LESSONS IN ENGLISH
BOOIC ONE

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BY

PRo1'~asoo:it OF H.nr:T i1u11 · r~ Tu g U :-n vEn.StTY oF M ICHIGAN

Al'ID

GORDO~

A. SOUT!IWORTH

Sll PERl:-CTE "' DE Y I' OF SCIIOO LS , SOM!lRVILLE, MASB.

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BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO.
NEW YORK
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LESSONS IN ENGLISH
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BOOJ{ .. ONE
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1 -.~. 1·;r;: BY

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FRED

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NEWTON . ~OOTT ·

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PROFESSOR OF RHETORIO IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

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GORDON A. $0UTHVVORTH

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S UPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, SOMERVILLE, MASS,

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BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO.
BOSTON

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NEW YORK

CHICAGO

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PREFACE

UIRAllY of C0"611ESS
Two Cetlies lllnlwld

&JAN 8 1906
Cei>rlll'hl EllfrY
O<A-<· ff,190
SI G\... Xllc. lfo,

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1::i 4- '~11.

COPYRIGHT, !!JOG, nY

Flt!W N. SUOTT
ANI>

GORDON A. SOUTHWOltTH

Tms series of " Lessons in English " comprises two books.
Bo01c I, intended to be used wit.bin the third, fourth, fifth, and

: sixth grades, covers either two or three years, according to the
r_ amount of time allowed for language work, the age of the
'1.'. pupils, and their previous training.
BooK II contains a systematic course in grammar and a series
of lessons in composition. It amply provides for the English
work
of the three higher gramlnar
grades. · · · '
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In the preparation of BooK ' ~ the design has been i
(1) To create a liking for good literature by. presenting /.
worthy selections to be read, studied, copied" and learned.
(2) To help children to talk and write ·more freely about the
many things that they see or. kn~-\v. \ Suggestive questions have
been asked, in order to stimulate thought, to develop 'clear ideas, ·~1
1 and to enable the learner to report n1ore readily, both orally ,
and in writing, what he has disco~ere~. Pr~vision has . ~e~n .'~;. \~l\;
" made for a great amount of practice m talkrng and wntmg. ~..... ,;, ·_,~'J
~- Pai)1s have been I taken also to give life, point, and interest to - · ·' ·;;. ~
the exercises in com'positfon by ·v arying the method of presentation, and particularly by providing a definite- reade~ or hearer
, to whom the pupil niay .address himself. : , · "'·"''r .· , · .. ·,, :.·
(3) To make.' childrep' more and m·ore obseriing ~ especi~lly .
,
. · in the field of natural science - adding to their knowledge, and '·
f. ; ~-. leading them to ~nd out for the~se_lves. ~any ~llu~tratioi~s. are • -~ ·.
(· , · set before the children for descnpt1ve and 1magmativ~ wnting, ., ,' ..."' 1 •
and help is given in the for~ of leading questions. l
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Stnnbope l)ress

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F. H . QILBON
BOSTON,

COMPANY
U .S. A, '

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PREFACE

( 4) To make correct expression habitual, by calling for frequent repetition of the right forms, and by constantly suppressing the wrong.
(5) To secure the use of correct writt.en forms by giving
models for imitation, and Ly leading up to simple rules for the
use of capitals, punctuation-marks, alHl word-forms, with examples and much work for practice.
(6) To give some acquaintance with the elementary principles of grammar.
In BooK II the aim has been (1) To place before the student an orderly and intelligible
statement of the principles that determine the structure of
words and sentences, and at the same time to furnish exercises
for practice in the application of those principles.
(2) To continue upon a higher plane the work in composition pursued in the lower grades.
· Part I deals somewhat at length with the sentence as the
structural unit in the use of language, because a knowledge of
its elements and their relation one to another must logically precede any detailed study of words and their forms. The parts of
speech are briefly treated in this connection to give an intelligent idea of the composition and character of the elements of
sentences, as well as to show that classification and inflection
depend upon use.
Part II presents the parts of speech with consideraLle fullness of detail in their classes, inflection, and syntax. Teachers
will, of comse, discriminate between what is to be leanrnd and
what is given only for reference. Attention is cal.led to the
treatment of case; to the unusually full presentation of infinitives
and participles ; to the tabulated summaries at the close of
chapters for purposes of review; and to standard literary selec- ·
tions for study.

PREFACE

V ·

.... Throughout the grammar, sentenc~s for illustration ·and study
',.'. are given in abundance. Th!tt the student may leani, that the
rules that govern form, structure, and good usage are geneml in
their application, they have been intentionally drawn both from
literature and from the language of ordinary intercourse. ·
Part III is a systematic course in composition. It is not
intended to be merely an addendum to the grammar, nor a
.· ,.,,series of talks about rhetoric. It provides for continuous and
progressive practice in those kinds of . writing and speaking
which are most suitable for children at this stage of thei~· school
life.
Though both composition and ,grammar contribute in greater
ot less degree to the same end - the ability to use language in- ,
telligently and efficiently·- yet they differ essentially in their
character and method of treatment. For this reason, in· the / arrangement of the book no attempt has been made to intermingle exercises in composition with work in grammar. The
lessons have been so framed, howev_er, that they may either he
assigned in connection with Parts I and II or may he used as
an independent course.
·
In both composition and grammar special emphasis has been
laid on the choice of the proper word. The tendency towards,
freedom, if not looseness, in the use of forms, and the disposition to ignore certain well-established rules on the P!l-rt of
latter-day writers and speakers, have been discouraged by
pretty close adherence to the usage of those whcf are striving to
11uti n tain the highest standards.
I
f Although these bo<?ks contain much that is new and un~
hackneyed, they are not untried. The material · which they
contain has been tested in many schools under widely different
conditions, and has been found workable. These "Lessons in
English " do not come befol'e the school public,. therefore, a,e

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PREFACE

strangers· knocking at the door and waiting to be introduced;
.
they appear rather as familiar friends renewina old ac
ta
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· quamnce an see rng a wider recognition in a circle where they
have already made their standing good.
Th~ authors a~e .indebted to the following publishers and
autho1s ror permiss10n to use copyrighted material . To M
M ·
t I
·
rs.
a1gare ,ee Ashley, and Harper and Brothers for the poem
~·!he. Wind," which originally appeared in Harper's Mag,izme ~ to .Harp~r and lhotliert> for illustration Weapons . and
Utensils 01 tlie Cliff Men; to Charles Scribn er's Sons for th e
excerpt from J . G. H~lland 's "Bahyhood,,; to Cyru s T. Clark
Co., Decorat~rs'. fo1· illustration An Interesting Sitb/ect; to
Houghton, Miflhn . & Co. for selections from J T T . b ··d '
"M 'd
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· · row n ge s
i SUlllmer and "Midwinter"; to the vVhitaker & Ray
Company for Joaquin 1\1 iller's " Columbtrn " · to 1\1 J
w
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r. arnes
hitcomb Riley and th e Boubs-Menill Company for "The
Prayer Perfect " ; to Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. and W,.illiam
H. Ha!,ne for a selection from Paul Hamilton Hayne 's " ·will
and I. ; to Mr. A . \V. Mumford for verrnission to reproduce
the p1ct.ure of the Bal ti1nore Oriole's Nest; to the youth'::;
Colllpamon for illustration Boy on Pony. The authors are
also under obligation to prominent Superintendents who have
read proof and made valuable suggestions.

,JANU A lff,

l!JO(i.

F. N. S.
G. A. S.

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TO TEACHERS.

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THESE books presuppose a wise and capable teacher who will
,.; use them with the attainments and needs of her pupils in mind,
omitting here and supplementing there according to varying .
conditions.
Too many teachers think of a text-book as a kind of machineglln, built to fire with deadly precision sq many loads a minute.
This is a vicious error. A tei t-book should be the teacher's
friend, guide, and helper. It ~ay be a powerful ~id and resource ; it ca1i never take the place of the teacher's personal
enthusiasm, sym pathy, and stimulus.
I ·
In these books teachers will find a great variety of material
which they can use in acco~dance- with their .best judgment.
Exercises are given for copying, for dictatiop , for ~eproduction . ~ ., I;<
of what has been learned, or read, or heard; for picture study ·
and description; for letter-writing; for recording the results ~r
·,~~
observation and experience; for the use of words and their \
•· :\,
synonyms ; for practice in the use of correct forms. Selections
from the best liter,lttnre are given to be studied and learned, and
to furnish suggestions for kindred ,)Vork from .the school readers; ample provision is made for the correlation of na~ure "work
with l!Lnguage; and the elements of gram!Ilar are in?uctively
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1•
presented.
The lessons are not of uniform length ; they are graded, and
those of a kind are arranged accordi~gly ; but, in general; they ·• ~;;,:, ,.
are not dependent cousec1.1tiv1ely 011e upon .anothe~. ..:: The ord~r ·.' :;~ . :

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TO TEACHERS

of them, therefore, may often be changed at discretion ; some
may be omitted, some divided; others may be amplified and
dwelt upon.
The inductive method has been followed throughout. A
right use of the suggestive questions will lead to habits of
thought, observation, and investigation along given lines.
Other questions may be added, but the direct imparting of information will not often be necessary.
Oral lessons should precede and outnumber written lessons.
Each exercise should be the subject of conversation and study
before any attempt is made to write it.
An especial effort should be made by the teacher to see that
the child's thought is clear and distinct in his own mind. The
first thoughts of children are, and perhaps ought to be, more or
less hazy. It is the business of the teacher in English to dissipate
the fog, to disentangle confused ideas, to i11cluce habits of clear
and orderly thinking. Much can be accomplished toward this
end by training the child from the start to grasp firmly the units
of discourse, - the sentence, the paragraph, and the whole composition. This does not mean that children are to learn to talk
about these things, but that they must somehow gradually acquire a sense for them.
A final word of caution may not be out of place. Teachers
of English are apt to attach much importance to the formal
side of their instruction and to assume that a pupil's facility in
reciting rules and detecting errors of speech is a sure sign of
progress. The formal side must not, of course, be overlookerl,
but it should never be forgotten that the end of all instruction
in English is growth in power of expression and appreciation.
Drill which contributes to this end is good. Drill which, falling short of this end, merely fills the child's mind with rules
and symbols, is a grievous waste of time.

CONTENTS
PAOF.

LESSON

iii

PREFACE.
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
I.

INTRODUCTORY -

Picture,

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How STATEMENTS BEGIN AND END.

IV.

PRACTICE IN MAKING STATEMENTS

VI.

VIII.
IX.

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How to get Breakfast

A STORY TO TELL.
ABOUT PARAGRAPHS.

the Ravens . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Cat . . . . .

XVI.

A STANZA TO COPY.

RULE FOR CAPITALS

A STORY TO TELL.

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STANZAS TO LEARN .

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Homon:Yms .

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Dicta tion

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An Interesting Subject .

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SELECTIONS TO LEARN
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NAMES OF CITIES, TOWNS, AND STREETS

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Homonyms .

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Picture, Mrs. Rabbit and her Chil.. . . . . . . . . . . .

THE RABBITS' HoME.

dren

NAMES THAT MEAN MoRE THAN ONE

XXIV.

~JL~v. A TALK ABOUT LEAVES .
XXVI.

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A PICTURE

How lo look at a Gift. Where God is . '
DESCRIBED. Can't you Ta.lk? .

FoRMS OF NAMES To SHOW OwNER.

XXIX.

A DESCRIPTION AND A STORY.

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The Pony . .

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STORIES TO BE TOLD.

X.."\:VIll.

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Di c tation .

Butterfly Hunters
The Robin's Advice .

STORY FROM POEM.

CONTRACTIONS

XXIII.

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STORY FROM A PICTURE.

XXL A CHOICE OF WORDS.
- XXII.

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Head of a Child

Picture,

~~ A PICTURE STUDY.

XX.

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The Kitten . .

Picture,

XVII. TITLES USED WITH NAMES.
XVIII.

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9
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A PICTURE TO STUDY.

XIV. How TO WRITE NAMES OF PERSONS.
XV.

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Puss and

Story to Copy anrl Write.

XII. A CHOICE OF WORDS.
XIII.

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X . How TO WRITE QUESTIONS
XI.

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III.

VII.

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The Morning Call

II. SENTENCES; DEFINITION .

V. THE WORDS I AND

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:XXX. A CHOICE OF Fom1s: PLURALS AND PossESSIVES: Dictation
XXXI. A LITI'LE P oEM TO STU DY. Doing its B est
XXXII. THE TIME OF DAY
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_J_ :XXXIIL AMUSING A CHILD.
Picture, Mother and Children
·r ~:X:xiv. NAMES OF DAYS AND MONTHS. Abbreviations .
XXXV. A POEM AND A PICTURE TO RTUDY. The Village Blacksmith. Picture, L ongfellow
XXXVI. ABOUT FISH. Oral and Written Exercise
XXXVII. How TO WmTE DATES . . . . . . . .
XXXVIII. vVHEN TO UsE "Is "AND "ARE"
XXXIX. "THERE Is" OR "THERE ARE." Dictation
XL. STORY-TELLING. Lame Dick's Flowers . .
XLI. THE EXCLAMATION POINT . . . . . . . .
__"°',XLII. ~ How TO WRITE QuoTATJONS. Di ctation
x.Lut. A STORY TO TELL. Turning the Grindstone.
XLIV. A LETIER TO CoPY: MoDEL . . . . . . .
XLV. L ETI'ER 'VmTING. Di rections a nd Exer cises
XLVI. THE ADDRESS ON ENVELOPER . . . . . .
XLVII. A L ET'rErt TO DE WmT'rEN . Picture , K itty makes Trouble
XLVIII. SENTENCE-MAKING
. . . . . .
XLIX. STORY TO BE ToLD. Somebody's II.father .
L. VERSES TO DE LEARNED . . . . . . . .
LI. AN OBJECT TO DE DESCRIBED . . . . .
LIL D oMESTIC ANIMALS. Oral a nd Written Exercises
LIII. CONTRACTED wORDS . . . . . .
LIV. USING CONTRACTIONS. Dictation . . . . . . .
LV. \\7HEN TO UsE "AREN'T" . . . . . . . . . .
LVI. A TALK AB OUT LEAVES. A Study and a D escription
r/ ~Y!l......;'\ PICTURE STORY . The L .,:ttle Gardener .
L Y:Ill. THE COMMA WITH NAME OF ONE SPOKEN to . Dictation
/".- LIX . WORDS TO uE DEFINED . . . . . . . .
LX. T o JJE WmT'rEN FROM MEMOHY. PoEMS
LXI. VEGETABLES. An Exercise in Talking and Writing
LXII . "WAs" o R "vVF.nE" . . . . . . . . . . .
LXIII. "'VAS " Oil "WERE" IN Q UESTIONS . . . . . . .
LXIV. A PoEM TO LEARN. The Arrow and the Song
~LXV . THE STUDY OF A PI CTURE. The School Examination
nftr. ABOUT FRUITS. A T alking and Writing Exercise
LXVII. A CHOICE OF WORDS. Dictation . . . . .
LXVIII. SENTENCE-MAKING .
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_, ~X. S'l'UDY OF A F~ni,i;:, Judqing b1j Appearance~ , ,

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CONTENTS

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LXX .
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,--. LXXII.
LX.'XIII.
LXXIV.
LXXV.
LX:XVI.
LXXVII.
LXXVIII.
LX XIX.
'., LXXX.
LXXXI.
LXXXII.
IJX.,"XXIII.
LXXXIV.
LXXXV.
LXXXVI.
LXXXVII.
LXXXVIII.
LXXXIX.

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xc.
XCI.
XCII.
:X.CIII.
XCIV.

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56

~CV.

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XCVII.
XCVIII.
XCIX.
C.
Cl.

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58
59
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62
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65
66
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AnouT THE SuN . Poem to L earn , · The Sun's Travels .
68
A DESCRIPTION OF A P1cTUR~ :-. Child at the Pump '\ .
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"HAS" AND "HAVE"
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ABOUT THIS BooK. T alkin g a nd Writing Exercise
70
AN OLD STOHY TO TELL. The Boy that Stole Apples
71
THE SQUIRREL. A Study and a Story to Tell
A P OEM TO LEARN. The Mountain and the Squirrel.
Pi cture of Emerson .
72
:N°AMES MADE PLURAL BY ADDING "es." Dictation
73
STORY TO nE RETOLD . Idle Dennis. Exercises to Write
75
A REVIEW
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VERSES TO REMEMBER
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A CONVERSATION ABOUT RAIN . Letter to be Written
77
AN INVITATION ' AND THE REPLY
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THE BALTIMORE ORIOLE . T alking and Writing Exercise '< 79
How TO WmTE TITLES OF ' BooKs, ETC. . .
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WORDS THAT HAVE NEARLY THE flAME MEANING
81
"HASN'T" OR "HAVEN'T ".
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STUDY OF A LEAF. Description .
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84
PLURAL NAMES ENDING IN "ies ." Dictation
84
Oun CouNTRY's FLAG. Th e Star-Spangled Banner. Pic86
ture of K ey
88
SENTENCE-MAKING
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A PoEM TO STUDY AND LEARN. · Th~ Cloud
89
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MORE CONTRACTIONS
89
PLURAL PossESRIVES
90
A TALK AuouT GEMS. Stanza to Memorize
92 I I
A PICTURE STORY. A Heavy Load
92
MEANINGS OF .WORDS
93
SYNONYMS
93
A STORY TO WRITE. Contentment
94 1
DoMESTIC : FowLs. Talking and Writing Exercise
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Fon THE MEMORY
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PLURAL POSSESSIVES
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STUDY OF A PICTUllE . Feeding her B irds
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C01'fl\lAS IN A SERIES OF WORDS

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CIV. "Wno's" AND "WnosE" .
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CV. THE F1VE SENSES. Talking and Writing Exercise ..
CV!. MEANINGS OF WORDS
A PoEM TO STUDY. The Fountain. Picture of Lowell ..
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Stanza to Learq • , • . , , , , ,
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LESSON

CVIII.
CIX.

ex.

CXI.
CXII.
CXIII.
CXIV.

cxv.

CXVI.
CXVII.
CXVIII.
CXIX.

cxx.

CXXI.
CXXII.
CXXIII.
CXXIV.

cxxv.

CXXVI.

cxxvn.

CXXVIII.
CXXIX.

cxxx.

CXXXI.
CXXXII.
CXXXIII.
CXXXIV.

cxxxv.

CXL"'<VL
CXXXVII.
CXXXVIII.
CXXXIX.
CXL.
CXLI.
CXLII.
CXLIII.
CXLIV.
CXLV.
CXLVI.
CXLVII.

A TALK ABOUT PLANTS. Talking and Writing Exerrise
SIXTEEN PLUHALS IN "t•es " . . . . . . . . . .
DIVIDED QUOTATIONS. Dictation . . . . . . .
PoEM TO DE LEARNED. Winier and Spring-time.
AnouT WINnows. Picture, Rose Window .
FoR DICTATION .
SYNONYMS . . . .
NINE Pr,uRALS WITHOUT "s"
A PICTURE STUDY. English Ji'arm-Yard Scene
POSSESSIVES . . . . . . . .
HousEs. Conversation and 'Vrit.ten Exercise
ABOUT SHOES. Picture, A Shoe Shop
"NoT" AND "No" . . . . . . ' .
MY ScHooL-HOUSE. A Description
Two LETTERS TO 'VmTE
STUDY OF TREES.
Conversation and ' Vritten Exercise.
Poem to Study. Trees . . . . . .
STORY TO WmTE. The Patience Flower. Dictation
PRACTICE IN USING PossESSIVF.R
SYNONYMS
VERSES TO REMEMBER . . . . .
AnouT WATER. Exercise for Talking and Writin~
To DESCRrnE AN UMBRELLA. Synonyms .
A LOAF o:F B1H1AD. Story to Write
"IT IS l," ETC.
A STUDY OF TREES
WoRns THAT SouND ALIKE .
PROVERDS TO EXPLAIN. Di ctation
STORY FROM A PICTUHE . The Secret .
"DoEsN'T" OR "DoN'T" . . . . . .
ABOUT ANIMAJ,s. Conversation and ~'riting
"Dro" OR "DONE" . . . . . . . . . . . .
STEMS, TRUNK, AND Woon. Talking and Writing.
STUDY OF PoEM. The Wind . . . . . . . . . .
COVERING OF ANIMALS. Conversation and Writing
"REE, SAW, SEEN"
PICTUJIE TO BE STUDIED. The Wounded I!ourid .
SYNONYMS
... . .
A STANZA TO LEARN . .
A LETI'ER TO w RITE
FORMS FOR p AST AND PRESENT

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Xll

102
102
103

104
105
106
107

108
109
110
111
112

' CXLVIII.
CLIX.
CL.
CLI.
CLII.
CLIII.
CLIV.
CLV.
CLVI.
CLVII.
CLVIII.
CLIX.

WORDS TO BE DEFINED
.. . • . . . · ·
MY SCHOOL DESK. Written Exercise. Synonyms
AnouT CLIMATE. Conversation and Writing. . \.
WEATHER RECORD . . . . . · · · · · · · · ·
A PoEM TO STUDY. In School Days. Picture of WhiUier
LETI'ERB TO WRITE
. . . . · · · ·
THE FROG. Conversation and Writing
BusINESS LETTER, MoDEL FoRM
Two BusINESR LETTERS
STORY TO BE RETOLD. The Dog's Quarrel
A POEM TO STUDY AND LEARN. The Use of Flowers
CAMEL STUDIES.
Conversation and Writing.
Picture,

CLX.
CLXI.
CL XII.
CLXIII.

A STORY IN VERSE. Study and Reproduction
SUGGESTIONS FOR LETI'ERS • . · . · · · · · ·
"SIT" OR "SET"
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The BeaStud:x of Poem and Picture:
THE BEAVER.

113

114
115
115
117
117
118
118

119
119

120
121
122
123
123
125
126
126
127
128
129
130
131
131
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133
134
134

PAGE

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Camels

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135
136
137
137
138
140
141

142
143
143
144

145
146
148
149

151
vers' Home . . . . . . . · · . · ·
CLXIV. "LIES" OR "LAYS". I · · · ~ · • •· • • · • ·
154,
CLXV. A STORY TO WRITE. Jamie and the Jug . . - .
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FRUITS
AND
SEEDS.
Conversation
and
Description
.
CLXVI.
. / 156
CLXVIL MAKING DEFINITIONS . . . ... .. . . .
156
CLXVIII. "Lay" OR "LAID" . . . . ' . ; . ·· · · · , · ·
I 157
CL XIX. THE HuMMING-Bmo. Talking and Writing· . . . .
CLXX. SET,ECTION FOR STUDY. Planting 'of the Apple-Tree.
Picture of Bryant
1
· · 153 ·~
159
"HAS
LAIN"
OR
"HAS
LAID"
.
.
CLXXI.
. . . . 160
CLXXII. LETI'ERS TO WRITE . . . . . . .
CLXXIII. A STUDY OF THE TOAD. Talking and Writing. Picture, /
161
Friend.s or Foes
. . . . • . .
162
THE
UelE
OF
"GoT"
CLXXIV.
163
CLXXV. TuouGHTS FROM A PICTURE.
1
164
PAST
FoRMS
OF
VERBS
CLXXVI.
165
. . . · · . · ·1I
CLXXVII. MAKING DISTINCTIONS
165
VERB
FoR111s
UsEn
WITH
"HAVE,
HAs,
HAD"
1
.
· CLXXVIII.
166
CLXXIX. HOLIDAYS. Conversation and Writing . . . .
CLXXX. A PoEM TO LEARN AND STUDY. Old lrown·des. Picture
167
of Holmes . . . . . .
168
FORMS
OF
VERBS
CLXXXI.
•••• f
.
•
·• ·.i< .· . 169
CLXXXII. CHOICE OF VERB FORMS
l , 1 . : !'
170
CLXXXIII. A PICTl.JRE FOR STul>Y. Bubble Blowers·:_~ '· ,

153/

... . . .

I

XIV

CONTENTS
LESSON

PAGE

CLXXXIV. MISTAKES TO HFJ Avom1m: "RHALL" on "\VILT," . .
CLXXXV. MISTAKES TO ·DE AvornED: "LEA RN " on "TEAcn";
"OUGHT"; "LOVE" OR "LIKE"
CLXXXVI. FORMS OF VERBS . . . . . .
CLXXXVII. ADVERTISEMENTS TO ANSWER
CLXXXVIIJ. ADvEnTISEMENTS TO WmTE
CLXXXIX. TRADES AND PR OFESSIONS .
CXO. A PoEM Fon fhnov. The Landing of the Pilgrim..~.
Picture John Alden .
CXCI. VERD FonMs . . . . .
CXCII. A POEM TO LEAHN . The Bells. Pieture, Bdgar Allan f'o e
CXCIII. MISTAKES TO BE AVOIDED. "Tms, THAT"; "THESE,
THOSE" ; "\VHo" on "WHICH".
CXCIV. FABLE TO RETELL. The Larks
CXCV. DIRECTIONS TO STRANGERS
CXCVI. A PoEM FROM MEMORY. Our National Hymn
CXCVII. STANZAS TO LEAHN. Will and I . Pi cture of Hayne

xv '

CO NTE N _T S

PAGE

LEASON

~, CCXVIII.

171

CCXIX.
CCXX.
CCXXI.
CCXXII.
,CCXXIII.
CCXXIV.
CCXXV.
CCXXVI.
CCXXVII .
CCXXVIII.
CCXXIX.

172
173
174
174
175
176
179
180

.

~- -:: ·1':"

ADVERBS: KINDS . . \ .
- ;- ;
· \"
ADVERBS: COMPARISON \
PREPOSITIONS . . . . •
. \"
USES OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
CONJUNCTIONS: WORDS THAT CONNECT.
INTERJECTIONS: WORDS THAT SHOW FEELING.
REVIEW: THE p ARTS OF SPEECH .
CLAUSES USED LtKE ADJECTIVES
CLAUSES USED LIKE ADVERBS ·
CLAUSES USED LIKE NOUNS . .
SoME COMMON AnnREVIA'flONS. Marking Errors
CAPITALS AND PUNCTUATION• · · · · · · · • ·

182
183
184
185
186

226
227
228
228
229

230
231
233

1\

ELEMENTS OF GRAMMAR
I

CXCVIII. KINDS OF SENTENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CXCIX. THE Two PARTS oF A SENTENCE: SunJEcT ANn PnEorCATE . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CC. SUBJECT AND PnEDICATE CmmINED
CCI. NOUNS: KINDS
CCII. NOUNS : NUMBER
CCIII. NOUNS: GENDEH
CCIV. NOUNS : CASE
CCV. PRONOUNS : KINDS
CCVI. PRONOUNS: GENDEU AND NUMREU
CCVII. PRONOUNS: THEIH CASES .
CCVIII. PRONOUNS: MISTAKES IN Usrnn THEM
CCIX. ADJECTIVES: KINDS
CCX. ADJEC'l'IVES: COMPARISON . .
CCXI. VEnns: Wonos THAT AssEnT
CCXII. VERB: ThANSITIVE
CCXIII. VERBS: COPULATIVE
CCXIV. VERB PHRASES
· CCXV. VEnBs: TENSE FonMs
CCXVI. VERBS: NUMBER AND PERSON FORMS
CCXVII. VERBS: BE, W.-s, BEEN . . .

187

/'

188
190

191
193
194
196
197
201
202
203
205
207
209

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211

.

212
214
21.5
216
218

'

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LESSONS IN ENGLISI-1
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INT ROD UCTORY

I llE rvlORN I Nr; C' 41 l

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LESSONS
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LESSON I
INTRODUCTORY

2

LESSONS IN ENGLISH
LESSONS IN ENGLISH

What question may she ask of him·? ·w hat command may she
give? If you were to ask he1· what the dog's name is, what
would she say? \Vlrn.t would slie say if the dog should bark
sharply at her? What might the dog say in reply if he could
speak? If her mother should come into the room while she is
petting or scolding the dog, what would the little gid say to
her mother? \Vhat would her mother say in reply?

'

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

... - ...,~

'

Look carefully at th~ face of the dog. \
What time of day is it?
1
The child is not afraid of tlrn dog.
It is time to get up.
Have you slept well?
Where does the dog sleep ?

In , answer to the fallowing questions, make spoken sentences
\
hat will tell something about the picture :
LESSON II

What would be a good name for th_e dog p
How old do you think the girl is P
What is the color of the dog ?
How does a dog talk ?

SENTENCES

When we talk or write, the words that belong together fall
naturally into groups called sentences.
The little girl in the picture tells her dog, Fido, to stop
barking. How many words does she use? She tells her
mother that Fido has waked her. How many words does she
use ? Do the words seem to belong together?
There are different kinds of sentences. Some sentences ask
questions.

What questions might tlie little girl's mother ask when she
enters the room .f! What questions miglit the girl ask .f!
Some sentences command or request some one to do something.
What command m~qltt tlte little girl give to the dog .f!
request migltt slie make of lter motlter .f!
Most of our sentences tell what we think or know.
Wliicli of tlie following sentences ask questions?
Wliich of them tell something?
1Vliicli one contains a command?

1. What is the name of this picture ?
2. The name of the artist is 0. B. Barber.

Wliat

A sentence that tells something is a statement.

L_~::==-=~~~~~~~~/1
LESSON III
How

STATEMENTS BEGIN ,A ND END
I

Exercise i. Here are some answers to the' questions in Lesson 2!.
. Make a careful copy of them.
,
Fido would be a good name for the dog.
,
I think the girl is four years old.
, I
The dog is white.
He barks and whines.
1. Jn copying these sentences h~w many en pit.al letters cl~d you ma~e p
. 2. Which words did you begin with capitals p 3. Where IS the capital
• eac I1 sen tenee·? 4 · What
' <;<':used 1n
' inark did yon use to show that a se~tence was ended P

A statement should begin with a capUal and end
with a period.
2.

Write answers to qnestions 1, 4, 7, 8, -in Lesson 2. '

4

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON IV
PRACTICE IN MAKIN; STATEMENTS

Exercise 1. ~ittle cliildren are always aslcing questions. Suppose that your little brotlie1· or sister sltould ask tltese questions.
What would you answer .f!
What can horses do ?
Of what use are cows?
What is the use of a watch ?
What does a farmer do with a plow?
What does the postman do with the letters we give him?
Write the statements tliat you ltave made.

.Exercise 2. Suppose now that the 7ue.~tions we 1·e about wltat
things are. First give your answer orally, then write it.
What is a thimble?
What is a minnow?
What are marbles?
What is veal ? ·
What is a needle?

Here are some sentences from a girl's letter.
written correctly ?
'

/

Father and I went boating last week.
We had a delightful sail.
.
0 how I wished you were there.I , .,
.

'

.,

.

1. There are three words in our language that contain only one letter .

. Can you tell what they are? 2. Two of them are always written with
capitals. Which two are they? 3. Who is m~ant by • • I" in the first
sentence?
4. Tell what you did yesterday. 5. When you mention yourself, ,
what words do you use ? 6. Tell what you and some friend expect to do /
to-morrow. 7. "Vould it have been proper to say, "land fathe~ · went. '
boating"? 8. Give your reason.

In writing, the words I and ,0 should always be
capitals. '
J
· .

I

Exercise 3· Suppose, once mo1·e, that tlie questions are about
the making of tliings. First give your answer orally, tlten write it.
Of what are shoes made?
Who made yoiir coat?
Who made this house?
Of what is candy made?
Who makes doors?
Of what is bread mad e?
Of what i~ butter made?

Do you think tl; e.Y '':ere

LESSON VI
A

I

I

• I \

STORY TO TELL

Exercise 1. H ear tliis story read, or read it carefullr yourself,
and then tell it to your classmates.
You will remember it more easily if you notice the order.
What is said first? What is said next? What is said

6

LESSONS IN ENGLISH
HOW TO GET BREAl{FAST

• I .Itk was .early one summer morning
.
. TLnere were f our b.ttle
cliked
uc ensf rn Ia group · 1 They w ere a11 peepmg.
.
One would have
a res l green eaf. Another was hun r f
yellow meal Tl th'. l
. . ,
g y or some sweet
.
.
ie nc was wartmg for some kind of bu
A
mce fat worm .would have made tl1e fourth one happy.
g.
Tl The four httle chicke11s looked at 011e another fretfull
rnn they all began to chirp. It sounded as if ti
'dy.
vVe're h
ur
<
·
my sat :
't
ungry. vv e want our breakfast Why d
body
d .
·
oesn somecome an give us our breakfast?
fl Then the .mother hen in the garden close by clucked ·1 d
uttered, as if to say : If you want ·,111y 1.ureakf ast you must
c n
come h ere and scratch.
Exercise

2.

lVrite tlte stOl'!J .Ji-Inn memory.

LESSON VII
ABOUT PARAGRAPHS

When we write as we should the sentences that belong together fall naturally into groups. called Paragraphs.
How many groups of ,sentences in the story in Lesson 6?
Where does the fi is
· t wo1·d of each pamgraph begin?
We should always begin the first line of a written
about an inch farther to the right than the 0c th 'r
pamg1:ap.h
called indenting it.
er mes. This Is
We should always leiwe a space of about half an inch
between two sentences in a paragraph when writing.

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

, Boys and girls are very likely t~ join their_ sentences- together
, by using and. Be careful to make\ your sentences s~ort, cl~a~, ..
· and separate.
'
\ ·
·

We sltould put

in

one paragraplt tlte sentences that belong
/

togetlter.

Exercise I. Oopy the following story, remernb~ring everything
•
that ~you have learned in this lesson.
PUSS AND THE RAVENS
'

·'

In a garden behind a big house lived a mit and ·two ravens. · '.!'.hey
, . might all have been good friends, but they were not.
l'uss thought the garden belonged to her. If the ravens came near the ,
house she growled ai1d looked fiercely at them. When food was thrown
·. out she always took the best for her share. Naturally the ravens did not1 '·
. like her. They said she w~s a greedy, selfish old cat.
/ i" ·
One day the only thing thrown out for dinner was. a big bone with a
" ·little meat on it. Puss seized theoone ·and bega~ picking off tho meat.
When the ravens came for. their share she
put Jut
her claws and arched
I
j
her back. With a growl she told the ravens that they had better fly "-"
away. There was nothing for them.
'
But the ravens I being very hungry th}s time needed their dinµer :
Something must be done. So, plucking up courage, they decided to work
' together. Oue was to fly at pussy's tail, the other at her face. .
. \
In a moment down came one of the ravens and seized the cat's tail in
.; 'his long beak. Puss had not expected this. She dropped her bone and
1 .;,,.'fl.ew at her tormentor. Then the other ra;ven swooped doW~ and carried
1
off the bone.
· '1
- '
So tliat day the ravens had a good dinner !1-nd 'greedy puss had to go ·

L

Exercise

2.

Write the story from memory.

..

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

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LESSONS

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IN

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S TORY TO T E LL

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H o w TO W R I T E QU E STI O NS

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so111 eo11 c to play witl1 . Yon
11 1: L•)' i 111:1 M
<ri11 c t ha t t he l ittle ~ irl
is j11s L c nllli11 g i11 Lo tli c rno111 Ln
s\'1' ll' l1:1L Lli i: prl'sc 11 t is L!1.a t, li e r
l':i Lli e r a 11 1l 111 utlt c r ltiil frn111 li e r
s11 e:11d nll y t,l1 c 11ig l1 L l1eforu .
\V lrnL wil l :-; he say w h e n sh e secs
Lli e ea L, a111 l wh a t wi ll s he do .,

I. \ Vl1 :1( is :i sL:iLe 111 c 11 L? ~ - 11 <1\\· 111 11sL iL licg i11 a 11d 1•11d '(
il. I lt1\\· 111 :1 11 y q11\•s tirn1 !' :11·1· tl11·1 ·<· in Lt •s!-'1111 ~" ·L I l•1w tl t1
_,·,11 1 ki1 n11· ll1 :it. 111 1'.r :1 1·1· q1 H·.,Li11 111'" G. .\1 :1.k <l :1 q1 w l' Lin11-11 1:1rk
1111 Ll11 · l1 l:w k ht1:1n l.
l >id yn11 1'\'\:1' lw:1r :1 l1111 g1:r 11 a 111c f11 r ii '!
Ii . J\ sk y t11 1r (cne l1e r a qu es lin11 :il1n11 L tli e d cw k. 7. \\' ri Lc
t he s:u 11c 111 1es tio11 011 Lil e l i l :1<~k li11a rd . 8. lln w did y o11 l1eg i11 it
a 11d l' lld it?

1:

I

~

E xerci se

1.

11 1111· 111;111 y l11111 rs ;11'•' 1111·1·• · i11 :1 d :iy
.\ ( 1r l1 :1L l1< 111 r d 111 ·s llw d :1 _1· l11 ·;..:·i1 1 '.'
\\' lll' l'l' tl 111 ·:-; Llw r; 1i1 1 1'. 111111 · l' r11 111 '(
I l11w 111 a.11 y <.,11\ 11rs l1:1 s Ll 1< : r:1i 1il1"w "

·~

Fir,; f t 1·\ l a11d t \ 11 •11 ll'ri t n t l1t• ;: t 11ry n f •· i'l'f·-; T r ip Lo li er New llo 111 e ·-,

;: \11 ·. •· 1111 \d 1:1\ k . ~ l :1k•• th n •r> p:1ra;sTa ph ,; . .'11 f h.ti r,;L l ••ll \inll' ;: \H · frll :1ltrn1 L g·.,fti11 .'.! in to f h• · i> a:-: k d, anti " ·ha t wa s 111 t.\11 :
t.:i ,;\; <'I 11·i f h hn.
I n f \11 • ""' ·n111 I !1 ·\ I :1! 111 11 L lw r lo11 g- Lrip , and ho w sh n fo l l

:1.-< t \w " " ' 111 ig llf !I' ll i t i f

Exe rcise
1•11d1

•!/

2.

'/'h/11 k '!( so1 11 1•! /1/ 11_,; .'/" // 1ro11fr l / lk1• '" k 11 011• r1 lu111/

l/11 · .f ;1 // 011' i11 ,11 th i11_r; s, i/11· 11 11s/r 'l " "-'f/0 11 .~ ort1!!_11 :

in 11i ., il :irl;.

11·:ti ( ' I'
l:1111ps
1·:tt' :LLi1111

Exerci se 3 .

fn1g s
n 1li i11 s
s k:i Li 11g·

Lit is I )II (! k
11 i: I I' I(' s 11 .~· ;1 r
g r:q 11 ·s

:ind

l'! ll S l l l S

111 t lH· third l 1d l ho w ,:.!; l:ttl ,; hn w as l o see Lh e li ::;-ht a.g a in ,

11· \ i: 1L 111'1' 111 · 11· h 11 1111 · w :i ,;

Iii« -.

A C H O I C E 0 1: W ORDS

\\' .. ril s 1l1: iL ;;; 0111 11 1 :1 l ib ~ 11fl <·1 1 d iffo r hot.It lll s pelling anrl

I

<>11,. s (io11 s s lto11ld hq.:·i11wifh 1·:1pi( :1 ls :111111 · 1111 wifh
lfl H's ( io11 - 111 :11· k s;

- -·--- ---·

-·~ --- ·--·

------· ·---

-

-

--------

-

l lll ' !l ll

-_J

ll I ~'.

l.'11 1· ''.'\ :11 11 1111 • :
l \d11n · y n11

ll'l' ifr

~\l'C ,

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\11\ !

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111i l"
1ri11d

ll ' r/ f ,. I /11• '!'''"' ' t•1 11 s .'!"" /1111•1· 1rs lrr·1l.

i11:1
' 'l ll -

1·l1< 11 1s1: Ll 1u ri!Jlit \\·ord .

LE SSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise

Yi ·I 111' la11 .g·l1 s :111d 1·.ri1• s, :111cl 1·:1Ls a1J1l clri11b.:,

1.

1'1tli1l.J n \\'

ltl11 i:

ll11\\l '. I'

1'< >: 11!

1·i g·l1 L

,. \ 11 cl 1·li11 1·.k1 1·s a 11cl 1·.r11\\'s, :111cl 1111cl s :11Hl \\·i11k s,
i\ ,.; ii' l1i s J1 (': icl \\T l'\ ! :IS f1iJl .,!' ki11k s

.i\ 11d 1·11rirn1 s ridcl l1:s

- _j>ilil,;.; 111 :il;i· ;1 .:~· : ill111 1.
Tl11 : unl1k11 -r1td is ;11 1 :11!1.1111111

"

\\' Ji ;I(,

Ill; I]; I 'S { J II\ ,.; ' " .

Exercise

?

111 :111 n

SL'\\'

Exercise 3 ·

'/'!1i 11/r

/1)1/'lil,'/ //1/1 1:/-'',

f l/Id lfhl)

11•11rds

·t!'

\ \ .t

~ i.t.!·I1:--;

V :L il I

Sll/ //1 •//1i11:1 .'/"// l..11•1/I' ri/111 11/ ,.,,,.ft '!(

1!( 8ll// ll'//1.i11:/

.1/111/

tn l1i s liLLl1 >. li11 ~ 1·r- Lips !
:-:., ft.\ y s i11ki11 g , cl11 w11 Ji u g·111·s !
I ).,\\·11 l1 i: g·111• s ! il ow1 1 11 1! g·111•s !
:-;l'I' ! 111 : is l111 s l1 1:d i11 S\\'('.l'L l'l' j•llSI'. !

lfi ,. .1:,1.

- .1 . 1;,

l/'<l{ i/r { ///,··r• /I) /,.111/tl ' 11/1u 11 /

ll 'i· i /1 • (,,11r ·'llf/1 :1111'11/., 1111./.f i111 r •; // 1·sti" 1", 11 si11:1 1111 1·
Ill

t >1·1·r l1i s 1•yps, i11 ;.;11fl C<'l ij>SI' ,
t ) Vl' I' l1i s l1rm1·, :111d 11 v1·r l1i s Ii ps,
( )111.

1· 1t1!,1; ·'111•//1· 11 :

1'1tl'h.

'!

:.i1111· lw. Ll1i11l;s l11 :"ll g n lo s l<'•'P !

ll'ri/1 · .fii'1" 11•11n l s ; 1ru 11 1111111·1··I lik1• t/11'-'< ·, /1/// ,/1'f/;·1·-

2.

"

, I

a11 y s plii11 x l

l 1·:111 ,.;1•1>. Ll1n s l1: u l1 1\\· 1·n ·1· 1•

')

I" L<>11·11

:LS

•!/' l/11 ·.,,.

1·111./1 :

1" ' I ii .

gT:1Lt·

i 111111'

I H' : 11'

1•:il1'.

se 11 t.

gre: 1L

fl I I I'

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1111(,l,,\ l'\' ll ,

1t.

u ·: sso N x 1 v
How TO WRITE NAM ES O F PERSONS

If/
II ·

c,
STANZAS TO L E ARN
T lti" · · lit- :1 tl 11J a 1 'h i ld ·· "
111· t!H · ~Tl':> I :irti ." I . l, ,.111 1a n l11 d :i
' ('.

\ ' i .. .. ; .

/ ,1 ·111·11. I ft, .

/11/ /1111 ·/11:1

1'<'1'-'•'·'

11111/ 11•rit 1' I !11·111 Jr11111 1111 ·1111Jn/:

\\'l1 aL is 1111: lil.Ll1 · 1J11 e Ll1i11k i11 g· :1l1011 L!
\ ' 1· 1y 1\·or1d1 ·rf1il
d o 1il>t. !

t.l1i 11gs 11"

l li lll'r iL[.u 11 l1i s l<>n !

I l11f:it 11111111 . tl 111ys l1·n· 1

BUTTER FL Y HUNT ERS

1J ,.r1· ar1• till '"" liapp.1· l' iiild r1•11.

Ld \1 8 gin'

t.1 11>. n i

nall 1" " ·

12
Exercise

LESSONS IN ENGLISH
I.

Sitpply tlte right word in eaclt sentence below:

rode
blew

a Le

flour

blue
road

flower
eig ht

- - pints make a gallon.
The golden-ro<l is an autumn - - .
vVhat makes the sky - - ?
Which of you - - to town? ·
Exercise 2. Write five words pronounced lilce tltese, but differently spelled:
sew
raise
mane
weighs
vain
Exercise 3. Tltinlc of sometliin.<J yon lcnow libout eaclt of the fo lloul'ing things, and also. of something you wo·uld like to lcnow abo1d
each. 1'f'1-itc four Sllitements and fonr questions, using one of these
words in each :
ce nt
grate
hour
Lear
pale
sent
great
our
Lare
pail

13

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Yet he laughs and cries, and eats and drinks, __" .. ~ · :·
And chuckles and crows, itl.ld nods and winks, ·
As if his head were as full o'f kink's
And curious riddles as any sphinx l
Now he thinks he'll go to sleep I
I can see the shadow creep
Over his eyes, in soft eclipse,
Over his brow, and over his lips,
Out to his little finger-tips I
Softly sinking, down he goes !
Down he goes I down he goes I
See I he is hushed in sweet repose l
By permission. of Charles Scrilnierts SnnB , Ne10 York.

/

.:.....J. G.

H O LJ,AND.

LESSON XIV
HOW TO WRITE NAMES OF PERSONS
I.

!

LESSON XIII
STANZAS TO LEARN

This " ll ead uf a Child " is
by t he grca t n.rtisL, Leonardo da
Vinci.

Learn the followi'ng verses
and write them from memory:

What is the li ttle 011e thi11 king about?
Very wonderful things no
doubt!
Unwritten history !
Unfathomed mystery I

BUTTERFLY HUNTERS

Here are three happy children.

Let us give tl!~~ ?allies:

1·

14

Exercise 3. Write each of these ,sentences 'aft er !tearing it read

The girl is Mabel Morse.
The snmller boy is her brother, Che,;te r 1\ilm·::;e.
The larger hoy is Charles Edward Chant.
1. Do these children all liclong to the same family? 2.
think so? 3. To what family <loes llfabel belong? 4.
f ninil.1; n;tm c of ead1 e liihl ;• ;;. \\'l t;LL i,; .""'" . la,., !. 11;1.1 11 " ?
fa111ily am y o 11 a 111,.1111ier? 1. 1Yhal i ~ the la :o t n a m e

15

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

,l

'

I

only once by your teacher :

o what can little

' I mrtst always do my best .
'Vhy do yo n
\\"hat is t he
n. ( If wlrnt

\

. Where are the frogs in the winter?
William T. Sherman was a patriot.

h ands <lo ?
Who was John Paul Jones?
Queen Victoria died in 1901.

of C h e.' l"r"s

fath er?
8. R ead t he names that were g irnn to the children by th eir parents.
Do you see why we call th ese names "given " mim es? 9. ' Vlrnt arc t he
g iven nam es of the Morse child re n ? 10 . What is your g ive n name?
11. Who gave it to you ?
1~. TTn\\~ tl n,·.: : " ~1 1 · l 1 ntJ L' r_f thc::: c Il~ 1I ll t ' :.: lil :~i n:
lJ. 1.Io w 11 1a.u)' c a-i1itals in Llio larg" !Jo_v"s 11a.111e? J.1. Ile ,..,, 11.,1i111 Ps writ.f's i t , t_:h arlco: Jo:.
Grant, or C. E. f~ rnnt? What docs th e E. stand for?
15. The first letter of :t word is call ee! a.n initial letter. ' \' ha t a.re t he
initial l ette rs of l\lahel Morse's name ? 16. What are your inili.als?
17 . \V rite them with a period a.ft.er each .
1

Exercise 1. Every year. or so men ,r;o from house to lionse to
take the sclwol census. They malce a list of all tlie children wlw
ougltt to be in school. One of tltes1; men calls at your house when
you are the only person at home. Ile wants to lcnow ·

Your name,
Your father's name,
Your mother's name,
The name of your teacher.
1Vrite in complete statem ent.~ what you wonld say to him.
Exercise 2. Your mother is · going to give a pm·ty for you.
Write for her the names of the p ersons yon wo1tld like. to invite.
Each word in a person's nan1e should begin with 1t
capital.
Initial letters, when use<l instead of the name, nl.ust
be caJlitals with periods nfter the1u.

LESSON XV
STORY FROM A PICTURE

Tell and icri1c about "f'ntrhing the Rntt.erfly." .
You ·will say where l11e c11ild ren w e n t - w h a t . tlw J,- tonk to
catch the butterflies with- how they. discovered the hands~me
big butterfly- how they chased him - how Chester fell mto
the ditch - how they captured the butterfly - what Mr. Morse
said when he saw it.

LESSON XVI
' THE ROBIN'S ADVICE

I

I

Down in a field, one day in June,
The flowers all bloomed together,
Save one who tried to hide herself, And drooped, that pleasant weather.
A robin that had fl.own too hig~,
And felt a little lazy,
Was resting near this buttercup,
Who wished she were a daisy.

I '.

I

16

''

I
I

I
11

I

I,

i
I

I
r

I

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

For daisies grow so trig and tall;
She always had a passion
For wearing frills about her neck
ln just the daisies' fashion.
And buttercups must always be
The same old tiresome color,
While daisies dress in gold and white,
Although their gold is duller.
"Dear Robin," said this sad young flower,
"Perhaps you'd not mind trying
To find a nice white frill for me
'
Some day when you are flying."

.

"You silly thing! " the robin said;
"I think you must be crazy I
l'd rather be my honest self
Than any made-up daisy.
~·You're nicer in your own bright gown,

The little children love you :
Be the best buttercup you can,
And think no flower above you.
. "Though swallows leave me out of sight~
We'd better keep our places ;
Perhaps the world would all go wrong
With one too many daisies.
.
"Look bravely up into the sky,
And be content with knowing
That God wished for a buttercup
Just here ~vhere you are growing."
-

SARAH ORNE JEWETT .

17

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise. The robin

i1i

tliis story met a bluebird on tlie way . . .

home and told him a.ll about tlie discontented
daisy.
··,,
\

Wlidt ·did tlie

\
I

Follow this order :
1. The cause of the buttercup's discontent. 2. Its re9uest.
3. The robin's advice.
You may make three paragraphs of what you write.

LESSON

XV~I

TITLES USED WITH NAMES OF PERSONS ?

.1. What is your teacher's full name?
2. When you speak to her,
do yon. use her first name ? 3. What do you call her? 4. Is Miss
a part of he; name, or is it only a title that may apply to many other
persons? &. Mention some other teachers whom you know.
6. What gentleman lives in the house next to yours? 7. What storekeeper do you know P . 8. Do you think it- more respectful to sa,t Brown,
, or Mister Brown ? 9. Which is the name, and which is the title?
10. Ilow would your teacher speak of CharlieWobd's mother? Why?
' 11. How would she speak of your mother P 12. What would you call
··:· •; Mister Rice's wife?
,
13. What title do we give to a woman who is married P
·

In writing the titles, Mister and Mistress, we always abbreviate or shorten them. Thus :

" Mister Hill " is written Mr. Hill.
"Mistress Hill" is written Mrs. Hill.
Mrs. is pronounced "Missis."
abbreviated.

The short title Miss is never
-~

18

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Read th is sentence :

l.

Exercise 4, Write the fallowing sentences after having re~d ,
them once:

Mr. vValker, Mrs. Davis, and Miss Cole have visited our
school.
1. ·what does llfi·. stand for ? 2. M?·s.? 3. How do these
abbreviations begin? 4. vVlmt mark follows them? 5. Why
is there no period after Miss?

-~ -- r -:-

'

Telephone to Dr. Thomas C. Warren.
Rev. Robert W. Ward is a clergyman.
Mr. and Mrs. Davis and Miss Davis have called.
What is the name. of the father of James,• Long,
. . Jr;. ?

·I

\

"

. I

;·

'"I'

Exercise
and titles:

1.

Write these sentences, filling tlie blanks with names

Exercise 5. Find ten. names in a
· ..· in full with the proper titles.

- - owns the store round the corner. His wife is called
- -.and-- have three sons. My teacher is--.
- - is a young, unmarried woman·.
Boys are called " Master," as Master Frank Smith.

I

19

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

-

.

.
. •.

'

Exercise 3. Malce a list of tlie names of ten p eople that you,
know, using as many of the titles and abbreviations in tllis lesson
as yoit can.

. ..

[

LESSON XVIII , .·'.'. ·, ::~ ::~·-

f.:·

. :--

l

'

'

'

•

' '.

'

f

',

7

.

~. I

••

' .

' '

'

(

Dt. G~y lives 'on .Spring St., in the town of

!

i: ./

Andover: _.· : '.
The home of Rev. Mr. Ed wards is at the Gomer o~ Q~e~y
St. .a·nd Fo;est"Av~._; ~.~ -->- .-.. . ,_·._____
., .. ..'-. ·:" _:;'. .. \.~.

'

:· ~~~t clt~es'.:;u.e \ n~~ed i~

se~ten'~e~ :-. 2: --W?at:.' :fuw~

'.
·
Utes/
P
P
'Vith;what -kind of letter do their names begin·? · 4. · Why does Boston
begin with a capital? 5. What street is named? 6. What avenue?
7. How do their names begin? 8. In what state is Portland? 9 · H/ w
may you write the name of it?
1.

s.

Jr. stands for Junior.

Reverend is a title given to ministers. 'When the minister's
name or initials are not used, the ti tle is Reverend Mister.
Always write Rev. Mr. Jones, neve r Revereml Jones.

'

Tlie.:iralh runs -~ron1 P.ortlRnd, Maine, to ~ ~oston. · · . . ·

Exercise 2. L earn these abbreviations and the words for wliich
tliey stand :

St. stands for-Street.
Ave. stands for A venue.

. ...

:.

It ·: -~A~-E~· ~.F:_c1.~1.~s.- 1;0WNS_, ,: AND. s'TR,E..~~~::._. '.'."":;-'.J

Titles u se<l with names of I>~rsons shoul<l b eg·in with
capitals.
Abbreviations s houl(l h ave 1>erio1ls after them.

Dr. stands for Doctor.
Rev. stands for Reverend.
Hon. stands for Honorable.

c...

.citj;··~i,,:ectory and ~rit~ them

Exercise

1.

Write statements in answer to these questions :

' 1. In what 9ity or town do you live? 2. In what state?
3. On what street is your home? 4. What city have you
5. Where does your uncle live ?
Names of cities, towns, states, and streets should b~gin
witll capitals.

'. . . -

t

20

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON XIX
!

I

A

J!

LESSON XX
'

PICTURE STUDY

A

,.1\

21

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

\

!

SELECTION TO LEARN

Of .tlie following selections learn the one th.at yon 11,ndasta11d

and Zilce the bl' st, mid w1·itc it f1·om mc11wry .

