ENGLI SH COMPOSITION
ADAPT ED TO T H E W ANTS O F

HIGH SCHOOLS, PREPARATORY SCHOOL S ,
AND ACADEMIES

BY

ALFRED H . W ELSH, AM.
( OHIO S TA TE UNIVER S l'l'J' )
A UTH O R O F DllVl!LOPMRNT 0 1'" ENGLI S H LITF. R A_TURR AND
M AST ~RPIH CK

COU l< S R,

l. ANGU •.-.G8 1 l!N G Li S H

l!SSENT I A l.S OF RN G LI S ll, COMPL HTB RllRTOR IC,

J>IAN ANO HI S RRLAT 10NS 1

RSS HNT I ALS O F GRO MKTl<V, l' l.A t-:B

ANO SPHKR JCA I. TRIGONOMl:!.TRY, l.HSSONS I N H:N G LI S ll
G RAMMA R, YJ RST LESSONS I N KNGl.I S H

C hil d ren are not to be taug ht by ru les, wh ich will be always sl ipping o ut
\Vhat yo u tlii uk it necessary fo r the m to do, se ttl e 111 th em
by il n incfospcn ~ab lc prac tic e. - Locke

.of th ei r mem ories.
The matter

~5'10uld

in some wa y o r othe r be supplied. - Bttin

SILVER, BURDETT & CO., PUBLISHERS,
NEW Y ORK . • •

HOSTON . . . CHI CAGO.

!V.llVftRO COLL[CE l llftfll1
Glf 1 UI
'':>.'

GlllK f\ND COlll'i\11..

llE C. 21, \121

i!:o ffi!• Jrrfrnll
C'ofyn:r;h t, 1889

DR . R. \V . STEVENSON

n 1· ]0 11:-< C . Dv CKHEE Mm CO MP A NY
SUl'ER ll'Tt:. N l 1t-: :'\ ·1 VF CO LUMBUS P UH LI L SCH OO LS

Wll OS I! VRARS OF SE R V I C JL H A VI'! Bl!l! N
IN STRUCT I O N

\'H :\~S

0 1"

f• R , _. .~E..,5

J :\

~tt!Tl!Cll•-.

Vt'

ANn 0F Hl!Ll ' f lJLNESS TO 1 HK C.-\l '" t'.

OF

P ~1 P U LAk

ROU C AT ION •

'I

zr!l11i b rrn i t~ l !: rr~ G
J o 1-1 x

\V1 u10s AND

Su:-: ,

C AMBkl DG H

'

~

t.

I

.

)

f

r

,,

..,

1

PHEFAUE.

TiflS book is n. nrn11u al for :;choul work; n. sf'q1ll'l

10

t h e o rdinary t ex t-books on gram ma r, a.nd an int r"·
duction to t h e study 0£ rheto ri c prope r. lt:; aim iK tu
pr esen t, in s im ple :1.11d interesting form , a GraJcd Cour,.;e
in Com posit ion, - a cou rse tha.t sha.11 icatl to a f:tir ma:-;tcry of good Eng-lisl 1, the tlen' lo pm c nt of :l cr it ic;il iit erary ta.ste, h ab its of syste mat ic i111't:sti gn tio11. :rnd : lie
11o we r of e xpressing n. t1"ai 1i (!f" tho11,r;lit in a)')'rnpriatc
1a.11guage.

An effo r t has been m::ul r· to h:l\·c t·acl 1 cli:qii•·r n: it11,.. ,

( l "

,

.

'

'

.

rally and log ically co nncctctl wi th wh at p rcced1·s a11J
with wh at fol lo ws it.. On e t hin g i:S taught at :t t i11w:
c \·c ry snbject is foll y n;p\ainctl :rnJ ill11st ratc·1l; and

wltat i:; lcarne1l is at 011 cc np pli eJ .
The ExC'n.: iscs, wh ic h a n ~ card11lh gTa•l11a!l·d. :• '"'
11u1ttcrous a11d vari ou s. :'t Jlll C o f tli1· 111 arc i11t 1·11ti" ti ; "
prcYent the J>llJ>il fr om falling into s \o\·enl.1· a1 1d in ac<"11 rn.te wri ti ng; to fa m i\i:trit.C hi1tt witl1 ,.;t;illl]arJ u,.;;ie"" .
and a t th e sa m e ti me test hi s al 1il it.\ t.•J c.:11q.\iJ_Y ill i•r:w ti ce the p rinc iples 11po n \\"hi c.:h tl 1:1 t 11,.;:1 .~·· ti, )H:11.\,;:
ot hers , lo en1t i\·:tte {a.t.;i\ity of rxp rr s,;io n: nml man.\-.
to Rll jlplv ;\ llrili in ii 1C' Sc\'(' ra\ ki11d,.; of di,;,-.1111',;". -

l'REFACE.

YJ

Desc ri ptive, i'\nrrn t i,·c, and D iscurs iw.

T he lnttc l', as n.

rnle, U l'C in sk eleto n fo rm . a nJ eith e r furni sh m aterial
or a rc accornpa ni cJ by refe rence li sts.
Paraphrasing, Reproducti on from Memo1'.1·, Class ifi cat io n of Th oug hts, T o pical Analysis, and Summa ri zi 11 .~ ,
as h e re pres ented , " ·ill affo r d , it is beli evcJ, a n in 1·al uable
d isc ipline. l t is hoped, al so , t hat t h e treatme n t of Punctuation will be found to lie c lear a nd practical.
A s , in the case of a 1·cry large 11urnbe r of pu pi ls , 111)
highc1· ski ll in Compos ition will eve r be req uired thn 11
abil iLy to wri te a lette r prope rly, it has n ot bee n fo rg ott e n that on e of tl1 c great ouj cc t:s of instruc t ion is to
ma ke good lc ttc r-\nitcrs.
Th e t raiuiu g in \ ' c rsi fi cat ion can scarcely fail to he of
illlportan t se ni cc in cultil':1ting t he ca r , in impro ving the
ta:-::tc, a nd i11 st r cn ot hening the essay powe rs of pupils.
The treat ment, t hroughout, is conl!trw:tive ; t he lca r11 e r
bc i ng vi ewed at e ,·c ry Rte p as t he pros pccti ,.e 111alrer of
li te rat ure.
The co ruial a cknowl edgm ents of t he a ut hor are Ju e
to th e works of i\l c iklcjohn, Dalgle ish, A rm st ron g, Hiley,
R<•id, 'J[onl'ri es , :\I mi son , BrC\\' CI'. Lami e, l:, i; istc r , Leitch,
J :a nlecn, S ontlmorth , a nd Gou Jard .
ALFRED II. WELSH.
C o r.u~rn u s ,

Omo,

A11.1 11 sl 25, J SS.~ .

CONTENTS.
P.\ G&

CB .\ PT £ R

'. I

I.

l 'n1i; c 1PLES OF ExrRlcSSION -

St:!'iTENCF.S

lL

Ptt1N CIP1.1::s OF Exr 1u:ss 1oi; -

C 11 0 1c E ot· \\ ' o RDS

m· ~l" :u1t Es s10:> -

N u M11ut

IV .

l'rui; c iP LEs OP E xr11EssJO N -

0 RDt: it ·

V.

J' R lli CLPLES OF 1':xr1n: SS ION -

VAlllt:TY

VI.

J>R1i; c u·r.1::s o r· Exr1u:ss10:-.- -

F 1o u llES

HL

VlI.

v rn.
lX.
X.

XI.
Xlf.

J>n1i; c 1P1.1::s

" 'o RD

GO

C APITAL IZATION
P u iqcTuAnoN

REPROD UC TLO:> fllOU M E MORY
CLASS IFI CATI ON

-

! (J '. I

TOPICAL ANAL YSIS

12 1

Tin:

rn

PAitA GllAPll

XllL

Ti!E PAHAPllllAS E

XJ.V .

TllE s u ~rnA. ll Y

.

xv.

LETUR-WlllIING

XVI.

E s s .n -W1ur1NG

XVll.

OF

Vt:HSIFJ CATION

1 :5 ~

I J .i

1:,0

1%

ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

CHAPTER J.
PHli\ CIPLES UF EXPRESSION - SENTEl\ CES.
§ 1. Grammatical Classification.

A GROD P of words that makes complete >«' n:o<e is called
a se nte nce . As to structa;-e, se ntences arl' of three kind,;.
A simple sentence is on e that conisi,,; ts of a ::; iugle a,.;sertio n, - a s ubj ect and a prellicate; as (1) Snpcr 8tition is the ~ pl ce n of th e 'oul.
(:!) A contcntt·•l mind a.JHI a good cu n ~c i,•n (·C will mak e a
rnan l1 appy in all condition s.
( 3) J>d,·1·1 ·ncc is tla e 111 1>'!. co11q•li1"dt>, th .. rnost indinTt, and
the rn n~t cl e:;ant. of all C011•pli11H·11t s.

Th e s11hject of (2) and the precl ic::ttc of ( 3 ) ::tre compound.
A complex sentence is one t hat consists of :t prin l' ip:i l
:issertion with one o r more s ubordinate as;;e rt ion s. S11 bordiuate assertions are call ell clauses : ( 1) 'fhc (·<1in t/11tf i.' fllf).':f curr P11/ a m1111q mr111!.-ir1r/ is flattf'ry .
(:!) A 111a11 !'h ou ld neve r be a~harned lo cu11fe:"":-: lie has ln.'cn iii
//i e

llTOllfl ·

(:l) T h e cl1 araC'l<' r of tli e p e r ~o n 11'/,., co111m r- 11i/s 1;n 1t is to J,o;
considereJ l1efo re you set 11 uil11 t 01 1 /"" es/a m.

10

El\GLISil CO l\Il'OSITION.

l'llL"\ClPLES OF EXPRESSION.

A compound sentence is one tlrn.t consists of two or more
co-ordinate assertions ; as -

T he unmodifi ed (or ba re) subject, object, or cornplcment'
may be-

(1) A fric·111l cannot be kn own in p rosper ity, and an c nc· 111y
cannut be b idJcn in aJvL" r,;ity.

A noun: Tim e wor ks iconders.

(2) YirLllc L"icrntes th e mind , bt1l vice JdrnSl'S it.
(:l) Eith er tltcrc is c iv il ,; trifc in lH"a vl'n. ,,,. the world, tuu
,;aucy with the god,, iucc•nscs th< ·111 to ,;cnJ Jt" strnct iun.
(4) Slan.:s arc l1u1uan Lciugs; tl1 ereji1re they arc entitled to
li bert y .

A 11

A pronoun: It was sl1e who sa w 111 e.

An adjective : The stormy wind s g rew louJ.
A verbal { An xiety to s11ccecd wore him out..
The merchant, hewing j(1iled , ll c<l.
A v e rbal phrase : Crcsar , lweing CO ll'Jll aed G'lrn/, "tilt"d .

A prepositional phrase : The ice on th e pond was thin.
.
{ Tl1e C reator's flo wer is Sl'C n cv1·n·wl1t·r1·
A possessive
·
·
lfi.' hat fl e w· off.

( a) Exf'rss of c1·r<·nwm· ~how;. wnn l (If breed in g.
(&) h not n w<>r<l hctl<·r than a gifL?
(c) r,,,,.c all. triH :< fl'w.
(d) H ow arc lite 111i .~hty fallen I

I'.

I I

I!

,101J<·;.

The snbjcct, whi ch is thu s seen to be eith er a noun or tlic
eq ui,·alent of a no11u, lll :l)' Lie enlarged by -

tr11 tl1 ( a) .
( 2) An interr o gative sente nce asks :l r111estion (Ii).
(:1) An imperative sentence ~ ivcs a c-omni:rn1l (.:).
(4) An exclamative s e ntence expresses l'll•Otion (./) .

$top!

Consta nt droppi11g wears away
L ove seeks to hace love.
{
To see it is to lielieve it.

( Th at he will die is ev i(h·nt.
A clause ~ H e n·peated, 'i t does 111 oce.'
<.Hi s la , t words were, ' I still lice.'

( l) A declarative sentence states a fact, opinio n, or

Then· he ,:r1w ~ 1
\\"h o woul•l han: l1clicvNl it I

2

A prepositional phrase: Out of sight is out of 111i1u1.

As to use, Hentcnccs arc of fo ur kiudi;: -

A lmost nny i"entcncc m~y liccome exc l am~tive by t he infn!>ion of sullicient energy , though without the exclamati ve
fo rm; us -

d. t "
5 The pro.sperous ;u·c oft C' n cvlJ-h car/e1/.
a JeC ive (For tun e fay ors the- hrm·e.

A verbal

The relation expressed in ( l) is copulative; in (2), adversative; in (3), alternative; and in (4), illative, or iu flo rcutiaL The co-ordiuatc pnrts are called members. A member
may Le comp lex; us Tlic tcmpcrat.c man' s pleasures a rc durable, because the!f are
reyt1lar; a nd his liic is calm and se rene, because it is i1111oceitl.

11

An appositive

~

The owl , 11iyht's herald, shr icb.
Th e precept, 'l\.11 010 th!Jsc(/' is wi >e.
It is k nown that you are going.

A relative clause : Tho>e that tl1i11k govern those th at toil.

Th o snl1j ect may, of course, be en larged by two or mon:
of t hese taken together. It is plain , :ilso, t hat these se,·C' u
I
2

T he esse nt ial pnrt of what is asserted.
A wur,l tl1at expre;;cs action, bei ng, or state, i.Jut cl ues not asse rt it.

E NGLISH CO MPOSITION.

12

kinds of eul argc mcnts may go with the object and with
noun-eomplcrncu ts, as well as with the subject,.
A word, phrase, or clause, that throws itt:i force upon a
noun, is :tl ways :tn :uljcctiY e or the equi valcut of :tu aJj ecti ,·e, and is therefore called au adjective element.
The unmodifi ed predicate m::ty be A verb

is.
(Time flies .

r bo nes a re dus t.
+ a. noun j\1 Thei
D , .
,
· •
/
l li s words we re, ' on l :;we up t11 e sup.
Be + an adjective: The way was long.

Be

+

an a d ver b

i

The man 1cns he1·e.
ll e r home is 0 1i the deep.

The mo><t co mm on eO tH11:1.ti n ' is the Yerb be ; lint there ::trc
others; as, /; e1·f/11t(' , se,,, (/ro w, etc.
Th e culaq,(c mr 11ts of the Ycrh :tre eith er o bj ecti,·c o r ndvc1·l1ial. Jr the fo rmer, t lwy are no un s o r the eq 11iY:tl cnts of
nonu s ; if t he latte r, they :trc adv erbs o r the equivalents of
:u lY er bs .
Ath' cr bial cnl:ugc mcnts sigo ify He

Tin1e

1

~t.a_1·c 1l

three yea rs.

l! L' di l' rl i" enrly 1ci111er.
IT'he11 !/lilt r~ lum , l will go.

(S ta nd thrre.
Place ~ Sit in thnt chair.
l 1Vl1ere I am, your n :mcmbe r c<l im age will be.

Cause

Manner

Degree

Il

TV/111 will Ye die?
li e w a~ <l im1 iss"d (,,,·idle ness.
.
. I . .l WI·11 4l0 !'O.
,\ '11/C f' 1/011 11'1.'-' I ff .

T li>J> c'd in 11 111nl.cr>. /01· the 11wnliers came.

End

13

Do not live th ou yhtlessly .
\Ve . Sl'att e r seed s w ith cureless !tar1d.
Cumc as lite winds come.

1

lie

5C: od

A verb-phrase: Ilis co urage 1ca.< mu ch n1/111ired.

Be

PJUNCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.

~ poke

very well.

ft was hi:;hly

appreciatl"tl.

{ I l e was .< o weak that he could not .<l111ul.
Cora is not as old as F ran k (is uld) .

J He

did it lo insult u.• .
it that he migltt insult us.

! Il e Jid

1 shall not go witl1out him.
I sliall uot "0, wde.<.< lie goes 11:i1h 111e.
Condition
. /..; ,
·
. . "'
{ 1Jo rn, ij yuu th1.11 · lu ere is /iope.
lfad I knuwn tl1is, l sho uld liave L' Ollle.

The sc,·cral kio ds of yerb al s partake of the properties o f
both nouns and ,·erbt:i, and a re modili ed acc;onlingly; :t~,
' Ifis going out /, efo re the .fe ccr hucl su/;sfrlerl wa,; t lte e: ui ~e
of a fa tal rel::tpse .'
Sometim es , for the sake of Lrevity, elcg:m ec, or strc ngt It,
sucli wo nls as can be r eadily :;upplicd arc omi t.tccl : (! ) He is talle r than T [nm tall].
( 2) She d ocs not skate so grnec fully a;; you [sknte ].
(3 ) 'Tis di~tan c e [that] le nd s ench antment to t hl' view .
(4) Lovclin es;., wlwn [it is] unadorn ed, i~ ad o rnc•J tl1e most.
(5) She said [tltat] ' li e was e ight years ohl.
(6) l\'lcrcury in skilful hand s is pow e rful; [but ] in un :-kilful
[hands], [iii«] mi~l'hievou s .
(i) \Vere it [if it ic1!re] true, I co uld not belie ve it.

Tb c pupil cannot too often re mind liirn ,,.1:lf t hat. the rcl::tt ion :;
between t be parts o f a se ntence arc to be s o 11 g l1t, no t i11 tl11:
ou tward sigu ( ::ts, for instance, the presenc e of a COlllHTtiv c) , but in the lhouuht.

15

EXG Ll::iH CO :\!POSITION.

PRINCIPLES OF EX P RESSION.

DreYi ty is further attained by contraction, as in the conYcrs ion of -

Adjectives (unless they arc complements) usually l>r<cccde
t he nonns qualifi ed: appositives follow; alhcrhs foll o w
or p recede the Yerb, according as t hey arc or arc not
em phatic : -

14

l. A cl a use or rncm ucr int o a p hrase: Th e sea spent it' fu ry , an(! then it beea me ea l 111 =
JVh ell the sea hod spwl its fury , it became ca lm =
Th e sea, /un.;i119 .<pe11l it.1 ji.,,.!J, became cai rn .
Colu111bns, wl10 was a nat iv e of Genoa= Co lu muu ~, a
11rllice '!l Genoa= Columbus, a Ge11 oese.
2. A phra'e in to a word: Tht e.clrn usted sea l;eeame cal m.
A bed of grass = gmssy bed .

lt remai ns to he observed t hat t here arc two kind,; o f arrangement: t he g rammatical, or ordin ary; and the rhetorical, or inver ted . The us ual orde r i,;, s uLj ect, verb, object
(or complement) : I have neithc1.. , ilvcr nor go!J.
No place i ~ lik e l1ome.
Diana of the Eph c ~hns is great.
Shylock said, 'If it feed n othing else, it will fee<l my reve nge.·

For \·ivacity or emphasis, however, the order may be
Yari ccl: S il ver and ~old ha'"r I none.
There is no place like home.
Grea.t i~ Dia na of the Ephr~ians.

'If it, fcecl
revenge.'

n o ihin ~

I low w011d er ful

(S) puts the stress on the fact of leav ing tile room ; ( -1.) puts
it on the nicinnet of leaving.
Examples of tile inverted order are : Ha<l st thon sent warning:, fa ir and lnu:.
Do n ot, if yot1 respecl me, despise my fr ien d.
H ow complelely hi s passion has blinded him I

Remember, finally, tllat the emphati c positions are \be cause most p rominent) th e beginning and the encl of the
sentence ; and that every part should be so pb cc<l as to
show clearly its connection with the p:wt on wh i("h it di' p ends or to which it refers . A s n. res ult of violatini,! th e
latter rul e, \'iC occasional ly see in print such awkward ;;cu tences as the following: -

else,' sa id Shyloc k, ' it will feed my

Tue snhjcct is pbced a fter the auxiliary or tlie ve rb in
q ues tions, commaulls, exclam:itions, anll elliptical suppositions; as Do riches make me n
Be :·e pe rfcrt .

(1 ) Jlilitary courage, all candor, total apostasy.
(2) Charles I., the king of E11gla11d.
(3) Ile slowly le ft the room.
(-1) He left the room slowly.

h~ppy?

is ~ J eep!

' \V ere we eloquent,' fo r 'If we were eloqu ent.'

'

Th e following lin es we re writt e n more th a n fifty years ag:o by
one who has for many y e ars sle pt in his grnve me r ely fo r
h is own amu sement.
The chnreh was c r(·ctc<l durin g the mini H!ry of the Re''- El il111
\Vhi teornb; an J the J erlieation ~ermon wa ' pre:wlwil F1·l>ruary 12, 180G . It was nin ety feet in len gt.li aud Gfty-four
in breadth.

I'JUNCll'LES OF EXl'llESSlON.

E:-i GLlSTI C<>Ml'OSlTION.

16

EXERCISES.

1. Expand the italicized worcls and phrases into clauses:
(1)

Ho0k~ are

companions to a learlied 111an. (:?) Tft ,, 1111rn11 er o/ !tis rfea th ha' 11 c ver bee n Ji8covcrcJ. (:.l) i\lany
n1en. Lelic vc the 1,lcmet ... lu /Je -i11hal1i.lt:J . (·i) Spn'n:J
1·et 11n1.i11g, t he Ll ossoms rcappe:1 r. (5) lVt1h 7>ersera-

a nce , li e 11 1igl 1t ba.\'c :; ul· ccclkJ.

(li)

('L) Swif! was l1on1 in T>11ldi11.
Ile Wrl:, Lvru iu l li 1j ;.
Ih~ was Lor u uf E11 gli:"lb 11a.n.:n Ls.
lli..' wa,s burn of a guod Engli :- 11 fatnily (1f clcrg,:·mi· n.
11., w:" b .. rn S<·ven 1nuntli~ afl('r Lite tkatl1 uf J,i, L1 tl..-r.
l\lar~aret f11 •d.
Site w<ts tlie con sort of l lenr.v \ ' J.
:-;1ie lied after a d..feat in 0 1w ,,f i.lw ,,,ars.

(:1) ' )utTn

1/ ~s ~; w it v1· iH-

' l'l il' wa r~ wt ·rc bdW L' <' 11 t he l11111:-=t •s t1f Yt1r k and l,;1111·;1 "1 •-r .
;--:,}n· J\t-~d \\' i I 11 ill'!' ;". <!JI .

,,,,,.r: w:c rc11i;1in s t o !1c pron;il. (7) There ar' 111a11y
proof• uf th e rowubwss of th e earth .

2. Abridge tlte fol lo wing cl:tu:ses in to phrases: -

5. Co11il1 iu e each set into

( 1) \\'h e n the lion hcarrl tb c report of the rille. h e turned
and fled. ( 2) Th e philosophe r believes that virtue is
its own rc w:mL (3) A LirJ that is cautioti, <l\ ,; id :<
the sna re. (4) S hakespeare has writte n many li1ws
wl1icl: ;\rL· 11 1t·1nora.l;l1· . ( Ci) A :-: th1 · d ~1 y wa.-; fi11 e we
a sCNH!cd the mountain. (li) If tiute permit". I shall
<.lll :-i\\"t 'I'

She fk:d int o a fore:;t.

tlll' 1t · i{(: 1'.

:i. Complete f:UCh of thr foll0wing expression>< as arc uo L
:;;eutcnces, a1Jcl c l:i ss i fy e:i ch : -

( 3)

mornin ~ .
(:?) Th., leave' arc !'I' d nn tl
(:1) And ~on\1-. Yt\llow. (.I ) ll1·n ~ a!'P :'OIH1~
prrrpli , h om·"· (:, ) ;\on<' an· J,nlw1r. ( ti) Tir e t l'l't' ~

:;rn 't'l l.

(7) ·y , ·ry fl'w fln\\·1·r... ; r•·:t1:1i11.

:don.~ ti n' road

In th1_• pl) n d .

lll'YLT

(11)

('.l')

(;..;)

.\ll

.\ tf, ·-.:i ~~ n tl i :t:

li: 1 ...;

(1) Schi!IP1' "'"' :1 nnt iv•' of :'> h rL'1r-1L
J\hrbaclr i>' a rniall t.o wn of \Viirtemben!.
J\hrliacl1 i" sit uated o n the b:rnb of the N t!c kar.

0

If t~ Jli•d frorn th e

(-1)

p11r~11lt nf

hi '."

( 111

a 1in·vin11~ n("<'a "i 11t 1.

en1 • n1i P~ .

Tl wr 1· \\·a:-: a ( "rH1 :-:pir;1 1·_, . .
Ir n )1i -.. i .-: 1t· d 11f !W !i 1• :trl-.. .

ih 1t!1j!'r'I w;t~ to :-: 1i L\·~·rt

llll'

~'J\"t 'l'fll!H' fil.

Tht ~ c'11I1~pirac: y w a.~ di~co\· cr ed .

morali t y with wit..

sentenee : -

Fd ~ ar ,\ t ]1<_• ]in g ~1111;..:,l1i. a n _·tn:;_1_L iu 2) i_: utL1u l .
l It· was thP. Sax(ln lll'ir lo tire. throne.
Thi· in"irr('•·li o 11 o n lii~ l1elralf liad fail1 ·•.I.
111· w :1 ~ :l.1· rorn pan ii·d by lii s f11ll11w1 · r~ .

I ii· l1a.d lak('n r1·f11 ~ t~ i1~ Sc'(it land

Le en co111plek1l.
( lil ) fi e \...; t :tl! 1'r, :-; trn11~1-r.
For ~.d -ii1·!i n·a :-·cin . . f ~ liall cnrlt·avor to r·1iliv• ·n

'J. Combin e each o f tile fullo11i 1J g sds iutu oue

s impl e se ntence: -

(1) l\lalcolm wa~ king of Scotlant!.
li e was con strained to r Hi rc .
H e ha d comt' too latt: lo "'l'l'orl lii ~ corrfed t' ralc ' .
( 2) T ~ n w the Qneen of Fran!'<'.
11. is now sixteen or ~even l <•cn years since l saw lier.
Sl1e "'"' Lheo the D a uphiness.
T ,;aw hPr a.t. VerRaill1•:<.

(l) A firw Ot·tolJl•r

in ll11• ~w :tmp ~ .

:i

This tor,k pla.<'C shortl y a.ftt·r !111· :tl'<'<' " ion nf .T:im<' s l.

s i11q•h-

(<->)

Till'.

(IJH '

; i1q t, waF. ~ ·ail 1 ·d

tl11· ).iai11 .

It wns sa irl to have bt·t·n dridly <' onrlu ct.cd i.~· ~ir \\':ilh·r l~ai~·igl1 c111d Lord C'ui•l1;tn1.
1t <·on,;is1cd of a pbn to 1•bce ,\rabP.lla S:uar: on tin•
tl1rt_1ne.

!i' ~.

.. ,

•·'i

E:NGLISH COMPOSITION.

18

(G) Henry V II. was the founder of a dy nasty.
That dynasty was tli e House of Tudor.
He died of a consumption .
llis d eat h took place at Hid1mon<l.
Hichmond was bi s favorite palace.
The event happened on the ~&th of April, 1509 .
Ile liar! r eigned t wen ty -three years and e ight month s.
Ile w:•s tlicn in the fifty - ~eco nd year of Li s age.

6. Condense each of the follo wing groups into a simple
se ntence : TL us: A direct lie is a li e in word s. ·when we u tter a direct
lie in words we arc gu ilty of falsehood. There are many
other wa1·~ of commiuing thi:.; offen ce .
Combinc•l: \.Ve may be guilty of false hood wiLl.1out utterin g a
direct lie.

(1) A m a n may <lo a design ed injnry to a noth e r . A man may
Jo a :c;rca tc r injury to hi111 s<'l f. ;-\ o man eve r <l id the
fornwr without <lo i n~ the latter.
(2) \V e ought to prepare fur a nothe r world . \V c have dntics
in this life. ln doing the fo rm e r, we must not neglect
the l:<ttcr.
( 3) \V e may haYc a taste for usdu l kno wl ed ge. Th is wil l
prnviJ,; e nterta inm e nt f,>r 11 s.
Th e e n ter ta.in mrnt
wil l he g rc:tt.. I t will abo lie n oul e. Oth <;r enjoyments rn:ty lie alisent .
Tt i9 composed of mud a nd
(4) The mart.in lia" a 1w~t .
clay_ The 11111\l and clav a rc in lay ers . It i;; linPd
w it.h feat IH'r' . It li as a ii ole above. This h ole is fo r
the <:'nl rnncc of the hird s.

7. Convert the follow iug se ntences in to complex ones: ( l) Shame bcin~ lo"t. all virtue is lost.
U) 1 d•·•ccrui<-<l from hi ~ th rone, and a s•···n<leJ the scaffold, and >'aid, • Lin-, i1womparau lc pair.'

re

PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.

19

( 3) The dry !raves ru stle d o n the grou nd , and the <:h illing
winds whistled by me, and gave me a foretaste of the
gloomy desolation of win ter.

( 4) The lion and the ca::rle arc both posscssctl of )!"reat
str e ngth , a nd e x er c ise d ominion over their fellows
of the for es t.

( !J) Gentleness corrects cvcrytliin g offe n~ivr in our manner, .
( G) You have pleaded your incessant occupation: exhibit t be
r esult of it.

8 . Combine into complex sentences, nnd tell 'Ybcthc r the
clauses are ;;ubstantive, adjectiv e, or atlverbial, and why : ( J) Tlic man gi ves to the poor . Tl.1c man will be r ewardL·d .
(2) I liave bought a bouk. T h e book gives a d escription uf
the F r e nch Ite vol11ti on.
(~)

He is wi,.:'.

Ile will a void quarre l; .

( 4) T he hoy cannot eornmand hi s temper.

The hoy is nr,t

likely to sec ure res pect.

(u) Some Lc rries arc poiso n to c hildren.

Some berries are

prop(·r food fur bird s.

( G) Il e ri~P 8 h as ti l.1· into fa111 e. H e will Le in olan:;er of Lilling ~ ndd(·nl y into oblivion.

(7) A farme r st.<" l'l""d int o a fiel1 l to nwn•I a gap in .-.1w

,,f

the, frn cc s. At hi s r eturn lw fo un d tli c 1-radle t11 rn1·d
npside down. Ire h:ul left lii ~ only c hild a~b·p in
th e e ra.die. T h e clo thes wer e all torn an<l lilond_v.
His d o~ was iyi ng near the cradle liesnwaretl al 'o
wi th hl ood.

(8) H e at onec co nr e ivrd that the dog hail ck stroy(·d Iii>
<· hild. Il e in,tantl y d a,lted out the d og ·~ lll"ai n" wi lh
the hat ch et in hi s h a ru!.

(!l) He turnrd n p t h e rradlt,. JTc fonnd hi> ch il1l 11nl111rt.
Il e fo11nd an rnormous S(' rpt' nt. 1_1 ini! d c·ad on the il oror.
Tl1c se rpvnt had hren killPd hy il1e fa.ithfnl do~.

Tlw

co11rage and fidelity of the Ll og pre•e rn:cl the life u f

El\GLISll CO.\l l'OSITlON.

:20

(10)

th e chiltl. Th,: cou ra ;.:e anJ ftuelity ef the J og d c:' L"l"\' l"d a Y (' n· differen t retu rn.
Aflt'l" th e li:11tle of 1\",1rn:ster, C harle; 11. 11101111l cd in to
a n vak t1·,·e. 111· did tl1i,- fqr l•l' tt c r c11n .. caln1e 11t. li e
"l ""lr L"rl' d hi111>l'lf arno11g the leaves ant! l1ra nd11:s for
tw ... 11ty ·fo 11r linnr:-;. T1h· oak tree wa ::: lun g aft c rwarJ !'
venerated a s Lbc " Ro_,·al Oak."

9 . Supply clauses, :rnd classify them: ( 1) TJ.10;c g notl or ba,J liabits - - generally go with us
tlmmg h Ii f,. .
(2) .Kuthing iu thi s life - - i" more csti111able than kn o wl edg:e.

p) It is one of the nll.'lancl1o ly pll' as urc s of an olJ uun tu
r r eo llcet the k indn cs'

(1f

friend s - -.

(·1) Compassio nate affect ion s - - convey sati sfact io n t.o the
h ear t.

( 5) \"i rt 11" - - m11'<t be h aloit1rall .' · act i,·c.
(G) An idl P 111a11 l'annol e n gag e l1i111 sc lf in a ny c u1pl oy11 1e nt o r

l'H INCil 'LES OF EXl'HESSION.

(:?) 'fhc gov(·1·nor of the

:.'. l

ins1i1uti1 1n attril111tl'd tl1i:-: f"i ng-uLtr iiy

to l'Xl.'e:'S uf d e,·u tivn.

Il e reprore,/ hi :< l' ''i 'il.

l 1,.

e11dnu·ort•d to pl'r;-;uade J1i111 to altl'r l1i ~ lT:.:ol11 t i(/11 ,

(3) 1le fuurnl,

li o \V ~n.: r, ll 1a t l1i;-; r t · 11 H1n:.:tra11cl·~ Wt·n· itwtTt ·i · t -

u:d.
lie se nt for th e y0u11~ gt ·111lv111;u1 a ;.:, ai11.
1It•
obserced to lii1 11 tl1at s1 wl1 l·u11duc t wa:-> lii ~ lily unlw1·1; 111 in~ .
lie ul " "rn·d t.u l1irn that il wa s J. i,- d 11t:- to
t:unfun11 tu th e rule s o f 11w acaik lll y.
(4) Il e lll!'n e1Hlcarnre1[ tu karn tl1 e l'l' :l:'< •n ,,f Iii; l" ' l'i[' ,
cunlluct. Th e y uutli cu uld nut lie prevailed llJ•U ll ' "
impart, t}n• .' t'(Tt·t.
rJ'he gove rn o r thrCflfi 1I Cif 111 !'-'l' Hd
him l1:1!'k to hi> fa111il.1·.
(5) •S ir," ;aid t.l1l' y u1111g 111a11 al h st, • in 1n _v fat ],..r's j,.,,,,,. J
(' (I/ n<illiin:,f li11t \ila('k l1r1·ad .
I i ': 1t \1_.ry li11k 1•f 1Lat.
He rc l /1are f.'.O(J(} so up. l l" r" J liar(' l'Xn·llc111 wl1ill'
bread. I 11ti ~lit far(~ luxuriiH1 ~ l y. 1 co11""'' l' ''r .. :. 11u.fi.
llW>l'lf to lak l' anyt liin g l'l>e . I rcilcd 011 tla.: :oitua1i or.
of rny fatl11·r and 111<Jil1er.'
1

profl' :':-:i1m. - - .

§ 2. Rhetorical Classification.

10. Co n,·ert in to compll' X sC'ute uees : ( I ) Th e wiml l1lvw hard , a nd the tr!.'!'S fell d o wn .
(:!) Tlo c rin:r ha s a catara<.:L ll l' ar its 111011th, and it is not
na vi~a hll'.

(3) The l'li1n:H" i; intl'll'"ly h ot, am! th e co untry is re ndl'red
u nhl'itl! ll\-.
(4) ]"lie Hl·i:,!l d1t 11·liood i s very picturesque, anJ it. i s Yl· ry

11111 e h fn.,1111·11t c <l.
( 5) 1'he aarra. ti ,·l· 11f 1.• \'l• nt:-: wa !' afit"' c tin ~ . anU he wa s so f1 cuctl.

11. Combin e into eompo u11d se nLe!lces , using the it:ili eizecl
H' l"US :LS the Yer
of tile J11 (' lll l ll'l'"' : -

us

(1) A

y 01 1n g- ~f·n tlvm :Hl ·w :1-: :1t O!ll '

o f th('. :H· :u l 1 •mif' ~ in v~ri s .
Ho> are no thin g J.11 t ~0111 • :1llol <ll'I' bread. ll 1• dra11k
only wal• •r.

A se n Lell('C i11 wlii .. h t he part.:-< :uc k 11it. to;:d.]1!'1' hv ! l ,.]< , ~ c·.
lug i!"il !'Olln ection, :i.rn1 in wl1i('l1 t he l'1Jt111.J,·t;: "" 1' "" t." " "" 1w11d ed till t he close , i:; eall ecl a period , o r 1wriwli \' ""11i .. 1wc· .
Thu s : Conq1L·lkd by wan t
nnu.: h r e rsr'd i n
tlH·

lll• J!"t

Er:i:-:rnu ;q

to a.tt··ndan ('e

t'On1rn<1ll

lifl·

tlu1f

and
lie

)-i1iii,·itation . a11d ~c •

li:1 :-1 tra11 :-- 111ittt·1!

t i1

u:-:

pl'rfe1·l 1lt-li 111 •;1tion o f tli c 111a111H'r :-1 o f l1 i :' :1:,:1._

j•1in 1.;d

l·:

to hi :-: k11uw!t-d .~e 1.A il1l' \\'11rld su r lt :q1p!i-

!'alion to liook :< tl1al li e will fon"'"l' be 1:11titlt·d tu a l 'I:"·"
in t li e fir ~t ra11k of li te rary li e rues.

•Compelled' atHl

'\'C'l"Hl'd,'

l1t•i11!_'. Ycrl•al :u1jed i1·,·,.;. lt ·:id

11-i

to (' Xpcet a s u bject..

· ::'0 «alls f11r tlic •:l :111s1_· · that 1,. . 11 :1,.;
tran smitte(1 . . . age.' The cxpc:deJ 81 tl•jt TL i,; foulltl i11

,..

'i

ENGLISH
;f.I

"'
-~

fl:•

~

'.f'
\•

>- \

( 1) Periodic. - On tl1c rich and tlH· cloqnr. nt, on nobles and
prie,; t,;, t he 1'11ri1ans lol>ked "·ith co ntempt.

•,,

,if
1!!

t:
;1.

;;

•!
! ~;1
I

Tilt· de,·ic·e of s11s1w11st' ke1•ps the atte uti o 11 o f the re:ukr
011 th e str,'kh . [tnd, if n ut so lu11g :1;; t o J"'c<'1 11 1· fa 1i'-'11i1 1.'..!.
:<dtb to LL1e wci14l1t of a st:1Le 1ncu t . His t•;;pec iaiiy frcqt1.;uL
iu poetry . Ke~tLs opcu!::I Lt1s 'Hyperion· tuns: Dcc•p in t I"' slmJy sa dn1·~' of a vale,
Far ~ 1 inkl'n frnrn tl1l' lll•alt h1· lirc:tth of rnorn.
Far fro m tl1 0 fi,·ry O(JOfl :1nd \_, ,· .,;·~ ont· ~ t ~1r~
8at gray-l1airctl Saturn, q u iet ~=-- a titonc.

J:1

11t

i

i:·
Th r iwrintl prorwr cl o:::e;:: :1t 'S:1turu.'
:id.I ,; :t t,>tt('h o f J,,o :::c11 css .

1.

( ' :ll'l'

I

=n

1

I!m
~

~

liJ
~

I

1!1!-.
1j

!i:li

A balanced s.·nlcnce is one in whi1·h si1nihr or 1·unl r:1st•·d
~--

irle:i:o :ire ;;imil:uly expres;o; e<l nnd pbl'l'd: \ \'urtl1 111 ak (.•,..;, tl11• 111 :ui; w;1nt ci ( it. tl w ft.l \!1\\'.
A fabe l.i:da11ce is auon1inatiu11 tu tl.ie Lord; I.Jut a just wci~iil
i ~ !1i~ 1k:i~J1t.

.'i

I.

tlie

Loose sentences ;.ihonld , :<s they d<), form the st:lplc of <'OJJlpos it.ion. Tltc periodic ;,;Lyle is :tdaptl'd ouly a" a pkasi11;.>:
o r furcdlll 'arid.I'.

(2) Loose. - Tl1c l'mitan~ louked wi1li eon ic111pt on the ricl1
unJ th ,, el"'{lll'nt, on nuul cs anJ pri,•,;ts.

~:

011

Tlie world i ' not. ..tern al, n o r th e work of ehan c P = The wo1·ld
is 11 eitluT t. ·t.crnal 1101·, et<:·- ·
All the l'a gan 11;ilion' con:<ider n·lig io n as one part of YirttH':
tl1 e Jew :-: , o n thl' t:o n trary, rt. ·~anl Yir t uc a:-: :i part.,( rL'ligio1 1 = Jl 'hile all the 1':1g:u1 n:ttio11<, •·I•'.

Coutrnstcd with the prriotli c sente nce is the loose sentence, in whi ch there is comp lete sense at one or more points
IJcfo re U1.c dose : -

;~

~

. . . nor,' ' botl1 . . . and,' ' on th e oue l1 autl . . ,
other.' Thus: -

'Er:t:mrns.'
'.Joined' dcrn:tud s u direct obj ect.
Th1tt
ol1jecL i:; preceded b\' 'st1ch,' wl1ieh 1nnkcs ue1·essnry t!i f•

:·.;,.

23

PnINCJI'LES OF EXPRESSION.

POSITION.

t-'llCCCCd lug claU::i\.!.

l);·

..1

CO ~!

;-..}1:dl lit:

'Quiet :is

:1

s tone·

ntu .....:t hl_\ t:tkt·11 th :t t tile scntt•nce _ p(·ri(H{i1· or io<i't',
OJiJ1j> 1_(1'f.

'f /1 e

fdildwin ~·, t i14'11g-h :'l'L' Illi 1 1 ~J y

To :1\' 0 i1l tediousness . th er e shoul d be :1 jlll1icious :lc1111ixt11re of s1· 11l.1 •n(·•·" of diffe r ent k11 ;.>:th . Short s1·1 1kn1·c ;; c untribute to li1·cliuess; long ntH:R to cli;.>:11ity . Tlw i'urnl<'r :m·
more c:lsily nn(ler,,tood, :rnd :-o : 1 n ~ likely to lie murc q11icidy
forgotte n. Tltc latter r e•1uirc elosn atLcutivu, a11d ~·> '.H<'
m11rl' f:n·(1!':d1]., 1.o ;,,, 1,,.1'8-'i""· Eitl 1l'l' \Jeco1lle,.; t ire su111c Ly
<·1Jt_\ :--.l

:uit

t1:-,t.:.

;."_-; tu il.'/

1'11;" /l't .11 .

iJL'!'!-

odic, is oitcnsively looi;c in eousLruction : Not"· itl1standing liif\ havin~ gnn<' in winter to 1\fo~eo w. wh ere
110 fuunJ tjie eulil exn· :--:-:iYc, wi1i1·h t·u 1lli 1n:U i iim wirh o 11 r,
i11ij ·n11i~:-.:i 1 111 lo l1i .. . : ru1n11 , we t'• 11:l •l JJ•>t i11•!111T liiru tt i i·1 111 w
JJUUHJ.

EXERCISES.

J. Cbs;.ifv tlw fullowiug gramm~1 lic·:dly an cl rhetoril·al\y,
eb:u1ging 1.,0,.;e ,.;e11ll'11C1~:- illlO Jil'rioil,.,: -( 1)

(:!)

A loose s enten ce may be made period ic hv inv crtinCT the
ord er of part;; , or by th e u::: e e>f n•;;:pe>n;::i1·,,;: :1~. ' 11;itli <' r

l'ire i~ a tl'(11_1d :-;1._')'v;u11 ., l1u L it

i."' a had 111 ;'\.~llT.
;, nthar rnak t·lh !.i111 :-•· lf ri,.Ji. yd li:lth 11otl 1i1t'..'.:
th ere i~ that makcth liiwsclf puor, yet l.ia1 h µ;re: at

'Jhcr•~·

riches.

,.

24

I'RIC'<CJPLE:-; OF EXPHE!3!3ION.

ENGLI SH CO:'. ll'OSITION.

~tandard,

( :!) Tl1 c g reat l11mlcns he had born e, the ten iblc anxieties
and pnpl <' xiti1 ·s tha t liad poi , oned !ti s life, an d ""'
l"'acd11l S<'<' ll l'" J,., liad fo rcv<·r ld t L1el1ind , s 1v,~ pt

l1y

ar ro ~~ lii !' 111t·1 11 11rL

a t !.,!'nv 1•r nment, 1nu~1. l 14) 111·r-,·i·nl••d

11 0 1 1~1·, b11t1k i11 11:1 1111 , - - it w;1 .. .: <t tl1i11 \ <1l1111 1t ·.
with a. tt> :1-gn.•e: 1 p ;1p1-r ("()\. t ' r and a r1·cl )' 11an b:t·· L.

l)ri1·k

l1efore a.n a.wf11l l wi 11 ~ , who p11t •pu·:--tion~ lo nw wlti1·l1.
fur all ihat I 1·111dd u11d er ....:talld of t lw111. t11i'._d 11 ;1.-. w1· il
have been 1·1 >11i·l11..· 1I i11 l'u111ic or ; 11 ~a1 1 ... krit. 11 11\ \' ,

(G ) J\rurd c r has no tong 111', bu t it will s peak with most mirac11Jo11 s organ.

(7) Th e g;a rri >on must 1:itl1c r i·apitulate, or run th e r isk of

wlll'l1 a ~kcd ;d1uut go \·c r 11 in g 1 I an:-<\ 1;er .... d~ · I d, 111 · t,

star vation.

know ,' and wl 1l' ll abo ut. a:,.•;i'n:in ;,:;. ' I (' a n'l tl' ll.' t1 11 1il al
la ~r , in <IL· ~1 1 air, I :-:a id 11 1.. 1t11i ng, and 1·1iuk1:d d r,wn 111_:.-

(S) A man 1na.Y be lu('kecl up in ' !eel. 11ut Iii ,; cun sc ien<' e lllu st
not lie l' Ot'l'U]Jtcd wi th inju:<til'e, u1· he will be as if he
were nak ed.

t(·a. r ~. wu111l1·ri11~.

a1·011nd l1 im , a1H] inknt o nl y on solll c "'hje<.:t tl1at. altso rhcd !ti s 111 in J. h is hands behind Ji:rn , his l1at and
!'Oat off, an<! !ti s ta ll fo rrn be nt fo rward .
The :-' ad >in!'l·r it y, t he tin e in sig ht. and tl u· a mazi n'.; Yivi dn\·:-o~ and pid. 1 1n ·~ q11t~ ft_.: liciry 1Jf 1lic s1yle, n iake tlu ~
'H.c111ini :'('Cl1l'l' R' a t·emarkaJile uouk.

( 11) 'T «an no t. d n ir.' 11 0 \'C' r :H·t·o mp li ~ li c d a11 yt li i11 g; 'I will
t r_v' l1a~ wro11;;ht wn111h-r :":.

Hcsohc i11 to "C' ll lf'lll'!' ,; or lllOt'C s uitable length, and

cb::;:; ify tl 1c 111: -

(!) Tl 1c di ,.L' ipl i1H' nf the HomanR was the rl'Rt1l t, of srnady
a nd painf11l pe r:-evcra 11 <· <:, a nd t he ir a ltach111 e11t lo it
wn ' ('•[11:-. ll .1· 1•olitil' and lil'ln ; fo r t hey we re too aeutc
not to di"'<·rn th at il waR the mo, t. <'ffeetual support
of t h eir power. :1111! tlH·_v alRo aJm ini:-tcrcd Lhc 111ili tar.v oath 11 11.Jer j•C< ·11 liar l'i1·i:11111 st,an1· e,; of solc mnit1·
at wh ich ti111c tla· rnldicr swore 11cvcr to dc,c rt tl;~

in a. d azed , du111l1

fa.~ l1iu n,

\\'lll' tlwr

all thi s """ ]'"rt a11d parce l uf tlial lut:t! dl'p r;c,·i1.'· ,, [
tl1c h111nan hl':Lrt of wliif' li I had lll'ar<l "' 1111wh; l1uw
th(•fl the bei ng- tu w}10t ll f ap]'J,V 1111 <'pit J. \'I, f1q·. J•Uur
(' l'l':ll ure, lie 1 l1n11g lit li e wa :-> d· 1in~ ( ;1 ,tl :-t·n ·ice ....;aid

( U) ll c pa!'cd 11p and <low n th e walk, fo r~etf ul of e vc rythin f!:

2.

11)

witl1 :t lialf- pa inf1il, l1a lf-a11tt1 :-- i11g t l i~t irwl llt ......... ,
all t\11· iittl1; i1wid1 ·1d ~ of 1l1l' dn·;ulf1il :-:1· 1·tp· · \ p 1•.\· I
fo und iny .. .; cJ t' :-- tandinJ! in an lljlpc r cl1a11 dwr i ii. a :i11u111 .\·

froni diff11 ~ ing d i:-0<·011t c n1 , u r th en; ca n Le no pt.:ace.

(l (l)

li e wa.:-' a :-:!'.'l ured l ie ~ l1 u u ld IJ~ li· d

r1 ·~·1il\ 1 ·c1,

t ra 1io n.
m11rrn 11rl• r

wl1o~t· guida nce

vi j·t.,ir\·.

(-1) -'\ ..man ma.y b(• loy a l ti) hi :-- g-ov t·r n111t ·t1t, a11il yet '' )l fio ~ c
tl11; pcc11li:i r principl e,; and mc tl1 od s of the ad u. ini s(5) Eitlil'r f: \·l' r _,.

wl1id1 wa=-- d i:- 11iayt:d in the fro1it i ·f l1i-.. i1 ·wl1i t·l1 lw lllukcd 1111 ;1,... lu a l11!clary gt 11 l,

µ: ic~11. ancl t11

to rnP. in
~ ir ,

.),

;l. t c rril1l1 ~ v o i(' f"~

and h:tsl'

ne ~lei·t1 · d

'Yo u aru a

your

~ 111 1 1 i d .

idll· boy.

ta~k.'

Co11,.;tn 11·t n :trrnti1·.,,. i11 ;;i1 11pl e , \'<Jlllpkx, a nd <'<.Jlllj• l'tllld
L et. :-;uUH '. (, f tl1t·1n iH_: 11cr iudic: -

Ol'JJ t l'lll'eS .

( 1)

'Jl11· rr1hi n

i~

\\'('ll~kn r1wn l1il'd.
'1'11 ('. r11l1in i...: 1·;llled il ie
'l'h f· r1 1 lii11· ~ l1rr~ a ~ t i:" uf ;1 d e1·ji n·d ! 1r :1 n~1·
1'hr· h1 ·:ul i:'\ lirown . 'f i n! 111' p1·r i' a r :... : ;HI'

a

l'edl1 n ':1:-< I'.

(«1lnr.

l•ruwn. Th l' head a n1l "f'J1l' I' p art s ar" tinµ;cd wi1l 1
µ;rl'c ni sh o li1·c .

(2) Tl1 e l o; 1tll< · of [ l:" t.in µ:s wa;: fo nµ:h t l.1•1w,-.·n Ha r old of
En;!Ltnd an d \Villi :1111 of ::"\n r1n and1-. llarold luo k up
l1i:- lH• , ition un a lin<' of hilk I I" fortill<:d it. wiih a
rarnpa r l of 't:tkt·;:. T lw l·: nµ; li:-lt ,;ta11dard wa:< 1.! anf<·d
in tli e g rt1 11 1Hl. Tln· ..\11 }.d o- ~a :\11 11 ...: ~allwred rc11111d it
in ,ul id , C'o111 pal.'l 111a ' '· Tl,,.1· r<·c<·i l'<· d lh!' i1· ;\'n1'111an

',

26

ENGLISH COMPOS ITION.

l'lU~Cll'LES

a~s aila nts wiLlt h (·avy b lows of tlic ir uattlc-axcs.

sau lL aft_er '.ts:"a11IL w a~ :<u .. •:l':<sfull.1· n ·p 11 l,;,.,l.
wa' l;e:;1 11nmg amo ng»t t he ;\orn1ans.

.,_,

OF EXl'HESSION.

A~­

A pan ic

\\° illia rn then

tho ug- l1t of a str ata gt· 1n to draw th e Au ~ l o-Saxo 11 s into

tl 1e plai n. l le or dered hi s rn e n lo fe i" ll ll i"l•l
'j'] ,
o
·
le
:.ng l1 sl 1 unwaril y pu r,;uccl.
Yast 111111 d;crs of thern
were in tlii !-> wa_,. ~u1-ro undt~d. ' ':.i st n 11 mLc rs w e i·e
sla11ghtercd. St ill the bat.Ile rag;ed . T l1t! J-:i w li, Ii
stood a li 1·ing r oc k of ,·al or. Tli.cy dron: liack ~ac li
~ llCl'C S s i vc at tack . A t la s t Harold fol l. Two lirn ve
brutl1crs ft•ll by h is side . At s un ,;et the Eug li sl1 tted .
The liattle wa s wuu uy \\'illiam.
..

•

("j

]

CHAPTER TT.
Pl{l ::\Cll' LES OF E.\l'HESSIUN - C11 0 ll'E OF \\° OHL> ...:.

Use words that properly and accurately express the
meaning.
( J) Guard again.st &reciches of concorli /Jet ween
predicat e ; as -

sul1jl'cl r1 111{

a. T he army 1cerc nea rl.v annihilated.
b. K eit hcr she nor I arc inv ited.
c. Ei th er you or lie lcn o w it.
d. TJ_1 c e11or 111 n11::: e.rp(' use uf gover nm ents lu1rt pr11Y uk(·d

me n to tlii nk .

(2) T((kr'

1'(ff l' !h o/ 71nrt/,·i11leH nre a ll n.f'/1r•i/ tn 11011 ,,s nr
Th u;;, in th e fo ll owing t he re is not.bin g to w l1i 1·li
'arri vi ng ' or' p en.;1:i1·i 11 g' c:lll prv pcr ly lie rl'fr1n·d:

prm101wg ,

a. 'The pa~~agc occ 11pit·d th ree day~, a1.,-iciH9 in Byrun':-:

Ha y
b.

:ii

P l'rc t ·iY in ~

7 P. M.

hi s

111i ~t:l ke.

it w as hi .. imm ediatt\ vn d (:avo r tj)

pnt him se lf ri ~ht..

To be correct, the seutences should be a. ''pl' oe('upit' d tl1 n·P tlay~ in the pa ss agt~ , llrri r lny 111

B.n on' s Hay at 7 !'. M .
b. ] 'erreiri1ty l1i :-i n1i:-:t akc. he imnh•tliatt·ly f·nd1·avt1 rt•d
pu t hi111 sdf ri ~ li t.

l 11

,:.-

.

2S

ENGLISH

co ~rr OS l TlON.

PHINCll'LES OF EX I'HESS IU K.

( :l) D u not use a past pa rticip le fur ci pm;t tense , nor vice
L'eoni; as -

(7)

D o iiol 11se udj1;cl i ve::; ·ichere wlced..1:; ure rer;11i!'•'rl, 11•H

con·l' e,.,;c(IJ: -

a. I do11 e [ didJ it qui('kl.'··
11. li e had bruke [&roken] it.

o . I le read s slow a11d di>'tind.
/,. S he luuke.d ue:u1tif11lly.

(-1 ) [)se lh f' pe1:f'ecl i11ji11ilice 01dy when !li e tiin e denoted by
it is pn'or lo that of the 11rin cipal cc rb . Thns, not -

(8) 111 compa;-i11y Ilea u~jec ts , use the cu il1J1Umfire; i,,
co·11tp u.ri1u:; more Utan two, the supedatirc; w1rl ,/,, 1·"' -'J1''il
a cumpa rison &!J wronul!J i11:;erti11'.} or omillit1'.} • ut/11 1'. '
1

H e thoug ht to ha i:e escaped,
She is th e you11ger of the l wu .
I l " is t he olcle;;t of th e three.
'1\·xas is l:trger tha11 a ny [o tll\'r] StatC' in tlil' l ' >1 iun.

b11t Il e thoug ht to e.<cape.

( .-, ) A w id th e co11.fi1sio 11 n.f may W l 1l can, shall Clllrl will.
' ~ fay ' mea ns pcrn1i s:.; i o11 or proki.loility; '<·:Ln ,' p o w e r or
po::;::;ilJi li ty .
Tl1e di::1t i11dio 11 liet weeu • ::;!t a ll ' and 'w ill'
JS -

Futnre. nf 1,,·.rp1 c latio n.
1

' liall go.
'1'J1ou wilt go,
Il e will go,

\\' v , J,alJ ::,::o.
)~011 will !,! O.
Th l'y wi ll go.

F ·11.l 1tre

ef /Jd ermi11rtli on .

will i.:o.
Thou .<l1:d t ~0,
JI" :' hal l g0,

\\'., will go.
Yo11 sli:tll go.
Tl1 (·y sh all go.

(C) .Re ('rt. r~(11/ 1 11 t hr>. mo.11o;;Pm('11l of' pro1101111s . Let it be
pr rt'ec.tly rl(•: tr to wha t ant<'cl'd 011t t he pro uo11n refe rs, rtnd
u,.:e ·the s pec ial form r equ ired l1y t he rul es of g0\· e rnm e11 t.
That stands for ci thc1· persons o r t hings, ~tnd in t ru1!11 ce8 a
re;; t ri d iv c cl:u1sc; which, for irr:tt ional :u1im:lb o r things,
:11ul in tro<ln cc8 ch iclly :t p:m·11l l11•l.ic a.l rla111>c: who, for p.c rs o n::;, nnd is c'itl1 c r p:in•u tl 1et ic:d o r restri ctive : a. Cor:t me t 1\btlli l' in tow11, and site r ceog11i ze!.I hor at
Oll('C.

/,. It is mr.
c. 11'!1 0 :\re• yo11 l:1n~l o in .£: at ?
,/ . 1,·ach of th em lllll ' f :111 <\\'1•1· for th emse/re.<.

('.!)

Us(' only one llf'!JUlioc iu muki11u ci clntiul: (l.

r do n't

wallt Jt o tl1in~ .

/1 . lice docs 11 't sc:tn :c ly ever go.

To a\·o id making an assertion too pos itin·, l1ow<·1·1'r, ,.;11, ·li
p h rn srs as not nnconunr111, 11ol iu1'1c1•/t:o11u" ar c of't1·11 11 s1·d
" ·ith just and plea1>ing effect.

( 1O) Do not misu 81' J1!"l'J10sitioi1.~, nor 11sP
nor omit them w h en they are requ ired: -

llll'lll

111:e1llessl:1 ,

Tl1i ~ i ~ difJ .. n·nt lo [from] that..
b. \\'h at is th e ma lte r of [1rith J t he cat.?
c. r entreat of yo11 lo hC'a r me.
ti. The tl 1ing is [of] 110 use to me.

a.

( 11 ) D o not 11 s e or as the correla.t i oe 1~{ neither (") ; 11,,1·
li!rn i11slewl r'. f' as (/1); ?111 r if ·11'/,en. vo11 me11n whether (1·);
·11o r but for than a.fla ru 111vurati ve worrls (cl): a. Ile wi ll 111:itli. er :.:0 with me or [n or] wr.it till I rt'lurn .
/1. Do like [as J I do.
c. A ,k if [ 1rhetli er] li e can go.
ii. It is no ot he r 11111 him [th an li e].

I' RINClPLES OF EXI'RESSION.

E:'IGLISil COMPOSITION.

30

')'

,,_JJ..

5. Insert done or did: EXERCISES.

1. ::>upply prouonus, giving your rensous for the correetnest> of each : -

(1) li e met a man - - pointed out the ri ght way.
(:!) l have wri tten in lllJ uwn words the sto ry - - yon told
me.
( 3) The calyx is that part of the fl owe r - - li olds the
co rolla.
(I) Those - - rcn.d poetry, fi ntl beautiful thoughts.
(5) Tlicy met :it the seaside many persons - - they knew
to be ohl friend s.
(6) An animal - - has two lc~s , is called a uiped.
(7) ,\ ninials - - rat flesh arc called fle; h-cating or carnivorous animals.

2. Supply compound pronouns: (1)
(2)
(3)
( 4)

- - wi:<he s to exeel rn t» t work hard .
' Ve sl1011ld l' a refully aYoid - - gives pain to others.
- - dcs iro·s rie lw;; mu st be dilig<•nt.
'fake - - yon choose.

3. ,loin the following statements hy relnti ,·c pronouns: (1)

4.

I lu' a"'l thi" Rtory frolll t li<' captai n of th e w""''I. H<',
howe ve r, was not pre ,;l• nt wh en the pirates boarded
her. (2 ) I h:lv" l,..pn I.eaten in ar ith metic by John.
1 have alw:1ys IJO.":ltl'n hi 1n ht·forc. (:3) Yes terday we
playetl at foot ball. T du not. lik £• it as w"ll as cri..:ket.
( 4) I uadL: farl'w ell to m~· fr ie nd s. 1 t hought I should
ne ver sec my fri,·nd s ag ain.

Use S]lokc or s1JOk e11 : (1) Ile - - vc·r.'· Wl·ll. 0) You have - - t.oo ~oon. (3) I
sliould 11avc - - llJntil'r. (-1) lla"c th C'_,. - - lo you
aho11t iL? (:1) ll;" l·:dward - - to yu u abo ut it?
(6) "Wh o ~ aiJ you had - - of it ?

(1) I - - the greater part of it. (:2) ThC' dn· '~ is - -.
(3) Who - - thi s? (-l) The carpentr- r l1a ~ - bis work well. (5) Wl 1u said I - - that? (1;) He
has - - hi s work well. ( 7) All>ert - - it hi1M .. if.
(8) Joseph - - bis example.

G. Supply choose, chose, o r chosen : (!) I - - the red apple. (2) AmC' ri cam1 - - fr(·f'flom <if
thought.. (3) f - - to go alo n<". (-1) (;l'Or~l' wa s
first. (5) Sarah he rself thf' dr"' ~· (1!)
sboul<l have bC'en - - . (7) Will you - - fi1» t ·~

''

7. Su pply an adjective or an adverb, g iving your retsou
fo r the choice : Th e binls sing - - . (B••antiful or lwaut ifnll y '! )
The dap fly--. (Swift, or swift ly?)
Sh e walk s -- . ((;racdnl <•r grncef11lh· ?)
H e spoke - - and - -. ( Clear and distin c t, "r "lva rl:•
a.nd 1li stin('tly '! )
(5) Th e moo n shi nes - - . (Rri ght or !.rigl1tly ?)
(G) The old man looks--. (::;ad or sadly 'I)

(l)
(2)
( 3)
(-1)

'"_.} ':

8. Supply suitable Ycrb-forms: (l) E ither of yon - - al •l e to lift it..
( 2) Each of the girls - - ;tudiL•d the ksson.
(3) Neither of us - - ~ 11il ty uf the l'h:u·ge.
( 4. ) N o one of the an im;ds - - da nge rous.
(5) .Neith er of them - - ti vc ye:trs old.
( 6) .No one of t.he p r ison e r~ - - CS<"a pnl.
(7) Every man, woman , an<! "hild - - lost.
(8) Neither of the l>oat" - - in jnr-:d.

;

,,
I.;.,:

9. Use t he following words correctly in t>e ntenccs: h eavy
hea v icr
heavie st

tall
t a ll er
ta lles t

~O<•d

better
best.

lit tic
less
lea't

l>ad
woi·"e
wurst

:r >' .

I

I

I~
1·~~

32

,~

l

~

i1

•:j

'

ill

~'~l;': :.
·1·

,,
lij

c

PHI~ C l

Criti c i,;e and correct: -

11··
~·

El\GLISH COM l'OSITION.

inllf
111

11~.

d

11;1n11·

1

i;f 1lw Iw r· ... 11n

did .
(21)) 'l'l1t·y liaYe no ut ln_T :-:ta111!ard

or

hiu

HF;
•1i!~ Ii ')'!
I! ..,.
,tJi,.;

I1~' ii
iiF P

; lt':. '.

J1·~·f.''. I '1•

!;:!):
'!' '
jttl'
ii

,.i

i11g: 11as bL·e.n di sc CJY1._·n ~ d.
(2!l) S 11 ch wl're the diflic11lt.ies with whidi tLe qt1e >tion wa s

(7) T ii e i'a1111) 111en who stole the h or se o btain ed th e rewarcl
offe rl'cl for bi s r e turn .
.Jupite r is almost"' l1ri .~ ht as Y <' nu s.
f fc·ar Jl',t WP SJi:dl nu t arri1·" in St':l><1n.
'rl1e lior~c i:-\ ~ wi ftl' r, but not ~o st r1ln g a ;-; d1t ~ f)X.
'I'l1erl' i ~ Bf' u 11 e a s wi :-:e t li at. 11 e dues Hot sonH:tiuu.:s make

irFohcd.

(RO) ' r l11'.
-------,--~-

than tli o;;e of the sen' "'·

(l~)

,L
rn ;
j;,

( I [)) A :.; r.-at. wind ha,·i11 :.; aro~t'. it. l1lnw<'d hard a ll day.
(I ii) 1 l1a\'t: furhurn fr u 111 a :-:ki n .~ yo11 wl_1l·t lter .roti duue it.
( I 7) \Vii e n~ was l"ra11J.:lin hor111~ '!

_t___ ~

( 11')

)' n 11 O\'t__•rdu 11 t• your Jia r t.

C·_-

( I ~! )

Po ~~ j iJ l _v t l11 '. c on11ecti 11 !..!>t·od m;iy hav 0 ht·()kt'.

(~U)

~c:ar.- l' i_I" I.ad he ut te r ed lhc fatal wo rd than the fairy

(:35)

r=-

i ;·

L

t·

f<11011ld alwn.r ~ hf' n· ady tn a~si ~t s11<·h poor P"r~(lf1~ 1
wli o are 11n ai ,Je throu_g-11 :5 ieknf·ss o r n 1i ~ fortu ne to ul1lain a li1·"lilwnd .

Tf::~:-

' " t_·

tli p ],.;iq

np·

f;i

prP::; :-01,·e of tl 1ai qf any of tlie Fn· rwlt .~~ ·rwral >( i11 tlw

Ii

i:i pani :< h l\·11iu ,;ida.

!u.

r

Ji}.

E"

-!''

I
t.
t

i~~
~

!

!

i:-<

:-:linul1l

liim fr• 1rn

wJi o tn r have l'ect"iVL' d :-\U lllllll )' fav or:'.!.
Eal'll of tl1t·:-= e woi-J : :; i11ipl y :-'11l1le jtlll' ~u it. or ul1j ··c t

r1 :-

liri1 111i:-:!11 ·d .
(:HJ)

~·o 11ation ~iY 1 · :-t ~r1·:tli'r 1•n t·• 111ra~1·111 t>nt lo l1 ·;1r11i11'...'.: r li:i n
W l~

}

ot l1 e rwi~l'.

(2:i ) S ud1c1.';; admin i>l ration "''" in<'<>mparahh·

, ~ ir l 11t· conf<~rs tht~ s up n·1111.: :-:t tli ~ nit.' · on m an~ and

be hi s cl 1i de:<t t!(•,ire.
(3:3) Eve wa s tli e Ltiru't uf ali l"'r d:iu ;;l.ter:<.
(:~ ·t) I 4' an11nt te ll wlio lia:-; h1..·fri l' n!kd 11w, JJn \e~s it

d u not du11bt b11L wl1 al yuu e .. u]J 1,bta in the ]llael'.
( J :!)
wa s 11 01. :-: nre if it w a."' tt fox or a wol f.
(11) ' l'l u· ca11lt'l 11a:-: :l:"i muvli :-;t n· u;...::tl 1 and 111 1 1rt~ t•1nl11ra.1H·~~

Ui) The cle«tric tele:.;1·"p l1 ;, of :.; n'at " ~" t o rnanki11ol .
as it enabi l';"; l1 iu1 to J.:nuw what is goi11~ o n in
t he wol'ld aro11nd hin1 m11ch ~uon e r than lie wot1ld

thc· L·a:-.-i e r dis1..·o ven •1l from ih lwi n~

( 3 l) 'J'l 1e pk· ; 1~ure~ of tbe 11 ndersl a11di11 g arc n1ore prefcr;1lJlc
(3:!)

di ~ap p c arct.l .

1 ·o n~pi rac.'· was

knuwu l O l fia. n~-.

-,~

111i ~tak~·:-'.

(22)

,v}ii cl 1 lo f1 ll"!n 1l1-..·111 -

(27) 'l'h i:' rn 1·1·l in g ~ l1n11ld p r n1H'rly h a\·(· t aki·n j•lai· e t!) 11 1,-llTf•\\'.
(28) 1t is now al1out fu1 1r huJJdrc"I yea r s ' in ce Il ic art of 1·rint-

fl1a 11 t lH· lio r :-:e .

111

Utl

~t·l \ ' t.,, !'i .

(G) Tl 1l' e<>mmi"i oncr lJa' !'t>r·un" I the 111e11 and the 111oney
whi1·h h e con t rackd fur .

ijf
jl

f cssor s frnin ~ !' ai11 :111d Fran ·t:.
cu1wlu~i1J n fro111 tl 1e ti u bjl'« I tl1 ;111 I

(:2;j) 1 f'-~ dr ew a diffl'rent

(·1) O ne of tl1 e fir,L wl 10 intro<l ue«rl it was l\I o11t""l''i"u.
(5) 'Thi s j..; tlit• lll Of'f. US(·f11I arl wJ 1i(; h ll!t'll }10:-\ ~l' :-i S.

(8)
( !.!)
(! U)
( I I)

.j. )

(:!-1) 'f h ~ f tali:in l111ivi. 'r:'i lie ~ W\'r(•. fon:t·d to st·n d fqr llwir pr''

( I ) l ll' i> nut th e JH'l""Oll wli" },,.. 1\ j>Jl":l '" '" to h···
(~) \\'as iL th o u 0 1· t he winJ who , J,u t t Ji .. "'"""!
( ;J) ' l'lw ~11111i11a t i\· t· t ' .\prc:'l'."'es tl11~
t lain g: wl1i('h a,('t~ .

o )·I

PLES OF EX PH ESSIO:i

1!0:

yd. at tl 1L'

in tlw ap1.Ji(·a1

(37)

l

:--:J1u1J] d

01 ~

:-a1ue ti11w ,

111itl1'

art· :--:( 1 i11 j ujli1 ·i1111,,.

i1i11.

o\illg1.,•d

10 liilll, jf

Ill' will gra tify

llH' ill \}1 ;1 t

pa.rt ic n lar.

\38) \ Ve h"v e d one no more than it was

01 11·

d11ty to Ii ~""

dullt'.

