1'1-IE PROBLE.M
OF

ELEl\tlENTARY COl'v1POS11'1();.J

S UG GESTIONS FOR IT'> .\01- UiJON

UV

ELIZ AB E Tll H. SPALDING
TEA C H l':R O F ENC: l.I SH

JN

PRATT INSTITUTH.,

13R ()() KLV N,

N. \".

BOSTON, U. S.A.

D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS
1896

1/

CONTENTS.
(,

'"• ' '! "-:,,y
l 1H.

t ':

<.: H AP 'l' ER

l.

l'Allf:

vVOH P TO T H E }{":ADE il

I I.

L 1'1'T J,; 11- \ V11 1T I NO

4

rr r.

ST011v - T1,: L1 . 1No .

14

I V.

\\70111>- COJ.l.El'T I N(l: ET Y MOJ.00 \ "

27

v.
IH' 1-: 1. I Z ,\llETl l II . ~f'Al. 11 1:"/f:.

A

Vf.

VIL

Dl>S('H I l'T I ONS

T 111,; SIM I LE AN D PEHf<ON I F IC AT IO.'I
.F1N 1>1 No Mt11·11
TENC 1~:s

VIII.
IX.

IN

L1 T TLIG:

5l

E1.A 11 0 1tAT I O.'I ov

S1•: x -

I NTU l' AHAU H APfCS

Du11.1> 1No: Oun. 1x 1xo Co MPosn10Ns

A \ Vu 1·w A 1.w uT : \\'":":n 1Nu;

ifl

l~ll TATIVE

S Y NON Y MS ;

Wo 1< 1>S; T 11 1•; S D J l'J. E F11T u 1rn A :> JI TJn;
01'

VOL IT ION;

TJJ E

F uTu H 1~

llI I S H1£ 1. A Tli:J > l' A l< TIC ll'l. E;

T i m SEQU 1·::-.-.-1-: ""' TENsEs ; T 111-; L Ac: K oF D1 HE CT niscooHSE ; TJJ E C JJ A I :'> C1 1.'I ST Hl ' ( T I U:\' .....
RELATIV I<:
TO in"

T im

A.\"[)

C LA U S E S ;

S 1·: PA1CATIO.'I

SwN;

T in: Us..:

HESTH I C T I VJ·:

0 1r T il t:

OF

Exl'l. .\ :O.-A -

H 1·'. l. AT l\' E

C1.Al1S"; 1< ;

.l .'IFINIT I V":

AN J>

ITS

CU I.T I VAT I Nfl T JJ K Po w i.: 1t T O TH I NK AN!>

Till' P o w 1en TO F 1-:1·: 1. ; EXA MI NATJ0.'1 Qu":snoN !'\.
T1 1'P(:lt ,\l'IJY

u \· c· .. I. l' v. n :1t .'" ,\'.

l '1t E~~ \\v1:r.. JI\

:-io N ,

lh• 1•TuN.

Ho ._; KWEL L ._\'.. (; 111 ' 1t C H 1L 1..

X.

TA Lh:l NO IT 0V J£ H : Ci< ITI C HD!

s8

JO:i

THE PROBLEM
OF

ELEMENTARY COMPOSITION
,'
SUGG ES TIONS FOH ITS SOLUTION.

C HAPTER 1.
A WORD TO THE READER.

THESE cl 1apters were written for delivery l>efore tl1c
Brooklyn T eac lien;' As::;uciation, and without though t
of ::;ul>::;eque11t publi cation.

Th ey arc 11uw gathered

into a book in respu11::;e to tlie req u est of 111:u1y in te rested in ele me ntary eompo::;ition .

It has ::;eernecl '11: -

sirable to retain tl1 cm i11 the ir origi11al forn1, f:rn1ili a r
and unconve11tio11al as that is.
The writer believes tl1at composition work 11ced not
Le re::;tricted to the produ ctio n of written theme::;, hnt
that it may incl ude speaking a::; well as w riti1 1g, ww·k
by a li ttle co mmunity as well as work by i11<lividuals.
and interesti ng

conve r::;ations to rou::;e tl 1ouglit and

deepen fee lin g .
Another c hapter might have been a<lded, 011 the sul.r
ject of ve rsification.

There appears to lJe

110

rca,;ou

,.,

•. r.

2

JCLHM b:NT.A 1'r C'(hlfl-'U iilTJ(JN.

A

WO !W TO THE RF.ADE ii.

.,
')

why ch il1lren slioulJ not wri te songs, e ve n at a com-

the n ovel, slmll we inv e n t for h is ou treaching rni11d

p aratively early age.

a barrier of fo rmulas and conve nLi onality, t hi ck e r a nd

A cla:;:; might selec t a w ell-

know n air from the song-book, mark on t,h e l1la.ckboard

thornie r than t l1e l1edge whi ch slt 11 t i11 the Sl ucping

it.-; m etre, choose a s ul1jecL, a nd, as <L cla.ss, fo11l word::;

Beau ty and all l liat slie infl uenced; sli1 1t tlicm in wi t i1

to :;uit Lo th subject a11d metre.

their l>eauty and t he ir to r por -

Tl1c rliy 1ue wouhl fttr-

ni:;lt m aterial for a :;eeoml exerc ise.

I t i:; t ru e t,] mt

ening p resence?
T h ese pa.ges are for tlto::ie wl10 w"11 lcl g i vu lift : 1.,

sueli work; it woukl l>c felt, h oweve r, a:; soo n as

g r am m a r and rheto ri c liy

111 e a11 :;

' ·~

a way from the :l.\YaL -

in:;piratiun m ight, seem to follo w ra tl1 e r tlmn precede
tlH;

.'

o f uri gi 11al an d

Yigo r i··;,

:;ta11za l1ad heg u11 to t,ake :;]1a.pe, awl it woul cl h e rn u re

full y felt when tl1e

stall:r.a

w a.:; su ng .

ou:; e ffurt i11 composition.

"

'Th e wonls

would ve ry likely rctiro<luce t he cb:;s e nvironm en t,
experie nce, wisl 1cs, or aspirations .

Hy degrees con sid-

erable knowledge of versification wo11l1l lJe a cq uireJ,
and a. tcrte her mi glit he su r p ri sed by o rigin al arran gement<;.

ls the re dange r that s uch st ud y of ways and

m ean:; w oukl make cl1ildre11 lovers of

m e re fo rm ?

Hardly, i f at the same t im e th ey w er<: rc<t<li11g vo ums

tliat stirred t1 1e ir lJlon<l o r cl1annecl tl1 e ir fallc y.

Qui te

spontaneo us efforts of t.l1eir o wn mi g ht com e later.
\Vho tli«t ]1;ls ]1;t<l cli ildrc11 st;Ln1l licsidu ltin1, tre 111-

lJl in g with c rtg<~rn css to atll·111pt liis work, an 1l k ts lis-

te n ed to the ir "Ld 111 u t.ry ! " w111d<l re f11 se t li e in tl1 e ir
opportuni ty?

Docs not exprcs:; iun, li ke eve ry other

natu ral tl1in g, grow i1 1to t he

j ·.

pcrfceti"n o f powe r '!

Had n ut logic it:; beginning in a firn L judgment, :wd
Is

the nov e l in a narrative :;e n Le nee or pamg rnph '?

not race history heing u sed a:; a key to c hilll <level op-

rnc11t, ?

Because t l1 e elii ld cu,nnot write t he logic or

'·I

. 1
1

:,

LETTHU- IV Ul'/'l NO .

composiLio11 work by

:t

.'

comliint.;J efTort. at Ll11: ,.;tart.

We all are friendly, arc workin g al

s:une tlii11g;
there 18 no C!Lil,.;e for painful sc l l'-eo11 scio 11s11 css 11 or
for c 111lmrrass1 11 c 11 L, s 11 n: I y llOllC for fe; Lr. llW l"t'I' i rn g of con fiJ e nce rnay Le li c igli te11ed hLt::r 011 liy COi ltl1t;

'l'l

CIL\PTER II.

versatirms about the

LETTER-WRITING.

1n0Lher-to1 1g uc.

A

p11 pil

Ill

ay

r eal ize tl1at Iii ,; native language i,.; Iii,.; rigl11J1il pos;;t·s-

To enable

:1

stu d ent to gmsp anothe r's thought,

sion -

verital>ly tl 1e "11 10Ll1er "-t<>11guc :L11cl l1i:-;:

it will aid lii111 to u LLe r l1i1111<e(I; to :-;N frc,; his o ! li.-:-

g uage; to enable liirn, also, to u tte r liin 1self, either

wise i1npriso11etl tlw11ghl<:>; that it will rnak e fruitfu l

liy voic e or by pen, -

tl1is, no one will di,;pute, sliould

How shall

m .J

I am cn11vi11ced tliat, in o rde r to gai n co-

l'o::;iti o n ?

tlie work of liis Grain; that it will m;Ll.;:e ]1,·lpfu l th"
love i11 Iii ,; li e;1.r t.

l>t:g i11 de111e11tary i11strndion in com-

1 k 111ay also co111 e to lllH1\'rst;u1d

thn.L l1 is rnutlier-Lu ngu<; <k,.;ervt;s l1is J\:,.;p1;ct a11d
Lectio11, tliaL it. is Lc·;L11Liful, tli:i.L

t!H:

j•l'IJ-

grcat .. s t rni11d .-<

operation fron1 the pupil.-aml this is absolutely es-

hav e rcv,;re11 ee1l it, tl1:1.L its [' ll rity ,.;iiuitld lw 1·\·1 ·11

sential, -

jealously g uanl c<l.

of

Lwo t hin gs rn11sL be give n to l1in1: a sense

seenrity, of confitlent.;e; and a glow of delight.

Wh;1.t sl1 a ll bt; tl1t; Jirst work done tugetlit;r ·;

;\'"t

The ::iense o[ security, ilic feeling o( co11fide11ce, will,

wri tte n work , lJy any rn ea11s .

I believe , Lest be g ai 11 ell Ly working togeLl1e r n.L the

to ",.;pring" my fi1·st Je,.;so 11 on t he 11 11,.;uspceLi:1 g t.;]1il-

very outset.

dren.

A dozc11 ti mid souls, if co rnpa11io11,.;,

I slwuld be Lernpt.< ·tl

There wonld he sorne cve nL, ::;011w h:q1pcllill g .

gain courage to brave work as w ell as <b.nger; and,

that might lJe or:Llly t old, one arnl a11ot li1: r <·ili;Li·ili11t-

while so entirely untra i11 c<l and unaccm;tomed t o the

ing Lo the narration of Ll 1e incide11 L.
easil y yon talk, do y m1 not/

ing witl1 your pe ns or pencils?

dfocti vc , n.nd ::;o m ore e nc1m 1-.tg ing, tlm11 t lic siugle

trying it, :Lll yl 1uw?"

effort of any one of tlicm -

swers t.l ie re will lie 111aki11g

sity;

unless a gen iu s -

Self-relian ce is, undoubtedly,

it

co uld
neccs·

but Lliere is a ge 11 ial sometl1i11g i11fuse<l iuto

"

\VI 1y, liuw

Di<l you <wer Lry tdk-

work, Ll1cir u11io11 of effort, umler intelligent gu ill::i.nce, is likely to givt; a r esult more tangilile, more

l1ave give n.

.

'

iL"t

:u1d appreciate th e force or Leauty of a1 1o tl1er',; l:rn-

be the c hi ef aim of Ll 1c tcaehcr of composition.

:,

vVha t is tlw use ()f

Among the many, some a11 -

dea r to tlie I.mys a11d
girls ' that tlicre is a use, even a need, for writing;

'-~

Ll1at he wlio eannot write i::; to a degret; du111b.

4
...

·.~

Ef,EM .E NTA II

r·

COM f'081TION.

7

L JC/'THU- Ir 11/'/'ING.

Tl1 e natural way to show this need, this u sefulness, is, I tl1ink, to write a school-letter -

a ::;imple,

proper word will have give n an impetus to ri.11 entire
class.

1t is what the cliildre11

This is ni ce work?

bri ef little l etter, co utri ved by putting ali t.l1 e l1 eads

like; and it is what kiutlergartens am wakin g

Lngctl1er; a letle r neatly writ.Le11

siulc, Lccause they culti vale tlie power t.o ol,s<:rvu accu rntely. It i:; iu ju::;t ::;ue11 way:; tl1at dclig·lit t:tk('s

sei1t somewl1L:l'l! -

out, and

auLually

Lo another sehool? J'ro111 No. 11 tn

No. JG'? fro111 No. lG to No. 45? to a11 ;lO::>e 11t fri e nd
ac ros::; tl1e ::;e;L ., Tl1 ere is a sense of 11cigl1bol'li11 ess

posscs::;ion of the cl 1il<l.

j>u:'-

H e i11tuitivcly ap prec;iatJ·s

born of a lette r and iLs q ui ck reply, as tl1 e re is a

words that are exact; he is a lover of tlic t rn t li.
The actual sending off of t l1c littk p:trag-rap l1, 11 r

zest in cornmu 11i l:;L Li11g with far-uff la11ds.

page or two, helps.

()[ course in su c; li ins t rn c tion we shall 11 0L Le liy pe r-

cr it.ical, but we m;Ly lie di sc riminating.
wo 1t1Ll

y1111

what good does it Llo?

"011, dear!

Jt is so unpl easa nt; and

p ut Ll1;Lt in'?

Woul1l you earn for it your-

The Gold en R ule applies here as else where.

self?"

So, d iscriminati11 g we will l>e ; but we will be tolerant, generous.

Tlie little artist shall feel his power,

aml shall d el ight in it too .

opportunity.

\Ve will g ive l1im l1is

Ire sktll share l1i :; gifts, shall l1c::; tow

something of l1is own insight upon his <lull1:r 11 t:igh-

Lor.

l t m rLy he that

t1 1c cl1ildre11

have s;·Licl tl 1at Ll 1e wind "so 1111dcd

rn

I heir

le tlnr

stm11ge ."'

\Ve

shall find some 011 e ready, perhaps after a 11uiet mi11 nLe for thong li L, with a go0<l verl> for that ":,;i1u 11ded
stran g e." IL ''howlt)(l" or "sighed," it "::;liri ek ed ., or
"wliispered."
fli g l1L of birds.
" c i1·L: le, "

01·

\ 'Vl1y?

Ueca11se it 111akcs all

the work v ery real; because, Luo, it will lJri11g 11p fl}r

discussion m;t11y of t.l1 e poi11ts o r l etlc r-\n itint;. a11d il
will do this most naturally.

For i11st: t1H ·e. tl1c lJoys

and girls eagerly await a r eply.

Pro1u]'t11 ess i11 ;rn-

::;wering a. correspondent is considered, and a sceoIJd
time that e m bodiment of e tl1ies, the G olden

l{ulc,

d ete rmines; or, po::;sibly, the hurry and k een corn 1•eti tion of t h e hu:;i11 e:;s world-so apvare n t, abs: <'.Ve11

decides.
P e rhaps tli e letter went astray!

to c hiltli::;l1 eye::; -

addresseLl?

JVi1.1; it prnp<:rly

The right way, Llie usual way. is 1:111 pi 1:L-

sizeL1,- it has already been taught, -

aml t he Ji.,riz1111

of the little peopl e may be witlencll by an i111ag i11:Lr.1·
peep iuto the Dead-Letter Office, and hy a littl e ci<'ar

Suppose tlie cl1ilLiren l1:we toltl o[ the

information regan1ing the postal systems of lon g ago
allll of now . Some knowleLlge of the bl essi11gs of

Di d these " ::;woop, " or "flutter," or

civilization and g<wernment may be acqn iretl, wl1ile

thing t.li ey cerrai uly

the little correspomlents, i11 imagination, fnllu\\' t!ie ir

Tl1e fitLi11cr i11 of tlie

letter as it is carri ed in s:1.fety to streets or citi es or

what.,

Some

Oll e

did <lo, and not the o the rs .

"'

,,
·'

,,
'

8

LETTl<;R- JV U /TI NG .

Antl wl1y s hould not patriotism begin to Le; or, if already ex isti ng, wliy sho uld
it not tJms ue fo>-ltercd?
lands quite 11ew to th em.

Our fi rnt letter ac~ on 1 p li s lwr1 togeLl 1er, 0U 1crs will

Franklin 's letter to Noah \V ebsler, w ritten while the
latte r w as com piling his dictionary.

l rdcr, of course,

to the corrcspomlcncc "On Ncw-Fa1 1gl cd J\l.,cJ 1•" of

11:1tu rally follow, Jone l >y imli viduals, but uot too

To k now tli:it t.l 1e 11 i;u1 11· ho
was stiff-11ecked befo re royally could Leg \V el1,; tt ·r t r 1

mau y , 11or all at once; fur letter-writing rnay be kept

g 11anl t he pnrity of our la 11 g uagc , mi g ht add t" :t

up for years : morcov1:r, monotony is killing to tLc
spirit.

pupil's respec t for E11gl i>'h .
Hol nws"s Jette r to il1c >'cl1onl-cl1ildrc11 of Ci11ci111! :1 1i

S urely, altliough we would 11ot be me ro imitators,

on il 1eir cel ebration of hi s scventy- li r>'t y1:ar, \H11ild

it is n ot amiss V<Jry early in Lhis work to read some

}1<)VC a p erso nal in te rest for a11y clas>'.
\Ve woukl not forget >'um e of E ngc n1: Fi cl cl'" le tt e r,; ,

of the letters of Philli ps Brooks a1Jd of other lovers
of cl 1ildren.
B ish op Brooks's L etters of 1hwel, es..
11
1
l
t
. A y;ear ·1.n
· E urvpe an J
.,,
1e.._,1a
y
,
1osc
o "Grer t.1c " in
1
India , arc a veritabl e min e.

How livilll!
a tlii1w
aeo•r....,
b b
b

m1Jl1y Lecomes w ith su ch p:1rall el work.
li e wrote : -

From KanJy

"Oli, t his IJ~autifnl isla nd of CPy lo n !
With t h e "o•·oa1 111 t.-tre•'s on th e s ho re ;
i ~ ~l.iapi:d lik1• :.• pc:.r w i.th th" l" "-' I o n,

A nd Kand y Iii· ~ in a t tlw core.·•

\ VriLing a111l Pri n ti ng ."

niece J\1arga rct, some of l\'larjorie FJ,·111i 11g·,_, :i1:rny .,f
Chesterfield's to his :;0 11 , ll1e

Pamil{ltr

·waller Scott , e x t racts fro m Cowpe r·,_ ld.t <· r,.;, :1.11 il 1·nu 11 tless others, - all i11 tc resti1 1g, a11J 111ure ur },.,;,.; cdu c:i1.ive.
Charm and CourteR!f in L ettrr- IVr /1111.1;, by <..::dlrtw:ty,
18

profitable collateral rea<li11g.
It w ill e:t.<> ily be perceived t hat le tters lJrin g

!I "

111 g

; closer, some times, than con vers:itio11 1:1111 ld hri 11 .~

"Gertie" from Jeypore allCl Venice, cou l<l not be

us .

For in stan ce, will not tliis ext ract frn111 l\e:th,

p~t..,;sed

printed in The

Outloolc nf Oct. 2C, 18fl:\ 11nt •>11 iy

His letters unify t hem-

amuse a class, but also help to a con ception nf Llw

selve:; n ot only with geog raphy, lii story, a nd li terature,

personal ity of the poet whose genius t.hcy wi ll some

buL also with the glad nature of t he chil d .

day reveren ce?

So n1 e of tile ol<ler pupils will ~Lpprec iate Be11 ja n1i11

·, '

('\n,....,.

to ''Little Mistress .To:;cphi 11 c,"' and tlie lette rs to

to one of his corresp ondents.

;•-!

L..t fl>rs ,~( ,\'Ir

to men a nd women tlian does any oth e r ki11.l of 1111L

His visit to T c n11yso11 is cha nn i11gly tol<l

')

t. !-: '

Edwin Booth's to l1i::; (laughter, Macaulay"" to Iii;.: ii t1 i1·

Th e rhyme sen t from t l1e P. and 0. steamship V ernna

by.

. ·.,.1

Th is

letter is to

Kea.ts':-; :-;i ster

:

,;

'"

T~:.
',''

Fan ny:-

10

E f, J1'M l >'Yf":1

II} '

1l

<;ON f'().'i/T/ ON .

"I get so hungl'y a ha m goes imt ve l'y li tt le way, an d
fowls are like lal'ks to me; a hate It of i.Jread
make no
morn ado a bou t. than a sh(·rt of l'arli a rn cnt, a11d I can
P.at a bull's lieatl as casilJ ·as l usell to d o a l11ill",; rye.

I t \YOuld increase both in terest an1l fril• 11dlinc"" tn

have

;t

ldLe r-Lox in tlie l'l.>U lll, antl, o f en1 1r,;e , tl 1aL L"x

would l1av e a key; otherwise, how 11111cl1 u[ 1t1 1j 1<>r-

te n te d wit h an a1·n: or L\\'o of oatL'n cak e, a l1ogsl 1cad of

La 11 t·e :u1<l of myste ry would lie l o.~t, a11d \l'li• tL :L r.·w:L111
!If 111 eriL w1111ld b1; <•V <;rlnok <:d . Ea1:h row 11f 1•1q 0 1i.~
ini<Tht
li ave Ll1 ei r Ll:ty· for wri ti 1w
to tl 1c 1·h:<:< . ~11 1111·
b
n

111il k, :111.J a <'IC1t.h1 •s-hask1 ·t 111' q;g.' .

!to111 ely tl 1ing wnul1l l>c atte m pted, -

"1\ly dral' i"a1111 y, I :till aslian1 ud of writ i11 g yo11 su1;h
:'t11f'f, nor wn 11 l1l I if it \l'l'l'f' 11()1. for ]wi n g I in·c1 af' lf' l' m y
d :Ly's walking. a 111l rf'ad.r to l.11111ble int.o lird su fatig 1t.,d
that whe11 f am asl1~c· p you 111i;.; ht sew my nose to m y
great toe, arnl tn111rlle me ro1111d t.he tow n, like a ltoup,
with o ut waki 11 g me.''

a p et, or about anyLl1 i11g d.l: :u· Lo Ll1 e wri i1·1·s l 1eart.

L t.ak e a wl10l e sf'.ri 11 ;.; of sa usagc•s <1ow11 as eas il y as a
111·11 ' urt.lt o i' lady 's ti11g< ' l's.
Ali , dl'ar, I nw sL s<>o11 lie co 11 .

AnJ is not t he ma n w l10 conl <l love :t 11 atio 11 w it h

1111; !L:lli11g :tl1 .. 11 L

Tl1 c 111 0:-t <lesolatc e11ilJ fi11 Lls sorn ct.hi11 g 1., 1011•, :u"l
:d;ouL tliat sorn etl1i11g it will tltiuk, and L·li;LI tc r, a1 1.!
-

wri te .
Durillg these exu n :1,;c:<, cae li rnnmbcr

will liav e le:u1wJ lt1iw Lo fol ll an d

"r

1111: 'la,; .~

adcln·,.;,.; a ldt<:r,

Jww to begin a ncl c 11d iL, :u1d w ill J.a,·e i11di1·ak1l tl 11:

ahsurbi11g duvntion an <l yet. l1 :l\'e a ltaun t in g pity anJ

prupcr pl:ice for Ll 1e st:unp.

te nd e rness for others sacri !i c ing t11en 1;;el ves for t h e

m e mbers 1l1 igltt lc an 1 al l east I. li e lww :1.11 d \\'li1·n·f,,1·L:

s:tme 1mt ion , revealed in lllore tl1a11 0110 of Li11 eo lll 's

of l ettc r-w ri ti1 1g .

br ief ldte rs '!

To Mr.'. HixlJ.)' of Massacl111set.(.s , whoso

I 11 cun11eetiu11

l·:ven t li e

w j Lli sueh ]'l'aL:Liec

ill

1 (' I')'

.""1111g

c orn::-pn11dl'111·1",

five so ns l1ad die•l rn1 i li e l.:t(.t,Jufidd, Lin enl 11 wn >Le

U1 c lll:lkin~ of :t ;;r·1-:q1-lu onl; WC111ld lH, •111 il ·· ;i l1.-'"1l.; 1:<.; .

wi t h warm sy1111>:ttl1y , l1opi11g Lli at t.lie :t11g11isli of li er

The re mi ·..J1 t be [>iet urcs of t.lte old 111:1.il-1·11:wl1, "f ti,..

onreavement might be assuaged .

rn ode rn m a il-ear, of :,;Lcalllsltips, 1Jf moungr:un;;, nf l"'"-

:Lll( l

t he re

11c

left, 0 1.Jy

Llic cl1erisli c(l memo ry of t li e love d a nd l n.~t·. , and a
sole n111 11ride to l1:tve J,.., j,1, .s1.1•·l1
·r. ce u pon 1,] 1..,
v
a sa.cn11
e
altar of freedom .
:Lt't

S11<;]1 words t each in nrn t h a n ilie

of letter-writing : patri ot ism is in tl 1e111; a1 1d those

who r ead nrny some clay :tss n rnc with "solem11 priJ e"
responsi bility for the Janel Lhal. such m e n and sue h
wome 11 bi tl Ll1cn 1 love.

"'

Laµ:c-s tamp,; frolll d iffu r c uL cou11 t rics.

hi:<Lo ry }'OsLagc-st:trnps
11 atio nal ch:v ices

n,)](l

r evc:d,
t h eir

with

b ead;;

I l<>w rn111:l 1 (/f
tli!'ir

1 ·1.:u1.~· i 11 .~·

of

sovereign;;.
S li oulJ w e hesitate to make use of tl1e <lidi11 11 ar.' ·,
even in the primary scho11l?

T have l1 e : ~nl Llie 1'111.-

zling q u estion of a four-y car-uhl boy :tn s we red i11 t.lti:<

' ·.

1 ,.. ••

12

J\ f, f;'NXNTA U l' <: O,\/ ['(),..; f 'f'l() N.

L ICTTJ!J N - IV R I'l'lN G.

way : "l d o not kn o w; I am learni11 g ju::;L as you
rire.

f lik e Lo learn, don·t y ou ?

S U MMA// Y.

h;tv e bee n learnDurin g this one set of e xercises, t hen, 1: rr feeling of
1. \ Ve shall have eiLl1 er e rc:;tted or i111·r<·;tsc<
fri emJ)i11 e ;;s , uf fe ll ow :; hip; :1 SC llSe O f j>OWl 'I' j t,lia t;

i11 g lo11 ge l' tli:tn yon l1ave bee n, rind 1 o ug h t. t.o know
a g oo<l de:d mo re.
abo ut tliaL. "'

AlHl I do k111)W whe re to li11d 01 1t

T he n t li c l1oy <Ll 1Ll l1i s fri e nd -

i::; h i:; frivn d -

t.rnl y s li e

<1 c li.,ht whi e h f· u nll' S fr o m th e li11 c a eern np lis h11H·11 t
of a"' uy w o r t hy thin g; apprec iat io n o f a n ut. I w r . s

s o1 1 ~·1it for tl1e info nnrit io11 tog\• th r:

and tlie liule follo w \\'as more tlian s;ttisfie d 11·itl1 t l1 c

work. and a rea li zation of th e value of "0111pos1'
. .

r e,;nlL, espr~ c i:llly si11ee there wa::; a pi e t ure of just wh at
11e l1atl a:;k ed ahout,.

t io n, -

11.

liav-

i1 1g sl'e11 L n c: trly a ll l1is life i11 al te rnate s ic<'!' a 11 d ontr
liL: 1'!1u11·:; a good d eal <tliout so urces

of i11forrn a l in n a11(l l1 o w

to

u t ilize tliL:lll.

1t, i:; <li fl ie11lt t o \1111l c r;; tand , m on~o\'l' I'. 1r liY th e 11 ppe r

;;e hool s l1ri 1·c lhe rno:;t of tl1 e case ri11d joy of 11·o rk t h e rn os t of t he fi ne t oo ls.
to rn o11opol izc lh crn.

::;;urely t.h r y do not w ish

A prim:try scl1oo l n eeds its well -

s eleeted Jil1r:iry o f wond erful sc ie1 1tific fact..; , of charr11ing CO ITeSjiOllde ncc, nf trn C

Or

fa11c.ift1[ descr iJitions, of

f;1,s c inati11 g sl n riL'S , o f in s! n1 c Live trave ls.
sh o uld it not liaYe it s di ction a,rics -

J\11d wh y

th e usual diction-

ary, and, in <Lddi t io11, aL lt:ast a d ic..:Li.i 11:iry of nam es ?
And who. \1·ith Li1 c tea eli cr tn si111plify and interpret,
w o uld forbid a free us e of t he books ?
do becom e sl1abby?

S uppo:;c they
Suppn:;e they wear out?
So

much the better, if tlll: \r earing n u t be 11ot th o res ul t
of carelessn ess.

.F resh book s mn.y be had, and th e

k een er i11 telli g e nce

or

tlic cbss will priy for them.

p e r haps

e sp c c i ~dl y

of w ri t te ll eumpo,.; 1L1rn1,

-

Ire 11 011· pulls 011L th e di e tio 11 ary

wh e n perplex !'cl ; a nd ril t.h oug li li e ea 1111ot read. of-door pl:ty , -

13

I.
I

which val lle we sha ll l1av e illu strate d .
\ Ve slmll have b egun to think abou t p11ri t_y, pn1 p rirt.y ,
an <l precision, al t hough we 111:ty 11 CJ I. hav1: brr at hc1l

tlie i r 11 :uHns .
\
Ve
shall J1ave co1111 ce tc1l our lit.Li u ll'l U• rs wi1.h 1hP
I I I.
postal sy ste ms of t lt e world , sli:Lll li<Lvn rn 11 s••tl a n
in te rL•s t i11 for e ig n nations, ;tnd sl1all !ta n: 111c r ea s <'tl th e ID1·e f'ur onr own .
J V. ·we shall ltave met. familiarly, by m ea11s of their <·orrcs pondcn ce, a f e w g rr~at rn e11 a 11tl wullle 11.
v. \Ve s h a ll hav e [.)('g 1111 t he collec tion of in tf' rest in g
mate rial into scrap-books.
\Ve
sliall hriv r. l ocat.od a.nil look ntl in to su 11 11: nf t hr:
v I.
so111·ees of gc11C'ral and sper.ial i11 f'orma Li •i1 1.
How llllll :h more a n y 011r. of us mi ght •lo, wlio wil l V•·n t it re t.o srry "t These a re th e m e rest gen e ral s uggestiom;.

ST{) fl l'- TJ•: 1, UN G.

it, is n ot, p c rlmp:;, so diffi c ul t a ta.sk as 1s ge nerally
believed."
Compayre Lhen <1uotes Tolsto·i 's opinion, that "instruc to rs a re deceived wl1 e n they cl1(JOse for t h e "uh-

CJl 1\ !'TE!{ II L

jects of early compositio11 the de::;cription of an ohjec L,
:ts a table or a bench

STORY - TELL ING .

Tolsto'i

"maintai11s, antl

for e xampl e ; ,. addin g
not

witl1ou t

reaso n,

tha t
Lh •Lt.

N A1 : 1: AT1 1,:-; 1•n;.-< 11p p11,«;,;, "[ cuur,;1:, Ll1u JHl'ises,;i11 11

those d escription:; whi e li liri11g i11to pby o nl y the n·p-

el l' 11 11a;;·i11aL io11 liy t !11) 11 a rra wr : so111 e Li11u; s , of ulll.)'

r esentative imag inatio n 1ull'1'est the child 111u d 1 less

Llic i111a~· i11a Lic1 11 tl1a L rq1n:s1•11 ts , ealli11g Lu 111i11d wl1aL

tha n th e r eb.t io11 o( a sto ry.

l1as liuc.;1 1 La,;Lc.;d ur klL cir sc:1· 11 <1r !ward ; su 11 wL i11lt' s,

h e [Tul:;tci'i], 'wli0 weeps ov e r havin g a be nch to de -

uf Lli c i11 vc.:nt i1·e i1na~· i11 aL in11 , \\'l 1i c l1 c rcales. Tc> des c ribe a 1:ity sn tl1 at tl111se wl1n acL11:Lll y dw e ll i11 iL

seribe, will g ive ready e xpression t(l a s c11tin1e11t (Jf

will fe e l aL !1()111 0 in yo11r [>icL lll'e d ciLy , n :1111ires tl1 u
i111 a<ri1m
Lion
b

Ll 1a L n :1)rod11c1:s : Lo 111 aku an in~
c 11i1111.-;
•

J>lot 1'1.\llltire;; in \' ('J I t i\'(~ i 1n:1;;i 11aLiu11.
llOL

Perl iaps

r

can -

dcl beLLc r, j11sL hn(', t.!1:111 Lo q110Le li:li [ a page

fr o m Comp:Ly n'.: on Lliis s11!1jcc t : "Let u s Ll1 e 11." h e ;;:i.rs, "nnu ri s l1 Lii! : im agi 11atio11

.. r

'Th e sa1ne pupil,' :;ay:;

Juv e or hate.'"
AgrccnJ,Je a s it may

Le to l1<tve Cornpayre a 11d Tol -

:-;to·i i11rlorse u:; i11 tl1e t eacl1in g of IHtrrnti on to yo1111g
c hildre n, I fancy Lliat it will be q uiLe sat is fa c tory Ln
Le assured that we m ay do :c;o by the childre n the ms el ves, as we watch Lh e m itt tl1eir work o r at their
play.