Tr ue worth is in be in g, not sec!lli11g, ln doi ng, e;i.ch cby t.liat g oes Ii.)',

Some little good, - not in <lrmuning
Of grc:Lt t,hin gs to do hy and by.
For wh:i,tcvcr men ::my in Lhc ir lili11cl11 css,
i\11'1 SJ'i tl~ ol' Llie f.11\('ics of .\'l>lill1 ,
T \i np's nni\iinc; so ]; i11 gly :1,; hi11d1 11 ~,;s,
Aml nol11i11g H!l ruy :1l a,; T r11Ll1.

~~t~~~~~~r: .~ 1:·>>1

----~~~ . ~- ~2.~~~~-~· {'upv1kld c d h\

( 'yrm; T. Clark Co., l 9U:t.

'

,I
:lI

J
I

ii,I
·l

What is the name of this li ttle girl ? Write it. Write the ·
clog's name . Can you see the name of tl1e llewsp:Lper? vVlmt
newspaper do you take at your li ouse? ·w rite the name of it
if yon can. vVb at is the dog doin g? vVhat questions would
he ask if he could talk? What would the little girl say in
reply? Make np a story wl1ich tho li ttle girl might pretend to
have read in the paper. Perhaps it will be abont a little girl
and a dog. She will tell how the little girl lost her way as
she was going to visit her aunt, and how the dog found her
and brought her home.

Nn1_·r )..'.i1-c Ill' ! i'"r t111•

i1i:-;i•:-;t is

\i,,]iJc,.;t ,

Knowing that Proviuence mingles the cup;
And of all maxims the best, as the old~st,
ls the true watchword of - Never give up l

CHARITY

Believe not each accusing tongue,
As mos t weak people do;
But still believe th at story wrong
Which ought not to be true.

LES S ONS I N ENt!L l S H

A

21

LESSON S l N ENG LI S H

PI C TIJl<l •: S TUllY
/\ SE LE C TI ON TO

I .·ur11 !/,. . ""''

.
or ,,,, ..1; ,11.111·i11:i ·'" I ,.,., I""·'
1111 ,j

l i/r 1• 1/,,. ''"·'' ·

111 11! 11Ti l 1·

it ( r•u11

1\ 1:-: l >' h SS

i

LE/\HN
1/111/·

I
'I

.'/"II 1111•l<'J'.'< i 1.1J l1l

II

1

111,. 111 11'// ·

.1 :-0: 11 '1'1 : 1· '1' 11

'J'r11 1• 11 "1 ·11 1 1s 111 lll'i11 ,g·. 11111. s1 ·1·111111g,
J11 t/ 11 i11 g'.1•; 11 ·11 .J :1.1 iJ1 :1I .!..!''ll 'S l1y,
~ 111111 · lii1 J1 , ,g·•lllf l,

( lr ,g·1·1·:il

IH ii . i11 dr1•;1 111 i11 g·

tl1i11,g·s In d 11 11.1· :1 11.J l1y .

J.' 11 1· 11·i1:il 1· v1·1· 1111 ·11 :-: :i v i11 llwir l1li11d11 w;s,
.\11.I " l'i11·

.,r

1l1 n f:i11l'i1 ·s

"r

.1·1111tl1,

T1 11 ·1·1' 's 11 <>i l1i11 !_!· s 11 k i11 .!. !· ly :1s I\ i11d1lt' ss,
'

Ni·i·i·r ,,. i v 1· 111 1!

t ·" l' Yri;...: hlo •d Ii_,
1 ·,,..- 11 ..., T .

c '1:1 rl, 1 ·••..

1 ~ 1n

r.

\\ '11: 1!. is ll lf' 11 :1111t•.
11·'.!..!'." 11 :1111 ('.

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llii " lil 1i " .!. ! iii.'

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l s Llit' L1·1w 11·:1.Lc l11r.,nl ,i1· ·- · i\ 1: v1•r g· i vu 11p !

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.!..! i rl

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kll l1<1 11 li1<· li11l1· g irl l11s t l1 1•r 11·:11· :is

"Ill' w:1 s .g·11 i n g (11 l'i s i(, 11<'1' :1111 1(. :11111 111•1\' 1111· t/ 11,g· !«111111 1 111·1·
:i 11d l1 r1•11 .!. !·lii: li1'l' 11 11 11 11 '.

11·i,.;1·s 1 is l111ld cs l ,

\\ ' 1if1• lil t' 11:11111' r>f i (.

I' " I ) : I s l,11 \' \ I\' I i I·I 1 11 It' I ii I If'

i 11 t 111' 11:1111 · I' .

:111d ;1 <!".!..!'·

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111 • :, s k i r 111' , .. •11 I11 1:111,

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I\

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if .1·1111 C' \\\I.

\l id 1111Ll1i11•h r SI > r1> '1·:il :1 s Tr11Ll1.

1:11.\ 1: IT \'

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.\ " 111 rnd 1n·:i l; i'''" l il 1· .[.,:

pl

l\11 1. sl ill lll'\ i1 ·1·1· l.l 1:1L s l 11 1·y 11·1·n11 g·
\\'\1i .. l1 1111 g·\1t. 11 1d 111 \11 • 11'1\t'.

=~---------~-__J__------============- ---

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.

L ES SO NS I N ENG LI SH
11> 1, 1·:

\,. ,

LESSONS I N ENGL I SH

""'s

I. I: r·ad 1111: -'' <'l ii f' ll "< '-' 11 1:11 ar" :il ik" i11 11H;a11 i11 ;_!·. 2. !l ow :irn Ll1uy
1111l ik1• !' ,,, i1 1Jll' do 11·u 111;1k1• i s11'/ fl'<H ll i s 1111/ /. -l . () f whal ll't>t'lb j,
m1isn't 111 :i d" !' r,, Wh a l. lull1 •r i-< 0111 i1.1 ,.. 1 i11 ll1 n ~ l1 orL , nr eontraded fo n11 ?
Ii. \\'h at. lakP ~ its pla 1·" !'

( >, 111 a.11 y a s l1 :ii't :i f. 1': 11111 1> 111 :-;c11 L
Fi 11ds 111 a r k tlt c :1l'd1 " J' lit.I. le 111 e:i 11f.
,\11d 111 a 11 y a W1J 1·d :1t r;i 11rl 1J 111 " I"'"'' "
i\l a.Y sno tl1 0 111 · wo 1111 d :t 11r :a rt tl 1at·s l1r() I'" " 1
'l' IJJ<; t : J·:s T

Not, i ~ c> ft.r. 11 c:; n11 t nwL1" ) '" n't . :111C l 1nitt.r111 as part o f t ltc wn nl
be fo re it. Tli n r1110M n 111h1· Cl (:1kl' s Ll 1e L'la<.;e qf U1c h)tLc r left
1111 t .

1\ JJ •: tlf (' J ~E!-i

.J"Y a 11d Tr •111pc'1':111 1" '· :111d 1:1' 1'"·-;1·.
Sla.111 Lit e cl1JoJ' "" U1" d rn:Lo 1_.s 111 1s1).

Exercise r. 1Vi·/.t 1• "1111! l'fl"I ln11-' '!/' I /11 · ,1;1f lo11•i11.1;
.firs/ in .~ /1 1/ 1 • 11 11 ' // i s !/1 1· 11 111 1111, -,, / / 11 11., :

1:.1 pri:.~8ions :

1 1 .~ ,· f / /f ' Jli

A

E xercise

CHO I CE OF WO R DS

is 11fl L

" "( '"' 11 11 (,

l1:1rl 11 f!L

w:1s I H1L
I\ ' () 11 I(I 111 )(,

1111 j.
11 :1,.: 111>1.

11: 1vc : 111 1L
d I) ll CJL

"i"

1.

Ll ·: SS () N :\\. I l l

Ieel

11.0

1111 ):1L

lu:i d

k11 uw

ll W<'L

11·," " I
k11c•\1·
\ \' (

Exercise
lull'ill//, ll/ll l

2.
/ (.~ ('

/i/!1•11.

£t

'/,)/

hi II

pa 111 :

SC \\r

red

11 ·11·on l

11.

"""

THE RABB I T S ' HOM E

\V l1 at Sfl l' t of li o111 0
d ()c;; Ll iu rn.h l1 it liv e i11 '?
I l1 Jw is it 111:1rl u'1 .I l nw
ic; iL lik e: _yo ur l1 u111 e 'I
l l "w 1c; iL d illc re 11 t '>
\\' )1:1t JS l h c l l l l Ul' 'i
Wh at is Lli e mo(?

simil11r i 11 sn111 ul fo 1'11d1 1!/ f/11 • t i>!-

s1 ·n t 1•11 1·1' :

rig Iti.
l:1 i11

N I ~I ~

S llJI

pa t r

salr:

·'" '"

I'" 11 <>·I1

E xercise 3.

-~

I low is iL ke p t \rn.nn ?

Ll•:SS <l N \. \. 11

Tl1 n 111 ot l1c·r rnlihi L
lcdl s f111c · "r tlic : li Lt.lc·

CO NT R i\ CT I ONS

rn lil1i Ls 1111 11' t l1c· i r l11J1 11<:
w:1s rnn <le a 11cl l1o w it
is 1lilfn e 11t: fr o111 t l1c:;
l1fl l11 ('S o f 1111 •11, \\Tl 1:1L
cl 111·c; s l1v. :-;: 1y '!

\ \' l,.·11 11·n ll' l'if.c~ in : say
l' r: 111 k is 111 1(; lw1 ·"·
I 11·:1s " "L : 1. l1.~1· 11 L.
~ l : 11 y l1 as Hntgn11 c .

f11 1·11 111·1· rs:tl ifl 1J \\"(' s: 11·
h ·:1.11 k is11 ' f l1 r• rr ·.
I 11·,,s11·r :tl 1s1·11L.
~ l a r,r /111s11'1 g-011('.
MR S.

rlA B BI I

AND H ER C H I L DRF.N

r•- --·-·•

•

-

.._..... --~----

II

24

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON XXIV

~.

NAMES THAT MEAN MORE THAN ONE
1. Tell which of these words name single things only:

Li rd
birds

ducks
duck

girl
girls

boats
boat

tree
trees

2. Mention those that name more than one thing.
3. ·what letter
would you :ukl to duck to make it mean more than one ? 4. llow would
you change ~ars to urn.kc it mcnn only one P How do we change names that
mean one thmg so that they will mean more than one 'J.

A word that means only a single thing is called singular.
A word that names more than one is called plural.
Exercise
rose
book

1.

Sp ell the plural of -

pencil
pen

slate
clock

rnbin
lion

25

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

rail
letter

Exercise 2. TV?-ite these sentences, changing the singular names
to plural names:
Have you sent the barrel?
Can the cobbler 1nend rny shoe ?
vV liat made the rninbow dis:tppear?
The blueJay made the nest in the tree.
I have searched both house and barn.
Most singular uaines are ma<lc plm·al by a<l<ling s.

Exercise 3. Make the names in this selection plural.__ . It is .
worth learning.
,,
The robin had built in the apple-tree high ;
Low down in the moss dwelt the sparrow so shy;
The wren wove her nest in the jessarnine fair ;
The oriole hung up his castle-in-air Heigh-ho ! how do they know
Every summer to build them just so?

\

LESSON XXV
A TALK ABOUT LEAVES

1. ln what season do the leaves first appear? 2. ·How did
that season get its name? 3. What do the leaves come out
from? 4. When were these buds formed? 5. How were they
kept from freezing during the winter?
6. Why is autumn called _the fall of the year? 7. Do you
know of any .tree that does not shed all its leaves in autumn?
• 8. Na~e some trees that are never bare. What name is given
to this kind of trees? 9. What are the slender lea.ves of pine
-. trees called? 10. Of what use to little plants are fallen leaves?
1
11. What other uses have they? 12. In what country are the
tl'ees leafy all the year?
Write two paragraplis in answer to some of these

Exercise 2. .A.friend of yours wlw has spent all his life in
Ouba has never seen the leaves fall. Tell ltim what liappens as the
weatlier grows colder.

LES S ONS I N E NG L ISH

LESSONS IN ENGL I SH

STORIES TO BE TOLD

Exerci se

, I

i·

1.

i

1':111 1· li :i d 1·1·1·1· i1·1•d :1 d11ll ·., lrn11I; :ii I 'l11 ·i, l111:1 ' : :11 1d " ·" l ' rn 1· " '1•111 1•.! In
\\'i ... 11 f 11f' 11)11 ', 1111 · ~.:: r :111d1n :1111111 :1. \\" 1111 ;11 ·11• d :1... .: .. r:li1 T ,!.!." 11d111 o t l 11 · r .. 141 lhc
vliildr"" · .!.!·:11·1· l1<·r 0 11< · f1>1· l1<·r l1irllid:1 y.
II l1:11'i'""'·d 111 111 · a l itll 1• .' 111 :c ll 1•r 111: 11 1 l ':i ll.1 ··' · :i nd l ':ill .1· lik1 ·d
1"'t1 ,. ,. 111:111 111 1·:il I I 'n 11 >, :111 .. 111 i1111 1n 1111 · 1':1.-I
I 'r1 11· I 111 1·1· ii '1 ·1-.1· 1r1 ·1l : 11111 li11:1 ll r . w 111 ·11 I ':111.1· " 1id w ii 11
l'r111• , 1'111 ....: n 11 ....: 1· d

.' 111:111 111 1111 • I, .

l11 111 y l1i .!...!· 1/'llld \ 111 :11

l 'r11t• 1111 '11 t•d ljl li1· l; l,1 111

\\ ' 111 · 11

I loo /.; :11

01 1 .~..!: '11

Jl t ',\'S

_I ''

111

Ex e rcise

l1 1(tl\ :1 1 \\ ' I H' ll

2.

!ll l.\l 111d _\

ll 'i ·l /1 • l /1/.,

~." i \ 1 •,. . ;

.'.. .

·''"r.11,

jl/1(1 •1• 1!( / / 111.<. • f/1r1/ 1111 ''1/I r1/11 11/( f/11 •

pil y i 11 ;..: :iir.
ii ~ 1 · 1 · 111 s

\ 1Ht l':--:

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" \\ ' 1·11. I d1111 ·1 1·:11·1', l ':iti.1". .1< •11 .r< • 11 111 :i lii l 11i1 ·1· 1
.\ . (Il l

:i

1111t l 1 i 11 .~·

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II j, 11 •1 l l11 • s 111 u //111·ss

: lll ,\ f l1 i11 .~·

-

jj ':-;

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11 s10•1 1/,,. ) ;1!11111•!11:1 11·on/s

111

.. C t.N ' T YO U

I ALI\ 7 "

G . .A. !{0 [111r·s .

S1/l//I' ;

( ' lng r1 1w 11 : i 1d d li g 1•1il
q11i1·kl y : :111 s 11·1·n ·d .

A PICTU RE D ESC RIBED
An En .!. .~:l i ..: 1 1 111 i 11i ... l1 ·r 111H ·1· ' :tirl 111 :1 l1r i.'. .! ·h t l il l l1· _
!2:i rl i 11 Iii -.: :--; 11 11 d :1y s1· li11"l. " If 1 " " " . i II I1·11 1111 · \\' l11T1 ' ' ;.,i1 i- . I " ' i II .~· i 11· .1·1111 :111 11r:111 .:.:·1._.,
" I f y 1111 \\· ill 11•11 1111· " · llf' r1 · 11 1· i..; 11 111. " 1•r,,11 1pll r r1·1di,..J 1111· li !!I• · ::·irl ,
' . I \\' i 11 .~!." i \.,' .\" ( 111 I \ \ ' II . . ,

,.\ l i l tl1 • ~ irl

1111 1''' 11·"11 L 111 1·i,.; i1

( 1111 :11· .1111· . ..

·' 11 "

1Ti,..J , "SI'. <' 11·11:1 1. :1

it

1.. .I/Oi l /' ,.f,1ss1111 1/1·s
1/ t> Ji u /

/(St '

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t/ /

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1/11,/ . . l' t ' l'. lf

// ' 11(1 / ., ,

11/11/,-1 •

s /1,,rl

S I' // ··

:L

wa.s
l111ok.

11n· l,L1· pi1 : l.11rc -

N 1·1·<' r 1111111
. I, "

I 11.:

l'i '. J' 1·11'. I

11w w l i:il is i 11 i.l w 11i1 · l.111 ·1., :i 11 d I s li: il l <' ll.i11.1· i i. :i.s

Ex e rci se 3.
1
/1 Jl 1'1 ' S, t lJ / 1/

11111; ln , 11· l1 n

Tl1 t: 111 •;.; I 11 1.. n1i11 .c:· s l1 u 1~:1111 1 : r1 111 11i11 .!..(· j.11 l1i111 11·iL11

1111•11 s lw ,.: 11111111 :1 1 C' 111ld1 ·11l y .

(///I I !,.//

l1 "r

"II."

I.

l1li11il .

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:i.11d
"' 1'1·. ll

11111< :11 :i s .)" Ill

'! ( f, ·11.

1·:11"1 ·1'111! 11 111:1l;c r 11111 · d 1·sl'. ri1il .i11 11 :i s .. ll' :ir :i s 1111ss ilik.
.I 1111 1ri ll s :i y lir."L :1 1111 11·11:11. 11 1::-; !..

T!ti11k 11'!1: 1.L

I >1111 ' !. Lr.)' Lo :-;ay Lon 11111 e l1.

I

~~ !
tl;

I

J

I~ N

LESS 0 NS I N

t; LISH
Exerci se 3 .
1'1)/'/'1 ' "' ' .11

Jl ,.1 1r 1/11•s1 · .~ 1 1 1 1 / 1· 11 •' "·' 11 ·111/ 1>111·"· l/11d 1!11· 11 11Til1•

Tl1i s is .l 1il111 's <';1 rl .

f nn 111 :11 i .\

;1

;, .

f ' li :11'11 ·-.:· . . :

' 1'11 \\ !111111

d 11 1•..:

ll1 i...;

A

11:11111 · " .l1 d 111 ·'

\\ "l11 t i.. : 11 11 •

l 11·l1111 ;...:· : 1

.. . \\ ' li: ll 11·11 1·.J ~ 11 1111·, 11111 /1:111!11·11!11 ·1·1- li1 •li>11 .'. '.·:•

of !Iii · •·:irl :•

i..: 1°'11• l' IH!i11 .!..': 11f 1111 ·..: 1•
think I li e · s i..; 11s 1· d "

11:11t11 •;-; : ./11 /, 1( . . ·. 1·11r( s , .'//1'/'.-.!'

:1.

" ''

114

,r

!'

/ . \l ' li:1J.

F t11· n · l 1:1I 1/11 .\1 111

\\' l1 l'll 1r1' ;1ild 's (; q1 m: l1·11 1il 1i· -s J 1... l li1· 11 ;1 111( • .. r i.11 <' i1 11·11 L'1 " iL
s l1011·f.: pnss1•s.-: iii 11 : 1.l1; il . is , 1r1· s l11111· lo w h o m 01· to w h at s11 1111 :Ll1i 11g I >t' l11 11 .!..!·s .
S 11el1 11n111 l'S ;1r1· 1·: 11! 1· d possessive s .
Ex e rci se

J .

. l/1· 11 1/011 lh1 · ; •11s.'""";,.,

"11 111/ /,II 11'/1,1/ ,., ,,.f1 s/1"""':

Tl1 n ki11 g's 11:il ;11·u: 1111 • s pid1·r·s 11·1-!1: 111 <• l>ird ·s s ii 11g.
Exercise 2.
f/i11f

ll'ifl

I 'o/'.'I

l/11,,~1 ·

-'" i// ,·11·" "' · .till/11;1 th1 · li/1111/; .., 11'///,

g ft r111• /11 tr'ft,1111111· f n 11 •/1 11{ f/1 1•

Tl 1is is ll1 "

\\' li en· is ~I' "

11!1/1·1·/ lid1111.'f.' :

l1 111·s1• :111./ l':tl'r i;1•"1"
.--.
- l11 •1 1s1· ·1

s is l1' 1· is 11111 1' 11 11ld1· 1· 111 :111 11111 11'.

d l': I \ \' j II ,'_,:· is 111·1·I i1 ' 1· !.I1: I 11
J

Tl1 1·

r

1w11 ilo1 •-.. IJ ·I \\ ri I' "
I . I ·:~~ <

Tl 1e 1·a1'!.·s 11 l11·<'is 111 111·1· >< 111111 1 .

I.

~I r.
1 \ rt·

•>id.

Tl1 l' lit! 11• ,!..!·id 's 11; 111 11· 1s ~ h n .

s 1111 ;_:· i-< ·" '' ' '" '"" 111 :1 11 1111 ·

'l'l 11 •

j t ll l,!..!"111 ' i ~ !"! ti 1 ~ ! 1

Tl1 1·

lil ll11rl is , ..,j,j .

11 11111 1·.s

tlt,r•m

:

I . Fr:ill k lil" ' kil1• "" "' 111:1.J• · 11 f -< ill;
.!. 11 :1 , 11 ·1
11 ,. 11.s:• ·'· <) 111· fr j,.11 .i ·, li·ll<'l ' llJll ,< I lw :i11 -< 11·1·r1 ·11. .J.

FORMS OF N/\Ml<: S T O S 11 ow T ll E OWNER

•J 1ii111 's 1·;1 rl is

2\ 1

LESSONS I N ENGL I SH

>0!

lJl ~SCR I PTION

\::\ I\.
i\NIJ A STORY

:.:1rn11 • l1P:tnl ll1 r.
11 01Lll'O 111i .-< l:1.kl's

28

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON XX VIII

Exercise 3. H ear these sentences read once, and then write them
.
correctly :
•.
1. Franklin's kite w as made of silk . 2.. Hasn't Mr. Stone h\eard the
----:~-

news p 3. Our fri end's Jetter must be ans wered.
too many P 5, Charles's pen doesn't write.

FORMS OF NAMES TO SHOW THE OWNER

This is J ohn 's cart.
John's cart is old.
Th e cart's wheels move slowly.
The little girl's name is Mary.

LESSON XXIX

"""" ?

\Vlicn WP fl(1<1 "" ( iljlOS ( l'<lplit•-:;) f,, (JH , ll: ll lH' nf tllf• 11\\ ' lll'I', i t
shows possnssion; t.k1.t. i s , WP. slinw to whom or to what Sflllt<-'thing- liP!ong-s .
Sut·l1 n :11111·:; ;1 11· •·:il l1·d possessives.

Exercise

I.

1l.lc11liull th e p usscssiucs and t ell iclwt cru:/i slw1l's ;

The h11,L(s p:1la1T; ilw s1•idc1:s \\t ' li; tl1c
Exercise
t/i.1t

1cdl

2,

n1;1;i1 t 71'' -'''

.<«1111 ' //' ' I'.'',

s/1 •11!' lo 11 ·/1u111 ,,, . l o 11./1.rf i/11 ·

4. Are not two mistakes

A DESCRIPTION AND A STORY

1. T o wh om does t hi s 1mmc "John " belong? 2. 'Vho is th e owner?
of the c:trtP 3. Wh at won] shows to whaL t he wheels belong? 4. Wh at
is thn 0 rnlin!! nf lh <'f'<' na111 0~ · .Tn1111 '.<, Nr rl' s, qirf's ~ r., Fn1· w li:il ' ' " , <•tt
think 111 0 -,, i~

29

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

lii1d'.~ :;"1 1g .

fillin:1 ffi, . l11r!l!kx ·1cif 7i

1/11JI/(',)

,·,·; /.,

Tl1i:; i,.; !Ji. - - 11 11],.;f' 111 1./ C;[IT l11 g t',
\\' lie1p, i,-; :\l 1. - - li<im;p ·;

- - - sister is much older th::i.n mine.
-- - d rawing is pn_•tticr titan--- T lw -- - so 11,c: is :-:11t'• lt ·r 111:111 t!tt:
The
t"11.c_:111· i s r•111gl1 .
T he
blnt11l is 1'<1ltl .

THE PONY

30

I

I
I:

'

Exercise 1. Mike np a story from this picture. Oall it Franlc' s
Birtliday Present. Tliink it ove1-, and then tell it to your classmates.

These phrases may suggest a part of what you will say :
Frank Hale - living in city - just ten years - visits his
uncle in the country- awakened in the morning by neighing of
pony - learns whose it is - the ride - lets his cousins ride too
- message to his father.
· Exercise

2.

Write the story, making two or three paragraphs.
LESSON XXX

That farmer's trees are loaded i.vith apple~.
The farmers plow in the spring:
·
··

· Exercise

1.

2. How many do we mention °in the . ifirst
in the second? 4. What is the ·plural of
the trees belong? 6. Spell the · possessive
plural anti the possessive of farmer cliffe~ ?

Spell tlie plural of -

barn
rake

hoe
horse

wagon
cart

churn · .. cow
turkey · scythe

Spell the possessive of these words.
Exercise 2. In the following ~entences supply either the plural
or the:possessive of tliese words, as you tltinlc rig l~t.:

friend

sailor

monkey

, _,,
.\ .

6. - - are found in Brazil.
\
7. We found a - - tracks in the snow.
8. They never shoot - - for sport.
Exercise 3 . J.V1·ite these sentences after hearing them read
Is every pupil's book shut?
Are all the pupils here to-day?
Miss Hunt's poems make a volume.
There goes the doctor's horse !
Well people need no doctors: .

· LESSON XXXI
::.

What is a farmer?
sentence? 3. How many
farmer 6J · 5. To who.m do
offarmer 6J 7. How do the

4. A - - life is full of danger.

5. The - - face is almost h uinan. .

. !

A CHOICE OF FORMS

I.

31

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

rabbit .

1. Good - - seldom quarrel.
- ~. My - - house was burned last night.
3. What do - - do for us !

A LITTLE POEM TO STUDY
DOING ITS BEST

I am but a tiny cricket,
Living in a summer thicketThere I take my rest.
Many songs are gayer, prouder;
Many a voice is sweeter, louder But I do my best.
'

·'·.
In iny song there's 110 complaining,
Even when the sky is raining ;
Birds fly east and west Silent hide in leafy cover ;
1
But I chirp till all is over,
Doing still my best I

·\.

- /

~

30

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

I. ,\
/f/ r t h1f1l /f { ' 1'1'S1' //t.

'/'/1i11k it " ''•'!'.

1111, /

Iii'<' is f'11ll 1d. d :111 g·1·1 -.

!i. Till'

t /11 ·11 /, ·// it lo //•1111 · ,.f,1ss-

} //1tl f '.'-:.

I I;ii I '

-

I i 1· i II g i 11 (' i 1.1

1111t ·I\' i11 il1t· t·q 111dl'y -

j "sI I ( ' II

.\' ( '; 11 'N . -- I ' is

:~ --- f . J':wl ; ."

7. \\' 1· f11111Hl

H. 'l'IH'} il l'\ · 1 ~ r s 1111" I

i I " I 1 is

·I
I

_1':11'.1' i.'-' :1l11111s l. l1111t1a11.
;1 J'(' 1'1111111 I i II I: l' : I. ~. i I.

fi

Tl1t •se pl11';1 s l'S 111;1 y s 11 g g('>'L a pa1 ·1 111' 11·!1:11 .1 -<•ll 11·ill s: 1y :

F )';) II k

31

LESSONS IN ENGL ISH

i11 I.li e s11 11 w.

- l'1 1r s 11nl'L

a 11·:il; (•1tr ·d i11 tl11· 1111 11·11i11.!..!· 1._,. 11 <' ig·l1i11.!..!· 1i1·

pony - l<'a.rn ,.: 1rl111su it. is --- 1111 · l'id1 ·
- 111!',.:sa .!..!·l' l" lii s l':ill1 c J'.

l<'l s l1i s \·0 11 s i11 s 1·id 1· 1110

Exercise 3. ll:rili•

t/J1 -.<1• s1 ·11 t ,•111 ·1 ·s

f/(/1 ·r

h1•11ri11.')

lli1' )1}

n1u:r. :
I ' 1.,. 1.n · J>llJ>il '« l11 111k ' '" '' ''
i\r" :tll. 11 11 · l'"J>il ,; 11 .. n · l11 -1l:i y P
~Ii ~,; ll1111t'" 111•1 ·111,; """" " :t i·ol1111 ir..
TJ 11 ,rn g·ol' >' tl1n il1J1·l111 .. , l11q ·,;i· !
\\' 1·11 JH:11plt• 11 1·1•d 110 do1 ·lor.".

A

I'

CHOICE OF FORMS

Tli :1L fril'lli( ' J' -S ll'<'('S :Ht' l11;1d t•d 11·ifli HJ> jil l'S.
Till' f:tn11 e rs plo11· i11 I.Ill' s pl'i11!-!-.

\.\.\.1

LESS<l :-.l

I. \\ ' lint j , :1 f:1n111 •r i' ~ . 11 <111· 111 :1 11_1 d 11 11·., 1111'11li L> ll i11 1111 • Ii""'
S<'11f c11 t·I' P :;. !l o w 111:111\' i11 ll11 • >' l'1·n111 I " I. 11· 11:11 j .; 1111' 1.f11 r:1I o f
/i1n111 •r :!
,-._ Tn 11·'1 0 111 do lli n lr1" "' liPl1111;!· ~
1; . ~J>t• ll 1111, l"'''1•.;-i 1·1•
of / irn11r ·1 :I 7. !low do 1'11• 1>i11!'f1/ :111d 111 1· /''"'"'"'"';,.,. of ji rn11r.T diff1 ·1' :>

A

LITTL E

PO E M TO STUDY

flll I N 1 :

I

IT S

! :J-:f; T

a.lit h11 t n. t.im· (:J'it·l; r·( .,

Liviiw in :t, s1111111H ~ 1· t l1i 1·kl't .~

l1:in1.
l':1k1·

Th em f tak1· lit )' l't'i-; L

Ji lll!

11 ·: 1 .~· 0 11

(' ii II I'll

( ' (II\ "

l1 o nw

ra J'I.

I.Ill' kt •\'

i-wy t.lll'

i\h11 y so11g>' nn· g:t.)'\' 1'. 111 ·011r11 ·r ;
i\ l :i.11 y

:1

v11 it •e is s 11 · t ~ l'l.t· r, l111til(•r -

Bu t I d11 n1 y l ll' i-; L.
01'

Exercise 2. Tn th e .f;1!1f) 1f'i11.i1 s1•11t 1·111 '1"' "" l'Jil.1; 1·it h1 ·1·
tlu• pr1.~ .~t'-'·'frr• •!f' //,,,_,,. 11tr1r1ls, 11., //O lf thi11 /r n :11/i t:
sa i lol'

1. ( ;11qd - -

111

n1 v s n 1w

-

~

th e n· ·s

11 0

.

f·n111p lai11i11g,

. .

l•:v<' ll wl1 c 11 Ili c s k.r is r;lllllll g';
r:i I ii 1i I:

Sf' ]tl0111 <jll:J.l'l 'l' i.

2. 1\Jy - -- l11111 sn w:1 s l111nH •d 1: 1.<; ( 11i,L!·l>1 ..
::. \\'li:it. d11 - - -- do 1'11r 11 s !

th, · ; 1/ 11 r11 /

Bil'd s fh- !':i sL :111d 1rc s t Silc1d; liid1· in lo :ify 1:11 \'<'I';

Bt1L I t·ltil'p ti ll :tll is 11 vt·I',
I )ni110· st .ill 111 )' l1t :s L !

"'

.

I

._,_)

LESSO N S I N EN G LI S H

l : 1lki n~· :1

I . \\''1 :11 i..; ii ili :tl '" " •111 .; 111 I ll'

~-

\\ ' l11 ·rt·

i.'

it.;

1111 1111 • !'

!1

I . \\' !1 :11 :-- t111 .'..!·,..: :1r1· ·" ' · 1· 1·l 1· r 111 :1 11 :1 1-r i1·l.; 1· f' ;-.; P
f>. \\ ' J1 :il ol11 l\' 1' 1·: iJ J t ill' 1111 1.; ii· lli :1I li 1i .; i11 , 1•1· I 111:1 k1 •.; :1 Ii . { ·:1 11 .10 11 li11.J
\\" !1:11 d1 11 •.... liu .11 111 1·: 111

·' ·

11111

l1 P\\'

!11 · 111:il;i •.-; it. !'

I .

11· 11 :11 " " 11 11• l1i1·.J .; d 11 I\ 110 •11 ii

fol'

11....: ~

1

I P . \\'1 !: 11 .~·no d

E xe rci se

2.

/, 1'111"11

11 111({11

l':J ill ' :•

S.

! I . \ \'11:11 1'\: ll llJ>i• · ,J 11 , .,.; tJ,.. 1.,-i1 ·l;i· I .<I'!

11' 11: 11 ol 111 •.; 11 11· 1.,- i1·k 1•I. d11 1111 •11 "
do

1111 •...; 1• l i 11 1•...:

.-.: 1 1 ,'..! .~·1· ...: I :1

I

tl11 ·s1 · sl ,r 11 .2·11s, ""' / 11·ril1 · 1/1, · 111 ( ru111 111. ·111ur.'I·

I

i:
!' l'i' l',11

ul/11•1· /i11 1•, (11·y i 1111 i 11_1/ 11 •i l / 1 I /11 • s1 •1·11 111/.

'! '/11·/'1'

.~ l11J1 1 l1 /

/,,.

11/11 1'

!I

l' fl / 1it 11(.,_

!
I

I 11·n1 tl il 111 1(. l111r i. :1 Ii i i11g I l1 i 11 ~-. l111 11·1·u· r 11·1·:1k 11 1· sn 1:1 1l : I.lie
iil' :1s (,.; t l1:1 !. !_!T:11.1• . 111 1• l1i ril s l li:tl s in!_!·. 1111 1· l':Ll lt n 11 1:1 d 1· ! 11 1:111
:ill : 11·it.l111 11 I l1i s 111 il i1·1·. I 11:1 1·1· n ·: 1d . :1 ,.; p:1 1T1 111· c :1 1111 11 L f:ill.

1,

11
TH E TI M E

I

O F DA Y

!•

I

,\ -~· n nd 111 :1 11 .r c.l1iltl n •11 , ,.: 11 111 1· 111' t l1l' 111 :1s 111<1 n.q y11 11 :1rP. 1•:1.11 11o t (1 •11 1111 • l i 111 11 o( d :1.1· 11_1· lo 11 l; i11g :Ii ! 1 11 ~ t' l11t' I;.
<Ji lt'

I

~ l l JIJll l SI' 111:1 (.

11 1' tl1 t· 111 s l1111 ild 1:111 111· L11 y 111 1 ;11 1d a s k y 1111 [.11 k ll l1i 111 l1 11w

\\' li :it. 11·11 1il d 1·,,1 1 s :11· ·1 Y111 1 11·11 11ld l " '.~· i11 11 1· k lli11 .~·
- 1111 :1.t. ·J T li! ' ll y11 11 11·1111ltl .!. !·" 11 11 fp s:i y ·-- 11·li: 1f. I
i\' 1·x f.

11

i t i,.; tl 11 tl('.
l1i111

r11 11 1r11 11ld 1•x 1il :1i 11 - - 1r li ;d ')
I1i 111 ·-- II Ii: I L 'I
Tl 1c n~

.\ 11tl

li11 :11ly y 111 1 1r11 11 ld

is :1 1: l1 wk 111 ll 1n pi l'f. 111 ·1· 0 11 1 1:1~·, , :;;; .

11·l1:1L t i 1111 · if is l1y Ll1 a l c lol'k

I

s l111w

,,,~

( ':11 1 .\ 1111 Ltd I

' ll..

I

,

'' "''·'?
33

ij

34

I:

I [

/1

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Have you ever seen a sun-dial? How can one tell the time
by it?
Perhaps you have seen an hour-glass. Can an hour-glass tell
the time of day? If it can, explain how. J£ it cannot, what is
the use of it?
It is 's aid that King Alfred invented a peculiar way of telling
the time. You will find something about it in Chapter III of
Charles Dickens's" A Child's lfo:;tory of Kngfa.nfl ."

Their names are Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, Friday, Saturday. Satm'cfay A.M. means Saturday
.
'
.
\
before noon. Monday P.M. means Monday after noon.

35

:. · Exercise 2. 1. How do the names of tlie days begin? 2. Wliat
do A.M. and P.M. stand for? 3. Write sentences telling what you
do on each day of tlie week.
Exercise 3. Learn these nmnes nnrl abbreviations for the twelve
months of the y ear ..

LESSON XXXIII
AMUSING A CHILD

.

I

Both of the older children in the picture on page 33 are
eager to play with their little brother. "Very well," says the
mother, "I will let each one of you try to amuse him for a
quarter of an hour by the clock. Where will the hands of the
clock be at the end of the first quarter? And where at the
end of the second quarter? And what will you do to keep
him happy?" Each one tells what she .will do. ·Can you
imagine what it will be? Tell first what the little one will
do. Then tell what the older sister will do.

LESSON

I
~-

I;

XXXIV

NAMES OF DAYS AND MONTHS

,Tanuary
, \ February
.
March
April

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.

May
June
July
August

Aug.

'.Yhich three nam es are not abhreviatecl?

September
October
. November
December

Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.

Explain why.

The names of the seasons - spring, . summer,. autumn, winter
- need no capitals.
The names of holidays and special days .like Lahor Day,
· Easter, Good Friday, should beg in with capitals.
Exercise 4. In what month and season is your birthday ?
Write the answer in a sentence.
Exercise 5. How many holidays can you recall? Write a
sentence about each one, tellin,q in what month and season it comes.
I
1

Exercise 1. Fill tlw blanks in these sentences with words, not
with figures :

Exercise 6. Tell, ij' you can, in what month and season Geor,qe
Washington was born.

Sixty seconds make a - - . In an - - there are - minutes. Twenty-four - - are a - - . - - days make a

Names of <lays ancl months anti their abbreviations
shoul<l begin with capitals.

3G

I

II

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

u:ssoN xxxv

And children coming home from school
Look in at the open
door:
.
\
They love to see the flaming forge,
And hear the bellows roar,
And catch the burning sparks that fly

i'

'\

! ..

A

POEM TO STUDY

I',
Il c nry 'V rulsworf h Longfellow, the best

I'.

lwl11\· r·il of . \ 1111·1·i1·:tll )H wl....: , \\·:i....; ])O!'ll

I

J:ind.

j ;

~! 1· . .

l" ·h11:11·y 27. 1.s n 7_

rt I

(' : 111i1 1 1 · id _~' " ~l:1.:...; .. \\ lw r 1·

H
I
I

~pm1t,

·j

111(i-f

:d.

'iJ
!·

I

11

\

Like el1aff fmm a Ll 1rcc;J1i11g llu111 ·.

J 1111_t -

11,. ,1;, .,1 :i t
(1 f

l1i . .: lif1·

\\ · :1 :-0:

T oiling, - rejoiGillg, -Bonowing,
Onward through life he goes;
Each 1110rni11g c;ees Bo me Lask Legi11,
Each evening sees it close;
Something attempted, something done,
Has earned a night's repose.

J\i arch 2-i, 1R82. He wrote many hoautifol po e m~. whil'h children tleli!.rl1t to rnwl
:rn<l ,<:f·111k. lll:rny of tlw111 ""1.)" ll'Pll lir• l r :11·nr1l
by hea rt, a ntl among them is the following:

I

IJIj

87

THE VI 1; LAf: J•; BLACICSM!TH

Tl 11der a spre:itli11g chest11 u t tree
The village smithy stands;
The smith, a rnigl1 ty man is h e,
\\Tith large an<l sinewy han<ls;
And the muscles of his hrawny arms
Are Rtrong as iron Larn.ls.
Hi s hair is crisp, and black, and long,
His face is like the tan;
His Lrow is wet with honest sweat,
H e earns wlu:ite'er he can,
Arnl looks th e whole worhl in the face,
For he owes not any man.
\Veck i n, week ont, frolll 11111rn till night,
You can 11 ear his Lellows blow;
You can hear him swing l1is heavy sledge,
With measured beat and slow,
Like a sexton ringing the village bell,
When the evening s11n is low.

· Thanks, thanks to thee, my worthy friend,
For the lesson thou hast taught!
Thus at the flaming forge of life
Our fortunes must be wrought;
Thus on its sounding anvil shaped
Each burning deed and though ~ l
Exercise I. 1. What is a smithy"!- 2. What kind of work does a
·blacksmith do? 3. What are brawny arms"J. 4. What makes muscles
strong? 5. Describe the smith's face. 6. What is there in the second
stanza that shows he is industrious? honest? 7. What is the bellows
for r 8. What is a sledge "J. A sexton "J. 9. What [\ttracts the children P
10. Explain the last line of the fourth stnnza. 11. What gives him repose at niglitP 12. Tn tho last stanza who is speaking to the blacksmith P
13. What (loes wrought mean P 14. Hy whom aro our fortunes wrought?
15. What lessons may we learn from this blacksmith? 16: Do you like
this poem? '~by? 17. Find and learn· two stanzas that are omitted
here.
Exercise

2.

As you sl:nnd at the door of the blacksmith shop the smith
a moment, wipes the sweat from his forehead, and

39

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

I

1011\; ..; 1111\ :it 11111. < ': 111 1·rn1 " '"' lii111 pl:iinl y P 'l'•·ll how 111! look s.
As yon
t.11r11 :111·:1.1 Ill' l11 '.;..:·i11 ,; :i ;..: :ii11. ( ':111 y 11 11 lll':u· lli n s o1111d "P \\' hat:i.rn 1,hny;'

I
I

ll 'n )1 · Ji r sl w/!11/

Exercise 3.

.'!"" . .·1111·

'l'r.iJ

I

r1 11 d !/Jf ' ll w/,11/

.' /fJll

d 1·s.-r/f,, . t/1 1· ;1i1:/111 ·1· fJ 11

/11

I

/J1 'f/.J'rl.

I

I'· ,}8.

I

I

I
I

1.1-:ss<)I\

v1

ti

.fi-"h .•wimmin!J

j;
jl

\ \ \

I!

ABOUT FISH

Exerci se
·i11

I,

11

,i;l1illl' .

1.

}'11 11

/1111 ·1• 11 111/1./11 ·11

ui,

a .•frNrm or

Ii11

'l'r.'J ' " 1111.•11·1·r t/11 ·.,1· 'l'''"' f'io11 !< ahvnt tlw m:

1. Wl1:1 L is t.l1 c sl1 :L pu ul' :t li sl1 'I 2. l s it shripc<l like anytlii 11g p l,.: 1· y11 11 (':I ll llti11k or •) '.·\. ( '11ttlll it go tlt rough the w:ite r
faH(('!' ii' it. 1n·n· ,,[ HP111 <: 11ll1l'l' s lt :q11; ·1 -1. \\Th y Llo yo n think
HO')
r). ] ]11\V d•J l'S it; 111ak1; itse lf go? G. llnw is a. rnwboat
forec·d t.l1n111 g lt ll1 e 1r:bte r ·1 7. ,i\ RL<':111i\J(l:t t? 8. ll ow is a
b11:d. slc••·1·, ·d ·1 !t. I low cl11es ll1 e li sli g uid e hi s course? 10.
I fo w d o< :s t.]11; fi slt rise n11d. s i11k rit will ?
t t . \\' li:1l. d11 y•1 11 l1rl':1Ll1 0? 12. What, dons a fi sh l!l'cathe ?
1 ~~. Fm 11·l1: tL p11rp nses does n. !ifd1 ta.ke w:t Lc r into Lhe rnouth '?
1-!. \\' It •~ rn fl ncs i L pa sR 011 L ·~ ·1r" 0 ver w 1mt docs it pass?
(i. \\':1L.. l1 a fo;\1 co11stn.11t.Jy npP11 :Lntl close its mouth. \\Thy
<ln<·s it d11 tl1i s'I 17. \\'l1 :1t. is t\1 c 11 sc of the gill s? 18. ·why

\!

,j
\i

~
II

I:
11

I

I

11111 sL t \11 • 1rn!t•r p:1 ss 01·l'r t\1< ·111 '1
l~I. \V\1 :11 is till' l'nl11r 111' L111 ~ ltlnnd of :i fi sh ? 20. With
1rl1:1f.1 s Liii' li slt <"nv1·rnd 'I 2 1. Wl1 y :ire tlt c scales h:m l ? 22.
\) 11<'s a li :-d1 1ll :t" I to ltu pr1il 1:l'1,(• <l frn111 uu ld ? <:i vc yo ur

II

,,

rc:1 s• 111 s.
Exercise 2.
/i-" //I'.~ / ll'ril l'

IV/i.rl

1111 -'

Jl' /111/ .'!""

/11/1'1'• '-''''' ' y1J 11 wn.~I

/1111 •1 ·

l t 111·11 1•il

1111

this

i11

thi.~

f,111/r.

abQnt

011 e }lfJi nl.

I
I

J

- ·- · · -. ~ .....

.-40

2. Which stand for rnore than one ?

,•

LESSON XXXVII
HOW TO WRITE DATES

Exercise 1. 1. How many months in a year?
2. Which three months have very short .names?
3. What do these abbreviations stand for?
Jan.
Dec.
Aug.
Nov.
Mar. ·
Sept.
Oct.
Apr.
Feb.
America was discovered Oct. 12, 1492.
The Pilgrims landed Dec. 21, 1620.
Exercise 2. 1. In what year was America discovered? In what

<.;U lll l.!6

Jirst i'

Sl!<.;U Jid

i' la.;Li'

[J .

\\'l ilLt

lll:trk alw:t_y;:;

We use is with words meaning one, that is, with singular
~

words.
We use are with words meaning more than one, that is, with
plural words.
Exercise

Exercise 3. Write dates to cornplete these senten ces:

we
cousin

they
he

she
tree

trees
it

somebolly
any ]Jody

Fill the blanks with is or are:

1. The apple - - red.

5. - - she willing?

The apples ---- ri)Je.
3. The books - - here.
4. This ·book - - torn.

7. - - the cars late ?
8. - - the train ready?

Exercise

2.

Li . - - Lhc.r comiug?

Supply singular or plural words as you -think

right:

1. The - - is old.
2. Young - - - are small.
3. Our - - are dull.
4. My - - is kind.

LESSON XXXVIII
Review L esson 924.
1. \Vhich of these words stand for one only?

1.

~.

<.;UHW;:; udll'l!ell

WHEN TO USE "IS" AND "ARE"

He is rich.
They are poor.

· One window is open.
Two windows are shut.

the day of the month and the year?

To-morrow will be - - - - - - .
- - - - - - - was my birthday.
Our next holiday is - - - - - -.
- - - ---began a new century.
vVashington was born - - - - 1732.

Which are singular

and which plural?
3. Study the following sentences~ flnd then tell wh~ are is
l• used, and why is is used:

month? On wluit day of the month? 2. In what year did the P il grims
la111l? On what day of the month? In what month? 3. What is the
present date ; that is, th e month, day, and year? 4. ln writin g dates,
\rliat

41

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

5. Is the : _ long?

6. Are the - - cut?

7. Are the -. 8. Is my -

locked?

- don~?

Exercise 3. Oha,nge is to are and are to is ~n these ~1<ntences,
and show what other words must be changed:

I

1. The miser is unhappy.
2. Are his money bags full?
3. Eagles are made of gol<l.
4. Is the coin ii. new one? ·

5.
6.
7.
8.

My lesson is easy.
Spiders are not insects.
How delicate the web is 1
How is the patient?

42

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON XXXIX

LESSON XL .

"THERE IS," OR "THERE ARE"

STORY-TELLING

.I

1,'

\Ve 11rnst lie careful · to say, " Th e re is," wh en s peaking
one, an<l "There are," when speaking of more tlian one. Thus,
we say:
I

I

rn
!

,

i.

There is nn ly one egg in the bask et ; but Th ArA are five e gg~ in t hr h: 1~ krL

~ .

. 43

"

" T en cents," said Aunt Lizzie, coming out on the verandah,
" to the boy or girl who brings me the prettiest bunch of white
flowers for the dinner-table. They must be in my hands by
. I
twelve o'clock.
The rhildren were rl eli ght~d . Off t.luw raced for the fields
A11 l 1n t. Pll0.
Rtrivi 1w t.n 1111<1 t.l 1<> heR t..
lame
<tml
could
nut
run
wiLh
th e oth ers.
was
aione, he hmpeu tu a shauy valiey uea.r uy,
meaning t.n get what. flowRl'R he r.nnlrl, though t~1 ey might
- not be perfec t ones. . F or a long ti me he feared th ere were no
whitf' f1 nwn" in thP v::i ll P~r. h11t ::i t. 1rif' f:. j 11f't rt.R lw W:l.f' t.11rnin glmt;k Ji::>t;UUJagt;J , lie t;aLtghL ;.;ighL u1 :svll11..:Ll1illg glt;a111i11g in the
.~

Exercise

1.

rr~r~ is nr rir e

h1 th!! blanks :

1. Th ere - ·• ThNr

a robin in the a pplR-ti·"'"' ·

~-

d ,..... 1• ln vp r hln~~nn1~ .
1111 lla11ger in going.

<:11111 1· li t lk rubiw; iu Llu.; llc:sL.

1.,lte re - - - 1 n-·. P.~

J . Tl 1e 1e - ·>. T1 11 ·n·
-- :1 1·1· 11· tl:1i " i" ' 11.1 tl 11 · 111: ul , iil1· .
-

7.

- tl1l'r1· :111 .1· 0 1 ·:1 1 1 .~· 1 ·- l r1»'>' i11 1111' gT01·1· :1

-- - tlll'n~ :t liriil.~·1 · :H·1·1~ .~ ll 11• r i 1l'r°!
Tl11 ·ri·
- - .1:11111· , :111d I f1·11n·.

U. Tlicru - - - umay lllit:it.ak~:s t.u be avoided.

Exercise 2.

mnlrl :i t hi .s frr t .

i11

Tn 11'111·,1, o( t!1,·s1• s1·11 fr111·1·s 1·1111 t.l11·n:s 111• 11s1·il ?

..Ellli~"'~

It 1rn s

ii

r lns t rr nf nnrlr!in~ \\·hitr hln""nm" .

which luvked a8 if tli ey were 1wu.le o uL ut fr oze n mist. ::lo dcli r·a tC' 11 1•r1 · (I 11• 1· i I 1:1 t I )j 1· ]; 1·111 ilil 111>I 111':1 1· lr 1 1•i l' L l \i1; 111. :-; " I 11•
(1ng l11cm 11p,· J'll1lf;.; and :ill , :lllil c·arril'd t \i (' lll hl!'k t1l tl 1c f:irlll
hnllS('.
All tli l· oll1 c r cl 1ildn: 11 11r·n · llwn ~ 1ritlt gT1·:1L l1:1.11rlfuls llf

Aunt Lizzie was g oing from one tu the oth er to see
l>u11ch was th e brgest and fw c8t. Dut w hen she saw
1rhat litt.ln ])il'k \Y: 1s liri11 ~·i11L!; . sl 1P rnn !11 hilll :lllrl n i1' 1l, " ( )] 1,
\l'hf'rl' cl id '1·1111 irl't tl1:tl lll' :ll!lif1il c-111.~tr · r l•f l111li :111 J> i]'I' ., Tl 1a t
is tl11· IH·~t 111' :11 1. "
So lit ik !lil'k's fl111n•r s st rll HI i11 tl1 (' l' l'll[('r l)f t l1l' rlini11g -talil('
1 \hat day ::it dinn er, and
littl e Dick h:ul t o tell over and over
~iq~_,,.,,..,- again \\· l1 c re a1111 l1"1r l ie fornu l t.111·111 .
.~

I!
••

·I i
!
!

l> r . a.11 d l\lr~ . ~ 111il11 e: tll 1·.d A ug . 21 , l!JU2 .
f: rnr~r St . i.' ll• ·:ir l li,:; l1l:t 111l ,\,, ._ i11 01 ual 1:L
N 1·lli<'· ~ ~<' :ii itt 111<• .Jdfr•t·-'flll ""ho11 ! i." 1·:11·:1 11 !.
( '111111· lli e lir.-1 \\· .. .i 111 ·.- d:11· i11 h ·hn 1:1n·.
Th r od orc Hnn'r ,·1·11- wn ,; i111 rn I ld. 27: I S:I.'\.

Exercise .

'l't-ll th1·

.~lnrif rts

/ft ,· litlf1· l1rn1c '"'//

10(1/

it lo tli c

44

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

does each one hegin? 7. How many of them arc st.'ltemenls ~ --. 8. How
. are the stn tements separated from the rest of the sentence ?
9. Rca<l the two <]notations that are questions. 10. By what , mark are
' they followed? 11. What marks <lo you observe before each q~otation?
What after each ?

LESSON XLI
THE EXCLAMATION POINT

"!'*' ··

ij !

vVhen we tallc, the tones of the voice may show that we are
much excited, or surprised, or pleased.
vVhen we write, we may i;how these feelings Ly placing an
exclamation-marl.~ (1) aftPr 011r words. Thus :

I:/

Father! The stable's afire I Where's the ladder! Be quick I
Tom ! Get the horse out! vVhat a narrow escape !

I

I

I

Exercise 3.

These marks [" "] which inclose the q notation are called
quotation marks.
1. A 11uote<l sentence must begin with a capital.
2. It must he inclosed in 'Juotation marks.
3. It must generally be set off from the rest of the
sentence by a co1n111a or a <1uestion-1nark.

}V1·ite what you m~r;ld c:i:claim

]f yon hc:ml :t (•.rnRh Of l.h1111der ; if .YOll S:tW the ki tl.Cll tip OVOI" an
~nk-hottle ; if, i11rni11g- a l~onwr, yo1t 111\!t your hesl: fri e111l 11n expeete<lly;
~f you narrowly _cscn.pe<l I.wing rn11 over ; if yo11r foot went to sleep ;
If yo11 shoul<l receive a present of a wateh; if you heard n fire-I.Jell.

Exercise I. Supply enough in each line to make a properly
written quotation.
- - eyes are tired said Charles.
- - must have strained - - said his father.
The coasters shouted - - the track I
The
rernarked--grapes are sour.
--your tickets ready called the conductor.
- - many stars has our flag asked Mr. Hayes.

LESSON XLII
How

fox

TO WRITE QUOTATIONS

" I am a pedler," said Henry.
" ·what do you sell?" asked Mrs. vVard.
Henry replied, "I sell candy and apples."
"Is your candy good?" inquired his mother.
1. ,Just what did JJ cnry say in th e first sentence ?
what his mother sai1l in the sncond srn1tonec.