(:l0)

y.,"

k11"w tl"' <·str•f'rn T li:11'<) uf l1i s pl1il o'o i'h_'"1I1· i:-; r1 · ~1)in · d of g Piri_'c. '. al1ro;1d .
(-ll) Xeitll<'r th" o n e· no r t l H· ui.h.'l· ,],all 111 akc '"" sw .. 1·1·,. uut
uf 11"' p:1tli whi.-1 1 I li:tl'e t1·:1n-.I 1., 111.1s.-lf.
(4~) 'l'ho1 1gl 1 t' (J!lfurm:d,J t.: with l 'll :->to m , the: practi('l' i ..:.: wrnn'.! .
( ,iU)

( l :!)

I~~ 111if ;( 1 i ' nr

In

,)11,n .·w

s11,)1

11·(J/'ll.-.:

11.'l

t/i i·

hn . ; a;l111·1111riull·1 l tu th e iticw; llwl yoa i11tewl tu

l 11 ·s.I

!l;-;1tr/ 1'

,._,.;,,.1ss.

.\

,.

_.:

...

E~GLISH CO~!POSITlON.

34-

" ·or d m:ty e x p r ess sornctliing " ·hol ly diticrcnt
iutendccl mcauiu g : -

from the

r c.rcep t your ki11d invitation.
/,. l e~p e l'l tl1:tt he wa s ratlter wi ld .
c . She: s1T mcd de1· ply cj/'ec1,.<f.
d. lie lea rn ed me ~rn 11111wr.
a.

A wo rd m ay be wrong iu a ce rtain con n ec ti on : a . '_fht'y g o! 'Try /, u.n :1 r.J1·
b. ()u r tf,:1icif.!t11.'ics ;1rc IJl'in g gradually iu111ro1:ed.
c. For tlti; d iffc r• ·111·e n o vtl1e:r cau se ea 11 IJe a~s i g n f·d but
cU 11 caliv11.

'Got ' implies net ion. C' ITo rt, purpose. ' l>dic icm :ics' arc r cmoYcd o r 011ppl icd . 'Ot her ' requ ires than.

( 13) Aroitl th e use of er;1ci1·r,c1d wo 1·d8, be 1cnd e r.~ toocl in more senses ll1 ru1 011e : -

35

l'lU:\ C lPL ES OF EXl'H ESSl0 "1.

1conl1i /li nt may

a. Jf e lt ad l1t·c11 frnm hi s youth auacli ed to the C ltureh.
/,. Sl1c did nut rr<111t s1ol icitatiun to r·ons1·111 10th,· mea;url·.
c. 1f t.he lad ,ltv11ld ka\'C !ti s fath e r, /,,, wo11ld di '.

'Attn('hC'<l' may me a n C' it hcr th:tt. lie h:td l 1t· 1• 11 fo nd o f tltc
Clw r cl t or tlrnt li e li: 1d i.,,,.11 :t lll<'tll be r o f it , IJ01111d to it .
'\Vant' rnay m ean l'itli1' r that ~hC' <lid n ot. d !';; irC' so li e ita1io11
or th :1t slic d id not l:ick it·. 'll ·' n1:1 y n·fe r , g ram111:1Li c: tll y,
to c iLh cr 'l :Hl ' o r ' Ltlher.'
( 1~) Arnitl /hi' cm1/11sio11 rf sy11uil!Jt11s,- 1wnls 111'£li'i!f
u/ike in m ew1i1t(I: -

I am ex pos( ·d to <'Outin 111111 .~ in1 c1T 11 pl iuns.
b. Tb C're a re !.!<lOd i!rnun d ; t'111· ']llc'•li1 o11in ~· t!t c a111hei1ticil!I
of O;~i:rn ·~ po('m ~ .
"
c. Ile is persuaded limt 1 1 ~ is wrun;!'.

'Continuous · m eans 1111intcrn111tecl. !knee the better "· o r<!
wo uld IJC 11e1:J''' / 1wl , wlii c·h rc·fers to re p calnl ads. J\ wo rk
is m1tlu •n/ic "·hen it ..;t:1k" w li:it i,.; tn1e; it i,.; './"'"'''"' "iw! \ it
is re ally the pruduction or tlte :u 1tl w r to wh o 111 it is nsn ilwtl .
Ge11tt i11 e11ess >;ltould l1 e rc 1.Je u se d in ste ad of' a11tlt1·11t i.- ity.'
] 'c rs u :u; io n r cf,•rs to t li e \\' ill, :tllll It.: a ds to acti o n. Co1 I\ · il·tion refers to the urnh·rs t:mdiug. 'Il e i::; co 11 c/1,cr:<l tha t la:

io wro n g.'
EXEHCISES.

l. :-; l'p:1rnte tlie followini[ " ·u rd,., i11tu ).!'rotq•" of ll' t.onh
11:tYin g t lt c s :1 rnc or n c:nl_y th e ~: tllll' llll': t1 1iug : -

"gu rgcou:;

adduce
>l1u n
a bate
la\'islt

ass ig n

~lll'COl'

111i,furtun e
, elrc 111e
dec rea se

gr:1nJ

a bando n

adm ini ~tc r

gove rn

ma in ta in

;,1, lend id

wi ; lia p
for:;:ike
plot
d i11ii ni ; h
lib<:ra l

<r

•11 crous

cvenl t1:\lly
q11idly

Ja ,: tly
warmh·

unite

n1i 1i~ at e

fervidly
t ran• 111illy

ea,:ily

:l.

IC'<'C ll

fa;; ten
Lo1111tiful

Cillalllily

di""lcr
super b
:ll'Oid

]'I a n

hin d
;wif1 ly

il:' :-.l 'l"l,

ar~1H !

all:ty
rnvthe
con;piral'y

il11ally
d i,111 11 e
gl' ntly
ultimately

a nle nt 1.'·

\\' ril C' p:iirs of :;e n tenec:s

111

:1\'0id
elude
cata,trt>1•l1e
arra ng:l' 111 vot
d e~e r L

rcd11 l'C
tn:q..:;niti~·l'nt
fre•·
n ~ :--i .. t

'I"i,·tl y
fcrvc111ly

r ~t i'idl y
;;cl fi;lily

atl ,·an ce

C:·wl n·w

g reedil y
sordidly

speed ily

n1 eanly

\\'ltiela tbe foll o win g \\'Ords

:tre t·u 1Tcctly u,;ctl : -

a.

tran~pire

ocr·ur

l'llr:ll

('d11cati vn

i n ~ t r 11t·t i o1 1

r c~i~n

lin:tl

COIH.: lu : : ive

~eV l'n.!

ru stic
relin q11i,d1
~t ri d

36

E.'\ GLISll

CO ~IPO SITION.

3 . \.Vha t is t he cli rfc r encc bet,,· ee n -

the
l'l\'Cr

forg·i,·i11_
:;a ~ trc et
a. large 1na 11
pe el in g fr 11it
<J ll ic k mot ion
co11 n" ' llin g a pe rso n
fOl'I it 11 de
faded J! uwc r
l't1 Sl o 111ary a.t:ts

sure

and
and
an d
an J
a nd
a nd
and
a11d
and
a 11 d

pa r<lunini;?
a r oad ·;
a g rca l 111 an?

parin g- frnil ·J
swif1 111otion '!
ad111 u ni :, l1in ~ a

person?

wit he red Howe r '>
ha.l.1it ua I a(·t:-, ·.'

ce rtai n ·.'

Wil'k ed
d c pra\' ed
c riminal
g11ilty

t C n !" lll' C

reproach

5. Of each of t he fol lo win g, g i,·e the antonyms, - that
i::;, worch1 b:l,·in g an o ppo:;i te , or :t coutr:try u11: auiu~: e :1rly
J.,l 11n t
C( Jll CC al

~t. i ngy

hi gh

n a 1TO\V

r o 11 ~ h

wrong

sl1 al luw
co nf 11 ; e,I
tl. ic k
soft

li~ltt

\n·ak
fa,. t
sharp
c<1ual

:tc 4·11r: ltC
];ll<'

wid e

( 1:2 )

from th e fl oo r.

<..:0 111''1 }.;'I..' ·~

to hope
to CX )'ed

(x) Th e sun - - a t ~ 1x.
( :1 ) T l1e
h:-t: - - a g r caL dea1. (1 0) 'I :-'aw thl' :-nn
1l1is morning.
( Ll ) I l'annot - - tl1i s win-

b rea1l.

'J'l1 c sun - - at li\' C tlii s 111 ur n i 1q~ .
( J ;>) Tl 1e rnn l1a s - - . (14) l wi :; lt yoll wouit l

dow.

4. Pl:-tce o ppos ite ea ch o f th e foll o wing " ·onls tbe one
word bc:st s ui ted to bring ou t its pec uliar :shatle of meuniug
(as, a p i tcous oujec/) a pitiful uelwlder) : compl ete
total
con,·ic ti un
p e rsuasion

37

PRINCII'LES OF EXPRESSION.

tl ull
sl e11d"r
Sii ppus i ti on
1·ight
o ld

G. Supply n ticu', n 1i.w'il , t' isc, r use, or risen : -

(1) Ile - - from 111(' 1·lt:1 ir :1 n1l cro!'SC<.l tl1 c r oom.

(2 ) T

ha \' C - - a s ea r h· a>< four . ( 3) li e tlrnt woulcl
thrin' rn u:< t - - h.1· fi,·e. (4) llavc )'Oil - - tl1 c
wi1Hl ow '!
( ;i ) lLt1e : 011 - - fru m your scat ·1
(G) \\ ' lint makes the urcaJ - - ? (7) Yea st - -

7. Su p ply the propN form of lie , lay, sit, set, lco.c/1, /t orn,
3eern, <t]'Jlec.u, lo cc, or //ke: (J) Charil-,, - - up "t rai ght. ( 2) 1 ha\' e - - up Ion;..:
c n01 1g-h. (:l) - - the la1np un t.l1e tal,Je and - - Ly
me. (-t) Ilcnry - - fur lii,; picture tu- th·'" (!>) I
can - - my ]e:;;on . (G) 'V il] yoll - - me lo d rnw '!
(7 ) IIuw lon g will it take you to - - rne 't ( ~) l
cannot - -

HI _\·

gco~ rapliy

lc~f'on.

C')

\\."ili

'.y 1H 1

- - me h ow to skate ? (10) Do ni•t a;k 11 1e lo - you.
( J 1) Yo ll will n(J L - - m e l1 o w In knit.
( l 2) Ile - - d own to rc ~ t. ( 13) I le - - t lte l;or. k
d o wn. ( 14) Il e h as - - the uoo k d o wn. (1 &) Jk
ha.] - - <low n to re st. (JG) lie liad - - the 1,,,,,k
<l o wn. (17) T will - - down an1l re st.
( !~) f
will - - m:· ]'Cll down. (1!1) A 111a11 is - - 011
tlt e po rd 1. (2 0) ,Ja111es i8 - - (J ilt l<m1a lu jol :rnl , ,
( 2 1) Tlh; sun is j1 " t - -. ('.!2) I arn - ,;i ii.
( 2:: ) T am tir ed of - - so Hill. (:! -!) ~ J,,., i,;
ne:tr tl1 e t<Ll1l e.
(:!:-,) The - - ;11n ].,.,J" 1.. .. 1.
(:!6) Ella is - - 11ndcr a tree in tli e : '""]. ( :! ~) ~ 1,,,
lo b e ~atis fi e1!. (2R) Tlic d1"" ' -- - 10 l1 Pncw. (:l!J) Th e clay - - fi11c . ( :lO) Pid ' I"' - - t o ],e conte nt ed ? ( 31) Th e moon - - oY e r 1 l1 c
Lill. ( :J2) How did l ie - - to be ? ( :;'.t) 1L - to lie ~ re e n.
(:LI) 'f'he H H LI\ - - 11 1 l w \\·r· l!
j•lca,ed . ( 35 ) T l1opc you will - - well. (:H:) J
ca n - - well if I wi ,;lt to . (:t7) Tltc sl.un11 - t o ],"' pa s ~ing O\'er. (;Jti) The w11 - - L<.·tw """" Ll1 e
d o111ls.

/.····

:38

E:\"GL !Slf c mu'OSITION.

8. Criticise :rncl correct : (1) I cxpe,·/ that lie is mt h er wild. ( 2) Tlti s res ult was predir ·/,,,/ tl 1n·c y<' :l r > a ;::o. (:l) Tl1 e day is ~o 1lice that 1
know we ~hall lia \'\· a ru ce ti me. ( .J.) li e !/M rnry
cl row~:·· (j) ~li e tW1J f8 some candy. (G) ,\ft er a

1011;; 1r ial the pri >OIH.' r was e:ww: ra ted liy 1hc jury.
(;) l're; ide n t Lincoln was killed.
(8) A i;reedy
child n••\" Cr ha ;; enOl!f/fi . (9) B.1· ('011linual ofisert'0 1JCe
of tI,., lll'a.r e 11 ~ the ' l'i e ncc of a"tronomy has bl'en
g rt·at ly advance<l . (10) The ceracil!J of tbc stal cDll'n t was calkd in rp1t',;l io n. ( 11 ) It is well kn own
tltat a di slwl i..f in Chri, t ian it.: · became vt·ry ji·e,1ue1Jt
a!Jout this li lll t'.
(12) llow varir1us l1 as i>l:t.' 11 tlte
pro;::re's of Cl11·i ; tia11ity in thl' three g rea t tlivi :; ions
of th e Old \\'orl LI. (1 3) The expo"itin11 o f our faults
is i11tt:11ded for our :::ood . (14) lie spoke niost co 11te1111iti/,/!/ of th,· man. (1.'.i) The justice o f th e n·rnark
wa s a l'knowlcdg-nl hy all pre sent. (IG) By g iviu g
. proJ< e r a/len rlw1 ce t o hi' studi es, pr ogTe~s will soo n
lie m:itle. (I 7) Th ere ne ve r was s11eh a qua n/ ;l!J of
animals at an:· c:\tl lc - ~bow .
( 18) The reaso 11 will
bc acco11111 ed for herca ft...r. (19) lie /auk a fever.
00) The gcne1-:tl wa ~ cn 11scio11., of tl1 e ene my·, d esig n.
(~ 1) Error :-; in t·tl 1w: 1rion ~ho11ld

he l c~s indul~c d than
any. U:.>) I know 11o ne so h:i ppy in hi s me taph ors
as Addi >o n.
(!:!) This nolile nation h a th of all
other,; admitt e d fe wer l'Orniptions . (24) Tltl')' were
persons of v<'ry moderate intellects, eve n before th ey
were impaired hy tlw ir pa ss ion s.
(i'5) "'e will
never look on lii s like again.
(2G ) I fea r tliat
I will Jo,,e it. ('27) I hope that I will be well.
(28) I bcli ,·1·e tl1at I will catch cold. (29) I hope
I will not l>t· 111i;~ ed. (:JO) I fear w e will have
rain. (:ll) It. is r<'<JllL·s ted that no on e will leave
tl 11· ro0111 . (:;:.>) I tl1iuk I will Le CO lll CIJ lu<l , but I
dou ' t know.

PHI~ C IPLES

OF EXl'l{t:SSION.

Prefer simple words. The greatest orators 11:1\' C _ l""L' ll
meu who preferred short falllili:ir worJ::i to le:tru1.;d :llld
'lie
J'J1·ocn~lfr1l
to Iii,; r e.,iii 1'1•t'l.' :ind
f.11.lC-SOUUli·lU g 011 cs .
tllere pe;·used tlle volume ' b weak aud affected. 'Ile ll" l'tlt
home aud read the book' is plaiu a11(l for cil.1k , aud goL'S
straight to the mark. JS'ever say fdicil!J if you cau ~"Y
happiness. Prefer ah use
begin
commen ce
Ycry ri cl1
usual rn e:i nin g
poor
end

· to
to
to
to
to
to
to

vil11pe ration
CO llllll Cil CC

i11itiatc
e x ceetlin:;ly op11knt
a1 ·c· 1·pted si~n iti cat iun

indi:;e nt
tcru1i11a.lio11

A furth er r cq niremeut of s impli city is to prefer, as more
clelinite and vivid, specific or concrete t e rms to ge 11 l'r:d o r
abstract ones. The superio r force of the former way I.Jc
sugcsted by a f e w cont rasts : Specij1c.

General .

flower
q11adr11pe<l
cr in 1iual

killed Cm~ ar
sank like metal

Iii y
horse
tliid
stabhnl c ..~sa r
sank like leaJ

.

Compare also (1) Gc ilt'ral. -

0

'In proportion as the manners, c11stom
and amu seme nts of a nati!)n a re cru l' l and b:1rbarou~, t he regulation of their penal coues will be
,

severe .

(2) Spec ific. - 'A ccording as mr,n 1lclig!tt in bat th~•, b t.111 fi,,Jtt,, and (·o111l1;Lls of :;ladiat or8, so wdl \,Jiey p1111"h

b;

lurn gin g , burning, and crucifying.'

''··:

' ii. '
.:, i

~·· .~ .

...

·

.' -

El\GLlSII

40

CO~Il'O S ITION.

Avoid useless and enfeebling repetition.

PIUNClPLES OF

Thus: -

(1) Ile descended from liis tl1ron e, wul asce mkd the scaffold,
anrl said , ' J.i1·c. in com1 >:1rabll' pair!'

(2) li e l o~ t 11111d1 of Iii > popu l11 rity by opposi11:1 th e plan s for
n:ui on al ddc nc(' , and b.'· hi s opposi1io11 to th e war with
1\ nss ia.
(:l ) Fa ir fa x w a ~ t h e no minal l.onl -r:<'neral of th e for ces, but
C rumwl' ll "'"' th e r<':tl J.ord-(; e 11 1· ral.
(4) It was an an c il' nt tra1liti on tl1al wll\'11 the Cap it ol was
found1' d hy on e of th1· Homan ki11 g,, t li u g od T crm in11 s al one, am ong a.II the inferior gut!s, refused to
yield hi s pl ace to .Jupit e r.

~lrong l:w g n~tge, like yrund , s 1,/en1/itl , stup1: nclo us , ;n ost

e~: 'n w ,.1/ i ,,rr1·.>;,

1'.cli'e111el;; , sn 111 lla/0 1u<, fon·ly , 1•t-:f., 1 ·tl:1 1'.rr1 11 i:; i l c, sb ouicl 11ot l ie us n l u1Jlt:,.;s th.: wo rd :> arl' known lo he

Lo th t rue ::ulll :i ]>propri:tll'.

Preserve some resemblance in the language and construction of corresponding parts. Not lie cmlJrace1l t l1e cau se of li l"·rt.r fa in tly , and p11r<ue1l it 1r itho u l 1·e,<ulatiun ; h e g r e w ti r ed of it whe n lie li:.d 111 11 ,·li l•>
ho pe. anJ gave it. up when t/t(;re was Hu gru uwl )Ur 11ppre ..

!t ension.

(1) D escending from l1i s throne and ascc nrli11g the scaffold,

But -

( 2) IIc los t mud1 of h i~ popul ari ty by oppos inf!: /Jotlt th o pl:i.ns
fo r n:iti ona l d dencc an d tlu: war with Ru s; ia.
(3) Fairfax w a~ the nomin:il Lord -Gene ral of the force s, but
Cromwel l wa' the r Pal li rad.
(4) It was an an c ie nt t r:1d iti .. n tl1at wl1Pn th e Capitol was
fo11n.J1·d h.1- one o f tl" ' Homan kin ~ ,, the god T l'rmin1rn
al .. n1-, a1111·11~ a ll I.he infni or deitic8, ref11scu to yiclJ
hi ~ pla c.- to ·.Yup itcr him , e lf.

II e em \irn.ce1l tl 1e ca use of li bcrt;· faintly, anLl p 11r ~ 11 .: .J it
irre:-ultt te ly ; lie ;:; re w . ti red uf it w\1e11 li e l1a d 11 11 11·!1 to
hope, a111.I g ave it up wl"·" he l1 a d 11otlii11;; tu f.:ar.
EXERC IS E S-

]. Improve each of th e foilo " ·i1 1g J.y rf'pctition : ( I ) He r an L" l n.

(:q S li t.:

F a ul ty r e pe t.ilio n lll:t_Y th u s i.,, :1,·o i<l cLl hy el lips is, hy ti.Jc
f'lllJR ti t utiOU or p rn 1H> ltl1S, p :trliL·ipl1·s, R.)'llOll.)'l ll H, al.Id otl.Jcr
cq tii,·alcnt expressions.
But kt it not be forgnttc n that lu cre is n good repetition
as w ell as a b ad. Tl.iu s : i~ f111l is lit t le be tte r than a beast, and
li e that 1lrink s till lie is 1lrttnk i ~ 'luitc a l1easl.
( 2) H e wa s appare nt ly partn e r in the fraud. I'11rtner iii th•
fr aud he icas, h11 t. not pr1rl11er in th e profit, for he was
to do it withou t ~d tin ~ anythin g by it. The wicked·
ncss was in him, and thc 71ro.fit in G un ga Govin Sing.

-± l

Avoid slang and exaggeration. Slaug inc:lu cks such
worcls and ph rases as /Jo sl1, liote, cut up, <Wfally , n.JI, ·" " d i
u r11t, .'/111111i"'J• q /,,.;,.J, , etc.

Better: he said, 'Live, incorn p arnh le pair I'

EXl'HESSlO~.

( ~)

\\' },,.,., . an; tl.\'. l'i l'. '. r i11 1 F <ttli vr <?

w ;1:-; :- u .\·rn111~ 1 f a ir ,

l'h-c l~ i·

11 11r

WOHid

r ll'\'t_•_r

a nd

l i \' 1' " i fPr1 1 1111 · ~ . and
S ll!Te!l d e l' -

i11 !1· !\ i;: t·!l f.

:-; :wn· d

lll" \' C J'.

(I ; )

( ·1)

l!ull ; 1r :- .

~11cl1

\ \. t!

( :,)
<I

I

IH :t ll

rnav fall a vi c t.i1 n to 1111w e r ; L1u t t.r11t li , \·ir111 c , alld

reli .,iu n will fall witli hi111. (7) ,\ f11 11eral in t•11 1·11
is 1 ~ad c up of ;:;h o w and gl oon1;· p;lr:1dt.• : 1nuu n1 i ng(':lr r i age ~ , ] 1 n 1 · ;.:.f_·~ ~ pl1111H' :' . ant.I l1in..:. lin~ lilOUl'LH.: r s, wlw

(1) Ile tlrnt cat s t ill h1:

make a mock ery ·of grid.
~.

R emove the faulty r ep etitions : ( l) In a cairn mounligl1t ni~l1t 1111! ' (·a is a rnos t be:rn t if11l
ol.>jcct to sec .
( :!) .:\apuleu n·,; arnl•it!on h·1l l 1im to

,; '

E~GLIS!l

CO>ll'OS lTION.

a sp ire to uni\' c rsal du1ui11inn, 1l1 e pursuit of which fi.
nrt!J_,· lcd to hi s cu1 u ple1e o,·enh ruw . (J) Tlie writi1 1gs
of Buchanan arc writl\'11 wi t h strl'ngtlt, pe r spicu it y, ant.!
neat ne>s. (-1) IL i; nut tl1c ka, t ,,f t li e many att.rnc1iun> that pen11anen tl y attn10·t ~ tran :;e r :; lu tlu; French
<' ap ital. (.'.>) Tl1i:; r\' 11uw1wd f,1rtn;,; wa s uf th e very
11i;.:hC'st imporla nn· frolll ii :; st rc n:..:1Ji ;111< ! importa11t
s ituatiun. (G) \\' ell in ~l• lll wa:; a11xiou s lo be relieved
from al l an x ioty in 1'1at <11u1rtcr.

3 . Criti(;ise and improrn: ( l) Tlti ; p<'rfonnance i; lll >H: h at one wi th the other. (2)
Ever!· year a new l!ower, in !tis j11d;.:ment, heats all
the ol• l one; . tli o11g h it is much infe rio r to th e m buth
in color and sliap1•. (:i) J !i s na1m: n111 sl go <l•Jwn to
po,te rily with di s1 ing ui .- ltcd hon1,r in the p ubl ic r econls of the nat iun. (I) Tlt c old ma!· inform the
.'· 0 11n~; and the y onn~ 111ay a11i111a1e t liof'e wlto are
a•h·:uw,:d in lift•. C•) F orce wa s r es is t eel J...y force,
v:tlor nppo,.;ed by valur, :rnd art enco unt e red or duded
by , i1ni lar :iddrcss. (t.) lie i;; not a wliit hcttcr tl1an
thvsc whom h e ~ o liherallv cond t0m u:1. (7) The mean.
in;.; of t lw l.J11·a,.;c, a; l take it. i ~ n.'r!' different fr om
tl 1e co1n1111111 :u·1·p pt :1 tion. (H) .A fril' IHl exa~~l'rates
a man',; vi rt ues; an "ncmy inflam es Iii ,; erin1es. (~)
The wi se man i,.; l1app,, · wh e n !Jc ga in ~ liis own appt'O·
bation; the fo» l wlwn he r ccomm e nus l1imsdf to t!Je
applau se of th o'c about him .

l'IUNCll'LES OF EXPRESSION.

43

CHAPTER III.
l'HlNC!PLE:::i OF EXPHI:::::i:::i!ON-NUMBI::R OF WOIWS.

Use the fewest words necessary for the adequate expression of the thought. 'As, wheu tbe rnys of tl.ic s1111
are collected into the fo c us of ::i. lrnrni11g-gbs,., the s111:dler
the spot i;i w hid1 re ce ives them (;Ornpared with t.he surf:we
of th e glass, the g reater i::; the ,.;pl e 11dur; so, in exl1il,iti11g om
s e ntiments hy speech, the u:urow e r the compa:-<s of wo rds is
wherein the thought is <:ornpri,;ed, tl1e more e u.: rgctie is tlrn
exprc;ision.'
L et us examine the fo l lowin g : (l ) G od is eternal, Oil!/ /, i.; exisle nce is u:ithout l.Jegi1111in.rt a11J
witlt1n1/ end.
(2) An a:<s foun d the skin of a li<m mHI p11t. it o n, nnd w«nt
int o th e w omls and pa:<t11 n.:s, n111/ t lil'l'W all tl1e tloc k:i
an<l l l(: rcl~ inf.<)'' f<!rrihle <'On ste rnation .
( 3 ) Tl1i", till ii is s11pp<>rtcd hy facts an<I proofs, will pa"' for
c rude and se n sel ess cant.
( 4) He ba•l no weapon cxccptin:; a poniard wh id1 was :'ll:'p e n<le<I fr om a belt, whi ch served to <·011nterhalanc c
the weight of the rusty keys which hun:; at his Ri•lc.
(5) H e le<l a blameless and irr eproachable li fe; and 110 one
could censure his cn 11d11ct.
(6) Pope profi1ssed lo ha ve leamed his p oetry fr 0m Dryckn,
wh om, wh enP.va an opp01·/unily presented irself Ji,;
prai sccl 1hrn1u1h tl1 e whole p eriod of his exi.</Pl\('e with
a lihern.l it.y n•hich n ever varied; n.ncl pPrhapH hi,- .. ha.rn.eter may rf'reive ,i;;mne ·il/ 11stratiort , ~·fa rom1>arlso n /)I}
i11.<tiluted bl'lween h im and the mwi 1clwse l"'J'il h1: was.

EXGLISII

44

CO ~ll'O S ITION.

( 7) 1Vi/l you or have you swu m across the river 'l
(.") 1 le likc•s me bet te r th:tn you.
(!!) Il l, po,;scsse•I the varions talents of the soldier, statesman,
an d sclioia r.
( 10) H orn er"""" ti1c gre:lter ~eni u ~ : Viq:;il, the better artist.
1 n the one we most admire the ma11; in the other, the
work.

(1 I) Ry.forl'ir111 hrrnds tl1y c1'·i ng t•ye~ w,· r·1: clu:<cd,
JJ:; Jin·ci!I" lwr11f., l hy dece nt. lim bs corn posed,
11.'I jurciy11 /1([11i/s t/111 lr11111l11" :;rave adonwd ,
D!/ stra11yr.rs lronorl'd. and /1g .,tnrngcr.< 111011rn cd .
(12)
Nn t.tom er\"111rns
lhv, or tlr l' S\\'< "CI ::ippr<o;i... h of l'v·n or mo1·n,
Ur :- ight

of

v,· rnal I doom , or S lllTl llt er'~ ro~c,

U1· lim:k" ur lwrds, or lr11man fa<.:e di vine.

Tbc italic ized won1s in (1.) add nothing, ill ii/err, to' eternal.'
Th ey presellt tliis idea, how c 1·er, ill a more specifi c form, and
t hu s :lre not 1rithout :1. cerL:tin etfoct of emphas is. If retain ed,
tbC'y sho ul d constitute a di~titwt se n tence.
(2) illustrates a
tlis:1grec:tblc rr1wt itio n o f ' and.' Th e re ifi no reason why
tl re r e ad e r shou ld I.Jc r cq uirrtl to dwell on each pnrticul ar
mcntio 11 cd . (:l) ifi irnproY:thl e l•y r·o 11 t r:H· Lion, - the om ission of 'it is.' In (·I) there :ire Luo many r e latives. Tbc
r cpctit io u of 'whi cl1,' moreo1·er, is unpl easa nt. Avoid the
unpleasan t n ess, n.1.H1 mak e ti re sentence more compact, by
the nse of participles. .In (:J), eithe r 'Lrhrneless life' or
'irreproachalJle life' is sutrieicnt to express the mea ning
clearly and fully. Tire example illustrates :t common form
of r ed undan cy, - the co uplin g of synonyms .
(6) is t oo
r ourn1-abo nt, too diffuse . It 8hould be co nd en sed . In (7),
(k), and (0), the wo rd,:; :ire t.no fe w. 'Swum' will go with
' lta1·c,' b u t' will ' r equ ires' :-;wim;' yet an awkward repetit io n m ust be avoid c<.1. (K) rnay meall e ither Lhitt he likes
me better tllan yon like me , or that lie likes me better than

l'!U:\ CIPLES OF

he likes you.

EX l'RE S~W:\" .

-Li

T h e o mi ssio u of the artide befo re ' sl:ites111au '

'S<.;UOlar' illlplieS t lta t t \t e three l.l OUUS refer tu UUe ulJj ect. In ( LU ) w e see t he lim~ effeet of' e llip s is; iu ( l l ) alld
( U ) , the line effeet of r e petitiol.l . lt w o 11ld Lre l..retter to
Ulld

r ead the faulty se 11 Le11 1.;c,,; th us : (1) (;od is eternal; ur, Gud i; wi thout.

uq.~ i nnin>i

and witlr ont

end; or, (~uJ i::i etl'rnal: he is witliout l1egi1111i11;; and

wit huut. end.
(2) An as:<, lr:w in g fo und the Hkin of a li un, pu t it. on; t!i .. n,
i;oi ng iuto the woutb and past.urcs, lr e llrrew all t lie
tlocks and herds i11to :L terri\,Ie 1.:un,.:ll'rnat iun.
( 3) Th i;, till suppor ted uy facb au<.! prouf:<, will pa;s for
cr ude and senseless ca nt.
(4) Suspended from a licit was li b unly weapo n, a poniard,
whi ch se rvl'd to 1.:ou11terlJalance the weight of tl1e
ru sty keys han gi11 g at liis side.
(5 ) lle led an irreproaehahle life.
(G) P ope professed Lin1scl f tl1e pupil of Dryde n, wl rom, on
every opportunity, he praised througl r Iri s wlrule life
witlr unv:u·i cd liberality; a nd pcd1ap :< hi ; d1arader
. may lie illu; lrated by co mp:u·ing lri111 wi th Ir is 111:i sl<'r.
( 7) \ Viii yu t1 swi111 a.<Toss the riv er, ur ha ve you dune ,., ·~
(ti) H e lik es lll C Ul'lter tlr:tn yor1 du [ lik e 11re]; or, he like;
me bcLter t Iran he d<H'S [ lik e J you.
(9) Ile possessed ti"' va r ious talents of the soldier, tir e
st:.tesman, a nt.I th e scl rolar; or,
Ile ]'O"'l"'sed the various taleuts of soldier, statesm:ln,
a nd sc holar.
The p r incip les of tlii s chapter, therefore , may be re-stated
as follows : -1. Prune the se ntence of words that co ntribute nothiu g
to clearn ess o r stre ngth .
2. Omit no words 11 ccessary to eon struction or meanin :.:; .
3. Avoid the u selc:;>s arn1 unpk'.tEaI!t rcpct!~itJn ~r a w 1::-.l
or a sylla.ble.

,,

'

46

El\GLIS H CO.\I POS IT IO X

l'RlN Cil'LES OF EXl'RESSIOX

4. R epeat won1s wh cu ueeessary to briug out the sense
more d earl y ur :::tro ugly .
[>. 1\ e n~ r use two 'ronls wbeu oue " ·ill answer your pur•
pose us well.
EXERCISES.

Critit"i se a nd illl pro re , w ith rcfc reuee to til e redundancy ,
rcpetitiuu, or ornis:-;iou or wo n!::;: ( 1) 1 hav e no d oubt h11 t what li e d id it.
(:!) Y o u li a n • <'tnp lu_,.,.d yo11 r Lime n1 o r c p ro filal>l y than you

C0 11't.illl'd Jiim.

( 5) I tell l1 im 1l1at if y on we re to hea r l1i1n sp1_·ak E1wlish wli i..J 1 lie d~c" . in th e p r ct t ic"t 111a1 111 c r ·- tl~Lt you
could not r l"Irarn from ki ,-, ing hin1.
(6) Th e fir ,;t d ay was ~pent i11 fo rming rn k s u f o rd er , and t.hc
sccu11d d:i.' · was "J>cnt in ]>rese nting r e>ol ution s .
( 7) Tl1 e bi rd s we re l'l ad i n tlll· ir b ri ghtest 1.J11nrngc, and the
tn· e" Wt·n: c l:td i11 tlll·i1· ricl1c st vcrdt1n-.
(8) No lt•: rrn in :.; t.ltal w e Jta ,·.. lear11t'.d is g .. nc ra ll y ~o d early
bo11~l11 , 1HJ 1· ~o \'al 11a lil1· wh en it i ~ I J011 ~ l 1 t, as that
wltil'l1 we h an· le:1r 111 ·d i11 !ht• 'c li oo l uf expe ri ence.
lli s n·i :.; n was lik• · 111(' 1·011r<" of a hrillia 11 t. a11d r apid

otherw ise.

(! G) The "ctTc t s o f our l1l'art ;;, th o ug h th«y are s111cli 0 11 'l .'· cli sg ui :;cd , kn·e all l>ecn di sconn·J by yottr J>enc\ ra tin n .
(17) l\larcu;<, wh e u h e wa s yet a mere b oy, l1aJ g inn proof:< uf
an 11n11:<u:1JI.,· p o we rful ttn tkrs taucling.

(! k) P atr iot im1 , as it is t:li c fairc, t, so it is ofte n tl1c mo >t :; usp ic io 11" rna:;k of u ther fe e l in gs.

(1 9) Truth, like a l Orl' h , the m o re i t·, ;; h ook , it ,hin cs.
(:~ O)

01)

( 22)

whi ch

f hl'ds around :in •lllll <Te,;,;ary and JlOr t e 11l o1ts ]i,,ht
. I . .
o
'
w l lit· 1 1" 1t1 "la11t1 .'· ,;w:illcm·t·d 1t p !iv 1111 iver,;:tl darkness.
(10) T he C ah·ini>l s drea ded lii s j>l1il osop l1y for mo r e than 1.he
Catl 1o lit" s .

Site had. brig h t ch reh a nd Ii ps. large g ray c·yes, be am in ~
wah rn tel lt g<' nc•:. a nd a fr ank, liroad bro w tha t told
pla in ly <:nuuglt h ow n ' ry lit tle cd tt eation would fit lier
fo r tl1 e \" l'ry 111: ,; f. ki n d o f e ivili zaliun.
(\2) Il e liketl to l1 var ltl'l" talk bvttc r than any of l1i s a ssociates.
(11)

Col umb u,; J•l'rceiv ed t h at it. w o uld lie of no ava il to hav e
r ccuur " " to a11y of lii s fon11 e r ex pcdi..: n t:<, a nd fount! it
i111puss ible to n·kindl e an.Y zeal for th e s uc l'e,;s of t h e
e X}H:ditio n ; ;.uHl e ndca\·urcd to f'i ()utl1 e pa :-i~ ion s wl1 i1:h
h e <'Ot1 ld no lun ger c<1n 11na11d, anJ ga\'e way tu a tt>l' rent lou i111pct uot1s tu be d1 ee ke1l.
(U ) Thi,; l1ad bee n 'ettled iu a t·uu1wil , in whi c l1, afll'r a ]rt n:.;
an d wanu dt:lmtc C<.1n c:cr 11in:; tlt c sen.: ral ad\':tllt a~·,_.~
wh i.. h t.::tl'h in> i,ted up"n ha.vin g fo r hi' pel'11 lia r sl1 are
i11 t.lii s awl:u..: i o 11~ c n teq1ri~t·, t1u..~y 11ad a.t l(· 11 ~t h 11 4..·lermin e tl upu n t.hl' fate wl1i ch shoLilJ be award ed the
unhappy prisonl'r»

(1 5) I shall 1.... k upo n you a s "i nc e re , t.ill r a m fo r ced t o tl1ink

a re a c"u "t"mt·d tu employ it.

(3 ) lfo wr it,·s 11 u1d1 lic t.tc r th an 1 wri te .
(-1) l lrn n : nut con"t•l ll'd my j>ltysician , thoug h my bro ther

ll)L·lt·ol', wl1il'l 1 :- li oo l :o :1l n11g- t11c f:tc e of l1 l'ave n,

(1 3)

( 23 )
(2·l)

In t h is :q• proachin:.; c· le<·tio n , th l' C un1111 0 11 , , a s thc·y :ire a
nutu e ru11~ Lody , :-:o tli<·y :-:cern t o be in ost co11n: nH.: d in
p oint of int ere' t.
Th e n o l1 il ity, 1ho11:.;l1 th 0y co ut in 1tt·ol J.,y al unto lii111 , ye t
did thl'." Jl(l t f·o-u p1·ra le wilh li i111 .
Thc>c p11ints Jia,·e \,e .. n illi1'tratc-d in "' plain a11 <1 ,.,·id ent
a 111 ann1 ·r, tl1 al t 11 c } H T ll~a l uf tlic l1uuk 11a~ gi \" Cl1 tn t·
plea ~ ur c and sati :<fa c 1ion.
I wa s mucl1 1110,·ecl o n tl1i :< o•·•·a , ion, and went. l1<m1 e foll
of :t great m:in y su io11 s rdle<:tion'<.
Thi s 1m :a " 1re may afford , o m e profit, and f urni , h su111<:
an1 ust.· m c nt .

U 5) Lc;;s capacity is required for t his bu s ines,; , ln1 t m ore ti me
is n ecessa r y.
(26) The comlJa tanl s e nco11nlered eal' h oili er with ~tw li ra ge·.
that, b ·. · in ~ e ;i ~e r only tu a~~a il , rt 1Hl th oi q!ctllc ~:-:

-~ ·

-...

;.~

48

E XGL I:; ll COl\ll'OS IT JON.
o f 111 ak in g an_,. defe nce, tl 1ey l>vt h fe ll d ead upon
tli e livl J tu;..;e thl' r .
( 27) l'ol' l' l"I y i 11d ue,·s an d chl'r i, It cs depe nd e nce ; a nd dependt ·1 H: e :-: treng:thcns a1 1d in LT e :t :-;L\S corru ption.
(2 8) Thl're c an he n o rq.:;11la r i1y o r o rd e r in t h., life ant! cond uct
of t ha t man, wh u J vcs 11 o t ;..;i ve a11J allot a due sharo of
h i:< t im e to r et ir «n1 e 11 t a nd re llt-c t iun .
(:1 9) l l is .. h ecr ful . Ii:-t ppy k nq,,· r , n :111•1l c fro 1n d isconte nt, keeps
a k ind of day liµ: h t in Ii i,; 111 im l. l' Xdn J t•s e ve ry i;loomy
p ro~ pe c t, a n •l till s it with a steady aud p erpetual
S l' l' ~n i ty.

PRINC IPLES 0 1' E XI'RESSIO.N.

49

CHAPTER I V.
PHlK C J P Ll~ S

OF

EXP ltESS I O~

-

O RD E R

Subordinate elements should stand as near as possible t o
the words on which they are meant to throw their fo rce.
Not -

( 1) T o man l1 a s bee n :;iv e n th e po we r o f s p('<'f' h 0 11 /y .
(~) Sl<'c p k t1 l O<'(' ll l"l wu :;h t o f sc,1rcel:; all 11i 6 l1 t.
( :l) 1 l e was 11 0 / 011/y h u nt ing a ll tl1c uai1·nin :;, but a ll the
a fte rn oo n .

('1) The fruit wa s in g lass can s 1diid1 ice at~.
( i'> ) I "'W a d r1we o f J1o r :.:m; 8ilti11 g 011 th e Blep s.
( G) l\li ss K e ll ogg r eceive<! $ 1.000 ) or si11g i11 g two ballads. a n•!
a ~ u p e r b b r ace l1·t of d iamoncls a nti r u b i c ~ .
(7) T h o ugh o ur brot h ei· is u pon th e rack, a s lo1u; a.< ire
uurselv1!s are at r a.~e , o ur s c n SL' S w ill Til' YCr in f1wm 11 s
o f wh at h e su ffer ; .

B ut ( 1) Only to m:tn h a r. hc<' n g ive n t he pow <'r o f ~ pe (' c h .
(:!) Sl el'p h a d sca r cely IJ<'ell t ho ug h t of all Hiµ: li t .
( :\) Il e was l11111 t in g n ot only a ll the m o rn in;..;, b ut a ll th ('
a ft1> rn oo n .

(4.) T h e fr uit th at we atl', wa s in glass can s.
( 5 ) S itt in g o n t h e ste p s, I s:Lw a rlrove o f h or ses.
( G) F or ~ in g in g t wo h:\ ll ad~, M iss K el logg r ece ive<! $ 1,000
a 11<l a s up e rb lirac<·ld o f di amon d s a rn l ,r 11lii1:s.
( 7) 'l'lw ugh o ur lirotlH ·r i:; u po n th e r a c k , o u r se nses - as
lo ng a~ we o urscl v1· s arc at e a se - will ne ve r inform
u s of wh a t h e s uffer s.

"'·

50

E:\"G LI S II CO-'Il'OSITION.

011(11 :UJ <l the corrcla t i,·cs, i'i//il' r . . . "'" not onl,i; . . . but,

n·q 11irc clo,,;c wa tching. Co111parc : '< >nly U1c boy !tit the
],in!,' 'The IJoy onl y hi t the !Jin!," a nd 'The uoy hit only
t he hin1 .' l11di l'. ate cl early tlie dq 1c11(1e11 l'.C of participles
(:1), and the :wtecedL~ nt,.; of pro1101 111 s ( -1) . Avoid wb atis
kno,,·11 :1s th e ' squ in ting' .-011 st ru ctio n, - p lacing an element
ll' l1er e it looks cqu :tlly iu lioth !lircctious (i).
Emphatic wor ds should stand in emphatic positions, - for
t he most part, at the beginni ng or at the end of the sentence.
This rnl e 1uay call for either tl1 c us ual or tlle inverted
order: -

...

l'Hl'i CJl'LES OF EXl'HES::ilON.

Arrange the parts of a sentence in the order of climax :
(1) 'l'u gu~~ip i:-; a fa ult ; t<J libel, a c ri111 e; tu :-ilandl·1· , a ::: iu.
(:!) ~l a ll , WCJrkin~, l1as cu ~lf ri1 1c (L tl1 e A tlanlit· CalJlc , ln 1t l
d t• .-la rc tl1at it aslonisl1 es m e far 111ore tu tl1 ink tl1a l J iff
Ir is 1)U::re runu ..; ement, to entertuin u mere id/1: ltu11r , l i t±
kL,; created· Ot lidl o' and ' Ll' ar,' a nd l run 111u1-.· 1 l1a11
a ' t o ni ~ lll'd , I an1 w 1•e-struck, al. ili at in 1·xpli.-:dil1· .-la, 1i c i1 y .,f Iii ,; n at ure wl1i l' h e nal1l es him , in stead .,f t11m i11 g
awn y t' r o111 cula111 il.'f and grief; or i11 sh: a J uf ll lt' l'l'I.\· rhJ;/ill!J tla·111, art11all.1· to 1110!.·e t/11,111 1/, 1• 111111,.riol u( /, /,,·
u111use m f nl 1 a11d to draw fn11u tl1e rrlhfrst uy rnt it·:~ r ~( tl1e
!111111 011 sp ir it a plea s11re wl 1i.-l 1 is not 01dy 11 0/ a uel, L u t

is in 1he highest 1kgrec pure

( 1) Th en, if th o u fa ll'~ t , tlto u fnll'~t a l.ilcs,;c1 l 111arlyr.
(:.>) Do tlt:i t a g ain, il .'/O!l dare.
( 3) Cru el.· Wl'llt. tl1 e wliip.
(-t ) r:(I Ill' sh all .'
(5 ) ' " ·" "''11/ t l1 011g-h he wa~. liL' wa ~ s ik nn·1 l at last.
(ii) !:iil .. ntly. on e hy nn ... in the infi nite rncaLlows of h eaven,
Ll •-,"'011wd tl1l' IU\·l'l.» stars.

f.il

1111d

e1111 uuli11v.

Suspense, which frequently adds clearness, throws in·
creased emphasis on the words for which we are w aiting.1
lt is canscd (1) Ly putting co nc1itioual clauses first; (:! ) f,y
placin g :t!1jcct i,·c a 1111 part.il'. ip ial pli r,tscs Lefore t he " ·orLls
mod ifi ed; (J) hy t he use of rcs po11;;i,·c co njunctions: ( l) ~/ tl11m rliilst Peer th.'/ ,/cur J i11!1 er lrwe, l'l'V('t1 :..:e l1i ~ fnu l

Emphasis is often gain c11 hy tllc use of tll c expletive there
aml t he introt.luetory it: -

and 111o::it u111 ·om1n on rn11rd e r .

( 2) ( ..11rl'iess hy n:c111re, an d s11oi/P1/ l>y a I on~ e;; t al1lisl1l'd l ih<·rly, w e all" w 1J111·,elv<'s to drifL on l1 eedl1· "l.1 ·.

( ! ) Tlu.: n ' i ~ nn ]'lac v like ho me .
( 2) lt wa ' Jfarr1i e tl1a1 l>roke th e pitch er.
('.l) lt. wa~ the p itch er t liat ~lar;.< il• broke.

(3) Hi1/r r•r you m •"t take 1hi ;; e xtre 111 <:ly pe rilo11 s <'uurs< '. i11
wliif'h su<·f·css i s un cl' r tnin . and failur e di:-: ;,! r:w1·f11l
a;; w•·ll a~ .r nino us , or th e lilierty of yo ur ""11 11 1ry 1s
enda nge red.

Unemphatic words, :is irnpli c·tl in the precedi ng principle,
should be kept from the end of the sentence : (I) li e wa~ lon g in d i s po~ e1l , ancl died of melancholy at
' •' llf/llt .
(:!) li e belrayPd t li c ci1y, :rnd was mad e govcr n~r nfit.

(:3) Ex:Ln1J>le :i J>f •<'a l' n•Jt to 0 11r u nde rstanding a lone, but to
on r pa :-, i11ns likc wi8e.

1·

A void sucl1 loose cons truction s as Illak c with th e t11·et. li :-t1 •1w n cd to be at J\Iala~a , hdore li e
maJe 'var upon ~pain ; a nd :-;on1 c <1f hi s sPa!la!fl wvnt.
a sh o re , an,! 111 ct th e J r., ~ t carri.-d :i bo111.; and 11 11!. unly
paid n o r e sp c< ·t to it, liut laug l1 e1 l at thvsc who Jicl.
I

See p. 21.

"

:ENGLISH

cu ~n· os ITlON.

l'JUNCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.

53

Jt matters not how long a sentence may be, if the

E etter \Vh en Blake, odore he ni:ule war upo n Spain, happen ed to
be a t :\l:da~a with tltc lleet , ' rn" c uf !ti s searnc o, goi ng
a sh on•. 111 et. t he I lo;; t ca rri e d ;tho ut, and not on ly paiJ
n o r espect to it, !Jut lau:.;hcd at thuse wL u <lid.

Avoid uniting in the same sentence thoughts that do
not naturally combine : l'ri:<(llll'l' at th e l1:u, 1rntur1' has e nd owed you with a good
edu c ati un anol ,.,.,pet'lal 1lc fa111il _,. eo nm·d ions, in stead
of wl1ich you go a round ao•J11t the country stealing
d1a·b .
( 2) B oa 't ll< •t th ys df ,,f to-morrow; th rn t kn o wcs t. not what
a. day rna.'· h1·ln~ fvrtl1 : and , fvr tlw ::>a11.1e rea:-;on,
tle ~ pair not of tu-11101-ruw; for it tnay bl'ing lur'.' h good
as well :i:;: 1,: Yil ; wl1i ch i ~ a. g ro und fur no t. Yex 1ng Lhyself wi th in1a~ina r:• fe ars; fo r the i111pe ml ing bla ck
cl out!. whi ch i:< r c;.:ard c-d with S•l 1111wh drl':Hl, may
pa~"
harm] (:,s; or th o111,;l1 it ~ho11l1l di scharge tl~e
st<>r m. n·t 1w fn1Y' it l1n ·:i.k , tl11 l1t 1n ay es t. hl' l11dgctl in
that lo;vly man ~ iu n which no ,; lor111,; L·n·r to uch.

(1 )

i., .

construction is uniform, aud the different circum s tances
arc made subservient to the principal suLject or thought.
Thus: \Vi th out force or oppositi o n , it [ c hi valry] subdued the fi e rceness of pride and p o we r ; it, obliged sove r e ig ns to rnb ·
1JJi t t o tl1 e so ft co llar of social e stePm, compe lled s te rn
authority to s ubmit to c legan .. e, anJ ga \' C a d o111in at·
in ;.: ,·anq ui ,;b..,r of laws to be sul,du cd by niann c rs .
Hilt. now [ all is to J.e c han ged:] all th e pl1 · a~ in g ill u;; ion s wlii c h lllad c powl'r ge nt.le a11 tl ohcdi l' 1u;c Ji l,rral,
w hic h h:u·111 uniz<:d tlie differe nt slialk s of life, ~n d whi ch,
by a l1land a " i111i la.t.iun, in corpo rak d . into p c1lit ics th e
' e 11ti111 c nt~ tliat lica 11tify and soften private soc i<:t y, are
lo Lie disso lv ed by this new conquering e mpire of light
a11d r l'a son.

A void an unnecessary change of construction : (!) S he pro ved lite .findi11g of Augu sta on the island, and tha.
sh e had seen t h e hat of one of the sail or s.
(~) Ile was a man o f many virt,ucs, and acco111p/islted .

Better Pri;;o iw i· at the har. : ·011 po ~""'' a p;oo1l c1l11 r ation aml
r c:'pi·c talik f:rn1ily co n1w1·tion:'. Tl 1is faet sl1ould. ~n­
c·ilL' n1 11 to 11 ·ad a d..,ec nt, if nul an L'x,·111plary Id e ;
lint, i·n .... le:id. :·n 11 }!O abot1 t th t~ t'Ollnt r.'· :-- te:tlin g d11cki=:.
('.!) Iloa ' t no t tl 1,·,- 1·l f .. r to-morrnw , ' i1w l: thn11 kn1>weti t not
what a ,J:i;. Ill a,· l>ri11·~ fort h ; ancl. for t.!11J s:tt lH.: r eason,
th- :-'pa ir 11.nr oi· to-m orrow, ~ in cc it nta_,. bring fo~·1h
rroud :1~ w1·ll a ...; t '\ ii. 1' hi ~ i:-i a ~round for not vcxrng
~h 1· "·lf wi th i111a~ i11 :u·_,. fear ,;. Th L· illlp e ndin g black
c1,·,11<l, n·~:u·ded with ;;o m11c h tlre:u l, ma y pass by
h arml•''"· E\'<'ll ~ h o nld it hn ·a k. tho11 111 a ycst, before
it cl i;;..! 1ar c:" 1 h e• ~tn rm, h._. l11d ~c · d in that lowly man·
~i o n whi ch no 'tur111s CYCr to11 ch.

(!)

Emphasis may sometimes be gained by the use of interrogation, exclamation, inversion, and the imperative
form:(J) \\' lien· is th e h o nest man that, would sutler himself to J,.,
stripp('d ,,f l1is ri g lits a11d libe rties ?

(2) H o w wo11ld tl 1('_\" wond e r, if th ey kn e w
All tl1a.t, a kitL: lik e me ca n d o I

(:!) Wid1; is the gate, a nd '1rowl the way, tl1at le acleth t o
de.< lrt1ct io11.
( 1) Strip Yirtu e o f tl1 e awfnl a11 t.ltorit.y sit e cl c ri v<'s from t}I('
gl' n er a l ·r e ,·crence of mankind, a nd y o u r ob h e r of l1alf

her majesty.

. ·~- -~

j

'1

J' IU:\Cl l'LES (Jl-' E\: l'J<J-:s:-;J o :\.

EN"GL!SU co c.n·os1TlON.

(10) \\'lw tli er a chuice alttJgc· th cr u1wx<·c pti on:<l1k li:1 s in

The connection between different sentences should be
kept up by the use of proper conjunctions and referencewords: -

cuuntrv been made, 'e.e11 1s du11b1 f ul.
Every
u l\~ whu put :; ull 1hc a ppe a nu11·e of
(11)
good.

l'iu was Ill the army fo r a few mr111tl 1s in tin1c of peace.

go1 1d n c'.~:-:.

i.-;

l}i)t

(!~)

1

. 1is bio~r~tp li c r accu n!i11!Jl!J ii1:--i:-t:-- 1111 ullr l·u1 1fl·s:- i11 g-, tliat,
if th o y1Jung cu rn et had rt.·1 11 a i11t:d i11 tl1 e ~l' r Yi l'e. he.
would l1:n e liet·n one of th e ahl1·>'t co mma nd ers tlmi
evt.:r lived. li1tt this is 11 01 all. Pitt, it 8 /!e/1/.8, was not

tTit

i1· :-:

1111

utlwr:--.

'l ·b1~
· 1· a .11 at:IPU~
· . · .u
· ·t

I ·I·J•l 1· ~·

1 l

",'

from "" J" "• ·i11·,,..,' Iii··· i11-t,· :"I

uf l e 11 ~ll 1 e aiu ~ ii.
.
(14 ) lfnw ,,-i ll that 11 ul ile111a11 \,,. :tl 1k t" .-01.. lll..t liim «·ll. "-],..,.
redu ce d 11 • poYert.\·. who wa ~ t.:ducated v ul .' 1•1 i11a~111f1 -

n1 crel_v a. gr( •a t p1H·t in ' 1 ·"·''~ and a. ~ reat f;e11 er ul in po.;;se,
h11t a li ui sl 1<·d ex :w1ple uf 111 ura l ex (·e lle ncc . . . . Th e
truth is, tliut there ~,·a r ce h- e ve r live<] a person who had
so little claim to t/11'.' sort of 111·11i,e as l'itt. l le was w1d u11hf,;d/y a ;;re-at m a n . li11t l1i s wa s nut a complete and
well-proportioned great ncss.

ee ncc an1l pleas111T '!
( 1[) )

l I en ,1 ·,tliL· 11lties , tlw.'· ar<' IL'"
t l1ey f:-dl i11tu :'II<'
pi·rph-xc'<l than n l l '"r ' ·" 1 tlw lik e ('in·um:-:tallce..;:
a ud whe n they c nco1111ter dan ge r:< , tl1ey are leo:<

\\-h e n

ala. rim·d.

(J G) 11 e nc i tl1 cr un(le r stoo1l t Ji" n ature n or the e xt ent l•f tb e

EXERCISES.

spell.

(1 7) Neither pl ea,;eJ ,vitli h im sel f no r with tlw ilwarf. :\l ag nuo;

1. Cri tic ise and impro1·c wi t ll reference to the position of

a sked ]1im sharpl y what w a:; hi s b11 Fin C's' t.h.· n·.

modifiers: -

(1 8) Ou r 1J 11 ,i nm<s h e re i" 11ot tu know all t.hi11 µ;~, b u t tl10'"

( I ) By d o in g t he ~rune thin g often it becomes h a bitual.
( :!) Not lo exas peral(' him, I unly ~poke a f1·w word s.
(:1) ' Ve do th ose thin ;;s frequ e nt ly whi ch we re pe nt of after-

wl1i <· h

co nd11l't .
'Pf'lll

t n ha \ "C 11,•1\n
~ .... u i-h

m1wl 1 r<-' '!H~Cted liy th e E 11g!i , Ji u ur by the

ward>'.

lmr11n ~.

( 20) ,,~ c not nnly frnd n·111 rt in ..i f1f ton·n~ in all p:1r1~ (,f tl: 1·

fiJ r tJie g r:itifi1·:tli o n Rol 1·l .'· of liis p:ts~ i o11s.
f°i 11Tr 1(·1·ly iri tl1at li11~ in 1.·:';-; , !rnt I U('n:r sliall

cou11 l r:·. bnt a\~ 41 nf yj\Ja:-;.

r W;);-1 cn g :1 ,:;cd

(:? 1) ff ,\ n(· itl i1_1 r knf"w

be ilZ:lin t·0 n 1· f•r nl·d in ir .

(G) If f. nu is X T\' w :ic nol 1), ,. gr(':it '''t. k i11 ;:;. lw W:t .' ll1 e be>'(.
ar-tor of maj<''':'" rtt l< ·act . t k 1t f' \' (' I' fjlJ p.] a lh rnnr.
( 7) Ile:·o nd t li at th" arts P:rnn nl 1.._. tr:ll'f'd of <·i1·il "°"iPty nr
J ome sti1· life.

f'O ll <:l'r n o ur

(l ::J ) Till• :d,Jwys upon the Tlor< k r 111·it.l 1er

(-1) Raisi·d tu :.:: n~:ittl!'~ " wit hou t, m<'rit. lw ('lllJ>lny".J his power
(5)

; 1, 1

1 11 •\\'

to wait an (1ppurtuni1.\·, nor t( 1 u-:r•

it whrin lie h:vl lt.
"~

- .::!-

J\!y lord in--i:-:h:d np11 11 '....""1,in .~ . not on ly l1in1sl ·lf. l111t o n ta ki ll;! 11 i ~ i it r1 P (lau:!lii er .

(8) Sh e bega n t•> extol tl1c fa n n<' ' .. "· as she ca ll ed liim, excelle nt. 11ndcrstandi11;:;.

2. Tr:u1spose tile italicized parts so as to make the sc·ut enccs stronger : -

(9) I h ave con,idcrcd th" s11l•jed wi t h a :.::und dea l of atte nt ion . upo n which I w :l~ J,- sireJ to com111uuicalc rny
t ho 11:;li ts.

( 1) ri lic ~uilt 0 f t1w. rna.:;;LL'.t' wiil h: gn:alt.:r tha n LLaL 1.f tb t;
sl-'rvant, ·{ / he ; •nwt> 10~11/;:/llnl .

',.,

E ~ CLI~II

COm'OS ITlO N.

l 'H.L\ Cll'L ES OF

(2) N o1hing- can he :- 11 i1ablc to tli c di g n i1y of the human mind
which reuso ,, C1J ndPm 11.,._
(:l) A fr w wee k' a~o we wcrt' s 11rrrnmJc d wi t h tl1 e m ost
!.!':111t if11l :ind pka <i11!! ulij •TI:' . 11·/,e11 we 1Nt!ket/ in tl1 e
:111nll'!1. a 111 l ,.,·ery tl 1ing rai ;ed c 1110 ti on s of joy in o m·

E XPRE SSIO ~.

;_i I

all b11t m a n , wl 10~c 'nper iorit y o ve r c r e atu r es of :-a '111J>Cn do u s ~ i zt· an t! fo r ce ; IJ,,1tl d 111 ak1: h i111 1ui11 df11l of hi.'
privilege uf r c a ;un , and i'u r ec hi111 llllual1ly to :Lol nr•· tla v
gn·al C rl· atu r uf t1H' !" e w o 11dro us frauH:::~, a nd 1l1c A ut h 1 1r

of hi s o wn :'lljle ri o r wi sd u111.

l1 ca r b.

(-1) The grca lc r par t of tl1 e llowc r~ hav e di ><.1ppear ed , u:hiclt
th ~ u /J euu1 {;t'1•1/ fh ,, f/ fl rt/1 •11 .

( &) Th e 'otil lirn dy r elic., o n t li e m c r c if11l g o0tln css o f God

4 _ Tr:in spose th e se n te nces o f eaclr p:irn.gr:q >i1 so as t \)
follow the nat ural o rder of th o ught: (1 ) O u r k n o wl edge of a f utu re w orld is n•ry i11q1erfe..t; 011r

!l1a/ is just w11 / pure .

ideas of it arc fa in t a nd eu 11f11sed. \Y l1t·11 th ,. 'l' ir il
o f m e di tati o n "' d,; idc:', t hi s Ji,·cly s v n se uf a f11 t 11n·
~ta t e Ll L'l':lY!'.' ; :i. 11 d thu11c; li th e ::;cne1·a l ht: lic f o f it rt ·-

(f:) \\'lJvn It" !war; th l' t h u 11 .J c1· r<>l l. h e kn o w s ll1al l1i s C r eator
<lircCt:' it, t h ~ G'o1{ 1cho111 he loce.• and arfore.<.
(i) \\'li en r a i n frdl:' w ith too g-n,a t n : lwrn e n ce, ii becomes
l111 rlf11/ l o 1·1' getatio11, or wl1 cn it. ,·u ni in11t·s t oo long .

nlain s, \·el e vt ·Jl goud 111 c n, w}ien th l'y rc lurn to
0rd i11 :u."y hu:-" in css and ea.res uf lifl',

( 8) L et 11;; n ' ficct npon tl1 c ; e pl'rnliar 11 1t' r c ics (1 f <: od ; a nd
lei it /Je to l1is glory, whl'lh c r we ca t o r drink, or

fe ar :' anti

world .

(~ ) T lie lir,-t thi ng- that. h appen:' is t h e s tupor o f o ur sen ses,
J.1: c on ,ide r l'd

int cr,·.<t s wlai c lt inll11e11 cc th l' r e :'t of

th e

J lappy rn o 11io ·n ls in•kt ·d

there some ti n1 es a r c in th e !iv~ :' <1f p iu 11 :-: 11Jt"n, wl 1l'll.

a little commo nwealt h , as

scq11 t· :' t• ·r c d fro 111 wo rldly l' a n ·s, aud l1or 11l' 11 p 0 11 th e
wi n;: s ,.f di Yin e co11 te mpl at. iu 11 , tl 1t·y r i;e tu a 11 ca1·

1re// 11s th ~ /,pe.<.

( 11) S 11ch a rc lhl' de1:1ilF of th .. rn o't r c 111arkal1le probate case
that I ei-er r cme ml11·r t1> l 1an· h aJ l1ro11g lt t to my n o tice,
rith •' r d 11r i11g- m,· o·:irrr•r at tl1 e loar o r o n tl1<• h e nc h .
(l :?) The wi de di ffo; inn ,.f Cl 1ri ; ti a ni1 y. befo rt: th e e nd of
th e fi 1·~ t r<• nt.11r.'-. :11n o n ~ Ili c Ho111a11~. :lrHl the inte1·!'< >11 r~P wh i1· h 1111' ,. l 1t·l d with tl1i s i, Ja nd , r c ntl c r it
h ig-l aly p r nhahl<' th a t, ril a11 earl!J pe riod, the guspel
wa" pre a cl1t· d ]i,.r, ..
di,.; t iud ,.; r 11 t.c 11 cc.'l: -

Th e ~ 1111 ap p1·oa ,·l1i11 g 111 clt:' Ili c ; n o w , and bre ak~ the icy
frtll' r s of t h <• n1a in. " ·la rrc v as t sea-m o n ster s pie r ce
tl1r1J11gl1 ll oa t ing i; landF, w it h ar m ~ whi c h can withsta nd
tl11· c r.,·~ t a l rnrk: wh ils t otlH ·1· 0. th at o f th e m selves seem
g r e at a s i slan d s, arc by tl1t:i r Lulk alon e ar111e d against

•I

alltl lra n ~po r li n g vie w uf i1111111ir t a l glor_\·.

U)

1:111] ,•r the c are o f th e Almi g h t ~ -, 0 11r t·d1 w al ion
~1 ~i ng on, from a rnort al to a n

irnrn ortal

!'" t a l t•.

i;

11ow

\\' lit•n

th e " 1hjcct' !.e .. o rn e t oo ;; pk ndid and d azz ling- for 1111r
;; i;..:;ht th e c11rtain is dra wn. As 1u11cl1 li g ht is k t in
ll ]'t1ll U S llS W C (':L il Ue:l r wi th o u t in j 111·L

( 3) Th ere i:'

:t ]' lt •:'" u re in n nt iei p atio n whi cl1 ,. ft c 11 :'t1r p a; " ""

t ha t uf p us:'l ·ssi1111; for it is u11nll oy e d ''·' · !].,. sa ti,·t.'· a110 I
d i:.: ap po i ntrn 1·n t

S. R esolve into sc ,·e r:tl

1

B 11t >11c h ,. ffu r ts o f t h e mind arc rare. and

can not be lo n g s1 1ppu rted .

ll'h,·n we l1f'.r1in to sfr'PJL
Ill <\:'

t lie

to n ·jt in

tl1e 1111dt it 11 d<', and to n·a, ;11111 c t h e ~a 111 e h op<» and

w hn.trne\·l'r w ,. d o.

(1 0) Th e a n l:'

~tT IH

o f our wi !" l1 c~ .

wl1i cli
E,·c n

(Jf f e n a ccomp a n y

tlw

1· 1 1 rHp kti~ 1 11

t lH-. wan ~ 1' ·r i11;! 11wndi(· a11 t, w l wn

h e lw h o l·b comfurt s whi <·h lw o·:rn11ut parta k <·. f,. ,. 1,.
~u 111 c co n ~u la t i o n

uy

.'

in till' thou ~ lit tli:tt. lu: rn :i _,. _n ·1 IJt'

:i.:-:; ble~~(· d a :-; o tlH.: rs.
' l'l1 e e art ·s o f J1 !lre n1:t1 ~ o l i l' il 11 d ._·
arc be::ruil e d !'.,. t h P 1•rOS ]1<'d ,,[ tl1t• i11 L1n t ·,; f 11 llll·•·

y 1·:1r,. .

•'

In tl1 e affairs o f lif,., J•C r sc verancc is 'l lj•J •Orled

tl1 e e x pcctat io n of rn cccss.

1,

[i3

EXGLISII CO MPOS ITION.

PRlliClPLES OF EXPRESSION.

5. Improve the fullo"·ing by prese rving correspondence
iu t he c:ons t ru <.:tio n u t' p:uts: 'hall lie 111uc h g rati fied if you would Lwur 11s with ) "Otn·
1·un1p:t ny .
J\ u1a11 111 ay go about tl1l' s treets o f uur
towns i11 t•xt n ·me want. a nJ nut a s in ~ lt· fhn-:o;on w o11l<l
ltt·l"d lii s app,.al> fo r a;:-i>ta 111·c. 11.'· a.Jdillg :.• lit d e e \·e ry
day, an<l tu take ea rt' t l1 at we kl'c p wha L

Wt !

learn , we

~hall ""m :wq11i1·1 · a

'tock o f k11owled g ...
Conscic11ce
cu:d,Ic:-: a. 111an to kno w wlll'11 lie i.-: dui11 ~ wr< 111 ~. so that
v.·· licu w e ('n 111111it a. f'rir111·. it l1e!.!:in:--: lo lt11'111 l' nt 11 :-:. T1iey
were a stu lli , Ju·cl to find what a g ulf yawnt"d und e r them ;
anJ the ,·ic:li1ns thl'y would ha,·o !we n if t li ey liaJ not
looked or tons id e r t"d ill t i111 e. \\' hl'n a fril'nd te lls us
o ur fa ult s, alld gives us proper aclvice r egarding them,
tlicy <lo it for our good.

6. ComLinc the sltort sentences of caeh parngr:i.pil into
lo nger ones, 1rith c:i.rcful rc1£artl to orJer: ( l) T h e i·i ce plant. is a spc.-·i l's of g rn>' s.

It. g rows ve ry much
lik e nt11· own oat s. Tl1t· rip" g rain i,; c ll cl o:<e<l in a
y<'llow h11 , k. It i:< h11ng in ,·c ry lim· c l11 ,;t.1· r' in very
tlii11 :<talks. Hi1·c µ;n1w~ lil"''· ill YC•')' 111oi :< t. soil. It. i;
gc ner:illy c 11lt i,·:< t1•d in low lands . The:<e lanr!s a re

<':tpahlo nf cxl t·n :.; i,·1· in·i ;,!ation .

(:!)

'fht•:-:u

lands

are

tlood cd at part i1·1d a r scam n>. lt is pn·parl'd for fuod.
Th ey rnb t he g rain betwee n tlat stu nes. They blow
t h e hu sk :< a wny.
Ilo t :<pring~ ctl1011111l in ft. e land . Th e most ce ll'brnt.cd a.re
the Geysers. Tl1 cy li e in g1· r1 ll.'· ' lo ping ground a.t
tl1c foot of :t hi ll. in a tral"f. lilied with nu111crou> hnt
spr in.f!s. Tl1 e col11 r11u s of steam fr o1 n these spri ngs
ri se into th e a tmo>pla·re. Tit(•\· may he see n at the
distance of mil.. :<. 1\1·ar t hi s tra ct ri'1: s a large <'i rc nlar mound. Th i:< rnn11nd is formed by the .J e positi.-.n s of th e Gn·:it (:c.'"" r , an inte rn1itting fou ntain.
This fo unt ain t hrow s out w:ttl'r at ec rtain int c nals.

The diameter o f t h e lia s in is lift,,·-six
direction .
Tt i:< furty-:<ix ill an o th e r.
p ipe in the ce ntre se vl' nty-e ig l. t fec•t in
a diame te r of fron t e ig ht to ten fe e t.
pipe colu mn s of li ot wall' r arc prnj<"ct ed

fn·t in on1·
Tl1ere 1.< a
J ep tl1. wit!.
Frnltl tl1i '
with :1111az iu g Yelocity . 'J'l1c l'ul1111111:-' a. rL' :-:.u rro unde d J,y :-:h.' arn .
They ri se as l1i g l1 a s s. ·venty fret. Tl1e>e j.-t~ are
accompa11ictl Ii~· lu11,J rq>•)rt ,. Th ey n ·sc·ml1k tlw
di scharge of a park of art ille ry.

