~1ANUAL

A SCIIOOL
OF

ENGLISI-I
I

C0~1POSITION,

FOR ADVANCED GllAi\BIAR GRADES, AND FOR

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HIGH SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, ETC.
i•

BY "\VILLI.AM S\VINTON,
AUTH OR 01'' "HaR.l'Etl'S LA!;GUAGE Slma:s," .. UlULE WOHD · DOO K, " J>TC.

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NE'V YORK:
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F' R A N K L 1 N

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H ARVA RD \
UN 1\/ ERS IT Y)i
LI BRA RY

PREFACE.
T111s little Look is not an a<l<liti on to th e already large number
of rl1 l:tvrics anJ other works on th e th eo ry aml mysteri es of ;;tyli:!.
lt is st ri ctl y a manual fv r sehool-work, anll bas be(' n 111:1d e '' itli
spec ial rcfL: n.: nce t o tl1 c uti vnal rc111 ull clli 11g rece ntly acc,H 11pli:-licd,
or nnw in th e way of OL:i11g aL:co 111plisl1 ed, in tl1 c Cut1rscs uf :-;lt1.Jy

l•'. 11tc rcJ nccu r<li ng to A ct of Co ngress, in th e year I 8 77,
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In the OJtice uf tl1c Lilirnrian of Congress , at \ Vus liingtuu.

111 o t1r p ulJlic sd1 nob-a remo1l dli 11g in \1·hi cl1

l a11 gu agc - lrai11i 1 1 .~

fu r tl w first time receives th e atknti"n tliat is its d11c. Th e 1ni tc r
trtt:- h tl1 at in <p1iring teachers will li11J it in li:1rn 1v11y witl1 th c: r
1 i:; 11·s a1Hl ailll s.
In tin ~ plan here a1lop Led, co rnpos1twu 1s OL:g11!1 11·ith tl1 e r ery
C<> lllllll'll 'l' lll cnt vf th e s tudy, and is ca rri <'d on p 11ri p11 s.. n \1·itli tli c
llen:l"p111 e11t of mi es and principles. I t i,.; a 111:1fl t·r <•f <' <1 11111w n
experi L· nce that cliil ,lre11',.; po11·cr ,,f pr\)duci11 g, i11 an l' lllJliri L·a l way,
is rn1J<· li in mhan cc of 1.heir knowl edg-c of 1.l ie rali11n ale vf writ ing- ;

l1 vt1 l'l', in tl1 e j>l't_·sv nt \\'t1rl>, ]'llJ>il ,.; al't : llt1l b·pt La,· k fr" 11 1 tl1 e i111pru1· in~ e:-;e rci"e of ar.t ual 1·11 11 1po:"il.io11 llll Li l tl1<·y l1 a1·l' 111a,;l1·n ·d tl1 e
t·1111qili1·atc<l details of rhC'l li ri cal ll1 eo ry. lt ~ l111 1d d Ill' ;1thl<-d, liuwcr cr, tl iat th e <l cma ntl s mad e on tl1 c stlwlar _will nut lie fotrnd
yontl liis po\r er:::.

], ~ .

He is rn·o1·i,Jc'd wi th th e rnali·ria l tu work on,

ard l1 is a![ ,'. nt inn is li111i ll'<1 to tl1 c prOCC'"" "f l>1 1i),!i11 g· tl1i ,; 1n alnia l
i1 it ,1 ,, 1i npc- tl1 c antl1or' s cu nricti on li l' in g tl1 at trai11i11 g i1 1 till' art
of

e.l'Jll'l'!f!fiun

is as mud1 as ca n \ri ,;c ly Le ai1 tH· cl at i11 sd1uv l cum -

pusiti on. Pupils mu,.;t fir:;t lie ta11 g-ht how to u·rite at all, l.Jcf,>rc
th r·y ca n he sl1 o w11 li ow to write wd/- a maxim that l1as I~ eve r licc ll

ont of min<l in t he making of thi s book.

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l'fll:.'f'A CE.

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In Ck1 ptcrs I. - TV. th e sclwlat is initi ated int o t!t c co nstru ctiu n
and coml1i11at i011 of sc nt cnccs-1111\lcr wliid1 head a great rnri l'ty

C 0 NT EN 1., S.

o f pr;H:li cal t·xcrc i:-;cs wil l b e fo unt!.
fn ( '!1a!'kl' V. it i:-i so ug ht t u cxl<·tHl l1i s re~o nrcl'S •1 f 1':\j> n·ss in n

by acc usto111i11g liim t o vary Loth th e st ru ct ure and the pl1rasc11 l1l.:.:)'
of scutcnc <:s.

In C lw pte r \'I.

wl1 at ca n :-icl rn11 t;1~eous l y

1c

t:111ght

to l1oy:=i a1 1d

I N TH O OUCT ION . .. . . . ...... . ... ...• . ... ... .. - ..... ... . .. . . . · · · · · · "'1 Al 'TE M.

l. T1rn Srn l'r. r-:
11.
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hnpcs will L•c f1>1 11Hl Lc1 tlt frc,d1 a1Hl fruitful.
C hapter Vil. dcals with tl1 c colllposition l•f Tlt ernes aml Es~ays,

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l' t;t\C 'ITA TJU:" 01' 'I'l l 1-: ~!)I i 'U; ::lE:'i TES CE . .. .... . .. - . - . . .
::l r sTu E~ r ::> uF '!'Im ::l D11·LE :::!E:'iTE:>cE .. . .. .... ..

CO)l !'LJ·: x: St: :'iT E,'>; ('8 .. - . .. . .. . . . . . . - . -- - .. - . . - - . - ..
NA'IT l (E OF TllE CU)l l' LEX :3E ST E:\('JL ... - . . . . --

11.
Il l.

o n rnodcb adantcd to a fair c:-;t irnatc of tli c pupil's capac ity.

Chapter \'I II. prcsc uts a su mmary of Prosody ant! \' ersilkation.
It bas scctllcd to tl1 c writ er tliat there is rno m for a st.:11001
lll:mual A prose composition of rn c1liurn size , an angcll on a si111ple
aml nat mal pla n, :mll llesign cd, not to teac h t lic tl ico ry of styl e a1lll
C'l'itieism, but t u gi r c sd1onl-cl 1illl rl' n l1d\\' et• n th e al_(cs of t.w1·lr0
an<l sixt ee n a fair maste ry nf tl1 c art of wri ting g1111d En f.( li sh, f11r
th e ordinary nscs of li fe. Such li e has cn dearorctl to mnkc tli e

I.
11.

JI I.
IV.
IV.

En;;lish Co111posi lion.

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;:)1-: :o;-r1cs 1· 1·::> .. . ....... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. .
:-;EYn : scE" .... . ..

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Cu:11111:>ATltJN 0 1' S E:>TEli l' E ::! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . ... . .. . .

OF ExP1rn ~s 1u'i . ..
.. .......... .... .. .
\1 . \l<l :\T l 1 ) ~ 1 :..; .-\J:JL\:" ! ;E:\11 ~ '"1' A:-..11 bfHLt: Tl "}{t.; .. .
\ ' _, !' 1 :\ ·r i ( , :-..; (. ,. J '111: A ' i : 11 1, 11;; i
. . . . . . .. .

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(Jr; STYLE . . . . . .. ..... . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .. . .... . .... ..

1. c u o1cE
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\\'u1w,; .... . .. .. . -....... . -....... -. - . . -- -. -.

Co:-;sTH l 'CT I OS. _ . . ... ...• .•. .. •.. - .•. . • - . • . .. . · · - ..
FIGL'HE::! Ul' 1. .\:'iGL:,\(iL . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ....... ..

\ii. T1 1u1r-s ANJI E~_, _\\s .. . ..... .. .. ............ .. .. ..
l. ::'T l(J 'l " ITHE (JF

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{'<•:> T lt.\l''l' I O:'i U I'

\ ". \ · ,uu1-: TY

Vlil.

NOTE TO

. .. ..

:\ATl' l:lc .. , . TllE c, : )(l'Ut;:\IJ ;::i;.;:o;TESCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
<_:n:o;T1u c Tt: 1> Co) JJ'u 1·:-; 11 ::lE:>TE:'i c E ,; .... ... - •• - ..•. .. l ' lJ 'i C'lTAT l u"i OF C1n 11 ·uL':'i 1J ::lE;>;TESC~;:;, ... •. .. • .. - . ::lY:>Tl ll c~ J:; OF Cu:111 ·u l"ll St: sT1::>cE::1 .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .

CO:>\'El\SIU:-i A:\IJ Cu:'>JB J:'iATl\J:; OF Si::>TE:\ C £ S. . . . . . . ...... .

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prese nt Gu,, k

Young Compose r; Dal9!eish's En;;li::ift Cump osi tion; Ar111:slroJ1y':J

l' c :o; c Tt ' ATJ O:> o F Tll E Co)!l'LEX S 1; s -rEscii: . •.• •. .. • .
::ir:>T1 11-:s i:; OF THE Co)Il'J.E X: SE:'iTESCE ... .. . - . - . . .

lll. Tim Cn\11•u 1::-11 1 ::;1.: -.TE:-\C8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iI

The ackn owl l' dgm ents of tl1c a11tl1 or arc 1l uc to tl1c f, ,Jl o11 in~
works: .E'11.1//ish ]'rose Composition, l >y J'A)1£ S Cc 1rnrn; ('o n111•ul /'s

f~o;TE:"CI': . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . ... .. .• •...•.... .. . . . . . .. . .

f_ \'.\'J'l·;rn OF TllE ::l l \Jl'Ll~ :3r: :o;TE:" CE . .... . .. .. .. .. .. .

g irls res pectin g style is 1m·sc nte1l in a for m wli iclt th e antlt ur

'I'll F.:,1 1;,;, - . .. . • - - • - . . ... . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .. • . • .. - . . ... .
1 -: :< .~A r" -

l'HOSO D\' Al\ J) V E ltS ll-'I CAT!OS .

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El ll'l'IO>i.

Th e need fur a ne w sl'f, of l'il'droty!' t' plat 1';; :i ri ,. i11g, tl1 " :1111 l. .. r

has a\·aikd l1i111 s1:lf o f ll 1e 0pp11 rt1 111ity t"

Ill a kc a thu ro ug li n ·1 i ~ i1111

, ,f tli is work, aml t o a<l<l the c hapter (VI 1 I.) on Prosotly antl Y crsi·
ficatio n.

W.S.
Sep tem her, 1877.

AT)PENDTX... ........ ... .. . .. ............ .. ...

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St : ~DI A l\ Y

B.

EX:l'LA.NAT!O:i OF TEIL\IS .•• . ..• • .. ••••..• ••.• . •• ••• . •••• .•• • . . - . . . I'-'~

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Pt 'l\C'J'i',\Tl lJ'.'I . . - ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .. - .... - - . - . - .. - . .

'. •7

ENGLISH COMPOSITIO N .
..

INTRODUCTION ..

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1. Composition

(ll 1at i,.;, llt1 1·u 1·y C'<111q1us it iu11 ) 1,; tlu..: art
of cx 1in.:ss i11 n<» tlw111rl1 t ],v
;1•"c.
J lll C:tll S of lanu·11
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I. Tit <) :1 rt of crn 11p n,; iti(l11 i,; n·g ul:1t<.:11 11y ti!(' pr i1 l<'ipl1·:; of rl1d"ri1 ·.
Or t ile SCi<·ll C:C or t J1e l' .\[l !"(':;,;ion o f tJ1011 .~ J1 (. "f{ J1ctn riL"," ~ . 1 y ,.;
Da in, "L1iscus;;l' :; til e~ llH':tll S ll'ilcn.: liy l:rn gu:1g(', ,;pukl·1t or ll'rilt< n,
lll '. t} J,e r1.:11 d 1.: n: t1 1.:ffcct i I'<'."
IT. JU1 1.:to ri c C' an n ot s uppl y us wi llt lh o ug h t::1. 'fh l'::iC 1!1 114 orig·i
n:ile in tl :c rni1 :d i hl' lf, l1y tl1e operation , co11 ,;c:irn1,; " r 111 w1>11~C' i o11 ,: ,ot"ti1 ,: i11t.-!it' Ctu:tl f:H·uJt il'~ .
n11t \1·i1 .. 11 \\t' l1a1·,. 1)11• 11•:l1h
wl1icl1 w e w i .~ li to p ut fo rt.11 , rilet u ri l'a l 11rt in s t nwh ''" i11 t l1t~
111.:,; t nll'tltnd ofcx pn:s~ing am! arran g in g ti1cm - i11 ot l1t·r 11.,r.J ., ,
n!" g iYin g tli c m litc rury f'or lll .

2. So11tonco, Paragn1,ph, Discourse.

Tl1< '. ('. .\ [m "'' 1"1 1

(,r

n :::it i<..:·lc COlllpi ctc t lio u:. : lit is a 8 1 nfriU'r '.
Thu e xprc,;s i()ll uf a Ct11111cctc d :sc rit·,.; <•f tl1<>11 .'...'.·l 1h (111''" : r:;i1 1
o f tlto11µ:l1t .. ) is effcdcd l1y llH'all :3 ., fa :ocril':3 "f ;;1 :11 t1 ·:w1 ·;;,
l.t t'l llill:_:;

;l

j1tl1 '1U/1'1ij' /1.

The d c n .: lt> p 1n c n t of a v:Ji\,] c s uhj cet e1>ll:'tit1itl·;; 1/i .. , ,,: 1
\\'l' itte11 or :::pnkcll, in 01lC C1 1' utit l' l" uf its lti:tllif"Jt[ f.,1·1 1!" .
T ii t·

llln ~ t

gcnnal di visio11 ot"1/i~cu11r:ie in its l:1r1:,. st. s .. 11,;<' gi1·.. , 11111
cu111position: I. Ctn!P O~ ITIU N I N !'1(0 ~ 1 ·:. ll. ('<•.\It' " r;-; YEHSE. l'rnsc compositiun ns;:;u111cs u ~rcat varilly

r.. rn 1:< of
" 'Tl OX

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F.'NGUS!I CO.If POS!T/O.\~

3

TliE Sl.llPLE SENTi.'X CE.

of. forn:s - from tli c fu g itil'l! n ewspaper arti cit; to th e clab orato
sc1c11t1Ja; or hi s t ori ca l treati se ; so, also , ,·c rsc ranges from tiw
so 11;; to t lie l'jli C.

for111,.; of discuurs(~ wliid1 w ill bo consid ered in
t~ 1is l)(lok are tl1 ose uf, ( 1) tli e co111position ; (2) t.lie //l('l!u' ;
and (0) t.l 1e essa!J.

3. Tl1c

-F.- ~

CIIJ\ PTER I.
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

I N AT u }{ E

0 l"

T II E

s l M l' L E s E N T E N c .E.

4. A simple sentence cu11s isti; of one inJ cpc11d e11t pr111• ·
~~i t iu rt.

In. beginning
the w o rk of eolllpo::;itiun - writin ncr tlie fu].
.
1ov: rn g pulllt:; are tu Le n uted :
1\•rmiual .M:trks. - 1. l':::e a pniot1 (.) nt tl1c en d of a <1 l'c larnti rn
or an '.llij)l' '."<l li\·e SC lltl'll Ct;; a po i1 1L or i11 !c 1Tt1)-:·Ht io n (!)at tiic
encl of :lll llli!'!"l'oga l i\'C S<.: llll ' IH'l'; <Illd a p11i11t of l'X 1·ia111 :1tio11
C) al t li e ('ild of a11 an (·X<·la111at in' >'l'llk1i c·e.
2. A ]H.: ri11d is ll :-il' d afl l' r cn·r)· a ldJ rc\'i·1ti 1i·1 · ·is " U,. , . '\'·
l , L ~ I·
11n g ( llll ;" ..

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3. A period i,; used art(' r a title or li ca <lin!!, anl1 aft er an Hfldrl'::;s
or a signa ture: as," .\lilto11'::; l':1rndi~c J,ust." "Chapte r Ill.. "
"A. T. Ste wart., Bro:td\\'a y, New Y<J rk.' '

CnJJ il:tls . - A ca1>ital lettn s ho uld l1ciri11 1. Tl1 u fi r,;t w o rd o f e\'l'I'} st·t111'111 ·e. "'
2. Tl11· tirsl w ord or C \ '('1'.)' lin e of pnl'! ry.
8. T l1 c lir,; t. word of c·,·c·ry ilir1•1 ·t •111 otn l icm .
4. All J•rc>p l' r noun s and prop er adju: tin·~.
G. N°1111 l!::> of' tl1i11 gs p c· r,;nnilit·• I.
G. N:1 111 es ot' t li e da y,; of tlie \\'l' l' k , and of' tl1 e mont li s o ft li e Y<'a r.
1
Jrn t not o f til e SC:lSUll'°'.
.
7. All w ords use d as titl es, or p:trti cula r nam e·.
8. N am es of t he S uprem e Being.
9. Tli c pron ou n I, th e i ntc rjeC'tion 0. and sin gle lette rs forniiiw
0
ul11Jrc viulion::; ~ h o ulJ Le capit:tl~.

Jt it> li111itcll to a si1wl
n c 1ircJi cation, but Illa •)' cu n tain an
i11dctiui te 1111111bcr of won.b auJ phrases.
A simpl e se n te nce can CiJ11,;i,;t only of 1cor1ls a1111 p/in1.<e« ; lll'C:'l lt ~c,
it' another clause or uwl/(lwr is intrudu c:cd, the sc utcncc bcco rn e8
cit.her co mpl e x or co nq10111HI.
Each of th e rvl1 0 \\'i11 g se n te nets i;; sirnpl c1. Birds fly .
S1J111c liir<ls Jl y tmif'tly.
3. So ni c liird s or prry tly wry s wiftly.
4. Some bird s of prey, !t a ving tly \\'ith i t ve ry S\viA:l y to t h eir
:secured th eir vi ctim ,
n os h.
l. Tl1 c fir st exa mpl e illu strat es lit e s impl c~t forn1 of tl1 r si mpl e
sc ul l' llCC. It consist:; o f' tl1e s11l1jl'l:l· a111l prcdic al(', \\·itl1011t all·
jll ll ('tS. In th e t hree sc 11t c11cc·s folio\\ i11g, th e sn l,ji ·c·L and tl1c
prcc1i r ak arc e1tlarcicll , or modif ie d , liy tl1 c grad ua l additinn of
ecrtain p:1rt iculars. Tlt c first sc: nten ce is a sort ot' skc·kt"11; in
tilt· s Ul'('l'cdin g se nten ce,; thi s IJL:c:u111 c:,; d otlt cd \\·itl1 Jk , 11.
lL :-;,·11t •· tH"' ·I 111 :1y 111• 1 ·\11r1 · ~~ • · d tl111 !' :
t' 11111 1; I Jiri\~ or [•1' <')° 1 Wh t: :t tl11·y l 11 lH~ SCC lllT ll their\ idi11 1, I!} \\it ii it \ •·ry
~.

i; willly t o th ei r

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:->incc a simpl e sc nt cn(' c 1·:111 ,·, rnt.t i11 liut one "u l.j1·ct •lll\1111w l•r .I i
Ca( e, it is pl<till ti tat tl1i ,; l':llllH >t lie a Silllpk Se llkll< l'. 1 f111' l li e rc:if;O l1 t lta t it contain s tmi s ubjects and two p rulic ·ate~.
Tlt i; tir4
~1il 1jc · rt i;;" l1i n1s ;'' its p red icate is" fly." T!w seco n1l ;: uLjr·l'l i.-i
" tl1 1;y ;" it s pr<'dical c is" ha ve 8Cc urcd." lt i~ a ('<• lll!'l •·\ ~··11·
1

t e ll Cl!.

\ ~ome l1in1 s of prey fly \vitl1 it. 1.1l11·ir
tim ) Vf:ry swiftly lo t!t eir n ests.

Prindpal St11tement . . . ... .. /
S ulionlinate Statement ....

founcctlrn . .

\V!t cn tl1 L:y have secured their victim .

. . l Vli en .

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1.:XC'LJS !l CO .lfPOSJ T f OS.

5

'J'ff/:,' S /.1/J' J, J.; Sf.",\ "J'I·.'.\ Cle .

III. Se nt ence 4 may also lie tran ~ formed into the followin rro

Some lJ ird~ of prC'y s ecure tl1 t: ir vil'ti1 ll , and tlt c n Jl y wi t h it very ~wiflly t o
tll e ir n es ts.

In tl1i s i'r1 rm tli e se nt ence cann ot lie simp le, 11ccan sc it co nt:i ina
11 :orc tli:111 one s ul ijcct and one prc.dicatc. And it c annot lie
<«irnplc x , b cc:1use eac h of lli c mcmucrs is in de p e nd ent. 1t i:;
tlicn: fo r c a compound se11f e11c·r.

IL

PuN CTL' ATIO.'.'I

oF

::::l r'>I I'LE

TH E

SEXTENCE .

5. Punctuation is the art of iJl(li cat i11 g , l 1y 111 ca 11 ,; uf
po in ts, whi eli elc 111cnt:s of a sentence arc tu \Jc Cu ll j•JillcU,
:rnd whi ch scparatcJ, in m e:1ning.

6. The p oin ts m:Hle use of fo r tl1i:-> p urp n:-:(3 arc:
The JH'rio«l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The ( 0111 ma ... .
'l' he semicol on ... . ... .

EXERCISE 1.

A.
~ up p l y appropriate s nbj cets, so ns to mak e co mpl ete sm1tplc Sl'J1tC11 Cl's : tl 1t1 S.. .. .... fat;,, nrgmi rf Si!J!il.

Tltc rye b tltc org-a n o f s ight.

1. .... ... . i ~ llt e orga 1, ,,f ~ ig l1 t.
~ - . .. . .... u 11 !Ja ln1 ed lit e l" •tli l's of tltf'ir cl en tl.
3 ...... . .. ~ UJ>Jdic s u~ w ith k:t.
4 .... . .. .. is the mo ~ t u ~L'f·ul metal.
5. ... . .. . . i 11 di cat.cs lit e :1f'proaC" h of winter.
G.. . . .. .. . h ealkd a limit e1 l rn o11 arelty.
7.
preae lt ccl a flu e se rm o n.
8 ......... were patrio ts .

. . . .. .. . . . . •

0

'l'he <:olou... . .

. . ... .. . .. .

The dash .. . .. . .. ...... . .. . . . ...... · ····

7.

The occasional puints-the use of which 1s suflieicntly
indicated hy their nam es-arc:
The mark of i11t c rro~a tio11 ... . . . .. . ... 'l
'l'h e mark or 1·xda111atio11 . .
. . . . . ... .
(~uota tio11-1:1arli~ . . . . . ..... . ..... . ..... . '.
The 11:1renthesis . . . . ..... .. .. . .. . . . . ... . ( )

"

8. General Rule. -In simple sentences tho on ly points

n.
Snpply appl'opriate predicates, so as to mak e complete
tlins -

HimjJ/1· s1·11 fr11<'l's :

Ge11cr11l H!Jje .. . . ... .

(l e t ll~ r:tl \\'olt"l: Jl:l l, gaJJ,mtly li g hli11:;, o n lit e Plaiu o ol
Al1n1lt a n1.

1. General W o lfe . . ... . . .
2. H arness ed t o a s ledge, th e r ei n1lec r .. ... . . .
3. The Driti~ h P u rliu111 c11t . ... . .. :
4. Th e grea t c ircle dividing lit e ea rth into the Nort h ern n11d So uth e rn
h e mi :ph c res .. .... . .
5. Cov e red with wou11<1~. tlt c• ~a ll : llll Fohlil· r ... . ... .
6. On Chrbt11i:1 ,;·c 1·c ur the year 1775, \\' as h ingto n, having rcsoll'c<I to at·
ta c k lit e Hrit i,: h .... ... .
7. T h e art uf pri11 t i11 g- .. . . ... .
8. Th e 1«1por -lad en eloud~, c; triki11:; hi gll m o untain ·1)caks •.... . ..

n:;ctl are the terminal lll ark s and th e com ma.
Tli e fullowing a rc tho principal mies for pnn ctnating
si111pl c se 11tcnce:s :
1. A simple sentence in which the parts are arranged in their natural
order usually requires no comma: as 1. Hi s ga rd en is gay with fl owe rs.
2. But I must int roduce my readers t o th e inside o f n New En gland
cott : 1 .1 ~c .

2. Oo-ordinate words are separn,ted by commari, except when they are
only two in nnrnber and joined by a conjunctiou : as -I . Thi ,.; <":<Im, l'O<>l, rc '"'l11t e 111 11 11 pre"c rith l a 1101,J e c xnrnplc oi ll:t r i 11~ .
:!. Th is coo l 11nd rc,;oli 1t e man presented, ell.:.

f.'i\'£.,' L/0 11 l'O.!ll 'U0 l'J'J u .\".

TJJJ-; ::> I Jfl 'f .1',' SJ-;.\ "J'l-.'.\ 'C f .'.

i

t

3. An appositional expression is generally set off by a comma; or,
if pareutheti cal, by two com1n:1s : >1s-

8. The nominative independent (noun of address) is set off Ly a
cowma or by conrnrns : a s-

Z:tlll:l t lie H u 111a11 s defeated ll a1111i hal , pcrhnps th e g rea test g e 11 c·ral
uf 1111 ti1 p1i ty.
~. ll •lll 11i lwl , Jier hap s ti1 c g rcn tcs t gc ueral o f ant i 1p1i1y, \\'US d..: t'ca ccJ l1y
th e H u 111:1n s a l Za ma.

I. 1\t

I . ~l y su n, fo rgt'l 11u t m y !all" .
., 'l'dl me, 111y fri e nd, al l Ll1 c cin·11111.;1a 11 ces.

EXERCISE 2.

4. A participin.l phrase is sot off by a comma ; or, if parenthcticn.l,
by t wo : a s -

P1111 ctua tc the fo ll uw i11 g .-; l111p/e sentences :

.I. I la1·i11 g t'o11q il etcd th e ir 11 rr:111 gc me11t s fo r t he ll"o rk of tli c m u1-ro\\',
tl1 L'_I" retired tu s 1111t tl 1 11 few li o urs ' rcp usc .

'..)_
3.

2. 'l'he l ndi:ln n1 CJ 11a1 Tli, slu1 111 cJ and IJC \\ ild ercJ, saw hi s faicltful s11bj•·)c 1s
t:t1!i 11g arn u11d l1i m.

But if tho phrase is restri cti\'e, no comma is required:

.J.
5.

11s-

11. c it y ~e t 0 11 11 l1 ill c: a1111 o t lie l1id .

G.
7.

5. Adverbial phrases on which stress is laid, either by transposition or otherwise, and adverbs hav ing tho force of phrases ( lio11 c 1·,!r.
i11J eed , etc. ) , are separated from the re::;t of the sentence by commas :

.

\

8.
H.
10.

11.S -

1. 111 spite uf nil cliffi c ul1i es, tl 1ey rcsoh ·ed to make tire nttempt.
2. Th ey rcsu h·ed , iu ~p i t e " f nil difli c:u lti e~ , to ma ke tire att e 111pr.
H. 111 trnt.h, I n m wea ri ed liy Iii ,; ilrl j•(J1"!1111i t ic.". I n111, i11 trntli , \\"C'-1 1ie.I

7

11.

Frnnkii 11 wa s l.! c;;,e t\ wil h a so1 111J lltllln ~L m cli n!!; n11 l11 lr•·1· id Rpi rit a
!Je 11 e r "!o- 11l l1t·ar t.
:'\(r. :)peakcr f rbc l o 111 0\"C l l1 e S<T<l lld l' C:Hl in~ ()(' tlo b l1il l.
(;o! 1b 111 il h til e a11thur u t' l h l! ' ' j) t;, c rle d \' illage" ll" rntc wi th pe rfe d
1: ll:": lll c:e :ll lll IJ l':l u ly .
I rd17rn cd ,! ,> 11·iy h o 111 e my h ead a li llk l":lli g ued !nil. 111 _1· h l':lrl <·!l 11 t1·11t.
]1 1 li'!J~ lo:11·i1 1!!,' pre 1·io n, ly rc l un w d to M o u n t Yn1 1u 11 W:o , Joi11 g l 11 11 w:i ::i
g:1l111· rc·d Lu h i:; E1ll1l'l":l.
l'i cn: rl11 e lt•cs ~l r : 1 11 .~·e ,[ori1:,; ;.o:o l :1!1ro;\1l.
0 11r (k;1r l'ri l' 11d L11 t.: g-e 11 1·rn l i11 h b l:b L Id l e r morti lil·tl rn c 11 u t a lilt le.
H e wa s re>l' l'l" cd :rnd p ro ud h a11 g h ly and a111liiti 1ius.
Khc \\"I\,; rnureu Yc r full ol' t ru t h kindn ess a 1Hl ,i.;-oocl -11a t u1·e.
111 c a rryin .~ :1 l;:1 rtl111 d n fro 111 l11 e It.: r el o f tl1 c: 'J' lw 1m·s to th e t o!' o f SL.
P a ul' s C l1ur e h in Lo 11 tlu11 tloc m c rc: ury fulls a iJ" ut l1al f an in (" h 111 :1rh in ·' :111 a~t· c 11t ofal1ot1L li1·c ht111drc1l fe d.
our'lwu se b be:tuti fully s itu:tll:d about llo re c n1 ikti fr o m to w 11 elo,;c hy
th e road.

lty hi s impo rt1111i 1ies.

'1. Th e s ig n:il Lc i11 g gi1·c 11, tli e fl eet 1rci g h c1 l n11 ehor.

TIT.

6. Adverbs and adverbial phrases occurring in their natural place in
a sentence, and without stress being laid on them, are not set off
by commas : as-

8Y N" l'llE S l :-l

( 1.

2. Th ey 1•roeecd c tl w ith nil Ju e c:1rn ti u11 to cx11 mi11 c th e pre mi .-!' ; .

2.
11 :: -

At 1!11ybrc11k , th e c ombin ed fl ee ts we re <listin c tly ~cc 11 from 1!1 e \ ' ic·tory's d r.c.: k, forme1l in a d ose li11 c o f ha:tl e ali r nd, nlto1 1t tweh·u
miles t o leewnrtl, nl1ll st1rnclin g to th e sout It.

S 1~[l'LE

SE N TE NC E R.

9. Synthesis i:; tliu prucc:;s uf cu111Li11i11 g se para te Htatcments into a si1wl
c sentence. T!tc folluwi11~
cxcmpliiie:; tl1c
• 1:"l
<,
rnrt1 wJ :

1. Th e jud g e th er efore onl c r ctl h is rcle11 se.

7. A succession of co-ordinate phrases is separated by commas:

()[•'

S(•p:1rnte

St a t<imen L'l.

I 8.

J ,1.
I

5.
G.

(1.)
Sh ak sp eare W:lS u orn a t St ratfnn1 -on -.\ \" Oil .
S hak speare was a l1ramati s t.
H e was an En g li sh l1ru111 a ti :;L
H e was a g reat dram at ist.
li e wa H lio rn in tl1e year 1.S fi -l.
H e wa;; ]Jorn t1uring th e reign of' Qu ee n Eliz·
ul1eth .

TllE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

f;S <.; U ::; I/ l'O .llI'OS I1'! 0 Y.

Comhinrtl. - ln tli c }l':tr 1:i fi·1, (lnrin .~ tl1 C' rl'i .!.! n
al ... t l1, S!1ak " J> t' :tn ', a
btrat!i1rd -011 -:\ 1·u n.

EXl'l. .\:\ .\TIO.'\. - I L ,,.1·11 IIC

1 L orrwoocl is th e s ubs tam:c of a tree.

of Qu r rn Elih

.E11~li :; l1 d ra111:1t i., t , wa s IJo n1 at

r•Tl'at

9

l

!Ju\lysl8 .. .

r 2: Lo~\\'(Hlll is one of th e Jll O::i l COlll111011 <l y cs t uff::;.
\ :1. Th e tree is fountl at C an1J ll':lf'l1y H_:iy .
l 4. The tree i:> f0m1tl in the ·w est ln d1e:i.

1·H'<'t1 t i l:l t Ill tl IC ('()Ill l.
llll P cJ S0 11( L'I H'U
all th e l'k111u1ls C1>11lai 11L:d in ea c l1 of the s qiar:ttL.: s tat e1111·11t,;
arc w o 1·c 11 tog«: t h e r.
11 0

S t n l <'ll H: nt 1 i::; th e prin c ip nl prn p1>~ 1t1 0 11 , or : keld on se nt e n ce -

EXERCISE 3.

'· Sl1ak " Jl t':ll' t! was li o rn at t:' t rat l\> r d -o n · An >ll. "
81:tfl' lll e11t ::l co11tril 1uk s a ~ i11 ~ l l! w o r1l -

A.

tli1: tn111 '' dram :i t i,- t."

11, is pl :tel'il i11 j11xt:1po ~ iti u n wi l li t!i e &lli>j ·l!l, .. ::i li ak " f> C:t re ,"
and in :1pp o s iti o 11 " ·itlt it.
S t a t :' IJl\' llt a r11rni sl l('..; al.-' <! a s in g le w o rd, .. En g li :; h ,'' j l) in c d ns a
11 111.iili .. r l t> "tlra111 :d i>t.''

Comb ine the follo win g statements into simple sen ten ces .'
1. Th e elec tri c t cl<',!!;r:1ph h ns g rc,1tl y fu c ilitat cd hu ~ it !C SS.
.
It has d o n e so hy u r in g i11 g d i:; la11t part s o f th e 11·o rld int o 1n:; tanl corn
1n unil:ati u 11.
Th· l'kcl ri c t eleg raph \l fls in n: nt ccl 1.Jy l'ro fcs~o r M o rs e .
l ' rv f,·s:;o r Mo rse wu s un An1 l' ril:a11 .

f-l t:11" 111 .. 11l ·l :11lds t l11 · :idj u n C't .. g rL':t t. "
fitat1 ·111 .. 11t:; :1pp1-;1rs i11 tli l' 1;,r111 ol' an adn·rl1 ia l phr;tSt ', " in tl1 c
}l':t r I.iii-!,·'" l1icl1 :;er n ·s :t s a lllll d i lin or tli c prc di c :tlc ..
l;o rn. "

\\'it::!

n

Rt at C' lll(' Jlf. j ,; C't>ll d <' ll ;:> C11 inlo :\111>t l1 c r :11hl' rl .i:tl pl1rn s c -- " t!11ring
iJie r e ign or lltlC '(; n J-:liza)lt'f It .''

2 . The n e xt m orning tl :e h:1ttl c l> rg-n n in t c rrilik l':t rn c:; t.
Tl1<: ll l'Xt 111 orni 11 µ; 11·:1:; th e :.l-llh of June.
Tl 1e baltl e ueg1rn al d:iyl>rea k .

8. Cn l11rnh11s rdurn,·d t o Spain in H 03.
JI " liatl "PL'llt s nmc 111 o ntl1 s in ex pl o ring th e cl c· li g- htful rrg io n
Th es e rcgivn 8 h a d lung l> cc 11 drl'a11 1ctl of l> y 1rn1ny .
Th c:;e reg io ns wen.: n ow tirs t throwu opc11 t u Europ ean ey e~.

c;;. )

Srpnratc
Slatl'111 c nt:;.

Th e re lay fl oat in g on tli c orca11 an 1111111 c n sc ir
r !'g11l a r 111:1 ::;,,;,

f
· Tl1 is

l

111:1 ,.:s wa ,; Sl' \' t•r:d 111il <'s uff.

l ts top anti p oi 11t ,; ll' t' rl! 1·0 1·e r1·d \\· itl 1 HIH>W.

lt :; CC lllre W:t ~ o f

:L

d r•c• p in cii g-1 > ( 'f >itlr,

s .. 1·1·r•tl 111i1" :-1 oil', tl11 ·r" lay f1,, :iti1 1g 0 11 tlw ()( ·c·an an
rn1111 c 1i,,e irr1·g11lar 111:1 ~~. i t,; t o p and JHi int ::i eovc r e d wiLl 1 i;uow

Co111lil111·<1.

nud it:> ccutrc o f a

tkcp

in di6o co lo r.

10. _Analysis (that is, ?'11doricrtl ana ly:; is) is the scp:n:iti11n
of

s 1111 p l~~ :,;e nten ce into tl 1e d iffere nt fi t<ltcment::; irnplit:d

'.l

1t

ll1e opposite of sy11 tl1 c.- is.
crnpli li e::; the 11 ietltud :
m it.

1s

Tlte ful lo\\'itw
0

(;X·

L og- w oo<l , one of th e m o s t co mm on dy1· ;: t11ff~, is th e s u bsta n ce o f a tr ee
fo und ut Cu mp cu rl1y Bay u11d in th e \\" t·ot Indi es .

4. I recei\'L.:ll tL l e tte r.
It wa s a ,·h ce rf11l kt le r.
IL w :h :t lt o p l' ful Idle r.
It was 1'1111 of lil'cly <lc sc ri ption f\ o f t·nmp life.
It. 11-: 1:; rnll of lir t ly d e:;ni}'li<>n ,; (•f lll:ll' t' ll l::;.
IL II': :~ !'111 1 uf lil' l' ly d ..::;nipti1111 ,; u r l>11 tl1'::1.
5 . A le xand e r >:I ll' lii111~elfl 1• nl o fnl l \\' <· , (l'rn A, iu.
]l " ~ aw hi1 11 ~ l'lf:;1 1d1 at l11 c age oftw c nt.y -1i1·c.
Il e h a d 1kt'l' ak1l th e l' c r:; i:111 s.
Th ey we re d cfc,1tcd in th e g rea t 1.Jatl ks o f Io s u:;, Gra nicu s , nnd ,\rlJcla.
l'j_

Th e H o 1na11 ~ b oa rd of th e ft: rlilc bla nd call ed llritain.
Til t: }{ o rnan :; w e re th en th e rn ns t pu wnful p eo pl e In th e w o rld.
Tli t: Hu irnrns w,"·e th e n th t: n1 oo t ci v ilized p eopl e in th e world.
Tl 1L'Y h a d co nq11 c rcd Gaul, o r Frnncc.
t.1 1·it:1 i11 l:1y on th t: o th e r ~idt: of tu c sea to th e norlllwest.

,_ \\"c tli rc rt.: C<l t o wa rd s the prairie.
\\" e left the Iin c o r marth.
\V e tra ve rsed a s mall vall ey.

12

THE SB!PLE SENTENCE.

f .".\"(; U s l/ CU.lll'U.) /'f'I U.\",

antl the e ffect i;; infL·licit o us.

By

2. Th e R o mllns cl c fcll l ed Ila nnilial.
li e wa ,; 11c rh :11',; tlt e ~rl'a t e:; t ).iCJJcral ofa 11tiqu ity.
It wa,; at Z:i ma l11t•y Llcfcatetl hiLil.

u ,.. i;1g tlic adH rlii :tl plir:isc "for two

w 1:1'!\ ::1" to i11t r<11l11n: tl1 c s c ntt'lllT, t h e s Lll t: nwnt is 1111wl1 111uru ll t:at ly
l'.\jlf('S::'t:d . Tittl. ' :

8. I we nt o n :i rn cati 011 tri p t o lite cou ntry.
It wa:; al tl1 t: t:lcJ ~ e of la:; t ten 11 I wc11l.
l w:i H tired out with hart.I ,; Ludy.

F u r two 11· t' L' k ~ , we we re l• tT :i ' 11 1ed i11 tlt e P ac i1i c, i11 a .; Jiip :1 !11111.> l d.:" ti·
tutc u f 11r,1Yi :'l iu 11 :; ; u 1·, \Y e Wt· r t· , f,, r Lwu \r n ·!\ :-- , l 1t Ta l 11H'd, t·t c .

2. ( 'cil1111il111,; rl't 11n 1(· d to ~p11in i11 1-l!l:l, it ;:r i11µ· " Jl l' l1l ,;11111c 111 0 1111 1~
(' .\!do ri11 g tl1 t: d «li gl 111'1li n· g i• )ll ,; lon g dr .. :t ln t·d
:111"1 11u11• lir,; t 1ltrow11 o pt ·11 (D J:uropl':l n <·y,·s.
i;1

}11

or l1y

1 · !~1 : ; , ('1ilu11il 1u,; rt:t11n 1t•d to ~1 •:ti11 , h a1·i1 :g " llt" ll l , l'tc.;

C o l11 111IJ11 ,.:, in 1-1!1:;, n ·111 ri 1t·d to ::'11:ii1 1,

li:i1

4 . \V e earn e t o a ~ pae i o n s 11 1:111 ,; iu n of fr ees t o n e.
TJ 1 111 u11 ; iun 1rn~ llllilt ln lit e <irl'l' ia 11 s tyle.
'\\" e tlitl ~u all c r ritli11g a s hort ui:; t;lll(;l!.

lll:lll y ,

5 A li 11 e law n blop (; tl .111·ay fro m th e 111 a1i,..i1ln.
Thi:; Ja.,1·11 wa:; :; t11tldcu with (;)1 1111t •s of lrct·:i.
.
Till'' " cJ 111111 h 11·1·re ~ " dbp u ~ c d a:; t u break u so ft , fcrlil t· c111111l ry 111 !.).a
yari cty of Jand "cap e:;.

nr,

i11 ;.; "Jlcnt, ei1 '.; or,

Co!u111IJ11..; 1 l1ari11 g " i'"llt ::;.,111 c llllllllli ,; i11 t'.\(llnri11g th e d .. li .~· lit f1il

6. Glu e b 111 aile of th e ref"u:; e ur J: ur" co' l1 0o f:; 1 parin g s of lii d1 ·:" a 11 u v tl 1" l

n ·~· ion :; l"n g dn· :11 1 H~ d of l1 y ma11y , 1•111 llll\\' lir:;t tl1row11 up .. 11 t 1i
Eurnpt·a11 l'}L'::l, n·t11rn 1:d to Sp:iin in l -1UJ.

14, Tests. - \Vl1 cn the sc 1·e ral 1·:1ri d il·S of st r11 C' l11re
Lee n lltade, lite fv llu1ri11 g tcq ~ n1:iy !Je applit:d :

~i 111il a r rnat c ri :tls.
Tl1t•, 1: are uu ik d duwn l o a thick j t lly.
The thick j elly is n.: p L·at ctlly blrai11 cd.
T!Ji :; i,; d u n e :;o a:> tu free it fr u m ni l impurilic3.

1 1:~1 u

7. In C ltina there a rc a ;..;rcat m a ny lt:a f:1r111s.
Tlt c~c are g e 11 c rally o f i; mall cx t c ut.
'l'lll'y art: :; il11atctl i11 the 11ppn rnll1 ·y d.
.
They arc s ilu:ill'd 0 11 tl1 c :; Ju1 1i11g :; id e:; o f tli c hill s.

\\'It id1 rn11st ruction is cl111 1·c.,t '!
\ \f l1i cl1 is l/Ut frst '!

vV!i ich i:s

1110:; L

8. H cu 1·y articles we re g e nc rn JI j' cu11n·y cd l'rom i.Ja cc t o plact: t.y
w~1 g- on s .
.
Tlt l'}' \\'t:re thu s cO IH eycd on lite ue;; t h1 ghwa~· s.
Tlii:; was the cas e in U1c lim e of Charle:; the ::Secom!.

lwn11 u11iow1 '!

A.

Cumbin o tl1c fulluwiu~ g r()11ps of statcrn cntu t~nch i11t<i
su11_ple sndc11cco. 1 'r!J tlt e 8e)l/1_•11ce
td( ?l'li /1'11 1·011s!nu·t ion !Jutt. prrf
W

1·,

'l.11 '/_'(t J'ifJ11s

1tl

ordero, a11 J

U'/1 y.

I. Tlt c prc~ idt:11l «a llc tl a m ee t in;:.
It wa s u 111t·t · t i 11 ~ ,,f l!i :'l <·nhin t· t.
ll' :b

eulkd s 11ddl'11ly.

lt ·wi!~ c a lie tl hi.i t' ut. nig h t.

It 11 :i ,; aL t li e i; u g;,; 1· ~tiv 11 vf ,\ dam s it wns enll C'd.
Tl1 c purp ost: uf it.:; ca lling wns to d c lili c rntc 011 th e rclutit•n s with
Fr uue c.

0 L 1~(' ·

9. llrul' e s ent t wo e u111 m ::u1d l' rs.
Th ,, war 1.Jl'lwccn th e En g li :.;h :111 d Sc o t ch s lil l l:hl.n l.
li t: :;c 11t tltc i..:und Lord J ; 1111 t: ~ J) uu g lao.
11 .. 11 b o ·c11t"r11 11111a s H:111dul1>11, E11rl ur .\! 1irny.
'J'h l' ti l' 11 1t· 11 wt·re grca l co111111a11dt:r~.
Th ey we n: to Juy w11ote tl1 c ('llll l1l il' ti of Xurlhuml.Jnl:i111l
Tht• y wc rc to d btn·:;3 tl1 e E11 g lbl1.

E X E R C I S E' 4.

Tht: lli Cc li 11g-

13

I

Sl: .~ 11 r

10.

i:-; a f; v;c c t c·rs.::. L11lizl·d t-- 11li ~ 1 : 11H ·c.
Jt j 6 o l 1Lli1 1L· d fr o 111 ti1 c j 11 i ~·c ,if· tl1l: :-.tlg<.11' l'<llH_'.
Th e "" " 'll"<·nm: b a rce 1l · lik c pl:int, gTu 11·i11g i11 m" ' '
It i~ Hl7'1'"~nl to }Jc ori.t:;i11:tlly a n:1ti1·e of tl1e Ea , t .

lL

A l ~.\alltl\ · r bef' H llH '.

1

v

a lllltll.
lJ t· i 1· 1'i l!IH' il :--{ l' t!l l ~ l11;11t.
Ile 1... .. :1 111•: :111 (·1k .. 11 1<il !11 a 11.
li e li t'i' :unc n. man at.Jc t o tak e t'll re
l k l1 e ea11 1c all t i ii ~ i11 du e tiim::.

<•fhi11 1 ~ clfantl

,.r Iii .,

ki11 gtlom too.

..'

Tl! F S l.11 J'f. J·.' SF .\ ' jj._ \I ' f'

f ; .\"(; U S J/ CO.lf f' OSi T iU .Y
J:~ .

Co rnl i,; a M'l' reliun f'r olll the !Jody

( ,f

f 1.

n11 :11ii1 11 :tl

Tl1i;-, a! ti J11al b \ vry lt• \\.- i11 tiit= et:alr.; uf c :"L"H li o u
I\ j _,, c:; !; ·d a i ·~i : _\ 1'

~ta:c tl1t· di\'i ' i" n 11!' tr1 cs i11t11 i\1rt ·~ t a1 1cl lrnit lr1'l'> , ;t:1t!
td\ (\1 c d i!~·, rl'lll'C \1L' Llll·1 ' ll [\lt '.'C: (\\'\)kil l• ·; ,,
( f j '\ ) \\

\l l 1 r

h

·'

l':1 rt cil' l l1;· 1·ci111 il ry.
:\. .:\a11 1e t he \':triuu::> kind ,, ul fruit -ll'l'L'.o 1·t1\ ti 1 :tl1 .l 111 ~

C1I U

1"1rt ot' t l1e \"C>llJ1try.
.I_ \\.l::il i.~ :t fi>r 1·, t: :111 ,, I', l1anl

I It; 11 ari pn 1f'u ,e.
11 W:t...; iu1; : n.1 Yi t~t.·n L
1•

.\ '; t I 1 1 "l

l ·L

l !w

I I ....

,\ , , -

1 ·li ; - ~. ·i · · d

,[< . ,

' 11 \ I111 :: \ t

!'-: •11 •_:-

I

\1 ;•, .. I l ! : ; 1 \'

t 1 l.f :- cdv::t·i~ :-::11 ;_ ._l.

[

Tit<.:.)' ,t:t11d 11p 1n1111 liic 11H·ati<> 1r' ril'h '" 1tll to rn.
'l'l1 t·y :; t:t11d l'k:1 r ill t Ii i• c·ll11l :-;, •p\1 ·111l•c·r '"'JI'!:.
Frctkrit'l, i:; ~ r c· l' ll · 11·:ti l nl t,y tl. c 1, ; 1; . .,r '.·. L. :·1 :., :: d .