45

Exercise 2. Try to finish the conversation between the littl:
·, pedler and his mother.
2. T ell exactly

Exercise 3. Write the following at dictation or from memory:
~

When we repeat the exact wortls of another person, we are
said to quote them, or to lllake a Quotation.
3. Q,note I lenry 's ans wer to his nwth er's lirnt ']ncsfton. 4 . \.Ylmt is th e
quotation in the fonrt:h sentenee? ii. H.eatl the four 1111olations. G. llow

1. A mnn who received a <lime for rescuing nnother from drowning,
said, '' Do you think you're worth so much, sir P"
2. "Did you give your sister her choice of apples; as I told you to
, do?" asked Mrs . Davi!< of her son Roy.
" Y cs, mother," said the selfish fellow, " I told her that she might have
the little one or none."
{

1

46

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON XLlll

LESSON XLIV

A

A LETTER To' ' ~OPY

STORY TO TELL

Exercise I. Tell tliis story about BerlJ'amin Franklin to y01tr '
classmates after reading or !waring it. Can you tell tlte lesson it
teaclies .~
TURNING Tirn GRINDSTONE

I

Vvhen I was a little boy, I r emember, one cold
aeeostc<l hy a s111 ili11 g man with an axe on his
boy," said he, "has yolll· father a grindsto ne?"
" You are a fine fellow," said he; " will yon
it?"

winter's morning, I was
s houlder. "My pretty
"Yes, sir," said I.
let me grind my axe on

Pleased with the compliment of " fine littl e fellow," "Oh, yes, sir," I
answered. "It is down in the shop."
"And will you, my man," said he, patting me on the head, "get me a
little hot water ? "
II ow could I refuse? I ran aml soon brought a k ettleful.
" How old are you? and whal:'s your name?" conf;inued he without
waiting for it reply ; '' I am sure you arc one of the finest latls that ever I
have seen; will you just turn a few minutes for me?"
Tickled with the flattery, like a little fool, I went to work, and hilterly
did I rue the day. It was a new axe, and I toiled am! tugged fill J was
almost tired to death. The school-bell rang, am! I could not get a.w:iy;
my hands were blistered, and the axe was not half ground.
At length, howe\'er, it was sharpened; and the man turned to me with,
" Now, you little ras cal, you've played trnant ; scutl to school , or you'll
rue it!" •·Alas !" thought I , "it wns hanl enough to turn a gri 1Hlstone
this cold day , but now to be called n rascal is too much." This experience
I have never forgotten.

What is tlie meaning qf
accosted, compliment, flattery, rue?
Wliat might Ben.Jamin lzave done wlten lie lteard tlu: s.:ltoolbell?
Exercise

2.

IJid you eve1· liear tlte expre.~sion, " That man has an axe to
grind " ? Wliat does it mean?

.47

.

\

SI!'~~~.,

73~,~.)
fo41~/f(Jh,

I-

ii

48

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

49

Following the heading is some pleasant greeting ca}led the
· salutation ' whi<~h ma.v. ' he varied according to the relation of the
.writer and the nw Piver of L11e leLLcr. ~fary s~tys " My rl crir
Ethel" but mi(Tht sa1,· "Tkar Ethel ," or" Dear C011sin Rthel."
'
b
J
•
_ On the next line the main part, or body, of the lette1· begms.
Each paragraph should be correctly indented.
~Gtlu/,~
Aller ll1e !Jmly of tlie lctJcr c:c111ws some kimll.r or conrtcom:
expression that shows the feeling of the writer towards the per~&r Z/J~n-d;t.
~ Ron to whom the h~tter is written. This we sometimes call the
J'/J~J~~
complimentary ending. Nothing else should be written on the
same line with it.
cYnd;_cvn_A:&
Other forms of closing are, Ym1rs RinCP.rp,ly; Cordially yours;
_..,,.. .~ Yours. as ever ; Yours truly ; Yours respectjidly . · The last
Exercise I. C'opy tlte letter on page .!/l carefully ; notice .fust
two are rather formal for letters of friendship.
where eacli line begins and where capitals and punctuation marks
Lastly comes the signature of the writer, which should always
are used. Are any words yuvled ?
be carefully written in full.

EJ

Exercise
dress.

2.

Draw an outline of the envelope, and copy tlie adLES::-:oN XLV

-

Exercise 2. Copy the letter in Lesson 44-. Use in the heading
your street and number, yow· city and state, and tlw present date.
Inst end '!f ·writing to J.;'t licl A11dl'rso11,- yon may u.~e the name of one
---== =-- of y011r friends, arid sign yonr own nam.e to the letter.

LETTER-WRITING

1. In the letter on page 4 7 what shows .where the writer, Mary Parker,
lives? 2 . 'Vhen was h er letter written? 3. How will Et.h<>l know
where to Llireether reply? L Ho\\' dues ;\b r y s :tlnlc her trinnrl :' ::•. H•~w
many para.graphs in !.111, hotly of J11,1· J.,u..,r ? t_i. \\'he-re <.k>e,; each Ltegiu?
7. H °'" docs slw cnrl her l etter?

The first part or heading of a letter should .show (1) where ·
the writer lives and (2) when the letter was written. The first '
line may show the house number and the street ; the second, the
city or town; and the t.hird line, the date .
If not all these facts need be told, one or two lines may be
enough for the heading.

r:-:~------------

-

Exercise 3. Write Ethel Anderson's reply to Mary's letter.
\~ dress the envelope carefully.

Ad-

LESSON XLVI
THE ADDRESS ON ENVELOPES

Envelope addresses should always be carefully written in
. such a way that the postoffice clerks and the postmen may know
exactly where the letters are to be sent.
The proper title should be used with t.hP. name.
The street and the house number should be given.
The name of the city or town should occupy the third line.

.- i·r

50

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

51

LE S SONS IN E N GLISH

I !,

I

The name of the Sta te sho11Jcl be written in full.
The stamp should Le placed right end up in the upper right- '' ·
hand corner.
·
T he whole address shoultl Le placed on the envelope without
crowding, and so tlrn.t it will appear to Le well balanced.
Exercise I. 1. Draw an oblong si:1: ·inches by three to represent an
envelope. 2. On it write t!te 1iddress of the p erson to whom you
wrote the l etter in Lesson lj.fi. Use tlw title Niss or Ni·., and
write tlie name in the middle of the envelope. 3. Jj a postman is •
to deliver the letter, put the number of the lwuse and the name
of the street on the next line. 4. On the third line write the
name of the eity or town. 5. On tlte fourth line write the
of the state in full. 6. Draw an outline of the stamp.
Exercise 2. On p1ipm· cu.t oblolliJ or s11wre to repr1•.srmt 1mvel- ':•
opes, address letfors to

.1

~
.~ I

-,

£
j

J.

~

,f
:1

I

'
~

II
,__

Your father; your mother; your cousin; your teacher; the
principal of your school ; the su verin temlen t ; a doctor ; a
clergyman.

LESSON XL VII
A LET TER TO BE WRITTEN

imagine that you were
little Rosie writing a z,,tt,•1· t.o
motlwi-.
lf you cannot think what.
would say, use this outline:
Eag 1a· Lo 11 ri Lo- r111.li11g paper, pen,
arnl ink - ta ble too high - chair just
right - where Tatlie had been - not
allowed on table - often in chair - tried
Lu 1v rik too - p a w too big for bottle what she did- the stains - whose fault
- what is to be done?

LESSON XLVIII
SENTENCE MAKING

'\

'

Tell in single sentences by wlwm and for what purpose these
rake
, plane

bellows
scythe

pitchfork
level

plow
engines

anvils
chisels

LESSON XLIX
S O MEBODY'S MOTHER

It was a co kl winter's rlay, and th e ground was covered with ice. A
poor old woman, ragged and grny, and trembling witfi age, stood at the
corner, afraid to venture across the crowded street. She waited for a
long time; hut the hurryinJr lines of wagons and carriages and busy men
rushed past her like an endless stream. How coukl she cross without
danger of being run over by some careless _driver?
After a while some schoolboys, shouting aml laughing, came half sliding, half running along the slippery street. They w ere glad, not only
because school was out for the day, but because the snowflakes were fall ing thick aml fast.
.
Tt was the fii·~t ~mrnv of the ~ea.~on , arnl thPy wPre talking of t.lin ~J'"l'I
th ev wonlrl soon lrn.\'C coastin g 1lown tlrn long hill ~ i,lc. P as t the poor olil
wo;nan thev hnrrieil without a thought of her trouble. Only one, the
gayest of tl1cm all. saw how weak and timid she was, aud stopped to
help her.
"Let me hel p you across," he said. W'ith her trembling hand resting
upon his strong, young arm. he gnillml the poor old woman in safely w
the other side of the street. He ditl not stop to hear her' thanks. With
a light and happy heart he hastened to overtake his young friends, who
were now some distance ahead of him .
·
Two or three of the more thoughtless among the boys were ready to
laugh iit him for stopping to help an o ld woman. " Hello, Frank," called

/

52

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

one of them, "wns that olil l:uly your mother? " ••No," ropli etl Frank,
flushing n little, "hut she was 8omel>ody's mother." llis companions
matle no answer, for they felt thnt thny Wtll'e in the wrong-.
That 11ight when t.he poor old womnn knelt down in her hum hie home.
the prayer that she saitl was: "Got! lie k i11tl to thnt noliln hoy, nnd !.less
him in every time of neetl."

l

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

53

4. How many edges has a cube? 5. How many -corners
has it? 6. How many angles has ' each side of the \ cube?
' 7. What kind of angles are they? 8. How many angles have
:_all the sides or faces of a cube?
Exercise 2. Stand before your class and tell wliat you can
about a cube.

Exercise. Read thi.~ story and t.11m tdl it to yo11,r r:lassmates.
Tell it, too, at !tome. lV !wt lesso n do you draw from it ?

Exercise 3. Write ten statements about a cube.

LESSON LII

LESSON L

DOMESTIC ANIMALS
VERSES TO BE LEARNED

Stand upright, speak thy thought, declare
The truth thou hast tlmt all may share.
Ile bold, proclaim it everywhere :
They only live who dare.
Exercise

1.

Learn tliese lines; then write tliem from memory.

Exercise

2.

Try to explain the followi11,q line :

A lie which is half a truth is ever the blackest of lies.

Exercise 1. First, liave a talk in; tlie class; tlien write about
:., " Domestic Animals."

1. What are wild and what are domestic animals ? 2. What
,_ does quadruped mean? 3. Mention three domestic quadrupeds
,. that you know about. 4. . How do they compare in size? 5.
. Tell in what respects two or more of them are alike. 6. How
are they unlike? 7. What kind of food does each one eat?
8. Which requires the most care? 9. How is each one useful
· to man? 10. Are any of them used for food? If so, what is
_,.....,.,..___ the flesh of each one called?
i

LESSON LI
AN OBJECT TO BE DESCRIBED

Exercise I. TVitli a cube before you, a1iswer orally tlie following qitestions :

:•·'

1. How many sides or surfaces has this solid ? 2. What is
the shape of each of these surfaces? 3. What, then, is a
cube?

_, Exercise 2. What domestic animal do you know best? Tell wliat
• • • { you know about it in a letter to a friend. You may tell : 1. What
it looks like. 2. Wliat it eats. 3. What it is good for.

LESSON LIU
CONTRACTED \VOROS

Exercise 1. Copy these r.ontractions, and learn tlie full form of
Repeat them until they are very familiar,

./
I

.-- ----~-

- - -~~~~

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

I He's not.
· 1 He isn't.
I She's not.

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

I'm not.
We're not.
Vv e are 11ot
1 We aren't.
She is not
· 1 She isn't.
. I You're not.
You are not
1 You aren't.
It's not.
It is not .
. It isn't.
.
j They're not.
They are not
1 They aren't.
'Tisn't.
Exercise 2. What does the apostrophe in a contraction show?
2. What letter is left out in I'm? In _?Jo11!re, 111p,'re, an<l tlu~y'rrd
In he's, slie's, it's ? 3. vVhat two lette rs are left Oll t in 'tisn't ,f'

Ile is not

I am not.

55

Remember that con tractions are mostly used in con_versation.

~

!

Exercise

2.

Write tlie answers that you have given.

Place a co1111na after the replies "yes" and" no" when
followed by other words.

Exercise 3.

TVi·ite these sentn1ccs at dictation:

" Hurrah! it's s 11 owi11g," crier! Nell.
" [thin k it'll turn to r:iin," saicl Lo u .
".Tohn, what t, i 111e is it?" a skcrl l\lr~. Dane.
lln rcplincl, "lt's just twelve o'clock, motlH ~r . "
Father writes, " 'Ve shall be at home Tuesday.''

Nm-er use aint, either in speaking or in ·writing.

Supt. is the abbrcYiation for Superintendent.
Me11tin11 Hnrne otlll'r ahhreviationi< that y on have karned .
Try to tell the diffcrc11t·n lict11t ·t• 11 abbreviations a11d contractions.

USING CONTRACTIONS

with suitable rontractions :
1. b he Gumiug '!
2. Are you goi11g?
3. Is it true?
4 . l\n• \\'l' ill\ill'tl!
5. An~ t.h Ry here ?
G. Is she your frienll '?

7. Am I the one?
8. Is it there?
9. Are we safe?
10. I~ he well?

r1711.,~lio11s

WHEN T O USE "AREN'T"

"\Ve may use aren't, a contraction of are not, with plural
words, if we are careful to ;.;omHl tho letter r. Hc111c111hcr that
"ai11t" is 11ever lu l>c' usct1.

LEi"SON UV

Exercise r. A11s11·1·r fhf'SI'

LESSON LV

or11!1y h,11 .fi1h1u1 111r~ "111111rs

Exercise . .Fi!l the bla11ks with .wil11hf1: 1:011tn1r·lio11s :
Nn, - - not to go.
IYC to go?
2. - - yon well ? Yes, - - very well.
H. - - they hen:>? No, - - not here.
4. - - the waves high? - - you afrairl ?
:J .
-- lhc fires u u t? Nu, - - lmmi11g ye L
1. Aren't

Nu, - - uot coming.
)."cs,- --- g()i 11g.
No, - - nut Lruc.
No,

- - iwt im·i(etl.

No, - No, - No, - No, - Yes, - Yes 1- -

not here.
my friend.
the gne.
the.re.
safe.
well.

G.
7.
8.
9.
11.

- - tho berries ripe? No, --- not ripe yet.
-·you going to church ? No, - - not.
I shall go if it - - too late.
- - the clouds beautiful I 10. - - - the sunset grand I
They - - here now. 12. - - there one?

.>

\

5G

LESSONS IN EN GLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON LVI

LESSON L VIII .

57

THE COMMA WITH NAME '-OF ONE SPOKEN TO

A TALK ABOUT LEAVES

I

1. What is the common color of leaves?
colors have they which you remember?
colors in earliest spring? 4. vVhat are the colors rn autumn?
5. Of what use are th e fallen leaves?
6. In summer of what use to us are leaves? 7.
m;e are they to birds? 8. Do you know of any animals that
feed upon the leaves of trees? 9. Have you ever seen a palm
leaf in use ?
10. What do we call all t he leaves of a tree taken together?
11. How clo leaves act when the wind blows? 12. vVhat tree
of those t hat you know lrns tli e largest leaves? 1 R. \Vhich the
smallest? 14. vVhat trPes iln you know by the shape of their -=.~~
leaves'?
Exercise. D escribe .for a ji·iend wlto lives in a distant part
tlte country, tlte 17lOSt beau,t'?fu1 tree you liave ever seen.

)

Grandma, when does the moon rise?
Have you seen it, mother?
No, Edward, it is not. in sight.

'

1. Who is spoken to in the first sentence?
2. What mark separates the name from the rest of the sentence?
3 . . In the second sentence who is addressed or spoken to?
4. How is mother set off from the r est of the sentence?
5. Who is nddressed in the third sentence?
6. How many commas are needed to separate his name from the rest
of the sentence? w·hy nre two needed?
7. Tell for what else it comnrn is sometimes used.

The name of a person spok<'n to sho1114l h4" set off
the rest of the sentcnee h~· eo111n1<ts .

f1·0111

Exercise I. In writing this exercise use the name of some person spoken to :

1. Ask your teacher a question ·about your next vacation.
'

LESSON LVH
A

PICTURE STORY

Tell omlly and then in writing
tlte story qf tlie "Little Gardener."
'J'hink of : 1. 1-l is 11am(~ -where
li e is going - the time of year.
2. Names of tools - what each is
for- what he leaves behind. 3.
\\'l1aL gru11::; ia his ganle11 - what
he expec ts it to yield.

---""""'-

I

1
·
2. Give an order to a storekeeper. '
3. Tell an expressman what you wish him to do.
4. Ask a physician some questions about a patient.
5. What might one need to say to a clerk at the post-office?
6. What should you say to a gentleman who does you a
favor?
7. What rnight yon say to your <1og?

-S~~tcn~~;tlmt ·~omnniml 01~~'"'1·,;~~t arc callc'l ImpcraJ
tive sentences. They arc followed by periods.
How many of the senl:enccs that you have just written arc

imperative sentences?

58
Exercise

2.

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN EN GLISH

Write tlie following from dictation:

FOR EVENING

Bertha Wright, you may write
this.
When you reach home, vVilliam, write to us.
Mary, are both cups full?

Yes, and each cup holds ten
spoonfuls.
Come on, boys, the bell's ringing. You'll be late.

LESSON LIX
WORDS TO BE DEFINED

A boy in the grade below yours has asked about the following
things. He does not know what they are. 1'ell him what each
one is, using a sentence for each word.

a telephone
a cable
a fathom

a tornado
a squall
a fawn

a cylinder
a tile
a staple

LESSON LX
To BE WRITTEN FROM MEMORY
l!'Olt MORNING

Here hath been dawning another blue day,
Think, wilt thou let it slip useless away?
Out of eternity this new day was Lorn;
Into eternity at night must return.
See it aforetime no eye ever did;
So soon it again from all must be hid.
Lo, here hath bee n dawning another blue day,
Think, wilt thou let it slip useless n,way?
-THOMAS CARLYLE.

59

If we sit down at set of sun
And count the things that we have done,
And counting find
One self-denying act, one word
That eased the heart of him who heard,
One glance most kind,
That fell like sunshine where it went,
Then we may count that day well spent.
-

ELLA WHEELER WILCOX.

EVENING HYMN

Now the day is over,
Night is drawing nigh.
Shadows of the evening
Steal across the sky.

,.

I

Now the darkne~~_gathers,
Stars begin to peep,
Birds and beasts and flowers
Soon will be asleep. ·

- s.

.

BARING-GOULD.

LESSON LXI
VEGETABLES,

After a talk about "Vegetables," answer these questions

~

1. What vegetables have you seen growing? 2. Of which do we
use the roots as food? 3. Of which the seeds? 4. Of which
the leaves'? &. Of which the sterns or stalks? 6. ·which
grow on vines? 7. Which are eaten raw? 8. ·Which are

\

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tiO

'k

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

eaten when unripe? 9. Which contain seeds?.
of these vegetables be called fruits?

LESSONS IN

10 . C an any

Exercise I. Clioosinp some vegetable, tell the story of its
growth. You may follow this order:
1. What the seed is like. 2. H ow it is planted. 3. How
the plant looks when it first comes up. 4. How it looks when
the food part is ripe. 5. How the food is gathered .

Exercise
right:

1.

2.
3.
4.

5.

2.

61

ENGLIS~

Supply singular or plural words, as you think .-

The - - was cold.
The - - was blowing.
- - were walking.
- - were flying.
- - was hazy.

6. ' The - - were

o~

the ice.

7. - - was skating.
8. - - were sliding .
9. The - - was cracking.
10.

- - was happy.

LESSON LXIII
LESSON LXII
" WAS " OR " WERE " IN QUESTIONS
" WAS " OR " WERE? "

I was glad.
He was sad.
She was late.
It was black.
One was right.

vVe were coming.
You were goi ng.
They were staying.
Eight were running.
Several were waiting.

1. Read th ese sentences , cmphns i7. ing the .first worrl. 2. Rearl t.11 em
emphmd:>:ing t he second wort!. :l . I low m:wy are meant hy I ~ hy he ?
l.iy she? by it? l.iy one~ 4. Do we me was or wern with 1< uch words ? 5.
With what kind of words do we use was :1
6. Ilow mr.11y are m c:t11 t hy we , yun, they, several:' 8 honld we use
was or were with such wonls? 8. With what kind of wonls do we 11se

.
~

""

Exercise

,.
I~

m

m

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

Exercise

1.

Wh ere
W here
Where
Where
Where
Where
Where

1.

Supply was or were, as you tliinlc rig/it:

The day - - warm.
The air - - still.
We - - riding.
Clouds - - ri8iug.
Lightning - - seen .

6.

7.
8.
().

10.

Exercise

- -· he?
-- I ?
- - you?
- - she?
- - they?
- -we?
- - the horse ?

2.

"Was"

Fill the blanks with was or were :

/

- - he there?
-- - we there?
- - it there?
- - you there?
- - I the~e ?
- · - they there ?
- - the horses there ?

Practice till you can say these rapidly without a

were~

·I

W e must always say" you were" and "were you?"
should never be used with "you."

Fil~

mistak~.

the blanks with singular or plµra~ words:
I

Noises --- heard.
Drops - - f:tllin g .
The wind - - blowing .
The storm - - s r. v P 1'f' .
Tl1ey - - kind to us.

Was the - - in the nest?
\Vere there any - - in it?
Was her - - near by?
Were - - singing?
Was Lhe - - sweet?

Was the - - ripe?
\Vere the - - sour?
Was the - - hungr,y?
vVhere was - - ?
\Vhere were - - ?

-·

,~

.· .

LESSONS I N EN G L I S H

A

TO

L1 ·: i\RN

l~ 1·, 1J ·11 l/11:-: s,· / ,•1 ·!/1111 ,,,, , / 11·1·//, ' ii

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PO E M

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•:11 111 ;111 a 1T11 11· i11l11 ll1P :1ir.

11,

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1, 11 1· 11 11111 11 111. "" :

1.11 , ,:1" Lli ,

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s 11·ifll .1· j j. IJ1 ·11 . i.111 • " i.'..!·l,j.

( '1111 ld IHI ~ f11J)!1 11' i[ i11 i ls ili .c: l1i .

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fl . 1'1· 1! 111 :• :1rll1. I l;i11 ·11 11 "1 11 l11 ·1r :
f.' 11 1' 11·'111 l1:1 s s i.L:·IJI "" 1;1·1· 11 :i11d s l r11 11 .'..!··
Tlia l i L ,· :111 l'nll 1111 Li ll' ll ig lil ,. f s 1111.'..!"1
l,1111•>'.
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........
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I 1'11 111111 t.'11· :1.n ·1 1w, s lill 111il11·11k1·
1\11d t.l1 n s 1111 .'..!·· rr.1111 l11· !.,'.· i:111i".L:' 111 1• 1111.

I i'P1 1111I ;ig-: 1111 i11 1111· 11 1·:1 1·1 11 1' :1 l'ri1·11d .

THE STUDY

OF /\ P JC TUR IO:

I . <:i 1·1· :1 11 :1111 1' l.11 i.111• pid1m , 1>11llll'11pp11s il1·1':1 g1'.
it s li1111· :111 11rdi11 :1 ry tw1· :ts io 11 i11 s t•IJ,,111
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111 11 11 .. 111 il 111 •s 1111 · i1il t• r1 •s l 1·1•11 -

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62

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON LXIV

L r.a rn this selection and wrifr it.
will a,s/~ !JOit qneslivns ahou,t it.

/,
i;

,ti-0111 ?111·111 or!J.

l ( 11ir lt'aclu' r

I shot an at'row into Lhe ail',
lt fe ll to eal'th, I kn ew not wh et'e ;
For, so swiftly it fl ew, the sight
Could not follow it i11 its flight.
I Ul'eath ell a song into tl1 c air,
It fe ll to earth, I k11 e w not where;
For who has sig ht so kee 11 and strong,
That it can foll ow th e fli g ht of song?
Long , long afte rward in an oak
I found the arrow, still unbrokc;
J\rnl the song, from l1eginni11g to e11d,
r fouml again in th e heart of a frie11d.
-

...

"l'

I

LON C:FE!.LO I\".

I

LESSON LXV
THE STUDY

OF A PICTURE

1. Give a nam e to the picture on the opposite page. 2. Does
it show an ordina ry occasion in school? 3. vVhat seems to be
going 011? 4. vVho are the men seated at the table? 5.
What is th e master doing? 6. In whom does the interest ce nter and why?
68

!

•

~

•

~

,.

r

.'

....J> • • -

G2

....

--

--

••

•

--

--

-

-

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

A
/ ,1'1/l"I/ I /11".<
lfli'.li 11sk

g , 1 /1 •1•!

POEM TO

i1111 1111 11 ll'l'if 1•

.' (111. 1111 1· .<!/i1111 ., 1d11111f

ii

LEARN
(/'" ! //

1//1' / l/O /'// .

it.

Till •; .\l : ftll\\ '

:\ 'i i> Till•:

:-:11 'i 1:

s h11f. a 11 :L1 T1111· i1ll 11 1111! :t i!',
I L f1·ll Lo eal' th, I l;, 11·11· 11 11[. 11·lt 1,re :
l•'or, S•> swifLly it fl c 11 , Cl11 · s ight
C111 ild not foll11 w it i11 ils tlig·ht.

r l>l't': LLJ1 1•d :I S1 >J1 .g· i11 l1> 1111 , :Ill',
II fel l lo 1':Lr lli , I l;i11·11· 111>1 ll' l1 n l':
JC,,,. wh o 11:1 ;; s ig l1 I. ,;o k1 ·1·11 a 11rl ,; I m 11 g.
Tl1 a L it can l'o llll\\' t i ll' lli g l1 L "f ;;011g !
l ,r >ng·, ln11g a fte n1·:1l'rl i11 :111 11:1k

,,

I l"11 11Hl LIJC nITow, s l i II 1111I1mk1•

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1\11d the song, fr,>111 l11 ,g i:111i11 .g· lo 1'1 111.
fo1t11d agai n i11. Ll1 e 111': 11'(. i> f a f,.i e 11d .

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-- L o .'\" 1: l'l·: l.l .o \\ .

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I
THE STUDY

I

OF I\ PICTURE

I . <:i1·1· :1. 11:i.11H: 1.11 U11 , pi d 11 n' 11111.111 • 011111>s il" pagl' . ~. l>,, 1:s
it s l11 >11· :1 11 11J'di11:1J'y rn ~1 :asi1111 i11 s1· li 11" I ! !L \Vl 1:1. t s1·1· 111 s L11 l ie

f.

go 111g 011 ! -L \Vl11> a l'e th e 1111; 11 Sl':Ltr d :1 t Lill' L:1lil1· r :1.
\\' l1:i t is 111 1: 111:1 s te r <loi11g '! Ii. 111 11·h11 111 doi:s ll1" i11li:l'ns l· 1·,. 11 te r :uHl 11'11 .r !

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'I

1)

l

63
!

I ,

64

6fi

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

7. vVhat question nrn.y have been asked by the committee?
How many of the pupils appear to have answered it? 8.
all equally i 11 teres te\1 ? Gi vc yo ur reasons. 9. vVhat can you
say of the coml uct of some of the children? 10. What is t he
g irl on the front seat doing? 11 . ( ~rn nparc this s,~Jiool-room
with your own. 12. How should yo n lik e to atte nd th is school?
Tell why.
The scene is in Germany, anll t,lte a.r tist's name -1s Omichen.
What do _you Ll1iuk uf hi:; <>kill'?

Exercise 2. Choosing the fruit you like best or know mos~ about,
tell the story of ·its ripening.
The following <]_11Cstions will sngge~t some things to say and
· the or<ler in which to say th em : \Vh:it is the earliest sign 'vhich
show8 thn.t the t.rcc or bush or vi1H~ is going to bear? Wlin.t
appen.rs first? \Vh c 11 can the frnit first lie scc1:? Whn.t d'.1es
it look like then'? I low rloes it g row ? \Vhat 1s the first sign
of its ripening? How rloes it lrn Jk wl1en iL is fully ripe'?

Exercise. -W rite a letter t,o one of these children about an
examination in your school. Tell him (or her) how differently we
m.mwge our schools in this cou ntry.

LESSON LX V11

_,

A CHOICE OF

The re men.ns in that plarr.
Th.eir means belonging to them.
Thcy'1·e means they are .

Perhaps you will choose t o follow this order :

1. How an American school-room is different from a German
sehool-roorn . 2. " ·'l1e11 tl1 P l' xirn1i11nti .. 11 is h Plfl . !3. Ilo w the
questions are g iven out. 4. How yon an~wer them.

LESSON LXVI
ABOUT FRUITS

Exercise

I.

...{((er

a r:on-versaliun les.son, write rr.nswP-r.q to

.fol101c £11g 211eRtio11.~:

1. \Vlrnt kinds of fruit have you seen growing?

2.
\Vhich on
G. Which

of them grow on trees? 3. ·w1i ich on Lush es'? 4.
vines? 5. Tell in what, u1011Lh ead1 kinJ ripe11s.
are sometimes dried for food? 7. -W h;it drinks are
fruits? 8. \Vlrnt kinds are brought from warm countries?
9. Can you nam e the country from which each comes?

WORDS

Exercise I. ,S'P/f' r f th e right onr of thr se flirl'I' .,,.,,rdR lo 8UJ!J1l.1f in
each (!f the _fol/'111'i11_i7 sc11t e111·1·s:
1. I lave you moved - - books?
2. Let them stay - -.
3. - - they come with - - dogs!
4. - - expecting you - - to-day.
5. When were yuu - - la,st?
6. _ _ living - - now with - - friends .
Exercise

2•

Tn Rhow the itse ~f the8e words, write six sentences,

two fo1· each word.

Exercise 3. 1Vrite thesP senfrnce.s as they are read :
- Doesn 't :.i en.t. walk on his toes P
'•.- Yes, they 're soft as eushi<~ns .
Aren't hi s claws each hithlen
in ::t sheath?

11.'s never too late to mend.
Don 't cry if you ' n~ tlo1w yn11r lH~Rt
Thnre's anothm· one there.

i:

11·

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

66

LESSON LXVUI
SENTENCE-MAKING

To amuse a little child, tell the kind of work that each of these
persons does. Use a single sentence for eaelt one.
tailor
carpenter
barber

cobbler
florist
miller

architect
milliner
cooper

motorman
artist
engm eer printer
s tenographer
sailor

LESSON LXIX
A

FABLE

Ei;plain what a fable is, and tell one that you know.
one in your own way.
JUDGING BY APPEAltANCES

· A humming-bird m et a butterfly . Being pleased with the butterfly's
beauty and the glory of his wings . she proposed that th ey should always
be friend s. "I cannot think of it ,' ' ~a.hi t.11 !> h11t.tP-rfly , "a~ yon once
spurned me and call ed me a cr:twling dolt. " "Impossibl e !" ex claimed
the humming-bird; "I :tlways had th e highest res pect for such beautiful
creatures a s you. " "You may have now ," said th e butterfly ; "but when
you insulted me , I was a caterpillar. So let me g ive yon a piece of
advice . Never insult the humbl e: it is nt<le ,1.1111 1111kinrl ; l1e~ i.J es , they
may be better than they seem. "

LESSON LXX
ABOUT THE SUN

1. What does the sun do for us?

2. Where does the moon
get its light? 3. Frum whaL, Lhen, does our moonlighL really
come? 4. llow is it tlrnt Llie su11, in tho wes t at nighL, appears

67

in the east in the morning? 5. How often does the earth turn
around '?
6. Does the sun always set exactly in the west? 7) When
do we see it more neady overhead,- in winter, or in summer?
8. In what part of the world is the sun nearly overhead all the
time? 9. What kind of climate does this make? · 10. In what
months do we have our longest days? Our longest nights?
11. When we in the north -have summer, what is the season
in the southern hemisphere? 12. Is December with us a warm
or a cold month? 13. What is it in Australia? 14. In what
month do boys skate in that country?
Exercise 1. Write some of the facts that you have learned about
the sun. Tell what it seems to be - where it seems to go and what good it does. Write two questions about it that you
cannot answer.
Exercise 2. Think over what you have learned, and study what
you have written. Then be ready to stand and talk aboitt the sun.
Exercise 3.

L earn these stanzas:
THE SUN' S TRAVELS

The sui1 is nuL a-lJed , when I
At night upon my pillow iie ;
Still round the earth his way he takes,
And morning after morning makes.
While here at home, in shining day,
We round the sunny garden play,
Each little Indian sleepy-head ·
ls being kissed and put to bed.

I

I

l

d

'I

68

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

the pigeons are no longer afraid of him. Presently he will write
n letter to his friend, 1'vm Wal!cPr, in P almerville, Iowa, telling
Mm what happened. W1·ite llichard's letter.

Antl when at eve I riRc frn111 tea.,
Day daw11 s beyond the J\ Llanti e Sea;
Ancl all the child ren in tli e vV es t
Are getting up rwd being dressed.
-

11. L .

I,

69

I

I

Rn: VENSON.

I

LE SSON LXXII
LESSON LXXI
" HAS " AND " HA VE "

A DESCRIPTION

Exercise 1. Firsttalk
abont tlds picture. H ere
i.~ a list of the things
that may interest yon :

~l

1. Th e Chil1l : Age
- dress - position hi s thoug h ts. 2. The
Pump: Its use - the
mate rial - th e different, parts - its shadow - where the water
comes from - what
brings it n p. 3. The
Troug h : J\lade of what
- by whom and how of what u se - of wlrnt use is t he iron rod'? 4. Th e Bird s:
Kind - numbe r - what doi11g - hom e.
Exercise 2. The little boy in tlie pictm·e, wlwse name i.s Bicliard
Anderson, is tryin.<J to tame his 71~q1•0 11.~. .He has been sittin,g on
tlw tronph for ten minutes wit:lw11t mo vi11:1 a musdc. lle is pret.t,y
st.ijf and tiri·d and hisfoot is asleep, b11t 711~ is hrrpJJ!J to t.hinlc tltat

ri

~

jl

.

l. H as t he bPll rung? ·
2. Have the bells rung?

3. One bell has rung.
4. Two bells have rung.

1 . .In which of th escscntcnccs isonl yoncthin g spoken of? 2. Jn which
do we ~ 1 H·ak of 111 or e t ha n one? 3. \Vh cn we s peak of one bell , do we use
ha·i·c or Ii.rt.~ 'J. 4. ·which do we uso w hen we speak of more than one bell?
5 . When do wo use hcis 'J. (j . ' Vhcn do we use h ave 'J.

r
Exercise

1.

t,

1. The - - have come up from the pasture.

i

2. The old - - has been fed.
3. The - - has gone to sleep.
4. Has t li e - - been planted?
5. Have the - - blossomed yet?
6 . All the - - has been picked.
7. A ll the - - have been gath ered.

Exercise
words :

2.

t

Fill the blanlcs with singular or plural names :

4

.: I

I

II
\,

. t·

Use " have n book " or " has a book " witli these

we
he
I

yo u
she
it

they
one
all

Mary
Mary and Susie
everybody

Practice repea ting them with the whole list rapidly.

'''I'

~ .. -

-

-

-

-

--,..

.

-

-

.

-

- -- -

-

.\11d :ill tl11· 1·l1il.!n ·1 1 i11 1111' \V 1·s l
J\ I'(\ g<'l t i11 µ· 1q1 :1.11d l11• i11 !-:· dr1· ssvd .

Lf ~ :-;:-; (> N

,I

69

LESSONS I N ENG LISH

LESSONS I N ENGLIS H

i\ 1111 11°111·1 1 :ii (·1·1· I 1·i'-'1· l'r11111 l1 ·: 1,
I >:1_y d :111· 11 !-< 111 '.1011d 1111 · ,\ 11:111 1j, . ~1·:1;

-

//,1· ;1 i!/' '"''·' ·11·1· "" ln11!/• 'I' 1(/'rt1id ·~( hi/II .
J>rese11lly he will 1l'ritc
11 l1 •f11 ·r
/,, /1is /r i1·111 l , '1'11 111 11'1tl /rn·. i11 }'11/ mr·n•ille, ] owa, f el!i 11g

hi111

11•/,,1/ /1 11/ ' /" '111·•1.

ll' ril1 · J: i,./1111·, /' .~ /1•/1,1•/' .

1, :\.\ 1
" H/\ S" /\NU " HAVE ..

A DE SCR I PTION

Exercise 1. Fi,.gf fffl lr
ri/111//{ f/11'., /1/<'f 111'1' , 1/1' /' I'
;., I /
I/ :-;/ '!( i lt1 · f lti11!J-'
1/,, ,I // Ill// /11/ 1· /'I 'S / //111/ :
I . Tl 11 • < 'l1ild : 1\ ,..,np
dn •f's -- 1111s il io 11 l1i s I lr1111 ~· l it s. :.!. Till \
1' 111111 1: I ts ll H '
t lH·
111:il1·ri: il
1111· dilT1·r-

1'

il s " 11 :11':1rl s
dII 11· - w l1 c n : Ll1 t' w:1Ll'1'
l'. 11111 (•[-< rr11 111 -- IV J1;Jt
;).
l1ri11 .~·s i i. 11 11.
" Tli1·
;\I
:11'
1·
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11·!1:1 t
Tro111rl1
:
,__
11_1· 11·11 11 111 ;1111 l l1 n1V -··
of what 11 sn --- nf what 11 s1 • 1s t.!11 '. ir1111 n 1d '(
1. Tl11 · l:i rils:

{111, .,. ,,,. /"' -' .I

11111 n ·

1111111l11 :r -

11·11 :1.I. d11i11 .~·

'1 111111 '.

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Exercise 2 . '1'111' litt/1: 1'11.11 i11 t/11 • ;ii!'/11r1'. 11'7111.,, . 11111111 · ;_, Ni1.f1 ,11 ·,7
1l 111lf"l".<011 , ·i .< '''.'Jilly f o (111111 · Ii/., ;1i:t· ·11 11.<;.
/ Ji. /111s /11•1·11 .1; /ffi1i!/ Il l!
tlw ff' ll ll!fh ,l~•I' f1 ·11 111i1111f1•x 11•it/1,,11/ 111•11' ! 111; 11 11111 .,1./1 ·. /Ji. ix 1i n ·fl _1t
stUI' 11111l lin ·1l 1111d /,i .,}111f ;,, 11.,/1'"/'· /,,,f /11 · i., f, ,,111,_,1 /,, t/11'11 k t/111 t

:i . \\' 111 · 11

I . \\ ' l1i 1·li iln 1\ 1' II '<' w l11 ·11

1.

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\\' f'

~ I ""'" of 111or1 : t.li a 11 on e IH• ll P

Ii . \\ ' 111'11 " " 11·1· 11 ,.;e /1111 ·1-'.I

Fill 1f,, . lrl1111 k-' ll'it/1 ·'' "!/ 1tl111 · of' 1il11ntl 11n11t1'.~:

'I

I . Tiil' ·-· ---- 11:11·1, ('0 111 c 11 t1 fro111 th e pasture.
Tl1 c 11ld
-- l1:1 s 111:(' 11 fed.
· I1;IS M'"11 111 ' Lo slee p.
"•I. Tl1 11
4.. J l:i R Llw __ .. iiCl!ll plan ted '?
r>. I l:i.vc tl1 <! ---- lil 11i-;so;11 c1l yet?
li :1s ))('( )11 piclw d.
ti. 1\ 11 t.111' . -· I 1:11·1. l 1C('. ll g a.tfi l'l'Cd .
I . 1\ 11 till'

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Exe rcise

2.

/ J.<; ,. (( h11 l'I '

If

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11·1·
I•

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Exerc ise

"L T wo bcll R have rung.

111,.,.; 1· ,.;1·1i11·1,,., .., j, n 1d y,,111· llii11 g; ~ 11 nk .. 11nf P

,,r

I . 11 1 " · lii1 ·l1

d 11 \\' •• "111·:tl\ n f

C ll l

Ki1ul -

:\ . ( l11 c he ll 1111$ rnn g.

I . I 1:1 " t 111 · /11•// 1'1111 g..'
2. 11 :11·c LI 1c h,·118 J'll Il g' .,

Ill'

y 1111
s lw
j [.

LI wy
o

IH~

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fi , 1.~

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II

honk .. with th1' Se

ry

~ l :iry :1.1111 Sw<i e
1•Yc ryli ud y

l'r:wti(' I' l'l ' Jll':1Li 11g LI IC111 w i I Ii tl1 1· wl1 11lc li f't rapidl y .

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70

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise 1. Answer these questions orally, and tlten in writing.
Use short, <listinct sentences.
1. How many pages has this book? 2. How many fly
leaves ? 3. vVlrnt is the first printed p~ge called? 4. What
is the title of this book? 5. Who are the publishers of this
book? 6. What do we mean by" publishers"? 7. vVhatdoes
a" Table of Content<> " show? 8. How does an "I nclex" help
us? 9. ·w ho provides you with school-books? 10. How
should you treat books? ·w hy?
Exercise 2.
1Vr·ite abont some otlwr hook in a similar
wav. Ask yourself other quE-stio11s about it, and find out the
nns·we1'S.

LESSON LXXIV
OLD

STORY

In the time of your great-grandfather almost every child in
the United States could repeat this story from memory. Perhaps it is worth learning and telling now.
FABI..E OF THE BOY THAT
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THE SQUIRREL

ABOUT THIS BOOK

AN

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LESSON LXXV

LESSO N LXXUI

11

71

APPLES

An olcl man fo1111<l a rutle boy upon 0 11 0 of hi s trees stealin g apples, :incl
desirrnl him to eo me llown; but the yo un g snncc- box tol1l hi111 plainly he
wo11lcl 1101,. "Won't yo11 P" saicl t,hn old 111 :1.1 1, "t,hcn f will fcLt: h you
Llo,n1." So he p11ll ccl np some turf or µ:rnss anc l threw it. at him . But thi n
only ma1lc the youngste r l:Lug h, t,o think the ol<I man shoultl pretend to
beat him down from the tree with grnss on ly.
"\\' ell , well ," said the old man , "if neither words nor g rass will do,
[ must try wh:i.t virtue there is in stones-" So the old lllan pelted him
heartily with stones, which soon llla•lc thu young chnp hasten <lown from
the tree :md beg I.he old man's pardon.

B efore trying to tallc or write ab01d " The Squirrel ", see what
you can learn by actual study of the anirnal.
1. Notice the squirrel's movements among the branches of
the trees. 2. How is it fitted for climbing? 3. Cn,n it nm
rapidly? Why? 4. What is the shape of its tail? 5. What
use does it make of it when resting? When jumping? 6. How
is it held before jumping? During the jump'?
7. ·why is it not necessary for a squirrel to have large ears?
8. In what way would ln,rge ears be a trouble to it? 9. Why
does it need prominenteyes? 10. Where are they place<l? 11.
From what direction are its enemies likely to come? 12. What

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are the squirrel's enemies?
13. ·w hat is peculiar about the upper lip? 14. Wlrnt animal
has a similar lip? 15. Describe the front teeth. For what are
they used? 16. Name an ltnimal having similar teeth. 17.
Upon what do squirrels feed?
18. ·w here do they obtain food in winter? 19. What proves
that they do not sleep all winter? 20. Where do sq ui n els
live? 21. Are they useful or troublesome to man? 22. In
what ways?
Exercise.

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R ead this story of the Mexican Squirrel:

A recent American traveler in J\lcxico g ives a striking instanco of t.hc
proficiency of s•iuirrcls in the :irt of fl ying. Some boys had ca ught a
Mexican black squirrel, nearly as large as a cat. It had escaped from
them once, am1, when pursued, harl takon a lea p of sixt.y feet., from the
top of a pin e-tree clown upon the roof of :i house, without injury. !his
feat had lccl th e gramlmoth er of one of th e boys to declare that the sqmrrcl
was bewitched, ancl tho boys proposCll to put the matter to further test by
throwing the s<iuirrel cl<Jwn :i prP.<:.ipico six hundred fe et high. Our trav-

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<'l<'r i11t.1,rf<'n>.cl, t.o "'"' t.h:i!. t.lw "' \llitT<'I lt:1d f:1ir 1<1:1.1·. T l1 0 prisoll<'I' 11·as
l'Ollll'.)""I i11 :t pi llm1·-s lip lo Iii!' 1•d.~" n f 1111• l'li ff , :111 c\ tlt1• sli p P jH:ll ecl. ~ u
t.ha.t ho 111ight 11:1.1·<' hi .~ c·hoi1 ·1>, 11·ltdl 11 •r to 1'<·111:1in :t ": q 1t.i1·<' or l.o l.:lkn th o
leap. l In look ed d own t.lrn awful nhyss, and t.lum li:t.<'k a11d ,:id1>.wiRn, his eyes glLsLt 11i11 g, hi :=; fur111 e ro111·1ii1 1g . ~p1•ing 1111 <':-'(':tp1~. in a11v other
diree fion, h e f:ook rt flying· l eap i nto t<l l:l.1'.I '. , :t lld il11 llnred J':t t.ill'. l' l) ,1a.n fol l
into t he :iliyss lielo\\'. Iii :; lc;.?;s li e11;an Lo work li ke t h ose of a s \\'i111111ing
poodl e-clog . l111 t <[lli e k er a n<I q11i c.:k er, while his tail , s li g h tly elcvatet! ,
s prmul out lik e a foat her fan. A ra lihit of t h e same wei g ht wonltl have
made t h e t.rip i11 aho11t t ll'el ve secornl s; t hn s<[uirre l took m ore t han half a
minu te for it, and lantlell o n a lu1lge of lin1e,:tone, w h ere t hey could see
him pl:tinl y sq uat o n hi s hind legs and s mooth his r111ll etl for, aft.<~ r whir.h
h e lll :ttle fiH" the creek with a t1 011r is h of hi s bti l, took a good drink, am!
scampered aw:ty into t h e willow tld ek e t.
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Jo 11 N Bunnuu<.;i i s (m.laptvd).

A little gi rl to who111 this story wns rend co uld h ardly wait to
hear t he c1Hl of it. " Oh I can Lo ll a t;;quinel story as good as
t.hat," sh e said . "A 111l T saw Lh e Hq nirrel with my own eyes."
Ca.n Y Pll irna.g i1 1e wktt her story was ? 'fell it as you think she
might h ave told it.

THE

MOUNTAIN AND THE SQUIRREL
Halph \V a ld o Elll e rso11 , t.he mos t di stingu is hed
of Am c ri c.:a.n wri te rs, was horn in B os ton, May 25.
IWJ::l. ll e liv ed n early fifty years in Con cord ,
i\bssa c h11 , dts , w lwre he tliml in 1882.
C'U lll1//t(

t fi iN si;/cction

73

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

to

1n!!11lOr'!J .

Th e moun tain and the squ irrel
Had a q uarrel,
And th e fo rm er called the latt.er
"J,ittlc Prig ! "

!'

J\ u ll n:plicLl,
"Yon nm rl rrnhtlrss vr:ry l1ig"
But :tll sorts of tlii11 gs and wcaLli c r
l\ l11 st lie Lakc11 i11 l1lge Ll1r'l'
To rnakc 11 p a year,
A 11'1 a s plwre:
A 11d l think it 11 0 disg race
To occupy my place;
lf l'm not so large a:; yo u,
You are not so small as I,
J\11<l not li:ilf so SJH J;
I 'll not dr 11 y yo u 111ake
J\ very pretty s11 11irrnl Lr:u:k.
Talents lliffer; all is well and wisely put;
If ( cann ot carry fores ts Ull Ill )' Jiaek,
NciLher en,n you ernck :t 1111t."
- I L "' ·

Exercise. Do you know what the poem means?
mountain were a big 11um, the s1ufrrcl a little child.
each say to the other ?

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E.llEHS<>K .

8iippose the
W hat might

LESSON LXXVII
NAMES MADE PLURAL BY ADDING ES

Spell the plt,mil of net,
sk ate,
sled,

turkey,

monarch,

muff.

H ow are na mes generally nmde plural ?
The following words a re made plural by adding es.
nounce their plurals :
glass
box
fez
dish
chmch
arch
tax
pass

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74

LESS O NS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

1. Ilow many syllables :ire there in the singul:ir of these words P
2. How many in the plural? 3. How do the wonls in the first coluum
end? 4 . Jn the sceotHl? 5. In the thin]? 6. 111 the fourth P 7. ln the
fifth? 8. llow wonlll they so nrnl if only s were :ttldcd?

LESSON LXXVIII

Na1ncs cn1li11g ins, x, z, sh, or 1-'oft ch, fornt their pl 11ral
h.r ad1li11g cs to the si 11g·11 Jar.
The possess ive of the s ing ubr of sne h wonls is made in the nsnal way,
by adding 's. The plural anti the pos~css ivc happen to sonnrl alike .

Exercise
singular:

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R ead

tlie.~e

sentences, awl tell which words are

STORY TO BE RETOLD

Exercise 1. After hearing yow· teacher read this story, and
some of your classmates tell it, reproduce it in writing, but in
what you write let the conversation take place not between Dennis
and liis master, but between Dennis and his fingers. Find sometliing for each finger to say, including the tliumb.

I~

Revie w wl1at you have lea.med about quotations.
"I wish that I had friemls to h elp me on," cried i<lle Dennis, yawning.

Listen ~ ·was that a fox's bark?
Three foxes have Lee n caught.
How many J·ameses are there in the class?
Charles's family 11ame is .Mason .
Could you have told Ly the sound whieh wonl::; were srngular?

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75

Exercise 2. Spell first the possessive and then the plural qf
tlie.~e words :
lass
grass
Agnes
ostrich
Lush
bran ch
larch
Lox
Exercise 3.
Exercise 4.

Use the plural <!f these same 'Words in sentences.

"Friends? ·w hy, yon have ten," repli ed his master.
"I'm sure I haven't half so many, and those that I have are too poor
Lo help me."
" Co unt your fingers, my boy," said th e master.
Dennis looked at his large, strong- lmrnls.
"Count thumbs and all," added the master.
••I have; there are ten ," said the lad .
"Th en never say you have not ten friemls able to help you on in life.
Try what those true fri ends ean do before yo u begin to fret because you
do not get he!p from others."

Exercise 2. Your little brother has found these proverbs in
liis reading lesson. Not understanding (liem very well lie lias
brought tliern to you to be explained. Tell him exactly what they
mean.

1f1·ite these scntenc1;s f rom dicta.tion;

Poor Richard says , "God helps them that help themselves."
"God gives every bird its food, but he tloes not throw it into the
nest."

\¥ ere there boys in th e lady's carriage?
Bring Harry's hat and ,Jamcs's coat.
Arc these books your~ or theirs?
I'm gla<l that yo u're here.
li e hears yo n. Hero's enough .
Arc the chnrnhcs open on Chris L1nas?

Exercise 3. Dorothy Clarke went to the city to meet her
Aunt Mary. She lost lier way in the crowd, and was found by a
policeman, who asked her many qnestions. 1Vrite the conversation that occurred. Tell the story as Dorothy told it at home
that evening.

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LESSON

Lli~SSON L XXX

LXXIX

A R E VIEW

VERSES TO REMEMBER

Exercise 1
\Vrite a state ment al>out a Ash .
C hange this state ment to a <1 nestion.
vVhat words are alw:tys hcg11n with capita.IK?
Think of a word prono1111ced like v1tin. What d oes it mean ?
1n a state me nt tell so111etl>i11g that yo n k now auout i t.
Ask a question about the weath er yesterd ay; another about
the weather to-morrow. Use a contraction in each sen te nce.
Exercise 2
What is the difference uetwce n a con traction and an abbreviation?
Write a stateme nt te lling where a ccrtrtin doctor li ves.
his name, a nd the nam e of th e street, tl1e tow n, and the
usin g the prope r aubrev iations.
vVrite a statement about a ho use in yo ur neig hborh ood,
the possessive of the owne r's rnune.
"Ile is the son of Mr. C nrtis." Rewrite this sentence,

77

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

76

G ive
state,
using

Co1111nit t lu·se selections to memory and then write th em :
Be you tempted as you may,
Each day and every tby
Speak what is true True things in great and small;
Th en, though the sk y sh ould fall,
Sun, moon, and stars and all,
Heaven wou ld show through.

I'

Spake full well in language quaint and olde n,
One who clwelleth hy t he castled Rhine,
When he called th e fl owers, so blue and golden,
Stars, that in earth's firmament <lo shine.

Exercise 3
vVrite a sentence beginning in this way: Yeste rcby my father said
to me - , or, To-day I heard Frank say- . Use q uotaLion marks.
Use the con traction for ai·e not in a sentence about pigeons.
In on e sen tence tell whn.thnppe11 ed one aftern oo n, UKi ng P .M.
a nd a elate.
vVrite a sente11ce beginning, Wl1en I first came to sch ool
the teacher asked me - . Quote the words of the teacher.

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using

ning, Is there -

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- A L I CE CARY.

-J.J<)NGFl'~ LLO"W.

the possessive of Mr. Cnrlis.
In one se ntence tell us so11 iethin g you saw on the way to
sch ool. Begin the sentence with, There' s vVrite :t question about S011lethi11g in the sch ool-room, begin-

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LESSON LXXXI

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A CONVERSATION ABOUT RAIN

1. What is it that falls in the form of rain?

2. What is

it that floats along in the sky?
3. Where do clouds begin t o form? 4; If you were in a
mist on a mountain-top, would you call it cloud or fog?
5. Where would you look for fogs?
6. Do rain-drops al wayR fnl l Rt.might <lown?
7. Why do
they sometimes beat h ard against the window-pane? 8. Wha.t
takes their place in winter?

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LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

79

0. \Vlwrn does s11ow never Jail'! 10. Wh:i.t; JS the 1lifference Letwee n snow and hail'? 11. \\Tl11ere do thny crnne from?
12. 1'he11 where do they go?
13. Into what do rivers flow ? 14. \:Yhat goocl d oes min
do? 15. Dill you know thitt >mm e tribes of people 11evcr see a
drop of min?

Exercise

1Vi ..ite a
where there is no rain.
to know and nuike n list
hirn about everything.
most.
1.

l1~ ttl'1· to a child who liv1.~ s in a country

Pirst t.ltil/.lc of 1ill the thil/.gs he w·i ll want
of them. Yon will not have time to tell
8 eleet the things that will interest Ii.int

LESSON LXXXII
1·:

AN INVITATION AND THE REPLY
( ~n pyri g ht. ,

You are to have a picnic next Saturday. \Vrite a letter
inviti11g Romebody whom you want to come, and telling the
ti111e, th e pl:tce, a1ul a11y thing else that is necessm·y. T ell what
may be hrnngh t for the sports, and wh:Lt is to ho 11o11e if it
rai11s.
Exercise

I.