Af te r w e lmvc sec11 the m c onstru ct m c ll, "·onH'll ,

tl1 e l:l1 iltl with 11 n l>l1; irna g1·s t;i.k(.;1 1 c it.!1 c r from n :: i.I

a1H1 fnrnitnre fro m m e r e no t hin g :;; ma.kt~ liird-cng1:s

l1isLory or fr111 11 t Ill' p11resL i11v c 11 l i011s of li11111an gc 11i11s.

out of disks of pasteun:trd, with pins for cagc-h:trs

B11L let 11s 111JL Ll1i 11 k t.ktL 011r task, eve n in Llie J>l'i-

and with flies for hin1s; and go to sea in a lianm1nck,

m:1ry s clwol, is co 11 fincd t11 Llii s so m c wh:-i.t Ji:iss iYe 1·du -

riding safe o ver im agin c<1 rongli waves, -

r~tlio11

n!' tl 1e irn:-igin:tt i11 11.

we may hr:

To this mu st he jnin c <I

ready to gra nt t hat tl1ey have a good d eal of inv e n LiY c

a sor t of a eLivc cil n "ation . hv d isc reetly e x e rc ising
t l 10 pupil at hr id 1· ffur ts Ill Ii tc ra.ry com posit.ion.

power : if we a rc still sce ptical, th ey ,,·ill evcnLually
convince

To g e t p11pils t0 :tc q uirn

Everybody knows that ::;o me cl1i!Jrcn prder im agi11ed

[exo r c ise i11

:t

Lask: for Ll1is exe rc ise'

li ternry composi t ion ], a11d Lo succeed iu
H

playma.tet1

us

by a tl1ousa11d

Lo real 011et1, a1Jd

ingcniou,,; eu ntriviwcc:;.
will

p erplex a

more

I

.·:

'i

16

Ef,f~·M ENTA II}"

17

STORY-TNLL1NG.

GON l'O.'i/TION.

practical broth er or sister by crying out, "Oh, please

tramp, tramp, the boys came man:hi11g,'" which was

don't sit there!

Ali ce being

the chorus of the first song; and, lmving thus pro-

those who live altogether in
I have known a little Lit of

vided tl1e fifty thousand necessary troops by means of
"Marching through Georgia," he listened with shining

a g irl, just fo r the delight of roma1H.: i11g, tell of an

eyes to the account of how the prisoners were set free.

afte rnoon walk full of imagined, Lut not irnprohible,
adventures. Later it trn.nspire<l tl1at sl 1e coulcl not
ha.ve taken the wa.lk.
lL is, i11decd, sometimes diffi-

Then lie co1H.:luJcd with a. sigh of rel ief,' · Now si11g ,
' ·w hen .J ohnny comes marching home agai11.'" !Iis

Ali ce is in that chair!"

nothing but air to
the world of realities.

cult to know, unless w e ca n read the face, when a
child is deliberately falsifying, and wl1 en he 1s innoce ntly inventing.
Children may have, too, a sense of plot-const.rnc·

I lmve known :i hoy o[ four, without a hi11t
from any one, so Lo fit parts of several songs togeU1er
as to weave tl1cm into a story. Ife ]1;td often l1ca rd
tion.

the song, "Tram p. tramp, tramp, the boys arc marching."
One day he said, "Sing about the Loy t.liat
cri ed."

He listen ed throughout the stanza: -

"In tlH'

prif.!011 ~ 1 ·1 ·11

An<l t he
A11d t.hc

hri~ht

{.t';\rH

I sit, thinking, 111ot.l11·r dt•ar, of you,

awl happy

liO!llC

so far away;

Ll11•y flll my <~ yt's, ~pit.c of all I.hat. I ,.,... , d o,

Though l try to c:lu•• •r 111 y l'011trndes a111l

Ii•~

eyes beamed as li e remarked, "I suppose the Loy that
cried must h<LVe lived in Georgia;" <Hlding, with great
content, "He is at home now."
How sha11 we manage work in narration?

As hith-

erto, we will make it oral at the start, anJ we will do
it tofl'eLher.
We will read and diseuss short stories.
0
For purposes of illustration, let me outli ne one from
the German, wiLl1 which you may not be familiar : A humpbacked chihl l1as a loving mother, wh o
strives to sl1ield her.

MoLher <Lltd 1.:hiltl walk ont to-

gether daily; wl1 en they return tl1e little girl asks,
"1\foU1er, wl1y dot•s e vc ryl10lly look at me so"" Tlic
mothe r answe rs, " Perhaps beC<\Use of your prclty
dress;" tlten ~lie 1.:;i.Lchcs tlte chilJ Lo lier l1 eart, sobbing, "No one w ou1'.1 care for yon as l care for you ."

gr<y ."

011e tlay tl1c lov i11 g motli er dies; and, after a whil e,
Then, alive wi th excitement, lie exclaimcll, "Stop right

tlie litLle l1u111puack l1 as a n e w motlier, not so loving.

He

This new mutl1er ne ver takes the chil<l out-of-doors ;

allowed that to go on nntil he had evoked the fifty

cby after d<t}' tl1c l1umpback looks wistfully through

there!

Now sing, 'Marcl1 ing through Georgia.'"

tho usand troops marching through Georgia.

Then,

just as excited, he saiJ, .. Now go baclc; sing,' Tramp,

tl1e window.

Finally she gains courage e11ongl 1 to

ask the step-motlte1: to take her ont.

"Irn11 el 1hacks

18
sta.y

/i,,'LJ,.' M ENTA fl Y CU,lf PUS/'/'ION.
111

the house," a11swers tlie 11 ew motlier.

Tl1at

<lay, after the step-motli er llfl.s go ne for lier afternoon
walk, the c l1ild climbs upo 11
mirror.

cl1air a11d peers into a

fL

lU

ii TOli )'- 'f'HLLING.

She sees the u gly l1u!ll p n,aJ wou<lers wliat

1-. ... 11

yo u wou 11
l
I mve

U vv

.~o
Ll"l1'g!tte<l
l1ad
,,
u

) ' OU

ki101r11

:dl ;dong tlmt tl1 e r c w e re wings i11 tlie li111111•l "

l:\'

rnea11s of this <llld i:;irnibr :;Lories, tl1e cl 1i ld1e11 \\'ill
<liseov...:r tha t su:;peuse a 11 d :; urpn sc are likely

add

She gro ws weak, alld at la.:st c;w not
There sl 1c lieli, tl1 i11ki11 g of li e r ow n

u tterly u1dik'~ wli:tL u11e l1 :ts b ee 11 le d l11 1,,.,]; f,q·. is

sweet mother, o r \\'OIH1cr ing a11J wo11Jerillg u:lt.at is

Days go l>y, a11<1 t h e little hu111pL:1ek

begi ns to droop.
l eave h e r Led .

to tlH.: e11joyme 11 t

of a stury .

!1)

tlu t s tll']' l'ls e
whi c h co 111 e:; frorn 111ab11g tl1e eli 111 a:->: of :L s L<>1 ·y

is within it.

E1· e 11

CO lllCS

to li e r,

Ly 11 0 uH;a11s l>eyo 11d tlie apprec iat.i .. 11 ,,f :L 1·,·1·y lillle
hoy o r girl. Often s 11elt a ern1trast l1a s i11 it s11111 1;-

a11d a:;ks if :;lie wo11 h l like lo go to lwavc11 .

"Oli,

tliing akin Lo tlte i-;pi ri t of wisel 1i d' tl1at 11·ill le:id :L

l1Lu 1d 1l>aek ! '' s he cri t,s

cl1ikl to ask yo u wl1at ' ' soft, e ll1 111i11:;· li.tth.: speel; !..:.J

Tl1e a11gel s111iles, a11d

tl 1i11g" is in l1is h:1mls, letLi11 0· a l11ad l111p uuL.
By w eans of t his same 111 etl 1od of 1111._..~ ti" 11i11 ~, \\' e

witliin l ier liullll'·

By and. uy an a11gcl

1 eoul<l11't go; nulJody w:wLs

;1

out sadly l> 11 t suhniissively.

with lier llea11tiful stro 11 g baml :-::trokes tl1 c ug ly lmmp,
sa.yi n g,

"Y 011 !Jave no hump .

The e liil ll

rnn.y e 11aLle our class to l'rove that a l1i11l, 11ow a11d

peeps ove r lier sliu11lder; the hump ope11;i li ke a sh e ll

Look!"

tJ 1e 11, of so1neLl1i11g th:tt i::; e11111i11g \\·ill k eep Ll1 e 1l ·ad.·r

and foils off, leaving l\\'O lovely white wings t l1 at had
hcen growi11g \Y ithi11 it. With a glad cry, tlie eliilJ

or the lisLenc r ale rt, l>ecau:;e it will r crn,;c expcet:tli<>11.

floats away and in to her o wn sweet motlier\ ; arni:s.

·• \Vhy'?"

"Dill yo u begin to geL eur iull:; ab1>U L LiiaL l11 1111p '?., Very likely s o n1 e of tl1e d:t.-;s ,,·ill l1:Lv1·

Suspe1 1se, >'lll']'l'isc, a11d :rnggcstion are, 1 t lti11k, tlic

noti ced tl 1aL the l1un elilJ:tek l1erse ll' wo11t11 ·n·tl a11d 111>11-

111aia points Lo l1ri11g out, i11 the Leae hi11g of ele 1ne1 1-

dcretl al>r1ut i t; for Ll1e uri;_;i11al :;tury 111;1!;"" a g·,,.,,j

t:1ry nanaiiu11; a11d s kilful q11 est io11i11g will (:J1al1lc tlie

d eal nf lier perplexity.

eh ii1lrc1 1 io mak e tl 1e ir ow 11 discoveries

ciate this principle of ll ::tnatio11, Ll1:1t i11(l1 ·li11it1'. ,.;11.!:!"g·cs-

l1ere.

Fo r

insta11 cc, after r cadi11g th e sto ry j11st o utli11 ed, we may
ask, "vVhat 1lid you like best in t l1 c sto ry'?"

I fancy

that nearly e ve ry one will !i:Lre been especially p l eased

Lion -

Tl1 e e l1i ldre 11 u11,:.,:·l1t 111 <LJ>J'r"-

a lti11 t of som e tlti11g 0 11 th e wa1· ---· 111 ay pmve

valuable .

Do Ll1 ey n oL mak e u::;e of tl1 c ::;;u111~ pri11ciple

i11 other ways?

At Christmas t ime, for l'x:1111plc . ltow

by tlie finding of the beautiful wings withi11 th e ugly

mn. ny hin ts they give o[ sornetliiug tli;Lt may l 1a ppe11

shell of a !1nmp.

s11111et.ime, Jwpi11g in ll 1is w:ty Lo exe ilu l:111·i osity: :111<1

there?"

"D id ycJll suspect tlin.t tl1ey were

Surely nobody dill.

"Do yuu think

t.hat

··~

tl1n.L i::; just. wlmt t.liu story-teller pla11'1 lo do l.y 111 ua11 :-;

'i

.'i

:

1'.'J,J,;,lf /·,'N 'f'. ·lll I' l ,'(),l/ I'OSJT/()N.

~1

:.;'f'IJI: l '-'J'J'.°1 , /,I N<.: .

of l1is liints - to excite c urios ity, and keep alive his
reader's in terest.

h wi ll
wriLe abo uL \\'l1al tl 1e lirn<Jk

Pcrsonificn,tio11 will lidp so1J1e of the class.
be natural for the m Lo

told of its ru n to t h e sea; or l1o w a 11 1asl fclL n,s iL

Ahhough we may conten t ourselves in elem entary
nanatio1 1 \ri t li t lie teaching of tJ 1ese tlircc points: susp e 11se, s u rprisc, - so rn eti n1cs the s u rpri sc that co ni es

sailed Ly t li c puiut on wl1id1 it g re w;

from a contrast, - a.nd su ggestioll , yet later, in :tno tlier

i11 tl1e sdinol-rourn, liked the whan ge.

(IJ'

liow a fern .

take 1t fro in ilie wo()(l:; and pl:111t.ed i11 a 11 illl1ow -G()x

may show Ll1at we :; liould always work for

more practical, may t ell "Ho w a Littl e Buy l!1· l]'ctl a

t he dimax of ou r story, that we should bring i 11 to
it only what will l1elp it, aml that its clima x is 110 t
n ecessaril y a.t iLs eml.

Bi "'
o- Ori e"
, or, "H uw U ncle Jack \Valkell lfnme iu
the Bl izza!'Ll."'
· Does Ll1c work :ts tl 1us LLr skelelrell c ul Li \' a le i111·,·11-

g rad e,

Wt:

After reading- rn:wy storie,.;

Logetlier a11d

Lalki 11 g

aLo ut tl1e111, Ll1c cliild n:11 \1·ill l1u read y tu set to work
011

:;0111e Lli i11g ori g i11al.

A1 10Lli e r story from t ho <ler-

mn,n m:.i,y lJc suggcsLi 1·0 : The n,ltcll(lant sp irits of rt gootl man wished lo Llc;;s
But Lhe goml 111an, wh e n

they askcLl wli:it he w o11lrl l1ave, could uot htdp

L] 10111 ;

lie k ll e w of n 0Ll 1i11 g to wish for, l1 cl11ing uLli e rs was
l1is hn.ppincss .
together.

ti ve mtl1 c 1· tl1an rq1resc n LaLive i1na;;· i11at iu11 ?

·N u: fur

w e ea1111 0L \1·ri Le <1[ t.l1 e li ruuk wi tli ouL pict11ri 11g i t,

n or of U nck .Jack wit,ll(JuL <t m c 11tal i111agt..: uf lii111;
o ur r e prese n tative imag in;1tion is always i;ervi11g ns.

liim; li e was alway s blessi ng oth e rs, and l1is g 1mrdiau
spirits would lJles:-; l1i 111.

Th c11 l1is g u ardian spirits consulted

They we re i11 desp: tir uutil

O ll tJ

Cl'ieJ, "If

we canno t bless l1 im , let us bless l1is slrado w ! " aud
tli a t is \\'lrat t11 ey did.
'Without finis hin g tl1e o rig inn,l story, -

it J oes not

vV c will i1 1sist upo n at..:eurate obse rvation , so impurtant a part of primary in sLrueLion, -

wlri t..:l 1 i,.;
n:1 1uir-

in g true p ictures in wo rd s, a11J tl1is truLl1ful1 1css 01 1
the part of t 11e r epre::;e n LaLi ve imagi11<ttio11, wl1id1 will
u iv e e:nd11l reprnd nct io11s uf persur1s ;t111l tliir1gs , wi ll ,.

"'] 1e

] ikcly t(J co unlenwt an y te lllle1wy tu extr;tvag:wce

0 11 tlit~ }'<tl'L n [

llie ill venti vo powers.

Bu t Lh e Leachin g of rrnrrnliun wi ll l1c a failure u11kss
it cul ti vatcs tlie sell s ibi lities .
do, it must do th is.

vVl1atever el::ie iL may

A qu es tio11 of t.he ri g l1 t sort will

to inv eut for himself "\Vliat Happe ned vVli c re tire

set pul'ils t11inking. Suppose we sl1nul1l ask, a fte r
the story ouLli11ed at Lh c begi11ning of tliis L:tlk l1ad

Slin,dow Fell;" fo r ma r vellous tliings migltt corne to

been n 1arl , '' \Vo11l1l11'L yo u hav e li k1;d Lo 1Je tliaL :ur

u::ss.

gel ?

end h e re, -

"

~rn11elmdy els1~.

we rni g lit get each m emLer of 011r elass

Would11 't, you hav e liked t.o s trok e tlit..: awk-

··~
1

"I

22

~3

l•.' Lfi:,l/1t,'N 'f' 1l li1 - COMP()Sf'l'lO N .

8'/'UUY-TELLING.

ward hnrn p, :1n <l s how Lhe li LLle g irl t.he g raC"..f1tl white

the subject, we mi g h t be alile tu show Lh at a strong

wings Lh;tt ::; li e hltd n ever drealll ed o f ·1 ·•
start co nvc r:mLion.

Tl1is would

spirit can d o m ost when it h:ts a s trong Lody Lo aet

By deg ree,;, we might g e t well

for it; a nd, on th e o tl1e r hand, Lhat the sLro11 g 110.l y

into eLhi es; a 11 d likely eno ug h tl1i ::; ,; Lu ry, wi t h its

needs Lli e ::;trong will and tl1e sLro11 g spiri t to enn t rul

paLie it t hu11 t.: lt lxtek , it.-.; lo vi ng a11d it::; uu lo vin g nw tl1er,

it.

an<l it:; he lpful a ngel, .. 11·0 1ild sy lll lJolize a goo<l tl e.al

Cabin, m ak ing t!te extract eas ily i11telli g il)le l;y m ea n"

fo r LI ie <.:Ii il d ren, so 111 e " f w 11 ie h t lie y 111i.l; I1 L a"" i1n i b te

of o ur own e x pla11aLi1Jn s.

and use i11 Ll 1e ir daily li ft.:.

question, "\VkLt is it to b1~

A t lv:Ls L Ll1 ey 1nigl 1L l'e<Ll-

i/.e Lli:Lt , if lll) L a11 gd:;, yd t l1<:y '"''}d o a11 gel i1: t hin g::; .
S11 ppo:;e Lu a 11 o lde r 1:la>'s

"''! l1:ttl rea1l from 1'/u:

'l'alls-

Suppose we l1ad rea1l a lit tle from U nclt! 'l'o 111 '.~
'l'l1a.t mi gl1t call 011 t tl 1u
:L

sla vu "! ' '

You wil l

readily sec lt()W i11 lu l'c:sLi11g a11ll profital JI<.: a cr111 vcrsa ..

tion wi tl1 Llt is fo r i L,; t op ic niig li t ueco1 ne.

F or t l1e

11u1n llte trial of s t re 11 gt li :t11 Ll s kill ut:L11e<.: n Ki11 g Ri ch-

firs t tim e, t l1 e el 1ildre11 rni g lt.t Leb old L!tuir o w11 fe tte rs,

;t rd ~rn d tli t~ Sa r:te1:n, gi vin g n ee e::;s;u-y e xplanations.

and tl1ey mi g h t Lrcak ::;Olli e o f Lh e m; and Ll1 e tlio ug l1t

\Ve 111 igliL say, " l::; 11 'L i t a fi 11e Llt i11 g to lH! strn ng ? "

of h elpin g Ll1 o:;e c11slav ed uy p ov e rLy, or c ri 1nc, or

Tlie 11, by rn ea 11s of l>Llier q ll e::;Lion s,

a ppetite, or d isease, Llt11 :; gc nni11a l i11 g , rni g l1 t i11 la k r

\\'L!

111i 0.,·l1 L lJri11 brr

ou t Lli e frl.(;t, Ll 1a t Ll 1e ::;trc 11 rrl1 1 o f Ll 1e Lirr1·r
"'

1::;

one

0

y ears b ear frui t in tin e action.

Su ppose we l1 atl Lrid ly

boy or

told Eclwanl E. Hal e's s tory of 'l'lw llfan 1Vlt!w ut a

g irl, wlt id 1 co me::; frolll a lo vi 11 g li ear L or a 1•11ru soul,
j,.; q 11i te a11otlt e r ; tha.t 11·e fu;u· Lit t.: slre1wl1 1 uf Ll1 e wt-

Country, let ting Llie class r ead p ar ts o f it a l1111 t1 , pnhaps so111e of P l1i lip N olan's wo rd s to Ll1 e mi dsl1ip-

we ::;uek Ll1 e st 1·1·11g1.l1 ,.f :t st1· .. 11 g fri e 11d, tl1 c s LJ'( ~ 11 gtl1

man : "Aml fur y1)11r co untry , 1111y, •L111l f11 r tl i;Lt fb.'i,
never dn)aJIL a dream lH1t of i:;urvi11 g li e r as :-; \1 c \11.J s

which j> l'• >tcd .s a1 1d k1·1·p>' .

y ou. . .

Ll 1i11 g , ;rn cl Lli;tt of t li e rn;1.11 or wo111;u1, of

ti ll:

"' ki l l,;; whil e
tame<l bert::;t. a :> Ln• 1J g Ll1 wl1i (·l1 t. nr Lun;s a11d
\\! e 1ni g l1 L s l1ow Ll1 aL jl•lWer

Ncve r l c· t; a 11iglit pa:;s 1111 t

y 1111

J'l'".Y ( ;,,d

He n1e 111l1e r, boy, t\,.,l 1Jd 1i111l tl1l' >iu

to l'e>' is t, to d:tl'C [1 ) t 1tr11 0 11 u's lmt· k 1111 1.:1.sc lll'SS, i:; "[
a s upe l' io r k ind. \ V u 11 1iglit tlil'ow a li11111li i11 ti ) il1 c
e la::;,;, a 11 ll ex crei ,.;e th uir 11 1e 111o ri us a t tl1 e S<llll e t ime,

t o bless Lliat fbg .

by <lechri 11 g , "T>o y n11 lrn 11w , I Lliillk t lia t ill() li ttle
liuu c!t li:l ck we r eaLl a l}()t tL las t year was s LnJ11 g ." P os-

your Cou11try , and tl1a t you l1eloll g t o 1le r as y o11 IH'-

sibl y s onw 011 c will st·c Ll 1at it was i11 pa ti e nt ellclu-

"vVhen y ou l ook at th e flag, wlmt do y n1 1 s(~ ,. ·i· · ~

Bd ure leaving

"Wheu armi es S ~LlnLe the flag , t.o wlm L d o i.li ev 1lu

n rn <.:e a11d u11 0o rn plai 11i11 g " 1ilm1is:; io11.

m en you h av e to do wi t h, be1 1i1Hl ufli cers , and g<l\'c· 1·11 m ent, and peopl e e ve n, Ll1 e re is Ll1e C uu11 t. ry I fe r,;c l i' .
long t o y o ur own rn oLlw r. "

Our q11 est.i(l11,.; rn ig- l1L l1(: :

24

XL

J,',1[

/;,'NTA

I!}"

COJfI'08 lTION.

25

STORY-TELLING .

rcverence?"-"vVlten men give their lives to r escue
tl1eir tlng, \\'hat is it that their LlooJ flows for?"

A

I think that our scrap-book work will now be rnost
interesting iI mainly given up to the autlwrs of lh""o

good rna11y will sec red, wl1itc, a.nu Llue l.mnti1w wh en

stories read and discussed Logethur.

Ll1ey l1Jok at tlic Stars and Stri11es: but some young

writers, of their homes, of their families, wi ll make

patr io ts n.rc likely to feel that it is a sy mLol; anJ.

the men and wom e n seem less mythical.

b

P ictu r es Cl[ lltu

p ll tti 11 g all u u r heads together, we may at last perceive
(.l1at it i;.; tl 1e :;y llll;ul

or

SIJMMA!l I' .

a la11d and a wo nderful history.

Li ttle riatriots "·ill l1ave stirred tl 1e l1looJ of their indifferent ll eiglthors, allll will l1ave made tlie banner of
dullest stuff a sple11di1l tlti11g .
v\TJ1ere sl1all t,l1is \\' Ork i11

composition be d on e?

Hy all m eans, i11 the sd1ool-room. There we may
till: prnpe r atmn;.;pltt· r<!, may push the little

ercat.e

If this chapter kts ; 1.t'.COmplish ~ d 1b purpn;;•', it

shown : 1.
1 1.

11 1.

l.1oals off J'Oeks or sa11<l-l1ar;.;, may sti1J1ulate anJ ellC<H tragc . \\re sl 1aJI exp• ~ i:t vcry l ittle, lm t we must
gvt som c tlii11g.
l'raetice in s tory-telli11g may m ost proliL1bly Le u 11 i-

fit :<1 with work i11 sc ie 11 ce a11d l1i sto ry; for t li e telli11g of trn e stories wi ll lit! l1elpfu l, wl1 ctl1er they be
nf pla11ts o r "f : ~ 11i1n;ds. nf p:tt riots o r of Jiscoveri es.
Tlt ere she will

fi11J illnstrat ior 1::: fur e \'l: ry plia.se of 1iarratio11: stories
to warn, or to encou rage, or to excite -pity, or to
stories that will

cultivate tl 1e s e nsi Lit-

i t ies.

h tl1e re a po:<sibiliLy uf Jife or of the soul

that is

110t

viviJly rcve;ded iu some story'!

110110

by teacher and pupils togetl 1cr.
That the first work will 11aturrdly 1..-, t.li" r1··:ulinc:
a n<l <liscussio11 of sl10rt ::;turil's o r of cxt.r:1.l'i s

,.I
,I

stories.
v 1. That original work will be h elped hy a wi s1 · ('li<1i<·1·

v 1 1.

of subjects.
Tliat work in narration gives opportunities for the
cultivation of both the r e presentative an<l the i11 -

\'I Tl.

ventive imagination.
That exe rcise of tl 1e represent:ttiv(~ imagi11at in11 "i ll
act as a ch eck upon any tcrnl e1H:y tu (•x t r;l\·at;•t1i< :e

r ouse heroism, or to increase generosity , or to foster
temlcrncss, -

That narration is 11 atural to young c!tilrlr011.
That the early work in it s hu11ld lie or:i.l, an d

from longer oues.
1v. Th:tt, \1y means of skilf'11l qn<>stio11ing rr·ganli11g t l1P
stories rea1l, we may s how l11iw t.lie l'IT<~d 111' I1:1rration is enhanced by means of s 11 s111·11 s•'. s 11rprise, and s uggestio11.
v. That we s hall probably le:Lve fo r latm .r•·:us Sj ••'cial co nsid eratio n of t l1 c elimax and t.h r~ ··111! ,,r

But it is to lit1: r:t t 11re tli:tt the leadier will rntturally gn for nmch ul' li er lllaterial.

l1:i s

.'"

in iuventio11.

·l

26

HLE.MEN'f', lli l ' ( '()M / '08 /'J'J ON .

1x . 'l'h a,t, abnni all PlsP, the st 11 <ly of 1mrration sh oul d
<·til l.iv;Lt.e t li o SPm;ihilihrs, and tlmt t his is likely
to ho rn osL su<"cess fully done by 11H•;u 1s o f c u11vei·sat io1t s.
x . That work in 11arra.L ion slto11l1l h e u11ili< "d \\'ii.I t Ll1at
in sl'. ioncc and h isto ry .
-' 1.

C l L\PTElt IV.

TI1aL to litora Lu rc we shall naL1 1ral ly go for mu c h of
ou r .i ll 11st ral i \'e material.

x 11. That sc rap-books will enable

11s

to know th e auth o rs

of slorics a[l(l to feel a 1w rso11al f'riP11d s hip fo r
them.
Tnily, the 1111iv1·r sP ,;p n ·cs tltc sto ry-telle r.

WORD - COLLECTING: ETYMOLOGY.

i\IAY we n ot, i11 <L U 1i nl se ri es o[ exen.: i s<!S, \ L'lt111rt..:
11 po n s im ple work in ety mology?

Th e nee <l of b1g«r

vCH;;t1 n1bries has bee n fdL in lette r-wri ti ng a nd <k,;niJ>tio1 1:;, a.,; w ell as in n ·:;tdin g ; j>tlpils lta ve 110 (, , d,,·ay~.

l1a1 l n_;; Lt ly
a.ml

Ji;L ve

(,[ie

prn[1• ~l' w1ml,; for t.lt ei r O\\' lt

Ll11llt .!.'.l1h ,

ofte n f11 1111(l tl1e ir b1>11k fri e11ds using

s 1011s :dtogether U11b111ili;tr.

eXj'tT S-

If, tl1 c n, Ll 1ere i:-; to Iii:

:,;c<>[te Lo t,ltis compvsiti\) ll work , v oc:tlJll l;ui1·,; 11111,;t IH·

c 11ri cl1ed;

11 e w

word,; , with tlt e ir frc,;h w 1· 11 tal irnat:;Ps.

rn11st lie acciuired.

Tl 1P. rdorc, ftJr a tl 1ird ·s1·ri1·s, I snt.;-

gcsL di ggi 11 g -e xcrcis e,;, --- J11in i11 g-w<>rk amo11 g tlt1: t n: as11n:s <>f l: u1 g 11age, \rl1 e re s11 mu eh ]u101l'l <·d g(] :u 11l sn
!ll:rn y 11ugget.-; n[ wi s d11111 are hidd en away .

l fmv is it l 1est to set a l1nut tl 1e work?

P crli:ii'.~

y our chsscs l1ave made a coll ec tion of fhwe rs or oi'
m in emls?

At a ll eve n t,;, J should :,;11 gg1~sL to \l ie

children t h at w e rnake a collection o f wonls as we

.

w ould mitke one of minerals; itnd thn.L w e l1t: just as

in qu is itive auout tlic words as a.hout t li e rn i1 1crak
fi11tli11 g out wl1 e m :e tl1cy come, wh at tlw y ;ire goml

for, \\·hy tl 1cy w 0rc made. .

A pupil likes to lrn ow

27

;J ;;:

ELEMEN T/I Ii Y 1; 11N I'OS I T I ON.
ll'U/UJ- ( ,'O J, /, /\'C TIN<: : HTYJl/O f ,OU l'.

if his granite C<trn e from i\fai11e or

fru 11 i

:2!)

(lfass ndmrna11y , w ill ;;ee t li e

sett:.s, his c ryi:;tal::; from tli e Carol i1J as or fmm Colo-

O f course :;o mebod y , prnlJaul y

r ado, l1i s rnalacliite from Russi :t or from Ari zolia; lie

r easo 11 fu r tliu J1a111 e; and ;; urely all will d u s<> if tl1c

l ikes to kno w, too, th e ll ses o f l1is llliii e rals : a nd
]1' ].;:e t o J;: n o w w I1e11 ce !. is wo rd s
came, alld what tliey may d (J fur liirn? S o 111 e of t he m
sailc<l i11to our harl>l>1·..,~ ,,.1.tli ,", s1 11· 11 '~.., eargn ; 011 c of·

pie t.ure o f a sq nirr ul ;; il l i11 g

them holcb tl ic lege1td of ;i mytl 1iea1 h e ro;

we k11uw its rnea11i11 g

'd1y should lie 11ot

rn au-

otlt e r is a ch apte r of v er itable l1i:s to ry . Tli e fa iLli ful 1>eeke r, will in,,·
Lo do a lit tlc di 1ri r1
· 11,, a.n1 0 11 g t he
o
00
0
roots o f lan g uage, wi ll look i1p frv 11 1 11is di scuve ri cs
w it h s p a rkling eyes.
S u ppose w e ,!!i
vc our class an Ill'
· l 1·1ng () 1· \\' l 1a(, IS
"
CO i l! i Ill! 'I
" I kill· \\· t l 1:•' I
.
"
"'
"'''" gn1ng tP ask yo 11 to
begin t o-day a eolkctinn of wo rds. so r ~o t a littl(: l; it

word-l 11~11 t,

ahea d of yo n and started on a
a ll by mys elf.

f \l'iJI tell

th ings T e:w1 e upon .
first h eanl so me

yes te rday ,

ahont Sll lli u of th e

}OH

The str:rngc;;t thi n g- is, tl ia.t l

ne w~ - it 11·:i.-< u ews lo ~lll l: - :d io u t,

1111der Llie :s li:u luw of

lii s lrn;;li .)' tai l l ie a!, lia11 d, an d s 11 c lt a J>i,;L11 ru is 111
man y dit ;lio naries .

h w ill

Ji.~

t·asy t<> sl111w ll 1:lL

wun l .w111 i rr..: l adu :dl y 111 e:u1:; 11 0Ll 1i11g
t.<>

1Ii "

for us tJ11 k ,;s

Llie C ree k s that, g av e t.li e

na.m e; just as t,lt0 w o n l 11Ti.,,,is8iJ1pi 11ulds lit.tie or '"'
sig nifica11 c0 111 il e,;s we 1'11 .. w its fu ll sig nif it.:ance l<>
Llie I 11Jia11s.

,,

That, d<1isz1 lll ea11s the eye o f lLLy. t,l 1a t

its yel11Jw ce n t re :t11<l whi Lc r a.ys have Glassed it i11
rn e 11's rn ind,; w iLl 1 the r eal eye of day, tl1c s 11 11, 11·ill
lie i1itc restin g e11<111gl1 . Tl1 c derivatio n of /.,u·kle fm111
11/u:c,t, a b t.:c, Lecau sc L1.wkles o riginally hire tl1c c:asL
of a l111m an face, will l1ohl tlie attelltion thaL l1as l.ee11
rou sed . Jlisc·u it, an1l pil:1riu1, anu p etri'[ - tl 1u l:Ls t especially satisfy ing to a. cl1i l1l ':> fa n cy -

';

i 'i

111 :Ly lie J""l;ed
!:·

ll [•

togcLli c r.