GO

E~GLI:SH

CO.l\IPO::ilTION.

l ' l\l\ C ll'LL:-; <>F 1-:\:l' l"U-:SSIOl'.

Lou k nu t rnuurn f ully in Lo tl1c· pa >< l, : ii. c v1\\ es n ut l "to ·k a::ai11 :
wi :-t:h · iuq1ro,·t · llll' pn~ ~1·11t: it i:-: tl1ine: ~o fu r t li t u 111 1.i 1·t t l ie

:-'li ad ~ wy f u tu n· , will1 v u t. ft:ar a.11d wi t l1 a 11 1a 11 ly lw: Lr l
J: ,'. t/• 1.:I nn/ w i rJ, 11r l r (

CHAPTER Y.

i 111p r ov e

,.,,,1,-rt !l'J'' '' ·' l.11 to

PlllNCJl'I.ES OF

EXl'RE::iSI U ~

-VAHIE1'Y.

hirn

' = ' IIe

u:as s1•e n

1,y me.
::t

1

'<C-

plir:isc or ebusc, :rncl <.:on-

Ye r ,;e ly : i ' n .Tl1 1/(11 1i i."" iJl'iiC' l' t.1 1;1;) c 11,··c
'J"'n / ' ! ·~· ,· • · ;rl i ~

l w 1 ! •' I'

! 11:1 !I /11 r·• n '' '·

t

io; hp f I 1·r t lian

C'n lll1~ 11 / 11t1' 11 l is i 1l.'l l i.; I'

(fl )

i

lo 11<?

rich _

i1 ;u1 rirlo '."·

1~11 e j lJ!} lw ill f/ r er y r/e n sr',

w1 ; t'111ild 110L

1:.

;l :1.J

llll'l't

It l11·tu ·,)y .

Hy

==

0 • ... ...:

Su ft 1·1H·1 l 11.\' j ll'n ~ p··r ir: · . th ,• r i(·i1 Ji il y 1L 1· j 11"11· · di . . 1·i ·
pli1H•1l i 11to urde r, tlie 11(1111' n ·:-ijH't'L 111 1· r i· ·l i

rrhe ri1 ·l1 , sof ten e d h,,· pro:""'pt·rity, pity 111t· p u11r ;

1

011· f 11 !/ / fl !/t1 ; ,f,-~1.•' Ut ( .•' ..:. ''. ( t /1r' ): '!/ , \\ c f"t_n 1i i] l! u l ! t!' tJ ~ 'j · (' 1 1.

!.

b l1r'ff f () -.: t :trwh ir.

L
T

proi :ct:d =:::

l h l' i 1 1 L<: rr" ~~ : , li 1 ·e

t r: u 1~ 1 insi t i(JII

l

==

......
'·'

(1 ) '!" li .· \\'11rl tl J1;L.""' n 1·\·1·r kn11 wn :L hra YPr ni ~in
...\ h r a v-· r 111a 11 111 ~ · \\'ur ld \1;t:'!' 111 · , · 1· r k1H , W tl .
(:!) \\'itli f ruitk ~:...; Ld11H· Cl ara, h1 n111.\.
1\ 1111 ~1rnv1 ~ fq :-; l:trwl1 . 1iw '.~1 1 -.. l1i11 ;~ \\'(1111111
( 'hr:L li • n 1n• l tlH · :. ~ 1 1 ... J1 i 11 '...'.: ,,·.i 1111 d :i nd . . . t r11\· 1· w ill1 fn 1iti

I

i ie s po ke ll tH o[ rn:-t tl l' r~ 1hu 1 r1·/111rri to i1/m s1 · ~(=
i lc ~ p o k e nut. ui w:Ll ll·rs r ei u i'1 11 y t o lt imsc{l ==
I le ~ pokv n11L of lt i111 st l{
~· ls l h cj fJ.'J rc u s ccry d n 1St' , ,,.c e u11 l1l nul. )'f'un·t·1l

w i ~ · · : ·.·
."'.'J ..'/

I lo ·.·: 111: u1f1dly 11·· ... I r 11~ :..: kd !

l

===

'j'fu1 l ,\' f!l so n was co11n1y1·o us i s 11111 1 ~ 1u I 1te 1l.

co n/P11l

1
!

==

(:l) Tu /w

r 1 ! 11r: 1.-:

r!1 1' i\ 1 ./; 1U -f1

( 1) C t•d will p r (J 11· 1· L l 1i~ ."' t' J'\·:1 1i!.""
\Vil! no1 (;111l 1)nd1·1·t Iii:"' ~1·r\"ant s 't
1lr· s f rt l '.! '.!" i ~ · 1I J11:u 1f11ll :· ==

i:
I

==

(L ) . Ye/ -:.·,, ,,,",.. eu ura;.!c w as 1111 Ju1d 11e 1J
J '/,e Ctilir; q;\; uj . ,y ,.;... . u! 1 w ; i:-; und vi ;: ii q i

l/1 ' r •1 ·

Hy ,·Ji:1ii :c: i11'..!' tl "' .i .... hr :l1in· fnr 111 int• J
or cx <.: lam:tt iY c , :mLl <.: om ·e r1:> eiy : l

t-1)

it

\. ·' · t I 1i l lt' ·. ,'._!II

: 1•

2. By el1an g ing a \\'Ord into
(l)

llH.' J ia ~t :

11nT L 1!11'. :-. !1a1!1J w .;: fu t un.: =-===

11 wy f11 l un· : µ; q fc1rd1 111

i.'O lln; r:sely : sa 1c

1' I

7'/1 / 11 J...- u u l l'l' .' /0 ' ~ (1tl /y ''. ( 1 111 ~ p a~ L: ii /,,· .'/ • 111 1' J ;1 !'•' 1'1 'l' u:i .' 1: f/11'
111 .,,_,PJtl is t/1 / 111 , : wi :--1·1 _,. impr11\·1· i f: l11 J ~ , ,., , t!o 1' 1;.:. tin:. :--l :;td -

Ex1•1t1-:::;s10x m:iy he ,·ari cd 1. H y d1:rn g iu g an :icti Yc n :rb in(,o i t s p:1;;::;irc fu rrn , <11 1d
'I

111111/ t

. :~. 1·11 t, :
t I 11 • 1n·1

di ~ 1·i pl i111 'f l inlo

T'

l iw

Jtd(I {'.

u rd1·r , re ...:pe,·t tl 1e ri c l1.
. ~.

(l)

I le \\'a :-i i 11il i:1 t1il. ~ II,· w; L..,

(:.! )

I I,~

( -1)

~ in <' h w a ~ .1; 1 rgi r 1· 11

it .
/ :w ;( ,

U \.lt1rd --= l i\· ,-, ,,,,/,,/ ~lL U .\. fu rd .
(:l) lli :-i lo11kpn 1ru l.-1 ·1! n1i ri li ::=: !I i ... 1:1 1; u1 u·u 11 n · (.rt·// ;·,./
ii 1·1·1/

(;)

at

== . \luch

w :i !'<

m i rtb~

c.rc 11s;'d o r parclon n /.

F_x ,·1· l:1 ·1H· 1· w iil irn !t ;; t i11 ' r i-- i11q 11 1. .: :-: ild 1• --:
T!11"J" 1~ c au lJL: 11 u L' Xn·lk 1ii ·· · \\' l111~ i11t b if 11r.
Tl1:1t. 1114 "11 ~ 111 111 l1l r~ ·; 1 r d1 •; 1t l 1 :- 1 · 1·111 ~ 11 1 IJ H ' ~t t' : l ll'.! '' Jt f' c c 111 s t u nn ! ~ tra11 g-1. · tl1: t1 11 w 11 :-l 10 11 ld f1· :tr dl':tl i 1.

l'Hl:\ CIPLES OF EX

E:\GLISH CO'.llPO:SJTION.

S. Hy d1nugiu g din;et quotation::; into iudirect, and conn: r:sely : 1 (1) · Try not 11"' I''"~ ! · tlil' old 111:1 n said =
Tl1e ult! '""" t<>ld '11illl not tu try t li e pa"'·
(:.') 'C o11<p1e:< t," sa id l\apol<.:un , 'lia> mad<· 111c wli:H Tam'=
:\a pole<>n ~a id t li:Lt co11q11e st l1ad made l1im wliat li e was.
( 3) lie >aid tkLI lw wo11ld d .. tain tl1 e lio11~<· no longer=
li e said, 'I. will tktain till' l1 01i>c no lon ge r.'

!J. By a cliie iut,crmixt1ire of long and s lio rt, of p eriodic

1. Replace the ncti\·c by the passiYc Yoice, omitting nny

(1) ·Tohn 1hrcw th r l1all. (2) An ea1·thq11ake destroyed
tlH• cit.1". (3 ) A'.!c in creo.w,,,. tl1t· dc·sire of livin"'.
( ~) \\',·lli11gt<>11 })l(_r;/it man.'· hallles.
(.'\) Slii1~s
rTowrle1l tlH· harbor.
( (; ) l\·ol'IC i.;v nnall y disliked
the lll:tl"l'iac:e. (7) \Ye dn not k11 ow tl;e future.
(~) Thry sr111 that the f.,rg"l·rs h1\n• liec n ap prcll(•n tled.
(!°1) A wh:tl•· has 11psel a l1oat. (I " ) Tl .. · kin" readily acce71te fon ·i.'.!n aid. ( 11) \\ "c e.c11er·t
goorl
h arvest. (I 2) Tl1c ro 11rL ""'' thro1c11 off a ll di ~g 11isc.
(I:!) llro11·'·'· ti11kling;; /1ill tliP distant. f11lrl. (\.1) It
was not t.ill 1l1c fa il11rc of the lq::itirnat<' bran el1 t.lrnt
nwn /1111/ pai,/ am· :Lttt-ntit>rt to t.l1 e f'la im of tJ1< , Somer·
set liu c. (l !1) ,\l(•ll ;i/t hig-h indignation at sel' ini.;
tlH· .rnung- prince saCI' itil'cd to t.h c jealo11~ p oli ties of
two tyrants.
1

:7

/

Tl it"' direct fo rm gin's t}1r \\"or.J s nf a ""J1t'aktT CX:1•"' 11 y a~ ~pokt·n.

T ill' indirec t f.1r1u. gi\'t·s the' s11 bsta11c1' , J •l' l'S(HI.

\\' aYcrley l\ov1·1' were nTilten by Sir \\':cl i er
S<:ott. (2) Th e spi1·e of th e dn1n ·l • hus ken sl rlf" k
lJy 1iglttni11g. (3) 'J'lu.! sold it·rs 11:l·1·r } JJ·ui.~'r/ 1'.·'· 1hc
king. (4) He 1rn8 /.J ctr·u.yed by one uf 111 > fr1l'11<l >.
(5) - Th e vi l'Lo r.1· huo /.J ee n yain ed by ti"· En.'.!li,]1.
( G) llis cons<: 1H 1ca' not. asked j(,r.
(') ~l:tm·
griC\'arl l'('S u·e re cump/aiut:.rf l~(.
(~) 'J'he un ·n 1n ·1·('
st ruiigly re111ollst 1·u ted fcith.

(~>)

·,,,
~

' l'l1 0:-:e yu1111 g t n: t'=-'

tl1 t·

p/rut!ed.

·'/'!iced.

unnecessary \YOrcls: -

l11 ·r

( J) The

( 10) ~\ relie\·in ;; fur ·· ~ wus
C\'f' rY dav c:cpected.
(l l) Napukun';; l:tl'ti e' 1rae
tun 1 ~,/ ag:<i11 st him self. (12) }{ope:; were l1urri l·dly
EXERCISES.

Pl

G3

2. Rcpbcc Lite pass ive l.Jy the aclivc voice, HtJ!lplyiJJg :rny
nccrss:uy wonl8, allll om ittiu g uscles:s one::;: -

u· ~ rf! r cct·ntly

and loose, seutences.

1

l'RES S10~ .

words as

l'l 'jHH'tt•d

l,y

111 1

.

3. G i\·e to t he following the periodic form: ~1u1.k, and a dl'li<·iou>
frnit. (:!) Any of tl1e se 111:'.1· lw 11 sdlll ((}till' !"(11 11 11 111nit,·, and pas,- tliro11gh t.lic world with the n•p11t:it i<111
of "'OO< J purpO>CS a.nd lllH.:Ol'l'l'l•t L'd 1i1 oral>, ln1 t th>'.\"
ar1:.,,11 nfi t for l'lnsc an<l t.en<kr in li 1n:L<·i·· ~. (:\) Tl1c
!!• ·n iui" n1ade me 110 an:o:wl'r, a.ni l I turned rne alfo11 L t o
:1dd rc" 111vs,;1f tu ],i111 " 'Cl'Olld ti11 1f', l111t I fulind tli at
li e li:ul J..it 1111·. (<.I ) Tl1e tr,;es w<"rC et.!1i1·at 1·d wi:l 1
mllch r·an', arnl the frnit was ri1·h a11d :d111!1dant.
U>) The Joye of prai sl' is naturally ill •}'L11.i .. ,l in 011r

(! ) Tlie Yin cs affo rd c<l a rd rl'sl1i11µ;

ho ~o rn~ , and it is a Yery dilliv11lt li"t:-.k to ri:-e :il 1un· a

,,

>'

I

.~:- .

d esire of it, CYCn for thin;.:' that onµ:l1t tu]," in.Ji ff,· rent. (6) Th e l'Vitk n"" :1ml th1· sen tc1we wcr<" 't :tlt'd:
am] the 1•re> irknt pnt t.he •1ucst ion, whl'lhl'r a 11:1r.J,.11
sho 11 ld Iii· µ;ranU:d. (7) T he r C<J ll C' t wa' rd11'1·d,
and tlic 11reacli """widened 11.v t11c ,.J,:<tinan· ,,f l•ollt
parties. (" ) Th e clc•j"''ed "'"nan·h """' ""L m ·ll
trca1 .. ,J ]"·the E: 11 ·1 ,,f J, vi1·•· :'l1'i'. :i11tl tlll' 1•11lili<: >1·111 path y lw gan lu 111a11ifesl in l1i s lwli:df.

. . '~

64

E:\ GLIS II C0 :'>11 '0SITION.

4.. Substitute sy nonyms for t he words in italics : In t ha t ;wrtion o f tli c wc-;;t.- rn .< rctio11 of lliis empire which is
onli1111 rif.11 de~ i!Jlll t l c ,/ :-;0111cr> eb l1irc, t he re latdy resided,
a n <l pt·d1ap> !iYcs 't ill , a i,;c ntlei11an whose appellation
was Allworthy. :11 t1l wli o rni g li t well lie term ed t h e favorite of Loth nature and fo r tune, because both of these
sccrn to ha,.., stricen whic h sh ou!J bless a nd endow him
rnost. In thi s cont rs!, nat ure may a;11iear to !t avc come
oil' 1ri11111plia11t, as sl1c /,e.</u1cc1/ o n him 111a11y endowments,
while fo r t 11n c liad only o ne g ift in he r po wer; but iu
l11i: islii11y this, site wa< so n·r.'· /u,-isli, that oth ers perh aps
m :1y co 11 .,i1frr t his u n r! en d o wtn c nt to h a ve been more than
e11wtl to all th e din:r«{/ieJ l1!1 ·:>s in:;s whic h he (• njoyed
fr ont na t11 r c. Frum tli e a11teriur of th1· sc lw r ,;ceived a n
:tg rc:l'ablc apperrrru1ce, a. ,,· rHulfl t·unst il uti un, a sol iJ in·
lellect, a 11t! a f/uo 1! l1 e:irt ; hy t ho latt.-r, lie was appvinted
to tl 1c li eirslii1i of one of the large;;t possessions in the
coun ty.

PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESS ION.

65

G. Turn into the direct form: A C ran e perceivin g a Camel at a di s tan ce, mad e l1a sle to
appruad1 him , aJ1\l h avi11:; compared it,e lf with tli c lw a ,t,
e xclaimed that lii s body wa s ve ry unwie l1h·, th o11gh
h e was maj esti c abo ut t!te he ad , which h e h ekl u p in a
g rand m an ne r ; but th at h e eo uld n ot 11oa:>t of tl1 c Crn nc ·:;
figur e a nd c h:mn s. Tl1 c Carn e! in r eply told the Cra ne
nut to talk of c harm ;;, for thcrn was no beauty in s uc h
a lo ng l! cak :rn<l rnd t lo ng It-i,;s ; t l1at lie JJ( ,as tct! not o f
el egan ce but of ulilit y ; that l1u t fo r hint the ""'e rt s of
Arabia eo11ld 11e ,·c r liar e bc.-n inhab ited; th at he car ri1·1l
ir11n1cn sc W L' i ~lit s , an +l journ eye d 1n any iniles at a time ,
ab,taining from food and drink for 'e vc ra l h o11rs.
l le
a lso :Hided t ha t th e,.e we r e 1111:tl ili<'S t hat t!tc C ran e, notwith s tand ing it s boasted beauty, coul d not lay clai m to.

7 . .l\Inkc as m:wy ~1 0otl trnnspo:;itions as poss ililc, marking
the effect of each. K e1· cr ;;acrifice c.:lcarncss or strcug lh for
the sake of change : -

5 . Tnrn into tltc in\li'rect fo rm , looking carefnlly to corr ectness and clea.mexs of th e sc11tcnccs: -

(! ) I sh all neve r con se nt to such pro posa ls whil e I live .
(:2) l\ l any chan ges arc now taking plat.:c iu tl1e vege table

A Bear lil'\'omi n::;- an g r.'· wi t 11 :1 n ,\ p1! t li:1t wa~ ::;-etting on his
J,a .. k :ind pnllin>?; hi , li:1i r, c:ill1'<I him a li ttle imp e r t in ent
thi ng-. 'Liu k ! ' ~n_, ., tlw AJ' e, 'wl1a t d o yo u mean by
tl1at? I a111 tall1·r tli:111 ; ·01 1.' B 11t the Bear re plie d , 'You
a rc not wl1c n I 'tand up.· ' Yo n sta nd up! ' cx cbim eu
t he Ap1c in a rnee rin!! ton1·. 'Yo n shall sec,' r cjo ineu
tlie llc·:tr; whci imnt.-d iatc ly r pa r cd l1i m;;clf upon hi s
hin1l legs, wh ile th e .\ pc n·t ired with a stoni shm e nt.
'Ko w t'Ollll' neilr,' sa.' ·" t!t l· Bear, in il attcring a cce nt;;,
- 'pray come nea r. a nd let us meas nrn; J do believe
you a r c tl1e taller.' l>1·l nd «d hv lti s wheell lin " tongue,
t h e cr cd11l o11; i\ J•e boldl y app r~aehe<l, and ti~ vindict.i,·e Bear g:L\·l, !ti111 a11 t:t n uracc that s•p1eczeJ hint to
d eath .

wo rld und e r ou r itnm ediate n otice, though w e a rc not
observan t of th e m.
L et us not eon c l11ll e, wl1il e clan~c r ~ a r c a t a <li Htan ce,
and d o not in11nediatc ly a p111-. .a.1·h 1t , , tl 1at w e are
sec ure, unl ess we use th e ne c t~ss ary prec auti ons to
pre vent tl 1cm.
A p reac hin g tinker produ ced th e Pi lg rim 's P r ogr es s, at
a t im e when persons of '111ality tra nsl:ttcd Fren ch
roman ce!', and whe n the Cnivcrsit ie' cele brated in
Ycrses abou t. tri to ns a nd faun s r oya l ll cath s.
I su rvey thee, 0 Parnass u ~, wi t h n t' ith e r tlt e frenzy of a
dreamer, uo r t l1 c ravin ::;s of a mad man , l1ut. a s thou
ap pear cst, in the wild pomp of tl 1y mo11ntain m aje~ ty .
Early o ne 81tmmcr n1 ornin'!;, ],..fo re t.hc f:u11ily was :; t irring ,
an old cloc k , that, without g ivin g its O\~nc r any cause

(3 )

( 4)

(5)

(G )

(>

l:NGLl~H

66

CO:\ll'OSlTlON.

1'RlNCil'LES OF EXl'HESSION.

o f complaint, ],;i,J 't 1.•<"l for fifty y ears in a farmer's
kitcl1e11. sudd " 11J_,. st11p pcd.

(!)

(I) Tiy ,.iPknt p1.·r"" " " tir1n l'llllllwlll'• l to <Jllit hi s n::ttiv c la nd,
Halil•a .\ k ib;i wa ndere d u ' ·"r h :11Tl' ll wast<'S and d reary
d ese rt>. ,\ t la:; t he c ame, weary a nd alrnost exh austed,

( 2)

lie had plou"hed. so we d, a 1Hl r eaped l1i s ofte n >'ca.nty
ltan-..,,t with Iii :-< ow 11 hand,: , ''"·' i"ted by three sons,
wh o, C\' en in ho.\'houd. we n .: happy to wo rk with
tlll'ir hth1· r in till' fi.. kk

(1 0) Look in g l':t;;e rl:c around. l"' pro<·ccd " d with joy, Lut of
the ol•,i <Tt" wi tli whi e h li e had fon11n ly bee n con,·c r , ant , he ,,J ,sene•l l111t few.

(I 1) Th e rl' a1k rs Ji;t\'C c1 11H,t a ntly b ec>n l.c c·nm in g more and
rn11re 11 un1 C'n) 11:-'. and (·0 11 s.t.·q 11l·ntly !li e writers m ore
arnl

tll<ff"

i11<kpcndent. fro 11 1 tl1e ti 11 1c uf !'ope to the

present rla y.
(12) \\" e Jia,·c s:i t nn a nwky bank . witl 1 the Sal.hath hill s
arnuml 11~, far f ro :n t h e cl1"L and din, the :-lplendor
a 11 d t.h c "'lu:drn· of tl1 \.' e it ~·, lo wo11 d er :it t.he varied
and ri cl1 profu, ion, with whil'l1 t; o<J l1ad cloth ed the
:'C\' l1V.

8. Yary by the u se of the introdnctory there or it: (1) Arn o n(! th e :rncients nn k in ~ wa s lik e Solomo n. (~) CiC<' r~ p rai •e d C'a·,,1 r . (:>) Th e r·row hid th e comb.
( ·t) A sou111l of n·n ·l ry by n i;:li t wa s l1 earcl. (5) T hat
we !1:1\' C he•·n dl'<Ti \'e d is cl e:ir.
president is un ce rtain .

\\"01111\.'r n.,t, th e n, wl11t.t Goel fo r you saw good,
1f I re fuse not, but co nv ert, as yo11,
To prope r subs ta ucc. 1

It

wa s a su111u1er ev e nin g,

Old K asper's wo rk was d one,
And li e Lefore hi s cottage doo r
\\"as sit tiug in the ,; un;
And by hi111 spor ted on the g r ee n
!Iis little g r :111dc hil d \Vill1e l111in u. 2

n L·ar a \'illa ~e.
( 8) In t he trea ~ 11r;· lie long-i ng to th e cat h e•lr:d , in t hi s city,
a di :; h, "uppo,:e<l to b" mad e of Cllll'rnld, h a s been prese n cd fur upwards of ,;ix li undrcd yea r s.
(~ )

(j7

( 3)

A s two yo un g bears, in want<rn rnuud ,

F ort h i~ s 11ing f l'Olll ~L neigltl/r ing w<1od,
Carne wh e re tl1 c indu strio us h1·es lia1l stor ed
ln artful n·lls t he ir l1.1 sl'i o11 s h oard ,
O'erj oyl'd t.lwy >c iz,.,J, w it h cage r ha ste ,
Luxurio11 s on di e ri ch r e l"''t.
A h nu c 1! :it thi>, tl 1c little c r e w
Abr1 ut their ca r s vindi c tiv e £1ew.
The beasts, 1111 al1le to s ustain
Th e un equ a l comba t, q uit t.11 c plain.
llalf hl i11d wi Lh rage, and 111ad with pain,
T h L"i r n:1ti,· e sl1e ltcr t h ey reg a in ;
'Th e re :--it , a nd 11ow dis<" rt·clt;r g ro wn ,
T oo ht <: t lw ir ra,J1n l'ss tlu·y bemoan ;
,\11d thi~ b_y clL"ar ex pe rienc e ga in , Thrtt pleaHure 'so ft e n bou g ht with 1• a in .

(4) The fox and th e cro w, in prose, J well kn o w,
Many good li t tle boys can r eh earse;
P erhaps it w i ll tell pretty n early as we ll ,
l f we try th e s:rnie fabl e in verse.

(~) Vv'ho " ' ill be

!J. Change into th e usu:tl orde r of prose, making only such
alterations as clearn e8:s 111ay requ ire: -

I Do 11 ot \l"O nd er, tl11·n, if l refu se nut wl1at Go,\ saw to be guo,l rvr you,
L11t conver t it, as you have du111\ to prop .. r snbsl.an cc.
2 At th e close of hi s work on a sur1111wr e Y~ , old l\ as\'e r ~at h.v hi.q
cot tng e 1loor, in t h e ligh t <, f th e se tting su n, Hu d hi s Ji llie grn 11JchilJ
Will1C·lrni11 e sported nea r him on tlJ1> gree n .

•....,_·.,

t1'GLISH CO'.\tPOSlTION.

68

PRINC il'LES 0 F J: Xl' HESSIC>N.

In a da.ir:r , a. crow havin g n.~ nturc d to go,
:-; ome food fo r h e r you ng one s to Sl" ck ,
Flew up in tl1e tn·<::<, with a h r)!!' pi ece o f ch eese,
\ Vh ic li ,he ju.d1d ly held in h e r be ak.

A fo x wl10 lin·d h,-, to the t r et· s;t w l1t·r fl y,
,\ 11d to 'har e i11 th e pri z1 · 111ad e a vo w;
For l1a ,·i11).! j u't d in ed. l"' fu r cl1t·<' "c fe ll iu cl ined ,

general, ~ac.;r i fi ce th e l1appin e :<:; o f otl1e r s to tlrr•ir <He n .< el/i.'h
T11 wl 1at. 1·lsi· i:< tl1 e ~el ti :<hne ;. :; ,,f p ri11 c c:< an d
othe r p:rcat people l o lie attr il 111 t cd? It. i• i11 t: rri11 111 tl 1i1 1k

iwilll!Je11 ce.

of cu/1:1.: atiu!J pri11 ci11!t:s o_f genero...:.il.'J a111f
m er e e.c!t urtu i iun 1u 1d l"l't1S011i t1 !/ ·

l1abi1 of tJ\·e 1-c 111 11i n g u 11r ow n

lH·

kn...:· w. hnt ~o wa s

11\·

too,

,\ ud with tb tlt'ry ;uLq•t ed hi :< plan:
Fu r 111· kiww if , he 'tl 'l'ea k . it 111t1" t fall from li er beak;
:--)u 1Jowi11g polite ly, bt •gan: • 'Ti :< a n·ry li1w d .1, , · - no t a wot d 1lid :;lie 'ay ; 'The wind. I lie li e n ·. :'ll:t'atu . i; :;0 111 11;
A fin e han·e,t for p ea:<;' li e th e n luok'd at t he cheose:
B11t tl1 e c i·uw di d uot upe n lier 111outl1.

:l

~ elfi s lin cs ~,

and 11 t' J;1,11 ili11rl_1
1

e11 cou uff' ri1111Jr io tl i 1111.'i r11 11 / 1 /i.~c 1111 ~/ ;1rl on :u.T v 1111111 f 1~1lw1 · :- ,

.I run .Jirml!J p ers1 uul r.:1/
Sh e w :t."' 4·1111niug,

lw11f~ /i1·111 ·· r · Ii_,.

~\rut lt i. 1 1 :, Ind tl 1 ~· 1•r;1cti1 ·;il

w ill en.: r e na l 1l e ll ."' tu du it wli c u rL"qui rl' d.

S u li e we nt and :;:it und1·r tl 1c· buu:;l1 .

G9

.\11 d llH ·r··fu rt·

i11dul g:c1H'e i11f:dlil1!y 111·u 1/ 11 1·· ,.;
se((rsh11 r :.:,;,· rt111f harr/111 1 :-:.~ 1 ~/ lll'Uf'f , :l.1111 tli :it 1Hitl 1i11 :; lnJf a
pretly :-;e\"cr e di:-;ci11li11 e aJ1 d t 1Jnt n 1I can lo!J tlt i: j (11u11fa1iu n

of a

11l u 91 11u 1 i11 w11.~

t1 1at

clutrt11.:ter .

...j.

Sl,1· He narol , not ti red. li er pl um a)!e nd111 irc d ,
'Jl o w cliannill )! l h ri w l1ri ll i:1nt it s l111e !
r-rli t· voiC'e n111:' t bt· fin e u f :1 l1ird St >di\·in e,
Ah, kt me j 11't hea r it. -- !'ray do.
'TI1·l i\·\·c rn c.

I 1nn g-

t•1

lu ·ar a sw eet song.'

f110\i .. h \y I l' i \' :-< , A nd , J1e· :< c ar<«.! :;an·"'". '"111:tl l, whi: n the c h eese sh e let
TlH ' :-: illy

lTP \\'

fall.
And t he fox r:rn away wit h th e prize .

10 .

S t1l1stitntc equi,·al ent words :rnd p hr::iscs : Y o un :; pPo ple who It ,,,.,, lwoi /iob it11 rilly _qm !{Jierl i n all tl1t ir
, fri!i ire.~. will 1 11 ~ t. on J_
,. mnn • i111 /u /qe iu 1·011ri,.ifJ 1ts desire.1i,
hut will i11 /i il/iJ.l.11 t:i k• · it lll O re amiss wl1!·n t he fci:l in gs or
h appin ess of otlll'r" r er1uirc tlrrtl th ey s/1 1!11/il be 1liwarted ,
t l1 an t.1 111, e " ·h o ha n · lwc11 p1·a ,·ticall.1 trnin l'•l to the habi t
1i f.<1d1,/ rii11 !; and rc.<trai11 i11g !It em, anti co n ~!·qu c nt.ly will, in

"

PIU~ C I PLES

ENGLISH COMl'USlTION.

70

OF EX:PllESSION.

71

Simile is the expressell rl'semblauce in some one v1rti c11 l:tr l1ctw ee n two u l1jcct,; of d ilfl' r c nt kinds or species. J t is
11 ,; u:dly, ]Jut n ot a lw ays, introdu ced IJy like or a::;: I I is wunb frll >uft. like snow UJWll !lie grow;,/ .
•·I .; ji·om tli e 1ci11 !J 11 0 .scar t/1e ,,/,-:; 1·etai11.s,
The purled 1cac•! 110 furrou•ji-11111. th e k~e l,
~o 1.l i.. s in l111111an heart' tl1e tl1u11 µ;lit uf death.

CHAPTER YI.
PHI KC IPLES OF

EXPm:ss ro~

- F IC UTtES.

S wi ft i11 lii s dc<: ay r u:;1!11thled a :;iwll tree 1cit71 ered i11 its
liuu:;l1s.

Figures of speech are <1eYi:ttio ns fr om t he o rd in:1ry spelling,
cu 11 slnll'lio 11, a1111l icatiu n,

o r rl!T Ull[/'' lllen / o f " ·onh1.

Thu s :

rut'""'"'

Metaphor is an impl icll s in1il e . The \\'Onb :ire 11 se11 in
L11 .. ir o ri g inal sense, IJ11t tlt 1.: i1/1'u whi l· li tlwy l ' U ll\"l'_I" is tr:111,; fc rr .. ll fr olll th1.: object to ll'iiid1 it l'l'llJ•crly l1d o 11 g,.;, tu :111 u lltcr which it rcse111l1les: -

(1) ..1down tlit· g:lcn rod\· arinl~d 11a·n .
(:!) 1Y l1n ll C\'cr fast~. no l1;1wp1 t•t ,.·, .,. l'.'lljo.n.i.
(:J) Tl 1e ""allow ' ing:< m·e··I fr o111 li er IWO' t i11 tli e wall.
(-1) Tliy word i< a fo111p 111110 " '·'· feet.
(5) Up FO::r> the lark, slirill-ru icL' d and luut!.

A rG?J of h u pe.
T he 1cl1ite li!Jltl of truth.
4-\ i>J'al'elet :;tarred w i t 11 gl' Hl S.
TJi,• wi ~h j , fr1th er t•> tlie th o11µ;h t.

(1), (2), and (:l) :ue the l:tng11a~c o f poet ry, - ' a d ow n'
fo r ' down, · 'C l'r ' f o r ' eYC' r,' a nd 'sweet' !'or 'sweetly.'
' L:tmp ,' comrno11l y :ippli crl 10 :1 pllysi eal o l1jl' <·L, is li erc appli ed to a spirilu:d o ne whic h rcst' mlill'S it. in effect. So,
like wi se, th e n :1 n1es 'm o rni11g · and ' CYC11ing' properly belo ng t o 1li t• <h y; I 1111 :1s tlH•y ,; ig 11 i f y t lw fir ,;t and last pa r ts ,
tl1L' ph r:1sc '11 1urni11µ: o f lit'l·' rn:1y Ge u,;ed fo r '!)'J11l h , :111d
'1.: 1«•11i 11 g of lit'e' for ()Iii rr:1P.
Tlil' ti g 11re in ( :1 ), a d 1· 11:1rt1 11«· l' rn111 t h<0 romm on o rd er of
word ,;, i,;, lik e (- l), of fn ·q1 1<•11t 1' 11q.J uy n1 e 11L in liotlt prose
and poP t ry, CS IH'1·i ally i11 tl1 e l:1ttc·r. lt g iv e,; :111 ag reeable
1·ari ety to spe1~ l'l 1 , 11 ot unlike Y:1ri :t1ions in 111 11 s ic .
A knowledge o f the lc:1di 11 g 1i).!tll"l'S is necess :1ry fo r a just
appreciation of the fo rcC' :111 <1 l1c:1t1ty of poetry am1 of mu ch
prose , as w ell as for the dear, slroug, antl elegant expres0

Cu1t :-;c iencc is a th ou:j(l!l(I su:vnf:j ,

Metonymy is 1l1 e s11l1,;t it11 t io u of one 11a1nc fur a nut her
wll l' ll th e rel:ttion h d \Y el' 11 till· o !Jj l'l'ls is no t lllt·n· l'l'Sl' llll.I:u1 c1.: .

2.

lt 1111ts -

l~f/; ' d f111· i·a11 :-. (': H1· ... Jd.'c·I .1;1·t1y f,uir ..:

>)1d a~~·t· J.

\ l.1 · 1111 Ith' y •11 1r

i

'''fl'-" [ : 1 tt1·nti~·n J.

3 . Sig11 fu r t lii11 g :signille1 l - I I t• l1 ol d~ tl ll' ~. .·ci:j

(

·· '

~

1

/1·e

;• '•

[ :-o<J \'lTt·ign

l" m-. ·r].

\ I >rink t1 1e ''"/'·
4. C011tuiner for thin g eo11 tai ne1l - Tit(· slrcP /s 1n· 11t.
(Tl"· house co11 '"·1w11.
5. J\fat1·rial fur the thin g made: l le rai sed th e g karnin)! .<le•cl.

sion of thought.

;

.
i

..

~

.' ' ; ,

'

l

'
...:~~

\·!
l'RINCirLES OF EXPRESSION.

ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

72

Hyperbole exaggerates for the sake of emphas is .
more is said than is l iterally true: -

Synecdo che, closely nllied to metonymy, puts the whole
for ::t p::i.rt, or a part for tuc w hole ; -

0 l famlct, th ou bast cleji 111y !teart in twain .
This figure occurs ,·cry frcqncntly i n common co nnrsation ;
ns whrn, to r ep r ese nt rapid motion, we say ' as q11i ek :ts
li ghtn in g,' '::i.s swift as tbc wind.-' It s ho ul d be u sed s paringly, und e r th e guiuan ec of good taste .

Personificati on spenks of irr:ttion::i.l :rnimals and lifel ess
t.hi ng,.; :ts if t.l1<•y w1·re pcrsou s. The r e arc three deg rees of
the lig11r e : -

•

3. A s\' r il'ti<Jn ,,f IH·:l r in· • \Ye r"ra.r1s an d p eaks!
and spi:ei· h
" 1 'l'o n1 " into 111.1· parloi·,' saitl the
( 'i'ider to the ily.

•l '. .,,

~~

' • /.

• ; • './

""f"j_..

/I

Exclamation is th e u se of th e e rnotion:ll form of expres-

I
\\"l 1at an 1.:1·(·11 1f11l life was lier; I
A hor;< t• ! a hor>C !
() ~ .. 1111d dl'li ~ h tf11 l !
\\' li:1 t a dazzlin:; light I
~lon .-.; I rnu~

j<Jlll'lll')"-

l'lo"e ly :illi C' d to tl 1c al!t-µMy :11·p th e fa ble and p:1ral>lc,
wl 1il'h in :11H: ient. times funned :t faYor ite rnctbod of iu sLrueLion .

'l.l 1i s is 111 11nst n111~.

I l1;r,;

wa s a11

,.,.,.111 f11l !if,..

Brin g rn e a hor se.

'1'!11.; :.:o und i!< okli ~ l1 tf11l.
T he light is ve ry d:tz zlin;:o:.

This fi g u re, to lie ctTccti1'c as :t m ea n s of c mph :1,, i,.; or lil"(·li 1H·sR, sl 1ou ld come in merely as an ex1.:eptioo to t.he g1· 1wr:d
u .;c of the d ccla r:tti vc form.

Apostrophe tnrns :isi<l f' from lhr mni n li n t~ of thong ht to
:tdd n,·ss the in :111i111:ite or alJs c n t as li\·ing and 1•n::;e n t: -

r

•

sion for the sa k e o f e m phas is. 01.>scr \' e how 11 111ch 111ore
:w i1 n::i.tct1 and Yi gorous is t he exd a1uati,·c tli:rn the dn·l:tr:iti\·c form: -

Allegory i s :l p rolonged use of 111..t:11'l 1or an11 pcrso nif1 c::i.titJ11 in tile for111 (If a :.;t.o r_y.
Tl11• !t:sso11 tl1:tt it t eaches
i" 111 1t ex pl:1i11 l' d , l111t is easily <li,.;co n :red. T he best cx:1111ph· of l"11g :till'go ry i" B1111y:t11 °" ' l 'il g ri1n"s l' rog r<'ss,'
;01111 tk d 011 t l11.: 1nl'laphur th:it ll1e Chri.;ti au life is a Jll' r ilous

.<ling

1

Oh, pray clon "t restrain your 1pirtll o n my aecount: it does 111Jl
Ii url me at all.
And Job :tn,;wered and said , !Yo Jou/JI ye are lit e peo11le, w"l
wisdom slw ll di e 1cith yu11 .

\ Th e 'e:t saro it.
·1 Tl1c ear t h s111iles.

The n !<l1all In~ hro110.:l 1t to l'a,:;: the s:i.1·i11 ~ t hat is writte n,
D eath is swa ll owed up in Yi1 ·10ry. U /Jrntlt , wltcre is llt!J

f , I

Irony sneeringly conveys ~a mca ui ng tbe rcY crsc of tbat
expressed: -

<pialiii e~ .\l i e di_e•l of a crn el di sea se.
I Ile sull1·d t l10 angry tempest.

2. A >niption o f action

:Much

The wrrvcs str uck the drippi11g stars .

.l/r111 [ hi s body] return~ to the dust.
:\ow is Ilic year be:rn tiful.
I adj t11·e all ror!/'.
They put to ,ea wit.h lift:· sail [ "hips].

1. Asl'rip t ion of

73

:l
[t

:1

Interrogation gins life and sp iri t to ><tylc hy cxprr ,..s i11 ~;
It is 11 s ct1 li te r:tlly to :t,;k
q u estio n ; fig11rnti\' ely, to affirm or d eity mo re strong ly .

fact in t h e fo rm of a qn estion .

74

ENGLISH COMPOSITION.

It is forc e ful because it is a direct appeal to the reader
or hearer: IYh crc is the hone st man that would su ffer himself to be
stripped of l1i s ri ghts and liberties ? Th at is, no hones t
man would suffc.;r himse lf to lX! so str ipped.
'rYhe n shall we he ~tro11g;· r '! \ \'ill it be the next week or tl1 t
next ye ar'? . . . ls life so dear or peace su sweet as to Le
purcl1ascd at the price of chains 11nd slavery'!

Antithesis pl:i.ccs tl.iings in opposition
effect uy co ntrast: -

75

PRINCIPLES OF EXl'HESSION.

0

u eightcn th eir

Though poor, lnxurioHs; th oHgh subm issive, v:tin .
Not that 1 loved Cwsar lc>s, bu t that T loved ifomc uiore.
Wit laughs at thing>, hun!or lau glis with tlie111.

Climax is the a rran gement of ideas in tile asc endiug order
of their impo r tao c.;c : He a s p ired to lx~ tile high est ; abo ve the people, above the
authorities, above the lau:s, above th e coulllr!J.

Anti-climax, used for ridicule or hu:uor, is the oppo::;ite of
climax; as -

Power anrl wi stlom and goodness shin e forth in the work s of
creation. [Sec also th e e xample of di1nax. ]

The r e p e tition
It l·s
s 1; 111 l " I on.
.
I
t'
.
.
C:1C t pn r tt: u 1:u.

of tlic co njun ctio n, as al.Jo,· c., is ealled J1' 1l!f .1 ,·nl 11 ab le fi"urc when we wi s h to dw ell on
• " •
o
.
,
0
J t~., OJJ l)()~u 1 t"v ( ···tiled
1(Sl/ 1ll/e {IJ ll ) IS ::t(h!1ll L:l- ·
•
•

gcvus 11·hc n we " ·ish tl1c 11w1·c 111 C' 11t to J,., rapid: \\-., first enJure, then pity, th en c1nlll':tl't'.
Th L'Y diarg<', w:wer, fall bac k - a.I! is lust.

By constant u se, word,; lose th e ir figurati1·e meaning'. an•l
- : J.:1/f'
co in t: to 11c regard eLl a::; 11·1,e ra l . Tl lll,,· · F•.,_,1 l1- c r t' : · -/1;-111/,1
.
'·
'Allwrt' = ull -/Jr iulit ; ' bridal ' = l11·illt' ule, a r1 · rn1111~~cP'.we of
· 'li·:wkrn1it
· ='"°'J/,·e/i -l1c1u:l11'rl , n ·krnug
to
1 ut
,
,
•
•
.
tl IC nu p t "l.t l j' L.....
a c u,;t, 011 1 or th e Loml1anl m erc hant,.;, who, "·lieu one o! tlH:1r
mnn!1 er f:til etl , set upon him , dro1·c hirn out of th.e 111,a.rk e~­
pbcc . an d urok c hi s l1 c u c l1 to pi Cl' C,; ; 'Thursday
'j l1•1r s
(/uy, tile day that our S:tx v n fvr c f:t tlicrs de1·ot ctl to th e worship of the "Od Thor. M ost of 01n· wo rd s may thu s lie
lik e ncll to olci°rni 11, the im:1 ge or ,;iguaturc of 'd 1ic!J has be e n
worn out lJy pass iu g thro11gh m:rny h:trnl s.

=

Di e, arnl end ow a collc:;c or a cat.

Inversion places word s in an unu s 11:d order fo r th e ::mk e of
clcg:uwe or Corcc: ( 'orn e, nyrnp\1 de lllurc.

f . yn 11 t h to fvrt1ine and to fame 1111 kno wn.
Few and ~ ltort W l' r e Lht · 11ra_\.l 'I'=-' Wt' :- aid.

Repetition is tbc itcratiY c u se of words for th e sake of
energy: 0 A lisalom, Al1wloni ! n1 .1· '011 , 1111; so il .1
Tacitu~ tdb a fine 't0r.1' jinel.'f. IJ11t li e cannot tell a plain story
p/aiu./.y. He s timuht c~ t ill sli11111 /"11ts lose th eir power.

EX E RCISES.

·'?.

l. Fill the hlank s . and 11:111H: tl1 c figure: r<' ;!;:lfll tn tlH"ir '''I""! ' ; - - to tl11:ir f1'llnwtu tlH·ir ~1qwri1)r ;o; in rt:.!;''; - -. to. tl1ci r
pan·nh ; :ii11l k:ll', lul't'. and n•.Yc r.-n ce lo th e ir (,ud .
H e mu st inen·a ~ "· l111t I rnn st - - .
M:rnY arc call ed. hnt - - .. !iosc n.
,\ wise snn rnak eth a glad fat.h e r ; hut a - - son i ~ th e
hea1·i1wss ,,f 11is n1 nt.h t• r .
IIatre1l stirrcLl 1 up str ife s ; lin t - - covereth all sin«

( 1) Cl 1ildr<'ll

c,1q·

pupil:- ; - .-

(2)

(:))
( 4)

(5)

(G)

The l,wJ may l1a1·<' a l1itter taste,
But - - will ht.) the Hower.

e. '.

PRINCll'LES OF EXPRESSION.

ENGL ISH COMPOSITION.

76
(;)

\'i rttw i; lik .c - - . The m o re it is rubbe d, the more
l.ri g lul .' · it , Jiin c >.
(S) A man uf hon c; t int1•n1 io ns is like
wh ,
a lwa,·~ ;o('t' t i"' hott•im.
-e re we can

(9) A u1an uf \'il'!uo11s prirwipks is like--.

The winJ :;
Liu "·· anti th e wa\' CS Ll'at u pon it, bu t it - -

2. Change into !lie interrogatiY c fo rm:_
0

l1:wk

tu i t:; 111a 11 :-; in11 .

o

Tl1 c ,·o il' •' .,f l1u11or "" nnut r l':111 i ma tt~ tl1t· ~ il ,· nt Ju st, nor
<':111 !latle r_,. :'<>i!llH· tlil' d11ll, l'ul d 1:ar 01f dea t lr
(3) Tl"' l1~.aw1l1u rn J.u., 11 ~" i1·,.,· ·., ·' W l' •· i l· t· ''"li ··i•I e· l< ' :::;.l 1cp l.wri 1s
lu.,k 1n ·..'. "." th "''" ,illy >hL'l'j> tlra11 a ri1 ·l1 l'rnliro id L'l"<'d
ea1101°.1· :;11·.. , tu ki11;;; t lra t fe ar th e trL':tl' h c ry of their
!'ldtj tTl~ .

(Spt• aks.

smiles, sy mpathizes .)
(7) The n11111ber of peo ple wl10 arc alive is very srn:d l. l'(01 11 parcJ wi th t h o'e who have 1lie<l. (Tn·:u l. ~h11nlrl'r.)
(8) The ri,·cr tl ows through n o eountry which is inha \.it .. d.
an<l no sonn tl s arc made 1w ar it, exn·pt what :ll""
causeJ hy tlie rnov in g of it s own waters. ( Si k1ll'e ,

(9) Tllll hand u[ the duck 111uves ro nnJ without noi'<·.

( Ti111l',

silent tread.)
(10 ) Th e wind 11\IHl'S r:q1idl:-, although it i> ,..,Jdo111 !1 .. art!.

(\Yings, :--ong.)
(11) 'J' ho11 1n11 st pa.:-:~ 1n;u 1y )"l':ll'S i11 tl1is wt1rld , wli l' rf' wi~1·
ml'n ""'!! >t dT1·r dilli1·11lt i,· s a nd lianl , loip; , :i11d f, ,. ,J i-li
pcr:"'.-OHS 1nu~l find lrolll,} e.
(SL"a, lon6 \'uya;,!"l': :-l 1i pwrel'k .)

(1) L.. rt! Cl1:Lt lr a m w a~ a 11 1) 11·,.rfid man.
( 2) 'l'h<· gay g- n~ 1 · n l1in·h l1lunnn·il s w(•et I )", :uHl ri c h was the
ldn:o;:-"1 •m .
I h a d win ~; like :l tl rl\'C, l wo 11lol ll y aw:ty an<l be at
n·st.
(1) Th e ,.,.~r-t:i hl,· ki nf:tln m l i P~ d1 •:1 d . an•l l h1 • l1.11wfnl is •lumb.
( {>) f w1 :-: Jt 1J1;it Ill_\- l1t•a 1l wi· n• W :lf1·r~ . and 111in e eyes a founl1aw1li ur n' :-'

rr

tain of t•·ars.

4. Express in fi~ ur:iti·.-c l :1n),!11 :igc . [llld nam e the figure in ·
c:ich c:lse : ~
~ lie wn ~ n11rnlH•r Oil<' in ht•r f' l,·1·"
.·"
· .·. ( I fo:11l.)
(~) 11 1• wa ' thl' I:i--r iu 11 ,,. di1·i:;i .. n.
(F11n t)
(3) Sl rl'· \\"I· ·' · ·' 1 f><'l's•m " f vc r:· inrl ulc n t · habits.

an: s:ttl , as well a~ )Vhe n we arc che erf ul.

(12) The wirnl <'a11;es the• kave; to m ove . (1 ) :llll'l' . )
(1 3) Guilt is always wrl' l"11 l'd, anJ \'irtm· j, al way s r cwankd .

3. Ch:wgc iut0 the exclam:1ti1·c form: _

(3 )

(G) The r e are scenes in nature whic h arc pkasan t when we

solituJ e, h1·ars n o sonnd 1·x1·c pt voin·. )

(!) Sturi,: d urn or an i111 a1 ••1l h11•.·t •·,
' " n11 11 1. caII the flcetin olJl'ca1 h

77

soo ner or lat.er.

(\\'edd l'd , allied.)

5. Express the following without hyp erbol e: (l) The rive r was f11ll of 1·r ot·o1l ilcs.
(2) The maid<'n wa~ <li ,;~o lv1·d in t ear~.
( 3) ]\f y p111'1·8 bl'al. wi t li fn ·nzi c<l stroke.
( 4) The stee •l tlew al o n g the path .

6. Classify the figures : (1) Tl1e ~prin~ nnd snmmer of your days are gone; von h :iH·
e nte r ed nn th e antumn o f your l ><.·i ng.

(1 )

(2) Tl 1ey hav e ~lo~c~ :tn1l tl 1c prophets.
(Take n

p1 )~:-:t.'::=~ i c ) ll .)

It rain
P.1~ an <I l"ig I1tcns.
0 ,., the
. . t·louds. arc l1l:irk · it' tln1n<I
·
( p1 n .. t lllltnl :11n . fr owiwd . rnared, 'et on tire .)
(5) Il e sunk Ill the wal e r. (Swallowed.)

(3) I c all upon t h e l1i sh ops to in terpose th e 11n;iilii1·d san"t i1.'·

of the ir lawn; upun the judges to interpos1· the p 11 1·i1y

of th eir crmirw .
The
n shall ye bring <lown my b>Tay hairs with ~orrow to
( 4)
the grave.

I

l'

78

Helpl ess immortal ! insect infinite I
A worm I a god I I tremble at myself,
And in rnysdf am lost.

(5) The sacred morality of the ]J11lpit.
(G) I co11ld lie d own , likl.' .a tired ch ild,
;\llll weep away tlo c life of (':u·e
·which l b:we born e, a nd yd mu;;t bear.

('.!9) Blessing and honor and glory and might and thanksgiYing
be unto our Goel.
(30) The actions of princes arc like those great rivers who~e
course every one beholds, though their springs have
been seen hy few.

(7) The head of the COn>]Jiral'y wa~ arrestd.
(t<) ll c is trnly an hon c't man who appropr iates his employ·
cr's

g-ood~ .

(:l) Thou ,J 1a lr. " ''' my fan· no more.
(11)) l le rcn'l'e111ly laid lii =-- fatlwr'.-• hea d in t.l1v ~ra v (•.
(11) You teach y11111" ('!1ildre11 kindlll''' and g-cnileness by
cneollra;_!'in~ th em to tor11a.·11t a

70

PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.

ENGLI SH COl\lPOSITION.

fh·.

(1 ?) It is wl'i tten in the ;;aered pa;:;,-,' L tH"~ tl1v nei.,Jibor.'
0
( l ;; ) \\' hat n cal'd ul hoy , to Jo,e y~ur Look!
•
( 1-l)

,\[ow cam e still EYcning on, a nd Twiligl1t gray
Had in her solin li,·e,.y all 1l 1ings clad.

'"J':

.

( T5) The ri.~!1t(·o11s sha.11 flourish as the palm-tree.
(1 G) Ile dc,•oft-s l1i s 111orn ings to Bacon, and his even ings to

(18)
(19)
(:!11)
U1)
(:!~)

(2:J)
(:?4)
( '!5)

(:!(j)

(27)
(:!tl)

She m•,·rr told her I on~ ,
Bnt let con•·calrnent, like a worm i' the bud,
Feed on her Jama~k el1cek.
Rt>ndel' tn C:-e;;:11· the thing' that ar•: Ca:isar's.
'.1'!1e wlioJ,. ci1y came fo,.th to 111l'l't him.
'Ve spend u111· ycal'; as" t.al1: that is to ld.
The cunse io11 s wall'r saw its Lurd and blu shed .
Ile drank the [at al C'llf •·
llon e, ty has abdi('af cd, aJ1 rl 11 ypocrisy - tl1on viper, now
thou art omnipc1te11t.
Britan nia r11ks t lu• w:nc;.
The co un try "·as deYa,tat•'ll ],,. the s word.
The Assyrian cam e down iik« .a wolf on the fold.
Roll on, thou deep and dark lilt1e Ocea n, roll.
Ilow poor, how rich. h(lw aloj1•(·t. how -august,
llow complicate, how wonder f11l, is man I
Midway frotn nnthin '.!; tn the ]ll'ily I
An heir of glory! a frail child of dust I

}··

'f.

(>'-'.
.~

Chau ce r.

(! 7)

.j
~'
('

.J
'

!

,,

f.

'

:· « (

{'-'.

l

!'

ij

I

·"·

.

I

!

I'

, .1

•

\~
(

,

I
1.I1'.·:

I

I

'

I

\_....'

\

,

I

(

\
I

. . '\ \. ,_ c '-' .........

t',

80

ENGL IS H COMPOS ITIO N.

CAl' IT ALlZ AT l O.\ .

I

. I.

i,·
'·

CIIAPTER Vll.

81

(:l) S po nge is a poro u s sulis t:u H·r, fo un• I adhrring to roe k s in t li e
;\ Il'd itc rra nc an Sea, a mong t h e is lan d s of thc 1\re hi pela.:.;o. Guud
Sj>O ll g,·s :ire a lso foullll in t h e !led Sea, on the F lor id a Cuast. a nd
auw ng th e B: d1 a n1 a I sl:ind s. Th use fr um tl1e (j reek Island s, h owe1.:e r~ an: th e liu e;-;t. s pun:;es o f co1nmc rce .

Begin wi t h a <::tp ital CAPITALIZA'l'JO::-> .
C ,u·1TA 1. letters :-tre ~1 111 ccii:-tui eal tl cYice for cu :-tl1ling the

m iud of the n ::ttlt:r to µ: ras p rnorc read ily t he meauiug of
wonl:s :-toll scutenees . Tim ~ : (!) ] la Ye

_H>ll SCl' ll tli l' s 111irli?

lf:1,·e yo 11 :i•T n Jlr. S1nitl 1?
( 2) Tlw 'lick i:; slinr/ .
11/r. Short. "'"" !lt're il 1i :; mornin g.
( :.l) The i·ircr is rn·olJ.. 11 .
T h e 8t't'll e r." of J/ u1bon J:i\'(; r i:; l;ca uti ful.
( 4) Tho• 111 0 1111 rui11s :ti'(• now g ree n .
\ \ ' h e re a re tl11· r:re-: 11 .1/cnintai n s?
( 5) Tlil'y 1fecf,1rcd th e ir i11df'pe11de ,. r-e .
]! ,; r ead tlll' / Jt-elarnt iu11 o f ln Je l'cnd enee.

Comp:-tre a lso til e follo 1Ying: -

.!

!
l

~:

I,

( 1) S 1'0 !\(; I·: IS :\ l'OH() L'S SU BST A .KC E, F OUN 1> ADl JE IU :'\ (; T O lWC KS JX 'l'JIE i\ IE l>ITEHJ L\:\- EA N SE A,
A ::l! Oi\(; Tll E ISLAXD::i OF T H E AltC lllJ 'E L AGO. GOO ll
S l'0 7\ (;ES A HE FO U:'\ D IX TJIE HE D Sl:A, 0 :\ Tll.E
fl.ORIDA CO AST. A~D A\10 \" (; THE llAII AJ\l A l SL .\ NIJ~. TII OS E F nO :'ll T ll E ( ;JU:E K I S L :\ ~ l> S. l! O \\'E \ "EH . ,\ la: TJIE Fli\'EST Sl 'OXGES OF CU :'IJl\1El\CE.
( 1) spon;:t· i" a p oruu~ ;ul"t a ncc• . found ad h erin g t o r ocks in t h e
nr editl· n a ll l':tll >ea. am" " '.!; t h e i; l:11 11b uf t he a rd1ipcl a go. gootl
;pon:.;"' arc abo founJ. in th t· rct l ;l'a, o n the fl orid a l'Oas t, a ml
:rn1 on;: th e baham a islan d s. th o~c fro m the g r ee k islanJ. s, h owe \'Cr ,
a re t li t• f i nc ~ l oponges of t·umu1 crce.

I. T he fi rsL wo rd of a sentence (a) .
2. T he fi nst wonl of e \" ery Iiu e of poetry (l1 ) .
3. T he fi rst wo rd of a d ircl't.q uotation or q uestio n (1').
cl. T il e [>h rascs, d:u1ses , o r st:Lt.ements of a serici:; sc p:tratel _y 1111111hercd (d).
{> . !'roper 11o uus ('') .
G. !'rop er ad j c<:t i1· cs ( / ) .
7. P rono un s refe rrin g to t he De ity, when used witho ut
a n a 11 tccccle nt (~/ ).
8. T it les of o ll k-e, ho no r, and respect, when they arc
appl ie<l to :-t part ic ular perso n, or wLen they p recede a na me ( h ).
9. Lead ing wo rds in tlic t itles o f books, stories, and
essays ( i) .
10. Na mes of mo n ths, days of the week, and the holidays (j ) .
11. N am es of o bj ects v ividly personifi ed (k) .
12. The p ro no un I and the interj ection 0 ( l).

(a) H itch your wagon to a star.

(b ) So ni gh is g:ran1lPu r to ou r d ust,
So near is (;od to man,

I

' Vhcn duty wLi ,pt•rs low, 'Thou must,'
T h e yo uth r e pli es, 'J can.'
(c)

( Di rect) R emember the maxim, ' Honesty is t he Lt:s t
policy.'

( Indirec t) Re membe r that' honesty is the best poli cy.'
(j

E1"GLISII COMPOSITIO N.

82

CAI' IT ALIZATION.

(Direct) The question i:;, ' \\'hy do ~·o u not atte nd to
wurk '? '

The

" ' hi cL is IJet!er, · :\u, , ;,. , I l'an·1; or' y .. ~ . ma'am , J 'ii
try''!

\\'urk.
for <' ::tpital s.J

(i)
(j)

Th e So11 uf ~la11 t'a1ne t<t save that whi c h is lost.
ll ca n·11 lie witl1 yo11.

Hc:u l

tl1e ~( ·r i pl 11r<·:-1.

Tlie llt•voi11ti11n nf '~lj .
TIH• rn· nillt i11 n of tl1e wlll't·l.
JI ,. iiq •d in till' l"':·i 1>< i of ii i<' J: .. fnrmatinn.
l li s reforni:1tio 11
ol .. 111.1 f11I.
J)11 ; ·011 lici in1: in ti..- ( 'i1ri , 1i:u1 n •ii!.( ion?
!-'h1• al tnnd~ ;1n Epi..:t·11p:d :o:t·111in :1r.L
'Jl1t.: C tT 111 :1 11 lan .~ 11 :1'.,!t' al 101 111d ~ i 11 1·1) 11ljHHllHl::1.

"°'"

(/)

,·oil'<' ,;:1i il 1, ' \\'l 1at i,; ili:•I t n 1111'1'. 9

('./) A
lh: l r11 " tli)»1·lf. and ful luw

(lt)

( I)

T:ikt', () hua1ma11. 1lirin· thy fee;
Tak e, - T 6i 1·,. it wilii11 g iy.

C:i.ses G, 7, H, !J, 10, :tll\1 11 :H•' 1'1 ·ally sp1 ·.. i:il c:1s1 · ~ 11n·h·r

5.

Th1·y :111 i1l\·o l1·c tl1e d, ·,-i g n at.i <Hl of p:1rli1 ·1il :t r 1i 1i1 1g>' .
i11 trrj1 •cti1111 n i,.; 111111'1' l 'l )illll ll!l ii _Y Wil 'd l>1 •f1) rl' :t YOl°:ttin•, a,; in lil <'. l'\::t ll lplr', :tll< l u/I cJ,.-.·l\·l1l'l'l' .
:111<1 () :trl· h.-re
Th e

r

c:.p italizc<l to di ;;ti11g11i~li tl1t· 111 fru111 t.lii.:i1· ol'(lin:try 11 ;;c;; as
m•·re if'Lt<' rs o f t il e a lpl1:tl1et.
l'l' rh aps it ,;l1011ld l ot! :1.Jd .. 11 tli:1t wo rd s arr ;;0111l'li111cs c:lpit.rtli zed, a,.; in ddi11itio11;;;, to g in : tl 1c1n pro111i11«11cc, - tb:tt
is, for e mphasis .
EXERCISES.

I . \\-rit1! ,.;n1trr11 "<'S 1·<> 11t :1i 11i11 g th e i<Jll' c i:tl n:11111·,.; of indi -

vi llll:tls iu

Tl1 e ! ... rd i:< (;, "] : it i:< ],.. ili:11· li:1tl1 111:t•k 11 s.
Tl1e l'n·,jiJ,.111,,f1lw l" 11i1,.,[ S1a11·,;, th e l'1·i:11·1•. of \\':ilo ·•,

I Ic wa s a :;u11d :;e ne r:tl.

tu Ut»tir l1> T.'1·lf

Ti 11·re Fli all h e 1, ... ,., w!1 .. n ;.::1·ni al :\1 <•1·11 "i'P"",."·
J.i ke pe 11 ; i1·e Tic:111!.1· F111 i ] i11 ~ i11 lier 11-:trs.

.\ l e ~ '.

Gl'11erai Cr:uit, !\ in'.! il enr.'· \' , li o n. Ci1a rl1·s S1111111t ·r,
llr. l! :i 111rno11d, .\l:llla111 J; l;iizl', C. C. S1llillt, J. l .. / J. ,
. \ fflll ~1:i ......

H a ve you r ead ' \\' hat r ]\ ll••W al,0 11 t Fan11in ~ . '!
\\'li o wrote· \\'hat ;i llii111l :\fan Saw ill E11ro pe'?
l>on 't. yo 11 tl1in k ,\l:i y pli-a;:u1ter tl1an ;\la n·l 1'!
\Vlt at m :1k1· ,; S11nd:i y 111 <1rl' ;:ic rl'd l li:w Fri.J:ov '!

( k) lJpun this, 1-'a rwy l•e;.:::111 " ·~ "i 11

c ..

The "l':l \'CllS 1li-darc tl 11· glory of
,1.
llan· ; ·,,u crn;;1 •d 1!1<- :\ ti :rntic Or·c·a 11 ''
lla\'l' yo11 ,·i•i1,.1l tli1• Th11ll>:11ul [;i:tn1b?
Tl1<• \'11rtl1 dcnie1l t h e ri:.d1t of ti1e S u111 h to seccJe.
Ont· hir•l lkw north . a11d the o tlie r so ut h.
Il e iin· s on Thi1·d St reet.
Th e s trl'ct is wide.
11 1• is :l C:uliolic. ;;lie a Protesta nt; o ne :L Unitarian . t!.c
<•lht·r a 'J'ri11i tari: tn.
No·w Y ork Cil .'°Tifl· ci t.1· of .\ i:w Y o rk .

kin ~ ~ i gh e ol a,; h e n •a d tlie l1•ttcr.

Il e fca rl'll Sir l: ol•c·rt l'eel .

( I ndirect) I desire to know wliy you do no t atte nd to

(d) [Set' 1!11 · Jlt'l' l'l' din~ t\numera t ion of u:--c:-;
(e) Jlo yo11 tl1i 11 k 1hat :ll:trg it· will CO ll ~l· n l ·1
Th:rnk l'ro ,·idrnt·e fo r 'l'rin g I

83

c~ 1 l· l 1

of tl1i.: !'11ll o wi11 g l'l:tsses: -

ri" cr

q11t~ «n

mo nth

k in~

d<irr

b r•~ 1 k

l\t '\V :O- jl;tp1•r

town

s tate

}Hwt

~u\' t ·rn111·

"'

1·:i1•ila\

2. ,\-rite se ntences co11tai11i 11g 11:unes of p"oi'i t: wlio Ji,·e
Ill -

Y(·11ii ·e
I t;11'·

H11 ~ fnn

C' l1i ll:t

E KG LI S l1 COMPOSIT IO N.

84

3. Gi ve reasous fo r the c:q1iL:Ll s iu tll e fol lowin g : (1) .111·111·,· \\' :1<b wo rth

i. u11g f,·ll ow , tl11 : tll•"Sl 1'" 1'"1:11· of
...-\ 111 l' t'il'all poe t ~ . w as lJqr n in l'ur tl a 11d , .\l: 1i1 11 ·, F ~·lJ r11 an· :2 0, 1811 / . ll is Lu be r. :-' t t·]'lll·ll L on~ f, ·llow, w :i.s
a wdl -kn1> wn ju ri st. d 1·~1 ·1·1 Hle d fl'olll J'ul1ll Ald c: 11 , tl1 l'

( 2)

.'·1J ll 1Jg1· <1 of tltc .\!:1ytl"wcr'> l'il ;,; rim s.
tl 1c 1i1n t· 11 f li i..: r1ppoi11 t11 1t ·nt a~ Pro fL'~::-:or of
.\[ 011'-rn l,:ingll:tg•·s an d J, i1t ·r:tt 11 r•! in llan:1nl l "niwrsil .L ti ll hi ,; d .. :uli. .\l:m ·h ~ -1, l ~K~, Lon g ft.11,iw
lin"l in t h1~ statt'ly old C amhrid g" 111:11»i•>I>, wl 1il' h is
rn oft 1"n J> it't 11red, :tuLl rn oftl' n u1aJe th e obj1·1· t uf

Fr0 111 \ X;J .\

rn oJ ern pilgrirn:tgt'~ .

( 3) CL>ol Cliri stmas •· omc~, and •"Y<' r.:• lw ar1 h
l\ I akc:-: rOO lll to ~ in ~ l1i1n w vkorn e 11 o w;
E 'l'n \\'a nt wil l dr.1· ii; lt· :u:< in 111ir1h.
And no wn him wi th a l1olly 1H,11 g ll.

0 rlay of ha pp;· sou nd :< a n<! mirth,
Th at lon g in e hi l lh ood 's m emo ry stays;
llow bli-"t. wh e n. ro und tlt c coll age h cartll,
I mc:t th ee in rny yo11ngl'r d ap I
0

(4) William II. P r l'seott , ,J ohn L. 1\fotl.-y, an•l Geor ge Bancroft are cli~ti11 g ui >h l'il Am~ri c :in hi s to rian s. l'r1:scott.
wrote ' The Conquest of l'e ru' am\ 'Tiu~ Confptest of
l\ l ex it:o.' J\[ot\c_v wro te •Th e Ri se of t.h e 1>11t..11 lt c:puu\i c:.' Ila uc roft wrote ' The Hi story of the Un ited
St.ate s.'

4. Put capitals n-here they are required, and corre<.:t
errors: (1) Alfrc1l the g r eat was th e most clistingu ishe1l o f tlle saxon

J\ in gs of c ng ln.1111.
(2) ch il o of laccrh-c rn on . cmbra1 ·ing hi s Son who l1:ui tak e n a
prizt: at 1he o lympi l' gam es. d i1·d in lii s arnis fro111 .Joy.
( 3) i h a Y<: r ead in f'i r F. ,Ja, :kso n» \\' or k enti i.letl · :.;lcan111 gs
o f an ant iqn:•ry' th;it. o ne o f tir e irnpo rt.:wl t.i11l' s t ions

SG

C AP ITALIZATION.

di sc u ssed by the schoo\mc 11 of the m id dl e " :..'. '" ' wa ',
how 111an y 1\n gl·l s 1·au :;111111 ! ''n tl ie Point of a \et·1 llt- '!

(4) sir :trthnr \\'t..:lle:-- ley. :tlready di~ti11 ~ ui ~ l1 e d in i11di :ln w J.r~ .
was rnnt t.u th ei r aid.

(5 ) l a nd i n ~ ar 1nondcgo La_\·, in portug:tl , lie d1.·f,·ah·d 1nar~l1:ll
ju nu t a t vim~i ero. o n tlt c :! l ,;t (If a 11g 11 ;t , J ~IJ K .
( 6) c ro mwcl l said : ' t ake away that l•aul 11".'
(7) s.. ott wrok. t\1 e lad y o[ tlte lak e .'
(8) the p ilg r im fa thers t'ailcd in 1l 1e rnayfl<>we r for

a n .. w

world .
(D) P eter th e [!;rl'a t vi,it e.J e ng \an1l.
(1 0) ru:u.l · golJ:- 111i tii ';-; tra\"ell 1 ~ r ,' and · c i tiZl'II::\ ( 1f tlw world.'
(11 ) tlt e t'e arc tl1y ;,luriu11" wurl", j•:tre u t of g(lod
alrniglJl.y ! thin e ll1i s univ <'r:<a\ fr:unc.

(1 2) mi('l1 acl :tn ~e l o, aL

:se Ye n ty year s uf a.~ e . ~ ai1 I ~t i ll am i

lt~ ar1 1 in .~.

(1 3) an afr ie a 11 prove rl.1 ~ays !Lat , lt i,; easy

Lu cut

11p a dead

Elepha n t.
(14) The ma ~ n a "harta was sig ne<l h.' ' kine!' john.
(15) a<ldrcss a ll'l tl' r to the r e v. A. Ii. roe, <l.d., lo11r ton, illinoi ~ .
(l G) a.int not·. , o lo ve, t.l 1y un c rrin ~ :-:l 1a f 1 at 111.\· lt va rt.

