be

Yours, Yours truly, Y ours rc~pectfu lly, S incc r <' ly yours,
Y o u1· fri e nd, si nce re fricnJ, affcdiunatc fri end, Your servant,

obctl icnt.

~('nant. ,

etc.

1Vliat is lo UC ouscrco l 1clth rc:7anl lo titles?
When titles a rc attacl1ed to names, the Jlii·. shoul1l be

omitted; as,

,V, Wells , E"'h
L. B ru s h , D . D., Dr. Il. W cc m s ;
not Mr. ,V. \\'e ll s, E,;q. , M r. L. Bru~l1, U. D. , J\lr. Dr. W eems.
EXCEPT-Rev. ma y b e pr c lix c1l t.o 1lfr., o r Dr , or P ru/.; as.
Hcv. Mr. H r•) wn , ltcv. Dr., or Prof. Brow n, Very Rev., or
Ri µ;ht Rev. Dr. Simpson.

b c !i t:"d'.

lliiii

],.u urs, ·e tc. ,

Tl1e intro1lu cti on ll e pen1ls up on the r e lati on of th e parties . Sornc of tlic co1nrno n forms arc

S.S . ::: 111 itli .

EXERCISE CC IIL- l'UNC'J'UATIO N.

lVhat is ta i ,, olsc rccd u:ith regard to p11 n,:!ua tiun i11. a li:!ta '!
While th e sam e principles of punctuation apply to lctt!' r\Hitill;,; that <t]'ply 1·b1·1Ylin•: , llicrc ~l!'C :o u111 1.: 111111;.'.~ 1Yl1icl1
r equire espec ial notic e, in orllcr to avoid mi;;tak ~~.

ll7wl is the fi rst pofot, rc']uiri.ng special notice'!

1. In accordance "·ith th e ge nera l rul e for the inJepcntlcnt case, (Rule 8, page DO), there shoul<l b (~ a c·~nrna
(tjtcr the introduction; as,
1ll!J dt'ar Si.r ,
Yours wn s duly r ece ived , etc.
Exr.-Sir, being in the iutl cpc11Jcnt case, shou!J be fo llowctl by a
comm a..

H-71111 ./~ 1f1,, .<NOJul po in t ?

2. In accor<lancc with the rule for nouns in apposit ion,

. ..

'.•
LETTER-WRITING.

GU rnE TO CO;\ll'OS!TION

124

(Ruic G, page 75) , there shonld he a comma in the clos·
ing part, imrneJi:ttcly before the sigiwlu re; as,
Ynur::; tru iY .
(;_ .\
EX!'. -

r.x1mCISE CCIV.-C.\PIT.\LS .<.:'rn
~r

l,luilll\.

r_yi->11 1'/r,.-,n.-i r.r .~r:rrm f"i , h r·i11;::i: i11 ;q1j Hl "ifi1 1ft wilh rr A
witlt it~ 1_lcpcndcnt tru!y 1 l1C' separated fn1m tlie nann· l y

111,

j

ll l lC

) '._;, \;:; .

Ll C ~u· ~i l'.

)! )'

·y;)\\r f'.t\"• ! l' qf t1ie 1...:t iii:-! \\· : 1" .l 11h·
wiil at.tcnt1 tu lln.: Lu:-;i 1n.::--s yvu HH.:lllluli a;:, ~uu1 1 a ..,

r ·nUN ,

n~~;r d, 1uusi,

PU~CTU.\TW:\' .

o n!' r..

) '

1\'°:il'•i

125

1

n comm a.

Tn iice

r 1· 1·1 · i\· ,,(l

pv::i~il, ~ '-"'

111t ~:111t i11 ie, belie1·c 111e,

.l ours :;in ccrciy,

H. Tn ar.r.oril:rnr.e "·ith the rule for explanatory clauses,
(l{u le 1, page ;);·>), there should Le commas Let wc cn the
several part°' of the dale, and :tis" ed. tlce widn::;:; :.rnJ
superscrirtinn; as

Correct the full owiii~, ill ncCl1rtla11ce wit l1 tl11.: 1.11· 1...'Ct'di1 1 ~ 111odel

(D .. t..)

!::lpringliclJ, 0., Aug . 2Gth,

18G~.

Pitt

(Add1't:31 nml Snper11~ription.)

c:q,ital s anJ po!nto in th eir i•r oper

111y Je:ir frienJ

No. 43 'Vatc r St.,
l'hilauelphia .

i h oi'e y o ur purpose of'
Eoou will 11ot clia11;;c e tc

l\Ir

:1ear 18li:!.
Thl! ad. fr , .~.~ , w ri tten ont in fnii, 1 ~ 1
Thi.1 teller is/or Mr. IJ . ~I. Nash, 1rho liu<8 al N o. 43, u·lcich i6 in Wtllcr

close danYille kentucky.

your s m cc re friend
j a Lliss
eolumlius ol1io april 7 G3

3.

SL, wlcic!t ;, i11 l'hil:11klphi:t.

dear sir

lV/wl ·i.• the }•rii'lh jloiut, to /;e noticed l

.)'Oll

4 . Be earefn l lo put commas, when proper, at the abbreviation s, in addition to the period which denotes tho
abLre\'iation; as,
No. 23 Ceo .

)f

will oi.J ii ;;e rne hy seuJ i11g your lleW CataJoguO

puLlicntiun~

re s pec tfully y ours
a h l.iruwn
110 55 pearl st new york

mr williart1 foster

.

.

St. , New York.

Tl'71at is the last point, rc1711iring notice '!

5. "When an abbreviation closes a sentence, the

11111111!

period answers both for the abbreviation and the close; as,

Mr. B. l\I. Na s h,
No. 43 W uter St.,

l'ltil.
for tho cload of tho eonloncu.

am happy to hcnr of youtro11ti11ucJ hc,; hll
\' i ~ iti11g tJ.is n';..;101

anJ prosperi~y

Exr. -Th e prccc•ling date, writtc11 out in full, would be," Thi• ltttcr
i• u-rillen al Spriugticld, i11 the Stale of Ohio, 011 th e 2ut h of Augu•I, iri th•

··- The perirn.1 nt f'liil.

j>l:t n·o;.

.)

Mr. U. l\I. Natih,

l~xP.

.I. C. l\imhlc

"/llr . .Tam es C. Lockwoocl.
l'111cinnati,
Ul1iv.

nn"-W'' ''~ h <1lh

for tho n/,f,rl!vialivn I'/,il. nnd

l

kcukuk iuwa fob 1 G"1

•J.

my

u1~ar

sister
when i left home i tl1ought i sh ou lJ return

before this etc.

*

•>•
.,.

*

'vilh Joye to al l belicYc me
your "ff brother
a h camp

miss 1nary tamp
urbana oLio

GUIDE TO

l2G

127

FOLDING AND SUPERSCRIPTJOX.

CO~IPOSITION.

EXERCI S E CCVII.-FOLDING AND SUl'Ell SC !Ul'TlO~.

EXF.HCISE CCV.-A BUREVIATIONS USED JN J,ETTERS.

First 1llcthod.

The following al.ilJt·cviations nrc those chiefly nsetl in writing letters.
Tl1i ~ exerc ise neeJ not be recite•J.

'
fl\<'

1. Name~ of rnnnths; as , .Tan. , Feb., 1\u;,;., cte.
2. \Vun.l:; u::ic..:J fur utu::lh, a:-), in~t. fur irt:;,fu.:tt, (nH.::~i ning thie
montli); ult. for ultimo, (la:;t moulli); prux. for 1>ru.ci11w, (n~xt

j f I \\'l'J'

f'{

l

_:1 ~

1_

upwanl 1 or front the upp e r edge <l o\Vll\\':trd, a ~ ~ hqwn in I he
sceond ii~11r e be iolV.
Z. FolJ th e rernaini11 :.; part exactly OYcr ti1c lir.-it f,_, [.J,

month).
:-1. The 1late; :is, 'G~ for 18G~ ; '55 for 1855: l\Iay 10. '(j3

:i:;

shown :.n the third figur e beli.!w .

for Jla" 10th. lSt.iJ.

4. Names of pbccs;

~!',

N. Y. fo r JVt.·:1_:

]~.rf.·;

~Li~' .

f,_,r

lifassachusctls; Cin. for Cinci1111ati; Co . for C'u1111l,'J; 8t. for
Street; .No. for J.'um/, cr.
5. Na111cs ot' perso ns; as, Geo., \\'111. , \V. l'. .Brown, etc.
ti. Titles, et c: . ; :rs , )Ir. , :\Ir:-:., E~q., Dr., ~I.D., Hc1·., ltt. lt ci'.,
J\I. C., f'ur ~ l e 111b e r ul' C o11:.:;1·e,->. di'.
7. \\'o rLb 11 ~cd in c ] os i11 ~· ; a:-;: aff.~ r es pt.. oL <lt.. se r\·t.
8. 1'liscc !Ltncous; as, 1'. S. ( l'ostsc ript), r ec 'd. (rcu~1rcd), etc.

1 - ---- - -1
I

i--====iI
1 ~~

I

-~-- j

.

l

.· - ~

iriiiil
!!DJ!!

JI
=a
·
fr

i~

1 --:~ ~-~ I

EX EB CI SE CC VI.-.\ UBit.E\' L\TlO~ ~.

S cco11 d JIJ,•t /iod .

l 1y rl'il:J'1.:l 1CC lU tl1c pi'cc i:di116
dir ec ti o11~ , o r '"' ·'' taLl c o f abl, rc\'iali o 1, :;.

ALl1rc\·i1llC tlic

!

l

lUlluwi11 .~ }ir11pc r!~\' 1

~I

0 ll

The same paper mny Le l";ld ctl Ii.Jr a s m:illcr cn,·c lo pc, ns fo ll ows.

1. FolJ th e ~ h ect o\'cr up o11 ihclf fr om ri ~ h t to Jen , Lringing it s ri ;.; h t eJ.;.;e upon its lcf't eJgc, as in th e sccu 11J figure.
~ . Fo!J this upon its 111iJJle from below upwarJ, bringing
the lower cJge upon the upper, as in th e thirJ figure.

t: L .

1. Cincinnati, January ] 2th, lSGO.
Abbteviated.-Cin., Jan. 1~, ' t)O.
2. New York , Septembe r ~0t h , 1838.
3. 1\lis ter William Henry S n1ith, A lhany , numLer 140 l\lain
Stred.
4. Your obedient senant.
). Yours respc ctf'ully. Your affectionate son.
G. January 13th, 18:3G.
7. Captain George Williams, New York, Number 1G Dey

(Fi:;. l.)

"

(Fig. 2.)

l st FolJ .

(fig.

;q

2.I Fold .

~I D

Street.

8. lI011oraLlc Jame~ \\rarJ, Number 10 Main Street, Saini
Louis.
9. Yourlcltcr wasrecein~J, anJ the postscript carefully reau

Lol ler.

.

J

,,

GENERAL DIRECTION S.

GUIDE 1'0 CO \II'OSITION.

128

conw~yance,

this may be shown by a line
left, or made one of the prin cipal lines .

'l'/ii,·d .lld!wd.
Th ~

la rge Hl1 rd, cnlle•l fc tta-71apa, wli ic h wa s furn1erly nsct! , rcrp1ire!
tlircc lvlds to lit it for an e11v ~k•pc , as ful lows:

l. t•llcr.

(Fi;;.~.\

1,t

Fol.\.

at tl1e

.

'.:

I

1 . r.'oltl the sheet 11p o11 its 111itld le, Lringing the lom :r ctl~e
upon tlic upp er, a ~ in fi ~ 11 re scto ntl.
:2. Fultl 011t: -third of' thi; orer from the ri g ht to the left, as
in fi~ m e third .
:·1. Fold the r e maini11~ portion exact ly ore r thi s, from the
ld"t lo I he ri .~1 1 t, as 111 fi ~ ur c fo nrth.
c:-'ig. l.)

parenthc~is ,

111

I

.J.frs . C. S. Wa1·.l,
Springfield,

Ohio.

!:.

(Fi )!. 4.l
'.Id Fohl.

EXEHCISE CCV ITI. -GEN EllA I. DIHECTIONS.

Tr/w t is th e first ge neral llircction lo i e oi~erved iii w rili119
a .'etla?
DIRECTION 1.-Tlic wr itiug should be \·e1:y di:;tin ct.
E:;pccially 8hould the uamc ol' th e place in the <lato, tl1e 11a111 c of'
the p erson 10riti11g, and the superscription , be so pluin as t.o
re nder a mistake ·i mpossi/,lc.

1.-lf" tl1e p:1per is of unusual shape, it may be folded
rn a11 y 111a1111 e r that \rill lit it for the enve lope.
HF:.11.

HE.11. '.!.-There is a 111 eth otl of' folJin~ a sheet of letter pnpe r or ul' fuols r ap so as lo make it co 111 plet<: \Y ithont a n
C11\·e lope. But t l1 is is now rn e11 tire ly out u l" f'a shi o11 , in eo 11~eq11e 11 ec ul' th e i11tr utl uetio11 of" e nr elopes, that it. is u1rnc ccs~: 1r y to de:;cr ilJe it.
,')'u11crscr i11t lo11.

1. The fir st lin e of' the snpcrsc ription sh ould be somew hat
nbor e 1:1 c ce nter; the next should end a little bey ond thi ~ ,
Iowan! th e ri.C'.ht mar.~ in : a11tl th e next furth e r still, so that
the S:11 11 e s tr:ii ~ ht line will just touch nil three ri ght eJ ges, as
in the Ii µ ire.
2. 'l'lic q)a ccs between the lin es 8li onltl be equal.
3. If directed lo th e ca re of another, or tiC nt Ly a private

1•

I

H1rn.-lt is n poo r complim ent to nny 011 e to \\"rit e \\"liat <":1 n not
Lt• (':lsily rt'a tl. Th e pri11cipa l C!l ll 8C of tlic 111i scarringc or kiter~ is
card.:ss11i:ss in clirci:ti11!J th em.
ffliat

1"s

the sccowl dfr ection?

2.-0Lse rve very carefull y the 'pcllin;: , tl1 c <.::q 1i l:lls, the pu nctua ti on, th e Ji dsions int o se ntences of' 1110Jcra tc
len gt h , and into para graphs.
DrnECT I 0 :-1

Jrlwt

1"s

the third direction?

·•

DlltECTION 3.-A YuiJ all unn ecessary paren th eses , thshcs,
carets, cross lines, and all abLreviations excep-t those in co mmun use .

lr!tat 1:s th e fourth direction

r

4.-Thc lett er should be eYenly and neatly fo!J ed ,
anti in clo:;c d in an cu\"elupe of appropriate size. ( See page
127, E.x:. 207.)
DmE CTI0:-1

', •

:i!

t;

13&

GUIDE TO

C O~ll'O S rT IO N .