.. I

ve ry ol<l acqn :Lill Lances; about t l1 t: wnrds ·''f lllrrt'l , aiid

Tl 1is will 1>0 Ll1 e 11 at.11ral t,i111 c to c nforec t he) LJ'lltli.

dai.~y, and 1•i«cu-it, a 11 (l l111.:kl1'. a11 d 1•el r1'l, a1td pllyrim.
I learned ili;Lt the Lu11il _1· t"' whic h nt1r Jiu.le sq uirrels
belong was 11amc(l , liu11 dn ·d s of }'t"lrs 'lo·n
I>\'
•] J( ; 0 J(1
b
'
...

tl1a t in word-culleetin g i t is no t :;afc to ac,;c pt the

;r ~

s tatc lll c 11 t o[ anyon e wit,h out verifying it, not e ve 11

.,<

the statement of ou r siste r or l1r0Llic r or te:lcli c r.

;I;

-

'

'

• ·

t

•

(

I.,

)) 11 c.~. an y"•<y
I J I; 1tnw ?
Yes: away off th e re in Ll 1c so11 !l1 o f Eur-ope . T li ese

G ree k-;, who Ii vcd -

wl 1". 1·, .?
..

old G r eeks called our sli .v fri end ·s ·,friour n;' ,· "~ 11 ,1 ,,,..i011rvs
"'c·
means, in t lic G reek Ia 11.L; 1mgl', · ;;had o w-ta. il.'
\Vas
there any sense iu c<d li11 g lliem U.)' such a nam e '?"

Bdnre w e label ou r w ord s, we rn11 sL lia\'<" at.:lu:Llly
see n Lhe i r rncani ng aml Jer i vation .
·w hile w e a r e husy lookin g u p words and Utl ki11 g

'

I

~:

:1
.·';• •
'.~'.

,I

' .;

aliouL t l1 c m, we will satisfy o ursel ves that LJi ~, cliildre 11
appreeiaLe Llie fact t li:it il1i s work is worLl1 wl1ilc, tl1at
we arc goi 11 g to make :;omet,liin g, a11d tl 1a L words arc

~~

'\

,,

30

ELX.M RN'f'A II J" <.:OM 1'081'/'ION.

31

WO IW- COLLJJCTJNG: JJTYMOLOG }-.

ou r implcm ellLs; LhaL we nce<l Lhcm, just as the farmer

do for tlie class to Je;rn1 each day on e wonl 'I

That

nee<ls l1i:; l'lo11g l1, the carj>enter l1is plane, tlie fine

word might Le eo11trilrnLe1l Ly a 111 eml 1e r of the c lass,

se wer lwr n ee<llc , an<l the ar t i:;t 11i:; hrnsh.

who shoulil be able to tell all about it.

T l1aL we

Collections

a re going to n1;tke letter:; rrnd stori es and song:;, as

of min erals a re k ept in the scl1 ool-roorn;

tho Ltrrn e r 111;tkes ready l1is field, as tlie caqH..: nter

keep t hi::; colleetio n of wonb there , written 011 a Luge,

I sh ould

rn;tk c:; l1i s lio x, tlie fin e sewer lier garment, a!ld the

stiff :;lieet of p:i.pe r, and pinned in some conspie uon:;

artist l 1is l•it.:L11rc; Ll1 a t we arc goin g to write of t he

]Jlace .

sky and th e cartl1 au<l the sea, of storms a11<l of s un-

these words shoul <l be -

sli i ne, of <leep mines and of ri pe11 ill g fields , alld of

An g l o-Sa.xon, from the Greek.

['en ['lo -

down to the fun11y old man griuding a way

Ll1,i:; v ery minute ;tt l1i:; organ u11de r the sc hool-room
wi11dow.

Ca n " ·e e\' c r get \rnr<l:; enough?

We shall

A collection of minerals would be h helled;

some thing more , a

from t h e L atin, from tl1e

sort of :;ecoml liis tory, telling

liuw the Luy or girl ca111 e upon tlie wurtl ; for i 11::;tan ee, -

n ee d words LliaL will roll for tl1e thunde r, ancl wor<ls
t li;tt will thnee fo r Llie sen, an<l "·o r<l:; that will lau~rh

for tl1e brno];, a 1Hl words that will gri11 for the org<L11g r i11tler.

To find th em we :;hall have to look, and

li ste n, aJHl tl1i11 k .

l\{AH< :A ! { "

'I' -

IIistory of th o wiml aC<'.orlli11g 1.o t.ho dictionary;

<'011-

t ril111 L\'d by .Marfi ar ut l'c a uody, w lw, whil e writin g

Ji pr

11a111 e, wo11dcretl what it me:lllt.

If we u:;e our ears w e shall licar

ne w w ord:;.; i[ we use our

f'H•S

we shall ::;ee th e m on

J\ t tile en<l of the 111onth the list would be p:tslcd

t.he printed pag•~; if we think a!Hl go to our di e ti .. 11-

i11to th e scrap-b0ok, and a fresh piece of pa[>er woulJ.

;u ws, wo :;l1a.ll fi11<l in fam iliar word:; me;wings that

bt: pinned 11p for th e seconcl month"s

Thi::; word-collecting will natnrnll y l ead to the con-

we 1wve r clream e<l tl1cy l1eld.
A tten Lion lia,.; al ready bee n ealled to the neees::;i ty
o[ verifyi11g all statements in tl1is language work.

It

is, of eourse, equally needful to have a clear idea of
the primary nrnnnin g of each word.
vi et~,

Coleridge's a<l-

to make a mind-picture of what any wonl sy 111-

lit ili z.es in its fi rst m eaning, i,.; worth foll owing.
N ow fur a d e taih:d phu uf work.

1111 ! 111 01·;i1Hla.

H nw wottld it

s ide rntion of sy nonyms; moreover, it will Le iute resting, b e fore fi1ing away a ny pn.pe r, to g roup the words
. on it according to derivation .

Candy, candid, candi-

dat e, candle, cand!Jluft, Candia, m a k e an i1 1tcre:; t ing
gro ll p.
~11rcly,

nnhody will d e ny tl1at tl1<:se exen: t~l~S may

eo 11t.i11u e as loug a::; a i1u1iil goe::; tu se houl.

\\'i ::;ely

ELJ~NJ~'NTAR Y

, )."\

W<JlUJ- C0LLliX..:'f'ING: R 'ITMOLOGJ'.

CON 1' 0 -"ITI ON .

taugh t , t h ey w ill snit a11 y gl'ad e from tl1 c priirntry
school t l1roug liout t li e

hi g h s d 1ool, a11t!

Lcyuntl it.

~) ·)

tongues Llm11 Llt0::;c mcH ti uned to lJe n.e<.:o un ted fur a,;
they nee ur, t his bi t, n( hist.ory just ouLli111;tl will 1•rovc

Tlic te::i.e li er will he n.t t he el !Jo w::; of he r das::; at

vn.lual>le ;i.L Llie sLart.

fi rst, not Lo rn :ike i •arasiLeSc of ll 1c cli ildre u, buL Lo in-

co11fi11e ourselv e,;

LerpreL wliat woultl othe rwi :::c IJe i11 eo mprd1e 11sible.

may a cquire Lli e l1 a.1Jit. of searchin g into tl1e ong-111

I con lJ 11ut carry 0 11 tl1is research satisfacto ril y to

Ln

\ViLl1u11 t it, we ,.;hall lia v•' lP
lll erc d e fini tiu1 1s;

wi Ll 1 iL, we

of wonh, C ulerid gu's l1ahit of "refleeling 011 \\'urd,;

histo ry uf 0 11 r la ng 1'.age, :uid of tl1e pe<>p lt:s tJ 1aL liave

Llieir 1JirLl1, d eriv LLLion, aJt<l l1i ::;Lo ry ." A .S., O.l: ..
L. G r., wi ll no 1011ger be m e re c:dxdisLie sigJts.
It will l>e i11 li11e with our ,.;y 11011y m wurk to

co 11trilJt1 tc<l to it.

show l1ow it::; differe n t elemen ts make E11glisl1 especi-

lllyself, evc 11 wi t h an elu111e 11Ltry c bss, if I did 11 ut
first succee<l in g ivi11 g Lu tl1 em son 1e 11utio11 uf t he
lfo:t! ity i11 t,lie ir wo rk appeals to

c lii!Jrc 11 ; ;wd 'rhc n they foci, as Tre11 c h :;ay::;, that

-

ally ri ch in

sy n o Jtyrns, g 1v111g

to th e work e r with

"wo rds arc llo t, like Llt c ::;ands uf tl 1c ::;ca , i1111urn e raLl e

w ords as mally sl1ad es and t i11ts as any painter can

discon n cclc ll ato ms, Lt1 t g rowin g o n t uf rout::;, cl t1sLcr-

eo1m rni.111l; so that t h e fres h g reens on a. liilbide i11

i ng in fa111 ilies, coi 111 ec l ing and i11Lertw i11i11 g Ll1 c 111sdvcs

sprir 1g,-a l1 ills i1l u of fi el ds n.11d wo(l( ls, -

.;

or tlw fa,.,.,,

witl1 ail t hat 1111.:11 h:Lv e been tloing a111l Llii11ki11 g and

of a11 e xciletl gro up a t the s t rect-co nwr, w ill lw

fee ling frn111 U1e l>egir111ing uf tJ1e wurld ti ll n ow,' ' _

Lrut.) r as r e prese11Lt:ll

Llie n tl 1l'y will l1ave Ll 1aL ,.;e11:-;c (If reali L.Y 11·l1id 1 com <·s

th ey t;tk c form aml c olor u11 Lhe pri11te<l pa.g(:.

0 11

Jl(l

Lit e pai nte r's ea11 vas Lli: u1 :is

A cl1 il<l old e110 1r g l1 to

F11r pmc!.i ct: i11 sy 11011 y 111 work, so11H: of t.lw. p).J (~ I'

1md e rsta11d ;ul(l a ppn!c i:-d.c o ne of (; ri1nm 's fairy- t;Lles

pupils will likl~ to Lake A11 g lo-Saxo11 rliy11w:-; -- J•er-

can 1u1<le r,;ta11rl a nd aJ't•rec iale the :;Lo ry of Lli t; English

l1a.ps e ven M0Ll1e r-Goose Melodie:,;, a:::; Mrs. Luek wo ud

lang uage, e spec ially if rn:il's, and l1bekl1oanl .~ , a11d. blu e-

s u lJrmesLs
b

fro111 gra::;p i11 g t.l1e aetu al.

p rint::; a.re u sed to illustrate iL.

The early Britons in

an<l s11bsLitute for their simple word,; thos<'

J erivcd from th e Greek or Lhe Latin.

The :sim1·licity

t h ei r rud e lrn t.s, tl 1e con<1ucri r1 g Ro man legions, the

o f many of the ori g inal rl1 y n1 es " ·i ll he a p preciated

fi erce T e utonic sea- wolv c:<, ll 1cgay bu t brave Normans, ·

after sucl1 tra nslations .

furnish material for a c 011t.inu l~ d. sto ry
. so in te res t.in",..,

questcil to tell o[ a11y hcn e fit derive<l from

t h a t ea ch c hapter will be a 11 ticipated, a11d , Letter ::;Lill,
wi ll he n' m c rnbered .

a clas::;icn.l vers1011 of an Ang lo-Saxon extra.ct, said .

\Vl1ile we may easil y l 1 ~; ( ve dl:ri vati ves from uLl1er

gi ven practice iu the 11 ,.;e o f tlie lli c Liu11ary, a11tl has

A cl a.ss t.l1at ltn.d Gee n re-

"The e x e rcise 11:1.s add cJ

maki11 g

tu our vocabula ri es, ha.s

'.

34

},'LJ.:ilfRN 'L ·l/!l ' COMPOS/ '/'ION.

woun- <:OLLECTJNG: JffYM07.001·.

made us appreciate ns never before the value of the
two clii e f elements of our language."

from the two principal elements of our la11 g u:1.ge mn.y

The children may be rna<le to reali ze that Anglo-

There will be littl e of thi:; work in very elemc11Lary

Saxon words arc likely to lie very 11uar our hom es
:tn<l l 1earts, a.<: they tell of life by th<; heartl t or

classe;;, however, '1.llll that littl e will Ge done togeth e r .
llow gr<ttcful in after yea rs will our ehsscs h(;

in t.he ti el d, arHl of all that i,; dearest i 11 that Iife.

tliaL Ll 1ey aeq11ired the lmLit of stUtly i11g \\'ord s tli e ir origin, Lheir prover u::;e, :u 11 l Llic di :-i t.ir1c.I ion be-

Almost ariy st irring line or senten<;c that appeals
to all rn e n - to t he ir syrnpa.Ll 1y, to tl ieir lov e, to
their patriotis111 - may he r ead arid apprec i:tted, an<l
then trnn sbLe ll into ta n1er classical l a 1w11
·w •
'j' .-.
.. ]c.,
.-.
c .-. 1.. .
, , .,
for instance, llall eck ·s lines, as applical>ll! to Americans as to Greeks: "Strik1! .St rik e -

till tl1e la~ t arme1l foe expires;
for yo u1· altars and you r tires;

be ma<le very clear by means of illustrativ e ext.mets .

tween one an<l another; that they 1ea nH •c l Ll111s early
to value them . For it has hee11 trnl y said , tl1:tL •· Lan g uage is the a111Ge r in whi c h ft tl1ous;L11d pr<· cio11s :-1.1 111
:;nbtle thongl1 t::; l1avc bee n safely cml1cddecl :u1d pn·-

se rve<l." The Roman e mpire is go 11 e , but we lcac lt
h er langnage ; Cl 1ri:;t no longe r walks Ll1e ca.rt h, IJ11 t
his words arc tl1c \.\'Orl<l 's sp irit1rnl life.

Tliou g lt the

colors 011 tl1e canvas pale or fa<le altoged1e r, y et tlre

for tlie ~rt'. <'11 g rav es of yo ur s ires;
(;0<1 and your native laud ."

Strik1• -

light of th e first m ornin g, eaugl1 t a 11cl l1e ld i11 a word,

How s pirited tl1is is will ho rn ore "vide n t after we

pulsates still; safely still, sin g le won!,; g uard their
trea...,ures - too well, of Le u, for t,lt e carel e,.;s to dis -

have 11 1adt1 a elassi('.a] v1:rsio11, wl 1etl1cr lll~tk r
than th e foilowi ng: -

cover tl1e 111.
1-fappy is tl1 e <'.l1ild t hat lias th e power of

01·

wor:;c

t '. X]>J'\ '.S -

"Sacr ifice your existe nces till :Lll c 11 n111iPs have per-

sio11, tJ1a.t can n ttur again wliat The l11fi11itu frlls to

ished; defend y onr Lares a11cl l'cnat.cs, }' Olli' doinicil es, and the ma11sole11ms of yo ur aiw estors; defend

hilll in sec ret; fn r each has his own rn es:'<agc. a11.J jo:·

your tutelary (kit.i es and your native t ·nilOJf"

too, tJ1:tt it does uoL lose the message.

The value of tlic classical ele!llc nt mi ght lie proved
by quotations from Milton alone . In whateve r is
meant to lie so11 orr111s iL-; 11 sd11ln ess is e vid e11t; while
the plea:;i ng variety t.o be gained uy clrawi11g wisely

comes only wi th

its utterance:

happier Llie world,

How much li te rature offe rs i11 its co1rn ee tio11 witl1
w onl-stndy.

There are Gilm:t11':-i Sltort 8t o ri1·~ from

tli e .Dictionn.r,11. Palm er's Fullr- El.lfrnolo!J!/, Tre ncl1·s 'f'!te
Study of Words, Waites\; Pur:1otten Mecwiugs, !::)wi11-

., h'J,/C.llENTA

f{ }"

(.'IJJ /

ton's Rmnlit.:.~ Arnong ·1Vin-els, a1Hl m:rn y anoLlier volume of t.lic same sorL.

be reaA1 over and over.
3.

l{o rn:u1 legions a11d eag ll!;j a11d -

NoL l ess e n t icing

Eae lt wortl to have not only the history givl'll in Llte.
tlit.:l iu1mry, b11l ;t\ so the hi scor y uf il:-; tli s<:uve ry l•y

of tli e J(in:; or Artl1ur a11<1 lti s kni g hts; glimpses
from l uanlwc o ( :::t,unl y SaxoJt aml of 11old N o rnmn ;

or

(

2. Tile work to be wr it l e 11 o u t awl plal:e1l wh e n~ iL 111a y

And then Lh ere are ?\orse f::l.g a.s,

sturius a.11(1 so 11 gs of vikings: g limpsus fro m Llw J,/ylls

gli mpsi;:-;, too,
w J1:tt n ot'?

•)

woun- <:OLJ,JiC 'f'ING: E'l'YMO L OO )'.

/ '08/'/'/0 N.

our pup il, thu:; intro1luci11g th e persunal

d e 1111·11 L

antl making legitimate use of se lf- lu vc.

of
Ill.

will J.1: snap-l>0nk \\·n rk -- Lltat,

rv.

\Ve s hall have cons itl e rctl some synonyms.

We shall have folt tlte rec iprocal i11tlu e11 c1:

(ir

lil<'ra-

tn1'l~ a.ml ' wonl-stuJy.

already i1Hli t.:at.ud, tl1u l is ts o f words, a nd, l1l'sid e tln:><e
fo;ts, picLures or Cellic cross. of Drnidi t.:a l rni11s, of

v.

frn.g 1ne11 ls of H.1m1:1.11 rn:tds all(! w:tl ls, o f ard1e r and

\Vltat stLHly will no t fei:l an it11petus fru 111 this work

Cr usade r, of jonst, of to 11rnarn e 11 t; a11d aC(;OU Hts of

\V e s ha ll l1 ave rvlclctl to our sc rap-b ooks.

with words?

fri e ndly or o f lios Lile i 11 vasiom; of h 1u l at 1d la11 g m1.ge.
Sl'tl!MAl!l'.

D urin g Llt i;, tl 1inl set of Pxert.: 1ses,
gn.ined: -

( 1.)

w e shall have

i.

A k 11 owl ci1gc, lt owe1·cr 111<' :i .~re, of our lt r rit.::tgf' in
lan g u:q;e, l>e1.:orni11g grate f"11l 1.u peopll·s a.Jill tu <·c11L11 ril• S.
A 11 appn·( ;i:tt. in11 of t h e vali1r> o f won l s', a1 1d a d 1:s ire
tu dis1•01·l· 1· tlll'il' ori gi n, 1.lt f' ir u s<·s, l'l.l:.
J\ n·:diz: tl.iu 11 of t he fa('t. t.!t:LI, t h e st.11cly ol' la 11 g-i 1:1ge
is a11 ex act sc ir11r e. tltal. ll(l llt in g is t.o lu \ ass11111 ed,
that. slatr mrnt.s must. 11<' \'t'l'i fird.
-1. A l'l'J'fTj!L io11 of t.hc t. rnt,11 , t.li: L1 , as t lt P. :tn·l1r•r nr,ed s
a fu ll <]U i vt:r, so tl1c wri tr r lll'P<l s a foll Vlwal111lary.
I.

..

11.

\ Ve s l1all lt avl' skl't.<:l1ell a plan for wo rk: -

1. A li ttle work each 1l ay; 1.lt:tl wu l'k t.l10 rn ug ltly <l o ne.

·1
l~

h
I"
t'

]J f ;.<;(' TU PTION.').

again there is a diffe rence in the cla::;scs

o( fact,;

t·n11-

tribute<l; for those wlio sit at a <lista11 ce, th ere l1av e
been color and general outli11c, while Lllll,;e near lly
h ave di::;covere<l Jetails of the design . Why is this ·i
CIIAPTEI~

V.

DESCRIPTIONS.

A ~ 1•: JUE~ of descriptions is anotl1er set of exe rcises
t lia t
shall suggest fo r co mpos i ti oil wo rk .
\Ve first sel ect an ol1jcct familiar to us all, and
wi Lliin ou r r:rn gc of vision . On ce agai11, ora l work
prccc<les wri tten wo rk; ancl work iu com mon comes
before imli vidual t!ffort . Th e olijcc t chose11, one child
ancl anotl1 er is askeJ to 111e11tio11 a characteristic.
These are jotted down. V e ry soo n tl 1e truth taught
by th e oltl story of the shi eld with its gold a n<l its
s il ver s id e will :tg ain be cxc 1nplifie<l. Fur uue eliild,
tl 1c shield wi ll be yellow; for anotlicr, s il very. A
li Ltle q uestio11 i11 g hrirws out t li ' fact that tl ie re li: wc
!Jet: n different point,-; of view, tl1aL tl1is g ro up uf pupils
caught a glimpse of sonwLhi ng q uite 011 t of sig ht fo r
th e others; that, lll on:o vcr, a ny one descri!Jing a11y
t hing should stall<l he re or the re, on this s i(le or on
that, sh oul,1 f!a refull y ;-;elect the pl ace from which to
m;drn lii s o!Jscrvations .
'\Ve w ill t ry again . Sl1:tll ·we look at our shi eld
from the frn11 L or from the u ~ic k? L et it be from
tl1c front.

'J'IH~ n

follo ws

:i

38

seco nd d csc ri ption, but

The ch ildre n thernse1ves · will te ll. J\1l(l t li l· 11 tJH '}
will have learned experime nttdly that Ll ie poi11t of
vie w - wl1i ch m caus n ot only wh ere, but abn ho" ·
far off, we are - deLenuin es tli e rel a t i \' e (1i11lt' 11s i"11"
and <l eLails of ou r 11, ,:-;,:ription; that iL is oll e t.lii11.~ to
d esc ri!Je a r iver frolll it::; hank , an1l :uw tlier lo picL111·,,
it from a mo unta i11-lop; LliaL tu Oll C He ar liy it may
be it noisy to rrent pl un ging ove r hidde1t ro vl~s, or a
· g s t re:tm, sm 1ny and serene·, wl1ile from th e
singin
mountain-top it is only a shinin g t hrerul binding the
fi ekb of grain together, or, as Lowell says, "a j•' Wel lt'd
arm chL->ping clouJy h eaps of forest ."
Tt is a sort of surprise and a correspondin g ddight
to come upon th ese facts , and so to real ize t.l1at ti. en:
is Jaw an<l order in the worl<l of composition; a11 1l iL
will be pure joy to make use of th e facts.

W e will

keep the work largely oral and common to both cla.ss
and teacher as long as 11eed be. Perhaps a tree is
easily access ible. If so, we will sketcl1 that
as ·we see it from the win<low, and again as
to us when we sta1Hl under its bran ches .
wet black trunk and. mass of shin ing foliage

togeth er
it look:-;
For the
tliat we

<l escri bc ;L<; w e look at th e tree from onr w indow, we
su!Jstit,u(,e details a..,; we starnl u11<ler its bou g hs: tl1e

4U

EL 1'." ,l/ J:N TA II i · <'OM l'O S JTION.

roughue,.;s or srnootli 11 cs:> of tl1c hL rk, the

-H

JJ J<:S <' llll' TJO NS .

p cc nliar

and then enJOY this guess in g-game .

They will, how-

lmrnehing o( t h1) tree . the shape of it-; leaves , even

ever, nin.ke the solvin g of the ir problems a less c11;,;y

Llie life upon iL-s11rvly in:o-:('r.t life, and perhaps we

maLLe r.

1nay be ful'Lt 111<L k (•11ongl 1 Lo 1:;iLel1 a gli m pse o f hil'ds

a,nJ, if a tbi a Ly 0110 , ma.y beco m e :1 lady discovered

or sq nineb tlt.tL 111;t ke it tl1eir h; urnL o r lw111e.

Our

peeping i111p1isitively through her window, and liuld-

tl1oy ::;h;d] be tl1e

in g lie r ln1n<ls before h e r face, almslicd; ,,r, if tl1e clock

will lie ,.;;i.tislicd with a littl e orig i1Jal,

be plai n :111<1 pri n1, up m:1y go its band s to sl 111 L out

desc r iptio11s sli:dl
c hildre11"s:

\\'O

he sl1nrt. arnl

gu11 11 i11e, i11tcl l igent " ·ork .

Th~ clock, for i nstance, may uc pe rs unit!ed.

Lime <Lll<l a good deal of prncticc, t h ere

the sight of sehool -rn"11 1 pranks.
\V liilu i n this earliest work tliere may, ]>Crl1;qis, he

will co1ne a day \\'l1 e 11 iL will lie right to ask for

no occasion to speak of local coloring, and \\·l1 ile it.

\\·'l1y not have this al1no:>t a

may be wi se not to to u ch upon t li c necessity [or out-

"Now, tlo11·L 1ell an ybody bnt me wltaL yo u

linin g, fo r using economy ill detai ls, for t·l1"osi11g on ly

J\ ft e r

::;01110

i11dividual des cript.i,>1 1.
g«tm c '!

are go ing to write ah()nt..

Choose somdlii1 1g in t he

room, aml keep it j11st as s ec ret as c:tu uc.

Tlie u,

::;urely teach t1 1e v;tluo u[ u11 0 111aLopoet ic words that liy the ir sound tell Ll1e ir 111 c:u1i11g.

these words :u·e of value will, afte r a ll, reqnire 110

111cant for."

tca.c hi11 g; it will n eetl o nl y c rnphasizi 11 g, for (·11ildren

Tl1is, of course, will he no tirn 1: for tl1e teael1cr to

know iL of Llicmselves.

If

Th e hd that

they are tellin g .. r s(l11 1c-

thiii g hu ge, they will unwilLi11g·l y try to m ;tke t . !1 1.~ ir
d eserip Lioa sound huge .

rnnn<l itmnng Ll1c writers. holding wh ispered con." ul ta-

big! " they will make over tliaL liiy, by ('l<1c11t.i"11ary

tio n s with 1.l1em: 1'11r t•;wh

111 0 :1 m;,

accompl ish, wit.Ji

lwl<l , :111d c:trry, the ir m eaning.

;tLte 111p teJ .

matoprnia '?

an_y one.

'

An<l is not l]1;LL onn-

Does nuL Bro wni11 g do the s;1J111) tl1i11g, -

t h o 11 rrh he does more, too, b

a.nd .Joos li e nut

HH;:tn

to

This set of exe rc ises, d escriptions, sl1o nlJ , like lctLer-

do the same tl1ing, wl1 e n h e wri tes of t11e i vy th<tt

writing, exten<l over n iie riod of ye;u-s, anJ Lecome

"winks through the chinks," :tnll of the cihecj> tl10.t

more and mo re skilful.

,, tinkl e homeward"?

Eveu olde r pupils will n ow

~ ;_,

into a huge or a monstrous ; Ll 1ey w iil 111ale it

snme degree o[ sa.tish<:Lion to l1i1nself, wlmt li e lias
Th e re mu st lie no complete failur0 for

·J·

H they say only, "IL \\·;1.s su

st.and a.lnof; it is ;L criLi<":d hour. anJ sl ic will mov e
011c 11111gt

.~ .~

words

rea.J your paragraphs :1.11tl gue::;,.; w l1at ea.ch o ne is
The clock, with its fa ce and hands, its

~·

those fe;tt.nrcs most cha racteristic of an ul1je.:t, I sl1" ttl<l

a fte r everybody kis <lun e two o r three lines, we \\'i 11

figures a. n<l ca.so, wou Id be snggesLi ve .

.

Artist:-; b;we bee11 c hildren .
I

t~·

..

1

4:2

h"LR.l!ENTAJ: }' COM P08J'f'ION .

Almost any class, be tl1cy novi ces or adepts, will
enj0y practice i11 the use of these imi tative words.
Here are :;everal original un corrected 11arag raplts. Tli e
requirement was: "Write a paragraph in wlii c !1 you
Lry tu use imitative wonls - wonls tli:tt hy t he ir ·outl(l
eo11vcy their rne :rni11g . Be wi:-:c in scleet,i 11 g a sulijecL.
·Early l\1.nrrii11g at ll1c F:tnn." a tHI '!\ H11sy Stree t' are
:-:uggestivc, Lut y1111 will t l1 ink ,,f IJc:tter o11es. Afte r
fi11isl1i11g, look over yo ur work, sub:-:Lit uLe for ge 11 cral

\\'Ords those more specific, de.~criptive, or i111i tative,
lltat is doing
nothing for yo u." These arc 8Cvcral or tlie paragraphs
:tlld cut out any word or cxp r c:-:s io 11

wri tte n in class, wi Ll 1ou t p repar:tLio1 1. altogeLl 1c r un ex-

pectedly : -

IJ f<:8L' IU f'T! ON .-;,

the Hames, tlie era.sh of falli 11 g timbers, the :;huul.::;
fre nzi ed lll e ll min gled witlt tlie udlowing of

U1l'.

1

il

('.ngillt'S,

tlie tl1rill of horror, the tra11<1u il heavens above the w:tr-

r illg earth, the g ra11dcu r of a co11tiagratio11, -

who <:a1 1

fo rget the picture?

,\ faint glow in t.110 ea::;t, t i11ting tlie fr\\' ""a11.1 •r1" l
clo11cl,.; witlt a 1le li cate ['in k, lwrallb the 111cJ1"11i11g s1111.
'l' li c :;lam of a kitelieu doo r, a c h ee ry \\'hist.11 " ;rnd tlte
sq1 wak of a pu1Hp-h:wdle in Jicate that the day';; l'hon·s
J1ave begun. The rattliHg of a ktrn-1loor, the "<·o-huss,"
t he snap of a whip, a ml t he ti nkliu g uf be lb tell tliat
t he cows are being pasture<l.
The su11 ri :;es, lite air
grnws warm, the locust begins to siug, auLl the fan1 11.:r
takes hi::; plough to begin his clay's work .

First, the Hutte r of the st.arh· r ' ::; thg, a few s harp er:wks

4.

or the whip, a111l, in a clu111l or d11st., a d:t.sh of colo r tlits

lip Ll1e Lra('k lik1· : 1. w hirlwind spe1:d:; that.
st.rP:d( of d11st, 1'\>llitd 1.lir. 1.11rn, r11slii11g d ow n t.lir lioninsLn:L(:h; Ll1u j o('h·ys y1·lli11f{ at. tl11•ir l1ors1•s, a 1Jd t.J 1e
crow<] 11Jaclly c·:illing out the n:1.m1•s of favorites. Thr
l1ursc::i dash lllldl'r tl1P 11· 1n>, thn' 1' s<J (' lose togctl ie r that,
no n11c can trll wliir·li ll'lllS.
p :i st. yo11.

Lo~n ON

A RA FT.

Two chi ldre11 played o n a brok e n rafL oJ
· r111 ~y

ro t.t.· 11

chatlcre<l Jnerrily, \vhi lc arou1ul thu111

t.l 1u

wuod.
wavt· s

with a crack of the g11ld<' n !01 1 gne~, sends tl1 e m fly in g

l;q>JH~1l th(! ;;: uidy beach.
Th e raft was fastc:1wd LO a l'ilt·
by a rope sawn alinost in two from its co11st:111t e01 1t.;1.1 :t
wit li the wood, while the wav es swnng it to antl fro.
'1']11 , st.illness was broken only by t he prattle of th•: chi 1d n:n a111l the roar a nd swish of the waves . f.;11 ilde11ly :t
n eak, then a jerk l anrl the raft floated slowly out to
sea.
At first the 11ove 1ty of the situation krpt bot Ii
from real izin g their pos it io n; but before tf11:y had d rift('.]
for the boy serf':tlllf)(] lustily, while tli e g irl cri1;d 111JL

i11to the calmer air al.Juve.

tears i11to her d renched apron.

'.?. ( l/ 'it!uJ11t

11

Till!' .)

The roaring Jire wrr1 1t. hes J>i<'<:e af te r pie<:e fr o m t,lt e
l1ul'lling building, :11 111. whirl i1J ,t; I.hem l'Olll 1cl a nd round
The 11i:s::;i11g aHJ secthillg o f

..

~

44

ELXM J~'NTA

f{

r

CON !'O.'il'l'llJ N.

f)

fi.:SC/tll'TION8.

Who will not g rant that beginners :-;l1oulJ not be

be as happily busy during their E11gli::;h lc:;son::; as

expected to gww if nourishetl on :-;kim111c<l 111ilk; that

. they usually are when at work with bru:;h and c<>lor:;.

they neeJ the frui t, not its ]1usk; Ll1aL tl1e differcuce

Surely, the r esults in one case may Le as l'rn111i<ng

between tla.:m antl mat urer 1111l'ils i:-; U1is: L1:ginncrs
should uot Le troubled 11·ith t.uo 1ma.: lt :rn:tlys is, Lut

as in the other, provided that we are wise, a11d ask fnr
only the possiLle.

:;lioultl tlo, autl do, :tllll <lo; if the si11111lcr tl1ings, yet

It helps the children even to call them word-11aintcrs;

the interes tin g tJ1ing:-;, t li e wo11dnf1il 1l1i11gs, g raduall y

they arc then kee nly alive to what they are atte111l'Li11g:

ronn<ling out their cou rse ll"i t !t tl1e p.:ars, ._foing work

" C orne, little word-pai11Lers, are your hrnsliG:; ready

tha.t beeo mes more and more skilful a11tl sd1"iady?

Shall we get out our colors?

Ca,n it lie necessary to suggest t l1at w<)rk i11 descrip-

But how can we un ti l

we know what we arc going to paint?"

vVe <Htgl1t

tion, from J"irst to last, Le e01 1nccLed in Lhou g ltt with

to he of service in selecting a good subjeet.

the painting of pictures?

thing suggestive of picturesque langua,ge almo:;t writes

Wl1ilc at the very liegin11ing

itself.

coU11try chi ld.