(1 7) Fn.·dl' ric k the g reat o f pr u:-; :-:.ia, 1nan.: lli11 C!: iut11 sax011 y , <~om111 e nce1l tlte sev1'l1 years' wm·.

(18) 1\.1" akr- r , preserv er , my r<: d ee 1n f~ r. god ,
whom have i in th e 1 l ea ven s bu t th ee alone'/

,,,

86

:E:\GLISll

l'UNCTUA TION.

COMl'U~ITION.

;

87

Compare also the following: ( 1) Against any such wanton extravagance, 1 ,;olemnly protest.
I solemnly protest a:.;ain st any sul'h wan to n c xtrava~anC'e.
(2) Straws swim Uj>Oll the surface, uut l'earb lie at tl1e
bottom.
Straw,;, 111y dea r fri e n<l, swim upon tl1e surface ; !Ju t
pearls I ie at the bottom.

CHAPTER VIII.

(3) J\.lcn too often fi;,;ht about mere triil es .
.l\lcn, lou, are apt to forget t!1 .. ir tlcpc nd c ncc ll}'On (;,J•l.

P u NCTUAT ION.

Punctuation is the ar t of indi catin g by marks the me:uiing
and s t ructure of se nten ces. 1 t aims to de fo r tile eye of
the re ader what foe voice doc s for th e car of tile hearer.
Thus:Da;· gath1·rin g fl o we r s. In lhc
forl' :< t tl 1" ltl':tl w:l> >t i il in~ 1H1t :1 lirl':tth. (lf ,~· ind
slirrcd il1L' >' Illaiko"l k af and th e 'traw l1aL of tl11· .'"11111:;

(1) A littl l) g irl wa > one·.

girl. Co uld 11 11! J'l'!lhTl li e r fro111 1li1• l1ur11ing. Ha,yR
of th e f' 11n ~ li e 1·unli111a:d ne \· c rtlu ·l1· :..; s to.
(;ather
slrawlwrril's a11tl <lid no t "''·e n (Jncc lift. Il er eyes for
fc;1r.
Uf lu!' in ~ a. 1111 rni e nl.

(:?) llarr.1· rod1• on],; ,_ l1r o1 l11• 1"s hor se bein g la11w be Jill not
r each h ome ti ll midni:.d1 t.

Sente nce (:!) m:·ty be r ead and p o inted in at least three
different ways :-·
(1) !Ian.'· rn1 le on Ii i,- hroi li<'r' s horse, bein g larne.
nut real' li l1 0111c till 111idni:;ltt.

H e did

From th ese examples, it is 1:rnllkicnLly CYi <kll t that the
primary use of [Hlti c tuatiou i:; to make :i,; plain as po "" il;le
the meaning of what we write ; awl tllal, if w e wo1tlt! p un , ..
tuatc correetly, we shall haYe to l'Onsid c r th e rncattin g :11l d
u,.;e of 1Yonb, tl1 c re latiot1 :wd pus it.io u of [':lt'Ls , aud OL'l':ls ionally th e points rcq11irc11 d sc wh e re ( i ) .
The prac ti ce o f correc t authors, lto wc1·cr, 1·:u·icR , Ri11 cc
goo1l t:ts te " ·ill ofte n :ul111il ol' choice l1 ct \\'l' Cll ditfrr .. 11 t
;llo<.kR o f p11n e t11ating t l1 c f<:u11<: p:1.s><:1gc. Espcl'ially is this
t rn e in the use of LhL'. lightc :;L point, Lite 1·on1m:l. Bu t if ,vou
h:i.1· e m:lllc y o ur JTH' :u1ing clcar, t.l1c use of :t l·on1ma rnn rc ur
\cs:; Or or :l ('( 1]011 f<>f' a Sl'tllicul<>JJ, Or ,. ,.,.,, 'Cl' J"Sl l - i>tT OIJl \'S
or Ji t Lle Of' llO lllUlll C llL.
111 c:ise,; of do1Jl.Jl , rc1n e mlwr that it is hcLL1·r t•J u,-e t ou
few puiul,; tl1au to o m:rny. Ex cc,.;s tend,.; to ol1sc 11ri ty.
J)o tJOt omit i1111ll"tt1atiu11 Lill the work of «Oll1pu,.;i t io 11 11;
lone , lrnt le t it l1:d1itually :L<'eompauy the ideas arnl th o ugh ts
1.,.; t i1"y p:1 s s fr o lll th e mi ml to th e paper.
'L'lte marks ch icily e1nploycd in Engli:sh arc ~e 111i1·ulo1l

(2) llarry rod" on. Iii " J.n it l1< · r'~ h or se being la111c, he did
not rcal'h hom e till i11idnig;ht.

1111e1·n,~a1i on

(3) IIarry r ode 11n, his hrntl"'r·, horse being lame.
not reach ho me till n1iJnight.

Exclamation
Colon ...... .

Ile Jitl

?

l\larb of 1'are11il1L»is

( )

[ ]

(Juuta.tiun ' '

Hra«k eL.' .
llyplt\'11' ' '.

l>a,h .. . .

U ndt·r'."eun • .

Cnlll1ua ..

,

.,I

. J

88

PUNCTUATl(JN.

l·: :\GLJ::;H CO Y!l' OSIT!ON.

wh0le lcn:;tl1 stretclinl alm,"I· from sick tu :;ido· uf it wl"' n
tl1crc was no J,,n~,·r tl1t• l1 ope of lwi11 ;-'. alik to keq• tli e
n":;•·l ~llnat , an.J tlw sl 1ip liad sep;tral l'd i11 tl11· 111id.JJ.. . 1l1l'
<.'I'L'W 1l11it tn l the ve:-.:-iel i11 g rt·at nu111lie r:-0 :-:1111w iif tl 1t·111
n·:u·l 1ed points of tlit• pr uje e 1i11 ~ rrn ·k~~ fr11111 wlii 1·!t tilt'_\'
aft e rward ~ fi.: 11; while otlu·rs WtTi.: 1b:--.lll'd !11 \• i··n·:-- :t:. ~_.:1i11-..1

The period must be used after J.

A d ct: hr~tti1·c o r :rn impcr::i.ti1·e sentence (a, b).

Note

tlic cx<·cption (1·) .
:l. 1\ll :1lilm·1·i:i.tions or initial lette rs (d).
3. J\. b ead in g or ~ign~tturc (c) .

t li e s ide s

(o) Dy t,he f:t11lt..< of 111 l1 er<. w i'c 1uc 11 correct t heir own .
(11) Hl· i11 pe:·1c1• with 111;111_, . .
(c) I l e ~ aid.· ;-.;.1i;ill wt· 1!11 '! ·
(ii) IL('.

·'"lll''·

ur

tlie

t:t\' t•r11

witl1i11 a \' l· r _,.

fl. ,..,.

111i111111· ...

(JI 1lw

t.i1rn:. wlien tl 1e third 111:\t e had ~ainvd t l11· 1·1wk . ;1 1111iY1·r ~:d
~lirick :tnnu11lll'l'd thl~ dt..· q r1H'li~111

t1 l° !In· r1·~~1,·] in a fr w
rn u 111<.·n t s :111 wa:-: hu :-- lwd, :-: a v1· tilt.' rna rl11'.-'.: 1if t_ \ 11· wi11 •l:-.. :1 1H[
wa\' CS the \\' \'eek wa:-:. l111ri1 ·cl i11 lii l' d1·1·11. and 11e•t :lll ;d1H11

E"h ~l:iyur of :i\la.r8lificlJ.

(•' ) Ilfa111111"1l1 c,"."·
Tlie :--;l'""i ' l1 .\ n11:Hla.
The l1:i tlle uf \\ ' at \·r lun.

8 ()

".-;"

rc•111:tined to mark tl11· 't.:enc u f the o·atastruj>li l-.

.,

L
The interrogation-point is uscJ ·-

Jnsl'rt p eriods " ·he re rl'q 11in:d
'fllo bird:-: ;..;; tn~ ~ \\'( ' L'tly

fr t111 1 1·\-(' r.\·

trP('

peace and

cnntf"nt--

HH·11t n·i~· 1 H·d in t'\"l' ry dw e lli11 ~ aft1'1' his abdi ca! iiln :\a.p ol1·u 11 \\-~ I.' :-vn t t~J ~ t I fl: l1.·11:t \,-Jn·n: !iv died lit·r :-:.i 11 µ: 11iar
t ;d1·11t~ fur ;.(1n·t·n1:1 1l'll t wt.·1·e fe1und1·d vqu :t! J_,. on ltl'r u.: min.: r

and on lwr <':ll'"'·ity th e uol1ll''t uf t he (;rcck8 and the
bra1·,.,1 of 1J,,. All i,., \\Tl'<' ' 11111111<H1l'd fo the j':ilan· lo 111·cpan.~ tl1 e 111 fur tl11· d1!1il· ..: and da 11 g-t· r,:-; 1d' thl' g-t' JH: ral a~:-:: 1 ult.
iL wo11ld lie diili1·1ilt to e'ti mak tlie val11<· (If th e: b\•11elits
wl1i c l1 1h~· ::-t· i11\·('1t!i(l1 1:--: l1a''f' f' (1nfe rr ed 011 thi s 1·0 11 ntry
1iu ~n · a rt ~ 1·l 1a 11gt':-i w1til'l1 111 ay li;q•1wn in a s i11 ~ l i. .: i11:-:tanl uf
t.i1ne :inti a._'.!ain ~ I wl1i i·11 nnti1i11 g kno wn in lhe pr('."1·nt
systl'IH <1 f t l1i 11 ;.:.:~ prurid e s u~ v,· ith a11y :->c(·urity t.l1 l'l'l'. i:-: a.
p 1·re1111i:d nuLlcnP ~ .. .; :111d t · \ ·1·n ~ aer e dnt•:-:s i11 work lu· was
no1ninal l·d LL!> t lw J:,.,. lir ~l'L<'od w:" l'd itor of Cood
\\' onb lie div.! A l• IS/~ l" ' ldt niany j\i;o.; work s t.l1e
vc:-;:-.t: I, aflt: r h1 · in~ dl'in· n :d)tHlt l1y eunlrar_v wind~ f()r
~omc da_,·s, slnll'k C•n tl1e ro•·h o n 1hc hll' of 1'11rbeek at
this part irnlar ')'Ot 1.l1e c·liff i,: 1·xc:nated into a cavern of
kn or twe lve ya rd , in (h·11tl1. and in breadth e1 111al t.o tl1 c
length of a lar;-'.C ~lii1 • tli" ll:ti>'c well lay witl1 her hrnad ·
side opposite to t li e 1m1111h uf tl1i s cavern, and witl1 ltl'r

1. Aflo.: r e \·ery compld·· <1lll'Slion iu the <1irc1 ·t fnrrn (11) .
., AfLcr int c rro g: itin~ phr:tSC'S h:t1·in g a cu111:11<>I1 dqicnd-

en cc ( 11 ) .
::1. \Vi tuiu rna rk s uf p:ll'c11tl1c"is, to cxl'rcss d o ulit (. ·) .
(1·1) \Vl\l'n. • 111,w a n· 1l1q!'1· cln·;u11:' of
l\ff·nd

Ill\'. (11r 1t1 :o::lll"'. il'i! ( i\\'

\\°l1al

i:->

1· iviliza.ti1J11 ? wlwre

i~

111 :'l111rf , wli:ll 1l,~1-..; it 1rw;11~

Tiw

_i11d;.!"e

:-:aid

ltt

tl11 ~

~reat111.: :-; s ?

"!

it.? what. tl<J(':-; it

('011::-:i~t

in'!

"(

\\ itu1 ·:..:."' . · l>1•

y o 11

lwii1 -\T 1111 ·

111;111

to !.1c ;;11il1y·:'

Th e j111l;-'.l' :1'ked tli c witne's if he 1 eli eved the 111:111 to L•e
guilty .
(/,) \ Ylicn : IJt~ yo ur gil w~ IH1w? your ~aml1ob? yo111· fL1~l11·~
of llH'JTiment, t hat were wont to sd tlic ta!Jk un a

roar?
Your gibe,, your ~ambols, your songs, your 1Ja,hcs of
n1erri1nl'nt, are now wl1erc?

(c) II is ~11 ilt l1aving Leen prov ed (?),he was rnn.Jemncd to
di e.

00

L'iGLISH CO:'IIPOSITION.

The exclamation-point is used l · Arter ::tn ex\'l:un:i.ti1·e se utence -

exc!:lmativc in form

u r sense, o r liotli ( ri).
"2. After excl:11nat i 1· e phrases - suflkiently e motional ( /,
:l. Aft.er
if p:tssionrlk or :;tro1w
(1·)
).
0
4. To cxprc:;s :;:uT:urn1 or cuntl'lllpt (d).
,
•

The exclamation is a mark t.liat should be used i<pariugly.
Its excessive use indicates Lwmbast and waste o f emt1h :1s i~.
Insert th8 proper points :i.11<1 ju:-;tify t.hc punctuaLiu11: -

int.crjL~dio11",

IJuw lie:tutiful i~ 11i :.:lit wht•l)('t'. i .., it ye

~~l'a>ureles' li:tr' thou h:t'I 111adc 111y lteart
lvu great fur what •·01 1lain ; it.

Too htc '. t"o l:ttv '. 1
\Vhat. a jli"<'<' ,,f wurk i, 111a11 ! how nolil .. in r<·aso n ! how
inf.1111tt· i_n facultie:-: ! in fnr111 :tn.J 1110\'ill ~ li ow <·xpn)ss
a11.J '.td111iral.Jl:; in ;\1·tiu11 h ow like an an;;el ! iu apprelltJw
an

1111! 11~·
:1.11 .!..;1·!

ad,,:1r1 ce

10 where tlie ~iant on tilt· rn o11ntain

fell11w-1111· 11 n11r count r.\ _, 1..·t n·111ai11:-: ."Jw;1k

lt'"d

li l' ar liark lie:1rd yu11 11uL tl 111:-:e liuof:-:: uf dre:1df1d

:.:11d !

rc-a ....:011. liow 1·,,r·111'1t"~ 111
· f aeu I·
tie;, li"w lik"
in :l.<'ti1111, i:-; 111:111 I

with tlw 1low1·r:.-.
1i,,\1.·

what 111illions u[ beautiful tl1i11g' tli«rC H111 :;t. :..., in thi s
rni ;.!;hty world wh11 ca n n111nber tlH·lfl all l!!idv :--wiflly,
bri~l1t ~piril:-:, llic prizl' i:-; l wf11re y1· away l will nc• L lw;lr
ye there f't.and:-; S1·ot.land whl'rc it diti in day:-- of .'~1n· l'ail
l.i1_1uur':' voice pruvokc thl· :-:ilellt. 1lu :-:.t wan· , 7\l1111id1, alt
thy iJaIHlCr S Wa\"e liiJW ;-.\\'tTt it i~ to r U \"t' at l'\" ! 'll - l i1 !t·
~l1ri11 c of tln; iui i..dity 1·:tn it. lw tl1a1. tl 1is i:-: :dl re 1n :tin~ uf
t l1eC I SCC )1i111 )'l'( ti1 e priJH'l'J_I' J1oy (!Ji l'<JliJ,j j )'"illl. :I
plal'e uf rl'> l ~p('ed furlh tl1l' :-ignal :\"n11a11 "l .,.'"l 11p
up (~ lc ntarkin ruu:-:c dwl.' lio bu:-.11 tbn. '. 110111· 1u:ti•kn anrl
be still swc1·1 1hi ,:y .,f1 I talk tn thee l111w 'oon 111\' l.11n ·,.
rai·1~ was riin ala:-- ·1 w:1:-; hardly wortl1 dw t1·lli1l)! al1 nw
wh:t.I lovely tint:-; a!T t1H'l'l' aw:1kr· .'·p :-:1111 ~ of ~1iai11 awal...1~

lt11ll 0 11 , tl1nu dar k ;u1d dcl'p IJluc ocean, roll!
Uut., u ul , lirid 1·a11dl .. !
1\ri se, .'·e (; utl 1s ~ and g;lut vour ire l
11 1H1 ! .!\farc iu .. .: i:-: <· oi11i1~'.! l11.n11e !
A II l <1ll ;!:lll'' «ricd, · ( ;u,J ;are thee Buli1wbrvko
I'
0
I 'v"· c.:a11~ltt, y 11u tl1i:-; t i111l.''
,
·
(b) A dread etcrni1 .1· ! I.ow :rnrel.1· rniue I

;i

1...'tllllL:

of :-:1 1 1'i 11 ~ lt:1rk lw;u·d _:· ( ~ 11nt tl1al ~1111nd tJf dn_· ~ tdf iil

(11) ll 11 w arl' tl1l' 111i ;.;ht1· fall"n I

11 e n:·:i11n l1ow I 1 ~v

01

l'Ul.\CTUATION.

! .-

:--Lin d..: ri:--e

r., 111e li!lt
nole

i11

(c) '\'li at ! ('all:--1 tl m11 n11t furlw;1r·1
J\ 11 ! :-o.aw yu11 Iii:-; r ed ~· 11n· '!
_..\_}i n:t• ~ hnv; iii!t.c·1·.-.:·w··d j ... L., -•. f

Al;1~ !

uur :tffl't'fin n :>:. r1111 to \\· a::;t~.
;\!:i s fnr 11 < :ill '
OJ. 1 why li:t' ll'Orllt ,·o >hort a date ?

Oli, l1ow ,Jiall l '\J'l'l':ll· !
0 ~c1,tial my rli·ar . 111, · 11:ilin·

,,:,.rf

Th e colon is used To >'1'j>:1rak llll'illl1cr,_ s11l11li1·id1·1l l•\' ;.;1·111i1·ul• >ll' (u) .
lkr"r" tlin!«t quut:iti1111;.;, if 11111.t.;, or ir fon11 illy i11lr<>duced l1y l/11:8, t/w:;, 11 tt11tcl!/, qs Ji,/lu1cs, de. (11) .
:1. 1\don• a s1'ril's of :;t.atenwut.s or · plira::;es furn1:d iv
J.

:!.

·'

!ntrodt1c· e1l ( ,.) .

-1 . 1:.. 1.1n·1·11 lllL'ml11•rs that arc mmoli lik<' H'p:ir:tte scn ~oil!

Fan! l1nnd ! .c< lnv" I
1 is J,.·r L\,_.onic stvlc.
lla, ha, lia ! th at is .. ,,., .J i.. 11 1.
•
(d) lfo as,erls t.liat Yoltail'e was r1ro1111._ i'..':nni·.·irit.
( .I ) , an•l
..
pa ><,:ionate.
-

The thing too intellectually 1ldieatc for <lescriptiorr 1

Lcuce:>, logit'.:Llly uot gramrnatil':tlly eon 1w«1 '" l (d) .
(u) Ile sc a1T1·ly knew lww tu pnJCet·d ~ h11t, li:l\·i iiµ; inqior!a11L
lnt.t'.l'l'.:"its a.t slake, lie dccidt'd to }'l'l'SS ful'W:t r d : an d,
greatly to tli,; general "irprise, he readied tl1 e fort
safely h efore dark.

'.

"".,,

92

l' UNCTL:A'l'lUN.

E>:<;LJ::; 11 CO.\ ll 'USlTWN.

(/J) Tl1t·· J: iJJic• ~"iVl'S· II ·' ''l 11
lfl

n11t app,: ar tu l1l· t·u nvi11t.:,:d, l1·an.! liim in tl1 c :--:t111e i•111 np l.1i sa nt 111a111H·r l1is lal1u r is 11 ot ycl al an t: 111l 111 : u 1 · ~ l:d1o r ll l' ,·1·r
eca:-t ·S do 11ut .._·x11eel pcrfl·t·l l1 a11pi1ws s lwn· ( :od )..!;ra 11 h
n11 ~tH· li tl1i11g ti> a 11 .'· 1111 1r1al 11 1:111 tr11v , ·iri11t· will :-1tt~•ll\'I' or
1:11>-r 11J:tkt• ihclf frlt 1·a 11"~" an· alway=< f11 lluw,.d J,y ,.,r,.,.1,
1': 11 :--l:tl'l ' ~I . l 1 i1..·rr'-'· tlu1 :-1 addn. ·!"'-:-\·• I tlw a:- :-:v 1n\ ,\y • 111,·
fr ie11d :-: , wt· an· l1ro11:;l 1L tu greaL slrai l:-i thi :-i d :iy ' lit·a r wli:tt
Cle11b1il 11 :-; u)le uf tlH· :-.vVl' I\ wi :-.e 111t · n "f (;n· t •1 1' ad' i ... 1· ...
'w lll'u :u1 y n1 an g"es f11rtli , let l1i111 c·1 111 :--i1kr w l1al. h1· i~
to d u wl1vn li e r vt11rn:-> \\: }i;tl lH ' l1:1."' d 1ull· · !11+· .\ r;1\.ia11'4
lia ,·c a. 111·11,·erl1 wl1i c l1 r1111:-< tliu~ '1.:xa111in1· "l1a1 i:' $;1i d .

. lI

~ 1111 " 'e r<'Jll"<''<' ntali o11uf 1l1e I>eil)'
t 1l C:-:1· wrird:-:: , C:ud i..: !tJ \' '-" ,

I 11 1lie"'
,,., , 1•, I:"'., . ( ·• Ot I .' ~ I .v.._. , t 1 . 1r1 I
. . u;-; an :.i rui a·
I! . ....
' It_ I 'c ~ 1n:s
'<..: l't' / 'l't':--1·11fa.t ion flf tliL· J)eit\'
Jn l1is _I'.' 'l ll J11111e11ts lit: lllle n ·d · ;he,c1• word:' : ' I f:d I a
:-: :icn Iw e lu :--! 111!1 a1 1d lt1.\11n· . '
In liis 1:1 .<1. 111 .. 111c·111s li e said ."1 f II
j

,'\nd l11x 111T.'

.

.

a

,

a ;-;ac'J'ifit.:c to :· lu il1

( c) \\" ,. l" 1ld tl1c~ e tr111hs tu 1,,. " ' If·•·vi d .. 11 t: th at all 11 w11 "'""
1·real"t!
<'•Jll ·d.
.I
, . ti 1:1 t 111t·y are t ! lldtJW1·d 1~ , · !licir ( ' 1· "II .
wi t I n ·rl ai n in :di1·11al1l1· ri·rhr...:. ti . I . .
c . •>1
rf ·
o · '
I. I
. 1llJ U IP0' tJ.t: ~t · are
C 1 "·. liill'r t.1·• ;111.J t.hc• p111·s11it uf l1:1i•Jii 11" "'·
:11rihr1d
•ri·
k
- Ji,·.1.., ~1rive n 11:-: 1Jll'C'"t· IHdl'd w rifc·r~ : 1l ul 111~ ·.;:
11 01111 ·" I lie .\11 in< r • 11 ·• • I .tH\t ·II I I Jt' i l11.u11t
.
··
•
L11111url:'it .0 f '. 1w 'B ig-!ow l '~pei·:-: :, a11d 1i1e ;11111 11 ,r 0 1·
, I
I
'l-:l' a11J..Y llll'. or ir t1\·1·d :i11d b11h·ntt·d L c 111 ~f1·ll 11w
(d) Lo1•k "''' 1111111r11[11ih· i11t u tl1e 1n ·t · .t ·
.
:J i..!'ai 11.

] ,011k

IH1I

..

tr nf II II y .in tu t l ir.

m r1 1

• :- . '

p a ~ t,

n 11ue::; 11 ut bal'k

j i1 r it i·1m1<'s not l1ack

i:-: li f t di . . '.! l':l('C: it ." 1>l' lt.l-r Jil'i11 g <Hl a little than
ourli\·i 11;; a gri· ;it den.I.

E1·011 1111ty

tJ '
eacb: __ i c prop1:1· p1111d11:1.t.ion mar lrn,
Ini:;crt

·

v; itli

tl1 c reason fo r

a1u l not him who :'jwaks. ·

Th e semicolon <knol<'" :1 le;;;; 1l q.?;n·c nf sq1:tr:l1 io n l h:111 the
col1H1.

1 . l\t-1\>re os in tro,luerll )!; :1.n ill11 st.r:ttin · phr:t,.; c or :-;1:tk-

rn e11 t (11) .
"2.

H'f'~ fir:--1. Pn ih·a\·n r to <:0 11vin ('"' 1)1 ,
. .
,
.. , . . .
.
e '- Jll"Cj11d 11·t·11
. 011 .11c 111 , frn·nd. <l"!'0111JI ,· II
I
, .
' a O \V fur Iii :"'>
I 1 ~J t1< ! Ct~, mt la11wnt tl1a1 J1c ~huu ld J, · 1111 1,
.
la ke· thirdh- . ff, ·t' , I .
e
' er t. li e '" "·
. . ,
. , ·' \ ( i1111. 11t· , . ~1 , · t · , ·rn11· n ..1 .. o n s r 1. ro·
.
1
fru1n l1im; fnnrtlili· if I . · .. . ·
. ' · · '' < l'rll w
• •
It
:- 1..1 Il l !'" l'I JIJ\JIH'l" i f It\' y
ru e nr:-:, do not} ,. .. .
.
. uur ar~11' t 1.1_, tl 1t· ln-l t r1111111>l1 '. h' ·'t I)·'
I Ic S IllJtl II I

pr1·.111c

p<·r~on tliat "

'. ;. r

,·r

J\efo r r :1 n inform:1l rn 1111w r:1.tion nf p :1 r li1·11J:ir,.; (1•1 .
tL t'urlll:ll l'lllllll l'r:tt i<•ll (• ") .
J:et11·c1' n members of :t C\/tnpotmcl scntl.'nec s 11 1JdiYidt·1l

3 . l k t1rcc 11 th e par t ie 11l:tr,.; or
'1.

Ly co111111:tS (rl) .
:1. lkt wrc n phrases ancl cl :u1scR in u sc ri p;; h:t\ i11g a <'Otll111 0 11

1: .
Sl:J1,.<·a ha~ n•n·
hr·a11 tif11lh·
•· oiil 'l 'I [C ·IS a. \'0\"a <rt' in th
•
. ''
f..'l'<·s~ of wJii,.Ji """:in·] ''''" l 1et 1'"·JI ·' · <· Jo:111" 1n
· · "
"pr o"-. "'""""'. • •·or I·.i:-·t
.I l
n
1 rn I;H· l ,. .".. 1 t 1
f-lo f. : . _,..., .. Jl lU :-: • lo ll 11t wondL'r tl1at yo11r l'l'Jll1l:di n 11 i ~
"' u:tcnd1.'d m· lia.\"e lt,·ard ,,f ,, '11. 11··· 1
hit he r t ·
" ' 0111 and 1·o1 11 ,.
.
•
) J
1 1· , . till!" di r "t°
" 111q1(IJ
b .·
.
" ion .111 l11, n <'011d111 ·t of ti .
'""""'~ .' illl'St·
wi ll
lie f11u 11 ,j thl' 0 c.,. t nit ...ub. t o rt·n1q \ ' 4• o1·
JI'
so ff(·n
. f'
.

1t, is u,; e 1l --

d (' p <•n<1<>1 u· e (r) .
\\" lien~ the <·ontwd in n appr:m.; to Jin too du :-;c fqr th e

colo n and too sli g ht fo r t h e comma ( f).

( a) T h e colo11 is w:c«l to s1'pa.rat1• in.I t·p•·n 1knt c h11;e -; not
co11n .. ..t e<l by a co11ju11" 1ion ; as, 'T•J r ca"rn wi t Ii li i111
was vain : h e was i11fat.11ate1!.'
(/;) Sc11tt•nc cs, as to struet11n', are of th re<.: k ind"; ,;i 1111'lc.
co111pll'x , an1l <·ompo11nd .
(c) Sc ntcn cl's, a;; tu str11ct11 re 1 a rc of three J;,i111b: fir st. ;;im·
pie ; ~ecoml , complex; tl1 inl, co111po11 11d .
(d) In tl1is mora"ti tlll' B.um:t11 arllly, a[1cr a n i111·ff,•1·l11:il
~t ru ~~1 t· , " ·as irreco n·rah1y lost~ ll tJI' co11l1l 1he budy
of the Em peror eve r Le fouud.

1'UNC'l' U AT IO.N.

ENG Ll:"II Cm! PO ~ITION.

94

(e ) Sei"n"'-' •kda 1" ·~, tliat 110 l' nrti1·le •Jf 111 al.lcr

IJ,. <lu' t ruy1·d; tl1at cac lt at ulll l t: l S its pl:icc· i11 lit e 11:t i1 er"·;
:t nd !11:1 1, in SCl' ki11;.: t.li at plac..,, eacl 1 u lwrs c·e rtai n

'""°'·

1·:1 11

.

li .\ \•d
( ./) Tl ... ,.,.,.1111d lw:iuty Iltay lie e1111al or s 11pe ri ur to t lt c f j 1-,1;
lJ11 t , 1 ill it i' lh1L :div .
?\" or i:-: tl 1i ;-; =-- tr:tll~t·: fur it i:-: t· \·id1 ·11 t tl 1:1 1 !1 11· i1111 :-: will 111..·
J 1l' !" t

J lt· wa ~

• \'l 1t ' J'\ '

(< 1) lJe followed tl 1e l'lou;.:l1 ,° u 11 t 1lt1-,Y w1·11 1 011t to ,;1·n·ic<»
}.'ire burn :-:, waf e r druw11s , a ir cu11:-u111es.
l'ro~pcr i 1y ;.!·; 1i11:-;

(11)

J111 ·;1n:-; 1if J1 w1H llt 1li<1ll :ll' t ' Wtlf :' l.

lo

c r in~ in~ 111 :O: llJH..'. r i1,r:- : a ff:d,Jl' . not
l'tl11:tb; and k i11d , li ut not ~ ·on tJ1 ..·w1·ii d i i 1·,.

: ' ll f'l' l'(.'ili1111 ~

'"

i nfe r ior :-'.

n

T lt c comm a, wl 1ic l1 d e notes t he le:1 s t d !·g rcc of s<' p :l r:it ion ,
1s u ::;cd -

frien d:-:, and acln· r :-:i ry tri ~ · :-:. tlwm .
l'''i1 d ·~

Ca:-:.:-;i11~, da r' .... t 1l1 o u :-;wim to y11Ddt·r

Tu t·<111fl':O:~ tli 1· lnlll 1, I wa:-: g rl'; 1t l.' · l tt l 1la 11 1e.
Tin~ J'il;!r i11 1

Fa the r:-:, wl 1c n · an· ti11'.'

Finall y, le t nie r 1 ·11 ~ at

·~

I :--:iid l 11.:f11n'.
(«') l l i:-: lll Ollrth: I' :-i W C l't' I\\ '( / 111 1:-:. t:-:., Ii i;-; frit·111l:-: an 1l ftH_:~ .
'l'hc cn11 rt , :-- ick of di e i 111por t 1111it.ic :-; of lwu part i 1· ~, re~
]it".\.l·d it~wlf l1y divtati 11 g a C'<J1 11 p r orni:.: t·.
wl.at

~l 1 akt· :.; 1w:in· ,

1 · llf't w el' n short. n1<' m h r rs o f :1 c·ompotmtl se n k 11<;c w lt e u
tit,· m o 1·c 111l'llt is r:t [1itl ( t!) .
.,
Tu,.;('!, off i11d• ·1w1 1d, ·11 t rh•m !•nt s (11 ).
:1. Tu ,.,,.t; off l'XJ>l:u1:ttnry ur Ji:ll'<'llliidit·:tl el!•1t 1<•11 h 1 (<:) .
.: . T o "d (/ff tr:tn;.;po ,;,•d o r i111·!·rtt· d cle111ents (<I) .
To sl't 11ff •·ont r:t>'kd c lc !ll C·11h (t> ).
T1 1 111 :1 r k 1·lli 1•>< •·;.; (/).
l:!'f() r(' s lti•rl i11 1'nrn 1:tl q11nl:1tio11s (r;) .
T o "•·11:t r:1 h: :\ ;.;v ri <'" !•f 11·.,rd ,; .. r 11t., >':11 11 <' J;i nd , ;,i 11 g le
n r i11 p :1 i r;.; ( /, ) .
~!. ' I\> svp:1r:t!e tile :-; 111•.i• ·d . fr<J111 lite p r cdiv:t!v 11 lt !· 11 t l1 C'
f" rni e r <;utls, and t ill! l:t t-l«r li l'~· i11 ,.; , 1Yit l1 :t Yc rli; o r 1r lll·1 1
1

lit<: fori uer is so lo ug :in d im·o h ·ed , or so cl i\·ide<.1, th:1L it is
d illi c1tlt t o see wlt <:rc it e nd,; a 11 d t lt c latter '"~g i u s (•°) .
10 . Wh eneve r i t scn e,; Lo [Jrercut :u 11 L1igu ity (.j) .

1·1111rh·u11:-: . not

falll iliar
or

till'

!)!)

dq;,•n,l"n t vh•111 c·11 t is 1•aro ·n llwl i1·:1 l 1r l1cll it is 11ot 11 c1·1 ·ssa1·y 111
ordt· r to pa rtj l' 11 larize t Ji ,. \\"1Jrd it 111odili1·:·..; .
Tl1u s, ' Sa ilo rs, ?Clw u r· · y1 •11 ct al / y Sit /' f' J'sf 1..linu.-., s;·1y it j.-; unlu cky h' .
<~111h1rk 0 11 a. Friday. ' lf i·r1 · 1111· 1·lal1:--t· i 11 i 1;d i ..; 11 1 ark ~ a dii1r<wll'ri:-i t ii· (J I'
all s: tilors, anll tht· nrni11 asR1'1·t iq11 is i11 d1·pt· 11d 1..: nt ol' it. J ~ut ir \ \t· :--.: 1 , -,
,\

:-,a ilor rdw /s 'Hof s1tpr rsti'l i111u..· wi ll t ·111l1;1rk 011 a 11y da\· ' th L· d nu:-.e
is 11 nt supo·s/ilious/ is 111 ·1·1 ·ssary f1, i11 di1:alt.: tli e par~i ~ u lar ki11 \l vf
,;ailor "f whom oul y is it true tlwt lie wil l c111bark on all y J ay.

t lit · g n ·at dra 11 1at is l, w a;, !Ju ru a t ~traLford­
nn -:\ ,·on , 1dwrv 111· :ibo di, ·d.
.Jo n ...:11 11 1l 1e ~ l r:i1 11 ;1! i ~t 11111 :-:. t Hut l it~ n ;ufuu 11dt.:1l with

Jolrn:.:01 1 11 11 · i-ritic .

(d) \\' l1<'ll I rl'l 11rn. I , l1all l111f >ay a11y tl 1it1 ;_!;.
I ~ 1 1 all nut ~a.\· an y tli i n ~ wlwn 1 n· t 11rtl.

lly ni ;_!:l1t , a n :1thl'i,;t. l1a lf !,..Iic·1·1·' a CuJ .
T ry not tl1e p:l"', 1111' old 11 i: 1n ,;aid.
l>a r k i,; t.1 11' ~< 1111 1l1:lt .<in111· 1l1 .

(1')

. .\ ·wuit ndt.·d ·"'i'irit wl 1c) 1·an hear ?
I f tl1011 wo1dd :-:. L ).!" I' \ a fr i1·nd , prove lii111 fir st.
li e wa ' lv:t rn ed. l>11 I Jl0> t pcda 11 lic.
Tli o11gli 1le1·[>, .' ·..i vlt·:11·.
'J'rue ea :.:.e in \vrii i 11;.! c< 11 nt· s f ror11 art, nut ('l1an c:c.

( / ) T o t'lT is l1 11 lll:u1 ~ lo furgh·l', (i:.; J di \' i lle.
' Vilrning;tcf ll , Cl i11 t1111 Cu., Oliiu, ,J11n c :?7, l &S8 .t
A wisl' , lil•er:tl ·111 iJJd ed 111 :11! .
A wi,-., m11/ li lwr:tl -rn i11 ded m an.
He:1di nf!; m:t ke tl1 a f1tll ntan ; ~o n fcre n c c·, :t r ea<ly 11 1a11 ;
a nd w ri t i n ~, an t·xacL in an.

' 'J'l1 l:

0

' l f' h 1J

I r n11 th: 0 1' writt en inl \\' il111i 11 gt ••ll (\rl1i1·h is i 11 ] L'l intull Cuuut y [w l1id1
is i11 ] Ohi o, [aud on] J11 J1c '2 7, [ill tl1 c )"l'ar] 1888.

·,,i

"

'

.,
,,1 •

l'UNCTU ATIO N.

CO ~ll'O S ITI ON .

E:\GLlSll

9G

l{ e ~ul i 1~'.! lll:-t.ketl1 a fn!l man , cunfcrl'Ill'.t' a r ead _, n1an . and

wri t ill'.! a 11

(:;)

~ :iid

I:i1·li1 " r, ·I 1.,,... ( ;.,.i a nd li11!.- .- l1ildr .. n
Hi .. l11t'r u tt<;1·cJ t l1e :;L' wo 1·d ;: • 1 lu1·e G ud anJ li ll le
cl 1ilJr .. n.'
'J l11· ' " 1111·nwr:tl1il• w"n ];, ' I luv" C CJd a nd littl e l'li ildrL· n,'
Wl'J'l' ~J'llkt.• fl J1y }~ i(' Jil l'I".

H"11 11·ntl 1l'r !1 11· c 1 ·i~r:11 11 u f l>i sra .. li: · Lik .. all ~ r P:l.I t rav vll er:o: , I lia Y1 ' :O: t Tll 1t1tll't' t l 1fL11 I n : 111 t• 111IJl' r t' d, a 11d n ·l llt'IHbl'rCd

IJll )I'('

than 1 li:t\' e

SCt.' ll.

1

(11) c\ ; ; ii!. '1 l! :tl l , ..,i ,·e.
, \ 11 >Ill',

:t

l1llll'. :ti I. '1 11 "l1Jllf' ,

A lune i •n a widl'. widt• :-:1·a.

(i)

c:lu 11d in hi s l1anJ a faithful walki11 g stick in hi :; eye: a
rn enacin g glare ::my int; uotLi ng.

l '.' Clf ·l 111 ;111.

'J'u qnote l'opin11:--ly and w1 ·ll, rt ' q 11 in·:-: l:i ~ l t', j wl g-nH' nf ,
:l nd 1·nali ti 11 11. a fl'1•li 11.!! f11 r tlw lwa 11 1i f11l. a11 a l'}H'1 '1·ia1i\ 11l uf l he 11 nlJl1 ·, and a ~1· 11 :-;e of t li t· }'l' Ofo11ud.
Sink or :"'.wi m. Ji,·L· or dit', l"llr ,·i,·e 1)1' J•cri :.: li, I gi ,·c my
hand :1nd ht'a r t. tu d1is votL:.
\Vha1,.,.,,,. i, , i, ri:,:l1t .
llarr_1·, F ra.nk . II o w:trd , C a s pc 1" will Ji,. tl1 e r1' .
l larry , Frank. ll o ward, :utcl Ca' I'"" wi ll J,l' t l11' r e.
Il e wl1 0 ('O TIH 'S 1q1 to l1i :-\ 0 wn i1k a uf g r eat ncs:-:, n111 s l alwa y,; ha'·" h:ul a v .. ry lo w ~t an1l a ril of i i i ll h is mind .
l\.. wi ~ t· 111 :1n i n tlit' co mpany of th1• i ~ lltH" ant lt as h•·1 •n
" " 111p:1.n·d to a lwa nti f11l g irl ill tlt e l'<>mpan y of !.! ind
n1 en .

(j) C11:i tum is tl 1c pl ag:11c o f wi se lllL'n , and tli1; id o l of fook
Fri"" ']" to wl 1••111 -'""" arc in de bt , you h ate.
lll' i.< a fuol , wlt o only sees the 111i;chids lhat are past.

P unctuate in two w:iys: " ' ha t tlo you tl1i n k
I ·11 "lmv c y o ll fo r nothin~ , and g ive you a drink.
L o ni palm cr,<to n tlil' ll l' ll l"r"d o n Iii ' ill'ad a whi le ltat 11 pon
Jiis fL:et large J1ut wdl jilJJis Ju.:J UuOt' llflOll hi s Ul'OW a Jark

Punetu:itc and capita lize, gi ,·i11g reasons : f al most killl'1l t he ui r J sai1J th e fowl e r uut al 1nust 11l'\"Cr IuaJ e a
ste w a man is ne ve r al u ne fur god is wi th l1im wi t e nt ntain>
b11t wi sd u n1 del ig h ts lakes anJ rin:r s lt ill:! ;w,] pl a in s 111 011ntain s an d valleys a ll am li.·a utiful gold silver platin11m and
l'Opper h a ve uee n u:;eJ fo1· coini ng new l1 oll:1 nd vr a11'tralia
is a land of wonders a wa y tl1 e y went pc ll-11"·1! l111 rr.,·-;k11r r:·
with l'lang a nd clatt e r whuop an d l1 alluu l:il 1ur and faith
and p ray e r a re wnr tli 111o rc than t11 c r ic ll l':-\t ~tu1e~ of (: ;1r th
l 1onc· ~ 1y is tli e hl':-:l poli".'" g•·< Jrge \' i!'.-ilt.' d ct1rupe witl1 lti ~
u ncle ~cot t wlinc h e """' l1>111 lun nJ1d paris ll 11 , al l'·' and
tl 1e rhin c cungr .. ss is co111po;eil uf t.111' ' e nat c aJ1d tli ... 1 1011~"
of ri>p rcsontali,·es i have r ead St·\·e nll fn: n...11 i\ nd i;i·rn1:-tn
work s snlo mo n says a wi St• m iw fc ;1rc th and <kparll'l h fr om
e ,·il o tin 1e h o w fe w t 11.v val11 e wei .~ h i h ave bc••n r l'ad i11<.:: r o llin,;' anc ie n t hi story on m on d ay a pril J .1 till' 114 ·w
s1ean1 <' r on·a n q uee n will \1(• la11 nc li ed o h l1ow i slt ou l.J like
to see it he ,v}1 0 prt~ ~e r\' es 1ne to who m i owe 111.\· b<:ing
whose i arn anJ wh o 1n i sl'r\'e is cft> rnal e a rtl 1 and ~va da.'·
an<! ni::;l1t summe r and "·in ter sh o w furth th e wi ;do1n and
gooil ncss o f t li c c reato r h is appearance not his tal1·n 1s
attr:wt e d att 1.· nliun rnil1iail"" t h e so n of •· irnun wa s an
a 1.h .. niaJ1 tl1 " d11 kt·'s order s w ere olit·ycd an d " '.L'll t l1t• l'li .1 ·~i c ian s witl1 dre w t l1 c face is a bl a nk with o ut the ''.H' and
tl1 c t·:' c SL·e 111 s to ('On cc ntratc e vt·ry featu r e in it sel f il i:;
t h e eye tli:1 t smil .. s n ut, tlie li1• s it is th e eye tl1a t li :< t1•ns
not t l1 e ear it tha t fr o wn s no t t h e brnw it tl1at m ourns n"t
t l1e \'ll ice it w a s time for monmout h wa s a ln·aily d rnw inc:;
up hi s arn 1y for a l' lio n th e n ob lc't s1 ·em·s o f tl1 .. \' :11·th C:lll
be 'ct·n and kn o wn li11t. hy fl'w it i' n ut i11tend1 ·d tl 1a t man
Fli o11 l1! a lw:i_,., Ji,.,, in th e mi,] st o f th e 1J1 li e i11 j 11rcs tli1·11J
l>y J1i s ]ll'CS\'n1·e he Cl':lS\'S t o fl'cl t! 11·111 if lll' lie alwa .' ·'
wi1h the m l1:1d it pleas l' il h ea n ·n to try 111e wi ;l1 afll if't i•in
l1aJ h e rain ed a ll kinds of so res an1l i' l1am cs on my Gare

E~G LI :::i ll

9S

CU:ll l'O:::ilT ION.

l'U NCTUATION.

hl' ad 'iL·<· p c cl m e in pove r ty to tltl' vay lip ~ j!i''L' ll to (':lptivily 111 c and 111.1· uttuus t, l1 opcs i , It o 11ld liav e fu11111l i11
rnn1t· pa rt of m.' · >oul a d r op of pat icnce good na111e in rn a n
( •I' wo nt ::m dea r 111.1· lord i ~ the i1nrn c Jia te j e wl' I of tl1t:ir
rnu ls .

Quotation-marks arc us ed l. T o enclose the exact "·o rtl" of another wh en the fact
of cinot:ttio n is not other wi~ c ,;ulllcicntly npparcnt (ll) .
:2. Often to enclose the title of :1 book (/J).
(a)

O n ly o ne rnan in t.lic cro wd c ri ed ' No!'

l lc sa id : · Only one rn:tn in I h e c rv wd eric d '· :'\ u ! "
and lie wa,; at o ntc taken into c us tody.' 1
Tu Lamb. kibitnally 11np11 n ctnal ,

tlie l1 eacl

0 . To s ho w faltering o r hesitation (c).
·I. T o ;;ho w t he omi ssio n of letters, fi g ures , and words (ii) .
:1. To 1;c parate :1 quoted passage frnrn tile au tl 1o rity for
it, wh en I10th are in t he sam e parag ra ph ( ,, ) .
(i. Often to s upply the pla<:e form erly occupio.:tl by t11 ~
p:ll'en t hes is mark s (/) .
'. To mark a rhetorical repetition (g ) .
o. :-; 0 111 d im es to set off a n appos itive (h) .
(a) I !i s d 1ildrc n But h e r e 1n y li c·art l>l'~a n tn lil ccd .
I !ere li e ' tlrn g;r c.,t l Fabe marlik I wl 1L: re ·:
I a11 1 my o w11 ('aptai 11' - 'A nd yo ur uwn tru mpeter,'
l1rokc in t.l1 e lady.
1

(3reece, Cart.I iage, R o m e, -

o f th e ofl icc

ol,;,cr\'Cd , · Heally, i\lr . L a mli, yuu 1·0111 e ' 'cry late .'
'Y e'i° ~tann11 c rcd Lau1b, ' b-b ut co;1 sider h ow e arly

(h)

Lions,

1. W hl·n
rup tly ( (I).

:t

2 . T o show

looki ng .

necessary -

a -

SLO]'[>Cd him

, Jiort.

Soliuule. -

l n i ts st riet and lit era l a•·L·c ptation, solit11dc

is C• 1ually 11nfr ic nd l_v .to th e h appi n"s", and
th" nat ure, of niankind. - ZJMMEl<~L\1".

un cxpc<.:tetl o r emphatic trausitiou (IJ) .

ft "li11 g lo pair.
\V1 · 111 ucli pr .. f1·r, h l'cau s1 ~ it is neater, tltt' E11 g lisl 1 11ract ice
of m 11pl oy in~ a sin gle Jt:lir in n simpl r qn otatiu n , awl a. double· 0 11 e
wh en t h e qu otati1rn is wi tl1i11 a qu ota ti'"'- Th e single marks ampl y di s.
ti n guish the quuted 11111\tcr, while tli l'}' d,, uot rend er th e J'!lge so rag)j•·d-

it wa s

Call 11po n Mr . - - , r es iding in - - Square .
::;ce J!P· :23G - :![,0.

(t•)

1 T ill wi t h in t h e ln~t f,.". Y"" ,.'· fjll<>tat io ns wr n• nhrnys lloa rknl with
dvu l .lo i nv ert ed co111n1a s ( ' ' ·· ]; a11 d a quotat io n wi t l1i11 a qu otati o n, with

pa's no c riti c is ms .

(rl) l re r e L01·d E - -

se nte nce o r eonstrn ction is brokeu off a b1111

they

(<') He w11.s cxtn· m c l.' ' <•onec rn e r! it slw11hl h ap p e n oo; lJU t a -

The dash is nsccl -

whe r e a r e tlwy '!

A persou of illu st riou s liirth , of anc ic, n t fa111ily , of 1n nu-

111erable statues, but - of n o expc rie nl'e .
Ir cr ch ie f is slain - slic fi ll s l1i s fatal post.
,\ni111 a ls a r c s uch agr ce<tl, I., fri e nd s - t l1 ey a sk no q11e' -

I go.'
( b) 'Enoch Anl cn ' was writte n by the p oe t T e nny so n .
11 ave you r(•:ul Enncl1 ,\ l't} e n ?
E 11oc!t l l nlrn is a roman t ic story in ve r se.

99

(/)

1\ ;oing-lc pl11':Lse -

sometimes a won! -

foreign

to

and tl ..: wor k j ,

don e .
ApJ•ro:u·h, and r e ad -

fo r tho u ca nst r ead -

th e lay.

( r1) C hri st ians ha ,·e h nt h a, 1no rnl ~nd a r1 ·li~ i 1'1 t i< 1·l1nrnf'tc r t 1i
"'l'l'ort - a !'l1 a r:1 <: tc: r wh i<: l1 , wit.l1 011t ,·lt a r i1.1 · and tlw
loro uf thl·ir TH'.i g;hl1or:-:, loses i L:; di\'inc::;t h.:ature~ , and
forfeit s its purity and it,; lu str<: .

E"1GL1SH

100

CO :'ll l'OS lTIO~ .

~ r l'atest n a me,; in En1di , h p 0<· try a rc alm o; t the
li r,;t we come to. - Chau cer . ::; pe n ,;cr , ::ihak<·:; pearc,

(/1) T he fo u 1·

:111 1l ;\I i I 1"'t.
,\ ll uf 11 s - Cora, :\ liCL', :rnd :\lattiL" -

a rc goin ;I.

(/,) O f the · ~C \' L" ll t l1in ~ ' t lta t Gu1l hate :;, p ri J c is tirst 11a111t.:J
(l'ru\' . vi . I G, I;).
,\ :; :;tat cd a lJO \'c ( page 611), :;pee ifi.: 11an1c:> sLuu ld , etc.

(c)

Su pply t he ncccss:-t ry m a rk!'< , :rnd jm;tify th e pun c tuati o n : D•:at h is th e k in e: of t erro r ~ n•li:!io n h rea tlt l·:i a ' J>irit o f :!l' ntlcne:;s and affa bility a 111:111 1·:i nn ut li\' e J> ka;: 111 tly 11n J,.,,,
lt t.~ livt·:'\ wi :-\1· ly :t 11d lt ot ll" :-: tly lwn or g- lury and i111 111 nr t a lity
a re prn111 i:;e1 l tu virtu e t i..- happin ess allull cd to 111 :rn in
h is pn·;cut state is i nd eL•d fa in t and lo w 1·u 111parc d wi1h
h is i111mortal p rn:i lH'C t.:i it i:; m i;crable we t h in k to lw d epri,·cd of t he lif.:ht uf th <.: '1111 ttJ lie ,] 11 1t 011l frnnt li fe a nd
conve r sat io n ~. nd to I><: lai d in t h e eold g rn\' e a pr" ." t u
co rrn pt i1H1 and the rept iles uf t lw l':t rth th e h a ppin L·"' o f
the dead how••v c r 1111J>t :t'Sllrcd ly is a lfr!'tt- d l1y no ne uf
t h e se c ircu msta nce :< n or is i t the tl1 0 11 ~ li t of th ese t hin i;s
wh iv h can di st 11 d1 th " profo und ~enm i ty uf tlH ·ir r c posc
J\ lr. Longfe ll o w used t o tell tl 1e fo ll o win ~ in c i1lt-n t I wa s
once r iJinc: in Ion.Jon w l1en n labu1·c r a p proa cl 11·tl th e c arr i a~e ant i a" kcd a1·e you t l1e wri tt• r of t he p salm uf l ife r
am will you a llo w m e tl> ~ h :tk e hand s wiLh y ou we e la " pe J
h a ntl s wa rmly th e carr iagt: p a ssL"d u u and I saw liim till
m ore but l r eme mbe r t h at a s one uf tl1 e 111 u:< t ;..: ra t if.1 · in ~
Cu ntplim e n ts f e\'Cr r ceCi\'cJ !JccaU!'C it wa:; SO $illn!rt•.

\\° c all cxpe J ic n ts t ire,
'1'u la ~ 1 1 the lin ge rin g ll lUl ll l' ll tS iu l o ~ pc 1·d 1
And whirl l " ( l1:q •1•Y ri dda nc«) from 011r,c lv cs.

Il e Lad tw u Lati n wor d; :dn1 ns t co 11 ,; tan t ly in h is 1nrn1th
(ho w odJ ~011 11 tb Lali 11 fro 111 a11

1. To enc lose a n cx pla 11 :1tion or co rr ectio n (a).
'L . T o r efe r to t lt e t ext o f :i hook (b).
;) . T o se t off nu iro ui ca l remark , or word s to be sp ok en in

nn un de rton e (c) .
A. ?I L (artium 11w1ista). ·~1 a~tc r o f Art.s.
F o r I kn ow t h at in 1ne ( tl1 at is, in my lles h) dwell e th n o
gouJ tli in ~.

uil111 :u 1's

lip s!). wl1i1·li

111_v lH •tte r k111 1 wl {' d (; L~ l ias :-: i111 ·c 1: n a l 1lt·d 111e t u c· 111 T1T t.

r.laUvr " ·i tliin th e rn:n ks uf pnrc 11tl1L·Bi,; i,.; p11n ct tt :t1.1·d n,.; i11
:-t ny utltL· r t• vsil io n. Only tltc int e rroga tio n u r excl:u11:t~ i,1 11
poi 11 t, huwe\·c r , c:111 ,.;t:111 d befu r.: t il e ,.; eco u d lll :t r k ur }l :l l"\'t \t lte,.; is.
, \n y po iu t rl'q11ir cd licL wec n J•:tr t.:; if Lite p:tl"l' ll tl il'Si:i
were o mi tte d , i:; placed after ll.te seco nd mark .

Brackets a rc u:;cLl 1. To e nel of'e an y remark, corrcdio 11 , o r cxp la 11:tt io11 .
iu tc r pul:ttl'tl in q uoti ug fro m a uot hc r (<l ).
~ . \\' li e u t he 11 :;e of ma rk,; of parcnth e:;i:s m :-tkes a dist inc -

tion necessary or de:siraulc ( /J).
('•)

,\ ngc r wi ll 0 11ly re st. [ r eti t on ly] in th e hnso 111 uf fo"] ;.
I :< racl [ I klirc w] , :i ~ol J i e r o f <: 011.

(/,) [ (.c

T he curv ed lin es , o r marks of parenthesis, are uo w 1-> Pld1rn1
11 ,;cd, e x cept -

(a)

101

r c~C Tl) ,\ T I O N.

+ .'/) (.c -

As for th e

!/)+~JG= wlt a t '?

1wr :-; 1111 :-t;.!'g: rit ~ \' t•d

[T

Tll l' :tll (d 11

not u1 i:-:.t.ake Jll (~ )

the o ri ~ i na l O\\' l.wr J~ 111.: wa:-; IJa sc ly d vfr;l111 k d.

,\ s fu r tli c JH'l' :O.: Hll :1;.q;r icve(l - ] 111 t·a n (1 k1 n 1)t mi:-:ta k t ~
me) t h e o ri ~ inal u wn c r - li e was l1a ,;el y J efr:111 de•l.
:,

Pun ct.u:tt.c a n<l eapitalizc , g i,·i11 g reason s : rr r ca l
( I ) lli; n1ll1 e re 11t s l1 owc·\'c·r a nd ,,,·en·
.
0

111 :111 !t a> lii' adh l' r l' n ts 1wr fcct l.'· 11n d,cr s t .. od hi111 lt a t li 11 .. t. a jew h:1 11 ds
i> It\' 11 u t fed wi t h t lw ,;a111 e fuud i,; tl1 e r e n " t 1111· f:i th1T
my un cle a nd rn y ~df J id' he n ot j oin wi t l1 lurd r o«k -

5:

10:2

PUNCTUATION.

E:\GLISII CO M.POS ITION.
in gham :ind hetrny him was he not tl1 c li o~o m fri cnll
o f 111r wil kes who1 11 he now ]'lll', ll C:i tu d c, tructi<Jll in
the •111estion i" tlte work flni>hcd tl11 ·re arc two l"J1·t i• ms i11 tl 1e asscr li <> n n:q 1ulc:un di1·d in J H:! I th e latt e r
par t t>f il1l' ~ enil'll < ' (' d•·o·lan: ,; sn n1 e il1i11 ~ of the former
in tlie d1·11ial tl 1c pri:'Ollt'r is 1101. ;!llilty the pr i>'tJ nl· r ';
guile i:-i denied ur t111..~ second par! deni e:S :"lu 11w1liin g of
t I 1c fl r,;t

U) \\.hl'n 11l1i li p lir111in aud i met :1:;ain tl1 .. n ·

wa; c r:q w un
looth 0111· ha ts i d1111·1 tl 1i11k e ith e r eo1 dd Sl'l' th e 01 li e1.. s
fa ce• n •ry wel l i we nt to sec him in parr 't l'<ll'L in 1l1e
l' aeaut 111eland1 ol y huusc wl 1cre 1l1e pour 111otl1<·r',; {'i c-

turc wa :-: yet l1:tnµ:i11g in IH'r Cltlf'f_,. dra wi11 µ:-ruon 1 :-' li e

" "" alway:< fond of you 1w nd eun i; ,; aid pl 1il

g'•JU

l1k:;s

yo11 fur Lei ng :-'O g-ou<l to he r you kn ow w)1at it is to

Jo;e wha t lo,·es yo11 h.-;1 in tl1 e world i didn' t k11uw
how i l u n~ d her till i lmJ lost her antl m:u1y a sub
broke lii , word; a; li e "l'ukc.

( :l) Th e re "·as not Ili c ' 111allc·st aer id l' nt that b1·fl'll ki u:;
c l1arle :< the ~ceo nd in Iii:" ""ile u111 cro111w l' ll k11c w it
Jie r fceily \n ·ll :i ~l' n l ll'm:rn wh o had se n ed tl1 c 1111 fu rL1111 at1 · .-li:trll·s the lir' I dl» in·d ll': l\'l' uf c: ru111we ll to
tran·l a nd ol1La im·d i1 n11 l' Ondilion t l1at li e wo11ld ""t
f'CC' '·li a rl e~ :;:f 11art fln ar rivi11 ~ aL 1·ulng 11 c li u wL~ \'t'l' t l1 c

ge nllt·111:'H1 hr11ke Ii i!\ p ron 1i 'l' and =-'<'lit a 1111 •:-::-: a ~ t · to
tl1 c .. ·xilvd ki n ~ rCf]11t""~ti n ;_! tl1a t.

lu.·

ini ~ h t wa. il on lii 111

in ilh· 11 i;:lit wl1i t' h wa ~ ~ r:\nlt·d l1avin;..r d i:-:f'ourscd full,·
on th e aff:iir>' of hi :< 1n i"' i1111 hl• r<•n•in·d a l..i11·r fr,,,; ,
Ilic kin~ wl1i•·l1 lw r·o1wcakrl wiil1 i11 the l' rOw11 of Iii ;
liat and tl"'n tu11k l1i,; ll':l"" on lii s rc l11r11 to l' ll '.!l:u1d
lit· waiti ·d 1111 1-rH1 11w t·ll witl1 t:un lidt·n •·c and LH ·ing- a~k, · d
if he 11:1< I p11nt·l 11:dly 11erfurn1 ed l1i :< pru111i:<l' 111 · :<aiJ l1e·
l.:111 lmt ,;1id •TO lll\\'1· 1! wh o wa' it t hat p11t 1111t 1lw
candle~ wh"n yuu >' j•t•k e to drarles "t11art thi s utH!xJWt·lcJ ' l""'tit> ll sta rt le d hi 111 and .-nimwe ll IH'O<«·ed in ~
a'k!'d hi111 wli;1L l1l' " 1. id lo h im tu wl 1i.-l1 tl1 e g<' ntle11i:t 11
an~we1-.·d lie ,;:iid nothin g at all lint did he 11 ut s« nd a

103

letter hy you rc l'li eu the prote1·1.0r t he ge ntlem'rn <len yi ng tl1i s also c romwell took hi s hat fro m l1im dre w
o ut t.l 1e lette r aml LaJ the uufor t uu:J.Le lll<:>,l' Dg«r
commitl cd to the tower.

The hyphen is used to se par:ite t he parts o f a co mpot11Hl
wo rd, a nd to <.f o·id e :i word iuto syllaulcs; :is, 'fo:ir-i 11 ,..piri11 g,' · he:w- t i- ful.'
Be care f11I not to cfo·ide a syllable a t t he c od o f a lin e.
The part carri ed furwanl tu the oext liue t> ho uld ue o ue or
rno re Lclwle sy llabks.
The apostrophe is used to indi cate th e possessin· case (a",
J ohn':;); to d enote the plu ral of ligures a ud ltttcrs (as, j i'8
and 9'.:1) ; aod to mark the elis ion o f letters a nd fi g 11res (:is ,
l' cr , 'l was , the year f)f ' I G) .
Don't, arn'l, ::tDd 1con'l are usually priuted as si ugle \Y Ol'll".

Tl1e caret mark s tlie uuintentional omi ss ion of a "-onl o r
phra:;e ; as h all
It was in the of \\'i lliam
/\

Ruft. 1 ~,

th e hall wlii d 1 h ad , l'lc .

Tlt c underscore, whi ch slto11!1l b e used di :;c ri1uina ti ugly .
tl .. 11 otcs emphas is; a::; (f talic)
( ~mall

<':tpital ,;)

(Cap ital s)

n c v0r

111:t' er .

n f" n•r

~E\' E I L

t11 · Vt•r

--

NEVER.

10-!

El\GLl.SU C0M1'0SlTlUN.

REPlWDUCTION FlWM MEMORY.

I.

to drink; so he a.:;ked :\laster Jley na n.l wltcthcr the
was goml. The .Fox a nswered, 'Good ! why , it is as
a' rnilk, am! there is pl ent y of it.' On tl1is, the
leaped into the well, and the Fox, mouuting ou his
spraug out.

CHAPTER JX.

(4)

E,1c11 se]e('tion is intended to be read eitiiC'r Ly the iustrndor to tile l'Lt;;s or by tl 1e pupi ls thcmselve:;, aud tbeu
to Le r e wr itten fro111 rne111 o ry in the ir own word s .
Let the p upil aim to grasp the most i111po rtant thou g l1ti:;,
the clnft, the sulistcrnce, of au excn.:isc, aml rcprodul'e it
promptl.'f, iu the same order a:; in the original, well worded,
properly constrncted, :111<1 correctly punctuated.
Jn all writte n wo rk tile ex(·liange of pnpc rs for criticism

forms a most Yalual.Jlc auxiliary to im;trudio u.
EXERCISES.
(!) A more g-loriou,; vitt ory than tltis can not be gained over
another man. - that whe n the injury bc)!;an on hi s
part. th e kindness shonltl begin on o urs.
I <)

divide ~\ ,ia L'ljl>ally wilh him . he an'""·n·d, ·The earth
cannot l1ca.r two :<:t111~ . nor Asia two kiu~~;.· Parrnl'ni o,
a friewl of .\ll'x;u11lt:r\. lil·arin~ t1w gn•at nfTt·r J>ari 11 : -:
h:1d 1nad c. 'a id, '"\·re I :\ il'xa nd er, l wo11ld a c<'q 1t.
tltem.' ' ~o would I,' n·pli ed AI L'xander, ' were f
l'anrn·ni o.·
1:1)

watt·r

swl'.ct
Goa t
back,

HONESTY IS ITS OWN REWAIW.

A woo.J111an, while felling a tree un the ba11b of a riv er, liy

l\l::PJ:ODlX'TIO:\ rno~r MUIOl:Y.

(2) \Vl1 e 11 llari1" ofTPred All•x:rnder ten tho1"and tale nt ~

105

L OO K BEFOHE YOU LEAP.

A Fox that had f:tllr·n into :t wdl, d id not. kn1Jw how to i:;( •t
ont again. ,\t le ngth a Goat. came lo th e j>lace in onkr

acc ident let Lis axe slip out of his liaud, a nd it fell iuto
tho deep water. Ile sat down am! gri e\'ed over l1i s luso<.
;\Ierc ury, taki ng )'ity on th e man, came and din·d fur
the axe. But. lie bro ugl1t up a goldl'n one. So he L':lll>e t1J
the 111an a nd asked if that was hi; ax e. Th e woodmat1
saiL1, •No.'
:\[ ertnry Ji\'eJ agai n. This time he brcrn g lit 11p :1 :<i l\'ei
axe. Ile then a skeJ Lhe man if that was the right one.
A ~el'o nd ti Ill e the wool.Iman saiJ, ' ~ o.'
;\[ e reury <l i,·cd a third time, and came up with the lo't
axe at last. 'That su rel y is nolo your< :said Le. ' Y"'·
that is mine !' cried the tlcl igli kcl \'OOtltnan.
i\lercury was so pleased with toe 111>\ll '> truth and !tun·
esty, that he maJe bim a g;ift of l he od1c1· Lwo.
(:>)

DlS013ElllE:NCE.

In onl' uf hi:; ca mpai ;.?;ns Frederic:k the Great of l'ru s:; ia, to
pre ve nt his wh ereabouts from being betrayed 10 the e1t•:1u,-.
ordered all lights i n hi s l'arn p to be exti ngu ished at a certain
hour. The penally of disobedience wa' to be death. Tlt c
king occ a sionally passed th ro 11g;h the e:unp at 11ight, to a'CL'rtai n wlwtl1er hi s order was slr ictly :ttlended to. Ou,•
ni ght lw olJ.«~ r ve< I a li glt t in one of the te nts, and, enter·
in)!; it., fo und a n ofliCl'l' sittin g at ;t tahle elos ill ;.?: a l«tter.
A;okl'<I how hl' darecl thus disregard ti"• kin :,:' ' "ommand ,
the oflil' <: I' rl'pii l'd t.l1:1t he had bee n writing a. l cltl~ r to hi•
wife. The ki1t:.,: ordered him to op<· n Iii:< ld!t'r, to take· hi ~
!'e n, a nd to add these words: ' Before tl1i' IL:l.t c r n·:wl1e~
)'Oll i' hand ,, [ :;ha ll ha ve been shot for di sobey in g an onkr

lUC

B:i'\GLISH CO '.\lPOS lTIOK.
of il11• ki11.!!;." The ~ c nt cncc w:1' har ; h ; hut tltc ninw was
;_'.rc:u , risk in ~ as it did l hl' li \"l'S of t h ousa nd :;. Fred e rick 's
urJas wen: e\'er aftcr warcJ , ;trictly ol1t·.1·l'd.
(Li )

FOULS E.'.\JUCJI. L ,\ WYEHS.

'l\vo ('nt~ , l1avin~ :-: t.olt ·n ~o u1t· t ·l w c~e, c o11ltl 11 0 1 a~ rf'C al)out
di vidin g tiJC· ir j'l'ize. 111 u rd l' r. lltl'n· fo r, ., l•l se1tl 1· 1he
di~p11tt ', tln:y <:P11 ..:1·ntcd to rd',·r tJ1 c Jnatter lo a 1111J11k l' .'"Tl 1e pn>J""''d jud)!C r c:id ih- :u-ct•p1eJ t h e oll i!'•'; arn l pr11d11ci11 ~ a lialan f'( ', put a pi1·1··· o f t lu· eln·1·st: inttP cat li :-.c :tl,· .
'I.ct 111 c sec,' ' "id he , ' Ll1i s lu111p 011t wcig;lt; tl1 c ot he r .' :-;o
I"' bit 0fT a pi e l'l' , 'tn r dlllT it to a ha lance,' a; li e obsc rv cd. Tlt1· oppos itl' se aiL· ltaJ now I,cco 111 l' 1l1t· lt \':n ·icr,
wl1i«l1 ;;:u ·c tit" j11d gc n· :t:;n n fur a sc1·0 11d lll •H ttl1 f11l. ' I l u ld ,
h u ld ,' said 1l1C' l wo ,·ats, wh o lw;.ran to be alanm:d. · g ive u:1
our shnrc•s, and Wl' arc ;:ni, fi,·d." ' ] f y ou arc ;:ttisficd. · re·
t11rrn· tl the rnonkt._,. , ' j 11 st in· i,; not ; a case of t l1 i:; intr icate
nature i; 1,_,. no 11\\'an' so soo n ,,·t iled.' Upo n wl1i c l1 lie
continu cJ t o 11il1l 1lc fir ,t one pie1·e a11 1l tl1 e 11 anothe r , till
tlie cat,, ~l'e in g th e ir el11·P ~c ~rad1 1 : dl y di111i11i,lti11 g-, ''n ·
tn·a ll'rl ltitn to )! iVt: li i m,cl f no 1'11 rtl11 ·r trn 1d1h·. IJ11t cfrliH·r
1l 1t·m wl1at re111ai1H·d. '1\1)1 ~o fa.s t. l lw:-:cccl i yo u,
fr it•nd :-:,' rcpli 1·d the n1onkC'y; ·we owl' j11 :-; l it ' l ' co 011r :-.1· lvv !'I
as w1·ll :t;; to y o1 1. \\I J1at r1·111ai11; i, d11c 10 11H· i11 1·ii.:lt1 •1f
111,r oflit·1·. · l 1pn11 wh i,.Ji lw 1Tat11111 1·d t.lt c wlt 11 l1 · int <> liis
111u1tth and 111ade off, ll':t vin i.: tJ11, poo r c:Hs Lo cu 111 fo rt
tltl·ttt :'cln-s n:; th ey best rn11ld .
t<•

(7 )

TIIE ,\J OTll , Till ·: CJ HAs:;;JJOl'l'ER, A:'\D TIIE BEE .

