ENGLISH GRAMMAR
MADE PLEASANT AND PRACTICABLE:
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THE PARTS WHICH SHOULD BE COJllJ\11TTED TO JllEHORY \

BEING VERSIFIED

AND PREPARED, AS MU!lICAL EXERCISES,

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND CLASSES;

According to a plan of instruction which ha!J been tried
.

~~?,;-

In other Brunches of Education

WITH. THE HAPPIEST EFFECTS·

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BY L:· A. WILMER.
II

PH l L ADELPHI A.

J. W. MACCLEFIELD & CO.

1849~

PREFACE.

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Ent.ere<l, uccording to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by
LAMBERT A. WILMER,
In the Clerk' s Office of th e District Court, for the Eastern
DIStrict of f'ennsylvania,
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The clisposition to multiply English Grammars haa
lately mauifcsted itself to such a degree that a new work
of this kind may be thought more unnecessa ry than the
"fifth wheel to a wagon." Such an opinion can prevail,
howe1•er, only among those who ha ve never undertaken
to crive instructions in this branch of knowledge; for all
wh~ have ever attempted to teach English grammar will
cnnfess that something is still required to make th e stn·
dy more agreeable to the pupil, and the process ol' in·
Young people
st ruction less laborious to the teac her..
often show a repugnance to this study, as it is usually
condu cted; a ncl in proportion as it fails to .excite an int•~ rest in the mine! of the learner, the task of the inistructor becomes less "deli g htful.'' If any part of the
great hig hway of education req uires smoothing an<l embellishment , g rammar is that pa rt. The complaint which
is so oi'ten llla<le, th a t the de tails of the scienr.e are clry
und i rkso 111e, is not without some foundation in fact.
With thr~ hope of mnkiug this almost indispensable
science more acceptable to th e youthful mind, the present wo rk was unde rtaken.
The author has observed
tlntt a great par t of th e difficulty which the student of
Ell'rlish g-rammar has uee n obliged to encounter, arises
fru~1 a n"~crllr. ss red11ndan ce r.ud complexity of classifiC1Ltio11 and definition. The si ze of this work will show
that !'omc rc~ treuchment has been effected, hut we think
eno11!!h ha~ been retnined for eve ry practical purpo~e .
The proce,;S of simplification might have been carried
!<till fa rth er, but it wns expedient, on several accounts,
not. to rl e1•iate too much fr om the path which had been
mark ed out hy nnr predecessors.
It is a n undeniaule
fact that the system of English Grammar now in general
11<c is so v e r~r impe rfect that scarcely any of its definitions arc lol! ica ll y correct and very few of its classifications ·arc founded on ri ght principles. These faults may
bfl asc ribed, in some measµ re, to the extreme irregularity
of' our l:1nguage, and they are faults which a re more easily pointed out t~a n c~rrect ed. Mr. James Brown has,
with great ahility"and ·some degree of eccentricity, expo~ed the defects of ''Murray's system,'' but the substitute offered by him has not received sufficient favor from
the public to make it avai lable for our present purpose.

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VI

Murray's system, variousl y modified, is now in general
use, a~1d its popularity is such that any attempt to supplant 1t would be almost hope less . With a ll its imperfections, this syste m can be made to answer the purposes
r equi red , and its ~eneral acceptation amoncr lea rned men
and accomplished writers proves that it h~s great merits to counterbalance its serious defects. These conside.
ration s have induced us to adopt the common formulas,
with such additions and omissions as were r equired for
the attainment of our peculiar objects.
Th e principal innovation we have ventured to make is
the versification of those portions which are .especially
to he remembered. The application of ve rse and music
to the purposes of instru ction is an experiment which
has been tried in other departments of lea rn in er with
complete
success. This method of teachin" is n~ite as
.
applicable to grammar as to any other branch of ed ucacation. The author can s peak with confidence on thi>:1
subject, for he ha s tested the usefuln ess of verse in ana logous circumstances. While le arnin g th e Latin gra mmar, so:m~ years ago, he found that by turning some
parts ot 1t to verse, he was e11able d not only to co mmit
tho~e parts to memory with i:reater facility, but also to
r e tain · th e 111 for a much longer time.
Even no w, after
a lrq1"e of fifteen years, th e;;e grammatical rh ym es a re
easily reca ll ed, wherea8 many other objec ts of ou r early stmlies are co11ti 11uitlly el uding th e g rasp of our reco llectio n.
But w e think th a t tli e utility of th e plan here
spoken of is too ooviuus to need mu ch argumen t or ex planati on .
la tlrn ve rse , ns wr ll ns in every othrr part of thi~
gramma r, th e author ha s ~tuclied lm~vity rind pers pi c11 it y . Rhyme was a l111 os t tlH) •>nl v poeti <:al e m br~ llish111 e 11t
':' hi c l~ it was expedient to introduce; f.,r an.v attempt Ht'
tancitu I rl e1:o rat11m would ha VP. marred th e p ri ma rv ch. .
s ig n or th e work. W e desired to make 011r ver:;ifie.cl de·
fin itions as pl a in and prncise as th ey co uld haw) bee n in "
prose itse lf~ that the appreh e nsio n an d rn e mo;·v of the
leanic.r might he taxed i11 th e lea s t poss ible dcg ~"e· Tho
ve rse 1s at icl ptecl lo several pop1 ilar ai r~ a11d !llay be su nrr
in schoo !S or c lasses . 'l'ltis uxe rcise, it i~ thnuu ht.. wiO
be it~rc;!:ihl e to the p11pils,. th e c ha~·ms of rrn 1 ~Tc being
ealle; I 111 to re lie ve the ted111111 and d1 .; ta stef1 1lnr.,,s which
"<·~ hav e re fi:' rrnd tons bP- ing ::;cJ11ieti111es attrilmted to the
~.:_u dy uf l::ng lis lt Gram1uur.
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ENGLISH GRAIVIMAR.
LESSON I.
DEFINITIONS.

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1. English G .r ammar teaches the proper formation,
modification and arrangement of the wordii which com·
pose the English Language.
2. It is common to divide English Grammar into four
parts: Orthrography, Etymology, Syntax and Prosody.
3. Orthrography is said to teach "the nature and power of lette rs and the just method of spelling words ~''
The art of spelling, however, is seldom acquired without
the help of spelling-books and dictionaries.
4. Etymology treats of the derivation, clMSification
and modification of words.
5. Syntax teaches the proper connection and 1Lrraogem ent of words in sentene~.
6. Prosod y teaches the right pronunciation o( words
and the rulel! of versificution:

or

Our plan
instruction requires UI to begin with that
part of Grammar which is called
ETYMOLOGY.
The two principal things to be taught under this head
are: th e division of word!! into classes and the grammatical variations to which some kinds of words are subject.
The word~ of the English Language are comprised
in nine classe~, which are commonly called Parts of
~pecd1.

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ET11MOJ,OGY,

Am-"Auld Lang Syne."
1
Nine !'urts of words or pa rts of speech
In English are embraced:Noun, Article and Adjective
First on the roll are placed .

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DEFI N lTIUNS.

as J ose ph, Philade1'ihia, Aruerica, chair, table, field,
garden.
2. "Virtue is a thing to be admired.'' "Cruelty is a
a thing to be detes ted. ' ' ln th ese examples, Virtue and
Cruelty are called thin gs. Tlw wo rds virtue and c ruelty, being the names of thin gs, are th erefore noiins. Many other words, whic h are not th e nanws of visible obj ects, are nouns; for example, Jove, hatwd. prid e, houor,
e nterprise, &c. All such words arc " th e 11ames
things," and a re therefo re included in our definition of
the noun.
a. Nouns are of two kinds, I' rope r n111! Common.
4. J ames and boy are both nouns. .la:nes we use to
distinguis h some pa rticular person, but wh en we say "a
boy,'' no particular boy is des ignar ed . Ja mes is· th ere;;
fore a Prope r nou·n, or prope r na111e, ~ecause it is proper, or appropriate, to a particular perso n. Br1y is a Common noun, because it is a na me comrno11 to ma11y persons. Proper nouns a re th e names nf particular persons,
countries, cities, mountains, rivers, l11kes &c. ;as F rancis, Europe, London, Alps, Hud so n, Ontario.
But the
words man, country, city, m01.111tnin &c. are common
nouns, because each of the m is a nu111e common tu ma ny
th ings of th e same kind.
S. A proper noun is alwn ys begun with a capital letter, but a common 11011n is nnt, 1mle s .~ it begins a sentence
o r happens to be a word that req uires particular emphas is.
G. T o nouns belong number, perso n, gender and case .
7. Number signifies on~ oh,1ect or more than one.
When a noun represe nt>i one thi11 g, as bird, it is of th e
Singular number; when it repr ese nts more than orio
thing, as birds, it is of th e Plural number.
8. The re are three perso ns in gm mmar: the First
P erson speaks, as "I walk;" the Se1,;ond Person iH spoken

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OBSERVATIONS.

1. Five of these pa rts of speech, namely , the N uun,
Adjective, Pronoun, Verb and Adverb, have variation:::.
Th e othe rs have no variations.
~ . Nouns and Pronouns are varied by numbers, person~, gende rs a nd cases.
Verbs a re va ri ed hy moods,
tenses, rmmbers a nd persons. Adjectives and Adverbs
a re varied by degrees of comparison.

·what does English Grammar teach 1 d. 1. How is it commonly di vid ed 1 d. 2. What does Orthrography teach 1 d. ~3·
Etymology '! d, 4. Syntax 1 d. 5. Prosody 1 d. 6. How ma·
ny kinds of words or parts of speech are there in English 1 v. 1.
What are their 11arn es 1 v. 1-2. Which have variations 1 o. 1.
How are 11oun8 and pronouns varied 1 o. 2. Verl>::i 1 o, 2. Atlje<.:tives and Ad verb~? o. 2.

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l. A noun is the na me of so me pe r~on, place or thing;

2
N ex t Pronoun, Verb and Adverb take,
Then Preposi ti on gree t ;
Con.iunetion, Interjection come
To make the list complete.

CWESTIO NS.

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LBSSOi'\ II.
NOUNS.

l'ARTS OF SPEECH.

The learner s hould be able to answer all the following
ques tions readily before we proceed to the next lesso n.
It is not necessary tha t he should repeat our own words;
on th e co ntrary, we r ecommend some difference of phraseology in th e a nswers, for by this means th e pupil's
Judgment will be exercised and whatever he may ha ve
It is necessar y,
learn ed will be made more availa ble.
however, that the a nswers should be correct in substance .
N on:.-At th e end of each ques tion wil'I be found the
le tte r D, V or 0, with an accompany ing figure, ha ving
reference to th e number of the definition, verse or observation in which the answer to th e que3tion is contained.

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ETYIUOLOG ·T.

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Tnl: ·l 'fO'lll'I'.

to, as "You ride;" the Third Person is spoken o(, as
"The hoy runs."
9. Gender is tlic distinction of sex. See the verse on
th e Nou ns.
10. Th e word case generally signifies state or conTh e case of a noun is its state in relation to
dition.
other words in the sentence. English nouns have three
cases, Nominative, Possessive and Objective.
11. The nominative case is said to denote the actor
or age nt, as "John walks,'' "the horse trots." John and
horse are here i11 the nominative case. A noun in the
Nominative case is generally placed at or near the beginning· of a se ntence, and 11my be the subject of a declarati on, as "Caroline is pretty," or the name of the
pe rson or thing addressed, as "Thomas, do this," or the
sul~j ect of a supposition or of an enquiry, as "If W illiam should write," "Dirt Ell en read 1" In th ese examples, each of th e nouns Ca roline, Thomas, William and
Ellen is in th e Nominative Case.
12. A noun in the Possessive case signifies a possessor of somethin g , as "John's hat." John is the possessor
of the hat, th erefore the noun "John's" is in the possest>ive case.
13. The Objective case, (says Murray,) expresses the
object of an ac:t ion, or of a relation; as "John assists
Charles.'' "They live in L ondon."
Here Charles is
und erstood to be the object of the action expreso:ed by
the word "assists,'' an<l London is th e object of the re·
The Objective case
lation denoted by the word "in."
c omprehends too much to be clearly defined in a few
words; but th e learner will be made fully acquainted
wiLh its nature and uses as we proceed.
NOUNS.

Arn-Araby's Daughter.
By a noun is implied nothing more than a name; ,
H orse and Tre2 arc both nouns, so are Glory and fume.
\-Vh atsoeve r exi;;ts, as 1\fan, Nation or T own,
Or lll'l ligion or Virtue, when 11a111crl, is a t}oun.

2
Common nouns are the names by which classe~ are known
But the Proper ones fit individuals alone:
Thomas, J ames, Boston, Erie, for Proper nouns take,
But the Common are such as Man, Oity or Lake.
3
Gender, Number and Case upon nouns are co~rr'd,
And we give them three persons, First,Second and Thi rd;
Although some may suspect this is more than their share,
For their claim to the First is exceedingly rare.
4
Every noun has two numbers: if one thin()' there be,
It is Singular cnll'd, as a' House or a Tree
But whenever the number o'er one you increa!;'e,
Then the noun becomes Plural, as Houses or Trees.
5
Now the Genders of nouns we proceed to unfold :
For by these the distinctions of sex may be told.
Fn11r genders, in all, to th e nouns we a~sign;
All their names let us tell and their uses define:6
By the Masculine gender things male we declare,
As a Man or a Horse ;-but a Muid or a Mare
In the Feminine gcmder must nP.eds he ernbrac'd,
Aud there al l other nouns meaning females are placed.

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7

N euter ge nder implies neither fema le nor male,
As a Rend1, or a Chair, ur a Pitcher or l'a il.
lfot tlH ! !.!·cnd e r cnll'd Common alike will ext en<l
To th e mcdes and the fo rna les, us Neighbor or Friend.
tl

N ext the Persons we men 1i on: th e ·First prrsonspeoks,
A~ "I, Alrxa11de1', will govern the Gr<>P.k,;."
We the :Sec:oud speak to, as "Oh llfoid, hear my vow!"'
But th e Third we speuk of, as 'my horse,' or 'your cow.'
9
L et us speak of the cases th e Engli!<h noun claims, .
Nominnli1·e , Pnssess ive, Objectiv e, 1hi;ir names.
N on1in ative a namin6 of sornci!iing implies,
[flies.''
Or else something that acts, as "men walk," "the bird
10
But the case cnll'd Possessive is used to expres~
A possessor,-'tis known by apostrophic s. '[ 's]
"Peter's hat" and "John's house" as examples we place,
Where the nouns J ohii 's and Peter's arEJ both in this ca~e.

ETYMOLOGY.

12

THF.

11
Th e Objective case next shall our notice employ:
•Tis the object of action, as "John beats the boy.''
H ere "the boy'' is the object of action, we find,
And is thence to the case call'd Objec tive ussign'd.

12
The Objective some times may relation denote,
As "Ben lives beyond Boston ." "Sam sails in a boat.''
T he nonns "Boston" and" Boa t" in this Case we include ,
The ir relation to "Be n" and to "Sam" understood.
ORSEnv" T!ONS.

l. A Commo n noun may gene ra ll y be known by itH
nclinittiu ~ ci, un or the before it, as "a box," "an egg,"
"the fir e."
\Ve sometimes use a and the, (which are
cal led Arti c les,) before prope r n ames, as wh e n we say ,
"He is nut a Sulomon," "This is not the J oh n I expected;" but, in gm1c ral, Proper Nouns will not make sense

with t.he Art ich~s before th e m.
2. T he ge nd e rs of F.ng lish nouns nre distinguished in
three di fk re nt ways , vii.-

By 1] iffe rent
G.
TI1tchelor
lloy
llu ck
Dy differnnt.
l\!Asc. G.
Actor
MASC.

word~,

ns
G.
MH.id
Girl
Doc

G.
Bu llock
E a rl
Friar

MAS C.

FE)\.

te rmin n.t.ion~,

as

F1rn. G.
Actreos
Ma rqui~
Atl m i ni~trat.or A<lmin istr:itrix Poet
llncl 1ess
Sttltan
J)ulrn
E xec nto r
F, xectt trix
Tra itor
Hero in e
"W idower
H ero

By n word prefix ed

to

G.
H eifer
Countess
Nun.

F EM.

FE:lf. G.
1"brchioness

P uc:te"~ 1

Sultnna.
T m itress
Witluw.

the Noun, as

MA 8C . (~.

A !\'fan-servant
A He-goat
A Male-child

FE ~! . G.
A Maid-ser vant
A She-goat
A Female-child &.c.

3. Nouns of the ne uter gende r nre ;;ometimes spoken
of, fi gurative ly , as males or femal es ; as "Time preys
on his offsprin g ." "Religion blesses her votari P.s ." It is
customary, a lso, to say of the sun, "He ha ~ ri se n," and
of a s hip , "She sa ils we ll." These forms of exp ressi on
ar11

called fi gures o f speech.

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NOUN.

.(. Th': term Person is applie d to nll nouns, whether
they s 1g mfy human be ings, l>rutes o r inanimate obj ec ts;
thu s th e nouns Dog, P e n, Boo k, &c. may be uf the se·
co11 <l or thir<l Person.
..

5. The Plu rn.l of Englis h nouns is com1no nlv fo nn eJ
by a<lding ~ to the Sir~gular, as, S in gula r, mm;, . l'lurnl,
nrnus. \!\hen t h e S111gular ends in x , s, r11 or . ~h, ,,11 is
added, ns. fox , foxes, kiss, kisses, las h , lash es.
\\'h e n
th<: Singular ends in o, es is some time s ad<led to mako
th e Plural, a ..; echo, ec hoes, neg ro, 11eg roes. If th e Singu lar e uds inf, or
those le tt e rs, to m ake th e Plurul,
aw u:::ually changed to ves, as· loa f, loaves , .wile , wiv e ~.
Nouns whi c h e nd with y, with no othe r vowel in the
s'.tme s y llabl e: make t.h P- ir Plu ra ls with ies, ns fly, tli P ~.
Some n ouns form the ir Plurals with ou t tli e s, as mun,
rn en , toot h, teeth, &c. Child h as c hil drP.n fo r th e p.! urnl,
ox, o x e n; mouse , mice; broth er, l>re thre n o r uruthen:l.
Some n ou11 s, as dee r, sl1ee p &c. n re tli e same in bcith
rn1111lwr,.
Th e fo ll ow i11 g nou ns , adopted fro111 the Hebrcw , Gr'.~ e k a nd L atin, r e tain th e plti ruls whi c h be lougc d
t u I he m 111 th ose languages , viz.-

Jr,

Bl~Gu!. AR.

if~GULAR.