NOTES OR BlLLETS.

131

EXEll CIS E CC tX.-G E~ EIL\L l'llA CTl CE.

'fliin l L etter.

Hc\\' rit c eac h lett er correc tl y.

to my sister at N orth caro lina wilmin gto 11 ma ry ba<l::;e r<lear sistcr- f'r orn earl isle pc 11nsy l ntn ia- t 11is is d iri..;t 111as d:1y
of' ci.!,;h lcc n hu llllrcJ an<l s ixty- tw o- i a111 1·c ry ~la,\ I n be away
fr om ho111 c j ust uow a llll unl y wi sh ll1a L y111 1 1r c rc wi1 h "'"
i ha1·c a plent y to ca t an Ll dri11k a11J wea r a111 1re ll a11Ll lea r11ing Ycry fa st, all cxtc p t co 111p os ition auJ lc1tn- 1niling i li a-.·e
not go t to yet Lut J1 opo to learn soo n i wa nt lu sec you r cry
mu ch Joye to all your affec ti onate Lroth cr j u l11~ c bad ge r

MODE L.-J"irst L eiter .

ma cliso 11 i11Lli a 11 ;1 au;.;ust 2:2J l SGO
my dca r fri cnJ your let tcr of th e 1:.l1 h is j ust r cl'c i1·c1l
IL took me Ly surprise as i w as 11 ot aware uf' y uur Lci11 :-; at
8ain t luui s, Lu t it wa s not th e less wcleu lll c on that :1 e:eo u11 t..
I ha1·c 11 0 time 11ow to J o more th an me re ly to ackn nwl cd;.:·e
it, i11 :1 fo w J ays i l1 opc to J,,~ abl e to ,!) iY c y ou sati sfa ctory
inf'orm a ti on on th e subj ect of' yo ur letter in th e 111 ca11 ti111 c
I remain yo ur sin ce re t'ri cnJ geo rgc s111 ith lo jamcs eJll'arJ
lyo11 nu mLcr G fou rth street at sa int louis.

(Corrected. )
l\Iad iso 11 , In tl. , Au g. :22, 'GO .
My dea r Fri end ,
Y ou r le tt er of' th e ! :3 th in st. i:; jnst rc ceiycJ. It too k me Ly surpri :;e, as I w as 11u t aware ul' ,Y our
bein g at S t. L ouis. Bu t it wa s not th e less wclc o111 c 011 t hat
accou11 t. I ha\'e no tim e now to do more 1ha11 merely tu ac·
kn o wl1~ d ;;e it. In a t'e 1Y Jap, l hope tu l1e abl e tu g inJ y1 111
Ba ti sf'a etu ry iu fo nn ati ou on th e wli,i cc t of you r lett er. ] 11 thl!
1llea11ti111e, I re 111ai11,
Y our sin ce re fri e nd ,
J . J~ . Ly on,
George S mith .
St. L oui s,
No . G Fourth St.
RDr.-'J'h e yea r (JSGO) allll abo th e 11 a111 e (.f;11111·s Jo:dwanl
Lyo11 ) may Le wri Je n i11 l'nll , or ab brcYiatcJ, at the op ti on ol'
the writer.
S cc'.:!11 d f.c tlcr.

Corrrct

:t 8

in the 111 otlel.

uorwalk conncc ti eu t j a1111 ary 1-lth l SG-! to mr john crab of
new y urk th irt ee n \Yat er str ee t, tl car sir i will rn ec t yo n ac·
cordin g tu yu 11r rc•p1cst at 11 cw york u11 th e cig htcc11th t•f tl1e
prese nt 111 u11th yuu rs trul y j . I. j o11 cs.

-f
E X ER CIS E CC X.- -NOTES OR DI l.LCTS.

ll71at a rc notes or l.Jillcts?

.lY olcs or billets a rc s h ort letters, us uall y wri tte n on note
p ap er , to so me on e n ear, aml in closcJ it\ s mall enve lopes .
flow a rc th e!) 1G r ille11 ?

'l'h ey may be "Tittcn lik e oth er lett er s ; or, if fo rmal,
may be expr e::; se<l in th e tliird pe rso n.
A iw /c -in the third ]lrrson.
Mrs. Sm ith prese nts h er eo mpl irn c nt s to M rs. Jo nes, anJ
requ ests th e pleasur e uf' he r co mpan y a t tea, u11 Thursday c1·cnin g nex t , at G o'c loc k.
l\lonJay, June 7, '(i2.
R rpl!J.

Mrs. J ones prese nts h er co mplirn cnt s to Mrs . S ~tl1 , auil
re gret , that, i11 co nscqu c11ce of anoth er engagc 111 e11t , sl1 c <: a11
ni:: . acce pt li er polite inl'itati on to tea on Thur ~ day c1·c 11i11 g .
l\I on<lay, J un e 7 , ' G2.

Or,
l\f rs. Jo nes prese n ts h er co rn plim cn ts to llf rs. t:l m it h , :rnJ
will b.:! h app y to acce pt li er i11\'itatio11 to tea 011 Thursda y C \' C ll·
in ;; ll C X t.
l\Iontln y, June 7, 'G2.

.:

132

GUIDE TJ
·1.

CO:\IPOSITION

RDt -There arc oth e r fi gures, as All ego ry, Hyp e rbo le, C 'i
max , Yi8io n, Antithesis, Irony, etc., less fr equently occurring,

Y S.

r}::; .':Lt

E XCR CISE CC X!.- l\EFI NITIONS.

Tliis may be rccitrd o r not, at tl1c pka:; u rc ot' th e te:ic l1er.
E S!'L\Y is a g eneral term , usl'd tn dc• n nte a Pnmpos iti nn in
whi c h the author states his views upiln th;; ;,ul.j;:c·t :::i\' 1C11.

_.A n essu.1;

rn;1y

('Ultf;1i 11

dl · ~c rip tiu n ,

ri on, or almost nny other ki11d

(1!'

11:ir ratiu 11 , ar~tll!Jt ' 11t , fie

,

which, at prese nt, need not be noti ced.

EX Ef:. CIS E cc xm.- CO;\IPAr.ISON

~-

lt1~i11.:..( li k,~ :111o tlrt: l' ,:

tn1tl1

a11 o tl1L' I': :I .-'.
lll

SC ICllCe

IS

~ l " t-_:'' I !lJ\'. - - 11),u t i .~

t ill

1> \ 1 1 1/?

l ~)i , i[

lV/wt itJ an <tr!nw1 rn/at ivc on1y 'l

I.ind

r:( Cvlllj_' ll .'"/( 1u l1

lhdactir fJ

]'lil:J

FH:T ' l:.\Tl\"E

d 1"(ff'r!'11r~

th~

in

lir1i111~"' ·

-n11111111'r nj r:r1 >r1·0.,iw1 !h i· fl/'o

(s ,rny::J

Tn a •'" llljl:tri s 1rn, tl1e wol'll like o r

Sci r11f1ji'r?
:i

YTT.

Il e ·is a ruc·k i11

li e u; a li v11 i11 c 1i cr<=Y ·
lVh r1/ i .< tl1 r

contain 1

He is as Jinn as a rocl.: .

l171nl- I:~ 'I l1t • lo11•lu·I'?
1\'. .\l 1,T.\l'II Oll ls r c prescnt in ;..; o ne thi11g as :ll't11:ilh {u•/11:;

CO llY C_I', 111 a :;i 111ple :i111l dircl'L 111a1rn cr, su1ne irnp orL1 11 t 111 ·
;; tr nctic1n.
HJlilC

:1.~:

H e is like a lion.

..:\ d idactic essay is ono in whi c h th e author attcruji l:; tu

wltich

;\l f,T,\1 '11 011.

1r/,, ,1 l i> ( f 1·1111111itri'sr1u?
A C1i.\!l'.\J :l~1J:;, (n r ::;DIILE) , i~ rq1n· •;c· 1iti11g "1 11· ll1i11,c:; " "

somethin g as true, and th en proceeds to prove it.

Ill

,\~ D

0

.;

eo111po,itio11.

.A.11 ur:1u1Ju.:ulalir;c cs;,ay is u11 e in \\·l1it:h tlH: .uuLl1ur slai.t::i

A ,<.·/1·11t1ji.: " """}' " OllC
explained o r di scussctl .

13 3

VOl\fPARISON AND METAPHOH .

L .\0.'t:l l .\t:E .

Ill C I : 1J ,j I( 11"

ll l' 1· I' I'

;

I(,,

l"

:ih1:1'.' ."'

11.;1·11; 111

a~.

(f',,1"!' ·1 TTc i:; 711.--· a li on.

( Jlr 1.·1 TT « '' a Ii "' '·

l: .\ l:HCISl·: CCXtl.- lJJ:Fl:\!TH>SS.

ll'/1ul i.; .ii:11tru t/r,· 7'"'!1'"'.'I'" }
Figurative l a n!!u :1 .!!e is lan g ua ge 11 sctl

in

n. sense 1lif-

fcre11t fro1u it:; lit end meanin g; as,
Th a t 11::rn i~ :1 ,.;, ,,.,.in my p at h.

Tl"' little 1,,·11., /, ''J' f,11· j"y
J-: x1'. - Hcrc 1 tl1 c hills :ue fii;ur•• 'i rely s:iicl lo i,..,1 ,, wJ,icli, of courno
c:i.n n ol be literr.lly tru e.

Pur 1cliat Jlllrp o.<c arc figures u sed ?
Figures arc used to g iv e li fe and hca11t7• t c l:rnfl"uarrr.
c
c

117w t

arc

the

nir:sl i"111;1rJ1"fu11/

.fi:11rn.; '!

! . ( I 'u 111;1 .)

f) let . )

'"" "'""''

~lll' l 'PW

1:-1

I ilc1·

~ill°I°()\\'

0{

a

a

///

{

ll]' Ol l

Metaphor, Pcrso11ifica tiuu, :Ille! 1\.pu:; lrnphc .

till'

t l11· 111 .,,,
ill· a r I.

2. ( Cu11111. ) '1'11 1" .iud.c: 11w11ts :1r e ({8 a gn ·at I (1'('/ I·
( ,J/;1 ) T l1,· .i11d'-'.lll t~11L-; are a ~re a t ,/, ·,·;i.
3. ( c.'1111111.) 'J'l1c Luttcr Oy ll:lS \\"Jllg."i {if.-,. 1·rlcct.
(Mt:t .) The bu tte rfl y 11a., i•cl ucl w in~~I

4. Thy wnril is :1;; a l:imp to my feet .
5. Tl1 c wnnl i~ lik e a li)-'.ht tn 111y path.
G. A hcrn i~ li k e a liu 11 111 cou rage.
7. Cltild li ootl :111tl yn11th arc ,, ,., \ a11ity .
8 . Th e ir <: hi e !' "·a:; lik e a n,..k (1 1' lee.
D. llis spea r was lik e lh c Ll a~leJ fir.
0

'l'h c lllO:;t i111p urt:111t fi g ures :tl"l' 1 C(\l1l p:tliL : ::, (or f' iJ11iJ r ,)

\I }H t \I

•

t

134

GUIDE TO

CO ~lPOSITfON

a
~

135

10. The solJi ers were as li ons in th e fi g ht.
11. ,\ g uilt y C'0 11 scic nce is lik e a ~11aw in g 11·o r111 .
] 2. Man iti oft e n lik e a wo lf to hi s fe llow 111a11.
J:i. i\Ian is lik e a pe ndulum bctlH!Cn a 8111 il c anJ tear.
1-l. The L ord is as a rock and fortress to my soul.

,~1

~

Co1npar ioo11 a111 l co ntra st..

J"'

flow d ocs co111pa r/:;o 11 1·~11rcse nt 1!1 i119s?

~]

Comparison r e pr ese nts thin gs as p ossess in g like <1uali-

.. l

·j

ti cs ; as,

i~

I
EXEH CIS I·: CC XV .-CO ~IP,\ RJSONS AND 1\lETAP! IO lt S

St a te \\'liie li arc compariso11s, an1l wl 1i ch 111 elap!,ors.

1. Th e :111tl e r etl monarch o f th e \Ya s t c,

Spru11g from hi s h eath e ry co uc h in haste.
ExP.-Tlt c <l eer i8 licrc >poke11 of und e r 1ltc

11J c /oph o r

of n

uio1K1rth.

2. 'l 'h e d c ll'·d ro ps fr om hi s flank he s h oo k,
Lik e c res tctl leade r, pro ud aml hi g h.
r: .~r . - lf c rc, lite fig111·c i" "'
lcn:l 1· r of nn army.

3.
4.
5.
G.
7.

8.
!J.
10.
11.

1:2.
J:·l
J,,
15.

lG .

17.

co11Jpa ri so11.

Th e 1lcc r is co mparc-.1 to the

Th ey sl1 all Le swift rcs rogles . (Drpla l11 .)
T hl'y arc as strong us lio11 s. ( E1plai11 .)
]'l casnrcs :nc lik e poppi es ~ rr ca d .
Life is a d:irk a111l dese rt. moo r ,
\\' here 111 itih :111d cloud s e tc ma l ttprea<l.
And st1l'li were li fe without. tl1 c ray
Hy our divi 11 c rc li ;! ion ;! i\·c n.
H eligi o n i ~ a fo11 11 tain ot' j oy to th e so ul.
Th e butt e rfl y s pn~ : 1d s li e r Yc il·et win gs.
Th e lrntt c rtl y ha s wi11 gs lik e ve lv e t.
Our yn 11th is lik e a rn 1111J1 cr's day.
Youth i8 th e 111orni11g bright nml gay.
Sin;.; for th e oa k -tr ee, tli c 111 011arc h of the wood.
In li fe th e re is n o cloud \\·ith ont a silver lining .
L o, c11throncd in go ld en clouds,
:::i ink s th e 111 011 areh of th e day .
In th e hea \· c us hath he se t a taberna cle for the sun,
'\\'hich is a ~ a Lritle:.:TOOlll corning out of his cha111l..ier,
AntJ rcjoi ccth as a s tro11 g man to run a race.
"Wi ll you walk into my parlor?" said a s pider to a fly

.\s th e s un Lri g htcn s e1·c ry obj ec t, so a chee rful cou nt c nJn cc
g i1·cs li g ht to all.

i
l

lluw d(ll's cu11trasl nprcscnt 1liin9s ?
Cuulra~t represents t hin gs a s p ossess in g rpposile qualiti es; as,

1
,,i
i

'I

\\' ashin ;; ton was a _qoo<l man , Napol eo n a /J1ul u11c.
• The prodi ga l ru/,s !tis hci1·, th e 111i sc r rn/,s !1inm·'./.