Hl::l'H 0DUCT10~

F rtO\l J\1Dl01tY .

the fi n e· wiit g ~.. d .:'\l f1t li , wl1i1:l1

ilJ'}h':l n:d :-:in g-:t nd.\· a11cl w:1--

:-:-o idl t• . was 11ri~in<llly a. luuu Lle wur111 tl 1:1t 1·11q1\i1.\ 1· d

tinie j 11 uu n · iuit1i 11 ~ i11d11 :-' lry , and

:-: 11111 i

11\';·

llll · tli1 ·1·;11I 111 1 • r" l 1l· s

of n"·alt,· art' 1n ad c uf; t11at it w : t ~ wit ti ll
fr 111 11 .J 11 ·r· luwl,· :-:t :1tiun into l1i g- l1 t' r lift· tl1:tt

wa :- li!t"il
f,q·~\1 1 l1 •
:--;11.._. 1l1 v11. li"
10 •·oiulu ct ltt."r :-:l'.lf wi11 1 I H: cu1ning pro 11ri t·ty.
ciinlin 11 e d. :,!n: w wt.H· ~c than 11 ~t· l c:-:~ \ ,_,. h1..·lp in :! 1i11lt· t " d 1·:-;t roY

l i:l d.

dJ('

Y \: J' \ " w11rk

l1t Tii T1H' .fro111

ltt·r , ·irl11 01 1:-i

1111'

111 n1111·11 f

lal111 1':i

l1ad

:-l w

1

:-111·

1·11111p.i :-' •·d ,

of lwr t• '\;1lt:11 i

1

•l1

:i-.

"'

:ind
1

\ ;1 ; 1.

idli·. and w 11 rt li l 1 · ~ ·"' :1:-: wa :-1 tlH· (;r;1 ~~ h111111 e r l 1i1t1.""1·!1. wl1 11-- ··
wliu lv lif 1• fro 11 1 ill'~innin~ tu end liad bel..' 11 ~ p e 11t in IH11 111i1i'..!

anJ ::- inµ: ing.

(8)

T llE WllALE.

T!t e whale i' th e L11·~,·; 1 111' :11! ani111al ~, and li:1; 0 11 tli:11 :\1·.-.. 11111
hcl'n l':tlled · tl1c 11\111\:tr«h uf «real ion.'

I t l'\»«llllil..- " !i -11

in ''i'l'l!aranee. bu t. ditI1•rs frrnu 0 111· in Ji,·i11~ war1'.1-l1l., .. dl'd .
in rv•piirin rr tu hrealhc tht· air, an tl in :;t11 ·kl1n g it:-: y11 un'...'...
1t is fro m ~ixt \· tu ni1tt•t,· f,·..t ill 1.-n;:t lt . and :11'011! thirl .«
f<~ l'l · ronnd. l t~" 11 11111th i ~ ve ry lat·~t'. and i11 tl1l' li L·ad tl11·r··
an · 1.Iow-1111 1.., :t fuol Inn~. In tlt l· \l]'l'l'I' j:t w. tlw wlt:1i.--

phn·' lwe nl.\' i1tt' hl'' lhi <"k.
Tl1t ·. wliah! i:-: fo1111d in llw Polar !'" 1.: as, 1·hit·lly :1 r<11111d
<:rcl..'nlancl. It. t·an r e1nai u be11t·alh t l w wat1·r fu r til l l 1u1 1r .

l>1 tt. l'l''{ll ll'\ 'S to i·nm" It> tl11 · >111·f:w e 10 lon ·atl11-. Thi; it.
it :-1 \1\o w-li olt·:-< . thnl\vin ~ 11p :\ fu 11 11t; 11n ul
w:\I Cr d sil,Je ;-;onH.~ 111i k·:-: off.
A s ii :-'wi1 11 :-: alo116, it kn·1
it"' hi i;.:e jaw~ opt'n. a nd th11 :-". obta in~ i1:-o. food in tl11 · ~li:q Jt'
of :-: rnall !lf:ll, 141 11:--tt·r :-:, t·tc., wl1icl1 l1l'.co 111t· L·nla11~l1·d ir1 tlw
wl iah·lton c . 'l'J11 • wlmk -fi ; li cry i; c·arri c d 011 i11 1lii ;; 111 :111 Hl'I' : ;\ innnht •r 11 f :; ina.11 boat:-; arc ~e nt 11 11t. fru1n th e wkll ·

dues t lt rciu~ h

1

..:.

In a fin e surnnw1"s lll"t'l 1in~ a i-'.""d.1· J\loth h a ppen e d t o a li µ: h t
near a C; ra ssh o p pt•r. Tli c (:r:l:':d1 o ppl'r. I tTakin g sil,' tt•'• ',
said th t·y we r e w 1· ll ltlCl, for 111 1.: ll1 v l'llin g was just s uil<'d
to s11 .. Ji idl1 · ~e ntry a ; 1lll'1tt't·h ""· A 1 , 11 ~ ilin ;! Ike that
!tad on·rlteard tlti; r c·m ark. in111wd iatc ly join ed the 1·1o111 ·
pan _,., am l n •markc•cl to tht• Crn;;;;!topper tl1at it w a' tru e
tl1t',« were a co11pl1· of idkr, , a11tl in tl1at rc ~ pe l' l 1111 w lt 1111
a par: but that tht·re was tli i ~ diffcn: twe Ol't we(·n the m :

.

ho 1t e 'lll'l'lil'' 1iw l'l:we uf l •···tl1. i\ II ""''r 1.11 l' l.1udy 1lwr 0 •
i:; a thick coati ll;! of fal .. alll'd 'hl 11l1be r .' wl11 .. l1 1:' 111 '"'""

itl"-\'l''" 'l with " ) 1a rpoo 1wr in e.1 ~ h . !J,. ;Land; i11 11 1· ·
hi~v. a.nd as thl' \Juat a.pprc)al'l1e-. tlll' whall', lw pl11n'.!.t".;
th<' harpo<m in to it. Att:ll'hl'll lu it , tlt!'n' is abo11t. a 111 1lt•
of ro p e. \\"h e n the whale is strnek, it ,jj ,·c,;. earr~· in~ 1111•

•.

··.·.:

108

ENGLISH

CLMiSlflCATION.

CU ~ll' O :-;I TJIJ~ .

harpoon with the rnpt• attac l wil.

10~

~ oo n it mu st come to th e

s1 1rfa<"C to breathe , an d, rcc:c i" ing- anutl1t-r harpoo n, <liYCS
agai n.

Thi,; it doc s again and a ;:ai n un ti l it i,; killed.

'l'hv hlulilier a n d whaleh1111c al" " l' are c 11 t off. tl 1c r est
!icing left to the ,Jiarb. From thl' lil11libcr an oil i ~ ex -

ClL\.PTER X.

t r aet1· d : the whal c hou c i' m a1111fact 11re cl IJy n s i11t o 111au y
u>cful art i cle~, a nd t h e E~11u i!llaux l':tt its ll es h .

CLASSJF J C AT! Oi\.

Additional lll ate ri al may be drawn rru lll ( :l lll Oll~ o th e r
source:,;) Ilaw lhorn c ">; ' \Vomlcr Hou k ,' ' Twi t·e-To ld-Tales;'
Haus Autlerscn 's ' Talcs;' Seyrno ur':; • C h:t1 1ec r '::; Talcs
Si111 p ly T ol d;' La 111!J" s ' Talcs fro J11 Sltak e1< 1JL~ a r e;' T enu y;;0 11 ':; ' Dora;' Bryant's' Littl e l'eo ple o f t he Sn,;w ;' SL"t.: IH!S
f ro m' The l'il;;rim 's ProgTc;;;.;;' t h e wri t in gs ul' "1i s:; , \lt- otl;
::<m·h lWrioclic:tb a" 'The Yu1 1th'" Cv 11 1pa11 io n ' aml 'S aint
:Ni c hola:-;,' :lilt! till' U:trra ti 1·c:-; or t h e Bil1 lt', - Th e l' ro.Ji g :d
::;on, Th e l\liracle of the Lo:t\"\.'!' , Th e l':l rab le ul' tl11.' So we r ,
Th e Tal ents, The Hie h ;\fau aull Laz aru s .

TllE utm ost pro fi t in r eadin g; arnl the s kilful usr of kno"·l-

cclo:e tlcpc nd m atc ri rtlly o n th e rn iml':-; li a l1i t aod po we r of
c/, 1~,s1Jji1i'./ , :1cco nlin g t o tlt e ir n:ttm :tl co nn ectio n a11t.l lo;:;ic:d
seqn c n ec, th e ya rious facts , p ri11 c i1ilc8, :uJll se ut.irn e nt:-; tltat

111ay form U1e s u l 1jects of atte u tiou.
EXER CISES .

1. Arr:1nge th e follo "·ing d etadteLl se u tcuccs pro11erly. nn1l
form co un ectccl falJ] c:; : ( 1)

Tll E FOX AKD THE IlA\'E N.

Tlir farnr of a '011;.! fron 1 tl1 c 1·:wen wo ul 1l tl o ul1tl e>' ;o]1nw thnt
tl1e Yo i.- e was (''}llal to li er ot l1 e r :w 1·1J111pli , l1111 c 11l>.
A f11x n1 1 ~crn~ d a 1·:tvt ·tt on 111 l\ b ra nt' li of a tret· wi th :1 pil·t·e
of 1·l1t• e!"t' in li er 111 0 11 tl 1.
Tl 1e fox s natc h ed u p th e e h eL·~c in tri11111ph , a ntl left tl1.- r:l\·1·11

to lanwnt h tJ 1· van ity .
Th e fox el> 11 sid e re1l h nw h e mi;..:ht poss!»S hi111>elf of thi,.
T h e r an:n wa,; 1l<·1·c i,·cd w ith t.l 1i s 'lweeh . a nd o pciwd lier
m o u t h t o ;; in µ-. and th e ,-h ccsc d ropp<·d.
gla1 l,' said Ji,., 'to 'ee yo u this m or ning, for ~· on r lH·a11t i-

'I am

ful shape and s hin in;.! feat. hers are the dc li ~ ht of m_,. eyes."
(2)

THE W OLF A ND THE LAMG

T he l amh r e p lie1l that sh e was n o l t11en b o rn
The w11!f was r csnl \'e1l tu 'l" :trrL•l, and fi e r c ely 1kma n<lc1 l why
, ]ll' .Jnrst "<1ist 11rh

th e w ate r wl1i,·li be w a ' <lrinkin g .

110

The wolf wa s <li sco nctrtl'<l b.1· tl1e furl' C uf t111 " trnth , and
diangcd the accusa tio 11 , and >'aid , >ix rn o nt !i s ago Le had
i•l'l' ll sl: t11dere<l J,y th e la111l>.

A wolf and a larnh wi: re aceide ntally q11 l'n d1in g their thirst at
thl' s:11.11e rinilc t.

Alciliiail cs on " ,J ay boaste•l of hi s w e altl1, and t.h e g r eat e'tat eg
in 11i ~ p o:-;:-:0~ :-: i o n .

1'1ti :-: rcn.so uin~ in i~ l1 t hav t~ Ll\.: n uq;L' d f urth (·r, wli l'n Atti ca
mi!!ht l 1ave h1T ll l'ompan·d with all G reece j (;reel'C wi th
Et; ro pe; iuHI E11rope witl1 tl1e wh ule world .

The wulf ,-ai d . the n it n1u>' t l1aY c l1n· n the la in b "s fath e r, o r some

Il e fu 11nd it wit It ,;ci rn e dilli c ulty ; h e w a• d l's iretl to point 011t

o tl1 e r r elatio n. :in<! tli •·11 ><·i z"' I it and tOrl' it t o pi L'C<·s.
T l1t· l:1111h, trem l,Jinµ- . rq• licd that that coiil J not be, for tli e
wn.tvr c a1nl' fro m lii111 to 1u ·r.

hi s o wn c> t:it e t hL"rC; ' I t is t oo small,' says h e, 'to 1.ic dis ·

The wolf ,-t1101l tow a rd " tl1e h L"atl of the s tn· a m. a11d the lamb
at :<o me di:'t:uw e l1elow.

(:1)

T!IE UOY AXU Tl!E flUTTEltFLY.

Sc\· th e l' tHl "f th .1· 11111'rufitalok , uJil'it11de. and lc-arn that th \"
f11 t 11re li fe 1u:i.1· he bc ne ll te J , that al l pleas ure is but; a
p ainkd l 111tterlh·.

Il e lirH a illl l'd t o s11r p ri sc it a111u 11 ;.: t li l' k avl' s o f a rose ; t.l1cn
tu eoi·c'I" it wi th Iii " li at :1,- it fed 0 11 a d a is1·.
At li·n;;t h lie ol 1:<e r nd it l1;i lf b11ried in th e ,:11p o f a t ulip; li e
the 11 n1 >l1cd furll"an l. :ind sn akhcd it with Yi ulenc e, a nd
c ru ~hrd it to pi"'"'~ .
Tl1c d yi11g in sect ,oa w th•• poo r bu:· >0u 11u: what c h ag-rined , a nd
tl1 l' n addn· s~(' d l1i rn with tl1 e 1·al111111 ·" uf a s tuii· .
K .. xt. l1<· ho!''''! to >'<'c ur" i t. a > it rc skd on a SJ>ri g of 111yrtle;
tl1 e 11 li e was ' "r• · o f Iii ' pri ze wh l' 11 li e p c rcl' i l'cd iL luiter
011 ri lie d 0 ( 1·iull"1s.
A boy wa' m1ii kn witl1 tlw L" olo r :< of a bt1tt e rlly, arul pur sued
it from il owl'r t .. li<>ll'c'l".

Th e li1·k J, . th' co 11 1i11 11 :i l1'· cli:111 g1·d Olle lilos:'IJ lll fo r an ut h l' r , and
cl uck.. ! l1i:< ai k lllJ't ".

:.?.

111

CLASSIFICATION.

l:XGLJS!I CO:IIl'USlTJO:-<.

Fo rm co 1111 cdrd u :1n:t t i \'l",; f ro m tltc fo llowing detrrchecl

~ l'llklll' C :;: -

(l )

J\L C I Il l:\ D ES.

It wa' >' ln:tll. :111d ,·.,1il d , ,·: 11·•·l'h· bl' di :<i·i·rn c•l on t h •· llla JI.
S oiTal1·:-; (':ll!tiurH·d l1i111 l H•t tu Le :-.u all'ccleJ aLv11L a11 iu 1per' 'C'(•t ilol•: point. ,,f laud.

ting11i shed in :;o littl e a s pa ce.'
Sun:tlc·s e arri ed h im t o a gcog raphil' ai m a p , a n d a ~ k e d him to
tiu1l Au.iea.

('.!)

TIIE l'OO ll C Ul{ATE.

l 'ln· 1· urat e ma de :-, 11i tal1l e ac k1HJ\\' l i.;d ~ 1rn · nt :-i, n ·t 11rrH·d wi tli
joy to hi s wife a111.l fam il y, a c111 iaintc: J t h c·111 wit h Lhc liapp,,·
chan!!<' in l1i s i·il'e 11111 :<t a nces; a nd ac.hled. that lie hopetl ,1,l'
"·o1il;l nc1w lJC' 1·011vin ced that· h o nes ty is t h e be>L policy; ·
10 which s l1e l'l':tdily a.,-se utl'd.
0 11 ce h e w alked and rn e ditated i11 the fi eld, , in 1rnwh di ,- tre~"·
un the narrown es~ uf l1is cin.: 11n1 stanl·c:-: , and ~t urn bl ed u n a.
p u r ,-e of ;!ul d.
So111c t ime aftl'r. :i nei ghbo rin g ~cnt.l eman own ed it, t.o who11 1
till' c le r g_n11:tn ,.,. t urn ed it , and h a d no r e wartl bu t thank, .
Ill' looked n ' "'"l in vain to tind its owne r; he carrie d it h.1mi·
t o hi s wifto . wh o adv ised l1im tu c ml'loy a t. l .. a st. a part <if it
1<1 l'Xtricat.e tli l' m frurn thl'ir l' re~e11t d i lli('u lt. i •' ~ .
A fe w 1m1nth s :tf te 1· thi F, the i::c ntk111an i11 l' il,:d th tJ c11rat.c to
dine with l1i111 , L"ll l e rt a ined him h o,;pitab l.1·, ani l p rese nt <·d
hi 11 1 t" a Ji vi11 g of i;;;oo pe r rrnuu111 , tu whi l' h h e add o1l
.\:: ;"10 for hi>' J• l'l'>'l'llt. nceess iti(' s.
Son1L' ~· ··a1· ~ a.go , a poo r liu t. wo r t hy cl e r;.'.'·man r esided in a
rn i: dl v il lage; l1i s stipe nd of .£~1) jll' I" a n n um suppor ted
hi111'Plf, a wifi ·, an <l SCVL' ll c hildre n.
On tl :e :.'.'" "' 111:i 11·s r L· l11rn, t h e wi fe n·proa1· li c 1l the gl'ntkrna n
w i11 1.

, ,f

i1q.~ ratit11dt·,

J ... r

:ind

1 ·e n ~ 11 rv d

tli c

O\' \·r-sl'r 1 1 p11\011 ~ hutw ~I _,.

li11 s l1:1.11d ; li11 t h e only r e pli ed, ' ll u 1.,. ,; t y is th e l w :<I

poli1·y.'
Hut h e l'O n f'c ie nti o 11 sly refuset.I.

li e t'lictl l1i s ut111ost l'.t11 lo- avor s

El\ GLISll

t o 11111! it ' for me r pro jlri c- to r, and ass ured hi s wit-. ·. that ' hone:; ty is alwa~·s th e uc· ;t pul ic,,·.'

3 . F o rm orde rl y
s cntc nt;e,,;: -

CLAS:-31F J C ATI O~.

co :-.11 ·0 ~1TI O X.

d c~c ript.i o u s

fr olll t!te follo win g d et:ic: hcd

11 3

There arc fo u rle<: 11 b1 ·d ' of oy ste rs n ear Cey lon , and t!t e larµ;e't
h a s bee n :1scntainvd to h e te n 111i\ c, !1111:; and t wo !Jruad .
Th e pearl is a e u1lt'n·t io n uf a bl11i,!t-wl 1itc: color , found in tl1 c
int cr i11r uf ~O lll l~ o\' :.: l c r s ant.I rnu~ c lc s .

The boat !t :win :; re:1..11ed t h e :; p ut. selel.' ted fo i· li ohin:;, th e
( 1)

Tl!E LIFE-B OAT.

a nel 1o r i,; <: :t s t.
Il e is in t.lt i,; lll:tnn er lo we r ed t o t !tc b otlo lll , 11t·in ing wi t h lti111

D11rin'.!; 1 • i .~ !tt t· t~ n .'·cars nvt fcwt: r than bc tw l'e n tw o lllln dre d
an<l thre e lt und1-.•tl Ji ,·t-s Jta,·c- lil'e ll sa n :d at the t: ntra1 wc
uf t\11· Tyn" :d on" . :rnd in n o iri, ta11cc ha:< it fa ile11.
It i:-: linl!1l 11 ll the in :- ide and ont:-: id L' uf tl1 e µ:1111wale:..: ( l · d ~ r:-:),
tw o fee t l1 roaJ wi tl 1 "ork, a nJ the SL· at s al sv arL· till l'll with

a baske t..
Ont ;;id e t!t c bo a t i:; e r ected a tl uat in :; sca ffold in g. fro111 wlt i 0 ·l1

vvrk.
l\lar ir1c rs an · ind1 •htc1l fnr thi ,- aol miralik inn ·11 t i<1n to ~Ir .
( ; reathl':ld. a lil'at-l)llildl'!' . o f ~ .. 11t 11 ~hi l' ld s.
l t draw~ Yery little wat\·r 1 n11d wi ll carry twe nt y ]'l'l' :'u ll ~ . e \' Cl1
wl11·n f11ll ,.f wakr.
It is a ble t o t·untt-nd :i .~ain"t a m ost t r t·11 1e nd o us sea. and in
rn ,· in ~ the \i,·cs uf tlt c c rew :; uf \Vl"t'l.'kc tl sl1ij1S h a s t~ x­

On n.: :1 chi 11 ~ t lt c linllo m l a • tl1rnw s !ti111 ,elf upon l 1i; fa L" c, a!lli.
g l' a:< pi1 1 ~ e\T ryt l1in :; lie c an by Iii :; lta1Hb v1 1, rapidly Iii!•

C1Td1· ol :l ll CX]ll't'tat ion .
Tl1 c: f11» t t ri al nf t his lioa t wa s nt r1<k in l 7UO: and in I sot
tln· ~ <H' it'ty ,,f Ar t:-: re warded 1i 1t· i1n 1· 11l lH· with th eir buld
11tcdal a nd fif t.1· f!1 1i 11ca' fo r tl11· in n ·n tion.

Certain ablutiun s anti in cantati o ns <1 rn ul.Jscn·c:t.! pre v ivus to

It " " ' t s "nl.1· .l:F>O.
Till' boa t ""'e111l1ks in fol'lll a r;rcc· nlaIH! l1<1at, 1.111 i,; m ore llat
i11 tl11: I M1t lP 111.
I t is rowc 1l 1i_,. te n m e n, a nd stee red at eac h e nd l1y an oar, fo r
its form is :dik e at lt" tl1 1•nd s.
Th e ctJrk rn ak1·;; it lt1 1o _q11t. an d bei ng u >c·tl o nly in t l1 e uppe r
port iu11 of it, pn"'~t· rn.: :-; it fr111n :-tll Jan ~c r of u \'L·r:sc ttin i;.

(2)

l ' l ·: ,\I ~L-F I S IIING.

Tlw .. ysk r s. lici n!! t:i k e11 on , ]io n " are allowed to ~<'t putrid .
Tl1 c1 :1ni111al 111:1t 11·r is t l1 cn 1·:i:< il y w:"!tcJ awa.y , and tl1 u
j'l':trls a r c secured .
A !te:l\T ;;tone is :11t:i <:lt1·d lo a lu n g rope , w ith a s tirrup jns t
abon.~

1l1e wei;;11t.

t he J i n·r starts.
Th e m ost impo rtant fi slt <: r y !J .. l .. 11 :~ i11:; tv En :;lan tl is that

al

C e vl u n .

!ti s l 1ask,~t.
Tl1 is is l\l wen•1l in to tl1e wa tl' r, tl1c J i,·c r h :tving [H'c \·iuu• l:['laeetl l1i s fo,,L i n t l1 e st.i rrnp.
A lb·t of J •t':tr l-ti s lt i11 ~ hoat:; con :; is ts o f al101.1 t nin e YC:':'<: I:<,
mann eu by e ig ht :- ai [.. rs and twv div e rs.
tilartin g.

4 . lktc rmin c the proper ord e r o f fa ct;; a m! topics in the
fo ll O \\'ill ~ .
f!,,' Cl? it/ S ;; )1011Jd fo ll o w , Of (;0 lll':Se 1 t.\ie ord l' r U f
ti 111 e.
l{emarlrn upo u di:trneter :mJ iulluc uee ::1l10uld cu1u u
la;;t: (I ) JOHN l\llLTON.
Ju!tn ~ li lto n died NovL"mber 8, 1674.
In l Gli 7 h e 1•u bli; J1 c d hi s great. JIOe m , 'P:tratli se Lost.'

Jn I G-13 h e rnarrie d 1\lary Pow e ll.
II is fatl1 er was :\ ~l' ri vc: ner.
A~ the a µ;c of t wc h ·e 1\Jilt."n wa s se nt tu St. l'a ul" s Sdiool.
l l e wa s tirrn , d c" idt·d. :ind i11d e j11 ·nde n t.
lfo was h o rn l>e n·l!ll1e r :1, 11;0~ .
J\ l:ny P o well was th e: d a 11 ~h te r o f an Oxforclshi rc r oyal is t.
] 11 11 ; 71 lH : puloJi , h ed 'S an1 :<u11 Aµ; o ni stb.'
li e wa s l)Ll ri cd in t!tc c han cel uf :::i t. Giles.

11 4

E~ G L!Sll C 0 ~1l'O S1TION.

l 1H-.> , a11 t , 111d.1 · i11j11rc tl lri ' 1'_n ·, i;.:l1t.
1le wa , ' '"' a utliur "f , cn :ral utl1 e r J>UL'1J1 :; and rn any treati ses
i11 i'l'U~ l.) .

l ie "' " ' li r'I 1•la r l' d 1111tk1· 1'1c c- a rl' nf a l' r i1·a te tll lo r.
A ft vr 1!1 v , J,· a 1l 1 (I f Ii i:-; 1tl4 lf l 1er in J1 ;:;; 111' w ,· 11t alJr vad .
1;_, l 1i:-; fi r:-- t 111 arr i;1g e l1 l' h :11 I t lirn• d a 11;_! l1t e r :; .

11is f1 r 11:- e W l' i l i n~ .. .: w t..:r1· 1·l1icfly pulit i1·:d .
.I I, · wa ' , i11 1j ol c a11 d fr 11 ~·al i11 Iii ' l1alii rs.
1\ l1u111 tlw -'"" '". lG.·1-1 111· J,"1 ·: 1111 t• t11 ta ll1 J, Ji 11 d.
l ie 1·i, i1v d Fr:111n:. S wi1z1·rl :11 1.J , and i ta ly .
I le "'" ' a fl erw anl' ,e nt tu Clir i' t 's C11l f..;..:c , Ca111lll'id;.:e.
D in 1r1·1·d f1·1i11 1 l1is ti r,t wi fe, li e was suli,e1111 t·11tly twi ce
Ill:l lTi l' d.

1 le l1:u l 1·:J<1 1.-:irn in ;.:. a lofr.1· i11 1;1~ i11a t i on , a11d a 1111 1" i1·a : l':tr.
J'aradi :- e L u.-- L' is t l it• t;Tt.: a h ..::-- t }J UL' l ll in t11 e E 11~ li ;j h l<.1ugu:1ge.
1

(::?)

Fl1E DEl\I C I\ THE G llEAT.

J\ grL· a t ;.:t·1H ·r al.
~ t· ud :-: :111 :u ·111 y i 11t 11

P11l:tnd. 17;1.

A >1"<· 111l s t l1e t l1r.,11 e in I ~ - 1\J .
J)i l'~ ~·\ 11 ~ 1 1 :-;t 17, 17 ,-.; 1:.

J\ c:u1t in11 ' an d 'elli , fi pvli t ician .

E1!11 cat i• i11 .
Sife,i a 11 war,; bc·gin I 7.11).
H<.•g- i1111i11 g- uf ~t..: n ·n Year:-; ' \\~ar, and se izure uf ~a.xo 11 y .
Ha pid i11 Iii > 111,11·c111<·11 1, .
Ou·11l'al io11 s uf l1i s ru111li.
Defea ts tl1 e A11 >"t ria·11 , at :\lolw itz. 17-11.
J) i; a; tn s of tli ii·il :111< 1 f,11 1r1li ca111pa i;.:;11 ,;, 17:, :1, 17 60 .
C«11m.:;11 t,; tu tli c lit » ! J•:trl iti1J1 1 of l'oland , I 7i~ .
~ k i l f 1d i11 cond111 ·t i11 ;_!' a 1·;1111paig n.

:::;an ·d l1y !lit· ii l':1ll1 .,f l·:li1:1loetl1 uf Hussia, I ili2.
Al li:1n1•t• wi 1l1 Brit ain. I <-1~.
Tn·atm cnt. l"· Ii i' fat l1 cr.
B orn in 1 ; 11 .
E!Tv1· 1, of hi.- r .. i'..' 11 iu co taJ,/ ishi nii tl1c inllu encc uf Prussia. in
Eu ro pean polit ic,;.

CLASSIFI CATION.

11 Ci

Tn·a t.1· .. r 11111.w rt oburg, J7 G:L
l111 pr i,1111111e111 /1.1· h i' fatl1t·r.
:N"t dq1n•,sed l1y ,J.. t«· at.
Ori ~ i n of ~i le s i :1 11 w:11·"·
JI ;, fa r lw r's di si''" il iu 11 :\lid 111a nn crs.
I .il1e ral i1 J1 1.
A wi :- e ri de r .
Tl 1e c11;ili1i1J11 of J j X J , a11 J it> ol1jcct:;.
II i ~ ti r:- 1 e:l111 l'ai ;.; 11 .
11 i,; carl.1· tastes.
(:l)
]11 du ~1.n·

_>: e ve r

i11 vig;orale> the body.

wa ~te

,\ fw;iy ;;

: 1.

I:\DOLE:\ CE.

ti111 e .

li u11 i11 th e wa y .,f the lazy.

J\ n t'll t.' 111 Y t u i1 11p r 11,·1· 111 t.· 11t.

' \\' ktl»ll' \'t·r· th y lta 11d fi 11 Jt:th to .1, ,, do it w i~ h th 1· 11 1i'.! li t .'
A '''rt:-\1 1· o f t· x i ~l t.: 1Jl' c.
T l1 c i11d11 , l ri f11" '" "' 111 .. re lik ely lo lie lial' PY·
A :-'O lllTI' of ~ n: a t 111i :o: t · r y .
Idll· He:-'s 1nak t·:-i t l 1t· l>ody lorp.111 , and tl n· 11ii11f l \;t i · a11t.
E1111'loy 111 e111 shaqie ns thl' in tdl e<: t, l' ru111 ol c> healt h a llll
dll'nf11l 11l' So.
•A slc1t hf1d 111:111 ,;ai rh : "Tl 1c re i; a li on 1ri tl 1011 t, I >ha ll be
~lai11

in t l u ~ :-- lrt•1·t ;-; ." '

An ho11r wa ;:t..d e:w li d:iy e uts off six year. fru111 an :wc ra:;e
life.
ldle nl' SS j, th e d ev il" s wor kshop.

(4)

OLIVEll GOLDS MITII.

lli s i:11icf !'0''"' · · Tl1 c l>es.·rled Vil!:i ~e . '
~ c r n. ·d a~ 11 :-:l 1c l' in a ~('1111 0 1.

l'11li!i , Ji ed Iii' ]'Oe 111, • Tl1 c Trav e lle r; in I 7G -I.
CollPgc life.
]\lad e a tulll' of E urope 011 ,"oot, and re t11rn cd to En gland
in I 7 5 ~ .

ENGLISH COM1'0S ITl<)N.

llG

CL ASSIFICAT ION.

Afie ,. ~cni n :; as ush er, h e ~ett l ed in L ond on, an d lieg:m to
write.

!:;eh oul life .
I !is nund , · \ 'iear of \\":1 kcfi cld ,' appear,· d ill l 7GG .
H1irn i11 ln·l;t nd, 17 :!.~.
~t1 1 dic-d '"'"lir in e a l L.linlJ1iq;l 1.
] )i.- d i 11 I 7; I.
\\' n ,le for' ari1111!" 11t·riudi\·:d :-1 .
,\.ru lt: a dr:111 1a i11 l 'i~:J, '~ li e Sloop :-; to Co11q11e r ,' a11<l
µ;re: 1t a 11pl :u1:-:.1.·.

C ot intu dvl.t a l Ed i11h11r" li . :u i<l w as furcnl to Ike.
J\11 ri l'.d in llie T c n1ple C l111r..!1.

117

5 . Arr:i.nge t h e fol lo win g p ro Yc rbs un <l e r th e heads of
Wi8C Son, Fooli::;h ~ o n , Hi g hteom; ncBs , Wi ckcdn e ~s, Diligence, ldl cne::;B , \Vi sd o m , Folly, .Love , Hatred . Olllit 111e1nbe rs :10(1 cla u::;c8 t hat arc m ere repetitious , a nd l'" t t he
re mainin g pitrts togethe r so as to 1:icc11rc 1:imooth 1H' ::;::; :u1<l
compactness : -

gai ue<l

IL fathe r gliul: b11t a fouli ><li ~<111 i; t lo "
h eav in ess of his motli e r .
Treasures of wil'k cd ness ]' rufit not.Lin g : \mt ri :;lit l'Ot1 :'11 ess

A W1'c 'un 11 1aketh

1\cl iv crvt.h from d eath .
n ot snffer th e HH1l 11f ti"' ri ;;lit,·"" ' to
fami sh : but li e <:astctL a way the suli>ta nl'e uf tl1 c

Th e L ure! will

Cl1ar:u·lt ·r.

l'roll1 Edinliur:;h h e wc lll t o Leyden. II ulland, l ij4.

wick ed.

(5)

WA S!Ili'GTVl\ 11(\' l \G .

Early lw1n l!.

'J'h inl

to Eu1·npt' , wh1·11 and wll\· ·;
th rou::;h thv \y,.,t.
Hq:~inning of lib litcr:l r_,. 1·arel~ l"
l l i.' !:cw st 11dics.
lli ~ pa tTn tage .
11 is la~t. ho nk .
A :-- an 1•dit1 n· of ma.ga;r.ines.
}'irst rop:;e tu Europe.

u ;,

, ·o.''ll'..!Y

j tllll'lll'."

j\, :t l1oy.

Date and plar-c o f loirtli.
\" a.. al io n r aml.Jles .
]'11 bl ica ti nn,.
Ch :1r:11·\ er.
l l 0111e i 11ll11cn ccs.
neat Ji an<l burial.
S1 · h oolin ~.

F i1·:'t. litl'rary work.
Second ,· oyagc to Europe.
P nbl il' oll ices.

He l>l·l'OllH:tli p1)0l' that d ealeth w it h a slack h and: l1ut th e
hand 1Jf the 1 1ili ~e nt m :tketh rid1.
li e Ll1at. 1-!;:\lhen•tli in :' t11um e r is:\ wi s<· so n : lmt lll· that ~k<'p­
ctli in h :u·v(:st i' :\ :'Oil tktt c auses sli:w1c.
f\l c ~"in::;~ arc upo n tli c h1·ad of th e just.: b11t violcn c<' con•rv1h
tl1 c mouth of 1111, w ic ked.
T li c nwmory of t h e j ust is lil e"~" d: bu t. th<' 11am1· of th e wi1·k•·il
shall r oL
Th e wi"1. in h eart will r eceiv e 1·,; H111rnndmc n! s : lml a praliu ::;
fool Hhall fa ll.

ll c tha.t walketh 11pri:;h t.ly walk<·th Hurely : l.11t li e tl1 al pcrvert elh ]1is ways ~ hall he kn o" ·n.
li e th at wink c tl1 witJ1 the eye cau sclh 'orrow: l1u t a ]'ra ti ng
fool ~ hall fall.
Th e mu11 th o f a r ight eo us man is a well o f li fe: l.ut violenc e
co,·1..,.d l1 th e mouth of the wi l'kcd.
Ibtre1.l stirrc·tl1 11p ~trifr·s : li11 t lo ve cn vc re th a.11 si n s.
Jn the lip~ of him that h ath 11 n t! e r sl:tn 1li n ~ wi sd• Jtll i' f.,11 11•1:
bu t a r od is fo r the h ack of him t.liat is void o f uH dc rstan<lin g.
\Vi 'e 111e n lay 11p kno wledge: but the mouth of tl ie fool ish i!l
n ear d estrnction.

lJ

s
C.

11 !)

CL ASSlFl CATHI'°'.

E:\GLlslI COM l 'OSl.TJOX.
l~ l' ll"ril c Lite folloll"in~, :trnl gro1 1p Lit e sc11teuees und er

tltc h c:td>' of I.if\' i11 !ti s :\:t t h ·e Tu\\"11 1 Life in L<indu n n,; flll
Al"lor, l>t·:1th, ,\ JlpL·:1 r:lll n'. Clt:tr:1 e tPr, l\"ri1.i11g-s, ~tyll' ( 111anncr or l'XJ •l'l'">! ing- l1i111~ c lr), H:1 11 k :llll Ollg \\' ritcrs, Extent
nud l'ull" er uf' hi s Ceni11,.: . If :1 >'\• n tr• n ee seem,: to lie r efe r:liilc lo two or mure he:tds, g-r01q1 it uuder t lt:tL to ll'hi e li it
scc 111;; to belong L· hielly: At Il a· <·arl_1· :t '..'.l' ., f "i;::-htl'<'n, \\.illi:un ~hak•· , 1 wa n· u 1arri ed
.\nn e lla1hawa.'-, a .n·ornan',; da11 gli1c r.

Il e l1a s wri11 c 11

t l1irty·:'e,·L·11 play~ and 111an,· Jl''L'lll S.
11 is fat li e r, J olin
Shakt·:-01warc, wa:-; a wuu l dl':1h·r anJ ~ro w1 ·r. ~1 1 akc :-; pc:u·c
him:'cl f wa ,- J. p]1J\·1· d by C ' ' •'l')" 0 11 e who k 11t:w lii1 11 ; a11<l

Plac .. , in ~lratfunl,,a n d t•l rl'h11il1l tli e h on , P.
l'tl11catcd

\\' ill iam wa<

at the ''l' :u11111ar ·:-- t l1 • 11 >l u f thl' 111wn 1 wh1·1T 111 ·

ll'ar 11vd •:-: m:dl

L:~tin :uul k~~ <:rn·k;'

a111l thi:-: :-1 ·11 1\t- r
1

stock wa' lii s o nh· '" l1ula ,-til' o ntlit f1 •r life.. In tl1 c lir"t
pla.cl', :-)hakl'~pcar~ ha s vcry niany :'ide~; allil in tlw :' • ·1·ond place, lie is g-rc-:lL nn C\'ery une o f t ill' UL

,\nd J,.. I;:<'

not drawn J.is d1arnctcrs fro111 En ~ lan d alone fllld fr""'

his own ti1ne, l111t frum C:rnwc allll J\u111L·, from "liwr
awl a.1:-:u fn)IH all ag-e s. Ile wa :-1 euq1!11.\ l'd
in '"l"l'· m en ial ca pa c: it~· at the Bla.. kfr iar:' Tlll'aln-, J.nt

<·o u11 t ri e:-:, too,

grad11all_v r orn t .. he actor and a],., ad :q•t.. ·r (Jf play, .

Jl i,

old father an1l 111ot l1t·r ,-pent t.h" J:i.,L year:< .,f 1l1cir Ii'"'
wi th l1i111, :wd died 11ndl'I' h is roo f. TJ ... ~n· :11l' st 11f Ii i-<

· g cnil1· ~ l1a k<' ' P'' :1rl' ' "'"' 11..- pli 1·a:'e 1111»1 ufl,·11 11pon the
lip =-- 11 f hi ~ fril"11d-.:. .\ :-- a n :t 1·tur lu._· w a:-- n11),· se1·011d - ratc :

tra"Ptlies arc pn.li:iJ,J,• ' !Lrndl' t' and· !\in~ L1<tr: · th e
h""~ of hi ~ hi,-toril':tl. plays, ' l{iel1 a nl 11 l ' an 1l · .l nli11 .;

ti"' two p:1r1,- 11<· i,- k111Jw11 to l1:l\·e 1.Jayvd ar" · tli""L' of t he

C:e:-:ar;

(;J..,,- t in · !Lu11lc t . a11tl A d a111 i11 · ,\ ~ Y••11 Lik1· It .' A
pLu·iJ fan ·. w il li a ~wed , 111i ld exp r e:-::;io 11: a l11 ~ l1, l1rua.d,

Dre a m' an<l ' ,\,- Yu11 Lik e It.' Lawy .. rs " '·' · tlial I"'
1va ;o; a hr ea t lawyer; th~l)ln:,!:ian~, that he w a~ an al 1\ e
di\'illL', iu11l u11,·1111all1 ·1l in ], j, k111Jwl..:dg .. o f illl' J\jl,!l' ;

nulil u. two-:-:tury fqn: l1ead: lll'i;..d1 t c.n: ~; a 111 0:--L :-- peak ing
mouth , tl1011;..d1
n1·r:

it

:--f'ldo lll "i tClll'd ; a11

a kincJI _,., l1:1nd:-:111nc look , -

open,

fra11k

m;u1-

:-:11e l1 ~t·t · 111 :' to have l1t't'll

1

;t11tl l1 is fi11e~l t·umed ie:-<, '~lid:-;un111wr .:\i ~.d1 : ·:"'i

prin1er:-:, tl1at. li e n111 :->t

l1a\' t•

11\'e n

a pr int1·r ; a11d

that lie kn e w c ,· cry l n·:uwh nf th e

:O:t ':llll+ ' n.

"'jJ.,,.·, .. 1·:1ft.

(_'.,J,._

The

rid ;..!'u :-oa..'·::i: ' In ail puint : ;1 . from tl 1c 1110:-I i111p <~rta11t t11 die

play:.: , a11d ('1Jnwdies.
J:n·ry uni · k nuw :-. ti1 at ~ l1 ;1k1·~111 ·af' \' i:- ~ n ·:1 1 ; l111t l1ow i ~

rat t- wilh lii:-: ;.'.:t~ niw; -- nay , hi:-; g;l'ni 11 :-: rt' \'t.:al:-. i1..:1·H i 11 l 1i"'

t.11" l'Xil'rnal 1·!1:tr~1·t1·1· 11f tl1e n1an :-il 1akC.'Ji""l'l'.

J•b.'·s c-on :- i:-: t uf tr:i~1·1li1·!'.

li i:-: tori1·al

tlw yu1111 ~ JP;1r1 1• -r t<1 di:.:1 ·(1 ,·1·r till' IH':--1 w:1y

ad,·1111:tll' idl':l. o f hi ' gr,·at11e" '!

uf f11r 111111 g- an

\\'illia111 Sliak .. ~] "' : ll'i' ,

till! ~l'l':tl t:, t d r:un :ni "t 1l1:1t l·:ng-land c n ·r 1•rud11< ·1· d , was
horn at :--; tr:11furtl-on - .\Y OT1 , in '\' arwii·k:-liire, 1111 1he :!:~ d
.,f ,\pril - S t. (;, ..,r!!c··, ]);iy-of t l1c n·ar 1;,1;.1. li e
liaf' IJL'<'ll l'all.-d '111l' l li tl11 .. 11' ;l1a kcs p,.,11-..,: • l1 u11c:y-10 11 "n"d
Sl1a kt':O:Jw:1rl'.°

':--iln..: r-lnn.~11 1·d ~11 :tk l':-> fw:tr1·,'

' the

~10 11 -

''ltH l· ,P11l1 ·1 l Shakt'']'" "n" · · tli c 1".\Tiad -n1i11d c-d.· a 11 d
111 :rny otl1t·r l'pitl11· t -.

l1y

Tl1 e lw.-t uf hi ,- r h.' 111ed jlOl' lll ' arc

l1i~ Su 1111 l'l:-" 1 in wl1icli Ju: 1·l1ru11klc:-> 111any nf 1111· ,·al'iuii s

m ood:-> nf lii~ 111i11d.

Jn 1:. ~ 1: . at tl1 c :1~e uf twenry- rwo, J1c
[ 11 1;,:17. at

111 ost

n1in11lt•,

t he

j11d;:ml'n t of Shak t·:-:1wan: is

jud ~ rn e 11t, :is in il s 111ust f'x:dh ·d f11r111.'

rei :; n of Elizal•L·tli as

"'"ll

II (!

"'

t•11Jt111w1L.. 11-

\\T t>ll'.

i11 tin·

as in th a t .,f .f:inw ' : J.11t 1,i ,

~rcat c :'t Wl 1rk:-: l1e l on ~ to th e lath·r 1a·ri11d.

~1.a k t· .. J " a r• ·
1

two g:irls a.nd ab".'" S11 .. !i 1•l11·:t'"'
;,is• vve ry in ch a. k i11 ~.' 'wiL.t·h tl1c w nr ld .' 'tl11· ti11 11· j, 11 11 1

hail tl1rcc c l1ildn·11 -

of joint,' and l11indrl'd s m or e, ,Jiow that llH"J..rn l-:11~. 1; , 1, .
men not un ly 'peak Sliak"'l"'"re. l>11t tl 1ink ~l.a k e 'I'''"'""
] n J f,J '.?, a t t h L· :t!!l' of fort y -ci~lit, lie l..ft J,.,n.J .. 11 ~It.,_

.'
ti

,.

10

gl't h c r, a111l n·tin ·d f., r tlic n ·:' t uf l 1is li fe to ;\,.w l 'hn ·.
wh l' r C h e dj,.,j in 1he year !GIG. IJ,. s r·<'lll:' tu kl\·" l\f·1• 11
ina:-:1cr of

all human e xpvrit·1w1· ; t1J l1an· knuwn 1l11 · l 1111 11; 1n

quiltt·d Iii:-> na t i\'t' tow 11. :1111! wt·ttl lo l,1111d u 11 .

lil'al't in all it :; 1 1l1a ~ e :-- ; t o liaYt...· lw.·11 a, ·1p 1:1i11 tt·il w i 1l1 :di

the early a .~ c .,f tl1 ir t _l'· tl11·e ... l1t, was al.le to purc ha se New

sort. 8 ant! co11LJ ilio n s uf 1ne11 -

hi i; h anJ }.. w, ri· ·li and

.

120

E~ G LISII

CO>I POS !TlO:--r.

TOPICAL ANALYSIS.

l:!l

poor ; an<l t<• liaYC ~ tn<li ,·d tl1 e l1i st.ory of pa:< t aµ;1) ~, arul of
other <'•>1111t r ie:<. Ile was ·("Olllll'Clcd wiLl1 th e theatre for

!-

al><111t liv e~ a11d - t wt·nt.y )' t':t r s~ :ind S<• di l i ~··ut. and so 8ucccss-

fo l "'" "

j,,._ tktt l1C· wa ' :d olt· '' ' p11 r•·l1:1' e :< l1a1·l·>, bnt l1 in

hi~ ow 11 tl1L'atre and in tl1 e (;lol1L' .

Jl L· ;tl:-:o ~l1ow :; a g t·\·ater

a11d 1rnirt· liig-lily ~k illl'd rna:-: t1 ·ry uv e r lan ~ 11a ~e

oth er writ< ·r th at e n·r lil'l·d.

tlian a11y

Tlw lioy. lla11111l'l , diccl at

tl1t· a ~e n f lw t·h1•. 1Ii ::: k nt 1wh.· d ~e of l1111nan 11aturc has
t• nablt·d hirn to tl1rn w i1> to E11 ;.o:l i:<li li tt•rat 1m : a larµ;c r n11mlJl' r (I f ;;•·1111 i11e ' (' l1arade r:< · t hat will always li1·1· in the
th o n ~ h t :< of me n, tl1an any utht·r a.11tl10r !liar e1·e r wrote.
Th e kn owl cd:.::e. tno. tli:tl li e ,h o w ~ ('OIH.' l' l'llin ~ en·ry ki111l
of 1111 rn :u1 cn d l':t\' or i s a ~ :tt't 'ttral e a s it is varii· tl.
Tl1c
H •C:tb11lary of ;\lilton nun1h<·r' unly ""en 1ho11 sa1Hl words.
IJ1· l1 as writ te n in a ·~ rl'a !e r r:u·i,·ty of >t.1·lc:< th a n a11:· other
writ e1-. ~ltak 1' ~JI C':ll'l' had ab 11 a 111arn · llo11~ J'Oll' Cr of 111akin g 11ew pliras1· "· 111a 11y (I f wlt i..11 li:\l'c l11·1·0111 c J•Rr l and
p ri1·1 ·el 1.f our lau g- n a~e . B11t it i:< ur.r :<1 1f!i,. i1· nt to ' ay that,
~hak e>' p1· arc · s 1•o w1 ·r nf t!i .. 11;;lit , .. f fec li11 ~. a11d of ex jlrcs·

CHAPTER XI.
T 0 P I C A L A N A L Y S 1 S.

T1rn topical analysis of a sclceti o u is :t li s t of its dbtiuct
and co-o rdiu atc t o pi t.:s , s uc.; h as to prcscut., in outlin e, a clear ,
logirnlly arranged vi e w of the whol e . lt is :::orn e wltat to the
finished story o r ess:ty :ts tl1 e sk eleton is t o tl1 (: :111imal l•<1th .
In its m os t fini s hed form, il iu e lt1 tk s th e s 111Jonliuat c to1 •it·;; .
Th e foll owin g e x:-implcs will s ttffiti cnt.l y expl:tiu its nat1tre

and rcquirc1nents : -

~ iun r cquirl' d tlin·e tim e:-: ila· 111rn1lwr u f w o rd :-i lo exp1·css

it se lf: we 111u>'t :il m 'a y tl1at ,..;Jiak.·:< 1•C'a n •':< pow1·r of (,,,_
Ji;·l':-;:-: ion ~J H1w ~ infin itely g- n ;u c 1· :-:ki ll. ~ 11bllt · 1_, . , and t·unnin g
t11:1 n i ~ l11 J.,. found in tlw work s 11f ~lilt L"l. Th e vor·abula r ." C' ni ployC'd J._,. Sli ak« .< Jh':t rc :111101111t:< i11 number ,,f
1

word ~ to tw e nly-n1H' tlio11:-:a11d . • ~lrnk<·~IH'an : ," :-:ays Pro.
ft·~ :-: or Cra.ik , '11:1 ~ i n n.~ lllt·d twenty :-:tylc:'.· 1
1

AJaplc<I from lll ciklej ol1n 's 'T he Engli sh Lwguage.'

(1)

GOLD.

Tn appt-aran ee, gold is yell oll', opaqu e, an1l lirillia nt.. Cold is
prirw ipally fvuml in hot t:li111a tes ; in llraz il , P\' rn , a 11.]
l\l exi cn. Part of tl1 e \\'1•, krn <· oa~t .,[ Afri1 ·a i" 1·alkd
tlr c C11lil Coa:<t, frn1n t111 · qu :111tit y of gold d1 !'t. wl.i ,.J , ;,
lJJ·ou).!hl. down l1y llu ~ na.I iv\'fl. to trad e witl1.

(:old i:-: al :-: o

found <1111 0 11~ th e ~and nf ll11111 y .Afri"au a11d A11wri 1·a 11
rivers. A t-: ma1l quantity of goltl is al t<n fulltHl in 111111 f!::lry and Saltzh11rg . lh l'Xj>l'ri111Pnt we lin1l tl1a t gold i;;
111allc·al1k; that i,, ean he ext ended liy licati11;;; 1l1at it. is
cl111'!il,-, tena (' ions, and l1eavy. \Vhcn thrown int•) a li re
it is fo,ilill' ; that. i:<, it. will melt: hut in Llcstructil,Jc; that
i~,

lt. c:11111nt ltt ~

t'fH1:-;111rwd.

Gold is u:-;ed for n1a11y

purpo~ t·:-:.

\VIH·n 111ixt·il witl1 ''"l'I"''" it. is n:<Pd :Ls <'••in an1l fo r orna mental l";rposes. For tl1e lat.ll'r it i ~ w .. 11 ad:q1t1·1l l1"t h
111· it s lirilliarw1· ;111.] l1c:wt1-, and fi-0111 it s n o t l•l' in g lia lile
t ~ t.arni:<lt. G~IJ when ucatcn into thin J,:aves is ernplo)"l'<l
for gi!Jing.

,_.,

r····

l'.22

TOl'lCAL

El\GL!i:ill CO;\ll'O::S ITION.
, \ ppearatl C' l'.

c ....~ r :iphie;i\ sit uation.
.I >l'l•1)ert il·:-;.

Analysis

l" "'"·
{:!)

.ANALY~li:i.

1~3

C ltarnd c rization - who fn o and t ' no an~ .
i>i•pntc itt t he wouJ<.
in ti"' lm1uk .
Boat itt ;.: 0 11 the lake.
Hdkettun.

rF1,J1i11~

t

::.. ,

I::\O AND UNO.
(;J)

Jno a nd !'no an· two little- 1~1ys
'Y hu are al wa y; ready t•J figh t,

"""It

will i>va;t
B c1·a1"e
Tltat hl'. knu'"' th e rnu;t.
All<I t.lte ot h er one ca nnot be right.
Ino ;ind lino wpnt int0 th1· woods ,
Quite l'l'rtain of knowi11~ the way:

' [am ri .~ht ! ·

'You arc wron ~''

Tlwy s:1.id . ;!Oin:.;

a1on~ .

Anti they didn' t gl·t out till next day l
Inn am ! L" n n l'MC 11 p with the lark,
To an µ: le :iwlti J,. in tlw hruuk,
B1 1t l1y l'nn t r:iry ~i!!n~
Tlwy 1·nt:111 :.;kd t111·ir li11<'"·
And hrou µ: l1t no t l1in..; 11(11111· '" tlte ('OOk I

Ile11ry \Yatb worth L•m"l": llmv , the 1110;,t pop11lar of .-\ tnnir·an
poet.,, a11<l as popul:ir in (;n·at Britain as lie i' in t l1e l"11it•·d
Stal<'~, was hurn al Purtla1Jd, ~lain...-, i n th e yt·a r 1H(J 7. Ile
wa:-; c1lw·ate1l :lt Buwduin Coll1·ge, and tuuk liis dt·.~rt•t· th1..·n~
in th1• Y'"ll" J S ~ ;·,_ Iii' profe"'ion wa s (fl li;l'"' been tl1e law;
but, from the fir,t , t.li e whole bent of lti;; taknl" and "li;u·Rl'ter wa:-1 literary. At t.lil~ ext raordinary a ~l · (If c i;_!li te1•11
tlw professorship of IIiod ern langna.~e~ in l1i:-1 own <· oll4·~e
was ufforcd to liitn ; it was •' aµ:l'rl.v al'cf·pt t·•I. and in order
to qualify hirn;1·lf for l1is dttt.i""· li e spl' n t tlic tt•• .\ t fou r
y.. ars in Germany, Franee, :-;pain, and Italy. Jlis first
important pro~e. work wa:-> '()11lr l'~l\le r ,' u r a ' Pil :,.!' ri111a.~1~
lwYnnd the :-;\':L.' Tn J ~:n lw was offen·il tli .. Cli:ti r of
]\[.,rJ..rn Lan~11aµ:1·s :rnrl Lil<·ratun· in llar vard l 'ni\'\·r, i1_1·,
and li e nga in paid a vi:-1it tu E11ropn- tl1i ~ ti11w ~ i,· in .~ l1i ~
tl1<i11~lt1:-- ;ind l"t11dy t·l1i1·fly to <:1·rrna11), l>1 ·11111;trk, ;11111
~l':t11di1Ja\· ia.
[ n I x:~'. I lit '. p11l1\i:--lwd tlw J1r1) :-'1 · rt•111a111·1·
ealled ' Jl yp1•rio n.'

Inn an• l ('n o w•·n t out <•n tit•· lak.·,
1\ nd .,Ji! tlwy :.;nt dn·:11l f11lly w"t I
\\' !iii<: di<l'll''i"ll J>l't '\':ti!t- d
'.1'!11·.1· l'an·le"ly 't1ikd,
And tlt c boat tl11 ·y Wl'n' in w:1s up s(•t.
Tho ug h l':tch i> c· ntiil .. d 11pi 11inn s to have,
Tltc_,. 1w1:il not h1· fur•li , lily 'trong;
Attil to qu:trn·l :mil li'.!ltt.
O\'l'f wh:t t. we tl1i11 k ri:.;l1t.

f:-; . r uu knoll'. and Ir,, .,,,., •1 nitt· wrong.

LOl\GFELLOW.

Long-f1·llow

gailll'd

Hut it was not a' a 1•rn.'1·-w r i1"1· tl1at.

the

!-'l'Cll l'4'

pla ce lw. ha:-:

i11 tltt~

lw :1rt "'

11f

tl1t· En~li:-'l1 - :.;p1·akin~ peupl e:-;; it wa~ a ~ a !'•wt. 11 i:-i flr .... 1
Yol11111<· of poc111s was 1·all .. d 'Vo i1·1 ·s of tl1" Ni~li t .' :r11d
appeare•l in J k .11; 1 E\' ~. 11 ~.,J in c ' w:i" p11l1li ,J wd i11 J .~-IK:
and' 1lia w atha,' on wlii1·li Iii~ p<>•·ti c al r1·1>11tati o n i, J«' rhaps most fir111ly J,as1·d, in J8;,c;. l\lany ot lwr Yult1::1t·' of

poetry- Loth

ori~ina.1 a11d tra11:-;Lt1itJH S - ll;1\e

;d . . 1>

,.,H11 1 ~

from ltis pen; J.11 t th ese a rc tlt L' l11· st. 'l'l1c Unin.,·,ity
of Oxford crcak1 l him lloctor of Ci\'il Law in J ~1;:1.
1le dic1! at Camb rid ~e in the~ year 18K2. A m an of si11g11l:trly milll and gentle characte r , of sweet. a1Hl cl1:1rn1in:;

r.

~

' ~

..
~~-

124

E:\G LISII

T OP I CAL ANALYSIS.

CO ~Il' OSITION.

125

( Po~ i ti o n a nd b irth.

mann er s, lii s own lin es m....y be applied to hi111 with p erfect
appr,1pri a tcness: -

I Ed ue:ll io n.
1nt .. nd l'd p1·ofessio 11 .
I1 Natural Ge t1 t.

lli s grncious prcst'ncc up" n earth
\Vas as a lire upon a h eart h ;
A s pleasant s o n g~ . :tt rnor nin g s ung,
T il e wonl s that dro pped from hi s s wee t to ngue
Strengthened o ur hear ts, or - l1 eanl at ni g ht J\lath• nil o ur slum bers soft an d lig l1t.

F irst a ppoi11t 1nc 11t and v isit to l:11rupn.

I Earl y a 11thur:;l1ip .
I

Seco nd appo intme nt a 111l vi ,it tu E11rnpe .
lf ypcriun.
oiec; of 1h e :N"i 0.,Jit.
Or ig in al
Evan gel in e .
l'oct ieal \\Tu r ks
..
Hiawa th:i. etc.
{
I r:i11 :; la t.c-d .

r \'
l

.In "n e <•f !t is prose work ,. L on:;fvllow him s<-lf says,' Jn
chara!'kr, in mannl'r:'. in styJ... in all 1l1i11g-, , th e supreme
cxc .. llvncc i' si m pl ic it y.' Tl1 i' 'in1plici1 y Ii .. 'f\·adily ain1 c<\
at. and in al 111n't all h i' \n i1i11 ;.:s ,.,.a.e he tl ; anti tl1e r .. ,.1It
j, tlw "'·c .. t liwidity wl1i1·l1 i' 111anifest i11 Iii ' liest poems.
Iii~ V\'r~t· li:1s lwe 11 «liarn ctcri zcd a ~ · sirnplt·, 11111 ~ i c al , si n·
cen·, 'Y n' l"'th..ti l'. "kar as <" rys tal , and purl' 1" 'now.' li e
ha~ writh·n in a ~ r('at var it..·t y o f 11w:i ~ un· s, - in rn on• , perhaps, tl1an l1a\'C bc.. n f• mplon~ d l1y T .. nn.'· so n l1im s1'1f. llis
' l·>:wg-!'l i11l' · j , wri t te n in a kind of dae tyl ic li examctcr,
whi..1 1 <lo .. s n ot ahny ~ sc:•n , h11t which i' a lm ost a lw ays
nrn;.i,.al an<l impr(' s ,ivc : -

1 '"°""' r
I
I

l <I .. :;rce.
1 )l·:lt It.

0

An1ial1i lity.
C l1:in11i11 g ma n111.,.,;.
l t.l, 11 otatio11 .
Si 1111'li city.
C lt-:ll'lll'SS.

C harac te r

I

r

I

S tyl e lJ 11 unianity .

V e1·sificat io n

Fnir was sl 1c nn<l y oun g, wl1 e n in hop<' l1cgnn the long
jo urney;
Fnd c·d wa• 'he an,J old, when in <.li • a1•poin tni c nt it end ed.

< E\'a 11 gcline.
{ Hiaw:itlia.

Hliytl11n.

EXERCISES.
Tl1t' 'll ia w:ttha.." a.;::ain. i ~ " Ti !tt'n in :t t rochai c rnca surc each \' l'r~c contai 11in ~ fou r t r nch('C' ; • Fare well,' sni1l h e,• ~f i nn c l1alrn;
Farc·w c· ll , 0 my laugh in g wat e r!
A ll my henrt is bu ried with yo u,
All' m y I th o u'ght s go I on' w:11-.J I wi'th you!'

Ile is alwa.y' ca rcf11 l nn•l pain H:1k ing- witl1 l1i" rh y thm a1Hl
wi th th e c:itlence o f hi s \'t'r ~c . It. m:i:• lie sa id wi t h t ru th
th at I .on r;:f" ll 0 w h a$ ta11 ~ l1t t11orc ]"·oplc to love pod1·y than
an:• other En~]i, h writer, hn we vc1· g r eat. - ?lh:1KJ.J>:,10 11N.

1. Prcp:trc top ical :tna.lyses of t he follo win;.; sc lcc:tions:
(1)

THE CHOW A ND THE Pl'J' C IIE H.

A crow, r ca<ly t o die with tl1i1·st , lkw with jo.'· to a pit,. l11 •r
w hi ch h e lwh cl d at. some distan ce . I Vl11 ·11 111 · c·arnt· tu it..
]11' fo und wat e r , i11.J1·1 .. I, lint ~ o near tl1 e J.utt.ulll, tl1 at, ll'i tl 1
all hi s s toop in ;.: an d 't:rai11i 11 :;, lie co11 ld n ot n ·ach it. lfc
tl1 c n c nd ca\'ored to ovcrtnrn tlil' pi td 1e r; 11111. lii s 'tren;.:th

'""IL'

w a, 11 ot :-u fli e ie n t: for thi s. At la ,t., o li;; .. ni11 :;
1w hl1l'"
n ea r tl1e place, li e cast th e m o n e by u ll\' int o tl1<' pii..!1"1"

!::\CLISH

]~ ()

T •!l'I C.AL

CO,\I I'OS!TIO~ .

and tli 11 :<, by dv ~ n:c, , ra i:;, .. I 11 p t h o.! water tri the lwin 1, illlll
:<ati :< tinl Iii:; I lii rst.
;\!an y thi11 ~:< whi cl1 "anno t lil' effe .. t1·ol liy :< tn·ngth, lllay
1"' ,.,. ,i Jy a• ·•·•>111Jdi ; J1l·ol 1,_,. a litt le i11 ;;1 ·111 1i1 y.
(2 )

Tiii·:

(;()qJ)

O F O:'\E

rs

TIIE (;()()]) OF ALL.

a. ti11h· :ill 11H· Li11d1 s did nut w11rk tCJgl' tlu!r :-:1..>
fri1·11olly " ' tJi.._,. ,j,, '"'"'· J.::... 11 l1:tol a will and a w ay uf
i t!" 11 \\'ll. Tin· ;\l1 ·111lw r;-; ;..::t' 1wr;dly Lt• ;.!; 1n l11 lind fault wit.Ii
fo11 ·

:--1w11 .li11 ~

idl , ~

a 11

li f,. , wl 1ile tlt t:!} were

wl1 1·ll .' 11t't.·1 q1it.:d in l:il 1nri11~ f111· it ~ :-:1q'l 1orl. ~u they l'lltcn:d i 11to :i n1 11 spir;l1.: y to 1·11t 1dl Sll j'J'livs fur tlw f ut 111·1,•.
I t w: i !" ;1'..!; l' l'i.' d 1. l 1a t 1111· J1 :111 l :-: \\L'I'(' 11 0 llJJ l ~l'l ' to carry
1

fo.,ol 1., tilt' ;\[u11t h. "'"' iln· :\ I,,11il 1 tu n·n· i,·,. 1i1l' l'uud , nor
thl' T 1'l'il 1 tu l'll• ' W it. T J,,.,. l1a1l nut. l u 11 ~ JH'l':'i:<ll'd in t.l 1i:;

( ' O ur:-:t~

11f :-:ta r\'i ll ?!

all ' "''.!:t ll ,

ll ll l '

t ht:

~t11;11a 1 · l1

J,y 11 llt', tu fa il a11d

into :-:11l1j t'l'fio n ,
ll:i ~.

t' l" t.:

tl1l'y

and the wh oll: l10dy

ft1 pi11l' aw ay .

Tl 1i;n th1· ,\ fl' 111 hPI';< w('n· 1·nn,·in ced tha t lh e ~t orn~di
t·111 11 he r :-:n111l' ;111d 11:-:t'lt·':-: :1s it :-c t·m ~·d , l1ad :111 impo1·
t:i11t f111ll'tiu n ol it:< '"I'll; that thl')' l'011ld no n1ure Jo witl1'" 'l 11, 1ha11 ii 1·onld 1!0 with 1111 t t lll'lll; and t.haL if they
""" ii.I 1.,.e, 1·n·" th e J.11.J,,· in " h v: d1Ji.,· :; lat e, tlwy 11111 :; L
wu rk 1og-c 1h1·r t·a•: h in tl1t·i r f'r<Jpc r :-plu.: rc~ , fu r tlu: '"!Olllm on ~ood of al l.
;, tl:--o.

4

(:\)

'J'l! E VIL LA GE l 'IU::AC IIE!<.

Near ,·nndc r 1 ·o p ~ t · , wh<'n_· (•ll<' f! tl Hl ~a rd1 • 11 s111il1 ·d,
A11d :-:.till wlu-r1· man y a g-: 1rdt· 11 flow e r ~rnw~ wild,
'l'h l'n·, wh c• l'tJ a few torn ,J11'11h:< th e }'lat'" di sl' lutie,
'fh e ,·i lla;.rt• pre:lf ·l 1 c-r·~ modl·:-- 1 man :-: iun r o:-:c .

A 1n:i11 11<:

wa ~

lo :i ll th•· 1·01111t ry rJ..:u·,

A n<l pa:-:~i 11 ~ r i1·h wi th for t.\' pound!-! a .Yl'ar;
l ~c 111ol t'

fr om tnwn :-: l1L' ra n l1i:-: t:"odly ra1·t•,
Nur e'er l1ad l'11a11~nl. 11• Jr wi :- IH·tl to chan :;c, hi ~ pl ace:
{ "nski lf11] he t u fa wn, Ill' ~e1 · k f"I' ]'OWl' I',

l :27

By d ucll'i nc:> fa:< liiun o.!d 111 t li 1· \'aryi 11 ~ li o11 1·
Fa1· ul ill· r :i i111 :< Iii ' h ear t had l1· arn, ·ol 11 > ,, ,.;,..,,
J\l ure 11,· nt Iv rai "· tl 1c 1\'l'l'lt:la:d t li au 111 l'i .-c.
Jli s lw 11 se was ku uw 11 Lu all t.li e \' ag ra11 t, train ;
l 11 · <' li icl thl' ir w; 111 dcri11 gs, IH 1t n·li1 :v,·J lli l' ir pai n .
'J'li l' l o 11 g- relllt 'll i1Jl'l'VJ lwg;;;ar wa :-: Iii :-: g 1a· :-- t
'\"11 0:- 1· l1t·ard dL' ."'n: nd i11 ;..!,· :-: we pt l1i s ag-cd l1rl'a ~t ;
'J'l1l' r11i 11 L'd :--p1· nd1l1ri ft, now nu l 111 1 ~:r p r1111d,
(' i:ii11wd k i11 d n ·ol tl 1i;rt·, and li ad hi .' cLi itH > all11wt·d;
'l'l11: IJr11k1·11 ,., Jd ivr , ki11d ly J,j,J lo st;1.1·,
:--;a l 1.y Iii :, lin·, a11 d talked tl1 c ni;...d 1L aw ;1,· ;
' vl' jlt o 'l'l' J1j :-; \\'IH llllJ :--, ll l', f aJc;-: ~ 1 f :O-U ITO\~' tl • •llt '
~l 11 ;i dde n:d l1i :-: 1'1' 11t1 · li , :u1d :-: J1t,\\'ed liuw fit:l d:--. w1 · rt· won.
l'l 1·;1.--v1I w itl1 lii !-i ;,!irt·...:1:-< . tl1 e ~uot l 111 a 11 Je;1rnl'd tu glu w,
1

() nee 11p1111

tl l\" ~ t 11 i11;wl 1

A~ ,\LY S IS

1

.A wl 'l'l ilc f(1r~ut t lu.:i r \i cl':-< i11 t l1 v ir woe ;

l'a rl·le"" t l11·il' 111e ri ts ur tli1 ·ir fa11lt s to " ·a11,
lli.' pit.1· g: wc l'n· el1 al'ity lil'gan.
T in!' I<• rnl ie ,·c tl1c wrl"l d1ed wa ; lii s pr iJ., And t•i·.. n hi s f; 1i li ng;:< lea ned t(1 1·i r t11t:"ti ' id e;
B11t in l1i s dnty p ro mpt at. e l' e ry 1·:ill,
JI ,· w:tt <"licd :in d w1·pt , h e J• l':i.1·ed and felt fo r all;
J\ nd , a s a Iii rd ea<" li f.,nd e 11d ear 111 Cnl. tr ies,
Tu te 111 pL li e r n c w-llcd~c:l ofl':; p,.i11;; lo t he oki1·s,
l l,· ll'i cd <':lt'h :11't., r c prn vt·tl eac li dull ,J..Jay,
J\ ll11rC'1l tr, li ri g;lit cr world s. and led th e way.
Bes i11" I l1 l' ht· d wlwrc pa rt in ~ li ft. wa s laid ,
And :-:01Tow, :,!!l ilt, and pain,

hy

turn!" di :-:1uaycd,

Tl1 c n·v ·r ('11 d eliarn pio n st ornl. At liis 1·.. 11 11·111,
Jh:spair a nd an~ ui s li fl L'tl the :.;tr u g;..::Jin ~ :-iold ;
Cor11fort t': 11ne do wn th e lrl'tn l1lin g wre t..!1 to raise,
And l1i :< last falter i11 ~ aecl' n ts whi spe red prai sl,.
A t 1·l111r .. h wi th rn cl'k a 11d 11naffcded gl'aC'e,
1 li s l1Juks ad"rn " d the Vl·n e1'al1le plat'e.
Truth fro111 l1i s li}'S Jll'CYail ed wi1l1 d111tl1l u "'~."•
.A nd f1>ul :.;, who f' :trn t· to ~c11ff, 1·c rna.i11t·d to pray.
'J'lll' ~l'rv i1 ·e 11ast, aro11nd t11t· pio11!'i 111au ,
\Yi1li l'< ·ady zeal, •·ach l1011 esl. ru >' tie ran:

E:S GLIS ll CO.\ll'OS !TION.

12D
o bsti nacy, wi sd om in 1·111111i n:;, l"Lti e nl'e in ,111! .. nni·:;~ :ind
de >J•a ir.