U. '!' ell tile Y:triul h 11 -· l·;-; {11· \\P1111.
7. l\lcntion iniporla nl l l'l'L' S in diilcrl' 11 L parts of liil! l\' urltl,

!
{' .

T ra1 1::;puee

tl 1c

phra~ c:-;

ill

tli e

J'ulluwi11g ~c n te n rf·R ffithoiit

\\'rite a c·11111p11,·it i1 >!1 fr1>111

alLc ri11 g Llic ~i g 11i1iealiu11:

:\lY

1. Th 11 t morlli11;; Il e lwtl laid Iii:; lioul,:; a,; 11 ,'1 1:ii

011

hi; d 1·,ok ill th e schud-

i 'VUlll.

2. At the d:l\1·11 of day, sh e a scc 11(lc:tl t he hill with 11 111 c rn· h eart , ill

pany

w

i l Ii l1l'I' lirutl1l'r.

l''J ill·

-

J. • \\a ilo\\_, i11 t.IH· ;Utt 11111n 111i!.:r:\l c 111lo \Y~trntt: r cl i111 a l ts.
4.
rl':1d ,; L'\' l'I'.)' 11 wrni n:!; 11 l tl' r l>n · al\ 1'1~t l'l';!' lll:trl y lt-11 1•:it:<'~ e> f Cknr1.
5. \ \ li al ~1·1il1 • t11re i:; tu a l>l uc !; o f 111:11·1.k , l'dllcatiHll b L<> l iic h11 111 :111 ~v uL

ii'.·

Pr~ctical

Exercises in Composing.

. NuTE: -: 1.t .b i11tc ·11tll'tl tli:it 1•11 pil ,;_ ;. Ji: lil l ll'gi n tlic ac t11nl work o f \\'riling
f 1011 1 Lil e "1) u11 t"d , 1111 d tli at f ""'c/1 cc ~ 11 all 1,c ca rri n l u11 otL'P liy sle!' witb
{/l((ll'!J.

A.
·w r ite a i-;]1ort
·

J •

tit1 i.Jcd, -

Outllnr ..

cu 1t1p < 1 ~ iti o n

· 'l'
. I i E re
0A~1E L."

,,

fru 111 the foll o\\'irw outline.
P nd crlin e the si111ple hs1'nfr111 ·1's.

ll"/11•rnji111111 l ..... ..... nry 1·m mtri cs of A ~i: t n11d Afri r a.
f ), '.~r l'lj, liv 11 .......... .. . ~izl', l11 1111 p . C'lllo r, ('11 nt , h oo f.
l/rtl1il8 .. ....... ... .... ... .ll 'll furnl , tlri11k, tlo1·ili ty, ct<.:.
l '11e.~ .. .. . ... .. .. .. ......... Fur t ra\'elli ng - en ra 1·ans- 111il k.
ll o ll' ndaplt'd to d ese rt countries.

B.
'\Vrite a composit ion of not less than t en sentences
sn bj cct of "T 1~ 1<:Es ."

0 11

tho

ti1 c t'11 ll "''·i11~~

~.\Tl

1>111li1w:

\ 'I:: TU\\·~ .

1. '\\'111·:; :1: 1'1' l " .- In\\ !i:tl 1·011 11t ry a;·".l ~1:1t<·; 011 11·l1:d ri.,· 1· r. ••T
u 1·ar \\·l1aL 110tel1 11 :1\urn l c1 l1j 1'l't : <•t·l·:tn, i;il;,., ri 11·1", 11111!111 t:1 i1 11
l:i it a L;Tcat city! lt' not, liuw !':tr, and i11 11 l1:1t tlir. , t i .. 11 ,

dr .

i,; it 1'111111 a l:11ge c i ly 1

2. :-; 1z 1·:. - K u mlJl' r o f i11lwl1it aut~. - h it inn(·a , ing

1:1

"1zc·. "r ;-;ta-

Cnu;-;c_·s (Ir l·it.lll'r '(
3. ( 'o:\;\ LC 'I 10~:-; \ \' ITU oTIJLJ! l~L .\ CE~. - Stta11H · r~. - ]~;1i lr1);pJ4 .
I [ow l11n g lt:11·e (\i(• r:1ill'el:1d::> l1l' l' ll i!lli lt
\\ li::t 11t·11· li11 l':i :11\:
ti<>1111ry?

l111il di11 g 1
4. :-;-rH 1·: 1·:'1',_; ,- '\\' hil'l1 arc tl1< ~ prin c i pal 0111 '.~ 'i ?\a11H· :11111 l1w:1lu
tli e p t1l. li c l1uild iu gs : colkgl'", ~cl 1 1Hd :-1, l'lit11Tli1· ~. li:111l ,~ . l'l1· .
S. 0< t'l'J',\'1'10:\:-l <JI<' T ll E J;-;11AI1l'l'A:\TS.- '\\' l1al l1·:1d i11.'..!; i 11d11~•ry , it'
a11y, j,; pursut•d ? Jl o ll' do 1110,;t nf tli c p eo1olt: g: li ll a li\t·l il1• '" ' l.
li. S1 ·1: HO\ '!\ lll !\O t:iCt·::\El\ Y. - D esc riptiu11 or line Yi c1 1 ~ ; f t1 I L» l,
111"1111t :1i11, ri \'t·r.

~ -.;·r· \\'l 1C"11 llw c·01t11'""iti o ns

ll 1'l'

\nilk n . tli r! p11pils ;,li o11l.J 1·\c·l1:111 g o

t> : qll'r~ f11r c riti l' is111 , 11;, ki11 ,; tlil ~ l'o \\ o\\'ing <\ll t·s ti1111 ,;:

1. D oes e ac h :,en t enc c l.Jrgin \vt lh a capital a11Ll cn1111 itli a l" ·1i1 :d 1

2. Arc there nny errors ofs pc· llin g?
:.l. Are the re any errors of gr:1mrn 11r ?
4.. Can any improv ements uc made in arrangement. cxpr1· ;,;, it1n, tll. !

16

E.\"IJ'LMII CO.lll'US11'JU N .

1·11 r; C<J .ll l 'f,f: X S f ,'.\ "J'l,'.\'Cf:'.

CllAPTEH fl .

18. ~\n adverbial chuso 1,; a c la11 tie c(1ui \ :t1ent t u :111 :1 J
rL· r b. It l i111i b a \·c rl1, a n adjl'd i n~ , ur an ad\cl'lJ, a11d ,ll>
n utcs tl1 e Ya ri11u .~ ('i1·l·un1;-:;L:11 L' L'~ 1,f l >Licc, 1ir11t 1 ~ (' :t!l.- 1·~ il t'.'...'.Tt ~-._1 ,
111 an11 c r, CU ll tiC il ll l' ll tT, ck . Jt 1,; j1 1i 11cd tu t l1c j>l'iJlt'ij•al
i:;L tte1 11c 11 t. Ly a ti ulw rdi1 iate ('1_1llj llllCf l•J ll , 1•r ],\·a c1111j11:1 cli\c
~ll 1,.c r L.

I_

T HE C OMPL E X SENT E N CE

N }. '['

1.

L I:

J;

l"

\)

l' u

T II E

s L ;-.; T L ;-.;

x

.\ ! l ' L L

L

L

con.~ i .:>t;:; 0[ oiw i1HlcpcuJ c11 t (ur
pri11eipa l) p rn11o:oitiull a11d f111c u r 11111n• cLt11,.;t>,.;.

15. A COlllplc:x sentence

propo ~ i t

A d au -.;c ic; a d epende nt , o r s u bo rd i1: a 1. c,
('I ii~

:t

} t \'

io n . i 11 t ru d u,·, d

l)t·« t j \~P .

11.

C L\. C:-;F: :

1. IV l1 cr1 Culunil.1118 iurd Ji11i0ir 1, L 8}'l'ilkiii'.) , tl 1c ,.,\.,.,., ic.:;11 ., c:rnk
(ii j I' \,I It T ' .

'"\\'"l t ' l l Ct1lt1 : 11I Jl!:--'. 1 ' 1 t·l t '., j:-:, :tll Ht l\1T !1i: 1! t·L1tl ' (' <·I t ir 11• ·, i111r(1:\(! ( ·1 · d 11_\ · •J ;1 :
r1111 j11111· t1 r t' adv1.: rl~ " ;vi1 1· 11, .. ~ind 1n t1.iif.\ i11 ~.:: tl ll" i ri111 ·i t ··d 1· 11 .li 1·<1 l··
:··,1 11 k 1.:1
t i ",, !. :
1

T HE

A1l\'El: BI .\ L

C L AC S E :

:! . { r'f/vtl 1ri.,/1tu[;,; 1rdl . .\<lll 11111·1

An .1 1:.:-

u L T 11 E

" If ·'

c; 1· 11 t-

cu11 ,.. ~: l_, 111i1 :, ;,.,it 1" :u1 :" l
.J"im·d t•• t i1c 11ri1wi1•al c; t;tt t· 111c·1 il l'.1'

17 . .\il ;:djcctivc cLwsu
i• • <·ti n~ .

1.-0 :l

i t j ,; .!..'..l'lll'l';dl y
a rel a t i\'c pru 11011n o r by a. co nj 1rn c; ti \·e a d vc r l>, as
'1!'/11· 11, 11' /1 .'/.'

Ii

rif ' :1 1

\\-j 1 , 1

\\

Tli'-"

1

ir f,,,

/~

-,,j ,

1

~ f: ,(t ' l!H'llt,

• · \\!iv . '

I j

l"

f

11

wi :- : lt.n c t t·,

1H1

' . ~ ." : ! .

I . I J ! J. t\

'.t! i~:·1·: -·

•• \\ 'Ji 1' IT

1, / 1 ,,r

/

1:

"I'a r.tol i -1· T. 11 ·: t " , ,,].l it f,. ;· 1: 11'

.f 1 ' i ~ :Ill ; 1 1 \ ;l ' (· j

u tl 11 · p nl' l ~ol11 it

c!:1tt:"'1'. 11111di l 11:::'.'-

i'. •

< · ~.1 1 1- 1 '

11"1illd~ :'

f 1 11' f)\· 1·

1

!

•!l ]; ~. · ,· !,

iiy

1]

il

ly.
ir 1tr \ Hl 11:.. ·· : 1,y tl i·:

,! \ 1·1:. ;:; l

, ! · \(', ! - « I:

t- l.1

t,y

l '- 1' lj1 l: t! ·1. ·i , i idf11, \ t t , · i ·d

tl: 1

r 1 ,;

11 tlJ1·

['I

~: i i !11 1 rdi1 •., \

:11 .

it I 1:i -.; . • !

1
1

•

l'

t 1·

\ ' " • . 1 1 1 1~· ·t.1·?1

,

i.-.;

:111

: 1 \1

\

i'

r l i:l\ c Li ii .... t.

( r1 ·;t - 1, 11),

i 1it!'1 1, l 1Jt · , 1 I 1. \ : i :, ·

·· t t'\'.tti- 1'

;'I

l lll'<ilh 11f 11 11: 1"1·lali\l.'

ti11-'. ~11l 1 J •-· '--· t.r '· 1,.l!· t-.' '

T lu: i

:1

i :-:. ill\ :1d \' 1 1 liial cLL1t.-i ·

l 111r ..... 1·," 1· t c ,

(''q\1q• ;11 1 - 11 111 , 11 il 1 1 1d 1: · , . :

"Ll 1.ll l. "

, ;,,, _

" \ \. !:i, ·!i !L" l
1 ' \',!,;< :: , '' .l1 J 1l

; ;.

i i1 1: !t ·11q"'1·:il•

cLtll "- t; (L·1ii : tl i l i( ~: 1 ) ,

i I.'

lJ

tl1 1· :--t1! n 1r (:d : .\l ! ' l ' ' : .~ 11 1 1.·~:·i1 1
......

ad \ l'!'l.1ial

!' 1 ,,

1
1 - .i'

" I ;1· 1·:111

! ' "111 1•1 ·' ·
\\

I ' •

! ~ n11

• •

wlu ·1'1',
(,

1[ J'uf,_·

II . ~

'i

ti \ ' 1• :: d \ •' '. !t ,, \\ !t•

t illl"i

J'<'<'l

1, Tl1t :

t!jlt>ll

t

1

16 . There nrc tl 1rcc ki 11 dti ell· cl:uisc;,; : l. T im
'1'1\' E

17

;~ li I

t '. l

l .'-

1' \\.! 11·;·\ J,,

4 .. \ \

1 : 1li:1 11'

1 1 : 11 1~· · 1 \ ,"

I

;-

; '1· \ I 1! 1

i-. ;

1

1i

ti l_.1

1

t

~ i\ 1

!

l ;l .

l

l.! l !· tl,

I;\ l

,, ' i

1

I!

t

:. ti! - • .

i 11 l1 1•1 '.1 w • d

l y.
1

I

j , :1

:1il

'i

li

I" ' : I:, ·

ll i \ \

i-~

"

:!( '!'.: JI \ '

1

r lr l ll 1 l.'~ ;1·/,, 1 it l" t- 111.' / . ),\·

11 \ •'

th.\· :-- \;111 •• l11 ~ r~ · · l · - ·1i 1d~ .

i H · t1\ 1r/1d ;; ,-

'\·

11 .

t1· tl(' t · , :1l1<J

/ , ; , . ,'fft1ll t '!°"I o JJ t iu· ,. -tf,1t1;1.: 1n u 111c! 1i i .·i.\ C' 1 !d

J·:,

t

11 «\I

\t!ll!: ;..~- li~ · r~ J ~li_ · ·

( ' j j" I 1 ()

1 \ ••

t) ..

:1i • ,_ ),: ·, 11 '

1

'

:lin:d l~ ··"11.111 111 · 111111:

~

i1 1 t1·111J t t\'t •.J
;l

]i\· [ Ji t_ ·

I

i

;l

( ' ';Ii ~

I : '

\

I

i11l1 1 · ;· 11 .~ : t !i \ t '

i'!iJt . J!lll! ~' l!\ ' L' ;11!\.l J')), ~11 · i> \ .

:l

j'l'•

;- J ! \ 111j '

1 111 1..;

i/

:

!. !! /,•r

" \\ h n :h' h n 1p ·~. " 1·1< · , i ~ fHl r<:<litlr•f i\'1"1 <·l:tll s<\ 111ndif_\ in '. .~· tl1f~ t111 1in

:1

/. i i 1/''i

·11' t ! l 1·

1,t l/1 _J/ lr 11//1 '.' ' , ,,,/ .
11

~ :1~ n~..;"

" \ Vlin \.:r·pt," ptr ., " is nn ~iljr('lin• (' !Huse , rnodif) ing t he n rtonuu11 " ll1e11•"

2. :--;,,.·r:tlt ·s
jl't'l

!"I

_;ir.-:.l

1'ii:1t t

/ /,/. 1 1.' ,.,,·

J ·~ l!l\('{·r!a i11 - - j 11 11! !ll

1 Ltl! :-.1 ·

:- l i ! >-

j•

!'"' ""'"

ll11tl ;·i/'/i11· 1.< il.1 u1/'ll r1:1rui'd--[ 11<Jt111 t·ia11 ~ '" ,,j,.

r;f .. pr11v1·d " ;.

IS

L.\"(,'LfS ll CU .1/J 'US J1 'JO .\'.

TllE CO.lll'LA'X S l.'N TENCE.

3... T(·ll m e not in nwurnf'nl numbers
Li.f.: i~

11ty drfi tlJt , . _
(11ou 11 cla_u se. tl 1c i11tr()(111c:tory conjunctio n tlwt bciw•

-t

l111l 111t t·:11

l:!tOOll: Oi>J cCt of" t e ll ''].

11. p

I! N

cT u

AT I 0 N

() F

T II E

''

c 0 ]\[ p LE x s ENT EN c E.

20. General Rule.-Tl1c rul es fur pnnduatin g oiinplu
scntenc.:es apply tu tli e 111ain di\'i sions of a co 111pl <.;x hl'lltence, that js, tu tl1 c prin cipal rncmLer and to tlie 1rnlJvrdi11ato c.:lause or clauses.

EXERCISE 5.

A.
?on.1pl eto the following c.:oinplex

af(J a t1ce claU8l'o :

S<:11

t

hy supplyin .~

CIH:es

1.
C il l' m i:;t.ry i:; tlw H· ie111'u ... .... .
)
:.... Tl ie wh ale i:; tl1e lari,:·e,, L of all ti . . · . I ·
:.l. Tl1 e l'<"t:;o 11
··.
' " .1111111.1 " ....... .
•
• ·
· • • • • • • • 1:; !J ec:1u :;e lilt.: t.:artl.t Lurn:; uu i t- . . · .
4. \\ t.: l':tw til e :;po t... .. . . .
~ .1x1~.
5. T!ie :;011 ! is d ea d

\'-''Ill~·:: : :::

U. Tlie <lay 11ill

..

Co!llplcte the foll o\ri wr collll>lex
•
o
ad·v1:l'u1 wl
da1t8l'~ :
1.

1'~1r c

t

SC ll Cll CCS

1>J Sll!>J>l"rin,Q
.,

ni 1i,t ga in a cl!aral'te r for tn1tl 1fll l11 css nnll tlili"enc c i'
Uid n ot CC:t5C ti ll
,':)
v ... ... .

l C p11r;; u1t

!: :{./11~1~:'a 111ple

·!;;,;,·;1~1~re i11t1u c ncc ir ith h e r tit an

o f one ,. Il e lo Ycil

,., Ii .. . .. . . . lli e l.:q 1l:1 11 lk r:; kl' ep tl 1eu1 , elrc:;
li11 t:;.

11"11·11
•

l

i11 th ei r til:u w

5. T!i e g ro1111cl i ~ n 1·n : r fn •z. t" 11 ·111 I'·.1 I i ':-- 1·I Ill' irn
G.
· .. · · .. · (li 11 1r) \\'a~ lii11 •,. t u 11 n: tin·d lo \I '
~· \.' .. · ·
7. Ti . ..
I.
.. •11111
n 11 0 11.
i t.: t.1111 .. is cull e d .til t.: " ~ 11 ip uf tl1 e ik,l" 1t, '' (Glll ~ l'J .. . •... •
Ii. · • · · · · · ·

ttll eclljlti l! Jti

p ru dll «c d

c.
Cornp.lete the followin:! corniil·'.'"
.,
" ·" se ntell l'CS l1v SllJ)I>IJ·ing
1
.'lllustwittvc clauses :
J
1.

I~

:;

\\ •' " '"" "' ' t..Jl

"

I

i s Ycry. nrnusing to watc h til e 8jlid er nn <l

2. f..\'1.' r~· ('h1l d l\11ow s . .

..

\

I . Tic rc:11ly wh e n l g i\·c Lhc s ig nul.

tit.:l'

2. Adverbial clauses, especially when they introduce a propositioD.i
are generally set off by the comma: ns1. " ' bil e th e world la:; ts, fa shi on \\'ill cu nti1111 e to lea d it by th e nose.
:!. A s my heart w as entirel y s uLdlt ell L_v th e ca p tivating s trai11 3 I had
hear<l, I fe ll do\\'n at his feet.

3. Adjective clauses are set off from their principals by commas,
ucept when they are restrictive: asl . Frn11kli11, wh o

h cl' :tlllC

n g reat s tates man uncl pliil us11pli er, wa s in y(luth

a p oo r printer's boy.
'.!. Th e friar puiut cJ to th e hoo k that li e l1cld, a s liis antlwri ty.

4. Parenthetical clauses are set off by commas: asThe project, it is cer tain , will s ucceed.

5. When the main divisions are long, and the parts are set off by
the semicolon may be used to separate the main divifilons: a:•-

l0111lllilB,
I

..

1. A short and closely dependent clause is not separated frow t?e
principal proposition: as'.!. It i:; a well -ku ow n f:t 1: t that th e earth is nearly round.

n.

2.

21. Tl1c following arc the principal spce ia1 rnlcs fur
pu11 et nati11g cu rnpl ux SClltCllCCS :

~....

.

' . . ,, . . . . . .
i.emperarurn of the grounJ beneath :;etdom thlls below
point.

B

t h6

f~ing­

III

1','.\"C,'USll CU .lll 'OS I TION.

Till\' CO MJ'f, l'X S f ,'NTANC /:',

6. A formal quotation is enclosed in quotation-marks, and preceded
by a colon: as-

Th e se nten ce mi g ht h a 1·e bee n put t ogctli er iu tl1i s w ay: '· Coffco
wa s unkn o wn in thi s co untry tw o ce nturi es ago, lJUt it i:> 11ow 111
w· neral use :lS a beverage." Thi s is a p erfect ly prnpe r Sc ll lc lll'V , l1t1l it
is ro111 ;10 111id, n ot com 1il cx. It is co111pound l1cca usc it cuntail!:> tw o
&1u.lependen t pro p o;;i ti ems.

His dcfl!lll:c is : " Tu Le r uLhcJ, Yi o latcJ, oppresscu, is th e ir pri\'il cge. "

7. When the quotation forms a part of the nanative, it may be pr&o
ooded by a comma : as·

(2.)

To a tribun e who ins ult ed him, he replied, "I am still y o ur e mpero r."

Separate
Statements.
EXE RClSE 6.

Pnnc:tuate the fo ll owi11g co111p{e,c sentences :

( Along t h e La Plat:\ arc cxte ns i v·c plains.
\ They are cove red with g rnss.
·~ Th ese plain s arc ca l led pampas.
Great li e rL1 s of ca ttl e roam O\'c r th ese p arnp11.s.
Great h e rds of h orses roa m over th em.

l

Comhinctl. - Along t l1e La Pl:tta a rc c.x t e 11 s iv1· g r:1 ,.;,.;-c'l1Y1·r1«l 1.I ains
call ctl pa111pa;;, over wl1ich roa m va:>t h cnh t1f cattle a11d J,.,,~, · s.

we wne tin: Jirst th:it ca n1 c i11to Ili c ho use so we were lit e las t tlrnt
w e 11t o ut o f it bei ng r eso l\·ed tu !tar e a tll'ar l'a"'"'J.;'C fo r ou r 11 ld frieud
wl w 111 Wl! di1I not care t o n:ntur · a111011;; tin: j1i, lli11i-; of th e e ruwd.
2. Tl 11111,a 11d ,; whom indok ri cc has su11k into cu uternptilile ullse uri ty 111i,t.:; ht
J1 a1·e altailll:tl t he Jii g-lH: ~ t di ,li 11 l'l iu11s if idlen ess had uut fru ti lrnteJ
l.

21

1\ :J

23.

'J'l1 c following exelllplifi es t11e rli du ri c.:al allaly ,,i.:; uf
a to111plex 8C lltl!m:e :

tl1 e c ffcct u f all th e ir puwc r:;.
3. F o r bc:; iu Jii s O ri e nt a l ~!e n1 uir11 wh en spea k ing o f th e ug-c o f s ucl1 trees
states that he s11w k cd hi s lt ool; :tl1 under tlic Ye ry !Janyan \J encatll
" ·hi cl 1 part o f ,\lex:lllde r's c:walry to u k shel ter.
4. Th e h o rs e tired with Ji is j o urn ey was kd into th e stable.
5. Th o ug h d cq1 yet <:!car tl1011 g-h gen tl e yd not dull
Strong with o ut ruge with o ut o'c rtl owi ug- ful l.

Til e elcphn nt, whi c h in size and stre ngth s11rpas,.;cs all ,,:;1n 1.rn d
a n im als, is a native both nf J\;< i a a 11d Afri (':t.

r 1. The elcpl1ant su rpn«S('S rd\ ot h e r lant1 nni111al-.; in sizr .
2. The elep han t s urp :1,.;.~es a ll ot h e r land aIJilll als i11 s trcngtl1 .
Amalyals .. 1
·1 a. Th e dqihant is n. nati\'C o f ,\r-;ia.

l 4. The elepliant is a n at ive uf Africa.

I I I.

sy

NT II E 8 I s

22. Two or 111 oro

() F

c ()

l\f I' I.Ex

24. Variety of Arrangement. - Vari e ty i11 tltl!

s :ENT EN() Es.

111 ay lie u11iteL1 i11t·o 0110
Culllplex ,,;eu tencc, by making o ne :;tate1nc 11 t tl1c 11.:ading,
or principal, proposition, and the utl1cr statemen t, or statements, dependent upon it: tlrn sHhtt·c ni c nf ,.;

( 1.)

Srparat.A

Statements.

( 1. (;,>ffoc w as
~

l

unkn1111·n 111

tl1i!:! L'otlllt ry lwu

I.

k

rr

CCII ·

turi cs ngo.
2. It i:; no w in general use as a Leverage.

Comhinf\d.-Cnfff'<\ whi r l1 1,: no w in g"C'll"l'lll u~ c ns a bcvcrngC', w:i:i
unknown in tlii:; co untry two centuries ago.

·1
i

arr;u1;._;e-

llll.!11t of CtJ111pl ex r;enfl.!11 ('l!S is olitai11ed i11 tli e r-; u11 1: 111 ;11 1111·r
i11 H i111ph~ ;;l!1 ll e 11 c·l'H (by el1a11 g i11 !-; tl1c P()"it it1 11 .,f 1.J1ra c,1·.,),
1:1.11<1 al ,.:o l>y elia 11gi 11 g tl1e positit11 1 ,,f elat1 c,1·,.; .
a i-;

Illustration. -An ol tl dock that hail sto()d f',1r 1i1·:y }Tar;-; 111 ~
farm er':; kitcl1 c n with o ut g ivin ~ its own e r an y c:111 s" of' <'flllll'lai 1tl , carl_v one 8 llllllll C L' lll Ol'lli11 g, Jx'.fu rc tlt t.: i';llllii _y ll' :t >l ,;li ni11 ~,
,,11d·l .. 11l y ~ t"J'I""'·
1'11 i" 11 1;1 y 1'" \' :1 ri •"I t I 111 c< :
1. An nld clock tliat liad stuud fur tit't y yea r" i11 a fanrn·r·s ki11 ·l 1
en withn11t. .f!' i\·in.!.:'. it;i O\YrH ·r n11y rails< ~ llf «1 1111 1.I ;;ini . .._:1 .!il 1·11J:.
stopped early oue Hummer murning before tlic Li111il y wati Htir·

n ng.

l!.'NG Ll:S ll CO.l!POS/1'10 .V.

23

TIU-: COMPLEX SENTENCE:.

2. Earl y o n e s umm er m o rnin g, befo re th e falll ily was s tirrin g, an
oll1 c loc k th a t h all st ood fu r fifty yea rs in n. farni cr ':; kitdH;ll
with o ut giving its owner an y c ause of co mplaiut, s uuu enly
stopped.

2. Al ex andria is s ituat ed o n the sh o res o f th e M edite rra n ean .
ll ll' :tB one o f th e m os t c ele brated c iti es of a nti q uity. (.Adj ecti ve c la use,
adju11 e t t t> " .1\ lcx :111tlria." J
It was form e rl y th e r es id e 11 ee o f the kings o f E gyp t. [A tlj cc lir e c luu:rn,
ndju n et t t> "Ale xa llllria." J

25. Directions. -In combining a nninuer of giv en ele-

ll. Jn t h e O lyu1 l'ic gu 111es, th e o nly re wnrd w as a wreath co rnp oscd o f wil d
oli r c.;.
Th e O lympi c ~a m es w e re r egard e d us th e m os t h o n o rn ule . [ALljcetiYe
c l:tu se, ucljuu c t t o " ga m es.")
Th ey w e re s o rcgardcLI, u ecau sc s ucr eu to Jupit e r. [l'l1rns c o f reason,
ll tlj un et t o "h o 11 u ral.Jl e. " ]
Th ey w e re so rcgard cfl, al so, l.i ccau tiC in s tituted IJy th e early G reek
ti c ru c:;. (Ph rase uf ·1·e<1.S0 11, ndju1H: t t o "lw u u rn ule. " ]

me nts into a eo111plex sentence, t li e pupil may Lu g uidt..:J
by the foll owing con si<l crati ons ;
I. Con si(l cr carefully th e nature of th e n:se rti o n in ea c h of the
c on stitu ent clem e nt s (s ta te ment s ), with lit e \'i c w o f l1l'tn1ui11ing
i ts co nn ec tion wilh ll1 c m a in s ta te ment, whic h will a lway s co me

fi rst.

4 . Napoleo n m ade liis so n Kin g o f R o m e.
I lt: di ll t.h i:; afte r h e l 1:td d il·u rcl' d J OS(' pl1i11 c. [ Ad vc rl Jial f' In n;ic of ti11Le. l
li e di(! Lili :; afte r h e had cs puus c t.l ~! a ria L o u itia . [:\d 1·e r li ial elauo c o f

II. A C' la usc sl1 o u h1 IJC pla ced ] )f· ~ i1le th e s la t r m c nt co ntai11in .~ ll1 c
w o rd wlti d 1 it m o difi es, or with y; J1id1 it has gra111mati cal r elation.

lim i:. ·1

M ari:L L ou i ~ a w a:; d a 11 ;.; h t c r of th e E 111pc ro r o f Au :; l r ia.
c lnu sc, n<lj tm t.:l t o "'.\[a ri<t L o uis a ." ]

Ill. Au ncljec tiY c c la use fo ll o ws th e no un whi c h it m o di li es ; nn ail ·
verbial c la use gc n L· rall y follows the w o rd whi c l1 it modi li es;
bu t n. c lau se d en o tin g p! ace, tim e, cau se, c ondition, c ou cess io u,
ruay precede it.

5.

EXERCISE 7.

A.
ten cu.

I

Nonc.- It. is 11ot n ecessary t.l1 nt all tlt e i;t;ltc11H•11l:i bu turn e d i11t1>
clauses ; i;0111e o f th e m may, wi t h g reate r c lcamtss, IJC r e 11ll c n :d iu tho
c ompl e x i;c ntc n ce as pllrnses.
1. The Spnniiuds w e re s urround e<l by many o f th e n ativ es.
. Th e 8 J>nni a rd s w e r e thu s e mpl o y ed. ( C l a 11 :-< 1~ o f t i1111.', inl rod11ccd bJ
wh ile, a 11 <l int ro du c ing- th e sf•n t.c 1H'<'.]
Th e 11at.i \·c s g aze<l with si len t adm irati o n u p o n lhe:irnctio n «. f .\ dj c· «ti1 e
cla 11 ~c.

J

Til ey co ul d n o t c om p reh e nd tl1 cs e a ction s .

( Adjcc ti\C cluw;c, a djunct

to " ac tions."]
Th ey did n o t foresee th e c onsequ e n ces o f th ese a ction s. [ Adjec tive
cla ttsll, niljuntt lo "atliuus," cunn cctcll 1.Jy '' anu" t o p rcccui 116' cla~ e. J

A11 .~ 11 ,; tu s h eld a co un c i 1 in o rd er to try c e rta in pri so n e rs .
Thi:; \\':\:; w liil c h e wa s 11t S:\m os. [Ath·e rbial clause o f l im e.]
1t was :\fte r t h e fam o us bat.li e o f 1\<:tium. (Adn~ r liia l e lau:;c o f li m e. )
T ii i:; battle m a d e 11 i111 111 11" t c:r (J f th e w o rld. [ AL1j eeti 1·e clause, adju11ct
o f" ua t ll e o f Ac tiu111 . "]
'J' h 1· pri~u n e r ,; tr ied were t h o :;c \Yh o h a ll u cc n c ngugcLI in A 11lo 11 y':; party.
(A dj cc ti\' e c lau se , adjun ct u f " prbo n c rti." ]

6. Co l111111>11 s saw ~t. 11 rl is (:11J f' <' a li.~: 111.
Tlii s \\':IS a1J o 11 t t wo h o11 rti li cf"l n ;. 111itl11 i .~ Iit.

Combine each group of state111cnts into one compfrx S<'n-

fA <h C' rh ial p l1r:1,e p f ti1t1c. J
[ l' ar ti ci1•ia l ]'11 ra.- l', :1dj1111cl

ti

7. Tii e m an ,; 11<·(·ec(lc! l in r Ca ('hin g th e ba nk .
Th e 111 :1 11 fell i n to th e ri\·1· r. [ Adjc d i\'e chtllot', adjunct 11f,11hj1·d . ]
A 'ihi,l:llll'C arri\'•'tl. [l'•1rticij>ial p h ra o\' j

ts.

Ca: ~ar

uiic;lit JJ•.i t li:1ve l; ee u murderecl.

S u p p o~c C :~'" :ir

h ut! ta k e n th e 1.u h·ice of t h e friend.

[,\ Ll vn hial ('l:tlioc

11f1"<11itlit.i1111 (1fJ.]
Tl11: fril·l nl w:1 r11 c tl li i111 nut.
~larc h .

t."

.il

.,

~

.,l
•
!,~

C ul 1111ii >l t:i wa,; s t a11 di11 g t> ll t.l1 e f'tJr <:1.;:1:-< tl e.
to C 1il Lll 11 IJ U i;. " I
Il e Jl"i1>t.,,[ tl ic lig- ht o ut l u l'c dru . [ Adjt:ctil·c: cl a n ~"• !Hlj1n 1L·l t<)
" k:t1t"j
P c· tlru ll'as a p au-c o f th .: q u ee n' s warJro lJ e. [ ~0 11 11 p li rnse , in appos ition
wilh " Pctlro." ]

L

[

(Adj ec ti ve

i.;·o l11 lll(: S..:1 1at., ·liuuoe un ll1e Ttks of

rAdj ec ti \'e cla use, utlj u11d l)f" lrie11d ." I

"~

'

'j

~]'
{;<

1
,,.~

~~

'.~

'1
~

'~

r~

'i

,j

:·i
1

ti

.

.j

:,J

E.VGUSll COJll'OSJ TI ON.
9. Th a t val o r li ngercu only nmong 1iirntcs nnd robb ers.
Th i:; rnlo r l1ad wu11 tli<.: g reat liattlc of hu1 mL11 cil'il izati o n. [Adjective
cl;1 usc , udjuncl t u" y,tJur."J
It lrnd 8aH:d Europe. [Adj el:l i1·c elausc, ndj11nct lo " Yal o r." ]
lL h ud s u l1jugatcu Asia. [ ,\dj c<:ti n : e lautic , udj uuct to "vulor. "l

Change the position of th e clauses and phrases in tli e fol.
lo"·in g scntcnecs in at least three di.fforeut way s, \\·itl1 0ut
alterin g th e const ru ction or destroyin g t h e sense :

10. There wi ll be u cnmp- 111 cc li11 g.
It b t u cu 111111cn cc th e la s t :'ll u 11d:1y of tlli ~ m o nth.
the Duul1lc - ~pr i11 ;.;- (;ruY <.:.
P dn Hri11to11' s.
l't:tc r lir i11t1111' t1 i ~ i11 th e co11 11t y o f :::) liclliy.
1t i:; tu be

1. Animals o f t he cat k ind arc cli s ti ng- ui ;;hed c hi cJly !Jy th eir s harp clnw>i,
which tl1ey ca11 hid e o r ex t end at JJ lcusu re.
:.!. Th e plu nt sa m{'liirc al ways grows in ce rtain places on th e sea-s h o re
whicl1 arc n e ve r co vere d Ly th e sea.

S As th ey npproa chcd t he coits t, they saw it corc red with a m ult itu de of
people wh o m th e 11 0 1·c ity o f the F. pcctacle had drawu t oge th e r, 11.nd
ll'h osc ntlitud cs a nd gc~tures exp ressed w o nt.l e r unil as t o ni s hm ent al
th e s trnuge objects which presen ted themse lv es to their view. ·

A11 .v; 11 ,; L11 ~ ,

Practical Exercises in Composing.

A.
Rca<l alouJ the following pi ece, aJl(l mak e an ah,;t ra ct
from m emory . U nderline any con tp fr.JJ sentences tl1at yuu
may \\'ri te .
I

PLEASANT REWARD OF CANDO!{.

I.'

1·

A ce rt a in S pa11i :;h duke havin g ol1ta i necl ka Ye of th e Kin .'; o f
~pai11 to r e ka se so me galley-s laves, 11·e nt. on l1 na rd t i"' galky at
Barcdo 11:1, wli c r e th e pri s one r:; w e re chain1 ·d aL tlw i r \\'•1rk.
l'a ~s i11 g th ro ug h th e l1 l' JJ( :lies
!> la\'( •:; a t tli 1· oar, Ii i· asb·d ,;1•\'cral or t li clll \1·l1al th e ir o ll'c 1u.·es wnl'. All 1·x,·u ,;1·1l t l11·:11 -.,,·i11 ·' ,

or

n.
Separate tl1 c foll o \\'in g co 1llplex sentences into t!tc diJJ('rent prOJJOs ition8 they contain:

r ,; ha ll n e 1·c r co nse nt

t o s u ch proposa ls whil e I live.
whil e h e w:1s at S111nos , nftc r th e famou s l.J1tttl c o f Actiu m,
wl1 il- h m ade liim 111adl.e r of lite world, 11 c ld a C'O llll !' il , in orde r t o try
ll! e p r i,;un c ro who Iiad hecn e ngage d i11 Antm1y 1 d pa rty.
3. A tit:l·nc: uf w oe th e n e ns ued lite lik e o f wlii c h u u C)'<.: lia LI s.::e u.

1.
.,

:I t

'T hi ~ g ru \'c i:; lll'ar

11. My frknd !:' ir Hog-1·r li:i~ 11ft(' 11 l11ltl 111 f', ll'ilh n g reat. dt ·a l of mirth.
li e fuu11 d three l •a rt :; of hi :; h u u ~<.: :!ltug\'ll1cr u ~de~8 . [:-..- 11 11 11 cl:w~o,
ul.ijc l't uf" told. ")
He ca m e t u hi t1 es ta t e. f .\d \'nliial !'lau,: c , l i111c.)
T li e bcs t rno 111 i11 it lwLI th e rq>11ta tio n o f l.Jc iug haunt ed. [ N uun clause,
object of'' t u ld. "]
It wu t1 lockcd u p.
N(Jb1·s had l1cc u h ea rd iu his lo ng ga ll ery. [X ou n clause, ohjcc t of
"to lLl. ")
H e co uld not g e t n sr n·nnt t o cu t er it aft e r eight o'c lock a t ui ght.
Th e door uf <1 ne of !tis cllllmbc r:; " ·as nailed up. [Noun clau se, ubj ecl
of"to ld.''J
A sto ry \1·1·11t in th e family. [Acll'nl 1ia l clnusc, cause. ]
A h11tl c r h:l!l f11m1erly h n11 µ-c d hi 111 r;1·lf i11 it.
llis nwll1 L" r !tat! 01'11t up h alf the ro o 111 ti in th e h o use.
Jli s m ot h c r l1ad li n·d to a great ngc.
In tlic ruum he r h usl.Jaud, u so 11, u r u da ug hte r h ad di ed.

25

Till:: COMI'LEX SENTA'NCE.

..

-

one say in g tl1:tl li e w a s put t l1n e o ut of 111 alil'<". a1l<lt l1t·r 1.y

tl1 c bril1c ry

or a

jud ge; but all u11ju s !ly.

A1nrn1 g tl11: l' l'St

\\' il:-i

a 8tunly li tt le fell o w, 11·l10m U1c duk e a s k ed what /rn wa s tl1ne

for.

"Sir," s: titl h e, '' I c :rnnot t1e n y th at I a m ,i11 o.; tl y

s1'11L

Ji .. n·;

f t> r I wantl'. d 111on cy, a1Hl so I t .. ok a purse 11p1111 ti ... l1i .c: l111·ay 1.,
k erp m e fr o m sta n ·in g ."

'\\' ht n lll: l11 ·a nl tl1 i,;, tl1 t· d11k .. ,

11

i1 Ii

hr•• o r tl 1r•· 1•
,; li ,~ l1 t llltJ\\' !:i on t.lle lrnck, :;nying, "You rogue, 11 !tat ar<' y 11 11
iJo in g amo n g tl O man y l1 011e:;t 111 t n ? Get yo11 g nne ou t ,,r tl11·ir
c1Hnp any.'' So li e wa il frctd, aml tlt c re::;t of tlie gang remain ed
a li t tl e s li c k li e l1a<l in l1 i::i li;1ml , g a Ye tl1 e

th e r e

still to tug at the oar.

m1111

:,

'

26

EXCLJSll CO.Ji POSITI ON.

Till-: CO .llI'OUND Sf:NTJ::XCE.

27

n.
Write a composition from tlie follo wing out1ine :

CHAPTER III.

OU !{ TllHE E GHEATE ST A:\fEHICA~ l\'\'E~TIO ~ S.

1.

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.

THE COT'l'ON · G IN.

1. N

(ri) Im e1'.ted liy El i Wliitn ey : s tnte (if yo u can find out) wh en
1t was Jn\·e ntcd.
(b.) I ts utility- for wl11Lt 1·t "1 s t
· 111c1·casrng
·
·
., . · .
.
isel1 - c 11·cd 111
the
cult1\11t10n of cotton - cilcct on th e growt h of slavery.

2. T1rn

(b.) \ : llat h11 s gro,~·n o ut of this first experim ent? Speak of th(
gnat
nu1nl 1v r o f laJ"<orc s tc •\mcrs u o w f"oti I ll l on u JI t I1e wa t<- n:1
..
ol tl1c world .
-

3.

t

!.

0 F

c ()

:If l' 0

uN

D

s E N T E N c E s.

27. The connect ion of the separate statementf; of ;1 co mpound se11te11ce is e ffected Ly me ~rn s uf cu-ordi11 ate co 11j1111eti um;; a11d t he nature vf the conncd iun de pe11<l : > un the kill<l
of cv11junctivLt u;:;cd.
I. Co-o rd inat e conjnndiuns arc lliYid cd into four c\a,;~es -nam ely:
(1) cv;1u!atitc, (~) 1foj1wcl ici: , (0) ad1:crn1titr, (·I) jlf,tfiN.
[ Fn1
a li st of the conn\"ct i1·cs of compound se11!t"11cc~, see English

T1rn TE1.1-:nH .\P1r.

(a.)_ In\·ented liy Professo r Monie. Is li e now aliYe? T h e first
lin e \\· 11,; eo ns lrn ctctl IJctwcen Baltimore und \\' asliin crton Iu
0
•
what year wn;;i tli i ~?

<;r:1rn111 :t r, I'· ~:1:2. 1

(b.) l'r ug rc::;s uf the telegra ph -

immense number of linPs now
constructcll - m ention in what countries-the AtlfLnt ·c
11
' 1 ca 1 r
( c.) t; ~ 1T dy of tile tc lcg r:ipli: its dfert on cYery-dav
Ii fr- .. ;;
Lusm.ess- un our knowl c·J ge. o 1· \"\.1.
·
·
•
•
ullt Is go m r• on all over tho

world.

u j{ E

26. A compound sentence con sists of two or rn ure irnl epen<lc11t propositions.
The proposition s of a compou 11<l se ntcnec arc of eq nal
rank (co-ordinate).

S-m.\~IB O AT.

(a.) _Inn: nt~ll by Houcrt _Fulton: do yo u know nnrthing abou t
hun ? Name of the llr::;t stf'a rn er made in thi s cou ntry, tho
Clermo11t; t o what place did it run ? \Vh cn was the first
trip Jll;lllt: ?

A '!'

Tl1 c f.,\\<J\\ing an: illustrati1111,; ·

1. Tl1 c r:1i11,.; d1·sc1·11d1'<l nnd tl1c !lt 1lld .-; utlllc - i t 111> ~tall'llll·nt~
u11ill:,1 into a cu111p1H1lld sente nce l;y tli c cop11lat. i1·c crn1ju11 c tiun

"

r:±~t.., Ex dia n;..;e p a p c rs, anu curred \\"i Ll1 refere nee to1. ::lpcliing, capitals, nrnl g-rn mm:ir.
2. ,Ti1
c lllT:til""C
Jl1l'!lt or tlil' j)l1 r·1s(•G 1°1·1 ·111 tl
. t
.
"
· · ·
·
IC St'll l 'IHT Oi.
U. l lie arraugcmc11t of tlJc clau:i;t::i iu tlic comple x ,;u iluiicu;.
\.,

"anLl'"\.
2. \\' (. 11111 ~ 1 win tl1l' 1i ,~ l1t <•r )[,)lly ~tark is a \I idmY -[ t1111 "t:1t e111t·nh 1111it1·d intn a c "111p1>1111d H'J 1t1·11cc l1y tlw cli-j1 1n 1·ti\'e l'11l1·
,i I l !l ( ·l i( ii I .. 111' ' ' j.
:>.T ile 1·1111111rnnd cr wa ~ u1111 illi11.!.'.· l<> s1trn:11d 1·r: l rtil tl11 : g:11T1·.. •11
romp1·!\l'd l1i111 tn dn so - -[ t1\·o s lall'Ill l"Ilt,.; u11it1·d i1111! a c11111 p111111d ,;1·11l1·nl ·1 · lry lil t'. ad1·1·bati\'<' c1111j1111t'l i1111 "'l1u l. '" ].
4. i'itt si1111:.;l 1 j,, i 11 t 111· cv11I n: of a ri1·l1 c11:il r1· µ· i,,11: lw1H:•· it is a
g n·at 111anulitct11ri11 g city - l two statcm1·11ts u11it1·d int11 a Clllllpo1111d s1·11t1·1 H· c l1y till' ilL1tivc C<J11ju11etiun '· l11·nc1·" :.

IL Fn·'lw ntly tl1l' co11!1LTti1·c is u1nittcd; ns-l11 t• ' i'ri11 c:·, a:i S}ll ' !•'1 SSt ·d dtJ\ I II till' I al•·.
l)! l t!it· t1·t·c ;-; , [1t111Ll li•·r l1rt·:1tl1 ~111 tl1 t· ~<111·
2. 'llw nil that 1111 ·11 du lil'Cb atl<.:r them; Lliulj tl 1<e huuJ h uit
\Ii L11 tlici r l HJ!ll':i .

1.

'!" 111• •[llt' t'll Of

l,t·ll lit·r rulJt',

i11t nrt'J

TIJE CO JII'OUNlJ Sf ; N 'J'J:;NC J::.

ENGLISI/ CO.Vl' OSITI ON.

III. Iu a compo und se nte nce in wh icli th e relation of th e mcmlw r:; is c1>p ula t i\·c, tli c conju nction is ofte n m erge d in a rduli rn
pronoun or co njun cti1·e at.herb; as1. li e g a ve it to Peter, ·1rlio [= and lie] irnmctliatcly l1antk 1l it to

J oh n.
2. I !t ope to m eet you t o-morro w, ic!ten [= a111l tlienj w e can arrange the matte r.
The prin c ipa l conjunctive (Hlverus so used arc ichen, ichere, while,

·1clu r1:/ <>re.

·

I

· g st.ate111 e11ts ,'1notl1cr statcAtld to each of t l 1e f o11 O\\· rn
m c nt, s0 as tu rnakc an dlati.viJ l'U /lljJ Ull! Ul iiCntu11 ce :
Th e ~luuluw <f th e ea r/It on th e 11wo1L's d isk is alttll!J~ row'.d; l1 c11 ce
" Th e s h aJ uw uf t h e ea rth o n the m oo n' s tl1ok l ti alw•t) ti
~~ ;1·n«i;. h e n ce this is a p roof of th e ear th's rotuudity.
1

J.. Th e sha d o w o f th e ea rth o n the m oo n' s disk id al way o rom J i
2.
3.
·1.
G.

h ence ... .... .
Th e hoy st u llied dili ge nll y, anti lli c refo rc ..... ·. ·
The P cr6 inn s treat ed Lh c Greeks unju , Lly, and co n scq u cnlly . · · · · · . ·
H e liYcd exlrar;1ga11Ll y; th erefo re ... .. .. .
J\rnohl li aJ n eve r firmu eco t o reb iot th e slightest. lcmptaliv11; oO
th a t .. , . . . , .

EXERCISE S.

A.

All<l to c:ich of the foll o\\'ing statements anoth er stateme nt, so as to make a cnpulative comp ound sentence :
MODEL:

" I n h]>riug !li e f armer p/0119lt.•, awl .. ... .. . "
aml in nut.umu h e rcapB.

In spring the fa rmer

l l.