'I

1171(11 slw11lil /, c tl1 c co11st n11:tion r'.f a sr.illc11 ce, "·r11n ·s.< i11;1 1·11111 /> ro-iso n or contrast ?

I

C,1 UTIO:-< 1-!.-T h oso clau ses o f a sc1\tence 11 hi c h c xpr ess compari so n o r co ntrast, sliould r esemlile each oth e r
in language aml construction; as, _
\\'h at we .'f•l i11 011 the 011 c h u11d, we luse on th e nthcr.
As Yin cgar to the tee th , so is Ili c slug:;rrnl !<"> tl11,,1i that se 1HI
hi111.
TIE~r. - Thi s

di rcct itJ n is

tl c~ i ;.; 1J cd

t.o pr0111 o le

UN ITY , Cl.EAR-

:-iE;:;::;, ti TllE:\UTll , allli 11 ,\IUI O ~Y.

EXEH C l ~ E

CC X\111. -C AlJTI0:'-1 J.I.

Co rrect th e erro rs or co1"t ru cti o11 , acc ording to Ca111i on l·I.

1. H orn e r w as the greater !Jimins; bu t, as llfi arlist,
Virgil was s up e ri o r to him.
wa s th e g r ea t e r ge11rn s; V'irgil, tl1 e

Currccted. -Ilom or
be/la arti:i;/.

In tl1e o n e, \Ye m os t arlrnire th o man; but our thoughts
ar;: chi e fl y dir cetrd t o th e worlc of the otl1er.
Corr1?cied.-In th o 011e, wc most admire th e 1;:a n ; in the
nl.liPr, t.he viork.

"

I'

I

13Ci

137

l\H:TAPITORS AND CO:\II'AlllSO:\'S.

d UIDE TO CO:'i!I'OSITION .

3. As smoke is irritating to the eyes, so those who

Ewmplcs of Yiolution.

employ a sluggard will ha\'c their patience greatly
tried.
Correcled.-As smoke to the eye::i, so -is the sluggard lo
them that 8cnd 71 i111.

Exr.-Of th e typ.~0011, rt kinu of to rnauo tlial p1·cYails in 1lic CJ,i11cse
1en, too little is genera ll y known lo permit its use a 8 '' popnlar tig;11re.

4. "\Vashington loved his country; Napolcou

was

must al-

larhctl lu* him self.
5. He embraced the cause of libe rty faintly, and pursued
it witho ut rcsulution:j·
G. A fric11J exaggerates a man's \' irtues; Intl l1y an enemy
his crimes arc made 1wrse thun th ey u1·c.*
7. Force was re:;i steJ by force, valor 1cas opposed by valor,
and art was l' ludcd by adJrcss.
8. The old may inform the young; und the young may
animate those who ar1~ adca11cctl in l1ji·.t
!l. Ile \Yas ca;.;cr in the pursuit , wh e n there was nothing
to ho pe; anJ ali:111 tlo11c11 it, when there was nu cause fur apprehcusion. (Nuthi11g - - . )
10. As cold \Yat er:; to a thirs ty soul, so from a far country
is good news . (So is good 11 c1cs, etc.)
11. The fri1·o luus applaud those who harn most wit; the
Bcrious part of mc111l•i111l arc for those who hayc most reason
on th eir side.
12 . Some l!ardcncrs love to humor nature, others to deviate
ji·fJm it. ( 'J'/ucal'/. )
13. The prod ignl robs his heirs ; the miser dcpri,·cs him se!f
of the use of hi s own money.

EX EltCISE CCX VIII.-Itu LES.

ll?wt ·is the first rule fur th e use of the comparison wul tit~
111 ct11plwr ?

Ru1.E 1.-Com parisons and metaphors should always
be drnwn · from objects that arc well known, and the re'lemUance should Le vcr!J obviolls.
•Omit the wor1.l s in it11lics.
t Irresolutely.
t Sub•lilule twu u·ords for the phrase in italics.

Passion unrestrained ra ges Ii kc the typh ion.

" re '11 make Juul ii:ealhcr with our lc11rs.
Ext'.-Tlic rescml.Jlance between the excessive rain that makes bad
weather anti tears is loo sl ight for rt comparison .

JV/wt is the second rule?

Ruu: 2.-N o comparison should be unnecesearily made
with disagreeable or undig1t'ijied objects.
E.cample of Yiulatiu11 .

En\'y is lik e a putrid 11/ccr.
Exr.-A r•11frid 11/cer is :t disg11sti11g ohjecl.
used only when the subject rc 11'1ires 1he111.

Such ligures shonlcl lie

117wt is th e thinl rnle ?

Ru1.E 3.-A metaph or shoulll not be mixed with a11otlter
metaphor nor "·ith plain la11guage.
./:.,'.t ,am plcs of Fiolaliou.

" re should carefully e.'Cliu911i.<h th e seed,, of

pa~sion.

ExP.- H c rc, ]):tgsion iH r e pre~ r. ntell 1111dcr two 111 c tapliors mix ed to.
get lier; namely, that of a }ire, to be exti11guish!•tl, anti 1h:1t of ucds .

"\Ve should carefully cxtiug11ish tl1c fir st tendeuc.'! to pass iou.
Exr. - ll e re, the metaphor of n }ire, to be extinguishccl, anti tl1 e plain
language lmdmey itre mixeu together.
·~

EXERCISE CCX IX .-L\ll'IWPER METAPHORS AND
COMl'AH l::iO'.liS.
Let the pupil show wherein tl 1c Ji.Jllowing figures urc improper.

1. I bridle in my struggling muse with pain,

'l'hat longs to launch into the bolder strain
Com.-12

.

.,

.Ill
!!!!

nrn

GUIDE TO CO\IPOS!TIO.'.';.

138

4. Gentle H.ivcr, ge11tlc ltivcr ! oh, how lwpj>!J you mu st lie !
5. Gentle l\ivcr, ;.;c11tk Hi\· c r 1 dn yon hmr :i w,,r.J w1: ~:i\·?
6. The Frost lool:cd forth u11e still, clear 11i:::;ht,
AnJ whi>.pcrul, "Now, I sliall Le Ollt o r ~ i ;..;lit."
7. Then he::: jlew to th e 111 onnt.ai11 a11J puw,la .c.l its crest,
Ji c Ut on the trees, allll th eir lwu;..; li s he ilr1s.<cd.
S. 8wcct i~ the l1 our ut' rr:;t, l'l ca:;;rnt the \1·00,b' l1i11· sigh.

.E xr.-'l'his is a mix cJ metaphor, th e muse being rcprcscutcJ ns n

hor3e, to be Uri1Jlcd 1

l

audi nt the s:u11e 1ime 1 n~ n ,"</11j1 1 tiJ he l111111cl1 cd.

2. 'l'hc elands vf :ulvcrsity will soo n end.
ExP. - This is a metaphor of c/rmds 1 rnix ed with the 11lai11 lan g uage
tnd. Clow.l s paM away or va11is li 1 bllt IIC\'CI' end.

:~. \Ve ofteu fin LI scar., in th e 111t1/uvr1!J of lit"c .
4. \\'e slwhe lwnds with the hr,ar!J lwul o r t.h<e old year.
ri. H ope, the ualm o r lite, darts a 1·"!J ut' liyht thr o 11~h the
thi ckest g loo111.
li , Let us uri'dle our l/ll)/lfhs and S/t'{'I' our i:css~ ls aright.
7. Clouds may dim our earthly da y, Lut ea11 11ot cu111JIUT.
S. A !'roper Yicw of' human 11aturc would cxti11911i.,h tho
seeds of priLlc.
D. The CYil pao,;io11s whid1 sp ri11 ;!, up i11 th e heart like
weeds, arc spceLlily dissipattil by th e lig ht or truth.
-'<' 10 . That wea lth whi ch jlows i11 fr ee ly throu gh the chwrncls
of trade, s hould be spent i11 large sums for u,;cl'ul objects . .

:~ii

I!

.:ij

i't!
'
it:J
~

~ ;~

rn

I:;.
~

~

ina11i111:Llc
:u1i111alt'.

i

.,,

1lrcsseJ as a person.

I

~

EX.EH CIS E CC XXlll. - 'J'Ill·) Al'OSTl:Ol'llE.

0 silent

~

Point ou t th e apostrnpl1cP, as in tl1e n1odt·l.

~

1. 0 Grave, 1vhcrc is thy vi ctory?

1rnimal; th e sw1

ExP.-Grave is h ere npostropliized, that is, ·'J•okcn to, as if . ~r esc ut
Ii is al so pcrsouifictl, that is, aJ1lrcssccl as a }'''r"on.

~. Heroes of Dunker

.I

Explain th e fig11rc" i11 th e fi.ill owi11g examples.

Hill, we r c mlcr you our l1omagc

Exl'. -ll c r c, th e Llcpartccl licrocs 11rc aposl. r ophizeJ.

I

1. 'l'hc angry sea casts up mire and tlirt.

2. The thfrsl!J lam! dri111.·s 111 the welcome shower.
3. The air i11vitcs us to r e1i ose .

' ii!!

.

is a fi g ure in wJ1ich inanimate oujccbi
arc spo ken of as if they " ·e re persons, having thoughl and
feeling; as,
1'1mSONIF l t.:A TJO'.I/

Exr.-Ilerc, the uct is p ersonified , tL il d rcprcscntccl ns being in a11gc1
n.ncl CaJ1 ll11U ll}J 1fllTC aIHl dirt.

"Iq

'I

Hr:~1.-\\'hc11 an i11a11i111at.c ul1j eet., like th e un .. w, is "l'"s·
troplii.m l, that is, .•pol•cn to, it i~ also }'Crso1ujicd, that i:;, ad ·

EXEltCI S E CCXX.l. - l'ER SON IFICATION.

~

Oh A/, .~alum ! my sou! rny sou!
Holl 011 , thuu dee p and Jark blue 0111: a11, roll!

11' hat ·is J>crso111jicatio11 ?

illl

.Iii

,, ililli

IV/u1/ i's an irpns/rl!j•lw ?
An APOSTHOPllJ·: is :t turning off fr om the s ubj ect of
discourse to address :;ome absent p e r:;o11 or object, as if
that perso n or object could h ear a1Hl underst:md; as,

EX.EHCISE CC X.X.. -l'l:lt8UN l l'I CYl'ION .

Ex1•.--'l'hc sea is l1erc pcrsonific1l "" roarinu like
us smiliny; n1u..l lite mountain ns Lciug usleeµ.

..

. I~

EXEH CISE CCX.X.lf.- 'J'IIE ,\l'O S'J'IWl'IIE.

Exr.- lfere, Al1sa!o111 , wli o wa :-:; dcaLl, nncl th e OCl'cnt, a11
object, are a11osfro11hized, tb;tt. b, .~·rul.·1.: 1t lo, as if prl'!'5Cllt a11d

The rnari119 sea. Th e sun sm i:ics upon the land sca pe .
mo1111lain ! 10al~ l', and ·1t1/cr praise I

l 3'J

APO;:;THOPllE.

j
'

B. 0 JJNllh , where is thy sting •t
4. 0 silent Afo1111t11i11, wake, allll utter praise.
o. U Ju11all1 <11•, tl1uu 11ast slai11 i11 thy l1i gl1 place.
.,,, 'l'lie Frost.

~

;"~I

·p:

1

r

:1:
; :t'

'
'j

';l

:~
i

1

G. 0 \\' i11lcr, ruler of' th e inv crtcLl year,

EXERCISE CC XXV.-FIGFHES.

7. Co111c, Even ing , 011<.: c agai11, 8Cason of peace.
~. 1IL;turn: ~\Ytc:t }~\· ctiin _::: <l nd ci:::intinue i on ~ .
~). It 11111 .:) t Le ::u : J' l:d u~ thuu ri::t:~') tll" ::: l \\' Cii.
1 C1. I-: 11 t·11it .\· ) fL, i.t )'[. 1~.:1 ~, ·ir1 ;:di':1l rit,111 .~lil'
i !

4

'hild

£Ir

j L1.~ ;-dill,

rci'uL..: cJd.

:--:-.111UilleL

H I

FIGURES.

GU I DE TO CO :>IPOSITION.

140

1.
Pl,riu) Death
I

edUlC .

I·,

1/ .

( l'/.1i1i"1

,_

(Fi-;

LcrriMc lu lii c ;..;uilly .
, ·lo / J_ r' i 1111 J 1 t l
l 1(

l'

:----. ! ) ] ' l' ~ ) \\" 1-..; 'l

1

r

.,_,,,,,, /IS

S<lt'l' •_<\I

: l 1· 1_

j { .

1

ii11· 11,·;11!.

I

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;i 1

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l

1l l I i ; l 1· J I l l' \

llj > It!( '

su<(/,.,

11,·,-,/,,/ 1: 11 11 .

I.

i·

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' \ ' ; l \ t ' i.,

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.
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ihC'

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i-..:

lw

tl 1: 1t

t 11\\i · r

( f'r-r )

1il . :--! r1' tl.'...'. f!1'.)

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(.l/.)

.'

\ ll.

l 1;

: :Il

i I '',\ I fl \ \\' i I

\\ I

L 1 1ll~" 1l• _

'Jelli!ltiiti1111 Wiill, -. iu iua: y•.>tt vi<.

Like lion

or

the hunt aware.

(_l', _)

(Com.)

il

"I li _...:{ ] !1 ....:i : i !1.\· 1rt ·: 1(·lll' r .\ · 11r d :(·.
1:.·:-i'!l1 ·,,...: :- : 1···1 ·1l-- i l1 i ,. , :1• 1l \· il 11· 11--1.
\-; l1 c: lt111111c: ,1rik 1·,; tl1t0 \<Ill<' l•1 ,\1i.-.I.
i:-; l }1:1i,

,-., _ \\' J1;1!
..\ IJil

t f i;t(

lil t • :

! •I\\"

Tl r" d,,\ t'. HIV
; j .\ ' i J.1• ; J \ \ ' id1J\\'

i i·· !' .:1

:--\\ 1· 1·J

\",

i
t

.-:. t} JI ,

~ lJJ! •;lfl 1

/ !, .' .

•i

:-tr1 · ! 1·ltL·1I .i11!

\\ .1 11 r1· tli ~ · .-....11:11!1· :1 !"11·r11 1 1 , i11~

·' -

(i.

\\ :1 \

Tlw

111 1

t! '( '1l

/,,

fl
,c/.

1111 ·

,...,1 ,

1

11•1'.