Even cliildrcn foll.n\'l·d, with c· 111\.-arin;; will' ,
.
·, · "u ''' ll ' tu -l1·1n·
th e 0""ud 111:111 's smile.
~· \ J)I I J1 Illl' k l.:l l 11 :'\ ::'I
•
•
Iii ' n·adr ,; 111 ik n. p:tre nt' ,; wart11tl1 •· x111·e"'"" l,
Tlicir w~lfan· 11lea:i ed lti111 , and th eir can·, ol i, Lressed j
'l'I) thviu Iii :; ltcart, lii :; lo \· c, liis gril' f:-' w e n: given ;
J;ul :-ill l1i;; " ·riun:< thon~hb had n·.-t in heave 11 .
, \ , , ,,, 11 e tall "J iff J! 1al lif l:i it:< awful furt n,

It is an "" "l'"akaliJ.. 1,1 ,."' jn g to J,.. l1!lrn i11 1!10,;" i ''"' I,; .,f
tlt e wo rld wl1 e r,· wi,.f u111 :t nd knu wl.:J:;1.: J1,, 11risl1; thu11'.!li
i t ntt 1 ~ t he cu nfes:-:cd 1lw re a1·0, e \·e u jn tl1t·:·:e pa t·t:-: , M..: \l'r: i l
pour 11 nin structnl J'Cl'>'o11s, "''"' a 1·c· b11t li11l c af 1.,,,. t lie
i nhabitant:-; <J f 1l1 11;o; c 11 at i1 1n ~ of whid1 I l1:L\'t• J1 t..Tll lii·r~·
spl'akin~; as tl1 u:---e wh o have had I lit · ad,· a.11ta~t· ~ uf a JWJrt'
lilitmd •·d 11 cali•n>. ri sl' :d11J\'" 01H· anutlw1· I'.,. >t:\'l'l':tl dillt·r-

;o-;wcll :-i frw 11 tlH! raic, au d mitl way l1·a n :;-; the ~ lu1·m:

Tl.., iwli ruu 11 d it,; b n·a ; t, t l11· rull in:.; clumb an· spread,
Eter 1: tl " 'n ,; l1in c se ttl e,; 0 11 ii :< lieaJ.
('I)

I-:J>IX A TI0::-1.

cu 11 -i 1k r a hn111an ,-01il wiil11H tl e<lu ealiu n lik e marl ,lc in tht!
ipiarry, wh ich ~ li o w ~ no11t· of it s i11h e.rt· 11 t l1ca.uties u11til
th e ,;k ill of the l'ul i,;lt e1· fv1,· he,; u11 l th e , ... J., rs, makes the
,ill r face ,;hinc, and di :il'U"""" ,.,·,.ry orname ntal l'lu uJ , spot,
and ,·cin that r 111is tlt1·•111 g h the bod y 11[ it. Edu cat ion,
after the same manner, wl11·n it w .. rk s "I'"" a nul, le miu.t.
dra w !-' ou t to ,·iew en·r_v latt•nt

virlue

an d

perfection,

wlii cl t, wilhu11L such hell'"• '""' ncn: r al ile to niakc t heir
:tpjlear:tlll'C.
.
If 111 ,. n ·adt·r will g iv e me leave tu .. li:u1 ~c th e allu sion
;;o , 001 ; 1t pun }1in 1, I ~liall 111ake use uf ~he san'.e in st;incc
to illust rat e t l1e fun·e of ed11 <·1it,io11 , wh1 " h An ,;totfo has
J,ro 11 µ;1 1t t•> ex l'lain hi s tl•J•·t rin c 11f ' "liot.a11 t.ia l funn s, whe n
}i .., tells us tl ial a statue Ii"' !1id in a 11!u1·k uf marble, anJ
that th e art of t l1e ~tat11 ~ir.'· only clea r < away th e supcrllu0 11 s uiatlt•r and ret1HJ\' t.'s tl 11 · r11id1 i:-:lt.

'l'he fi ~ urc is in t l ~c

~tulle , an •l thl' ,;1·11li•ttJr u11ly find s it.

\\' hat sc ulptui:c, is
to a lilu1·k uf 111a rl ,J .. . cd1t!':tt ion i,; to a li11111a11 soul. 1 he

pltilu:-;o i11i vr, 1111 · ~:tint, or t h1· lH·ro or

llw 1rrca t. man -

plclii:ia~,

v1.·1')· o fte n l i e~

t.lw wi ~c, the g~o<l ,

hid a11d

t: tllH 'L'al cd in

a

wlii t: lt a pn)p1..·r cd ucatiu11 migh1 have disiut_crrcd,

a nd han: 1.ro11gl1t to li gl1t.

I am t11 c rdo r c nrn ch J e hghteJ

,..,.itlt rcad in •r llu~ ac:c·uunt s o f ~ a.vug:c nalion ~ , and wilh con-

tc in platin ~ ~} 111 :-:.c

F'ol', fCJ rt: lurn lo u11r ;-;t alia· in
the OlCJek o f 111a1'1 1le, we :o-: t •t• it so1 11 cli111 e..- onl\· IH\·ri111 tP hv
el 1ippcd; sunietiiut · ~ n11 1gli-lll'w11 , a11d liut j11:-:: 1 ~..:kl' t ,.: l i ed
in to a li u1n a n fi g- 111·t•: ~rn 11 v1 i11w s we :::ee th1 · 111a11 :l)'f1t:ari ~
ent d egT Ct' S of 11c r fee; tio11.

\'il'llll':-: wli i( •h un: wild antl u1u ·11lti,~a.h~l~;
to ~ec t·o ura gc e x ert i11 g itself in fi e rce ness, resolution in

disli11 c tJy in all J1i s lini!,; a11ol fl':tllll'(;,

j

; uJllct i1 11 l'S

11

We

fi 11.f

the figu re wi·o 11 gl 1t. up tu g n·at. clcga nt·y; ln1L s1..: ldo1i1 nH·i ·L

wi1!1 any to wl>iclt Lli e h :t11J of a l'l> idias or a l'raxitel e,;
co uld not g ive se "e ral 11i .. c t.0111·hcs anJ fini sliin "''·
o·

2. R ewrite tlic fo ll owiug con formah ly to the a cco111pauyi 11 g
outline : Th e elqlhant li..Joni::s to th e ord1•r of Pa('l 1 ydl' rni~. oi· t1 1i,. kski1111cd :rni111al,;, wl1i1·h ine l11<l"s tl1c l:;rg .. sl t 1·r r 1·,;trial
n~a mn1alia at pn,,;1·111. in e xisl c nC" c. lt is 1·alJ..d a prul•iQc1d 1a11 pac h y dt·r11 1, f ro111

hc:i11 g- f111·11i sl1 ed witl1 a pr11 h(l:-;l'i;-;

o r t r u 11 k.

ln.,ffe n,;i ,·e and }'l'al'd1t l, th ey rarcl r ll :ie tl ... ir
gig-ant ie p rnn:r:-; of i11j 111·y: lu1t whL• 11 irritatPd,· tli. ·\· , 1f1 1.
11
l'xhi lii l '~ f11ri ou" a11d l'l'\'e 11µ;ef11l fe rol'ity. Th e i·}·,. .ii:lllf
1
1:-; an :u 11111 :d o f ~ i.:!:tllf j,. ~ i zl', and a:-: it :-: part~ a n· I H if wi ·ll
pro porlinnt·i l. it l1as a 1·! 11111 :-:y app1..· an-1. nc.:t· .

tf1i<·k anrJ pil Jar-:i l1:tp<'d , and :L I'" \\'(,}} a dapt <·d
u 1g- it:-: 111<1:-:;-; in · l 1ncl.'"-

' I'l1 l' t' lt•p l1a11t p o~:-:esse ~ slia r p :-:i:.d ll ,

a qui .. k "ar, and :L delil'ale ,;enst· (• f s111 l'IL
li vt•

t n.~,·1l1 t: r

in

li e nl ~,

lr :-; l,· 1rs are
fill' S l.l~l f >"f'I·

cn 11111ri si11 g- frorn fift y

T!t .. 1· 11 , 11 a illf 41

a . l1t1 n1l ri·;J

Tl11: oldt ·~ t u1ar..J11·s :Lt tlte l1t·ad
of tlw rro1' /' •
tJw 11 ux t i11 a~,. wafd1i11 g- t l w n •a.r.
Th ey :<w i111 Wl' il , a11d

i11 di vi d 11al s.

they r11n witl1 rcmarkal,J e "fl"l'd.
9

They ofte u lin· tu tlt e

l ::>GLl::;J l

CO ;\! l'OSJTJO ~ .

THE PAlL\.GRAl'H.

a((c <1f nL'a rly two lrnndn.•1l y•.:ar ~ . lt ;.; l1 t• ad is large. aml
C'
its
n<Tk Vl' n · ~ li ort in proportion to it:-o ~ i z l' ; lint t 11 ·1 ~ .! fl
cu11qu.: 11>:t1nl. liy the l"n;.!lh :u 1d d a,t il' ity ,,[ iL , tl'll11k .
'f'J. i:-o tn111 k i:-; an (·l11 11 gatiun o f th e HO:" tril :-;, l ' O ll :-< i s ti11 ~ <>f
:i

d11uhlt:

t11l1l ', tt ·n 11i11:L1 in;:

in a c 11rio u~ a1• 1 a· 11d :t~t·

131

n .:st.: n1-

l 1 li11~ a lin .~l·r .

Hv llH':tll:-: of thi;o; ,,·1111•krf11l co11tt: varn·p,
thl' :11 1i 111a l ""Jll'l ivs i1 ,-1·lf with fuod a11d wat e r. " "i1lr it,
aJ:..u. i1 e ;1n
t•\"t'tl

l 111ld :t

lift ~rea l Wl' ig- Ji t ... 11pn101ll't'l':O, 1111ti e kn ot:-:, :111 d
pt · J~. 'l' wn ~ f' •1·i( · S 11f elt·11l1a111:-; an! k11nw11 in
t l w .\ fri1· an l ·k11l1ant , k11t1w11 l 1y i i =-- r1111nd

ex i :-:l i n;.:: n;ll1 1n· . -

lil":id. ,-.. nn.: x f11rd1ca d , :111d lar;_!< ' il:il! c rwd e:u ·,; and tir e
I ndi: 11 1 el<-plr a 11 t.. wl1icli 11: 1,- a11 1•1Jl1111;.: l1 "ad, a cnncarc
f11 r1_·lw:ul, and car"' ,,f mod1·r:lh! ~ i Zt'.
Tiu· for1 11 l' I' is t· x1·c(•di11;.d_1· fi ,.,. ... ., an d ind l'c d 1·:111111 1t he ta11 1cd . Tlit: la.tLer
i; 111i ld and d1 ieil1·. \\' lll'n tak. ·n yo1111;.:. 11 1.. y are ca,- il y
tallll'd . a nd an· l'rnp lu_rc•d :ts !.easts 11f l111nlc n, uolh in
:ind in w ;1r. Cun~c i u u s of th1 ·ir o w n 111 :1s:-: ir e
~t·~ 1 ·n ~tli. 111~~\· ft•a red 11n t·1u· my, till th e ag:;rcss ions uf man
ta11 ;.d11 tli e 111 Iii~ :-:11p1.: riurity .
ti• 'L' r -li 11nt i n <'

I

( Or.Jl'r of 1':"'l 1nl1·rm,.
) I.a r;:<''I o f tl 1e t •·nc't ri a l ma m rn alia.
( l 'rul1f1>'<: i• li:u1 I 1aclryde n11.
~ i zc.

Partic uln r

D c~c ri plion

IJ..ad.
:'1"1 ·1·k .
Trunk .
E.'· "~·

Ear,,

~ .\ frican.
(;n ·g:arious .
r
l.un;.:-liHd .
Charact cr istil's ~
Spel' ie ,-

Cses.

fndian.

l

Pow t· r

tf 1

~witn or run.

!Ji>po>it i<> 11.

CJIAl'TER XII.
TH £

P ,\ I\ AC: II ,\ P 11.

''

~ l' ll ti! !lt·t·,.; 1«·l:iti11 .~ tn
the ><:une topic:. Tl111 s, if yo u W< ' l"I ' ( q wri te a ::; l.r urt es::;:iy un
l'rel:io 11 s Metals, di 1·id in g your s 11l1jcd in to-

A paragraph is a se ri es or

'>'

L"O llll l Tf (· <l

\V hat they rtrc,
\\Tir y t lr c_y arc so call ed,
1
\\ li c re t lt c·y a rc L" lri \'lly I'rnrnd, a nd
\\' lt:1t t lwir c hit:!" u:;c·s at'l"
ea ch o r th ese top ies s ho uld , i11 its trC' a t m c n t:, fo rm a parag r:tplt.
Tir e quali t ies to lie aimed a.t in t he co 11 ;;trn e tiu 11 o f !':trag- r:ip lt s arc: ( l ) unity, whi <" lr fo rbid " t ir e i11 trodn cti'>n of
a ny se 11k11 cc o r d etai l that l1 :1s Hot :t m a ni fr,,t eo 11 11cdi<• 11
wi t h tl1 e lertd ing topi c ; (2) continuity, wliid1 n 'qt1irc:; tli:1t
th e t:>e nte necs should l>c so a rra11 ged as to e:1r ry tire lin e of
th ought uat 11 r:t!ly a nd irnggl'sti1·c ly f ro m o ne to t he oth e r.
Tir e latte r quali ty is g reatly promoted 1.Jy t he free 11:;e of tl1 e
co n t i1111 ati1·e pa rticl es a rnl phrases, - 'indeed,'' t hu s,'' howt \' er,' 'm o rco 1·e r ,' ' conseq ue ntly,' etc.
Th e,.;e qual it ies arc illu strated iu th e fo llowi ng e xtrnet from
one of Add iso n's essays : Th ere are many more ~l1in i n i.: 1111al iti e~ in the mini! ,,f m~n,
but. th e r e is none ~o useful, as di ~c re t.ion; iL is th is, inr!Ped,

.J..
"~.

E:\GLISII COMl'OSlT I\)::\.

132

133

THE P AllAGRAPIL

w:ti1·l1 g i\T S a valnt· tn all the rl' foi t, whid 1 :01.•h tli e 111 a t work

in tl1t·ir prnpl'r

ti111t·:" a1Hl

pl: \c· t·:-i.

and

t t1 r 11s tl11'll l l11

van t:1:_::1· uf 1111..· pl'r~•>ll wl111 i ~ J'O:-':--e :-::--1.: d u f 1lu·111.

it, l1•;1 r11i11 ~ is pvdantry , a nd wi1 i11q w rtin1·11 <.: t': ,· ir t11~ it:-;1.. ·lf
loP k:-: likt• Wt'ak.111.· ...::-; ; lh1.' li t· ~l 11ar1 :-: 011ly q11:dify a 111an
t.o

lw 111 un.: :-;11ri ~l1 tly in er r ur :-'i a11d ;w t i\·\._· Lt> lii s uw u

1•r1:j 111l ii·e.
\" 11 r d 111· ;:; di :-: 1·1·t· tiHn u n i_,. t11;1k t• a 111 a11
own p:t r t :-: 1 li nt. of ntl11.: r ll H'll·:-- .

ll 1t· 111a :-- ll'r 11f l1is

'1'111· ,,i;., . ,. ,-1·1/ 111a11 fi11d:-: u11t

11 1.._. t:1knt :-; of tl1 o:'t' Iii· t· cin,·l·r :-: t·:-o wit l1 , arn l k1111w :-: how to
appl.1· tl1(' JU to p1«1p1"1· ll'""· .·l n·nnli11:1l!J 1 if ""'" \,,uk i11to
pa r ti1·u l:u· 1·1 1 n1111u11 i 1iv ~ an1 l divi:.:ion~ uf rn t· 11. Wl' 111ay oh:-<.'rn: tli:tt it i:-; tih· (li.~·r·reel 1na 11 . n ol th e w ill y . 1111\' the
1ear1n·d , 11or tl1e l.ra.,·e, wh n ~11i•lt· :-i tl11· 1·o n\·l·r :-;a1iun and
givL'~ mc·a~11n· s to t il l· ~ocit·I.\'. A 1nan wi tli !frt-rtl lrtle11t.-; ,
J.11t. mi, / rf rlisc rt lin11, i, likt• j\ ,\.vpl1e 11111 ,; i11 tli e fal1\c1
.< tm11:1 rrn ,/ '11i11rl. vn d 11cd ll'it\1 a 11 i,., ..., i,til1\e furtT 1 wliich1
for w:i.n l of ' i:,; h t 1 is of no use ttl \1i 111.

Jn th e first of these p:tr:1grnph!'.. di:'< e re ti o n i:'< \'i e wel1 suh·
ject in:\y, :1,.; affect in g other qua lities o f I.he mind ; in the
s 1:«0 tHl, 011,it>d in' ly, as :i.ffl'ctinf!: it>:; pn,.;,.;essor',; rchtion to
Th e 11nil:y of each i;; co mpl ete- no ne w topic
1;odet.y.
Th e «011tin11i ty i,; :i.\so
!ic in g stnrtcd thru1 1ghout eithe r.
e vide n t , l1eiu g we \\ prc~c n·e1l l1y pro nouu s , part.ides , a nd
r ep etit io ns .
The ut ili ty of parngr:i.phi ng li es 111 the cx p c ri« nce ih:lt
the e nd o f e nry par:t gr~ph is :i. res t, :l r r lief to t ho ught or
nlte ntion - the beginnin g o f t h e ne xt is :i. new prospect
fo r d es ire :i.ud sight . 'J' \1e!'.C r ests mu st he ne ithe r too far
:csu tHle r no r too m·a r toget he r : if t h e form er, \\·e :i.r e fa. t igued; if the h tte r, we g ro w c arelc>'s.
Tl1c vi s ibl e mark nf a p:1r:1gr:iph i,.; th e i1Hklltatio n of
th e 1i r'4 L ·1in <» by wlti th iL is >'u lllC\\·ha t ,;ho rte r t h:rn the
Ut-< ll :Ll m e:<s ure .

EX E RCISES.

tlu· a.d-

\Y i1 ltoi 1t

·1. P oin t o nt, in d etaiL th e unity and co nt inui ty of th e
fo \l o wiu g par :i.g rnvh from .i\lacanlay1s E~say ou Hacon : It is by hi s c~s ays tktt Bacon is bes t known to tlw 11111 ltit11d ...
TJ11, iVo v11111 Org(mwn an<l tli e lJe A 119Me111is arL" 1111wh
talk .. d of, b11t littil' n ·a<I. They ha ve prud11 c,.,J. i1Hk o·J 1
;t \'ast effect. upon th e o pinion" of 1uankind; b11 t t\1(· 1· ha l'e
prodm·e<l it th ro11 :,; l1 th e upL"rati on of i11 1.. rrn c· di:it e :1)!Cllts.
ThL"y h a " e 1110,·ed th e intellt-cts whicl1 lia w· moY e<l the
wor ld. l L b in tl1 e """ays a h1ne that the mi11d <1f B;won
i,: l.iro11 g ht into i111rn etl i:it1- co ntact with t lie n1in<b of ordinary n·a<ll"r s. Tlwre h e ope n ~ an C'xote rit" ,, ·li u(l\ 1;ind talks
t o plain uwn in l an~unge whicl1 t· 1·er.1 l.iody 1111dt·r,1:;nds 1
abou t t hin i:;' in wlii eh c very l1o<l _v iti int1·rt"st ed. lie \1as
t h11 s e n :ihl ed t li o~(" wl1 0 rn11 ~t 01!1\'rwi 'c h:"·e ta ken l1i s
me1·its on tr11 st, lo j udµ:e for tl 1e mse lve": a nd d ie grc·at
body o f n.:ad(·r s have . d111'in~ ~Cv t ·ra l ~ l' ne rati on s , w·knowl·
ed f!:C <l th a t t hl" ma.11 wh o ha s trcafl"d wit\1 s11eli '"' '" ' """" "le
abil it y <Jll est io ns wit \1 wlii t: h they are fa111iliar, 11 ia.1· well lie
supposC"d to d e,c rn• al l tl1 .. pr:ii''" i. .. ,towcol on li im hy
tho se wli o \iaye 'at in tl1 e inn e r sc li ool.
0

2. \\'hat i8 tlte leadin g, cn1t r:t l t.lt o11 g h t o( e:wl 1 pn. r~gr [1ph
in th e fo ll owi ng essay o u the J1npo r tau ec of 1.l \\" c ll -~ p ~· llt
Youth?
A desire to live lonf!: is t.li c fon r nt wi,h of :ill tl iv 1111111:111
specie';;. Tl1 c ea , tc• rn mona n·h ,, wliu w:inll·d tu n1:r k.all hrnn :rn .h:1 ]1pi11<''s ce n t re in tl1 e 111sehL" ,, wen· sali1tt-d
with th e flatt e rin g exc lam at ion, '0 kin~! Ii"'' forn .-r ! ·
Tl111s all rH"o110,,. tn tlu·r11 « ·l v0s a lo ng lit-. ., :111•1 li (lp•· tl 1eir
:1 µ: ' ' wi ll bl' all.-n1lt·d wi l h l r:t ll<Jllilli 1.'· an ol ("<•111forl ; l•11l.
f,·w eo11si<IL"r t.h:it a ha ppy ol d ag" d1·1wnd;; cntir,·h· 11 p<in
t li c u :-:e w1.· l1aYC 11 1:Hle of 011r ti111v , a111I till· l1:1lii t:-<

f ur 11 H~ '1 , wlu·n yo11 11 ~.

]1

w e l1 a,·c

Leen

Wl'

}H'11 1li;!al t ,

11:1vc

di ss i-

Tl!F: l 'Al1AGRAPII.
~.

pate d , and
i111p1 1:-'~iblt ·

rw11t rid ge :il 1•1\'\· tl1 c 1·ye ~, tlll' top nf ti,.. 1,..:1 ,\ i, \"'rfc·, th·
!lat , a nd tlH ~ hru w wi t h it;-; lhi <·k i11Lt ',~ 11 11w11t. fi ,r 11 1:.: a :--( ·+ 1wl -

i11 ~ i ;: ni ii 1·:rnt

in 011r earlit·1· yt·ar:::, it i ~ almost
we :-- l1 111ild 11an.! a11y i1up11 r ta 11 cc with o th ~l's ,

0 1· :.:.;1 t i ..:frw t j, Ill

in .~ p t:nt -liu1 1:;4•

11\· t · r 1li e 1·yi ~ s: 1·011pl .. · w itl1 tl1i :-1 a d1·1 ·1 1 it ·;1d 1111wl1 wr·in k ll·d , a pr o1 11in1·n t j :1w w i1! 1 tl11 ·
(': 111i 11u t1·t·tli ,d· li11 <2:t· :.:iZl '. a r C•T din :.:; cl1i11 , :t11d w1· l1a\·1·

!11 lHl r :.:1· ! \ '1·,..; , il1 ; 1;.::4· .

' l'J1 e lifl· 11 f 111 :111 i.-; ;1 ln1ildi1 1;.!' . Yrn1tl1 is tu la.'· tlit~ f(Jllfld:11iu11 11 f k 11<1w h- d;_:1•. 11al1i1:.:. :u 1d di :.:. p1.):-- i1i11 11 :-:. npon whi ch

mid.JI., li fe :ind
a~

:t '.!" "' " "

('ol11n·d

li ni ,- li the Hnwt11re : :i11d iu 11111 ral

:tn

in m;11 l·ri: d an ·i1 i l l'1·l1 1n·i n o good ctl ilil·e ca u b e rai sed

t l11 •111 :-:eln·s d1 •g-1';l< h.·J for 1l1l' want of tl10:-:t;

whii·li

ar 1 ~

:1cqt1il't'llll'lltS

g rl'atl~ ~t ornarn c 11 ls of l111111 :t11

lifl'; ;1nd w1wn
a ~c l1a :-i },)s t e \·1·ry O( 'c: :t:oi11n uf :ulnu1 c i11~ in k nowl e d ~t~ and,
,·ir t 11c-, wl1at liappin(· SS •·a n be vx peet.•·d i11 it. ·t
Th ., infirn1it ies o f a;.:;e want Ll1t • r e l!c,·tiun s o f a well- spent
y o11 1h l<J cn111for t. an,! :<ol:i.- c it. Tli1 ·se r cil•!<:t io n,, and
not hin g hut th ese, an·. h_,. the ord e r uf a wi se Prn\'i Jnw<•. 1·a p:di le uf " 'PJ'urt ing 11 ;; in th e last s t.age of our
l'il g rimage.
tli1·

3 . Di 1-idc tl1 c following in to t h ree para g raphs , t uen drnw
up a scheme of it,; to pi es :u\<1 s ub-top ics :
THE ()()HI LLA.

The ~or illa i:; of the an·ra.c:1• h e ig ht o f man , fty c fe e t six
in r lt1· ~; h i ~ Ii ra in 1·:i 'l' is low an d 11an·•rn', and, as the
fo r e part of t ilt' ~ k11\ I is hi g h, and there is a n ory pro1m-

cx:- t g-~l' rati o n

ht1 1na11
jt·cl~ .

11 po11 a f: 11 ilt _» fo1111d:i tiu11 .
T \ii,- " ·ill :1<\111 i1 .,f fn r l \1er ill n:< tratio n in e,·,·r:· ,,.,·n c of
Ji f, . tl 1r" ll '.'. l1 wh i.-\ 1 \\" <' ]'" ' " · Tl1t· c l1ilt!r,·11 wli<> l1av1• 11• 1t
ol1l: <i1 ,.. d .- u·· li :i k1H.1wlc-.Jc;e of tlw lir ,( r11<\i111.-11 t.' o f I..0trnin ~ i11 thj ·ir i11fa11t.\· :1 :' ll 1L·y u11 ~ lit lo lia v .. · d1 111 1·. a r t: l1 l'id
i11 n i11l 1•111 p1 l1y l1oy :-; u 1· g: irl :.:. w l10 11an· l'l ay1·d ! 1 ·~ :-0, and
lean u·d 111nn·. 'J' ln.! yo 11L h who mi :-o~pv 11 d ~ Iii ~ 1i11w, antl
lw ~lt TI :-: Ii i:.:. in1pron ·11 H·1 i1 a t : :.1·1i u.il. i:-i d t•.. t1i :-t•d al the
l1 i'..! l1t ·r ~emi11a ri t':' of l~: 1r1 1 i n '.,.!" . i >y tli u:-:t• wlH1 lta\"l' IJl'C ll
u w n· i11d11 :-- tri1rn:.: al :-:d 1u11 l. ' J'lH· 1na n 111" h11 :.;ine ~ :-i an d di e
111 :1tl 1Jf ici:-:111T. w}11) han• lo :.:.I. till" ~11id l'll opp• 11'l1l lli t_r Of
a 1h ·a1h·i11;..:: t lil'lll ~l' h· cs i11 kno wl ··d;!,. wl1il e y u u11~. o ftl'n find

~k in

uf t l1e l(nn.·:-:t a11d tno:--:t f11rl1iddin ;.!.' l_'"j'l' i,f
phy:-: io.L!; 110111y. 'f li t..: nv( ·k i . . . :.:liort; tlH" lit·ai! 111· 11~
'J'J1 e n·lari,·e prop1Jr livn uf tJ1 t; l11H iy and !i 11il1:-- j ,.

n1 ·arcr t hat i11 111an . yl't 111\'Y ;ire u f 111 un· 1111 .'.!: 1ir dy a .. 1w1·t
'""" i11 any .. u..... ur t l1 e lmt te k inll. 1. .. 11 ;..( , \i;1 p1·le .- .' :l rl ll:'.
tJ 1i(' k :llld 11111 :-'l' UJ ;tr. wi th Sl':llTt• : t ll\ di 111i1111 t i 1111 of :-:izt• d t• f:t• n ·in:,: tl1 e 11:t11 H· 1if: wri :-t (fo r at Ll1t· :-:111; 1\k:'"lt lli t ·y a n · fr1 11rtt•1 ·11 iu e l 1t· ~ ro und , wl 1i!t· :1. :-;t r o 11 ~ 111a11· ... wri :-; 1 i ~ 11 11! al111\·e
•·i;.:: \11 ): a wid, .. tl1i•·k l1a11d: 1\,.. pal1J1 \.>1 1:.::. and 1l 1e· fi11 :.:·er.<
:-:h11 rt. ~ w oll 1· Jl. an d ~n1ll _\· · l11 nk i11 .~; i·ap:H·i<J1 1:-: 1.:li1·:.:.t : h r u :1d
:' l1"11 !dvr:-:: h ·~s :1! ~0 tl1 ick and :.:. li:qn·ll':-\:-1. de:--li tt 1t1· of 1·:df.
:i 11d ,.,.,-_-- 11111 .«·11l:1r : :t li: t1 1d-lik e foot wit\1 a l.l11 11n l1 tu ii.

of 1 111~1· di11H •n:-; i11n :-; and 111 >r tt· 11t o1 1:-; Jhnn ·r 11f ~ra:-:p.' S o
wun dn the \i.,n 'lrn\ k,; lwforc tli i...; llH) J1't•·r. an d e rvn the·
<'l<·pl1:1n t i' l1al ll ed l1y lii s 111ali.-io1t:< c 11nnin ~. :u·ti1·i1_1· . and
'tr<'n;.::th. Th e ..!1i..f r1•a,-on of Iii ' f'ltn1it y to tll(• .. J,·1'1 i:1 11I
nppt·:l r s to In· not 11tat it eve r int e n tinnally i11.i1 1r1·:-; l1i 111 ,
1111 t 111c rl'ly t\1:1t it s l1 arl'~ l1i s taste for ce r ta in f,,,·,;r ite
frnit~.
And wh e n. from hi s wa tc h-tow•·r i11 1\,,. " !'\"""
lir ~uu · h" ' of a tn·,., lw pc nTi ve' tl1 c ele pha nt Ii ,·\11in;.:: J. i111~ e lf to th e ~c d (· li c:tt·il!:-;, lil' ~ l 1·a l s alPn ~ t.lie hi J11~ l1. aiul
~tr ikin ~ it:" ~e n ~ itin~ pr o bn s C"i~ a. Yiol e 1t t l1lnw with tl1 e (']uh
" ·i 1h wh ich h1• i ~ :d 1nost alwa.p ar111t·J . d r i '°''" off 11,.. ,t:Lrt led p: i:111t , tr11mp e ri11 ~ s l1rill~-w jtl1 r~1g~ a.wl pain. 'f 0w:1rd;-;
t h e :\,·µ; r o" s 1he i;nr illa Rt•ems t<J i•lit·ri sh an i111plac;il1I <! liatrC'•l; li e att:1e b tlw rn <Jllite unprovok eJ . If a par t_1· o f
b la<"ks ap pro:wh 11nco ns1·iously wi t h in ra n ~c o f a t r<'L'
h :11111l<·1! liy one o f Ll,..,e wood -dem ons - s win ~ in ~ ra\'i ,J\_,.
d own to the lu we r liratwh .. , , he c· l11 t.c hb with !1i:< tl111111 hed
foot at th e nea re;; t o f th l' tn ; hi s ~ rec n L'yes tl a,-h wi t \1 ra:::e :
Jii , h ai r stan1ls on""'! ; and 1111· skin a l1u\'\ • t lH' <·.n ·s dra wn
rapidly up a nd d o wn ;.:: ives him a fi c mli sh sco wl. Su11;L··
1

...

.

"

136

E:KGLI ~ll

CO ~!l 'OS IT IO~ .

THE I'ARAGHAI'H.

t im e,:, d11rin:; tl1 cir C~l'Urs i o n ~ in 'l"'"'t of ivory , in thuse
gluu 111y fu n•st ,:. th e n:tt iq:s wi ll fir~t cli ,.·uvcr tl 11.: prnximity
(1f :1 go rilla Ly t li e ~11J d t· n rn y:-: t er iou ~ di :.: appt· ara1w 1..· of one
of tlal'i r l'Oll1j>:U1iom. 'l'lac brut e, an gl in g fur l1i111 wit.Ii lai s
hon il•ll' foot drnp1 •c·1l from " t n:e, wlail c hi ~ ,:f ro ng arms
grasp it firndy, ,:(retcJ1c·,: UOW ll hi s J111 g;c hind la and, Sl'i Z!'S
t lte l1apl""s wr1·tela 1,_,. the t liroat, draw :< la i111 "!' i11to th e
l1nugl1~ . am\. as ~0<_1 n ;1s hi~ :-:t ruggles ha,·e (·e a ~ l'd, drop s
hi111 down , a ma n;;ll'd corpse.

4 . S epar:1tc tl 1c fo ll o wi11g into fi,·c di"t.in (' t p:tr:1g rnpl1 s : A :-: tl1t· kn ow h- d;..::e of la11 ~ 11ag1· i:-: inti111al ely cu1111e1·H: d wit.It
t•\' l'J'} otli~·r ki 11 1..l o f i 11fun nal ion . a nd as in ti ll' l an ;.:: ua ~cs
nf a1H·it·nt ( :n·L'('l' and Holli e ar t: pn·:-:t·r n·d :-"qflle of the
n11l1lt>."L prodtwli0n !'I of l 11 111ia11 gt·11iu fl, a p1·i11 cip al place i:-;
a :-::-1 i;.:nt·cl to t1 1 l' ~e :-:11 l1jt ·tt:-= .

In r ec·11 11 11n<·wlat iu n of u11r ow n
it i ~ :-- tqwrtlt1 j n1s t<• ha.\" c J'tT(1 11r :'t~ to aq!U1t.1 e 11t ~.
A ll 1h:it :ire ""'111ai111e1l with it. f., n·i .~n " r" :i s wplJ :as 11 ati\' C:<. 1n11st l•e <·utnin•·cd of ii ~ <·xc·elll' ll<T ; parti<'11l:Hly as
it. is tlu~ ,·cl 1id 1 ~ of pr11d11 tt. i o n ~ t~ 111i11t · 11 t l y d i ~ ti11 g 11i ~ l n·d by
( ;c•niu:-: 1 'f'a ~h·. f..t·:1 r 11i11g. antl S<- i t' IH..'t'.
And a~ l an g ua ~c
sho11 ld lac l' On~i•k red nut <lll'l'l.!ly as a l' ha n11l'I to co11,·py
bng11a ~i·

011 1· tl111 1 1 ~l1t~ upon t·ornm c1n oc ca~itJ11~ . but a~ ,.apal 1lc of
01·11:1111en t. tn pl<· : 1~r. :111d

11f i · n l'r~y I v J H~ rsua dt~ 11 1a nki nd ;
and a ~ .""lll'h impr<wt:na·n t:-: a l' l' l1ut l1 gr a t if.,· i11 ~ a11d l1c 11l'fit' i:tl to ,;oc·il'f.c·, }'l'OpC' t· :i lt e111i1111 is du l' lo th e ,;1 11.!_v , ,i· e lo-

<j!ll' l lC't'-

11:lS \·vry

( ' in •r 1>. tl w rn u:-:1

j11:-o tly

t r :ui~ aeti<,11:-1

,,f

4.'(·l1·lirall'd u f H11 111 a 11 11 r:tl (ll':-',

l't'll1;1rkt·1 l. tl 1al.

i~ n111' :tll<'t'

11f

th e e \'t•Jl ts n11d

fon11<· 1· t i11w s t n111lt·111n s us tu a 1wrl'elual

st:a le of .. l1ildl1•><»l: f1"<• 111 ilai s c· o11ditio11 .,f Ill>'lll :Li dark ll! ':'S
\\'L' an• r c~t11t ·d hy Hi -.1 11ry.
fri1·n dly li ~ lit to \

i j• \\'

a nd tu 1·n llv1·t wi sdo111

tl1t·

f ru lll t ln·

tlH •n · :tl't' part icnl a r 1'•J11ti!rie:-:.
tht· 111t1:-: I

wl1i ('h : 11pp l i t·~ U:-' w i 11i it~

in:-:tnwti \·e .,., · t· 111 ~ u f pa:-1 t a~t·:-: ,
cond1wt Hf (1!

111 · 1· ...:.

fn11 n wl1id1 w e

A 11d as

l1 :l\.l ' dt'ri\'1 ·d

ir1 q 111rl :11 1{ i11f11r 1u:ui1 111 i11 t't· li g- i 11 11 1 art :- , :-icit: Jl•'t'!',

a nd litl'l':ll llrt',

\\' <:

<> 11 ~ ltt

l'ard1tl ly tu in :< J•<.:ct ll 1t: }':t ~c s of

their interestin g r ecord s.

137

The most anc ie n t peol'lc

,,f

w 1i11m w e lt a:ve nny autl1 cnt ii. : acco unt ~, are the ,h.· \\' !' : to

tJ1 e111 was co1111Jlt1ll iea tctl, a 11 J Ly tltcrn w as )' rt'"e '""'"I , tl •l'
ko•Jwled ge uf tla c tru e Goel; whil e all othe r nat i<>ns \\' t·n:
s11nk in t lte must a l,jc<.:t supcr st ition, aud d isg raced liy thl'
i;ro;,:cst id olatry.

138

THE l', UL\.l'I I HASE .

ENG.LISH C01'll'OS1TlU.N.

130

I 11 H7-l a Lo1n b:u·1l c ity was besic;;cd liy

Paraphrase. -

tlw S:iraee u s. Tl1 e i11habi1an" iir;L i 111plored t\11.: help
of the Fren..11 J~ ing, lHtt lie e itlwr wu1ild 1wt. u r l't>1dd
n ot aitl tllt'111.

They Llwn J e l'itk1l tu a1•1•eal tu tilt'

(J r ee k Ea1 perur.

CHAPTER XIII.
T If E

I' A 1: Al' 11 lt ASE.

(2)

OriginaL -

Tl1t: rich arable land:; in the lH: art of tlic

e lllpire produce an in calculahJe qu antif y of g: ra i11 , t:a,-

p:1Ll e not. -:.., 11\_v of maint1tini11 g fu11r t.i111 e ~ its pre:-l·nt

inhal1itaut:-;, b11t aff<1rdin.~ a. v;lSt s11q 1lu:-i fur t' XfH• r t a -

tiua l1y the

A paraphrase is the exp ressio n of a prose or poetical
passage in difl't·r e11 t but. C•Jll iY :ill'11t la11g11a gL·. _,\ SL'llle 11 ce is
'a eornplcte tl1011ght ex prl'sst·d in words ;' a scutent·e p:trnpl1rascd is tile sa111(' t1'u11!Jl1/ cx 11re>:':-Wd i11 l/1j/;·,·e 11 t ·i cunls.
Thi s cxe n: iHc rl'q11ircs close a tte 11 t io11 to c n.•r y word :uHl
11l1r:1sc; a ftill :ul(l a cr: uratc 111Hl l' r:-<t:L1Jdi11 g , a tiri.11 g r: 1Rp, of
~h e pa:;sagc as :l wh o le . \\" o rk ont t h e p a r:tphrase id l'a by
1de:1, :lllll llwu yh l liy t!tOll'./!1/, rather than " ·onl liy word.
H crn emu cr t hat tile l>('St p:1raphrnse m ost closely follo\\·s the
sense of tbc origiual, 1Yliile lca;;t r csc mllling it in fonn.
In paraJ>hrasing poetry i11 to prose, :11·oi(l auy suggestion
of rliyme, :ts well as ::md1 di c tion (nwr11, ere, o'e r, ete.) and
suc!J. invers io11s as are p ec uliar to po(' t ry . \\' on ls that canno t Le eh:rnge(l withou t inj11ry to th e rn e:u1ing, 111u:>t Le
r etained.
To the max im of the court - 'the truth , th e whol e trnth,
and 11utlii11g but the trnth' - it will uol IJc :uni:>s to add:
I.et the wonl;i Le fitly t'hoscn and well arranged.

llniv\"' '" il1e \ ·ul:-'.a, a11d tl1 e tri b u t an·

st rl';llll:"' , wl1i cl1 furi11 so l/lall y 11a1ural 0 11 t.ll't:-; i ntu 1l 1e

]~uxi11e

11r

,,1Jwl'

~ea.;-; ; wl1ile

the cul d anJ ~l1 i\' er in~

phin" whicl1 ,;tn·1cl1 tuwal'ds An·l1a11g1·\ and tl1 e ,}1ol'v:i

of the \Vlii le Sea are <:u vc n :d w ith iu 111 1c1"'e f•Jl'C!'I:<
of fir and

1Jak , f11rni s hin ~

at uth.! l' in ex l1a 11:-: til1l1· rnall:-

ria ls for ,\,ipbuildi11 g and ' "! '\'lies 1Jf f, .. .J.
Tl"·, ..,
aiuplv :-:turl1S fin· 111a11y ~e n c r:iti111t:-i will supt·r:-:··de tl1 e
n1 ·ce:-::-iity uf se arehiu~ in t11 c buwel:-i of Ili c e~1rth for
th e Jllll']>Oses 11f wal'111tl1 or manufaeture.

:Paraphrase. - The rich aralile lan11' of the in :erior pr"d111· e ;q11Jicit•nt ~l'ai 11 to ;uppo rt. fo11r ti1n t::s th e J'l'C Se11t
pop11latiu11 u f the empil'e , and y et le av e a vast ;u r pl u;

to be transp•irteJ by the Dnieper. the Y o l:-'.a, :wJ their
trili11t,a ric;, into the Euxine a nd uthel' seas; a nd la s tly,
the .. 11ld bl eak \'lains stretl'hing towa!'d s Arvli:u1 µ;e l
and the sl1on:s of the \Vliite S ea, and cove r ed with
inun e n se forest s of oak and Iii', f11rni s h ;liipl >ui lt!in g
mate rials and s11pplies of fo c i tliat will fnr many µ;1·n·
cration s superse de the nec essit.y of sl\arc hing for 1·oaL

(3) Original.-J oli11 Cilpin was a citi;w n
Of l' rcdit arn1 renown ;
EXAMPLES.

(1) Original. - \\·hen the S:tral'ens were bes ieg ing a Lom1.iaril c i ty in .<; i4 A. D., the Lombrirds, aftl'r " Yain
appeal tu th1: Frc n .. h King, rcsulvctl tu implore thl\
a id of tl11• Creek E111perur.

A trninhand captain eke was he
Of famous London town.

Paraphrase. - .John Gilpin was a well-kn own and respected trader of the great c ity o f London. ll c was
al so a captain of the city voluntee r s.

TlIE PARAPirl"lASE.

E:\ GLIS II Co;'IIPOSITION.

140

( 4) Original.;\ I an ,hall nut <jllitl' h e Jo,t, 1111t s:wed who \~i ll ;
-Yet 11 c1f of will in l1i111 , lnit g ra el~ in me
F rl' eJ _,. vu11 .. h,;;if,·d; u1we 111ort· I will r c 11t·w

JI is lap .< cd 1•nwt·n, t l1u11gl 1 fu rfeit anJ inthrallc1l

Hy

;<i n tu fu1d l'Xurhitant dl'>ire;;.

Paraphrase. - Kot all t11 t•n >li:dl 1wri >li ; h11t tl1u"' wlio
an· wi ll i11:; ~ l1all li L~ !":tn:d. 'J'l1i:-: ~;1h· a 1 iu11 , l1ow\'\'l' r ,
i;; not to '"'· nutai111·d si111 pl y !J_,. >lll'ii w illi11:;111.,<:<, l111t
liy 111y frcl' ly 1'1·> tuwed fa ,·.,r. I will r1·store the fal'ulti C's t.h:tt m:tn l1y Iii~ fall Jia,.. lu,t, tl11111;.!;l1 ens la veJ IJy
~ i11 to d c~ircs tl1a t ;1 rl' 1.ia~ c and in 11 rdi11att~.

(5) Original.-Tlu: Lord i;; my ,..h,, ph c rd ; l shall n ut want.
li e rn:1kcth rn e tr• lie down in gT<'l'n pasture s; lte
lca1J.-tli me bc>idc tlie st ill w:i.ters.

I shall lie well ""l'l'licd ;
Si11 ec li e is rni11 c, and I a111 !Iis,
\\' h«t can l wa111 111·, ide ·:
II e it-atb me t• 1 1l1l' Jlla, ·e
\\"h ere 111.·an.! 11ly pa ~ t1irt· :,!Tow;-;.
\Yl H·rc li\· in~ w;llr-r:-: ;_::C' nlly pas ~,
And r1111 ,a f1·ati u 11 il <>ws.
Tl1t· l.ord 's 1n1· .'l"'j>ht'l'd. I 'II 11<>1 want.
I le rn:ik1·~ mt· dnw 11 tu lil'
pa ~ t11n· ~ ~T\'t~ 11:

I le l1·adeth

111c

Th '-' •111ic1 wat e r' bL

EXERCISES .
(1)

cht~csc.'

(2)

INFLUE:-.I C E OF TllE QUEE:\ BEE.

•I was lately '~ n t for hy a lady . who, wl"'n ;olic w~nt ' tn,·
" " istan•·I', " -' "'1' a ll 01·•·1' tl"' pari,Ji fo r tilt' wi t h a littl e
note with t.ii<' j1iet111·e uf il11·• ·'-' beL'S i11 it, and tl1i s l'alls 111<·
at oncu t o ht>r aid.
Jn111ul, \Vh l' ll

On e of lil'r hv e·liin;:-: . n, ~la :-::-: one, I
in a :-;lah · 11 f tl1 e .~.!Tl': i lt·~t (' (J1 1f 11-

I arrin:d.

~i o n , th e in111ate ~ ru1111i1q; up and du\\'11, and 1naki11~ a

fearftil no i,e.
• \\'l' ~ 0011 tli seovf•red tl1 c ren.~o n of thi s. ()11 looki11~
aho11t tli., l•l'l.'-lio11,e. we u\i,en·,,d lH'r l\laj esty •111i l'tly
takin~ an airing ahroad unknown to li e r ~ 1tl1ject:< : ,1,e
ltad got •hru11 g l1 a holt: whi .. h liad l1L·en ldt for ni1·. \Ve
w e 'jltiel ly pttt h er haek to her s uhjel'ls.

( I ) Tl1" Lord m,r ' li C'ph c nl i;;,

ln

'Lamllonl,' cried tli e a s toni sl1 ed man, 'tl1i s i:< Ye r:• ' ill '..; 11lar weatl11•r: tl1e ni::;l1L is as dark as E ::;ypt, and 'n'""" uf

t ltot1 ~ht. it wa s ti1 11 e for her l\lajL:sly to n·t urn ho tnl' , so

Paraphrase . -

U)

1-U

A SLIGllT i\!JSTAKE.

A trav eller at :t l101t-l .... , ,. fr .. 111 11i :; bed lo rxan1ine th e
wcallwr ; hul. in~t1·ad uf l~111kin g- (1111 of tlw window . lie
thrn,;t hi,; h e ad t l11·u11;;l1 t.lie ::;l a :;:; d oor of a c 11 pl>0ard.

\\'l1<'t'<' a ll liad

hl'1m eo11f11>inn, pe rfect p e a <'e in,tantl:· prentil ed.
Tl1 e
n ew,; was t'Onttltttnicn.u"l in n. morn l' nt. Tlw pl.,as11re of
th <' lnya! i, t s wa :< 111a.nifcstt•d h v :L ge ntle, phci•l rnot io n of
th e ir win;.!;'; and tlH'}' r ctu rn e•l fort.hwitli to their fol'llt Cr
l:i.bors.'

1::1 • TURNI NG TllE GRINDSTO:\E.
a liitl e l111y, I n ~ r11t·111IH.'r, 011t' c•1l1l \Yint•·r morna. s 111ili11~ 11 1an wi th :111 ax e nn l1i ."
,lJ.,11!.ler. '1\Iy prd ty boy,' "aid h« , ' !1as your fatl1 e r a
grind~tone '!'
'Y t·~, 1-'ir,' ~aid T.
'You ar<' a fin r f"llow,' said lie; 'will .1·011 l!'t me> grin•!
my n.xc o n it·)' Pleasc-'1 witlt tlu' compliment. of 'fin e Ji1 1lc
frllow,' •()Ji_, ... ,, si1·,' f a11,;wert'fl. 'It is down in th e sh op. '
'And will yo11, 111y nia.11,' ~a i4l he, pat.tin ~ ITil' o n tht! l1 f•a.d,
'get '"" a Iii t le l1 ot wat l' r '!' II ow could I 1't·f11 sc: ! I r :111.
an,J ""m hro11ght a k e t tld11!.
'T a 111 s11re,' h e <·ontinned, 'you an· on e o f th e fin es t. lad s
that eve r l li:we set'n; will yo11 jtt't t.11rn a few mi11t11C' s f,,r

\Vhl'n l

w:t~

in~ I w:t~ U.l'('Oslt: d h.\·

142

THE l'AIL\l'Hl\ASE.

EXGL ISII CU.\ll'OS l T fON.
11 I m· ih 1Ji,. llatt"r.1·, I \\'t' llt 10 1rork ; and I
me . ' T'1<·;,.,
'"ti ed :rnd t11 .:.:~1·d till I w:i .< al 111 u;t. tir"'J tu d"atli. Tli"
ff l1 uol-liell r:i n:.:. and l 1·1 \i tld nCJ I "d 'l\\"l\' · 111 )· J J,1Jll
•
I:-· \\"t!J'C
LJ1:-;tcn·d, aw l tlit· axl' w;i ~ ni >t ha l f gro und.
9

•

'

-

,......

1

'

•

' ,\la,; 1 ' t l1 011g l11 I. · it w:is ha rd eno11:.:lt to turn a "riudI
.
"
It

~,one, >11t 11 1111· l<J be eall"d a li ttle ra <l'al i; ,., 0 lllllt'li.'

:-; '. ink tlt·1.·p.
Stn cc.

i11f1J

\\li en

I

111_,.

rnind.

; 111d

u ft t·11

l1a n .·

1 tliou glit uf it

:-< •·1· 11 11 wn·lrn11t on·r 11oli10 to l1i s cu:--tum-

e r :;, 111dlii11k :-; , • 'I.'l 1at n1 an l1as an ax e

t;J

grin d.'

\\"li en J

~t'L' a 1n a 11 , wl u1 • i..- in priYat e li fe a 1yra~ 1t, llatt l' ri 11 ~ 11 11.~
pcoph-, and 11 1:ik111;_! grl':if pruft":--:.;i,,11:-: uf att;w lil!H ·nt lu Jiliert.", llll'tl1i11 k, , · l,nok 0111. g11ntl )'l' "Jlli; ' tltat fellow \\'fJlll tl
set you turn i1 1g g-r illd stunc:--: ' ~ 1"1 <.,\:'\h'. LJ~.

(4)

'J'l! E VILLAGE S C ll OOU L \STJ·: H.

Hesidt• yon ~rra:;gl in :,! f..::11 ct• tli:it sk irl:-'
'Vi1h l1l0:-: ~u111 'd f11rz 1· 11npr11fi1altl,· 1r;t \'
Th erl'. i n Iii!" 11oi :-:,·

Tlw l'ill<tg<' llla :< lt'.r l:ltl;. d11 Iii, li1tl1: 'cl 1uul

A

n1:tn se ,·L·ri· ltv wa !".

and

wa y

tli e

ma 11 ~iu11 :--k il l:d ~1; 1 ~ 11 J ,.

'

1
:

:-:1t·r11 111 \'i1·w,

I kn ew hi 1n \\'l'll, and l'V• ·r." truant k 11 ew:
" "el l !tad i llf• hodi11g t r1·111 hk r ' l<-a r11 'd tu tr:u· e
'J'h t ~ day ':-: di:-:asl1·n: in l1i ~ 111 ( >1'11i11 1r'i-: fan_• ·
1''1111 W<·ll t lll'y l: 1.1 1gl1'd wit It <·nm1t ~ rf,·it ed . .,],·e
At. all Ii i" j"k "'· fo1· 111:rny a jok e !t ad J1c : " .
F11ll we ll tll!' lrn>y whi.'f"'" 1·in·ling l"Ot1t1d ,
Co1ncy'd tit " di'1nal t idi11 ~;: wl1 en. h e: frnwn 'd:
) ' t:t lit~ wa s kind, ''r if ~t· '·•·n · ill au irJ 1t
0
'Tl H' lovl~ 11{' l>ore to lcan1ing- wa ~ in fa 'iilt ·
The villa~·· all d1·e lan·d how nou c lt " " kn~w .
''l' was 1·crtarn
• lie co 11ld wr it <" and "iplll'r looI ;
l.:u1 d;: lie could n1ca'""' '- t<·rm' a nd 1 id,. , presarrc
And l' .\ '_ll t lH' story r an tli :tt lit' co idd

~a 11 ~,: :

lu argurng luo, the parsu11 ••wn "d J1i 6 , kill,

AnJazed t.l1 e gazing r11 stit ·:-; ran.!;t:d around i

'

.: \ t lc11 .!!il1 , lioWt!\'er , it wa:-; :-:l1arjlclh: d; and tilt' rn ;in
t urn ed l n 11 1e ~vi t h, ' :\ (1'1'. .' ' CH L lit. tie l'< t>"al , yuu '\'l: ]'l:i.n·d
truant; lie oil to ' "11 001. u1 · yu u 'II rn e it! •
•

For " 'en tho11.r;h v:tn'luisl1'<l, h e "oultl arg 11 c still ;
\Vhi le wCJrd s uf h:an1t·d length, a 11d tht111dc:ri n g ,;oun<l,

0
'

Aud sti ll they ga.z1·d, a11d st ill t. Jn; wo11 d e r gn ·w,
Th :tt o ne ,;mall h e ad co uld e<trry all h e knew .
But pa't is a ll Jii , falll e . The VL~ry sp<JL
\Vli e r c rn:tny a tin1 c h e t ri111nph'd , is forgot.
(5)

THE UNKNOWN FUTURE.

l ! t':ll'l·n f1·0111 all r·re :1.tur1:s hi cks tl1 e b uok of Fate,
"\II h11t tit•· p:i.gc pn· ;;nihcd, their prese nt st.ti c :
Frulll brute" what 11wn , fr o 111 rn e 11 what spirits know:
Or wl1 0 !'Ottld s11 ffe r B1·in ~ he r e lwl ow '!
Tia· bmli thy riot dno111s tu lJlr·c<l lo-d a.",
l l:i d li e 1!1 y ltea-on, WCJ11l d he sk ip and play?
l'l e a ,t·d tu th e la,t, lie t' rop s t he 11."vc r_v f, ,,,.J,
A nil lil'ks t l.c: hand j11st r:ti>ed to "h c·1l hi s hl11od .
Oh, lili11tl11 es" t o th e future! kindly g ive n,
Tltat 1:a c h m:ty fill tl1 c c irde ma1·k cd b y Ife:tven:
\\'ho "ees with C<j11al 1·ye, a s Goll of a ll,
A h e ro peri sh , or a " Pa rro w fa.II,
J\ lo ni s or s.n•lt- ms into ruin hur led ,
And now a lrnbhlc b11rst, a nd now a world.
Lo, the poor Jnilian l whose 11n tut01·ed mind
S t·<·s God i n 1·lo11tl,, o r h ears him in t h e win<l;
I! is 'uul , ]' l'O lld Sl' ie 111·c n•"·c r taught to stray
Far as tl1 e sular walk, o r J\Iilky-\\' ay;
Y et simpl e Xat.urc t o hi s hope has g ive n,
BP.hind tlt c eloud-top t hill, an humbl er ht:'av e n;
Some safer world in d e pth of woods emhracetl,
S ume happi e r ishnd in th e w:ttery waste,
\Yh t:re ;;l:tves CJn"(' m or e th e ir native land hch ol <l,
No fi e nds t.<>rme nt, nn C hri,tians thirs t fur gold.
To .JI,., <'on tent s l1i s n:ct 11ral tle,ire;
llc asks no angd's win ~, no serapl1' s fire;
H11t thinks, ad111 i11etl to tha t " 'l""l ,ky,
] [i~ fait hful do:; slo:dl Ul'ar l1i111 cu tupany.

143

i-!-1

l::\uLl~ll

CU ~ll'USl'l'lll:\.

THE SUMMARY .

T!ie cxen:i:-;cs nuder tl1is h c:i.cl m:i.y profitalily he varied
:11 1d L'Xle 11 ded li_y in,.;lrncli11g pupils to gi 1· (~ prose n :rsious of
(~:iy ' ,; Fahie:;, VI' or >illL h poe111,.; :t:s Co wpe1' >i . ,Joli n Gi lp in;'
Lo1 1gl°L·llo 11"s • B11 ildcr,.;, · • \" ill:1ge Bl al'k;; 111it.h ,' '::>0111etliiug
J,cft l11du1n::' \\"liittin',.; 'll:trl'foot. Hoy,' · :-;l;ipper Ircson·s
l<ii J.>,' '·"•'l'd-Ti111 e and lf:irq·~t;' p:1rt,.; of ln-i11g"s · Lc):!l'lld of :-;11:t>py llollow ,' • Uip \"au \\. i11kl c,' o r ' \\' ei>t111iust l'l' J\ 1,1,L'Y ·'
0

145

0

CHAPTER XIV.
THE SUMMARY.

A Summary is a statement, in the few est words poss il1lc,
of t he esse n ti:i.I though ts of a 11 e x tenLlcd <.:O ll'lios i tion.
Read the passage c:i. re fully, aud u ote the lcadiug ideas .
Om it the su l1ordina te id c:1s.
P nt the impo r tan t parts i11 t h e b riefest form, as :rn o u t line
of t h e whole.
P r esent these outlines iu eonsecnti1·e and re:ulable shape .
Thus:THE SAGACIOUS DOG.

A gentle man in London had a dog whi ch was a great fav orite
with him on i\C"('tHrnt of its sagac ity a nu amu sin g u·i .. k,"
At bre akfa st- I i111e l1i s 111as ler w<111ld t>flL'll gi Vl' him ;~ I"·11ny
with whi c h he wu11ltl ~o to a. tH: i ~ lil•ol'in g :-\hOJi and l1uy
him ~c lf a bun , carry in~ th e <:oi n between his t.-et h . I In ·
day, i11 t l1 e a bst.; 11 .. e of the master of tl1e s hop, the bak er·,
boy p la)"l'd an i ll-natured trick upon tloc dog. \Vli ~ n th °"
dog had dl'po~il<' •l hi s pr nuy as 11 ~ 11 al , tloe lad gave hilll a
L11111 l1 ot from th e ovr 1L
In an in ~ tan t the sagacioi" l'rt ·:i t111« : d mpped th 1· 111111 , ~ Il :ll'J>"t! "I' tlw pt•1rn.'-. :\lid ran .,fl
witlt it i and li e was nev er knuwu to c nl t; r tlia t :--hup agai11.

Points of story, Sagaeitr uf a do~ lwlun ~i n g- to a Londun J!"· 11tl1 ·111au.
Trick of huyi11;; it se lf a penny lm11 fur lm:akfasl.
10

146

ENGL l::iJI CU.\Jl'O::i!TlON.

TH E

:-; J111 p-l•oy f!i """ it a hot '111 11 .
J)ug- drop :.: t l 1c b 111 1. :111 d r(•1· 1n· t'l' :-i li 1t· JH' lll1 )' .
Do;.:'> a ,·,, id«ll c"<.J uf rit e :'lJU jt i11 fu 111r,·.

S U ~ll\!AHY.

1-±7

Outli n es. -

Tlic si1 ·k li o1n - tl1 e vi s it ur s - wol f' s "·lit- 11ic
a eo·a in :--t th e al >sc n t fux - tl 1e absvntt ·i"s fu r t 1111 a t 1· arriYa \
___:: hi s a rt t' 11l c- xc 11 sc --- th c p rc sc ri11t. it 111 - t l1e 111 ura l.

Summa ry. - ,\ c·l •·H·r l .u 11 t!11n d o;.: l1:i d l1·:1 rn e.J th e tri c k of
h11_\ i11 g f11 1· it s br1 ·; 1kfa ...: t a l H'll ll .\' l1t 111 at 1l 1e l1akt·i";;; . O nt:e
t he :--liop-bo.\" 111 i ... 1·]1ic ,·011:·:!_\- µ-a rc i l a l 1< 1l l 1111 t. 'J' l1L' d o•t
i11>ta11 t l_,. dropp1·d it. "'"lJ'J><;d up t l1c: pe ll ny , a n d ran ul"~
n c·n.: 1· a .~a i 11 pal ru11iz i11 g th a t. ,J. up .

t.l 11 : e x1w r i111 1· 11 i

Sun1m a ry . - ..\ s i.- k lio n was vi s if1·d by a ll t l1t· l1t· asts of tlw
ftt n ·:-.:t l' x1·e p t tl 1e fo x, wl11 1111 thv wo lf ;u- 1·11rd i n ,~ly a t· 1·11 .. t·d
of d is lu \'all \'. 'fh c a l1:'1·n tec , el 1 a 11 c.: i11 ~ tu arr in·. a rt f111! _\·
pkad e d . tk;t li e liad lwt.! 11 ('Oll :'11 !ti 11 ;; tli l' d 1.wt." r"'. wl1" Wl"l"C
a ~ r e •·d t l1 a.t t l1 c o nl y n ·n1 vd y wa s fn » l1 w11l l s k1 11 a1•1• l1l'd
t u 111., ,;t 11111 a1·l1. 'j'], ., wvlf tli11 s lie.- :111 11• t. l1t· vi<'li 111 v f l1is
o w11 wi ck"d d t·>i;.:-n . l-:1 ii r e1-<1i l, 11pu 11 Li n.: c1 il -dv~r .

A g aiu: T !Jf> LI ON, T llE WOLF, A N D T H E 1-' 0X.

:\ li u11 . l1:1 ,·i11g ~ u rf._. ih ·d l1 i11 1... 1·lf wi1li
it

da11:.:.t· r1111;.:: 1li:.::urd 1·r.

~ 1·1 ·: 1f

111 n11 ! 1c r;.::

a n d ....: t· ;1rq'ly

f 1·:t:- f i 11 ;!, ,,·; 1. :

1-.!1t · l 1t ·:1:- 1.-: 1if tl 1t·

:-:v izi·d wi1 h

fi •l't ':- 1

f o t·xpn·s ..: tl 1i' ir (' 1J JJ1 ·1· 1· 11 0 11 tlw <.11·1·;cs i11 11 .

1 1 11t ·

wa:-:

;d 1.'"(; 11 t.

t'\c t·p t tl w fox.

' l'l 1t· wu!f'

a n ~ ll - n; ti11 n·d an d 111:di(' iu1 1:-o :111i1 11; il t·11d 1r ;1n ·d 1!1i .-.; •i ppnr~
t11n 1t _\· t u ;1(Tll."'L' lii rn c1f di :- n ·:-.:1 w1 ·t a nd d j,... j,1,·:d t\· I <> Ji is
1

:l l:ij ,· -t_, .. ' " t!t:it tlw li.. 11·, w rn 1!1 wa, l 1c-;.: i 1111 i11~ lt ; ki 11 dl 0.
,\ t t lii < 11 1n1111 ·11t tl11 • fo.\ l1:11•11t·11<"d t1> :i rri 10·. :i 111°l t! i,f'tl\" t'l"l'd
wlia t l1ad l 1v 1•11 g·11i11 !,!' 1111 . f r111 11 l1 ;1v i 11 '.!" 11 v1.· r li l' ard a p a rt o f
11 11 • w ol f '.-.; d i . . 1· n11r:. : v.
I f l ~ t lt t.'l'vf'ore \ "L'I' \ ' (· 11111 1 i11 ~ h· l ' .'\l" tl !'-' l· d
l 1i1 11 :-;l·Jf in !li e fHl l tJ wi11 ~ 111:1 1111 l' r : · .'\u; 11 1· J1u11 ,j,.:' ~ ; 1 i d Iii.'.
1
l ti :t _,. p r etv1 d _:.!· r 1·a1 all1·1·1iu n f. 11· y11 111· ' la j1·:-- 1y. a11d i l i k
1 11
tl 11·y d 11 y11 11 :1 :-1·J' \' i 1· l · b.\· i dl1 ~ Wo l"d :-.: . l·'" r 11 1y pa i-1 . I /1a\l!
h1· 1·11 1111aldc tu 111·1 ·:-- e 111 111 _\ ' :-l' l f s 11q11 1·r . 1111 :w n 11 11 11 11f
,.
111
l' ll t!i-:1 \·1H·:-: fl) fi1 1d a 1·1 rr1· f11r y 1111r I rot ild ,._
I J 1:1vi· •.11 11 _
'l iil l' .J t'\" t' I')' J.J1 y ' i<'i:tll f 1·0 11!.J fi11d , ;111.J fil l' \' ;i JJ ;w rn•
tli <tl. t lw 1111!1· n ·1 11"ol .'" i' a j'l:i> t•·r 111 atl c- ., f pa r t.o f a w~ l f's
~k i1 1. l:t kt·n \\':u ·111 fr,1111 Ii i .. : 11:-i e J..: a 11d :1p1.li1 ·d t o your :\I a.jes t y's :-: lq1n :u ·l1.'
J t \\' :t :' in1 11 H· di at 1·l \· <1!.!: rt·ed t! 1;1t t. l u~
ex 1w ri111 e11t :-: lu n1 l1 l lw rna• il'. a r11f tl 1~ 11 .n fo r lu ll a t c w.,J f
1

;lf' (' ll l" rJ i 11:_:·/y

1

f1,: }J a

\ ' i 1·l i J1l f o

J1j :"i (JW ll

E X E R CI SES .

ll iwJ.:....; d in

IJ1 :di c iu1t :-' i1Jl l' 1lli 0 1t.

\\'1· 111ay lt:arn fr >111 rlii s, th a t if "" '' w11 1ild b" " Lfc fr, 1111
llt1r ~1.· l \· t· ~ . w e :-- l1ou l1 f n 1•\'1•r 111 e di1at \' 111i :-.: c l1 icf ll i'":tin :-; l
0

li :l rrn

0

.

].

S1tmt11ari zc Lh e fo ll o wi11 g :
(1)

~

On \"!.! :t ll a ;->, l1c :t\·il_,. la d1·11 wi t h sal t. l w i 11 ~ '< •re·! _
,.

1op-

p rc:-; ... ed lJy l1i:-; l111rd t·n <1 11d faf i:..!: 111" d '' i1l1 tl11 · jq11 r 1w.v ,
l k i11 ;.!· 1l1ir:"'ty,
1·; 11lH' I<> a ri r 1•r tl1al 111• li t1d t.u cr u:--~.
h1· :-t1111J1l'd , :ind o n I H nvin ~ dow ll 111 dri nk :- t 111nl1lt•d
a11 d fe ll i11t1> tl w w:t!t" r . ()11 r i, i11 .'!; li e jot· rn ·in ·d t l1aL
l1i :-i l1J:td h ad lwc...:n 111~ · 111tlt'li l i ~ lt11·r , fu r, :l :-. t l 1 ~ · 11a1 1n i1·rs
wvn · 111 1!. ,.., a t<; rpruu f 1!1t ~ :-:al l , b1 ·i11 ;..:; :-Hl1 1LIL· ira wate r,
1

11a d nll ·l ied.

:--;1111\l · ti 111 l' af 11: r tl1 i ~ , 1l 1L" ;1:- ... t' ar r y i 11g- a

j.1 ;1d ,,f ~i1o n;...:: l' ~, c:: 11 111.· t o t ill: r i \l· r , a 11 d 1\ 1i11kin'.! 1liat
)11 · cu tdd litr\1 1l· 11 li i111 . . . t.·lf o f I ii:-' l1 11nlt-11 1 a ~ lie l1i:f1 1 re

l1ad dOJ ll l'

11~1 ! 1

t !i ,. " il t, ,a 11 k clc iw 11 i11 1! 1.- wa f1·r.

~ po n ~l. · :-: , 11 11 a 1·1 ·0 11n t of t l1 e ir a b~or l 11 · 11t

'J'li.:

p r u 11( •1·1y ,

l.H·1 ·a111 e :-.:a.t.11r:1 t c d . :i nd 1b11 :-; i1H ·n ·a :-- t·d lo a µ; rl' at

f.: 1111 n

t ' \t1· 11t

'ri ll' 11urn- l w a:-.: t , :1 f 11·r :-: t n1 µ:'..! lin'.! f(J r
~rn11 e ti me , at. last pe ri shed in Iii :-; effo r t s tn n · ~ ai11
, t i 1<; h:rn k .
t.l ic. a :-;:-.: ':-; l oad .

( 2) A 1111 1·. " l"l'atlv :; 111 i1t 1·n willi t l1 c c o l o r ~ c1f" l111ttnfly , p 11 r:-; 11: .d ,..,it fn;rn llowt·r tu tlj1w e r witl1 i11tl 1·fati ~; dil1 ~ p ;.ii 11 s..
Fi r >!. ]i,~ a i11wd to :'11rpri 'L· it a111 <in'.!; t l1 e lean•s of a
ru:•a: ; tlH'n a.tt1·1np tv d to C 1) \"\'I' it w itlt Iii :-; h :tl a :-.: it
wa s fee din g 0 11 a dai :-;y; n o w l1op1· d to ~c.1 ·u r e it a ~

148

ENGLISH COMPOSITION.
it rested on a ~p r i g o f myr tle; a nd next grew sure of
his prizl', p e rc<· ivin .~ it to lui te r o n a lie d of violets.
Ilut th e fi ckle lly, eo n t inually ,.J,angiu g frorn o ne [,Jossom to another, s ti ll e luded hi s attt'mpts. At kn:.;th,
olJse ni ng it half lJur ied in t.l1 e c up of a tu lip. he rn sl1ecl
forward, a nd, " 11:ttd1 i11g it wi th vio lc nr·c, c r11 shcd it to
pieces .
The dy in g in sect, see ing th e po11r lio_v chag rin ed at his d isappoi n tme nt, add r!' ssed hin1 wi th a ll
tl1l' cal mness of a s to ic, in tlwsc wo rd s: 'lkhu ld now
t l1e e nd 11f tl1y 11npr11fitahl" s.Jli .. itudel a11d lt·arn , for
tl11· i>t ·n efi t of th y fu tn r " life, th :i t. all plt•a ,; 11rc is but a
paint ed IJ11 ttc rlly ; whil' h , alth o 11 gl1 it rn ay st·1· ve to
an111'e thee in the p11rs11i t:, if embraced wi t h too much
ardur, wi ll per ish in thy g rasp.'