CONT

n. .ACTED

C 0 :MI' 0 UN D

SENT ENCES .

pluu i; h ~ ,

l. Iu s prin g- the former p l o u ghs, nnd , .... ..•

2. fo wlnt ·r l11e days nrc s h o rt, 11LHI .. , . , ...
3. Salt iti proc ure d fro m su lt· min es ; it is nlso ..... .
4. ll11n11 i lm l was n g rea t so ldi e r, , . ..... .
5. In rn r ious cu u11tri e::1, diffe re nt a nimal s are u sed fur lJca ti ts oflrnnlcn · we
u Me the h o rse, and . . . . . . . •
'

n.
A<ld to each of tltc foll owing statements anotl1 e r 8ta t0
me:1t, s~ as to make an advasative compo11n1! St' Jdcnct~ :
" Jfony ;;rrso11.• tried to <lisccr1.r11,'le C.i/ 111111!11.•, lmt . , .... . . " 11! any
p e rtions tri e d tu Jbc o u rage Cu lumlrns , I.Jui h e wu s J c termiucd to per·
severe.

MODEL :

l. Millly p e rs ons tri ed t o dir;courngc Co lum!JJ.J s, but ....... .
:.l. Tho ug h lk lg ium i ~ 11 s mall co untry, y et ....... •
:I. He li g iu n dw db n o t on th e t<rn g u c, . .. ... . •
4. It m11 Hi lie i;o : P lato , thou ren::1uncst w e ll; cl so •. . .....
6. Nnpoleon w11 ::1 the great es t co nqu e ro r thLlt ever livod; ncverthe·
less . ... .. , .
6. Althoug h w~a r is made c hiefly from the sugar·cane, ...•..••

,.

1\[0DE L: "

Ous.-,\ 8 n ·laliYc pron o uns nnJ conj un cti ve 1Hlv c rb s gc n crn lly inlro clu ce
A11l>onli11:tte propo:; iti u 11 s (da u ecs ), a <'<H11Jw1111( l oe ul enc c lik e Llwse g ir c n lllJU\'e
urns!. not lie e o 11f'uuuJeJ with o. co111µlcx scutcnce.

''

c.

28. The members of a cornp0 unu sentence may have a
common part in citl1 er tlic wujed or t1c predicate; in
which ca::;c the sentence is sai<l to Le contraded. Thu::;1. Tli c bin1 :i saw the litllc p ool, un<l th e birtl~ ca me there t o
<lrink=Th c uin1s saw the little pool, unu rnuw th ere to
l1rink - [co11tradio n in the ~u lJect\.
2. Tli c rc: asonab lc e xpectations or hi111 se lf and th e r easua11/J/,; e:tj 1Cc·
taliu11s of hi~ fri1: 11 rl~ were lli sappo int ed=The reasonulJle ex pe<:tati ons of hi mself a!lll o f 11is fri cntb w ere <lisappointcJ-Lcu ntraction of adjunct o f tl1 c subj ect J.
3. Cold produces ice, aml li eut tlissolvcs fre=Co lt1 p ro<l uce s ant\
J1 e:1t di ;;soh ·cs icc-rco ntrac tio u in th e uluect] .
4. Birds of th e air find sl1dter in th e i;lrnd o w of it s wi<lc8prc adin~
l 1rn n l' h es, nnll l1cas ts of th e forest find s helter in tlie sl 1ad"w "f
its wiJ c· ~prca<lin g hran c hes = llir<l s of the air alld 11(' :\fi t :i <i i' tl1 c
forest find shelter in the shad o w of its witlespreading branchc11[ contraction in predicate and adjunct~ l

'j
"

30

ENGLISII CO.III'OS ITJON.

Tiff; CO .lll 'OUND SENT£"N CE.

EXERCISE 9.

3. The members of a compound sentence, which are themselves subili villecl by commas, are separated by semicolons; as-

Cuntract th o fulluwi11 g cu111puu11d sentences, and state tlie
nature uf tl1 e cu11tradiuu :
i. 'l'l1 e .i •l" ka l liap p e 11 cil tu li e al a sliort di ,-( :111 ce, a11 ll tli e j 11<: kal ""' ~ iu
ll ta 11lly d c:; l'utl' hcd ou tlii s i111p u rta11t i.J 11; i11 c:;:;.
2. Tl 1c ri cc· plaut g ro w :; In g- rcat alrn11d ou c u in C liin a ; th e rlcc -pla11t .t.:ruws
in i-;rc:i t a lrn11da11 cc in Japau; tli e ri ce -plant grows in g reat alrn11d .111 c0
in fodia.
3. Th e c a st co as t o f Am;trulia is ru g-gc d, nnLI th e ea~ t e oas t of Au btralia i:;
ck c ply ind ente d.
4. Juliu s Ca:-sar wro t e wi t h g reat \' i.c;o r; Juliu s C;csar fought with tin; same
vi go r.
t5. Light is n n ecess ity o f li fe, auLI nir is a n eccs:;ity of life.

l J J. p

U N CT U A T I 0 N

0 F

C0

l\I P 0 U N D

SE

N T E N C E S.

29.

Tho m embas of a couq>unnd sentence arc snbjoc:t to
th o rul es of pun ctuati on tl1at l1ave l>ccn gi ,·c n fo r tl1 e simpl e and for tho complex senten ce. Tl10 f ollowing rnl es apply specially to tl10 c:omp0 u11d sentence :
1. When o. compound sentence consists of two short members connected by o. conjunction, especially when there is contraction, the membors are not separated by a comma; ns1. A little S!'hool-girl prcssc ,! rl c h e rry bct11·ce11 lier lips and threw nwny
th e sto ne.

31

I la\·i11g d et ain e d y o u ~o 10 11 ;.: alr eady, I s l1all 1111t tre:ip:1ss l"llg l'I' 111°o u
yu11r 1•a ti c 1u·c; !Jiit, be!'urc co 11cl11di11 g, I wi oli yu11 tu o boc nc tl1i:;
J' Oill t.

4. In contracted compound sentences, omissions within the propositions
a.re generally indicated by commas; asTo err i~ humun ; to forgive, t1i\·i11c.

E X E RC I SE 1O.

Punctuate tho fo1lo win g cumpo 1u1 ll sentences:
I. Th e k ee 11 e:s t wit th e mo s t pl ay ful fancy th e m o s t g <·nia \ cr iti ci,; rn w c rn
la\'i, h c ll y e ar a!'Ler year w ith u J!rOfu s io n nl1nos t uiira c 1il1it1:i.
~- On 111 y a pp roa c h th e lrnl Edo h ca \'ing l1i111 sclf l'or \l'ard \l'i t li a h<·an· rulli11 g g all o p and da :; hin g wilh precipitati o n thrnu g h l1r:il; l'd and ra \·im::;
ngain set otr full t ill wl1 ilc sc \·e r:ll tl ec r a11 L1 \'.'11 \1 ('. ,; ;L:t rt 1.. <1 i·ru1 11 t li <: ir
Cu\· c rls l.>y h i:; l1111ullcring ca ree r n111 IH:ltc r -:; k <:ltc r r ig ht u11<l l dt acro ~ 11
th e prairi e .
3. I sp ar ed 11 0 u1 ean ti l o hring t o pass whateve r app eared n ec essary for n1y
cu n1 1'o rlal> lc ti lll' PO rt fu r I 1.:1l n:;id c r cd th e k 1.:c 1•i11 g 11p : l lor c:c d 11f Lrn e
c 1Tatu res thu s a t 111y ha11Ll \1'011ld lie a li\'i11 g 11 1:1;,;azi lll: (If fr c, 11 111 il k
lrnttc r nncl e h ees c.
4. Pros perity \\'ill ga in fri e nd :; but nthersily will try tl1 <: 111.
5. O\'id ':; pret e nd ed otre n ce wa s tl1c writin g of t:<: r lai11 \' nscs lout ii. h
ag reed 011 al l halllb and i,; in e ffe c t u1u1 cd liy hi111 :; d f Ura l ll tb wao
11 ot the rea l ca11 se o f Iii :; C.\ il e.
0. All 11a t 11rc h l111t ar t 111 1k 1111\1·n Lo th e e
All t:h111tt'<' dir»"l.i1111 \1·l1i c ll llwn cm1;; t nut sec.
All <lit'l'i>l'l\ l1 ar1 11 1oi1 y 11" t 1111•\«fo[.u.,,l
All partia l c \'il uni rersal g oo d.

2. I will arise and go to my fath e r.

2. Disjoined members of a compouncl sentence, wh ether full or contracted, are generally separated by commas, and always when there are
more than two; 1117- I. Ou t l1 csc trees th ey J•la !'ed large s ro ucs , and th e n co ve red the wh ole
uitl1 clamp ea rth.

2. The ri ch nnd the po o r, the high nnJ th e low, tho old nn<l the yotmg,
were nlikc subjected to th e 1·engeaucc of th e cunqucror..

I

v. s

y N T JI E ti I s

() F

u

(JM]'() l i ,....,

I)

s

E :~ T E .'i c E 8.

30. In the sy nt11 osis of cornpu11wl se nt ences fr o11 1 <·km ents, tl1 c natnre of tlic S( •parat e f; t <> tt •111e 11 t:-; sl1 .. 11lil 11< ' 1·: 1n ·fullv c-t111 ,; i.lcrul, fi u a,; t.11 <:ullfl('d i11 <'<1Ji:;tn11·1 i1o11 t lw 1111·111bor~ tlia t an.! cv 1rn etted i11 beit be ; attellti u 11 ti ltutd d a l,..11 J,e

.tXGLISll l'ONPOSITION.

given to the cmploylll cnt of the prope r conjnn ction when
one is rc<111ired.
Jn <'1)1111 v di11g
t: c 11 c:c , e u11t rad.i o n

tlt c

ii f:t! L' ll1 c: nt ::;

int o 0 11e (·0 1npu111HI fie npartil'ipial

1:::; llllll'lt e mploy ed, and the

pl1rasc is ,·e ry u:: ; cful.
1. I liad olle n nT e in~ <1 an invitati o n fro m my fri c nu
S ir H ogl' r d e Co ,·c rl cy to 11as·i away n month

Elemeuts.

\ritlt !tint in tlic <·o untry.
r 2. I last
w ee k acco mpa ni ed l1irn thith e r.
·1'

l

3. I am se ttl e1 l with ltim for some tim e at hi s country-h o use .
4. I

int C' nd tlit'rc to form SC Yeral of my e nsuing

Sp l'rn la t io n::i.

Combined. --- Havin g of't<·ll r1·cci\· e<1 an inl'itation from 111 y fri end
S ir Hngn d e Co Yc r ley ttJ pa ss away a m ont h with hint i11 th e
count ry, I las t w ee k a cco 111pan ic J him ll1ith c r, and a m sc ttl c u
witlt him fo r so m e tim e at Iii :; co untry-l1 o u sc, wh e re I intcn <l to
f o r111 Se \'CI'al O f l llJ ensuin g SjleC: \l fation s.

In cnmhinin g tl1 c ckml'nts, st at <· 111 e 11t 1 is c·l11111g1 ·<1 ton participial phra s1', a 11d i11lru1lu ces tl1 c sent e nce. :-i tati- 111 c ut ~forms tl1c
liri:; t m t· ml>c r. l::Hatcm c 11t 3 fo rm s the second m c ml>e r an1l is
co nn ected " ·ith th e preceding liy a c opulative co11j1,11H·ti on . .
S t:lt1·111 1·11t -1 appears as a tltinl llH' ml ic r, and is co nn e dt:<l by
th e co njunc tive all vc rl.i ·1clicre ( =r11uL tl1ere).

TJJE COMPOUND SENTENCE.

s.

33

The g reat so uth e rn oc ean is c row~l e d with coral islands.
It is e row1kd will! s ul1111 a ri11 e ro c: ks o r th e sam e nature.
'J'l! l'~e rocks are rapidly g rnwi11 g up t u Ute s urfa ce.
Th e re th ey arc 11L-sti1wJ t u t'u nu 11 1; w lllll.iiluti ons for narn .
Th ey will at k11 g tl1 0 1·ntu1• th e oecan.

4. O u lit e scalfoltl Ii i:; l1dnt\'i o r was calm.
Un tit <: til'a lfu ltl h i:; cou 11 k11a uce was unalte red.
O n th <: ::;eai!'oltl \ii:; voice was unalte red.
H e spe nt so me tim e in d c \·o ti on.
Afterward,; he s uffo red d eath.
H e di ed with iutrcp idity.
Th b intre pidity became th e na me o f Do ugl as.
5. In th e in tc ri or o f the Cap e o f Good H o pe, th e beas ts of tb e fores t Jr,\()
fo r :wcs Jiy ed in compa ratil' C peacc- Ltirs t lcadi ug propo ti itiuu].
Th e " ·:uncled a uu t e rrifi ed auimals felt (su rn etlting)- Loceo ud leadin g
11 w111bc r introdu ced l.Jy an ad\' Cr5a tiv e crn1j un c ti o 11J .
Th e Euro;.,caus sp rca u th cmscl\' CS al o ~g the cuati t - [adr crlJia l c hlw;1;
o f lilll <:].
.
Th e Eu ro i•cans for ced tlit:ir way iuto th e woods-fadr e rlJtal dau sc o f
tim e].
The Ht·(·urily wn.s n o w g o 11 c- f no11 n <"la usc, ohjcd o f " frlt " ].
Th ey had enj oyed sec urity - fadjeet iv e cla use, aLljuuc t o f" :;cc urity" J.

Practical Exercises in Composing.

A.
EXERCISE 11.

Combine the follo wing statelllcnts into compowul sen-

Write n. composition from the following outl ines, and ur1·
derlinc the compound sentences :

tences :

1 The is land a t firs t seem ed uniuh u!J itcd.
Th e na tir cs g raduall y nssc m iJlccl in g ro ups 0 11 th e sho re.
The 11:1ti1«·s 01·c rcn111e tltcir n:tlu rnl ~ hy11 csti.
Tlt e nat ir c" rcce in:d us ve ry li ospita l>l y.
Th ey l>rot1µ; 1tt d ow n for o ur u:;c th e Yari u nti protluds uf t!J eir l~i and.
!.l. The stCJ r111 in ercascd with th e 11 ig- ht .
Th e H<-: l was las hed in lo tre 111 c 11dou~ c" 11fu8i0 11 .
The r.: wa,; a fea rful, s u ll e n so un d uf 1·us hin g wa1·c:;.
Tli1' rc 11·as a fc:1rful, :;u llcn so uud of 1Jrukc11 s urges.
Deep culled uuto deep.

BIRDS'-NESTS.

1. \VIIY THEY AHE ll UfLT . -- Placcs wh ere the IJird s may by :u111
h a tc h their cg gs - -as dwellin gs for their young.
2. ~fATEJllAL S FllO\( WllH ' ll 'l'lrnY Alm MADE.- Enlltll(:rate t.li esc - -·
straw, twirr ~. m oss, wool , c lay, de.
3. Fon~; A);~ H OW TH EY AHR MAIJE. - D esc rili c tl1 e s h ape 11!'l1irde1'lll'StS. ;m d h o w tlt e 11irus work them iuto shape. Tl1is i» done
hy " in s tinct." Wh:tt is instinct?
4. WllEilE ll!IlDS nurr.o.-:Mcntion where tllc Linls with wh oso

34

ENGL!SJf CO,l!l'OS/1'/0X.

hal>1t s y ou arc acr1uaint cd build.
th e \\'l i ippoor\\'ill 1 the marlin?

C01\TERSION A N D COJJ IJJNA TION OF :n'NTl.: XcES.

35

''irh crc docs the tlirus h build 1

" '_l'lte "11·a!lo\\' t11·i1t<·ring fro111 i1:; fi(ra1r- l>uilt shed ?"
\\ i>l'rt.: cl<l l>1r.J ,.; "r pn·y ln1ild '(
ti . Bl·lalt; a11y pL·r s o11 :il CX jll'l'i<'ll <'t: i·ou h:t\" ' I l
J
....
lat with birth'-n ests.

U IIAPT El~

t?'f~ .Exd1a11gc papen' fur c- ri tic:ism.

IV.

CONVERSION AND COMBINATION OF SENTENCES.

B.

\Vri te a short acconnt
foll owing trades111cn:

or

I.

tli e

J

wor '

a11t1

lllat crials of the

THE COOPE R.

Th~. ~o~pcr i~

i

pri'.1cipal ly c.:mploycd in mak in g barrel s for the )rcs-

<.:1 \ .ti11111 <>I \·an1111:; s 11i1sta11et·s
'flies , I .1 .. ·!·· I' ll'
I .
·•
.
·
· e '· li t>; < 1 er cr rca tl y ll1
size, frntll th e l11 we ,·at n :<iuir('il I ,. 1I , 1· . -11 .
'"'
.
"'
'
'.
>c < 1,., 11 L' I and brewer to
the " ma ll ca:; k used by tl1 e crrcH'er
]' .,·I· · II ., l
'
.
n
·
•< It l'~
ll'"('
I C lll ' lllllfa ct ures t 11l1,.; r>ail~ ·111d o th . · 1- · - l
· J
•
'
•
.
'.
- '·
u
l'"" l' s ol 1 i1n cs l1c Ill i iity
Tl
b est k111cl s nf \\'.Ood f'1 >r cno1H·r·t"e
- l ,. I
l I'.
IC
· r> •·ire o·iJ
, , , >L
·ec 1, a n( 1r. li'or
t l l e JH ll')l <J:-ll':'l o i lh e 1·o·>per tli .. se ·i re c ut i 11 to l
II t ·
<" II . l ,.
r· .
'
,
.
•mg, a pi eces,
.. i
u ., tan·s, a <· 11· lll"11t ·s l1ru·1d ·incl •tl1 1t] · 11·
.
'
''
'
"L
1.1 an ·rnc}J t li1-ck
ln 111akrn g barre ls, tl1e :<lav<·:; are c ut a c 1·rtain ll'nn·t) 1
j
tapcrl' d a littl(~ toward eacli c n tl Th ey. 1.. . · . ·
'"'· ' . fiIH
1

.

: i l1g~: t Clll'I'<'; .~l' lti c h

'·

_.

"

'

<ll'I)

1llrlJ]('(1

\\'!(It

u

prndu'.·c·s th e s welling in tlie c rntre j><·c· uliur
to !1,1111 -b.
111 1.: f)()tto1n o l 111<· lia rre l cnnc;sts .. 1·tl , . i·
·
. -. . . .
- ., •. - ~ iu n o11L' pi ece
of \\01111 , 1•1 11! :<l'\'t•ral J<>llll·d •o ·• ··tl .
'l'l
·
' -- ' "r.
l<' "1:i1-.. s lw111 .. ·ir!°',lll~"t-.d Jo1111d i r, :l11·y are kq1t i11 thei r pl a<'l'S hy iron Ji ~o 'is.
I li e cuupe.r tl1 en for('(:S Oil tl ie lioop;., a nd, after plac inrr in tlhc
h~a.<1, c:on,trnues to .dri,·c tl1 c m t o w:ml s tl11• ('1' nln• until~lic Ye::>sc l is .r1.: 11u .ered perle
C' tl y wat c r-t i,,l1t Tl e, I· , ti
l
,
•
"'
.
l ,\ ( Z C, IC fl ll ll C llllL] a
pec uliar Jund o l knife call e<l a dr·1win"-knif· . tl
: ·
-· _
. . _
•
•
o
<:, me ie pnn c1pul
ln:;(11111H,nr,; wwrl hy t lie coopn.
Tli 1· I 0l:1i'k.,111i1 li_
Tl ,.. i ,.,. ,k -1.indc T.
Tl1 c lioil ..: r-111akcr.
Tlie painter.

TI1e plumber.

[

31. Method.-A sitllp1 c se11tenee may Le com·crted into
a complex scntcnc:e Ly d1a11 g i11 g some word or phrase i11tu a
cbuse.
A c:omp1cx sentence m r1y Le conY ertet1 i11t0 a C(J111pu11111l
sentence by e11:lllgi11g a c: lau se intu a11 i11<l cpe11dellt 11 1L·11ilier.
Tl1 e pruc:e::;s by wl1i c:h tl1 c::;e c:lrnngcs are mack i::; <:alkJ
"X_FCl7l8/0 I/,,

r

l1f

-£;'

f ~:

Exl'A N::iION.

(1)
arc d 1.:spi ,;et1 .

Sl111ple . _. _. . Q11a rrclsu !JI C p e rson,;

t'om1>l cx . . .. l'cr:;u11,; 1clw 111'c fjlllll'!'dw 11w

arc Llc!'pi snl.

(~)

minut est ani111al, e.2·11111i11 cd attodil'll!f. affords a tlious;111 11 1r111H1c·rs.
Co11111lcx .. .. . Tli e minu tc!'t anima l. ?rlirn it n e:i.·11111illl';/ 11(/.1,tird!J,
aff11r.l;; a t l1ou san<l \1-ondtT:;.

Slmplc ....... T li c

(:\)

one doul>ts tl w r u111ul11css 1if tlic eai-t!i .
t'ompl<' x .. . .. Nn one dou bt;; t!111! tli r: fllrl h '"' ro11111l.
Compou1nl ... 'l'hc ca r~h ii$ round, <lll<l no one dotil Jb it L
ur tl11.: fiwt ].
S lrnpl c .. .. .. No

EXERCISE 12.
Ti1t·

t r1111J; - 111 :t!; 1· i·.

Tli e w l1n ;l\\ 1·ig l1 t.
Th e rore-spi nn(;r.
The sl1ip-carpcntcr.

The glass-ulower.

.L

Expand tl 1c fullu\\·i11g binq>l c into
1. The J>hyski:in pr .. 1lict 1·d 1111' rrN• 1·r ry

1~(

~. ~fen of J,!" n·:1t talt · nt an· n ot al\\;1_\ :4 /111•11 /, /,·

3. 'l'lw Jew s blitl l'Xi't:cl

('1111111!1. 1·

?iml1'f1tlin·_

:·1.. r:-'1,11 s.

1/.t cu111i11:; •:/l/1,; _l/.,,.,;u/1.

s1 ·111, 111·1 s:

3{)

ENGLIS ll COJ!f'OS! TJO.Y.

CO!ffERSION AND CO MB I NATI ON OP SENTl.'XCi,'S.

4. T!Jc rainlJ ow see11 y c;;tcr cla y 11ftcrn oo11 wa s Yc ry l.Jcautifu l.
5. Th e s tars app ea r s lll a ll t u us occtw sc of /It, i r d islu 11re.
ti. llid i11!J ulu11v, I u l.J~c rr c d a rn :iu by th e rua tb id c.

E X E RC IS E 13.

A.
Contract the follow ing cornplcx sentences into sirn_ph

ll.

sen tc111·cs :

Ex p:ind tl1 c foll owin g ti illlpl e r-;cnt cu<:es into COJJ1j )l1.r, anJ
:li e11, if pu":-; ilile, iuto cu111jJO w11!:

.i . As Euypl i.~ amwallu i11umlateil oy /lie Hile, il it! a \' e ry fertil e co untry.
::!. The o:; trich is unalJle l o Hy, oec<11t5e il lw s 1Wl Wili!J.S ill pro1,urliun tu U•

L Th e l i .~ lit - infantry l1al'i11!J j 11 i 11 cd Ili c m ai n /-Od!J, lh e e nc-my retired 1•r.,.
c ip i t.al<-ly towards the rin:r.
2. Th e wakr iti nut tit to drink on aCC"011 11 l 1ifils witness.
3. ll "it!t 1111/ i<'ll<'I: h e 111ig ltt hav c i; ucc·cc d cd .
4. T!t e wi11 ,l /,,;i11!J j (1i r, th e Yesse l put to Sl'a.
5. Th e dt11,r oii li!J n1,c11 u l, lli c peo1.J e 1·ro1r d c<I in lo the h a ll.
6. The c!Jild ul"·y s,Jrum love tu !ti~ J111rn .t,,,

I 1.

c 0 N T l~ A c T I 0 N.

32. Method.-Compouncl

sentences arc redu ced to com
plcx and tu simpl e senten ces Ly cont1·actlo11-whi ch is tl1c
ren;rsc of expan sion. It consists in corn-crt ing one of the
ind ependent rne111Lers of t l1 c co11 1po1llld ficnten ce into a
clau se, and in con YCrti ng t lie ela.11sc of t li e com plcx sen ten co
in to a phnr c or a word.
( 1)
country, nnd is watered l1y the river
Nil e, whi ch a11111mlly inunclntes it.
t:ompfox . . .. E~y pt is a li·rtil e r o11ntry, ,\'J1i r h i:; wained l1y the river
.Nile, nncl " ·hi cl1 is :mnuall y in11ntbl etl l1y it.
Si1111>lo. .... . Egypt is a fertil e co11ntry wnt<'rccl by th e rive r Nile, nud
annually inund a ted by it.
Com11ou1Hl . .. Eg ypt is a fertile

(2)
1·011111ou111l . . He w11 s a w o r t hle ~s lll a ll, 11!ld tlif'rd~>n : lie

coul1l nnt 110

rcs pcc tetl by his subj ect :;.
wns a ''" ortlil l'ss m:m, li e co uld not he rl'spcr:te<1 i1y li is sul1j cci:;,
SlruJ>lo . ... B c i11~ a worthless m nn, h e coul d n ot he re ~ pectecl by his
sul >j ccts.
f ompl <' x .. . ~in r f' h r~

37

OOd!J.

3. ll"l1 ifo Docto1· Ju/11t$un

il'a.~ wriliug 111a11y

of !ti:; wurl.:.s, lie

w~ ;

in g reat

1li :; l rc:;s .

4. U1tless ice arc di l ifJClll, nothin g <'fill !Jc <l o n e tl1at b worth Lluin g.
5. ~ulla n ' sig iu·d th e d ic ta t o rs hip Jui· t/, e reasu11 that li e lt uj >ecl Iv e11ju!J 'J lliet
in pri1·ale life. l I'artiei pi al ph ruse.]

l

n.
Contract t he fo ll ow ing compound senten ces into cmnp1e:c,
and, where pu::>s iblc, in to sl1111 11e :
1. Th e <l oo rs were opened, nllcl th e c rowd imm cdinldy ru sh ed in.
was enorm o u sly ril'h, and yet h e w a;; far frnm ha ppy.
3. H e dc8cC' 1Hkd from hi s throne, ns ce n<l cd the sca ffold, und s aid , "Live,
i11 CO l1IJ>:Hahl c pair."
4. You ure p e rpl e xed, un<l I sec it.
~- Crn.:s u

III.

C o llIB I NATI O N

OF SENTEN C E S .

33,

In cornb inin g sentcn('CS into slwrt co1npusiti u11s, tliu
following dircdiu ns sli oulJ Le ubsen L:d :
~e­
lect snd1 as S ( ~e 111 to he tl1c ll'ading state 111c11t :-;, a11d 1·\ 1n·t·:-: ;1
the oth er tl1ouglits by 111ca11s of adjuncts- word :,;, pl1n1;;c,.;,

Direction I.- Hcad earcfolly tl1u rnriou :-; stat c111 c nb.

or c1anscs.

Direction II.- A i111 at Yaridy <,f ('.in,.; tr w·t i .. 11: t lia t i,;.
do n ot fo r 11 1 :t :-u<· L· c.-:-i1H1 (Jf "L; 11tL·ncL·:-; 1,f a1 1y 11111..! tY/•l': L11 t
make tJ1Clll simpl e, complex, Or COll1JlOlllld , as SCC lll S !Jest
sui teJ tu t l1 L' l'lll"j)1 1,.;e .

r: .\'C/,/Sll C0.11/'0S!Tf(J.\ '.

Direction III. - Bc Ycry careful not to join fact s t11at have
110 11at 11ral ur lugieal cu 1111ed iun into long, loose, <:0111ponnd
~:c 11 tc11C'.c:3 cu1111edeJ Ly a//(h.·::,

34. '.!'lie fulluwi11g will illn,.;t ratc the rnctl1ull uf c011 1bin·
lil'"
~

detached staternent::; i11tu well -eu11 ,.; t rn ctcJ se nt ences :
DETA CHEU

1.
2.
3.
4.

S TATE~!E:\TS.

Alph o n so was King o r ~it · ily.
A lph<!ll Sl) was Kin g or .i\a p lcs.
Alphon ::io wa s n.: markalJle for hi s kimlu ess tll his sulij cc ts .
,\ Lone ti me Alphon so \ms t.ran;llin g pri\a! e ly through Cam·

j>il II ia.
Ii. Alpl1 nn s n came up t o a mu lc t cc: r.
G. The mttlete c: r's b casl had s tu c k in the mutl.
7. Tl1e m<tldec r Ctlltld n ol draw it out " ·ith all his s tre ng th.

8. Tl1 e p oo r man h:ttl irnplme1 l the aid or n ·cry pa sse r in Yain.
9. Ire n ow so ug ht assistan ce from th e kin g.
10. H e diu not know \Ylw tl1 c king was.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Hi .
17.
l tl.
lD.
~O.

2 1.

Alphon so '[Uickl y tli s111ountl'll fro m l1i s horse.
Alpl1 0 11 so li c lpe Ll tli e nurn .
Alphon so soo n frcctl th e mul e,
1\lp lio 11s1> lirnu g ht it up o n ~:\t'e g rou1Hl.
Th e 11111 klt'l'r lc:1rncd tli:tl iL \\'a :-1 tl 1e king.
Til t.: 1n1ill'l ec r ft.: 11 tlll Iii :; k111.:cs.
Tl1 e 11111ldl'e r a s kl'd l1i :; pard o n.
1\l }'l 1011 so n ·111orl'd Iii ,; frn rs.
Alpli1111 :;0 told li i1 11 tl1 aL lw ha <l g iv r n 110 offe nce.
Thi:; g•1 <Hl11 L'ss or the kin g r econciled many t o him.
Many h acl forn1erly opposed liim.

* Th e

kind of sc nte nct.: co nd crn11 c1l in Dircd i0 11 III. is s h o w11 IJelow, and
au impron:d fv rm b g ir c n:
A fo x was pa ss in i.: l11rou~· h n vi111 -,r:11"<l, nn d li e R11w some
Loo se Compou nd
fine 1Jn1H: h c~ o f g- rnpc s 011 one of th e tree:.:, 1111d so he
1Se11lc11co .. . .. .
tri e tl to r eac h on e of tl1 c111 , l>ut it waa hau ging ve ry
lii g·h, a11d h e co uld 11 u t get it.

j

l

lmpro'fed .. . . . . ..

A fox, pa ~s i11 ~ through 11 Yin r ynrd , rnw so m e fi1w bunches
of grap e~ 0 11 one o f th e trccd. Il e tricd to reuc h one of
{
th e m, I.Jut ui; il hung \' Cry hig h li e could not i:;ct it.

CO.Vl'b'RSION AND CO.lflJIN.1 T/ V_V OF ::>L.\'1'£.'.\ "CDi.

METUOD OI•' SYNTllESIS.
Unite 1, 2, 0 into o n e s imple sente n ce, lJecn use th e prin c ipal s tatem ent is, "1va s r e markabl e for l1is kincln c:;s," et c . ; •· h:in g of
Sicily,·' " Kin g of N apl c:;," II' ill r u rn c in a:; appos it innal e le rn cnls.
l.:11it e '1, ti, G, 7 int<J o n e co rnpl n: se nte nce , and s ul 1:>titute tlie prunoun /11: l ~n- "Alphon so ."
Unit e 8, U, 10 into oi;e co mpl e x se nt e n ce, makin g U tL1 e pri 1H·iptil
pre<.liC'at c, 8 an c..dj et:t i\· e cl:u1 se.
l'nile 11, ] :.l, 1;}, and 1-l int o one co mpound sc nt e 11r(,, rna ki11 .!.; 11
o n e prin c ipal meml Je r, 12 a parti c ipial phrase , l:J and 1-1 prin c ipal m e mbers.
Unite 10, lG , 17, 18, 10 iuto one c rnnp o u1Hl sc 11t cn n ", 1n aki n;..; Ui a
parLi C' ipial pl1ra sc, lG and 17 prin (' ipal predirnt1 ·s ; e11n111·l"l LH
a s a principal m c ml ic r IJy mca11'! of {tilt, and co1nert lU i11lo a
prepos iti o nal phrase.
Unite :20 and :!l us a complex sente nce.
{;omlJination.-Al pho n so , I\ in g of S iri ly aml Na pl cs, was rl' mar kalJle for hi:; kimlnl'SS to l1i s s ubj ec ts. At one time , wl1 e n trn1·clli11g private ly throu g h Campani:l, h e came up to a mulete e r, \\·hose licast liad
stuck in tl1 e mud, and 11'11 0 coultl not draw it out with all l1is s tn: ng tl1.
The poor m an, 'rh o l1 a(l in Ya in impl n rctl th e aitl of t.:rc ry passl'I', 1w11·
sought as,- is t n ncc f rn m th e king, not knowi11 g ll'lin li e \la:-<. Alpli1111 ,;n
qui ck ly di s n1ou11t ed fr om Iii :; li o rsc, a nd h l'lp in g l.11<: lll :lll, S <H •ll t'n Td
the m11l <', and 11ro11 g ht it upon sal't.: g ro und. 'l'l1 c 11111 !.-tcn, lt ·:trn i11 ~
tl1at it \\'as tl1 e kin g, frll un l1i s k11 P1's and a ske d Iii " p:1rtl11n; l11 1t ,\J .
pl1on so rl'n 10 \'<· tl hi s f'('ars l1 y telli11g l1i111 tl1 at lie had g i vl' 11 111 1 1dl"1 ·111 ....
This g111 >d1w,.;,.; of tl1 e kin g re eo nc ikd u1au y wlw had l'un!ll:rly li l:<. ·11
opposeJ to liiw

E X E RC IS E 1 4.

Combine the follo\\'iug state ments into well-enn:-; trn c,ted
r,c: ntc:nees, forming a con tin nous narrati \·e :
1. AllOUT TEA.

T ea is tl1 e dried leaf o f a shrul1. Tliis s hrul1 gro\\'s cl1il"ll y in
C hin a :u11l .fapa11 . lt is an cve rg rel'n . lt. ~~ ru\\' S l o t li e lwi :.: l1l
of from four to ,,ix feel. It bears licautil'ul white tluw e r:i. Tli c..;e

.
'

40

41

E N GLJS JI CO.l!I'OS IT!O.V.

flow e rs r cscmlJlc wil11 roses. Iu China, there arc many t ea-farms.
Th c:-H.! arc ge nerall y of sm all ext e nt. They arc situatetl in the
upp e r vall eys. Tlll"y arc s itu a tl'11 on the s lL> ping s ides of the
l1ill s. In th ese places th e so il is li g ht. lt is ri c h. Jt is well
11rnincd. Th e plants a rc rai ~e d fro m sec· Ll. Th ey are gc nernll y
ali J w ed to l"Clll:lill three y ears in tl1 c gro unLl. A crop or leaves
is th e n tak en from th em. Th e leaves arc carefully pick ed IJy
th e lrnud.
2. TllE OSTHICII.
Th e ostrich inhabits tl1 c san1l y d esert s of Asia. It inhabits the
sandy d ese rt s o f Afri ca. It is fro m sev e n t o e ig ht fel't hi g h.
1\' e m ca.- ure fr u111 th e t up o f th e hrnd to the ground. Th e h ead
is s mall. Th e n ec k is lon g . Both h c:1d a1Hl n eck arc d estitute
of fl:at he rs. Th e fe a th ers 0 11 the l)(jdy of th e mal e nre ulack.
Til e fe ath ers on tl1c femal e arc du sk y. Th e tlii g hs arc naked.
Tile leg s nrc hard. The legs are scal y. The ostrich has two
very large t oes. 'fl1 ese toes arc o f" unl'qu :ll :;ize. The largest is
:;e ve u in c h es lon g . Th e ntl1 cr is abu 11 t four inch es lon g . The
l1untin g o f tl1i s Lird is very la bo rious. Th e b ird is ve ry swift.
Th e fl ee test horse cann ot O\" Crt:tk c it. Th e foll o wing mode is
ntlopt cd Ly th e AralJian s to rn tch it. One co ntinues th e chase
as lon g as p ossibl e. Th e c ha se is th en take n up Ly another.
Th e uinl is ut leng th wo rn L1 o wn.
3.

Jll S TOl~Y

CHAPTER V.
VARIETY OF EXPRESSION.

35. Variation of expression

is cfTeet ell in two ways :
1. Dy variation of tlie ana11gerne11t or structuru of the bu ll·
ten cc. 2. Dy Y::triation of phraseology.
~

1.

v Al~IATTON

!\

IN

ARRANGEMENT AND

STit GC T U HE.

36.

The fullowin g arc tl1c prin cipal metlwJ::; of varying
the structure of sentences:
Mi::rn o o

i. - By using the passive voice of a verb instead of the active,

or the active instead of the passive. ThusActive ... One comm on spirit a c tuat ed all the leading men of tlic
PaaRh"e.

H c \" oluti o n.
Th e leadin g m en of the Revoluti on were all actuuteL1 Ly
one common spirit.

OF l'Al'EIC

'fl1 e lirst n1:rn11fae tnred paper we li ear o f was ll1al nwL1e from the
papy rus. The papy rus is a i' JlCC ie!:I of reed g rowiug alJUllllantly
in the wate rs of th e Nil e. J>id th e nrt of making it origiuatc
a1nong th e E g yptian:; th emse h ·es 1 " ' e han~ 110 m ean s of jLH1gi11 g of tl1is. Pap er of this sort was known to th e Greek s and
Homan s. Th e first appears b eyo nd a <l o nht to h :wc been rnanufa c tmed in E g ypt. The nrti clc hccnme known nncl valued. It
form ed an impo rtant nrtid c of cnmnH:rcc to the Egyptians,
The E g yptians exported it iu large quantities.

E X E R C I S E 1 5.

Vary tlic stru cture of the following su11tcnees by el1a11 g i11 g
the act-i,uu into JXts::;i·ve, anll the JJassi ve into active :
1. Gulileo invented the t elesco pe.
~- Wltate\" c r is u tkn s iv e ill our lllflllll C r b corrected by g'l" lltl l'11(>S.
3. D a riu s, h in g of Pers ia, was defeated lly Miltiades the A tlH·11ia11.
4.

E d11<·a tinn

!>. En:ry
of

1"1-.r111 ,;

the y outhi"ul

mi nd.

,;11111111! : 1" we lli:IY o l >~ e n· e

l 1 i r d~

iu

tit ~ \· c .~· ~ ·Ltdd0

lliL: 1uiscliicvous

e ffect~ o l" tll<o

r:iJ ':lciLy

ki1 1gd u 11L

6 . A bo u t t wo h u u r~ L>efu rc lllid11i:.; li t, Cu lum li us, obnd i11 :.;· 1>11 tli,·. 11'- .. :, ,
not iced a li:.;ht at a di:stcrnc.::, and poinkLI it out to Iii .> cu1111• c111i 1JJ1,
}'. ·d l"tl.

'i. It wa,.; ,.;ai1! l>y Tt11lcyraud tlint llic objec t of h111 g uuge io to cvuc10a l
th o ught.

l.t

1

i

l 'r,

42

E N GLIS !I CO.lfi'OS ITI O.\'.

.M1m 100

t61lce.

IL-By changing a declarative into

VA RIETY CF EXI'lfESSION.
llll.

43

inteITogative sen•

'l'li us -

EXERCISE 17.

DEcL.\H .\TIO:-r.-No on e c:1n r.o nnt th e nu111bc r of th e 1;; tar;i.
Qt·EsT10.:\.-·w110 can cu 11ut tlw 11u111licr uf tlic : o turs ?
1'>1·:("!.AHATIO'.'.". - E\"f·ry Oll e ll O[ll'S

!1l

lin: l<> 11g.

(l CE:-;T IU.:-i". - \Vhu d ues 11 ut la upe lo lire !!J 11g1
Tl w primary use o f i nte1-ro~at i o n is t o a ~ k a quest io n; l111t a st<itC·
!!l e nt lllay often lie Illatl e i11 t lie f; inn of a <p1csti1m wlii:n 110
an s we r is c xp ec t('<l. ti11c:h a q11L·stio11 is fn: 'lu e ntly more cm·
ph:iti e nnd CO J1\·i1wing tl1an th e din·ct declaration wouhl li e.

On;i.-A n egati v e s ta t e m e nt in1plics

Vary t11c st ructnre by changing the sentences into tliv
t>J.•c/ ll Ill ((ti Cl' fu t'II i :
l Th e s<·t·n· ·~ of m y c liihl11 oo u arc d ea r t o my h a rt.
:.J. l wbh th at l Were capau le of plat:i11;; tlti:; g- r.:U l IUUJI 1.Jcfur<'- )' OU.
:i. Skq1 is w ou d e rful.
4 Tl wir li:m11 0 11v furdclb a world o f liappint: ,;s.

5: 1wu 11 J,I g i,·e 1~1y ki11g-tl o u1 for u horse, a h or:;c.
\i. It i;; v e ry cu ld.

i•n afiir111:1 tivc question, anti th e rc \·crse.

M1:rno1J

IV. - By using "there" or "it" as the anticipative sulJj ect.

'l'hu sE X E R C I S E 1 6.

Vary dte expression l>y using t!te interrogative fimn .'
1. Nu 0 11 c can l ititc n t o th e r eeit:tl o f rn ch mi se ry and r e main unm o v e d.
'.l. Tlii s i::1 not th e 1·li a rn ctc r of Brit b h ju, ti ee.
3. T!i c J 11 d 0 c of all th e carllt will do ri ;;ht.
4. \\"1: arc i11dcbtell to the n·;.:-c t nhle w or J,] for a g-n·at p a rt o f o ur c lo tlting.

1. A t'!Jire ,.,1111e from l1 ca n·n , say in g, " Th o u art 111 y hcltn-e11 So n"
= T/1crc c11111e a ·cu ilX fr o m ]1 ('an;11, sa_ying, " Thou ari my !Jclo vt.:d
So n."
2. ·with rt lurndful of w <'l i Na p oleo:1 routr11 nll th 1:>1c fnrr c:,= / l <'•I"
icil li n lHwrl.f11l 1f 111u1 Lthatj Napukon routed all th t.:se for t:<'S.
Siu cc lh t, l•l'g innin g is til e 11 ~1111 l plaCt! l'nr th e su l1j cct , l o reu10v¢
i t from the ucgi11ni11g is a moJe of e mphasizing it.

5. \\" e ~ hall not g-a tltl"r R l n·n~tlt by iri"l':;u l11tiun a11d i11acti o u.

e.

C:11 1 ~ tori c d urn o r 1111i1 11 all'd L111~t
H:i l' k !.<>it:; 111:1 11 , i11 11 c·a ll tl w lll'1'li11t; l1n·a(J 1 ?
C:111 l1111w r's \·11it'I' l >r O\'ol;c 1111: ~ il c 11t dtt ~ t Y
(Jr Uatt c ry tiOu tlie th e du ll co ld cur of d e:t~ li ¥

E X E RC IS E 1 8.

Vary tl10 following oxpres::;1ons liy 11si11g tlt c anti cipa tive
snlije<'l::> t/11;r,_· ur it :
1. A \'l'r)'

M1m1cw III.-By
tion. Thu s-

changing a statement into the form of an exclama-

Jar ~P. «o m et \r:t :; ~1 ·en i11 lfiSO.

2. A n : p<Hl \\:t S i11 ei rc 11l a ti u 11 l11a i th e an11y !J a il licc n d L"fcal.eli .
:3. No pin ce i:; lik e 1101111.!.

4. A \Jn\\·c r oo ldi e r than O ld Put n e Yc r liv e d.

ST .\ TE~IE:'\T. -Th e m oo nli g ht sleeps 8\1·c<'t upon thi s liank.
Ex c 1..-u1ATION. - llo w sweet th e moo nlig ht ~ J eep ::; upo n tl1i :; l1ank !

In cxc lamative se ntences the vcrh is freq uently omitted; nil,
"\Vh:tt enchanting mu sic'.''= \rJ1at c uclrnntin g mu s ie this is!

Tl1i ,.:, in turn , is ti"» cxclarnativc form of the statement," 'fhw
music is euclia11tiuu."

5. A p ou r exilll o f E riu ea m e t o th e ueac h.
li. "A clil·i nity shapes o ur enrb," 8a y 1:1 Shakspeare.
7. Sc ipio co uqu e r etl 1Ia11nilial.
~- '.\lutu rtl rc;; pcct mukes friend s hip luoling.
!J. \\' e a r e t o b in m e.
10. Thu 111as bui lt thi s hou se.
11. Hy ri ~ i J l't·o11om y nwn g- r ow ri ch.
1 ~. Tu li:\\·e l•H·e J u11J !vol ir1 !Jdler tlwu 11cr c r lo Lave lov ell ul t1ll..
l)

l ' :IRILTY OF LX/'JU::ss 1ox.

ENGL/):)'JI CO.lll'OS ITJO.Y.

.M1m r<> u V. - By abridging cln.uscs into phrases or words; that is, by
transforming complex sentences into simple sentences. 'J' lius1. ll'ltcn tlu y lia<l n :dun:d it = l111ci11 '.J n :ducud it.
2. A s I /11/l'C 110 a11 xi e ty = li11 ri11'.J no anxi( :ty.
3. A fact t/11 1l mu ~l 11 ut l e :•p ukc11 ,tf,u11t = a fol'l 1tM to Tic 8pokcn 11oout.
4. I k11 0 \\' th e r ea son ~rh y yun du 1wt i11111rurc= l know tl1 u reason
qf yt111 r nut imprui- i11g.
5. \V e lieli eve tl111t tlie c11rlh is r u1111d = \\' e bel ieve th e c11rlh tu be

round.
Ci. I hear tli at lw lws gu11.e t o c0lkg e = I licar ()f hi~ lta viny Jone to

45

I. The direct f onn of s p eech g i\·es th e 1vonls of a sp cak e: exactly
as utt en: d IJy 11 i111sdf; the indirect furm g i vc:s tl1 c111 as i c porl ed
h y :rnotltlr.

Al l words in t l1 e direct forw are to lie c11 c. lo:;ell in

<[ \lt>la ti 0 ll - lll:Hk ,.;.

11. Tl 11: prin c ipal \'ariation s in pa ssin g from tli c <lirc: et furm of
s p eec h t o th e i11tlin:c l arc tl1 e:;e:
1. Tl1 e first a111l second p erson s arc cli:m getl to th e thinl.
2. The present t e nse is changc1l t o it~ c orn:spo ntlin g past.
o. Th e n ear Llemonstrati,·e lhi~ i::; <.:11an g ed illto th e morc rem ot e
tli11 t.

college.
E X E R CI S E 2 O.

E XE RC IS E 19.

Vary tl 1e cxprcssiu11s in itali cs by emp loy ing eq uivalent
or ll'OJ'd8 :

plira~u;

1. A s I /oo!.'t d o n-r th e p:qw r, I

sa w tl ii~ :u !l· n ti ot' lll ent.

~.

If ll1i" / '"i1 d i.~ w /111 itlu l , w e p r veeo.: d

8.

\\' ,· llin~ \ u 11 \r:t s s ur e of ril'lnry (•n ·11 lit'f11re H/11d 1u · arrii •t·il.

LO

ll11: ll l'X t arg·1111 1.. 1it .

4. ! ti s 11 g-rt-:1t se cre t tliat ""'"! ""l l..: wlii.'Jii:rccl ('\' t: ll tu yo 11 r l':il.
5. Tli c J'L' ri od 1r/11•1t tli e 11u11·i 11 c;·' s co11 11''' ·'" 11·a8 d i"co11ern l is 1111 et: rtu in ( U1c
p e riod if !li e t/i.'<'V l 'Cl'!J , et c.).
6. 1 d t·, irc tl111 l yo n ,,/iuu lli r t'• Hl :'>lilto 11 .
7. llis fa\·o ritc proj ec t w as /h at li e 111 i:1lit m ak e S w //awl a rqrn li li c.
I:!. J\ly littli c r l.Jo ug lit a 11111 cli i11 r. ll'il/i ll'liic/1 Iv 111C1111.
\). 8itl11t·y a , k l' d a 01il di.:r 1111 1/ l i t 11·u •i/1l lir i11y hi111 so 111 e wat e r.
IU. Loyally t u tlt c kint.:; 11'11id1 11111u 1owln l tv :d•j c d H:nilily wa:; a 11alio 11 a l
trait .. r tl1t : l' l' r ~ i 11 11 ~ .
! I. 'l'lte 111a 11 (/,., / !1u/!t 11 vl 111n_,;,. i11 /1i111 .w·'f is fit fu r trcas ou s , ~ lrnlu :,:c ms, urn]
ti poi It;.
l :J. Tlie pla ce where .Jf vses is liuri<·d is unknown.