1Vrite the lett1~ r as it' y on were tallci1tg .

Suppose the friend wh om yo n i11vited has rece ntly sprained
an ankle while playing. A letter tells just how it happened,
a11d how sony the writer foelK 11ot to Le able to atteml yom
party. It snggoRts two games to be played, and invites yon
to bring your company to the writer's house, in case it rains,
where everything will be ready for a pleasant. party.
Exercise

2.

circumstances.

TV1·ite the li<t.ter that might be sent under tlie

1!100, hy

A. \V . .Mumford , C hi cago.

ORIO LE ' S NEST

LRSSON LXXXIII

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THE BAL TI MORE ORIOLE
T hi s JeRso n shoul(l h o g iv en in th"' prope r sca so 11 , a.ntl after act ual s tudy of th o oriole.

1. \Vlrnt are the colors of this bird? 2. For whom is it
nam ecl ? 3. OriolP. comes from a Latin word meaning golden.
\Vhy is this bird Cftlled the oriole? 4. \Vhat leads us to think
it is a tropic:tl hircl ? 5. IIow early in the spring 110 orioles
come? G. l11 what trees 1lo they build th eir nests?
7. What is tho shape of an oriole's nes t? 8. \Vliy is it
made so d eep? 9. Of what is it made? 10. vVlrnt does the
bird use for a needle in wea ving the nest? 11. Which bird does
the weaving, the male or the fem ale ?
12. For what purpose does a bircl bnilcl a nes t? 13. vVhich
of tl1e pair sits upon the eggs? 14. \Vhich is brighter in

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LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

color? l!i. \Vlty is the binl not easily seen when sittiug in
the nest? 16. At what 8lmirnn cn.n yon fi1ul the uestR most
easily'!

Her composition was on "Tame Animals l lrnve Known."

17. vVl1ich bird is the better singm·? 18. W li e re are orioles
in winter? 19. Why do th ey go awn,y? 20. Upon what do
they feed?
They'll come ngain to tl1e
apple-tree, Hobin anrl nll t.li e resl,vVh en tlie orchard bra1tclws
are fair to see,
111 tl1 e snow of the Llossonrn
dressed,
And the prettiest thing in
the world will be
The building of the nest.

THE SWALLOWS' NEST

Exercise. An oriole exp lains to a swallow how a nest
should be bnilt. lie do1~s not
like th,,_ .Q1Mllnw's style of
lwiise; thinlcs his own is much
better; calls attention to its
advantages in d{ffi~rent !cinds
qf weather.

LESSON LXXXIV
How TO WRITE TITLES OF BOOKS, ETC.

I am sure you will enjoy "Jfobinson Crusoe.''
Have you ever read" Seven Little Sisters"?
Do yon take "The Youth's Uo111pn.11ion " ?

1. vVlrnt two books are mimed in these sentences? 2. Vv"lrnt JHtper?
gi ve11 ? 4. How are all these names, or

n. \Vh at composition title is

titles, inclosc(l? 5. Do all the wonls in these titles begin with capitals?
6. Which words do begin with mipitals P

i~t
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The prin c ipal wor<ls in the titles of hooks shonl<l
lwg-in with capital<!.

\iVJ 1en 11RP.<1 in RP ll te lH'.f' s ,
closed in q uotaLiou-mark:;.

tJH~

J.it.JeR of Ji"oks a re

llSll:1lJ_y i11-

Exercise. Write answers to tlte followi'.ng questions in distinct
sentences :
1. vVhat is the name of the hist book that you read?
2. ·w hat arithmetic do you use?
3. What newspaper do you have at home?
4. What was the subject of yo ur laRt language lesso n ?
5. 'Vhat is the larges t book that you have ever fleen?
G. vVhat children's magazines have you seen?

LESSON LXXXV
WORDS THAT HAVE NEARLY THE SAME MEANING

You have made a hop-skip-and-ju111p or watched others make
it. What is the difference between the lwp and the slcip?
Between the lwp and the ,jnmp? Between th e skip and the
jnmp .'/ Could yon sn.y " n. hop-skip-and-leap "? Wh:Lt is the
difference between a jnmp and a leap.? If a cannon went off
behind you unexpectedly would you jump or leap?
When a new pupil comes into the room, you may loolr n,t him,
but you must not stare at him.

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11' 111· 11 s i l . li; 1 _!~· i11

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1·;1 s il y

81

LESSON S IN ENGLISH

FN G LIS H

I

\\' l1i 1· l1 l1ird j,.: Uw l11·Lfn :- i 1 1~" · 1 · 1 J ~ - \\ ' l11 ·n • :11-. · 1• riol vs
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Lil!'_\' l't•t• d '(

I . \\ ' /i ;>I. Lll'o l,nok ,< :ti'<' 11:1111l'> I i11 ll1 1•s1· s .. 11l1·11<·1•" P 2. \\'lt :it paper?
·" \\' li:ii. 1·P111 pn«il.io11 ti1l1 : i.s .:.:·i1·1·11 !' I . l/ nw ;1r" a ll llt1 ""0 11 :u111 :s, or
Lil /1'.<, i1,..l n.-. ·d !' I'1. I l o :ii 111 1" 11 11rd < i11 Ll,...-1. till t·s /J e;,; i11 l\'iL!t 1:a piLals P
Ii . \\' lii 1·!t ll' nrd s 1/.1 i ll'._~· in 11·ii l1 1·:ipil:il." i'
'l'ltn pri1wip:il

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hook,.: s'1011 lll
hq!'i11 wil Ii <':tpif:tl,.:.

wonls i11

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\\ ' 111:11 11 s 1·1l i11 ,.:1· 11 t,: 111" '", f ill' fill <'" (I f l111t1 k s a n : 11 s 11 :dl y i11 -

P11l1i11 :111<1 :111 fl11· r .. ,., 1.
\\'1 11·11 Ll11· ., ,... 11:11·.J 111 ·: 11 11· 111'>'

c l<Js1 ·cl i11 q11t1 laf i1 111 - 111 :1rk s.

:11·1· 1':1il' f.t1 "' " "
11 1 fl11• :- 111 111· ,,r (111 · J>1,,ss <1 111 s

Exercise.

1[n ""·" c1f,

I.

1\11d Ll11· pn·l(i vs L t l 1i11 .~· 111
111!' \\'!>rid 11·il l 111·

TIH · 1111ildi11 .~·

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83

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

What is the difference between looking and staring?
Watch the leaves of different trees when the wind is blowing
through them. Some leaves shalce, some tremble, some quiver.
\Yhat is the difference?
If yon shnnlrl go 011t in a eolrl wind wifl1n11t yo11r r·oaf. wonltl

4. When dinner is ready a waiter comes to the front door, and
strike.~ a gong.
When dinner is ready a waiter comes to the front door,
aml po11.uils a gong.

you slu1k1:, or slu'.1•1T, or 11w'.1•er ?

\\'liaL is tltc

,]iff1~n:1wu '!

Supply the right word in the following sentences:
The top goes round and round; watch i t -- .
The dry leaves go round and round; watch them--.
A man who is carrying two bundles under his arm drops both
of them on the sidewalk. One of them falls with a crash, the
other with a clatter. ·what is in the bundles?
What do you do when you throw a stone? What do you do
when you fling it?
In which of the following sentences would you use the word
horse? In which the word steed? vVhy?
Dr. Carson drives an old gray - - .
The warrior mounted his fiery--.
Is a fox who steals a chicken out of a guarded hen-roost
hold or brave? Can you think of any wild animal that is
brave? What might a dog do to show that he is brave?
What pictures do you see as you read the following? Does
dancing call up a different picture from capering? srnootlt from
slippery? walking from striding? strikes from pounds? What
is the diff ereuce in eiwh case '?

1. The cbikhen are dancing on the lawn.
The children are c1ipering on the lawn.
2. The ice on the pond is smootli.
The ice on the pond is slippery.
3. John is walking down the street.
John is striding down the street.

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l

LESSON

LXXXVI

" HASN'T" OR " HAVEN'T"

Of what is hasn't a contraction?
· have not?
Exercise

1.

What is the contraction for

Fill the blanks with hasn't or haven't:

Has he enough '?
No, he - - enough.
Have they come'? No, they - - come.
Have you heard? No, I - - heard. '
Has she done it? No, she - - done it.
Exercise

2.

Ask questions about the following, using hasn't or/

flowers
clouds

it
ice

stars
houses

oil
ship

beets
forest

J

Exercise 3. Oliange have to ha.s and has to have in these sen·I tences, and make other clianges, if any are needed: ·
1. The spider has eight legs.
2. Whales have warm blood.
3. A fish has cold blood.

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8-±

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

4.
5.
6.
7.

Butterflies have four wings.
Plants have roots, srems, and branches.
A fern has no flowers.
Bicycles have but two wheels.

2. What are the last two letters in the following words ? ·

'

3. Should you say that the y in them comes afrer ' vowel or
afrer a consonant?

ruby

lady

fly

.story

LEAF (HELD IN THE HAND)

rubies

ladies

flies

. /

stories

/

. duty

The plural of these words is

LESSON LXXXVI!
STUDY OF A

85

LESSONS IN ENGLISH .

I

/

duties

\

4. To what 1s the y in lady changed to make the plural
ladies?

1. Vlhat is its color? 2. Is it the same on both sides? 3.
Which side is <larker? 4. ·w hich is the upper or sunny side ?
5. Is it a thick leaf or a thin one? 6. ls it glossy or dull? 7.
Is the surface rough or smooth? 8. Can you see what makes it
rough? 9. Is the leaf blunt or pointed at the top? 10. What
is its shape at the base ? ·w hat is the base of a leaf? 11. Is
the margin even and smooth? Is it scn,lloped, or wavy, or
notched? 12. Compare the e<lges of several leaves of different
kinds. 13. Which are compound ttnd which are simple leaves?
Of which kind is yours?
·

Exercise 1.
ies:
berry
pony
cherry
daisy

Write the plural of these words by changing y to

Exercise. D escribe a leaf so that th e rest of the class, without
seeing it, can make a pictu.rr; of it.

Exercise
tences.

Try to use the plural of ten of these· words in sen-

5. How is it changed in the other words?

2.

lily
enemy
cry
tidy

fairy
sty
body
reply-

city
ditty .
jelly
fly

lady
story
dairy
duty

Words ending in y after a consonant are made plural
lJy clmngiug y to ies.
'
· / '·

LESSON LXXXVIII

,

PLURAL NAMES ENDING IN" IES."

I
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1. What is the pluml of these words? What letter does tho
y follow?
day

my

key

valley

boy

toy

guy

The letrers a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and y, are called
vowels. The other nineteen letters of the alphabet are consonants.

Exercise 3.

Write these sentences as they are read: '

])id you thank Mrs. Lane for the cherries, Alice?
Yes, mother, I, said, "Thank you, ma'am."
I should lmve said, "Thank you, Mrs. Lane."
Do such lilies grow in the valleys?
The tallest chimneys are in cities.

SC

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON LXXXIX

Exercise 1. You will find many pictures of .ftags_ in ~he front
of the big dictionary. Find one , f_hat is like ours, and another
that is very different from ours. ·'Point out tlie likir,iesses and
differences.

OUR COUNTRY'S FLAG

Francis Scott Key, a nthor of the most famou~
of American national songs, was born in Frc<lerick, 1\l.aryl :md , in 177!), an<l di ed in ,.ynshington, D.C., in 1843. Ile was ed ucated at St.
.John 's Coll ege, Annapolis, l\farylaml. llavin g
taken 11p the practice of the law, he hccamc in
ti111 0 Jli strictA tfo rn oyof Washin gton . 'Vl11m the
Briti sh bombarded Fort McHenry in 1814, Key
was a prisoner on the British fri gate ''Surprise."
Thronµ:hont the night h e anxiously watnhrnl the
flag 011 the fort, ancl r ejoieecl when he saw it
still floating. The next morning he wrote "The Star-Spangl ed Banner"
on the back of an old letter.

Exercise 2. Many of the children of otlier nations have never
seen the American flag. IJescribe it for a French or German
child.
Make several pamgmpl1s of what you write, and observe the
following order unless you can find a Le tter one :

1. Material; shape; size; colors.
2. Parts: field, stars, stripes.
3 . . Number of stripes accounted for; number of stars.
4. Uses; emblem of what? ·
5. Various names given to it; feelings at sight of it.
6. Flags on school-houses ; where ? why ?
7. The Flag Salute; · its meaning.

THE STAR-SPANGLED DANNEH

0 say, can you see, by the dawn's early light,
\Vhat so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming vVhose broad stripes and bright stars, through the clouds of the
fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming I
And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
0 I say, does that star-spangled bimner yet wave
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave?

87

LESSONS IN ENGJ.-ISH

· '/..

Exercise 3. Notice wliich of these verses begin farther from tlie
margin than others, and write them so when 'learned. Verses that
7
7
1
•
•
•
ri
rriyme riave tne same indentions.
Flag of the heroes who left us their glory,
Borne through their battle-field's thunder and flame,
Blazoned in song and illumined in story,
Wave o'er us all who inherit their fame.
i
Up 'with our banner bright, - -·- / \ /
Sprinkled with starry light I
,. ··
I
Spread its fair emblems from mountain to shore,
While through the sounding sky
·
Loud rings the nation's cry.
Union· and Liberty, one evermore I

On that shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
. Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, now conceals, now discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory refl ected now shin es on the stream;
'Tis the star-spangled Launer; 0 long may it wave
O'~r the land of the free 1 and the home of the brave I

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HOLMES,

88

89

LES.SONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

THE FLAG SALUTE

I am the daughter of earth and water,
-- ..__-·- ..,'. _ ..- -:--i~ - :·
And the nursling of the sky;
.
'
I pass through the pores of the ocean and sho\s,
I change, but I cannot die. ·
.

I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the H.epubllc for
which it stands, - one nation, indivisible, with liberty and
justice for all.

-

PEROT BY88HE SHELLEY.

I

LESSON XC
SENTENCE- MAKING

After a conversation, tell in a single sentence sornething about
of these objects :
postage stamp
post-office
telegram
postage
postal card
postman
Jett.er-box
mail

--:"'f. ,.

\

/

Exercise. Make a study of this poern, answering· '!f.ou')/teaclter's
questions about it.
·
· /'
.

I

LESSON XCII

~ach

MORE CONTRACTIONS

\

I

For what expressions are these the 'contractions? 'What letters
are ornitted? Use these contractions in statements or in questions.
I

we've
that's
I'll '
I've

LESSON XCI
A

POEM TO LEARN

THE CLOUD

he'll
you'll
you've
'twill ·

1'

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---- '.

I bring fresh showers for the thirsting flowers,
From the seas an<l the streams ;
I bear light shade for the leaves when laid
In their noonday dreams.
From my wings are shaken the dews that waken
The sweet buds every oue,
When rocked to rest on their mothel''s breast
As she dances about the sun.

· · didn'.t
'twasn't ·
shouldn't
let's

wouldn't,
, they'll
· where's
couldn't

. I

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LESSON XCIII

J• ·:·

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lady's
ladies

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PLURAL POSSESSIVES

clerks
clerk's

tailor's
tailors

birds '.
bird's (\

1. With what le tter do most plural names end? ·- 2. TelL which of
1
these names mean1 more than one. 3. Which show that ·\.only one is
meant? 4. :For what i_s 's used P

I sift the snow on the mountains below,
And their great pines groan aghast;
And all the night 'tis my pillow white,
While I sleep in the arms of the blast.

The store belonging to my brother is closed.
My brother's store is closed.
'
The store belonging to my brothers is open.
My brothers' store is open.

\

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LESSONS lN ENGLISH

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Exercise

2.

Commit tlie f ollowi11,,q stanza to memory :

A million little diamonds
Twinkled on the trees ;
And all the little maidens said,
" A jewel if you please l "
But while they held their hands outstretched
To catch the diamonds gay,
A million little sunbeams came
And stole them all away.
r.

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~

LESSON XCV

I

A P I CT URE STORY

Answer these questions:

[ See p. 91.]

What are the names of the children? From what place did
they set out? Where are they going? What is the basket
for? Who proposed carrying the youngest child in it? What
did the others say? How long have the two older children
been carrying their burden? \Vlrnt doc8 the boy think about
it? What will he say presently?
Exercise. When they return home the boy tells all about what
they did. TVrite this story, telling what enclt one said. How will
you begin it ? How will yu·u end ·i l ?

little dictionary for him. Arrange the words in alphabeti!J,f!l order,
and in a sentence tell wliat each article is.
-'·

beef
hay

mutton
maize

venison
raisins

pork
cider

tallow
cream .
I
/

LESSON XCVII
S Y NO NYMS

Birds sometimes chfrp, they sometimes twi~er~ - they sometimes sing. What is the difference?_..----------- ' 1
· Two pictures hang on tqe wall..----Both are moonlight scenes,
but in one the moon shines brightly, in the other it shines bril-·
liantly. How are the scenes unlike?
·.
Some steam-whistles toot, some scream, some shriek. How
do the sounds differ?
,
What fruits -0r substances are sour? What are tart?
Monday you walked down the street, Wednesday you walked . ·
down the road. Where were you on each day?
Two bells are soullding. One · th1.kles, the other dang.~.
What kind of bell is each?
A man drives across a railway track when he knows that an
express train is coming not far away. Is he careless or reckless?
Is a cat timid or cautious?
Is a grizzly bear awkward or clumsy?

J

LESSON XCVIII
A STO RY TO WRITE

LESSON XCVI

93

LESSONS iN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Write this story

af~er

I

~ '

hearing it read once.

MEANINGS O F WORDS

CONTENTMENT

A child in your school who is too yomip to use the b~q
dictionary, want8 to know what these words menn. llfalce a

A generous old man, who had many acres of land, once put up this
sign near the edge of a field: "I will give this field to whoever.is happy
and contented."

04

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

l'rc~enLly ::wnH> one :qiplit>d to hini, a11<1 iii<• old 111:rn a'k('d: ":-:" yon

are rt <·ontm1ti>d l"'l'~n n , are yon P"- •• l :un. sir. perfeetly, "
''Then why do you wanL 111y li··ld i'"

LE:-.:~<lN

1\":1s

tlin r<';>iy.

I·

95

It is not just as we take it,
This wonderful worl<l of ours,
Life's field will yield as we make it,
- A harvest of thorns or of flowers.

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LE~SUN

DOMESTIC FOWLS

Cl

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Exercise I. A11sn•1•r t/11~ .1;1//u1l'i11:111 111 .,,t /1»1.~ i11
class and !JUllr li:aclu:r .

11

,

llf!/r 11•/th. ,1;0 11r

1. Mention in a sentence three domestic fo\ds Lhat you
know about. 2. How do they compare in size ? 3. In what
respects do they differ? 4. How do they differ in color ?
5. -W hich are stronger - their wi11gs or their legs? 6. What
kinds of food does each eat? 7. ·w here do they
. ,..,<ret their
food? 8. How would you <lcscriLc their cries or the noises
they make? 9. Where and i11 what position do they spend
the Hight? 10. How is each useful to man? 11. 'Nhich do
you think is the most valuable? Why?
Exercise 2. Tliinlc of all ilu: kindg nf fn11·l.~ thnt !f"n h11nc eua
seen, and of the sounds tliat erwh nnr. m.nkt~.q. Thr•n writ1• thP nrtmf'
of each fowl, tlte cries or 1101'..q{',q thnt it mf'lkP.q, f'lnd the mMnin,q of

the c-r;11.

1'

1. \Vhat is added to a 'ingubr name to make it possessive ? 2. What
is added to make it plural? 3. llnw am plural narn es mad e possessiYe?

Change these expressions so that the possessive shall. be plural

, ·and possessive.
Explain each change in this way: "That boy's skates" means
"The skates belonging to that boy." "Those boys' skates"
means " The skates Lelonging to those Loys."

my friend's horse
the doctor's eye
the fish's fins

that thief's n:im c
the lily's hell
the Laliy's mother

t he hero's hope
the rnosq ui to's sting
the wolf's den

LESSON Cll
THE STUDY OF A PICTURE

LESSON C
FOR THE MEMORY

Co71.71 the.Rf' ver.~f'.~, l earn them, mid 111ter writr' from mPmnry.

vVe must not hope to be mowers,
And to gather the i·ipe golden ears,
Unless we first have been sowers
And watered the flowern with tears.

~~

PLURAL POSSESSIVES

1. Do you think "Feeding Iler Birds'' a good title for this · ·" · ·
picture by the French artist, Millet? Why? -· where is the
birds' nest? 3. Which of the three birds interests yon most?
vVhy? 4. A re the parents rich or poor? Why do you think
so? 5. Can you see the father'? 6. Does he help in feeding
the birds ? 7. Do you think the children care for one another '?
What makes you think so? 8. Write a remark that each
child might make.

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98

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

What four things may you do in ,;chool?
What can you buy at a fnrniture store ?
What does the carpenter build?
What tools does a carpenter use ?
Of what materials may a house ue matle ?
What a.re called the primary colorR ?
"\Vha t are the cardin al p oints of t.liP. r'w11ri:1.HR?
vVh nt; a re t he <l n t.ies of a g·:1J'(l t·11 c1· ?
'IVbrrt olJjeds can yo11 st·c 111 U1(: p idmc "It l'· !Iii?

Ll:~~Ui\

"WHO 'S,. AND
IV!in'.~

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CIV

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LESSONS IN ENGLISH

99

LESSON -., CV
THE FIVE SENSES
Afte r a class
exercise.

conversa~lo n

on the subj ect, m a k e use of the following questions In an oral

The Five Senses. - 1. "\V rmt are they ? 2. ·w hat is the
special organ of each? 3. \Vliat pleasure or e njoy me nt rloes
each one g ive us? -±. \V li iclt o l! e is most precious? 5. Give
yn 11 r r0aso11 .
G. In wha t way m ay each of Ll 1c se ll ses be in jnretl? 7. In
what ·way may they be made mon •. ac11te? 8. J\lention ccrtaill
:tllilllals in which SOllW OIW SCllS i ~ is llllllSll:dly strong. 8. Qf
w ha t i< f'e t•ial val ue i;; it t.o t.he 111 !
10. \Vltyarethosewho are b()]·n clnaf also duml1? 11 . In
what \rn~· is def cc tin si,£;ht aided ·1 12. ll ()\\" rlo thn l1li 11 d
rc:ul '! J '.). Tell somcLl1ing alio11t I lelen I\ cllar.

Tl 111s:

g" i11g t,_, llie ii 1:e1 lu-Ja,r?
Whose apron is this '! - T his means to wlw1n does the apron
belong?
1

E xercise r.
as yo11 do.

1. Do you know - - playing at first base ?
2. - - turn is it to go to the bat?
3. - - h ouse is Llmt on the hill ?
4. - - the owner of th at hnn RA ?
5. Tell me - - singing you like best.
6. Tell me - - waiting at the station.
Exercise 2. TV?·ite three sentences iising whose, and
usin,q who's, I>o 1w t begin two sentenees in tlie same way.

1Vi·ile a eo1wasalion b..twe1;n a man and a hear.
17 crl'fain 011'' 0/ the 8Cll81'8 is ?iWl'I' 1'n!uaMr
to liim than the rest. TVhiclt one will tlw man cltoose ? TV!tirli o111:

Exercise

E 11r:h

1.

trir:8 to gfwll' that

Bmest 'l'ho111pson-i'i'cton'.~ "Story uf a Urizzly."

LESSON CVI
MEANINGS OF WORDS

Exercise I. L earn what these tliin,qs arc fr om the dictionary or
by aslcing qu estions,
yon do not know j then d e.fine in written
sentences:
· bacon
cork
dough
sugar
prunes
ham
lard
straw
wme
acorns

zf

Exercise 2. Try to tell where these articles are p rodu ced.
some of the uses of cork and straw.

l OF r-..

Tell

100

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Glad of all weather,
Still seeming best,
Upward or downward,
Motion thy rest;

LESSON CVII
THE FOUNTAIN

James Rnssell Lowell was born at ." Elm.
wood," Cambridge, MnRR:tohnseffa, on 'Vashington's hirtl11hy m LS UJ. Ile was grndunted
from I Iarvanl in 1838. After a few years
spm1t in the stndy an11 prrtctice of law, he denile<l his life to li lernry purwils. Hn sucenrrlA< l Lon gfellow a s professor at Ilan·anl.
I le represented our country in Spai n, and
later in En:;lantl. IIe di ed in 1891 rtt" Elmwood," where most of hi s life had heen

\

Full of a nature
Nothing can tame,
Cha11ged every moment,
Ever the sa.111e ;
Ceasele:;s as pi ring,
Ceaseless content,
Darkness or :;uu::;liiue
Thy element;

spent.
THJ~

101

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

:FOUNTAIN

Into the moonlight,
Whiter than snow,
vVaving so flower-like
When the winds blow;
Into the starlight,
Rusl1ing in spray,
Happy at midnight,
Happy by day;
Ever in motion,
Blithesome and cheery,
Still climbing heavenward,
Never aweary;

I

Glorious fountain,
Let my heart be
Fresh, changeful, constant,
Upward, like thee l .. ·, :

In to the sunshine,
Full of the light,
Leaping and flashing
From morn till night ;

;

.

.

.'F .

I

'/

.I / .;
'f .'
t' '

\.'

Exercise 1. Tell the meaning of blithesome, aspiring, element.
What is meant by ,', motion thy rest? " How can a fountain change
every moment and yet be ever the same ? Why should the poet
wish liis lieart to be like the fountain?
Exercise

2.

Copy this stanza and commit it to memory.
I

.

- -

.

I

I

.1

FREEDOM

They are slaves who fear to speak
For the fallen and the weak ;
They are slaves who will not chqose
Hatred, scoffi~1g, and abuse,

I

\
i

102

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

103

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Sixtee n common names ending inf or fe make their plura~s
_... ·- -.:
by 6hauging the f or f e to ves. . They are, -

Rather than in silence shrink
From the truth they n eeds must think;
They are slaves who dare not Le
In the right with two or three.

~

calf .
half
staff

beef

LESSON CV!lf

leaf

A TALK ABOUT PLANTS

1. J\le11Lio 11 sometl1i11g U1;cL frve;-; i11 Uw air. Un bnd. In
water. 2. llo :111y ph1its Ji\e i11 \\:ilc1· ~ I>" a ny Jin' i11 air?
3. i\le nt.i on tl1c largest and tl1e s1n:tll(•st ]'Ltn(.s tl1: 1t y()u lrn"w.
4. Is the grnss on a l:t\1·11 "11 c SjlJ'('atl i11 g pl:111(. " I' m:rny ('l"se
together? 5. \V!tat lc:tf1('sS l'lan ls .~row ()il r<wks or Ill! Lite
I i:t rk t>f ( 1'('\'S '!

'

calves
halves
staves

thief
elf
self

thieves
elves
selves

wolf
wife
loaf

. wolves
. wives
. loaves

beeves
leaves
shca\'CS

Rhe]f.

shelves

wharf .

. wharves

]; 11i fo

]; 11i \'CS

Exercise.

life

/,e11r11 I ltr'llC pl11nils , t lii11/r 11'l111t t h1'/f m1' rU1, and 11 8C

1'rtclt 11( lltl'ln i11 a Sc}(/1·11ct' .

'

I

i, I

"'

DIVIDE D QUOTATIONS
i

6 . \N hat iR the root'! 1. \.Vk1t is the p:1rt j11s(; a ho ve the
grn u11.J? R. \\' l1:1 L "!lier 11:1rls 1·:111 y111 1 11:1111 c·? !l . \\'l1:t( JS
an u 110pe11ecl ilu 11·e r '!
10. Do pla11tR h:tvc :t li111ited li111e of lif'c '? ll. Fi11tl out
some co111mnn plants that liv e only two yrnrs. ( )11ly 0 11 c yc:tr.
12. Cnn you tell a lJOllt so111P tree!' nr ol l11•r plants - how 1011g
they Jin'!
Exercise.

~t' .7/01/. INTI' to

mrrkr' a .f7111"dl'l1 r~t' !l"llr m r11 , 'll'hat

plants w01ild .1/"n sr·lr· d )r•r it ) /111 w 11•n!fld :71m1 rrrrm1,111· I /inn .
.Describe your pard en as yun thi11/c it would appear when the
plrmts hnJl grrm•n 11p.

"\Vl 1itd1 of
. ') \'
JS.

.)'Ill!,"

as ketl i\lr. Brow11 , "can tell what a pa lace

I'!'

"1 tlti11k, " said E1l11a, "tita(. a p:da(' e is a king's l1ouse. "
1. He:td the question that l\!r. Brown as ked . 2 . Jnto how ma1iy p:irls
is it divided? By whnt.? S. !low is e:l<'h part i1l<'losed? ,t. 'Vli:tl is it
that we pn t into rinotation-marks? 5. Why are not. the wortl s risked ,lfr.
Bro11:11 incloscd in qnotalion-111nrks o
6 . ltead the second qnotation. 7. \\'h:lt wortls tlivitle it into p:trts?
8. llow :tre thes" won ls separated fro111 th<' n•st of the s entPnce?

'Vhcn a quotation is tlivitlcll into two parts hy other

·words, ead1 part. 11111st, ht> i11<'10.'<l'1l i11 q11otatio11-111arks,
and separated from the rest of the sentence h.r a emnma.

LESSU N ClX
SIXTEEN PLURALS IN "VES "

l\fost names ending in

plural.

As,griefs

f

reefs

or f e add simply s to m ake the

fifes

Exercise 1. lf?ite the examples tliat follow as divided quotati<Jns bJJ chan!Jin!J the place of such expressions as he said. Titus:
••We shall go if it does not rain," he said.
•' We shall go," he said, "if it does not rain."

strife~

' i. ,

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•'

104

1'

LESSONS IN ENGL! SH

1. "Run up the flag, for uur siJe lrns wu11," Tom sho11teti.
2. " Follow the left-hand road and you will find the spring,"

answered the guiJe.

3. " How long it is since the train _stltrted l " sighed Harry.
4. " What is the use of the ship's ru<lder? " we asked.
5. The proverb says, " \Vhere there's a will, there's a way."
Exercise

2.

WritP. frmn Didntinn -

"Come again," said he, "when yon ca.n stay longer.''
"Mother,'' little Clara. a.sked, " are the stars a.ngels' eyes? .,
"No, my darling," answered her mother, " they arc grea.t 8Uns
ours.';
"Young mon," s:iirl Cmsnr, "hear an oltl nian tu whom old men
hearkened when he was young.''

105

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

All the wild beasts of the forest
Hide themselves in -~oles and caverns,
And the earth becomes as flintstone ! " \
''When I shake my flowing ringlets,"
Said the young man, softly laughing,
/
" Showers of rain fall warm and welcom~,
Plants lift up their heads rejoicing,
.
Baek into tlieir lakes and rnart>hes
Come the wild-goose and the heron:l
Homeward shoots the arrowy swallow,
Sing the bluebird and the robin,
And where'er my footsteps wander,
All the meadows wave with blossoms,
All the woodlands ring with music,
All the trees arc dark with foliage! "
-

LONGFE1,1,ow,

Hia•vatha. ;
"

LESSON CXI

. ;

,

.

J

~,.....

LESSON CXII

To BE LEARNED

I~

A~OUT WINDOW~

WINTER AND SPRING-TIME

"When I shake my hoary tresses,"
1
Said the old man, darkly frowning,
" All the land with snow is covered ;
All the leaves from all the branches
Fall and fade and die and wither,
For I breathe, and lo ! they are not.
From the waters and the marshes
Rise the wild-goose and the heron,
Fly away to disL<wL regions,
For I speak, and lo! they are not.
And where'er my footsteps wander,

I

r'

Tell what you know about "Windows," after examining those
in your schoolroom and talking about them.
/ ·
j

1. How many are there? 2. What is their use? 3. Why
are they opened? 4. What part is raised or lowered? 5. In
what do the sashes move? 6. What keeps -the window open?
7. How many ' panes of glass are in each sash? 8. How are
they fastenerl in? 9. What are the mullions? 10. Why do
we call glass tmm1parent? 11. ·w hat iR a glazier?
On the next page is a picture of a beautiful window in a famous
catheilrf1,1 in France. Have yon ever seen a winrlow like it? Of

)l) li

LESSON S I N

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LESSON S TN ENG l.I S IT
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I", 1; ii "' .,_

\ ' 1" (':1 1)1 1 1 ·.~

1111 if -l111•s

I 11111;1

~T 1d

I111'.~

I ( 1,...:

I 11 :"" '"
AN EN GL I SH

:-' I d1 1;-.:

Exe rc ise

f}f 1 Jlf ' l 'f 1.C..' S1fl '_I/

/1

SCE NE

I. ~ ' I ·• t ,...;

Exe rcise 3.
( r n111 s/11:111 /,11 · /u jd11ru/ 1111,/ //,,

r M<M YA l<D

,./,. 11'.'f• ' l/1, · .,//11·r 11 •nr1 l s 11s

1/1•1.'/

rth l)}(f

I.

.1/u/.·

1•

•I s/11 , /_1/

'!f' l/11 ·

; 1/1·(111'1',

(IJ/1 7 fr/I rd/

f/fll l

r·•fll

it .

."

Tl11 ·s1· 111u •s ti1111s 111: 1.1 · l1«IJ1 .1·1111
I . \\'11 :!1 ;;1•:1S<lll 11f I.Ill' 11·: 11'

Till' 111 :111 i1 :1s 11:1itl l1i s 1:1\ .
( )111 · Ii I 1 I1:1s I ii" ·~'" •1111 ·d.
Till' 11·11lf 11: 1 ~ .'d11il l1y t i1 1· i111 11 t1·1-.

Ti ll ' !' :1lf

II

il l l11 ·1·'1 1ill' :1 11

n ·: is 11 11 .

"

. 1.

II\ ,

I•: 1·1' II :I I· I 1i ' " 111 :I I " I 11 ' :1 ' "' 1·11.
Tl1 " 1·:111 ·r11 ill :11' 1"'1"" " ' '" :1 l111l 11 ·rl i_1'.
Tl 1:1 f. ,. , , i 1111 II '.\ I 1:1 .~ " ( · 1·1111i; I·.J 1111 ...

11 1 1\ \

~-

JS

\\'li:il . ti1 111 · iii. 1111' d :1y ·;

l'<'Jll'l '.S (•lll.1·d'!

<:ii'('. y1 1111·
\ V i1 y d11 } "" ll1i11k s1 1'1

I· ·. 1.1··1·. ;; J11 11v 11 , :t1 1d ol' w li :il kind ;;.,

111 ; I 11 _\' .L.'.Tll II 1S ll 1· ; 111 l· I 11; I ~

I

-1. \\ ' l1 :il :i n· l11c 1111 1':-ws 1·: ili11 .!.:"
!i . \\ ' l1id 1 i nterestf' y11 11 11H 1st,
;1111 1 11·!1 1· /
Ii . 111 11·l1 al. 11·:1.1 :1 11· tl11 ·s1· :111i111 :ils 11 sd 11i L!I 111:111 9
7. \VJ 1i·,.i 1 pf L111 ~ l111ildi11 .~s i;; tlw 1':11 ·111 Pr's d we llin g·'? 8. Iii t l1i f'
1

108

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

109

I

I
II
I

Ll•:SS <> N ex v

LE8SON CXVI

NINE PLURALS WITHOUT "S"

A PICTURE STUDY

Nine cu 1111Ho11 1m11ies forn1 their plural ;; witJ1 11nl s.
arc,-111:t11

111()1\

ox .

WOlll:tll

WO II tell

cli iltl .

oh ild re 11

go use
foot

. oxe11
. geese
. feet

too LI 1
1110\l f'()
lou i:;o

TIH~.Y

tceLlt
nn ce
lice

Exercise I. JJ.falw S1' 11 lrw:1,s, 11 si11.I/ two '!f' tli1' 1m ·1:1·rlii1.i1 words
in each Sl'l/.t1!/lce.
i\lo,.;t 11a111es e11di11g i11 o aru nmd e pl11ml l1y addi11g s; su111 u
co11111wn on es, howe ver, ad<l es to for111 Lhc pl11ral.

Exercise 2. L1·1rr11, tu s11d/, tJi,. }1f/011 1i11.1; pln/'11/.~.
1'<1eli, in 11 .~, , 1d1• 11 ec.
cargoes
cali coes
ech oes

heroes
mo;;q u i toes
mottoes

11egroes
potatoes
to ma.LoeR

torpedoes
volcanoes
grnttos

'1'!11 ·11. n.~1·
pta11u::;
Rolos
ze ros

Exercise 3. 0 111111.r;e Ihi' .first ·11w11e ·i11 f'fl r.h '!f tl11's1• se11 t enees
from .qi11.q11l1tr lo plnrlfl lflld then el1r111.r;e thi< ot/i,,,. words as may
be necessary :

'l'lt e 111 an has p:ti<l J1is tax.
011u lil y l1 as l1los,.;11111cd.
Tl1u wo lf mi,.; ;; l10 L l1y Lli c li1111 Le r.
The calf will Liecome a11 ox .
Eve n a cltil<l 111ay he a l1 e ro.
Tl1 e c:tLe rpill ar l1eco111 es a lrn tLt·!rlly.
Tliat clii11111 cy li as :t <:rnok ed lliie.

AN ENGLI S H F ARM - YARD SCEN E

Thi ~

pi eture i~ from a pai11 tin g by the Eng li sh artist, H erring.

Exercise

I.

j)frtfce a stiidy of the picture, and tell all y o1i can

abont it.

Th ese qu es tions may l1 clp yon :
]. W"hat Reaso n of tlt e year is represe nted? Give yo n~·
maso n. 2. vVliat Li111 c of thn day? Why 1lo yo u tl 1i11k so !
3. I low 11 m 11 y grn ups 0 £ a11 i1n alc; a rc show n, aml of whaL kinds?
4. \ Vhat are the h orses eating ? 5. vV hich interests you most,
a nd why? 6. In wlrnt way a re th ese animals useful to ma n_?
7. vVhi ch of the buildings is the far mer's dwelling? 8. l s tins
fanner probably kintl and h u111an e? Give yo ur reason.

110

111

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise 2. Tli 1' frn ·111er w'if1 eo1111· from t111· ho11 se ;11·pg,·1itly to
pnt the horses in to tlw sf11ble.
1V l111t will hi' s11.'J to l'11i:/1 '!t' them?
What
Give names to lite lwri;es, a11 d tell lww 1:aeh 0 1w will r1et.
will the p(1;s and pi.<Jeo ns do ? 1Jl'sr:ribc the see 11 c as ynn 111i!;ht gee
it from tlw Wtfr z1on:li. at tlu: brcr?fc {!t' tlu: lto11se. Yon ·11111!! eall it
"A Cmn111o t ion in the Fan11-yanl."

Exercise 2. In 011.P colwnn write tlw sin,rpdar of these words,
and in another write their plnral; then change all the words in
both columns into poss1•ssivcs :
gentleman; lady; Loys; girli:: ; women ; child ; fairy;
negro; calf; hero; church; d onkey ; lily ; Germans; ene my;
Englishman ; sheep; ostrich.
Exercise 3.

LESSON

ex Vfl

Ohan,ge singular words to plural words.

My brother's wife is my sister-in-law.
The hero's victory was celeLrntecl in the city.

POSSESSIVES

1. H ow 11 0 m ost plurah c111l? \: . I l o ll' do 1110 .~t: pl11rn.ls form tli n p o~snssin: P !). \\' hat arc t lw nin e n:t111< :" t.h:i.(. fon11 t.h" ir pl11r:i.I ll'ilh nut s p
4 . <:ivc t.l1 e i1· plttrnls.

Th e " nin e plurals witho11t s" are rnn<le t o show possession
hy adding 's, just n.s i11 th e singula.r.
\Vhi ch of t hese objects are spoken of as h:win g 111oro than
one ow11er? a man's Lo ot
children's lrnmls
men 's hats
an ox's yoke
a worn:1.11 's shoes
oxen's horns
wom en's g loves
a goose's foot
a child's hands
the mouse ·s nest
Jn 111aki11g· names 11osspssin ~ w e a tl1l 0111 .v t.lw :q1os-

LESSON CXVIII
HOUSES

Exercise 1. Obser ve the lwn.ses that you pass on your way to
school; aslc and tallc all about the materials used in building them.

1. vVhat are houses? 2. Of wh at tlu;ee materials are th ey
most often made ? 3. Of wh at kinds of wood? 4. vVhere do
we get th e wood? 5. 0[ what kimls of stone? 6. Where are
the quarries? 7. Of what are bricks made? 8. How are they
joined together? 9. Of what is mortar made? 10. With what
are roofs covered? :i.1. vVhy are houses painted? 12. What
metals are used in building, and for what purposes?

trophc to pl111·a.l names 1:nfli11g· in s; hut to all other
11a111t'S \ Ve a1l1l 's.

Exercise I. Afio11t ('(fi:lt r!f' th l'Nt~ u•rmls rr.~/c yo111-.~l'(f:Jind, " Is it
plu1·al?" s1~eond, "Does it elld ill s?" a11d then write it.~ po.s.sr~ssive.
girls
womell
wife

1nonkeys
altos
Charles

ladies
oxen
foxes

milkmen
banj os
children

l\fr. F oss
t hi eves
Lu ffaloes

Exercise 2 . Select a c1Tt111'. n house that you noticed particularly.
Describe it so acr:urrrti:ly tluit .11011r r:lr1.ssmates wonld be ahle by the
aid qf your description alone to pii:lc it out j1·om tlte other lwuses
on the street.
You may follow this orller, making three paragraphs :
Size - shape- materials.
2. Porch - windows - roof.
3. Ornaments.

1.

11 '..l

LESSO NS IN E N G LI S H

11'.3

L ESSONS IN ENGLIS H

l rL l1:x :1.111i111: LI H: pir :L11 rn <1 11 p. 11 2. \ ,Y lt :d; <l ocs n:1<: li )H )l'SOll
he 1lo i11g? 15. \ Vli a t; :i.rn t lt e o lij cc Ls 0 11 t l1 e walls?
I Ii. \V('l'n yo u r sh oes 111:1.ll C i11 a shop like Ll1 at? If 11nt., \rli c re

ser. lll to
A BO UT SH OES

:uH l ltn w worn they 111:1d e?
'J.b r1m 11, .~1~ rt h ttle chilri, malc1! np a sfo J'.'f '!f an ol il.

Exe rcise .
.'< /1 11 1'.

/i; 'l lMI //

·11111!.1· rir1l

r:r // J/I !

'f'/,,.

h 11N 711 1.I.

/"·

11

•1n11.11 ' ..,

f 1·11 111, h.11111

it.

·""'" '
·I/II/ .'<

sft u1' l/lr l// 11•1/ i f.'./

or

11.

h.11·1·.q, •.., /wr• .

'/ 'r•U

·11•711•1'1•

!hr•

.f;1 Kl11'. 11 11 1•1l, 111/ll 11•/111/. 1nlnl'11l111·1·s

·it

fl/ I'll .'< / 11/'/f .

LI ~SS O N

ex x

N OT " AN D " N O "

No m en11 R not t!ll /J·
lll ea 11 s 11nt 1111,1; t hi11 g.
111 ca 11s 11ot 1111/j liod_y .
]1,r,, () //{' o r ·11 0 11 1: ll H'H ll S ·11of. 1111/f

Nuth i 11.r/

]\~1 h n d,1;

\ Vli en we

(lll C.

11 s1 ~ ·11 ot

i n a se n te n ce, we 111u s t use
Lh:Lt l1 as n olrwy in its n 1tn11i11 g . S:i..r I> n n ot rn :ike 1111//
Nt:V<'. I'

l. I >11 :ill t.r il 11·s :111!1 111·.011!(,s \1'<': 1r :-dioes '! 2. \ V.l1 rtt stra 11 gr,
kirnl s l 1 a y1 ~ }" " <' \(' !' s1:c •.11 '! '. \. ( ll' w l1:i.L 1rerc t ll\'y rn ad e?
·I. ( )[ w l1 :1I, :1.n ·. <1 11r s l1 """ 111:1.cl1 · '( :i . N: 11111 : Ll11 : S<'l'l' J':t ! p:i.r l.s
nf a ;: !111\:.
Ii. l l .. 11· :1n · i.! 11 :,r L1s h· 11 1•d t " gntlt r• r ?
7. N: 1111 e
Sl' \ ' j l': d
difft' J'(' fil . ki11d s pf ~ IH H'~. ~. \\rl1 :iJ, :1 l't ~ O \'O l' s lin e~·1
!l. <H 11·lt :1I. :1n· 111.. y 111 :1'1 (• '!
lll. \\'!11 ·n · tJ, ,..,, 1.!1i s s 1il 1sl.:111< •.n
1

frn 1n ?
11. \\'li :d. :111i111:il s \H•: 1r s liocs '! \Vli _r? :12 . .ll nw
111:1.11 y s l11 H:s d 11r•s :1. l1 n rs1: 11·1·: 1r'i i\ 11 0 ~ '1 I ·•.
"
ll Cl'\l lll<l l't> i-: lt\ H ~ S 111:111 t.1 11• ' <1 ll 1!' 1.'/

c ollH )

rni st:tk m~,

or i\ f:i ke

11 0

111i st:ikns.

say " /1" 1d 1n:1.k o 11 0 111ist.:1.k es, " 1'11r 1.h:i.t

·11 0 /. 111 : 1. k1 ~ . ·11 11t 1111.11

word

11n otl1 er

llH \:1.11 >' " Do

ini st:i. kes.''

l>o 11o t. 11s1> " 110 " aHPI" "no t" i11 t h e s a 1111i ' "xpr1 •ssio11 1

Exe rcise

1.

fi'r om t h1: .f111/011•i11.1J /ftord.s fill 1•111'h hl1111 k ~o that

{w t h S1'11 f 1· 111'1' -' .~/11 1!1 7w 1w ti/I ' .~1 1 1111·

" I I1:1.V('.
111>i l1ing
a11y l11i11 g

'// ()

lll\l l l l).)'

,.

1111•1111i11,17.

m eans " I !ta vn

111 111ml y
a ny bod y

'l '/111 .~ :
11ot 1111// lll l) J)U_)'.

.,

Ill\ () JH :

no

II nt

a ny 1111 e

a 11 y

11 1111 0

---- .

112

- - __ " _

_ __

iliiilm_ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _mlllll!I_ _ _ _ _~~

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON

cxrx

ABOUT SHOES

113

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

14. Examine the picture on p. 112. ·what <loes each p ers on
seem to be doing? 15. What are the objec ts on the walls?
1G. vV ere your shoes made in :t shop like that? If not, where
and how w ere they made ?
To amn .~ e a little child, ·malce 1.tp a story f!f an old
rn11.y ,,,, (/, rno11:.~ .~lU)I ' or It h11r.q1-.~J,. 11"·
'/Ul ·wh.1•·/'I' t.!w
m11frri11l '"1·1111'fro 111 , '11)11> ·it ·1011.~f11gfii1111 1·rl, 111/fl .,;ilu 1/. 1117'-l'l1i11 rr ·~ ·it

Exercise.

.~/1.1u,,

n

has had.

'11lw

sh o 1~ '11/a/f

tdl ·il.s

u11J11, 1< /.ur!J.

LESSON CXX
" NOT "
]{o

ll lAllll H

AND "

No"

n nt r/11 ~/.

means ?1ot m1y t·h in g .
Nnhody means 'lllJt any liod y.
1Vr1 one nr nmu-. m enns '/Inf 11117; n11 e.

J.V othin[J

Wh e n w e i1se not in a sc nt.c ncc, we
k1s n ut an,11 in i ts m e'.Llling . S<t \--

lllllHt. 11 s c 1111

1ln ?l''t rna ke rmyr mi st:1h:T•s, or Ma kc

11n

cil.hPr w11nl

U1<Lt
A SH O E SH OP

1. J) ,, all tribes :irnl i •c()ples m~ar sh"cs ? :) \Yhat s Lr:111gc
kinc1s h:t\'C y o11 c:\·"r s Pc n ? '. \. Of wl1 at ·we re th e y nmde ?
4. () [ wl1aL a rn q 11r s liuc :s 111: tt l e ! G• .Na llle Ll1 e se vGr:Ll. l>: Lr L.-:;
of a shne. G. l f111v :1rn th ey f:1.s tc 11ccl toge th e r? 7. Name
clif'l'r•r1•1d. ];i11d:-t ol' :-:!1111 ~:-: . ~- \\' !1:1.L :i.rn c1vcrnhrH~1<'l
( l[ what :in~ (.!11'.r 111:1dn '? I 0. Wh c· n : drH :s Lhi s irnhs h1.11c.e

snvrr:il
~l.

eorne fro111 ? ·11. \\' hat a11i11 1:ils wear shoes'? \\Th y.? 12. How
111:u1y slH Je8 cl11 e s a liorso w ear ? J\ no ~ ? 1:1, '\Vlty drn~s 0111 !
need more sl1 oes t.h:w the; ot.h r r '!

111i st:1 k r<;.

Neve l' s n.y "Don't 11u1ke no llli:-:ta kcs," for Lli:tl 111 ca.Jt s "Do
n ot make .n ot any mistakRs."
" '' 110(

Exercise

lwth

" ·" " " 11 0 .. a f'(<'I ' " 110(. "

1.

,q1'1il1•·1/.1:1'.q

i11

the

.' -':till<' •·.·q 11 · 1·,_;.'-'io11.

From th1! .followi11;'/ words fill l'1wh lilmilr.
11lurll lur.111! tJw 111111u' ·m1•1tni11;1J. 'l'lw ..~:

RO

" I have no money" m eans "l have not any mon ey ."
110Lhi11g
anything

nobody
anybody

110 one
any one

no
any

not
none

that
I1

112

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

113

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

14. Examine the picture O il P· 112. v\That <loes each p erson
scelll to be <loing? 15. v\Tlmt arc the objects on the walls?
In. \Vere yo nr shoes made in a 13Jiop like that'? If not, wl1 ere
a11<l how we re they rn ad e '?

LESSON CXIX
ABO UT SHOES

Exercise. To anm.~e a little child, malce itp a st1Jr;11 of rm. olrJ.
Tt mny ''" rt. man' .~ 8ho1~ or a horN1•.~ho1!. 'l.'dl 111 hn·1• the

.~lwr..

11111l1Ti11l 1 •1 11111~

Jur s had.

.from, how

'l'/11· slin1•

11/lf.1/

1'f ·11•11.q f11g/,i11111·il,

(1-71

it.,

awl

·11•lutf 11d1•1•1tf111·1•H

it

u11•11 slnnj .

" NOT" AND " NO"

No means not any.
JYotkinq means not 111171 thing-.
1Vobody rn em1s 11ot a11 y body.
Ao 0111< or non1; mcn.ns ·not. ,;;;.'/} 1111n.

I
I
j

A S HvE SHuP

1. Do all t ribes a.1Hl peoples wP-a r shoes?

2. \ Vhat strange
kirnls have y 011 u\·t:r s<-:011? 3. OE what were they m:vl e '!
4. Of w l1 at rtn~ 01 1r sl1 oos n1atfo '! G. Name th e se ve ral parts
11f a s li11t'. G. I I1111· :1 rn t.IH ',\' 1':1.sf.<'IH'd f.ng-nth<'I'? 7. Na 111e
seve ral dil'ft •n ,11 t ]; i11d s 11f sl1rn ,s. R. \Vlmt arc overshoes?
!1. Of what arn LIH~Y rn:ulu '! -10. \Vl wre docs this substance
corn e fro111? 11. '\Vlin t :u1in1alR " ·car ::;hoes? vVhy'? 12. How
man y fl li ocfl <loes :t ho rse wear ? A 11 ox'? Vl. 'Why d oPs 01H:
need more shoes t.h:m th ~ ot.11 e r ?

I
I

vVhen we u se not in a se n te n ce, wo rnn sf-. nsn

that has not any in its mc'..tning.
l Jo

'//lit

make

"ll!J

rnis t.: 1. k(~s,

110

ot.liRr wonl

tlay-

or M :i ke

110

111i sh1 k Ps .

N e ver say "Don't make no mistrt kes," fo r t ltat mcr1-11 s "Do
uot make not any mistakes."
J)o no t use " no" after "not" in the sa111c

c x111·essi~
!

Exercise I. /i'rvm the fvllv 1oi'.1w words fill 1•11d1, bla11/c
botli se11t1"nc1;s slwll have the smne m eaning. 1.'hu.s :

.~o

that

'i .
!

. I'

"I have no money" means "f have not any money."

noLl1i11g
anything

nobody
anybody

no one
any one

no
any

not
none

'I

11
I
' I(

'.

1l2

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

113

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

14. Examine the picture on p. 112. What does c:tch person
seem to be doing? 15. What are the objects on the walls?
Hl. Were your shoes nmde in a shop like that? If not, where
and how were they made?

LESSON CXlX
ABOUT SHOES

Exercise. To amnse a little child, malce up a story qf an old
slw1~.
Tt rna.y 111~ a rna:n'.~ shoe or 1i lwrs1!sho1!. 'l~dl 10luT1! the
m11t1"1"t11l r!ll/111! from, how it was ,fi1.sliio11Bd, and what adv entnr1~s it
has 1111d. 'l'lu· shol' 1w1,11 f.t/l it.~ 011·n stor!J.

LESSON CXX
" NOT" AND " NO"

I
A SHOE SHOP

1. .Do all triheH aml peopl es wc:u· shoes? 2. \Vhat strange
kinds have yon e ver seen? 3. OJ what were they made?
4. Of wlia.t are nm· Hlioes m:vle? 5. Name the sever:tl part'3
n[ :t Rhon.
li. I low a.I'<\ Lh".r faHf ·<'lHHl b1gd.ht• 1· '? 7. Name
Rnveral dif'fon·11!; ];i111l s u[ slltlns. 8. \Vha.t aro ovcndioe::;?
n. Of what :ire they Illa< lo'? 10. \\Thero lloes this substance
come from? 11. \Vhat a11imals we:tr shoes? vVhy.? 12. How
rna11y slioe8 dnnH a borne wear?
An o x ? lg, vVliy doPS Oil()
need more shoes t.lrnn th ~ other?

No means not any.
lv"ullcinH lllect.tu:l nut any Lhing.
.Nobody means ?Wt any boLly.
No one or none means not any one.
When we nse not in a Rentence, we 11111Rt llRP n n other wnr<l
LlmL ha:; nut any in i Is me:.m iug. Say-

Do not make any mistakes, or .M ake no miRt:tkes.
Never say " Don't make no mist:ikes,'' for that means "Do
not make .not any mistakes."