P l.U RAL.

PLURA L .

A 11imnlcul11m
A ntithesis
A !'pc ndix
A pex
Arcanum
A x is
lhs is

Anim alcula
Ge11ius
Geni i*
Ant itheses
G enus
G ene ra
Appe ndi ces E · H ypothes;s
H ypotbe~Ps
A p1ces
Ig uis fotuu s I g111!8 fotui
Arca na
lncl cx
lnd ices, Ind PJWil
Axes
M e mornn dum l\fo111orumh K
~·. ~es .
l\',l etnmorplwsis Mew.murphused
C~ w rttb
Cherubim E. I u.rcnt.bes iti
Parentl 1c.-es
Crisis
C rises_
.Pl 1cnom enon Ph enomena
Criter ion
Cntena
Ra t.f ins
R adii
Stnmi nn
l latuin
JJnta_
S t1unen
l>csiderntnm
I~es1tlerata
Serap h
Seraph im E.
E tHnvi1t1n
I·:ffiu via
Stimnlus
Stimnli
J•:1nphn.s1s
~mp ;w..;es
Stratum
8trata
L rru.tu111
Errata
' 'ron ex
V or f ices E.
. .
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en11, w 11en s pmts or demons a re mea nt · Geniuses when
we speak of ingenious persons
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'fli ~•c wo rd s mrtrke<l F.. in the rtbove l i~ t, admit of the reg·
ular En g ltsh pl ural'. form ed by adding s to the singular.
6:. '.l'h e s ig n ~f th~ P ossessive Case varies according
to c 11 e umstanc es ; with nouns of th e s in crul a r number
tl1e upos tro phic 1 is used thu s, a boy':i hat. W' ith plurai

3

l:T\"XOLOGY.

nouns ending with a, we use the apostrophe only, ns
hoy.y' hats. Sometimes when the Singular ends in ss,
th e apostrophe by itself mnrks the Possessive Case, as
"fi,r goodness' sake." Nouns ending in 11ce, take the
npostrophe only, as "for conscience' sake.'' When the
plural dues not end ins, the possess ive case requires both
apostrophe and s, as "men's hea rts."
7. Dec lining a noun is placing it in all its cases, thus:

Sing.
Plur.
Sirig.
Plur.
Bnv
Buys
Man
Men
Ptlss.i:ss1vF..
Roy's Bnys'
Man's
Men's
OaJECTIVE.
Boy
Boys
Man
Men
1u th<~se r, xamplp,s, the tivo nouns Boy and Man nre varied through all the ca~es and hoth numbers.
Noxr:-1 ,\Tl\'R.

If th e learne r has studied this lesson with cure, he will
bo able to answer the following questions readily.
qUESTIO!'IS.

~Vh:t t is a noun! d. I.
'Whut part of speech is the word
virtue! d. 2. Cruelty ! d. I. Pride! iii. How rnuny kinds
of noons ure there um.I what arc they called ! cl. 3.
Whut
kinrl of nouns ure J ame~, Alps, Europe, Lo1ulon ! d. 4. '\Vhut
k ind 1tre boy, rnouutain, country, c ity ·! 11. 4. 'Vhat doed nuu1bcr «ignifv ! d. 7. Give examples. How 1mny persons have
nouns and what are they called ! d. 8. Examples. 'Vhat is

g ender 1 d. 9. How m:iny gender~ and what are ~h~y called!
What does mascul111e gender s1g111fy'! v. 6. Fem1mne ~ v. 6.
Neuter! v. 7. Common gender ·! ib, How inany cases have
nouns nnrl what nre their nnmes1 v. 9. "Vhat <loes the nomin.' tive cnse denote! d. 11. Posses~iv.e case 1 d. 12. Objcc tt1 ve1 Decline the noun MA'<. Decline BOY. Decline each
of the following nnuns, horse. tree, hook, duck, cow, frieud.
Of what genrlcr is H orse! Cow! Tree ·! Fr iend 1 'V l111t
i~ I.he femi nin e of drake!
Friar! Enrl 1 H ol·se ~ 'Vhut
ie t.he plural of bird 1 Give the plural of e<tch oft.he following
noun ~. ho111;e , box, lass, flash, negro, half, staff, wife, knife, fly,
beauty, key, un11nal.culum. (The teacher may reqaire the pupil to write or mention the plural of ench noun in the list, beginning with nnimalculum, on pRge 13.) \Vliat id the plural
of dee.r, sheep, tooth, child, goode, .oi.:, mouse!

LERSON° III.
ARTICLES.
Dl~l'l:'>ITI O!'IS .

l. An Article is a word used to point out 1<ome pnrti cu lnr si g nification of a noun, ns 'rz man,' mr:ming oue
man; 'the hor;>e,' referring to a prnticular hor~ e .

TffB

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AJlTJ6Lll:.

~. The English language has but two Articles: a or
an, and the.
;,. A is chan~d to all before one of the vowels, a, e,
i, o, u; also before a silent k, as "an hour.'' 'Vhen the
h is sounded, a must be use<l, ·a s 'a house,' 'a hand.'
It is allowable to use a before u tong, as 'a university.'
4. A common noun, without any article to limit it, is
taken in its most general sense, as 'man is mortal.'
Here man signifies the whole human race.
5. A or an applies to one only, as '1 saw a man,' that
is, .one man. But as a or an points out no PARTICULAa
person or thing, it is called the INDEFINITE Article.
6. The ascertains what particular person or thing it
meant,M 'I saw the man;' h~nce i.t is called the DJOvnuTa
Article.
Tn:I!: A RTICLJ1.

A.1R-"Auld La.ng Syne."
l

.

Those little words call'd Article11
Before the nouns are placed ;
And thus the meaning of the noun•
Is with precision traced.
2
Two Articles alone we scan,
And more there need not be.;
Th' Indefinite is A or An,
The Definite is The.
'
.
3
Among all writers of good taste,
A turns to An, 'tis found,
When 'tis before a vowel placed,
Or h that has no sound.
4
Most properly this A or An
Indefi nite we call:
•A mun,' implies no certain man,
But any man at all.
I}

But The more definitely trieii .
The object to present;
·
Thus when we say, 'The man is wiae,'
Some cert;iin man is meant.

16

li

ETY)IOLOGY,

6
Nouns Singular alone may be
To .\ or An udjoin'd;
.But singular and Plurul both
With The may be combin'd.
ADJECTIVES.
DEFINITIONS.

...

l. An Adjective is a word which expresses some property or quality of a noun, or shows the extent of tho
noun's sign ifica tion, as 'a good man,' 'a swift horse,'
'ten books.'
2. Adjcctiveg are varied by three Degrees of Compa·
rison, the Positive, the Comparative and the Superlative.
2. The Potiitive Degree is the simplest form of tho
Arljective, exp res;iing a quality without increa1te or diminution, as good, swift.
2 . The Comparative Degree makes a comparison be.
tween two, as •John is BETTER than J a mes.' •My horse
is swIFTrrn than yours.'
3. The Superlative Degree refers to three or more,
11nd ext ends th e signification of the Adjective as far as
it can go, as •William is the REST boy.' "!'his is the
8WIFTEST horse.'
4. The simple word,or Positive, becomes the Compnrative by adding n or En, and the Supe rlative, by adding
eT or E S'f: as, wise, wiser, wisest; fair, fairer, faire<1t.
Th e word s 'IORJ' and MOST, placed before an Adjective,
h ave th e sa me effect, as 'more wise,' 'most wise.'
5. Some Adjectives are compared in an irregular way
as, good, better, best; bad, worse, worst.
ADJECTIVES.
Arn-Illue-eyed Mary.
l

By Adjectives, connected
With nouns, us you shull find,
Attention is directed
To qu a lity mid kind.
To speak of 'LOVELY Fanny,'
H e r ']Ua!ity will tell,
And uaming 'NAUGHTY Nanny'
Describes her quite as well.

:t
And now the variations
Of adjr.r.lives we show:
To help our explunatinnH,
To •lovely' let us go.
'Ann's lo11li e1· than Marv,
The lovli est in the la~J ;
Thus adjectives we vary,
The meauing to expand.
3
Hence three degrees we mention;
Comparison's the name
\Ve give to that extension
Which Adjective;i may -elnirn.
Of those degre~s just rec kon'd,
The Positive first pas::i' d,
Comparative is second,
Superlative is last.
4

The Posi tive Pxp resses
The adjective's first stntP.,
And neither more nor less iii,
As •Buonaparte was great.'
In '•.,y ashington was greater,'
Comparative we see,
But 'the great.est, our Creator,'
Superlative \viii be.
5
Some Positives to alter,
The ending er we give;
Thus 'salt' presents us 'salter,'
For its Comparntive.
If est for te rmination
Instead of er, we t;kc,
As 'saltest,'-this mutation
Superlative will make.
0
'With adjectives that numbe r
More syllables thnn one,
·Lest them we should encumber,
The er and est we shun.
Such adjectives to vary,
We 'more' onrl 'most' ret11in;
As 'more enchanting' Mary,
And 'most enchanti11g' Jane.

I1

16

P.'l'Y~IOLOGV.

TH &

OBSEllVAT ION S.

I. S ome words of two sy llables may be co mpared
with er a nd e,:,:t, as h a ppy , happier, ha ppies t; able, able r,
ablest, &c.
2. An adjective without a noun and preceded by the
defin ite article, beco mes a n oun, as, "The wicked are
punish ed."
:t An adj P.ct ive rn:ly gene rally be kn own by its m a king
1e n:;c with the word TlllNG, as 'a good thing,' 'a bright
thing,' &c.
<lUESTIQNS.

On th e Article.-,Vhat is an Article1 d. 1. How many articl es a re there in Engli8h1 cl . 2. Which is the definite article!
d. 5. In defini te 1 cl. 6. 'W h en does A become AN 1 cl. 3.
. On th e Adjective.-What is an adjective1 d. 1. How are adJCCt1ves v;m ed ! Na me the Degree8 of Comparison. Describe the uses of those Degrees. d. 3, 4, 5. H ow is th e Comp:irative gen erally formed 1 \Vhut i; added to the positive to
11w.ke tli e Supe rlative ! When does an adj ective become a
1101111 ! c,,,.,p:ire the fo llowing- adjectives-wise, fair, good,
_great, euchunting, happy, lo. 1.) able, virtuous.

(. Pronouns have t'k·o nu.mbcrs and three cases, li_ke
the nouns, but their distinctions of gender apply to the
third person only. _For C'xamplc, 1 and Wt, b<"ing of
the first person, apply, with equal propriety, to males or
females; so like wise do Y1: and You, of the-second person; but H e, She and It, (the third persou,) distinguish
th e gender of the pe rson or thing to whu&!J they refer.
ll~ is masculine, 1Jhe is feminine, it is neuter.
5. The personal pronouns a re thus declined : -

P t non.
Fmsr.

Si;:coND.

Df:flN IT!ON S.

l. A Pron oun is a word whi c h ma y be used instea d

of a noun, to avoid the re petition of the sa m e wo r d . Instead of Bay ing 'trnth is mig h ty and t ru t h rnust pre vail,'
we say, 'truth is mighty and it will pre vail.'
It is u
pronnnn.
2. Pronoun s a re o f three kin ds, the P e rsonal, the Relative 1rnd th e Adj ec tive.*
:!. The re arc five personal pronouns, T, Tho u, He, S he ,
lt , and the ir plurals, We, Y e o r You .S· They . T he Perponal P ronouns have three persons in each nu mber : vi z.
SJNGULA!t,

First pe r son, J,
Srconil pe rson ,. T iwu , Y ou,
'I'hird perso n, H e, S he, It,

l ' LURAL.

Firs t person, We,
S econd person , Ye o r You,
T hird pe r son, They.

* Tl11~ Adjective P ronoun s are, by most writers on Grammar, <ubcli videu into several sorts, 1Ls P ossessive, Distributive,
Jlemonstrutivc, l nuefinite, etc. This subdivision is of no
r<>a I 11.;e anJ, u.s it tewl8 ve ry much to perplex the learner,
we ~!:ought prnper to omit it .

Cau.
No~t.

Poss.
Ou;.
NoM.
l'oss.
OBJ.

TttrnD MAs c. No~i.

Po,.:1.
01u.
T1cun, F101.

LESSON IV.
PRONOUNS.

IO

~. •. o _ •o. v·_ •.

l'<olf.

P11ss.
OBJ.

TH.llD, N>.:uT. No)r.
1'11ss.

Oni.

:;;;11g ul,1r.
I,
J\I ine,
l\l e,

Plur1.1l.
We,
Ours,

U>!.

Thou or You, Ye or You,
Thiru', Y t111rs, Yours,
Tlrc:e ur Y uu, You.
lfo,
:r_he:y,
His,
J he1u,
Hiru,
Them.
. 8h-o, _
Tlil!V
ll Pn;,
Their~,
Thl-lm.
Jin,
Tt,
Tlre\",
Its,
Thnirs,
It,
Theu ••

6 . The R r:lative Pro nouns nrc s11ch_1H1 rl"l a te to •ome
prC'ceding word or phratic , which is called the uutccedeut.
There n re ~luee relati \' e pro nouns, wlu>, u:hiclt nnd tlwt.
WHO is the same in both numbers and is thus declined:
No~r. Wh o.
Poss. Whose,
Oru. Whom.
The rclati\'es who nnd whicl:.nre sometimes used in ask.
in g qu es tions; in such cases, their relation is to imme thing
which is to be e xpressed in the nnswe r,as 'l'Vho wrote1'
Answer, 'James wrute?' H ere the relative •whu' relute11
tu tbe noun ' James.' See the verse on the pronouns.
7. Tlie Adjective Pronouns have a sort of qualifying
nature whi c h gives tlwm a r~~Pmblance to adjectives.
The following are Adj ective Pronouns:
All
Ev l"ry,
Lauer,
One,
Such,
These,
Any,
F ormer, Mine,
Othe r, That,
Tho"6,
F.:ieh,
lfor,
My,
Our,
Their,
What,
Your,'
Either, His,
. Neither,
Some, Th i d,

ET

\'~I

T l'l- F:

0 L-o G y,

. e. O_f the Adjective Pronouns, two only have variations, viz. Dile and Othe1'. Other is thus declined:
NOMINATIVE.

POSSESSIVE,

OBJl!CTIVJl.

Sing.
Plur.

Othe r,
Other's,
Othe r,
Others,
Others',
Othe rs.
<?:ie has a plural form, as 'the little ones,' and n poi;seeene case, as •One's own people.'
PRONOUNS.
Am-Winding Way.
I

The Pronouns certainlv were meant
Such repetition to prev~ nt
AR, •John is s tron g an d John is bold
John is alert, though J ohn is old.'
'
2
Once naming .J ohn enourr h will be ,
1 f you hut use the prono1~n He;
Thu s, •John is stron<Y and he is bold,
H e is ale rt, th oug h t e i ~ old .'
:!

Thr<'e c lasses are hy pronouns claim'd;
First le t the l'ER SO I\ AL he na med ·
' ,
Next may th e RELATJ YE be cl11ss'd
A11J then th e AD.1 ECT JVE come lae t.
4
I , Th ou, He, S!!r; and It survev
\~' irh plural s We, Ye, You anci -Th ey,
1 hese pc1·so11s have, and hence the name
or pronouns pe rrnn al tlw y clnirn.
5
T o pronouns, (as to nouns,) we fi nd,
A re Gende r, N umlJcr, Cu..se a.s:;ig11'<l:
On tlw m three per>'OllS a re crrnfe rr\l
The First, the Second aud the Thiru'.
6
T o •\Vho,' •Whic h,'"fhat,' g rnrnmnrian1 give
Th e name of pronouns relative;
As these relationship disc lose
T o something thnt before th em goes.
7
Chiefl_v to PER!<ON~ u'h" Rpplies,
As, ' Hn is honored who is wise.'
H e re 'who' th e relative, we sec,
Agrees with a11t ccedent 'he.'

.

-

'

PK O ·NOU

21

J'(.

s·· ·.

-

But :Whicli must properly relate
To brutes a'iid th.i ngs inanimute; · . ,
As •See th ill HOUSE on which I ride;'
•Fair wns the LAND SC APE wltich I spied.'
6
-T hat has an applioation true·;. :·
To lifeless things and persoris too;
.
As 'WEALTH, thilt vanishes, we prize;'
•The man tha_t serves t.h c Lord is wi~e.''
]()

With pronouns Adjective we close:
E ach, Every, Either, These and Those,
This, That, and many which we pass,
A re all i11cluded in this class.

u
E.1.cn has a n applicati,on true
To 011e of tw o, or m9re than two.
Evi-:RY to more· tharflwo-applies, ·
hac h one of all it signifie;i.
12
Errmrn rel a tes to two alo-n e,
•
To one of two, no prefe rence _sho_w n.
N r·: rrm'in, which but to two applies,
Not one nor t'oth er-signifies.
13
\Vith WH.\T some noun, though not expr_e ss'd, .
Mu1>t be implied , as •What is best '! ' .
'What thing is hest 1' we mean to say;
Thus 'thing' with 'what' we oft array.
14
All Pronouns, hv a sfrict decree,
In Number, Gender, must agree- ·
With nouns th ey re present_·; for P.O
Their faithful character they show.
OBSERV ..\TIONS.

1. Severa,! of the pronouns are sometimes compounded with other wor<ls,' as myself, yourself, whosoeDer, &c.
The pronouns co rnpou nn ed _with self may be used in the
N omir1at i ve Case, as •Myself will write.'
:.!. It will be ohserved tha t the Objective case of Pron ouns co mm.on\ y differs in form fro(Il the Nominative and.
P nssP.;;s iv e case~, as Norn. He, Poss. l-Iis ; Obj. · Him ..
With Nouns, <>n th e contra,rv, the Nominative and Oh.

-

~

J: TT 1f 0 L 0 &'T.

jective cases are alike in form. They are distinguished
by their situation in the sentence, or by some words
which point them out.
qUESTlON8.