M ET 11 011 V 1.-By changing from the direct to the indirect fonn of
11pecch, or the reverse. Tl111>' Irm111 E< "r.-- l knry

1. 'Vl H' ll :\l c xnmler th u C rea t was ask ed why h e tlid 11 o t <·0 11lu1 d i11 tl 1e
Ol y rn}'i <: g <w1 es , li e sa id, "I will "h e n 1 har e kiu .~s fu r rny <.:1 1111 pd ilu rs."
of Iii:; lt.:tl l' r s , P o p e says ," I s lt o 11 ltl l1 nnlly c:i rc t o har e a 11 ol d
p n~ t pull e t! Il l' tli:1t r r e lll l' ll lli e r wl1 t 11 a c lt i ltl ."
3. "l har e ulll'n," ~ aid By r o n , "kll 111y l'ltildb h Rp o rt s to ra 1nl.l e i11 tlti ,;
pl:\ Cl! ; i h gl1>011 1 ~ :111tl it ~ :;(>lilud e l1:11 l a 111 y sll- ri 1111 ,; l'liar111 fu : 111 y
}Ollll )..; mi1 11], lllll'tUri11 g willti11 lil t! tlt a t l101·c o f l) ll id lll' S5 a11 d Ju11 cl y
Llti11l,i11 J.,; wl1 ich 11 :1 :; a n ·u 11q i:111i l' d '" " lo 111 al 11 1'1T) l':l r ~ ."
4. Loni Clt u ll 1a 111 rl'111 a rl;l'd : "I rt'j o ic e Ll1 :1t llo c; g rnl' l' 11:1,; n fll l' l<"('<l 1q•11 11
rn c : that I 11111 :; Lill 1il i r e tu lift UJI my ruice ag aiu :; t 11 g n .:at \vru 11g ."

2.

]11 o n e

M ET11ou v I r. -By transposition, i . c., by varying the orJer of the component parts of a sentence.

Tlicrc is a c ust o111ary lll'l1t:r of 1.hc parts of a sent e n ce \\'l 1icl1 in ordi nary spe ec h an(l writi11 g \\' C uncons ciously fo ll ow; hut, for th e sak e of
emphasis o r a(lornm cnt, 1.hi s naturnl a rra ng em e nt of' word s is 01'1 1.: 11 1kp:uteJ from. Th e c om m on arran ge ment m ay h e calk(1 tl1(' gra n111111t1>11!
o rd <:I'; t h e inYcrtc11 arrnn ge nH·nt , tl1c rhetoriml onl rr. The rh d 11ri1· :d
o rd er liclongs pe culi arl y to poc: try, hut it i:; ofte n use d in prose al so.

C: lay sai tl tlt a t he wo ul (l ralli l r b e ri g!it than

be l'res id c nt.

DrnEcT. - " I woul<l rntlJcr," saitl Henry Clay, "Le r ig ht tlian bo
Prc:;id cnt."

Chang e tltc qnota.tiun ::; in tlt e foll owing p :issa:;es fr u111 tl1c
dfrect to the 1'wli1·ect stati'ment :

J

37, G E:-\ l·: IC\ L Hu .t·:.- fanphntic " ·ords must sta1HI in pronli1w11t positions; i.
for the most piu-t, at the IJcgiuuiug or at thu

'

c.,

eud of seutcuces.

~

'l'J111i:;-

Ll·i

/;!

4G

VARIETY OP EXI'RESS ION.

E 1\"(,'USI/ C0.11/'0S!T/OS.

i'

47

~

>

OU. .\.'11 .\lA T l O AL. tiltOEK.

U.Jlt:TORH IAL OHJlER..

I shall a ttl·tnpt 11 <.: itlt er to pa:lia tc 't/1 e ali'ocious cri111t: 11/ l1ci11g ri yo1111g
nor d c11 y tlu; 11t1·uciuu8 ai111e of
1111in I s l1all alklllpt 1wither to
bci11:; rt !JUllllU 1111111.
palliate nor d eny.
'l'lt u ga tu is ·1ri1/e aml tli c w:1y is ffi dc i .~ th e g ate u1d ll/'<111d i::; the
broad tltat kadclh to dc;; trucway that il'a tk th to d e:>tru c..
tion.
ti on.
'l'li cy co ul ll tak e th e ir rc::; t·, fur Tht·y co uld take th eir n ·st, for
tl1 ey knew tlrnt L ord Stratford
th ey kn e w that Lorll Stratfonl
watc licll. Th ey feared him, they
wat ched. llim th ey feared, liim
tru sted !tim , th ey obeyed liim.
tl1 ey trn stc11, lii m tlH·y olwyed .
The ni g lit -wiud ;; s ig h, 1 hc l>reak- T!tc 11ig ht-11 iud s sig h, the ureakc rs roar, and th e wild sea-rn e w
ers roa r,
shrid:.~.
And ~11rifk/j the \rild sea-mew.

J.~ il.'le

fl ew th e sh aft , thou g h point.Pd wcll.-Jluore.
..:J. /i n 11A anll luml, a s um111011 s :; lrnok th e gate . - (}11mpbell.

Tl1 e . rh eto ri cal ord er helo11 g-s p ccnli:irl y t o p ()c try .
I lie Jolluw1ng arc so me of t1ie principal podieal c.:onl:ltructions:
1. T!te nuxiliary ,·erli to do is di~p e n sc d " ·ith in in tcrrogn ti on: as~
ye

tl1 1:

;~

~

10 . .·11ul-mul is u sed for l1oth-and; m·--or for eit!tcr-or; 1101'
- nor for ntitl1er-nor : as-

\Vipe th ou. thin e eycs.-S!iak.']JCare.
JJut, l1lcu ch uot tlwu. - l:iyru1t.

~

;i
:' ~

•I

•.

t'

.!

A 11cl trump and timbrel aIJswcred k ccn.-&ol/.
?W I'

:narice

?Wr

vtcas ureti

IU O \'C. -

'.1
f;~

H'afali.

;~

11. A<1verl1i.al pl1rnses arc n ot placed in jnxtapnsi ti un \\'it!t t!tc
\\·o nb t o whi ch th ey grammatically Lelong: · a::i-

t~
~·~

, .:

nn lfiy voiceless shore
Th e h ero ic lay i:; tun eless n ow.-Bynm.

t1

(~

t~

·~

And lik e th e bird wh ose pinions quake
l:lut cauuot fly ... the gaz iug ~makc . -Byro11.

f:i:

F·

!';.

"·
·· ~

-11. U . .IJt:I'

~;

~;

{,-,

NOTE.
In tran sp osing poetical p assages from the m etrical to the prose ordf:1',
all ellipsl· s sh ould I.Jc supplied, allll the ele ments of each sentence ~ li ouhl
in tl1 c fir,;t in stan ce he arrange(l in Jogieal order, viz.: 1. Tl1 e subject
with its m n<l ilie rs; ~-T he verb; :3. The ol•ject (or cornpluncnt); 4.
The alher!Jial phra ses or clauses. This on1e r may afterwardt> he 1110 : !Hied according to tli c rules we ha,·c alreai1y had for the arran~(· 111 t · 11t
of phrases a nd clauses, so as to make tlle sentence more graceful auLl
harmonious.

~I

·l

?

~j

''1

r tC·~~
q
r;
r•
.:;1..r.. ;1,')
LJ
~·

f,a11.ds h t• <'011/d 111NL8111'<", li1111·.~ nnd /ides ]J/' fsm;r .-· Oulds11 1i/h
The :::l lu:il'l ,'<1.:cplrc wdl i:;he s1cct!J<'<l, IJ11t tl;c sicunl slie c~ 1 t1 1 Z not wir,/d.

6. Th e prnnoun is e xpressed in the impcratiyc: ns-

~

IV!t o stcnls m y pursl', steals tratih.-Shakspea re.
lbppy, wliu walk .; wi th llim.-Cui.cper.

3. Tl1c o l>j cct prece(les th e w rh: us-

F ew :ind sl1ort u·i'l'e the p raye rs w e Ba id . - lr1,/fr.
Rich ll'ere the :;able ro be:; s he w or~ . - Il. U. ]Jell.

~J

f -'

O'er th e path so wdl knuw11 s till pru:·culnl th e maid. -,)·u utli cy .

5. Th e at1j ecti\'c prccctll's the Ycrli tu lie: a s-

r~

9. The antecedent is omitteLl: a!!-

D rspa ir nntl nngu iRlt fl ed ... th e s tru g:,;· lin g so ul. - Goldsmith.

A11.~wcretl J.,tz·J1.1.111 cs: "And if I tlwu t:hl."-Scull.

Jlaclst thou se nt wr1rni11y,fuir and tr 111·.-Scot/.
Now is th e p leasa nt tim e, the cuvl, t he silrnt. -Jlil lou.

1.

12. Prepositions arc suppressed : as-

2. The verb prece d es th e 11 0111i11a t iyc : as\Vhil e sta11'~"' th e l'olioe11111, Ho111 c s h all stu11 cl. -Byrun.

4. Th e 11oun preced l's the adj<'e ti\·e: a ~-

,j

Th e ll'iu<l , ii wa,·cd th e will ow lirrn g h s. -S<>11 IMy.
For tlw tlol:k , ·it wa s tl1eir Jidll of fa111 c.-Ca111j ,&tll.

lJy fun/I~ w1sccn their tlirge is s u1J g .-l'u/li11s.

~llllll wh e re I.lie l'}prcss a1itl myrtle ?-JJ!}ron.
ll o ! cu11w ye 111 peucc l1 crc , or cowc }' C iu war ?-.Scott.
](11 ow

ti
~
~

8. l'ersoual pron oun s arc use1l with tlteir antecedents: as--

I whom

, , 38 ..

~

7. Adjectives arc u se d for adverbs: as-

,«.

~;-l

~·

"'

~

..i
i·

t

i"

~

!>\;

~J

f~
~'.1

H

;!
rt"

!..

~'

r~~
f~~

!'

f1

.-'!

'~;;:,~

;·aj
~~

i .u:11.11

EXERCISE

·1 I. \ .. \

21.

,\.
('li.:11 ,'...'.'('

. . . /,f

/111'1.1 ' ; / / i

tlw f,,jJ,,11·111g ~l'Ilt1·111 · ,·,.;
•l'i it ·1·

1. Tl11· .\ !th :1r1·
1
'

T hf"

11...::t':=;

.·Jii11d

tlll'

fr11111

•'· >Iy Jii· ll l1·· r·, ~ l1:1!I

//i()l/

j

It, llio

'

I

' J' ) I

1 ; l i ' \\
j .t i : !

l ..\

I

j

i .'· .-

J: I I!I

I

,..., , I L ! !•I\\ . • I, ·:- 1:.--,

i ; •\ '.

::

I l 11. .

!' (j

; l

i n1 ·.

!I

:--

rid

~~ I \\

;,

] .\

IJ•)\\

~I

• : '

I ' : 1 II I:

t

11 11

1

1.

J:,

':

'.

{ ]: 4 , .

! 111 111 l l r v.

i
I

r•

"

.,.,. ' )

f )Jl '

:-.:tlJI\"

I.

I \

t

i .\

lI III:' l

[ :l J I I

J '. ', j l , l ] l ~ J •

!L111 c' j111.-ilinll ;1.t .. 1l11...·

:rn·

:-- i.~:;1 i ii< ·;t l i1

I :l

j I ::

(

\\ l11·t \

~1.·ll"('ll' (l l,y tlic fl·acl 111r for

ill '

0

t/1 '1 ·~ i.- .,.,ll\\·
II
.
111.~·

,·L 1"••lll!'''"·_· 1: 't 1·1__1J 1 1''1·1;111
!ll

1 ' 1 /; rrt_1
.. 11

\ \! '

( ii . 1 ! 11·

4-·

'.lJ"t•t'tJl :1.. .:.

(

•

r , 1'/
-'- I •r

'.'~ /

.·;.\I r I/

( 111; i :-- l I 'I' l ! i-:1 '. ( ·1

li

I I iI

1 .

<il l

t-j

tJ'!Ill' , !1('111
. ,~

i
Ii.

;..:. { ) \ . •. . : · l ~ ~ 1 1 1_· 11 :

ti i ~( 'j I\ j J",Y.

::11<

i ii.

'"· 11 : ~ I

or

tlti.·

J1:t\"!"

1· .. i ~:.· ! ! i j i I . : I t i I

' 11 ;

~·<L~l11· '.,_"t' Jl 1 !":1\ l!H' : lll;J ;'. : ,

: l ...., '

I~

'l ' l

\ :l : i I

i ' ~ ' ..

! I:

I,,'

. . !

l.

t i i 1 ·; i·

i 1 1i 11 '...'. I l • 1 ii ' i 1 t 1 i t \, i ; i

l ~ : l 1' l . ,

/./r

~ ( 1 r 11: •

\ \ . 1 ~· •

!•;· 1 !11·

('1i\11r...: . :t i! d

t\\"!I

; ,'

l [

i "11 lt1i" 'i

,,,i,:1~ / \\it 11 11i11.· a11 1Jt l11· r 1 tl11 · i ':~1111 iii.Lr l11t·i1l!-

tJ1c

J."1(Ji

(Tll(lll'}

J11u1 t iu11 111 .: L.:, r

'J'IH·

1

, • 1t 1

i .·, : 11

I ..1: i : i . 1 ~ 1\ ·

( 1 t l 1j

•

l

r i ·1·( i 11 i

. \ 11 :...:, 1 ' :.:. ; t \ 1 '11 , \\

!1 ; l

!1

- ltiS t':tl'J_y l. rai11 in~

J\ ) (1 .._ i

111.

\ 11_\ :i _~ l ':-4

t!T;11:1!'. ti !",,; ·

\ ,, •\ i ' Ii

( "! l ' l 1"i". d

l1id1 ·
;d,

l1i~ f:tith

(11t111d . .c.'." il "Lt il.1'

(111· 11 11·r

\\

i:!

j.';11 · i! i t\'

()t'

,•J11f t/1il

'

i

i

l' l't

ili

~·:r\·1 · :t -.;.

,r/·r·r.'I·"'
j~

;l

JIHJ .., t

t11 :t1 ·111til't" thi~
Jt111...:l ;i [- ,,

11 r Jl}1·;tlli :l~ :· itl

\\·ell

;t ~

tlH·

i:lit1

r. l1:(t

i:1

.'-l 'I'\. !' lilllt.')l J H·{l t I"

l '\j'l't "··..; i 1 l/}

] 11 11rd , r

1.i· 1\'<1r.:". :111 . ! ,., ,.

liis iwldm;,;s and co11r:1 ; '.<' -·- k~~o11s his life

Jl 1l\

«" t~ 1"' llll\_\° \\

\\· 1i1111 '. ··

iii -; idf':t -

1;:\ "X t 1S .

11 :11 ril 1·

'i "':tk ill'..!' , 1l 1: tl, t \i .. ~ " \n11 1· \ j 11·1 ··-·-J ! i l l J-..
tl1\'. ~tru1urc; · oftl11_· t11"• ·- tlic pl :1in<'r. :11111 tlt "n·i'••l't' t i ll' , 11·· ·11 c:·•-r.
Tlt1h/1·/1:"f!y is 11111 ,. lt 11111rl· l11·.1rly ;u1d 1:1n·i!il c tl1:1 ;1 ,u111>.1!J,'.
111·111·1· it j..., ;L ~-:.· 1 111d !..'.· 1·111·r:1\ ntl l· ,,, Jd"1·l" ·r ~;l\1111 l1·n1: -.; 1 1 1 l.:1 ti1i.

l1or11 in Genoa

.l

l' 1 •Ll .\JI: ! ·~:.

und JH: r:;t.: 1 cra11cc ~Jwuttl tca ti1 u;;.

l

l .i i l ...'._ h

!: !I t' .

11 :;

I

! .\ ! ! '-

""11\i, ·1:.111 tl1:1t 111 .. •:11il1 1:-; ul .. 111 · liki: i 11

l •'ll\'i' ,
~·H.\l! :\< l" J. l~

! l.

":r·1, 1 .... 11- t' ) i11 Ew.:l1- l1 t11:u1 i11 <1ti1 " r l:111'._'.·11 a c:1·,;, 1,,., :111-" i11 1:, ..
]; 1 r~·, . pr11ji. 1r; i11r1 1·i· \\.1•/'1 l:-, \\ 1· l 1:t \ ·1· i 1(: ,·Ji 1 '>'. 11 >!'I ... 1

l

~~

1-'l<.-r cl.\

11r n1 »1r1'·

r-::ll1ll'

1 )

' J'i11·

( ' l l -.;

tlw

li:tn·

):-:. t lit·ir ~T:1d1tal. ai1no .-. t i11qH·r1 ·v1H i!1ll'. lllt ·r_:...~: :11 .~ i 1it
ii1H· ;1fl ;1tii i".
11. T i1 "r" :1 1·" rn11r1· 1,,q.] " \1·l1i,.\ 1 :n" 111 ': Hly ".111 11 11 :-111"11" 1i11 ii:,.

IL •silt lw

HLs. - llis earl \' l 1i,.;t ory -

d11ri11 g li1 c liht J.a if
111.--;

l i1c .-:l! 1,; ·

l \ l l; l :'

l"l l J.

.:..;1u1; IUl'll Y vF L'u L L ~i

:i11d ~" ''iii":

,i1·

f

11

( 1 ~ ,. 11J .

:-.t:11L' \\ l1:tt 11.·11·1".' ,,1 · 1l11· \1··· 1·1.1 \ \t'J't• I(llllll'll,

l ;l

ti!:il

;\!'l. <.. . lH ' :tki l l:. ~: 111° /Jl(ft.11'. f

Llin !11 nv

wl1at p:1rh 1111k1111\1ll , al till' li1111· 11!' 1!11· l ·ir1l 1 111· (".J1 111 ,i, 11, _
:--111·,,k :1f ' 1:i1 lli(' J 1!"1·\ :1il 11 i,::· iJi l "li j" ;1 l i
. . . 11: I i \I "

\1 11 i·d,.,

\\.t)! ' 1j ..; ;-t•l ll t ti!ll l"·

1·1 l t !

1 ! , 1 , \ . ; ; 1 1, ,

l:\ TJ(OJ!l'('Jl11 :\. --

//1:../;/u/; ,,11 , \\ J1i(·f1 I·~ tllL' 1·1· 11 1·1._...:~

:1

i•n.1:::c urdl' r.
( '.

\\ ' r :, ·,·' ·~

1

('.\jll't · 0 . : :1~ .~·

111

1, !::1· 1· ot \ll!l: 11·unl ()J' ttiira,:c a11ut l1L· r

:-- , • t ! 1 l t
1

,'.

tl>•·il

/,', ,,,/.

i !.

1 ;1 ~ •..;:1_~-<' :-\ 1.•C l" 1l · i r\· ~Jiuu l rl

11 ]( .\ :-.; l: ' ) I. ') '' y .

llll':l l! ! !! _:_~·.

~1, · 11 1 1)\ \ . l\l• i\l...:
] ,lI

:<

I.

') 1:

t!i\' L111 ~'. 11:1c :·,.

· · 1·

\> \

40. Sy11011yrns

i ~ I 1 . ' • t: : : :· l: :l
; I l l • ! .. , , , , \

i I !.1'. j I I

\ , tl"h. ·d

.. 1r 11 111 .'...'. · 11 1

:1:..:·;1i11 , ; 11:•1 .1•· 1•

;I

l1 lir~sc;o1o~;-y,

~-'I' ;--,j I ll j I.tr

·L i J 4 · i:-- :t fr 1·,· 1r1:1 : 1 n L c1 111t l11·t11il l1 111 :d,! . . Jr q ·
; '· I ) i :t l t :l i • t' I l t 1. J· " l . ! ! ! . - i : 11 )~...:, i . . . :. .:· 1·1 · :l I
'i . )

39.

t.Jti1ll .~.::) 1f. i:~

\11! 1.

111·'.· · · r

l: I \ T l ') :;

i

f'll /Jt

of:1d \ 1·r-it~\ :ir t· ~" '' ' • ·~-

1

oF r:s1·1:rss1r1Y.

:1 ;. : _T• ll\J '

i1 1\ jl•,ll : i J,!

\\t' 1u11.---t

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l!:t\ ·1 · :111 :1 111j 1i 1 • ~ i 11 t ·k

i.-:1n 1 (., di-ti 11.:..:11 1-i1

1i:,·

11: 1:. , .. 1. t

(1r ~l' lll·I"it' :li ly a!iil· t ! \\11J"1I.~.

i..:• ·,; }jj,,. t!11• ~ • · 11· i1i<·ii i'11Jl111•; \\' ill[,._. lbcf11J.

1:.\ .

50

L'NGLISll CO.lll'OS ITJO.V.

VAHll'."'J'Y UF L"\l 'HL'SSJU.\'.

EXERCISE 22 .

c.

A.
S11p1J1y Llie a111Jrupriatc wvrd .-; :
~#1n·o u n t, dr·sl ~ri1if ion , d({, t J, Iii.

~\:11,·~ i -

1Jc ;..:, i,c:;. uu iut erc~ tin~ . .... . 11ftl

1Ll\ L'.

}ttll f1· : Hi il 1c

...• .

11 ,1 1·1-.~ii· ,,11 1

{1 . ,-:_,. 1

H.ttH: rufl' :"'i ... . .. u f t he L11it1._.d

1 \'

,,, :rr .1{(1 ·(·, ''n-lilti·, ,:1,

In the fu llu\\-ing· pass:1~·1 ' s . cl1ang·c such wunL a11d ]'lt r;1 ,._, , ~
as are pri11t1..:d in ital it:s tu tl1e 111·up1..:r S!fli01i!J11 111110 1r11nls or
p/1/'(/S r ,\" .'

s/o·r r.

11 1•{ _\ •·l 1·•1111 t•kt1 ·d.

1·1i rl _v ,- ~ , _,.!t'-'.°''t'..: .
llii ~1 ~ ':

tl11.;

1 · \

2.

tla11 g n:; [ l1an /.'.Oil!, I Ii rough.

1

llllli}:lB l t: prv ,c ub C iiri , tia11 a:; lK il1g .... . . or l1i ti l>11 rdc·u nt ti t<.: ~i~ l1t

or

li:t1e

:- l]
1

't "

l!l

f" r»111 t_1 1·a1 111y, ifj11d;.::1· s al".' 1T 111, 11:tld,: i •I I I,•·

i \ (" :

f.:: lid to l\ a Ye hl't'll H IH:lll Of a 11iinldl' i111-l;11,1:':u n .
tu ll1 i1i\; Lltal r lt:l\"C "'' ''"l'Ut.tl a JILi\ JI"" l1i111·.
4 . lir.,ul\ly11 i.--, r'o11f 1:J !lt11Ls td :\ vw Y11rk.
5. \\'l1 al do y11u c~frun tl1b ri11 ~2: t11 l w \\1>rll1 ':
ti. Tit t: ,;:i il .. 1·:; !t:11in ;.::· a :; k l' d lu1 cc o! li1 v 1·:q •L1in, wer e <1r/,1til! •tl \ .,

r r fl ..: :-: .

It. is our duty t,:, .. . ~ .. the di s trn .:::;t-:.; (1 f ot11cr.:' h y .... . llil'ir ~ utTtnv:-;.,
..... . their f1:ar s , aud . .. . . . t11 l"i r 1T sc ut 11 1<:ut;;.
The wrath uf Acl1ilks was uot tu I.Jc . .. . . .
lJu 1wt hOj•e tu .. .... your <:<>H bc iL·11t-e while (·nj (lyi n:; t l lf: fruit:; of } Olli

\

J11lil1ti (_,';~':"':\!'is

3. l

l:.'u..·;<', 1'dit-ct, 11titi.1jtlh\ uiln ·i11./1: 1 nllu !J, O/l'j)f':tse, .w wt/1 (', l1"tlli?Jt i.ll i.:-t tf1ii1 ( .... till.

ll i ( ·

"' ' ~( ! :;can''" l :a1··:

l. \\.1 1:it

ot ll. 11 1111 I ;i11d 1',!

I !toped ll> lllU \"e !ti111 l1y a ...... or
lliti ...... uf tltat creut iti clrik i11t:.

Gl

I)

7. \\. 111

til l'

}ll"tr.1"

t;» l •n

J"l •.

u /!uiu 111\" tir· ;; t J•r<.1p oo iliu11 t u l•c tru e :

\<>U

8. "Tu1;iatues," l"Ui"l til 1c, "an.: r cry J.nd//1y; they givc·Ju1·a Lo tl1t.: li1cr."

ulku<:c.

E11)11/j111e11t, pleasure, d ,li!Jld, suli.'.J~1rlio11, yralijicnt ion.
She is in lite . . .. . . of cxcellc11t 111.:alth.
I l1opc to 1111\"e the .. .. .. of ~ p c 1Hli11g a Ion~ crc11ing with .'""H.
H gin:;; me 11u .. . . .. lo hav e tl1e ]J1i1;1te all cli r:; o r Ill}" mi g lilwr urerhanh:,1
iu my h ea ring.

Ute was giYe11 us for more imp o rtant purposes than the .. ... . of o ur
uuimul appetit es .

II.-HY UENYINf; THE l"O'.\THA H \'.

41. An afli rn 1:1t i\"c can often lie c·u11n:~rtcd into :1n cq11i,·a
lent JJL·gatiH~, vr a 11 cg-atin~ intv a11 eq11irnlt..:11t :tflirn1.itin ·,
/Jy tlic lloC r~f' a -wo1'd 1!f' lij'j)(J8ifr 11 Lciil1 /111.J 111 t/1 ,· p1·,,/;c,t!1'.
Tl 111s-

Trn e frkutb!Jip i~ a so u rec of t·x 11ui , ite

Tlicrl! 1::i 11~ mu ch (,c1111ty 111 tlu: t11r//,

B.
J\fab.:

fil:I l tt' ll('(" f: , ll l-' lllg" t •;11·J1

iil':t\·1·1is

oi' t)1c f11l / 11 \\"in~

S.7fl/0?/ lj!JIS;

till·

= Thu-e

i8

nu

lt~s

a8 Iliac i8 g-ra11d .. 11r in tli{;
buwl!J i11. th e l1/l'tlt //i111 1 !f1 '< 1111lc 11r i11

lll':t\"l'll~.

0

l\101> E1..- I. Iii- did 111•t 11rri1·1· 111 ti11H·; u,., d1 ·1"_v »1"1111· tr1ti11 w:i• ajiJritJ··
utt l e cin' 11111 ola11 c e fur J.i111.
'..!. UH e 11uliid ll1i11k }"ur lnotl icr is always
to h e I 11cky.

..1.
3.
-!.

:,_
u.
7.

8.
U.

For!unnle - lncky.
Folly -· fuo li11g .
Comm1111il'ate - impurl
Brare-cuurngcoui;.
E r<' C't - co11:;truct.
Hi11rJ- tic.
H1·pn>Ye - rl'p roncL
Hlaruc- cr u ~u rc .
lh:li:tvior- conduct.

10. Beat- strike.

11.
1:3.
13.
H.
lti.

l'rirlr-l1:rn:;li1i11r<c;.
l'ru po ~ :d - 1•roposition.

Hurni- m s tic.
Safe - secure.
Si1:11J<1w-~l1atl e .

rn.

Rorry- g rit:r cd.
]7. Dili _!.;L ll t - - i 11d us!riuus.
18. P1itl<'-- Y:111ity.
l ~ . ll l'a llli J-Wltuk~ull JC.

20. l'ctitiu11- fC']\ler<t.

EXE RC IS E 2 3.

Vary tlw

cxprcs~ion s

i1t tl1c rnam1u· indicated:

1. The miser h 1111l111pj1y (Ji1 r ji ·u11t).
2. That tre e is a/ii·e.
a.Hi s 1lijf/,·1tll to c;d r i<I o f IJ:Hl h:tldts.
4 . I lwle 1uu, Dr. Fell.
5. Th t· ~ 1-1c''"'" at Tr c1tlon had •I :11·,.,1 / intlut·11 ci; 011 the war.
ti. Tl1•.: d1tr;1tio11 ut" ""r 1· .\ i.,11 ·1" ·,· ic.finili".

7. Jlc11ry j ,; i111/o/nr/ c.._ ll1·11 rv is 11•1/ 1/iii:11·1.t.
8. Solu11, I.li e Athc11ia11, cti'•: l'lc:tl (( urml clwuye iu the COUtitituti o n o f J1i b
('U\llllr)".

~i~~

"'

~ ~..-

L_\[,Lj.)'Ji CU.Ii j•u.-::::l'luX.

42. ,\

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li :- l ·( l

tu

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l tl ic

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h

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r 1>1 1; 11i:1L11:1t

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lf.

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11 CD

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111 .-BY l'l:IUPHH.\.SJS, 01{ CilU.TJIT.fHTTION.

Pcripilr;i,~;is. ,,r
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circumlocutio11. i" 1!1,·

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1

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cxcry other a11 i11 1ai

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m:ic "

::11 '1 mal 1·1·1·r n·a('l1c.~ tl1e magnit1 1d• '.
1, 11

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t) _ ()l11:div1JL'C (:, dttt' t q t1llr rart·11t ~i.

ti i· · \\-[:

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I n p11i11t ,.i· s1/1·. tl1l' 11 lia1" s11rii::s '· "~ all utiicr

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f 11:1 i ( )f :l:J \

: 111i11 i: i 1<

;\ lwr 11 i -, u1 :id

5.

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~L .\ ~·tr111 1t 11 11_\· i." a d1·li~htful

d.

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1·1:1:11· 111:

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Slll l

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I! l :11 l \ .

Ill

l 11 :--: I/ I' .

Vari 11I io11H

('.\I}n·~ :-~ t11c ;.:cn ~~. c o f CJl"!C' .
I

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111'' 1\".-·. '•'I. '• 11' ,..,1,.. 1· ,' 1.:-__" ·,· ,I•,\.'...•.,•.: ··' ',•_t-, •.-

\\-lLdc i .~ i1n r·1-111:iil1'd in

;l l l : 11Ll
\ : i l-I I

~

HH;iq:d_

.-1 _

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I

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µ:i\l' ~];iii Ill {·l 1. l I l .~~· t ~ \ .~ .

'i' IH• "·h~tln sn rpn;-.;s;•s ail oLhct' an~u1al~

" ·r: ..,:

( 'li:iri! <'. i :; :1 ( -•- F\ \ ";""\f d.

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rv• I 1:1 « 1 I

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1. 'rit t' \\li:1lt · i...; l:tr'....'.·1 ' r
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EXERCISE 2 cJ..

tj . . j j l , \

I It

I

('\\ ) l't ··-->l (, 11 \\ r ii ( ·11

'~/
i1 r
ri' '
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-1
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tlit·

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,'; 'f

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tlw

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t111~t l \·

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1: 11
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111

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54

t:.\'(;J,J.::;JJ CO. II / '(1$ 17'10N.

VARIETY OP EXI'Rt.'SSION.

th e style-the information - yom opinion of it- any otli cr w o rld
by the same ant hor.
6. \Vrite an(1 tel l about ail e \' L"lli ng party - .! he. nu111lier- tl1 1: anrn so-

E X E RC IS E 2 6.

·write the fol lowing 8irnple 8c11te nccs rn as many w:iys
p)ss il>l c witl1uut diaugiug the 11H:a11ing :

ail

m t: nb-th e JllU Sic-thc

pk:\ S UJ'C::l

of SOC l :d

lll lt.:l'CO\lr,.;c.

·
·
7. \\'ri te th e r es ult,; of the last cx anllnat1011\\: 11e tl l L'r ) ·'_' 11 w cro
promotcd-wliat slm1ie::; you arc pur,;uing with most rnterc st,

1. Iron is tl1 c rn os t use ful of all m e tal ;;.
!3. Th e cyt.: i111iuil l' ly ti llrpatiSt.:S all tlt c wo rks v f lluu1au inge nuity.
:J. l 11dus t ry iti t li L· cau se of pros p n ily .

etc.

·1. \\" c lli:l_Y dt ·J i1-.· 1t1a11 y Lbc-fu l lt- .-~ uJJ:i fru111 ll": luw c :· a 1 t i 11ud~.
:1. ;\ pnit"us i1> 11 o t l.Jcauliltil ul1j l:c l.; e n : ry11·1t (' re s urro1111u s 11 s.
6. Beware of d es p e rate blc p o-t hl: d :tl'i;L·, l tl:ty wil l !Jy to -morrow

III. Newspaper Paragraphs.

• ]1eac
· ]:,; \\T1' t t.: i•·l· l"l·;::,'l"·llljl -.:
On tlte f u11 nw111g:

J Hlti 5Cd llW ay

u

Hl

the"

lu<:al~,,

l' l';1 d

uf tl1 0 11 0- \\·o:: papcr:> :

A Frirn.-L:ite last niglit our r 1uid

Practical Exercises in Com posing.

b' llt ..' Jl •'l ·' - J\" Ull

t11 1\

11 11·a ,.; ,(;trtl 1·,J Ly :111 :11:trn1

ui" iir·,'. .

I. Descriptive Sucjsrts.

T?

Write a shurt COll l}'Osition from t11<~ foll(1H"in g· outline:

or

Hrn:.\D :- A prL'p:i.r:it i() ll from Oil('
tl1c ,!:.'.Ta i n~. nr ('(' fl ': tl."--11:\lll(J
the ll'a d ing o l! l';J - Jlll·nti u n tl 11: ki n d~ nt' l1r1 ·:t 1l - 11 J;i..J1 j ,.; rno,.;t
U ::w in _yo ur p:ut oi'll1t: <' <ttlntr.';
11H 11l1 · ol' 11r 1 · :1: 1r in· ~· '" l11·at 1·n
l1rL":1d: tr:1u_: tltt_: pru tTs.; fr11:11 tit! ' t l1n ~l 1i 11 ~~· 111' tlw \I lw:1L till

in

loaf com es from th e on ·11 - tl1 e ~ f : 1IT o r I i ti· - 11-r·d f< •r foo.-1
1•\·r·ry ·.l'l1l're- wha tew· r l'l,;1~ a ro1111try 11 ~ t ·s, it ::; food i:; dl(':tp or
d ear acrurdin g to t ii<' pric e nf lirc;i •1.
t lic

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tli!: \V:i s l1in'!;t011 :-i1·l1011l in tl1i:-J city \\"ill tak e Jlla('C . ... · · · ·

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l. \\. ri t 1~ a kttc-r to _yuur lt-acllt.' r ll<tlL t lillg

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IV. St01i1;s from Ifoads.
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( ·r •., L. \
! : L-

:.. : ._

j

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~

lilt

I 1i

! : '. ~ . L l

._, i

1111 i 1!:t l \'
•t

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li

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I

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..... I ; I . \

l

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('l·ll1·J\(·~· 111

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·ii i 1·Jl1'('

1J

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:-t'j 1: ;!, t \,

1l ( i'l'][(l ~

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\ \ J. l ; I l

It I :'

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t1 ' ll1t iit•t ·'"' -

l!\) l Jil

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i l 11·

tl1i : 1.~ ~· :·~

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t• r

--i111j1l 1

trutl1-

l j : ; I '. r,

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t ( ' J"l '.""\t cd

---- 1i i.'-1

1i1 i1l i 1· •

\ i

I.
!11.-.. ;1p ; H· ;1J" ;l tl l't'

;1l

1J1,· {"i llli"t iii L1i / .. li~ltL--Li . . ;1 1T11l llpl: .... 1i!lll ' Jlt~

:1 nt't 1l<il1 · 1i1' l1i:.... r; : 1· ~!111 · --._...., :1111] i:t i

-1 L
I :

"·

1 l ·; l

l J 1 l I i .':..:.·

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· ~1

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: I! , 11\

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l ! \' l ~ I.\ ( \ l 11 ( i (I JI

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111. 1 1:111

. • ~\ \

'j · ;l 11'-

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:,

u

111;11·il\·
l ; ! '\' i

\ 1· rr 1 , r 1

'~IlIj(

l /I'

i l"1

l

I.\ i ' ~~

11·1 ~1~- :" 1 :·1 !1 ;! ,. 11

tu 1 i1 ,

:-i111iLll·
\\"(

l

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·; · . I 1 11i11 t

lil

tlt1· i1J , lr 11111

]',

'

l I 1t •

1111

11 it : ('l ii•l ll \ "

i 11 11· t; 1 i

{It"

in l.iit' '1'"111·1·

ii 1 r L (

\ " ir ~- 1 1.i :i

i

I' t 1 1l 1; 11 ' \·1

- l1i:-1

111,; :« ·lt·a~l'

'

;t ll•

;ll'l' l > !

rur

1 •

1:lliT!l

ii• \I

l ! •1 • i ; l i 1 J(

a11d ilic Yt._·1'· 1· t

\'I',\ :I '._'.'I'
_..;,

i ll

!il .\ llll'I'·

t 1 > i ·~ ! t .~ ~-1<l11 t 1 ·-

\\' "1:

48. l,.11:,-,1

1:1,~11"1T1 .

1\ <· t·11L11·1·

1.c

ti1:1t

Accnrncy i11 th0 Use of\Von1s.

1111 :1liiy

.~.-,1 11g t i l\' .. ri,:..'.itl \\'Pl'<l

i11

.,f

till'

l:i11 .:_c·11: 1:_c 1•

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ll.

/ I

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11lii" !t

1·"11 ,.. 1.--h

111

ri:ci11 1•Ltn., ..

lft':l '1\!l l. :ll1 1 l illlj)i ' i;-,!Jtl!lll_'Jll

a:·«·r tl1ii11 't'JI \>':lh-l1i.-; (':\jll'<ii1in11 11 1

I•<.

111i1., -. I i11
)! I
:111•1 I !:i ·

:11 ·1

t • ) t 1 t ! 1 ) I 1 I \ ' i ~ . .,

:

~ I(.

;',

1 1:

I ']'

'

I i! , [J ' '

l ':11 l 11·11l:i1· 1 :111· , ]1,.111.1 iw '11 ·r 1·i~cd i11 tl1c: u ~c ,,( 1•r•·i"' ' ili1 •1;:,,
("(11\.Jtl1!i 1i1i1 1.... . :t11 1

\

\dii t

r p1u t i"

it .~ .

co

Ul

A'X(;Ll.SII CO.ll/'OSJ'J'JUX.

witness

50.

.. for see: ns, " Tlti s is th e m ost ~plcrnli(l lJ!ly I ever wit.11c"·'1 J" \\-e m:1y \\'itn l'ss an 11ct at tlt r: Jll.: rformancc of
wlticl1 we arc prl'sc 11t, l!llt we cannot witlll:ss a tlting.

8 i:coe\1>

E XE R C I SE 2 B.

Tnrnslatc the folluwi11;:; i11tu :-s i111pl ~, natural E11gli ,;L:
1.
3.
3.
4.

TIEQcrsnE.- Simplicity of Words.

\V e s!tuuld unlinarily aY uid al l b ll<:li \\·u rds as reljuirc perso ns to eo11s11lt a di<:tiunary, pro \·id ed si1 11pler nnJ easier
wurds can lie fu u11J tu cxprel:'i:i tl1c n1c:llli11g. \Ve bh01 ilJ
also axuid pompous C.\pre;;;;io ns and hi gli -llo"·n "· ords n1 1d
pltrnscs, l>t;<.::tt t::;e tlie use uf tlic~c is ah·ays a sign either of
l1alf-lcan1i11!...'.·
.... ur uf niJ.,:ir ta~tc .

:\11 i11di1·idu:tl wac< pr1: .. iJ1iL> lc ll ..... .
'J'lt l'} ""ll t.: 1l i11lu rt "it ti , i liu11 l l1e b l'l'l' ic..- ~ of Ll1 e pl>J oician
ll L-; ~piriL quillt.:tl ib "arlliiy li:.t .. Liti .. n ..... .
Tl i<.:rl' art.: ,;u w e yuull1ful 1 1e 1>u 11ag L~ 1\'li o11 1 il always tl l'ii;:;i1Ls _l'<>tl t ..
111·(·1n11p:1 ny.

5. Tii 1' 1'\'

t: :\l'H!

!;-1\l!'\ ~

l"f\t; :-0 11

\'('!'_\'

;1 , 1•t:Cl uf 11!1 u.Sc; r,1cial kallll'<-., cllj H 1·i11dlt\' L'

7. Y our um·le wa " .::l'itle nlly lc1llori11 g und er ~o m e l1a llm·i11ali<>1l.

8. At th e pn:~e 11L 111u111cnt [reti re tu ,111111l1er: l ulkr u1111iy J•diti•>ll:i l 1>
t!ic· f.pr..J \•l pr0 ,.: r·n·" 111.1· :<l •irilual \"ll·t in ~aC.-t y ; l 111t , J,,rnld l ·; •1il

tllis ca rtldy ti jJlil'rt..; vn.: L :l\L tL. •, · , I

1 11· :--1·1 ·1·\1

11 .1111 t11 r1 ·l ·,· i\' t ' 111 _\ :-4 1ti!

9. (',/ ,·ri" 1u11·i/11ts, wlte11 " Sas .. n a11J a Laliu w u rd <>Ikr ti 1l·111 ,. .. l1«·" · " " '
should cl11 111'" lite S a su n .

of little tliouglits.
BTILT~IJ

ntlt1•r,.:, 1lio.·

(j, i\Tary wa" th e: p 11 ,;,e:;~ ur uL\ 1li111i11u\i1·c: 'i''"'i 11w11 nf Ili c ,;ltn'[' ' l'lT i•> .

~

It is \\'<'I I to rl' 111 e111l1e r tliat large wo rd s will J!<>I increase the sizo

<JI'<'

db'1 .~rccalile e 111 u ti u11~.

1:-.i

AIA!'IY

MY.A~l ;-..O

l~

1' 1. A l N

E!'O O l.l ti ll.

NE\\" :-. l 'A l 'I H8 .

A <li,;astro11,; <'1rnll:ig ra tio11 com= .\ g rea t lire l1r.,ke out.
m e ne cJ to r age
A vast c 1rneo11r:.;e of citizens asl:!l'Jllbkd tu l>cli<>ltl the sp ec- = A g reat tJ'O\\' tl <':1111c tu sec.
tat:l e
The co11tl;1grat i11 11 cxtem1cd it s
'
= 'l' Ile f11re ~p rt ' :H 1.

dc\·a ,;tal i11 g c:t rt Tr
Tl1 c pr1 lgrt; ,,::; of tlie (lc\·011r i11 g
clt·iui·nt t·oiild n o t 1,c ai-rt·st e d
= The fire coulu not be cl1 cckcd.
of !1111,.;1· 1111111ipn·st·11 t. !'liaract<:r:; \\'(1 0, as if in JHlr:;ua1H·e of
so m e pre\ itlll :> ar rangeme nt, are
certain to lil' <· 11t·o1 111tcrl' t1 \\·lien
an aee itl c n t occur:;, \'C11! 11rcd
1 li e ~ 11 ggt· s 1 ion

On<!

C•llbt1u1..:d, 110 Lw itl1standi11 g tli e = But the 11 nusc \1·:is hnrncd to the
111 0,.;t l'lt< ' J'g'!' l ie cil'"rls of" I ho,;c
g round , in ~p it c of all that the
11uble llll'll \\'ho, on s uc h ot·cafireme n could <1n.*
s iom;, ru :;ll to tl1e call or dti'y
-

guage.

Uoneisc ucss eou si;;;ts iu n s in .~ tlte s11 1a1le::;t rn11 111Jc r uf
·words n cce,;::;:try .fur tlie eu111plcte cx pres;-;io 11 of a tl1u11 ,!C,· l1t- thc 111:t.\i11111111 of tl1011 g lit i11 the rni11i11111111 o~ \H1rd s.

:o

'fil e f(illlllri11g \\il l he fou1ll1 a u se ful gen('r:t \ mil': (
niti1·:1lly
ov"r wliat y on l1 a\c \\'ritl.<:11 1 :lll (l s trike out l'\' t·ry 11·11rd. plir:1~1',
anti el:1u ,;c the omi ssio n of \\·l1i ch in1pui r:; 11 ci tl1cr tl11; t · 1L', 1l'llL'" ~

= A bystam1cr au vised.

II0 \1·t· 1·n, the tdili1·c \\':ts tot a lly

* Uu1111ell:

51. T1mrn ltEQcrsrTE.-Conciseness, or brevity of bn-

-·--- -- - - ·-· -- -- - --

Jlu 1mal of Cv111pwit ion.

n o r t li e force

or th e sen tcu cc.

52. This requ isite of good writing is viul:tted in tlin·c
ways:

1. ]~y r<:11u n rl1rn1·y, or th e u se of 1runls \\liid1 tl1 e i-'l'l1 ~1
does not re(111irc. Tl111sL E1·cry

1111111

on th e.face nf llie eru·th has <lutie ,; to pnfi>l'!n.

The itnlki zc d phra s e b :; 11 pcrtl11ou:; 1 as "e\'ery 111<111" lhat has "ti Lili es to
verfonu" ruay Eafc:ly !Jc supposed to l>e ' 1 on til e fac e of the earth."

ESGL/Sll CO .lf l'0S l1'I ON.

62

ON S lTJ,E.
-l . Tli c: Li111<.: fur l c:.m 1i n :.; i~ in tli e J1Criod o f youth.
:,. \\.11 .. 1:L'\'l·r l "" "•li e al w a y s in <t ui r c ~ fu r .) uu.

2. Ile appr.:us to enj oy th e 1111 itcr.•,1l cster m of all mrn.
Th e u c s t l·c 111 u f all
n cc es:>ary.

l11 C 1i "

i::) 1ot i. ccr.,(Ll " -.. li t·ill; h ence t hl; adj ec tiv e is

u n~

Tiu.: o u· a n is u,,~ g n .::tt res n\'uir for receivin g th e \1·:1LL:r,; o f ri 1·, rs.
'l. Tli " world i ~ lilly cu 1np:1re d tu a ~ tage , uull it~ i111lahila 11t,; t u ll ic ;1ct ,,r 5
whu p e rhinu lli c i r jJar Ls.
tl. I ;.;-u; I.J ut l rl'lu ru aga i11.

u.

2. Hy t1111tuln<]!J, 0 1· the r epetition (Jf the sa111c i<ka m
1l ifft.; re11t ,.,·on.ls: Tilli sTl 1f' \\' It o It: na t ion appl :1t1<1t"1 Jij ,; m ng 11 :1n i11 1il \'
'/IL

111u l

~- Til e E g ypli :1 11s u ,c d t u 11 sc Ill )Trl 11 ~ picl s , and u il re for c 111 b '1 ll J1 il>,:..'. t!ie

:n·t.1/1, c.,.i 1j

d l':1 d i><ll li · ·' 11!' l l! c: tl.- l· : 't. -l·cl.

llllf .

H.

" (;re ul 11c~~

of lll illd" i:; , i lll !' IY n tra 11, J:t li o n o f" 1 11 :1~11 .11 , i1 , ri l y i " l1<clH0
l hl' H il l' or tli <.: u( li l' I' .. r t li 1: " ' l ' '"'-- i11 11- i~ llll!l! 'l'l' " ' "ry. 'J'! w r q •l'l itiu11 or Lile
i 1k:t 1111 t lllily udd ~ 11 u tl 1i11 h t u llie tl 1u 11 ,_:; l1L, I.Jul iL a h u d d rado fru1u Lue
t:l c a

l'IH.: ::> ~ .

:3. B y cil'c11 11l !11"u t;un , ur
cxpres:; illµ; a t l 11111!.!,'!tt.
EX l \ l l 'l. 1: .-

:1

n .J 11m1:1h1 ut ,

\\':!}

uf

\ \ ' )1i.-!J

111/1 11·1 /,1'
Iii .I\

) , ,. t J 11 1.~

!ti" l .. ,, i,._,I

!J ,

fr ,··1n Drv-

.