1Lid ;do1lrlr·1l 11!111/r/ lo alHlil-"l lhrt~ t'. .
Lt 111akes tli e heart leap l1ut tu witn ess their joy,

l"

~\-.: 1 L1 ·· \· :_- : 1tl 1 ~ ' r

1:: .

'l
!
·l

>('('Ii i.-.

:--- 11:1\l
\ )I r)

1J1,

ti 1« i r
t 11\-..:

Ji I l l " ' \ '

I 1I'

!r(';1...:11 1T:-;

;1r1d

lii,

\ I " '\

"f'

>!111\\

t ' l11111y

t·l1.1ir 1

f , 1 I' j .[ I'

:\11. 1 1\11'\'11'1 11 '[ " ·:.k 1111\1 ,1\<'111 "l1"l'l "lt

u1· ;\,e l.tt l.· \ ... , 1\1.11 .Ii.·.\.

T

!:-:. Jl,,\,-i11~~· tllit !"r11111 l t~ · r ~·t· t1tlt: l•tT;i:..:.t.
'I

l•l "t

t

:ti... .

!11·1 ,lr• ,

)n t h\· r'n ld_

l !I

f ... j, .

11

\\'h1·r1\

I 1·1· : 1;,

11f' 1!11 ~ ii1 · 1:: 1H,

~li : i\l

I:\

~_-r : 1 i: ~rri nr <;:
:O: !tV

wi .;. iJ,1111

~ i '-T'. l

\\· li1~ nf't-~

l 1 (~

!'111111d

( :Jr fJ I
~-· t·, nH~~t thon 't

"I

111 ·i,t 11 :--: 1i r11 i: ·1 t i-- ii ·· ! i 11 i 11
:t1 i 1l th e
It i-.: 111 t \\ 1t l1 i11 1·
p,.,tnu·1i .. 11 :111d I >0 :1tlt "I\" ·
\\"., have heard the Lime
t l1c r c1.1l' with 1._111r t~:1!·;-; .

'l'i 1t:

1:1:1 ·1,1: 1·1 ·: ; \ \ I

i

1'

1. (lllr1:11} TTr

''

(f-'1;1-)

;,"< ,') '·ntf/.'J 1~/Jf;, -in l.

;-;,,rr111v

/1•/-' /,,,-,; /,, ,-

"

I >, · :1 t ii i,- 1, ,.,.,-;,;. r" t li1· .:.:·11 i It y .

:\

:-: .. I I •)I\'

-" " /,/, II.'

t !1 c· \ 1,_·;i rt.

/1•111 ,/ lwa1ih 111 -u 11 111m

142

com·osnJO:'{.

GUIDE TO

PUN CTUATION.

4 . The lion lo tJi.~ m e.< 1 y ··1"•'r:/,, t (Jf' !:c: :E t~5 . 'rhe enz te i ~· th ~ ·1 n ~!s ! P'- !C!'r / !!l of' ! ) ; n.i~ .

143

( IG 1ic;.)

1

G. "l'h c g azc iic ru us
7. 'J ' l11.• \\-;:\ I" 111' j i1 1

·L' r' l'!J

~ uuji i.!J·

ltLV l L\V .

( \\ii11d )

;i

i..:'- : : ii ; :

L'

ii·~· 11:- i i

'..:

:..t~ : j

, !i

rr ..

~-

>:t1 1:.

l~u !

l U.

iL1 1i1 i'i i1:-- ,,1·

i 11

y 111 11k r (:l111il·~ 1l 1c

! : t 'j " ! I' J I!

11

\\' ;t 1 i

'

l

; ,, ·· .111

!I i i ' ;

'..:lqrJiH 1.'i :...:.u 11

:t -- (.

!

•
I [ :__'. / )

~ l 1 "[ Jj j i'

!

il I ,' ! !

:1 111 !

li

I lj

>(

1]

j

I

l( j

I'\ I: I '. •· 1:-c I: <'< '_\ .\ \ I I I

!

d i·:i tl 1 j',ij(,,w

· jl ;i rL 11 (' '-.; ...:,

r r.1

11 i

'-Ii J

I :\ 1.1:1

i .~

i:

1·1 \.\I 11

I

I j ( '.

I ~ I' .:. :.: ! 11 11 I i I.- ' I 'j

I \ I.l \

., 1

\\' ] \

;-. ' ' 11 ! ( ' 111 . I

11111·

111

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(Fi/[,., ! ) '!'!1 1· '":tt• ·J"-' ,,f t li r· "c 1·:111
Ii" )I.

I

1 I'

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1
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11 1111 • ....

( )[ \',t •J'1!-

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,

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ii

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l •1 · r .- •. i.l.l

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1:\ 1: 1:1·1;;1; 1_1\.\1\ -· !' I .\ <' l' l j _\T l1 1\

Ii.

( Filled) ;\. t r:1itor

1c:

:1

l'lj" T ,

' t iwc:in:.: tl 1c h e art

t li at

I . .\ I:!{ _\<

I·:

, . 111 1 l! 1·1 · t '"'

I
.J. . \
~) .

I. :-< n rr ••W lik1> - --- .\ ;1rh •· 11 -; t in• ""ii
5. The wind t:auscs t11 c - - - l c :t\' C~ to - - -.
II. Ni ~ ht '"''": red 1],., ~ c e 11u wi 1h l1 <' r d :irk --- .
7. Th e - - so il C':1c:;e rl y -- - 11p tl1 c wa ter.
8. Virtu e is a - - wit h 11'11ieh all shoul Ll Le arrayeJ .
D. As roll - - a .~ :iin ~ t a roe k , so th e hos t c :in1 c on .
10. S alan goes alJO llL - - - -- -. scc kin ;; wh om he IDUJ

devour .

.\

1;, ,\
7. ;\

( ' "\I .\ I.\

(

)

:-'1·:.\ J l ! "lti.fl\

(

')

( ' <J i. f t\

j' l:: ltllJ !J

l:\ . hTElll\ O<lATl0:'-1

u.

EX C LA)l .\'l'JllN

10. A JI Yl' ll!:: N
11 A

DASH

t w1,

<

11" 11111 r v

i11 (·luil ·· '' l 1:d
t I ll! If f ~ 'd

) '.\1 11..Yl II l·>I-;

dL!ll , it 1·.-.;

) d c 11 <d c·s

111: 1\

l i ti \ · :-:,

a ~ li11r! 1 ~: 111:-: t) .

;1

(

I •.

I~.)

Iii'

J"t~ ! ! tJ11.~1..' r 11 a1 i.-.e.

) d e11 ules a !'u \l s l !l p.
.'d su, a ll a LLre \' ialiu ,i.
( '( ) de notes a q 11 c,; ti on.
( ! ) .I e 11 <.> les c u1uti v11.
( - ) Jc: 11 olC:i a C•>11 q111u11cl w11 rd .
A lso, d ivision or a w o rd.
( - ) <l c 11 o tcs a n un ce rtain l" Lll 't~.

<.I '.
\'. ,,,,
( I) t ~Ii
( l'. :1.-; )
( I'. J:-~ )
( I'. G )
(

( l'. I i.)
(l'. ]l:).)
(l' . 1:1.)
(l'. l: l.)
( I'. 13.)

GUlDE

144

ro

WOllDS AND SENTENCES.

CO:IIPOSITI0:-1.

( - - - ) denotes a11 intcutionnl omis·
p_ 1 l.)

12. AN ELLII'S!S

:- :

lj ]

(P. '" J
(') den o tes co ntracti o n. ( I'. 18.)
Also, pos:;cs~il"c ca:;e.(l'. 18._l

AN APOSTltOl' llE

1. Purity

(

.'
J··'·

14.

14.5

!h f'.
~.

1. ;.,;ot uL:--u:ctt~.
2. Not foreign.
3. Not tcd111i ca l.

( ';ud ioH

_,

•11a u"~'. ~;~ .

Caution 2, page 20.
Caution 2, page :JO.
C;iuti11n '.?, , p:1~c ::_:;.>.

4 . N<:>t. !l<:'W-"oin<:>d

( l'. 1-1.)

sio n.

2. Propriety
Requires that the words should

EXERCISE CC XXX.-REV I EW.

CU )I

1. Not be undi g· nified .

)I A.

U ul c 1.- -Ad 1·c rbs and ad r c rbial phrases.

(P . 35, Ex. ·.18.)

llu lc 2.-Adject ir cs, foll owi11g th e ir 11 o un . ( I'. :w, Ex.
Huie 3 .-T hrec or m ore words, used al ik e. ( I'.:> I , Ex.

·IS.)
7'.J .)

rl'. u >I. Ex.

1()!) )

l\ui c 5.-~eyer~ti worJsaftc ranon11nat iv c. (_i.;. i--i-, Ex. 1i""i.J
\P. ~· 5, J-~x. 1 UJ.;
ltule G. - Nouus in <.ippo ::;itlvn .
(l'. 78, Ex. l~ ·L)
Huie 7.-lnvcrted se nten ces.
iutinittr e !!11..iepen<lent: ~
CH ;>t.:

inJt;j•~HJt.!tit .

j

~P. ~111 ,

i

E uk .

1\ 1:1: :d

:t

.

Caution 4 , page ;>:i .
1! 1:
.:,;

{ ' :1 •1! ;

11

4 . Ui1il!J
Requires that ideas should not be cro1nleJ togeth er in a
C:tnt :11i 1 ! ? ;1:1·_·i· ; i: • 1 .

ten h · rrr T

j' 1 •11 ~ 11 1 : 1

·.· t,
i

l. Not co n . .·cy th e "~ r o:1g tdca.
2. Not be needless ly rep eated.
.,
1
•
• ·- '
,, ,. 1!!! !'r " / '" rl _v "! !! ! !! '··I

Ex. HJ. l

I C 0 J, 0 ~ .

~\._ !-1~ t,_l ~ 1_: i •_•11 ;...:, 1 r :!1:1 11

Caution 1, pa g e 2:J.
Caution 0, p;i ge 4i.
Ca ution 7, page (j '>

3. Prccisio11.

(P. DG, Jk 157.)

llulc 0.-.A. verb unJcrstooJ .
S f: ) I

2. Not eonyey a. wrong idea .
3. N' ot be ungrammatical.

~I 7 , j.' ..-

j ~) '. l ~T

.-.1

l\.U!C.

(l'. !:IS, E x. 101.)

1. That important
'>

')TYL E.

'l'h ::.t ·:.-crt.b:

1v onl ~

s hould 11ot be ornittc11.
C.a.:ivi • G, i;";..:. 0

c~:utiu:1
S, p:: .;c
3. That the sentence should be pro perly cmle cL

The pe c uli ar m:rn11 c r in whi c h wo rd s arc ns cd allLI se ntences

~l,

Caution
1

;1::u

't . ,,,
\IJP. -

1 ·•

en.

~ h ou l tl b~ p r op~rly ~e l ec t t!<l :!!!•J :irr:~ ~~.:..:: ~"J.

•

t~:; .

pa ge S:Z.
•

c:~ p:.t:: : :~ l; ry

'

p:::·::. ~c~.

GUIDE TO

14.G

C O~IP OS ITI O N

DinECTIO.:-IS.

G. That iJcas shoulJ not Le erowtl cd to,c:cth cr.
Ca111i1l 11 I 2 , p:i ;:e Fifi.
7. That <:l:iuscs, ex p r e~~ i11 ;; co 111 par iso n or cu 11tra:; t, , J1u11l.J be
euuslructcd alike.
Cauti on 1-1, p:i gc 1Jj.

G. S trc11:;th
l. That won.ls shouhl not Le ncetli cssly omitt ed.
Cau tion G, pa ge

3.

4.
5.

G.
'i .

GO.
Thal tl1e worJ s shoulJ Le p ro perly >'cl cc tc ,J a11d arr;i 11 0 cd.
C'a 11 tiun 8, pa g l! ti:~ .
That the se nt ence sh'.J ulJ cud properl y .
Caution !l, pa;,;e 8 3.
That aJrcrl»', etc. , shoultl Le pr upcrl y pla cl'J .
{_';i111i u11 11 , p:i ;:c S5.
That i111p ort>. :-: t wonl s , h ould ha m th e ir 1i,c: lit ]" " i1iu11.
(';iuli"n JO , ]"1 ;.::c 8-1.
Tli:1t ideas sh ould uot Le cro1nl ctl. l'au 1i .i11 12 . ]"'!-;" 1l:G.
Thal clau se~, e x pre,-, i 11;; Co lli pari son or co11tra st, , J111u Id I.Jc
co nstruc:t cJ alike.
l'autiuu 1-1 , pa ge J:J:>.

'i . l!a n 11 011!/
Ti c1p1 ires rnc-h a ~e l c c-tiu11 :111tl :1rra11;..:;c111c11l of \\ Ord s as will
present an :igrcc:il.Jl c suc ccss iuu ul' souud s.
u t ion 13, pa ge 11 3.
1-1, page 1J5.

c..

Y I I I . T II E ;\I E 8 .
IC Ili c pn•r t.. ling di r!'elio11 s li :\\·r !.c·r 11 '"l'll 1111d r rstooil, and the
<' .\l'ITi,-,.,. tl1 uru11;; l1l .1· J' l'<11· tif"l., J. 1l1c 1":1 l'll t' l' 111ay l1L· "'l'l""'!" I 10 lie
~ 11l1i C'it.·111ly :1 c1p1ai 1it vd \ri 1l 1 1l1 t· l il 't1 !1\'I' u .-.:e <d' \\'ord .-i nnd

r f)H ij} fi S;t(11n wli111/_11

r11 ·i.1;:11al.

Tlic lvllull'i11g t:x l' rci:;c:1 an.: a tLIJ.> lc'\ I lu tlial vi ~c·cL
E X l·: HCISE CCX X X! l.- DEF I ::\ITI 0 ::-1 .

ll7111t Is a t/1<:1111! ?

A 'l'111rni:: is the suliJect upon 11·!1id1 a person \Hites or
apeaks.

t!t cmc, or au/, .

T o write upon any s ubj ect, it is necessary to have iucas

up on that subj ect.

1. Dy rea ding and con versation.
0
By observing thin gs ar oun tl us.
3. By tltinlci11g upon what W C hayc read, heard, anu
r.ccn .

EXEllC IS F. CC XXXl!I.-D!llECTIO::\S.

I'racti cal Direc ti ons.

1171

it

Is th e fir st practica l direction f or , wr iti11;; co 11111ositio11 ?