What is a pronoun 1 d. 1. Give an example. How many
kinds of pronouns are there 1 d. 2. How many personal pronouns are there 1 d. 3. l\Iention the names of the personal
11ronouns and their plurals. v. 4. How many persons have
the personal pronouns, and what are the persons called 1 v. 5.
What pronouns are c:illed relatives or relative pronouns 1 v. 6.
Why are they so called 1 v. 6. How does WHO apply 1 v. 7.
Ho"' is the pronoun wmc1-1 used 1 v. 8. How is TllAT used 1
v. 9. Name some of the adjective pronouns 1 How is the adjective pronoun •each' used1 v.11. How is •every'used1 v.
11. ·Eitl11!r 1' v. 12. ·Neither 1' ib. ·what is to be expresse<l
or nnrlPr~toorl wit.h the pronoun •what 1' \'. l:~ .
What is the
rule for the ag-reemcnt of pronouns '! v. 14. How may the objective cuse of pronouns be diotinguished 1 o. 2.
LES~O

N V.

VERBS.
DEFJNITIO:->S.

I. A verb, (says Murray,) is a word which signifies

to do, to be or lo 8ujfcr. This definition is, by no means,
complete; hut it may answer our present purpose. The
learner will obtain a better understanding of the verb as
we proceed.
2. By 'suffering,' iti a grammatical sense, is understood the receiving of an action or an f'ffcci, ail •John is
heaten,' 'Julia is beloved.' Here the verb 'beloved,' is
suppos•~d to r;xprf'ss suffering as well as the verb 'heatcn,'
;J : V c rbs are of three kinds, Active, Passive and
N~·11tf'r.

4"., An ar:tive verb requires both au actor and an object,
as •Hemry teaches William.' Here 'tf'ache&' is the ac.
tivc vc"rb, Henry is the actor and William is the ohjecr,
or re cel\:er of the action. The lear,1er must remernuer
that alth~ugh a verb may express action, as 'i walk,' it
is not ca lled an activ e verb unless it is followed, or nmy
be follow ed, by some r:ioun or pronoun in the objecti\'e
Cil''e , re pr•' ~r.nting the object of the action.
If a verh
will not make sense with an objective case immed iately
following it, it is not an actiye verb.

TH E

V

1"-ll 11·

5. A Passive verb signifies suffering,enduranoe, or the
.receiving 'ofan action, as •Edward .is -taught,' •Mary i1
admired.' The Nominative case of passive verbs is the .
receiver of the action .and the. Objective is the actor.
With active verbs .it i's quite the reverse.
6. A Neuter verb may or may not express action, as
•I run,' •you sit.' But a neuter verb has no object; it
will not make sense with an objective caw~ immediately
after it, and this will serve to distinguish it from an .active
verb. For example, the verb lo-oe, being active, will ad.
mit after it the objective case him,-'you love him;' but
the neuter verb sleep cannot be followed immediately by
the objective c:.i.se of bed. fol'. •I sleep bed,' would be
nonsense.
. v1rnns.
Arn-•Haste thee, Winter.'
1

Now the Verbs a theme supply : - .
They are words which signify
D01NG, BEJl'fG, or declare
What is BORNE, or what's to BEAR·
Classes three by verbs are claim'd,
Active, Passive, Neuter nam'd.
2
Active verbs an actor need,
And an object of the deed;
For example, •I LOVE Jane;'
I am actor here, 'tis plain,
Lo-oe is active verb, we see,
And the object Jane must be. '
3
Those which Neuter verbs we name,
Actors, but no objects, claim;
Thus, 'I WALK,' •I RUN,' •I FLY,'
Have an actor, which is 'I,'
nut no object they retain,
As it is with 'I love Jane'.'
4
Passiv-e verbs 'of sufferance tell,
What is borne or what befell:•Joseph is RELOVEO by Ann;'
•John _was MURDl::REn by that man.'
ll ere 'he loved' and 'murdered' too
Sonwrhing borne •ir ~ uffor ed slww.

ti

BTYHOLOGY.

5
Numbers t1Vo by verbs arc claim'd, ·
·
Singular and Plural nain'<l; ·
Singular implies but one, .
For example, take •I run.'
. But if more the action do, . .
"Then 'tis plural, as •They flew.'
6'

Persons three, First, Second, Third.
Are upon the verbs conferr'd; •·
·
Persori First takes pronoun 1
· To the Second thou supply:
He, she; it, Third person shows; .
As •I go,' 'Thou goest,' •He goes.'
7
To th~ verbs five Moods we give:
First 1s the Indicative,
Then lmperative enr'oll,
Add Potential to the scroll, ,
Next we place Subjunctive mood,1
With Infinitive conclude.
·
. 8
'l'is th' Indicative we brin"
Simply to . declare a . thing ;
·
'Moses spells' or •James construed,'
Will exemplify this mood.
Sometimes too it questions asks,.•Have the boys perform'd their tasks!'
9
But the mood Imperative
· ·
Is employed commands to give;
Or entreaty it will show,
· · ·
As •Go thou,' or 'Let ine go.'·
Exhortation it may make,
As •Oh man, thy sins FORSAKJ;; !'

IO
By the mood Potential, we
Say what CAN or what MIGHT be;
Or declare what SHOULD be done:-..:.
•I ))1.~Y READ,' or 'you MAY RUN;'
•He CAN WALK' or 'they COULD FLY;'
•Sin SHOULD WE.E~· and man MUST Dili.'

n
By the mood Subjunctive now,
Some conditiou we· avow;

T)lis shall an example prove,
•T11ouo11 SHE J<'LY MB, I will. love.,
· By Conjunctions IF and' Tno1i611,
We this mood.. may
ol1en Know•
12 . .
.
To th' Infinitive we rui1 : .
~umbers, persons; it liat>, none.
: 1'o, expre::;sed or ·u·n<lerstood,
Is the . signal of this moo(I;
.
Thus; 'to walk,-to run,-to jly.'
Three exmnples will supply.
··

Ia
Tenses six the verbs may claim : Present and Y.mperfect name,
Perfect and Pluperfect view,
Fir8t and . Sec~n<l Futures too.
By the. Tenses time:1 a.re 111eant,
As examples shalt present:- '
. 14
.
By the Present tense we show ·
Time that is-:"•J write/' •You go~'
By th' J mperfect we present
Something done-•(, wrote,' 'ym.1 went.'
More complete the act we !hid
In the Per.feet.,.-' l have dined.'
15
Nex.t, in the P.luperfect, we
Something done and past. may see,
And to .something el~e refen"d,
,
Something that has since occun·•d:
•I HAD DINED ere vou· ·arrived."
•John HAD LOVED bd·'?re he ';''i.vod.'
1{)

What we cull First Future. teJ;lS6
Something future represents;
Whether certain time be shown,
Or that time be left unkno"·n;
As, •To-morrow .'we wil.i read/
•James shalt ef'[ecute that deed.'
17
But the Second Future tells
What must be ere something else;
Thu! the aCtion it deljnes
And a certain tjme aRsigns; . . .
'As •We SHAJ.L JJAVP. GONE,.11efore
\Ve can hear from 'fa~ter Moore'. '

ET'flCOLOIJT.
QUESTIONS.
Wh11t is a verb! d. 1. How are verbs divided! d. 2. Wh1t
is an active verb 1 A passive verb 1 A neuter verb! (See
Defin itions at th e beginning of this lesson and verses l, 2, 3
and 4.) How many nu1r1bers have verbs 1 P ersons! How
many moods and what are their names! v. 7. "Vhat is the use
.,f the Indicative mood! The Imperative mood! P oten tial!
Subjunctive! Infi 11 itirn ! See verses S, 9, &c. H ow many
ten,;es and what are they called! What is signified by Present tense ! Imperfect tense! P erfect! Pluperfect! First Future 1. Second Future '! The answers to all th ese questions are
contarned rn the verse on the verbs· the learner with a little
exercise of his judgment, may expr~tiS them properly in prose.

LE SSON VI.
MOODS, TEN SES, CON JUGATIONS
D~:FINl T!ON S.

1. Mood signifies th e mode , manner or form in which
th e ver b exp resses doing, being or sufleri ng.
2. The Indicative mood simply declares so me thing,
o r asks a question, a~ 'You read,' 'Do you r ead?'
:i. The I mpe rativc m ood command;;, exhorts or entreats, as 'Go tho u,' 'Be dili ge nt,' 'Let me go.'
:3. The Potential moon denotes power, liberty or obligation, as 'I can read,' 'You may walk,' 'He must go.'
•. T he Subjunctive mood exp resses some doubt or con•
tin gency, as 'If I go,' 'Thoug h you read, 'Except ye r epent.' ft requires another ve rb in a different mood with
it, to complete the se11te nce ; us 'Except ye re pent, ye
shall pe ri sh.' H e re the ve rb repent is in the S ubjunctive
m ood, and the accompanying verb perish is in the lndi cat i\· 1~ .

5. The Infinitive mood expresses so mething in ge ne ral terms, with out distinction of number o r pe rson, as •to
read, 'to walk.' A verb in the Infini tive mood is alway.~
preceded by the word to, expressed or understood.
6 . As Mood re lates to the manner of the a ction bei n.,.
or s uffe r ing denoted by th e verb, so T ense rela tes' to th~
time. The prese nt, ten s1,, as its nam e im plies, r efe rs to
t ime present; the imperfect , perfect and pluperfect tenses
r efe r to times past; the first and second future tenses to
t ime!' to come. For o farther account of the tenses , s<:e
tl:c verse en the verbs . .

THE

YEil•.

7. The Participle is a particular form of the verb; it
de rives its name · from its participating the· nature of a
verb and of an adjective. 1,'h~re are three.kinds ~f participles, the p,restnt, . the peift ct and the compound perfect.
8. The prese nt participle ends in ing and denotes an
action s till g oi ng on, as •I am walking.'
9. The perfect participle, wh en th e verb is reguh1r, is
made .by adding d or Pd to th e simple form of the verb.
Thus fro m th e verbs lo"oc and learn. we derive the per.
feet participles lov i:d and learned. A perfect participle
m ay be kn own by its ma kin g sense with the word having
before it; as 'having loved,' 'h av ing leu rnc:d.'
10. The co mpound perfect pa rtici ple spe.'\ks of some~hin g which too k place before something el~e mentioned
rn the sa me sentence; as " Ha ving learned my lesson, I
went to play.' · This participle· i<1 ca lled •Compound' becuuse it is compounded of the present und the perfect
partici ples; thus, •ha ving learned.'
11. Conjugating u. verb is placing it in all it:.< var iariat ions of 111ood,. _tense, 11u111ber, and · person, for the purpose of showing ·how all verbs of th e same class may be
used co rre~tly, in a ll circumslances. S ee page ~8. ·
U. Th e verbs D o, Be, Have , Shall, W ill, May, Can,
with thei r variations Am, Did, Should, Would and Had,
1:1.re called Auxilliary ve rbs when .they are used in con.
juga ting other verbs. Let and Must may be reforrcd
to the sa me class.

10. Active verbs are called R egular when they form
th e impefect tense and perfect participle by adding cl.or
ed to the Indi cative present ; thus, lnd . Pres. LOVE• Impe rf. Lov ED.. Perf. part. LOVllD.
AII oth ers ore irregular.
11. A pass ive verb is R egular when its perfect partic iple is formed by adding d or ed to the verb.
l 2. The conjugation of active verbs is called the Activ e Voi ce. The conjugation of pass ive verbs is called
th e P assive V oice.
Norr-:.-A very great ma-jority of English verbs are
r egular, and all of this class an· co11jug11ted, in the Active V uice, lik e the \'erb, 'To L o ve,' on the next pnge.

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17)

< ~.if

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----

<'Cl - -

:::s~:;roC'0-(6 .. o,- 1 ::rc 1 rco
c
;o / "' "' "'
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~::r]=~~r"'-~·~:; · 8;.;.~ '<_
.. (.} ~ 0 ~ ::::: ~ ll' 2. ('p CZ r:n
$.

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s-

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~ ..,, -· ~ :r"'
"'
.... .
C?>: . ~=~c~ aqoo(JQ
. *"~
~ ;,-~ 0 ~ ; r-+ rs. :;· ~ ~ g
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7. .~. . .~. .::,;. . z_.;.
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0

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B
<

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trl
~g~

c..._oo-a
~
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< <:co..
<
< ...
p"'..
~ ~.?&.

~ ~.

;r ·--a~~

>

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C

;:

<

PLURAL.

1. vVe love,
2. You or ye love,
3. They love.

I mperfc< t Tense.
1. I loved,
I. We loved,
2. Y 0 11 love d,
2. You or ye- loved,

a. H e loved,
a. They loved.
And so on, through a ll the moods and tenses, in the orde r whi c h is indicated by the verse.
SIGNS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES.
Am- "Flow gently, sweet Afton."

::i:i

o~~ ~~?.

<rJo., ...

-- . --I --c;s"';:.">j!l~~c~ii5~ -3-<:~::i:-<:-"'
.1> ...

.., .~=--==~~~

>

~'W

.....

ro-,
'<::-=r~=i--~

:<;

c"'

0

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-...-'!' --1

:I:

trl
::i:i
trl
t"'

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e

~~~ :::<~

:ro. <:mo:.:r
"'"'
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aq ~

..
l!. ~

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er=-

c-·

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n
e.:

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C1Q ~

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o~ ~ - ~ ~ ..~ ~

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- - -~-<.,,. ""':""' "~~

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:::: "'O ~

:~~

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(ti

z

1. I love,
2. You love ,
j, He loves,

~

'°":)

Pre8cnt Tense.
SINGULAR,

0

ti'

-

~ ~·~- ·fr~ ~ ~.E.
~ g ·~ _c...."' !; _::u; ~
~ ·~ ~ - - - as . ~·~ ~..,,. ~ -

.r,~ :i;i

<"?

· -

29

VF.RD •

N on~.-Th e following verses are a key to all the conjugations ; the learner, having committed the.m to memory , may, in the first place, proceed to conJugate the regular verb "To Love."
It will be a useful exercise, and
not an unple a sant one, to write out the conjug·a tion in
the following form, taking the verse for a guide and referring occasionally to the tuhle on the preceding page,
if any difficulty should arise.
INDICATIVE MOOD.

~

0

~

::i

= ·n

c: n

>

.

r'J:( 0
~ 2..~ ..o..~
;:.~r2:~r _;:....

-

o

~

~~~
:;::~:
= _c:
~

(!)

C

i:t

'-<-oo-:t>

0

[i t g ~ ;;~·

"C

!; • ..,

,~ i 1 I

c::
-

C'C>

~

-

l; ~ "
--·>

l!r

c:

......

"tl
~

-

~

_."O ::i '-<!

-

"'"'
. 0z

-

..

o~<~~

~a

' <":;.:

'<_

:;:? Vi '