'

1.i ·

/ ..· :

t

!J ,·l·r . .,

; 1 11d

l

1· 1111 -- 1··11 1· · 111: ( '

.\ [ • ft'.~:--i111 1

<1 1· 1'

u!'

:LIH I

'1 '! I .I:' I! I : I , 1. I\ ' l' l '< il ll l ' \ ' .'; 1li :11
g 1111il , 1'1·11:11.tl .!.. I : 1 1 .'.~ ! i .- l 1. I t

l 'i ".I•

11 111

11

1:! 1· 1!:.11. ·1·
' ..

'r i ll' 111• 1·il >: 1.. 1:J . 1 :1 111 1

·: t::-: t•lt' 1 1 :. t•n t l •l':1 ,-.l 'l" j,-:1n, ;:!1: '' w hlf'h TH ' \ . i 'r v nri ed 11 ; : :
lw i11:-"-ti l ttt 1·d " -::.- li !J C•1111j Hf ,. ,·".fJ , t: lc .
1

.~

\ ·1..: t 1..: !·:uJ Li a~

w ri l1 ';:, \' ···y \\'t:l l
1

I ) t i 1L' / ' l i 1 \ ll l J; 1 1J.\ · .

; <!i d

J11 r a

ai

I 1 11i\ T 1•l° \\

1 • j"

J" llil y

•. r 1:11 1 . ~: 1 1 : 1:,:: ...

\I

i1 l ... 111 ' ·· · i1 1 ~:

i.-; , u:w 1rl1u all'1 ·1'l ~ l '.\l' (·,; .-, j1·c

11i 1·L·iy ll i

; •• .

!

r1· ;t 1

11i' '.\

,1 .,, .
1

2 9•

d 1·1 1.1 rt· ·d.

· • Tl : (1 11:.." ld :111 d : :111:;:1:1:_" 1· ;1\ ·t
i-:111111: 1

II

!1··1·
I /11 :/ ·
" 1 ;ti · " 1· ' I "•

p11ri -1 i1 1 h n• : 11 :1'.'" " 1 l1:1 l

.;
!.i .

(. ';t(·

.J ,,1· ..; 111it 111 t ·:11 t t li: ci 11" :1r 1·

.\.

ul d

ll j 111J 1

;\/1_;

L :1 11 i l i:1 1· " r 1·1,J J" ' l 11i :il

e n 11q 1 ari ~ on

EXERC I SE

~·

j ' • !I Ttq , Li i•i l

I

till.' ~

:l .. \n u Uh

:-- 1i · · l1

\".

r, ·111l'd y fqr virc uui lv <: uti un ·0 1 1., i:, t ~ . n11t iii ka\· iil ~.:: n nt p :1r t::; ,
i) 11 t i ' 1 , . , • 1· ;1 - 1 i 1 i :..'. I i 1' • ",\ I 1, • l 1 • i : 1 t 1· 1 ·~ 1 · 1· ! . 1 1 , · · 11 : 1 ··1 •.
J t r 11· ! .,. ! 1 • • ' , 1 1 ~ , · r· \ 1· 1 I ! ! 1, l \ i r1 t J 1t~
r ~·1 1 1 1H] 1• JJi 11 1 " ed . f] 1, · :-- t · 1i!1 · J 11· 1• j !J..., f L.'i\1 Ii t! w f ' 1 l l li l!'J l.- : tli n ll !J :l:-' ! J{' V !l t•lf"c<" l.( 'd
111 a i1ily tn· lli c ~ u: 1. tl tut 111 11 Pl ; 111u·fl , .-; l ·1 r 1 /ri •t . · ·"'· ' i l 11i -. , •· , \ i 1· · t w \ c· r a11 11p·

if a

J l ··1wt · !1· · 11 1n:- t 11· c·1· .... ... .. ri ly , 1111 r1 f, ,r,., I i.· i11 1·1-r11r.
' f" L,·

llr ~"l " 11. 11 l:,\ 111 . "" ,.,.,

1 "/, .. /,

0H s.-T lil~

pri ·:-..1 ·11!t ·d

1.

0 . T l11 111 :..:,, l1t ~lill l

n; n1 •;1n1'ii li '''""' ·,, .; !il •l' r:1lin· ;
and p«rl1a ps l1i s c !iarac t c r may [,c ii/!1 ,,/ /'!l!td l•y C<J111;11cri11g him
w i t/1 /11'., i11 ;1:-. 1e r.

u

(i .

T li ··r· · i ... a ="" i 11 11· !1· ;t :id l.':t :- y
ck1 d-.. .

i !i '.

11; 1rti ,.1 1L1 1· p:ii1>' 11 itl1 j, j , "0·;111 c: .
\\" :1.:· 1J!" d ( :d i11 ~ wit h :-. u1 · li 1·! i a J ll ' l' > <tJ i , ! :1t·•. 1
;1 11 d

1-. 1:111(' :; . ,., ] :

l u111'!.1; . 1"' 1•: :t i' ' " ! //,,·,. 11 :;.11 11/ ,

t~ u. 1 ·1 u· j, ·1 i:

li l ' ll l:l! Ti •-d :lilt! l lL'( ',! f ll\ : t J11 · J1t1...,!1 ;1 Jt d 1if ' :t \ \

f/", fS .

PnpP l'rnr.. ~ ~ , .. 1 lil111 s,'.f ll1 r• / " lf'i!

11i 1rl11 11 i t_v

I. l will ~· i r t· yo 11 Ill)' ad\' it·t: and c o 1111 ;." I .L:: ratb, :ind c·k t r:..'. " l '< >ll l l<> liii ii ".
IL 11 :1~ 1>11 a r·:tl1 11 :111d t. 1·:1 1Hp 1il 11i c:·l1L t l1 :i L "" ' "i i>-d .i .. 11 11 .1 11.. ,. 1,, . 1._ ~
;$, Uur i11t l· l'( 'il lll':--c W;h :d\\' ;1y :-i :t ttd i1 1\';1r ia!dy fri ~ · 1 t!J y ari •I :tr!l il·:d1\,· : ~ : 1
1
1 11

•)

·L l ll 1i11 k .J ,,, ,. l'j ' ll >t l-L t; tl," ' "' i'" " i;tl

dcn, \\· J1 u 1n, 11 i1 l·11"1·c r all u; 1;111r i1;11il!J ; 11 ·"'"' 1,,i // ., !(, J,, . J•r;i i.' t" I
t l1 r u1u1!1 l/11.: 1c/1 ,./c I'" "'-'·I ':( /, ;,, 1.: 1'.,1, ,,, ., . \'.i t 11 :I l ilH' r:ili1y Lrliic!t
.,., ;·, r 1·,,,·/, ,/; nnit p1 rl1 ;1ps li::i C'IL1 r:it·t 1·r nut!/ 1'1r '11 f'f 1 sn nu · i /! 1!.><.·
, ,., ,,;-.;;; i i· :1 1·111 ::; 1:t/ : :--- 11! 1 ;/(' i : 1.~ !1(·tf · 1 l \fl' l\ \l ' l 'l l !1i 111 : l ll! i t /1c. /1 (11/ l
t t /111.-;1'

@
I!
"i.

t n hrn·;· lo 1r:1r·; /

l '. .p ,• ] >rnk·:·.,r•: I

diffw:e

f{ClllO\'l: tlt (.; f1{1r/o/111; i 1·1-rl C'\ pn·;:c: i\lll S :

t rr 1 ; Jtl ; .1~l y lil•" : 1 1. ,t1. ll

lw k 111: 1vr.

Li ll1er.

1
f\L:.t
v 1 / \ ,.._

~ltJ\'l'.

)'\' ,:..'..',· t,' t ,1...;

1

fJ J i'

.
:11T:1n:.:·1·11 1t· 11t 11 1· 1h

q 11:1li t it" 11 i1i1·!1 : t ' '1· Jd ('J 11·(:

~. ('L L .\ I; :> I "'' ·' :

:: .

~ I i~1

1) \ .

p:1 r t <. l .J 11' !\ '

:-: l1uuld !"' ~"1 · :-: < I.

,\ ! IT;

/.' .\ 1, /, /.\ //

1 Jl

1 · .\I T l .

55. Unity is

tli :tt 1•ropc•rty
p:irt.-.; Ill <"11 lllllTt i1111 \\·11 ! 1.
rill· pri 111·i11:il L1 1 ut 1 ~l1 t.

ll I

111 :1 F:e ntt•IH' C'

i f .;

:t 111l

wl1i (· l1 l:: eC'p~ nil

l u c:·i1 -. ti !y

; i_ ;-.;

rn k s f u 1·

TJ1 i.;

ft d lt I \\· ;.:_

l ~ i1 :_::d1H: i .

j l . 1· t

l J \. • l !. l

I j '. '. "

;- 11IJ< 1i« l i11:1Ll: t1 •,

) 11,

{ l : ! 1 1; ! '

1 11 ~

l 11' c :: L· J"\

t l 1t ·
I

tLi.;

l 1f :l

1111i t y

:::L1 1 t 1~ 11 c i.; arc

:

I

1 !

i, )

an ·l r1·d11 r1 ·il t iit· ~·· r 1 ·;d1 · r
i i ( )l I • '.'-; I ) t l ! : l l i ! l t i I ( . I . l 1l ' :-- ( .

I I l 11

1I 11 , · : 1.. 1 j

i ii i f 11 t ·.-

: li I'

i I

I'

;

j .• I\ L·

I ' !

l

: 11· :

'J li t ·;cc ,

;~

:l :I i

111 « i l > l "
li l

!

:- t i\

ll

I i : L \\

l t :- - L •); 1ld \ , l · i · t' 1 1 l\_• l l 111 • i1.l' '
1 \ ; 1 i I y l 1; t \'; t -- ~ l ' 1 l i 1.\
I I i 1" I ' I t t ... . . \ \ I ' 1· , .

d :..: J c 11t· c .

l'i

! I l I ' ',

l' I ' , n :·

I l.t 11 :~ 11: I: '. ' ..

: 11:1

I; i ' I ! ') I! .... ,

I .I I ~

! ;l

---- 1i l t j l i ., ., , ' 1 1 \ I • ) j I · ·. ·

•I
; ,

~ ii · 1: -.

11:tlt

I )

!1al( tlic· t« >1 t111r y J.,·«:tlllC a\11111 .> ! \ I !11111_1 :-: :L \ 11t1

! ' ( 1)

5G ,

:; r l / . F .

u .Y

1·11 .l/ / '1 ! S / // 1I Y .

~1 !Lt· 1 · Ii:( \ i it .'. . .

J

; 1y

; 1--

; t L 1 ~· ; ·_ ~ 1
JI )

1· 1.. · · · 1 !

l'

j ., I • I ~ t i I

!

t Ll • ,. :-. •· : ; L;

I<

I 1 ·;; j

1 i 1\ ·l l 11 i t ill~ i1 1\;ttl ··1 · ..... ,

l

T

\ ,·

;: t 1'.

i

l \

<1

ii1 · 1"--, ~t.,,

1) ! \.

il l

d

l
l •. ! l i

;--.., , \ \ . ' : ( ....

t 11 1·111·1.l l (1l·i1

i 1,

j '

: 1:...: . ' li .·,l

; l 1· i1 1 -

t!H~

H1 u: l. - TLte subject o;houhl be
c on~· .'-:i_~

ui'

as little as possible

cl1cu 1::,ce ll

l!l

the

t L1; :J1' :itl;1l L" .

'l'! H· !· t: i ~;

t l ii r l _'...!.·

t

i 1 1, i 1 i-..;

1 i i,·

I 11·( 1 111 i 11 \

'l' l 1· · i'., J], 1\\

ll ' !l ,

> 1i

11:

l ' 1I. \ i i "(·(i 11 r·:--1_ · ; t I 1 i ~ :~ I 1( • 11 Ii I
J,. : .:i11i 1l 1 1 .~ 111 Li te cud (j r t lte

i .i ( -,

1·t·1; 111 1 l 1t

i 11

\\

1!!

1:l 1!-- l

i ii. 1.. · d:::· l( 1! Jl>

J t

li

.t ill) . dtl'. Lt :i ._; ILt:...•

!l:l l llt ' ll!' :..: 1i111(· Jl~ 'J' :--:() 1\ ! l l'

t i!('

111 <''.·i · r\· :-:t·1 1! t ·1 1( ·1·,

.

I )! · < ·~ ir11i1 11 11 tl, i1 · 1J( 1_- -- ilil< ·.
\ i!'1l !) ! l--. i ;

:-i.. i\u ! l

t: Olllill' Y L vc ;1un· : 1il :11 1 ~-L \ \' l t (dl)

, , !! t l ! \(11 11 1:

\\

Brilut :ei tl11·111 ::- c J\·1.. ·.":' , dr i\ 1 r1 •_: !l H· 11 1 i 1!1 11 Ll 11..~ i 1111 ~ t 11 · 11 111!1 _'. a 11 d 111• q 111 l .1i1 111t 11
l ):l 1· 1 ~ i ~ i, 1. ! 1 1 • !. i 1 i '....'... l I · , 1 11 , : 1 1: ! i · • , l ; ' 1 1 ! ·..: t i 1 • • :..: 1· 1 • • ' t ( 1· J ·. i 1· l 1 , l- l ! 11 • i :-- i ~ 1 : • , I 1! 1 1, : , · r 1 ~ 1 ,
dt 1f 11i ! i i · 111
T l1 1· r 1.~t 1 i l
\ '. : t - \ i 1: ! t. i:: I to
1.. ·1 1: 1
( 11 a 1. · , i :l :in
111 , i ;1 ! 1:1,! i~

l ;t\·

;11 1! ll : t • ! 1! 1

'-l ; • ll' l ' \\

1\ 1 11. 111

uvoid l:l1, a :- ~

11art·ll l111; ,,,;~

- Luli,..,.

i ul1 · rfl' J. < n~·

ia tlrn uid1ile of
L~x11:'l· ~ :'.l ull.

<1 SGllt•..o b c.c.: :; h11 •1" 1

]:1 /':•

111
\\ {

; l '

(

i i .' .~

i \

I '

1·( ' I

l

I ·~ '. I ·; · • ! ~ \

IIl

;t

; )I

I '"' ; :

!)!

. \ I. '

i

I I t

'

"1 lt• \, " "\\ ),.,

l , ! )1 , ·

n 1· tf i• ' - :1 111,

; l 11' ~ · ' "

1;1·11.

.\! :

;: i i

l; - 1·

·- i: ~ ': '

l i1

l1 ~,

\\-l' lc111 11t ·d

11 ; y

11. -~ T 1 1 «a ~

1

i lie

!....:r1·a1

· ~r

1i
·1

v . .-

l i\

1 ' 1 d !l )I T [\ 1. l i !

i ·ri 111· i 1.. tl
1·.11 11•

1r~l · 1id :, 1 :i.l i d

tL:1 t

se1 i,1LL't,t ; :-: c tit 1 · : 1 c l· :~., ~ i:1 1i
1

1i: t 11.:...:, 1

l ta '>' e

uo t

.. ;ii i < !,

] , > ; .1 1 : 1 1

\ '.

i 1r1-...., 1·1"\ 1' L : i - ~ !i!l:t!: t y .
J J;' t\

c1 1tli d i :1

M l(!:-\

" 1 ~ '11 11 ·,., \ \ l 11 T 1·

j I :;

l l)

a

l

l ~ 1 it
11 i: 1l l \'

c,.1111

: !11'

111 \ \ r i 1 i1 1 :~-

i--;

11 11it\·
li« t '

ii

(' ( '!111 11\111 1d

jlll l l ("ij1 :d

l' 1 ~1T l t l '"'_\l
}() \l~

ti1>i l

lwl\\' !' l ' !l i llf'

L11t

ir

ti t,

r (·

t l1c pr1 1p o~ i t i u 11 .~ sl1ou id I H: ~ t at ~ , d

l it ·

:t .--\

t !!

)

I )' '

l l l ~ . i .( . i I 1·.\' ) . .\

i ! l . ( \. ( i · _\
1

1

.'- ( ' ' I ! . .

! j j I.

1. : .

I ' \

j

t'

v it

: ,-(·r y i •tlj •il \1 i'.l r 1·;1d i ly :-- 1·, · li ( 1\;,· tk :- ! :·11•.·:; ., (. ; ( 1 tJ t i i 1 \· j .. !!it~
· 1·. ) ]'•,' J J l; '{ I,- t i : l t ": l ti it ' ]"t_' i i l ( ) \ ,_. l l t 1,.: I l l ~l t l • i· 1'1· , 111: ;_ i 1l " j J; l I '· ! IL i i t : ·

a :--- ! t i: lLll L'. :-( · 11tt: !W t '

!111 1 .~· t: ! l!1 1 ~

j. , 11< 11 di llic11 lt 11 >

E XERCIS E 3 O.

:-: 1·1 it1·nce ('(lJ Jt :li n s

A.

jil1 >j 111-.. i t i• 111... :. , a 11d

1 1ti

!l

i."' :-·-'.\ '( llrc d !J_y iL;

lttl!CC

If 111 .. 1«· ' " ' :l c l<>, \' ],, c:i c: ll (' ()JlJl CClH"1 1ji n-...it i1i JJ-..: , t i1( ' \' ~ !1 1 ,! l l1 I 11 1' 1111 ili·d intn ( 11Je

:--1 ·11t , · i1( T ;

1•: 11· · ' ! I \ l ! I .- i - .

i~ i:-.., ;1 111t 111:1 L

l:\ '\ '()IJ:-'f l" l l l°!

t il e ii :1i •i l i t y t11 ( TO\ l«li 11 '.~'.
c 1i 11q ll l\111d

t l

\\ · il ~

~llt u c1 Jt :,

:--:. 11 i q iJ, . >< Jil( Jl !

\ \ I 1 11 . I 1 1t t 1· l l I • ' i

L i 1 1 d 11 L· ~;-;."

li nt li ttl e c1J1Ju'r·t !on :;L011 L\ bo exprcsseJ in

\<'rv (,, 1111. :111.J i 11 t itt' c 11 Jlll• i1 \

; lli 1 i

\ -.

.\ l i1 '!' 1\ i\1... :, 1

::1 1· l l l 1·· r (·! ·y tl1 t_' unit y

r ,· ,·\ ·i ·,1 ·,J \\iiL li 1l · :..:J \ ·.: : 1 t

Cl'l) \ Vd i id

I ii

t 111:-l

i l 1r· · 11_'.! 11 • i\ \

'>\ 1• !

r <ii. \ · i1~L:1 i1 1:: t !ii ·. . n i l t·

jl'l \ i ! lt \ ~ : i i t {J l! (T --..; .

t ·.'.. t ! ,

I

;; ! ,

{ ' l : ! Tft 1:-- \ !

~ - 1

fI

I ,\ : " .

. \\ )

\- ;

1·~ · , · _.., ,

L. :

v: it!i n11 lty of

i1 1i1 1· r1·1tt (' i l!1111 ·,· tiun ,

~; ( ' p ;1 r: t ll' ~ 1·nt 1 ·Jl lT S .

IJ

r ,.11 I ·.i

l ·1

'I' I 1t '

tJ 11 ~ r ,, JJ 1>\\j ll~~·

H' ll f l 'l li 'i ' .-< ,:-' <> :le'

ftl :ift :i i11

t l l ll l \'

·r :
I !!: t !" < ! !

1):

I l JI .

{ ;

· · 1 \ ; 1~~1 · i1 il 1 : il 0 i L 11Jl ~

I\ :--' \ \";l "'· 1l ! /" I ~ l 1'...'. : I ; l 11
Li11 ,\ L:1rdl y 1 ii: L\ i l 1'...::

l' l' "

11 ! I I . 11

I i i \ ; i! ' d

11( 1 11\fi • i

~

·1 ' ' t I \ I

J' i , 111 ."'

I " ,.

\I

11 .. 111

.t

!I I

1111

I . \ I ''1 1' I I

11 1

c :i! I 111 !lw

:-; :1 \1>1 h

l«>r t li 1·i1" dt

l~ · 1 w<', "li11 ,

al frr l1:1v in g r c-

1•1·ll(·1l 1 ! ~1 · i1 1 \ ;l i i 1 · r~ . t 11rl i 1' 11 \lt , ir ; 1!i 11 .... ;1'. '. 1 1 1 1 .~l t)il· J:r il on:-' tlin u~
;,,eht:'' · d r.,v c the m int , 1 t lit: illlbl r c t1w t v al!d 1 1 w u t1Laiuou~ p :1r!.:i

• i1ti11 11;1: !'1· . ·1! i: 1:..·: llj •i •J l
; : 1 ~- t ; 1: 1111 ( · :·

1I 11 •

1·(- i ; 1\

I · ·1

r 1·< · · 1, i

1 , 11 \ . : 1 : · i 1 1 t: -

l\ i r 11: :-..

111·

! ,l :1 1i t ~,

: 1!1 1!

i!

--

I, t ! , ,

1 ••

I I

I

~ ·

1 • •

'1

J· s1 :1, 1s11 c11_111·us1

/'/(I.\.

II.\

2. 1L11!;/:;11lt,11, ,,-]1ich lc:t\ L'S lh i11 cJ,,111,t as 11> wliil·lt .,f
two or I!l1H'e mc:1n 11 1gs is tl1c: one i11tc11d ('d.

n.
ImpnJ\'C the fo11owillg i:iC ll tc11<~cs Ly l'L 'Illu\·ing tLc con
ncdi\'cs, an<l brcaki11g up caclt se ntellec i11to t\\·o ur lll(ll'e
di~tin<·t prnp11,.;itions:

~-

~

~

1. There :ire :t t.:re:i t m:iny 1liff,.1·1·11t J; in ol " ,,f tr•'C'". cn11H• f11 rni - hin:_: us 11'i ll
woud

'

fur c o1111nun pnrpu;-.c:-' 1 ~ IH: il u~ Itouri11.:!: fur ou r lttt1l~1_·:-:i uial

~

t

frarn c ·~

t"ir th<: wi11d()\\' ti ; wl 1iii' <>liJl.'r,; :iff• ,n l a nw n: ill':tttli!'ul 11"'"'•
11 l1kh, whL·11 j•uli:;hcd, iti 111:11k i11 l" talik s a11d 1'11air,;, :lli d ·;a1·i,,11 ,; ar-

""1il::;.,..
----.$-

til'lt:: of furnitur e.

li:1r1 h liij> n u f ll1e \1111~. ccl!d rid e .
g r .. :1 L a o1d g-uo Ll lll:lll dil'd 1111 tJ .. , lilh 11f ~;, 1•t .. 111l1t ·r, 1c.<;, lea r ing
LH'iii11d liim tin: 1ul'1J1ury ut' 11i;111y 11uld c a('[.i.111.-, ;111!l a 11u111c:rous f:tmil y , 0(11 ho111 three we: r e b CJll ti; Ulll: ur Ll1 c lll li c:ur~". tl1l: dtkel, l1 e ir Lu
li b Lll11 t:r'.; l'irlucs, 11:; well llti tu !Jis ]'l'ilH·ipa! .-, U\leti i11 C'u 11.l1t: ila1Hl,
wl1t· rc: 1J1ost of iliti fall1l'r 'b prop e rty \\':tti s iL11ate, a11d ~ !wrlly a!LcnrnrLb
l'kd<'tl 111 emue r for ll1e cou11l_y, 11 li ic! 1 !1atl l t•r 01'\'cr;d gnn:rntiu11:; l'l'·

rccp11re::; tliat tlic parts of a sentence.,,-o rd :-;, pl1ra ,.;v:.;, c·l:tu ;-;c;-;--- :-dJil tild Le :.;u arr:111,:c;1·d :1 ::; tu lca\'G
11u pu::;::;il,ility uf doubt a:-; tL) tl1e \niter't; 111l·:1ni11g.
Ckarne~s of st yle should J, c th!' first co ns it1 l' ralion " ·ith the young

composer.

It may intkcd

that S!'\'l:ral of tltc rules for
But it is better,
at all e \·c nts for lwgi1111 r- r>', to aim not so muc h at being brief or
forcilJll', as at being iwrspic u011 s.
s 1T111

lirc \'it y int e rfere with t li e rul e:; for cka rn e;;s.

CH ITI <'l:-'\t. -

had aL a

1. Ohsc11l'ity, which leaves 11s wlwLly iu d.uulit as to what
tlie 111ea11rng is.

~ -,

is

Ju ~: t.

In tltc

L11.~i i::o lt

ddic, i,~11t
Wlll'd:'l,

i11 /11. ;(1 c!i1111s l11 l11:ll 'k t l11;
I'"-'/tlu11 i:-; :l 111:11lL'l' ut' pri11 1 l~

.,

a fu/J..

Tl 1i :, :-:c11t~· 1i l· l :

i"1>1 '111L'I' ti111e

i:-; 1111111/.!/Hriu:-,;, !1 ~ : (';\ ~l.... t· it l ll~ty 111• :1r1, 1 11 1 l : . 1! 1~··111 1 ·
ruled U\' er the nati11n :-; ·• 1,y Un: 1,, ,,-..._.r PI° :--. t l\ •1 l' .:: lil'.· •: 1,'
(h c 111 a EC<:UIJt\ lillll'- l1_y t!iC ''1111<' )"'11.-1· ; (':1 lii: il , \Ii · !::id
1

U!ld llO W rukd t>\'L'J'
fo n11crly r11l t.: d o·; L·r tl1 c111 l1y s c1 lne CltlJcr 110\\"l'l", an d 111 . \\ did :- ti " i ·y !1 w [ '1 • \\ , r
of oupersliti o n. " Th e l:itl c r mc:1ni11ll,· i.; J•l'< •O:tLly tin· """ i11l· ' " \..i , :i 1:d t•'
bring- ll1i:; ollt tl11· ~. ~ lll\'l!l't'. ~liunld i ~c :.trr:111!.!t'1i ;!:-i ft.Jl !u\\ :- : •· }~ 1i1111-, l•\ tl1c
pl)\\' (._'}' ur~1111cr.--titi1 J ll , (J) } l" l'. }[[()J'l.'. J"llk d \)\( ' r tla: }\\'!J;--1.rall· ]1 : : 1 ;1!1 \ ~. 'I

'

~

=

2. The foll u11 in'.:; iinc~ were written l1y 011 c 1\'110_ I~ ·r 1111ll·<' tl1 :1 11 1" 11
yf'ar,;. l1:Hl l 1L·1·11 cunfi11e11 in the tH·11itt-11ti11ry, }1!' 111'.< u1rn
dit< J' .... ioll .
C111T11 · 1 ~ _,1. - Tl1 c lun t.: C't111J111 1·111c11t clitl n o t 1Jr i 11~ rn11c lt c.:T :1 11111i: lfi " .. I (' \:" :11 ·n ess to the wril c r. 1\,; tl11: s1: 11l t' t11· c; ~ tall d-', iL o l:tl1· ,; t l1<1L \11· "" ' ,
·I ui / ,-. , ·
penilt 1tlia1·u "for lii8 Oll'll di\'erniun," 11·]1icli i.; lllJL a 1•ru1J1i oi1.,._ lo•r111 " ' :1:. 111 -v

mcnt.

60. Obscurity and amhigllity frcqn e ntly ar1 ,.:t~ f r11111 tl1t :
omission of su111e llCtessary \';on!. Jk11c:c t l1c !".Jj,,,, i11r-: .Ji rccti o11 s :slwHld bo observcu :
RnE IL --The subject should be rep0ated when its 01mss10n r•oul11
oausc ambiguity or obscurity.
cllip s i ~ of tl1e subject is parti c ulurl y likel y t" l':tl h! ' ,,i, ~ 1 · 11rit \'
when :t rtlati \'C: c l au ~ c int c n·cnc!'. Thus," Iii· pr11t>" ' "" t" 1":
!wiping tlH: nation , wl1id1 in reality is s1 tf1"('J'i11 _!.'. from 111~ il:d tr·n·. and [/1t' ! or it?] will not permit any one l'l ~t.: to gin~ it advice"

Tli c

58. The fa11lts oppuscc1 tu dearnc:-;s an: Lwu:

ckarnc:-:.~

\\Tull n•" 11laei11 ~ · ul' \ \'i1r.J --:,

1norc ruled 01·1 · r t li e pru.,trak 11at i111h /,!/ //,, /"' ''"' r

01 1 t:t:

1:( ,'\II j Jt '/' s.'

turn c tl tllis family to se rve iu 1-'arlianH.: ut.

57. Clearness

plirascs, ur c·l:tu:,;cs tltat
la11r-;tw~· L· , \1l1 il'lt i:-; \·er.\·
gr:t111111 ati(':1l rclatiull:-i ul
i nti" 11'!;1 l!( ' C.

1. J :"111 c

Tl1i ~

II. - CJ,EAIL\'ESS .

59, J t is c·LicJh·
tl1ro1wli
tltu
v
;-.

He u: r. - Words, pLrases, and clauses that aro closdy rehtcd shoalr1
be placed as near to C['.ch other as possiulc, that their mutualrdaticll nmy
clcn.rly nppcru-. Tli us -

:.!. At !:1'L th e L'l1 :1 .-l1 " lllj>jh :d, :ind l it< : driver, <>P <'l 1i11 _~ llic d1HJr, luld Uti tu
get uut; which we did, :ind fo1111d "11r ~c ly.- ,; in fr1>11t ofa larg·e ta\'Crn,
1l'l1():'e l1ri _!.!; l1l and rtul 1ly \1·indu 11·,; t..Jd of fl,,. l·hzi11:_: tire•' wittii11;
1rliich, Lu~clhcr \1 il11 lh e kiml Wl' k" llle u!' lin: hu'l"'"' am\ U1e llounll'iHI ~ 1'-l q1pl·r tliat hlntil\l'd 1Jjlt1l1 the lJuard) "'111111 111ade ll ;) furt;·ct tlw
3.

SJ ll.1.

n

1·.'.\"(; /. l Slf l'U .111' 0::> /TJ OX.

(j :)

O.V S 'JTU:'.

IkLi:: JIL - A preposition should be repeated after an intervening
conjuuetion, especially if a verb aud au object also interveue. 'l'hus-

Ife f'1 >rg l'1 ,.; tli e g ratitud e that h e m1·c :> to tl1 ose tliat h elped all hi~
co111p:111i u n:> wl1 ·n li e " ·a,; pnor and unintlu ential, aml (to) John
b miLh in p a rli c ular.

!). H e m igl1 t h :11·c bee n h :ippy , a nd ...... is n o w full y <'•ln1 i11 ct.: d of' it.
'1. I 11d1 i,l ry li:l o alw:1 ys lwc 11 tl1 c \\' fl }' t o i; ucccc LI, un d it wil l . . . ... oil lung
:i ~ 11 11·11 a r c 1d1:1L ti ll')' ar c.
5. Si111·1·rily is as l':d11alil1', a nd C l 'l' ll .•. • .. 111orc :o o tl1:111 J;111)wkdc:·,.,
ti. <; ardin :ll Hi c.: hcli e u !Jatcd Jl1il'l;i 11 g ln11n as s i11 c.:e n ;Jy ad . . . •.. lhc ::i1•a 11ia rd
()I i varcs.

C 111T1 c 1 ~ ~1.-H c rc o mit to, nnd t1 1c mean in~ may he "thnt h el ped nll his
cornpa11i o 11 ~, allll J u hn ::;111ith in parti c.: ular." Th e i11 t c rYc11ti0 11 uflli c vc rl>nuu
ul>j cc t, ' ' ltd petl" uml "c0u 11 n111i 0 11 ~ , " c.:au ~ c.:5 th b a111 1Jig uity.

"tl1all," " :18," etc., \\·hen th e orni ssion wonlJ canse am1ig 11ity . TlrnsI think h e likes m e b ett e r th an you; i.e., eilLer tha n
or li e likes you.

you like me

EXERCISE 31.

A.
I n the follo wing sen tence::;, place the itali cized words in
snd1 positions as will rn:tl\e tlie rl!a1 rn c~rni11 g clear:
1. Th e d e xte rity o f th e C hi11 c:;L' j11 g-~ kr 11/11wsl app cnrs miraculous.
:J. A tear i:i du e , a l lea~ ! , t o ti n: falle n b r:t l' C.

a. Th l')' laid the blam e 011/ y o n u s.
4. \\'t· al .' o i;c t i;altfrom th e 01·ctw , wh ic h is Yrry u i>cful t o man.
r,, I t i ~ fu lly t o prete nd t o a rm o ursc l\'C's a;..::aiw' t U1 c a cc id e nts of life by
'""f'i"!J up treasure.,, w h ich 1111l11i11 ~ ta ll )'l' llkl'l u s a;..::a in s t.
fl . T lll'n; j ,; a l':t \' C l'll i n t ile bla nd of' I l uu nga , wh ic h en u u11ly b e ente red by
di1·i11.;..:: into th e sea .
7. Tli L'\' ~ct·111cd t o lJe 11 ct1rly dr c~s "LI. alike.
tl. C ha .r k1 11a ;..::11 c p atrn 11i zc d 11 ul u1tl y lea rn ed m e n, but r.l oo es tabli sh ed SC\'·
e ra! cd11c:i ti u n a l in otiluti u n ,;.

n.
These sentences are i11accmat c, owi11~ t o tho improper
omission of certain terms ; sup ply tlw elf /ps is :
1. Th e ri c h nrc expos e d t o m a ny d 1m i;c rs .. .... whi ch th e poo r are not.
!.l. Th e c<1 \' c rin~ o f a uiwal s in cult! co uulrics is thick e r than .. .. . . warm
O ll CS.

~~1

~·
I

IIL- S'l'R E~GTll.

62, Strength
61. A YerlJ sl1 0111J he repeated after th e conjnnctione

•.·

i ~ t11 at propnty

of sty le wl1icl1 cau ,;L's a

Se1Jtl!11 <.:c tu prucJll<.:l! a fu n.:jlJ] e a1al vi\·iJ i111prcs;; iu11.

63. Tl1c first rer1ni -itc fur a.ttainin•"0 strc1wth
i,.; tl 1at tl1l!
0
i111 po rtaut \ru rd,.; sl1all occupy t lte 11 1L•:'t prt•11 1i1 1( ·11t
p)aces. These arc the l1egi 1111i11g a11J the ewJ of tli e :-:c11k11cl.'.

m o::;t

64. A R tl w cml uf a. sc11tell CO is one vf the tm• ernpliatie
places, it i,.; a g<JOd general rnl e H ot to terllli11:1 te a Sl' 11f 1·11cu
witl1 an aLhl!d1, pr1·pc: :if io11, ur 11:l 1vr pa rti cll!. '1'l 11 i 1. 'Vh al a pit y it i,.: tli:tt Cl'(: ll tli e IJt: :, l s ho uld spt:ak t u o ur u11ll ers t.a11d i 11 g::; so sell/um !
H e r c th e atl\'eriJ u s urp s th e pr u 111 i1J c 11l ]>1'l l'e , 1Y li k li 1•ro pl'l'I) l1 l'l 1111 .~~ to
Th e sc llt ell te 1\' u 11ld I.J c ,, tniu g " r tl1u ,: " ~ 1 w 1 li cl ,,v Midu11L
speak t u u ur 1111J e rs t:u 1ui11gs. "
"u11d c r s ta1 H li11 .~~ . "

2. L C't 11 ..; cn n,., iiler t h e a ml •ili ous ; :rn<l tl1 o"c b nt li in li1L·ir prog re!;:::I
t1> ;.;n·a t 1H·:;,; :tllll at'tt! r tli c atta inin g r:f it.
Th i.; is 1'11Ll1 11·\' ak a 11tl i11 e lc-i;:111l.

t\ay cill1 c r "af'le r utla iui11 g il,'' ur "a ll c r

its attai11111 c 11 t. 11

65 , 'Ma ny of the metl1 ods of changin g a sc• 11tl'lll'l.! tli:1t
ha ve a lready been treated of muJcr "Variety uf E.\ pn:::;s iun .,
add for ce an<.l emphasis to a sentence. TlrnHas, "Si ll·e r a1111 g o h1 have I nnne" (i 11 ~ t.-ad t1f', " I
11 a1·e nu :; il vc r llll!l go l1l ") .
By ·i ntCl'roga tiun : as , "'Vlio does not J1 o p e ll) li1·c l ong ?" ( in ~ tead
of, " ' Ve a ll h op e to live long").
By e.ulmna lion: a!-1 , "What a pi ece of work is man!'' ( i11 :; lc:1d ol~
"1\Ia11 i,; a woude rfu I pi ece u f' wurk " ).

Ily

i nr1T.~ iun :

'j

fl.l

r
t
~

J

H

71)

J:.W.:LI:Sll CU .lfl'OSITJO.V.

O.V :S1TU :.

66. Jt

often adds st rength tu a SL'llk11c:e to put it i1Jt<1
the for m of a period.
A period is a H.: nten cc in wlt iC"h the colllplctc sc ll se is susp cntkd 1111til tlie 1:l use. It is C:(llllrastcd 11·itlt a luos1 ~ se11tc11cc,
in whi('li tl1c prcJi eatc i::i foll o11·ctl l1y pl1rase::i ur da nses that
arc not necc::;::;ary to the complete ness uf the sense. Tims_:_

3.

EXE RC IS E 3 2.

A.
G ivc strength to the fullow i11g senten ces by impru1·r11g
tho pu:; itiu11 of Ll1c itali.ui.zerl 'Wunls :

67, A statc11ient is str11n g·cr when made about an individ nal obj ect tl 1an wl1 en made alwllt a c.:lass. T lius : "vVhat
is t!te splendor of tl1 c g1·catl'::;t ?ilOIWJ'(.-/1, co1nparetl with the
beauty of a jloux!J' ?" is 1css forc ib1 o than, " \Vhat is the
splcndu r of 1':::i'ulonwn corn pared ,\·ith the beauty of a daisy?"

1. 8u clt l11i11 ~s \\'<•re not all o wedfur111 erly.
2. It wa s a pnu.: ticc which 11 0 o n e J;u c w th e origin of.
3. \Ty pn rp osc is l o brin~ th e fa ct that I ha 1·e slated into prumi 11e11a .
4. J 11 tern a l eo 111 m erec has Lce u g reatly i ucreased .;in cc th .; in lrud udi o u
int o t!t c country of railroads.
5. Seull i ~ >111 a11tl1or wh o m c1·c ry one is d elighted with.
G. But l11e d e~ i g n succccdc:tl ; he uc lrayed the city, and was matle go r cruo r

68. A sentence is cnfocblccl by improper repetition of a
word, or by the rccurroneo of 1111p1easing sim ilarity of sound.
Thus-

<!/ii.

drea111 c rn.

The recurrence of so und (sea nnd sec) is di sa::;rccn blc to the car.

Thi s prin c: ipl e <lor':.; not. npply ti) a f<'Jll'lition 1n:11l c for some sound
rlu :fori ca l r1w1n11 : 011 t.lic 1'1111fr;1ry, :-; 11..!1 rq>d.ifion often adds
great strengt h to a se ntence. Tl111 !:!-l. lh: ;\S!Jire\l to th e hi;;hcs l-abot•e th e people, above th e aullioriUcs.,
abv1'<' th e lnws, abot-t his country.

2. The ip iril o f religion o.nd the rpiril of chirnlry concurred to u:ali
his diguity.

n.

Change tho following loose sentences into p eriods :

1. Tlie few who reqarded them in thei r true li g ht were regarded as

see.

dying eyes were closed,
lluJ<J1·i·iutt ha nd s thy <l c:cc:llt li111hs composed,
Eu f ure1u11 liawls thy liu111bl e g rnyc adorned,
li!J stnoi!J<r.~ ho ll o r ed, :rnd O!J stra11gers mouru cd.

its m eaning adds to tlie main tlwugld of tile sentence.

The latte r is a loose se ntence , brcau sc we mi t!; l1t pa11 ~e at any o f the places
marked. Note the supe ri or fo rce uf the pe ri od ic arrange ment.

2. In a cn lm moonl ight ni g ht tlie sea is n most beautiful object to

nu f urrig n hawls t11y

69. Tl1c cxec:;::;i\·o nRc of aJj cct ives- a fault to whi eh
yo un g \\Titt.:rs arc addicted - is very cnfoeb1i11g to sty le.
IIcnt:e tlic fol lu wing rn1e: N evur 'USe an adjedive wiless

PEmon. - On the ri ch an\l the eloquent, on n obles and priests,
tl1 e Pmi~ans lookCLl <1011·n 'rith conkmpt.
Loo::m SE:->TE:\CE.-The Pu r it.an8 looked do1r11 'ritl1 con tempt on
the ri ch \ and th e eloqu ent, I ou nol1les I allll priests .

Th e rq•ditio n of tlic wurd rcganfrd ha s u very unpleasant effect.

71

~

.. · 'l

1. Nu tli ing; is rnlnah le i11 speech fa rth er than it is eonncdcd witl1 lii g h in ·
t c: lkt'Lual aml 111 o ral cnd o w111 e11ts wh en puulic bodic:s a re to be addr c:~ s·" l o n mo111 e11tous orcasio11s, wh e n g reat interes t s arc a t s tak t: ,
and s trong 11assio 11s excited .
J2. ' Ve came t o o ur journ ey 's end , at lust, w it h n o s mall difficulty, afte r
mu eli fatigue, tl1ro11g- h dee p ro;1ds and bad weath e r.
3. The wo 1nlcrfo l in1·en lion of ll1>rn c r iti what principally s trikes us, o n
\rl1 a t1: n :r s id e we co11lemplal.e liim.
4. Til e Iii·., tlrn 11d er lea ps far al o ng from p cnk to p eak, among th e rattling
('1':1!.'.oi.

5. ll ea\ ""1.1· ~r" ' " • that on th1: ~c cor e t tnp of ll orl'h or .,f Hinai \li1bl i11 " l 'i rn
th a t Sltq1lic rd wlw tir:; t ta ug ht t he c h o~c n SCt:cl, in th· t w~i 11 11 i 11c:; ,
h o w t h•' h c:w cn5 and t:arth ro:;e ou t o f chaos, sin ~ of man"; ri r-t d '.oOul' Jk nce au d t h e fruit o f t hat fo rbidJc n t ree wh """ m.1rt ..d t.1;t~
br1 it1!.'.ht d .:ath into th e w o rld and all our wo e, wi t! 1 J u ~" u f E J.:n , till
Ol H' •:rcalc: r man resto re us, and regain the Lli:;"ful 1;cat.

f.'Xf; [JS Tl ('(i ,l { ros TTTO .\'.

72

0.\' SJ TUc'.

74. Synecdoche i:'i th e
l J l. F l (:

70. One uf the
hc~rnt v

and

tu

1"

J. .\ :: u

t.: A u

J:.

wl1 ":. : :
Ji<1\\'

;1 ri 11(:i p:tl 11n·:1!l:-' f .. r :1ddir1.~· l;i,(] 1 1'fl't·11~'. tl1
i:; ti1< : l i:-'L: u f li ;.c11n·" uf :-'jll'l'\'ll_

;1.,:, .. (

i Jt\'\ ~:; !'()\ ','.

E X E R C I SE 3 J.

h.:.:·1m·s ,,; , i•t

1l i!i't ·rc·r!l

i:;

<Tii :r1·\: ('l'rt:1ir1 111••1k,.; 1.·f

.\.

,,f 1• r1li11;1ry " i1t' t'l ·l1. 1\
a wurd ll "cd i11 a n ·11::: t: s u ;..:~T,:.tetl

1· r,>11 1

\\'<1rd ll:'l'd li'.111n1 ! /i', I:;
t>\'

s u

:t !-'Ulll' ll ('C

71. Dcfinitiou.
'.'\jll'l' " "l1>ll

i: !: !'

\\'ltil'lt puts a part f.,r il:1•
·,,JL-. iil \·r tl1 c /i /i,s [1l1at i,;.Jl1111 ·11's ill ,'..;1·;ll'1· :tlJ

i\111 -1 •

ltl\' i111:1:...•: i11:1lio11.

.

~-

Ti1c four 1i gu n..:s uf t'j•ccch

JJJ(•c-t tl >t".1

i

arc --

1

...)._

l' ll•ll'l li11t~
l. I\ I

I'

'

tlll~ \\(1J\],;

illdJ.piwr

a11 d

ti1(' ~:i11 1i !1· , <>11<' 1.i •.j1 ·< ·r
\it'

~j~· n

. .

\ ' t1 J ) q1,lJ 'l:-1 fl\

l la_: 111t·!:1}' l11~ r, : tt1

l1vll 1

Jn

~,

i" :<1id 1· 1 1'· 11 ),/. :11 11•tli 1_.r; :11 1c l H>111u
I f/,·
·7
'
(
1
T
· . ('i1 · ,) >~f:!J \ ( j,< f)(·i \\'1 ('f l t ll' i.' 1.
ill

*-.i·

(;.\l'l'l':Od t<>l llflit!l ;)V ll.

(. (/,\' ~

11l1.i t·1·t i.-- ~~ 1·1· 1·. •. · 11 (• I'

and 11 ( 1 "1.c:; n !J I <'c 11:1;i:1r1;, ,i11 i.-; u:;cd .
pl1.11! c-i1lli 1,., TL1 :>
1.

~ L \ i I Li _..

q

~r

l 11, ·

i!

.! 1 r.1 .

0

• \'

t !" : :II 'I ' ii' ( ' t' l I 1i l ll'

111': :I >

i. J; l Ii ( ' .' ! Il 1 1 '

( \ () .. ._ .

j\

i:· it 11· · 1'1 :1ll11tlll: r 1
11:d;1l'h11r

! 1 / ' -~· . 1:

it0 an

i1111-

::).

ii•n1t1'f",

!i t·\d -. : .
lil\i· tl~t· ~ili>. j •!llll'~ Pitt Iii-- ri 1:l H·:-. " · it!1 a
\'ir __:.-1! , 1il\1 · :t r l\-1 r i1~ it :-- l u nl\ .-.: , ·i\ i l: i :l \' • ·i 1- l.11Jt :-!;·,
• 1 · i : ~ Ji : ti !
·L .\I\ d1ir·tr, i: 1· i: .ill dr11i 1 :h tlit· r:1 i1 1. li l '-

73 . Mdon yrn y i::

I '

! ,, ,' I/

t lw 1: :"'

I: l

11 !'

·>

!' I

(! : / •

t 11\' 11:11111· .. 1· 111 11· 11!1.i"..t

t i11· 1!1· \\

1,

~

1

i· !

1::

•11

I

:I

~
Tt

!l.
1
( 1'/ li) "ll' "

t!w f,,j],,11·i11:.:· 1):1 ir.; ( I J
i11;.; tli1 ·il' i" 1i11 ts (lj l'l'"\'l!l l>i :1111·1·:

1>l 1j 1•f'!,; l'l' Sjl l'l'ti1 1· I«.-. · ' 1• t\':-

i 1ill ' '

(

t .. r1·r).

r,,11 .. 11·i11g

Tr:ll l :-- j HH' till'

7)/11 (./I. I; !/'/ii

'.

lll\'i:1jil111J'i1 '. l':\[l l' c':- ~ l <>l l:-- 11!111 tlie

:
: _\ '.:'ii l ' I X

j,

i :-- ! l 1 l ! I I
_t

I/ .

I

1i i··t1 1l·, t i1 1· t'; ll : ~l 1' 1.'; 1 ~111i :111i11~: il1('
.>.

111

1I 1(. Ii ,c; I 1(,

:'• •11wti:11 ('" put f,, r t lll' cu1'< ' : :t'. (/r,1;i /u1 iP rm catJ·
l l I ' ( ' ' / 1l' I ! ' ~ I .
Tilt· thin'.! 1·n1it:1i11 i11:: i,.; !'Ill fi ,r tlw t!1 i11 :: ,·,.1il:1i111·(i :1 ~, He
! '

in ! 11 •· f 1·1Hl1 r

~

. . ( _\ . I i ,; :- \ ll:

'(

n·Ldt ·il (•l• jn·t. v:lw11 i1w n ·l:it i <>J1 i ~: n11t llHTU r e:·
s cnilil:\ll('C . 111 tlii ,; f i~urc C< •r n ·l:ttiYl' t t 'l' llL~ : 11'<' ill!c r <:l 1a1 1ge1l
i I l ~ ~·

ii; 1,

l·..-1·;·t\1H\'

'

· ,

n ·c; t · 11 L :'11t 11c

L T l:(' l'l 1'1·1· t

111

~udd,.11
: t ;:1.

t

1

I

s/ 111/(,

' . _I ' ' '

l 1r :1l1 · !'11\ 1w r :--1111:-:. l" t>t 'JHld1· krtik

I ' ( "'

I l 1·

li!ET .l l'li·'H.