-

it will be ea.sy to ask, '' W l1at utl1er da:;s of workers

a.re equally earcful about such tl1i11g:; ?"

And, no

doub t, some one will ::;ay, '' I'ai11Ler:; ! " or, it rnay be,
".People t h:tt tak e photograph:;!"

"~ure

e ll ough.

Do you k11ow tlmt, SOll\C wonderful writer:; arc said
to paint with won[,,;? I wonder l1ow they get their
colors?" If no one suggests, yo u ca n affurtl to let
tl1e q u e:; tion w:tit for its a11::;wcr. Later, when to-

Som e-

'.

But even the city boy a11d girl have

their g limp:;es of green grass and Lluc 8ky, of :;unset
flu:;hes and of shining river.

Even they, bless Lheir

hea.rts ! have a black cat with yellow eye:; and white
velvety paws, or a :;nowy one, or a t<vNny one.
While they themselves

are writing, we sliall, of

course, introduce our class to the fine things th:tt tlic
years have been sifting out for them. Great mind s
arc childlike, and tl1e creations of their wisdom and

gether you are reading some word-painting lJy ;t mas-

genius hold

t e r hand, - :;ometliing that J1a:; in it tl1e rosy wond er

selected, make for the children a long panorama of

ma,ny things for little people.

Tl1esc,

It unrolls for them pictures of jolly Dutch -

of tlie dawn, the g reen beauty of the licaving sea,

delight-

or the white splendor of smH;wepL s nowy hilb a.nd

men a,nd stern Puritans, of mailed knigh t a.rnl a,rchcr

fi elds, -- the an swer will come.

in Lincoln g reen, of Greek and Trojan h eroes, of

It seems to m e that these lit.t,le word-painters slioulll

• ·1

What a wealth of topics comes to 1uill<l for t he

we are discu ssiug point of view a.uJ ::;ca.le uf de::;cription, -

a.lLlwug h prnLal1ly we kwc useLl :;iH 1pler te rms,

•.. f

·1

magic, haunted wood.

The panorama is endless; it

J

/\'/, 1'"M /<,'N '/',·I /I l '

will 1mroll as long

:t;;

we c:i,n lo1 Jk -

47

lJ /;,'S C I! I I''/'/ 0 N 8 .

(,'(),\/ l 'O-" I TIO N.

" i''iow t h e 1ittk winds ,

with our cars.

\VltaL cl 1i ld will 11 ot appreci;ite th e pidures rn ...~'now­

;Ls

lwt·s,

Bowing th e blou1w;, co rn e w a. nd t:r ink

wh e n~

I lie."

ho1u11l, - · Ll1c l1appy fircsi(le group, eac h membe r of it;

Some t here are who will like Lhe smell of pnwder

tlie "wliirl -da1 1ee of 1,li e hli11di 11 g stonn;" a nd, next

an<l t li e sl101..:k of armies i11 Vidor I fug11's " \ Vat.,r-

clay, tl 1c hc:u1Li ru l new world, t i1e nn i verse of sky and

loo ;" or, it may be, the Sir Gal:thacl of Tennyson wi il

:-;11ow, -

::;now that puts a fantasLic liat, upon t he bridle-

post, a11 tl gives a Cl 1i11 ese roof to Ll1e well-c urli?

Louch the m, a 11J the poe L's o w,111atopoetic words w i I l

And,

a ppeal to t he ir e:trs as the k 111 g ht 's d 1i val ry :Ll'J'eais to

a[ler Lwo or tl1 ree y ears of \rnrk, pc rl1aps, will they

th eir hearts.
The cu111lii11cLl 11arrati1111 a1Hl dcscrii't.ion i11 ti"' ,<..,'u11v
of t!u: Uhattalwoc/u;e will 1.;alch t,l1e fa1 11:y, <LllU tr:ti11 car

1tot lik e to go sight-see in g, picL1tre-l11u1Ling, i11 Little

8rilain ?
Y\!S:
Ll 1ey will enj <1y ;tll th is l iLernture
w11rk if 11·u :t re wi se and wat1:l1f1il, if we c u t short

a ntl rnillll as well, wl1il e the class lea rn wli:1t woidd

d et:tils, a111l eve n U1row a><idc wl 1at tl1e world honors,

make tlw Chaual 1out: li ee tarry

p rov id c1l it does 11ot :tppcal to this liLLlc handful of
l1uma11ity jrn;L now.
Tl 1ey wi ll like some thin ;rs wel l enough to learn
a1Hl rem e m be r them ea:,;ily .

"Tl11e wilful watenn:eds he ld

their

own

course -

"'Tltc la vi n~ laurel turned

Sl1:Lll 11·e g ive tl1 e m Ll 1e
wli:tt

tliuy

will

iLs way: 111 e

tl1rnll, "

srngs tli e n ver,
111y

tidt_·,

The fe rn s a nd the fondling g rass sa itl, Strry,

reins 011 ec i11 a whil e, espec iall y at first, :uul let the m
chonse

0 11

Tl1e d 1,\\·lJ\'rry dipped for to wu rk d1·b y,

learn ,

And the littl<' r<'<" ls

si~lt,·d,

1ll1i111', 111,,,/1·. "

whaL one or 111 orc of Llic s la11z:ts or 1•:trng rapl1 s read

Log·dli er ?
Ma11y a li (.t.lc gank 11 cr Llt :tL knows

i11 Scott's tksniptio11 qf l{nl1 i11 l lood a11d i11
Ll11 ~

,;l 1:Lj>l.!S of l1 is

tluwers will al'prec i:tLe Keats"s : " (>p e n :t fl't·~ h yo ur r o 11n tl of !-i larry fold s,
l't~

ardt·n t 111ari ~olds !

Dl'y 11 p tlie lllOi stl 11'f' from y<>lir f.'.Olclc n lids;"

anLl tl1c fortunate cli il1l Llmt h:ts sl rcLl'. l1 c<l out among

N:tpn l r nri.
Th~

ve ry pr:tdit:al 111:ty fancy : - -

"The (' :trt-cl1a in "li11 ks across the ~lanting shaftR,
And kilc1H~!l\\'ard :.b e rat.1ii11g it1wk1·1. plu 1 11p ~
~ o n s n dow n tit•~ wt·ll, wl 1f•l' i ' q uive riug Ju{'ks qlL ti · k

l1~11d,

.1\ tHl !-;usan Cook is singin g ; "

the g rac;ses a111l clov e r will n :1nc 111hc r it all as li e

wl1i eh 1s foll of words that achpt snu11r1 to s0nsc, a11d

111e 11wrizus La11ier's: -

which will be as a stcp}'i 11g-stone to higher things.

\:

4S

J~ l,11;,w

b Lhe re a boy or girl t hat will turn away from Llie

Ilut111ni ng-birds anU

111 y

ho1tt•y-IH't'~

s111rnt.ed mole

;

ri g ht -

his Hpadc ;

!•'or 111 y ta ste th e lilac k1H ·1T y

c hild

with

Boys mi gh t li ke

he was, and that c·v cry uody Llwugiit li e wa..s

croino· to be :t :;olclier, -

~u n e

"

tl1is poet of rnarv ellons powe r.

0

They would appre t.: iate liis st<L11di11g guard witli an ol 1l

Purplrrl over !11·dgc and stone ;
Lang hed the h rook for m y d<· li g l1t.
Through the day and throug h t h<! ni ght ."

if the

swonl at his moLl w r's d oo r, lest any 0 11 e sliotdd di,;t urb her needed rest, all a.Lo ut wl1ieh K e ny o11 \V e,.;t

slowly -awak e ni11 g

111i11d

tells in l1is charmin g a.rtielc for you11g pcu1ilc.

Tl1cv

So mu c h Llie helter for

mi crlit li;tv e an added fonLlness for Seott, if till'_\' liad

ltilll, if this moan s :;o mcthin g lo l1im a11d t he others

learn ed :Lbout hi s love fur animal::;, a11d liow wl1..:1 1 !tis

c h oose a maLcrial tlicn 1e?
nothing.

U c will grow, buL n cil! 11!r l.Jy absLai11i11g

altogether nor by L:t.king indigest ibl e food .

Next lirn c,

0

favorite, Ca mp, <lied, he d ce li11 e1l a11

i11vit.aLiu11

Lo

ls there n ot m:Lleri <tl e11ough, cveu if we cu11fi11e

cl 1ildre11, wi Lh t h e ir selections . may have !1clpcd hi m.

ourselves to that h e re in cu nsidered, fur 011r fuurtl1 :;et

Alld t his occas ional freedom ,,[ eho icc exe rc ised by

of exe rcises'?
1. 'W e hav e tried to m a ke the picL11re of so 111.:tl1i11 g .

Lhe 1mpil will give the teadc r a11 insi g ht into l1is
tl 1e sdedion ap-

pealed to liim, why li e chose it, wl1at li e likes in i t:
she may learn something of his aspirations, or of his
l:ick of t h e m ; she wi ll have. tno, a new way of n o ting
lti s m e ntal antl rnora.I progres>' .

Ol'

Pictures of town o r cn u11 t ry, of hi g hway

byway, Of fo.miliar Or historic figures, will Ue Jl<Lstetl

in; an d under th e m descriptio 11s o f similar scenes or
pe rsonages, -

perhaps, happily, of the same, -

desc rip-

: -:.

Ill so tloi 11g , w e hav e learned: 1. That we mnst hav e arn1 keep n poi 11 t n[ vi1 · w .
2. Th:t.t our poiut nf view will t1etern 1i 11c fu r 11 s n1an y
things: rnbt iv1\ <li 111e 11 s iolls, cldaib, etc.
3 . That won1s 1:x press1Hg uur 11wa11i11 g in t.li 1, ir s<1u nd
will help u s.

S c rap-hooks, during t hi1; secon1l :-;c t of exe rc ises. will
grow apace.

•'.,

dinn er " o n account o[ tl1 c death uf au oltl fri c11d .''

or some Lime, he wi l l crav e somctl1i 11 g finer; il 1e other

1rnture, espec ially i [ he tc !ls w h r

:..---

Kcn.L.':l Lette r if tl 1cy k11cw wl1at a. Jig l1ter - - fc> r t.lic

Hport. t.h c sqnirrd played,

l'I i"d the

Silk by siJc \\'iLh

these mig h t Le anecdotes of writers.

" f was rich in flowcrR an d trrf's,

Wl1at

tions by those wh o knew tl1em :wd loved them, and
knew lww to write a11out Ll1cm .

following? -

For

4 \1

)J J~ ."C Ill l"f'J() NS.

/-,'NT A U Y COM 1'0811'/IJ ,V.

11.

We liav e, the refore, learned tliaL bw a11d ord er

l'ltl e in the co mpos ition worlLl as in Llte 1mL11ral world .
LU.

We h ave fou11d that there are food values to

be recognized in tlic teae lii ng of <.; 0111 po::;i tio11, and that

,.

50

ELEN h'NTA Ur <:OM l' O.'i lT/U N.

the assirnihtion, as well as tl1t.: l>l'Pvision, of fooJ is
essen Lia!.
l.V. We l1avc rea.tl togetl 1er fine tleseriptio11s, b eing

rnin<lful of Llici r authors, a11 d so !tave atkh.:d tu our li::;t
Cl!Al'TEI{ VT.

of bouk fricmls.

v. \V'e l1ave, Lo a degree, made their oeeasio11al u11-

THE SIMILE AND PERSONIFICATION.

g 11 itle(l elioiee of :;u1cctio11s to lie mumnrizetl an open
scs:ttne Lo tliu ll<Ltnrc o f ott r p11pils, as well as a means

of regis te rin g gm w tli .
vr. \Ve ]1;tve noted tlie kinship of writing antl clritwin g -

p:Linting , :;cnlpturc; and our work in lite rature

"As "'"" " tall cliff th"t lifts its awful forni,
Swells fr11m tlrn va in, a.1111 rnidway lt~ave~ tl1~ .-.; t11r 111,
Tliu' ro 111 ul its l1rc:Lst the ro11iug- c luudi:i a.re :-;pread

Etljr11a.l su11sld11 0 :-;ottles 0 11 its h ua.J. ."

Is it a vury

ste p t1ownw;tnl fron1 this si111i k

10 11 g

has douLtless given opportu11ity (,() 1111ify Lli e study of

of Gold:;mith's to

cornpos ition witli Ll1:it of liisLury allll of gcogmpliy, a::;

or "Tl1at ponll-lily hml looks like 011e of grnndm:1.·s

we l1avc dcse rilJt:d pun;ons :i.ml i1laee::;.

piekle::;, "

vu. \Ve l 1ave c ontinue d to recognizu tli u wlit>lc: prnv-

•·Torn ru11s likt: n. lirc-c11g-i1H·. "

:i.s a ve ry littl e

boy sn.i<l las t su11111H.: r l

A::;sure Jly ll Ot; a long se ri es of steps leads frnrn tl1 t? ·

111 00 of con1po::; iti o11, tcad1i n g it by mea11s o( b0Ll 1 oral

l)l)y's figures to tliat uf tl1c poet; lJUt the :same 1inr1-

a11tl wri Ltc n cx c n :1ses.

c iple of co11structio11 rn1<1erlius tl1 e t.liree, a11tl t.hl'ir

VI 11. \Ve !tavu e111botl ic•l i11
of our w ork .
IX.

<t

serap-liuuk :;0111eLl1ing

vVe have, above :dl, erna tecl a genial n.trno::;pliern,

purpose is identical.

Hoy and pod lmve, more •>r

less i11te11tionally, illustrated Lliu t.l1onght, hy a ];i11d
of pidure, a1ul LoLl t l1;we lJu1111tl tl1ouglit a11tl pict.1m:

in wlii c:l1 growi 11g- minds an<l li en.rt.-; and so nl s co uhl

togctl1er Ly a word of comparison.

expand, openi11g- <>u \, in tu life a11tl 11pward tuward tire

ture is that of the master, clear an(l strong, arti;;ti-

ligh L

cally conce iv ed and executed; but t ir e Loy's pi d nrc,;

NoT1£. - vV e 8ha ll, of co ursi· , ~e <' k lo •>li tain d es•-r ipLio11 s that will
appeal

Goldsmith's pic-

o ur class 1.hrn11gh th e sells<'s .,f hearing, touch, taste, aw.I
s 1u ell , as well""' tho"' wliid1 call LI)' vb i\JJIS.
to

are as truly sponta11eous, and, althongh crndc, clea rly
illnstrate 110w swift,Jy Tom can

ruu and wlraL the

slmpc of the closed pond-lily is.

Every ho<ly knows that clii lllren are forever not i rrg
re::;e mula11cPs and differences; shall we, then, Le
fJl

1111-

i:~

!)3

EL h'M /.,',\'TAU Y I 'OM l'O S /TI UN.

TUE 13 /J.f !L E AND l'E!!M>N!Fl<:A'J'TON.

wi ::;e to t ry soJUe very elerne 11 tary wnrk with fig ures

the k in dergarte n, th ey woultl become birds for the

fo r a fifth set o[ exe rc ises?

time be in g, to ill u::;1,rnte fo r us t li c illustrntio11 .

fle1 m11g say::;: "Tl 1e fact

that figurative b11guagc Jcviate:; from onli 11ary ex-

" l'a tte r - patte r ·L is tc 11 l1 o w t.lt e rai11<lrops clatte r,
Fal lin g o n the' shingle roof;
II ow t h ey rattl e
Lik e th e ritl es' e lkk in La t.ti c,
Or t.hc ch arg•, r' s iru11 hoof ! "

press io11 is not to lie taken as an aro·mnent
ao-ainst
b
b
its JJa tnralness.

It is just a::; spontaneous and artless

in iL:-; place as any manli er l >f speaking fo r c ulLureJ
and uncultured al ik e."
Fo r some ti 111 e our , 1·ork will 1rnLumlly be oral,
:tll<l douc t ogeth er, a1Hl ll'ill be co uli11 ed tu two fi,,,._
ures -

the si111i k

a ncl perso11ifieat,io11.

"'
At first we

shall simply read alo ud s i111il c after s imile; L1ut we
,.;l iall talk ahnu t c:tch 011c, :LIHl we shall tli ;scovcr for
011 r:;clve;s

trn LI 1s L!tat rl ictori c ia1 is learnetl 1011 ber

·,t<'O
b

"

Our discove ri es wi ll lie m:ul u Ll1ro ng l1 the euriosity
·of the cl1ildre11, whi ch psycholog ist;; d ei_:hrc to lie a
lcgitinia.tc rwJ mos t useful aid to the e<luca.tm.

P e r-

T li c cl1 iltl ren will fi11d t bis a repre;se11tat.ion - a pll.:t11rn -- of sound.
Tl 1un: ii; a11 appeal to eyes rath er tl1a11 lo ears

Ill

Ll1<! follow ing : "Ma11y a 11i g h t f saw the Pleiads, ri sin g th rou g h t he m e llow s hadt• ,
t:litte r like a S\\' arn1 of fir e flies ta 11 gh,d i11 a 8ilve r braid. "

1t will not be tlil'licult for our class to realize 1.l1at
th ese pictures are not photograp hs of chi!Jren, rn111-

t in ent que::;tions will set 111irnh agog, :wd, soo ner or

drops, a nd stars, hut of tl1e me rrim ent of tl1 e t:l 1il -

later, the clas::; will evolve their page of rhetoric.

dre11, of t,he patter and clatter of the rni1alrop;;, and

Fi rst of all, tl1 cy will Leccm 1e convin ced tliat th e

of the gl itte r of tJ1c stars; tJiat c hildre n :tre q ui te

oflice of the simile i;; to illustrate, to make a pi cture,

unlike Lirds in ve ry ma ny ways; t ha t rai ndrops by

of their tl1ongl1Ls .

Th ey will r ealize that the t hou<rht
h

110 lllcans rese nil>lc rifles a nd horses' h oo fs; and that

is of p1·imc importance, an<l thrit the i;illlile mere ly

sl: trs have not t he heads, n or the w ings, n or the rno-

rn-prcse n ts wl1:l1; has a1reacly hccn exprc:-;s ctl; l>ut tha t

t.i 1m of fireflic::;.

it does t his in a new way, figuratively .

to see, t hat it i;s one point of re;sc m1Jlan ce com mon

"1 found t he Battery u11 occup ied, sa ve l>y cliildre u,

So, after a wl1ile, they will come

to Lwo otherwi::;e unlike things that we seize upon for

whom tl 1c weathe r ma' le as merry as b i r<l s, ., g ives a

our simile.

tolerably cl ear notion of tl 1c mood of the l ittle p eopl e

fire -e ng in e," did not fo r a minute t hin k that T om

the Battery ; a ud, were ou r ow n liLLle people from

and fire-engiHeS li ad much in common except ~nvift-

Oil

Tlie child that said, "Tom runs like :t

54

E LENENT,-1 RY C'OMT'OS I1'ION.

TlI.E 8 / M/LH: ANIJ T'ERSON!Fff'ATfON .

Sh;tl] we end ou r wo rk h e re?

ness of rnoticlll; and the little Loy t hat noted tli e

Shall we be conknt

resemblance ill colori1 1g a11(l shape nf bi s closeLl pollcl-

wi t h e njoy me nt of wl 1at othe rs l1;tve Llone, wi ll; dri11k-

lily Lo a small roun ded pi ckle, d iscove red tl 1at s itnilari Ly alo ne.

incr
in bea uty?
b
•

have jw;t r eaJ, i11 a 111nch-1iri z.ed

text-unok wriLte n uy a 1iian of ri pe e xperi ence, the

.A s Lime goes on, and thei r ~cqua in ta11 ce witli s imil es

follo wing : "Figures have beeu <l e llnctl and i llustr:itcJ ,

grows, L11e cbss 111ay lie !eel Lo see Lliat s nrp rise has
a go0<l deal to do 11·it h our e 11joy lll ell t or tl1eu1; tl1at.
WC Ja ugl1 lll OSt l1cartiJ y o ve r Ll1e Jiulll () r of Oll e JieCilUSe it g reets us u nex pedc uly, a nd tlmt tlt c l>c: 1.11Ly
of a nother espc <..: ia lly satisties Le<..:a 11 se unl ook<..:d -fo r,
ju sL as th e fl owe r tliaL s1niles up at us, a.'i, u11a1r;L res,
we are al1ouL Lo <..: rnsl1 i t, s<..:e n1s sweete r fur i ts c,;eapc
n.rnl f<J r Ll1e surpri;;c ()f its prcsc nee . I t follows t.!tat

not with a vi e w Lo g ivin g t.l1 e st.11dc nt so methin g n e w
to

jlllL

i11 t.o his wri t in g; fo r the cknm o f any produ <..: -

Li nn woul<l be 1~ n t ire l y lost i f tl1 u wri te r ::;l1u 1tl d feel
t,l 1:Lt, Ji:-tvi11g just Ji11i sJ 1ed ;1, eJ1al'ter 0 11 fi gll l"<.;S of speeCJ 1,
he must k ee p
a

0 11

th e l oo kout fo r a cl1a11 ee lo put

si111i le, or ask l1i111self wh~Lt woukl Le

a

goo<l

i11

rneta-

plwr for tliis tlinu g ht, or lww Ll1i s itlea co uld li.c lJest

a co mp:trisun of rnan t.o 111a11, of i>eas L to lJeast., uf

p c rsn n ifi ed. "
NeverLl1dess, I sl1 011JJ su rely a iLl t.hc cl1il.Jn:11 to

flow e r Lo Jlo\\·er, -

p ut in to u:sc what t hey Jrnd learn ed aliout the si lll ile .

i1 1 :;l 1o rt, a Ctlll1parisoi1 betwee n

the memuers of a <..:bss, - will

11 0(,

lie a s illlil e .

Benjamill

Franklin's v erses h elped him , tho ug h li e

l'upib wi ll c11joy filld illg U1 ese cxpre:-;sed co1 11 pari-

called them trash; a1Hl l believe t hat th e rnaki11 g of

sons in rn a 11}' uf Long fellow's poems; a:;, for i11 sta11ee,

:-;i mil es will help a ch ss, at len.st in closeness of nl 1scr-

i11 'l'/11• C'lt i/,/rl'l1 's f fv11r, i11 Tli e Vil/11.'/I' Bfm;lr.~m itli, i11

vatio11, as th ey rn:u·k lik e nesses a nd di ffere nces : a11cl

l~ain i11 ,)'u1111111'r ~ :l!ld 1 l1t:y w il l f"t :1:l Ll1 e Lea 11 ty a11d

observ a t ion eo 11H:s witl1i 11 Lhu provi 111;c .,f tl 1e 111os t.

Lli e vig or <1[ tl 1es1:

c le mc11 Lary

oi.l 1L·rs frn 111 l{.evel:t Lio11: -

a11d

·1. " A ncl t1 1<: ~Lars of

lw:t\"l'. ll

fo ll 11ulo t lit: t•:utli, ,.,.,. 11

a s a fig-lrce c·.ast.l'\.!1 lit• r 1111t.i1111· ly figs, wlit·11 sl11-•
is sliakeu o f a 111i;.: l1 t.y wi iHl. "
2 . " A 1H1 t h e n~ fc1l a star fru 1n li cavc n, bur11i1J g as it

J\1oreove r, ge 1111i11 e arti ,; ti c

:-;o it
wou ld nnt be unwi se, 1 t hink, to e nco1u;Lge a class L•>

111akc sin1i lc:-;, so lll e wlt;tt n. ftc r tl 1is fashi on, j11: rlnLJ •S :
" Vv'l1e11 cver you arc writing <L lette r, o r a tlcseri1 1t.io 11 ,
o r :rnytl1ing, yo u mn.y have a chrLncc to use a s illli le i11

were a lamp."
.'i. " i\ ntl th• ~ so1llld

i11 st rne Lion.

power, i f it ex ists, i:s lik e ly to be d(:veloped.

(l

r t l1t • i r

w iugs was as t li e so1111d

of chari ots uf rna11 y linr::;es r111111i11 g to IJatt.le."

tli e ri g ht way.

Pe rh aps you will be tollin g ' of so me-

thiug unfamiliar to tlie one wl1 0 is t.o reall yo ur letter

-·

Tll E

or <l esc ri pt,io11. You rn;ty be wri ting alio n t a n ew pupil
whom • ) ' OU lik·' ever so nrne I1, 1.uu t w I10 }ias a ·f unny
v

way of slia k i11 g liand s.

You a1·c puzzl ed e nough to

think how to d escribe that harnl -sl ialrn .

J\ll at once

you scc111 Lo sec an old !' lllll !J tkit your con cspo11dc11 t

a11tl you used tn play rn un cl, ;rnd t.J1cre yo n have your
s imile : ' \V liu n l ie sl 1akes J1;w <l:;, liis a rm goes up and

<low n just like Llie handle of t,li at ol d J>Ulllf> in Jade
S mi t h 's yan1.' ().t· 1·t 11 i.ty
' 1ic 'I
· Is is
c 1a t on e o 1· y 1111 g 1r
writing l o a friend, aml is telling l1 ow sweet and
fresh yo ur l itLlc bit o( a sister looks, Lut 1;lie is so
rn:;y a 11 cl lovuly thaL you canll ot tliink li ow to t ell

it; then su<ldenly, perhaps jusL Locanso yo ur tltu ugl its

are of Ll1i 11gs :;wect and fresh, yo u see m to l>e pi eking
l'l 1crry l.lw;soms aga in , a 11tl the re i,; yn ur simile: '~he
is a» pi11k-a ll\l -whiLc a 111l :; wecL
Lree hy o ur g aLe. ' "

;t:;

Lli c Ll os:;urn ::; uu tlie

Let rn e g i ve se ve ral origi nal fig ure:;.

Th e ti rst

1:;

tak e n fnirn •t fami liar Jett.er. a11d was writ.Le 11 by a
g irl jus L frolll the g rarnm;H scltool : -

very m1w h inten'stcil in u1 1r liuok, alo11,1.:; ,,.,,11 Jd
come tlic wind flllll say, ' <:0 111r, littl e 11n,]111°l1a,
and lia vc sn rn e f 1111 ! ' and t lw11 t.111• 1111 ilin, lb
wuultl fiy ove r t he ra ilin g 1low11 i11 t.<> t.lw yard :
and e ith e r Het.li or l wu 11 ld l1 a vt' tu 0 0 du11·11 liv.,
tligltLs c•f st.ai rs tu gic•t i t ."
0
,. Tli c
wintlo11·s t hat \\'e 111;d;" 11u 11· arc: ]i], ., r·1 · 1·0
without lids."
~- T he third was so ;; po 11 ta nern1 s t liat its fivr-.Far-t>ld
a ut ho r was 11nco11 se iu11s uf h is li g 11r<': "\Vh t: r• • is
111 y
111 agazi 11 c's lit.t.ln "oat '/ " 1·.,rt • 1Ti11 g to it:-;
lmnvn-paper envel ope.
4. Tlte same hoy exeI.ti11 w.J, t>ll g la1ll'i11 g :1t. .some s l1 cl vvs
that Jip],j p~ u11phJ..t . s, as wl'll as ho11 ks .s 1il >.s l a 11 t1:il iy
liu1111tl, "\Yliy do y 1111 j>lil. y 1111r tl1i1 ·k-sk1111wd l>o(J);,;
111 1 om~ :; li clf', aad you r t.l1i11 -ski11 1wd 1111t·s 1111 a:i-

.. '

''

·'c,

1.'

' < '

' ,t.J"' r ? "
!J. \Vl1i k watt:! 1i11g 1101.!ircs s 1•n ·;i d , a lit.tlo: 1·l11ld ni1 ·d
011t, "Si:c them rt>ut!" lit ~ add1·d lat<- r, "Tlit•y

look like a ::it.ring of je wels."
.. · ;
'.

Nl1 1st. \\' C prove it l'ig ht to t eael1 pe rsnni fil'atin11 t11

c hi ldren ?
1. " \ Ve 11 s('d lo li rin g llJ' :w 11111hrclla and a liuuk, the
fu r1111 ·1· Lo k t•Pp Lill' s 1111 t>ff, and tl1t' lal le r tu
n ·a<l wl1 e11 we go1. ti r ('d wate hi11 g- tl1 c: ri ver
pl u11 gc li e:v1Jo11 g, a11t1 o( ~wc i1J g tl1e 111uunta i 11 s
fr ow n gloom ily at tl1c l1 appy lillle l1ilk T he::;c
_w e re co11t i11n a ll y wav in g tl il' ir fi ags of apple all(l
pead1 l1lossoms in joy at 1,J, ,, apl'l'Oa1· l1 of sumrn e r. Hut tlie t ro11lil" was. t hat, as we wo ul<l gt:!;

57

.'iJMIL/C A N IJ I'/l,'llSONJFWA'f'fl)N.

~-'

]{at hcr let us prove tliat. t hey rni g li L l c;tel 1

it to us.

Wisc men say th at

~t

child typifies 111 J.i ,.; g-rnll'il:

Lh c gruwtli or cl e velo1 •nH:nL of a race.

Tl1 1:

(~re el;s.

fo r e xample, i11 Lhe cl1ildhoocl nf t h e ir raec pernonific:d

all t hing:; in nature .

For them the tree,; li;1.1] ton g u es;

fOI' t h em the i:;un, the winds, t he sea, liad a life
(,l1 e ir ow11.

li kt~

Tl1c river flowed lieeauso it wi lled tu !low;

,···

58

Tl/JI,- 8flif1L/C AND .PJi:J1,-;0NlFI C 1I TlllN.

EL.E.1/H,\"JAUV C<>M PO SLTI ON.

I.

"By thirt.y hill s l hurry down.

the sun rose Lceausc it willetl to n sc; Lite sea beat

O r s lip h\'tw ee n Lhe ridges,

fiercely aga ins t Ll1e Rl1 orc hec:rnsc it was :wgry wiLh

r..

'.

By twenty t h o r ps, a littl e Lown,

:i li11111<rn ange r, or broke i.11lo s m iles Lct.:a11st.: of ils

I

Allll half · a h11ndre J hrid g«s.
~

go<H1-will; a11<l J1mvcrs wi sl 1nl lo poison, 01· Lo hc:tl,
or to gladden.
A s a. race m

If another has waded ba refoot over pchl,Jes, 1\·i t li th e
l le

ils cl1ildliood, so 1s a d1ild.

th e \\'() rl d aro u 11d l1im ''" i Lli ldievi11g \\"(>11d1:r : t he win cl \V Ji iSj>Cl'S l n liim ; Ll1e slam wi 11 k at
l 1illl ; the Ii Ltle waves aelually chase l1iin arn1 try Lo
O"l Vl! l1is feet :i welLing: Lli e sli 11pc1"J' rocks m ean lo
,...,
looks

(I Jl

Yom
shore is 110 s lor.1· for a c l1ild i[ yo 11r

wa ter bubbli 11 g over lii s toes, lie will, perliap:;, 1;s 1•1;c ially enjoy: "J. c hatte r ov e r stony way s,
111

lil.l.h~

sharl's and t.n!l1l <'s ,

b11hl1le into Pddyi11g ha ys,

I h:d.ible

011

Lh e pcl.ilil ...,;."

Lrip him; Lhc flowers 1wll, :w•l tl 11: hmoks sing.
story of woo<l

111·

bears cannot Lodk, if your hrnolrn ca11111)L ca rry
s :tgt~:-1;

if you

pl:rnt :wd

lllCS-

If a11otl1 c r l1as s:til ed leaves a11tl lilussoms dn11·11 l1is
bronl.;:, Jiu ma.y l wst lik e : -

do not hesLow l1nm:t11 powe rs upo n

a11inrn.I;

if,

111

shorl, you

do

"I wind aho11t, and In arid ont,

n ot pe r-

\ Vith h e r•' a blossom sa ilin ,o.;,
J\ 11d h <:re am! I.here a lu s ty 1.rn111.,

sonify .
Yon will rc mcml1e r Lli:tt Tennyso11 wriL1 :s

And he re and tll c re a gra yli 11 g. "

111

an

·whence come yo n '?' and Llie lirook , wl1y not'? re-

It may he t l1aL o ur pupils will have Ll1eir own ex It wrnild 1111 t
be stran ge, for instan ce, if some 011e k11ew Liu.: l1il-

pli es."

Jaby i 11 Th e Princess.

i<lyl: -

''' 0 babbling brook,' says Etlm1111d 111 his rl1 y rn e,
The poet is no t less, nor more, illl :igi11at,iv e

tlm11 t he child; " ·w1iy sho11l11 not the brook reply'? .,
he asks, an1l expects n o arn;wer t.o his query.
On e migh t Leach pc rso11ifit.:atin11 willt onl y T c n11 y so 11':-1 i<lyl fo r :tn ill ustr:t t ion.

:tmpl e::; o( p e r::;on ilit.:at.in11 t.o co nlril.11Lc .