:0

~

"<

ct

.J~ -

--

-

c

"'d<:l

~ ~ ;:(
;:s "'ti!
r:Q ~ ~ 0

~ 9 ·':) ys,!D _

~~~;:6'-

= :; =:·:::
-

p

!'D

).i; .::..-;.

it

~z

~
:::
:;

0

a o

.

~

.,

"'0 c · g~ -~
<
..,
?- ~ ~ 2., ::
-

·~

~

g~~~g- ~ . @.. ~ ~-·

&""

l;j

'!>

.~~
. .... .~~
. .....
~ :::~ ~2~ ~~'"""4 ~-<::st:!::-<:'""'
::=-o"' "' co
:;-•...,. :'tl:.:::: re
c
:_g ~ ~ - - ~:.,,,..o:.g

~

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<-

~

~

'IJlE

0

t:JO

~ !.!>;... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-

~ •.v
...., '-<

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a::

0

...... t:l

t"< t':l
.z
.

~

:-...,

r"
<

~

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;,.,

c::i ·~

?-

:j

..., .....z

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.... '--<

~ t"j

z.....

...

::n
,....

""':l.:;;

~

1

Th e IND TC AT IVE Present, (the vcrlJ.'s -simple state ,)
May be rea d il y known, ns "[ love,•' or "you hate.•'
The [ mperfect of R egu lar verbs you may find
B y th e u or E 11 to the present tense join'd.
2
Th e n th e P e rfect takes hav e, has, or hath for its sign.
D11t th e Piupe rfcct a lways with had we combine.
S/w,ll HI' will on the First Future tense we bestow;
And by " shall or will have" Second Future we know.
:3
N o•.v th e Mood call'd POTENTIAL proceed we to scan;
!11 i t~ l'rese11t. t e nsP. always we pl ace "may or can.''
" lfiJrli.t, rnuld, would or should" the Imperfect will take;
AnJ ' 'may or can hav~•· will the Perfect tense make.
.
4
. [seat;
"Yf:ght , could, would, shoulil have'' in the Pluperfec t
And thi s fourth tense will make the Potential complete.
W e tlie u o r E 11 to the verb always add,
\\/hen the tenses are form'J with have, has, hath or had.*

* Yon will

perceive that the sense requires

LOVED

and not

1.on; a !.ter lmve. ha~, hatl1 or had, as, You have lo_ved, He ha11
or li:Lt.h lov e:!, Tl1ey !mu lov ed.

5

30

ETY~IOLOGY,

5
Now, to make the SUBJUNCTIVE, the If you may set
.lust before the Indicative ;-do not forget
That the Prese nt Tense, Third Person, Singular, reads
"If he /01ie,''-ll'hile "Ile love11" the Indicative needs.
6
The IMPERATIVE mood to one tense we confine,
And to it but one Person, (the Second,) assign;
Here thrt verb of the pronoun sometimes takes the lead,
A~ "Read you or thou," otherwise "Do thou read.''
7
The INFINITIVE mood has two tenses alone,
The l'n~:;e11t and Perfoct, •To know,' "fo have knowr1.'
No pronouns it needs, but let to, (uuderstood
Ur exp res~'d, ) evermore be the sign of thi s mood.
8
[known:
A II the PERSONS of verbs are l>y pronm1ns made
Thus by I is the First P erson, Singular, s hown ;
l'ou or f/.ou to thP. Second is always relic• rr'd,
Aud by It ", .~fi,, or if we di stinguish the Third.
9
B11t the First P e rson, Plural, is couplPd with we,
And t. h1· S• ·cnnd as properly cbin1s you or ye;
Tlw Third p,,r-..on plurnl m11st alwnys have they,
And tl111s, iu tl1<:ir order, th e perso11s array.
NoT1:.-"' hen it is proper or rfosirable to use Tli011,
instead of Yr>11, in the Seco1Jd Pr'r:;on Singular, a corresponding c hange mnst be 111nde in the terminati11n uf
the anxiliary l'!' rh, whPn there is oue, or of the princiTiiis chunge is
pal verb, wh e n th e re is no a11xiliary.
mad e hy ndrling I, .~for est, th11sThou lovcs t
Tii uu ' ha lt or wilt
Th on niiglll<·>·•,
Thon l•H'<:d ...;t
love
crndd.-<t, \\'<lul1 '. :; t
Thou h:1 st love•J Thou mayest or
or 8hnnldst 101 ' "
Thou had st lover!
canst love
&c.
It is proper to 11se Thou when aJdrt>;;sing- th e De ily,
and 011 other occasions of pa rtif'.ular sulernnit _v.

\,Vhcn an l!'l'cgulur vcru i:; Lu be co njugat ed, you rn11st
first asce rlnin h<J1v it forms its imperfoc t te11se :11Jd pc"J"fcct p:.irli<' ipl c, which you may learn hy refore ncf' to the
lis t of" Irreg1ilar verbs on pages :31 nnd :J2.
Then hy
applying the ver..;e on the 'i g11s of the moods and renses
and glaucillg occasionally at thf' con.ingution 1>f the :rregular v"rh "'1'•> Re,'' (page :J:J.) you ma~' e: 1sil~, conjugate any irrr·gular active or neu'.cr ve ru in th e langu nge.

PRES.

Abide,
Am
Arise
Awake
Bear

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERDS.
r. PART { PRES. IMPERF,

UIPERF.

abode
b.e en
arisen
awaked
born

}'.P.\UT.

( Forsake
forscok forsnkert.
Freeze
froze
frozen
Get
gotte11
got
Gild r.
gilt
gilt
Gird r.
girt
girt
to bring forth.
Give
. givert
gave
went
gone
Bear
bore
borne
Go
to carry.
Grave r. graved graven
ground ground
Beat
beat
beaten Grind
grown
grew
.
beb_I\
""'
be!!'Ui'l
Grow
B egm
~
Have
had
h·1d
Bent
bent
bent
hun<Y
Bereave r. bereft
bereft
Hang r,
hung
bew~t
hewed
be:30ught besought H
.Hfd~
hid
Beseech
hidden
Bid
bid, bade bidden Hit
hit
hit
Bind
bound
bound
hc!<l
Bite
bit
bitten.
Hold
held
bu.rt
Bleed
bled.
bled
Hurt
hurt
kept
Blow
blew
blown
Keep
kept
knew
known
Break
broke
broken 1K nOw
laden
lade.cl
Breed
bred
bred
Lade
laid
laid
a
led
Brin()'
brought br~ught \ Ly
led
BuiI8
built
built
I Lead
left
Burst
burst
burst
Leave
left
lent
Buy
bought
bou(J'ht Lend
lent
let
Oast
cast
e1t~t
Let
let
la.in
Catch r. eaue-ht
can(J'ht
Lie
lay
0
Chide
chid.
chid den
lo lie dow.'1..
Choose
chose
chosen < Load r.
loaded
ladert
Cling
clung
clunrr
Lose
lost
lost
0
Clothe r. clothed chd
Make
made
::~a
Come
came
come
Heet
met
Cost
cost
cost
Mow r.
mowed mowa
Crow r. crew
crowed Pay
paid
paid
Creep
crept
crept
Put
pat
put
Cut
cut
cut
Read
read
read
Dare
durst
dared
Rent
rent
rent
to venture.
Rid
ri~
;)3dert
Dig r.
dnrr
dtt"'
Ride
raoe,
did
do~e
Ring
rung,rang r~mg
Do
Jrew
drawn
Rise
rose
risen
drove
Rive
rived
riven
clrn.nk
drunk ' Rua
ran
run
D · k
. rm
e,·tt or ate eate n
Saw r.
sawed
sawn
Bat
fiell
fallen
Sn.y
said
said
~~~~
fod
fed
See
saw
8ecn
F eel
felt
felt
Seek
souglit
001:1ght
Fi.,ht
fou,,.lit
fought / Sell
s0ld
sold
L" - I
1· - l
fcound i· Send
sent
sent
r Ill'
o11nr
fl-><l
Set
set
set
~~
~w
l k
Flinrr
f1 1111 ,,
flnn!;" ) S!1~ke
shook
s m en
Fl v"'
fleivflo wn i Snape r. slnpccl
shapen
·
tl·· ,.: Sli;11·c r. 8/iarnJ
~ha1·cu
F org~t.
t<'rJOt f"or_~,,ttc
~

~~f~

abode,
was
arose
awoke
bare

clriv~n

g

l

\
ETYMOLOOY.
PRE~.

D!PlmF.

Shear
Shed
Shine r.
Show
Shoe
Shoot
Shrink,
Shred
Shut
Sing
Sink,
Sit
Slay
Sleep
Slide
Smite
Sow r.
Spea k
Speed
:->pin
Spit
Split
Spread
Spring
Stand

sheared shorn
shed
shed
shone
shone
showed
shown
shod
shod
shot
shot
shrunk
shrunk
shred
shred
shu t
shut
sung,sang sung
s unk, sank sunk
sat
8at
slew
slain
slept
slept
slid
slidden
smote
smitten
sowed
sown
spoke
spoken
sped.
sped
spun
spun
spit, spat spit
split
split
spread
spread
sprung
spru ng
stood
stood

P. PART. ;· PRF.S.
I Steal

/Stick
Sting
/Stride
I

~ Strike

<String
I(

Strive
Strew
Swe~r

Swell
1 Swim
Take
Teach
<T ear
Tell
Think
Throw
Tread
\Vear
\Veav e
\Veep

l
l

~ Win

l

r \Vind
\ Vring
\,Vrite

IMl'EilF.

P. PART.

stole
stolen
stuck
stuck
stung
stung
strode
stridden
struck
stricken
strung
strung
strove
striven
strewed strown
swore
sworn
swelled ·swollen
swam
swum
took
taken
taught
taught
tore
torn
told
told
thought thought
threw
thrown
trod
trodden
wore
worn
wove
woven
wept
wept
won
won
wound
wound
wrung
wrung
wrote
written.

The verbs marked r. in the above list, admit of the regular
format ion, but are commonly irregular.
NOTES.

I. "To Be" has more va ri a tions than any other En-

glish verb; the conjugation of it may therefore be somewh a t troublesome at first, hut the verses on pages 29
and 30 will show how its Moods and Tenses are to be
formed a m! its changes on account of Number and P erso n may uc made fa"milia r by writinu; out the Conjugati on in th e manner designated, (with refe re nce to the verb
" to love ,") on page 29. If th e learner s hould find himse lf cmb::i.rrassed, in the course of this exe rcise, he may
refer to the table on the next page.
2. In the list of Irregular Verbs given above, the first
column s hows the present tense, the second, the imperfect tense and the third . the perfect participle. Thus
11wiff. has wrote in the Imperfect tense and written for its
Perfec t participle. Ifonce you may know how to form
all it;; t<>ni;;es, saying "I write," in the pre$ t~nt tense, "I
wrote," in the imperfect; "l have written," in the pe rfect; "l had written," in th e plupe rfect, &c. The conju.c:a rion of all irregular ve rbt: is si111ilar to that of To Be
un I he lll'.\I ['age.

34

F. T Y ~l U I, f; 1.: \' •

'fllR

Observe that thu perfect participle, (1Critten, for inst.auce,) is used in all the tenses which are formed by the
various inflections of the verb nAv~:, as "l have writte11,'' "He has or hath written," "They had written."
The Con111gation cf a Pm;sive Verb is vel'y simple.
N orbing more is re<p1ired than to place the perfec~ P.articil'lc of the verb to be conju gated after each var1at10n
of the verb To Be. Fur example, if you wish to con.
jugate the Passive Verb '"fo be Loved," say-

INDICATIVE MOOD.
l'UESENT TEN£F:.

Sing.

Plur.

I. I am Loved,
\Ve are Lovecl.
2. You are Loved,
You or ye are Loved,
He is Loved.
They are Loved.
And so on, through all the moods and tenses.
The auxiliary 1u vE is conj11gated like other irregular verbs, as the following e xample will show;

INDICATIVE, P1rnsE'.'IT.
hu•1-:1tF1~cT.
l'ERFEcT.

l'LUl'EIU'ECT.

I.
1.
J.
1.

I
I
I
I

have.
had.
have had.
liad had, &c.

The an'l:iliaries S!IALJ., )lAY, GAN and WILL have liut
two ten ses each, viz.
l'nr·:sE"T· 1. l shall,
I may,
I can, I will,
hrrrnn:cT. 1. I s hould. l miglH. I could. I would.

Q:::'.J-Thc learner now has a cine to the conjugations
of the Ac tive, Passi,·e and Neuter verbs, whether they
be Re,,ular or Irregular, and these classes comprise all
the ve;l>s in the En~glish language.
OHSE!t\'"ATIONS.

I. The Conjunctions which precede the Subjunctive
Mood are such as Ir, Unless, Although, L es t., Except, &c.
which imply something uncertain or contingent.
But
the su bj u nctive form is not used unless some reference
is made to future time, a3 "lf he go," that, is "If he
ahoull "'cro." Unless the sense
will admit of an auxilia.
ry verb, as in the example just given, the Subjunctive
form should not be w;ed.
2. The pronoun You is plural, but the use of it in
addres><ing one person is sanctioned by c11stom; the verb~
comwctcd with it, however, must be of the plural form,
as "Yn11 are," "Yon u1trr.''
:3. Y1, ins tead of You, may sometimes be usecl prop.
erly wiih rcrbs of the second pc r.-;on plural us "Ye ru'c

ADVERB.

worthv." But, in common conversation, you i11 to be
prefer~ed.
.
:1. The present tense of the Indicative moorl rnay he
formed with Do and the imperfect wi1h Did; ns "l 110
love""( did lov ... " We use these forms when we wish
t~ b~ particularly emphatic.
4. Au active verb may be varied throughout by affix.
in" to its present participle all the variations of thP nuxili~ry to hr.; as •I am writing,' •I was. writing,' '( have
been writin!!",'' and su on tbro11.!!h all the moods a11d
tenses, n11inkrs and persons. Tftis form ,jf conjugat.i1111
is like that of the passive verb, exc.,pt that the pr<'8eut
participle is used in one case and the perfoct participle
in the other.
QUF.STl·•,,_><.
'What is Mood in Grammar~ d. l. Name the moods :rncl explain their uses. d. 2, 3, 4, 5. What is a participle:> d. 7.
How many kinds of participles are there and what are they
called'.:'~- 7. Hmv is the pre~eut pa.rticiple known'.:' <I. 8. Tl1e
PerfecU ~- 9. The compound perfect!' a. 10. Wlrn.t i~ COii.JU•
gating a V-.>.rb'.:' d. 11. Which verbs itre callPd Auxiliary, 111111
when are they so called'.:' d. 12. When is a.11 nctive verb Reirulur'.:' d. 1:3. When is a passive verb Regular'.:' d. 14 . . Wl1ut is
me<int by the Active Voice!' d. 15. Passive Voice'.:' ib. Vi"hat
is th e ~i(J'n of the indicative mood, prPsent tense'f (See the
verse on"tl1e Signs of the Moods and Tenses, p. :4<1.) \\'hat is
tile oi"'n of the indicative imperfect? !'erfer.t'.:' Pluperfect?
F•rst Y.'uture? Second Future? Mention. iu thl';r ord f· r, tlie
si"n$ of the different tenses of the potent.in!, snhjunrtfrc, impl~rative and infinitive moods. 'Vhat must be atiueJ to the
verb or the auxiliary when Thou, insteud of You. i:; U8<~1 in
the second person? See Note on p. 30. What are the d1n•r.tions for the co:-1.JIJGATION of an irregular VPrb'.:' See p. :32.
\Vhat is directed for the conjugation ofa passive verb? p. ;J1,
How are the prPsent and imperfect te.nscs formed for t~e sa J.:e
of emphasis: o. 3. Howmny an nctwe verb be conJ11gat1·d
with the verb TO BE? o. 4.
LESSON

VII.

Al>VEBRS.

D•:FJNITIOl'iS.
1. An Adverb is a word joined to a verb, adjet"tive,
or to another advcrh, to express sorne circu1nstai1ce, de·
gree or quality, as "He walks ji.Ji;t," "She is hi3lil11 cs·
teemed," "Mary reads well."
2. The distinction belween ;in Adjective and im Adverb is that the former qualifirs a uuun and the latter a
verb, adjective or ~nolh e r adverb.

TIIE ADVERB•

E'fY)fOLOGY·

:J. Some phrases, sur,h as 'al length,' 'in vain,' 'Ly no
1J1f'f\1",' ;,n: ,·.all1~J Adverbial 1'hrascs, beca use they qualify verbs &c.
4. Adve rbs, like adjectives, are varied by three Degrees of Compari~on, the Posi tive, Comparative and Supe r Lat i ve.
All\'F.UB~.

l

T q the ver h:oi or th e adjectives Advf!rhs :ne join'd,
Or witla advPrhs th emsPlv es tlwy nre often cnmbin'd;
And hy snch combinations we manage to tdl
Man y iacls circumstantial, as "Joseph writes well.''
2

IJ, •re the A<lverb is 'well,' and it aptly unites
\Vitia the verb, to dec lare .in what way Jose ph writes.
\Vith n11 adj ecti ve next WE' an advt:rb may mate,
A n<l its use is al'pare11t,-'"l'he man's truly great."
:{

Nr.xt two nilv c rh~ together we purpose to show,
\Vi t. h a similar 11Lject.,-"H e writl's 1JPT1/ :.; low.''*
Th us by Adve rb"' the 11111de of an action is shown,
Or some rp1alitieation is dearly muJe known.

7

On the adverbs o f quantity next we may touch,
1\•n m1g tl1 c,;c: are Sulliciently , Little r·nd Much.
Of th e advnb,.; of manner aml q1111lity tell,
Su r. h ns Wi ~e ly and F ooli-d d y, Badly and Well.
~n 11.'l verb;
\·cr li \\ 1'1T.t;.

SI.OWLY

OBSERVATIONS.

1. Senne Adverbs are compounderl of nouns and the
letter a prefixed, a:o; ahead, ojloaf, &c.
2. Sevmal words; such as Whc11, WherP., Therefore,
&c. are sometimes advcrh~ and sometime!' conjunction9.
The pnpil must study the definition of ea~h part of
speech, and then hy the position and use of the word, h~
may know in what class to place it.

D1':FI NITIONS.

Three degn~es of cornparis1111 advcrl.Js may hoa st :
.\Vith those ending in LY we 111ny use ~10nF. and MOST,
But with other~, degrees a r·e hy endings express'd:
-Give Comparative, ER an<l S11perlative, F.ST.
5
Thus of •wisely ,' 'more wisely,' 'most wisely' we make,
nat i r ·~0011' we co1lrpnre, 'sooner' ' soonest' we take.
Tl1e rc arc words whi(·h for Adverbs or Adjectives pass,
1\Ton.r: :in '! ~ffCH, ornrl sh111e others, are set in this class.
6
Many classP.s of adverbs the gr:'lmmars display:
The re nre adw~ rbs of' time, as To. morrow, To-day,
Late ly , Hitherto, Forme rly, Now and Not Yet,
And He nceforward and o the rs, in this class are set.

.. Sr.ow i:; rrnrl'rl.•: •'lll ovljective a.ml
cu1111!lu1aly uocd Lu 11uulil~· tlie

8

Now at thos•) of niig.ation and 1-kiubt l•it us glanc<:>,
Such as No, Nay, By-no-weans. Perhaps and Perchance.
Of affirming, its Verily, Truly. Y<'•l, Yes.;
Of comparison, A !most, More, Most, Least anrl Less9
[Thrinr.r.;
There are adverbs of plac1:, as lforc, Th<>re, Thither,
Also, elsewhere and sflmcwhl"r", and whith e raud whence.
Anrl to inte rrogatifln some others apply,As When, How and Wheref~re, :rnd Whether and Why.

PElEPOSITIO:--;s.

4

111.o w ,,.

81

1. Pre positions are useJ to connect other words and
to show the relation between them. ·
2. Pr0position9 are commonly placed before nounil
and prononn~, as "He rode to town," "\Ye heard from
Giorgc," "They go by water.''
l'fl F.P<iSJTIO!'!!.

AlR-"\Vinding Way."
l

The PrP.positions we define
As links whic h words together join:
"l walk to town," "She gbeR by land;''
Here "tu" aud "by" as samples stand.
2
Before, IJehind, Above, Delow,
Likewise as prepositions know;
01~ From, Beneath, Beyond, Within,
Against, Among, About, Between,
;~

but

To, For, Wi1h, Under, Over, By,
In, Into, N1!nr, Upon, At., Nigh,
Wi~hout, Up, D.ywn,Ofl~ On and Through,
All these arc- prP.positions too.

6

ETYHOLOOT.

4
Small words they are, their use immense,
To fix and certify the sense ;
Without their aid, the clearest text
Would oft be dubious and perplex'd.

SYNTAX·

39

INTERJECTIONS. l. Interjections are words thrown in between the parts
of a sentence, to express the passions or emotions of the
speaker.
INTERJECTIONS.

CONJUNCTIONS.
DEFINIT!Ol'i8.

1. A Conjunction is a word used to connect sentenceil,
as- "He arose and followed him." Conjunctions are of
two kinds, Copulative and Disjunctive.
2. A Copulative Conjunction merely combines two
sentences so as to make one, as "You are happy be.
cause you llre good."
:.J. A Disjunctive Conjunction not only connects sentences but expresses some opposition of meaning, as
"He is not handsome but he is intelligent."
4. The distinction between Conjunctions and Prepo·
sitions is that the former connect sentences and the latter connect words only.
CONJUNCTIONS.

Am-"Auld Lang Syne."
I

By the Conjunction we combine
Two sentencea in one ;
As, "This is yours but that is mine,"
"Hate vice and folly shun."
2
And, If, Because, That, Therefore, Then,
For, Wherefore,-first we take,
And these conjunctions will that class
Call'd Copulatives make.

a
Nor, But, Unless, Or, Either, Than,
Though, Notwithstanding, Yet,
Lest, Neither,-these Disjunctives are;
Let none ihe name forget.
4
Sll<:h words ns And, Since, For and Then,
Conjunctions sometimes rtre,
E'·cnn<>t i1rie,1 the Pmposition'~ form,
Or Ad "erb's, they m"y we11r.