"

: 1~

\'\l>l'l ':--- 111;:,·

:!.

t ~w > 11 : 1 : I

72 . Simile

11.'..;tll'l'.

,/,·ii

···/'{;-,: [1111·:rniu g

;;.1c·1r, i!;;d!Jj 0lia l l L11L 1iq 1:u·L fru1a .J u,Ldi.
11, Tilv :1utl 111r i" p11t 1'11r l1i,.; "·ri1i11;.'.·< a~, lf:t1·c yon rca.d Jfiltonl
\ 111~· ; L11 l !1; !.· \ldi1in·~ \V1 rk:--.l.

I .

~

j

·i

l )( )1· ~ '

l i 1!

:j

1; t

1

:l

' I . I 1\ ·. ( . ! ' > l ; ~

I ir1 t l11· l ' lli 1J.

111" :' : ··; 1 i.: pt:! f',, r tl j(' tl 1i rr· :· ' i:· 1•iii1 ol: :t' . Tl "

1

t. l I
. ..,

"

:

!. . .

l .

i -~ :l

11 ·

\ \ :

t ) i ' . I ':

i \
I '

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1· ; \ : l \ I ' I '
'. \

i .

I I

j : 1•

i L_'>

.. ~ ( ) ( )

l l 1 \. :

' l \ \ : ! :· . .

i

1·~ • ' l t l ' •

i

! 1 l i ' · l )i· i:: l i t \ · :-- t l i 11 11i r 1: t 1· i 1 •

.:,

(,

1· I i 1t •

:·1 :._~, ·

' ,.,'
t i.

I

l l i) \J ~ \1

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l ' ll! J ( 'l !

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tl:e. \\:ty :-- idc

: 11:d

t i i I !11 11111 i ;1~ .
7. Tlic:-1· j_; a i,\tJ:- !1 <111 t! 1c cl i t· i_:li.. 1• i 11i _~ J1t.
:-- .. lJ 1 0· \

hi~

riiilu~

:l

;.;t11J1l ',

i. 1_: : :t' ~ i :

74

E NG L!Sll COJ!l'OS l'f'J OX .

TllEMES AND l.'SS:l. l'S,

75

D.
U 11<l c r1in e t1ie mctonymies, <lllLl then change the ngures
mto plain hngn:ige:
1.
2.
a.
4.
5.
ti.

CHAPTER VII.

Flee fr o 111 th t: uuttl e == :\Y o ill intox ic:tli a g ,]rinks.
Fkc frurn ll w uo ttl c.
Jla,·c y o u rcall lni11 ;.;- ~
Tl w country \\' U~ \\' a ,.; ll:d by th e 6 \\'0l'll.
Th e slra ng-cr prn bcd th ..: c lo11uc11c:c uf o ur pulpit, l.Jar, an J senate.
Il e li:ls a lon g p 1m ;c,
Dcutlt l; n uek:> ulikc nt th e palace t\ll( l tll c cottage.

E.
1T nc1 e r1in e the sy ncu lucli cs, aml then eom·ert them int0
p1ain lan g 11:1 ~e :
Tl1cre art: tif't y sail in lit e liar1-HH' == Tl1 e rc arc fifty s hip s in the Ji urbor.
1. Tlll'rc are tirt y ~ai l in lit e h:lrlJOI'.
2. Al l h:t1Hb Like h o ld.
:l. Uh·c 11~ th is day our d aily lJl'ead .
4. Til e f:11· e ut' th" tkq1 is fn1 z1 •1t O\'C I'.
5. My ruo f s hall alw uy:> :; helt e r you.

F.
T ell tli c kind of figure exc111p1ificd m each of tho fol.
lu\\' i 11g se n te nc·es :
1.

Ti ll.: :> t111

of lil.J c rty is set; w e mus t now light th e candles of indu stry nud

THEMES AND ESSAYS.

75.

A theme is a n exe rcise in wlii ch tli e su bject is treat·
accv rdin g tv a set qf li cculs rn etl 1od ica lly arranged. Jn
tl1i::; respec t it differs from tl ie essay, \\'l1 c rei11 tlie writ<.:r i ~
at lil wrty to fv1luw hi s own iadi11 at iu11 as to tl1 c arrangellle ll t uf lii s .ideas.
W~ Fur ct systematic altibit uJ the R ules of J>.wictua tiun, see pnge 07.
l)< l

I. 'l'

II E

STRUCTURE

0 F

p

Al{ Ac; lL Al' 1l S .

76. A pamgraph is a co nn ected series

uf i:;ent<.:11 cC;s relating tu the sallle subj ect <lllll formi11g a e0nstit 11e11t part of a
com pusit iu11.
A co 1!l}l0Sit ion of any l c n gth -cn~ n n. lclt cr (uu less the v ery l1ricfcst Bol l') -- rer1uin.: ,; a di vision into parag raphs in orJer tu please
the eye and to ren Lkr the relation of i ts parts reall ily in tclligiul e.

CCl! ll U ll i)' :

2. Tra d!.', lik e a r l'st i,·c
3. Fa lh \' r, tl 1y hand
Halli r ear c t!

Lltl' SC

Ji o r~c ,

77. Th e re arc tltrcc qualities to he aimc<l at. in tl1 c

is n o t l':ts ily m:rnnged.

stnieti11n uf parng raplis, na111 oly: I.UNITY; IL
III. v AlUETY.

Yc l1 l' r11l 1le co lulllll ti ; th ou

Did ~ t wc"1 \' C tlii :; ,·e rd :\ll t roo f.
4. A111 l :1 w ldil:r o f th e cro ss ~
!i. Th ..: p<: ll i ~ rn igh li e r tl1nu th e s wonl.
ti. l'it t wa s th e pilu t wh o g ui d l'd tl 1<.' , 11ip, of stale

thro u~h

7. '!'lt l: l1arge " lt e ~at in , lik e a l1urn i,lll'd tl1rn11c,
Bur11 n l i11 th e wukr; the poo p \\'JIS IH'Hk n g1 >ltl .
8. 1\ll t k ~ lt is g ra ss , a11tl a l l il ti g lury f:id1 ·s
l.i h c tl1 1.: t'alr ll11wa di she \' elle d i 11 tl 1t: \\'i11d.
0. l. ik t• :1 lt· 1npc·,.;l d o 1r11 th e rid ;.;•·:>
::l \\'t' J• t th L: liurr ic:m c of i;lc t'I.
10. A thi11~ o f 11eauty io 11 j uy fort :\·c1".
11. '\'1111 r; te.tl ~ m y p11rse :; t1·al r; trnsh.
l~. Th e li ell gcs arc white with .\l 11y.

a stormy sea.

crin ·

Cor-;TJ S t ' ITY;

78. Unity.- -I 11 onlcr that a parag ra1111 slia1l pos.:;css th o
quali! y of u11if!J, it is rec1uibite that the se nte nces composi ng
it sha ll relate, eac h a nd all, to one detiuite divi ,,, iun uf tli t~
subject which th ey illu strnte and e xplain.
A m ere co ll ocntio n of se ntenc es, without a Ct!tdra l tlwuuld, is dc::, I itutc of th e essential clement of a pnragra pli , just as a se n te nc e
made up of se veral h eterogeneous ideas is properly no scntenco

at all.

D2

77

l ,'i\'GLJS /l CO.lll' OS ITJ O.Y.

76

79. Continuity.- Tn

7>1rrt ly '1'<'/>tlitiol/(l/'!i ) : I t g i \·c,; l1 i m a kin d o i' Jll'll[H'rty i11 1· 11·1y 1i1 in!..'. li e ,;cc,; , a!ll.,l lll: 1 k l'~ 111 1: 1110 ~ L rud e, 1111 c1il1i1:1 11·rl i1:1 r 1, ,, 1·

order tl1 at a p;ir;1grapli shall ros;:;c.sA

the <111ality u l c111di1111 lty , it is rc1 111i :-: it(~ t l1 a t tl1u sc1dci1(' l!~
Lu ::;v :;Lt teLl am1 a rrange d a:; t u carry tlic li 11 e uf tl10 ugl1t
11:\111rali "\'
T l 1P

lialili'l! ad 111 i11i ;-;tc r [ ll Iii ,; p ka ' lll'l'.-.;.
( J'h ,· ilu 1111 ' n ;•t ·t l"i ): ~"
t l1a t li e· ]11nk;; 0 11 t li<' \\' o r ld in :rn11tl 11 r lic: l1t . :rnd ,\ i, , .,1, ·r, i11 1l

:111d S ll )!~<~:;t iY e l y fr v ut u1 1c tu lli c u tlic r.

or tl1 e

1·n/11 }'( ' (1f'I'

c.o n s! it n c nt ckllll'lllS

or a

a 11 11tlt i111<ic

p:1r:l'.:' l':1J1 h i s an ('~-­

td .

1:li:u·111,;

' l '.> tl1i ~ C!ltl frL· c· Ii '•: cl1,.11i.\ 111· 111:ulc 11!' \l l1at
Ji;11 ,. lw< ·Jl ('alkd <'•111/i:111<1l; c, p:1 r ti1·!1 ,; :11i rl pl1r:1 -.; 1·-.; : :1 1; , lw1ccr<'I',

:-:uili:tl 'i11:tl ity.
1n~J}'1'1il_' (]"\

indrn!, thus, cu:1::J( j1tci tl!y,

rtt

1

t/u•

·" rl l l k

I I.

lt

tinte, -i n liJr

80 . Variety ,
' 1

1•i

l 11

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..

! l4· ( 1--:. \\I 1 :( ·l i
t l J :1. l t l i I_' 11 l i!1 \ l

i11\ "ll'l:d "L'H ll:ncc>J.
l. ll · ll : l l l '. ',\ 1· i t (' i 11 I )l'i L· !', (_'( lll \ :11; . l

t i i\ '.

! ll · 1· l 1: lll
.Ln:.: !1,! 1 ct:, !1 · :.1i 1:1 i1;-; l1utli r.11·111 o< ,
Hl 1d t \t,, 1 11< • ~L i'lk 1 · ~ ; n, \Yr itin!..'. n ·quirc.'i a c11111L i1 1:1 Li() ll ol' l11 c
L\\'u -- tl1c: Grief ocl1lcJi lT:O !'u r l'ic •1:· 11L·: ~ a ll •l J°.,rn· , tl1c aw pier
It\ i

lit•

IJ

••

t !l l '

I j ll

( Jt

t

l' J.. \ Y.

t ~ .:1nd

tu 11:: ,,[· a:l 1 :1111:1.~1·," ".1 _1 ;-; llalg!t:i,_Ji, "L1)

1 .'.- '.' llJI t !11

\ :i 1 · i 1 1:! ~ t \ it· 1· ~l1 t ·-; 1rl .

I

J Ll \"t • IJJ I J\'

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;

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t•d t l i t \\ ( i j' l1 i.

I : l '\)I ! '...._ l 1I i I l t l

j ; ; l (. ( 1 J l l >

CJ( ll!" t\! 11:11'\.

)

I ()!· I. ~t JI (

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ill l ! I ! t l j; . 1(

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I

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i. \

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; t !l

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Ii

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t

,-,

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ill\\

:· : 1

-+ 0

111 ake 1i1t: .~U l lt·nn · ~ al till· l 11·;.:iuni11;.:· 111 · till' 1•:1rag r: q 1lt h ri<'f.
'1'111 · :tlt1 ·1il i•Hl ,.i · 1l11 · r1·a,l.-r i,; 1iiu ·' "'Tc"'t<• l :il 111" <>11(;-;l'l.Witli ( illt lwii l .!~- :--.i il1. i ~ · i· tt ·d ti • ; Ut\' llilllt ' ( ' t ·'. ::-; 1ry .c- :.r:1i1i.
. \ \n11~ 1:t ·r ~ r ·11t1' J\( ' j' 1\ t ; 111 li :-. 11:1! . .~ :ltlit·1 · i1

llllllll~

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i ! l 1; t l l ~· 1 ( ;l ~ ·-' \\ !j l • 1i
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lJi\·11 ( ' \ l · J' .\ l1 1ply j..., it t :I l! ' ]I ,;
IJ:t~ 1!111~ 1·11.1!1lr·· l ili •i<1' 11 !111 11111 ,\ 1>tl 1r·n1 j,,. 11 :1 11· 1.tl;r :1l :J·· 11
-~
11
<> il tru-t l
.1 u ri;.: 1· f,,r till·J1l ' 1· !1·1·.--' : :111d t l11· .:.:r• :1 L l .... i.1 ., :·11:"i'h
!1 :1 11 ·, d:1 1·i 11
'C ' \'l ' l ':> I ;.:·1111 1 ·: 1 li1111~ , :1 1·l;i111 11 l1·1I'..'• d 11 1:11 !Ill' I: ·111

;-, 1

1'u!!_LJ 1°) .

t w ri o d~ i~H· d i ~~ n i l_Y a11d liilji r 1·.-... _.... l \"l. ' ! lt'>~~ .

l L "lI \\lll Iii'

I f

l1

i:,iJ!1 i11 k11:.:i i1 _. ,,, j i1 1 . '. r1:< ·\ 11r1 ·.

p:ll'l ~ 1 ·1it1 ·11 1·, .~ \ ":!;/,;

11r 111 :111ki11.i :

!

j; 1' t 1(1lj ' j\(' t)i;1t il: 1• t ' tlll:-' li(llLillt SL'l l ·

l. Gcrlllall 1, 1·11c rs gu1u·,d1_:. t.c11d l-i !1H 1t:;
.l·' ! 't·11 1 · l1

.\I\( ' \

j,; 11\' Iii~ ccc:1.1,; t L:,l i ~:tl'"il I> 1.. >I k11<1 \\' ll t11 tl11· 11: 1:lti t il• k.

tli 1: .. 1.i 11i11J1:-;
t !l \_'. I I I i !' ' l I i I ! !1

rdt·r t lwt a 1•:tr:1'.,'.T: 1ph "h:1l l possess th e

it

,·, 1;:. /1;,

tc11u ·s r-lt.111

Fl: l/ '>l

1:( l11u1yi1111/u111 .

Tl1 c .\ 11r111n U1·, ;.1111111 1 :1n•.i tl: c ;1, . ! 11 :111 11:1!/·, :1rt· 1111" 11 t:d\.., . I ,.: .
l111t li 11lt: read . T i1v\· l1: 11·c 111·1n l tll'1 ·d . i 111i1· 1 d. :1 '.·: 1, I , ;f,, i 1q ... 11

1nu111rr, ct r.

lj'

ir: :t. 1·11 1111· :tl t!1,·111 "· l1 ,._, t'r1111 1 tli"

l

,,r 111a11 ki11 d .-~ / ' (, . 1 ."1r.0

e1alit y

1; ·

" "ll() l i:1~ \]"( ·:lltd

\\i : l1

~\j ( li

\\li i1 !1 tl11·y : t r ~· Lt111 ili: 1r.

l Jl ".'t! :-- 1· I .t ·-- i 11 \\" ( d
0

S1·l11Ji1l.

l. ,"- ,".:.1t//

(!//.

! iJj

l" <ll1 - llllllll:t ! 1·

ni. i_\

!1i!ll

\\t

:t i . 1\1!.\ qllt .... J :•

l ih

\ \ i lf 1

ll !11· ~11i'1111 <1' •l tj • 1lt '"' ' r\ ·· ;1\i t l ii'

] ,)

11 1 ! l l

r

//J /' I ' //,

tl1ull'.-'. l1t,

h as il s :t flj> l'll !' l' " d" p lan: a l. !lit: t·lcu.

r

81.
ar1•

Tlw t l 1r<'(~ • 111 :liiti(· :; .. :1 \'l·,·il 1·111 1:-tr111·:"d i1:1r:1c:: ·:1111i
t ' \Cllljilitil'd in tl1c f<1ll1> \1·i 11 .::· fr1111 1 .\dd i- 1111 a !id \L 1<·:1 t1-

.

r r.

:;

FIH:--->T

'~·
:;:

1

W)'

L F ncnr
{ T lir'

t /1111/r) ·

-4~-

A nnr~o;-.;.

A m:rn <11' p1)iit<' im:1'. i11 :\i i111 1 i·; Jt.t int o a
1

~~w at

1n :u1y p l1·a :- ll J't'" th a t. tl1e \ ' ld'..'. :1r n r<: n ot l':tjl:tl .Jc oi' n·1'l'i 1·i 11 :.;.

tf,'irsl i liu"tnii iu11): lle

t:a ll

cuu11.: r:-e 11itl1 a piclll l' l!, a 11 d liml

:u1 :1•:.r 1· l' :ilJ" 1·, 11n11:11ri•<11 ill :1 :-1:1 l1Jt'.

11 11 ·1 ·1, 11 it ii

:t

( .<.... .,,, / ," f/1!:J J'llli,n1) : ll 1:

"1·1·n·I. rt·l ·n ·,., Ji11H ·11i i11 a ,J ,.,,, Ti p li«ti, and o t'tl-11 fct·i ~

a .!: r«:t lr' r ,.::t!i,.,f'ad in n i n llH· j>i'" '!"'' t .,r lid.I,; :in il mr:v lows th an
irn o t ll<' r <l ot:s in t li c po sses~ i<rn of' tl1c!l1. (T!tird i ll u~trati(Jl~

l'

1. f :\ TI ·: <>t1rt'TH1?\:

'I'

11 1

"r

1 ,.;_

.11 i ;THO D .

1d :1Lc :i f1·\1· pn· li 11 1i1 1a r y n·1i1 :1rks ap1•1 !-

cal>k t11 tli( · ...:1111.;cd.

I I. !)111:\tll • >.'i: ~Lilt· tlw :-- tll •i•'l't tli:- t ir1;·tly, :t111l. ii
css:1n·, c·\11l:ti n it 11_1· a f1• 1'111:1I 1lt-!i11i1 i111 1, a 1>: 11·:1i1l1r: 1:- I',
d(',"-' l'J'l j •I

111·" ·
11r

:1

i1 111.

ill . () 1 ~11:t'.'i: E.\plaill tlw 11ri!-'.111
the prin<'iplcs i1por1 \1·lii(·li its <1nc~·111

11!'

tlw

...:11L,i1·<·f. 111' :-!;1 \ 1~

111 ay lie a <·«11111dl'd

f11r.

T II EM r:s AN}) },'SSA Ys.

J:,'NG LJS J/ CO.lfI'OS I TION.

78
IV. P 1wo1n:ss

it;-; conm·..tion \l·itl 1 ('!\'iliz;1ti 1>11 - r c :tl dignity :lllil indqw11rl < : 1t'l ~
'•i' t I 1': t':i 1·11 ,,.1.-, Ii t'...

Gi,·c an acconnt of tli c dcYclopmcnt of

tl 1e s ul)jcct irv111 it::; uri;.:;i11 tu the i11'\' c-c 1·11L i i1111·.
V. l'w·>L'\T Cu.C\L>ITJU.C\: J)e,:(']'ilx: tlic sul1ject :is it is now

i n upend i111i.
Y L E1:1. H 'T:; Shuw ilie influen ce vf tl1c s ubj cd upun
t•.1eiety, :in d tlie reLtiun in \\ l1i ch it ~ t:u1d s tu ki11Jn;J >:o ul1

7V

3. ~i l:\\'~ T'
U11 e

\ l'l:I:" :

111·

Ll1L: 1ll :111 1· atha11l:1.~'C·s ,,[' pri11i in ;~ - 111'11> p:q1n.-; :1 ~ a i1r:11;cli

- .-,-

tl"'ir <>l'i'.~ i 11 -!'.. , i111 .;..: t l1:<1 ." :'1" 1!.1111 l,i1 1l1

1f

111 1:11 1' 11 11111' ,,,, ,\

~

Jei.:t:s .

prl':il'llL t111in: r., ;ility -- prut1·" ' u1·111·11i\111;..: 11> \\ ' i '"i'"r ' 1ii ::- 11 :, :c ·
l•y a ll L:l r ~ p:tp l' r in your l u1r11 - tl1 c ir t'l r"1·h -- 11>1<inl, 11 11 · ·1., 1"
fn T d( Jl 11 ~ j11;,tic t ·, liu11i:lltity, tl1(· f1J"( J J111ili1i11 1 ii ~: ' 1 1 ~ i; :i ; 111, ,l i .. 1 1:{ · 1'

V lI. C'm;(·rxsrn:--.i: Co]](·l nd e 1rit h sm'. h r em arks, o r reilcctiun:', :t]'['11,.:it1• t11 tl1 0 s11lijed, :1:-; <'111 ild 11!lt li:1,·u l1een conveni ently i11lr vdt 1ccd u1Hkr a11y uf tl11: pre\· iu 11 s l1cncls.

Lt-..11· - l\(' ~·~ 1l1l1· : 1 !1 ~1 -i · 1.1 · 1! , , 11 · i i i !]i

-- i11ll11 1' !1C 'i · <111 iit1·r:1r\·

:t d\ · ;1n!: 1 .'. _ ~ 1 ·-.:.

dr·ri \ 1··1 !.1"11!11 1' t· · 1 1! ! r ! :._~· / \ i \ \ - ; .: q 11 :·of till' :1:ll'i1·111 :; :t01d 111 i»ic-r 11 ·; i11 1l1i.-; fl' .' JW I t
t I: i / . II 111 11 1 1'1 '.'. ! I" l l • > I I 11 111.

I

I l j 1·' i . ~

I! :

dtJty iil.

~!· ·· ·

l

. ' ' 1l

; l Jilii-

ll\T1tolJLCT10:\ .-- :\ c: 1-c:;,.; ily i'vr dilfo,.;i1111 uf k1101d..:dgc-mcans for

l : : ~ l '.

tl1is c:11d in ;u1 ci"11 t. I i1111 ·,;- t l11·i1 indlic:icncy - vllr grc:al means.

\J...;, - - \ · : ~! i! \'

:trtdi!itl

lh; Ft::>l'l'Ju:-.. ~-- !'1i11Li11.~-\\ i1«L

iL b.
Owu1:-:.-Fi1:-- l all c:11 q1l ::> in till; :irt - -- tl 1c ir 1l1L u 1:i._ r --tltc imc11l or

1,[ ' ;( !!_\'

t i1 ·· l l'l ".' "''i" -\\ J1;it
: l ! l I l t ( 1 l' ( i 1" I ; l l :

lll\1. ·:JtJ 1 1f t

l lt: 1t

( ' \\1 11i\-.

1! 11

ii"

it l' 11.. 11· i t ·,11·t - J 'l-... I I' !! ..J 1 !" 1 J.
- I !( ! .t . l ! ") 1 ) 1· l l j I • l i J .... : I ! ! I - i . I I i }('

!( r:t

t 'J

1':\L '.__'. i '

j

i I l \' t . l l I j i ) J l

J

!' ( -

I I - ~ ...,

uf mode: rn pri n Li ng- ,;lury oi' 1":1 u:o t a 11d l; 1: t c 11111: rg - -li r:oLpr in kd

i >y \\·!i aL

IJUo le

i11111ruY t·111c 11h -- tl1 c !111J 111,, , l !':1111 ,,11< ti l' "'"' i '"" 11,,. ,,111 ,, t. liw
J:i<t !'l'l llt il'I'
\\ l1: 1t ii :11· !1i l' l'l·d i\11• <• ll 11 1· , Jj jJj1· 11l 1j ,. , " I ii-·

Piw•:Hi-:,.;s .--11 ,; inlroductiun int •J Eu ;,;la 11d -

i1<l1 1 .\mt:rica- appJi.

;:,Le alll Lv 11ri11 Li 11 g .
Cu:\IJ!Tlo:·» --L.\tcllt to 11·l1i('ll printing is no1r applieJ.

caltl!ll ot'
P 1t i:::sJ·. :-.'l'

uf tlii :; inn·nt ion on th e condit ion of tl 1e wo rhl
ns rl' g :trds kno w lt:d gn :ind till' n111rnl i111pro1·1·1111·11t 111' 111"11.
Co;-;1·1.1 ·,.:111;-;. - (;od ,.: aid," L d tl1nc: l•c: li ~ lit. ;111d t licrc '\'a:-> liglit"
-

::'V

l>li11\i1 1t:: 11ii r1 1 ~ l "; , l-:l'.

2. Aonrcu LTUHE :*
The vario11 s sourrrs of sulisi.·trnce whicl1 0011

hfl~

p ut in man's

it s a11tiqnity-

::Scripl11r1· pr•1of- l1fl\V il l1a s 111"'11 " ' t i11u!t-d l•y Y;lrions 11:1tions
- its prog re ss not so r;1pi11 a:; tl1:1t of some ntlin a r ts - wrtr it~
SjJ n ·ial e11<~ 1 11y -- ib pn· su1l a :h;1111·1" 1 pn - it i.--. n -- cffcct s on the
<'•111.li 1i"11.,1· 11u11 :--11<• 11 11 I .. !»ii : , 1" 1i : 1 ~ l ,j , "t :il" 11·1!-h ont it-hlw u lcl J, c n·q11i1«:d t•1 ana11 ;.:; c: ll1c puiul:; 1111dc r tl<1; various !tcadi

i11 (\,. · F 11A .lldl1ud

i11 111rn\ · ( · 1 iH ·11t~

r1·11iti\ · t ·il

:tutl1!l l' ...., 11(

1\ 11 · ~1 ·

!,, l()JI

j,

G

~1 1

1,

llt'1>11r !;1111111<-"1 ;:·1· ,.i · tl1c "Y"1" 111 11( tl1 t: l111i·.-cr ~ l: · 1·11br;..:· 1 .i
t I"' Cr1 ·:1t "r.

:1-; • ,j'

:-, 11

1\k:t11i 11:_; 111· tile t,.1·11 1, 1111 .J tl 1" <·1111..c idcrati1111s i111111l"d i11 ii - ih
Ji rst d e n·io p 1m·11t i n llll'llldy - \\'l 111t arc tl1 c: t110 CP11 oc til11 t·1i t< 11!'

pr"1·1·r -- :t~'.ri('ult 11r1 · --- \l·l1 ;il i.; 11w:i1it 1,1· it -

* Pupib
""t furth

~ ilct_T :--.--- i \· 1 _·

t·111 h 11·111 1i. 111 - i1< :1.. l1i 1· 1·L·111 1· 111-; 11-" " "1· t J1,. 1,. !, -•' 'I '" 1•. r :. - tr . ..
Jlt>lllil':d :111.J !l ;l \JJil' :il fllll'jJ(> c. I' "-- i)lll>li';([I' J,,,1 11 .:..:< 1! 1 ... 1i 1 \( 1 \1-

E 1··rri:;c T :s. -J~ tfoct;:;

U.8

~ ,,j ·

of t lie jl l' riud it-:tl pn·"-;- d;,tt·. r·11111 1try . and l'in ·11 11 1- l<1 l!<'1

tl 1 i,; - ~ lwll' tl1al tlw_y :11-c in1pla11tcd in t1l!r 11:ilun., ::11d 111: :11t1" .- L
t ltt'lll . :. (·l \ ' t •--i ~ p(1!Jl:1J l ! ' < ; 11-..1 .,rl'l'I i 11 c:·. 11:1' i 1.-; I" >1111• i:t I j, •II
\\'l1;1t j,; ILii'llliHly ·-·- IH·l 1 111 ;._:·~ t1) :tll a1i\·; t1\l·1·1I :-t;1 _~. '. ·1· iii' 111 11:- ir·:d i 'ti l
ti1·:iti ., 11 ditf..r"11t 1'i11d i t1t' 111 1hi1· -- ih :1111i , 111it \ 11: <11 1r:1: 11 t" i .. ·

t \'

i I1

: 11

~ \\'

1 ri 1 t - i 1 •

' .\ ll' llt
ur lll ll'-i i' .

ll l 'l'I> ,[

1>l

f ; r· 1 • ( • l \

11 1 11 ...:

ii ·

\' i 1 !i

\\

l 1: 1 1 i 1 1 :

i 1:

i>lll' i..11\l\l' icdc;'l; \If illll'il'lll lllll " i1 ·

1 , ,

, ,

l': li i1 i! ' <'

TJ!FJIF.S ASJJ f.'S.).1 Y.S.

}; X(;L/ S ll <..:i)JJJ'O.)f1'JUN.

80

ambition one of th ese- not JH 'CC~sarily l>:1<l- delinc 1L in it" t--'. "'"'
scnsr-the cnrl it ~cl' k S to attain-t li e 111 1·:111,.; it will c·1111.J 11y -its l1t:IH.: liciul ope rati on, l>u th on tllf' s1 tl•j LTl .,1· iI. a -; i111 1.\1111 .:.e
t.h r r·x crt.i o n ancl L'Xpan>'i11n .,r hi ,; Lw11lti1 ·.;. :111d ;, ,., r: 1: :- iw_; l1i1 11
tu a hi g her sphe re ul' i11fl11cn ce a11l1 l1:q •1' inc,;,;-- a1 1< l <111 111 :ll:ki1 ,, \
a>i <'Xp<·ri cncin g th e happy rc:; ull::! o l' all tlii ,; - ex tu 1t. tJ!" i1,; J., II(' ·
fib fro111 the uni\·c r~ality C!i' it:; OjH·r;itirn1 -- <·\·<· ry 111:t11 in 1·1 1·ry
occupat ion who k toi rai .;L· d l1i 111:->L·:t' to 1·111iI11 ·11n; a11 (' :\aill)'k .. 1·
it - amlJition in it;.; l1 ad S!..' n:i c-- it:; l'11ar:1dl' ri :- l ic:; : f"·•r L':\ :1 11q•k,
ih exclu si\·encss :uul co 11 ,;e11 11 ent i1:h11111a11 ity-- its un :-. n u pul11u ~1H·ss, i11 s: 1tialil t· n l'~s -- .; l10 11· 111111· t ltl' :- e 111 ·\·t:-:-;ir i! y - 111·i11 .'. .'. 11111 .,r
it- its clkcls-· n1al;cs thr1:-.lll1jcl'L111"it tlw 1111l1:q•1•.1· 1•rn· 111" 1·11•1 i.cndi11g pas::i it>n :o, a 11d \\ it i1dr;i11·,; l1i11t l"n •111 t l1 c t1ut: <! 1< l .. 1· J, i ,
!Jcin g -its effects o n t.li c 1H>rld - <·11dl1 ·.;s 111! ,;,·ry , 11 H·111:d , 11:1>1·,. !,
and pl1 y,;ical - exa111pll'S f"r1111 1 ('i 1il a111l c1Tlt-:-ia:-lic·al ] , i - t .. r.1 Cics:1r, Akxanller, Pyrrhu s, :-11 ·xt11 s V., \\' 11l~l'y , ff,·ury \ ' Ill. - tl1 e
l10 lluwness (1f it:; a1ta i11rn 1·11h 111'tt·11 r,·Jucl.lll t ly i.- ,.1 ifi ··,J t" J,y
co nsciencc-anccdutes of Nap ulcu n- prnclical in!"ercnces from
the foregoing.

SE<.: OXD ;\IETHOD.

I.

INTIWJ)t T TJ<1:-i: 1\lakc a fow preli 1nina ry r emarks appli

cab1 e tu tlie ::;1il 1jcd.
11. J)t.:1.- 1:\ JTlu :\ : :::lt:11-c t11e uli.kd di ,; ti11ctly, and, if ncccs.
sar_)', c_·qilain it l1y a f11t'l11al dcti11itiu11 ur a deseription.
llI. 1'\.nu~E : <__; i\-c ,;11cl1 :111 accu 1111L til tl1c t:i lll>j 1.::d at:i lltay
serv e to dd errni11 c ii:::i c11n ral'te r .
IV. On:1: .H1<1 N ,\:-;n E1-T1-:i--r,.; : llu\\' tl1e : .; nhjcc:t is man.
if' ·::; led, a11d i11 \\"l1at 111a 1111 er it affed ,.; t!te i11diviJual or
Hueidy .
V. Ex .u11 ·r.Es: AL1dtwe example,.; 111 illu stratiou of tLo

subject.
VI. APPLICATION: Show what o nr duty is with r eference
to th e s ulJj cct, and how we rn ay prolit Ly an examination
of it.
1.

::--1

Ji'i:n:NDSflll':

In stinctiv e av ersio n of ou r nature to solituJ e nutl its nssociations
- llie w ere presene e ol' om J"ellvw-mt·n g in,; c heerfuln ess-how
111 11cli 11101y friend sliip- wl1:1 L i::i trn e fri t: 1Hbl 1ip, a nd what is incluLled in it-acc1 uain tance not fri t: mh liip- di stingui sh it from
it s counkrll:it:;- its d111ra<.:l eri ,,ti cs- it is rare, like e\·e rytliiu"
o f tru e \'aluc - it is Ji111ikd in its n l1j el'ls, i. l'., \\' C cannot have:
great. many tru e fri end:- it is un sc llish - its effects- it largely
con tnlJlltvs t o th e liapp1n r.ss of' ll1 e w or h.l by the sy mpathy aud
aid 'rhi c h it ofll:rs- refrrenr e to tl1i ,; in !-\nipt11re- it purifies
and elevates th e nature o f' lii111 wli o cli Ti ,,h(' S it- nrLlor which
ma y p ervade it-exa mple from l1i story: DaYid and Jonathan
l bmon :rncl Pytl1ia s, Achilles and P<1!ro clus, Douglas uud Ran:
dolph, \Vallace nnd Graharn- application-aclvantnge of cultiv:1ting it-necessity of caution in selec tin g fri end s, from its g reat
i11flm·11 ce on our c haract er antl prosp ec ts-constancy iu friend·
i,;h i p 1r li t: n once ente red into.
2 . •\\!B IT ION :

:3tm1e "t' the passion s co mmonly condemned are implanted in mnn
for good cncls--m ention in stances, au\l show tlieir propriety-

I J I.

]~ 6 h A y 8.

Write essays from tho follo\ri11g outliocs:
1.

AN DC AL S :
a. Th e olJligations of man to tl1 e lower anim a b-{h e ingrat itude
o f ma ltreatin g hi s l1 c11efactors.
b. Th e goo<l uess of Uod in providing th ese animals for our 11st·,
lllHl in giv in g man "d(J!llinion O \" CI' them " - th e i11justi< ·<: or
immorality of auu sing Gt>Ll's gifts, uncl of violating tl1e trn ~ t
which that "dominion" implies.
c. The du ty of carin g for the helpless, of b ein g kim1 to th e duml•
- the cownrd ice of takin g advantage of their h elpkssness a11 ,l
inability to plead their 01r11 ca nsc.
d. Tl1 e h nrd eni11 g cffo cL up on the 11 enrt.11ncl nffections of syst cmati e
ill -treal111 ent o f tlumb animals - th e intelligence that Ca ll ]JC devei •l]ICl1 in tl1 em - the pl easure d erival>le from th ei r companion·
ship - the fidelity aml love with which they arc capable of rn
warding their benefactors.

ON CnuELTY TO

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d. S h ow Jiow org a ni zati o n is app l ic:tl Jle to , ·arious occu1rntions and
purs uit,; ; t o dai ly l iu :-; in c ~::; ; tu t i1 c w ee kl y rou nd of L1utics; to
a111u :;l' lllt.:n ts ; to trard lin g j t t) a,:;; oc i:1tiuns of lll Cll for nil pur·
iwsc:.:, a:; c hurd 1cs, in s11r:1nt' c CtJ lllp:rni L· ", railrn:1ds 1 pnhli c lihrnric ,;1 etc.
e. Thl~ i •;real e r ('n1 11 f, ,r t. and 1 1: 1 jl) > ii 1 c~s a ri s i n~ frow L1 ning \1·or1'

ILU S JFJC.ITJ U.\'.

CHAPTER VITI.
PROSODY AND VERSIFICATION.

nwtlwdi c nll y, th o r n 11 g: lily , and 11·1-I I.
() 111;111y ;1re !.111 ' J>tw h l ~ .: ll. 'lrt • ""1111
Jly 11 :t l1 1re , 111 u 1 t·11 d , 111. ,\ 11 itl1 l 1 i:~ l 1t · c· l .~ if'Ls ,
Tit (' vi::i" 11 and tl1 e 1'<1 (· 1tltv dil i1w;
Y1 ·L ll'al1 li ll"'. ! lt1: :ll' l'1) 11 1p i i" lt11w1 1L u f \ c L • t',
l \'l 1k l1, i11 th• ·. d 11c ik ~ • :; l :' ll\\ 1 <i . ll 11 ir _1 .. 11l11,
Tl 11·:h tl1:11i 1:cl tl1 c 111 l u :1 1" 111ir •., t lt r111 1 ~ lt h eh
Vf cu l ltll'l' , :tllll Lh c it1 c[ >ir i1 ;:.; ai d ui' l1 u u l. :' . - l\'. 1nl-< 11,, r lh.

MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS FOR ESSAYS.
1. The ?l li r·rn snl] W.
2. Th e Art t>l' Writin g .
3. Ncn:r l" " L a !t: t.i j, , .: r11 .
4. The Cott.in :'>L111ui': wt un ·.
5. The ;-; ilk :'11:!1 1!1 !'. H ( 111.·.
G. Nc ce,.;::; it y i:> tl1 c :'> l u t l1 e r ur ln rc11t iu11.
7. P olit cm·s,;.
8. lnd l' Jll' ltdl'n cc.
D. Scll'-drnial.
10. Exam pl c i;; .l k ltc r than Prece pt.
11. D esc r\' C ~u cccs::i , allll }Ull \I ill
Comman<l it.
12. Rcc1illccti on:> of Early C l1iJ ,1

hood .
13. Making t.l1 c Hest of Things.
1'1. V :du c or Ti11H'.
15 , ]n11us try.

lG.

Po11·cr of

Custom.

17. Impo rtan ce o fTrilks.
18. LoYC of Fa me.
1 \l ( :nnscicnce.

:~ 1 1.

[11 \i' 111p•' LlllCf' ,

·~I .

'!' rut · Un ·atness.

•1 · 1

Tr :1ih .

'2 :;. 1r

J'ii i ._,; J ll .
I . (; ' )(Hl all il F 1·i I () r 'IVa r.
~:; _ [(,·a di11 g or J ii :s lory.

I . I ) l:

I'

·~

::n . ,\ 1·:1ri c e.
·21. l" ,.;1 ·' of l b in .
::! S. Good nm1 Evi l of Novel-read
rng.
2D. 1.:- ,.;e.; pf' / \• I1c rsi ty.
:)0. I' O \ \ ' ('l' of r a ~l1i on .
. :n. Tru e I Ia ppiness.
I\ :J ~. Fx t r:1 1·ngancc.
. :1:;_ :\ l• Hi<-s t y .
3-l. l'a rt y Spirit.
;l:'i. l>iYi sio11 o f LalJor.
:lli. Ft·111a lc Suffrage.
:17. '!'li e l' ul lirntion of the Memory.
08. The Pleasures of Anticipation.

30 . Amn ~ r rnents .
40. National Costumes.

82. Prosody-x- i,.; tl1at

I·' I :.; I 'J' I

I) :.; :-: .

di1 i:- i1111 .,f rl1r ·t1•ri1· 1\·l1 i1·l1 tr ca L p f

VCJ'c;1jiL·a t iu n , v r tl w art v f c u 111 p uc, i 11,:.c,· [ HJd i t: \ L' l'.-,L'. .

83. Verse

t l1 at spcc i<..!S of eu1 11 posi t iP11 in wl:i1 ·!t rl1c
wonls arc arran .'..'.:cd in linl!B eontai rii11 g a dL~t i 11it e i1ulil l1c r
an<l s ucec::;sion of accented and un act.:cntcd i:;y llal1 lc ,.; : a,.;-'l'h c m c\I [ -a ndw\I [ -y rhy s' I arc c o me', I t11c s:tt1 ' I -tl tA t>f ' i t li e y 1·:1 r ' ;
is

Of wa il' [ - in~· 1\i1111s' \ an11na' 1-k ed \\'nods ', J a11.J 111t·ail ' [ -111v:; l1 ri 1\\ 11' \
anti " car ' .
I. T'e riiC ( Latin 'l'at,·r e, lo turn) i.:> so (' :tiled IH·<·a11 ,;c \d1 cn ~t lin e ir
co 1np lt:tc il t.lt l.'. \IT it cr /11 n1., lnrc/.; an d l1eg i11 s an1 1l1 11 r. Y1 ·L-' t· i ~
tl 1i: 11at11r:tl l"•r111 :1 -,-, 11111<·d Ly p1w l n. 11 l1i .. l1 i.., i[ ,.1·11wd J,, .\ l iil ., :1
a s "tite simpi <', S l'll ~ llOll >' , and p : i ~>' illll:t!c llt tl- ra tlCl' o f fc. c· ling
ant1 t.h1Jt1 g Ll. "
11. Vi:rsc in it::1 restricted sense sig nifl rs a sin g le line o f' poe try. A
Jll!llllic r of l in es form in!::' a tlivi ~ i1m of a p1><·m r· 11 11' : it 11 !1 ·,: a
_,1r111 z1t: tl1i s usually c cm ~ i,;t s of g rottp:i 01· f1H1r, si x, 11r u ~.,l1t

1i1 lt .,., _r

*Th e l t·n11 "prw; o <l y ," from the Grl'l'k Jil'OM1d ia ( J! l'i1.<, \ 1> . :•nd 1.,/,- . :1 .- ·" ~ 1,
liteni. ll y 1:> ig 11i1kti a s un g s ung t o o r with a n 11ccu 111 l'a1 1yi11 :; ~"' ' ~" ' t~ ,i: .11· • , 111
acc011t['a11 yi 11g tl1 1,; t 'r"11 1111 1: ial i11 11 .

t 8ometi111 cB the wo rd "ve rse " is used for stan za, t op l' ciall y i 11

l1 y 111 u~ .

. .:.

~-t~

'V

SG

84.

'.'e r;-;c 1::; of t ,,.o l;. i11J s- l'li y 111 c and Ulallk verse.

85 , Rhyme is that

spL·C'H:s of Yer..-: c

m \l'lii c:h is found

w 1Tv,;11u11d c11 c:e of 5otmd in t \\·u vr m ore n~ r::;c s, vne suc:cecd.
i11g a11 utlie r i1111ncdiately ur :it 11 0 gn::1t d i,.; t:rnce : thusAl l an; liut p ;1:·t,; uf one !tarin oni "th 1cl1ulo
'\'h ose IJo dy nature is, and God , t IH· ~·1u l.

I. Lin <·s l'lll1ing lik e tl w se al)()r e are called rliymes. Two liue~
rl1 y1n ing t( irn1 a co11pli.:t; three, a tr1jdet.
IL T u l'Oll :, l il utc :l "}>l' l'fcc: t r lt yrne" it is m·ccs:,a ry (1) that the
:;y lla!Jlc ::i sl1 uu1Ll ]Je accent ed ; (~) that tlt e so und of t lt c vowel
H ?l d u f lit e lett e rs ful l1!\I in ~· til e \ () \\'(:] ,, J1o t1 Jd lie tltc Sa111 c ; and
(: !J tl 1:11 t!t e suund "r li te lcttcrs pn·lTd i11 g 1 l1 e 1·0 \\'c.:l should Le
dil1'1· 1-..: 11 t. Tliu ,.; ri11:1 :u1d 81110, and lul'c: :ind 11 l111 te, arc perfect
rl1 y 11 H·,.; ; but 1r1u· and c11 r, lute an 1l rn11t1', arc 110! Jl l' rfo et. Howc:1·c r, Ll 1e number of wo rd s in th e E11 g li ::- h la nguaµ·c \\'lti ch form
p crl\'l't rl 1y11ws is so lim it1 ·11 t!tat 111a 11_r sli .!. :·l1t d c1·iati ons are
s:111C'!itl nctl , :111d 11 rc h:rt1 1l·d ul!u1rl/Ue rl:ym1 •s.
IIT. Hlt y int·s arc ~i11:;l<' : a s. p lai n, g ra in ; 11,)//lile : a ~ . .~· l o - ry , sto-ry;
or t 1·i, ,f.,· : :1,;, rl'atl -i-l_r , s!t- a<l -i-1.L Jn <10111.Je anti tripl e rhymes
tl1 e la"! s_1·ll :tl1ll':> :H t · 1111 al 'l 'l' llll'1l, l1L·i11g 111 crc app c11d agcs to th11
tn1 1· rlt.1·111 ing sn11 11il.
IV. ~"111<·1 i111l's t li1· rL· is a rliym c l1l'11n·1·11 l:alflit ll'S: as011 C' t' 1q 111 11
U1·c·r 11i:111y

a
a

rn itl11 k·lit i/ 1·1 .. 1ru, wliil c I p111>tl >' 1't·tl , w e ak :tllll wea ry ,
qtt 11 i11 Ln11d t uri o u ~ n1 l11 1tH.: ofl'ur;.;u l!L:11 l u r c.-I ve.

86. Bln.nk verse consists of nmhymcd lin es : asK o\\· c::1111c still c:vc nin g on , a rH1 tll'ili g ltt g ray
Had in li t· r so ber lin·ry all tl1in gs cla11 ;
f'ilvn ec :H·co mpani1 •1l ; f; ,r bea st and liinl,
Tlt v1· IP t l1c ir gra ssy C1>ttl'I>, tli esl' tot l1 cir n1 •s ts,
\\'1·n · s ltmk, all l111t !li e \l'akd'u l ni g l1ti11 g alc;
l::ll1c all nigl1t lu11g li er amorous d esca nt sung.-·,lfilton.

87

PROSODY AND Vl.'RSJFJ C.·1'1'!0.Y.

E ,\ 'GU S ll CO .l!l'OSJT!u .Y.

IL

ll11YTI!M

A ND

POETI C

FEET.

I. -RIIY T IDJ.

87, Rhythm is the

of ~ t re ss , ur ac1'd d, at reg·
lt i::; frum d 1ytl111i tl 1at E11 g li ::: l1

rccnrrutt'. u

uh r /1dl'!'wls vf dnmti vn.
-. l:r;-;c de ri Ye::; it:; c:ltarade r.
I. Th ere

i .~ a n cs~e nti a l <1iff1·rc11 cc: betwee n E11 g li sl1 :rn1l c:la ~ , ica ·1
vcr::;ifi cativn; for 1\' liile E11 g li ,.;h vcr,;e ckp cnd ,; 011 :H·r· u1t , Gn ·( k
nntl La tin Yc r,;e \\·;1s con struclc<1 principall y acco rdin g to tl1 e
IJ IW .'lti /!J o f tl1 C sy ll:t iJ lCS 1 a,; lung Or 8!10 tf.
II. In Engli sh a n accc 11tc<.l "yll al 1lc i:; cun,,i dL·rn 1 l· 111 ;/. and a n u n·
't'.::Cl'nt c<l sylLtl1le short. But th e:;c 11:1 mcs are in "orn c •fr .'...'.Tt ·e
rni ::; li·atl ing, a: a long yo1rc l in a syl lalJle lJy n o 11 1L·a 11 s n ·n d l' r:>
it an :1cc<: nt c11 sy llalJ lc, or th e 1-c ,·erse. L ct it he l1u rnc in ll 1ind
!11al {ICL'Cllt at ?'Ctjlllrtr -intC!'ra l:J fo rm s th e IJasis o r E n~l i ,; lt n·r~ c,
an1l t lt at uy n. " lo ng" sy ll:tlJle is m i:n.nt a11 a cceil t l'lf, :tDLl IJy a
" short" sy llabl e an unaccented syllalJlc.

88.