Tl1is work in figures will be phy as 11·cll: J.11 t

Jia ve the word of Co mp::i.yre a 11d oth er::;

w Jin

'' <'

li:L Yt;

studi ed the mind , tl1at "we ::;l1 011ld, as far as poss1-

\Vlial sta11zas will Ll1e

l1l e, elirnina.te from instruction its asperities a111l nsl'-

011u t.liat has l ea.n ec.l from a

l css rigors, and rende r il in some measure attral'Live."

litLle bridge. to watcli a lrnrryi11 g ;1tremn m:t) ch oose

Moreover, Ll1e study of figures has a charm all iL::;

for hi:; stanz;t : -

0\VJl,

chilc.lren e njoy bes t?

·'

i .

60

'/'I I/\' .-; /JI If,

ELEJ.U EN TA [{I' f.'OM l'OS !TlON.

W e will not, l1owever, let th e pe n(lulu111 sw 11 1g too
far towanl th e si lle of mere plca..-; urc.
be

ms ult,; of

disi'rove -

, t .V f) T' /':fl.'>() ,\ ' // .'/ r '. I '/"! II.\'.

it.s use will

prnv e -

t 1i ...1 111 11,-t 11nt

the wi sdom of our c l1oi ce .

psycholog ists

l lielicv e that se r:qi-011ok \\'Ork i11 eo 1111eet. io11 \\' it 11

Grad 11ally , we will c l1 oose

tlte ::; t u dy of tig ures 111ay lie 11mde ho tli inviti11g and

effort too ; othe rwise, th ese

mi ght take iss ue wi t h us.

There sl1all

tl1 e

I~

same

ex ampl es of pers onification that it will rCfJl l ire some

l1elpful, espeei:d ly i11 th e t;:tse of s illli lcs.

T l1t; li11 e.

Lolu.~-Eat en,

or :;e11!.e 11 el!, or sta11z:i eo 11taining th e s i11 1il e rni gl 1t iJl'

for instance , wo uld be less s irnple Umn the brook 's

c11pied in tcl l ite se rap·lmn k, a ntl lJc,.;ide it llli g li t iw

song : -

JHi t :i pi ct ure s l1owing the valu e of the Jig11n"

thought to explain .

'J'h is

Tlw

from

i11st:rn cc , th e re mi g ht b e t.li e M!I1te n< :e uf

" And thro' th e moss the ivi es cn'•' r,
And in the st ream the long-lea vc:d tlowprs wcP. p,

g irl thaL wro te of li e r siste r,

For

tl1e little

· 'She is as ,.;wl·< ·t :is

Ll1e lilo,;s\llll S 0 11 t h e Lree hy 0 11r gale,'' <Lll cl a 1•1\·t11r1·

A ntl from th e craggy ledge till' poppy !tangs in sil'l'p."

of :i bran ch of el 1c rry o r \If apple 11!0.-;::;o lll S : 111· d 1,·1 ·1 :

This work will, of course, make 1180 nf literature

n1i g li L lie t wo pi et nres, ;is of a l>11y ru11nin g a nd of

a ll the t im e . Our care will he to c hoose wisely just
what is allapLell t o the needs of o ur own cla8s. [t

~L

may be sometl1ing qu ite s iml'le, lik e Ruskin's " [ le 1:e

e flur t , tl 1e poin t of lik e 11 css s l1 011ld 1J1: 11<i kd .

at the fruite re r's , whe re the dark-g ree n wate rn1 l;lo ns

Liu: pi d. un.: of Tom ancl t.l 1a L of t l1 c lire -e ng i1 1e 111i gl1L

are hcape<l upon the counter like ca1111011 -halb;" o r

he wr itten, "B uth are swift."

it may Le somct.J1i11g

lil osso rns and

m ore di fli e ult to gras p, lik e

11 ot only p leas i1 1g

it.s

hu t also profitable as ca lli11g· u11t

written,

within

and pre tty colo rin g."

sh a1l <>w

e le, sent him [M r. Gathcrgold]

of

the

J\ retie

Ci r-

th e ir tribute in the

l i11dn

Under Ll 1c l1ra1w l1 11f

ac<..:0 111p:t11 y i11g se 11t e nce 111 1gl1t.

IIawthorne's "Tlie cold reg1011 s of t.he North, almost
the · gloo m and

Tu re11 d e r tl1<! cXel'l· is1 ·

fire-c11gine das lii11 g al o ng .

·· Botl l child a ncl

J,,.

hlossorns h:lY e s 1H:\·t111·:-;s

I in fe r fr om

e ~q• e ri e r we

pupils wi ll Le able t•> Ji11d pi ct ures for

sl1ape of furs; hot Afri ca ::;ifted fur l1irn llie golJe n

s imil es .

:sands of her rive rs, and gathered up the ivory t usk s

s n nifica t io 11 will be tl 1at u f original

:L

ll 1a L

g ood 111:u1_1

Tl1 e mos t in te rest i11 g eoll ec tion rn1dl:r

['Cl'-

figurc· s ""11triL-

of her great elephants out of t.l1c fores ts.; the Ea:;t

11t.c<l by ll1e e la~s , who 111ay also find piet nn:s t.o ,.;] 10\\·

came, brin g ing him the rich shawb, and :;pices, and

.. whi :;jJCl'iJJ g trees," ·· pr11ud s hips," and 11Ll1 er pers .. 11 1-

t eas, and th e effu lgence of di :mrnm1s, and the g l eamBut, what e ve r it. 1,;,
ing purity of larg e p earb .''

ti ed oujec tlO .

"'
I

/•,' {, /•,' .\//·,' ,\ " /'; (II) '

I 'IJ.l//'O ,. .,/'/'l()N.

'f'llg St.II/ I, /'' A N IJ l ' /•,' /l .'iUN JFI CA'f'f(> .V.

v1. \Ve shall have :uhl eil t o t l1 e ,,·onl-e1>l let'l.ion - to

S C.lf .l!A II> -.

whi ch our thi nl se t of exe rc ises was espec ially
l>11ri11 g !h is SC l'l •' S <Jf' ('X l! r<'ISi' S, 1. \V e t>k dl ha v<' 1·u11si11e red: ·1. Th e
•)

11.

n ~1 t 11ral11 P.SS

d e voted, but whi ch was to ha ve no e nd - the
wonl s s imile, pP.rson(ficntion, jigllre. Hut we sh all
ha\·c looked up the exact d e fini t ion a 1111 the .!r riYa-

of ti g1 1rcs.

t ion o f t hese words aft.e r we l1a ve become f:u11 ii i:u·
wit h t he fi g ttres themsel ves, T Lu u:y .

T he 11 al.11 re of t h o sirnilr and uf IH'l'so 11iffr.atiu 11.
uf' " ·l1id1 le :u1 np tu t.l1c 11 1etaphor.
\\' t) s ha ll li:l ve f'uu 11 d : -

J. Tl1at t.hc ulJ i('< '. of 1.hr si mi ln is t.o 111:i.lw t' V1' 11 1:lt·arn
ou r st.a lt•me11ts, which s li <•ul d, ll C\' (•rt Ji .. J .. ss, l1an~
t Ji c i I' <ll\'11 1· h':l l'll ('SS .
T k 1t. thr si 111ile g in•s l'lt'arnf'SS by 11 1aki11 g a pi..t.11n·,
11u t. pf (hf' \\'linl1 · t l1i11g t.;i!k,•d ali1111I, !nit. •>I' st1111< :
0 11 c or i11 o rc uf it·s prope rt ies o r l'hara ...t e ri st i1·s.
:1. That s11rpri sc sh o11Jd li:'l.Yf' its p:-u't in ll1(\ ::;i111i lr,
a11d t.hal.. :is a nm srq 11 c 11 ce, t. l1 c <·0111 par isu n of on e
111c 1J il l('r of a class t.o a1wt !tc r w il l ll <•t. lw a s imil e.

\'II .

\ Ye shall have Jirofite'l by li t.e ratun., :t11d Wt> s hall
have ::vhl e11 to :-;c ra p-honks.

\' 111.

Aml we shall ha ve d ee pen ed t he f('(']ing for 1l1e
l1ea 11 ti fu l, "th e so ve re ign s rnil e o f (;1 11 !, <.' t t-rn:tl
lm·rli ne:;t>n

•)

111.
J\ '.

'"

\ \' e sl1all 11: 1,·e lca l'llc•1 t.o

r rcog 1 1i ~.(\

,.;i 1J1ik·s, to <·1 1joy

t 1H• 111 , :wd to make 1.hPm.
\\' 11 s hall h:t \'t ' l11 ·c"1m c fam il iar wit.Ii tlw li g urf' pPrsu nili tal.ion, :1 bu; :tllt l i11 the st 11tl y of l1ot.h li g1 1rrs
w1· s ha ll li ave nilt.iva(.<'11 t he [>O \\' Cr uf a1·c: 11rate
obse rvatio n , shall ha vu g i \'t' n Jil ca ::rn n·, and :s h:t!I
ltavc rc,ptin·,1 df01t u11 the j'art. of n11r pupi ls.
\\' r: s lia.11 not k11· c rn :uk · t.11\• 1n ost of' 01tr <> p]H>rt.11ni t ics

if we h :l\·e 11tJt. ('UJ11ll'cl <·cl this sc ri <·s o f' exP n:isus'
\\'i th t l1:Lt i11 \\'liid1 0 11 ornato poet ie wo rd s \\'l're
<'<>11 s i1 h:l'(~c1; for i1 1 q11o t <<l ex awples of :; imil c a11ll
pe rsn11 il i" :1.l.iu 11 \\'ill lta1· 1 ~ 1H 't·1 1rn" l 1n:111 y \1'11rds carry in g tl1<' ir ll1 t';i11i11 g i11 t lll'ir so 1111d.
0

;

'l

ELAH(J U A 'f'I UN OF 8 h'NTEN<.:F:S.

lm!<,7.e just rig l1 t for sailing ?

B - - ?"

Answe r:;

pupil pi eL11rin g

~L

will

What do you t hin k,

vary as

taste:; difTcr, one

c le;u·, c ri:sp day i n win ter, another a.

It will be ev ide nt t hat tl1e
wri ter ]1;Ls left h is r ea<1e r in pe rvle xi ty with r efe ren ce
to t ~ v e ry thi n g bllt t h e gen eral b eau ty of the day.
wanu Jtllle m o rni11g.

CHAPTE I\ VI f
F I ND I NG MUCH IN LITTLE: ELABORAT ION OJ" SENTENC ES INTO PARAGRAPHS.

\Ve rnay , the refo re, let t h e c l ass guess to what ti 111 e

1T will he r e m;u-kt l•k

i f tl1e work tit us fa r dim e

l1as s liown m 1HJ 1 skill i11 c hLornLion .

Tl1e obse rYa-

of the yea r allusion is made .
to lie tl1e ea rl y sp r ing .

Suppose they fan cy it

W e may asl;: fur suggc:sti o n:;

t ions of t li e cl 1ildre11 m ay ]1;Lve fur11 is he<l a i>lllHLu1 t

as to wl1at goes to rn ake 11 p a beautiful morning in the

m:ite ri :tl for co111pnsiLin 11 . h11L tlie ex11 n·s,; ion of it h ot:;

early spring.

bee n <1ifllcnll.

Prohal1ly ldt(' rs li:Lv e h~ c n a,lirupt, d e-

Om

r eciu e:;t will un J.oul.iLe dly excite

effort, aml call i nto a c Lio11 b o th r eprese n tative im agi-

scriptio11s i1i;Ld eq lla!<', a111l st o ries lJll L a, par:1.g ra. i1l1.

nation a.11tl m e m o ry.

This ali ridgc<l kind (Jf w riLi11 g is far lid.le r, iL is trnc,

<1at;L e noug h .

J\ ::; a rel' ult, we s l1all vliLaiJL

Suppose tl1e data to Le : a soft air, a

than th e u ,,;e of too many ,,·orLls; lH1L iL sl1ows Ll 1:tt

wa.nn sun, :swelling Luds. crocu::;es a.1111 snowdrops in

.I t hink

garden:;; a.11d ::; u ppo:se t hi s li st lo li ave lice n wri tte n

n upils 11 ec1l \Yi sch-cont1 11ctccl e xc re is" " in \'laL11rnLi o11.
"

11

f n on e more h elp ful i11 i111ur11vi11 g :L Lnng u e-

on t li e blaekLo:-tnl.

t ied c o ndi t io n t h a n t l1 e rnaking of paragrn11lis out of

data aml fo rm

se n tc 11 e1:,.; t.)1;tt a ct. ua.lly l'1ti1l:Li11 111:tLe rial f.,r p:lr:tg rap l1s .

li ke

:1

T ogeth e r we

lll:l)'

co1111 ecL t h e

:; i111pl e paragraph, p e rlmp:-i ::;umethi 11g

t .lii~: -

By t l1is time we ,_Jiall l1 :tYe a, g ornl deal of o ri g i11al
m atte r o n file.

Let us rek r tn it, a11d e ho11se half a

doze n se n te nce::; t ha t arc k e rn els of 11arngr:tpli s .

S u p-

pose th;Lt one of t h o>'e se luetccl is : "It was a. he:intifnl
mo rni 1w"
o' thi:s st:-ttcmenL hl,i1w
n nn~ 11 11t>orle tl liy
. tl ctai l.

"It was a bea11t:if'ttl day in th e ear ly sprin g, with a soft
Hutls h ad begun to swel l ou many
of the tre<es, and, in some s unn y ga rdP ns, crocu ses antl
s 11 ow1l rn1_ ,~ we re up.
l.t was j u::;t the day fo r our rid e up
tJaj river."
a ir a11tl a wa r m s 1tn .

'vV e ma.y l1<tve the se n te nce r ead al o ml , ;u1d t.l1 c ll a:-;k:
"J\ - - , ho w d n you i11 1:Lgin e th <tL rn orn i11 g . as war 111
o r co ld? " ·mak e

" I Lul the re lw" 11 n. s 11ow-s tnn11 that W<H1l 11

good :-;leigl1i11 g·. 11r \1·:1 s t h e re a stiff s umm e r
fli

Next le t us try the l'arn e se nte n ce elabora ted
::; uit a1 1 a11Lttmn Jay .

Lo

Th e Jata c0 11 t ri b u ted wi ll ve r-

l1ap:s lie so me tl1in g l ik e t li e following: hrig liL leave:;,

GG

/<:/, J•:Jt ENT.-1 Ur· <:o M /•():-; /'/'/ u S.

nuts falling, :-:111uirrch 011 the walls, cl1ililrcn Ill the

Togctlicl', using tlu~ Llackboanl, we might
ma.kc onl' a11t1111111 pal'agrapli: woods.

"Red and gnh1 leaves fell soft.ly to tl1e grouml, ripcnei\
nnts clrnp]'ed \\·it.Ii a litt,le th11d, frisky sq11ineb ran al o ng
the \\'alls; it was a Leaut.if'1d Oetub1~r day, a111l we were
gL11l to b1~ out iu i ts s un shi n e."

B)' t11is time, V\)r_1· likely, the class will wish to make
a summer morning and <L wi11tcr m orning.

GI

l<.'L ,·1110 I! A T!ON OJ" ,-;J;'N '/'HN CJ;'S.

2.

Sentence : "Tools are i11tm·esti ng an1l u sefnl to mn."'
l'aragraplt: "T<1ols posse::;s a l'ecuiiar f'a se inatio11 l'11r
rne. l vi e w tl1 e m as if they were t.l1e mystic key l.o a
secret tl1ey invite1l me to diseov,;r. Tll(·y see m t.u say :
'\Ve don't tell,' '\Ve won't tell,' '\\' e will t1,Jl if \\'t'.
I hamll e them as n e w friemls, awk\\·:mlly; a s
ID1Ht.'
old fri e nds, with skill, l earniug to fasl1iu11 Ll 1i 11gs uf use

and things of be:rnty.

They say to !li e : ' Tliu11gh we

Or perhaps

pick thu lof"k for the lmrglar, beware how _you sl:w1ler u s;

they will ehoo::;c to do something with tl1e following:

for the things tl1at we 11 estroy we also m :lk•~ ; a11d n :111 c11 1ber the sp:wious l1:tlls a11<l th e vast catl 1edr:ds \\'<' \111ild.
Even the huwe _yuu live i11 was fashiuned by 11s." .,

(1) Tl 11~ orcl1anl was the plcasan test spot on th e
farm.

C~) Boys w ere playi11g l eap-frog.

river SCl'med <Ll i ve wi tli boats .

invi t ing.

C1) Tl1e li<>g was

:L

(3) The
( -1) The ki tt.:hen looked

T11e f<1llm\·i11g an~ o ri g inal uneorret:ted paragraphs
elaLorated fr1ll11 ~·rigi11al sc11tenccs, a11d let me add

that tlie boys a111l girls wl10 dill the work heartily
e n joyed it.
1..

Seute nce : · Thr river
ance."

prcs•~ nted

a pid11wsq11e appear-

Paragraph: "The 1·1,·er rippled alld rnn1·11111rod as it
On the uauks were beautiful oaks
covered with spri11g foliage, the branch es of whiel1 nearly
met in the middle of the stream. Here arnl there llli gl1t
b e seen a qH:ti11t-lnoki11g olil 11 1·gro ill l1is heavy lmteau,
e ither fisliiu g, or laki11 ;.; l1i s littlu 1•i1:ka11i11ni es ont for a
riJe."
lazily flowed along.

3.

pitif11l sight.
Sente11ee:

"The sr.Pner.\' :t.ro1111.l

t.h1~

railrna1l s\-:tl.inn

was gra1111 an<l i 111posi11g. "
l';iragrap\1: "T h e little railruad :o;Lat.iu11 was 11estl<·d rn
the va.ll ey m:vk l1y two towering mouutai11 s, t l1e s ides of
which, <:oven-·11 wit.It grisly cual.s of fur.,;;t., 11' .. n: \1ruk1·11
011ly here a111l Lill"re l1y a few l1:u · 1~ s1•11ts ol" nwks o r l•y
small cataracts that plu11ge11 t.u join t. h e l1ru;1.1] st. re:u11 ill
the valley be11eat.h. "
1-favin g prope rly co11structe1l rna11y p:1ragr;q1lis, th 1!

class may study the111 cal'cfnlly a1111 li1111

01 1t so1111 •

truths about them.
First they may learn, that a paragraph is
a11 elahoraled s1~ 1Jte 11 ce, and
:-;ense may

be given

:1et.11a l h

t.liat., euJ1seq 11e11tl y , it s

in a se nte11c:c.

Some pr:1 c ti 1'.t!

11l

~: '

li8

/1'/,};',\//•,' .\ ..l 'A II) '

n:ducing p:nag raph:-;

(o

("(IJ/ l'<J8/ 't /U .\",

JO,A //OllA'/'ION OF SJCN'flCNC/c\".

tl 1cir sinq1le,.:t form,,; will not

Le arni:-;s.
I rvi11g :t11!l 1IawLl1nrnu fnrni:-'11 goo1 l rnatl,·ri,·tl 1·(1 1· tl 11· s• w1.1r I' · I 10 ti. 1 lJeca 11:-;1~ t ·i 1(·\· are ;;peeial I y
,;kilful i11 con:-;lrnct ion a111l l1ec:t11:-;e thn· lia,·e written
111u eli tl1aL \'l 1ildn'11 likt! .

1:11(. tl1ere an": J\.Jdisn11 aml

Jll f r

list; for tli e ::;tory -

"'
topic -

"story. , is , of i'OUrsc, tlil:

i:-; tolJ to E rnest by hi ,.; motlier. 1rns tolJ lo

h e r l.1 1· her mother, i:-; not a ::;Lory uf tlie past, is a
story of Ll10 future, is very old, is :-<o old tliat tlw
Indians ,,]to usc1l

lo live wl1ere

Ernest llOW

Burki: a11d I>, : (~11it1«ey a11d :'>L1!'a11 h.'· a111l n1a11.1· 11tl1ers

li a•l lll'anl it (rnm their forefatl1en;,

to ht'lp n,;.

p c re1l tn t.lie early l11.li :t1 1s liy N: ttllre h e rsdf.

.l\aL11rally. if tl11: l'aragrapl1 111:ty h1 : enn-

t1 c n:-; ed i1tl1> :t ,;1·1l!1'11 ce . t l11·n: 11111 ."t lie :-<rn11dl1i11u in

iL

C">

that 1.s talk(·d aho11(., -

tl1 u

lu1 •i1 :,-- \l"l1i«li

coJ'J'e-

and

liv<:.'-'

was 1d1is-

J\ ft.er t.l1c extrai.:t jnst, 11 uotecl, foll ows a hrid par-

agrapli .,1·

wl1icl1 Ll1e

topic is

Ernest.',; excla11i;1t i1111

".l10 lld :-; (11 tl1e :-;uhje1; L (If a sc: 11 Le n ee: a11d st1 111!:Ll1ing

a[L1·r lil'ari11g 1li e sL<>J'}' of "The Great ~tone Fa1:• ~ :"

11l11,.:L lie :-<airl of tli 1: topi ... a,; :-;11 11wtl1i1 1g i:-; said nf

tl1e11

(:tll ll<~,.: Ji[,;

par:tgral'l1. -

lll4Jll1 e r\; J'L:Sp011sC:,

-

;l

t.npit· f.,I'

;l Ill ' \\'

with an allu:>ion to tl10 wisdulll tl1at. kd

v:u1ta~·e iincl tlt<! t111ii•·. of a p:tl':L.~ rapl1 ;u1d t lu :11 111ake

Lu her rnspnn;;e .

:t list of \l'li:tt i,.: said ahn11L it.

tl 11 ~

An umh:n;ta11di11g ol' tlw fact tl1at

topi1: 11aturnlly limits is nt0re t•a:-;ily ul,tai11cd if

,.;ucce:>s1 vo parngrnphs are r ead .
" Su his nwt.hl'r t"rll<1 him a s f:11ry tktt her own mother
hail told tu lil'r, wh1· 11 sl1e hPrself' was yo 1111 ;;1· r tl 1;u 1 little
l':n1 <:st; a stu ry, 11o t of' tltiI1t;s t.li:il. w1• 1 "~ past, l111t of what.
ll'a.s }Pt tu c.orne; :i. story. 111·1·1·rt.l10l1'ss, so very ul.J, t 11at
t'\'l'll t.111· illlli:1.11s. 11'110 f1>r11wrl,v i1il1:1l1it.nd tltis v:iJl,.v, ltad
hea rd it fru111 t !i.,ir f11n·l'atli1•r,;, to ll'hun1, :ts t. ht' Y all.inni'tl
.
'
it l1:1 °l !,\, <' II rn11n1111n•<l 11,r t.he 111t11111lain strean 1:;, a11d wli ispen:d l1y the ,,·iud a111u11:; the tr<'l'-t ups.''
ll1ink tliat we :::l 1n1ild lie wana11LL·<l 111 taki1 1g tl1is
first. half of a p:tragrnpl1 front I h1,·U1or11e for tliu nse
nf a11 ele me111,ar.v' chss . The !11 1»i1: is 111:1<l1~- .s11 fJl'Ollllll Cll t Ly means of rcpcti!io11 Lliat, i L will Le eas ily
fuu11d, a11J tl 1e predi1·:1t i 1" 111:tl t.·1· lllakes a11 illterest-

vVe rnay L;tke for further illu stration of the"('

,.;a1ne

tntt.l1s tl1e first paragraph of 1-lawthorne's '' Tl11; ;\

111-

]_.ition,.; C:uest," in " ·hi c h the family for111s tl1c topic,
:1.1 1cl fn1rn ,,·Jiic:l1 tl10 predi cativ e lilaLLe r 111< t} lH~ e:1.sily
sel1·c.t .... tl: " ( h1<' Se1 1trmhnr 11ig-ht, a family hail gfti"liPn•1l ro11rnl
1h1·ir lif'arth , and pill'cl it liigh with the dnft.- -.,oucl <)f
111 onn tai n :streams, the 1lry cones of th<) pin e, and tlif!
Sj1linterr1l ruins of great t rees, that had cu1111 : n:1,.;l1i11g
Up the ehi111ney roareu tl1e lire, a1 1d
11uw1 1 t.! 1e pre1:ipi c1"
tl
\"1.tl1
1·ts li1·0·,-•(l
·
l
1
• l1laze. The f:1 .. es ul·
\ i r1 g 1t0 11 e1 . 1e roow '
t.he :f:1.tl1e r :u11l m oth e r h :11l a soLer glatlnes:;; the \·Iii ld n·11
lauglie1l; tl1e el1l e:sL \htugl1Ler ll':t.S the image of lla]'piness

-)

l
I

'
',,

'.

70

~

l·.' f ,,·I I JIJ J: ,·I 'rJ I> .V () F ;-; /·.'.VT l·:N I: l•.'S.

:tt sev e ntern; and t.lit\ :tgru .[.;r:u 1dmull1l'r, who s:tt k 11i LLin g
in the wa nnest i.Jaet', was tl1 c i111;1..~u of lla ppi11t'.SS grow n
uld. Tli ey hail fonnd tlie 'h t;rl1, hl'a r\,·s t·ast•," i11 the
l>l f' :tkest spot of all :Ke w En g land . 'J'liis fa 111 ily we re sit-

co11n ectiu11 1s l e::;:; clos1), the writer ll!a\"

u: Lkd in Lli c 0:ukl1 ul' the \\'l1 il•' Hill s, wl1t'I'\'. tl 1e wi1Hl
·11·:.i.s s harp tl1 rongl1 uut tl1e }\':tr, ;u1<l pitil e:;sly <'.1>ld in t,h e
winii'r, g i vin g t.hl'ir cutta gf' all iis fn· s l1 in< ·l 1·1111•111·y i>l' f'ore
i t <le;;(:entl ccl on t hr v;tl lcy of the Saco.
'l'l 1i'} clwt•lt in
a coll! spot aml a dangerou s 01w; for :t 111 0H11Ll.i11 t.owr red
above t he ir hl'ads, so Stl'< '. Jl that the sl.<rnt•s wo1 ild often
rumlJle clown its s id t•s, an1l 8Ltrtl c tl" ·111 aL 11 1i tl 11 ight."

b

.TusL li en~, tl10 con1111g o[ Ll1e sLra11g·er i11Lrrnl1 1t:cs a
n ew Lopie, a11tl co11scq1 1l'llLl)' a new j1aragT;q1li.
\Ve n1 ay, l!H1rco1·e1·, 11<•l1; l1 ow Ll1 e;<e

are cu 11nected: tl1 e sc c.;o nd as

_)'fl it

L\\' o

J><LragnL[>l is

know 11egi11s, '' Tl1e

1hugliter l1atl just u tLcrcd so111e sim11lt: je::; L,"
the family

Lei11g ll1 e topi c

mention of o ne rn c rnlJC r of
pn.rrtgraph two :c:en·c::; ns

;t

111

paragrap h

and,

Li11d

LogeLl 1cr t h e

it aL Ll1 e lwainni1w
of
·:"""
.'::>
co11n eeli11 g li11k.

p ar ts

of

;1

IL " ·ill

the ir work .

In

c1Hl -

Nt>ll', a.-; h e retofure,

11wLli1Hl or

()\I I'

t:Ji,·iti11g ;tntl

,r ivi1w
infor 111 ;tLio n re.r;tn1i
ni.•..:- t hl! top ic.; :LIHl it;.; li111ita0
b
.J

t i<>1i ::;. pretlicati\·0 rna Lte r, aml 11w;rns .,f
wi ll he Ll1:tL of qu est ion :t11tl a11swe r.

l"

1

1111 c•1 ·1i.111 .

~uppr1se t li;1t

a hricf paragraph l1as het!ll rc:u1 aloud :llld l'\l[lll:d 111 1011
tlie li lacl:bn:u<1; t.l1is 011 e, for ex:unpl e, from Irving· "

'·They f'o11nd tl 1c cl oeto r sc•atie1l in a.11 r>l1H111·-"11ai r. in "11 ''
l'<Hli c r of the sl11cl_y, or lalJo r:ttury, with a l:t q.~t: 1·ul11111P, 111
1,_;i; nu :LJt Jll'i11t, before lii111.
111: was a sli11rt, fal . 111;111 , with
a clarl;, ,.;q 11:11·e fat'<', n·11,l1·red 1noro rlark l>y a l1lad; \'«iv •·t.
cap. I le l1:ul a lit.tl• ', luiuhued 11use, not u11 i1kl' Lill· :H·t: ,,f
spmks, ll'it.h a ]Kl ir of SJleeLaeles gl caJ11i11 t; nn <'a<"L sit!o· uf
his d1 1sk y euu11te11a1 1ce, like a c.;ouJllC of bt11r-1•;i 11do\\·s. "
l " \Vh n.t is this :tll a.l1out?" And the
as(,
class rnu st, sooner or later, d( ·cide that it i:-; :di :dJ"llt

· e may
\v

"t1ie doetor."
out, and

:L

Then prcl1icative rna.tter may l"' j1ickt·d

::;e nLe ncc -

as s imp l e in for111

:t:l

pnssiblc - -

mnv he fornwd from tl 1e topic an<l what l1as hecll s;ti.l

that an

about it.

aut.l1or w el11s

t.o;:;cLl1er ,liis

l'a.ragra[>lis a 11tl

If

Successive p:trngrapli ::; in tl1is cli;tpkr rn:11·

tlam lJe co nsi t1en;tl witl1 re fere n ce to 011 c :tn nt lw:-, ;11 ,,]

Ll1c co nn e cti o n is vt·1·,· l'ln."l!, 011 c t.l101 1g lit naturally

th e ir con n ectiJJg li11k,.; -

::rnggesLin g a11uLl 1er. 111; may do witlio!lt co 111 H·din g

- nmv
Le de,.;i«llfi.t.ed.
Thi::; so1111 :ll'li: ti ;111 at.] 1nncrl1t.-;
,-,
,,
."'"'l
lyti cal wo rk will, of eo ur::;e, com e :tfLer a g •>"d cl1'.;tl ,if

links, ;1;.; :t mt·cli a11 ic needs 110 link whe n li e
t~l1c

e nds of l1i ,.; rnd:il h1r (11•'.•·ll11·r.

w e ld s

If, li mvt•Vt'l', Ll1e

' .. .
~

Rrar:i:brid,11i: Ifall: -

cla::iscs n ot too l'l e m e nLary \\· e nm.'· lie :d >lc Lo sl1 ow.
c h :tptcrs as a ski1fn1 1net: h:u 1i< : m ; lds his m e tal.

~· 1.

j1111 ct.io11, as the m ecl 1a11ie uses ;t link or a l1 11 <>k.

o ne, tlii::;

alway::; b e interes ting Lo obst• n ·e !to w ill ;,;e 11i ously a 11tliors

ll SC

1

wl1dlier tl1c:y lie \'.'(l;·rls

ori g i 11 a l eons l rn cLiu u.

•

Ill

7:2

F;J, t·:.11 /c'.V T .·11: l ' l'U.l/ /' (),.., f 'f'/(J.\'.

J<,'L A I/O H.A '!'ION

l Ltvi11g hai l 11111(;h prndice, 11ot o nly in making clear
in ] :tmgr:tpl1 s ll'haL has bee n i11 1pli e1l in or ig in al se nte11 ccs , but a b o in rcd11 ei11g paragra1>lis to sc11te1ices, wl1i c h will liaYc in voln.'<l :t ki10wh:dg1~ of topic and
1

OF Sh'N'J'l•:NC'f•,'S.

war may suggest peace, as any o n e t liin g rnay sng-g·vst.

it:; opposite; a.nd that, con sequ e ntl y , t he re 111ay lie

lll L' ll -

tion of opposites in one parngrnplt.
It will hardly Le JesiraLle, in this ele m entary \\'Ork,

ul' predicative 111aLtn,-- liavi ll g a lso notell Llmt para-

to eonsider more spcciliGally pan grnp lt t'lt11st.rnclw11:

g ra )'J1 ,; may be b"n111l together, a.ml tl1at Lli cy shoulu

w e will, ho we ver, note, tl1aL, wl1ile a se1it. e 11u~ lias :t

qu1.•sti1J11:

lian: :i. s eq1w11 cc, tl1 c class wil l he readv for an other
" \Vha t rnay lie put in to a parag rni>li ?"

c;tp it:ll to mark its heg i11nin g, ;t ]'<Lra.g 1·;q1li i.-; 11111« 111 1•.J;
a nd t ha t, if se ver:i.1 s uccess i ve l'arag l'<q1li s al'u 111 1t1 l•:d.