AIR-"Druce's Address.,, _
1

Exclamations made in woe,
Or in joy, as Ah! and Ohl
Salutations. Hail I Soho!
Interjections are.
2
Or contempt they may imply,
Or reproval, Pish ! Tush ! Fie I
Or surprise they signify,Strnnge ! Oh wonderful I
QUESTIONS.

On the Adverb.- 'Vhat is an Ad verb? d. 1. How is an"adverb distincruished from an adjective? d. 2. (An adverb is oft.en
forme::I fror';; an adje.ctive by adding LY, thus from DAD comes
BADLY.) How itTe adverbs ending in LY compared? v. 4. How
are other;; irenemlly compared1 ib.
·
On the Preposition.- What is a preposition? d. 1. Name
so:ne of the principal prepositions. v. 2, 3.
On the Conjunction.- 'Vhat is a conjunction? d. 1, How
are conjnnctions divided? d: 1. What effect has a copulative
conjunction1 d. 2. Disjunctive! d. 3. Name the principal con·
junctions of each kind. v. 2, 3. .
On the Interjection.-What is the use of interjections1 d. l.
Name some of them. v. 1, 2.
NoTE.-We have now examined all the parts of
speech, as we would the several parts of a machine, to
ascertain the proper method of putting them together.
All that has been taught in the foregoing pages is of no
other use than to show how language is to be construct·
ed. Etymolo""y, therefore, is a mere preparation for the
study of Synt';,x, to which our attention must next be
directed.

LESSON VIII.
SYNTAX.
DEFINITio:-;s.
I. Syntax teached us to arrange words properly in

sentences and thus to construct oral or written language.
2. Language is composed of sentences, Rentences are
composed of wor-J~. words of syllables and syllables of
letters.

-ll

SYNT.\X.

3. Letters aro the elements or first. principles of Ian.
guagt:.
The English alphabet c1Jntains twenty-six lett.,rs, six uf wh ich, A, E, I, 0, U and Y, rire culled
Vowds . The ot hers are Consonants. Y is a consonant
wh1rn it begins a word or syllable, in every other situa.
tion it is a vowel.
4_ A di1ithong is tbe union of two vowels in one sylla.
ble, a.~ rn in r cud.
fi. Ead1 of the vowels, excrpt Y; has several differ·
cnt Sl•Unds, which qrc pointed out by the dictionaries, in
which th e: corrccr pronunciation of each word is given,
G. A ,;yibbie i~ a so und formed by a single impube
of th e voi ce; it ruay be coinpo~cd of one or more lette rs,
us a, a n , ii·1 1d. A word of one syllable, as mcm, child,
&c. is cn !J e,1 a rnrrnosyllable. A word of two syllnbles,
u.s w o-man, i8 a dissyllablc. A word of three syllables,
us or-na-mcnt, bu tri sy llahle. All words of more than
thrr:e svllaLle are poly~yllables.
7. \V, ,rds are :1.rticulate sounds used by common con.
sent as the si;.:11~ of 0111· icicas.
8 . A sc nt•,ncc i; r, co llecti•>t1 of two or more words
used tn c;i vc e xprt!ssio11 to u thought. When a sentence
contain> on•.• cwrninati\'C ca~c and one "finite verb it is
c:dlcd a simple ser1tcncc .
The union of two or more
simple seot.encP..s forms a compound sentence. "Man is
m ortal,'' i.> a si m ple sente nce. "'.\lan iii mortal, but th e re
is a lift.! h e~'otlii the grave", is a compound sentence.
n. Synta .-. : C •>ll~i;;ts of tw o part'i, Concord and Government.
l 0. Clln <:ord is th e agreement whicl1 · one word has
with :1not.her in g0nd c:r, number, perso;1 or case.
11. G1,,· c: nuucnt ii; t he power whic h oue part of speech
ha;, 1we r :rn1ith<.;r,causi ng it to be iu any particular mood,
ten:-;e or en s c.~.

I:.!. 'J'h i; pr i11 cip•1I pa rts of a si mple sentence are the
fiuuj e et, th1' At tri but e and the Object.
Th e subject is
th e princi p~tl thing spoken of, the attribute id whatever is
nffirm ed oc deni e d in re lation to the subject and th e ob.
.iect is th e thin g affected by the atfirmation or denial.~
Th e tiubjt>ct is th e nomina tive ca~r>, the attribute is the
veru, ancl the ol>jflc t is the objec ti\'e c<i se.
In the sen.
tence "lkaven pmii~heo the wick e1 l," h.erwcn is the sub.
1ec.L pun :.~hc; i:; tir e attribute o r affirma tion, and wii:ked
i~ the o bject.
.
l :3. Ru\P;; uC Syr!la-..: ftr P. r1~rtain laws or regulntions
PSt:1bli ;;lwd _)>,- "Til•.•rs "n !l;r'•l111111u· to direct us in tl11J
pr(1ro."r u .q (' 1 ) 1~ :i L n1~11:t ~~i.'. ·

• .\

fi ~1 ;~ f"

' ·"' :- ._ ,

i =--

· r 11 ~_ '-11~

;in~-~ " t• r b n· ~ t

i·ul..=i.s i:-.()tl~t i .tnt• ! the

ill t ta: ln flnir i\- 1._l >-I 1xfi.

most important part of ~rarurnar alld should. he cart1fu l_ly
studied. See Lt~ssou IX.
UCE:STI O !"'::=i.

What does Svntax teae h? ti. 1. Oi what js 111.n~uagi: com·
posed! d. 2. Wliat are tlw elem()nt:; nf langnag-e! d. :3. How
many le tters has the English language·! ib. \ \ h1d1 _letters a.re
called vowels? ib. \Vhat are the ot!ier letwr;; cal'.eJ: :L- \Vhat
is a dipthong 1 <l.1. What is a ~yllable? d. G. \·\~at 1,; a word
of onesvllablc culled1 ib. A wurd of t wo ~y\lab\e~t 1b. A word
of three· syllables~ ib. A wore! ot' more than three. oyllable~? ib.
What are words? d. 7. \.Vhat is a sentencf'1 <l. S. A simple
sentence] ib. A compoullll sentPuce? ib. Of wh:i.t µarti; <loeu
Syntax consist] d. 9. Wh H._t. i~ C•mcord in g r:rn1mar! d. _10.
Government? d. \l. \Vhut a.re the prmcrpa I pa.rtdof a &ell•
tence? d. 12. Wliat ca~" corre~po110J,. with t.htl Subject_of 11
sentence! ib. \\'hat part 11f speech c1>rr"'~P"T1d" with .~h.e At·
tribute] ib. \Vhat case correspon1 b \\1th tlic Object ot -a ;;,.,n.
tenc el ib. \\'hat are Hui e~ ut' Syutax'~ rl . 1;2,
- .·

LESSn'.'\ 1\..
nur;Es OF ::'YNT \X.
All the Rules in thiti Lesson go ti> the air of _--Do:-;.:-,y DQQN.••
Ri:Ll:: I.
'
:'\OTr~-.;\
I. Tb" lnfin iti «e
Corresponding with !Hurray';; Rule l. ~ '.\l uc•il, ur part nf 11
1.
.
( ~•·n t•_: uce, u1"'y b" t.lie
The verb anrl nomr1w 11vc cusl'
( 111>n1 111u.t1ye case t·o
In number, pe rs on , must a~T'-'f'; ~ 1l 1e vl'rh. <l.!i •"J\, d ie
1! walk,' 'VOLl rirn,' ·tilt, 1J o r>1's pcH·r .' >is ~a111." ·
ti
:!. \I-hen a Ver!;
.
•
,
1
\ , 1 ill serve us !or examp,es iree . '. ~n111i:-s h·~tW•'+":n tw ..
~
) n01111K,eithcrof\\"hirh
for every verb, in every 1w>od,
( rnay lie tukeu for the
(Except th' Infinitiv e ,) pro\·1de
( ~ubjPct ofthH a!iirm·
A n o minative true an1l good,
( utirn1, the verb r11ay
Ex1iress'd ur 1iro1mrl)·-, iuiplied.
(agn·e with either, a.a
<the sense may re( qll ire.
on ~E R'\' ,\TlO~~'

I. The mo~! common vinla!ion~ of this rule are lll1tde
by adding s to the yerh when it ~ho11ld not ~ie added! and
omitting the.~ wh e n it should be u~e · l.
It you ·refer to
the conjngatinn of "To L•we'' page :.-\'3, you will ~ee that
th e form of the verb, in Liie Ind1cat1 vc prnsent, third per.
!'Oil ~ingular is loves, a11d in the plural /-Ooe,-hence yt.•U
will perceive the imrw l' ri c (y o_f :;ay1111! '.John .Jove,' or
•Tile girls loves.' The non11111tt1ve •John' rs ~1r~g1:1la_r, .1)ut
'loves' is the plural form of tlie verb, therefore the.verb
and nominative cRSP do not it~ree in number, as the rule
require~. Tlrn nominative 'girls' i>J plural, .hut the n>rh
•l-;v e.::i ,' being 3int; ular, rl i;,t~ii 11 •>1 :J.gr 111 _w ith it.
0

8YJ'fTAX.

2. The plural form of verbs differs in one rernarka.
Lle particular from th a t of uo11ns: the latter generallv
make their plural with s , bul th e SINGU LAR of verbs of.
ten h as the finals, and 1he plural has it not; as 'He
'Writes,' 'They writF.' In very many cases, the singu·
brand plural forms of the verb are al ike , as •I w alk,'

.,.,..,walk."

:i. Th e ve rb may di sagre e w ith the nominative case

in r1rn;;o:-i, by the ornis~ion of the proper tP,rmination
when th e pronoun tf,ou is u;;ed wi rh it, asThou loves,
ins tea d of Th ou lo ves t.
Thou ha s lov ed,
Thou hast loved.
Thou mi gh t lov e, - Thou might est, &c.
4. Errors, in violari on of this rule, a re most li ke ly to
be committed when snrne words a re interposed between
Wie nominative and th e ve rh, or when th e common arrangement of s c nl ences i;; changed , as when the nomina.
t iv1; follnws the verb, i nstr. ~d of going befo re it.
The
follnw in.\ examp les will il lustrate th ese rem a rks .
"i. '-"'~Y great var if') ty of book s are not always favorable to
tn >ltu ·ly. " In this sent<'nce, 'vai'ie ty' is the nom inativ e case; it
i~ a singul ar noun a uct 1he verb, to agree with it, shou ld ha ve
t he singula r form,- 1s in~tead of 'are. '
·
'The he1wty of r elig ion a nd virtu e exc ite our ndmira tion.'
•Ik a 1ny .' the nomi11ative in th is sentence is singu lar, the yerb
~hc;u i~ be \exci tes.'
•\Y i1ctt eflcc t has arlmonit ions when the hea rt is tota lly corrtl \'.Jl~· H ere the nom ina tive, At1'WN :T101•;i•" follo ws the verb, it
ii;:. p! Jra l noun, alld the verli shou ld be HAVE, to R<Yree with it.
0
5. Th e follow:ng j , an e x am p 'c of a ve rb without a
n0m in·t1 !ve case. (Sec vterse :.!, '.Ride I.)-•If the calm
in wh ;·:;h he was ho rn , <rnd la~t(·d so long, h a d continued.'
''~y ·mlr ich laste d so long. ' Sometimes the norniuative
rn~:· '"' !mplied and 1101 r.x prr. ssed, as 'Awake!' ' Arise!'
th a.t i,- ·.\wake y e,' 'A ri,;e ,l/t.'
.
iJ. \Vh e n a n o n.inative is put before a participle,nnd
is w !;!;;,ut dependenc e on th e rest of lhe sentence, it i'i
rall ·.·d th e nomin at ive ca~e AD SUI. UTE; as •Shame be in"'
0
lost, ;, ll virtue is loo; r.'
7. L~· ery no min at ive ca sf>, e xce pt the cn se ab!'olute, Qr
whe n <>.11 a dd ress is made, (as Henry, thou must write,')
s!wn ' .1 bdong to ~o rnP. ver b, eit her expressed o r implied.
Tl > IlF. CO ilRECTElJ.-Riehes is vanity. (See Note 2.J
Th•• ~..oy,; i.as returned. A book w li ic h con tains ftlse pictures
o( Ii::, a. r -.~ inisch ievou~. Tlte co ll~c tion of ancient pic tures
v:-.:r" :nuch adm ired . Thon iB my favorite . (S ee obs. 3, allOve.)
Th'• '' ~; ·J •<:ri.te. Th ou may g-o. Thou walke,J. N. B. \V hen
be >J.·'ci t.i,.. a of i:sT to the p:-inc in1l verb would sound h'l.rsh!y,
a :.:i L~ ;:: :: :ny f1ho...l!d b ~ u . ~2d . a:; •T r10J DID'iT C1Jrnrna:ld ~im.'
0

BY JIJTAX.

RuLE II.

)

Corresponding with l\luri:ay's Rule 2.

~

I

NOTE.
In the example,.

verse 2,tbe smg!l·
1
lar Noinioati>';o,.;,
Two nominatives, when combin'd
John & Jamea are
By th ose conjunctions 'vhich we class united by the cop:-·
Among the Copulative kind,
u.lative Conjune·
For Plural nominatives pass.
~ t1on, A!'ID, a:1d oo
become a plural
2
.
nominatit·e, rcquiH ence each a ccordant noun and verh, >ring the followiuJ
And prnnoun too, mu~t plum·)
~verb, Disturb. the
As •John and James the ir clas!i dist·ur/J ;) nouu Boy<> and the
Those nau<d1ty
boys cannot a"ree.'' ) pronouns Th~ir .Y
0
::
)Thvo;e tu be plural.

oe,-

OBSERVATIO:'iS.

I. This rul e shows that two or morP. sin"u!ar nomina.

lives, joiw~d together by a copu la tiv.e co~1juuction are
equivale nt to a plural nomin<ttiv e.
The nominativt:a
".lohn and James' must be tre"t ed exac1ly like the n<>minative •Boys,' as •John and Jam e::i wri-te," "J'h~ bovi
write." The verb, in both insta nc es, must have 'the pJ°u.
ral lorm .
2. · Only Cop'ulative conjllnctions have the etfoct hNe
spokeri of; d i.;J1111<.:tive co njunctiou,. or,eraie quite differ.
eutly, as the ncxl rule will e xemplifr .
3. The following sentence s exhib[t <'Offill violations
Rule II. 'Has John and James written?' •Has' should
be haoc. 'By whose powerall goo d and evil is distributed.•
•Good and evil' are the nomiuativ1:s, th e verh should be
'are di;:tribu1ed.' 'To be of a pure and humble mind, ta
exercise be nevolence toward:; others and to cultivllte
pi ety towards G od, is t he sHre means of b•..:oming' peaceful and h:i.1>py .' !11 this ~e nte11ee. thrr.e infiniti11P.. rrlO<)ci11,
'to be,' 't o exe rci ~e,' a11d ;tu cultivate.' are tlie nomina.
tives, a ccnrding tu Note 2, Rule I.; the following
shou J.J be an:, in s tead of is.
. 4. Vi olatio ns of this rule ore nften ca·u~ed by miata•
krn g t l~e o!ijcc: ive case fnr rhe nominative, especially
wh e n tn e tnr mer happe ns to come uear the heginning of
th e sen tence . Rules for <listin!!uisb in g between the nomin ati ve aud Ob.JeCtive CltS('t.l wiJJ OC given in the sequel.
"·" Error3 tire up!. to ari~e , who>. n the verb goes befor~
th e nnminatiVf\ as 'when does William 1tnd Heury iotcnd
to gn )' does sliould be do.

or·

Verb

TO BJ<: CORRECTED.-Time ancl tide w>titll for no ms11.
Hnm ihty and knuwledge, with' !>OOr 1lptJ•1rP.l, E:)! cels pridu and
1 ._w,r ~ n('P. m cost ly att.irn. :\Iuch dot'« h •; m.:n pride IUlJ iieir
co.:11µ1 u.ce ncy rc-qu tre cu r re<: ~1 o !J.

SYNTAX.

R n :i.: Ill.

>

~OTES.

) In the example
C..::.rreqcr,:img w id, "'1urny 'il Rule 3. ~ 1·.,rne l,l ine 3. the
. .
l
pronouns y ou and
.(\:rnju.n c tio n ~', · f'a\l 'J Dt -'J Uncti ve? k ee p , , I a re the nom inaT w-J nc>tll i!l ~•t i v e s sep:i r:, te q u ite ,
\ t1ves dtsumt ed.by
A9 • -' ·~ ! : '.i<' t ,.,,,J !l<) r I ""cs sleep.'
the. Con3un ct10_n
J
. t l
.
1 "on, the verb ooi;:s
• ] ain!.>:i, G e0r ; e or o 1Ill in t n 1 -~ to ) is S ing , io agree
2
[ 1vr1tc.' ) with each nomirutT t;t> v er ~ < "-fl·; :; ron ,, trns whi 0h rcl'e r ( t iw• F~parately. A
..'
1· · · ' l
~ sim i lar effect is
- r r u n " r·n . ri:t t.l r e ~ so f_ 1 ~.JOl l1 ~ '
.
produ ced by the
·.M u~ t ~:, ch :u ...! a ll be s:11 .• , u lar
t.
·
.
. . ..
. .. . "
.· , l , cor:iu nc 10.n OR m
" A cd (,> cu h 9(;p<t 1... te 110u n a $s 1g n c .; the ucxt line.