I

-

-·-

--· ------·----·-- ·-- ---- - --- --- ----

J)o not use "no" after "not" in the sa1ne

expn~sr-;io11.

Exercise 1. From the followi11a word.~ fill l'm·h hl(fn/r. 80 that
both se11t1"1ices shall have tlte smne meanin,q. 'l'ltus :

; I

,I
i

. I

I
!

11

"I have no money" means "I have not any money."
nobody
anybody

no one
any one

no
any

not
none

I

',I
I

nothing
anything

I

Ii

I
I

I

112

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON CXlX
ABOUT SHOES

113

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

14. Examine the pieture on p. 112. \Vhat does each person
see 111 to be tloing? 15. 'What :u·c t he objects on the walls?
16. \Vere yo ur shoes made in a sl1op like tlmt ? If no t, where
a11d l1nw were they made?
Exercise. 'l.'o mnnse ri little r:hild, make 11p a stm·y of on old
slio P.
Tt mriy fi,, a mr111'.~ sh.or' or 11 h o1·sl'shor~ . 1'idl 'IUhr'l"r~ the
matr·rirtl r:1w1e .fi·o111, hom it. 1111rs .61.~hi1111r•d, ruul what. ad1w11,l11,ri•s it
lias fwd.

'l'lw .~!11!1' i11rr71 tr-ll its

111011.

s/.or,lj.

LESSON CXX
" NOT " AND " NO"

No men,ns not an!J.
Nothin.') rn ea11s not 1111y thing.
Nobody means 1wt llll!J hocly.
No one or none lll eans not a11y one.

When we use not in a sentence, we rnust use
tlmt has nut any in its 111eani11 g. S:i_y A SHOE SHOP

1. Do all tribes an<l peoples wear shoes? 2. \Vlrnt strange
kimls hn,ve y o11 ever Reen? 8. 0[ wl1n,t were they made?
.J. Of wl1at arn 01 1r sl1om; 111 ad1~ '? G. Na111c the several pn,rt.<;
of a :o;lioe. G. 11011· :ire Lliey f:1.sLP ll P•l together'? 7. Na me
seve ral different ki1nls uf :o;lirn ~ s. 8. \Vl1at are overnhocs?
!1. Of what n,rn they ma.de'? 10. \Vli ern does this substance
come fro111? 11.. \Vhat a.11i111:tls wear shoes'? \Vli y ? 12. How
111any shoes <lnes a ho1·sn "·ear'? A11 nx:? l fl . Why <loes one
ueetl more shoes t.han tl1e oLli e r '?

110

other word

Do not nmke any mistakes, or .Make no mistn,kes.
Never say "Don't make no mistakes," for tlrnt means " Do
11ot make not any mistakes."

r- J)-;:, ~:-;;-USC "HO" after "Hot" in the S:tlllC e:q1ressio11.
Exercise 1. PrfJ?n the .f1llo1ui11i/ 1orml.~ fill au./1. hlrwlc so tltat
bot!t senten ce s shrill have thr! smnr: inerinin,q.
1'/w,.s:

"I have no money" means "T have not any money."
nothing
anything

nobody
anybody

no one
any one

no

not

any

none

112

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON CXIX
ABOUT SHOES

113

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

14. Examine the pi cture 011 p. 1.12. \Vhat does o:ich person
seem to Lie doing? 15. What are the oLjects on the walls?
16. \Vere your shoes made in a shop like that? If not, where
and how were they made?
Exercise. 'l'o amu.8e a litt.fo cltilrl, ma.lee np a swry qf an old
shoe. It may l>1~ a man '.~ shoe or a horseshoe. Tell whm·r! tlie
m.11tr,ri11l e1i1111! from, how it w1i.~ f1 1 .~ li i1111l'rl, and ·1vluit adventnr1!S it
ltas !tad. Tlte shoe may tell 1:ts own story.

LESSON CXX
" NOT " AND " No"

No rn e:ins not any.
Nothing means not any thing.
Nobody means not any body.
No one or none means not any one.

When we use not in a sentence, we must use
that has not any in its meaning. SayA SHOE SHOP

l. Do all tribes and peoplef\ wea r shoes? 2. \Vlw.t strange
kinrls have yn 11 ever seen? 3. 0 f what were they made?
4. Of wl1at are 011r :·d1or)s 111:1.11<) '? ii. N:t111c the scvcml parts
of a shoe. <>. I lnw :irn Llu:y fasL(~ tu ,d. Logctl1 c r ? 7. Name
several <liffPrc11t ki11il s n( sl1()(,s. 8. \Vhat arc ovcrsl1ocs?
9. Of what are they made? 10. ·where does this suLsta11ce
come from? ll. \Vhat animals wear shoes? vVhy? 12. How
man y sh oes does a h orse wear? J\ n ox:? 13. Why <loes one
need more shoes than the nLh e r '?

110

other word

I' ~

Do not make any mist:ikes, or .Make n o mistakes.
Never srty "lJrm't make n o mis takes," for that means "Do
not m ake .not any mistakes."

r -1;-~-;1ot

use "110" after "not" in the sa111e ex111·cssio11.

Exercise 1. fi'rom tlw }ilhm1i11:11 11}1Jr1l.q fill r!1wh lilank ,qo t.lw.t
both senten ces .s!uill have tlw sanir; mmning. 1'ltus :

"I have no money" means
nothing
anything

nobody
anybody

"r

have not any money."

no one
any one

no
any

not
none

11

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J

114

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise 2. ]lead alond tl11!.first colll111n of se11tenas : then the
second, filling the bla11ks 10ith suitable words.

LESSON CXXII

1. I don' t want - - work, or [ want - -

work.
2. I have i:;ce n - - one, or I 11 :1.ven't see n - - .
3. H e .i s1i't doi 11g - -- .,
or I le is doin g - -.
4. J le knows - - ,
or I Ce tlocs not k11ow - -.
5. 1le never said. - - ,
ur Ile always sa id - - .
6 . Il e has - - pain,
or ll P- has n't·pni11.
7. I've called - -- bod y, or I have n't called - -.
8. vVe ha.ve lost - -,
or \\' e liave - - loRt - - t hing.
9. I haven't--,
01· I have - - .
10. Have n' t yo u - -tl1ing? vr I lave yo u - -?

Ll~S~ U N

115

Two LETTERS

Exercise I. A friend is coming from another place to visit
your school. Write a letter to tell him how to find the school
building. You mnst firs t g ive him careful instructions how to
reach it from th e station, then how to recognize it when he comes
to it. H e will wish also to know how to find your room . You
mn.y make three pn.ragraphs.
Exercise 2. S uppose that a letter from your a unt tells you
that the "St. Nicholas" is to Le sent to you for a year as a
birth clay present. A nswer her letter, thanking her fo r the gift,
aml telling her how you hope to profit by it.

CXX I

MY SCHOOL-HOUSE

Exercise I. Tell all yon crni abo1lf !)V II r schovl-lwuse.
the things yon shonld speak of are t/11: .fvllowin!J:

Some of

STUDY OF TREES

vVhere it is; what its Sll lTOllllllings are ; size of grounds;
when built; of what materi:ds; the size; heig ht; kind of roof;
entrances; number nf roo111s a nd hall s; kinu of woo<l UHeu in
finishing; how heatetl, ven tilated, orna111e11 tecl.
Exercise 2. Co uld tlw srhnol-li v11g1' he ·im711·ovP.rl in m1.,i; way?
Thi11lc v.f so11rn one thing 10hirdt :i;o 11. 10o nld cltn11.rJ1! ·?f' .1/0 11. 101•rr: r 1:buildi11g it. State this i11 writi ng, as if you were making out
instructions for a builder.
Exercise 3. Co mpare a school-lwnse and a church.
they are alike and how they differ.

LESSON CXXIII

11ell how

Exercise 1. R ead this lesson through ; then, during the nPxt
two 01· three days, lvolc sluti7Jl,1j at snclt trees as you see, learn what
yvn can abont them, and be pr1'pared to answer these questions :
1. What is a forest? 2. What is a grove? 3. What kinds
o[ shade-trees grow in yo ur town ? 4. Which are brightes t in
antu111n '? G. Name one tlmt has a tall, straight stern . G.
Where do the branches co m111 011ly begin? 7. Mention a kind
whose main trunk stops short, and divides into branches. 8.
·wh at differences have you noticed in the barks of common
trees? !). vVlmt must a plant hn.ve, in order to Le cn.lled a
tree? 10. How old a tree have yo u seen?

I

I

116

Exercise 2. Compare the vnrio11 s Ir-ind.~ (~f tn•1•s t!tat you pa.ss on
yonr way to s1:1i11ol 11s to tr1111 /cs, fr1we.~, 11111l bm1u:hi11;1;. Whit:h are
the most vnlnabfr and wh!J ?
Exercise 3.

1Vi·if1' a. co111•ersntio11 lwt.11 1•f'n
1

11

117

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

11low-ho1·sr' mid n,n

LESSON CXXIV
I

'

A STORY TO WRITE
'I '

Write the followi11g story from dictation :

oalc-tree .

·1

THE PATLENCE FLOWlm

Th e h o rse boasts of hi R indu stry a nd his t1sc ft1ln csR to man,
and aRlrn what the oak-tree has ever don e exce pt to stancl idly
in th e fi elcl. The followi 1w sta nzai'l \rill suggeRt what t he
oak-tree sayR in re pl y .

\Vhat tlo we plant whe n \Ye plan t the tree?
W e plant the ship, which will 1.,:ross t he se:t;
We plant the 1nas t to cany tiw i'l:ti ls ;
\V e plant tl1e plank to withstand the g ales;
The kee l, LIH~ kcc l:41111 , :ind hna n1 arn l krn~ c·;
\V e plant the ship wl1 e n we pl a nt the tree.

Annie n,ml May we re w:ilki11 g tu the town. lt lay fonr mil es from
their village. l•::tch carrie<l a bas ket of fruit · which she hoped to sell.
.-\nni o loukl'tl unh a pp y. !:)he ~ i g lu ,c\ , a nd eve n g rumhlcd . May talked
hri g ht,ly, a.11<1 la11 g hell, a 11<l looked nrnrry. Anni e sai<l : "llow can you
laug h ? - ~ 11< ,h lw:wy bas k et ~. and yon no stronge r than I. " '' 0," said
May, "l s lipped in to my bask et a tin y plant t hat mak es it feel very
li g ht. " •· That. 11111st he precious. Wh at is it ?" Annie asked; "and
wh erfl c:m l get so me?" •' If you pl ease, it's Lhe P atience flow er ," May
answered; '' it grows wh erever you let it."

LESSON CX XV
PRACTICE IN USING POSSESSIVES

\Vhat (l o we plant wh e n we pl:tnt the tre<\ '?
W e plant th e ho1rnes for yo u and me ;
vVe pla nt t h e rafters, the shingl es, the fl oors ,
vVe p la nt the stmkling, t he lath, th e doon~,
Th e beams and siding, all p:ut:.o;; th:it ue ;
'vV e pl a nt the h ouse whe n we pla.nt th e t ree.
Wh:it do we plant when we plan t the tree'?
A thousand things that w e claily see.
vV e plant th e spire that Oll tr-towers t he crag,
W e p lant t h e staff for o m co un(;ry's flag.
'vV e p lant the sh ade, from t he h ot s un free ;
W e plant all these when we plant th e tree .

Exercise 1.
ing p ersons?

I, .

1Vhnt i.s tlw worlc or lntsine.~s of each of the followUs e the possessive forrn of the word in your answer.

b oatman
minister
postman

physician
ex pressme n
mmer

salesmen
carpenter
ice man

merchant
la undryman
conductor

Ex~rcise 2. U.~e first tlw 1wss1~ssive, and tlwn the sirnple plural
form, in !Jivin.1; the nativ1! lnnd 1!( tluwi persons, as f ollows:
The Dutchnrnn's native l~wd is r-Iolland.

Dutc hm e n live

H olland.

Cl ree k

W elshlll an

Drwe
Spania rd

Iri shman
ltali:m

Scotch man
Portuguese

111

118

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

"The warm sonth win<l woul<l dry me away,
A 11d I should ue gone ere noon to-day ;
But I'll help you, and you help me,
And we'll make a brook and run to the sea."

LESSON CXXVl
SYNONYMS

generous
fearless

courage
grasping

waste::;
cost

eopi<~s

cou nts

huge
forces

Exercise I. C'l11m,q1~ ear:lt qf tlu's1• ;il1rns1'S b.11 usiu.<J
j1·om tlte list, biit leap the 111eani11,<J abo1tt t1w same :

follow our models
take a new rou.te
compels him to go
squanders money
reward his valor

'I

'

,.

rock.
ri

word

seutc 111~cs.

LESSON CXXV II
VERSES TO REMEMBER

Learn one oft hese sefoetio11.s, and I hl'li write it from. mernor!J.

Little Ly little the time goes by Short if you sing through it, long if you sigh,
Little by littl e, - an hom, a day,
Gone with the years that lia vc va11ished away;
Little by little Lhe race is rn 11 ,
Trouble and waiting aml toil are do11e.

iI ' I

way

LESSON OXXVIII
•. ABOUT WATER

First, ltave a tallc about water, - think of the places where it is
foimd, and of the many uses that it has. T!t en write about it.

;1 ue11evole11 t llJ;tll
clntching the rope
esti rnr1tes the expense
without fe;u
immense boulder

Exercise 2. J>nt these e:rpressions into written
synonyms if you like.

119

Use

1. vVhere does the water in a well come from? 2. vVhy
do not wells fill with water? 3. In what ways is water got
from them? 4. vVhere else may we get water? 5. Where
does the water that you think come from ? 6. How is it
brought to your house? 7. vVhy tloes water rush from a
faucet?
8. :H ow is rain water caught so th at we may use it? 9. 0£
'vhat use are reservoirs? 10. vVhere do clouds get .their
water? 11. How many uses for water can you name?
12. How many for ice and for steam?
Exercise. Explain.for some one who has never seen a well, how
on e is ?nade and how the water is drawnfro?n it; or explain/or one
who has n ever seen water drawn j1·om a faucet, where the water in
your city comes from and how it is forced through the pipes.

LESSON CXXIX
TO DESCRIBE AN UMBRELLA

"Help one another," the tlmv<lrnp eried,
Scci11g another drop close to i Ls side ;

Exercise 1. Yonr teaclwr will sli ow nn umbrella to you, and
you may describe in this order its parts and its itses :

~

I
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L

120

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise 2. A little boy at the brealrfast table asks his fath er
where the bread came from . In r171ly his fath er tells him " The
Story of a Loaf of Bread." /%e whether yoit can tell this

Parts: stick, ribs and braces, coveri11g, springs.
Sti<·k: use, material, length, handl e, thimble, or ferrule a11d
Li JI.
lli/1 .~ a11tl lm1<:es: use, 11urnuer, material , how fastened to. ge the r.
Oovwri11.'}: use, material, co lor, how fastened 0 11 .
Sprill.'/8: u::: c, number, shape, structure, material.
Uses: su11, rai 11 , snow.

story .

The following words suggest the order :
Spring; farmer; plow; hanow; sowing; sun; rain; ripen. ing; h arvest; reaper; shea ves; threshing; mill; miller;
grinding; flour; barrel; cars ; merchant; the money; the
cook; milk; water; salt; yeast; kneading; raising; oven.
Malec slwrt sentences. How many para,qraphs will there be ?
" Behind the snowy loaf is the mill-wh eel ; belrind the mill
is the wheat-fi eld; on the wh eatrfi ekl rests the sunlight; above
the sun is God."

R ead this passn,ye from" Robinson C rnsoe."
I s pent a g reat. <l ea I of time a nd pains to mak e a11 umhrel la. J spoiled
two or tl '. ree before .I contrived one to my mind . The main dilli culty was
lo lllake i t let dow n. I cou ld makn it s prna(I , hnl. if it did not let down
too. ii. would not he port.able for m e any way 1:xeept over Ill.)' head . IJoweHn-. at las!. I _lll :u lc u11 e !.o an:wei· . I eov ernd it. with ~k in s , th e hair upwanl , so that 11· t'ast o ff the r:tm like a roof and kept off the sun so effectually that I couhl wa lk ou t· in th e hotte~t. of th e weath er , and when I had
no need of it .I co uld clo~e it, ancl cnrry it under my arm .

LESSON CXXXI
"IT Is I," ETC.

Exercise 2. 1leod the selcetiv11, n si119 synonyms fo r the following words or e:rpressions :
Spe nt ; a great <lea! of; pai11s ; make; contrived; main difTIculty; let <low11 ; spre:ul; it woultl 11ot be portable; to answer;
cast off; effectually; close.

LOA F OF BREAD

Exercise 1. In a conurith .110111· f.1·11.i:lwr
1111rl .'}11111' elrrssm.at1 ..~, lr.IJ to
tdl wli 11t lt1171;w11s to the
wltc11t .f1·om the time wlu•n
it is planted unt·il the bread
is put upon the table.

Exercise 1. Study and rep eat these sentences nntil the correct
f orms seem more familiar than the wrong ones that y on often
hear:

:\

l' ltl ~S I~ NT

A

l s it I?
Isn't it sh e ?
Is it n ot he ?
ls it they?
Isn't it we?

LESS ON CXXX
A

121

It is not I.
l t 's not she.
'Tis not he.
It's not they.
'Tis not we.

It's I.
It is she.
'Tis he.
It's they.
It's we.

It's not I.
It is not she.
It's not he .
'Tisn't they.
It isn't we.

PAST

11l'r.~11lion

Ii
1\

I

Was it 11 ot 1?
Was it i;he?
W"asn ' t; it li e?
Was it not th ey?
Was it we?

'Twas I.
It was she.
'Twas he.
It was they.
'Twas we.

IL wasn't L
' Tw: t~m't she.
It was not he.
'Twas not they.
1t was not we.

'Twas not T.
It wasn ' t she.
'Tw:um 't h e.
It wasn ' t they.
'Twasn' t we.

..

I

I

,,
I

I
1
I

~

I

J, " ~'

122

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
fl.

10.
11.

2,

Fill the blanks with I, he, she, we, or they:

Who is that at the door? It's - - .
Is that your sister Emily? 'Tis not--.
. TVas it your brother that fell? Yes ; it was--.
\Vas it you or Edward? It was neither--nor--.
\Vas it Hot the Hays that called? No; it wa~m't--.
Is it you two that are going? No; it is not--.
Wasn't.it-- that sold the farm? 'Twas--.
Was it - - o r - - that wits inviterl? 'Twasn't--.
fa it - - or - - - that he mcn.ns? It isn't---.
Wha.t would you do if you were - - ?
Some one may do it, but it won't be--.

LESSON CXXXIIl

A

STUDY OF TREES

1. Name the pn.rts of a tree, beginning with the lowest part.
2. Whi~h parts are most useful to man? 3. What part becomes India rubber? or maple sugar? or spruce gum? 4. vVhat
part is used for tanning leather? \Vlrnt is cork? 5. Name
some trees Llmt are valued for tlwir fruit.. For the color and
hn,nlness 01· the beautiful gni.in of thcfr wrHHl. 6 . From >vlrnt
trees do we gAt l11mher fnr lntilding? \Yhich are most used
for fnel?
7. Tell what climli a11<l fly and creep inLo lree,;. "What
jump from limb to limb. 8. How <lo woodpeckers gnt their
living-? fl. Do yon know "·h:1t sn11rnl tl1 P trcc-to:ul makcN?
10. "What is Arbor Day? \Vl1y need wo plant. trrns and
care for them ?
C/100.~, ,

tJi,, ki1117 r:{ l/'r 'r· .lfll//. // '1111fd fi/r1 • lo pf1111! Oii
1i>ll 11 h!J !/011 ,.,,,;,,,./ tfii,, kind rrrthcr t!1rrn rmothcr.
1

.-~

\

WORDS THAT SOUND ALIKE

.... ·

)

. '·

.

1. What do we call words t.hat have nearly the same meaning P
2. Mention two synonyms. 3. Are know and no alike in meaning P 4.

Are they alike in sound P

vV ords that sound exactly alike are homonyms.
Exercise 1. Of the following words, first use each one in a
statement, a eom.mand, or a qiwstion; then find a homonym for it,
and put tliat into a sentence to show the different meaning :

fair
peal
strait
slay

LESSON CXXXII

Exercise.
A rluJI' lJ a!J.

123

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise

way
blew
dyeing
mm
2.

lain
stairs
sealing
knew

waist
gait
yolk
flower

bare
heard
made
peace

Find synonyms for ten of the preceding words.
', ,'

LESSON CXXXIV
PROVERBS TO EXPLA~N

·Proverbs are 8hort sayings full of meaning.
are very old.

.Many of them

1. Birds of a feather flock togeLher.
2. Connt not your chickens before they are hatched.
Ji.
4.
S.
G.

D~\' ('rybody's busin ess is nobod y's business.
A hin"l in the ha.ml iR worth two in the hush.
A rrnocl buarclen ma}' have some weeds.
~u1 his iiugers arc Ll1 uu1lis.
~

7. All your g<>eRe are swa.11s.

.
'

'\

'l'ry to tell the mraning of soml' of the follo11 i11g
proverbs, and, ~f' possible, show /ww they may be applied.
Exercise r.

\.I

1

1 2-!

!1I

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

8. Th e more haste the less s peed.
\I. A rolling stone gathers 11 0 111nss.
10. Tl1rl'O re1n oves are :is l1:ul as a fire.
11. It if; an ill wintl tha.t blows 11 0\Jndy good.
12. Money is a gootl servant. Lnt a Lau master.
13. Penny wise a nd pouud foo lish.
1-!. Rome wa s not lmil t in a tlay.
Vi. You n1t1 sL take Lhc fat with the lean.
1G. A n1a11 if; known Ly the company he keeps.
17. If wisl1es we.re h orses beggars mig ht ride.
18. Th e re's 11 0 royal road to lea rning.
rn. Wh ere there's a will there's :t way.
20. J-famlso me is that hand s01 11c does.
21. P rocrastin ation is the thief of time.
22. Th e child is father of the m;rn.
For Dictation. " Wh y llo yo n w:t lk so 011 e-s i1lctl. m y son?" askc<l
th e l'r:lh. " 1L i ~ awkward :11ul 1111h1 •(·0111i11g- . If ym; wi s h to mak e :t go0tl
appca ranee, go ~L r:ti g·ht :uni forward."
" \ \7 ha t yon ~a.y is 'lll ilc t r11 0, " rn pli otl Liu' yunn~ c rah .
"If you will
hut s how n w how. I will pro1ni ~e a lw ays tu do as .)' Oil wis h."
Th " 1nnth1•r tri " tl t.o tin ~n . lin t. in 1·a i11 .
" Ex:unple is \)(•tlc r than prl'CO J' L. "
R ead the followi11,q story. 1'hcn .find among t.he
for egoi11.q proverbs one that can be put at the end of it.

Exercise

2.

A goo1l-11 al11n:ll s p:rniol overtoo k a s url y 11 rnstiff as he wa.s travelin g
(111 tl rn hi g·h roa.tl . " <:0011 1110rni11g," ~:ti t! the sp :u1 iel polite ly, "my
11:111w i~ Tr:ty. '' Th e m a.~ tiff eyl:d hilll s us pi ciously , :rntl hi s lmek bristlml.
" ( lh ho! ·· sai d he grn 111y . "your ll:lllll: i ~ Tray , is il? Well , m ine is
Ti;.:·1• 1-. ,\lid 11 011'. 1\lt". Tray , what do yo11 11·:rnt. of 11w ?"
" \\'h ,r. " s aid 1111 • lilt.It. dog-. w:1.ggi 11 g hi ." I.ail , " I s houlil lilrn t.o trarn l
in yo 11r ern llp:u1y if yot1 d o11 'L lllilltl.'' "O h , if I.hat's all," said Ti ger. a
liLtle 111 or1• pl t:asa.l!t.ly, "yo 11 ' re 'lllil <> ll'l'11:011 11:. Corn e a.lollg. " So t hey
pt1rs ucd I.heir jrJ11rn ey ve ry a.111i •.·a.lil y . ta lkin g ahout :t nunth er of things.

LESSONS IN ENGLISH
No sooner had th ey :irrive<I al' t he next village, however, th an Ti ger

s how ed his true di s position hy poun cing upon every sn~ull dlog l~Jel me~..
.
. . .
A.
1 I , the noise tie v1 agers
The vill:vrc w:ts soon Ill an upro.11 .
ro nset ')
.
• ·. O"
rus hed fr~m their s tores a nd houses to rescue their ~:wontes; a m\ ,f.illm~
.· 11 ls they drove t he m away w ith stwks arnl ston e~. most
upon t I1e t WO f u e l
ff . f .
.n ()' t111on 11oor Trai' who was thus nuu lc to s u e t ot no
o f t Ile 11
J o ws f a 111 o
· '
othe r reaso n than hi s \Jciug fo t1ml in \J:11 l co mpany.

LESSON CXXXV
STORY FROM A PICTURE

The name of the
boy on the left is
Fred J ohnson. The
boy who is talkin g
to Fi·ed is Harry
Armstrong. Harry
wishes Fred to do
something. L ook at
Fred's face .
Does
he think that it is
right for him to do
what Harry proposes ? What does
he reply ?
Wh ere
do the Loys go, and
what h appe ns to
them?

Find a good title for
the pictu.re.
1'hen
tell the story it suggests.

124

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

8. Th e more haste the less speed.
U. A rolling stone g:tthers 110 moss.
10. Tltree removes are as Gad as :t fire.
11. It is an ill wind tlmt blows nobody good.
12. Mon ey is a good servant bnt a Lad master.
13. Penny wi se and pound foolish.
14. ]{ome was nnt built in a day.
15. Yon 11111st take Lite fa.t with the lean.
1G. A 1nan is known by tl1 e eo111p:t11y he keeps.
17. If wis hes were h orses beggars mig ht ride.
18. Th ere's 11 0 royal r oad to learning.
19. \Vh e re th ere's a will there's a way.
20. Hand so me is that hand so me does.
21. Procras tination is the thief of time.
22. Th e child is father of the man.
For Dictation. " Wh y do you walk so on e-sided, my son?" asked
t.he crah. " It is awkwanl arnl unhcco111i11 g. lf yoi.; wi sh to make a good
appearnnC'e, go str:ti g ht :unl forward."
" What yo u say is quil e true," rc plic1l the you ng crab. "If you will
bnt s how me how, [will promi se always tu do as yon wish."
The moth er tri e1I to do so, hul. in v:Lin .
"Example is better than prece pt. "
Exercise 2. R ead tlte followi11.1 story. 1'hen find among the
foregoing proverbs one that can be put at the end of it.
A gornl-nat.11re1I spani e l overtook a sur ly mastiff as he w as trav eling
on the high road . "<:uod morning, " R:ti1I th e spaniel politely, "my
11:u1u ~ is Tray ."
Thn mas tiff eyc1 l hi111 s nspiciously, and hi s back bristled .
"Oh ho! " said he g m Ill y , "yo ur 11ame is Trny, is il? '.Yell, mi11e is
Ti g Pr. Aud now , l\Tr. Tra y, what (lo you \l":tn t of me?"
"Why." s aid th e liltl e dog-, \ragging hi s tail, " I s hould lik e t.o travel
i11 yo11r compa11 y if yo u 1lo11't 111i11tl ." "Oh, if that's a.II ," sai d Ti ger, a
littl e more pl easantly, "you're qui te wclconw. Come along." So they
pursued t heir journ ey very :tmi \::tlily, talking ahout a nu111ber of things.

125

the" arrived at th e nex t village, however, than .Tiger
N o sooner 11 ad
,
II 1 ,,. h e met
showed his tru e dis position hy pouncing upon every s m.a l!Oo ·11·
..
.
A ·onscd hy the noise t 1e v1 .1.ge1s
The villaire
wn.s
soon
m
an
uproar.
r
.
.
.
I
f·
11·
o0
tli e'i r stores and houses to rescue their favorites, am a 111,,,
rus 11elI f rorn
.
· k
l t
· most
the two fri e11lls they drove them away with st1e s anc s one~.
.
1
~f~ :e . \Jlows falling upon poor Trn.y, who was thus mad e to suffer for no
other reason than his being found in l.J:tll eomp:tny.

1

.I

LESSON CX XXV

I

STORY FROM A PICTURE

t
!
l
I

The name of the
boy on the left is
Fred Johnson. The
boy who is talking
to Fi·e<l is Harry
Armstrong.
Harry
wishes Fred to do
something. Look at
Fred's face.
Does
he think that it is
right for him to do
what Ha r r y proposes?
What does
he reply?
Where
do the boys go, and
what happens to
them?
Find a good title for
the picture.
Then
tell the story it suggests.

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S TORY FROM /\ P I CTURE

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Exerc ise

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ENGLIS H

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L E S SONS IN ENGLISH

1
;I

L E SSONS I N EN GLISH

ii

~.

Tho more haste the less speed.
9. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
10. Th ree rcmoycs :ire :is had as :i fi re.
11. IL is an ill wind t.li a.L l.ln1,vs 11 n] 1p11y R ( HJ1l
1 ~. lVloney is a good sen:rnt !mt a b:td master.
13. I' e1my 11,ise aml po uuJ I uuli:oh.
14. Rome WflS not built in fl clay.
1 fi. Y" 11 i1111 :-;t take Uic fat \\'illi tLc lean.
lt ). A 111a11 is k11ow11 hy Uw nn111pa11 y he keeps .
17. If wishes we're horses beggars might rid e.
18. There's no royal road to learning.
19. Wh ere there's a will there's a way.
20. H andsome is that hand so me does.
21. Procrastination is the thief of time.
22. The child is father of the ,man.
For Dictation. " Why do you walk so one-sided, my son? " asked
th e cra b. " It is a wkw a rd and unbecom ing . lf yoti wish to m ake a good
appearance, g o stra ig ht and forw ard ."
" Whnt you sny is qnil.e t rne," replied the young crab. "lf you will
but show me ho w, I will promise al ways to do ns you wis h."
The m other tri ed to do so, bu t in va in.
•• Example is bettor th an precept. "

Exercise 2. R ead the fo llow£ng story . Then find among the
fo regoing p roverbs one that can be put at the end of it.
A good-na tured s pa ni el overtoo k a surl y mastiff as he was traveling
cm t.he hi g h nia.il. " Good mornin g," s1ti1l the spa ni el politely, " my
nam e is Trny ." Th e m as tiff eyed him s11 spicio11 s ly, and hi s hack bristl ed.
. "Oh ho !" ~a id ho g rnlll y , "yo11r n : u1u ~ i~ Tra.y, is il P '\Veil, mine is
Ti ge r . And now , Mr . Tray, w h:tt do yo n wnut of me ? "
"Why," said th e li tt.lc <log, waggin g hi s tnil , " I s hould lik e to travel
in yo ur compnny if yo n tlon't mind ." " Oh , if t hat's all ," said Tig er, a
little more pl easnn t ly , " yo u'r e qui te welcome. Com e al ong ." So th ey
pursu ed th eir journ ey very nmi<.:ahl y , talkin g about a numb er of things .

No sooner had they arrived at t he ne xt villa ge, ho wever, than Tiger
showed his true disposition by poun ci ng: upon e very sn~all dog ~e met .
hv
T he vill:wc 11 a,; soon •m an 11pro:ir. ·!\ r on"Pd
,
. t.lw notR
. A the vill ager
. s
.'
=
LI
-·.
to
re~
~nd
hou~r~
io
1·p•«11
e
ll11<ir
favorites;
am!
falling
nH•;. l lP-4Ir lOlll lUll S
... n
·1 1 - 1·-1l·k'·' " 11(1 .-tone <' most
·'' Ll1e ""droret I1e lll:t \\;i J\ \\'llM
.
•
n pon t.I1e t wo f 1..·1enua
of th e blows falli n ~ upon poor T rny , who was thus mad e lo su lfer tor no
other r eason t.lmn hi~ !Jeing fou nd in lmd company.
0

L ES SON C XX XV
STO R Y F ROM A P ICTU RE, ,

The name of the
boy on the left is
Fred Johnson. The
boy who is talking
to F red is H arry
Armstrong. Harry
wishes Fred to do
something. L ook Ht
Fred's face.
Does
he think that it is
right for him to do
what H a rry pro- ,
poses ? What does
he reply?
Where
do the boys go, and
what happens to
them?

Find a good title for
the pict1tre. · Then
tell the story it suggests.

\

.

126

LESSONS IN ENGL! SH

LESSON CXXXVI

animals live in .the ground? 5. Explain the chief difference
between a plant and an animal. ,
.•--,. :. ~'""" '. ;1
6. Tell four ways in whi ch a1~hpals move about. ,_ 7. Which
is the slowest way, and which the quickest? 8. Men'tion an animal that goes in the first of these ways ; in the second; in the
third; in the fo urth. 9. Name an animal th at h as t\vo ways
of moving, a nd tell what they are. 10. Have any a11 i111 al8
three ways~
11. N arne an animal that lives only on land. 12. N a mc one
that lives only i11 water. 13. One Lliat li\'es lioth on laml a\1(1
in water. 14. Do all animals have blood? 15. Do they all
l1reathe air ?

" DO ESN'T " O R " DO N 'T "

Exercise 1. Study these contractions, and repeat . them until
they become so f amiliar that anything dffferent will sound wrong :
H e does n ot
She d oes not
It tloei> 11 ul. .
One does not
I d o no t
You do not
We do not
They do not
Exercise

1-Ie d oesn't.
She d oes 11 't.
1L lloes 11 • t.
One doesn' t;.
I clu n' L

Y ou don 't.
\Ve don't.
Tliey doH' t.

Does he not ? . D oesn' t he ?
Does she n ot ? . Does11 't she?
Does it not/
D oesn't it.'!
l )oes one n ot
Doesn't on e?
Do I not?
Don't I?
Do you not ?
Don' t you ?
I>o we not.'!
Do11 "L we?
Do Llicy not'!
1>011 ' t Lliey?

P u t do not sing or d oes 11ot sing af ter each of these
word s, and rep eat the sente nce.~ rr1711:dl71 :

he

2.

we

tlir•y

sl 1c

nnc

two

y11u

I n the same way nse the contrad 1·d _form .~ don ' t sing:

it

Exercise 3. u.~P. do no t or does n ot _, i n a8king ']1/Ndim1s r1hout
tlie.~e tli.i11;'JR.
Then use i11 .~fp17,7 tlt,, 1•011tn1r'finnH don't or doesn't.
birrls
coal
l'IC' C
a \IT C k
j I\\ l('S
a l>CO
wood
tea
J\ pril
fire
T ry to tell w lM-'- n

11'1-'.

are to

11se don't

and when

doesn't.

LE SSON CXXXVll
ABOU T A N IMALS

Exercise
senfr11r~P.~

1.

Exercise 2. 'l'hink of the most singular and interesting animtd
you liave ever seen. Witlwttt telling what it is, describe it so that
your classmates will be able to 1uww d .
H' hat will !JOU SLl/j first
about it?
What seco nd.'!! JV!u!f third.?

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Exercise 4.

1 27

LESS O NS IN ENGLISH

Answer Ill(: foltu11•i1111 questions orall!J in co mplete

:

1. Do both p lants and animals ha.Ye li fe? 2. Have they
feeli ng? 3. Can they mnye fr nm pb cc to p1ace? 4. Do any

~

LESSON CXXXVlll

.!

" DID " OR " DONE "

Ed1rnnl 111rs don!' \\l'll to-day .
I did better ycslen1ay.
The boys have done their work quickly .
\Vlw d1:d the exall 1ple Ii rsL ?
fTw•1' yo u done y011r tasks faithfully?
lle had donr the e r ra1Hl already.
1. D-id aml done are forms of 1lo . 2. \Vhich of them is usml wil.h hns?
:1. \\' hi<'h is 11,;ed "ith hm:c ? -L \\' hi eh \YiLltlwrl? ii. \\' hich would yo u
us e \Yith 11.·as or will be or may he?

IJon r iR u;;;ecl at'ter lianp , 1111 .Q, or hrrrl.
Did mnst ne ver be used after have, has, or had.

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LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

129
1 1:
: .j

Fill the blanlcs ·ll)i/Ji did or done, as yon think r igltt :

Exercise 2. Collect specimens of different . woods, and compare the grain, color, fineness, et~._
\
Exercise 3. John Muir, the celebrated naturalist, says that
once near the top of a mountain he found a pine tree only three
feet high that was 1,500 years old. How could he tell the age
of the tree? · State in tliree or fou,r short sentences what you think
lie did in order to find out.

1. vVho did it ? The blacksmith - - it.
2. He has - - it just right.
3. Have they - the printing yet?
4.
5.
ll.
7.
8.

Yes, they - - it last TneRcby.
Who - - your work ? My friend - - it.
'vVho has - - wrong '? They - -- wrong.
Who - - tli c h:1rd ef't. pa!'t" li e - - il very well.
Have yon - - wh!Lt. r ;1.sketJ •) '
9. I saw hi111 whe11 he - - it. He - - it well.

•.., J

LESSON CXL
THE WIND

LESSON CXXXIX
STEMS , TRUNKS, AND WOOD

Exercise 1. 1. ·w hat is meant by
th e stem of a plant? What plants
Imm sterns that are of wood? 2.
\Vh at are shrubs and bushes? 3.
What kind of stem do herbs have?
-!. \Vhat kiml of ste m li ves through
the winter? 5. T ell what oaks and
g rasses d o i11 a gale of wind.
6. ·w hat is the co vering of treetrunks ? 7. Of wh:tt use is it to a
tree? ·where d oes the sap flow?
8. What is the meaning of the
rings in the wood'/ !), I low old a
tree is shown in the cut? 10. Can
you see any year-marks in the wood
of your desk , or in the floor? 11.
Mention some of the uses of wood.
12. What is th e color of pine
wood? of ebony? of mahogany?

•

The Wind that made the meadows dance
Came whistling through the glade,
· And all the little birch-trees laughed
And twinkled in the shade ;
He tossed a red leaf in my hair,
Caressed each slim young tree,
And left the garden all agog
With gay expectaricy.
To-day the Wind came back again He marched like men at war;
And dust and leaves and frightened birds
Came hurrying before ;
He tramped the meadows under foot,
He whipped the trees to shreds,
And oh, the havoc that he wr<;mght
Among my garden beds !
Next time the Wind comes whistling by~
So airily polite I'll run and tell my lady trees
To bind their tresses tight ;

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LESSONS IN ENGLISH

I'll send a warning to the bmok,
I'll bid the min-crow shout,
And every garclcn sen tin el
Shall lrnng storm signals out !

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-MARGARET LEK ASllLEY.

prodncts used? 11. Mention other fur-bearing _a!limals.' -:- i2.
What are bristles, down, parchm._ent, kid? .- ---- · · ,
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· Make a list of all the objects in your home that are
made of the coverings of animals. Then write about " Animals
that have left their Coat<> at. my House."
'

Exercise

Exercise. Imagine the wind to ue some SOl't of person. Can
you see him as he comes whistling throngh the glade ? What is his
face like? 1-Iow does he move lds limbs ? 1JT here does he go when
lie leaves the garden ? Gan y on see the fac es of the .fiowers as they
look after hirn ? lV hen he comes baclc again !tow are his face
and forrn and movem ents changed? Tlow do the .fiowers and trees
loulc as Ju,, approaches, and how do 1.he.11 rrr:t ns he storms through
the garden ? What storm signals can a garden show ?

2.

LESSON CXLII
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"SEE, SAW, SEEN"

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He sees us now.
He saw us last week.
He has seen us before,

I see it now.·
I saw it yesterday.
I ltave seen it often.

See, sees, sriw, and seen are forms of see.
Which forms refer to what is done now '1
W'l1ich form refers to what was done in the past')
Which is the form used with have, has, was, etc P

Describe the appeamnce of the g<tnlen at each coming of the
wind.

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LESSON CXLI
THE COVERING OF ANIMALS

Exercise

1.

Answer the following qncstions in a conversation

lesson:

l. What is the covering of oysters and of snails? 2. Of what
use is it to them? 3. Mention several other animals with different kinds of coverings. 4. vVhy do animals need more
covering than merely a skin? 5. What coverings of a11i111als
are useful to man ?
6. ·what is made from the hides of oxen? How is it used?
7. What is done with the hair? 8. How are the manes and
tails of horses used? 9. ·w hat do we get from seals and
beavers? from birds ? from tortoiseR? 10. How are these

181

LESS .O NS IN ENGLISH

Supply see, saw, or s~en:

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L Yesterday we ~-the , sun set. ',
2.
3;
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Have you ever - - anything. more beautiful.
.,
We - - Mt. Washington last summer.
The owl - - in the night.
Have you - - an eclipse?
Yes, I - - one last year.
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Had you never - - one before ?
I
I - - him when he did it.
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LESSO~

CXLIII

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THE WOUNDED HOUND .

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Exercise 1. The picture on the next page is by the English
artist, Richard Ansdell. 1. What lesson does the first look at

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LESSONS I

it suggest? 2. Describe the
3. Tell what is being done.
in the picture. 5. Why do yo
ness? 6. If dogs could talk v
ably say? 7. Use appropriau
8. Describe the man and tell sc
Exercise 2. W?·ite two or threi
to dumlJ animals.
Exercise 3. In reply to the
tells tho story of the " \V ound1
LESSO~
SYNC

Exercise 1. S elect from the j.
nyms, and write tli.em by twos.
uproar
appear
mourn
high
scene
shrieks

sight
gale
total
crowd
waste
clamor

Exercise 2. JJ!lalce a list of si:
path; a mountain; a fire ; a tb

c:
A STANZJ

132

\Yh ere does th
So white on
Under J\'1ay's a
No fla,ke can

133

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

it suggest? 2. Describe the central figure m the picture.
:~ . T ell what ii:; uei11g tlo11e.
4. Speak of the other animals
in tli e picture. 5. \Vhy do yo u think animals appreciate kindness? 6. If d ogs co ntd talk what would each of these prob·
ably say? 7. Use appropriate nam es in speaking of them.
8. Descriue the man and tell something of his character.
Exercise 2. Wi·ite two
to dumb animals.

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three reasons why we should be kind

Exercise 3. In reply to the little girl's q nestio11s the man
tells tho story of the " W oumled Hound." Wlwt does lie say?

LESSON OXLIV
SYNO NYMS

Exercise 1. Select from the followin1; words those tluit are synonyms, and write them by twos. Find homonyms for five of them.
uproar
appear
ll!OUl'll

high
scene
shrieks

sight
gale
total
crowd
waste
clamor

throng
grieve
rage
tempest
cunning
seem

crafty
fury
squander
lofty
whole
screams

Exercise 2. 1J:falce a list of six words that will properly describe a
path; a mountain; a fire; a thunder storm; a watch; a palace.

UXLV
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132

STANZA T O LEARN

\\Th ere does the snow go,
~o white on the ground?
lJ ll!ler May's azure
No flake can be found.

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LE SS O N S IN ENGLISH
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:~ . 'l't· ll \\·11;1 {. i ~ lwi1 1g· 11 11 111 •.
I . ~ pt 1 i 1l.; of Ll1 c 11Ll11 ·r a 11i111al s
111 111 " 11i1 ·L1rn ·. r,. \\ ' l1 y d 11 .1 11 11 tlii11k :111i111:il s :t['prcc i:Ltc kinrl111 · .~ s ':'
1: . H d11g s 1·111ild l:1 lk 11' 11 :11. w1111Jd ca clt of tl1 ese prob·
:il>i y s:1y? 1. I 1s1· :q1111·11111·i:1l u 11:11110:-: in sp c:Lki11g of them.
R. ll es" ril11· Li ll' 111 :111 :111d 11·11 ""11 11 ·Ll1i11 g of l1i s cli a r:i ele r.

E xerci se 2.

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Exe rcise 3 . 111 n •11 l.1· l11 ill<' lilLle g irl' s q11 es t.i1111 s Ll1 c m a n
te l Is tl1 " s l111 ·1· ,i1· tfo • '' \\ ' 1111111.k d I l1>1111d. "
H'ft1lt do,.s he Slf!J ?

SYNON Y M S

E xe rcise 1. ,\', ./1·,-f t'ru111 I /11· .( ./f,, ll' i11.11 11·ur.7x I h n-'1' i /11tf 1tr:• ·'.'/ l/ ()Fi 11• I hu 11 u1 11 ,11111s ,_f ~1 r j i 1·1• 1!f' th em.

·11 ,11111 x. ' '"' / 11·1·il 1· i/11·111 1'.' I 111'""·

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11111111.'11
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scrna ms

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i1:1(i1; a 111 11 1111 La i11 ; :1 lir1· ; :1 ll1 111 1d u r s t.Prill; a w:i.lel1; :t palace.

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\\ ' 111·1-. · d111 ·s 1111· :< 11 !111' .~· ,, ,
:--;,, 11·i1i li- <Ill I.ii!' .~· rn1u1<i ''
·11d1 ·r i\L1 y"s :i 1.11r1 •
l'\ n il;il; c ean ill' 1'111111'1 .

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Look into the lily
Some sweet summer hour;
There blooms the snow
In the heart of the flower.
-LUCY LAHCOM.

LESSON CXL VI
A LETTER TO WRITE.
For Boys.-Write such a letter as you might send to a friend
who had asked you to go fishing with him next Saturday. If
you wish to go, and have made no other plans for the day, say
where and when you will meet him. If, however, you are to
play ball with your club in a match game, or have some other
engagement, tell him so. If yon do not care to gn liccanf;n yon
think the fish should be left in the pond to enjoy their freedom,
say that but say it pleasantly.
For Girls; - Imagine a tea-party tlmt you might have had in
the garden last Saturday. Write to some one who was expected, but who was too ill to come, and tell her all about it,
- 1, the company; 2, the table, how it was set, the seats;
3, the talk; and, if you like, 4, the sudden shower.

LESSON CXLVII

Present forms tell what happens now.
Past forms tell what happ({ned in the past.
Present

1. ·which word tells what the whistle docs now 'J 2. Which tells
what it did yesterday? 3. What form is used with has~

FORM

blow
draw
fly
know
throw

Past

FOltM

FOitJ\l USEI) WJ'f'JI

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have, has, is,

am, are, was, were, be, or been.

blew
drew
flew
knew
threw

lilown
drawn
flown
known
thrown

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Exercise 1. Give the past form of the words in the first
column. 2. Give the form used with have. 3. Is it right to use
has with the words in the second column? 4. Use has with
the words in the third column. 5. Use have; was; are; will be.
Exercise

2.

Supply the proper form in each sentence :

Blow. - La.st night the wiml - - Jown a large trne.
Draw. - Those horses have never - - a heavy load.
Fly. - Not long ago a pigeon - - six hundred miles . . ·
Know. - Columbus never - - - that he had seen a new continent.
Throw. - A rope was - - to the 1~an in the water.
Throw. - It was a sailor who - - it to him.
Blow. - All the dust is - - away.
Fly. - The wild geese have - - to the south.
Draw. - Yesterday we - - an ivy-leaf.
I(now. - We never have - - as many as you.

FORMS FOR PAST AND PRESENT

There l The whistle blows.
The whistle blew last night.
The whistle has blown every day this week.

135

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

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LESSON CXL VIII
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WORDS TO BE DEFINED

After talking about the following, write sentences to tell what
they are:
an ambulance
a nurse
a prison
a hospital
a patient
a cell
a surgeon
an asylum •
a warden
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LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LES SON CXLIX

LESSON CL

MY SCHOOL DESK

ABOUT CVIMATE
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E xamine yoiir deslc carefid ly .
following things :
Exercise

Parts. -

1.

Standards, box, finish ed top.

Outside ; inside.

.

In the schools of some foreig n countries there are no desks at
all. Here is a description of a school-room in Syria.
"The school-room is the q uccrcst place vou cun imagi ne. The
hoys Rit on tliP floor in frrn1t of tlif' tericlier.
lnstf':1d nf 11 i1·eh·
printc<l l1011lrn lilz1, Ll1ose 11l 1i1 ·l1 Ill' li :1n•, P:\f'h l1as :1 tal1kL of
wood pain ted whitt,, upon wli id1 the teal'lier wri l+~s the lt'sR011s
with a piece of charcoal. When one lesson is learned it is
washed off and a nc\v one \vrittcu. The Lovs hold their tablets in the i r l1:rnd,;, allll !'lli·k li:H·k :rnil forih :1,; Lll('y ;;[ 11dy.
They study tl 1c ir l1:,;,;"11s :ilolld, and 111 :1k1• s11 111ucli 11oi::-:\' wli1IL~

Exercise. Think of a region where the climate is as different ) ·
from ,yours as i'.t can be. T hen fo r some one who lfre s there tell
the 111ost i111pvrir111t tlti11:1s ohout the l'fi111r1i1' nf your lncality.

LESSON CL!
\ I "\,

W EATHE R RECOR D

Exercise r. 1lL1ke a r:11ri:f'11l ol11<1T1•11tiu11 1!( the wmthcrfor a week,
1wd on 11!011d11y ·11,rite 011t "1\ \Vt~ek' ~ \\'catlwr f{ecDnl."

doing S1> tlial. ynll 1Y1t1ilcl tl1i11k tlwy \YPn' s1·re:rn1i11~; and ligl1ting in~tc:ul of c;Lt1dyi11,L:··"
Exercise 2. 1\:U 0111· (!( t/u.,oe 1111;1//., rrh,,11f !1"11r de .,fr 1u 11l /i11w

yon

11 SP

You rnay speak of clmng·es i11 ternperature, in length of day, in
dircdion of wind; of the rain or snow; of how your plans
were cha11gcd, e tc.

it.

Exercise 3 . As yon r<?od t he 11hm•1° r;1 1nfn t in11, 71gp -~.i111nn,i;ms fo r
the8P 1rorrls or r:1prrg111nns:
Q nec reRt: imagine : in front nf : nieely; ta blet; washed off;
rock; figltt.i11g.

I

1. Where does the sun shine directly, down upon the ea~th ?
2. Which parts · of the earth hav~ the coldest climate?' 3.
Which have the hottest? 4. What makes the difference?
5. On leaving the warm earth to climb a high mountain,
does the air grow hotter or colder? 6. Does the ground
freeze in winter all over the earth? 7. How far down do you
think the frost goes in winter? ·s. · Will trees grow where the
ground never thaws? . 9. Do you know what lichens are? Or
where they grow? 10. Why do · not plants grow in places
called deserts? 11. Where would you go to find a -moist
climate?

Tlten tell about tlte

Standards. - Material ; shape, and reason for it; why
painted ; how fastened above and below.
Box. - Kind of wood; how coated ; leng th, width, depth ;
number of pieces; their names; how fastened together.
Top. - Why level or sloping ; ink-well; groove ; rail.

Uses. -

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Exercise 2 . lVt·iff (f _ti>rerost n.f thP ?l'PatliPr for tn-111orro11• .
'l'efl wl1r•thrr it 'l/Jtfl r11i11, or s110111, or be ji1ir, or be clo1ul.71, m11l
11•h!'i ;,,,,. I,, ,, I hr'rlll"lllf'ff'I' 111ill ,.; _,,, II/" (alt.
ive yonr rea.s1111R. Do

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,111)11 think th1' Jr>Uun'ill!) 1·e rs 1·s

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LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Evening J'ed and morning gray
Will set the traveler on his way ;
But evening gray an<l mol'llillg red
-Will bring down rain upon his hea<l.

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The clrnrcord frescos on its wall ;
lts door's worn sill betraying
The feet that, creepihg slow to school,\
Went storming out to playing I
Lo11tr
V"an< ;i.tro
;L wi11t"r ~!Ill
0
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LESSON CLII

A

POEM TO STUDY

,John Greenleaf Whittier, sometimes called
the "f}1rnkl'r Poet." wRs horn in Haverhill .
M:tss:whusdts , Dec. 17 , 1807. He worked on
the farm antl in the shoemaker's shop till he
wa,5 nea l"l y eighteen yen.rs of age. He attended
th e town :u::tdcmy for two years. His first
poems were pnhli s hetl in 1826. For many
yc:trs he was an c(litor. He wrote both prose
and poetry. Ile is chiefly remembered, however, for his poetry, which is fnll of sy mpathy for
th e poor nn(l the oppressed. He died in 18!l2.
You will be interested in reading, an(l in learning ext.rads , from "The
Rnrefoot Boy," "Snow 1lo11111l ," " Thn Corn Song," and his other poems.
IN SCHOOL-DAYS

Still sits the school-house Ly the ro:Ltl,
A ragged Leggar sunning ;
Aronnd it still the sumachs grow,
And Llackberry-vines are running.
Within, the master's desk is seen,
Deep scarred by raps official ;
The warping floor, the battered seats.
The jack-knife's carved initial;

\

It touched the tangled golden curls,
A ml brown t~yes full of gricvi ng,
U1 one who still her steps delayed
When all the school were leaving.

For near her stood the little hoy
Her childish favor singled:
Hir.; cap pnll1>1l low i1po11 a facf-l
'Vhere pride and shame we.re mingl ed.
Pushing with restless feet th~ snow
To right and left he li11gererl; ~ As restlessly her tiny hands
The blu~-checked apron fingered.
He saw her lift her eyes i he felt
I\. ·
The soft hand's light caressing, , .\ ,
And heard the tremble of her voice, /·\ /
As if a fault confessing.
\
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"I'm sorry that I spelt the word: .
I hate to go above you,
·:.:
.Bec1tuse," - the brown eyes lower fell, - •
" .Because, you see, I love you I " .
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LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Shone over it at setting;
Lit up its western window-panes,
-And low eaves' i,cy fretting.

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LESSONS IN ENGL! SH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Still memory to a gray-haired man
That sweet child-face is showing.
Dear girl! the grasses 011 her grave
Hrwe forty years been growing !

141

Exercise 2. Tom Sawyer's Uncle Joe has sent him a birthday present of a camera. He tries to "take" the cat an<l then .
the baby. Iloth atwmpts are failures. He succ13eds better
with Rover lying asleep on the piazza. He writes his u11cle
thanking him and narrating his experience. Write his letter.

He lives to learn, in life's h:ml sehool,
llow few wl10 pass ahnve him
Lament their triumph and his loss,
Like her,- because they love him.

LESSON OLIY
THE FROG

Exercise. An artist wishes to make an illustration for this
poem. Give him the proper d irer,tionR. Ilmo shall lw ilraw the
school-house ? Th e road.? flow j(u· is the sclwol-lwuse from the
road .'2 ls the door opened or dosed?
Wliere are the two children? How is the girl drer;.~ea? The boy? On which side is the
sun? Make a little sketclt or drnw a few lines, to guille the
artist in placing these details. Then write your instructions for
the picture. Be careful about the order. TVh at will you tell
him first ? What next .'2
Is not the poem worth lmirn ing '!