Tlie a11sw1 ·r to tliis quc;-; t.io n will s li o w t h at we are

eacl i will take tlte i11vert.c1l c011rnu1s at its lw gi 1111i11 g,

a lw;1y s i11 a " ·orld o f law :i11d o rde r, all(l tl1at what

lJuL only the

co11stiL11Ll,s our pa rag m]>li is n o t deten 11i11 ed by our

e 1H1 to mark the dose of t h e fJ u ot:tt ion.

last will J1<tv e t.11e ajtOStl'Ol'li es at !lie

\r e sl 1a.il, t.l 11 1s e:u·ly,atte rnp t to do lit.tl e rn ore

Work in p<~ra.gmi1 li i11g may l1c u11i li et1 \1itl1 :1i lllo,;t

tl1an ;;]iow that wha te ve r d ircctl)' perta ins Lo our topic

eve ry s t ttlly, f11r it will a.itl any tul' it«ll ;1.1T;t11 g .. 111,;1ti·

may IH; indud ed under iL

Th e 111ost e le m e ntary class

Note-Looks in oth e r c l:tsses than Ott rs sl "nild 11 .. g i 11

will see tl 1:it in t h e same l'aragraplt 111 e 11ti o n may Le

to have order and system as a r esult of t hi s a11aly t ic:tl

whi 111.

m ade

or a

l1or:o;c, a l1rnken window, a l1:tt l'ol li11 0' d o wn
I VJ1i lc a h at rolli ng d<Jw n t he street

a.nd coustruc ti ve w o rk.
B u t tlri:; set of ex er c ises bri n gs u ,.; 1b11 gerou,.;ly 11t•::.r
reefs that have w r eekeLl man y a class in L· onq,. 1s iti111 1:

b

t l1 e stJ'(: e L, a nd t.wo fl'i gl1t e 11t·il Loys, if
"The Runaway .··

011r

touie is

has n ot, necessarily, a nythi n g Lo do wi t h two .fri g ht-

for, alt.hongl 1 childre n l ike io investiga l\', 11111"li a11:tly-

e n ed Loy s, y et, Ll1 e colllli ti on of hot li lie in g t li e result

sis wi t h a d earth of orig i1ml wri ti n g 111ay g ive a lik-

o f 0 11 c ac c ide nt, tli c y rnav he :illnded to i11 t.hc same

lorw dis taste f o r com posi ti o n.
b

jJ<ll';tg r:q tl 1.

~ume day,

Ill

o ur n;ad i11g, Wt! may com e ac ro:;s a

Li tc l':tt 11 re ]1;ts l.cr. 11

o nr fr ie nd all alo ng; will it 110t help us l1e r1; ·i

Let

us

our

O'O
b

to the humo ri sts and the story - tell c rn

fo1·

paragraph that tell:; of \\':tr a11d peace, of storm and

illustrative extracts, choos ing such a.s liave 11 ot al]'(:ady

su11:;J 1i11 e, or of any oll ier tl1i 11 g antl its opposite.

been culled for t l1 e r eading-book s.

class m ay -

le t 11s h o uu tl 1:1.L they will -

The

After <t li(jarty

q u estion :such

J:rngh o ver a parngr:tph from Holmes or from Irvi11g·.

an arra nge m en t of m:tlcri:d; h11t a little tli o n ,.,o·lit s hould

we may a n alyze its structure closely, yet \\' iLh ze,.; t ;

convince Ll1e111 t h a t sl.orrn rn a_,- s11 g g est :rnJJs liin e, aJJd

af te r a page or two o f" R ip Van \Vi nk le" we arc reaLl.)

7-1
to suardt ou t C\'e11
eha rm.

a

W e would Ly

n ;rn<> t L:
110

eause of its author's

Jtu.;a 11.s eoddl e Ll1 c class;

Lut w e would occasionally 1akc :L1lva,1 1Lagc of l1umor
-

Ll1at ::; 1111s hino of t ho rni11d -

to l1 el1i us Llirough

a dirticulL task .

\V e would, l1 owe Yc r. :tl10,·c all, go :igain n.n<l again

'
.sr 1d P11ee
,
, with a
1. Th :tt a paragra l' II ·i s an r la l.Jor'tte1l
.
t
l
.
sul)J.e<
'
t
of
a
sc11tc
1w".
;
.
topic ( ~0 1T l':S [>Ollll 111g t,o IC • .
arnl wi tl 1 pre1liea ti vc matte r co rre::; pu111 l I 1ig' to the
pretl i('atc of ;t sentenee.
:2. That t h e to pi c sets JimitaLio11 s to tli <' p:trag'.·;qil1.
Tl1 a.t s uccess ive to p ies h ave a seq t1e11('e, a11d l haL
"·
111a rkt"" d
t he pa::;sagc from on e to ai10 tl. i e t . i s· ofll·11
.

Lo Llie elas,; ser:tu-iiool;s. c l111os i11g Ll11.: rdro1n sn iLaLle
sente nce,; for elabontLiu11 i11tn i11Lcrcst i11 g a111l original
1•:tragrapl1s.

i.y a wunl
Ill.

T11 gi ve Lo tl 1e 111 01·\:sL l1i11L ()f sn 111eLl1in g

hoU1 sliapu aml li!':t1 1ty will fasein:tle a 11y pupil.

I

tlii11 k tl 1aL tl oe lll()SL i11 Le n;st i11 g wor k (() st:leet for
o ur se ral'-li1"ik will i>e Pri g i11:d se11 Le 11 ces \\'itl1 orig inal

I\· .

In te lli ge 11t \\'u rk 111 pa rag r:L]il1i11g \\' il l g ive oppor-

£ eunn ectiun .

.

,

..

a11tl a11 s wcr 1.o \"licit infur111 atio11 .
.
.
r
"tlTlll"<'lll
(
'lllof
a
1
l
l
\\'e s hall h:t vt~ 11 01.el tie i ro1•« ' ' "
·tgr
and
Ll1
e
ptt11
<·l
11.·
t
e
l
p
l p1111 l
p:trag r:i.pli upon tic
• '

ion of fJ UOtl'<l s11 r(·ess ive p a ragraph s.
\\ ·e s h all ha.n " c01 11.i n n ed to u8e Ji tcrat u re.
'"Jl
l k wo rk
\"I. \V e ;;\iaJl ha ve ueg 11H t o r Pfc r to 0 L s<..: rap - lUO

LnniLies fur co11 Li11 ned pmctiee in <lcsuipti ,·e writing
a 11tl Ll 1c use o( ono matopoeLie wonh, for word-collccti11 g,
fo r tlic fi11di11g or use of si111iles

pn.~01 1ili cation,
Tt will :d :so c ulti-

vate l>otli j11dg111e11t alld taste. :u1<l prel'arc Lhe way
fo r the co11sid cra Li ou of e ntire eo rn1ios iLions.

During t his set of rxr r cis!~», \\ 'n s h all kw c hl·lj> Pd <·x1>1·1• ssion l•y 11H·:in s 111' 1d :i l1orati 11 g
l H't's

i11I(• pa r;ig raplt:;.

VI 11.

for mate ri al.
\V e ::;]1al l l1 a vc

. .
in ei1l e nt-. ally r r vit·:we<1 tl "snq1 t J\"<'
. \I,O lt· l ,;,· \' Lyt11olu"y
w ri ting arnl 0 11 o ma tn poe t JC
•
.
• ' ti"'
8i rnik a nd pe rsonifi cati on, and stu r y-tdling.
.
. f o1, th
I w.ty
\\"(' ;;hal l hav e pr<'paretl tie
' e ,successfo
. l

. 1e ra t.w11
("t >ll S l<

u f· (~. iitir e co mposi t ions.

.·".
i'\oT i•: . _ E dwin ll 1:rl wr1 l.<''11
' ' Th e lfi sl rm1
· o(
· I/If'
· l as ;t r c•fcre nt:e-bvok .
l'1tr 11urH}l lt n1a y pro ve he l ptu

S(".1/.1/.1/1 r.

0

\" II.

:i.11<1

n,ll(l fur Ll1e telling o f sl1mt 8torics.

orig i11al se 11 t!

0

A :; hereto forr, we shal l hav e IJeg11n w1 t.l1 "r;u i1·u1 k
d un e Logctli r r, an<l we s l ia 11 ll ''tVe \l ·st'il (jlll:Stl! HI

al

a in pl i fi<'.a l. io11 s.

1.

7G

KL·lllUR AT / ()N ()/" :-i/OVTg NL' l iS.

Thi s work will

have called forth t'ffo r t, a1111 may l1av c c11l t ivatetl
J.o t li t l1 e reprc sf'11t.at.ivc i111 :iginat.ion a111l t he memory.
11. \Ve s hall h r,,·e ra refully st11dierl paragraph co11 s truct.i o11 , le;u·11illg: -

1-:11 r1li-<li

1

'

·l

Ji(,' I /,/)/Al.':

<> li'J'LL\I /,\II:

77

c o ,11 /'(),'-;{'/'/(),\' ,-;.

l 11 eom po:; it ion wo r k , our ebss sl 1ou ltl 11y tl1 i:; tirnu
hav e :tcqui red so111e freedom of Ll1 u1 1glit, ::;0 111 (; pm1·l'r
uf

executiu 11, Slllll e k11uwl cdge u[ wurd:-;, so rn e u11d er-

:-;Lu1di11g of s i111ple consLn1<:Lio11, e ve11 so lll L: :1ppnTiaCll.\PTElt VIII.
BUILDING:

Li1111 of tl1 e ele me 11Ls of style .

\V e :; l1al l

1t i•l.

tl1e 11 , lw

Loo lH>l<l i[ we 11 ow y e 11t.11re upu11 Ll1 e .J ,·si ,L:· 11 i1t~ :u1tl

OUTL lNl NG CO MPO S ITIONS.

Tr-TI<: Indian \1·oma11 Wl'avin~· a L l1L:r 1Yi g 11·a111 d oor

lrnildi 11g 1>( Cl! lll[lt)S iLi<Jll :;.
l Ll1i11k tl 1:l\, we 11i:ty s illl['lify suel1 work, 11

j, j,. j, :it.

cl inos(:s he r wi t hes with e riLi cal. n ·e, and i11 l1l'I' ll1i1Hl

lirsL 11·ill lie <>rnl a11\l d o11 e t.oge Llier, if 11 \: a,.;srn· iat e

aln:ady exists t.l1e sli:tpe of tli c c" 111 11lt•kd has k, ·1. IH:r

it :tt. ever.)' st:tgu wiLl i Ll1u CO ll SLl'l lct iull (1f ;\II .. l.jtTL:L l.1 1il d i11g, for i11 sla 11 ee .
By 111 ea11s uf •jll l'Sl i<>l1 :-; :111.I

li1 1g ns arc Legi1n 1i 11g to faslii .. 11.

Birds ,;elei.;L witli

less fasLidinn:; ca re s uelt straw s ;t11\l fc:tt l1ers and

hairs as will l1est SL'l' Ve Lh e1n fo r :L 11t:s L li11i11 g , eli11 g-

a1 1sw e rs, it may lie m:t1lu ev i1k11t t hat 11·1: 1·:111 "" 11> •tli ing u11 t il we k 11ow our s 1il1jec L; a:; Ll1e IJ11ild c r ·· :u1 .111

i11 g o bstinately to a speei:dly s ui table lii L; pe rl1 aps

nntl1 i11g, eithe r witl1 llla teri als o r des ig1 1s, 11 11t il lie

11 0

they see jus t the co min g place for it.

I [c that is Lo

knows 11·l1etli e r !tis wurk

is

to be a l11111 se , :L l>r idc:·L· . :L

c reate n. pn.rthenon fo r t he worlrl not 01ily has c:tre ful

eath etlral, o r 11·liat.

plans for llcsig11 and 11 1atcri:ds : li e abo st ·cs his ti1 1-

L<> d ese rihc a11 olJjeet i11 tliu scli<lo l-n>t1111.

ish ed t.e nqil e :tln:ad .v rnarki 11 g ll 1c sky, ll'l1ile th e tirsL

Ll1i s, we sliall profit by t he ease tl1at. c·o 11 1cs fro111 w ri t-

stone is yet 1111 laid.

111 g uf a Ll1i11g aeLual ly l1t ·fo r(; Lli u <:}L;S : fo r 1w itlwr

Tl1e ;;1•.1ilpt<1 r tl 1i 11k s, a11d dn·:t111s,

Suppose, to lwgi 11 with. 11·1: 1!.-.. ide
If 11·" ti<>

:u 1cl thi11b; o f his wu rk, 1111 Lil in l1 is 111i1 Hl it n ses, so

tl 1e re prese 11 t:Ltiv e i111 :tgi11 :Lt.in1 1 no r tl1e n1 e 111t1r.Y will

fa ir or so s trong in its id (': tl Jl•·r[c1;Lio11 Lliat 110 may

tax ed : mon ~ over, our e b ss lias alre:ul y ],~ : tl'lll'd l1r111·

never eq ual it with r eal it.y .
little

child,

buildin g

h is

.f11sl as sun:ly does th e
house, marking

011 t

its

L11 111n.nagc dcsc riptivu writ.i11 g.

lie

,\ll ulforl. tl1 1<s s:t\' L·d

hy a wi se ch oice u[ s 11l.JjecL lllay he g iv c11 tu t.l1i1il;i11:,;

grounds, o r construct in g a. br idge over a st ream, ofte n

out a plan .

work with refere nce to a 111rn!L·l t i1 at 11u: mory or im -

a111t1 s i11 g o ne, whi ch will rouse i11ve 11Live ir11agi11 :Lt io n,

agination furnish es.

Jt

h

dc:tr eno ug h Lha t a11ytl1i11 g

worthy of co nstruction req11i res
co mpl eted se lf.
7fJ

:t

defi nite icl ca of i ts

(•

Our s ubjeel may ea:;il y he n. f:uw if1il :wd

a111l whi uh will satisfy tl 1u likin g fl)r fun Lli at, every
young Ll1ing ou~ ht to l1a ve .

.. A

l~1dcr

tlial I K11uw."

Sul'pose we s 11 g~··~ ;; t :

.

,,

/ •,' /,fc',I/ I·: .\ '/'.I /I l'

I'll,\/ /'0 ,'i/'/'J()N.

JI u {j , /// N (: :

What. 1::; ll 1e seuo11d thing t lia t t.l 1e llllildcr must

S11rl'l )' li e 11111st. know Ll11; ge 11 ural st.ylu

k 11 uw ·1

l1i s sLrncl 11r1..: ; if
tu lie :t

\ ' ; i,.;t,

;i.

p l: tce

o(

l·a t.li ed r;d 11r a 111od est c hapel.

cl 111osu 011r style .

L e t us

/lvIN G ('() ,\/ /' 0.';/'/'/ n """·

" I !is 11 a 111e ! ' ' -

" \Vli e rc he lives'. ..

"T11e peopl e lie rul es ovt· r ! "

U11 dur o ur s ulijecL,

writ.Le n on U1e l>laekl>oanl, we will ;td<l Lhe::;e ;t::; topic:; ,
rerni11di11g t.l1 e (;las:-< -

or l eLti11g Ll1 e 111 rc rniml 11s -

111ak e 011r c1J 111 p11::;i t ion maL-

tlrnt eaeh one of Lh csc top ics will forlll a parag r;tph .

Si 1:d l we wri te of ::;0 111e king,

\V e will he:u l eael1 tnpic wi Lh a J{onut11 numentl, a nd

o r ul' tl1 u rn lt: r tJ1 ;tL ts 0 11 ou r de::;k, o r s llldl . ll'e write

we will s ugg-est tlrnt the na 111e come last, as a sort

l1 :r-ol'-f;tt:I,

<>I'

Sl1 all

0 (

worsl1ip, wl11:Ll;er iL 1s

luuk,; ! ., -

() (I'/'{,

f:1.1 1cif11l '!

W t.:

uf tl1 t: dv ,; k-l'lll c r as if iL we ru a ki 11 g''

The f:wuiful

arid 1111111111·1111,; Lrt:;tt11w1 1L of 011 r :; 1il>jl:cL 111ay be Ll1 e
nw,;!.

of Slll'jll'i:>e.

Tl1 c,.;u, Lli e 11, will

ue t l1 e

lik e ly lo k1"' l' 11s ;t11·ake :1.11d uall forLl1 i11lurc,; Led

I(

eff1•r L "11 t 111: p: 1. ri. of 11 11r 1•11pib.

r.

O ur st yle i,; 1·1 111""''· ::11d we arc l'l':tdy for t he 11 ext
step.

(~11 l , :-< I

l1ig lio ue::; of ULll'

sk elctn11: -

I I.

NllW.

11i,.; lu 11 g do m.

I I is looks.

I 11.

11 is "'" bjel'ts.

l \ ' . I l is 11 :u11 r:.

io11s ;u1d a11 s wc rs s hould u11 :tl.Jl e us to drnw
Now for Lli e 1i ttle IJ011 es.

a tlc 11 t i1111 (.o t.l1e L ll'L tliaL e vc·rytl1i11g l1as it:; fram e-

vVe will ha vc so mebndy

It lll ;ty lie tl1at we
sl1:1ll :-<ay : '' 1\ ll of you l1 ;tve w;d ulied Llie li11ilding ()f

h old Ill' a g-oo<l-::; ized rnl er with lll etal edge wl1il e
we ask, .. \.Yell, wliitt does li e look like? Is li e str:ti g l1 t

11 011,;L':-< .

01'

work -

its ::; ];e kL1i11 , as iL \\·ere.

11·:i.ll s'! <•r

\\' !rat. 11·a,; firsL p11 t 111' ·1
roof'1

"-

-

frarn c \\·ork? or

" l hs a11y 011 e ''v e r visit ed a sl 1i p-

e rnokt:d ? "

Qj' CO lll'Se, lie

IS

s trai g h t :tll <l thin ,

lms ;L stiff lmck. Th ese facts niay Le adtletl und er
tl1 c / \ ral1iu 11u111 e r;d 1. Next, we may i1H1 11ire, "I low

y ard/ " - "Di el y o11 >'l 'l' 11 1e11 begi n11i11 g Lo 111 ak e :1
s li i [! '? .. - ·• 11., w <Ii d i L l 11 0 k ., "
\ Ve 111ay sl1ow t lr at a
li sli. <t lva f, Olli' <•11·11 liodi l:,;, h;t\·e fram c 11·ork, a.nd that,

ahuut Iii:; face?''

i[ we arc .l.!·11i11g Lo l11:tke a con1posiL io11, we wo11ld hcst

to ou r finit topic unde r the Arabic mun e r: t! 2.

mak e iL-, sk t.:l cton, it,.; 1111t.li 11 e, first.

L!H:

!-'o we will next

g et Lngetl ie r 0111· 111;tle riab ; afte rwa rd we may di spo::;e
of tJ1ern to ad1·a11Lat.:·c.

"If y o11 11· e n~ d "sc: rilJ in .~ a real rul e r, wo1na11, -

a m; tn nr a

\1·li a L ll'l• tdrl \'0 11 lie l ik el.v (.o rne11t in11?" is

now 011 r i11q1li1y.

\\re 111 a.y h ear for a 11s w<:rs : "Hi:;;

:llltl

I' c rli:tj>S we s l1all learn tli;tL iL is

lin e<l witl1 fine reg ular lines.

If so, we wi ll ad!l Ll 1;tt

rnl e r a ny deforrniLy or pecnl iari Ly.,"

"Has

may lni11 g

ou t Llie fact th a t lie h a:; bnt 011 e foDL, whi ch may
rnak c a tl1ird e n try under topic I. and l1 ca1led hy tli u
Arabic num eral 3.
jccts " -

An d und er topic 11. -

"Hi::; :> llb-

won't t11e c:lasR enjoy ou tlining themi:;ulvei;

as: l. A r:tce of 1lwa.rf::;; 2.

\V omlerfull y imlu,.;Lri-

30

El, F. i\l EN T ; I t:} .. 1'0 i\11 '().<.; f'/'1 Ii N .

ow;, etc.?

A. bout as well, I

RU!l,/!JNO: OlTTU:VINO f.'OMP08/T/ON.'i,

fancy, t hey will like

81

Tn both o ur out.li n es we have shown the irnportance

jotting duwn poinU; abonL liis ki 11gt1o lll, - tlie sclwulroou1, - wl1id1 we liave taken fur a thir<l topic aml

pens, the climax is at tlie end, the point bci11g to

paragraph.

give tl1e n ame, to l call up to its infere111.;e, or to mys-

A.Jtl10ugli we 111igltt do 111 :wy otlwr thing::;

wit.Ji this subjt,d, we will be satislie<l witl1 four ::;l1ort

of having uurpose and climax.

In both, as it hap-

I tl 1i11 k w e JJeell do little more in elementary

tify.

paragraphs, maki11g tlte topic for t.l1e last 011e "llis

work 111 011tli 11ing than lms beeu in<lieate d, provided

Tlte das,.; eoul<l n o w 11Lilize iu SO llle way

tlia.t we ltave all along insisted upon clearness a11<l

11am e."

tl 1e divisions of t. lie rnkr,

o r eall

l1i111 "ltuler of

tlie Metal Bad::," or "Tlie '1'we lv e-l 11d1 l\i11g .''

seq ueuee i 11 :trrnll geme n t; upon that line order] illess
which so satisfies botl1 reader and writer.

For there

Suppose, f,n · :i !-'t:eo11d exercise i11 01 1tl i11i11 g, we d 1ouse

is, of coun;e, a clear11ess tliat eomcs from arrange-

a subject i;uite<l to tl1e guessi11g-gan1e desc ril1ed i11 Chap-

111e11t, a::; the re is a clearn e:;s that comes from ex -

te r V.

)ll'CSS!On .

' 'Something Flat Ll1at ougl 1t to IJL: f{ouad '.'

wo11lll do. if it l1ad n:fercnee to a fht lllap of t lie work!.
The eltildren sl1ould lie able to outli1 1e tl1is
h e lp.

11

ith little

llow shall lliis sccc11 Hl eo11 1position 1.. , ended')

By m e ans of snch work as lias been described, children

will

they l1ave already learned how to

Shall we proclaim what \\·e liave l>ee1 1 desc ribin g, or

and

shall we mystify our rc:ukrs?

scents

lfapp,v onglit we to

be if tlt e cbss furni~li lt :tlf a dozen cli!T1;n;11t e11d i11 .<•s .
~

l f we clceide

11nt

to

give it

a

11a111t~, \\'U 111 ay 111akc

leal"t l1ow to assort facts, -

as doubtless

assort colors, -

the.v will acquire a rneth0<l in compo::;ition.

ft

to me <lesiraLle 11ot so mueh to teach tltis

plan as to teach some plan.
But are 0 11 tli1ius 11cvcl' to lie fill e (l i11?

Sornc day,

the gne:;si1 1g of our riddle dif'liculL o r c a,;y : ··It ,;hows

after pupils liave aquil'ell facility ill making t.ltc m, we

wltere you live; wl1 cre your 11t:iglil1or, U1c Fr.,11d1ma11,

will assign one previously prepared by tlt c elass, :rnd,

used to live; where you

woul(l like to si>u lld yom

aft.er

<t

li ttle fresh

a11d l>l"od

long vacation."
Tl1e i;ul1jeets I li;t\'(~ s11g,~< · ,;tl ·cl nw.v :,;ec111 trivial, hut

011

discussion

i ts hones.

of it, put the flesh

Tl 1is work :,;houltl l>e eare-

f1illy done, paragraph l1y paragraph; for a.s ia a mosaic

they le11d tliemsclves to 111irth a11(l jollity; a 11tl will

each separate piece must be adapted to its place a11d

Hot anything that tm11s the outlining of compo,-;itio11s

properl.v fitted into it, so

from <ln1dcren·
to menvmakincY
hcl1> U1e teacher of
0
...
J
b

se lltence, aml paragraph must be suited to it.-; purpose

c1cme 11tary co 1111w.~iLi<111 '!

and put wl1cre it bdongs.

~

111

a composition each word,
The work do!ll~ rnay be

82

JCT,J~·M

read aloud and talked ove r.

from

//Ul/,DINC::

lo'l\"TA UJ" C'OM/'08 /T!O N.

\Ve skdl

g:i 111

someLl 1ing

liaving had our piece of work 011 kwcl fur a

while.

"\Ve sli;d.l form tl 1c habit of g iving t,imc and

thoug ht, (,o co111posiLio 11 as to otl 1l!r gc 1111i11 e wnrk.

\Ve

()(f'J"f,/NINU

( ."(),lfT'<J.'>/T/llS.'-!.

a good deal of pr•tt·tin; in writing t:"'"l"'·'-'llitJ11s 111 gotlt er, wo may i;el eeL :t class n11.Lli110 frn111 11ur stT•lJ.'l1ot1k and ask fo r :t compos itinn.

Tl1is is t.l1t; iirs t

t.i111e that we l1a\' e :tss ig11e(l a s 11hj1:1·L Ln lH: <';Lrri 1-.l
B11L t.!w L.. ·t

sl ia l l h;L ve res pec.t .fu r Ll1is work as for any ot lrer, if

rn1111cl in tlic rniml a11(l lm)(Jded o ve r.

w e d o iL 11·iL11 faitlr!"ulnt!>'S n.1Hl fi11ish

that all of 11s to get lier Ir;wc mad e Lire plan

it with niee ty .

~:l

11 ·

i l ! "11 11-

our m:tteri:Ll cannot get :iw:iy frorn us ; it lms Ll!cn

t il i fy !.I re wnrk. Fi11:dl y , tlwrc will <:o rn1: 1111' !"."!"'"
day f11r requiri11g :w original eo11 1posiLi111 1 l111il t. 1q1 !"r.,111

c rystalliz l~d

t.l 1t ~

A11d we sli:Lll IJe alJle Lu fi11i,;h it with JJi et:ty, ber;:wsc
into a11 outlin(!; we ea1 1 afl'onl to t;tlce

time to el:tlJornle it.

~\ t. t lie e\>1npldiu11 of t he com-

s11bject alone .

\Vi:

n e t~ d

11111<;1 1 j11dg1111·1rt. a11d a

k11tJ1vledgc of our p11pils in order t.o a,.;sig- 11 ,.;11it:tl1 l1•.

"Tltc

j\1fag ii;

Boar1l " ·- t.lrc 1i l:tcU 111ar1l -·--

J>osition, we shall ft:d there lias Lee n adual ad1i cve-

s11hjeets.

rne11 t.

will Lie sugges tive; so will he "A l la11;,;·ing (;a1 ·.J .. 11, ..

The valn1: llf a.11 011 tli rre 111ay lw s lr ow u in \'t :t another way.

L e t so1111: 1111t: make :t synopsis, ;u1tl tl 1e

referri11g l1J a flu11·l'r-h"x at Uie scli"ol-rut1111 wi1 1il1111·;
o r •· :\fy Trl'C;" ur ·•Trees;" or "011 e Tl1inc; tl1al.
~cl11inl;

topics lie di st.rihutt :tl a.1111111g tl ie rn e mbt~ rs of tl1<! ..lass.

I s ;lW u11 1\Iy \Va1· tn

If tl1 e outli11e is cl,•ar <tllll si111pl1:, tire elltin: l'rod11c-

wl1i1;l1 I ofLe11 esL g" i11 Tl1011gliL ; ., 11r .. T J, ,. l\ l:11·k

tio11 . - tlioug l1 so ni:wy 1Jr:ti11s have l1ulp1 :d

t,.,

111ak e it

-- will lt: tve unity; jus t :ts a lrnildi ng will have 11111ty

if earefnliy d esig11 cil,
it s co11stn1<:Lio11.

t.ltn11.~·l 1

rna11y w"rk111 c 11 help in

Tr11t.h wi ll n :q111 rc us L..

,.; ]1tJw,

lrow-

ever, that su ch "l'JHll't io11ed work ca11 l1;mlly fail to
lack

th e

]'er fcct.i on

t lia t

m;LJ·ks wl1at is bntlt

co1i-

\V eil" -

"t1r .. Tl"' l'l :t<'1: 1"

tl1 e i11k -well - - f.,r a11 i111ag i11ativ;, 1·!11 !.!, '"''"

will tell wliat dri11k:-; fn,111 it., \\'l1t:r1ce iL,.; w:it1 :1·.~ 1·:1.111•·.
a11tl wh;it, t,11,;_y do.
IJdlt:r Llr;irr Llru,.;e 111e11Lin111:d, will

•~ • JIIll;

i11t11 tl11: 111i11il

of :uiy tt:acl1er.
I l:tvin g- assigm:d sulijects, we will

_L;I

1'e :t f<·w da1·s

011t.li11i11g and

duri11g wlricl1 faet:-; a11d tho nghts may he jutted dnw11.

elaLomtion as he re descril1ed may be earefully and

A11 ele me ntary class will u11iln11l>tedl_y be g1vt~ 11 fewn

p:ttie ntly fi11isl1 etl, n.n<l yet compos it ions need lade 11otli-

days tlran would Le al lowell L1> an ad v:u1ot~t!

ceived and exer;11tcd by 011e wnrkm:w.

sin ce cliihhen weary qHid:ly, prnlonged efTort

i11 g i11 spirite<lnc;;s :u111 spontam:ity .
All work , th11s far, has lJt'Cll 1101 1<: i11 1111 : s..J1ool -roo n1.

ls no cornposit io11 (,u d t:n 1:111<l n 11 tside work'?

cla.-.; .~;

After

J><trt rn rty not he requi red.

011

for.
tl1eir

We will sl 10.w· Llre i111-

por1a11c1: of selu 1·.t.i11g t l1c sulij eet earl v. and 11f k1 ·c p-

,.
!

i

,j

8-1

Rr.EMI~.VTA

n l'

(.'()M F'OSJTlON.

JIUJLJ)J :H:: OUTLININO COM P081TJ()N 8 .

mg

iL 111 rni11d; tl1c pupil that knows wliat J1e is
going Lo write al>ou t will g;ii11 lcgiLi111aLc !1elp :dmm;t

He ,,·ill, fo r i11sLa11t:e. l1a1t.! oppor-

will1out seeking iL.

tu11iLies t1l \>hst~rn: l1is Lnw, ito> l1ea11Ly a111l the Jifo
11 po11 it, aL diff,:ro 11L lin11rs;

"r

to 11 0Lin! liow the

111agit; lioard l'kt11gt;s as \\'1>1-k. d11ri1w
ti(ir1s is repr,:se11t<.:tl

LI}"'"

var ions rcc: ita-

it llr erased

frrn11

it.; or

85

sitions s imilar in purpose to tlio,;c whi ch our class have

u 11 dertake n; we shall fl1HJ the skcleL011s of d esc ri ptio ns a111l stor it·s;

and ;;hall perhaps 11ote s<·q 11cn ce

;u1<l cli11 1:vrns.
011r 111~ 11· st:r;q1 -l1t1ok ,,·,irk will prnhdil y c<Jn,;isl. f11r

the 111lls t p:1.rt, of s 1il1jl'ds, w illi 011t linl!s :u1<l
siLions.

cnlll}H>-

will 11!: Wl'il lo liit\'e for 011e s1il1j«ct :i.s

IL

If , 11 dy

many dif'f,;n:11L n11Lli11 l!s :llld c<J111posit.i"11s as Ll1 c i11 d 1-

0 11 e l1t:re and Ll1ere 111:L.Y \\'a11dur 11·it,lt Orlando Llirnuo·h

vi1l11aliLy a111l origi11ality of tlie pupils rn:1.k c possilil1 :.

lie may li e ar faets anrl 111yll1s :di1>11t Ll't.!Cs.

b

t.l 1c

F11rest of 1\ rden,

<•r rn sl 1 with Lu1i e r 011L to

Llw '"lir:tid ed d11s ks of ll1e 0:1k." or w:Li t, a11·(:d, wl1il e
The Master ll'itl1draws Lo tl1<: 11·!lnds wl1l'l'e
'·The· little g-r:ly lPa\'1•s \rt· re kind to Jii 111

Tl1 c re :1. rt: l1"tli saLisl"aeL io11 an1l in sp irnti on i11 tl1e l' ivar
a 11 L1 ori g i11al

C\ 1•rt.!ssio11

of tlio11gl1L; ;u\(1 just so l'ar

as c11111posili11 11 WllJl 1:11:thl('s a p1q1il to t.r;wshtt: l1imscH 11·ill iL l1u profit.able a11d cnjoyalilt:. I t will als 11

; .,

bu i11Lc n;,;ting tu li:1.ve tl1c l';irallcl

Wt ) l'k

of :lllLl1ors

s nrel y all m:ty llH· c•L Hnhi11 l lood 111 Sli e n1·ood 1<'1m;st,

anu pupils cPll1·cte<l a1 1d p;1.sted sidu l1_r ,;ide; f.. ,. i11 -

or s tt·al np to tlie Chart.e r O:ik 11·ith 111e11 of old, or

s t.alll.:e, dcsc ri pti11wi of I101 idays, s1:e11es, a11d !'1'01'1:,.;s i()Jl,;.

ll'itl1 I lia11·at.l1:t strip it,-; "whi t.c-,.,k i11 wrappe r· · front L11e
Iii r" 11 - Lret~.
J\ l°Le r mat< :ri:ds 11:1\·1: lH•(' 11

111ak<.! liis 111r11

1111!

.!!:if
,

l"'r<·1l. <·.·11·! 1

Jlrl}'I·1

lllil)'

li11 c in 1·lass: a11d :LI, a lat. er Lime

Tl1e eo urs u o[ our elas,; 11 uetl

110L

he

O\'(:J'

a d1,.an·

w; 1st.c, bnL ;tlnr1g a 11dinile prttl1, \\'liit:li , "1·1:11 if
11i;1rk< :d 011\, 1>,y 0Ll1ers, yuL will di sclose for CVl'r_y 11<:W·

conw1·,

;1.1111

;tt, every st<:I'• fn ~s l1 k111lldt:d g 1' arid d .. liglit;

still in t.ltc scl 1011l-rl)Olll , <·lahoralc Iii.-; 1111tli11u into
:i. C01l1}'ositi1111. J\l 1lio11.L;l 1 t.l1is \\'Ork is t11 1.t• ori"illal
b
,

sonwt.i111<:s :1 1111pil \\'i ll lie so wise, so kcell of visior1,

'111ri11g iL

has hcc 11 l1itld e11 from

lll;ty,

t.IH )

tcaclicr 11·ill h· n ::idv for co11s1iltali11n

or fri1 :ndl _:' sn ,~.i:::-c·stinn.