!

on ~ r.r. Y A T !O~'"

1. T h i; rn k sh ow< th:i.r Oisj1 11wtil'e C onj 1111ct ions have
11n•t tTc•c t tj U i rt~ <:1.111l r:i ry to li n t o f C opu la t ives, sep ara ting
~t;.<> nomi n:1t 11·e.< sn t ha t •'ach one i,; to he consi de re d aR
ii ;1 w" r" th e <>rt 11· no1r1i n:i1iv.e in the 'le ntc nc e, a nd all
1 ~LP. 1i~ ~·<> tH h " ll 'r'" ~hs , ri 11 u 11s a nd p 1·on o 1u1s n1u.;;t :igrcc in
u 11tnh '".. r :u l..l p1· r...::H1 ' vi t h ca r h parr ic nl:.t r nor n in a tivC3' .
2. \ fi ·,,. "" ""ipl c · ~ wi ll ill11 st ra 1e thi ~ rnlre :-'Either
J :uw o r S :, r: d 1 'Ir<' ,1 1 h n111 ".' Say ·i s a t ho me .' •P o vert y ... Ctr ~:. :1 \ " \vnr...;1• i 111:.;(1 q ·1u 11.-· , ·awa it th e irnp ro \·i dent.
,.\ "''·" ' t-:.
• 11:1''<' .hrn • '~ t•r T h11m:i ~ a rri ,·ed 1' II"'· 'To
c 111 1q u•~ r o r t(I d i" 11·e rc: h i~ in t•·11 t in n.' \V af!. (CrSeP, the
\' Pr~: n 11 th.-· c c.•nj1 111c ti1111<, P"' ? " :li< .
R y rr·nw mhe ring
.w hid 1 c nn1 11 11 ». t ! "11 ~ :u •" t\·,l'u lar ive nnd wh ic h nrc Dis·
~ -~ ti ,· ,~ . nu n :-· •.· ri-. ; r,; r.ha t offe nd a gainst Rule s ll. and
-lfL m:iy he nv c1 i1k ·!.

T O B C c n JHlECT EO-~ i>i th cr Dilvitl nor F.n warn were
· tn >,., fo und - '.'l u trowu of t\irtnne nor ~coft of in ti rlelitv were
, 11i1 ffir. '•'nt to rk :er hu 11 --T1• bE> poor and pio ue or r ich and \'i~i<:>\}11 .. r e n ot nece:;s:irily tl11.! lot of a ny.
R1·r.,, f\" .
Cor r ~pm1.!ln;;

with '.\turrny's H nk 1.
1

P r("• 1vn1~1~ f(\r

l'\OTE,
T ht> AntPcNle nt
( is t h•· noun w hich
, t h •.• pmn1'> 1tn r<'p·

1

i(

G. ··n l•· r . ~,: ~n nhr•r ton .
) r n.c.i~ 1 :ts o r Ata11d ~
· '.\'f u ~ r t,., t h• i r A tll~·c<>de rir ~ ]0 0 !1 : - ( !nr.
JoH~ph fl nrl
•J,,, •• nh ~nrJ .h m r ;; /hf ; r " pnrt p 11rs tJ I" .' ~ Ja rn,'.' F, in l ~C C~ ·
J
. rl J
h . ' RlllPI A " · l !me ,l,
; l . I .
... i J (1,1n i ,·1 \·, ... .,:.;
ius P ~ ~- nn
n nP- · ~ ~ ~. rP. -~nte1·:r· d cn r.s tn
"
[ b<io k . ) 1•1•· prnn r.rm T1; F.111
l'r> r ,. ,.,.r,. TI.d:irin' p r0 ,·ir!"
~wh ic h !ti.plural, IJ>
1

. \ n . \nrr- c p , ~f'l:it. r0

; 'gn-\,,_'!

< :rr, rf·() ,~;1th th e~n.

J; , :>f' r '·'» l.--:o nri •hf' v~rb b"~i 1 !ro
/ ·in t.he n ext line ,
a trr,.. ~nH.! nt in f1.p 1 ~ \ Vith hr>l h m uq in ac c orrhrn ce he .
,..
tle r iH e x1'mplifi u i:

~

OBSEJW ATIONS.

J. The sentence, 'Any body may be 'concerned for
the ir reputa tion,~ is e rron e ous , beca use the A.nte ciide.nt
'nny body' is s ingular and the Pronoun 'the ir'js plural.
S ay •fiis r e puta tipn.'
Wh e n t-hc An t.ci;:c den t is singular
nnd its ge nd e r is d o ubtful,(as ip the e x ~inpl e jus t gi ye il,)
a m a sc ulin e pronoun sho uld he used. The Eng lish lan nngc i;; not provide d with singular pe rsonal pro no uns to
cx pre s!> the C o mmo n G e nde r.
:!. Whe n a n lnfiuitive Mood is the no minative or an.
tec e de ilt, (See Note 2 , Rule I.) the pronoun must be of
the third pe rson n e ut e r.
·
C ORRECT-Eve ry one s h ould mind th e ir own bus illP-ss . L e t each o f us cbe.• rfi1ll y do the ir du ty. The wo ma n wh ic h we sa w was ve ry a mi a ble . One should not
think too fav orably of ourse lves.
Ruu: V .
Corresponding with Murray's Rule 4.

)
\

. NOTE. ·
In the exampl e,
v. 1, line 4, PEOl
~ Pt.F. is a Noun of
1
With Nrn m s o fMultit.ud e ,' or those ( Mnltitntle u se~] as
W inch 111an y objec ts ma y de note ,
( a. Plural Nomma\V c pl11ra l wo rds s orrn~ ti me<> dis pose ; >t1 ve, -the ~o rd s
As thu s , 't he PEOI' L E 01rivc their vote.' .G 1.vc nm! 1 heir
berng Pl ur.tl, to
2
agree w ith it. In
But wh e n th ey un ity e xpress,
th e nex t verse the
· Snch n oun s a s Sing ul a r we tren t : - nonn sof multitnde
''l'lci H co 11 1\'Clf, did it s fault con fes~ ,'
Coun ~ il and Fifty
1
I
·
. , ( are
r·' and·
.
· sm 0o-ula
' 'l'lmt
, F IFTY ma1ces
· t 1e sum com p 1e tc · . ( ng:ree
with
. th o

<w<inlS'in Italic.

O TI S ERV -~ T IONE.

Th e r ig ht appli c ati o n o f thi s rul e requires sorne
3 11d g 111 <~ nt and cons id e rati on.
It see m s l'O be in bad tas te
l•i say, ' th e Co urt have decided,' 'th e S ocie ty' WP,r e op-

pos<'d to i t.' E ac h o f th ose n otm s , 'court' and ' soc iety'
np pli cs to o ne body. composeJ of seve ra l m e mbers , and
a s it s ig nifies one, or unity , it s hould be tre ate d a s a sing ul ar n o un. Hut wh e n the n oun does n ot clfmrly e xp1'ess
unity it may he prope r to c ons ider it a s plura l; as 'the
C ro wd q ua rre le d a m o ng t!tr·m.~ clv e8 .'
.
CORRECT-A meeting w e re c all e d. The .multitude .
a rc ca pri c io us . A m o b arc a nuisa nce. The mob is fightin g fl mung th e mse lves. (Th e sa me noun of multitude m a y
be ~ in g ul a r in one connectio n and plura l in a noth e r.) The
asse mbl y was of variou s op ini ons. M a nkind is of diflerent c harac te rs.

7

..46•

SYNTAX •

Rm.R VI.
NOTE.
<;9rrcsJ>0mling with l\lur{ay'.e ¥ule O. · . In the example
' . verse 2, iiiie 3,the
.
1
.
.
A ~ nominative to the verb
Relntive 'who' is
The R elative i~ always seen;
nominative to the
verb •pray.• In tho
l Jn Iess, t I1eir union to disturb,
same line •whosa'
Some nomininative comes between:' is the possessi".I)
2
cnse, governed by
Wh e n thi s occurs , the Relative
•spirits.' In line 4
ls g o vern \1 hy so me neighhoring word; . '.wh?in' is the ob:.
As ' Ye who pmy, rrhosB s pirits strive , ; Ject1ve case,. ~ov;
- · lV/w m H eaven has pitied - shall be · t:rned by •pitied,
' [I
·d , ; See Rules 11 and
1e a1 . • l~.
The rd a tivc 1D/w, having variations on account of
case, is olte n used improperly; for c.rnmple , •Lf you wero
he re , you would fintl three or four t~lwm you would say
pussfld th Pir time ve ry agreeably.' Say 'who pa ssed' &c.
CORRECT-If he will not hear his hest frie nd, whom
;;hall be s<mt to re prove him? The persons who corn;cience
111Hl virtu e support, ma y s 111ile at the c aprice ~ of fortun e .
The pe rs ons who y ou di ><pu!e with a re prec ise ly of your
opinion. l\1P11 o f fin e tulc11ts are n ot always the pe rsons
who we s lw ul J estee m.

1

I?n.i.; VII.

f

NOTE.

Correspo nd ing with Murray's Rul e 7.
Jn the example,
1
( v. 2 line 4, I ond
~!AN are the two
80mfltirrws /1r o no minative~ may
norn1,nut1v;e,
Be fore th e Jt .. lativc be placccl;
WI
1·
I
·
.
ll>re who. J lw
1e n t 11 ~ occ 111:s , t 1e men rn11 g weigh 1 V('rh 'o peHk~.' bcAnJ le t th e rnlercnce he traced;- ! ing of the ;~Jpn:!
rnn, ugrees with
And th en , nc.-·ording tu th e sense,
( M un ;-the ve rb
Ma ke ve rbs and rt:!ati ves ngrce;
., A .'1 , of t.I"' fir~t
E:i;p rc>'s th e prope r person th enee,
person, ~longs
.A s' l - t Iie 111u11 wltu :;peaks-am he.' · to •I '

l

!"'-

i

l

f

·

Oll S F.RV A T IU ~ S .

1. ~ ).!rea t di ffi• re nce of mca11ing may he prnducr·rl
by r e l<' rrtn g 1li c re la tive to di ffo re nt a ntecede nts , as will
appe a r from t hr' foll owing e xamples, .!!;i,·e n liy :\'I urray:
•I 11111 tiH' g e11.,ra l who gi1'ed tlr P. nrd .. rs t.o, dav .' · H e n~ tl1 e
tll('a 11ing i~ •[ il lll that -ge ne ral \\'h o l!· iv e ~ the ord e rs.'
Bu t 'I a111 th P. gt' nc r"I who g inr th e orders to -clay' si'!·
11 ifi r-s Tl1<1 t l wh n g ive th e o rd e r8, a m th e gl' tt1' rai.
In
t lw Jirst L·.x a 1.,p!c, ' wh o' r efe rs t u 'g c 111•r1d ;' ·in the second,
it n :fc; :; tu •I.•

47

2. To avoid ambiguity, a relative should fie placed ae
near as possible to the noun it is intended fo represent.
CORRECT-Thou art a pupil who possesses hriglt
parts but who hast not cultivated them.
He is like u.
beast who is void of compassion. I am the teacher who
adopt that rule and maintains the propriety o( such mea.

sures.
PARSING.
Parsing is the process of taking a sentence apart, to
e xamine its construction and thus to a~certain how similar sentences may be rightly constructed.
The follow,.
ing examples in parsing will require the applicatioo of alt
the rules in this Lesson.
"The boy learns.''
The is the definite article and belongs to the ll<ll1n Boy.
Boy is a comlll<lll noun of the third person, singular number,
• masculine gender, and is nominative ca.se to the verb
lear!lil.
·
Learns is a regu\ar active verb, i1t the indicative mood, present
tease, third person, siagular number, agreeing with its
nomin11.tive Doy, nc.cording to rule L Here th.e rule may
be sung or recited.
·
"Sobriety and humility are commendable .'•
Sobriety and Humility a.re common nouns of the third person.
neuter gender, and being joined togetlier by the COJ!Ulative conjunction _,No become a plural nomiaative to
the verb 'are,' accocding to Rule IL Repeat the rule.
Arc is au irregula.r neuter verb, in the indicative mood, pre·
sent tense, third person, plural nomber, agreeing with.
its nomiuatives Sobriety and Humility, auording to
rule lst. Give the rule.
Commendable is an adjective of tlie positive degree ud belongs to the noutl.l! Sobriety and Humility.
"lames or Sarah has written.••
James is 11. prol'Cr noull .X the third pe.rB<m. singular number.
rnasenlilli! gender lllld is uomin.a.tive w the verb •has
written.'
Or is a. Disjunetive C onjunct)on.
Sarah i~ a pr-0per ooun of the third j>(?TSOO, t;ingular number.
feminine gender, and is nominative ·to the verb ·ha11
writte.'L.•
Has written is an irreglllnr verb active, indicative mood, perfi:c.t te n ~e, third persoo., siRgular, agcccing with each of
it.~ nominatives J ames and Sarah, separately, according
to Rule -3. Give the rule.
T bc

i~

"Th e socie ty may ha ve disagreed."
t he ncfi nitc a.rticlc.

~.

4s
Society~~ s

n noun.1of multitude of the.thii:d person, _plural.num. ber, according to Ilule f>, common gei:ider 1!.IJd.nomina11a tive caoe to the verb •may have disagreed;'
· Ma>•.lmve disugr~cd is a reg~lar n.eu.t er verb in . the pot?rit.ial
·
mood, perfect tense ·timd person plural, agreemg Wlth
its nominative Society, acconling to Rule ·1; ·· · · · ·
"You, th e man wh.o s1)eaks, nre accused."
You is n personal pronoun of ~he second person, used as singular, common gender arid nominative case to .the .:verb
Are Accused.
·
·
The is the defi nite article.
.Man is a common noun, third person, singular .number, masculine gender and nominative case.
·
·' ·: ·
'Vho is a relative pronoun agreeing with its antecedent vou.
according to Rnle5: and nominative to the verb SpeakE,
according to Rule 6.
Are accused is a regu lar passive verb, indicative mood, present tense, second person singular, agre·eing >v.ith its nominative vou, according to Rule 7.
O:::/ln i;verv case, when u Rule is referred to, le t it bo
sung or rec ited by the school or class.
LESSON X.
All the Rul es in this Lesson go to the air of •Winding Vv"ay.'
RnE VIII.
.
NOTE.
.
.hM
, R
Verse 1. line 4.
Correspon cl mg wit
urra.y s . ll 1e 8· . The
Adjective
·1
Pronoun THAT be. F or Arl.icctives we must provide,lorrl;l"s to the thing
And P rononns Adjective beside,designated. The
Some noun ex press'<l or unde rstood: adjective GOOD beA':l 'That is ),.OU rs' 'This wirie i.s '' ov'd.' longs to wine un"
· derstood to follow
2
. it:-'this wine is
All pronouns, by a strict <lecree,
. ~ood \Vine." Inv.
In numb(~r with their nouns agree;
2 lines.3 &4, This
•This Louk is he rs,these pens a~e mine; agrees with Book,
· 01ic quill is bad, the oth er 's fine.' · · These. with Pens,
One wi.th Quill.
OTISERVATIONS.

I. The foll owing are violuti ons of this rule. 'l have
not been there thi s six months.' These six i1wnths. 'Every one has a high opini on of th eir own merit.' His own
m e rit. •These kind of people.' This kind. Eac h, Eith e r, Eve ry Ono arc Singu la r. See the verse, page 21.
2. Adj ectives a re so m e ti me~ improperly used instead
of Adve rbs, as 'excellent well ,' 'miserable poor.' Excellently and miscrabiy are the ad ve rbs.
In these examples, the ad je<.:t ivcs a t'c JJ O I assoc iated with nouus, and
thoi r ll~c is therefore coutrnry to vcr~c I nf Rule VILI.

A9

81' ll!TA X •

SYN'fAX·

1

J,ltJLE IX.
·•
NOTE.
..
' -::' J-n:.vec.Se: l ·hne 13,
,. C.orrt?spondiug,wi,th .Murray's Ruic 9. scoRB is a collect- .
I
(. i}' (J ;llO.UJJ; ort11oun of
The Article ·Inde finite
( rnult~tu.'.le. · limited
\ to the •Hn ~ . nurnb!'.r
N ouns singular alone wi !J . fit:,-··A horse,un ox,' ,or,if ·•a .sc1irll,'
!byt.Jic ·ilefimte arti. ',Tis ol}e .co!le.ctiv.c l)' ,-110 mo1•e.
· ·de. · -Acoot't!iug to
. this rule, a Noun uf

. ~Iuliitud e,prcce<le<l

·2

,!3ut tJic, :(~])at -A~ticJ? : sur~am'cl
( hy' th e .Article A ..ur
fhe Definite,) .a like 1s ql,~11!1'd
(--AN, mu s~ be considll y Si1wular·. or Plural uouns ;
.\ ered as smg11lar and
As whe~ \ve say,•t!ic.fielJ,lhe.towns:") all~ct pendent ""!tolnlst
· ·

·

·, tn u.s , U,!.!ree

\VI

l I

( iu :thut iiu111bcr.
The. follmv.ing sentenced am incorrect.
'A crowd
.~ e re pre8e nt.' Say 'was prese nt.' . •A mectiug qf citi:wus
gave the ir voice aga'inst .him.' .ltll v'Oiee. ·'J have a ·many of them.' Omit a.

R u.r.E X.
)
;NOTES.
Corresponding with Murray'~ Rule 10. ) ·l. Th i~ rul e will
l
;) itpply lo :i noun nud
.~
.
~pronoun as well as
rwo nouns toge th e r if we place,
to two nonns · p.s
One fa lls to th e Possess ive ease,
•my linu ~e.' '
If difforent thin ~s a re signified ;
2. ' Vhen nouns
As •Joseph's wife' or •Jacuh's 1.Jride.' 1tre in apposition,
one is tr•'nemlly de2
FGriptive of the oth.
But when two nouns express one thing, \ er; as Pa ul th e A.
As Brother J ohn or George the king, J postle; Nero the
In Apposition tlwy must Lie,
I Tyran t; Jvhn the
Anq tJ1en in Ca~e they must agree . ~ faithfUl servant,

l

OUSERVATiON~.

I. The pre positio n of is so metl111es the sign of the
possessive case, but it n,1ust be so und e rstood only whe n
th e regular form of th e possessive case CaFt be s ul.Jstitutcd
for it; as 'the reward of virtu e~ ,' 'virtue's reward.'
In
the phrase 'a crown of gold,' gold-is not. in the possessive
c<).se, because \ve canuot change t·he expression to 'gol<Ps.
crown.'
2. If severa l nouns oome togethe r in the . posses;il.ve
case, th e apostrqphic s is frnnexed to the last and un<lerstoorl with th e others, as 'John and Sarah~s books.'
CORRECT-The hovs hat. The. mens.work. 'Mar y 's and Susan's pens.' - •Thomas came, him who was
sent for.' (Thomas and him are in a pposition. See v. ~")
•Such will eve r. be the effect of youth ~ociating with
v iciou~ companion:;.'

•
50

11Yl''f4X•

·~1

NOTES.

Ruu: XI.
Correspoi1ding witl1 Murray'!i Rule 11.
1
The Active Verb we always place
To govern the Ohjective Case;
Position then the case will tell;
A::i •Jo:;eph Brown loves Kitty Bell.'
!