A foot, or measure, is a portion of a. lin e c011 si:-t ing
of two or tliree 5_yllau1es (and 11ot 1n ore), cu 111l Ji11 u l acc11rd i11g t o acc:e n t.
I. Vi·ct in ycr;;c a rc eq11in1l c·nt p:uts nf a lin e, anl1 co rrespond t.1
l11 11·.1 in 111usic: tl melody.
Tin: 111 ·1·c1 1l ("r H1 ·1·1·11t cd part ) in a t't1 11 t
always con :; ist::; o f' a 8 i11 .~· l e syl l:il>i u ; tlt e i 11 f1
g 1·11nally 1·111 1·
»i ,; ts ci t' a sin g le sy llalil u i11t c n' < · 11in~~ lic: t.w<:1·11 tl1 l· :11T1 ·1i h, ! !11111.'..'. ]1
it may co 11 si;;L oft\\'o sy llai>lc;; l'Ot1111 lt:d at lit e sa 1» 1· t i1111 : a .-; 1•111-.
Tit is is illu strat cll liy tltc Ol'C\lrrencc of feet of two Hild or tl 1n;u
syllaLlcs in tltc same lin e. Thus-

,.,.,,t

I

Th c vin e still clin g;s
And at cv ·cry g- ust

I

to th e 11101111-d <:ring- 1\' all,
the Ll cac.l
l ca \'l.~8 fall. - l.'"'fi.fd/ .. 1!'

Hc: hl' tl'll two a cccntell Ry llalil es in En g li sl1 wor11s t lin1· lll; 1y l• l'
cur one or t wo, Liu t not more titan ill'O, mw ccc nt cd s yll :tldt·s .
II. A foot is not n ecessa ril y a sin g le w ord. It may con;,i::;t of.-1. A succession of m onosy llabl es : a::;Aud ten I luui,: wonb j uft crcqi I i11 u11 <: I dt1ll li11 ti.

HXULISJI CO.lll 'US/1'10N.

l'IWSU/JY A Nl.J VEllS JFICA TJON.

2. Parts of p o ly sy l1:11Jlcs: asln frkllll j -:, li ip fa bc,

I illll'l:i I -c·cllJk I i11 lwte.

III. The di1·i,;ion of a verse or line into fr<:L is c all c<l scanning.
A s trai gl1 t lin e (- ) over a sy llahk sltow;i that iL i8 ac cen ted

(" lon g' '); a curved lin e(~), that. it is 1111accenlcd (" sl'.o rl " )..
In verse , m o n osyllaLlcs may n:ccivc accent, although without it
in prose : asCu11ic and trip it a~ you -10.
IV. Two sy llaules may som etim e · lie co n l ra elcd into on e : thusOre r j 111 :·wy~

I c1ur1int :' nd I cf1 rI~-;;-~ I r vltrn 1e I Gf fur I -gott en j lorc.
IL-POETIC

l?f: ET.

91. From Kind. - A line in wl1i ch iamLu scs prc,ail is
t-;dl ed an iwnl.11'1.: li11 c ; t11at in ,\"11i cl1 trucl1ees pn:,·a il, a frocll(tiu ; tl1at in wl1id1 a11:lpests, an an <ljx~ tiu ; aud that i11
wliich dactyl s, a dad!Jl l<.:.
Often iu the case of t h e trocl1ai e and da ctyli c m cas 11rc~, in wh il' h
til e accent falls on tl1 c fir:;t sy llalil c, tl1 e last fuul is ,, 11ortc·111·d
!Jy th e om iss ion of th e unacce nl etl part. 011 tl1e otll<'r hand,
tl1c iamlJ iC meas ure, in which th e acce11t is un tl1e la:; L sy lLtl1 Je;
may Le s uppl e m c 11teJ at the l:llll lJy an add it io11al tlllac(·(·11tvd
sy llal 1le fu nni11 g no p a rt o f a11y 1ww t'uot. \\' l1u1 a ") llal 1le i:;
\ra11ti11 g, th e li11 c is (1cllllllti11 :ttt·d c11tul<'d ic; wh( 'll tll( ·re i,; a rcdu!l(l:mt sy llalile, the line i:; said to IJe !1y11er11tt'lricul, or u hypi:r·
111di:r (e xccs::. i1·e): thus-

11alllely, tlie ia111b11 s, tlw troc/11_•1•, tlic

a11Uj)('sl,

I !Jul an j l'111; 1ty I dn:am
o I -Yer vi I ·vle ut I aml o I -n :r dv I -ii.

( C'1 1lufrct ic)- Li fo i;:;

89. Tl1 e kinds uf feet lll ust uH:J in E11gli::;h arc fonr:

(lf11pi:n11cil'r)-~ o

aml tl1e dactyl

1. 'l'l1 e iamlms- a short sy lblJle an.1 :\long : as, z1riicl1iim.
2. 'J'lt c tro1·hcc- a 1011~ sy ll:ddc an<l a ~hnrt : as, l11ipdi•s8.
:.l. '1'l1e a11apest- two Hhort sy ll:il> lr~ ancl one long: a ~ . c1!lo111ide.
4. The tlactyl- onc long syllabic nnd two short: as, lunellne;is.

NOTE.
Jn tldditi on t o the abo1·c-11amccl SJH:<:it•s offrC' t , four othe rs arc found, though
tl1 l')' arl', 11 cc onli11 g ly, ea lied -'<'<'011</<1 r!J li:d. Th ey arc:

92. From Number. -

_ilf(mo1nctr: i' is a lin e of one foot;
di11 ldl'I ', uf two feet; fri11 u:ta, (Jf tlirce feet; td1·m11d1 ,., (Jf

four feet ; jJcntamd1.:1 ·, of fi ,-c feet; !u':camdc1·, of six feet;
lie1Aw11de1·, of sc,·cn feet; octom r:tcr, of c igl1t feet.
Tltc c11m l1i n;iti on of kirnl of foot " ·ith nurn!Jcr of fed ;..;· ires n ,;e
to ,;11C: h <l e;.: ig nations n,; ia11d1ic monom ctcr, imnliic di"1<fa, d e. ;
t rodw ic manometer, trocha ic di.m eter, etc.

r.in;ly:

Th e
'I'll<'
Tl><'
The

HJ10n1lt•1> .... .. . l wo ln 11 g-, - -

II. -IA lUilIC

J')Trltlr ... . . ... two Rli.,rl, - -

n11111hihrnd1 ... . Ii l' hl tili ort., HC(·.,11tl 1011:;, tliird blt0rt,

trl!Jru ch .... . .. thr ee i; hurt,

~

~

- -

- -

I I I. 1{ T N n R o F V E r. s 1~.
I.-CJ,A~SIFH '.A TION.

90, Verse is named accordin g

t\> tm.-' cliaracteri ~ ti('.~:

ll:l lll C 1y-

1.

A cconli n~

~- Acco r\li11~

93.

l 11 ia111 hi e ,·cr::;c tlte nccc n t i:; plac:ell upon the st'('111 11l
syllulile, t11c jrJ1t7'tl1, etc. Of all tlte mcasmes, t ir e i:u11liic'. is
the one tl1c nwst ens i1y k ept np: :it is, tl1 c rdor1·, i11 \ery
co111111u11 11;-; e , and is pceu liarly ada}JkLl Iur lung poe ms.
Monomctcr ..... 11 .~, 11

l1rr.~ l 1 t

Tltt' light!

Dimetcr ........ T .I

Ill•-

1111

r.-,,c

_N,-, 1,-,n:; I -t".r
to the kind of foot prcrnil in g inn line.
to the nuutbcr vf fret cu11lai11cd iu a liue.

VEUSB.

;..:·1011-.'-' .

Trimctcr ........ '!'11_1' t·-··d li '. 1,
hl'r:"i11 sr

! t li<1u

11fd

11rt

I·''--;
t

ld'(·11,

n<lt sGcn.

DO

H.\'<JUS J/ CU .111'0 .S !Tl UY.

rRO.SO IJY AND VHR.SIFICATIO.Y.

Tetramoter ...... Tl1 iH llll'll I ni:ly rise I on step I -pfo g ,;tr·;1es
Or t h e ir I dl-:td sl' IY es I tO 11rgli / -er tl1rn gs.
P entamet er ... ..Tl1 e s c r / -YTn: p:1,; t / il r oum1 / tlt e pr I -i"iu s 111 ;1 n,

1-S zeal / i:':1c l1 hon / -L:.~ L

\\' Jtl 1 ri'a d

Hexameter ... .. Fi"ir t l1uu / :t rt lint ! t.r tliis t / htHe11tarneter .... Tl1i'.! m l' \ I -ilnc h\1! f -y
-de::;t or t li e yl'ar.

1 V. Th e iamu ic lu ·J· ,un e!CI' is co mm on ly c:1 llccl the Akxandrin e mens m e; it
u ;; n l :; l'arin ,g ly a nti in tu111lii11:1tio11 ll'it h o l hl'I' 111 ca,;un;:;. '1'!1<: iam l• il' hv11ta111et ..: r j :; ll OW g e n era lly di1·i,! ed ill\ V :Jl t e rnat e lin e,; of fo ur a11d uf Llll' l'l! fee l,
ti>rJlli ll g "l:t1!1 l l1 Hl ll lllCt rc. " Q ,·(vl1tflt'J' 1 a bu , is u :; u:\!J y \Yri\ l<- 11 liti \ WV t t.:l ra JJl11
Ct ~ · r ~ , t llll : > for111in .~ u lu11 :; Illl' t re.
\ '. E :i,·lt ' i"Ti 1.·s 111' i:11 11 l•ic: »•·r_, ,; may li:t\' C n11e a.tililiu11:il tl1vrt t) li able ,
1rlticl 1 b r· ·d 1111 d•11it, tl 1t: ' !.J r111 iw.; i:11nl 1ic: ilyl' crmdc r s .
I~

r[h / -lTc riln.

-lil t: ;rn d 1 J,.,-: \\" •J: , ( ~
1
dily s / liihc cum c I tli C s <ltl j
1t n111

!,

*

l i

t-; T!i \: 111 <1u11 i ZJ'-"'~s

I c.-,11nd I -<"!l·
I _,-.r pl e a I -sti rc

2

+ ! :\ .-, ,-,tlt

3
4
5

+
+
+

\Yftl1 tl1 I:;

NOTES O:N TH E IA~IBIC METRES.

J

rn l' a ~ I -fi r e.
I -1,-md' s 1 I -eJ

e:u1

Fr•-1111 G rl'.e; n

m uunt

I -iii ns.

I :<1,-rn g I with u1<-,s I -~ ·-11n s 1.1,1 I - ~ 1 1.
i) .-,_,. ,. [;11 ·, t1i:-.t ,-,1,,· I y.-, 111· ··y,·, it·-· t 111 1it. I 1.-.
li i i , I l i11 11k j 1 11il l [ 1..-. t ;..;.-,I 11ill1 }t11l I t\1 li1: 1r j t111:-• t<i:tob I
I :11!( [ ~ i >l'l!C ii I -cs.
7 + I,\l1ru I -r:"i rI ; -;- (· ;; ,-,·i: r : ti"' h il l..:, · J,y gr;1t·1·: .f[J! I i <ll-rro ."t[\,-11d -•d.

I. 'rl1t' i n 11 1lii0 1n1· t n· :;. nf ;l :--iti _~1l' !'0( 1t ( 111(1//'111111_{1r) allll b\u fc t..:t t ih n u frr) h ! u
too ti l10rt to lw. 1·t>11li11u,·.t tl1ro11 ,'.;· it :111} ,t;:n·:1~ llt11 11l;..:r uf' liii cn, l iu t .;,, iuuii j du ;: l
0

U11 Cti th ey •Ire m et with i11 s ta11zas.
( T1 ·i111t 1<-1·) f~ tl 1h ! :1 f;L- l i [,-, k <"·<' p
( /Ji ,,,,.,, r)
tli y L!!· ! -d 1'r lea n
( _,! t1fl/1 J( ( 1T )
:'"i nd 1·i.-·.1n

::; 1i,-,

tril'~

J

11

t i 'rii ;uV.cr) Fr<Jm Jilt I -t.r m t'a b I <in J s Ji1c q, '?

111 .- THO(' II \I(:

\ 1: HSE.

Yt'l"'l~ t lie :1cn·11t ' "' pl :1n·d 11 j•"ll tlw Ji' r·st
t/1i1·d. l'k. Tl1 c tr<)('l1aic 111L';t:-' lll" L'. l1: t..; :t li :..:l1t,

94, J 11 t r11: ·l1:1i c:
sy llalik,
! it.

T!i i-lS f:;rc~

stil l j 1 11 ,-111r i d ~-:i;:l r·
ll11-· \\ is/ -1'· r IHllll.l .
- '

Alld y.--t I
2\lou r 11 :; "'" ~ f<>r w l1 nt H!!e t :i l; ,. ~ 11\rn:-·,
TJ 1;111 \\hat iL lt:a\"1'!'". 1 ~(_'l1 i nd .
Th e ia111lii c l cli-11111clt'r i:; abo la r,; c ly 11,; cd 111H.:o ml ii11etl ; il is t.J1 c rndre 1Jf most
\\' alln ;-;cut t' o 11·o r k>'.

ur :S ir

I IL l:1111 IJit- 1w11 /,11111 ·la i.' tl1< ' "il l' ru ic 111 eil .' ll l'l: " of l-'. n t.:·l i.- 11 ]"w iry . f 11 its
rliy111 c: d 1'11r111 iL i:-J Lit e 111 ea ,;11r..: of C haucer 1111d :Spen se r, u f !Jrnlen a nd ('opt',
of Ca111pl.H:ll a11d By ro n: tllll:;Tr l1e l' asc
. .\ :'.'.l

I In

'nit

ll111 :-, l ; 11111\·, .

J

-Ing- c1-1111 c.>

t':t '."'i•·:-- l

"! 111 l1:t\·t·

J

fnl m :1 rt, 1 11 .-1l <.:lr :1 n cc,

l (·:i. rn cd t o

cb11l·i.: .

Ju ib 11n r l1 y11w1l form lit e i:1111l1ic p e 11tnmctPr i.' t lir ~lali:!y 1·!: 111 !; ,.n , ,. of ~!i f·
tun alld \\ 'unb\1·o rtlt. t

111 th e " s h o rt m et re " bta11 zn t ile lirs t, >'L"COIHl , nntl f.i11r tlr J iiic ~ L' tJ ll[ai u
three i:unlii e f..:t:t; U1e third eo 11tai11 ,; four.
t F 0 11r ii11 t·o uf i1111,1u ic ] 1<.: 11t :1111dn rl1y111ing 11lternntdy form tli e e/er iac
~lt111;;'.1 l>f E11 _'.;·l is h poetry, 11,; i11 (;r,1 y',; Fl·~J!J . .l\i11c lin es, th e tiroL c ig lt f of
1.a111i•l l' 111• 11ta111l'!.e1·>', and ti lt'. ni11t.lt :111 ia 111bi c ltcx1111.: elo.: r, funu tlw .~pe~~;;crw
11
stan z11, Uot.:d l.iy :Sp1.111, e; r1 Th u tu oo ll, null H,y roLL

*

tl1e

tr ippi 11 .~·

t11 d r .: d a11 za. ··•)

t

I

1111 11·c11H:nt, :11Hl is iicc:uliarly 1itkd fur li1c ly c-tt !> -

J<.:<.: L.'.
Mononrntcr

ll iH\-

Dituotor ... ....... 1liipc T:-; ! i;:1 11 is It'd,
J1-1_) :-; i.i r c

,,

i 1 ii 11 h

lr.d.

'l'rimetor ..
Tctr'.l'.lleter ... ... TViunil \i,.; l r•-•ar,; t lit- ; 11" mt10: sl i Jr111 c1/< r.
Pentameter ... .Low Yo! -ln plliou s ! rnn"k l 'IT1111!11g ! tr1' 111lilt: . 1.
Hexameter ..... I 1,-i1s ! i ltol)' ! / lt1-i1;- '. i :111 t l1r: ":-ti uh ;'l f ,.l\•r•· tl1<-c.
Heptarnetcr. ..~l 1:i1m: tl1!l11 I l l 1rh1' 11 Ji,-, : ~ rd; 111 )' : ,.,,-,u 1. r 1' i -11 il ril 1I 1<· 1r
/ mrscl1kf ; d<J11! 1lr:.

Octometer .....

A111l

tlit: I r:ht:n I nl'Ycr
Is i ,.,111111 g .

I 1lrtt'fn g ,

/ ~tfll I-;

,ftt1ng

~ 1r ll

·* \f,"11in ;..;", <•Ill'. ia11il111 ~
t o;,;..:Llw r wit.Ii a re d1111d 1rnl

E

t11 .~dl11 : r
~ yllaiJ l c ,

witli a red11nda11t "}l lat.I<-; lwn
c t t:.

ian1 u11oe~

92

J:,'X(jlJ S ll CO.lll'0S11'JON.

PROSODY AND VERS !F!C.-1 TJON.

Tri.meter ... ..... .I il'.m mon I -arch M nil I I si:in·cy.
Tetrameter ...... Look il'.loft I il'.nu lie frnn, I il:nu Le fear I -less Of hcarl

i'TOTEti ON THE TRO CHAIC l\IETRES.
I. Th e most co mw ou form of th e t rodl aic metre is th e tetramete r, or rout
mca:> ure: tl1u tiIn hi s I ch;1nilJ1' r, I w .:Oak :"i nd I d )·f11g ,
\\'u ti the I No rmau I l.J:1 ro 11 I lying .

l a -I

2

111 I 11u-1urnrlt1 I 10C11Jt1J~ r,; 1
L ik !:; j l.JiiL ;ln I ,··11 qdy i drC·a1n - ,
F o r th e J so ul is I d e ad tliut I ~ln 111 l>cn; 1
Ami th iug-,; I arc 11 vl I wlt al tli ey i see m-.

T.:· 11

111<'

I n <>L

I I.

I

I l.¥· I . .
11,·.

kn o w tlH·y

J

ar e o ur

J

8 a + 011

!llu!I ;,\',· I

+ITn t11 <i

+I

0 11dC·r

tlii :>

111 •" 1'

t1ri1·d

J

! · 17iJ1 1

,-,, , ,

r111 uit

I w :-tti th,;

! -17.i.11,
I -i!~ t .

ti(> r

<111<1 ro

I -s0s are uleuu I -I11:1-

\' J·: ltsE.

i;-; pla c·c·d

accc11t

11pun

tlw ; 1·1·st

i·1·, 1;5

Sl11· l1:t - l• ·11 ·d •)II l11 ·r 1vay.

I marbl e J hearse,

I i"iil1j•'l'L J •1f :'\I I I YO'I':"('.
I iiflfr I cli n 1h'r, I 111 hi:; J chii ir,

I r i1 dd)'. J f;it, :111<1 I t:'dr.
!'1 I
1 l·'.1 i r(· r, I :< 11·,·,· t1' r I t1 11 11·;·r,; I lil i'ill lll Tn I h1'1 1utj I lh •' n~.
0 t
( '.1 ., 111 1;..; J d11wu tl11"ir I g-• ild •" 11 I <·r1111·11 ,; i1 I -r11u111l tl1 1·· 1~l ;i ,; ,y I Heu,
7 £ + j l l.-r1: a i · bu nt tlu! J l; .. a c lt I i wa1 1.t.- r' d, 111uurI1;h I -\ 11g ;l i }uL1tl1 ol!u i
J

111.-i1111t

colu I c!i0ck .:,r <1 c·a t11 I w1lle s

T,~"'

Ul':i th•"

4 l -1- Tdh"
1 :-i;it :1

tl1•"':

Monometcr.. .. .. Fcar1·11 I!_\·,

<if J 01t1,

I ·n ea th

:-1 :--1-1111 1

th e

j l'alilt-s I plainly i Lulu.

i$ t

1'"'i1 1

96. 111 dac:tyli e \'L'l'::iC the
8yllahle, th e .frJ1ll'tl1, etc.

!!T,-t,H1 S .

1 d;h,,

j

V . -DA<;TYLH;

f:.1tl11 ·r :i.

If. Th e foll11wi11g llre exampl es of trochaic, hyperm de r:
1 t + i1
"-' fd };· 11 j 11101.UlS 1
2 t

g 1-.11,~

j-.: l 11 ;"'1l 111¥1 ll11"· f'iq•

\\' t. 0:· 11 i1ur 11 t"·e d

On the I g-rnn!-posts J o f o u r j Lithcrs ,
Arc no I s igns , n o I Ji g urcs J painll'll;
\ Vho a re I in th ose J g-r:1n·s wc I k n 11ll' not,
J

JIYPElrnETErrn.

::llr:iillti <'r1lr;-1nt: / -l11y.

1. 11, 1·

Longlclluw "., 1fo1wa tllu. is in 11nrhyrn cd tro cha ic lclr:1t11d c r:;: thus-

Only

A~Al'E::lTIC

EXA:'llPLES OF

,:,o m ct im c:; th e Ycrsc b' ckfecli\'c (catalectic), ns in L ongf..:llu w's I\;a/m of Life;
~ h·1 :;

93

Dimeter ..

. 1.i\nd tit' tlil·

Trimcter.

..\\'(':1rTng

pr ide.

it! -"·fiy fo l1 T-. ; y;)utlii'1-il11i".~ .•,
I b!'a11t _\', itncl I trlltl1f\il111' ,;~ .

L1),·1·lln es;:,

t:1ri111' r

I -t1111..:.

! l 'flg ri111· s

T utr:un et rr

H exawutcr

'

.. \\ · ,~ar ,\" w :ly I \1·;1 11d i" ri"r, I 1;11 1g· 11ld :1iitl I si ck :It li~ :1rt .

I l tm~, t prl I 111r-1·:\ l.
J11-.1 rl' t li;'tl J ,.-. : 11C·;i1 Ii lt

... Tl1 f , 'f, 1\1!'
L r:q ... d

lik e

Ll 1c

I

r!H;

\l'l1 i" n

lli"il

Iii"

~

I 11 f11·· r1·

:i 1•· t l1•·

l1 r-:1r,;

11 1 tl1('.

\\ uot!J,111<1 tlil'.· I 1Gic1'. tit' tii (· I l1t111 t:.; 111u11 1
IV. - A!\' A Pt-:STIC

VERSE.

:111:q w~t. i c Yersc th e accent js placed upon the
tl1il'rl ~yllalJle, tl1e ::si,d/1, etc.

95. In

Mouometer ..... F:I r it wiiy,
{)\: r

th!\ oily.

Dimeter ......... .fn 111S ri1gc I sl1i'lll be ~l'c n
Tiie re 1·c ng c

j

uf'

it <J llLT ll.

NOTES ON TlfE ]);\("T'YLTC

1\IETlff~.

J.. l/;1clylic 1 e r6e is 11ot <1ftt ·11 ]•llr!'. Ci. e., c 11111 ]"""··d 11·l11>ll_1· ,,J' d.1d_1 l.•1 · ,.,
6p o 11d e1·, o r a tru c h" '" or 011..: l<>11 _g- 'yll:ililc g-..:1wr:Llly f'ur111, t 111· L1 ,1 r.... 1.
JI. 'l't1e J;1et ylic 11 .. x:t1 11 clt' r was tl11'. l1 e roi c \ 't.: l '.'it.: ufl;rc• ·J, a 11d Lali11 I"" tn·
(a s CX(' l!lp liti cd i11 l lom cr's Jli u!I and Virf.!:il' ~ ,-/c'fl f i•I). 111 it a "l'••111l•..- .,1 :1
da el_r l 111i1.:l1 t for11 1 any t'uul excqit lhl' jij/11, wl1 k l1 \la ~ u ~ ually •t dad_1 I, and t 111:
Jix/11, whi c h \\'a s alw:iys a " IHJ lllke. L ougfello w 's £1•<111gdine is writt1;:11 i11 im\ ·
tatiuu of Uie di1~oic llexuwt<ler.

E.YG LJSll CO J!f'OS /1 '10.\'.

l'RO s Of)Y A ,\'fj l 'Fl:S IF/ C.I T/(IY.

liy f'f•rt:1in ],•:lding p <'c uliariti c~, all1l 111ay l>c r•· gar•l, .. 1 ;i, tyi•ic·al

VI.-POE'l'IC

PAl'SES.

i~. H'IH~ .

97, I n acldition to th e p:i11,.:c s rc<ptircd by the sense or
mark c<l Ly point:;, t\1·0 su ;.; pc11 sivn,; of tlic voi ee- ,tlw jinul
ancl the L'< e01u·ul- Lc lo11g to Yer,.:e.

98. The final pause is a sligh t smpc 11sion of tlte voice at
the end of each lin e, c\·en when the g ram n1atieal se use docs
not rc11uirc it.

99. The cmsural iiausc is a sl ight i:uspc11:-iu11 uf tl1 c 1·oice
wi tl1 in the li11 e, and gcnc rall y, tli011gh nut al\\'ay,.;, a lw 11t tho
Jllithlle ( 1f it. Long lin e::; rnay }iayc t\ro or more c::esnral
p:nrnes.
1. Can s toried urn II or ani1n ated l!ll st I
Back I to it s 1na11 sio11 ll (':ti! tl1 e Jlet:ting l1rtath '?
Ca11 ll onur's Yoicc II 111·01'<>kl' tile s ilent du ~ t ,
Or tlatll·ry II ,.;011tl1e th e c\111 1, I ('() \d ca r or Uc·ath ?- (/ray.
~.

N11 ;:on nl'r l1 11d th e Al111iglity !'<'11 ,;l' d , I than 111 1
Tl 1.. n1 11ltit 11dc of a ng e l:;, I 11·ith a sl1011t
Loud i :1s frorn numl 1crs wit 11o ut numlH'r, I 0:1\'C'l't
As fro 111 lilc ,;t voices j ut.lering joy . . .- Jli'lton.

I

'l'h l'~(:

pan:'<'s add 11111<:h t o tli e mu sir. an1l lll1!(lnlatio11 ofv (' rsc, and
,.;kilt'1il p11l'ls ai111 l <) c o n ~ trnd tl1 \' il' lin l'S in s uc h a way t li aL til e
lill :ii all .I C.L'ti Ura l pau s es ::;li all fall wh e;re th ey are n .:<1uircd by '
th e: u1c;iniug or gramm a ti cal co11s lruct ion.

IV.

S r EC IE :3

OF

PoETRY.

100. Poetry may he di\·icl cd into fo nr prin cipal speciest !te l!11·i1·,

tl1 e

1';1i1'. t11c d i1/adic, a11d t11 c d1'(1Jnatic.

To t'bss ify cxi,.;ting p oe ms is l'xtrcm cly difficult , s ince some poem~
wil l not rc:ul il y tak e tl1 c ir plat' c in any li st, nml others may be
da::;scd in i;cvc rnl. I l o w l:' vc r, the li>ur ~ i>f' <'i<· ~ 11 a 111ed are mark ed

101.

Tl1 (_~

lyric pnelll is an c·xpn·,.:,.:i.,11 11 f s.. 111 (: inl< 'n"e

fecli 11 p;, pa .. ;:-: iu11, ur c111utiu1 1.
l.!lllj>lilicd i11 t11e ::;v 11g, 1iy11111,

J t i ..,;

l l:illally

f'liu rt,

:ind

i.-;

<.:.\·

:111d u\k .

I. On e p ec ulia rity of lyric pot'lry i;:, a,; t lie 11.1111c imJ>l i""• t h:ll it i:;
s uilalJl e for mu s ic, 1·itli" r i11 it s trnw or Ji:di11;.,'. , n1· 111,,1 1· t'l>t11lll Olll y in it s quick Ill<>\'(·11 1.. 111 ;ind 1·i ,·:1c ity. ~ l 11 ~i ' " \1.,\\'t·1 <' r, i .~
an auxil iary only, :ind is 11~uaily cii ~pensed \\ iti1.
TI. T lic ,·arit:ti1~ :; ,,f tliL: ~11ug 111 ay l>C tlius 1.:uuu1 crall'cl"
l. T l:c ,.c:l(: rc •l ~ <J n~, or !iyrun.
2. Ti1 e siccu lar so ng, of whicii th ere are rn:1ny kincl~ , as tlic war
~0 11 g, UH.: lo 1·e so ng, tli e se ntim ental song, tl1<: p atriu li c song,
t l1l' rioli t ic:tl so ng, de.
8. Tl1c: uck, 11·Iii c h is t1 1e lu t'ticc.t effus io n or inl l'lbC fcdi11 g, and
is not int <· nd ctl to lie su ng . Milt o n's Ude 01i tli c J\',c/icdy is
pro nouu ce d J;y 11alla111 t lie Li ne::; l in o ur lan guage.
rn. Tli c el egy m ay lw cla'°sc d Un <ll' r tli c lyri c ~ Jl('!'i l ' :' . Elcgiar.
P ~ ll' tr y is t he utt e rance of f(·clin gs in ll(' (: \'llh or lllOlll'lli11g.
(;r:iy',; Hl<''J!I nud 'l\:nnyso n \; J n )h11wri11m arc ill11 st rat io11 s.

102. Tl1c epic, in contr:ist t o tl1 e lyric (,rJiieli is th e {':\ ·
p rcss iu11 of 1'J11otio11), is rt poen t of 1w1·Nttion, in \1·l1ie11 C\'e11t:-:.
real or fi ctitio11s-nnd 11 snall y t h e aclt iC\·cmenti:i of s 11111·
hno- are r cc<> trn! cd in eJe,·ated la ng uage. The e: pi e i:; tl1<~
l(lnge::;t of all pocti e <·0111po:;itions.
Tl1 c lL·adi11g- f()r 11 1s of e pic podry arc :
1

1. 'l'li1: [f l'illl(l l'J•i1·, wl1i..!1 l1 as for it s s uf.j('l'l so m e gr<'at crH11pl .. .\
action: as, Hom e r',; Ifotd, Virg il 's .A..,'11 cid, D:tnt e',; 1Jici11e Cu111~.f!f,
and J.lillnn 's l '1t1'1!1li,,i; I,"·' I.
2. Tlt e ro 111a11cc, tlH.: n :i rra t i\·e poem, :1n'1 tli c talc: :is Sp1·11,1 ·1""
F 11 fry Q11n ii, C' h a 11 cu",; C,11iiu1111 l'!J J',t{«,, 8cot l's ],1uly ':/ //,,;
f ,; 11.«·, Lo11g t'..Jl o\\''s E cr111rf!"line.
:J. Tlt e lii ,.; torie:ll po <:m, or rndri ca l l1i sto ry.
·L TJi ,. m ixl'1l e pi c: as, Byron',; C/,i[,/e l!;trold.
5 . Tlt c pa st oral , itl yl, de.: aci, \"irgi l's Ettouue:J, Burns':; Cutfor'l
oatu1·Jay Niij!tt, Tcu ny son's Nyl1J 1if t/1 ~ liillfJ.

96

ENGUS ll CO.III'OS!TION.

103,

Tl1 c didactic p oe111 seeks to teac h some moral, phi]o.
sophical, u r lit<.:rary trnth: ns, Pope's J::~say on Jian, \Vorclswortli \; J~:n: w·oio n.
Alli e d t o the did:wti c porm i ::i the 1>at ire, or :ia tiric poem, th e ob..
jt·C"l ol" wJ1icli is to Yilify lllll[ Ja ,; h, Or it 11\ay lie al sfJ to rcl(mn ,
ll1 c victi m. Ht1tl t: r',; l/111/ il1m.~, l'opc\i JJ 1111ri11£l, Byron\; Rnglislt
JJa rdlJ a11d Scotch J.'cv ic1ccr.~, auu Lowd l's Fa&lc fur Critics ure
ii 1ust rnlions .

AP l) END IX.
A.

104.

Th e dramatic poe m i8 :t pi ctme of l1mnan life adapt.
c<l to rcpn~sc utati o n on the 8tage. lt r ef'c111 l1le::i tl1e epic in
contai nin g a s tory, and differs frulll it in tlie faet t11at the
sto ry i::; n ot na1'l'atu 1, lrn t ((c/('d.
Tl1c rnain divi s io ns

of

SUMMARY OF PUNCTUATION.

the drama arc tl'agedy and cmnccly.

r ,. , ,.

I. Tragt'cly was <1din ctl liy Ari s totle ns "t he n·prC'se ntation of a

,· T. ll E ~'c,. 0 :.\[ M A.
l

f

•

I. T!t rrc or niorcl\" ·o n1 s usc11 ~tt-1~

1,;u111pktcd a(;( ion , con1111:mding or ill11 strio11::1 in it :; c hara c1r: r; the
lan g uage Lc ing poe ti cally pil:a 8in g; alll1 with the m orn! effect
of puri(ying the pass io ns gcncra ll y, l1y m eans of lhc t wo special
pass ion s-pity and fea r. " Tl1i s (1tfiui l io n appl ies l>cst to high
tragedy, a s the Lea r o f 8 hak spcarc ; the more m od e rate tragedy,
wl1il c re taining trag ic cl e m ent s, nllows happy co nclu8ions.
II . Co111c1ly is the ntlaptation of tl1c dramatic form to yield the
plea s ures of tl1c l11diao11s, in co mpany with as many oth er pleasing dT1·1,;ts ns arc eolllpatihl c with it. Among the rnricties of
(·0111l'd y arc the gl'l1lct'l co111cdy , the w10 com edy , thcji1rce, nud tile
lrr1r1 ·~ t y , or m ock /11•r11 ir.

,..· )

•

~ ri1 •H i11 tli e Harne <·011 strud10-11 :iro

g c iH·rall y sd .,ff by com111as: a s -

.

·11··1
1. T il l' l o tl_I', 1J1 :1jl's t1· 1:, s 11 0W · <.: ;l J'J'l' J 11 ·1111 ·11
. ·.
· ~· C: ·'\ktlll ··wruoo ,\ ,· 1:1.
:.l. C:dil'urn ia J>ru ducco ) \' uul, wi ~1 .:, :111.I i/·u!J.

IL 'f' iro \\· n nb~~~~~~,-~~1'. ti c~1;~t.1·~cliu11 sl1 1Hil11110L l1 c sq 1;1ratcJ
h y a ,.,,:n 111 a . 1111k'cs ti. (' <·01111l'\ ·\1\·c 1,; <>l11 1tl\·11: :1,;• 1,··1
LI •·1cru.;- ':; • \ ,j'1l. Tli e lofty :111tl 111:1.1. cs 1·
, ;,· 11·:i1i:11:
,. c· l' .Xl··11
c
•
:.l. Culit'urn i'L proLl11 ec.;' \\'ill <.: anti wool.
a. li e w:1 s a !J1·ayc, .!Jolu 111an.

T o t hi s th ere arc two exception s, viz.:
1. \\'h en two wunb co1111 ecll',l by or m ean th e s a111 c th i ng, tl1 .:y lll>LY !Jc
tiL' J•a ra tn l liy c1J1111 11 :1,; : a s -

III. Tl" : 111od<·rn drama allow s the nti.i.:turc oftrnf{cdy 1mu comedy
in the &l.IUC J)iClC.

Tl1t: IH' d, or l' lt a 1111..t , of lli• : rin•r.
2. r 11 lit e t:i,c of two 11·u rd s joi11 e u liy way of cuutrns t., a n1111 111a i ~ pla ccu
r.rt cr th e 1irs t: as1. H e is poor, hut h onest.
Z. Tl1 o ug li d e C[', )'l't c lea r.

0
III. Pnir::i of wonl ::; o!' tli<: !'11mc part of s peech :ire f'l'pa ra t cll fr om
\C.. ,._"1 .
. I
.
T .:ith e r p a ir:> in the s :1111 e SL' t'l\',; '.\' c· 11 n1ma s : as .

..

·:"

~

·

Trnlh is fair nuJ :irllcss , O"i11 qd e and

~ i1 1vnc, u11i1',n 111 and

C'(J11 s 1dL·11t.

IV. Noun s in app ositi o n, ,\'11 c11 accom pani ed by rn o dil"y ing word,; or
lnascs, arc scparatcu frorn the r c:>t of the sc11 l e n1,;c lJy corn ma:; : asp
IIom cr, tile grcntcst poet of antiquity, is said to have been !JliuLl.

s1 · 11.i1. 11:>

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[j.- [,.,:i :,

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tu li e ridiL' Ulu;,; ·;_

100

s/ _l/.l/ _l/ll"

A /'f'FY/JIX.

THE

'l' H

COLON.

I

E

NT E

l

. I. When a compound srntcnre cnn t:1in ~ n f'C'ri •'S of di;.;tinrt prnpn.
s.itwn:;, and nrnclude::i 'vith a t11!·11il in on wllicl1 thl'} all d"i' L'll1L Lliat
111 1·111lwr i:.; 1•1"·1·1 ·1li-d l1y a 1«il1111: :t."
That tit c dia111011d r> h oultl be m ade of th e s:unc material as coa l; that
w1~t f' r " h1 >ultl be c hi e lly f'.Or 111 H1~u1 ! (Jf :m i11IL1111m11bk oulJota11t_'i: ; tlial
nerd :; ,; it ou ld be almost all funned ufdill'ert:nt kinds o fuir; 111Hl Lliat one
of 11111 :-;.c

acid~, who s e !"'li'C ' ll.~llt (' ;t 1i di"··11i\ l: a l 1111l :- l :t1 1y u f Un~ lllt:Lil::i,

~lw1il1!

lw 111adc of lite sel f-,; a 111 c i11c;.,.,.tli c11h wit Ii tlic 1'<>1111 11 11 11 ai 1· 11 u
brca tite: llwsc, s urely, arc tilings tu excite tir e wouLl er of auy r <!tlc:di11.; lllilld.
.

IT. A direct and formal m eth od of introuu ciug a quotation slioul<.1
oe i'" .iowetl by fl co lon. ily tlt c direct anJ formal llH:thofl or inl,roducing n quotation i:o m c:int th e use of sucli cxprc;;,,ions as tlw /ulluwing, f18 jo!fo 1r:1, t li r, • : as·

'j

i

1

I l• · \ t

T11 i,;

IO I

l'/'.\!_'l'C.ITIU.\'.

iu~ u c; AT 1 '' .'< -

_!' 1• I ;\

r.

i-; 1.! af't·d al'tt-r l'l·c·ry dirc:<L '! 111·>t i"!l . a .~ --

Tlii_· in t err" '..'.·ati11 n -p< >i11t
\\'11() \\iJ l \11 ~ \)i \·

11F

l' r1 ~ i d 1 I ll°!

EXGLA:;lATlu~-l'u1:-;T.

Tlw excl:unat i"n -p ni nt i ~ pl:tcc1l aft er word,; and sc11t1' ll<T ~ tl1 :1L el:·
pre s~ :---t>ll1 l · i· 111 i 1t

Alu.;!

itin :

:1 :-;. - -

1 low aru l it e rn i;.;lily bl lc·11 !

T 11 E Al' ( I s '[' I{(),. II 1-:. - II y
J. Tlie apostroph e
'J'li l'l'c"'.'

11 c·11nt1·~ tl1e nmi.-;, ion

= Tl1• ·r·· i , ;

X i11:/s

= l\_'11 1:-:· c .,

l' JI 1': N.

"r a

- C :\I~ l: T.

l..t tic r "r ktfn,;: a ....;-

( f l id Lio~ li .- 111.

a

II. The hyph en is oftu1 used i11 s .. parati11g tltc p :i r h .,f c"11q1., 1: 11il
w onb: as, ~team- engine; a lso at th e cud ur a lin e tu sliuw that a '' urd

III. In a comp oun Ll senll'nre, when the introductory member is fol-

is not co rn plet cd.
III. Th e ca ret ( /\) is usell to inui ca tc that one or more letters or
words have been omitted aml afterwards interlined.

Governor Dix 111 atl c the follo 1,,.·ing s tntcmc ut: "Our financ es arc

in

SO lllld CO ll Li i ti O ll. "

lowed I •y some remark o r illu st ra t ion that is not introuu cc ll by a conjun c ti1rn , it i:; S(·p aratcd l1y a colon: asNu man s li o ulcl lJc t oo positive: the ,,·b es t arc o ft en clccch·cd.

IV. Tlie co nnectives to wit, namely, nu\1 as, int rocln cin g nn example,
arc gene rally prece d ed hy the colon: nsTlicrc ar c three cases: 11am cly 1 th e nomi11 ntir c, possrR sin', nnd olojcctive.

V. Yc:i antl no should l1c followctl hy the colon wl1 cn tl1 erc co mes
after them a sta tem ent in continnation or rep etition of tl1 c au swer : as• -..
Is it wise to live beyond our me an s ?

No: it ls not wise.

T rr E P ER r o o.
I. A period should close every tleclarntivc sentence (affirmative or
negative), nnll also most impcrati\·e se nt ences.
II. A period is use1l after every auhreviation: asG. W11s hin g ton .

C. 0. D.

III. A pcri ocl is nscd after a tillc or h eading, and after an address
a,nrl a sig nature: as.Milton's Paradiso Lost..
York .

Chapter III.

A. T. Stewart, Brofldwuy, New

THE

DASH.

I. Th e Llash is used to mark that what comes after it is a staknJ(' 11t
of th e particulars of what ha8 go ne before : as\\' c eau~ht four fi sh-a trout, a salm on, a ma cke rel , and a lJlnc-fish;
ul so to mark that ,vJ1at comes after it is a general statement, or sum·
min~ 11p uf parti culars preceding it: asH c was witty, learned, indus tri ous, plausil.Jl c- ei1eryllli11g I.Jut h ones t.

IT. Dashes arc sometimes usc fl instead of the u:;ual sig ns of purer1
thesis, to enclose parentheti cal cxprcs:;ions: nsTli c smil e of a child- nllrny s so rcuc.ly wh e re th e re is no tlbtrcss-ls
like an opcuing- of tir e sky.

III. Th e dash is usecl to mark an abrupt or u11 expcc tc<l turn in :\
sentence ; usAnLl one -

o'er h er the myrtle showers

Its leaves, by soft winds fanned.

102

Al'I'.t:.\"JJIX.

T JI E p

f; X.J'f.ANA T!ON OF TJ:..'IUIS.

.AR E ~ T II Es I s.

Tlw parl'nth esi;; is u se d to rnc ln ~e S•) lll C explanat o ry word or phrase
intrntlun·.f i11to til e llliddie of a Sl' ll k ll CC, l.>llt Clltirdy inllCJll'lH]cnt in
CPll :i ln11'! i1>11: a.'i1. T he Yapor uf ll'atu· (~ tcan1 ) up o n cool i11 g 1.J cui 111es a li 11uid.

A11tidi111nx. A cli max i:; th e arra11 g i11 g of' tl1 e term s o r p :1rti e 11lar'l
o f :L se nten ce 01' otl1 er portion s uf di sco11rs l', SO a ,,; l<> ri ,;e in ~ tn:11 ,!.,:· t it I C
tli e last. An anticlillla.\ i::i a sente nce in \\'hi c lt tl1 e id c:l'l su1ld c11ly lieco111c Jc,:.,; 1lig nili e d at the c[,)se. 'l'l1u s, ll ;rn·tii o rn c s pc·ak s of' a CthllJll~
\\'l1i c lt li e int f· ntl et1 to ridicule as •. uetitLing tlic Ch ri stian, the guud
c.:itizcn, a111l tlie liol'l iw f/ u ri~t ."

:.l. The lJ!i s:; of 111a11 (co uld prid e tliat IJlc tis i11g tiud)
l ~ 11 u l t o uct ur tld11k 1Jcy u 11d maukiud.

n.
EXPLANATION OF TERMS.
Al'legory (G reek rtllo11, ot h er, and agoreuein, to s peak i11 the a8sem·
bly). A narrati\·e rcprL'SL' llti11 g o l1j c<:ts aml eH~ nts that :ire i11t<·11d e11
tu IH.; sy mlJo li cal of o th e r ultj cc t::; a11d c re11t s liaYing a 11 10ra l or s pirit11al
cl 1ar:1c tcr. 'rit e l'i/yri1Jl :s Prug1·1:8:s, l1y Joli11 Bu11yan, i::; a wcll-known
nx ;1111pl c. In it tl1e sp iritual lift; o r progr1 ·ss of' th e C hri stian is repres cnll'd in dctail l1 y tlie s t ory of a pil g rim on a journey to a distant
co untry, wl1i c h h e rea c h es aft e r man y s trn gg les an<1 llillic ultics. Oth er
exa11q>i1·s: flpenser's Fairy Q111•e11, Tli o msou's C11~tlc <
?f Iwlulence, Swift's
1;i1c 1:/ a TuiJ aml Tr<1ccl~ 1:.f G11llil'l'r.
0

Allil<'l"ation (Latin({(/, I•), :ind lill cm, a ktt r r). The d e \·ica of
gin11i11 g s11cccssiv e wurd:i with th e ,.;:1111<~ i11 i1ia l ld.tcr: as Cp th f; lii!Jlt /, i/l li c 1ic, 11 •1·cl

;t

scl\'CS, but of the relati ons th ey lto1L1 to some tl1ird tltln g . Thus tl 1e re
j,; an analoµ-y l1ct1nTn :lll l' gg and a sre11.
N<>t tha t tl1c 1110 tlii11 ~:;
are alik e; lJU t th L· re is a similarit y hct11· ce 11 tl1 e rd :it i11n \\ l1i1·li a n L';.;g
lil' :trs to th e p an·nt l1ird an1l to h e r foture n estlin g, ;111.t tl1 <" rvl:ition
\\·l1i..!1 :t :;1· cd IH" :1 r .~ tu the old and tu tl1e young plant , auLl tl1i s rc.- u nld:111ce i:; an a11 11lu:;!J.

Autith'(•sis (G rl'('k anti, ng ain st, u1H1 lill1 e111i, t o place) .. A co ntrn st
of \\'Onls or iLka:; in s 11 ccL':<::. i1·e clauses or sc nt c11 ccs. Thu:; : ' ' In tlw
plant th e cluck is \\'Ound up, in the animal it run s down. Jn tli e p lan t
th e atoms :ire sep ::n ;1ted , in tli c animal th ey r ec- un1l 1i11 l'.' ' L Sl'd judi c iuii sh antith cs i:; is a g rea t b eauty, lrnt it may Le carri ctl too far. 1\Ia!':iul;1;. has l1cc 11 blam cLl fur an exce:;s ive use of tl 1i::; form of ex pressio n.
Apos'tro-phe (Greek apo, away, anll ~tre1Jl1 e i11, to turn ) . A fi g ure
of l:ing11:1g1: in " ·Iii ch the sp eak e r t11r11 s 11side from th e 11 ~1tural co urse
of hi s id eas to :.H111re ss tl1c abse nt or llw d ead, as if th ey were prl'sc nt.
Tl111 6 -

Glorio11:; Wa :-J lii11 gto11, 11rcak the lo n,g s il e nc e of thcit vo lil' C ca n m s .
~ Jl l'<l k, s p c: «k, 111;1r iJ!L: Iii'" ; lca<.: h u~ tlw l u\'<.: o f li l><.: rt.y prot ee;tcd lJy
la11'.- F<l1cunl F,,e ,·d/.

uc-

l<11fJC ro und sto11c. -J \Jpe.

It f;>1·111e,1 th,~ di st in ct in : rnark of the olt1<·s t Engli sh poetry. It is
u sed O('casionally for effect by lllOllc rn autl1or:'I ; but ils frc11u ent introl111etion s:i. \·or,; of' affec tation.
Ambiguity (Latin amuig1ws, from amoigere, to wand e r about with
irreso lute mind) . A d o uble meaning inrnh·e,l in th e constrnction ofa
se nten ce: as,'· John promi ::;c1l hi s father neye r to abanclon hi::; friends."
It is i111po,;,; ihlc to deciLlc u:/w~e friends are meant, whether those of
John or of hi s fatl1 e r.
A111Llogr (G ree k w111, acc ording to, anJ wgos, r:\tio, proportion). A
similarity of re/,.1l ivnsliip - not a direct resemblance of things them-

Bur-fosque' (Fre nc h, from Italian l1 urlrtre, to ridi c ule') co nsis t:; in
l1i g l1 -so 11ndi11g <' ['ithct s and an :rpp:Lren tly di g nili cd style to dc&:1il1e unll'ortliy or 11uimportant ol>jec t::i. Tliusu ,. in~

Th cn tlashed th e lurid li g htnin g from h e r ey es,
.Ami sc ream s o f hnrror re nd the nffrighte<l s ld c:; :
N"t lo lllkr s hrieks t o pitying H eav e n nrc cast,
Wh c 11 hu :; L>ands au,\ wl1e11 lap-dogs breathe th e ir last.-lbpe.