1:rnni11g \\'isdnrn

Th e re ii:; , of co11rs,·. n o ·'·.·L111l_1· t l1·.1.L
not toncli ; they rnav l11:l[i every

other m:t.\' · ]1,;lp them .

or so p11rc i11 l1 earL as Lo fi 111l tn 1t l1 or bea11ty tliaL

· · llS
<:Oll l}' O.Sll.IO

other,

1]1·1
and c:ve ry

\Ve shall read co mpu -

r.. r

t.lie \\'11J'ld"s

li g l1L a111l li[e arc i11 t.l 1e ];""l'i11.L:·

of t,lie cl1ildre11.
S/JMM All Y.

l't:rhaps the ir closest <'nnriec-

tio11 will still be wiLl1 lit.emt11rc.

:11Hl

other cycs;

I.

J>nri11g t.l1 esc exc rcisl'S in t.lw b11ilding of' eou1positin11 s, \\'e s\1all J1:tvf' shown the need of a 11·ork i11g-pla11.

~·-,'

80

JC/,1',',\f i·.' NTA Ii 1· ('().\/ l'OSJ'f'/() ,V.

.ll U JIJ>IN G : OUTUNINO ('OM/'(),'if°/'f()N,'i.

have given a very fe w day~ fur tl1e a<,quisit1u11

11 . \V e shall l1avc mado our ll'Ork, :ts lti t lH·rLo, (·0111mo 11
to class and tcac hn, aIHl om! al Jir::;l.
111.

\ Ve shal l have associated it., :Lt e very stage, with

XI.

th C\ co11strnction of :in obj r·(·.t.

rn ateri :d legitimately lmt with li ttle L'ffort.
XII.

noitlu:r 1lt n mr1110ry n o r t he n··p rcse11Ltti vt: i111:1.gi11:d.io11, a 11 d nJJH·c11trati11g .. !Tort. upo11 t.l1t: pla11.
\V e shall, ['t:rh:ips, ha ve f.,1111t! it a11 atl \'; 111 L1gt\ t.o

h11111onll1 s t rcat.1111·11 t..
Tit.; onl1:r t.li:Lt, our work 11 a t 11rall y follo1rs we s ha.ll

\V e shall ha ve d one all writi11g, exe"]• L th •· j11tt.i11g
down of rnat·.1·rial, in tlH: scl1oul-roo 111.

XIII.

selcv.t :t s11lij1 •c :t so 111 Cll'ktt fa11<'il'1il or s 11 ggt>sl. i11g
VI.

of mate rial.
\ Ve skdl, moreove r, li:tve mad e el ear thn i1111 •u1·1 :ll1<.:e
of keeping a s ul.ijcl'.t in mind, i11 order lu g:un

1v. \Ve shall ktve l' liosen for 011r first \\'ork Llic (1esc ript.i o n of S()ll lC'lhi11g in the sci100J- r(10J ll , t.hlls taxi11g

v.

87

XI V.

\ Ve sli:tll lia ve u11it-i 1·d ('lllllJ >llSit.io11 w ith 11\lwr st.1 1dif's , c: hi e Hy by 111 ea11s u[ s11!1j1 ~ ct::; and ill11st.rativ1~
mate rial.
\\'t..1 :-;l1all h ave c:onti1111 t" I t.o n ·•:og11iz<: the l1 .. lpf11l11 ess ur lite rnt.ul'(·', and tu prolit l1y it tl1n111gl 1 t.hn

ltav e fo1111d t o be: ( h(1it·e of s ubj<•"I, 1:huin: of

reading uf wurk par:t!l el wiLl1 that. atl.:·111j>l«d by

sty !(', 111 :tki11g nf' outlin<'. Pbliomtir1n .

0

\ ' I I.

\\' n ::;l1:tll l1a,·c s l1own till' IH'Pl' ss ity uf l1:t vi 11 g [>111'-

UUJ' eJass i t itl'Ollgh the llUti11g or llllit_y. t'li 111:tX,
aml seque11('e, as 11·1:11 :ts t.l1rougl1 l lll' J-intli11.t; ur

\'Ill.

]HISl\ s<:<llll'll('t', 11nit.y, a nd c:li1111Lx.
\Vt• ::;l 1:1 ll h:tve n ;eogni1.Ptl the fa('t that so1 11l' I hi11g is

tl 1e Ii ic1.l e 11 011t,] i lll!s o t' 1111ishl'tl J'l'"tl ll('Lio11s.
\\' e s hall h:t\'t: ;u]dc:cl 011tli11 es and eo1 1111usit.i"11s 111

xv.

Lu lio ga im·tl from h:t\·i11g ()Ill' j>i<:l't' o r \\·11rk Oil

l1arn1 for a wl1ilc , -

sc r:tp-bouk work, e nd eavoring to ha\'e :st•.vt·ral 111'1 -

tl1<'. li:d1il o[ givi11g t.i111<' and

tlH•11gl1t to cu 111posit iu11 ll'ork, :1.11.J

:L

n·sp<'<"t

g i11al

fur

wli:tt ha.s n·qu in:d gp1111i 11 l' l'ffo rt.
IX.

\V e: shall l1:i.\· u l'rnlii111•1l 011 1-,; .. Jv(·s, al. lir:; I, 1.o w11rk i11

- 1.lu· 111aki11 g of 0111.li11•·s, a11d I.ht· t'lali\ll':Ll.iu11 llf lh••111; t.l1c·11 1q · sh:Li l h:tv•· r•·•1 11in ·d t he
\\'riling 111' orig in al paragrapl1s, 111a ki1 1:-; ori gi 11al

( '. Olllll l OJ J,

co111pusit.io 11s, l111t. i11 :t!'('<Jl'th.1ll't' \\'ii 11 :t11 011t.li1ll'
takl'll !'mm 1111r snap-l1ollk; 1i11:t!ly, \\'l' s hall h:l\'1•
c:dlc ·cl fo r l1uth origi11al 1J11t.li11e;:; a11d 11rigi11al l'Olllx.

l'"si l.iu11s, assig11i11g Oil h· s11 lij1 ... 1.s.
\V< ~ sh:dl ltavP rn adc an <'Si'<'('ially l'ard11l s"le.-Liu1 1 ul'
s 11bjt·«ts for 1 l1is last quit e· uri,t;i11:LI \\'cJl'k, a nd sl1all

Olltli11e::; :tlil1 CUllliJlCtCl1

l'.Ulllj >OSi(.iOllti

f11r

e:wh s11l1ject; we shall h:1.ve add1 ~ d , ;dso, p:trallvl
\\·urk ul' ;1l11.l 1ors and stu11.,11ts.

x \ ' I.

\V e ~ lw!L lt't. us hot"" ha ve 111:l!lf' 11<'ii11ite }'lll'I'''" ''
and at'l'.0111]1lish11w11t. :1.s l'"~silil1 • i11 f'o11q111 ~ il 11111
work as i11 any utlwr.

S!l

JVEEI>ING AND U'/' 11 .ER TOJ'IC'.'i.

Havin g

t,ak c u o ut tho ove rg rowth, ur tl 1c: 11 11d e r-

rrro w t, h ·- th ose ~mares tha t keep tl1 c n ;:uler fw111 [J\"l 1-

"'

,

l:trnti11 g Lo the thought tl1 cy hi1lc ratl1ur tli:u1 rc vl':d,

en J\ !'TEI{
A

wonn

-

IX.

we rn:1y look

n,(,

i ts power to ple a ::;c .

o ur w o rk auew wid 1 rde n :11 ce l• >

\V c sl1all be a l111ost sure to fi11d

1110 110Lo11y, (, l 1:tt 111011 0 t O ll j

ABO UT WEEDING AND OTH ER TOPICS .

W l ll· (; I I

C<J· 111"v•J.~ 1·1 ·<1n1 a "v 011 -

sta11L r e pctit i•ill of w o r Js rtllll phra::;es.
0.Ni·: L: XCrcisc \,Ital will :; n ggc:-;t iLself sou n e r o r late r
to tl1e tcadier o f clemc11t ;uy co mpo:-;itio n is "wcc<lA fil! r 0111· clrtss ha\"<' h c co rn c so m cwl1at a ccus-

111g·. "

IL w ill l>u e:t;;il_,.

app rec iate d J,y o ur cbs;;, Ll1at rno1tol1 l11 y pf srn ll1 d i,.;
w ea risom e .

\Vl10 willi1tgly listc11s t o five-li11gn ex n-

ci;;cs, unl ess 8he be a do t in g motli e r n·,;111 J11 s il1k f u r

J [ \\·e

LL: 11 1111 r class

to mecl to writing, and h:tY c Jllctl a goocl d eal o f work

IH: r ch ild 's prncLiL:e :u1tl progrc;;;;?

in tl 1e ir ,.; ,; rap-hook,-, w e rn :i.y h cg in to t each ccn 11 omy,

tli:tt 01 10 ()[ tl1e most p:i.inful torL 11re s is tu l1:tl' <: 11·;1.l"r

<t ni te in a econhn cc \\·ith .I ferlJc rt Spc 11 cc r's l1:a c hi11 g

fall drop by drop at r cg nlar i11te rvals 11pC111

o( it in

l1is

/;,'s.'a.'I

t/i,• Pltilo s(}ph,lj vf ,'-,'i!Jle.

t>IW

,;pn L

\ \Te

"11 Llw lx Jdy, t l1 ey 111ay rea.-.0 11 frrn11 :u1a l<>.'..;.\", :u1 d \,,_'.

s hall :;how tli :lt cco1 101ny :-;lwulll e xisL i11 tl1c world

glad Lo go over lln; ir wurk, Lry i11g ttJ sa\'e liwi1· r• ·:i· l• ·r ',;

o f co mpo,.;i tio 11 as else\\·l1c rc -

c:trs fro m the fn;11'1 c 11 t r e p etiti o n of :l word .

0 11

espec ial ly tl1:tt eco11omy

T l1<· Y

which s :LVes e ffort o n tli..:: p a rt of r e ad e r or li :sLc n c r.

ha ve at l 1allll OllC rn e:rn;; o f d<>i11 g

Aft.e r pnpils h:t ve acquirc <l ev e n a little knowled ge

Tl1c work of a c q 11iring a voc:tbulary 011lli11 e cl i11 th e

of co11:;Lrt1c :Lion, th ey will e njoy takin g one o f tlici1·

fourth c l1apte r, a11d wl1 ielt lms bce u go i 11 g c11 1 1l:iy liy

ulrl par:tg rapl 1s

of

tlay eve r sin ce, l1: ts add e1l Lo v oeahula1·i es , :1.11.J l1as

a s e rvi ce whidt

;_; iv c u g rn11ps of sy 11 0 11y11 1s fur our ciylll<>logical slw<:h .

in1 c;s , of co 11rsc , th ey will

\V c may 11ow, tl1 c rdorc, g ai11 v:tril'ly, h cco111 .; 11i1 ... r

Lo "\\· ce<l.''

Tl 1cy will

e a c h word tl1:d, it. d o snnll~ st:r v icc t l1 cy may tdl aho11 t.

e rr in jud g m e nt., a.-;

s .. 111 d
t. 11<')'

r eq uire

11·ill ,.;111-dy b e d e fic ient in

k n o wl t: d ge ; \·c ry lik ely tli 1:y will ofte n lwg in to pnll
nnt

<t

n ee<l ..::d .
ih;

11 s('f1il

cx:pres.-; io n: wi s1: :rnpc rv isin 11 will

be

B11L wi t h wi se ;-;1 q1ervi si n11 the e x erc ise will

play :i.rnl a11aly s is 1·0111l1i 11 L·il: and T 0.di.:ve that it

will g n ::tllv :i.id r1>11ti 111 · .~T;i111111:1r wn1l.

tl1i s : sy 11011 y rn ,; .

in our di sti11 c t io 11s, a111l bL~ s um of fi11 1, r effcch .

Yet a third time w e may go ov e r our p:u »1g r:q l1s,
0

u:; i 11 g 0 11om<itnpoctic words wh ere tl icy \\l( :re 11uL use d
but mi ghL li:LVC bec11.

Th e r esult wi ll h e

t h e naLu re of ;t1 1 i11s }' ir: tt io11

<] uitu i11

to tl1 c ],".\' " :lll 1l g irls .

I Ine arc two origiual paragrapl1:; writtc 11 c1111·i11 g a11

90

J1; /,}','J\JJ.i,'NTA ii 1· 1.'llN /'IJ .-:f'f'/O N.

c xaminatin11.

ll E /O>I NU AN/J {JT//EU 'f'<>l'/t ; ,..;,

Tlic ret1uirc111ent fur tl1is es peeial ques-

tion wn.-;: Write a pn.mgr al'li

Ill

whid1 yuu

ma.k c

your wonh convey t. hcir rn en 11i11 g i11 t.l 1ci r :-;ounJ.

After Ur is weedirrg, substit u t io n uf syllrn1y rr1 s, an d
i1rtrv<ludio11 uf 01w11mtopoeLic wo rds, tl1c cLLss will
e nj ny co mparing

tl1 cir origi1ral par•tgr<tpl1

n :eo11 stru1:L1:tl paragraph.
1.

Did }Oil eY t' r vis il. tl1c cilitori:d rooms of a g r<'a t.
111'wspaper oflkc '( I o nce li :til t lt :Lt ]'ll'as11 re, a11d f'o1111tl
1t i 11 l.t'resti11;; t.o 11ut.i<:•' t.lin stylo :wd r:t pi d il .)' wit.Ii ,,-Jii1·lt
thc 11iffon· 11t men \not.I'. l r•·1 ::dl 0111· rn1 111 y l;·l't as I
<'ntcn·d. ] I is art.isti1·. trnwh a11cl t.hc g;· 11 tl" st.rokc uf hi s
pPn i11di cat1•d that hP w:ts :L fine pcn111a11 . a nd not ]'n·ssl'd
by t imr, :1s wPrc th•~ otlwrs. J n 111 :u·kp1) ro11trast was
a man in frrn1t of 11i111, snihlili11g i11 a rac e wit.It ti111 c;
a11tl ;u1"tl 1e r·, wl11• S • ~ s1·r:twli 1t ):\ W;Ls l1·gil1lt: 011ly to l1i111s1:IL
A11d t.l11·rc ,,·as st.ill a11otlll' r, l1i s [!l'i l j1111111ir1g a11tl s l1rn1t-

Tl1is will

\\ iLit

put tlte rn i1r1.o

t li e prnj 1L' r 11 H1od f11r ::Hime wo1l i11 plirasL:1Jlogy .

will perce ive that tlreir work has g <tirwd
f()r

w ee ding

will

have

tl1c

give n stre n gth;

T l11 '}

s11 r 11 L:L l1in~:
~yr11l1 r y 1r1 ,; ,

s 111ontli11 ess and vrtriety; a 111l imitat iv e wonl,;, vigor.
Tir ey will Le patient Juri!lg more p rosai c work.

If WL: llext look witl1i11 s e n te nces, we slr;Lll fir1d crroi·s
t, liat 1nay lie class ifi ed, errors that see n1

to req uire

L1:cl 111i<:al te rms for their explanation, :wtl t.J.at may
,;ec lll to demand (of the young) ton rn11 d 1 ;111 :dysis.

Some oft lr csc errnrs 11 ce es:;itate the co 11 :-;idcraLii111 1,f : -

i11 ,g alu 11g lik1· zigzag liglrl.11ing; with OIH' l11•s id!' hin1 wl 1<JS<'
c n •atit>r1s \H'i"C so li111• yon i1n:tgi11ecl Ito rniglit. 110 t!rawin:-;

1. Tl1 c 111i~us c uf tli1· si mple l'11t11rn a11d t.lll' frr t.11 re t•f

straight li111· s, a.ml \\'1HHl cn•11 liow h o Cllldd r<':ul t lt ern
witl1ou1. a. r11inosc11pr. E:t.. !t lll:tll g r:td11ally had ac<piircd

~.

a sty le tliat s11il<'d ]1i111.

There is nn t a \H.: alLh of 011o m;ttopr•cti1; ,,·on ls here;

for tl1e ]'ll[lil u1Hl e r,; lon1l tl1:1L h e was no t to u::;c an
irni t n.live wonl unl ess it lrelp\' d l1illl in th e ex pression
o[ h is tho11glr1,;.
2.

l\rr. Q11ak wa1l.Jl1·d alrn1 .t.; 1li<' 1•:l1 Ii lo tile ponJ and
m et Mr. ]h a, \\'lto wa.s ))l'(nrsing a long ir1 a co nte11 te11

vol i ti01 r.
ThP misrelated parti<·ipl1:.

;). The incorrect se r111 e11 ct! ol' t.t:>11sm;.
-L Tlie lac k of <lircct. <li sco11rse.
r;

'I'he chain CO IJstruct.inn of r c lat~ iv e cla uRcs.

Ii. Th e misu se of e xplanatory and of re;; tri ctive rt:> la-

ti vc clauses.
1. The scparatio11 of tli e iidiuitive am1 its sign.

I tl ri11k Ll1;1t many errors may Le tliscovL:retl hy quite

lll:ur1H'l'. /Is they Tll':tn•1l tlw JHll111. t.l1t>y nlf't. l\"lr . N(·igh
Sl)('kim: np t.lin \\':t\1·r i11 l1111g ~11l l' s . Tin' y all said ," \Vlrni

ele m e ntary chsse:-;, :u rd t ha t the pri n ci p ks tlie_y v inlalt'

a. l>lessi n:; is w;tt.er ! "

011r topics i11 tlie ord1~r gi ve u.

H1 <t.)' be elcarly aml s in1ply s hown.

•

L et ns co11si<kr

.

,,
'

.

~

..
\.:

H-1

ELEMENTAHV ('OM !' OS ITION.

Tl 1en follows the intlectio11 : -

WEE DING AND O'flllrn TOPI CS

Unde r tl 1c infkdion 1s a p icture, represe 11 t.i11 g a cn,t

"But - outside circumstances cont rol. The cat, and
probalily the mice also, <lid not connt on the mi ce losing
t heir tail s. Her sm ile of victory changes to a look of
cl isappointment, as she :ulds : 'I shall have to go without
rny <l in11e r, and yo u are safe in you r hole. \ \That did
you r tails break fo r, a ny how? Oh, dea r! How trying

with fro11L paws e x tended, and C•teh paw li oldi 11 g the

li t:e is ! ' "

Lail of :t 111011:,;c.
tl 1e pi et.u re : -

I th ink tl1rd, Ll1is cl:tss nnd e rst,ood th e distinction be-

I will
You :-Jhal l
H e shall

W e will
Yon shall
Th ey shall

T l1i s is tl 1c legend wrillen un de r

twee n tl1 e s impl e foture a nd t he fu t ure o [ volition .

"Jn tl1t! alw ve ill 11s t.ratio11 tlw rat ev id entl y has foll
c<mtrol ove r tho mice. Ul1C' !'an al most see t he mou th
smile with sat isfaction as she says, ' I have waited fo r
you da.r and night, and 11 ow I have got yon ! I will
eat yo\l; yo11 sl"dL not get a w:Ly ! ' "
The second paper of tl1is sa me pupil deals with
tlie s impl e future, as follo ws : "Th is is the f11 ture of fate.
thi ng-, app:tr<>.11tl y, is he lpless.

Everyl>ody and evc ryOutsid e circmn stances

2 . Tlie rni srel:tted part.ieiple is often founll in tlie
w o rk of young people.

"Hav in g missed his e x:tmina-

t ion , I asked his teacher Lo let him t ry a.u othcr," 'Y ill
<lo fo r our pn rpose of illustration.

w e say someth in g of tl1i s sor t. : "\¥hat takes care of

luwiug in tltat se nte nce'?" Of course it i::; n ot care<l for.
"What ha ve you done, but treat a worrl as you wou ld

Yo11 "'ill
Il e will

Would you turn a.

ehi kl into the street, with absolutely no protector nor

Tl1c1 1 f'ollo\\'s tl 11J i1 10eetion : I ,; l1:dl

Per-

h aps we may induce on r pupils to b ecome heedful if

not dare to t reat anythiug cbc?

('1)11t rnl."

This mi,;take, a:;

" ·ell as m :tny another, is owin g to care lessness.

\ Vr. shall
You will
Tlt1 ~y will

protection?

That is what yo u have <l one to

tlrnt

Ji ttlc word.

Please look afte r it, pla n fo r it ."

We

may · have t.o h elp a n<l

s u ggest; but w e may -

spea.k from experi e nce -

v ery soon get ri d of mil:l-

I

The illustration und e r tl 1is inflectio n represents t he

relate<l parti cipl es. vV e m ay i:ih ow t hat words have tlie ir

eat of the first pictmc, I.Jilt t:laspi 11 g tails that l1avc

rights, and that tl 1cre are s u ch things as morality and

parted frnm t l1 c l>oclies of t.l1c mice.
th is lege nd: -

U nd erne<Llli i::;

just,ice in compos ition.
3. The <lesirability of u s lll g direct discourse, some-

96

E J,J;' ME' N '/',l /(} " <; OJI I '08 /'/'!ON.

WEEI>!NU A ND OTllER TOPICS.

times or often, mn,y perhaps be 1nost. clearly shown
by means of a story.
brief nn,rrative in

S11ppose we write together a

whi ch

conversation

is reported.

Left to tliemsel ves, t he class will probably use the

H7

vidc<1 this construction with words be comp•tn;tl t.o a
similar e011structio11 ebe where?

After expl aining to

a class, by means of some s imple diagram, how each
new rela t ive draws the mind away from the actual

After our work is done, we may suggest letting eacl1
person speak for himself. The g ain in life will be -

subject of the senteuee, and so di vert8 attention
rnt he r t ha n concentrates it upou tlie theme that :;]wuld

If requested to tell how we l1ave added

be kept in mind, we may ask them to t ell u:; of a

to the interest of our n:Lrrati ve, I believe tl1at the

similar violation of tl1e principle of streugth in sorne

cbss, or one or more mcrnLe rs of it, will ex1Jlai11.
Suppose the ;i,nect!ote 1s one a.Lout G rn11t or Lincoln.

other ki11tl of co nstruction.

vVlien Gran t'::; exnct worJ::; are given,

with a liue uf s mall Loats in tow- a weak construction easi ly broken; wl1ilo his contrasting sketc h was
the same big boat with each little boat tied to ha.

WC

shall get

more or less of the man ; l1is mann er, a t least of .
speaki ng, an<l l1is lacoHic style will tell us smn ething

classes t.o do this.

I required one of my

Oue l,oy made a picture of a sl1ip

Lincoln, with l1i8 peculiar l1urn or, will

A young g irl illu::;trated the same principle Ly mean:;

be a relief to Grant; and, wh en we agai n take up
the thre:Hl of t he narrati ve oun;elvcs, we shall be

of an umurell a and its riLs.
5. It may seem 8omewliat difficult to teach a class

of himself.

more welcome to ou r readers or h earers because of

to pereei ve what <letermin es th e se<i uence, or follow-

our Lrief absence fro m the stage while Grnnt a11d Lin-

i11g, of t enses.

coln were the acto rs.

D irect discourse, then, gives a

staud t hat there is a r egulator somewhere; a word ,

a picturesqueness, and a vigor that
tellin g at 8eeond hand cannot give.
sh own, as every grammar 8hows, how
ofte n se rves clearnes8. \Vli o i8 not

or group of words, that will manage everything for

familiar wi i h, "He tol <l him that lii:s cattl e were in
l1i ::; fields," aml cq 1i;dly familiar with the correction
of it ?

Ll1 e party? " Suppose the answer to be "Last June."
- "\Vlicn were y ou wi:;hing about it?" - "That wa8
in las t .June, too."-" Very well; please go back in
your n1ind, jrn,;t for a minute, to las t .June. Are yon

pleasing vari ety,
the monotonous
It may easily be
direct discourse

4. \Vil! uot om ch1.ss l>e likely to sec that the

•

"

chain construction of relative clauses is weak, pro-

indirect discourse to represen t t he differe11t speeches.

noliL;eahlc.

!

tlH~m.

First of all, let u::; get them to urnler-

vVe may, in our scrap-book, find somethin g

lik e this: "How I shonld lmve liked to have gone
Lo that Lirtl1clay party!"

\Ve nuiy ask, " When was

'

"'I
I'

98

Et.E ,\fit,'.\"/'A /(} ' r·oMPOSJ'l'IOX.

WEE/JING A.ND OTIJEU TU1'1 C8.

there, yet? Very wdl; uow it is June, a11<l the party
rn coming to-morrow. \Vliat do you say to your
mother, as yon Lhink of Lite coming party? How I

see, that the rcstridi ve relaL[ ve -

should like to -

that ran tlowll the street just now is giving tbe ahnn,''

what,?"

\Ve shall ::;uceeed, sooner

or later, in getting Llic present infinitive to go.

t,lie form of \d1icli

it> usually that-is Heed<:il by its Houn to prove tl1(:
i<leDLity o( that noun.

Iu the se ntence, "Tl1e 111an

Such

the ollly t hing Lo ::;how what man it> giv i11g tl1e alarn 1

exercises may be rnul tipliell until our pupils appre-

is the r elative clam;e, "that ran duwu the ::;tret:L Ju st

ciate tl1e fat:t, thaL. wliere there i::; a principal tense

now;" tl1crefore, thi::; chuse i::; tied tigl1t, as it were, tn

wi th 1rnbonli11a.Le te 11se::;, Llie principal tense is the

its 11oull, a nd will not let even a comma squeeze i11 lie-

regulator of the C>t lier:;; that :dl we have to <lo is to

tween the111.

live in imagination i11 Uie Li111c referred t.u b_y t he prin-

sont>, who ran down the ::;trce\, j11st now, is givi11g

cipal te11se, and, living then, not 11ow, to tl 1i11k ail\!
speak 11atumlly.

ahtrin," -

ti. C las::;e:-; ncarl ...v alway::;
find st.umbli no--l,Jor:k,.;
in
...
b

But in tlie other sc1iteuce, -

".Jui11 1 i':tr-

c1,,,

w e know perfedly well wl10 is givi11g Liil'

alarm witliout help from tl 1c r elativ e clause, '· wl1(•
ntn dnw11 tl:c street. jm;l now."

Tlwn:for,,, tl1is ri:h-

resLricti ve aud explanatory relat i ve daut>es with their

tive clause tells ::;omething new; it is 1.:qllivalc11t to

Tl 1ese :;tum l>l i ng-l>lo1.:ks
may Le relllovcd, it ::;ee111s Lo rne, by the pupil'::; intdligc1it questioning of l1ims,)!L Let me illustrate:_

"au tl lie ran down tl1e street ju,.;t now."

<lis ti 11ctio11s and puuc t u a Li oil .

i::;

110(,

lVlnn~ o ver, it,

tinl so closely Lo its 11nu11, :ulll it lets a (;n1111n:t

If a class ouc:e apj>n'1:1:d<·s
the disll11c:tion he re ma< le,- t,liat the n.:stridi ve rvlati ve

in before it, and ;iftcr it.

Our serap-book may give us a sentence somew!tat like
Llie following: "Tlie 1n;m tlmt ran down tl1 e street

it> needed t.o tletennine tlie identity of it,.., 11u11J1, wl1ile

jn::;t, now is giving the alarm."

the explanatory relative is not so 11 eeded, -

"Who is giving the alarm? ''

Snppose w e ask,

There crtn lie l,11t Olle

Ll1t!ll its

011 ly rcrnaini11g difficulty will be the m a11a.~e nH~11t. ul'

answer : "The man t,hat ran down tl1e street just

exceptional cRses, which may he ldt fur a

.
now. " - "C an you not give
a s l 1orter answer?" we

tim e .

ask.

Of course, the dass c.~:innnt.

lat.:r

"W e JI ; t,ry ti·
, us

7. Ma11y a. boy or girl will enJOY answering a11

sentenc:e : '.Tuhn J-:>arsons, wlio r:rn down .t!tc street a

inti niry similar to this: "\Vill yo u 111akt, us "'": 1li:Lt

minute ago, is g iving the alarm.'

tl1e sign of the infinitive ought to he j>llL befurc it.'!"

alarm'?"

\Vl10 is giv iJ1g the

Of course it is .Tolin Par,.;0J1s.

\Ve rnay

now, by co n t inuing our cp1vsti"11i ll g, help the dass to

I once requinjll tl1c following

in

a11

ex;uninatio11,

wiLlwu L a lii11L of its cu111i11g: " Sl1ow, h\' 1111·:rns nf

100

Et.E .lfl~ .\'TAU)'

101

<:OMPOS ITION.

a reference to trade, to alge bra, or to chemistry, the
:iusnrdity of separating the infinitive and its sign."

One boy wrote, th:it, if he had a carpente r's shop, he

1. Try to find the two word:; in th e following q t1 ot:itiou that show why Et1stace Hright thought that the summer-hou se (little e(1 di<"l') would be "just tl1e spot" for

radica.J si g n ,rJ1 crc it be lon ged, ove r tho q111u1tity it

liis fa11 ciful talcs.
,, Sii11i1l e as it lu1Jks,'' s•Lid li e, "thi s littl e cdifke seo 111s
to be tlJP work of 1n:tgic. H is full of s11 f{gestiven ess,
an<1, j 11 its way, is as ~ou<l as a catlt clhal. Ali, it wo11l<l
I.Jc just tl 1e spot to ,;ii. i11 , of a s11111111er' s aftpr11 00 11, :wd
tell the cl 1il<lrr11 som e 111ore of those wil<1 sluri es from

a ffected, not s n me~· he rc else, wh e re it woul (l only

tho classic myths."

shoul<1 put l1i::1 s ign over the door of his shop, 11ot in
•L

pbee wh e re there wa:-; no sl1op.

Another saicl, that

li e slio ult1 not put l1is bl1el for a barre l nf g rapes on

a box of tc:i.

J\ notl 1er said, that ho shn1i!J put his

misl ea(1 and work miscl1i e f.
lll Cn

A 11 conn ec te!l these ::;tate-

1lfa:;i i.:, suy_i;c -~ f'iv enrss , and r:nf hedral w ere q uotcd.

t!-l witl1 the prnpcr use of tlic i1di11itive a.ml its

1[ work in bnglrngc

sign .

i::;

:;ee n to be based on

ge ne ral pri nci pl cs tl1at liolcl trne eve ry where , -

in the

factory, in tl1e l>lack::;rnitl 1's sl1op, or in tl1e artist's
studio, as w ell as in tlie class-room, -

boys aml g irls

\\' hat is tlte ,1iffert> nce hetw.,e11 t he mytl 1s as
tuld by H a1,·Lltorne i 11 t.h!'1 '1"<11t;7!1' 11""11 l Tu les ;LL\d as gi VE' ll
'.:.

111

11 •

the ( 'lo,;sir11l ] li1·t io11.1u·11 "!
b. \Vl1i ch rc ~LJi11g l1o yo u prefe r '!
I".

\\.lt y "(

begin to r espect la11guage work, awl tu enjoy doA 1,0 y prcferrell tho reading in the Classical Diction-

in g it.
Tho teacher u[ e lementary co mposition, or of any

ar!J , l 1ccause it is a1 1 exact rendering of t.11 e myths; a

kirnl of co111posi1,io11 , ls likely to 1i11ll it 11ccossa ry to

gi rl l,ctte r liked 1 fawtl1 o rn e 's versions, h ;<.::tnse slie

c ultivate tlie pnwl.!l' Lo tlii11k and t.lie powl!r to fe el.

oujoycd the play of his humor and fancy about

May not ex;u11i11atio11 ![ll!'s t ion s ltelp t.o do this?

111uch :ts sl1 e e njoyed the 111yths.

Let

me gi vc a fe\1· !pl<:s t io11s, 11ot been.use tli cy arc l'y any
means model n11 cs, J,11 t lJceause
011 l y

tlil;y are i11Lended

scco ml:tri Iy fur revi e w, :1.11J pri 111aril y to provoke

tl1ough t .

Tltc Jirs t question was upon the examina-

tion paper of a cLL'i!:i jnst from tho grammar school.
f t was ma.J e optional, a1Hl little was <:x pec t.ed from
t.he class, but lllnch was ohtai11cd.

<LS

3. " /frut 11.s. A suotlrnayer biL1s you beware the id es
uf March.
Ca·siir. Set him before me; let me sec hi s fa.co.
Cassius. Fellow, come from the throng; louk t1po11
Cre~ar.

Cwsa r. ·w hat say~s t tltun tu me now ?

agaiu.

Speak once

10:2

E L E M K .VTA I: 1·

1 '(> ,\f

/'IJ.S/'/'l() N .

WEED I NG AND O'f'flllU TOl'l C S .

Soothsr1yl'r. He warc th e idt·.s of J\1arch .

by Macaulay in " The Battle of t h e I,ake l ~eg i Il11s," what.