Jose ph before the verb is name<l
A11d by the Nominative claim'<l;
Bf'hind th e verb is Kitty'; plucc,
And her':; is the Objective case.

The object of an
active verb iii often
not expressed but
understood; as •We
Jove and fear him:'
that is, we love him
and fear him.
This rule and the
next are of great
use in distinguishing between the
nominative and objective cases.

o!l;;t:uv A·r10:-1s.

l. A noun in the no111i11ative case is commonly placed

tu!fore the verb, anrl the oh.iei-tive case follows the verb.
With nouns this ditforcnce of poi;ition is often the only
distincti on between tho;ie ca»es. But the pronoun has 4
distinctive form for ead1 case; the objective case of the
prnnnun may the refore he placeil before the verb, as
'lViwni ye i"norantlv worship, him. declare I unto you.'
:l. Tl;e p~sitio11 ,;f th<~ pronoun snme.tirnes causes tho
c:1se l.o b1! misunrler~tood ; as 'Who does he love '! ' '\.V ho
shou Id I mee t but Henry.' 'Whosoever the court favors.'
111 th f)se examples, the 1:elative is governed liy the active
verhs Inn ', nieet and.fiillors, and, according to the rule,
th'! rnlat ive should he w1rn~l instead of wllo.
CORRECT-He that is mischie vous, re flrove shnrply. He invited my brothe r and I to see his garden.
Tlwv wh o make us wis<! arnl good are the persons who
we ought to love and re:;pect. who did he admonish 1

NOTES.
The Prepositio11
is sometimes unl
derstood and not
Th e Pr c po~itions we may place
expressed, as 'give
T o govern the Objective Case;
me a book:' that
\\' lwn nouus or prono11ns they precede, is, •give TO me &
book.'
That Case is evident iudeed.
The preposition
2
.
.
, is often separated
'I heard fr~m John, he lives rn. town: ~ from the relative
Preced111g each oh1ect1vP, noun,
) which it governs,
A l'n~ros ition you he hold,
>a~'w?om wilt thou
By which the case m11;,;t be control\'d.) give 1t T01'
Ru1.P. XH.
Corresponding with Murray'.:> Rule 17.

ons~:1tv

ATIONS.

1. 011 page l 0, it is sai<I that the Objective Case expre>'<C8 the ohjcct of an actinn nr of a relati on. \Vhc n
it is the ohjt.-ct of an action, it is governe d by au active

~

verb; when it is the object of a relation it is governed by
a preposition, by wh~ch tho ·rel<ltion is .su1>posed to be
expressed.
· 2. The error.s wh~h_ oWmd -agai~t thi>i ·rule eonsi.~t
generally in the misuee of Pronouns, by using the nominative case, when a governing preposition requires tho
objective case"; as •Who 11itl he give the book to"?' He ro
the prefloSition tu governs the pronoun who, or requires
it to be in the objective case. Thi" will he more clf'.arly
pe rceived if you cllRngc the order of the Wtirds and place
the prepo>!ition iu what se<'m" to be its natural position,
namely before the l!ovcrucd word: •To wl~om did h"
give the hook 1'
CORRECT-Who did he marrv1 From ho that i1t
1:u~e.dy turn nnt away.
I hope it is. net I who thou art
displ eased with. \V hat concord can 8ULs ist betwc<"l
those who commit crimes and they who abhor thcni 1'
Ru1.E XIII.
{
NOTES.
1
( In the oxamptc.
'Vith Neuter Verh;:,in e ve ry mood
(V· 11. _4, we lun·e
And t.C'nse,this course mus t bP. 1)11rsued: (a n~mmauve c.we
'I'' ·
I·
Slw.tore the Neutt.·r
111.t~ .casc w 11ch.yo11 11t~FORP. thflm see< Vero At:T and tlio
~fn·st. H>L:&.ow too, ~ 'Tlw·u art he.' ~ ~ame case after it.
:l
·In v. 2 line 4, tha
In answN to n qu<•stion, place
nn,swer ua.:n'I! is in
~the Jl<>&;~i;:;ive, to
T!1e 11011n or prono1111 in that cnse
\V ltich i11 thf' 'lilf~st.ion's self nppenrs, / ~llree with "'.HOM&
As ' Wlwsf is this/' we unswer-'/li·r's.' ) m tlic q1wst1on.
The following scntenccM nre incorrec t, uccording to V•
of 1his rnl e. Thou art !nm who ;.old the books. Him
l'ho11ld lie he. Tt was not me who made the noise. Me
~hrndd he /.
l took it. to be him. HI'.
The followin~ nn~wns 11re wrong, according· to V• 2 of
tl1i" rule. •Who shnll l.!o1' •Him. ' Wno is the norni.
nativ<', urn is the olijertlvc case. •Whom did he marry '/•
•SIH•.' Make "kt.· corrPS pond in c~'l~e lVith whom. 'Whose
work is this?• •John.' Put John in the possessive case,
to agree wirh wuosF..
·
f~Oll JU<;CT-l helievPd it to he thcv who rai!:led tho
report. I woultl Hct the same part i(I were him. It
coulrl not have b('en her, for she always acts discreetly.
If it· was not him, who rlo you imagine it to have beeu 1
Q. \Vhom shall we choo><e 10 repr<·s1·nt ul'? A. He, tl1e
ahle stntesrnnn, Dnnie l \\'ehstn. \Vhosf' life is a rebuke
to P\'i l doers and an e ncourage ment to them who do wellf
A. Tit() true Christia11.

,

-·

•ro~

.....----- -

-

~

"

•
SYNTAX.

Ru\.x .:xtv.. . .

..

NOTES.

Corr0Bpond.i1)g .w ith l\lurrny's ·R ulo 12;
··
l

\ It is often .bettor
of
k ) the infinititJ ve;ro,
' · r: II · . V 1
A V ern
1t~ 10 ow.•~}! .e r> rnny ma e ) be i~plied than to
The \f11<><L ·Iri!in1t1ni to take: '" .. )express it. •I saw
As •Learn lo LI v1:.' •I saw him RIDE.' '" him to ride' seems
(To ufwr •him~ is he re implie d.) ~tobe anawkward
2
) form of expression
The Pnrti r iple , Adjective,
1 becanse our ea_rs
· give:
·
<arenotusedto1t
1
A I "' m11 1 t 1·
· h
·
us moo(1' rnnv l'k
1 e w1sc
1n suc cnses,cus.·
. ·'~
., , . .
A s , LO \ .· !'It.. . to 1rn
p1 uvc, most s1 llANGJ., "tom requires the
'f'l te ll; ' ' h•' Imel a wrsH · to change~' ~omission of TO~

l to le t the SJgn

°' ...

1

. .. :

OflSF.RVATJONS.

I. Wiwn tlw I11finitiv1) is prccc1lerl .hy th e verbs Bid,
D:1re, H e ar, N,-,Pd, M~lw , 8;1y, See; and a few others,
th e si!!n To rnny he omittPd, as ' I.hid him read.' &c,
2. Tl w Intinil ivP 1'food rese mhfos a : noun, h e nce it
may h,-, thp n1rn1inntivc to a verb. Sec the Nott> to Rnle I.
COllRE<~T-1 hea rd li e r to say it. \ ' ou ou g ht not
walk !no h a s tily. I da 1r not to p roceeJ lest I s hould give
offonce. I wi s h h i1 11 not forge t hi s duty.

RnE XV.
Corrc~ pon<lin g

with l\11irray';; Hul e l3.
l

NOTES.
( Iu the se utence
('I w islt ed to have

) gone home,' v. 1
Th e Tcnsf!s must w ith cn re he use d, ~ l111 e 3. the ruling
A" thill!!S rnn~ t apt lo he n l>11s'rl:
~ v e rb( w i ~ h ctl) re•I wi s h 'd to ha vr ;..:one hom e,' yo11 know \. fi>1.'" ~o past ti.me.
till s'" n._suffic!ent
I s wrong; but say •I wish'c! to go.'
.
refon'nce to tho
2
past. As the wish
A present time we so m e tim e~ give
~ to go was present
To ve rb,; in the Infiu ilive,
~H t th" time tl eeigThouL:h th e p1'l)Cf' ding vt> rh p1·esents ) 11:ited,t li e ve.rb ;to
Th e P erfoc t nr Imperfect te nse.
/ go' mnst .be in the
'. present te nse.

l

The fr>llnwin~ sentences arc i ncorrect, nccording to
this rule . •I intende d to hav e writt e n.' Sny •intended
tn write .' ' Hi stori cal painte r.; 'w ould .h ave found it dittic nll to havfl i11vented such a species (lf be in gs.' •To in vent.' 'T h ere were two circumstances whi<'h made it ne.
cassary t(ir th em tn ha vf! los t 1w ti1;1e.' •To lose no tim<e.
CO H.RE C T-Ye:,;te rday, I expecte d to have .h eart!
from iny brother. I cannot excuse the re mi ss ness .of
th ose wh ose bus i11 ess it s hould hav e bee n, as it c e rtainly
w ad th e ir interost , to have interposed the Lr good onice:;.
He was be tte r than I expected to hav q fouud him.

EXAMPLES IN PARSING.
"A. mob is mischievous."
is -the indefinite article.
Mob is a noun of multitude, third person, singular number,
(limited by the indefinite article, according to Rule 9.)
common gender and nominative case to the verb is.
ls is an irregular neuter verb, indicative mood, present tense
third person singular. agreeing with its 11ominative is
according to Rule I.
.
Mischievous is an adjective of the positive degree and belongs
to-the noun Mob, according to Rule 8,
A

"John's book is lost.
John's is a proper noun of·the third person, singular number,
masculine gender and possessive case, governed by the
noun book, according to Rule 10.
.
Book is a common noun, third person singular, neuter gender
and nominative case to the verb 'is lost·'
Is lOBt is an irregular passive verb. indicative mood, present
ten~e. third person singular, and agrees with its nominative Book, according to Rule t.
.
"He teaches Charles."
He is a personal pronoun, third pel'B<11l singular, masculine
gender and nominative case to the' verb •teaches.~
Teache s is an irregular active verb, indicative mood, present
tense, third person singular, and agrees with its norninative lie, according to Rule l.
.
.
Charles is a proper noun, third . person, singular number, mas-·
cu line gender and objective case,governed by the active
verb •teaches,' according to Rule 11.
"Frank had walked to town.''
Frank is a proper noun, third person singular, masculine gen. Jer and nominative case to the verb •had walked.'
Had walked is a rell'ular neuter verb, indicative mood, pluperfect tense, third person singular, and agrees with its·
nominative Frank, according to Rule 1.
· To is a preposition.
Tow n is a common noun, third person singular. neuter gender
objective case, governed by the prepbsition TO, according to Rule l .
"You shall hear ·him speak.'~
..
is a personal pronoun, first person singular, common
gender and nominative case to the verb 'shall hear.'
Shall hear is a regular active verb,indica.tive mood, first future
tense, second person ~ingular, and agrees with its
n.on;iina.tive •You' according to Rule l.
.
Him ii> a personal pronoun, third person singular, masculine
ge-nder and objective case, governed by the active verb
'hear' according to Rule XI.
Speak is an irregular neuter verb in the infinitive mood, present tense, governed by the verlt •hear' . n.ecording to
Rule 14. To, the sign of the infinitive, being understood.
You

8

LESSON X.
All the Rules in this Lesson go ID the air of •Auld Lang Syne.•
ltl' LE XVl.
NOTES.
Corresponding with Murray's Rule 14. ~ According to this
1.
( rnle, present or acTo Participles is assign'd
t~ve participles de~
A <rf>vern111e 11t the same
rived from active
A s tl~t which properly would bind
tvlerbs,b_mus t govern
'J' h
b ·
I· l
1e o ~ ect 1ve case,
e ver s lrom w 11c 1 they came. as •she is TEACHING
2
<us.' In v. 2 we are
I Moved hy the pa8 .~fri.g of the wind:' ) told how a partici'l'lie Participl e here,
( pie may be changed
\:\! ith thl~ before and of behind
( to a. noun by means
.Must as a noun appear. '
~of an article and a
preposition.
\Vh cn a prese nt participle is used ai< a noun, it must
nlways have 11, AN or THE before it and OF after it· as
•This was a be traying of the trust reposed in him.' :By
thi observin g of tlw1 rule you may avoid mistakes.' !f
you omit eithe r the articJ .. or th e pri> position, you must
omit both; as 'This was betraying the trust' •By observing thi s rul e ,' &c. In th e latte r exa lllples, the participle
d Of~ ~ not Liec o111 e a noun .
(X)RREC'l'- l\ forh dPpencfaon ohservi n:? of the rule.'
Ry th e a ,·oi d in f! thi s e rror _you will gain ti~ne.
A pro1ect111g grea t e ute rprtRf's 1s very ditforent from accomplishing of th f' r11. He has R d•~ sire fur gaining of wcuhh.

i

llt:u: XVI£.

)

NOTES.

Corresponding with Murray's Rule 15. ) The beauty a.nil
l
) perspicuity of a
Adverb~ m11 s t ha ve thei r proper place ; ~ sentence may deW ith adj<'ctiv es co mbin'd,
) pend, rn u greut
Th1w cro h~f'ore , as 'very1 lm >:e.'
"-"' a,· surP, _on th ef
>·"'
.
no- it pos rtum o
\ \,1th ve rh;;, th f'.~ go liehmd ; ) th~ :ulve rhs. Jn
~
( gcneml, adv e rl·~
Take for r xam pl e, •You do wdl.'
~ ~hould be placPJ
S omf'l irn es th e ir place is wmi
) a~ near as po~sible
B <.• tw e 1~n th e Chi e f a nd Helpiug V e rbs; ~ to the won.ls they
As •That wa s nc>bly done .'
( qnalif.y · S"e ob, ~ervutlOll H lJelO\'.",
'J'iif' fol l o wiu~ e xamples s how adw~ rbs in emmeous
pos itio ns .
'I le must not expect to fiml st11uv agreea ldc
alw 11. y~ .· Sa, 'a lw;i ys agreeabl e .' •N o 011P, ·1·ontin ually
c a11 h•· c· m plr._1 ed . ' •Can lw f.'rnplo ve u continuallv .'
·
Cl IR i{EC'J'- ffo nol1ly a c ted th1.ug·h he w11 s 1msuc~~·,-,s ti1l.
Tht• _l: f' ave nly hodiP.s are in rn otion JH'TpPttmlh.
I
rnl•' 0 " ' ' " c! Parl y hf' undter~lood, if thev nnv~ .Jiii.
gently bec u ,;111d1 l: J . I t has re niurkal1ly [i.,e11 ·fultiiled.
>)
.

0

'•f""

55

SYNTAX•
RuLE

xvm.

Corresponding with Murray's Uule 16.
.
1
Two negatives their force expend
Bach other to defeat;
Thus in affirmatives they end,
Or nonsense most complete.
2
•He is not unconcerned' implies
But this-•He is concern'd.'
•I can11ot by no means arise;'
Here let the not be i>purn'd.

'

NOTES.

~ When one of the
( negative::i is join' d
( to another word,
( as in the example
( v. 2 I. 1, the use of
( two negatives is
<allowaule for the
<sake of beauty and
~ variety of expres·
( sion. ln other cir( cumstances, O N .&
~ negatrve 1s cotnmonly sufficient.

A negative is ; - word, or part of a word, wh_ich d~u.ies
something. ·IL is the reverse of an affimat1vc. I he
words No Not Nor Neither, Never, Nothmg, and some·
times the' syll~bles 'uis, JM and _1N, at the beginning .or
words, are Negatives. The following sent?nccs are mcorrect, accordingto Rule 18. •I net>er did repent o~
doina good nor shall not now.' Say, •and shall not now.
•He does not care for nobody.' Say 'he cares for nobociy.'
•Nothing never affiicteci me so much.' Say •notbwg
ever :ifllicted me so much.'
.
CORRECT-We cannot assist you no more. J ·c:-a~­
not by no means a llow such an argument. Nor were hrn
manners not inelegant. Nor le t no one be so ungrateful.

i

NOTES.
.
When conjunctions
are ma.de to connect
different moods or
N ouris, Pronouns, must agree in case tenses., the nominaWhe n by ConJuncti ous join'd i
tive should be reAs •BoYs a"d Gll.tr.S must know their iieated, as 'HK ma~- ·
"l'o UI!ll ·a nd HER be kiud.' [place.' return but HE will
2
not continue.' The
Verbs likewise, !Jy Conjunctions wed,·l nominatiyf' must be
In Muod and Tense acrree;
i_repeatec}· a!so when
0
If
•'\an a.ffirtnatJve and a
t\ s •J.nhn at York was llOltN a1i' BR~D "J< negative n.re conf) nected_ a.s •he is ~id!
·•·" fis fine to HE.\lt and SEE·
; but lie 1s not useful.
The follow·lll!!, sentences are contrary t-0 verse 1. '. I-Hs
wealth and him hid adi eu to each othe r.' \V EAi.TH 1~ m
the nomiuative case , HBl is irt the objective. Say 'hr~
w e alth and he.' ' M v auut and her we re on good terms .
•:\tv aunt and s he.' · The following a re c ontrarytov .. _2.
•T~ de ride mi se ry is inhuman and wa11ti11g co 111pass1oa
for it is uuc hri ~t ian . ' •To deride' is an i11fiaitivc mood,
RULE

XIX.

Corresponding with Murray's Rule 18.
.
l

I

'
56

S Y N 1' Ax.

SYNTAX.

'wanting' is a participle. Say 'to want compassion.' 'If
he prefor a virtuous life and is sincere, he will succeed.'
' If lie prefor' is the Subjunctive form, 'is sincere' is the
Indicative. Say •If he prefers.'
CORRECT-He entreated us, my comrade and I, to
live harmoniously . My brother and him are at variance.
Learning strengthens the mind, and, if properly applied,
will improve our morals too.

be: <Self-pleasing folly's idle brood ~Y! scared at thy. t.e rrific frown.' When a sentence contammg a tran,.,pos1tton
of this kind is to be parsed, we may first place the words
in their natural order.
Ellipsis is the omission of some. words In makP. .the
sentence more concise or tu avoid d1sagreeahle rcpet111on;
as •William is a dilirrent, quiet and obedient boy.' Here,
by means of the ellip~is.' we .expre~s our meaning. as well
as if we had said,' W 1lliam 1s a diligent boy, he 1s a quiet boy and he is an obedient boy.' In writing or t1peaking,
no more words should be u~d th1111 may be required lo
express our meaning fully . and cl early. The ellipsis
should never be used when 1t would produce obscunty or
when it would lead to a violation of any rule of Syntax,
as in the following example, 'We are apt to love who
love us.' This sentence is contrary to Rul e l l.
The
objective case THi;~r should. follow the active v.e rb wvE.
In parsing, the words omitted must be supplied, ot hcrwise the construction of the scntf'!nce cannot he und1-<r1>too<l. See the examples in parsing below and un p. 51::!.