LESSON CLIII
LETTERS TO WRITE

Exercise 1. Write a letter to a person who once z.ived
town, but who has now been away for a year.

in

your

Call the name Edward or Mary Norman of Ithaca, N.Y.
Mention changes in streets ; buildings added; persons who
have changed their residences, or who hn.ve come to live in
town; what !ms changed in school; and compare the Wfty you now
spend your time with the way in which you used to spend it.

After observing the growth of a frog from a tadpole, tell sorne· of

t lu· t lrin!JIS 11"11 lun•e lf'1trned.
1. Where <loes the frog live? 2. ls the skin smooth or
rough? 3. Why is it so? 4. What happens to the frog
when the skin becomes dry?
Watch the frog's eyes when he dives under water. 5. vVlrnt
does he draw over them? 6. Can he see tluough this membrane?
7 . . W.hy is the frog a goo<l swimmer? 8. With which legs
does he swim? How does the _motion of the legs differ from ·
that of the duck? 10. How does the f~og hold the front legs .
while swimming?
·
1
11. What kind of mouth has a frog?
13. Upon what does it feed?
15. Why has . it such a wide mouth?
frog lay its eggs? 17. How do the eggs differ from . those of
other animals? 18. What are the little animals ·called which
hatch from tl}ese eggs? 19. Have they legs? . 20. With
what do they swim? 21. Tell the shape of their mouths.?
22. What do they eat? 23. Which legs grow first? 24.
When the tad pole no longer needs a ~il what becomes of it?
Exercise. An old frog tells a young tadpole what will happen
to hirn as he grows up. Write out what the frog says. '

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LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON CLV

LESSON CLVI

" LETTERS
Two BUSINEss\

A BUSINESS LETTER

Copy the .following letter, carefully observing the arrangement
and punctuation of --

( l) The Hendi11g, (2) The Address, (3) The Salutation,
( 4) The Body of the Letter, an<l ( 5) The Ending.

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ju'J/l-& ,t,.f; I }1 () !,,

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Exercise 1. Suppose that you wish to subscribe for .·" The .
Youth's Companion." Following the model in the last .lesson,
write a suitable letter to Perry Mason & Co., calling their place
of business 201 Columbus A venue, Boston. The price of the
paper is a dollar and seventy-fl ve cents a year.
Exercise 2 . The writer of the letter in Lesson 155 changed
her residence, in October, 1906, to Cleveland, Ohio, 9:16 Euclid
Ave. She wishes the publishers of the magazine to send her
copy to her new address. Write her letter, remembering that
the old address must be mentioned too.

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LESSON CLVII
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A STORY TO BE RETOLD ·. , ,

Listen to the following story- as ;it· is . re.ad .or told by your .
· teacher, and retell it, first orally, tlicn. in wt1ting. ·
·
Gr, if your teacher thinks better, you nidy read it silently two
or three times, and then tell and write it.

·/

A Newfoundland dog and a mastiff had a quarrel. They were fighting on a bridge, and suddenly, being almost blind with .rage, over they
. ''
{\
went.into the water.
The banks were so high that they were forced to ~wim a long distance
before they came to a landing-place. This was easy · for' the ·Newfoundland dog: he was .as much at home in ·the water as a seal. \ But not so
with poor Bruce. He struggled and tried his 1best to swim, but made
little headway. ·
· ·
~-, l
·
Old Bravo, the N cwfoundl:md, had reached the bank, and turned to
look at his enemy. He saw that the other dog, whose strength was fast
failing, was likely to drown. · 80 , what did .he do b1.1t p~unge in, seizll ·
, .1

\ .

lH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN EN G LISH

145

1111 • 111:1,liff ;..!·.. 111 I.\ 111· I ii « 1·1ill:1r. :1 1111. " ""l'i11 _:.:: Iii..; 11 11..;1· "'" " ." " :1l 1· r . 1.. w
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<' L

POEM TO STUDY AND L E ARN

(; 11<1 111 igl1 t h aYc' li:id e Ll1 1 ~ 1-:1rLl1 l1ri11 g f11rt.l1
l·:111111gli for g rcn.L n11d s111 :ill ,
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1"11r l11 x 11ry, 1111'di1 ·i11 l', :1 11d t11 il.
J\ 11 tl yet haY n had 1111 110 11 PJ'S.
'I

Exercise

,1; o 11. 1110.11 fie read!) for a t:allc in
if011 I' ,:/118.~.

- - ~ f . IH Y

I

fln llTI I' .

Exercise . /( 1r i:l1ilil .~ !1 0 11/1 1 l»·i11:1111 ,11011 11 li 1111 1(/'ul '! f' /11.,111/if11 l .fl111c1·1·s 1111 17 11gfr _1;1111," 11r1t11t i.~ t/11· 11 .~1 · '!!' t/u ..~ 1· ?" li 11 11· 1·1111/,7
y ou 1111 swc r lt i111 :'

ll'i·it e 't/ll111t ,1111 11 11•11 11 !17 .~ ' '.'/ ·

I.

f 11ll11 11•i11,1; '!" '"~/ io118, !1•m ·11 u• h11 t y ou.
1'1/ll 11/,111/./ //11· /i 1 1 h if .~ 1!( 1'1111/1 '/R, //111/.

To 111i11isll'l' tkligl 1l Lo 111:111 ,
' f', 1 h<-:111Lil\ Ll1 e P:1rth ,
Tn cn111furt 111:111 , to 11·l1i s p1'r l111pe
Wl1t' 11 o'c r hi s fa ith is rli111 ;
Fnr \\' !111 so ea rdl1 l'or tl1 P 111111·1: 1·>;
\\'ill C:ll'C llllll'll lll lll'l' 1'11 1' \1i111 .

I

STUDIES

\ ' 111

< )111· 011L1rnnl life rPrp1irPs !IH•111 not; ThP11 1rl1 ncl'11re l1:1 <l Lill'} l1 ir1.li !

fr
I

CAM E L

)ll:ii11h " " 11·11 rd " . .. \l ·,,· 11

•111:11'1'•'' :i .:.:::1i11.''

Ll ~ SSON

I,

L \•:SS< >N C f, I X.
n1111 •1· :1 ..; :-: nnll

I. \Vllf'n ~ :i.1Hl wlio11 l1av o yo 11 spo 11 :i cn11rnl , or rlo yo u know
tlH ~ :1 11 i111: il frrn11 pi<"L11rc s 1111 \ v 'I ~. \V:i s it :w African ca111c l
ll'il.1 1 111H ~ li11111p :1rn l sli o rL l1 :1ir. "I' a11 /\si:d,ic ca mel with Lwo

l111111l's :111 d lf\11g lin ir '?
)}. i\ lC'11Lin11 1J tl ie r :111im a ls tln1L 1·!11:1»' tlw e 1Hl nrnl \J aye clo ven
11 1\(l ft: . .J:. \Vh at twn kind s f\f t.ec:!h rl o s uc h aninmls 11 eell -

I

,___j
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I

146

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

unlike the teeth of <logs aml cats? 5. What are camels used
for? 6. What use is made of their hair?
7. Most camels go only at a walk a11<l no foster than a man.
A few are taught to go three times as fast. Have yon ever
seen a picture of a camel kne eling for his rider, and bearing his
wooden s:ulfllf' ? 8. \Vh:it prnh•ct~ his k11rrc; s n th;it h r 0:isily
rests all night i1po11 them? 0. \Vhat kinfl of lips :rn d tongnc
11111st h e have, s inc e he is fo1Hl of ch ew ing thistJp c:?
10. Which wonkl sink deeper in sand - an ordinary hoof, or
a small one like the camel's, with a broad, soft pad behind it?
11. His lrnmp of fat iR a f'npply when he is f'hort nf fond.
Suppose him to he crnssi11g a d ese rt of hot sa11cl a11d lianen
rock, with san<l-winds blowing: explai u t!te advantage of haviug
cnshioned feet, of heing rrhle tn clo:w the nostrils, of rnit perspiring, aml of being able to carry an extra supply of water in a
special stomach.
Exercise 2. 1Vhich n•ould f/OU pn:f('r to rid,, if .lJOll 1ccre '/!laking a journey tlwough ihe desert- a camrnl or a 71011.71.'2 Why? ·
Write a. lift.l,, st.ory w·itli t.lw till"' " A Pony's Troubles in the
Desert of Sahara."

LESSON CLX

'
A STORY IN VERSE

Study these lines or talk them over until you understand them
well.
TH Ji; UA M Er)s
An Arab proverb against letting lJ:ul habits begin

NOS.E
if~:

" Be ware of a camel's nose.''

Once in a shop a workman wrought
\Vith languid hand and listless thonght,
When through the open window space,
Behold, a camel thrust his face !

147

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

"My noRe is cold,"' he meekly cried;
"So let me warm _it by thy side I" - ---- ·

'\

\

Since no denying word was said,
In came the nose, in came the head ;
As sure as sermon follows text,
The long ttnll shng-gy lll:ek C<t llW 11ex t ;
A 11cl Ll1e11, :ts foils the Ll1reale 11i11g ;;[n1111,
ln leaped the whole ungainly form.
1

Aghast, the owner gazed a ro111td,
A11<l 011 the rude invader frowned,
Convinced, as closer still he pressed,
There was no rnom for such a guest;
Yet, rnore astnn ished, heard him say,
" If tlio11 art trnnhled, go thy way;
For in this place I choose to stay."

Oh, youthfol he:uts, to gladness born,
Treat not this A.rah lore with scorn!
To evil habit's earliest wile
Lend neither ear nor glance nor smile;
Choke the dark fountain ere it flows,
Nor e'en admit the camel's nose.
• . - Mns.

/
SIGOURNEY. :

Exercise. Tell this story in your own words, as if you were the
worlcman relating it to a friend. You will begin in some such
way as this: "One day I was working in · iny shop-." Consider what kinu of workman you are, and what your shop looks ·
like. Where is the window? How big is it? What happens
to you and your tools when the camel leaps in? Ju what sort
of voice does the camel speak? \Vhat do you say to him?
What does he reply? What ad vice do you give to your friend
at the close of your story?

148

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON CLXI
SUGGESTIONS FOR LETTERS

r.

our :Qu111b Animals,, is a paper published in Boston,
Massachusetts. ·w rite a letter to the editor telling about your
pets, and how yon treat them. Also, t~ll him of any persons
whom you have seen showing special kindness to dumb animals,
- cat, dog, bird, horse, etc. ·w rite full address for envelope.
1'

II. Suppose your brother Tom had gone far away to the
Philippines. Naturally he would become very lonesome.
·write him a cheerful letter from home, telling what has happened since he left. First, make a list of all the things which
you think he would like best to hear. ·w hat will you say
first? vVhat next? ·w hat last?
III. Read the story called "Somebody's Mother" on page 51.
Now write to whomsoever yon wish, telling this incident as if
you had been one of the boys.
IV. Write to your teacher telling her how you amused
yourself on a certain stormy day when there was no school.
V. Margaret Bowen gave a birthday party on the afternoon
of April 5th, and many of her friends were present. On account -of sickness Ruth Wallace was obliged to stay at home,
and so that very evening l\fargaret wrote her all about the
good time. Reproduce Margaret's letter. Address: 96 Hawkes
Avenue, Detroit, Michigan.
VI. Mr. Ogilvie has planned to take a party of boys up the
St. Lawrence River on a fishing trip. Write the letter which
his son \Valter sends to Consin Julius, inviting him to go,
telling of their plans for cam ping, boating, etc.

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

VII. (a) Thif; message came to Willard]ecently :-:<«I wish" ·
to give a book to a little bl>-y whom I know. · Tell me what~"
book you would advise me to git e, and why you ~ke _it. Men·/
tion some interesting part of the ·story, and als~ some of ,the ·.-.·
people in it.;; Writ,e Willard's iU1Swer to his friend. , /
(b) \Vrite Willard's answer, supposing that the book were to
be given t o a little girl.
VIII. Suppose your uncle has sent you teh dollars to spend
as you please. He wishes you to write him exactly what you
will do with it, and in which way you expect to derive the
most pleasure from it.
Write this letter to your uncle. · Think of the value of a
good book; of how much Tom needs mittens; of "A penny ·
saved is two pence earned"; of the new skates you have
wanted ; of how you can make your mother happy; ()f h!Jr~
much pleasure a beautiful picture urny giv~.
, ·
IX. Order five photographs_ of famous pictures of Brown &
Co., 205 Clark Street, Chicago. ",· Giv~ the · names of ~he pie-"·
tures and of the artist. Arrange for payment.
'"

/
LESSON CLXII
I \

" SIT " OR " SET "

'

I

Sit, sits, sitting, and sat apply to one who stays o~ rests some- ",
where.
.
·\
' ·. '· · ·
.
I
Set, sets, and setting are used when we speak ·of placing or
putting something somewhere.
Do not use one of these words when · the other expresses
what you mean.

;;

·,.

l ;-, I)

LESSON S I N

Ex e rcise
/JI

1.

s 1'

1f

(11 r1 11 o(

· 11' .'··: r>f 111:-:./1 11d uf

sit

l/,t

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u ::-;:-; <>N

<' L X

151

l 11

il rtlir·s:

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2. '1'h1 • '1' 11rk /'f ' :<I :< "' " ·
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'f'I1i:-:

! I.

TH E B l£ AV E R

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~ ),

r1.

L E SSO N S I N ENG LISH

F N c; 1, 1s 11

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I"
I .,

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.

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ii ')

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)'f' lf g 1) Jt :

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~.

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:...; 11 '1

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111· 1111 · I\ i I Ii I1111'.
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T H E BEAV E RS'

H O ME

• ),

11

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E xe rc ise

I.

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Exe rcise J. { '"' ' t !11 · .f ;1/ l u11·iu11
111 '!"' .1. : l /11 n s :

l /11· .'1111 is ·'··ll/11.r;.

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II

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// fi ll

r•r(JI 11110 11/ " I ; ( ~ :\ 1·e rfi a.11d

thr•sr: 1;11 r' 8l io 11.o :

2.

)l ow

hrgt•

is a. l1ca vc r ?

111 c 11:1L rl11 1 ~s 11(' 11·ea r ? -1:. \\Tha t is t h e shape
11 1 l1i s !.:iii ? r,. I l <m <lr11· s Ii< : 11 se l1 i1-; L: 1il ? I). \Vl1 :it J; i11d of
i1 ·1·il 1 11 :1 >' 1)1' ·1 7. 11 ,. ,,. ,\,,, ...~ \11 : 11 ,.; " i.111 :1!1 ·1 R. \V\1:1L l; i11r1 ,,r

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s/(11 ,

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f

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Ill' l11 1il il ii ' J il. \\' l1 :1l is i lc: s l1: 1pt•? 11 . \Vli n rc is Litt' d o or\1·:1y '.'
1-2. \\'l1 y d1 1('" l l1 " 1i.,:i1·1· r h11il ll a tl: t 111 '? l g. !low
tl111· s \"' l111ilil iL

'I

-.!

152

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Here are some verses from Longfellow's "Hiawatha" telling
how the magician Pau-Puk-Keewis was changed into a beaver.
You should read the rest of the story. It i::; eallecl " Tli c
Hnnting of Pnu-Puk- Kccwis."

Down into the pond among them
Silently sank Pau-Puk-Keewis;
Black became his ::;liirt ·u_r clecr-skin,
Black his moccasin s and leggings,
1n a broad black tail behind him
Spread hiR fox-tailR and his fringes ;
He was changed into a beaver.

Over rock and over river,
Through bush, and brake, and forest,
Han the cunning l'a tt-Pnk-1\ecwis ;
Like an antelope he hounded,
Till he came unto a stn~:unlct
In the middle of the forest,
To a streamlct still and tranquil,
That had overflowed its margin,
To a <lam made by the beavers.
From the bottom rose the beavers,
Silently above the surface
Rose one head and then another,
T ill th e pond seeme d full of heavens ,
Fu ll of black and :oli i11 i11g fac es.
To the hPfWf>l'S Pnn-Puk-Keewis
Spake entreating, said in this ,wise:
"Very pleasant is your dwelling,
0 my friends I and safe from cfa.nge r.
Can you not with all yonr cnnning,
All your wisdom and contrivance,
Change me, too, into a beaver?"
"Yes!" replied Ahmeek the beaver,
Ile the King of all the beavert<,
" Let yourself slide down among us,
DO\vn into the tranquil water."

153

T ims into the clear brown water
Silently sank Pau-Puk-Keewis;
Found the-hottom covered over
With the trunks of trees and branches,
Hoards of food against the winter,
Piles and heaps against th e famin e,
Fonnd the lodge with arching doorway,
Leading into spacious chambers.
Exercise 2. Stud.11 the picture on pa,qe 151.
"How the Beaver Builds his Home."

Then write alJout

LESSON CLXIV
I•

"LIES" OR "LAYS

1

'

Lie, l-ies, and lying apply to anything that reclines or rests or

, remains.
When we speak of putting or placing
we use lay, lays, and laying.

• .•'\t
something somewhere,
..

Exercise 1. Use a.form ({( lie or lay.for eaclt italicized word
in the first column. Explain wliy tlie forms are right t~at are
used in the second column.

' ,I

'""-

'

'•?\:

154

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

1. Please place it on the shelf.
2. How close he puts the

7. Do not keep laying it down.
8. Let it lie t here.

rai ls!
3. vVe shall rest in the boat.
4. She is red ininu ou the sofa.
5. .More s n ow rests on the roof.
6. The mason is placi?w bricks.

D. The rain lay s tl ie du st.
] 0. She lies dow11 every day.
11. Yu u must foy the child

Exercise
111ra11i11.!f

2.

o/ tit"

bones and dried-up paws. His mother h anlly dared to touch his pockets
lest a cra b s hould nip her fingers.
On" dav sh" sent. him to :t store in th e g n•at es l haste, to h:trn a jug
fille< l a11t! to br in g it lwnrn. !!is Unl'\e .J ohn , too, was wai ting to take
.l :uni e in a boat to g ath er \Valer-lilies . He rlid not return promptly ,
so, :1.Her a long. long tirn e, it was d .. eidecl to try to find t he boy. "\Vas
he hurt . or lost. or wns the jug too h en.vy? J lnstening a long, hiH uncle
soon saw the jug in th e mid1lle of :t fiehl. - a nd then the boy lying flat
upon the g-romHl. '\'as it: a broken leg. th en? No; for Jamie looked
up :rnd said : '' 0 , I say; here's a ln v,•ly beetl e down in t hi s hol e ! "
Thn j ug· an d the lili (;S were r111ih• fnrgntf Ptl.
If it is a wise a nd thoughtfu l boy who likes to st udy birds arnl insecf.s ,
and if it is a careless, thoughtless hoy who neglects his e rrand s am\ the
comfort of those who love hid, what kind of hoy was Jamie?

clown.

12. We'll keep you lyi11/1 here.

Supply a form of lie or lay, and explain the
u·ord I /1111 .71011 rfi,,,,,,,.:

1. The ship - - s i11 the I.my.
2. Just where does it - - ?
:J. It is of no u::;r -- - l1rn'.
4. T11 e 111e11 :m· - - :-cl1i 11 .[i l 1·~.
5. Ree, om· i;:hip is - - t.o ,
Ti1e sLen.11H:11· - -s at an-

v.

10. 1 ou rnay - - the stieks
here.
11 . !\()tic!'

\1

li er(' lie

rl (111· 11.
12. Thiil t.ree
foll.
1 :;. Th e ;.;liet> p

clior.

7. l shall - - hrrr nll night-.
s : Tlie llog wa..':i - liy l1is
I" i1 lti .
D. Do - -- ;;l ill, lh 11110 !

--Ft

- - -i:'

it

LESSO ... : CLXY.l

·whPre it.

FRUITS AND
Wi"l'P

thr tnrf .
11. Do you sec h ow s t.ill
--c. '!

155

l. Ts the frnit of a plant the 1mm e as the seet1? Giv e an
cx:u n p1l'. :l. N:1111c th ree frnits thal h am the secfls in a corr.

11 11

3. Three tlial lm vc Lhc sceJ::; in a ::;tune. ct "What kiml::> of
1111111e !
F, . 111 wl1i1 ·h of thelll doeA the meat eonsist of Lwu fleshy leaves? U. Descr iue what euvers U1e shells
of nut.'I. 7. \.Vliat frnit.H l1a.ve a t.l1id{ skin? 8. Name some
pl:t n ts that ripen th e ir S('ecls \Yithin berries. \! . \\rhat coYer-

11 (,;

nn!H t·a11 vnu

LE::l::JU.N CL.:\. V

ing has the fruit of the pea-vine when ripe? · 10. Of what else ·
is the fruit a pod? 11. Explain where the seeds of. so~e , other·

A STORY TO WRITE

phmts arc fonueJ. .
12. ·w hat will the ovar:r of an apple or pea1•· blos1>om finR11y

Read this story silently three times, and then tr,y to write it as
Uncle J ohn told it to Jamie's motlier.
JAMIE AND T HE .JUG

.Jamie was so w ell a cquainted 'Yith things that creep, or h op, or tly,
11rnt if he had twer heen lost in the wood s h<' would hav(; found plr>nty of
good company. Ile had 'vho]e drawers full of old nests and cbws and

SEEDS

·1

become when ripe? 13. Where 11pon an apple should yon
look to find the withered remains of the .flower? 14. In an
apple how man:r cells nre there co ntaining seeds ? 15. \"V here
in fl. hlrwkherry shonlrl you look for seeds? 16. \Vherc arc
the seeds of a strawberry?

I / , ""
I

J ;) Ii

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON S IN E N GL I SH

IT . 11 1111· ln 11 ,!,. !,· 11·ill s1:1·d s li Y1· ·.1 1;; . \\' I I :I t, ( I f lf 'S IIJI ' S \ ' f ' I I fl r
a [11 :1111. 1'. 1111 l:1i11 °! I !l. \Vl1 :1L l1 :11 1111 •11 s t.11 a. s1'1'< I 11' 111 ·11 it. 1s
['h11L1· 1l ! ~ I). \Vl1a t ('.\llll l'.S llJI ·1 \\'l1a L g'llf 'S dn wJJ ·1

Exe rcise
ffi ,.
I.

l l' "/'1/ .,

2.

1(,,'111 •1•1.11 l ay "I' J;iid. 11111 1 l'.l'fl l rri11 1711· ?111•1111111y 1!f

/ /, 11/ //O ii If ,,, . :

a

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1'11 r :1

K

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Ex ercise. ( I) ll'i·/1,· ,, ,/,.s,.ri; 1/ iu11 ·~( 1/1 , . fi- 11 /1 1, ,, 11 //k ,. /,,. 8 /
0
I
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...

MAKIN G D E FINI T IO N S

1\fl<'I' :1 sl1 Hly 11 1' tll!' d i1· 1i 1111; 1rr. 111· :1 i; il k :1' 111 11 ! t lJ1• 11w :111 i 11 g·
111' tl11 •s1 •. 11·11rd;;, g i n : a d nli11i Li., 11 ',, ,. 1·:w l1, 1111 ILi11 g· Lill' 1r111·d s i11
:1 l['li :thd i<':tl 11rd e r:
t :111111• I'}

d:ti I'}
l1rt !\\' l'IJ

b;1k1 · ry

la1111d n
f:w L11 n ·

j111 Lll'I',\°
l'llj ll' -1\°:il k

!l.
\\."
It. d 1111·11 :1L "11 ,.11,
Tl11 · s 1111li g l1L -- -- 1111 tl1 1·
I ll.
li1· l1k
I
I.
1\ ll il11 : 1-r"I'!' -·-- 11ni,; f.r:1 k .
~ 11 11 11 I
;1s id 1· 111 y 11·11rl\.
Tl
11:1'
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:
ii
f11r 111 11 11 t.l1s . I :2.
Ii .
11 1· s :111· 1d11· 1·p Llll' rn:1d

.)

(w) ' tnll .' l ll f l 11 "l' /'1 11111 J'/11111 , II'!/ /1011• ii !11'111('.'./ l" ' il/ i/11 · ·" ,.,/.

1G7

'.

J\ s k lit)I' 11·IH·n: slll! - t,111' l11111k.
'1'!11 :.r - - Ln d11ri11,t.:· Lli e
g :d e.
I lld ( )1 '1!: 111
lid11n ~ 11 s .
Tl1 a t: s wl1aL lw
l11 ~1'11rc IJ S.
TIJ(~ se isso n; - - o n t he
l :1 li l ('.

u :ss( i N c 1,x1 x.
TH E HUMMING - BIRD

s l 1q ·1·

s l11 111

'/'/11· s111111/1 ·s l 11111111111.-: I l1rilli1t11l 11( l1ird.".
.

0 ( ·"" '"'' l;i 11 d s f.iro nr t hree lnwd r1' d w r111/ d 11·1·iy h

1111/!f t~ 111111 11d.

ll ' /11·n .1;u11. /111 111: t./1 fin:J li t ahun/. h11111 111i·11.'Jl1i n f., 1111'7 /.1tlk1•d t!w 811l!f1;cl u1lf'r, w ril.e

I

Ll ·:SS I> ;\' ( ' l,.\\ ' 111

j,

" LA Y ' ' OR " LAI D"

I'

rt /I tlt l/ 1 .'/"11 1•un 11l10 11 t th em.

L ay, i.111 · 11:1st. 1'11 n11 .,f /i, ·s, 1111·:1 11 s ,.,,,.//111 ·1 /, n ·sf,., /. " ,. r1·111 11i111•d.
L aid, tl1 1•. )':I SL f11rn1

Exercise
l ay

I.

or

111/f-', IJl!::1.11s 1111/ . Il l' 11 l 111 ·1 ·d .

Iii t111 · Ji.r.,f 1·11 / 1111111 1·/t- 111:11· i/11· il1 1/i, ·i ;·1•1I 11 .,, 1., / ., I n
_1;,,. 11 1 11s 1·1l .1 .~

o r l a id. 1111,Z i11 t!t 1• s1•i:11 11 1l, 1'. 1pl11i11 ll' h.11 l /11'

ri.'tht.

,;
I ;111/ ii 111 IH\' 1.ni 11 I,.
lk rn ./ i111 ·1I :1l I d:1.y ;1 s l1•1•11 .
7.
3. Tl w s l1ip r1 •111 11 /11,., / :1L 1IH·
11·li:1 rf'.
s
4-. \V1 • .,/,u11•1l i11p11rt. I11·11 d :1ys. !I.
G. \\!1· /I/II ;1 di 1111 ' i 11 t I 10 I 111~. 111 .

I.

~-

f

1J(( • all 11ig l1i .
Tl11 · ··i i.\' Iii.'/ ;ii fl II ,"..,
I lit//

:J. II :

LI JI '

)')\ ' (' )' .

S Iw 111j, / 1111• l11 1rd 1·11 d II \\I ll .
Th " s l1:1 11·! '''.'! '111 1111' 111111 r.
.\ 1'11g !1 1// II 1·( ' I' ll ll' li:1 y .

I. \\' li en a1Hl where hnYe yo n :::cen
a li11111111i11 g-lii n l ? 2. lln.Yc yo n crn r
s!'CJI () J1 u o[ Lhc 111 except on t.h c " ·i11 g?
\Vl1n.t i11 sccts a. re they so rn c ti111 es
111ista kc 11 fo r ? 4. lluw
<l o th ese l.iinls ge t tl1 c ir
na111 e ? 5. ·w1i y is it
lianl Lo s1!n t.li c ir <:olors
wl1 rn 1I l1 cy:tn : :1.L:i. ll11 w1:r '?
6. \\Th at, l1csi dcs i11 sc<:ls,
d o they s0r. 111 tn like fo r food ? 7. D esc ribe
th ui r i»i l ls . X. \\I he re is t h e ir pl rnn ng-c 11 sccl
as a 11 11rn:1.1111)11 L? !l. I l ow 111a11 y l1inls sl1 011ltl

he ki li ed l'(lr l.h if' pmvose?

..

158

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

We plant upon the summer lea,
A shadow for the noontide hour,
A shelter from the summer 's_hower,
Wlien we plant the apple-tree.

LESSON CLXX
A

SELECTION FOR STUDY

William Cullen B ryant, one of the most distinguish ed of Ame rican poets, was horn in
Cummingt on, Massachusetts, Novemb er 3,
17fl4 . nnd di Pd in '.'{ rw Yo 1l; Cily , ,Ju iie l:l ,
1878.

•

What plant we in this apple•tiree?
Sweets for a hundred flowery springs
T o load the May-wind 's restless wingR,
'Vhcn, from the orch ard-row he pours
Its fragrance through our open doors;
A world of blossom for the bee,
Flowers for the sick girl's silent room,
For the glad infant's sprig of bloom, _
We plant with the apple-tree.

•

f-fo Rp r nt nnr yrar in \Y illiam s C: uJJ0gc ,
amJ then studi ed a nd practi ced law. H e spent
th e g reater part of his life, however , in New
York, as th e ed it.or of a pro minent ne 1Yspap er.
Ile hP.ga n to wr ite poetry a t a n ea rly age,
'' Tlrnnatopsis," one of th e bes t of his poems
having ~en written when he was eigh teen. He was a lover of natur~
and an ardent patriot.

I.

. r

·~ ..

,y}.

THE PLANTING OF THE APPLE-TREE

t

"· ' '

C leav e the tough greens ward vvith the 1>;pade ;
\.Vide let its hnll o11- bed be n1:1d c;
The re gently lay the root:.s, aIHl Lhere
Sift the dark mould with kindly care,
And press it over them tenderly,
As, round the sleeping infant's feet,
\.Ve softly fold the cradle-sheet:
So plan t we the ripple-trne.

WILLIAAI

I'

'

\

·i.··

f,·..-ff:

"

·

(

..

,. /

.
.,

CULL E N

BRYA NT .

:

.;'

~ ,; t

Cnrnr , le t u;; iila11t ll 11· :1p11k -tre( '.

What plant we in this apple-tree?
Il uds, which the Lreath of s nmm er days
Shall lengthen into leafy sprays ;
Dough::; where the th rush, with eri111>1011 breast,
Shall haunt and sing and hide her nest;

159

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise. Describe the planting of the tree; tell what uses of . }
the tree are descrilJed in the second stanza; what ways are suggested .1j;,,- ;_
in t he third stanzrt by 1rhich th r trre may give 11s pleasnre . Learn ·" · ,
these stanzas, and read tlte remaining stanzas qf the poem.
LESSON CLXXI
"HAS LAIN" OR "HAS LAID' '. ,:

Lain, a form of lie, is used only with have, Jias, or had.
means reclined, rested, or remained .
.
Laid, a form of lays, is used with lwve , lias, or !tad, and with
i.s, are, was, were, been . It means pu t, or p laced.

'

-

.,,_

Exercise 1. Substitute lain or laid where the!J are not.used, and
where they are used explain tlteir meaning:

l.
2.
3.
4.

I t haR stayed long enough. 5. vVe are laid up for repairs. '
You might have put it Ly. 6. \.Vhat can have lain in it?
The money was laid a way. 7. It will be laid on the table.
Had the books lain long ? . 8. Had you laid the gun ' down 't .
\ ,,- .,

\

-

'

.'

-~

4

..

_
1.60

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise 2. ,t. .'1111;11.IJ J,rii11 >1 I [ l,.l(· i •
1

'

J In s i t - -- idl u l(lllg' '?
Tli t> l1 t•11 11:1 >" - - :1 11 (1ll'(1·
.-, . . . . . .
:L A l1rit :k i.-; . - - Ill llH>J'!.a l'.
-L No rn1t• li :1d . - nll ll1( • li :11·.
!i. Till'\" ·,.(,
t 11(' i11 11 l1·

f ( /11

/

('.I)' / t i/·JI _l/11/ //'

1.

1;,

I t l1 :1s hl ·<· 11

~.

I .

Tl ll'y li a.11·

//fl/f· ' f '

l I\ 1'1"

C LXXlll

."

:1 .~· ; 1

A

i11.

STUDY OF THE TOAD

i 11 ' 1'1 ' i ( ' I I

n :;irs.
' .

( ). ii:i.J s JII'

~ I.

i i1111 11111 .~· 11 :1.' ii
.11111
i I 'I

"

d111111.

L E TTERS T O

Exercise r.

f'

\V1 ·i(p :1s ii' 111 llH·

II

I 11 ' I\:

WRITE

< lli

11·r l>if s (111 ( '11 .• .1;)!1 \\·: is li -

i11g L1111 :-;i.., l:11s (1111. :1s l; i11 .~· 1111 ·111 111 """cl 111.11>11 liy 111 :1il :1 1•i 1•c ·i:
111' 11111sil'. (·: ill1 •d :-;l'i111111 :11111's " I l:1i'l'.1 1•':11'1111'1' ... :11T:11 1_c: "cl 1' 11 1· Liu :
II

I

p1:11lll. :-;llJ IJ'llSL: it 111 ('l>S( iil't _\ ('l' liis. 1'111· 11 l1i .. J1 .l"<IJ I i1H' ll'S( ' a
lllllll l'.)' OJ'd('I'.

I

Ii
I!
j1

Exercise

2.

' " ll1t' :-;11111 ·1·i11k11d1 ·1il 11 f
S r ho(1l s , i111· iLi11g l1i111 f11 :1!.l1· 1HI Ili c: p1il.Ji .. 1· \(' J,.i s ('S :it _1 ,, 111 .
;:d1 oo l 1111 , \ rli(>I' l>:1y. T1 •ll 11·l1 :il ki 11d 111' Lr1 •t: is [11 111· 1.i :11 i! 1·d .
and sn 11H•Ll11' 11 ,..,<1• 11 HI 1·n (> r· 11·I 1:1 l 1s
· I " I H' • I11 11 l'. 111· 11 J1:11. t Ii( · 1""1gr:1111111 1' is.

Exercise 3.

Try ll'1itin~· :1 11'1 l1 ·r 1'(11· r 1111 r 111 11 11 1<' 1 I 11 :1 1111 .1_

"lia11L lll s 111111: ciLy, a c;k i11g· l1i111 l.1 1 ·" v11d l11 ·r s1·11·1·:il _1 :1rd s 11 1'
<'lof l1.
1« 111 111;1 y s pl'ak 1d' i1)('l11s i11 .~· :1 s: 111 qil t• . :11 1d It' ll 1111 11 · tliu
«!11th is (11 111 · sc 11f.. a11d 111111 iL i;: 111 ill' 1': 1icl 1'11 1-.

:-; j _~ 11 1 ' ""'

i11iti:il s u11d l' r yt1 111· 111 ot lll'1 .-s 11:11111·.

Exercise 4.

\VriLn s 111'l1 :111 :111 s11·1·r [11 l' if i1(•r 111 1• fir ~, ( . '" ' f.lw

tlii 1fl 11 1' ll1 n ld.[prs 011tliw·d :il l()\!' " ·' _111 11 t.l1i11k :1 i111 s i111·ss 111:111
11·011Jd Sl' llli.

rRIENflS ()R FOE S?

ll ',1/,·/i 11 / 01 111 i11 1/11 · yrtrd1•J1 Ji>1 · 11 f1·11• do .11-~, 0 11 17 tli1 •11 1111 .~1 1.•e r

t /11 -., 1 • 1 11, · ~1 io11!< 11111 7 111• n· rtd.t/ /() 11gfr ot /11 ·1-.~ .

1

I . ll11 11· drws: 1. h1:1il <li!T( •J'ill s k1pc from :1. frng· ?

2.

ll ow

d11i• s it s s ki11 .Jil'l'<•r fn1111 t.11(~ fr ng's s ki11 '? ~- 'Vli orc d r, tnn d s
I . .\ I. 11·11: 11 s l';1 s 1>11 :1n• tl1r ·y fn 11111l :i1 1n11L 11·:·1.L<•r ? !>.
li 11· ''
\\ ' li:il. :1r1· t.111' ,Y d 11 i11 t-:· 11 1,. 1·< · 'I
f \11is 1· 111' t l1< ' l'r11_~ ·1

1; .

I l11 w '111 Ll1 n <'gg·s rlifl<' r fl'lllll

I. l1it 1111·liaL 1111 th ey h :1.!l' l1 ?

8. (;i \' (' l11· 0

n ·:1 "1111 s 11·'1.1· :1 l'i11i-gT1111·11 111:11 1 (':11111<1(·. s11· i111 as we ll a s a fr 11g'11. \\' lll'n: .l11 l11:1il s s t:1_1 i11 tl11· d :1y-Li111<' 'I
\\' h 1• 11 dn tl11 •y

J,. 1·d ·1 11 . \\1 11 :11. d11 t.lw y 1· :11 '! I J. \\']1 !' 11 du y111 1 Sl~t ·
1
gr1·:ii >''d 1111111 l11·r 111' [,11:1.d s ·1 \\' h i' t lH·1 1 '

t.11 1~

LESSONS I N ENG LISH

LESSONS I N ENGL I SH

I

.....

!ti.

I

CLX.X.V

I I.

Ll11·y li1 1· flH ·11 '/

I :) .

il 1111 1·:11 11· i11 1111 · " lll 'ill ,'..!' il11

\It'"" ' '

1111 · 111 '.'

Exercise

i\L111y p e nrn11s t l1i1il; i l1 ;1f, f11;1ds :11 ·1· 11 .'..!·l.1·, 1'• ' 111tl ;.; i\'!',

t1 sP l1 •s,.; 1·1 ·t·: if11rt '>' , :111d li"ys

;.;11 1111•li1111• .s

l11rl111"1 · :111d kill 111 1·111.

ii

~11p1111s 1 · .1·11 11 s: 111· s" 111 e fri1•111I " r ·'"'11r,.; 1111 1111· 1111i1il ,,i· killi11 '..!· "
tll:td.
ll "/1 11/ /1'11/1/1 / //111/ .<:11_1/ /u /1/111 / Jl '/111/ /Ill~/ /// /1 1' /'"/i/.11.' // u11•

r

/1'1111/11 _1111 11

i

THOUGHT S FROM A PICTURE

111 11!1 :if 1r :1y ,.; :11'l' f": 1il ,.; 11;.;..f1il 1.. 111 :111 .,

1

·11 111·/111'1' fii111 111 ·

11' 1/.,

ll' /'11 1111.

1

ll"r// ,. t/1/., ' '"'""

/'s1 1/ i u11,

<'"11111:1 it·• 11 1111· I ~<tl' ed :1 T 11:1tl "s Lil .. ·." ·

I

< ' I,.\~

LESS( l N

I

I·

TH E

I \'

U SE OF" GOT "

f,.: llH ·1 ·1· :1111· difl"·n ·11"' ' 111·111·1., •11 ·· I hu r" 1.. 11 li11 ,!!·•·rs ·· :111d · · I 11;11·"
'.?. fl<>t 'S lf11• l\'fll'if !/'i/ fi1·lp 1111' 11 11·;111in!!·:> ·' · \\ ' l1il'h
i.. .: 1lt t•. I I('( !1 · 1· t '\ 111 ·1•..;:..:iP ll nf I lit• t \\ n '. ' I . (; i \ 1• ;1 :--: .' IH '"·' 111 f11r .'/,,/ ill 1111 ·
fnl 11 111· i11;..:· '' ' ' Ill 1'11<'1'-<. \\ . fi:il d1 11 '.< !/"I 1111 •:111 "
I.

f/O/ l\'11 lill ,!!'l' I',.: ;"·

I ft' f1:1 f: f/Ot Iii,.: llJl lJJI '.\" 11.1· }1 ;1rd 11·ol'k .
\\ "1· 111igl1t li :1\'1~ .1/n l s11 11 H' di s l11 ·s 1'"1 · 11111.
I

I

I

I
I

Do

11 nt 11 ,.: 1• .'f"f 11· lt C'rc it. is 11111 11 1'1·d1 ·d.

011//f'/1 111:1 ,r 1 11~ 11s1 •d :11'11'1' Ii.i s fll ' /1111·, · i11 .~ f1·: 1d 111' .'/"/ .
l: 1·:1 tl fill' l'"ll1111"i11g· s1 ·11l1 ·1 w1·;.; 11 s i11 '..!· !/11t 11111·1 ·1· r1111 il1 i11 I; ii I!-:
:1rt11:1lh· 111 ·1·tl1·d:

1. ~(lllJl1 . \ lll l'l'il': I }1:1:=:
~-

- - 1·1'IT 1'1 ·11· .'..!· 1tll's 111' 11;1,1,.:

.\11 "1'1 111 :1 11 is 1111( ~ ll'li11 11:1 ,.:

- 11 11 1•:11 ·1·111.s.

::_ I l:i11• \'i)ll - - 11 •:1.1·1•. I" ,:_:·11 \\ ill1 ll S ·1
-1. (;1.,11111lll ' l'Sflll S 11 :11·1·
il1i1'11·. j11·1t f1'l'il1.

~

I
I

ri.

111111· 111:111} h•d.li li ;is l1:il11·

fi,

f 1:1

I.

11 :11'1' .l' <Jll :il l -

R

I l:1 s

!l.

111.

\ ' t•

,1'1 111 - -·-- :1 k11i1'1• i11
-

fl1i s 1·1·:ir ?
I

11111· 1'111'}\1•1 .,

} fllll' 11 •,.:sll l! .S }1• :11·111•if '/

s ill' -- -- 111 ·1· ll"'l·k il 1111" ,.: 11 " "'111 '.'

~111• :tl11:11·,.: l1:1 s

-

1111' 111 l11·l11 l11 •r.

\\'l 1:1i :1 ,.:1·11• n· 1·1ild 1·1111 11 :11·1·

Exercise

I.

J h•., ,·/il"'

or1 11l.1; t /11·

.~1~1~ 11 ,~ ri~.f!'/'l' SP11t al hrrr', - I 111·
the l11J 11 -~1', ·its sha1)1', 11'1"!1 it
/,, • f11 1il/..

, 17 u·lu1l i s i11 t/11·111-;
ll'flt .. r. 1/11· , /:..11, 111
,,/, 1111/s 11/ '"ll, 111117 '! ( ll'/1t1/

it

St ' !' 1118 ( I)

102

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

1.,.. .
Llll' y Jin· tl11 ·11 "!

1 li.

LESSONS lN ENGLISH

I I. I ! J H>l l II l1 :il ""
il 1111· t•:1rlr i11 l·lll' '-'j1l'i 11g· d" 1n · ·"''1' tl11 ·111 "1

I ;).

LE~ S O N

CLXXV

THOUGHTS FROM A PICTURE

111 wl1:il . 1r:1yR :tl'L\ toad s 11 s d11I lo 111 :111·'

Exercise i\l:1ny p c l'snns Ll1i11k Lli:it. Lll: 1d s :11"1 ! 11g l.1·, n·111il ,.: ir 1"
u se less l'l'eat.11l'c s, and boys :-;<11111di1111 '" l11l'L11n· :111d kill 1111 ·111.
Sllf'jlllRC y1111 s:111· so111c fri1 •11d nf .111111's 1111 tl1 1' 1'11i11f o l' killi11t.:· :1
Jl ' /,,1/ /1'11 11/d //<i ll .~II// In /ii111 .'

to:id .

'l/'11 11117

.'/ fl /I

1?1/lli11,11

it

hi111 111•

lr/11 1/ l/li1;/it /,, • 1·1 ·;1!.'/ .'

11"/ 'UJI.•/ ;'
" 111111· I :-iaYcd a '1'11:1d's Lil'1' ...
1·11111• i11 n ·

/('!fS

LL~ SSO N

11 '1'//,· //,is

1/011•

('d//1'1 ' /'S• llio 11,

<'. I,\ \IV

THE U SE OF" GOT''

I. ! ~ llll'rf' :111y tliffpn~ 11 1·" l> nl.1r1·P11 " I h•1n· 11•11 lill .!.:. ' ' r~ ·· :111d " I 11:11·<'
qn/11•11 fi11 ,!!·•·1·~~- , '!.. !l ops Iii" word!/"! IJ,.Jp lli1· 1111 •:111i11g·i' " · \\"lii1 ·h
i' Ili c 111'111 •1· <'X Jll'1 !.''itl1 1 of 1111' ln·1> i' I. ( :i 1·1· :1 ~y 11 0 11 y 111 for y nl in lli l'
f11lltHl"ill .!!. ~1 '111 1' 111 ' !'.". \\"lial· do1'' !/Iii ll H':l ll :>
I ft> l1 :is .'fol l1i s 11111111 •y 11.1 li :1l'tl 11·11l'k.
\V e 111ig !tt h:11·e .vot s11 1111 • di s hes 1'111' } "ll-

Do

n nt 11s1' .'/'if wl1(']'C it. i" 111>1. 1H·1·dt 'd.

011111'11 111:1 y Ill' 11s1•d a l'Lt ·f' h11s 111' !u11·1 · i11 s t1·:1d "I' .11111.

ffr:t.d (JH • 1'1i! J(l\l·i11 g
act11a ll ,1" 1H• e1 lcd:

I'

!I

Sl'lll!'lll'l'"

m:i11 g

.'fol

11·IH!l'e y 1111 IJ1i11k ii

IS

1 . S1111 t li .\111 u l'i c a li:i s - - \Tl'_\" 1'1·11' .!. !· 11lfs nl' hap :
2. ,\11 nl'plia 11 is 0 11 e 1rl1" li :ts - - 110 p:tl'l' llls .
H.

ff :1n.) _1"11'1 - -

ll':Lrc l.ng·" 1r il11 11s"I

-J.. ( ;l'mn1 p1•rsn 11s l1:1.v1· ·- ·-- Ll1i 1-L.1-- L11·11 L1 · c ~ l l1.
I~ :

~-

I'' .

I~

!"1. ll11w 111 :111y l(:P!li li:1 s J,aJ1.r
ll1i ~ y1·: 1l' '?
G. ll a1·c y11 11 ---- ;i k11ifP i11 y1111l' ptl('kt·L ·'
7. ll:i n· _yn11 a ll - - y11111' IPs"11 11 s l1· :rn11·d '?

I fa"

"'II' -- li l'I'

!I. ~l1P al11·:11·s li :1s

wnl'k d111H~ " " " n1111 "!
- 1111• L11 11"11' l11 ·r.

1 U. \\ ' 11:11 :1 s1 ·1·prn 1·11ld r11 11 11 :11·1· - - · !

Exercise 1 .
.11 .,,/,·r . 1111 ~ .~lr,1;,
s t, 111 ,/.~

_/ Ji·gr:/ih e

!lll ' l

orull.'J 1111~ .~r:mu: represent1•d here , -

what is

''! ''' ii, 1f11d '!f' 1f'h11t ·ii

i11

t hr•

tltnn; the hon81', its shape, 10hlfl it

.~•· 1• 111s t o fi,, built.

·--~-_.,..,,Jll

164

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

165

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise 2. After a talk about " Lighthouses," write wliat you
have learned about them.
Explain the need of them, how and where they are built, and
by whom, what kind of lamp is used, what smTotrn<ls it, what
kind of men are required for keepers, how th ey live, and how
many lives are trusted to them. You may learn what different
kinds of lighthouses there are.
Exercise 2. ffiite the story of " One Night in a Lighthouse,"
from the following suggestions :

1. A calm evening - - rowed out to the lighthouse - the lighting of the lamp - - supper with the lighthousek eeper - - rising of the wincl - - the storm - - trying to
sleep - - the wreck - - how l got back the next morning.

Exercise 2. In place of the italicized words below, use their
past forms •
"
.- --:"
1. He binds Looks for the puhlic library. ,
2. He bri~1,gs us oranges 'from Sicily.
.\
3. They buy blankets for the Indians.
4. Fishermen catch cod near the cape.
5. Our countryrpen fight for their rights.
6. The miller grinds the farmer's wheat.
7. "What we can not take, we leave. ~
8. The merchant loses more than he gains.
9. Can it be that the ignorant teach the wise?
10. I think that the house is vacant.

It is said that some animals drown their prey.
The poor fellow sank and finally drowned.
L no i,. and dr01on tell what is done at the present time or what was
done in the pri.•t 'J 2. ' Vhich do sank: ancl dro1uncd show? 3 . 'Vhich of the
following words refer to what happened in the past? 'Vh at do we mean
by pmit forms ?

bound
brought
bought
caught
fought

Exercise I. Usi< in sente1icP.s
the preceding list.

grind.
leave.
lose .
teach.
think
flu>. paRt

}.
I

I

LESSON CLXXVII

\1

,/

_,..,,,.~ ~"'!':

·1

" a
After a conversation-lesson or study of the dictfonary, tel( in
sentence the difference between

PAST FORMS OF VERBS

bind .
bring
buy .
catch
fight .

.I

',

MAKING DISTINCTIONS

LESSON CLXXVI

r

ground
left
lost
taught
thought

forms among the w01·ds in

.

LESSON CLXXVIII
VERB . FORMS USED WITH" HAVE, HAS, HAD"
'

..

L l'ut they before each worcl in th e first ·ancl third columns, and read
rapidly. Then use she . Then I. 2. Read the second and fourth columns, using they have ; she has; I had. 3. ·which are simple past
forms?

came
went
fell

·~

come
gone
fallen

grew
rose
took

grown
nsen
taken

,

- ....-;,,.:+-

an island and a lake ;
the president and the governor;
a shade and a tint.

a tenant and a landlord ;
a debtor and a creditor;
a sloop and a schooner ;

I

• .
- ''
\

I

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\ ·,

\
\

\

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i

166

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise I. Make statements or questions, using first one form
and then t/1.e other

LESSON CLXXX
OLD IRONSIDES

Exercise 2. Supply the right form in tlte followin,q lines. Practice readin,q thern till you can do so witlwut liesitation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Her hair - - white.
6.
She has - - old.
7.
The sun - - in a cloud.
8.
The moon has not - - .
9.
The old wall - - this 110011. 10.

What if it had - - 011 us?
The news - - ye8tenlay.
You have - - too soon.
The snow - - off last week.
Every flake has - - .

LESSON CLXXIX
HOLIDAYS

Exercise 1. E 7:plain orally why the f ollowing days are H olidays
01· Ifoly lJays, a>1d tell how each one is usu ally obser ved:
Fourth of July; Labor Da.y; Feurnary 22 ; Christmas;
Arbor Day; Memorial Day; Tha11ksgivi11g; Ne\v
Year's Day; Flag Day; February 12.
l~aster;

Exercise 2. Ohoosi11g on e of these ~lays, write a bri~f account of
how it was spent at your home the last time it occurred.
Exercise 3. Wliich of these holidays do you think most worthy
of being celebrated? Give your reasons.

•

Exercise 4. Mr. Frost gave Dorothy a new five dollar bill for
a Christmas present. W1·ite a story telling how she usP-d ?'.t tri
make the day a merry one for Mrs. Poor and lier children.
Choose a good title.

167

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

\

\

I

Oliver Wernlell llolmcg, a delightful writer
of uoth prose 1uHI verse, was uorn at .
Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 29, 180? ·
lie was for the most of his life a leclurer 111
Harvard University . "The Autocrat of the
Breakfast Table" is his · best known prose
work. He wrote many poems, -some serious, some humorous. "The Cham be red
Nautilus,"" The Living Temple," and" The
Promise," are th e ones by which he wished
to be remembered.
.
When Oliver Wenrlell llolmes was a young mm1 of ni.neleen , a proposition to destroy the" Constitntio11," a frigate in t.he United States Navy
.
. for tie
1 '' "t
that had won many vwtorics
"' ars .,incl Striiies ' " arous ed great
't'
'flie ve·s sel was olll and unseaworthy , lmt she was loved for
opp081 ·l011 ,
,
l
' th tl 10
the service she had rendered during the '\Var of 1812 · fire< WI
spirit of patriotism he wrote the following poem, whi~h settle<! the question of the destruction of the old ship . She was repaired, and even now
(l906) may be seen at the Navy Yard at Charlestown, Massachusetts.
Dr . Holmes died October 7 , 1894, aged 85. He was the last of the
"Six American Poets." Read his •"fhe Last Leaf."
n

,.
I

.

"

OLD IRONSIDES

Ay, tear her tattered ensign down!
Long has it waved on high,
And many an eye has danced to. se~ ,
That banner in the sky ;
·
Beneath it rung the battle shout,
And bnrRt the cannon's roar; The meteor of the ocean air
Shall sweep the clouds no more.

\ i

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;:.

'

168

Exercise

Her deck once red with heroes' bloOll
'
Where knelt the vanquished foe,
Wheu winds were hunying o'er the lluod,
And waves were white below,
No more shall feel the victor's tread
Or know the conquered knee;
The harpies of the shore shall pluck
The eagle of the sea !

1.

Tell the story of" Old Ironsides."

break
freeze
speak
steal
weave
write

broke
froze
spoke
stole
wove
wrote

F O RM

/
; .

CHOICE OF VERB FORMS
Present FonM.

give
take
shake
drive
ride
eat

F OR MS O F VE R BS
Past Fo1m .

WJTH

luwe, has, ha d, is,

am. , are, was, were, be, been.

broken
frozen _
spoken
stolen
woven
written

I..

LESSON CLXXXII

LESSON CLXXXI
FORM.

Fill the blanlcs with the proper forms of -

Exercise 2. Put the following words into sentences :
Written ; froze ; broke ; woven ; broken ; stole ; frozen;
spoke; wove; spoken.

Exercise 2. Learn the poern and write it from rnernor:IJ·
Exercise 3. Find what you can about tlte author and his writings.

Present

1.

Break: Think of having .-, a promise.
Freeze : Is the .water - -' this morning?
,
Break: Do you know who _. . the window?
Speak : She hasn't - - to me for a long time.
Steal: I found that a thief had - - it.
Weave: The wire has been - - into mats.
Write: I haven't - - my exercise yet.
Freeze: It seems to me that I am nearly:. - - .
Write : My cousin - - to us last week. ·
Steal: Were the jewels lost or - - ?
\

0, better that her shattered hulk
Should sink beneath the wave;
Her thunders shook the mighty deep,
And there should be her grave;
N.ail to the mast her holy flag,
Set every threadbare sail,
And give her to the god of storms,
The lightning and the gale ! .
Exercise

169

LESS O N S I N EN GL ISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

FORM WITH

Past FonM.

gave - took
shook
drove
rode
ate

I .

I

j·
I

have , is, are, be, e tc .

given ·
taken
.shaken
driven
ridden I
eaten

I. Repeat rapidly the three forms of each word ~ 2. Repeat with we
all those that may be used after it. 3. Repeat t!:e words in the third
column after she has; it was; they have been; · I had; what is; which

• t''

.ll._.,

were .