DrttE CT! 0 :-1 1.--lla\·iu;; se lecteJ a sui.Jj ec:!t, rea d , co11 i;as!', ;inJ
tltin/,;; al.iout it.

lr!wt ·is th e seco nd direction '!
a phrn of the composition , writing
dow11 anJ 11u111be ri11 g the sc\'era l head s.
D1 1tt:cn o :-1 ~. - Form

ll7w t is the thir d clirectio11 '!
J .-Fi ll out th ese h eads with appropriat e iJcas,
11llowi11g ti111e anJ th ought for thi ~ purpo:;e.
l> 11t1,C'l'l ON

ll7wt is the fi•11rth dircctio11 't
4.-Hewrite the whole, and when finished, on ce
more carcl'ully examine
DIRECT ION

li1n11:!li o 11

of :-: t.• 11 t\· 11 ce~ t u dinT l Ii i:-; allt.· r1tio11 111 0 r t.• t·:-011t.•1·ially t u ll11.: 1 n· at11:~ J l

cf T11 ..: ~ 1 E~, that i:-: )

all!J

f ei: t f

I/ow a 1·e 'tdeas o/,ta i11 ccl ?
l Llcas ar c obtain ed

Ticquire9

·>

111iat is ncccssai;; in order to 1critc upon

147

l. The hancl-writin;;.
The s pelling.
a. Capitals .
4. The r1u11 ctuation.
~-

"

.
5. The worJ s.
G. Formati on of scutcncc11.
7. l'a ra g ra phs.
8. Fig ures of Speech.

ffh a t ·i s the fifth dir ect ion'!
5. -Spare no labor 111 rewriting o•er and o"l"c r
again, prol"iJcJ improvement can be ruaJe iu tlwu;;ht, in cxpreasion, or in any other respect.
D11n: c no:-1

11ti

GUIDE TO CO:\IPOSlTION.

NARRAT!Ol'

Al'D

DESCRIPTION.

MG l) EL.

EXERCISE CCXXXIV.-Tll DIE.-T11E I.1rE-llou.

Plan.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Its history.
Form, size, parts, etc.
The material of which it is made.
Its use .
H.csults, good or baJ.
llemarks, :rnccLlutcs, quotations, or any thing that may
illustrate the subject.

(llistor!J.) The Life-boat, thou;;h cornparati1·cly a rnoJern
invention, has been for some years in use. Th e fir s t 1rns made
in 1i~Hl. ],_v a l1nat-lrnil1ll•r nan;r1l Gr!'athf':1 rl , nf ~n11th ~hi<'ltl<,
in Eng land. There arc Yarious k i11Js now in use , but the latest
and most popular is that inYcntcJ by an America n narncll
Francis, anJ callcJ, from hi111, Francis' life-boat.
(Fann, etc.) In f'orm and size thi s boat resembl es the com mon sail or row-boat. B ot h end s arc sharp, so that it may
move with equal Pa ~f' either way. 'l'hus, time is sa1·ed nnJ
danger dirninishcll. It is not steered by a rntlJcr, like other
boats, but by an oar.
Its chief peculiarity consists in the co ntril'an ce usetl to kee p
it from sinking. This is accon1plishcJ, in the boat s f'orn1erly
built, by lining tl1c scats and the upper edge, in siJc a1ul outside, with broall, thi c k pieces of cork. In tho se more rece ntly
used, tubes fi ll cll with confine,! air arc employed.

( 1lfalcrial.) The life-boat , lik e other boat~, is maJc e ither
of wood or of' iron. The earlier ones 11·crc built of the 1'un11cr
material, and the more ruodcJ'll , l·hiefly of th e latter.

,

(Use.) The prcsc rl'ation of lil'c in heavy storms and accidents at se a, and on dange rous parts of' th e coast, is the obj ec t
for which this bo:it w:i s i11rc 11te rl, and the purp ose for whi eh
it is chiefly used. It. is made so huoy:111t b,v tlrc :1ir-tul,cs or
cork already J csn ib cd , llr:i t all the wci:,; ht wl1ich eau l•c put
upon it in it.s ordi nary 11sc can 11 ot Hiuk it.

141)

THDIES.

l

ii

11

fl
j.

I
I

(F..csults.) This most l'aiuablc i111c11tion has nlrcaJy sa Ycd
thou,:urds of !ires. \\'h c 11 nu c·o111mu11 buat could li1·c fur ::
mo1nc11t. in t.hc I.wiling surge, one ut' thc oc, rna1111ed by a few
sc:1111c11 of ~tout hanr_b a11d 11·:1 rr11 l1P:irt" , h:is of'kn 1"Csr·11cd the
dro\\'11i11g ll1:1ri1«'l' from an app:1rc11t.ly i11c1·i1a!Jlc dcatl1.
(U1· 111'1'11{ n·nur1-!.'.<.) 1.11 case ot' fire or oth e r :1el'iJc11t, a ~ 11f'.
fieient u1111il1cr ot' lil'1C-IJ()ats up1rn a11y 1· cssc l o r stc;r111cr would
in sure th e sal'cty of' all 011 li oanl. L:iws lia1·c br.c n 111ad r. rei.fuiri11;.; their use, or so111c siu1ilar saf'cguard, but. sel lbliness
unll lo1·c of g-ain µ:cncrally co utril'c to evade them.
,\li inrcntion s allll tlis eu \'crics 1d1ic h tc11J tu prutc ct lii'c or
to in crea se co 111f'urt, allll c~pcc ially tho se whid1 cxcr<:i:'c a salutary n1oral i1ifluc11 cc, sli<Juld lie cncoura;.;cJ by e1·cry fric11Ll of

humanity.
EXEl~CISE

l'lan .
1. Hi s tory.
2. Various kin us.
3. Funn , oize, parts, cte.

·1. 1\IatcriaJ.
5. lJHC.
G. ltc111ark:->, an cc1lo tc;;, <1uotation s, c te.

I

I

CCXXX\'.-Tl!Ej!E.-:\ S111r.

I, ct the pupil fill up the se lil'a,b, as in tli c 111odd

EXEllCIS E CCXXX\'J.-TllE\IE.-'1'11;; !'1.ow.
J'll}lil !'onn l1i s ow 11 plan , 0111i1t.ing, adding to, or var) 1ng
the lrcadci already give11, to wiL the ouujcct.
1 ,tt

the

EXEl: CIS E CC.\.XX\'11. - -TllE\lES.

Ti 1c following s11l1jccts arc giYC· « as 1l1 e 111 ~s to wlii ch the prrcc.? 1: g
pla 11 s arc 111nre or k" s n.\apkd. Tl1c 11111111.ier 111ay l_,e t'asily incn::1,,.,i, or ot lrl'r ~ substituted. J,ct 011c be taken at a tirnc, for a com·
vu ~ iti v 11.

;\ wat t h .
~

..

;,,

.\ liri.I ;::"·
;\ railr uaJ.

4. 'J'h e tcl cµ: raph.
;). :\ (' :I ll't l.
G. ;\ ~tcawl.ioat.

7.

(~a rriaµ- ~8.

8.

s(' l111 ul. :1ou>rs.

D.

l'riati11:,:-pre ' ~

Tl! DIE!;.

GUIDE TO COCIIPO$ITIO".

EXETICISE

EXETICISE CCXXXYIII.-TllE\IE.-TuE C.un:L.

l;; l

CCX LL -- Tl!E~IE.- \\"1xn:a .

l'la11.
l'lu11.

1. Size, shape, colur, c;cucr:d app c :1r:111 cc.
2. Fu oJ.
3. Ilabits.
4. \\'here c hiefly found.
fJ. or what u se o r iujury to 111an.
G. Hetuarks, aneeJotes, quotations, etc.

3 . \\'t.: :oth c r.

·l. Eik c:!s

I.rt the p111•il .1<-scril.c tl1c ful! o1Y i11;; :111i111:1!.""', 011c for e~t e li rxcrc'sc,
t:1 l.;i11;! 1111..' J'l'~ Cl'di 11g plan ns a ge11cr:d guilll·, liut ,·aryi11c; it to t;ni~
tl1c ~11l1ject.
l1ors e.
tiger.
monk ey.
ox.

5. Th e Jo;;.
G. Tl :c li e u.
7. Th e bee.
8. The ant.

!l.
10.
I I.
l •)

c~ r tli

' . \ \" I1: I I l ' :Ir I. "r I i r·c ""IT l ' ' I "J" I ]..; I <) i l '.'
S. l!u·.r pr u \·1d L: f·.H· \Y111tc r!
!.J. liull' fur the\\ iutcr uf ]jf~ - boJ_y -· n 1i111J - i111:11 o rtaJ p:H t .,

EXEHCISE CCXXXIX. - Tlll:\IES.

Th e
Th e
The
The

o n \"C';.:_C !:tti o n- 0: 1 a11in:ab- 0 11 the

tLin~:· -.: ,

C. l_ I11pl1 • 1s;111t

Sec Jcscription of ell'j,krni, lion, et c. , p:igc 117.

1.
2.
3.
'!.

ur 1Yi11t c r

G. c\d1·a11L1;.:es :111<[ p!cas11rcs uf 1Yi11ter.

EXERCI SE CC XLI 1. - Tll DI 1:.- Jl,, XL Y.

l'/011.
\\' !i :1t ;1re j{:) q11:iJ ilit
!;1 :-:!e, Ctilt 1r r· 1\ l l t 'J":1! : t j J pt';Jl: l l J 1· '!
Fn•111 wl1:1t 1·1.iil"1 ·1, .. i, J.y 1rh:it. 1l1 c :11 .;l111l'r .,1· '" '~" '"t i11 .'..'."I
,).
,\ l:11111 c r 1!1 wlu 1·ii rt 1:; ~!11n : . l-tl1 e ,.,.!!~-1 !1·,: 11;1.'..
.J. Fur \l"li:1t p11rp u.;e 11:-;c,J l.i y th e I.J ee.' , a11J Ii i>",\" J u tl1 cy

.1..,

Tli c rat.
Th e ru!1i11.
The spiJc r.
The :dligator.

1

:-:

1

1•

1

knn\\· ·1
f1. lf•>W 111:i.11 oii1:1 i11 -; it , :11111 li1r wl1·it l''lr!'o:ie '(

EXERCISE CC:,L.-Tll DIES.- b : ., ms.

f ~ i\' e n11y flf)11·r i11f'Pr111:1ti11 11 41lif:1 in <·d

(i.

7 . \\ ' L:t! i."' .--~1 ii1: jp

l'/rrn.

lilt'

J; jL~·- · 1 1,J . • f t1 1k:1 J 111 <'o1J1111 Tt i u 11

\\ ; t l1

li•>ll<'} ·:

] . Whcr0 found?
2. At what season m ost num ero us ?
:J. \\"hen tl1ey be 0 i11 tu furm anu wh e n to decay?
•1. E\·cr.! !recus.
5. Various shapes of lc:1Ycs-dcsc ribc SC\'C ral.
G. Different way s or arrangc111ent on th e t11ig-desc ribc scv .
era I of' these met ho tls .
'i . Of" what 1.1~c to trees-t o the g rourHl-to nrnn? (Sliatl·}
eye-beauty-- n1cdi c i11c .)
8. \\' i:;Jum of' U od.
9. Quot;1tio11-p ociry-a11e cdotc-illustration, etc.
U1-:\1. - TJ11;
Olll e<11:
!Jl ,·:i ~ure.

li.J l'lll

writ~·r
Ulll'

i:-; under IH•

r~ir lii111:-;t·I!',

rit·rc~::-:ity

Y:11:

"

\\"l1:1t is tl1e oce:t n?

D IJC l '

!l,111· 1,; tl1e Oi"C:lll affc•r-lcd

;;.
·:

! I' 1 ii°· )•l Ji

-1. ()['

i1i s

\\"!tat its c: l1;1ra t:!cr, eulur, :11•p(':ir

<' t(' . ·:

\I

l

?JI(' l't ';I:- l ' 1

l

l1:1t

f1. I""' ir <'I n
li .

l·y

11i 11do"

\ \"!1:11 1!11\'."i

it

<"• >ll·

'!

11 ,-c

! :-;. \ ' ;1

1

ur u~:: !:1i:1 g, :t:

!l u w 11111 c l1 ,, j'

J. Huw is tlic s urt':1ce ul· tl1e ('a11l1 .1;1i.lc1l''
e:11·l1 .,

I ;ti II

of" .. ndl 1.ii11g tl 1;:-i p::1n,

;j, .:;;, ... d , ~.11 :;)

EXEitCI S I: CCX LllT. - - TllDll:. - T11t: Oc·1: 1s .

tu 111:rn '!

\\ "h:it

l! 11tt.ll'r11

Ji"n·1·c: ic::1

] 11 ! ' ')

lr"c<'11 ·1

l't11r1·1 1! '-' 1d . till'

\\ "I'"'" .,

1_H'l':1 11.

t;uli'

J ,·,·L··r '..' ~
> t r ( · :11H

c·! i·.

l1:i';e

152

GUIDE TO

7. Sir J olin Franklin.

CO~ll'OSITION.

Dr Kan e.

Any others wh o have

vi ,; i tcJ the Frigitl Zon e .
S. Iuflucn co up on co 111merce- co rnfort-i11tclli gc nce-rclig.

6. The vnnous u :;es of trees.
wliat fur h o u,cs?

7. H ow pr12 pareJ fur this purpose?

8. \\"hat fur furniture ?

ion.

\\'hat krncl s for s hips, and

Hu1 .-Lc·t it lie rc111 cmbcrcJ tliat tli c prrc cdi11 g arc llH'rc·ly l.i11ts
ri e., ig 11<'J lo s11ggcsl id,;as. Th e writcr 11ceJ 11 ot be co1di11c1 l to thc111,
Lut can treat the 8ulijcct as he pleases.

What for fruit?

EX El tC IS E CC XL n .- TII E~l E.-Go LJ>.

l'lan.
(Wh ere f'uunJ '? Conncctccl with what ? ( With
q uartz, san cl , earth.)

EXERCI S !' CC XU\'.-TllDI E.-C1.ouos.

LC't the p11p il o l1ta i11 al l th e i11 t"o rlllati o n 0 11

thi ~

Nati re Statc .

1;u!.jcct he cn 11 get,

Ly rv:·t,li 11 g- 1 i11qttirin g, n11d o l isc n·in .~.
J. et lii111 :il,;o ca rcfnlly a rran ge n11d r1 il argc hi,; idu1s [,y 1/,i1,/ci11g.
Tl1 c to pi c8 111:iy Le t:1k l• 11 np i11 a11y 1.> nkr prt·l"n n:. 1, pru,·i,kd 11 0
,· iolc 11 cc i,; d one tu tl1 ci r natural co11 11 cct io11. A11 t· <'d• > I<'~, poetry, a1H.I
iili1>tr:it io11 s rn :1y Le i11trodt1cctl <lr 0111 itt cd nl l'l ca:rnn•.