RULE

xx.

Corresponding with Murray's Rule 20.
l

NOTES.

In the sentence

•John is ns good
as tholl, 1 the pronoun 'thou' is governed by the
verb ART under·
stood to follow it:
2
•John is as good
Or, 'James much better is thatt he:'
as thou art.' The
The verb must govern there;
con~truction re<1uirles •Thou' to
For art conjoin'd with tllO'U may be,
) be ih the NomiAnd is the he will bear.
/ native Case.
The impropriety of many sentences which offend
against this rule may oe discovered by supplying the
words which are not expressed; as 'He· can read better
than me.' The word can is understood after 'me;' and,
to make sense, 'me' should be 'I.' •She suffers hourly
more than me.' 'More tl:ian l suffer' is meant; say 'more
than I! 'The work was done much better by his brother
than he.' Say 'than him,' or 'than by him.' 'If you give
us leave, we can perform the office as well as them.' 'As
well as they.' The meaning is 'as well as they can.'
CORRECT-They are much gniater gainers than me
by this unexpected event. They know how to write as
well as him , but he is a much better grammarian than
them. Though these people possess more shining qualities, they are -not so proud as him, nor so vain as her.
To the Conjunctions as and titan
No government allow,
\Vhen a comparison you plan;
As 'J uhn 's as good as thou.'

TRANSPOSITION AND ELLIPSIS.
In the natural order of an English ~entence, the nominative case goes before the verb, and the objective case
follows the ve rb; but this or<ler is often reversed. The
transposition of the cases is most common in poetry, as
'Scared at thy frown terrific, fly
Self-pleasing folly's idle brood.'

.
H ere , !he last word in th e sentence , 'BROOD' is .the nom1.
11ati ve c a ~ r. The objecti,·e rase ' f'Row11;' is pla ced near
th e bcgin111!1 g. The. natural order of the words would

EXAMPLES IN PARSING.
"The shining of the sun is most glorious."
Ttt E is the Definite A rt icle.
SHINING is a participle used as a nnun, accordi11g to rule.
10, v. 2. It is nominative case to the verb is.
OF is a preposition.
THE is the Defimte Article.
SuN isa common noun of the third person singular,. neuter gender and objective case , governed by the preposition of, according to Rul.e I~.
Is is an irerrular neuter verb; mention the mood, tense &c •.
MosT GLOR~ous is an adjective of the superlative degree
and belongs to the noun 'shining,' according to R. 8.
"lie and she inav studv and improve."
HE is a personal pronoun .of . th~ thir? person, .singular
number, masculine gendPr, and 1s nommat1ve case
to the verh~ 'may study' and 'may improve.'
AND is a Copulative Conjunction.
SHE is a personal pronoun, third person, singnlar, feminine 0aender and nominativ case to the verhs ·may
study' and 'may improve,' agreeing in case with .the
nominative 'He' accordinrr
to Rule 19.
0
MA y sTuov is a reg·ular active verb ia the potential _mo?d
present tense, t·hird person plural, to .a gree with 1t:t
two nominatives li.L and SH.Ii(, asconlmg to Rule 2.

-~

SYNTAX.

ADDENDA

is a copulative conjunction.
IMPROVE (MAY before it understood,)agrees in mood and
tense with 'may study,' according to Rule 19.

TO THE RULF;s OF SYNTAX.

AND

·Use of the T e.,.se1.
A1a-"Auld Lang Syne,"
1. All actions not concluded yfll,
Rl'.PEATED ones besides,May m the present tense be set:
As •Ephraim often rides.'

"0 how nobly they acted!"
0 is an interjection.
How !'i'o11Lv is an adverb and qualifies the verb 'acted.'
'I'H•:v is a personal pronoun third per1:>on plural, common
gender and nominative case to the verb 'acted.•
Ac·nm is a regul a r active verb, indicative mood, imperfect ,ten ~e, third pe rson, plum!, and agrees with its
11ommat1ve, 'they' according to Rule I.

2, Sometimes the actions of the DEAD
May take the Present te n!:IC;
As •Homer says'-instead of ~tiid.•
•Swift laughs ai:id Young lamtnf1.'

"You are older than Edward."
You-a personal pronoun, second pe rson, sincrular, ~or
plural, if more than on~ pe rson is addres~ed,) common gender and nomiimtive case to the verb ARE.
Ani;;i sa uirregular neuter verb, &e.
0LOEH is an adj ective of the comparative degree and
belongs to the noun mp resented by the pronoun you,
acco rding to Ruic !::l.
THAN i:; a disjunc tiv e co11j1111ctifJn.
EuW ARI> is a proper noun, third pe rson singular, masculine ge nde r and nominative case to th e verb xs, unde r:;tood to foll ow it, according to Rul e 20.
"011 some fond breai:t the parting soul relies."
ln this se nten ce, the objective case is before the verb.
B efore we parse it, we may transpose th e words thus:"The parting soul re lies on some fond breast."
Tiu~, definite article. Parting, present participle. Re
lies, neu ter verb. 011, preposition. Some, a djective pron oun. Fond , adjective, Breast, nonu, (gover&A:i by on,
:according to Rul e 12.) Parse the sente nce and mention
the pe rso ns, number:;, moods, tenses, &c.
NoTE . Wh en an adjecti,,e is used with two or more
nouns, as 'a LITTLE man and woman,' it must be equally
applicabl e to each noun- [n the preceding exam ple, the
meaning is, 'a little man and a little woman.'
PAR SE the following sentences. Th e man speaks. Ed
ward and Elizabeth m~v r earl . Jo,,-eph or Francis sh1tr
write. Con.,ress ha;;; passed the hilt Th e man who
serves hi s c~untry shall be rewa rded. Truth is com.
m enda ble. Rolle rt accuse>s Stephcu. He has returmid
from London. This is th•! man. They lrnve begun tn
tra.wl. This boy write;;; Lette r than lie. lt was well done.
-Some· pitJ t1 ti drops th e clusiu~ eye rt~ q_uire s. From the
tonib the voice of nature er ie~.

3. In spirited narration too
Thi,; tense is sometimes tried:
'The Southern!'! fly, the Scots p11rsue!
How fearlessly Ibey ride!'
4 , Ii ce rtain times are specified

R e><pecting past events,
As •Yesterday he S.\W his bride,'W e use th' Imperfect tense.

!5. Rut when no certain time is shown
The Pe rfect t~nse is right;
'
A~ 'I HAVt: st: t:N him on his throne.'
'He HAS Mis1 ,s1m his migh1.•
0 , For ar.tions or events embrac'd

, In pNiods not yflt past,

fhe Perfect use, as 'In this a~e,
The changes II A VI!: BF.•:N vast.'

·"

7. Th' Imperfect tense must f)(! p1-eferr'd
W iih periods whollv tfed ·
As ·In thfl reign of Georg-e't11e Third
Our fathers FolWHT and HLED.'
'
8. For th' lnfinitive, rhe sense
Will be our safest auide:
'f'I 1e verb that govern"'" shows what tense
Is properly supplied.•
·

, '~'~he verb in th e _Infinitive mny take the Perfect tense if
reter.i to a time prior to that which is denoted by the ten 8 e ·
of the gov:ru~ng verb; as •Jt would have afforded me reat
pleasure, as utten as I retlected upon it, -ro llAVE BEEN thegmei;senger. uf such agreeable int.ellig-ence.' But it is not prop<'r
to say Ye~r erday I mtended to h:ive written,' because the ovboer1ninrr . verb, 'mt.CTnded_' aud . the infinitive •to have writt~n'
t • refP.r to thP fiame tune, viz. 'v~sterrlav' Jn th.
.
ti '> ti . I 1"1 . .
r• resent,-·yui>tcrJay
.
'.
IS case, we
·A.!
1c a mt11'·e
I wteu<led to WfU'l•E.'
It

l'ROBODY,

6U

CORRESPONDING CONJUNCTIONS.
Am-"Winding ·way.''
9. For some Conjunctions we must find
Words of a corresponding kind, .
Which may their true companions be,
lw s1mse and grammar to agree.
I 0. With Either, Or we must locate,
.<\s •P,ither it was chance or fate.'

With N eillier, Nor must alwnys stand:
'I neifh Pr beg you nor command.'
11. With T hough, we Yet may rightly pair,
As 'Though not proud, 'I/et was she fair.'
W.'1cther with or may be allied,
A~ 'Whether it be shame or pride.'

12.

A.~.-when comparisons are made
Aud things al' equals are nrray'J,
Y0 11 with another us may mate,
t\ s •M;iry i;. a~ fair as Kate.'

1:3. But with a negative, take heed
'J',1 ll~ t th e so the as precede,
A s •Kate iR uot sv fair as Jane,'
Or 'Frauce is not .rn poor us Spain.'
14 . A tlwt may sometimes follow so,

When some contingency we show:
•Ca')sa r's ambition was so great
TnAT he endured the tyrant's fate.'
MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS.
1. Thd nouns MEANS and AMENDS, though each has
thP 1)lurn I form. are sometimes used as singular words;
as when we say, •!3y this means,' •A guod amends.' The
singular pronoun THIS, in the foregoing example, show!!
that 'mean~' is singular, ancl the indefinite article, A, ha!!
the same significancy with the word 'amends.' The word
new.~, though plural in form, is always treated as singu·
lnr, as •News HAR been received,' &c.
2. WHAT is hy some writers on grammar called a
'compound relativP pronoun, equivalent to THAT WHICH.,
If the sPntence •This is what l wanted' is to be parsed
they omit WHAT and parse the words THAT WHICH. \\' e
find it more convenient, in such circumstRnces, to make
WHA'I' au a<ljccli ve pr.mouu, bdon,;ing to the noun THI NG

(j}

understocid. In parsing, deficient words may be suppliP.d,
but it is scarcely allowable to -r emove one word from the
sentence and substitute another:
3. For the right u~ of Prepositions, no very comprehensive rule can be given; but the follQwing directions
l'l'.ill be sufficient. for the learne r, in most cases of doubt:
4. We say we are disa ppointed •if a thing when we
cannot get it, and disappointed in it when we have got it
and find it does not answer our expectations.
5. The verb::l RESOLVE, UEl;BND, BESTOW, 8hould be foJ.
lowed by the prnposition on, in such cases as •I resolve
on going,' •You depend on your exertion::l,' •He be::itowed
his blessing on (or ttpon) Jacob.'
6. The verb ACCUSB requires of-'You accuse him of
falsehood.'
The followiug examples are incorrect: 'A
change to the bette:-.' Say 'for the better.' •He had an
abhorrence to it.' For it. •The mode was difforent then
ta what it is now.' From what it is now. "!'he y were
prejudiced to the cause! Against the cause. •It is no
r:lim.im~tion to their greatness.' 0/ thei~· grcatnes.s,

PROSODY.
I. Prosody leaches the true pronunciation of words
and the laws of versification.
2. Accent is a C•'rtain stress of the voice on some
parti<;ular syllable or part of a word ; as 111 the wO'fd
r~-frain, the .acceot, or greatest st1·ess of the voice, if:I.
lnid on the syllable /rain.
3. By Empha!is i:o mea nt ll stronger nnd fuller soun.d
~f voice, by which we distinguish some word or words
which are particularly sig.nificc111t,
.
4. Pauses, in speaking or readinn, are n total cessa.
tion of the voice, during a percep~iulu or measurubk>
space -0( time.
5. Tones are those modulations of tho voice which a!l·
ilist in giving expr.e;ision to the pa.ssions or sentimeut"i1
of the speaker.
6. Versification, O!' · the making · of verse, consist~
!;hiefiy io the arrangement of acceuted and unacce~tcd

.62

PROSODll .•

~yllables in a regula r order. Poetic feet are formed by
th e combination of several syllables, one or more of
which is accented. Each line .o f poetry is composed of
a certain number of foet-, -thus :
•ne wise I to day, I 'tis mad I ness to I defer.'
In thi R line , th1•re are five Iambic feet, each foot consisting of two sy ll ables.
7. We use this mark - to represent :an accented syllable, and thi~ mark ..._,for AA unaccent ed syllable.
8 . There a re eigh t kin ds of poetic feet, fqur of which
consist of two sy llables each and four of thr.ee syllables
eac h : viz.
Trochee .._.
Dactyl
~ -Amphibrach '"""'...._ .._.
Iambus
Anuprest
Soondee.
'-' '-' Pyrrhic
..._, .....,
Tribrach
....., - .._

PUNCTUATION.
I. Punc tuati on is th e art of arranging th e pamies or
stops in u writte n composition. The points or stops us ed
for this pu r pnse are th e Com ma , the Semicolon ; the
Colon : the Period . and the Dash-.
2 . The Con1rna usually separates those piirts of a sentence whi c h, though very closely connected in &:nse and
cun stnwtic1n , n •q ui re a pause betw ren them.
2 . Th e Se mi colon is used for dividing a compound
sentrnce into two or more p ~nts, not so c losely connected
as those whi c h are se parated by a comma, an d not so
littl e dPpe nd•)nt on eac h otht'r as th ose which are di!:ltinm1islu~ d bv a Colon.
'° a. T he. Culun is used to lliviJe a sentenc e into two or
more parts, less connec ted than th ose whi c h am sep:t•
rater! by a semicolon, but not so inde pe nd en t as distinct
scntf'nces.
4. IV bun a sentence iR complete and not depe11dont on
th e fo llowi11g ~ c 11t c nc e , it is mark ed hy a P e riod.
5. The D~1s h may be used where a sentence is co ncl nder1 abr up tl y, or wlwre asi g nifieant pause is requi.red.
fi. Besides th ese, t!ie note uf In terro gation (7) is u~ecl
nt th e en d of a se nte nre., as •vVbo speaks?' The nute
o f Excla1w1tion ( ! ) is app lier1 to expressions of emo tion,
surpri se, j oy , grief, & c. It ge nerally frill ows an Interjection, as 'B less th e L ord , 0 my soul!'

THE END .

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TO 'fEACHERS • . :· . . .
11\ u~t ra ti \ e D iagrari'ls, showing all the . gramm.at.ical. l '
' vHric1 t i o n~ of th e · Nourr, Pronoun, Verl~,&c: are provided
. 1 ~ ·hy the :rnllwr of this Gram1nar, to be 1~·sed in
the p~o·
! i\ cess· "t' i11strudi 0n. The Di~grams are ·of a large size
; /\ a nd n rn handsomely colored; ·,they are .designed to fix
J ~~ th'c aJ-fent ion of the youug stud.,,nt and to p1'ese11t visible'
/ :i .Wifects of stud y instead of 'th os~ . verbal .abstractions .
f i; whi ch a re s11 ppused to make the study ·of gr\unmar un- 1
i~ pl ea Silllt.
Each Diagrnin should be hung , up in full >
t; view or the s~ h ool _ or class; du_ring the progress of the i
(: lcs:;on wl11ch it 1::1 mte1filed to illustrate,
<
EXPLANATION OF THE _DIAGRAMS.
D 1AU U A )I Lrepresents,-1. The Noun. 2.· The two
< kind s of Nouns, Proper and Common. . a.. The two
>; Numbers. 4. The Three Persons. 5. The Four Gen(l ders in their order, as they are m~ntioned in verses 6
,.
:·.1'
~ and 7, page 11. 6. The Three .Case$, in th~ order desi gnate d by verses 9, 1 O,and 11, on pages 11 and 12. ..
)
DL.\GR AM II. ·represents- I." The Article: . :.i.···The ·
~ two kinds of Articles, Indefinite and D~finite,
· .
D 1AG nB1 III. represents-1 ; Th·e Adjective, ·2. Tile
Th ree Degrees of Con:iparison in their order as they are
mrn1erl in ver:>e :3, page 17 . .. 3, The compari~on · of-.tije
a dj ectives la i:t:rP, small, red, is illustrated_,' .._ · : .. · ' .
D1A G R A ~1 IV represents-I. The Pronoun.
2. The . ; ·
Three ki nds of Pronouns, Personal, Relative and Adjec·
tive. AlI th e rest of this diagram corresponds precisely ~·­
with Di ;ig ram I.; the Noun and Pronoun · having the

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D;Af:Jt.l)l V rPjHPsents-1. The Verb.
·2. Regular , :
\. a:1d I rrcg ul a,r Verbs. :t Active, Pa~~i~e · a?,d Neut_er
\r e rhs. tl. ~umbers. 5. Pertions. 6. I he F 11·e Moods '
in t lie orde r rl 1·sigm1ted in verse 7, page 24._ _
7; The Six
T cnsPs , in their order; as they 11re mer~~ion!"d in verse
ii l :i , p:i~;" :! !>. S. The Present, Perfect nnd. :C9mpound
)\ tJerf1-!cl Pnrl i(,~ I' · --s.
~ ,,.···> · ~· ~
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D •01: rn VI rcpre s ents-J. · The ' f\d~.•;, . g:~The ' .r.: T}cgrees of'Co111pa1ison in lhe lr-p~qpei;groei.
· 11 · ,_..
)~ : t"·Dr
1 c; H "r V[[ re1 .resents-:-l.. "1,'l1Er Cor(i11uc tion . . 2.
Th u tw n ku1d :> of Conjunctions, Copulative a!1d Di~~
~
~<. p111ct1v c.
O::)=' Pcr~o n s who wish to engage in_teacning English
I ~ c; ra1nmnr 011 thi s pion will' be supplied wit~1 ~he;bq.o~s'at '<~
·!
~' th e r~ t e of ~v lO per hundred and a!I the . Diagrams for_ <
,; liH.: dolLu~ . L 1Liexal tenws tu Public Schools.
rr:-.
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. . . ~ .................................... ..........._.., ............... ,....._, . . . .,~' .g:;
~.....-.__,. ,,,.........,,,.....'-/~ .,_,..._,,......_,,..._......._.... ............................. ......,....,. ......... _.._,~..._.. · ~

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