{:ircu mlocution (Latin cfrcum, around, and U)l] lli, to speak) . A
rnund:tl)()ut wa y or expre ss i11~ a si mple id ea. It may be n:sortc 1l to
1r illt 1111 ,,/'.jcl'l , as in what is callcll "eupl1 r mi sm," or the n1011e of softe11i11g a liar:ih or too direct and literal expressio11 . But unl u;s justifi ed
in t11is wily, c ircumlocution is to be uvoiued as cnfccLling one 's sty le.

I'
.;

A PPr:,\ '/Jf X .

10±

FXI'LANA T!O.V UF 1·nnr ~1.

tlimax (Orcck J.:lim r1:r, a lad de r or !'taircase ) C'O nsist s in so arrang.
i11 g t Ill; \1·ord s o f a s1e rics, or tl1 e part s of a sen t ell ('C, that th e least im.
prcs;; i1·e s hall s tand fir:; t, a1ll1 the su ccess iv e \Yords or p arts g row in
"tr, n :..::1 11. Tl1 1: .; -

J:xor',lium (Latin t.r, nut nf, :tnd or1liri, tu wc:t\·c a W(·\.). Tli " i 11 .
t ro(lnctory part of an o rat io n. It~ t1LjtTl i,; to rc11d 1·r tlic li t :tr<!' ~ 11·l·lldi ,;po,;etl, att c nti n~ , a nd vpca tv p n~ 11a :;ion .

ltim

1
Fahie. A til'litinn,; ,; fory. in j\,,·lt' i1111'r11l 1al>ll', ~·t· 1 1 1 · r:dl.1· 1111; >" '" 11• <'
liut ii r· \·i·rtli ,·lcsq (' Oll\"t ' _1" i11 .~~· or ill11 ,; trati ng st1111 c 111or:d i1 : .::· 11<'t 1,,1i, "r
, lir~ t, in l 1t·i11 '.~ 1111 1i r1ili:1i·l1 ·
t;1llllC opl· lll· Oll. I t ll1·11·..~ 1·,.·., 1·1·,i1 n an alk.!!n
. , r"
J

Compariso u (Latin c.nnpar, li k e or er111al tu nw Jtlier) . An l!Xlcm1eu
or ehl 1or;1tc :;io1ile. :1\ot cn: ry H at c m c: nt vf m ere rc ~ c 111 l1L tH ce cvnsli-

d necr ss:t ril y tictitiou :;; a 1ul, ~('co nd, in cn111·"yi11_g L!t·11nall.1· "-""
11
.·
S l"'111 h .,\ ,111 11l:1
;;1111p l c• 111 0 1·..11 k .s~.. on , 1Yitl 1t111t cx l1 il1itin•,.
.--. n unH'l'<>ll
.
, r1ty
!'I S the allegory cln1• ::1.
Th e~ Jiun ou" prudll('lions k1w1111 :1 ,; tli e l a l i k~

It i..;

:1 1l uu1 r: l~.::e

\11 ld111 l :l T!11111a11 t·itiZl'll; t <1 S(uitr.r;r; lii1n i;-J Hll alruciuu:::i

cri 111< ~ ; t l• Jml lii111 /u """tit is al1110st a pa rri ci de; !Jut to
- 11·Jiat s liall 1 call it ~ - Ciccru.

CHUCII'Y

.,

tutcs a s i1niJc. " ' !J en Olij ec[:.; are C0111[lal'n 1 i11 H> ! ll'et of <Jllillllity v l'
tkgr<'•', or l o sec l1 ow th ey difl~· r , tl1 e re i,.; 110 si mil e. Tilli s, if w e sh ould
say tha t" E 1n ily is l ike li e r m o tli e r," thi s " ·ould lie n o simil e. It is on ly
wh en th e olijt·<.:t o f th e co mpari so n is to trace i1.tcrnal 1·cse111bl•l11Ce that a
compa ri son iH.:co m cs a ti g ure of s imiiit.ude. 'l'liusTr:lLll', like a rcs til·e h or:<c, is not c:ioi ly rn un:11.;t•t!: 11·li nc o n e b c:lr ri cd
tu th e e11Ll o f a .; u cce:;s fu l juuni ey, 111any a re tl1ruw11 o ff by the way.

Diction ( Latin dicere, to s pl'ak). Th e c lcml'nt of sty le that has ref:
e r c n cc to t h e w o r ds employed IJy a '\Hite r or sp e;1ker.
}~ pi grnm (G reek

c11i, up o n , a11<1 !Jl'llJ1!1ei11, to wr it e) . A s h ort, pointed,

o r witt y Hayi ng, the true se n se of wl1ic:l1 is different fr o m t h at which
appears o n t!:c s urface. It inro lre:; a hidden 1nca11in g whi c h contrad ic:ts tl1at wiii c: h i s e xpres:;l'd, and t11 c lii rrc of e pi g ram lies in t he
pleasa n t s urp r ise a tt e nd ant up o n th e pl'ri'qiti o n of th e re1tl m eaning.
It i,; a n t·pi g ram to say that ' 'solitud e someti mes is Liest soe iety."
Taken li tera ll y, tl1i s i ::i 1111 n!Js urdity; }l't it i ~ :• fo rc: ilile w ay of saying
tliat th o pka sun.:8 of i:;u lit ll<lc arc grl'all'r tl1an tli osc d eriv ed fr om ung e ni a l c:ornpani o n ship. In n loo:;c w ay, t'jii'}mm is a ppli ed t o any
witty, p oint ed saying.

Eu'phc-mism (G reek eu, w ell, am1 pliemi, to sp eak).

An allowable

c irc umloc ntiun u:;ed to soften a h ars h o r d irect way of putting a thing. ·
Thu s: " Y uur statem e nt is 11 ot qui te con s i:;tent with truth " is a eupli e111i :; m li ir ' ' You arc telling a li e."

I:uvhoay (Gree k cu, nlll1 7 1'w11~, we! 1-su u ntl i 11 g ) . Agreea ble effect
produ ced " n the ca r l1y th e so und s of w o rds-th eir sounds cousidered
independently o f nny m eaning the worth may have.

of .Ll~sop a re th e !Jest illust ration.

)[exam ' ctcr (G reek l1 t'.1.' , si x, an<l melron, a m ca,, urc) . A vn,;e co n ,; i ~ t ­
in •r nf' six fl·l't or lll(':tsu r(' -4. 111 t 11 '1s ~pc('ies of 1·1·r"" a1·" t· t1 11i11 •>'<'d 1111·
!lbul o f l! o m c r Ulll1 th e .Ac,'11ei1l or Virg il. Tilt; kd ut't:l:t ~' i" 1t·1·.;l' \\ ('j' ('
nH:a :;ured accorrlin g to ')"1111 /il!J, of Eng li sh ver:;e accurdillg !" ,,,,., 11 1.
The ft1l!uwiJ1 g ar c l 1c xamcler lill t:S :
Slrun ·•ly il \ h e:i r' '" :1 [ .\11JJ ::: 0 11 \ s " ·,. \lim:: :rnd I lii1tilkc ,; [ liill""'"•
Notili~ii; h e I . fure i\1Hl \ 11 ut il i11g li e\ · hi11J !Jut th t.: \ :;k_y :iud the· I tl t:l'll ll.

Hum or. A quality easy to kc! l111l liard l<> dt:!i11c, :111 ·1 ,,r wl1i .. !1
th e b e,;t rt:aliznl it in will l>c olJlain eL1 !Jy realling tl 1c \\'ritinc:~ oi' ,;11t"i 1
men as Cc rY antes ( D un Qui.l'ofr), Ste rn e, S_yd n c_v :-i1i1itli , C'li:t r!.s L:11nl1,
Ilooil, Jn·i ng, and H o lm es. I t is 11ut t. li c s:t111 e tl1i11 g u::; "'' i t."

Jlnicr'bo-le (G reek li ype rliol,~ , (ffc r,;h oo ting) . . An exaggc r:it i11n of
th e literal truth, so as to 111:1k e a st:1le 1n e11l rn o r e 1mpress1vc. The fv llowing con tain s an example

or l1 y lJc rholc:

A resc ued Jul)(\
Sen t up u sh o ut uf vi cto ry fr o m th e !le !LI,
Tlmt rocked h e r uu ck nt 111 u uu laiu ti.

It is much u sed in poetry and in orator y; ul so i11 common con~crsa­
tion. Ilut it sh ould lie u sed sp a ringly, for, lik e other spices, if excessive, it l.Jecomes di sagreeable.

Jnnucn'tlo (Lati n innuere, t o g iYc u nod) . A for m o f allu sion, in
w hi c h a tl1in g, i11 st ead of being plainly stated, i;i suggt·sk d o r irnpli ct1
m erely. It is parti c ularl y cffocti ve in vit upera ti o n. T il 1; thin~ i ~ ~aid,
nm] y et sa id so that the vituperated person cann ot lay h old vf '.t m ~h o
way of rcfutlltion or retort. Fuller's saying on Camden the an tiquarian

A l'l'f.'X/JIX.

f ; XJ'LANA 1'10.V OF 1'.f.'JUIS.

i,; a witt y innuendo: " He lia(l a number of coins of the Roman empnor:-<, :uitl 11 guud 111a 11y 11wre of t/i 1; /11ta Xnuli~li ki11g.s " (that is, h e was

H erc Alltli snn mak es hi s muse first a steed to be " bri<llc:ol in ," th (' n a
~!1i;1 to lrn "lauuc hed. "

ric l1 ).

·1ro11y \ (;rn :k

l'iru11, a di s,;L• nililo ·r) rn c:rns th; contrary ol'\\'h:1t

is ex-

pn· ,.:,.:c d , tl 1crc l1c ing ::;0 1u1·tlii11g in t i:L: tum: or 111 :1111 H;r to s ho w the real
\1ri!'t u!' tl1 c "tw: tkcr; as i11 .J olJ ·:-i add re,.:,; t o l1i s fri end ;;: "No doubt !Jut
ye are tl1 e JH'OJl!t- , a11d \\'i ,; don1 will di e " ·ith you. " It profrsses beli ef
i11 :l s tat c n1L·nt fur tile pt1rp 11,;c: ur c:1,li11g ridi cule upon it. It bestows
prai se in s uc h a m :t nn c r as to eon\'L')' <li sapprubatinn .
Au el

llrnlu ~ i ~ :111lw11u r,1uk 111 :111

!

Joh11~011ia11 Styl<'. ·writin gs in wl1id1 lung an1l sonorous terms and
claliorat c ly l1:tla 11 tl'd period s :d101111d. So ca lktl from th e cl1aracter of
the prnduttiou.' oi Ur. ~:11m1d .J()llll:<nn , a n E11 gli slt writer of' the last
centlll'y . :'.\ l:({':t ulay, criti1 · i:-in~· .Joli11 so n' ::; ,;tylt-, ~: 1 y:; : •· \\"h en hc talk ecl ,
h e l'l11t l1 l'l l hi s wi t a11d Iii ,; ,.;1·11se in l(m·ild e a11d 11atural 1·x pn.:ssions.
A s soon as li e t uo> k Iii :; pc11 in h: tn d to \\Tit e for tli e pul1li c, Iii:; sty le
IJCC:t!lll; "~"t1· 111ati l' ally Yil'iou,;. All !1is liou ks are ll'ritt cn in a learned
la11 g u:1g 1· - i11 a L.11 g 11 :1ge whi('h nolindy h l':1 r::; fr om l1i s m oth er or hi s
nurse - in a. l:1ng 11:1 gc in whi c h n obo dy eYrr qu a rrel s, o r drives bargains, nr makes ln1·e - in a l:1n gu:1ge in ll'hi e h nobolly ever thinks. It
is \'lcar that .Tohn su n l1i111 sdl' di tl nut think in the dial ect in which ho
w rule."

Li ' to·t<.'s (G reek litu8, plain, simpl e) is preci ·cly th e reYcrsc ofhyperlt i,; a form ol' thou g ht IJy \\'l1i cl1, in ~ecming to lessen, we ac·
l11 ally innca se tl1L' f<1r rc ol' an t·xpr('s:< ion . Tllll s wh en we say," These
urc 11<1! 1l1 e word ::; 111' a t'hiltl ," 11·1· Jll l':J ll , •· The,;1· arc th e wo)'(ls ofa wi se
lliall. " .. r eannut eulog ize ,.;ucli a llJ:tll," lll C:lll S, perhaps," I despise

bok.

lu111 ."

ill1·-to11'y111y (G rn· k wct11 , indi cat i11 g cl1:rn gL', a111l u1w11i1 1, a n:1111 •.-l. A
Ull l.: \l'lll'd j ,; lt:oed i'lJI' anotJi e r II Ji c11 Lill' t J 1i11~"i
dl'll Otl'd h:.i1·c :;om' oth er n :la ti u n th a n tl1at ur rl'Sl' llll1lan cc. Th 1; l>l'i ll ·
cipa l l;ind ,.; of mdonymy arc :set forth in pages 7~, 73.
fi .~ lll'e u!' ,;[H'l' <: ll ill \\'Jiil'h

Ohsolcte " "onls. Su<.:lt as no Jo ngl' r IJelon g to th e ('Ul'l'l'llt :< pl't·c·l1.
'l'l1l'y arc so m l'li n1 c:s l'fl°l'!'ti1·e in p oetry, uut s hould n ot I,c u:;cd in <1rdi nary Jll'lbe co mpo sition. Tlt cir em pl oyme nt is a:; 111uch out of pl:tcc a>!
\\'ould lie 1l1 c \\·caring tl1 c kn cc · IJrCcel 1es alll1puwd .. rcd1yi g,; ul' 0 11 r ance,; t ur,;. "l \l'Ot tlia t !t e ga \'c hi s artillery unt o til e kna1·e,'' llll 'a11t, in
tl1 e :;1:H·tlt n :11tl1 cc niurv," l k11ew that li e gav e lii s IM W and arru\\,; to
th e: attu 1da11t ;'' !Jut 11·e ::; lwuld nut J.:nvw that it 111ea11t tliat ll'ith out
tl1 e

U ~L ·

of a g los:::ary.

Ouo -mat· O·pcc'ia (G reek on oma, a nam e, anJ 71oi1:in, to mak e). Tlt e
!1:1111 e gi 1·e n t o th at 1i g 11rc of s peec h in whi c h th e ve ry sound of' th e
\l' nnl is an imitation of' tl1c m eaning of th e " ·o rd- " the so un11 a n echo
of th e se nse.' '
Li kl' ou r h arsh, north ern 1rhi., //i11f!. gnwli11f/ f/llllllrnl ,
\\"hkh we' r e ublig-l'li t.u /, ;.,s, an d , pit, and ·'1111lt1•r all. - Eyron.

Pnr'otl)" (Gre1·k 7;11rr1, i1l•,; id (', an1l od1', n song) . A co mpositi on simi·
Jar in so11111l to anoth\'r, and yet co11 1·eyin g; an entircly different m ean·
ing. lt i,; alll'ay s d e:;ig netl to ha\'C a ludic rou s effcd.
H e lh o ug hl, n~ h e holl o wr d his llarrow I.Jed,
A111! pu11 l' hl'll 11 p hi :; 111 C:l .t.;'l'C ]iii low,
Jl 0 11· ti. .! f;,e 11 11<1 tl1 e strn11g-<.: r s h o 11ld lrcau o'er his head,

A-;, he

~ j)l'll 0 11

his 'my o'er th e l.Jillow.

Tlii ,, 1· (·rsc is a parn Ll y of a stanza i11 th e" Burial <1f S ir J ohn Moo re,"

Metaphor (Greek ?ll el rr, lil'yond, and

71/z cr c in, to l1ear).

One of the
fi g ures of ;; p c:c:c;h - an i111j1/i , 1l crn111 ·ari son; wh e reas an expressed eorn 1•:1ri so11 i,; \' :tll :.: d a s i111ill'. Ex:llltpl ~ : " Thy \\' Ord is 11 lamp to my feet. "
.l/ i .r i 11 ~1 rn l'l :q1hor,; i;i co11il1i11i11 .!.;· in o ne :se11te ncc tll'u in consistent meta·
pltors •) Jl th e same s uJ,j cl'l: as
I bridle in my ~ t n1 1!gl in~ 11111 ·c wi lh pain,
That longij tu /a1111c/1 i11lu a 1101.Jlcr slraiu.-..1ddiso11.

bl'gi1111i11g
,,... I !i o11 gl1t, as we 11 01low ed hi-;, narrow l.JeLl, d e.

Pnronoma':·iia r.G reek para, LcsiL1c, and 0110111a zein, to name) . A p1111
or pla y on word s.

Pn'thos (Greek pathos, feeling) . That wl1ich t o uch es th e t en1lc·r
chord in our nature - a sympatheti c pain n ot wholly without pleasure.

,j'
.-·1
'

I

I

108

AJ'J'};,ViJJX.

FX /'/,. t :\ '. t T ! OY (! !"

D ick rn s',; ' I1 ·,,cn. p riU U o t' t l1e ck:iili vf L illi e :Keli i n tl1e OU (} .. · 't·
'-,'l 1 · . ,. r
.
,,
'
·' · 111 t081 !I
'- 1UJ , is ,,
1.1w JJ1 ,.;( 1111 ce . l 11e Blid e abo al11111111b in patlw,;. If uot
lll:lll< WC.: d \l·JtJt ' ' l'l"lt ~ i · ill ti 1 .·
}'
. .
.
t::
b
•
~'
,
1:> 11u a lly Is l1kdy to dcu·euerate i11to
luawk1!:ili111·:;,.; and se nti1H e llLd i Ly.
to

l'criotl (( ;ree k p~ri, around , and odos, a way). A
the co mplet e s1·n se is s us1H·11 Llc '·l w' itil t] 1e. c·I o,,e.
. . It
the loose S('lll e nec in \\' }•· 1·c·I 1 ti 1c pn· nc1· pal pn: <11" cat e
I
·
p lana tory pl11"1«es o r ch11 · · , ·] · ]
•- ·
· ::.cs, •' 11 c 1 m ay Jc 0 1111tlc d
Sl'nte nce a l'o111plcte se ntence.

sentence in which

·
1·s r o11tras tcd \ntlt
i" l(;]Jowt:d I> • e x} .
and ;; till leave tlw

J'croration ( La tin ]'l'I', throu g h, aiHl orarc, to speak ) .
sion of an orati o n.

The.: conclu-

J>crsou!fka.tion . That fi g ure of lan g uage lJy which th e low er animals ~nd lllan111'.ate o l ij ec t ~ are r~pre~c nted as tllllo\\' ed wit] 1 th e powers of 11uman lie lll!!S,
cs1icuall"
1nlll "']J
"cc· li ·. 11 ..s , " ] 11111 r·' J:i <·I '' an
. s wercl
"
·'
• "
1
the Bee," t.o h ear you grant, ut least, th a t 1 came h o ues7ly IJ~r 11ty wings
nrnl my \' OI CC . ,,
. Pc1:s~1~ e uity ,<,Latin

p~r un~l ,qpecerc, that

wliid 1 may be seen tli m ugh,
tra nsp.u e11! ) . l l1 e quality o l sly le liy wl1id1 a writc.;r's in caninrr is re u<lc red cle'.ir and inklli g iLlc. lt i:; opposed to ol 1 s(' urity tlll~J i rr nity
0
etc., uud l ::l th e tir:;t rc<p1i :; it c or bcruod writill''
)
'
..::,.

I>Je'onnsm .(Greek Ji~eos, foll ). An allmrnl1le n· clunclancy. "I cried
to. the . Lord
1nth my i·u 1ce · " Tl1 c 1il1rase · 1 ,,. 1
· 11 1 111 y wice
· " is
· rec1Ull l·1ant
.
srn ce it 1s i111plied in the verL criu L,· Lut such re uundaucies arc allow~
able when Ll cl'p fe e ling is cxprcs:::L·tl.

1•1111 (cty.mology douutfol; but sa id t o be conn ect ed with An,,.]o.

~a:on pu111~m, t~ Lrnise, or " ·ith tlic w o nl point) ltas been cliarac'ter.
1.Stlcally defin ed rn the full o win g rhyming way:

runrs.

Rhetoric (C:rl't k /; n i11 , t o s p l·ak 1. Tlt c ,;(·i,·111 ·(· an d art 11f t· 'q •rt· s~ i11g
tl1uu g ltt a11d tl: eling J,y l:t11 g 11 : 1 .~·e in t l1e lw::, l P"''il1k 11i;l111"·r. T lit:
(.;n·1 ·k 1\ri.,tull<', tl1 c oltll' st \l'l'i ll' l' rn1 tl1l: slil•.Jl' C't , d l·li1 11 ·.-; i~ ; 1, " t J,.. 1' 11 ··
ulty of perCL·i1·ing ;dl the po::;s ildc rneans ut' pn,.. 11asi un u11 l' n·r y ,..11i1·
jt·c t ."
Uhymc (An g lo - Sa xon r y me, seri es, 1111ml1l'r).

Tl1 c 1·n 1Tt·spniHl 1·nce

of on e \' c r,;e w it h an ut l1 l' r in fi nal sou111l .

T1hy'i111n (G rt' c- k rytl11110.>1, o rd er or liarmony). In vl' rse, tli c r1 T t11T1 ·nf·e
of 1Jtl'<:1J.>1, or 11 tcc11t, at rC'g ular inte rval s ; in prose, at. \'arial 1lc i11 ti- n ·al•.

Sarca:-;m (fl reek sa rl.-azcin, to tear fl es h li k e dugc;, to ihy) . :\ k n• n ,
r eproa c hfol, but at t.h e sam e tim e wiUy cxpre::;siun. Tl1u s, on e \\' a rd , a
flippant Parliamentary orator who u scll to write o ut and commit t o
m e mory bo mlJasti c sp eech es, liavin g se ,·e rely crili c isetl H• >gcrs's pol' !ll
entitl ed" Ita ly," the poe t took l1i s re ve nge 111 writi11g tli t:se ti.: w lin t.:s,
" ·hicli were soon widely quoted:
·wanl bas no heart, tl1 cy say; lrnt I lleny it:
H e bas a fl eart, aull gels l1i8 sp eeches b!J 'it I

Satire (Latin satim, a mixture). A produ c ti on in \vhi ch folli es a nd
vi ces arc ritliculctl, so m e tim es humorou sly and with good -nature, a ntl
so1ndi111 es severely and indignant ly, often employing th e uitterest sarcasm.
Sim' i·lc (Latin similis, lik e). A figure of langu age in whi c h o ne
t11ing is e xpressly c ompared to another, whic h it resc.:mlil cs in so me
properties. The comparison is intro<lu ced liy the word s like o r as:
1. Like n t empes t down th e rillgca
Swept tlte hurricane of steel.

2. We nll do fade as the leaf.

A pun' s a word tl111L' s plnyed upon 1
A n<l has u do u bl c .~eu se ·
.llut when I 6ay u do uui c se11se
I do n't mean douulc en .ts.
'

Sol'ccism (Greek Boloikos, speaking incorrectly) .
·-a grammatical blunde r.

A i; thus: A uat about a room
Not lung ago I kn e w
To Jl!J ; h e en ug h t a fly, and theo
Flew up the chimney flu~.

8onnct (La tin sonu.s, a sound). A poem of fourte en lin es of ten sy llables, with a peculiar arrangement of the rhymes, not, however, alway1.1
strictly observed.

A fault of syntax

1 JO

A f'/' FN l! JX .

S1Jle (L atin st yl11.~,an in ~t rn1n 1 · 1d f.1r 1n it in~(). The mo11 c ofr xpres.
s ill ll \\' l1icl 1 on e l1a liitual ly a dt>pl -; i1 1 µ·i1·iu!..!· ullvra11c e t n l1i ,; Ll1"11 g !it.s.
\\ ' !1 (' 11 \\' C ;; 111 ·:'.k nl' Pi <'k 1·1h ·, ·''.1;!, ·, ,\il .li,nn'-' sl_1; / •._ \'i dor 1f1 1g"•"' stz;!e,
we lian~ a not io n of a certa in rn::nnl' r of cl n tl1i11;::- t li ou:..;lit in word s,
1u l\l thi s jH·c1ili:1rity is s t yle. Tl1 c tnm co111vs from tl ie Lat.in st/llus, an
in s lrum1·11t. 11_,.;\' d l1y th e anl'i1 •11ts in writinL; 011 t:d>lf'!s co1·erl'1[ wirh
W:IX ; and tli 1· m odern lll (':J lli11 g is :t trnn ..;fn1•11 r1• of H'llS!' from tJir i 11f'll'll!ll ent t• l th e 1Yay o f u ~i n g it - ju ;;t as we say tli at a pl'l':' <>n "1Yie lc1"

INDEX TO E(\GLfSlI

CO}lPUSlTHl~.

a i;.i'l :iLl1 · ]"· 11 .''

Sy11011J11tS (Greek syn, togeth r r,

\Vonls which
a g ree in th ei r ge ne ral 111eani11 ~" l1ut ditl'cr in t l1cir spt:!'ial appli cati on:;.
TJ111 s, discuray a1lll i11cc11 tion have in eo1n n1 on tli c i1lca of presenting
for tlw Jir,; l time; liut "di::;co 1·e ry " is applied 1o making kn own what
preYi ously e xi :>tctl; ' ' inYcntion," to con structing 11·ltat did not prcvi o u,;ly ex ist.
n111l 01wmo, a nam e).

T ash' . 1~ 1111>1 oyc1l \\'it h n •fcre nrc to li ne art, thi s 1-.;-onl li:ts two
m ea11i11g,; : 1. Til e s uscqitilJility to pll';1s urc fr o m ,\·ork s of art: a per6011 dc1·oid o l tlt i,.; is sai•l to ha1·c· 110 tast~. :!. 'l'llc kin<l of arti stic
ex ccllt:nce tha t g i\·cs tl1 c gn ·ati.:s t am ou11t of pl l':tsm c to c ultivatetl
mind s : thu s we may say th :1t a p nc m 1li ~ plays " good taf< lc'," or a
nc\\·spapc r articl e .; a wan t of taste."

Tau-1ol'o;ry (G ree k t r111to, th e i3a mc, :ind ltgrin, >:p ccch) . Th e repeti' l!

t i01 1 o !' []Jc ~ ;1lil e tJiougJ 1t ill d iffl'l'f' Jlt WDJ'd :-:.

Ac-1.:,,11t. in v e rse, 87.
Ac• ·11racy, tkliuitinn of, iu u se of word s ,
;-,7,
l• .\ ,r• •Tavat1:, " rni :-; u sc o f, fJD.
,>\-JJ;:.'?.o rl', 1k li,,iti 1>11 111', ll>-! .
J\llit-:: ni"tion, 1kli11iti » n "f, 10:.l.
~· ~\ lllld \·, 11 111i-- 11:--.1· 111". .-,~1.

A11i1,;;.-:1 1ity, ,k 1i11ili·• 11

Wit. (:\ ng lr. -Saxon iritan, to know). A com hi nati on of ideas, in the
first pl ace, ·1111 c.1pccted ; secondly, i1.gn1 io11s ; and thinlly, consisting in a
71lay 11111111. 1cords. (1.) As reg ard s bein g Ull l'.l'f 11•cfc1l- tlii :; is impli ed in
t he t t• rn1,; "jl1 1slt "r wit,' '" 1J/r11ke of 11·it ," .. .•({//y of wit ," etc. (2.) The
11111·xp1 ·c·!L'1l ("i 111!.ina ti on mu st 1lispl :1y -i11;;t1111 it!J or skill, suc h as g ives
so111etl1i11g tn ail111 irc-. (::.) It i,; a m od e or i11ge1111i t y consisting in a
play up" n 11·11 rds ( Fre n c h j cn de 111 ut ,~.) Tl1 c q1i g r;1111 is the purest
form of \\·it. Next arc innue ndo nnd iro ny, tluuule meaning, etc.,
down to, and sometimes including, th e pun.

10:~.

.-\11"!""·'" ,i.-1i11ili•111 "'" IU~ .

.~r, ;;i - :;:;.

Cu 11 L·i :::.c n c:-:.:J , 1k !i 11i ti1o1 1 · ·!", til.

C1mt.i11uity i11 tl1 l! p arn~rapl 1. ';°Ji .
Cn11i rnl'li u n in cu11q1.JUll1l ,c·11tv11c Ct)
:2B.
( '1) 11 \'1_ r.-- i, ll l 11C ~ i · 11 l1· !l ( ' 1·:-:
:;.-J.
1

});1t·t\J, 1!1 · !]1;\tj()JI 11 !', 1.,·'-.

A11tic!i11 1'1X. 1'X l' i:111 :1t iull 11 f, 103.
;\ll tilJ,.·- i,< , 1kli11 i l i"11 ""· ]II::.

"

l );i , 1;, 11 c• · , .r 11 w. I 1> I

.-\ 1,,,.\1·"l'l 1• ', 11•1' "'" ]1)1; 1k li 11iti1111 of,
10:;.

1\ rr:111c.:•·111•·1d, pri11 c ipks o f, in com po ·
~iti 11 n) n:-;1 H-L
•· Jfa latH.:e," 111i ;; u :;c; l)f, ;,v.
Bla 1il' 1·1·rse, d e li11it.in11 of, 86.
Uurkc <J ll ", 1k li11ili ot 1 of, lU:l.
c·~\ ' ,-t 1 nd :

1

: 111-.1'1

nt.

l h·1 t1 1·;1 11 ,'' 111 i .-11 ~ 1 · 111'_ .·,·.1

I> v 11Yi11~·· tlit: ('1JJ1tr: t r\ ,

:11
I > i !·l·i() Jt~ d cti1il I i\Hl 11f, i \JI.

l>i d:l<' li t: l"""tr.1·, t \a lllj •I• ·, uf, '.~i.
l) i 11 l L: t \' r, (l L' li t ii ti il l t ( i· ~..
1

1
• •.

j)ir1· {' t f111'11l 11f;.: j1 l ' lTi1 , ·l-~

1 -1.-J.

Ui::ic11ur :=' e, d c 1i1 1iti1111 , ,f, i .
Eh~.~y, cxa~~pl~~ (1f, 0:-,: _
1
·• l•,r 11I d 1· 111 1 1111:::-i 11 :-..t~ u I, : 1J.

EJ1ic , d l'.l i11itiu11 ur, '..!»; exa111[>k :o of,
~I .~ ).

11 1i s u se o f, 5~.

Cal'it:d l.-tl1 ·r,;, 11 se u f, :.l.
Ca n · t, 11 ,l! l)r, JUI.
C ho ke of wurd :i , re qu is ites in, 51tJ: >.
(;i rc 11111l oc 11tion, e xampl es of, 5:!-(j:.J;
deliniti o n o r, 10;),
Clau se~, kinds of, lli; a b rid g m en t o f,
int o phr:t~ l' S and 1~·~ mb, 44. . . ,
Clea rrn.::>~, nature of, 111 rhdone, (j(j,
C linrn x, li c liniti o n of, 104.
Co llin, u :>e u f, 1lK).
.
.
C"1 11Jii11ati o 11 uf i;cntcnecs, d1recl1011s
fu r , :>7.

( '11 111 edy, 1ll'fi nit ion of, \JG.
(. 111 ti II I ii, il:--l', 111'} ~J 7-!l~J.

t';

l . ('1f: 1Ji k,"
t!li .-.11 :-: l~ Pf, ,-,~I.
( ' ollpkt , tkli11iti u 11 ~1!' 1 ;' 'li.

A11:d\·:--i :-- 1 rlt1 ·!1 1ri 1· :d , ."-i.
.:\1 1;q.i1 ':"' l , ih·li11iliu11 11f, HS.

•• t 'ak1 1!.1t1· 1 "

'l'rnpt>s cc;r ~·c k (!'OJ>t\ turnin g) . Single \\"lll'il S u sccl fi g urativt:ly, or
no t i11 tl1vir lit eral SL' ll SC. Th e fi g ure:; calle11 f'y ncc doche, m etonymy,
u1Hl 111l't :1ph or arc tropes.

or, 01,

~\11q•t1ihr:wl 1 , ·"'~ .

contrac ti on in. :!\I; p11nrtn:1tiur. n~

:Jol :n; b_y 11 tl1l'-i --

-

C1>1111'ari s o11 , tklinilion of, 104.
C11111pkx ~t· 11l C' 11 <:e, nature o f, l(l; puu ctuation o f, l\t; ;-;y 11tl1 es b o f, '.!O.
C 1->111p <1~ iti o 1.1,t k li1ii t. i11111>!', I.
Compound i;cntence, uaturc of, ~7;

EJ>i"Tam 1kl111iti o 11 ,,r, 10-1.
E:-:-:;;7y, 11 :;t 11re ul' till' ,~·;, j \'\.;.1111pk :-. uf
U n:, ~'.Hi l.
E11pht· 111i ,111, exa111pks of, G:.:! ; d,·ti·
uiti o u or, JO-!.
E11plw11 y, tlc li11i tio 11 of, 10-t
Ex e latnati u ll, ll !SC or, iu varyin g cx1 1rn:·
s i o 11 1 4:!.

E:o;clalllatio11 -po int, u sr n f. 1111.
l·:x1J rdi111n, ,k1i11iti••11 ••I", 11 1.» .
'

1

Expect,"

1n1:-1U ... l' of,.-,~· -

E :q>r c:o,iun, , .1n.1ti 11 11 <• !, fklin1 ii ~I:
l.Jy ci)' l\1>11,ITllti, ·!'.I; hr dl'HI i:•c.: t I:•:
contrary, Gl ; li _y p vrij> lirthi , , .,_. 1·;
rcca ~ ti11g ::,e11t L· t11.: c ."", :,: ;_
Faltle, tll'li1iition of, Ju,-,_
Fet·t, 111 11 · lil · 1 l\i 11d:-i 111"1 ~..~.
Fi .::.· ur e~ of' :--1p('cc h . ';"! - 7--L

Fi11:d p:1 1' '" i11 1'""11-_1-. '.>I
Fout, dcliuiti1111 u f, i11 t•riioudy , >fi.

I·

r
'

~·_f

:'j
.''\

h

JNDr:x 'f'U L,\ '(;L}.) ! / COl fl 'OSJ'llON.

112
F u n11 s o!'
j'l

~ pccc li,

I J> li

uired, -1-4, 45; indi - I'll rnseolo!.!;y, n ria ti on of, 4\J-f.t:.l.

t·t., ·ll, ·i..·,.

1

Jl ex:1 111 e !n, dt'li11it i<" ll o f, t(l.
l!i .~l 1il d\\' li W •Hd:< , liO.
l! u11111 r, d d.t 1iti1i 11 u r,10;) ,
Jl_ype r t,,,k, dcli11itiuu uf, 105.
ll)'[•l1 e11, u ~e ur, lUL

u~~

ut", a:;

1 d,

l'ai llt i11.i: nf 11·nnls , (J:),
l';11"il g- r;qiJ1, th ·lilliliPll nf', 7;,; q 11:lliti1•:;
ot' t:,'111HI, 7:,, ';°f;; 1.·xa11qd1 ·:; 111', fr u 111
Addi"'11 and r.la ta trlay, 'i'ti , 77.
P:HL'lltirl'~ i " , 11 h c n t u lie a\'uid c d, G5;
il :ie ut', 10:2.
T':irnd_1-, n:ilurc o f. 107.
l';1r 1>1111111a~i11 , d ct i11iti o 11 u f, 107.
P:t ~ ~ i\' e \"1 1i l'l', u ~e o f, in varyin g ex111· L·:.;:; i1111 ,

.J 1.

!';11111", 11 :1t11n· o f, 107.
l'ai r:<l'", po l'lic, v-i; li11al ,

~q;

c;l· ~ ural,

~ ~-t

PL llln1 11 t'lcr, <k fi11iti o 11 of, sn.
Pni"d, dc:1i11itiu11 of, 70; th e u s e o f,
l' " r"rn ti o ll , d c: li11i1 io1 11 11f, ltJ." .
l'•: l':' "lli li<-:d i11 11 . 1kti11iti .. 11 ,,r_ 10:::1.
l' c r.-l'klli ty, d l' lillit iu 11 ur, ltJ,'i.

:111

I i (. i 11:1 ti\' l_'.

T1<t.~Ldy, :\ri :··tid! l·':--. d~· 1 i1 1 i ti (111

Pu l•try , fll' l'<ll\i.:;P lr1l·nt u f wurds in , df\ 1

Tr:1r 1;-;JH• :-- iti1>11 (1(
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Tast e, d e finiti on of lit erary, 11.0.
1 T11nto logy, exa mples of, 62; dcftnlt!on
I o f, 110.
; T e nn inn l marks, use of, 2.
Tlt1 ·111 e, u c tiuitiuu of, 1'5; example ot,
77-80.

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i ;i 111 I , i 1 · , '"" '. 1 , t r·, 11 ·] 1: 1 i 1. , ~ 1 l ,
;t I l; ! ! 11 ._...., ! !{"' ~ j·~ : 'L 1I·1 \ j ii .. '. 1: ;_
1 ) ! · t 1 1· 111 '. "':1 .

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i 1J J!":-- .- ., •' [I! i --- l:.~ t " Id': .-,-.l, .
\\.11rd .--.1 cliuic(· 111'. .-,:·-.c:;. n 1i . . 11....: , ,,j, r· :.: 11111ples of,;,~), tiU: oi11q>1i .. it 1· o t u.- ·
i II, ti() j ! 'il l'i l,Y j 11 11 'C 1'f', tj:;, ,

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Uni Ly, ,;,.r.11ili"1 1 .,f, i11 rl1c:t1>ric, f)l; i11
th e paragrnpil, 75.
tJsc o f word s , acc ura cy in the, .57.

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Sa rcas m, rk l1ni t ion of, 109.
::latirc , <kli11it ion o f, 109.
s,1:-,:0 11 sy n o nyms , 4U.
Se mi co lo n, use of, 99, 100.
::le11te11cc, n ature of, 1; 8impl e, n11turo
or, 3; cn111plcx:, nature of, Hi ; com·
Jl OllilCl, nature o f, 37 j syuthes ls O(
c • ~ 1~1!o u11tl, 31-33 ; loose, deliuiUou
o l, 1li.
Sen tcn ccs, co nver s ion o f, 35, 36.
Si mill', dclinition or, 72.
I ::l i111 plc se ntence, nature of, R; pu11ctn·
I atio11 o f, 5 ; sy nth es is of, 7.
Si 111pli e ity, 11eccssity of, in words for
_ ;_:·ll1)1 l s t _y le, fiO.
S1decb n1 , <ldi11ition of, IOU.
::lo 1111 ct, d eliniti ou of, 109.
:-Jpl)11t!ce , 88.
; St re ng th in styl e, how effected, G9.
::lty lc, d c li11i t ion of, 57; d crlrntl on of
t e rm, 57 ; strength in, h ow etfcctcd,
GU.
Sy n cc<lo ch c, de finiti on o f, 7:1.
:::>y 11011y111 s, ddi11iti o 11 or, 40.
::ly 11Llt c:;b, d c li11iti on of, 7 ; o r co rnplcx
se11 le 11 ec, 20.

l'Xpr1· :..: :-- i 1111,

\"1·t>ili1·;tli t lJ!, til-! i 11iti·1~!1

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P tTi l 1 lir a~ i :-;, c x :i nqd c:-i of. !""1'.3.

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Rctl 1111 cla11 cy. exa mples of, GI.
Hli cto ri c, otlic c o f, l.
Hlieto ri t al o rd~r of wo rd R, 4(),
Hl1y111 c:, dt:tinilion o f, t:ili; perfect, con·
d iti<>ns or, 81i; s ing le, <l ou hlr, tr ipl!',

'' ' Li rri c d,"

O!Jsc 11 r ity, !letinitio 11 of, G6.
Ol"okt.e word s , 107.
<)110111at.op!l'i a, deti11iti t'11 of, 107.
Urdn ut' l\' 1>nb, g ran1111a tica l and rh c·
t11rit·;il, -10.

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te11c e:-- , J; () !' l'. l>J11pl t'X :->l't1ll · 11t·1· .... . l~l,
uf CtJ ll l}\lli!l l d ~l'l!Lt.:lll't'~\ ;:u, ::l ~
~ l l l !lll l : ll'Y Pl, i,lj'- HU .
l ' urily 111' \\·11r d ~ , t_j:;.
!") rrliit: , hb.

J\ t c a~urc.

:,u.

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:::ulJj ecl ,-4 0.

rn i<u se o f, S9.
tklinili\!ll o f, ill poetry , o7.
]\!i·t o11 y11 1y , dd i11 it in11 nf, 7~.
Metre , :< l1"1· t. 11:it111·e of', \JO.
J\ l is u:;cd words , exa 1111>I es of, 5~1, GO.
J\l u 11 o m etn, d l' li11iti u 11 llf, o'J.

'\ rl_' I 1t ' ] ' l ' ' ~'l

JI) I.Y ~;J,/Sfl CO.lll'US/'f/11.\·.

l'ko nao 1J1, d d i1JiLi u11 uJ', lUti.

dicl:1ctic, clcii11iliu 11 uf,
d_l'li11iti u;1~JI', vt;.
" t J'1_·d H. .'llu.: d, ll!l::d1::e u1, ut'.
Prosotly, SS; <lc ri vatiun u f t e rrn, 85.
Pun, cleli ni tion of', 108.
l'u11duati o11, d e finiti o n of, .5; o ffi ce of
tcn11inal n1 ark s in, ~ ; of ~i 1T1pJ. 1 ~1 · 1t ·

Lau ;.( t1rlg e, 1i.!.!'U l'l' :5 o f, 7:2- 7-1.
J.itlllL'~ , tl<.:Ji 11 itiun or, 1 (J(j,
L1H>SC :<c 11t<· 11 c<· . d e li11iti o 11 of, 70.
Lyrk !JUd ry , t1 ~ 1 i 11 it i u11 or, v::i.

"Na me," mi s 11sc of,
>i cgu tion, u :;e o l~ 5 1.

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~·;·); <_lra ~ 11:1 L ~~,

\dli.

:u1til'ipa t i\· t ~

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11itiu11 or,

"1110.uµ; uralc," 111 is u:;e of, 59.
Jndirce t fu rtll or ~ p cce h, ·1-l, 45.
I111111 L· 1tJ o, d c li nitiun of', lU'i.
11!1 crro!.'.·a ti t•ll , U ~e Of, ill \'aryinQ: CX·
1 1re~~iu n , -1:.!.
l 1t l•' rro ~ "ti <• l I· I'll i JI t. 11,1' ,, r, I I ) I.
1 f' r lJ1 \ ' , d 1· litjit i11n

r:t.~ c.-.:, :1rr; t1 ::.::1·11H·1 1 L

1'lillu11'0 ddi11iliu11 uJ; S:'i ; Sjll'i'i<'s <>(
:H; ly ri <.:, ddi1JiLiuu u J', V:i; q1i 1· , 11.;Ji

T:tm l.Jus, d c fi11ition o f, 88.

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TUE END,

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ABDOTTS' ILtUSTJL\ TED JIISTOHIES.

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1lL\n1 QuE~ OF ScoTs,
Er.1z,1 HETH.
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Q1iee11s (!111/ Heroine.s.
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Rulers of Later 1'imes.

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r• ~lftigt r~1paid, fo

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parl of IA•

PEOPLE.
Pa ge ~.

PRICE FIVE CENTS A COPY, OR $2 00 PE R YEAR.

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D!l' ORT.\~T

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HI NG l'oE~!S, A~ll!SINO l\HY~rn:;, D1\'lrn'l"!K(I ANE C DOTES, T:>C<EN!OI ' ~ ]' J'Z -

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,'\: c., ll'ill b c founcl in eve n · 1111111bc r. B o tiJ !Jnr.- :1 11il ,c:·ir i' 11·i ll 1i 11 ·l
in lLIJtl'EH ' S Y1>!'Sli L'1•:{)1'l.E 1·:1J 11:1lilc liinh "" t11 i'k:1"11 1t Il l" ' ''""' or
spendi11i.: tl1ei1· lt-is111'1~ t.i 1111; in tl11: pl:1.1·c:·1" 11111d , in tl1·· t:t111i h· "i1·1·k ... ,. i11
t11 e soc ial C!·atl1l'l'ill'-'.'. '.\'1 : "1'1(01'.~ l1.1x ,; T1u·1·r~ s 11i'tiH' 1i11 .. -I d· - ··1·'1·li "11
will :lppe:ir \\'\'l' kl .1 · i11 tl1e p:qwr, :111.J c:1r,.111Jh· <-'~·"·11t1·d ( "''"IF'.,,.:\· •Tl:I•
i'AINTINOS 11·iJI be !.:i1·e11 from till 1 t~ to ti 111 e . Tl1 1'. c11l:1r~:1·1111·11t. 11 1' l itt'
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from s ubs c rib ers rc tpi cs tin;.; or co n \'eyin).'; i11fo n11:1ti o n, o r :,•J licitinc:; c·x·
changes of youthful treas ures, \\'ill alll'ays be w c lenm c.
ZLE S,

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11·il/ 11nrl any ·11 tJi 1 a bort u·-l rk1 f\y mail ,
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YOUNG

JL\HPEH'S Yot; :-;o PEOJ'l.E will t'o11t i11u e to f11rni:;h i h rc:11l··r- r·ynv
w eek tl1e u s ual yari ety "r e11terlai nill g and i11str11cti1·c; n·:idi11 "'.· 111 :11 1"1:.
'l'IJ c authors and artist~ who rc~· 11l ar l y eo n t ril111t e t o its cul111n1is i'o rn1 a
("O lll lJinatiull t>t' talent Wl;ielJ j,; witJltllll :t p;ir:\Jld i11 tJ1 t: :lllli:lh 11l .i11 1·l' 11ii•·
litcrat. 11rc. \\' h c n.-1- e r an i11 t e llic:-.:llt i11t e 1·1·,t i,.; t:i1;"1' i11 ti": '" l111·, 1ti ,,11 ,,r
tlie yo un g, it lias 11·u11 e11tl1usias tic lri e11d s . :::ll'HILill 'J'LY :::lTulUL.' , :-'Tl! (·

Lor is XL V.

Lot·1;; PmuPrF..

HARPER'S

An Illustrated Weekly for Boys and Girls. 16

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Jvs~PH Jl o:-< APATITE.

lir1Hl1 c r fo r AlJIJ o tt s' sc r ir-s o f H 1st o r ief'. I lrn\·o not edncalion <'11ough to apprec iate
111 0 pr0fu111Hl workB o f n;l111tt i1wuA lt1storia11~; nnd ir l lrnU , I lmn.: 11u li 1m..: lu l't:lul
tht'lll.
But your :.;1 · r ie8 <if liusw rws bl\' t..•M lllt.:, Ill l1nt.:f t:uln j 11L"'S, ju:-L t.Jial kW.H\ luJ ge vf
1•a.st 111e1 1 Hilll c\ 1..! li t.-; "l1i dJ. 1 11\!nl.
I J1 ;n· u 1\.: ;1d th C.H'i w ~ t.! 1 t11l' brl!atr.:.st inLcrcs t. Tu
tlt um I am i1_1tl cU tcd fur aUuut a ll tl1 e historical b.uu\\kdg·_· 1 lwr·~· . . ,

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AnnAllH! L1,;co L,;'s 0r1:--10'< o.- AnnoTTs' H1RTIJRIR S.-ln a com·crl!lltiou ""ith the
PrC8HlL·ul ju s t bt.!fu re Id s death. ~fr. L i ur oln &li11: il I w ;u1l to llm11k y ott a11J yuut·

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For the cu11Ye11iu1ee of lrn1·ers these popular lli :;tvri,•s lin1·e been di1·iJ('J into 8ix ~'~rie:s~ ns f·-=dliJW:"-;
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A ~crie~ of volum es containin:=: cc1·crnl1Y foll accourwi of tli c li1·c;; (>f
the mo~t dbtiu gu i,;licu so1·en.: i gn~ , in tlie rn.rious ages of tbe 11 ur!u from
the carlil•st pPri<JdS tc) tl1c presr·nt dny.
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E:tl·h 1·oi 1111 1e comains tli t• life vf a ~ingle iu,Jil'idual, rrn1! constitutes a
di . . 1i11ct. and

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llISTOilIES.

Jom; :;. C. ABBOTT. The \'ulurnc~ ~f il1is Scric.~ arc printeJ aml Ho1111J uni form Iy, anJ a rc cm belltsl.icJ with numerous Eugraviugs. lGwo, Cloth, $1 00 cadi.

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