( :J) l'.1d> and phil oo:o ph e rs l1 avc d e li gl1tecl to <·n1llpare the
co ur"' uf h11111an li fe to tl1at o f a. rive r; pvrhaps a
st ill a)'t<T ~ i111il c 111igh t be found in the hi s tory o f a
glaci\·r.
JJ ,. a,·e n -.le ~C l' nd t> d in it g o rig in , it y<·t t a k.·, it. ~ mo 11 ld
anti c-onformat io n fro m th e h idd1·n womb ,,f th e rn o 1111 .
t :1in ~ whi<'h lironght it fo rth. At fir~t, ~o f t a nd d uctil e, it :wqnin·' '~charac te r a n1l firmn ci<R o f its own , as
an in c Yitahlc d eo: t.iny 11rg1 -.~ it in it8 n nw anl caree r .
•Jo, tle d an<l en1rntr:1ir11•d hy th e «ros~ps an ti irwq11 a lit.i eR
of it s pr<'Rn il1!'tl pa1h, h,.d ~1 · tl in lo_,. impa ~' ahli ' harri e rs whi ch lix li111it.s t o its 111ov<· mt ·11t , . it y ii· ld s grnanin g to its Lite, and sti ll tra ,·,. J., fo1·w:ll'd , ,·a nw 11 with
tli u :O:<':t r~ of 111:1ny a. eot tflic t wi1l1 oppo.., in g ol1 sl :H: lf's .
All thi o: wliil 1·, :tltl11111glt wa,t in g . it is r1·nc \\' e1l hy :t n
ll 11St'(' ll pow{'r: it t·\· ap11ratP ~, l111 t i s nn t 1·< 11l s 11mt·i l.
On ito: s11r f:1<·<, it. l11·a r; t h e SJH1 ils whi ch , dnrin g th e
p ro.i! rl'~S of it;-; exi ...;tt· ni ·t•, it lia s 1nad1· it s o wn ; often
"·ci;;h ty IJ11rd1•n s d e n1id "f IJl'a11 t.1· o r ,·:dn,., - at tim es
prt •ciot 1s ma :-:~ t · ;-; , sp:-.. rkli 11;.! wi!l 1 g-1· 1 1 1 ~ or wi1h ,,re.

·wh en at l1·11 ~1 h it ha s allai1ll'd it s g n ·ate st exLy its l1ea11l y a.nd
Jl'"''er, wa ,tc }'l"l'du111inates <JH' I' Slljlj>l y; t li e vital

t r n ~ i o 11 , co111 111 a11di 11 .~ ;ul111irati1,11

T HE SUMMAHY.

14;)

~pring s begi n to fail ; it s toops into an attitude of dcn e pitu1lc ; - it d rops the burde ns, o ne J.y o ne, wh i1 lo
i t h ad b orn e ' o prnud ly :doft; its dissolution i ~ in ev it:d Jle. Ilut a s it jg r esolv ed in to its e ltn1 en t,, it take s
all at once a n e w and livc·lier and <li ~cmb arr:1 " 1· 1 l
for m : from t h e wrec k of it s m c m h,·r;: it ari se;:, ' a 11o tl1 e r, y d 1 h e same,' - a no bl e, f11ll b <ld i.. d, arrnwy
'lre:u11, wl 1id1 leaps r c:joie ing ovt:r 1. h1· .. 1,,ta..Jes wJi i,·lo
h1·for c had 'tayed its p r og r l'ss, an1l li a.'lvns t l1r111 1;; l1 f,.,._
tile valk y s t o ward s :L fr ee r cx i,-!l' rwl' , and a, li11al 1111i un
in t li e Ol'e an with tl1 e Bo 111 Hll1· ' s a11 <l tl11· l11fi11 ilt'.
(4 ) G i,·e a ;:11 mrn a r izl'tl accoun t. o f ~li;tkl' sp 1·:u c"s ]'la y of
':\l aelwt h." State wl1 1· re Ili c S('C m· i' la id. a 11d tl1e
tim e wl11•11 th e c 1-e 11t s an' s11p1 11is,·d t u li:l\·t· l1:1ppe 111' 1!.
Na1 11c th· prin c ip a l eh arncll' 1.,.:, a11ol tl 1<·ir n ·la1i .. n t <J
o ne a nothe r. Sk etch the main fcat url' S of tl1 c pl .,t,
a nd g i ,.e 1l1 e 1/enouerne11t.

F o r :Hhli Lion:i.l cx-cre;iscs, :1ny of tl1 c sclcc·ti o11 s in t11e prcc c dinf.'. eliapll' rs may lie 11se<1 to ad\' a nt:1ge; also Tl'11D y~o n 's

' E noch Arden,' Lon g fell o w's ''Evan gl!! i11 c ,' llawtlJO rue's

'\Yonder Book,' !':\li a kesp eare's Dramas .

L50

151

LETT Elt-WlUTING

E:'.'\GLISil CO Ml'LlS ITlON.

710 J:ace St.,
Ciucinnati, Ol1io,

(3)

April lJ, lc'·iSS.

C JI A PT Ell

XV.

JVilmington, Clinton Cv. , Ohio,
J nly 4, JSSO.

( 4)

, 1,

;:
\

J.ETT E !t-\\'HITI~G .

(I)
§ l. Business L ette rs .
, ·u~lo rn

a t'ormal ll'Ll(•r - !lia t is , a ll' lk r in tcutlcd to
fiCn"; i11 tr:u 1 s:icli11 ~ ln1 ,.:i11p,.;,, any ll't t t:r \\·ri th· 11 t•> :l stratrgf' r o r ;;l ight :1cq1 1:: i11 t:u1cc - is l~lnLk to L·o11 ;; i,;1. of' I.lie followin g p:tr\.s: BY

(1)
1Jfr,,c;rs.

J ohn C. Buckb"e c& Co. ,
} !!!;:! Wabash ..tii:l'., Chicugo.

D ear Sirs :

(H) \Place.
( 1Jatc.

( l) Heading .

(I )

(2) Introduction

5 ,\,JJr"s.s.
( Salutal 10u.
(:!)

(:3) Body.

(B)

(4) Conclusi on .

(C)

( 5 ) Superscri pti on

(S ) \ \'aruc.

J u/in !Vilson ,{; Son,

l ~-°' ''l'li11w11Lary Close.
l :-;.1 g- 11 1ll11re.

Ch//lbridg1~ ,

( .'i:nllcmcn, -

Jlfo ss.

... .. .

1 l'Ja('C.

Obsc n ·c carc t'11 lly tile Jl O"i l io n, cnpital s, nnd punctuation
of par ts as g in!n in the fo rm:-; Lielow, anll ma ke a p erfect
copy of each : - (H)

(:1)

I Jr . C. B. F errell.
D ear S-ir,

(1)

Springfield, .Afass.,
June 25, 1888.

(2)

Albany, N Y., .May 20, 1889.

..... ....... .... --· ············ ······ ···-·················

'

152

153

LETTEB.- W RlTIN G.

ENGLISH COl\l'POSITION.

(-t)

Dear Jlladam:
'

..... ..........

I

····· ·· ····· ···-··· ··········· ·· ········· ···· ···· ··

<{,~o ..

<&~,

(C)
(1)

!' .

e llo.

Y onrs ·vay truly,

F S. Ball.
J--CT.'J ?'CSjJCCtjl(l/.'j !JO U:n,
JI·. S. Cnwfurd.
( 3)

r o11 rs r cspo:/fl( fly,
Charles S wickanl.

( 4)

I am, Sir,
W ith grea t respect,
.M iss E. J'. Boyd.

Hon. Thomas J, Godfrey,
flugustfl,
Richmond Co.,

(SJ

v(/,j,;

,Pl:,m:J' 2{!;,?tctyf,
.J,-f {7 ~,cite/ ~c.,

Mr . fibra1n Brovvn,
Prin. of High. School,

<ife{vct:md, @'.

City.

200 E. Spring St.

1G4

ENGLISH COl'lll'OS ITION.

LETTER-WRITING.

1S5
(H)

D etroit, Alichigan, Jllay 30, 1888.
(I)

Dear Sir :
(B)

R ev. C. H . Payne, D. D.,

A s the Ja,y of rny depart11rc to Aw;/rnlla
dra11.:s near, I f ed i t to be my dnty towards you , tlm"'!Jh
1cl1cJst k'ind rec01nmcnila tiou I ul1!1 cinu l th e appuiJ1 L!wJ11 tlirn'. ,
tu /'t' 1tcw th e uprcss'iun uJ 11l!J !!inccre thanks fur tli c Vi.' 1'// int jlOl'tant f a cur !JOll have done me, etc.

Pres. o.f f,Vcs!cya11 Unz'versity,
Ddrrwart',
O!tz'o.

(C)

Very gmtefu!L!J yo1trs,
C. H. A Ii/rich.

A s c x:unples pre~e 11 t.i 11g- thc~e peculiaritic;; o f fonu iu oue
view , ld us Lake the following: -

(Address)

1Jc11jamin F. J'lw nw s, I'h. D.,
Coln111IJUs, Olu'u .

(H)

Alinn1·apuhs, 1~Iinn.,

J nly 3 , 1888.
(I)

11 r. .T. J)/nrrcy, R<1j.,

St. Louis, )Jo.
D c(ll' Sir:

""7-~·

~-;.

(B)

I .>hall fed much obliged 'if you, ?V'ill l.:indly
f avor me with i11ji1r111ati1Jn rty1cch11g, de.
.

i

.'
.

.

IToping for an early rcpl!J, I remain
(C)

Yours r espectfully,

~­
~-

1V. IT. Clark.

'

'

'1·'
"'

,,l

J ·:w:.

(B) slio ul <.1 beg in ahout one tl1.inl from th e top of t.l1 P pa ge,
its fi rst word l'O n11n cnein g n e:uly und er th e last \\' Ord o f (I).
( H ) s l1ould lie over t he l>lank Hpa<:e o u th e ri g ht o f (I), :rnd
:1 11 inl'h or m ore frorn the to p, its lin es terminating ll L': tr th e
ri g ht-h:rnd l'dge o f the p:qwr . The lilll'S of (C) :; huu ld te rlllin:ttc ol:tn t. ingl y in rc l:ttio n to each oth er.
( H ) ~ l w ulrl incl11d e t he numbe r of t he hou se an d the name
i>f t he ,..t,reet, if t h ese nccll to lie known . Jf you r tu\\'11 is
small and li ttle knO\\'ll, it may ha,..ten the deJi,·e ry of the re1>1y to :trl<l t he 11 amc of t he co unty. I'ut a co mm a after eac h
p:trt , cx 1·1·pt !Jet wce 11 t he nam e aml day of th e mou t h , :t11 d
hdw cen the n:un e and rrnmber of tl1e street o r hox . .Put. a
p1·rirnl a ft er t he ahhreviations, :wd a t the cud of the whole .
Th e llll' :tning, for exarnplc, is : 'This lette r is written i11
A11<lov er, whi ch is in A shtal.ula County, which is in Ohi o ,
on ,July ~ l, o f the y c!lr 1888 .

E;\GLI~ll

co:ifl'OSITION.

LETTEH-WHITING.

Exce pt iu s t rietly lmsincss letter,., tb e ac1d rr ss may be
ll' ri ttl.'1 1 :Lt t he entl in stead of t h e top , c,.;pet' i:dly w h en the
l11·acli 11 '.! i,.; n·ry lo ng . Pnt a rornm:1 af!t•r e:l<'h part, llllL a
p eri od at th e c ud.
Th e f•• rm of the s:tlu t:ttio n de pends, in g"l'n cral, up on
who is \\'ri l in g, who is addres sed, :111d wh:1L dq,rn•e of inti·
mat'y exi s ts betw ee n the t wo.
After it , us e a colon, a
co 111111:1, o r :t co mma :uHl :1 d:tsh. Th(• com111 :i iH, o f 1·011rsr,
th e lc:u;t fonn:t l. Th e colon, how e n· r , i,.; in 111os L ge neral
us e.
(C) comp r iseR ll comteo us :tss11r:111 <' <' of gnotl faith or reg :Hd, a nd is wri Lkn o n th e righ t o f t h e 111\·tli :d li11 P of th r p:1g<' .
Th e s ig n:1t11n· i.· s et ull' l1y a c-0111111:1 , 011 t Ii .:· pri111·ipl1· of :1.ppo,.;itio11. Thm<: 'I :u n \ c ry tntly yn 11r::< , C'. C. \\' hit 1>.'
(S ) i,.; t' hi1• fl y fo r i11 !"orn1:1tio 11 o f p o,;t-otlkc o llki :d". llen r c
it s houl d he full :111 <1 ll'gi lil c . Bcs i.\l':< th1· 11:111H· :rn tl titl e,
·.ri Lh l hc I>< >St-o lli <:e :111<1 ~t :Llr , it "·ill Hn u11 ·ti1111 ·;; 111: 111·1· css:iry
to g i1·t: th e f't rl'1:t :111d 1111 m liPr , sn rn l't i1 11 1•H th e co1111 ty. Jt
:;ho 1ild he writte n 0 11 t h• ~ lo" ·er h:1ll' of tl11• pm ·1•lope, l' :lC' h
SllL:Cl':-'Si\'l! lin e l1rg i1111i11g a litt,lc f: 11'll1 l'r t<m:1 nl tl 1e :-; l:rnt.
Till' ]'llll l't.ll :Lli n11 is tl1t• H:llll l! in p ri111·i 1il,-· :lR tli:1t. or (Hi n r (I) .
Th e s l:unp Hho 11 ld be f: \'l'nly pl:1L·t·d, in the 11 ppl'r ri g l1 L-h aml
co rn er.

Roc/u:.~la,

X. }'.,

:::Jcpfr111hi:1· ~; , }S.'HJ.

R ecei ved f rom JIIcssrs. J cnnes JV(l t.son & Cu. thr

s1li/1.

if

t ico h u ndred a nd J1ff!J dollars, amo1lllt of gou1ls, as pa i11/l
ddit C/'t'({.

'if;:f'.!/iOOO.
1Voscs Cr(! ig.

J.ladison, TVi s.,
J llne 2C, JSDC.

R ecei ved from Afr. Charles E. ,_'/.:inner furl.'J)in : dull-u·s

and sci:oil.IJ:iZvc cents, one 711r1 rla 's rent

d111: lu

Jf,· . C. C.

01:i11 lt th e 10th i nst., f ur !t onse ]{o. 5 Smith S tred .

Carl C. S mith.

§ 3 . Promis1wry N oteR.

§ 2. Rece ipts.

J,ondon, ],~'/ ·,

Lou is& illc., Ky.,
A11g nst 3, J S / 8 .
R caivcd froin Jlfr. IT. S . )fitchd l on e lwndrccl a nd twenl!J; ive duLlar8 in pa,11mrnt of account tu dat e.

812&.00.

Jlforch ;J, 1 SS?.

:f:,:!•) .00.

,<. .', 1>l!J duys ofter rlllfr, f or ra lii c r ccc-iv1;d, I prim1ise to Jl'' !l
to Jrn11 .:s Jr'. 1J11 rns th e sum of t1cenl!J-fir e du/far.>, u·itliou i
i1: /1:1·cst .

]{. C. lu uglil in.

Th eodore ]{. C'o1d1i.

E;\GL!:; H

LETTER-\\' lUTl~G.

CUi\ll' OSITIO~.

J[u1;

D n Jf,, i w s, f o1ca.
Ucio/i cr

[

/'1 '1/{lf .' d

J

ornr s toil

J(I. lS'lfl.

(II!/ .

j• I U/. Lil!.J

1/1t' ill

SH re I /111 I //1 "!/ 11 ·dl ,di ///·

'l J!//f.;/

//11 '.

;;(, /"()/'

S!, OUUO.

·:/

.' /ulf !'

Ull

I Iii •I

p/(1 ( ;..:. 1·ll

S ·i111·1 ·1·d!/ yo11 r s,

T/11 '<" ,,1 011 !!1s l(flt: i' d1 1/1· , 1c1',jm>1t/y ruul sl'i' Cl'<tll,i; p;·0 11 ii."~
lu JUU/ l o

Jlr. I I '. 11 ·. .lf1 .,·!."

111'

on/1T, j lJ 111· fur 11< /rn /, d u/ lit rs,
Culu lllli u;;, U/1/u,

G«ar;r A. S111itli.

L1,;1·011/11·r

T'r1·01 ((ri 1:1 s f..,1;.

S, ! S.'1.7.

J/_1/ 1•• ;/,. .1/1', ,....: ,, /,, d:

~fol'C111l1 1 · 1·

C JSDO.

'

;: I c:uoo.

[ 111·:1 lu !/11111/: .'/Ull. j ;1 /' 1/rl/{I' /.u " I

111-

·c d•tltu1/ } 11' // '111111«"/11 .r; " " "· ,,.;,/,. /1 I ;1!11rll.11 <ll"/"•f' I .

ft

} ·i " ' / 1/,,. 1.1 ·;

U n 1lr;; 11 u 111,

V C )il'O:: t i s,. !•i / i0 1/

ff, , ,,.·/ / ,'.

1·1· /I)

11 ·i( / 11

!1 / 11 (

Il l.'/ (1/ 1/ (1· 1,·ru/

rr , ,1 1/ I It .-· u( Ir, .,.

f/ , 1,I/ , 11 1· 11 , •fll '.

!f(} fl;-.-;

"

ru u : h u nd!'11 I 11 11tl ·"l.<1-'l /j d11/ /a1'.-.: , 'ICi.1 11. i11 l t 1·, .. , 1 u ( "-"-; J'r.!' 1·11tl ,

'

1." d ll C ?'L'CCl/.'l'l l.

.r r:

r:r. :'.!

11.

1"

_ / 11!/ ' ' ·J /IJ. / ,>\'. '-' .

§ 4. Not e " of Inv i tation Rnd Reply .
]11 fo rn1:il

ill\·i1·:1ti rt11 s :i nd n·1ili1· s " '" ' \l"l'ill1·11 in
Ti 111 s: - -

tl1 e

C'u!!!1! ): 11 :~ .

I / /11 11!.· thr

7
1

,

l ~">'tJ,; .

J!1.1 dor r Jh., //hns :
] ~u r ' l 1u f1 ui

Ll lld u. j 'c u: ulltc/'s

1f my coll1·gc fr/ n1.1 /s u /'1' /11 cl /n 1· 1.c iih ·111c on
·1v1t ut st .'-' o'duc!.-.

J Vni 1 11;.vlu.~

.1,·1·/r1: un

11.

f ·11• r/1111-' 1ri l li "'" ,

/"111111!1'.'f 1u.r ·1111.l!J 1/,1 .'/'"1 !)'11.11/.

J f ,".,:; /J,,/i , r/1/
( 1/: ,:,_;,

] )i "•'t 'hJ.l;. ·,·

J F,·. Tlru 11ru ..;

Crin yun ?IOt ·' P '' 111l

fi rst

pers 1111, :111d 11 1:L11 .Y u 111iL 1i1t; :id.in»'' ·

0 11,(

1''l"l'd1t.'/

II (1 i1· 111 / 111· /11 •0 ( !'O il/

aj/c r11.ur 111, to

st1u;

O/:C t' ,'),1/ 11 !'dlf1 f ,,,,,/

1'i'1111.1lay; and I slwuld lJ•" so yl•11l ·1fy11n c111d1l l11: 1ri1/i 11,.

L'ccr your {ori 11!J j i· io1•/.

A ll!trta ] ).

1:1 1riw r.

ENGLISII COMl'OSl'flON.

160
Dea r } haul:

I thank !JOll most sinccrcl!J f or yonr very
kind invilrrtion, but cannot Lawe home on Friday, as I lia.ve
·i11:ciled :;omc f r iends to di1ic with me on th.at day. it will,
ho wever, give me yrca t. pfwsnrc to jui 1l you on Saturdu!J.
.Al1cu y ;; crnd aj/ccliunafrlf/ yours,
Alla B. Rickey.
108 Oaf" Slrn:t,
A11yn., t 11 , 1888.
Forrn:1l in\·itatio ns and re pli es arc wri tte n in th e t hird
pe rso n. The pbee or time, or l1oth, arc gi \·c11 at th e bottom, ldt- h:rn d :side. 1\o s ig n:tt ure is add cLl, aud th e year
1s co111monly o mit ted. Tl1us: -

Jlfr. l'c1111crrn c, haring l111sin1·ss <?/ prrr/ii:u lar importance
to con1mn11.-icull' , ·11 ..i/l z,,. :1!11il ·1/ Jlfr. Jl f ucl.: ccin 11t aki: it con·voiicnt to Nt.l! 1!J>On him tkis t:vcning at seven o'doc!.:.

LETTER- WRITING.

161

Miss Guer-in regret:; that c1:rnt111slllnccs w1'll prc·vcnt her
of Jlfr. Ua lc's !.:ind ·i1w itation f or .May JG .

<tCl'•')Jlancc

JG JVest First A venue.

Dr. and J1Jrs. Castle, with best co1ilphmcnts to Jl[,. . and
illrs. Davi:;, nqw:st the plalS'tlre of !heir CUlll]Jllll!J on F,. iday c·ven·ing at Cl Wtlc gathering in honor of Professu,.
1,"verctt.
110 Michigan A venue,
./11onday morning.

J1[r. and J1frs. Davis 1w1.ich regret that a previous engagement will p rc<0en t them from acccpt·ing Dr. and .Mrs. Castle's
!.·ind fr1.vitat ion f or F1·icla7; evening.
84 University l'lacc,
Thursday, November 6.

104 Summit Stnt'l,
Jl rcdncsda!J, A ·11gn.st 15 .

./Jfr. 1lf od"

1'C.'f'''ci;f11 ll~1

ackno1derlges Jlfr. Pornercnc's note,

rmd 1clll ?nl'it ·1171on h·im rr.s 11rozJoscd.

1.!;00 Sont h /f l:1h Stn·, ·t,
.·I ug11s/ ]:).

J!r. G'a/i; prr:sc 11/s /; is compliments lo Jlfiss Currin , and
/,,.:JS t/tat hG 111 ".'f /JI' of/ri11·1.·d to a1·r;omj Hln!J ha to the 1lfelrop11f it (m . T !no-." l" !l '·n:Hi" './ , Jfoy 16.
~0

]{u m iU '•il _I

J[, ,,, ] _'.

1-. 11 ,, ,.,

The Jan"u arre s ho11ltl be plain and familiar. The ch ief
ru le to lie ~bs~·v eil is. - write as you speak. Cowper, one
of the l1cst ll!tte r- writers, said that he lik ed 'talkin g letters,'
lette rs in 'd1 ich t he writers wrote what came upp ermost wrote as tl1<!.)' would h:t ve co11\'erscd \\'it.Ii him . Tue mo:-; t
d .· li~litfl1I Jc. tters arc the mo;;t
Thi'<, hnwe\' e r , ,1oes not imp_. 1e :tC ' of p ain:-;taking in
th " 1·0111positi on.
Be ur<lerly, (;lr·a r, a nd corre ct , b11t let
0 1·11.~ r allll e o rredn e:> ~ be ;;iinple and una ffe<.: tcc.\.
~ t riv1; trl
:i.tt :1i n t he ea ~ e of n.:fi ned f:\mil i:1rity .
P oinkd ::i. n.J l, rief o n \Jui;i ne:0s, you will b.:: . to suv·rir1r:i
11

l G~

E~GLl~ll

co ~u· o~ rrrn'.'I .

L ETT ER-WHITING.

aiHl s lr~rn ge rs , rcs1Jcctfnl; 1Yith relati1·c,; aml fri c n~~, frank ,
a11• l :1,.; : t ffn:lion:ttc as you m :ty .
Be tltu11µ:l1U11\ :tl•011t the p1 11I<:tL1ation, th e spl· ll ing, th e
g r:u11111:1r , :111d tlte :trr:u1gl' li H't1 t.
l. uuk L":trcl" ully lll _You r p:t r:1g r:q1hi11g . l. e L an i11dl'n L: tti o 11
· ·
1·1·111111)111•~ l l'1,"1 11 L <1 r l41I li(· lo :u1 u tltt•r. If
show yo 11 r t r:1 t1~1l1011
yvii :tl"I.! 11 : 1 rr:tti11~ a s 1·ri c" of c 1·c 11t", 11H·11 lio 11 tl1 1:1 11 i11 tl1 e
<•nkr in wl1i c lt tlh'.)" li:1p pent•d; and ,;ay all you wi :s lt lu :;:iy
0 11 c:LL· lt l1 L·fo re di><1 11i ><>< in~ it.
lh~ ill' (tl :111d /118/1:(11 / .
Y<>II l' :lllll u t affo rd lo 8('11i l o u t :i.
soil,"! u r l1lotkd o r ,;lon·11ly-louki11g kttn.
Cli:1r:tdl' I" is
jitd i.-cd J,y lilll c things. Al" oid hi g hl y cll lu red, s l10 1vil y d ccora~cd, o.r l:O ll"!Ji l"llUll S p:q•c r . Cultu r n l p eople p: ty li ttle
h eed to tlic c h:111 g ing fa"hio11s 111 ::; t:ttiom·ty.
G LOUC E~T 1rn l'J.A C E, Lo :-; 00:-1,
Ju ly Hi, l ti;;::!.

lf o w do yo n do, anJ Ji.,w do y11u lik1· l he

I n·meinl ie r that wl11· 11 1 ,:aw t he

S<«l?

~··:t ,

it. u,:ed ,:11111eti 111 .. s to !.e \"(•ry
• J;.'.<" I _I".
.\ 11 ,J wl1·,1t a ratt le tl1e w:n es 111:ule wi t h tl1 e
ftt".'" and ft•
8l0 1h ::-:, wli l' ll I livy wc r,· ro11;_!;l1 !
I (an~ .\· 1111 l w1· t 1 l 1:\I l 11· n ~ _n:'.. 111 1111' :--1·a, and wt ·re .r1111 afraid'!
wa~, t ln: lir:-; t ti11H'.
01 1. I1•1\\' I "o.,·,·k1·o l ,·111d 'lT1·a1111 al ! or at. lt-a st,
rn l'a nt to se n ~ a 111 ; ln1t tli c :-:cot, ships and all, lw ga 11 tu r11n i11 l o 111 y
mo uth, so L ,1111L up.
\ \" ell , li ow li appy }"It 11111:< t Le ! Cl1ildl101Ju i;; ' ueli a joyou,, 1111.:rry
ti11w . 1 often wi •:J1 r wa,: a l"lt il d :l~:lll).
l'h ·a ~ c gi \'C 111 _\· j11 ,·c

to y ou r 111: l1Ull1:l , and rc 111 c• 111be r rn c a s you r

a tkctio nal e f r it" 11d.

T110MA S H oo n.
l•: LJ. I Sl.ANl), [j All!!ll 8 l ,

1780.

j\{y DEAit Srn, - I was l1alf in tl1 0 11 ~l1t s IH•t to hav() writ.ten to
you at all , hy way , ,f rev1· 11 :;•· fn r th e two l.11 ,i nL"" I.. uers yon ~e n t
me. I wa nlc• I to kno w all abo ut you r publi1.: ati o11 s - yo ur new~,

I G3

your h opr~, frar s, Cl<.:. 1 in 1·n111me1w i11 ;_: poet 111 prin t. Jn >hnrt , I
wan ted y uu to wri t" to I: ouit t lik e l1i s old a l" q11ai11 ta 11 ee Dav ie. a nd
11<ot i11 lh l' ~ly l 1· o f 1'1r. Tar1' t <1 :I Tr. 'l"re t, '" ti""" : ' ~Ir. 'frv t. - Sir, - 'l'l1i :-: cu 111e~ lu :td \' j ~l' yuu 1l 1<1L llftt•1·11 1,:1rrt·ls
uf 1it·rrin ;.. :, s were. Uy tl1 t• l1l1·s:--i 1J g uf C ud , :-- l1 ip p vd :- . :1L· 11 11 l1o; u·d du:
L un:ly Ja11d , l-\.V .L' ., U11111":t ll ;\l a<·L,.,.ri<:, n1a ,tc1·. L"ll".'
t' 1J111111t~ l1 ced JJ 1arri1 ·d 111 a 11 · - :-.11 11 111cl1 1! 11· l.l' l l t.: J'.
~y11 .. il· S :tre j t· alo11 ."'i H f 11 1y l11 ck , 11 111 !lu ._, .
art· a .:.::oud deal :-o: l1yl'r ~int'e 1 cu~dd h11a:-t 1!1 1· i11q111rt;1n! r vla t io11 i,f
I

I

l1 l' :t1' y u11 l 1an·

k111J\\' 11 0 1 wl1e l l1t.: r tin! n i11e

lu1 ,!ta 11d.
I l1a\·l.' ~ot a lJ(llli (·leren :-H1b:.;1Tihers fo r y u11r h 111 k .

. ~I ,· b est

<:011111li uu:1tl8 tu :\[rs. Si lia r, and iil"licH· lll L" t" loe. 1k ar l l:t1 il" ,
I ·~ , er yo ur ;-;,

l'18A, Novl·1n !J1...r :l~, 1 8 ~ 1.
DEAH

Sir: , - I Sl' n1! y o1 1 tl 1e (•l cgy on poo r l\ t·:tt> - a11d I wi'h it

we re better wort h yo11r :u-e" pta111·1·. Yun will 'l·e, !ty t ltl" prl'fac-e,
that, it was writ.te n before T <.: 01dd o ut a i11 any part ic ula r acC•Oll ll l of
Iii .< hsl lllfilll•·nt'; all tl1:it l '1ill knuw , wa,; 1·.,1111111111 i1 ·:tt<.:d tu Ill\' l1y
a fr i,·n d wh o ltad dcrin·ol Iii' infu rn1ati 1111 fru lll l"ul•Jll•·I l-"i11 d 1; I ltavc
\"\ •!llllrl"d tu cx pre,;,, a s I r.. 11, 1! 1c r c> pecl. a11d ad 111 ira1iun wlti!" lt !J Ul ff
(" C111d 11L"t towa rds l1i111 d~rn : u1d~ .
I JJ spite uf

Iii;-; lra11 s1·l·1 11li ·n1 ~t· 1 1 i11 !-', l\ c :ll s 111 · \ ·1· 1· w a ..: , 11nr t•\' 4'1" will
1l 1e Io ta! 11 e~ l ec t aud ul •.:-c11 ri1 y i11 wl1 i·· h tl1c

lw , a l'"l'1da r 111w l; a11d

a !-' lo11i :-: l1i11 ~ r ern nant!-1 o f hi s 11 ti11tl st ill li t· , wa:; l1ardl y 111 l,c d i..:"'jJ,a l 1·d

L_,. a writer who, howe ver h<' may <liff.. ,. frum K1 ·als i11 11111rr· in1ror-t:u 1t •111a litic,. at leas! r c~e ml,Je s l1i111 in that accidental <JIH', 1\ wa11t
(If l'"l' 11 lari1 ." ·
I ltan• l ittle ho pr . t he refore, t hat 1hc JlOl' lll r ~end yon will t~xeile
""" a lkn ti o n. 11 01" du I f1·el a" urcd tli:d a .- r iti1·al 11o11i1·,· of hi ' .vr iti11 .~~ wonld find a. :-:ingle r ead er. But for t l1 c !-'<' '·011 ~ idt · ratio 1 1 :-: . ii ha·J
Ll· c n my intt.:nli'J ll I O J1an· l'(.!lccled t l u; r l' 111na nt ... of Jii ~ to1111H•~ i1 i on",
a nd tu liav c p11hli~ltcd tliem with a lif1· a11<l 1-ri1i1.: i>111. Il a" lie Id &
any pCH... ms 01· wri t i11~s of w h at~oc,· cr kind , and in whd st' 111·~~1·~ si qn
arc they? Per haps you would obli~c me by in fo rm at io n on tlti~
po int.

c

ENGLISH

164

LETTER-WRITING.

CO:l!l'O~lTlO~.

Jll:tny thanks f11r the picture you pnmii sl'd m e : l shall cons itlcr it

165

sc 1·i11 ·-!" y u 11 , and uf t'1Jlt iva t i11~ an :tl'tl11ain1a1u· c i1110 :-.u 1u e 1l1i11~ }Jil':1s·

all my iil'art). y o n mu st not for;;c t that I boast mys"lf a C owpr·r t•10,
and ha,· l~ Ill)" hu1nors and f::tnl'i es ancl purpo:-:es and dt·tcnnin:ttit•ll",
as well as utl1ers of mv nanw , and 11<,ld them as fa st " ·' tl1 e,· """·
J'rm i1 1d c .. d tell me b; w <•ft"n I , hall sec yo11 when·'" '" COlil;. ! A
pretty 'J ory, trnly I 1 :l!Jl a he Co wpc ·r, lll)' dear, and .. lai11 1 tl1t· pr i1·ilr·g-<'' that lH' l1ong to lil,v !lobk- ~e x. But tii l'.'<" 11latt c rs , Jial l lie " ' 111,.,J,

:int, lw .~ 11n 11ndt·r :-; 1w h 111\'lanclioly a11 :-: l'icc:-:.

U::-i 111y cu u ~ in A~amcrn111111 11 :; cd tn say, at a ll H>re convt•nienl ti11H· .

alllon~ th e rnu :-;I s:H'l'l'd rd ic.;,; of 1l1e pa ;-;t.

F ur n1y 1.:11·t., I lit tk <'Xj>•Tt ed, wlu·n J las t""" Keats at. my frient.!
L ci;.:; h llu nL '>, tli:it l shonld snrvivl' hi111.
Sl11•11ld ."'" ' e ier

Aec·•·11t
l1l' li1·Vt.!

lll )'

1

!"'"

1111·011.~ h l'i "t, l ]" '!'''to 11:11·1· tl 1c 1•kasurc of

de;u · ~ir, tl1 e. a:-:s 11ra1H't':'i u f

:, i11 cl' re e :-.. ltTlll,

111y

::ual

Ille,

'l'Jic ;.:ra :-:s beg in s to g row. and the Jca\'es
is preparing lo be ltcautiful again;!. you eo 111 e .

J)" ~ · 0 11 know Leigh
C\'<!l')'

1lun t?

1n:.\ ''

J expect hi111 :u1d l1is fa 111 ily here

;\ pri l 24, 1780.

Cnz,

yo11 li :Ln;

lnT n

JWll'l'

tl1an

0111·(:

a jli Ct'e of }!~ HJd

c 1"J 1111 :-1 1·l.

my

('1111.... in:

i11 eu1npa.ny on

e11g-a g 1·d

:--1•

tl1 e writin g; d :1y , Liiat. l li:t1"<· had :t 11 a rr1ow c't apl'.

l.l'L me g ive you

fn ll 1tw my !;1111l;d1l'-: ex amplc-

wr i tt~ wlli'11 yo 11 c.:a 11; 1a k1.· Ti1 11 l''l" f"n·l1wk in one l1 a 11d and a pen in

tlH· othc1

and ~o 111ak•· ~ ur c of y1 ,11r •'f'l'or t11 11i 1y.

It. i' we ll f1J r 111 c th at y u 11 wri te f:1' ll'r tl1:111 :111 y l1ody, a111l more in
an h u 11 r tli:rn otlwr 1•c11ple in t.wo, el~1· I kn .. w 1111L what. would bocu111t~ of 111e.
\\' !11·11 I rl' a d yo11r let ti·r' I hl'ar y011 talk , and 1 love
tal k in;,! le tters d1 ..ll'h·. <'"l ""·i:tl ly frn111 you .
\\' ell ! tl1 c n1iddl e (J f .J111h· wi ll 11 0! '"' :ilw:i:·" a tliou ,anil yc:irs off;

and

EXERCISES .

1. ·write the following :1S headings Jll'Operly arranged: -

Y o11r lett e r s arc " ' 1rn1cli "'·'· ""111f., rt , that T often
tn·n1hl c 1.-,; t i._,. ""." :\('l' id e nL I ,i.,11 .td !)(' di sapp1J i11L<·d; and the more
be1·;u1se

\\' . C o w1·1·: 1c

I\. S11J.:l.l.EY.

tl:l\· .
Ot.NEY,

l\l y

l111d. ;u1 d t·,·e r_, 1J,iu~
Adi1 ·11 . " '." 1!.-ar (_-.,,,.

E\'Cr yours,

Y o11 r rnos t s in"'.·n· and faitlif11l se n:uit·,
l 'EH<'Y

to

w11en iL

('tJlllL':O-:

care :i. fart1ii11 ~ 1lll'J1

Hy tlie way, yon

I
if

~l1all l1 v:1r
y11 11

yn11.

and

~t · t·

yo11

tno, and :--hall not

d11 11nt lo11l' l1 a pt•n in a in ontli.

11111 ~t t.: i1liv r :-: 1·nd 11w or

brin g-

111e

some more pit·

J>Cr; for hd11re till' 1no " "' ,Ji:dl 11a Yl' p1Tft1rnll'd a few more rcvolu·
ti ou' l sl 1:dl 1101 h a1'\' " >t'l' :tl' ll'ft -- an d ted iou s rt:volnlions they are
jus t now , t11at, i:-: (" e rta i n.

l .~in~ ) " "' ll'an· tu 1,,,. a s i• L'l"<'l 11}'t o r y as .'"'" ple rise, espec ially at. a
<li , t.an c e; li11t wh C'n )""' "a.1· _n>11 arc a Cu wper ( and t lie better il is
fur the Cowpers t hat such yon a rl', a nd l ;;ive thelll joy of you, with

( l) 1 ~8'.l, Ma ss ., i\lay 20, Bo:< ton.
(:!) Dl'('c 1nl H·r 21, Cl'ntral I I i;.:; li ::;!'1 10111, C'kn·land , Ol1io, '. R::; G.
(:!) I a1n in New York, 7;J.J Brna.dway, 11'!)0, ,\ pril 3.
( 4) With an un1·l e wl1r) lil'eS in Fairfield C'o., Hidg dit·ld,
Cu nn., 18H!">, N1w. JG.
( ,'; ) Burlington, IHHo, \ 'cr111011t, (P. 0. ilox ()(;11), Jnly 2:;.

2. " ' rite the v:i.riot1R :i.cldn'SS(·s, ":dtt!:1tio11,., :,11.1 cou clus iou::; that rnight l.ic u,,;ctl iu writing to ( i) Yo11r ' i ~t .. r; yn11r lirnt lwr; yo111· l'Oll,in.
A pli y~ it'ia11 ; y11ur lt ·:u: lter ; an i111i111alt· frit'nd.
(:{) A <'kr)..'._nn:rn; a. l:i1n"t.· r; tl1e lll<'llllil'r of ( ',,11 ;..:n·;o.' from
yunr di't ri"t ; t 111' S1qll'rint,·nd1·nt t.•f l'inl'innat i s<"l1uvl' .
th e puLl i, ]1,·rs uf this L1uok.
(:?)

3. ·write superscriptions, or env elope :1tldrcsses, to the
foll o "·ing: -

(I)

'' {our

modic l' ; yo11r sist·(lr; ~n11H~ ··l:1:-:~n1:1f1·; a. fri v nd in

St. Lo ui s, i11 care vf a pe rson whose ]'tdt-otli"" bo x

i" :wo .
(2) The <i OH'l'll o r of .'"" 'r Stal e; a llo..iur o[ Di1·ini1y wll!J
livl' s in RuL"he , ter, X. Y., at (i .J Elm ~treet.

IGG

E:\ GLISH CO ::'>f POSITION.

LETTEH-WHITING.

( 3) l\!i s~ C lara Hoi.;<·r~ , wltw;e post-otlice box is 206.
[i,·cs in X c w Lontlu 11 ,
nn.

She

c..

(.J) Tl 1l' wift· ;,f l: ev. ,\. C. Wlii ll", wlto lives in Fostoria,
l'o:<l< •ria i:i in ~ t'lll" t" a Cu un l 1".

< Jl1io.

·I. Ch:ln ge tl1 esc formal notes into info nn al ones, 11lling in
tl1l' I d : u1k~ : l>r.

an<l

(I)
",.,, - - prc·;.c nl

tlwir c 11111pl i 11!t.'rits

f1 )

J\1r.

and

J\I r :' . - - . a11 d r1 ·1111c»I tl11 · pl ca:'ure (, f 1h1._·ir t'c Jn q ,;111y 0 11 .:\l unday
('.\' Clliu;.;, t lie I Htl1 i11 :st.
7

(I) .·I /1 : I ccrplunce.
>fr. a11d i\lr:<. - - act·ept with
)'kas11rc 1l1c l'"lil c i11l'ilation of
J >i·. a 11 tl ,\Jr,;. - - fo r the I 0th
iu,t..

6. 'Vri tc a receipt to Louis F. Kiesewetter, for :B'.lG, in
partial payme11l of acco unt.
7. \\"rite lo Monroe :111d J lenry, merchants, of Ci111 ·i11 11 :tti,
l -10 H:tce Street, for :t sit u~1tio11. Stale that yu11 ,.;all' t li· ·ir
ad ve rti ,.; trn e nt in the ' C :tzd t.L·.' l\le11 t io11 yo11r :1 g ,., 1·,,11 r
experic:111·e as s al es man or i>uuk-kcr·pl' r, a11d :t ~,.; ur,· tl11·111 .. :·
you r }'llrpo sc Lo gi\'() satist'a.ctiun . Hd\~ r t !11 · 111 1,., ~0111v n ·lial,J,. i" ' rson or firm for :t l <·~ti 111 0 11i:il r e,.;peding your :tl •ility

uutl d1:Lr:u::te r .

8. ·\\rritc answers to tlic follo wiug: -

40 llamill un ,\vc.,

P" arl ::-;trec t,

1G7

.July 5 .

BALTIMOHE ,

,J1dy J.

.June
( :.! )

>fr. - - Jll'l'$t'n l' !t is rc.'p rc t ~
to 1Ji,. He L D r . - -, and soli cii::
tl1e J>lea s 111 ·,) of ltis t"Olll!'any at
<linncr on Tlt111·:« l:i_,. next , at si x
o\·lo•·k.

No. l s ll<•rk"1,.,. Sr 1uar!'.
(~)

J\lr. - - pr<· s1·11I ' Iii ~ r•r1 111 pli11w 11 !...; lt .\Ji :-. .. : - -. ;111d !11 •_::;-; that
1

111;1 y

111· :dl1.w+·d

f11 - 11 11 11Tdw t·\· t •n i 11 g

l 'lll.'

of

to \\'; ti l w 1

lwr

t0 tl 1e .\1·ad-

:\I11 :-- i1·.

fro111 ac•·,·p 1i11g J\lr. --'s kind
i11\'itation to dinn e r for Thursday next.
A II St111ls' H cctory,
,foh· I 2.

,)111'· JO.

lit·

U) .'I R1!gret.
Dr. - - r<' i;r t,l s tltat illness
in lii s farnily will prevent him

DEAn R us,; icLL:

T lt aw' a ldl<'r from )'<• Ill' faLltt•r, '"kingwltdh cr T ea n ma ke r o.,n1 fo r yo11 in 111y b11si11e' " linl'. Hd orc J
an~w1•r lii1n, I slwul<l like to ]i;l\'l' yn11r own id e as "ll tli c "" •j <Tl.
Tell 111e wl1at. .'."" h:l\'4! lcal'1wd , and wliat killll t1f wurk .""" tl1ink
your,;"lf Ii i f.,,., I ;'11u ultl like to k11uw in p:trticul:i" wlll'th e r ."""arc
qu ick :ii fi;.!Llrl':-; , ;ind w1ictl1l'r y <•ll know a11ythin~ of i1uuk -kt·t·pi11g-.
I n111St t.-11 y on 11hinly tl1at. if}" " want what is •·:illed an l''"·'· l.crtli,
y o11 had l1clt e r

(:!) A l.'1•r1re/.
J\li ,;,. - - lw g s to tha nk !i!fr.
- - fqr Iii :-; irivilatitJll fur to11111rrow t·\· t· nin ~ . :ind rf·gre ts that
:t prf·rin 11~ en~·;1 g-t·rr1 c nt

l\J \"

will

1H1 t

t·ornv 111..•rl'.

Jf

yu u d1• cvrne t o lilt: , yvu 111 11:-- t 11rake

"I' )'""r 111i11d I" li:l\·c Ii:. rd "" 'rk , a11d plen ty of it ; a11d . J, ., 11 1e l<'ll
y1111 ,

y u11

w1111'1

lw a wo1· :-: 1· 111:u1

Y1111 nLay l.1e ~ 11re I 'll

du all I

i'111 ·

Ilia.I

wl1t·11

1·a11 f11r yn11 ,

yon g- r11w rip.

111 y

IJ11.r, fur y1nir p;1n: ut..;'

,;ake.

pre~

Your affcdioua lc 11111.: k,

n.~ n! ih: r fru111 acc1.·pt,ing iL.

.A 11 ~ 11 . .; t I.

l'\'ln.,
l t-<85 .

l ~~ ,

C HAS.

E.

K11.l\"l "lt'>l·: .

,\" :!"" I I.

HO CK""'"'· I I.I •. ,
.Jt111<· :!:; , l~ bO.

!"J. \\rrite prolllissory notes p:1yal il e lo (I) .Jani e~ E. Tl1"lll1' >0 n. i11 tltr1·e mo nth s, for $ 100, with
i111 l'l'1· ~ t.

(:?) 011 rl< ·111:1nd . Tlur~n· .T. \rliita• ·rc, fur $225 1~, without
in tcre:' I.

:\IY

PEAlt

Jh:Ll':N:

I ;11n ~ l ad tl1c s:prin~ wea tlit·r lia s t•nn11· :i ~a in.
I ,l1•nild likt· I" k11uw how tltl· t'tllllllry is J., okin~. ; \re lli l' 'llOW ·
drops all ;..;•,nc? \rliat crup is growing in 11"' l':t:'t li"l d ., It

}

1

168

LETTER-WRITING.

ENGLISH CO:\l l'OSIT10N.

(f> )
(From a girl, spending her lwlidays with a schon/11111te '" tlie
cou11try, to her sister at home.)

was clover last year. Do you rc·m cmber the fun we had when it
was c11t "?
ll ow arc all in:· old fr iemb, - l\lamie F ern' ll, Cura Gale, and
Edith Garber? Tell me all about them wh en you write .
Your lovin g fri end.

To

A J.I C E

Outline. - The fannh ouse - the view fr""' it - th l' 11 t:igliUu ring Yilla.:;c - a. ClHlnlry walk --- :;athc rin~ bl:u·kl1l'rri1..'.S
- nutt in b in the woods - the c \' 1..· 11i11 ~ - t 11 ~ famil y :-it ting'
around the fire, readin g, work in ~, and pl ayi u ~ 1p.1iet ga ml '!".

llEA Cll.

H elen l.Pm ert.

(G)

!l. ·wri te lette rs from t h e fol lowiu g outliues : -

(Fm111 a girl to a yrr1cer, nrd1'ri119 goo1!.<. )

( I)
(Fr om a &oy lo !tis teaclier, tell i11g lt im tliat he has .< ecured a
sit11(1(io11.)

Outline. - \\' rite by mollier' s d1·:;irc- j1lea>c ~e ncl 2 Iii" t('a
- .\lbs. suga r - 7 11•"- ri l'e - :I llis. L11tter - last tt-a sen t
was not gornl - 111utlw r will pay more to have it bctter sc nJ IJill wi t h gooJs.

Outline. - (;lac] to ll·ll ." 011 1 have got the place I applied for
- tha~ k yo u fo r th e lh' lp yo u kinclly gave mi•_ ~ li o u li l
han' li ked to rema in lo u ~t:r at se hool, lrnt mothl· r needs
Ill." help - gl ad to lie al,le to help h" r - very rq·ateful for
all your kinclne''·
"

( 7)
( F roo1 tl1c same.)

Outline. - Goods r('c1·ivcd, but bill not. cnclo~t'd - mot.hrr
wi shes to know till' eost of the tc·a, as ~l 1t• lik es to settle
lwr accounts at once - please send it by mail.

(Z)

( From a girl rlec/ini7lg rm int>ilation .)
Outline. - Th·tn
· ··1t,\t10n
· · - 'orr v cannot come
• ks for k"in cl 111\
-mot her from hn1111·-m t"t stay ancl t;;k e charge of
bahy - shall let y ou kn ow, when motlier n.: t urn ~ .
(:~ )

(From a girl lo ~1e1 · •(i"
' · del1cercd
·
11 r 11• / , rt 1·trr 11nr111g
a message
;;,,. her.)
·

Outline. - IJot,·c 1.1'1•11 in f1nrn all clay - c-;ill1•cl ancl left. you r
parn ·l - th e .'In·'' will lw 'l' lll .""u wi th in ti·n days _
l\lar)· B - - ' ,' 1w11·1··1
.
''· I --- .in t l ' lli I '' ' (':\ II 011 Iu·r l o-rn orrow
-

1p1itc wv ;iried w ith

:--q 111 11t lt

wal king -

bl'st r q~a rd

( 1)
(From a hoy, s; >enrli11q Iii.< 710/ido!/S nt tli e sea-s ide, lo lti.< elder
l1rot/11.,. i11 th e cit!J.)

Outline. - Arri,·;t] - ~cttli11gd1. w11 in lodgi ng,; - fir ,;t<l:t1·on
tlie bl'ac11 - ~L·a-ba tl 1i11 g- J,oa1i 11 g - li:;hing-gam e; on
th e sa 111b - a , t.,rm - a ,!i ip i11 Jangc r.

169

10. '\' rite to th e p ubli sh r rs o f t hi s b ook , nsking to haY e
ro py o f it s e nt to an a cquai11 t:i. n cc wh o h as ask c1] _you to
b uy a copy fo r him. 'Vritc as if you w ere to c u clor;c

::i.

pay m e nt.
11. ~UJ'J'OSC yon ha1·c tro ul,J c with you r l')'<' S or h c:ul. a nd
wi ,.: h 1o d ro p o n e o f your stucli c>l fo r a ti111e. " ' rite t o son ic
rn e rnlie l· o( t he F:tc ul ty o r to tl1 e Stqwri11tc11d t· 11t , maki 11 g t11c
r cq u1·st, g i1·inf! yo ur reaso n s, aml rdl• rrin g to a ph ys ic i:rn.
J :2. Fr:rnk K e rsh :tw, "·]w,_,. resid en ce is .\ ;>O E:1st Town
.'3t re1·t, Col11111l •us, Oh io , c 11 i.:lo:;es t wo d o ll:m; to D. L otl 1rup
& Co., l'u l oJi:.;h c rs of '\\' ill e A 1r ake.' Hos ton , i\l:tss., ns th e:
1ml 1:-c rip t io n pri ce of that rnagrtz inc for a y e ar. \Vri t.e hi s
lette r.

170

ENGLI:::iII CO .\ll'OSITIUN.

CHAPTER XVI.
ESSA Y-WHJTING.

Description i;o; the \' Cr bal rqm•sc nh tion of ti.
h
· 1
··
•
n n"S to t e
1t does by wo rd s wh at the •ti·t·ist tlocs Lo
· .
. _
· ··
y correct
tl111cs, lJy. t he
' .tn(
. 1 co lOJ'
o 11 Tl
. ski lful use of Jio-ht
,.., ) .s h·tfl
. c,
lC descnpt1011 of ::t !:O ll'll, for inst:i.ncc, wo11Jtl ernlJrac~ : lllllH ·

] . Situation - in 'rl1 at co 1111 ty and S t:itc, wl1 cLl1 er inla nd o1'. o n tl1c coast , ou :t lake o r o u a riv er.
2. Surro undings .
3. Size a nd form.
4 . Streets -

5.

G.
7·

quali ty :tnd di rc c:tio11, prin cipal m ean s of
app roael 1 :111d tr:u1:-<1'ortatio 11 .
Btu·1d·rngs
.
·
:i nd public works-fn c;to ri cs, clwcll i1J<YS
cli'.1 rvl 1r :-<, sc·lino~s, lilor:uy, co 11rt-lto11 sc, jJO~~
ofl'.t'(', p:1 rks, I on dg\·s , rn o n u meu ts, etc.
Le!!-dmg industries .
General character of the people.

lie ].1~iic d escripti on of a S t:itc o r co11 nt ry t he order shonld
1

2.

Situation and con t our-pos ition relative t, t he
0
wlwle rrg- ion , tli rl'etio n in wlu clt it extends,
l1011111l:1ric•s .

s·ize -:--a re a

(o r i •·11 .~f1 1 and lor.: :Hlt li )' popnlntion.
.'l. Phy. s1cal features - c·11:1;; t ' s1 11·1·.· 1te, rnuuutaiu::i,
l'll'<'I':-<, laid ·:-<, •·li111:lf f-, ;;oi l.
4 . P roducts - :u1i111:tl , \"t'gL·ta l1le, min eral.

ESSA Y-\VHlT!NG.

171

fJ . Towns- 111o><L i11111ort :1111, !'o r " ·li:1 t 1101\'<L
G. Occupations - in p:1.r(i (·1il:1r those n ·l:tting to Ilic
m:rnufact11rc:-< , i11q io rt.;, 1·xport><.
7. People-race , na ti0 11aiity, i11Lclli geun-, '"l11 \': Ltiu11,
fL~!ig i <J 11 , go ,·e1· 11 111 t ~ 11 t.

In d csc:rilJin g liuiltlin gs , tli,, Jo .. ation, t,Ji,, i1 11 pn·,.::; i1i11 of
beauty or tiH; rcn·rsr', of l1ea1·i uc:-<s or liglit1 11 ·:-<:-<, of di111t ·11 sio 11 ,; :t ncl gc ner:d app car:rncc , date uf c..:om;t n1 dio11 , tlil·
material :1ml 1::i1 .ylc of arcliit"dun·, ,y o 11 h1 g il"c 11i,~ g Pn, ·r:d
idea. This may lie lill l'd in wi t.Ii dl'tail, -· :t:-< kin d alltl u111nbcr of wi11do 11·,;, ,1oor11·ay><, phn an d fi 1ii::;il of i1 1tcri 0r, l'O llvcni e ncc a 11c1 s uit:-.J.lencsf!. Tile d t:scriptio n 111i g li t c01H;iude
with the f e1.:li11y:; or njlec:liu;is exl'itecl l•y a \'Ull s ick r: 1tiu 11 of
the wl1 olc .
Th e desc riptio n of a plaut 111 :ty follo w the o rtl 1•r uf -

1. W here found, how discovered - nat in· ur 11a t11ra lizctl , wiltl 0 r c..: 11l tiv at.eLL
2 . Genera l appearance - root, I' te rn (o r t run k), li:tr k,
l.Jr:UJl'ilt•S, lC:l.VCS, fl o wers :lLld fruit , Si l:t]' c, ,.;izc,
and color of pa rts.
3 . Method of propagating.
4 . Uses - for fo od , 11H·11i cin c, c..: lotli ing , b11ildi 11g, ct<>.
5 . Evidences of desi g n - t il e :Hl:1pt:ltiun of 111 ca11" to
ends as shown iu its strn l'turc .
Jn dc scr ili in g :rn anim al , t ltc ord er may be : --

1. Class o r genus to whi c h it bel o ngs - l':trni1·unJ 11s
or hc rl oiYorous, for exampl e; C..: l• l11j1 :lrc wili1
otJ1 cr oujcc;ts o f t he same l'lass 0 1' gC Ul\ JS ,
2 Size, shape, au d color.
:3. Where found .
4 . Parts - head, nec k, }Jody, legs, fe et.

':'· .

172

ENGLISH CO:'IIPOSITION.
ESSAY-WIUTING .

5.
G.
7.
8.

Food.
Habits.
Character-dispos ition, strength, agility, etc.
Uses (if any).

T11 (lesnilJi ng persons, what strikes the mind at sight
sl 1011ld bl! prcscutcd iirst. Thus, the points first noticed
in :t str:rn ge r arc his height and build, tall and slender, or
s l1ort :tutl thick-set; hi s features, wh ether regular or nqni·
line; liis mouth, hair, am1 eyes; his complexion, fair, florid,
or dark; bis manner, self-possessed or nervous and ill nt
ease ; llis voice, harsh or 11111,;ic:tl ; his dress, ueat or careless.
To these would ue added , 0 11 s ullici ently cloRc acquaintance
liis characteristics - di:-<position, hal1its, peculiarities, abili:
tics, reputation, etc.
!~earn all yon

hy obsc1Ta1 ion, hy r eading, and by in·
qn1ry, about the oiijl!ct to lJc drsc rihed.
Arr:i.ng-c yo ur ma te rial acconling to one of the plans or
out.lin es g iven.
Let eve ry sentence be carefull y tho ug ht out before it is
wri tten.
l'11t separate t0pi1·s in sep:1ratc par:1~r:tphs.
l\f:tke fn:q11ent u:-;c of _yo11r di ctionary .
(':tll

Narrative is an orderly and couuected accouut of an event
o r <•f :l s uccessio n of c \·e n ts .
The p:trt icnhr;.; eml1r: l<'rd in t hr• :tC"COunt of an event wil!
ge ne rally re rcr to t.h c follllwi11g heads: 1. The eHnt ihl'lf.
2. The persons
:·l. Tlil! time.

•J .

Tlir~

or iu strume nts coue:crnl!J.

pl:l('C.

fJ . Tl1 e rn:i111H•r :rntl acr0 mp:u1yi11::! c irc11mstanees.

G. Hc tlcctious 011 tlic <:a uses

:tU\l

consequences.

173

Not all of these parti culars , of counic , apply to every eveut.
Tlle order , also, is Y:tri:tbl e.
An atconnt of the successive cn:nts in :t man's or worn~111's
life is biography. lt rnay tomprisc: 1 . Description -

l1rid gencr:ll statement of 1•ositi 1 >n
aml ch:1 r:w tcr.
2. Birth and early life -- ti111 c aml pl:H.:C of birth;
parentage; the s11rro11uL1 i11gs of cltildhuod;
~rn cetl otes .

3. Education ( :111\1 perhaps choice of vocation) :;cl1ool, university, o r other place of' etl11c:\tion;
comp:11Jions; iullul'11 ces lic:tri11 g 011 Ll1e rnin.J;
considerations leading to t lte cltoicc of \·ocation.
4. Career - ditTc reut f'tage::; and :i.ppoi ntnwnts; \!\'l!nts
in pu lilic life; eh:1r:1cteri,;ti e l:tl•or,;; e\·ents in
pri Yate lire; fri cmbhiL'"; work:;, etc.
5. Death - its cause and :1 cco111pauyi11g eirc11mstances ; age ; lJ11rial.
G. Character - e:-<ti mate of, in detail; Ll1c les:;u11::; of
the lire.
Or this ma y serve as an outline : 1. Description.

2. Narrative, inclnding (1) Parentage.
(2) Birth.
(3) Ed11e:1tion .
( -1) E \·ents of life.
( r>) Death.
3. Character.
4. Influence.

;-

'.

l'i -1

E:\G LISH

,\11 :1ceo11 u t of t he s 11 cc c~s iy c iueidcnts of an e ,·c nt in the
Jire uf :l !WO['l l' , 01' of tile le:td iug en; ut:; Of a perio tl, is history . .l L s hu1ild c.:u1 1si s t vf -

1. Introduction- siµ-nifirnn ee or i111 po rt a11 ce of the
·)

sul>j cl:L; 1·0 1111 ce tiuu wi Llt lite 1·11 1Te 11 t u J' hi story.
Cause vr origin.

3. Time :i nd place.
-1. Principal actors,

:11Hl

th e ir r E'lat ion s to one an-

o th e r.

fJ . D etai ls, m c n t io n e<l i11 the onkr· ur t lt c ir o cc nrrcnce.

G. Effect o r res ult.
7. Conclu sion - r e tl cc-tio u ,, o n th (• nature and consequcn e r,; of th e C\·rnt. as :l w hole.
\ Vh c n t lt c f: 1ds :uc n ot d eri n ' d J'rom p e rsonal ohse rv ation,
'.UHl 111:li; c 11otl•s .
From y o 11r note,;, sl'lcet th e po in ts
w o r t hi1~ st u r a tl !'11t ion. an<l arr:rn g c tlt c 111 ll"itl1 m o re or less
eo 11 ro r111it y lo on e or t he s eh(' 1n e,; su ggp,.;ll'<l. (:11ard, ltowe r l·1·, :1g:1i11st 1·o py in )-( sl:t 1·is lily.

r earl,

::\ o k 1. lt c !'l:t e l' 'l 11·11<' 1'<' d1~sc ription :rnd r e fl ec tion may be
i11t.1"IJ•l1 1"1' rl :1< l\·:11 1l.:1,!.!;1 ·01 1s ly .
l ' ul1· ss log ic·al s1•q1 1.. 11 c c r r q uir<'s R0111 c otltcr JlH·Ll1 011 to be
foll o \\"<'>I, f'<> lirllv th e Ol'(]<' r in wlii1·li th e C\"l'lllS Ol'CllITCd.
J<::L<'i1 "i1'< ·11111sl:lll1·e t li :tt f'orn1s :t di:stin <.: t 1111 iL s ho11 ld occ upy
a s q i:11:1 l 1• p:u:1 ;; r:qd1.
Mak e y o 11r 11:11T: tti1·c :t <·01111 (·<.;trd \\'hole, h11t :l.Yo id s tringin ::; s c nte 1H· cs to g dh c r with ':uid.'

A discursive css:ty t rc:t t >' of some ahs t r:tct s11l1j cd; :1s
]f,,71 !' ,

IVeu ll /1,

ESSA ¥-WHITING.

CO ~ll' OSlTTON.

.Yn1:d-rf'rtrli 11 ~1,

lJ/'r•11111s, f{usll? '/nft,kr s I Vi1.sl f',

e!.c . l t d eal s with pr in <.: iples rath e r titan c rnnts ; it rcllectE
:i nd arg11l'>' ·

175

Di sc m s iYc css:i.ys ::i r e not co 111pose<l :i. cconli11 g to a ny
11 ni!"on n phu. Th e sul•jl·l'ls :ire so vario11s th :tt :.l :;q1:trat..:
;.;clte111 c of topi c s must !>1; prcp:trcd for eae h .
(..'li o c>:iC a s 11l •j c·('t in wl 1i elt you ar c or eau !Jc in tl' resti:d .
'J'fii11k ea n1 estly - tl1ink of as 1I1:1ny tilings as p o;;s ililc t ha t
m :iy l.ic s aid about yo11r s uiJjl' ct, :u1 d p11t y o 11r t l1 0 11 gl it .~ i1 11 llll'(li:1tely upo 11 paper.
· l I:t\·ing e.xlt a 11 s t cd yo u r owu s to c k of ide:ts , r ead wlJa t
oth e r:; li:t \" C said . Note- t ak iug is an im p o r t ant l1 c lp .
('bs s ify t l1 e res ul ts ac co rdin g to a deliuitc t o µ ic al !Jlan,
r c ject iug all id ea s nut iutimatdy toune ctcd witlt tb c s ubj e~·t, and <lispo:;ing tbc r es t in Lbe order o f a eliu1 a x.
Try to find a s uita l1lc topic for the L1·g i11nin g - c:tl'.etl _tJ 1c
introduction ; and fo r th e e 11 di ng- c:il led th e concrns1on.
The interHning rn:Lt.ter is c:il led t.he discussion.
]\fak e judi c io us us e of detail, exa m p lr, and :1 p t quotatiou.
Finally, read diligc r1tly in th e b es t p on ts :lllcl essay is ts ;
rc:td ,;tri.king p:1ssagcs :1g:tin a n<l again, corn11 1it th e hc:o;t t o
me 11 1o ry, :wd note " ·e ll t l1 c 11w t hocls o f i11trotlu ct io11 an d
co 1H']u ,,.iu11.
':\l y 111othc r fo rced me, hy steady rl:tily toil,' s a yR R11 s ki11 ,
•tu h' :u· 11 Imig c ltap t e rs of t he Hil1l c liy h eart; :ts w1·1! :t1< to
r ead it <· ,·cry sy ll :tl >i e t lt roug h, aloud, h:trd 11:u11 rs and a ll ,
from C c~n cs i s t o t he J\ poca lypsc, about o nce :l y ear: anil
to t l1 at disciplin e - pati e n t, a ce11rate :wd r esolute - I O\\'C',
not on ly a knowl edge of t h e book, but rnn c h o f my g c ne r'.d
power of tak ing pain s, and the vest part of 111.'J tnsfe 1.n
Nterrrtur e.'

Th es e directio ns a r c ill11 s tratcd by the fol lowing St' h e nH·s,
hints, and m aterials . L e t the 01 1tlin c s he :unpliti e<l into fi 11j,.:Ji cd ('ssays - s11c h of th e si111 iles, exrim Jilf s,. a111 l '! "' 1 / r rl iu " .~
bt>ing s PIC'cte11 and WO\' CII ·rnto ti tc compo s·1t 1on as C' :tl.l IJe
prolit:i.Lly used.

E~ G LIS!l

17G

17'7
',

ESSAY -W !UT ING

COM !'051TION.

the :;:a me ac ts k :s:-: rn1Jra1 power
( l)

Introduction. -

ll O l'I·: . .

Th e beautiful 11 1y th o( l'anuol'a's box.

Discuss ion. - - O ut o[ l lt·a n·n ' ~ ~ n·:itt·~t huuu:-i lu 111an ~e ffec t
1111 t li e i111a ~ ina ti,) 11 of yu 11tl1 tli1..· artili 1.T I' 1;f ~ rand design:;
;u1d 111igl1 ty ac l 1ie n . : 1111.:11t!'i fp r e\·c ry a;:;e- ils r e lation tu
~ll' ti\'it.'· , pvr;-;1· ,·1.· r:ll ll'\'. p r n ~Tt':':-<- i ts l1c ni g: nant influ C' nce

111 ulliplil·s our j1 ·;·:; !.y :u11i"il'"lio 11 - ll1 e sta r that.
~le arn =' in th e tlarkllt..' !":-i of uii :sfurtun c - t'lie er s <Htd !' 11 st;ti11 :; i11 dan~,·r a11d di ,- lrl';s- ill11 :;in' an1\ i11 s L1bstantial

-

-

ll l'L' •'"""Y 10 be Lalan eed liy l':rnt i1>11.

C o n c lusion . - A L1 ,·ori t1· tl1C·11w of t h·· l"'"I " - l.""wtiJLil irn "~ " ' uf it ; dil'in1· i11il11l'lll'" in l'a111plicll'; • l'l eas ures of
Jl" i"" '

rep t..! titiun uf

a.

vicivu:; ::t.('t, a

tuwanl s uc h l"l'j>e litiun. th e

i :""'

rcq11ire1 1.

tl'nd e ney

f'IJWl'r

l'._r 1he

ts cn·:ui·d

uf th e pa,;;iom ;

1.<

iu crea~ ed , tlie p vwe r to re.s bt i ~ Ji1 ui ni:-;Led.

Con cl us ion . -u. ll abit a po we l' fu r huth :,;uoJ :rnJ .., , il.

b. 'rliis power a wi~e JH'OYis ivu.
c. l111 portan('r uf ;tc•p1irin:,; gooJ h a bit ,; in Parly li f.•.

Ba.I

l1abit s wh e n c·o11lirmed dilli c 1d1. tu co uq ucr.

Similes : 1\ ~ tli e twig- l ~ lH'nl , tlu: tn.> t'

i:-; i11cli111.·d.
c•1:-'i!y lie sh._·p1 wd ;u- r11 :;:-; a t it ~ \\·ell-lh·;ul ,
bc~co llll'S a tni gllly ri\'t,; r on wl 1usc l1osu m a 11a v \· t·an

.A stream that

111:1 y

r epo;e.
('2)

J'O\VEl t CIF I L \BIT.

Introdu ction -

a. !\lau po;;c"c·t.l of tw o nat un·; , t.li1· o ne nativ e, the oth er
ac..:quin..:• I.
/1 . ll aliit (Lal in /,rtl1il11.,). lile rall_r a wa _r ,,f li e in ~ h eir\, or of
l1 nl.Iin~ ont · '~ :-:\·l f; herH ''-' a l'l' l'llWrH.: nt. stale uf rest, or
a 1w n n:ttH'n l f.,rrn of a e li\'ity, rl' al' l1 l'd as the result o(
a ~ ·1i1• t1 n r ;_: rnwtli.

Discuss ion Eff1·1'L (If l'<'IWtit inn o n the will. \V\1at is cu stom ary is
l ik1·d J,..st; and what a p e r ;;o n Ii kc; best lii s ch oice
will in lpl'I l1i1n to d•1.
/,. Eff1 (·t nf n· pt· t it i11 11 ,, n the s1! 11s es. A :-:uq:~e o n's J1l cas 11l'e

! I.

1

i11 n.'.\'o \ti 11 ,~ 01wr: 1l itJ ll :-:; a l1lack:-:1ui 1h':-; in~ e n s ibilit y to

tli l' nui;e "f Ii i, li:n 111 ne r; i11 .\•il :;ence in tol1acco anJ
ti r ink:-:.
c. A1·•1'1i<i1 in11 .,f tlH· 1nr..J,ani('a\ ar t~ .
d . LP: l rnin~ tlH· n1di 11 11.·11 I :-; of t1111:-:i c .
c. :'\h1r:tl n ·l a ti"n s.
By 1lit: l'l' pt•f i t io11 of a rirtuuus act,
n1 oral }Hfl\'l' r i:-; ~; li1H·d; whil e fu r th e p erformance of
:-:I rnn g

l{av irn ·~

arul '~ r:t .!!:-l ;1n · tlw 1·x11r1· ~;-; inn. 1101 ,, f ...:11dd1 ·11
le nn", but o f little l1abiis l'"r ; i:; t1·d i11 l'ontiltllall y .

, · 111-

:Examples :
Th e lu\'e uf bo rn e i;; p<'rhap ~ d11 c t o li a hir 111 uch 111 or.: than
to ii s acco rnrnndat ifln ~.
Pri ... oners ha \'l' of t(·n I11·1·11 kn o wn Io a PJ•I.\· ft 1r n~ ad 111 i~:-1.i1111
lo th e ir sol it a r~· •· ells. A Frc·n .. li <'•Jll!lt. •·1111ti11 ,·d fnr
thirt y yearR in t he, Jh~ til e, 1k..!a1···d , wh l'll lilwrnt,..J i11
1 78'.I, tha t fr(·1·d " "' had 11 0 jo\·:< f,, r I.im. Aft,.r mill !,·
i11q1l oring ag-ain and aga in tu lw Jh' T'lll ittcd ti) r ct un1 ,; ,
hi s dungeo n, h e lin g,•red for s ix wee k:< and pi ned away .
Socrates bred two d ogs. A hnnting-d og h e ke p i, in Iii ,;
kitche n , and a h o use-<log he br,·d t o the c hase . On a
certain day h e s t arted a h a re , and sL't a <li s!t of nH~a t
before the two d ogs, a t t.he same mo111ent; upon whi c h
the h o use-d og purs ued the game, and the huntin g-dog
<p1 ie tly a ttell!le•I to the mess o[ pottage.
A soap-lioil»r, retiri ng on hi s fortune, matle arran ge me nts
wit!t Iii ~ s uecessor to be allowe J to att e nd o n n1<·l t in ~
<lays, long !tabit l1aving r e nlk rnd this offc·n:;ivc p1·oeess
a source of such pl eas ure to him.
12

.,
,I

E SSAY-WRITING.