Flu 11.

l

:!. How for , in 1;C nc ral , fr o m the c;1rth?
'\\'hat kee ps them in the air, a11J ca uses their Jilforent
hi g ht, at diffe re nt titn c,; :111J pla ces?

Plate, wat ch es, rings, ]'in s, ,etc ., .~ ildi11 .~, c .. i11.
H ow l'r e p:1r e u fur ,;i ldin g'?. ll ow p11 t "" ?
Why usc J fur coi n '? \\'hat Alllerit:an golu
{
pieces?
EXERCISE CCX !.\' ll .- TIIDU:.-Corro,.

:1.

l'la11.
\\' here rai sed? Ilbw ? Descri be th e plant.
In what part of it is the cntto 11 f"u11n1l?
Natil'c St:-1tc. H o w pi e k c d ? At wltat sca,•l 11 "! I l ow f'r ecu
.
fr,_ill the scc u 9 How pack e d ·1 \\'li e re
{
so lJ ? Price?
l\lauufocture J. - ll o w? Wh e re chiefly? Int o wlia t-"?
For what purposes, and iu what vanou s formo
Uses.

l

4. \\' !t at :ire C\' Cr;!r(· c 11:.:, and 1rl1 c rc _fuunJ "?

!i. \VL crc 1lo tlw largest trees gro w'?

usc t.l?

EX l·: ncr::; 1-: CCXJ.VlII.- Tll E\I ES.

As far as npproprialc' , let tl1c pla11 or tl1 e l\\' O Jll"L'l"C•din g

1

lnr!;CSI, anJ what s 111:dlcs l '?

·•

5

J'lait.
I . Dcsc:rihc a tree. ( Trunk , r oots, leaves, flower;, etc.)
2. 'I low tlitfor frn111 a sl1rnJ. '?
il. \Vl1t~ 11 du ll ie lea\·c :; co 111e o nt how c liao ~e, wh c u fall?

( All oy , c:op 11e r, s il-

ver.)

1. '\' hat arc tho various forms, cu lnr, ge neral appearance ,
et c., nt' clunJs?

EXEil CISE CC XL\'. - Tll DIE . -'l'REES.

How sep:iratcd?
Its properties, co lor, weight, ge neral appearance, etc .
liatlltllCreJ thin, melted, (Jcs troyctl ?) e t c.

J\Ianufa c ture u.-li ow prcparcu fur use?

u~es .

-1. lluw affceletl by willll 't Appearance at sunrise and sunset"!
!"">. S li owc rs - th unJ c r-,;t orms -rair: '.;ows.
G. or what USC'? Illust rati o ns , e tc .

j How obtained?

1

cxcrci,;c~

Le

ad o pted in writing npo n tl1 c i'ulluwi11 g.

\\"!tat trees are

1. Iron.
2. 8iher.

:1. LcaJ.
4. Copper.

5. Fla x .
G. WooJ.

7. hory .
8. Iut.lia rut..l>cr.

G umg TO co m• uSITIO:'f.
F

~ f' '!' f T l :)

cs. 0,"' _\
'J

11 11 , ..

'l'llE~!ES .

were s tretc li ctl in a n1 a chin e ca ll ed a l•Ju 111 , a11J I w:1s "'"'·,; 11

H R .\ T I \' E .

!,
..: 1)

J ·:x1:1: u~ 1 :

Let tlic l'"l'il

n•J W

cc:l'.l .IX. --'11 11:.\11:.
L;,q_~ s1.i1~~· l'L11 · 1i1 ·1~

11 1:>1"\IHY "r _\

;fl

1ii:ti1i1t1 h

l '!l .IT.

Li . . 1. 11 · \.

~
Let~

cv:tl Le :=;ti pj•V..;(:J l1J giYc i h ( 1·s11 lii.-it tir_Y, ::.-.; f.,!! 11\\" ;-:,

I. i\ly c:irliest
~ll N' P -

r

rc eol lt~cl i trn

i,.: o!' :.:Tu1ri11 :.:· u:1 the l,;ll k ut'

:i

Th e 'Ii'' ''!' anti I led :I \' t·ry
pl c ;i saut li fe tn .~c th e r , "pe 11tli11 ~ :ill the d :1y 111 the g ree n Ji dJ:;,
a11J r c, ti11 ~ at 11 i)-! h t i11 th e !-!ra,;s.
1
'
\V e ln11 ,:.: h·d 1!1i ~ '!ttir ·t !i!'1', t il l, 11nc· cl :t\" tl1 0, :-: l H•11 l11 •r1 l ;111d
h is

\\";IS

do ,~ dr nn~

n 11l y \\'<If )! th en.

:di

t\11 ' :--ii 1•1·p

int o

:1 :-- lr1· :1111

,i1·

\\' ; d1·i-

\\ l111·l1

r:111

elu sc 1· 1· . Th (' :-d 1(•1·p ''" wl 11 ,.l1
.'..'.rcw 11:is ,.::i•ll1· i'ri c: l1l\'lll'•i.
F or my p:irt , l cou ld not i111:1.~ i11c wl1:1t th ey we re ;i\J•Hll lu do
11·i1h 111c. 'l'hcy ruLbed :111J ;,eu nre d 111e , till I lu<>k•_., j "' •·1" :111
n11J wh ite that I 1r:1:; '111ilc Y.1i11 uf 111_y l1c:i11i_1·, a11 ,[ pi. ·.1-c.I al
tlu ~ idt ~: t 111' retur11 i 11 .~

tu lri.~k 111 tiu; 1uc,ldu1 ~· \\ 1d 1

111\

bc~all

t u i..i lcat lll OS t Jii tcnn:' i_\', fur h e t huu~ ht. tl1al h is hc :1d
wa s (;Crlai11ly t tJ Le takc11 .; ff.
·1. Allh u 11 .~ h , as l eo11ld 11<1L ll-c:I , t li e ~l1e;,1')< did 1.. d 11111 t
Ill e, y et I wa.-; n;ry lllill: l1 fr i;,;! 1tc 11 l'll. l cu u!J 111> !. Lc .. r ilit:
thou::;ht o t' IJe i11 g- part ed fr o m 111 y d e ar fri1:11J th e :'1 1cq>, fo r
1vc had gro wn up tu ~d l1 c r e1t: r si 11 ec li e 11-",; a Li111b.
5. Al'l cr I 11·:1,; tak e n uff I l \'as J1;1(; kcd i11 a la1· :i: L.1'..'. 11 i1h
111a11y o th e r,; tl ccecs, a11d ,;c ul tu so 111 c lllilb 111 a pl:il' e .-;il !c d
Low e ll , \\'here ther e were 11 il111eruus "'"'"'.'..)e l i1 1le t l 1i11~s 1l1:il
IH! l'C ru rc \' Cr twisti11 ~ a11d turni11 g :iruu11J.
Th ey :;e i :~ t: d l1 o ld
of u ~, a11d pui leJ us :111tl twiolc«i 11,; ;ibuttt, till we ll't·rc .!1:11111
out i11t o thrc:ids , so 1111l ikc wo• d , that I hardl y kn e w 111 y,.:e lf.
G. Hut it wa s s ti ll wursc, wl11~ 11 the y ]'11111 )-!t: d 111t: i111"" lar;.;c
kettle u t' dirty - l u uki11 .~ 1r:i tc r. \\' h1:11 l wa:; take n 0111, i11 , 1u 1,]
uf' bei11~ wl1it e, l wa s ul· a i..iri ;.; ht Llue 1.:ulur, a11,l luuke d 1·ery
lie autifnlly.
~\f'L,• r

( ! I I l \'

:\ !'t r• r a 11·lii !<•. I 11':1 < l1n n c:·l1 t 1._,. :1 t:1il"r :111· 1 p!:i•·r-d ""

f'llt~lj'

Ill

~i ttle

linyi

l1 1s

a coat l"(j r
!)_

l

lit;-;

\Y;IS

\\" llt~ ll l {Jill~

:-.'1 11 1[)1

:111d

1

rt · r 11 ~_·..:ft " l

1l:1 y,

tit(:

nu11

:1

.~e 11tlt : l1t : t!I C~ ll!! l!

t •i

:--li 1 1\\.

lt11 1t

:-- • 1ll l\'

!ii

\\;tl1

:l

,-] ,iil1 1·,1r

:-:. 1)11.

t;1kl'll

dnw 11

:!IHI

11111"11\d!·d n:1 1l11• f'fll1:Tf1T " :; fl t

"-t"\' -

cral o lh Pr pieces, anJ was se leeted 011 a eeu 1111L ut' 111 y l1e;i util ul
color . :.ril e taiinr t ook u ut hi s Lirgc :--i1t~a r ... 1 \\'l1i e i1 r t": 111 i 11 d1~d 1t 1t:
of tli r"" tli:1t li:irl eut lll l' fr n111 tl1 " - l11 •f'i '· ;111<! f.,n,,,.tJ 111• · i11t <1
t Ii~ ~I 1 :1 p(-~

10. I
i c;.;~e d

,-,f'

\\·; 1:-:..

a

(·11;1

t\11'11

.! l!]J l1y :-;!!lilt~ _jt1 1ir11 t• y:1t ! 'll : \\ \11) :·· ·d tT 11, ...:..
\\" h e 11 .l wa:-; 1i111 :-:l 1eJ 1 l \\·:1:-i ~c 11l l u 1n _y
li:t\.! ' l ' \"t 'l ' ~ jllf' l'. h:t rl t\1t• l1 1 11 1 · ~ r rd' CtJ\Cl"ill :_:; tJtC

0 11 a ta G!e.

1l e W lll:t ~fc r 1 :lll rl

L;ick uf'

t.

:--c\\"1

:t

l1u111J11

L c i 11.~

i1htc:1,! <Jf tlut ,,f :1 .'ht·•·p

111.1 .... 11·r

i11 !1 i ' i i tl ilt'lf\" l'd 1l t \'" "'.
:.i. B11t alas. 111 s tcad ot' 'c t tine: the s heep a t. lib c rt\·, 1li1' ~ li q1 licr d t'.111k out ;1 Lt r;.:c p:tir o:· ;-;!1i ·: ir:--;, :1: 1d l1e;.::1a cn!i11:.-...:. J11~ vii'
t·lose to tl1 0. :-: \..:i11.
Thi• Ji tJ11r :-- !11 ·i·p. \\ !1t·11 111 · ~;1\\" t lH' .-- l 11·; 1r -;,

7.

I 1l {~

tl1i s, I w~s sc11t t o th e clot h iuilb, wh e re 111y thrcu,Js

J.: \:Elli' fSF CCL-TlfE \11 :.-.\ 1' 1· •r
111.'-\TOJ~Y

uF

.\

1 l:\T

(:\n i11tru1!Hctiu11 to tlii.-; i ...;

.~ 1 \·L·t1 l1l'l •1\\"

l !t:tl'I' l1e:1nl it :;:i id tli:it , ii ' "" Y 1111e k"''I' :1 , ..,111 .,f' ,.:nn1e
ki11 J, li uwc 1c r :;1 11;ill , i11 !11.-; l""·k t:t., Ill: 11 iii 11(:1•'1' \,c ""' .,j'
lll U lll ! _I'.
'J'il<tH'.,'.h [ \\';IS 11 11t C'.U «ll _y ('ltli\-jll(-1' .J o t' tJ1i :', 11 .11·111:_;
l1c c11 L1n e' ht tha t i11du,;1ry alu11e e:111 ""'111·,. l'r '"i 'ni1_1, l Jctc r111i nc1 l t" try it.
2. I tli c rel'urn k"J•l. i11 lll ,Y pnl'ket, f,,r :1 '""-'-'. t in1r. a C('nt,
half h opi11'..'., tL1_v aft1:r day , tl1;il olliers 11·11 1il,l ],. , :1ddcd t" ii.
:J. :\t la,.:t, Lein:-; 1li 11 r o11:,:li iy di s:1pp«i11 t• -. I, l l'":2·:11r"-I\,) tl 1i 11k
myself' \'cry foulioli fo r l,e ]i cl' i11 .'.'.· ,.:o i1111 1r<1li.1lil1' " ' tu1·y. 011c
day, at r cce:;s i11 sd 1uo l, as l 1\'a;; t u"' i" .'. '. tli c ce n t up :1 11 d
du11· n, it :;tru1.:k , i11 its fall , lll )' 111 eta lii ·· i111',fa11•l
4. \\"Lil e 1 ""t. Jo., k i11 c; ;it. it, tlie sl i;.; lit ri11 .:.:i 11 :-; '(llllld e;i '"'" I
Ly it s !'a ll, cu 1t1i1l!l c d su lu11 ;c; tli;il it a ttr;i c tccl 111 y attc 11ti ll 11,
a11J I i111·o lu11t;iril y i11cli1n~ t l 111 )' c;ir t" 1r;trd ii. A.-; l li , f,'lll '• L
tli c f;ii11t lllu s ic;d :;u u11d~ bcea111c a rti cublc', c111d we re ouv u
f'urm e J into the full uwiu g wurJ s :

15()

= ~-

5. ";\s l sec th:it i h:l'.' c attra :: tcd yoar ;mcnri on, l 1rili
giyc y o u 111y reaso n f"ur brca ki11 g my u.-;11;i l sil cuee.
G. "You must kn ow t ha t \1·c cent:; h an~ a way uf co il\·crsing
~ ~

I \

! ..:.

j l I

l'IJl

l 1I '

l

', \'

'-. ' J

r t ~ I) 11~-;

7. !\ly

.

.

f

w1d 1 <' '.ir· 11

\\

1

'

J' ''.' ! 1 '

~

.

' •

ll ' l '' "''''' ' *'"'

!!

I : ~ ' .' '

! 1 JI it l

i. ·:·

! ii\ '

fir~ ~ r ~~i: !! c!.: t! (.~ ! 1

tli'.it

1l1i . .:

:1

"l'l'.i'.

i::. c f

!1

I'

1

r C ~'..! iYi!1 .~ :1 ~·':! 1: 0r~

·i

I :d .lt ' l'\',-:: r · l !:1 ·:::

lil1""

up t-:i n iny Ci i C'- :ind h:H·k

1· ; 1: :: t 1 1111i~·

!1''

11

:-

L

:1:

1

.'

Amu sc 1n e 11t ~

I'
u.

l i u µc.

'.

1. ·

,.