Fill the blanks below, first with the presentform, tlien with the
past forrn, and then with the have form of Give: Mr. Peabody - - freely to the poor.
'l'ake : The miser - - hut never - -·.

I. Give the forms used to sliow what happr:1wd l :~st year. 2. l\lay these
forms be nsed with have or is :1 3 . Reptmt after has t.he form s tl;:tt a re
proper to 11se with it; aftBr !trtve; arc ; is ; icrts .

\

.

I

~

I

~

tl1•1 :k <•II\ '. ! ~ rt 'd \\·i[ i1 ill'l'<>• ·s' 11!111111.
\\' lll ·n : !; 11\'I L tll(' 1:1.111111i sl1\'d f, 11'.
\\'l ll' ll 11·i11d s 11·1 'l't' li111-r1·i11 g .,·\·r till' 11, .. ,,i .
.\1HI \l':11·1· s 11·1·n· 11·l1it1· IH·l111\'.
i\" 11111n· sha ll f\•t•I 1111 · \·i· ·l11r·s l.1t •: 1il
( )J' k1111\1· fiH : l'll lHJll! ' l't 'd k11 1•1•;
Till' li:1 rl'i1 ·s t•f 111! ' s l111rt · s l1:1 II 11l 1wl;
Tiu~ 1•:1 .!. !·l1 · 111' 1lw s1·:1'

Exerci se

11 1' 1'

1.

/ fr,·11k: Tl1i11k ul' l1 :tvi11g ---- :t prnmise.
/·'1·1 ·1· '!1' : Is t.!11 ) , ,·at.e r - - Ll1i s 111nrni11g?
/{/'f •11/r: f)tl .)'! Ill 1()1!1 \I! \1·!111 ·---- t ht \ willilll\V .!
IJH : fill' a long ti111l:.
I l'ott11il tli a.L n U1id hnd - - it.
If',.,,,.,. : Tli n wiro l1 :1s 111•\• 11 - -- i11to 111aLs.

s1,., 1/ :

ll'r i/ 1· : I h:1.vrn 1' t.
F/'f •1·z1' :

iil' ltl' I' tli :1L l\\' r s l1:1lt1•1nl l111 il;
:-;11n11ltl s i11k l)(' 111·:ill1 l.l1t • 11·:1 r »;

·- 111y 1:X\'l'l :isn yet.
I t see 111 s lo 111 1: Ll1aL I a111 11 ea.rly

IVi ·it " : My e n11 s i11 - - Lo 11 s la.st week.
8t:1wl: \V( •re th e jewe ls lost or · - - ?

I l1 ·r tl11111tl1 ·rs s l111<>k Ill(' 111ig lit y d1 ·1: 1•.
1\11d tl1 c n : s li1 111ld IH : li1 ·r .!..!T:IV L:;
l\:1 il 111 lii l' 111:1 sl. l1• ·r l111l .r ll :w
0'
:-;<'I l'\'1.' IJ t.l11 ·1•: 1tll 1: 1n• sail .
i\ 11il g i1·1· IH·1· l11 111< · .!. !·,,,j 111' s l11l'llt >' .
Tl1 u li g l1L11i11 g a11d lit\' g·:d 1· !

Exercise

2.

\\' ri t t1 :11 ;
s ptlk \' ;

Exercise

I .

'I i·/! t !11 · ·'' "I'.'/ 1d' " ( ) Iii r l'llll Sid ('S ...

Exerci se

2.

f ,1·11n1 t/11· /"" ''" 1111,/ 11·1· /1,. It fru//f 1111 ·111,,n;.

IV <> Vl';

l'nt t.hi< fo /l0111i11.1;
fn1ze ;

Ii
I'

II:
I''

11' 1

l1r1 :: 1k
frt '\'i'.('
Sj•t':tk
s t1 :;1I

wove 11 ; lirnke 11;

stole;

1'01 0 1 \\' ITll

/, ;" 11· r/1; 1,:f.'·

rrnie11 ;

OF VERB FORMS

l:1k1 :
s l1al(I:

s lirn•k
dm ve
r11d e

ridP

ht•,

t•ll" .

ridd en
eate n

;11.e

F •1 1o r \\' I I II h.11 ·• . " " ·' · fi,,, / , i ... .
urr •, 11· 11 ..:, 11' 1 /' r· , 111 •, f,11 11 .

h 111• 1•, i .<t , 111·1',

g i v1:11
takw 1
sit a ke n
driven

ga\'C
Look

g ·1\'C

FORMS OF VER BS
l 'rr ...:.111 1 F11 H ' I.

1corrl.~ i 11 to .sP. ntene<' .S :

s t1tilze 11.

ti l'i VL:

I

broke;

CHOIC E

11/,,,111 1!11 ·1f11!l1 11 r 11 11 ,7

J

;w11k: Sl 10 !1 :1s11 ' t ·-·--·- t n

1

,\

( >,

Exerci se J. IJ'i11d ll'!i11t .'!''" 1·1111

ltiD

LESSON S IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

11 111 .

l1r1 •k• ·

rr111.1.
s 1,,,1;,.
s l <> I('

I . 1:1 ·1•,.:1t rapidl y tli1: f11n·1 · fonns of t':H'li won\. 2. Ht'JH'.at ll'ith 11:c
:ill Iii•"" ' 1l1at 111 :1 y Ill' II."" " :1ft1 ·r it . ·'· H1 :p1::1t. Ili e words in (,111: t.hirtl
,."111 111 11 afl1·r sfl.,. /!1 1.,; ii 11 ·11 s ; /h1 ·.'1 hon · /J1 '1'11.; I /i11il; 111/i rr./, is ; 111/iich

''"' ,J;,·11
f I'> >i'. l' 11
s1111l;.,11
s l1tl 1· 11

Jf' f ,., . _

{!ii/ 1/11· /,/1111/rg l1 rlolf', .fir.~ / ll'if/,

\\ )'tilt •

I . (; i 1 1· f.1!1 · f11r111 " "·""" I 11 "' " 111· 11 · I 1:11 '" ' I ' I" •111 ·.J I :i -1 ·' ,., 11 ·.
f 11 r 111 ."" l w 11....: 1·d \\'i ll1 !1t11·, · 11r ,-s .' .1 . l: 1·1w: tl :dl1 ·1· hu .. ; 1111 ·
pr11p1 ·r l11 thl'. "·itli it: aft e r h1u·1 : ,,,., . : i.. : ; 1r11 . . .·.

th r· p1·ese11tfor111, t.!11:n w1:th the

past 1;,n11 . 1111 1/ //" ·11 11•itl1 //, ,· h ave /;1J·111
.,

!'01 · 111 ...

\I :i 1

11 11 . , ,.

111:11

;11·i·

'!f' -

Ii;,.,.:

~ Ir.

'/'11k1 · :

Tl1 L: 111i su r ---- l111 t 11 evc r - - -.

P ra hod y

·-·-· l'rec ly L11 t 111~ poor.

I
170

LESSONS l N

LESSONS IN ENGLISH
,\,,'hlfkr· :

I Im\' tl1c 1·:1ril11111;ike

!J ri1·1· : Tl11 : s l1 Cf'l1 1• 1'!l -/,' /,/,. .- ~ l:111 y a L11 11 ri s L
,.;, I I

: TI 1l : s i I k \\'(I I' 111 s

- - t.111 : l111ild i n~s 1

l1i s s lH 'U I• i11t11 Uw l'uld _
;1 l1il' ,\'l'ie,

MISTA KES TO BE AVOID EIJ

1111 · 11111ll11·1Tr k:i.n·s.

:r
I'
I

" Jc:1Llll'r, 11·ill I l1:irn ess LIH' l11Jrs1: '!" :1.sku1l ll u11ry.
" I l« ll1111il . 1'111·1'!.1·11 ll' i1:1 l, y 1111 11·ill 1lo or will not llo, 111 y :;u11,"

('!,.\.\\Ill

A

PICTURE: FOR STUDY

Exerc ise 1.. l/u11 ·
,<...'011;1 /{i, "11/1'.' (//'( '
ll/11t l 1'. 'Li-fl 0/10/1/ -

I
1.

,I

~ l:1ki11 g

1.

I'

'" ('S-

t l11 ·y
1110 \'f\ - 1111 11· I Ill ' \'
Icici k
11·li:1 L 111:11;(• ,>.;
1.111: 1·ci lcirs -- 11I1y
i.11 1· 1· lin ·:i k - I I' l i:it
I S Il l LI I(' 111 .

11

II

I

l1 i

I

J1( 1\\·

Exercise
(( 11·//1' /'

f<I

i11rili11_i1

ji

I·
11

2.

11 ./ i·i, ·111 /,

l1r·r

:i1 1s 11"1·n ·d ;\ Jr .. J1111 cs.
" I 111 1·11 11 _,f,lf/{ I l1:1r1wss llw l1 11rsc 'i ..
" Tl1:1L is 11 dillen·11L L11i11 g.
Yes, I c; l11J11ld like lo have you
J1;l 1'1 )('SS J1 i Ill. ..
T· ·ll 11 it,1 ll 1•11n ·,, " " ' ' ol' ll'i/! i11 Ii i.' fir .-: ! •111<',; fi1111 11·;1,; i11q1rop1 ·1·.

l 1111 ,; ki11 .~· 111 11 · s l. i1111 s 11it\1I111· 11•,. , s: 1y ••S/,,111 / :' " "8/ut!l m· '! "

I.

I l1ri11 .~· y 1111 LJ1, , f,,,,,J; '.'
\Vill'll
- I 11':1.Lcr y 1111r li11n.;•·., s ir '!
\\ ' \1 :1L
- 11·,, g·i v1· l1i111 , 11:1.t s 111' li:1 y?
l 11111· 111;11 1.1· J'l'11iil 1· 111 s
11·•· d11 '?

(j .

ll1 ·l11 Ill \' Ill' I -- - 1':1 11 I
I t:1 k1· :111 11111l11dl :1.,

I.
.)

..

· l,

ll'ri/, ·
/ 11

11

li11!il./(' //ftrt_11.
T1 ·ll
1rl1 e 1t n11d 11·l1 c rl' iJ. is
t11 be, :11111 Lt-I I" lit 11 1:
:1' 1rn 1 t t iH' g- 1l l'S Ls.

,I

l[ j

tlw s1 1d s

1111111 i11~ ~- 1.IH : l11 il1-

.I

171

E NGLISH

" ( '; 111 I l1 :1 1'l ll';.;s t l1 r, l111rsc ;1g:ci11 lo- ni g ht, faLli e r '1 "
J f('lll'\'.

" I. 1.\1i11k y 11 11 1·:111 , .. n·11li1·d ~ Ir . Jo111!s, "yo11 di1l it; Ye ry easi ly

Exercise 3. 'l"111r
l'ri1 :11d l'Uf'ii l's 1·iLlll'r
n'g n•llin~· l l1:il s he !':t1 111 11L :11 ·l·1· 1il· _11111r i111"il.:il .irn1, 1111 :wc11 1111 L ,,i·
t l1 e ill11t' ss 111' l11 ·r 1110Ll1Pr, 01 · :11·1·1·1di 11 µ· il 1r il li 1.11!-:1.s un.'.
ll'i ·i/1'

t 11 is 111111'11i11 g ...
,, <>I' 1·11111·s1· J r·lf11 li:11'1ll' SS l1i111. l111L 11111.'/ I do it'!"

a11 rr;1;1}'1 1;1ri1 1/i- nply.

,
:t Sl \"lll_l!'
f' Cl'llJI Sf; lll JI 111' ,'''1\'
._, . lll ,g· l·.t '~,' ,'1.,)'
" i -,,11 111 10 1." " (',111. I / .. 111 1·.:111" "_, 1111. J 11.b/,;?"

Exercise 4. / ,,.1 1/11 · '"'.'! i11 th, · l''"''tl'I' f, ·/I 11•!1111 /,, ,
li11h/,/r• I I .' if ,'/J'Oll '.'< /11/'.1/1'/'.

if

·' ( '1•r[ :1i1 il y y1 111 111 :1y ii' y 1111 11·is l1. "
T1 ·l l "Ii .\· I l t•nr.' ':-;

\\ - j It'll

s1·1'-' 111 //, ('

asked

11 :-'.I'

uJ

1·011

\\· : 1 ~ \\Tllll µ ·.

" J,
,.l ,l'i
' ILr<
;

] -.? ''

(_ll'

170

8lwke : How the earthq 11ake - - the buildi11gs !
Drive : The shepherd - - his sheep into the fohl.
Ride : M a11y a tourist - - a bicycle.
E at: The silkworms - - the mulberry leaves.

LESSON CLXXXIll
A

PICTURE FOR STUDY

Exercise I. llow
Sorip Bubbles are
made. Tell about Making the suds
- blowi11g the bubbles - how they
lllove - how th ey
look - what umkes
the colors - why
they break - what
is in them.
Exercise 2. 1Vi·ite
a letter to a friend,
fo viting her to lt
!nibble prirtv. T ell
when and where it is
to be, and tell a little
al>out the guests.
Exercise 3. Your
fri end replies either
regretting that she ca1111ut :u;cept your invitation, on account of
the illness of her mother, or accepting it with pleasure. ·write
an appropriate reply.
Exercise 4. L et the boy in the pidure tell what he sees in the
bubble a.s it ,grow8 lm:gn.,

171

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON CLXXXIV
MISTAKES TO .BE AVOIDED
" SHALL ,,

on " ·w1LL ,,

" Father, will I hamess the horse ? " asked Henry.
" I cannot foretell wlntt you will do or will not do, my son,"
answered 1\fr. Jones.
" I mean shall I harness the horse ? "
"That is a different thing. Yes, I should like to have you
harness him."
Tell why I [cnr_y';; us e of will in hi~ first •1ueslion was improper.

111 asking quc~tions with I or

w,, , say "fihall

1?" "Shull we ?"

Exercise 1. Fill the hlanks 711·opcrly and ask other 'iu estions :
1. - - l l>ring you the book'!
2. Whe11 - - I water your horse, sir?
3. What - - we give hi111, oats or hay?
.J.. How 111any problems - - we do?
5. Help me or I - - fall !
6. - - I t ake :-iu umbrella?
" MAY "

on

"CAN ,,

" Can I harness the horse again to-night, father? " asked ,

Hemy.
"I think you can,'' replied Mr. Jones, "you did it very easily
thiR morning."
" ( >£ course [ c1in harness him, hut rnay I do it?"
"Certainly you may if you wish."
T ell why Henry's use of can was wrong.

vVhen asking permission or giving it say "J1fay 1?" or
" Y ou rnay. " " Can 1 ? " means "Am 1 able?"

.

172

-

-

MISTAKES TO BE AVOIDED
" LEARN " OU " TEACH "

Teach means give instruction, but learn means get knowledge.
Do not say learn when you mean teach.
Supply the proper words, an d malce other sentences:

Will you - - me to play?
I think I can - - easily.
My mother - - me to se w.
We cannot - - him new tricks.
I can - - to play the piano if you will - - 111e.
Who - - the birds to sing ?
We will - - you, but you must - - for youn;elf.
My friend has - - me to play tennis.

" LO\TE" OU "LIKE"

Do we like or love our country, our homes, and the dearest of
our fri ends ? Do we love to do things or do we like to do them?
Which means to have affection for? to be pleased 'vi th ?
Exercise 3. Tell how the f ollowing sentences ~hou.ld 1·ead.
1. Ask Nell if she - - olives.
2. Every mother - - h er children.
.
3. Should you - - to sail to-tlay?
4. Maud _ _ the baby and - - to take care of h11n.
5. " Land of the noble free, thy name I - - .
I· - thy rocks and rills."
Exercise 4. Which of the following may a p1~rs011
Which may he lilce? Make statements or questions.
strawberries
birds
to study
the flag
truth
peace
fl owers
neighbors
music
fishing
beauty
caramels
pictures
friends Fido
the sea

lo11 P

?

LESSON CLXXXVI
FORMS OF VERBS
Present F ORM.

"O U(; L-IT"

The re is 110 nee<l to put /wd or hadn't with 011,qht.
simply, "She ought," or "She ought not."

173

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON CLXXXV

Exercise x.

--

-._- . -

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise 2. Fill the blanks properly and malce other se ntences :
1. - - we study together ? You - - if you Iike.
2. - -- I close the window? You -- - if you - - .
3. - - a bird fly if its wing is brok en?
-!. You - - write the letter if you - - .
5. - -- Clara go with us'?
6. - - you tell when he - - co111e?
7. vVhat men has d one man - - do.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

--

Say

Exercise 2. Supply the proper words, and make new sentences:
1. She said we - - to use slang. 2. - - th ey - - to go
back llOW? 3. N 0 OllC - - to use such wonh;. -! . vV e - to be ready.

drink
sink
ring
sing
spring
begin

/'as / F o n M.

drank
sank
rang
sang
sprang
began

has , 1oas, 1oere,
been , etc.

F o 1u1 WITH

drunk
sunk
rung
sung
sprung
begun

1 . Give th e past forms of the words in th e first column. 2. ~sit pro1~er
to use hat'e with t.hese past form s ? 3. Use has with the wonls m the third
column ; then use was; is; will be ; hrts been.

174

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Fill the blanks witli the properform ojt

,:

Drink: We have - - enough.
Sing: Have I - - that be-

Spring: Doth lions - - at
hi 111 •

fore?
Begin: Winter - - last Friday.
Drink: Has she - - it all?
lling: Has the bell - - yet?
Sing: I - - twice last night..
Ring: Who - - the bell?

Begin: llas school - - yet?
1t had
near
shol'c.
8i11y : Waf; that _ _ correcLl.r '?
Dri11/c: Ilad he e ve r _ _
wine ?
8inlc:

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

175

2. You are obliged to leave school to go to work. Advertise for such a position as you think you could fill, stating your
q ualilications.
3. ·write an advertisem ent describing briefly such a house as
you wish to hire. Mention the location desired and certain
advantages it must have.
4. Write such an advertisement as a dressmaker might use;
a coal dealer; a druggist; a florist; a ·grocer who has recently
removed to a new location.

LESSON CLXXX\TII
Ii

ADVERTISEMENTS TO ANSWER

LESSON CLXXXIX

lVrite n letter answeri11g f or y o1trse?f' or f or some oflter p erson
one of tlie following adve;·tisements :

TRADES AND PROFESSIONS

I

l l: AN~l~D. - An e rra11d hoy iu a. l:iwyc r 's
f' offi ce . Apply b y le t.te r, • t a ti11g age,
progress in sch ool , e tc. \Yrt1 . A. C HOATTr.,
593 Clark St., Chi ca go , I ll.

[j'O UNll. -

A
JIOCk e t -b oo k co 11tai11i11 g
money. Th e o wn e r may hav e it Uy
pro ving property anti pa y i11g th e cost of
a<l\•ertisi11g . Address, o r apply i11 pe rso n , to

T. \NTED. -

A s i t 11:i t io '.1 b y a co 111pe t e 11t
Scotch girl; fo r e 1U1 e r <· ook111g o r
f!"C ll Pral h ous ewo rk ; c it.y o r c p 1111 t ry . Ci ood
T" P fr rc 1lt' e!-l.
:\ddr csf.:l, tl . \ ~ 1·: J\ l <· (;Hfo:li(llt,
10'2.f \·inc Sf.rcet;, (; i11 t' i1111al i , Ohi o.

''

..f'

llEN.T.HllN

burg, P e nn.

Wooo, Hote l St. Cloud , Pitts-

1

~ o J ~ ET . - !l7

Uli es t c r 8q . 1\ ~ 111111 y, wc llfro nt room, wit.11 tir:" t-c lasR
l1n nrd . .:\ cltlre!-:S l\l1 rn . L . J\. HA STI.'.'l' ns .
Bus TO N, S ept. 20.
f11r11i ~ lt e d

LESSON CLX XX VI I [
ADVERTISEMENTS TO WRITE

•\Vrite

1. You have lost a pet <log.
an advertisement for a
local paper, describing him and offering a suitable rewanl.
1\fake it complete but brief. Every line adds to th e cof;t.

Write in a colurnn the names of a dozen men whorn you know.
Put opposite each name what the riian does to earn a living.

1. Some men work at trades, some have professions. What
do these words mean? 'Vhat is the difference between a trade
and a profession? 2. How does a man learn a trade ? 3. How
does he learn a profession? 4. How many of the men in your
list use tools or instruments? 5. ·what kind does each use? '
6. How many hours a day does each work? 7. ·w hat is the
difference between wages and a salary.'!? 8. What trades and
professions may women follow?
Exercise. vVhat would you like to do to earn a living when
you grow up? 'Vrite a letter to your father, or to some friend,
telling what trade or profession you would prefer, and why
you choose that rather tlrnn any other.

17G

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON
A

There were men with hoary hair,
Amidst that pilgrim band; vVhy had they come to wither there,
Away from their childhood's land?

cxn

POEM FOR STUDY

Tim LANJ)rNG OF TllP: rlf,(l ll.IJ\f,;

Tl1e breaking waves dashed high
011 a stern and rock-ho111Hl co;1st;
J\ml the wootls against :t stnnny sky,
Their girwt Lmnchcs toc;scu;

There was woman's fearless eye,
Lit by her deep love's truth;
There was manhood's brow serenely high,
A ml tli e fiery heart of youth.

And the heavy night hung dark,
The hills arnl waters o'er,
\Vhen a Land of exiles mnore<l their lmrk
On the wild New England shore.

·what sought they thus afar?
Bright jewels of the mine?
The wealth of seas, the spoils of wa,;r?
They sought a faith's pure shrine.

Not as the conqueror comes,
They, the true-hearted, came,
Not with the roll of sti rring drums,
And the trumpet that sings of fame;
Not as the flying come,
In silence and in fear ; They shook the depths of the dei-ert gloom
With their hymns of lofty cheer.
A midst the storm they sang;
And the stars hea rd , and the sea;
A IHl the sounding aic;le8 of the d i111 woodc; rang
To the anLl1e111 of the free ·1
The ocean eagle soared
From his nest Ly the white wave·s foam;
And the rocking pines of th e forest roare(l, This was their welcome liome i

177

LESSONS IN ENGLIS .H

; I'

,,\

Ay, call it holy ground,
The soil where first they trod!
They luwe left unstained what there they found,
Freedom to worship God!
-

FELICIA

D.

HEMANS.

, I,

i'
Ii

Exercise 1. 1. Who were the exiles mentioned in the seventh
line? 2. What was the n:tme of their bark? 3. On what part '
of the New England shore did they land? When? 4. Dei-;cribe the band after reading the fourth stanza. 5. Why did
the Pilgrims leave .their native land?
Exercise
Pilgrims."

2.

After conversation, tell

bri~fiy

the story of " The

Exercise 3. Cornrnit to memory this beautiful
H emans. L earn something about the author.

por~m

of Mrs.

!

ii

\

I!

•
LESSONS IN ENGLISH

179

Exercise 4. The picture on the opposite page represents two
of th e yo unger pilgrims, John A lden and Priscilla, and is from
a painting by George Henry B~ughton, an English artist.
Wh ere arc the two goin g?
1·arry a gun?

What is th e book? 'Vhy does ,John Alden

Yo u will be interestell to read what Longfellow s:iys about
J ohn Alden arnl Priscilla in" The Comtship of Miles Standish. "
Stmly otl1 er Pilg rim pictures Ly the same artist.

LESSON CXCI
VERB FORMS
1. '\'hat 1lo I hr. prcs1>nt for n rn s how ?
~- H npn:iJ,

the threr. fonn s of each ver h.
thinl form of each is used.
Present

FOlt:\L

swear
tear
wear
swan
run
Exercise

1.

r as tFottM .

swore
tore
wore
swam
ran

2. " ' hat do past forms show?
4 . Sho w in sente1wes how the
FonM wrTn have , had, etc.

sworn
torn
worn
swum
run

Fill the following blanlcs with the proper form of-

Swear : Both witnesses ha<l - - falsely.
8wim : l <l o Hot know who - - across the river.
Swim : Have you - - so far as that?
1Vear : T he poor fe llow's clothes were badly--.
1~~111·: Who - tliis page'! 1t was 11ot - - liefore .
.Hun : Th e brooks all - - <lry last Augus t.
Exercise 2. Use tlie following words in statements or in questions:
Swore, run, tore, swum, wore, worn, swam, torn, ran, swo rn .
178

:, f

'

i82

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

4. The genLlenrnn - - welcomes the guest is the host.
5. Some fish - - live in caves are eyeless.
6. I have several pets of - -, I am very fond.
7. Was it the man or the horse - - was killed?

LESSON CXCI H
MISTAKES TO BE AVOIDED
"THIS, THAT";

"THESE, THOSE"

This and tlwt are used with singular nam es.
These and those are used with plural names.

LESSON CXCIV

Tliis kind; these kinds; that sort; those sorts.
Them is not to be used with any noun.
Fill the blanlcs first witli this
tl10se:
- - book
- - books

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

- - house
- - .h ouses

183

01·

A

these, and tlwn with that or

- - -

kiml
kinds

- - srn't

- -

sorts

- - kind of apples is sweet, but - - kind is sour.
- - three kinds of flowers go well together.
J do not like - - sort of pens.

•,

Books of - - kind should never be written.
- - kind of carpets is made in Lowell, but - - kind
co mes from England.
6. Please le t me take - - - scissors.
" \VHO" O Li "\VHLCl-l"

When speaking of persons, use who or tlirit; when speaking
of animals, nse which or that.

Suppl,y tlw proper word in tlw fo llowing smitrme1'.s :

1. Did yo u thank the person - - tohl yon?
2. Have you ever seen a Linl - - - co uld talk'!
3. vVhy are anima.ls - - live in the Frigid Zone commonly
whit.e?

.· .

FABLE TO RETELL

Some larks hatl a nc~t in a fieltl of grain . One evening the oltl larks
eomi ng home fount! the young ones in great terror. "We mu8t leave
our n est at once," they eriml . Then they related how they had heard the
farmer say that he must get his neighbors to come the next day and help
him reap his ficl1l. " Oh," eriell the old birds, "if that is all, we may
rest qui etly in onr nest."
The next evening th e young binls were found again in a state of terror.
The farmer, it s eems, was very angry because his neighbors had not
come, and had said that he s hould get his relatives to come the next day
to he lp him. The old birds took the news easily, and said there was
nothing to fear y et.
The next evening the young birds were quite cheerful. "Have you
heard nothing to-day? " asked t.he old ones. "Nothing important," answerer! the young . "It is onl y that the farmer was angry because his
r elatives also failed him. a nd he saitl to his sons, ' Since neither our
relatives nor our neighbors will help us, we must take hold to-morrow
and do it onrsel vcs.' "
The old birds were excite1l this time. They said, " vVe must leave •
our nest to-night. When a man decides to do a thing for himself, antl to
do it at once, yo u may be pretty sure that it will be done."

•

Exercise 1. B etell thi.~ story as it was told by one of the young
larks to a neiglibor in their new lwrne. You rnay entitle it "Why
We 1\fovell."
Exercise 2. Read this fahfo 1.1,.sin!] synonyms for as many .of
the words as possible.

.Ii

:I
I

'I

I~

'

184

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON CXCV

I

~

-

-~

....__

-.

'

'

-

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON

185

cxcvr

OUR NATIONAL HYMN
DIRECTIONS TO STRANGERS

Exercise 1. Three strangers have come to your town (or
city). They wish to go first to the hotel. Th en they would
like to see in as short a tim e as possible the most interesting
things in the town. Give th e111 careful clirections. ·Ma rk out
their route, tell them how tl1cy can go most quickly to the
various points, and instruct them wh at to look for.
Exercise 2. A friend who is visiting in your town wish es
to make some purchases. Ile inte1Hls to buy a hat, a pair of
shoes, and a handkerchief. J le wish es also to ha ve his watch
and his satchel repaired. Give him careful directions where
to go.
Exercise 3. An Englishnmn har; come to your town all the
way from Lond on to see auout [L piece of property that has
been left to him Ly will. He wishes to kn ow wh ere it is, how
much it is worth, wh etl1 er the taxes have been pa.i<l on it, ftnd
wheth er his title to it is clear. Le:i.rn from your father or from
some one else where he must go and what he must do to get
this information. Then give him careful directions how to
proceed.
Exercise 4. A stranger who has just co n1e to your town has
picked up on the street a pocket-hook co ntaining $200 in $5 0
bills. There is nothing i11 the pmsc to show who is the <;w ner.
What llo you advise him to llo with it? T ell him exactly
wh ere he should go, whom he should see, and what steps he
• should take to restore the purse to the owner.

J

My country, 'tis of thee,
Sweet land of liberty,
Of thee I sing;
Land wh ere my fathers died,
Land of th e pilgrims' pride,
From every mountain side
Let freedom ring.

JVIy native country, thee Land of the noble free Thy name I love;
I love thy rocks and rills,
Thy woods and templed hills;
My heart with rapture thrills
Like that above.

·1iat

you
I

Let music swell the breeze,
And ring from all th e trees
Sweet freedom's song;
Let mortal tongues awake;
Let all that breatJie partake;
Let rocks their silence break; The sound prolong.
Our Father's God, to Thee,
Author of Liberty,
To Thee we sing:
Long may our land Le bright
With freedom's holy light;
Protect us by Thy might,
Great God, our King.

Learn tltis hymn and practice writin.q it from memor!J until you
can make a perfect copy. Find the ~utlwr's name.

!·

:ing
onwe,
,use
UllS

l ice.

tre1font

I
!:

186

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

187

LESSON CXCVJI
STANZAS TO LEARN

Paul Hamilton ll ay 11 c, a eelebnited South ern
poet, wa,.; horn in C harl es ton, South Carolina,
.J:u111:1.r.r I, 1830. After graduating from the
Unil·ersity of South Carolina, he a pplied himself first to law :i11d th en to literature. .For
many yen.rs lu ~ was a11 e<litor of various magazin es. lli s first: volume of poetry was puhli e wrote
lishetl wh en he was twenty-five.
many beautiful poe ms, in which one may note
a lovin g o bse rvation of nature aml g reat sy 111pa!.11y for hi s follow-men. Amon g hi s writin gs arc a fc \v stirl'ing \v ar-so ng;s and ~on1c
delig htful verses for ehiltlren . li e di ed at Grovetown, near Augusta ,
Georgi:i, .Inl y 6, 1886 .

Copy these verses and commit them to rnemory :

ELEMENTS OF GRAMMAR

LESSON CXCVIII
KINDS OF SENTENCES

W1-11m1wEu. we taJk or write, we express our thoughts by the
use of wor<ls. These words grouped together form sentences.
Each complete thought expressed in words makes a sentence.
Sometimes we ask a question, as in From what do leaves come?

WlLL AND

1

vV e roam the hills togeth er
Will aml f;
Aml the glowin g s1111 bcarllf; bless 11::;
Aml the winds of ltea ve11 caress us,
As we wander lmnd in hand
Through th e l>lissful summer land,
Will arnl I.
vVl wre the tiril~ lin g brookl et passes
Through th e l1 eart of dewy gmsseR,
Will and I
Have heanl th e mock-bird sing ing,
.And the fielll-lark i:;een 11pRpringing
In his l1appy fli gl1t afar,
Like a tiny win ged star,
Will a.ml T.

Su111etimes we make a statement about a thing or person
as inLeaves come from l>uds.
Th e gar<lener cares for th e plants.
Sometimes we give a command or make a request, as in._
Find some leaf-buds and flower-buds.
Please tell me the difference l>etween them.

,,
I

I'

Scntcncc!l arc co111plctc statcincnts, questions, or
co111111ancls.

An Assertive sentence is one that makes a statement .
An Interrogative sentence is one that asks a question.
An Imperative sentence is one that gives a command or makes
a request.

k
ta

I!:

189

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Sentences of any of th ese kind s may he spoken with great earn estness
or strong feeling, as in -

When we say "vVater freezes," the word water shows what
we are speaking about when we say "freezes." Therefore
water is the subject.

188

.Moth er ! T he co ws are in the corn!
'Vhat s hall w e do! I >rive them out!
Sentences uttered in thi s wn.y arc (':tll nd exclamatory sentcJl('.r?s. ln
wri ting them the c xc l:u11al.io11 poinl. ( ') ir11li c:tLcs what tlw to11e o( t.hc
voice shows in speaki11g . Snd1 sentences :t8 'Vhat a strange strll'y h e• tell s !
l'Iow de] ig hlfoll y lw tell:; it !
are also called exclamatory.

Exercise. In tlie f ollowin,r.1 selection, try to find the three
kinds of sentences :
The little Hiawatha was int.he wi gw:un. lie had been asleep. It was
midnight, anti the wigwam wa.~ Ycry dark.
All at once he heard son11ds from lhn fon• st . "\\Tha.t is (.hat, Nokomis P" " I s it the Naked Hear?" " lln ~ h . lit tle hoy! l t is h11t tho owl
:uHl thn ·o wlnt. They a.re hoo Li ng- a nd l:u1g·hi11 g in LIH> forn,-t. Tlwy a.re
not hooting at u s. C lose yonr l'ycs a nd s J,,ep. " She told him stories of
the owls . She sang the song of th e ow let to him.

LESSON CXCJX
THE Two PARTS OF A SENTENCE

I. The Subject.
ing aLont:
- -

Supply words to show what we are speak-

blows.

- - g rowl.
- - c row.

- - float in the ::;ky.
- - rises in Lite east.
- - are uroug ht from Florida.

Every sentence has two parts. One part shows what we are
speaking about. This part is tl1e Subject.

Exercise

1.

Read the words that show what we spealc about in

t ltese sentences :
Th (J rain fn.lls .
The lig htni11 g flas hes.
The thund er roll s.

Butt er is made of cream .
Turtles b y eggs in the sanrl.
Some fi shes have no eyes .

Exercise 2. T!tinlc of something that you lcnow abont each of
the following. Then ma!ce sentences, using these words as subJ'ects:
wn.tehes
vases
clouds

cold weath e r
frogs
oxen

mittens
bits of paper
the fodi ans

our house
some boys
pens and ink

'.rhe subject of a sentence names that about which
so1nething is sai<l.

11. The Predicate. Supply one or more words to show what
is said about each of these subjects:

Dogs - - .
Birds - - .
Fishes - - .

Th e sun - - .
Grace - - .
Ice - - .

Charles--.
The train - - .
The owl--.

Besides the subject, every sentence has another part that
shows what is said about the subject. This part is the Predicate.
When we say, "The stars twinkle," twinlcle shows what is
said of th e stars. Therefore, twinkle is the predicat.e.
Exercise 3. In each of tlie following sentences what do we speak
about? What is said about it ?
A triang l e has three sirles.
A soap bubble is a sp her e.
The peacock cam e from As ia.

The bear slept all winter.
A cat has eighteen claws.
The oak tree bears acorns.

190

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise 4. Supply

snl~jr~et.~ for

Th e

l'l'(~ clic·atc

- - brings the letters.
- - eard es the news.
- - Rlmr pens the knife.

of a sc11 tc 11ec\ shows wha t is
t ho su hjcct.

LESSON CC
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE COMBINED

Exercise 1. Find tlw snlii1•et a11rl 7ircdic1itc in ea,ch
following se nf1>11c1~s, each tinw e:rplainin,q them.
Exa111ple: "Each llay ltas iLs d11ties." Rach day is
about which sometlti11g is s:i.id, a111l tlwre fnrc
'
llrr.~ its d11ti1•s is what is said about eaclt dny, and
the pn·dicat1>.
1. Diligent Loys make greftt men.
2. Vapo L' rises from the ocean.
3. Columbus wa;; l>om in Italy .
4. The A merican fl:tg is the sy mbol of liberty.
5. vVhittier wrote " Snow Bound."
6. The city of Venice is built upon island s.
7. Commodore P erry w~ts called "Th e H ero of Erie."
8. The N orwegin.11s h1111t 0 11 snow-shoes.
'
9. Some rivers rise from springs.
10. Th e pond-lily eloscR its whi te leavP.8 at night.
!Tow many sub,iects and predicates
tlte p receding exercise ?
A shnple sentence is a sentence that has one subject
ancl ma c 11rc1lkate .
·

-

\;

Sixty seeonds make one minute .
Sixty minutes make one hour .

these p redicates :

- - <lri11ks at; the trou gh .
- - sw im in the S<)a
- - gTow in lh e pond s.

191

Sometimes two or more simple seJ1tences are m1ited, as m Sixty sccomls make one minute, and sixty minutes make

0 111 )

hour.

It is going to snow , but I sha 11 he th ere.

A co111pon11<l s e nte n ce is a sente n ce 111a<le hy n11iti11g·
two or nwre simple sente n ces.

Exercise 2. Notice which of the thoughts
lowing sentences naturally belong to,qether.
three compo1.1,nd sentences :
The sky is hlue.
Birds sing sweetly.

The su n sets.
}'rogs only croak.

expressed in the fol'l'hen rnalce of thern
The stars a ppear .
Th e air is rnry clear.

, The simple sentences that form a compou nd sen tence are
generally separated by comm as.
Exercise 3. Make compound sentences of the following, nsi11!}
,and, but, therefore, yet, or, nor, as co nnecting words :
Listen to the bird - The signal soundml - Do not attem pt it - Hit.<> he co n fcs~cll - Time is tl yin g - -

,,

6. That lesson was long - 7 . J am not satisfied - 8. The sun warms the earth - !). li e heanl th e whistle - 10 . J)o yo u en joy driving - -

LESSON CC I
NOUNS

We h ave been learning h ow to use words in expressing our
r thoughts.
L et us n ow learn something of the kinds of words
that we use.

The sun ripens th e grain.
The leaves cover the trees.
The branches bend with fruit.
Do flowers grow by the roadside ?

·I

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192

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

1. \Vh a.t words i11 th esn se11f cr11 ·.es :m~ 11s n1l as names?
th em mea.11 more than one!' :I . <:ivo tho 11a111cs of four thin gs to bo seon
in th e sky. 4 . Of fi rn t.hi11gs th at may be ho11 ght at a store. f>. Of four
wilt! :rnima.hi. fj. Of fo11r anir11:ds llr:it lly. 7. Of four parts of a leaf.
8. Of ten tbing·s in the sehoolroo111.

18. Whi<>h of t,hnm m ay a pply to nny one of the kinu, or to all of the
kind P
1!l. I low man y p<'r sons arn then~ in your schoolroom ? To how many
conk! yo11 give tir e n:tn ws bo.'; '.l yirl 'J llow many ha ve the name Robert ?
Ruth?

Exercise I. T en qf tlte
Wliiclt m ·e tltey ?

.follow·in.q

words may be 1.lsed as n<imea.

frn c; watd1; hca11 tif11l : ta.1·k; tlrink ; steamer; steam; straight.;
pain t; hack; erom1s ; mill er; tired; :lllgry ; ange r ; s trnng; strcngti'1.

A

1101111

is th e nam e of so111cthi11g·.

Common and Proper Nouns.

1. W !rich of th ese names apply to

you?

boy
girl

pupil
son

daughter
child

animal
nephew

niece
singer

2. Mi~ht th ey 1l eserihc a11 y mm be:;;idcs yon? 3. ll ow many others p
4. \Vh a.t is yo nr own n:lllrn ; f.haf·, i ~ . wlmf: n:u11 c w:i:;; mean t. for yon n.1111
no one else? 5 . \Vh ie h of t.ho following names IJelongs to one person
only?

man
soldier

officer
citi ze n

patriot
George

vV ashiugton

6. Whil'h of th em could be used of many other persons? 7. Mention t.h e name that is t.he property of onl y one m an . 8. Of one woman.
9. Of on e city onl y . 10. Of one cou ntry. 11 . Of one island. 12. Of
on e nation.
13 . 1\f<>ntion a name that may refer to each one of more than ten thousa JHl an im als . 14. To each one of a million per sons. 15. To each one
of a thons:m tl streams of water.
17. \Vhi l' h of the fo llowing nonns bclon g t.o jnst one person, place, or
thing?
n ver
city
town
street
mountain

A mazon
New Orleans
.Melrose
Broadway
Etna

presillent
country
state
ocean
book

Thomas Jefferson
France
Minnesota
Atlantic
"The Arabian Night.s"

\

193

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Boy ancl girl are common nonns because . they are names of
many persons.
llobert ancl Buth are proper nouns because each is a name
meant for one person as his own property.

1

I

I:
f

1

A 1n·o11er noun is a sp ecial name incant for only one
p erson or thing.
A common noun is a general name that applies to any
part or to the whole of a kitul or c lass of objects.
Proper nouns s houl<l b egin with capitals.

Exercise. M ention the common and the proper nouns in Lesson 156.
LESSON CCII
NOUNS : NUMBER

We have seen in Lesson 24 that nouns may be singular or
plural.
A noun that names one thing is in the singular number.
A noun that names more than one thing is in the plural
number.
Here are th e rules that we have learned for forming plurals:
1. Most s ingular nouns are made plural by addin g s.
2. Nine singular noun s are made plnrnl without adding s.
3. All si ng ular nouns that end in s, x, z, sh, or ch (soft) are made plural
by add ing cs .
4. Singular nouns etHling in y after a consonant, a re made plural by
chang ing y to ies.

ilt
!
c

I
.1

194
f>. SixtePn

~ in ..,
u-ular 1101111 s e 11tli11 .!!·. i11 / ' 01· /1' • .·1.1·1,. 111 ·.1.1]1 •.

i11µ: /or .fi: int.o ·1•1·s.
.
·
G. Abo ut forty s i11 g 111ar 1101111s t!IHli11 µ: in 11
cs. l\lost of th em :ire in eon1111011 use .
Exercise

I.

foot
CIH'lll.)'
ha lf

11 mdo plu rnl

Oomplire the words in each two cob.1/1m1s.

2.

1a·utd1
t.:n
tooth
cluWffl~

h:Lron
heir
host
coun t

wolf
ru sh
nHH18 e

" 011 e" to "two,"

mafo .~ and

prin ce
H11 th
widow

A no1111 tl1n,,. t
gender.

I le11 ry
. s i ~ter

kin g

,., 111 es ,' '• 11·1••.,lc
11"

Exercise.

even entir ely differe nt word~

\

I

As, -

i
I

Change the nou.ns in t hese sentences f,o nonns of the

opposite g ender :
t. My brother's wife li ves with her aunt.
2. The queen's h eir will su pport hi s ni ece.
a. The l:imllady an<l her son cheercll th e prince .
4. :My nephew and his w ife m et the aut hor in London .
5. T he king entertai ne<l the countess and her brother.
6. Mr. Lee's son eall ed on the actor, Frnncis ,Joy.
7. Jn fairy stori es we read of heroes, g iants, m ermaids, gods, a nd

w hi c h

Ia.JH 11 ad y

h11 ~ li a 11d

W illiam
brother

, ' cl
1 ,~ s·i1

As, -

hero, heroine; kin g , qu een ; s ir, madam.

11ephn11·
horn

i

Jewess
princess
poetess
Quakeress

Sometimes a fem inine noun is formed by adding ess to the
masc uline .

So m etimes oth er ending s o r

to

females J!
a unt
ni ece
queen

baroness
h eiress
hostess
coun tess

are used to indicate the gender of th e n o un.

NOUNS: GENDER

m tlii:;; li st refe r to

I

,Jew
prince
poet
Quaker

s hephcnl ( masculine) ; shepherd ess (feminine) .

LESSON CC1II

nouns

T ell how they differ

in form. a.nd meaning.

1. On e fourth of one doll ar is tw cnty- fi rn <'011 ts .
2. One fl y has six legs.
3 . One penn y w ill bu y on e «ak c.
4. One child pl ays with 011 0 toy .
5. One ox has oig ht s hoes.
6. One m an mows th e law n in two h ours.
7. One C c nna11 joilwd his rngirnf'nt.
8. One '}IHtrt er1u:d s one-eighth of one po.,k.
!). One box of butter 1rn i g h ~ fi ve pouml s.
10. On e n wdal w as gi1·en to one hero .

Whic h

A n o un t hat nam es a female is said to be of the feminine
gender.

'""'

to p:u:
pot.a l,11
··hil d

In writin,q these s1, 11f 1•1w1~s
and make other need1!d elut11f}l'S :
Exercise

JI I 11ra. J 1'.Y " J1:mg-

Spell tlw plu,rnls C!f th.1~s1• 11011.ns :
rwg ro
k1:y
µ; ness

arm y
li fe
ox

195

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

t o b-e n f t i 1e mascu 1·1ne

I

witch es.
8 . T he heir to that estate was the her o of the story.
9. The g uilt.y man was he r father's brother.
10. Wh en the emperor ,Joseph was a lad, h e made good use of his
opportu nities at school.
The names of things without sex a re som e times said t o b e
of th e neuter gender; that i s, they are neither masculine

11or

feminine.

I'

JI

I,

196

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

197

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

ti
LESSON CCIV

LESSON CCV

NOUNS: CASE
PRONOUNS: KINDS

R ev iew L csso11R 28, 93, 125.
Explain the possesF:ives you fi11cl in th e sentences below'. :

1. \Vashington's ho111 e was at Monnt Vernon.
2. Land scapes are Nat ure's piet11res.
3. The daisy\; petal~ are pnre white.
4. Eugene Fielcl's poems are the children's delight.
5. Have you see n an Indian 's wigwam?

\Ve have learned that nouns so metimes have a form ending
in apostr ophe-s ('s), which we l1 ;we called the possessive fo
Instead of speaking of the possessive form of nouns, we ma
Rpeak of th e possessive case of 11ou11s, meaning precisely
same thing.
•
llcre is a rnl c to guide 11s 111
llOllll S:

~

l'o

" I can help you," said Mr. Gray to little Nell ; " let me give
you something for your gartl en." And when she thanked him,
he said to himself, "I shall take up some roses and send them
1. For whom clocs Isl.and? 2. Who is meant hy you?- 3. Dy me?4. By she?- .5. By him?- 6. What is meant by he?- by himself?- by
them~ by her?- 7 . Is there any person for whom such names may not
sometimes be used? 8. Read th ese sentences u sing the nouns instead of
the words that stand for them. How do they sound?

Such words as I, my, me, we, our, us, you, your, he, his, hirn,
her, they, their, them, it, and its are often needed to take the
place of ordinary names~ vVe use them when we speak about
ourselves, or when we mention the person to whom we are
speaking, or when we speak about some person or thing. They
are used for nouns and are called pronouns.

plurals e11<li11g· in s, a1ltl an apostro11hc onl,\' (');to
11011 ns a1l1l a postroplw-s
>SSCSSi\'C ('ase.
I

A pronoun is a worcl nsc tl instead of a noun.

of-111 \ r

·--- -·- -

Exercise
hero
ash
wife
ox

1.

1Vi·ifr thr•

--·----· - - -- - --·- - -

po.q_q ,.,~g ill1!

lady
street
t11 rkey
sl1 ea[

r.rrse qf' t.lu·se

village
mulatto
cherry
flower

.~in!]ular 1wun1

mass
watch
mouse
horse

Exercise 2. First write th.1! plurals ({f th ese same nouns,
then change tltern to the possessive case.
Exercise 3. J.Wa!ce a list qf all the plnral nonns in Lesson 40;
all the masculine nouns ; of the jiml'ini 11.1! nouns; ({f the posseBBivu.

Exercise 1. 1Vi·ite ten sentences aboiit yourself and your friends
making use of some of the pronowns that have been mentioned.
I. Personal Pronouns.

speaker.

Some pronouns always represent the

As :

I

rn e

my

we

our

us

myself

These pronouns are said to be of the first person.
Some pronouns always represe nt the one spoken to, as:
Thou

thy

thee

you

your

yourself

These pronouns are said tu he of the second person.

198

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Sollln p1·0110H11s always represent tl1e person or thing
of.

Exercise 3.

A::;:

J le

TVi·ite th1·ee interrogat·ive sentences witlwid using

interrogative pronouns.

she

it

they

their

the!ll

hilll seH

he rself

[' Ai:

Th ese pru11 ou11 s are said to be of t he third person.
A 1u•rso11a.l pro11011n is a pro11ot111 that. is alwavs 11sNl
to rc>pl'('Sc11t. t. lu~ s peakm·, t lw p e rson spoken to;· or the
perso11 or t.hi11g- spoke11 of.

Exercise 2. S elect the personal prono uns
w liat p erson is eacli one ."2

II. Interrogative Pronouns.
questions. Thus:

in

'I

,I'•.

A stu,dious boy is a boy who stndies.
A riuuJ:way horse is a horse whicl1 has rim away.
A royal yacht is a yacht that the lcin,q owns.
Vv e cannot hear your answer .
vV e cannot hear what y ou say.

Some pronouns are used to ask
1. Jn what two way s is t he bny dcscrillc<l i11 th e first sentence?
2. " ' hat horse a.re w e talking abont in th e sccoml sentence?
3 . What two exp ress ion s in t he third sentence m ean the sam e? \Vhat
1ln thr>I' <lPRl'l'ilw·.?
4 .. \•Vlmt iR the <li fforencc betwee n '' your ans we r" and '' what you
Sf!.!J ;I "

f).

Pronouns t ha t are used to ask <ptestions are c:i. ll ccl interrogative pronouns.
An swer the n.hovc 1p1 es Li o11s to see w ha t th e prono11n 8 who, whose,
11:/wf , n.ncl u:h ich stn.11d for.
Th e wonl for w hich t he int1"1·rng·a.tive p1·01to1111 stn llfls is :i.lw~ ..y,q frrn111l
in t he a ns wer to t he 1]t1estio11 .

whoin,

lVlw, whose, whom, which, and w liat are the pri 11cipal inter- ..
rogative pro11011ns.

Exercise 1. Thin.Ir. of sonu< q1u,st.ions yon would likr> to
Th en write five sentences containing i11te1-rogative pronouns.
2.

intc l'J:ogativc p1·011011n is on e t hat asks a (111cstion.

III. Relative Pronouns.

Lesson 69 .

Who was the military lead er of the Pilgrims?
Whos e history are you studying?
TVlwm llu yuu rn e,w Lu iuviLe?
JJ7url \\a::; \\',d1i11gtu11 called 1
Wliicli of Kipling's Looks tlu Ju li like Lest?

Exercise
'iuestions.

199

lVi·itc fhre .•trrtrmrnt.• whirh gfw11 rrn gll'rr

r1 8k.

\\'lmt du u:hu, w!tich , allll lhal slaud Ior in t.Jw:rn ~1·11t.c11n·.'?

Expressions like who sludie8, w hich hrr.• run moa!J, that the Icing
owns, a nd w hat yon say are called clauses. Though each contains a subjec t and :t preclicate it is only a part of the sentence,
and docs not express a complete thought.
Thi• \\·11rcl.~ 11'710, 1rhmn. 11·hirh. nJH1 t/1111 :He prononn R lwr:1nRe
they stand for nouns. Th ey arc called conjunctive pronouns
because tlte.v connec t th e da.usc to the rest of the sentence.
Th e.Y are ca1le1l relative pronou ns beca use th ey relate to a precedi ng noun or pronoun called th e antecedent.
Wh a l. u ~ecl

in a cla11sn i~ a

cn11j1mrt1:1;r,

pronoun. though its :mtcccclent

is 11ut ex p ressell.

I;

,'

Exercise

1.

.Review the last part of L esson 193 .

JI'

200

201

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise 2. In each qf the.followin.rJ sentences select the relative
pronoun, and point out its antecedent.

Exercise. Point out the adj ective pronouns and tell the noun
that might be used with each.

1. The fur w hid t wrtnns rt ?11m11irdt w ~1m1 e (l a bear.
Happy is the man who Jinclclh wisdom.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Life is what we make it.
The words that you spcrtk s how the th o ug hts that yrm have .
H e that wouhl thrive n11i't rise a.I: li ve .
The sentin el wh o kept tJw g a.tc foll aslc(!p.
Th ey tlmt seek 111e early s ha.11 lint! 111e.
8. Jl e livd h lon g who li v<\th \\'!)II.
9. Victoria was a woman wh om the natio n lovell.
10. A ma n w ho hohls his tong ue is co un te<.1 wise.

l. Which is the best hook, this or that or the other?

2.
3.
4.
5.

Many w ent into the battle but few r eturned .
·what is one m an's m eat is another's poison.
These were laid yestenlny , hu t thos e are a week old.
All hut one were saved from the wreck.

An adjective 1n·ououn is a limiting adjective used without its 11on11.

LESSON CCVI
Exercise 3. Read the clause in each sentence and tell its subject
and predicate.
A relative pronoun is one that relates to a 111·ecc1li11g
1101111 or pro1101111 :i.tHl i11 trrnl uccs a clause.

IV. Adjective Pronouns.
'l'he study of adjective pro11o nns m a.y fo ll ow th o st ud y o f limiting a dj ec t.ives.

All have fa<letl.
Both were wrec ked.
llfany were orpha.ns.
That is five minutes slow.

One wa.s killed and another wounded.
Rw:h talked to the other.
Several were l.Jlillll.
This is the last sentence .

PRONOUNS :

GENDER, AND NUMBER

Caroline studies her lessons.
Slie always does her best.
Henry admires liis sister.
H e does not follow her example.
H e ought t o follow it.
Gender. ' Vhich of th ese pronouns r e present a m ale? Which a
femal e? ·which are masc uline? Feminine?
He, s!u:, a n<l it, nnd th eir var ia tio n ~ imli eate ge iHler . He, his, arnl him
arc of th e niaseulin e gender. She aml her are of the feminin e ge nd er, a1ul
it and its are of the neuter gender ; that is , they are neith er masculine nor
feminine. All other pronoun s, like I , we, they, them, who, that, one, som e,
few, etc. , may r epresent either males or females.

l. Snpply a noun after each itali cized word .

2. T ell what each itali cized wonl st:uuls for.
3. " That is <t pronoun P Why may these words be e:-dl ecl pronouns P

Words like all, many, each, one, both, this, that, these, those
are pronouns because t hey stand for no11 ns. They are called
adjective pronouns because tliey are limiting adjec tives used
without their nouns.

Number. 1. '\Vhich of these pronouns are singula.r and
which are plural?
He, they, she, th eir, him, them, her, his.
2. In the sentence, If any boy knows, let him raise his hand ,
what do him and his stand for? 3. Does " any boy" mean one
or more than one?

[:

203

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

4. In the sentence, If the men thought so they would give
their opinion, what do they aml th1·ir sta11tl for? 5. ls the
noun singular or plum!?

(2) Th e objective, required when the pronoun is used as an
object, as: See me; meet its; call hirn; for her; after
them; with whom?