EN GLISH CO Ml'OS ITIO N.

178

Cu stom in fl ue nces our id"a s of L1·auty anJ taste . Thu s,
t h e lon g shoes, turned up lik e skates a n<l faste ned to
the knee, <lu r in g th e co n~ ests o f the York and L a nrast<·r fac ti o ns -- t lw broaJ tre nch ers w o rn upon the
f,·d in the reig n of I h:11ry VI 11 - the ,patchwor k fo ppt· r y in the n·i ~ n of llic h :trtl II - th <J steeple caps and
rid ic ul ous sl<Jeves in th e re i ~ n of E dward lV, and tho
fri;:ht ful cost u1 11c uf th e l:t,;t n ·nt.ury , would now be
t ho ug h t prcpustt-ruus; Lu t o ur p resent sty le of d rC88
w o uld h :He "l' l' '-'"red e1111ally ridic ul o u8, wl1c11 those
fa shio n s prc vai k d.

Quotations : --

BA C01'.

Prov . xxii, G.
P itl'h 11pon that <·011 r '<· of l if" whi l' h i> m ost. excell e nt , a nd
hal•it w ill n : nd c r ii the m ost a grecaLle . - I'Y T H AGO lt A ~ -

Then· i' no t.rn st ing Io t h e frn'C ·e <,f n a t 111·<' no r t·o tl1 e bra,., ... _,. of w. mls. excPpt. it J,e c•ll'l'1lbor :ttcd by h abit. -

J\ l ,\ C lllA \' E l. .
T o a fo nd p:Lr<' ll t tha t wo11 ld 11111, l1a ve Iii ,; .. liil<l eorrec tctl
for a p c n 't•r :-:e l ri t·k , lint vxc u :-:~· d it, ~ayin,!! it w as a.' small
111 :i t te r,' Solo n ""l'Y """ " l'<' J•li L· d, ' J\ y, liut custom is a
~r e al <'J ll l' l ' - L1><'K I·: .
Viel' i,; a mo1"tcr nf f'O fri~l it fii l m i"" ·
A ~ . In l1l' ha tv d , n<:t•d,; li11t t o 11<' S!:(' ll;
Ye t. ·'L'''n too oft, f:11 11 ili:i1· with l1 " r face,
" ' " fir ,;t l'IH\11 1·,., tl11·11 pity , tlw11 l'l 11 l iraec. -

(:1) IDL ENESS 1S TUE IHJS T O F T H E lllll\"D.

Introduction. - As ir" n i' d1 ·st r oy " d J,y
w a >l cd a nd l'lJITUJlll'l i by idle nes,; .

ru ~ t,

su th e 1l!i11d is

Discussion : -

A II habits gat her by un see n <l l'g1·ces. - D RYD E N .
Natu r e is a kin d o f sch oohn ast c r ; c ustom , a magistrate.
-

Custom is a viuh ·n t an Ll treach c ro t1 8 sc hoolmaste r . Slie, by
littl e and li ttl e , sly ly and UllJ•c rce ir cd, slip s i11 tl1 e iuot
of au t ho ri ty , b ut, li:L1·in g Ly t hi ;; ~e 11t lc a nd li um bl" li1:g i11ni11 µ:, wi t h th e aid uf t iru,., fi xed a nd estalil i8hed it,
sli e the n 11n1uasks a fu rious an ll ty ra 11 11ic countenanc1:,
again !'i t wLil' h w e 11a \' c nn JJt O r c t he C 1) 1tr; 1;..:-e 11 o r the
p o we r so muc h as to lif t up o ur eyes. - l\ l o :> TAl l• :> E.

The iJ I., mind n o t o nly acqu in'' no fre,]1 accc,s io n s of kn o wled ge, it c v<· n fo r~e l ~ wl1 a l i L on t'e kn e w .
Th e iJl e, lw i11 g w ea 1·y .,f d o in l! 11 o thi ng. seek t.u 'ki ll ti me··
h_1· fool i>h o r >< i11f11 l di1'e r,i n n , , wl 1id 1 :i re i11ju ri o11 ; tu t l1e
m in J a nd mo rals.
A'f. it i s t:;lsi<1 r t o do t·vi l tl1an ro dn ~11 0< 1. tl1 c 0<·<·11pati1Jn'
o f th e idl1~ will i11t.11iti \'l· ly te nd to " ' ·ii , as th (' cas i1.,. la,k .
All thi ngs li:i,\·e a t'«nd l' nl'y to d 1:1fcnerale, 11 n le " 1·h<'l'kl'd i1.
tli c ir do wn wa rd <:Ot1rst• l,y w hi 1lt· :--11 111 l' r c :-: 1ra i11 1 a nd t: xe r ('i :-< t ~; a:-i idl e 111i11d :-: an.• too li :-: 1it-:-::-; for ext· rc ist·, a11d tou
ind ol1·nt for :-:e lf- r t · ~ t r;ti11t·, tl1 l' y 11111 ;-;t, dt ';.!i' t 1t· r c ll1 ~ also .
Tli " wol'ld is ftill o f :dl 11r1· n11,, 1ts :1111l l e 1111'1at i""" • wl1 icli t\ 11·
idle l1 a n.~ nt· illi t· r tli1 d e!"i r e 11 ur th e ener;:y to re ~ i ~ t.
Th e fh» l1 is m a> t e r , w h"n tl1 c 111 ind i8 id le ; an d .. arnal pii,..
sio11 :-< a r c th e ('JH; 111i1 ·:--i o f v irt ue .
1

Conclu s ion . POPE.

'J'Ji,. ear i1111rvd lo el1arit:d.\ 1· so11 n rl s
J\11 d pit.1·ing '""'" 1111"t fee l th e hateful wounds
O f je>l o h>l' Ctw , :ind nil ~ ar ril.a ldry ,
Tl1 c ill -lm ·d 'i "l'st i.. n. a 11d tlll: lo11d r e ply ;
Bu t. \. ro 11 ~l1t i.,,. ha J, i1w l<' frn m ha d t o wo r se,
1'kn h e:ir unm o ved th e oath and direful curse. -

]' ,.,,J'C r cn 1ploy 111 e n l. is e;;;;p n t i:il t n t h<, p r esnv:i t io n of l1 P:d1h. C'l'""rf111n e 0 ;; o f i<' m pe r , J'llr ily of hea r t ,
m e11tal"po w!'r, a11 d g r uw lh o i d1 a rade r.

Similes : A fire w ill ;,';O o u t if t1" t :tlll'n d "<l t o.

''""1

PRIOR.

S t ag n~ nt w a1 t• r wi ll
l' "t rdy.
Moths will fret ga rm l' nl s that are n o t in u se.

I::NGLISH C0.\ll'O::ilTlON.

180

Running water is clear, s wl'ct, an1l frc· :; h.
A n unc ult i,-.11ed ga rd e n will l>e u\'t' 1T1111 with w ceJ s.
An 11nO<Tt1 p il'1 l an1l neglc' .-t ed r uu in will ouu n lie lillecl with

This is the co u11nun effec t of t he inco nsidc ra"y of yuutl 1,
again st whi c h l I><·{! yuu will lie t11 (iSt caref ul!:· "n yo11r
g11ard. '1'11e valu e of mumc nt>, whe n eas t llJ >, is i111mc11se if well Clllj •l".'""d ; if tl1ruwn away, their 111.'• i:<
irrecuvcrahlc.
Every u1 unh: nt rn ay lie pu t tn ~o m e
w•c,- anJ tli:1t with rnud1 111 ore pleasure than if u11 ,·1 u]'k•ycd . - C 11 ESTE 1t FI ELD.

cub\n:h:-, du :-<t, and ""·n11i11 .
A ,hip. al..a ndo1 u.:d by tl1c helm;n1an, '"ill be tcn1pl' :;t-tosserl,

an cl driven upon ruc·k:; anJ :<:111d-uar;.
Examples:Cah n :< at '<l':l hav e· C:lt"e d 11111 t i11y on >hip-board.
Th e .\th .. n i:1n ' pu11isl1 e d the idle a s c riu1in:d s.
llannil1a\' :; "uld ie r>, wiutnin g at l'ap11a , were"" corrupted
bv in a<' tivit y and luxury. that tl1 c y cu uld nu longer rcsi:;t
ti1 e f1 ic tl11"· h ad •u fre1p1ently cu n<Jlll're1 l.
Th e Cretan:; ;,.c·rc ]>l'OH~ rl, ially la zy , and Saint l'aul sap
t l w ~· \\'l' l'L~ pron r l1i ally wi c ked ,,J,o. - Ti ru.< i. I~.
Quotations : --

Oh, li :< ten tll>t t o that enc hantreos Sl o t!t
'\'lit !1 ::ee111i11g ;i11ile; h e r palatabl e c up

Ry

~ tan<li11 g ~ ruw ~

in sipid: and Ll'warc

The bottom, for there 's ]>ui:;on i11 the lees! -

DA nE s.

Sec ai m Shakespe:.Lr,··s works: ' H e n ry l V ' 0 11 ':-'Jee p' (A d
Jl l); • 11 ,·nry V ,' ·Tl "' l\Ii't·ri .. s u f ltoyalty' ~A•·t. !V );
' lh·nry \ "I,'' Blt: s:< in:;s o f a :-'hqil1er1I:s Life' ( A ct I I ) .
l\lan owes hi s ~rowth and encr~y of d1arac 1e r cli i.. ll y to t hat
~ trivinl-!; uf th e will a nJ that cunt lict with Jilli c ult y wLil'h

Duin:! nut11in~ i~ duin;! ill.
An idle hr:tin i:; t he D e 1·il' s w1irbl1up.
Pro''· x . .\ ; xv, I !) ; xx , l ;;; E n :!. x, 18 ; Luke• xi, 23 .

place.
A s ra11 kc:<t Wl' eds the rie hes t .<uil dd:u·"· - l'.11·t·:.

181

ESSAY-WHIT IN G.

we call effort. -

CA:>:> I NG.

EXERCISES .

]f go o1l we plan t not, vi,.e will fill th e

ldl e tH'" uffer:< up th e ; o ul. a :; a b la nk to the Devil. for him
t o wri te what h e will t:j•un it. - Da. !::iu1·n1.

In " " 'rl" of l:il1or or of sk il l.
Let in c lie 1111 :->y too;
F"r ~at:t 11 li11.\ ' rn11tl' llli <,.Jiid 'till
F o r idle h :t 111b to clo. - Dn. \\ " ATT~.

As in a ,ta nilin ~ pool, w o r1u;; aIHl filth:· r-rcqwr s increase ;
so .i., ,.,·il and corrupt tlwu g l1t:; in the :; tagna11t 111ind.
-

SE:>l-'.t; ,\.

Slo th , like n1 st, co nrnmes m11cli fa ste r than labo r wear:; ;
whi le t he; u:'l:•l key i:i alwa:·s bri g ht , a s poor Richard
~a,·~. -

F 1c.\l"KL1:-.;.

\\' ha~ I d1) an1l ev,·r ; hall Tf'~re t is the tin1t' which, while
y ou ng, l ]o,t in m e r e iJlcnes:<, anJ in cluing nothing.

Prepare essays on the following subjects, classifyin g, developing , and adding to th e accomp:rnying hints ( "·hen there
arc such) in accordance with preceding suggestions and
models: (1) THE AMAZON.
laq:rc~t 1·iw·r in tlic w o rl.1 in So uth :\1n erica - the
natives r c,, trid tl1 l! na.lll e to tl1 e part of tl1 e river below
th <' j111wti o n of th e Hiu Ne~ro - a !.ovc tl1at !'"int it is
tt'rnH'<I ~ o limoc n ;; - tlw nalll cs Orellana a 11.J ;\la r:rnun am
aft e r travl'liers - fl o ws fro m Lak e L :111ri" " cl1a. i11 tlil' l ll':irt
o f the And e;;. l 4.11 (111 fr et l1i r:h - at fir >t nnm cro11s ra11ids
anfl c n.s\' nd"" ; ll o ws 111Jrtl1w!',t , th .. n 11ortl1ea,t. t.o th e
fr ont ie r of E'luador - th1·n east. l1l'twl'1·n E1p1ad o r an•l
Pn11 - more to th e n orth throu:;h Brazil - •·n ters th e
A t lanti c und e r thll Equator - len g th more than 4 !100

The

182

:EJS"G LI S !I

ESSAY - WRITING.

CU \II'll~ITION.

n1ilcs - recTiY1·~ '"~'"' t t ril111t:tri1: s on ri ~; li t arnl J,· ft; 1 argc·~t
ft·Hm the nor il1 l ~iv N1·'._!' ro. 1500 rni!,· o:: l ar~e~t fr om the
:-\<rnth , ;\Lul e ira, in u re t llan :.! OOO n1i! e~ - l_11·cadtl1 uf unc
ll l<Hlt h f)0:1 ii!r .-- dt'ilil1 in ~O?JH~ ph<._·1· .. ; ~,() f:-tt l H r11i ~~ 11 :ir i ­

ta.ckeJ - wli c11 dt·.vu11red - v1rl1y k . . :-; fi ir ll iidaLlc on Lu Hl
- why \Yorshipp ed by th1.: ctneit· u t E ~.\I d iaul" .

1

ga l1le fa r

title fdt. 4!!0
tl i1· :- i·a ·
f' hnr e - wa ll:-: nf watl'r in 1 · l11~e ~11<·i · p:0:' i On ca11:-:e 1l l1y tl1e
U]' -

t ri l111ta ri1 ·s al ' o na vi)!alil e -

111 i ll~:-t up frrnn t1H: :-l' :\ --

t 1dv -

('tll"t'l '. l1t

pr 1..· \·1...·nt :"- Ua\ i~;I! i u 11

:_'! HJ

111ilt'"

f ro111

ar e :t dr:i i1i....·.11, 111urv Ll ian a

tl1inl ., f ~1>11!!1 .\1n1 ·ri1·:1 -- " " tlw h:i11k., tl. ick f.,,c,I ;
l1a11nted liy j a:,!u:-tr, 11l' a r. and pant li e r - l1i gl 1c r r cg·ions
i nhab ited 11.1· tril ics ,,f :<: l\·:ig-1·' - u n t li e tnud o[ tl1 e river,
large :dl i;::itor' - prod11 c1.- :d>1 111 il:i11t a n1! varic<l - cofTee,
r-- tq..,!;ar, banana~ - ri vcr a l,ut11Hls wi t h Ji :--h - e:\Tell cut tur·
ti es n111nc ro us.
(:!) l'Al L\ flLE OF TllE SO W ER.

Je s11s oft en 'poke I\> till· 1wo1tle in parables ( st orie s meant to
trntli ) - - 11nP of tl1 e"' t hat uf the sower.
tea..11
~ u wt·r we nt fnrt h to >uw - '""'" sccll fell by the way-

'"111"

~ idt · : l~inl :-; all' tlw m ~ ~0111~ q n ~tony places :

sprang up

q11i1·kly; th e !< 11n ~rorehetl th c 111 ; they wi t l1 e red away>0 111~ am ong thorn s : t hl' t h o rn' c l1 oked tl1 e 111 - uth crs fell
into good µ:round: ln·o11 µ: ht forth fr11jt, a11 h1111tlrcdfold,
~ix t.dold, th irty f.,l.J.
.l e"" 11" " l'xpbin •: il tl 1e paralilc: Th e scetl, t.hc word
of t.! te ki 11 g-d o111 of (; ,,.J - tlt<· loird s "" t he way, id e, the
wil' ketl onl'; lie catch c li 1 away tl1 c word from the h eart
of on e wl1 0 h ea n·th witl11111t 1111tl1·r, t:indi11 ;; it-th e stony
µ:ro 1111 d. tl1 e l!l':lr t 1lia t rl'l·ci ,.,., th e wurd glad ly, but has
li ttk 'o il to µ: i,·c it roo t ; it lin· s a littl e wl1il e; lm t when
80 ITOW and tri al""'"'" ii d ie s tl1 e tl11ll'n ,, worldly cares,
ri ch l·,, a nti jtl1·:i<11rc' - tl1 c µ:nu d µ: ro 11ntl, the h ea rt that
l1 ear' 111!' "'"rd , 1111ilc r <tand s it, and bears much fruit.
(:\la tt. x iii. )

(:3)
\ Vhere fo 11 nd - muu lh -

TJI E C IW CO DILE.

ril't' r 110Lc<l fo1· - ,izc - l1 eail - neck - sk in
le.µ:' - tai l - chief food - prey - how at;.

(4 )
- -.-.
r.~

--

~~-

7

..+~

WHAT I ,\M Hl·'.ADl?"G

Tell abuut the b ook y o u a rc reading - the nam l' - t l:e s11l>j<'d - t lw 'tyle - tlie int11rmatiu11 - yo11r O]iinion of it auy uther wurk:; liy the "'""e <rntlior.

i''i

1~1> usT1n·

,\N I> wu::--:Ess.

~J;

"'

]nd1i ~ tr r a rnl'ans of p ro:-- pe r ity -

id l 1·1H· ~s p n ·di1 ·t:-; 111 i'."'f1Jrt1111,__;

- i1.t<lu>try a l're:;crvati l'e frv1 11 evil lt,d ,its - the id le
pct:11liarly exposed to te mp tatio n - h e n .. 1i1 ·ial effrets of
indu s lr v upon the intelJ..d11al charact1•r - jtr<•j11dici:tl a n1l
l'lll_'rY;ltin:..;: i11!luence vi idkni::-;s the t w i i cl1:lra•._.t1 ·r:-; a.-;
cu ntra s ted by .':'ulu 1uu11 - i11 du:-1try and id l1 ·11 ef-ls viewe 1l
as national cha racteristics - tlieir effeets - illustrativu IIolh•nd -

S pain.
(G)

W ASlllNGTON.

Th e fon n1l1•r o f the l tl'j>llUl ie -- hvrn at. B r iti:.!;•'·, Cr1·ek . in
Vi q.~ i ui a,

l ; :-l 2 - educ ation,

sirnplt~

and nwa:;re -

v;t1·iy

111ilit.ary p re di lections - nl'a rly e 1ilers th" Bri t i<l1 l<an' - bl'l'Olll e s public s11neyor to Lunl Fait·fax - app11 i11 ktl a il ·
j utant-gcn cnd of mili t ia, 17.} I - c ncruachrne 1t i; of the
Fn·1wli - i .. :. a ppui ntt.: d co1 11111i :-;:-- iuner tii 1Tillt>11 :..:t rafl.._• , .... i1h
t11 e tn- Sl~ rv es in tl1 e expedi t ion to tl1t•. O liiu. and i n \':triuu:-;

canip:lign:-; ag ainst tlie Fre n('h -

warri1·~ a 11d

:-;1· ! t l t•:-; ;lt

J\lount \ · crJltJll - outbrl'ak uf the " 'ar ,,f f 11,Je!'L'llilr'IWC
- a ppoint e<l cu111ma11de r-in -c liid, 17 7.} ·- dd1·at<:d at Bran·
dywinl', I 7i7 - eap itulatio n of Lord Cornwalli s at Yor kt own , li ti l - enters X e w York , l 7K:1 - n"ig-ns, a 1Hl
r etu rn s to private li fe fo r six years - dl' lcgate f ro n1 \'iri;inin, in th e l·\·<l1•ra l Cnnv.·ntion, ·17-,; 7 - "J..1"1.1·d tir' t Pn· sidl'nt c,f th e l : ni tcd States, l 7H!.J - r e-clec l<'d , I 7 ~ 1 :J r et ires, J 7% - dies, J 7~19 - s impl e, truthful , ~ i1wa c. 1•a·
triotic - patient, p c r"; vcrin g, co1wiliatory, di ,- int e rcsted
- l1i s inllu c n ce on the infant re publi c .

~~~-~~~~-'.--1'>·
~·~·
-......
_. ·

184

EK GLISll
('i )

C O~ll'OSITION.

Ro<'hcll e, at whose in stig atio n m a1lc - r es ult - Laud 's
procccdint;s - consequ e nce - ,fuh n l l :u 11pde n' s prin c iples
- d 1aral't c r -- Earl vf Straffo rd, l1i s t r ial - execut ii •n ::icot I is h Epi sco pal war - ubject of - r es ult - i:o rnm e nc•: lll ent. o f C i\'il " ' ar - r oyal stand ard rai sed at Xu1 t it1~ha1n
- battle nf Ed gdiill - battle of J\lar sto n-".\lo<•r - C ha rl ,<,lli g l1 t t o the Scot s --·- s nrrcndt1: r o f hiu1 to
l'arlia111t·11 t e nd of the war - t rial of the kin;; - l1 is c x cc u1 iun r c1nark s.

TllG HIPPOPOTAMUS.

A n inh ;d •i lant of tlH· Af ri can ril' c· r s - in lrnlk infe ri or o nly to
t li l: elt-phant - IC';.;s n·n· s li o r t :tlld c lum s1· - l1eatl ininwn;ely large - mouth 1;rudig iuu;Jy witle - -teet h of g rea:
size :uid stre ngth -- 'k in so t l1ic k and s t ro ll g a s t.o be impl'n t·lra l1l l' - wal k;; abo ut, tli e hottulll of t lie st.n ,:uu rai,<:s it ; lit·:ttl a t iutcna b t.o b rea th e - comes o ut at
ni:,!ht - f ~·vtb on th e hcr Lage nea r tl1 e lmnk s - ~u m et im c~
s t rays in ru tht· s11 1-ro untl ill g: 11a stures - ocea sio nally corn111 its h avoc in th e plant atio ll s -- abo iu liabits the inland
hik es - natura l! ;- uf a harllil ess d i; p<»iti un .

(8)

ENVY.

\V liat it i> - it s _temk ncy - its fo undati o n , selfi shn ess -its
co rnpouc· nts, h atred and g:ricf - L:tl r l'd o f a n utli e r for what
h e lins. g:ril'f fo r 011r w a nt of it - ho w it manifests it self
in >lander and outwa rd op pu~ iti o n to it s o bj ect - its charaeterist.ics - mali c i ou~, as li a.\'i ng no a ppa rl' nt motive, and
as t onverting: f(OOdnl'sS itse lf into a source of ev il - weak,
a s it !'annot g ain tl1at good for its s ubj ec t wbic l1 mi g h t be
o btaim·J by o t hc·r me an s - unrelenting, as a<lm itt.ing no
r1·<· c1n .. iliation wi th ir' objec t --- un genl'ro u, , a s di1·cl'tetl
without sn 11 pl1· cn· n agaiu st fr it• nds a nd those who h a vo
11 j11 ~ t l'l:i im to tl11 · r:ood wi sh es of it.s s ul 1jec t - wh:tt q ualit.ic~ n1n.(,,:t 1: xpo!"e a 111 an to it -

pr.:·val1·n('l' in every station

- no prr1ttoct ion a~~inst it s darts - its effect o n th e sp irit
of it , s11hjt·<·t - it; influ e nce o n fri c nJ , J1 ip a nd all the
t it·s t.h at hind m .. n 1ng:,·1 hc r - a c 111al ev il wl1i c h it has produl'•·tl , '" , Ji o wn in hi >t .. ry - <oXt· n1plify by the t:<l>c of Sau l
and ll:" ·id - 1•ra('til'a l iu fe n·nces.
(~)

CllA RLES l.

C h a rl e s r, rn n of ,JauH ·s r, rt ~c< · n il ; tli e rhro ne in 1G:?5 mnrric s Jl l' nri c tta Maria of Frruw c - C h aril' ~ ' s first l'arlia1n <·nt, of wh:11 corn 11osed ? - P ul'i lan s, the ir pri11 cipl t:s
- lll l' nti o n so me di sting1 1ished m l' mbers - attack upon

185

ESSAY-WRITING.

t.l"'

(JO)

'TIS THE '.\J IND THAT l\lAKES T IIE BODY RI CH.
Explain at foll len g th th e meanin g of th e t li es i' - sl1uw how
a rnan Jllay lie bo rn t o wealth, anti ye t, fro111 tli e p o,·erty
of hi s mind, be a pitiaule ouj cc t - g i,·e iu,t:rn cc:; in support of thi s - sho w h o w a man with o ut land o r money
m ay be ri ch in th e p ossession of -m e nta l qualifi ·atio us give ins tan ces of tl1i s - gi ve e xtrac t s fr o m any autho r s in
support of y o ur a ssertion s - draw ou t your m o ral.

(ll)

THE FALLS OF NIAGARA.

The most g ig:intie know n wate rfall in the w orld - sit uated o n
th e Rive r Niagara, co nn ectin g L ak es E rie an<I Ontario,
s.. paratin~ tl 1e u nit<-d S tates from C anaJa - tWl'nty-two
rni les fro m Eri .. , fuurlcc n fro m O ntario - ~tre n gth of t h e
rn pid s for :t 111ile above thl' fall s - n a rrowing of the d1ann .·I - g:r eat. d ecli vity , sixt y fel'l in tl1e lllil e - di vid ed l.y
Gna t J slaml (se ve nty-fiy e acres) int o t he Can ad ian ur
H orse-shoe Fall (1 800 fee t b road, 154 fe e t h igh) anJ tl1e
A1111.:rit'an Fa ll (GOO fret b m a1l , J liO feet. hi g h ) - on Can ad ia n ;;i11", wate r t.h rCJwn o ut to fifty frl'i. fr<•lll t11t; ba,-c ,, j
t.l1 e cliff, leavin ;.; a ]>:\>sa ge - fin e st. Yi e w o f t he wh ole ca tar:tct from Tai.le. 1{,,,. k on the Canadi an s ide - p owe r gra.ntlt!Ur -

scn:-:-e of danger.

(12)

FHIEXDSIIIP.

ln stin\'live avc r ;;io n t• f o ur nature to solitud e aJHl it;; a s,-ociat.ions - the m e re presence o f o ur fe ll o w-me n giv" ~ cl rec rful -

.f :::

186

ENGLISH COJ\ll'OSITlON.
ness -how muclt more friend ship - what is trnc fri e nd ship,
and wltat i ~ in cluded in it - :\l'(jllaintance nut friendsl1ip 1fot ing 11i sh it from it:; count c rf1.,-it :; - ils characte ri stics it b rare·, li ke c n :i·:·tl 1ing vf true valu e - it i:; limited in
ils ul1jccts, in n.cco rdan"c witlt 1he laws of 1111n1an nat.ure it is nut bounded liy :my di ~t i1w1 iuns in rank or dvilizat inn among llll'll - it is un"']l j,!i - its effects - it la1·gcly
co ntriln1 l.l'S to the happinc'S of the world by the sy mpathy
and aid wliit'h it. offl'r' - n ·f.. r,. nc" to I hi s in S('rip tu rcit 1111ril i1· s and 1.: ll· ,·:ut·:-: th~· t1al11r e of l1i111 wl1 u e heri shes it
- ardor which 111ay J'l'l'\':td c ii -cxa n11•les frun1 liisto1-yJ>;nid and .J o11 a il1a 11 , l>a111011 a11d l'y1 l1ia s, ,\ chi ll"s ancl
l'at.rnd11,;, Dou:.das an1l l{ andvli'l1 , \\"all acc and (;raham
- appl i.. alion - ad,·antagc of c11lii rnti ng it - nr.ressity of
C:l.1tti1>1 1

in :-elct'l in;,! frit ·nd :-:, from it :-; grl':lt inllut•ncc on our

charact1•r and pros pects - eunstancy in friendship when
Ollcl! c nll'rcd int o.

(13)

ESSA Y-WRITlNG.

- hi s landing - state of Ilarold ' s kin gdom - invasion by
T os lig - hi s defeat - H a rold's march against \Villia111 po,-ilion of th e two armies - the battle - death of Jla rold
- fall of the Saxon and cs tabli shme11 t of t h e .l\orman d yna ~ ty - e ffec ts of the No rm an Con11uest.

(15)

SELFISHNESS AND BENEVOLENCE.

Selfishness csse ntially mean and <l egradin i; - the ch aracter
cu nsl'<1 uc ntly rl'p11lsive - the a i111 s of bcnevolcnce noble th e "h:u·actcr tl1 c reforc attra cti ve - th e t'uld and Sll.' J' i.. io u~
na111rc uf sclli,- hn''"' - the war m th anJ ing,·nt11)11snes8 of
l; enevolcn ce - scl ti sl111c ss apt t• • be .. 11111 e unprinl'iplc·d snch a fcaLurc incompat ible wi t h benevol e nce - tl1 e s.dlish
man h as no true frien d - tlte J,enc vulc nt man un i"c1·rnlly
belu"cd - 'c lli shness frequ e ntl y d efea ted in its e nd - co nse'I ue nt bitte rness a nd humilia tion - I he exe rcise of 1-'<.'nC'volencl' always accompan ied by g rati fi cat ion and sel f-ap proval
- illustrations.

l'OMl'EIL

(1 6) THE CAMEL

A eity buried in tlic dc·l1r is'nf Yolcani .. rrnption s.
In Cam p:rni :1 , near t li e ha ,;c of V c:' uvi11 s - remained
buric•d, ant! 11nkn11wn, for sixtee n hundred years - wh ole
street,; and h 011""' ll• >W exe avat<-d - reg ular in plan, the
~tret ~ t:-i c rn~~ in ~ at ri;.:h t an~l\·~, ll H'. hnu st.:s two stori es high
- ma11y :'kc·l...1011:< f11 111 1d i11 1lw e il .1" , "ll ll C in c .. llars-somc
kt n _, left tlt,·ir itnprc·,_, i., n in day a11d n1i 11e ral 1no11ld s, from
which (':l:'ts 11:1\·c J,..e n ta kl'n -- :?1JO skell'lons fo und in the
Tc111ple of .f1lll' • - h u11,;c·s a nd :;liups left en l ire when freed
of ; J1e ~11 rn1undi11~ rul 1l1 i ~ l1.

l'rl':'CI'\""' a ""H" l1·rf11l I_1· "'''n plc ll' pi .. t 11 re of dumest.ic an1l
p11blic life a,; i1 was in Italy J HUO .\'• ·a r,; ;"<go.
(J-1)

187

TIIE 1\0H;llAN C0 7\QUEST.

Dcatl1 0f E dward tl1<· C1111f1·sso r - llar11ld's cal l to th e throne
- · hi s d1·'<·1·nt - l'nn nect ion with Edw a rd - l1i s cl1aracter
- clai111 uf \\'i lli:1 111 of l\"orinand_r to the E1i::~ lis h c rown hi s eh ar:ictcr- lti s prq)arati o n:< for tltc invasion of England

IVl1 c re found - diffe re nt spec ies - appearan ce - hoof - nostril s - hump - stomachs - what gu1· from it - use - docility - wonde rful adaptatio n to th e co untries in whi ch futtncl .
(17)

Honor an<l Fame from no con<lit ion ri se;
Act we ll your pnrt - ther e all the honor lies.

E xplain at full le ngth thc meaning.
Argue in fa\" or of a man born in a hig h positi on leaving a bad
reputation lll'h ind him.
Gi Yc in stances in suppor t of t.h c a bove nr~nmcnt.
Argue in favor of a man bo rn in a low position atta inin g l1 onor
and e min e nce).
GiYe in stances in su ppor t of th e above ar~ um ent..
Argue that we arc not tlte slav es of (' ir c11mstance~, hut 1hat
circ umstanecs arc t.hc co nscque ncl'S of our own acti•Jl1s.
Gi,·c extracts fr om any authors you may have read in suppo rt
of your arguments.

188

ESSA Y-WRlTTNG.

EC\(iLISIJ CO;\!J'OSITION.
Draw y011r mora l, and 'how l1 <•w h ono r an<l fame mu st follow
in tlH• ru11t,t ep:i of all gou<l actio11:;, and liow bad deeds
surely lirin~ with tlil'm di:-:!1011or and disgrace .

picture or ,lide is Ll1rn,;l
t wce11 t l ie

t1tt·

J..n:-il':i -

on tlic pieture -

th e

tl1ro11 .~h
inner

a 'lit into the tu),.. J,. ._
C\Jlll"l"ll l l'J.11· ~ LL·.· ii ' '. t!

lc11..,;

u1iler n·ceiYi·:; the ra.'":-; afte r p ; t:-i:-i11 ~

t11roug-l1 the picture, and t11row:-; t.1tt·111

( lt<J

J\!Y TOWN.

\Vri tc a hout tl11" town you lire in - wl1l't11l'r ol<l or new - it s
~i tuati o 11 - anti1p1iiie>- principal h11ildings - sc hoolsmanufaeturcs and t radc - anythin;; fur wl1i ch it is rcmarkal,Ie -

1JII the tlf)pu :-: itt· w:1ll
or scret· n - the pictur~s are (c,r111ed with t ran:-:par•.'!ll 'ar ni sh on ~la:'s slid L'S - 111u~t Ot· iuse rt c J i111u d1~ l ui!\_' iu .111
inverted position.

(21)

the ~111T011nding Cf1 un try .

A FFE\'T,\T!OY

AfTc1·tat.ion i~ apparcn1 h1·111x-ri>y ( lfl)

AllGU;\lE:'<TS H>lt EAHLY RISING.

Every
'Jin·
i.-~ or '"""'al di<l' i1 .Ji11,· i' l"'ncli.-ial - earl)' risincr0
.
.
is a. '"'Cl<Jr\. O\"f'r a natural propen:;ity tu s l"!l1fuln ess _the
diren e lfrvts or early ri <i n; ; - liuoya11 cy of spirits and "igor
•>f tl1t· bodily framl' - it al :iO t'<'OllP11iiz c·> tiine - nrnd 1 of
hurn:tn life that i;' comm .. nl_,. dl'YOted t.o s ll'ep migl1t be cmplo_,-,.d in nwn tal impron·ml'nt or in tlil' pt:rforrnan ce of
otl1"r impo rtant dutil's - tlii s is pro r ed J,y the Jin.bits of
thl' rural cla!'sl's - the time they con sum e in slet~ p is much
!'mailer than is 11s1Jal in larf!l' town~- phy,;io logieal co nsidf'rntions in1 ·11katc l'arly rif'in)!. parti1·11larly when combined
with cxcrci~t· - rw1rning- air admittt·d to possc~s a pec uliar
virtm· in it, inllucnl'C 11pon the l11':1 lth- L·xhihrnting effects
of :t 1norni11~ wa.lk - 1·arly ri,;ing conun"l'~ to chee rfulness
or di , po>it iOJll - it is in ('nn , i>t..nt with habit :; that are a<ltui ltedly i11 j11rir1us to tlw 1· t1 11 ~ti t111i11n --- it s votari e~ as a

r11l 1· f11r11i:·:J1 tli c 111 o~t n111w. ·rot1 .~ cxa 1111dt·:-1 o f longev ityit; C< •llll l'l'tion with Ion~ lire allowt"d by imm e morial and
proverbial ;'''""!.
(:!0)

T!IE ;\[A G! C LANTEHN.

An opti1·al i11 ,trn nw11t - 1!11"'"'' 1· 11lar1-:1·•l representations of
pict 11r<•s 1111011 ;1 wa ll cir :-1-r1·1·n -

<·11n si:.-ts uf a lantern nr

b<u< , l'o ntai11i11 g- a l:t111p- a r11bc is in~ert1·d on a. ll~ vc l wi tlt
tlw flamt" in r];,. ' id•· ,,f tli1.· lant('rn - at th e hack of the

flame ;, ph c!'ol a r t'll.-r·lf•r. wlii.-11 ~ .. nd > th e li ~ht through
tl1e tul1e - a !en> i> fitt1 ·.J in at ca.-11 l'llil or the tube - a

-

e:

it. ha' i1s ur i,_; in in Y:111 i1_,.

afft·ctati.1n l111rts tltl' pride of otlieJ";-;. },y 1 ·11dl·:t\11ri ;1~

t·i1l11·r tn
f1•re

irnpo~e

111 :·d,1·:-: tl 1e 111

11pt•ll tli e 111
it:-:

111·

1·11e111y - -

l11

ex1·l·I

t li e ni. and

tl1l'l'•' -

JF1 t l1i11~ lllf)!'l' 1·xpo:-:c:-: afl\ •1 ·-

tat ion tl1a11 eont r :t.~ting- it with it:-; uppu.-.ill· - n.ff1•i·fat i.111
wc:irs a di~g11isl' , is a douUlc i·11ara1·ter. an d 1·n:all·:-: ."ll "l'if'iun ~ :-;i lll]'lic-i ty i s w11at it apj11...'ars to lJl' , has a 11ni1_,. 1>f
e har:1 c tcr, a111l n1·:lk:i eonfi1lence - affcct.atitJn is ;c r,, IJy
In· whi cli we ga in notl1in:; illlt con!t.:11'1•t - an alfrct.-J
eharade r 111ay lie con1p:in·d t o a palacl' h11ilt of iet• affl• ct~t ti u n tarni sli e:5 tlie tllost shining qualities .

(22)

T l !E HUMAN HAND.

Ddinit iun - ' itn ati on - d e , c ril't ion of vario1" pa rt:-; - ll" C" o f
thl' j oint ;;, :;kin, the kn1wk!..,.;, the nail,;- tlll' !'xtn·11 1itil';;
of t li e iin~t·r:;i. why ~n sen~it i n~ - the ~it nat io n of the 1l111111b
wh _,. :-o admirabk - - nlto~t:tlu·r a work of \\'o!ldl·rfrd d1•~ign, 11l'l uken i11 g tl1at tlie ILL 11 ol that ltlad e it is ]Ji,·in ...
(~ 3)

COAL.

An inll:tmmahlc fo,.sil, in eo mm on URC - fu1m.J in 111i11 (·' nr
pits in all parts of the world - most. re111arkaloll' 111 in " ·'
- ofte n , }1 o w' tr:1Cl'S or its vegetabl e ori~in - J,[a('k ('O ll<> r
- found in ~trat.a - hrou~ht furth iu irre~ ular BU:\ :':-:e~ ~oft coal - anthracite - coke.
Burns brightly, slowly. a11d throw' out much he~t - one
of t h e chief >ourccs of wealth - u>ed wh1 •r e vcr it is tll'l'f':i ·
' :try to raise heat - fu r do111estit: purposes - in th<' arts

; 'l

I

I

',,. .

.

190

EN GLI SH COMPOS ITION.
:trnl m :t nnfact ur c~ ga•. ta r, co kl' , e tc.
(~ I )

ESSAY-WHITING.

fo r tire steam-en gin e -

for making

(28 ) REVENGE.

A Jll-: E-ll f VE AND A SO CIAL COMM UN ITY.

Cun g rc~at i n n in tu d i:-ti nc t socie ! il' ~ cu 111n1on t11 both -

various
diffe n·rlt. u nl e rs iu a bee-lri vc th c hcl'-l 1i \'e a ud a r11onan.: lr y - l1udy-g11 .ir<l uf tir e 11uee n·
lice - an a l<> ~.1· in dil'i,i un of lal1ur - !'O·Opc ration of all
tow a rd s th e 1·,.u11u"n l1l' rll'fit - tir e lril'l'. 'l cil y in miniature
- 'tn·c t' - p:il an·s - ,; to n·l1111r ~<" - 1>r<1vi.J l! nt in<lu stry
l' hl '> l·~ in a "" nu n1111i ty -

of

tl w b t·C -

11 n ion in r_e 1wlli11~ i1l\· a ~ ion 0 1· ax cng:ing n.g-

g r cs;ion - a nalogy bctwel'n tir e s warmin ~ of a !rive am!
co lo nization .

SYMl' ATIIY.

(25 )

The pa ssion whielr prom pts to re payin g injury wi t h in j ury.
Belo ngs to th e lo wer pa r t of l1um a n na ture - see n in
the low e r animals as well a s in lllall - e xample- of tl1 c eJe.
pliant - man tri eol to co nce al it a s a mo t i1·c, C \' C ll wl1 c n
al't.in g und e r it s influence - contras t with ge ncros it.y w ith th e' go lde n ru le.' to d o as we wo uld Le <lone u nto with fo r bcar:inee - th e sav age.
A des pi cable pa si' ion - n x lu ccs m a n to th e lel'l' l o f the
'br11 te;.- ;i proof uf our fall e n nature - nn c hri ~ ti a n - t he
d11 ty of restrainin g it - tir e intlu e nce of e• l ucat. ion a nd of
reli gion in ch ec kin g i t.

" ' hat is s.\'l11pa thy ?
I t a t onee ""Jl ports an ,] adorn s linm a n natnre - guard ~
onr in fa ncy, in struds our el1ildhood , an1l pc·rform s all the
kint! ofll ccs of fril' ndsliip in ripe r y ea r s - c o n ~oh• s us in
onr IMt mome nt; , and d efe nds 011r t"haracter afl t·r death .
A per son witho ut sy m pathy , arnl livin ~ only for himself,
is t.h c l1asl'St a nti most orli o11 s of a ll l' r< ·:ltnrr•s .
(21\)

Wlwrc found c 11n11in ~ -

T ll E F OX.

siw - ri pp e arann~ -

tail --· lial.its - food -

an e cd o lt•.
(27)

IH ON.

A lt:m l, f11,i hle m('t al - ron t ra'1 t with lcacl arnl g;nl<l.
F lltlll d in rh .. 1·a rt li , in eomliination wi t. !1 <·hy, lim e, nn<l
fl int. - in all 1·011nt1·ic:< · - a l1trnd:intly in Brit ,iin , Frnn ct'.
Swt• df'n , H1 1:--s ia, nn d A111 eri ca- li \' id gray 1· olor- nn dt~f~
inil~ · f11 ri 11 -~nnwti1rn.· s i11 c 1·y ~ tab -~ pi~ iron -

iron ~ t n nP.

mall"ahl c ir-.m -

ste \'l -

wire -

wr o11 12: l11

plumbago - loa.J-

f"t.•· .

T J,.. rn o~ t 11 sd11! of 1hl' md.aJ , - fur dome st·i() purpM<' s an<! im plcmc n1 s of all kind s - a ~r1' at sn11r~ 1~ nf
wc:i !1 h to a !'n11 nt r y - affo rd s occupat ion to th o usand s o:
t lr., inlu'bitan ts.
ma..J1 i nl'r~'

191

(Zl )

THE SILK'v\TORM.

Scaly-win ged in sect - noc turnal , workin g by nigl1 t.
A nati\' C of ?\o rth China - n o w r eared in I taly, Fran ce,
an<! t he South of Euro pe - three sta~es; ca tc·r pi lla r, ch r_,·sa li>:. b utte rfl y - fet·d s o n th e mul be rry lea f - thirty-fo ur
d;iy;< in cnterpi ll ar stale - three <l ays in forlll ing <·ocoon twe n t_,. days in c hr.1·salis ~ ta t. e - to o litai n t he sil k, t ire
e hr.1·s;dis mu st. be k ill ed be f(Jre it lea ves tl1l' co1·oo n - the
fil1res arc th e n w1mnd off, thn·e or four fil n.mc n t.,; in one
thr<':ttl - th e p a rt whi <·h cann ot be reeled off is ca rded ,
and forms fl11s s-s ilk .
\'c ry valu ahl e for its silk.
(30)

RF.MINIS C ENCES OF A FRm:<n.

A d esrr ipti on o f hi ' pe rso nal app«a ran l'c, size. i,::1it, d ep ort.tn (' n t -

oh ~ t·rvn. t in11 ~ nn lii s prnn11n e iat io 11 nnd ge n t·ra l n1r1d1 ·

of 1•:tpre1:.:~ inn -

11o t i c 1 ~ :1n y o ( l1i s .s :iy i n ~ ~ o r rn:t xiin ."' JT markahl e for th e ir :ic ntl'm·ss, trnthf1iln css, Jll lll '.!;l' ll <".", or
wit. -

the~ rnnro r fl m:·1rkable q11 a li:ic· ~ o f l1 i~ 111in d, :11 1:1 t·• lt1-

cati onal trainin ~ - h is j>l:in o f li fe, h11w snst:i ine.J - a rr\'
ad ions d ese n in'.!; nf cs rwc i:il not. ice, a n1l tlr c· ir te nd e ncy_:_
a. C' ontrast - co rn ·l usinn.

;

El"Ci LlS!I CO Ml' OS LT ION".

] 92
(31)

ESSAY-WRITING.

Arnol11':; Li ncoln l\l c morial Alb um , I n troJuct io n , I'· 30;
Lincoln Hililiogm phy, p. l ; Lin rnl n Obscqui e,;, p. l :; ;
G ideo n \ Vcllcs' Lin coln and Se ward , I'· ti; ll o wel\:; ' :rnd
Ilayes 'M Lives of A. Lin<'ol n and JI. lla111lin , p. 18 ; Co)!;;.i<'S·
hall's Lincoln l\l emor ial, p. V5; Ernest F ust.er ':; A lu·:dwm
Lin coln ; Sampson's L ife of Lin col n ; Arn olrl's Lin coln
a nd S la very , chap. iii, p. G74; Ce nt.u1·y l\la~azine uf 1888 ;
Macrnill a 11's i\fag<tzine , vol. xi , p. 300; vol. x ii , l'I '° i 5,
l ti l ; Frase r 's Magaz in e, YO!. lxx i, pp. I , 7, :JI ; l'rin cet on lh·vie w, vo l. xxxv ii, p. 7!)1 ; F uste r 's Th e \\' urld"s
\\' orkn'; see al>o t h e c urre nt sdwul !1istu ri .. s aml e ncy·

1n::--a:nsc1-:NCES OF A l'JU-: A CI!Elt

Ili' per>o n:•l appl':u·ance in t lit• pulpiL - Iii ,; prvnunc iation,
mode ,,f dl' lirl'ry. an<l g,·st nres - h is parlin1\ar c hoice of
s nhjcets - tltc arran;;L"111c-nl an<l tliri,iu 11 a o\ o ptl)tl in hi s dis('OUr~c~ - ~tr11et1trl' uf ~c 11t c 1u. '. es - 11 is se ntiinents, whether
ev: u1 gl..'l i1·al or ut herwi:-'c - Iii :-; power uf rc a ::;o nin~ - hi s
mud c pf illn stra t io11. "l1c tl1 er l1y l he u,,. of lig uratirn lan" ll:t ' 'l-. \ 1i,t orit' al

~nn~-

illus iu n:<, u r perli11e11t pruob from Scrip·
th e cffed; p rod uced un l1i s andi e nce.
(:}~)

J,~,_-

,3.

i

JUllN BUNYAX

clupmdi as.

lli,; pa rL' nt ,; - tl1 e i1· pnn·rly- n c-~ le c l uf Buny:1n in his e ...
n~ ar:-; - - lti :-; pn1l li '.!:1C_" - c 11 li:-; 1:- ;1:-: a sul 1li er - hi s nHtr
;·i a'.!e - t-c•ndw·t o f hi ;; wif .. - effL"Cb upun Bunyan ck1ng l' in lii > e lrnra c te r - d catl 1 of Iii:< wit«· - Bnnyan's
pre a c liin ~ - l'er sci·11ti on of K11n(·onforrni sts <luring the
r e i ~n of Cl1arl ..·:-; I - Bunyan':"' i111pri sonn1 1·n t - 'P il gr im ·~
J1ro.!.!:r e~::- ' - d evu t c d11 e:-:~ 11f lii s ~c •· on d wife - hi s release
- effect of hi ' pre acl 1i11 g - hi s J cath - rc111:irk s.

(<IG)

4

(38)

193

JOAN OF AH C.

Sec l'L1tna111 '" Mag azin e, v.,I. iii , p. :!;! ; l lla.-kwo1"r" ~Iagazine,
vu!. x lvii, p. 2tl-I: YO!. ii . !'· 42:'•; Li v in ~ ,\;_:,., v .. I. xl"ii ,
p. :J 7:!; F or lni _crhily Ucvie w, vo l. v i, I'· GJ:l; ll aq•,- r '>
l\ fagaz in e, vu!. \xii i, p . 01; Xation , vu!. xxi i, p . 4U~;
llarri c L P a rr ',; Life an<l Death of J ea nn e d'A r ._; ; ::ioutlwy 's
poc ti.-al wo r ks (- Th e Vi s iun '); ~ c hilkr 's •lrnma, ' Th e
Maid of Orlca 11s;' abo ll1 e l'll•·y .-lo p:edi a:;.

IllO GHAPIIY OF SO ME C HAHA CTEH OF FJ CTrDN.
( 36)

Tr:wc tln· can:c r of S cro1o ~c. frn111 l >i.- k.-11 ,"; · C l1ri st111as Carol;'
o r uf A rtf11l l> o<l~.- r , fr., 111 · O li\·c r Tw ist;· or of Stpicers,
fru 111 ' l\ichola s i\il'kkl 1_1-:
( 3~)

Sec Edi11Lurgl1 l{ev ie"', VtJI. «x , p. l :{:! ; vol. ex xiii. p. 42:l;
Hr it i' h <cJ11a.rl<'rh-, vol. xii , p. 3 7 ; E,.} ,'(·tic l\Lt~a z ill l'.
vul. xxx, p. 18 1; vj 1l. lxv , p. t iU~; Gud cy':i I\Ja~ azirw,
vu!. xeiv, p . :!;!); Li"in ;::- A ~c, vol. lxxvii i, j>- 1:12; Lij'pi11cott's Mai:;azine , vol. xxiv , p. :13 1 ; Yo n;.;e 's Life of l\lari e
An to in ette ; Abbott', L ifc of l\Iari e A nttJint'tte; ;\ I und L's
_l\lari c Anto in e t ll' a nd hl'r S o n ; Fraser's i\lag azin e, vol. lxii ,
p . 50 I ; al so the e neyclo predias.

ABHAIIAM LIN CO LN.

See I,j,·ing Age . ml. xx cY, p . 2>12 ; rnl. xxc iv, p . 426; vol. xxc,
P· :!t::!; Yul. xxcvi, p. 1 :;; lllack wood':< l\fa;.;azinc , vu!. c, p. 623;
Lond on Q11artcrly, ml. xxvi , p . 26!!; E c lec t ic l\fagazine,
vol. l:F, p. 11 1: ; Gal:tx y, \·o!. xxii , pp. 3UO . .i:H; vol. xxi ii,
p p. 5 , 1-10 ; YO!. xxiv , pp. 437. t!O:.I , 73:3; I l arpcr's Maga·
zine . Yul. xxnii. p. l 2:!; ::ic ribne r 's l\fo n thl y, vol. xviii,
P· ;, .-;4; YO!. vi, 1'· 3:1 :3; Atlanti c J\Ionthly, YOL xvi, p. 49L;
, -. 11. xix , p. 40~; rnl. xii, p. 4 54 i North American R eview,
n ll. c, p. J ; vol. xc,·iii, I'· :! :14; ::i hea·s Lin coln M e morial,
chap. i, I" 55; I l o llaIHr~ Li fe of Lincoln, pp. 22, 213, 429;

MAHlE ANTOINETTE.

(37)

(;

MAl\Y QUEEN OF S COTS.

S ec Korth Aml' ri.- :i.n R e view, \'1ll. xxxiv , p. 14-1; Harpr·r·s
l\la gazin c. vol. x h ·i, I'- 3 -17 ; 11\a c kwood '' l\la !!:i.z in c. vq}_ ix.
p . I U-1; vu!. lxxi i, p . 1; l; ; vu!. xx c vi , p . 5 1 i; vul. c i, p. ;J~:J;

13

194

E:r\GLISH COMPOSITION.

VERSIFICATION.

. ·· p . 10'"' ·, Chambers· Journal, vol. iv, p. 17; Living
vo I. cv11,
· ' p. "
\
e
J g ', ~
• ol . xx-~ -~ 1
- 1 ·, vol. ..,iv.. l'· :JG 5 ;. nil. xxxv,
. P· 193;
Eclectic l\Iagazine, vol. xlviii, p. 12\i; \V.,stmmster Re.
1. I v11,
· · 1). •96 ·, Strickland's Queens of Scotland,
view,
vo.
··· lV
· , v, vi·' •·rnd viii ·' l\facLeou's Life of Mary
VO I s. lll,
(iuecn of Scots ; lllignot's Life of Mary Queen of Scots ;
Abbott's llistory of 111ary Queen of Scots; also the
cncydopreuias.

1!)5

;.

CHAPTER XVII.
VEl-:S! FlCATION.

SrEF.Cll assumes t\vo forrns: o ne, c:1llct1 prose, for oni in:i.ry 11 sc; the other, c:dled poetry, more artilicial, :111d '""111monly reserved for tlic more elegant, expr<'>'siu 11 of liigl 1er
tliongh ts . \Ve a rc uow to <:o n;;idcr some 1ivi11 L:; vf diifrrcnu~
betwee n them .

lf, for example, you ren,rl the following, yo n ~· ill noticf' a
certain force of voice gin•n r egu larly to some sylla bles :iud
not to otlH•rs : -

1'

(1) TJ, ., 101y was /'"'!/· tla· 1cil/(I wrt:< cold,
The 111i11~trol 1ca.< in.finn am! vi•/.
(2) M:iy I :JMCrn my pasi;ion;; with al•<ol11tc 8!Nt.'f,
And ~row 11J i s1.: r :u'ld &1: /ter "'life w i:ars atCU!J.
( :~)

f.',·111171 / :l

Lui· ,,
(4)

J:,, J.,-

r'rrl :11

r!i:)'11.: in._,.,

,d· p, ·u1 ·1' :u1•l /1J11 1' J_,. u111,,· i11 '; .

Tf rt'H l'it~

il'f'tlff i11

l1is USf'fuJnp~~,

/~rwrlin 1· ~ :-: ~ /1P1111ty~ :11 1d tJ·111ftf1dness.

This force of voice is c:i.llecl accent.
'1'!11..: rcgtd:tr ~ U c'L'c:::-:~iU il uf :u· c l'llll'.d :-;_yll:t!d~ ':-; ;~ 1·: til1·1l
metre.
E:-ich :i.ceented syll:i.11] (', with tli c uuac:ce n tc rl :,;yll:dilc ur
sy llaLl es att:1eli cd to it, for111" :t foot.

~ .

ENGLISH CO MPOSITION.

196

VERSIFICATION.

A line of -

197

( 2) Brightest and bes t Of th e sons Of t.h e mo rnin g.
auu

One foot is call ed a Jlfonometer;
1Ji1nelt' r ;
Two feet
Tr i mde r ;
Three fe et
'l'eti"umeter;
Four feet
l'entnowter
;
Fin: feet
"
Jle.nuneler ;
~ix feet
11 eplm1ieter ;
~ e v en feet
Uclulfl,e/er.
Eight feet

( 1) Iambus, (2) Anaprest, (:'>)Trochee, (4) Dactyl.
Let nn :wcc nteLl sy lla hle he d e noted by a o r(-) , and an
un:1cc1.: ntcd 011 e by ·11. o r ( v) ; then : -

'fn H·licc

l h ctyl

o r v - ; as, 'prefer.'

=

i(ci

=

1wn or v v _ ; as , • to ~he f:oe.'
r11 1,
or_ v; as, ~ c ha.n ~ 1 ng.

==

=

mm or_

v

v

;

as, 'tende rl y.'

A line or prwl ry is c:tllc<1 a verse (from Latin 'certo, l
t n rn ), h o.: .. :u 1,..e at tlic C> nd of the liue tho reader t urns to
the 1Jegi 1111 i11g of t h e ucx t line.
The i:wil •n:< and the :u1:tpa·><t, :tH Iikewise t he trochee :111d
the dactyl , a rc t'rcqn eutly iuterdrnuged: (1) FC1ll
u

'"'"1 \· r.
a ~' u

fl,-,wcr ls Lo rn tl'i hll1 :<h iin see n,
11

U

U

U

ll

U

IL

"

t4

(I

u

(!

u

uav

Upon h er Lreast a spark lin g cross sh e wor e,
Whi ch .Jews mi ght ki ss and infidel s adore;
l ler livdy looks a sp rightly mind di s..Jv:<C Q11icl.: as her <')'CS, and as unfixed as t.h o;;e;
Fai:ors to nune, to all sl1 e srnih·s extends;
Oji -<he rejects, hut n eve r once offend s.

Th e last syllable of a trochaic verse , Leing weak , is ofte:~
dispensed with. The lin e is then said to l.Je defedi·ve ; as T ell me not in mournful numbers,
Li fe is bu!. an e mpty dremn , ( v)
For the rnul is 1kad that slumb<·.rs,
And thin gs are not wlrnt th ey seem. ( v)

An unaccented o r weak syll able is often added to an iam bic
Ycrse, and then the li ne is s aid to lJe rediuiclmit ; as 13ut st ill as wilth:r blew th e wind ,
And a~ the night grew drcar er,
Atl ow11 th e gle n rode armed men , Tlwir trampling sou nd ed nearer
'Oh I ha ~tc thee, lrnstc,· tl1e lacly cr i l'~:
'Thougl1 tern p"sts round us gather,
I '11 meet tlie raging of th e s ki e~ ,
llut not an a ng ry fat/1 er.·

a

;\n d w;i:"t 1· lt~ H,· Pt>tnl-~ ~ On tl1 C J e:-:;:; rt ai r.
u

uau

The verse is named, however, according to tl1e predomi nan t foot, - iambic, anupwstic, trochctic, or dactylic .
A trochee , it is important to r emember, is often introduced
into iambic verse, - ge ncrnlly, though not always, at the
beginning of t he lin e. Thus: -

Lin es di ffe r from oue :11lotb cr, not o nly in the number of
fed e:tch co nt:tin s, bnt :tlso in tl1e kind of feet . Jn ( 1) and
( i) the :tccent falls 011 tlie los t sy ll ab le of each foot , while in
(:\ ) :tll(l (- I ) it f:tl lt4 un tl11 ~ jitsl.
Tl1t~ ::<U funr ki11ds ur fed are k nown as -

J:1ml1us
A11:1 p:l'st

<t u

([

Th e same poem sometimes conta in s both iamLic and trod1:1ic lin es : -

VERSIFI CATI ON.

ENGLISH CO:lrPOSITION.

198

Con1e. r1~ n:::.i vt' nun. cl1•\"l)Ut a nd pure.
Sober, ste:i.<lfa~t, aml demu re ;
All in a r obe of 1larkl' st f!;rn in ,
F l1n.. ing with rn ajestic train,
And sable stole of CYJff"' la wn,
O w r thy d ece nt ~ houldl'r,; drawn ; Conu· , b11t. kt·t•p tliy wi)n t"d stat e~
\\' ith e ven step an•l 1m1,in g ga it.
1

To cli,·i.1e a lin e into feet is to scan it.
On a\ mou ntain,
Lliy i'i I shc ph e nl

I ~t r\! tchcd l1i:· I neath
I swf1in , and I vie wed

(v _ )
(_ v )
( v _)

(_ v)
(v _ )
(v _ )
(_ v )

(v _ )

Thus: -

I willo w,
I r oll ing I billow.

1i \ hoar ):

th e

The a a reeme nt of one lin e wi t h another in final sound, as in
t he nl ~n', is c:1ll etl. rhyme. The n eetlful poi nts in a perfect

rh ywe :uc 1. Thut the yowcl-sound be t he s am e in both.
2. That the consonants nfte1· the ,-owe! be t he s am e.
3. That th e consonants /Jr~(ore the vow el be different.
4. That when t he rhyming syllables arc not final, those
which follo w must exactly correspo nd: dr-ink, br-ink; tenr-in g, liear-i ng ; im1wr·-tunatc,ji1r-tunate.

Two rltymin ~ lin es nm.kc a couplet; three, a triplet; four, a
quatrain. A gro up of rh yming lin es co nstituting tL regular
divisio n of a poem, is a stanza.
The most usual kind of English verse is iambic; and the
most common i:unhic is the iambic pentameter. This, used
either with or withou t rhyme, is well nuapted to s ubjects of
an elevated characte r, uud hence is commonly called heroio
verse: A bou Tien Arlhcm (m ay hi s tribe increase I)
Awoke one n ight fr om a de<:' p dream of peace,
And saw, within t.hc moonliµ;ht in hi ~ room,
Making it rich, and like a. lily in bloom,

An ang<'l writin~ in a hook u f g-;1 ld
LxcceJ ing peace l,aJ maJe lka A Jh1.:m lJVlJ,
And to the pre~cncc in the r oom h e sa id.
''rhat writcst t h ou'! ' - 'l'la.: vi~iuu rai ~ nl its L.ea~l,
And wi t h a look n1ad e all uf ' weet an.'•lrd,
An swered, 'The naml'S of tho'e who love the L u;·d ! '
'And i:-\ 1nine o n e '? ' ~ai <l 1\ hou. 'Nay , 11ot tsu, '
J{epli1 ·d the angel. A bot1 'l"'k" more low ,
Hut ch~cr "l y ,1 ill ; and 'aid. '1 pray tlt •. ,., tlwn ,
\\' rite me a; uuc tlial loves his ft:llvw -1111.: 11.'

The angel wrote and vanish ed. The next nigh t
It came a gai n with gn~ a t awak'niug ii~ht;
And ,J1uwed the names wh•nn love uf (;,,J had lile;; ·~<l,
And lo I Ben Adhem's name led all the rest.

Blank verse is verse without rhyme: The quality of mer cy is not st rain er!;
It <lroppe th as th e gentle rai n from heave n
U pon the place be11eath. I t is tw ice bles;ed;
It bl esse th him that g iv es, and him that takes.
'Tis mighti est in the 111i ~hti e s t: it becomes
Th e throned monarch better than his crow n.

It is pe rmi ssible for poets to H!'le an occasional archai"m 1
(r1); to imi t at.11th e La.ti111u1\l Greek mode of conl"l rnetiou \11);
to change the customary o r<ler o f words ( c) ; to om it the article, the relati vc, the a nteced ent, or the princip:1l ,-erb ( d) ; and

sometimes to violate grammatical propriety ( e) :
(a) Full soon, I wee11 [=imagin e].
That erst with mu sic sweetly sung your joy [=fonnerl.'IJ.

(b) Give me to seize rich N estor's shield [= let me].
There are who, d eaf to mad ambition's call [=persons who].
1 Old word or idio m no longer in general use.

·'·

I

:1

'.!
:· ·.-~

200

ENGLISH COMPOSITION.
( c) No l1ive hast thou of hoarded swee t [=thou hast].
A lnwsient callll th e happy scen.,.s bo.<totc.
R oa r the llH>Ulltaiu,, //1wulers rdl the g round.
Tho u S11n, o.f thi, great wor/ll Loth eye and soul.
\\"l1t· rc Echo wal ks S!Cl' ]' hill s u111ong.

(d) Tlte brink of [tlt i•] haunted ~t r ca m.
ror i" tl t('J"C :lll~ht in ~Jeep [tl1at] can charm the wi se?
[lie] who 11 pvcr fa sts, no b:trt([Uct e'e r enjoy~.
.A11 g(•l s cu11ld [u'u] nu nH,l"C.
( e) No r ;_!;rid nor pai11 :<hal l break my re,; t [ = 11 eitlt e1· .. . nor].
]\l y banb, tlt ey arc furni ~ lt ed with t.n:e:<.
The:· fall :> 11t·ee;;,in· [ = wccessively].
My g rain ed ash a hundred t.imes hath broke .
EXERCISES.

1. ·what iR the eharactcristic foot in eac h of the following
passages? G iv c also the tlesignation of th e measure - mouomcter, dim cte r, trimc te r, cte. l'oint out de fecti,·e or redumlant lin es. \\"lia L feet, if a11y, arc u1:;ctl -as substitutes r
(!) \\"ith rnvi>h cd c ar~
Th e n1 on:m:h hear~ .

( 2) Aloft, i11 awful ~late,
Th e j.!<>d-li ke he ro 'ate
On-hi s imp<'ri:il th rone.

(::l ) ·w a r. he ~tin).!, is t .. il and tro11blc;
Tlonor hu t an emp t_,. !.11liblc.
( 4) \' ital spark of hcav.,nly flam e,
Quit, oh, quit this mortal frame.
(5) Oh I hat! r the wing~ of a <love,
I-l ow soo n wuuhl I t:i stl' yon again.
(G) '1\rnnt and , {ave, tlto'c n:ttlll' S of hate and fear.

VERSIFICATION.

201

(7) Cannon to right of them,
Cannon to left of t.hcm,
Cannon behind th em
V oil eyed a nd thundered.
( 8) The vine still clings to the moulde ring wall,
But at every g ust the dead leaves fall.

(9) Death, with frosty hand and cold,
Plucks the old man uy the beard,
Sorely, sorely.

(10) II e sca1Te had cea,;ed, when the superi or fi end
\Vas moving toward the shore, hi s ponderous shi eld ,
Etlt ercal te mpe r, massy, large, and round,
Behind him cast.

2. Scan toe followin g passages, and tell all that you know
about the metrical structure of each : (1) And as a h a re, whom hound s and horns pursue,
Pants to the place from whence at first he fl ew,
I still had hopes, my long vexations past,
llere to r eturn , and die at home at last.
( 2) Tak e her 11p te nd e rly,
Lift li er with care,
Fashi oned so slt·111le rly,
Y oung and :-;o falr.

(3) Morn Oil th e ~--at e r s I :ind purple and hri ght
Bursts Oil the billows the flashing of li ght;
O'er the ~lad waves, like a child of the sun,
See th e tall vessel goes gallantly on.
( 4) Saxon, from yonrl er mountain high,
I marked th ee send delighted eye
Far to the South and East, wh ere lay,
Extenrled in s ueccs~ion gay,
De('p-wavi ng field~. a nd pastures green,
With manv
, a fertile vale between.

.

t f> ) .Koll on, thou deep and dark-blue Ocean -

roll!
Ten thousand fl eets sweep over thee in vain;
Man mark ~ the earth with ruin - hi s control
Stops with thy shore; upon the watery plain
T he wrecks are all thy deed , nor doth remain
A ~hadow of man's ravage, save his own,
Wh en for a moment, like a drop of rnin,
He ~inks into thy deptl1 s with bubhling groan,
"Without a grave, unknelled, un coffined, and unknown.

(6) Sweet in manners, fair in favor,
Mild in temper, fierce in fight,
\II{ arrior noblei·, gentler, braver,
Never shall behold the light.

(7) Come as the

wind~

come, when
Forests are ren<kd:
Come as the wind~ come, when
Navies are stranded.

( 8) Anrl the Spring arose on the gard en fair,
Like the spirit of Love felt every where;
And each flower anti herb on earth' s dllrk breast
Ro'e from the dreams of its wintry rest.

3 . Rcarrnogc the following so as to make successive
rhymes: ~ong to thee,
To whom belong tiuhlimer strains.

( 1) \Ve raise the choral

(2) If e ncc forth T go to rural haunts,
Through winter's snow and summer's heat.
(3) Religion's hc am~ sh ine aronnd thee,
And cheer thy gloom with divine light.
(4) "While the shepherd, free from pas~ion, thus sleeps,
A monarch might see his state with envy.

203

VERSIFICATION.

t:NGL1SH COMPOSITIOr. .

202

(5) Seek not thou, with vain endeavor, to find
The secret counsel; of almighty mind,
The dread decree lies involved in darkness;
Nor can the depths of fate uy thee be pierced.

(6) Lofty hills now display their verdant crowns,
Emerging into day in vernal pomp.

(7) Oh I in some heaven-protected isle place me,
\Vhere peace and equity and freedom smile :
\Vhere power what industry has won sec ures,
'\' here to succeed is not to be undone.

4. Restore the following to metrical form : (1) Sometimes men of wit, as me n of breedi ng, must commit
less errors, to avoid _the great.

(Iambic

pentameter~,

a couplet= 5 ua.)

( 2) From art, not chance, comes true ease in

writin ~;

those who have learned to dance move easiest.

as
(f> ua.)

(3) He that against hi s will complies, is st ill of his own opin·
ion.

(Tetrameters = 4 ua.)

(4) Great wits, sure, are near allied to madness, and thin
partitions do divide their l.oountls. (5 ua.)
(6) U nchnn ged and immortal, a milk-white hin1l rnug1·d in
the forest and fed on the lawns. ( f> uri. )
( 6) All working in these walls of Time arc arc h itec t~ of Fate;
some with ornaments of rhyme, some with great and
massive deeds. ( 4 au, rhyming alternately.)

5. Turn into stanzas of four lines rhyming ulternutely: (1) Who can wre nch from their rocky bold the pillar s cf
eternal might? ·what gloom can hide, what wind
quench, the flame of the eternal? ( 4 ua.)
(2) That proud chapel, where the chiefs of Roslin lie uncof·
fined, seemed all on fire - each baron sheathed in his
iron panoply for (instead of) a sable shroud. ( 4 ua.)

204

ENGLISH COMPOSITION.
~omc shady haunt did ever chant more
welcome notes to weary bands of travellers among the
sand~ of Arabia (Arabia sands).
(4 ua.)

(3) No nightingale in

6. The following stanzas have six lines, the last two
rhyming successively and ~he others alternately: (J) I <lo not crave the garish pomp, the sparkling ~h ow , or

the slave's golden shackles, the lordly ease that knows
not th e cares of men; nor does the delight of my calmer
8oul han g on dance and revelry by night.
(2) To drink the crystal spring; to roam from land to land,
and still to find a happy home in every place, and in
all mankind friendly hearts, to take with gratitude and
ri ch content the gifts sent by Heaven.

7. Write two nonsense verses, blank, for ench of the
following formulns; that is, arrange words solely with regard to metre : 5 ua,

4 au,

6 autt,

4 utui.

8. Construct four stanzas, four lines each, from the following, making such formal changes as are .necessary: Sense. - Let me move ~ l owly through the street, which is
filled wi th an ever-chan ging crowd, among the sound of
Rteps that beat on th<' pavement like autumn rain. How
fast the figures flit hy- th• mild , tho fierce, the expressionless face, some bright with thoughtless smiles, and some.
wit.h a trace of tears. They pass to different pursuits to banquets, or to chambers where the fun eral guests sit
silent. And some arc going to happy homes, where children, prc·ssing cheek t.o check, declare the tenderness they .
cannot tell in words.
Rhymes. - (1) Street, train, beat, rain; (2) come, face, some,
trace; (3) rest, spread, guest, dead ; ( 4) repair, cneek,
declare, speak.

Tll E END.