C'<esa r. J l e is a dream e r ; Id us leav e li im : pass."

do you iufo r regarding t he el1aracte r of ·~a ch maste r'?

a . " "l1y is it that C;1·s:tr \1·islit•s to
t li e sooLl 1s:tye r ?
/1. l'ro\·r, by means of

Ca;s:ir 's

SL'<.'

u\1·11

t he faee of

\\'nrds

in

'L

Na111e any

cl1ar act.eristics

cu 111rn c1 11

\). From stauza i. of 1\T aeauby's " L 11 !!" 1~( .·I Mie11t
Ho111 e " quote t h e wo!'.l s tl1at \\'Ollltl lewl you l.o i11frr
that ·Lars Porse ua wmdd keep h is oath.

tl 1e

q110!.1 •tl li1 lt' s, t liat your ans we r is co nt :<·t..
·f .

10. If t hese ev!:' 11t.:;
sLage, wliat wou!tl

to

Slialrn-

.. .

/1. Ha s
ll C\\'

the st11dy "f

till!

.J('\\"S "i

Ir so,

rcpresentl'•l <in tl 11)
betweeH sta11z:ts xii. aml

l•e i11 g

'I

11. " This is :;h e, th e s li eph e nl g irl , cot1 11 st' ll o r ll iat

t l11·s1 ! Lwo r·liarad e l's g i Vf' ll to

t ht111 g l1t.;; ah1.111t

we r e

lie doHe

XIII..

spt·:tre's Sh ylu('k :1 11 11 S l' u tt's •' Tsa:-1e <1f Yo r k. "
_Y Oll

103

l1 ri l'fly Loll

l1aLl 11 u11e for l1e rselr, wl io m l ehoose, l1i s li op, fur yours .

Sh e it, is, I e ngage, that s l1a.ll t ake m}' lord ':; liri e f.

She

those t.l1011gl1h.

it is, bi sh op, tl1aL wouhl pl ead for yv tl: yes, b isl1u p, sh l'

fi . Co1 1t.ras t s.... a ·s "l : (']J('l'l':t., a nd Sl1akPSJ •l'an :'s .Jes::;iea wi t l1 refrn·11l· e to tli !•i r !"ilia! de \·ot ion.

-

ti. "Speak , -'lril;c,

n · dre s ~

! Arn l e 11trea1.ed ,

To s pf'ak and st ri kt· ;• 0

Ho11u: ! I tltak c th ee pro mi se,

I f t he rl'dre" will follo w , tlion l°l'l't·in·st
Thy full l'Plilio 11 at. IJ14• 11and of Brnt.11s ! "

wl 1L!ll l1eave11 a ud earth a r e sil e 11 t ."
Do yon think t11at !Je Q uin cey was wa nantetl in :tss um i11 g t1 1i s of Jo:.1. u of A re '? l'rovc Lhat you r opinio n is

well-fouml ed.
l~.

thu s far beco m e acq u a i11 t e <l, an <l

tlie las t L\\'O li11<'s o f the q uo t.Pd ext.ract·, \\'li<Lt
Hrnt.[1s j>l 1·d,1.;1· l1i111 s1 ·ll' to <lo':' i\Iatel' ial 1"11r yu 11r
a ns wer is co11 t.ai111·d in I ht• cxt r:1.r!t.
7. J) td°eJlll t h o n •pC"t.i t,ion o f wonb i11 t. he fol lo win g:
"Two aU.Prnp t:< \\' t•r•~ rnad c to cl isL urli t.liis t r anq uillit.y,

T11

Jocs

the ba 11 i:; hC'!l

h1 ·i r of Ll1P

headed a
lfru11 ;;n ·liel li o11 aud t li e

lf11 use o f S t u: trL

Of the en ern1 t·s of Ua:Jsar wi th w h o m you ha ve
Br utus, -

w h o111

l.<'lav iu s, .Marnllu s, Cass iu s,

woultl yo u

be m ost Hll\\'i lling to

h:we for you r cnem.Y '(
Uive a reaso n fo r yo ur answ e r.

13. '\Vri te t l1c name of any Am erican citizeu of a11 y
peri od who, h a d hi s countr.)' llle n uee n Athe 11iaus of th e
time of Themistocles, would have been in dan ge r o f ost rac is m.

rnhcllio n ; t h e dist·o11tentt1l h1· i r of t he l! o usc of

wi <·.k l1t· aded a n oppusiti(J1 1. Both
oppos i1 io11 earn e t.u 11 utl1 i11g."

tl u~

S. Frnn t th•~ a(' t. iun nf t la~ .. da rk-gray cl1a rger " of
M an1 i Ii us . :u11l fron1 that of " Hbck A ustc r," :Ls dt!Se ribed

NoT t·: . - Bot.h \Vaslli ngton and "Dick" Croker w e re thought t.o
lo:we hail sull'icie nt power to be in clud ed in th e li Mt.

14. Wli f'1 1 t li e G reeks rnt urn eLl to t he iHtc ri or of t h e ir
country after Lh e battle of Tl1ennopy b :J , th e A Lh e 11i a 11 ;;

104

l·: l ,E.l/J:,';V'/'AI: )' 1 ·11 .\// 'llS/'/' [ <1.V .

had command of the 1·l'<ll'.

\\' liy does Plutarch say that

they had " the pla<:e uf li onnr an cl !b 11 ge r '( "

If yo n hacl lo wri te a co mpusitio11 eun q1 osrd rn ost.ly
of An glo-Saxon words, ltow mig ht. yo u help y oun;elf liy
a cho ice of s nlij cets?
1[).

CHAPTER X.

Thcsl~ ques tio ns J1 a \' e b ee n selecte<l to illustr:\te t,l 1e

CRITICISM.

meaning of the te rm I used, " q uc::;tio ns to provoke
t l1 011 g li t; " t he re will, ho weve r, be othe rs,' intended to
culti vate ll1 e se ns il1ilili cs.

\Ve may readily prove by

p::;yd 1olog i::;t.-;, 11al11ralists, a11d poet;;, t hat mu ch will

IF "Lhe art of judg ing of ben.uti es n.nd fault,-;"
ts criticism, rts no on e is likely to de 11 y, tl1en the
c ri tic must he n. judge .

But what kiml of a judge?

rc m;,in l1itlde1t fro m lii m wl1 0 has great intellec tual

Syrnonds, in hi :; ess:•y "On Some P r inciples of C ri t-

capaeit.,r llllL is \\' iLliout deep feeling.

ic isn 1," says, "Ari::;Lotle laid it down as an axiom.

Yon will 1·en1cru-

ber, for illsl:mce, h ow car eful l{icl1anl Realf i::;

j 11

S!Jm-

th: tt t h e u lti mate v e rtli ct in 11rntte rs of taste is 'what

bolimu; Lo m;ike C\·c ry \rin d th at bl o ws n. wi1ul of

the wi se m :lll woul d dociLle.' "

nrnsie, a nd tli e l111111 hlPst flower of tl1 c hed ge row and

wi ::;e man?

\ Vh o, th e n, i · t,li e

Not n eccs::;aril y li e witli Lhe m ost learn-

th o bird of d 11 ilcst c;olor , hon.re rs of "n. livin g w ord

ing; b ut surely h e t hat knows goodn ess and trn t h

Lo eve ry livin g t hing ."

n.nd beau ty, he whose ow n mind and so ul ring trne.

Tl1 c readin g of such livin g

wor ds req uires m ore than tho ug h t; it r ecpiires feeling.

·w ith kn owledge, but wi thout wistlom, wh at ma.n ever

Snre ly, m oreover, the po wer to t hink and t he p ower

looked in to the li eart of thing:;? e ver r ead tli e sou l

Lo foe ! demand snmetliin g more -

t li e power to utter.

of a bro the r ? e ve r unde rstood its u tterance?

ls n ot, eompo::;i Li on

taught only as it

su eccssf11ll.r

f1tlfil:; its Uiredol!1 111i,;sin11 ' -

rr ivi11 ,....,rr n1< ·11t-tl 0fr l''( L~l'
"
•-' ·' ' ' "'

b

j

wisd o m alone, may not a mn.n

learn -

\ Vitl1

lia::; lie not

already begun to learn - of e t e nrnJ things? an d so

'

sy1 11 paLl 1y for \1·l1:it. is tin e . a 1ul the pnwe r
!Jotli lirain ;wd l1 earL ·1

to u se

m:iy h e not r ecogni ze work that
tl1 i ngs?
value permit -

Doubtless, he nrny do

in t erp rets eternal

this,

n.m1

so

t.ru Jy

in so far as his personality and enviro11111e JJ t
the spirit of a work.

"A se n:;ibl e, n nlet-

terc d gi rl ," says an authority, "i:; a be tter c ri t ic tl1a11
t.11 0

learn ed simpleton who uses the stores of a · va::;t
105

$.

..

'•}.

lOG

/1' L/~.ll ICS TA

107

CIUT1Cl8M.

1n - f'ON POSl'f'JON.

library to bolster u t,) .so 111e ,_uase I ess parauox.
·1
Sense,
in the region of crit icism, is e1p1ivale 11 t lo imag ination . It cwi.bles iL<; possessor to distingui sh what is
or m ;i.y lJe from what cannot be."

i ty- that he w ould refu:; e to hear, and pass on, an
un wurtli y rn cs:;age.
Let u :; l eave the cnuc, and, for a m ome 11t., co nsider
what he judges.

Art is l1is province; and " i\ ll art

But th e spiri t lrns ils lxH1y, an<l the most hel pful

is a 1m·sl~ 11La tio 11 of the inner human bein g , hi s tho11gl1t

critic will add knowl edge to hi s wisdnm, eve n a knowl-

and fetling, through Llie medium of b ca u tif 1tl sym-

edge of t.ecll!licaliti es, a11 (l "·ill tl1e11 lie ahk

bols i11 " ·,,nl, fo rm, color, and sound, " S<tys Syn1onrls.

lo

appre-

ci a te a11(l to cst.i n1 ate Liot li r-;p iri t and J1,1dy. Ma tthe w

Hcalf li:lll Ll1c :;;i.me t li o11g ht wh e n he wrote: -

Arnold dechrcs t hat "ll1 e j11dgmc:nt "'hi cli almost
inse nsibly forms itself i11 a fair arnl clea r 111i11 d , :dong

"H:tl'k o f tl1 e c:t n\'aS th<tt throbs,
The painter i s hin ted and hidd en;

ln l.o t h e st atue that breathes,
Th e so 11l o f t h e sc ulptor is bidden."

\\·it h fresh knowledge; is the valmi.blc one: a n1l t hus
k11uwl cdge, aml eve r frc:;h k 11 o wk.Jg-1., must. ]Jc the

From all tl1is we

A nd Arn old <l ec LHes, t ha t tl 1e Lest sp iri t ual work of

infer that the trne critic i:; liot.h wi se a nd a learn er;

cri ticism is " to keep rn rrn from a se lf-satisfactio n w l1i c h

cri tic's g reat co nce rn for l1im sel f."

tau ght, pc rh:i. ps, by Llic very w ork Ll 1at lie rev iews,

is retarding and vulg;i.rizi ng, to lead him Lowa nl pe r-

sometim es led Ly a cl1ih l to tl1e
hi ghe r truth.

fect ion bv rnakin rr his mind clw ell 111)oll wliat is ex Gel -

p erception of a

'

The rul e for criticism has bee n summed up by Ar"d£.~inte re8t educss ."

1'reco 11 ce ivcd

no tio n:;, whirn ><, fancies, prcd il ec Lions, -

from all tl1ese

nold in one word, -

"

b

len t in itself, and t h e absolute l>cauLy a nd fitn ess of
things ."

His work will then reflect him at liis ber-; L.

.Agree in g tl1at c riti ci,;m is an arL wl1i eli concerns it.self
wiLh

cLemal

tl 1i11 g s,

with

"abiding

relatio1 1s,"

!o

and all s imilar th ings the mind of Llie critic must ]Je

quote Goethe through Symo11ds ; that the c riti c nce11s

fre e; he approa<.: ltcs a " ·ork to tesL it..
Truth is his mag ic warnl.

to he without prejudice, ancl to ha ve not 0111,v wisdom

\Vli;tt shoulcl he th e c1·iLi e;'s altitude?

Impe rsonal

but ~ds o kn owledge, Loth ge n e ral and special : tli<tt

If I were to

paint liim, it :;liould be ;i,r-; a liste ner, as 0110 r ece iving
unde rst;i,nd in gl y in to

:i. 111 ind

free from prejudice; but

he should unrnisL:ik;tlily sho w -

by l1is clear eye

ai 1d

noble l1 ead, by lii s repose an<l dig ni ty a11d spiritllal-

th e rule for crit icism is disinterestedness; an<l Ll 1at
the critic's mission
to the hest, -

j,;

h cll'fuln ess, the k eep in g of 111a11

what may we evol ve from all this for

the te:lclicr o[ elementary compos iti on?
With reference to h e rself, firs t of all, we

M C

smc:

108

EL J•,',\ff!-'N 'fAH J' C'OAfl'O .'ilTWN.

100

CRITfC/8 M.

1. That, she 1:;]1ould lmve, at, least Lhe berr innin rr of

work, :-:aw that th e re was n ot, apparently, t he lcai:;t hi t

wisdom.

2. That she :;lt ould. co 11 t,i11ually s ui1pl ement

of "the inner l1um<t11 1Jt!in g, l1i s thought a11 <l feeli ng' '

3. That s li e shonld

in it, aml :;aid, "Ern est., <li<l yo u e njoy d ui1 1g tltis?"

b

t his witl1 knowledge, Gulture.

b

have a spiri t of fa irnc~s , br i11g i11g Lo li e r work a ntiml

-

"No"m." -

free from prejud ices.

-

" \¥'hy?" -

B u t it see ms Lu me that eve n

more is r cq uired of the t eac he r -

and su the e riti e-

"0lt. I

hate

it! " -"Wl 1at Llo yon

lik c''"- "Drawi11 g ;md painting. " - " l cann ot be-

i n elementary co mposi t ion; li er ta:;k is li;tnl e r tJi rw

lieve you.

tl1:tt of on e wlto jwlges a grnat a1Hl fi11isl1iJcl produ c-

ask me Lo." -

tion.

t11rc -

Ofte n, !->l ie mus t malrn tlte creativ e ;tLrn osphcre,

must g ive tltc in1petu;;, mus t l1elp t lt c hal ti ng sp eech,
before material fp r critic is m ca11 be obt~l i n cd .

"f ltate co m position ."

" vVl1 y not?" -

You dl'a.w 11ot lti11 g here ." "011, yes, 1 <lid;

in words.

:t

' 'Yo n did11'L

desc rip tion is a p ic-

vV!t eru arc Ll1e l ife an<l spark le, a11tl

the g li tter and color, that w ere

O il

t h e J.IO!lll '!

I slt:dl

So it

not beli e ve t hat you like to <lraw arnl pain t until

seems to me t hat sympathy , a certa in kind of clair-

.vou sketch rtml color in word::; Ll1is scene o n t l1 e ice ...

voyance, -

Before the ir talk w~L:; over, the huy l1a<l Gt.:: t,.:cd to

th e

sccond-i:;ig l1t t ha,t can read a noth e r's

IT e had sugges teJ l 1is

mind and inte rpret it to l1 imself, - are n eeded by a

hate composi Li o n .

c riti c of t lt e most ele me ntary work.
my m caning : -

was li g htin g n p l1is pieture.

L e t m e illustrate

011

Ll i ne, a 11 tl

Then came Max, a wide-awak e litLl c follow, bu t

A composition teache r w l101n l 11srn l ()ftc n to sec

dreading his talk wit h

Ll1 c compos ition te1LClll'r ; for

had been t ol d of t wo hoys about Lo 011 tcr h e r cl as:-:.

he, too, c l1 e ri::;lt e<l a hatred for wtJrk wit.1 1 h11g11;\g t·.

"You can do not.bin g \\'iLl1 1.ltem ," said he r infol'lllant.
" Why 11 ot, '>"
· - "'l'l
. 10y <;are ·f or 11 ot I111· 1g but, draw.
ing." - "Oh, t h ey do (.;aru fo r drawin g, tlte11 ." She

"vVlt;tL do you lik e, Mrtx ?" -

ad ded m entally, " If tl 1cy cal'c fo l' any earthly t hin g,
th ey sl1 all care fo r c omposi t io11."

lie had bee n doing with music .

:t

skating-pond.

teach er intervi cwL·d tl1 c elde r, El'1H:st, first.

a yo ung gi rl, sweet "'nd in telli ge n t
lookin g , a11d older t ha n the boys. She "simply loathetl
compositi on work." - "Why?" - "Oh, I hate it! " ·"What d o you like? " - "Mathe mati c;; ." - "Then y o11
Late r

Tl ie

I fc h ad

came

will like eompo~ ition.

written practically 11othi11g Lnt a numbe r of short,
disconncdc<l s ta te mc 11 Ls .

A111l

he was sh o wn t hat he mi g h t d o witl1 words whrtt

The lJoy s e nte red lite class and \\'J'O Le an ex e rc ise,

a description of an afternoo n on

"J\lu s ic: ." -··T!tc 11 yo ll

like co mpo:o ition, 011 !.y yo n tl., 11ot lrnnw it.."'

The t(.;a(.;l1er g la11 ccd at J1is

mathematics?

7

Dut, le t me see, d o von li ke

Y ou havc11 't bee n exac t i11 this sen·

110
tc Hce.

You

1nea11, prn.ctic:i.lly,

that two

and two

make four; lrnt you h:ne contradi ctcll yourself, and
your scnlence j,.; v;duclcss.

111

( "JU 'J'l( ; JsM.

El, FM ENTAU l" CON /'(),<; /'/'ION.

It is as harl a;; if one of

Tl 1e teacher of elementa ry composition, m oreove r,
~h e lias, let

net.:ds to be both g e nerous n,nd patient.

It appears Lo

u s suppose, a paragraph to criticise.

yo ur s ig 11R in an algebraic cqnatio n slwuhl r epresent

have no meaning.

two Jiffcrent unknown quantiti es.

so ea::;ily ::;ay a dozen things that woul<l be to the

Take liack this

compo:;i Lion, and criticise it you r:;clf :ts you would

point.

critici::it.: yo nr work in mat.lrematics; then, l et me see
it ag ain."

the same thing -

Tlre 11 e x.t time tl1is tead1 er m et tho pupils Lo whom

She lo oks at its title.

Sbe mi g ht

Pitt's or Burke\; or Wcl,sLer's treatm ent of

dcn ce" -

perhaps the :rnhject is '· I mlepe n-

co m es inLo lier mind.

of tcmpta,Lion.

This i:; li..;r rnoment

No; she will not yield, ])li t will fin<l

we l1av 0 r e ferred, sin.: actually liaJ something from

out wl1at Llri s pupil m eant, or get him

eacl t that ,.;h e couhl c riti ci:;e wit.Ii e 11joyme 11t a.nd profit

orally.

for all.

dertrly wliat li e meant.

Erne:;t l1a1l made a skeleh- :t clu 1m;y but

prn1nisi ng 011e -

and lie helped the teaelier Jln<l in it

Li1e trnc a11d r eject the false.
work over it a Reco111l t ime.

Aml he wi :;hed to
Max: lmd doHe so me-

she can, n,L hst, c ri tic i:;e in ::;ucli a way as to create
"rt cunent of t,rne ancl fresh ideas.''

No matter what

Pi tt or Burke or W el,:;tcr might think or say; that.,
aL first,

hoyi sl1 mind rnn:;t 1e di:;covered and
speech .

is of no consequence ; the tl1011 g lit in tl1 c
clothed with

That will 1 e l1is victory ; he will hegin to

All w e re cager for cri L i c i~rn - the eri tieis1 11 that creates,

l ike composition.

as Arnol<l s:tys,

diamon1l has bee n hrnught to li g l1 t, h e

'':t

current of true and fresh ideas."

The d catl were n,] i vc.

it

vV ith Lhe thought uttered,

th in g rl1ythmic with word:;, ::t.J)(l sai1l that lie wo uld like
girl li:id a p:tge that :<:till Wlll eth ing in accurate fa:;hion.

tell

And th e n sl 10 will h elp l1i111 Lo write out

to write the word,., fo r a. fa 111ili:tr a ir.

And th e yo un g

to

LrtLer, after l1is own 1iltl o r011gl1
may,

with

profit, stw1y some ge ms of lite rature that. expre::;s a

It may have !we n notcll tlrnt t lre ei'iLicisms of this

thought si milar to liis own.

As young childre n

I 1l ord er to oht:ti n mate ri al, the teache r of clemen-

ca1lll nt do the fi11c::;L work that calls into play the

tn,ry compos itio n needs to cultiva.te in li er pupil:; the

fi11 c::;t

power both to t liink m id to feel ; for only out of

t en,ch e r wore hrn:1<l ones, :-tt first.
mnsclcs

witl1out

li:nrning themselves, so, in

tl roi r writing, if Ll 1cy develop natnrally, they will not,

the fnlness of the mind and . li en.rt can th e rnontl1

at first, s how g reat Hicdy n.n<l perfection in <letails,

speak; only t11uR can composition revea.l "the innt:r

but will rall1er gai 11 broad effocL:;,

hum;w being, hi ::; tli\lugli t and feeling ."

.l

l

112
So, to the q11aliti s rcc]ltirc1 l in a c ritic o[ adult
work, we wonl<l add for the teacher

or

clc 1nc11Lary

composi tion : a kind of sylllpathet i<.: seco nd -s ight, enabl ing li er to read eve n " ·hat is obsc u re in Lhe childish
mind, gcncrnsity and p:Ltie11ce c11oi1g li to 111ak e her
su<.:ccssfnl in bringi11g to li gl it :wd l1 e lpi11g to shape
l1:tlf-forn 1cd Ll1011gl1ls, a1ul the power to muse t houg ht
and to foed t.110 sc 11sibili ties .
u s to co1rnidcr.

1l ow sl1:tll criticis111s lie mad e., Shall

we see each pupil liy l1im se lU
desirabl e ancl prolitalilc.

Tl1at is often most

But ch:-;s-1·001n <.:riti,;is m is

If we 1111de rtake it, :;li:dl wu appro:Lcl1 our

c lass a.s if t hey we re (lllr vidi111s, :llld scl'k lo conceal
onr sharp knife by

:i.11

:tpologetic licari 11g'!

Shall they

foel th:Lt we arc alJo ut to make a savage :t1 1d pe rsrn 1al
attack, n.nd, as a conseq 1H·n ee of trncli fl'1:li11g

011

their

par t, shall we con ceal lit e identity of Ll1u boy or girl
to be critic ised'!

"Hy

110

means," l slinnld :t11swer Lo

I would l1:tve a class lea rn to
consider its own work im1•a rl ially; I w<)Lll <l have imli -

all th e:;e questions.

viduals do the same.

I would sl1ow Llil·111 tl1at only

vani ty can create rC'::;tl cssncss or pain under c ri Lici:mi.
Something after tltis .fashi<m, it mi g ht be: "To-day, we l1avc o m firs t talk about wltat; we did
la.st week.

Tltese talks :1.re meant to help e ve rybOLly

-yo u and me.

criticism; just as you would tell hi111 if Lhere were a
bunch of httrr:; on liis coat-sleeve. "

Tf _rn11 feel fri endl y toward a11yone,

you will criti cise l1illl . pwvid<:ll yon ha\"e grounds for

Tl1cn I wn1d<l

select, <t boy, a11d say, ·• 'W e will take your parag ra.pl1
lirst.

BuL before your friends -

he lp yon, l1elp yo ur:;elf.

Llw cla:;s and l -

You are a wee k older than

wh e n you wrote tlie exerc i:;e; you have, undoubted ly ,

gn wn mentally.

Wl1ile your frie11tls are

beeo111e your o wn judge."

But there is ldt, it seems to rnc, another uoint for

inevitabl e.

113

C f( I'f / CJ.\N.

good <ll~ al for ltinisel f.

tlii11ki11g,

Often, a Ol>.)' wi ll do :L

Afte r Iii:; own eriticis n1, if 110

one vol u n L1!e r::; a1lll there are e vid e nt faults, I w o u IJ
say, pe rI t:t l ,,..,· " I

"~.

rn sony that you arc

not more

Ji" p11 lar . "
f11 all my own experience of many years l h n.ve
lll:ver f()tllHl it dilli c ult to ha ve l;oth ehss and teacher

criticise freely, a11d yet k~ve the feel ing of goo<l-followslt ip in crease .

If tltis direct me thod he u:-;ed , it

is no t long before a pupil asks for critiei:;m, as naturally as h e mi g ht ask whe ther or not !tis hat n eeded
brnsl.1i11 g.

If his cl:tss give tl 1e criticism, h e is as little

offcmleLl as h e woukl have bee n had his teaclier done so.
Willi:t111 E . Dodge, in a practical talk to a cla.c;s of
boys a11<l gi rls aLout to grncl ua.te, assured them that
:rn important factor in their success an<l influ ence
wou ld be exact knowledge of. themsel ve:;, -

of their

own stre1wth
a 1Hl wea,lrn ess, alld of their ability or
0
lai:k of ahility in :L11y spec ial diredion.

Stwh criti-

cism as the <'Liss criticis m just described helps a pupil
to estimate liimself.

..

·\~.«

,.,Hi~
i'.l

114

Fi1 l
':i

ELEMENT.ARY COMP081TION.

It follows, therefore, that the teacher of elementary
composition is something more than a critic; she is a
maker of critics. If her classes become heedful, if
she rouses "currents of true and fresh ideas," she
will have done more for them than the mere elucidation of pages in gramman; an<l rlietorics, or the
correction of dozens of formal exercises, could have
done. EJ.ucation is, of course, progre::;:;ive, and it is
the teacher of elcmenta.ry composition that begins to
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The Arden Shakespeare.
The greater plays in their literary
aspect, edited by scholars of literary as well as academic distinction,
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JN this edition an a ttempt is

made to present the
greater plays of the dramatist in their literary aspect,
and not merely as material for the study of philology or
gramma r. Critic ism purely verbal a n<.I textual ha.s been
inclu<.led to such an extent only as may se rve to help
the student in his appreciation of the essential poetry.
Questions of da te and literary history have been fully
dealt with in t he Introductions, but the larger space has
been devoted to the interpretative rather than the matter-of-fact order of scholarsh'ip.
The aim is to set forth an adequate literary and artistic interpretation of Shakespeare, free from the metaphysical and morali zing perversion, the superfine intellectuality, and all the misconceptions of dramat ic art
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Richard the Second. - Edited by C. H. HERFO~, Litt. D:, Tri_nity College, Cambridge ; Professor of En~hsh. at University
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212 pages.
,
Macbeth. - Edited by E DMUND K. C HA~!llERS , B.A., formerly
scholar of Corpus Ch ri sti College, Oxford; Chancellor's English Essayist, 1891. 188 pages.
Julius Cresar. - Edited by ARTHUR D. l NNV-S, M.A., fo rm erly
scholar ol Oriel College, Oxford. 144 pages.
Hamlet.- Edited by EDM UNO K. CHAMUERS, Il.A., formerly scholar
of Co rpus Christi College, Oxford. 224 pages.
. .
As You Like It. - Edited by J. C. SM1T11, B.A_., formerly exh1b1ti oner of Trinity College, Oxford; Lecturer 111 Owens College,
Victori a University. 182 pages.
Twelfth Night. - Edited by ARTHUR D. I NNFS, M.A., formerly
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Richard the Third. - In press. Edited by GEOR~E MACDONALD,
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The Merchant of Venice. - Edited b:,:
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Principal of the Borough Road Tra1mng C~llege; forme rly
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The Tempest. - Edited by F. S. IloAs, M.A., Balliol College, Ox·
ford .
Coriolan us. - Ed ited by WALTER WORRALL, I.I.A., Worcester College, Oxfo rd .
Cymbeline. - Edited by A. J. WYATT, M.A., Cantab. et Lond.
King Lear. - Edited by W. H. Lo w, M.A., London.
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American Literature.
An Elementttry Cf'ext-Book for use
in H igh Schools and Colleges .

A N I NTRODUCTION TO THE

Study of English Fiction .
By W IL LIAM EDWARD SIMON DS, Ph. 0 .
Prn{cMO r of English L itera ture, K nox Colle-ge.

By JULIAN HAWTHORNE a nd LEONA RD LEM MON.
T I-IE purpose has been to make this hook a u organic, liv ing structure ; to have the authors treated appear to t he pupi ls as l iv in g
·, :ersu ns; to e nable pupils to comprehe n d n ot o nl y t he n a tu re o f
the mint! ·an<l geni us o f authors, hut also what th ey tried to accump lish and how near they came lo accomp lishi ng it. An effort is
made to keep the pup ils reminded, co ncur re n tly, of the ge n eral histo ri cal situation du ring th e variuus lite rary periods, and how the
literature was affected th e reby ; and o f t h e pol itical o r o th e r references th a t se r ved to give b ias and tone to literary productions. The
book does n ot follow any "f the hack neye<l methods; it a ims to
stimulate th e pupil's t h ought rather than tax h is mem ory.
I t is t h o ught that, upon two fundam e ntal points o f i ts p la n , it will
fully meet t he r eq uirem e nts o f teache rs; it is ri ch in m a ter ia l a n d
exercises for the study of literature itself; it is believed t hat it will be
fo un d a sa fe guide in its lite rary r ecord a n d judgincnts.
CO NTE N TS. INTR ODUCT ION: I. Colonial Literature. I t. Benjami n 1"rank li11 . I [(. The Revoluti on ary Period. JV. Pionee r l'eriOO . Se/,.t lt"u1u.
~- Sm.nc Sta t es~1c n a~d J-lis\ ('l ri:m s. VI . l'oc 1sc1 ( the F irgt l htlf Century.
Sd~d1011J and E.:ureues.
VII. Hr.ligi o ns a n d Sod.ti Reformers. Selections .inti E .uro"scs. VIL N;-i1ltani c l Hawt h orne. IX . F ro m Hilwtho r ne
to Bret Harte. Seledions 1111.I J:.'.a·er.·i.u s. X . The Jnuuvators. X I.
\V.-it e rs of T o-day : 1. TJu .l111111:i11llfi-;1e G ruu/J . :z. Analytic N qtJe/i.sts.
3· Romantic 1V01.•ehrls.
i · Dialu l Novelists. 5. Nat uralist s. 6. E.ss"lvi.rts a n d Hist orifl11s. 7. f l11111or 1'sl s.

Cloth. 350 p a ges . Illustrated.

I ntroduction p rice , $1.1 2.

NGL1 S H fict ion is em inently worth y o f the at te n tion ufthe studen t o f literatu re, a nd the h is tory o f its developme nt is a subject n ut unsuited to t he methods of the cl ass -r .. om. The purpo<;c
of t his volume is tu pruvide 1nater ial fo r a co mparative stud y u f lJUf
ficti o n in its. suc ce ssive ep<1chs, a n d fv r an intell igent t:S timat . .: 1>f the
ch aracteristics a nd merits uf ou r story-tellers in th e va rious stages u f
th e ir art. The h .. uk is in,Juctive in plan. A brief hist u rical l> Utline
is presen ted in five introductory chapte rs wh ich bear tl1c fvll .,wing
t itles: I. Old English S tory Tellers.
lT. The R om:111cc al tl1e
Court o f Elizabeth. ll l. T h e Rise of t he Novel. IV. The Perfect io n of the Novel. V. Tende n cies of To-day. VI. Books fur
Refe rence and Reading. These chap ters are followed by twelve
t ex ts illustrative of the different pe ri ods descr ibed. These sd~di<>n<
a rc: I. Beow ul f. II. King Horn. III. Arcadia . IV. F •.ri>onius
and P riscer ia (enti re ) . V . Doru n 's \Vuoin g. VI. Shc1•hnds'
Wi ves' Song.
V II . J ack Wiltvn.
V II I. Euph uism ( frum ",\
Margarite o f America"). I X. l'vfoll Flanders. X. Pamela. XI.

E

Tom Jo nes.

XI!. Tri st ra m Sh andy.

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its practical usefulness.

C . P . Richardson , l 'ro/essO'r of Eng-lislr, D arlmorJl!t Coll~K': The book
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Webster and Burke.

The Literary Study
of the Bible.

Edited by A.]. GEORGE, A.M.
Select Speeches of Daniel Webster.

An account of the Leading Forms of Literature

represented in the Sacred Writings.
for English readers.

Intended

By RICHARD G. rlOULTON, Ph.D.,
Pro!cswr of Lite rature in English in the U 11iversity of C hicago.

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forms as epic, lyric, dramatic, ct.:., so far as they appear in one of
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all liberal education.
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to !he Sacred Li terature. Book I I; Lyric }:toetry of the Bible. HOl1k 11 l :
Bib lical Hist ory and Ep ic. Book IV: The Philo15ophy of the Bihl t: , or
\Vi!'.Ciom Literature. Hnok V: Biblical Literature of Prophecy. Book VI:
Biblical Li terature of H h etoric. Ai>P P.NJJrcrcs.- 1: l.itentry Index to the
Hible. II: Table~ of Lite ra.1·y Form. I 11: On th e Structural Printing of
Scripture. IV: Use of th e Digres!'.ion in 11 Wi$dOm ."

William F. Warren, Pres1dnd o/ Bnslo1t Univ~rsily (in Zicn's H1rnld):
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EBSTER'S name is unquestionably the greatest in American
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Burke's Speeches on the American War,
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