Exercise 1. Supply snif/1hlc }Jro1wn11.s h1·n~, rl!ld tell tlw 'tw·u ns
to wltieh they ref er ; that is, tell the a11tceedents of the pronouns.

(3) The nominative for all other uses in a sentence, as: I
write, he sings, she plays; it is they; we were going; who is it?

202

L Every g irl 11m ~t 11 sn - - own hook ,
2, Let each hoy do the hes t. that - - can.
3. Ho.ff', whnt will - - do with - - g1111s?
4. \Ve sh all C':tn:y - - witlt - - .
5. Can not one bring - - monPy with - - ?
6. The g irl sai1l that - - had 11 0 111011 cy of - - own.
7. If a m an perse v e re~. - - cm m11011l y s m:eeeds.
8. If anyboll.)' kn ows, - - mu:;t n ot telL

Exercise

::\O:-ill'.'\.\.Tl\"I:.

aw

Exercise

LESSON UCV ll

her
whom

Find all

2n·o1101111g

On.ry.:r· T1Yr~.

I'nsSE SSTYE .

rne
us
him
her
them
whom

rny
our
his
her
their
whose

we
he
she
they
who

The pronoun thon, thy, thee , now usCll ehi e tl y in prnyer or poetry; the
posscss h ·e forms mine, th i ne, rmrs, lu·rH, an1I theirs ; aml the pronoun w hoever and whnsoever we shall st111ly nbont i11 t he fnt.nre.

forms.

2.

I

Singular
Plural
Singular
Singular
Plural
Sing. or Plu.

in L f's.wn pr; ; point oitt
tlteir 1mtearlents, and tell in wltat r1~s11ect the pronunn and its
anteced ent are ab:kr..

Exercise

L earn to give these case-forms in a regidar way,

as f ollmc•,q :

A pronoun is sing ular when it stand s for a sing ular noun.
A pronoun is plural when it stamls for a plural noun.
A pronoun anll its a11tec1•'1Pnt shonhl l>e of the same
n11111 her a111l g·m11le1·.

I.

2.

L earn the six nominative forms; the si:r objective

~ ~· \
!r

11:

lj 111

Exercise 3. T ell the case and number of these pronouns :
''. [

him
us

them
our

who
his

l
me

their
they

whose
my

PRONOUNS; THEIR CASES
Th e i:: trn1 y of thi s

l P~~n n ~ li P111d

foll ow thf' st1H1y n f

\·f'rh~.

Rev ie w L esson 131.
Six very common pronouns - I , we, he, slu~, they, who -'have three case-forms or cases, to show different uses m
sentences:
(1) Th e possessive to show ownership ; as m.11 book, our
friemls, his home, her cl1ilcl, their 111 011cy, whose purse.

LESSON CCV 111
PRONOUNS :

MISTAKES IN USING THEM

T o follow the study of verhs a nd prepositions .
I

1\1Jany of our mistakes in talking or writing come from our
using the objective form of a pronoun when we should use its

I

204

nominative form. Sometimes, too, we use nominative forms
for ol1jects, which is al ways wrong.

Ii
/.

I
I
I

l\Ie, us, him, her, them, and whom arc ohJective
'orms, an<l arc to be usc<l as ol>jccts of verbs anll prcp[ osi tions.
-·--------- - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - -- ·

Exercise 1. Jlliike sc11lG1U.J1'.~ /,.'} jillin!J I lw blanks witli me, us,
him, her, them, or whom :
1. Mr . Morse askml - - and - - to go.
2. Did yon ask - - or - - to wrile?
:l . Il e calle1l - -, lint not - - .
'l. This is n secret betwern1 - - and - - .
5. The invitation is for - - :uul - -.
(). For - - is that bought?
7. - - 1li1l he eall?
R. - - did yo11 gil•c it to ?
9. With - - was he going?
10. I want yon anti - - to go. I le want:; yon a.ml - l l. - - 1]id th ey choose as t·.a ptain?
12. Not.bing is too goml for - - or--.
18. - - did yon see?
l ·L Thi s is for yo n a.nc l - - .
Hi. Always say between yon :Lilli - - ·
16. - - is this for?
17 . l know - - he nwant.

205

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise 3. Supply I, we, he, she, they, or who to rnalce sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1l.

12.
13.
14-.

- - and --arc going to the fair.
- - and - - w i.m~ there last night .
There were present only - - aJHI - - .
- - was absent, and so were - - .
- - were absent, a.JHl so wa.s - -.
If i s - -. It w:isn't - - .
]sit--? No , it. is - - .
lt is not - - nor--.
Do you know - - it. is?
- - and - - will go.
It can't be--· It rnnst be--.
Wasit--? No,itwas - - .
- - knew it was--.
Jt will not be - -.

,,

'·•

i.

"I

'

LESSON CCIX
ADJECTIVES: KINDS

tu go.

Exercise 2. B ead these sent1;1u:1<s with tlw blanks .filled with pronouns over and over until yon become familiar with tlw riglit form.

I. Descriptive Adjectives. - We have been talking about nouns and
pronouns and the way they are used in sentences . There is another kind
of wont that is often usml with a noun to add to its meaning.

Yellow roses.
Bright skies.
Happy children.

A sad face.
Short stories.
Cross words.

Willing hands.
A dark night.
Fragrant flowers.

l. '~' hat n:trnes or nouns arc nsed here? 2. vVhat kind of roses is
mentioned? 3. What word desc ribes the skies? the stories? the harnls?
4. For what is happy used? sad '.I dark '.I fragrant?

I i,
."'I'
·

I, we, he, she, they, :tJl(l who arc no111i11ativc forms,
·ancl are to be usccl as suhjects of verhs ot· complements of such verhs as is, was, were, has been, will be,
may be, can be, must be, etc.

Exercise 1. Thinlc of words that will describe these things by
showing what kind is meant:
- - bear.
--well.

- - i ce.
- - spring.

- - lesson.
- - f r iends.

11

I !'

- - roads.
- - lion .
I

l
'

l

200
Exerci!>~ 2.

IVl1r1t

11111!) t.lu ·s1· word.~ d1 ..~i:rit. e :

SOllr

olcl

sw eet

yo1111g

lofLy
low

noi ~ y

fair

q11iet

11gly

awfll l
lovely

Exercise 3. Loolc at the pictnre of" The Fann Yard" on puge
10.9 ltnd thinlc of all the words that ma.y d1'Scribe what y on see there.
A wonl nsetl to

desr:rib1~ a

pPrson or thing is an adjective.

II. Limiting Adjectives. -- J\ 11 tlH ) :Hljrf't i vcs whi ch " ·c h:w e
Leen using d1'sr:ribe things. llesitl es s11 eh adjectives, there al'e
others that show only which ones or how wany :ne meant.

1'/uit mast is broken.
1'hose 11ests arc empty.
Can yo n solve this rill<llc ?
Carry these heavy Lumlles.

yo11<ler

As:
An emern.ld,

a diamond ;

an honor,

a beaver.

An :uljecth·e is a wot·il 11se 1l to d escribe s om e p e r s on
or thing, ot· to li1nit a. noun.

Descriptive adjectives made from proper nouns are called
proper adjectives. As: Japan, Japane se ; Africa, African.
Proper adjectives should begin with capital letters.

·;I

Some small 11rnples rclllain.
All roses hn. ve thorns.
Come ne.i:t Sunday.

Exercise 5. Supply words made from prop er noun s :

.i

Exercise 4. TVl'ite seven smlf P11r:1•s iibout wimlows, nsin~q these
adjectives to show wliicli onr.s, or h.011• 111nny, a.re m eant:
every

An and a, meaning on e, are clifferent forms of the same wor<l.
·w hen it is used Lefore a wol'<l beginning with a vowel sound, it
takes the fol'm an. B efore a consonant sound it is simply a.

8i.u oaks lrnve fallen.

l. Tn th ese sc nt c n ecs th e re arc four :ulj ectin1s th :tl describe : try to
fi111l th e m. 2. " ' hat. docs car h one (lrs (·rihc? fl. \\' hat \\·onl s how s
·ll'hi1 ·h. mast is m cnnt ? ][lllo 1111tny oaks haY o fall e n ? 5. Wh:ich heavy
h1111dl c s arc referred to? 6. lIVlu many roses are rn c:mL ? 7 . 'Vlmt is
this used for ? some') n ext ') all ')

three

207

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

both

first

several

each

An adjective tlmt d!'sr.rib1· .~ n. person or thing is called a
descriptive atljcc ti vc.
An :uljec tiv e Lhat shows whir:h ll n P. or how 11111.11!) arc mP.ant
without clescriuing, is c:i.lled a limiting adjec tive .
Articles. - 1'he an<l an (or n) n.rc word s that appe:ir in almost
every sentence. They :ire limit·i11!/ adJeetives, lmt are generally
called articles.

1. The people of Fm.nee speak th e - - language. 2. - carpets are made in Persia. 3. P eople bom in Ame rica are
4. Columbus sailed under the - - flag. 5. Ours is
the - - language.
Study the L esson on Adjective Pronouns.

LESSON CCX
ADJECTIVES: COMPARISON

Boston is a lm:qe city.
Chicago is a larger city than Boston.
London is the largest city in the world.
1. To what class (lo the italici ;r,e(I wonls 1Je long? 2. 'Vith what arc
th ey used? 3. What is the difference in th eir form?

•

Sometimes we wish to compa re p ersons and things with one
or with many others. vVe change the form of the adjective
when we do this.

I.

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

208

l. The form of the adjective that expresses no comparison

I
I
I

I

i8 called th e positive degree. J\r;: cold, brig ht, yonng.
lI. The form of the n,d jective used. in c ompn,ring two persons or things is called. the comparative degree. This usun,lly ends.
m er. As: colder, brighter, younger.
II I. Th e form of the acljec ti ve m;ed in comparing one person or thing with more tlrnn two otherr; is called the superlative
degree.
This usun,lly emls in est. As: coldest, brightest,
youngest.
A few common adjectiveR Rhow their degr ee by entirely different words.

As:

ro ~ 1TJVE.

IJe Rt
worst
least

better
worse
less

I:

Exercise 5. llfake two adJect·ives from each of these nouns:
sense
t:~ste

<"lo1ul
nwr<"y

"Ve cannot add er aml est to most ad jecti ves of two syllables without
maki ng ill -soundin g words . When we need to use such adjectives in
comparin g persons or things we use more and most with the positive
degree of the adjective.

Exercise

.Do not

2.

rep1~at

brook
mounta,i n

most wonderful,
most beautiful,
most remarkable.

TAinlc of su,itable atl;fect?:ves to describe these tliings.
an.y rulJective .
oak

clouds

robin
beach

islarnl
road

fi sh

lrnttcrlly

•
Exercise 3. N ame three things that these may properly describe :
lovely

fin e

great

grand

nice

fear
luck
law
valuP.

noise
bone
sleep
worth

faith
joy
leaf
love

grace
fri en d
care
pit.y

Exercise 6 . 1Vith which of the adjectives y ou have mlide rnay
the prefix un be used? flow does un chan.r;e the meaning?

Helen is a better reader than Carrie.
The Sahara is the greatest desert on the earth.
My spelling is worse to-day.
The pass was steep and rugged.
Her hair was not sunnier than her heart.
He became a poorer but a wiser man.
Africa is the hottest of the continents.

Exercise I. 1'ell which degree of these adjectives is given:
Dearest, nearer, longer, green, sunny, sweetest, dark, old est, heavier.

A s : w ond erful, more wonderful,
more berwtiful,
b eautiful,
remarkable, more remarkable,

I

}frite six sentences giving the comparative form of
the..foregoin.g adjectives.
Exercise 4.

Exercise 7. Tell the degree of comparison of the adjectives in
the .following sentences, and tell what each one describes:

S UP F.ltl,AT!VF..

COJ\fl' A HA 'rJY g ,

good
h ad
little

\;, I

209

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

awful

.

,..

Exercise 8.

S elect the adjectives in L esson 35 ; tell the kind,
and what each describes or limits.

LESSON CCXI

\
·'I
I~ •

VERBS: WORDS THAT ASSERT

I!

"V e have sP.<m how useful no1111 H, pro1101111s, an1l iuljcdive!'! am in helping to for m sentences . There is anb tl wr kind of won.ls, however, moro
important than any of these, because without a word of this kind it i:;
impossible to make a sentence.

iii·
111
ii!

Supply the word that seems to be needed to make sentences either statements, questions, or comrnands - of the .following :

Ii

li·

I•
1

q
"

I'

!

.

IT

l

210

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

The twinkling stars - - at night.
The soldier - - umler the green mound.
Brave men - - no danger.
- - the cherries ripe yet?
- - kind to all dumb animals.
Gold and diamonds - - from Sou th Africa.
Victoriit - - queen sixt.y-thrce years.
If we read these expressions as they are printed we neither
tell nor ask nor comrnand.
The word that gives them life, and makes each a sentence,

is called a verb.
A vc1·h is a wor<l that asserts.

Most verbs express action; that is, they tell what things do.
The butls open.
Winter goes.
Flowers blossom.
Spring comes.
The robin sings.
The grass appears.
1. What word tells what winter docs 'J 2. What tells what the
flowers do 'J 3. \'Vhat docs comes tell us ? opens 'J appears 'J sings'!

Exercise 1. Supply words to
Hens - -.
Cats - - .
Doves-- . Geese--.
Stars - - .
L ead - - .

tell what these things do :

Lambs - -.
Plants--.
Bees - -.

Fire - - .
Rivers - -.
Fish - - .

Exercise 2. Rach of tluw" verb.~ will .~n.r;.rJP,St somethin1g that you
have done 01· said. Usin/J si.i: of them, write two statements, two
questions, and two comnuinds : ,.
break
jurn p
work
sleep
study
play

speak

forgive

listen

open

Exercise 3. Make a sentence w·i thout a noun; without a prowithout an adijective. Can you make one without a verb f

1w1tn ;

211

LESS O NS IN ENGLISH

LESSON CCXII
VERBS : TRANSITIVE

Samuel sits.
Ellen stands.
The children rise.

Edward walks.
James runs.
Mary talks.

1. Mention the verbs in these short sentences.
action P 3. Is each sentence complete?

George
Edna
Sarah
The teacher
She .
John
The ink
We all

opens
closes
lifts
shows
takes
cleans
soils
write
Bring

2. \\Thich express

the book.
the door.
a chair.
the inkstand.
the pointer.
the blackboard.
the paper.
letters.
flowers to-morrow.

1. Mention the verbs in these sentences. 2. Which of them express
an action that you can perform? 3. Read each sentence as if there were
a period after the verb. 4. What seems to be needed to ruake the meaning complete? 5. In each sentence there is a word that Rhows what is
affected by the aotion. Tell what it is. 6. Who opens, closes, cleans,
etr:. 'J 7. ·what does he or she open, clo.~e, take, lift, etc. 'J.

Some verbs need a word to complete the meaning, and to
show what the action affects, or what receives the action.
Such verbs are called transitive verbs, and the word that completes the meaning is called the complement or object of the
verb.
Fire the guns I
Hoist the flags I
Ring the bells I
Beat the drums I Cheer the soldiers I Shout and sing I

212

Exercise. Which of th ese ~ o v e n verbs are trrinsitive ~ 2. What is
the o~ject of each? 3 . Use th ese Yerhs in sentences : strike, swing , swim,
laugh, brcrtk. How m:my did you use with ohjcets? 4. Write live sentences containing these words as objeets : corn, bicy cles , houses , fish,

A verb that has for its complement an adjective that
refers to its subject is called a copulative verb.
Edison is an inventor.
Coal is a mineral.
Washington is the capital.

nests.

A transitive vcrh is one that has :t complement that
shows who or what 1·eccivcs the action.

LESSON CCXUI
VERBS: COPULATIVE

There are a few very common verbs that do not express
action. They generally tell what things are, or were, or will be.
Try to tell the difference between these e xpressions:
Ripe cherries - The stormy day - - yellow gold - The honest boys - Beautiful pictures - -

Cherries are ripe.
The d ay was stormy.
Gold is yellow.
The boys were honest.
The pictures are beautiful.

Exercise 1. 1. Mention the a(ljectives in these expressions. 2. Tho
nouns. 3. Rea.d the ex pressions that say or tell or assert something. 4.
·w hat kind of word must a sentence contain? 5. \Vhat kind of words are
are, w as, wer e, is ~ 6. Read the sentences as if th ere were periods after
th e verbs. Is the meaning compl ete ? 7 . For what arc th e adjectives
that follow the verbs used ? 8. Give the subjects. 9. Gi ve th e predicates P
Springtime is welcome.
The ground was ferLile.
Hay is very fragrant.

The crops were large.
Farmers ha vc been lmsy.
Th eir barns are full.

Exercise 2. l. Mention the adjectives in these sentences . 2. What
does each describe? 3. Give the won ls that; assert. 4 . What words join
or couple the adjective and the subject tlrnt shows what the adjective
describes ? Mention the complement of each verb; that is, the word that
completes the predicate.

213

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Edward VII. was a prince.
Every man has been a boy.
The battle was a victory.

Show in what way each complement describes the subJect.
Copulative verbs som etimeR unite two nouns that are names
of the same thi11g, one of whi ch is the subject and the other the
complement.
Exercise 3. Find something interesting to say about tlie following. Then rnalce sentences with these words as subJects or complements of copulative verbs.
The sky; Longfellow; Hawaii; Rosa Ilonheur's " Horse
Fair" ; our nation al hymn; the Boers; invisible ; calm and
still; smoking; Oklahoma.

[

A co1n1lative v e rb is one that has a comple ment that
describes what its subject names.

An adjec tive used as the complement of a copulative verb is
called a predicate adjective.
A noun used as the complement of a copulative verb is called
a predicate noun.
Come, l\ifary.
lVfary comes.
Mary carne.

Bring your book.
She brings her book.
Slie bro11 gh t her book.

Be careful.
She is careful.
She was careful.

Exercise 4. Whicli of tliese verbs is transitive ? Copulative ?
Complete ? Incomplete ? ][ow many different verbs are used .f!
How many forms of each verb ? lVhat word is used as obJect?
As predicate adJ'ective ?
The L esson 011 Cases <>f P ro no uns sh ould 11ow h e

s t. Ql\i~q.

1tl
11fl

,,:,

21-!

215

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLI S H

LESSON CCXIV

tive ? Point out the ob}ects; the predicate adjectives; the predicate nonns.
1. The south wind is warm.

VERB- PHRASES

Sometimes more than one word is needed to help give the
verb the meaning we wish, as :

The sky
This man

The boys

r

is
wns
will be
Juts been
may be
might have been

clu111l)·
a merchant.

1

broke
will brcnk
have brnken
may break

1

""'" ' ""'

J

!J .
10.
11.
1.2.
13.

LESSON CCXV
VERBS: TENSE F O RMS

1 . 'Vhich of these verhs are cop ulative? 2. " Thi ch :tre transitive p
3. Try to tell the llifferenee in the m eaning of t.he six sentences. 4. Of
how many words docs each verb consist?

When the verb consists of several words the last one is the
principal verb, and the others are helping or auxiliary verbs.
Several words used as a verb make a verb-phrase. We generally speak of a verb-phrase, however, as a verb.
Exercise I. The .following verbs will siig,gest things that you can
talk about. Use each of them in a srmtence:
may kill
h:ts shot
shall write

8.

April showers bring May flowers.
A darker lfay may never dawn.
An hon est man nev er breaks his promise.
Laziness will clothe a man in rngs.
The September stm will have rip ened the grapes.
l'ri<.le nrnstlmve a fall .
A rollin g stono will gather no 1110s!-!.
Elias Howe was the inventor of the sewing-machine.
The motorman could have prevented the accident.
Here hath been tlawnin g another blue day.
Daisies am! h11tterc11ps arc blossoming everywhere.
Somewhere tho sun is nlways shining.

the window.

might luivc broken

will be
can go
can have

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

may have liecn tl cfcatctl
~ hou l d hav e s poken
may have been

con l<l ha vc been
hav e been called
will lrnve been

Exercise 2. S elect the verbs in the .following sentences. Tell
the subJect of each.
Whicli are transitive .~
Wliioh are copula-

.H,eview Lessons 181, 182.
It will Le seen tlrnt we have iLlready had some practice in the
use of the principal verb forms. This has helped us to use the
rightfonn in the right place. We have l earned that verbs have
one form that relates to present time, one that relates to past
time, and still another that must Le used with have or has, or
other helping verbs. Thus we say, The wind blows now, it blew yesterday, and it has blown all
the week.
·
These are the principal forms or principal parts of the verbs.
Here are a few:
ra.. t Perfect
l'reunt
Perfect
l'rc.~ en t
took taken
waited waited take or takes
w:Lit or waits
came come
come or comes
saved saved
save or saves
did
done
do or does
loved loved
love or loves
make or makes made made
hated hated
hate or hates
drew drawn
break or breaks broke broken draw or draws
went gone
go
or
goes
seen
saw
see or sees
,,,,,,~ t

I!

:·

216

217

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

What do you notice abont the pa.st and perfect forms of the
first four verbs in the list?
Mm;t verbs are like wait and save in this respect: their past ·
and pe1fect forms end in ed. They are called regular verbs for
this reason.
A few verbs, perhaps two humlred in all, have irregular
forms for the past aml perfect, and so are called irregular
verbs.
These forms give us trouble when we try to talk and write
correctly, for we use one form when we ought to use the other.
Thus we are tern pted to say, "done it " for " did it," "seen it"
for "saw it," and so 011. These are among the worst mistakes
we can make.

Observe how it is used m these sens-form of the verb.
tences:
Farmers cut -grass.
He 'cuts ice.
They make hay.
She malces bread.
They
give thanks.
Itfeeds the hungry.
Many learn slowly.
One learns easily.

Alwa_yi:; ui:;c the pn ..,t form of a. verb to tell ·what was
done in past ti11u•.•
Alwa._yi:; use the J>Cl'fN'f: fonn of a vm·h with Tut.~, ha·v<~,
luul, ·i s, 11Hi •.,, will, l>c, Ila. ..,, lnJcn, aml other hclpi11g· verbs.

1. Mention th e subjects of the verbs in the first column. 2. What is
the nnm.bcr of each? 3. '\That form of the verb is used? 4. The su hjects in the second column are of what number 'J 5. Is the s-Jorrn of the
verb userl? 6. Of what person are thepronouns'J Nouns used a.s subjects arc always of the third person; that is , they always represent something " spoken of."

We shall avoid many mistakes in our speech if we remember
that:
The s-form of the verb sho11hl be 11sell only with singular suh,jects of the third person.
This rule applies to present i.ndicative tenses only.

Exercise. Use tlie past or p e1fe ct form qf some verb in filling
the blanks, and give your reason :
1. The engine - - the train.
2. Who - - broken the vase?
3. The apples were - - off by the
wind.

Ll~SSON

4. Ile - - all the way alone.
5. I can't swim , but ,James - across the ri\·er yesterday.
6. I - - him when he - - it.

CCXVI

VERBS: NUMBER AND PERSON FORMS

In L esson 215 how many present forms are given in the list
of verbs? How does the second present form end?
Because this form nearly al ways ends in s we call it the

Exercise. Choose the correct form of the verbs, and give the
reason for your choice.
1. It (don't, doesn't) take long to
cross the ocean.
2. My scissors (needs, need) s harpening.
3. Our I.roubles all (comes, eome)
from that source.
4. Each state (has, have) two se11a....
tors.
5. Each of the states (have, Im~)
two senators.
6. What (has, have) become of
your friends?

7. Everybody (has, have) offered

to help us.
8. The fragrance of flowers (fill,
fills) the air.
9. (Has, have) anybody called to ·
sec me?
JU. The six 11n.ys' work (has, have)
been done.
11. (Ilas, have) everybody found
the place?
12. (Was, were) you invi ted P

!.

-- - .218

219

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON CCXVII

LESSON CCXVIII

VERBS : BE, WAS, BEEN

ADVERBS : KINDS

Review Lessons 38, 39.
The verb be is very irregular i11 its form; and, as it is used
more frequently than any other ve rb in the language, we need
to take especial pains to learn about it.
The principal parts of be are -

In a previous l esson we letirnell how adjectives are used with nouns
and pronouns to describe or explain . There is a kind of words used with
verbs in much the same way.

Present, be,

past, was,

The
The
The
The

perfect, been.

boys
boys
boys
boys

are
are
are
are

waiting.
waiting outside.
waiting patiently.
waiting now.

Other forms with subjects are Pn.F.SENT

First Pfwson
S econd P erson
Tltird P erson

SinguJar

Plural

I am
You are
Ile is

vVe are
You are
They :u·e

PAST

Sinr1nlar

I was
You were
Ile was

l 'lrtml

vVe were
You were
They were

Learn to repeat th ese for ms rapidly.
Is mul was are 11se<l with thir,l-sfaiynln1· s ubj ects, a1ul
twe a 1ul wm·e are u secl with plnnil s nlJ.i ects.
A11i ancl wa .~ may h e 11sc1l wi t h I as s uhj ect. ,, -,.is
111us t nevm· b e u se!l with yon as sub,jcct.

1. How cloes the second sentence differ in m eaning from the first? 2.
In the third sentence, what does patientl!J show about waiting 'J. 3. What
does now show ? '\That clo outside, patiently , and now add to the verb ?

Such words are called adverbs because they are used with
verbs to add something to their meaning.
I. Of manner. -

There i~ much more to lie learne<l aliuut ve rbs and their form s a ml nses,
but we must <lcfer it until later in our studi es.

Exercise. Find ltll the verbs in L esson 190 ; tell whether they
are complete, transitive, or coptdative; point out the subject and
the complement.

Speak gently.

E<tt slowly.

1. Read th e words that show what some one is to do . ' \That are
such word s ea! led ? 2. What word shows how one is to walk? to speak?
3. What docs slowly show? 4. Supply words to show how one may-

skate
Fill the blanks with was or were :
- - you where li e - - ?
- - he th ere when they--?

Walk briskly.

talk

stand

drive

wait

sing

A word that shows how anything is done is called an adverb
of manner.
11: Of place. -

Stand there.

Go yonder.

Move forward.

1. ' \' ha.t s hows where one is to slm1<l ? 2. For what is vondcr use(!?
forward') o. l'ut each of the following wonls with the verb of a sentence to show where :

down

out

there

anywhere

back

below

i

I

... _
220

___..........._

_

____

--.....

......

·~-----

--------·~~-----

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Never <lespair.

lately

sehlom

Exercise 4.

ever

OllCe

to-day

IV. Of degree.- Find t l1 e atlverbs in these

He sang twice.
rapidly.

Rentc n cc~ :

vVas his si11gi11g very good?

This shows us that adverbs are used not only with verbs, but
also with adJectives and adverbs, to affect their meaning. Such
adverbs are generally called adverbs of degree.
Exercise 2. What ideas are sup.r;ested by the followin,q words .'2
Write sentences in which these adverbs shall be added to the verb :
former] y

kindly

Exercise 3. TVrite fiv1~
adverbs with adJectives :
very

quite

bravely
sr~ nte nees

above

overboanl

about the weather using these

exceedingly

too

rather

' tlii

rather

most

An adverb is a word used with a verb, an afljective,
or another adverb, to n1otlify its 1neaning.

Exercise 5.

Find adverbs in these sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Exercise 6.
adve'rbs:
easily

The shops have been closed lately.
Sailors ·w atch the heavens eagerly.
The story was told well.
The lazy man rarely succeeds.
Come here immediately.

Write five sentences about your lessons using th

quickly

Il e Slllgs too

1. To wha,t is twice alllle<l? 2. With what is v ery used ? H. Ifo'vv is
t'Jo use<l? 'Vlrnt kind of a wont docs twice modify or exp lain ? 5. ·w hat
is the word gooll 'J 6. What is m71 i illy 'J

too

very

more

Adverbs that show wlien a thing is <lone are adverbs of time.
Exercise 1. R ead the following adverbs and note what ideas
they suggest. Then use them in sentences, and tell what they
show:
there
not
yesterday
patiently
thus
often
foolishly
wisely
afterwards
promptly

Write five sentences about aninials i1,sing

adverbs with other adverbs :

Come often.

·When is one to ask? 1Vhcn is 0110 to lkspair? What docs o.Jlcn show?
Use the following adverbs in sentences to show when:

i mmedia.tely

2

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Adverbs that show where aHytl1ing is done are adverbs of
place.
III. Of time. -Ask now.

---~-

never

sometimes

somewhat

LESSON CCXIX
ADVERBS : COMP ARI SON

true
truly

quiet
quietly

1. Which of these words may be adjectives?

sad
sadly
2. Which adver

3. How do their forms differ?

Many adverbs are made by adding ly to the adjective forn
4 . Compare true, quiet, sad.

5. Name the degree · of comparis

G. Why do we compa.re adjectives?

Sometimes we wish also to compare adverbs. The comp:
son of ad verbs is very similar to that of adjectives. As:
soon, sooner, soonest; late, later, latest.
Most adverbs of two or more syllables do not change tl
form to show the degrees of comparison. We use the w

222

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

more with the simple form to express the comparative degree.
As : more quielcly; more peacefnlly.
The word most is added to the simple form of the adverb to
express the superlative degree. As :

LESSON CCXX
PREPOSITIONS

1. Take a book and a pencil. Place the pencil ~
on the book ; against the book ; beside the book ; . bel~w it; i?~ the be
wider the book; before it; above it; over it; belmul lt; upon it.

most quiclcly; most peacefully .

Sometirnes :t(lverl1s :;;how (legrees of co111panso11 by entirely
different words. As:
Pos1T1v1~.

Go~u·A1tAT1v~~.

well
badly
much
Exercise

I.

Letter
worse
more

2. Move the pencil toward the book; from the book; over the book; to the hook; around
book ; with it; without it.

Str l'l•: ltLA 'l' IVE.

Lest
worst
most

3. How many times have you changed the position of the penc~l '
r e f erence t o the book. ?. 4 · Mention the words that show the d1ffe
relations of the pencil to the book.

Ma lee an ad.Jr~ctive from each qf these nmtns :

comfort
cournge

hnuger
beauty

pain
air

remark
honor

Words like to, from, after, on, in, by, are used with noun:
pronouns to show the relation of things to each other. T
are called Prepositions. 11

day
lluty

Exercise 2. JJfalr.r. 11d1,l'rbs from tJw a#ediues .Just fanned when
possible. What ideas do they suggest? 1Vrite sentence.rs nsing
these adve't b8.

Exercise 1 • Find the prepositions in these expressions, and
between what they show the relation :

0

1. They went away Jatcr.
2. The children played happiJy.
3. ·w e should speak th e truth
always.
4. The boy threw t he hall swiftly.
5 . The stars shin e brightly overhead.
6. Children, write more carefully.
7. The people were n:1ost curiously dressed.
8. He acted worse than usual.

!) . ''Ve workctl very industrious] y.
LO. Ile wafl somewhat frightened.
11 . The teacher explained it quite
fully.
12. I will help yon very soon.
1 g_ The peaches were rather Rnmll.
14 . Th e audience heca111e extremely
r estless .
Hi. II e was too small to <lo it very
well.

Exercise 4. llfention all the adverbs in L esson 170.

money for the poor
people from Europe
the family of the king

a room in a hotel
houses on the hill
trees by the river

Exercise 3. In the followin,q sentences find the adve1·bs. Tell
wltat eaelt modijfrs. Niinw tlw lcind. 1'ell of what degree eaclt i.~.
:

''

Phrases. - Such expressions as "for the poor" are phr
made up of a preposition and a noun.
A pronoun may also be used with a preposition to rnal
phrase. As:
before me,
Exercise

2•

with him,

for her,

to them,

without us

Supply prepositions in the following sentences :

He is a man - - great strength.
Christmas comes - - December.
Snow fell - · - the night.

Trees grow - - the river.
Birds fly - - the air.
She went - - the city - -

1

224

225

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise 3. Tell with what each preposition is used, and
between what it shows the relation.

Exercise . 2. Change the following adJectives into phrases, and
u8e them in s1mtence8 :

Exercise 4. Find all the preposition.<; in Lesson G/'J. Give the
phrases of which they are a part. 'Pell the words with which the
phrase8 are used.
i~

A noun or pronoun used with a preposition to make a phrase
callell the object of the prepm;ition.
A 1,reposition is a wor<l that shows the relation
obj ect to some other wor<l.

c7'~

__J

Chin ese
colorkRR
nav al

important
intercR ting
common

marshy
nnJivo
military

skilled
Am erican
Ullll S llal

1. What is an ad verb? 2. How does it h elp the verb? 3. What
docs it usually tell? 4. Change the underlined adverbs to phrases:

Look carefully.

W c pay y crtrly.

. · They came here.

5. Is the meaning of the sentences changed ? 6. With what words ·
are the phrases used? 7. What llo they do for the verbs? 8. Wh at
docs each phrase show ?

Prepositional phrases may be used like adverbs to show how,
when, or where.

LESSON CCXXI
USES OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

A powerful man.
A worthless book.

A man of power.
A book witlwnt 'Worth.

1. 'Vhat is the word powerful? 2. Why do you think so? 3. What
iR of power callc1l? 4. 'Vhat tlocs it mean ? 5. How is worthless usocl?
6. 'Vhat does the phrase without worth do for the n oun book?- 7. How
do the phrases and adjectives differ in the way th ey are used?

Prepositional phrases may be used like adjectives m describing.
Exercise 1. R ead the adJectiiies and the phrases nsed Wcr~ adjectives, and tell what they describe :
French prunes
prun es from France
wooden boats
boats of wood

thorny bnshes
hushes with thorns
juvenile books
books for children

foreign lands
lands over sea
domestic cares
cares at home

Exercise 3. Point out adverbs and phrases, and tell what they
show:
Go silently.
Go without speaking.
Come now.
Corne at this instant.

Stand h ere.
Stand on this spot.
Write carefully.
Write with care.

Return in haste.
Return hastily.
Start on time.
Start promptly.

Exercise 4. S elect the phrases, and tell whether they are used
like adJectives or lilce adverbs.
5. Bats fly in the nig ht.
2. I like a dog with spots.
6. Step with great care .
7. Take a sail down the river.
3 . S hall you journey by nig ht?
4. Bring cord without knots .
8. Go through the orchard.
9. Through the forest rushed the tireless wind.
10. By th e river stood an okl mill.
l. They live in the city.

A phrase is a group of words having no subject or
predicate, used like a single word.
Study a t this point the L esson on Mistakes in using Pronouns.

•

--- 226

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

2~

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Exercise

LESSON CCXXH

2.

and

Use the following conjunctions in sentences:
but

or

because

if

although

CONJUNCTIONS: WORDS THAT CONNECT

The sun had set.

i

The stars came out.

Exercise 3. Find sentences in your reader in which these co
junctions are used.

Let us try joining or comuining these two sentences into one :

The sun had set, and the stars came out.
The sun had set, but the stars ca111e out.
The sun had set, for the stars came out.
Or we may add to one sentence part of another:

Conjunctions are words used to connect sentences, or
parts of sentences.
'

,•
'

i

The moon appears. The stars appear.
The moon and the stars appear.

'

Either is used with or, and neither with nor. As in:
· Either hope or fear influenced her.
. I have neither seen my friend nor heard from him.

Connecting words like and, but, for, are called Conjunctions.

LESSON CCXXIII

Punctuation.- Two or more simpl e sentences written together as a
compound sentence are gen erally separated by com1n:ts. Between loug
sentences that are united a se mi colon is often used.

Exercise 1. Combine each pair of sho1't sentences into a single
longe1· one. Use as few 1001·ds rr8 possilile. R e sure that the two
sentences are joined in a sensible way.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Summer has gone . A11t11m11 has come.
Gold is a precious m etal. Sil ver is a precious metaL
Glass is urittle. Glass is tran sparent.
Cotton grows in Egypt. Cotton grows in lmlia.
We \Vent hunting. vV e (lid not get :mything.
I know that the wind blow s . I see I.he trees bend .
Turtles live on the land . Turtles live in th e water .
There i;,; no lead in lead pencils. Pencils are made of graphite.
A tint is produced by mi xing white with a color. A shade is
mad e by mixin g black with a color.
The arteries carry th e bl ood from the heart. The veins carry the
blood to the heart.

INTERJECTIONS: WORDS THAT SHOW FEELING

Oh
hurrah
alas

j

l

pooh
eh
hello

hush
bang
bow-wow

1. Which of these words express wonder, joy, sadness, or disgus
2. Which is a question? 3. Which are commands? 4. Which imita
noises? 5. Explain the meaning of each of the words.

Words use<l alone to express feeling, or to imitate
sounds are interjections.
When interjections are used with much force an exclamation-ma
should follow.

Exercise. Use these words with sentences that will explain the
meaning:
Ah

bah

whoa

ba-a-a.

ahoy

ha-ha

-228

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

LESSON CCXX IV
REVIEW: THE PARTS OF SPEECH

All the many thousands of words in our l:u1guage may
divided into eight kinds or Eight Parts of Speech.
Nouns are words used as names.
Verbs are words used to assert.
Pronouns are words use<l instead of nonns.
Adjectives are words used to describe µerson8 or things, or to
limit nouns.
Adverbs are wor<ls used with verbs, a1ljectivco or other
ftdverbs, to modify their mean ing.
Prepositions arc words used to show the rdation of their oLjecta
to some other word.

--

,-

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

'

-

-

-

'

-

229

The third sentence has two distinct parts, Follow the flag and
that has the stars. The first has complete meaning when. used
alone. It is called an independent clause.
The expression that has the stars does the work ~f the adjective star·r y. It contains the subject that and the predicate
has the stars. It is called a dependent clause.
Should you call the following sentences or only parts of sentences ?
Why?
- -· which were raised in Georgia.
- - that arrived in the midnight train.
- - who en listed at the age of fifteen.
- - which were made in Japan.
Give the verbs in these clauses. : 'Vlrnt pronoun is used as the subject
of c:ich? Use these clauses in complete sentences.
I

Some clauses have the use of adjectives.

Conjunctions are words use<l to r!onmwt
3entences.
Interjections are words 11 sed alone to e:1;press feeling or
imitate sounds.

LESSON CCXXV
CLAUSES: USED LIKE ADJECTIVES

Follow th e &fm-r.7J fhg.
Follow the lbg 10it11, tlw stars.
Follow tl1c flag thot; ho.'? tlw stars.
1.
2.
3.
4.

What adjective describes the flag in the first sentence P
'Vhat does the phrase im:th tlw sl~1rs <foscril>e?
How is th e flag described in the tJiird sentence?
Do the sentences differ in meaning·?

LESSON CCXXVI
CLAUSES: USED LIKE ADVERBS

Begin work instantly.
Begin work w·i thout any delay.
Begin work before a moment passes.
1. How do these sentences differ in meaning "J 2. ·w hat expressions
in them are alike in meaning? 3. Try to tell how they differ in form.
4. When are you to begin work "J 5. What part of speech tells when
som ething is to be done? 6. What two words in the sentence make an
independent clause ?

The expression before a rn01nent passes does the work of the
adverb instantly. But it contains the subject rnoment and the
predicate passes. It is called a dependent clause.
.

..
230

-

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

Are these sentences or only parts of sentences?
- - because he asked me.
- - after he had started.
- - while he read.
If I had known - - .
- - where the strawberries grow.
"Vhich tells why "J where "J when "J

LESSON CCXXVII
CLAUSES USED LIKE NOUNS

Tell the truth.
Tell what is true.

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

I know the author of tlte boolc.
I know who wrote the book.

1. Give the (lifferencc in meaning between the first; two senten ces.
\Vlmt expression in the fourth l'm1L<~11ce means 1iuthvr "J 3. Mentio n
ie verbs in the second sentence.
In the fourth.

The expression what is true is used just like the noun truth
s the object of the verb, to show what we are to tell. So, too,
1ho wrote the book tells what I know, and is the object of the
mnsitive verb. But each of these expressions contains a suh~ct and a verb, and is called a dependent clause.
Some clauses are used like nouns.

jctivc, an adverb, or a noun.
An A(ljective clause is one used like an adjective.
An Adverb clause is one used like an adverb.
A Noun clause is one used like a noun.
A Complex sentence is a sentence which contains
one or 1nore <lepe1ulent clauses.

Exercise 2. S elect the clauses in these sentences, and tell liow
each one is used :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

Do you know how the beaver builds his dam?
The sailors sang while the storm raged.
As the vetemns passed the erow.ds cheered.
Tell me who wrote "The Vision of Sir Lanufal."
w· e entered the little stone cottage that was to be our home for six
years.
I can't tell what's m y name or who I am!
They had now reached the road which turns off to Sleepy Hollow.
Those who toil bravely are strongest.
Nouns and verbs are the bones and muscles of language th at give it
form and strength .
Sin has many tools, but a lie is a handle which fits them all.

Exercise 1. Tell whether these clau.r~es are used like 1.ulJectii•es,
dverbs, or nouns :
1. I saw my fri end before the train started.
2. The buihling that wrts burned was a hospital.
3. Ile did not believe what I told hirn.
4. The steamer will sail when the tid1; rises.
5. After the sun had set the stars came out.
6. 1\That is the last state 'W hirh was admitted to the Union "J
7. Ile saves what he earns.
8. Can you tell ioho invented the cotton-gin"!

231

A Dependent clause is a part of a sentence. It has
a. snhjcct aJHl a predicate, aml is used like an ad- •

Use each clause in a sentence.

Some clauses are used like adverbs.

_

---· · --..............

LESSON

CCXXVIII

SOME COMMON ABBREVIATIONS

Us1m
inst.
ult.
prox.
M.

the present month
the last month
the next month
noon

TO DENOTE TIME
A.l\f.

P.M.

B.C.

A.D.

before noon
after noon
before Christ
in the year of our Lord

- ---232

LESSONS I N ENGLISH

TITLES

Mr.
1\r essrs.
Mrs .

:Mister
1\ lessieu rs
Mistress
(pron . Missess.)

Dr.

Doctor

l i SEI>

ltev.
II Oil.
Prof.
Pres.
Gov.

l \Ei"O l(.E

A.

LL.D.
]).J) .

Pn .D.
M .0 .
A.M .
A.B.
M.C .

Doctor of Laws
Doctor of Divinity
Doctor of Philosop hy
Hoctor of 1\lcdidne
Master of Arts
Bachelor of Arts
Member of Cong rm;s

23

In marking errors in written exercises t hese signs may be used:

(:en .
Cn neral
Col .
Co lonel
Maj.
Major
Capt. Captain
Lieut. Lieutenant

N Al\.rn

Esq.
Sn pt.
Sec.
Treas.
Sr.
Jr.
P.M .

•
L ESSONS IN ENGLISH

N AJ\l l~

H1!vnre11d
11011oralil e
Professor
.Presitleut
<ioYernor

TITLES USE D Al'TElt A

-

Esq uire
Superintendent
Secretary
Treasurer
Senior
,Junior
Post-Master

c umler either a small letter or a capital.- The other form shoul
be used .
s under a word . -

T he spelling is wrong .

X a cross between two words. -Begin a new sentence.
/ t his line drawn through a letter or mark, means that it is wron~
/\ the caret . - Someth ing is wanting, a letter, a word, or a marl<
w hieh may be written in the margilJ..
[] brackets inclosing words. copying.

The words should be omitted

, or No , these signs mean begin or do riot begin a new paragraph .
#leave more space betweenwords or
C a t the beg'innillg.

senten~es .

Exercise poorly written.

Copy it.

LESSON CCXXIX
COl\lJ\lON

NA lliES
CAPITALS AND PUNCTUATION

Be11j.
Chas.
llan.
Edw .

Benjamin
Charles
Da niel
Etlwanl

Frcll .
(:no.
.Ja ...; .

.Jos.

Frcllerick
(; ' ~ org·c
•J:t.llH !S
.Joseph

Sam.
T h no.
Th os .
Wm .

Sam uc l
Th eodore
Tlt o nias
Wil liam

MISCELLANEOUS

Anon .
Ave.
Chap .
Co.
Do.
p ., pp.
P. 0 .
P . S.

St.

Anonymous
Avenue
Chapte-·
County 01· Com pany
the same
page, pages
Post..Oftice
Postscript
Street or Saiut

e.g. for example
ete.
and t he rest
i.e.
that is
N.B . Tn.ke Notice
No. N11mhe1·
vir..
wt Ill el y
·yo]unw
vo l.
vs.
agai nst
&c .
and so forth

(For Reference)

I.

RULES FOR THE USE OF CAPITALS, ETC .

A Capital Letter should be used to begin 1. Every sentence .
2. Every eomplete line of poetry.
3. Every direct quotation .
4. All proper nouns; all words made from them; and all abbrevia·
tions of them .
5. The principal words in titles of books, and for 6. The words I and O.
Italics [Italic letters] are usefl in printing, for 1. A word that is very emphatic.

2. Short titles of books; names of ships, etc.
In writin,9, w~ Hhould underllne such wor ds or titles.

-

234

TH"

"'?

?MMR

Ttrr'

·- -

LESSONS IN ENGLISH
II.

RULES FOR PUNCTUATION

The Period [ • ] mnst ue nsCll after Every complete sentence that is not a 'lltesf;ion nor an exclamation.
All iiubreviations or initial letters.

INDEX

The Question-ttlark [ ? J must be nse<l after Every complete question.

(Numbers refer to pages)

The Exclamation-point [ I ] Jll11st he used after Every expression that is very exclarnaf:ory.
The Comma [ , ] must ue used to separate from the rest ot the sentence The nam e of the person spoken to.
A direct quotation, or each of the parts of one if it is divided.
The Comma must also ue n seLl to se parate 'Vords and expressions of the same kind in a series.
The parts of a compo und se ntence when the conjunction is omitted.
lf the sentence is long, the Semicolon [ ; ] may ue used.
The Apostrophe [ ' ] must be t1sml to <l cnote Possession.
The omission of l etters in contracted words.
The plurals of letters, figures , and signs.
Quotation-marks [ " " ] mu st be used to inclose Every direct quotation, or each of the parts into which it is divided.
The title of a, book or periodical, if the title is long.
The Hyphen [ - J must be used to separate The parts of some com pound words.
The syllables of a word written on Lliffercnt lines.
See how the Dash [ -

] and the Colon [ : ] are U"le<l in this book.

·,

Abbreviations Collected, 231
Of ·Months, etc., 35
Of Titles, 18
Address on Envelopes, 48., 49
Adjectives, 205-209
Comparison, 207
Descriptive, 205
From Proper Names , 207
Limiting, 206
Adverbs, 218 - 222
Comparison, 221
Kinds, 219
Advertisements, 17 4
Apostrophe In Contractions, 22, 1!)6
In Possessives, 28, 110
Capitals -Cities, etc., 19
Days, 34
I and 0, 5
Initials, 13
Months, 34
Persons, 13
Poetry, 9
Proper Nouns or Adjectives, 193,
207, 233
Questions, 10
Quotations, 44
Rules for, 238
Statements, 3

235

CapitalsStreets, 18
Titles of Books, 80
Titles of Persous, 17
Choice of Words Learn or Teach, 172
Lie or Lay, 153, 156, 159
Like or Love, 173
May or Can, 171
Shall or Will, 171
Sit or Set, 140
Who or Which, 182
Clauses, 228 - :!31
Adjective, 228
Adverb, 229
Noun, 230
CommaAfter Yes or No, 55
Between Sentences, 226
In Address, 57
In Quotations, 45
In Series, 97
Comparison, 207
Compos itions relating to
LifeCamel, 145
Cat, 8
Coverings, 130
Domestic, 53, 94
:F ish, 39
J<'rog, 141

Animal

6

INDEX

LESSONS IN ENGLISH

npositions relating to lummiug-Bird, 157
n general, 126
>riole, 79
:quirrel, 71
'oad, 161
npositions relating to Plant Life~lowers, 144
~·ruits, 64, 155
n general, 102
Jeaves, 25, 5G, 84
leeds, 165
items, 128
['rees, 115, 122
vegetables, 59
N"ood, 128
mpositions relating to (see L ettcrwriting) 3read, 120
3uilding, 111
::!hild at Pump, 68
Jlirnate, 137
::!ube, 52
Desk, 136
Directions to Strangers, 184
8'ive Senses, !J!J
}ems, 00
~Iolidays, 166
Houses, 111
Lig hthorn;es, 163
Little Gardener, 56
Rain, 77
Schoolhouse, 114
Shoes, 112
Soap Bubbles, 170
Sun, 66
This Book, 70
Time of Day, 82
l'rades and Professions, 17 5
Umbrell a, 119
United States Flag, 87

Co mpos itions relating to Water, lHl
Weather Record, 137
Wirnlows, 105
C011j 11 nctionr-;, 22()
Contracti ons, 22, 53, 54, 8!l
Dates, 40
Delinil.ion Making, 51, 58, !l2, l)!l,
lf>G, HiG
J)icta ~ io11

Exercir-; c ~,

la[>,

15, 1!l, 211, !-3 I,

42, 45, 5G, 58, 74, 85, 104, ](16,
124
Excla mation I'oiut, 44, 234
Fla,g S;tlute, 88
Forllls of Words (Sec Verb Forms) Aren't, 55
Did or Done, 127
Doesn' t or Don't, 126
Got, 162
I 1as or II ave, 60
llasn't or Haven't, 83
I s or Are, 40
IL is l , etc . , 121
l'l11ral or Possessive, 30
I 'rrn1n1111 a.nd A 111.<•c1!d e nt, 202
a.nd '>hj cct., 20:1
Therr. is or There are, ·12

~ttlJjccl.

'l'h'is or These, 182
Was or Were, 00, lit
Horno11yn18, 11, 22, 1 2 .'~
Their, There, etc. , G5
l Vho's or lYhose , 08
llllperntive Sentences, 57
Interjections, 227
Interrogation l'oint, !l
Letter-writing, 47, 48, 41), 11 fl, 134,
140, 148, 160
Ilnsiness J,etters, 142, 143
lnvita.tions, 78
.Models, 47, 142
.l\farks for Correctio11, 23:!

Memory Verses, 9, 12, 21, 31, 52, 58,
50, n2, 01, 77, 88, 02, 94, 101, 104,
118, I;J!~, IG7, 180, 18G, 186
Mistakes to Avoid (see Forms of
Words), 171, 172
Not with No , 1 rn
Nonns, 101-Hl6
Case, 19G
Gend er, 1!l4
Kinds, l!Jrl
Number, 103
Object Forms, 204
Ought, 172
Pa,ragraphs, 6
Parts of Speech, 228
Adjectives, 205-209
Adverbs, 218-222
Conjunctions, 226
Interjections, 227
Nouns, 191-196
Pronouns, 197-205
Prepositions, 223-225
Verbs, 209-218
Period, 3, 14, 58
Phrases, 224
PicturesAl<len, Johu, 178
Amusing a Ch ild, 34
A Narrow Escape, 8
Beaver, The, 151
Bread, 120
Bryant, 158
Bubble-blower, 170
Butterfly Hunters, 13, 15
Camel, 145
Ca,n' t You Talk, 27
Child at Pump, 68
Emerson, 72
English Jfarm Yard, 109
Feeding Her Birds, 95
Friends or Foes, IGl

237

PicturesGirl Writing, 50
Hayne, 185
H ead of Child, 12
Heavy Load, 91
Holmes, 167
Humming-Bird, 157
Interesting Subject, 20
Key, 86
Kitten, 11
· Loaf of Bread, 120
Lighthouse, 163
Little Brother, 33
Little Gardener, 56
Longfellow, 36
Lowell, 100
Morning Call, The, 1
Mrs. Rabbit and her Children, 23
Oriole's Nest, 79
Pet's Trip, 11
Poe,' Edgar Allan, 180
Pony, The, 29
Rose Window, 106
School Examination, 63
Secret, 125
Section of Tree, 122
Shoe Shop, 112
Swallow's Nest, 80
Village Blacksmith, 38
Whittier, 138
Wounded Hound, 132
Poetry (see Reproducti on)
Possessives, 28, 30, 89, 95, 110, 117
Plurals endingIn s, 24
In es, 73
In ies, 84
Iu ves, 102
Rules for, 193
Without s, 108
Predicate, 189

238

-

~--LES S ONS IN ENGLISH

J>repositio1rn, 223- 22ii
Prm1011 1rn , Hl7 - lW5
CnscR, 202
flcnder awl N11111l1er , 201
Kinds, l!J7
Adjective, 200
Iii tcrrngati v e, l!l8
Personal, Hl7
Helative, JO()
Mistakes in URing, 203
Proper Name•, HJ3
Proverbs, 123
Punctuation, Rules for, 233
Questions, l 0
Quotations, 44
Divided, 108
Jn Titles, 81
lteproduction of l'rnse Stories Content111e11t, !l3
nick's J<'lowern, 43
How to get a BrcakfaRt., n
How to look at a Gift, 20
Idle Dennis, 75
Jamie and th e .Tng, 154
Judging by Appearances, 6G
Larks, 183
Newfoundland and Mastiff, 148
Patience Flower, 117
Puss and the Ravens, 7
Somebody's Mother, 51
Stealing Apples, 70
Tray and Tiger, 124
Turning the Grindstone, 4G
Where God is, 2G
Reproduction and Study of Poetry Dells, The, 180
Camel's Nose, 146
Cloud, The, 88
Doing its Best, 31
F lag, The, 87
Fountain, The, 100

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Heprotlnction and Study of Poetry II iawat.ha, J 52
Landing of Pilgrims, 17()
Mountain a.IHI Squirrel, 72
Old Ironsides, lGi
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Our National Hymn, 185
Planting of Apple Tree, 158
llol>in's Advice, 15
School Days, 138
Star-Spangled Banner, 86
Trees, llu
Use of Flowers, 144
Village Blacksmith, 36
Wind, The, 129
Review Lessons, 76, 228
Sentence-making (see Definitions), 51,
GO, 88
Sentence, Kinds, 2, 187, l!JO, l!ll
Senteuce, Two Parts of, 188
Statements, 3
81.atenients, Practice in Making, 4
Stories (see Heproduction and Pictures)
Subject, 189
Subject Forms, 204
Synonyms, 81, 93, 107, 118, 120, 133,

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Talks (see Compositions)
Titles of Persons, 17
Of llooks, 80
Verb Forms (see Forms), 40, 131,
134, 164, 165, 168, 169, 173, 1 79
Verbs, 209-2 18
Be, Was, Been, 218
Copulative, 212
Number and Person ]corms, 216
J'hraRcs, 214
Tense :Forms, ~15
Transitive, 211
Words to be Defined, 51, 58, 92, 99, ·
135, 15(J, 165

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