!!1 1 r

1111 111 l

li :11l

1 :: l;: ·q

.! !I\' C

you a

L!!: '.\'

f:· c~n :!

and eo mpa ui ons of le is ure h ours.
late ly h eard of o r see n.

thi11 ,~ i 11 tcrestin~
u 1 ;.l.a .n . :::.·.·.- ~ 1 ' .

EXER CI!:- E

CCL TII. -Tirl ~ ~rr: s .

I ~ "! l!l

:1 i/ 1r·

~f :111 q 1 ,.d 111y 11 :111 11· :111d 1·l1 · 1r:1r · ff'f

i v::t:-; t hen ihr•nrn in:o
1·r {1 f

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t lirn11 ,:.: l1 t!11 · ~: 1n H ' I' r twt>:-:s :?~ rny :-· ~·l!'

Let the pup il n o w dc."c riL c 1hc
c(· Ht \1 11.-.::-<l'd -

4.

5. Any

: l) i ' t

~!t •t• : 1rr :-- !r:1: :w1: !. \'. i1:t · ;1

pr-rr· PiYl'd

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: 111

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t-llll C

EX EltC10E CCLL -'l'J I L.\J 1:s.

Gi ve tl1 e hi story of ea ch of the fol lowin;;, 011c at

2. A

J> C ll.

:~.

A pe ncil.
'l. A uceJlc.

11; l ~ ' '

E T T J·: " - \\' J( l T I

a

tin ie,

:1 ~ 1n

the

!J. A peach -tr ee.
10. A µ:1rd c11 hu e.
1 I. .\ pDc kc t -b uok.
I:!. :\ li u1u1ui11 g- bird.

x

;.;l' lll"l"ai

111 c1!1 ocl must Le

olJ~c n·e d a s i11

l1:r1; it ·d

F.\ . .,, _i,i.-:) t/ 1e

111u:ot vtl1cr k;11.b ,,;

\,)t 1.
I 11 !'11r 111 :1tion 11111 s t he nLt.ai11 cd l1y rc:1din::,!' :ind ro 11\" C'l'.--:1t i( 111, :1r 1d
tl1 i:1 lia,·iN .:; l1L·r 11 1n at 11rC'tl :1 nd :11T;-lTlged l1y rl'll(·ctio11 1_ a 11lan :-l1utd ,I
be fon11 ed 1 as in th e fo ll owin g
M O D E I..

EX El~C I S E CC J.l\'. -TJI E:\l I·: . -1"TD 11 ·rnA~ lT .

(J •

E.\.E lt CIS E cc 1.11.- T111·: ,11·:.- LETT 1·: 1t To ,\ r .,T11En.
\\'rit e :\ lctt (' r

(1' 1 1 '

~.~ o .n 1•t:1:-i i

cxP r cisc~.

5. ~\ ll olcl hat.
G. Au old s h oe .
7. A d<illar Lill.
S. ;\ ln11ki11.:; -;.; l:1..;s.

L

I•

<.;( •h (\ i) \

y ·"

In \Yr 1:in.:; -.·:l iat 11 1~ 1.y lie 111 0 rc. ;1p11ru11ri;1!l' ly

1. A pm.

:t

... i " : ,. r.

l:11.~t~'i l tt·r, a 1·;tr1• 1." !d~ T , i1 1i ... . cr,

('\('.

p reced ing

"

li1r uncc l1 1rl1 0.-c· h:1JJ1b 1lic

pcr.00 11 s

lii.s

lli li: l11 1 ; ·

;11 1 11 111·](' .

to a fatl1(·r 1 eo 11 t : 1i11ir1 ~ ~0 11H.: tl1i11 g i 11t <: r es ti11 g upo n the
fvl lull'i JJ:; topi cs.

l'la 11 .

1. Pl easure i11 w rit in~ , and des ire to h c:ir.
2. Sdi oo l, :; tudi cs 1 te:1d1 cr , sc: boo lni;il e:;, a 11 ll any thin ~ iti leres tin g con ue c ted with tl1ese subj ec t:3.

l

l

ii
I

f
!
l

1

l'la11.
1 Defin ition.
2. lli :; to ry. - !\ n:i h , .T ews. ( Prov . 20; 1 : 2:i; :!'.1, :w.- T.- a. fJ;
11 : ~ 8; 1- ::.) (~reei :in s, lt unian s, prese nt d:i y, s;~r" .~' "
civili zed , E11 ro 11e, A 1n e ri ea.
3. Cau ses. - L n,·c of' cxt i tc ui c u t., id l e n e;-~ , !1aJ <·nn11 .:1ny,
le lllptat iun, c11 stu 111 , f'a s hi11 n:ibl ,~ soeie ly , ll' i11<), (; I!: .
4 . Co1 1 se q u c n cc :.:.-C li~ra c t e r , propert y , fri e 11d;; 1 se l1".respecr 1
l1<'a lth , in tcl lcet , con sc ience, dorn cs ti c h:1ppinc ~ ~ , wif'c ,
l: liil.Jr '~ n. so ul.

ii. l~ c mcdy.
G. lllustrationR, anc cJo tcs , quotations, etc.

LTST OF SIJHJ f.CTR

L l::JT 0 F ::3
The

3 . The
4. Tli e
f>. The
(j . The
7. Tl1c
8 . Ti1e
a. The
l 0. The
11. The
l"' Tl1 e
1:~ . The
l ·I. Tl1e
J ;, Th.•

;\Ji~ei.

Jl,.a:;t c r.
~l'e11tlthrill.

!::iaiiur.
~ultlicr.

Tc:iclicr.
L:iw_ycr.
l'h.pi c ian.
;\len·l1;111t.
;\le..11;i11ic.
( "· •111~1 IC.

17. The ll ypucri te.
IS . The Y;ii11 ;l!:in .
l cl. The Chcc rf11i ,\Ian .
zn. Th e ~11riy ;\l:tn .
'..:!. Th" (;'""I F.1111 wr .
•, ., Tl 1e lJ;1J l:;i ru 11.; L

2:1. The Day Laborer.
2-! . A G:irJ c n.
2 1)

l·' nn·-t.

:\11

:27. :\

D J E CJ TS.

·lfi.

)J u"Clllll .
In
sane Asylum
"
Ch11n: h-yarol.
First l>;iy at. :'ch1Jul.
Last Da y at School.
'l'h c F .. 11hrui Uug.
Th e I 'et La 111 h.
The Canary Binl.
The Fa111ily Il orse.
The Fa111ily Cu''·
The Family ltiJc.

n.

Jll p cIr. ·'

l;a1nl,Jer .
S111tle11t.

] ti . T he ~la udc rcr.

:.>:1 .\

:~1;.

Idler.

()n·}1;ir1l.

.Ju1tl'lll'Y iJV ~l~:t.

.JO.
•J I .
.J"'
1 .J:I.
•1-1.
.J~>.

43 . ;\ly Dream.
·I '.l. C'l1 ri ~ 1111:1 s .
;,o. >-1.: \1' fc;1 r:;.
51. ?lly Birthd ay.
ri:.'.. 'J'h :11lk".'.:'iY!n;;.
;J:>. .J 11ly ·ltli.
fi I. F ,. ii ri1 :1 ry 2:2,l.
:.;, .\ I' I ii 1.-1 .
:Jti. -' L1y U.1 y .
07. A J'i c11ic.
08 . A \\' eJ1li11~.
!>q . .'\ 1:1111<"r:i I
GI.

011r !:;irrd.

u:i a S1e:1!11lm:ii.

~1,t11e

t'it _
y.

clO .

on I I "r''"'"''"J;.

~011 1 c

Yilhc:;c .

: ~ 1.

I I 11

~-) :!.

i11 ;1

H:il1(Hl!l~<

RT Yi -it ' " tli r 1 ' ity

'>1.

tlie

L'vulill.) .

·J

. \ C';t .: l.il"t!.

c1; _ :\ ( .. 0111llry J,ifo.
r; -;- .\ l l 111 ,·I.
.\ l'l1u1di.

l 07.
10s.
111!1.
110.

..

"-

~vi n e

~lt).
~t

p op ul:lr ! >n .: aclicr.

Surnc popular l. e <;!urcr.
l : d~t; f'll('f\ of l:d:11·:1tin11

l . \\ ' runl-!·s o f th e l nJ1a1i:;.

l :: G.
1 :.'.:-'.

'

'l"<· 111 pc~ .

:ii. .\ v .:L .

1 :i:L :\ t:t:Jic~ .

aeub.

!Iii . S:i11l.

!:H. :-:Iooc,;.

7 1: ,. . ,,
~ ;:..;
l )i l l i .i .
~ I '. I . •J I _1 1! i ! l 1 •

.. ..
1 .1lr 111 ~ ; 1 I J 11 • f,
1.:7. T .,.,

] 11

l\ ,, 11i.-J

l. ,J ""ii U:l.

1 ii_!

~,1 n1.;.;1)l1 .

\ 11: . :-; .• "' ",.,
j \)

I.

\ : •Iii i 1: 11 11 .

\11 .'i . l·'.: 1.1 il1.
l Ut.i. 'J'J," :: ..l,lx1i 11

~\1n1..-: L

l 'i·:Jf"~.

'.I.) . •I

\Iii}

Sf

ul"

12!1. c; uu d :\:otnrc.

'. 1

'

l.> c:: cn~

127. War.

1:\il. A !Ld
J.:\. 1'111 .- .
J.: ..'.. J '.q •c1 .

!i:.'.. t:ar<lrn uf' Eden

S L11i11 ~ .

2 :).

j .' ! I (i t

~

CO. l l.11 I "·'L

2K. 'frip i, v J:ililru.1d .

Tl1 c P ower of r. nd.
Tli c J,1,,c .. r (; ,,,1.
The \\' isdo111 or GuJ
Alfred th e Great.
] 11. (~ucc11 Eli za \, et h
l i 2. J cd 111 :'d i; l •J ;;.
] J::_ \\'iJli:i111 l'<•W(tCL
111. C11 lu 111b u ~.
1 l:J. l ,;:ol.ie lla .. r ~p:1i11.
l lli. i\larti11 1.111!. cr.
] 11. G c11rgc \\' l1itfielJ .
11 8 . Juliu \\'esley .
' Sii. l>e se rts .
1 I '.J. "\a ron Burr.
S I. :\ )l1Jrni11 :; \\'alk .
1:.'.ll . H1•11ja111in Fr:111klin.
8 :.'.. \\':ilk a 111 n 11 :-; ll ilk
S:I. S1ro il i11 the F urc s t..
1:.'. l. N "" h \\' el.istcr.
S I. 11 isto ry of a l> c 1v -Jr op. l :.'.:.'.. 011r Flag .
J :!:t ;\ 111eri ca11 I: crn lution.
s;, _ 11 is t ury uf a Bi ld e.
-I :..L
' ·1· 1'" (.,. .IJ "i.:
i
h i;, l'o11t'e.~~io11 o f a ll .111 1.l.
... •
12:1.
1•
...
·r.1
:11iil
-<
,;1·
l·'.:_:- :-T t.
~~111 H,' j1 -11· ti1 · 11L1r Fri ,·11 d .
'I
.\ Lar.c:;c Stor~.
:\ Sth11ul-l11111,e.
The Se:i -sliun'.
,\ 1L1i11y ]):i y .
An _.\l'ril S hower.
_\ Tliund cr - ..; ~ ur ui.
"i~i: .\ II urri c•lll C.
'iii . :\ S111m-sl1Jrill.
.\ S l1il'wre c k.
\' uk a1111 cs.
;\I
1n111t:ii 11 s.
'·'·

1;!1 .
'ill.
"i l.
'il..
7:;.
7 i.

3.). \'i sit to a Jail.

1. The Fop.
2

(J

15!1

(

1~ 1 rr 1 (' ~~-

1 ::s. '· .. 1r... ,.

1.>: l,

\ \ ii,,.,..

I Ill. i;1lll' .
l 11 . :; 1ii,, h .
I I~ . :; 11 c.::1 r.
1 I\ . Fl»11r.

l 1L

~<>lt.

IGO

0 lilDE 'IO

CO .~IPOS!'J'ION.

LISl' OF SUnJEr.TS.

1())

1-! 5. Co:il.
14 G. Tin.

1 83. Ca nJur.

22L. ,\tla c, lr111 e11t to early l1abits.

18 ~ . Fa sl1ivn .

'.!22 . Beware of J cs pe rale s teps: the dark est Jay,

1 17

1 C"· ~,

].j';

1 ; :1

Sih·cr
Qtti1bih1T.
I 11rl1:1 Hu Ll·t·r.

15lJ. liutLl l 'e1d1:t.
l !°• l. :--:,1cd.'-'.
1 .-)~.

. \ ,'...Lrir·H Ii 11 \'t'.

('1j 1.1

ri1 \'

L ! \ "• .

i

1l I i
l 1i I .

I

I- ]!)'I 1")'1 )\ \''

I ....:.-;

.\

111lJtti,111

:.'.!I

i ."'":.~.

l·'r ic 11d:"il1ip.

::!~1

T1·i Ii•· '· 1··1111i1·:111· Ii 11I,· 111i11.Jc
\ nillin~ ;-.:tnlli' ¥:1 du •r...: !1t 1 1\i .. ~""
E •.er·y :w 1r1 j, tlti_· :trehite~.:~ uC li r :~

l ;.;:1. l I .. 111 ·, f y.
] '.111. I :1'.1 li l11ol.-.

~ -~' ;

f \\' i I.,'

:.!~'.).

l·:x: 1111 i1!1· i:-:'

1 !IT :-:i11 eerit1· .

2'::o.

gl:

] '.I I. l ':1tri1 Jl io11L
] '1;., 1'!1 il:11 11l1r npy .

~-;

Li:::. 'Jlie :-ipiJcr.

l'.JG .

L1u;i .~ i11:1liu u.

l;-i'.) . The ( 'rirkcr.

l '.J7.

~ll

liill. The B nrr crth .

l !l:i. ;\ l,•L 1n1·!11JIV

1 G2. The \ \':J, p.
1il:L Thn \\".,r:n .
l( i L Tiu: \\' li:ilc.
lti:i. T he :-:hark.
lGG. The (hs ter.
liil. The :'p011;,;c.
H i::l . .l 'ou ltrr.
lt i! I. HirJs ' Nest~.
170. An1plriliious i\11imals.
17 l. The i\la g ic La11t e rn .
172. 'J'lie Pump.
l 7:l. Th e 'fli crn1 0111etc 1".
17 ·L Th e Pian o/'

175. Printing .
17 G. Wit.
177. i\Iirth .

178. G en ius.
17!>. Virtue.
18 0. P oetry.
181. Fic tio n.
l82. History.

11:1 - -·\'1

( ) i jl"I ~

l '.I] . :-:" Iii-11111'''·
l '.l2 . ( lJ.ci i ll:t<· V,

'J'hr <ir:1 "hnrr•·r.

i ! I li:t \ l'

:.: ~: :

1.-,;;, (_' hc1nistry.
J ;, . ~. ( :0111111n rce.
I ;,:->. The !\ nt.
i;,1,; . The Dec.
I :.1. 'l'l•e Fl v.

ilil

\\"

jH'J' ....;!

t

:'.Ull.

l'il'il iza!iu11.

2l-l l

P11\\4'1' 11 !

~I\\

lwll t ' l'

u 1r:1 f'lJ rttlLl'.

tl1:1 11 jf\'Ct'<'Jif.

1·\· cr :-:u J1q !1 H'ly, tl1t ·re ··" Jl\1 1i Ltt·e

~Wt ~1 ·t :ire

tl1t~

.l \

l t "c ...; (ii ·

Jil . . c

:\II i• 11•d ." "I .I 111 :!1 c:lill,.r:' .
l; real talkt.: r.~. lttl lt..: dui...:r;:;.
:2:: L ~;I 111, I II ! ll li' l i l lll.l Jl ;111d \\" ll l!J: ! 11
I .. :. I Ji ~ 1 r11 11! l ~ t i 1; ti t ~ . l l : \ v t · I !' t I1t · 1 r
~:-G . < :11ilt 11:1' " '' lr11l1d:i,·
~::ii. TJi, ·r•· i.' a 11"11 in tl\O' 1•:1tl1 .
:_::; ; . .\u l1Ltll 1.-\ \\Jiliu11t. i11tlu1:ll!' C ,
~ :.; . ;.

j

l

;r11rro:;i f\·
{·4111 ...;1·ir1wo.

1,

... 1 1 11 J...; .

~!!~.

~ :;;..:

:011 I

~n·• ·r

::u:>.

l' 1,11c r .. r lial,i t.

2::cl. 1>1 ,.,,i11 '..'.,; Lr1'..'.l1tt·11 a,; 1l 1n· Lrk" ll1t·i1· tl 1:: lir.
:'. 11). \ 'j, .,, !1rlll .'..'.S it.' 011'11 !•1111 1.,i lllll'llf.
~ l 1 .\ ,:_:;i 1111I t·:1i1-- 1· i1 i:1kt: ...; a ~1,~ut !1l·:11 t.

:'.Ill),

1'1)n\\\'iil'llCd, fi->l'l' i!l'lllCll

:2 l ~ . ,\ ,:. ::11 ilt_\"

:'.ill.
:'.O::l .
:'. ll!J.
210.
211.

H1 d;ix:itin11 11 cc'.l S." '"'.i'·

~

I I 11111• r11:\·1·r di1·-. .
:21J:L i:,,n1 alc i11tl11 1'111,e.
too old

lii_Hue.

:1d\-l.'l":-iil , ..

~::! .

i { i11/ ]

I ~1'1 .

1.

it

:--

l

l 1 \ ".

j)('('l--11111 .

J ,-...,1;,

In

lr•:irn

0

K11011 led~c is 11u11cr.
Lil !!Ot, ill spc1 1t.
Ne cess it y kn o ws 11 0 law.
l'rosper it y f!'a i11 s frie11J s

212. Take ca re of' th e p c u cc.
21 :·!. - Virtue its own re11arcl. 1
21 -t " 'e ll J,cg un , half J one.
213. S traws show th e current.
21G. No rose without a thorn.
2 17. J\[u ch ever wants rn orc.
218. J\Iu ch praise , lit tle love.
2l!J. J\[unl er \\·ill o u t.
220. ·Houesty t!.ic bes t policy:

JJ 1Ji ,'....'.-1 'IJ(' \ '

>t'('ll!"t•..:.

l "lJl l. :->t: i l:J l C l'.

J:; . \;<JJ hel p.-; tlru oc

~ - i- l-.

:\c t.:c ."i;-; it v

,' Ii< ·<·<·:- ...:..

1:-i

11

111'.Cd.-\

ll ll

; w 1: ll;---i'I'.

ll\J l1dp the11J,.cl11 ·' .

tlic 11 11 dl1 c r u i' iuvc11tiu11.

2·1.-.. ;\ littlt• lv: 1k ll'ill ,i 11k " ;_'.1'1::11 .-1111•.
:; lti. \\'lie r<' tl1t• r e ":r \\· ill , 1!11: r" i.s :r 11:11· .
:;.11. \\'lr:rt a 111 :111 ") 11·,;, that. olr:rll lw re"i' ·

::.is.

T u he ;,:1 ""! i, tu !,,, l1"l'l '.I'·
A s lit<:li i11 ti111 e :;an~ :; 11 i11 c.
:;.->U.' By t.h e fault ,; o f other ~ . wi se men
:H~I .

co rr c~ t

'!, ;-11 . :llan jJl'UjJIJ:;C:; 1 (;VU UlojlU:<e~.

:;;:d. E1 c ry Jay i:; a littl e life;
A11J lif'e is hut a Ja y repeat ed.
253. Nvt !ti11g i ~ i111p o~s iblc to a willin g mind.
23±. ltome wa s not built in a Ja y.
255 . Live not to yourself alone.
Com.-14.

Llr e ir own. ,

GUIDE TO C 1J:lll'O ~lT10.N .

I G2

251.i. Emph•ym c11 t is true c11joy111 c 111.
257 . OppM t nnity fr eq uently ll1:1k c ~ the thief.
2fi ::i . Gu,l tc111p c r,; tli c 11i1"l to th e sh urn b111b .
2fJD . The more nobl e, th e ll!Ore hu11il.!c.
2GO. GooJ i11t c11ti o11 s can 11e1·er ju ~ tif'y cYil actions.
2GI. Co11 sta11t occ11p:1ti on prc\' ellt s tc111ptatio11.
2G2. One m:111's f':111lt i,; nnnther 111:111 ' ~ le :;so11.
21;:;. ;\l11clt is c xpceted 11·li crc !llu c h i:; ;.::i l'c n.
2(;.f . li e that nlw:iy s eo111phi11 s is 11 c \' e r piticJ .
2\ifi . l\la11 11c1·er i:;, liut alway s t o b e , lilest..
2Gli. Who know s hi111self bes t, es tce111s lii1usclf' least.
Q111:·stio11s f u1· Disc uss ion.
On e pupil can writ e npo n one side, antl 1rnotlier upon the o ther.

2G7 . Is party -s pirit beneficial?
2t)8. ShoulJ a 111an olJcy a law h e thinb wrong?
2G~ . Should all rn e u lie all owed to vote ?
270. Arc the planets pruLably i11l1aLit e1l '?
271. Is it a Llc ss i;i g to be obli gc1l to l;1bor?
:ti:! . Ought a lawy e r ever to dci'c11d a wrong cause'?
27~. 01wht a person ever to be iinpri so neJ t'or Jcbt?
274 .
it ri ;.;ht t o execute Maj or AnJrc '?
~75. Ou,.ht the 8.ilc ot' :'.rJcnt 8pirits to be f'urbiJJeu by law'/
~;1;. b 'il ri;.;ht to }'lay :.:a111 e ,; ut' <: ham·c?
277. Du i•arcnt s or tcadicr~ have must influen ce u\'cr tlie

HARVEY'S G RA 1v11VI A RS.
C le a r and Def ini t e i 1. St ato mcn t;

Acc u ra t e and C o n c ise in Def init ion ; T ho roug h a n d

C o mpreh e n siv e in T 1e a t me .1: .

ll:n·,·cy's Elc111cnt.ar.r Gnunu1a1·. P,1rt J. e111b1·:tces
111ocld o ral lesson, , foll y illu s trating met hods o f e le 1111:ntar_v in s trn ~ ti o n
in lan g na gc-c nl t nre .
P:trt 1 r.

i~ ~ irnihr jq

P:1r t l. in ~ piri t :111d (lf>...;i ~ ." 1 1
C rc- :1! r·:n1 \ 11: 1...;
:t t cr 111 o r t o c nnn c i :1t c :1 p:·i:: c ip! c wii !:u::t
fir :-: t- pre parin g tl1 e mind of the pupil tn g r;1s p and ._.,_. 11111 re l1 (· nri it9
m eaning ;1 1Hl nse.
Lee n t:1k cn li C\' L'l' to d e fin e

Part JJT. is :t co ncise, y et e xlcaustin', treatm ent o f th e clinercnt par t~
of ~ J1Pf'r li; <·:1rc· fnlly prr p:-trcd Jll O(lcl s fo1 · par:-; in g :ind fo r !!1 1~ :111 :t! _,· --: i..cif sc n! Cn t-·e: ..: . 111:1ki11.~· ~ \r ith th e :111;i iy ~ i -~ in P :nt l I.. :1 c (-,, ;! q ;L ·k :i i t,1
p e rle ct oy, te 111.

llar,·e.l'S

J~ 11~li!i01l

Gr:uun1ar is

:in

e111in cntiY J>r:l<'t i(':d

hook fu r Colleges, f.:l'lwol s, ancl Privat e St ncl cnt ,;. Th e 11'1 1< .J e pl:. n
,,f th e work i,; in a cco rclan cc with th e <.'<l11 cati o11al doctrin e\ tlc:it ac·c11ra ey and fa cility in th e use ol' l ang11a .~ e , ho li1 s poke11 and writt r n. ;ire
th e encl " t o he .-ec11rc<l L.'- th e s l1J<l ,Y o f G ran1111ar : Th e di ,-c1h s iun o f
111 crc th eori es is purposc:ly av o id ed .
Th e prejudi ce with whi ch e 1·e ry pupil app ro ~ c l1 cs th e st11< lY o f
Granllnar ha" Lee n k e pt constantly in l'i c w l1y tire :111tl1or, lJcltli in th e
plan o f th e \\' O l'i<' ancl in th e prcscnl:cti un ol° tl1 e snlij cf'I .

w:S

youn g '?

D IST I N G U I S l:-> I:t ::r G

F E A. T U R E S .

<I . ) '1"111 · 11n•\ it .\· , 1·\ , •a r11 1· ~~. :1nil 111 1i t'un11 ii .' · 11 1' 1111· r11l i ·!<i n 11d t!i-liu i l i1111 " .
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(' -) !1Ljd1 · [1 • ~ ~ · :; t.- 111 .. r .\ n ; d y .~ i - .

Ynril'fy o f c;1r1·1'ulh pr.·p;in·il 'l11d1·\ ioi li 1r P:ir - i 11 :. : :11 1t l :\ 11 :1 h :- i • .

( I . ) Tli i· d ··lini k

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l" t"l'( lJll!ll l ' llll;1li<lll S

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and ·· xh•11 ... i r c i 11 fr od 11d iu n. :111 .1 l1y tl 1e
P1l11 c al •• l' !'i tli1 ·11 11 1.'. li• •lit th (\ l' (• llt1lr .\· - f 11l l.\'

w a 11t t•f a 1•r .1 l' t i1 ·;d l l' Xl - l1n 1· k

t i lt

Gr: 1111 111 a r

Ldt (· L" tlt :11l nu.1· lwrdnfiir•· in u ~e .

WILSON, HINXLE & CO., Cincinnati and New York.

BOO KS.

SCHOOL

ECLECTIC EDUCATIONAL SERIES.
l\lcGnll'cy's Serles.
Ecl ect ic Spelle r .
N e \V }' ir st Reader.
N e w S e co nd Render.
New 'l'h1rd R e nder .

Primnry G eog rnphy.
Inter m e dinte G eogrnpby.
School Geog ra phy .

N e w Fifth nencler.
N e w Sixth Hender.
Primnry C hnr ts, \ 10 Nos.\

C o py-D< ·oks , 112 N o s. )
"\Vriting-Cnrd s , (36.)
Hnnd-Book of P e nmnnship.
J!: x e rci se -Dook.

Uuy'~

'!'hf' Vl'!f'd it· ]'f'll lllll ll Sh i P·

Arithm<'tirs.

Stliool lUusi!'.

Primnry Arithmetic.
Int ell ec tuul Arithm e ti c .
Hudiments of Arithm et ic.
Practicnl Arithm e ti c .
Higher Arith metic.
T est Exnn1plcs.

PHILL IPS' Dny School Singe r.
Th e Young Singe r, N o. I.
'l' h e Young t;ing e r, No. II.
Th e Y o ung Singe r 's Mnm111l.

Lo g ir , l'hilosnphy, <'I<-.

Jla)"S Algd1ras .

SCH UYLER'S Logi c .
NORTON'S Nnturnl Philosophy .
KIDD' S F. loc uti on.
McGUFFEY'S Pri mn r y S p enke r .
M cG UFF .l!; Y'8 .E:c t e c ti c Sp ea ker.
COLE ' S I ns t itu t e H eade r.

New E le m e ntt1r y Algebrn .
N e w Hi g h e r Alg e bra .

Hay's lligltrr Ma1 he111atics.
Pt.1ne nnd Solid G eome tr y.
G eo m e tr y n m! 'rl"igonome try .
Arn1lyti c Geom e tl·)•.
Elements of Astr o nomy.
C11lcu h rn, •in prcpi1ration. )
Su r vey in g & Navi gati o n . (in prep .}
Evnns's Schoo l G eo m etry.

vV HI1'E' 8 Pr imnry Arithm et ic .
"\VIII'1' 1 ·~'8 lnt c rm e d inte Arith.
vVHl'l' }; 's C o mpl e t e Arithm eti c.
SCHUYL~ H 'I:! C o mp . Algcbrn.
B<•g- i ~ 1

(l1·a111m::ir null Co111po<;i1ion .
HARVEY "S Elementnry Grnm.
HAHV EY' S E ngl ish Grnmmnr .
J>JNNEO'S Prin1 nry G r :unn1n1-.
PlNNEO'S Annl y t ie nl Grammnr.
PINNEO'S Gui de t o Composit'n.
Pl NNEO'S 1'!ngl is h T e a c her.
PlNNl•'.0 '8 Fn lse Syn tl\x.
PINN E O'S P11rsing Exercises.

111ls('('1111 111· 0 11 s.

D c \V O L F"S In s t ru c tive Speller.
L b; r a H '::; P h o neti c Primer.
L 1'.: IG H'S Phonetic R e nd e r.
rhe Exam in e r, or 'r e acher's Aid.
1

lVJLSOY, 1IIlG(L1'J
l.37 \V:1ln11 t

t•rs.

vV II I'l' E'S C o m. School R e gister .
! WHIT E ' S Grn<l. Schoo l Re g ist e r .
(

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CO .•

;"-;t1·<>1. ~ t,

crncINNATI.

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NEW YORK.

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